bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wind-driven stratification patterns and dissolved oxygen depletion off the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary
Authors: Liblik Taavi , Wu Yijing , Fan Daidu , Shang Dinghui 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Multiple factors have been accused of triggering coastal
hypoxia off the Changjiang Estuary, and their interactions lead to high
yearly variation in hypoxia development time window and distribution extent. Two oceanographic cruises, conducted in July 2015 and August–September 2017,
were complemented by river discharge, circulation simulation, remotely
sensed wind, salinity and sea level anomaly data to study the dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion
off the Changjiang Estuary from synoptic to interannual timescales.
Intensification of the Chinese Coastal Current and Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) spreading to the
south together with coastal downwelling caused by the northerly wind was
observed in the summer of 2015. This physical forcing led to a
well-ventilated area in the north and a hypoxic area of 1.3×104 km2 in the south, while in 2017 the summer monsoon (southerly
winds) induced offshore transport in the surface layer that caused a
subsurface intrusion of Kuroshio-derived water to the shallower areas
(<10 m depth) in the north and upwelling in the south. Wind-driven
Ekman surface flow and reversal of the geostrophic current related to the
upwelling compelled alteration of the Chinese Coastal Current. Consequently,
intense hypoxia (DO down to 0.6 mg L−1) starting from 4 to 8 m depth
connected to CDW and deep water intrusion in the north and coastal hypoxia
linked to the upwelling in the south were observed in 2017. Distinct situations of stratification and DO distributions can be explained
by wind forcing and concurrent features in surface and deep layer
circulation, upwelling and downwelling events. Enhanced primary production
in the upper layer of the CDW or the upwelled
water determines the location and extent of DO depletion. Likewise, the
pycnocline created by Kuroshio subsurface water intrusion is an essential
precondition for hypoxia formation. Wind forcing largely controls the interannual change of hypoxic area
location and extent. If the summer monsoon prevails, extensive hypoxia more
likely occurs in the north. Hypoxia in the south occurs if the summer
monsoon is considerably weaker than the long-term mean.
Structural and functional control of surface-patch to hillslope runoff and sediment connectivity in Mediterranean dry reclaimed slope systems
Authors: Moreno-de-las-Heras Mariano , Merino-Martín Luis , Saco Patricia M. , Espigares Tíscar , Gallart Francesc , Nicolau José M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Connectivity has emerged as a useful concept for exploring the movement of water and sediments between landscape locations and across spatial scales. In this study, we examine the structural and functional controls of surface-patch to hillslope runoff and sediment connectivity in three Mediterranean dry reclaimed mining slope systems that have different long-term development levels of vegetation and rill networks. Structural connectivity was assessed using flow path analysis of coupled vegetation distribution and surface topography, providing field indicators of the extent to which surface patches that facilitate runoff and sediment production are physically linked to one another in the studied hillslopes. Functional connectivity was calculated using the ratio of patch-scale to hillslope-scale observations of runoff and sediment yield for 21 monitored
hydrologically active rainfall events. The impact of the dynamic interactions between rainfall conditions and structural connectivity on
functional connectivity were further analysed using general linear models with a backward model structure selection approach. Functional runoff
connectivity during precipitation events was found to be dynamically
controlled by antecedent precipitation conditions and rainfall intensity
and strongly modulated by the structural connectivity of the slopes. On
slopes without rills, both runoff and sediments for all events were largely
redistributed within the analysed hillslopes, resulting in low functional
connectivity. Sediment connectivity increased with rainfall intensity,
particularly in the presence of rill networks where active incision under high-intensity storm conditions led to large non-linear increases in
sediment yield from the surface-patch to the hillslope scales. Overall, our
results demonstrate the usefulness of applying structural- and functional-connectivity metrics for practical applications and for assessing the complex links and controlling factors that regulate the transference of both surface water and sediments across different landscape scales.
Drifting-snow statistics from multiple-year autonomous measurements in Adélie Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Amory Charles 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Drifting snow is a widespread feature over the Antarctic ice sheet, whose climatological and hydrological significance at the continental scale have been consequently investigated through modelling and satellite approaches. While field measurements are needed to evaluate and interpret model and satellite products, most drifting-snow observation campaigns in Antarctica involved data collected at a single location and over short time periods. With the aim of acquiring new data relevant to the observation and modelling of drifting snow in Antarctic conditions, two remote locations in coastal Adélie Land (East Antarctica) that are 100 km apart were instrumented in January 2010 with meteorological and second-generation IAV Engineering acoustic FlowCapt™ sensors. The data, provided nearly continuously so far, constitute the longest dataset of autonomous near-surface (i.e. within 2 m) measurements of drifting snow currently available over the Antarctic continent. This paper presents an assessment of drifting-snow occurrences and snow mass transport from up to 9 years (2010–2018) of half-hourly observational records collected in one of the Antarctic regions most prone to snow transport by wind. The dataset is freely available to the scientific community and can be used to complement satellite products and evaluate snow-transport models close to the surface and at high temporal frequency.
The Examination of the Contest Performance Results of the Gymnasts Modern Dance Education Which is Applied to the Rhythmic Gymnasts in the Category of Junior
Authors: Koca Melis , Bağış Yunus Emre 
Published: May 2020

The purpose of the study is to investigate if there is a difference between the performance results of the gymnasts receiving and not receiving modern dance education, which is applied to the rhythmic gymnasts in the category of junior. The experimental group included 10 rhythmic gymnasts competing in the category of junior in Antalyaspor Club with a mean age of 8.50 ±1, a mean height of 1.16±0.4, and a mean weight of 22.7±3.3. The Control Group consisted of 10 rhythmic gymnasts competing in the category of junior in Antalyaspor Club with a mean age of 8.10±1.2, mean height of 1.19±0.3, and with a mean weight of 21.8±2.4. Before the study, the gymnasts and their parents were informed about the aim, title and content of the study, and they were also asked for permission. The participants in this study consisted of 20 licensed rhythmic gymnasts competing in the category of junior in Antalyaspor Club. The gymnasts were divided into two groups: Experimental Group and Control Group. All of the modern dance education applied to 10 gymnasts in the Experimental Group was given in Rhythmic Gym Gymnastics School in Antalya city center. The modern dance education was regularly given by a professional choreograph an hour twice a week, in a total of 10 weeks, 20 days and 20 hours. The arithmetic average and the descriptive statistics of all the data found as a result of the measurements were calculated, and the statistical analysis of the data was made using Independent T-Test in SPSS, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered to be significant. According to the findings, it has been found that modern dance education has a positive effect on the contest results. To sum up, it has been concluded that there is a statistically positive and significant correlation between the success of rhythmic gymnasts receiving and not receiving modern dance education. It has been proved that the performance success of the rhythmic gymnasts receiving modern dance education has been increasing. Thus, including modern dance education in rhythmic gymnastics training is thought to affect the gymnasts’ success positively.
Avaliação dos parâmetros do processo de usinagem química com NaOH em tubos quadrados de alumínio
Authors: Moura Cassiano Rodrigues , Scaburi Arthur Gabriel 
Published: May 2020

O processo de usinagem química consiste na remoção de material de áreas específicas, através da corrosão do substrato por uma forte reação química através de uma substância reagente, em condições controladas. É um dos mais importantes processos não convencionais de usinagem, com o qual é possível realizar a usinagem de geometrias complexas, com dimensões reduzidas ou ainda reduzir o peso de determinadas peças. Diante disso o objetivo deste trabalho é a avaliação do processo de usinagem química com NaOH em tubo quadrado de alumínio através da variação de seus parâmetros. Para isso, o alumínio foi usinado com a variação dos seguintes parâmetros: concentração do reagente, temperatura da reação e tempo de reação. A caracterização dos corpos de prova foi realizada através da microscopia óptica e análise da taxa de remoção de onde podem-se observar quais as melhores condições para se realizar o processo de usinagem química.
Evaluation of leaf rust resistance in the Chinese wheat cultivar ‘Een1’
Authors: Zhang Na , Zhao Lina , Mawcha Kahsay Tadesse , Zhao Chenguang , Yang Wenxiang , Liu Daqun 
Published: May 2020

Wheat cultivar Een1, 34 near isogenic lines (NILs), and two cultivars were used as plant materials to evaluate the resistance of Een1 to leaf rust disease. Infection type identification and gene postulation were carried out by inoculation of 12 Chinese Puccinia triticina (Pt) pathotypes. Based on the unique phenotype of Een1, we speculated that Een1 might carry Lr gene(s) different from the tested ones. The chromosomal locations for resistance gene to leaf rust disease was employed using SSR primers mapping the populations derived from the cross between Een1 and susceptible Thatcher. A total of 285 plants in the F2 population were tested by inoculating Pt pathotype FHNQ during the seedling stage. Results from the segregation analysis fits a ratio of 3:1 (${\chi }_{3:1}^{2}=2.37$, P = 0.12), indicating the presence of a single dominant gene in Een1 conferring resistance to FHNQ. A total of 1,255 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were first used to identify the likely linked markers based on bulk segregation analysis (BSA), and then those likely linked markers were further genotyped in the F2 population for linkage analysis. Our linkage analysis found that the resistance gene (LrE1) was distal to seven SSR loci on the long arm of chromosome 7B, with distances from 2.6 cM (Xgwm344) to 27.1 cM (Xgwm131). The closest marker Xgwm344 was further verified with F3 lines.
Mountain goat survival and mortality during a period of increased puma abundance in the Black Hills, South Dakota
Authors: Lehman Chadwick P. , Rominger Eric M. , Neiles Brady Y. 
Published: May 2020

We investigated survival and cause-specific mortality for a mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) population during a period when the puma (Puma concolor) population was growing in the Black Hills, South Dakota, 2006–2018. We obtained survival data from 47 adult goats (n = 33 females,n = 14 males). Annual survival varied from 0.538 (95% CI [0.285–0.773]) to 1.00 (95% CI [1.00–1.00]) and puma predation was the primary cause-specific mortality factor over a 12-year period. Cumulative hectares of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) disturbance was a covariate of importance (wi = 0.972;β = 0.580, 95% CI [0.302–0.859]) influencing survival. To our knowledge, this is the first account of puma being the primary mortality factor of mountain goats over a long-term study. The Black Hills system is unique because we could examine the expanded realized niche of puma in the absence of other large carnivores and their influence on mountain goats. We hypothesize that puma were being sustained at higher densities due to alternate prey sources (e.g., white-tailed deer;Odocoileous virginianus) and this small population of mountain goats was susceptible to predation by one or several specialized puma in the Black Hills. However, we also hypothesize a changing landscape with increased tree mortality due to insect infestation provided conditions for better predator detection by goats and increased survival. Alternatively, open canopy conditions may have increased understory forage production potentially increasing mountain goat survival but we did not evaluate this relationship. Survival and mortality rates of mountain goats should continue to be monitored as this small population may be highly susceptible to population declines due to slow growth rates.
Decreased inhibitory control after partial sleep deprivation in individuals reporting binge eating: preliminary findings
Authors: Cerolini Silvia , Ballesio Andrea , Ferlazzo Fabio , Lucidi Fabio , Lombardo Caterina 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundPoor executive functions are associated with dysregulated eating and greater caloric intake in healthy samples. In parallel, findings suggested that sleep deprivation impairs executive functions.MethodsWe investigated whether partial sleep deprivation impairs executive functions in individuals reporting binge eating (BE,N = 14) and healthy controls (C,N = 13). Switch cost and backward inhibition were measured using the Task Switching Paradigm after a habitual night of sleep and after a night of partial sleep deprivation.ResultsResults showed a Night by Group interaction on the backward inhibition. The two groups differed in the habitual night, evidencing higher inhibitory control in BE compared to C. Additionally, after partial sleep deprivation, compared to the habitual night, backward inhibition decreased in BE group. This preliminary study was the first to explore the impact of sleep deprivation on executive functions in participants reporting binge eating and healthy controls, thus highlighting their potential role in influencing eating behavior.
Physicochemical and Trace Metals Characterization of Edible Vegetable Oils
Authors: Akpambang V. O. E. 
Published: May 2020

Edible vegetable oil samples purchased in Akure, Nigeria, were subjected to physicochemical properties and trace metals analysis. The physiochemical parameters such as acid value, iodine value and saponification value were carried out by standard methods and the levels of the trace metals (copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cadmium, nickel, lead and chromium) were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method after wet digestion. The range of mean values obtained for the physicochemical parameters of the oils: acid value (3.59 - 9.65 mg KOH/g); iodine value (32.99 - 75.04 g I2/100g); and saponification value (187 – 207 mg/KOH/g), were within acceptable values for edible oils. The trace metals in the samples were in the range of values (mg/kg):0.10 - 0.60 (Cu); 0.07 - 2.49 (Zn); 0.13 - 0.55 (Fe); 0.01 - 0.48 (Mn); 0.01 - 0.09 (Cd); 0.01 - 0.08 (Ni); 0.07 - 0.26 (Pb); and 0.01 - 0.07(Cr). The concentration of trace metals such as Pb and Cd in the edible oils were beyond established permissible levels.
Biochemical Analysis for Rice Germplasm Lines for Combat against Yellow Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas: Implication for Varietal Selection of Rice in India
Authors: Rani D. Sudha , Chiranjeevi Ch. , Madhumathi T. , Raju S. Krishnam , Umar Sk. Nafeez 
Published: May 2020

Seven germplasm lines (IC No. 381538, 450535, 463380, 464140, 464186, 574807 and 578388) were categorised as best entries with resistance/ moderately resistant reaction at both vegetative (dead hearts) and reproductive (white ears) stages of the rice crop through field screening trials for two successive seasons i.e., kharif, 2016 and kharif, 2017. Complex factors like behavioural, metabolic processes of the insects and biochemical constituents of the host plants are involved in resistance to rice stem borers. Exploiting the mechanism of induced resistance in rice through abiotic elicitors is the need of the hour. Keeping in view the damage of yellow stem borer and its influence on rice yield the promising seven entries were selected for biochemical analysis. The analysis revealed that entries with low sugars and low free amino acids and high total phenols, proteins, proline and silica content may confer resistance to rice yellow stem borer and can be subjugated in the breeding programme to develop resistant varieties.
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effect of Aqueous Stem Extract of Costus afer on Lipids and Atherogenic Profile of Albino Rats in Acetaminophen Induced Liver Toxicity
Authors: Nwisah L. L. , Davies T - E. G. , Bartimaeus E. S. 
Published: May 2020

Background: Medicinal plants are widely used in Nigeria because they are believed to be effective in the treatment of various medical conditions and are also easily accessable with minimal side effect.
Aim: This study evaluates the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of different doses (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg body weight) of Costus afer on lipid profile of 50 male albino rats.
Methodology: The research study was divided into 2 phases with 25 rats used for each phases. The 25 rats used for each phase were randomly selected into 5 groups with each group containing 5 rats. The rats used for the prophylactic phase were induced with 800 mg/kg body weight paracetamol for liver toxicity after administration of the various concentrations of aqueous stem extract of C. afer for 28 days while those used during the therapeutic phase were administered with the various concentrations of aqueous stem extract of C. afer following confirmation of liver toxicity using 800 mg/kg body weight acetaminophen. The effect of the aqueous extract was assessed by measuring the serum concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein using Randox reagent, while low density lipoprotein was calculated from the other parameters. Atherogenic ratios were also computed. The result obtained from the experiment was subjected to statistical analysis using Graph pad prism version 5.3 and values were considered significant at p<0.05.
Results: Total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced and HDL significantly increased in the treatment groups (prophylactic and therapeutic phases) compared to the positive control. When both phases were compared, total cholesterol and triglycerides showed significant (p<0.05) difference in concentration in groups fed with 400 mg/kg, 200 mgkg while LDL-C showed significant (p<0.05) variation between the two phases only at 400 mg/kg body weight. The extracts were also found to significantly (p<0.05) reduce the atherogenic status of the albino rats in both phases of treatment and between each treatment phase.
Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest that Costus afer possesses the ability to regulate paracetamol induced dyslipidaemia and improve the anti-atherogenic status of treated albino rats.
Motor Output from the Brain and Spinal Cord
Authors: Berkowitz Ari 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

All skeletal muscles are controlled by activation and inhibition of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Motor neurons integrate information from a wide variety of sources in the brain and spinal cord. Simple limb reflexes and basic patterns of limb movements, including locomotion, are coordinated by spinal cord interneurons and sensory neurons. Descending inputs from the reticular formation, the vestibular nuclei and the superior colliculus in the brainstem are important in the control of automatic, axial, postural and locomotor movements. Descending inputs from several areas of the cerebral cortex and from the red nucleus are important in the control of voluntary, distal limb and fine movements. The basal ganglia in the basal forebrain and the cerebellum in the hindbrain are involved in the modification and learning of movements. These structures act indirectly on motor output, via outputs through the thalamus to widespread areas of the cerebral cortex.

Key Concepts

All voluntary movements involve motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem that cause contraction of skeletal muscles.

Neurons in many areas of the brain and spinal cord are active at overlapping times to control voluntary movements.

The spinal cord can produce coordinated movements of the limbs, such as locomotion, as well as simple reflexes.

The superior colliculus can trigger orienting movements, especially of the eyes and head.

Voluntary limb movements involve neurons in several parts of the cerebral cortex, including especially the frontal lobe, which project axons to the spinal cord.

Cortical movement control signals are modified by loops to and from the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, going through the thalamus.

The basal ganglia modify the speed and amplitude of movements and contribute to learning new movement sequences.

The cerebellum adapts movements to altered sensory feedback and may also contribute to a wide variety of other functions, including memory, language and emotion.

Patients with movement disorders may in the future be able to control a limb or prosthetic device with ‘their thoughts’, via a brain–machine interface that monitors the activity of some of their cortical neurons.
Streptomycete Spores
Authors: Elliot Marie A , Flärdh Klas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Gram‐positiveStreptomycesbacteria are major inhabitants of soil, and, unusually for bacteria, they have a complex, multicellular life cycle that looks remarkably fungal‐like. Vegetative growth involves the extension of multicellular, branching hyphae, while reproductive growth involves the emergence of nonbranching hyphae into the air, away from the branching vegetative hyphal mass. These aerial hyphae are converted into chains of prespore compartments by coordinated cell division and chromosome segregation. Prespores then mature into thick‐walled spores that have condensed nucleoids, low metabolic activity and are primed for dispersal and survival. Aerial hyphae and spore surfaces are coated with a hydrophobic, proteinaceous fibrous sheath that aids in aerial growth and may help to promote subsequent spore dispersal and interaction with various interfaces. When exposed to appropriate environmental conditions, spores re‐establish metabolic activity, initiate germination and begin the vegetative phase of their life cycle anew.Key ConceptsStreptomycesspores are distinctly different from bacterial endospores and may be regarded as a type of exospore.Spores develop from dedicated reproductive structures called aerial hyphae.Streptomycesspores are formed by partitioning long, multigenomic hyphal cells into unigenomic prespore compartments, through developmentally regulated cell division and chromosome segregation events.An outer fibrous sheath, containing the lanthionine peptide SapB, the chaplins and the rodlins, confers surface hydrophobicity to aerial hyphae and spores.A dedicated ‘Streptomycesspore wall synthesis complex’ directs the development of a thick spore wall that contributes to mature spore quiescence and resilience.Spores have reduced metabolic activity, accumulate trehalose and have condensed nucleoids.Germination involves rehydration, symmetrical swelling and establishment of polar growth, leading to germ tube emergence and vegetative hyphal outgrowth.