bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Born to Parse
Authors: Lightfoot David W. 
Published: August 2020

An argument that children are born to assign structures to their ambient language, yielding a view of language variation not based on parameters defined at UG.
In this book, David Lightfoot argues that just as some birds are born to chirp, humans are born to parse—predisposed to assign linguistic structures to their ambient external language. This approach to language acquisition makes two contributions to the development of Minimalist thinking. First, it minimizes grammatical theory, dispensing with three major entities: parameters; an evaluation metric for the selection of grammars; and any independent parsing mechanism. Instead, Lightfoot argues, children parse their ambient external language using their internal language. Universal Grammar is “open,” consistent with what children learn through parsing with their internal language system. Second, this understanding of language acquisition yields a new view of variable properties in language—properties that occur only in certain languages. Under the open UG vision, very specific language particularities arise in response to new parses. Both external and internal languages play crucial, interacting roles: unstructured, amorphous external language is parsed and an internal language system results.
Lightfoot explores case studies that show such innovative parses of external language in the history of English: development of modal verbs, loss of verb movement, and nineteenth-century changes in the syntax of the verb to be. He then discusses how children learn through parsing; the role of parsing at the syntactic structure's interface with the externalization system and logical form; language change; and variable properties seen through the lens of an open UG.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Assessment of Oral Hygiene Knowledge and Practice among Secondary School Students in Owerri Municipal Area, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Okoronkwo Samuel Chinonyerem , Ibe Sally N. O. , Okorie Peter Chidiebere , Ugochukwu Bright , Nwachukwu Chikanma , Amuneke Chidinma L. 
Published: August 2020

Aim: The aim of this study were to assess the oral hygiene knowledge and practice among secondary school students in Owerri Municipal Area, Imo State, Nigeria.
Study Design: This study employed a descriptive survey design.
Place and Duration of Study: This study were carried out in Secondary Schools in Owerri Municipality, Imo State, Nigeria within September 2014 and June 2015.
Methodology: Data were collected using structural pretested questionnaire administered to 500 randomly selected consenting respondents (students) with 251 female and 249 male students. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS version 20. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance and data generated were subjected to percentage findings presented by the use of tables.
Results: The results affirmed that 84% of the respondents had oral hygiene knowledge, 78% were of the opinion that major source of oral hygiene knowledge were parents/guardians, and 20% of the respondents acquiring information through their school teachers. It was noted that 44% of the respondents had good oral hygiene practices in Secondary School in Owerri Municipal Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The result of the statistical analyses shows that there was a significant relationship (342.624; P = .001) between the age of the students and the knowledge of oral hygiene, there was significant relationship (337.910; P = .001) between major source of oral hygiene information and the knowledge of oral hygiene and there was a significant relationship (390.988; P = .001) between major source of oral hygiene information and the practice of oral hygiene. The study therefore provided information on oral hygiene knowledge and practice in secondary school in Owerri Municipal Area, Imo State, Nigeria.
Conclusion: It can be recommended to Students/Parents/Government and School Teachers to embrace the idea that oral diseases can be prevented or mitigated by individual action of daily brushing and other oral hygiene related practices to pervert the negative oral health consequences.
Neural Responses to a Putative Set‐shifting Task in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Dirks Bryce , Romero Celia , Voorhies Willa , Kupis Lauren , Nomi Jason S. , Dajani Dina R. , Odriozola Paola , Burrows Catherine A. , Beaumont Amy L. , Cardona Sandra M. , Parlade Meaghan V. , Alessandri Michael , Britton Jennifer C. , Uddin Lucina Q. 
Published: August 2020

While much progress has been made toward understanding the neurobiology of social and communication deficits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), less is known regarding the neurobiological basis of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) central to the ASD diagnosis. Symptom severity for RRBs in ASD is associated with cognitive inflexibility. Thus, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in ASD is critical for tailoring therapies to treat this understudied yet pervasive symptom. Here we used a set‐shifting paradigm adopted from the developmental cognitive neuroscience literature involving flexible switching between stimulus categories to examine task performance and neural responses in children with ASD. Behaviorally, we found little evidence for group differences in performance on the set‐shifting task. Compared with typically developing children, children with ASD exhibited greater activation of the parahippocampal gyrus during performance on trials requiring switching. These findings suggest that children with ASD may need to recruit memory‐based neural systems to a greater degree when learning to flexibly associate stimuli with responses.Lay SummaryChildren with autism often struggle to behave in a flexible way when faced with unexpected challenges. We examined brain responses during a task thought to involve flexible thinking and found that compared with typically developing children, those with autism relied more on brain areas involved in learning and memory to complete the task. This study helps us to understand what types of cognitive tasks are best suited for exploring the neural basis of cognitive flexibility in children with autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1501–1515. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transparent Electrodes for Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Wang Libin , Hu Xianluo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTransparent energy‐storage devices have aroused interest because of the ever‐increasing demands of transparent electronics. Transparent energy‐storage electrodes (TESEs) are indispensable for emerging cutting‐edge products and have thus attracted remarkable attention in the past decade. This minireview begins by introducing the basic evaluation metrics for TESEs. Then, recent progress of various types of TESEs such as carbonaceous materials, polymers, MXenes, and other conductive substrates‐based TESEs is outlined. In order to provide some inspiration and guidelines, we focus on summarizing the presently proposed strategies towards high‐performance TESEs together with the applications of transparent supercapacitors. At the end of this minireview, we discuss the outlook and perspectives towards the development of transparent energy‐storage devices.
Generation of small groups with rich behaviors from natural language interface
Authors: Chen Chien‐Yuan , Wong Sai‐Keung , Liu Wen‐Yun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this article, we develop a system with a natural language interface to generate animation of small groups in environments with ambient crowds. Our system takes simple sentences of English as input and these sentences are parsed to obtain information about character attributes, behaviors, and locations for constructing situation nodes. These situation nodes form an animation graph for producing an animation of small groups. The interface assists in interactively managing and editing the animation graph. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in some examples. The user study results indicate that the proposed system is user‐friendly and flexible in producing animation of small groups in various scenes.
Bismuth‐Decorated Silicon Photocathodes for CO2‐to‐Formate Solar‐Driven Conversion
Authors: Fu Dong , Tourneur Jeoffrey , Fabre Bruno , Loget Gabriel , Lou Yaoyin , Geneste Florence , Ababou‐Girard Soraya , Mériadec Cristelle 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe integration of metal‐based catalysts onto semiconducting electrodes provides a real benefit for the CO2 electrochemical conversion because it allows the electrochemical process to be activated by photogenerated electrons. In that context, we report here that silicon photocathodes modified with electrodeposited Bi nanostructures are highly active for the photoelectrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to formate. Through the consumed electrical charge and the electrodeposition time, it is possible to finely control both the structure and the density of the deposited catalyst. The optimal photocathode was prepared by using a 5 s electrodeposition time and exhibited the highest photocurrent density (−24.1 mA cm−2) with partial formate photocurrent density jformate=−17.4 mA cm−2 at −1.03 V vs Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE), i. e. a 0.84 V overpotential for CO2 to formate conversion in CO2‐saturated 0.5 M KHCO3 solution. Such values highlight the excellent photoelectrocatalytic activity of our photocathodes.
CheKiPEUQ Intro 1: Bayesian Parameter Estimation Considering Uncertainty or Error from both Experiments and Theory**
Authors: Savara Aditya , Walker Eric A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA common goal is extraction of physico‐chemical parameter values such as pre‐exponentials and activation energies from experiment. Ever increasing knowledge from experiments and computations is enabling semi‐quantitative prior predictions of such values. When prior knowledge of physically realistic ranges is available, a method named Bayesian parameter estimation (BPE) enables more physically realistic parameter estimation relative to unsophisticated fitting by seeking the most probable value when considering together the uncertainties from prior knowledge, experimental data, and approximations in the model. An impediment to widespread use of BPE is a lack of understanding, training, and user‐friendly software. Along with this invited publication, a general software package for BPE is being released that is user‐friendly and that does not require understanding of the math behind the methodology. Two previously unpublished catalysis science examples are provided along with considerations and guidelines for successful application of BPE. Following this work, BPE can become more widespread to enable extraction of physically meaningful parameter values.
Overtaking collisions of oblique isothermal ion‐acoustic multisolitons in ultra‐relativistic degenerate dense magnetoplasmas
Authors: El‐Shamy E.F. , Selim M.M. , El‐Depsy A. , Abdellahi M.O. , Al‐Hagan O. , Al‐Mogeeth A. , Alelyani L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOvertaking collisions of oblique isothermal ion‐acoustic multisolitons are studied in an ultra‐relativistic degenerate dense magnetoplasma, containing non‐degenerate inertial warm ions and ultra‐relativistic degenerate inertialess electrons and positrons. A non‐linear Korteweg‐de Vries (KdV) equation describing oblique isothermal ion‐acoustic solitons (OIIASs) in such a plasma model is derived. By applying Hirota's bilinear method (HBM), the overtaking collisions of oblique isothermal ion‐acoustic multisoliton solutions are investigated. An in‐depth discussion shows that the amplitude, the width, and the phase shift of isothermal ion‐acoustic multisolitons increase as the obliqueness and the chemical potential of electrons increase. The deviation of the trajectories decreases with increasing concentration of fermions and the ion cyclotron frequency. The present finding of this study is applicable in compact objects, such as white dwarfs and neutron stars, having degenerate ultra‐relativistic dense electrons and positrons.
Characterization of Chicken Leukocyte Subsets from Lymphatic Tissue by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Hofmann Tanja , Schmucker Sonja 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDetermining the abundance of leukocyte subtypes, including lymphocyte subpopulations, not only in blood but also in lymphatic tissues, is inevitable to assess the immune status of an organism for research purposes. However, nucleated thrombocytes and erythrocytes exacerbate many hematological techniques in avian species. In order to enable a rapid discrimination of leukocyte subsets from lymphatic tissues of chicken, we adapted existing flow cytometric methods for counting leukocytes in chicken blood. We established staining and gating strategies allowing the flow cytometric characterization and enumeration of total leukocytes, thrombocytes, monocytes/macrophages, CD8α+ lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, γδ T cells, and B cells in chicken spleen and CD8α+ lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, γδ T cells, and B cells among intraepithelial lymphocytes in chicken cecal tonsils. For this, we prepared single‐cell suspensions of spleen and isolated intraepithelial lymphocytes from cecal tonsils without density centrifugation, and performed antibody staining of cells without subsequent washing steps to prevent cell loss and falsification of obtained cell counts. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
The influence of climate and habitat on stable isotope signatures and the isotopic niche of nestling White‐headed Woodpeckers (Dryobates albolarvatus)
Authors: Lorenz Teresa J. , Kozma Jeffrey M. , Cunningham Patrick G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe majority of landbird species feed their nestlings arthropods and variation in arthropod populations can impact reproductive outcomes in these species. Arthropod populations in turn are influenced by climate because temperature affects survival and reproduction, and larval development. Thus, climate factors have the potential to influence many bird species during their reproductive phases. In this study, we assessed climate factors that impact the diet of nestling White‐headed Woodpecker (Dryobates albolarvatus), an at‐risk keystone species in much of its range in western North America. To do this, we measured stable isotope signatures (δ13C and δ15N) in 152 nestlings across six years and linked variation in isotopic values to winter (December–February) and spring (June) precipitation and temperature using mixed effects models. We also explored habitat factors that may impact δ13C and δ15N and the relationship between δ15N and nest productivity. Last, we estimated isotopic niche width for nestlings in different watersheds and years using Bayesian standard ellipses, which allowed us to compare dietary niche width and overlap. We found that colder winter temperatures were associated with an increase in δ15N and δ15N levels had a weak positive relationship with nest productivity. We also found that sites with a more diverse tree community were associated with a broader isotopic niche width in nestlings. Our findings suggest that nestling diet is affected by climate, and under future warming climate scenarios, White‐headed Woodpecker nestling diet may shift in favor of lower trophic level prey (prey with lower δ15N levels). The impact of such changes on woodpecker populations merits further study.
Caenorhabditis elegans dauers vary recovery in response to bacteria from natural habitat
Authors: Bubrig Louis T. , Sutton John M. , Fierst Janna L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany species use dormant stages for habitat selection by tying recovery to informative external cues. Other species have an undiscerning strategy in which they recover randomly despite having advanced sensory systems. We investigated whether elements of a species' habitat structure and life history can bar it from developing a discerning recovery strategy. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a dormant stage called the dauer larva that disperses between habitat patches. On one hand, C. elegans colonization success is profoundly influenced by the bacteria found in its habitat patches, so we might expect this to select for a discerning strategy. On the other hand, C. elegans' habitat structure and life history suggest that there is no fitness benefit to varying recovery, which might select for an undiscerning strategy. We exposed dauers of three genotypes to a range of bacteria acquired from the worms' natural habitat. We found that C. elegans dauers recover in all conditions but increase recovery on certain bacteria depending on the worm's genotype, suggesting a combination of undiscerning and discerning strategies. Additionally, the worms' responses did not match the bacteria's objective quality, suggesting that their decision is based on other characteristics.
Application of capillary electrophoresis technique for the enantioseparation of bioactive ferrocene‐based compounds versus DFT calculated data
Authors: Snegur Lubov V. , Borisov Yurii A. , Ermolenko Yuliya V. , Safronova Viktoriya N. , Kiselev Sergey S. , Kochetkov Konstantin A. , Simenel Alexander A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHerein, a series of bioactive ferrocene‐modified N‐heterocycles with alkyl linkers was prepared in good to quantitative yields starting from easy accessible ferrocene alcohols and heterocycles under acidic or neutral (for imidazole) conditions in racemic forms. The analytical resolution of a number of bioactive racemic ferrocene azoles 1–6 (where azole = imidazole, pyrazole, and benzotriazole derivatives) into enantiomers was first carried out by CE using sulfobuthylether‐β‐CD (captisol) as a chiral selector. The analytical approaches to highly enantiomeric‐enriched ferrocene derivatives are based on the formation of their inclusion complexes. The best chiral separation was achieved using zone CE in a quartz capillary. The ACE was used to evaluate the stability constants of captisol complexes with enantiomeric forms of two ferrocene derivatives 1, FcCHMe‐imidazole, and 6, FcCHMe‐benzotriazole. The optimal conditions for the resolution of the studied (R, S)‐ferrocene compounds 1, 2, and 6 were predicted on the basis of the performed quantum chemical calculations and then implemented by the electrophoretic method. A high correlation between density functional theory calculation results and experimental electrophoresis data were obtained. Successful enantioseparation of racemic mixtures is of great importance for the characterization and further applications of drug candidates in enantiopure forms and in the development of clinical treatment. The advantages of the CE procedure make it possible to have important practical value and significance for determining the purity and enantiomeric excess of other ferrocene‐containing compounds.
Development of a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method for the determination of four naphthalenediols in cosmetics and a comparison with a HPLC method
Authors: Li Xiaobin , Zheng Zhihan , Liu Huitao , Gao Yuan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) method with ultraviolet visible (UV) detection was used for the determination of 1,7‐naphthalenediol, 2,3‐naphthalenediol, 1,5‐naphthalenediol, and 2,7‐naphthalenediol in cosmetics. The current method for their determination in various cosmetics is high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Separation conditions affecting the MEKC method were optimized as 20 mM Na2B4O7–50mM SDS, pH 9.8, with 22 kV applied voltage and UV detection at 230 nm. Under optimal conditions, electrophoretic analysis was completed in less than 6 min, with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.070–0.19 μg/mL and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.23–0.63 μg/mL. A good linear relationship (r2 > 0.99) was obtained at the range of 0.75–20 μg/mL. Recoveries for the four naphthalenediols in lotion, loose powder, and sun cream are between 91.2–107.2% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 4.04%. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of the four naphthalenediols in different kinds of cosmetics. A comparison with HPLC‐UV method was also carried out according to the National Standards of the People's Republic of China. The results obtained by MEKC and HPLC methods are comparable, but the proposed MEKC method can help us obtain a much shorter detection time and low cost.
Sediment characteristics and internal architecture of offshore sand ridges on a tideless continental shelf (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Durán Ruth , Guillén Jorge , Ribó Marta , Simarro Gonzalo , Muñoz Araceli , Palanques Albert , Puig Pere 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn integrated approach combining swath bathymetry, an extensive dataset of vibrocores and high‐resolution seismic reflection data was used to assess the origin and evolution of offshore sand ridges on a tideless continental shelf (Gulf of Valencia, western Mediterranean). The sand ridges are located in the mid‐outer shelf at 55–85 m water depth, obliquely oriented to the shoreline. They are 1.5 to 7 m high, with a wavelength between 600 and 1,100 m and a mean height‐to‐wavelength ratio of 0.004. The sand ridges are composed of well‐sorted medium sand and are partially covered by a mud layer, evidencing a moribund stage. They overlie an erosion surface that locally crops out at the seafloor and is interpreted as the Holocene wave‐ravinement surface. In the sediment cores, this surface corresponds to an erosional lag composed of coarse sand and gravel with pebbles. Small topographic irregularities on this surface are interpreted as shoreline‐associated features that may act as the precursor for ridge development. Their preservation within the sand ridges could be related to the hardness of these features. Internally, the sand ridges display high‐angle dipping reflections, indicating ridge migration towards the southeast in the direction of the present‐day sediment transport direction. The presence of interbedded mud layers, associated with these reflections, indicates intermittent episodes of mud deposition when active. The internal architecture of some small ridges also provides new insights into their transition from an active to moribund state, as evidenced by a change in the geometry of the internal units from progradational to aggradational, finally being overlain by onlapping finer deposits over the flanks and in the troughs. The Gulf of Valencia sand ridge field constitutes a valuable potential sand resource of 22 million m3of well‐sorted medium and coarse sand with limited mud content, which must be preserved as a strategic sand reservoir. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.