bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infiltration of intramuscular adipose tissue impairs skeletal muscle contraction
Authors: Biltz Nicole K. , Collins Kelsey H. , Shen Karen C. , Schwartz Kendall , Harris Charles A. , Meyer Gretchen A. 
Published: May 2020

Key points
Muscle infiltration with adipose tissue (IMAT) is common and associated with loss of skeletal muscle strength and physical function across a diverse set of pathologies.
Whether the association between IMAT and muscle weakness is causative or simply correlative remains an open question that needs to be addressed to effectively guide muscle strengthening interventions in people with increased IMAT.
In the present studies, we demonstrate that IMAT deposition causes decreased muscle strength using mouse models.
These findings indicate IMAT is a novel therapeutic target for muscle dysfunction.
AbstractIntramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is associated with deficits in strength and physical function across a wide array of conditions, from injury to ageing to metabolic disease. Due to the diverse aetiologies of the primary disorders involving IMAT and the strength of the associations, it has long been proposed that IMAT directly contributes to this muscle dysfunction. However, infiltration of IMAT and reduced strength could both be driven by muscle disuse, injury and systemic disease, making IMAT simply an ‘innocent bystander.’ Here, we utilize novel mouse models to evaluate the direct effect of IMAT on muscle contraction. First, we utilize intramuscular glycerol injection in wild‐type mice to evaluate IMAT in the absence of systemic disease. In this model we find that, in isolation from the neuromuscular and circulatory systems, there remains a muscle‐intrinsic association between increased IMAT volume and decreased contractile tension (r2 > 0.5, P < 0.01) that cannot be explained by reduction in contractile material. Second, we utilize a lipodystrophic mouse model which cannot generate adipocytes to ‘rescue’ the deficits. We demonstrate that without IMAT infiltration, glycerol treatment does not reduce contractile force (P > 0.8). Taken together, this indicates that IMAT is not an inert feature of muscle pathology but rather has a direct impact on muscle contraction. This finding suggests that novel strategies targeting IMAT may improve muscle strength and function in a number of populations.
Statistical Method for Investigating Transient Enhancements of Dynamical Responses due to Random Disturbances: Application to Railway Vehicle Motion
Authors: Kardas-Cinal Ewa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The paper presents a statistical method for determining a specific variation of random excitations that leads to large transient enhancements (peaks) of a particular dynamical response in a stochastic mechanical system. Such a variation is found by calculating the weighted mean of the excitation variations close to a small number of largest peaks of the response obtained for a single long realization of the system motion. This statistical formula is derived by using the conditional expectation with respect to the rare event of unusually large response values and the ergodic theorem; optionally, a minimal interpeak distance is introduced. A similar formula gives the specific variations of other system variables around the peaks, and it can also be generalized to investigate any multivariable stochastic dynamical system or any set of correlated random signals. This method is applied to transient enhancements of quantities related to running safety and ride comfort of a railway vehicle: the derailment coefficient and the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body, respectively, obtained in simulations of the vehicle motion along a track with random irregularities. The averaged variations of the lateral irregularities and track superelevation close to the track locations of largest peaks of the derailment coefficient show characteristic oscillations leading to enhanced wheelset hunting in a short track section before the peak occurrence. A different pattern is found for the average variation of vertical track irregularities in the vicinity of the track points where largest maxima (or minima) of the vertical body acceleration occur.
Evolution of Sliding Contact Wear Between Deformable Conducting Bodies via a Multiphysics Framework
Authors: Michopoulos John G. , Iliopoulos Athanasios P. , Apetre Nicole A. , Steuben John C. , Birnbaum Andrew J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA multiphysics computational framework is introduced and exercised to predict the wear behavior of two deformable, heat-conducting bodies under conditions of sliding contact. This framework enables the solution of a coupled system of partial differential equations (PDEs) expressing the conservation of energy and momentum along with two ordinary differential equations (ODEs) expressing mass conservation. This system is intended to capture wear evolution for each of the bodies forming a wear pair, in a self-consistent manner. Furthermore, an arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian approach has been integrated to enable tracking the evolution of the wear fronts on both elements of the sliding contact pair through physics-informed mesh deformation. A theorem and a corollary are proved to indicate that most existing models describing wear that are expressed in the form of an ODE are actually manifestations of the law of conservation of mass. The framework is applied for two distinct slider-base pairs. The first involves an aluminum alloy slider and a copper alloy base. The second pair is identical to the first except it contains a thin strip of soda-lime glass embedded in the surface of the base. The effects of this glass layer on the wear of all participating bodies in comparison to the pair that does not contain this layer are presented. They indicate that while the glass layer has a wear mitigation effect for the stationary base it slightly increases the wear of the slider when compared with the respective bodies when the glass is not present.
Investigation on Flow Field Characteristics by Drag Reducing Agent Additives in a Stirred Vessel
Authors: Qi Xueyu , Wu Ting , Chen Yiming , Yang Ke , Zhang Luyao , Zhao Wei , Gong Jing 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this paper, experimental investigation on two oil-soluble drag-reducing agents (DRAs) were carried out in stirred vessel by standard six-blade Rushton, based on the application of particle image velocimeter (PIV). Two DRAs (1# and 2#) with different concentrations from 3 ppm to 50 ppm were added into diesel, respectively, and speed of impeller speed was set 400 rpm. Flow field characteristics including turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and energy dissipation rate (EDR) influenced by those additives in stirred vessel were studied. It was found that inhibition effect of turbulence intensity of the two DRAs is not obvious with concentration below 10 ppm. However, when concentration is above 10 ppm, turbulence inhibition effect becomes more obvious. Under low concentration, 1# has better turbulence inhibition effect in the area near impeller, while 2# has better turbulence inhibition effect under high concentration. When the two DRAs are under the same concentration of 50 ppm, turbulent flow energy and energy dissipation rate are obviously reduced.
Advanced Exergetic Analysis of a Double-Effect Series Flow Absorption Refrigeration System
Authors: Colorado-Garrido Dario 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper contains theoretical results of an advanced exergy study of a double-effect series flow absorption refrigeration cycle. Traditional second law of thermodynamics analysis was performed and revealed the absorber as the component with the highest exergy destruction of the system. In the evaporator, ≈49.34% of the exergy destruction is avoidable and almost in it’s entirety, ≈99.12% is of endogenous nature. The highest potential for improvement of the high-pressure generator is its design and manufacture because ≈67.47% of the endogenous exergy destruction is avoidable. A parametric study was presented to discuss the sensitivity of splitting exergy destruction concepts taking into account temperature variations in the absorber and condenser temperatures and the heat source temperature.
A Novel Method for Characterizing the Aggregation of Wax Crystals and An Improvement in Wax Deposition Modeling
Authors: Wang Zhihua , Wang Hankun , Zhu Chaoliang , Rui Zhenhua , Liu Yang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The aggregation behavior and the subsequent deposition behavior of wax crystals own undesirable effects on the production and transportation of waxy crude oil. The understanding and prediction of these behaviors are essential to ensure economic and uninterrupted flow of waxy crude oil when the oil temperature decreases below the wax appearance temperature (WAT). In this paper, a novel method of fractal dimensional analysis was introduced to elucidate the aggregation behavior of wax crystals in different shear flow fields. The fractal methodology for characterizing wax crystal aggregation was then developed, and a blanket algorithm was introduced to compute the fractal dimension of the aggregated wax crystals. Considering the flow characteristics of waxy crude oil in a pipeline can be correlated with the shearing stress work, a modified wax deposition model focusing on shearing energy analysis was established. The results indicate that a quantitative interpretation of the wax crystal aggregation behavior can be realized using the fractal methodology. The aggregation behavior of the wax crystals is closely related to the temperature and shearing experienced by the waxy crude oil. The aggregation behavior will be intensified with decreasing temperature and shearing effect, and a wider fractal dimension distribution appears at lower temperatures when the same shear rate range is used. Furthermore, the improved model provides a method for discussing the effects of the operating conditions on wax deposition. The average relative deviation between the improved model prediction results and experimental results from the literature is 3.01–5.32%.
Controllability Over Wall Thickness of Tubular Structures and Encapsulation During Co-Axial Extrusion of a Thermal-Crosslinking Hydrogel
Authors: Yu Ilhan , Grindrod Samantha , Chen Roland 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTubular structures of the hydrogel are used in a variety of applications such as delivering nutrient supplies for 3D cell culturing. The wall thickness of the tube determines the delivery rate. In this study, we used the coaxial extrusion process to fabricate tubular structures with varying wall thicknesses using a thermal-crosslinking hydrogel, gellan gum (GG). The objectives of this study are to investigate the thermal extrusion process of GG to form tubular structures, the range of achievable wall thickness, and a possibility to form tubular structures with closed ends to encapsulate fluid or drug inside the tube. The wall thickness is controlled by changing the relative flow velocity of the inner needle (phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) to the outer needle, while keeping the velocity of outer needles (GG) constant. Two pairs of coaxial needles were used which are 18-12 gauge (G) and 20-12G. The controllable wall thickness ranges from 0.618 mm (100% relative velocity) to 0.499 mm (250%) for 18-12G and from 0.77 mm (80%) to 0.69 (200%) for 20-12G. Encapsulation is possible in a smaller range of flow velocities in both needle combinations. A finite element model was developed to estimate the temperature distribution and the wall thickness. The model is found to be accurate. The dynamic viscosity of GG determines the pressure equilibrium and the range of achievable wall thickness. Changing the inner needle size or the flow velocity both affect the heat exchange and thus the temperature-dependent dynamic viscosity.
Suárez on the Unity of Material Substances
Authors: Perler Dominik 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Many late medieval Aristotelians assumed that a natural substance has several substantial forms in addition to matter as really distinct parts. This assumption gave rise to a unity problem: why is a substance more than a conglomeration of all these parts? This paper discusses Francisco Suárez’s answer. It first shows that he rejected the idea that there is a plurality of forms, emphasizing instead that each substance has a single form and hence a single structuring principle. It then examines his account of the relationship between matter and form. While accepting the thesis that these two parts are really distinct entities, he claimed that there is a special “mode of union” that binds them together. With this account, he defended the essential unity of a natural substance, but he transformed the program of Aristotelian metaphysics: not substances, but entities and modes inside them, are now the basic building blocks of reality.
Kenelm Digby on Quantity as Divisibility
Authors: Pécharman Martine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Kenelm Digby’s Two Treatises, of the Nature of Bodies and of the Nature of Mans Soule (1644) defends quite an idiosyncratic approach to mind-body dualism. In his use of the divisibility argument to prove that the human soul cannot be a material substance, Digby takes an uncompromising stand for merely potential material parts. In his Treatise of Bodies the present article focuses on the mode of construction of the definition of quantity as divisibility and on its links to two distinct fundamental arguments against the actual material parts doctrine. The first, positive, argument consists of a semantic reason drawn from Digby’s general doctrine of meaning, whereas the second, negative, argument, addresses the traditional question of the composition of the continuum. The latter, the author contends, does not build on the medieval controversy itself, but on Digby’s opposition to Galileo’s claim of indivisibilism in his Dialogues Concerning Two Sciences (1638).
Sigmolenchus sinuosus n. gen., n. sp. (Tylenchidae: Ecphyadophorinae), a new member of the family
Authors: Gharahkhani Azadeh , Pourjam Ebrahim , Abolafia Joaquín , Castillo Pablo , Pedram Majid 
Published: May 2020

Summary
Sigmolenchus n. gen., is proposed as a new member of the Tylenchidae. The new genus is proposed based upon light and scanning electron microscopic (LM and SEM) observations and phylogenetic analyses based upon small, large and internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA (SSU, LSU D2-D3, ITS rDNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI mtDNA) sequences. It is characterised partly by its slender body, but mainly by having a dorso-ventrally flattened, smooth and elevated cephalic region, unique elongate sinuous amphidial openings, each appearing as a wavy slit with three peaks, originating from the vicinity of the labial plate, extending posteriorly and reaching and passing the first body annulus, and a spacious amphidial fovea. It has an anteriorly rounded outline under LM, knobbed stylet, its conus comprising about one-third of the total length, lateral field with a single band, metacorpus with a distinct valve, vulva with small lateral flaps, and males common with tylenchoidiform spicules. The new genus is morphologically compared with seven tylenchid genera, viz., Chilenchus, Ecphyadophoroides, Filenchus, Labrys, Lelenchus, Sakia, and Tenunemellus, mainly by having small slender body and dorso-ventrally flat cephalic region, and is placed under the subfamily Ecphyadophorinae because of its slender body, elevated smooth cephalic region, long amphidial openings and spacious amphidial fovea. It was recovered from marine muddy sediments taken 2 m deep in mangrove forests off southern Iran. Currently S. sinuosus n. gen., n. sp. is monotypic. In SSU phylogeny, the new genus formed an unsupported sister relationship with Filenchus discrepans, and in LSU phylogeny it occupied a placement inside a major clade including several Tylenchinae genera.
Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant to study host-Meloidogyne graminicola interactions
Authors: Huang Qiuling , Song Handa , Lin Borong , Zheng Xiaodan , Wang Wenjun , Liao Jinling , Zhuo Kan 
Published: May 2020

Summary
The use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant increased the rate of molecular discoveries of plant-pathogen interactions. Although Meloidogyne graminicola has a relatively broad host range, it is not known whether it can infect A. thaliana. In this study, we showed that M. graminicola is able to invade A. thaliana and complete its life cycle 12-14 days after invasion. No significant difference in the total number of nematodes inside roots of A. thaliana and rice, Oryza sativa, was found at 14 day after inoculation (dai). Significantly more galls were formed in A. thaliana roots compared to the numbers in O. sativa roots at 14 dai. Females laid egg masses on the A. thaliana root surface and a large number of hatched juveniles of the next generation were obtained from infected A. thaliana roots. In addition, the infection of M. graminicola can induce expression of A. thaliana basal defence genes, such as AtMYB51, AtWRKY11, AtPR1 and AtFRK1, at 24 h after inoculation. Therefore, A. thaliana can be considered as a suitable host to study host-M. graminicola interactions and to understand the molecular mechanisms developed by M. graminicola to infect its dicotyledonous host plants. In addition, our results also showed that a delayed development of M. graminicola occurred in A. thaliana compared to O. sativa, and a higher proportion of empty galls appeared in A. thaliana roots than in O. sativa roots, suggesting A. thaliana is a less optimal host than rice.
Effects of resource manipulation on nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in an arable soil across time and depth
Authors: Ewald Martin , Glavatska Olena , Ruess Liliane 
Published: May 2020

Summary
In an arable field the herbivore and detritivore soil food chains were manipulated by the following treatments: maize as crop, amendment with maize litter and bare soil, representing labile rhizodeposits, recalcitrant plant debris and soil organic matter as major resource, respectively. Samples from top soil, rooted zone and root-free zone were collected in two consecutive years. The impact of these differences in resource availability and quality on the nematode community composition, Maturity Index (MI), diversity () and metabolic footprints was assessed. Plant feeders were fostered by the presence of maize and fungal feeders by litter amendment. Correspondingly, non-parametric multidimensional scaling showed that nematode community structure was most different between plant and litter plots, while bare soil was nested in-between. This indicates that resource depletion under bare soil did not result in distinctly different nematode assemblages. The MI was low and similar across treatments and depths, reflecting soil disturbance by arable management. Nematode diversity was highest under the crop in the second year, which mirrors the general positive impact of plants on belowground processes. However, the composite footprint showed that the removal of plants from the system had an overall low impact on the metabolic response of the nematode community. Taken together, this indicates a considerable resilience of the soil food web to the disruption of both the root and detrital carbon channel over at least two vegetation periods.
The History and Provenance of the Unique Dustūr al-munaǧǧimīn Manuscript, BnF Arabe 5968
Authors: Liebrenz Boris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article offers a re-assessment for the history of a unicum text, the Dustūr al-munaǧǧimīn, preserved in the manuscript Paris, BnF Arabe 5968. Based on a re-reading of the manuscript notes found therein, previous misreadings are corrected and the book’s trajectory is sketched through owners in Damascus, Bursa, and Istanbul. The article offers methodological suggestions for those interested in incorporating manuscript notes into their research and asks what tools are needed for the field to achieve much-needed cooperation and exchange of data.
Exegesis and Encounter
Authors: Oltvai Kristóf 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Though the problem of conceptual idolatry has captivated contemporary scholarship on the relationship between philosophy and theology, these discussions’ doctrinal consequences remain underdeveloped. I intervene in these debates by engaging and elucidating Martin Luther’s critique of scholastic metaphysics, a critique which foregrounds ontotheology’s spiritual and ecclesial detriments. Luther’s reforming works, from his pivotal 1525 De servo arbitrio to his last major project, the 1545 Genesis commentaries, reveal how a metaphysical theology based on natural reason leads to Pelagianism by generalizing faith to a rational conceptual norm, the moral Law. Returning, however, to Scripture’s “grammar” – which, when read plainly (simpliciter), deconstructs natural reason’s vanity – allows us to encounter Christ ‘in person’ rather than in the concept. Luther thus suggests sola scriptura as a method for resisting ontotheology, but with dramatic dogmatic consequences, such as justification by faith alone. These consequences complicate modernity’s, and especially modern philosophy’s, theological origins and implications.
Between the Flesh and the Lived Body
Authors: Pappas Jack Louis 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper will discuss how the theological turn within phenomenology has contributed to the further development of discussions concerning Husserl’s distinction between the lived body (Leib) of the “flesh” and the extrinsically manifest “seen” body (Körper) by re-appropriating Christianity’s emphasis upon incarnation, as exemplified in the work of Michel Henry and Emmanuel Falque. For Henry, an additional “reduction to the flesh” must be enacted in order to overcome the dualistic opposition between “phenomenal body” on the one hand, and the living medium of flesh on the other, for the sake of returning to the original givenness of life. Yet, Falque criticizes Henry’s position as a kind of monism, just as problematic as the very dichotomy which it aims to criticize. Falque argues instead that the flesh must always be incorporated, “given back” to the body as a unity, possessing not only affect and life, but also solidity and visibility.