bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Post-Imperial Era and Japan
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe chapter starts with an overview of the rise of modern development politics, showing how it was a manifestation of post-imperial sovereignty in a world order constructed by Britain, America, and other developed capitalist nations. It emphasizes the challenge of sovereignty and nationalism for post-colonial governance. It highlights the historical features of urgency, insecurity, and nationalism for post-colonial developmentalism. It then offers a treatment of Japan as a post-imperial developer. Commencing with the establishing of a national economy in the late 1700s, the chapter focuses on the Meiji politics of national development through imperialism and support for large companies. It focuses on the post-Second World War recovery and sustained transformation. It reviews the role of the state, the insecurities of post-war governance, the national vision of business, and the role of America. The chapter outlines the mass social improvements that resulted from capitalist transformation.
Conclusion
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe chapter summarizes the argument and evidence of the book. It then makes a case about how capitalist development happens in a ‘profane’ way, that is, full of risk, coercive politics resistance, and instability. It returns to the normative questions raised by the case studies and makes an argument that the near-exclusive focus on rights is misleading. It argues that other norms and values cohabit politics: stability, economic improvement, national belonging, and commonwealth. The corollary here is that normative approaches to development are richer for a realist approach not impoverished. Norms and values emerge within capitalist transition as forceful political mobilizations.
Becoming a Merchant Adventurer
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses recruitment to the Company of Merchant Adventurers, focusing on the institution of apprenticeship. As well as being the most common means to join the Company, apprenticeship was used to manage overseas trade, with apprentices commonly deployed as agents overseas. The chapter introduces the social settings of Company trade overseas—the mart towns—and their place in the merchant life-cycle. It considers the opportunities and challenges facing aspiring Merchant Adventurers in the mart towns as they sought to assume the status of independent merchant in their own households. It also identifies significant changes in the social structure of the mart towns, associated with rising numbers of long-term residents, which had the potential to divide the Company’s different residences in England and overseas.
Show Days
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how Merchant Adventurers managed their businesses, focusing on the export of cloth. It considers how they constructed those networks necessary to the management of trade, and how this resulted in a densely interrelated community of merchants. It addresses whether membership of the Company precluded participation in some of the newer, import-driven and extra-European trades that emerged in the period. It argues that, although Merchant Adventurers were willing to participate in these trades, they were often not well placed to access networks necessary to do so. However, the business of the export of cloth is shown to be more complex and challenging than usually assumed, as is demonstrated through both qualitative and quantitative evidence, including statistics for the changing structure of cloth exports.
Running on the Exchange
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how the Company of Merchant Adventurers and its members responded to the risks inherent to overseas trade in the premodern period. It considers the sources of merchant failure, and how failings unfolded across the social sites that comprised Company trade. A focal point is the mercantile exchange, which was a source of borrowing as well as transferring money across borders, and which was at the heart of most merchant failures. Borrowing on the exchange could lead a merchant’s reputation to come into doubt, and the failure of the Merchant Adventurer Richard Shepherd is used as an example to show how Merchant Adventurers could lose their status within their community. The chapter also considers how this community responded to merchant failure, and the strains it placed on the mercantile social order.
‘The odious name of a monopolist’
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses contests within the Company of Merchant Adventurers following its expulsion from the Holy Roman Empire, in 1598, as a result of a mandate issued by the emperor declaring the Company to be a monopoly. These are shown to be a consequence of the divisions that had emerged in the Company following its departure from Antwerp in the 1560s, and its subsequent occupation of two different territories—the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire. Although the Company’s governors initially attempted to confine trade to the Netherlands following the mandate, many members insisted on continuing to trade to the Empire. In the ensuing contest, debates about the purposes of Company government were raised by members and non-members, and were advertised to an influential political audience. This debate is shown to have contributed to the bill for free trade that passed the House of Commons in the parliament of 1604.
‘A new & extraordinary service to be done to the state and Comonwealth of England’
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the infamous Cokayne Project of 1614–17, whereby the Merchant Adventurers lost their privileges to a new company formed to convert the expert of semi-manufactured cloths with the fully finished product. It focuses on how the project was experienced by the Company and its members, as well as its long-term impact. The Cokayne Project is presented as an experiment in corporate commercial government which attempted to wed governed and free trade. As well as attracting outsiders, many Merchant Adventurers were drawn to its promise of breaking down corporate barriers between different markets. However, the project threatened the dissolution of the social structure of the Merchant Adventurers’ trade, leading to protests from the factors at Hamburg. Although these protests helped to keep alive the Company’s discursive traditions, the Cokayne Project presaged divisions within the Company’s ranks that would grow as the century went on.
The European Central Bank
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 6 discusses the ECB’s pathway to legitimacy, as it moved from following “one size fits none” rules to doing “whatever it takes” in monetary policy. The chapter begins with the ECB’s sources of power, based in its autonomy as a central bank and its leaders’ charismatic qualities, and with its grounds for throughput legitimacy. These largely depend upon ECB accountability to technical forums, since it has minimal formal accountability to political forums (only to the European Parliament), although it has informally increased its accountability through dialogue with political leaders. The chapter follows with a discussion of the Janus-faced public perceptions of the ECB’s governance of the euro during the crisis, split between views of the ECB as hero saving the euro or as ogre imposing austerity and structural reform while railroading countries into programs. As hero, the chapter details ECB President Mario Draghi’s increasingly flexible reinterpretation of his mandate, hid “in plain view” as he transitioned from his predecessor’s “credibility” discourse to a “stability” discourse and from denials of the ECB being a lender of last resort (LOLR) to coming very close to one through quantitative easing (QE). As ogre, the chapter delineates the ways in which ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet coerced vulnerable countries into harsh conditionality programs and Draghi made his active interventions a quid pro quo for austerity and structural reform, as well as the ECB’s initial inefficacy; the continuing orthodoxy of its ideas, especially in contrast to the IMF; and its role in the Troika.
The EU Commission
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 7 discusses the Commission’s pathway to legitimacy, as it moved from a rigid interpretation of the “one size fits all” rules of the European Semester to an increasingly flexible one. The chapter begins by analyzing the Commission’s powers, diminished by the Council’s increase in intergovernmental decision-making but enhanced by its ever-growing oversight responsibilities and discretionary authority, and its quandaries with regard to throughput legitimacy. These stem from the countervailing pressures from Northern Europe calling for more rigid rules application, and from Southern Europe calling for greater flexibility. Such pressures also contributed to Commission politicization, starting with Council appointment of José Manuel Barroso as Commission President in line with his political “color” and culminating with the Spitzenkandidat, Jean-Claude Juncker, and his self-declared “political” Commission. The chapter follows with a discussion of the Janus-faced public perceptions of the Commission in Eurozone crisis governance as “ayatollahs of austerity” or “Ministers of Moderation.” During the fast-burning crisis, the Commission appeared ayatollah-like in its rigid approach to governing by the rules and numbers that it had itself proposed to the Council. But as the crisis slowed, the Commission ministered greater moderation, with the Barroso Commission reinterpreting the rules while denying it, and the Juncker Commission fully admitting to its greater flexibility. The exception was the Commission’s Ayatollah-like stance in the Troika (as the voice of the Eurogroup). The chapter closes with a discussion of the deleterious impact of the European Semester on national sovereignty and democracy, in particular with regard to the Commission’s national budgetary oversight.
The European Parliament
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 8 discusses the European Parliament’s pathway to legitimacy, and its transition from having “no size at all” in Eurozone governance to increasing influence. The chapter begins with an analysis of the EP’s sources of power—which were initially very few, given its marginalization in Eurozone governance—and of its growing throughput legitimacy. Although the most input legitimate of EU actors in principle, in practice it has had limited relevance to citizens and has been far removed from them as well as from national parliaments—themselves the biggest losers in Eurozone crisis governance. But the EP’s lack of remit did not stop it from using its input legitimacy to enhance its own procedural exercise of “voice,” deployed increasingly critically to demand accountability from other EU actors. The EP also slowly gained influence as the “go-to” body for other EU actors in search of legitimation via a political accountability forum. The chapter follows with a discussion of the Janus-faced public perceptions of the EP’s role in Eurozone governance, moving from views of the European Parliament as a talking shop increasingly toward its being a potential equal partner. The chapter shows that initially the EP was a talking shop that largely went along with Council and Commission initiatives, in keeping with its minimal powers, but that over time the EP gained increasing powers both formally, through legislation, and informally, in particular as other EU actors turned more and more to the EP for legitimation by giving accounts to an input-legitimate accountability body.
Wireless Nationalism, 1938–1939
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the late 1930s international broadcasting was mobilized as a weapon for deployment in the coming conflict, an essential tool of propaganda. In 1938 the BBC began broadcasting to the Middle East in Arabic and to Latin America in Spanish and Portuguese. In running the Arabic Service in particular, the BBC was obliged to accept the input of civil servants from the Foreign Office and other branches of the state, particularly when it came to the editing of news bulletins. Material was carefully included and omitted to further British foreign policy goals. BBC officers sought to build up an Arabic Service that would appeal to listeners across the Middle East but made limited headway due to a lack of resources and the scarcity of listener feedback. Similarly, there seemed little evidence to suggest that the BBC Latin American Service developed a significant audience. Attempts to strengthen links between British and American broadcasters meanwhile continued. Only vestiges of wireless internationalism remained: these were years of wireless nationalism, driven by the expansion of fascist broadcast propaganda. The September Crisis of 1938 prompted the inauguration of BBC broadcasts in German, Italian, and French. In all these activities the BBC adhered closely to official policies of appeasement, and accepted government directions to avoid broadcasts that would provoke Germany and Italy. The British government also covertly broadcast to Europe from commercial stations on the Continent, particularly Radio Luxembourg, with the involvement of the Secret Intelligence Service.
The Innate Right to Freedom
Authors: Varden Helga 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a Kantian account of innate right in relation to the issues of abortion, sodomy, and obscenity laws. At first blush, Kant does not appear to have much to offer as we seek plausible philosophical accounts of the legal permissibility of abortion, authorizing consent for sexual activities, and the use of erotica. I demonstrate that, despite appearances, Kant’s legal-political writings do provide the philosophical resources required. Indeed, Kant’s philosophical ideas can help us capture the seriousness of the wrongdoing involved in outlawing abortion, non-procreative and non-binary sexual activities, and erotica for any rational social, embodied beings as well as the heinousness involved in enforcing them against rational embodied, social human beings. I argue that Kant’s account of human nature and evil can explain why we consider violations of bodily integrity—whether de facto legally permitted or not—particularly serious and heinous legal failings.
Liberia, Firestone, and the End of Slavery as a Political Cause
Authors: Lustig Doreen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 chronicles the interwar case of the Firestone Company in Liberia against the backdrop of the League of Nations’ Slavery and Forced Labour Conventions of 1926 and 1934. While Liberia differs from later postcolonial states in its unique history and early independent status, the case of Firestone in Liberia is a precursor to future relations between foreign companies and postcolonial states. Given the power balance between the company and Liberia, the government was incapable of introducing limitations on the private enterprise’s labour policies. Liberia’s engagement with the Firestone Company thus provides an intriguing prelude to the incapacity of the emerging international legal order to abolish the enslavement of humans, and further demonstrates how this very limitation was able to facilitate the enslavement of political communities.
Back to Informal Empire?
Authors: Lustig Doreen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 is devoted to the Abadan Crisis and the circumstances surrounding the decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the dispute between Britain and Iran over the ownership of oil in Iran, known as the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company case. The Iranians’ argument for their sovereign right to oil was based on the corporate veil of the state as a justification for the expropriation of the company’s assets and the corporate veil of the company to sustain the separation between ownership (the British Government) and control (the company’s management). The Iranian position used an old toolbox to promote a vision of a new postcolonial world order based on equality and distributive justice. The chapter juxtaposes the Iranian position with Philip Jessup’s theory of transnational law and the hermeneutics of legal realism in the British position and chronicles how the Iranian strategy and success in the ICJ eventually ushered the shift toward a new international investment law regime.
From the NIEO to the International Investment Law Regime
Authors: Lustig Doreen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 traces a ‘road not taken’ in the history of regulating global corporations in pursuit of economic democracy, the conditions that led to its failure, and the emergence of the contemporary regime that separates market and politics. The late 1960s saw a rare moment of unity in the struggle over the regulation of corporations among decolonized nations, which together formed the New International Economic Order and civil society of the Global North in a bid to defy unruly corporations. While North–South opposition to corporate power gained traction, the tensions between capital-exporting countries were augmented. These conditions opened a window of opportunity for a new international policy regime to regulate global corporations. But this window would not remain open for long. In the aftermath of the Barcelona Traction Case (1970), capital-exporting countries sought an alternative legal framework of a new regime of international investment law and redefined the normative content of corporate responsibility in human rights terms.
The Long History of the Regulation of Private Business Corporations in International Law
Authors: Lustig Doreen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The conclusion challenges the prevailing narrative on the 1990s as the watershed period during which a new sensibility emerged towards the responsibility of private business corporations as subjects of international legal responsibility. While the prevailing account focuses on the private business corporation as a subject of responsibility, it ignores alternative conceptual frameworks that were central to debates over business regulation in international law such as businesses as participants, monopolies, or multinational corporations (MNCs). Furthermore, this narrative is frequently informed by an implicit historical account on international law’s limited influence (or none at all) on the regulation of private business corporations until the 1990s. Conversely, the conclusion draws on the findings of this book to problematize this narrative of marginality and demonstrates how the supposed marginality of the business enterprise in international law, ingrained as it is in the commonly accepted narrative, is a conceptual bias that facilitated (rather than prevented) the emergence and reach of the private business corporation and legitimized the elements in the international legal order that enabled it to thrive.
Morality and Mathematics
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book explores arguments for and against moral realism and mathematical realism, how they interact, and what they can tell us about areas of philosophical interest more generally.Â It argues that our mathematical beliefs have no better claim to being self-evident or provable than our moral beliefs. Nor do our mathematical beliefs have better claim to being empirically justified. It is also incorrect that reflection on the “genealogy” of our moral beliefs establishes a lack of parity between the cases. In general, if one is a moral anti-realist on the basis of epistemological considerations, then one ought to be a mathematical anti-realist too. And yet, the book argues that moral realism and mathematical realism do not stand or fall together – and for a surprising reason. Moral questions, insofar as they are practical, are objective in a sense in which mathematical questions are not, and the sense in which they are objective can only be explained by assuming practical anti-realism. It follows that the concepts of realism and objectivity, which have been widely identified, are actually in tension. The author concludes that the objective questions in the neighborhood of questions of logic, modality, grounding, nature, and more are practical questions as well. Practical philosophy should, therefore, take center stage.
Uneven, Contradictory, and Brutal Economic Development in Africa
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Even where capitalist expansion brings about dramatic and progressive changes, it is always and everywhere contradictory, uneven, and brutal. All good things do not go together. African economic experiences have—similarly—been contradictory. That is one reason why efforts to fit African economic experiences into linear narratives of ‘tragic growth’ or ‘Africa Rising’ are doomed. African economic development is also extremely diverse. This variation is not just between countries. There is also huge variation, perhaps more significantly, within countries. That is why we argue against relying heavily on averages or on continent-wide pronouncements based on just a handful of countries. This variation, as we argue in this chapter and in others, is also often a useful analytical starting point to consider the possible and to identify potential for economic policy to bring about change.
Investment, Wage Goods, and Industrial Policy
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Raising and sustaining long-run growth rates is made more difficult by the complexity of economic growth and by the complexity of growth theory debates. Nonetheless, the investment rate is central to long-run growth and development. Growth sustained by high investment rates will also involve structural change: a shift of resources into high-productivity economic activities. This chapter combines discussion of investment—why it matters, what economic policies help to raise investment rates and keep them high—with discussion of ‘industrial policy’. But the terrain of industrial policy has expanded to take account of new high-productivity activities, of servicification, and of agribusiness; policy officials thus need to refine the criteria used to make resource allocation and incentive decisions accordingly. A particularly important political economy constraint on investment rates is the non-inflationary supply of wage goods.
Unbalanced Development
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Balance is a powerful idea in economics—in equilibrium economics, in strategies of balanced growth, and many other strategies. This chapter argues for a different understanding of the history of capitalism and, therefore, of policy and strategy. The idea of imbalance is a springboard to explore the ideas of Albert Hirschman. These include the concept of linkages and the dynamics of unbalanced growth (pressures, tensions, and disequilibrium as the motor of change), the principle of the hiding hand, and a focus on unintended consequences and poorly measured side effects of development projects and policies. In line with Hirschman’s ‘possibilism’, we argue that the critiques of large ‘mega-projects’ are misleading. Hirschman also highlighted the difference between economists who think a country’s prospects are determined by its ‘endowments’ (what it is and has) and those more interested in what a country does and becomes through what it does.