bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The National Commitment to Civil Equality, 1861–1870
Authors: Nieman Donald G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Constitution was transformed during the Civil War era, making it a charter of liberty and individual rights rather than a document concerned principally with federal relations, property rights, and protection of slavery. During the war, Republicans, abolitionists, and African American activists tied preservation of the Union to emancipation, culminating in adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment. During Reconstruction the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, Civil Rights Act of 1866, Reconstruction Acts, and Enforcement Acts gave substance to emancipation. Taken together, these measures established color-blind citizenship and guaranteed national protection for the fundamental rights of all citizens. African Americans eagerly grasped these rights and used them to assert their independence of whites. They eagerly participated in the political process, electing state and local officials who were responsive to their demands for equal rights and personal security.
Introduction
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The first half of the introduction opens with a list of the many olfactory artworks shown internationally in 2017–2018, as well as uses of odors with theater, music, and design since the turn of the century. Then it notes the paradox of the low status and neglect of smell, yet its unacknowledged importance in everyday life. Then it turns to the “sensory revolution” in the sciences and humanities disciplines that is exploring the importance of the so-called lower senses of touch, taste, and smell. The second half of the introduction describes the format and content of the book chapter by chapter.
Smell, Emotion, and Aesthetics
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter refutes the emotion-versus-reason polarity at the basis of the claim that the strong emotional charge of the human sense of smell means it lacks cognitive power to make rationally informed aesthetic judgments. The first half of the chapter shows that the emotions themselves often have a cognitive component and that a robust cognition often requires an emotional aspect to operate effectively. The second half of the chapter shows that aesthetic experience and judgment also have an indispensable affective as well as cognitive aspect, so that smell’s strong emotional charge is not per se an impediment to its participation in reflective aesthetic experiences and judgments. The chapter closes with the account of a smell experience by Oliver Sacks.
Writing Smell
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7, “Writing Smell,” suggests that if we look at poetry and the novel in the West, it turns out that many Western writers have in fact been able to articulate smell experiences forcefully and convincingly. The discussion of poetry (Baudelaire and Heaney) focuses on synesthetic metaphors. A careful discussion of Baudelaire’s Correspondences shows his ability to give subtle and complex expression to the qualities of odors. The discussion of novelists considers not only their use of linguistic devices to bring smells to life, but their use of a variety of devices for expressing character and other issues through smells with attention to the work of Joyce, Woolf, and Faulkner. Particular attention is given to the crucial role that smell plays in delineating the character of Leopold Bloom in Joyce’s Ulysses.
Odor, Memory, and Proust
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8, “Odor, Memory, and Proust,” draws together the previous themes of emotion and language and relates them to memory. The chapter begins by examining some evidence from the psychology of autobiographical memory concerning voluntary and involuntary memory and its relation to age. The second part of the chapter discusses psychologists’ use and misuse of the Proustian type of involuntary memory, exploring the way Proust at the end of Remembrance of Things Past expounds his idea of sensory epiphanies, which are signs of transcendence and many of which involve smell. The chapter ends by contrasting the Proustian literary epiphanies with the directness of two Holocaust memoirs that bring horrendous smell experiences to expression with a vividness that shows one need not be a literary professional in order to express smell convincingly in language.
Beautiful Fragrances
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 considers the claim that the best perfumes should be classified as part of the fine arts. The chapter argues that from the perspective of contemporary aesthetic definitions of fine art, perfumes have all it takes to be fine art since they have complex structures that develop over time that can be used to represent ideas and express emotions. Yet the second half of the chapter argues that from the perspective of contemporary contextual and historical definitions of art, perfumes are more like design art than fine art. The contextual case against fine art status is based on a model of art and design practices that involves roles, intentions, media, norms, and institutions. If we compare the creation of a commercial perfume designed by a perfumer with a “perfume” commissioned by an artist for an installation, commercial perfume looks like a design art. Chapter 11 ends in an impasse.
Ambient Scenting, Architecture, and the City
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 14 argues that the ethos of the modern city in the developed world is marked by a conflict between an established tendency toward “deodorizing” and a minority of scent advocates who seek greater olfactory diversity. The chapter begins by discussing smellwalking, smell mapping, and related artworks, then moves on to the place of odors in urban design, noting that most city officials think of odors only as something to be controlled or eliminated. After a discussion of the role of smell in architecture, the chapter closes by considering the ethical issues surrounding ambient scenting in both the workplace and the marketplace, as well as the clash between claims made for aromatherapy and the demand for fragrance bans made by sufferers from multiple chemical sensitivity.
Music by Max Steiner
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
During a seven-decade career that spanned from 19th-century Vienna to 1920s Broadway to the golden age of Hollywood, three-time Academy Award winner Max Steiner did more than any other composer to establish and codify the language of film music. Composers today like John Williams use the same techniques perfected by the classically trained Steiner, in his scores for such motion pictures as Casablanca, King Kong, Gone with the Wind, The Searchers, Now, Voyager, the Astaire-Rogers musicals, and more than two hundred other titles. Steiner’s private life was as tumultuous as the films he scored. Born into an Austrian theatrical dynasty, he became one of Hollywood’s highest-paid composers. But he was constantly in debt, due to financial mismanagement, four marriages, and the actions of his emotionally troubled son. Steiner ended his career in triumph: at age 71, although practically blind, he wrote what Billboard called the most successful instrumental single of the era: “Theme from A Summer Place.” Throughout his chaotic life, Steiner was buoyed by a quick wit and an instinctive gift for melody, as he met and worked with a Who’s Who of artists: Johann Strauss Jr., Richard Strauss, George Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Oscar Hammerstein, David O. Selznick, Frank Sinatra, Frank Capra, and many more. This first full biography of Steiner brings to life the previously untold story of a musical pioneer and master dramatist who helped create a vital new art form (and multimillion-dollar industry), while writing many of the greatest scores in cinema history.
Elegant Revolutions
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the theatrical and musical dynasty into which Steiner was born. It begins by introducing his father, Gabor, a visionary entrepreneur honored by Emperor Franz Joseph. Gabor created one of Austria’s most popular attractions of the late 19th century: Venice in Vienna, an amusement emporium a third the size of Buckingham Palace. Its centerpiece, the Riesenrad (Ferris Wheel), remains one of Vienna’s most iconic attractions. Gabor’s father, Maximilian, was an influential theater manager who did much to launch the era of Viennese operetta. It was Maximilian who convinced Johann Strauss Jr. to write for the stage, leading to such enduring works as Die Fledermaus. In this chapter, we see how the Steiner family’s championing of both “high” and “low” culture profoundly shaped Max, who later combined symphonic forms with accessible melodies in his own musical language.
Monarch of Sound
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
By 1935, all major Hollywood studios were emulating Steiner’s approach to film music, while recognizing Max as the industry’s foremost composer. His reputation soared even higher with the release of John Ford’s The Informer. A low-budget drama disdained by RKO executives, the movie received critical hosannas and earned Steiner his first Academy Award. But despite that success and other rewarding projects like the musical Top Hat, Steiner was frustrated. Heavy gambling, two alimonies, and weekly checks to family in Austria reduced his salary to a pittance. He also was angered to learn that ASCAP, the organization that collected royalties for songwriters, did not consider film music to be under its purview. For the next 25years, Steiner would fight to convince the group otherwise. He also felt underappreciated at RKO—which made news that David O. Selznick was forming his own independent studio all the more intriguing.
Battles Won and Lost
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a concise history of Warner Bros.—its inception, its combative founders, and the key role that music played in the studio’s releases. Steiner’s first work at Warners, The Charge of the Light Brigade, would be another milestone—a grand action-adventure score foreshadowing contemporary film music. Despite a tight deadline, and high expectations from producer Hal Wallis, Steiner triumphed, which made his return to Selznick all the more crushing. David’s increasing micromanagement extended to music; and Max was devastated when the producer who had called himself Steiner’s “biggest fan” eviscerated his score for A Star Is Born, Selznick’s latest film. A proud (if often insecure) individual, Steiner resigned his post at Selznick but stressed to the producer his desire to remain friends. His motives were not solely personal. Max knew that Selznick was about to film the most successful novel of the decade: Gone with the Wind.
The Right Place to Be
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Days after leaving Selznick, Steiner became the highest-paid staff composer at Warner Bros. It was a deal he was quietly arranging before leaving Selznick, detailed here for the first time. Steiner would spend most of the next three decades at Warners. This chapter provides a detailed examination of the studio’s music department, and explains why its infrastructure, staff, and varied creative content were ideally suited to Steiner’s talents. The chapter describes his friendly if competitive relationship with Warner Bros.’ favorite freelance composer, Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Steiner works discussed include the Best Picture–winning Life of Emile Zola, the start of his long collaboration with Bette Davis, and his iconic Warner Bros. fanfare. The chapter also chronicles the unexpected death of Steiner’s mother in Vienna, and Max’s frantic—and ultimately successful—efforts to bring his father to America, after Hitler’s annexation of Austria.
Sucker
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Today, the performance of film music is a staple of symphony concert programming. In 1943, it was an anomaly. That year, Steiner was invited to conduct the New York Philharmonic for a potential audience of twenty thousand at Lewisohn Stadium. But for Max, the concert proved a humiliating disaster, due to the orchestra’s open hostility toward a “Hollywood” composer, and the addition to the program of 27-year-old Frank Sinatra. More teen idol than respected singer at the time, Sinatra inspired Beatles-like screaming from his fans throughout the concert, upstaging Steiner. A series of personal calamities followed: the death of Max’s beloved father, a health crisis of his own, and seemingly insurmountable debt. Again, music was Steiner’s salvation. The 1944 film Since You Went Away—his last collaboration with Selznick—earned Max a third Oscar. But shortly after its release, Steiner was devastated by news that Louise wanted a divorce.
Au Revoir and Bonjour
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on transitions both personal and creative for Steiner. After his divorce from Louise, Max found happiness with a new companion, former singer Lee Blair. The end of World War II marked a change in Hollywood filmmaking styles, and Steiner responded to the darker, more mature movies being produced at Warner Bros. with a leaner, less Wagnerian style. Film noir titles like Howard Hawks’s The Big Sleep and Michael Curtiz’s Mildred Pierce benefited greatly from Max’s scoring, which added propulsive energy and extra layers of character illumination. But Steiner’s obsession with work, and his late-night gambling with friends like composer Victor Young, distracted Max from a growing problem at home: the erratic behavior of his emotionally troubled son, Ronald.
Coda
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Steiner was devastated by his son’s death. He was also now legally blind. But the ever-loyal Delmer Daves convinced Steiner to score his latest film—even though Max could not see it. The joy of composition revitalized Steiner, who would regain much of his sight via successful operations. More scoring projects followed; but by 1965, the 77-year-old was ailing and unable to find work. Steiner’s last years were ones of reluctant retirement, mentorship, and tribute—including a celebration of his work on the 1968 Academy Awards. This biography concludes with a summation of Steiner’s legacy. Not only is he the single most important figure in film music history, thanks to his pioneering development of the scoring process, his gift for intensifying emotion and character psychology through memorable themes, innovative orchestration, and other devices produced scores that remain essential components of many of the greatest films ever made.
Vascular Risk Factors and Their Relationship to Brain Aging
Authors: Alvin Ang Ting Fang , Joshi Prajakta , Au Rhoda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Framingham Heart Study (FHS) was established in 1948 and is the longest, ongoing prospective cohort study studying cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Initially, the FHS was primarily focused on cardiovascular diseases; however, over recent decades data from the FHS have found that lifetime exposure to major cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arterial stiffness, and pressure pulsatility adversely impact neuropsychological functioning particularly in older individuals contributing to the onset of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease. Research from the FHS suggest that appropriate management of cardiovascular risk factors as well as healthy lifestyle practices that include regular blood pressure monitoring, not smoking, and eating a choline-rich diet appear to minimize neuropsychological decline as well as dementia onset.
Heterogeneity in Alzheimer’s/Vascular Spectrum Dementia
Authors: Emrani Sheina , Lamar Melissa , Price Catherine C. , Wasserman Victor , Matusz Emily , Swenson Rodney A. , Heilman Kenneth M. , Libon David J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are considered to be the two most common types of dementia with each of these dementia syndromes believed to represent more or less independent entities. While mixed dementia syndromes are acknowledged, the prevailing point of view continues to suggest that AD and VaD represent disorders with different underlying etiology. This chapter will review some of the recent neuropathological and neuropsychological literature suggesting considerable heterogeneity between AD and VaD. It is our contention that the literature reviewed in this chapter supports the notion that neuropsychological syndromes seen in AD/VaD dementia, in addition to their underlying biological substrate, are best understood as existing along a clinical/pathological continuum or spectrum. This heterogeneity should be leveraged to construct a more sophisticated and heuristically meaningful way to classify patients with dementia.
Hemodynamics in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Authors: Cambronero Francis , Jefferson Angela L. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Hemodynamic impairment is a prominent feature in aging, vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease, including patterned changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that can be detected prior to concomitant pathologies. These CBF abnormalities drive vascular dysfunction through a variety of biological pathways and ultimately contribute to cerebrovascular disease associated with cognitive impairment. Importantly, the co-existence of cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease is exceedingly common and worsens the progression of clinical symptoms, likely through accelerating neurotoxic protein deposition and the loss of cerebrovascular integrity. Emerging evidence further suggests that the brain may be more susceptible to subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction in aging adults, particularly since the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors over the lifespan creates a more vulnerable vascular system. Although age-associated CBF dysregulation has varied and complex origins, it undoubtedly serves a critical role in the early progression of neurodegenerative disease and may help explain the considerable overlap between the most common clinical dementias.
Grassmann’s Concept Structuralism
Authors: Cantù Paola 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
After recalling some mathematical contributions that are relevant for the structuralist transformation of mathematics, such as abstract algebra, linear algebra, and number theory, this chapter reconstructs Grassmann’s philosophy of mathematics. It is claimed that he contributed to the development of methodological structuralism inasmuch as he clearly separated the study of the most general properties of connections from pure and applied mathematics, basing them on an understanding of generality as conceptual underdetermination, and on the preeminence of the notion of series over that of function. A brief comparison with contemporary philosophical structuralism will clarify Grassmann’s tendency toward a “concept structuralism” rather than an “object structuralism.”
Diversion Courts, Traumatic Brain Injury, and American Vets
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI) rates for prisoners are higher than for the general population. The impulsive and aggressive behaviors resulting from TBI also parallel incarceration rates. But how scientific communities understand the origins of behavior clashes with how our justice system does. Medicine, psychiatry, neuropsychology, and neurology all hold that deformities in the brain can influence or even determine a person’s thoughts, desires, impulses, and ability to control behavior. In contrast, U.S. law assumes that adults are rational beings who act for specific reasons and that, in each instance, an individual could have done otherwise. Yet, the American court system is beginning to differentiate returning combat vets with brain disorders from other offenders, creating diversion courts for veterans accused of a variety of crimes. These courts allow military offenders to enter a mental health treatment program instead of being jailed. Several questions arise from this practice. Should vets be treated differently than other noncombatant defendants with similar brain injuries? Should brain disorders affect how we assign or understand legal notions of punishment and responsibility? How do we connect data regarding neural interventions with punishment and remediation? And how do we distinguish “mad” from “bad”? This chapter attempts to answer these questions.
Judicious Use of Neuropsychiatric Evidence When Sentencing Offenders With Addictive Behaviors
Authors: Dawson Andrew , Chandler Jennifer , Gavaghan Colin , Hall Wayne , Carter Adrian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how courts in commonwealth jurisdictions have used neuropsychiatric evidence as a mitigating factor in sentencing, in cases involving (a) drug- and gambling-addicted offenders and (b) offenders prescribed dopaminergic medication for a movement disorder. The authors first examine how courts have approached criminal offending linked in some way to drug or behavioral addictions. Generally, commonwealth courts see drug- or gambling-addicted offenders as morally blameworthy agents deserving of imprisonment. Some courts have occasionally adopted a medical stance and allowed an individual’s drug or gambling addiction to mitigate their sentence. The justification for adopting a medical stance has arguably been the greater economic and public health benefits of a medical approach rather than a strong embrace of neuropsychiatric evidence. In contrast, in two recent cases in which criminal offences have been attributed to dopaminergic medication prescribed for movement disorders, courts have strongly relied upon neuropsychiatric evidence as a mitigating factor at sentencing. Reliance on this evidence was unnecessary in these cases, as the noncustodial sentences imposed on patients could have been justified on other grounds. This evidence was also misapplied. The authors conclude with an analysis of the implications of this misapplication for the use of neurointerventions to reduce addiction-related offending. This analysis is vital to ensuring that future courts determining an appropriate neurointervention for a movement-disordered offender unwilling to reduce their medication will not be hamstrung by a conflation of causality and compulsion.
Introduction
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Samson is a popular subject in biblical scholarship on the use of the Bible in art, literature, and popular culture, although this scholarship tends to focus on Samson in White European and White American art and literature. The introduction explains how Samson becomes identified with people of African descent in American literature. It discusses the biblical story of Samson and the lack of physical descriptions of Samson in the Bible. It provides examples of the racialized uses of Samson in poetry, sermons, speeches, narratives by enslaved persons, court records, and newspapers. It offers some possible reasons why the biblical story of Samson may have become associated with African Americans.
Black Samson and Labor Movements
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The strained relationship of African Americans and organized labor generated a wide variety of opinions among African American writers in the early twentieth century. Some saw organized labor as a threat to African American social and economic progress while others saw socialism and communism as a vehicle for it. In this chapter, we track developments in the use of Samson imagery by African American writers who examined the complex and often contentious relationship between African Americans, labor movements, and the Communist Party from the early twentieth century through the Harlem Renaissance, the Great Depression, and toward the Civil Rights Era.