bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine‐Scale Structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence From Data Recorded at the Italian National Network
Authors: Michele M. , Chiaraluce L. , Di Stefano R. , Waldhauser F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe explore the three‐dimensional structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy sequence using ~34,000 ML ≥ 1.5 earthquakes that occurred between August 2016 and January 2018. We applied cross‐correlation and double‐difference location methods to waveform and parametric data routinely produced at the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. The sequence activated an 80 km long system of normal faults and near‐horizontal detachment faults through the MW 6.0 Amatrice, the MW 5.9 Visso, and the MW 6.5 Norcia mainshocks and aftershocks. The system has an average strike of N155°E and dips 38°–55° southwestward and is segmented into 15–30 km long faults individually activated by the cascade of MW ≥ 5.0 shocks. The two main normal fault segments, Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove to the North and Mt. della Laga to the South, are separated by an NNE‐SSW‐trending lateral ramp of the Sibillini thrust, a regional structure inherited from the previous compressional tectonic phase putting into contact diverse lithologies with different seismicity patterns. Space‐time reconstruction of the fault system supports a composite rupture scenario previously proposed for the MW 6.5 Norcia earthquake, where the rupture possibly propagated also along an oblique portion of the Sibillini thrust. This dissected set of normal fault segments is bounded at 8–10 km depth by a continuous 2 km thick seismicity layer of extensional nature slightly dipping eastward and interpreted as a shear zone. All three mainshocks in the sequence nucleated along the high‐angle planes at significant distance from the shear zone, thus complicating the interpretation of the mechanisms driving strain partitioning between these structures.
Coral Reef Emissions of Atmospheric Dimethylsulfide and the Influence on Marine Aerosols in the Southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: Jackson R. L. , Gabric A. J. , Woodhouse M. T. , Swan H. B. , Jones G. B. , Cropp R. , Deschaseaux E. S. M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractVariability in atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMSa) and the potential influence on atmospheric aerosols was investigated at Heron Island in the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. This work compiles previously published DMSa data (reported in Swan, Jones, Deschaseaux, & Eyre, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg‐14‐229‐2017), with additional surveys of DMSa, atmospheric particle number concentration, and other oceanic and atmospheric data sets. DMSa was higher in summer (mean 3.2 nmol m−3/78 ppt) than winter (mean 1.3 nmol m−3/32 ppt), reflective of seasonal shifts in phytoplankton biomass and emissions from corals in the southern GBR. Seasonally extreme spikes in DMSa were detected during low tide and low wind speed, supporting findings that the coral reef can be an important source of DMSa above background oceanic emissions. A significant link was present between DMSa and aerosol concentration (ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 μm) during calm, daylight hours, when conditions were optimal for the local oxidation of DMSa to sulfate aerosol precursors. This link may reflect condensational growth of existing fine particles (< 0.5 μm), which is the dominant pathway by which biogenic trace gases influence aerosols in the marine boundary layer. Aerosol concentration significantly correlated with reduced surface solar irradiance and sea surface temperature, which is potential evidence of a local negative feedback mitigating coral physiological stress. These findings provide a step toward a better understanding of the processes influencing DMSa and aerosol concentrations and of the consequences for the local radiative balance over coral reefs; an increasingly important topic with ongoing ocean warming and coral bleaching.
Use of Short‐Range Forecasts to Evaluate Fast Physics Processes Relevant for Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Williams K. D. , Hewitt A. J. , Bodas‐Salcedo A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe configuration of the Met Office Unified Model being submitted to CMIP6 has a high climate sensitivity. Previous studies have suggested that the impact of model changes on initial tendencies in numerical weather prediction (NWP) should be used to guide their suitability for inclusion in climate models. In this study we assess, using NWP experiments, the atmospheric model changes which lead to the increased climate sensitivity in the CMIP6 configuration, namely, the replacement of the aerosol scheme with GLOMAP‐mode and the introduction of a scheme for representing the turbulent production of liquid water within mixed‐phase cloud. Overall, the changes included in this latest configuration were found to improve the initial tendencies of the model state variables over the first 6 hr of the forecast, this timescale being before significant dynamical feedbacks are likely to occur. The reduced model drift through the forecast appears to be the result of increased cloud liquid water, leading to enhanced radiative cooling from cloud top and contributing to a stronger shortwave cloud radiative effect. These changes improve the 5‐day forecast in traditional metrics used for numerical weather prediction. This study was conducted after the model was frozen and the climate sensitivity of the model determined; hence, it provides an independent test of the model changes contributing to the higher climate sensitivity. The results, along with the large body process‐orientated evaluation conducted during the model development process, provide reassurance that these changes are improving the physical processes simulated by the model.
Long‐Range Longitudinal Electric Wave in Vacuum Radiated by Electric Dipole: Part I
Authors: Zhakatayev A. , Tlebaldiyeva L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this work, by using the assumptions that wavelength is much smaller than charge separation distance of an electric dipole, which in turn is much smaller than a distance up to the point of observation, the new results for radiation of an electric dipole were obtained. These results generalize and extend the standard classical solution, and they indicate that under the above assumptions, the electric dipole emits both long‐range longitudinal electric and transverse electromagnetic waves. For a specific values of the dipole system parameters, the longitudinal and transverse electric fields are displayed. Total power emitted by electric and electromagnetic waves are calculated and compared. It was shown that under the standard assumption of charge separation distance being much smaller than wavelength, (a) classical solution correctly describes the transverse electromagnetic waves only; (b) longitudinal electric waves are nonnegligible; (c) total radiated power is proportional to the fourth degree of frequency and to the second degree of the charge separation distance; and (d) transverse component of our solution reduces to classical solution. In case wavelength is much smaller than charge separation distance, (a) the classical solution is not valid, and it overestimates the total radiated power; (b) longitudinal electric waves are dominant and transverse electromagnetic waves are negligible; (c) total radiated power is proportional to the third degree of frequency and to the charge separation distance; and (d) most of the power is emitted in a narrow beam along the dipole axis; thus, emission of waves is focused as with lasers.
Day‐to‐Day Variability of Prereversal Enhancement in the Vertical Ion Drift in Response to Large‐Scale Forcing From the Lower Atmosphere
Authors: Liu Han‐Li 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEquatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are plasma density irregularities found in the equatorial ionosphere after sunset and are closely related to the upward E×B drift before it reverses to the generally downward direction at nighttime, referred to as prereversal enhancement (PRE). Although the seasonal variation of PRE and EPB have been generally associated with F and E region dynamo, large variability of EPB occurrence from one day to the next is still puzzling and poses a challenge for equatorial space weather research and forecast. This study shows that the PRE variability is strongly affected by the large‐scale lower atmosphere variability on day‐to‐day weather scales through the E region dynamo at middle latitudes in the summer hemisphere. The whole atmosphere general circulation model with interactive ionosphere electrodynamics employed in the study does not resolve EPB due to insufficient model resolution, but EPB occurrence rate can be deduced from the simulated PRE using an empirical relation. The deduced EPB rate is in good agreement with the observed rates, suggesting the important role of large‐scale dynamics and electrodynamics in preconditioning EPB and the feasibility of probabilistic forecast of EPB using a whole atmosphere model.
Intraseasonal Drainage Network Dynamics in a Headwater Catchment of the Italian Alps
Authors: Durighetto N. , Vingiani F. , Bertassello L. E. , Camporese M. , Botter G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the majority of existing studies, streams are conceived as static objects that occupy predefined regions of the landscape. However, empirical observations suggest that stream networks are systematically and ubiquitously featured by significant expansion/retraction dynamics produced by hydrologic and climatic variability. This contribution presents novel empirical data about the active drainage network dynamics of a 5 km2 headwater catchment in the Italian Alps. The stream network has been extensively monitored with a biweekly temporal resolution during a field campaign conducted from July to November 2018. Our results reveal that, in spite of the wet climate typical of the study area, more than 70% of the observed river network is temporary, with a significant presence of disconnected reaches during wet periods. Available observations have been used to develop a set of simple statistical models that were able to properly reconstruct the dynamics of the active stream length as a function of antecedent precipitation. The models suggest that rainfall timing and intensity represent major controls on the stream network length, while evapotranspiration has a minor effect on the observed intraseasonal changes of drainage density. Our results also indicate the presence of multiple network expansion and retraction cycles that simultaneously operate at different time scales, in response to distinct hydrological processes. Furthermore, we found that observed spatial patterns of network dynamics and unchanneled lengths are related to the underlying heterogeneity of geological attributes. The study offers novel insights on the physical mechanisms driving stream network dynamics in low‐order alpine catchments.
HKDC1 C-terminal based peptides inhibit extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma by modulation of mitochondrial function and EBV suppression
Authors: Chen Qi , Feng Jia , Wu Jinhu , Yu Zhendong , Zhang Wei , Chen Yonggang , Yao Paul , Zhang Hongyu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractExtranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) associated lymphoma that progresses rapidly and relapses frequently. Advanced ENKTL is multidrug chemoresistant and has a poor prognosis. In this study, we aim to develop a novel hexokinase domain component 1 (HKDC1)-based antitumor target for ENKTL that is involved with the antimetabolic signaling pathway, EBV replication, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression. We showed that HKDC1 is highly upregulated in ENKTL cells and HKDC1 knockdown significantly suppresses ENKTL tumor growth. In addition, HKDC1 is highly identical with four other hexokinase isoforms, with the only difference being in the last eight amino acids (aa) at the C-terminal. Further investigation showed that peptide delivery of the last eight aa of HKDC1 at the C-terminal (HKC8) with D-configuration using transferrin (Tf) receptor internalization sequence (Tf-D-HKC8) inhibits HKDC1 association with vascular endothelial growth factor 1 (VDAC1), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration and subsequently suppressing EBV replication and P-gp expression, making it very effective in killing EBV-positive ENKTL cells. Further in vivo experiments showed that local injection of Tf-D-HKC8 peptide significantly suppresses ENKTL tumor growth and EBV replication in ENKTL xenograft mouse models. We conclude that HKDC1 C-terminal-based peptides inhibit ENKTL by modulation of mitochondrial function and EBV suppression.
The expression signatures in liver and adipose tissue from obese Göttingen Minipigs reveal a predisposition for healthy fat accumulation
Authors: Cirera Susanna , Taşöz Emirhan , Juul Jacobsen Mette , Schumacher-Petersen Camilla , Østergaard Christoffersen Berit , Kaae Kirk Rikke , Pagh Ludvigsen Trine , Hvid Henning , Duelund Pedersen Henrik , Høier Olsen Lisbeth , Fredholm Merete 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Model animals are valuable resources for dissecting basic aspects of the regulation of obesity and metabolism. The translatability of results relies on understanding comparative aspects of molecular pathophysiology. Several studies have shown that despite the presence of overt obesity and dyslipidemia in the pig key human pathological hepatic findings such as hepatocellular ballooning and abundant steatosis are lacking in the model.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to elucidate why these histopathological characteristics did not occur in a high fat, fructose and cholesterol (FFC) diet-induced obese Göttingen Minipig model.

Methods
High-throughput expression profiling of more than 90 metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of male minipigs diet fed: standard chow (SD, n = 7); FFC diet (n = 14); FFC diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs (FFCDIA, n = 8). Moreover, histopathological assessment of SAT and VAT was performed.

Results
12, 4 and 1 genes were highly significantly differentially expressed in liver, SAT and VAT when comparing the FFC and SD groups whereas the corresponding numbers were 15, 2, and 1 when comparing the FFCDIA and SD groups. Although the minipigs in both FFC groups developed sever obesity and dyslipidemia, the insulin-signaling pathways were not affected. Notably, four genes involved in lipid acquisition and removal, were highly deregulated in the liver: PPARG, LPL, CD36 and FABP4. These genes have been reported to play a major role in promoting hepatic steatosis in rodents and humans. Since very little macrophage-associated pro-inflammatory response was detected in the adipose tissues the expansion appears to have no adverse impact on adipose tissue metabolism.

Conclusion
The study shows that morbidly obese Göttingen Minipigs are protected against many of the metabolic and hepatic abnormalities associated with obesity due to a remarkable ability to expand the adipose compartments to accommodate excess calories.
Membrane metalloendopeptidase suppresses prostate carcinogenesis by attenuating effects of gastrin-releasing peptide on stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Cheng Chieh-Yang , Zhou Zongxiang , Stone Meredith , Lu Bao , Flesken-Nikitin Andrea , Nanus David M. , Nikitin Alexander Yu. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAberrant neuroendocrine signaling is frequent yet poorly understood feature of prostate cancers. Membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME) is responsible for the catalytic inactivation of neuropeptide substrates, and is downregulated in nearly 50% of prostate cancers. However its role in prostate carcinogenesis, including formation of castration-resistant prostate carcinomas, remains uncertain. Here we report that MME cooperates with PTEN in suppression of carcinogenesis by controlling activities of prostate stem/progenitor cells. Lack of MME and PTEN results in development of adenocarcinomas characterized by propensity for vascular invasion and formation of proliferative neuroendocrine clusters after castration. Effects of MME on prostate stem/progenitor cells depend on its catalytic activity and can be recapitulated by addition of the MME substrate, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Knockdown or inhibition of GRP receptor (GRPR) abrogate effects of MME deficiency and delay growth of human prostate cancer xenografts by reducing the number of cancer-propagating cells. In sum, our study provides a definitive proof of tumor-suppressive role of MME, links GRP/GRPR signaling to the control of prostate stem/progenitor cells, and shows how dysregulation of such signaling may promote formation of castration-resistant prostate carcinomas. It also identifies GRPR as a valuable target for therapies aimed at eradication of cancer-propagating cells in prostate cancers with MME downregulation.
Niche-based assembly of bacterial consortia on the diatom Thalassiosira rotula is stable and reproducible
Authors: Mönnich Julian , Tebben Jan , Bergemann Jennifer , Case Rebecca , Wohlrab Sylke , Harder Tilmann 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
With each cell division, phytoplankton create new space for primary colonization by marine bacteria. Although this surface microenvironment is available to all planktonic bacterial colonizers, we show the assembly of bacterial consortia on a cosmopolitan marine diatom to be highly specific and reproducible. While phytoplankton–bacteria interactions play fundamental roles in marine ecosystems, namely primary production and the carbon cycle, the ecological paradigm behind epiphytic microbiome assembly remains poorly understood. In a replicated and repeated primary colonization experiment, we exposed the axenic diatom Thalassiosira rotula to several complex and compositionally different bacterial inocula derived from phytoplankton species of varying degrees of relatedness to the axenic Thalassiosira host or natural seawater. This revealed a convergent assembly of diverse and compositionally different bacterial inocula, containing up to 2071 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), towards a stable and reproducible core community. Four of these OTUs already accounted for a cumulative abundance of 60%. This core community was dominated by Rhodobacteraceae (30.5%), Alteromonadaceae (27.7%), and Oceanospirillales (18.5%) which was qualitatively and quantitatively most similar to its conspecific original. These findings reject a lottery assembly model of bacterial colonization and suggest selective microhabitat filtering. This is likely due to diatom host traits such as surface properties and different levels of specialization resulting in reciprocal stable-state associations.
Novel phosphate-solubilizing bacteria enhance soil phosphorus cycling following ecological restoration of land degraded by mining
Authors: Liang Jie-Liang , Liu Jun , Jia Pu , Yang Tao-tao , Zeng Qing-wei , Zhang Sheng-chang , Liao Bin , Shu Wen-sheng , Li Jin-tian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Little is known about the changes in soil microbial phosphorus (P) cycling potential during terrestrial ecosystem management and restoration, although much research aims to enhance soil P cycling. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to analyse 18 soil microbial communities at a P-deficient degraded mine site in southern China where ecological restoration was implemented using two soil ameliorants and eight plant species. Our results show that the relative abundances of key genes governing soil microbial P-cycling potential were higher at the restored site than at the unrestored site, indicating enhancement of soil P cycling following restoration. The gcd gene, encoding an enzyme that mediates inorganic P solubilization, was predominant across soil samples and was a major determinant of bioavailable soil P. We reconstructed 39 near-complete bacterial genomes harboring gcd, which represented diverse novel phosphate-solubilizing microbial taxa. Strong correlations were found between the relative abundance of these genomes and bioavailable soil P, suggesting their contributions to the enhancement of soil P cycling. Moreover, 84 mobile genetic elements were detected in the scaffolds containing gcd in the 39 genomes, providing evidence for the role of phage-related horizontal gene transfer in assisting soil microbes to acquire new metabolic potential related to P cycling.
OX40 and LAG3 are associated with better prognosis in advanced gastric cancer patients treated with anti-programmed death-1 antibody
Authors: Ohmura Hirofumi , Yamaguchi Kyoko , Hanamura Fumiyasu , Ito Mamoru , Makiyama Akitaka , Uchino Keita , Shimokawa Hozumi , Tamura Shingo , Esaki Taito , Mitsugi Kenji , Shibata Yoshihiro , Oda Hisanobu , Tsuchihashi Kenji , Ariyama Hiroshi , Kusaba Hitoshi , Oda Yoshinao , Akashi Koichi , Baba Eishi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, nivolumab, has shown efficacy for advanced gastric cancer (AGC). However, the specific immune cell subsets predominantly activated during the period of anti-PD-1 therapy for AGC have not been clarified.

Methods
Peripheral blood of 30 AGC patients treated with nivolumab was prospectively obtained before the initial and second administrations and at the time of progressive disease (PD). The proportions of immune cell subsets and the serum concentrations of cytokines were systematically analysed by flow cytometry. Associations of subsets and serum cytokines with therapeutic effects were evaluated.

Results
After the initial administration, significant increases in activated central/effector memory, activated effector T cells, and activated T-helper 1 subsets were observed. At the time of PD, activated regulatory T cells, LAG3-positive CD4+/CD8+ T cells, and TIM3-positive CD4+/CD8+ T cells increased significantly. Significant positive correlations were shown between progression-free survival and proportions of LAG3-positive CD4+/CD8+ T cells and of OX40-positive CD4+/CD8+ T cells (log-rank p = 0.0008, 0.0003, 0.0035 and 0.0040).

Conclusions
Nivolumab therapy enhances activation of central/effector memory and effector subsets of CD4+/CD8+ T cells. The expression levels of LAG-3 and OX40 on T cells correlated with the efficacy of nivolumab therapy and could be reasonable biomarkers for anti-PD-1 therapy.
MicroRNA-30a targets BECLIN-1 to inactivate autophagy and sensitizes gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells to imatinib
Authors: Chen Wei , Li Zhouqi , Liu Hao , Jiang Sujing , Wang Guannan , Sun Lifeng , Li Jun , Wang Xiaochen , Yu Shaojun , Huang Jianjin , Dong Ying 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), the most widespread type of sarcoma, contain driver gene mutations predominantly of receptor tyrosine kinase and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha. However, the inevitable development of resistance to imatinib (IM) cannot be fully attributed to secondary driver gene mutations. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA-30a in sensitization of GIST cells to IM in vivo and in vitro. Higher levels of miR-30a were detected in GIST-T1 cells, which were more sensitive to IM than GIST-882 cells. IM treatment also reduced miR-30a levels, indicating the possible role of miR-30a in GIST IM resistance. Subsequently, miR-30a was confirmed to be an IM sensitizer via a mechanism that was attributed to its involvement in the regulation of cell autophagy. The interaction of miR-30a and autophagy in IM treated GIST cells was found to be linked by beclin-1. Beclin-1 knockdown increased IM sensitivity in GIST cell lines. Finally, miR-30a was confirmed to enhance IM sensitivity of GIST cells in mouse tumor models. Our study provides evidence for the possible role of miR-30a in the emergence of secondary IM resistance in GIST patients, indicating a promising target for overcoming this chemoresistance.