bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining permanent aerobiological networks and molecular analyses for large‐scale surveillance of forest fungal pathogens: A proof‐of‐concept
Authors: Aguayo Jaime , Husson Claude , Chancerel Emilie , Fabreguettes Olivier , Chandelier Anne , Fourrier‐Jeandel Céline , Dupuy Nadine , Dutech Cyril , Ioos Renaud , Robin Cécile , Thibaudon Michel , Marçais Benoit , Desprez‐Loustau Marie‐Laure 
Published: September 2020

AbstractForest disease management relies principally on a preventive approach in which epidemiological surveillance plays a crucial role. However, efficient and cost‐effective surveillance methods are not currently available for large spatial scales. Nevertheless, aerobiological networks have been set up for several decades in many countries to monitor pollen dispersal and provide real‐time assessments of allergenic risk. Here, we suggest that the same approach could be used for the surveillance of forest pathogens. Using molecular methods, we analysed samples from 12 sites of the French aerobiological network, at different dates. Both metabarcoding by high‐throughput sequencing (using two markers and two different bioinformatics approaches) and real‐time PCR targeting eight important forest pathogens were conducted. To validate the approach, temporal and spatial trends of spore detection were compared with field disease data. The metabarcoding approach demonstrated that many fungal plant pathogens could be found in aerobiological samples. Moreover, five of the eight targeted forest pathogens were detected by real‐time PCR, with temporal and spatial trends of spore capture consistent with field data. In particular, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was detected at high frequency in aerobiological samples in the areas where ash dieback has been present for the longest period of time, and at lower frequency in areas with more recent invasion. Spore detection of seasonal pathogens showed a temporal pattern similar to that of disease reports. Overall, our study provides a proof of concept that permanent aerobiological networks combined with molecular methods may provide a useful tool for large‐scale surveillance of forest pathogens.
Demons and exorcism in ancient Mesopotamia
Authors: Konstantopoulos Gina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis essay provides an introduction to the topic of demons and the means of opposing them in ancient Mesopotamia during the early third to late first millennia BCE. Demons and witchcraft were integrated aspects of the Mesopotamian world. They could threaten individuals, often causing illness or ill fortune, as well as target society as a whole, encroaching upon the protected and ordered world of the Mesopotamian city. There were a number of ways to counter such threats, such as protective amulets and incantations, but the foremost, particularly in the first millennium BCE, was the figure of theāšipu, or exorcist. A trained ritual professional, theāšipuhad a range of tools at his disposal, as well as the protection and sanction of the gods. This article provides an introduction to the issue of demons and exorcism by presenting four key aspects of this complex topic: first, an overview of characteristics and role of demons in Mesopotamia; second, a summary of the two notable demonic figures known as Lamashtu and Pazuzu; third, the demonic and chaotic figure of the witch; and fourth, an overview of theāšipuand his methods.
Challenges faced in managing adult asthma: A perspective from Asian countries
Authors: Dhar Raja , Ip Mary , Kulkarni Tarang , Kim Sang‐Heon , Perng Diahn‐Warng , Yao Xin , Iwanaga Takashi , Siyue Koh Mariko 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTAsthma imposes a significant burden on the health system and patients' quality of life. Within Asia, there is large variability in several cultural, social and economic factors ultimately influencing the management of asthma. Differences in risk factors and asthma management practices across Asia make asthma a truly ‘mixed‐bag’ phenomenon. With the advent of biological agents and the consequent emphasis on asthma phenotyping and endotyping, it is more important than ever to understand the diverse nature of asthma as a disease. This is a collaborative review within Asia to highlight the differences in management of adult asthma, and the local modifications that are made to international guidelines. This review paves the way for a future Asian collaborative network in asthma epidemiological research.
Logistic Regression Models with Unspecified Low Dose–Response Relationships and Experimental Designs for Hormesis Studies
Authors: Kim Steven , Wand Jeffrey , Magana‐Ramirez Christina , Fraij Jenel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHormesis refers to a nonmonotonic (biphasic) dose–response relationship in toxicology, environmental science, and related fields. In the presence of hormesis, a low dose of a toxic agent may have a lower risk than the risk at the control dose, and the risk may increase at high doses. When the sample size is small due to practical, logistic, and ethical considerations, a parametric model may provide an efficient approach to hypothesis testing at the cost of adopting a strong assumption, which is not guaranteed to be true. In this article, we first consider alternative parameterizations based on the traditional three‐parameter logistic regression. The new parameterizations attempt to provide robustness to model misspecification by allowing an unspecified dose–response relationship between the control dose and the first nonzero experimental dose. We then consider experimental designs including the uniform design (the same sample size per dose group) and the ‐optimal design (minimizing the standard error of an estimator for a parameter of interest). Our simulation studies showed that (1) the ‐optimal design under the traditional three‐parameter logistic regression does not help reducing an inflated Type I error rate due to model misspecification, (2) it is helpful under the new parameterization with three parameters (Type I error rate is close to a fixed significance level), and (3) the new parameterization with four parameters and the ‐optimal design does not reduce statistical power much while preserving the Type I error rate at a fixed significance level.
Importance sampling type estimators based on approximate marginal Markov chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Vihola Matti , Helske Jouni , Franks Jordan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe consider importance sampling (IS) type weighted estimators based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) targeting an approximate marginal of the target distribution. In the context of Bayesian latent variable models, the MCMC typically operates on the hyperparameters, and the subsequent weighting may be based on IS or sequential Monte Carlo (SMC), but allows for multilevel techniques as well. The IS approach provides a natural alternative to delayed acceptance (DA) pseudo‐marginal/particle MCMC, and has many advantages over DA, including a straightforward parallelization and additional flexibility in MCMC implementation. We detail minimal conditions which ensure strong consistency of the suggested estimators, and provide central limit theorems with expressions for asymptotic variances. We demonstrate how our method can make use of SMC in the state space models context, using Laplace approximations and time‐discretized diffusions. Our experimental results are promising and show that the IS‐type approach can provide substantial gains relative to an analogous DA scheme, and is often competitive even without parallelization.
Pseudo likelihood‐based estimation and testing of missingness mechanism function in nonignorable missing data problems
Authors: Chen Xuerong , Diao Guoqing , Qin Jing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn nonignorable missing response problems, we study a semiparametric model with unspecified missingness mechanism model and a exponential family model for response conditional density. Even though existing methods are available to estimate the parameters in exponential family, estimation or testing of the missingness mechanism model nonparametrically remains to be an open problem. By defining a “synthesis" density involving the unknown missingness mechanism model and the known baseline “carrier" density in the exponential family model, we treat this “synthesis" density as a legitimate one with biased sampling version. We develop maximum pseudo likelihood estimation procedures and the resultant estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. Since the “synthesis" cumulative distribution is a functional of the missingness mechanism model and the known carrier density, proposed method can be used to test the correctness of the missingness mechanism model nonparametrically andindirectly. Simulation studies and real example demonstrate the proposed methods perform very well.
A Hundred Years from Weber: Science as Vocation and the Resurgence of National Populism1
Authors: Portes Alejandro 
Published: September 2020

It has been 100 years since the death of Max Weber and 102 years since the publication of his classic essay “Science as a Vocation.” I review here several of the main ideas advanced in the essay. I then seek to apply a Weberian perspective to the analysis of the rise of national populism by considering first the historical‐structural origins of the present situation and second the meaning that it has for supporters of this movement. The evolution of world capitalism has had consequences that bear directly on the situation of the middle and working‐classes in the advanced countries and in their subsequent political reactions. Applying interpretive perspectives and using recent sociological field studies of the populist grass roots, I seek to understand the meaning that the situation has for supporters of the movement and its political implications. This understanding has direct consequences for current attempts to reverse a movement that has changed the course of recent history in the United States and elsewhere in the developed world.
Wheel track loosening can reduce the risk of pesticide leaching to surface waters
Authors: Vuaille Jeanne , Daraghmeh Omar , Abrahamsen Per , Jensen Signe M. , Nielsen Søren Kirkegaard , Munkholm Lars J. , Green Ole , Petersen Carsten T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWheel tracks can lower topsoil infiltrability and increase water ponding in agricultural fields. A seedbed harrow mounted with two goosefeet tine points, the eradicators, was used to investigate track loosening at different depths on a sandy loam soil as a way of mitigating compaction effects and reducing the risk of pesticide transport to surface waters. Loosening strongly affected air permeability and steady‐state infiltration. The agro‐ecological system model Daisy was used to simulate the effects of soil structural and hydraulic changes on pesticide leaching to subsurface drain lines over a 332‐year period. Measured properties of the topsoil were combined with a representative subsoil and weather series and with realistic management scenarios. The loads of pesticide in the drains for 3 months after loosening were calculated for each year, and the risk was defined as the 90th percentile of the load. We focused on three different herbicides used in sugar beet cultivation in spring: glyphosate, metamitron and phenmedipham. Our simulations showed that for all pesticides loosening could lower the risk by 10% on average for a 3‐m working width, and the tracks contribution to the risk by 34%, for all drain spacing and working width settings. Wheeling did not affect the risk but this result was sensitive to the parameterization of the hydraulic conductivity in the compacted soil layer, showing potentially higher risk under certain conditions. These results showed that wheel track loosening is an effective strategy for reducing the risk of surface water contamination from pesticides used in agriculture.
Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in southern Italy: Epidemiological survey and associated risk for consumers
Authors: Sgroi Giovanni , Viscardi Maurizio , Santoro Mario , Borriello Giorgia , D'Alessio Nicola , Boccia Federica , Pacifico Laura , Fioretti Alessandro , Veneziano Vincenzo , Fusco Giovanna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractToxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite (phylum Apicomplexa), which causes a zoonotic parasitic disease, known as toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and genotypes of T. gondii in wild boars of southern Italy and thus to assess the risk of infection for consumers. The boars were inspected during the hunting season within the regional project ‘Wild Boar Emergency Plan in Campania’, and molecular analyses were performed on 338 boars analysing a total number of 884 matrices (263 brains, 310 hearts and 311 masseter muscles). Toxoplasma gondii was detected in 134 out of 338 boars (39.6%). No significant statistical difference between genders was found (χ2 = 0.15 p = .70). The prevalence was 47.1%, 39.3% and 39.2% in piglets, yearlings and adults, respectively (χ2 = 0.41; p = .81). The highest prevalence of T. gondii was found in masseter muscles (74/311, 23.8%), followed by the heart (70/310, 22.6%) and brain (58/263, 22.0%), respectively. Microsatellite (MS) analysis of 11 samples revealed eleven T. gondii genotypes (nine atypical, one belonging to type II one to type III). Most of the genotypes found were thus atypical and may be virulent in humans. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed the presence of three distinct clusters, with the majority of atypical genotypes in the GII‐GIII cluster. The high prevalence of infection in masseters highlights the potential risk for public health, considering that this muscle is commonly used to prepare raw meat products (‘guanciale’ and sausages), which may be a source of T. gondii infection in humans. Wild boars may act as an interface role between wildlife, livestock and humans. Our data highlight the urgent need to minimize the risk of infection for animals and humans by setting up a surveillance programme and preventive strategies in a One Health approach to wildlife species.
Locomotor muscle group III/IV afferents constrain stroke volume and contribute to exercise intolerance in human heart failure
Authors: Smith Joshua R. , Joyner Michael J. , Curry Timothy B. , Borlaug Barry A. , Keller‐Ross Manda L. , Van Iterson Erik H. , Olson Thomas P. 
Published: September 2020

Key points
Heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) exhibit severe limitations in exercise capacity ( peak).
One of the primary peripheral mechanisms suggested to underlie exercise intolerance in HFrEF is excessive locomotor muscle group III/IV afferent feedback; however, this has never been investigated in human heart failure.
HFrEF patients and controls performed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion to determine peak with lumbar intrathecal fentanyl or placebo. During exercise, cardiac output, leg blood flow and radial artery and femoral venous blood gases were measured.
With fentanyl, compared with placebo, patients with HFrEF achieved a higher peak workload, peak, cardiac output, stroke volume and leg blood flow.
These findings suggest that locomotor muscle group III/IV afferent feedback in HFrEF leads to increased systemic vascular resistance, which constrains stroke volume, cardiac output and O2 delivery thereby impairing peak and thus exercise capacity.
AbstractTo better understand the underlying mechanisms contributing to exercise limitation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), we investigated the influence of locomotor muscle group III/IV afferent inhibition via lumbar intrathecal fentanyl on peak exercise capacity ( peak) and the contributory mechanisms. Eleven HFrEF patients and eight healthy matched controls were recruited. The participants performed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion to determine peak with lumbar intrathecal fentanyl or placebo. During exercise, cardiac output and leg blood flow () were measured via open‐circuit acetylene wash‐in technique and constant infusion thermodilution, respectively. Radial artery and femoral venous blood gases were measured. peak was 15% greater with fentanyl compared with placebo for HFrEF (P < 0.01), while no different in the controls. During peak exercise with fentanyl, cardiac output was 12% greater in HFrEF secondary to significant decreases in systemic vascular resistance and increases in stroke volume compared with placebo (all, P < 0.01). From placebo to fentanyl, leg , and O2 delivery were greater for HFrEF during peak exercise (all, P < 0.01), but not control. These findings indicate that locomotor muscle group III/IV afferent feedback in patients with HFrEF leads to increased systemic vascular resistance, which constrains stroke volume, cardiac output and O2 delivery, thereby impairing peak and thus exercise capacity. These findings have important clinical implications as peak is highly predictive of morbidity and mortality in HF.
Enhanced Pseudo-Three-Dimensional Model for Multiple Hydraulic Fractures
Authors: Protasov Innokentiy , Dontsov Egor , Ballarini Roberto 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Modeling the propagation of hydraulic fractures is a complex problem that involves solving the equations that describe the intimate coupling between the cracked and porous solid phase and the fracturing fluid that drives the process according to established crack extension criteria. Most of the existing computational techniques become prohibitively expensive if applied to three-dimensional configurations, especially those involving multiple fractures because their accuracy relies on extremely fine discretizations of the geometry. These include the standard finite element method and standard displacement discontinuity method, which require substantial mesh densities in the vicinity of the crack front to capture the complex nature of the singular fields associated with fluid-driven cracks. Models have recently been proposed that offer sufficient accuracy and a significant increase in computational efficiency. These include the enhanced pseudo-3D model that explicitly incorporates a non-local elasticity relation and known crack-front asymptotic solutions that capture the multiscale near-front behavior. Here, we present an enhanced pseudo-3D model for simulating the propagation of multiple planar and nonplanar hydraulic fractures in a linear elastic medium. The algorithm is built on a fixed mesh with an adaptive tip element, and it incorporates leak-off, as well as stress interaction between the fractures. The model is validated against reference solutions of plane strain, radial, and multi-planar fracture geometries, for various sets of parameters that cover the majority of the problem parametric space.
Slip rate determined from cosmogenic nuclides on normal-fault facets
Authors: Tesson Jim , Benedetti Lucilla , Godard Vincent , Novaes Catherine , Fleury Jules ,   the ASTER Team
Published: September 2020

AbstractFacets are major topographic features built over several 100 k.y. above active normal faults. Their development integrates cumulative displacements over a longer time frame than many other geomorphological markers, and they are widespread in diverse extensional settings. We have determined the 36Cl cosmogenic nuclide concentration on limestone faceted spurs at four sites in the Central Apennines (Italy), representing variable facet height (100–400 m). The 36Cl concentration profiles show nearly constant values over the height of the facet, suggesting the facet slope has reached a steady-state equilibrium for 36Cl production. We model the 36Cl buildup on a facet based on a gradual exposure of the sample resulting from fault slip and denudation. Data inversion with this forward model yields accurate constraints on fault slip rates over the past 20–200 k.y., which are in agreement with the long-term rate independently determined on some of those faults over the past 1 m.y. 36Cl measurements on faceted spurs can therefore constrain fault slip rate over time spans as long as 200 k.y., a time period presently undersampled in most morphotectonic studies.
Seismic anisotropy in southern Costa Rica confirms upper mantle flow from the Pacific to the Caribbean
Authors: Levin Vadim , Elkington Stephen , Bourke James , Arroyo Ivonne , Linkimer Lepolt 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSurrounded by subducting slabs and continental keels, the upper mantle of the Pacific is largely prevented from mixing with surrounding areas. One possible outlet is beneath the southern part of the Central American isthmus, where regional observations of seismic anisotropy, temporal changes in isotopic composition of volcanic eruptions, and considerations of dynamic topography all suggest upper mantle flow from the Pacific to the Caribbean. We derive new constraints on the nature of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle of southern Costa Rica from observations of birefringence in teleseismic shear waves. Fast and slow components separate by ∼1 s, with faster waves polarized along the 40°–50° (northeast) direction, near-orthogonally to the Central American convergent margin. Our results are consistent with upper mantle flow from the Pacific to the Caribbean and require an opening in the lithosphere subducting under the region.