bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Evolution of the Globular Cluster System in NGC 1052-DF2: Dynamical Friction, Globular–Globular Interactions, and Galactic Tides
Authors: Dutta Chowdhury Dhruba , van den Bosch Frank C. , van Dokkum Pieter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The ultradiffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 has an overabundance of luminous globular clusters (GCs), and its kinematics is consistent with the presence of little to no dark matter. As the velocity dispersion among the GCs is comparable to the expected internal dispersions of the individual GCs, the galaxy might be highly conducive to GC–GC merging. If true, this could explain the puzzling luminosity function of its GCs. Here we examine this possibility by resimulating three of our earlier simulations of the GC system, where the GCs were modeled as single particles, with live GCs. Somewhat surprisingly, we infer a low merger rate of ∼0.03 Gyr−1. The main reason is that the GCs are too dense for tidal shock capture, caused by impulsive encounters among them, to operate efficiently (we infer a tidal capture rate of only ∼0.002 Gyr−1). Therefore, whatever mergers occur are driven by other mechanisms, which we find to be captures induced by dynamical friction and compressive tides from other GCs. The low merger rate inferred here makes it unlikely that the unusually large luminosities of the GCs can be explained as a result of past GC–GC mergers. Our simulations also indicate that, if NGC 1052-DF2 is indeed largely devoid of dark matter, its tidal field is too weak to induce any significant mass loss from the GCs. Therefore, in such a scenario, we predict that it is improbable for the GCs to reveal tidal features, something that can be tested with future deep observations.
Dust Growth by Accretion of Molecules in Supersonic Interstellar Turbulence
Authors: Li 李翔 Xiang-Yu 宇 , Mattsson Lars 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We show that the growth rate of dust grains in cold molecular clouds is enhanced by the high degree of compressibility of a turbulent, dilute gas. By means of high-resolution (10243) numerical simulations, we confirm the theory that the spatial mean growth rate is proportional to the gas-density variance. This also results in broadening of the grain-size distribution (GSD) due to turbulence-induced variation of the grain-growth rate. We show, for the first time in a detailed numerical simulation of hydrodynamic turbulence, that the GSD evolves toward a shape that is a reflection of the gas-density distribution, regardless of the initial distribution. That is, in case of isothermal, rotationally forced turbulence, the GSD tends to be a lognormal distribution. We also show that in hypersonic turbulence, decoupling of gas and dust becomes important and that this leads to an even further accelerated grain growth.
Measuring the Variability in K2 Optical Light Curves of 3C 273 and Other Fermi Active Galactic Nuclei in 2015–2017
Authors: Carini Michael , Wehrle Ann E. , Wiita Paul J. , Ward Zoë , Pendleton Kennedy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We characterize the variability in nearly continuous optical observations of the bright radio-loud quasar 3C 273 and nine additional active galactic nuclei detected with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT). Optical observations were obtained during the K2 mission with the Kepler spacecraft for periods of 49 to 83 days conducted with ≃1 minute (short) or ≃30 minutes (long) cadences in 2015–2017. 3C 273 was quiescent during the course of the observations, varying by only a factor of 1.02. Three objects, PKS 0047+023, PKS 1216-10, and PKS B2320-035, were active, varying by factors of 1.8–3.4. Six other objects were comparatively quiet, varying by factors of less than 1.4. Power spectral densities (PSDs) were calculated for each object. Overall, the slopes of most PSDs, as well as those we reported in an earlier paper, were in the range −2.0 to −2.7 and are consistent with those produced by turbulence in the relativistic jet, and not by “hot spots” in the disk emission. Mechanisms operating in the jet other than turbulence, such as “mini-jets” or “jet-in-jets”, may also produce the observed range of PSD slopes. Both accretion disk and jet models are plausible origins for the 3C 273 optical variability during the K2 observations.
Orbital Migration of Interacting Stellar Mass Black Holes in Disks around Supermassive Black Holes. II. Spins and Incoming Objects
Authors: Secunda Amy , Bellovary Jillian , Mac Low Mordecai-Mark , Ford K. E. Saavik , McKernan Barry , Leigh Nathan W. C. , Lyra Wladimir , Sándor Zsolt , Adorno Jose I. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The masses, rates, and spins of merging stellar mass binary black holes (BBHs) detected by aLIGO and Virgo provide challenges to traditional BBH formation and merger scenarios. An active galactic nucleus (AGN) disk provides a promising additional merger channel because of the powerful influence of the gas that drives orbital evolution, makes encounters dissipative, and leads to migration. Previous work showed that stellar mass black holes (sBHs) in an AGN disk migrate to regions of the disk, known as migration traps, where positive and negative gas torques cancel out, leading to frequent BBH formation. Here we build on that work by simulating the evolution of additional sBHs that enter the inner disk by either migration or inclination reduction. We also examine whether the BBHs formed in our models have retrograde or prograde orbits around their centers of mass with respect to the disk, determining the orientation of the spin of the merged BBHs relative to the disk. Orbiters entering the inner disk form BBHs with sBHs on resonant orbits near the migration trap. When these sBHs reach ≳80 M
☉, they form BBHs with sBHs in the migration trap, which reach ∼1000 M
☉ over 10 Myr. We find 68% of the BBHs in our simulation orbit in the retrograde direction, which implies that BBHs in our merger channel will have small dimensionless aligned spins, χ
eff. Overall, our models produce BBHs that resemble both the majority of BBH mergers detected thus far (0.66–120 Gpc−3 yr−1) and two recent unusual detections, GW190412 (∼0.3 Gpc−3 yr−1) and GW190521 (∼0.1 Gpc−3 yr−1).
Assessing the Implementation of Interventions Addressing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cancer Screening in High-Income Countries
Authors: Bygrave Annie , Whittaker Kate , Sanchia Aranda AM 
Published: November 2020

Background The context of an intervention may influence its effectiveness and success in meeting the needs of the targeted population. Implementation science frameworks have been developed, but previous literature in this field has been mixed. This paper aimed to assess the implementation success of interventions, identified from a systematic review, that reduced inequalities in cancer screening between people in low and high socioeconomic groups. Design and methods The implementation framework by Proctor et al. was utilised to assess the potential success of 6 studies reporting on 7 interventions in the “real-world” environment. A standardised rating system to identify the overall implementation success of each intervention was established. Results Four interventions (57%) demonstrated high potential to be implemented successfully. Interventions included enhanced reminder letters and GP-endorsed screening invitations, containing evidence on the acceptability, from participants and stakeholders, appropriateness and direct cost of the intervention. Conclusion While some interventions reduced socioeconomic inequalities in cancer screening participation, there have been missed opportunities to integrate the experiences of the targeted population into design and evaluation components. This has limited the potential for transferability of outcomes to other settings.
Fighting COVID-19 at the Expense of Malaria in Africa: The Consequences and Policy Options
Authors: Aborode Abdullahi Tunde , David Kenneth Bitrus , Uwishema Olivier , Nathaniel Agbendeh Lubem , Imisioluwa Jegede Oluwatoyin , Onigbinde Sherifdeen Bamidele , Farooq Fozia 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTMalaria remains a major global health burden, killing hundreds of thousands annually, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In December 2019, a novel illness termed COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, was reported in China. This disease soon spread around the world and was declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. Considering that the malaria burden is high in many low-income tropical countries with little capacity to fund malaria control and eradication programs, the fight against malaria in these regions is likely to be hindered by COVID-19. Indeed, access to health care has generally been limited during the pandemic, whereas malaria interventions, such as seasonal malaria chemoprevention, and distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets, have been suspended because of lockdowns. Likewise, the repurposing of antimalarials for the treatment of COVID-19 and a shift in focus from the production of malaria rapid diagnostic tests to COVID-19 rapid diagnostic tests are causes for concern in malaria-endemic regions. COVID-19 has disproportionately affected developed countries, threatening their capacity to aid in malaria control efforts. Here, we address impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management and control of malaria in Africa.
Efficacy of Live Lullaby Singing During Procedural Pain in Preterm and Term Neonates.
Authors: Ullsten Alexandra , Hugoson Pernilla , Forsberg Malin , Forzelius Lisa , Klässbo Maria , Olsson Emma , Volgsten Ulrik , Westrup Björn , Ådén Ulrika , Bergqvist Lena , Eriksson Mats 
Published: November 2020

Abstract This clinical trial tested the pain relieving effect of live lullaby singing on behavioral and physiological pain responses during venepuncture in 38 preterm and full term neonates. Acute and repeated pain, as well as the use of analgesic drugs, may have long-term negative impact on infants’ development and future behaviour. This emphasizes the need for complementary approaches to pain management such as music therapy. Parent-preferred lullabies were performed live and standard care was provided for all neonates. Behavioral responses with regard to pain were assessed with Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) and Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIIP). Heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were measured each tenth second.Although the live lullaby singing did not show a statistically significant effect on the infants’ pain score, there was a significantly calmer breathing pattern in the lullaby intervention versus the control condition in the pre-needle stage, showing a non-significant trend towards higher oxygen saturation levels and calmer heart rate in the lullaby intervention versus the control condition in the pre-needle stage. There were non-significant indications of fewer and shorter skin punctures with lullaby singing. More research is needed to explore such positive trends in the data.Keywords: newborn infant, preterm infant, pain, music therapy, lullaby
Enfoque de género
Authors: Mena Ordoñez Sissy Soledad , Arias-Santana Victor Alfonso 
Published: November 2020

Los centros universitarios son lugares de construcción del conocimiento y son innegables los aportes a la ciencia de la comunidad universitaria. Las mujeres vienen tomando mayor participación en diversas áreas del conocimiento.
Objetivo: Establecer los determinantes del aporte científico que vienen realizando las docentes mujeres universitarias así como las barreras y oportunidades, veamos el caso de Tacna (Perú).
Método:Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. Trabajó con 186 docentes mujeres, de dos universidades con sede oficial en la región, a quienes se analizó aspectos de desarrollo de proyectos de investigación en relación a oportunidades y barreras para producir investigaciones, en las que se ha considerado, los factores laborales, familiares, sociales, económicas y la producción científica. Resultados: El área de conocimiento con mayor número de trabajos es ciencias médicas y de la salud, seguido de las humanidades y ciencias sociales. El mayor número de trabajos de investigación se da en el grupo de mujeres casadas (p: 0,03), y entre 40 a 59 años de edad (p: 0,03), que trabajan además en otra universidad (p:0,023), Las principales barreras identificadas son las tareas del hogar, la falta de tiempo, los bajos ingresos, los escasos fondos concursables. Las oportunidades identificadas son, los fondos institucionales (p:0,00) la inclusión de horas docentes en la misma universidad (p:0,01) y que sean publicadas las convocatorias en la página web (p:0,01). Se concluyó que los determinantes de la produccción científica fueron las barreras económicas, laborales y familiares, y las oportunidades para investigar, la autonomía en la investigación y las oportunidades para publicar.
Genital exam, a missed piece of the puzzle in medical diagnosis, can be lifesaving in men: A lesson from a case of a state of shock due to duodenal metastasis of testicular choriocarcinoma
Authors: Zeighami Shahryar , Naghdi sede Nima , khajeh Fatemeh , Ariafar Ali , Soltani Mohammadreza , Jahanabadi Zahra , khaleghi Aliasghar , Bazargan Zahra 
Published: November 2020

Here we reported a case of a 17-year-old man with a history of weakness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting and dark stool within the last three months prior to admission. He was taken to the Emergency Room in a state of shock. After resuscitation, vital signs became stable, but due to low hemoglobin (HB = 5 g/dl), to find the source of bleeding, endoscopy was performed and a mass in the duodenum was detected. The pathology report was metastatic germ cell tumor. On genital physical exam (PE) there was a mass in the right testis; thus, the patient underwent radical orchiectomy and choriocarcinoma was diagnosed. The patient then received chemotherapy for six months, and he responded well to the treatment. This case report confirmed that genital PE should be part of a patients visit, even when we cannot find logical relation between clinical presentation and genital PE.
De ‘criminele sponsor’ van het lokale amateurvoetbal
Authors: Spapens Toine 
Published: November 2020

Criminal sponsors of local amateur football clubs
The social role of criminals in local communities has so far received relatively little systematic academic attention. This applies more specifically to their involvement in philanthropic activities. This paper describes and analyses the role of dubious sponsors particularly in Dutch amateur football. Although it is difficult to estimate the scope of the problem, results indicate that criminal sponsorship is not incidental. It mainly concerns corporate criminals, persons involved in drug crimes and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The main goal is to enhance their public image. In most cases, their involvement in crimes or regulatory offenses is difficult to assess without a doubt, which complicates preventative measures. Our analysis shows several interacting factors which increase clubs’ vulnerability to criminal infiltration: setting overambitious sportive goals; dependence on volunteers and a lack of formal integrity policies and internal compliance mechanisms; financial problems; and external pressures associated with the club’s role as the ‘pride’ of the city, the village or the neighbourhood.
Genetic Alterations of Malignant Pleural Mesothelima
Authors: Wadowski Benjamin , T. Severson David , Bueno Raphael , De Rienzo Assunta 
Published: November 2020

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive tumor that arises from the mesothelial cells lining the pleural cavity. Asbestos is considered the major factor in the pathogenesis of this malignancy, with more than 80% of patients with a history of asbestos exposure. MPM is characterized by a long latency period, typically 20–40 years from the time of asbestos exposure to diagnosis, suggesting that multiple somatic genetic alterations are required for the tumorigenic conversion of a mesothelial cell. In the last few years, advancements in next-generation sequencing and “–omics” technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics and medical diagnosis. The focus of this chapter is to summarize recent studies which explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease and identify potential therapeutic targets in MPM.
Laboratory Workup of Lymphoma in Adults: Guideline From the American Society for Clinical Pathology and the College of American Pathologists
Authors: Kroft Steven H. , Sever Cordelia E. , Bagg Adam , Billman Brooke , Diefenbach Catherine , Dorfman David M. , Finn William G. , Gratzinger Dita A. , Gregg Patricia A. , Leonard John P. , Smith Sonali , Souter Lesley , Weiss Ronald L. , Ventura Christina B. , Cheung Matthew C. 
Published: November 2020

Context.—
The diagnostic workup of lymphoma continues to evolve rapidly as experience and discovery led to the addition of new clinicopathologic entities and techniques to differentiate them. The optimal clinically effective, efficient, and cost-effective approach to diagnosis that is safe for patients can be elusive, in both community-based and academic practice. Studies suggest that there is variation in practice in both settings.

Objective.—
To develop an evidence-based guideline for the preanalytic phase of testing, focusing on specimen requirements for the diagnostic evaluation of lymphoma.

Design.—
The American Society for Clinical Pathology, the College of American Pathologists, and the American Society of Hematology convened a panel of experts in the laboratory workup of lymphoma to develop evidence-based recommendations. The panel conducted a systematic review of literature to address key questions. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach, recommendations were derived based on the available evidence, strength of that evidence, and key judgements as defined in the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Evidence to Decision framework.

Results.—
Thirteen guideline statements were established to optimize specimen selection, ancillary diagnostic testing, and appropriate follow-up for safe and accurate diagnosis of indolent and aggressive lymphoma.

Conclusions.—
Primary diagnosis and classification of lymphoma can be achieved with a variety of specimens. Application of the recommendations can guide decisions on specimen suitability, diagnostic capabilities, and correct use of ancillary testing. Disease prevalence in patient populations, availability of ancillary testing, and diagnostic goals should be incorporated into algorithms tailored to each practice environment.
Flipped Classroom in Podiatric Medical Education
Authors: Smith Kevin M. , Geletta Simon , Duelfer Keegan 
Published: November 2020

Background
The purpose of this study was to evaluate student learning outcomes in a flipped classroom versus a traditional classroom in a podiatric medical school. To date no published reports in podiatric medical schools have used the flipped classroom for the entirety of a medical school course.

Methods
Students from the class of 2017 completed the Emergency Medicine and Trauma course using traditional classroom lectures, and the class of 2018 used a flipped classroom approach. Each class took two assessments that contained 99 identical questions and completed a postcourse evaluation that contained student comments. A multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted to determine whether student performances were significantly affected by the differences in the teaching method. Student evaluation comments were analyzed using textual data analysis to determine the sentiments that students expressed regarding their exposure to the teaching method.

Results
The multivariate analysis of covariance results revealed that students scored slightly lower on assessments during the flipped classroom delivery compared with the traditional classroom delivery, when adjusted for Medical College Admission Test scores and grade point average, but not significantly (P = .4340). Similarly, the sentiment analysis of student comments indicated that the average positive sentiment score for the flipped classroom delivery was higher but was not significant (P = .08914).

Conclusions
The analysis showed there was not a statistically significant change in examination scores based on teaching method. Sentiment analysis revealed that student sentiments were more positive with the flipped classroom group compared with the traditional lecture group, although not statistically significantly.
Stepwise Evolution of Crease Patterns on Stimuli‐Responsive Hydrogels for the Production of Long‐Range Ordered Structures
Authors: Kim Mina , Choi Kwon‐Young , Kim Ju Min , Shim Tae Soup 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe creases and wrinkles that form on soft matter have been comprehensively analyzed and engineered to utilize their topological advantages in various research fields. Although the principle for the formation of such structures is found to be the inhomogeneous distribution of mechanical stress, simultaneous and omnidirectional propagation of surface patterns makes it difficult to engineer these structures. A design strategy for the reversible formation of highly uniform crease patterns on hydrogel films is proposed by driving the stepwise evolution of creases. A hydrogel film with a smooth‐ and submicron‐scale surface topology, so‐called hill and valley structures, is prepared by engineering the reaction‐diffusion‐mediated photopolymerization and viscoelastic deformation of hydrogels. As the hydrogel film undergoes a morphological change in response to pH, creases are selectively nucleated from the hill and valley structures and propagate directionally, resulting in the formation of long‐range ordered crease patterns. Different interactions are observed via the investigation of three colloidal systems, demonstrating the capacity to control colloidal particles with the highly uniform surface topology of hydrogels. Finally, the pattern‐guided alignment and reproduction of yeast cells are demonstrated, providing an opportunity for producing an artificial environment for the guided growth and analysis of biomaterials.
Textile Composite Electrodes for Flexible Batteries and Supercapacitors: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Gao Yuan , Xie Chuan , Zheng Zijian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe ever‐growing demand for portable and wearable electronics has driven increased interest in flexible lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs). However, endowing conventional LIBs and SCs with good flexibility and high energy density is challenging, as metal foils and rigid electrodes are easily fractured during flexing. In recent years, textile composite electrodes (TCEs), electrodes coated onto or grown on conductive textile current collectors have shown great promise for application in flexible, high‐capacity/capacitance, and long‐cycle‐life textile‐based electrochemical energy storage devices (TEESDs). This Essay summarizes the advantages of TCEs compared to conventional metal‐foil‐supported electrodes (MFEs) and discusses the integration of TCEs into TEESDs as flexible LIBs and SCs for wearable applications. Finally, the challenges associated with TCEs and TEESDs are discussed alongside an analysis of possible solutions.