bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide methylation profiling of HCV pathogenesis to develop diabetes and diabetic complications
Authors: Rafique Shazia , Zahid Sadia , Ali Amjad , Tariq Muhammad , Saeed Maham , Iqbal Sahibzada Kashif , Ali Shahid Ahmad , Idrees Muhammad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHCV is key pathological factor for inducting insulin resistance. Such HCV‐induced insulin resistance is linked with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, extrahepatic manifestations, hepatic fibrosis progression and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. DNA methylation alterations can cause developmental abnormalities, tumours and other diseases. In our study, PBMCs were isolated and genomic DNA was extracted. DNA fragmentation was achieved by sonication to 200‐400 bp; subsequently, end repair and adenylation was performed. Manufacturer's guidelines were followed to ligate Cytosine‐methylated barcodes to sonicated DNA. EZ DNA Methylation‐GoldTM Kit was then employed to treat these DNA segments twice with bisulphite. A Library was maintained, sequenced on an Illumina platform and 150/125 bp paired‐end reads generated. GO seq R package was used to perform Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for genes linked to DMRs and DMPs; gene length bias was corrected. We identified 12 945 significant hypermethylated DMRs among all samples that were screened as those with at least 0.1 methylation level differences and P‐value less than 0.05. Fisher's exact test with FDR multiple test correction is used for identification of DMPs and DMRs. High throughput bisulphite sequencing (Illumina) was carried out, and bioinformatics analysis was performed to analyse methylation status. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed differentially methylated regions enriched in various pathways that include PI3K‐AKT/IRS1 signalling pathway, metabolic pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, Renin‐angiotensin system that are all involved in developing type‐2 diabetes (T2D). Our study provides supporting evidence for significant involvement of HCV infection in development of epigenetic modifications in regulation of metabolic disorders like T2D and its complications.
Effects of surgery on free and total 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs
Authors: Clements Dylan N. , Bruce Gemma , Ryan John M. , Handel Ian G. , Oikonomidis Ioannis L. , Gow Adam G. , Evans Helen , Campbell Susan , Hurst Emma , Mellanby Richard J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundIt is unclear whether a low total 25(OH)D concentration is a cause or consequence of illnesses. To address this knowledge gap, studies measuring free and total 25(OH)D during the evolution and resolution of an inflammatory process are required.ObjectivesSerum total and free 25(OH)D concentrations would transiently decline after cruciate surgery in dogs.AnimalsSeventeen client‐owned dogs with a spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR).MethodsA longitudinal cohort study involving the measurement of serum concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D, total calcium, creatinine, albumin, phosphate, C‐reactive protein and plasma ionized calcium, at 1 day before and a median time of 1 and 60 days after surgical treatment of CCLR.ResultsMedian serum concentrations of total 25(OH)D before surgery (80.3 nmoL/L [range, 43.5‐137.3]) significantly declined immediately after surgery; (64.8 nmoL/L [range, 36.3‐116.5] 1 day after surgery, P < .005) before increasing to become nonsignificantly different from concentrations before surgery at day 60 after surgery (median 78.0 nmoL/L [range, 24.2‐115.8], P = .14). In contrast, median free 25(OH)D concentrations before surgery (7.6 pg/mL [range, 3.8‐12.2]) significantly increased immediately after surgery (9.2 pg/mL [range, 5.2‐15.7], P < .05) before declining to become nonsignificantly different from before surgery concentrations at day 60 after surgery (median 6.2 pg/mL [range, 4.0‐15.8], P = .37).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThis study reveals the difficulties of assessing vitamin D status in dogs following elective surgery.
Mineralogical and oxygen isotopic study of a new ultrarefractory inclusion in the Northwest Africa 3118 CV3 chondrite
Authors: Xiong Yong , Zhang Ai‐Cheng , Kawasaki Noriyuki , Ma Chi , Sakamoto Naoya , Chen Jia‐Ni , Gu Li‐Xin , Yurimoto Hisayoshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCalcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs) are the first solid materials formed in the solar nebula. Among them, ultrarefractory inclusions are very rare. In this study, we report on the mineralogical features and oxygen isotopic compositions of minerals in a new ultrarefractory inclusion CAI 007 from the CV3 chondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 3118. The CAI 007 inclusion is porous and has a layered (core–mantle–rim) texture. The core is dominant in area and mainly consists of Y‐rich perovskite and Zr‐rich davisite, with minor refractory metal nuggets, Zr,Sc‐rich oxide minerals (calzirtite and tazheranite), and Fe‐rich spinel. The calzirtite and tazheranite are closely intergrown, probably derived from a precursor phase due to thermal metamorphism on the parent body. The refractory metal nuggets either exhibit thin exsolution lamellae of Fe,Ni‐dominant alloy in Os,Ir‐dominant alloy or are composed of Os,Ir,Ru,Fe‐alloy and Fe,Ni,Ir‐alloy with troilite, scheelite, gypsum, and molybdenite. The later four phases are apparently secondary minerals. The Zr,Sc,Y‐rich core is surrounded by a discontinuous layer of closely intergrown hibonite and spinel. The CAIs are rimmed by Fe‐rich spinel and Al‐rich diopside. Perovskite has high concentrations of the most refractory rare earth elements (REEs) but is relatively depleted in the moderately refractory and volatile REEs, consistent with the ultrarefractory REE pattern. Based on this unusual Zr,Sc,Y‐rich mineral assemblage, the layered distribution in CAI 007, and the REE concentrations in perovskite, we suggest that CAI 007 is an ultrarefractory inclusion of condensation origin. In CAI 007, hibonite, spinel, and probably Al‐rich diopside are 16O‐rich (Δ17O ~–22‰) whereas perovskite and davisite are 16O‐poor (Δ17O ~–3‰). Such oxygen isotope heterogeneity suggests that the UR inclusion formed in the various degrees of 16O‐rich nebular setting or was originally 16O‐rich and then experienced oxygen isotope exchange with 16O‐poor fluid on the CV3 chondrite parent body.
Extrachromosomal DNA amplicons in antimalarial‐resistant Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: McDaniels Jennifer M. , Huckaby Adam C. , Carter Sabrina A. , Lingeman Sabrina , Francis Audrey , Congdon Molly , Santos Webster , Rathod Pradipsinh K. , Guler Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExtrachromosomal (ec) DNAs are genetic elements that exist separately from the genome. Since ecDNA can carry beneficial genes, they are a powerful adaptive mechanism in cancers and many pathogens. For the first time, we report ecDNA contributing to antimalarial resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent human malaria parasite. Using pulse field gel electrophoresis combined with PCR‐based copy number analysis, we detected two ecDNA elements that differ in migration and structure. Entrapment in the electrophoresis well and low susceptibility to exonucleases revealed that the biologically relevant ecDNA element is large and complex in structure. Using deep sequencing, we show that ecDNA originates from the chromosome and expansion of an ecDNA‐specific sequence may improve its segregation or expression. We speculate that ecDNA is maintained using established mechanisms due to shared characteristics with the mitochondrial genome. Implications of ecDNA discovery in this organism are wide‐reaching due to the potential for new strategies to target resistance development.
Oral adverse effects: drug‐induced tongue disorders
Authors: Aziz Yalda , Rademacher Willem Maria Hubertus , Hielema Atty , Wishaw Scott Bradley Patton , van Diermen Denise Edwina , de Lange Jan , Vissink Arjan , Rozema Frederik Reinder 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesDue to a worldwide increase in drug consumption, oral healthcare professionals are frequently confronted with patients using one or more drugs. A large number of drugs can be accompanied with adverse drug reactions in the orofacial region, amongst others of the tongue. This paper aims to give an overview of drugs that are known to be accompanied with tongue disorders.Materials and methodsThe national drug information database for Dutch pharmacists, composed of scientific drug information, guidelines and summaries of product characteristics, was analysed for drug‐induced tongue disorders. “MedDRA classification” and “Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes” were used to categorize the disorders.ResultsThe database comprises of 1645 drugs of which 121 (7.4%) are documented to be accompanied with tongue disorders as an adverse effect. Drug‐induced tongue disorders are predominantly observed in the following drug categories: “nervous systems,” “anti‐infectives for systemic use” and “alimentary tract and metabolism”. The most common drug‐induced tongue disorders are glossitis, tongue oedema, tongue discoloration and burning tongue.ConclusionHealthcare professionals are frequently confronted with drugs that can cause tongue disorders. The overview of drugs reported in this article supports clinicians in their awareness, diagnosis and treatment of drug‐induced tongue disorders.
Chance and the Continuum Hypothesis
Authors: Hoek Daniel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper presents and defends an argument that the continuum hypothesis is false, based on considerations about objective chance and an old theorem due to Banach and Kuratowski. More specifically, I argue that the probabilistic inductive methods standardly used in science presuppose that every proposition about the outcome of a chancy process has a certain chance between 0 and 1. I also argue in favour of the standard view that chances are countably additive. Since it is possible to randomly pick out a point on a continuum, for instance using a roulette wheel or by flipping a countable infinity of fair coins, it follows, given the axioms of ZFC, that there are many different cardinalities between countable infinity and the cardinality of the continuum.
Intercellular movement of plant RNA viruses: Targeting replication complexes to the plasmodesma for both accuracy and efficiency
Authors: Wu Xiaoyun , Cheng Xiaofei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReplication and movement are two critical steps in plant virus infection. Recent advances in the understanding of the architecture and subcellular localization of virus‐induced inclusions and the interactions between viral replication complex (VRC) and movement proteins (MPs) allow for the dissection of the intrinsic relationship between replication and movement, which has revealed that recruitment of VRCs to the plasmodesma (PD) via direct or indirect MP‐VRC interactions is a common strategy used for cell‐to‐cell movement by most plant RNA viruses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of virus‐induced inclusions and their roles in virus replication and cell‐to‐cell movement, analyze the advantages of such coreplicational movement from a viral point of view and discuss the possible mechanical force by which MPs drive the movement of virions or viral RNAs through the PD. Finally, we highlight the missing pieces of the puzzle of viral movement that are especially worth investigating in the near future.
Knowledge of and attitude toward xenotransplantation among medical students in China: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Liu Chang , Liu Shiqing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere are great challenges in the psychosocial aspects of xenotransplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of and attitude toward xenotransplantation among medical students in China.MethodsA questionnaire consisting of 12 questions was distributed to 1000 first‐to‐fifth grade medical students, with 200 students in each grade. The questionnaire was self‐administered and completed anonymously with no information beforehand.ResultsThe response rate of the questionnaire was 91.5%. Most students had a good knowledge about xenotransplantation. If the results of xenotransplantation were similar with human donation, the acceptance was 63.9% when both organs were available, 70.3% to shorten the waiting time, and 86.4% to save one's life. As for the risks of xenotransplantation, 46.2%, 46.1%, and 36.9% of the respondents were worried about the risk of disease transmission, immunosuppressants, and other unknown risks, respectively. With regard to the psychosocial impacts, 38.4%, 31.9%, and 52.3% were worried about changing one's nature as a human being, changing one's personality, and discrimination by others, respectively.ConclusionMost medical students in China had a favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation. Students in the clinical years had a better knowledge of and more favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation. Their concern about the risks of xenotransplantation resolved slightly with seniority, but their concern about psychosocial impacts did not resolve with seniority.
Emerging roles of the TRPV4 channel in bladder physiology and dysfunction
Authors: Wu Yanyuan , Qi Jun , Wu Changhao , Rong Weifang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4, TRPV4, is a polymodal cation channel which can be activated by diverse stimuli including mechanical, thermal and chemical cues. In the urinary bladder, TRPV4 is not only abundantly expressed in the urothelium but may also be localized in subepithelium, detrusor smooth muscles and afferent neurons. Emerging evidence indicates that the TRPV4 channel plays a sensory role in the uroepithelium, where it may regulate the release of sensory mediators such as ATP, which in turn modulates afferent nerve activity in response to bladder filling during the urination cycle. TRPV4 may also directly regulate detrusor contractility and the urothelial barrier function. Altered TRPV4 expression has been detected in various pathological bladder conditions. As such, TRPV4 may be a promising therapeutic target for bladder dysfunctions.
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Regulation of microRNA‐221, ‐222, ‐21 and ‐27 in articular cartilage subjected to abnormal compressive forces
Authors: Stadnik Paulina S. , Gilbert Sophie J. , Tarn Jessica , Charlton Sarah , Skelton Andrew J. , Barter Matthew J. , Duance Victor C. , Young David A. , Blain Emma J. 
Published: October 2020

Key points
microRNAs (miRs) are small non‐coding molecules that regulate post‐transcriptional target gene expression.
miRs are involved in regulating cellular activities in response to mechanical loading in all physiological systems, although it is largely unknown whether this response differs with increasing magnitudes of load.
miR‐221, miR‐222, miR‐21‐5p and miR‐27a‐5p were significantly increased in ex vivo cartilage explants subjected to increasing load magnitude and in in vivo joint cartilage exposed to abnormal loading.
TIMP3 and CPEB3 are putative miR targets in chondrocytes
Identification of mechanically regulated miRs that have potential to impact on tissue homeostasis provides a mechanism by which load‐induced tissue behaviour is regulated, in both health and pathology, in all physiological systems.
AbstractMicroRNAs (miRs) are small non‐coding molecules that regulate post‐transcriptional target gene expression and are involved in mechano‐regulation of cellular activities in all physiological systems. It is unknown whether such epigenetic mechanisms are regulated in response to increasing magnitudes of load. The present study investigated mechano‐regulation of miRs in articular cartilage subjected to ‘physiological’ and ‘non‐physiological’ compressive loads in vitro as a model system and validated findings in an in vivo model of abnormal joint loading. Bovine full‐depth articular cartilage explants were loaded to 2.5 MPa (physiological) or 7 MPa (non‐physiological) (1 Hz, 15 min) and mechanically‐regulated miRs identified using next generation sequencing and verified using a quantitative PCR. Downstream targets were verified using miR‐specific mimics or inhibitors in conjunction with 3′‐UTR luciferase activity assays. A subset of miRs were mechanically‐regulated in ex vivo cartilage explants and in vivo joint cartilage. miR‐221, miR‐222, miR‐21‐5p and miR‐27a‐5p were increased and miR‐483 levels decreased with increasing load magnitude. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) and cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3) were identified as putative downstream targets. Our data confirm miR‐221 and ‐222 mechano‐regulation and demonstrates novel mechano‐regulation of miR‐21‐5p and miR‐27a‐5p in ex vivo and in vivo cartilage loading models. TIMP3 and CPEB3 are putative miR targets in chondrocytes. Identification of specific miRs that are regulated by increasing load magnitude, as well as their potential to impact on tissue homeostasis, has direct relevance to other mechano‐sensitive physiological systems and provides a mechanism by which load‐induced tissue behaviour is regulated, in both health and pathology.
Study of a Gamma Radiation Impact on Concrete Properties Under Severe Accident Conditions
Authors: Hlaváč Zbyněk , Zatloukalová Jaroslava , Košťál Michal , Losa Evžen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Concrete is an important structural material used in nuclear power plant (NPP) design. Due to relatively high amount of hydrogen as well as the presence of heavier elements, it also acts as a biological shielding. One of the important tasks for prolongation of operational life time is the determination of concrete components' condition after long-term irradiation. The paper aims to present the current activities in the CV Řež institute (Research Centre Řež—CVR) regarding the investigation of ionizing radiation effects on concrete properties. In its first part, the paper deals with experimental identification of the character of mixed neutron and gamma spectra in the concrete part of the VVER-1000 Mock-Up. Using the knowledge, the radiation field character can be scaled up to the commercial power plants with VVER-1000 light water reactor. It also provides justification for usage of the 60Co source for performed irradiation experiments with concrete. The second part of the article describes the experimental studies of the properties of gamma-irradiated concrete samples by strong 60Co source. This irradiation experiment can be understood as the first step in characterizing concrete degradation as gamma flux in biological shielding is significantly higher than that of neutron flux. In order to better understand the concrete properties and the behavior under irradiation, nondestructive as well as destructive testing methods were applied. We found that after 48 days of irradiation by the 60Co source the sample obtained dose from gamma corresponding to approximately 1% of the total during the NPP lifetime operation. Concrete microstructure degraded and the modulus of elasticity slightly decreased within 5%. Conversely, destruction tests prove significant flexural strength decrease by 27% in case of normal test and by 63% at the loss of coolant accident (LOCA) test.
Modeling of Welded Joints in a Pyramidal Truss Sandwich Panel Using Beam and Shell Finite Elements
Authors: Yuan Ke , Zhu Weidong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Pyramidal truss sandwich panels (PTSPs) are widely used in engineering structures and their face sheets and core parts are generally bonded by the welding process. A large number of solid elements are usually required in the finite element (FE) model of a PTSP with welded joints to obtain its accurate modal parameters. Ignoring welded joints of the PTSP can save many degrees of freedom (DOFs), but significantly change its natural frequencies. This study aims to accurately determine modal parameters of a PTSP with welded joints with much fewer DOFs than those of its solid element model and to obtain its operational modal analysis results by avoiding missing its modes. Two novel methods that consider welded joints as equivalent stiffness are proposed to create beam-shell element models of the PTSP. The main step is to match stiffnesses of beam and shell elements of a welded joint with those of its solid elements. Compared with the solid element model of the PTSP, its proposed models provide almost the same levels of accuracy for natural frequencies and mode shapes for the first 20 elastic modes, while reducing DOFs by about 98% for the whole structure and 99% for each welded joint. The first 14 elastic modes of a PTSP specimen that were measured without missing any modes by synchronously capturing its two-faced vibrations through use of a three-dimensional scanning laser vibrometer (SLV) and a mirror experimentally validate its beam-shell element models created by the two proposed methods.
Aerosol generation through pars plana vitrectomy
Authors: Naveed Hasan , May Chew Fong , Lee Hanbin , Hughes Edward , Nanavaty Mayank A 
Published: October 2020

PurposeTo assess whether pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is an aerosol-generating procedure (AGP) in an ex vivo experimental model.MethodsIn this ex vivo study on 10 porcine eyes, optical particle counter was used to measure particles ≤10 μm using cumulative mode in the six in-built channels: 0.3 μm, 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 2.5 μm, 5 μm and 10 μm aerosols during PPV. Two parts of the study were as follows: (1) to assess the pre-experimental baseline aerosol count in the theatre environment where there are dynamic changes in temperature and humidity and (2) to measure aerosol generation with 23-gauge and 25-gauge set-up. For each porcine eye, five measurements were taken for each consecutive step in the experiment including pre-PPV, during PPV, fluid–air exchange (FAX) and venting using a flute with 23-gauge set-up and a chimney with 25-gauge set-up. Therefore, a total of 200 measurements were recorded.ResultsWith 23-gauge and 25-gauge PPV, there was no significant difference in aerosol generation in all six channels comparing pre-PPV versus PPV or pre-PPV versus FAX. Venting using flute with 23-gauge PPV showed significant reduction of aerosol ≤1 μm. Air venting using chimney with 25-gauge set-up showed no significant difference in aerosol of ≤1 μm. For cumulative aerosol counts of all particles measuring ≤5 μm, compared with pre-PPV, PPV or FAX, flute venting in 23-gauge set-up showed significant reduction unlike the same comparison for chimney venting in 25-gauge set-up.ConclusionPPV and its associate steps do not generate aerosols ≤10 μm with 23-gauge and 25-gauge set-ups.
Loss of endothelial cells in viral DNA-positive grafts after keratoplasty: a 2-year follow-up study
Authors: Qu Jing-Hao , Peng Rong-Mei , Xiao Ge-Ge , Qu Hong-Qiang , Yu Ting , Zhang Shuang , Hong Jing 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundTo compare endothelial loss between recipients who received viral DNA-positive grafts and controls 2 years after corneal transplantation.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed the clinical data and endothelial cell density of recipients of viral DNA-positive grafts and age-, sex-, aetiology- and operation-matched controls from April 2017 to July 2019 at the Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.ResultsA total of 23/942 (2.44%) donor corneal buttons tested virus-positive by real-time PCR. A total of 27 recipients (except for 2 recipients) of viral DNA-positive grafts and 48 recipients of viral DNA-negative grafts were included in this study. Recipients of viral DNA-positive grafts had a higher endothelial cell (EC) loss rate post-penetrating keratoplasty and post-descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (p<0.05), but post-deep lamellar keratoplasty, the EC loss rate was similar to that of the controls. Recipients of herpes simplex virus-1-, cytomegalovirus- and varicella-zoster virus-positive grafts all had a higher EC loss rate than the controls during the 12- and 24-month follow-up periods (p<0.05).ConclusionWe inferred that viruses might be hidden in corneal grafts and mainly incubate in the corneal endothelium. Viral DNA-positive grafts do not need to be replaced immediately and can be followed up for a long time.