bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Biological Effectiveness Studies Using 3 MeV Proton Beam from Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach
Authors: K. Nairy Rajesha , N. Bhat Nagesh , Anjaria K.B. , Yadav Usha , Chaurasia Rajesh , Shirsath Kapil , Desai Utkarsha , Gupta S.K. , Sapra B.K. , Yerol Narayana 
Published: December 2020

Proton being the easiest light ion to accelerate and achieve desired beam profile, has been pursued as a popular particulate radiation for therapy applications. In the present study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain was used to estimate the RBE values of the 3 MeV proton beam, and an attempt was made to derive mathematical formula for calculating RBE value with respect to the dose. Dosimetry studies were carried out using Fricke dosimetry and Semiconductor Surface Barrier detector to calibrate the absorbed doses of Gamma chamber-1200 and Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator respectively. Gold standard cell survival assay and gene conversion assay were used to compare gamma and proton radiation induced cell death and genetic endpoint. Multi target single hit model was used to derive mathematical formula for RBE estimation. The results show a linear survival-dose response after proton radiation and sigmoid survival-dose response after gamma radiation treatment. The calculated RBE value from the survival and gene conversion studies was 1.60 and 3.93, respectively. The derived mathematical formula is very useful in calculating RBE value, which varies from 3.61 to 1.80 with increasing dose. The estimated RBE value from the mathematical formula is comparable with the experimental values. With the help of the present mathematical formulation, RBE value at any dose can be calculated in the exponential and sigmoidal regions of the survival curve without actually extending the experiment in that dose region, which is not possible using conventional methods.
Braincase and endocranium of the Placodont Parahenodus atancensis de Miguel Chaves, Ortega & Pérez-García, 2018, a representative of the highly specialized clade Henodontidae
Authors: CHAVES Carlos DE MIGUEL , SERRANO Alejandro , ORTEGA Francisco , PÉREZ-GARCÍA Adán 
Published: December 2020

Parahenodus atancensis de Miguel Chaves, Ortega & Pérez-García, 2018 is a recently described bizarre cyamodontoid placodont, based on a partial but well-preserved Spanish Upper Triassic skull. It was identified as the sister taxon of the German highly specialized Henodus chelyops Huene, 1936. The use of micro-computed tomography has been able to significantly increase knowledge of the cranial anatomy of Parahenodus atancensis by the characterization of several bones and structures previously unknown for this taxon, as well as to obtain a partial reconstruction of its brain endocast and associated endocranial structures, poorly known in most Triassic sauropterygians. In addition, we identify several synapomorphies of the braincase of Cyamodontoidea so far unknown in Henodontidae, improving knowledge about this clade. The study of the endocranium and neurosensory structures of Parahenodus atancensis suggests a relatively lower reliance on vision, the pineal system and the pituitary than in other Triassic sauropterygians.
Social, Economic and Health Impact of Industrial Pollution in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Kannan Srinivasan 
Published: December 2020

Background: Pollution of air, water and soil poisons the environment and cause diseases. The illness in a social context needs further exploration in this particular context. That also led to a reduction in agricultural production, drinking water contamination, and cause illness to both human and animal. That is how it is contributing to alterations in social structure specifically the social institutions. By studying the problem of pollution, we address the impact of pollution on health, society and the environment as a whole.
Methods/Design: For the mentioned objectives, the explanatory design was adapted. The study will have three components. A quantitative survey using an interview schedule conducted among the members of the selected villages of Dindigul, district. Specific questions on Social, Economic and Health impacts of industrial pollution will be administered. There will be two different locations, one closer to the Tanneries and villages located 10 Kilometers away from the Tanneries. Even the later villages there are other industries such as handlooms. This will help to understand the difference in the impact of industrial pollution with specific reference to tanneries. Qualitative data aims to conduct in-depth interviews among the village leaders and Focus Group Discussions among the community members. The basic water and soil tests form the villages near tanneries will give additional evidence to understand the physical effects of pollution on the rural environment. The study has received ethical approval from the Institutional Ethics committee.
Discussion: Due to the industrialization in the city of Dindigul and the surrounding area, the pollution from industrial outlets not only affect the environment, but it also affects the social structure, interactions, and employment.
Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intentions of Faculty Students
Authors: Bjekić Radmila , Strugar Jelača Maja , Berber Nemanja , Aleksić Marko 
Published: December 2020

Research Question: The authors of the article investigate if there is a relationship between the psychological characteristics of students at the Faculty of Economics and their entrepreneurial intentions. Motivation: Based on the study results of Littunen (2000), Walter et al. (2013) and Popescu et al. (2016), the authors planned to identify the factors which would predominately influence the students' entrepreneurial intentions. Idea: The authors believe that the psychological characteristics, such as the greater need for achievement and the need for independence can be treated as important psychological indicators for the students’ predicted entrepreneurial success in the future. Furthermore, these characteristics are significant but not sufficient, therefore the introduction of formal entrepreneurial education at university is likely to additionally contribute to raising the students’ entrepreneurial spirit. Data: The research was conducted during the academic year of 2016/17 on a sample of 517 students in their third and fourth years of studies at the Faculty of Economics. The survey questionnaire adopted already established scales on students’ entrepreneurial intentions as created and carried out by Walter, Parboteeah and Walter (2013). Tools: The PLS analysis was used for exploring relations between psychological characteristics (Need for Achievement and Need for Independence) and entrepreneurial intentions. For that purpose, the authors used Smart PLS 3 software. Findings: The results show that psychological characteristics are significantly related to students’ entrepreneurial intentions, i.e., the students who have a greater need for achievement and independence, also have stronger entrepreneurial intentions in comparison with those who do not have those needs. Contribution: The paper contributes to the literature by empirically testing how certain factors affect the entrepreneurial intentions of university students of economics.
Neither ant dominance nor abundance explain ant-plant network structure in Mexican temperate forests
Authors: Juárez-Juárez Brenda , Cuautle Mariana , Castillo-Guevara Citlalli , López-Vázquez Karla , Gómez-Ortigoza María , Gómez-Lazaga María , Díaz-Castelazo Cecilia , Lara Carlos , Pérez-Toledo Gibrán R. , Reyes Miguel 
Published: December 2020

Background
Ant-plant mutualistic networks tend to have a nested structure that contributes to their stability, but the ecological factors that give rise to this structure are not fully understood. Here, we evaluate whether ant abundance and dominance hierarchy determine the structure of the ant-plant networks in two types of vegetation: oak and grassland, in two temperate environments of Mexico: Flor del Bosque State Park (FBSP) and La Malinche National Park (MNP). We predicted that dominant and abundant ant species make up the core, and submissives, the periphery of the network. We also expected a higher specialization level in the ant trophic level than in plant trophic level due to competition among the ant species for the plant-derived resources.

Methods
The ant-plant interaction network was obtained from the frequency of ant-plant interactions. We calculated a dominance hierarchy index for the ants using sampling with baits and evaluated their abundance using pitfall traps.

Results
In MNP, the Formica spp. species complex formed the core of the network (in both the oak forest and the grassland), while in FBSP, the core species were Prenolepis imparis (oak forest) and Camponotus rubrithorax (grassland). Although these core species were dominant in their respective sites, they were not necessarily the most dominant ant species. Three of the four networks (oak forest and grassland in FBSP, and oak forest in MNP) were nested and had a higher number of plant species than ant species. Although greater specialization was observed in the ant trophic level in the two sites and vegetations, possibly due to competition with the more dominant ant species, this was not statistically significant. In three of these networks (grassland and oak forest of MNP and oak forest of FBSP), we found no correlation between the dominance hierarchy and abundance of the ant species and their position within the network. However, a positive correlation was found between the nestedness contribution value and ant dominance hierarchy in the grassland of the site FBSP, which could be due to the richer ant-plant network and higher dominance index of this community.

Conclusions
Our evidence suggests that ant abundance and dominance hierarchy have little influence on network structure in temperate ecosystems, probably due to the species-poor ant-plant network and a dominance hierarchy formed only by the presence of dominant and submissive species with no intermediate dominant species between them (absence of gradient in hierarchy) in these ecosystems.
Evaluation of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seed Oil as a Potential Feedstock for Industrial Application
Authors: Abel Otache Monday , Chinelo Amagbor Stella , Cynthia Inweh , Agbajor Godwin Kparobo 
Published: December 2020

Aims: Evaluate possible application of African Star Apple seed oil as industrial raw material geared towards possible conversion of waste to wealth with no negative impact as it borders on food scarcity. Also unveiling the possibility of a sustainable environment via the eradication of waste from the environment, thereby creating a clean environment.
Place and Duration of Study: Fresh ripped fruits of African Star Apple were bought from some local market sellers at Agbarha-Otor market which is located in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria on longitude 6° 2' 54" E /5° 30' 40" N, between November, 2019 and March, 2020.
Experimental Details: Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane as solvent was used for the oil extraction of 100 g per batch of extraction. Pretreatment procedure of oil was done prior to transesterification. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification reaction was used in this study under controlled experimental conditions such as temperature, reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst type and concentration were examined under varied ranges to ascertain optimum experimental conditions for the reaction. Extracted seeds oil were analysed for its physicochemical properties using standard methods via: specific gravity, acid value, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value and free fatty acid using standard methods.
Results: The results showed an oil yield of 14.9%, an indication that the seed reflects a poor source of abundant oil. Results obtained for the physiochemical properties, revealed that; specific gravity, refractive index, saponification value, acid value, free fatty acid and iodine value showed values of 0.896 kg/m3, 1.549, 231.32 mgKOH/g, 3.23 mgKOH/g, 2.07% and 47.63 mg/100 g respectively. Also, results for Methanol: Oil ratio showed that maximum yield was obtained at 6:1 molar ratio. Maximum conversion efficiency for molar concentration was achieved at 0.75% for both catalysts. While a reaction time of 125 min projected better yield.
Conclusion: The seed of African star fruit are discarded as waste, therefore its use as a source of oil for industrial feedstock and other domestic application, poses no challenge with regards to food security. Its non-drying potential based on its low iodine value, makes it suitable lubricating oil for industrial application. Similarly, potential application of the oil as feedstock for the production of biodiesel is justified on the basis of its low acid value. Conclusively, the seeds may not have sufficient oil volume potential to be used as edible (domestic) and industrial oil. Consequently upon its low yield, application for biofuel production in commercial scale becomes unrealistic.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Some Plant Extracts against Different Food Spoilage and Pathogenic Microbes
Authors: Seddiek Abdullah S. , Hamad Gamal M. , Zeitoun A. A. , Zeitoun M. A. M. , Ali Salim 
Published: December 2020

Aims: Guava (Psidium guajava), pomegranate (Punica granatum), olive (Olea europaea L.), and moringa (Moringa oleifera( extracts which are assumed to contain active components and which are renewable sources in fighting infections of microbes. This study aimed to investigate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.
Methodology: The agar well diffusion technique, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the free radical scavenging activity of the plant extracts were applied.
Results: All extracts exhibited different results against the microorganism used in the research. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for bacteria and fungi ranged from 25 to 300 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging assay. In addition, the amount of total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts ranged from 48.08 to 324.08 mg/g, while total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from11.53 to 65.85 mg/g.
Conclusion: It could be noticed that the guava and pomegranate extracts had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, while olive extract had a moderate effect, but moringa showed a very weak effect against tested microbes. Therefore, the herbal extracts of guava and pomegranate could be used as novel, safe, and effective food preservatives instead of chemical ones.
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Capacitors in Radial Distribution Systems: A Two-Stage Method
Authors: Salimon Sunday Adeleke , Baruwa Abiodun Aderemi , Amuda Saheed Oluwasina , Adeleke Hafiz Adesupo 
Published: December 2020

Optimal allocation of shunt capacitors in the radial distribution networks results in both technical and economic benefits. This paper presents a two-stage method of Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) to find the optimal size and location of shunt capacitors with the objective of minimizing cost due to power loss and reactive power compensation of the distribution networks.
The first stage utilizes the LSF to predict the potential candidate buses for shunt capacitor placement thereby reducing the search space of the second stage and avoiding unnecessary repetitive load flow while the second stage uses the CSA to find the size and actual placement of the shunt capacitors satisfying the operating constraints.
The applicability of the proposed two stage method is tested on the standard IEEE 33-bus and Ayepe 34-bus Nigerian radial distribution networks of the Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company. After running the algorithm, the simulation results gave percentage real and reactive power loss reduction of 34.28% and 28.94% as compared to the base case for the IEEE 33-bus system while the percentage real and reactive power loss reduction of 22.89% and 21.40% was recorded for the Ayepe 34-bus system.
Comparison of the obtained results with other techniques in literatures for the standardized IEEE 33-bus reveals the efficiency of the proposed method as it achieved technical benefits of reduced total power loss, improved voltage profile and bus voltage stability, and the economic benefit of reduced total cost due to electrical power loss and compensation.
Atypical lymphocytes in schizophrenia
Authors: Lahdelma RL , Katila H , Hirata-Hibi M , Andersson L , Appelber B , Rimón R 
Published: July 2002

SummaryBlood was drawn from 18 inpatients fullfilling the DSMIII criteria for schizophrenia and their 15 age- and sex-matched clinically infection-free controls before and after neuroleptic treatment. Blood films were stained with MGG solution, mixed, and subsequently read in random order by one observer. The lymphocytes were examined by light microscopy and classified into six types: normal lymphocytes, Downey type I atypical lymphocytes, Downey type III atypical lymphocytes, stress lymphocytes, plasmocytoid lymphocytes, and large granular lymphocytes. Downey type I and III atypical lymphocytes were classified into small, medium, and large lymphocytes. Schizophrenic patients had significantly more Downey type III medium size cells before treatment (p = 0.019 before treatment and p = 0.056 after treatment) and less Downey type I small size cells (p = 0.113 before treatment and p = 0.026 after treatment). Our study supports the idea of a possible subgroup of schizophrenia exhibiting immunological aberrations. In the present study, we found morphologically more specified cells which could be involved in this alteration.
Cocaine inhibition of neuronal differentiation in NGF‐induced PC12 cells is independent of ras signaling
Authors: Zachor Ditza A. , Moore John F. , Brezausek Carl M. , Theibert Anne B. , Percy Alan K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn utero exposure to cocaine may result in altered neuronal development. Our previous studies demonstrated cocaine inhibits neurite outgrowth in NGF‐induced PC12 cells through dopamine, by activation of D1 receptors. This study examined where cocaine interferes in the NGF signaling cascade. GSras1 cells that inducibly express activated forms of Ras upon treatment with dexamethasone were used. Morphological differentiation was quantified by counting cells bearing neurite‐like processes after 72 h exposure to either dexamethasone or NGF alone, or with cocaine, dopamine or SKF‐38393. Cocaine, dopamine, and the D1 agonist inhibited neurite‐like process outgrowth in both dexamethasone and NGF‐induced GSras1 cells. GAP‐43 expression, used as a measure for biochemical differentiation was severely diminished in NGF and dexamethasone‐induced GSras1 cells treated with cocaine. These results suggest that cocaine, dopamine and activation of D1 receptors affect the NGF signaling downstream, independent of ras expression, leading to altered neuronal differentiation.
Developmental pattern of reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidative defense machinery in rat cerebral microvessels
Authors: Agarwal Renu , Gupta Amita , Shukla Girja S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe developmental profile of certain enzymatic antioxidants as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species was studied in the rat cerebral microvessels during first three weeks of life and the levels were compared to those present in adults. The data showed a higher generation of superoxide anion (+67%) and H2O2 (+200%) at postnatal day (PND) 21. Superoxide anion production was significantly lower (−24%) at PND 14 and almost comparable to adult values at PND 7. The activity of superoxide dismutase increased with development and attained an adult level at PND 21. Catalase was higher in neonates with a maximum activity at PND 7 and 14 (+68, 69%). The measurement of microvessel glutathione and glutathione‐related antioxidant enzymes showed that glutathione level was higher at PND 7, which declined to an adult level at PND 14. Se‐dependent GPx showed a marked increase between PND 14 and 21, however, it declined in adults. The activity of Se‐independent glutathione peroxidase was very low in cerebral microvessels. Glutathione reductase activity in 7‐day‐old, that was comparable to adult level, declined at PND 14 and 21. The level of glutathione S‐transferase was higher (+43%) at PND 21. The activity of microvessel marker enzyme γ‐glutatmyl transpeptidase increased with age, whereas, alkaline phosphatase showed a slight increase up to PND 14 and thereafter it declined. Lipid peroxidation was found to be significantly lower (−18%) at PND 21 as compared to adults. It may be concluded that developing cerebral microvessels contain high levels of several antioxidant enzymes that are more or equal to those present in adult brain microvessels.
Initial response to active drug and placebo predicts outcome of antidepressant treatment
Authors: Priebe S , Bröker M 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn this study we tested whether initial clinical change (ICC) and initial subjective response (ISR) predict the outcome of antidepressant pharmacotherapy and whether ICC and ISR as predictors reflect specific pharmacological actions or a placebo effect. Forty patients with major depression were treated with three different antidepressants for 4 weeks. Overall clinical change and final subjective response were taken as outcome criteria. The patients were randomly assigned to two subgroups in a double-blind design. Initially, one group received the active drug and the other placebo. Afterwards, all patients were given the active drug. Significant correlations were found between ICC and ISR and at least one of the outcome criteria in the total sample and in each subgroup. The findings show that ICC and ISR may be significant predictors of outcome. The predictive value of ICC and ISR is not due to initial pharmacological effects, but to non-specific treatment factors.
Quality of life in depression scale (QLDS). Development, reliability, validity, responsiveness and application
Authors: Tuynman-Qua H , de Jonghe F , McKenna S.P. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe joint development of the Dutch and English versions of the Quality of Life in Depression Scale (QLDS) is described. The QLDS is based on the needs model of quality of life developed by Hunt and McKenna. The scale has good reliability and internal consistency. Test-retest correlation coefficients were 0.94 and 0.87 in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, respectively. Internal consistency alpha-coefficients were 0.95 and 0.92, respectively. The validity of the scale is highly acceptable. The QLDS was shown to correlate relatively highly with established measures of well-being, and scores obtained with the measure were related to severity of depression as assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The QLDS was shown to be responsive to change in an open study with fluoxetine in 540 patients with major depression. The scale has wide applicability and has been shown to be user-friendly, both for respondents and administrators. It has been, or is in the process of being, tested for reliability and validity in the following additional countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Spain and the United States.