bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illegal trade in wild cats and its link to Chinese‐led development in Central and South America
Authors: Morcatty Thais Q. , Bausch Macedo Jonathan C. , Nekaris K. Anne‐Isola , Ni Qingyong , Durigan Carlos C. , Svensson Magdalena S. , Nijman Vincent 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSeizures of hundreds of jaguar heads and canines in Central and South America from 2014 to 2018 resulted in worldwide media coverage suggesting that wildlife traffickers are trading jaguar body parts as substitutes for tiger parts to satisfy the demand for traditional Asian medicine. We compiled a data set of >1000 seized wild cats (jaguar [Panthera onca], puma [Puma concolor], and ocelot [Leopardus pardalis]) from 19 Central and South American countries and China. We ran generalized additive mixed models to detect trends in wild‐cat seizures from 2012 to 2018 and assess the effects of socioeconomic factors of source countries and between those countries and China on the number of wild cats seized. Jaguar seizures increased over time, and most of the seized jaguar pieces were canines (1991 of 2117). Around 34% (32 of 93) of the jaguar‐part seizure reports were linked with China, and these seizures contained 14‐fold more individuals than those intended for domestic markets. Source countries with relatively high levels of corruption and Chinese private investment and low income per capita had 10–50 times more jaguar seizures than the remaining sampled countries. The number of Chinese residents in Central and South America was not significantly related to the number of jaguars seized. No socioeconomic factors influenced the seizures of puma and ocelots. Legal market chains may provide structure for the illegal chain; thus, the influx of illegal jaguar products is potentially a side effect of the economic partnership between Central and South American countries and China. Poverty and high levels of corruption in the source countries may motivate local people to engage in illegal activities and contribute to the growth of this trade. Supply‐side interventions to curb this threat to Neotropical wild cats may include improved training for officials and promotion of governance and the value of protecting these animals to local people.
Anesthetic management of lung transplantation: Results from a multicenter, cross‐sectional survey by the society for advancement of transplant anesthesia
Authors: Subramaniam Kathirvel , Rio J. Mauricio Del , Wilkey Barbara J. , Kumar Akshay , Tawil Justin N. , Subramani Sudhakar , Tani Makiko , Sanchez Pablo G. , Mandell M. Susan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundCurrent protocols for the perioperative care of lung transplant (LTX) recipients lack rigorous evidence and are often empiric, based upon institutional preferences. We surveyed LTX anesthesiologists to determine the most common practices.MethodsWe developed a survey of 40 questions regarding perioperative care of LTX recipients using Qualtrics software. The survey was sent out to members of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists performing LTX at geographically diverse sites to facilitate data collection for as many practices as possible.ResultsThe responses were center‐weighed (127 responses, 85% from academic settings). The clamshell approach was commonly used (70%). Cardiopulmonary bypass was preferred by 56%, ex vivo lung perfusion utilized by 43%, and 49.4% indicated they use lungs from donation after circulatory determination of death. Most (69%) used oximetric pulmonary artery catheters, 60% used tissue oximetry, and 89.3% utilized transesophageal echocardiography. Inhaled nitric oxide was preferred by 48%, restrictive fluid management by 48%, and systemic analgesia advocated by 49% of participants. Inspired oxygen concentration <30% was applied to the new lung on reperfusion by 28% of the respondents.ConclusionVariations in healthcare delivery and utilization for LTX recipients indicate gaps in knowledge and potential opportunities to improve the quality of care.
A short overview on mycophenolic acid pharmacology and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Ferreira Pâmela C. Lukasewicz , Thiesen Flavia Valladao , Pereira Andrea Garcia , Zimmer Aline Rigon , Fröehlich Pedro Eduardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractImmunosuppressive therapy is used in solid organ transplant treatment, and mycophenolic acid (MPA) is one of the immunosuppressive drugs most used worldwide. It is a potent, selective, non‐competitive, and reversible inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor that acts to inhibit guanine synthesis. To improve solubility, MPA is used as the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or as an enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium salt (EC‐MPS). It is metabolized into mycophenolic acid phenyl glucuronide (MPAG), the inactive and major metabolite, and into acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG), pharmacologically active. In kidney transplantation, combined immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac) is widely used, showing beneficial effects. This paper aimed to review papers published in the last two decades and discuss factors that can interfere with the pharmacokinetics of MPA. Data collected confirm that MPA plasma levels should be monitored to evaluate immunosuppressive therapy since pharmacokinetics can be influenced by factors such as interpatient variability, coadministration of other immunosuppressive agents, post‐transplant period, renal function, and dose. However, to perform drug monitoring, costs and facility may be limitations. Monitoring MPAG together with MPA would be a great improvement in therapy as it represents a big part of MPA levels and can be related to the increase of adverse effects.
Primary superficial Ewing sarcoma: A unique entity? A case report including novel findings of ELF3 and TNFRSF14 copy number loss
Authors: Murphy Linda D. , Orman Gray M. , Bridge Julia A. , Bajaj Gitanjali , Gardner Jerad M. , Douglass David P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrimary superficial Ewing sarcoma (psES) cases are exceedingly rare, with fewer than 150 cases reported in the literature. Small case series have suggested differences between psES and Ewing sarcoma (ES) of bone or deep soft tissues: psES appears to have a more indolent course and a higher 5‐year overall survival rate. PsES is more common in older adolescent females as opposed to younger males in their peak growth velocity years in bone or deep soft tissue ES. We present a case report of a 17‐year‐old female with a relatively static nodule on her left thigh for 4 years. Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular evaluations confirmed ES. Patient underwent a gross‐total resection and a shortened course of adjuvant chemotherapy without radiation. Cancer gene panel testing found three gene abnormalities (in addition to EWSR1‐FLI1 fusion): CCND1 copy number gain, ELF3 copy number loss, and TNFRSF14 copy number loss. To our knowledge, this is the first published case report of psES to include genomic sequencing and the first to report ELF3 and TNFRSF14 abnormalities in ES. Larger series of psES cases with genomic profiling are needed to elucidate a possible genetic etiology for its more indolent clinical course and favorable outcomes.
Do gender differences in the relationship between living with children and alcohol consumption vary by societal gender inequality?
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Bernards Sharon , Karriker‐Jaffe Katherine J. , Kuntsche Sandra , Laslett Anne‐Marie , Gmel Gerhard , Callinan Sarah , Stanesby Oliver , Wells Samantha 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo better understand the relationship between alcohol consumption and living with children, we assessed whether the association varied for men and women across diverse countries and whether this relationship was moderated by country‐level gender inequality.Design and MethodsWe used Hierarchical Linear Modelling to analyse data from 32 surveys conducted in 27 countries. Measures included whether the participant was a drinker versus abstainer in past 12 months, annual number of drinks consumed, whether the respondent lived with children, gender (male/female) and age of respondent, and country‐level gender inequality measured using the Gender Inequality Index.ResultsAnnual drinks consumed was significantly lower for women living with children. Men living with children were generally more likely to be drinkers, and the relationship between annual consumption and living with children was moderated by cultural gender equality: specifically, men in countries with higher gender equality drank less if they lived with children while the association for men in lower equality countries was nonsignificant.Discussion and ConclusionsAlthough lower alcohol consumption was found generally for women living with children, this relationship was found only for men in countries where there was more gender equality. Given the high risk of harm to children from heavy consumption by adults with whom they live, prevention efforts need to strengthen prevention of heavy consumption by parents and other who live with children, especially for men who live with children in low gender equality countries.
Nutritional availability and larval density dependence in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Heath Katherine , Paton Robert S. , Wilson Anthony J. , Bonsall Michael B. 
Published: June 2020

1. Density dependence is the effect of density on population growth. Density dependence is an aggregate term for a suite of complex interactions between animals and their environment.2. Mechanistic studies of density dependence in mosquito ecology are sparse, and the role of environmental factors is poorly understood.3. Two empirical study designs were compared to consider the interaction between nutritional availability and density in Aedes aegypti. First, larvae were fed per capita. Second, larvae were fed a fixed amount of food unadjusted for the number of individuals; therefore, at higher densities, individuals received less per capita.4. Survivorship, wing length, and development rate were lower at high densities when larvae were fed a fixed, unadjusted amount of food. The opposite was observed when food was adjusted per capita, suggesting that high densities may be beneficial for larval development when per capita nutrition is held constant5. These results demonstrate that negative associations between Ae. aegypti larval density and larval development are a manifestation of decreased per capita nutrient uptake at high densities.6. Population regulation is a proportional response to environmental variability in Ae. aegypti. Increased survivorship at high densities when larvae were fed per capita demonstrates that nutritional availability is not the only mechanism of density dependence in mosquitoes. Further studies should characterise density dependence in mosquitoes by using mechanistic study designs across diverse environmental conditions.
UK investment trust portfolio strategies before the First World War†
Authors: Sotiropoulos Dimitris P. , Rutterford Janette , Keber Carolyn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUK investment trust companies were at the forefront of financial innovation during the so‐called first globalization era before the First World War. This study examines their portfolio strategies in detail, using a unique dataset of 115 portfolio observations for 30 different investment trust companies, comprising a total of 32,708 portfolio holdings. Our results reveal strong performance and relatively sophisticated asset management, which was based on a mixture of a buy‐and‐hold investment strategy and active portfolio management. Investment trusts employed global rather than domestic diversification. The early predominant investment in bonds in the 1880s gradually declined in favour of ordinary and preferred shares. North and Latin American markets were the main geographical target of UK investment trusts, with less appetite for domestic investments and negligible interest in continental European financial securities. There is significant cross‐sectional variation in asset allocation between investment trusts; they thus avoided herding behaviour in portfolio choice and developed a wide range of different portfolio strategies.
Poverty or prosperity in northern India? New evidence on real wages, 1590s–1870s†
Authors: de Zwart Pim , Lucassen Jan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article introduces a new dataset on wages in northern India (from Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east) from the 1590s to the 1870s. It follows Allen's subsistence basket methodology to compute internationally comparable real wages to shed light on developments in Indian living standards over time. It adjusts the comparative cost‐of‐living indices to take into account differences in climate and caloric intake due to variances in heights. The article also discusses the male/female wage gap in northern India. It demonstrates that the ‘great divergence’ started in the late seventeenth century, and widened further after the 1720s and especially after the 1800s. It was subsequently primarily England's spurt and India's stagnation in the first half of the nineteenth century that brought about most serious differences in the standard of living. If the British colonial state is to blame—as often suggested by the literature on India's persistent poverty—the fault lies in its failure to improve the situation after the British became near‐undisputed masters of India in 1820.
A multifunctional DNA polymerase I involves in the maturation of Okazaki fragments during the lagging‐strand DNA synthesis in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Cheng Yi‐Wen , Chen Cheng‐Yao 
Published: June 2020

Helicobacter pylori is the most infectious human pathogen that causes gastritis, peptic ulcers and stomach cancer. H. pylori DNA polymerase I (HpPol I) is found to be essential for the viability of H. pylori, but its intrinsic property and attribution to the H. pylori DNA replication remain unclear. HpPol I contains a 5′→3′ exonuclease (5′‐Exo) and DNA polymerase (Pol) domain, respectively, but lacks a 3′→5′ exonuclease, or error proofreading activity. In this study, we characterized the 5′‐Exo and Pol functions of HpPol I and found that HpPol I is a multifunctional protein displaying DNA nick translation, strand‐displacement synthesis, RNase H‐like, structure‐specific endonuclease and exonuclease activities. In the in vitro DNA replication assay, we further demonstrated that the 5′‐Exo and Pol domains of HpPol I can cooperate to fill in the DNA gap, remove the unwanted RNA primer from a RNA/DNA hybrid and create a ligatable nick for the DNA ligase A of H. pylori to restore the normal duplex DNA. Altogether, our study suggests that the two catalytic domains of HpPol I may synergistically play an important role in the maturation of Okazaki fragments during the lagging‐strand DNA synthesis in H. pylori. Like the functions of DNA polymerase I in Escherichia coli, HpPol I may involve in both DNA replication and repair in H. pylori.
Changes in functional composition and diversity of waterbirds: The roles of water level and submerged macrophytes
Authors: Özgencil İbrahim Kaan , Beklioğlu Meryem , Özkan Korhan , Tavşanoğlu Çağatay , Fattorini Niccolò 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Water level and submerged macrophytes are critical players for the functioning of shallow lake ecosystems; understanding how waterbird communities respond to changes in both can have important implications for conservation and management. Here, we evaluated the effects of changes in water level and submerged macrophyte status on wintering waterbird community size, functional group abundances, functional diversity (FD), and community assembly by using a dataset compiled over 50 years.

We built generalised linear models to evaluate the effects of water level and submerged macrophyte status on the above‐listed attributes of the waterbird communities by using mid‐winter waterbird censuses, water level measurements, and submerged macrophyte surveys, along with submerged macrophyte macrofossil records from two shallow lakes in Turkey. Using a relevant set of functional traits, we defined functional groups, calculated four FD measures, and simulated null distributions of the FD measures for assessing assembly rules.

We found that macrophyte‐dominated years had significantly higher abundances of waterbirds in one of the study lakes, and had more diving herbivores and omnivores in both lakes, while diving/scooping fish‐eating waterbird abundance was lower in macrophyte‐dominated years. Community size in Lake Beyşehir exhibited a negative association with water level; surprisingly, however, none of the functional group abundances and FD indices were significantly related to water level.

In our study communities, standardised effect sizes of functional richness and functional dispersion—two indices that are particularly sensitive to community assembly processes—were mostly lower than those of randomly assembled communities, which implies functional clustering. Shifts to a scarce‐macrophyte state were associated with increases in these two indices, possibly due to either changes in the relative strength of environmental filtering and limiting similarity in community assembly or sampling of transitional communities. Further studies covering a wider range of the trophic/macrophyte status spectrum are needed to be certain.

The results of this study indicate that shifts between abundant and scarce‐macrophyte states can have significant effects on wintering waterbird abundances, FD and community assembly. The results also suggest that shallow lakes in macrophyte‐dominated states can support more wintering waterbirds, especially diving omnivores, some of which are globally threatened.
Nitrogen Mass Fraction and Stable Isotope Ratios for Fourteen Geological Reference Materials: Evaluating the Applicability of Elemental Analyser Versus Sealed Tube Combustion Methods
Authors: Boocock Toby J. , Mikhail Sami , Prytulak Julie , Di Rocco Tommaso , Stüeken Eva E. 
Published: June 2020

Thirteen commercially available silicate reference materials (RM) and one in‐house reference material, eleven of which have no previously published values, were analysed for nitrogen mass fraction and isotopic ratios with an Elemental Analyser (EA), and a Sealed Tube Combustion line, coupled to a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). These materials ranged from < 10 μg g−1 to 1% m/m nitrogen mass fractions and δ15N of −0.5 to +19.8‰. Existing nitrogen RM BHVO‐2, MS#5 and SGR‐1b were used to assess the accuracy of the data from the sealed tube combustion line, which was found to be in good agreement with existing published values. In contrast, the EA‐IRMS failed to fully liberate nitrogen from all silicate rocks and minerals (achieving a mean of 44 ± 10% nitrogen yield) resulting in kinetic fractionation of isotope values by −1.4‰ on average. Therefore, sealed tube combustion is better suited for analyses of silicate‐bound nitrogen. The EA worked reliably for organic samples, but care should be taken when using the EA for silicate nitrogen research. Moving forward, it is recommended that BHVO‐2, Biotite‐Fe, FK‐N and UB‐N be used as quality control materials as they appear to be most reproducible in terms of nitrogen mass fraction (relative error < 10%, 1s), and isotopic composition (< 0.6‰, 1s).
Recommended Sampling Intervals for Arsenic in Private Wells
Authors: Mailloux Brian J. , Procopio Nicholas A. , Bakker Mark , Chen Therese , Choudhury Imtiaz , Ahmed Kazi Matin , Mozumder M. Rajib H. , Ellis Tyler , Chillrud Steve , van Geen Alexander 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGeogenic arsenic in drinking water is a worldwide problem. For private well owners, testing (e.g., private or government laboratory) is the main method to determine arsenic concentration. However, the temporal variability of arsenic concentrations is not well characterized and it is not clear how often private wells should be tested. To answer this question, three datasets, two new and one publicly available, with temporal arsenic data were utilized: 6370 private wells from New Jersey tested at least twice since 2002, 2174 wells from the USGS NAWQA database, and 391 private wells sampled 14 years apart from Bangladesh. Two arsenic drinking water standards are used for the analysis: 10 µg/L, the WHO guideline and EPA standard or maximum contaminant level (MCL) and 5 µg/L, the New Jersey MCL. A rate of change was determined for each well and these rates were used to predict the temporal change in arsenic for a range of initial arsenic concentrations below an MCL. For each MCL and initial concentration, the probability of exceeding an MCL over time was predicted. Results show that to limit a person to below a 5% chance of drinking water above an MCL, wells that are ½ an MCL and above should be tested every year and wells below ½ an MCL should be tested every 5 years. These results indicate that one test result below an MCL is inadequate to ensure long‐term compliance. Future recommendations should account for temporal variability when creating drinking water standards and guidance for private well owners.
Rheological and textural properties of gluten‐free doughs made from Andean grains
Authors: Vidaurre‐Ruiz Julio , Salas‐Valerio Francisco , Schoenlechner Regine , Repo‐Carrasco‐Valencia Ritva 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThe objective of this research was to evaluate the rheological and textural properties of gluten‐free doughs based on potato starch, which was partially substituted by different proportions of quinoa (10%, 30% and 50%), kiwicha (10%, 30% and 50%) or tarwi flour (10%, 20% and 30%). The influence of the substitution on the kinetics of the leavening process was studied as well. The back‐extrusion technique was used to determine rheological and textural properties of the dough, and the leavening kinetics were modelled using the Gompertz equation. The results showed that textural properties such as firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and viscosity index, as well as the consistency index of the doughs increased as the level of substitution of the Andean grain flour in the formulation increased. It was determined that the formulations with an addition of 10% and 20% for quinoa or kiwicha flour, and 10% for tarwi flour would be most suitable for developing gluten‐free breads.
DIY Entrepreneurship? – Self‐reliance for Women Refugees in Australia
Authors: Huq Afreen , Venugopal Vidhula 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we call for a re‐examination of the self‐reliance ideology based on a neoliberal perspective to make policies for refugee women's (self‐)employment and integration. We use a social constructionist perspective to conduct a narrative analysis of data from the lived experience of twelve women refugee entrepreneurs. Three prominent themes emerge from the women’s own narratives of their entrepreneurial journey – self‐reconstruction, social capital, and resilience. Our findings reveal the complexities of self‐reconstruction and socialization as experienced by refugee women entrepreneurs – for whom “push” factors take precedence over “pull” factors with the explicit understanding that the onus is on them to survive with their own resilience. We argue that offering people hope of a new life means offering them meaningful choices, built on forms of economic activity whose sustainability over the long term is evidenced by the positive supports available to make sure economic activity succeeds.