bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving nutritional status among urban poor children in sub‐Saharan Africa: An evidence‐informed Delphi‐based consultation
Authors: Mutisya Maurice , Markey Oonagh , Rousham Emily K. , Chintsanya Jesman M. N. , Pradeilles Rebecca , Kimani‐Murage Elizabeth W. , Madise Nyovani J. , Munthali Alister C. , Kalimbira Alexander , Holdsworth Michelle , Griffiths Paula L. , Haycraft Emma 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), rapid urbanisation coupled with the high prevalence of infant and young child (IYC) undernutrition in low‐income settings means that interventions to support IYC nutrition are a priority. Little is known about how urbanisation influences IYC feeding (IYCF) practices, and evidence‐based interventions to improve IYC health/nutrition in the urban poor are lacking. Therefore, this research aimed to (a) systematically review evidence on interventions for improving the nutritional status of IYC aged 6–23 months living in urban poor areas (PROSPERO CRD42018091265) and (b) engage stakeholders to identify the highest ranking evidence gaps for improving IYCF programmes/policies. First, a rapid systematic review was conducted. This focused on the literature published regarding nutrition‐specific and nutrition‐sensitive complementary feeding interventions in urban poor areas, specifically low‐income informal settlements, in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Six intervention studies met the review inclusion criteria. Intervention adherence was generally high, and indicators of maternal knowledge and IYC nutritional intake typically increased because of the interventions, but the impact on anthropometric status was small. Second, stakeholders working across SSA were engaged via a Delphi‐based approach to identify priority areas for future intervention. Stakeholders reported that a situational analysis was required to better understand IYCF in urban poor areas, particularly the causes of IYC undernutrition, and highlighted the need to involve local communities in defining how future work should proceed. Together, these findings indicate a need for more evidence regarding IYCF and the factors that drive it in urban poor areas across LMIC settings, but particularly in SSA.
Role of the methionine cycle in the temperature‐sensitive responses of potato plants to potato virus Y
Authors: Fesenko Igor , Spechenkova Nadezhda , Mamaeva Anna , Makhotenko Antonida V. , Love Andrew J. , Kalinina Natalia O. , Taliansky Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlant–virus interactions are greatly influenced by environmental factors such as temperatures. In virus‐infected plants, enhanced temperature is frequently associated with more severe symptoms and higher virus content. However, the mechanisms involved in such regulatory effects remain largely uncharacterized. To provide more insight into the mechanisms whereby temperature regulates plant–virus interactions, we analysed changes in the proteome of potato cv. Chicago plants infected with potato virus Y (PVY) at normal (22 °C) and elevated temperature (28 °C), which is known to significantly increase plant susceptibility to the virus. One of the most intriguing findings is that the main enzymes of the methionine cycle (MTC) were down‐regulated at the higher but not at normal temperatures. With good agreement, we found that higher temperature conditions triggered consistent and concerted changes in the level of MTC metabolites, suggesting that the enhanced susceptibility of potato plants to PVY at 28 °C may at least be partially orchestrated by the down‐regulation of MTC enzymes and concomitant cycle perturbation. In line with this, foliar treatment of these plants with methionine restored accumulation of MTC metabolites and subverted the susceptibility to PVY at elevated temperature. These data are discussed in the context of the major function of the MTC in transmethylation processes.
Changes in hemoglobin levels with age and altitude in preschool‐aged children in Peru: the assessment of two individual‐based national databases
Authors: Gonzales Gustavo F. , Tapia Vilma , Vásquez‐Velásquez Cinthya 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization, the cutoff hemoglobin (Hb) value for defining anemia is 11 g/dL in preschool‐aged children, and Hb measurements should be corrected above an altitude of 1000 meters. This study sought to determine the altitude at which the Hb value increases compared with that at sea level, Hb changes with age and region in Peru, the prevalence of anemia according to three different models used to correct Hb for altitude, and the association of the Hb value with stunting. Two individual‐based Peruvian national databases were analyzed. Hb increased from an altitude of 375 meters. Hb concentration was lower at younger ages and higher at older ages. The increase in Hb with increasing altitude was lower in southern Peru. Implementing the different models for Hb measurement correction resulted in a higher and lower prevalence of anemia at altitudes >2500 and <2500 m, respectively, using the CDC adjustment. In children aged 6–23 months, the rate of stunting was lower in those with an Hb level of 10–12 g/dL (including mild anemia). In conclusion, the adjustment of Hb values for altitude should be considered before 1000 m and reference ranges should be adjusted to smaller groups of children instead of the same reference range for children aged 6–59 months.
Methylene blue‐mediated photodynamic therapy may be superior to 5% amorolfine nail lacquer for non‐dermatophyte onychomycosis
Authors: Bowornsathitchai Natthamon , Thammahong Arsa , Shoosanglertwijit Jittida , Kitsongsermthon Jutarat , Wititsuwannakul Jade , Asawanonda Pravit , Boontaveeyuwat Einapak 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundMethylene blue‐mediated photodynamic therapy as an antimicrobial has been reported to improve onychomycosis.ObjectivesTo compare the short‐term efficacy of methylene blue‐mediated photodynamic therapy (MB‐PDT) and 5% amorolfine nail lacquer (AMO) for toenail onychomycosis using higher intensity and shorter total treatment period than previously reported.MethodsTwenty‐seven toenails with onychomycosis were randomized to receive either six biweekly sessions of MB‐PDT or AMO for twelve weeks. Dermoscopic photography was used for onychomycosis severity index assessment under a dermoscopic inspection (d‐OSI) at baseline, weeks 6, 10, 14 and 22 as well as microscopic and microbiological tests. Adverse events were recorded.ResultsAll subjects completed the study. Causative organisms found were exclusively non‐dermatophytes including Fusarium spp., Asperillus spp.,and yeasts. Fifteen toenails received MB‐PDT, whilst 12 received AMO. D‐OSI showed greater improvement in MB‐PDT than in AMO groups at weeks 6, 10, 14 as well as 22, with median changes of −2, −3, −4 (P = .055). and − 3 respectively in the MB‐PDT group. The AMO group displayed the median d‐OSI change of 0 throughout the study period. Mycological cure rate at 22 weeks in MB‐PDT and AMO group was 73.3% and 66.67% (P > .05). Clinical cure rate at 22 weeks in MB‐PDT (26.7%) was higher than AMO (16.7%), (P > .05). All patients only felt comfortably warm during the MB‐PDT treatment. No major adverse events were found in both groups.ConclusionsMB‐PDT appeared to be more efficacious for non‐dermatophyte onychomycosis than AMO particularly in a limited period and moderately severe onychomycosis.
Do Coefficients of Variation of Response Propensities Approximate Non-Response Biases During Survey Data Collection?
Authors: Moore Jamie C. , Durrant Gabriele B. , Smith Peter W. F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe evaluate the utility of coefficients of variation of response propensities (CVs) as measures of risks of survey variable non-response biases when monitoring survey data collection. CVs quantify variation in sample response propensities estimated given a set of auxiliary attribute covariates observed for all subjects. If auxiliary covariates and survey variables are correlated, low levels of propensity variation imply low bias risk. CVs can also be decomposed to measure associations between auxiliary covariates and propensity variation, informing collection method modifications and post-collection adjustments to improve dataset quality. Practitioners are interested in such approaches to managing bias risks, but risk indicator performance has received little attention. We describe relationships between CVs and expected biases and how they inform quality improvements during and post-data collection, expanding on previous work. Next, given auxiliary information from the concurrent 2011 UK census and details of interview attempts, we use CVs to quantify the representativeness of the UK Labour Force Survey dataset during data collection. Following this, we use survey data to evaluate inference based on CVs concerning survey variables with analogues measuring the same quantities among the auxiliary covariate set. Given our findings, we then offer advice on using CVs to monitor survey data collection.
The Cultural Sources of Deception in Soccer: How Collectivism Affects the Number of Penalties in European Soccer Leagues
Authors: Lago Ignacio , Lago‐Peñas Carlos 
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesThis article relies on data from 20,730 matches in 30 national soccer leagues in Europe to explore the determinants of penalties taken in elite soccer.MethodsWe run OLS cross‐sectional regressions using aggregated data.ResultsWe find that the variation in the number of penalties given across European soccer leagues is largely explained by the individualism versus collectivism dimension.ConclusionsThe more (less) collectivistic (individualistic) the culture of the country, the more likely soccer players are to fall intentionally in the penalty area to increase the chances of a foul being called.
Genome evolution in Oryza allopolyploids of various ages: Insights into the process of diploidization
Authors: Zou Xinhui , Du Yusu , Wang Xin , Wang Qian , Zhang Bing , Chen Jinfeng , Chen Mingsheng , Doyle Jeff J. , Ge Song 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYThe prevalence and recurrence of whole‐genome duplication in plants and its major role in evolution have been well recognized. Despite great efforts, many aspects of genome evolution, particularly the temporal progression of genomic responses to allopolyploidy and the underlying mechanisms, remain poorly understood. The rice genus Oryza consists of both recently formed and older allopolyploid species, representing an attractive system for studying the genome evolution after allopolyploidy. In this study, through screening BAC libraries and sequencing and annotating the targeted BAC clones, we generated orthologous genomic sequences surrounding the DEP1 locus, a major grain yield QTL in cultivated rice, from four Oryza polyploids of various ages and their likely diploid genome donors or close relatives. Based on sequenced DEP1 region and published data from three other genomic regions, we investigated the temporal evolutionary dynamics of four polyploid genomes at both genetic and expression levels. In the recently formed BBCC polyploid, Oryza minuta, genome dominance was not observed and its short‐term responses to allopolyploidy are mainly manifested as a high proportion of homoeologous gene pairs showing unequal expression. This could partly be explained by parental legacy, rewiring of divergent regulatory networks and epigenetic modulation. Moreover, we detected an ongoing diploidization process in this genus, and suggest that the expression divergence driven by changes of selective constraint probably plays a big role in the long‐term diploidization. These findings add novel insights into our understanding of genome evolution after allopolyploidy, and could facilitate crop improvements through hybridization and polyploidization.
Progressive retrocorneal pigmentation in dogs: A clinical report of 34 cases
Authors: Sanchez Rick F. , Everson Richard , Escanilla Natalia , Cebrian Prado , Slenter Inge J. M. , Grinwis Guy C. M. , Göerig Christiane 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the signalment, ophthalmic examination findings, and follow‐up of dogs affected with a previously unreported retrocorneal pigmentary lesion.Materials and MethodsRetrospective record evaluation spanning 2009‐2019.ResultsRetrocorneal pigmentary lesions were described in 34 patients (46 eyes). German Shepherds (n = 7), Jack Russel terriers (n = 5), and terrier crosses (n = 4) made up 16/34 (47.1%) of the cases. The mean age was 13.5 years (range 1.4‐14.2 years), and 16/30 (53.3%) dogs were female. Most dogs were affected unilaterally (22/34 (64.7%)), the others bilaterally, and 5/34 (14.7%) were referred for it while the others were incidentally diagnosed. The lesions affected the ventral, peripheral, inner cornea and had a round/undulated leading edge. The number of corneal clock hours affected was known for 41/46 (89.1%) eyes and involved 1‐3 clock hours in 32/41 (78.1%) eyes, 4‐6 in 6/41 (14.6%), 7‐9 in 2/41 (4.9%), and 10 in 1/41 (2.4%). The central cornea was affected in 9/46 (19.6%) eyes, and in 5/9 (55.6%), the median corneal clarity score was G2 (scale: G0‐G4). The commonest additional findings included free‐floating uveal cysts (11/34 dogs, 32.4%), cataracts (6/34 dogs, 17.6%), and primary glaucoma (5/34 dogs, 14.7%). Gonioscopy was available in 16/34 (47.1%) dogs and was normal except in primary glaucoma cases. Follow‐up was documented in 13/34 (38.2%) dogs with a mean follow‐up of 17 months (range: 5‐26 months). Lesion progression was documented in 6/13 (46.2%) dogs.ConclusionsRetrocorneal pigmentation occurs as a slowly progressive lesion of older dogs that could impact vision. Histological studies of affected eyes are warranted.
Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of Circular Electronic Components With Parabolic and Hyperbolic Front Facing the Upstream Flow
Authors: Mahendra Ashwin , Kumar Rajendran Senthil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Thermal management of equipment is a very crucial step for optimum operation. This study is aimed at modifying the shape of traditionally circular electronic components to enhance their thermal-hydraulic performance. The frontal portions have been replaced with different profiles of conic sections such as parabola and hyperbola to understand the influence of frontal modification on fluid dynamics and heat transfer. The study has been carried out for confinement of 4d to mimic the confined fluid environment as in electronic chambers and the Reynolds numbers considered range from 60 to 500. The numerically simulated data were postprocessed and elucidated with the help of contour plots, various drag coefficients, total pressure drop, Strouhal number, and Nusselt number. The results claim that hyperbolic front with rear segment offers the best heat transfer with an improvement of 5.78% as compared to circular components, whereas the parabolic front has the best thermal-hydraulic performance. Parabolic profile reduces drag by 2.66% and improves heat transfer by 4.14%.
Modeling of a Wellhead Heating Methodology With Heat Pipes in Coal Mines
Authors: Zhang Hongyang , Li Kewen , Zhao Lipeng , Jia Lin , Kaita Mohammed , Wan Fusang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many coal mines are located at the middle and high latitudes. In winter, coal mining facilities may be operated under the freezing conditions. Burning coal for hot water is usually used to heat up the facilities, which is not environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Currently, the ground source heat pumps and other new technologies have been applied for heating in coal mines and have achieved some success. However, the working characteristics and costs of these technologies are not suitable for the antifreeze at the wellhead. Heat pipe technology has the following advantages: automatic operation with the change of atmosphere temperature (AMT) and low cost of construction and maintenance, which can overcome the drawbacks of the aforementioned technologies. In this article, a heating system based on heat pipe technology has been designed and modeled. The system extracts heat from the shallow normal temperature zone (NTZ) to automatically heat the coal wellhead in winter. For the heating system, the effects of AMT, the temperature of NTZ, the frozen zone thickness (FZT), the thermal conductivity, and the heat pipe quantity (HPQ) on the heating performance have been modeled and investigated using comsol multiphysics. The modeling results have been analyzed and discussed. The modeling data showed that the system based on heat pipes could meet the antifreeze requirements for the designed system during the winter period. The wellhead heating system proposed in this article may achieve the purpose of replacing fossil energy with shallow geothermal energy.
Modular Design of an SMA Driven Continuum Robot
Authors: Goergen Yannik , Rizzello Gianluca , Seelecke Stefan , Motzki Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to their unique manipulation capabilities, continuum robots find applications in a variety of different areas, such as medical technology or maintenance and repair. When working with continuum robots, it is often necessary to bend the structure according to complex shapes. This is commonly achieved by arranging several individual modules in series. In this paper, a novel continuum robot concept is presented based on a serial arrangement of SMA (Shape Memory Alloy) wires actuated modules. The key advantage of the described modular continuum robot is the number of connection wires required to control the SMA wires, which is also independent of the number of modules. This feature makes it possible to virtually connect a very large number of serial modules, thus enabling to design continuum robots with arbitrary complexity. After outlining the concept, the mechanical and electrical components required to build one module of such an SMA driven continuum robot are introduced.
Development of a Shape Memory Alloy Actuator for a Micromechanical Sterilization Cycle Counter
Authors: Pagel Kenny , Esch Jonas , Hoffmann Daniel , Trautner Heiko , Herrlich Simon , Spieth Sven , Drossel Welf-Guntram 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The steam sterilization of reusable medical instruments is a critical process. Standardized treatments with hot, saturated steam at maximum temperatures of up to 138 °C often represent a significant thermal load, which is repeated with varying number of cycles depending on the medical device. Until now, there is no possibility for medical device manufacturers to monitor how often a product has been sterilized. However, this is necessary for both safety and warranty issues, since according to the European Medical Device Regulation (EU-MDR), the manufacturer must specify how often a product can be sterilized.
In this paper the actuator approach for a micromechanical “sterilization cycle counter” is presented. It is designed to autonomously record, count and store steam sterilizations directly on the instrument by combining silicon micromechanics with shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. This enables an autonomous operation without additional energy sources such as batteries. During the steam sterilization cycle, a certain temperature limit is exceeded once and detected by the SMA. The system development aims at the heterogeneous integration of standard SMA wires into a silicon microstructure. The transformation temperatures of the SMA is thereby increased to the relevant range by prestressing.
In detail, the paper first describes the approach of the counting mechanism and the possibilities and limitations of implementing and pretensioning of SMA wires in silicon microstructures. Based on that, the development of the SMA actuator geometry using an SMA Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model according to the approach of Aurichio is described. The model is validated using an up-scaled test bench of the system, in which various geometric parameters can be varied. Finally, the results will be discussed in particular regarding the MEMS process chain to be carried out in the next step.
Machine Design for Multiscale Nitinol Annealment Process and End Product Performance Analysis
Authors: Skalitzky Amanda , Coats Stuart , Farag Ramsis , Gurley Austin , Beale David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The functional properties of Nitinol (NiTi) are set by composition, production process, and post-production heat treatment and cold working. Post-production heat treating is dependent on two main parameters: anneal temperature and aging time. Most heat-treating processes performed by researchers generally consist of simple temperature soaks at specified aging times. However, there are drawbacks to this method. More complex heat treatments can result in performance improvements, but they are difficult to implement and often proprietary to manufacturers and therefore not widely used by researchers. By designing a Continuously-Fed heat treatment System (CFS), this work demystifies this complex heat-treatment process by rapidly heat-treating NiTi wire samples across a range of annealing temperatures, soak times, and tensions with little human intervention. This automated process ensures samples are created in a consistent manner and results in a much more consistent end-product when compared to conventional heat-treating methods. Using the CFS, a gamut of samples with varying annealing temperatures (400–550°C) and aging times (1–3 minutes) were created with 0.25mm diameter high-temperature actuator wire initially in the ‘as-drawn’ condition. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis was performed to determine how the transition temperature(s) change with the various heat-treating parameters and the mechanical properties of the wire were determined utilizing a tensile test. The experimental results demonstrate the benefits of the CFS and are compared to those of a more conventional heat treatment process. Experimental results show that high-performance Nitinol actuator behavior can consistently be achieved using the CFS. Optimal heat treatment processes can be determined quickly experimentally.
Piezoelectric Nonlinear Energy Sink for Broadband Attenuation of Nonlinear Vibrations
Authors: Moura Adriane G. , Dodson Jacob 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present a piezoelectric nonlinear energy sink (NES) framework for attenuation of nonlinear vibrations in a cantilever beam. The NES acts as a nonlinear piezoelectric shunt that implements linear components along with op-amp and multiplier nonlinear circuit elements to enable NES dynamics in the electrical domain. The piezoelectric NES was recently shown to provide wideband vibration attenuation in a cantilever undergoing linear mechanical vibrations. Following these recent efforts, we implement the piezoelectric NES to broadband attenuations of nonlinear vibrations of a thin cantilever beam. The model makes use of the linear modal parameters for the bimorph cantilever (PZT-5H patches connected in parallel) for the fundamental natural frequency obtained using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Circuit parameters for the linear bimorph cantilever target frequency are obtained using harmonic balance analysis. The performance of the piezoelectric NES for broadband attenuation of nonlinear vibrations is evaluated and simulations are performed by modifying the structure (with a tip mass to move its resonance frequency) without tuning the NES circuit components. Simulations are presented for a range of acceleration levels and frequency ranges to demonstrate the broadband attenuation of the nonlinear vibrations using a single circuit configuration.