bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and identification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains native of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hassan Amina A. , Youssef Mohamed A. , Elashtokhy M. M. A. , Ismail I. M. , Aldayel Munirah , Afkar Eman 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces a group of δ-endotoxin proteins designated as cry toxins. No doubt that Bt isolates are excellent potential candidates for biological control strategies.

Results
The present study showed that 12 Bt strains were isolated and characterized at morphological, biochemical, and molecular levels. All the tested 12 Bt strains were gram-positive, endospore-forming, and possessing typical Bt crystal structures under the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Universal primers direct and reverse of five pairs were used to detect five Cry-type genes (Cry1, Cry2, Cry3, Cry4, Cry7, and Cry8) by the PCR sizes produced from the studied Bt strains. The 16S rRNA PCR technique, 16S gene primer, DNA template, dNTPs, and Taq polymerase produced unique and distinguishable restriction patterns used for the molecular characterization of the studied Bt strains. Based on the PCR products, the frequency of Cry-gene distribution among the tested strains was Cry1 100%, Cry4 85%, and Cry3 62%, and Cry2 and Cry7 frequency was 54%. Based on the activity of insecticidal of the tested Bt strains, Bt1, Bt9, Bt10, and Bt11 were extremely pathogenic; their pathogenicity ranged from 93 to 100% against dipteran and lepidopteran larvae, compared to the other Bt isolates. The nucleotide sequences of amplified 1500 bp conserved region of 16S rRNA genes of four strains blasted using NCBI database compared to NCBI database sequences, and they were reported as native strains of Bt showing high homology with the known Bt strains (99–100%). The nucleotide sequences of Bt1, Bt9, Bt10, and Bt11 were placed in the GenBank database under accession numbers MN860017, MN843958, MN843959, and MN843960, respectively.

Conclusion
The strategies of enhancing the sustainability of crops and vegetables that are targeted by a large number of pathogenic insects require a great effort of exploring novel species and strains of Bt. Herein, native strains of Bt were documented from the eastern province of Saudi Arabia that displayed bio-insecticidal action on larvae of Diptera and Lepidoptera.
Cerebral Palsy: Sport and Exercise Considerations
Authors: Toldi James , Escobar Joseph , Brown Austin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of debilitating motor disorders that carries a wide array of clinical presentations ranging from isolated physical or cognitive impairment to global loss of function. Despite the prevalence of CP, recommendations and benefits of physical activity/exercise have historically not been clearly defined. The research on the subject has several limitations, including small sample size, power, standardized measures/outcomes, and poor classification regarding severity of the disease. Nonetheless, the general consensus and new research shows that individuals with CP who participate in sports and exercise regimens, even at reduced frequency and intensity, exhibit improvements in health care benefits, including cardiorespiratory endurance, gross motor function, gait stability, and reduction in pain. These regimens can be prescribed safely and individualized by health care providers to improve morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from CP.
Assessment of prevalence of Anxiety in adult population and development of anxiety scale: A study of 819 patients with anxiety disorder
Authors: Bano Zaqia , Ejaz Maria , Ahmad Ishtiaq 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To develop an indigenous anxiety scale for adults and to assess the prevalence of anxiety among the adults.
Methods: Descriptive explanatory research design was carried out from 1st January 2018 to 31st May 2019 at the Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat. The indigenous anxiety scale for adults was used for data collection. Scale consisted on three sub scales which are used to assess the cognitive symptoms, behavior and physiological symptoms through CFA value and alpha reliability. Sample of adequacy is .965, Confirmatory Factor Analysis value .914, alpha reliability .974 were taken as standard. In cognitive symptoms subscale’s alpha was 0.958, Behavior subscale .943 and Physiological symptoms subscale alpha was α .912.
Results: The prevalence of anxiety in 20-29 years individuals exhibited 17.5% (male 38.8%; female 62.2) symptoms of anxiety. 30-39 Years people showed 12.9% (male=56.9%; female=43.1%), 40-49 years individuals showed 16.5% of anxiety and in late adulthood 50-60 years old people showed highest level of anxiety 22.10% (male=68.3%; female=31.7).
Conclusion: The anxiety scale for adults is a reliable indigenous scale for measuring anxiety in adults. Further, the prevalence rate of anxiety in adult population is alarming indication and middle and late adulthood suffered more anxiety as compare to early adulthood.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.2158
How to cite this:Bano Z, Ejaz M, Ahmad I. Assessment of prevalence of Anxiety in adult population and development of anxiety scale: A study of 819 patients with anxiety disorder. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):472-476. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.2158
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Comparison of mean operative time in patients undergoing Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy and pneumatic lithotripsy in ureterorenoscopy for ureteric calculus
Authors: Sajid Muhammad Tanveer , Ameen Mohammad , Murtaza Badar , Alvi Muhammad Sarwar , Khan Zakir , Kiani Faran 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To compare the mean operative time (MOT) in patients undergoing Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy (LL) and pneumatic lithotripsy (PL) for ureteric stones.
Methods: This randomized study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Urology (AFIU) Rawalpindi, Pakistan from July 2016 to November 2018. Non probability consecutive sampling technique utilized to enroll 60 patients of both gender aged 18-60 years, having ureteric calculus ≤1.5cm. Randomization was done into group I (LL) and II (PL) via computer generated number tables. Six Consultant Urologists performed surgeries under spinal anesthesia utilizing Swiss Lithoclast® Master (EMS+ S.A. Switzerland) in group II and holmium laser fiber (365μm, 8-10Hz, 9.6-16W, 2100nm wavelength) in group I respectively. MOT was noted from insertion of cystoscope till removal out of meatus. Data obtained was analyzed through IBM SPSS 24.0.
Results: Analysis involved 60 patients (30 each group) having similar baseline characteristics (age, gender, laterality, location). There was statistically significant different MOT between LL & PL (25.48±6.99 vs 34.83±7.47 minutes, p < 0.001). Data stratification with respect to age, gender, laterality and stone location revealed similar trend. Lithotripsy technique significantly affected MOT (p < 0.001) on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis.
Conclusions: Ho: YAG LL is an efficient technique when compared with PL in terms of MOT for ureteric stones.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3049
How to cite this:Sajid MT, Ameen M, Murtaza B, Alvi MS, Khan Z, Kiani F. Comparison of mean operative time in patients undergoing Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy and pneumatic lithotripsy in ureterorenoscopy for ureteric calculus. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):415-420. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3049
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Interprofessioal collaboration among Speech Language Pathologists and Nurses in Acute Care in Pakistan
Authors: Ch Fariha Ambreen , Babur Muhammad Naveed , Rashid Sajid , Liaqat Maria 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To find out inter-professional collaboration among speech-language pathologists and nurses in acute care in Pakistan.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study which was conducted in all government and private hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi having facility of ICUs after taking consent from authorities. The duration of study was six months from October 2018 to February 2019. A total number of 350 participants (200 nurses, 150 speech language pathologists) working in ICU of different private and government hospitals of Pakistan were included in the study. Standardized questionnaire of “assessment of inter-professioal collaboration scale” (AITCS) was circulated to nurses and speech language pathologists (SLPS) working in ICU with its subscale’s partnership, coordination, cooperation and shared decision making on a 5-point likert scale. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Measure of mean was obtained by independent sample t-test. P-Value less than 0.05 was considered as significant.
Results: Statistical analysis showed measures of mean differences obtained by t-test revealed significant differences at p<0.001 level between partnership scores of SLPS and nurses. This reveals good partnership between two disciplines. Measures of mean differences obtained by t-test revealed significant differences at p<0.001 level between partnership scores of SLPS and nurses. Both do not value each other in cooperation. Measures of mean differences obtained by t-test showed significant differences at p<0.001 level amongst coordination scores of SLPS and nurses. Both have good coordination. Measures of mean differences obtained by t-test revealed significant differences at p<0.001 level amongst shared decision-making scores of SLPS and nurses. Both are involved in shared decision making.
Conclusion: Results show significant difference in partnership, coordination, and shared decision making. There is no significant difference in cooperation.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3545
How to cite this:Ch FA, Babur MN, Rashid S, Liaqat M. Interprofessioal collaboration among Speech Language Pathologists and Nurses in Acute Care in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):489-493. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3545
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Chest Trauma Experience: Incidence, associated factors, and outcomes among patients in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hajjar Waseem M. , Al-nassar Sami A. , Almutair Omar S , Alfahadi Abdulrahman H. , Aldosari Nawaf H. , Meo Sultan Ayoub 
Published: January 2021

Background and Objective: Worldwide chest trauma is considered one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of sufficient information on the etiology, pattern, and management of these injuries in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the current study was conducted to determine the spectrum of chest trauma and its associated factors among patients admitted to King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A quantitative observational cross-sectional analysis was performed, data obtained from the medical records of the chest trauma patients which were admitted in the thoracic surgery unit, King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from January 2013 to Jan 2019. The records of all these patients were reviewed and data were collected and analyzed prospectively.
Results: A total of 236 patients (male: 87.3%; mean age: 32.4 years) were included in the analyses. The majority of these chest trauma cases (n=205; 86.9%) were caused by road traffic accidents (RTA). Blunt trauma predominated the cases n=225 (95.3%). Ribs fracture had the highest prevalence among the chest injuries with a number of 150 (63.5%) followed by lung contusion 140 (59.3%). Pneumothorax occurred in 131 (55.5%) and hemothorax occurred in 80 (33.8%) with most common indication for emergency thoracotomy. Extra-thoracic injuries involving the head/brain, limbs, and abdominal organs occurred in 189 (80%). 130 (55%) were intubated and ventilated, and almost half of the patients 115 (48.7%) were required a chest tube insertion.
Conclusions: Chest trauma is a major health issue particularly in young male adults and road traffic accidents are the leading cause of chest trauma in Saudi Arabia. Early recognition of the patterns, etiology and appropriate management of trauma reduce the incidence of chest trauma related injuries.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3842
How to cite this:Hajjar WM, Al-Nassar SA, Almutair OS, Alfahadi AH, Aldosari NH, Meo SA. Chest Trauma Experience: Incidence, associated factors, and outcomes among patients in Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):373-378. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3842
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
WIND (Workflow for pIRNAs aNd beyonD): a strategy for in-depth analysis of small RNA-seq data
Authors: Geles Konstantinos , Palumbo Domenico , Sellitto Assunta , Giurato Giorgio , Cianflone Eleonora , Marino Fabiola , Torella Daniele , Mirici Cappa Valeria , Nassa Giovanni , Tarallo Roberta , Weisz Alessandro , Rizzo Francesca 
Published: January 2021

Current bioinformatics workflows for PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) analysis focus primarily on germline-derived piRNAs and piRNA-clusters. Frequently, they suffer from outdated piRNA databases, questionable quantification methods, and lack of reproducibility. Often, pipelines specific to miRNA analysis are used for the piRNA research in silico. Furthermore, the absence of a well-established database for piRNA annotation, as for miRNA, leads to uniformity issues between studies and generates confusion for data analysts and biologists. For these reasons, we have developed WIND (Workflow for pIRNAs aNd beyonD), a bioinformatics workflow that addresses the crucial issue of piRNA annotation, thereby allowing a reliable analysis of small RNA sequencing data for the identification of piRNAs and other small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that in the past have been incorrectly classified as piRNAs. WIND allows the creation of a comprehensive annotation track of sncRNAs combining information available in RNAcentral, with piRNA sequences from piRNABank, the first database dedicated to piRNA annotation. WIND was built with Docker containers for reproducibility and integrates widely used bioinformatics tools for sequence alignment and quantification. In addition, it includes Bioconductor packages for exploratory data and differential expression analysis. Moreover, WIND implements a "dual" approach for the evaluation of sncRNAs expression level quantifying the aligned reads to the annotated genome and carrying out an alignment-free transcript quantification using reads mapped to the transcriptome. Therefore, a broader range of piRNAs can be annotated, improving their quantification and easing the subsequent downstream analysis. WIND performance has been tested with several small RNA-seq datasets, demonstrating how our approach can be a useful and comprehensive resource to analyse piRNAs and other classes of sncRNAs.
Depiction of Lenin and Stalin in Estonian Art as an Indicator of Shifts in the Soviet Authoritative Discourse
Authors: Tatar Tõnis 
Published: January 2021

The paper provides an analysis of changes in depiction of Soviet leaders by Estonian artistsduring the period of Soviet occupation of Estonia. More specifically, changes in theiconography of Lenin and Stalin are viewed in light of Alexei Yurchak’s concept ofperformative shift of the Soviet authoritative discourse.
During the over 40-year period of Soviet occupation conventions of depicting Leninand Stalin underwent several notable changes that more or less reflected shifts in the Sovietpolitics as well as the developments in Estonian arts. The paper argues that changes in thedepiction of the leaders amounted to the fundamental meaning and message of these works ofart. Especially from the end of the 1960s, an increasingly playful and ironic undertoneprevailed.
In using the depictions of the Soviet leaders in Estonian art to test the aforementionedtheoretical constructions, the paper however concludes that changes in the official discoursein Estonian arts did not wholly conform to the performative shift as described by Yurchak.
“The Phenomenon of Culture is the Phenomenon of Bread”: The Debate on Culture in Belarus (1988–1991)
Authors: Astrouskaya Tatsiana , Liavitski Anton 
Published: January 2021

The scope and content of public debate in the USSR increased radically with the onset of perestroika. The ‘new thinking’ introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev sought to embrace both societal organisation and the individual set of values. This change in political organisation made broad public discussion possible, centring on change as well as the means leading to it. Culture happened to be at the very epicentre of this debate, as it lay at the intersection of collective and private.
Socialist culture claimed to be an intrinsically ‘serious’, ‘genuine’ culture setting itself against the ‘trivial’ and ‘superficial’ bourgeois culture of the West. The CPSU used socialist realism to promote and encourage monumental genres in literature (novel and poem), music (symphony), art and architecture.
The late 1980s challenged the established notion of culture. In the BSSR (Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic), the younger generation of intellectuals (for the main part literati) explored previously neglected genres of mass culture such as the comic, detective novel, erotica, and rock music, thus questioning the ‘sacred’ status of literature and art. Simultaneously, they pushed the boundaries between the local and the global (looking for worldwide connections with Belarusian culture), past and present (rehabilitating authors and ideas rejected by Soviet censorship).
Such semantic processes were coincident with a material turn. A group of intellectuals arose willing to invest personal time and finances into projects that prompted a revolution in the field of culture. Individual efforts had a cumulative effect, in one way or another requiring the re-distribution of public resources: for example, the publishing plans of the state publishing houses, the thematic scope and structure of academic research, school and university education.
Considering these two aspects of structural change and relying on publications in the leading intellectual journal of the time, this paper seeks to grasp the features of this structural change. Staying away from teleological, lineal interpretations, we emphasize the discrepancy, contradiction and multilayering of the structural change as understood by Foucault and Skinner. The third concern of the article is the grip of the old language structures with the new discursive reality of perestroika.
Cardiac Arrhythmia Prediction by Adaptive Analysis via Bluetooth
Authors: Rodrguez-Jorge Ricardo , Bila Jiri 
Published: January 2021

In this work, the development of a data acquisition system for adaptive monitoring based on a dynamic quadratic neural unit is presented. Acquisition of the continuous signal is achieved with the BITalino biomedical data acquisition card. The system is trained sample-by-sample with a real time recurrent learning method. Then, possible cardiac arrhythmia is predicted by implementing the adaptive monitoring in real time to recognize patterns that predict cardiac arrhythmia up to 1 second in advance. For the evaluation of the interface, tests are performed using the obtained signal in real time
Assessing Factors Affecting Intention to Adopt AI and ML: The Case of the Jordanian Retail Industry
Authors: Alghamdi Mohammed I. 
Published: January 2021

Aim: The aim of this research is to evaluate the factors that affect the adoption intention of AI and ML in the context of Jordan’s retail industry
Method: For this research paper, primary data was collected with the help of surveying different retail companies that are operational in Jordan with a sample of 400 participants. The survey questionnaire was based on a Likert scale where five points ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree were provided to the participants. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) used to analyse the impact and significance of the different factors on the adoption of AI and ML in Jordanian retail sector.
Results: It has been concluded from this research paper that communication, government regulations, market structure, and technological infrastructure are important factors that influence the adoption of AI and ML in the retail industry of Jordan. However, the results of this research have pointed out that managerial support and vendor relationship do not have a significant influence on the adoption of AI and ML.
Limitations: The scope of the research is restricted to the context of the retail industry only. This research has been carried out in the context of Jordan thus it cannot be applied on to other geographical backgrounds. Due to the time and scope limitations, there are restricted factors considered in the framework.
Underwater hyperspectral imaging system using a prism–grating–prism structure
Authors: Xue Qingsheng , Tian Zhongtian , Yang Bai , Liang Jishen , Li Chang , Wang Fupeng , Li Qian 
Published: January 2021

An underwater hyperspectral imager (UHI) detection system is designed and developed, and a push-broom scan imaging mode was used. The telescope system adopts an image-side telecentric design with 22 mm focal length and

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field of view. A prism–grating–prism structure was used as the spectral unit of spectrometer system to reduce spectral line bending. The UHI system reaches 5 nm spectral resolution in spectral range from 400 nm to 800 nm, and its modulation transfer function is greater than 0.62 at characteristic frequency in spectral range. An underwater hyperspectral detection experiment was carried out with an electric turntable, and the UHI system is of good imaging quality and spectral resolution, being able to distinguish various underwater targets.
Developing and analysing different definitions of operational excellence
Authors: Mueller Kai , Mueller Eckehard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOperational Excellence is an expression, which is used in many ways in the context of transforming a company to play a relevant roll on the market in the future. A basic question is if these words are only a hype or does a scientific background exist? How is operational excellence is defined? An investigation is made to answer these questions and try to define operational excellence in the background of the actual developments.