bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy-absorbing wood composite for improved damage tolerance inspired by mollusc shells
Authors: Pramreiter Maximilian , Rohner Martin , Kumpenza Cedou , Ungerer Bernhard , Stadlmann Alexander , Keckes Jozef , Müller Ulrich 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The crossed lamellar structure (CLS) found in mollusc shells is an excellent example for nature’s ability to form complex hierarchical microstructures with a remarkable balance between strength and toughness. The CLS has become the subject of numerous studies focusing on the replication of the unique microstructure using synthetic composites. The present study proposes a wood composite replicating the CLS’ middle layer microstructure and investigates the mechanical properties using three-point bending tests. The morphology of the failure mechanisms is recorded using digital microscopy and the experimental data are compared to those from ply- and solid woods. The results show a successful replication of the dominating failure mechanisms of crack deflection and crack bridging. While strength decreased significantly by ∼60%, toughness increased remarkable by ∼70% compared to plywood and was in the range of solid wood. The small data scattering from the wooden CLS samples compared to solid wood further hints on a stable failure mechanism and uniform energy-absorption. The results document that wood can be used to design an energy-absorbing composite based on the CLS-inspired ductile microstructure.
Quantifying the influence of calcium ion concentration on the corrosion of high-purity magnesium, AZ91, WE43 in modified Hanks’ solutions
Authors: Py Baptiste , Johnston Sean , Hardy Alexander , Shi Zhiming , Wolski Krzysztof , Atrens Andrej 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The corrosion rate in a modified Hanks’ solution (containing no Ca2+ ions) was higher than in Hanks’ solution. The increase was by a factor of ∼12 for HP Mg and AZ91, and a factor of ∼6 for WE43. This quantitatively highlights the critical role of Ca2+ ions for Mg corrosion in synthetic body fluids. The Ca2+ ion containing solutions produced a dense corrosion-product layer of hydroxyapatite, Ca3(PO4)2) · Ca(OH)2, a greater fraction of which stayed on the corroding surface (∼0.2–0.3) compared with the Ca2+ ion free solutions which produced magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2.
Role and value of flexibility in facilitating cost-effective energy system decarbonisation
Authors: Strbac Goran , Pudjianto Danny , Aunedi Marko , Djapic Predrag , Teng Fei , Zhang Xi , Ameli Hossein , Moreira Roberto , Brandon Nigel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Decarbonisation of the electricity system requires significant and continued investment in low-carbon energy sources and electrification of the heat and transport sectors. With diminishing output and shorter operating hours of conventional large-scale fossil fuel generators, there is a growing need and opportunity for other emerging technologies to provide flexibility in the context of grid support, balancing, security services, and investment options to support a cost-effective transition to a lower-carbon energy system. This article summarises the key findings from a range of studies investigating the potential benefits and challenges associated with the future low-carbon energy system. The key challenges associated with balancing local, national and regional objectives to minimise the overall cost of decarbonising the future energy system are also discussed. Furthermore, the paper highlights the importance of cross-energy vector flexibility, and coordination across electricity, heat, and gas systems which is critical for shaping the future low-carbon energy systems. Although most of the case studies presented in this article are based on the UK, and to some extent the EU decarbonisation pathways, the overall conclusions regarding the value of flexibility are relevant for the global energy transition.
Generalizability issues with deep learning models in medicine and their potential solutions: illustrated with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to computed tomography (CT) image conversion
Authors: Liang Xiao , Nguyen Dan , Jiang Steve B 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Generalizability is a concern when applying a deep learning (DL) model trained on one dataset to other datasets. It is challenging to demonstrate a DL model’s generalizability efficiently and sufficiently before implementing the model in clinical practice. Training a universal model that works anywhere, anytime, for anybody is unrealistic. In this work, we demonstrate the generalizability problem, then explore potential solutions based on transfer learning by using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to computed tomography (CT) image conversion task as the testbed. Previous works only studied on one or two anatomical sites and used images from the same vendor’s scanners. Here, we investigated how a model trained for one machine and one anatomical site works on other machines and other anatomical sites. We trained a model on CBCT images acquired from one vendor’s scanners for head and neck cancer patients and applied it to images from another vendor’s scanners and for prostate, pancreatic, and cervical cancer patients. We found that generalizability could be a significant problem for this particular application when applying a trained DL model to datasets from another vendor’s scanners. We then explored three practical solutions based on transfer learning to solve this generalization problem: the target model, which is trained on a target dataset from scratch; the combined model, which is trained on both source and target datasets from scratch; and the adapted model, which fine-tunes the trained source model to a target dataset. We found that when there are sufficient data in the target dataset, all three models can achieve good performance. When the target dataset is limited, the adapted model works the best, which indicates that using the fine-tuning strategy to adapt the trained model to an unseen target dataset is a viable and easy way to implement DL models in the clinic.
Is the History of Childhood Ready for the World? A Response to “The Kids Aren’t All Right”
Authors: Pande Ishita 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In a complement to the 2020 AHR Roundtable “Chronological Age: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis” (125, no. 2), this AHR Exchange focuses on the history of children and childhood. Sarah Maza presents a critical review essay, highlighting the limiting factors in the expanding field of childhood studies. Children, she observes, produce few sources of their own voices, have limited agency, and as individuals and as a group soon outgrow their subaltern status—they grow up. Robin P. Chapdelaine, Nara Milanich, Steven Mintz, Ishita Pande, and Bengt Sandin—historians representing diverse geographical, theoretical, and methodological perspectives on the history of children and childhood—react to Maza’s observations by bringing up important methodological questions about subjecthood, agency, and modernity. Maza’s rejoinder reflects on these questions and on the possibility of age-based historical agency.
A Quantitative Retrospective Exposure Assessment for Former Chrysotile Asbestos Miners and Millers from Baie Verte, NL, Canada
Authors: Giles Murphy Tina , Bornstein Stephen , Oudyk John , Demers Paul A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Despite numerous studies of asbestos workers in the epidemiologic literature, there are very few cohort studies of chrysotile asbestos miners/millers that include high-quality retrospective exposure assessments. As part of the creation of the Baie Verte Miners’ Registry in 2008, a two-dimensional job exposure matrix (JEM) was developed for estimating asbestos exposures for former chrysotile asbestos miners/millers. Industrial hygiene data collected between 1963 and 1994 were analysed to assess validity for use in a retrospective exposure assessment and epidemiologic study. Registered former employees were divided into 52 exposure groups (EGs) based on job title and department and mean asbestos concentrations were calculated for each EG. The resulting exposure estimates were linked to individual registrants’ work histories allowing for the calculation of cumulative asbestos exposure for each registrant. The distribution of exposure for most EGs (82.6%) could be described as fitting a log-normal distribution, although variability within some EGs (55%) exceeded a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 2.5. Overall, the data used to create EGs in the development of the JEM were deemed to be of adequate quality for estimating cumulative asbestos exposures for the former employees of the Baie Verte asbestos mine/mill. The variability between workers in the same job was often high and is an important factor to be considered when using estimates of cumulative asbestos exposure to adjudicate compensation claims. The exposures experienced in this cohort were comparable to those of other chrysotile asbestos miners/millers cohorts, specifically Italian and Québec cohorts.
Synthetic observations from deep generative models and binary omics data with limited sample size
Authors: Nußberger Jens , Boesel Frederic , Lenz Stefan , Binder Harald , Hess Moritz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Deep generative models can be trained to represent the joint distribution of data, such as measurements of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from several individuals. Subsequently, synthetic observations are obtained by drawing from this distribution. This has been shown to be useful for several tasks, such as removal of noise, imputation, for better understanding underlying patterns, or even exchanging data under privacy constraints. Yet, it is still unclear how well these approaches work with limited sample size. We investigate such settings specifically for binary data, e.g. as relevant when considering SNP measurements, and evaluate three frequently employed generative modeling approaches, variational autoencoders (VAEs), deep Boltzmann machines (DBMs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs). This includes conditional approaches, such as when considering gene expression conditional on SNPs. Recovery of pair-wise odds ratios (ORs) is considered as a primary performance criterion. For simulated as well as real SNP data, we observe that DBMs generally can recover structure for up to 300 variables, with a tendency of over-estimating ORs when not carefully tuned. VAEs generally get the direction and relative strength of pairwise relations right, yet with considerable under-estimation of ORs. GANs provide stable results only with larger sample sizes and strong pair-wise relations in the data. Taken together, DBMs and VAEs (in contrast to GANs) appear to be well suited for binary omics data, even at rather small sample sizes. This opens the way for many potential applications where synthetic observations from omics data might be useful.
The Quaternary range dynamics ofNoccaea iberidea(Brassicaceae), a typical representative of subalpine/alpine steppe communities of Anatolian mountains
Authors: Özüdoğru Bariş , Özgi̇şi Kurtuluş , Perktaş Utku , Gür Hakan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe responses of Anatolian plants to global climate change have been poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to understand how climatic oscillation during the Quaternary period helped to shape the current distribution patterns of the Anatolian endemic Noccaea iberidea, a typical representative of tragacanthic (thorny cushion) steppe communities of Anatolia. We used ecological niche modelling combined with statistical phylogeography, based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastidic trnL-F and trnS-ycf9 regions. Both the structure of the haplotype networks and the results of the extended Bayesian skyline plot analysis clearly indicated that N. iberidea has been through a recent population expansion. This interpretation was also supported by ecological niche modelling analysis, which showed that the availability of areas of high suitability expanded from the Last Interglacial to the Last Glacial Maximum, suggesting that N. iberidea might have expanded its range during the glacial periods. In conclusion, the study improves our understanding of the demographic history and responses of steppe plant communities of Anatolia to global climate changes through the Late Quaternary glacial–interglacial cycles, which in turn might aid in the development of future conservation strategies.
Regional Alterations in Cortical Sulcal Depth in Living Fetuses with Down Syndrome
Authors: Yun Hyuk Jin , Perez Juan David Ruiz , Sosa Patricia , Valdés J Alejandro , Madan Neel , Kitano Rie , Akiyama Shizuko , Skotko Brian G , Feldman Henry A , Bianchi Diana W , Grant P Ellen , Tarui Tomo , Im Kiho 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of developmental disabilities. Advanced analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to find brain abnormalities and their relationship to neurocognitive impairments in children and adolescents with DS. Because genetic factors affect brain development in early fetal life, there is a growing interest in analyzing brains from living fetuses with DS. In this study, we investigated regional sulcal folding depth as well as global cortical gyrification from fetal brain MRIs. Nine fetuses with DS (29.1 ± 4.24 gestational weeks [mean ± standard deviation]) were compared with 17 typically developing [TD] fetuses (28.4 ± 3.44). Fetuses with DS showed lower whole-brain average sulcal depths and gyrification index than TD fetuses. Significant decreases in sulcal depth were found in bilateral Sylvian fissures and right central and parieto-occipital sulci. On the other hand, significantly increased sulcal depth was shown in the left superior temporal sulcus, which is related to atypical hemispheric asymmetry of cortical folding. Moreover, these group differences increased as gestation progressed. This study demonstrates that regional sulcal depth is a sensitive marker for detecting alterations of cortical development in DS during fetal life, which may be associated with later neurocognitive impairment.
Dynamic Neural Interactions Supporting the Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion
Authors: Steward Trevor , Davey Christopher G , Jamieson Alec J , Stephanou Katerina , Soriano-Mas Carles , Felmingham Kim L , Harrison Ben J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The cognitive reappraisal of emotion is hypothesized to involve frontal regions modulating the activity of subcortical regions such as the amygdala. However, the pathways by which structurally disparate frontal regions interact with the amygdala remains unclear. In this study, 104 healthy young people completed a cognitive reappraisal task. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was used to map functional interactions within a frontoamygdalar network engaged during emotion regulation. Five regions were identified to form the network: the amygdala, the presupplementary motor area (preSMA), the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Bayesian Model Selection was used to compare 256 candidate models, with our winning model featuring modulations of vmPFC-to-amygdala and amygdala-to-preSMA pathways during reappraisal. Moreover, the strength of amygdala-to-preSMA modulation was associated with the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal. Our findings support the vmPFC serving as the primary conduit through which prefrontal regions directly modulate amygdala activity, with amygdala-to-preSMA connectivity potentially acting to shape ongoing affective motor responses. We propose that these two frontoamygdalar pathways constitute a recursive feedback loop, which computes the effectiveness of emotion-regulatory actions and drives model-based behavior.
Reduction in Expected Survival Associated With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Mourad Ahmad , Baker Arthur W , Stout Jason E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistically pathogenic bacteria that are found abundantly in the soil and water. Susceptible individuals exposed to NTM-containing aerosols from environmental sources may develop NTM pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). Reported survival after NTM-PD diagnosis varies widely among existing studies. Prior work has suggested that mortality among persons with NTM-PD is primarily driven by comorbidities rather than NTM-PD.

Methods
We retrospectively identified a cohort of patients in the Duke University Health System who were diagnosed with NTM-PD between 1996 and 2015. Hospitalizations and survival were compared among patients with NTM-PD with and without other comorbidities. Additionally, survival among patients with NTM-PD was compared with standardized mortality data for a similar cohort of the general population.

Results
Patients with NTM-PD without other comorbidities had 0.65 hospitalizations/1000 patient-days compared with 1.37 hospitalizations/1000 patient-days for patients with other comorbidities. Compared with a cohort of the general population, expected survival decreased by approximately 4 years for a diagnosis of NTM-PD without comorbidities and 8.6 years for a diagnosis of NTM-PD with comorbidities. Mortality 5 years after diagnosis was 25.0% and 44.9% among NTM patients without and with comorbidities, respectively, compared with 5.7% in the general-population cohort.

Conclusions
NTM-PD was associated with significant morbidity that was worse in patients with comorbidities. Patients with NTM-PD, even without comorbidities, had worse survival than expected.
Primary and Acquired Immunodeficiencies Associated With Severe Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections
Authors: Ansari Rahila , Rosen Lindsey B , Lisco Andrea , Gilden Don , Holland Steven M , Zerbe Christa S , Bonomo Robert A , Cohen Jeffrey I 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough most cases of varicella or zoster are self-limited, patients with certain immune deficiencies may develop severe or life-threatening disease.MethodsWe studied a patient with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) central nervous system (CNS) vasculopathy and as part of the evaluation, tested his plasma for antibodies to cytokines. We reviewed the literature for cases of varicella or zoster associated with primary and acquired immunodeficiencies.ResultsWe found that a patient with VZV CNS vasculopathy had antibody that neutralized interferon (IFN)-α but not IFN-γ. The patient’s plasma blocked phosphorylation in response to stimulation with IFN-α in healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition to acquired immunodeficiencies like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or autoantibodies to IFN, variants in specific genes have been associated with severe varicella and/or zoster. Although these genes encode proteins with very different activities, many affect IFN signaling pathways, either those that sense double-stranded RNA or cytoplasmic DNA that trigger IFN production, or those involved in activation of IFN stimulated genes in response to binding of IFN with its receptor.ConclusionsImmune deficiencies highlight the critical role of IFN in control of VZV infections and suggest new approaches for treatment of VZV infection in patients with certain immune deficiencies.
How to create trust quickly: a comparative empirical investigation of the bases of swift trust
Authors: Kroeger Frens , Racko Girts , Burchell Brendan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Swift trust has long been considered of critical importance to the work of project teams and other forms of temporary organizing, but research has remained heavily fragmented in regard to its antecedents or bases. This contribution conducts a systematic review of the literature and derives from it seven possible bases of swift trust. The relative significance of each of these bases is tested through a survey of 172 project managers. Its findings allow for the distillation of the bases of swift trust into three coherent thematic blocks of different significance in the creation of swift trust. Bases related to team composition exert the strongest effects, whereas reputational and institutional information demonstrates much more limited effects, and action-related bases of swift trust are shown to be largely irrelevant. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the formation of swift trust and resolve existing tensions found in the literature.
Job Creation and Wages in Least Developed Countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Rud Juan Pablo , Trapeznikova Ija 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Least developed economies are characterized by poorly functioning labour markets: only a small fraction of workers are in paid employment, where productivity and wages are low. We incorporate a standard search framework into a two-sector model of development to assess the importance of different obstacles to job creation and productivity. The model provides new insights into the characterization of poorly developed labour markets that are observed in the data, such as high wage dispersion. We estimate the model using microdata for six countries in sub-Saharan Africa and highlight the empirical relevance of labour-market frictions, entry costs and skills.
Type A aortic dissection in aneurysms having modelled pre-dissection maximum diameter below 45 mm: should we implement current guidelines to improve the survival benefit of prophylactic surgery?
Authors: Tozzi Piergiorgio , Gunga Ziyad , Niclauss Lars , Delay Dominique , Roumy Aurelian , Pfister Raymond , Colombier Sebastien , Patella Francesco , Qanadli Salah Dine , Kirsch Matthias 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Current guidelines recommend prophylactic replacement of the ascending aorta at an aneurysmal diameter of &gt;55 mm to prevent acute Type A aortic dissection (TAAD) in non-Marfan patients. Several publications have challenged this threshold, suggesting that surgery should be performed in smaller aneurysms to prevent this devastating disease. We reviewed our experience with measuring aortic size at the time of TAAD to validate the existing recommendation for prophylactic ascending aorta replacement.

METHODS
All patients who had been admitted for TAAD to our emergency department from 2014 to 2019 and underwent ascending aorta replacement were included. Marfan patients were excluded. The maximum diameter of the dissected aorta was measured preoperatively using CT scan. We estimated the aortic diameter at the time of dissection to be 7 mm smaller than the measured maximum diameter of the dissected aorta (modelled pre-dissection diameter).

RESULTS
Overall, 102 patients were included. Of these, 67 were male (65.6%) and 35 were female (34.4%), and the cohort’s mean age was 65 ± 12.1 years. In addition, 66% were treated for arterial hypertension. The mean maximum modelled pre-dissection diameter was 39.6 ± 4.8 mm: 39.1 ± 5.1 mm in men and 40.7 ± 2.8 mm in women (P = 0.1). The cumulative 30-day mortality rate was 19.6% (20/102).

CONCLUSIONS
TAAD occurred at a modelled aortic diameter below 45 mm in 87.7% of our patients. Therefore, the current aortic diameter threshold of 55 mm excludes ∼99% of patients with TAAD from prophylactic replacement of the ascending aorta. The maximum diameter of the ascending aorta warrants reappraisal and this parameter should be a distinct part of a personalized decision-making process that also takes into account age, gender and body surface area to establish the surgical indication for preventive aorta replacement aimed to improve the survival benefit of this procedure.