bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffuse Constitutionality Review in Germany
Authors: Möschel Mathias 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This contribution analyses the cases in which ordinary German judges have annulled statutes for being unconstitutional and thus exercise what is also known as ‘diffuse constitutionality review’. In the past, this used to be the case under the Weimar Constitution and in West Berlin. However, what is less known is that even today, certain statutes that are deemed to be pre-constitutional or certain legislative provisions from the former GDR can be declared as conflicting with the German Constitution. This contribution argues that such diffuse constitutionality review might also have contributed to a further strengthening of the rule of law in Germany. Ultimately, from a comparative constitutional law perspective, this contribution also provides a more nuanced view of the German model of constitutionality review, which has been traditionally classified as belonging to the centralized ‘European’ or ‘Kelsenian’ model, with a specific constitutional court, the Bundesverfassungsgericht, having the monopoly over such review.
Public Reason and Illiberal Democracy
Authors: Śledzińska-Simon Anna 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Illiberal democracy is characterized by four features: pretending to play the democratic rules of the game; instrumental use of the law to gain political advantage; location of the source of political legitimacy in majority rule; and recourse to religiously driven morality as a basis for state action. Paradoxically, in this regime, both legislators and constitutional adjudicators continue to use rational justification to legitimize public policies and court decisions, but the reasons they provide do not indicate an overlapping political consensus on a given matter. This contribution aims to demonstrate that in illiberal democracy public reason ceases to fulfil its two main functions: to discipline those who dominate the political process and to protect the autonomy of those who are prevailed upon. Hence, it argues, public reason in illiberal democracy has a new meaning: it denotes a hierarchy of values that prevail over individual rights and interests.
Epilogue
Authors: Weiler J.H.H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This teaching of Jesus seems so compelling, the question of why Jews persist in observing the rules of kosher eating is more than a curiosity. It explains more than anything else the deep-rooted Christian sense of religious superiority (and barely concealed contempt) vis-à-vis Judaism, which is considered as obsessed with meaningless and primitive rituals compared to Christianity concerned with ethics and the heart. At a deeper level it defines the ontological difference between Christianity and Judaism. So why do Jews observe Kosher?
Are the “Randomistas” Evaluators?
Authors: Picciotto Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In an article published in 2012 the author concluded that the surge of enthusiasm in randomization was bound to be short lived. But he had underestimated the public appeal of RCTs and their alignment with the evolving demands of a contemporary evaluation market dominated by vested interests. By now, it has become clear that the randomization bubble will not burst any time soon. Grounded in deep historical roots, favored by power-holders and considered uniquely rigorous by an ill-informed public, RCTs will continue to be commissioned even though they are severely constrained by statistical imperatives and ethical concerns, can only tackle narrow social research questions and are ineffective as tools of organization accountability and learning.
Using Priors in Experimental Design
Authors: Vivalt Eva 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
I argue that a big issue facing all academic studies is whether and how to leverage decision-makers’ priors in study design. Both RCTs and non-RCTs could more efficiently inform policy-making if priors were taken into consideration. Non-RCTs can exploit deterministic assignment to maximize the information value of the study. On the other hand, non-RCTs also appear more subject to specification searching, which should lead to decision-makers being more uncertain about how to interpret a study’s results and consequentially perhaps being more convinced by evidence from RCTs and willing to experiment more with leveraging prior beliefs. I discuss these issues and explore the potential value of information benefits to using priors in study design by simulation.
Greek Religion in the LBA and EIA
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3, which is aimed primary at those who are not experts in Greek religion, presents a survey of Greek and Aegean religion, covering Minoan religion, Mycenaean religion and Greek religion of the 1st millennium BC. Ione issue I address throughout is that continuity. The final section looks at the evidence for Greek religion in Anatolia in the 1st millennium BC
War-Rituals
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 compares Hittite military rituals with those of Greece, setting them in the context of other religious traditons of the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean. The hypothesis that one culture might adopt another’s military rituals is plausible because we know that techniques of warfare and military technology themselves tended in some cases to migrate. Hittite military rituals and Greek military rituals of the 1st millennium do not seem particularly close, but Greek poets and writers seem to have knowledge of some rituals which resemble Hittite ones, so it seems there may be some memory of an historical reality here.
Black American Maternal Prenatal Choline, Offspring Gestational Age at Birth, and Developmental Predisposition to Mental Illness
Authors: Hunter Sharon K , Hoffman M Camille , McCarthy Lizbeth , D’Alessandro Angelo , Wyrwa Anna , Noonan Kathleen , Christians Uwe , Nakimuli-Mpungu Etheldreda , Zeisel Steven H , Law Amanda J , Freedman Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Black Americans have increased risk for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses with prenatal origins. Prenatal choline promotes infant brain development and behavioral outcomes, but choline has not been specifically assessed in Black Americans. Pregnant women (N = 183, N = 25 Black Americans) enrolled in a study of prenatal stressors and interactions with prenatal choline. Black American women had lower 16-week gestation plasma choline than Whites. Lower choline was not related to obesity, income, or metabolic genotypes. Pregnant women in rural Uganda have higher choline levels than Black American women. Black Americans’ lower choline was associated with higher hair cortisol, indicative of higher stress. Lower maternal choline was associated with offsprings’ lower gestational age at birth and with decreased auditory P50 inhibition, a marker of inhibitory neuron development. Behavioral development was assessed on the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-R-SF (IBQ-R) at 3 months. Lower Black American maternal gestational choline was associated with lower infant IBQ-R Orienting/Regulation, indicating decreased attention and relation to caregivers. Additional evidence for developmental effects of choline in Black Americans comes from a randomized clinical trial of gestational phosphatidylcholine supplementation versus placebo that included 15 Black Americans. Phosphatidylcholine increased gestational age at birth and newborn P50 inhibition and decreased Social Withdrawn and Attention problems at 40 months of age in Black Americans’ offspring compared to placebo. Inhibitory and behavioral deficits associated with lower prenatal choline in offspring of Black American women indicate potential developmental predispositions to later mental illnesses that might be ameliorated by prenatal choline or phosphatidylcholine supplementation.
High-Quality Genome Resource of the Pathogen of Diaporthe (Phomopsis) phragmitis Causing Kiwifruit Soft Rot
Authors: Wang Xiaojie , Dong Hongjie , Lan Jianbin , Liu Yuanyuan , Liang Kuan , Lu Qi , Fang Zemin , Liu Pu 
Published: October 2020

Diaporthe spp. are critical plant pathogens that cause wood cankers, wilt, dieback, and fruit rot in a wide variety of economic plant hosts and are regarded as one of the most acute threats faced by the kiwifruit industry worldwide. Diaporthe phragmitis NJD1 is a highly pathogenic isolate of soft rot of kiwifruit. Here, we present a high-quality genome-wide sequence of D. phragmitis NJD1 that was assembled into 28 contigs containing a total size of 58.33 Mb and N50 length of 3.55 Mb. These results lay a solid foundation for understanding host-pathogen interaction and improving disease management strategies. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Chondrosarcoma in the body of the C2 vertebral axis
Authors: Ozoner Baris , Kayhan Ahmet , Comunoglu Nil , Aydin Seckin , Sanus Galip Zihni , Tanriover Necmettin 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Chondrosarcoma, a malignant bone tumor, is rarely encountered in the cervical spine. This article describes a patient whose neck pain and dysphagia were caused by an expansive, destructive lesion with calcification that was located in the body of the axis (C2 vertebra), the first time a chondrosarcoma has been reported in this location.
Poland and physician assistants
Authors: Bareja Sylwia 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Historically, physician assistants (PAs) or their equivalent have been used to offset shortages of healthcare providers in many parts of the world. Poland, having been strongly influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union, revived the feldsher in the post-world war era. With a successful expansion of medical schools, the eventual surplus of physicians meant feldshers were no longer needed. In the early 2000s, Poland found itself in yet another medical provider crisis and turned toward the creation of the Polish PA profession.
The history and role of PAs in the US Coast Guard
Authors: Hooker Roderick S. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The US Coast Guard is a military service in the Department of Homeland Security charged with broad domestic and international missions. In 1971, the Coast Guard began recruiting physician assistants (PAs) in an effort to supplement physician staffing support. When first introduced, PAs were in the enlisted ranks. However, consistent with the other armed services, their entry ranks changed from enlisted to commissioned warrant officer and later to a commissioned officer status. As their numbers grew, PAs began augmenting and later replacing general medical officers assigned to treatment facilities and aboard ships. Their role is to keep the 43,000 men and women of the Coast Guard and their dependents healthy by providing medical care at 40 bases and stations. As of 2020, the Coast Guard has 47 commissioned PAs who work on shore postings, on polar-bound ice breakers, training ships, as faculty in the Interservice Physician Assistant Program, or as senior administrative officers. About one-third are female.
Volatile Isoflurane in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients—A Case Series and Systematic Review
Authors: Flinspach Armin Niklas , Zacharowski Kai , Ioanna Deligiannis , Adam Elisabeth Hannah 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic is challenging, especially in severely affected patients who require intubation and sedation. Although the potential benefits of sedation with volatile anesthetics in coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently being discussed, the use of isoflurane in patients with coronavirus disease 2019–induced acute respiratory distress syndrome has not yet been reported.

Design:
We performed a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation.

Setting:
The study was conducted with patients admitted between April 4 and May 15, 2020 to our ICU.

Patients:
We included five patients who were previously diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.

Intervention:
Even with high doses of several IV sedatives, the targeted level of sedation could not be achieved. Therefore, the sedation regimen was switched to inhalational isoflurane. Clinical data were recorded using a patient data management system. We recorded demographical data, laboratory results, ventilation variables, sedative dosages, sedation level, prone positioning, duration of volatile sedation and outcomes.

Measurements & Main Results:
Mean age (four men, one women) was 53.0 (± 12.7) years. The mean duration of isoflurane sedation was 103.2 (± 66.2) hours. Our data demonstrate a substantial improvement in the oxygenation ratio when using isoflurane sedation. Deep sedation as assessed by the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale was rapidly and closely controlled in all patients, and the subsequent discontinuation of IV sedation was possible within the first 30 minutes. No adverse events were detected.

Conclusions:
Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of isoflurane sedation in five patients suffering from severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Volatile isoflurane was able to achieve the required deep sedation and reduced the need for IV sedation.
Almitrine Infusion in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Single-Center Observational Study*
Authors: Caplan Morgan , Goutay Julien , Bignon Anne , Jaillette Emmanuelle , Favory Raphael , Mathieu Daniel , Parmentier-Decrucq Erika , Poissy Julien , Duburcq Thibault 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
Treating acute respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is challenging due to the lack of knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology. Hypoxemia may be explained in part by the loss of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The present study assessed the effect of almitrine, a selective pulmonary vasoconstrictor, on arterial oxygenation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Design:
Single-center retrospective observational study.

Setting:
ICU of Lille Teaching Hospital, France, from February 27, 2020, to April 14, 2020.

Patients:
Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia confirmed by positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 and acute respiratory distress syndrome according to Berlin definition. Data focused on clinicobiological features, ventilator settings, therapeutics, outcomes, and almitrine-related adverse events.

Interventions:
Almitrine was considered in patients with severe hypoxemia (Pao
2/Fio
2 ratio < 150 mm Hg) in addition to the recommended therapies, at an hourly IV delivery of 10 μg/kg/min. Comparative blood gases were done before starting almitrine trial and immediately after the end of the infusion. A positive response to almitrine was defined by an increase of Pao
2/Fio
2 ratio greater than or equal to 20% at the end of the infusion.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 169 patients were enrolled. Thirty-two patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome received an almitrine infusion trial. In most cases, almitrine was infused in combination with inhaled nitric oxide (75%). Twenty-one patients (66%) were responders. The median Pao
2/Fio
2 ratio improvement was 39% (9–93%) and differs significantly between the responders and nonresponders (67% [39–131%] vs 6% [9–16%], respectively; p < 0.0001). The 28-day mortality rates were 47.6% and 63.6% (p = 0.39) for the responders and nonresponders, respectively. Hemodynamic parameters remained similar before and after the trial, not suggesting acute cor pulmonale.

Conclusions:
Almitrine infusion improved oxygenation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome without adverse effects. In a multistep clinical approach to manage severe hypoxemia in this population, almitrine could be an interesting therapeutic option to counteract the loss of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and redistribute blood flow away from shunting zones.
Is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Futile in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Experiencing In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest?*
Authors: Shah Priyank , Smith Hallie , Olarewaju Ayodeji , Jani Yash , Cobb Abigail , Owens Jack , Moore Justin , Chenna Avantika , Hess David 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
There is limited data regarding outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest among coronavirus disease 2019 patients. None of the studies have reported the outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest in coronavirus disease 2019 patients in the United States. We describe the characteristics and outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest in coronavirus disease 2019 patients in rural Southwest Georgia.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Single-center, multihospital.

PATIENTS:
Consecutive coronavirus disease 2019 patients who experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest with attempted resuscitation.

Interventions:
Attempted resuscitation with advanced cardiac life support.

Measurement and Main Results:
Out of 1,094 patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 during the study period, 63 patients suffered from in-hospital cardiac arrest with attempted resuscitation and were included in this study. The median age was 66 years, and 49.2% were males. The majority of patients were African Americans (90.5%). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (88.9%), obesity (69.8%), diabetes (60.3%), and chronic kidney disease (33.3%). Eighteen patients (28.9%) had a Charlson Comorbidity Index of 0–2. The most common presenting symptoms were shortness of breath (63.5%), fever (52.4%), and cough (46%). The median duration of symptoms prior to admission was 14 days. During hospital course, 66.7% patients developed septic shock, and 84.1% had acute respiratory distress syndrome. Prior to in-hospital cardiac arrest, 81% were on ventilator, 60.3% were on vasopressors, and 39.7% were on dialysis. The majority of in-hospital cardiac arrest (84.1%) occurred in the ICU. Time to initiation of advanced cardiac life support protocol was less than 1 minute for all in-hospital cardiac arrest in the ICU and less than 2 minutes for the remaining patients. The most common initial rhythms were pulseless electrical activity (58.7%) and asystole (33.3%). Although return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 29% patients, it was brief in all of them. The in-hospital mortality was 100%.

Conclusions:
In our study, coronavirus disease 2019 patients suffering from in-hospital cardiac arrest had 100% in-hospital mortality regardless of the baseline comorbidities, presenting illness severity, and location of arrest.
Patient-Centered Outcomes in an Interdisciplinary Clinic for Complex Children with Autism
Authors: Suen Catherine G. , Campbell Kathleen , Stoddard Gregory , Carbone Paul S. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To compare the perspectives of caregivers of children with autism receiving care at the Neurobehavior Healthy Outcomes Medical Excellence (HOME) Program, an interdisciplinary clinic that provides primary care and behavioral/mental health services for patients with autism and other developmental disabilities, with those responding to the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). We focused on ratings related to shared decision-making, care coordination, family-centered care, and care within a medical home.

Methods:
We administered a subset of items from the 2016 NSCH to caregivers of children with autism enrolled in HOME and compared responses with the same items from a nationally representative group of caregivers of children with autism who completed the 2016 NSCH. We compared the proportions that reported receiving shared decision-making, care coordination, family-centered care, care within a medical home, and unmet needs among the 2 study groups using Poisson regression, controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, payor, autism severity, and intellectual disability (ID).

Results:
Compared with the NSCH cohort (n = 1151), children enrolled in HOME (n = 129) were older, more often female, had severe autism, and had co-occurring ID. Caregivers perceived that children receiving care within HOME more often received family-centered, coordinated care within a medical home compared with a national sample of children with autism. HOME enrollees also reported increased access to behavioral treatments and adult transition services with less financial burden compared with the national sample.

Conclusion:
An interdisciplinary clinic model may best serve children with autism, especially those with higher severity symptoms and co-occurring conditions.
CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND TREATMENT COURSE OF EYES WITH NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION FOLLOWING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Authors: Koulisis Nicole , Moysidis Stavros N. , Govindaraju Viren K. , Dersch Anne Merrylees , Capone Antonio , Covert Douglas J. , Dadgostar Hajir , Dass A. Bawa , Drenser Kimberly A. , Engstrom Robert E. , Faia Lisa J. , Garretson Bruce R. , Guerami Amir H. , Hanscom Thomas A. , Mahmoud Tamer H. , Margherio Alan R. , Oh Kean T. , Randhawa Sandeep , Raphaelian Paul V. , Rhoades William R. , Ruby Alan J. , Sanfilippo Christian J. , Sneed Scott R. , Trese Michael T. , Wolfe Jeremy D. , Williams George A. , Yedavally Sunita , Hassan Tarek S. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the clinical course of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) after developing endophthalmitis during their treatment with intravitreal injections.

Methods:
Multicenter, retrospective series.

Results:
From April 2013 to October 2018, 196,598 intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections were performed, with 75 cases of endophthalmitis (incidence 0.0381%). There was no association between intravitreal anti-VEGF drug (P = 0.29), anesthetic method (P = 0.26), povidone concentration (P = 0.22), or any intraprocedure variable and endophthalmitis incidence. Seventy-two patients (96%) were treated with intravitreal tap and inject , while 3 underwent immediate pars plana vitrectomy. After endophthalmitis resolution, 17 patients (22.7%) were not re-treated for nAMD (in 10 cases due to inactive disease; follow-up, 115 ± 8.4 weeks). Patients required less frequent anti-VEGF injections after infection (7.4 ± 0.61 weeks vs. 11.5 ± 1.8 weeks; P = 0.004). Preinfection logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was 0.585 ± 0.053 (∼20/77). It worsened with endophthalmitis (1.67 ± 0.08, ∼20/935; P < 0.001) and again on postendophthalmitis treatment day 1 (1.94 ± 0.064; count fingers; P < 0.001), but improved after reinitiating nAMD therapy (1.02 ± 0.11; ∼20/209; P < 0.001). Better visual acuity on postendophthalmitis week 1 (P = 0.002) and reinitiation of nAMD treatment (P = 0.008) were associated with better final visual acuity, and streptococcal culture with worse visual acuity (P = 0.028). The postendophthalmitis treatment interval was associated with the anti-VEGF drug used (aflibercept = ranibizumab > bevacizumab; P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Patients with nAMD required fewer injections after endophthalmitis, suggesting a biological change in disease activity. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration became quiescent in 13.3% of eyes. Most achieved better outcomes with anti-VEGF reinitiation.