bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social life cycle assessment of Swedish organic and conventional pork production
Authors: Zira S. , Röös E. , Ivarsson E. , Hoffmann R. , Rydhmer L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Sustainable animal food systems are increasingly important to society. Yet for pork, the most consumed meat product in Europe, there is no social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) in the literature. The breath and complexity of social issues and lack of data makes the task challenging. This study examines the risk of negative social impacts in Swedish pork production systems and includes workers, farmers, consumers, local community, society, and pigs as stakeholders.

Methods
The objective was to assess the risk of negative social impacts for the production and consumption of 1000-kg pork (fork weight—bone free meat including cooking losses) originating from two different systems: organic and conventional pork production. Relevant social sustainability issues for pork production systems were identified through a literature search and a consultative workshop with experts. A life cycle inventory was conducted to collect data for activity variables and compute Social Risk (SR), a measure of the risk of negative social impacts related to a reference (here the average European social conditions). Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used to obtain weights for subcategories. The SR scores and the weights were used to calculate Social Risk Time (SRT) that relates the Social Risk to the functional unit by considering the ‘exposure’ to the risk, and the Social Hotspot Index (SHI), which relates the SRT to the worst possible situation for that system.

Results and discussion
The conventional pork system had 42% of inventory indicators with SR > 0.5 and the organic pork system had 32%. For all stakeholders, the pig farm had the largest SRT in both production systems except for workers in the organic pork system where the soybean farm had the largest SRT. In the conventional pork system, society as well as farmers at the pig farm had SHI > 0.5 slightly, meaning performing the same as European average. In the organic pork system, SHI < 0.5 for all stakeholders and subsystems.

Conclusion
Swedish pork production has lower risk of negative social impacts than the average European social conditions for most of the stakeholders: workers, pigs, local community, and consumers. Farmers and society at the subsystem pig farm have the same risk of negative social impacts as the average European social conditions. Due to the dependence of the results of the chosen reference level, the reliance on certification, and the indicators included, results should be interpreted and used with care.
Forest Owners’ Willingness to Implement Measures to Safeguard Biodiversity: Values, Attitudes, Ecological Worldview and Forest Ownership Objectives
Authors: Koskela Terhi , Karppinen Heimo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe effective implementation and development of conservation schemes to which participation of forest owners is voluntary, requires an understanding of forest owners’ views on measures to safeguard forest biodiversity. The Forest Biodiversity Program for Southern Finland is currently the most important instrument of voluntary forest conservation in Finland. The aim of this study is to explore what kind of methods the forest owners are willing to implement to safeguard biodiversity in their own forests and to identify forest owner groups based on these views. The aim is also to compare forest owners’ values, attitudes, endorsement of an ecological worldview and objectives for forest ownership as well as the background characteristics in these groups. The data were collected in 2015, by a nationwide mail survey sent to 3000 Finnish family forest owners (n = 1035). Five forest owner types were identified: Conservationists, Moderate conservationists, Compensation oriented, Promoters of biodiversity through forest management and Uninterested. Previous experience of implementation of voluntary measures to safeguard biodiversity and positive attitudes towards conservation were important in explaining the willingness to adopt conservation measures. The results can be utilized in developing voluntary conservation programs and in targeting advisory services related to biodiversity protection to different forest owner groups more accurately. The results support the need for flexible voluntary conservation programs, including a large variety of mechanisms to protect nature values in family owned forests.
Monitoring Thermal Treatments Applied to Meat Using Traditional Methods and Spectroscopic Techniques: a Review of Advances over the Last Decade
Authors: Hassoun Abdo , Aït-Kaddour Abderrahmane , Sahar Amna , Cozzolino Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThermal treatments are often applied during processing or preparation of muscle foods aiming to both improve the palatability and organoleptic properties and to ensure the safety of the treated food. However, the application of inappropriate or severe thermal treatments can lead to undesirable changes in the sensory and nutritional quality of heat-processed products, and especially so for foods that are sensitive to thermal treatments, such as meat and meat products. The impact of traditional and new heat processing technologies (e.g. microwaving, ohmic, and radio frequency heating) on meat quality has been widely assessed by a wide range of conventional methods, such as sensory, microbiological, and physicochemical methods. Due to the destructive nature and the time required to perform these assessments, alternative online methods are highly needed in order to achieve continuous monitoring through online applications. In this review paper, both traditional and new heat processing methods and their impact on the quality of meat will be first briefly presented. The methods and techniques that have been applied to monitor changes induced by application of thermal treatments will be then discussed. The main focus will be put on the application of spectroscopic techniques, as rapid and non-destructive methods compared to most conventional techniques. Finally, future trends and possible applications and research directions will be suggested.
Nickel Content in Human Internal Organs
Authors: Dudek-Adamska Danuta , Lech Teresa , Konopka Tomasz , Kościelniak Paweł 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWith the growing interest in new applications of metals in modern technologies, an increase in their concentration in the environment can be observed, which, in consequence, may constitute a hazard to human health. That is why it is of a great importance to establish “reference” levels of particular elements (essential or toxic) in human biological samples.The aim of this paper was to determine nickel in autopsy tissues of non-occupationally exposed subjects in Southern Poland (n = 60). Measurements were performed by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion according to previously optimized and validated procedure. The results obtained indicate that data cover the wide range of concentrations and generally are consistent with other published findings. Nickel levels in the brain, stomach, liver, kidneys, lungs and heart (wet weight) were between 2.15–79.4 ng/g, 0.5–44.2 ng/g,7.85–519 ng/g, 12.8–725 ng/g, 8.47–333 ng/g and 2.3–97.7 ng/g, respectively. Females had generally lower levels of nickel in tissues than males (statistically significant relationships were found for the liver, kidneys and lungs), and median nickel concentrations in all studied material within all age groups had very similar values, with the exception of stomach.
Microglia Activation in Retinal Ischemia Triggers Cytokine and Toll-Like Receptor Response
Authors: Wagner Natalie , Reinehr Sabrina , Palmhof Marina , Schuschel David , Tsai Teresa , Sommer Emely , Frank Viktoria , Stute Gesa , Dick H. Burkhard , Joachim Stephanie C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mechanisms and progression of ischemic injuries in the retina are still incompletely clarified. Therefore, the time course of microglia activation as well as resulting cytokine expression and downstream signaling were investigated. Ischemia was induced in one eye by transiently elevated intraocular pressure (60 min) followed by reperfusion; the other eye served as a control. Eyes were processed for RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry analyses at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h as well as at 3 and 7 days. Already 2 h after ischemia, more microglia/macrophages were in an active state in the ischemia group. This was accompanied by an upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and TGFβ. Activation of TLR3, TLR2, and the adaptor molecule Myd88 was also observed after 2 h. NFκB revealed a wave-like activation pattern. In addition, an extrinsic caspase pathway activation was noted at early time points, while enhanced numbers of cleaved caspase 3+ cells could be observed in ischemic retinae throughout the study. Retinal ischemia induced an early and strong microglia/macrophage response as well as cytokine and apoptotic activation processes. Moreover, in early and late ischemic damaging processes, TLR expression and downstream signaling were involved, suggesting an involvement in neuronal death in ischemic retinae.

Graphical Abstract
Edible Coating and Pulsed Light to Increase the Shelf Life of Food Products
Authors: Pirozzi Annachiara , Pataro Gianpiero , Donsì Francesco , Ferrari Giovanna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe application of edible coatings (EC) in combination with pulsed light (PL) treatments represents an emerging approach for extending the shelf life of highly perishable but high value-added products, such as fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. The surface of these products would benefit from the protective effects of ECs and the PL decontamination capability. This review describes in detail the fundamentals of both EC and PL, focusing on the food engineering principles in the formulation and application of EC and the delivery of efficient PL treatments and the technological aspects related to the food characterization following these treatments and discussing the implementation of the two technologies, individually or in combination. The advantages of the combination of EC and PL are extensively discussed emphasizing the potential benefits that may be derived from their combination when preserving perishable foods. The downsides of combining EC and PL are also presented, with specific reference to the potential EC degradation when exposed to PL treatments and the screening effect of PL transmittance through the coating layer. Finally, the potential applications of the combined treatments to food products are highlighted, comparatively presenting the treatment conditions and the product shelf-life improvement.
The University of California San Diego performance-based skills assessment: a useful tool to detect mild everyday functioning difficulties in HIV-infected patients with very good immunological condition
Authors: Delle Donne Valentina , Ciccarelli Nicoletta , Massaroni Valentina , Borghetti Alberto , Dusina Alex , Farinacci Damiano , Visconti Elena , Tamburrini Enrica , Fabbiani Massimiliano , Di Giambenedetto Simona 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEveryday functioning (EF) impairment is frequent in people living with HIV (PLWH). Our aim was to better explore EF and its association with PLWH cognition, by administering both the IADL scale, the most common functional scale, and a new and ecologic multi-domain (communication and financial skills) tool to measure EF as the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Performance-Based Skills Assessment-Brief Version (UPSA-B). Eighty-five PLWH on cART with very good immunological condition and 23 age- and education-matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. PLWH underwent a standardized neuropsychological battery plus IADL, and cognitive impairment was defined according to Frascati criteria. Both groups underwent the UPSA-B. Only 6 subjects (7%) were affected by cognitive impairment (asymptomatic profile). While IADL score was at ceiling for all patients, the UPSA-B total score was significantly worse in PLWH when compared with HC [mean 82.1 (SD 9.3) vs 89.2 (SD 6.2); p < 0.001]. At communication subtest, PLWH group and HC were significantly different (p = 0.002), while no difference emerged at financial skills (p = 0.096). Higher score at UPSA-B was independently associated with better global cognitive performance (composite Z-score) (β 7.79; p < 0.001). Also considering each single cognitive domain, UPSA-B performance (both total and at subtests) confirmed the association with neurocognitive performance. In conclusion, UPSA-B seems to better discriminate EF impairment than IADL in PLWH, and it was associated with cognitive functions, also in the absence of symptomatic cognitive impairment. Thus, it appears a promising tool in the context of HIV infection to avoid misdiagnosis and to better detect also mild EF.
Are Sexual Desire and Sociosexual Orientation Related to Men’s Salivary Steroid Hormones?
Authors: Stern Julia , Karastoyanova Konstantina , Kandrik Michal , Torrance Jaimie , Hahn Amanda C. , Holzleitner Iris , DeBruine Lisa M. , Jones Benedict C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective
Although it is widely assumed that men’s sexual desire and interest in casual sex (i.e., sociosexual orientation) are linked to steroid hormone levels, evidence for such associations is mixed.

Methods
We tested for both longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships between salivary testosterone, cortisol, reported sexual desire and sociosexuality in a sample of 61 young adult men, each of whom was tested weekly on up to five occasions.

Results
Longitudinal analyses showed no clear relationships between steroid hormones and self-reported sexual desire or sociosexual orientation. Cross-sectional analyses showed no significant associations between average hormone levels and self-reported sexual desire. However, some aspects of sociosexuality, most notably desire for casual sex, were related to men’s average hormone levels. Men with higher average testosterone reported greater desire for casual sex, but only if they also had relatively low average cortisol levels.

Conclusions
Our results support a Dual Hormone account of men’s sociosexuality, in which the combined effects of testosterone and cortisol predict the extent of men’s interest in casual sex. However, we did not detect compelling evidence for an association of within-subject hormone shifts and sexual desire or sociosexual orientation.
An Evaluation of Malaysian Regulatory Process for New Active Substances Approved in 2017 Using the OpERA Methodology
Authors: Sani Noraisyah Mohd , McAuslane Neil , Kasbon Siti Hidayah , Ahmad Rosilawati , Yusof Faridah Aryani Md. , Patel Prisha 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Introduction
The National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) embarked on a regulatory-strengthening program and is evaluating its processes. Optimising Efficiencies in Regulatory Agencies (OpERA) is a regulatory-strengthening program that provides benchmarking data that can define performance targets and focus performance improvement. The objective of this study was to use OpERA methodology to determine where time is spent in the NPRA approval process and to form a baseline to measure the performance improvements.

Methods
The OpERA tool was used to collect specific milestone data that identify time periods, review stages, and data points for new active substances and biosimilars approved by NPRA in 2017.

Results
In 2017, 25 new active substances and 1 biosimilar were approved by NPRA in a median of 515 days, representing both agency and applicant time. The median time between dossier receipt and the initiation of NPRA scientific assessment was 135 days, but there was a wide variation in queuing time. The median total assessment time was 279 days (agency and applicant timing). NPRA took a median of 166 days; applicants took a median of 131 days to respond to deficiency questions, with up to 6 cycles of review required for approval and 65% of applications requiring 4–5 cycles to provide satisfactory responses.

Conclusions
As a result of these data, NPRA proposes three improvements: target start for scientific assessment 100 days after file acceptance, a maximum of 5 review cycles, and applicant response time limited to 6 months. These results will serve as a baseline for further assessment.
Pericyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicle–Mimetic Nanovesicles Restore Erectile Function by Enhancing Neurovascular Regeneration in a Mouse Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury
Authors: Yin Guo Nan , Park Soo-Hwan , Ock Jiyeon , Choi Min-Ji , Limanjaya Anita , Ghatak Kalyan , Song Kang-Moon , Kwon Mi-Hye , Kim Do-Kyun , Gho Yong Song , Suh Jun-Kyu , Ryu Ji-Kan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Extracellular vesicle (EV)–mimetic nanovesicles (NVs) from embryonic stem cells have been observed to stimulate neurovascular regeneration in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse. Pericytes play important roles in maintaining penile erection, yet no previous studies have explored the effects of pericyte-derived NVs (PC-NVs) in neurovascular regeneration in the context of erectile dysfunction.

Aim
To investigate the potential effect of PC-NVs in neurovascular regeneration.

Methods
PC-NVs were isolated from mouse cavernous pericytes, and neurovascular regeneration was evaluated in an in vitro study. Twelve-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used to prepare cavernous nerve injury model. Erectile function evaluation, histologic examination of the penis, and Western blots were assessed 2 weeks after model creation and PC-NVs treatment.

Outcomes
The main outcomes of this study are PC-NVs characterization, intracavernous pressure, neurovascular regeneration in the penis, and in vitro functional evaluation.

Results
The PC-NVs were extracted and characterized by cryotransmission electron microscopy and EV-positive (Alix, TSG101, CD81) and EV-negative (GM130) markers. In the in vivo studies, PC-NVs successfully improved erectile function in cavernous nerve injury mice (∼82% of control values). Immunofluorescence staining showed significant increases in pericytes, endothelial cell, and neuronal contents. In the in vitro studies, PC-NVs significantly increased mouse cavernous endothelial cells tube formation, Schwann cell migration, and dorsal root ganglion and major pelvic ganglion neurite sprouting. Finally, Western blot analysis revealed that PC-NVs upregulated cell survival signaling (Akt and eNOS) and induced the expression of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and nerve growth factor).

Clinical Implications
PC-NVs may be used as a strategy to treat erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy or in men with neurovascular diseases.

Strengths & Limitations
We evaluated the effect of PC-NVs in vitro and in a mouse nerve injury model, cavernous nerve injury. Additional studies are necessary to determine the detailed mechanisms of neurovascular improvement. Further study is needed to test whether PC-NVs are also effective when given weeks or months after nerve injury.

Conclusion
PC-NVs significantly improved erectile function by enhancing neurovascular regeneration. Local treatment with PC-NVs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurovascular diseases.
Reasons Not to Consider Our Options
Authors: SEIDMAN JEFFREY 
Published: August 2020

AbstractI argue that a practical deliberator may have good reasons not to consider some option even though that option is what there is most reason, all things considered, for her to do. The most interesting reasons not to consider an option arise in cases where an agent cannot be compensated in kind for the loss of goods that she values. Where this is the case, an attitude of conservatism is warranted: it is reasonable to begin deliberation by considering only ‘no-regrets’ options, and to proceed to considering other possibilities only when the cost of continuing to consider only no-regrets options has become intolerably high. The account that I develop illuminates intuitions that help motivate deontological moral thought, and it can shed light on the complaint that there is something wrong with the way in which schematic thought experiments are frequently used in philosophy to drive moral theorizing.
How social norms are often a barrier to addressing climate change but can be part of the solution
Authors: SPARKMAN GREGG , HOWE LAUREN , WALTON GREG 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe argue that the behavioral challenges posed by climate change are fundamentally problems of social influence. Behaviors that perpetuate climate change are often opaque in their consequences; thus, we look to others to infer how to act. Yet unsustainable behaviors, like driving and eating meat, are often the norm; conformity to such norms is a major hurdle to a more sustainable world. Nonetheless, we argue that social norms can also be a powerful lever for positive change. Drawing on two streams of recent research, we show that well-implemented social norm strategies can motivate positive steps even in the face of a negative current norm and even in individuals’ private behavior absent the judgment of others. First, appeals to dynamic norms – information about change in others or trends in norms over time – can lead people to conform to the change itself, even if this change violates current norms. Second, framing normative appeals in terms of an invitation to work with others toward a common goal can increase the motivation to join in. Despite ubiquitous unsustainable norms, careful theory-based representations of social norms can help us make progress on climate change.
Zimbabwe’s poverty and child sexual abuse
Authors: Muridzo Noel Garikai , Chikadzi Victor 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChild sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious scourge that affects all countries globally. While there are myriad factors contributing the prevalence of CSA in Zimbabwe, poverty is arguably one of the major underlying issues and root causes of most of these factors. Over the past two decades, Zimbabwe has gone through an unprecedented economic meltdown; fewer resources are being channelled towards child protection leading to the decline in standards of living for children. Consequently, children are left vulnerable to poverty which exposes them to the risk of CSA. This paper discusses a number of poverty-related factors that are contributing to CSA in Zimbabwe. A qualitative study approach was adopted, and data were collected from 38 participants and four key informants who were selected using theoretical and purposive sampling, respectively. In addition, 300 court files of CSA cases were also reviewed. Notwithstanding other circumstances leading to CSA, findings showed that poverty-related vulnerabilities, such as adverse living conditions, rurality, child labour and migration, exposed children to CSA. The paper ends by discussing the policy and social work practice implications and recommendations in view of the findings.
Status does not predict stress: Women in an egalitarian hunter–gatherer society
Authors: Fedurek Piotr , Lacroix Laurent , Lehmann Julia , Aktipis Athena , Cronk Lee , Townsend Cathryn , Makambi E. Jerryson , Mabulla Ibrahim , Behrends Volker , Berbesque J. Colette 
Published: August 2020

Abstract