bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Martial Ads
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores other important fragments of culture—TV adverts. Called ‘martial ads’, it argues that in a comparative analysis of British adverts, a clear distinction can be seen between those that feature Japanese and those that feature Chinese martial arts. Whereas the former are depicted as ‘normal’, the latter often continue to be exoticized. Some adverts also demonstrate cultural confusion or indifference about the specificities of Chinese and Japanese culture and martial arts. However, at the same time, still other adverts combine a nostalgia for 1970s Hong Kong aesthetics in adverts that thoroughly eroticize the Asian male lead—something that film critics have often criticized Hollywood for failing to do. The chapter also examines other adverts in which martial-artsy combat is eroticized, orientalized, and/or depicted as ludicrous.
Inventing Martial Subjects
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines contemporary academic and popular media conceptualizations of masculinity in relation to ‘hardness’. It stages this through a close reading of a recent documentary called ‘Hard Men’, which focuses on working-class masculinity. It then examines recent claims of connections between MMA practice and fascist ideologies. The chapter ultimately argues that an analysis of the formation or invention of political identities is a crucial task for media, cultural, and martial arts studies—a task that requires attention not just to local, physical, embodied, or ‘concrete’ contexts and practices ‘proper’, but that also involves analyses that take seriously the places and functions of transnational media culture, and the ways that subjects and objects of discourse and of study across all manner of media, medium, and cultural text and context are portrayed.
Conclusion
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This conclusion reflects on the previous chapters and on the status of martial arts as both an organizing term and a discursive entity. Martial arts is a considerably less stable entity than many practitioners are either led or want to believe. The conclusion discusses what dynamics, forces, agents, and agencies work for and against change; what factors work to produce stabilities, and what generate change. If martial arts was invented in modern media culture, and if change is inevitable, what does this suggest about the longevity of the term, concept, set of associations, connotations, and indeed lived, embodied, and institutionalized practices? The conclusion speculates on the possible future modifications and transformations of the field, away from its current forms, contents, and orientations.
Reading Expression
Authors: Bradley Ben 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As early as the 1830s, Darwin nominated the study of non-verbal expression as the most convincing way to demonstrate that human agency had animal origins. His book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), offers us the best point of access to his human psychology. Central to its approach is interdependency. While the language which frames Expression has proved ambiguous, its overarching argument, and the five methods of research it exploits, forge a strong link between facial displays and the ways they are read or recognized by other people. His book argues that expressions themselves have no evolutionary purpose—they are not designed to communicate, or to reveal inner emotional states. It proposes three principles which have governed such evolution—none of which depend on natural selection. Being non-communicative, any significance expressions have comes from the parts they have played in the dramas of social life. Expression would today be said to proffer an ‘externalist’ or ‘situational’ account of the relations between expressions and emotions. The book also bears on contemporary debates about the universality of expressions and emotions.
Sex, Difference, and Desire
Authors: Bradley Ben 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The parts of The Descent of Man dealing with sexual desire and difference have sparked more controversy and misrepresentation than any of Darwin’s other publications. Crucial to Descent’s arguments is the derivation of sexual selection from the dramas of display and desire observed among animals. The book describes four plotlines structuring the theatre of sexual agency in animals, each having different implications for the roles played by males and females. When Descent extends these plotlines to humans, they alter and modulate into an even more varied array of scenarios, again, each with its own distinctive roles for women and men. A mirror-dynamic figures centrally in both animal and human sex—the need to recognize or predict others’ desires so as to act in a way to arouse them. However, several nodes of concern disturb Darwin’s presentation of human sex: tensions between his three epochs of human history; Victorian racial politics; Victorian ideas about male and female superiority; and the imperatives of propriety. The chapter illustrates some of the muddles that result from these concerns, including: confirmation bias; aporia in argument; grammatical kinks; and overlap between sexual and natural selection. Finally, the chapter instances some of the main resonances in more recent scholarship of Darwin’s discussion of sex, instancing debates in feminism, about anthropomorphism, in evolutionary biology, and evolutionary psychology.
Life in Groups
Authors: Bradley Ben 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
From its earliest days, Darwin’s theory marked off social from non-social animals. As his ideas developed, he suggested that several processes, would produce natural selection in social animals, which did not occur in their non-social cousins. These included processes based on: blood-relationships (kin selection); dependable reciprocity; and group selection. Complementing his view of evolution as promoting increasing inter-communication between parts of the hominid brain, group dynamics provide the key to understanding the evolution of humanity’s most distinctive and complex forms of agency, according to Descent. While the book deals with a range of the ‘highest’ forms of human agency, including the origins of language, it focuses most on conscience and moral action. It develops a complex theory of conscience in which several different characters play parts: the self-gratifier; the praise-seeker; an arbitrary monitor; a supremely rational judge; and an impulsive hero. Darwin’s group-based approach to understanding humanity was an inspiration to Freud and has widespread resonances in later scholarship—some discordant, many harmonious.
Culture
Authors: Bradley Ben 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concepts of civilization and culture play a structuring role in Descent’s discussion of human agency. The evolutionary history Darwin described found continuity between animals and proto-humans. Thereafter, human history took on the idealized form of a single stairway rising in stages. Despite his enlightened opposition to slavery, Darwin placed on the stairs’ bottom step ‘the lowest savage,’ pictured in a disturbingly derogatory way. On the top step were certain nineteenth-century Europeans. Descent does not hold the progress of civilization to be inevitable, however. Indeed, Darwin holds natural selection to play a subordinate role in shaping contemporary human agency. While the foundations of human action are laid by our descent from animals, agency is specified—for good or ill—by the social customs and institutions which structure the development and group-life of a given individual: evolution proposes, culture disposes. This formula is fleshed out through Descent’s discussions of language use, moral agency, religious belief, virtue, and aesthetics. Resonances are explored with perspectives on social organization in Social Darwinism, Evolutionary Psychology, and theories of cultural evolution.
Conclusion
Authors: Bradley Ben 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book gives readers a point of access to Darwin’s writings about psychological matters. This concluding chapter reviews Darwin’s concept of agency: stressing the interrelations that result from agency; the laws that describe its long term effects (evolution by natural selection and sexual selection); and the ways it structures Darwin’s approach to the study of non-verbal expressions and other features of human sociality. I then examine the caution with which Darwin regarded what the Victorians called psychology, as represented by the works of Bain, Spencer, and Lewes—the point of difference upon which Darwin insisted being the priority he gave to observation, as opposed to definitional niceties and deduction. I show that Darwin’s prioritization of observation contrasts with the ‘hermeneutic of suspicion’ which has given rise to a flight from reality in psychology, both practically—from the observable world we all know, into the laboratory—and theoretically, toward a rendition of the visible world in terms of invisible inner processes. I suggest that several current moves to reframe psychological research, and evolutionary theory, are converging on the place where Darwin’s treatment of agency has been standing for a hundred and fifty years. If pursued further today, Darwin’s approach to the study of agency would restore significance to the natural world, and the lives of its inhabitants.
Constructing Practical Reasons
Authors: Müller Andreas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Some things are reasons for us to perform certain actions. That it will spare you great pain in the future, for example, is a reason for you to go to the dentist now, and that you are already late for work is a reason for you not to read the next article in the morning paper. Why are such considerations reasons for or against certain actions? Constructivism offers an intriguing answer to this question. Its basic idea is often encapsulated in the slogan that reasons are not discovered but made by us. This book elaborates the constructivist idea into a fully fledged account of practical reasons, makes its theoretical commitments explicit, and defends it against some well-known objections. It begins with an examination of the distinctive role that reason judgements play in the process of practical reasoning. This provides the resources for an anti-representationalist conception of the nature of those judgements, according to which they are true, if they are true, not because they accurately represent certain normative facts, but because of their role in sound reasoning. On the resulting view, a consideration owes its status as a reason to the truth of the corresponding reason judgement and thus, ultimately, to the soundness of a certain episode of reasoning. Consequently, our practical reasons exhibit a kind of mind-dependence, but this does not force us to deny their objectivity.
The nature of reason judgements
Authors: Müller Andreas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Normative Guidance Account of practical reasoning defended in Chapter 2 provides constructivists with the resources to formulate an anti-representationalist account of reason judgements. According to this account, these judgements are mental states whose characteristic cognitive function is to guide our reasoning, rather than to represent certain facts. The chapter also introduces a distinction between this rationalist version of anti-representationalism, which characterizes reason judgements in terms of their role in reasoning, and conativist versions of anti-representationalism, which characterize these judgements as motivational states. This is where the constructivist’s account of reason judgements differs from the one endorsed by most expressivists.
Semiconductor Physics
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A graduate-level text, Semiconductor physics: Principles, theory and nanoscale covers the central topics of the field, together with advanced topics related to the nanoscale and to quantum confinement, and integrates the understanding of important attributes that go beyond the conventional solid-state and statistical expositions. Topics include the behavior of electrons, phonons and photons; the energy and entropic foundations; bandstructures and their calculation; the behavior at surfaces and interfaces, including those of heterostructures and their heterojunctions; deep and shallow point perturbations; scattering and transport, including mesoscale behavior, using the evolution and dynamics of classical and quantum ensembles from a probabilistic viewpoint; energy transformations; light-matter interactions; the role of causality; the connections between the quantum and the macroscale that lead to linear responses and Onsager relationships; fluctuations and their connections to dissipation, noise and other attributes; stress and strain effects in semiconductors; properties of high permittivity dielectrics; and remote interaction processes. The final chapter discusses the special consequences of the principles to the variety of properties (consequences of selection rules, for example) under quantum-confined conditions and in monolayer semiconductor systems. The text also bring together short appendices discussing transform theorems integral to this study, the nature of random processes, oscillator strength, A and B coefficients and other topics important for understanding semiconductor behavior. The text brings the study of semiconductor physics to the same level as that of the advanced texts of solid state by focusing exclusively on the equilibrium and off-equilibrium behaviors important in semiconductors.
Particle generation and recombination
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces a semi-classical interpretation of particle generation and recombination using the bimolecular recombination coefficient and radiative lifetime. Particles—electrons and holes in the semiconductor—can be generated and recombine because of the multitude of energetic interactions. Radiative recombination and generation arise in the interaction with photons and can be spontaneous or stimulated. Important non-radiative processes such as the Hall-Shockley-Read process and the Auger process, which arise in multiparticle interactions, are discussed. Auger recombination is common at small bandgaps and high concentrations but also appears in large bandgap materials under high injection conditions. Impact ionization is an example of Auger generation arising from high fields. The Auger process is analyzed quantum-mechanically to show how energy and momentum conservation equations and quantum restrictions lead to the observed behavior. The chapter also discusses recombination at surfaces, which is inevitably present because of the defects and confined states arising from symmetry breaking.
Quantum to macroscale and linear response
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the properties associated with linear response. Reversibility holds in linear transformations. Schrödinger and Maxwell equations are linear, yet the world is irreversible, with time marching forward and dissipation quite ubiquitous. The connections between the quantum and microscopic scale, which are reversible and non-deterministic, to the macroscale, where irreversibility and determinism abounds, arise through interactions where both linear and nonlinear responses can appear. Causality’s implication in linear response is illustrated through a toy example and a quantum-statistical view of response. Linear response theory—using Green’s functions—is applied to develop dispersion relationships and dielectric function. The tie-in between real and imaginary parts is illustrated as one example of the Kramers-Kronig relationship, and the linear response of a damped oscillator and the Lorentz model, together with the oscillating electron model, employed to illustrate the dielectric function implications.
Remote processes
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses remote processes that influence electron transport and manifest themselves in a variety of properties of interest. Coulomb and phonon-based interactions have appeared in many discussions in the text. Coulomb interactions can be short range or long range, but phonons have been treated as a local effect. At the nanoscale, the remote aspects of these interactions can become significant. An off-equilibrium distribution of phonons, in the limit of low scattering, will lead to the breakdown of the local description of phonon-electron coupling. Phonons can drag electrons, and electrons can drag phonons. Soft phonons—high permittivity—can cause stronger electron-electron interactions. So, plasmon scattering can become significant. Remote phonon scattering too becomes important. These and other such changes are discussed, together with phonon drag’s consequences for the Seebeck effect, as illustrated through the coupled Boltzmann transport equation. The importance of the zT coefficient for characterizing thermoelectric capabilities is stressed.
Compassion’s Nature
Authors: Hordern Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter builds on Chapter 2’s therapy by specifying compassion’s nature. The distinction is drawn between compassion’s nature and its content. The former is common to the quality of all relationships characterised by compassion while the latter is constituted by the interaction and negotiation between what people bring to such relationships by way of specific beliefs, doctrines, or practices concerning suffering and the human condition. Compassion’s nature is defined as, paradigmatically, a quality of intersubjective relationships formed as wayfarers and pilgrims with diverse views about suffering encounter each other in the course of their lives. As such, compassion is described as cognitive, normally consensual, affective, typically bodily or intercorporeal, alleviative and, in principle, persuasive, and narratival. While compassion is primarily a quality of second-person relatedness, it is also a personal character excellence, which decentres the agent in ways which are conducive to such relatedness.
Essential Ornithology
Authors: Scott Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Essential Ornithology provides the reader with a concise but comprehensive introduction to the biology of birds, one of the most widely studied taxonomic groups. The book begins by considering the dinosaur origins of birds and their subsequent evolution. Development, anatomy, and physiology are then discussed followed by chapters devoted to avian reproduction, migration, ecology, and conservation. Sections dealing with aspects of bird/human relationships and bird conservation give the book an applied context. This new edition has been thoroughly updated, providing new information from rapidly developing fields including the avian fossil record, urban and agricultural ecology, responses to climate change, invasive species biology, technologies to track movement, avian disease, and the role of citizen scientists. There is also a greater focus on North American ornithology. Drawing extensively upon the wider scientific literature, this engaging text places the results of classical studies of avian biology alongside the most recent scientific breakthroughs. Useful case studies are presented in a concise and engaging style with the student reader foremost in mind. Key points are highlighted and suggestions for guided reading and key references are included throughout. Essential Ornithology provides a companion text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in avian science, as well as a useful reference for professional researchers and consultants. Amateur ornithologists will also find this book offers a scientifically rigorous and accessible overview for a more general readership.
Equality, Freedom, and Democracy
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA democratic regime is assumed to implement freedom and equality as the two critical and most important values. The question we intend to address here is: how and why has the actual implementation of freedom and equality been changing in the 1990–2020 period? Researching this topic, we cannot ignore the impact of the Great Recession since 2008. Thus, in this comparative research, we analyse France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom to detect the changes. As expected, the six largest European democracies have been differently affected by the crisis, as they also had different background factors. We address an additional question: what is the impact of the European Union on the two democratic values? Accordingly, we analyse economic inequality, social inequality, and ethnic inequality with the related changing trends and explanations. We also detect and analyse the trend of freedoms, and especially personal dignity, civil rights, and political rights. Thus, the relative decline of equalities and freedoms in the six countries emerge in the different complex facets. We also explore the demand for equalities and freedoms by citizens and the political commitments of party leaders. The other issues we address include how and why, respectively, equalities and freedoms are affected by domestic aspects and the role of external factors, especially the European Union. By connecting equalities and freedoms and drawing the lines of entire research, we show how there are three different paths in the future of democracy: balanced democracy, protest democracy, and unaccountable democracy.
Is There a Comprehensive Explanation?
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThinking over the empirical results, discussed in the previous chapters, we have to acknowledge that there is no direct intertwining between the freedoms and equalities when checking the domestic and external explanations. At the same time, the immediate and strong tension that also emerges in our analysis of freedoms concerns the contradictory demands of citizens about achieving security to cope with terrorism, with security that comes first. When reflecting on the data presented in the previous chapters, we can single out three patterns. The first is balanced democracy, characterized by the attempt of implementing both freedoms and equalities. The second is protest democracy, where the more substantial attention to equality is complemented by different possible types of protest, of a revendicative kind, a weak rule of law and inter-institutional accountability. The third is unaccountable democracy, where there may be relatively higher equality, complemented by weaker freedoms and above all the absence or the weakening of inter-institutional guardians who were relevant in establishing democracy. Corruption may be present along the lower side of the triangle to reinforce both patterns. The last part of the chapter proposes an overview of the literature about the questions addressed in the book. However, as in the published literature, there is no empirical work that addresses our questions, but works that address similar questions concerning equality only, freedom only or also the entire democratic regime.
The Idea of Redressive Justice
Authors: Gold Andrew S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces the idea of redressive justice, while also distinguishing leading theories of corrective justice. As the chapter develops, there is a distinctive kind of justice involved when right holders undo wrongful transactions they have suffered—that is, when they engage in acts of redress—or when third parties undo such transactions on the right holder’s behalf. The authorship of a remedy matters, in part because a wrongdoer’s obligation to undo a wrong is not symmetrical with a right holder’s privilege (if it exists) to undo that same wrong. Authorship also matters because the moral ledger of the parties involved will vary depending on which party undoes a wrong. This chapter argues that much of private law is best explained in light of the justice in redress.