bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins (LIST) Reaches Adolescence: Genetic and Environmental Pathways to Social, Personality and Moral Development
Authors: Vertsberger Dana , Abramson Lior , Knafo-Noam Ariel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins (LIST) focuses on the developmental, genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in children’s and adolescents’ social behavior. Key variables have been empathy, prosocial behavior, temperament and values. Another major goal of LIST has been to study gene–environment correlations, mainly concerning parenting. LIST includes 1657 families of Hebrew-speaking Israeli twins who have participated at least once in the study. Children’s environment and their development are assessed in a multivariate, multimethod fashion, including observed, parent-reported and self-reported data. The current article summarizes and updates recent findings from LIST. For example, LIST provided evidence for the heritability of human values with the youngest sample to date, and the first genetic investigation of adolescents’ identity formation. Finally, future aims of LIST are discussed.
The Role of Eddies and Topography in the Export of Shelf Waters From the West Antarctic Peninsula Shelf
Authors: Brearley J. Alexander , Moffat Carlos , Venables Hugh J. , Meredith Michael P. , Dinniman Michael S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOceanic heat strongly influences the glaciers and ice shelves along West Antarctica. Prior studies show that the subsurface onshore heat flux from the Southern Ocean on the shelf occurs through deep, glacially carved channels. The mechanisms enabling the export of colder shelf waters to the open ocean, however, have not been determined. Here, we use ocean glider measurements collected near the mouth of Marguerite Trough (MT), west Antarctic Peninsula, to reveal shelf‐modified cold waters on the slope over a deep (2,700 m) offshore topographic bank. The shelf hydrographic sections show subsurface cold features (θ <=1.5 °C), and associated potential vorticity fields suggest a significant instability‐driven eddy field. Output from a high‐resolution numerical model reveals offshore export modulated by small (6 km), cold‐cored, cyclonic eddies preferentially generated along the slope and at the mouth of MT. While baroclinic and barotropic instabilities appear active in the surrounding open ocean, the former is suppressed along the steep shelf slopes, while the latter appears enhanced. Altimetry and model output reveal the mean slope flow splitting to form an offshore branch over the bank, which eventually forms a large (116 km wide) persistent lee eddy, and an onshore branch in MT. The offshore flow forms a pathway for the small cold‐cored eddies to move offshore, where they contribute significantly to cooling over the bank, including the large lee eddy. These results suggest eddy fluxes, and topographically modulated flows are key mechanisms for shelf water export along this shelf, just as they are for the shoreward warm water transport.
Comparison of Dielectric Properties and Structure of Lunar Regolith at Chang'e‐3 and Chang'e‐4 Landing Sites Revealed by Ground‐Penetrating Radar
Authors: Lai Jialong , Xu Yi , Zhang Xiaoping , Xiao Long , Yan Qi , Meng Xu , Zhou Bin , Dong Zehua , Zhao Di 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOn 3 January 2019, the Chang'e‐4 (CE‐4) touched down on the Von Karman crater located inside the South Pole‐Aitken Basin, providing for the first time the opportunity for in situ measurements of the lunar regolith at the farside of the Moon. The CE‐4 ground penetrating radar reveals that fine‐grained regolith, coarse impact ejecta, and fractured bedrocks lie beneath the exploration path of the Yutu‐2 rover. The variations of regolith permittivity with depth and the radargrams indicate that the CE‐4 site has a fine‐grained regolith layer thickness of 11.1 m, which is about 1.3–3 times higher than the in situ measurement results at the Apollo and Chang'e‐3 (CE‐3) sites except for Apollo 16, possibly due to a faster weathering rate of ejecta deposits compared with coherent basalt substrates. The penetration depth of CE‐4 is about 2.85 times (in terms of round‐way delay) deeper than CE‐3, probably due to the differences in abundances of ilmenite and rocks in the regolith.
Signatures of the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone in Northern Hadley Circulation Extent and Subtropical Precipitation
Authors: Hu Dingzhu , Guan Zhaoyong , Tian Wenshou 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPrevious studies showed that Antarctic ozone could modulate the Hadley circulation (HC) and precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere. However, whether and how, if any, Arctic stratospheric ozone (ASO) modulates the northern HC and subtropical precipitation remains unclear. We found an out‐of‐phase relationship between the northern HC extent (HCE) and ASO during boreal spring on interannual timescales during 1979–2014. Decreased (increased) ASO tends to result in an equatorward (poleward) shift of HCE by +0.67° (−0.45°) latitude per one standard deviation of decreased (increased) ASO year. Observational analysis and model simulations show that increased ASO leads to an equatorward shift of HCE and subtropical moistening via weakened eddy momentum flux and decreased subtropical static stability, accompanied with negative eddy momentum flux divergence anomalies and northward meridional wind anomalies over the subtropics. Our results may help to understand the linkage between the Arctic and midlatitudes, especially important for the subtropical precipitation and hydrological cycle.
Ice Cloud Optical Thickness, Effective Radius, And Ice Water Path Inferred From Fused MISR and MODIS Measurements Based on a Pixel‐Level Optimal Ice Particle Roughness Model
Authors: Wang Yi , Yang Ping , Hioki Souichiro , King Michael D. , Baum Bryan A. , Di Girolamo Larry , Fu Dongwei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) provides measurements over a wider scattering‐angle range for a given location than a cross‐track scanning sensor such as the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Based on a full year (2013) of fused MISR‐MODIS datasets, we develop a variable surface roughness model for ice particles with the goal of identifying the optimal degree of roughness in the ice model for a given pixel containing single‐layer ice clouds. For the MISR‐MODIS observations over oceans, severe roughness values are often selected for a pixel when optical thickness (τ) and particle effective radius (Reff) are large in conjunction with larger cloud heterogeneity index (Hσ) or a warmer cloud top temperature. Furthermore, τ, Reff, and ice water path are retrieved with the optimal model and compared to operational MODIS Collection 6 (MC6) products that assume a constant roughness. In general, the retrievals based on the present optimal model lead to greater consistency with MISR measurements, and result in larger median τ by 10.1% and smaller median Reff by 6.5% but almost identical ice water path in comparison with the MC6 counterparts. The higher average τ value is caused by a slightly larger number of large τ cases, but the smaller average Reff value is due to the shifting of the retrieved Reff value toward smaller values by approximately 2–4 μm in comparison to the MC6 distribution over all seasons. Both τ retrievals have similar regional and monthly variations, but a larger annual cycle of Reff is associated with the optimal model.
Volcanic Impacts Dominate Bidecadal‐Multidecadal Temperature Variations During the Late Holocene in Northern Fennoscandia
Authors: Rinne Juhani , Alestalo Mikko 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA reconstruction of summer temperatures during two millennia in Northern Fennoscandia has been studied and 79 abrupt cold periods have been identified. Data regarding the volcanic eruptions are not a priori used. During 1750–2000 all of the abrupt, cold periods could posteriori be connected to candidate years of volcanic eruptions. It is concluded that the 79 abrupt cold periods are mainly, if not all, postvolcanic ones. Local impact of weaker, less global (Icelandic) or some unknown eruptions is evident in the results. In addition to the short cold periods, we found 42 longer bidecadal‐multidecadal oscillations during 50–1980 AD. The short abrupt cold periods and the longer oscillations were characterized as the atmospheric and oceanic responses to volcanic eruptions, respectively. The volcanic activity has clearly been a dominant contributor to the temperature variations in Northern Fennoscandia during the two last millennia.
Application of a Regional Climate Model to Assess Changes in the Climatology of the Eastern United States and Cuba Associated With Historic Land Cover Change
Authors: Hostetler S. , Reker R. , Alder J. , Loveland T. , Willard D. , Bernhardt C. , Sundquist E. , Thompson R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe examine the annual, seasonal, monthly, and diurnal climate responses to the land use change (LUC) in eastern United States and Cuba during four epochs (1650, 1850, 1920, and 1992) with ensemble simulations conducted with the RegCM4 regional climate model that includes the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS1e) surface physics package (Dickinson et al., 1993). We derived the land use (LU) data sets by harmonizing a previous reconstruction (Steyaert & Knox, 2008) with updated observations and modeled potential vegetation. The eight‐member ensembles for each epoch were driven with randomly perturbed 1990–2002 atmospheric boundary conditions derived from the National Center for Environmental Prediction global reanalysis. LUC induces statistically significant climate responses across all epochs; the largest changes occur between 1850 and 1920 with the widespread conversion of forests in the United States and forests, grassland, and woody wetlands in Cuba to agriculture. The atmospheric feedback from the aggregated grid‐cell responses attributed to physical and biophysical parameters in BATS1e alters the circulation in the lower atmosphere, thereby propagating the LUC regionally. Depending on the season and location, the altered circulation reinforces, attenuates, or has little effect on surface responses. Relative to pre‐settlement (1650), the 1992 LU produces colder mean annual air temperature (−0.09 ± 0.16 °C) and increased precipitation (0.08 ± 0.09 mm day−1) over the United States, warmer (0.08 °C) and wetter (0.03 mm day−1) conditions over Florida, and warming (0.32 °C) and drying (−0.03 mm day−1) over Cuba, indicating that LUC has played a varying role in climate change over the region.
Catchment Travel Times From Composite StorAge Selection Functions Representing the Superposition of Streamflow Generation Processes
Authors: Rodriguez Nicolas B. , Klaus Julian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCatchment travel times integrate the multitude of hydrological flow processes and provide insights into catchment functioning. StorAge Selection (SAS) functions describe how residence times of water in storage are related to travel times of water in catchment outflows. As such, SAS functions are useful to summarize transport processes in catchments and are ideal to simulate catchment outflows and the concentrations of various solutes and tracers. Recent studies suggested that using one probability distribution function (pdf) for SAS functions may not account for all transport processes in various hydrological systems. In this study we introduced a composite streamflow SAS function defined as a weighted sum of several pdfs (called components), using a uniform pdf for the youngest water and two gamma pdfs for the oldest water. The novel parameterization of this SAS function is nonlinear with respect to catchment storage and to a proxy of storage variations. This composite streamflow SAS function was needed to obtain realistic simulations of the complex high‐resolution (subdaily) stream deuterium (δ2H) dynamics measured for 2 years in the Weierbach, a forested headwater catchment in Luxembourg, whereas various SAS functions using only one component (i.e., pdf) failed. The three components of the composite streamflow SAS function confirmed the superposition of streamflow generation mechanisms with contrasting travel times suggested by previous experimental and modeling studies. Our work suggests that in some catchments, composite SAS functions may offer a more realistic perspective on transport processes derived from high‐resolution tracer data than simpler SAS functions.
Full-colour nanoprint-hologram synchronous metasurface with arbitrary hue-saturation-brightness control
Authors: Bao Yanjun , Yu Ying , Xu Haofei , Guo Chao , Li Juntao , Sun Shang , Zhou Zhang-Kai , Qiu Cheng-Wei , Wang Xue-Hua 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe colour gamut, a two-dimensional (2D) colour space primarily comprising hue and saturation (HS), lays the most important foundation for the colour display and printing industries. Recently, the metasurface has been considered a promising paradigm for nanoprinting and holographic imaging, demonstrating a subwavelength image resolution, a flat profile, high durability, and multi-functionalities. Much effort has been devoted to broaden the 2D HS plane, also known as the CIE map. However, the brightness (B), as the carrier of chiaroscuro information, has long been neglected in metasurface-based nanoprinting or holograms due to the challenge in realising arbitrary and simultaneous control of full-colour HSB tuning in a passive device. Here, we report a dielectric metasurface made of crystal silicon nanoblocks, which achieves not only tailorable coverage of the primary colours red, green and blue (RGB) but also intensity control of the individual colours. The colour gamut is hence extruded from the 2D CIE to a complete 3D HSB space. Moreover, thanks to the independent control of the RGB intensity and phase, we further show that a single-layer silicon metasurface could simultaneously exhibit arbitrary HSB colour nanoprinting and a full-colour hologram image. Our findings open up possibilities for high-resolution and high-fidelity optical security devices as well as advanced cryptographic approaches.
On-target temporal characterization of optical pulses at relativistic intensity
Authors: Leshchenko Vyacheslav E. , Kessel Alexander , Jahn Olga , Krüger Mathias , Münzer Andreas , Trushin Sergei A. , Veisz Laszlo , Major Zsuzsanna , Karsch Stefan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHigh-field experiments are very sensitive to the exact value of the peak intensity of an optical pulse due to the nonlinearity of the underlying processes. Therefore, precise knowledge of the pulse intensity, which is mainly limited by the accuracy of the temporal characterization, is a key prerequisite for the correct interpretation of experimental data. While the detection of energy and spatial profile is well established, the unambiguous temporal characterization of intense optical pulses, another important parameter required for intensity evaluation, remains a challenge, especially at relativistic intensities and a few-cycle pulse duration. Here, we report on the progress in the temporal characterization of intense laser pulses and present the relativistic surface second harmonic generation dispersion scan (RSSHG-D-scan)—a new approach allowing direct on-target temporal characterization of high-energy, few-cycle optical pulses at relativistic intensity.
Draft genome sequences of two oriental melons, Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa
Authors: Shin Ah-Young , Koo Namjin , Kim Seungill , Sim Young Mi , Choi Doil , Kim Yong-Min , Kwon Suk-Yoon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa) is one of the most important cultivated cucurbits, and is grown widely in Northeast Asian countries. With increasing interest in its biological properties and economic importance, oriental melon has become an attractive model crop for studying various horticultural traits. A previous genome sequence of the melon was constructed from a homozygous double-haploid line. Thus, individual reference genomes are required to perform functional studies and further breeding applications. Here, we report draft genome sequences of two oriental melons, Chang Bougi and SW3. The assembled 344 Mb genome of Chang Bougi was obtained with scaffold N50 1.0 Mb, and 36,235 genes were annotated. The 354 Mb genome of SW3 was assembled with scaffold N50 1.6 Mb, and has 38,173 genes. These newly constructed genomes will enable studies of fruit development, disease resistance, and breeding applications in the oriental melon.
Interaction between high-temperature magmatic fluids and limestone explains ‘Bastnäs-type’ REE deposits in central Sweden
Authors: Sahlström Fredrik , Jonsson Erik , Högdahl Karin , Troll Valentin R. , Harris Chris , Jolis Ester M. , Weis Franz 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe presently increasing demand for rare earth elements (REE), particularly in high-tech and “green energy” applications, has led to global interest in the distribution, origins and formation conditions of REE deposits. The World’s first hard-rock REE sources, the polymetallic deposits of Bastnäsfältet in Bergslagen, central Sweden, were also the place of the original discovery of several REE and many of their host minerals. Similar deposits with high concentrations of REE occur along a > 100 km corridor in the region and they share a number of geological and mineralogical features; all comprising Palaeoproterozoic, skarn-hosted magnetite-REE mineralisation of ambiguous origin. Here we report oxygen isotope data for magnetite and quartz, and oxygen and carbon isotope data for carbonates from ten of these classic deposits, to model and assess their mode of origin. Combined with existing geological observations, the isotope results support an origin in a c. 1.9 Ga shallow-marine back-arc, sub-seafloor setting, where felsic magmatic-sourced, high-temperature fluids reacted with pre-existing limestone interlayers, leading to localised skarn formation and magnetite-REE-mineral precipitation. These findings help us to better understand the geological processes that have produced economic REE mineralisation and may assist future exploration for these critical commodities.
Dynamics of ABC Transporter P-glycoprotein in Three Conformational States
Authors: Kopcho Noah , Chang Geoffrey , Komives Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe used hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to obtain a comprehensive view of transporter dynamics (85.8% sequence coverage) occurring throughout the multidrug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in three distinct conformational states: predominantly inward-facing apo P-gp, pre-hydrolytic (E552Q/E1197Q) P-gp bound to Mg+2-ATP, and outward-facing P-gp bound to Mg+2-ADP-VO4−3. Nucleotide affinity was measured with bio-layer interferometry (BLI), which yielded kinetics data that fit a two Mg+2-ATP binding-site model. This model has one high affinity site (3.2 ± 0.3 µM) and one low affinity site (209 ± 25 µM). Comparison of deuterium incorporation profiles revealed asymmetry between the changes undergone at the critical interfaces where nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) contact intracellular helices (ICHs). In the pre-hydrolytic state, both interfaces between ICHs and NBDs decreased exchange to similar extents relative to inward-facing P-gp. In the outward-facing state, the ICH-NBD1 interface showed decreased exchange, while the ICH-NBD2 interface showed less of an effect. The extracellular loops (ECLs) showed reduced deuterium uptake in the pre-hydrolytic state, consistent with an occluded conformation. While in the outward-facing state, increased ECL exchange corresponding to EC domain opening was observed. These findings point toward asymmetry between both NBDs, and they suggest that pre-hydrolytic P-gp occupies an occluded conformation.
Thermogenic crosstalk occurs between adipocytes from different species
Authors: Gilor Chen , Yang Kefeng , Lee Aejin , Song No-Joon , Fadda Paolo , Adin Christopher A. , Herbert Claire , Jennings Ryan , Ham Kathleen , Lee James , Ziouzenkova Ouliana 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVisceral obesity increases risks for all-cause mortality worldwide. A small population of thermogenic adipocytes expressing uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp1) regulates energy dissipation in white adipose tissue (WAT) depots. Thermogenic adipocytes subsets decrease obesity in mice, but their efficacy has not been tested in obese large animals. Here we enclosed murine subcutaneous adipocytes with and without engineered thermogenic response in biocompatible microcapsules and implanted them into the left and right side of the visceral falciform depot in six obese dogs. After 28 days of treatment, dogs have markedly reduced waist circumference, body weight, and fat mass. Ucp1 expression in canine WAT was increased at sites implanted with thermogenic vs. wild type murine adipocytes. This site-specific thermogenic remodeling of canine tissue by thermogenic murine adipocytes suggests evolutionary conserved paracrine regulation of energy dissipation across species. These findings have translational potential aimed to reduce deleterious WAT depots in humans and pets.
Spatial and temporal variations of air quality and six air pollutants in China during 2015–2017
Authors: Guo Hong , Gu Xingfa , Ma Guoxia , Shi Shuaiyi , Wang Wannan , Zuo Xin , Zhang Xiaochuan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAir pollution has aroused significant public concern in China, therefore, long-term air-quality data with high temporal and spatial resolution are needed to understand the variations of air pollution in China. However, the yearly variations with high spatial resolution of air quality and six air pollutants are still unknown for China until now. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the spatial and temporal variations of air quality and six air pollutants in 366 cities across mainland China during 2015–2017 for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The results indicate that the annual mean mass concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO all decreased year by year during 2015–2017. However, the annual mean NO2 concentrations were almost unchanged, while the annual mean O3 concentrations increased year by year. Anthropogenic factors were mainly responsible for the variations of air quality. Further analysis suggested that PM2.5 and PM10 were the main factors influencing air quality, while NO2 played an important role in the formation of PM2.5 and O3. These findings can provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of future air-pollution control policy in China.