bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of transition from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease based on a logistic regression–artificial neural network–decision tree model
Authors: Kuang Jie , Zhang Pin , Cai TianPan , Zou ZiXuan , Li Li , Wang Nan , Wu Lei 
Published: December 2020

AimTo develop a logistic regression model, artificial neural network (ANN) model and decision tree (DT) model for the progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) to compare the performance of the three models.MethodsA total of 425 patients with MCI were screened from the original cohort. The actual follow up included 361 patients, with AD as the outcome variable. Three kinds of prediction models were developed: a logistic regression model, ANN model and DT model. The performance of all three models was measured with accuracy, sensitivity, positive predictive value and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsA total of 121 patients with MCI developed AD, and the average conversion rate was 9.49% per year. The ANN model had higher accuracy (89.52 ± 0.36%), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (92.08 ± 0.12), sensitivity (82.11 ± 0.42%) and positive predictive value (75.26 ± 0.86%) than the other two models. The first five important predictors of the ANN model were, in order, ADL score, age, urine AD‐associated neuronal thread protein, alcohol consumption and smoking. For the DT model, they were age, activities of daily living score, family history of dementia, urine AD‐associated neuronal thread protein and alcohol consumption. For the logistic regression model, they were age, sex, activities of daily living score, alcohol consumption and smoking.ConclusionThe logistic regression, ANN and DT models performed well at predicting the transition from MCI to AD with ideal stability. However, the ANN model had the best predictive value. Increased age, activities of daily living score, urine AD‐associated neuronal thread protein, alcohol consumption, smoking and sex were important factors. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 43–47.
Public perspectives on acquired brain injury rehabilitation and components of care: A Citizens’ Jury
Authors: Lannin Natasha A. , Coulter Megan , Laver Kate , Hyett Nerida , Ratcliffe Julie , Holland Anne E. , Callaway Libby , English Coralie , Bragge Peter , Hill Sophie , Unsworth Carolyn A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundBrain injury rehabilitation is an expensive and long‐term endeavour. Very little published information or debate has underpinned policy for service delivery in Australia. Within the context of finite health budgets and the challenges associated with providing optimal care to persons with brain injuries, members of the public were asked ‘What considerations are important to include in a model of care of brain injury rehabilitation?’MethodsQualitative study using the Citizen Jury method of participatory research. Twelve adult jurors from the community and seven witnesses participated including a health services funding model expert, peak body representative with lived experience of brain injury, carer of a person with a brain injury, and brain injury rehabilitation specialists. Witnesses were cross‐examined by jurors over two days.ResultsKey themes related to the need for a model of rehabilitation to: be consumer‐focused and supporting the retention of hope; be long‐term; provide equitable access to services irrespective of funding source; be inclusive of family; provide advocacy; raise public awareness; and be delivered by experts in a suitable environment. A set of eight recommendations were made.ConclusionInstigating the recommendations made requires careful consideration of the need for new models of care with flexible services; family involvement; recruitment and retention of highly skilled staff; and providing consumer‐focused services that prepare individuals and their carers for the long term.Patient and public contributionAs jury members, the public deliberated information provided by expert witnesses (including a person with a head injury) and wrote the key recommendations.
Moral Extremism
Authors: Case Spencer Jay 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe word ‘extremist’ is often used pejoratively, but it’s not clear what, if anything, is wrong with extremism. My project is to give an account of moral extremism as a vice. It consists roughly in having moral convictions so intense that they cause a sort of moral tunnel vision, pushing salient competing considerations out of mind. We should be interested in moral extremism for several reasons: it’s consequential, it’s insidious – we don’t expect immorality to arise from excessive devotion to morality – and it’s yet to attract much philosophical attention. I give several examples of moral extremism from history and explore their social‐political implications. I also consider how we should evaluate people who miss the mark, being either too extreme in the service of a good cause or inconsistent with their righteous convictions. I compare John Brown and John Quincy Adams, who fell on either side of this spectrum, as examples.
The effects of an augmented reality based magnetic experimental tool on students' knowledge improvement and cognitive load
Authors: Liu Qingtang , Yu Shufan , Chen Wenli , Wang Qiyun , Xu Suxiao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhile the use of experiments is important for developing students' scientific knowledge and skills, challenges may arise when teachers and students are conducting experiments in class, such as non‐reusable experimental resources, safety issues and difficulties simulating some specific effects. Augmented reality (AR) technology affords an alternative approach to conducting experiments by bringing students a virtual–real mixed learning environment. In this study, taking junior high school physics knowledge on the magnetic field as an example, we designed and developed an AR‐based mobile simulated experiment tool. This study investigates the effect of the AR‐based experiment on students' knowledge improvement and cognitive load compared with 3D and traditional experiments. A sample of 122 ninth‐grade students was randomly chosen and assigned to three groups (AR, 3D and Traditional). The results demonstrate that students in the AR group performed better than those in the 3D and Traditional groups in terms of their knowledge improvement. The AR group students also experienced the lowest cognitive load among the three groups. Moreover, students had positive perceptions about AR and 3D tools. The implications of this study are discussed.
Delineation of multiple metamorphic events in the Himalayan Kathmandu Complex, central Nepal
Authors: Johnson Thomas A. , Cottle John M. , Larson Kyle P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuartz‐inclusion geothermobarometry of texturally and chemically zoned garnet, together with U–(Th)–Pb accessory phase petrochronology, phase equilibria modelling, and major element thermobarometry delineates two metamorphic events within the Kathmandu Complex in central Nepal. Combined titanium‐in‐quartz thermometry (TitaniQ) and quartz‐in‐garnet barometry (QuiG) of quartz inclusions in garnet cores yields temperatures and pressures (555–580°C, 0.89–0.91 GPa) statistically higher than those estimated for both garnet rims and secondary garnet neoblasts (535–545°C, 0.81–0.84 GPa). Comparison of these temperatures and pressures with the results from phase equilibria modelling indicates that the garnet cores nucleated after overstepping the equilibrium garnet isograd. Estimation of the degree to which overstepping may have occurred, however, is complicated by uncertainty in the estimated reactive bulk compositions. Major element thermobarometry of the garnet rims returns temperatures and pressures lower than those preserved by the garnet cores but are consistent with previous estimates of Cenozoic metamorphism in the frontal portion of Kathmandu thrust sheet. Two generations of titanite are recognized on the basis of mineral morphology, chemical zoning, and U–Pb date (c. 500 Ma versus 29 ± 5 Ma). Trace‐element systematics of the two titanite populations indicate varying co‐stability with allanite and are consistent with Th–Pb dates of allanite growth (c. 489 Ma) and breakdown to clinozoisite (c. 30 Ma). Inclusion patterns within titanite indicate that the younger group formed following breakdown of rutile that originally coexisted with the older generation of titanite at pressures and temperatures similar to those determined from the garnet cores. Application of the Zr‐in‐titanite and Zr‐in‐rutile thermometers yields temperatures 100–150°C in excess of those indicated by both TitaniQ‐QuiG and major element thermobarometry. This discrepancy is interpreted to reflect disequilibrium partitioning of Zr and limited zircon reactivity during metamorphism. Collectively, these observations are consistent with previous estimates of the timing and conditions of metamorphism associated with the Palaeozoic Bhimphedian and Cenozoic Himalayan orogenies in central Nepal. The estimated temperatures and pressures for growth of the garnet cores are consistent with rapid burial during thrust stacking.
Brainstem auditory‐evoked response in healthy African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris)
Authors: Teubenbacher U. , Doss G. A. , Guevar J. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate and describe brainstem auditory‐evoked response measurements in healthy African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris).Materials and MethodsBrainstem auditory‐evoked response measurements were performed in 12 adult African pygmy hedgehogs (seven males, five females) under general anaesthesia. Waveform morphology was assessed and wave latencies, amplitudes and interpeak latencies calculated.ResultsBrainstem auditory‐evoked response measurements were successfully performed in both ears from all hedgehogs. Three distinct waves were reproducible in all patients in both ears using a stimulus with an intensity of 90 dB nHL (decibel above normal hearing level). Amplitudes of waves I and V, latencies of waves I, II‐III and V and interpeak latencies of waves I‐V were calculated at 90 dB for both ears of each animal.Clinical SignificanceThis study describes normal brainstem auditory‐evoked response morphology and latencies for African pygmy hedgehogs. General anaesthesia is required to perform this neurodiagnostic, given the unique behaviour and anatomy of hedgehogs. This baseline data may be useful for investigating hearing abnormalities and central nervous system disorders in hedgehogs.
Electronic Sun Journal Versus Self‐report Sun Diary: A Comparison of Recording Personal Sunlight Exposure Methods
Authors: Dexter Benjamin R. , King Rachel , Parisi Alfio V. , Harrison Simone L. , Igoe Damien P. , Downs Nathan J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis research compared personal sunlight exposure times monitored electronically within suburban Australian environments against self‐report paper journals for determining the timing and total duration of individual exposure to daily solar radiation. A total of 90 Electronic Sun Journal (ESJ) daily readings and self‐report timing and duration estimates of exposure for weekend and weekdays were compared. A Wilcoxon ranked sign test showed a significant difference (V = 157, P < 0.001) between the duration of exposure recorded electronically and the duration of exposure that was self‐reported in a diary. There was also found to be a statistically significant difference between total exposure time measured using both methods for weekends (V = 10, P < 0.001) and weekdays (V = 87, P < 0.001). General trends in outdoor exposure timing confirmed that the most frequent daily exposures received over the weekend occurred between 1 and 2 h earlier than the most frequent exposures received on weekdays. This preliminary research found that exposure durations as recorded by the ESJ were longer on the weekends compared to weekdays (W = 402, P < 0.001) and confirmed that the ESJ is a viable alternative to self‐reporting diaries.
Seed dormancy and germination of Asarum sieboldii, a disjunct relict species in East Asia
Authors: Rhie Y. H. , Lee S. Y. , Walck J. L. , Hidayati S. N. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Disjunct species in the same genus are a common feature of the flora in the temperate forests of East Asia and eastern North America. This study aimed to evaluate whether the kind of seed dormancy was maintained after species in the genus Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) were separated from their common ancestor.

We classified the seed dormancy of Asarum sieboldii, an East Asian species, based on a phenology study and experiments in controlled temperature conditions, and then compared it to that of the previously studied A. canadense, an eastern North American species.

The underdeveloped embryo of A. sieboldii grew and germinated (radicle emergence) in autumn but shoot emergence did not occur until the following spring. The seeds of A. sieboldii had deep simple epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy because the seeds with emerged radicle required a relatively long period of cold stratification to break epicotyl dormancy and produce a shoot.

Although the seed of A. sieboldii had weaker radicle dormancy and stronger epicotyl dormancy compared to A. canadense, the kind of seed dormancy was the same for the two species. The trait of seed dormancy was inherited from a shared common ancestor and maintained in populations well after the two species (or their ancestors) separated. However, quantitative differences in temperature requirements for radicle and shoot emergence suggest the possibility of adaptation to the environment.
Donor screening question alternatives to men who have sex with men time deferral: Potential impact on donor deferral and discomfort
Authors: O'Brien Sheila F. , Goldman Mindy , Robillard Pierre , Osmond Lori , Myhal Geneviève , Roy Élise 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlternative screening questions could permit low‐risk men who have sex with men (MSM) to donate blood without a time deferral. We performed a study to determine the proportion of current donors who may be deferred by various questions and their comfort with them.Study Design and MethodsDonors attending collection sites in Canada in January and February 2018 were offered one of two questionnaires but not both. Questionnaire 1 asked about risk behaviors; Questionnaire 2 rated comfort with the questions. Volunteers uncomfortable with questions participated in short qualitative telephone interviews to understand reasons. Quantitative data were analyzed using χ2 statistics.ResultsOf 36 241 donors attending, 31 904 (88%, Period 1) completed Questionnaire 1; of 34 947, a total of 30 278 (87%, Period 2) completed Questionnaire 2; 294 completed an interview. In the past 3 months 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1%‐3.6%) had more than one partner; 6.0% (95% CI, 5.7%‐6.2%) had a new partner; 6.7% (95% CI, 6.4%‐6.9%) were in a nonexclusive relationship; 11.2% (95% CI, 10.9%‐11.6%) had at least one of these; 3.7% (95% CI, 3.4%‐3.9%) had anal sex; and 62.8% (95% CI, 62.2%‐63.3%) had condomless sex. More than 6% were uncomfortable with each question, but more (17.2%; 95% CI, 16.8%‐17.7%) were uncomfortable with anal sex. Key reasons for discomfort were questions being too personal and unclear safety benefit.ConclusionMost donors are comfortable answering alternative questions (except very personal ones) but question the benefit. Implementing alternative questions would result in substantive deferrals. Other policies such as using an MSM capture question to ask additional questions only to MSM should be considered.
Parametric Uncertainty and Random Excitation in Energy Harvesting Dynamic Vibration Absorber
Authors: Rajarathinam M. , Ali Shaikh Faruque 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An energy harvesting dynamic vibration absorber (EHDVA) is studied to suppress undesirable vibrations in a host structure as well as to harvest electrical energy from vibrations using piezoelectric transduction. This work studies the feasibility of using vibration absorber for harvesting energy under random excitation and in presence of parametric uncertainties. A two degrees-of-freedom model is considered in the analytical formulation for the host along with the absorber. A separate equation is used for energy generation from piezoelectric material. Two studies are reported here: (i) with random excitation where the base input is considered to be Gaussian and (ii) parametric uncertainty is considered with harmonic excitation. Under random base excitation, the analytical results show that, with the proper selection of parameters, harvested electrical energy can be increased along with the reduction in vibration of the host structure. Graphs are reported showing tradeoff between harvested energy and vibration control. Whereas, Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to analyze the system with parametric uncertainty. This showed that the mean harvested power decreases with an increase in uncertainties in the natural frequency as well as damping ratio. In addition, optimal electrical parameters for obtaining maximum power for the case of uncertain parameters are also reported in this study.
Efficient Fatigue and Ratcheting Computation in Case of Multi-Parameter Loading
Authors: Vollrath Bastian , Hübel Hartwig 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cyclic and over-elastic loading can lead to an accumulation of plastic strains. If there is a cyclic load, which is driven by a single parameter, the lifecycle design can be very costly in terms of computational effort. If more than one cyclic load parameter is to be taken into account, which is then a multi-parameter loading, this task can become even more complex and costly. To solve this problem efficiently, different techniques are proposed. One of these techniques is based on step-by-step calculations of the strain ranges for a reduced set of loadings. Once these strain ranges are known, the accumulated state for each individual load case can be estimated using the Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones (STPZ), which requires just a few linear elastic analyses. It is shown that cyclic loads, which occur in intervals, can be replaced by interval-free calculations, which reduce the computational effort enormously. All these techniques lead to a procedure, which delivers good estimations in terms of post-shakedown quantities with very low computational effort compared to incremental step-by-step calculations. The results of the STPZ are presented by an example. A thick-walled cylinder is loaded with a constant axial force and subjected to cyclic shear and cyclic internal pressure. In general, for structures exhibiting ratcheting, hundreds or more load cycles must be analysed via step-by-step calculations until the shakedown state is reached. Using the STPZ, post-shakedown quantities, including strain ranges and accumulated strains can be estimated efficiently and the structure can be designed according to the rules of the ASME Codes. The computational effort and the quality of the results of the STPZ are compared with a step-by-step calculation.
CIVA Simulation and Experiment Verification for Thin-Walled Small-Diameter Pipes by Using Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing
Authors: Si Jun , Wei Daoxiang , Yang Yuqing , Tang Xiaoying 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Regular inspection is important to verify the integrity of in-service pipeline in the petrochemical industry. Early detection of flaws is therefore essential to ensure the continued safe operation of pipeline. In generally, Conventional ultrasonic for thin-walled small-diameter pipes has limitations due to regulation requirements, efficiencies, lack of permanent results and repeatability. In many cases, the preferred method of inspection is radiographic testing, however there are many obvious shortcomings for radiographic detection. The aim of this work was to propose appropriate phased array ultrasonic scan plans that were able to achieve the following: reduce the inspection times, improve defect detectability and sizing, and reduce human intervention, which will reduce workforce radiation uptake. Ultrasonic simulation using CIVA and experimental verification for thin-walled small-diameter pipe with flaws that were carried out to determine the most appropriate phased array probe and its detection capabilities in this paper.
Study on the Influence of Crack Growth Behavior on Fatigue Life in Simulated Reactor Coolant Environment of Different Temperature
Authors: Misawa Tatsuru , Kitada Takanori , Nakamura Takao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
It has been clarified that the fatigue life is decreased in the fatigue test of high-temperature and high-pressure water that simulates PWR reactor coolant environment compared to that in the atmosphere. Temperature, strain rates, dissolved oxygen concentration, etc. affect the decrease of fatigue life.
The influence of crack growth behavior on the fatigue life of Type 316 austenitic stainless steel [1] in simulated PWR reactor coolant environment of different temperatures was investigated in this study. Fatigue tests were conducted under different temperatures (200°C and 325°C) in a simulated PWR reactor coolant environment with interrupting, and cracks generated on the specimen surface were observed with two-step replica method. From the results of observation, the influence of crack growth behavior in different temperatures on the fatigue life was clarified.
As a result, it was confirmed that the decrease of the fatigue life due to high temperature is mainly caused by the acceleration of crack propagation rate in the depth direction by the increase of crack coalescence frequency due to the increase of crack initiation number and crack propagation rate in the length direction.
Research on Chinese Codes and Standards of Heat Transfer Performance Testing for Heat Exchangers
Authors: Ren Bin , Tang Xiaoying , Ren Facai , Wang Jibing , Bai Bofeng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between hot and cold fluids. Due to the different size and type, the actual heat transfer performance is usually not the same as the design value. Meanwhile, various heat exchangers using new types of heat transfer elements have emerged, bringing the difficulty to obtain the heat transfer performance by only theoretical calculation. Therefore, studying test methods and developing test standards for heat exchangers have become the research focus in many countries. In this paper, the basic principles of various performance test methods are firstly introduced, including Wilson plot method, equal Reynolds number method and nonlinear fitting method. Then the restrictions on the use of these methods and the factors affecting the test results are analyzed. Finally, the Chinese codes and standards of performance testing for heat exchangers are listed, including JB/T 10379-2002, GB/T 27698-2011 and TSG R0010-2019. The test methods used in GB/T 27698 are described in detail. The results show that GB 27698 mainly focus on the specification of testing systems and procedures and can test heat transfer performance of almost all types of heat exchangers in industry under different heat transfer modes. However, there are lack of formulas and methods for calculating uncertainty of testing results.