bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Crustal Architecture, Deformation, and Magmatism in the Coompana Province, Australia
Authors: Pawley M. J. , Dutch R. A. , Wise T. W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Coompana Province, located between the three cratonic blocks of Australia, is significant for understanding the Proterozoic assembly of the continent. However, the basement rocks are completely covered and poorly understood, and as a result reconstructions are poorly constrained. Recent collection of detailed geophysical data sets and a stratigraphic drilling campaign in the eastern Coompana Province is used to understand the crustal architecture and tectonomagmatic history of the region. A north to northeast trending grain represents a series of amalgamated 1618–1526 Ma tectonic belts between the Western and South Australian cratons. These belts are cut by a northeast trending, shear‐bounded corridor of thinned crust, intruded by voluminous circa 1150–1140 Ma granite plutons. The new data indicate two main stages of deformation between circa 1200 and 1140 Ma. Circa 1200–1170 Ma east‐west extension was pervasive, causing widespread partial melting, shallowly dipping layering, recumbent folding, and minor shoshonitic magmatism. Circa 1160–1140 Ma deformation was partitioned into the northeast trending corridor, which focused transfer and emplacement of voluminous A‐type magmas. The two stages represent a switch from pervasive to localized deformation, with accompanying changes in magmatic style. Early pervasive extension caused progressive melt extraction, producing small sheets. Subsequent shearing locally promoted melt reorganization in the lower and middle crust. This caused local changes in rock strength with the continued partitioning of deformation into the oblique corridor. The crustal‐scale structures disrupted the lower crustal MASH zones, mobilizing and focusing the voluminous magmatism.
Tectonic Regimes Inferred From Clustering of Focal Mechanisms and Their Distribution in Space: Application to the Central Mediterranean Area
Authors: Scarfì L. , Langer H. , Messina A. , Musumeci C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe study of the kinematics and stress field related to seismicity makes an important contribution to the understanding of tectonic processes. In this kind of analysis, a crucial issue is identifying seismically homogeneous areas, which implies data classification and cluster creation. We present an approach that combines unsupervised learning techniques in order to reveal patterns in the focal mechanisms data set. In particular, a combination of two popular clustering algorithms, that is, self‐organizing maps and Fuzzy C‐means, was applied to focal mechanisms of events located in the Central Mediterranean region, characterized by a complex geodynamic framework. The analysis allowed identifying eight groups of focal mechanisms and their spatial distribution in the crust, and revealing the tectonic style of key sectors of southern Italy and of the neighboring offshore areas. A compressive regime was found between the lower Tyrrhenian Sea and southeastern Sicily, whereas extension prevails along the Calabrian Arc and the southern Apennines. A NW‐SE transcurrent faulting between the Aeolian Islands and the Ionian Sea forms a transfer zone between these two domains.
Ocean Surface Connectivity in the Arctic: Capabilities and Caveats of Community Detection in Lagrangian Flow Networks
Authors: Reijnders Daan , van Leeuwen Erik Jan , van Sebille Erik 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo identify barriers to transport in a fluid domain, community detection algorithms from network science have been used to divide the domain into clusters that are sparsely connected with each other. In a previous application to the closed domain of the Mediterranean Sea, communities detected by the Infomap algorithm have barriers that often coincide with well‐known oceanographic features. We apply this clustering method to the surface of the Arctic and subarctic oceans and thereby show that it can also be applied to open domains. First, we construct a Lagrangian flow network by simulating the exchange of Lagrangian particles between different bins in an icosahedral‐hexagonal grid. Then, Infomap is applied to identify groups of well‐connected bins. The resolved transport barriers include naturally occurring structures, such as the major currents. As expected, clusters in the Arctic are affected by seasonal and annual variations in sea‐ice concentration. An important caveat of community detection algorithms is that many different divisions into clusters may qualify as good solutions. Moreover, while certain cluster boundaries lie consistently at the same location between different good solutions, other boundary locations vary significantly, making it difficult to assess the physical meaning of a single solution. We therefore consider an ensemble of solutions to find persistent boundaries, trends, and correlations with surface velocities and sea‐ice cover.
Coupled Morphodynamics of River Bifurcations and Confluences
Authors: Ragno Niccolò , Redolfi Marco , Tubino Marco 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMultithread fluvial environments like anastomosing and braided rivers are fundamentally directed by the continuous concatenation of channel bifurcations and confluences, which distribute flow and sediment among different branches that are reconnecting further downstream. A large number of theoretical, experimental, and numerical studies conducted in the last two decades have provided a clear picture of stability conditions for river bifurcations. However, most analyses are focused on the dynamics of bifurcations alone, ignoring the possible mutual interaction with downstream confluences. In this work, we study the morphodynamic equilibrium and stability conditions of a bifurcation‐confluence loop, where flow splits in two secondary anabranches that rejoin after a prescribed distance. Through the formulation of a novel theoretical model for mobile bed confluences, we show that the dominating anabranch (i.e., that carrying most discharge) is subject to an increase of the water surface elevation that is proportional to the square of the Froude number. This effect causes a decrease of the slope of the dominating anabranch, which acts as a negative feedback that increases the stability of the bifurcation‐confluence system. A linear analysis of the coupled model reveals that the stabilizing effect exerted by the confluence depends on the ratio between the length of the anabranches and the average water depth, independently of channel slope and Froude number. Ultimately, this effect is potentially able to stabilize the loop even when the sediment is mainly transported in suspension, a condition which makes the classic stabilizing mechanism (i.e., the topographic effect at the bifurcation node) practically ineffective.
Involvement of NMDA receptors containing the GluN2C subunit in the psychotomimetic and antidepressant-like effects of ketamine
Authors: Tarrés-Gatius Mireia , Miquel-Rio Lluís , Campa Leticia , Artigas Francesc , Castañé Anna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAcute ketamine administration evokes rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant patients. However, ketamine also produces transient perceptual disturbances similarly to those evoked by other non-competitive NMDA-R antagonists like phencyclidine (PCP). Although the brain networks involved in both ketamine actions are not fully understood, PCP and ketamine activate thalamo-cortical networks after NMDA-R blockade in GABAergic neurons of the reticular thalamic nucleus (RtN). Given the involvement of thalamo-cortical networks in processing sensory information, these networks may underlie psychotomimetic action. Since the GluN2C subunit is densely expressed in the thalamus, including the RtN, we examined the dependence of psychotomimetic and antidepressant-like actions of ketamine on the presence of GluN2C subunits, using wild-type and GluN2C knockout (GluN2CKO) mice. Likewise, since few studies have investigated ketamine’s effects in females, we used mice of both sexes. GluN2C deletion dramatically reduced stereotyped (circling) behavior induced by ketamine in male and female mice, while the antidepressant-like effect was fully preserved in both genotypes and sexes. Despite ketamine appeared to induce similar effects in both sexes, some neurobiological differences were observed between male and female mice regarding c-fos expression in thalamic nuclei and cerebellum, and glutamate surge in prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, the GluN2C subunit may discriminate between antidepressant-like and psychotomimetic actions of ketamine. Further, the abundant presence of GluN2C subunits in the cerebellum and the improved motor coordination of GluN2CKO mice after ketamine treatment suggest the involvement of cerebellar NMDA-Rs in some behavioral actions of ketamine.
Natural selection on traits and trait plasticity in Arabidopsis thaliana varies across competitive environments
Authors: Palacio-Lopez Kattia , King Christian M. , Bloomberg Jonathan , Hovick Stephen M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInterspecific competition reduces resource availability and can affect evolution. We quantified multivariate selection in the presence and absence of strong interspecific competition using a greenhouse experiment with 35 natural accessions ofArabidopsis thaliana. We assessed selection on nine traits representing plant phenology, growth, and architecture, as well as their plasticities.Competition reduced biomass and fitness by over 98%, and plastic responses to competition varied by genotype (significant G × E) for all traits except specific leaf area (SLA). Competitive treatments altered selection on flowering phenology and plant architecture, with significant selection on all phenology traits and most architecture traits under competition-present conditions but little indication that selection occurred in the absence of competitors. Plasticity affected fitness only in competition-present conditions, where plasticity in flowering time and early internode lengths was adaptive. The competitive environment caused changes in the trait correlation structure and surprisingly reduced phenotypic integration, which helped explain some of the observed selection patterns. Despite this overall shift in the trait correlation matrix, genotypes with delayed flowering had lower SLA (thicker, tougher leaves) regardless of the competitive environment, a pattern we have not seen previously reported in the literature. Overall, our study highlights multiple ways in which interspecific competition can alter selective regimes, contributing to our understanding of variability in selection processes over space and time.
Computational modeling of human reasoning processes for interpretable visual knowledge: a case study with radiographers
Authors: Li Yu , Cao Hongfei , Allen Carla M. , Wang Xin , Erdelez Sanda , Shyu Chi-Ren 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVisual reasoning is critical in many complex visual tasks in medicine such as radiology or pathology. It is challenging to explicitly explain reasoning processes due to the dynamic nature of real-time human cognition. A deeper understanding of such reasoning processes is necessary for improving diagnostic accuracy and computational tools. Most computational analysis methods for visual attention utilize black-box algorithms which lack explainability and are therefore limited in understanding the visual reasoning processes. In this paper, we propose a computational method to quantify and dissect visual reasoning. The method characterizes spatial and temporal features and identifies common and contrast visual reasoning patterns to extract significant gaze activities. The visual reasoning patterns are explainable and can be compared among different groups to discover strategy differences. Experiments with radiographers of varied levels of expertise on 10 levels of visual tasks were conducted. Our empirical observations show that the method can capture the temporal and spatial features of human visual attention and distinguish expertise level. The extracted patterns are further examined and interpreted to showcase key differences between expertise levels in the visual reasoning processes. By revealing task-related reasoning processes, this method demonstrates potential for explaining human visual understanding.
Microfluidic droplet generation based on non-embedded co-flow-focusing using 3D printed nozzle
Authors: Dewandre Adrien , Rivero-Rodriguez Javier , Vitry Youen , Sobac Benjamin , Scheid Benoit 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMost commercial microfluidic droplet generators rely on the planar flow-focusing configuration implemented in polymer or glass chips. The planar geometry, however, suffers from many limitations and drawbacks, such as the need of specific coatings or the use of dedicated surfactants, depending on the fluids in play. On the contrary, and thanks to their axisymmetric geometry, glass capillary-based droplet generators are a priori not fluid-dependent. Nevertheless, they have never reached the market because their assembly requires fastidious and not scalable fabrication techniques. Here we present a new device, called Raydrop, based on the alignment of two capillaries immersed in a pressurized chamber containing the continuous phase. The dispersed phase exits one of the capillaries through a 3D-printed nozzle placed in front of the extraction capillary for collecting the droplets. This non-embedded implementation of an axisymmetric flow-focusing is referred to non-embedded co-flow-focusing configuration. Experimental results demonstrate the universality of the device in terms of the variety of fluids that can be emulsified, as well as the range of droplet radii that can be obtained, without neither the need of surfactant nor coating. Additionally, numerical computations of the Navier-Stokes equations based on the quasi-steadiness assumption allow to provide an explanation to the underlying mechanism behind the drop formation and the mechanism of the dripping to jetting transition. Excellent predictions were also obtained for the droplet radius, as well as for the dripping-jetting transition, when varying the geometrical and fluid parameters, showing the ability of this configuration to enventually enhance the dripping regime. The monodispersity ensured by the dripping regime, the robustness of the fabrication technique, the optimization capabilities from the numerical modelling and the universality of the configuration confer to the Raydrop technology a very high potential in the race towards high-throughput droplet generation processes.
First-principles study of the ternary effects on the plasticity of $$\upgamma $$-TiAl crystals
Authors: Lee Taegu , Kim Seong-Woong , Kim Ji Young , Ko Won-Seok , Ryu Seunghwa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe studied the effects of important ternary elements, such as Cr, Nb, and V, on the plasticity of $$\upgamma $$
γ
-TiAl crystals by calculating the point defect formation energy and the change in the generalized stacking fault energy (GSFE) surface from first-principles calculations. For all three elements, the point defect formation energies of the substitutional defects are lower in the Ti site than in the Al site, which implies that substitution on the Ti site is energetically more stable. We computed the GSFE surfaces with and without a substitutional solute and obtained the ideal critical resolved shear stress (ICRSS) of each partial slip. The change in the GSFE surface indicates that the substitution of Ti with Cr, Nb, or V results in an increase in the yield strength because the ICRSS of the superlattice intrinsic stacking fault (SISF) partial slip increases. Interestingly, we find that Cr substitution on an Al site could occur owing to the small difference between the substitutional defect formation energies of the Ti and Al sites. In that case, the reduction of ICRSSs of the SISF partial slip and twinning would lead to improved twinnability. We discuss the implications of the computational predictions by comparing them with experimental results in the literature.
Urinary metabolic phenotyping for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kurbatova Natalja , Garg Manik , Whiley Luke , Chekmeneva Elena , Jiménez Beatriz , Gómez-Romero María , Pearce Jake , Kimhofer Torben , D’Hondt Ellie , Soininen Hilkka , Kłoszewska Iwona , Mecocci Patrizia , Tsolaki Magda , Vellas Bruno , Aarsland Dag , Nevado-Holgado Alejo , Liu Benjamine , Snowden Stuart , Proitsi Petroula , Ashton Nicholas J. , Hye Abdul , Legido-Quigley Cristina , Lewis Matthew R. , Nicholson Jeremy K. , Holmes Elaine , Brazma Alvis , Lovestone Simon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFinding early disease markers using non-invasive and widely available methods is essential to develop a successful therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease. Few studies to date have examined urine, the most readily available biofluid. Here we report the largest study to date using comprehensive metabolic phenotyping platforms (NMR spectroscopy and UHPLC-MS) to probe the urinary metabolome in-depth in people with Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Feature reduction was performed using metabolomic Quantitative Trait Loci, resulting in the list of metabolites associated with the genetic variants. This approach helps accuracy in identification of disease states and provides a route to a plausible mechanistic link to pathological processes. Using these mQTLs we built a Random Forests model, which not only correctly discriminates between people with Alzheimer’s Disease and age-matched controls, but also between individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment who were later diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease and those who were not. Further annotation of top-ranking metabolic features nominated by the trained model revealed the involvement of cholesterol-derived metabolites and small-molecules that were linked to Alzheimer’s pathology in previous studies.
Transcriptome analysis identified the mechanism of synergy between sethoxydim herbicide and a mycoherbicide on green foxtail
Authors: Song Tao , Chu Mingguang , Zhang Jianping , Wen Rui , Lee Jillian , Gossen Bruce D. , Yu Fengqun , Peng Gary 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCertain synthetic herbicides can act synergistically with specific bioherbicides. In this study, a sethoxydim herbicide at 0.1× label rate improved biocontrol of herbicide-sensitive green foxtail (Setaria viridis, GFT) by Pyricularia setariae (a fungal bioherbicide agent), but did not change the efficacy on a herbicide-resistant GFT biotype. Reference transcriptomes were constructed for both GFT biotypes via de novo assembly of RNA-seq data. GFT plants treated with herbicide alone, fungus alone and herbicide + fungus were compared for weed-control efficacy and differences in transcriptomes. On herbicide-sensitive GFT, sethoxydim at the reduced rate induced ABA-activated signaling pathways and a bZIP transcription factor 60 (TF bZIP60), while improved the efficacy of biocontrol. The herbicide treatment did not increase these activities or improve biocontrol efficacy on herbicide-resistant plants. An exogenous application of ABA to herbicide-sensitive plants also enhanced bZIP60 expression and improved biocontrol efficacy, which supported the results of transcriptome analysis that identified the involvement of ABA and bZIP60 in impaired plant defense against P. setariae. It is novel to use transcriptome analysis to decipher the molecular basis for synergy between a synthetic herbicide and a bioherbicide agent. A better understanding of the mechanism underlining the synergy may facilitate the development of weed biocontrol.
Temporal variations of 90Sr and 137Cs in atmospheric depositions after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident with long-term observations
Authors: Kinase Takeshi , Adachi Kouji , Sekiyama Tsuyoshi Thomas , Kajino Mizuo , Zaizen Yuji , Igarashi Yasuhito 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe have measured artificial radionuclides, such as 90Sr and 137Cs, in atmospheric depositions since 1957 in Japan. We observed the variations in 90Sr and 137Cs, which were emitted from atmospheric nuclear tests and nuclear power plant accidents, due to their diffusion, deposition, and resuspension. In March 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident occurred in Japan, and significant increases in 90Sr and 137Cs were detected at our main site in Tsukuba, Ibaraki. Our continual observations revealed that the 137Cs monthly deposition rate in 2018 declined to ~ 1/8100 of the peak level, but it remained more than ~ 400 times higher than that before the accident. Chemical analysis suggested that dust particles were the major carriers of 90Sr and 137Cs during the resuspension period at our main site. Presently, the effective half-life for 137Cs deposition due to radioactive decay and other environmental factors is 4.7 years. The estimation suggests that approximately 42 years from 2011 are required to reduce the atmospheric 137Cs deposition to a state similar to that before the accident. The current 90Sr deposition, on the other hand, shows the preaccident seasonal variation, and it has returned to the same radioactive level as that before the accident.
Amino acid torsion angles enable prediction of protein fold classification
Authors: Tian Kun , Zhao Xin , Wan Xiaogeng , Yau Stephen S.-T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProtein structure can provide insights that help biologists to predict and understand protein functions and interactions. However, the number of known protein structures has not kept pace with the number of protein sequences determined by high-throughput sequencing. Current techniques used to determine the structure of proteins are complex and require a lot of time to analyze the experimental results, especially for large protein molecules. The limitations of these methods have motivated us to create a new approach for protein structure prediction. Here we describe a new approach to predict of protein structures and structure classes from amino acid sequences. Our prediction model performs well in comparison with previous methods when applied to the structural classification of two CATH datasets with more than 5000 protein domains. The average accuracy is 92.5% for structure classification, which is higher than that of previous research. We also used our model to predict four known protein structures with a single amino acid sequence, while many other existing methods could only obtain one possible structure for a given sequence. The results show that our method provides a new effective and reliable tool for protein structure prediction research.
Developmental asymmetries in learning to adjust to cooperative and uncooperative environments
Authors: Westhoff Bianca , Molleman Lucas , Viding Essi , van den Bos Wouter , van Duijvenvoorde Anna C. K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLearning to successfully navigate social environments is a critical developmental goal, predictive of long-term wellbeing. However, little is known about how people learn to adjust to different social environments, and how this behaviour emerges across development. Here, we use a series of economic games to assess how children, adolescents, and young adults learn to adjust to social environments that differ in their level of cooperation (i.e., trust and coordination). Our results show an asymmetric developmental pattern: adjustment requiring uncooperative behaviour remains constant across adolescence, but adjustment requiring cooperative behaviour improves markedly across adolescence. Behavioural and computational analyses reveal that age-related differences in this social learning are shaped by age-related differences in the degree of inequality aversion and in the updating of beliefs about others. Our findings point to early adolescence as a phase of rapid change in cooperative behaviours, and highlight this as a key developmental window for interventions promoting well-adjusted social behaviour.