bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to make use of methanol in green catalytic hydrogen production?
Authors: Zhao Jiaqi , Shi Run , Li Zhenhua , Zhou Chao , Zhang Tierui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHydrogen production and storage as the core of novel hydrogen economy attract extensive attentions in both industry and academia. Methanol‐involved hydrogen production has been considered as an alternative strategy towards conventional methane stream reforming owing to its milder reaction condition and lower carbon footprint. Currently, it mainly includes three branches: (1) thermocatalytic methanol reforming, (2) photocatalytic methanol reforming, and (3) photocatalytic water reduction using methanol as a sacrificial agent. These branches with many similarities, however, are relatively independent in their development stages and research focuses, which seriously restricted the fundamental understanding of using methanol as both hydrogen carrier and catalytic accelerant in hydrogen production reactions. We summarize latest research progresses by expounding their respective advantages, common and individual problems, as well as methods and experiences being developed. The role of methanol and its feasibility in photocatalytic hydrogen production were also discussed from both reaction mechanism and system cost‐efficiency perspectives. Finally, frontiers of the three hydrogen production approaches are prospected, providing overall guidance for the potential application of economic and environmental sustainable methanol‐mediated hydrogen energy.
Recent advances in morphology optimizations towards highly efficient ternary organic solar cells
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Li Ying , Peng Qiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOrganic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted considerable attention and have witnessed rapid progress in the aspects of materials design, device engineering and device physics. Ternary blend organic solar cells (TB‐OSCs), which incorporate more than two chromophores into the active blend, combine the merits of both single‐junction and tandem systems, leading to impressive device performances. However, the introduction of third component into the active blend makes the resulting morphology more complicated than the traditional binary blend. Revealing the morphology evolution and the underlying working mechanism are of great importance to guide the smart design of highly efficient TB‐OSCs. This review introduces the recent different methods that predict the miscibility, a key factor which plays an important role in morphology evolution of OSCs, and classifies the miscibility induces various morphology types of TB‐OSCs. Then, this review summarizes the recent advances in TB‐OSCs that following the above morphology types to provide an insight into the “miscibility‐morphology‐performance” relationship. Finally, challenges and perspectives toward the future development of TB‐OSCs have been presented.
Origin of functionality for functional materials at atomic scale
Authors: Xiao Dongdong , Gu Lin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe physical properties of functional materials are closely related to the intrinsic symmetry and applied fields, wherein symmetry breaking under external fields generates functionalities for functional materials that underlie various technological applications. Understanding the origin of functionalities requires us to determine the precise atomic structure and electronic configurations of functional materials in the broken‐symmetry states, thereby establishing the direct correlation between the structural details and functional properties of materials. The recent advances in aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have enabled real‐space imaging and spectroscopy at sub‐ångström resolution with extraordinary sensitivity to structure, chemistry, and bonding, providing great opportunities to bridge the gap between structure and functionality. Here we present case studies highlighting the utility of advanced TEM in understanding the origin of functionality for functional materials, alongside these examples is a discussion of the physical underpinnings of specific functional properties. We then conclude with a personal perspective on future directions as well as fundamental challenges.
Active learning method combining Kriging model and multimodal‐optimization‐based importance sampling for the estimation of small failure probability
Authors: Yang Xufeng , Cheng Xin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA novel method which combines the active learning Kriging (ALK) model with important sampling is proposed in this paper. The main aim of the proposed method is to solve problems with very small failure probability and multiple failure regions. A surrogate limit state surface (LSS) which strikes a balance between the Kriging mean and variance is proposed. In each iteration, important samples of the surrogate LSS are generated, optimal training points are chosen, the Kriging model is updated and the surrogate LSS is refined. After several iterations, the surrogate LSS will converge to the true LSS. To obtain all the local and global most probable points (MPPs) on the surrogate LSS in each iteration, a recently proposed evolutionary algorithm from the field of multimodal optimization is introduced. In this way, none of the potential failure regions is missed and the unbiasedness of the proposed method is guaranteed. The contribution factor of each MPP is defined and a weighted multimodal instrumental sampling density is formulated. In this way, more attention is paid to the more important failure regions and training points are further saved. The performance of the proposed method is verified by six case studies.
Appearance of fetal intestinal obstruction on fetal MRI
Authors: Li Xu , Zhao Zhen , Li Xuelei , Zhao Mengtian , Kefei Hu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo retrospectively analyze the imaging findings of fetal intestinal obstruction diagnosed by MRI and compare with postnatal surgery findings.MethodsMRI data of 3346 pregnant women were retrospectively analyzed; we found 47 cases of suspected fetal small intestinal obstruction. Twenty‐nine underwent postnatal surgery.ResultsWe identified one case of jejunal obstruction secondary to perforation, five annular pancreas, 10 duodenal stenoses, four jejunal stenoses, five jejunal atresias, two ileal atresias, four intestinal volvulus, and four intestinal malrotations. We further found four cases of duodenal stenosis with intestinal malrotation (two cases also showed volvulus). On fetal MRI, annular pancreas and duodenal obstruction manifested as a “double bubble.” Jejunal stenosis appeared as a “triple bubble.” Jejunal and ileal atresia mainly manifested as proximal dilatation with high signal on T1WI. Intestinal volvulus showed a sausage‐like intestinal distortion and mixed signals on T1WI and DWI sequences. Intestinal malrotations were characterized as abnormal duodenal morphology. We missed two malrotations; one jejunal obstruction was misdiagnosed.ConclusionPrenatal MRI can accurately determine the degree of intestinal obstruction and help qualitatively diagnose its possible etiology according to changes in MRI signals in multiple sequences, providing guidance for prenatal counseling.
Design and synthesis of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s with high glass transition temperature by introducing biphenylene groups
Authors: Liu Xin , Gao Yanwei , Zhu Xuanbo , Shang Yingshuang , Cui Zengduo , Yan Qixing , Zhang Haibo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTwo novel poly(arylene ether sulfone)s with high biphenylene content (BDS‐PES and BDS‐PDBES) are prepared by nucleophilic substitution polymerization of synthesized 4,4′‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)diphenyl sulfone (BDS) with 4,4′‐sulfonylbis(fluorobenzene) and 4,4‐bis[(4‐chlorophenyl)sulfonyl], respectively. The prepared polymers show high glass transition temperature and excellent high‐temperature mechanical properties. The glass transition temperature of BDS‐PDBES with higher biphenylene content is as high as 300 °C, and BDS‐PDBES can still maintain its 30% storage modulus at 295 °C. In addition, the two novel polymers also show excellent thermal stability (Td5 = 526 °C), high elongation at break (ε ≈ 20%), good tensile strength (73 MPa) and modulus (1.73 GPa) and good thermal conductivity (λ300°C = 0.28 W ·m−1 ·K−1).
Thiol–ene addition enables tailored synthesis of poly(2‐oxazoline)‐graft‐poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) copolymers for binder jetting 3D printing
Authors: Wilts Emily M , Long Timothy E 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe continued interest in graft copolymer architectures arises from their unique solution properties and potential for a myriad of applications ranging from drug delivery to adhesives. Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) represents a popular amorphous, water‐soluble polymer used as a polymeric binder in binder jetting additive manufacturing, as fillers in cosmetic products, and for subcutaneous drug delivery systems. This report describes the synthesis of poly(2‐oxazoline) and PVP graft copolymers using a ‘grafting to’ methodology with an efficient thiol–ene ‘click’ reaction. Copolymerization of 2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline and 2‐(3‐butenyl)‐2‐oxazoline introduced pendent vinyl grafting sites with a predictable absolute number‐average molecular weight. In parallel, reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization and subsequent aminolysis yielded well‐defined, oligomeric, thiol‐terminated PVP. Thiol–ene click chemistry enabled the formation of poly(2‐oxazoline)‐graft‐poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PMeOx‐g‐PVP) copolymers with varying mole percent grafting sites and PVP graft length. 1H NMR spectroscopy, aqueous SEC with multiangle light scattering (SEC‐MALS), and bromine titrations confirmed chemical structure, and DSC with TGA elucidated thermal transitions. Aqueous SEC‐MALS and 1H NMR spectroscopy also determined absolute number‐ and weight‐average molecular weights and average grafting levels, which revealed optimal reaction conditions. Zero‐shear viscosities of 5 and 10 wt% solutions in deionized water for each graft copolymer compared to their linear analogs demonstrated a significant (ca 31%) decrease in viscosity at the same number‐average molecular weight. This decrease in solution viscosity suggested PMeOx‐g‐PVP copolymers as exceptional alternatives to linear analogs for aqueous‐based, binder jetting additive manufacturing.
On the photophysics of a polyene dissolved in n‐alkanes when the temperature drops from 293 to 77 K
Authors: Catalán Javier 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe odd–even behavior of n‐alkanes shows that polyene molecules can be minority trapped in the crystalline phase of these saturated compounds, forcing to the fraction of trapped polyenes to adopt an all‐trans structure very close to coplanar. This evidence helps us explain the photophysical behavior of these important compounds based on conformational changes of their molecular structure.
Enhanced uptake of drip‐applied flonicamid by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and improved control of cotton aphid
Authors: Jiang Hui , Tian Yongqing , Chen Jianjun , Zhang Zhixiang , Xu Hanhong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDDrip application of insecticides has been used for controlling crop pests, but the application doses are usually higher than those used for foliar spray. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been reported to improve root absorption of nutrients from soil, which may also enhance the uptake of drip‐applied insecticides, reducing application doses. In this study, greenhouse and field experiments were carried out to determine if AMF could colonize cotton roots, if the colonization could enhance the absorption of drip‐applied flonicamid, and if the enhanced uptake could reduce flonicamid application dose, while maintaining control efficacy against cotton aphid.RESULTSThe applied AMF effectively colonized cotton roots and significantly promoted root growth. Fresh weights of cotton roots inoculated with multiple AMF were 28% greater than those of uninoculated plants. Multiple AMF colonization significantly increased flonicamid concentrations in leaves, which were 44.5–139.7% higher than for non AMF‐colonized roots, corresponding to 3.7–31.8% increases in corrected mortalities of cotton aphid compared with uninoculated plants. AMF colonization reduced the application rate of flonicamid and the residue level of flonicamid in soil.CONCLUSIONDrip application of flonicamid to cotton roots inoculated with AMF represents a new approach to insecticide application. AMF colonization increased flonicamid uptake, improved aphid control efficacy and reduced flonicamid application rates. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Introgressive hybridization between two non‐native apple snails in China: widespread hybridization and homogenization in egg morphology
Authors: Yang Qian‐Qian , He Chao , Liu Guang‐Fu , Yin Chuan‐Lin , Xu Yi‐Peng , Liu Su‐Wen , Qiu Jian‐Wen , Yu Xiao‐Ping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDApple snails from the genus Pomacea have spread widely in paddy fields and other wetlands of southern China since their introduction in the 1980s. Pomacea spp. are commonly identified using mitochondrial COI sequences. However, sequencing the nuclear elongation factor 1‐alpha (EF1α) gene revealed genetic introgression between field populations of P. canaliculata and P. maculata, which produce surviving hybrids in laboratory crossbreeding experiments.RESULTSIn this study, we sequenced 1054 EF1α clones to design specific primers and established a fast and accurate multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for genotyping EF1α. Combined with genotyping P. canaliculata and P. maculata based on mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1α, we revealed the genetic introgression patterns of 30 apple snail populations in China. Purebred and hybrid individuals of P. canaliculata were widely distributed, while pure maculata‐EF1α type was detected only in a few individuals identified as P. canaliculata based on COI sequences. Each egg clutch had one to three genetic patterns, indicating multiple paternity or segregation in the progeny of hybrids. The higher percentages of hybrids in both wild populations and progeny than the homozygotes indicated a potential heterosis in the apple snail populations. Additionally, egg size and clutch size of the apple snails became homogeneous among the non‐native populations exhibiting introgression hybridization.CONCLUSIONOur findings emphasize the value of apple snails as a model to study the mechanisms and impacts of introgressive hybridization on fitness traits. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Innovation, short‐termism, and the cost of strong corporate governance
Authors: Keum D. Daniel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryDo the performance pressures of the capital market exacerbate short‐termism and stifle innovation? This longstanding question has doggedly eluded a conclusive answer due to conflicting empirical findings. We revisit two studies that have been central to rejecting short‐termism: Atanassov (2013) and its replication by Karpoff and Wittry (2018). After revising some of the empirical choices by Atanassov (2013), we find the opposite result: antitakeover laws that insulate managers from the market for corporate control enhance innovation, driven by firms with significant ownership by short‐term oriented investors. However, antitakeover laws do exacerbate the pursuit of value‐destroying acquisitions. Our findings highlight corporate governance as a strategic variable that imposes a tradeoff in disciplining different agency conflicts and weak governance as a necessary evil to stimulate innovation.Managerial SummaryWe present evidence that shareholder pressure indeed exacerbates short‐termism and stifles innovation, especially in firms with significant ownership by short‐term oriented investors. One key implication is that calls to reduce managerial entrenchment and hold managers more accountable to shareholders warrant careful consideration. While curbing other forms of agency conflict, such as managerial shirking and the pursuit of value‐destroying acquisitions, such reforms can exacerbate the myopic focus on short‐term profits and prevent long‐term value creation. Our findings warn that it is misleading to look for universally “good” governance. There are multiple forms of agency conflict that require diametric prescriptions, and designing corporate governance should carefully consider the tradeoffs based on a firm's ownership structure and the need for innovation.
Highly pathogenic Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus variant in a dairy herd in Italy
Authors: Giammarioli Monica , Mangili Piermario , Nanni Alex , Pierini Ilaria , Petrini Stefano , Pirani Silvia , Gobbi Paola , De Mia Gian Mario 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an economically significant pathogen in cattle production worldwide. Usually, it is detected in outbreaks of respiratory disease, most often during the winter period. During the middle of October 2018, a serious outbreak of respiratory disease occurred in a cattle farm comprising about 300 heads located in Central Italy. The herd was affected by a severe flu‐like syndrome unresponsive to any antibiotic treatment. Within 3 weeks, 39 adult animals died, and 12 abortions occurred. Direct and indirect laboratory tests were performed to detect the main pathogens causing the respiratory disease of the affected cattle. The results of laboratory investigations provided evidence of an acute and severe BRSV syndrome characterized by unusual mortality. In order to investigate the molecular underpinnings of this syndrome, phylogenetic analysis of the BRSV strain detected from the outbreak was carried out. The sequence analysis showed that the strain was genetically divergent from BRSV strains previously identified in Italy, as it showed high sequence similarity of more than 97% with strains isolated during a major BRSV epizootic that occurred in Sweden, Norway and Denmark during 2010–2011. The infection of the herd in Italy with this BRSV strain was likely due to the introduction of animals imported into Italy from abroad.
Bilingualism and regional entrepreneurship
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Belitski Maksim , Eichler Georg 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEntrepreneurship makes important contributions to both regional and national economies; however, entrepreneurship rates vary significantly across and within regions. We apply the communication accommodation theory lens to examine the role that bilingualism plays in regional entrepreneurship. We use aggregated firm and district level longitudinal data on eight northeastern districts in the region of South Tyrol (Italy) during 2000–2015 and demonstrate positive direct effect of bilingualism on entrepreneurship activity. The results can be generalizable to other European multicultural regions.
Lightweight hybrid CFRP design for machine tools with focus on simple manufacturing
Authors: Birk Frederik , Ali Fares , Weigold Matthias , Abele Eberhard , Schützer Klaus 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is a continuing demand in machine tools for an increase in productivity. This can be achieved by higher speeds and process parameters, which demand structures with a high stiffness to weight ratio including the use of materials with a high specific modulus. The lack of standardized interfaces and more complex design and manufacturing process prevent the broad use of these materials. This applies especially for CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) which has the highest specific modulus compared to conventional construction materials. Due to that and the higher material damping in comparison with steel, parts out of CFRP can improve the precision of machine tools. These advantages often remain unutilized because of the challenging integration of CFRP parts. Therefore, this paper presents an innovative approach to use CFRP in a hybrid design for machine tool structures focusing on improved dynamic behavior, increased specific stiffness, and ease of manufacture.
Adequately dosed aerobic physical activity in people with axial spondyloarthritis: associations with physical therapy
Authors: Hilberdink Bas , Vlieland Thea Vliet , van der Giesen Florus , van Gaalen Floris , Goekoop Robbert , Peeters Andreas , Fiocco Marta , van Weely Salima 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction
This study aimed to compare the engagement in moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA in axSpA patients with and without current physical therapy (PT).

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, a survey, including current PT treatment (yes/no) and PA, using the ‘Short QUestionnaire to ASsess Health-enhancing PA’ (SQUASH), was sent to 458 axSpA patients from three Dutch hospitals. From the SQUASH, the proportions meeting aerobic PA recommendations (≥ 150 min/week moderate-, ≥ 75 min/week vigorous-intensity PA or equivalent combination; yes/no) were calculated. To investigate the association between PT treatment and meeting the PA recommendations, odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression models, adjusting for sex, age, health status and hospital.

Results
The questionnaire was completed by 200 patients, of whom 68%, 50% and 82% met the moderate-, vigorous- or combined-intensity PA recommendations, respectively. Ninety-nine patients (50%) had PT treatment, and those patients were more likely to meet the moderate- (OR 2.09 [95% CI 1.09–3.99]) or combined-intensity (OR 3.35 [95% CI 1.38–8.13]) PA recommendations, but not the vigorous-intensity PA recommendation (OR 1.53 [95% CI 0.80–2.93]). Aerobic exercise was executed in 19% of individual PT programs.

Conclusion
AxSpA patients with PT were more likely to meet the moderate- and combined-intensity PA recommendations, whereas there was no difference in meeting the vigorous-intensity PA recommendation. Irrespective of having PT treatment, recommendations for vigorous-intensity PA are met by only half of the patients. Implementation should thus focus on aerobic PA in patients without PT and on vigorous-intensity PA in PT programs.