bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excess mortality in the United States during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rivera R. , Rosenbaum J. E. , Quispe W. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Deaths are frequently under-estimated during emergencies, times when accurate mortality estimates are crucial for emergency response. This study estimates excess all-cause, pneumonia and influenza mortality during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic using the 11 September 2020 release of weekly mortality data from the United States (U.S.) Mortality Surveillance System (MSS) from 27 September 2015 to 9 May 2020, using semiparametric and conventional time-series models in 13 states with high reported COVID-19 deaths and apparently complete mortality data: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Washington. We estimated greater excess mortality than official COVID-19 mortality in the U.S. (excess mortality 95% confidence interval (CI) 100 013–127 501 vs. 78 834 COVID-19 deaths) and 9 states: California (excess mortality 95% CI 3338–6344) vs. 2849 COVID-19 deaths); Connecticut (excess mortality 95% CI 3095–3952) vs. 2932 COVID-19 deaths); Illinois (95% CI 4646–6111) vs. 3525 COVID-19 deaths); Louisiana (excess mortality 95% CI 2341–3183 vs. 2267 COVID-19 deaths); Massachusetts (95% CI 5562–7201 vs. 5050 COVID-19 deaths); New Jersey (95% CI 13 170–16 058 vs. 10 465 COVID-19 deaths); New York (95% CI 32 538–39 960 vs. 26 584 COVID-19 deaths); and Pennsylvania (95% CI 5125–6560 vs. 3793 COVID-19 deaths). Conventional model results were consistent with semiparametric results but less precise. Significant excess pneumonia deaths were also found for all locations and we estimated hundreds of excess influenza deaths in New York. We find that official COVID-19 mortality substantially understates actual mortality, excess deaths cannot be explained entirely by official COVID-19 death counts. Mortality reporting lags appeared to worsen during the pandemic, when timeliness in surveillance systems was most crucial for improving pandemic response.
Assessing the challenges to women’s access and implementation of text messages for nutrition behaviour change in rural Tanzania
Authors: Rothstein Jessica D , Klemm Rolf , Niyeha Debora , Smith Erin , Nordhagen Stella 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:This process evaluation aimed to understand factors affecting the implementation of a government-sponsored short message service (SMS) programme for delivering nutrition information to rural populations, including message access, acceptability and putting messages into action.Design:The study was nested within a larger randomised controlled trial. Cross-sectional data collection included structured surveys and in-depth interviews. Data were analysed for key trends and themes using Stata and ATLAS.ti software.Setting:The study took place in Tanzania’s Mtwara region.Participants:Surveys were conducted with 205 women and 93 men already enrolled in the randomised controlled trial. A sub-set of 30 women and 14 men participated in the in-depth interviews.Results:Among women relying on a spouse’s phone, sharing arrangements impeded regular SMS access; men were commonly away from home, forgot to share SMS or did not share them in women’s preferred way. Phone-owning women faced challenges related to charging their phones and defective handsets. Once SMS were delivered, most participants viewed them as trustworthy and comprehensible. However, economic conditions limited the feasibility of applying certain recommendations, such as feeding meat to toddlers. A sub-set of participants concurrently enrolled in an interpersonal counselling (IPC) intervention indicated that the SMS provided reminders of lessons learned during the IPC; yet, the SMS did not help participants contextualise information and overcome the challenges of putting that information into practice.Conclusions:The challenges to accessing and implementing SMS services highlighted here suggest that such platforms may work well as one component of a comprehensive nutrition intervention, yet not as an isolated effort.
Survival and growth of soil microbial communities under influence of sodium perchlorates
Authors: Cheptsov Vladimir , Belov Andrey , Soloveva Olga , Vorobyova Elena , Osipov George , Manucharova Natalia , Gorlenko Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPreviously conducted space missions revealed the presence of perchlorates, which are known to have a high oxidizing potential in Martian regolith, at the level of 0.5%. Due to hygroscopic properties and crystallization features of perchlorate-containing solutions, assumptions leading to the possibility of the existence of liquid water in the form of brines, which can contribute to the vital activity of microorganisms, have been made. At the same time, high concentrations of perchlorates can inhibit the growth of microorganisms and cause their death. Previously performed studies have discovered the presence of highly diverse microbial communities in terrestrial perchlorate-containing soils and have also demonstrated the stability and activity of some prokaryotes cultured on highly concentrated perchlorates media (over 10%). Nevertheless, the limits of microbial tolerance to perchlorates and whether microbial communities are able to withstand the effects of high concentrations of perchlorates remain uncertain. The aim of this research was to study the reaction of microbial communities of hot-arid and cryo-arid soils and sedimentary rocks to the adding of a highly concentrated solution of sodium perchlorate (5%) in situ. An increase in the total number of prokaryotes, the number of metabolically active Bacteria and Archaea, and the variety of the consumed substrates were revealed. It was observed that in samples incubated with sodium perchlorate, a high taxonomic diversity of the microbial community is preserved at a level comparable to control sample. The study shows that the presence of high concentrations of sodium perchlorate (5%) in the soil does not lead to the death or significant inhibition of microbial communities.
Exploring the caregiver's experience in an innovative homebound hematopoietic stem cell transplantation program
Authors: Jenkelowitz Juliet , Garzon Margaux Genoff , Lynch Kathleen , Shuk Elyse , Feindler Eva , Landau Heather , Applebaum Allison 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveHome care for hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCTs), an alternative to traditional inpatient or outpatient recovery programs, is safe and feasible but may place greater demand on full-time caregivers. The goal of this study was to characterize the experiences of caregivers in a newly piloted homebound HSCT program as a means of identifying unmet needs and ensuring adequate support.MethodA qualitative approach was utilized. Participants created self-recorded video diaries guided by open-ended prompts at designated time points throughout recovery and participated in a single follow-up interview within four weeks post-discharge. Diaries and interviews were transcribed, analyzed, and coded to identify recurrent ideas and themes.ResultsData were collected from 12 caregivers of homebound HSCT patients. Thematic content analysis yielded four themes: facilitators (external support, sense of normalcy, and patient wellness), challenges (difficulties with transplant care instructions, managing the patient's physical and emotional health, and caregiver psychological distress), roles in recovery (caregiving responsibilities), and analysis of homebound experience (positive outcomes and suggestions for improvement).Significance of resultsCaregivers perceived the homebound program as offering high-quality medical care in a setting that provided a sense of normalcy, privacy, and greater level of oversight. Unmet needs included lacking preparedness in completing nursing responsibilities and handling caregiver and patient distress. While the homebound program was preferred to routine hospital care, psychotherapeutic support and programming to improve caregiver preparedness in a homebound HSCT recovery program is indicated.
Comment on “Accelerated Fill‐Up of the Arbuckle Group Aquifer and Links to U.S. Midcontinent Seismicity” by Ansari et al. (2019)
Authors: Peterie Shelby L. , Newell K. David , Bohling Geoffrey C. , Mandel Rolfe D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSpatiotemporal analysis of Arbuckle Group formation pressures and disposal volumes provides insight into contributing factors underlying the regional trends in formation pressure identified by Ansari et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016926) using statistical analysis. Based on trends in bivariate correlation of reported values, Ansari et al. (2019) suggested that rising formation pressures were a result of fluid injection within 25 km. Our primary concern is that the correlation trends are most likely an artifact of the method used by Ansari et al. (2019), at least in part, and the conclusion that pressure diffusion is limited to within 25 km of the injection point does not necessarily follow from the analysis. We also note that estimated formation pressure depends on the depth of the pressure gauge, which, in some cases, varies from one measurement to the next and should be accounted for to accurately assess measured changes. The spatial relationship of formation pressure changes among wells provides valuable insight into the origin of those changes. For each well, we project pressure to a baseline depth to account for changes in gauge depth and reexamine trends in formation pressure. Spatiotemporal progression suggests post‐2011 formation pressure changes originate from a spatially dense group of high‐rate saltwater disposal wells near the Kansas‐Oklahoma border well beyond 25 km (and as far as 90 km) away.
Reactivation of Fault Systems by Compartmentalized Hydrothermal Fluids in the Southern Andes Revealed by Magnetotelluric and Seismic Data
Authors: Pearce R. K. , Sánchez de la Muela A. , Moorkamp M. , Hammond J. O. S. , Mitchell T. M. , Cembrano J. , Araya Vargas J. , Meredith P. G. , Iturrieta P. , Pérez‐Estay N. , Marshall N. R. , Smith J. , Yañez G. , Ashley Griffith W. , Marquardt C. , Stanton‐Yonge A. , Núñez R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn active volcanic arcs such as the Andean volcanic mountain belt, magmatically sourced fluids are channeled through the brittle crust by faults and fracture networks. In the Andes, volcanoes, geothermal springs, and major mineral deposits have a spatial and genetic relationship with NNE trending, margin‐parallel faults and margin‐oblique, NW trending Andean Transverse Faults (ATF). The Tinguiririca and Planchón‐Peteroa volcanoes in the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) demonstrate this relationship, as their spatially associated thermal springs show strike alignment to the NNE oriented El Fierro Thrust Fault System. We constrain the fault system architecture and its interaction with volcanically sourced hydrothermal fluids using a combined magnetotelluric (MT) and seismic survey that was deployed for 20 months. High‐conductivity zones are located along the axis of the active volcanic chain, delineating fluids and/or melt. A distinct WNW trending cluster of seismicity correlates with resistivity contrasts, considered to be a reactivated ATF. Seismicity occurs below 4 km, suggesting activity is limited to basement rocks, and the cessation of seismicity at 9 km delineates the local brittle‐ductile transition. As seismicity is not seen west of the El Fierro fault, we hypothesize that this structure plays a key role in compartmentalizing magmatically derived hydrothermal fluids to the east, where the fault zone acts as a barrier to cross‐fault fluid migration and channels fault‐parallel fluid flow to the surface from depth. Increases in fluid pressure above hydrostatic may facilitate reactivation. This site‐specific case study provides the first three‐dimensional seismic and MT observations of the mechanics behind the reactivation of an ATF.
Regional Crustal Imaging by Inversion of Multimode Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Curves Measured From Seismic Noise: Application to the Basque‐Cantabrian Zone (N Spain)
Authors: Olivar‐Castaño A. , Pilz M. , Pedreira D. , Pulgar J. A. , Díaz‐González A. , González‐Cortina J. M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSeismic‐noise tomography is routinely applied for imaging geological structures at different spatial scales. The frequently used time‐domain approach presents two limitations. First, extracting surface‐wave group velocities from time‐domain cross‐correlations requires interstation distances of at least three wavelengths, which may be problematic when working at local or regional scales. Second, the presence of higher modes of surface waves in the cross‐correlation functions is often disregarded, which may cause loss of valuable information about the shear‐wave velocity structure. In this work, we present a complete inversion scheme that avoids these limitations and use it to obtain a 3D shear‐wave velocity model of the Basque‐Cantabrian Zone (N Spain), a structurally complex area affected by multiple tectonic events. The resulting model agrees with the existing geological and geophysical knowledge and significantly extends the area for which high‐resolution information is available.
Near‐Ultraviolet to Near‐Infrared Spectral Properties of Hollows on Mercury: Implications for Origin and Formation Process
Authors: Barraud O. , Doressoundiram A. , Besse S. , Sunshine J. M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAmong the geological features revealed by the MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging) mission on the surface of Mercury, hollows are the most surprising and least understood. Possibly related to volatile components, hollows are small depressions, surrounded by bright halos and are not observed on any other surfaces in our solar system. Previous analysis of multispectral data obtained by Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) has shown that some hollows have weak spectral absorption features centered at around 600 nm. In this work, we analyzed four hollows with observations acquired by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) on board MESSENGER with more than 230 spectral channels from the near‐ultraviolet to the near‐infrared. Unlike previous MDIS multispectral data, the MASCS reflectance spectra exhibit no absorption features in the MDIS wavelength range. However, we found that hollows have unique spectral properties in the near‐ultraviolet, with a spectral curvature between 300 and 600 nm that is distinctly different from other geological units. Moreover, we used MASCS observations with the best available spatial resolution (<0.5 km/pixel) to analyze both parts of a hollow: the flat floor and the surrounding halo. Our results support the hypothesis that hollows form by a sublimation process and scarp retreat.
Late Amazonian Ice Survival in Kasei Valles, Mars
Authors: Hepburn A. J. , Ng F. S. L. , Holt T. O. , Hubbard B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHigh‐obliquity excursions on Mars are hypothesized to have redistributed water from the poles to nourish mid‐latitude glaciers. Evidence of this process is provided by different types of viscous flow features (ice‐rich deposits buried beneath sediment mantle) located there today, including lobate debris aprons (LDAs). During high‐obliquity extremes, ice may have persisted even nearer the equator, as indicated by numerous enigmatic depressions bounded on one side by either isolated mesas or scarps, and on the other by a lava unit. These depressions demarcate the past interaction between flowing lava and ghost LDAs (GLDAs), which have long since disappeared. We term these features GLDA depressions, about which little is known besides their spatial extent. This collection of depressions implies tropical ice loss over an area ∼100,000 km2. To constrain their history in Kasei Valles, we derive model ages for GLDA depressions, mesas, and the lava flow from crater counts. We use a 2D model of glacial ice constrained by the topography of GLDA depressions to approximate the surface and volume of former glacial ice deposits. The model reconstructs former ice surfaces along multiple flow lines orientated normal to GLDA depression boundaries. This reconstruction indicates that 1,400–3,500 km3 of ice—similar to that present in Iceland on Earth—existed at ∼1.3 Ga when the lava was emplaced. Dating shows that the GLDAs survived for up to ∼1 billion years following lava emplacement, before its final demise.
Delays, Discrepancies, and Distortions: Size‐Dependent Sediment Mixing and the Deep‐Sea Record of the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum From ODP Site 690 (Weddell Sea)
Authors: Hupp Brittany , Kelly D. Clay 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe deep‐sea sedimentary record of Ocean Drilling Program Site 690 (Weddell Sea) has figured prominently in the study of an ancient (~56 Ma) global warming event referred to as the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Yet discrepancies in the timing, amplitude, and structure of the isotopic excursions marking the PETM exist between the bulk‐carbonate and planktic foraminifer stable isotope (δ13C and δ18O) records of this reference section. A recent study invoked size‐dependent sediment mixing (SDSM) to reconcile the discrepancies between these parallel δ13C records. Here we report supplementary stable isotope data compiled from size‐segregated planktic foraminifer shells that further elucidate the effects of SDSM on the Site 690 PETM section. Our records reveal a stratigraphic sequence where the carbon (CIE) and oxygen (OIE) isotope excursions marking the onset of PETM conditions are first registered by larger shells, confirming that smaller‐sized pre‐CIE shells have been more intensely mixed and preferentially displaced up‐section into the overlying CIE interval. The size‐dependent manner in which the CIE and OIE are recorded by asymbiotic subbotinids indicates that the transitory loss of size‐dependent δ13C signatures in photosymbiotic taxa (acarininids) at Site 690 is an artifact of SDSM. Synthetic bulk‐carbonate δ13C records generated with two end‐member (pre‐CIE versus CIE materials) sediment‐mixing curves readily reproduce the series of “steps” seen in published bulk‐carbonate δ13C records of the CIE, suggesting that these fine‐scale features may also be artifacts of SDSM and varying rates of carbonate sedimentation.
Aptian Flysch in Central Tibet: Constraints on the Timing of Closure of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean
Authors: Luo An‐Bo , Fan Jian‐Jun , Hao Yu‐Jie , Li Hang , Zhang Bo‐Chuan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe timing of the closure of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean is highly controversial. An important reason for this is that the sedimentological work within the Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone is not sufficient. In this study, based on the U‐Pb zircon dating of turbiditic sandstone and tuff interlayers, we determine the existence of Aptian flysch (ca. 126–113 Ma) in the middle and western segments of the Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone. Further analysis shows that the Aptian flysch was deposited in a trench environment. In space, from the Mabujia Co area in the western segment to the Kama area in the middle segment, the outcrop extent of the Aptian flysch spans nearly 300 km from east to west. These results indicate that the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean had not fully closed by the end of Aptian time, and its oceanic slab was still subducting. Based on this new discovery, and the results of previous studies, we believe that the middle and western segments of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean closed between 113 and ca. 92 Ma nonmarine deposition of the Jingzhushan Formation, which lies in angular unconformity above the flysch.
Smartrock Transport in a Mountain Stream: Bedload Hysteresis and Changing Thresholds of Motion
Authors: Pretzlav Kealie L. G. , Johnson Joel P. L. , Bradley D. Nathan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBedload movement is fundamentally probabilistic. Our quantitative understanding of gravel transport is particularly limited when flow conditions just exceed thresholds of motion, in part because of difficulties in measuring transport statistics during natural floods. We used accelerometer‐embedded tracer clasts to precisely measure the timing of grain motions and rests during snowmelt floods in Halfmoon Creek, a gravel‐bed mountain stream in Colorado, USA. These new data let us explore how probabilities of tracer movement varied as functions of discharge and time. Bedload hysteresis occurred over both daily and seasonal timescales and included clockwise, counterclockwise, and figure‐eight patterns. We empirically explain the hysteresis by modifying a bedload transport model to have an evolving threshold of motion parameter. We calculate how the thresholds of motion progressively evolved through time over 22 days during the 2015 snowmelt flood. Our results quantitatively show that thresholds of motion are functions of both (a) cumulative shear stress and (b) temporal changes in shear stress during floods.
Inhibitors targeting Bruton’s tyrosine kinase in cancers: drug development advances
Authors: Wen Tingyu , Wang Jinsong , Shi Yuankai , Qian Haili , Liu Peng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor is a promising novel agent that has potential efficiency in B-cell malignancies. It took approximately 20 years from target discovery to new drug approval. The first-in-class drug ibrutinib creates possibilities for an era of chemotherapy-free management of B-cell malignancies, and it is so popular that gross sales have rapidly grown to more than 230 billion dollars in just 6 years, with annual sales exceeding 80 billion dollars; it also became one of the five top-selling medicines in the world. Numerous clinical trials of BTK inhibitors in cancers were initiated in the last decade, and ~73 trials were intensively announced or updated with extended follow-up data in the most recent 3 years. In this review, we summarized the significant milestones in the preclinical discovery and clinical development of BTK inhibitors to better understand the clinical and commercial potential as well as the directions being taken. Furthermore, it also contributes impactful lessons regarding the discovery and development of other novel therapies.