bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeking Influence Abroad
Authors: Kohli Atul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Born an anticolonial nation, the United States burst upon the global scene as an imperial power at the end of the nineteenth century. This chapter analyzes the American expansion into the Caribbean, Central America, and Pacific Asia. When the United States became a major industrial power in the late nineteenth century, it sought profit and power overseas, especially new economic opportunities. The United States experimented with colonialism but settled on creating stable but subservient regimes in peripheral countries as the main mechanism of control. Benefits to the United States included gains in trade, opportunities for foreign investments, and profitable loans. Countries under US influence, including the Philippines, Cuba, and Nicaragua, experienced some economic growth but became commodity exporters with sharp inequalities and poor-quality governments.
Fighting Third World Nationalism
Authors: Kohli Atul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes American interventions in the developing world during the Cold War. While a struggle against communism provided the context of the interventions in Iran, Vietnam, and Chile, the deeper motive was to dislodge nationalists who challenged American design to create a worldwide open economy order. The mechanisms varied, from covert coups in Iran and Chile to hard militarism in Vietnam. The benefits to the United States also varied; it experienced nominal success in Chile but a costly defeat in Vietnam. Democracy in both Iran and Chile was derailed, and both countries remained commodity exporters under American tutelage. By contrast, a repressive communist regime came to control Vietnam that has successfully pursued an economic program of industrialization and poverty alleviation.
Global Assertion, Soft and Hard
Authors: Kohli Atul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes America’s global assertion in the post–Cold War period. This assertion has followed both economic and military pathways. The imposition of the Washington Consensus on Latin American countries is an example of economic assertion. The United States was moved in this direction to first rescue highly indebted American banks and then to roll back statist models of economic development in the region. Economic benefits to the United States were considerable. Latin American countries experienced a lost decade of growth, followed by some resumption of growth, but were still mainly dependent on commodity exports. Hard militarism in the Middle East has been motivated by goals that were vaguer but included establishing primacy over an oil-rich region. The results have been at best, mixed. The war in Iraq was very costly. A half million Iraqis died. The benefits to the United States are not obvious and Iraq struggles to be a functioning state under American influence.
Conclusion
Authors: Kohli Atul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the study concerning the motives that drove British and American imperialism, their respective mechanisms of rule, and the impact of their global expansion, especially on the global periphery. The main motive that drove both the hegemonic powers of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries to expand overseas was to enhance their respective national prosperity. While Britain pursued both formal and informal empire, the United States settled mainly for the latter. Britain and the United States pursued formal empire when they could but accepted informal control when they met resistance. The impact of colonialism was more pernicious than that of informal empire. Colonies were exploited by metropolitan countries for their own advantage and seldom experienced economic growth. Countries under informal sway did experience more growth but failed to create diversified economies. Whether emerging China is also developing an informal empire is explored at the end.
Introduction
Authors: Kaicker Abhishek 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
That the ordinary people were merely the passive objects of sovereign authority has long served as a chief axiom in the study of precolonial India. The following pages offer, by way of introduction, an argument to the contrary. While premodern urbanites in South Asia have received little historical attention, the common people of the city of Delhi—regarded as little better than animals by the imperial elite—nevertheless emerged as subjects in a regime that had no conception of their place in politics. Offering an analysis of the evolving relation between sovereignty and popular politics in the period, this book lays out in the starkest terms the heretofore-unrevealed potential of Delhi’s urbanites for concerted action in extraordinary circumstances. This introduction sets the stage in precolonial India and outlines the subjects of each of the book’s seven chapters.
Anatomy of a Massacre
Authors: Kaicker Abhishek 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 1739, the Iranian ruler Nadir Shah spearheaded a rapid invasion of the Mughal realm, which culminated with his occupation of the Mughal capital of Shahjahanabad (Delhi) and the extraction of a vast tribute from the Mughal king Muhammad Shah and his nobles. While Nadir Shah’s brief time in Delhi is remembered for his sanguinary massacre of the city’s inhabitants, this chapter demonstrates that Nadir Shah’s violence was driven by a forgotten but large-scale popular uprising against his troops. Through a close analysis of the uprising and its aftermath, this chapter shows that by 1739, elites and commoners in Delhi had developed divergent views about Mughal kingship: While the nobility were happy to cooperate with Nadir Shah, the ordinary people of the city would not consent to any ruler other than their own.
Islam as a Language of Popular Politics
Authors: Kaicker Abhishek 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
By the 1720s, disorderly gatherings and protests appeared to have become an integral part of urban life in Delhi. This chapter shows how such tumults of the city marked acts of everyday political assertion by ordinary people. Relying on the gestures and practices of Islam to publicly demand “justice” in the face of “oppression,” such protests appropriated the ideal of the ‘Community of Muslims’ for their own ends. Accordingly this chapter examines a central gesture in such political protests: the popular interruption of the Friday sermon. Although it emerged in a moment of sectarian controversy in 1711, the act of interrupting the Friday sermon quickly came to serve as the key symbolic means by which the people challenged the enunciation of imperial sovereignty when it did not lend its support to them.
The Shoemakers’ Riot and the Limits of Popular Politics
Authors: Kaicker Abhishek 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 1729, a minor clash between a group of Muslim shoemakers and a Hindu jeweler in the streets of the city spiraled into an extraordinary urban tumult that led to fierce fighting and much bloodshed in the courtyard of the city’s congregational mosque. Offering a detailed study of the shoemakers’ riot, as the event came to be known, this chapter explores the possibilities—and the limits—of everyday popular politics in the Delhi of the early eighteenth century. Despite their artifactual nature, accounts of the riot offer invaluable insight into the actions and intentions of the city’s lowest inhabitants at a moment of urban crisis, and the goal of the historical reconstruction in this chapter will be to illuminate the tangled happenings of March 1729, while still preserving the multiplicity of meanings assigned to them. The shoemakers’ agitation cannot be neatly subsumed into the standard categories of economic conflict or sectarian hatred that have given us the conventional understanding of the period. Instead of closing the meanings of the event in narratives of “larger significance,” this chapter attempts to behold the city of the eighteenth century from the eyes of the shoemaker.
Epilogue
Authors: Kaicker Abhishek 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The dynamic relation between enunciations of sovereignty and the rise of a popular politics that emerged over the course of the Mughal empire’s history was disrupted in the years after Nadir Shah’s invasion of 1739. Yet, even as the empire was reduced to a purely nominal entity, both the visions of sovereignty it engendered and the popular politics it enabled would persist for much longer. These concluding pages sketch the longer life of both conceptions of sovereignty and the workings of a popular politics, tracing their final manifestation in the great revolt of 1857.
Visibility
Authors: Callahan William A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This short introduction to Part I, “Visibility/Visuality: A Framework for Analysis,” explains why visuals are important for international politics. It summarizes how Chapters 1–3, on visibility, visuality, and dynamic dyads, unpack arguments raised in the introduction. While it is popular to use the term “visuality” to discuss how images are more than objective reflections of reality, Part I argues that we need to differentiate between “meaning” and “doing.” It thus presents both a literature review of visual culture studies and visual IR research and an original analytical framework for understanding visual international politics.
Visibility, Visuality, and Mass (Self)Surveillance
Authors: Callahan William A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChapter 11 addresses a crossover domain in which images and artifacts co-exist in surveillance. It turns the question of visibility around: not just what we see, but how we are seen, including how we are constituted through various gazes. While most analyses of surveillance look to technology and security, this chapter explores the “culture of surveillance,” in which surveillance is an interactive practice of social-ordering and world-ordering. It traces the politics of surveillance through an analysis of historical and social trends in China and Euro-America: the pre-modern society of sovereignty, the modern society of discipline, and the contemporary networked society of control. It thus compares how surveillance provokes censorship, self-discipline, and creative social-ordering. Chapter 11 concludes that these are political rather than technical or cultural issues, and that they pose problems for both democratic societies and authoritarian states. It thus uses non-Western concepts and experiences to explore the sensible politics of visual artifacts.
Overview
Authors: Mehta Rupal N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The overview accomplishes three goals. First, it presents the empirical research design and examines the utility of mixed-method research design that uses both quantitative and qualitative evidence. This approach is especially important given the “small-n” problem inherent in nuclear politics, that is, the relatively small universe of nuclear weapons proliferation cases over time. Second, it introduces broad characteristics and descriptive statistics underlying nuclear weapons activity from the historical record. Third, it presents an overview of the selection criteria, value, and sources of case studies and how they provide support for my theoretical framework. These cases illustrate the core hypothesis and key scope conditions that examine how instances of leadership change and political relationships with the United States influence nuclear decision-making and the likelihood of counterproliferation success and failure, in the shadow of military force.
India: Erstwhile Ally and Nuclear Reversal
Authors: Mehta Rupal N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter contains the first of the three comparative case studies—Indian, Iranian, and North Korean nuclear weapons programs. It begins by presenting an in-depth case selection discussion and the utility of both an intra-case and comparative case selection method. The chapter continues by examining how India successfully, and clandestinely, developed a nuclear capability despite early counterproliferation attempts by the United States. The first half of the chapter describes the initial phase of the Indian program that culminated in the 1974 Peaceful Nuclear Explosion. Despite the United States’ early success in incentivizing the Indians to suspend their nuclear pursuit, U.S. efforts at nuclear reversal failed and the Indians ultimately became a full-fledged nuclear weapons state in 1998. The chapter concludes by describing the ultimate failure of counterproliferation attempts by the United States in accord with the expectations of the theoretical framework laid out in Chapter 2.
Iran: Adversaries and Nuclear Reversal
Authors: Mehta Rupal N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an in-depth case study analysis of the Iranian nuclear program from its inception to the country’s ultimate decision to renounce its nuclear ambitions in 2015. The chapter begins by examining the trajectory of the Iranian nuclear program and some of the initial attempts by the international community to persuade Iran to end it. Using archival and interview-based data, this analysis demonstrates the powerful role of inducements offered by the United States and other members of the international community, in conjunction with the election of President Rouhani, that provided a window of opportunity that ultimately led to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The chapter concludes with an update about the long-term viability of the Iran deal.
North Korea:
Authors: Mehta Rupal N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the last of the three comparative case study analyses, this chapter explores the greatest remaining challenge to the non-proliferation regime: North Korea. Its recent rise in belligerence toward its neighbors in the region and the United States presents a troubling prospect about peace and security in the region, especially in light of its continued nuclear and missile tests. Despite continued efforts by the U.S. and other key members of the international community to negotiate with Pyongyang, North Korea remains committed to its nuclear program. This chapter examines the history of the North Korean program and the myriad attempts by American leaders (beginning primarily with the Clinton Administration) to persuade the North Korean leadership to abandon its nuclear pursuit. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the current efforts to engage the North Koreans, the implications of this policy, and potential policy recommendations to help mitigate the challenges posed by the DPRK.
Aggressive Hindu Nationalism
Authors: Agnes Flavia 
Published: February 2020

This chapter scrutinizes the triple talaq issue in the context of an aggressive Hindu nationalism in India to provide the intersectional and historical context for the overemphasis on triple talaq and the lack of reporting on the progress in Muslim women’s rights, and to challenge popular misconceptions surrounding Muslim personal law. Why is there an overemphasis on triple talaq today to the exclusion of all other gender concerns? Agnes highlights how the discourse around triple talaq has constrained the discussion of abandoned women within the confines of Muslim communities, even while separated and abandoned Hindu women number 2 million out of 2.3 million in India. Through reflecting on the triple talaq issue, she seeks to find effective strategies to secure dignity and economic rights for women in a context where women’s rights are posed as oppositional to (Muslim) community rights.
Exercises Using the Skills
Authors: Churchill Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a set of prompts designed to probe our understanding and use of the skills described in chapters 2 and 3. These prompts are grouped under 8 headings: curiosity about the contours and adequacy of one’s own moral sensibilities; a broad empathy; conceptual agility to see moral questions from multiple perspectives; identifying emotional registers; sensitivity to suffering; moral certainty/uncertainty; moral authority; and happiness. Multiple prompts under each heading seek to get at the same capacity in a different way. Readers are encouraged to respond to these prompts orally first and then in writing. The exercises are designed for use in pairs or with three people, with each person taking a turn as responder to the prompt and then as a careful listener who voices a follow-up.
Some Common Pitfalls
Authors: Churchill Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ethics can go wrong in a variety of ways, some of the experiences and the interpretive related to inept use of the skills described in chapters 2 and 3. Five errors are singled out for special consideration as commonplace in ethics. These are the trap of either/or thinking (a simplistic understanding of ethical choices), expecting too much from theory (overestimating the importance of theory and undervaluing the insights of practice), the desire for a unifying conception of ethics (the misguided search for foundations), restricting what experiences have moral weight (truncating the potential sources of moral discernment), and treating mysteries as moral problems (failing to acknowledge the limits of ethics).
Moral Concepts in Practice II
Authors: Churchill Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues the exploration of important concepts in ethics. These are ideas that most of us will find to be of crucial value at some point, and many of them will find routine use. The first concepts defined and explored in this chapter are voluntary and nonvoluntary responsibility. It is argued that the more holistic notion of a responsible person is preferable to a focus on separate responsible acts. The other concepts discussed are justice and the measures of impartiality used in justice, liberty, moral rights, conscience, and death. It is argued that conscience is an important facet of moral judgments, but not a final or unassailable authority. Death, it is argued, is an enabler of ethics, and a feature of moral life that gives it intensity and meaning.
Skills and Concepts for Ethics beyond the Lifespan
Authors: Churchill Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The skills and concepts presented in previous chapters are here illustrated for their relevance for the problem of global warming, a calamity whose full effects will occur beyond the lifespan of many readers. This is arguably the most urgent ethical problem we now face. Five debilitating features of our current thinking are described: our focus on the present; political ineptness; the idea that humans are the crown of the creation; consumerism; and our mechanistic view of nature, including our own physical bodies. It is argued that the way forward is not through correcting our concepts but recognizing our grounding in Earth and embracing it. This kind of love of Earth and other life forms is related to but distinguished from that of scientists such as E. O. Wilson and Stephen J. Gould.
Cracking the Case, and Cases to Consider
Authors: Churchill Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter deals with the nature and usefulness of ethical cases, and it opens with a prompt to readers to describe a moral problem relevant to their lives. It is argued that the most helpful ethical cases are the ones closest to home, which we have experienced or conceivably could experience. In the first section of this chapter, readers are taught to interrogate case presentations for their assumptions and biases, and some measures of effective ethics cases are offered. In the final section, 12 wide-ranging, contemporary cases are presented, along with prompts for how to explore them further. These are nonprescription use of Adderall; self-driving cars; vaccine refusal; arming school teachers; businesses that provide services selectively; paying student-athletes; cows and global warming; the effects of social media; choosing the sex of one’s children; age as a screen for expensive therapies; buying and selling organ; and divisive monuments.
Joining The Church of Almighty God
Authors: Introvigne Massimo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter discusses the phenomenal growth of The Church of Almighty God and explores the possible reasons for it. While hostile sources claim the church is “against the family,” a study of the church’s sacred scriptures shows that its view of the family is in fact surprisingly positive and conversions often occur through relatives. Five stories of persons who converted are then presented: a young woman raised as a Jehovah’s Witness, a young Chinese man born in the United States, a couple owning a small business in Arizona, and a pastor of an evangelical church in the Philippines. Their narratives reflects the emic narrative of conversion and insist on the persuasiveness of theology. A survey conducted among diaspora church members in three countries (South Korea, USA, the Philippines) shows that most members were in fact converted by relatives, and in turn tried to convert other relatives.
Artistic Functions
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChapter 9 seeks to underwrite an explanation mooted in earlier chapters of the existence of inconsistent affective norms across fictions and real life: the norms that are recognized to govern affective, desire-like, and evaluative engagements with works of art follow from the distinctive functions by which those works are constituted. This functional view of art, articulated in general aesthetic and ontological terms, is defended against both those who assert that works of art have no function (committing to a version of artistic autonomy) and those who would identify a set of particular functions all works of art have qua art. This chapter concludes by showing that that functional view has the resources to explain how ethical considerations can bear an internal relation to the evaluation of fictions in artistic terms.
Prologue
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 1955, Martha Graham and her company of diverse dancers landed in Japan to begin their first official State Department–sponsored tour of Asia and the Middle East to countries that President Dwight D. Eisenhower designated as the “domino nations,” or those most likely to fall to communist influence. On the tarmac, Graham was greeted by mass crowds and children bearing bouquets. American modern dance challenged the Soviet ballet, as a tour by Galina Ulanova preceding Graham. Newspapers announced, “U.S. and Soviet Competition in Dancing: Graham and Ulanova.” Graham triumphed with her abstract works alongside tales from the Western canon, fractured narratives, and female protagonists, all to describe the “soul of mankind.” Graham became useful as she attached herself to Eisenhower’s American battle for “hearts and minds,” particularly since she added the frontier and its pioneers to the cast of archetypes presented onstage in “the language that needs no words,” and embodied what she called the “universal.” Graham was heralded as an ambassadress during high-level diplomatic exchanges and embassy parties on the “cocktail circuit of diplomacy.” Graham and her company also functioned as diplomats when they engaged with the public during lecture-demonstrations and shopping for artifacts. While Graham proclaimed that her work was “universal,” and thus not political, one critic remarked that “the patriotic placing of American national interest at the end with Appalachian Spring” served “to underscore the diplomatic nature of this cultural mission.” Graham’s dances were modernist and seemingly apolitical art as creatures of Cold War politics.