bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of heat processing on the quality and alkaloid contents of Coptis Rhizome
Authors: Akiba Shuichiro , Sahashi Yoshiro , Mitsuma Tadamichi 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTAimThe outer color of the Chinese herbal medicine Oren (Coptis Rhizome) in the market has lately been darker than usual. A survey in China revealed that the preparation process was performed in conditions of excessive heat, and as a result there was concern about both the medicine's ingredients, as well as properties such as color and taste. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the influence of excess heat during processing on the ingredients and properties of Coptis Rhizome.MethodsWe obtained six samples of heat‐processed chopped Oren pieces from a market in Japan, sorted the pieces into three groups according to the color, and measured the alkaloid content in each color group. In addition, the effect of heating on the alkaloid content was examined by directly heating Oren.ResultsIn each sample, 7–31% of the Oren pieces had a black tone, and their coptisine chloride content was as low as 37–91% compared with normal‐tone pieces. As a result of heat‐processing crude Oren at 160°C for 150 min in a constant‐temperature oven, the coptisine chloride content decreased to 25.6%. Furthermore, the coptisine chloride content decreased to about 70% when heating heat‐processed Oren for 3 min with an open flame, and the color changed to a dark brown.ConclusionOur results suggest that black‐colored chopped Oren pieces in the market are produced by excessive heating, which affects the quality of the medicine and its alkaloid content.
Estimation of coastal aquifer properties: A review of the tidal method based on theoretical solutions
Authors: Zhang Ming , Hao Yonghong , Zhao Zhixue , Wang Tongke , Yang Ling 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDetermination of the hydraulic properties of coastal aquifer systems has important implications that are related to the issues such as seawater intrusion, submarine groundwater discharge, migration of contaminants, assessment of water resources, and geotechnical engineering. Over recent decades, many analytical solutions that consider different types of coastal aquifer systems or models have been developed. These solutions can be used as a theoretical basis for the tidal method that characterizes the hydraulic properties of a coastal aquifer system using hydraulic response measurements in an observation well or wells induced by tidal waves in the ocean. The hydraulic properties of an aquifer can be estimated through fitting a series of time‐dependent changes of hydraulic head detected in an observation well to those calculated based on theoretical solutions. For simplicity, most theoretical solutions only consider one tidal component and idealized boundary conditions, although in reality multiple tidal components exist simultaneously and boundary conditions can be more complicated. For practical applications of the tidal method and to increase its reliability, multiple tidal components should be considered and models considering more complicated boundary conditions should be developed. In addition, methods that can determine both the hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient, rather than only the hydraulic diffusivity, that is, the ratio of hydraulic conductivity to storage coefficient of coastal aquifer, should be developed. Cautions should be taken into account when using the tidal method because earth tides and changes in local atmospheric pressure may induce similar tidal fluctuations in the hydraulic head within inland observation wells.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Science of Water > Methods
A review of hydrologic signatures and their applications
Authors: McMillan Hilary K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHydrologic signatures are quantitative metrics or indices that describe statistical or dynamical properties of hydrologic data series, primarily streamflow. Hydrologic signatures were first used in eco‐hydrology to assess alterations in flow regime, and have since seen wide uptake across a variety of hydrological fields. Their applications include extracting biologically relevant attributes of streamflow data, monitoring hydrologic change, analyzing runoff generation processes, defining similarity between watersheds, and calibrating and evaluating hydrologic models. Hydrologic signatures allow us to extract meaningful information about watershed processes from streamflow series, and are therefore seeing increasing use in emerging information‐rich areas such as global‐scale hydrologic modeling, machine learning, and large‐sample hydrology. This overview paper describes the background and development of hydrologic signature theory, reviews hydrologic signature use across a variety of applications, and discusses ongoing hydrologic signature research including current challenges.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Science of Water
Experimental evaluation of self‐remediation mechanism by groundwater flow in unconfined aquifers
Authors: Mostafazadeh Farzad , Kilanehei Fouad , Hassanlourad Mahmoud 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of soil properties such as permeability on the dispersion and movement of a water dissolved contaminant in three types of soil in saturated and 2D conditions. The experimental modeling was conducted using a constructed sand box. In order to evaluate the effect of soils particle size on the distribution and self‐remediation of the contaminant, three types of soil, as coarse, medium, and fine‐grained sand were used. Results of experiments showed that, at the first 25% of the test time, the contaminated area reduction rate in all three specimens varies significantly, so that for the medium and coarse sand, it is 2.2 and 3 times that of fine sand, respectively. The contaminant width reduction at the first 25% of the test time was 5%, 6%, and 35% for the fine, medium, and coarse sand, respectively, while the contaminant length reduction was 13%, 18%, and 37% for the fine, medium, and coarse sand, respectively. In addition, by comparing the contaminant movement in the saturated and semi‐saturated areas, it was observed that the longitudinal and transverse movement of the contaminant under the water level are almost 2.5 times of the semi‐saturated area.Practitioner points

Reduction rate of solution area in fine, medium and coarse‐grained sample are nearly convex, linear and concave‐shaped, respectively.
The remediation process in saturated zones is implemented in both directions with higher intensity in a shorter time than unsaturated zones.
In the strip formed plumes, the volume of the self‐remediation is proportional to the time intervals during the test.
In the elliptic masses the self‐purification amount is lower at the beginning, due to the small cross‐section ending of the contamination mass.
Deepening, Broadening, and Charting: Extending the Reach and Impact of Evidence‐Based Practices for Leadership Development
Authors: Johnson Matthew R. , Soria Krista M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, the authors synthesize key ideas presented by authors in this issue to leverage evidence‐based practice in curricular and co‐curricular leadership development. Additionally, they offer guidance for deepening the impact of these practices and broadening their effects to other groups. Lastly, they chart directions for future research on evidence‐based practices.
Linking ecology and cognition: does ecological specialisation predict cognitive test performance?
Authors: Henke-von der Malsburg Johanna , Kappeler Peter M. , Fichtel Claudia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVariation in cognitive abilities is thought to be linked to variation in brain size, which varies across species with either social factors (Social Intelligence Hypothesis) or ecological challenges (Ecological Intelligence Hypothesis). However, the nature of the ecological processes invoked by theEcological Intelligence Hypothesis, like adaptations to certain habitat characteristics or dietary requirements, remains relatively poorly known. Here, we review comparative studies that experimentally investigated interspecific variation in cognitive performance in relation to a species’ degree of ecological specialisation. Overall, the relevant literature was biased towards studies of mammals and birds as well as studies focusing on ecological challenges related to diet. We separated ecological challenges into those related to searching for food, accessing a food item and memorising food locations. We found interspecific variation in cognitive performance that can be explained by adaptations to different foraging styles. Species-specific adaptations to certain ecological conditions, like food patch distribution, characteristics of food items or seasonality also broadly predicted variation in cognitive abilities. A species’ innovative problem-solving and spatial processing ability, for example, could be explained by its use of specific foraging techniques or search strategies, respectively. Further, habitat generalists were more likely to outperform habitat specialists. Hence, we found evidence that ecological adaptations and cognitive performance are linked and that the classification concept of ecological specialisation can explain variation in cognitive performance only with regard to habitat, but not dietary specialisation.
Use of insulin pump therapy is associated with reduced hospital-days in the long-term: a real-world study of 48,756 pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Auzanneau Marie , Karges Beate , Neu Andreas , Kapellen Thomas , Wudy Stefan A. , Grasemann Corinna , Krauch Gabriele , Gerstl Eva Maria , Däublin Gerhard , Holl Reinhard W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn pediatric diabetes, insulin pump therapy is associated with less acute complications but inpatient pump education may lead to more hospital days. We investigated the number of hospital days associated with pump vs. injection therapy between 2009 and 2018 in 48,756 patients with type 1 diabetes < 20 years of age from the German Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Registry (DPV). Analyses were performed separately for hospitalizations at diagnosis (hierarchical linear models adjusted for sex, age, and migration), and for hospitalizations in the subsequent course of the disease (hierarchical Poisson models stratified by sex, age, migration, and therapy switch). At diagnosis, the length of hospital stay was longer with pump therapy than with injection therapy (mean estimate with 95% CI: 13.6 [13.3–13.9] days vs. 12.8 [12.5–13.1] days, P < 0.0001), whereas during the whole follow-up beyond diagnosis, the number of hospital days per person-year (/PY) was higher with injection therapy than with pump therapy (4.4 [4.1–4.8] vs. 3.9 [3.6–4.2] days/PY), especially for children under 5 years of age (4.9 [4.4–5.6] vs. 3.5 [3.1–3.9] days/PY).Conclusions: Even in countries with hospitalizations at diabetes diagnosis of longer duration, the use of pump therapy is associated with a reduced number of hospital days in the long-term.

What is known:• In pediatric diabetes, insulin pump therapy is associated with better glycemic control and less acute complications compared with injection therapy.• However, pump therapy implies more costs and resources for education and management.What is new:• Even in countries where pump education is predominantly given in an inpatient setting, the use of pump therapy is associated with a reduced number of hospital days in the long-term.• Lower rates of hospitalization due to acute complications during the course of the disease counterbalance longer hospitalizations due to initial pump education
Human serum activates the tegument of female schistosomes and supports recovery from Praziquantel
Authors: Winkelmann Franziska , Frank Marcus , Rabes Anne , Koslowski Nicole , Schulz Cindy , Bischofsberger Miriam , Reisinger Emil C. , Sombetzki Martina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSchistosomiasis is one of the most devastating parasitic disease in the world. Schistosoma spp. survive for decades within the vasculature of their human hosts. They have evolved a vast array of mechanisms to avoid the immune reaction of the host. Due to their sexual dimorphism, with the female worm lying within the gynecophoric canal of the male worm, it is the male that is exposed to the immediate environment and the soluble parts of the host’s immune response. To understand how the worms are so successful in fending off the immune attacks of the host, comparative analyses of both worm sexes in human serum (with or without Praziquantel) were performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Further, gene expression analyses of tegument-specific genes were performed. Following the incubation in human serum, males and females out of pairs show morphological changes such as an altered structure of the pits below the surface and an increased number of pits per area. In addition, female schistosomes presented a marked tuft-like repulsion of their opsonized surface. The observed resistance of females to Praziquantel seemed to depend on active proteins in the human serum. Moreover, different expression profiles of tegument-specific genes indicate different functions of female_single and male_single teguments in response to human serum. Our results indicate that female schistosomes developed different evasion strategies toward the host’s immune system in comparison to males that might lead to more robustness and has to be taken into account for the development of new anti-schistosomal drugs.
Selected components of physical fitness in rhythmic and artistic youth gymnast
Authors: Russo Luca , Palermi Stefano , Dhahbi Wissem , Kalinski Sunčica Delaš , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Padulo Johnny 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Rhythmic (RG) and artistic gymnastics (AG) are very popular female sports. These two disciplines share some common points but, at the same time, they display some relevant differences in terms of physical and technical characteristics. The aim of this study was as follows: (1) to clarify how gymnastic training background over the years could lead to the development and motor learning of the motor skills and (2) to highlight differences of conditional skills achieved by RG and AG athletes.

Methods
For these aims, 45 athletes were selected, belonging to three balanced groups: promotional (PG, n = 15), RG (n = 15), and AG (n = 15). Participants were tested for joints mobility, balance, explosive strength, speed, and endurance tests.

Results
Statistical analysis showed a good test–retest reliability of the measurements (ICC > 0.870) and some significant differences between PG, RG, and AG. RG showed higher values in joint mobility tests (coxo-femoral mobility, 166.7 ± 6.3°; sit and reach, 20.5 ± 1.9 cm; and scapulo-humeral mobility, 45.5 ± 4.4 cm) with respect to AG, while AG showed higher values in endurance (1626.7 ± 7.4 m), balance (4.33 ± 1.35 n/60 s), and explosive strength (164.1 ± 11.6 cm) compared to RG (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
RG and AG seem to be effective in enhancing different and sport-specific physical fitness and conditioning. RG enables, indeed, to develop more joints mobility whereas AG improves more strength, balance, and endurance. However, given the small sample size employed, these results should be replicated by further studies utilizing larger samples.
Effect of Nitriding Potential KN on the Formation and Growth of a “White Layer” on Iron Aluminide Alloy
Authors: Le Ngoc Minh , Schimpf Christian , Biermann Horst , Dalke Anke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of nitriding potential under well-defined gas nitriding conditions on the formation and growth of a compound layer called “white layer” on a FeAl40 (with the composition of 40 at. pct Al) iron aluminide alloy. The nitriding potential was systematically varied in the range of 0.1 to 1.75 bar−1/2 at 590 °C for 5 hour nitriding time with an ammonia-hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere. Characterization of the microstructure and phases formed within the white layer was performed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Experimental results indicated that the nitriding potential strongly influences morphology and crystal structure of the white layer. The nitride compound layer consists of the phases γ′-Fe4N, ε-Fe2-3N, and AlN. A mechanism is proposed for the formation and growth of the white layer, depending on the effect of the nitriding potential.
Tests for multivariate normality—a critical review with emphasis on weighted $$L^2$$-statistics
Authors: Ebner Bruno , Henze Norbert 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article gives a synopsis on new developments in affine invariant tests for multivariate normality in an i.i.d.-setting, with special emphasis on asymptotic properties of several classes of weighted$$L^2$$L2-statistics. Since weighted$$L^2$$L2-statistics typically have limit normal distributions under fixed alternatives to normality, they open ground for a neighborhood of model validation for normality. The paper also reviews several other invariant tests for this problem, notably the energy test, and it presents the results of a large-scale simulation study. All tests under study are implemented in the accompanying -package .
Influence of CO2 retention mechanism storage in Alberta tight oil and gas reservoirs at Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Canada: hysteresis modeling and appraisal
Authors: Rajkumar Perumal , Pranesh Venkat , Kesavakumar Ramadoss 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRapid combustion of fossil fuels in huge quantities resulted in the enormous release of CO2in the atmosphere. Subsequently, leading to the greenhouse gas effect and climate change and contemporarily, quest and usage of fossil fuels has increased dramatically in recent times. The only solution to resolve the problem of CO2emissions to the atmosphere is geological/subsurface storage of carbon dioxide or carbon capture and storage (CCS). Additionally, CO2can be employed in the oil and gas fields for enhanced oil recovery operations and this cyclic form of the carbon dioxide injection into reservoirs for recovering oil and gas is known as CO2Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery (EOGR). Hence, this paper presents the CO2retention dominance in tight oil and gas reservoirs in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) of the Alberta Province, Canada. Actually, hysteresis modeling was applied in the oil and gas reservoirs of WCSB for sequestering or trapping CO2and EOR as well. Totally, four cases were taken for the investigation, such as WCSB Alberta tight oil and gas reservoirs with CO2huff-n-puff and flooding processes. Actually, Canada has complex geology and therefore, implicate that it can serve as a promising candidate that is suitable and safer place for CO2storage. Furthermore, injection pressure, time, rate (mass), number of cycles, soaking time, fracture half-length, conductivity, porosity, permeability, and initial reservoir pressure were taken as input parameters and cumulative oil production and oil recovery factor are the output parameters, this is mainly for tight oil reservoirs. In the tight gas reservoirs, only the output parameters differ from the oil reservoir, such as cumulative gas production and gas recovery factor. Reservoirs were modelled to operate for 30 years of oil and gas production and the factor year was designated as decision-making unit (DMU). CO2retention was estimated in all four models and overall the gas retention in four cases showed a near sinusoidal behavior and the variations are sporadic. More than 80% CO2retention in these tight formations were achieved and the major influencing factors that govern the CO2storage in these tight reservoirs are injection pressure, time, mass, number of cycles, and soaking time. In general, the subsurface geology of the Canada is very complex consisting with many structural and stratigraphic layers and thus, it offers safe location for CO2storage through retention mechanism and increasing the efficiency and reliability of oil and gas extraction from these complicated subsurface formations.
Oncocytic variant, a novel subtype of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: a report of two cases and a literature review
Authors: Karashima Takashi , Kuroda Naoto , Taguchi Takahiro , Fukuhara Hideo , Kuno Takahira , Tamura Kenji , Hiroi Makoto , Inoue Keiji , Yamaguchi Tadanori 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA novel variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma showing an oncocytic phenotype is proposed. Two new cases of this rare entity are presented and discussed along with six previous cases from our colleagues. A 76-year-old man and a 78-year-old man had a 3.4-cm and a 3.2-cm-diameter renal mass, respectively. On histopathological examination of surgical specimens, uniform eosinophilic cuboidal cells without a perinuclear halo growing in a tubular pattern were seen, and differential diagnosis from oncocytoma was necessary. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 and E-cadherin showed diffusely positive patterns in both, as in the previous reports. Although monosomy of chromosomes 7, 10, 13, and 17 was commonly observed in the previous reports, gains of chromosome 19 were observed in the two present cases. Immunohistochemical and cytogenetic approaches lead to exclusion of oncocytoma and the diagnosis of an oncocytic variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.
Development and Social Implementation of Smartphone App Nige-Tore for Improving Tsunami Evacuation Drills: Synergistic Effects Between Commitment and Contingency
Authors: Yamori Katsuya , Sugiyama Takashi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis research explored how we can improve tsunami evacuation behavior, which has been a major social issue since the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. We introduce Nige-Tore, a smartphone app for supporting tsunami evacuation drills, which was developed within an interdisciplinary research framework. Nige-Tore serves as an effective interface tool that successfully visualizes the dynamic interactions between human actions (evacuation behavior) and natural phenomena (tsunami behavior). Drill participants can check, on their smartphone, the estimated inundation area of the approaching tsunami, along with their own current evacuation trajectory. The results of real-world trials using Nige-Tore show that the app is more powerful than conventional devices and methods that have been used in tsunami evacuation training, such as hazard maps and traditional drills that do not make use of any apps, because Nige-Tore provides an interface that enables commitment and contingency thinking—which at first glance appear to represent different orientations—to not only coexist but to synergize. “Commitment” (devotion or involvement) refers to the act of immersing oneself in and viewing as absolute one particular scenario or its potential to be actualized, given conditions in which infinite scenarios may be actualized, depending on the interactions between human systems and natural systems. “Contingency” thinking (an accidental or incidental state) refers to the act of relativizing and separating oneself from any particular scenario or its potential to be actualized, given the same conditions. The synergistic effect of “commitment” and “contingency” thinking also expands people’s capacity to cope with unexpected and unforeseen events.