bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flows of Viscous Fluids in Food Processing Industries: A review
Authors: kassim Muna sabah , Sarow Salwa Ahmad 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The process of fluid movement is involved in a majority of food industries around the world. Viscous fluids are often used in such industries to make useful food products in bulk. These industries need to ensure that concerned equipment such as pipes are kept clean as well as are clear for the smooth transport of viscous liquids. The fluids are pumped in these pipes which results in friction over the walls of the pipe. Flow characteristics are the fundamental basis of the mass transfers taking place in food industries. The resulting qualities of the products are mainly reliant on these fluid flow properties. The design as well as control of the properties of a food in terms of its rheology is a big factor for the commercial success of a product. Therefore, to better understand this complex problem, it is crucial to first comprehend the rheological properties of different materials and fluids, which are widely present in the food industry. Thus, understanding the properties of fluids and overall the rheology of these is important. This paper discusses the fluid movements in food processing industries and discusses the concepts of fluids in motion. Concepts of viscosity and different flow regimes along with flow phenomena are also discussed in terms of rheology. Finally, as a case study example, the rheology of a complex fluid, honey, is reviewed in this paper.
Atmospheric Concentration Saturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Around Dura Refinery
Authors: Murtadah Issra , Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Hasan Manar B. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The process of oil reproducing in the refinery considered as one of the largest industrial facilities responsible for the emission of many pollutants into the air and works to pollute the air surrounding the refinery. Hydrocarbons are among the most important pollutants emitted into the air from oil recycling operations and should be studied to reduce the proportions of hazardous pollutants. As the pollution caused by the burning of fuel in the chimneys of the refinery Dora is a dangerous contaminant to the environment, where the exposure of substances and pollutants that lead to disruption of the balance of the natural elements of the atmosphere and thus harmful to human and sustainability. The aim of this study is to study the concentration of hydrocarbon contaminants that cause air pollution caused by stacks of fireplaces in Doura refinery. The rates of the most dangerous contaminants on the human respiratory system, which cause dry cough, bronchitis, chest pain and shortness of breath, were studied as a study of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In this research, a large number of analyzes, tests and certification were carried out on periodic tests provided by the Doura refinery after repeated field visits to examine concentrations of contaminants present in the atmosphere. Where the maximum distance of pollutant concentration from the source was found, as well as a comprehensive study of an integrated set of weather conditions such as wind speed and climate effects to preserve and sustain the environment.
A review on nanotechnology and its applications on Fluid Flow in agriculture and water recourses
Authors: Hamad Huda T. , Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Al-Najjar Shahad Z. , Gadooa Zainab A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nanotechnology is a very effective field of study with the potential to drastically change how we observe and create change in the field of agriculture, biomedicine, chemical, mass transfer and water management amongst others. The technology derived from the name, Nano, works with particles that can be observed on a nano scale. By working on this scale, unique problems can be solved creatively with more success. For example, fertilizer efficiency can be improved by using Nano-clays and zeolites to restore soil quality and fertility. Work on smart seeds scheduled for germination with Nano-polymer coating under favourable conditions is encouraging. Under precision farming inputs, crops are usually classified based on the nutrient requirements and with the assistance of a Nano-biosensor and a satellite system, the delivery of nutrients can be delivered precisely and can be monitored more accurately than existing methods. This also brings to attention the development of Nano-herbicides to tackle weed management. There exist studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of Nano-fertilizers to improve the productivity and efficiency of the nutrients, decrease soli toxicity, and minimize possible contamination related issues. The potential of nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture is therefore strong, especially in developing countries.
A Review of Hydrate Formation in Oil and Gas Transition Pipes
Authors: Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Lahieb Faisal M. , Jabbar Luay Badr Hamad and Hussein A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This review provides a description of the various applications and issues of gas hydrate production in gas and oil pipelines, in general, gas hydrate is a clathrate of physical compounds, in which gas molecules are trapped in crystalline cells, formed by hydrogen bonds of water molecules. In the presence of water under various conditions, gas hydrates can be formed from all gases at high and lower pressures. The oil and gas industry have been taking stringent measures for many years to prevent the formation of hydrates which is plug pipelines by use. However, Natural gas hydrate is a non-conventional energy resource available to humans in colder regions, such as ice or sea bottoms. Other positive applications for natural hydrate include sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2), storage, separation and transport of natural gas, the use of hydrate dissociation energy can be used in cooling and cool storage processes. The aims of this paper are to prevent gas hydrate’s formation that occur naturally in the oil natural gas transition pipelines, as well as the positive and negative that is remains from this natural phenomenon.
A critical review on medical imaging techniques (CT and PET scans) in the medical field
Authors: Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Al-Sharify Talib A. , Al-Sharify Noor T. , Yahya naser Husam 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
About a century ago, doctors were unable to view the inside of their patient’s body other than cutting the body open. However, this changed literally upon the invention of various useful medical imaging techniques, which were able to produce images of the internal organs and bones without causing pain to the patient. Over the years, vast developments resulted in the establishment of several cross-sectional imaging scans. This paper aims to provide a critical review on the use of two of the famous techniques; CT and PET scans. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each of these techniques along with briefly mentioning the recent developments in this area concerning the use of these techniques. In addition, this manuscript also sheds some light on the novel and hybrid technology of integrating CT and PET.
The possibility of Using the Low-Cost External Antenna with Smartphone for Accurate Surveying Applications by RTX Technology
Authors: Ibrahim Omar Ali , Jasim Luma Khalid , Hassan Raghad Hadi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Real Time Extended (RTX) technology works to take advantage of real-time data comes from the global network of tracking stations together with inventor locating and compression algorithms to calculate and relaying the orbit of satellite, satellite atomic clock, and any other systems corrections to the receivers, which lead to real-time correction with high accuracy. These corrections will be transferred to the receiver antenna by satellite (where coverage is available) and by IP (Internet Protocol) for the rest of world to provide the accurate location on the screen of smartphone or tablet by using specific software. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) low-cost external antenna and possibility for using it with a smartphone to measure the points in Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and (RTX) modes, obtaining the same accuracy by using high-cost (GNSS) receiver with same modes. The assessment has applied through comparing the control points measured in static mode (3 to 5 hours) and corrected by Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) web-based processing software with same control points measured in RTX mode by GNSS low-cost external antenna (5 minutes). The results of an assessment were obtained horizontal and vertical location error in real time, by receiver getting the RTX correction data over the satellite link were RMS (east 41cm, north 35 cm, elevation 94 cm), that means it’s more suitable for automotive, agriculture, and forestry application, As for the RTK mode, the comparison of the differences in RTK mode between the two antennas were RMS (north 5 cm, east 6 cm, elevation 10). This result indicates that the GNSS low-cost external antenna might be very useful in accurate surveying application.
Prediction of the Performance Related to Financial Capabilities Using Multilayer Perceptron
Authors: Kadhim Saraa Naseer , Erzaij Kadhim Raheim 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In construction projects, there are circumstances when contractors meet financial prequalification requirements but show low financial performance in practice. These cases bring about the complexity in contractor selection. Hence, the aim of this research is to build a prediction model that finds contractors’ financial performance to support decision makers assess contractors more efficiently in prequalification phase. Thus, this study takes recent roadwork Term Contracts Projects with each with the corresponding contractor’s records to train the model to predict Performance related to Financial Capabilities PFC. The Multilayer Perceptron MLP is utilized to find the nonlinear correlation between the PFC and contractors’ characteristics. The research finds that more financialcompetitive contractors show less financial performance than less competitive ones. The findings of the research help the client improve the current contractors’ evaluation system to exhaust the possibilities of financial performance.
Infilling and Architectural Addition and Its Effect on the Integration of the Contemporary City Townscape
Authors: Al-Abide Zainab Munaam , Al-Dabbagh Jassim Aboud , Al-Ani Mohammed Qasim 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe concept of urban infill has been associated with urban renewal policies and crystallized in many themes. Therefore it is considered part of an inclusive vision. The urban infill has been introduced by several researchers with different attitudes, such as (new substances, Interpolation, Urban Intervention, Urban Addition, and Architectural Addition). As a result of the erosion and tattering to which most of the heritage buildings have been exposed, besides, the need to a re-integration in the relations between additions to contemporary products and the extent of their impact on the old building and the traditional context as a whole, The Research Problem emerged through the separation of the urban Townscape of the traditional entity due to developmental interventions and recent additions to the building and the historical context. Consequently, The Research Objectives emerged in order to find out the appropriate mechanisms for infilling and architectural addition when dealing with a traditional building so that we can achieve integration in the urban context between old and new within the contemporary city Townscape. To conduct the research problem, a theoretical framework has been established for the concept of infilling and architectural addition, in addition to emphasizing the relationship between the old and the new buildings to create a continuous architecture with content that reflects its present and belongs to its past. Accordingly, The Research Hypothesis introduced that the success of the mechanisms in creating urban integration between the old and the new, depends on achieving appropriate infill and architecture addition, and on choosing the integrative element (As Bond) between them; the research sample was tested on choosing the location of the Mutassarifiah Building in Baghdad within the new district of Hassan Pasha (Al-Rusafa) in Baghdad Center Design Competition (Rifa’a Al-Jadrji Award for Architecture, 2018) for the proposed winning design projects. The research adopted the analytical scientific method and concluded that the urban infill and the new addition should take into account the existing original form and context to create a balance between them appropriately, and provide an intellectual displacement that reflects the elements of the new era, but without confusion and disturbance.
Removal of COD from Petroleum refinery Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Process Using SS/Al electrodes
Authors: Alkurdi Sajjad S. , Abbar Ali H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the present study, the effectiveness of a procedure of electrocoagulation for removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the wastewater of petroleum refinery has been evaluated. Aluminum and stainless steel electrodes were used as a sacrificial anode and cathode respectively. The effect of current density (4-20mAcm−2), pH (3-11), and NaCl concentration (0-4g/l) on efficiency of removal of chemical oxygen demand was investigated. The results have shown that increasing of current density led to increase the efficiency of COD removal while increasing NaCl concentration resulted in decreasing of COD removal efficiency. Effect of pH was found to be lowering COD removal efficiency when pH increased or decreased from pH=7. The best conditions were found to be a current density of 12mA/cm2, pH=7 and NaCl concentration of 2g/l at treatment time of 60 minutes, where a maximum COD removal efficiency of 96.8%, phenol removal efficiency of 64.7%, and total dissolved solid (TDS) removal efficiency of 20.6% were obtained at energy consumption of 29.12 kWh/kg COD. The results of the present work gave COD of 8mg/l which is lower than the standard limit for discharging petroleum refinery effluent. The electrocougulation was proven to be efficient and reliable technique for treatment Al-Dewaniya petroleum refinery effluent to get effluent with features in agreement with the standard limits for discharge to environment at lower cost.
Modeling the photocatalytic degradation of 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks
Authors: Alsaffar May Ali , Ayodele Bamidele Victor , Ghany Mohamed A Abdel , Mustapa Siti Indati 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this study, the modeling of photocatalytic degradation of 1,2 dihydroxybenzene using a multilayer perceptron neural network has been investigated. The multilayer perceptron neural network which consists of input layer, hidden layer with network configuration of 3, 17, 1 respectively were employed for predictive modeling using 20 datasets consisting the pH of the solution, the amount of the photocatalyst and the volume of the oxidant. The analysis of the network revealed that the volume of the oxidant was the most relevant factor that influences the degradation of the 1,2 dihydroxybenzene while the amount of photocatalyst has the least effect. The multilayer perceptron neural network model successfully predicts the photocatalytic degradation of the 1,2 dihydroxybenzene with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.974. The predicted and the actual degradation of the 1,2 dihydroxybenzene was in close agreement with minimal error of prediction as indicated by the residual plot. This study has demonstrated the suitability of the multilayer perceptron neural network as a robust tool for modeling the prediction of 1,2 dihydroxybenzene degradation by photocatalytic process.
Effect of Environmental Components On the characteristic of Al-Daura Gasoline
Authors: Saeed Shahad Mahdi , Tameemi Husham Mohammed Al. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An evaluation was conducted by adding two chemical blends to gasoline produced form Al Dorra refinery to studyIctane number of octans and Reid gasoline vapor pressure with different volume compositions. The two mixtures are Di-isopropylether/olive oil (DO) and Di-isopropylether/isopropanol (DI). The gasoline had been mixed with volume percentages of 8, 10 and 15. It was discovered that by adding the two blends of Di-isopropyl Ether/Olive Oil and Di-isopropyl Ether/Isopropanol, the octane number of gasoline risen continuously and linearly. The DI-gasoline blends developed greater gasoline octane number. Compared to the plain gasoline, the two additions observed a substantial reduction in Reid vapor pressure and calorific levels. Reid vapor pressure is shown to rise in the two blends.
Improvement the corrosion Behavior of Titanium by Nanotubular Oxide in a simulated saliva solution
Authors: Al-Saady Fouad A.A. , Rushdi Salih A. , Abbar Ali H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of Titanium in a simulated saliva solution was improved by Nanotubular Oxide via electrochemical anodizing treatment using three electrodes cell potentiostat at 37°C. The anodization treatment was achieved in a non-aqueous electrolyte with the following composition: 200mL ethylene glycol containing 0.6g NH4F and 10 ml of deionized water and using different applied directed voltage at 10°C and constant time of anodizing (15 min.). The anodized titanium layer was examined using SEM, and AFM technique.
The results showed that increasing applied voltage resulted in formation titanium oxide nanotubes with higher corrosion resistance (more positive value of the corrosion potential). The results revealed that good adhered well-ordered vertically aligned titania nanotubes with inner tube diameter of 82nm an mean length of 3microns could be obtained at 30VDC. Low corrosion current density (579 nA.cm-2) and corrosion potential equal to (-209 mV) were observed for untreated titanium metal while a dramatic fall down of the corrosion current was observed for nanotubes TiO2 (76 nA.cm-2) and more positive value of corrosion potential (-138 mV) was observed revealing good corrosion resistance of the improved titanium in saliva solutions.
Study the impact of railway crossing severity on the traffic characteristics
Authors: Banyhussan Qais Sahib , Abdulhussein Azaldeen Ali , Abdullah Lubna Najim , Al-Haidary Mahmood Ali 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The surfaces of the road must not be contain undesired condition such as loose aggregates, potholes, cracking, rutting, bad railway crossing which the quality of road service and indeed the quantity of traffic provided would be reduced significantly. The main purpose and objectives of the present study are to measure traffic volume and speed under control condition and then evaluating them under adverse condition of railway crossing with different severity: low, medium, and high. In the present study, traffic and speed were recorded. Greenshields model is adopted to find the relationship between the traffic characteristics. The results show that the traffic characteristics of the control section were 86.86 (Km/h) and 1592 (vph) for speed and traffic flow, respectively. The impact of the railway crossing on the traffic can be summarized, where the speed reduced to 28.8%, 46.27%, and 70.57% for low, medium, and high railway crossing severity, respectively. Finally, the models for traffic capacity; speed with pavement condition index PCI have been found. The predicted models have a good correlation between traffic capacity; speed with PCI where the correlation coefficient (R2) was greater than 0.9..
Evaluating the Effect of Porous Concrete Pavement Characteristics on Beneath Pavement Layers
Authors: Abdulwahid A A , Al-Shafi’i N T , Al-Busaltan Sh F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The significance of the porous concrete pavement arises from the fact that it has the dual function of supporting traffic and stormwater management, in addition to many other characteristics such as minimizing noise and minimizing reflected heat. The goal of this study is to reveal more understanding of the stress-strain ratio of the porous concrete pavement and the layers beneath it. This process was done through two stages namely: laboratory stage by characterizing porous concrete mixtures (normal, and others sustainable mixtures comprised Reed Fly Ash and/or Silica Fume), and simulation stage by using a simulation program (ABAQUS) to identify the stress-strain induce an according traffic load within pavement layers. However, within the scope and materials used, the obtained results showed that the stresses within pavement layer are highly related to upper layer thickness, material types, and stiffness. Also, the main conclusion is demonstrated where there is optimum thickness (20 cm) of the porous concrete layer, which induces the minimum stress-strain in various layers of the pavement system.
Quantifying Canadian Water Quality Index in Alhindya Barrage, Euphrates River
Authors: Hommadi A H , Al-Madhhachi A T , Alfawzy A M , Saleh R A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, water quantity is decreasing due to high temperatures in summer and reducing the water quotas of Euphrates River in Iraq from the neighboring countries. These factors may increase turbidity and concentration of elements in Euphrates River especially near Alhindya Barrage, Babylon Governorate, Iraq. Thus, Euphrates River may not be valid for drinking and irrigation purposes in upstream of Alhindya Barrage. The aim of this study was to investigate the water quality upstream of Alhindya Barrage, Euphrates River, using Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). The comparison of water quality was investigated in the years of 2008 and 2009 according to data availability. Statistical analysis were performed on measured flowrates and indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between measured flowrates for 2008 and 2009. The results showed that the CWQI of 2008 was 94 which is good to excellent water quality, compared to CWQI of 79 for 2009. This was due to reduction in mean water quantity from 370m3/s of 2008 to 213m3/s of 2009. The global warming phenomenon is the main reason for dry seasons and low rainfall intensity and caused bad water quality.
Factors that Influence the Megaprojects in Iraq
Authors: Abdul-kareem Hassan Issa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Megaprojects are classified within large investment projects which have a long term impact on the economy, the environment, and the society. Megaprojects are huge development projects such as railways, motorways, dams, power plants, airports and processing projects.
Numbers of megaprojects have been constructed and some of them are in the construction process or in the planning level, therefore, this research focused on these megaprojects to investigate the factors that could influence them in Iraq. Accordingly, the practical study consisted of quality data collections through interviews and quantitative data collections through questionnaire. The interviews have been done with six (6) experts in privet companies. The questionnaire survey has been conducted in government institutes. 85 questionnaire forms have been distributed; only 81 forms are collected.
The results of this research project revealed that less than half of the Megaprojects in Iraq are unsuccessful. However, there are numbers of reasons which may causing the failure in projects, such as insufficient and weaknesses in financial, quality and management abilities. Accordingly, there are some factors that influence the success of the megaproject in Iraq, such as increasing the confidence in local government, clarity of project vision and goal and compatibility with the long-term government plan.