bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disagreement and Convergence
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe main problem in the first five chapters is that of explaining why it is that many possible users of moral language disagree with one other, rather than talk past each other. There are other problems about moral disagreement which relate to the core claims of the realist view that I have defended. These problems center on the notion of convergence: many users of moral terms do not appear to be disposed to agree, or converge, on moral matters, even after extensive reflection. Some argue that non-converging users of moral language cannot refer to the same property. Others claim that if convergence does not obtain, then moral knowledge is not possible. This chapter shows how the realist view developed in the previous chapters should reject these claims. It should hold that reference magnetism allows for non-converging speakers to co-refer, and that the possibility of a non-converging speaker does not show that moral beliefs are at risk of being false, and so not knowledge.
Jefferson and the Simple Story of Pastoral Economies
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that resistance to Hamiltonian finance was both an economic and literary critique. The familiar opposition between Hamiltonian finance and Jeffersonian agrarianism has put the stress on the rural setting—an emphasis that has led scholars to talk about economic policy with the literary term, “pastoralism.” This chapter argues that the importance of the pastoral to Jeffersonian writers is not found in agrarianism, but on the formal structure of simplification that is essential to pastoral poetics. This same imperative toward simplicity is also located in the eighteenth-century economic science that was crucial to the Jeffersonians: French physiocracy. The chapter explains the importance of physiocracy and pastoralism to the political-economic writing of Thomas Jefferson, George Logan, and John Taylor of Caroline.
Score Compliance Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Score compliance authenticity in performance is that way of being faithful to a work that consists in obeying the instructions for performing it accurately, as these are recorded in the work’s score. However, scores can be understood only if they are interpreted in light of a set of notational conventions and performance practices. This is usually taken to entail that score compliance authenticity amounts to historical authenticity: on this view, the conventions and performance practices against which scores must be read are those in place at the time of composition; and so accurate performance becomes a matter of performing the work as it would have been performed, under ideal conditions, in the composer’s own time. This historicization of score compliance authenticity is controversial, however: the conventions and practices in terms of which we interpret period scores could be those in place at the time of performance, rather than those with which the composer was familiar. Abstracting away from this issue, the chapter then makes the case that score compliance authenticity is a performance value and, indeed, one that is more fundamental than garden-variety such values. This is because it is valued in performance for its own sake.
Group Agency Meets Metaethics
Authors: Dyke Michelle M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The author argues that well-known forms of relativism are unable to accommodate, at once, a set of three highly intuitive theses about the distinctive character of moral reasons. Yet the author argues it is possible to formulate a novel form of normative relativism that has the power to accommodate these claims. The proposed view combines the relativist idea that the normative facts are attitude-dependent with the insight that there are non-human agents to which it makes sense to attribute the kinds of attitudes that give rise to normative reasons. Societies, too, can possess reasons to pursue their aims. What distinguishes moral reasons from reasons of practical rationality is that the former apply directly to societies in virtue of aims held by each society as a group, while the latter apply directly to persons in light of their own individual interests.
The Reliability Challenge in Moral Epistemology
Authors: Lutz Matt 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Reliability Challenge to moral non-naturalism has received substantial attention recently in the literature on moral epistemology. While the popularity of this particular challenge is a recent development, this form of the challenge can be traced back to a skeptical challenge in the philosophy of mathematics raised by Paul Benacerraf. The current Reliability Challenge is widely regarded as the most sophisticated way to develop this skeptical line of thinking, making the Reliability Challenge the strongest epistemic challenge to normative non-naturalism. In this chapter, I argue that the innovations that have occurred since Benacerraf’s statement of the challenge are misconceived and confused in a number of ways. The Reliability Challenge is not the most potent epistemic challenge to moral non-naturalism. The most potent challenge comes from the fact that there is a causal condition on knowledge—or, more precisely, a becaual condition—that non-natural moral facts cannot satisfy.
‘A Man…grown up into an Excellent Poet all at once’
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the early life of Stephen Duck, revealing how it was that an agricultural labourer from Wiltshire came to write verse which attracted the attention of Queen Caroline. It draws on contemporary biographies, together with material from letters, manuscript notes, contemporary reviews, and Duck’s own writing, in order to reveal what can be recovered about Duck’s early life and initial progress as a writer. It gives account of Duck’s working life and domestic circumstances; his education; how he was first introduced to literary texts; how he began to write and what his processes in writing were; and how he found his first readers and earliest patrons. The evidence on which this chapter draws is, at times, contested and contradictory; writing about Duck could often reveal as much about attitudes to class as about the poet himself. This chapter shows that from the very beginning of Duck’s career as a writer there were those who sincerely believed that a farm labourer could succeed as a poet, while others, more suspicious of the possibilities of social mobility, anticipated such a man’s inevitable failure.
‘’Tis agreeable to see what use he has made of his Reading’
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores a question which has preoccupied readers of Stephen Duck’s writing from the eighteenth century to the present day: how would a man who had spent much of his life working on a farm write about rural life and agricultural labour? Duck’s most critically acclaimed work is ‘The Thresher's Labour’, a poeticized account of a year in the life of an agricultural labourer. This chapter offers a new reading of this much-discussed poem by considering it in the light of the literary sources and models with which Duck was familiar. The chapter argues that Duck’s artfully crafted labourer’s-eye view of the agricultural year drew on his reading as much as it did his lived experience. Duck’s poem challenged conventional poetic idealizations of rural life and labour not because—as some of Duck’s readers have assumed—it was the work of an uneducated thresher; rather, that challenge was the deliberate result of Duck’s careful study of those very poetic conventions.
‘Various Beauties overpay my Toil’
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how Stephen Duck’s approach to writing about rural landscapes and labour changed in the years after he was awarded patronage by Queen Caroline. The Queen’s support meant that Duck moved from the agricultural fields of Wiltshire to the polite and royal gardens of Richmond and Kew. This chapter traces Duck’s journey from a landscape of labour to a landscape of leisure. How far was it possible for the former farm labourer to reimagine his relationship with the agricultural environment? As this chapter argues, Duck’s writing of the 1730s was preoccupied with examining his newly transformed relationship to agricultural landscapes and polite gardens, and to work and leisure. This was a key means by which he attempted to demonstrate his gratitude to his patrons: he used his writing about labour and landscapes to show how well he had taken advantage of the opportunities they had made available to him.
‘Too Severe on the Female Sex’?
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how Stephen Duck negotiated the competing hierarchies of gender and class as he sought to establish himself as a poet who moved in courtly circles. In both his narrative and occasional verse, Duck’s writing about, and addressed to, women was informed by his own unique and unprecedented position as a former thresher who had been brought to live at the periphery of the royal court. As several contemporary commentators noted, women and labouring-class men were often considered to be similarly—though not equally—circumscribed when it came to accessing literary and intellectual culture. Duck repeatedly made use of this supposed equivalence in order to bolster his own position against that of women who were, by birth, above him in the Georgian social strata. Now a labourer no more, Duck used the hierarchy of gender to trump the hierarchy of class. As this chapter shows, Duck’s misogyny was a product of the culture in which he was writing, but it was also a tool that he could strategically deploy in a variety of circumstances in the service of establishing his own credentials as a would-be gentleman.
Strain
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A discussion of the continuum approximation is followed by the definition of deformation as a transformation involving changes in separation between points within a continuum. This leads to the mathematical definition of the deformation tensor. The introduction of the displacement vector and its gradient leads to the definition of the strain tensor. The linear elastic strain tensor involves an approximation in which gradients of the displacement vector are assumed to be small. The deformation tensor can be written as the sum of syymetric and antisymmetric parts, the former being the strain tensor. Normal and shear strains are distinguished. Problems set 1 introduces the strain ellipsoid, the invariance of the trace of the strain tensor, proof that the strain tensor satisfies the transformation law of second rank tensors and a general expression for the change in separation of points within a continuum subjected to a homogeneous strain.
Hooke’s law and elastic constants
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hooke’s law and elastic constants are introduced. The symmetry of the elastic constant tensor follows from the symmetry of stress and strain tensors and the elastic energy density. The maximum number of independent elastic constants is 21 before crystal symmetry is considered, and this leads to the introduction of matrix notation. Neumann’s principle reduces the number of independent elastic constants in different crystal systems. It is proved that in isotropic elasticity there are only two independent elastic constants. The directional dependences of the three independent elastic constants in cubic crystalsare derived. The distinction between isothermal and adiabatic elastic constants is defined thermodynamically and shown to arise from anharmonicity of atomic interactions. Problems set 3involves the derivation of elastic constants atomistically, the numbers of independent elastic constants in non-cubic crystal symmetries, Cauchy relations, Cauchy pressure, invariants of the elastic constant tensorand compatibility stresses.
Point defects
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Examples of intrinsic and extrinsic point defects are discussed. Models of point defects in a continuum as misfitting spheres are solved for rigid and deformablemisfitting spheres. Free surfaces alter significantly the formation volume of a point defect even when the point defect is far from any free surface. Many point defects have non-sperical symmetry, and it is then better to consider defect forces exerted by the point defect on neighbouring atoms. Defect forces capture the symmetry of the point defect in its local environment. Interaction energies between point defects and between point defects and other sources of stress are expressed conveniently and with physical transparency in terms of dipole, quadrupole etc. tensors of point defects and derivatives of the Green’s function. The dipole tensor is experimentally measurable through the lambda-tensor, which measures the derivative of the macroscopic strain of a crystal with concentration of the point defect.
Competition and Consecration in the World Press Photo Awards
Authors: Solaroli Marco 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the World Press Photo, a non-profit organization which organizes the largest and arguably most prestigious press photo competition in the world, yearly awarding dozens of prizes, which work as crucial institutional mechanisms of production and circulation of cultural value. Awards are relevant within such scarcely institutionalized fields as photojournalism, since they can raise value problems for jurors, winners, and observers. It is the whole vision of the cultural field—its meanings, values, and indeed objects—that is at stake in prizing. In the digital age, competitions and awards do not just reveal how news photographs are evaluated, but also what a digital news photograph actually is, or at least what nowadays it is legitimately supposed to be. This chapter mainly draws on an archival analysis of the last twenty years of the WPP awards and in-depth interviews with jurors, experts, and winning photojournalists.
Classical Music Competitions as Complex Performances
Authors: McCormick Lisa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a cultural approach to studying competitions that involves conceptualizing competitions as performative events where individuals and collectivities present and negotiate meanings. In the first part of the chapter, the promise of this approach is illustrated through an analysis of international competitions in classical music. It presents four arguments concerning the wider cultural significance and interactional structure of music competitions which result from interpreting them as complex performances. The second part of the chapter explores how these arguments could be extended by considering the political, educational, media, and vocational context surrounding international classical music competitions. The final part of the chapter suggests directions for future research by outlining a systematic comparison of competitions across the arts and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introductory chapter delivers the core critical-theoretical arguments of the book. It starts with a broad characterization of modern cynicism and a critical account of the main features of early philosophical Cynicism from which it derives and departs. (In English, the capital C conventionally distinguishes the ancient from the modern form.) The focus then moves to the ‘present time’ of the title (1840 till now) and to the terms on which the book looks to describe a function for cynicism as a set of linguistic practices aimed at calibrating a plausible, sufficiently robust articulation of ideals. A substantial section of the argument deals with the variety of psychological models for defining and interpreting cynicism, identifying what they have in common and the basis they offer collectively for a ‘normative’ view of psychology.
A Primer of Population Genetics and Genomics
Authors: Hartl Daniel L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A Primer of Population Genetics and Genomics, 4th edition, has been completely revised and updated to provide a concise but comprehensive introduction to the basic concepts of population genetics and genomics. Recent textbooks have tended to focus on such specialized topics as the coalescent, molecular evolution, human population genetics, or genomics. This primer bucks that trend by encouraging a broader familiarity with, and understanding of, population genetics and genomics as a whole. The overview ranges from mating systems through the causes of evolution, molecular population genetics, and the genomics of complex traits. Interwoven are discussions of ancient DNA, gene drive, landscape genetics, identifying risk factors for complex diseases, the genomics of adaptation and speciation, and other active areas of research. The principles are illuminated by numerous examples from a wide variety of animals, plants, microbes, and human populations. The approach also emphasizes learning by doing, which in this case means solving numerical or conceptual problems. The rationale behind this is that the use of concepts in problem-solving lead to deeper understanding and longer knowledge retention. This accessible, introductory textbook is aimed principally at students of various levels and abilities (from senior undergraduate to postgraduate) as well as practising scientists in the fields of population genetics, ecology, evolutionary biology, computational biology, bioinformatics, biostatistics, physics, and mathematics.
Inbreeding and Population Structure
Authors: Hartl Daniel L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Inbreeding and its consequences are the main subject of Chapter 3, beginning with the concepts of identity by descent versus identity by state, the inbreeding coefficient F, genotype frequencies with inbreeding, and calculation of the inbreeding coefficient from pedigrees. Inbreeding and heterosis are discussed along with the effects of inbreeding in humans and other organisms, regular systems of mating (selfing and partial selfing, sib mating), and the utility of recombinant inbred lines. The chapter emphasizes the intimate connection between inbreeding and hierarchical population structure as measured by the F-statistics.
Mutation, Gene Conversion, and Migration
Authors: Hartl Daniel L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on forward and reverse mutation, gene duplication and functional divergence, gene conversion, and equilibrium heterozygosity. It includes an introduction to the coalescent as well as the Wright–Fisher and Moran models of random genetic drift, measures of nucleotide polymorphism and diversity, and how these may be estimated from sequence data. Biased gene conversion is discussed in regard to its effects on homogeneity of nucleotide sequence across the genome. Several distinct types of effective population number are compared and contrasted including the inbreeding, variance, and coalescent effective numbers. Various models of migration are also examined including one-way migration, the island model, and stepping-stone models.
Introduction
Authors: Wynn Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introduction sets out some key themes in the study, noting that its starting point will be not the epistemology of religious belief, or the metaphysics of the divine nature, but an account of spiritual goods, and the claim they make upon us. So while the enquiry is intended to make a contribution to the philosophy of religion, in methodological terms its procedure is rather different from some familiar ventures in the field. In a preliminary way, I note some of the merits we may associate with such an approach.
Metaphysics and Experience
Authors: Wynn Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter, and the next, further develop the notion of infused moral virtue, by considering how the target goods of these virtues can be realized in domains additional to those that Aquinas discusses. Chapter 3 examines in particular how our world-directed experience can be deemed more or less appropriate relative to a theological narrative, and how it is capable therefore of realizing the kind of good that is the object of the infused moral virtues. In this discussion, these goods are called ‘hybrid goods’ to mark the fact that they share their subject matter with the acquired moral virtues (since they are concerned with our relations to the created order), and their teleology with the theological virtues (because here the measure of success for our relationship to creatures is provided by reference to relationship to God). In this chapter, we also consider how a story of progress in the spiritual life that is rehearsed in an experiential idiom may be related to one that is cast instead in metaphysical terms. To develop the account, we examine in particular the relationship between Aquinas’s understanding of spiritual growth, expressed in terms of the acquired and infused moral virtues, and John of the Cross’s narrative of the various phases of the spiritual life. On this basis, we consider how experiential and metaphysical perspectives on spiritual development are mutually informing, while at the same time they also exhibit, relative to one another, a significant degree of independence.
Spiritual Goods and the Content of Religious Belief
Authors: Wynn Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how the conception of spiritual goods that has been introduced in earlier chapters may provide a framework for the assessment of theological narratives. In brief, a narrative will make more of a demand upon us, in spiritual terms, to the extent that its truth would enable the realization of hybrid goods that run broad and deep. In this chapter, we call this the principle of spiritual good, and compare it with other ways of trying to map the basic structure of religious thought, notably the ‘great-making principle’ that has been propounded in perfect being theology. This second principle offers a divine-nature-focused route into the question of what we are to think in religious terms, whereas the proposal we are developing begins rather with the nature of spiritual goods, and is to that extent more human-nature-focused. We consider how the principle of spiritual good may enable us to integrate otherwise apparently quite disparate fields of enquiry, and how it may throw light on the entrenched character of some disagreements in philosophical theology. We also compare this principle to a related principle that William James presents in his essay ‘The Will to Believe’. James is also interested in the idea that prospective spiritual ‘benefits’ may provide a measure for the adequacy of religious thought, but the benefits with which he is concerned are, characteristically, psychological in nature, unlike hybrid goods, which have inherently a theological structure.