bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the branching pattern of brachial, ulnar and radial arteries
Authors: Mutalik Ashwini , Hanji Chandrashekhar , Kolagi Sanjeev I , Rairam GB 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDuring routine dissection of a cadaver alloted to the undergraduate students in the department of anatomy in SN Medical College, Bagalkot, the authors found multiple variations in the branching pattern of brachial, ulnar and radial arteries. There was high division of brachial artery into ulnar and radial arteries. The profunda brachii originated from brachial artery as usual while superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries originated from ulnar artery. The radial artery gave origin to common interosseous artery which further divided into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. All the three arteries i.e. brachial, ulnar and radial were considered as superficial arteries as they were superficial throughout the course. These observations of vascular anomalies are of clinical significance to vascular and plastic surgeons.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic evaluation of intracranial tumors in adults
Authors: Duara Bijit Kumar , Choudhury Pradipta Ray , Gopinath Ganesan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and Aims: There is a lot of scope for Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy as a tool in diagnosing brain tumors in conjunction with conventional Magnetic Resonance sequences. It is considered to be a non invasive way to get the neurochemistry which will predict the histopathological diagnosis thereby preventing unnecessary surgery and associated morbidity. Here, a Magnetic Resonance spectroscopic imaging study of intra cranial tumors in adults was undertaken to assess the diagnostic usefulness of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in brain tumors. Materials & Methods: In the present study, 40 cases of brain tumors were included, among which 25 were male and rest were female with mean age 45 years. Results: The pathological 'H-MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) spectra for various types of brain tumor were studied and tabulated. Conclusion: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is a noninvasive, cost effective and easily repeatable when compared to the conventional brain biopsy procedure. Therefore brain tumor MR imaging should always complemented with dedicated spectroscopy sequences to deal with diagnostic dilemmas and improve patient treatment.
Role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in head and neck neoplasms with histopathological correlation
Authors: Devi Junu , Talukdar Kunja Lal 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background : Fine needle aspiration cytology is a simple, quick,inexpensive and minimally invasive technique used to diagnose head and neck neoplasms commonly originated from cervical lymph node, thyroid, parotid and other salivary glands. In this study a correlation was done between cytology and histopathology whenever surgical specimens were available. Aim : To assess the frequency of various benign and malignant neoplasms in different age groups and to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity of fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) in head and neck neoplasms. Materials and method : The study was conducted between September 2011 to August 2013 and total 249 cases of head and neck neoplasms were analysed. Patients between 1 to 80 years were included in the study. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) diagnosis was correlated with histopathology whenever possible. Results: Out of 249 head and neck neoplasms 55.42% were from lymph node, 19.28% were from salivary gland, 14.86% were from thyroid gland, 1.20% were nasal mass, 9.24% from other sites (skin and soft tissue). M:F was 1.4:1. Most commonly affected age group was 51-60 years. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was most commonly encountered neoplastic lesion. Overall sensitivity, specificity oflme needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) were 97.92% and 91.67% respectively. Conclusion : Fine needle aspiration cytology is a highly sensitive, specific and has a definite role in diagnosing most of the head and neck neoplasms.
A complete duplication of the right and a segmental duplication of the left great saphenous vein - a case report
Authors: Mahajan Mehandi V , Devi Durga , R. Kalpana 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAbnormalities of the lower limb veins lead to venous disorders such as obstructive or the ones associated with venous insufficiency. Varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis and ulcers are the common disorders. As many variations are noted in veins in comparison to arteries, the present case report expresses the need for a detailed evaluation of the veins of the lower limb. During the routine dissection of a 65 year old male cadaver, a complete duplication of the Great Saphenous vein (GSV) was noted from the medial malleolus of the tibia till the saphenofemoral junction in the right lower limb and a segmental duplication was noted in the thigh region of left lower limb. Such findings would be of great value to surgeons, orthopaedicians and interventional radiologists as iatrogenic varicosity can be prevented and for cardiovascular surgeons who can use the duplicated vein as vascular grafts in cases of Ischemia and arterial blocks.
A rare variation of formation of median nerve - a case report.
Authors: S. Monica Diana , Subramanian Ramesh Kumar , S. Senthil Kumar 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMany variations have been reported regarding formation of the brachial plexus and its branches. Here the authors report a rare variation pertaining to lateral cord of median nerve. During routine dissection, at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, in the department of anatomy, in a male cadaver in the right upper limb, the authors found an additional lateral root from lateral cord joining the medial root to form the median nerve. Musculocutaneous nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis muscle instead it gave a direct branch to the muscle. Nerve supply to biceps and brachialis were of normal pattern. The musculo cutaneous nerve communicated with the median nerve before supplying other muscles. Median nerve was medial throughout the arm but about 7 cm above the level of medial epicondyle it crossed the brachial artery from medial to lateral. Morphometry of the nerves were studied by measurements. Knowledge of these variations and measurements will be helpful during surgical and anaesthetic procedures in the axilla.
Anatomical variation of middle concha and its clinical correlates: a study among patients attending North Bengal Medical College
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Raktim , Biswas Romy , Bhattacherjee Sharmistha , Kabiraj Sankar Prasad , Gupta lndrajit 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: Lateral nasal wall of each nasal cavity provides the final common pathway of drainage of the muco-ciliary clearance of frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal air cells. Anatomical variant like Concha Bullosa may obstruct the muco­ ciliary clearance thmugh osteomeatal complex and cause rhino sinusitis. The objectives were to find out the anatomical variation of middle concha and its clinical correlates with variation of middle concha. Methods: The present study was a descriptive, hospital based cross sectional study carried out in the outpatient departments of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital among 15 years and above patients. Coronal CT scan of paranasal sinus and orbit region was done. Data was collected with the help of semi structured predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Results: Of the 44 study patients, 15.9% had Concha Bullosa, 11.36% had paradoxical middle concha. Dimensions of right and left concha were also studied. 77.3%, 59.1% and 47.7% had sneezing, rhinorrhoea and headache respectively. Conclusion: The harmony of mucociliary clearance and obstruction free osteomeatal complex is the key factor for ventilation and drainage of maxillary, fmntal and anterior ethmoidal air cells.
Morphology and morphometry of mental foramen in adult human mandibles of
North Indian population
Authors: Verma Poonam ,   Seema
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aim : Mental foramen is an oval or circular opening present on the anterior surface of mandible through which the mental nerve and vessels exit It forms an intportant landmark for human mandible for both invasive and noninvasive procedures. Its position vary according to the age and race. The aim of the study is to provide data on morphology and morphometry of mental foramen. Materials and Methods : The present study was done on ninety dried adult human mandibles of unknown age and sex. Incidences and shapes of the mental and accessory mental foramen were observed. Size and the distances from the various landmarks were noted with the help of digital Vernier calipers. Results: Mental forantina were found bilaterally in all (100%) the mandibles. Accessory mental foramina were found in five mandibles (5.5%) on right side and three mandibles (3.3%) on left side. Shape of the mental foramina was predominantly rounded. Average size of mental and accessory mental foramina was 2.56 mm and 1 mm respectively. The position of the mental foramina below the apex of second premolar , between the first and second premolar and between the second premolar and first molar and below the apex of first premolar tooth were 64.4%, 21.1%, 8.8% and 5.5% respectively. The average distance of the accessory mental forantina from the mental foramen was 0.66 mm and average location was below the first molar tooth. Conclusion: All these findings can supplement useful data for population diversities and can help the surgeons, anatomists, orthodontists and paleoanthropologists to carry out their procedures successfully.
High bifurcation of common carotid artery and origin of thyrolingual trunk - a rare case report
Authors: Biswas Sudipa , Sharma Suranjali , Ghosh Sanjib Kumar , Chakraborty Soumya 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this rare case, found during routine dissection of head and neck in North Bengal Medical College on the right side of the neck, common carotid artery bifurcated at a higher level than usual and 1.25 cm below the bifurcation, gave a common origin of lingual and superior thyroid artery from its medial side (thyorolingual trunk). No such anomaly was noted on the left side. This type of combination of variations has important clinical implications.
Absence of both fissures in a right lung: a case report
Authors: Supadevi S. , Subramanian Ramesh Kumar , Kesavi D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe right lung has two fissures which separate the lung into three lobes. They are the oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure and the lobes are superior, middle and the inferior lobes respectively arranged from the apex of the lung to the base. In the present case, during routine dissection the right lung was observed to have complete absence of both oblique fissure and horizontal fissure and there was no lobar pattern. The lung pleural membrane was continuous from the apex to the base. Hilum structures were arranged normally. Left lung was completely normal with no variation. Variation of anatomy of lung fissures is important in case of diagnosis of lung pathologies and in the modality of treatment for segmental resection of lung.
Apert syndrome: a case report
Authors: A. Barman , BC Dutta , JK Sarkar 
Published: November 2019

AbstractApert syndrome was described as a triad of craniosynostosis, syndactyly and maxillary hypoplasia. The incidence of Apert syndrome is approximately one in 50,000 births. A three year old boy was brought with a history of facial, hand and feet deformities to the Pediatrics out patient department. On examination, he had symmetric syndactyly of the hands and feet. He also had craniosynostosis with deformed skull. This patient also exhibited midface hypoplasia, exophthahnia, ocular hypertelorism and high arch palate. Crowding of the teeth, malocclusion with anterior open bite is also found. The X-ray of the hand and feet showed skeletal fusion of phalanges (complex syndactyly). The case represents a rare condition where there is a mutation in the FGFR2 gene causing Apert syndrome.
Ossification of superior transverse scapular ligament - a case report
Authors: Bara Dibya Prabha , Pradhan Swagatika , Biswal Rajashree , Mohapatra Chinmayi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSuperior transverse scapular ligament (STSL), a small ligament which bridges over the suprascapular notch bears enormous stress during shoulder movements. This causes the ligament to ossifY thereby compressing the suprascapular nerve which passes beneath it. The ossification can occur partially or cnmpletely. Different shape of ossified STSL also affects the rate of compression of the nerve. Knowledge of ossified STSL may be helpful for radiologists, neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons in dealing with patients of suprascapular nerve entrapment.
Study of palmar dermatoglyphic pattern in syndactyly patients
Authors: Dofe M Y , Meshram M M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims : Syndactyly is congential fusion between fingers which may vary from simple fusion of skin to fusion betweeo bony componeots of fingers. The aim of this study was to find out the range of dermatoglyphic abnormalities io syndactyly patient because of close association between underlying tissue (derived from mesoderm) and overlying epidermis (derived from ectoderm) duriog embryogenesis of hand. Materials and methods : Present study was carried out io 20 patients with congenital syndactyly of fingers. The authors evaluated fingertip patterns, axial triradius, palmar pattern, flexion creases, a-b ridge count, digital triradii and pattern intensity. Results : Remarkable dermatoglyphic variations were observed io syndactylous hands, which were rare io normal hands. Conclusion : There are certain specific associations between anomalous hands and dermatoglyphic patterns indicating that underlying mesenchyme influences the development of epidermis derived from ectoderm and so the ridge pattern.
Unilateral open lip schizencephaly: a case report
Authors: Baruah Prabahita , Choudhury Pradipta Ray , Sarda Prashant 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSchizencephaly is a rare malformation of the central nervous system defined as a gray matter-lined cleft filled with cerebrospinal fluid that extends from the pial surface to the ventricle. We present a case of a 16 year old male patient with intractable epilepsy where Computed Tomography scan revealed a grey matter lined cleft on the right cortical surface communicating with ipsilateral lateral ventricle.
Comparative study of cephalic index in North Indian and South Indian students
Authors: Rathnakar Pretty , Bannur B M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: Cephalic Index is an important parameter for deciding the race and sex of an individual. The present study was undertaken to calculate the Cephalic Index in North Indian and South Indian medical students and to compare Cephalic Index among them. Materials and methods : Ninety nine North Indian and 177 South Indian students were taken for the present study. Maximum head breadth and maximum head length were measured with spreading calipers and Cephalic Index was determined. Result: The mean Cephalic Index in study group was 76.65. In North Indian students, mean Cephalic Index was 74.44. In South Indian students, mean Cephalic Index was 77.71. Dolicocephalic type of head shape predominated among North Indian students, whereas mesocephalic type was predominant in South Indian students. Conclusion: Significant gender difference and geographical variation was observed in the present study. The result of the present study will be of atmost importance in Foreosic Medicine, Anthropology and in Genetics.
An anatomical study of descent of testes in fetal cadavers of perinatal period
Authors: Bordoloi Rashmi Rekha , Deka Roonmoni , Talukdar Kunjalal 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: Undescended testes or Cryptorchidism is a common congenital anomaly of male gonad. In this condition one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum as the process of descent may get arrested at any point along its normal path. It is a common condition occurring in 1 in 500 individuals. Undescended testis carries a risk of developing seminoma and is prone to injury. Undescended testis also fails to produce mature spermatozoa leading to infertility. Materials and methods: Hundred perinatal human cadavers were collected and meticulously dissected. Results: Undescended testes were found in 30% cases. In 50% cases, left testis descended earlier than the right. Bilateral undescended testes (70%) were more common than unilateral (30%). Unilateral undescended testis was more common on right side (55.5%). Undescended testes were found in the abdomen in 19.61% of cases. In 50.98% of cases, they were located in the ingoina1region and in the remaining 29.41% of cases, they were found in the subinguinal position. Conclusion : The primary management of cryptorchidism is surgery which is called orchipexy and is usually performed in infancy. When the undescended testis is in the inguinal canal, hormone therapy is sometimes attempted and occasionally successful. Therefore through early diagnosis and surgical interventions, the undescended testes can be replaced to the scrotum that will ensure optimal fertility in adulthood and a considerable lessened risk of testicular carcinoma.
Duplication of cystic artery: a case report
Authors: Mitra Satyajit , Gogoi Alakesh 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe cystic artery supplies oxygenated blood to the gallbladder and cystic duct. It usually arises from the right hepatic artery as a single branch, but cases with double cystic artery has also been reported from time to time. During a routine dissection class, the authors found a case in which two cystic arteries originated from the right hepatic artery to supply the two surfaces of gallbladder separately. As the extrahepatic biliary region is the most usual site of surgical intervention, the reporting of any form of variation in this region becomes a necessity.
A review of anatomy of lower end of esophagus
Authors: Anitha V , A. Antoine Berty 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe lower end of esophagus of 60 patients (40 males and 20 females) was viewed during the endoscopic examination of gastro intestinal tract (GIT) by using a gastroscope. The relationship between hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD) remains controversial. In hiatus hernia, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is displaced from the crural diaphragm into the chest, which reduces basal LES pressure and results in GERD. Sliding hiatal hernia in which the cardiac end of stomach, herniates through the hiatus is most common. The endoscopic examination depends upon the reliable anatomical landmarks that can be utilized in all patients to document the location of oesophageogastric junction (OGJ). The criteria for locating the OGJ must be reliable for making a reasonably practical decision during the endoscopy that will serve to enhance the proper diagnosis both by direct inspection and biopsy sampling.
Do the cervical spinal canal dimensions predict pre-myelopathic changes of cervical spinal cord? - a magnetic resonance image study
Authors: Nair Smitha S , Lakshmi A S , B. Ushadevi K , Gupta A K 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: The cervical region is the most mobile portion of the spinal column and it is here that the earliest disc degenerations are encountered. Hence it is of great interest to neurologists and neurosurgeons. Degenerative arthritic changes in the cervical spine secondary to ageing may result in bony and soft tissue overgrowth causing encroachment on the cervical spinal canal resulting in cervical canal stenosis. This may predispose to compressive myelopathy. The study aims to determine the predictability of myelopathy based on the dimensions of spinal canal at the cervical region. Materials and methods: The study included 600 patients who underwent MRI scan of cervical spine in the Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chithra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It included patients of different age groups of both sexes who were classified into six groups. T1 weighted axial images were obtained using spin echo sequence. The axial slices were made at the mid vertebral levels from C2-C7 vertebrae. The anteroposterior diameters of spinal canal in axial images at mid cervical vertebral levels from C2-C7 were measured. Analysis of data was done by mean, standard deviation, independent sample t test, ANOVA and Chi­ square test. Results: The mean anteroposterior diameter of the canal at different cervical vertebral levels decreases as age advances. Tbe premyelopathic changes were more in males which may be attributed to change in canal shape. Conclusion: Cervical spinal canal dimensions are useful to predict premyelopathic changes of cervical spinal cord.
Harlequin ichthyosis - a rare genetic disorder : a case report
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Dutta B C , Pal Sudipta 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHarlequin lchthyosis(HI) is a type of genodermatosis. It is a rare and fatal genetic disease. Life expectancy in an affected infant is only a few days. The defect lies in mutation of ABCA12 gene. The barrier action of skin is severely compromised making the infant prone to infections and dehydration. Present treatment protocol consists mainly of conservative and supportive therapies. The authors report this case as it is a rare disease. The main purpose of this report is to create awareness about the disease and discuss the genetic factors along with micro anatomy of skin ultimately leading to this condition.
Incidence of furcate umbilical cord
Authors: Anas Khan Mohd , N. Sinha D , AK Singh , Deepa Deopa , Richa Niranjan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background : Placenta along with its umbilical cord is a vital organ for maintaining pregnancy and promoting normal foetal development. Foetal outcome can be adversely influenced by pathological changes in placenta and also by the variation in the site of attachment of umbilical cord. Aims and Objectives : To study the incidence of furcate umbilical cord insertion over placental chorionic plate in normal full term pregnancy. Materials and methods : This study was conducted in the department of Anatomy Government Medical College Haldwani. 100 freshly delivered placentae were collected from Dr. Sushila Tiwari Government hospital Haldwani. The sample was further categorized according to the parity of mother into two groups primipara (n=39) and multipara (n=61). Placentae included in the study were obtained from full term pregnancy without any complication like diabetes, hypertension etc. Results : The incidence of furcate umbilical cord in the present study was 2.6% in primipara group and 3.3% in multipara group. Conclusion : Variation in the site of insertion of umbilical cord are thought to result from process known as "Trophotropism" in which the chorionic frondosum or the early placenta migrates with advancing gestation to ensure better blood supply from more richly vascularised area. The overall incidence of furcate cord in this study is 3%. We have noticed one furcate cord (2.6%) in primipara group (n=39) and two furcate cords (3.3%) in multipara group (n=61). The neonates delivered were perfectly healthy without any evidence of congenital anomalies.