bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting the Curse of Sparsity: Probabilistic Sensitivity Measures From Cumulative Distribution Functions
Authors: Plischke Elmar , Borgonovo Emanuele 
Published: July 2020

AbstractQuantitative models support investigators in several risk analysis applications. The calculation of sensitivity measures is an integral part of this analysis. However, it becomes a computationally challenging task, especially when the number of model inputs is large and the model output is spread over orders of magnitude. We introduce and test a new method for the estimation of global sensitivity measures. The new method relies on the intuition of exploiting the empirical cumulative distribution function of the simulator output. This choice allows the estimators of global sensitivity measures to be based on numbers between 0 and 1, thus fighting the curse of sparsity. For density‐based sensitivity measures, we devise an approach based on moving averages that bypasses kernel‐density estimation. We compare the new method to approaches for calculating popular risk analysis global sensitivity measures as well as to approaches for computing dependence measures gathering increasing interest in the machine learning and statistics literature (the Hilbert–Schmidt independence criterion and distance covariance). The comparison involves also the number of operations needed to obtain the estimates, an aspect often neglected in global sensitivity studies. We let the estimators undergo several tests, first with the wing‐weight test case, then with a computationally challenging code with up to inputs, and finally with the traditional Level E benchmark code.
Whose Narrative is it Anyway? Narratives of Social Innovation in Rural Areas – A Comparative Analysis of Community‐Led Initiatives in Scotland and Spain
Authors: Vercher Néstor , Barlagne Carla , Hewitt Richard , Nijnik Maria , Esparcia Javier 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSocial innovation is a process in which local communities build social and cultural capital to address challenges and social needs. The diffusion of social innovation requires compelling narratives that encourage people to join them. Using qualitative techniques and a multiple case study methodology, this article examines the content of narratives of social innovation in rural areas and how actors construct, spread and change them. We propose a narrative analytical framework comprising four key components: problematisation; solutions and goals; actors; and plot, which we apply to three initiatives in Scotland and Spain. Our findings suggest that marginalisation, the natural environment and community activation are central themes in the content of narratives. In addition, we explain how policies and public actors can support social innovation as well as how collective leadership of social innovations can reduce imbalances in power relations, and contribute to a consistent evolution of narratives over time, enhancing the sustainability of social innovation projects overall.
Omission and commission in judgment and decision making: Understanding and linking action‐inaction effects using the concept of normality
Authors: Feldman Gilad , Kutscher Lucas , Yay Tijen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResearch on action and inaction in judgment and decision making now spans over 35 years, with ever‐growing interest. Accumulating evidence suggests that action and inaction are perceived and evaluated differently, affecting a wide array of psychological factors from emotions to morality. These asymmetries have been shown to have real impact on choice behavior in both personal and interpersonal contexts, with implications for individuals and society. We review impactful action‐inaction related phenomena, with a summary and comparison of key findings and insights, reinterpreting these effects and mapping links between effects using norm theory's (Kahneman & Miller, 1986) concept of normality. Together, these aim to contribute towards an integrated understanding of the human psyche regarding action and inaction.
The relative impacts of dairy and non‐dairy ruminant sectors on the Olsen‐P status of grassland soils and hence water quality in Northern Ireland
Authors: Higgins Alexander J. , Cassidy Rachel , Bailey John S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntensive dairy farming is implicated with the phosphorus (P) enrichment and eutrophication of fresh water bodies. In Northern Ireland (NI), although P surpluses on dairy farms are high, representative soil P data for both dairy and non‐dairy ruminant sector grassland are needed to help assess the extent to which dairying per se is contributing to poor water quality. Data from a recently completed European Union funded NI‐wide soil testing scheme were available to help in this assessment. A high proportion (50%) of dairy grassland was found to be over‐supplied with P (>25 mg Olsen‐P l soil−1), but surprisingly, some 25% of more extensively managed non‐dairy ruminant grassland was also over‐supplied with P. This is possibly because fertilizer‐P and/or manure‐P is being spread and/or faeces excreted by out‐wintered livestock on only a fraction of the grassland area, with most of the remaining land being too wet or too inaccessible for such management. Therefore, even though the P over‐supply situation is most acute in the dairy sector, because the non‐dairy ruminant sector occupies the majority (78%) of the ruminant grassland platform, it is responsible for almost two thirds (64%) of all P‐enriched grassland soils across the ruminant sectors, and hence potentially poses a greater threat to water quality than the more intensive dairy sector. To address this newly recognized problem, farm‐gate P surpluses may need to be redefined in terms of surplus P per unit of land suitable for manure‐P application and/or out‐wintering livestock, as opposed to land owned or managed, and a regulatory maximum limit applied to all ruminant farms regardless of their management intensity or stocking density.
Toward Personalized Deceptive Signaling for Cyber Defense Using Cognitive Models
Authors: Cranford Edward A. , Gonzalez Cleotilde , Aggarwal Palvi , Cooney Sarah , Tambe Milind , Lebiere Christian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecent research in cybersecurity has begun to develop active defense strategies using game‐theoretic optimization of the allocation of limited defenses combined with deceptive signaling. These algorithms assume rational human behavior. However, human behavior in an online game designed to simulate an insider attack scenario shows that humans, playing the role of attackers, attack far more often than predicted under perfect rationality. We describe an instance‐based learning cognitive model, built in ACT‐R, that accurately predicts human performance and biases in the game. To improve defenses, we propose an adaptive method of signaling that uses the cognitive model to trace an individual's experience in real time. We discuss the results and implications of this adaptive signaling method for personalized defense.
Vitamin D and Cortisol as Moderators of the Relationship Between Testosterone and Exercise Performance in Adolescent Male Athletes
Authors: Crewther Blair , Cook Christian , Fitzgerald John , Starczewski Michal , Gorski Michal , Orysiak Joanna 
Published: July 2020

Purpose: Reported associations between vitamin 25(OH)D and exercise performance are equivocal, perhaps due to complex interplay with cortisol and testosterone. In this study, the authors investigated serum 25(OH)D and cortisol as moderators of the testosterone relationship with exercise performance in adolescent male athletes. Methods: A total of 88 ice hockey players were assessed for serum 25(OH)D, cortisol, testosterone, body composition, and exercise performance, based on countermovement jump power and muscle torque. The authors tested independent relationships, before examining complex interactions via moderated regression analyses. Results: Most athletes (62.5%) exhibited a suboptimal (20–30 ng·mL−1) serum 25(OH)D concentration, whereas 9.1% of athletes were deficient (<20 ng·mL−1). Serum 25(OH)D was not related to performance when controlling for testing year, age, and fat mass. Further modeling revealed a significant hormonal interaction. Specifically, in low-25(OH)D subjects, testosterone predicted countermovement jump power at a high (β = 7.10, effect size = .43, P < .01), but not low (β = −3.32, effect size = −.20, P = .09), cortisol concentration. Conclusions: Serum 25(OH)D was a poor predictor of exercise performance, but it did moderate (with cortisol) the testosterone link to muscle power. Notably, this relationship emerged among individuals with a 25(OH)D concentration (∼22 ng·mL−1) approaching the deficiency cutoff. Viewing 25(OH)D as a moderating, rather than dose responsive, variable could help explain equivocal cross-sectional associations.
Outcomes of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma: 24-month follow-up
Authors: Sharkawi Eamon , Lindegger Daniel Josef , Artes Paul H , Lehmann-Clarke Lydia , El Wardani Mohamad , Misteli Marie , Pasquier Jérôme , Guarnieri Adriano 
Published: July 2020

AimTo report on outcomes of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in eyes with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG).MethodsProspective, interventional, non-comparative case series. A total of 103 eyes from 84 patients with PXG were enrolled to undergo a 360-degree ab interno trabeculotomy with gonioscopic assistance using either a 5.0 polypropylene suture or an illuminated microcatheter with up to 24 months of follow-up. Main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), number of antiglaucoma medications, success rate (IOP reduction ≥20% from baseline or IOP between 6 and 21 mm Hg, without further glaucoma surgery) and complication rate.ResultsMean preoperative IOP was 27.1 mm Hg (95% CI 25.5 to 28.7) using 2.9 (SD 1.1) glaucoma medications which decreased postoperatively to 13.0 mm Hg (95% CI 11.5 to 14.4) and 1.0 (SD 1.1) medications at 24 months (p<0.001). Success rate was 89.2% at 24 months of follow-up, and complication rate was 2.9%.ConclusionAt 24 months of follow-up, our results for GATT in PXG demonstrate that this conjunctival sparing procedure effectively lowers IOP and reduces the medications with a low complication rate, in this relatively aggressive glaucoma subtype.
Causal beliefs of mental illness and its impact on help-seeking attitudes: a cross-sectional study among university students in Singapore
Authors: Tan Gregory Tee Hng , Shahwan Shazana , Goh Chong Ming Janrius , Ong Wei Jie , Samari Ellaisha , Abdin Edimansyah , Kwok Kian Woon , Chong Siow Ann , Subramaniam Mythily 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesA considerable proportion of those who suffer from mental illnesses in Singapore do not seek any form of professional help. The reluctance to seek professional help could be due to misconceptions about the causes of mental illnesses. Research has shown that help-seeking attitudes can predict actual service use. As young adults are most at risk of developing mental illnesses, this study aims to elucidate the impact of causal beliefs about mental illness on help-seeking attitudes among university students in Singapore.DesignPrior to attending an anti-stigma intervention, data on the Causal Beliefs about Mental Illness, Inventory of Attitudes towards Seeking Mental Health services and questions pertaining to sociodemographic background were collected from participants using a self-administered questionnaire. Multiple linear regressions were performed to examine the relationship between causal beliefs and help-seeking, as well as their sociodemographic correlates.SettingsA university in Singapore.Participants390 students who were studying in a University in Singapore.ResultsYounger age was associated with higher scores on psychosocial attribution, while prior social contact with individuals with mental illness was significantly associated with lower scores on personality attribution. With regard to help-seeking attitudes; being a male and personality attribution were significantly associated with lower scores on ‘Psychological Openness’ and ‘Indifference to Stigma’, while psychosocial attribution was significantly associated with higher scores on ‘Help-seeking Propensity’. Having prior social contact also predicted higher ‘Psychological Openness’, while being in Year 2 and 3 predicted lower scores on ’Indifference to Stigma’.ConclusionFindings from this study suggest that help-seeking attitudes might be influenced by causal beliefs, with personality attribution being the most impairing. Hence, to reduce the wide treatment gap in Singapore, anti-stigma interventions targeting young people could focus on addressing beliefs that attribute mental illness to the personality of the individual.
A Roadmap for conducting psychosocial research in epidemiological studies: perspectives of cohort study principal investigators
Authors: Argentieri M Austin , Seddighzadeh Bobak , Noveroske Philbrick Sarah , Balboni Tracy , Shields Alexandra 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundPsychosocial adversity disproportionately affects racial/ethnic and socioeconomic minorities in the USA, and therefore understanding the mechanisms through which psychosocial stress and resilience influence human health can provide meaningful insights into addressing US health disparities. Despite this promise, psychosocial factors are infrequently and unsystematically collected in the US prospective cohort studies.MethodsWe sought to understand prospective cohort principal investigators’ (PIs’) attitudes regarding the importance of psychosocial influences on disease aetiology, in order to identify barriers and opportunities for greater inclusion of these domains in high-quality epidemiological research. One-hour, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 PIs representing 24 US prospective cohort studies funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), collectively capturing health data on 1.25 of every 100 American adults. A hypothesis-free, grounded theory approach was used to analyse and interpret interview data.ResultsMost cohort PIs view psychosocial factors as an important research area to further our understanding of disease aetiology and agree that this research will be crucial for future public health innovations. Virtually all PIs emphasised that future psychosocial research will need to elucidate biological and behavioural mechanisms in order to be taken seriously by the epidemiological community more broadly. A lack of pertinent funding mechanisms and a lack of consensus on optimal scales and measures of psychosocial factors were identified as additional barriers to advancing psychosocial research.ConclusionsOur interviews emphasised the need for: (1) high-quality, longitudinal studies that investigate biological mechanisms and pathways through which psychosocial factors influence health, (2) effort among epidemiological cohorts to broaden and harmonise the measures they use across cohorts, to facilitate replication of results and (3) the need for targeted funding opportunities from NIH and other grant-making institutions to study these domains.
Shared concern with current breast cancer rehabilitation services: a focus group study of survivors’ and professionals’ experiences and preferences for rehabilitation care delivery
Authors: Rafn Bolette Skjødt , Midtgaard Julie , Camp Pat G , Campbell Kristin L 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesBreast cancer survivors experience a wide spectrum of physical sequelae from cancer treatment. National and international guidelines recommend that rehabilitation is offered from the point of diagnosis. However, there is a lack of data on the translation of these recommendations into clinical care. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of breast cancer survivors, rehabilitation professionals and breast surgeons on current rehabilitation services including preferences for care delivery, specific ways to promote early detection and timely management of upper body issues and attitudes towards self-managed surveillance and rehabilitation.DesignQualitative focus groups. Breast cancer survivors completed a questionnaire about rehabilitation services received and experience of upper body issues. These quantitative data were collected to provide context for the qualitative data and increase transferability. Transcripts were analysed using content analysis.SettingFive geographically distinct health authorities in British Columbia, Canada.ParticipantsEleven focus groups were conducted with 35 breast cancer survivors, 29 rehabilitation professionals and 5 breast surgeons.ResultsThree categories captured participants’ concern and wish for improved care: (1) cut the cancer out and goodbye; (2) you have to look out for yourself and (3) in a perfect world. All breast cancer survivors reported chronic upper body issues (mean 4.5 unique issues). Breast cancer survivors expressed worry and uncertainty in their solo management of the rehabilitation. The current services were reported to not enable early detection and timely management. Suggestions included reorganising the timing of patient education and improving the quality of and access to rehabilitation services by elevating the knowledge among healthcare professionals and providing multimodal self-management resources.ConclusionsThe results revealed a gap between oncology guidelines and the current clinical reality. The rehabilitation services were reported in need of revamping to increase equity of care. Multiple upper body issues were reported by many breast cancer survivors.
Utility of 3D printed cardiac models in congenital heart disease: a scoping review
Authors: Illmann Caroline F , Ghadiry-Tavi Rouzbeh , Hosking Martin , Harris Kevin C 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveThree-dimensional printing (3DP) is a novel technology with applications in healthcare, particularly for congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to explore the spectrum of use of 3D printed CHD models (3D-CM) and identify knowledge gaps within the published body of literature to guide future research.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review targeting published literature on the use of 3D-CMs. The databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched from their inception until 19 July 2019. Inclusion criteria were primary research; studies reporting use of 3D-CMs; and human subjects. Exclusion criteria were studies where 3D-CMs were generated for proof of concept but not used; and studies focused on bioprinting or computational 3D-CMs. Studies were assessed for inclusion and data were extracted from eligible articles in duplicate.ResultsThe search returned 648 results. Following assessment, 79 articles were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The majority (66%) of studies are case reports or series. 15% reported use of a control group. Three main areas of utilisation are for (1) surgical and interventional cardiology procedural planning (n=62), (2) simulation (n=25), and (3) education for medical personnel or patients and their families (n=17). Multiple studies used 3D-CMs for more than one of these areas.Conclusions3DP for CHD is a new technology with an evolving literature base. Most of the published literature are experiential reports as opposed to manuscripts on scientifically robust studies. Our study has identified gaps in the literature and addressed priority areas for future research.
Diagnostic performance of the extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (EFAST) patients in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal
Authors: Basnet Samjhana , Shrestha Sanu Krishna , Pradhan Alok , Shrestha Roshana , Shrestha Anmol Purna , Sharma Grishma , Bade Sahil , Giri Latika 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThoracoabdominal trauma presents a diagnostic challenge for the emergency physician. The introduction of bedside ultrasonography (USG) provides a screening tool to detect hemoperitoneum, hemothorax, pneumothorax and pericardial effusion in torso injuries.AimTo evaluate the accuracy of extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (EFAST) for chest and abdominal injuries performed by first responders in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal.MethodsThis was a prospective study including all trauma patients who obtained either an Injury Severity Score ≥15 or direct trauma to the trunk in 1 year period in the emergency department (ED) of Dhulikhel Hospital-Kathmandu University Hospital. The results of the EFAST were then compared with contrast-enhanced CT (CECT), radiology ultrasound (USG)/chest X-ray, or intraoperative findings when the EFAST was positive. The negative EFAST cases were observed for a minimum of 4 hours in the ED. Descriptive statistics and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were calculated.ResultsOut of 267 cases, 261 patients underwent an EFAST examination. The sensitivity and specificity were 94.8% and 99.5%, respectively. The negative predictive value was 98.53% whereas the positive predictive value was 98.21%. The overall accuracy was 99.4%.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that EFAST examination performed by first-line healthcare providers is a useful method for assessment of thoracic and abdominal injuries. EFAST was found to have a high specificity (99.5%) and positive predictive value (98.21%) which indicates that it is an effective technique for detecting intra-abdominal or thoracic injuries. However, the effectiveness of EFAST is limited by its being operator dependent, and thereby human error. For negative EFAST cases, we recommend a monitoring period of at least 4 hours, serial fast scan, or further investigation through other methods such as a CECT.Level of evidenceLevel I
Epilepsy in veterinary patients: perspectives of Dutch veterinarians in first‐line practice
Authors: Santifort Koen Maurits , Hamers Maud , Mandigers Paul 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThis study aims to investigate the perspectives of veterinarians in first‐line practice on confidence and satisfaction regarding several important aspects of the description, diagnosis and treatment of canine patients with epilepsy.MethodsA web‐based questionnaire was used, focussing on general aspects of canine epilepsy, diagnostic tests, treatment and communication with owners.ResultsOne hundred and two questionnaires were evaluated. No less than 73 per cent of veterinarians had performed euthanasia on one or more patients with epilepsy as the main reason. First‐line veterinarians scored confidence on general aspects of epilepsy as 6 or 7 out of 10. Confidence regarding communication with owners was scored 7 or 8 out of 10.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into perspectives of Dutch veterinarians in first‐line practice regarding canine epilepsy. Several results may provide reasons to adjust (pregraduate or postgraduate) education of veterinarians with regard to management of canine patients with epilepsy. Several factors (such as the importance of diagnostic imaging) may help specialists in the field communicate better with referring veterinarians so that first‐line practitioners become better equipped in managing patients with epilepsy. These steps may then positively influence treatment results as well as care‐giver burden for the first‐line practitioner.