bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhesus D alloimmunization in pregnancy from 1996 to 2015 in Iceland: a nation‐wide population study prior to routine antenatal anti‐D prophylaxis
Authors: Gudlaugsson Brynjar , Hjartardottir Hulda , Svansdottir Gudrun , Gudmundsdottir Gudny , Kjartansson Sveinn , Jonsson Thorbjorn , Gudmundsson Sveinn , Halldorsdottir Anna M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDRhesus D (RhD) incompatibility is still the most important cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, causes, and consequences of anti‐D alloimmunizations in pregnancy in Iceland, prior to implementation of targeted routine antenatal anti‐D prophylaxis (RAADP) in 2018.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThis was a nation‐wide cohort study of 130 pregnancies affected by RhD alloimmunization in Iceland in the period from 1996 through 2015. Data were collected from transfusion medicine databases, medical records, and the Icelandic Medical Birth Register.RESULTSOf 130 RhD alloimmunizations, 80 cases (61.5%) represented new RhD immunization in the current pregnancy. Sensitization was discovered in the third trimester in 41 (51.3%) and occurred in the first pregnancy in 14 cases (17.5%). The most likely causative immunization event was the index pregnancy for 45 (56.25%), a previous pregnancy/birth for 26 (32.5%), abortion for 3 (3.75%), and unknown for 6 women (7.5%). Higher anti‐D titers were associated with shorter gestational length, cesarean sections, positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and severe HDFN. Intrauterine transfusion (IUT) was performed in five pregnancies (3.8%), and 35 of 132 (26.5%) live‐born neonates received treatment for HDFN; 32 received phototherapy (24.2%), 13 exchange transfusion (9.8%), and seven simple blood transfusion (5.3%).CONCLUSIONIn about half of cases, RhD alloimmunization was caused by the index pregnancy and discovered in the third trimester. Thus, the newly implemented RAADP protocol should be effective in reducing the incidence of RhD immunization in Iceland in the future.
Introduction to Power Boilers
Authors: Ortman Ed , Vattappilly Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Section I of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provides rules for the construction of power boilers. This chapter provides an overview of the requirements of Section I and explains how they are applied and enforced. The discussion begins with an outline of the history, philosophy, and scope of Section I, how the ASME Code works, and how it is organized. The chapter then addresses the distinction between boiler proper piping and boiler external piping, and describes how and where Section I is enforced. This is followed by a discussion on the fundamentals of Section I construction. The fundamentals include permitted materials, design, fabrication, welding and postweld heat treatment, nondestructive examination, hydrostatic testing, third-party inspection, and certification by stamping and the use of data reports. The chapter ends by highlighting some of the items which may be included in a future publication of Section I. A few of these include changes to the requirements of pressure testing of replacement parts; changes to the requirements for marking of plate material used for shells, furnace sheets, and heads; and inclusion of corrosion allowance application criteria.

History
Martin D. Bernstein was the originator of this chapter for the first edition. Lloyd W. Yoder updated the chapter for the second edition. John R. MacKay updated the chapter for both the third and fourth editions. Ed Ortman and Jay Vattappilly updated this chapter for the fifth edition. Ed Ortman updated this chapter for the current online edition.
Nonmetallic Pressure Piping System Components
Authors: Rowley C. Wesley , Musto Thomas M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the current and future nonmetallic construction codes and standards using nonmetallic plastic polymers. It is divided into four parts. Part A provides an overview of the major nonmetallic materials used in structural applications, namely, thermoplastic materials, thermoset plastic materials, and graphite materials. It describes the importance of a design specification as well as its recommended contents and major aspects. Part A also provides information on two extensively utilized thermoplastic jointing techniques: butt fusion and electro-fusion. Part B and C cover NM-1 and NM-2 Standards, which prescribe requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, inspections, examination, and testing of thermoplastic piping systems and glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-plastic piping systems, respectively. Included within the scope of the NM-1 Standard is thermoplastic piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly. The contents and coverage of the NM-2 Standard address pipe and piping components that are produced as standard products, as well as custom products that are designed for a specific application. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe and piping components manufactured by contact molding, centrifugal casting, filament winding, and other methods are covered. The organization of the NM-3 Standard, addressed in Part D, is modeled on the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II – Materials. ASME NM-3 addresses material specifications and material properties for both thermoplastic and thermoset plastic with glass reinforcing fibers. The NM-1 and NM-2 Standards reference NM-3 Standard for applicable material specifications and material physical and engineering property data.

History
Some of the material in this chapter had been originally covered in Chapter 3.6 in the Fourth Edition of the Companion Guide but consistent with the current activity of the ASME Code Committees it was considered appropriate by the authors to cover the efforts of the committee in a separate chapter. The current online edition was updated by C. Wesley Rowley and Thomas M. Musto
Nuclear Valves
Authors: Jolly Guy A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code requirements are implemented for safety-related nuclear valves. It explains the relevancy of the ASME Code requirements for safety-related nuclear valves using the latest issue of the Code. The chapter discusses the role of system and component design engineers, as well as the integrity of the Manufacturer. It provides a historical perspective for the Code rules, cross-referencing other Subsections of the Code. The chapter states that the Owner’s responsibilities for system design play an important part in establishing the rules applicable to the Design Specification for each safety-related valve. It also covers the operational and qualification requirements for the procurement of these items from the Manufacturer. The chapter discusses these items for different service conditions with the aid of schematics and references. It then provides details of the ASME B16.34 historical development and provides the current reference dimensional standards from the 2013 and 2015 editions of the Code for use in the construction of “N” stamped valves based on the Code’s B16.34 reference. A list of widely used Valve Standards referenced in ASME B31 Piping Codes is also presented. The coverage on pressure-relief valves includes details on activity underway at Section III to clarify requirements related to pilot-operated and power-actuated pressure relief valves. It also includes details relevant to QME-1 relating to qualification testing required for active valves used in nuclear power plants.

History
Late Douglas B. Nickerson was the original author of this chapter. Marcus N. Bressler updated the second edition and third editions. Guy A. Jolly, updated this chapter specific to valves for 4th edition and 5th editions. The current online edition was updated by Jason Lambin and the ASME Working Group on Valves.
Code for Concrete Containments
Authors: Eberhardt Arthur C. , Jones Christopher A. , Smith Clayton T. , Jovall Ola 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the bases and provisions of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for Concrete Containments. It describes the concrete containment general environment, types of existing containments, future containment configurations, and background development including the regulatory bases of concrete containment construction code requirements. The chapter addresses reinforced-concrete containment behavior under internal pressure and temperatures of up to about 100°C. The discussion presented includes a comparison between prestressed and deformed-bar concrete reinforcements, the effects of elevated temperature on concrete, and the effect of radial and tangential shear in containment shells. It explains the analysis, design, and testing of concrete containment structures and provides information on the organization of the Concrete Containment Design Code contained in the Code Section III, Division 2, Subsection CC. The chapter summarizes the following requirements for concrete containments: general and specific construction or placement requirements for concrete, including the fabrication and placing requirements for steel reinforcement systems and the fabrication and welding requirements for liners; requirements for nondestructive examinations, procedure qualifications and evaluations; requirements for qualification and certification of nondestructive personnel; and general requirements for containment structural integrity test. The major areas to be considered in the future revisions of the Code are also highlighted in this chapter.on and certification of nondestructive personnel; and general requirements for containment structural integrity test. The major areas to be considered in the future revisions of the Code are also highlighted in this chapter.

History
John D. Stevenson was the original author of this chapter and updated it for the second edition. The third edition was updated by Joseph F. Artuso, Hansraj Ashar and Barry Scott. The fourth edition was updated by Arthur Eberhardt, Michael Hessheimer, Ola Jovall and Clayton Smith. The fifth edition was updated by Arthur C. Eberhardt, Clayton T. Smith, Ola Jovall and Christopher A. Jones. The current online edition was updated by Arthur C. Eberhardt and Christopher A. Jones.
Section VII—Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
Authors: Mollitor Barrie , Lowry William L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VII, which presents guidelines for safe, reliable operation as well as avoiding unsafe conditions in power boilers. The guidelines apply to power boilers that produce steam for external use at a pressure exceeding 15 psig from the application of heat, which come from the combustion of fuels, from various hot waste gases, or from the application of electrical energy. The bulk of this chapter is devoted to the discussion on Subsection 1 of Section VII, which contains information about industrial, gas- or oil-fired, watertube boilers. Subsection 1 introduces the fundamentals of watertube boilers, the principles of boiler operation, the associated auxiliaries, and appurtenances required by ASME Code Section I. It also introduces the necessary instrumentation, the examinations to be performed by boiler operators and staff, and the requirements for repairs, alterations, and maintenance. Subsection 2 presents an overview of the control of chemical conditions within steam boilers. It provides information relating to internal cleaning and laying-up of boilers, internal corrosion due to deposits within boiler tubes, and corrosion cracking. The discussion covers the types of water treatment problems within boilers, and how each problem may be recognized and corrected so as to prevent boiler failures. Subsection 3 deals with firetube, electric, and utility boilers and Subsection 4 includes all information pertaining to coal-fired and other solid-fuel-fired boilers. Articles in Subsection 4 describe the types of ash and their removal and contain short generic lists of maintenance checks for these boilers. Subsection 5 is a glossary of the terms that may be used when referring to a power boiler and its associated facilities. Section VII is a practical boiler book, a good review for experienced personnel and a good teaching aid for less-experienced personnel.

History
The original author of this chapter was Edmund W. K. Chang. The second and third editions were updated by Edmund W. K. Chang and Geoffrey M. Halley.
The fourth edition was updated by James T. Pillow. The fifth edition was completely revised by William L. Lowry. Barrie Mollitor updated this chapter for the current online edition.
Safety of Personnel Using Quick-Actuating Closures on Pressure Vessels and Associated Litigation Issues
Authors: Reedy Roger F. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Quick-actuating closures have been used on ASME pressure vessels for more than 50 years. This chapter was written because of the number of lawsuits filed against manufacturers of quick-actuating closures even though these were operated by the owners of pressure vessels for 20, even 30 and more, years without any serious accidents. This is because, in order to bring forth litigation, lawyers would skillfully take words in the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code completely out of context. Or, some attorneys for the injured party may misinterpret the Code rules to accuse the manufacturer of not having complied with the Code when the closure was made. So, based on experience, the author warns the writers of the ASME Code to assure that the rules are clear, concise, and understandable to the common man. He hopes that the rules in Section VIII, Division 1 will incorporate many of the suggestions mentioned in this chapter. To understand the current Code requirements for quick-actuating closures, the author identifies each of the changes made to the Code rules in Section VIII, Division 1, from 1952 Edition to the 2007 Edition of the ASME Code. The chapter includes an Appendix that provides guidance in the form of recommendations for the installation, operation, and maintenance of quick-actuating closures. This guidance is primarily for the use of the Owner and the User. The safety of the quick-actuating closure is the responsibility of the user. This includes the requirement for the user to provide training for all operating personnel, follow safety procedures, periodically inspect the closure, provide scheduled maintenance, and have all necessary repairs made in a timely fashion. The chapter also contains guidance for use by the designer. The chapter concludes with a list of suggested future changes in the Code for quick-actuating closures on pressure vessels.

History
Roger Reedy is the original author of this chapter introduced in the third edition and has updated it for the fourth, fifth and the current online edition.
Section XI Flaw Acceptance Criteria and Evaluation Using Code Procedures
Authors: Cipolla Russell C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
For the sixth edition, this chapter has been updated with revised Code requirements and Code Cases from the 2017 Code and 2019 Code Editions. The important areas of revised requirements and procedures include flaw proximity rules in IWA-3300, change in the yield strength limits from 50 ksi to 90 ksi for selected grades of SA-508 and SA-533, addition of stress intensity factor equations for circumferential OD surface flaws in Appendix A, A-3000, revised procedures for pipe flaw evaluation in Appendix C, C-4000 and C-5300, and an updated glossary terminology/definitions. Several new and revised Code Cases are also discussed to include N-513-5 (temporary acceptance of flaws in moderate energy piping systems), N-705-1 (temporary acceptance of flaws in moderate energy vessels and tanks), N-806-1 (evaluation of wall loss in buried pipe), N-848-1 (proximity rules for quasi-laminar flaws), N-869 (extension of N-513 to higher pressures for Class 2 and 3 piping systems), N-877 (characterization of multiple subsurface radially oriented planar flaws), N-889 (new reference curves for irradiated-assisted stress corrosion cracking growth for austenitic stainless steels), N-899 (weld residual stress reference curves for dissimilar metal welds), and N-890 (materials exempted from Appendix G, G-2110(b) requirements). It is important to note that additional proposal changes are being developed by the committees, some of which are discussed in 30.11.

History
Arthur F. Deardorff was the original author of this chapter that was updated by Mr. Deardorff in the second edition. For the third through fifth editions, Russell C. Cipolla revised the entire chapter although retaining certain portions of the previous text, equations, tables, and figures. For the current online edition, Mr. Cipolla has updated using 2017 and 2019 Editions, and additional information as appropriate.
IWE and IWL
Authors: Staffiera Jim E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses ASME Code Section XI, Subsections IWE and IWL, for nuclear power plant containments. Subsection IWE provides requirements for preservice and inservice examination/inspection, repair/replacement (R/R) activities, and testing of Class MC (metal containment) pressure-retaining components and their integral attachments and R/R activities. It also provides requirements for testing of Class CC (concrete containment) pressure-retaining components and their integral attachments for boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Similarly, Subsection IWL provides requirements for preservice and inservice examination/inspection, R/R activities, and testing of the reinforced concrete and post-tensioning systems of Class CC components for BWRs and PWRs. Together with Subsection IWA, a comprehensive basis is provided for ensuring the continued structural and leak-tight integrity of containments in nuclear power plants. The chapter includes a brief history of the development of ASME Code requirements, the latest information on the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulatory review and incorporation of recent ASME Code Editions and Addenda, and current listings of U.S. ‘construction-complete’ commercial nuclear power plants and their containment types and operating status. A summary of recent nuclear industry developments in advanced plant designs and a discussion of the as-yet-unrealized ‘U.S. nuclear renaissance’ are also presented, along with information on the global demand for energy and the current status of commercial nuclear power around the world. Lastly, the current Subsection IWE and IWL Commentaries, as approved and maintained by the ASME Working Group on Containment, are included.
Fatigue Crack Growth, Fatigue, and Stress Corrosion Crack Growth: Section XI Evaluation
Authors: Bamford Warren H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFatigue has often been described as the most common cause of failure in engineering structures, and designers of pressure vessels and piping have incorporated fatigue considerations into design requirements since the first edition of Section III in 1963. The development of this technology and its application in Section III are discussed in Chapter 39 of the third edition of this publication. Its application in Section XI is discussed in Section 32.3 of this chapter.With the advancement of the state of the art, the ability to recognize how the growth and size of a crack can lead to failure has been enhanced. This technology has been a key aspect of the Section XI flaw evaluation procedures since the 1974 edition was published and will be discussed thoroughly herein.Further advancements in the state-of-the-art in fracture evaluation resulted in the introduction of models for stress corrosion cracking into Section XI in 2001, and since that time additional models have been added and more are planned. This addition gives Section XI flaw evaluations a complete treatment of all the potential modes of cracking that can occur in components, and details will be provided in Section 32.2.Since additional crack growth data, for both fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, is periodically made available on a regular basis from additional research testing, the models contained in Section XI are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure their applicability, accuracy, and reflection of the latest known material behaviors. This improved knowledge may lead to more conservative models for crack growth over time. To accommodate such situations, Section XI has adopted an approach to conservatively account for potential increases in crack growth predictions with augmented examinations. The rules of IWB-3600 require that augmented (additional) examinations must be performed at an accelerated pace for situations where a flaw indication was accepted by analytical evaluation. This rule also protects against NDE uncertainties at the location of interest.The nomenclature used here will be identical to that used in Section XI; any nomenclature that is not present in Section XI will be explained as it appears.This chapter has been updated using the 2019 Code edition.HistoryWarren H. Bamford is the original author of this chapter and has since revised it for all of the subsequent editions including the current online edition.
ASME Piping Code: B31.1, Power Piping
Authors: Meyer Jimmy E. , Vilminot Kristi A. , Frey Joe 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the ASME B31.1 Power Piping Code and provides additional insight into the proper use of the Code. The chapter intends to supplement and provide additional insight to the proper use of the Code. It begins with a discussion of the conditions or considerations for the design of piping systems; the basis of the allowable stresses, quality factors, etc. to be used for the design of piping systems; and the requirements for pressure design of piping components. The chapter briefly addresses various piping components or types of piping joints which might be limited to nonhazardous or nonflammable fluids, size limitation, pressure, and temperature limits. It also addresses the requirements for designing power piping systems subject to thermal expansion, contraction, or other displacement stress producing loads. The chapter then provides information on the factors to be considered during the design of pipe supports and those piping systems typically found in power generating facilities. It presents some examples of how the piping codes are interrelated for some common carbon steel and stainless steel Pressure Rating/Dimensional Standards, Material Forming Standards, and Material Grades. The chapter lists the acceptable standards for Code construction such as ASME, API, AWWA, ASTM, etc. It then addresses the requirements for fabrication, assembly, inspection, examination, testing, and maintenance of piping systems. A number of appendices are included in the Code. The Mandatory Appendices contain information on allowable stress, thermal expansion data, moduli of elasticity, stress intensification factors and rules for nonmetallic pipes to name a few. The Nonmandatory Appendices include information on safety valves, corrosion, and operation and maintenance and more.

History
Charles Becht IV was the author of “Chapter 16” titled “B31.1 Power Piping” for the original, second and third editions. Chapter 17 of the third edition was revised in its entirety and renumbered as Chapter 36 in the fourth edition. The fifth edition was authored by Jimmy E. Meyer and Joe Frey. The current online edition has been updated by Jimmy E. Meyer and Kristi A. Vilminot.