bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synaptic plasticity rules with physiological calcium levels
Authors: Inglebert Yanis , Aljadeff Johnatan , Brunel Nicolas , Debanne Dominique 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Spike-timing–dependent plasticity (STDP) is a form of synaptic modification thought to be a primary mechanism underlying formation of new memories. Despite triggering tremendous interest since its discovery, it is still unclear whether plasticity rules inferred from in vitro experiments are correct in physiological conditions. While STDP induction depends on intracellular calcium influx, all previous studies used an abnormally high concentration of extracellular calcium. Here, we study the influence of extracellular calcium on synaptic plasticity. We show that pairing single pre- and postsynaptic action potentials at hippocampal synapses does not induce plasticity in the physiological range of extracellular calcium. Rather, synaptic plasticity is induced only when bursts of postsynaptic spikes are used or when neurons fire at sufficiently high frequency.
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural America
Authors: Mueller J. Tom , McConnell Kathryn , Burow Paul Berne , Pofahl Katie , Merdjanoff Alexis A. , Farrell Justin 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Rural people have been left out of the vast majority of research on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, our evidence-based understanding of the pandemic in the United States is incomplete, and rural recovery policies risk being informed by anecdotal or urban-centric information. We begin to complete this picture by measuring and assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural well-being in the North American West. Findings show there have been significant impacts on health-related and economic dimensions of well-being, and that these impacts are shared across sex, age, ethnicity, and education.
An approach to the magnetic field of a finite solenoid with a circular cross-section
Authors: Lin Qiong-Gui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present a simple approach, different from approaches in the literature, for calculating the magnetic field of a finite solenoid with a circular cross section, carrying an ideal surface current with an ordinary azimuthal component and a small axial component due to nonideal winding. The results are given as an infinite series whose terms are elementary functions or simple polynomials rather than other infinite series. It is easy to deal with the results because the polynomials involved are partial binomial expansions. These series converge rapidly everywhere, except near the edges of the solenoid. From these results, it is very easy to derive some general properties of the magnetic field, to reduce the field to greatly simplified forms in various special regions, and to address the special cases of infinite and semi-infinite solenoids. The azimuthal field due to nonideal winding is shown to be small everywhere. A solenoid with a small but finite thickness in the radial direction is investigated in detail, and we present simple analytic approximate results for its magnetic field. A comparison with an exact numerical evaluation shows that these are very good approximations.
Progression of group-III sesquioxides: epitaxy, solubility and desorption
Authors: Hassa Anna , Grundmann Marius , von Wenckstern Holger 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn recent years, ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors have increasingly moved into scientific focus due to their outstanding material properties, making them promising candidates for future applications within high-power electronics or solar-blind photo detectors. The group-III-sesquioxides can appear in various polymorphs, which influences, for instance, the energy of the optical bandgap. In gallium oxide, the optical bandgap ranges between 4.6 and 5.3 eV depending on the polymorph. For each polymorph it can be increased or decreased by alloying with aluminum oxide (8.8 eV) or indium oxide (2.7–3.75 eV), respectively, enabling bandgap engineering and thus leading to an extended application field. For this purpose, an overview of miscibility limits, the variation of bandgap and lattice constants as a function of the alloy composition are reviewed for the rhombohedral, monoclinic, orthorhombic and cubic polymorph. Further, the effect of formation and desorption of volatile suboxides on growth rates is described with respect to chemical trends of the discussed ternary materials.
Millimeter-wave spoof surface plasmon polariton waveguide with uniform-depth transition for liquid material detection
Authors: Zhang Qing Le , Chan Ka Fai , Zhang Qingfeng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a spoof surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguide with uniform-depth transition at 500–730 GHz. It is excited by a standard waveguide with simple offsets in the vertical and longitudinal directions, eliminating the need for the conventional tapering-depth transition. Since the SPP waveguide with strong field confinement is sensitive to the surround environment, this SPP waveguide can be applied for the detection of liquid materials. The liquid material injected into the SPP grooves behaves as a resonator, leading to a stopband. The frequency resolution can reach 15 GHz for a variation of 0.1 in the dielectric constant of the liquid materials. To further verify the concept of the proposed SPP waveguide with uniform-depth transition, a scaled structure at 50–66 GHz frequency band is designed and fabricated. The sample was fabricated by 3D printing technique with surface metallization. The measured reflection coefficient is below −10 dB and the measured insertion loss is about −4 dB within 50–66 GHz.
Iterative micro-tomography of biopsy samples from truncated projections with quantitative gray values
Authors: Robisch A-L , Frohn J , Salditt T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Three-dimensional reconstruction from truncated two-dimensional projections cannot be solved analytically without prior knowledge of the sample or access to the non-truncated projections. To suppress reconstruction artifacts in region of interest (ROI) or local tomography, an iterative algorithm has been devised based on back-projection and re-projection, assuming an approximately cylindrical shape of the entire sample of general homogeneity, which is especially applicable for micro-tomography of biopsy samples from biological tissue. Tomographic reconstruction is iteratively refined by minimizing the mismatch between an empty ROI and the reconstruction from the difference between measured sinogram and forward projected ROI reconstruction. By numerical simulation and experimental demonstration, it is shown that the algorithm is not only able to reconstruct quantitative gray values, but also to reduce artifacts of peripheral glow, and may lead to increased image sharpness. The method is particularly suitable for examination of biopsy/autopsy-samples of soft tissue by micro/nano-computed tomography.
Development of phantom materials with independently adjustable CT- and MR-contrast at 0.35, 1.5 and 3 T
Authors: Elter A , Hellwich E , Dorsch S , Schäfer M , Runz A , Klüter S , Ackermann B , Brons S , Karger C P , Mann P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Quality assurance in magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiotherapy lacks anthropomorphic phantoms that represent tissue-equivalent imaging contrast in both computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging. In this study, we developed phantom materials with individually adjustable CT value as well as

T

1

- and

T

2

-relaxation times in MR imaging at three different magnetic field strengths. Additionally, their experimental stopping power ratio (SPR) for carbon ions was compared with predictions based on single- and dual-energy CT. Ni-DTPA doped agarose gels were used for individual adjustment of

T

1

and

T

2

at

0.35
,

1.5

and 3.0 T. The CT value was varied by adding potassium chloride (KCl). By multiple linear regression, equations for the determination of agarose, Ni-DTPA and KCl concentrations for given

T

1

,

T

2

and CT values were derived and employed to produce nine specific soft tissue samples. Experimental

T

1

,

T

2

and CT values of these soft tissue samples were compared with predictions and additionally, carbon ion SPR obtained by range measurements were compared with predictions based on single- and dual-energy CT. The measured CT value,

T

1

and

T

2

of the produced soft tissue samples agreed very well with predictions based on the derived equations with mean deviations of less than

3.5
%
.

While single-energy CT overestimates the measured SPR of the soft tissue samples, the dual-energy CT-based predictions showed a mean SPR deviation of only

0.2
±
0.3

%
.

To conclude, anthropomorphic phantom materials with independently adjustable CT values as well as

T

1

and

T

2

relaxation times at three different magnetic field strengths were developed. The derived equations describe the material specific relaxation times and the CT value in dependence on agarose, Ni-DTPA and KCl concentrations as well as the chemical composition of the materials based on given

T

1

,

T

2

and CT value. Dual-energy CT allows accurate prediction of the carbon ion range in these materials.
A novel hydrogenic spectroscopic technique for inferring the role of plasma–molecule interaction on power and particle balance during detached conditions
Authors: Verhaegh K , Lipschultz B , Bowman C , Duval B P , Fantz U , Fil A , Harrison J R , Moulton D , Myatra O , Wünderlich D , Federici F , Gahle D S , Perek A , Wensing M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Detachment, an important mechanism for reducing target heat deposition, is achieved through reductions in power, particle and momentum; which are induced through plasma–atom and plasma–molecule interactions. Experimental research in how those reactions precisely contribute to detachment is limited. Both plasma–atom as well as plasma–molecule interactions can result in excited hydrogen atoms which emit atomic line emission. In this work, we investigate a new Balmer Spectroscopy technique for Plasma–Molecule Interaction—BaSPMI. This first disentangles the Balmer line emission from the various plasma–atom and plasma–molecule interactions and secondly quantifies their contributions to particle (ionisation and recombination) and power balance (radiative power losses). Its performance is verified using synthetic diagnostic techniques of both attached and detached TCV and MAST-U SOLPS-ITER simulations. We find that H
2 plasma chemistry involving

H
2
+

and/or H
− can substantially elevate the Hα emission during detachment, which we show is an important precursor for Molecular Activated Recombination. An example illustration analysis of the full BaSPMI technique shows that the hydrogenic line series, even Lyα as well as the medium-n Balmer lines, can be significantly influenced by plasma–molecule interactions by tens ofpercent. That has important implications for using atomic hydrogen spectroscopy for diagnosing divertor plasmas.
A wide band nonlinear dual piezoelectric cantilever energy harvester coupled by origami
Authors: Qin Yi , Wang Shuo , Wei Tiantian , Chen Ran 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since the traditional linear piezoelectric vibration energy harvester has narrow energy conversion frequency band and low energy conversion, a wide band nonlinear dual piezoelectric cantilever energy harvester coupled by origami is proposed. Apart from using two piezoelectric cantilevered beams to broaden the working frequency band of the device, the nonlinear origami component is introduced into the upper and lower beams to realize the dynamic coupling of the two piezoelectric beams. The origami structure can change the stiffness and increase the nonlinearity of the system by dynamic folding, so as to further broaden the frequency band and increase the output power. The structure of the proposed energy harvester is designed. Based on the Euler Bernoulli beam theory, Hamilton principle and the dynamic analysis of origami component, the electromechanical coupling dynamic model of two piezoelectric beam subsystems is established, and the approximate solutions of the output voltage and output power of each subsystem are obtained by harmonic balance method. The numerical simulation of each subsystem is implemented by the Runge–Kutta method, and the influences of excitation frequency and amplitude on the output voltage and power of each subsystem are explored respectively. The results show that this energy harvester that has a nonlinear characteristics of hardening stiffness can significantly broaden the working frequency band of each piezoelectric beam, and the maximum voltage value is about 1.2 V. Via the simulated analysis of motion, it is further proven that the proposed energy harvester has strong nonlinear characteristics. Furthermore, the coupling position of origami component on the voltage output is explored and the optimal coupling position is determined. Finally, the experimental results show that both of two beams can obtain effective voltage output between 0.5 and 0.6 V in the frequency range of 0–50 Hz, which validates the effectiveness and correctness of the simulation model.
Characterization and nonlinear models of bending extensile/contractile pneumatic artificial muscles
Authors: Guan Qinghua , Sun Jian , Liu Yanju , Wereley Norman M , Leng Jinsong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are compliant fluidic actuators, usually consisting of a tubular bladder, a braided sleeve and end fittings. PAMs have been studied extensively by researchers; however, most previous researches are focused on the axial PAMs. Herein, a pair of nonlinear models were developed based on the principle of virtual work and the force balance analysis. And the two models are applicable to both bending extensile PAMs (BE-PAMs) and bending contractile PAMs (BC-PAMs). In this study, a cyclic bending moment loading experimental method were proposed and conducted with BE-PAMs and BC-PAMs to characterize their deformation and actuation performance and draw their overall relationships of actuation moment to bending curvature and inner pressure. With the experimental results, the validation analysis was carried out to demonstrate the validity of the two models. The energy model can get higher accuracy, while the force balance model could provide more details of the interior and interaction stress conditions. The combination of both can promote the comprehension of non-axial bending PAMs. Moreover, two three-finger soft grippers and a humanoid hand based on BE-PAMs and BC-PAMs were built and tested to investigate their performance on gripping objects. The BE-PAM gripper showed more accommodative gripping performance, whereas, the BC-PAM gripper owned higher gripping force. The humanoid hand combining the merits of both showed excellent flexibility, adaptability and decent load capability in gripping object with various sizes, shapes and materials.
Experimental study of ELM induced fast-ion transport using passive FIDA spectroscopy at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
Authors: Jansen van Vuuren A. , Geiger B. , Schneider P.A. , Bogar K. , Poloskei P.Zs. , Cathey A. , Hoelzl M. , Jacobsen A.S. , Cavedon M. , Dux R. , Upgrade Team the ASDEX 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Measurements using a recently installed edge fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) diagnostic at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak show a clear effect of edge localised modes (ELMs) on the passive FIDA signals. While a reduction in the passive FIDA emission is observed in the scrape-off layer (SOL) region, measurements close to the last closed flux surface show an increase in signals shortly after ELMs, followed by a decrease. The decrease provides a clear sign of fast-ion losses in the SOL, while the increase can be explained by an enhanced neutral density during ELMs inside the plasma. In addition, small ELMs are observed, which barely change the neutral density and plasma position but still cause significant changes in the passive FIDA signals. A comparison of the measurements with forward modelling shows that 60% to 80% of the fast ions are lost by ELMs outside the last closed flux surface. In addition, a 20% decrease of the fast-ion density in a range up to 4 cm within the last closed flux surface can be inferred. This range agrees well with the latest modelling results of ELMs using the non-linear MHD code JOREK and shows that less than 0.3% of all fast ions are lost by ELMs.
Sequential shapeshifting 4D printing: programming the pathway of multi-shape transformation by 3D printing stimuli-responsive polymers
Authors: Peng Bangan , Yang Yunchong , Cavicchi Kevin A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology that integrates 3D printing and stimuli-responsive materials to fabricate reconfigurable 3D structures. Broadly speaking, the printed structures possess the ability to evolve their shape, properties, and/or function over time in response to an external stimulus. Compared to common 4D printing, sequential shapeshifting 4D printing not only defines the initial and final shapes, but also controls the shape evolution rate and pathway, serving as a powerful tool for reaching complex target geometries. After a brief introduction of the basic concepts in 4D printing and sequential shapeshifting, this review presents the current advances in sequential shapeshifting 4D printing from the viewpoint of their working approaches and is divided in five categories including multi-material assembly, multi-shape material, geometrical design, localized stimulus, and combinations of these approaches. A variety of 3D printing techniques and smart materials have been utilized to achieve sequential shapeshifting and its applications, which are reviewed in detail. Finally, the potentials and the future directions for improvement are discussed.
Enhancing Behavioral Health Competencies for Senior Center Staff: Lessons Learned From Workforce Training Efforts
Authors: Keefe Bronwyn , Tripken Jennifer 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Increases in the numbers of older adults with mental health and substance use concerns compel us to identify best practices in training to address these issues. Senior Centers are an ideal location for behavioral health education programs as they are the go-to place for many older adults. This session will describe a program funded by The Retirement Research Foundation and offered in collaboration with Center for Aging and Disability Education and Research at Boston University and NCOA to increase senior center staff knowledge and skills. Approximately 250 senior center staff in Illinois, Florida, and Wisconsin completed an online certificate in Behavioral Health and Aging. Results show that 100% of respondents felt that the training was useful for their job; 93% felt that they will be a more effective worker as a result of the training; and 97% felt that the information they learned in the training will make a difference with the people they serve. We held key informant interviews to assess the impact of training and participants stated that their knowledge, skills, and behaviors were influenced by the program. At the organizational level, leaders reported new programming related to behavioral health and revised practices and protocols. This presentation will cover: (1) the extent to which training participants mastered the competencies needed for effective practice; (2) knowledge and skills gained from the training program; (3) Senior Centers’ capacity to identify and refer older adults to mental health services; and (4) organizational changes related to behavioral health programming with older adults.
Professional Training and Personal Development: Lessons From 10 Years of Intergenerational Learning
Authors: Steitz David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This presentation will highlight a ten-year collaboration between the Nazareth College Gerontology Program and St. John’s Senior Services – the St. John’s Collaborative for Intergenerational Learning (SCIL). Specifically, semester-long intergenerational coursework (Adulthood & Late Life, Issues in Aging, Aging & Community Service) and community-based service projects will be showcased with a focus on design, implementation, assessment, and impact. Emphasis will be placed on the reciprocity of these collaborations, the personal and professional benefits of these exchanges for our students, and the subsequent impact on the community partners and the individuals they serve. Various models of intergenerational learning as well as our new intergenerational residency program will also be discussed.
Using Stories to Integrate Gerontology Content Into an Introductory Design (Architecture) Course
Authors: Towsley Gail , Agutter Jim , Tsai Antonius , Archer Jareth , Sovereen Sarah , Hanrahan Molly 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We describe how a partnership between design and gerontology introduces students to concepts of legacy, meaning making and empathy in an undergraduate design course. Introduction to Design Thinking is offered through the Multi-disciplinary Design Program at the University of Utah and is a class that explores concepts such as the design process, human-centered design, rapid prototyping and multidisciplinary team dynamics. In collaboration with faculty from design, medicine and gerontology, the course addresses real-world problems by navigating across disciplines such as art, business, engineering, science, and gerontology. Five phases of the design process are introduced: Observation (collecting material), Analysis (finding patterns and insight), Ideation (solution exploration), Refinement, and Implementation (communication). To apply these processes, students engage in a group project where they interact with older adults residing in long term care (e.g., assisted living). Students undergo HIPAA training and didactic lectures covering narrative interviewing and aging content such as long term care and generativity prepare students for interacting with residents. Throughout the semester, students meet with the older adult to understand, gather, construct and then develop a designed artifact that reflects the stories and the memories of the participating residents. The designed artifacts (e.g., memory maps, videos, small books) are presented and given to the participating residents and their families. This project results in rich stories for both the residents and students. Students also gain interviewing and empathy skills necessary for designing compelling artifacts and potentially age-friendly long term care environments where 2 million older adults live.