bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The COVID‐19 pandemic and agriculture: Short‐ and long‐run implications for international trade relations
Authors: Kerr William A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has put unprecedented strain on food supply chains. Given the ever‐increasing degree of globalization, those supply chains very often stretch across international borders. In the short run, countries have largely been working to keep those supply chains intact and operating efficiently so that panic buying is cooled and shifts in consumption habits arising from personal isolation can be accommodated. Once the crisis has passed, based on what has been learned regarding the international food system's resilience, governments may wish to strengthen institutions that govern international trade. On the other hand, based on their COVID‐19 experience, governments may feel that they are too dependent on foreign sources of supply and may wish to reverse the impacts of globalization on their food systems. As a result, they may become increasingly isolationist, eschewing international cooperation. Which of these opposing forces will prevail may depend on the paths economies follow after the disequilibrium precipitated by the pandemic.
The effect of light‐cured resin with a glass fiber net as an intermediate material for Hard & Space mouthguard
Authors: Matsuda Yoshiaki , Nakajima Kazunori , Saitou Maho , Katano Katsushi , Kanemitsu Anna , Takeda Tomotaka , Fukuda Kenichi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground/AimsDespite the use of conventional mouthguards, preventable sports‐related dental injuries continue to occur. The authors have developed a two‐layered ethylene polyvinyl acetate (EVA) mouthguard with a hard polyethylene terephthalate (PET) insert and a buffer space (H&SMG). However, adapting the PET onto the EVA layer requires skill. A light‐cured Splint Resin (SRLC) and a glass fiber net (NET) reinforcement appear to resolve this issue. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SRLC with NET could replace PET and find a more practical application for NET.Materials and MethodsA pendulum impact testing machine and a dental model with strain gages were used. Six types of mouthguards were made: one with two laminated EVA blanks (LAM‐MG), a three‐layer type with a PET insert and an intermediate space (PET‐H&SMG), a H&SMG with SRLC insert (LC‐H&SMG), and three other types with differential NET‐SRLC reinforcement; NET on the outer surface of SRLC, NET on the inner surface of SRLC, and NET on both the outer and inner surfaces. Five mouthguards of each type were fabricated and tested ten times with impact distances of 15 and 30 cm. Forty more impacts were applied to all H&SMGs to confirm the durability of the hard inner layer.ResultsAll H&SMGs showed significant strain reduction compared to the LAM‐MG. PET‐H&SMG and the four types of LC‐H&SMG exhibited an equally slight strain (approximately 95% shock absorbing ability) in all conditions. During the test against the smaller impact, all H&SMGs showed no cracks. When tested against the stronger impact, only the LC‐H&SMG with the reinforced inner surface, the double NET‐reinforced LC‐H&SMG, and the PET‐H&SMG remained intact.ConclusionThe NET‐reinforced SRLC can replace PET as an intermediate mouthguard material. The NET application, at least on the internal surface, is indispensable for the LC‐H&SMG reinforcement.
Biophysical mechanisms governing large‐scale brain network dynamics underlying individual‐specific variability of perception
Authors: Kumar Vinodh G. , Dutta Shrey , Talwar Siddharth , Roy Dipanjan , Banerjee Arpan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract.Perception necessitates interaction among neuronal ensembles, the dynamics of which can be conceptualized as the emergent behavior of coupled dynamical systems. Here, we propose a detailed neurobiologically realistic model that captures the neural mechanisms of inter‐individual variability observed in cross‐modal speech perception. From raw EEG signals recorded from human participants when they were presented with speech vocalizations of McGurk‐incongruent and congruent audio–visual (AV) stimuli, we computed the global coherence metric to capture the neural variability of large‐scale networks. We identified that participants' McGurk susceptibility was negatively correlated to their alpha band global coherence. The proposed biophysical model conceptualized the global coherence dynamics emerge from coupling between the interacting neural masses—representing the sensory‐specific auditory/visual areas and modality nonspecific associative/integrative regions. Subsequently, we could predict that an extremely weak direct AV coupling results in a decrease in alpha band global coherence—mimicking the cortical dynamics of participants with higher McGurk susceptibility. Source connectivity analysis also showed decreased connectivity between sensory‐specific regions in participants more susceptible to McGurk effect, thus establishing an empirical validation to the prediction. Overall, our study provides an outline to link variability in structural and functional connectivity metrics to variability of performance that can be useful for several perception and action task paradigms.
Sex modulates the apolipoprotein E ε4 effect on white matter and cortical functional connectivity in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Lin H. , Sun Y. , Li M. , Zhan Y. , Lin L. , Ding Z. , Han Y. 
Published: April 2020

Background and purposeRecent studies from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative show that, in the USA, 75% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease are female. To date, there have rarely been any attempts to analyze data by sex or gender, which limits the potential for discovering the effects of sex or gender on disease. Little evidence is available regarding the effect of gender and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 on white matter (WM) connection from the functional perspective due to the lack of appropriate techniques for detecting blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent signals in WM.MethodsWe took advantage of a new framework known as functional tensor imaging to investigate the effect of sex and APOEε4 on WM cortical functional connectivity throughout the brain.ResultsIn a group of female patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, we found a significantly reduced functional connectivity in the left posterior limb of the internal capsule, left superior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, bilateral temporopolar area and right somatosensory association cortex in APOEε4 carriers in contrast to non‐carriers. We also found a significant APOEε4 by sex interaction effect on the right somatosensory association cortex, left temporopolar area and left superior temporal gyrus. The clinical Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was significantly negatively associated with the right somatosensory association cortex with APOEε4 by sex interaction in males.ConclusionsThese results indicate that increased APOE‐related risk in women may be associated with decreased activity in both gray matter and WM in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment compared with men. The finding suggests accounting for sex differences in neuroimaging biomarkers, diagnostics and treatment strategy.
In situ characterization of foreign object damage (FOD) in environmental‐barrier‐coated silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic
Authors: Kedir Nesredin , Garcia Eugenio , Kirk Cody , Guo Zherui , Gao Jinling , Zhai Xuedong , Sun Tao , Fezzaa Kamel , Sampath Sanjay , Chen Weinong W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEnvironmental barrier coatings (EBCs) protect advanced ceramics and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) from oxidation and corrosion in gas turbine engine environments. Foreign object damage (FOD), where debris impact the protective coatings, is a critical hazard which limits the turbine durability. Despite previous efforts to understand FOD in EBCs, a detailed understanding of the fundamental transient damage mechanisms is still lacking. In the current work, the real‐time FOD behavior of a mullite/ silicon EBC was visualized via a dynamic synchrotron X‐ray source in phase contrast imaging (PCI) configuration. Prior to the in situ FOD experiments, the microstructure and composition of the coating were, respectively, characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The variation in the properties of the debris was modeled by~1.5mm diameter partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) spheres. A modified light‐gas gun setup, synchronized with the X‐ray beam, was used to propel the projectiles at velocities ranging between 300 and 355ms−1. Coated samples were impacted under a fully backed support configuration and at normal incidence. Coating penetration and delamination, as well as projectile deformation at the bond coat resulted for FOD by PSZ spheres. Comparatively, projectile fracture, with subsequent rebound of fragments, as well as complete coating penetration and delamination at the substrate interface occurred for FOD by Si3N4 spheres. Only cone cracking was observed for FOD by PSZ spheres, whereas back surface cracking was present for both projectile types. The driving forces for the observed damage mechanisms are qualitatively assessed.
Synthesis mechanism of amorphous Si2BC3N powders: Structural evolution of 2Si‐BN‐3C mixtures during mechanical alloying
Authors: Liang Bin , Liao Xingqi , Zhu Qishuai , Yang Zhihua , Jia Dechang , Zhou Yu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA detailed knowledge of structural evolution during mechanical alloying (MA) is of interest and critical for understanding of synthesis mechanism, optimization of milling process, and control of milling products. The structural evolution of the 2Si‐BN‐3C mixture with a molar ratio of Si:BN:C = 2:1:3 during MA was studied by investigating the changes of phases, morphologies, elemental distributions, microstructures, and chemical bond states using XRD, SEM‐EDS, TEM, XPS, and Raman. With the increases in milling time, the particle sizes of the milled 2Si‐BN‐3C powders first decrease to submicrometers (~1 hour), slightly increase afterward (~3 hours), and eventually decrease to nanoscales gradually reaching equilibrium (≥10 hours). Depending on the intrinsic crystal structures of themselves, h‐BN and graphite are almost amorphized after milling of 10 hours, while amorphization of c‐Si takes at least 20 hours. The same milling parameters can provide amorphous Si2BC3N powders, but incompletely amorphous (partially crystalline) SiC powders, which is mainly due to the dilution effect of B and N atoms on the atomic concentration of Si and C hindering the microdiffusion and subsequent mechanochemical reaction of Si and C. Crystallite refinement–induced amorphization is the major synthesis mechanism of amorphous Si2BC3N powders. This work would offer more insight into the MA synthesis of multiple component materials, especially Si‐based brittle systems.
Factorial invariance in hierarchical factor models of mental disorders in African American and European American youths
Authors: He Quanfa , Li James J. 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundThere is converging evidence that mental disorders are more optimally conceptualized in a hierarchical framework (i.e., the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, HiTOP) that transcends the categorical boundaries of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, the majority of this evidence comes from studies that draw upon predominantly European American or Caucasian populations. Whether a hierarchical conceptualization of mental disorders generalizes across racial‐ethnic groups, including for African American (AA) populations, is unclear.MethodsWe tested multidimensional and bifactor models of 15 DSM diagnoses and psychiatric traits in two groups, including AA (n = 3,088) and European American (EA; n = 5,147) youths aged 8–21 from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). We also conducted multigroup confirmatory factor analyses to test for factorial invariance between the best fitting AA and EA multidimensional and bifactor models.ResultsIn the multidimensional model tests, a three‐factor model, specifying internalizing, externalizing, and thought dimensions, emerged as the best fitting model for AAs and EAs. In the bifactor model tests, a three‐factor model (i.e., internalizing, externalizing, and thought dimensions) that also specified a general factor emerged as the optimal for both AAs and EAs. The general factor accounted for a significant proportion of the covariation between the secondary factors and the individual disorders and traits. Furthermore, both models were factorially invariant, indicating no significant difference in the factor structure of mental disorders between AAs and EAs in PNC.ConclusionsResults suggest that the hierarchical factor structure of mental disorders may be racial‐ethnically robust. This finding has implications for etiological and epidemiological studies focused on racial‐ethnic subgroup comparisons, particularly with respect to identifying similarities and differences in prevalence rates or sociodemographic risk factors for mental disorders.
Pain perception of a new Ahmad‐Humayun solution for local anesthesia in hair transplantation: One step ahead
Authors: Mohmand Mohammad Humayun , Ahmad Muhammad , Jabeen Mussarat 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundLocal anesthetic is one of the major ways to obtain satisfactory anesthesia in majority of plastic surgical procedures.ObjectivesTo compare the effect on pain while injecting buffered vs nonbuffered local anesthetic.Materials and methodsThe single‐blind, split‐scalp study was conducted in 25 patients undergoing first hair transplant surgery after informed consent and ethics committee approval using two solutions. Solution A was composed of normal saline (200 mL), 2% lidocaine (40 mL), 1 mL of epinephrine 1:1000, and triamcinolone acetate (40 mg). Solution B was composed of normal saline (200 mL), 2% lidocaine (40 mL), 1 mL of epinephrine 1:1000, triamcinolone acetate (40 mg), and 8.4% soda bicarbonate (5 mL). A 3‐mL syringe with 30‐G needle was used. On one side of the scalp, solution A was used and solution B on the other side. The pain response was recorded using Wong‐Baker Faces Pain Scale corresponding to 0‐10 scale. The data were analyzed statistically. No preoperative analgesic was used in any patient. The injections were administered by the 2nd author.ResultsA total of 25 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 33.4 years (range; 28 to 41 years). The average pain score was 4.96 (range, 3‐7) with solution A whereas 3.28 (range, 2‐6) using the solution B (P < .05). Eleven of the patients (44%) were smokers. The average pain score in smokers was 5.82 with solution A and 3.73 with solution B. The pain score in nonsmokers was 4.29 with solution A and 2.93 with solution B (P < .05).
Management of Maxillary Cluster Implant Failures with Extra‐Maxillary Implants: A Clinical Report
Authors: Loewenstein Alison G. , Bidra Avinash S. , Balshi Thomas J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLate cluster implant failures can be one of the most devasting outcomes of implant therapy for patients. It can have anatomic, functional, psychological and financial consequences for patients, and sometimes the loss of residual bone can preclude subsequent implant placement. Fortunately, management of cluster implant failures in the maxilla can be mitigated by using implant anchorage from remote sites like zygomatic and pterygoid regions. Few reports exist in the literature that have described the management of cluster implant failure using extra‐maxillary implants such as zygomatic and pterygoid implants. This case report describes the management of a female patient with bruxism who experienced late cluster implant failure in the maxilla after 9 years of function with an overdenture. Due to the loss of residual bone, subsequent implant therapy involved the use of bilateral zygomatic, pterygoid and anterior maxillary implants, which were immediately loaded and thereafter used to support a complete arch fixed implant‐supported zirconia prosthesis.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of mosapride following intravenous and oral administration in beagle dogs
Authors: Kim Min‐Soo , Baek In‐hwan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of mosapride after intravenous and oral administration to beagle dogs. To obtain the advanced pharmacokinetic parameters of mosapride, both noncompartmental analysis and pharmacokinetic modeling were performed. Twenty beagle dogs were randomly sorted into intravenous (1 mg single administration of mosapride) and oral (5 mg once a day administration of mosapride) groups. Blood samples were collected according to the reported schedule for pharmacokinetics. The plasma concentration of mosapride was analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. According to the pharmacokinetic analysis, the absorption rate of mosapride was 3.14 ± 1.14 hr−1 and oral bioavailability of mosapride was approximately 1%. The one‐compartment model well described the pharmacokinetics of mosapride after both intravenous and oral administration to dogs. These findings will help facilitate the determination of the optimal dose regimen of mosapride for dogs with gastrointestinal disorder.
Tenofovir alafenamide after switching from entecavir or nucleos(t)ide combination therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Ogawa Eiichi , Nomura Hideyuki , Nakamuta Makoto , Furusyo Norihiro , Koyanagi Toshimasa , Dohmen Kazufumi , Ooho Aritsune , Satoh Takeaki , Kawano Akira , Kajiwara Eiji , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Azuma Koichi , Kato Masaki , Shimoda Shinji , Hayashi Jun ,   The Kyushu University Liver Disease Study (KULDS) Group
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsTenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has been newly approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We aimed to assess the effectiveness and renal safety of switching from entecavir (ETV) or nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) combination therapy to TAF.MethodsThis multicentre, retrospective, cohort study included 313 consecutive CHB patients who switched to TAF monotherapy after treatment with ETV or a nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) combination for over 2 years. Virological/laboratory responses were evaluated for 48 weeks after switchover. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Differences in longitudinal parameters were compared by the generalized estimating equation method.ResultsIn the prior ETV group (n = 191), the HBV DNA suppression rate at week 48 was significantly increased, from 75.9% to 96.9% (P < .001). Additionally, mean changes in the HBsAg level at week 48 in HBsAg ≥ 3.0 logIU/mL and < 3.0 logIU/mL groups were −0.09 and −0.13 logIU/mL respectively. In the prior NA combination group (n = 122), the mean changes in HBsAg level at week 48 in the HBsAg ≥ 3.0 logIU/mL and <3.0 logIU/mL groups were −0.08 and −0.11 logIU/mL respectively. For patients with CKD, the eGFR at week 48 was significantly improved compared to those with non‐CKD (adjusted slope coefficient difference: 2.75 mL/min/1.73 m2/48 weeks; P = .001).ConclusionsSwitching from ETV or an NA combination to TAF was effective for HBV suppression and continued HBsAg reduction. Moreover, the renal glomerular function of patients in the prior NA combination group with CKD was significantly improved compared to those with non‐CKD.LAY SUMMARYNucleos(t)ide analogues, such as entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide, inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and are recommended as first‐line oral agents for chronic HBV infection. We evaluated the virological/biochemical effects and renal safety when patients are switched from entecavir or nucleoside‐nucleotide analogue combination therapy to tenofovir alafenamide. Our findings suggest that switching to tenofovir alafenamide was effective for HBV suppression and the improvement in renal function for patients with chronic kidney disease.
Individual cell motion in healthy human skin microvasculature by reflectance confocal video microscopy
Authors: Saknite Inga , Zhao Zijun , Patrinely J. Randall , Byrne Michael , Jagasia Madan , Tkaczyk Eric R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe upper dermal microvasculature of healthy human skin in terms of density and size of cutaneous blood vessels, leukocyte velocity, and leukocyte interactions with the endothelium.MethodsWe used a reflectance confocal microscope, the VivaScope 1500, to acquire videos of individual cell motion.ResultsWe found no rolling leukocytes in the upper microvasculature of ten healthy subjects. We observed “paused” leukocytes, that is, leukocytes that temporarily stop, coinciding with the simultaneous stopping of the rest of the blood flow. We imaged more paused (median: 1.0 per subject) and adherent (1.5) leukocytes in the forearm than in the chest (median 0 paused and 0 adherent per subject) per 5 minutes of videos per body site. Leukocytes were paused for a median of 7 seconds in the forearm and 3 seconds in the chest, and we found no correlation between this parameter and the blood vessel or leukocyte size. We visualized blood flow change direction. Flowing leukocyte velocities followed a lognormal distribution and were on average higher in the chest (117 µm/s) than in the forearm (66 µm/s).ConclusionThe proposed method and reported values in healthy skin provide new insights into intact human skin microcirculation.
Risk factors for mortality in patients with pulmonary mucormycosis
Authors: Son Hyo‐Ju , Song Joon Seon , Choi Sungim , Jung Jiwon , Kim Min Jae , Chong Yong Pil , Lee Sang‐Oh , Choi Sang‐Ho , Kim Yang Soo , Woo Jun Hee , Kim Sung‐Han 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary mucormycosis (PM) represents a serious burden in terms of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Studies of prognostic factors in patients with PM are limited and have involved small numbers of patients.MethodsAdult patients diagnosed with proven and probable PM according to the modified definitions of the EORTC/MSG 2008 in a tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea, between 2008 and 2019 were retrospectively enrolled.ResultsA total of 49 patients including 31 (63%) with proven PM and 18 (37%) with probable PM were enrolled. The 90‐day mortality rate was 49% (24/49). Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, use of voriconazole at clinical suspicion, positivity of non‐sterile culture, use of steroid and treatment without surgery were more common in fatal cases than non‐fatal cases. Voriconazole use at clinical suspicion for invasive mould pneumonia (OR 6.91, P = .01) and prolonged neutropenia (OR 4.86, P = .03) were independent risk factors for mortality. Voriconazole use at clinical suspicion was associated with positive galactomannan (GM) assay (OR 5.93, P = .02) and history of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (OR, 6.88, P = .05).ConclusionAbout half of the patients with PM died within 90 days of diagnosis, and fatal outcomes were common in patients with prolonged neutropenia and empirical voriconazole use. Caution is needed in using voriconazole even in patients with positive GM results and prior histories of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in whom PM cannot be ruled out by differential diagnosis.