bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivations for and Challenges in the Development of Global Medical Curricula: A Scoping Review
Authors: Giuliani Meredith , Martimianakis Maria Athina (Tina) , Broadhurst Michaela , Papadakos Janet , Fazelzad Rouhi , Driessen Erik W. , Frambach Janneke 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
The aim of this scoping review is to understand the motivations for the creation of global medical curricula, summarize methods that have been used to create these curricula, and understand the perceived premises for the creation of these curricula.

Method
In 2018, the authors used a comprehensive search strategy to identify papers on existing efforts to create global medical curricula published from 1998 to March 29, 2018, in the following databases: MEDLINE; MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process, and Other Non-Indexed Citations; Embase; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; PsycINFO; CINAHL; ERIC; Scopus; African Index Medicus; and LILACS. There were no language restrictions. Two independent researchers applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic data were abstracted from publications and summarized. The stated purposes, methods used for the development, stated motivations, and reported challenges of curricula were coded.

Results
Of the 18,684 publications initially identified, 137 met inclusion criteria. The most common stated purposes for creating curricula were to define speciality-specific standards (50, 30%), to harmonize training standards (38, 23%), and to improve the quality or safety of training (31, 19%). The most common challenges were intercountry variation (including differences in health care systems, the operationalization of medical training, and sociocultural differences; 27, 20%), curricular implementation (20, 15%), and the need for a multistakeholder approach (6, 4%). Most curricula were developed by a social group (e.g., committee; 30, 45%) or Delphi or modified Delphi process (22, 33%).

Conclusions
The challenges of intercountry variation, the need for a multistakeholder approach, and curricular implementation need to be considered if concerns about curricular relevance are to be addressed. These challenges undoubtedly impact the uptake of global medical curricula and can only be addressed by explicit efforts to make curricula applicable to the realities of diverse health care settings.
Impact of Tobacco Smoking on Outcomes After Posterior Decompression Surgery in Patients With Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Authors: Nagoshi Narihito , Kono Hitoshi , Tsuji Osahiko , Aoyama Ryoma , Fujiyoshi Kanehiro , Shiono Yuta , Ishikawa Masayuki , Daimon Kenshi , Hosogane Naobumi , Takeuchi Ayano , Okada Eijiro , Fujita Nobuyuki , Yagi Mitsuru , Nakamura Masaya , Matsumoto Morio , Watanabe Kota , Ishii Ken , Yamane Junichi 
Published: April 2020

Study Design:
This was a case-control study.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to clarify the surgical outcomes after cervical posterior decompression in patients who smoked.

Summary of Background Data:
Smoking is associated with poor outcomes in the field of spinal surgery. However, the impact of tobacco smoking on the outcomes after posterior decompression surgery has not been fully evaluated in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Materials and Methods:
In this retrospective multicenter study, 587 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy were enrolled at 17 institutions in Japan. Patients underwent cervical laminoplasty or laminectomy and were followed up for at least 1 year after surgery. Outcome measures were: preoperative smoking status, perioperative complications, the Japanese Orthopedic Association scale, and the Visual Analog Scale for neck pain. After adjusting for age and sex by exact matching, smoking and nonsmoking groups were compared using an unpaired t test for continuous variables or a χ2 test for categorical variables.

Results:
There were 182 (31%) current smokers and 405 (69%) nonsmokers including previous smokers. After matching, 158 patients were extracted from each group. Demographic data and surgical information were almost the same between the groups. Regarding postoperative complications, there was no significant difference in the rate of surgical site infection, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, hematoma, segmental motor paralysis, or neurological deficit. However, smokers showed a significantly higher risk for delirium (3.8% vs. 0.0%, P=0.039). Smokers and nonsmokers showed comparable changes in functional recovery according to Japanese Orthopedic Association scores (3.2±2.1 vs. 3.0±2.1, P=0.425) and in neck pain reduction using the Visual Analog Scale (−1.7±3.1 vs. −1.4±2.8, P=0.417) at the final follow-up.

Conclusions:
Smokers exhibited functional restoration and neck pain reduction after cervical posterior decompression. Attention is required, however, for the postoperative complication of delirium, which could be caused by the acute cessation of tobacco smoking after admission.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Joint Society of Critical Care Medicine-Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Task Force Position Paper on the Role of the Intensivist in the Initiation and Management of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: DellaVolpe Jeffrey , Barbaro Ryan P. , Cannon Jeremy W. , Fan Eddy , Greene Wendy R. , Gunnerson Kyle J. , Napolitano Lena M. , Ovil Ace , Pamplin Jeremy C. , Schmidt Matthieu , Sorce Lauren R. , Brodie Daniel 
Published: April 2020

Objectives:
To define the role of the intensivist in the initiation and management of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Design:
Retrospective review of the literature and expert consensus.

Setting:
Series of in-person meetings, conference calls, and emails from January 2018 to March 2019.

Subjects:
A multidisciplinary, expert Task Force was appointed and assembled by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. Experts were identified by their respective societies based on reputation, experience, and contribution to the field.

Interventions:
A MEDLINE search was performed and all members of the Task Force reviewed relevant references, summarizing high-quality evidence when available. Consensus was obtained using a modified Delphi process, with agreement determined by voting using the RAND/UCLA scale, with score ranging from 1 to 9.

Measurements and Main Results:
The Task Force developed 18 strong and five weak recommendations in five topic areas of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation and management. These recommendations were organized into five areas related to the care of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: patient selection, management, mitigation of complications, coordination of multidisciplinary care, and communication with surrogate decision-makers. A common theme of the recommendations is extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is best performed by a multidisciplinary team, which intensivists are positioned to engage and lead.

Conclusions:
The role of the intensivist in the care of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation continues to evolve and grow, especially when knowledge and familiarity of the issues surrounding extracorporeal membrane oxygenation selection, cannulation, and management are applied.
QUANTITATIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FEATURES OF INACTIVE MACULAR NEOVASCULARIZATION IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Serra Rita , Coscas Florence , Pinna Antonio , Cabral Diogo , Coscas Gabriel , Souied Eric H. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose:
To compare quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography parameters between treatment-naïve quiescent macular neovascularizations (MNVs) and previously treated nonexudative Type 1 MNVs, in patients with age-related macular degeneration.

Methods:
The eyes included in the study were analyzed by fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography. According to their medical history and multimodal imaging evaluation, Type 1 MNVs were divided into 2 groups: 1) treatment-naïve quiescent MNVs; 2) previously treated nonexudative Type 1 MNVs. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography parameters, including perfusion density (PD), fractal dimension (FD), and lacunarity (LAC) were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves, showing the ability of PD, FD, and LAC to discriminate between the two MNV groups, were built.

Results:
Twenty-two eyes with treatment-naïve quiescent MNVs and 20 eyes with MNVs previously treated nonexudative Type 1 MNVs were analyzed. Mean FD and LAC were statistically different between the two study groups (P < 0.05). Lacunarity showed the best discrimination ability, followed by FD and PD (area under curve = 0.83, 0.78, 0.62, respectively).

Conclusion:
Results suggest that FD and LAC may be useful optical coherence tomography angiography biomarkers to objectively discriminate inactive MNVs with different prognosis, such as treatment-naïve quiescent MNVs and previously treated nonexudative Type 1 MNVs, in age-related macular degeneration patients.
Computational fluid dynamic study of multiple sequential coronary artery bypass anastomoses in a native coronary stenosis model
Authors: Matsuura Kaoru , Jin Wei Wei , Liu Hao , Matsumiya Goro 
Published: April 2020

Background
The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic characteristics of multiple sequential coronary artery bypass grafting using a computational fluid dynamics study.

Methods
First anastomosis was configured into parallel and diamond anastomoses, and the second anastomosis was set as end-side anastomosis. The anastomosis incision lengths were fixed at 2 mm. Various combinations of the degree of first and second stenoses were studied. The diameter of both the native and graft vessels was set at 2 mm. The inlet boundary condition was set by a sample of the transient time flow measurement, which was measured intraoperatively.

Results
Both swirl and stagnation were observed at the outlets of the stenosis and the anastomosis sites. When the severity of the second stenosis was larger than that of the first, the flow at the outlet of the second stenosis was more unstable. Higher wall shear stress and larger oscillatory shear index regions were observed when the severe stenosis was bypassed by the first anastomosis, especially with diamond anastomoses. Less energy loss and higher energy efficiency were present when the vessel with more severe stenosis was bypassed as the second anastomosis. Energy loss was lower and energy efficiency was higher with parallel anastomosis than diamond anastomosis when the severity of the two stenoses was the same.

Conclusions
It is ideal to bypass the less severe stenosis vessel first with a parallel anastomosis method when employing multiple sequential bypass grafting. This improves hemodynamic stability and energy efficiency, according to a computational fluid dynamics model.
Deep Learning AI Applications in the Imaging of Glioma
Authors: Zlochower Avraham , Chow Daniel S. , Chang Peter , Khatri Deepak , Boockvar John A. , Filippi Christopher G. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This manuscript will review emerging applications of artificial intelligence, specifically deep learning, and its application to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Current deep learning approaches, commonly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), that take input data from MR images to grade gliomas (high grade from low grade) and predict overall survival will be shown. There will be more in-depth review of recent articles that have applied different CNNs to predict the genetics of glioma on pre-operative MR images, specifically 1p19q codeletion, MGMT promoter, and IDH mutations, which are important criteria for the diagnosis, treatment management, and prognostication of patients with GBM. Finally, there will be a brief mention of current challenges with DL techniques and their application to image analysis in GBM.
Diffusely Increased Myocardial Extracellular Volume With or Without Focal Late Gadolinium Enhancement
Authors: Lundin Magnus , Sörensson Peder , Maret Eva , Jenner Jonas , Abdula Goran , Nickander Jannike , Themudo Raquel , Caidahl Kenneth , Kellman Peter , Sigfridsson Andreas , Ugander Martin 
Published: April 2020

Purpose:
Myocardial extracellular volume fraction (ECV) using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can identify diffuse lesions not detected by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). We aimed to determine the prevalence of increased ECV and its relation to other CMR findings.

Materials and Methods:
Consecutive patients (n=609, age median [interquartile range] 53 [39 to 66] y, 62% male) underwent CMR at 1.5 T. Focal lesions on LGE images were noted. ECV in regions without focal LGE findings defined diffuse changes. Pronounced increases in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume index and LV mass index, and pronounced decreases in LV ejection fraction were defined as >3 SD from the sex-specific mean in healthy volunteers.

Results:
Of 609 patients without amyloidosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 8% had diffusely increased ECV and 5% of all patients had diffusely increased ECV without any focal LGE findings. Multivariate analysis showed that a pronounced increase in the LV end-diastolic volume index was associated with increased ECV (P=0.001), but not LGE (P=0.52). A pronounced decrease in LV ejection fraction was associated with the presence of LGE (P<0.001), but not with increased ECV (P=0.41).

Conclusions:
Eight percent of patients in this clinical cohort with known or suspected heart disease had diffusely increased ECV and 60% of these lacked focal LGE findings. LV size is independently associated with increased ECV, whereas systolic dysfunction is independently associated with LGE. This image-based clinical study demonstrates that ECV-CMR provides additional information negligibly related to the results of LGE imaging, and thereby increases the diagnostic yield of CMR.
Gexplora– user interface that highlights and explores the density of genomic elements along a chromosomal sequence
Authors: Nussbaumer Thomas , Debnath Olivia , Heidari Parviz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe density of genomic elements such as genes or transposable elements along its consecutive sequence can provide an overview of a genomic sequence while in the detailed analysis of candidate genes it may depict enriched chromosomal hotspots harbouring genes that explain a certain trait. The herein presented python-based graphical user interfaceGexploraallows to obtain more information about a genome by considering sequence-intrinsic information from external databases such as Ensembl, OMA and STRING database using REST API calls to retrieve sequence-intrinsic information, protein-protein datasets and orthologous groups. Gexplora is available underhttps://github.com/nthomasCUBE/Gexplora.
A Connectome and Analysis of the AdultDrosophilaCentral Brain
Authors: Scheffer Louis K. , Xu C. Shan , Januszewski Michal , Lu Zhiyuan , Takemura Shin-ya , Hayworth Kenneth J. , Huang Gary B. , Shinomiya Kazunori , Maitin-Shepard Jeremy , Berg Stuart , Clements Jody , Hubbard Philip , Katz William , Umayam Lowell , Zhao Ting , Ackerman David , Blakely Tim , Bogovic John , Dolafi Tom , Kainmueller Dagmar , Kawase Takashi , Khairy Khaled A. , Leavitt Laramie , Li Peter H. , Lindsey Larry , Neubarth Nicole , Olbris Donald J. , Otsuna Hideo , Trautman Eric T. , Ito Masayoshi , Goldammer Jens , Wolff Tanya , Svirskas Robert , Schlegel Philipp , Neace Erika R. , Knecht Christopher J. , Alvarado Chelsea X. , Bailey Dennis A. , Ballinger Samantha , Borycz Jolanta A , Canino Brandon S. , Cheatham Natasha , Cook Michael , Dreher Marisa , Duclos Octave , Eubanks Bryon , Fairbanks Kelli , Finley Samantha , Forknall Nora , Francis Audrey , Hopkins Gary Patrick , Joyce Emily M. , Kim SungJin , Kirk Nicole A. , Kovalyak Julie , Lauchie Shirley A. , Lohff Alanna , Maldonado Charli , Manley Emily A. , McLin Sari , Mooney Caroline , Ndama Miatta , Ogundeyi Omotara , Okeoma Nneoma , Ordish Christopher , Padilla Nicholas , Patrick Christopher , Paterson Tyler , Phillips Elliott E. , Phillips Emily M. , Rampally Neha , Ribeiro Caitlin , Robertson Madelaine K , Rymer Jon Thomson , Ryan Sean M. , Sammons Megan , Scott Anne K. , Scott Ashley L. , Shinomiya Aya , Smith Claire , Smith Kelsey , Smith Natalie L. , Sobeski Margaret A. , Suleiman Alia , Swift Jackie , Takemura Satoko , Talebi Iris , Tarnogorska Dorota , Tenshaw Emily , Tokhi Temour , Walsh John J. , Yang Tansy , Horne Jane Anne , Li Feng , Parekh Ruchi , Rivlin Patricia K. , Jayaraman Vivek , Ito Kei , Saalfeld Stephan , George Reed , Meinertzhagen Ian A. , Rubin Gerald M. , Hess Harald F. , Jain Viren , Plaza Stephen M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe neural circuits responsible for animal behavior remain largely unknown. We summarize new methods and present the circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses in, and proofread such large data sets. We define cell types, refine computational compartments, and provide an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel. We provide detailed circuits consisting of neurons and their chemical synapses for most of the central brain. We make the data public and simplify access, reducing the effort needed to answer circuit questions, and provide procedures linking the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents. Biologically, we examine distributions of connection strengths, neural motifs on different scales, electrical consequences of compartmentalization, and evidence that maximizing packing density is an important criterion in the evolution of the fly’s brain.
Bitbow: a digital format of Brainbow enables highly efficient neuronal lineage tracing and morphology reconstruction in single brains
Authors: Li Ye , Walker Logan A , Zhao Yimeng , Edwards Erica M , Michki Nigel S , Cheng Hon Pong Jimmy , Ghazzi Marya , Chen Tiffany Y , Chen Maggie , Roossien Douglas H , Cai Dawen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIdentifying the cellular origins and mapping the dendritic and axonal arbors of neurons have been century old quests to understand the heterogeneity among these brain cells. Classical chemical and genetic methods take advantage of light microscopy and sparse labeling to unambiguously, albeit inefficiently, trace a few neuronal lineages or reconstruct their morphologies in each sampled brain. To improve the analysis throughput, we designed Bitbow, a digital format of Brainbow which exponentially expands the color palette to provide tens of thousands of spectrally resolved unique labels. We generated transgenic BitbowDrosophilalines, established statistical tools, and streamlined sample preparation, image processing and data analysis pipelines to allow conveniently mapping neural lineages, studying neuronal morphology and revealing neural network patterns with an unprecedented speed, scale and resolution.
Subthreshold Voltage Analysis Demonstrates Neuronal Cell-Surface Sialic Acids Modulate Excitability and Network Integration
Authors: Kulkarni Rishikesh U. , Wang Catherine L. , Bertozzi Carolyn R. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAll neurons are covered in a thick layer of carbohydrates called glycans. Glycans are modified during neurological processes and are thought to play a role in neuronal communication. We develop a voltage imaging platform for analyzing functional connectivity changes using simultaneous voltage recordings in small populations of neurons. We validate this platform using a culture model of development as well as with several pharmacological interventions. Using this platform, we show that ablation of SNA-binding glycans results in loss of functional connectivity in mouse hippocampal neurons, while ablation of MAL II binding glycans minimally perturbs functional connectivity. Altogether, our data reveal that subpopulations of glycans play different roles in maintenance of electrophysiology and provide a platform for modeling changes in functional connectivity with simultaneous voltage recordings.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiTubulin-Gene Disruptants for Efficient Isolation of Strains Bearing Novel Tubulin Mutations
Authors: Kato-Minoura Takako , Ogiwara Yutaro , Yamano Takashi , Fukuzawa Hideya , Kamiya Ritsu 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThe single-cell green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtiipossesses two α-tubulin genes (tua1andtua2) and two β-tubulin genes (tub1andtub2), with the two genes in each pair encoding identical amino acid sequences. Here, we used anaphVIIIgene cassette insertional library to establish eight disruptants with defectivetua2, tub1, ortub2expression. None of the disruptants exhibited apparent defects in cell growth, flagellar length, or flagellar regeneration after amputation. Because few tubulin mutants ofC. reinhardtiihave been reported to date, we then used our disruptants, together with atua1disruptant obtained from theChlamydomonasLibrary Project (CLiP), to isolate novel tubulin-mutants resistant to the anti-tubulin agents propyzamide and oryzalin. As a result of several trials, we obtained 8 strains bearing 7 different α-tubulin mutations and 24 strains bearing 12 different β-tubulin mutations. Some of these mutations are known to confer drug resistance in human cancer cells. Thus, single-tubulin-gene disruptants are an efficient means of isolating novelC. reinhardtiitubulin mutants.IMPORTANCEChlamydomonas reinhardtiiis a useful organism for the study of tubulin function; however, only five kinds of tubulin mutations have been reported to date. This scarcity is partly due toC. reinhardtiipossessing two tubulin genes each for α- and β-tubulin. Here, we obtained several strains in which one of the α- or β-tubulin genes was disrupted, and then used those disruptants to isolate 32 strains bearing 19 mostly novel tubulin mutations that conferred differing degrees of resistance to two anti-tubulin compounds. The majority of the tubulin mutations were located outside of the drug-binding sites in the three-dimensional tubulin structure, suggesting that structural changes underlie the drug resistance conferred by these mutations. Thus, single-tubulin-gene disruptants are an efficient means of generating tubulin mutants for the study of the structure–function relationship of tubulin and for the development of novel therapies based on anti-tubulin agents.