bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law and land conflict in emerging market economies: Ethiopia, 2014–2018
Authors: Ayano Mekonnen Firew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Since the end of the Cold War, the World Bank and other Western development agencies have prescribed restructuring land rights in post-communist economies to promote land markets, with the goal of alleviating poverty and social conflicts. But restructuring land rights in such settings is more difficult than it may seem. Ethiopia’s efforts in this area have produced disparate laws that have exacerbated both the intensity and the frequency of land conflicts. This article analyzes all land cases decided by the Council of Constitutional Inquiry (CCI) and the House of Federation (HoF), Ethiopia’s constitutional review bodies, from 1998 to 2018. It shows that from 1998 to 2014, the trial and appellate courts were favorably disposed toward the policies of international financial agencies, and that the CCI and the HoF acquiesced. However, starting in 2014, following a countrywide protest connected to land dispossession, the CCI and the HoF have reversed the lower courts’ judgements by invoking constitutional clauses declaring that land belongs to the Ethiopian nations and that it cannot be alienated. The country’s experience reveals the perils of restructuring land rights without paying close attention to distributive concerns and the needs of those who end up being excluded from property access.
An analysis of the periodically forced PP04 climate model, using the theory of non-smooth dynamical systems
Authors: Morupisi Kgomotso S , Budd Chris 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we perform a careful analysis of the forced PP04 model for climate change, in particular the behaviour of the ice ages. This system models the transition from a glacial to an inter-glacial state through a sudden release of oceanic carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This process can be cast in terms of a Filippov dynamical system, with a discontinuous change in its dynamics related to the carbon dioxide release. By using techniques from the theory of non-smooth dynamical systems, we give an analysis of this model in the cases of both no insolation forcing and also periodic insolation forcing. This reveals a rich, and novel, dynamical structure to the solutions of the PP04 model. In particular, we see synchronized periodic solutions with subtle regions of existence which depend on the amplitude and frequency of the forcing. The orbits can be created/destroyed in both smooth and discontinuity-induced bifurcations. We study both the orbits and the transitions between them and make comparisons with actual climate dynamics.
A novel method of assessing clinical preparedness for COVID-19 and other disasters
Authors: FISHER Harriet , RE Cherilyn , A WILHITE Jeffery , HANLEY Kathleen , ALTSHULER Lisa , SCHMIDTBERGER James , GAGLIARDI Morris , ZABAR Sondra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Quality Issue
The emergence of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the necessity of rapidly identifying and isolating potentially infected individuals. Evaluating this preparedness requires an assessment of the full clinical system, from intake to isolation.

Initial Assessment
Unannounced Standardized Patients (USPs) present a nimble, sensitive methodology for assessing this readiness.

Choice of solution
Pilot the USP methodology, which employs an actor trained to present as a standardized, incognito potentially infected patient, to assess clinical readiness for potential COVID-19 patients at an urban, community safety-net clinic.

Implementation
The USP was trained to present at each team’s front desk with the complaint of feeling unwell (reporting a fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit in the past 24 hours) and exposure to a roommate recently returned from Beijing. The USP was trained to complete a behaviorally anchored assessment of the care she received from the clinical system.

Evaluation
There was clear variation in care USPs received; some frontline clerical staff followed best practices; others did not. Signage and information on disease spread prevention publicly available was inconsistent. Qualitative comments shared by the USPs and those gathered during group debrief reinforced the experiences of the USPs and hospital leadership.

Lessons Learned
USPs revealed significant variation in care practices within a clinical system. Utilization of this assessment methodology can provide just-in-time clinical information about readiness and safety practices, particularly during emerging outbreaks. USPs will prove especially powerful as clinicians and systems return to outpatient visits while remaining vigilant about potentially infected individuals.
Examining association between cohesion and diversity in collaboration networks of pharmaceutical clinical trials with drug approvals
Authors: Lin Gary , Siddiqui Sauleh , Bernstein Jen , Martinez Diego A , Gardner Lauren , Albright Tenley , Igusa Takeru 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveClinical trials ensure that pharmaceutical treatments are safe, efficacious, and effective for public consumption, but are extremely complex, taking up to 10 years and $2.6 billion to complete. One main source of complexity arises from the collaboration between actors, and network science methodologies can be leveraged to explore that complexity. We aim to characterize collaborations between actors in the clinical trials context and investigate trends of successful actors.Materials and MethodsWe constructed a temporal network of clinical trial collaborations between large and small-size pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, nonprofit organizations, hospital systems, and government agencies from public and proprietary data and introduced metrics to quantify actors’ collaboration network structure, organizational behavior, and partnership characteristics. A multivariable regression analysis was conducted to determine the metrics’ relationship with success.ResultsWe found a positive correlation between the number of successful approved trials and interdisciplinary collaborations measured by a collaboration diversity metric (P &lt; .01). Our results also showed a negative effect of the local clustering coefficient (P &lt; .01) on the success of clinical trials. Large pharmaceutical companies have the lowest local clustering coefficient and more diversity in partnerships across biomedical specializations.ConclusionsLarge pharmaceutical companies are more likely to collaborate with a wider range of actors from other specialties, especially smaller industry actors who are newcomers in clinical research, resulting in exclusive access to smaller actors. Future investigations are needed to show how concentrations of influence and resources might result in diminished gains in treatment development.
Baclofen: To Screen or Not to Screen in Postmortem Blood?
Authors: Nahar Limon Khatun , Murphy Kevin G , Paterson Sue 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBaclofen (BLF) has been prescribed in the UK since 1972 for the alleviation of spasticity. However, evidence suggests BLF is also recreationally misused. It has been associated with ethanol, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), pregabalin (PGL) and gabapentin (GBP) use/abuse, and deaths have been reported. With current postmortem (PM) toxicological screening approaches, BLF is not routinely included in the general drugs screen and is only screened for if specifically mentioned in the case documents. The extent of BLF misuse is thus unclear. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and concentrations of BLF in Coroners’ toxicology, to investigate whether BLF misuse with ethanol, GHB, PGL and GBP is causing death and to determine the potential extent of the underreporting of BLF-associated deaths. Between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017, 3,750 PM femoral vein bloods were screened for BLF; all positive cases were quantified. Only 0.56% of samples screened positive for BLF, with concentration ranging from 0.08 to 102.00 µg/mL (median = 0.28). It was determined that if routine analysis without additional screening of BLF had been performed, 43% of BLF positives cases would have been missed. However, given the low incidence of detection, this only represents 0.25% of the cohort. Likely illicit use of BLF with GHB was seen in one case only. Death from the recreational use of BLF with PGL and GBP was not observed. Only two cases positive for BLF had an ethanol concentration of ≥50 mg%. Two cases of presumed intentional overdose of BLF were observed. This study highlights that although BLF abuse may be occurring, deaths are rare. It is therefore not cost- or time-effective to screen for BLF in all PM cases. With BLF currently being investigated for the treatment of alcoholism and withdrawal symptoms of illicit drug use, BLF-related deaths may rise in the future.
Biology, Ecology, and Management Strategies for Pea Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Pulse Crops
Authors: Sandhi Ramandeep Kaur , Reddy Gadi V P 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPea aphid, Acyrthospihon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the key pests of pulse crops worldwide. The aphid has a broad host range, infesting crops such as faba bean, lupin, alfalfa, lentil, chickpea, grass pea, and pea. This broad host range with a complex life cycle and ability to quickly adapt to new environmental conditions make it difficult to control this pest. Different studies focusing on the biology, ecology, and management practices of A. pisum, along with case studies conducted on different integrated pest management strategies such as host plant resistance, cultural, genetic, biological, and chemical control are reviewed here.
Asylum Regimes and Refugee Experiences of Precarity: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Turkey
Authors: Ertorer Secil E 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses the ways in which restrictive asylum and migration regimes generate conditions that allow multidimensional precarities to flourish and surround lives of asylum seekers and refugees. The study employs the case of Syrian refugees in Turkey for an empirical analysis and draws on qualitative data, including policy analysis and in-depth interviews conducted with 52 Syrian refugees, employers who hire Syrians, humanitarian practitioners, and local authorities in three cities. The findings elucidate that the asylum law that delineates Syrians’ socio-legal status in the country also defines their state of existence and precarity in the economic and social milieus. The multidimensional precarities Syrian refugees face start with the migration journey and continually grow during the settlement experiences of registration, finding housing, accessing social services, and work.
Peno-scrotal degloving injury following motor vehicle accident—a case report
Authors: Bhattarai Aabishkar , Thapa Niraj , Karki Bijaya , Atreya Alok 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Male genital injuries in the form of avulsed laceration of penis and scrotum are less frequent injuries in urological practice. The cases that occur are mostly caused by road traffic accidents, animal attacks, machinery-related accidents and physical/sexual assaults. Here, we report a case of a 28-year-old male with avulsion and traumatic degloving of the penile and scrotal skin with the exposure of the cavernous and spongy penile body, bilateral testes and total amputation of scrotal skin secondary to motor vehicle accident from Nepal. The patient was managed by emergency surgical debridement and reconstruction of the avulsed penile skin and burial of testis in the medial thigh pockets with primary suturing and hemostasis of the amputated scrotal region, which healed with satisfactory esthetic results with normal voiding function and erection of penis.
Genus-Wide Characterization of Bumblebee Genomes Provides Insights into Their Evolution and Variation in Ecological and Behavioral Traits
Authors: Sun Cheng , Huang Jiaxing , Wang Yun , Zhao Xiaomeng , Su Long , Thomas Gregg W C , Zhao Mengya , Zhang Xingtan , Jungreis Irwin , Kellis Manolis , Vicario Saverio , Sharakhov Igor V , Bondarenko Semen M , Hasselmann Martin , Kim Chang N , Paten Benedict , Penso-Dolfin Luca , Wang Li , Chang Yuxiao , Gao Qiang , Ma Ling , Ma Lina , Zhang Zhang , Zhang Hongbo , Zhang Huahao , Ruzzante Livio , Robertson Hugh M , Zhu Yihui , Liu Yanjie , Yang Huipeng , Ding Lele , Wang Quangui , Ma Dongna , Xu Weilin , Liang Cheng , Itgen Michael W , Mee Lauren , Cao Gang , Zhang Ze , Sadd Ben M , Hahn Matthew W , Schaack Sarah , Barribeau Seth M , Williams Paul H , Waterhouse Robert M , Mueller Rachel Lockridge 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBumblebees are a diverse group of globally important pollinators in natural ecosystems and for agricultural food production. With both eusocial and solitary life-cycle phases, and some social parasite species, they are especially interesting models to understand social evolution, behavior, and ecology. Reports of many species in decline point to pathogen transmission, habitat loss, pesticide usage, and global climate change, as interconnected causes. These threats to bumblebee diversity make our reliance on a handful of well-studied species for agricultural pollination particularly precarious. To broadly sample bumblebee genomic and phenotypic diversity, we de novo sequenced and assembled the genomes of 17 species, representing all 15 subgenera, producing the first genus-wide quantification of genetic and genomic variation potentially underlying key ecological and behavioral traits. The species phylogeny resolves subgenera relationships, whereas incomplete lineage sorting likely drives high levels of gene tree discordance. Five chromosome-level assemblies show a stable 18-chromosome karyotype, with major rearrangements creating 25 chromosomes in social parasites. Differential transposable element activity drives changes in genome sizes, with putative domestications of repetitive sequences influencing gene coding and regulatory potential. Dynamically evolving gene families and signatures of positive selection point to genus-wide variation in processes linked to foraging, diet and metabolism, immunity and detoxification, as well as adaptations for life at high altitudes. Our study reveals how bumblebee genes and genomes have evolved across the Bombus phylogeny and identifies variations potentially linked to key ecological and behavioral traits of these important pollinators.
BacWGSTdb 2.0: a one-stop repository for bacterial whole-genome sequence typing and source tracking
Authors: Feng Ye , Zou Shengmei , Chen Hangfei , Yu Yunsong , Ruan Zhi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn increasing prevalence of hospital acquired infections and foodborne illnesses caused by pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria has stimulated a pressing need for benchtop computational techniques to rapidly and accurately classify bacteria from genomic sequence data, and based on that, to trace the source of infection. BacWGSTdb (http://bacdb.org/BacWGSTdb) is a free publicly accessible database we have developed for bacterial whole-genome sequence typing and source tracking. This database incorporates extensive resources for bacterial genome sequencing data and the corresponding metadata, combined with specialized bioinformatics tools that enable the systematic characterization of the bacterial isolates recovered from infections. Here, we present BacWGSTdb 2.0, which encompasses several major updates, including (i) the integration of the core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) approach, which is highly scalable and appropriate for typing isolates belonging to different lineages; (ii) the addition of a multiple genome analysis module that can process dozens of user uploaded sequences in a batch mode; (iii) a new source tracking module for comparing user uploaded plasmid sequences to those deposited in the public databases; (iv) the number of species encompassed in BacWGSTdb 2.0 has increased from 9 to 20, which represents bacterial pathogens of medical importance; (v) a newly designed, user-friendly interface and a set of visualization tools for providing a convenient platform for users are also included. Overall, the updated BacWGSTdb 2.0 bears great utility in continuing to provide users, including epidemiologists, clinicians and bench scientists, with a one-stop solution to bacterial genome sequence analysis.
Prediction of giant and ideal Rashba-type splitting in ordered alloy monolayers grown on a polar surface
Authors: Chen Mingxing , Liu Feng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A large and ideal Rashba-type spin-orbit splitting is desired for the applications of materials in spintronic devices and the detection of Majorana fermions in solids. Here, we propose an approach to achieve giant and ideal spin-orbit splittings through a combination of ordered surface alloying and interface engineering, that is, growing alloy monolayers on an insulating polar surface. We illustrate this unique strategy by means of first-principle calculations of buckled hexagonal monolayers of SbBi and PbBi supported on Al2O3(0001). Both systems display ideal Rashba-type states with giant spin-orbit splittings, characterized with energy offsets over 600 meV and momentum offsets over 0.3 Å−1, respectively. Our study thus points to an effective way of tuning spin-orbit splitting in low-dimensional materials to draw immediate experimental interest.
Stagnation, Social Tensions, Unfairness
Authors: Grabner Daniel , Grisold Andrea , Theine Hendrik 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 provides an analysis of the subset of news media discourses which argued that inequality is a problem, clearly an important category for the examination of the overall media debate on Piketty’s book. Those discourses centre around considerations of fairness, frequently focusing on political and economic consequences. All relevant articles treating inequality is a problem are subject to focused analysis, whilst a detailed analysis is undertaken in the case of a subset of highly relevant texts. The authors also observe and address various significant silences in the corpus of newspaper articles, a concept derived from prior critical cultural, linguistic, and discourse studies. This refers to important themes or issues which are ignored in the newspaper texts but which would be reasonably considered decisive factors when discussing growing inequality. Table 8.1 provides an overview of the main results of coding and analysis of the discourses in all those newspaper articles in the corpus which provide, define and treat inequality as a problem. As they comprise a significant share of coded segments, the authors then concentrate on the most frequent and relevant news texts for a more elaborate analysis. The chapter proceeds to examine both the obvious and the subtle ways in which these newspaper article set about constructing economic inequality as a problem. The final sections further consider and discuss the key findings in relation to theoretical considerations.
Introduction
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter establishes key concepts for subsequent chapters in the histories of AfroFilipino formation, neoliberalization of Filipino popular dance, and corporeal orature. Although Black expressive culture and dance has long been thought of as peripheral to the development of Filipinoness, Choreographing in Color underlines how Filipino dancers engage Black dance in ways that navigate the crosshairs of colonialism and neoliberalism. It begins with a broad racial framework for comprehending the unique corporeal histories and ongoing racial, gender, and colonial complexities of Filipinos in relationship to Blackness. Then the chapter provides contexts for the popularization of locking, a form of hip-hop dance, during increasing neoliberal shifts in the 1970s. Lastly, it defines a type of corporeal orature in the original concept, performative euphemism, a strategy of social criticism cultivated by performance.
Foot Voting and Self-Determination
Authors: Somin Ilya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter critiques claims that foot voting undermines the “self-determination” of current inhabitants of destination jurisdictions, who therefore must have a right to exclude migrants. It addresses both claims that ethnic or cultural groups have exclusive rights to control various territories, and more individualistic self-determination theories, such as those that analogize nations to homeowners and private clubs. The chapter also rebuts arguments to the effect that migrants’ home countries have a right to prevent them from leaving, based on a duty to develop your “own” nation and avoid “brain drain.” The chapter explains how these standard justifications for a right to exclude international migrants would, if applied consistently, also justify imposing severe restrictions on domestic mobility and civil liberties.
A General Introduction
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of how viruses have caused geographic, economic, and religious changes. Smallpox alone, in the twentieth century, killed an estimated 300 million individuals, about threefold as many persons as all the wars of that century. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, smallpox killed emperors of Japan and Burma as well as kings and queens of Europe, thereby unseating dynasties, altering control of countries, and disrupting alliances. In addition to propelling the establishment of Christianity in Mexico and Latin America, viruses played a role in enlarging the African slave trade throughout the Americas. In contrast to viruses such as smallpox and measles which are now harnessed by the innovations of healthcare, new viral plagues of fearful proportions have appeared. These include HIV/AIDS, sudden acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, Zika, and bird flu. This book looks at the history of viruses and virology, which is also the history of the men and women who have worked to combat these diseases.
Poliomyelitis
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses how polio was first discovered and then controlled, the problems with its elimination, and the argument for continued vaccination to ensure control. Polio was not defined as a specific disease entity until the late seventeenth century. Meanwhile, paralytic poliomyelitis epidemics first became known in the nineteenth century. Whether or not sporadic outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred earlier is less certain and a matter of disagreement. The chapter then looks at the three main personalities who were fundamental in developing the vaccine for poliomyelitis: Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin, and Hilary Koprowski. Jonas Salk and his colleagues chemically inactivated the poliomyelitis virus with formaldehyde and provided a vaccine that produced immunity and dramatically lowered the incidence of poliomyelitis. However, this immunity waned over time. Additionally, administration by needle made vaccinations of large populations difficult. For these and other reasons, Koprowski, Sabin, and others independently worked on the development of a vaccine with live attenuated viruses. Without such combined efforts, the vaccine would never have materialized.