bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalisation, crime and wage inequality: a theoretical analysis
Authors: Gupta Manash Ranjan 
Published: August 2020

PurposeThis study aims to focus on the effects of economic globalisation programme on the problems of criminal activities and on the degree of skilled–unskilled wage inequality.Design/methodology/approachA competitive general equilibrium model of a small open economy is developed. Unskilled labour moves from the production sector to the criminal sector. Those who join the criminal sector snatch a part of capitalists’ income and skilled workers’ income to finance their consumption and face positive probability of being caught and punished. The size of the criminal sector and the rental rate on capital are simultaneously determined in the short-run equilibrium of this model where factor endowments are exogenously given at a particular point of time.FindingsAn increase in the capital endowment resulting from an exogenous foreign capital inflow raises demand for labour and wage rates in both the sectors. So, it lowers the rental rate on capital and thus aggravates the problem of skilled–unskilled wage inequality because the skilled labour using sector is more capital intensive than the other production sector. However, it may lower the size of the criminal sector and thus may raise the level of the gross domestic product.Originality/valueThere exists substantial theoretical works on the problem of skilled–unskilled wage inequality, but none of these works focuses on the general equilibrium allocation of unskilled labour to the criminal sector. On the other hand, existing models specialised to analyse theoretical implications of crime and punishment do not focus on the interaction between crime and wage inequality.
A study of equality of educational opportunity in Nepal using logistic regression analysis
Authors: Ezaki Naruho 
Published: August 2020

PurposeWhile privatisation in education is expanding, the number of children transferring from public to private schools seeking high-quality education has increased. This study examined equality of educational opportunity, focussing on the attributes of individual children and their familial backgrounds. The target country is Nepal, which has been facing an educational disparity problem between public and private schools.Design/methodology/approachThis study performed a logistic regression analysis with the objective variable as the binary capability to attend a private school and analysed the differences between children who attended public versus private schools. Semi-structured interviews with subjects and teachers and home-visit surveys were conducted to collect and confirm data.FindingsThis study revealed that particular children were excluded from seeking high-quality education in form of attending private schools. These children's characteristics correspond to lower economic status, illiterate mothers, being only children and female. Moreover, the study observed changes in awareness due to the modernisation and globalisation of Nepali society and growing enthusiasm for education, amongst others.Originality/valueResearch on privatisation and access to quality education, which has attracted scholarly attention in recent years, requires a broader scope regarding target countries and more in-depth analyses. This study focussed on Nepal since, in the country, the phenomenon of children leaving public for private schools is prominent and little research has been conducted on this context. Additionally, since the study gathered extensive data on individual children and did not rely on secondary data, it was possible to perform an in-depth analysis and accurately portray the real situation faced by Nepali children.
No ordinary consultation – a qualitative inquiry of hospital palliative care consultation services
Authors: Böling Susanna , Berlin Johan M. , Berglund Helene , Öhlén Joakim 
Published: August 2020

PurposeConsidering the great need for palliative care in hospitals, it is essential for hospital staff to have palliative care knowledge. Palliative consultations have been shown to have positive effects on in-hospital care. However, barriers to contact with and uptake of palliative consultation advice are reported, posing a need for further knowledge about the process of palliative consultations. The purpose of this study therefore was to examine how palliative consultations in hospitals are practised, as perceived by consultants and health care professionals on receiving wards.Design/methodology/approachFocus groups with palliative care consultation services, health care personnel from receiving wards and managers of consultation services. Interpretive description and constant comparative method guided the analysis.FindingsVariations were seen in several aspects of practice, including approach to practice and represented professions. The palliative consultants were perceived to contribute by creating space for palliative care, adding palliative knowledge and approach, enhancing cooperation and creating opportunity to ameliorate transition. Based on a perception of carrying valuable perspectives and knowledge, a number of consultation services utilised proactive practices that took the initiative in relation to the receiving wards.Originality/valueA lack of policy and divergent views on how to conceptualise palliative care appeared to be associated with variations in consultation practices, tentative approaches and a bottom-up driven development. This study adds knowledge, implying theoretical transferability as to how palliative care consultations can be practised, which is useful when designing and starting new consultation services.
Exploring the antecedents and outcomes of destination brand love
Authors: Amaro Suzanne , Barroco Cristina , Antunes Joaquim 
Published: August 2020

PurposeThis study aims to apply the concept of brand love to a destination and investigate its antecedents and consequences. It also explores the moderating effects of time elapsed since the establishment of the destination brand love relationship on the outcomes of destination brand love.Design/methodology/approachA total of 5,511 valid responses were obtained from an online survey distributed among former international students from the Erasmus program of the European Union. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was conducted to assess the hypotheses.FindingsDestination brand love was found to have a significant impact on electronic word of mouth (eWOM), WOM, WOM intensity, recommendation and revisit intention. Moderation analysis revealed that the amount of time elapsed since the establishment of the destination brand love relationship did not affect these outcomes. Moreover, destination image and the Erasmus experience had a positive effect on destination brand love.Practical implicationsDestination marketers should focus on enhancing the Erasmus experience and on improving destination image perception, as these factors help develop destination brand love. Marketers should also be aware that this relationship has long-lasting effects.Originality/valueThis study adds to the sparse literature on brand love in relation to a destination. This gives the first results for the importance of Erasmus students to the promotion of a host country. It also contributes to the question of how long the brand love relationship can last.
Insights into the reasons behind the limited implementation of ISO 9001 certification: empirical evidence from Yemen
Authors: Aamer Ammar Mohamed , Al-Awlaqi Mohammed Ali , Mandahawi Nabeel 
Published: August 2020

PurposeWhile ISO 9001 standard certification is approaching saturation in developed countries, other nations are still struggling with the implementation of ISO 9001. This study provides insights into countries with a very low number of registered certifications to understand the reasons behind the limited implementations, more particularly using evidence from Yemen. The objective of the study is to assess: the awareness, understanding, motivations, barriers and the benefits of implementing ISO 9001.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted to measure awareness levels, understanding, driving factors, barriers and the benefits of ISO 9001. Data collection was carried out through the classification of targeted firms into two separate categories, certified and noncertified organizations. The classification of firms was conducted to enrich the understanding from two different perspectives. A total of 72 responses, from companies ranging in size from large to small, and in both the private and public sectors, were analyzed using the descriptive and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA).FindingsThe data analysis showed that the limited implementation of ISO 9001 certifications could be due to several internal and external factors such as the relatively low awareness level of the certification and guidelines, and the inconsistency of understanding the certification purpose. The benefits focused solely on improving the quality of systems efficiency and increasing quality awareness, and not on internationalization.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this work provide the groundwork for decision-makers to understand the drivers and challenges of ISO 9001 to plan corrective actions and contribute to promote and increase the number of certified organizations in similar countries and economies. While the data in this study were collected in the context of one country, the methodology and framework used in this study can be utilized by other researchers to collect data in similar countries with a low number of ISO 9001 certifications.Originality/valueThis research is one of the very few that addresses the limited implementation of ISO 9001 in the Middle East and North Africa region and Yemen in particular.
Plastic hinges mechano-reliability analysis in the beams of RC frames structures
Authors: Bouzid Leyla , Hamizi Mohand , Hannachi Naceur-Eddine , Nekmouche Aghiles , Akkouche Karim 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to establish a relationship between causes and effects, the respect of materials characteristics values [concrete compressive strength (fc) and steel yield stress (fy)] and the norms of the construction dispositions value (covers). This study is motivated by the post-seismic damages related to the plastification of the reinforced concrete (RC)/beams sections, named plastic hinges. The results are given by fragility curves representing the failure probability (Pf) of the plastic hinges versus covers value.

Design/methodology/approach
A mechanical-reliability coupling methodology is proposed and performed on three frames (three, six and nine storey). For each frame, seven covers the value of reinforcement steel bars has been taken into account in the beams. After definition of the limit state function G(x), a process of idea to twin-track; deterministic and probabilistic, is considered. Thus, numerical simulations are carried out under ETABS© software, to extract a soliciting moments Ms(x). Then, ultimate moments Mu(x), the result of reliability approach are calculated using Monte Carlo Simulations. In this step, two random variables; concrete compressive strength in 28 days of age (fc) and steel yield stress (fy), have been studied.

Findings
In the mechanical study, the results show that, the first plastic hinge appears at the beams for all frames. In the reliability study, the (fy) variation shows that all plastic hinges are in failure domain, nevertheless, the (fc) variation leads to have all sections in the safety domain, except A7 and B7 models. The failure probability (Pf) calculation according to (fc) and (fy) shows that an absolute error of 0.5 cm in the steel bars covers can switch the frame from the safety domain to the failure domain.

Originality/value
The plastic hinges reliability of the RC/ frame structures is independent on the high of the structure. The (fc) random variable according to the used distribution law does not affect the reliability (safety or failure). However, the impact of the steel yield stress variation (fy) is not negligible. The errors in covers affect considerably the strength of the elements.
Invasive crayfish alter the long‐term functional biodiversity of lotic macroinvertebrate communities
Authors: Mathers Kate L. , White James C. , Guareschi Simone , Hill Matthew J. , Heino Jani , Chadd Richard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Invasive species represent one of the primary threats to global biodiversity. Despite acknowledged implications for taxonomic properties of ecological communities following invasion, functional measures remain poorly understood.

We examined the long‐term implications of invasion by a crayfish species, Pacifastacus leniusculus, on functional alpha and beta diversity properties of lotic macroinvertebrate communities in three English regions. The dataset comprised 477 samples collected predominantly between 1990 and 2013. Unlike many invasion studies, we employed before and after invasion comparisons, in association with control rivers not invaded by crayfish.

Functional richness and divergence metrics displayed the strongest responses to invasion, highlighting that P. leniusculus may alter the range of functional niches and extreme trait values (likely reflecting resistance and resilience mechanisms) displayed by macroinvertebrate communities. Interestingly, in one region, biodiversity gains seen in control rivers were not mirrored in invaded rivers, potentially suggesting that invasion inhibited ecological improvements.

Invasion by signal crayfish resulted in functional compositional changes in two of the three English regions studied, with these rivers yielding greater ecological differences between pre‐ and post‐invasion periods relative to control rivers. This change was primarily driven by higher nestedness values in invaded rivers, with communities containing functional subsets relative to control rivers. The third region demonstrated no functional compositional changes or alterations in functional beta diversity associated with invasion.

Our findings indicated that in most instances, the functional properties of macroinvertebrate communities responded to crayfish invasion and may therefore represent a complementary means to monitor the ecological condition of lotic ecosystems. Given their spatial transferability, functional traits could provide a platform to guide regional management practices in the face of biological invasions.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
How biological invasions affect animal behaviour: A global, cross‐taxonomic analysis
Authors: Ruland Florian , Jeschke Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

In the Anthropocene, species are faced with drastic challenges due to rapid, human‐induced changes, such as habitat destruction, pollution and biological invasions. In the case of invasions, native species may change their behaviour to minimize the impacts they sustain from invasive species, and invaders may also adapt to the conditions in their new environment in order to survive and establish self‐sustaining populations.

We aimed at giving an overview of which changes in behaviour are studied in invasions, and what is known about the types of behaviour that change, the underlying mechanisms and the speed of behavioural changes.

Based on a review of the literature, we identified 191 studies and 360 records (some studies reported multiple records) documenting behavioural changes caused by biological invasions in native (236 records from 148 species) or invasive (124 records from 50 species) animal species. This global dataset, which we make openly available, is not restricted to particular taxonomic groups.

We found a mild taxonomic bias in the literature towards mammals, birds and insects. In line with the enemy release hypothesis, native species changed their anti‐predator behaviour more frequently than invasive species. Rates of behavioural change were evenly distributed across taxa, but not across the types of behaviour.

Our findings may help to better understand the role of behaviour in biological invasions as well as temporal changes in both population densities and traits of invasive species, and of native species affected by them.
Urbanization and plant invasion alter the structure of litter microarthropod communities
Authors: Malloch Bruce , Tatsumi Shinichi , Seibold Sebastian , Cadotte Marc W. , MacIvor J. Scott 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Anthropogenic activity underpins the creation of urban ecosystems, often with introduced or invasive species playing a large role in structuring ecological communities. While the effects of urbanization on charismatic taxa such as birds, bees or butterflies have received much attention, the impacts on small and inconspicuous organisms remain poorly understood.

Here, we assess how the community structure of leaf litter‐inhabiting microarthropods in city parks varies along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada. At each park, we established paired forest understorey plots which were either dominated by native vegetation or dog‐strangling vine Vincetoxicum rossicum, an invasive species that is spreading throughout northeastern North America and abundant in urban areas. We compared microarthropod richness, abundance and diversity in ecological traits between invaded and non‐invaded plots as well as compositional dissimilarities among plots across the urbanization gradient.

We recorded 123 genera and found (a) there was a negative effect of urbanization on microarthropod richness and abundance but only in invaded plots; (b) richness and abundance increased continuously with urbanization in non‐invaded plots, but peaked at intermediate urbanization levels in invaded plots and (c) there was significant turnover with increasing urbanization, with distinct communities represented in highly urbanized areas compared to less urbanized areas, regardless of whether invaded. We also found litter microarthropod richness and abundance increased with soil ammonium and decreased with nitrate. These trends were especially strong for fungivorous microarthropods; however, there was no relationship between soil nutrients and urbanization or invasion.

Urbanization and biological invasion drive biodiversity change, and there is a need to disentangle these effects on ecological communities and related ecosystem processes. We show microarthropod communities change with urbanization, with the effects of invasion most prominent in non‐urban areas. Here, there is high richness and abundance but low ecological trait diversity, possibly because certain feeding traits are excluded and others overrepresented.

Understanding of urban ecological systems must include knowledge of the microarthropods that interact widely across food webs, form distinct communities in highly urban areas and drive many of the important ecological functions upon which people in cities depend.
Inducing seed dispersal by generalist frugivores: A new technique to overcome dispersal limitation in restoration
Authors: Silva Wesley R. , Zaniratto Cristiane P. , Ferreira José O. V. , Rigacci Eduardo D. B. , Oliveira Jasmim F. , Morandi Maria E. F. , Killing Jéssica G. , Nemes Larissa G. , Abreu Laura B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDispersal limitation severely impairs the trajectory of restoration, mainly due to the lack of seed vectors bringing seeds from nearby habitats; a role played by many frugivorous vertebrates that can be absent or reduced in restored or degraded sites.Here we propose a new technique named Induced Seed Dispersal, that amplifies the role that many generalist frugivores have in seed dispersal. It consists in the offering of seeds embedded in the pulp of commercial fruits or whole native fleshy fruits in feeders to generalist frugivores, which ingest the seeds and defecate them elsewhere. We set feeders in a restored site and monitored the visiting pattern of these frugivores with cameras‐traps. We also set seed traps to retrieve seeds dispersed by frugivores and offered around 1,500 seeds ofCecropia hololeuca(Urticaceae) per week for 1 year.We recorded at least 24 generalist frugivore species of terrestrial mammals, bats and birds, which ingested/removed the seeds/fruits from the feeders. Seeds ofC. hololeucadispersed by marmosets were retrieved in the seed traps and germinated. We estimated a potential seed rain of more than 600C. hololeucaseeds ha−1 mo−1.Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates that this new technique can make use of generalist frugivores to assist restoration or regeneration into sites where seed dispersal is compromised by the lack of dispersers or limited seed arrival. Inducing seed dispersal by generalist frugivores is a low‐cost and easy‐managed technique that can be applied year‐round in restoration and forest enrichments at all scales.
Meta‐omics highlights the diversity, activity and adaptations of fungi in deep oceanic crust
Authors: Quemener Maxence , Mara Paraskevi , Schubotz Florence , Beaudoin David , Li Wei , Pachiadaki Maria , Sehein Taylor R. , Sylvan Jason B. , Li Jiangtao , Barbier Georges , Edgcomb Virginia , Burgaud Gaëtan 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThe lithified oceanic crust, lower crust gabbros in particular, has remained largely unexplored by microbiologists. Recently, evidence for heterogeneously distributed viable and transcriptionally active autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial populations within low‐biomass communities was found down to 750 m below the seafloor at the Atlantis Bank Gabbro Massif, Indian Ocean. Here, we report on the diversity, activity and adaptations of fungal communities in the deep oceanic crust from ~10 to 780 mbsf by combining metabarcoding analyses with mid/high‐throughput culturing approaches. Metabarcoding along with culturing indicate a low diversity of viable fungi, mostly affiliated to ubiquitous (terrestrial and aquatic environments) taxa. Ecophysiological analyses coupled with metatranscriptomics point to viable and transcriptionally active fungal populations engaged in cell division, translation, protein modifications and other vital cellular processes. Transcript data suggest possible adaptations for surviving in the nutrient‐poor, lithified deep biosphere that include the recycling of organic matter. These active communities appear strongly influenced by the presence of cracks and veins in the rocks where fluids and resulting rock alteration create micro‐niches.
Feeding on fungi: genomic and proteomic analysis of the enzymatic machinery of bacteria decomposing fungal biomass
Authors: Starke Robert , Morais Daniel , Větrovský Tomáš , López Mondéjar Ruben , Baldrian Petr , Brabcová Vendula 
Published: August 2020

SummaryDead fungal biomass is an abundant source of nutrition in both litter and soil of temperate forests largely decomposed by bacteria. Here, we have examined the utilization of dead fungal biomass by the five dominant bacteria isolated from the in situ decomposition of fungal mycelia using a multiOMIC approach. The genomes of the isolates encoded a broad suite of carbohydrate‐active enzymes, peptidases and transporters. In the extracellular proteome, only Ewingella americana expressed chitinases while the two Pseudomonas isolates attacked chitin by lytic chitin monooxygenase, deacetylation and deamination. Variovorax sp. expressed enzymes acting on the side‐chains of various glucans and the chitin backbone. Surprisingly, despite its genomic potential, Pedobacter sp. did not produce extracellular proteins to decompose fungal mycelia but presumably feeds on simple substrates. The ecological roles of the five individual strains exhibited complementary features for a fast and efficient decomposition of dead fungal biomass by the entire bacterial community.