bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CGR Normalization-Convert Rates to a Common Surface Process
Authors: Carlsen Mathias Lia , Dahouk Mohamad Majzoub , Hoffmann Arnaud , Whitson Curtis Hays 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Black oil tables used in reservoir simulation and/or RTA/PTA history matching exercises are generated based on a fixed surface process (number of separator stages, psep, Tsep). However, even though the number of separator stages remain fixed, the separator pressure and temperature vary over time. This variation of separator conditions over time leads to an inconsistency between the rates used in history matching (assumes constant separator conditions) and the actual measured rates (changing separator conditions in the field).
This paper provides a method to adjust all measured rates to a fixed surface process to ensure consistency between the black oil tables and rates used in history matching, and it also investigates for what fluid systems this normalization procedure is important. First, daily wellstream compositions are predicted based on a common equation of state (EOS) model, welltest and production data (separator oil and gas compositions, GOR, stock tank liquid API). Thereafter, these wellstreams are run through a fixed surface process, with the same separator pressure and temperature used to generate the black oil tables utilized in the reservoir modeling.
Several practical observations are made. CGR normalization is in general not important for black- and volatile oil systems. However, it may be very important for near-critical fluids and gas condensate systems.The obvious application of the proposed normalization scheme is to calculate a set of consistent oil and gas rates for every well that can be used for history-matching purposes. Additionally, as black oil PVT properties are a function of the separator process, it is recommended to define a common surface process for an entire field or basin to ensure consistent apple-to-apple comparison between wells.
Technical contributions include a qualitative framework of when CGR normalization is important and when it is not. The paper also proposes a simple solution to a widely known, but under-addressed and overlooked problem, not earlier presented in the open literature.
Unlocking Completion Design Optimization Using an Augmented AI Approach
Authors: Ma Zheren , Davani Ehsan , Ma Xiaodan , Lee Hanna , Arslan Izzet , Zhai Xiang , Darabi Hamed , Castineira David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An Augmented AI approach has been developed to optimize completion design parameters and access the full potential of unconventional assets by leveraging big data sculpting, domain-induced feature engineering, and robust and explainable machine learning models with quantified uncertainty. This method unlocks the full potential of a well using completion design parameters optimization that considers all the factors that impact well performance, geological characteristics, well trajectory, spacing, etc.
By leveraging basin-level knowledge captured by big data sculpting with the use of uncertainty quantification, Augmented AI can provide quick and science-based answers for completion optimization, and also assess the full potential of an asset in unconventional reservoirs.
By leveraging computer vision and natural language processing techniques, unstructured data from various sources were deciphered, combined and organized into a structured database. Imputation techniques were used to fill the gaps of missing data. With the Augmented AI approach, the median accuracies of IP and EUR predictions for new drills is around 90%, which often outperforms industry-standard type curving methods. With the explainable machine learning (ML) model, the direct impact of completion design parameters on well performance is deconvoluted among other parameters, such as engineering and geological attributes. The prediction also comes with an 80% confidence interval to quantify the prediction uncertainties, which allows for better risk management and confident business decision making. With the ML model and given economic inputs and metrics, many sensitivity analyses are performed to evaluate optimized completion design parameters. The proposed Augmented AI approach has been deployed to Eagle Ford wells.
Impact of Heterogeneity on Producing GOR for Tight Unconventional Wells
Authors: Alqahtani Fahd Mohamad , Khan Abdul Saboor , Chuparova Ellie , Whitson Curtis Hays 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to quantify the importance of lateral heterogeneity of permeability and porosity when modeling horizontal, multi-fractured tight unconventional wells exhibiting layer-wise fluid heterogeneity. Fluid and petrophysical properties are taken from the Eagle Ford basin.
A numerical simulation model of a horizontal well drainage volume with multiple planar fractures is created for two layers having distinct fluids (e.g. solution GORs). The model is populated with laterally-heterogeneous, correlated porosities and permeabilities (k=aφb) ranging from 4 to 14 %, and 59 to 2600 nd, respectively. The layer petrophysical properties can map differently for each layer, but the arithmetic average properties are equal for each layer. For all cases studied we assume the initial solution GOR to be areally homogeneous in a given layer; the solution GORs considered range from 1000 to 8000 scf/STB. The petrophysical heterogeneous cases are compared with homogeneous cases (no lateral property variation), both models with the same average petrophysical properties.
Results show that for a heterogeneous-petrophysical case with varying lateral contrast between the petrophysical properties in the two layers, individual fractures produce with distinct GORs, even showing a variation of producing GOR (Rp) from different locations within a single hydraulic fracture. However, the total, well-producing GOR behavior is very similar for the heterogeneous- and homogeneous-petrophysical cases, regardless of the fluid contrast in the two layers, when the maximum-to-minimum permeability ratio kmax/kmin&lt;10.
These observations apply when flowing bottomhole pressure (BHP) is above (single-phase) or below (two-phase) in-situ saturation pressure. These results indicate that lateral petrophysical heterogeneity can often be ignored when modeling tight unconventional wells. The explanation for this non-intuitive result is that the producing surface area from many hydraulic fractures is so extensive that the well-average GOR is very close to the GOR of a well producing from two petrophysically-homogeneous layers having arithmetic-average porosity and permeability. This finding reduces considerably the simulation run time (CPU) using a single "average" hydraulic fracture element, where the key fluid heterogeneity is solution GOR in each layer.
Another important finding is that significant time-variation of producing well GOR may result even when flowing BHP remains higher than in-situ saturation pressures (i.e. single-phase flow). This behavior is caused by differential depletion of the individual layers with fluid contrast in viscosity and compressibility, i.e. without any contrast in layer permeabilities.
The seasonal development dynamics of the yak hair cycle transcriptome
Authors: Bao Pengjia , Luo Jiayu , Liu Yanbin , Chu Min , Ren Qingmiao , Guo Xian , Tang Bolin , Ding Xuezhi , Qiu Qiang , Pan Heping , Wang Kun , Yan Ping 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background : Mammalian hair play an important role in mammals' ability to adapt to changing climatic environments. The seasonal circulation of yak hair helps them adapt to high altitude but the regulation mechanisms of the proliferation and differentiation of hair follicles (HFs) cells during development are still unknown. Here, using time series data for whole genome expression profiles and hormone contents, we systematically analyzed the mechanism regulating the periodic expression of hair development in the yak and reviewed how different combinations of genetic pathways regulate HFs development and cycling. Results : This study used high-throughput RNA sequencing to provide a detailed description of global gene expression in 15 samples from five developmental time points during the yak hair cycle. According to clustering analysis, we found that these 15 samples could be significantly grouped into three phases, which represent different developmental periods in the hair cycle. A total of 2,316 genes were identified in these three consecutive developmental periods and their expression patterns could be divided into 9 clusters. In the anagen, genes involved in activating hair follicle growth are highly expressed, such as the WNT pathway, FGF pathway, and some genes related to hair follicle differentiation. In the catagen, genes that inhibit differentiation and promote hair follicle cell apoptosis are highly expressed, such as FABP4 , BMP4 , and Wise . In the telogen, genes that inhibit hair follicle activity are highly expressed, such as DKK1 and BMP1 . Through co-expression analysis, we revealed a number of modular hub genes highly associated with hormones, such as SLF2 , BOP1 , DPP8 . They may play unique roles in hormonal regulation of events associated with the hair cycle. Conclusions : Our results revealed the expression pattern and molecular mechanisms of the seasonal hair cycle in the yak. The findings will be valuable in further understanding the alpine adaptation mechanism in the yak, which is important in order to make full use of yak hair resources and promote the economic development of pastoral plateau areas.
Can cluster analyses of linked healthcare data identify unique population segments in a General Practice-registered population?
Authors: nnoaham kelechi , Cann Kimberley 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Population segmentation is useful for understanding the health needs of populations. Expert-driven segmentation is a traditional approach which involves subjective decisions on how to segment data, with no agreed best practice. The limitations of this approach are theoretically overcome by more data-driven approaches such as utilisation-based cluster analysis. Previous explorations of using utilisation-based cluster analysis for segmentation have demonstrated feasibility but were limited in potential usefulness for local service planning. This study explores the potential for practical application of using utilisation-based cluster analyses to segment a local General Practice-registered population in the South Wales Valleys.

Methods: Primary and secondary care datasets were linked to create a database of 79,607 patients including socio-demographic variables, morbidities, care utilisation, cost and risk factor information. We undertook utilisation-based cluster analysis, using k-means methodology to group the population into segments with distinct healthcare utilisation patterns based on seven utilisation variables: elective inpatient admissions, non-elective inpatient admissions, outpatient first & follow-up attendances, Emergency Department visits, GP practice visits and prescriptions. We analysed segments post-hoc to understand their morbidity, risk and demographic profiles

Results: Ten population segments were identified which had distinct profiles of healthcare use, morbidity, demographic characteristics and risk attributes. Although half of the study population were in segments characterised as ‘low need’ populations, there was heterogeneity in this group with respect to variables relevant to service planning – e.g. settings in which care was mostly consumed. Significant and complex healthcare need was a feature across age groups and was driven more by deprivation and behavioural risk factors than by age and functional limitation.

Conclusions: This analysis shows that utilisation-based cluster analysis of linked primary and secondary healthcare use data for a local GP-registered population can segment the population into distinct groups with unique health and care needs, providing useful intelligence to inform local population health service planning and care delivery. This segmentation approach can offer a detailed understanding of the health and care priorities of population groups, potentially supporting the integration of health and care, reducing fragmentation of healthcare and reducing healthcare costs in the population.
Three-year Clinical Outcomes of Aspheric Micro-monovision LASIK for Correction of Presbyopia and Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Liu Fang , Zhang Ting , Liu Quan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: To investigate the long-term safety and efficacy of aspheric micro-monovision LASIK for the correction of presbyopia and myopic astigmatism. Methods: In total, 114 eyes of 57 patients with a mean age of 48 ± 4.05 years (range: 43 to 62 years) who were undergoing aspheric micro-monovision LASIK treatment were enrolled. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, amplitude of accommodation, contrast sensitivity, entire eye aberrations and patients’ subjective ratings were evaluated from 1 day to 3 years postoperatively. Results: None of the eyes showed a spherical equivalent change of over 0.75 D between 3 months and 3 years, while 95% of the eyes were within ±0.50 D of the target correction of the spherical equivalent. The percentage of patients showing monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity ≥20/20 was 95%, and all eyes achieved a visual acuity of 20/25 or better. The percentage of patients showing binocular uncorrected near visual acuity ≥J2 was 93%, and all patients achieved a visual acuity of J4 or better. Ninety-one percent of the patients had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes and J2 or better binocular visual acuity. Six of 108 eyes (6%) lost 1 line, and no eyes lost 2 lines of corrected distance visual acuity. The overall satisfaction score for surgery was 93 ± 6. Conclusions: Aspheric micro-monovision LASIK using the Carl Zeiss Meditec MEL 80 Platform was an efficacious option for older myopic patients with presbyopia. Three-year postoperative outcomes in the Chinese population indicated improvements in uncorrected binocular vision at far and near distances with high satisfaction. Trial registration: The registration number is ChiCTR-IPC-15005842, and the date of registration is January 16, 2015.
Endoscopic intraventricular hematoma evacuation surgery versus external ventricular drainage for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe intraventricular hemorrhage: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Zhu Junhao , Tang Chao , Cong Zixiang , Yang Jin , Cai Xiangming , Liu Yuxiu , Ma Chiyuan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background

The application of neuroendoscopy in intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has attracted more and more attention in recent years. Studies have shown that the use of neuroendoscopy for IVH evacuation has advantages over external ventricular drainage (EVD) alone. However, the cases of most current research are small and all of them are retrospective studies. The aim of this study is to explore the prognosis of patients with moderate to severe IVH who undergo endoscopic IVH evacuation surgery versus those who undergo EVD alone.

Methods

The study is a prospective, randomized, controlled, multi-center clinical trial. Nine hundred and fifty-six subjects with moderate to severe IVH across four tertiary hospitals in China will be randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either endoscopic IVH evacuation surgery or EVD. The primary objective is to compare patients’ survival rate at 12 months postoperatively.

Discussion

The trial is designed to investigate the prognostic benefits of endoscopic IVH evacuation surgery for patients with moderate to severe IVH. Currently, it has never been investigated in a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.
Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Patients out of Wuhan from China
Authors: Zhang Hua , Du Feng , Cao Xiao-jun , Feng Xia-long , Zhang He-ping , Wu Zheng-xia , Wang Bao-Feng , Zhang Hong-juan , Liu Rui , Yang Jian-jun , Ning Bo , Chen Kai , HUANG ZHENPENG 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: A large-scale global outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) out of Wuhan, from China, occurred in January 2020. Objective: To examine the clinical characteristics of COVID-19in infected patients out of Wuhan, from China. Patients and Methods: Thirteen patients were confirmed to be infected with novel coronavirus-2019 (2019-nCoV) between January 27andFebruary 8, 2020, in Baoji city, Shanxi, northwestern China. Epidemiological and clinical information, and computed to morphology imaging data from all COVID-19 patients were collected; cases were divided into two groups according to the severity of infection (mild or severe). Results: Nine (9/13) COVID-19patientsexhibitedmild disease severity, and defined as second-generation, human-to-human transmission cases. Most patients (11/13) had a history of travel to or from Wuhan. There were no differences in sex and age between the mild and severe cases (all P>0.05). A moderate degree of fever (11/13), cough (13/13), and fatigue (8/13) were common symptoms; however, there was no statistical difference between mild and severe cases in this regard (all P>0.05). Oxyhemoglobin saturation and oxygenation index decreased, and C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels were elevated in all patients with COVID-19infection, with statistically significant differences between those with severe disease and mild infection (all P<0.05).Twelve of 13COVID-19patients exhibited changes in chest CT imaging features, and time course changes were different between mild and severe cases (all P<0.05).Conclusion: Most cases of COVID-19infection were second-generation human-to-human transmissions from Wuhan and were mild in severity. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19varied.Oxyhemoglobin saturation, oxygenation index, CRP and SAA levels, and CT features were reliable parameters to evaluate the severity of COVID-19 infection. However, a few patients with mild COVID-19diseaselackedtypicalcharacteristics such as fever and changes in CT imaging features.
The carbonate concentration mechanism of Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta): Evidence from transcriptomics and biochemical data
Authors: Zhang Baoyu , Xie Xiujun , Sun Yuanyuan , Wang Guangce 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) is widely cultivated in East Asia and plays important economic, ecological and research roles. Although inorganic carbon utilization of P. yezoensis has been researched from a physiological aspect, the carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) of P. yezoensis remains unclear. To explore the CCM of P. yezoensis, especially during its different life stages, we tracked changes in the transcriptome, photosynthetic efficiency and in key enzyme activities under different inorganic carbon concentrations. Results Photosynthesis efficiency demonstrated that sporophytes were more sensitive to low carbon (LC) than gametophytes, with increased photosynthesis during both life stages under high carbon (HC) compared to normal carbon (NC) conditions. The structures of pyrenoids and starch and lipid droplets in cells corresponded with their growth reaction to different inorganic carbon (Ci) concentrations. We constructed 18 cDNA libraries from 18 samples (three biological replicates per Ci treatment at two life cycles stages) and sequenced these using the Illumina platform. De novo assembly generated 182,564 unigenes, including approximately 275 unigenes related to CCM. Most genes encoding internal carbonic anhydrase (CA) and bicarbonate transporters (anion exchange protein and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter) involved in the biophysical CCM pathway were induced under LC in comparison with NC, with transcript abundance of these PyCA s in gametophytes typically higher than that in sporophytes. We identified all key genes participating in the C4 pathway and showed that their RNA abundances changed with varying Ci conditions. In particular, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) transcript abundance was significantly induced under LC conditions. Activities of key enzymes involved in the C4-like pathway were higher under HC than under the other two conditions, with enzyme activities slightly higher in sporophytes than in gametophytes, except for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Conclusion We elucidated the CCM of P. yezoensis from transcriptome and enzyme activity levels. All results indicated at least two types of CCM in P. yezoensis , one involving CA and an anion exchanger (transporter), and a second, C4-like pathway belonging to the PEPCK subtype, possibly located in mitochondria. The latter pathway plays roles in both the sporophyte and gametophyte life cycles.
Molecular confirmation of hemothropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) in domestic cats in Romania
Authors: Imre Mirela , Văduva Cristina , Dărăbuș Gheorghe , Morariu Sorin , Suici Tijana , Lait Philippa J.P. , Imre Kálmán 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background The hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) of the genus Mycoplasma are recognized as important bacteria that parasitize red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia in many mammalian species, including cats. No information is available concerning the presence of feline hemoplasma infections in cats in Romania. Thus, the objective of the present study was to provide data on the occurrence and molecular characterization of hemothropic mycoplasmas in client owned cats in Romania. Methods Blood samples from 51 unhealthy cats, originating from Timişoara Municipality, Romania, were screened for the presence of hemoplasmas using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene and sequencing assays. Results Molecular analysis revealed 11 (21.6%) positive samples, consisting of 8 (72.7%) Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and 3 (27.3%) Mycoplasma haemofelis confirmed positives. Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis was not detected, and no co-infections were registered. No significant associations ( p > 0.05) were found between the hemoplasma infection status and age, gender, breed, presence of ectoparasites, FeLV/FIV positivity of cats or the sampling season. However, outdoor access was positively associated ( p =0.049) with infection and could be considered a risk factor (OR=4.1) in acquiring feline hemotropic mycoplasmas. Conclusions The findings support the emergence of feline hemoplasma infections in previously uninvestigated territories of Europe, providing useful information for small animal practitioners. To our knowledge, the present survey is the first reported molecular evidence of feline hemoplasma infections in Romania.