bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher Completion Rates With Self-administered Once-weekly Isoniazid-rifapentine Versus Daily Rifampin in Adults With Latent Tuberculosis
Authors: Haas Michelle K , Aiona Kaylynn , Erlandson Kristine M , Belknap Robert W 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Treatment of latent tuberculosis (LTBI) is important for tuberculosis (TB) prevention, and short course rifamycin-based therapies are preferred. Once-weekly isoniazid-rifapentine by self-administered therapy (3HP-SAT) has never been compared with 4 months of daily rifampin (4R).

Methods
Retrospective cohort study of adults ≥18 years of age initiating LTBI treatment with either 3HP-SAT or 4R in a United States (US)–based TB clinic between 11 April 2016 and 31 December 2018. We evaluated treatment completion through pharmacy fills and reviewed charts for reasons of noncompletion, including adverse events (AEs). The χ 2 test and a log-binomial multivariable model were used to compare treatment completion and AEs.

Results
Five hundred sixty individuals (42%) initiated 3HP-SAT and 773 (58%) initiated 4R. Median age was 38, 55% were female, and 89% were born outside of the US. Among those aged 18–49 years, treatment completion with 3HP-SAT was 79% compared to 68% with 4R (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.17 [95% CI, 1.17–1.27]; P &lt; .0001). Among individuals aged ≥50 years, treatment completion with 3HP-SAT was 87% compared to 64% with 4R (aRR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.19–1.52]; P &lt; .0001). Compared to 4R, there was no difference in risk of AEs in the 18–49 age group (aRR, 0.93 [95% CI, .58–1.48]; P = .75). Reduced risk of AEs was noted among patients aged ≥50 years who received 3HP-SAT (aRR, 0.37 [95% CI, .16–.85]; P = .02).

Conclusions
3HP-SAT was associated with higher LTBI treatment completion and lower rates of AEs compared to 4R in individuals aged 50 and older. Expanding 3HP-SAT as an option for patients with LTBI may enhance TB prevention strategies in the US.
Development, validation, and implementation of biomarker testing in cardiovascular medicine state-of-the-art: proceedings of the European Society of Cardiology—Cardiovascular Round Table
Authors: Elliott Perry , Cowie Martin R , Franke Jennifer , Ziegler André , Antoniades Charalambos , Bax Jeroen , Bucciarelli-Ducci Chiara , Flachskampf Frank A , Hamm Christian , Jensen Magnus T , Katus Hugo , Maisel Alan , McDonagh Theresa , Mittmann Clemens , Muntendam Pieter , Nagel Eike , Rosano Giuseppe , Twerenbold Raphael , Zannad Faiez 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Many biomarkers that could be used to assess ejection fraction, heart failure, or myocardial infarction fail to translate into clinical practice because they lack essential performance characteristics or fail to meet regulatory standards for approval. Despite their potential, new technologies have added to the complexities of successful translation into clinical practice. Biomarker discovery and implementation require a standardized approach that includes: identification of a clinical need; identification of a valid surrogate biomarker; stepwise assay refinement, demonstration of superiority over current standard-of-care; development and understanding of a clinical pathway; and demonstration of real-world performance. Successful biomarkers should improve efficacy or safety of treatment, while being practical at a realistic cost. Everyone involved in cardiovascular healthcare, including researchers, clinicians, and industry partners, are important stakeholders in facilitating the development and implementation of biomarkers. This article provides suggestions for a development pathway for new biomarkers, discusses regulatory issues and challenges, and suggestions for accelerating the pathway to improve patient outcomes. Real-life examples of successful biomarkers—high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, and echocardiography—are used to illustrate the value of a standardized development pathway in the translation of concepts into routine clinical practice.
Incremental prognostic value of hybrid [15O]H2O positron emission tomography–computed tomography: combining myocardial blood flow, coronary stenosis severity, and high-risk plaque morphology
Authors: Driessen Roel S , Bom Michiel J , van Diemen Pepijn A , Schumacher Stefan P , Leonora Remi M , Everaars Henk , van Rossum Albert C , Raijmakers Pieter G , van de Ven Peter M , van Kuijk Cornelis C , Lammertsma Adriaan A , Knuuti Juhani , Ahmadi Amir , Min James K , Leipsic Jonathon A , Narula Jagat , Danad Ibrahim , Knaapen Paul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Aims
This study sought to determine the prognostic value of combined functional testing using positron emission tomography (PET) perfusion imaging and anatomical testing using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA)-derived stenosis severity and plaque morphology in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods and results
In this retrospective study, 539 patients referred for hybrid [15O]H2O PET-CT imaging because of suspected CAD were investigated. PET was used to determine myocardial blood flow (MBF), whereas CCTA images were evaluated for obstructive stenoses and high-risk plaque (HRP) morphology. Patients were followed up for the occurrence of all-cause death and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI). During a median follow-up of 6.8 (interquartile range 4.8–7.8) years, 42 (7.8%) patients experienced events, including 23 (4.3%) deaths, and 19 (3.5%) MIs. Annualized event rates for normal vs. abnormal results of PET MBF, CCTA-derived stenosis, and HRP morphology were 0.6 vs. 2.1%, 0.4 vs. 2.1%, and 0.8 vs. 2.8%, respectively (P &lt; 0.001 for all). Cox regression analysis demonstrated prognostic values of PET perfusion imaging [hazard ratio (HR) 3.75 (1.84–7.63), P &lt; 0.001], CCTA-derived stenosis [HR 5.61 (2.36–13.34), P &lt; 0.001], and HRPs [HR 3.37 (1.83–6.18), P &lt; 0.001] for the occurrence of death or MI. However, only stenosis severity [HR 3.01 (1.06–8.54), P = 0.039] and HRPs [HR 1.93 (1.00–3.71), P = 0.049] remained independently associated.

Conclusion
PET-derived MBF, CCTA-derived stenosis severity, and HRP morphology were univariably associated with death and MI, whereas only stenosis severity and HRP morphology provided independent prognostic value.
The market for traceability with applications to U.S. feeder cattle
Authors: Mitchell James , Tonsor Glynn T , Schulz Lee 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
For voluntary traceability programs, a key interest for program designers and policymakers is how to encourage participation. We contend that participating in voluntary traceability can be viewed as a product characteristic, and thus serves as a source of product differentiation. We study the implicit market for traceability systems for the first known time. In our empirical example, we use stated choice experiments to link feeder cattle sellers and buyers through premiums and discounts for cattle traceability systems. Using results from discrete choice models, we simulate changes in traceability supply and demand in response to prices and policies. We find that cost-share policies might be an effective way of encouraging participation for feeder cattle sellers and could serve as an alternative to mandating traceability.
Airway Gene Expression Correlates of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Severity and Microbiome Composition in Infants
Authors: Chu Chin-Yi , Qiu Xing , McCall Matthew N , Wang Lu , Corbett Anthony , Holden-Wiltse Jeanne , Slaunwhite Christopher , Grier Alex , Gill Steven R , Pryhuber Gloria S , Falsey Ann R , Topham David J , Caserta Mary T , Walsh Edward E , Mariani Thomas J 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants. The causes and correlates of severe illness in the majority of infants are poorly defined.MethodsWe recruited a cohort of RSV-infected infants and simultaneously assayed the molecular status of their airways and the presence of airway microbiota. We used rigorous statistical approaches to identify gene expression patterns associated with disease severity and microbiota composition, separately and in combination.ResultsWe measured comprehensive airway gene expression patterns in 106 infants with primary RSV infection. We identified an airway gene expression signature of severe illness dominated by excessive chemokine expression. We also found an association between Haemophilus influenzae, disease severity, and airway lymphocyte accumulation. Exploring the time of onset of clinical symptoms revealed acute activation of interferon signaling following RSV infection in infants with mild or moderate illness, which was absent in subjects with severe illness.ConclusionsOur data reveal that airway gene expression patterns distinguish mild/moderate from severe illness. Furthermore, our data identify biomarkers that may be therapeutic targets or useful for measuring efficacy of intervention responses.
Practical application of an impractical bovine genotype: creating bilateral twin pregnancies in Trio allele carriers
Authors: Madureira Guilherme , Gomez-León Victor , Grillo Gustavo Fernandes , Nascimento Andrade João Paulo , Lett Beth , Moghbeli Sadrollah Molaei , Wiltbank Milo C , Kirkpatrick Brian W 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Bovine twin birth is associated with detriments, including increased embryo/fetal losses, malpresentation, and dystocia. Incidence of these is lessened in bilateral compared with unilateral twin pregnancy. This study was undertaken to assess the use of follicular ablation by aspiration to create bilateral twin pregnancies in females with genetic potential for ~3.5 ovulations per cycle (Trio allele carriers). In experiment 1, carriers (n = 30) and noncarriers (n = 10) were synchronized for ovulation and timed artificial insemination (TAI). Follicles (&gt;5 mm) in excess of one per ovary were aspirated ~16 h preceding TAI. Follicle count for females with follicles on only one ovary was reduced to two. Blood was sampled 2 wk post-TAI to assess progesterone (P4) concentrations; embryo count was determined by ultrasound 6 wk post-TAI. Circulating P4 concentration post-TAI was significantly (P &lt; 0.001) associated with both genotype and subsequent pregnancy status (pregnant noncarriers: 7.06 ± 0.68 ng/mL; pregnant carriers: 5.54 ± 0.55 ng/mL; nonpregnant noncarriers: 5.22 ± 1.05 ng/mL; nonpregnant carriers: 3.13 ± 0.42 ng/mL). Experiment 2 was undertaken to offset the negative effects of follicular aspiration on subsequent P4 concentration observed in experiment 1. Carriers (n = 38) and noncarriers (n = 32) were submitted to TAI and follicle ablation as described for experiment 1. Additionally, accessory corpora lutea (CL) were induced in carriers by the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (carriers) at day 6 post-TAI. Consequently, P4 concentration post-TAI was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) associated with subsequent pregnancy status (pregnant: 8.48 ± 0.61 ng/mL; nonpregnant: 6.70 ± 0.63 ng/mL) but not with genotype (carrier: 8.01 ± 0.59 ng/mL; noncarrier: 7.17 ± 0.64 ng/mL). Embryo number was greater in carriers (exp. 1: 1.64 ± 0.81; exp 2: 1.45 ± 0.09) vs. noncarriers (1.00 ± 0.00, both experiments). Single, twin, and triplet pregnancies occurred in carriers in experiment 1, whereas multiples in experiment 2 were limited to twin pregnancies. Genotype effects on pregnancy rate were not significant (P &gt; 0.10) in either experiment. Results suggest that follicular ablation to create bilateral twin pregnancies in Trio carriers is feasible but requires the induction of accessory CL to offset the negative effects of follicular aspiration on subsequent P4 concentration and associated fertility outcomes.
Accidental Nasal Myiasis Caused by Megaselia rufipes (Diptera: Phoridae) in a Child
Authors: Giangaspero A , Barlaam A , Pane S , Marchili M R , Onetti Muda A , Putignani L , Hall M J R 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A case of a nasal myiasis in a 3-yr-old Italian girl who was referred to Bambino Gesù Hospital in Rome, Italy, is reported. Larvae discharged with the nasal mucus were microscopically identified as Megaselia spp.; DNA barcoding analysis showed that they belonged to the ‘scuttle fly’ species Megaselia rufipes (Meigen). Based on the patient’s history, she became infected when she played outside. This is the first report of myiasis in humans due to M. rufipes (Diptera: Phoridae).
Multicenter Interim Guidance on Use of Antivirals for Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Authors: Chiotos Kathleen , Hayes Molly , Kimberlin David W , Jones Sarah B , James Scott H , Pinninti Swetha G , Yarbrough April , Abzug Mark J , MacBrayne Christine E , Soma Vijaya L , Dulek Daniel E , Vora Surabhi B , Waghmare Alpana , Wolf Joshua , Olivero Rosemary , Grapentine Steven , Wattier Rachel L , Bio Laura , Cross Shane J , Dillman Nicholas O , Downes Kevin J , Oliveira Carlos R , Timberlake Kathryn , Young Jennifer , Orscheln Rachel C , Tamma Pranita D , Schwenk Hayden T , Zachariah Philip , Aldrich Margaret L , Goldman David L , Groves Helen E , Rajapakse Nipunie S , Lamb Gabriella S , Tribble Alison C , Hersh Adam L , Thorell Emily A , Denison Mark R , Ratner Adam J , Newland Jason G , Nakamura Mari M 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a mild infection in most children, a small proportion develop severe or critical illness. Data describing agents with potential antiviral activity continue to expand such that updated guidance is needed regarding use of these agents in children.MethodsA panel of pediatric infectious diseases physicians and pharmacists from 20 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a set of guidance statements was developed and refined based on review of the best available evidence and expert opinion.ResultsGiven the typically mild course of COVID-19 in children, supportive care alone is suggested for most cases. For children with severe illness, defined as a supplemental oxygen requirement without need for noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), remdesivir is suggested, preferably as part of a clinical trial if available. Remdesivir should also be considered for critically ill children requiring invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO. A duration of 5 days is appropriate for most patients. The panel recommends against the use of hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir (or other protease inhibitors) for COVID-19 in children.ConclusionsAntiviral therapy for COVID-19 is not necessary for the great majority of pediatric patients. For children with severe or critical disease, this guidance offers an approach for decision-making regarding use of remdesivir.
Justification awareness
Authors: Artemov Sergei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe offer a new semantic approach to formal epistemology that incorporates two principal ideas: (i) justifications are prime objects of the model: knowledge and belief are defined evidence-based concepts; (ii) awareness restrictions are applied to justifications rather than to propositions, which allows for the maintaining of desirable closure properties. The resulting structures, Justification Awareness Models, JAMs, naturally include major justification models, Kripke models and, in addition, represent situations with multiple possibly fallible justifications which, in full generality, were previously off the scope of rigorous epistemic modeling.
Merger-inspired rotation laws and the low-T/W instability in neutron stars
Authors: Passamonti A , Andersson N 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTImplementing a family of differential rotation laws inspired by binary neutron-star merger remnants, we consider the impact of the rotation profile on the low-T/W instability. We use time evolutions of the linearized dynamical equations, in Newtonian gravity, to study non-axisymmetric oscillations and identify the unstable modes. The presence and evolution of the low-T/W instability is monitored with the canonical energy and angular momentum, while the growth time is extracted from the evolved kinetic energy. The results for the new rotation laws highlight similarities with the commonly considered j-constant law. The instability sets in when an oscillation mode corotates with the star (i.e. whenever there is a point at which the mode’s pattern speed matches the bulk angular velocity) and grows faster deep inside the co-rotation region. However, the new profiles add features, like an additional co-rotation point, to the problem, and these affect the onset of instability. The rotation laws have the most drastic influence on the oscillation frequencies of the l = m = 2 f mode in fast-rotating models, but affect the instability growth time at some level for any rotation rate. We also identify models where the low-T/W instability appears to be triggered by inertial modes. We discuss to what extent the inferred qualitative behaviour is likely to be of observational relevance.
Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor: an illustrative case and a systematic review
Authors: Wilson Caleb P , Chakraborty Arpan R , Pelargos Panayiotis E , Shi Helen H , Milton Camille K , Sung Sarah , McCoy Tressie , Peterson Jo Elle , Glenn Chad A 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundRosette-forming glioneuronal tumors (RGNTs) are rare, low-grade, primary CNS tumors first described in 2002 by Komori et al. RGNTs were initially characterized as a World Health Organization (WHO) grade I tumors typically localized to the fourth ventricle. Although commonly associated with an indolent course, RGNTs have the potential for aggressive behavior.MethodsA comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science was performed through November 2019 using the search term “rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor.” Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. English, full-text case reports and series with histopathological confirmation were included. Patient demographics, presentations, MRI features, tumor location, treatment, and follow-up of all 130 cases were extracted.ResultsA 19-year-old man with a history of epilepsy and autism presented with acute hydrocephalus. MRI scans from 2013 to 2016 demonstrated unchanged abnormal areas of cortex in the left temporal lobe with extension into the deep gray-white matter. On presentation to our clinic in 2019, the lesion demonstrated significant progression. The patient’s tumor was identified as RGNT, WHO grade I. One hundred thirty patients were identified across 80 studies.ConclusionRGNT has potential to transform from an indolent tumor to a tumor with more aggressive behavior. The results of our systematic review provide insight into the natural history and treatment outcomes of these rare tumors.
Unjust Enrichment: What We Owe to Each Other
Authors: Cutts Tatiana 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In some quarters, the focus of unjust enrichment scholarship has shifted from loss and gain towards the defendant’s ‘involvement in the story’—what she has done to warrant liability. The goal of this shift is to fit unjust enrichment within the ‘doer-sufferer’ template of ‘corrective justice’ theories of private law. I argue that this shift fails to reconcile unjust enrichment with the commitment to equal freedom upon which these theories depend. But we can justify restitution without forsaking the Kantian concern with rational agency. In this article, I endorse a contractualist approach to mistaken payments: a particular use of the state’s coercive power is just if it is one that everyone could rationally choose; everyone could rationally choose a rule placing the burden of risk for mistake with payees, if that rule does not make any such payee worse off than she was prior to the impugned transaction.
A Case of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma With Conjunctival Laceration After Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation
Authors: Kiyama Yu , Nakashima Kei-Ichi , Inoue Toshihiro 
Published: September 2020

Purpose:
We report a case of primary open-angle glaucoma with conjunctival laceration after micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-CPC).

Patients and Methods:
A 74-year-old man with primary open-angle glaucoma underwent MP-CPC using a Cyclo G6 device (IRIDEX) due to an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) to 25 mm Hg in his left eye. At 1 week after surgery, IOP had decreased to 12 mm Hg. However, at 2 months after surgery, IOP had increased again to 25 mm Hg. MP-CPC was performed again at 3 months after the first surgery using a Cyclo G6 device, in accordance with treatment guidelines outlined by the manufacturer. Before the MP-CPC treatment, the patient received anesthesia with 2% lidocaine in the sub-Tenon space. A large amount of subconjunctival hemorrhage was observed in the sub-Tenon space.

Results:
At 1 day after the second MP-CPC treatment, an arc-shaped conjunctival erosion and a brown lesion were observed in the MP-CPC-irradiated area in the lower hemisphere. The possibility of scleral laceration was considered. The IOP was 25 mm Hg and no aqueous humor leakage was observed. The wound had become enlarged. At 20 days after the second MP-CPC, the patient was hospitalized to close the wound. During the repair surgery, the brown lesion was easily detached from the sclera. There was conjunctival laceration, but no scleral laceration. Pathologic examination revealed that the exfoliated tissue contained abundant clots, connective tissue, and elastic fibers.

Conclusion:
Special care and consideration are required when performing MP-CPC in cases of severe subconjunctival hemorrhage.
Modeling an integrated HIV prevention and care continuum to achieve the Ending the HIV Epidemic goals
Authors: Jenness Samuel M. , Johnson Jordan A. , Hoover Karen W. , Smith Dawn K. , Delaney Kevin P. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
We sought to evaluate, which combinations of HIV prevention and care activities would have the greatest impact towards reaching the US Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) plan goals of HIV incidence reduction.

Design:
A stochastic network-based HIV transmission model for men who have sex with men (MSM), calibrated to surveillance estimates in the Atlanta area, a focal EHE jurisdiction.

Methods:
Model scenarios varied HIV screening rates under different assumptions of how HIV-negative MSM would be linked to PrEP initiation, and rates of HIV care linkage and retention for those screening positive.

Results:
A ten-fold relative increase in HIV screening rates (to approximately biannual screening for black and Hispanic MSM and quarterly for white MSM) would lead to 43% of infections averted if integrated with PrEP initiation. Improvements focused only on black MSM would achieve nearly the same outcome (37% of infections averted). Improvements to HIV care retention would avert 41% of infections if retention rates were improved ten-fold. If both screening and retention were jointly improved ten-fold, up to 74% of cumulative infections would be averted. Under this scenario, it would take 4 years to meet the 75% EHE goal and 12 years to meet the 90% goal for Atlanta MSM.

Conclusion:
Reaching the EHE 75% incidence reduction goals by their target dates will require immediate and substantial improvements in HIV screening, PrEP, and ART care retention. Meeting these EHE goals in target jurisdictions like Atlanta will be possible only by addressing the HIV service needs of black MSM.