bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do free trade agreements promote sneaky protectionism? A classical liberal perspective
Authors: Wandel Jürgen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A neglected aspect of regional trade agreements (RTAs) is their protectionist potential. In times of a stagnating World Trade Organization (WTO), growing economic nationalism and skepticism about the merits of free trade and trade agreements, the paper examines to what extent recently signed RTAs really promote genuine free trade or rather foster sneaky protectionism under the guise of free trade. For this, the paper proposes an ideal-type free trade agreement benchmark model based on a classical liberal perspective and applies it in a multiple case study approach to assess three cases of recently concluded mega-RTAs: the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the renegotiated North American trade agreement USCMA, and the Canada–European Union (EU) agreement CETA. The article shows that all of them are far from the classical liberal ideal of totally free trade and have a high content of back door protectionism suitable to raise trade barriers when politically opportune. In particular, the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) includes many clear protectionist provisions that might even outweigh its liberalizing stipulations, whereas CPTPP and CETA can be deemed net liberalizing. It concludes that given political economy constraints, RTAs can nevertheless remain a second-best solution to the classical liberal ideals of completely unhampered trade and unilateral liberalization provided that they remove more impediments to free exchange than they cement or create.
Refraction in Children with Unilateral and Bilateral Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Authors: Valcheva Krasina P. , Murgova Snejana V. 
Published: December 2019

Summary
The study aimed to identify the type of refraction in children with unilateral and bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) who underwent nasolacrimal duct probing. One hundred and twelve children aged 1.8 to 13 years, diagnosed with CNLDO, were included in a retrospective study. All the patients had their visual acuity examined, and their refractive status was evaluated. The refractive errors of both eyes were noted, followed by an appropriate management plan. Of the 112 children, 79 (70.5%) had a unilateral obstruction, and 33 (29.5%) had bilateral obstruction. Nine children (11.4%) in the former group and six children (18.2%) in the latter group were with visual acuity <0.8. The most frequent refractive error among the studied children was hyperopia. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between refraction of the two eyes in the evaluated children were found. Amblyopia risk factors were identified in 9 of the patients (8.0%). CNLDO did not adversely affect the refractive status. However, amblyogenic risk factors were found more often in our patients, as compared to general populations. Therefore, a detailed evaluation should be performed to find out these risk factors.
Norms for Physical Growth of the Full-Term Babies Born from Singleton Pregnancy in Pleven
Authors: Hristova Irena R. , Simeonova Joana I. , Hinkova Nadezdha H. , Tomov Slavcho T. 
Published: December 2019

Summary
The aim of the study was to develop the norms for physical growth (birth weight-, birth height- and head circumference- for age) of the full-term babies born from singleton pregnancy in UMHAT „Dr. G. Stranski” – Pleven (total, by gender and gestational age at birth). A cross-sectional study was carried-out in 2017; 1092 live infants born from singleton pregnancy between 38 and 42 weeks were included in the study. We obtained information about three anthropometric measurements (birth weight-, birth height- and head circumference-for age). Data were processed by SPSS v.24.0. Norm group ranges (3, 5 and 7 groups) were developed for three indicators using percentile methods. Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The mean birth weight- and height-for age were higher for baby boys (P50, 3280 g and 50 cm) compared with baby girls (P50, 3150 g and 49 cm). Baby boys and girls weighed <2570 g at birth fell into the group ,,very slow growth” (P3). A ,,very fast growth” (P97) was found in baby boys weighed >4120 g at birth (vs. >3870 g for baby girls). Norm group ranges allow to identify the newborns with a higher risk and to focus efforts and health resources to them; it should be updated periodically.
Recurrence Rate of Lumbar Disc Herniation After Standard Discectomy and Microdiscectomy: A 5-Year Study
Authors: Ovcharov Mladen E. , Valkov Iliya V. , Mladenovski Milan N. , Vasilev Nikolay V. 
Published: December 2019

Summary
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the most common pathology in young people, as well as people of active age. Despite sophisticated and new minimally invasive surgical techniques and approaches, reoperations for recurrent lumbar disc herniation (rLDH) could not be avoided. LDH recurrence rates, reported in different studies, range from 5 to 25%. The purpose of this study was to estimate the recurrence rates of LDH after standard discectomy (SD) and microdiscectomy (MD), and compare them to those reported in the literature. Retrospectively, operative reports for the period 2012-2017 were reviewed on LDH surgeries performed at the Neurosurgery Clinic of Dr Georgi Stranski University Hospital in Pleven. Five hundred eighty-nine single-level lumbar discectomies were performed by one neurosurgeon. The diagnoses of recurrent disc herniation were based on the development of new symptoms and magnetic resonance/computed tomography (MRI/CT) images showing compatible lesions in the same lumbar level as the primary lumbar discectomies. The recurrence rate was determined by using chi-square tests and directional measures. SD was the most common procedure (498 patients) followed by MD (91 patients). The cumulative reoperation rate for rLDH was 7.5%. From a total number of reoperations, 26 were males (59.1%) and 18 were females (40.9%). Reoperation rates were 7.6% and 6.6% after SD and MD respectively. The recurrence rate was not significantly higher for SD. Our recurrence rate was 7.5%, which makes it comparable with the rates of 5-25% reported in the literature.
A Case Report of Influence of Free Tyrosine Kinase/Placental Growth Factor (SFLT-1/PLGF) Ratio Test for Preeclampsia on Clinical Decision Making in Screening Positive Women
Authors: Vasileva Polina P. , Yordanov Angel D. , Mazneykova Valentina I. , Ruseva Adelaida L. , Dimitrov Dobromir D. 
Published: December 2019

Summary
Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th gestational week (GW). It is a significant cause of maternal and fetal perinatal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. There is increasing evidence suggesting that PE is due to an impaired balance between maternal placental angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors that harm maternal vascular endothelium. The study aimed to assess the clinical and financial aspects of introducing into practice the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) to placental growth factor (PlGF) ratio test to improve the management of preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcome, intrauterine growth retardation, iatrogenic prematurity, and placental abruption.
We report a case study in which we used the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in the management of a high-risk pregnancy. Unnecessary hospitalization was avoided, and the patient was managed appropriately.
Assessment of Runoff and Drainage Conditions in a North Banat Sub-Catchment, North-Eastern Serbia
Authors: Vranešević Milica , Salvai Andrea , Bezdan Atila , Zemunac Radoš 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The lowland area of the southeastern part of the Carpathian Basin is exposed to extreme hydrological conditions. The monitoring and analysis of the excess inland water are necessary in order to understand the scope and direction of the development of this type of flooding. When solving the problem of the drainage of an area and dimensioning drainage systems, one of the most important steps is to calculate the rate of runoff. Before calculating the rate of runoff, it is necessary to perform various analysis such as: hydrological, hydrogeological, pedological and land use analysis. The use of empirical formulas by different authors is one of the methods for determining the rate of runoff. These formulas can be of regional character, while some are applicable in different parts of the world. In this paper, the runoff coefficient and rate of runoff were calculated as indicators of the efficiency of the area drainage, employing the formulas by Nemet and Turazzo. The emphasis was put on the usage of modern tools and databases of soil characteristics while using a “traditional” method to determine rate of runoff. The obtained results demonstrate that the rate of runoff which reflects the current state of the drainage basin is very similar to the rate of runoff used for dimensioning of drainage system. The problem of retaining smaller amounts of water that remains even after the anticipated drainage deadlines can be solved with the regular maintenance of amelioration canals and additional ameliorative measures.
Characteristics of Post Socialist Spatial Development of the Functional Urban Area of Veszprém, Hungary
Authors: Iváncsics Vera , Kovács Krisztina Filepné 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe post-socialist era resulted remarkable changes in urban landscape in Eastern Europe and in Hungary. The special circumstances caused moderate level of urbanisation and special patterns of urban sprawl, traceable in land use changes. The urban sprawl and suburbanisation became an important trend around smaller Hungarian cities as well. Regulators are eager to rule the evolution of spaces, however, it is hard to control all aspects of land use. The research presented in this paper shows the dynamics of new artificial areas with the help of land use changes from the Corine Database for the functional urban area around Veszprém and attempts to find the most important policy responses to the growing artificial surfaces after transition. The research questions are: What are the most important trends in changing in-built areas in a small city after the transition? What kind of new artificial areas appeared and where are they situated? Were the land use plans and nature protection effective tools for manage urban sprawl? With the help of Corine land use changes between 1990-2018 the most important spatial changes are shown, and the different peri-urban areas are compared around the core town. Attention is drawn to the importance of regulation for sustainable land use and protection of resources. It also highlights the importance of the regulatory power of municipalities. Changes in the environment of Veszprém may give inspiration for the rethinking the relationship of urban-rural, and catchment area and core town.
Droughts, Dry Spells and Low Water Levels in Late Medieval Hungary (and Slavonia) III: Potential Dry Spells and the Drought of (1516-)1517
Authors: Kiss Andrea 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
As a continuation of the series about droughts in late medieval Hungary, we present, analyse and compare further cases, based on contemporary direct and indirect documentary source evidence. The data, concerning (potential) low water-level conditions in 1375, 1378, 1393-1394 and 1517, and the economic problems (and solutions) probably related to multiannual dry (spring, summer?) conditions, recorded in the 1410s and 1420s, are further compared to the recent tree-ring based hydroclimate reconstruction of the OWDA (Old World Drought Atlas). Whereas the cases in 1371, 1375, 1378, (1414-)1417 and 1427-1428 (and before) reflect on local-regional problems and also show some conflicts between documentary and tree-ring based reconstructions, in 1393 the local data and the potential Danube low water-level evidence mainly reflects on lower precipitation sums in Western Hungary and the Upper-Danube catchment. The 1517 case, however, presumably refers to large-scale drought problems in the Carpathian Basin and beyond. Beyond the case studies on individual years or multiannual periods, indirect indicators of drought and dry spells are discussed and main groups of most frequent (potential) indicators defined. Preceded by a hard winter, the year of Reformation stands out both in documentary and tree-ring evidence as an outstanding drought year, and has particular importance in the paper.
The importance of intra-linguistic diversity in teaching Slovenian as the first language
Authors: Vogel Jerca 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In recent decades, Slovenian sociolinguistic situation and within the functions of different language varieties have dramatically changed. In spite of this process, the standard language remains a language variety that enables an individual to participate equally in educational and public life. As the Slovenian schools are not successful enough in developing of the discursive flexibility and mastering of the standard language, in the article, the functions of Standard language in modern Slovenian-speaking society is described; the specific groups of primary Slovenian language speakers are defined, and some solutions for improving the first language learning are suggested.
In 1990’s, in opposite to the prevailing traditional structural language-stratification theory, the new classification of the primary sociolects, based on the English functional linguistics, by A. E. Skubic was represented. According to his theory, the sociolects are defined as non-hierarchically ordered cultivated or marginal language varieties that are used and identified with by different social groups. Based on Skubic’s classification, two main groups of primary-Slovenian language speakers can be described. The speakers of the cultivated primary sociolects are mostly self-confident users of language, identifying themselves with the main culture. In opposite, the speakers of the marginal sociolects could be de-privileged due to their linguistic deficit in standard language and micro-cultural discursive patterns, used in educational or public contexts.
As it is suggested, to improve students’ linguistic competence and diminish deficits, the discursive flexibility should be understood as a complex awareness, consisting of cognitive, emotional-evaluative and active dimensions. Therefore, the basic principle of first language teaching should become the extended holistic principle, emphasizing the inclusion of standard and different non-standard language varieties, observation of their different functions in specific communicative situations and reflection about the complex context, that can be implemented to first language teaching in all basic phases of learning.
An investigation into the effects of prompt selection on writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency: The case of Iranian learners at different proficiency levels
Authors: Meihami Hussein , Saadat Mahboobeh 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Self-selecting of the material has been the arena of discussion by the researchers of L2 pedagogy. While some believe that it can be effective, others believe that it is detrimental to L2 learning. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-selected and teacher assigned writing prompts on the writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency of Iranian EFL learners at beginning, intermediate, and advanced proficiency levels. The theoretical aspects of the current research were founded based on Theory of Reasoned Action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) and Choice Theory (Glasser, 1998). Given that, 52 Iranian EFL learners (beginning N = 19, intermediate N = 16, advanced N = 17) participated in this study. Each student was asked to write about two writing prompts: one selected by the students and the other by the teacher. Using relevant indexes, we measured writing complexity, accuracy and fluency with regard to the two writing prompts. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency of L2 learners when they wrote about their own self-selected prompts and when they wrote about the teacher assigned ones. The results also revealed that L2 learners’ writings were more complex, accurate, and fluent when they wrote about their self-selected prompts. The findings of this study can have some implications for L2 writing instructors and test designers.
EPID – a useful interfraction QC tool
Authors: Klimas Aleksandra , Grządziel Aleksandra , Plaza Dominika , Bekman Barbara , Woźniak Bożena , Dolla Łukasz , Osewski Wojciech , Paściak Paweł , Wendykier Jacek , Ślosarek Krzysztof 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Biomedical accelerators used in radiotherapy are equipped with detector arrays which are commonly used to obtain the image of patient position during the treatment session. These devices use both kilovolt and megavolt x-ray beams. The advantage of EPID (Electronic Portal Imaging Device) megavolt panels is the correlation of the measured signal with the calibrated dose. The EPID gives a possibility to verify delivered dose. The aim of the study is to answer the question whether EPID can be useful as a tool for interfraction QC (quality control) of dose and geometry repeatability.
The EPID system has been calibrated according to the manufacturer’s recommendations to obtain a signal and dose values correlation. Initially, the uncertainty of the EPID matrix measurement was estimated. According to that, the detecting sensitivity of two parameters was checked: discrepancies between the planned and measured dose and field geometry variance. Moreover, the linearity of measured signal-dose function was evaluated.
In the second part of the work, an analysis of several dose distributions was performed. In this study, the analysis of clinical cases was limited to stereotactic dynamic radiotherapy. Fluence maps were obtained as a result of the dose distribution measurements with the EPID during treatment sessions. The compatibility of fluence maps was analyzed using the gamma index. The fluence map acquired during the first fraction was the reference one. The obtained results show that EPID system can be used for interfraction control of dose and geometry repeatability.
BUYING EXPERIENCE: THE IMPACT OF TRUST AND SATISFACTION OF GRAB FOOD CUSTOMERS IN SURABAYA
Authors: Iristian Jovi , Irdiana Sukma 
Published: December 2019

This study aims to determine and explain the influence of buying experience on customer trust and customer satisfaction in Grab Food customers in Surabaya. The selection of the location of this study considered that the customers who usually bought food using Grab Food were customers whose market segments were in the big city community. The exogenous variables in this study were buying experience, while the endogenous variables were trust and customer satisfaction. The type of research used was explanatory research. The sample were 140 respondents with a sampling technique using purpose sampling. The data collection method used a questionnaire. The validity test and reliability test were used to test the instrument. The result of testing the instrument indicated that the entire instrument was valid and reliable. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results of this study indicated that buying experience had a significant effect on trust with the contribution of 26.9%. Buying experience had a significant effect on customer satisfaction with a contribution of 22.1%, and trust had a significant effect on customer satisfaction with a contribution of 17.1%.This study aims to determine and explain the influence of buying experience on customer trust and customer satisfaction in Grab Food customers in Surabaya. The selection of the location of this study considered that the customers who usually bought food using Grab Food were customers whose market segments were in the big city community. The exogenous variables in this study were buying experience, while the endogenous variables were trust and customer satisfaction. The type of research used was explanatory research. The sample were 140 respondents with a sampling technique using purpose sampling. The data collection method used a questionnaire. The validity test and reliability test were used to test the instrument. The result of testing the instrument indicated that the entire instrument was valid and reliable. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results of this study indicated that buying experience had a significant effect on trust with the contribution of 26.9%. Buying experience had a significant effect on customer satisfaction with a contribution of 22.1%, and trust had a significant effect on customer satisfaction with a contribution of 17.1%. Keywords: Buying Experience, Trust, Customer Satisfaction
A rare case of brain metastasis from poorly differentiated small bowel adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yamazawa Erika , Honma Yoshitaka , Satomi Kaishi , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Takahashi Masamichi , Yoshida Akihiko , Tominaga Koji , Miyakita Yasuji , Ohno Makoto , Asanome Taku , Satomi Natsuko , Narita Yoshitaka 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) accounts for <2% of all gastrointestinal malignancies. The most common organs of SBA metastases are the abdominal lymph node, liver, and peritoneum. There have been almost no reports of brain metastases of SBA. Dabaja et al. reported 1 case of brain metastasis out of 217 SBA cases, but details of the clinical course of the case were unclear. Our case might be the first report covering the full clinical course, pathological findings, and genetic data. Here, we report a very rare case of brain metastasis from poorly differentiated SBA.

Case Description:
A 54-year-old man who suffered from abdominal pain and melena visited a nearby hospital. This patient had no risk factors for SBA. He underwent partial resection of the jejunum with regional lymphadenectomy and combined resection of the transverse colon. Pathological diagnosis was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, pT4N2M0 Stage IIIB (UICC-TNM: 8th edition). One month after curative surgery, liver metastasis was detected by a computed tomography (CT) scan, and then, palliative chemotherapy was started. During the third-line chemotherapy, a brain tumor on the left cerebellum was detected by the CT scan. Tumor resection was performed, and the histopathological features coincided with the primary jejunum tumor. Based on surgical, radiological, pathological, and genetic findings, this brain tumor was comprehensively diagnosed as a metastasis from poorly differentiated SBA.

Conclusion:
Here, we experienced a very rare case of brain metastasis from poorly differentiated SBA.
The Correlation Between Students’ English Achievement and Their Homework at the Eleventh Grade Students of SMA Negeri 3 Oku
Authors: Arizah Mila , Sari Santi Novita 
Published: December 2019

The aim of this research was to observe on the correlation between students’ English achievement and their homework at the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 3 OKU. The kind of research that was used is quantitative and the design is correlational. The writers used questionnaire and students’ achievement in English subject to collect the data. The questionnaire measured the effect of homework on students. The population of this research was the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 3 OKU in academic year 2018/2019. The sample was taken by using Slovin formula. Population was 272 students. The sample was 162 students. The students’ mean score of questionnaire was 13.62. The students’ mean score of students’ English achievement was 77.21 and it was in good category. Based on the result of the data, writers found that there was significant correlation between students’ English achievement and their homework. The correlation was significant in terms of the correlation coefficient was 0.485. It is meant English homework can influenced students’ English achievement.