bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical influence of temperature and precipitation on snow cover variability in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, China
Authors: Ban Chunguang , Xu Zongxue , Zuo Depeng , Liu Xiaowan , Zhang Rui , Wang Jing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSeasonal snow cover in mountainous areas is a key source of water for downstream regions. The snow cover area (SCA) in the Northern Hemisphere has significantly decreased during the past decades in response to global warming. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the primary factors controlling the spatiotemporal variabilities in the SCA in high altitude regions. In this study, based on remote sensing data of SCA, temperature, and precipitation in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, Pearson's correlation analysis was used to identify the relative importance of temperature and precipitation on the SCA variability with altitude. The results showed that temperature played a more dominant role for the SCA than precipitation at all elevation during the period 2001–2017; three threshold altitudes at high, moderate, and low elevation were identified, and these threshold altitudes are dynamic and vary with time; the threshold altitude at high elevation was 5,925 ± 125 m, below which temperature (precipitation) was negatively (positively) correlated and above which temperature (precipitation) was positively (negatively) correlated with the SCA; the threshold altitude at moderate elevation was 3,200 ± 300 m, below which temperature (precipitation) was positively (negatively) correlated and above which temperature (precipitation) was negatively (positively) correlated with the SCA; the threshold altitude in low elevation regions was 2,100 ± 200 m. This study sheds light on the dominant climatic control factors on the variability in SCA in high altitude regions. These results have major implications for SCA and water resources availability under future climate change.
Corporate carbon dioxide emissions and the cost of debt financing: Evidence from the global tourism industry
Authors: Wang Ying‐Chieh , Feng Zhi‐Yuan , Huang Hua‐Wei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the value consequence of a firm's irresponsible environmental behavior, carbon dioxide emissions, through the lens of lenders and bondholders. We firstly find that a firm's carbon risk significantly enhances the cost of debt financing. In particular, we find that the positive nexus between a firm's carbon emissions and the cost of debt has a great discrepancy in countries which have different institutions, cultures, and strength of legal rights. Our empirical evidence suggests that corporate environment risk may raise default risk and ultimately provoke creditors to enhance their required returns. Furthermore, our findings also are consistent with the viewpoints of stakeholders and ethical theories.
Factors influencing the evolution of human‐driven rocky desertification in karst areas
Authors: Zhang Zhenming , Huang Xianfei , Zhou Yunchao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractKarst rocky desertification has become one of the most important e‐environmental problems in China. The mechanisms of rocky desertification caused by land resources use, settlement expansion, population growth, and corresponding ecological responses are unclear. High‐resolution images of a typical karst plateau (Houzhai River Basin) acquired in 1978, 2005, and 2010 and data samples collected in the field in 2015 were used to quantitatively study the factors governing the evolution of rocky desertification driven by human activities. They comprehensively reveal its causes and influencing factors. Results suggest that the rocky desertification in the eastern and southern parts was, generally, more severe than in the western and northern parts of the study region. In the period from 1978 to 2015, no significant changes in the degree of (moderate) rocky desertification were observed. However, decreasing trends were observed for the no‐rocky areas, and slight decrease in rocky areas. The comprehensive indices of rocky desertification in 1978, 2005, 2010, and 2015 were 1.33, 1.24, 1.22, and 1.24, respectively. The rock outcrops in the no‐rocky desertification and potential rocky desertification areas were closely associated with the gravel content, slope gradient, and soil thickness, whereas those in the slight, moderate, and severe rocky desertification areas were primarily associated with the land use, gravel content, and slope gradient. The results suggest that the land use and human settlement were important factors determining the rocky desertification. The rocky desertification in the study area has improved during the period from 1978 to 2015. The main contribution to this improvement originated from the change in land use patterns. Therefore, reasonable management of land use and human settlement distribution can effectively reduce the rocky desertification in a karst area.
The effect of cathodic polarization on the corrosion behavior of X65 steel in seawater containing sulfate‐reducing bacteria
Authors: Lv Meiying , Li Xia , Du Min 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are one of the main reasons for the accelerated corrosion of steel. Cathodic polarization has been reported as an effective and economic method against marine corrosion, including microbiologically induced corrosion. However, the interaction between cathodic polarization and microbial activity has not been well defined. In this study, a fluorine‐doped tin oxide electrode is used to study the effect of cathodic current on SRB cells. Fluorescence microscopy results clearly show that the attachment degree of SRB is dependent on the electric quantity and current intensity. The large electric quantity and high cathodic current (400 mA/m2 × 30 h) can effectively inhibit bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation. Furthermore, the effect of cathodic potential on the corrosion behavior of X65 steel in the presence of SRB is systematically investigated. Results show that the impressed charges, the increase of pH, and the formation of calcareous deposits on the electrode surface at the cathodic potential of −1,050 mV/SCE inhibit the attachment of SRB. In turn, the presence of SRB also interferes with the electrochemical reactions that occur during the polarization process, thus increasing the cathodic current. The interaction between SRB‐induced corrosion and the process of preventing corrosion by various cathodic potentials is discussed.
Microstructures and electrochemical behaviors of as‐cast magnesium alloys with enhanced compressive strengths and corrosion decomposition
Authors: Li Xuewu , Shi Tian , Li Ben , Zhou Xuegang , Zhang Chuanwei , He Zhenyan , Zhang Binbin , Zhang Qiaoxin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRapidly disintegrating alloys with enhanced compressive strengths and corrosion rates are prepared for fracturing parts in petroleum extraction. Extrusion casting is used to prepare Mg–xZn–Zr alloys by adjusting zinc content. Mechanical and electrochemical behaviors are investigated to evaluate the practicability as decomposable materials. Superficial topographies, compositions, phases, and distributions are also characterized to determine the dissociative mechanism. The results make clear that matrixes and secondary structures with reticulate shapes arise on surfaces. The material also possesses enhanced compressive strength to guarantee stabilization and pressure‐holding ability among decomposition. Concurrently, with the increase of zinc content and decomposition time, galvanic corrosion aggravates resulting in gradually reduced corrosion potentials and accelerated decomposition rates. Rapid material dissolution mainly attributes to anode corrosion of matrixes, peeling of microparticles, and inferior tolerance of corrosive products to dissolution. Such work highlights potential applications of fracturing materials for ensuring rapid decomposition and guaranteeing stable stress tolerance.
Analysis of the Competition between Cyclization and Linear Chain Growth in Kinetically Controlled A2 + B2 Step‐Growth Polymerizations Using Modeling Tools
Authors: Romero‐Hernández Juan Enrique , Cruz‐Rosado Alfredo , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo , Palacios‐Alquisira Joaquín , Zolotukhin Mikhail G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA mathematical model for the kinetics and chain length development in A2 + B2 step‐growth polymerization with competition between cyclization and linear chain growth is presented. The model requires two kinetic rate constants, one for the several reactions producing linear polymer molecules (k), and another one for chain length dependent cyclization (kc). The model describes well the qualitative behavior of the system, including the effects of initial monomer concentration and ratio of limiting to excess functional groups on degree of cyclization. The model is validated using two polymerization systems, a conventional A2 + B2 polymerization of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG200), as well as the superacid catalyzed polyhydroxyalkylation of modified isatin and biphenyl. Four different kinetic rate constants for the four reactions producing linear polymer molecules are required in the second case.
Adequacy of Protein and Energy Intake in Critically Ill Adults Following Liberation From Mechanical Ventilation Is Dependent on Route of Nutrition Delivery
Authors: Moisey Lesley L. , Pikul Jill , Keller Heather , Yeung Chi Yan Emily , Rahman Adam , Heyland Daren K. , Mourtzakis Marina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundStudies examining nutrition intake of critically ill patients following liberation from mechanical ventilation (LMV) are scarce. The objectives of this prospective, observational feasibility study were to quantify and assess protein and energy intake in hospitalized, critically ill patients following LMV, to determine barriers to optimal intake, and to report on the feasibility of recruiting and retaining patients into this study.MethodsAdult patients requiring MV for >72 hours in a medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU) were recruited. Protein and energy intakes were quantified up to 14 days following LMV. Patients also identified barriers to eating.ResultsNineteen patients (mean age, 60 years [SD, 12 years]) were studied over 125 days. Over all study days, the median amounts of protein and energy consumed in comparison with amounts prescribed by dietitians were 46% (interquartile range [IQR], 26–100) and 71% (IQR, 38–100), respectively. When stratified by route of nutrition delivery, on days (n = 54) when patients consumed an oral diet as the sole nutrition source, median amounts of protein and energy consumed in comparison with those prescribed were only 27% (IQR, 15–41) and 47% (IQR, 29–66), respectively. The most frequently reported barriers to eating were poor appetite, early satiety, and taste changes.ConclusionsProtein and calorie intake is below prescribed amounts for patients whose enteral nutrition is discontinued and an oral diet prescribed as sole nutrition source following LMV. Acceptable strategies to enhance nutrition intake in post‐ICU patients during the recovery stages of critical illness are needed.
Most reliable two‐terminal graphs with node failures
Authors: Brown Isaac , Graves Christina , Miller Brendan , Russell Tyler 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA two‐terminal graph is an undirected graph with two specified target vertices. If each nontarget vertex of a two‐terminal graph fails independently with the same fixed probability (and edges and target vertices are perfectly reliable), the two‐terminal node reliability is the probability that the target vertices are in the same connected component in the induced subgraph of all operational nodes. A two‐terminal graph is uniformly most reliable if its node reliability polynomial is greater than or equal to that of all other two‐terminal graphs with the same fixed number of vertices, n, and edges, m. In this paper, we show that there is always a uniformly most reliable two‐terminal graph. Furthermore, with the additional restriction that the distance between the target vertices is at least three, we completely classify which values of n and m produce a uniformly most reliable graph and which do not.
Syntheses and Molecular Structures of Liquid Pyrophoric Hydridosilanes
Authors: Gerwig Maik , Böhme Uwe , Friebel Mike , Gründler Franziska , Franze Georg , Rosenkranz Marco , Schmidt Horst , Kroke Edwin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTrisilane, isotetrasilane, neopentasilane, and cyclohexasilane have been prepared in gram scale. In‐situ cryo crystallization of these pyrophoric liquids in sealed capillaries on the diffractometer allows access to the single crystal structures of these compounds. Structural parameters are discussed and compared to gas‐phase electron diffraction structures from literature and with the results from quantum chemical calculations. Significantly higher packing indices are found for the silanes compared to the corresponding alkanes. Radiation with ultraviolet light (365 nm) and parallel ESR (EPR) measurement shows that cyclohexasilane is easily split into radicals, which subsequently leads to the formation of branched and chain‐like oligomers. The other compounds form no radicals under these conditions. NMR spectra of all four compounds have been recorded.
Effects of silane surface modified alumina nanoparticles on the mechanical, thermomechanical, and ballistic impact performances of epoxy/oxidized UHMWPE composites
Authors: Belgacemi Raouf , Derradji Mehdi , Trache Djalal , Mouloud Abdelrazak , Zegaoui Abdeldjalil , Mehelli Oussama , Khiari Karim 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study, a new kind of hybrid material was prepared from various amounts of silane surface modified alumina nanoparticles, oxidized ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers, and epoxy resin. The reinforcing phases were selectively treated to achieve a fully connected network aiming an effective stress transfer between the constituents. The efficiency of the grafting mechanisms was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The developed hybrid materials were tested for their mechanical, thermomechanical, and ballistic performances. The mechanical results, namely tensile and bending, confirmed the positive effects of increasing the nanofillers amounts up to 5 wt%. The thermochemical properties analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed consequent improvements in the storage modulus and glass transition temperature upon the addition of the nanophase. In the meantime, the ballistic tests evaluated under the National Institute of Justice standard (NIJ standard‐0101.06‐IIA) also highlighted an improved kinetic energy absorption following the increase in the amounts of the discontinuous phase. Subsequent experimentations precisely quantified the required number of plies for an effective projectile stopping under the chosen standard. Overall, this study unraveled for the first time ever the benefits obtained from a fully connected hybrid network under both static and dynamic loads.
Enhanced mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites using silane coupling agent
Authors: Dong Jiaqi , Zhou Wanru , Su Yuhang , Ma Xiaojun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA nanocomposite of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH)/montmorillonite (MMT) modified with silane coupling agent 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) (PHBH/MMT/KH550) was prepared by solution casting method. The effects of KH550 content on properties of nanocomposites were comparatively investigated. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectra, the new chemical bonding between the PHBH and the MMT was formed by adding KH550. The crystallinity, thermal properties, mechanical properties, and barrier properties of the nanocomposites were improved because of the good dispersion of MMT. Compared with pure PHBH, a 220.05%, 158.25%, and 58.91% improvement in young's modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break was obtained. The water vapor transmission coefficient was decreased by 113.30%. Moreover, it was notable that the nanocomposite possessed the optimal mechanical properties when the KH550 content was 5 wt%.The obtained results revealed that the nanocomposite will expand the practical application of PHBH base plastics as a substitute of traditional petrochemical materials.
Historical roots of pain management in infants: A bibliometric analysis using reference publication year spectroscopy
Authors: Anand Kanwaljeet J. S. , Roue Jean‐Michel , Rovnaghi Cynthia R. , Marx Werner , Bornmann Lutz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRetrospective evaluations of the historical role of previously published research are often fraught with subjective bias and misrepresentation, which leads to contested scientific claims. This paper investigates the historical roots of infant pain management using novel quantitative methods to identify the published literature and evaluate its relative importance. A bibliometric analysis named “reference publication year spectroscopy” (RPYS), was performed using the program CitedReferencesExplorer (CRExplorer) to avoid the subjectivity associated with comparative evaluations of individual research studies. Web of Science (WoS) search queries on infant‐related synonyms, pain‐related synonyms, and analgesia or anesthesia‐related synonyms were combined using the Boolean operator “AND,” to identify all publications related to pain management in infants. The RPYS analyses were based on 8697 papers in our publication set containing the citations for 86268 references. Selected cited publications were associated with peak citation years in 1951, 1954, 1957, 1965, 1987, 1990, 1997, 1999, and 2000. Subsequent analyses suggested that research on infant pain management made rapid progress during 1982‐1992. Landmark publications were defined as those belonging to the top 10% of the most frequently referenced publications for longer than 25 years. Through this analysis, we identified and ranked 24 landmark publications to illustrate the historical background and early research on infant pain management. From the first‐ever application of RPYS (an objective, reproducible approach to study the early history of any scholarly activity) to pain research, infant pain management appears rooted in the scientific rationale for neonatal pain perception, randomized trials of opioid anesthesia/analgesia, and studies describing the facial expressions and crying activity following heel‐lance procedures in newborns.
A novel diarylethene‐based fluorescence sensor with a benzohydrazide unit for the detection of Zn2+
Authors: Lu Mengmeng , Qiu Shouyu , Cui Shiqiang , Pu Shouzhi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA novel fluorescent sensor on the basis of diarylethene and benzohydrazide unit was successfully synthesized. Its photochromic and fluorescent switching properties have been studied in detail by the irradiation of UV‐visible (UV‐Vis) lights and the stimulus of Zn2+/EDTA. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity toward Zn2+ in tetrahydrofuran, which is not interfered by other cations, especially of congener Cd2+. The fluorescence intensity enhanced 84 times along with a 44‐nm blue shift of the emission peak after adding Zn2+. The stoichiometric ratio between the sensor and Zn2+ was 1:1, and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 5.60 × 10−9 mol L−1. Besides, the sensor was applied in the detection of practical water samples with high accuracy.
Effects of different ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene contents on the formation and evolution of hierarchical crystal structure of high‐density polyethylene/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene blend fibers
Authors: Yang Zaixing , Shi Jiaji , Pan Xuefeng , Liu Boping , He Xuelian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the blend fibers of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) were prepared by solution blending and gel spinning process. The uniformity of the blend fibers has been confirmed by rheological data and thermodynamic unimodal curve. They were further characterized by single fiber strength test, scanning electron microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and so forth, to explore the structural evolution mechanism with the change of UHMWPE content. The results showed that when the molar content of UHMWPE was only 2.9 mol%, entanglement appeared in the structure of shish‐kebab, and when the proportion reached 20 mol%, an interlocking structure could be observed. With the increase of UHMWPE content, kebab began to be networked, and when the content reached 33 mol%, kebab's orientation reached its peak. After that, the interlocking network structure gradually improved. When the content reached 50 mol%, the shish's orientation reached saturation, and the shish‐kebab network became perfect. In addition, with the increase of UHMWPE content, stress‐induced recrystallization occurred on the wafer, some kebab would be converted into shish crystals, and when the content exceeded 50 mol%, the microfibers began to merge, and the wafer became denser, but still had entanglements. Our work has proposed a quantitative explanation for the evolution of hierarchical crystal structure of HDPE/UHMWPE blend fibers.
Cigarette, shisha, and electronic smoking and respiratory symptoms in Swiss children: The LUIS study
Authors: Mozun Rebeca , Ardura‐Garcia Cristina , de Jong Carmen C. M. , Goutaki Myrofora , Usemann Jakob , Singer Florian , Latzin Philipp , Kuehni Claudia E. , Moeller Alexander 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSmoking habits in adolescents are changing. We assessed active smoking of conventional cigarettes, e‐cigarettes and shishas in Swiss schoolchildren, studied risk factors and compared respiratory problems between smokers and non‐smokers.MethodsWe used data from LuftiBus in the school (LUIS), a school‐based survey of respiratory health of children carried out 2013 to 2016 in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Participants were asked about use of cigarettes, shishas, and electronic smoking devices (ESD), and current respiratory symptoms. We studied associations between smoking and risk factors using logistic regression.ResultsWe included 3488 schoolchildren. Among 6 to 12‐year‐olds, 90/1905 (5%) had smoked occasionally (<once/week). Among 13 to 17‐year‐olds, 563/1583 (36%) had smoked occasionally of whom 414 smoked ESDs, 409 shishas, and 276 cigarettes. Among 13 to 17‐year‐olds who smoked frequently (≥once/week), 41/54 (76%) smoked cigarettes. A 22% of 15 to 17‐year‐olds (104/477) had used all three products. Smoking was more common in adolescents who were male (adjusted OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7‐2.6), lived in rural areas (1.8, 95% CI, 1.2‐2.9 vs small urban), and whose mother (1.7, 95% CI, 1.3‐2.3) or father (1.5, 95% CI, 1.2‐1.9) smoked. Current respiratory symptoms like rhinitis, dyspnea, and wheeze were more common among frequent smokers (44%, 30%, 12%, respectively) and occasional smokers (32%, 22%, 13%) than in never smokers (29%,19%, 8%, P for trend <.05).ConclusionSmoking of shishas and ESDs is common among Swiss adolescents and often combined with smoking cigarettes. Adolescent smokers reported more respiratory symptoms than never smokers. We recommend smoking preventive strategies that include all forms of smoking.