bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiological monitoring of water quality used for water supply and assessment of water sources toxicity (the case of Elista city, the Republic of Kalmykia)
Authors: Dzhalchinova T , Mandgieva A , Mimishev A , Arashaev A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Water quality indicators taken from different sources over the Republic of Kalmykia vary significantly both by year and season. Therefore, an urgent need arose to develop a system targeted at regional and local monitoring of water resources. The system will involve modern monitoring technologies in real time and remote sensing techniques. In the Republic arsenal, there are some required practices. Electronic maps (for monitoring water resources) were developed at scale of 1:200000; databases are being under development. Improvement and development of the Republic’s water utilization system should be based on the principles of ecosystem water use, providing for strict monitoring and control over quantitative and qualitative indicators of water resources based on a technologically advanced monitoring system including the options regulating standardization, eco-quality, and economical consumption.
Ecological potential of geosystems on the forest-steppe border (Lake Baikal basin)
Authors: Vladimirov I N , Frolov A A , Kobylkin D V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study of the ecological potential of geosystems is one of the current directions in geographical science. There are several approaches to the study. The authors suggested using an integral approach which can maximize the use of parameters of the geographical environment to identify the potential of geosystems. Based on the original method for mapping geosystems, the results of identification of their environmental potential are presented. The selected research areas on the forest-steppe border have a large number of properties that determine the diversity of landscapes. The relevance of the study is emphasized by the location in the transboundary basin of Lake. Baikal which requires making informed decisions in international relations. An attempt to change the ecological potential for a relatively long period was made.
Ion composition and qualitative indicators of water within the Chernozemelskaya water-irrigation system
Authors: Dedova E B , Dedov A A , Vershinin V V , Isaeva S D , Piven E A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn Russia, the agro-industrial complex is a large consumer of water resources, which are used to supply water to rural settlements, food and processing industries, livestock complexes and poultry farms, irrigation of land, flooding of pastures and haylands, as well as for fishing, recreation and other purposes. To a large extent, the environmentally safe, cost-effective and socially oriented development of the region depends on the state and functioning of reclamation systems. The paper presents the results of long-term monitoring of the geochemical composition and water quality indicators of the Chernozemelskaya water-irrigation system (from 2002 to 2018) located on the territory of the Caspian lowland. Irrigation and drainage and surface waste of the system are found to have a level of mineralization ranging from 1.2 to 2.3 g/l with sulfate-chloride and chloride-sulfate, sodium chemism, while the medium activity is low and intermediate-mafic (pH=7.8-8.4). It is analyzed that the high level of Cl-, Na+, Mg2+ions in irrigation water can cause salinization and alcalination of all types of soils.
Assessment of environmental value of specially protected natural territories of Saratov region
Authors: Sergeeva I V , Andriianova Iu M , Mokhonko Iu M , Gusakova N N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The creation of specially protected natural areas is one of the main means in solving many environmental problems of our time. Over time, protected areas are transformed, while losing their environmental value. It necessitates a systematic assessment of the state of protected areas in order to predict negative changes. Maintaining an ecological balance is relevant for a region with high anthropogenic pressures, such as the Saratov Region.
Improvement of plant communities through revegetation with Kochia prostrata and Agropyron fragile on the desert zone of the Republic of Kalmykia
Authors: Djapova R , Ayusheva E , Djapova V , Menkebairova B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Restoring herbaceous cover of degraded ecosystems is an urgent issue for regions where livestock breeding is the main direction of the economy. The vegetation of the desert zone of the Republic of Kalmykia is used as a forage source almost all year round. Heavy grazing (exceeding stocking rates) in the region results in a reduction of valuable perennial forage species in the plant community and invasion of annual species that do not afford the sod. Grazing efficiency decreases, open areas of soil are subjected to wind erosion. Restoring vegetation in the areas that have lost the ability to self-regenerate is possible through revegetation, a method for improving degraded ecosystems by replanting the soil. The scientific literature on revegetation in arid conditions abounds with information available on ecological, biological and varietal characteristics, agricultural technology for revegetative species, and the yield of certain species on revegetated sites. The authors monitored plant communities enhanced through revegetation in the southern part of the Caspian lowland within the Republic of Kalmykia. The vegetation dynamics was studied through direct observation and indirect extrapolation of spatial series into time series. The paper presents data on the improvement of natural plant communities through revegetation, including adaptation of revegetative species in buffer zones, tops accumulation depending on the type and age of revegetative species, the effect of fires, etc.
Changes in microflora of soil and intestines of Eisenia fetida upon exposure to nickel nanoparticles
Authors: Lebedev S V , Vershinina I A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To date, nanoparticles (NP) are quite promising in science and technology. However, the widespread practical use of nanoparticles requires the assessment of their effects on living organisms, including soil organisms. This study analyzes the impacts of NiO nanoparticles (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg dry soil) on morpho-biochemical parameters of Eisenia fetida. In the experiment, we determined the content of lipid peroxidation products – malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The catalase activity was expressed within bipolar activity, which can be attributed to the non-specific response of living organisms and metal activity in a substrate. The MDA content was increased at a dose of 250 mg and 125 mg/kg of NiO NP on the 28th and 56th day, respectively. Thus, the biochemical parameters varied depending on the dose of NiO NP. One mechanism of NiO NP toxicity in animals is the oxidative stress.
Influence of various factors on parameters of adsorption of Zn2+cations by meadow soil
Authors: Bauer T V , Minkina T M , Pinsky D L , Mikailsoy F , Sushkova S N , Lobzenko I P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of changing the range of introduced metal concentrations, the ratio of solid and liquid phases, and the combined presence of other metal ions in the solution on the absorption of Zn by the meadow soil was studied. As the range of applied concentrations expands and increases (up to 100 mM/L), there is a significant decrease in intensity of metal adsorption and an increase in the soil sorption capacity. It was found that with increasing dilution of the external solution (soil / solution ratio 1:10), the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption with respect to Zn increase. During the joint absorption of Zn with cations of other metals, the dominant process that affects the shape of the isotherm and the parameters of metal adsorption is their mutual competition. Competitive relationships of metal ions lead to their redistribution between different soil reaction centers.
Methodology for conducting and analyzing land surveying examinations
Authors: Parkhomenko D V , Predtechenskaya E A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Geoscience does not investigate the methods of producing land surveyors in the framework of court cases and reviews produced after the analysis of this expertise type. The article proposes the author’s methods of this field of study: test, technological methods and method of typical errors, which are developed and justified. The paper analyzes the errors of 176 land surveyors and provides statistics of such errors. They are classified into design errors, procedural errors, and errors of a special technical nature. The article analyzes the meaning of each error type (and introduces the concept of gross and minor errors). It proposes the author’s method of producing reviews of land surveyors which is a technological method. It is reviewed in detail; it is indicated that it is in the testing stage and has received a positive response. The study suggests the formation of reliable complete scientific research in the framework of the expertise in land disputes, which leads to more fair and well-grounded court decisions.
Phytoremediation potential of woody flora in urban areas
Authors: Vasilieva T N , Galaktionova LV , Baisheva E Z , Lebedev S V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The development of industry, heavy metal pollution has created serious environmental problems. A phytoremediation is a group of environmental cleaning technologies. Currently relevant is the identification of representatives of the woody flora typical of the region from the accumulation of pollutant metals. For the study, 13 sites located on the territory of sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises of the city of Orenburg were selected. The content of heavy metals was determined in the soil and plant biomass selected from the sites. An analysis of the results shows the relationship between the concentration of heavy metals in soil and plants. The ability of plants to accumulate elements is assessed. Thus, Ulmusglabra accumulates Co from mobile soil forms in 7 reference sites, the leaves of the plant deposit Pb in 4 reference sites. Ulmusglabra accumulates nickel and copper in 4 studied areas. When analyzing individual plant species, the best potential accumulating abilities are (in decreasing order): Ulmusglabra Huds. > Acernegundo L. > Betulapendula Roth.
Features of land management in companies producing essential oil raw materials
Authors: Cherkashina E V , Cherkashin K I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the land reform, new forms of land management and land tenure are being developed. Specialization of the farm depends on the market demand. Oil production is being restored in Russia. It is necessary to combine the area of lands, land composition, soil quality, technological soil properties and crop composition, providing high sales on the world market. The study aims at identifying features of land management in agricultural organizations producing essential oil and medicinal raw materials. The list of crops is based on the assessment of soil fertility and land properties. Land composition and promising types of land management should be determined according to the land survey of land plots, which is the basis for further development of rational organization of the territory, determination of the effectiveness of planned agricultural production.
Directions and methods of digital land management
Authors: Papaskiri T M , Semochkin V N , Ananicheva E P , Zatsepina E A , Shevchuk A A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The article deals with issues related to the digitalization of land management as a branch of the economy. The main directions and methods of digital land management developed in our country are outlined. Significant reduction of financial expenses and relatively rapid restoration of all land management functions is possible only through its automation, informational support and full digitalization. The modern solution of application tasks is in the employment of new technologies. The work performed in the field of digital land management is aimed at creating and implementing an intelligent system of planning, land management support and optimization of agricultural landscapes, land use and protection in agricultural production at different levels of generalization (field, farm, municipality, subject of the Russian Federation, country, foreign territories), operating on the basis of digital, remote, earth information technologies and computer modeling methods with online access by means of a web interface. Smart land management is designed to provide the basic spatial basis for implementing digital transformation in the following priority areas: smart field, smart farm, smart storage, smart greenhouse, smart garden, etc. This development in the form of creating and implementing a technological earth information platform for digital land management as the main mechanism for implementing the state’s agricultural policy, rational use and protection of land resources is key in relation to the sectors of the economy that have a spatial reference.
Strategic digital model for sustainable spatial regional development
Authors: Tsypkin Yu A , Fomin A A , Kamaev R A , Kozlova N V , Gubarev E V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The key task of model development is to improve the modern paradigm of sustainable development. The main factors for improving the efficiency of the model include the spatial nature of the development of the territories, their regional dimension and the emergence of digitization. The article revealed that strategic forecasting is the base of managing the model of sustainable spatial regional development. In the era of digital technology, strategic forecasting forms the environment for managing the development of the region based on land resources and environmental principles. The social pressure of modern society brought environmental issues, rational nature management and the effectiveness of regional management decisions for long-term planning to the top of the agenda. The authors proposed a strategy for the sustainable development of the region, recommended regional programs as a combination of economic, social and environmental problems of the region’s development.
Portage crosses on the historical waterways of Russia
Authors: Erman N M , Aleksandrovskaya O A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Waterways and the portages connecting them played a crucial role in the colonization and economic development of forest landscapes of the vast territory of the Center and the North of the Russian Plain. Since VIII - XI centuries, water transport and trade routes started developing: "The Great Volga Route", the route "From the Varangians to the Greeks", the Severodvinsk Route and others. The system of trade routes in the territory of Ancient Russia was gradually created by the efforts of not only the Slavs, but also other peoples who inhabited Eastern Europe, including the Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes, the Volga Bulgarians, the Khazars, and, only partially, the newcomer Vikings. These main international trade routes of ancient times would not have been possible if the local population of the interstream areas had not discovered and mastered the "portages", i.e. areas where it is possible to transport overland, or rather "drag" through "portage" or "towpath" (along the shortest paths between the upper reaches of the rivers), water crafts, boats with goods and people from one river basin to another.
The objectives of studying the history of science in the USSR: the situation in 1952
Authors: Grinina I R , Ilizarov S S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The historiographic situation in the history of natural sciences in 1952 is reviewed based on the archive documents that are introduced for scientific use for the first time. A previously unknown fact from the history of science is established, which is important for understanding the processes occurring in social sciences and the humanities in the USSR in the mid-20th century. The paper describes the conditions characteristic of the period of late Stalinism that had very negatively affected the work of Soviet historians of science, narrowed the scope of research, and sought to turn the history of science into an instrument for ideologically manipulating the society. At the same time, the archive documents we have studied indicate that the Soviet community of historians of science has been striving to overcome the isolationism and dogmatism forced on them by the regime. The analytical memorandum on the state of the studies on the history of science in the USSR and the tasks faced by this discipline, created at the Institute for the History of Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences at the end of 1952, is a valuable source.
Faunistic research in the Moscow Governorate in the 19th century: the role of scientific societies
Authors: Krivosheina G G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The present paper deals with the history of faunistic research in the Moscow Governorate in the 19th century Russia and the role played in this research by the Moscow University and affiliated natural history societies, especially the Moscow Society of Naturalists and Society of Friends of Natural Science, Anthropology, and Ethnography. The question is discussed why, in spite of a number of research projects on the Moscow fauna, initiated by these societies, even in the beginning of the 20th century the progress in the field, according to the leading Moscow zoologists, was still insufficient.
Investigating hydrology of the Volga River: research by astronomer Nina Subbotina
Authors: Valkova O A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper presents forgotten episode from the history of hydrology in Russia. It was a personal project undertaken by one of the first Russian women-astronomers Nina Subbotina (1877–1961) who was also competent and very interested in meteorological observation. Being well-known and well-respected in her day and time, Subbotina is nearly forgotten nowadays. When she was challenged with discovering of a reliable method to predict the height of floods of the Volga – one of Russia’s main rivers – she found an interesting solution. She tried comparing the heights of Volga floods with data on the solar activity and finding whether one could influence another. If it was, one would be able to prognose the height of river flood with the knowledge about current states of sunspots.
Olga Fedchenko – explorer of the Turkestan region: on the 175th anniversary
Authors: Valkova O A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper presents data on the biography of an outstanding Russian woman-scientist Olga Fedchenko in honor of her 175-year anniversary. Olga Fedchenko is known internationally for her botanical works especially on flora of Turkestan region. Also, without formal university education, she managed to become a professional highly respected in scientific community, which resulted in her election in 1906 a correspondent member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Her professional career began in Turkestan region where she participated in the famous Turkestan expedition of the Fedchenko couple in 1868–1872 along her husband Alexei Fedchenko. Since then a lot of her research were related to flora of this place. In late 1890s, she made a few trips there again, this time with her son Boris Fedchenko who grown to become a fine botanist himself.
History of the quaternary study at the Geological Institute RAS: to the 90th anniversary of the institute
Authors: Vtorov I P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper is a brief historical review of the Quaternary research in the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Scientific management of A.P. Pavlov, V.I. Vernadsky, D.I. Mushketov, V.I. Obruchev, A.D. Arkhangelsky, and A.E. Fersman in geological programs and in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR successfully developed the Quaternary studies. The Geological Institute had an important role in the Quaternary research, during the last 90 years, which was made possible by its organizational structure, research and expeditions, organized in close cooperation with the Commission for the study of the Quaternary period, and by a large number of prominent scientists who worked at the Quaternary Department and were leaded and inspired by G.A. Bonch-Osmolovsky, G.F. Mirchink, V.I. Gromov, V.V. Menner, C.V. Nikiforova and others.
Preparation of lithium using vacuum carbothermal reduction of LiAlO2
Authors: Shi Lei , Zhang Huan , Qu Tao , Deng Yong , Liu Dachun , Xu Baoqiang , Yang Bin , Dai Yongnian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, we investigated the preparation process of lithium metal using a novel carbothermic reduction process. Herein, thermodynamic calculations and experimental research methods were used to investigate the novel carbothermal reduction process of LiAlO2 for preparing lithium metal in a vacuum. The results suggest that the temperature of the chemical reaction can be significantly reduced by reducing the pressure in the system. When the system pressure was 10 Pa, the reduction temperature, reduction time, molar ratio of C/LiAlO2, and reduction rate were 1623 K, 120 min, 0.9, and 79.01%, respectively. Furthermore, the lithium content in the reduction residue was 2.1 wt%, suggesting the presence of the LiAl5O8 phase. Under these conditions, when 20% CaO was added, the reduction rate of lithium increased to 99.38%, and the lithium in the reduction residue takes the form of CaAl2O4. This shows that CaO, as an additive, can promote reduction, compromise the effect of LiAl5O8, and increase the reduction rate of lithium.
Exploring the prospects of host-state counterclaims in corruption disputes
Authors: Vijayvergia Chitransh , Belmannu Pavan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
While the regime of investment treaty arbitration has evolved manifold over the decades, has the position of the host-states as a Respondent improved? The authors argue that it has not. Bilateral Investment Treaties (hereinafter BIT(s)) are still asymmetrical in nature where the states are obliged to protect the rights of the foreign investors but are not provided with any remedy against the corrupt activities of the investors. While tribunals have denied jurisdiction over the investors’ claims tainted with corruption, they have provided states with no consequent remedy against such investors. Consequently, the states have to first bear the loss of a failed investment in its territory and then pay for the exorbitant costs of international arbitration as well. Where scholars are arguing for attribution of liability of corrupt activities of the public officials to the states, the authors here raise an important question of what if the liability cannot be attributed to the states due to lack of apparent authority? Should the states be then allowed to move forward from the jurisdictional stage to raise counterclaims to seek damages for the loss caused by the investors? In this article, the authors explore these questions and present arguments in favour of the inclusion of corruption-based counterclaims.