bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised and incremental learning orchestration for cyber‐physical security
Authors: Reis Lúcio Henrik A. , Murillo Piedrahita Andrés , Rueda Sandra , Fernandes Natália C. , Medeiros Dianne S. V. , de Amorim Marcelo Dias , Mattos Diogo M. F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAttacks on cyber‐physical systems, such as nuclear and water treatment plants, have physical consequences that impact the lives of thousands of citizens. In such systems, it is mandatory to monitor the field network and detect potential threats before a problem occurs. This work proposes a hybrid approach that orchestrates unsupervised and incremental learning methods to detect threats that impact the control loops in a plant. We use online data processing to identify new attack vectors. We train the online incremental learning method as new attacks arrive. We also apply a one‐class support vector machine to each monitored sensor or actuator to retrieve abnormal behaviors of their closed control loop. The proposed solution orchestrates the outputs from the two machine learning methods and alerts the system operators when it detects a threat. We evaluate the proposal on the Secure Water Treatment testbed dataset, and the results reveal that our proposal detects threats at more than 90% precision and with accuracy higher than 95%.
Longitudinal development of hippocampal subregions from early‐ to mid‐childhood
Authors: Canada Kelsey L. , Botdorf Morgan , Riggins Tracy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEarly childhood is characterized by vast changes in behaviors supported by the hippocampus and an increased susceptibility of the hippocampus to environmental influences. Thus, it is an important time to investigate the development of the hippocampus. Existing research suggests subregions of the hippocampus (i.e., head, body, tail) have dissociable functions and that the relations between subregions and cognitive abilities vary across development. However, longitudinal research examining age‐related changes in subregions in humans, particularly during early childhood (i.e., 4–6 years), is limited. Using a large sample of 184 healthy 4‐ to 8‐year‐old children, the present study is the first to characterize developmental changes in hippocampal subregion volume from early‐ to mid‐childhood. Results reveal differential developmental trajectories in hippocampal head, body, and tail during this period. Specifically, head volume showed a quadratic pattern of change, and both body and tail showed linear increases, resulting in a pattern of cubic change for total hippocampal volume. Further, main effects of sex on hippocampal volume (males > females) and hemispheric differences in developmental trajectories were observed. These findings provide an improved understanding of the development of the hippocampus and have important implications for research investigating a range of cognitive abilities and behaviors.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate independently predicts outcome of azacitidine therapy in higher‐risk Myelodysplastic syndromes. Results from 536 patients of the Hellenic National Registry of Myelodysplastic and Hypoplastic syndromes
Authors: Papadopoulos Vasileios , Diamantopoulos Panagiotis T. , Papageorgiou Sotirios G. , Papoutselis Menelaos , Vrachiolias George , Pappa Vassiliki , Galanopoulos Athanasios G. , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros P. , Hatzimichael Eleftheria , Zikos Panagiotis , Papadaki Helen A. , Bouchla Anthi , Panayiotidis Panayiotis , Megalakaki Aekaterini , Papaioannou Maria , Liapis Konstantinos , Dryllis George , Tsokanas Dimitris , Kourakli Alexandra , Symeonidis Argiris , Viniou Nora‐Athina , Kotsianidis Ioannis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigher‐risk Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients undergoing treatment with 5‐azacytidine (AZA) are typically elderly with several comorbidities. However, the effect of comorbidities on the effectiveness and safety of AZA in real‐world settings remains unclear. We analyzed data from 536 AZA‐treated patients with higher‐risk MDS, Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative neoplasms and low blast count Acute Myeloid Leukemia enrolled to the Hellenic National Registry of Myelodysplastic and Hypoplastic Syndromes. Multivariate analysis adjusted also for the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), its revised version (IPSS‐R) and the French Prognostic Scoring System (FPSS), demonstrated independent associations of overall and leukemia‐free survival with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2 (P = .039, P = .023, respectively), ECOG performance status <2 (P = .015, P = .006), and presence of peripheral blood blasts (P = .008, P = .034), while secondary MDS also correlated with significantly shorter leukemia‐free survival (P = .039). Addition of eGFR <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2, in IPSS‐R and FPSS increased the predictive power of both models. Only FPSS ≤2 and eGFR <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2 predicted worse response to AZA in multivariate analysis, whereas eGFR <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2 correlated significantly with death from hemorrhage (P = .003) and cardiovascular complications (P = .006). In conclusion, in the second largest real‐world series of AZA‐treated MDS patients, we show that an eGFR <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2 is an independent predictor of worse response and survival. This higher cut‐off, instead of the commonly used serum creatinine >2 mg/dL, can be utilized as a more precise indicator of renal comorbidity during AZA therapy. Incorporation of eGFR in the prognostic assessment of AZA‐treated MDS patients may prove useful not only in routine practice, but also for the appropriate patient stratification in clinical trials with AZA combinations.
Headwaters drive streamflow and lowland tracer export in a large‐scale humid tropical catchment
Authors: Birkel Christian , Correa‐Barahona Alicia , Martinez‐Martinez Marco , Granados‐Bolaños Sebastian , Venegas‐Cordero Nelson , Gutiérrez‐García Kenneth , Blanco‐Ramírez Sara , Quesada‐Mora Rafael , Solano‐Rivera Vanessa , Mussio‐Mora Jasson , Chavarría‐Palma Andres , Vargas‐Arias Katherine , Moore Georgianne W. , Durán‐Quesada Ana Maria , Vasquez‐Morera Javier , Soulsby Chris , Tetzlaff Dörthe , Espinoza‐Cisneros Edgar , Sánchez‐Murillo Ricardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHeadwaters are generally assumed to contribute the majority of water to downstream users, but how much water, of what quality and where it is generated are rarely known in the humid tropics. Here, using monthly monitoring in the data scarce (2,370 km2) San Carlos catchment in northeastern Costa Rica, we determined runoff‐area relationships linked to geochemical and isotope tracers. We established 46 monitoring sites covering the full range of climatic, land use and geological gradients in the catchment. Regression and cluster analysis revealed unique spatial patterns and hydrologically functional landscape units. These units were used for seasonal and annual Bayesian tracer mixing models to assess spatial water source contributions to the outlet. Generally, the Bayesian mixing analysis showed that the chemical and isotopic imprint at the outlet is throughout the year dominated by the adjacent lowland catchments (68%) with much less tracer influence from the headwaters. However, the headwater catchments contributed the bulk of water and tracers to the outlet during the dry season (>50%) despite covering less than half of the total catchment area. Additionally, flow volumes seemed to be linearly scaled by area maintaining a link between the headwaters and the outlet particularly during high flows of the rainy season. Stable isotopes indicated mean recharge elevations above the mean catchment altitude, which further supports that headwaters were the primary source of downstream water. Our spatially detailed “snap‐shot” sampling enabled a viable alternative source of large‐scale hydrological process knowledge in the humid tropics with limited data availability.
How do climate and land use changes affect the water cycle? Modelling study including future drought events prediction using reliable drought indices
Authors: Afzal M. , Ragab R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo investigate the impacts of climate and land use changes on hydrology, the Don catchment in Yorkshire, UK, was selected. A physically based distributed catchment‐scale (DiCaSM) model was applied. The model simulates surface runoff, groundwater recharge and drought indicators such as soil moisture deficit SMD, wetness index WI and reconnaissance drought index RDI. The model's goodness of fit using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency factor was >91% for the calibration period (2011–2012) and 83% for the validation period (1966–2012). Under different climate change scenarios, the greatest decrease in stream flow and groundwater recharge was projected under medium‐ and high‐emission scenarios. Climate change scenarios projected an increase in evapotranspiration and SMD, especially in the latter half of the current century.Increasing the woodland area had the most significant impact, reducing stream flow by 17% and groundwater recharge by 22%. Urbanization could lead to increase in stream flow and groundwater recharge. The climate change impact on stream flow and groundwater recharge was more significant than land use change. Drought indices SMD, WI and RDI projected an increase in the severity and frequency of drought events under future climatic change, especially under high‐emission scenarios. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A newly developed real‐time PCR assay for discriminating influenza B virus Yamagata and Victoria lineages
Authors: Wei Jinli , Huang Huaxin , Qin Hucheng , Li Shanqin , Xing Li , Li Yanjie , Cao Mengli , Wang Yanrong , Bi Yuhai , Liu Yingxia , Yang Yang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCurrently, two distinct lineages of influenza B virus (IBV), B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage, have been co‐circulating in human beings. Assessment of the prevalent lineage is key for the recommendation of the seasonal influenza vaccine composition and the evaluation of its efficacy. In this study, a multiplex qRT‐PCR assay for the discrimination of the IBV lineages was designed based on the genetic differences of the hemagglutinin genes between B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages. The assay was highly specific and able to discriminate the lineages of IBV without any non‐specific reaction against other influenza A viruses. The detection limit of the assay was determined to be 10 genome‐equivalent copies and 2.8 × 10‐2 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of live IBV per reaction. Moreover, our assay was able to discriminate the lineages of IBVs in clinical samples with 100% accuracy, when compared with pyrosequencing. Our results indicate that this assay may represent an update of the existing qRT‐PCR assays and will be of great use for the rapid and accurate diagnosis and surveillance of the circulating IBVs.
Gendered effects on inflammation reaction and outcome of COVID‐19 patients in Wuhan
Authors: Qin Lu , Li Xiaochen , Shi Jing , Yu Muqing , Wang Ke , Tao Yu , Zhou Ying , Zhou Min , Xu Shuyun , Wu Bo , Yang Zhenyu , Zhang Cong , Yue Junqing , Cheng Chongsheng , Liu Xiansheng , Xie Min 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has turned into a public health emergency of international concern. Epidemiological research has shown that sex is associated with the severity of COVID‐19, but the underlying mechanism of sex predisposition remains poorly understood. We aim to study the gendered differences in inflammation reaction, and the association with severity and mortality of COVID‐19.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we enrolled 548 COVID‐19 inpatients from Tongji Hospital from 26 January to 5 February 2020, and followed up to 3 March 2020. Epidemiological, demographic and clinical features, and inflammatory indexes were collected and compared between males and females. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was applied to identify the gendered effect on mortality of COVID‐19 after adjusting for age, comorbidity, and smoking history. The multiple linear regression method was used to explore the influence of sex on inflammation reaction.ResultsMales had higher mortality than females did (22.2% vs 10.4%), with an hazard ratio of 1.923 (95% confidence interval, 1.181‐3.130); elder age and comorbidity were significantly associated with decease of COVID‐19 patients. Excess inflammation reaction was related to severity of COVID‐19. Male patients had greater inflammation reaction, with higher levels of interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor‐α, lactose dehydrogenase, ferritin, and hyper‐sensitive C‐reactive protein, but a lower lymphocyte count than females adjusted by age and comorbidity.ConclusionsSex, age, and comorbidity are critical risk factors for mortality of COVID‐19. Excess innate immunity and proinflammation activity, and deficiency in adaptive immunity response promote males, especially elder males, to develop a cytokine storm, causing potential acute respiratory distressed syndrome, multiple organ failure and decease.
Assessment of Energy and Protein Requirements in Relation to Nitrogen Kinetics, Nutrition, and Clinical Outcomes in Infants Receiving Early Enteral Nutrition Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Zhang Jian , Cui Yan‐Qin , Luo Yi , Chen Xin‐Xin , Li Jia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundNutrition therapies in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is crucial, but energy and protein requirements remain undefined. We assessed energy and protein requirements, with nitrogen kinetics and clinical outcomes, in infants with complex CHD following CPB.MethodsInfants were randomized to control (1.3 g/kg/d), moderate protein (MP, 2.5 g/kg/d), or high protein (HP, 4 g/kg/d) groups. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured 6 hours post‐CPB and then at 24‐hour intervals, using indirect calorimetry to formulate energy intakes. Enteral formula feeding was initiated 6 hours post‐CPB and continued for 5 days. Nitrogen balance (NB); urea nitrogen waste and nitrogen retention; serum prealbumin level; and hepatic, renal, and cardiac function were measured daily. Mid‐upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold were measured preoperatively and 5 days after CPB. Adverse outcomes (bacterial infection, reintubation, and cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) stay > 8 days) were recorded.ResultsREE was not different across the 3 groups (P = .37). It declined from 62 ± 6 to 57 ± 7 kcal/kg/d over 5 days post‐CPB (P = .02). NB and nitrogen retention became positive by day 3 in the HP group but remained negative in the other 2 groups (P = .045–.003), despite higher urea nitrogen waste in the HP group (P < .0001). The HP group had a greater increase in serum prealbumin level and anthropometric measures (P = .009–.03). Other measures were not significantly different across the 3 groups.ConclusionsIn infants with complex CHD in the first 5 days post‐CPB, protein and energy intakes of ≈4 g/kg/d and 60 kcal/kg/d, respectively, led to improved nutrition outcomes without increased adverse events.
Patients who report cording after breast cancer surgery are at higher risk of lymphedema: Results from a large prospective screening cohort
Authors: Brunelle Cheryl L. , Roberts Sacha A. , Shui Amy M. , Gillespie Tessa C. , Daniell Kayla M. , Naoum George E. , Taghian Alphonse 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the association between cording and breast cancer‐related lymphedema (BCRL); describe time course, location, symptoms and functional impairments.MethodsA total of 1181 patients were prospectively screened for BCRL after breast cancer (BC) surgery, including patient‐reported outcome measures (4193) and perometric arm volume measurements (BCRL defined as relative or weight‐adjusted volume change [RVC or WAC] ≥10% ≥3 months postoperatively).ResultsA total of 374/1181 patients (31.7%) reported cording first a median of 4.5 months postoperatively, and were more likely to: have body mass index less than 30 kg/m2; be less than 55 years of age; have had mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, regional lymph node radiation, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (all P < .001), or RVC/WAC ≥10% (P = .002). Patients who reported cording had 2.4 times the odds of developing BCRL compared to those who did not (odds ratio = 2.40; 95% confidence interval = 1.40‐4.11; P = .002), and most frequently reported these symptoms: tenderness (61.2%), aching (60.7%), and firmness/tightness (59.8%). On multivariable analysis, cording was significantly correlated with functional difficulty for 17 actions.ConclusionsPatients frequently present with cording, potentially months after BC surgery. Risk factors for and symptoms of cording are identified, and treatment is recommended. Patients reporting cording are at higher risk of BCRL, therefore, cording should be incorporated into BCRL risk stratification.
Molecular characterization of breast cancer needle core biopsy specimens by the 21‐gene Breast Recurrence Score test
Authors: Jakubowski Debbie M. , Bailey Helen , Abran John , Blacklock Andrea , Ciau Nancy , Mies Carolyn , Tan Vivian , Young Rebekah , Lau Anna , Baehner Frederick L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveRecent COVID‐19 pandemic guidelines recommend genomic assessment of core biopsies to help guide treatment decisions in estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive early‐stage breast cancer. Herein we characterize biopsy and excisional breast cancer specimens submitted for 21‐gene testing.MethodsUS samples submitted to Genomic Health for 21‐gene testing (01/2004‐04/2020) were assessed by pathologists and analyzed by a standardized quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Predefined cutoffs were: ESR1 (positive ≥6.5), PGR (positive ≥5.5), and ERBB2 (negative <10.7). ER status by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and lymph node status were determined locally. Median and interquartile range were reported for continuous variables, and total and percent for categorical variables. Distributions were assessed overall, by age, and by nodal involvement.ResultsOf 919 701 samples analyzed, 13% were biopsies and 87% were excisions. Initial assay success rates were 94.5% (biopsies) and 97.3% (excisions). ER IHC concordance with central ESR1 was 96.8% (biopsies) and 97.6% (excisions). Biopsy and excisional medians were: Recurrence Score results 16 (each); ESR1 10.2 (each); PGR 7.7 and 7.6; ERBB2 9.4 and 9.2, respectively.ConclusionsBiopsy submissions for 21‐gene testing are common and consistently generate results that are very similar to the experience with excisions. The 21‐gene test can be performed reliably on core biopsies.
Simultaneous enantioselective determination of omeprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole enantiomers in human plasma by chiral liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sun Lu‐Ning , Zhang Ye , Yang Yu‐Qing , Shen Ye , Ying Yu‐Wen , Su Yu‐Wen , Zhang Xue‐Hui , Liu Yun , Huang Xu , Wang Yong‐Qing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractProton pump inhibitors, including omeprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole, achieved simultaneous enantioselective determination in the human plasma by chiral liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The four corresponding stable isotope‐labeled proton pump inhibitors were adopted as the internal standards. Each enantiomer and the internal standards were extracted with acetonitrile containing 0.1% ammonia, then separated with a Chiralpak IC column (5 µm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) within 10 min. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile–ammonium acetate (10 mM) containing 0.2% acetic acid (50:50, v/v). To quantify all enantiomers, an API 4000 tandem mass spectrometer was used, and multiple reaction monitoring transitions were performed on m/z 360.1→242.1, 384.1→200.1, 370.1→252.1, and 346.1→198.1, respectively. No significant matrix effect was observed for all analytes. The calibration curve for all enantiomers were linear from 1.25 to 2500 ng/mL. The precisions for intra‐ and inter‐run were < 14.2%, and the accuracy fell in the interval of –5.3 to 8.1%. Stability of samples was confirmed under the storage and processing conditions. The developed method was also suitable for separation and determination of ilaprazole enantiomers. The validated method combining the equilibrium dialysis method was applied to the protein binding ratio studies of four pairs proton pump inhibitor enantiomers in human plasma.
Optimizing irrigation and fertilization can improve degraded saline soils and increase wheat grain yield
Authors: Song Fupeng , Zhuge Yuping , Guo Xinsong , Lou Yanhong , Wang Hui , Pan Hong , Feng Haojie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn order to validate whether optimizing irrigation and fertilization can improve degraded saline soil and increase wheat production, a 4‐year wheat field experiment on saline soil in the Yellow River Delta of China was conducted from October 2013 to June 2017. Eight optimizing treatments including two irrigation applcations of 90 (I90) and 135 (I135) mm/time, four irrigation times: at pre‐sowing, wintering, jointing, filling stages, and two fertilizer rates 225 kg N hm−2‐75 P2O5 hm−2‐150 K2O hm−2 (F312), 225 kg N hm−2‐150 P2O5 hm−2‐75 K2O hm−2 (F321) with two basal/topdressing ratios 1:1 (A11) and 1:2 (A12) were designed compared with no‐irrigation and fertilization (CK) and farmer mode (CM). The optimizing treatment combined I135 with F321 and A12 was the optimal practice for wheat production on degraded saline soil in this region. This treatment significantly decreased topsoil salinity on average by 21.97%, increased wheat grain yield, topsoil total N, available P and K, respectively, by an average of 0.74‐, 0.75‐, 1.13‐ and 0.78‐times, improved water utilization efficiency, water productive efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency, phosphorus utilization efficiency, respectively, by average of 1.26‐, 8.13‐, 0.32‐, 0.43‐times compared with the CM. These results demonstrate that the optimization of irrigation and fertilization can be extensively applied as a feasible and effective strategy to improve degraded saline soil, maintain soil nutrients, maximize crop yield, and enhance efficiency in other similar degraded saline soil areas of the world.