bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of CMIP6 Cloud Fraction and Comparison with Satellite Observations
Authors: Vignesh P. Preetham , Jiang Jonathan H. , Kishore P. , Su Hui , Smay Timothy , Brighton Nicholas , Velicogna Isabella 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe seasonal and regional variations of cloud fractions are compared across two generations of global climate model ensembles, specifically, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project‐5 (CMIP5) and CMIP6, through the historical period in terms of skills and multimodel agreement. We find a wider spread of historical cloud fraction changes in the CMIP6 than was simulated by the CMIP5. The global mean cloud fractions of CMIP6 increased by about 4.5% from the CMIP5, which attributed to greater changes in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. The CMIP6 cloud fractions in recent years are validated with the CALIPSO_CLOUSAT observations to understand the cloud fraction uncertainties in CMIP6 models. The CMIP6 ensemble mean of cloud fractions compares well with the observations with a mean difference of 0.5% in lower altitudes. The CMIP6 cloud fractions are higher than the observations at higher latitudes in both hemispheres in the upper troposphere, and the biases vary from one model to another. The spatial difference between the ensemble and observations is further revealed over the tropics: where the model displays a 3% higher bias. In addition, we observed a significant trend occuring in the northern hemisphere since the mid‐20th century using calculations of cloud fraction trends based on the robust regression technique. Finally, we reduce the differences between the model and observations by applying a simple regression technique. The results exemplify that the model and modified observations compare well, with the root mean square value decreased by nearly 28%, and the correlation increased significantly.
Effect of Intense Weathering and Postdepositional Degradation of Organic Matter on Hg/TOC Proxy in Organic‐rich Sediments and its Implicationsfor Deep‐Time Investigations
Authors: Charbonnier Guillaume , Adatte Thierry , Föllmi Karl B. , Suan Guillaume 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMercury (Hg) enrichments in sediments are increasingly used as tracer for distal volcanism in deep‐time investigations. The impact of changes in organic‐matter deposition and preservation on sedimentary Hg sequestration is, however, poorly understood. In this study, we evaluate the potential role of intense weathering and postdepositional organic‐matter degradation on the Hg/TOC proxy in sediments. For this, we investigate weathering profiles in organic‐rich sediments from lowermost Toarcian sediments (T‐OAE; Lafarge cement quarry, France) and organic‐rich deposits from the uppermost Cenomanian‐lowermost Turonian Bonarelli level (OAE2; Furlo and Monte Velo, Italy; Manilva and El Chorro, Spain). The comparison of Hg data along weathering profiles in lowermost Toarcian sediments indicates that recent intense oxidation of the originally organic‐rich deposits has removed up to 89% of the Hg signal. The organic‐rich sediments of the Furlo and Manilva sections are characterized by lower Hg/total organic carbon (TOC) ratios, which suggest important Hg scavenging by organic matter (OM) deposition. At the opposite, in equivalent successions, three significant positive Hg/TOC excursions persist at El Chorro and Monte Velo. These samples exhibit low Hydrogen Index (HI) values, which plot in the field of type‐III OM. This resulted from postdepositional degradation of marine OM type II to type III, which largely modified the amount and the quality of OM. Consequently, the recorded Hg/TOC ratios do not reflect original Hg drawdown but postdepositional oxidation, suggesting that extreme care is needed in the evaluation of the history of OM preservation when using Hg as a proxy for volcanic activity.
Geographic and Oceanographic Influences on Ferromanganese Crust Composition Along a Pacific Ocean Meridional Transect, 14 N to 14S
Authors: Mizell Kira , Hein James R. , Lam Phoebe J. , Koppers Anthony A. P. , Staudigel Hubert 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe major controls on the variability of ferromanganese (FeMn) crust composition have been generally described over the past 40 years; however, most compilation studies lack quantitative statistics and are limited to a small region of several seamounts or compare FeMn crusts from disparate areas of the global oceans. This study provides the first detailed research to address the geographic and oceanographic controls of FeMn crust composition from a line of seamounts across 30° of latitude in the west central Pacific. Element concentrations from the uppermost layer (<15 mm) of 57 FeMn crusts were evaluated for statistically significant variance and correlation with a variety of oceanographic and geographic parameters. Manganese, Co, Ni, Mo, and Zn concentrations in crusts in this region are highly anticorrelated with seawater oxygen concentrations, suggesting oxygen as the dominant controlling factor for these elements. Iron instead correlates with water depth, which we attribute to increased carbonate ion concentration with increasing water depth. Silicon and Al content in crusts demonstrate a potential meridional variance of detrital inputs and sources in the region. Iron, Ba, and Mg are enriched in FeMn crusts below the equatorial upwelling zone which is related to biological productivity. Fluctuations in the four oceanographic and geographic parameters, seawater oxygen content, detrital input, surface productivity, and deep sources of iron, are robustly recorded by FeMn crusts. Modern measurements of these primary parameters, as well as paleoceanographic reconstructions, can be used to define regions of interest for FeMn crust exploration.
Self‐Potential Ambient Noise and Spectral Relationship With Urbanization, Seismicity, and Strain Rate Revealed via the Taiwan Geoelectric Monitoring Network
Authors: Chen Hong‐Jia , Ye Zheng‐Kai , Chiu Chi‐Yu , Telesca Luciano , Chen Chien‐Chih , Chang Wu‐Lung 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGeoelectric self‐potential (SP) signals are sensitive to natural and anthropogenic factors. The SP spectral characteristics under the different factors in Taiwan were investigated, and the SP spectral scalings were correlated with urbanization level, seismicity, and crustal deformation. The ambient SP noise models were first established by estimating the probability density functions of the spectrograms at each frequency. The effects of the natural and anthropogenic factors on the SP signals are understood by comparing the SP noise models under various conditions, such as precipitation, urbanization, and electric trains. Results show that the SP signals in areas of high industrialization and human activity and areas close to train stations behave as white noises and exhibit a distinct spectral ripple at frequencies around 1 Hz. On the other hand, the SP spectral power law parameters, Gutenberg‐Richter b values, and dilation strain rates were estimated by using the SP, earthquake catalog, and GPS data, respectively, during 2012–2017. By investigating the correlations of the SP spectral parameters with the Gutenberg‐Richter b value, dilation strain rates, and urbanization level, the SP optimal frequency band is found between 0.006 and 1 Hz due to the high correlation between the SP and seismicity data and between the SP and dilation data and the low correlation between the SP and urbanization data. Hence, this study may help the filtering and screening of the SP data and facilitate the understanding of the mechano‐electric behavior in the crust.
ITRF2014, Earth Figure Changes, and Geocenter Velocity: Implications for GIA and Recent Ice Melting
Authors: Métivier Laurent , Rouby Hélène , Rebischung Paul , Altamimi Zuheir 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUsing a selection of Global Navigation Satellite System vertical velocities from the latest solution of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) ITRF2014, we calculate the degree‐1 and degree‐2 spherical harmonics coefficients (SHC) of the solid Earth figure changes at different dates, with realistic errors that take into account the inhomogeneity of the network. We find that the SHC are globally close to zero except the zonal coefficients, which show values notably larger than those derived from different glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models and which have tended to increase during the time span of observations. We show that these differences are most probably due to global recent ice melting (RIM). Assuming elastic RIM deformation, we then investigate the Earth's geocenter velocity and the geoid oblateness time evolution (J2‐rate) derived from our SHC estimations. The obtained geocenter velocity reaches 0.9 ± 0.5 mm/year in 2013 with a z‐component of 0.8 ± 0.4 mm/year, which is slightly larger than previous estimations. We compare our J2‐rate estimations with observations. Our estimations show a similar acceleration in J2 after 2000. However, our estimates are notably larger than the observations. This indicates either that the J2‐rate due to GIA processes is lower than expected (as proposed by Nakada et al., 2015, 2016) or that the deformation induced by RIM is not purely elastic, or both. Finally, we show that viscous relaxation or phase transitions in the mantle transition zone may only partly explain this discrepancy. This raises the question of the accuracy of current mass estimations of RIM and GIA models.
Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds
Authors: Howell A. , Nissen E. , Stahl T. , Clark K. , Kearse J. , Van Dissen R. , Villamor P. , Langridge R. , Jones K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHigh‐resolution, three‐dimensional (3‐D) measurements of surface displacements during earthquakes can provide constraints on fault geometry and near‐surface slip and also quantify on‐fault and off‐fault deformation. However, measurements of surface displacements are often hampered by a lack of high‐resolution preearthquake elevation data, such as lidar. For example, preearthquake lidar for the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, earthquake only covers ≲10% of ~180 km of mapped surface ruptures. To overcome a lack of preearthquake lidar, we measure 3‐D coseismic displacements during the Kaikōura earthquake using point clouds generated from aerial photographs. From these point clouds, which cover the whole area of the 2016 surface ruptures, it is possible to measure 3‐D displacements to within ±0.2 m. We measure coseismic slip and estimate the geometries of faults in the steep, inaccessible Seaward Kaikōura mountains, where postearthquake field observations are very sparse. The Jordan Fault (previously the Jordan Thrust) ruptured in 2016 as a moderate‐to‐steeply dipping (~50–80°), predominantly strike‐slip fault. Slip on this fault in 2016—which included a normal‐sense component in some areas—contrasts with field observations that indicate significant longer‐term shortening across the Jordan Fault during the Holocene. It is therefore likely that different earthquakes on the Jordan Fault have very different slip vectors and that the fault does not exhibit “characteristic” slip behavior. For faults like the Jordan Fault, long‐term time‐averaged estimates of slip rate may not be reliable indicators of the sense and magnitude of slip in individual earthquakes.
High Seasonal Variability in Sediment Carbon Stocks of Cold‐Temperate Seagrass Meadows
Authors: Dahl Martin , Asplund Maria E. , Deyanova Diana , Franco João N. , Koliji Alan , Infantes Eduardo , Perry Diana , Björk Mats , Gullström Martin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeagrass meadows have a high ability to capture and store atmospheric CO2 in the plant biomass and underlying sediment and thereby function as efficient carbon sinks. The seagrass Zostera marina is a common species in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, a region with strong seasonal variations in climate. How seasonality affects carbon storage capacity in seagrass meadows is largely unknown, and therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess variations in sedimentary total organic carbon (TOC) content over a 1‐year cycle in seagrass meadows on the Swedish west coast. The TOC was measured in two Z. marina sites, one wave exposed and one sheltered, and at two depths (1.5 and 4 m) within each site, every second month from August 2015 to June 2016. We found a strong seasonal variation in carbon density, with a peak in early summer (June), and that the TOC was negatively correlated to the net community production of the meadows, presumably related to organic matter degradation. There was seasonal variation in TOC content at all sediment sections, indicating that the carbon content down to 30 cm is unstable on a seasonal scale and therefore likely not a long‐term carbon sink. The yearly mean carbon stocks were substantially higher in the sheltered meadow (3,965 and 3,465 g m−2) compared to the exposed one (2,712 and 1,054 g m−2) with similar seasonal variation. Due to the large intra‐annual variability in TOC content, seasonal variation should be considered in carbon stock assessments and management for cold‐temperate seagrass meadows.
The Advanced Indian MST Radar (AIR): System Description and Sample Observations
Authors: Durga Rao M. , Kamaraj P. , Kamal Kumar J. , Jayaraj K. , Prasad K. M. V. , Raghavendra J. , Narayana Rao T. , Patra A. K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAn upgraded version of the Indian MST radar, called Advanced Indian Mesosphere‐Stratosphere‐Troposphere (MST) radar (AIR), has recently been commissioned. The prime objective of constructing the AIR is to make it a more useful instrument for conducting new experiments, which enable us to broaden our knowledge on the dynamical and electrodynamical processes including coupling from the boundary layer to the ionosphere. The AIR works at 53 MHz, and the system has been rebuilt, keeping the original square antenna array consisting of 1,024 Yagi antennae. The AIR is a high‐power, fully active phased array system with dedicated 1‐kW solid‐state transmit‐receive units, providing a total peak power of 1,024 kW, and control systems that allow steering the beam with 360° azimuth and 24° zenith agility. Also, the antenna system has been configured with modularity and scalability, which facilitates selection of antenna subarray and aperture for carrying out multireceiver experiments. The antenna radiation pattern tests reveal that the beam width and first side lobe level are close to the designed values of 2.2° and −13.2 dB, respectively. Currently, the system is equipped with 18 receivers to carry out spaced receiver experiments. The transmitters have been designed to transmit very short and long pulses for studying boundary layer to ionosphere. This paper presents the system description of the AIR and sample observations made using the system in Doppler beam swinging mode demonstrating its capabilities for studying neutral atmosphere and ionosphere.
The Role of Arc‐Arc Collision in Accretionary Orogenesis: Insights From ∼320 Ma Tectono‐sedimentary Transition in the Karamaili Area, NW China
Authors: Li Di , He Dengfa , Sun Min , Zhang Lei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the Karamaili orogenic belt and reflective collisional processes between the Junggar and Yemaquan blocks in NW China is critical for assessing the role of arc‐arc collision during accretion forming Central Asian Orogenic Belt. An integrated multidisciplinary investigation has been conducted on the Carboniferous strata across the Karamaili suture zone. Three Carboniferous tectonostratigraphic units in the Karamaili orogenic belt were identified, that is, Early Carboniferous clastic sequences, clastic‐volcanic sequences, and Late Carboniferous carbonate‐clastic sequences. The deposition of the Early Carboniferous strata in the northern Junggar block was controlled by normal faults in an extensional setting, accompanied with sediment supplies from the Junggar block. The Upper Carboniferous is distributed in the Junggar block and at the southern margin of the Yemaquan block, unconformably overlain by rift sequences. This unit shows a foreland‐type depositional pattern typical for a contractional regime and gained the detritus from the Yemaquan block. Such tectono‐sedimentary evolution corresponds to a ∼350–330 Ma rifting event in the Junggar arc and a ∼330–320 Ma collision event between the Junggar and Yemaquan arcs prior to the onset of intraplate rifting at ∼320 Ma. Given the temporal‐spatial distributions of the arc and rift magmatism in the southern Junggar area, we propose that two phases of rifting were likely associated with slab rollback of the subducting North Tianshan oceanic plate. The Karamaili collision may transfer crustal shortening to the southern margin of the Junggar arc resulting in coupling across the plate boundary, implying that arc‐arc collision is a possible mechanism for driving accretionary orogenesis.
Can Remotely Sensed Actual Evapotranspiration Facilitate Hydrological Prediction in Ungauged Regions Without Runoff Calibration?
Authors: Zhang Yongqiang , Chiew Francis H. S. , Liu Changming , Tang Qiuhong , Xia Jun , Tian Jing , Kong Dongdong , Li Congcong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRunoff prediction in ungauged catchments is a significant hydrological challenge. The common approach is to calibrate hydrological models against streamflow data from gauged catchments, and then regionalize or transfer parameter values from the gauged calibration to predict runoff in the ungauged catchments. This paper explores the potential for using parameter values from hydrological models calibrated solely against readily available remotely sensed evapotranspiration data to estimate runoff time series. The advantage of this approach is that it does not require observed streamflow data for model calibration and is therefore particularly useful for runoff prediction in poorly gauged or ungauged regions. The modeling experiments are carried out using data from 222 catchments across Australia. The results from the remotely sensed evapotranspiration runoff‐free calibration are encouraging, particularly in simulating monthly runoff and mean annual runoff in the wetter catchments. However, results for daily runoff and in the drier regions are relatively poor, and further developments are needed to realize the benefit of direct model calibration against remotely sensed data to predict runoff in ungauged catchments.
IKKβ overexpression together with a lack of tumour suppressor genes causes ameloblastic odontomas in mice
Authors: Page Angustias , Bravo Ana , Suarez-Cabrera Cristian , Sanchez-Baltasar Raquel , Oteo Marta , Morcillo Miguel Angel , Casanova M. Llanos , Segovia Jose C. , Navarro Manuel , Ramirez Angel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOdontogenic tumours are a heterogeneous group of lesions that develop in the oral cavity region and are characterized by the formation of tumoural structures that differentiate as teeth. Due to the diversity of their histopathological characteristics and clinical behaviour, the classification of these tumours is still under debate. Alterations in morphogenesis pathways such as the Hedgehog, MAPK and WNT/β-catenin pathways are implicated in the formation of odontogenic lesions, but the molecular bases of many of these lesions are still unknown. In this study, we used genetically modified mice to study the role of IKKβ (a fundamental regulator of NF-κB activity and many other proteins) in oral epithelial cells and odontogenic tissues. Transgenic mice overexpressing IKKβ in oral epithelial cells show a significant increase in immune cells in both the oral epithelia and oral submucosa. They also show changes in the expression of several proteins and miRNAs that are important for cancer development. Interestingly, we found that overactivity of IKKβ in oral epithelia and odontogenic tissues, in conjunction with the loss of tumour suppressor proteins (p53, or p16 and p19), leads to the appearance of odontogenic tumours that can be classified as ameloblastic odontomas, sometimes accompanied by foci of secondary ameloblastic carcinomas. These tumours show NF-κB activation and increased β-catenin activity. These findings may help to elucidate the molecular determinants of odontogenic tumourigenesis and the role of IKKβ in the homoeostasis and tumoural transformation of oral and odontogenic epithelia.
A Ras-LSD1 axis activates PI3K signaling through PIK3IP1 suppression
Authors: Lee Kyunghee , Kitagawa Mayumi , Liao Pei Ju , Virshup David M. , Lee Sang Hyun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPI3K Interacting Protein 1 (PIK3IP1) is a suppressor of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. We previously reported that activated Ras suppresses PIK3IP1 expression to positively regulate the PI3K pathway in cancer cells. Using doxycycline-inducible PIK3IP1, here we confirm that reversing the effect of Ras by inducing expression of PIK3IP1 suppresses Ras-induced anchorage-independent growth, supporting the central role of PIK3IP1 in transformation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Ras-activation that causes loss of PIK3IP1 expression are unknown. We find that Ras activity represses PIK3IP1 expression via the recruitment of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) to the PIK3IP1 gene promoter and enhancer, resulting in erasure of active histone marks. These studies demonstrate cross-activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, where Ras decommissions PIK3IP1 gene expression by enhancing LSD1 and its corepressor activities to suppress PIK3IP1 transcription.
Prevalence of alcohol use in late pregnancy
Authors: Umer Amna , Lilly Christa , Hamilton Candice , Baldwin Aileen , Breyel Janine , Tolliver Amy , Mullins Christina , John Collin , Maxwell Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can result in detrimental developmental complications. The objective of this study was to estimate the most recent PAE prevalence data for the state of West Virginia (WV) and associated factors.

Method
In all, 1830 newborn residual dried blood spots (DBS) in the WV Newborn Screening Repository were analyzed for phosphatidylethanol (PETH). Data were matched with Project WATCH data (94% match, N = 1729).

Results
The prevalence of late pregnancy PAE was 8.10% (95%CI: 6.81, 9.38) for all births, 7.61% (95%CI: 6.26, 8.97) for WV residents only, and ranged from 2.27 to 17.11% by region. The significant factors associated with PAE included smoking (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.40, 2.94), preterm births (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.89), birth weight of ≤2000 g vs. >3000 g (OR: 2.62, 95%CI: 1.19, 5.79), no exclusive breastfeeding intention (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.04), and not exclusively breastfeeding before discharge (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.38).

Conclusion
The prevalence of PAE is higher than previously shown for the state. Accurate and timely estimates are vital to inform public health workers, policymakers, researchers, and clinicians to develop and promote effective prevention strategies to lower PAE prevalence and provide targeted interventions and treatment services for infants affected by PAE.