bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil–Structure–Wave Interaction of Gravity-Based Offshore Wind Turbines: An Analytical Model
Authors: Pavlou Dimitrios G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The structural design of offshore wind turbines is based on the consideration of coupled dynamic phenomena. Wave loads cause the dynamic oscillation of the monopile, and the dynamic oscillation of the monopile affects the wave loads. The boundary conditions of the gravity-based foundation-monopile-turbine system are mostly affected by the flexural stiffness of the foundation plate, the elastic and creep behavior of the soil, and the inertia (translational and rotational) of the wind turbine mass. The design of the foundation should consider the dynamic response of the soil and the monopile, and the dynamic response of the soil and the monopile is affected by the design parameters of the foundation. The initial conditions of the system yield transient dynamic phenomena. A braking wave at t = 0 causes different dynamic response than the steady-state conditions due to a harmonic wave load. In the present work, an integrated analytical model simulating the above dynamic phenomena is proposed. With the aid of double integral transforms and generalized function properties, a solution of the corresponding differential equations for the monopile-soil-foundation system and the boundary and initial conditions is derived. A parametric study is carried out, and results of the effect of the design parameters and soil properties are presented and discussed.
Wave Motion Dynamic Analysis of Planar Frame Structures With Clearance Joints
Authors: Zhu Juntao , Li Tuanjie , Wang Zuowei , Dong Hangjia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to kinematic function requirements, deployable structures inevitably have many clearance joints. The existence of clearance joints not only reduces the structural stiffness but also leads to complex nonlinear dynamic characteristics. This paper proposed a general numerical method based on the wave motion theory, which is able to analyze these complex nonlinear dynamic characteristics of frame structures with clearance joints. The dynamic model of frame structures with clearance joints is derived on the basis of continuous wave equations. The clearance joint is modeling by combining Lankarani and Nikravesh contact model with the Ambrósio friction model. The established dynamic model of frame structures is solved by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. A triangular frame structure with two clearance joints is taken as the numerical example for the verification of the proposed numerical method. Numerical results show that the longitudinal wave affects the distribution direction of contact positions and the transverse wave mainly affects the distribution range of contact positions. It has been also found that the introduction of torsional springs with reasonable pretension torque is able to significantly improve the distribution of contact positions and reduce state uncertainties of clearance joints in structural vibrations.
Investigation of a Novel Tri-Stable Cantilever Beam With Two Magnets
Authors: Sun Shuailing , Leng Yonggang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The conventional non-linear tri-stable cantilever beams (TCBs) consisting of permanent magnets have the disadvantages of many magnets and complex parameters. In this paper, a novel TCB is proposed, which contains only two magnets, a ring magnet and a rectangular magnet. Through theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the magnetic force and the system potential function, it is proved that this TCB can have tri-stable characteristics, which provides an effective and simplified design approach for constructing a TCB. The dynamics analysis of this TCB with different structural parameters reveals the mechanism of excitation intensity, potential well depth and potential well spacing on the response of the system.
Toward a Theory of Systems Engineering
Authors: Hazelrigg George A. , Saari Donald G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The derivation of a theory of systems engineering has long been complicated by the fact that there is little consensus within the systems engineering community regarding precisely what systems engineering is, what systems engineers do, and what might constitute reasonable systems engineering practices. To date, attempts at theories fail to accommodate even a sizable fraction of the current systems engineering community, and they fail to present a test of validity of systems theories, analytical methods, procedures or practices. This paper presents a more theoretical and more abstract approach to the derivation of a theory of systems engineering that has the potential to accommodate a broad segment of the systems engineering community and present a validity test. It is based on a simple preference statement: “I want the best system I can get.” From this statement, it is argued that a very rich theory can be obtained. Whereas most engineering disciplines are framed around a core set of widely accepted physical laws, to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to frame an engineering discipline around a preference.
LSTM-Based Ensemble Learning for Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis
Authors: Li Mingyang , Wang Zequn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based ensemble learning framework for time-dependent reliability analysis. To deal with the time-dependent uncertainties, a LSTM network is first adopted to capture the system dynamics. As a result, time-dependent system responses for random realizations of stochastic processes can be accurately predicted by the LSTM. With realizations of the random variables and stochastic processes, multiple LSTMs are trained for generating a set of augmented data. Then a deep feedforward neural network (DFN) is employed to ensemble the knowledge extracted from LSTMs and generate a deep surrogate for the original time-dependent system responses. To improve the performance of DFN in terms of accuracy, the Gaussian process modeling technique is utilized for architecture design, where the number of neurons in the hidden layer is determined by minimizing the validation loss. With the DFN, the time-dependent system reliability can be directly approximated by using the Monte Carlo simulation. Two case studies are introduced to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach.
Architecting a Modular Battery Electric Truck
Authors: Williamsson David , Sellgren Ulf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Product architecting involves conceptual system design, module identification (clustering) and product layout design. In this paper, we propose a new extended version of the previously introduced Integrated Modularization Methodology (IMM) that integrates technical complexity and business strategic concerns into product architecture clustering. The extended IMM (eIMM) adds physical interference and implementation dependent behavior into architecture clustering. The proposed method is logically verified by an industrial case, where the architecture of a presently developed battery electric truck is used as a test bench for studying if and how the product architecture DSM and eIMM approaches may enable us to identify module candidates that are reasonable trade-offs between technical complexity, business strategies and physical interferences. The case study indicates that the eIMM is able to propose a modular product architecture with reasonable module candidates from a technical complexity point of view, and without conflicting business strategies or intra-modular physical interferences.
A Novel Iterative Method of Determining the Pose Error of Planar Clearance-Affected Flexible Parallel Mechanisms Under Loaded Mode
Authors: Zhao Qiangqiang , Guo Junkang , Hong Jun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Clearance and flexibility play an essential role in determining the accuracy of a planar parallel mechanism. However, previous accuracy prediction methods either considered only one of them or combined them in linear superposition. Therefore, this study proposes a novel iterative method for determining the pose error by considering clearance and flexibility simultaneously. First, the rigid-flexible model of the mechanism with clearances is developed based on the virtual joint method, in which the equilibrium conditions under the external load are established via the virtual work principle and differential forward kinematics. Then, using a Taylor series approximation, the “instant” stiffness matrix corresponding to a specific load is deduced. On this basis, an iterative scheme is explored to search for the final equilibrium pose, in which a child iterative scheme is constructed to determine the joint variables and suffered wrench of the single chain given a pose. Finally, the developed method is demonstrated by calculating the comparative pose errors of the planar five-bar mechanism and 3-RPR robot.
Reliability-Based Reinforcement Learning Under Uncertainty
Authors: Wang Zequn , Patwardhan Narendra 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Despite the numerous advances, reinforcement learning remains away from widespread acceptance for autonomous controller design as compared to classical methods due to lack of ability to effectively tackle uncertainty. The reliance on absolute or deterministic reward as a metric for optimization process renders reinforcement learning highly susceptible to changes in problem dynamics. We introduce a novel framework that effectively quantify the uncertainty in the design space and induces robustness in controllers by switching to a reliability-based optimization routine. A model-based approach is used to improve the data efficiency of the method while predicting the system dynamics. We prove the stability of learned neuro-controllers in both static and dynamic environments on classical reinforcement learning tasks such as Cart Pole balancing and Inverted Pendulum.
Non-Enzymatic and Electrodeless Detection of Direct Bilirubin Using Metal Enhanced Fluorescence Effect
Authors: Li Cheng-Yi , Peng Chang-I , Hsu Sandy Huey-Jen , Chang Cheng-Chung , Wang Gou-Jen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, a metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) approach using the homemade Ag nanowires for enzyme free and electrodeless detection of direct bilirubin (d-BLR) was successfully developed. The average diameter and length of the fabricated Ag nanowires were measured to be around 80 nm and 25 μm, respectively. Solvent effect experiments found that EtOH is more suitable as the solvent for d-BLR. The experimental results found that the linear detection range is from 1 to 10 μM, which can be used for detecting abnormal d-BLR concentration from 5 to 10 μM. The MEF approach not only enhanced the bilirubin fluorescence, but also improved the linearity of the standard curve. Furthermore, we also found that the fluorescence intensity of the chip-based MEF is much higher than that of the solution-based MEF. It is believed that the proposed enzyme free and electrodeless d-BLR detection platform is highly feasible for clinical applications.
Assessing Global Needs When Identifying Potential Engineering for Global Development Projects
Authors: Mabey Christopher S. , Mattson Christopher A. , Dahlin Eric C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With limited time and resources available to carry out Engineering for Global Development (EGD) projects, it can be difficult to know where those resources should be allocated to have great potential for meaningful impact. It is easy to assume that projects should occur in a particular location based upon personal experience or where other development projects are taking place. This can be a consideration, but it may not lead to the greatest social impact. Where to work on a project and what problem to work on are key questions at the outset of an EGD project. To aid in this process, this paper presents a method for assessing global needs to ensure thoughtful use of limited EGD resources. We introduce a method for identifying locations where there is human need, gaps in technological achievement, and what countries are favorable to do business in. Results of the method are compared to what countries receive the most foreign aid dollars per capita. Measures were calculated using principal component analysis (PCA) on data collected from the United Nations, World Bank, World Economic Forum, and AidData. These results can help practitioners in selecting where to undertake development projects with an eye toward targeting locations that may yield high levels of social impact.
HPC FEM Calculations for Damping Estimation of Bladed Disk With Dry-Friction Contacts
Authors: Pesek Ludek , Snabl Pavel , Bula Vitezslav 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The experimental set-up for studying dynamical behaviour of the bladed wheel with pre-stressed dry-friction contacts in tie-bosses was built. The numerical solution of the turbine bladed wheel with tie-bosses based on 3D finite element method with surface to surface dry friction contact model is proposed. Comparison of experimental and numerical results of dynamical behaviour and damping estimation of our bladed wheel design yielded a reasonable agreement. Due to dry friction contacts and non-linear solution of 3D FE model it, however, leads to HPC computations and long computation times. The contribution deals with description of proposed computational strategy for damping evaluation and achieved results, too.
Computing Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of an Axially Moving Non-Uniform Beam
Authors: Sinha Alok 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The partial differential equation of motion of an axially moving beam with spatially varying geometric, mass and material properties has been derived. Using the theory of linear time-varying systems, a general algorithm has been developed to compute natural frequencies, mode shapes, and the critical speed for stability. Numerical results from the new method are presented for beams with spatially varying rectangular cross sections with sinusoidal variation in thickness and sine-squared variation in width. They are also compared to those from the Galerkin method. It has been found that critical speed of the beam can be significantly reduced by non-uniformity in a beam’s cross section.
System Design Method of Complex Product Based on Heterogeneous Language Information Environment
Authors: Wang Guan , Liu Yusheng , Ye Xiaoping , Zhao Jianjun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the product design process, early system design often plays an important role. Although the existing system design methods are very effective, the preference information of different stakeholders and the subjective uncertainty of their existence have not been processed well. Because different stakeholders have different backgrounds and different personalities, the language preferences are expressed differently. Therefore, it is difficult to select a system scheme that meets the performance requirements and is approved by various stakeholders. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a system design method based on heterogeneous language information environment. First, the theoretical system schemes set is constructed through the morphological matrix, and the multi-objective programming model is constructed through the performance indicators to select the system schemes set that optimizes each performance objective and meets the performance constraints. Then, a trapezoidal asymmetric cloud model is used as an intermediate for heterogeneous language information to integrate each stakeholder’s preference information expressed by their favorite linguistic term set to select the best system solution. The effectiveness of the method is verified by a system design example of a horizontal directional drilling machine (HDDM).
A Literature Review of Design Decision Making in Disruptive Technological Innovations of New Products
Authors: Nikolaev Mikhail Y. , Fortin Clement 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper reviews the information available on specifics of the design decision-making process for the case of disruptive technological innovations associated with new products and systems. It defines the term “disruptive technological innovation,” provides with the explanation of decision-making methodology peculiarities for this type of innovation, and describes currently existing techniques and tools to support design decision making in case of disruptive technological innovations. The current paper relates to decision making in systems engineering and design, and therefore deals with the design decision making.
The terms “disruptive technologies” and “disruptive innovations” appeared at the end of the 1990s. Researchers frequently mention disruptive innovations and technologies in the description of technical products for different industries: aircraft, automotive, food, petroleum, etc. A disruptive technological innovation is defined as a combination of disruptive technology and disruptive innovation. A new product can be relatively a simple device like an unmanned aerial vehicle and a smartphone, or a complex system like a modern aerospace vehicle or a space information network. Being an innovative developed product, it possesses peculiarities influencing the product development phase of the product lifecycle design decision-making process and accompanying supporting techniques and tools.
This review investigates the specifics of design decision making of disruptive technologically innovative products that influence different stages of the product development phase in their product lifecycles. The paper combines aspects of systems engineering with innovation theory, key elements of the design of complex systems, and highlights the product development phase of the product lifecycle design decision-making process.
Comparing Student and Sponsor Perceptions of Interdisciplinary Teams’ Capstone Performance
Authors: Krishnakumar Sandeep , Berdanier Catherine , McComb Christopher , Parkinson Matthew , Menold Jessica 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to investigate the relationship between the disciplinary diversity of capstone design teams and perceptions of success and engineering design abilities. Capstone design programs are effective environments for students to collaborate with industry sponsors on authentic design problems. They provide students with the opportunity to hone their technical and professional skills, often in teams. Previous work has demonstrated that interdisciplinary teams outperform within-discipline teams on complex open-ended tasks, but struggle to communicate across disciplinary boundaries. They also report lower levels of team cohesion and satisfaction with final outcomes. The results of the mixed-methods study conducted with 58 capstone design teams for this paper indicate that team diversity may be inversely related to students’ beliefs in their abilities to construct a prototype. Preliminary qualitative analysis suggests that students tend to divide prototyping tasks based on disciplinary background and struggle to integrate design efforts for complex systems, particularly during later stage design.
Detecting and Characterizing Archetypes of Unintended Consequences in Engineered Systems
Authors: Walsh Hannah S. , Dong Andy , Tumer Irem Y. , Brat Guillaume 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
When designing engineered systems, the potential for unintended consequences of design policies exists despite best intentions. The effect of risk factors for unintended consequences are often known only in hindsight. However, since historical knowledge is generally associated with a single event, it is difficult to uncover general trends in the formation and types of unintended consequences. In this research, archetypes of unintended consequences are learned from historical data. This research contributes toward the understanding of archetypes of unintended consequences by using machine learning over a large data set of lessons learned from adverse events at NASA. Sixty-six archetypes are identified because they share similar sets of risk factors such as complexity and human-machine interaction. To validate the learned archetypes, system dynamics representations of the archetypes are compared to known high-level archetypes of unintended consequences. The main contribution of the paper is a set of archetypes that apply to many engineered systems and a pattern of leading indicators that open a new path to manage unintended consequences and mitigate the magnitude of potentially adverse outcomes.
Milling Simulation-Based Method to Evaluate Manufacturability of Machine Parts
Authors: Inui Masatomo , Zhang Tong , Umezu Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The designers of mechanical products are generally not experts in machining. Therefore, they often design parts with inherent machining difficulties. Although various design for manufacturability tools have been developed to avoid such problems, their use in practice remains limited due to their lack of versatility. We develop a novel piece of software that can automatically detect difficult-to-machine shapes in a part. Using this software, the designer can determine which shapes are difficult to produce using conventional cutting by themselves, and can modify the shape on the spot. In the Internet-based part manufacturing business, the same software can be used to check whether the given part can be produced using the standard milling operations predetermined in a company. Our system is based on “milling simulation”. It detects any shapes that cannot be produced using the prepared cutting tools by executing the milling simulations with the tools, and then visualizing shapes that remain unmachined after all simulations. In this study, the acceleration of the processing is realized using graphics processing unit technology, and it is possible to extract difficult-to-machine shapes in several minutes using a standard PC.
Monitoring Method for Laser Via Hole Processing of Printed Circuit Boards Based on Two-Color Method With a High-Speed Video Camera
Authors: Nakagawa Wataru , Yamaguchi Ryuta , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A build-up process is used to manufacture printed wiring boards (PWBs) for high-density circuits. Presently, CO2 laser beams are used to drill blind via holes (BVHs) that connect copper foils. The Cu-direct drilling process has received considerable attention but is problematic because it produces a copper overhang due to the complex processing phenomena. This report focuses on monitoring scattered matter by Cu-direct laser drilling with a high-speed camera and clarifying the factors related to processing quality while verifying the results by CFD (Computational Fluid Dinamics) analysis. Previous research has shown that processing progress can be made from temperature information using the two-color image method that can measure temperature without contact. However, the two-color image method generates noise in the temperature range (500–3000 °C) which is treated in this research. Filtering was possible by using the RGB data of each pixel on the image. By focusing on laser fluence, it became possible to estimate the laser irradiation time that can guarantee the quality in the drilled hole (BVH) in single pulse continuous irradiation.