bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaphylaxis Refractory to intramuscular adrenaline during in‐hospital food challenges: A case series and proposed management
Authors: Alviani Cherry , Burrell Sarah , Macleod Abigail , Edees Susan , Roberts Graham , Turner Paul J , Erlewyn‐Lajeunesse Michel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnaphylaxis is a severe, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can be potentially life‐threatening. Anaphylaxis during oral food challenge is not uncommon and can usually be effectively managed with intramuscular adrenaline as first line treatment. Although very rare, fatal anaphylaxis during in‐hospital food challenge has been reported.ObjectiveWe describe our experience of cases of refractory anaphylaxis at in‐hospital challenge and propose a framework for escalation of treatment in such cases using intravenous infusion of adrenaline which has been adopted for widespread use elsewhere.MethodsWe present four patients who all experienced severe life‐threatening anaphylaxis, refractory to intramuscular adrenaline treatment, during supervised oral food challenges. Patient data were collected from contemporaneous notes, and patient consent was obtained.ResultsIn all four cases, the anaphylaxis reactions were amenable to treatment with low‐dose intravenous adrenaline, with no reported adverse effects.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThese cases demonstrate the need for clinicians undertaking higher risk allergen challenges to be able to manage cases of severe anaphylaxis refractory to intramuscular adrenaline, and to consider a framework for managing these reactions. While peripheral intravenous adrenaline infusions should always be initiated only in conjunction with expert input, the protocol suggested is simple enough to be undertaken within the hospital environment while more experienced support is obtained.
A prospective multicentre external validation study of the Liverpool Peritonsillar abscess Score (LPS) with a no‐examination COVID‐19 modification
Authors: Selwyn David , Yang Ding , Heward Elliot , Kerai Ashwin , Thompson Elinor , Shommakhi Abulgasem , Faulkner Scott , Siau Richard , Walijee Hussein , Hampton Tom , Chudek Dorota , Singhera Supriya , Din Waqas , Lau Andrew S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesOur primary aim was to validate the Liverpool Peritonsillar abscess Score (LPS) externally in a new patient cohort. Our secondary aim was to modify the LPS in the light of the COVID‐19 pandemic to produce a no‐examination variant for use in this instance.DesignProspective multicentre external validation study.SettingSix different secondary care institutions across the United Kingdom.ParticipantsPatients over 16 years old who were referred to ENT with any uncomplicated sore throat such a tonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess (PTA).Main outcome measuresSensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for both the original LPS model and the modified model for COVID‐19.ResultsThe LPS model had sensitivity and specificity calculated at 98% and 79%, respectively. The LPS has a high negative predictive value (NPV) of 99%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was slightly lower at 63%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, including the area under the curve (AUROC), was 0.888 which indicates very good accuracy.ConclusionsExternal validation of the LPS against an independent geographically diverse population yields high NPV. This may support non‐specialist colleagues who may have concerns about mis‐diagnosing a PTA. The COVID‐19 modification of the LPS has a similar NPV, which may be of use where routine oral examination is to be avoided during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
How the diversity of human concepts of nature affects conservation of biodiversity
Authors: Ducarme Frédéric , Flipo Fabrice , Couvet Denis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProtecting nature has become a global concern. However, the very idea of nature is problematic. We examined the etymological and semantic diversity of the word used to translate nature in a conservation context in 76 of the primary languages of the world to identify the different relationships between humankind and nature. Surprisingly, the number of morphemes (distinct etymological roots) used by 7 billion people was low. Different linguistic superfamilies shared the same etymon across large cultural areas that correlate with the distribution of major religions. However, we found large differences in etymological meanings among these words, echoing the semantic differences and historical ambiguity of the contemporary European concept of nature. The principal current Western meaning of nature in environmental public policy, conservation science, and environmental ethics–that which is not a human artifact–appears to be relatively rare and recent and to contradict the vision of nature in most other cultures, including those of pre‐Christian Europe. To avoid implicit cultural bias and hegemony–and thus to be globally intelligible and effective–it behooves nature conservationists to take into account this semantic diversity when proposing conservation policies and implementing conservation practices.
Inferring Behavior From Partial Social Information Plays Little or No Role in the Cultural Transmission of Adaptive Traits
Authors: Atkinson Mark , Blakey Kirsten H. , Caldwell Christine A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany human cultural traits become increasingly beneficial as they are repeatedly transmitted, thanks to an accumulation of modifications made by successive generations. But how do later generations typically avoid modifications which revert traits to less beneficial forms already sampled and rejected by earlier generations? And how can later generations do so without direct exposure to their predecessors' behavior? One possibility is that learners are sensitive to cues of non‐random production in others' behavior, and that particular variants (e.g., those containing structural regularities unlikely to occur spontaneously) have been produced deliberately and with some effort. If this non‐random behavior is attributed to an informed strategy, then the learner may infer that apparent avoidance of certain possibilities indicates that these have already been sampled and rejected. This could potentially prevent performance plateaus resulting from learners modifying inherited behaviors randomly. We test this hypothesis in four experiments in which participants, either individually or in interacting dyads, attempt to locate rewards in a search grid, guided by partial information about another individual's experience of the task. We find that in some contexts, valid inferences about another's behavior can be made from partial information, and these inferences can be used in a way which facilitates trait adaptation. However, the benefit of these inferences appears to be limited, and in many contexts—including some which have the potential to make inferring the experience of another individual easier—there appears to be no benefit at all. We suggest that inferring previous behavior from partial social information plays a minimal role in the adaptation of cultural traits.
Quality of life in primary aldosteronism: A prospective observational study
Authors: Buffolo Fabrizio , Cavaglià Giovanni , Burrello Jacopo , Amongero Martina , Tetti Martina , Pecori Alessio , Sconfienza Elisa , Veglio Franco , Mulatero Paolo , Monticone Silvia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies suggested that patients affected by primary aldosteronism (PA) have impaired quality of life (QOL) compared to the general population, but a direct comparison with patients affected by essential hypertension (EH) has never been performed. The aim of the study was to compare the QOL of patients affected by PA to the QOL of patients affected by EH.Material and methodsWe designed a prospective observational study comparing the QOL of patients with PA and carefully matched patients with EH before and after treatment. We recruited 70 patients with PA and 70 patients with EH, matched for age, sex, blood pressure levels and intensity of antihypertensive treatment. We assessed QOL at baseline and after specific treatment for PA or after optimization of medical therapy for patients with EH.ResultsPatients with PA displayed impaired QOL compared with the general healthy population, but similar to patients with EH. Both laparoscopic adrenalectomy and treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist allowed an improvement of QOL in patients with PA, that was more pronounced after surgical treatment. Optimization of blood pressure control by implementation of antihypertensive treatment (without MR antagonists) allowed a minimal improvement in only one of eight domains in patients with EH.ConclusionsPatients with PA have impaired QOL, which is likely caused by uncontrolled hypertension and the effects of intensive antihypertensive treatment. Surgical and medical treatment of PA allows a significant improvement of QOL, by amelioration of blood pressure control and, after surgical treatment, by reduction of antihypertensive treatment.
VEGFR2 and VEGFA polymorphisms are not associated with an inferior prognosis in Caucasian patients with aggressive B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Kaddu‐Mulindwa Dominic , Rosolowski Maciej , Ziepert Marita , Regitz Evi , Assmann Gunter , Bewarder Moritz , Held Gerhard , Pfreundschuh Michael , Bittenbring Jörg Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposePrevious published data showed an impact of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the VEGF A and VEGFR2 genes on the survival of patients with various malignancies, among others diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL).Patients and MethodsWe investigated the role of four VEGF‐A and two VEGFR‐2 gene polymorphisms on the outcome of 273 patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma who were treated with R‐CHOP within a prospective, randomized trial of the German High‐Grade Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (DSHNHL). The genomic DNA samples were analyzed using commercial DNA Probes (Applied Biosystems, USA) to detect single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the VEGF A rs699947, rs1570360, rs2010963, rs3025039 and rs1870377, and rs2305948 in the VEGFR2 receptor. Hundred healthy blood donors served as a control.ResultsThere was no difference between the SNP allele frequencies in lymphoma patients compared to the control group for all investigated SNPs. None of the investigated SNPs was significantly associated with EFS or OS. After adjusting for the International Prognostic Index risk factors in a multivariate analysis, these results could be confirmed.ConclusionSingle‐nucleotide polymorphisms of the VEGF and VEGFR2 were not associated with a worse outcome in Caucasian patients with DLBCL.
Outcomes of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia patients failing venetoclax‐based salvage therapies
Authors: Zucenka Andrius , Pileckyte Regina , Trociukas Igoris , Peceliunas Valdas , Vaitekenaite Vilmante , Maneikis Kazimieras , Davainis Linas , Zvirblis Tadas , Stoskus Mindaugas , Gineikiene Egle , Norvilas Rimvydas , Dirse Vaidas , Surauciute Agne , Zucenkiene Emile , Griskevicius Laimonas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectives and methodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the outcomes of 28 heavily pretreated (median 3 (2‐6) treatment lines, sixteen (57%) allotransplanted) relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia patients who had failed salvage venetoclax‐based therapies.ResultsThe median age was 59 years (20‐80), 20 patients (71%) had ECOG 2‐4 status, and 18 patients (64%) were stratified to European Leukemia Network 2017 adverse risk group. The most common mutations were ASXL1 (21%), RUNX1 (18%), FLT3 ITD/TKD (18%), PTPN11 (15%), NRAS/KRAS (15%), and WT1 (15%). Twenty‐two patients (79%) received different post‐venetoclax salvage therapies with the overall response rate of 23% (complete remission + morphological leukemia‐free state). Three of six (50%) patients achieved complete remissions after therapy with venetoclax + actinomycin D ± low‐dose cytarabine. The remaining 6 patients did not receive any further salvage treatment mainly due to poor general condition. The median overall survival was 3.9 months for all patients (4.3 for those receiving post‐venetoclax salvage vs 1.3 months receiving palliative care alone, P < .001).ConclusionsThough the remission rate and survival of patients failing venetoclax are poor, a small proportion of these R/R AML patients may still respond to cautious intensification of chemotherapy with venetoclax.
Muscle involvement in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: Pitscheider Lea , Karolyi Mario , Burkert Francesco R. , Helbok Raimund , Wanschitz Julia V. , Horlings Corinne , Pawelka Erich , Omid Sara , Traugott Marianna , Seitz Tamara , Zoufaly Alexander , Lindeck‐Pozza Elisabeth , Wöll Ewald , Beer Ronny , Seiwald Stefanie , Bellmann‐Weiler Rosa , Hegen Harald , Löscher Wolfgang N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and PurposeSince the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic, several reports indicated neurological involvement in COVID‐19 disease. Muscle involvement has also been reported as evidenced by creatine kinase (CK) elevations and reports of myalgia.MethodsCreatine kinase, markers of inflammation, pre‐existing diseases and statin use were extracted from records of Austrian hospitalised COVID‐19 patients. Disease severity was classified as severe in case of intensive care unit (ICU) admission or mortality. COVID‐19 patients were additionally compared to an historical group of hospitalised influenza patients.ResultsThree hundred fifty‐one patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 and 258 with influenza were included in the final analysis. CK was elevated in 27% of COVID‐19 and in 28% of influenza patients. CK was higher in severe COVID‐19 as were markers of inflammation. CK correlated significantly with inflammation markers, which had an independent impact on CK when adjusted for demographic variables and disease severity. Compared to influenza patients, COVID‐19 patients were older, more frequently male, had more comorbidities, and more frequently had a severe disease course. Nevertheless, influenza patients had higher baseline CK than COVID‐19, and 35.7% of intensive care unit (ICU)‐admitted patients had CK levels >1,000 U/L compared to only 4.7% of ICU‐admitted COVID‐19 patients.ConclusionsHyperCKemia occurs in a similar frequency in COVID‐19 and influenza infection. CK levels were lower in COVID‐19 than in influenza in mild and severe disease. CK levels strongly correlate with disease severity and markers of inflammation. To date, it remains unclear whether hyperCKemia is due to a virus‐triggered inflammatory response or direct muscle toxicity.
Retrofitting coal‐fired power plants with biomass co‐firing and carbon capture and storage for net zero carbon emission: A plant‐by‐plant assessment framework
Authors: Wang Rui , Chang Shiyan , Cui Xueqin , Li Jin , Ma Linwei , Kumar Amit , Nie Yaoyu , Cai Wenjia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe targets of limiting global warming levels below 2°C or even 1.5°C set by Paris Agreement heavily rely on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which can remove carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and achieve net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Biomass and coal co‐firing with CCS is one of BECCS technologies, as well as a pathway to achieve low carbon transformation and upgrading through retrofitting coal power plants. However, few studies have considered co‐firing ratio of biomass to coal based on each specific coal power plant's characteristic information such as location, installed capacity, resources allocation, and logistic transportation. Therefore, there is a need to understand whether it is worth retrofitting any individual coal power plant for the benefit of GHG emission reduction. It is also important to understand which power plant is suitable for retrofit and the associated co‐firing ratio. In order to fulfill this gap, this paper develops a framework to solve these questions, which mainly include three steps. First, biomass resources are assessed at 1 km spatial resolution with the help of the Geography Information Science method. Second, by setting biomass collection points and linear program model, resource allocation and supply chain for each power plants are complete. Third, is by assessing the life‐cycle emission for each power plant. In this study, Hubei Province in China is taken as the research area and study case. The main conclusions are as follows: (a) biomass co‐firing ratio for each CCS coal power plant to achieve carbon neutral is between 40% and 50%; (b) lower co‐firing ratio sometimes may obtain better carbon emission reduction benefits; (c) even the same installed capacity power plants should consider differentiated retrofit strategy according to their own characteristic. Based on the results and analysis above, retrofit suggestions for each power plant are made in the discussion.
Pruritus: Is there a grain of salty truth?
Authors: Penny Jarrin D. , Salerno Fabio R. , Akbari Alireza , McIntyre Christopher W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHemodialysis patients characteristically suffer from a range of unpleasant symptoms. Uremic pruritus effects close to half of the chronic kidney disease population, reducing quality of life and associated with increased mortality. Its pathophysiology though is poorly understood; currently deployed therapeutic approaches are ineffective. Excessive levels of skin and soft tissue sodium accumulate in dialysis patients, producing a range of biological consequences, including inflammation. We report an index case of a hemodialysis patient with debilitating pruritus and extreme levels of tissue sodium, measured with Sodium‐23 magnetic resonance imaging. Both the tissue sodium loading and pruritus responded fully to initiation of expanded hemodialysis therapy with a recently introduced medium cutoff dialysis membrane‐based dialyzer.
Immigrant Men’s Labour Market Incorporation in South Africa: Regional and National Origin Differences
Authors: Souza Emmanuel F. , Flippen Chenoa A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study explores the process of labour market incorporation among migrant men in South Africa, which has become a magnet for regional immigration in recent decades. Using 2011 Census data, we compare the employment rates, class of worker, occupation and income of black African immigrants, by region of origin, to black South African‐born internal migrants, and examine how these outcomes are associated with various forms of human capital. Results show that, overall, immigrant men enjoy higher employment levels compared to internal migrants. However, this immigrant employment advantage does not extend into other labour market outcomes. Immigrant men are over‐represented in the informal sector, which contributes to generally lower income relative to South Africans. The returns to education are also markedly lower for immigrants than for their internal migrant counterparts. Results also highlight variations across regional and national origin groups, with better‐resourced groups exhibiting more favourable outcomes than longer‐established but lower‐skilled co‐ethnic communities.
Cellular expression of DNA damage/repair and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in human periodontitis and peri‐implantitis lesions
Authors: Dionigi Carlotta , Larsson Lena , Carcuac Olivier , Berglundh Tord 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAim of the studyTo evaluate differences in the cellular expression of DNA damage/repair and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species between human periodontitis and peri‐implantitis lesions.Material and methods40 patients presenting with generalized severe periodontitis and 40 patients with severe peri‐implantitis were included. Soft tissue biopsies were collected from diseased sites in conjunction with surgical therapy and prepared for histological analysis. Four regions of interest were identified: the pocket epithelium (PE), the infiltrated connective tissue (ICT), which was divided into one inner area facing the PE (ICT‐1) and one outer area (ICT‐2). A non‐infiltrated connective tissue area (NCT) lateral of the ICT was also selected.ResultsIt was demonstrated that the ICT of peri‐implantitis specimens was considerably larger and contained significantly larger area proportions and densities of CD68‐, MPO‐ and iNOS‐positive cells than that of periodontitis samples. Cellular densities were overall higher in the inner ICT zone lateral of the PE (ICT‐1) than in the outer ICT compartment (ICT‐2). While the NCT area lateral of the ICT comprised significantly larger proportions and densities of y‐H2AX‐, iNOS‐, NOX2‐, MPO‐ and PAD4/MPO‐positive cells in peri‐implantitis than in periodontitis sites, a reverse difference was noted for the area proportion and density of 8‐OHdG‐positive cells in the PE.ConclusionsIt is suggested that peri‐implantitis lesions are associated with an enhanced and upregulated host response and contain larger numbers of neutrophils, macrophages and iNOS‐positive cells than periodontitis lesions.
Periodontitis and risk of prevalent and incident coronary heart disease events
Authors: Winning Lewis , Patterson Christopher C. , Linden Katie , Evans Alun , Yarnel John , McKeown Pascal P. , Kee Frank , Linden Gerard J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate periodontitis as a risk factor for prevalent and incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in a group of middle‐aged men from Northern Ireland.MethodsA representative sample of 1400 dentate men had a comprehensive periodontal examination between 2001 and 2003. Prevalent and incident CHD events were validated by independent cardiologists. Logistic regression was used to assess the cross‐sectional relationship between periodontitis and prevalent CHD and Cox's proportional hazards analysis to assess the longitudinal relationship between periodontitis and incident CHD.ResultsThe mean age of the men at baseline was 63.7 (SD 3.0) years. Of the 1400 men examined, 126 (9%) had prevalent CHD. After adjusting for confounding variables, men with highest mean CAL (Q4) had an odds ratio of 2.15 (95% CI 1.15–4.02), p = 0.02 for prevalent CHD in comparison to men with the lowest CAL (Q1). During a median follow‐up of 12.7 years, 137 (10.8%) of the 1274 men free of CHD at baseline had an incident CHD event. After adjusting for confounding variables, the hazard ratio for incident CHD in men in Q4 versus Q1 CAL categories was 1.36 (95% CI 0.81–2.29), p = 0.24.ConclusionsIn this group of dentate men, periodontitis was associated with prevalent CHD. However, there was no association with incident CHD.