bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TEMPERO-MANDIBULAR JOINT: THE KINETICS OF ELEVATION & DEPRESSION
Authors: Kumar Arunachalam , Shetty Ashwin , Shetty Urvashi , Kumar Savinaya , C. Harsha 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe temperomandibular joint (TMJ) is a multiaxial ginlymoarthrodial synovial joint endowed with a capacity to perform a wide range of movements , primarily through its bicondylar mandibule freely articulating with a stationary (fixed) fossa of the squamous temporal. This short paper elaborates on an odd, yet possible, movement that can be performed by the joint: An illusory and paradoxical 'depression' that can result by a reversal in the roles of the two articulating bones, the mandible and the temporal. Whereas in classical depression, the TMJ utilizes two axises, the same joint during performance of the reversed articulation uses just a single axis to achieve an identical final outcome, separation of the alveolar ridges of two bones.This paper here discusses the kinetics and articular dynamics that coordinate the plethora of performed or possible movements with special reference and a closer observation of the depression – elevation sequence.
TRANSPOSITIONAL AUTOKERATOPLASTY
Authors: Pai Vijay , Shetty Jayaram , Amin Hrishikesh 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRejection is the most common cause for corneal graft failure1,2. Therefore, for obvious reason, ideal material for corneal graft is the host's own cornea, either from the same eye or the fellow eye, which is totally blind from the cause that leaves the cornea healthy and intact or possibly, from an identical twin, that has a cornea to spare for the same reason. Herewith, we report a case of Transpositional Autokeratoplasty.
LIPOSARCOMA OF SPERMATIC CORD PRESENTING AS INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA- A RARE CASE REPORT
Authors: K. Padma Shetty , Permi Harish S. , Mathias Michelle , Prasad Kishan , S. Teerthanath , K. Jayaprakash Shetty 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLiposarcoma in the inguinal region though rare are clinically significant lesions. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult since the clinical findings are very similar to that of inguinal hernia. We report a rare case of Liposarcoma of the spermatic cord in 85 year old male, clinically diagnosed as left sided indirect inguinal hernia. Surgical excision specimen showed multiple globular lipomatous masses which were yellowish and grey tan with areas of myxoid degeneration and necrosis seen. Microscopic examination showed adipocytes arranged in lobules with numerous blood vessels, lipoblasts and myxoid stroma confirming the diagnosis of myxoid liposarcoma. He is on regular follow up since two years without any recurrence or metastasis. Our case report highlights the importance of sampling and examination of fatty masses in the inguinal region to rule out the possibility of liposarcoma as they are mistaken for lipoma at surgery.
LARYNGECTOMY: FROM STRIDOR TO SURVIVAL- OUR EXPERIENCE
Authors: Bhandary Satheesh Kumar , Bhat Vadish S. , Shenoy M. Shwetha 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLaryngeal cancer is among the commonest cancers in the body. It constitutes one fifth of all head and neck cancers. India accounts for 17% of the world burden. Even though it is curable in early stages, majority of them in India present in the later stages due to ignorance and poverty. The mainstay of treatment in advanced cases is total laryngectomy, with or without post operative radiotherapy which results in loss of voice. However, by speech rehabilitation and by modification of the technique in the form of near total laryngectomy, these patients can be assured of good quality disease free survival.
Political alienation and referendums: how political alienation was related to support for Brexit
Authors: Fox Stuart 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA common interpretation of the UK’s Brexit vote is that it was an expression of anti-establishment sentiment, outrage and dismay from a politically alienated majority. This line of thinking suggests Brexit, like the electoral appeal of Donald Trump and parties such as the Five Star Movement, is but the latest manifestation of a growing disconnect between Western citizens and their democratic institutions. The direct role of political alienation in building support for such anti-establishment causes has, however, barely been examined. This study addresses this gap and uses previous literature on political alienation to build a model to test the claim that Brexit was (at least in part) driven by political alienation in UK citizens. The analyses show that while political alienation did have a substantial effect in making some citizens more likely to support Brexit—specifically those who lacked trust in the integrity of the political elite and felt that the political system was unresponsive—its impact overall was limited. Moreover, claims that Brexit was driven by political alienation understate how alienated from politics most people who were opposed to it also feel.
What influence does resistance exercise order have on muscular strength gains and muscle hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nunes João Pedro , Grgic Jozo , Cunha Paolo M. , Ribeiro Alex S. , Schoenfeld Brad J. , de Salles Belmiro F. , Cyrino Edilson S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe objectives of this paper were to: (a) systematically review studies that explored the effects of exercise order (EO) on muscular strength and/or hypertrophy; (b) pool their results using a meta‐analysis; and (c) provide recommendations for the prescription of EO in resistance training (RT) programmes. A literature search was performed in four databases. Studies were included if they explored the effects of EO on dynamic muscular strength and/or muscle hypertrophy. The meta‐analysis was performed using a random‐effects model with Hedges’ g effect size (ES). The methodological quality of studies was appraised using the TESTEX checklist. Eleven good‐to‐excellent methodological quality studies were included in the review. When all strength tests, that is, both in multi‐joint (MJ) and single‐joint (SJ) exercises were considered, there was no difference between the EOs (ES = −0.11; p = 0.306). However, there was a difference between the MJ‐to‐SJ and SJ‐to‐MJ orders for strength gains in the MJ exercises, favouring starting the exercise session with MJ exercises (ES = 0.32; p = 0.034), and the strength gains in the SJ exercises, favouring starting the exercise session with SJ exercises (ES = −0.58; p = 0.032). No significant effect of EO was observed for hypertrophy combining site‐specific and indirect measures (ES = 0.03; p = 0.862). In conclusion, increases in muscular strength are the largest in the exercises performed at the beginning of an exercise session. For muscle hypertrophy, our meta‐analysis indicated that both MJ‐to‐SJ and SJ‐to‐MJ EOs may produce similar results.
Macroscopic and parametric study of a kinetic plasma expansion in a paraxial magnetic nozzle
Authors: Ahedo E , Correyero S , Navarro-Cavallé Jaume , Merino M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A kinetic paraxial model of a collisionless plasma stationary expansion in a convergent-divergent magnetic nozzle (MN) is analyzed. Monoenergetic and Maxwellian velocity distribution functions of upstream ions are compared, leading to differences in the expansion only on second and higher-order velocity moments. Individual and collective magnetic mirror effects are analyzed. Collective ones are small on the electron population since only a weak temperature anisotropy develops, but they are significant on the ions all over the nozzle. Momentum and energy equations for ions and electrons are assessed based on the kinetic solution. The ion response is different in the hot and cold limits, with the anisotropic pressure tensor being relevant in the first case. Heat fluxes of parallel and perpendicular energies have a dominant role in the electron energy equations. They do not fulfill a Fourier-type law; they are large even when electrons are near isothermal. A crude electron fluid closure based on a constant diffusion-to-convective thermal energy ratio is shown equivalent to the much invoked polytropic law. Analytical dimensionless parameter laws are derived for the nozzle total electric potential fall and the downstream residual electron temperature. Electron confinement and related current control by a thin Debye sheath and a semi-infinite divergent MN are compared.
Between adaptive capacity and action: new insights into climate change adaptation at the household scale
Authors: Mortreux Colette , O’Neill Saffron , Barnett Jon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Research on social vulnerability and adaptation to climate change assumes that increasing amounts of adaptive capacity increase the likelihood of actions to adapt to climate change. We test this assumption as it applies at the scale of households, through a study of the relationship between adaptive capacity and household actions to adapt to wildfire risk in Mount Dandenong, Australia. Here we show a weak relationship exists between adaptive capacity and adaptation, such that high adaptive capacity does not clearly result in a correspondingly high level of adaptation. Three factors appear to mediate the relationship between household adaptive capacity and adaptation: their attitude to risk, their experience of risk, and their expectations of authorities. The findings suggest that to understand the adaptation practices of households, greater attention needs to be paid to socio-psychological factors that trigger people to apply their available capacities.
Camus, son of France in Algeria
Authors: Gloag Oliver 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To grasp fully and appreciate Camus’s achievements and the ambiguity of his works, it is important to consider the historical situation that shaped his formative years. Albert Camus (1913–60) was a French citizen born in Algeria. He would live there from his birth until the middle of the Second World War. ‘Camus, son of France in Algeria’ outlines the structure of Algeria under the rule of the French Republic and the early education of Camus and his two major mentors, Louis Germain and Jean Grenier. It also documents his ill-health, unsuccessful first marriage, his early writing, and introduction to politics through membership of the Communist Party.
Camus and Algeria
Authors: Gloag Oliver 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Camus was always ambivalent about colonialism in Algeria and this ambivalence greatly affected him. Camus pushed for more rights to be granted to Algerians after the war, but stopped short of asking for voting rights for all. Camus was to be the advocate for peace and compromise, with one objective in mind: for Algeria to remain French. ‘Camus and Algeria’ considers how the long-repressed colonial reality began slowly to emerge in Camus’s fiction, until it eventually took centre stage. It discusses The Exile and the Kingdom, a collection of short stories that was the last of Camus’s fiction published in his lifetime, and his posthumous novel, The First Man.
A Man at Twenty, Aged at Twenty-Five: The Conscription Exam Age in Japan
Authors: Chatani Sayaka 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the early 1870s, when the Meiji Japanese government introduced the universal army conscription system, the age at which the conscription exam was administered, set at twenty, became a critical moment in people’s lives. Although the Japanese army itself has gained much scholarly attention, the arbitrariness of its age stipulation directs us to an underexplored yet critical intersection between society and the state. Age twenty reprogrammed the rhythms of rural farming life and redefined the meanings of masculinity and adulthood for people far beyond those actually drafted into the army. Politicians and youth themselves linked this calendar age to the future of Japan’s liberal democracy and the autonomous space free of bureaucratic intervention. The history of age twenty, which was all about translating fuzzy life stages into acutely clear calendar ages, reveals a moment in which people attempted to turn a cultural and discursive power into a form of authoritative power that lay beyond negotiation, even vis-à-vis the government itself.
Making Sense of the Interpreter Role in a Healthcare Service-learning Program
Authors: Showstack Rachel E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study examines the interpreter role among students who serve as interpreters in a community health clinic system in the Midwestern USA as part of a community health-themed service-learning course for advanced Spanish students. Drawing on Positioning Theory (Davies and Harré 1990), I consider the ways in which three second language learners and three heritage speakers who participated in the program describe their roles as interpreters with reference to the Code of Ethics, negotiate their roles with the medical students and doctors also serving at the clinic, and make sense of moments in which they chose to advocate for the patients, or otherwise provide assistance to them, beyond interpreting. Each student encountered different types of challenges that reflected their individual backgrounds and experiences, and these challenges led to reflection, learning, and new perspectives on their roles in providing patient care. The article problematizes the role of bilingual student interpreters in community health programs and offers recommendations for preparing students to provide the highest possible quality of healthcare for speakers of minoritized languages.
Rapidly expanding saphenous vein graft myoctic aneurysm causing ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a case report
Authors: Ray Max , McGee Michael , Collins Nicholas , Cooke Heather 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Mycotic aneurysms of coronary vein grafts are rare and associated with high mortality. They are most commonly a result of surgical or percutaneous intervention, and present with complications including myocardial infarction (MI), infective endocarditis. A recent literature review identified 97 cases of mycotic coronary aneurysms in total.

Case summary
A 49-year-old man with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting and septic arthrithis presented with chest pain and fevers and ST elevation on electrocardiogram. Urgent angiogram showed an aneurysmal saphenous vein graft from the PL branch to PDA—no acute intervention was performed due to concern about bacteraemia. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was grown in urine and blood but no focus of infection was identified. Despite treatment with antibiotics and antiplatelets, the patient returned with evidence of expansion of the SVG aneurysm requiring surgical resection.

Discussion
This case highlights the difficulty in treating acute coronary syndromes involving mycotic aneurysms. Multimodal imaging approaches are useful to identify suspected infection, but false negatives occur. Due to high risk of rupture or haemorrhage, there are limited options for urgent reperfusion in cases of MI with mycotic aneurysm, demonstrating the need for an individualized approach and close follow-up.
Taxing Top Earners: a Human Capital Perspective
Authors: Badel Alejandro , Huggett Mark , Luo Wenlan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn established view is that the revenue maximising top tax rate for the US is approximately 73%. In contrast, the revenue maximising top tax rate is approximately 49% in our quantitative human capital model. The key reason for the lower top tax rate is the presence of two new forces not captured by the model underlying the established view. These new forces are strengthened by the endogenous response of top earners’ human capital to a change in the top tax rate.
Child health research and planning in Europe disadvantaged by major gaps and disparities in published statistics
Authors: Rigby Michael J , Deshpande Shalmali , Blair Mitch E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Population data, such as mortality and morbidity statistics, are essential for many reasons, including giving context for research, supporting action on health determinants, formulation of evidence-based policy for health care and outcome evaluation. However, when considering children, it is difficult to find such data, despite children comprising one-fifth of the European population and being in a key formative life stage and dependent on societal support. Moreover, it would be expected that there should be confidence in the key child health data available, with little to no discrepancy between recognized health statistic databases.

Methods
This study explored the main health databases in or including Europe to collate child mortality data, for both all-cause and specific-cause mortality. Tables were constructed for comparison of values and rankings.

Results
The results show that there are major differences in reported mortality data between two prominent health statistic databases, difference in coding systems, and unannounced changes within one of the databases.

Conclusions
The lack of health data for children seems compounded by challenges to the trust and credibility, which are vital if these data are to have utility. Children and society are the losers, and resolution is needed as a priority.
Leaders and Default
Authors: Shea Patrick , Poast Paul 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSovereign default is a political decision. While previous research on sovereign credit markets focuses on economic causes, domestic constraints, or international reputation to explain why states default, we focus on leaders. We argue that leaders who come to power under irregular circumstances are more likely to default. Irregular leaders are themselves more vulnerable to turnover and therefore prioritize the short-term benefits of default rather than the long-term benefits of repayment. In addition, irregular regime transitions offer new leaders a way to obfuscate responsibility, thus limiting the reputational costs of default. Our analysis of sovereign defaults and leadership transitions from 1875 to 2015 support our claims. Across various model specifications, we find that irregular leadership change increases the odds of default onset by over 300 percent.
A case of successful surgical management of primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma
Authors: Afzal Zeeshan , Stupalkowska Weronika , Mahler-Araujo Maria B , Bowden David , Davies Richard J 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrimary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma (PRMC) is a rare tumour. It was first reported in 1965, and since then, less than 100 cases have been reported. It is cystic in nature and most commonly affects the female population. It becomes symptomatic in later stages due to its mass effect, making the diagnosis challenging in its early asymptomatic stage. We report a case of a 32-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain and a mass in left iliac fossa. Diagnostic imaging revealed a large cystic lesion in retroperitoneum. A midline laparotomy was performed, and a complete surgical excision was accomplished without any spillage. Surgical histology confirmed the diagnosis of PRMC. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 2. There was no evidence of tumour recurrence on repeat imaging at 90-day follow-up. Surgical approach, with complete resection and without any spillage, remains the most effective and appropriate treatment for this tumour.
Road salt impact on soil electrical conductivity across an urban landscape
Authors: Shannon Thomas P , Ahler Sam J , Mathers Alex , Ziter Carly D , Dugan Hilary A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Road salt application is a necessary component of winter road maintenance but comes with an environmental cost. Salts are transported via stormwater drainage or overland and soil throughflow to surface waterbodies, where excess ions create unfavorable or even uninhabitable conditions for freshwater organisms. Soils may retain salts during the process of overland and subsurface flow, thus acting as reservoirs that slow the transport of salt into freshwaters. Understanding the capacity and consistency of anthropogenic salt storage in urban soils may allow us to discover when and where deicing salt applications are most harmful. This article investigates the degree to which soils across a heterogeneous urban landscape retain salts. We measured the electrical conductivity (EC) of soils in an urban setting. Land covers included forests, grasslands, open spaces, low- and medium-density developments and along roadsides. We found that across land-cover types, soil carbon and porosity were correlated to EC in late summer, which suggests that pore space is an important and long-lasting reservoir for salt. In addition, more developed areas, had higher mean soil EC and greater EC variability within and between sites, with 75% of overall variance occurring within individual sites. We hypothesize that this within-site heterogeneity is driven by anthropogenic modifications to salt inputs and soil characteristics. The high EC variance in highly developed urban soils is a previously undiscussed phenomenon and highlights the fine-scale complexity of heterogeneous urban landscapes and the need for high-resolution sampling to accurately characterize urban ecosystems.
Self-Reported Knee Pain Does Not Impact Physical Training Negatively in Conscripts
Authors: Rips Leho , Rahu Madis , Kuik Rein , Varblane Ahti , Olveti Indrek , Ööpik Vahur , Mölder Hanno , Timpmann Saima , Tammaru Marika , Toom Alar , Kartus Jüri-Toomas , Gapeyeva Helena 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Despite the great number of investigations on the effects of injuries during military service, there is limited information available on the use of self-reported instruments. This study evaluated self-reported knee pain (KP) and its effect on physical performance during military service in the Estonian Defense Forces.

Material and Methods
Ninety-five male conscripts aged 19–25 years were divided into two study groups based on the occurrence of KP or not. Self-reported KP and function according to the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were measured. Physical fitness level was scored using the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). KOOS and APFT were measured in the beginning and at the end of the 6-month period of military service.

Results
Significant differences in favor of the group without KP (P &lt; 0.001) were found for all subgroups of the KOOS. In spite of KP, the physical condition improved significantly (P &lt; 0.001) in both study groups as measured with both the APFT test (22.2% increase) and running time (10.3% decrease).

Conclusion
In conclusion, self-reported KP and limited function according to KOOS did not hinder the improvement of physical condition and running speed as assessed by APFT in Estonian conscripts.
Monitoring a methanol maser flare associated with the massive star-forming region G358.93–0.03
Authors: Volvach A E , Volvach L N , Larionov M G , MacLeod G C , van den Heever S P , Sugiyama K 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We report the earliest detection of the 19.967-GHz [transition 21–30E (t = 0)] methanol maser associated with the massive star-forming region G358.93–0.03. The flare was detectable from 2019 January 23 to March 5, for only 44 d. It turned out to be the most powerful 19.967-GHz maser in the Galaxy in the entire history of observations, taking into account the 104-Jy flux from it on the Earth’s surface and the distance to the source, 6.75 kpc. The 19.967-GHz maser flared contemporaneously with the first of two flares detected in associated 20.971-GHz methanol masers. We estimated that the ratio of flux densities between these two transitions is F20.971/F19.967 = 14 ± 4, increasing to &gt;520 in the second flare. We discuss the differences between the two flares in the 20.971-GHz methanol masers and the consequence thereof.