bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-8 Detoxification of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol by Biofix® Plus PRO in a molasses-based liquid feed supplement in an in vitro rumen batch culture system
Authors: Gott Paige N , Schatzmayr Dian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Supplementation of animal feeds with mycotoxin binders is routinely used to mitigate mycotoxin challenges. Adsorption efficiency of a binder is dependent on the structure and chemical properties of the mycotoxin, binder, and the complex gastrointestinal environment. Limited adsorption of non-polar mycotoxins has driven innovation of mitigation strategies including biotransformation or detoxification of mycotoxins by microorganisms and enzymatic activity. The current objective was to measure the efficacy of Biofix® Plus PRO (BPL) within a molasses-based liquid feed supplement to detoxify zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in an in vitro rumen batch culture system. Twelve reactors were filled with 1 L of liquid (50% rumen fluid, 30% reverse osmosis water, 20% synthetic saliva) and 10 g of feed (43% chopped hay, 57% corn-soy-based concentrate). Three treatments were tested in quadruplicate: Control (CON; liquid mixture only), Mycotoxin (MTX; CON + mycotoxin culture material to achieve concentration of 100 ppb ZEN and 1000 ppb DON), and BPL (MTX + 20 g/L of molasses-based liquid feed supplement including 1.65% of BPL). Samples were taken at 0 (molasses-based liquid feed added to BPL reactors after 15 min of incubation), 1, 3, 6, and 24 h and analyzed for ZEN and DON by HPLC. Results were averaged by treatment. No ZEN or DON was detected at any time point in CON group. After 3 h, ZEN was reduced by 91% and DON reduced by 87% in BPL group, with no detectable mycotoxins by 6 h. After 24 h, ZEN and DON were reduced 35% and 28%, respectively in MTX group due to natural microbial activity of the rumen fluid. Overall, the addition of Biofix® Plus PRO reduced ZEN and DON levels under the rumen batch culture conditions.
PSIV-22 The effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate supply in finishing diets containing distillers grains on rumen fermentation characteristics and nitrogen utilization
Authors: Ream Cody , Stevens Allison V , Chibisa Gwinyai 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study examined the effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate (RFC) supply by feeding different amounts of corn and wheat in finishing cattle diets containing 15% corn dried distillers grains [DDGS; dry matter (DM) basis] on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nitrogen (N) utilization. Six ruminally-cannulated crossbred heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28 d periods. Dietary treatments were either corn (73% of diet DM; CON), 53:20 corn:wheat blend (20W) or 33:40 corn:wheat blend (40W) as the major fermentable carbohydrate source. Diets were isonitrogenous (12% CP; DM basis). Feed intake was measured daily. Indwelling pH logger were used to measure ruminal pH (d 22 to 28) and ruminal fluid was collected from d 26 to 28 to determine fermentation characteristics, as were feces and urine to measure N excretion. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Dry matter and N intake tended to be lower (P ≤ 0.07) for heifers fed the 40W compared to the CON and 20W diets. There was no diet effect (P = 0.15) on total VFA concentration; however, the duration and area for pH &lt; 5.5 tended to be longer (P = 0.07) and greater (P = 0.096), respectively, for heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.44) on ruminal ammonia concentration and total urine N excretion (g and % of N intake). However, urine urea N (UUN) excretion as a percentage of total urine N tended to be lower (P = 0.05) in heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. In summary, although altering RFC supply by feeding increasing amounts of wheat resulted in a decrease in UUN excretion, it also caused a decrease in ruminal pH that possibly compromised DM intake.
PSII-13 Effects of antibiotics on serum metabolomic profiles in weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , He Yijie , Jinno Cynthia , Song Minho , Ji Peng , Liu Yanhong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that exposure to low-dose antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) may exacerbate the negative effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection on weaned pigs. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of low-dose AGP on serum metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with F18 E. coli. Thirty-four pigs (6.88 ± 1.03 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of three treatments with 9–13 replicate pigs per treatment. The three dietary treatments were control diet (control) and 2 additional diets supplemented with 0.5 or 50 mg/kg of AGP (carbadox), respectively. The experiment lasted 18 d [7 d before and 11 d after first inoculation (d 0)]. The F18 E. coli inoculum was orally provided to all pigs with the dose of 1010 cfu/3 mL for 3 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected on d 0 before E. coli inoculation and on d 5 and 11 post-inoculation (PI). Serum metabolomics were analyzed for untargeted metabolomics by gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometer (GC-TOF-MS). All processed data were statistically analyzed and evaluated by online MetaboAnalyst tool. No significant differences were observed in serum metabolites between control and low-dose AGP throughout the experiment. Supplementation of high-dose AGP changed the concentrations of several serum metabolites (P &lt; 0.05; arabitol, guanine, and xylitol) compared with control pigs on d 5 PI. Further metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that low-dose AGP modified (P &lt; 0.05) pentose phosphate pathway, DNA synthesis in T and B lymphocytes, bile acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in E. coli infected pigs, compared with high-dose AGP. In conclusion, the modification of serum metabolites and metabolic pathways by low-dose AGP may be involved in reduced growth performance, exacerbated diarrhea and systemic inflammation of weaned pigs induced by E. coli infection.
PSII-24 Towards a better understanding of the gut microbiome functions in the swine production: extensive cultivation of the swine gut microbiome from different growth stages
Authors: Wang Xiaofan , Wei Xiaoyuan , Deng Feilong , Tsai Tsungcheng , Maxwell Charles V , Zhao Jiangchao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in the culture-omics of the human gut microbiota. However, little is known about the culture-omics of the swine gut microbiota, despite recent reports of their significant roles in swine health and production. To fill this knowledge gap in research, we tested 52 bacterial cultivation methods with different media and gas combinations. Fresh fecal samples (0.2g/sample) were collected from three pigs at the end of four growth stages: lactation, nursery, growing and finishing and were mixed with a stomacher in 20 mL saline. Aliquots of 50 uL microbial suspensions were then spread onto different media plates and incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 37C for up to 5 days. An additional aliquot of each sample was subjected to direct DNA extraction as a positive control. Bacterial colonies from each plate were collected and DNA was extracted from these samples using the Powersoil DNA isolation kit and sequenced with an Illumina Miseq sequencer targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences were analyzed with the Deblur algorithm in the QIIME2 package. A total of 378, 482, 565, and 555 bacterial features were observed from microbial solutions at the end of lactation, nursery, growing and finishing. Our culturing methods recovered 415, 675, 808, and 823 features correspondingly, representing 45.2%, 54.8%, 53.3%, and 56.4% of total features observed in microbial solutions. The top ten most easily cultured genus were Escherichia, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, Acidaminococcus, Bacillus, Mitsuokella, Enterococcus and Prevotella. Non-parametric permutational multivariate analysis of variance shows that the main factors driving the swine culture-omics included medium, age and oxygen condition. This study identifies the cultivable bacteria from fecal samples collected at different growth stages of pigs and provides a guidance to cultivate potential beneficial or pathogenic bacteria of interests and validate their functions in swine production.
PSI-34 The Impact of Varying Protein Sources on Feedlot Goat Fecal Microbiome
Authors: Mitchell Allianna , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The effect of protein sources with different RUP values on feedlot goat fecal microbiome has not been studied. This experiment evaluated the impact of varying protein sources on feedlot goat fecal microbiome. Fourty-five Boer-influenced goats (23.53 kg ± 1.07; approximately 75 d of age) were blocked by body weight and randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatment diets (15 goats/treatment) with ad libitum feed and water for 42 d. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, with varying primary protein source: 1) 18.7% solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM), 2) 22.0% expelled soybean meal (SoyPlus), or 3) 34.4% distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS). On d 42, fecal pellets were collected from each goat and stored at -80°C until microbiome sequencing. Samples underwent PCR amplification of the V4 region of the 16S gene and sequencing on Illumina HiSeq 2500 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) by a commercial lab (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with Turkey’s test for post hoc comparisons. Beta and alpha diversity were analyzed using Qiime with Kruskal-Wallis pairwise comparisons and ANOSIM. Genera, with individual abundance greater than 1%, that were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in SBM-fed goats compared to goats fed DDGS and SoyPlus include Clostridium, Paludibacter, Tannerella, and Methanobrevibacter. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes was greater in SBM-fed goats compared to DDGS-fed goats (P = 0.04) and Euryarchaeota was more abundant in goats fed SBM compared to DDGS (P = 0.003) and SoyPlus (P = 0.0001). Protein source did not affect β-diversity (r ≈ 0) or α-diversity (P &gt; 0.10). In summary, altering protein source in finishing goat diets created shifts in some phyla and genera, however the diversity within and between microbial communities across treatments were uninfluenced.
PSVIII-41 Study of functional variants in homozygous islands in Nelore cattle
Authors: Magalhães Ana Fabricia Braga , Mercadante Maria Eugênia Zerlotti , Silva Danielly Beraldo dos Santos , Júnior Gerardo Alves Fernandes , Rios Ana Cristina Herrera , Mota Lúcio Flávio Macedo , Albuquerque Lucia Galvão 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify functional variants within runs of homozygosity (ROH) islands present in the genome of Nellore cattle. Genotypic information of 3,492 animals and 755,319 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), were used. ROH segments were detected using PLINK software. Only ROH segments shared by more than 50% of the population individuals were used for identifying homozygosity islands. The islands functional variants were classified using the VEP tool (predictor of variant effect) from ENSEMBL software. If the variant SIFT score was less than 0.05 it was considered to be “deleterious,” otherwise it was “tolerant.” We found five islands of homozygosity, located in chromosome 5, 7, 12, 21 and 26. Within the islands, a total of 1,181 variants were processed by VEP and all of them were recognized as existing variants. In total, 51 overlapped genes and 69 overlapped transcripts were found. Most of the variants were SNPs located in the intronic regions (55%), followed by intergenic spaces (14%), upstream (13%) and downstream gene variants (12%). The intronic variants can be related to specific QTLs, either because they are associated with regions affecting gene expression or in linkage disequilibrium with the causative mutation or even because they have an unknown function. Only a small portion of the variants is in synonymous regions (4%), splice regions (1%), untranslated regions (UTRs) (1%) or are missense variants (1%). We have found 11 missense variants, being three considered deleterious and eight tolerant. The deleterious variants were annotated: INHBC, SMIM33 e FBXW4 genes. The knowledge of functional variants distribution is important for improving annotation of the bovine genome. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 and by São Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP (grants 2018/04313-7 and 2017/10630–2).
PSIII-17 The effects of a yeast product on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, fecal fermentative end products, fecal microbiota, and immune responses of adult dogs
Authors: Lin Ching-Yen , Steelman Andrew J , Godoy Maria R C de , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Research in various animal species has demonstrated the effectiveness of yeast products to improve health and performance. However, little research on yeast products are available for dogs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a yeast product on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility (ATTD), fecal characteristics, fecal microbiota, and immune responses of adult dogs. Twelve adult female beagles (age: 4.8±0.9 yr; BW: 13.3±0.7 kg) were fed the same diet, but supplemented with a yeast product (165 mg/d) or a placebo (125 mg cellulose/d) via gelatin capsules in a crossover design. In each period, a 21-d adaptation phase was followed by 5 d of total fecal collection for ATTD measurement. Fresh fecal samples (within 15 min defecation) were collected on d 22 for fecal dry matter, pH, fermentative end-products, and fecal microbiota measurements. Blood samples were collected on d 27 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated for evaluations of immune cell populations and immune cell responsiveness. Except for microbiota data, data were analyzed using Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. Microbial sequence data were analyzed using QIIME 1.9.1. and STAMP 2.1.3. ATTD, fecal characteristics and fermentative end-products were not altered by treatment (P &gt; 0.05). Microbial alpha- and beta-diversity and specific microbial taxa were not affected by treatment (P &gt; 0.05). Immune cell populations and immune cell responsiveness of toll-like receptors were not altered by treatment (P &gt; 0.05). However, the strong period effect reported for all parameters may have mitigated the yeast product expected benefits. In conclusion, the yeast product tested in this study did not significantly alter the outcomes measured in healthy adult dogs. Future studies testing higher yeast product dosages, studying dogs undergoing stress, antibiotic administration or immune challenge, or studying dogs most susceptible to gastrointestinal distress (weanling; geriatric), may be of interest.
PSI-16 Exploring complete blood count as a predictor of resilience in pigs using a natural disease challenge model
Authors: Bai Xuechun , Putz Austin , Wang Zhiquan , Fortin Frederic , Harding John , Dekkers Jack C , Field Catherine , Plastow Graham 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Disease resilience is defined as an animal’s ability to maintain a relatively undepressed performance in the face of infections, due to optimal resource allocation between immunity and productivity. Extending breeding goals with resilience is a pragmatic way to improve herd health and reduce economic losses related to infectious diseases. To make genetic improvement for resilience, there is a need for predictors that can be obtained in high health nucleus herds where the selection of breeding animals takes place. Therefore, our study aimed to determine whether a clinical measure, CBC, is a useful indicator trait for resilience. Least square means and variance component analyses were conducted using CBC and 660K SNP genotype data of 2593 pigs that went through a nursery-to-finish natural disease challenge model and exhibited divergent responses in terms of growth and individual medication. CBC taken from healthy pigs before challenge did not show differences between resilient and susceptible pigs. However, resilient animals showed a significantly greater increase of lymphocytes at the early stages of infection and hemoglobin at the late stage. Neutrophils in resilient animals showed a tendency for a reduction during the late stage of infection. These results suggest that CBC traits could provide an indication of a change in resource allocation in response to infection. Resilient animals are expected to allocate more resources towards immunity during the early stages of infection to help limit infection so as to resolve inflammation and recover earlier in order to maintain high rates of production. CBC traits were heritable and genetically correlated with growth and treatment, which may indicate the potential to develop CBC as a predictor for the selection of resilience among breeding animals. Further studies are underway to test if CBC traits have value as an indicator of resilience in combination with genome-wide association studies and genomic prediction.
PSXIV-3 Expression of genes within the methionine-folate cycle are altered by glucose and one-carbon metabolite supplementation in bovine embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Crouse Matthew S , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl , Borowicz Pawel , Ward Alison 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We hypothesized that supplementation with one-carbon metabolites (OCM; methionine, folate, choline, and vitamin B12) in divergent glucose media would alter expression of genes in the methionine-folate cycle of DNA methylation in bovine embryonic tracheal fibroblasts. Cells were cultured in EMEM medium containing 1 g/L (Low) or 4.5 g/L (High) of glucose with no added OCM (CON), or 2.5, 5, or 10 times folate, choline, and B12 (2.5X, 5X, or 10X, respectively) in the CON media. Methionine was limited to 2X CON. The data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cells were passaged three times in treated media before RNA extraction. Gene expression analysis was conducted on Methionine Adenosyltransferase 2A and 2B (MAT2A and MAT2B) DNA Methyltransferase 1, 3A, and 3B (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B), S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase (AHCY), and Methionine Synthase (MTR). There was no glucose × OCM interaction for DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, AHCY, or MTR (P &gt; 0.17). Expression of MAT2B was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in 2.5X, 5X, and 10X OCM in High media compared with all other treatments. Expression of DNMT1 was greater in CON, 5X, and 10X OCM in Low media compared with all other treatments. Expression of MTR was greater (P = 0.03) in CON and 10X OCM treatments compared with 2.5X and 5X levels. Finally, MAT2A and AHCY expression was affected by glucose level, with MAT2A being greater (P = 0.02) in Low compared with High, and AHCY being greater (P &lt; 0.01) in High compared with Low media. These data suggest that glucose and OCM supplementation differentially affect the expression of genes in the methionine-folate cycle of DNA methylation. Additionally, these data demonstrate that additional work elucidating the changes in protein abundance of these enzymes, concentrations of methionine-folate cycle intermediates (specifically S-adenosylmethionine:S-adenosylhomocysteine), as well as changes in DNA methylation are needed.
PSIX-21 Effect of reduced digestible protein and amino acid supply imposed in the grower and finisher period or solely in the finisher period on growth performance and feeding behaviour
Authors: Bee Giuseppe , Maikoff Guy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Above 65 kg empty BW, protein deposition is greater in pigs fed protein-restricted compared to standard diets. It is unclear whether the greater CP deposition rate in the finisher period results from the restricted CP supply in the grower phase. To elucidate this, a growth performance study (22.1–110.0 kg BW) was performed with 48 Large-White pigs. They were assigned within litter to 3 dietary treatments: C, LP-F, LP-GF. The grower-finisher diets of treatment C were formulated based on the Swiss feeding recommendations whereas those for the LP-GF treatment contained 20% lower digestible CP and essential amino acids levels than the C diets. Pigs of the LP-GF group were offered in the grower and finisher period the standard and the low CP diets, respectively. The pigs were reared in one large pen, equipped with 6 automatic feeders, which allowed measuring the individual ad-libitum feed intake per visit. The BW was determined weekly. Growth performance and feed behaviour data were analysed with a linear mixed model using treatment as fixed and litter, litter size and farrowing series as random effects. Despite total CP intake was 6 and 16% lower (P &lt; 0.05) in the LP-GF than the LP-F and C groups, respectively, overall ADG from 22.1 to 110.0 kg BW did not differ. Accordingly, gain-to-CP-intake ratio was 9 and 20% greater (P &lt; 0.05) in the LP-GF than the LP-F and C group. In the grower, but not the finisher period, LP-GF pigs visited 1.6-times more (P &lt; 0.05) the feeder and ingested 12% less (P &lt; 0.05) feed per visit than C and LP-F pigs. These data suggest that lowering the CP supply by 20% in the grower and finisher compared to solely the finisher period or not at all has no detrimental effect on growth performance and markedly improves CP utilization for growth.
PSXI-7 Effect of a proprietary blend of botanicals on zootechnical and economical performances in Angus breed steers receiving a natural (NAE) diet
Authors: GREEFF Echbert , CARMAN Jeremy , RAY Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Many retailers have already adopted a “No Antibiotics Ever” (NAE) policy for some meat sources. Therefore, natural alternatives that would satisfy this growing public health concern about antibiotic resistance while meeting the needs (to support feed efficiency and net profit) of beef producers would have value. 1,185 Angus breed steers in a sixty thousand cap. commercial feedlot (TX) were involved in a randomized block design to evaluate the effect of a blend of flavouring phytocompounds (Kender Beef 101, Kender Bio Tech, CO) on performance, mortality rate and margin of non-implanted steers fed with no antibiotics over a 189-d period study. Animals were weighed (852 ± 78.3 lbs of initial LW) and randomly distributed in 8 pens located back to back within one alley. A total mixed diet was offered ad libitum (57.2% DM, 15.2% CP, 2.9% NPN, 8.2% CF and 3.5% Fat). Tested diet was supplemented with 100g/tonne (as DM basis) of the proprietary blend of flavouring phytocompounds via a micro-dosing machine. Veterinary observations, cost of medicine and death were daily reported. Live weight gain was not different between groups (NS) but steers from the tested group needed significantly less total feed intake (3.84 vs 3.71%LW, P &lt; 0.01) to achieve the same growth performance. Subsequently, feed efficiency tended to be optimised in the supplemented group (8.10 vs 7.80, P = 0.078). Total deaths averaged 7 and 5 in both CTL and tested groups, respectively (1,23 vs 0.81%, NS). Medicine cost was significantly lower in the tested group compared to the CTL one (0.03 vs 2.21 USD/hd, P &lt; 0.01). Finally, calculated net profit was higher by 31 USD/hd for the tested group (263 vs 294 USD/hd, P = 0.067). In Angus steers fed a NAE diet, the flavouring phytocompounds (Kender Beef 101) supplementation supported feed efficiency and improved net profit for the beef producer.