bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACTFL OPIc question prompt and advanced Spanish fluency
Authors: Brown Alan V. , Thompson Gregory L. , Cox Troy L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fluency is a key feature used to gauge task
complexity in L2 research. In this chapter we explore the
relationship between the temporal fluency of Spanish candidates’
(N = 154) speech and their official American
Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) rating on the
OPIc – a computer-based version of the Oral Proficiency Interview
(OPI). We investigated the temporal fluency of speakers at the
Intermediate-High, Advanced-Low, and Advanced-Mid
(N = 109) levels. The results indicated that, in
general, the OPIc question prompts discriminated between the
Intermediate and Advanced major levels and the Advanced sub-levels
appropriately since the fluency of higher-rated speakers surpassed
that of lower-rated speakers on nearly every fluency measure,
regardless of prompt.
Allowable temporal distances for future-time forms
Authors: Kanwit Matthew 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Learners may show sensitivity to linguistic
factors in more controlled tasks before doing so in production, although
advanced learners often demonstrate greater inter-task consistency.
Future-time expression in Spanish serves as a good test case for
such variability due to the multiple forms speakers use. Although
recent research has considered production and contextualized
selection of future-time forms, it has not required learners to
react to forms they may not otherwise implement. We manipulate four
future forms and five lexical types, asking learners to indicate
when an action could occur for each item. Learners showed more
nuanced temporal restrictions according to these factors as
proficiency increased, with advanced learners most approximating
native speakers, in addition to overshooting some targets and
revealing lexical effects.
Linguistic markers of stance in advanced second language Spanish
academic writing
Authors: Menke Mandy R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Written academic texts allow for the observation
of advanced capacities as writers must negotiate identities in order
to position their claims within a disciplinary community. The
construct of stance focuses on how a writer stamps her/his personal
authority on a text. This chapter reports on how six Spanish studies
majors constructed stance in their writing, reporting on both the
interpersonal-epistemic elements and the linguistic devices used.
Participants employed all four stance elements, relying primarily on
a limited number of lexical items to do so. Findings suggest that
Spanish studies majors may need additional instruction to acquire
the valued ways of meaning in academic writing and highlight the
importance of considering diverse contexts of use when exploring
advanced language competencies.
Using the L2 to express intercultural competence
Authors: Czerwionka Lori 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores stancetaking expressed in the second language (L2) as a means of identifying learners’ intercultural competence in order to offer a novel way to define sophisticated language use in context and to describe advanced L2 learners. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with L2 learners of Spanish. Qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed that learners’ stances towards cultural difference aligned with stages of intercultural competence. Learners expressed nuanced stances that indicated the advanced intercultural competence stages of acceptance and adaptation. A comparison of learners’ intercultural competence expressed in the L2 and performance on a lexicogrammatical test revealed no clear relationship between these two measures of advancedness, suggesting that L2 advancedness is multifaceted and includes linguistic competence and the ability to express intercultural competence via the L2.
Spanish-language advancedness
Authors: Velázquez-Mendoza Omar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), language embodies a continuum of uses extending from extreme informality to extreme formality. Users develop informal registers first, and formal registers only subsequently, generally in the academic setting. SFL views Grammatical Metaphor (GM) as the most prevalent feature of advanced language use insofar as it helps achieve the tasks typical of academic contexts. Through GM, language users deploy complex meaning-making to achieve objectification and abstraction of discipline-based knowledge. In this chapter, the move from informal to more formal language is traced using evidence drawn from recent studies on Spanish GM. Longer participation in educational settings correlates with students producing GMs or attempting to align their GM use to that of the the specialized community.
Developing advanced pragmatic competence in Spanish
Authors: Félix-Brasdefer J. César , DiBartolomeo Megan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the
fundamental concepts in second language (L2) pragmatics, offering
detailed descriptions of the challenges associated with the
acquisition of pragmatics in advanced Spanish learners. It provides
a discussion of speech acts and the comprehension of indirect
meaning, focusing on the difficulties a learner might have in
attaining pragmatic competence. The chapter also discusses the
acquisition of pragmatics in study abroad and heritage-language
learning contexts and provides an overview of instructional
pragmatics and how instruction affects advanced learners in the
classroom and during study abroad. Lastly, the chapter discusses
methodological issues associated with L2 pragmatics research,
emphasizing the difficulties in operationalizing proficiency across
studies. The chapter ends with future directions for research on
advanced-level pragmatics.
The role of individual characteristics in the acquisition of
Spanish copula choice
Authors: Long Avizia Y. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The present study examined individual patterns
of use of variable Spanish copula choice by advanced-level Korean
learners. Participants were nine native speakers of Korean enrolled
in fourth-year Spanish courses at a South Korean university. To
examine variable copula use, learners participated in a
sociolinguistic interview and picture book description task from
which all pre-adjectival contexts were identified and the
distribution (i.e., range and frequency) of copula forms was
examined. To examine individual patterns of use, learners completed
a background questionnaire and Spanish grammar task. Results
revealed that advanced-level Korean learners produced primarily
ser, estar, and developmental omission in
pre-adjectival contexts, and there was a positive relationship
between higher rates of estar and four of the five
individual characteristics examined.
Language aptitude and foreign accent in advanced L2 speakers of
Spanish
Authors: Granena Gisela 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter reports on the results of a
follow-up analysis of Granena
and Long (2013), which found a significant
relationship between language aptitude and pronunciation ratings on
a read-aloud task in late L2 learners with ages of onset 16+. Granena and Long
argued that the relationship could have been due to task effects,
specifically to the fact that high-aptitude learners could have
monitored their performance while reading aloud. The present study
included speech samples from four tasks, two read-aloud and two
spontaneous production tasks. The results showed that ratings on
word list reading were the highest and that late L2 learners’
ratings on the two read-aloud tasks were significantly related to
aptitude, after controlling for age of onset and length of
residence.
Looking ahead
Authors: Malovrh Paul A. , Menke Mandy R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The present concluding chapter provides an
overview of the main results yielded by the empirical research
included in the present volume. It further explores our
understanding of advanced proficiency in Spanish as a second/foreign
language by identifying challenges in defining advancedness, as well
as challenges in defining the advanced learner, in terms of
linguistic development and socially situated language use. In doing
so, the present volume establishes directions for future research
and generates questions for practitioners to consider as they design
foreign-language courses and curricula targeting advanced-level
proficiency. Future directions for research and instructional
practice are contextualized according to definitions, challenges,
and possibilities, as we consider advancedness in L2 Spanish.
L1 Phonetic permeability and phonetic path towards a potential merger
Authors: de la Fuente Iglesias Monica , Pérez Castillejo Susana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study investigates the phonetic implementation of Galician /ɛ-e/ and /ɔ-o/ as produced by Galician-Spanish
early bilinguals. It examines whether there is variation that can be explained by differences in participants’ linguistic
histories (as captured by their language dominance scores). Based on production data from one point in participants’ lives, the
study uses regression to predict phonetic variation from participants’ language dominance at that point in life. Results reveal
that, although participants produce a robust /ε/ vs /e/ contrast, the L1 specific category, /ε/ presented a more fronted position,
more like /e/, as a function of lower dominance in Galician. However, this effect was not replicated for the back vowels. Given
our results, we argue that differences in language dominance may trigger phonetic variation in bilingual speech production in some
variables, but not others. This result is consistent with the current cognitive approach in bilingualism research claiming the
plasticity of native phonetic domains throughout an individual’s lifespan. Results also align with recent claims that language
dominance does not equally affect multiple phonological processes for the same individual.
The rRNA synthesis inhibitor CX-5461 may induce autophagy that inhibits anticancer drug-induced cell damage to leukemia cells
Authors: Okamoto Shuichiro , Miyano Kei , Kajikawa Mizuho , Yamauchi Akira , Kuribayashi Futoshi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Autophagy induced in cancer cells during chemotherapy is classified into two types, which differ depending on the kind of cells or anticancer drugs. The first type of autophagy contributes to the death of cells treated with drugs. In contrast, the second type plays a crucial role in preventing anticancer drug-induced cell damages; the use of an autophagy inhibitor is considered effective in improving the efficacy of chemotherapy. Thus, it is important to determine which type of autophagy is induced during chemotherapy. Here, we showed that a novel inhibitor of RNA polymerase I, suppresses growth, induces cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis in leukemia cell lines. The number of apoptotic cells induced by co-treatment with CX-5461 and chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, increased compared with CX-5461 alone. Thus, the autophagy which may be induced by CX-5461 was the second type.
RainbowPIV with improved depth resolution—design and comparative study with TomoPIV
Authors: Xiong J , Aguirre-Pablo A A , Idoughi R , Thoroddsen S T , Heidrich W 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
RainbowPIV is a recent imaging technology, proposed for time-resolved 3D-3C fluid velocity measurement using a single RGB camera. It dramatically simplifies hardware setup and calibration procedures as compared to alternative 3D-3C measurement approaches. RainbowPIV combines optical design and tailored reconstruction algorithms, and earlier preliminary studies have demonstrated its ability to extract physically constrained fluid vector fields. This article addresses the issue of limited axial resolution, the major drawback of the original RainbowPIV system. We validate the new system with a direct, quantitative comparison with four-camera Tomo-PIV on experimental data. The reconstructed flow vectors of the two approaches exhibit a high degree of consistency, with the RainbowPIV results explicitly guaranteeing physical properties, such as divergence free velocity fields for incompressible fluid flows.
Development and evaluation of a deep learning based artificial intelligence for automatic identification of gold fiducial markers in an MRI-only prostate radiotherapy workflow
Authors: Gustafsson Christian Jamtheim , Swärd Johan , Adalbjörnsson Stefan Ingi , Jakobsson Andreas , Olsson Lars E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Identification of prostate gold fiducial markers in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images is challenging when CT images are not available, due to misclassifications from intra-prostatic calcifications. It is also a time consuming task and automated identification methods have been suggested as an improvement for both objectives. Multi-echo gradient echo (MEGRE) images have been utilized for manual fiducial identification with 100% detection accuracy. The aim is therefore to develop an automatic deep learning based method for fiducial identification in MRI images intended for MRI-only prostate radiotherapy. MEGRE images from 326 prostate cancer patients with fiducials were acquired on a 3T MRI, post-processed with N4 bias correction, and the fiducial center of mass (CoM) was identified. A 9 mm radius sphere was created around the CoM as ground truth. A deep learning HighRes3DNet model for semantic segmentation was trained using image augmentation. The model was applied to 39 MRI-only patients and 3D probability maps for fiducial location and segmentation were produced and spatially smoothed. In each of the three largest probability peaks, a 9 mm radius sphere was defined. Detection sensitivity and geometric accuracy was assessed. To raise awareness of potential false findings a ‘BeAware’ score was developed, calculated from the total number and quality of the probability peaks. All datasets, annotations and source code used were made publicly available. The detection sensitivity for all fiducials were 97.4%. Thirty-six out of thirty-nine patients had all fiducial markers correctly identified. All three failed patients generated a user notification using the BeAware score. The mean absolute difference between the detected fiducial and ground truth CoM was 0.7 ± 0.9 [0 3.1] mm. A deep learning method for automatic fiducial identification in MRI images was developed and evaluated with state-of-the-art results. The BeAware score has the potential to notify the user regarding patients where the proposed method is uncertain.
An approach to identifying unconventional superconductivity in highly-compressed superconductors
Authors: Talantsev E F 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Since the milestone experimental discovery by Drozdov et al( 2015 Nature
525 73–6) who reported the observation of near-room-temperature (NRT) superconductivity in highly-compressed sulphur hydride, the quest for room-temperature superconductivity is primarily focused on highly-compressed materials. Extreme conditions and space confinement inside a diamond anvil cell (DAC) dramatically limits the number of experimental techniques which can be applied to study highly-compressed superconductors. For this reason, the development of new approaches to characterize materials at extreme conditions is one of the central topics in the field of NRT superconductivity. In this paper, we describe an approach to categorize highly-compressed superconductors, including NRT superconductors, as unconventional superconductors. The primary idea for the classification is based on the empirical finding of Uemura (1997 Physica C
282–7 197) who showed that all unconventional superconductors have the ratio of the superconducting transition temperature, T
c, to the Fermi temperature, T
F, within a range of 0.01 ≤ T
c/T
F ≤ 0.05. To deduce the Fermi temperature in highly-compressed superconductors, we utilize temperature dependence of the upper critical field and the resistance data (which both can be more or less routinely measured for highly-compressed superconductors) and reported results by first principles calculations for these materials. We demonstrate the application of the approach for highly-compressed oxygen, sulphur, lithium, and recently discovered yttrium superhydride polymorphs, YHn( n = 4,6,7,9) (Troyan et al( 2019 arXiv:1908.01534) and Kong et al( 2019 arXiv:1909.10482)). We also show the application of the approach for the newly discovered uncompressed Nd2-xSrxNiO2 nickelate superconductor.
First performance test of the iron-based superconducting racetrack coils at 10 T
Authors: Zhang Zhan , Wang Dongliang , Wei Shaoqing , Wang Yingzhe , Wang Chengtao , Zhang Zhen , Yao Huanli , Zhang Xianping , Liu Fang , Liu Huajun , Ma Yanwei , Xu Qingjin , Wang Yifang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Iron-based superconducting (IBS) racetrack coils were firstly fabricated by using 100-m 7-filamentary Ba1-xKxFe2As2 (Ba122) tapes at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHEP, CAS). The IBS tape was wound in parallel with stainless steel tape to withstand the high tensile hoop stress under high magnetic field. After the heat treatment, the coils were impregnated with epoxy resin. Then the IBS coils were tested in a low-temperature superconducting Common-Coil dipole magnet which provided a maximum background field of 10 T at 4.2 K. Most importantly, the best IBS racetrack coil quenched at 4.2 K and 10 T with an operating current of 65 A, which is still as high as 86.7% of critical current of the short sample at 10 T. The details of the fabrication process and performance test results were presented in this paper. The performance test demonstrated the IBS conductor is a promising candidate for the application of high field magnets especially for future high-energy accelerators.
Extensive early mineralization of pre-osteoblasts, inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and faster peri-implant bone healing in osteoporotic rat model: principle effectiveness of bone-specific delivery of Tibolone as evaluated in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Barik Anwesha , Ray Suman Kumar , Byram Prasanna Kumar , Sinha Rashmi , Chakravorty Nishant 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hydrophobic drug molecules pose a significant challenge in immobilization on super-hydrophobic metallic surfaces like conventional titanium implants. Pre-coating surface modifications may yield a better platform with improved wettability for such purposes. Such modifications, as depicted in this study, were hypothesized to provide the requisite roughness to assist deposition of polymers like silk fibroin (SF) as a drug-binding matrix in addition to significant improvement in early protein adsorption, which facilitates faster cellular adhesion and proliferation. A silk-based localized drug delivery module was developed on the titanium surface and tested for its surface roughness, wettability, biocompatibility and in vitro differentiation potential of cells cultured on the coated metallic surfaces with/without external supplementation of the active metabolite of Tibolone. Conditioning of the matrix-coated implants with osteogenic as well as osteoclastogenic media supplemented with Tibolone stimulated the expression of early osteogenic gene and calcium deposition in the extracellular matrix. Significant inhibition in resorptive activity was also observed in the presence of the drug. To assess the efficacy of localized delivery of Tibolone via topographically modified titanium implants for inducing early peri-implant bone formation, osteoporosis was artificially induced in rats subjected to bilateral ovariectomy and implants were placed thereafter. Bone-specific release of Tibolone through the biomimetic matrix in osteoporotic rats collectively indicated significant improvement in peri-implant bone growth after 2 and 4 weeks (p < 0.05 compared to dummy-coated implants). These findings demonstrate for the first time that Tibolone released from SF matrix-coated implants can accelerate the biological stability of bone fixtures.
Intraspecific variation and structuring of phenotype in a lake-dwelling species are driven by lake size and elevation
Authors: Koene J Peter , Elmer Kathryn R , Adams Colin E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe fragmented, heterogeneous and relatively depauperate ecosystems of recently glaciated lakes present contrasting ecological opportunities for resident fish. Across a species, local adaptation may induce diverse and distinct phenotypic responses to various selection pressures. We tested for intraspecific phenotypic structuring by population in a common native lake-dwelling fish species across a medium-scale geographic region with considerable variation in lake types. We investigated potential lake-characteristic drivers of trophic morphology. Using geometric morphometric techniques, we quantified the head shapes of 759 adult brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from 28 lakes and reservoirs across Scotland. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that almost all populations differed from one another. Trout from larger and deeper lakes had deeper, but shorter heads, and smaller eyes. Higher elevation lakes were associated with fish with shorter heads and jaws. Within-population shape variation also differed by population, and was positively correlated with lake surface area and depth. Trout within reservoirs differed subtly from those in natural lakes, having larger eyes, shorter jaws and greater variability. This study documents an extraordinary morphological variation between and within populations of brown trout, and demonstrates the role of the extrinsic environment in driving phenotypic structuring over a medium-scale and varied geographic area.
Consumption Inequality Among Children: Evidence from Child Fostering in Malawi
Authors: Penglase Jacob 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe share of household resources devoted to a child may depend on their gender, birth order, or relationship to the household head. However, it is challenging to determine whether parents favour certain children over others as consumption data are collected at the household level and goods are shared among family members. I develop a new methodology using the collective household framework to identify consumption inequality between different types of children. I apply this method to child fostering in Malawi. I find little evidence of inequality between foster and non-foster children.
Labor shares and inequality: insights from Italian economic history, 1895–19701
Authors: Gabbuti Giacomo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article develops theoretical and practical motivations for studying the functional distribution of income in the past. Italy is adopted as a case study, because of the availability of long-run estimates on personal inequality and of the long-lasting incidence of self-employment. New labor shares for 1895–1970 show Italian workers accruing a low share of income until 1945; by the end of the 1950s, they rapidly converged to the European average. Italian history shows that functional income distribution deepens our understanding of long- and short-run distributional trends and makes a compelling case for approaching inequality by combining diverse sources and methodologies.