bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Context‐dependent venom deployment and protein composition in two assassin bugs
Authors: Fischer Maike L. , Wielsch Natalie , Heckel David G. , Vilcinskas Andreas , Vogel Heiko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Heteroptera are a diverse suborder of phytophagous, hematophagous, and zoophagous insects. The shift to zoophagy can be traced back to the transformation of salivary glands into venom glands, but the venom is used not only to kill and digest invertebrate prey but also as a defense strategy, mainly against vertebrates. In this study, we used an integrated transcriptomics and proteomics approach to compare the composition of venoms from the anterior main gland (AMG) and posterior main gland (PMG) of the reduviid bugs Platymeris biguttatus L. and Psytalla horrida Stål. In both species, the AMG and PMG secreted distinct protein mixtures with few interspecific differences. PMG venom consisted mostly of S1 proteases, redulysins, Ptu1‐like peptides, and uncharacterized proteins, whereas AMG venom contained hemolysins and cystatins. There was a remarkable difference in biological activity between the AMG and PMG venoms, with only PMG venom conferring digestive, neurotoxic, hemolytic, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects. Proteomic analysis of venom samples revealed the context‐dependent use of AMG and PMG venom. Although both species secreted PMG venom alone to overwhelm their prey and facilitate digestion, the deployment of defensive venom was species‐dependent. P. biguttatus almost exclusively used PMG venom for defense, whereas P. horrida secreted PMG venom in response to mild harassment but AMG venom in response to more intense harassment. This intriguing context‐dependent use of defensive venom indicates that future research should focus on species‐dependent differences in venom composition and defense strategies among predatory Heteroptera.
Sunshine versus gold: The effect of population age on genetic structure of an invasive mosquito
Authors: Pless Evlyn , Hopperstad Kristen A. , Ledesma Nicholas , Dixon Daniel , Henke Jennifer A. , Powell Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe genetic diversity and structure of invasive species are affected by the time since invasion, but it is not well understood how. We compare likely the oldest populations of Aedes aegypti in continental North America with some of the newest to illuminate the range of genetic diversity and structure that can be found within the invasive range of this important disease vector. Aedes aegypti populations in Florida have probably persisted since the 1600‐1700s, while populations in southern California derive from new invasions that occurred in the last 10 years. For this comparison, we genotyped 1,193 individuals from 28 sites at 12 highly variable microsatellites and a subset of these individuals at 23,961 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This is the largest sample analyzed for genetic structure for either region, and it doubles the number of southern California populations previously analyzed. As predicted, the older populations (Florida) showed fewer indicators of recent founder effect and bottlenecks; in particular, these populations have dramatically higher genetic diversity and lower genetic structure. Geographic distance and driving distance were not good predictors of genetic distance in either region, especially southern California. Additionally, southern California had higher levels of genetic differentiation than any comparably sized documented region throughout the worldwide distribution of the species. Although population age and demographic history are likely driving these differences, differences in climate and transportation practices could also play a role.
Restriction of sexual reproduction in the moss Racomitrium lanuginosum along an elevational gradient
Authors: Maruo Fumino , Imura Satoshi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Terrestrial plant populations located at the margins of species’ distributions often display reduced sexual reproduction and an increased reliance on asexual reproduction. One hypothesis to explain this phenomenon is that the decline is associated with environmental effects on the energetic costs to produce reproductive organs.

In order to clarify the changing processes of sexual reproduction along an elevational gradient, we investigated the sexual reproductive parameters, such as the number of sporophytes and gametangia, in Racomitrium lanuginosum, a dioicous moss found on Mt. Fuji.

Matured sporophytes were present only below 3,000 m, and the number of sporophytes per shoot tended to be lower at higher elevation habitats. The numbers of male inflorescences per shoot and antheridia per inflorescence and shoot significantly decreased with increasing elevation. In contrast, the numbers of female inflorescences per shoot and archegonia per inflorescence and shoot varied little across elevations.

Synthesis. Our results suggest that the reasons for this limitation are assumed to be limitations in sporophyte development that result in abortion, and the spatial segregation between males and females. Possible reasons for the abortion of sporophytes are the inhibitory effects of low air temperature, a shortened growth period, and winter environmental conditions at higher elevations. Remarkable differences between male and female on various reproductive parameters found in this study are thought to affect the mode of sexual reproduction under the harsh environment. These differences between males and females may be caused by differences in the costs of production and development of gametangia, sensitivity to environmental stressors, and phenological patterns.
Migrant blackbirds, Turdus merula, have higher plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to residents, but not enhanced fatty acid unsaturation index
Authors: Jensen Johan Kjellberg , Isaksson Caroline , Eikenaar Cas , Andersson Martin N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBirds have been observed to have dietary preferences for unsaturated fatty acids during migration. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may increase the exercise performance of migrant birds; however, PUFAs are also peroxidation prone and might therefore incur increased costs in terms of enhanced oxidative damage in migratory individuals. To shed light on this potential constraint, we analyzed plasma fatty acid (FA) composition and estimated the unsaturation index as a proxy for susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of migrants and residents of the partially migratory common blackbird (Turdus merula) at a stopover site during autumn migration. As predicted, migrant birds had higher relative and absolute levels of PUFAs compared to resident birds. This included the strictly dietary ω‐3 PUFA α‐linolenic acid, suggesting a dietary and/or storage preference for these FAs in migrants. Interestingly, the FA unsaturation index did not differ between migrants and residents. These findings suggest a mechanism where birds alter their levels of metabolic substrate without simultaneously increasing the susceptibility of the substrate to lipid peroxidation. In summary, our results are in line with the hypothesis that increased exercise performance during migration might be constrained by oxidative stress, which is manifested in changes in the composition of key FAs to retain the unsaturation index constant despite the increased levels of peroxidizable PUFAs.
Risk factors for diabetic foot complications in type 2 diabetes—A systematic review
Authors: Rossboth Sophia , Lechleitner Monika , Oberaigner Willi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsWith increasing numbers of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide, the number of associated diabetic foot complications might also increase. This systematic review was performed to summarize published data about risk factors for the diabetic foot (DF) syndrome in order to improve the identification of high‐risk patients.Materials and methodsSix electronic databases were searched for publications up to August 2019 using predefined stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria.ResultsOf 9,476 identified articles, 31 articles from 28 different study populations fulfilled the criteria for our evaluation. The overall quality of the studies was good, and the risk of bias was low. There was large heterogeneity among the studies concerning study protocols and patient populations analysed. A total of 79 risk factors were analysed within this review. The majority of studies described a consistently positive association with different outcomes of interest related to DF for gender, peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, poor glycaemic control, insulin use, duration of diabetes, smoking and height. For age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and body mass index, the results remain inconsistent.ConclusionA most up‐to‐date literature review resulted in glycaemic control and smoking as the only amenable risk factors with a consistently positive association for DF. Due to the high personal and financial burden associated with DF and the large heterogeneity among included studies, additional longitudinal studies in large patient populations are necessary to identify more modifiable risk factors that can be used in the prediction and prevention of DF complications.
Limited detection of secondarily consumed plant food by DNA‐based diet analysis of omnivorous carabid beetles
Authors: Guenay Yasemin , Trager Harald , Glarcher Irene , Traugott Michael , Wallinger Corinna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTrophic interactions are monitored by molecular methods based on the identification of prey DNA in feces, regurgitates, or the gut content of consumers. In providing highly resolved taxonomic information on dietary choice, DNA‐based analysis has become a key approach to unraveling the structure and dynamics of food webs. It is crucial, however, to correctly assign and evaluate trophic linkages among species. Links might be distorted by secondary predation, such as when the DNA of food items that have been consumed by the prey of the predator is detected and incorrectly assigned to the predator's diet. This may become a particular problem when evaluating the diet spectrum of omnivores. We present the first assessment, to our knowledge, of the potential for trophic link errors resulting from secondary consumption of prey in predator–herbivore–plant interactions. Individuals of Drosophila suzukii, fed raspberries (Rubus idaeus) as food items, were freeze‐killed at 0, 6, and 9 hr post‐feeding and then offered to the carabid Pseudoophonus rufipes. Post‐consumption detection intervals (0–128 hr) for DNA of primary prey (D. suzukii) and secondarily consumed raspberry in carabid regurgitates were assessed via PCR assays. Secondary consumption was detected only when D. suzukii flies consumed by the carabid had been feeding on raspberry immediately before they were eaten. The maximum detection time for secondarily consumed food was 32 hr post‐feeding of the carabid, and only in a single regurgitate out of twelve. No secondary food DNA was detected at all when the consumed D. suzukii had digested raspberry for 6 or 9 hr beforehand. These findings would indicate that secondarily consumed plant food is unlikely to contribute to significant error in food web structure. Nevertheless, it is advisable to consider feeding interactions across food webs for estimating the potential of incorrect trophic assignments due to secondary predation events.
Temporal trends in decompensated heart failure and outcomes during COVID‐19: a multisite report from heart failure referral centres in London
Authors: Cannatà Antonio , Bromage Daniel I. , Rind Irfan A. , Gregorio Caterina , Bannister Clare , Albarjas Mohammed , Piper Susan , Shah Ajay M. , McDonagh Theresa A. 
Published: August 2020

AimsAdmission rates for acute decompensated heart failure (HF) declined during the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, the impact of this reduction on hospital mortality is unknown. We describe temporal trends in the presentation of patients with acute HF and their in‐hospital outcomes at two referral centres in London during the COVID‐19 pandemic.Methods and resultsA total of 1372 patients hospitalized for HF in two referral centres in South London between 7 January and 14 June 2020 were included in the study and their outcomes compared with those of equivalent patients of the same time period in 2019. The primary outcome was all‐cause in‐hospital mortality. The number of HF hospitalizations was significantly reduced during the COVID‐19 pandemic, compared with 2019 (P < 0.001). Specifically, we observed a temporary reduction in hospitalizations during the COVID‐19 peak, followed by a return to 2019 levels. Patients admitted during the COVID‐19 pandemic had demographic characteristics similar to those admitted during the equivalent period in 2019. However, in‐hospital mortality was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2019 (P = 0.015). Hospitalization in 2020 was independently associated with worse in‐hospital mortality (hazard ratio 2.23, 95% confidence interval 1.34–3.72; P = 0.002).ConclusionsDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic there was a reduction in HF hospitalization and a higher rate of in‐hospital mortality. Hospitalization for HF in 2020 is independently associated with more adverse outcomes. Further studies are required to investigate the predictors of these adverse outcomes to help inform potential changes to the management of HF patients while some constraints to usual care remain.
Body posture and interpersonal perception in a dyadic interaction: A Big Two analysis
Authors: Abele Andrea E. , Yzerbyt Vincent 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBody posture influences feelings about the self, but little is known about its impact on social cognition more generally. We apply the Big Two framework (Agency/Competence, Communion/Warmth) and study how body posture influences interpersonal perception in a dyadic interaction. In three experiments, we studied dyads with different body postures (Exps. 1 and 2: expanded/restricted; Exp. 3: expanded/neutral). Dyad members worked on a joint task, and rated self and other. Findings showed that participants in an expanded posture rated the self higher and the other lower on agency, whereas those in a submissive (or neutral) posture rated the self lower and the other higher on agency. In Experiment 2, participants in a submissive posture also rated their communion lower. Results are important both for the impact of body posture on interpersonal perception and for context effects in the relationship of Agency versus Communion ratings of self and others.
A Low‐cost Paper‐based Diamond Electrode for Trace Copper Analysis at On‐site Environmental Area
Authors: Thangphatthanarungruang Jeerakit , Lomae Atchara , Chailapakul Orawon , Chaiyo Sudkate , Siangproh Weena 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the present study, an alternative platform for trace copper ions (Cu(II)) determination using a diamond electrode in combination with a disposable paper‐based analytical device (d‐PAD) has been proposed. First, the complexation between Cu(II) and 1,10‐phenanthroline ligand was adsorptively accumulated onto a paper that is directly in contact with the diamond electrode and measured via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the peak current was proportional to the concentration of Cu(II) in the range of 0.4–70 ng mL−1, and the detection limit was found to be 0.1 ng mL−1. Most importantly, this platform can be successfully applied to detect trace Cu(II) in different water samples (drinking water, tap water, groundwater and river water) with satisfactory results. Thus, the proposed d‐PAD could be a highly efficient platform for trace Cu(II) determination in environmental samples.
Easily Multiplexable Immunoplatform to Assist Heart Failure Diagnosis through Amperometric Determination of Galectin‐3
Authors: Piguillem Sofía V. , Gamella Maria , García de Frutos Pablo , Batlle Montserrat , Yáñez‐Sedeño Paloma , Messina Germán A. , Fernández‐Baldo Martín A. , Campuzano Susana , Pedrero María , Pingarrón José M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis work reports the first electrochemical immunoassay involving magnetic microbeads (MBs) for the determination of galectin‐3 (Gal‐3), a β‐galactosidase‐binding lectin that acts as mediator of heart failure (HF). MBs‐captured sandwich‐type immune complexes and amperometric detection at disposable screen‐printed carbon electrodes were used. The immunoplatform showed a detection limit of 8.3 pg mL−1, good reproducibility, and excellent selectivity. The endogenous concentration of Gal‐3 in human plasma from HF patients was determined with results in agreement with those obtained using ELISA. The multiplexing feasibility of the developed immunoplatform was demonstrated for the simultaneous determination of Gal‐3 and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP).
Simultaneous determination of active compounds in Piper betle Linn. leaf extract and effect of extracting solvents on bioactivity
Authors: Nguyen Lam Thi Truc , Nguyen Thuong Thi , Nguyen Hoa Ngoc , Bui Quynh Thi Phuong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the present study, we reported the codetermination of highly bioactive compounds, namely, hydroxychavicol, eugenol, and gallic acid in the Piper betle Linn. leaf extract by high‐performance liquid chromatography method. These compounds are of great interest in the pharmaceutical field and also in other food‐related applications owing to their impressive biological and pharmaceutical properties. Moreover, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the extracts produced by different extracting solvents were also investigated in detail. The methanol extract was found to contain the highest amounts of hydroxychavicol and gallic acid thus offering the strongest antioxidant activity in 1,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay. All the three compounds were found at low levels in the hexane extract. However, the solvent type did not affect significantly on the concentration of extracted eugenol. The ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium whereas the hexane extract showed negligible antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that ethyl acetate is a good choice to produce a highly antibacterial extract but methanol and ethanol are more suitable when the antioxidant activity of the extract is more concerned.
Combined effect of both surface finish and sub‐surface porosity on component strength under repeated load conditions
Authors: McMillan Alison J. , Jones Rhys 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHigh duty engineering component life is usually demonstrated through extensive testing and statistical analysis applied to empirical curve‐fit equations. Because of this, the extent of the testing required is huge and costly: it must consider the load cycle range and test to high numbers of cycles. Additive Manufacturing (AM) for high duty components has brought to the fore the question of the effect of porosity and surface roughness on fatigue life, and how the true life of a critical component can be assessed conservatively. The authors propose the first step toward the development of a fatigue model based on well‐established engineering physics principles, by creating computational specimens with modeled surface roughness and porosity, and subjected to cyclic loading using Finite Element Analysis. They show that the combination of roughness features and sub‐surface pores leads to an equivalent plastic strain distribution pattern that suggests an emergent physical process that has not been reported before, and which indicates that the component strength and life reduction arising from surface roughness can be made significantly worse by the presence of porosity. The development of such phenomenological understanding should lead to improved life prediction techniques, more cost effective test procedures, and the development of better AM methods.
Field tests of an improved sediment tracer including non‐intrusive measurement of burial depth
Authors: Cain Aryn , MacVicar Bruce 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRadio‐frequency identification (RFID) transponders are now widely used to track sediment in a variety of environments. A recent innovation placed the transponder inside of a rotating inner mechanism that is designed to minimize missed detections due to burial and shielding or ‘signal collision’ effects between tracers, while also allowing a rapid measurement of the burial depth of the particle. Here we test a developed protocol for burial depth measurement and deploy the ‘Wobblestone’ tracers in the field for the first time. Results show that new tracers can be reliably positioned in the horizontal plane (median error ± 0.03 m) and that the burial depth can be accurately measured (~0.02 m maximum error). The field study was characterized by high mobility and travel lengths, and ~20% of the tracers were buried at depths up to 0.15 m. A comparison of exponential distributions for travel length of surface deposited and buried tracers indicate that the buried tracers on average traveled farther and earlier in the flood event. Tracers that did not move were also buried at one site as a result of sediment transport from upstream. Overall the technique has great potential for characterizing vertical mixing and understanding this rarely considered control on sediment transport. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of the Olfactory System of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with Diltiazem
Authors: Lari Ebrahim , Burket S. Rebekah , Steinkey Dylan , Brooks Bryan W. , Pyle Greg G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Diltiazem is ubiquitously prescribed and has been reported in many effluents and freshwater bodies. Being a calcium channel blocker, diltiazem could disrupt the function of the sensory and central nervous systems. In the present study, using electro-olfactography (EOG), we investigated the interaction of diltiazem with the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of rainbow trout by looking into the detection threshold and effects of immediate (~5 min) and acute (24 h) exposure to diltiazem at 6.6, 66, and 660 µg/L. We also studied the accumulation of the drug in fish plasma and whole body. Brief exposure to diltiazem impaired the OSN response to a chemosensory stimulus in a concentration-dependent manner at 6.6 µg/L and higher, whereas OSNs exposed for 24 h only displayed an impairment at 660 µg/L. Chemical analysis showed that the accumulation of diltiazem in fish plasma and body correlated with the EOG response because it was 10 times higher in the group that displayed a significant impairment (660 µg/L) compared to the other 2 groups (6.6, 66 µg/L). This correlation suggests that the impact of diltiazem on OSNs might partially be through the accumulated molecules in the fish bloodstream. Fish did not detect diltiazem as a sensory stimulus even at concentrations as high as 660 µg/L; thus, fish could potentially swim toward or fail to escape harmful concentrations of diltiazem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:554–550. © 2020 SETAC