bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Familie in der Stadt und am Land: Zur Bedeutung des regionalen Kontextes für die Realisierung des Kinderwunsches in Österreich
Authors: Riederer Bernhard , Buber-Ennser Isabella 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungEs ist seit Langem bekannt, dass sich Fertilitätsraten zwischen ländlichen und urbanen Regionen unterscheiden. Stadt-Land-Unterschiede bei der Realisierung bestehender Kinderwünsche wurden jedoch bisher kaum untersucht. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht die Verwirklichung bestehender Kinderwünsche in Österreich, wobei ländliche und urbane Gebiete mit der Hauptstadt Wien als einziger Millionenstadt verglichen werden. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Kinderwünsche in Wien seltener realisiert werden als in ländlichen oder anderen urbanen Regionen Österreichs. Unterschiede in der Bevölkerungszusammensetzung erklären das häufigere Aufschieben des Kinderwunsches in Wien. Für die Aufgabe des Drei-Jahres-Kinderwunsches bestehen aber auch nach Berücksichtigung sozioökonomischer und demographischer Charakteristika sowie Wertvorstellungen noch regionale Unterschiede. Dies könnte an der Vielfalt an bildungs- und berufsbezogenen Optionen in Städten liegen, die mit einer Familiengründung konkurrieren.
Methodenausbildung im digitalen Zeitalter: Neue Daten, Projektseminare und Selbstlernmodule
Authors: Döring Holger , Hocks Phillip 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Datengrundlage in der Politikwissenschaft hat sich in den letzten Jahren stark verändert und ist breiter geworden. Daten sozialer Medien und digitale Spurendaten erweitern das Methodenportfolio in den Sozialwissenschaften beträchtlich. In diesem Artikel diskutieren wir Herausforderungen und Chancen dieser neuen Entwicklungen für die quantitative Methodenlehre in der Politikwissenschaft. Wir argumentieren, dass die Methodenlehre (i) stärker an Theorie und Inhalt geknüpft werden sollte. Dies erfolgt am besten durch (ii) Projektseminare, welche Studierende eigene Forschungsvorhaben umsetzen lassen. Mit der leichten Generierung durch neue Datenquellen, können Studierende (iii) den gesamten Forschungsprozess durchlaufen. Geringere Teile der Lehre werden als Präsenzveranstaltung abgehalten, (iv) Programmierfähigkeiten werden durch E‑Lernangebote ergänzt. Durch die hohe Praxisorientierung und eigene Lerntempi kann so ein Interesse für quantitative Methoden bei mehr Studierenden der Politikwissenschaft gebildet werden.
Increasing the Productivity of Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Stainless Steel 316L through Increased Layer Thickness
Authors: Leicht Alexander , Fischer Marie , Klement Uta , Nyborg Lars , Hryha Eduard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) is able to generate parts of a quality comparable to those produced through conventional manufacturing, but most of the AM processes are associated with low build speeds, which reduce the overall productivity. This paper evaluates how increasing the powder layer thickness from 20 µm to 80 µm affects the build speed, microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel 316L parts that are produced using laser powder bed fusion. A detailed microstructure characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and x-ray powder diffraction in conjunction with tensile testing. The results suggest that parts can be fabricated four times faster with tensile strengths comparable to those obtained using standard process parameters. In either case, nominal relative density of > 99.9% is obtained but with the 80 µm layer thickness presenting some lack of fusion defects, which resulted in a reduced elongation to fracture. Still, acceptable yield strength and ultimate tensile strength values of 464 MPa and 605 MPa were obtained, and the average elongation to fracture was 44%, indicating that desirable properties can be achieved.
The diagnostic accuracy of digital, infrared and mercury-in-glass thermometers in measuring body temperature: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Pecoraro Valentina , Petri Davide , Costantino Giorgio , Squizzato Alessandro , Moja Lorenzo , Virgili Gianni , Lucenteforte Ersilia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNot much is known about how accurate and reproducible different thermometers are at diagnosing patients with suspected fever. The study aims at evaluating which peripheral thermometers are more accurate and reproducible. We searched Medline, Embase, Scopus, WOS, CENTRAL, and Cinahl to perform: (1) diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis (MA) using rectal mercury-in-glass or digital thermometry as reference, and bivariate models for pooling; (2) network MA to estimate differences in mean temperature between devices; (3) Bland–Altman method to estimate 95% coefficient of reproducibility. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020174996. We included 46 studies enrolling more than 12,000 patients. Using 38 °C (100.4 ℉) as cut-off temperature, temporal infrared thermometry had a sensitivity of 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.65, 0.84; low certainty) and specificity of 0.96 (0.92, 0.98; moderate certainty); tympanic infrared thermometry had a sensitivity of 0.77 (0.60, 0.88; low certainty) and specificity of 0.98 (0.95, 0.99; moderate certainty). For all the other index devices, it was not possible to pool the estimates. Compared to the rectal mercury-in-glass thermometer, mean temperature differences were not statistically different from zero for temporal or tympanic infrared thermometry; the median coefficient of reproducibility ranged between 0.53 °C [0.95 ℉] for infrared temporal and 1.2 °C [2.16 ℉] for axillary digital thermometry. Several peripheral thermometers proved specific, but not sensitive for diagnosing fever with rectal thermometry as a reference standard, meaning that finding a temperature below 38 °C does not rule out fever. Fixed differences between temperatures together with random error means facing differences between measurements in the order of 2 °C [4.5 ℉]. This study informs practitioners of the limitations associated with different thermometers; peripheral ones are specific but not sensitive.
Quantifying simultaneous innovations in evolutionary medicine
Authors: Painter Deryc T. , van der Wouden Frank , Laubichler Manfred D. , Youn Hyejin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo what extent do simultaneous innovations occur and are independently from each other? In this paper we use a novel persistent keyword framework to systematically identify innovations in a large corpus containing academic papers in evolutionary medicine between 2007 and 2011. We examine whether innovative papers occurring simultaneously are independent from each other by evaluating the citation and co-authorship information gathered from the corpus metadata. We find that 19 out of 22 simultaneous innovative papers do, in fact, occur independently from each other. In particular, co-authors of simultaneous innovative papers are no more geographically concentrated than the co-authors of similar non-innovative papers in the field. Our result suggests producing innovative work draws from a collective knowledge pool, rather than from knowledge circulating in distinct localized collaboration networks. Therefore, new ideas can appear at multiple locations and with geographically dispersed co-authorship networks. Our findings support the perspective that simultaneous innovations are the outcome of collective behavior.
Terrestrische Cyanobakterien als Quelle für antimikrobielle Wirkstoffe
Authors: Witthohn Marco , Schwarz Anna , Strieth Dorina , Lenz Selina , Ulber Roland , Muffler Kai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCyanobacteria developed an enormous reservoir of bioactive secondary metabolites in order to prevail against competitive microorganisms and harsh environmental impacts. Many cyanobacterial substances with vast economical, medical and biotechnological potential have been described in the past. However, most of the examined bacteria are aquatic strains. We want to take a closer look on their terrestrial relatives which also possess a rich secondary metabolome that is still to explore.
Global systematic diversity, range distributions, conservation and taxonomic assessments of graylings (Teleostei: Salmonidae; Thymallus spp.)
Authors: Weiss Steven J. , Gonçalves Duarte V. , Secci-Petretto Giulia , Englmaier Gernot K. , Gomes-Dos-Santos André , Denys Gael P. J. , Persat Henri , Antonov Alexander , Hahn Christoph , Taylor Eric B. , Froufe Elsa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGraylings (Thymallus) are among the less well-studied groups of salmonid fishes, especially across their Asian distribution range. Here we perform a comprehensive global review of their phylogeography, systematic diversity and range distributions, including biogeographic reconstruction and assessment of both conservation and taxonomic status of each species. Based on a mitogenomic phylogenetic analysis, three approaches to the delineation of molecular operational units, and evaluation of 15 a-priori defined species, we provide biological support for the recognition of 13 grayling species, plus two additional species tentatively. Several instances of paraphyly and its potential effect on systematic inferences are discussed. Overall, the genus displays increasing species diversity and decreasing range size from higher to lower latitudes and ancestral trait reconstruction supports an East Asian origin for extant diversity, most likely centred in the Amur River drainage. Europe’s colonization byThymallustook place as early as the late Miocene, at least two colonisations of North America are supported, and multiple dispersal events likely took place into Western Siberia. The conservation status for the 15 taxa was estimated to be: 6 least concern, 1 near-threatened, 2 vulnerable, 3 endangered and 3 data deficient.
Zwischen normativer Enthaltsamkeit und empirischem Historismus
Authors: Seiverth Andreas 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag interpretiert das Erscheinen eines in methodischer Hinsicht originellen Jubiläumsbandes zur einhundertjährigen Geschichte der Volkshochschulen in Deutschland als Impuls für eine mögliche Innovation der Geschichtsschreibung zur Erwachsenenbildung. Zunächst werden die methodologischen Konstruktionsprinzipien einer mit Empirie gesättigten narrativen Geschichtsschreibung und der sie strukturierenden theoretischen Begriffe beschrieben. Ausgehend von dem praktisch-moralischen Interesse des Buches, eine affirmative Traditionsgeschichte der Volkshochschulen darzustellen, skizziert der Beitrag die Idee einer historisch-normativen Geschichtsschreibung. Dazu wird die Verankerung der Erwachsenenbildung in der Weimarer Verfassung mit der Revolutionsgeschichte 1918/19 kontextualisiert und hieraus der normative Gehalt der (teilweisen) Revolutionierung des Bildungssystems des Deutschen Reiches rekonstruiert.
COVID-19: Against a Lockdown Approach
Authors: Kraaijeveld Steven R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGovernments around the world have faced the challenge of how to respond to the recent outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Some have reacted by greatly restricting the freedom of citizens, while others have opted for less drastic policies. In this paper, I draw a parallel with vaccination ethics to conceptualize two distinct approaches to COVID-19 that I call altruistic and lockdown. Given that the individual measures necessary to limit the spread of the virus can in principle be achieved voluntarily as well as through enforcement, the question arises of how much freedom governments ought to give citizens to adopt the required measures. I argue that an altruistic approach is preferable on moral grounds: it preserves important citizen freedoms, avoids a number of potential injustices, and gives people a much-needed sense of meaning in precarious times.
Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Mannitol-Metabolism-Associated Genes in Saccharina Japonica
Authors: Chi Shan , Wang Guoliang , Liu Tao , Wang Xumin , Liu Cui , Jin Yuemei , Yin Hongxin , Xu Xin , Yu Jun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As a carbon-storage compound and osmoprotectant in brown algae, mannitol is synthesized and then accumulated at high levels in Saccharina japonica (Sja); however, the underlying control mechanisms have not been studied. Our analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data from Sja shows that mannitol metabolism is a cyclic pathway composed of four distinct steps. A mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (M1PDH2) and two mannitol-1-phosphatases (M1Pase1 and MIPase2) work together or in combination to exhibit full enzymatic properties. Based on comprehensive transcriptomic data from different tissues, generations, and sexes as well as under different stress conditions, coupled with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and proteomic confirmation, we suggest that SjaM1Pase1 plays a major role in mannitol biosynthesis and that the basic mannitol anabolism and the carbohydrate pool dynamics are responsible for carbon storage and anti-stress mechanism. Our proteomic data indicate that mannitol metabolism remains constant during diurnal cycle in Sja. In addition, we discover that mannitol-metabolism-associated (MMA) genes show differential expression between the multicellular filamentous (gametophyte) and large parenchymal thallus (sporophyte) generations and respond differentially to environmental stresses, such as hyposaline and hyperthermia conditions. Our results indicate that the ecophysiological significance of such differentially expressed genes may be attributable to the evolution of heteromorphic generations (filamentous and thallus) and environmental adaptation of Laminariales.
Colonization of carbapenem-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniaein a sink-drain model biofilm system
Authors: Burgos-Garay Maria , Ganim Christine , de Man Tom J.B. , Davy Terri , Mathers Amy J. , Kotay Shireen , Daniels Jonathan , Perry K. Allison , Breaker Erin , Donlan Rodney M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground:Sink drains in healthcare facilities may provide an environment for antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms, including carbapenemase-producingKlebsiella pneumoniae(CPKP).Methods:We investigated the colonization of a biofilm consortia by CPKP in a model system simulating a sink-drain P-trap. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactors (CBRs) were inoculated with microbial consortia originally recovered from 2 P-traps collected from separate patient rooms (designated rooms A and B) in a hospital. Biofilms were grown on stainless steel (SS) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupons in autoclaved municipal drinking water (ATW) for 7 or 28 days.Results:Microbial communities in model systems (designated CBR-A or CBR-B) were less diverse than communities in respective P-traps A and B, and they were primarily composed of β and γ Proteobacteria, as determined using 16S rRNA community analysis. Following biofilm development CBRs were inoculated with eitherK. pneumoniaeST45 (ie, strain CAV1016) orK. pneumoniaeST258 KPC+ (ie, strain 258), and samples were collected over 21 days. Under most conditions tested (CBR-A: SS, 7-day biofilm; CBR-A: PVC, 28-day biofilm; CBR-B: SS, 7-day and 28-day biofilm; CBR-B: PVC, 28-day biofilm) significantly higher numbers of CAV1016 were observed compared to 258. CAV1016 showed no significant difference in quantity or persistence based on biofilm age (7 days vs 28 days) or substratum type (SS vs PVC). However, counts of 258 were significantly higher on 28-day biofilms and on SS.Conclusions:These results suggest that CPKP persistence in P-trap biofilms may be strain specific or may be related to the type of P-trap material or age of the biofilm.
Bats in a cave tourism and pilgrimage site in eastern India: conservation challenges
Authors: Debata Subrat 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCaves and other subterranean habitats are crucial for the survival of many bat species, but often deteriorate as a result of visits by tourists. The aim of the study was to understand the conservation challenges associated with the cave dwelling bats at Gupteswar cave tourism and pilgrimage site in eastern India and to develop conservation recommendations. I counted bat populations and monitored tourist visits once per month for 12 months during September 2016–August 2017. Roosting and breeding activities of eight species of bats, including two nationally threatened species, were recorded from five caves. The number of bats counted during the 12 survey days was 785–940 individuals. Tourism activity occurred throughout the year but was higher during local festive seasons; the maximum number of tourist entries recorded in a single day was 2,769. Installation of gated entrances, scheduling of visits to control overcrowding, restriction of access to caves with maternity colonies during breeding seasons, and minimal use of electric bulbs for illumination would minimize disturbance to the bats. Installation of educational display boards would help to create awareness of the conservation importance of bats amongst the cave visitors.
The Habitat of the Nascent Chicxulub Crater
Authors: Bralower T. J. , Cosmidis J. , Fantle M. S. , Lowery C. M. , Passey B. H. , Gulick S. P. S. , Morgan J. V. , Vajda V. , Whalen M. T. , Wittmann A. , Artemieva N. , Farley K. , Goderis S. , Hajek E. , Heaney P. J. , Kring D. A. , Lyons S. L. , Rasmussen C. , Sibert E. , Rodríguez Tovar F. J. , Turner‐Walker G. , Zachos J. C. , Carte J. , Chen S. A. , Cockell C. , Coolen M. , Freeman K. H. , Garber J. , Gonzalez M. , Gray J. L. , Grice K. , Jones H. L. , Schaefer B. , Smit J. , Tikoo S. M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn expanded sedimentary section provides an opportunity to elucidate conditions in the nascent Chicxulub crater during the hours to millennia after the Cretaceous‐Paleogene (K‐Pg) boundary impact. The sediments were deposited by tsunami followed by seiche waves as energy in the crater declined, culminating in a thin hemipelagic marlstone unit that contains atmospheric fallout. Seiche deposits are predominantly composed of calcite formed by decarbonation of the target limestone during impact followed by carbonation in the water column. Temperatures recorded by clumped isotopes of these carbonates are in excess of 70°C, with heat likely derived from the central impact melt pool. Yet, despite the turbidity and heat, waters within the nascent crater basin soon became a viable habitat for a remarkably diverse cross section of the food chain. The earliest seiche layers deposited with days or weeks of the impact contain earliest Danian nannoplankton and dinocyst survivors. The hemipelagic marlstone representing the subsequent years to a few millennia contains a nearly monogeneric calcareous dinoflagellate resting cyst assemblage suggesting deteriorating environmental conditions, with one interpretation involving low light levels in the impact aftermath. At the same horizon, microbial fossils indicate a thriving bacterial community and unique phosphatic fossils including appendages of pelagic crustaceans, coprolites and bacteria‐tunneled fish bone, suggesting that this rapid recovery of the base of the food chain may have supported the survival of larger, higher trophic‐level organisms. The extraordinarily diverse fossil assemblage indicates that the crater was a unique habitat in the immediate impact aftermath, possibly as a result of heat and nutrients supplied by hydrothermal activity.
Trace Element Biogeochemistry in the High‐Latitude North Atlantic Ocean: Seasonal Variations and Volcanic Inputs
Authors: Achterberg Eric P. , Steigenberger Sebastian , Klar Jessica K. , Browning Thomas J. , Marsay Chris M. , Painter Stuart C. , Vieira Lúcia H. , Baker Alex R. , Hamilton Douglas S. , Tanhua Toste , Moore C. Mark 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe present dissolved and total dissolvable trace elements for spring and summer cruises in 2010 in the high‐latitude North Atlantic. Surface and full depth data are provided for Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the Iceland and Irminger Basins, and consequences of biological uptake and inputs by the spring Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption are assessed. Ash from Eyjafjallajökull resulted in pronounced increases in Al, Mn, and Zn in surface waters in close proximity to Iceland during the eruption, while 3 months later during the summer cruise levels had returned to more typical values for the region. The apparent seasonal removal ratios of surface trace elements were consistent with biological export. Assessment of supply of trace elements to the surface mixed layer for the region, excluding volcanic inputs, indicated that deep winter mixing was the dominant source, with diffusive mixing being a minor source (between 13.5% [dissolved Cd, DCd] and −2.43% [DZn] of deep winter flux), and atmospheric inputs being an important source only for DAl and DZn (DAl up to 42% and DZn up to 4.2% of deep winter + diffusive fluxes) and typically less than 1% for the other elements. Elemental supply ratios to the surface mixed layer through convection were comparable to apparent removal ratios we calculated between spring and summer. Given that deep mixing dominated nutrient and trace element supply to surface waters, predicted increases in water column stratification in this region may reduce supply, with potential consequences for primary production and the biological carbon pump.
Thermometry and Microstructural Analysis Imply Protracted Extensional Exhumation of the Tso Morari UHP Nappe, Northwestern Himalaya: Implications for Models of UHP Exhumation
Authors: Long Sean P. , Kohn Matthew J. , Kerswell Buchanan C. , Starnes Jesslyn K. , Larson Kyle P. , Blackford Nolan R. , Soignard Emmanuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDocumenting the processes that facilitate exhumation of ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks at convergent margins is critical for understanding orogen dynamics. Here, we present structural and temperature data from the Himalayan UHP Tso Morari nappe (TMN) and overlying nappes, which we integrate with published pressure‐temperature‐time constraints to refine interpretations for their structural evolution and exhumation history. Our data indicate that the 5.5‐km‐thick TMN is the upper portion of a penetratively deformed ductile slab, which was extruded via distributed, pure shear‐dominated, top‐down‐to‐east shearing. Strain in the TMN is recorded by high‐strength quartz fabrics (density norms between 1.74 and 2.86) and finite strain data that define 63% transport‐parallel lengthening and 46% transport‐normal shortening. The TMN attained peak temperatures of ~500–600°C, which decrease in the overlying Tetraogal and Mata nappes to ~150–300°C, defining a field gradient as steep as 67°C/km. Within the overlying nappes, quartz fabric strength decreases (density norms between 1.14 and 1.21) and transport‐parallel lengthening and transport‐normal shortening decrease to 14% and 18%, respectively. When combined with published 40Ar/39Ar thermochronometry, quartz fabric deformation temperatures as low as ~330°C indicate that the top‐to‐east shearing that exhumed the TMN continued until ~30 Ma. Peak temperatures constrain the maximum depth of the overlying Mata nappe to 12.5–17.5 km; when combined with published fission‐track thermochronometry, this provides further support that the TMN was not underplated at upper crustal levels until ~30 Ma. The long‐duration, convergence‐subnormal shearing that exhumed the TMN outlasted rapid India‐Asia convergence by ~15 Myr and may be the consequence of strain partitioning during oblique convergence.