bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Missing Component in Deterrence Theory: The Legal Framework
Authors: Ducheine Paul , Pijpers Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter takes the starting point that the power to deter consists of three components: (physical) capacities, concepts (strategy, plans, decision-making procedures) and will (moral, determination, audacity). In case one of these components is underdeveloped or not in place, (coercive) power fails. Modern technologies (e.g. ICT, AI) and strategic insights (e.g. the utility of soft and smart power) urge for a reinterpretation of the ‘physical’ component, and include cyber capacities as well as culture, knowledge or law(fare) as capacities (or power instruments), too. Moreover, and taking cyber capabilities as a test case, these developments put even more weight on the conceptual and moral components of power. This chapter focusses on the legal framework as a key, but underrated, conceptual element of deterrent power. Using cyber threats as a case, it offers a legal framework enabling decision-makers to effectively generate deterrent power by showing which legal bases (should) undergird the employment of the variety of responses available to States. In democratic rule-of-law States, the principles of legitimacy and legality demand that the use of power (instruments) by States must be based on a legal basis and should respect other institutional features too. Through two illustrative vignettes the generic value of the framework will be illustrated for the potential use of power instruments—diplomacy, information, military, economy, culture, legal, knowledge—in its various modalities, including cyber operations. This legal framework, though tailored to cyber capabilities, may be used as a starting point for conceptualising the legal framework for so-called cross domain and cross dimensional, or full spectrum deterrence.
The archetypal equation and its solutions attaining the global extremum
Authors: Sudzik Mariusz 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLet $$(\Omega , \mathcal {F}, \mathbb {P})$$

(
Ω
,
F
,
P
)

be a probability space and let $$\alpha , \beta : \mathcal {F} \rightarrow ~\mathbb {R}$$

α
,
β
:
F
→

R

be random variables. We provide sufficient conditions under which every bounded continuous solution $$\varphi : \mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$

φ
:
R
→
R

of the equation $$ \varphi (x) = \int _{ \Omega } \varphi \left( \alpha (\omega ) (x-\beta (\omega ))\right) \mathbb {P}(d\omega )$$

φ

(
x
)

=

∫
Ω

φ

α
(
ω
)
(
x
-
β
(
ω
)
)

P

(
d
ω
)

is constant. We also show that any non-constant bounded continuous solution of the above equation has to be oscillating at infinity.
Effect of cervical headgear on dental arch area, shape and interarch dimensions
Authors: Heino Toni , Kokko Heta , Vuollo Ville , Pirttiniemi Pertti 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The goal was to study the effects of early cervical headgear treatment on maxillary and mandibular dental arch area, shape and interarch dimensions.

Methods
The total study group comprised 67 children aged 7.6 years (standard deviation 0.3) with Angle class II malocclusion collected between 1992 and 1996. The children were randomly divided into two groups of equal size. In the first group, cervical headgear treatment was started immediately and undertaken for 2 years. The remaining patients served as untreated controls. Dental casts were taken and scanned at the beginning of treatment (T0) and at the 2‑year (T1) and 4‑year follow-up (T2). Three-dimensional landmarks describing the positions of maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, first and second premolars and first molars were used to calculate and visualize the maxillary and mandibular dental arch area and shape using the polynomial equation y = Ax6 + Bx2.

Results
Significant changes in the shape and area of both maxillary and mandibular dental arches were induced with cervical headgear. The headgear increased dental arch area, sagittal dimensions at the mid-sagittal line and transversal dimensions at all of the measured levels in both dental arches compared to the control group.

Conclusions
Cervical headgear is an effective treatment device to gain space in both dental arches. Furthermore, when used as an early phase treatment, relapse is relatively small compared to the gained space.
A tunable anthranilate-inducible gene expression system for Pseudomonas species
Authors: Hoffmann Lena , Sugue Michael-Frederick , Brüser Thomas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Pseudomonads are among the most common bacteria in soils, limnic ecosystems, and human, animal, or plant host environments, including intensively studied species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. putida, or P. fluorescens. Various gene expression systems are established for some species, but there is still a need for a simple system that is suitable for a wide range of pseudomonads and that can be used for physiological applications, i.e., with a tuning capacity at lower expression levels. Here, we report the establishment of the anthranilate-dependent PantA promoter for tunable gene expression in pseudomonads. During studies on P. fluorescens, we constructed an anthranilate-inducible AntR/PantA-based expression system, named pUCP20-ANT, and used GFP as reporter to analyze gene expression. This system was compared with the rhamnose-inducible RhaSR/PrhaB-based expression system in an otherwise identical vector background. While the rhamnose-inducible system did not respond to lower inducer concentrations and always reached high levels over time when induced, expression levels of the pUCP20-ANT system could be adjusted to a range of distinct lower or higher levels by variation of anthranilate concentrations in the medium. Importantly, the anthranilate-inducible expression system worked also in strains of P. aeruginosa and P. putida and therefore will be most likely useful for physiological and biotechnological purposes in a wide range of pseudomonads.

Key points
• We established an anthranilate-inducible gene expression system for pseudomonads.
• This system permits tuning of gene expression in a wide range of pseudomonads.
• It will be very useful for physiological and biotechnological applications.
Letermovir prophylaxis is effective in preventing cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: single-center real-world data
Authors: Derigs Patrick , Radujkovic Aleksandar , Schubert Maria-Luisa , Schnitzler Paul , Schöning Tilman , Müller-Tidow Carsten , Hegenbart Ute , Schönland Stefan O. , Luft Thomas , Dreger Peter , Schmitt Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMorbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) are still essentially affected by reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV). We evaluated 80 seropositive patients transplanted consecutively between March 2018 and March 2019 who received letermovir (LET) prophylaxis from engraftment until day +100 and retrospectively compared them with 80 patients without LET allografted between January 2017 and March 2018. The primary endpoint of this study was the cumulative incidence (CI) of clinically significant CMV infection (CS-CMVi) defined as CMV reactivation demanding preemptive treatment or CMV disease. With 14% CI of CS-CMVi at day +100 (11 events) was significantly lower in the LET cohort when compared to the control group (33 events, 41%; HR 0.29; p < 0.001). Whereas therapy with foscarnet could be completely avoided in the LET group, 7 out of 80 patients in the control cohort received foscarnet, resulting in 151 extra in-patient days for foscarnet administration (p = 0.002). One-year overall survival was 72% in the control arm vs 84% in the LET arm (HR 0.75 [95%CI 0.43–1.30]; p < 0.306). This study confirms efficacy and safety of LET for prophylaxis of CS-CMVi after alloHCT in a real-world setting, resulting in a significant patient benefit by reducing hospitalization needs and exposure to potentially toxic antiviral drugs for treatment of CMV reactivation.
Response prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: unlocking the potential of CT texture analysis through nested decision tree models
Authors: Vosshenrich Jan , Zech Christoph J. , Heye Tobias , Boldanova Tuyana , Fucile Geoffrey , Wieland Stefan , Heim Markus H. , Boll Daniel T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate if nested multiparametric decision tree models based on tumor size and CT texture parameters from pre-therapeutic imaging can accurately predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesion response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).

Materials and methods
This retrospective study (January 2011–September 2017) included consecutive pre- and post-therapeutic dynamic CT scans of 37 patients with 92 biopsy-proven HCC lesions treated with drug-eluting bead TACE. Following manual segmentation of lesions according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria on baseline arterial phase CT images, tumor size and quantitative texture parameters were extracted. HCCs were grouped into lesions undergoing primary TACE (VT-lesions) or repeated TACE (RT-lesions). Distinct multiparametric decision tree models to predict complete response (CR) and progressive disease (PD) for the two groups were generated. AUC and model accuracy were assessed.

Results
Thirty-eight of 72 VT-lesions (52.8%) and 8 of 20 RT-lesions (40%) achieved CR. Sixteen VT-lesions (22.2%) and 8 RT-lesions (40%) showed PD on follow-up imaging despite TACE treatment. Mean of positive pixels (MPP) was significantly higher in VT-lesions compared to RT-lesions (180.5 vs 92.8, p = 0.001). The highest AUC in ROC curve analysis and accuracy was observed for the prediction of CR in VT-lesions (AUC 0.96, positive predictive value 96.9%, accuracy 88.9%). Prediction of PD in VT-lesions (AUC 0.88, accuracy 80.6%), CR in RT-lesions (AUC 0.83, accuracy 75.0%), and PD in RT-lesions (AUC 0.86, accuracy 80.0%) was slightly inferior.

Conclusions
Nested multiparametric decision tree models based on tumor heterogeneity and size can predict HCC lesion response to TACE treatment with high accuracy. They may be used as an additional criterion in the multidisciplinary treatment decision-making process.

Key Points
• HCC lesion response to TACE treatment can be predicted with high accuracy based on baseline tumor heterogeneity and size.
• Complete response of HCC lesions undergoing primary TACE was correctly predicted with 88.9% accuracy and a positive predictive value of 96.9%.
• Progressive disease was correctly predicted with 80.6% accuracy for lesions undergoing primary TACE and 80.0% accuracy for lesions undergoing repeated TACE.
Clinical implementation of accelerated T2 mapping: Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker for annular tear and lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Raudner Marcus , Schreiner Markus M. , Hilbert Tom , Kober Tobias , Weber Michael , Szelényi Anna , Windhager Reinhard , Juras Vladimir , Trattnig Siegfried 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This study evaluates GRAPPATINI, an accelerated T2 mapping sequence combining undersampling and model-based reconstruction to facilitate the clinical implementation of T2 mapping of the lumbar intervertebral disc.

Methods
Fifty-eight individuals (26 females, 32 males, age 23.3 ± 8.0 years) were prospectively examined at 3 T. This cohort study consisted of 19 patients, 20 rowers, and 19 volunteers. GRAPPATINI was conducted with the same parameters as a conventional 2D multi-echo spin-echo (MESE) sequence in 02:27 min instead of 13:18 min. Additional T2 maps were calculated after discarding the first echo (T2-WO1ST) and only using even echoes (T2-EVEN). Segmentation was done on the four most central slices. The resulting T2 values were compared for all four measurements.

Results
T2-GRAPPATINI, T2-MESE, T2-EVEN, and T2-WO1ST of the nucleus pulposus of normal discs differed significantly from those of bulging discs or herniated discs (all p < 0.001). For the posterior annular region, only T2-GRAPPATINI showed a significant difference (p = 0.011) between normal and herniated discs. There was a significant difference between T2-GRAPPATINI, T2-MESE, T2-EVEN, and T2-WO1ST of discs with and without an annular tear for the nucleus pulposus (all p < 0.001). The nucleus pulposus’ T2 at different degeneration states showed significant differences between all group comparisons of Pfirrmann grades for T2-GRAPPATINI (p = 0.000–0.018), T2-MESE (p = 0.000–0.015), T2-EVEN (p = 0.000–0.019), and T2-WO1ST (p = 0.000–0.015).

Conclusions
GRAPPATINI facilitates the use of T2 values as quantitative imaging biomarkers to detect disc pathologies such as degeneration, lumbar disc herniation, and annular tears while simultaneously shortening the acquisition time from 13:18 to 2:27 min.

Key Points
• T2-GRAPPATINI, T2-MESE, T2-EVEN, and T2-WO1STof the nucleus pulposus of normal discs differed significantly from those of discs with bulging or herniation (all p < 0.001).
• The investigated T2mapping techniques differed significantly in discs with and without annular tearing (all p < 0.001).
• The nucleus pulposus’ T2showed significant differences between different stages of degeneration in all group comparisons for T2-GRAPPATINI(p = 0.000–0.018), T2-MESE(p = 0.000–0.015), T2-EVEN(p = 0.000–0.019), and T2-WO1ST(p = 0.000–0.015).
New architectures for micromechanical coupled beam array filters
Authors: Bouchaala A. , Syms R. R. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCoupled resonator filters implemented as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) offer performance advantages as band-pass filters at MHz frequencies. Here new designs based on resonant cavities for acoustic slow waves are developed to allow alternative frequency responses. Derivation of the lumped element model for coupled beam systems with in-plane motion from Rayleigh–Ritz perturbation theory is first reviewed. Departures from ideal behaviour caused by mechanical and electrostatic detuning are resolved. Slow wave theory is then used to develop linear array topologies with novel responses including band-stop and comb filtering with controlled filter roll-off. A systematic procedure is developed to allow rapid identification of design parameters without the need for lengthy numerical simulation, using the lumped element, stiffness matrix and finite element methods to investigate the layout parameters of initial design concepts, detailed mechanical effects and detailed electrostatic effects, respectively. High performance is demonstrated, with good agreement between the models.
Salivary MRP-8/14 and the presence of periodontitis-associated bacteria in children with bonded maxillary expansion treatment
Authors: Nemec Michael , Mittinger Nina , Bertl Michael , Liu Emanuela , Jonke Erwin , Andrukhov Oleh , Rausch-Fan Xiaohui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate changes in saliva concentration of the inflammatory marker MRP-8/14 and the presence of some periodontitis-associated bacteria in patients with mixed dentition treated with a rigid acrylic, bonded maxillary expander.MethodsFifteen patients in mixed dentition treated with a bonded palatal expander were enrolled in this longitudinal study. Saliva samples were taken before the therapy, as well as in 2 weeks and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the beginning of the therapy. In each sample, the levels of MRP-8/14 were determined by ELISA and the presence of 11 bacteria was detected by PCR followed by DNA-DNA hybridization.ResultsSalivary concentration of MRP-8/14 and the amount ofTannerella forsythia,Treponema denticola, andEikenella corrodenswere significantly increased during treatment with bonded maxillary expander. These changes were transient and the maximal levels of MRP-8/14 and periodontitis-associated pathogens were observed 6–9 months after the beginning of the therapy.ConclusionTherapy with bonded maxillary results in higher MRP-8/14 levels and increased prevalence of some periodontitis-associated bacteria, namelyT. forsythia,T. denticola, andE. corrodens. The results suggest the detection of salivary MRP-8/14 levels may be a potential tool to reflect the oral health status in children with fixed orthodontic treatment.Clinical relevanceOur data suggest that the treatment with bonded maxillary expander might influence the oral health status and should be accompanied by the careful control of the oral health during the therapy.
Differences in circulating corticosterone levels associated with elevation of breeding sites in Rufous-collared Sparrows Zonotrichia capensis
Authors: Poblete Yanina , Gutierrez Victor , González-Gómez Paulina L. , Wingfield John C. , Vásquez Rodrigo A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo facilitate breeding and any energetically costly activity, individuals of the same species can substantially vary their circulating corticosterone (CORT) levels to cope with local environmental conditions at different elevations. We compared baseline and the stress-induced plasma CORT levels during the parental care stage between free-living Rufous-collared Sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) that breed at high (~ 2500 m) and low (~ 500 m) elevations in central Chile. We found that baseline CORT levels at different elevations were similar and that stress-induced levels were significantly lower in birds breeding at high elevation; however, we detected no sexual dimorphism in CORT levels related to elevation. We found that larger individuals had higher stress-induced CORT levels at low elevation regardless of sex. Our results show that environmental conditions at high elevation seem to be not severe enough to promote more elevated baseline CORT levels. However, breeding Rufous-collared Sparrow must still deal with both shorter breeding seasons and increased exposure to unpredictable events. Thus, a reduced stress response during the parental care stage would be more favorable for supporting breeding activities at high elevations. Future studies should focus on describing the life-history traits of these populations and the effects that other stressors, such as predation pressure and food availability, may have on the adrenocortical response in these environments to evaluate the consequences for survival and reproductive success. This information is important for enhancing our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that modulate variation in the adrenocortical response among populations of the same species.
Mono-specific forest plantations are valuable bat habitats: implications for wind energy development
Authors: Buchholz Sascha , Kelm Volker , Ghanem Simon J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNear-natural or semi-natural forests such as relatively undisturbed and old deciduous or mixed woodland are considered worth protecting and ecologically valuable habitats for bat conservation. In contrast, mono-specific forest plantations are considered ecologically less valuable; thus, decision-makers recommend these plantations as suitable locations for wind power stations and therefore want to further expand wind turbines in these habitats. This is expected to have a strong negative impact on the landscape because forests would be cleared for wind turbine pads and access roads and wind turbines rise above the trees with adverse impacts for bats. Therefore, we argue that, in light of bat conservation, the suitability of forest plantations for wind energy development is not, per se, warranted and that implications of wind power stations, even in mono-specific forest plantations, should be assessed and evaluated. We conducted long-term bat activity monitoring and recorded bat echolocation calls above the canopies of different forest sites (coniferous monoculture plantations and semi-natural mixed deciduous forests) in Germany and compared different forest types in terms of species richness, total bat activity, activity of the three bat species groups and species composition. Generalised linear models revealed that forest type and the amount of forest biotopes did not enhance bat activity. Ordination showed that species composition was not affected by forest type, location and connectivity. Mono-specific forest plantations can harbour a diverse bat fauna with high species activity and are, therefore, valuable bat habitats just as near-natural or semi-natural woodlands are. Environmental impact assessment and mitigation measures are vital in all forest types before and after planning for wind energy turbines. In particular, future planning and approval processes must consider the importance of mono-specific forest plantations for bat species protection.
Live longer, retire later? Developments of healthy life expectancies and working life expectancies between age 50–59 and age 60–69 in Europe
Authors: Weber Daniela , Loichinger Elke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEurope’s population is ageing. Statutory retirement ages are commonly raised to account for continuous increases in life expectancy. In order to estimate the potential to increase statutory and consequently effective retirement ages further, in this study, we investigate the relationship between partial working life expectancy (WLE) and three health expectancies that represent health aspects important for work ability and employability between ages 50 and 59 as well as 60 and 69 for women and men in Europe. We also explore the association between these four indicators and the highest level of educational attainment. We apply Sullivan’s method to estimate WLE and three selected measures that capture general, physical, and cognitive health status of older adults for 26 European countries since 2004. Over time, WLEs increased significantly in the younger age group for women and in the older age group for both sexes. The expected number of years in good physical health have continuously been higher than any of the other three indicators, while the expected number of years in good cognitive health have shown a noticeable increase over time. The investigation of the relationship between education and each life expectancy confirms the well-established positive correlation between education and economic activity as well as good health. Our results indicate potential to extend working lives beyond current levels. However, significant differences in the expected number of years in good health between persons with different levels of education require policies that account for this heterogeneity.
A rater agreement study on measurements in cross-sectional CBCT images exploring the association between alveolar bone morphology and craniofacial height
Authors: Klinge Anna , Al-Okshi Ayman , Becktor Jonas , Lindh Christina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate rater agreement regarding measurements of height and width of the maxilla and mandible using cross-sectional images from CBCT examinations. Furthermore, to explore the association between vertical craniofacial height and alveolar bone morphology.

Methods
Pre-treatment CBCT scans from 450 patients referred for treatment to a private clinic for orthodontics and oral surgery in Scandinavia were available and of these, 180 were selected. Lateral head images were generated from the CBCT volumes to categorise subjects into three groups based on their craniofacial height. Cross-sectional images of the maxillary and mandibular bodies at three locations in the maxilla and mandible, respectively, were obtained and measured at one height and two width recordings by five raters. One-way analysis of variance with a Tukey post hoc test was performed. A significance level of 5% was used.

Results
Rater agreement was mostly excellent or good when measuring height and width of the maxilla and mandible in cross-sectional CBCT images. For height (of the alveolar bone/bodies), there were statistically significant differences between the low- and the high-angle groups for all the observers when measuring in the premolar and midline regions, both in the maxilla and in the mandible.

Conclusion
The high agreement found ensures a reliable measurement technique and confirms the relation between craniofacial height and alveolar bone height and width.