bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aqueous Li-Air Battery Cathode Using Carbon Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Li Yunfeng , Huang Zhongping , Huang Kan , Carnahan David , Xing Yangchuan 
Published: February 2020

Li-air batteries (LABs) have attracted great interest due to their high theoretical energy density and several aqueous-organic hybrid electrolyte based Li-air battery (HyLAB) systems have been proposed.1-5The cathode structure for a LAB is critical to its performance, as oxygen from ambient air must be able to diffuse into the cathode. The cathode needs to be highly porous and reactive to achieve large oxygen flux and high power operation.
In this work, we demonstrated a cathode structure with sparsely populated, vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (CNTAs). The CNTAs are nitrogen doped with dislocated-graphene stacking grown directly on carbon fiber papers and investigated as hierarchical air cathodes. These metal-free CNTAs were obtained by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on a backing carbon paper, without further electrode processing.
The sparse CNTAs not only provide effective pathways for reacting species, but also show significantly high catalytic activity, which is comparable to a 20% Pt/C electrocatalyst. The high activity of the CNTAs is attributed to the rich graphene edges exposed on the CNT surface and nitrogen doping. Hybrid Li-air batteries with such nanostructured cathode show a consistent discharging capacity of 710 mAh/g and a specific energy of 2057 Wh/kg at 0.5 mA/cm2 in alkaline catholytes. Stable charge-discharge cycling at 0.5 mA/cm2 showed an average potential difference of 1.35 V, indicative of relatively small overpotential and high round trip efficiency. Furthermore, the hybrid Li-air battery based on the hierarchical cathode can reach a power density over 100 W/m2.

References

1. J. Christensen, P. Albertus, R. S. Sanchez-Carrera, T. Lohmann, B. Kozinsky, R. Liedtke, J. Ahmed and A. Kojic, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159, R1 (2012).
2. P. G. Bruce, S. A. Freunberger, L. J. Hardwick and J.-M. Tarascon, Nature Materials, 11, 19 (2012).
3. L. Li, X. Zhao and A. Manthiram, Electrochemistry Communications, 14, 78 (2012).
4. Y. Li, K. Huang and Y. Xing, Electrochimica Acta, 81, 20 (2012).
5. K. Huang, Y. Li, and Y. Xing, Electrochimica Acta, 103, 44 (2013).
Ge/C Composite Electrodeposits As an Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Sang-Wan , Ngo Duc Tung , Park Chan-Jin 
Published: February 2020

Recently, lithium ion batteries have received considerable attention due to the increased demand for energy storage medium in portable electronic devices. Graphite has been extensively used as a commercial anode material for Li-ion batteries due to its excellent cycling behavior during charge and discharge cycles. However, the theoretical specific capacity of graphite is limited to 339 mAh×g-1. Therefore, it is essential to develop new anode materials with larger capacity as well as good cyclability. In particular, Ge has been reported to a promising anode material due to its large theoretical capacity (1624 mAh×g-1).
However, pure Ge anode suffers from a poor cyclability due to severe mechanical cracking and pulverization caused by significant volume change during the lithiation/delithiation process. To overcome this problem, various attempts have been reported. In particular, electrodeposition is a versatile bottom-up processing method that can be used for the deposition of metals, polymers, and semiconductors in a wide range of microstructures and nanostructures. The method is inexpensive and relatively simple, and especially it can support a good interface strength and electronic conductivity between the coating metals and the substrate.
In this study, the Ge/C composite was prepared by an electrodeposition process on Cu foil in ethylene glycol containing GeCl4 and carbon black. The Ge/C electrode showed better cyclic performance and higher charge capacity than Ge electrode. The improved electrochemical performance of the Ge/C electrode is due to the carbon black. Ge/C is preferable to endure pulverization of active materials by accommodating severe volume expansion during charge-discharge cycling.
The initially deposited Ge grains are relatively uniform with an average size of 20-30 nm. On the other hand, Ge grains with C are regularly deposited, forming clusters. The specific capacities of Ge and Ge/C at 0.1C-rate were about 1100 and 950 mAh×g-1respectively at the first cycle. Furthermore, the Ge/C retains a charge capacity of 860 mAh×g-1 after 40th cycle. The results confirm the Ge/C is more suitable than Ge in the cyclic performance and reversible charge capacity.
Surfactants Effects on Electrodeposited Black Chrome-Graphite Encapsulated FeCo Nanoparticles Composite Solar Selective Coatings
Authors: Seshadri Harinipriya , Usmani Belal 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Effects of surfactants such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on electrodeposited black chrome-graphite encapsulated FeCo nanoparticles (GE FeCo NPs) composite as solar selective coatings on Ni-coated copper (Cu) substrate were studied. Electrodeposition was done in the presence of different weight proportions of CTAB like 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4, and 2 in the electrolyte bath. The surface morphology and thermal analysis of the films were investigated by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and simultaneous thermal analyser, respectively. The chemical compositions of prepared films were determined by energy dispersive system (EDS). The Tafel analysis and Cyclic Voltammetric studies of the coatings were carried out in 3.5% NaCl solution to understand its stability in saline environment. Thermal stability s of the composite coatings increased upto 750ºC in nitrogen atmosphere, after a small weight loss between 400ºC to 500ºC. Corrosion resistance of the composite coatings was also found to be improved in the presence of CTAB.
Studies on Electrochemical Performance of Mn- and Y-Codoped CeO2 under Pure and Impure Hydrogen Fuels
Authors: Handal Hala Talaat , Thangadurai Venkataraman 
Published: February 2020

Currently, research has been focusing on the development of mixed ionic electronic conductors (MIECs) for applications in catalysis, gas separation membranes and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The present anode Ni/Y-doped ZrO2 (YSZ) is suffering from coking, sulfur poisoning under hydrocarbon fuels. Doped ceria has shown mixed ionic electronic characteristics under reducing atmosphere that could be potentially promising anode for solid oxide fuel cells. Using MIEC electrode materials is expected to enlarge electrochemical reaction zone (ERZ) over the entire electrode-gas interfacial area and alleviate or inhibit anode poisoning.
Here, we report synthesis and electrochemical properties of novel nanostructured CYMO (Ce0.8Y0.1Mn0.1O2-δ) prepared by autocombustion method using metal salt precursors. The investigated samples were characterized using several solid state techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The electrochemical performance of the prepared anode was tested using a symmetrical cell CYMO/YSZ/CYMO at 600-800○C in humidified H2 / N2 under open circuit and polarization conditions using ac electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and DC method. Area specific resistance (ASR) of 0.3 Ωcm2 at 800oC was observed for CYMO and is comparable to that of Ni-YSZ / Ni-ScSZr (0.185 Ωcm2)1 and La0.65Ce0.1Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3-δ (0.2 Ωcm2) .2 Interestingly, a noticeable enhancement in the performance of the symmetrical cell was observed upon exposing the cell to 10 ppm H2S in H2 / N2 (Fig.1). In this talk, a detailed analysis for electrochemical results will be presented.
Electrocatalytic Activity and Electroanalytical Performance of Nanodiamond-Derived Carbon Nano-Onions
Authors: Kim Doo Young , Yang Juchan 
Published: February 2020

Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) are an emerging, novel class of carbon nanomaterials. A CNO is a 0-D carbon analogue of a 1-D carbon nanotube (CNT) and a 2-D graphene. It is composed of sp2-bonded, concentric carbon shells surrounding a hollow core. The curved morphology of a CNO loosens the conjugation along the graphene sheet and results in the change in electronic structure. The unique structure as well as surface chemical functional groups of CNOs will significantly influence physicochemical, electronic, and electrochemical properties.
In this talk, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of CNOs will be presented. First, morphology and microstructure of CNOs were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM, TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. Chemical composition and chemical functional groups were probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Raman spectra of CNOs showed a large value of ID/IG ratio, indicating that carbon concentric shells of CNOs include defects, i.e., exposed edge planes. Second, heteroatomic doping of CNOs and its electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction will be presented, in comparison with other carbon nanomaterials. Last, redox activities and electron transfer kinetics of CNOs were studied. CNOs showed remarkable electrochemical activities for the detection of biologically important molecules (such as high sensitivity, high selectivity and fast ET kinetics). Electrochemical measurements were carried out with standard redox couples such as Ru(NH3)6
3+/2+, Fe2+/3+, IrCl6
2
-
/3
- and Fe(CN)6
3-/4- as well as redox-active biomolecules such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. The results showed a stable and fast electrochemical response of CNOs for all of the redox analytes and often surpassed the performance of other carbon electrodes like carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoflakes, and glassy carbon.
Studies of Metal Electrodeposition in Adiponitrile
Authors: Cheek Graham T. 
Published: February 2020

Introduction
Electrodeposition of certain metals, particularly active metals and some noble metals, sometimes employ nonaqueous solvents (1,2,3), among other reasons, to obtain wider potential limits than those provided by water. Recent work in this laboratory has involved the use of adiponitrile [NC(CH2)4CN] as an electrochemical solvent (4). It is evident that adiponitrile has desirable properties such as a moderately high dielectric constant, high boiling point, and an extremely wide potential range (5, 6). The present abstract represents work involving the use of adiponitrile as an electrochemical solvent for electrodeposition of metals, particularly silver, onto various substrates.
Experimental
Adiponitrile was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate [TEA BF4] was purchased from Southwestern Analytical Chemicals (SACHEM). Voltammograms were taken with a PAR283 potentiostat using PowerSuiteTM
software. Potentials are reported with respect to a Ag/AgCl (0.1M EMICl in EMI BF4) reference electrode (Cypress Systems). Vitreous carbon and platinum electrodes were obtained from Cypress Systems. All experiments were carried out in a Vacuum Atmospheres drybox.
Results and Discussion
In order to investigate the effectiveness of adiponitrile as a solvent for electrodeposition, cyclic voltammograms of silver deposition, from dissolved silver nitrate, were carried out in adiponitrile / 1.00 M TEA BF4. The figure at the end of this abstract shows a well-defined reduction process at platinum, followed by a rather narrow stripping peak on the return sweep. At vitreous carbon, the deposition potential shifts to a less positive deposition potential, with significant oxidative activity ( silver stripping ) after the main stripping peak. The behavior observed at vitreous carbon apparently reflects the presence of active areas on the carbon surface (7), accounting for the extended stripping process. The facile electrodeposition of silver from adiponitrile gives hope that this solvent is a feasible choice for metal deposition. Attempts at electrodeposition of other metals, particularly aluminum, are also intended for presentation.
References
1. L. M. A. Monzon, F. Byrne, J. M. D. Coey, J. Electroanalytical Chemistry, 657,54–60 (2011).
2. P. Heoa, R. Ichino, M. Okido, Electrochimica Acta, 51, 6325–6330 (2006).
3. A. P. Abbott and K. J. McKenzie, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., , 8, 4265–4279 (2006).
4. G. Cheek, Abstract I1-2481, 224thElectrochemical Society Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 29 October 2013.
5. P. G. Sears, J. A. Caruso and A. I. Popov, Journal
of
Physical
Chemistry, 71(4), 905 (1967).
6. H. Duncan, N. Salem, and Y. Abu-Lebdeh,
J. Electrochem. Soc., 160 (6) A838-A848 (2013).
7. M. Miranda-Hernandez, I. Gonzalez, and N. Batina, J. Phys. Chem.
B,
105(19), 4214 (2001).
Figure : Cyclic voltammograms of 17 mM AgNO3 in adiponitrile (1.00 M TEA BF4) at 1 mm diameter electrodes, 25 mV/s.
(a) Platinum electrode [ black curve ].
(b) Vitreous carbon electrode [ red curve ].
In Situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Electrochemical Reactions at Solid/Liquid Interfaces
Authors: Masuda Takuya , Yoshikawa Hideki , Noguchi Hidenori , Kawasaki Tadahiro , Kobata Masaaki , Kobayashi Keisuke , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: February 2020

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is the most powerful technique for the determination of surface compositions, oxidation states and electronic structures of materials of interest with very high surface sensitivity. Since surface structure and oxidation states of materials in vacuum can be significantly different from those under operation, in situ analysis is strongly desired. However, because XPS requires vacuum, it is difficult to conduct in situ surface analysis at solid/liquid interface during electrochemical processes.
“Electrochemical photoelectron spectroscopy” has been developed1 and utilized for practical applications such as electrocatalysts for fuel cells.2 In this system, samples can be transferred from an electrochemical chamber in an ambient atmosphere to an analysis chamber kept in vacuum immediately after the electrochemical treatments without being exposed to air, so that any contamination of the surface from exposure to open air can be avoided. However, structure and oxidation state of the electrode surface may be changed during the transfer from the solution, where the electrode is under electrochemically controlled conditions, to vacuum, where potential control is not possible. Here, we constructed an in situ electrochemical XPS apparatus for the measurements at solid/liquid interface under electrochemical condition using hard X-rays and a micro-volume cell equipped with an ultrathin Si membrane.3

The conceptual design of the present in situ electrochemical XPS arrangement is illustrated in Figure 1. A micro-volume cell filled with a liquid is sealed by an ultra-thin Si membrane,4 which serves as a separator between vacuum and liquid, a window for X-rays and photoelectrons, and a working electrode for electrochemical reactions. The cell is placed in an analysis chamber for XPS and synchrotron radiation hard X-ray is irradiated to the vacuum side of the membrane. X-rays penetrate to the solution side through the membrane and photoelectrons emitted from Si exposed to the solution, i.e., at solid/liquid interface, can pass through the Si membrane, and can then be collected and analyzed by a hemispherical photoelectron analyzer. Its operation was demonstrated for potential-induced Si oxide growth in water.3 Effect of potential and time on the thickness of Si and Si oxide layers was quantitatively determined at sub-nanometer resolution.3

References
(1) Wieckowski, A. Interfacial Electrochemistry: Experimental, Theory and Applications; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1999.
(2) Wakisaka, M.; Udagawa, Y.; Suzuki, H.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Energy Environ. Sci.
2011, 4, 1662.
(3) Masuda, T.; Yoshikawa, H.; Noguchi, H.; Kawasaki, T.; Kobata, M.; Kobayashi, K.; Uosaki, K. Appl. Phys. Lett.
2013, 103.
(4) Kolmakov, A.; Dikin, D. A.; Cote, L. J.; Huang, J. X.; Abyaneh, M. K.; Amati, M.; Gregoratti, L.; Gunther, S.; Kiskinova, M. Nat. Nanotechnol.
2011, 6, 651.
Far- and Near-Field Spectroscopy and Imaging of Interfaces and Interphases in Li-Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Ayache Maurice , Jarry Angelique , Lucas Ivan , Syzdek Jaroslaw , Kostecki Robert 
Published: February 2020

Development of new innovative experimental approaches and enabling methodologies to understand the function and mechanism of operation of materials, electrodes and electrochemical interfaces in electrical energy storage systems is critical for clean and/or renewable energy technologies. A better understanding of the underlying principles that govern these phenomena is inextricably linked with successful implementation of high energy density materials.
Several analytical techniques have been implemented for the physico-chemical characterization of the materials, interfaces and interphases. In many cases limitations in studying the real system are imposed by ex situ methods that require excitation or detection of electrons or ions in vacuum environment and/or they suffer from inadequate sensitivity, selectivity and specificity in the in situ environment.
The advent of femtosecond (fs) lasers and near-field optical methods during the past decades has led to the development of new advanced techniques for chemical analysis. This presentation provides a brief overview of novel in and ex situ experimental approaches aimed at probing battery materials and electrodes in electrical storage systems at an atom, molecular or nanoparticulate level.
The presented methodologies exploit the micro and nano-manipulation techniques and single particle model electrodes to provide sufficient sample definition suitable for advanced far- and near-field Raman, FTIR , fluorescence spectral microscopy, pumped laser probes and micro- and nano-electrochemical characterization techniques.
Examples of detailed in situ molecular characterization of electrode surface and bulk processes at the nano-level scale exceeding the diffraction limit will be discussed. These include elemental and molecular depth profiling at nanometer-scale depth resolution of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formed on Sn polycrystalline and monocrystral model electrodes in an organic carbonate-based electrolyte.
Acknowledgement
Part of this work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. It has also been supported in part by the Northeastern Center for Chemical Energy Storage, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under award number DESC0001294. This work was also supported in part by the Chemical Science Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Nuclear Nonproliferation, and the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Size Effect of Pt Nanoparticles Deposited By Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition on the Electrocatalytic Activity Toward the Methanol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Liu Chung Hsuan , Ting Chao Cheng , Tai Chun Yen , Hsu Shih Chieh , Pan Fu Ming 
Published: February 2020

Platinum is the most important catalyst used for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) because its excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Most of recent research on DMFC focuses on the size minimization of the Pt catalyst, which can reduce the use of the precious Pt catalyst and increase the electroactive surface area. Moreover, nanosized Pt catalyst can significantly enhance the electrocatalytic activity toward MOR. In this study, we used plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) to deposit Pt nanoparticles of different sizes on the TiO2substrate, and studied the electrocatalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles toward MOR as a function of the particle size.
Pt nanoparticles were deposited on the TiO2 substrate by PEALD with a plasma power of 5W at 200oC using (methylcyclopentadienyl) trimethyl platinum (MeCpPtMe3) as the Pt precursor. Due to the self-limiting growth kinetics of ALD reactions, the size of Pt nanoparticles can be controlled by the number of the PEALD cycle, which was varied from 8 to 50 cycles in this study. The TiO2 was the nature oxide layer on a 100 nm thick Ti thin film sputter-deposited on the Si(100) wafer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that Pt nanoparticles has a size in the range between 3 nm and 7 nm depending on the number of the PEALD cycle. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and CO stripping analysis were performed to study the electrocatalytic activity of the Pt/TiO2 electrode toward MOR in acidic media. The Pt/TiO2 electrode prepared with 15 PEALD cycles has a Pt particle size distribution peaking at ~4 nm, and has the best electrochemical performance, including electrocatalytic activity and CO tolerance. With the PEALD cycle number increased to 50, Pt nanoparticles trend to coalesce, and the electrode exhibits an electrochemical performance similar to a continuous Pt thin film. The better electrocatalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles prepared with a smaller number of the PEALD cycle can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the nanosized Pt catalyst and the electronic interaction between Pt nanoparticles and the TiO2support. A schematic model describing the role of Pt nanoparticle size in the synergistic effect will be presented at the meeting.
Keywords: direct methanol fuel cells, DMFC, plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition, PEALD, methanol oxidation reaction, Pt nanoparticles, TiO2.
Progress in Fuel Cell Electrocatalysis and PEMFC Performance
Authors: Spendelow Jacob S , Papageorgopoulos Dimitrios C 
Published: February 2020

Fuel cells have been used in niche applications for many years, but they only recently began to be competitive with incumbent power generating technologies in more widespread applications. Since the invention of the modern PEMFC MEA around 20 years ago, significant investment in R&D by the public and private sectors has led to major improvements in fuel cell performance, with simultaneous reduction of precious metal content. This time span has seen a shift in attention from the work on liquid fuel onboard reforming in the 1990s and early 2000s to a focus on the use of direct H2PEMFCs for transportation and other applications in the last decade.
Since the 1990s, published accounts of state of the art MEA performance demonstrate that power density under conditions that approximate the rated power operating point (0.6 – 0.7 V) has nearly doubled, while typical operating pressures have decreased by more than 50% and typical precious metal loadings have decreased by an order of magnitude (Figure 1). Similar improvements are apparent at 0.8 V, which approximates the expected average voltage during a typical automotive drive cycle.
This improvement in performance under rated power and average power operating conditions has enabled fuel cells to more effectively compete with alternative technologies, such as batteries and combustion engines. It has also enabled major cost reductions due to the decrease in the required PEMFC stack size and the decrease in the precious metal catalyst loading.
This communication attempts to measure and compare, in as objective and quantitative a fashion as possible, PEMFC MEA performance since the early 1990s. Progress toward achieving key MEA performance targets is measured using published MEA performance data, primarily in the form of polarization curves. Along with a quantitative analysis of the improvement in performance results, several R&D advances that have led to these improvements will be discussed.
Figure 1. Power density at 0.7 V with operating pressures of 1-5 atm and PGM loadings of 0.12-8.0 mg/cm2. The area of each data point is proportional to the PGM loading.