bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase‐dependent modulation of cortical and thalamic sensory responses during spike‐and‐wave discharges
Authors: Williams Mark S. , Lecas Sarah , Charpier Stéphane , Mahon Séverine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe neuronal underpinnings of impaired consciousness during absence seizures remain largely unknown. Spike‐and‐wave (SW) activity associated with absences imposes two extremely different states in cortical neurons, which transition from suprathreshold synaptic depolarizations during spike phases to membrane hyperpolarization and electrical silence during wave phases. To investigate whether this rhythmic alternation of neuronal states affects the processing of sensory information during seizures, we examined cortical and thalamic responsiveness to brief sensory stimuli in the different phases of the epileptic cycle.MethodsElectrocorticographic (ECoG) monitoring from the primary somatosensory cortex combined with intracellular recordings of subjacent pyramidal neurons, or extracellular recordings of somatosensory thalamic neurons, were performed in the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat From Strasbourg. Sensory stimuli consisted of pulses of compressed air applied to the contralateral whiskers.ResultsWhisker stimuli delivered during spike phases evoked smaller depolarizing synaptic potentials and fewer action potentials in cortical neurons compared to stimuli occurring during wave phases. This spike‐related attenuation of cortical responsiveness was accompanied by a reduced neuronal membrane resistance, likely due to the large increase in synaptic conductance. Sensory‐evoked firing in thalamocortical neurons was also decreased during ECoG spikes as compared to wave phases, indicating that time‐to‐time changes in the thalamocortical volley may also contribute to the variability of cortical responses during seizures.SignificanceThese findings demonstrate that thalamocortical sensory processing during absence seizures is nonstationary and strongly suggest that the cortical impact of a given environmental stimulus is conditioned by its exact timing relative to the SW cycle. The lack of stability of thalamic and cortical responses along seizures may contribute to impaired conscious sensory perception during absences.
A new system for automatic analysis and quality adjustment in audiovisual subtitled‐based contents by means of genetic algorithms
Authors: Souto‐Rico Monica , González‐Carrasco Israel , López‐Cuadrado José‐Luis , Ruíz‐Mezcua Belén 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn Spain, the subtitling service on television for the deaf has been improving in quantity since the General Law on Audiovisual Communication was enacted in 2010. This law establishes a series of quality standards that must be followed in the subtitling process. One of the most relevant aspects of subtitle quality is the speed at which they are shown on the screen, due to the fact that a too high speed (less time on screen) will make them difficult to read and the information hard to understand. In order to determine whether the speed at which the subtitles are being shown is adequate, first, it is necessary to process all the information associated with the broadcast of the digital TV channels including data from different sources. In this research, the authors have worked with the data obtained within the time period between July 2012 and December 2017, that is, with more than 950 million records. This article presents a framework for integration and processing of heterogeneous information associated with the subtitling of audiovisual content from different sources. Moreover, the framework will provide an automatic adjustment of subtitles in broadcasting regarding quality indicators by means of a genetic algorithm approach. The results show that the system is able to estimate the best relationship between the time and size of the subtitles and maintaining the quality levels established for this research. These results have been validated by experts and users of this domain.
Food web pathways for fish communities in small tropical streams
Authors: Reis Andressa da Silva , Albrecht Míriam Pilz , Bunn Stuart E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIt is often assumed that invertebrate consumers in small tropical streams are dependent on allochthonous sources, although recent studies indicate that algae can form the base of food webs in tropical streams. Fish in tropical streams can feed across several trophic levels and the origin and path of energy and nutrient flow is uncertain for many species.We collected fish, insects, periphyton, and leaf litter from 20 streams across four Atlantic Forest catchments. We analysed stomach contents of fish to define trophic guild and fish dietary trophic position. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen of fish and their resources to identify the main basal resources of the food web and to estimate trophic positions and identify the path of energy flow.We found that autochthonous sources were the primary resource base for fish communities. Trophic positions estimated from diet and isotopes were similar and correlated for insectivore and algivore–insectivore fish, but not for algivore–detritivore or omnivore fish. Using path analysis, fish classified as algivore–detritivores appear to have derived their biomass through a diet of primary consumer insects and periphytic algae and thus, are more likely to play a trophic role as algivore–insectivores in these streams. However, omnivores probably derived much of their biomass from aquatic insects.Our findings support other studies of tropical systems in which the main basal resource is autochthonous, even in small streams. We also show that the assignment to a specific trophic guild for some fish species, based on gut contents, does not reflect what they assimilate into their bodies. In some species, food sources that are uncommon can make a disproportionately important contribution to their biomass.This study affirms the important role of inconspicuous algal resources in aquatic food webs, even in small forested streams, and demonstrates the effectiveness of taking a combined approach of diet analysis, isotopic tracing, and modelling to resolve food web pathways where the level of omnivory is high.
Do leaf‐litter decomposers control biofilm primary production and benthic algal community structure in forest streams? Insights from an outdoor mesocosm experiment
Authors: Allen Joey , Laviale Martin , Cellamare Maria , Bachelet Quentin , Felten Vincent , Danger Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

1. Forested headwater streams are generally considered to be light‐limited ecosystems where primary production is reduced, and the main source of energy and nutrients is composed of allochthonous detritus. We hypothesised that in these ecosystems, the development of primary producers might also be limited by (1) competition for nutrients with leaf‐litter decomposers (e.g. bacteria and fungi), and (2) leaf‐litter leachates or allelopathic compounds produced by aquatic fungi.

2. To test these hypotheses, a 48‐day mesocosm experiment was performed in 12 artificial streams containing stream water inoculated with epilithic biofilm suspensions collected from a forested headwater stream. Three different treatments were applied: control without leaf litter (C), microbially conditioned leaf litter added at the beginning of the experiment and left to decompose throughout the experiment (L), or leaf litter renewed three times during the experiment (RL).

3. We predicted that (1) the presence of litter, through microbial nutrient immobilisation and allelopathy, would reduce primary production and that (2) this effect would be amplified by litter renewal. We also predicted that nutrient competition would mean that (3) leaf‐litter decomposers will alter primary producer community composition and physiology. These predictions were tested by analysing biofilm development, physiology, stoichiometry, and benthic algal community structure. To distinguish between the effects of nutrient immobilisation and allelopathy, the biofilm responses to leaf‐litter leachates collected after different microbial conditioning durations were also measured in a parallel laboratory experiment.

4. Contrary to our expectations, by day 28, primary producer growth was higher in the mesocosms containing leaf litter (L and RL) despite the rapid decrease in dissolved nutrients when leaf litter was present. After 48 days, the lowest phototrophic biofilm development was observed when leaf litter was renewed (RL), whereas phototrophic biofilm development was similar in the C and L treatments. Biofilm stoichiometry indicated that this effect was most probably related to greater nitrogen limitation in the RL treatment. The presence of leaf litter also affected primary producers' photophysiology, which could be attributed to changes in taxonomic composition and to physiological adjustments of primary producers.

5. Laboratory measurements showed that despite a strong inhibition of primary producer growth by unconditioned leaf‐litter leachates, microbially conditioned leaf litter had either low or no effects on the development of primary producers.

6. These results reveal that leaf‐litter decomposers can have both positive and negative effects on primary producers underlining the need to consider microbial interactions when investigating the functioning of forested headwater streams.
Long‐Term Safety Evaluation of Ubrogepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: Phase 3, Randomized, 52‐Week Extension Trial
Authors: Ailani Jessica , Lipton Richard B. , Hutchinson Susan , Knievel Kerry , Lu Kaifeng , Butler Matthew , Yu Sung Yun , Finnegan Michelle , Severt Lawrence , Trugman Joel M. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term safety and tolerability of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine.BackgroundUbrogepant is an oral, calcitonin gene–related receptor antagonist in development for the acute treatment of migraine. The efficacy of ubrogepant was demonstrated in 2 phase 3 trials in which a significant improvement was observed in migraine headache pain, migraine‐associated symptoms, and ability to function.MethodsThis was a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, open‐label, 52‐week extension trial. Adults with migraine with or without aura entered the trial after completing one of 2 phase 3 lead‐in trials and were re‐randomized 1:1:1 to usual care, ubrogepant 50 mg, or ubrogepant 100 mg. Randomization to ubrogepant dose was blinded. Those randomized to usual care continued to treat migraine attacks with their own medication. The usual care arm was included in this trial to capture background rates of hepatic laboratory parameters and contextualize hepatic safety assessments. Safety and tolerability were the primary outcome measures. The safety population for the ubrogepant arms included all randomized participants who received at least 1 dose of treatment. All cases of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevations of ≥3 times the upper limit of normal were adjudicated by an independent panel of liver experts who were blinded to dose.ResultsThe safety population included 1230 participants (404 in the ubrogepant 50‐mg group, 409 in the ubrogepant 100‐mg group, and 417 in the usual care group). Participants were on average 42 years of age, 90% (1106/1230) female and 85% (1043/1230) white, with an average BMI of 30 kg/m2. Throughout the trial, 21,454 migraine attacks were treated with 31,968 doses of ubrogepant. Treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 268/404 (66%) participants receiving ubrogepant 50 mg and 297/409 (73%) receiving ubrogepant 100 mg. The most commonly reported TEAE was upper respiratory tract infection (<12%); findings were similar across dose groups. Treatment‐related TEAEs were reported by 42/404 (10%) participants in the ubrogepant 50‐mg group and 43/409 (11%) in the ubrogepant 100‐mg group. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported by 9/404 (2%) participants in the ubrogepant 50‐mg group and 12/409 (3%) participants in the ubrogepant 100‐mg group. Twenty cases of ALT/AST levels of ≥3 times the upper limit of normal were reported and reviewed by an independent clinical adjudication committee of liver experts. There were no cases of Hy’s Law.ConclusionsLong‐term intermittent use of ubrogepant 50 and 100 mg given as 1 or 2 doses per attack for the acute treatment of migraine was safe and well tolerated, as indicated by a low incidence of treatment‐related TEAEs and SAEs and discontinuations due to adverse events in this 1‐year trial.
Does size really matter in biogeography? Patterns and drivers of global distribution of marine micro‐ and meiofauna
Authors: Azovsky Andrey I. , Chertoprud Elena S. , Garlitska Lesya A. , Mazei Yuri A. , Tikhonenkov Denis V. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimThis study aims to evaluate the role of various factors in structuring biogeographical distribution of small‐sized organisms. More specifically, we analysed the distribution of three groups of marine benthic organisms differing in body size, both unicellular and metazoans, to assess the relevance of geographical and environmental factors on their taxonomic composition.LocationGlobal.TaxonHeterotrophic flagellates, Ciliophora, Harpacticoida (Copepoda).MethodsThe set of predictors included species richness (a proxy for sampling effort), geographical distance, isolation by geographical or hydrological barriers and three environmental variables (sea surface temperature, its annual variation and salinity). Multiple regression on the distance matrices and null modelling were used to quantify the relative effects of these variables in taxonomic similarity among 21 regions of the Ocean.ResultsEach group showed a unique biogeographical pattern. The smallest‐sized organisms, the flagellates, had high regional but low global diversity and low endemicity and demonstrated worldwide, environmentally driven distribution without any dispersal limitation (only the effects of climatic variables, but neither distance nor isolation effects, were significant). Thus, flagellates basically meet the ‘ubiquity model’ of global distribution. The ciliates showed a moderate level of endemicity, and their distribution depended on both spatial distance and the climatic variables, in accord with the ‘moderate endemicity model’. In contrast, harpacticoids demonstrated high endemicity level, and their distribution was mostly geographically driven, indicating the considerable role of dispersal limitation—the pattern typical of other multicellular taxa with ‘classical biogeography’. Species richness significantly influenced the interregional similarity of each group and explained 26%–65% of the total variance, indicating the strong impact of undersampling on faunistic similarity estimations.Main conclusionsOur results support the hypothesis that body size is the ‘master trait’ that shapes global biogeographical patterns towards higher predictability and increasing role of dispersal limitation for larger organisms.
Hypertension prevalence and control in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Authors: Potts Harry , Baatarsuren Uurtsaikh , Myanganbayar Maral , Purevdorj Baigal , Lkhagvadorj Burtu‐Ujin , Ganbat Namuun , Dorjpalam Alimaa , Boldbaatar Delgerbat , Tuvdendarjaa Khulan , Sampilnorov Dulmaa , Boldbaatar Khatantuul , Dashtseren Myagmartseren , Batsukh Batbold , Tserengombo Namkhaidorj , Unurjargal Tsolmon , Palam Enkhtuya , Bosurgi Roberta , So Geoffrey , Campbell Norm R. C. , Bungert Andreas , Dashdorj Naranbaatar , Dashdorj Naranjargal 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study examines the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, using both the American Heart Association and conventional thresholds (130/80 and 140/90 mm Hg, respectively). In this randomized cross‐sectional study, two‐stage cluster sampling was used to obtain a sample of 4515 individuals aged ≥20 years. Hypertension was defined by the use of antihypertensives in the last 2 weeks or a blood pressure at or above the thresholds of 140/90 and 130/80 mm Hg. The mean age of the participants was 41.1 ± 14.0 years and 54.5% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 25.6% (using 140/90 mm Hg) and 46.5% (using 130/80 mm Hg). Prevalence increased with age and below 50 years men were consistently more likely to be hypertensive. Among hypertensive participants, the rates of awareness, treatment, and control were 69.7%, 46.8%, and 24.0% (using 140/90 mm Hg) and 49.1%, 25.8%, and 6.4% (using 130/80 mm Hg, respectively). Men had lower rates of awareness, treatment, and control compared with women, with the most pronounced differences at younger ages. This study shows that awareness, treatment, and control rates in Ulaanbaatar are better than in most low‐ and middle‐income countries but are still suboptimal. The largest “care gap” was in young men where a regulatory requirement for annual workplace blood pressure screening has the potential to enhance care. A major hypertension control program has just been initiated in Ulaanbaatar.
Promoting behavioural changes to improve oral hygiene in patients with periodontal diseases: A systematic review
Authors: Carra Maria Clotilde , Detzen Laurent , Kitzmann Julia , Woelber Johan P. , Ramseier Christoph A. , Bouchard Philippe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimThis systematic review investigates the impact of specific interventions aiming at promoting behavioural changes to improve oral hygiene (OH) in patients with periodontal diseases.MethodsA literature search was performed on different databases up to March 2019. Randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of behavioural interventions on plaque and bleeding scores in patients with gingivitis or periodontitis were considered. Pooled data analysis was conducted by estimating standardized mean difference between groups.ResultsOf 288 articles screened, 14 were included as follows: 4 studies evaluated the effect of motivational interviewing (MI) associated with OH instructions, 7 the impact of oral health educational programmes based on cognitive behavioural therapies, and 3 the use of self‐inspections/videotapes. Studies were heterogeneous and reported contrasting results. Meta‐analyses for psychological interventions showed no significant group difference for both plaque and bleeding scores. No effect was observed in studies applying self‐inspection/videotapes.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of the current evidence, OH may be reinforced in patients with periodontal diseases by psychological interventions based on cognitive constructs and MI principles provided by oral health professionals. However, no conclusion can be drawn on their specific clinical efficacy as measured by reduction of plaque and bleeding scores over time.
Adherence to long‐term supportive periodontal therapy in groups with different periodontal risk profiles
Authors: Sonnenschein Sarah K. , Kohnen Rebecca , Ruetters Maurice , Krisam Johannes , Kim Ti‐Sun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo examine changes of the periodontal risk assessment (PRA) of patients during long‐term supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) and to examine the adherence to recommended visit intervals.Material and MethodsRetrospective data from 372 SPT patients were evaluated before and after active periodontal therapy (APT) and at least 5 years later. After APT and regularly during SPT, PRA was performed for all included patients (low‐risk/moderate‐risk/high‐risk profile) and they were advised to adhere to 3/6‐/or 12‐month intervals accordingly. The adherence (fully/partially/insufficiently/non‐adherent) to SPT intervals was assessed retrospectively.ResultsInitially, 38 patients had a low‐risk, 217 a moderate‐risk and 94 a high‐risk profile. Five years after APT, 55.3% of the low‐risk, 71.9% of the moderate‐risk and 54.3% of the high‐risk patients had not changed their initial risk. 19.5% of the moderate‐risk group shifted to “high‐risk” and 8.6% to “low‐risk”. 66% of low‐risk, 34% of moderate‐risk and 13% of high‐risk patients fully adhered to SPT. The portion of non‐adherent patients was the highest within the high‐risk group (18%–43%). The level of adherence was associated with number of lost teeth and mean PPD (p < .05).ConclusionsRisk profiles can change during SPT. A high level of adherence to SPT intervals based on PRA positively influences the periodontal status.
Association between Pro12Ala polymorphism and albuminuria in type 2 diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Chen Yung‐Nien , Wang Pei‐Wen , Tung Shih‐Chen , Kuo Ming‐Chun , Weng Shao‐Wen , Chou Chen‐Kai , Chang Chih‐Min , Tsa Chia‐Jen , Taso Cheng‐Feng , Shen Feng‐Chih , Chen Jung‐Fu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is a complication of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function, which results in increased levels of albumin in the urine. The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ2 gene has been confirmed to improve insulin sensitivity, but its association with susceptibility to DN in patients with type 2 diabetes remains inconclusive.Materials and MethodsTo examine whether the Pro12Ala polymorphism leads to the development of DN, a case‐control study was carried out in 554 patients with type 2 diabetes. The genotypes of Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma 2 gene were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan® probe genotyping assay in all patients.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 57.7 ± 8.8 years, with average diabetes duration of 12.8 ± 6.9 years. The prevalence of albuminuria was 43.5%. The frequency of genotype Pro12Pro, Pro12Ala and Ala12Ala genotype were 92.6%, 7.0%, 0.4% in our study population, and 90.4%, 8.9% and 0.7% in normal urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio group, respectively. The Ala carriers (Pro12Ala + Ala12Ala) had significantly lower urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (15.0 vs 20.5 mg/g, P = 0.001) and better renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate 81.8 [69.8–97.6] vs 78.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 [61.6–96.2]; P = 0.05) compared with those with the genotype Pro12Pro. After adjustment for age, sex and other confounders, the odds ratio of albuminuria for the Ala12 allele was 0.428 (95% confidence interval 0.195–0.940, P = 0.034]).ConclusionsOur results suggest that the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma 2 Ala12 variant has significant protective effects against albuminuria and DN.