bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tariff quota administration in China's grain markets: An empirical assessment
Authors: Chen Bowen , Villoria Nelson B. , Xia Tian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn 2016, the U.S. launched a trade dispute against China at the World Trade Organization, arguing that China has been restricting its grain imports via tariff quota administration. Despite sharp criticisms by the U.S., the extent to which the grain imports were restricted in China remains largely unknown, primarily due to that China's grain import behaviors are still under‐researched. The U.S. grain export sector might actually gain little from China's grain trade liberalization in the short run, since China has become less import dependent on the U.S. through the pursuit of import diversification. In this context, this article aims to quantify impacts of the tariff quota administration on China's grain imports from its trading partners. We calculate ad valorem tariff equivalents of the tariff quota administration and then estimate import demand elasticities using a source differentiated import demand model. We find that the tariff quota administration might have reduced China's quota fill rates for the grain commodities by 10–35% during 2013–2017. In particular, the U.S. wheat exports to China were largely negatively affected. We also find that the tariff quota administration in China acts like a variable import levy—its import restrictiveness varies negatively with world prices, leading to lower import demand elasticities.
Rural health services’ relationships with patients: An enabler and a barrier to advance care planning
Authors: Harvey Pamela , Panozzo Laura , Adams Meagan‐Jane , O'Connor Dennis , Ward Bernadette 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe barriers and enablers to the uptake of advance care plans has been well documented but more so in metropolitan health services. Rural and regional areas have their own challenges of higher rates of chronic illness and an aging population when considering end of life care. This study aimed to explore the creation of advance care plans in a regional location that has service links to smaller health services.DesignA qualitative study involving thematic analysis of interview data.SettingA regional local government area in Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsTwelve representatives from rural and regional health services, including hospital, private practice and community organisation staff.Main outcome measuresBarriers and enablers to the creation of advance care planning documents.ResultsThe data analysis yielded two main identified themes around Plan creation and communication of patient wishes: system and societal challenges to the creation and communication in advance care planning; and rural communities' expectation of the health service‐patient relationship and advance care planning.ConclusionAlthough barriers to advance care planning are well known, rural and regional practitioners need to be aware of the effect long‐term continuity of care from health practitioners and connections with health services has on advance care plan creation, and whether the paucity of written Plans effects end‐of‐life care. A potential solution was seen in the pending linkages to the national electronic patient record.
Reversal of neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex during continuous administration of anaesthetic agents: a double‐blind randomised crossover study using the bispectral index
Authors: Le Guen M. , Roussel C. , Chazot T. , Dumont G. A. , Liu N. , Fischler M. 
Published: December 2019

SummarySugammadex, a specific reversal agent for steroidal neuromuscular blocking drugs, has on occasion been reported to be associated with clinical signs of awakening. We performed a study to systematically search for an increase in bispectral index values and signs of awakening in patients maintained under general anaesthesia following sugammadex administration. Patients, scheduled to receive general anaesthesia with neuromuscular blockade, were included in this double‐blind randomised crossover study. After surgery was completed, and while the train‐of‐four ratio was zero, intravenous anaesthesia was continued with the aim of maintaining the bispectral index in the range of 40–60. Patients then received either sugammadex 4 mg.kg−1 or saline. In cases of incomplete reversal of neuromuscular blockade after 5 min, patients received the other drug. Bispectral index and train‐of‐four monitoring were recorded every minute and clinical signs of awakening noted. Fifty‐one patients completed the study. Median (IQR [range]) bispectral index values increased after sugammadex administration from 49 (43–53 [38–64]) to 63 (53–80 [45–97]) (p < 0.01) with an increase of ≥ 20 in 22 patients; 14 (27%) patients had clinical signs of awakening. Saline had no effect on bispectral index values, clinical signs of awakening or degree of neuromuscular blockade. This study confirms that reversal of neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex may be associated with clinical signs of awakening despite maintenance of anaesthesia. Intravenous anaesthesia should be maintained until complete recovery of muscle function is achieved, especially when sugammadex is administered.
Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab with or without panretinal laser photocoagulation versus laser photocoagulation alone in proliferative diabetic retinopathy – the PRIDE study
Authors: Lang Gabriele E. , Stahl Andreas , Voegeler Jessica , Quiering Claudia , Lorenz Katrin , Spital Georg , Liakopoulos Sandra 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposePanretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is the current standard of care in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). However, treatment with anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents might offer better patient outcomes with fewer side‐effects. The PRIDE study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of ranibizumab with or without PRP compared with PRP alone in patients with PDR.MethodsA total of 106 PDR patients without diabetic macular oedema were randomized to receive ranibizumab 0.5 mg monotherapy (n = 35), PRP (n = 35) or combined ranibizumab 0.5 mg/PRP (n = 36). The primary objective of this 12‐month, multicentre, phase II study was to investigate the change in area of retinal neovascularization (NV). Complete regression of leakage and best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were key secondary end‐points.ResultsAt Month 12, there was a statistically significant difference of −2.83 mm² in the least square mean change in NV area between the ranibizumab monotherapy and PRP group, favouring ranibizumab (95% CI [−5.45; −0.21], p = 0.0344). At Month 3, 67%/0%/67% of the patients in the ranibizumab/PRP/combination groups, respectively, showed complete regression of leakage from NVs, while at Month 12, 28%/8%/18% showed complete regression of leakage from NVs. BCVA change was greater in the ranibizumab group compared with the PRP monotherapy group at Month 12 (+1.6 letters; 95% CI [−2.3; 5.5] versus −3.9 letters; 95% CI [−7.8; −0.1], p = 0.0495).ConclusionsRanibizumab monotherapy is an alternative treatment option to laser treatment in patients with PDR. Ranibizumab showed stronger effects on NV leakage and area reduction while offering better visual acuity results than PRP alone.
Checkpoint inhibitors in AML: are we there yet?
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Barba Pere , Perales Miguel‐Angel 
Published: December 2019

SummaryImmunotherapy is distinct from traditional chemotherapy in that it acts on immune cells rather than cancer cells themselves. Monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints on T cells – CTLA‐4 and PD‐1 – and PD‐L1 on the cells of immune microenvironment are now approved for clinical use in several solid tumors and hematological malignancies. This article provides a general overview of the use of checkpoint inhibitors in hematologic malignancies with a special focus in acute myeloid leukemia.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β as a potential therapeutic target in synovial sarcoma and fibrosarcoma
Authors: Abe Kensaku , Yamamoto Norio , Domoto Takahiro , Bolidong Dilireba , Hayashi Katsuhiro , Takeuchi Akihiko , Miwa Shinji , Igarashi Kentaro , Inatani Hiroyuki , Aoki Yu , Higuchi Takashi , Taniguchi Yuta , Yonezawa Hirotaka , Araki Yoshihiro , Aiba Hisaki , Minamoto Toshinari , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSoft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a rare cancer type. Almost half are unresponsive to multi‐pronged treatment and might therefore benefit from biologically targeted therapy. An emerging target is glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β, which is implicated in various diseases including cancer. Here, we investigated the expression, activity and putative pathological role of GSK3β in synovial sarcoma and fibrosarcoma, comprising the majority of STS that are encountered in orthopedics. Expression of the active form of GSK3β (tyrosine 216‐phosphorylated) was higher in synovial sarcoma (SYO‐1, HS‐SY‐II, SW982) and in fibrosarcoma (HT1080) tumor cell lines than in untransformed fibroblast (NHDF) cells that are assumed to be the normal mesenchymal counterpart cells. Inhibition of GSK3β activity by pharmacological agents (AR‐A014418, SB‐216763) or of its expression by RNA interference suppressed the proliferation of sarcoma cells and their invasion of collagen gel, as well as inducing their apoptosis. These effects were associated with G0/G1‐phase cell cycle arrest and decreased expression of cyclin D1, cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK)4 and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Intraperitoneal injection of the GSK3β inhibitors attenuated the growth of SYO‐1 and HT1080 xenografts in athymic mice without obvious detrimental effects. It also mitigated cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in the tumors of mice. This study indicates that increased activity of GSK3β in synovial sarcoma and fibrosarcoma sustains tumor proliferation and invasion through the cyclin D1/CDK4‐mediated pathway and enhanced extracellular matrix degradation. Our results provide a biological basis for GSK3β as a new and promising therapeutic target for these STS types.
Dual glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor/glucagon receptor agonist SAR425899 improves beta‐cell function in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Visentin Roberto , Schiavon Michele , Göbel Britta , Riz Michela , Cobelli Claudio , Klabunde Thomas , Dalla Man Chiara 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the change in insulin sensitivity, β‐cell function and glucose absorption after 28 days of treatment with high and low doses of SAR425899, a novel dual glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor/glucagon receptor agonist, versus placebo.Materials and MethodsThirty‐six overweight to obese subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomized to receive daily subcutaneous administrations of low‐dose SAR425899 (0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 mg) and high‐dose SAR425899 (0.06, 0.12 and 0.18 mg) or placebo for 28 days; dose escalation occurred after days 7 and 14. Mixed meal tolerance tests were conducted before treatment (day −1) and on days 1 and 28. Oral glucose and C‐peptide minimal models were used to quantify metabolic indices of insulin sensitivity, β‐cell responsiveness and glucose absorption.ResultsWith low‐dose SAR425899, high‐dose SAR425899 and placebo, β‐cell function from day −1 to day 28 increased by 163%, 95% and 23%, respectively. The change in area under the curve for the rate of meal glucose appearance between 0 and 120 minutes was −32%, −20% and 8%, respectively.ConclusionsAfter 28 days of treatment, SAR425899 improved postprandial glucose control by significantly enhancing β‐cell function and slowing glucose absorption rate.
Flipped classroom in dental education: A scoping review
Authors: Vanka Amit , Vanka Shanthi , Wali Othman 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionThere is a pressing need to explore strategies which adopt and incorporate contemporary teaching methods to keep abreast with technological advances. Flipped classroom is a type of blended learning approach that has received considerable attention as an alternative to traditional lectures. The purpose of this scoping review is to explore the characteristics of the flipped classroom model implemented in undergraduate dental education.Materials and MethodsThe scoping review has been reported under the PRISMA extension for scoping review guidelines. Systematic search of databases culminated in full‐text papers that were evaluated for quality.ResultsA systematic search on flipped classroom in dental education identified a total of 30 papers for full‐text evaluation. After further exclusion, 17 studies were selected for data charting.DiscussionThe student satisfaction, learning resources, pre‐class and/or in‐class activities, and academic scores are analysed and discussed.ConclusionFlipped classroom improves student satisfaction in majority of the studies, whilst its effect on academic scores, particularly for skill development, needs more research.
Effects of bilingualism on white matter atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Marin‐Marin L. , Costumero V. , Belloch V. , Escudero J. , Baquero M. , Parcet M.‐A. , Ávila C. 
Published: December 2019

Background and purposePrevious investigations show that bilinguals exhibit the first symptoms of dementia 4–5 years later than monolinguals. Therefore, bilingualism has been proposed as a cognitive reserve mechanism. Recent studies have advanced towards an understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying bilingualism’s protection against dementia, but none of them deals with white matter (WM) diffusion.MethodsIn this study, the topic was investigated by measuring WM integrity in a sample of 35 bilinguals and 53 passive bilinguals with mild cognitive impairment.ResultsNo significant differences were found between the groups in cognitive level, education, age or sex. However, bilinguals showed higher mean diffusivity in the fornix, but higher fractional anisotropy, lower mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity in the parahippocampal cingulum, and lower radial diffusivity in the right uncinate fasciculus. Significant correlations were also found between WM integrity in the left parahippocampal cingulum and the Boston Naming Test in passive bilinguals.ConclusionsThese results suggest that bilingualism contributes to a differential pattern of WM disintegration due to mild cognitive impairment in fibers related to bilingualism and memory.
Changing policy to treat foals withRhodococcus equipneumonia in the later course of disease decreases antimicrobial usage without increasing mortality rate
Authors: Arnold‐Lehna Denise , Venner Monica , Berghaus Londa J. , Berghaus Roy , Giguère Steeve 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is a lack of data on the efficacy of treatment ofRhodococcus equipneumonia in association with an optimised selection of foals.ObjectivesTo evaluate whether targeted treatment protocols resulting in decreased antimicrobial use impact foal mortality rates.Study designRetrospective study.MethodsThree hundred and thirty foals with pneumonia per year were randomly selected from 2008 to 2016. All foals were examined once weekly from birth until weaning. A physical examination of the respiratory tract, body temperature, haematology and an ultrasonographic examination of the lungs was included. Sonography areas with visible consolidation were measured and added to calculate an ‘abscess score’ which represents the extent of pulmonary damage. All weekly medical data were analysed retrospectively.ResultsIn the period from 2008 to 2011, every foal with pulmonary abscesses was treated. The treatment protocol was changed in 2012 when only foals with larger lesions were treated. Between the two time periods 2008‐2011 and 2012‐2016, the abscess score at the beginning of treatment increased from a median of 4‐11.5 cm. From all foals that developedR equipneumonia, 81.5% received antibiotic treatment in 2008‐2011 (n = 1215) compared with 50.9% in 2012‐2016 (n = 1541). The percentage of foals that died from pneumonia orR equiinfections did not differ significantly between 2008‐2011 and 2012‐2016 (0.4% vs 0.6% respectively;P = .6).Main limitationsThere was some lack of clarity in old data because this was a retrospective study; therefore, some foals had to be excluded from data analysis.ConclusionsAlteration of treatment criteria, to exclude antibiotic treatment of foals with smaller lesions, has significantly decreased the number of foals being treated without a significant increase in mortality fromR equipneumonia.
How Does Family Connectedness Contribute to Youths’ Health? The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies
Authors: Gervais Christine , Jose Paul E. 
Published: December 2019

Family connectedness has important implications for adolescents’ well‐being, contributing to their physical, psychological, and social health. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these effects. The present longitudinal study examined the process by which family connectedness, as perceived by adolescents, predicted greater positive and fewer negative health behaviors in adolescents over time. In particular, we sought to determine whether adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies mediated the link between family connectedness and adolescents’ self‐reported health status. Data were obtained from 1,774 New Zealand adolescents aged 10–17 years, who completed a self‐report survey three times at one‐year intervals. With longitudinal mediation path models, we tested whether maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies at T2 functioned as mediators between family connectedness at T1 and overall health, vitality, sleep sufficiency, body satisfaction, substance use, and self‐harm at T3. Findings revealed that family connectedness predicted greater levels of adaptive coping, which, in turn, predicted better health indicators but not decreases in ill‐health indicators. Furthermore, family connectedness predicted lower maladaptive coping, which, in turn, predicted higher levels of positive health outcomes and fewer negative health outcomes. Results showed that the positive effect of family connectedness on adolescents’ health occurred through increased use of adaptive coping strategies, decreased use of maladaptive coping strategies, or both. These results have important implications for practitioners working with adolescents and parents, as well as for health promotion program developers.
Drivers of long‐term invertebrate community stability in changing Swedish lakes
Authors: Fried‐Petersen Hannah B. , Araya‐Ajoy Yimen G. , Futter Martyn N. , Angeler David G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResearch on ecosystem stability has had a strong focus on local systems. However, environmental change often occurs slowly at broad spatial scales, which requires regional‐level assessments of long‐term stability. In this study, we assess the stability of macroinvertebrate communities across 105 lakes in the Swedish “lakescape.” Using a hierarchical mixed‐model approach, we first evaluate the environmental pressures affecting invertebrate communities in two ecoregions (north, south) using a 23 year time series (1995–2017) and then examine how a set of environmental and physical variables affect the stability of these communities. Results show that lake latitude, size, total phosphorus and alkalinity affect community composition in northern and southern lakes. We find that lake stability is affected by species richness and lake size in both ecoregions and alkalinity and total phosphorus in northern lakes. There is large heterogeneity in the patterns of community stability of individual lakes, but relationships between that stability and environmental drivers begin to emerge when the lakescape, composed of many discrete lakes, is the focal unit of study. The results of this study highlight that broad‐scale comparisons in combination with long time series are essential to understand the effects of environmental change on the stability of lake communities in space and time.
Palatogingival groove and root canal instrumentation
Authors: Pinheiro T. N. , Cintra L. T. A. , Azuma M. M. , Benetti F. , Silva C. C. , Consolaro A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the morphology and impact of root canal preparation in maxillary incisors with palatogingival grooves (PGG).MethodologyTwenty extracted human maxillary incisors with PGG were subjected to macroscopic analysis and scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM). The following characteristics of the PGG were evaluated: depth, point of origin in the cingulum, extension and position on the lingual surface. Furthermore, the presence of calculus, communications between the root canal system and the PGG, and root resorptions were investigated. The root canals were subsequently instrumented with K‐files of three consecutive sizes. The teeth were sectioned, and the axial plane of each tooth section was imaged using SEM before and after instrumentation. The distance between the root canal walls and the PGG was calculated according to the location. Additionally, the distance between canal walls and cementum was measured at three different sites, to verify if instrumentation influenced dentine removal on a specific wall in teeth with PGG. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney or Student’s t‐test (P < 0.05).ResultsMacroscopic analysis revealed that a deep groove was most frequently observed (75%), followed by a depression/shallow groove (25%) (P < 0.05). PGG typically originated in the distal margin ridge of the cingulum (65%) (P < 0.05), extending only to the middle (45%) or up to the apical (50%) third of the root (P < 0.05). Additionally, PGGs were typically located on the distal aspect of the lingual surface (70%) (P < 0.05). Calculus was concentrated on the surface of the crown and cementum–enamel junction (P < 0.05). Communication between the root canal and PGG was present in 35% of teeth, and root resorptions were noted in 50% of teeth. The distance between the external root surface and the pulp cavity was significantly narrower after instrumentation (P < 0.05); however, root canal preparation did not influence dentine removal on the specific wall associated with the groove (P > 0.05).ConclusionsPalatogingival grooves were characteristically deep and originated from the distal margin of the cingulum. Although it has been associated with a thinner root wall, root canal preparation did not influence the thickness of the specific wall in the maxillary incisors with PGG.
RET‐rearranged non‐small‐cell lung cancer and therapeutic implications
Authors: Loh Zoe , Mitchell Paul , John Thomas , Arulananda Surein 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFirst‐line tyrosine kinase inhibitors are standard of care for non‐small‐cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harbouring an epidermal growth factor receptor mutation, anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion or c‐ros oncogene 1 rearrangement. Other targetable oncogenic drivers have been identified but testing for these is neither funded nor commonly performed in Australia. Using a case example, we discuss the importance of considering several other genomic aberrations in our population, such as rearrangements in the RET proto‐oncogene, which occur in 1–2% of lung adenocarcinoma. New oncogenic drivers and corresponding targeted agents are constantly being discovered; these will continue to refine the treatment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer in the era of precision medicine.