bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular genetics in psychiatric epidemiology: the promise and challenge
Authors: HENDERSON A. S. , BLACKWOOD D. H. R. 
Published: July 2002

Psychiatric epidemiology is becalmed. Since mid-century, there has been substantial progress in
finding risk factors for the common mental disorders of anxiety and depression. This has been
almost entirely within a social paradigm. Much has been learned about the effects of interpersonal
and other social exposures across the lifespan in contributing to these disorders (Brown & Harris,
1978, 1989; Paykel, 1992; Blazer, 1995; Henderson, 1988, 1999). But the range of possibly causal
variables has been narrow: demography, socio-economic status, childhood experiences, recent
exposure to adversity and the availability of social support. The dominant paradigm has been
environmental exposure, examining how experiences that arise outside the individual may have an
enduring impact on mental health. The environment in question has been interpersonal or social.
Within this paradigm, no new hypotheses of major significance have emerged in recent years.Epidemiologists have known that the biological domain might be important in aetiology, but for
the common mental disorders it has been largely passed over. Properties of the adult brain, whether
innate or moulded by environmental exposures, have only rarely been accessible. With the advances
in molecular genetics, this is changing (Rutter & Plomin, 1997). For epidemiology, there is now the
possibility of bringing molecular genetics into studies of aetiology. Because of the significance of this
development, we present a critical assessment of the prospects for population-based research using
molecular genetics, the work already reaching publication and the methodological issues that are
arising.
The prevalence of typical dream themes challenges the specificity of the threat simulation theory
Authors: Germain Anne , Nielsen Tore A. , Zadra Antonio , Montplaisir Jacques 
Published: July 2002

The evolutionary theory of threat simulation during dreaming indicates that themes appropriate to ancestral survival concerns (threats) should be disproportionately represented in dreams. Our studies of typical dream themes in students and sleep-disordered patients indicate that threatening dreams involving chase and pursuit are indeed among the three most prevalent themes, thus supporting Revonsuo's theory. However, many of the most prevalent themes are of positive, not negative, events (e.g., sex, flying) and of current, not ancestral, threat scenarios (e.g., schoolwork). Moreover, many clearly ancestral themes (e.g., snakes, earthquakes) are not prevalent at all in dreams. Thus, these findings challenge the specificity of the threat simulation theory.[Revonsuo]
String musicians in the recording studios of Memphis, Tennessee
Authors: Brewer Roy 
Published: July 2002

ROY BREWERIntroductionFrom the mid-1960s to mid-1970s, Memphis, Tennessee was home of one of the most successful recording industries in the USA and its popular recorded releases began to rival those of Nashville, Los Angeles, New York and Detroit. Solo artists, song writers, session musicians and arrangers became overnight successes and a rebellious and influential upstart recording industry emerged. But the growth was too fast and, fuelled by zealous egos and competition, an infrastructure was never formed resulting in a musical and financial cataclysm from which the Memphis music community has yet to recover. This article is about those classically trained string musicians who were hired to play in the studios of Memphis during that era.
On the distribution in short intervals of products of a prime and

integers from a given set
Authors: KACZOROWSKI J. , PERELLI A. 
Published: July 2002

A classical problem in analytic number theory is the distribution
in short intervals
of integers with a prescribed multiplicative structure, such as primes,
almost-primes,
k-free numbers and others. Recently, partly due to applications
to cryptology, much
attention has been received by the problem of the distribution in short
intervals of
integers without large prime factors, see Lenstra–Pila–Pomerance

[3] and section 5
of the excellent survey by Hildebrand–Tenenbaum [1].In this paper we deal with the distribution in short intervals of numbers

representable as a product of a prime and integers from a given set [Sscr ],
defined in terms
of cardinality properties. Our results can be regarded as an extension
of the above
quoted results, and we will provide a comparison with such results by a
specialization
of the set [Sscr ].
GPS: The Holy Grail?
Authors: Spaans Jac. A. 
Published: July 2002

This paper was first presented at a workshop arranged by the Netherlands Institute
of Navigation on 5 November 1999 at the Delft University of Technology, The
Netherlands.The development and introduction of GPS in the early Eighties has led to an exponential
growth in military and civilian applications. Worldwide, GPS is becoming a cornerstone in
applications of transport, (offshore) survey, (precision) agriculture, network timing, military
operations and many other applications. And yet, for a number of applications, GPS as sole-means or augmented – has some deficiencies, and its performance does not satisfy the user's
requirements. Some of these deficiencies will be discussed in this paper. A number of
maritime operations will be mentioned where (D)GPS as sole-means is considered by the
author as unsafe navigational practice. Development and implementation of integrated
navigation receivers using multiple navigation-signal sensors ((D)Galileo, (D)GPS, Eurofix,
DR) using receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) could solve the majority of the
deficiencies of these systems in their stand-alone state.
The Roles of Innate Information, Learning Rules and Plasticity in

Migratory Bird Orientation
Authors: Able Kenneth P. , Able Mary A. 
Published: July 2002

This paper and the following three papers were presented
at the RIN97 Conference held in
Oxford under the auspices of the Animal Navigation Special Interest Group,
April 1997. The
full proceedings, under the title Orientation and Navigation –
Birds,
Humans and Other Animals,
can be obtained from the Director (£30 to Members, £50 to non-Members).Studies of the compass mechanisms involved in the
migratory orientation of birds have revealed a complex web of interactions,
both
during the development of orientation behaviour in young birds and in mature

individuals exhibiting migratory activity. In young birds, the acquisition
of
compass orientation capabilities involves the interplay of apparently genetically

programmed information with a suite of innate learning rules. The latter
canalise
the ways in which experience with relevant orientation information from
the
environment impinges on development. There are many general similarities
with
the development of singing behaviour in songbirds, although that system
is more
thoroughly understood, especially at the neuronal level.Here we shall attempt to synthesise what is known about the development
of
compass mechanisms in a framework of innate information and learning rules.

The way in which orientation behaviour develops leaves open the possibility
for
plasticity that enables birds to compensate for variability in the environmental

cues that form the basis of their compasses. For at least some components
of the
system, behavioural plasticity remains into adulthood, allowing the bird
on
migration to respond in apparently adaptive ways to spatial and temporal

variability in orientation information that it may encounter while enroute.
We
have studied these questions in the Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis),

a medium-distance North American emberizine nocturnal migrant. We will

focus on that species, relating the results of our work to relevant studies
on
others.
A comparative analysis of the avifaunas of different zoogeographical regions
Authors: Newton I. , Dale L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper provides a comparison of the landbirds of all main zoogeographical regions, based on the most recent (Sibley–Monroe) listing and classification of the world's birds. This classification arranges 9416 landbird species (i.e. excluding seabirds) into 2002 genera, 140 families and 23 orders. On this basis, the Neotropical region holds 36% of all known landbird species and 45% of genera, the Afrotropical region holds 21% of species and 24% of genera, the Indomalayan region 18% of species and 22% of genera, the Australasian region 17% of species and 23% of genera, the Palaearctic region 10% of species and 14% of genera and the Nearctic region 8% of species and 15% of genera. These major continental regions thus show 4.6‐fold variation in species numbers or 9.1‐fold variation in species numbers per unit area. The region of Oceania, comprising many Pacific Islands, holds only 2% of the world's bird species and 4% of genera. About 92% of all bird species on the continental parts of the Neotropical, Afrotropical and Australasian regions are endemic to those regions, compared to 64% of the Indomalayan, 54% of the Nearctic and 46% of the Palaearctic species. The Oceania region has the smallest number of endemics, but these form 87% of all species occurring naturally in this region. About 91% of all landbird species breed in only one zoogeographic region, another 8% in two regions, with the remaining 1% in three to seven regions. Only four species breed in all seven regions. Similarities in the species composition of different regions were compared using Jaccard and Simpson indices. As expected, each region shares the greatest number of species with the closest other region and the fewest species with the most remote region. As in previous analyses, the Neotropical and Australasian regions emerged as having the most distinctive avifaunas. Regions that hold large numbers of landbird species also hold large numbers of genera and families, as well as high species‐per‐genus and species‐per‐family ratios. Comparable levels of diversity thus extend through all these taxonomic categories. This implies that, whatever factors have promoted particular levels of avian diversity in the different regions, they are of long standing. As found in previous studies, species‐per‐genus and species‐per‐family ratios are lower in island than in continental avifaunas. No relationship is apparent between the size of each zoogeographical region and the numbers of species, genera and families found there; rather those regions with tropical forest have many more bird taxa overall than those without.
A Jewish Perspective on Access to Healthcare
Authors: ZOHAR NOAM J. 
Published: July 2002

Can anyone doubt that the Jewish tradition mandates
universal access to healthcare? In a comprehensive and
illuminating discussion, A.L. Mackler seems to have already
said all that needs to be said. After aptly analyzing
the principles of the traditional institutions
and norms relating to tzedakah (social justice,
or welfare), Mackler proceeded to apply these traditions
to the context of healthcare, concluding thatSociety has the responsibility to ensure that needed
medical care is provided to those who would otherwise be
unable to receive it... Medical care for potentially
life-threatening conditions justifies extraordinary
expenditures, and represents an urgent obligation of
society. (p. 150)
The Contribution of Child and
Adolescent Mental Health
Specialists to Care Planning in
Child Care Proceedings
Authors: Sturge Claire 
Published: July 2002

In September 1997 the President's Interdisciplinary Committee

organised a conference to look at issues around
Care Planning. As important as the content of the
conference was the aim of fostering mutual understanding
and the cross-fertilisation of ideas across disciplines.
Papers were given by judges, social services directors,
guardians, Department of Health representatives, researchers,
and child and adolescent mental health specialists. Interdisciplinary
workshop discussions followed each
paper generating group views and papers. All the papers
have just been published as a book (Clarke, 1998).Dominating themes were the question of what, if any,
influence the judge can exert over the Care Plan, the
possibility of refusing to make a Care Order because of an
unsatisfactory Care Plan, the value of the Care Plan and
the accuracy of its details as a way of furthering and
protecting a child's needs, the uncertainty about the
proportion of cases where the Care Plan is altered or
abandoned for good or bad reasons or major drift occurs,
and ways of improving the quality of Care Plans through
interdisciplinary co-operation. Various ways of dealing
with these issues were suggested.
Organization of Mouse Iroquois Homeobox Genes in Two Clusters Suggests a Conserved Regulation and Function in Vertebrate Development
Authors: Peters Thomas , Dildrop Renate , Ausmeier Katrin , Rüther Ulrich 
Published: July 2002

Iroquois proteins comprise a conserved family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors involved in patterning and regionalization of embryonic tissues in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Earlier studies identified four murine Iroquois(Irx) genes. Here we report the isolation of two additional members of the murine gene family, Irx5 and Irx6. Phylogenetic analysis of the Irx gene family revealed distinct clades for fly and vertebrate genes, and vertebrate members themselves were classified into three pairs of cognate genes. Mapping of the murine Irx genes identified two gene clusters located on mouse chromosomes 8 and 13, respectively. Each gene cluster is represented by three Irx genes whose relative positions within both clusters are strictly conserved. Combined results from phylogenetic, linkage, and physical mapping studies provide evidence for the evolution of twoIrx gene clusters by duplication of a larger chromosomal region and dispersion to two chromosomal locations. The maintenance of two cognate Irx gene clusters during vertebrate evolution suggests that their genomic organization is important for the regulation, expression, and function of Irx genes during embryonic development.[The sequence data in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database under accession nos. AJ271053, AJ271054, AJ271055.]
Targeting of Two Arabidopsis H+-ATPase Isoforms to the Plasma Membrane
Authors: DeWitt N. D. , Hong B. , Sussman M. R. , Harper J. F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
More than 11 different P-type H+-ATPases have been identified in Arabidopsis by DNA cloning. The subcellular localization for individual members of this proton pump family has not been previously determined. We show by membrane fractionation and immunocytology that a subfamily of immunologically related P-type H+-ATPases, including isoforms AHA2 and AHA3, are primarily localized to the plasma membrane. To verify that AHA2 and AHA3 are both targeted to the plasma membrane, we added epitope tags to their C-terminal ends and expressed them in transgenic plants. Both tagged isoforms localized to the plasma membrane, as indicated by aqueous two-phase partitioning and sucrose density gradients. In contrast, a truncated AHA2 (residues 1–193) did not, indicating that the first two transmembrane domains alone are not sufficient for plasma membrane localization. Two epitope tags were evaluated: c-myc, a short, 11-amino acid sequence, and β-glucuronidase (GUS), a 68-kD protein. The c-myc tag is recommended for its sensitivity and specific immunodetection. GUS worked well as an epitope tag when transgenes were expressed at relatively high levels (e.g. with AHA2-GUS944); however, evidence suggests that GUS activity may be inhibited when a GUS domain is tethered to an H+-ATPase complex. Nevertheless, the apparent ability to localize a GUS protein to the plasma membrane indicates that a P-type H+-ATPase can be used as a delivery vehicle to target large, soluble proteins to the plasma membrane.
Xyloglucan Octasaccharide XXLGol Derived from the Seeds ofHymenaea courbaril Acts as a Signaling Molecule1
Authors: Vargas-Rechia Carem , Reicher Fany , Rita Sierakowski Maria , Heyraud Alain , Driguez Hugues , Liénart Yvette 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Treatment of the xyloglucan isolated from the seeds of Hymenaea courbaril with Humicola insolensendo-1,4-β-d-glucanase I produced xyloglucan oligosaccharides, which were then isolated and characterized. The two most abundant compounds were the heptasaccharide (XXXG) and the octasaccharide (XXLG), which were examined by reference to the biological activity of other structurally related xyloglucan compounds. The reduced oligomer (XXLGol) was shown to promote growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) coleoptiles independently of the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). In the presence of 2,4-D, XXLGol at nanomolar concentrations increased the auxin-induced response. It was found that XXLGol is a signaling molecule, since it has the ability to induce, at nanomolar concentrations, a rapid increase in an α-l-fucosidase response in suspended cells or protoplasts of Rubus fruticosus L. and to modulate 2,4-D or gibberellic acid-induced α-l-fucosidase.
Expression of Tobacco Carbonic Anhydrase in the C4Dicot Flaveria bidentis Leads to Increased Leakiness of the Bundle Sheath and a Defective CO2-Concentrating Mechanism
Authors: Ludwig Martha , von Caemmerer Susanne , Dean Price G. , Badger Murray R. , Furbank Robert T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze, a C4 dicot, was genetically transformed with a construct encoding the mature form of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) carbonic anhydrase (CA) under the control of a strong constitutive promoter. Expression of the tobacco CA was detected in transformant whole-leaf and bundle-sheath cell (bsc) extracts by immunoblot analysis. Whole-leaf extracts from two CA-transformed lines demonstrated 10% to 50% more CA activity on a ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase-site basis than the extracts from transformed, nonexpressing control plants, whereas 3 to 5 times more activity was measured in CA transformant bsc extracts. This increased CA activity resulted in plants with moderately reduced rates of CO2 assimilation (A) and an appreciable increase in C isotope discrimination compared with the controls. With increasing O2 concentrations up to 40% (v/v), a greater inhibition of A was found for transformants than for wild-type plants; however, the quantum yield of photosystem II did not differ appreciably between these two groups over the O2 levels tested. The quantum yield of photosystem II-to-A ratio suggested that at higher O2 concentrations, the transformants had increased rates of photorespiration. Thus, the expression of active tobacco CA in the cytosol of F. bidentis bsc and mesophyll cells perturbed the C4 CO2-concentrating mechanism by increasing the permeability of the bsc to inorganic C and, thereby, decreasing the availability of CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
Gibberellin Dose-Response Regulation of GA4 Gene Transcript Levels in Arabidopsis1
Authors: Cowling Rachel J. , Kamiya Yuji , Seto Hideharu , Harberd Nicholas P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The gibberellins (GAs) are a complex family of diterpenoid compounds, some of which are potent endogenous regulators of plant growth. As part of a feedback control of endogenous GA levels, active GAs negatively regulate the abundance of mRNA transcripts encoding GA biosynthesis enzymes. For example, Arabidopsis GA4 gene transcripts encode GA 3β-hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of inactive to active GAs. Here we show that active GAs regulateGA4 transcript abundance in a dose-dependent manner, and that down-regulation of GA4 transcript abundance is effected by GA4 (the product of 3β-hydroxylation) but not by its immediate precursor GA9 (the substrate). Comparison of several different GA structures showed that GAs active in promoting hypocotyl elongation were also active in regulating GA4transcript abundance, suggesting that similar GA:receptor and subsequent signal transduction processes control these two responses. It is interesting that these activities were not restricted to 3β-hydroxylated GAs, being also exhibited by structures that were not 3β-hydroxylated but that had another electronegative group at C-3. We also show that GA-mediated control of GA4 transcript abundance is disrupted in the GA-response mutants gaiand spy-5. These observations define a sensitive homeostatic mechanism whereby plants may regulate their endogenous GA levels.
The Chemically Inducible Plant Cytochrome P450 CYP76B1 Actively Metabolizes Phenylureas and Other Xenobiotics
Authors: Robineau Tiburce , Batard Yannick , Nedelkina Svetlana , Cabello-Hurtado Francisco , LeRet Monique , Sorokine Odile , Didierjean Luc , Werck-Reichhart Danièle 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) constitute one of the major classes of enzymes that are responsible for detoxification of exogenous molecules both in animals and plants. On the basis of its inducibility by exogenous chemicals, we recently isolated a new plant P450, CYP76B1, from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and showed that it was capable of dealkylating a model xenobiotic compound, 7-ethoxycoumarin. In the present paper we show that CYP76B1 is more strongly induced by foreign compounds than other P450s isolated from the same plant, and metabolizes with high efficiency a wide range of xenobiotics, including alkoxycoumarins, alkoxyresorufins, and several herbicides of the class of phenylureas. CYP76B1 catalyzes the doubleN-dealkylation of phenylureas with turnover rates comparable to those reported for physiological substrates and produces nonphytotoxic compounds. Potential uses for CYP76B1 thus include control of herbicide tolerance and selectivity, as well as soil and groundwater bioremediation.
Characterization of the Brassica napusExtraplastidial Linoleate Desaturase by Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Reed Darwin W. , Schäfer Ulrike A. , Covello Patrick S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The substrate specificity and regioselectivity of the Brassica napus extraplastidial linoleate desaturase (FAD3) was investigated in vivo in a heterologous expression system. A strain of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae producing the plant enzyme was constructed and cultured in media containing a variety of fatty acids. The products of desaturation of these potential substrates were determined by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of the yeast cultures. The results indicate that the enzyme has: (a) ω-3, as opposed to Δ-15 or double-bond-related regioselectivity, (b) the ability to desaturate substrates in the 16 to 22 carbon range, (c) a preference for substrates with ω-6 double bonds, but the ability to desaturate substrates with ω-6 hydroxyl groups or ω-9 or ω-5 double bonds, and (d) a relative insensitivity to double bonds proximal to the carboxyl end of the substrate.