bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in the classification and treatment of pediatric brain tumors
Authors: Fangusaro Jason , Bandopadhayay Pratiti 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Recent genetic and molecular findings have impacted the diagnosis, prognosis, and in some instances, treatment strategies for children with pediatric central nervous system tumors. Herein, we review the most up-to-date molecular findings and how they have impacted tumor classification and clinical care.

Recent findings
It is now recognized that aberrations of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway are present in the majority of pediatric low-grade glioma. Also, there has been the identification of recurrent histone H3 K27M mutations in diffuse intrinsic pontine and other midline gliomas. Medulloblastoma is now divided into four molecular subgroups with distinct characteristics and prognoses. The classification of other unique embryonal tumors is also highlighted. Finally, we present the newest classification of ependymoma; supratentorial ependymomas comprise two subtypes based on expression of the chromosome 11 Open Reading Frame 95–reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Homolog A or yes-associated protein 1 fusion, whereas posterior fossa ependymomas are divided into two distinct molecular subgroups, posterior fossa-A and posterior fossa-B.

Summary
These advances in the molecular classification of pediatric central nervous system tumors have not only assisted in diagnoses, but they have led to a new era of tumor classification and prognostication. They also have served as drivers for the evaluation of new targeted therapies based upon molecular aberrations with the hope for improved survival outcomes for our patients.
COVID-19 vaccine development: a pediatric perspective
Authors: Kamidani Satoshi , Rostad Christina A. , Anderson Evan J. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused substantial morbidity and mortality. Operation Warp Speed aims to accelerate the development of a safe and effective vaccine by early 2021. Multiple vaccine candidates with reassuring safety and efficacy profiles have advanced to phase 3 clinical trials in adults. The purpose of this review is to describe the burden of COVID-19 in children, to update pediatricians about adult COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, to discuss the importance of COVID-19 vaccine trials in children and to instill confidence in the established vaccine development and licensure processes.

Recent findings
Children of all ages are at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease manifestations. Children are also susceptible to downstream effects of COVID-19, including social isolation and interruption in education. Developing a pediatric COVID-19 vaccine could prevent disease, mitigate downstream effects and enable children to re-engage in their world.

Summary
Children could benefit both directly and indirectly from vaccination. In light of the safety and immunogenicity results from recent adult COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, children should have the opportunity to be included in clinical trials in parallel to ongoing adult phase 3 clinical trials in a manner that is careful, methodical and transparent.
Profiling the liver graft
Authors: Celaj Stela , Levitsky Josh 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Achieving operational tolerance remains a priority in liver transplantation. Although several biomarkers of tolerance and rejection have been identified, few have been reproducible and validated across centers, and therefore have yet to reach clinical practice. Here we summarize findings from prior seminal studies and review current developments in profiling the liver allograft.

Recent findings
Substantial efforts and progress have been made in the recent years towards the discovery of reliable biomarkers that can predict and guide successful immunosuppression withdrawal. Recent studies have also investigated the transcriptomic signatures underlying not only acute rejection but also subclinical inflammation and chronic allograft injury.

Summary
As new genomic and sequencing technologies continue to develop, clinical trials are underway to validate biomarkers of tolerance, as well as better understand the mechanisms of both acute and subclinical rejection, with the goal of maximizing allograft survival. Altogether, this will hopefully enable the implementation of immunosuppression withdrawal protocols into clinical practice and make operational tolerance reliably attainable in the near future.
Prostate cancer and human papillomavirus infection: a recent literature review
Authors: Mahmoudi Samira , Jafari-Sales Abolfazl , Nasiri Rozita , Baghi Hossein Bannazadeh 
Published: December 2020

Aim:
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in men and it is reported that about one in nine men experience the disease in their lifetime. It has been found that in some cases, HPV can be a culprit for prostate cancer. The present meta-analysis study aims to examine whether human papillomavirus (HPV) serves as a foundation of human prostate cancer.

Methods:
Related studies to HPV and prostate cancer from 1990 to 2020 were sought in PubMed and Google Scholar. Earlier published expert reviews and systematic meta-analysis were utilized as a supplementary source to recognize appropriate articles. Finally, data from 54 articles, with 7072 prostate cancer cases, were pooled and analyzed.

Results:
The pooled rating for the odds ratio was 17.42%. Stratified pooled analyses were subsequently performed according to the HPV detection of geographical regions, publication years, the number of prostate cases, and HPV-positive cases.

Conclusion:
The meta-analysis confirmed the variant frequencies of HPV positivity in prostate cancer of different geographic zones. It has been found that there can be a potential link between HPV and prostate cancer. Yet, further investigations of this cancer relating to HPV may be necessary.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Milestone Evaluation Project
Authors: Kohar Audrey , Tran Duc , Perret Danielle , Chi Bradley , Kim Mary , Bagay Leslie , Hata Justin , Cuccurullo Sara J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This tri-institutional study describes the outcomes of utilization of newly developed, standardized, rotation-specific evaluations for faculty assessment of resident achievement of the physical medicine and rehabilitation milestones. Thirty-six physical medicine and rehabilitation faculty, representing three distinct academic institutions, completed a prestudy survey on the adequacy of the rotation-generic resident evaluation tools historically in use at each institution. During the 2016–2017 academic year, faculty in all three institutions consistently used a new set of rotation-specific milestone-incorporated evaluation tools. The same faculty completed surveys assessing the new evaluation tools 6 and 12 months later. Ordinal logistic regression was used to compare survey results before and after implementation of the rotation-specific milestone-incorporated evaluation tools. Results demonstrate high tool satisfaction scores, and a statistically significant improvement in the adequacy and specificity of the new evaluation tools compared with the old ones. There was also a statistically significant improvement in both faculty understanding of the milestones and faculty ability to assess the milestones with use of the new tools compared with the old ones. The implementation of standardized physical medicine and rehabilitation rotation-specific milestone-incorporated faculty-of-resident evaluation tools across three institutions improves faculty ability to assess resident overall performance specifically related to resident achievement of the milestones in each rotation.
Risks of metabolic syndrome and diabetes with integrase inhibitor-based therapy
Authors: Shah Shahini , Hill Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
A growing body of evidence suggests that integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) are significantly associated with weight gain and obesity. Obesity is a significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome and diabetes. This article comprehensively reviews recent available evidence weight gain and the risks of metabolic syndrome and diabetes associated with INSTIs.

Recent findings
Recent evidence continues to contribute to the evidence for weight gain associated with INSTIs, especially when used with newer nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). Although the literature suggests a neutral effect on lipids, there is evidence that INSTIs are associated with metabolic syndrome due to treatment-emergent obesity. The literature for short-term treatment-emergent diabetes and insulin resistance remains inconsistent, but there is some evidence that weight gain could lead to an increased risk of developing diabetes in the future.

Summary
Longer term studies are required to understand the metabolic impact of INSTIs, secondary to weight gain. Evidence suggests that INSTIs, when used with TAF, contribute to metabolic syndrome and may have long-term risks of diabetes. INSTIs, when used with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, have fewer metabolic implications. Clinicians must monitor for weight gain and metabolic effects, especially in those with underlying risk factors.
Morphological Basis for Airway Surgical Intervention in Apert Syndrome
Authors: Lu Xiaona , Forte Antonio Jorge , Park Kitae Eric , Allam Omar , Alperovich Michael , Steinbacher Derek M. , Tonello Cristiano , Alonso Nivaldo , Persing John A. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivePrevious studies have explored the restricted nasopharyngeal airway in Apert syndrome patients. This study aims to investigate the segmented airway volume changes with age and directly analyze their correlations with subcranial dimensions and angulations.MethodsNinety-seven preoperative computed tomography scans (Apert, n = 44; control, n = 53) were included in this study, and divided into 5 age-related subgroups. Computed tomography scans were measured using Mimics and 3-matics software.ResultsBefore 6 months of age, the nasal cavity in Apert syndrome is reduced by 47% (P= 0.002), which gradually approximates normal thereafter; however, there remained a 30% reduction, compared with controls. It is highly correlated with the anteroposterior length of subcranial space, and the position of maxilla and palate. The pharyngeal airway volume in Apert syndrome patients, younger than 6 months, was larger than normal by 129% (P= 0.013). However, between 2 and 6 years of age, the pharyngeal airway becomes smaller than normal, with a 57% (P= 0.010) reduction in childhood and 52% (P= 0.005) in adolescence. It is closely correlated with the intercondylar and intergonial widths.ConclusionsAirway compromise in Apert syndrome patients is attributable more to the nasal cavity in infants, but in the older child, it is the pharyngeal region. The restricted nasal airway in Apert syndrome is correlated with the subcranial space length and width, but independent of cranial base flexion. The pharyngeal airway volume in Apert syndrome is not as highly correlated with craniofacial morphology. Rather, it is impacted by the growth of mandible, which often requires surgical intervention later in childhood.
Dyslexia in the 21st century
Authors: Shaywitz Sally E. , Shaywitz Jonathan E. , Shaywitz Bennett A. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Within the past decade tremendous advances have occurred in our understanding of dyslexia.

Recent findings
Reliable data now validate the definition of dyslexia as an unexpected difficulty in reading in an individual who has the ability to be a much better reader. That dyslexia is unexpected is now codified in US federal law (PL 115–391). Replicated studies using functional brain imaging have documented a neural signature for dyslexia. Epidemiologic, longitudinal data now demonstrate that dyslexia is highly prevalent, affecting 20% of the population, affecting boys and girls equally. These data further demonstrate that the achievement gap between dyslexic and typical readers is now evident as early as first grade and persists. Evidence-based, efficient, inexpensive screening tools now offer the possibility of universal screening to identify children at risk for dyslexia as early as first grade. Specialized schools which focus on dyslexic students provide welcoming communities, ensuring that dyslexic children will not only survive but thrive.

Summary
Taken together, these findings indicate that we must act and act now to ensure that this 21st century knowledge of dyslexia is disseminated to educators, policy makers, and most of all to parents of dyslexic children.
Systematic review of the association between rotavirus infection, or rotavirus vaccination and coeliac disease
Authors: Inns Thomas , Fleming Kate M , Iturriza-Gomara Miren , Hungerford Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is some evidence that rotavirus infection leads to an increased risk of coeliac disease (CD), and some immunological and biological plausibility for the human immune system recognising rotavirus particles and gluten proteins in a similar way. It is therefore plausible that rotavirus vaccine could have a role in preventing CD. However, such evidence has not previously been summarised in a systematic way to present a coherent picture. We conducted this systematic literature review to address this gap in the evidence. The aim of this research was to determine the nature of any association between rotavirus infection, or rotavirus vaccination, and risk of CD.MethodsWe searched Scopus, MEDLINE, Europe PMC and medRxiv for studies published between 01 January 1980 and 31 July 2020, using terms related to CD and rotavirus. Publications were screened independently by two reviewers using exclusion criteria. We extracted data from included papers using a standardized data extraction form and assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Outcomes were descriptions of the settings and methods reported in included papers, and any estimates of effect.ResultsAfter exclusions, we reviewed five papers of which two used the exposure of rotavirus infection and three used the exposure of rotavirus vaccination. One paper found that rotavirus infection increased the risk of CD and that this was statistically significant. None of the three publications studying the association between rotavirus vaccination and CD were graded as high quality. All found a protective effect of RotaTeq® rotavirus vaccination, but this was only statistically significant in two studies.ConclusionsFew studies have been published on this research question. Those that have been published are not of sufficient quality and did not use comparable methods. Due to differences in study results there remains uncertainty regarding the relationship between rotavirus infection, vaccination and CD.
Food insecurity during COVID-19: A multi-state research collaborative
Authors: Niles Meredith T. , Belarmino Emily H. , Bertmann Farryl , Biehl Erin , Acciai Francesco , Josephson Anna , Ohri-Vachaspati Punam , Neff Roni 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has had profound impacts on the global food system, supply chain, and employment, which, in turn, has created numerous challenges to food access and food security. Early exploratory studies suggest significant increases in food insecurity in the United States. Comprehensive longitudinal research across multiple locations is needed to understand the range of impacts and responses at the household level and to improve preparedness for future events. This protocol paper outlines the formation of the National Food Access and COVID research Team (NFACT), a collaborative, interdisciplinary, multi-state research effort that will utilize common measurement tools, codebooks, code, data aggregation tools, and outreach materials to collectively examine and communicate the effect of COVID-19 on household food access and security. NFACT is led by an executive committee of researchers from four institutions, with additional NFACT collaborating institutions across more than a dozen states. A survey was developed by the NFACT executive team in March 2020, with additional refinements in May 2020, using both existing validated questions and new original questions, which were piloted and validated in Vermont. The project provides suggestive guidance for recruitment, and is designed to allow each study site to adopt recruitment strategies that meet their budget and needs. Primary outcomes of interest include food security status, employment status, food access challenges and concerns, dietary intake, and use of food assistance programs. Additional outcomes assess emotional eating, stigma, COVID-19 perceptions and experiences, and pro-environmental purchasing behaviors. This protocol and the establishment of NFACT provide important advancements in COVID-19 and food security research by generating harmonized data and assessing comparable outcomes across geographies and time. The collaborative, open-source approach makes research tools available to teams who might not have the resources to design their own tools, and can enable streamlined data collection, large-scale comparative analyses, and cost savings through reduced administrative tasks. The project has contributed to building new networks between and within states. Enabling facilitation and implementation of instruments in study sites has provided flexibility and meaningful opportunity for local stakeholder engagement and relevant outreach for informed public health decision-making.
Characterization of Structural Variation in Tibetans Reveals New Evidence of High-altitude Adaptation and Introgression
Authors: Quan Cheng , Li Yuanfeng , Wang Yahui , Ping Jie , Lu Yiming , Zhou Gangqiao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStructural variation (SV) acts as an essential mutational force shaping the evolution and function of the human genome. To investigate the role of SVs in high-altitude adaptation (HAA), we here generated a comprehensive catalog of SVs in a Chinese Tibetan (n = 15) and Han (n = 10) population using the nanopore sequencing technology. Among a total of 38,216 unique SVs in the catalog, 27% were sequence-resolved for the first time. We systemically assessed the distribution of these SVs across repeat sequences and functional genomic regions. Through genotyping in additional 189 genomes, we identified 90 Tibetan-Han stratified SVs and 124 candidate adaptive genes. Besides, we discovered 15 adaptive introgressed SV candidates and provided evidence for a deletion of 335 base pairs at 1p36.32. Overall, our results highlight the important role of SVs in the evolutionary processes of Tibetans’ adaptation to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and provide a valuable resource for future HAA studies.
Maternal vgll4a promotes blastoderm cohesion enabling yap1-mediated mechano-transduction during zebrafish epiboly
Authors: Camacho-Macorra Carlos , Tabanera Noemí , Bovolenta Paola , Cardozo Marcos J 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCellular cohesion provides tissue tension, which is then sensed by the cytoskeleton and decoded by the activity of mechano-transducers, such as the transcriptional cofactor Yap1, thereby enabling morphogenetic responses in multi-cellular organisms. How cell cohesion is regulated is nevertheless unclear. Here we show that, zebrafish epiboly progression, a prototypic morphogenetic event that depends on Yap activity, requires the maternal contribution of the proposed yap1 competitor vgll4a. In embryos lacking maternal/zygoticvgll4a(MZvgll4a), spreading epithelial cells are ruffled, blastopore closure is delayed and the expression of the yap1-mediatorarhgap18is decreased, impairing the actomyosin ring at the syncytial layer. Furthermore, rather than competing with Yap1, vgll4a coordinate the levels of the E-Cadherin/β-catenin adhesion complex components at the blastomere plasma membrane and hence their actin cortex distribution. Taking these results together, we propose that maternal vgll4a may act at epiboly initiation to coordinate blastomere adhesion/cohesion, which is a fundamental piece of the self-sustained bio-mechanical regulatory loop underlying morphogenetic rearrangements during gastrulation.
Using explainable machine learning to identify patients at risk of reattendance at discharge from emergency departments
Authors: Chmiel F. P. , Burns D. K. , Azor M. , Borca F. , Boniface M. J. , Zlatev Z. D. , White N. M. , Daniels T. W. V. , Kiuber M. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTShort-term reattendances to emergency departments are a key quality of care indicator. Identifying patients at increased risk of early reattendance could help reduce the number of missed critical illnesses and could reduce avoidable utilization of emergency departments by enabling targeted post-discharge intervention. In this manuscript we present a retrospective, single-centre study where we created and evaluated an extreme gradient boosted decision tree model trained to identify patients at risk of reattendance within 72 hours of discharge from an emergency department (University Hospitals Southampton Foundation Trust, UK). Our model was trained using 35,447 attendances by 28,945 patients and evaluated on a hold-out test set featuring 8,847 attendances by 7,237 patients. The set of attendances from a given patient appeared exclusively in either the training or the test set. Our model was trained using both visit level variables (e.g., vital signs, arrival mode, and chief complaint) and a set of variables available in a patients electronic patient record, such as age and any recorded medical conditions. On the hold-out test set, our highest performing model obtained an AUROC of 0.747 (95% CI : 0.722-0.773) and an average precision of 0.233 (95% CI : 0.194-0.277). These results demonstrate that machine-learning models can be used to classify patients, with moderate performance, into low and high-risk groups for reattendance. We explained our models predictions using SHAP values, a concept developed from coalitional game theory, capable of explaining predictions at an attendance level. We demonstrated how clustering techniques can be used to investigate the different sub-groups of explanations present in our patient cohort.
The moderating impact of the genetic predisposition to smoking behaviour on the response to tobacco excise taxes
Authors: Slob Eric A.W. , Rietveld Cornelius A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTobacco consumption is one of the leading causes of preventable death. While some public policies have been effective in reducing the smoking prevalence in the United States, high tobacco excise taxes do not appear to deter all individuals from starting smoking nor to affect the smoking intensity of all those who do smoke. Here, we analyse whether someone’s genetic predisposition to smoking may explain why individuals smoke despite high tobacco excise taxes. For this purpose, we interact polygenic risk scores for smoking behaviour with state-level excise tax rates on tobacco. Our analyses exploiting longitudinal data (1992-2016) from the US Health and Retirement Study show that someone’s genetic propensity to smoking moderates the effect of tobacco excise taxes on smoking behaviour along the extensive margin (smoking vs. not smoking) and the intensive margin (the amount of tobacco consumed). That is, when tobacco excise taxes are relatively low, those with a high genetic predisposition to smoking are more likely (i) to smoke, and (ii) to smoke a relatively high number of cigarettes per day. In our sample, we do not find a significant interaction effect on smoking cessation.