bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is grandparents' social class associated with adult grandchildren's oral health? Analysis of two British cohorts
Authors: Delgado‐Angulo Elsa K. , Alshehri Reem , Scambler Sasha , Bernabé Eduardo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesNo studies have taken a multigenerational approach to the study of oral health inequalities. This study investigated whether grandparents' social class was associated with adult grandchildren's oral health.MethodsData from the 1958 National Child and Development Study (NCDS) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS) were analysed. Cohort members' occupational social class and persistent trouble with mouth, teeth or gums in the past 12 months were reported at ages 33 years in the NCDS and 26 years in the BCS. Information on grandparents' and parents' social class was reported by the cohort members' mothers during childhood. The association between grandparents' social class and cohort members' report of persistent trouble with mouth, teeth or gums was tested in marginal structural models (MSMs).ResultsData from 9853 NCDS and 6487 BCS participants were analysed. Grandparents' social class was not associated with cohort members' report of persistent trouble with teeth, gums or mouth in the NCDS sample (odds ratios of 1.25 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.95‐1.65] for social class IV/V and 1.12 [95% CI: 0.76‐1.64] for social class IIINM‐M relative to social class I/II) or the BCS sample (odds ratios of 0.98 [95% CI: 0.68‐1.43] for social class IV/V and 0.88 [95% CI: 0.67‐1.16] for social class IIINM‐M relative to social class I/II).ConclusionThis study provided no support for an independent association between grandparents' social class and adult grandchildren's oral health.
Pastoral leadership lessons from Bonhoeffer: The alt‐right, the twitter mob, and ressentiment
Authors: Root Andrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDietrich Bonhoeffer's radio address “The Younger Generation's Altered Conception of the Führer,” has much to teach us about what kind of pastoral leadership is needed in our present social and political contexts. Personal antipathies have blossomed into generational antinomies, and the resentments of one side versus another threaten to take over our perceptions of reality and perhaps even reality itself. In looking at Bonhoeffer's diagnosis of why the “younger generation” was seeking a strong‐man leader to help them demolish the adversaries who had aggrieved them, we can see ourselves. In listening to Bonhoeffer's cure, we may find our own medicine.
GSK‐3β regulates the synaptic expression of NMDA receptors via phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase type IIα
Authors: Amici Mascia , Lee Yeseul , Pope Robert J. P. , Bradley Clarrisa A. , Cole Adam , Collingridge Graham L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDeregulation of GSK‐3β is strongly implicated in a variety of serious brain conditions, such as Alzheimer disease, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. To understand how GSK‐3β becomes dysregulated in these conditions, it is important to understand its physiological functions in the central nervous system. In this context, GSK‐3β plays a role in the induction of NMDA receptor‐dependent long‐term depression (LTD) and several substrates for GSK‐3β have been identified in this form of synaptic plasticity, including KLC‐2, PSD‐95 and tau. Stabilization of NMDA receptors at synapses has also been shown to involve GSK‐3β, but the substrates involved are currently unknown. Recent work has identified phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase type IIα (PI4KIIα) as a neuronal GSK‐3β substrate that can potentially regulate the surface expression of AMPA receptors. In the present study, we investigated the synaptic role of PI4KIIα in organotypic rat hippocampal slices. We found that knockdown of PI4KIIα has no effect on synaptic AMPA receptor‐mediated synaptic transmission but substantially reduces NMDA receptor‐mediated synaptic transmission. Furthermore, the ability of the selective GSK‐3 inhibitor, CT99021, to reduce the amplitude of NMDA receptor‐mediated currents was occluded in shRNA‐PI4KIIα transfected neurons. The effects of knocking down PI4KIIα were fully rescued by a shRNA‐resistant wild‐type construct, but not by a mutant construct that cannot be phosphorylated by GSK‐3β. These data suggest that GSK‐3β phosphorylates PI4KIIα to stabilize NMDA receptors at the synapse.
Adaptive genetic potential and plasticity of trait variation in the foundation prairie grass Andropogon gerardii across the US Great Plains’ climate gradient: Implications for climate change and restoration
Authors: Galliart Matthew , Sabates Sofia , Tetreault Hannah , DeLaCruz Angel , Bryant Johnny , Alsdurf Jake , Knapp Mary , Bello Nora M. , Baer Sara G. , Maricle Brian R. , Gibson David J. , Poland Jesse , St Amand Paul , Unruh Natalie , Parrish Olivia , Johnson Loretta 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPlant response to climate depends on a species’ adaptive potential. To address this, we used reciprocal gardens to detect genetic and environmental plasticity effects on phenotypic variation and combined with genetic analyses. Four reciprocal garden sites were planted with three regional ecotypes of Andropogon gerardii, a dominant Great Plains prairie grass, using dry, mesic, and wet ecotypes originating from western KS to Illinois that span 500–1,200 mm rainfall/year. We aimed to answer: (a) What is the relative role of genetic constraints and phenotypic plasticity in controlling phenotypes? (b) When planted in the homesite, is there a trait syndrome for each ecotype? (c) How are genotypes and phenotypes structured by climate? and (d) What are implications of these results for response to climate change and use of ecotypes for restoration? Surprisingly, we did not detect consistent local adaptation. Rather, we detected co‐gradient variation primarily for most vegetative responses. All ecotypes were stunted in western KS. Eastward, the wet ecotype was increasingly robust relative to other ecotypes. In contrast, fitness showed evidence for local adaptation in wet and dry ecotypes with wet and mesic ecotypes producing little seed in western KS. Earlier flowering time in the dry ecotype suggests adaptation to end of season drought. Considering ecotype traits in homesite, the dry ecotype was characterized by reduced canopy area and diameter, short plants, and low vegetative biomass and putatively adapted to water limitation. The wet ecotype was robust, tall with high biomass, and wide leaves putatively adapted for the highly competitive, light‐limited Eastern Great Plains. Ecotype differentiation was supported by random forest classification and PCA. We detected genetic differentiation and outlier genes associated with primarily precipitation. We identified candidate gene GA1 for which allele frequency associated with plant height. Sourcing of climate adapted ecotypes should be considered for restoration.
Spherulitic microbialites from modern hypersaline lakes, Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Authors: Bischoff Karl , Sirantoine Eva , Wilson Moyra E. J. , George Annette D. , Mendes Monteiro Juliana , Saunders Martin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFibrous‐radiating carbonate spherulites spatially associated with poorly crystalline Mg‐Si substances have formed within conical microbialites in modern hypersaline lakes on Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Two spherulitic fabrics can be distinguished based on compositional and textural differences. The oldest (lowermost) fabric comprises variably intergrown aragonitic spherulites 100–500 μm wide, containing micritic nuclei with coccoid cell molds in various stages of cell division. Spherulite matrices contain aggregates of individual nanospheres 150–200 nm wide, composed of a poorly crystalline Mg‐Si phase, locally containing cell molds with similar dimensions to those within spherulite nuclei. The younger (upper) fabric comprises sub‐polyhedral networks of mineralized EPS composed of an Mg‐Si substance. The polyhedrons contain aragonite‐replaced coccoid cells, voids, and polyhedral spherulites 8–12 μm wide with a morphology determined by fossil EPS, interpreted to have been produced by coccoid cyanobacteria. These spherulites are composed of high‐Mg calcite, inferred to have formed in association with heterotrophic bacteria. Stable isotope data, textural relationships, and geochemical modeling are consistent with cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis influencing the precipitation of Mg‐Si substances and aragonitic spherulites by locally increasing the pH. The morphology of the polyhedral spherulites suggests the former presence of EPS and that faceted spherulites with similar dimensions in the geological record may represent biosignatures. The Rottnest Island conical microbialites demonstrate an intimate association between microbial features and processes and spherulitic fabrics, potentially providing insights into texturally and compositionally similar features in the geological record.
Salty, mild, and low plant biomass grasslands increase top‐heaviness of invertebrate trophic pyramids
Authors: Welti Ellen A. R. , Kuczynski Lucie , Marske Katharine A. , Sanders Nathan J. , de Beurs Kirsten M. , Kaspari Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimMultiple hypotheses predict how gradients of nutrient availability, plant biomass, and temperature shape trophic pyramids. We aim to disentangle the simultaneous influence of those factors and their indirect effects on trophic structure and individual trophic levels.LocationUnited States.Time period2017.Major taxa studiedInvertebrates.MethodsTo examine differences in trophic pyramid shape and abundance within trophic levels and across ecological gradients, we conducted 54 standardized surveys of invertebrate communities in North American grasslands. We tested for the direct and indirect effects of plant biomass, temperature, sodium (Na), other essential elements (e.g. N, P, and K), and toxic heavy metals, (e.g. Ar and Pb) in plant tissue on both individual trophic levels, and trophic pyramid shape, estimated as the community trophic mean (CTM).ResultsPlant sodium increased CTM, indicating that high plant sodium concentrations are associated with top‐heavy invertebrate trophic pyramids. Sites with higher plant biomass had higher proportions of herbivores compared to higher trophic levels. Finally, increasing temperature resulted in more top‐heavy trophic pyramids. Overall, plant biomass, temperature, and plant chemistry directly and indirectly affected the abundances within different trophic levels, highlighting the complexity of factors regulating trophic structure.Main conclusionsTrophic structure of grassland invertebrate communities is strongly influenced by plant sodium, plant biomass, and to a lesser extent, temperature. Grasslands occupy 30% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface and are an imperiled ecosystem due to conversion to row crop agriculture. As biogeochemistry and temperature in the Anthropocene are increasingly modified, our results have considerable implications for the trophic structure of future grassland communities.
A decision support system for fraud detection in public procurement
Authors: Velasco Rafael B. , Carpanese Igor , Interian Ruben , Paulo Neto Octávio C. G. , Ribeiro Celso C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOver the past few years, investigators in Brazil have been uncovering numerous corruption and money laundering schemes at all levels of government and in the country's largest corporations. It is estimated that between 2% and 5% of the global GDP is lost annually because of such practices, not only directly impacting public services and private sector development but also strengthening organized crime. However, most law enforcement agencies do not have the capability to carry out systematic corruption risk assessment leveraging on the availability of data related to public procurement. The currently prevailing approach employed by Brazilian law enforcement agencies to detect companies involved in potential cases of fraud consists in receiving circumstantial evidence or complaints from whistleblowers. As a result, a large number of companies involved in fraud remain undetected and unprosecuted. The decision support system (DSS) described in this work addresses these existing limitations by providing a tool for systematic analysis of public procurement. It allows the law enforcement agencies to establish priorities concerning the companies to be investigated. This DSS incorporates data mining algorithms for quantifying dozens of corruption risk patterns for all public contractors inside a specific jurisdiction, leading to improvements in the quality of public spending and to the identification of more cases of fraud. These algorithms combine operations research tools such as graph theory, clusterization, and regression analysis with advanced data science methods to allow the identification of the main risk patterns, such as collusion between bidders, conflicts of interest (e.g., a politician who owns a company contracted by the same government body where he or she was elected), and companies owned by a potentially straw person used for disguising its real owner (e.g., beneficiaries of cash conditional transfer programs). The DSS has already led to a detailed analysis of large public procurement datasets, which add up to more than 50 billion dollars. Moreover, the DSS provided strategic inputs to investigations conducted by federal and state agencies.
The effect of non‐thermal atmospheric pressure plasma application on wound healing after gingivectomy
Authors: Kusakci‐Seker Basak , Demirayak‐Akdemir Melike 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecent studies have indicated the potential benefits of Non‐thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) as a novel therapeutic approach. The purpose of the current study was thus to assess the effect of NTAPP on gingival wound healing. Fifteen patients with bilaterally symmetrical gingival hyperplasia were included in the study. After gingivectomy and gingivoplasty, the left‐hand side of the symmetrical surgical area was irradiated with NTAPP (plasma jet kINPen 11). Digital photographs of the gingival wounds were taken at baseline and days 3, 7, and 14. Wound epithelialisation was evaluated. Landry Wound Healing Index (WHI) scores and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were also recorded. There were significant differences between the epithelialisation of the NTAPP‐treated sites and the control sites after the surgical procedures. The NTAPP‐treated sites had significantly smaller stained surface areas compared with the control sites on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days (P < .05). The NTAPP‐treated sites had better WHI scores than the control sites throughout the follow‐up period (P < .05). It can be concluded that NTAPP enhances epithelialisation and stimulates wound healing after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty. However, further clinical studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine the exact benefits of NTAPP for gingival wound healing.
Hafnium silicate formation during the reaction of β‐cristobalite SiO2 and monoclinic HfO2 particles
Authors: Deijkers Jeroen A. , Wadley Haydn N.G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHafnium silicate (HfSiO4; hafnon) is under consideration as an environmental barrier coating material for high‐temperature applications. However, its rate of formation from mixtures of monoclinic HfO2 and crystalline (β‐cristobalite) SiO2 powders is unknown. Here it has been synthesized and its formation rate measured during their solid‐state reaction at temperatures from 1250°C to 1400°C. Rietveld refinement of X‐ray diffraction patterns indicates that at 1250°C the hafnon phase fraction increases linearly with time, while at the highest reaction temperature, the hafnon phase fraction exhibited a parabolic dependence upon time. Between these two limiting temperatures, a region of linear behavior preceded a transition to parabolic kinetics, with the transition occurring at an earlier time as the reaction temperature increased. Arrhenius relations fitted the kinetics of hafnium silicate formation in both the linear and parabolic regimes. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the reaction proceeded by diffusion of SiO2 into HfO2, similar to the mechanism by which zirconium silicate has been formed from vitreous SiO2 and tetragonal ZrO2. The initial linear rate of reaction is consistent with the growth of the contact area between the SiO2 and HfO2 particles combined with rapid permeation of the Si4+ and O2− through the initial, incompletely formed hafnon. After a thin hafnon layer had formed between the reactants, the rate of hafnium silicate growth slowed and further growth was governed by the rate of diffusion of Si4+ and O2− through the reaction product consistent with the observed parabolic dependence of the phase fraction upon time.
Additive manufacturing of polymer‐derived ceramic matrix composites
Authors: O'Masta Mark R. , Stonkevitch Ekaterina , Porter Kayleigh A. , Bui Phuong P. , Eckel Zak C. , Schaedler Tobias A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study presents a fabrication method and identifies processing bounds for additively manufacturing (AM) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), comprising a silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramic matrix. A digital light projection printer was used to photopolymerize a siloxane‐based preceramic resin containing inert ceramic reinforcement. A subsequent pyrolysis converted the preceramic polymer to SiOC. Particle reinforcements of 0 to 40% by volume in the green state were uniformly dispersed in the printed samples to study their effects on pyrolysis mass loss and shrinkage, and CMC notch sensitivity and strength. Both particle and whisker reinforcements toughened the glassy SiOC matrix (1 MPa m1/2), reaching values >3 MPa m1/2. Bending strengths of >300 MPa (>150 MPa (g cm−3)−1) and a Weibull modulus of 10 were measured on AM samples without surface finish. We identified two pore formation mechanisms that placed processing bounds on sample size and reinforcement volume fraction. Methods for increasing these bounds are discussed. With properties commensurate to traditionally processed technical ceramics, the presented process allows for free‐form fabrication of high‐performance AM CMC components.
Cold plasma‐assisted shape‐shifting of a flat two‐dimensional wheat xerogel and its morphological behavior
Authors: Gupta Vidhi , T K Ranjitha Gracy , Stephen Jaspin , Radhakrishnan Mahendran 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study aims at integrating food material with food processing to develop edible shape‐changing foods and investigate the effect of cold plasma treatment on their functionality. The anisotropic structure of the xerogel was obtained by sessile drop drying of the hydrogel. Xerogel discs were exposed to glow discharge plasma at 7.32 W for 5 min. For harnessing shape transformation, ethyl cellulose (constraint material) was applied in a single circle pattern. Upon immersing in hot water shape transformation takes place, and increases in bending curvature, angle, and height were observed for both the samples. The plasma treatment led to surface etching (ablation) of the xerogel. This resulted in better adhesion between constraint material and xerogel and therefore, more bending of plasma‐treated xerogel was observed than the untreated ones signifying a positive effect of cold plasma on shape transformation. Consequently, this method can be explored for the application in four‐dimensional food materials.Practical applicationsDesigning flat two‐dimensional materials capable of undergoing shape transformation into a three‐dimensional configuration during cooking/frying, is an innovative area of research which could facilitate in reducing shipping and packaging costs as well as to engineer user‐customized interactive food materials. Detachment of constraint material from xerogel can be rectified by using cold plasma technique. This engineered shape transformation technique may help in food processing industries through the introduction of four‐dimensional printed food materials.
Effect of magnesium sulfate on baroreflex during acute hypoxemia in chronically instrumented fetal sheep
Authors: Yasuda Shun , Kyozuka Hyo , Nomura Yasuhisa , Fujimori Keiya 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimTo investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate on fetal baroreflex in normoxemia or acute fetal hypoxemia.MethodsFetal baroreflex response was elicited using phenylephrine (30 μg) in saline and magnesium sulfate in 8 chronically treated and instrumented fetal sheep. Hypoxemia was induced using nitrogen gas inflow for 30 min. Baroreflex, calculated as the ratio of the fetal heart rate change to the mean arterial pressure, was monitored after magnesium sulfate administration and in rapid and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep states. Baroreflex was assessed in response to hypoxemia in control groups in both the rapid and NREM sleep states.ResultsBaroreflex was not significantly affected by saline, magnesium sulfate and rapid or NREM sleep states in normoxemic sheep. Hypoxemia increased the baroreflex in the saline‐treated group (hypoxemic vs normoxemic rapid eye movement sleep: 4.37 ± 2.48 vs 2.72 ± 0.83; P < 0.05; hypoxemic vs normoxemic NREM sleep: 4.30 ± 1.47 vs 3.15 ± 0.83; P < 0.001). Magnesium sulfate decreased the baroreflex in the hypoxemic fetuses (magnesium sulfate hypoxemic vs. control normoxemic fetuses: 1.42 ± 0.92 vs 3.15 ± 0.83, P < 0.05).ConclusionThe hypoxemic fetal sheep, from the ewes that were receiving magnesium sulfate, showed a significantly reduced in the baroreflex response. In clinical practice, baroreflex‐related decelerations in hypoxemic fetuses of mothers receiving magnesium sulfate should be carefully interpreted.
Effective combination of lymphatico‐venous anastomosis and negative pressure wound therapy for lymphocyst: A Case Study
Authors: Shimono Ayano , Sakuma Hisashi , Watanabe Shiho , Kono Hikaru 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLymphorrhea and lymphocysts are complications that occur after lymph node dissection or biopsy and are difficult to treat. Conventional treatments for lymphocysts are not always effective. For instance, lymphatico‐venous anastomosis has a limited treatment efficacy when the cyst wall is thickened, and negative pressure wound therapy is limited by the installation site and longer treatment times. To overcome these individual shortcomings, we aimed to assess whether a combination of both interventions would be effective. In this study, we report the application of a lymphatico‐venous anastomosis combined with negative pressure wound therapy for treating bilateral inguinal lymph nodes and pelvic lymph node dissection following treatment of vaginal cancer. Short‐term improvements were observed with no recurrence of lymphocysts at 1‐year follow‐up.