bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-32 The influence of liver copper concentration on copper homeostatic liver proteins in beef cattle
Authors: Tillquist Nicole M , Thorndyke Meghan P , Engle Terry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of liver Cu concentrations on the relative abundance of liver Cu homeostatic proteins in beef cattle. Archived liver biopsy samples were selected based on Cu concentrations (n = 4 samples 21.7±1.35 mg Cu/kg DM-deficient; and n = 4 samples 73.3 ±10.7 mg Cu/kg DM-adequate). Liver samples were obtained from a subset of multiparous beef cows receiving a forage-based diet with no supplemental Cu (basal diet 6.25 mg Cu/kg DM) or 10 mg Cu/kg DM total diet (Cu supplemented as CuSO4·5H2O) for 99 d. Liver proteins were identified using mass spectrometry, normalized, and relative abundance determined using Scaffold software. A total of 895 identical proteins were identified in each sample and relative abundance of each Cu specific homeostatic protein (n = 13) was recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using R software. Copper homeostatic liver proteins identified were: aldehyde dehydrogenase, apolipoprotein A-1, betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, carbonic anhydrase II, Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase, Cu transport protein, cytochrome c oxidase Cu chaperone, extracellular superoxide dismutase, flavin reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutathione synthetase, protein disulphide isomerase A3, and Cu-zinc superoxide dismutase. By design, liver Cu concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in Cu adequate vs. Cu deficient liver samples. Copper deficient liver samples had greater (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of glutathione synthetase compared to Cu adequate liver samples. The relative abundance of all other Cu homeostatic liver proteins identified were similar (P &gt; 0.05) across Cu concentrations. These data suggest that deficient and adequate liver Cu concentrations ranging from 16.0 to 109.0 mg Cu/kg DM have minimal impact on the relative abundance of Cu homeostatic proteins in beef cattle. Further investigation is needed to determine if liver Cu concentration influences Cu homeostatic protein function.
PSIII-34 Maternal disposition as related to calf weaning performance using chute scores
Authors: Sims Michael , Beck Paul A , Stewart Cyril B , Cauble Reagan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Cow disposition has been reported to impact calf performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cow disposition at calving to calf weaning performance. Data were collected from four University of Arkansas research locations on both spring and fall calving herds between August 2017 and May 2018.Cow behavior was observed at calving and received a disposition score (CDS) taken on a 5-point scale where a score of 1 was highly aggressive, and a 5 was apathetic. Calf birthweight (BW), birthdate, and sex were also noted. At weaning, calf weight (WW) was recorded and used to calculate a 205-day adjusted weaning weight (AWW). Calf chute behavior (CS) was taken on a 5-point scale; a score of 1 was indicative of a calm exit, and a 5 was aggressive when exiting the chute. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Cow Disposition Score had an effect on calf BW (P = 0.0037). Cows that received a disposition score of 2 or 3 had greater calf BW than those who had a disposition score of 4 (P = 0.0021) and (P = 0.0017), respectively. Cow Disposition Score had no effect on calf WW or AWW. Chute Score had an effect on WW (P ≤ 0.05). Calves with a CS of 1 had higher WW than those who had a CS of 2 or 3 (P = 0.028) and (P = 0.005), respectively. Chute Score had an effect on AWW (P = 0.003). Calves that received a CS of 1 had higher AWW than those who had a CS of 2 or 3 (P = 0.0023) and (P = 0.0002), respectively. This study indicates that cows with more aggressive dispositions at calving and calves who had calmer dispositions at weaning had higher performance.
PSI-13 Allometric growth patterns in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) show no significant increase in total carcass meat yield
Authors: Vanderhout Ryley J , Baes Christine F , Mohr Jeff S , Wood Ben J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The body composition of livestock has been shown to change over time. Generally, bone maturation occurs first, followed by muscle growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth patterns of the most economically significant carcass components (pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, thigh, drum, and rack) in a commercial strain of turkeys. Live body weights and carcass component weights were collected on 1688 toms and 1085 hens between 2012 and 2017. Toms and hens were slaughtered between 109–149 days and 91–114 days of age, respectively. Yield values were calculated for each carcass component as a percentage of the live body weight. Regression coefficients (b) were calculated by regressing yield values on the age of the animal at slaughter. P. major and P. minor yield increased with age, though at different rates, for both toms (b=0.120, P &lt; 0.01 and 0.003, P &lt; 0.01, respectively) and hens (b=0.089, P &lt; 0.01 and 0.020, P &lt; 0.01, respectively). Tom drum and rack yield decreased with age (b=-0.012, P &lt; 0.01 and -0.104, P &lt; 0.01, respectively). Hen drum yield also decreased with age (b=-0.018, P &lt; 0.01), while hen rack yield was found to not be significant from zero. Toms and hens showed similar trends of increasing breast yield with age and an equal combined decline in other carcass component yields. Thus resulting in a small significant increase in hen carcass meat yield (b=0.080, P &lt; 0.01) and no significant increase in tom carcass meat yield (b=0.005, P &gt; 0.01) which were both expected to increase with age given expected body composition changes over time. Strong selection for breast meat yield and the observed negative correlations between breast muscle yield and thigh and drum yields are likely the cause of this trend. Further research should investigate the use of carcass meat yield or other carcass component yields in turkey breeding programs.
PSI-10 Establishing a foundation to harvest the potential of the microbiome in poultry production
Authors: Marcolla Camila S , Willing Benjamin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to characterize poultry microbiota composition in commercial farms using 16S rRNA sequencing. Animals raised in sanitized environments have lower survival rates when facing pathogenic challenges compared to animals naturally exposed to commensal organisms. We hypothesized that intensive rearing practices inadvertently impair chicken exposure to microbes and the establishment of a balanced gut microbiota. We compared gut microbiota composition of broilers (n = 78) and layers (n = 20) from different systems, including commercial intensive farms with and without in-feed antibiotics, organic free-range farms, backyard-raised chickens and chickens in an experimental farm. Microbial community composition of conventionally raised broilers was significantly different from antibiotic-free broilers (P = 0.012), from broilers raised outdoors (P = 0.048) and in an experimental farm (P = 0.006) (Fig1). Significant community composition differences were observed between antibiotic-fed and antibiotic-free chickens (Fig2). Antibiotic-free chickens presented higher alpha-diversity, higher relative abundance of Deferribacteres, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, and lower relative abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales than antibiotic-fed chickens (P &lt; 0.001) (Fig3). Microbial community composition significantly changed as birds aged. In experimental farm, microbial community composition was significant different for 7, 21 and 35 day old broilers (P &lt; 0.001), and alpha diversity increased from 7 to 21d (P &lt; 0.024), but not from 21 to 35d; whereas, in organic systems, increases in alpha-diversity were observed from 7d to 21d, and from 21d to 35d (P &lt; 0.05). Broilers and layers raised together showed no differences in microbiota composition and alpha diversity (P &gt; 0.8). It is concluded that production practices consistently impact microbial composition, and that antibiotics significantly reduces microbial diversity. We are now exploring the impact of differential colonization in a controlled setting, to determine the impact of the microbes associated with extensively raised chickens. This study will support future research and the development of methods to isolate and introduce beneficial microbes to commercial systems.
PSXIV-33 α-chaconine induces myogenesis of bovine satellite cells but less affect adipogenesis of adipocytes
Authors: Chung Ki Yong , Lee Eun Mi , Kwon Eung Gi , Kang Dong Hun , Han Man Hi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
α-chaconine is a steroidal glycoalkaloid compound found in leaves, fruit and tubers of the solanaceae family such as potato, tomato, and eggplant. α-chaconine poisoning was reported in various animal models such as mice, rabbit, and chicken. However, previous study indicated that it is used to induce performance of beef cattle. We hypothesized that α-chaconine may affect myogenesis of bovine satellite cells but less affect adipogenesis of bovine adipocytes. Bovine satellite cells (BSC) were pronase-liberated from semimembranosus (SM) and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle tissues of three new-born Hanwoo calves. Bovine preadipocytes were isolated from perirenal (PR) adipose tissues. BSC and preadipocytes were incubated with dulbecco modified eagle medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum for proliferation. BSC induced differentiation with DMEM with 3% horse serum and preadipocytes induced differentiation with DMEM with insulin, dexamethasone, and ciglitazone. Cells were treated with various levels of α-chaconine (control, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10μM). mRNA abundance for myosin heavy chain 2X (MHC2X), glucose transportor 4 (GLUT4), β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the MIXED model, each treatment performed in triplicated. Means were considered different at P &lt; 0.05. Relative MHC2X mRNA abundance was greater in BSC with dose-titrated chaconine treatments compared to the control (P &lt; 0.05). Relative levels of β2-AR were greater in both BSC and adipocytes based on dose-dependent treatements (P &lt; 0.05). The levels of PPARγ and SCD have no dose-titrated treatments in bovine PR adipocytes (P &gt; 0.05). These result indicated that α-chaconine have a dose-dependent effect on MHC2X and β2-AR mRNA BSC and adipocytes but did not affect to adipogenesis in bovine PR adipocytes.
PSVII-35 Fecal innocula from horses fed DigestaWell® Fiber improves in-vitro dry matter digestibility of commercial hays in horses
Authors: Perron Brittany S , Wagner Ashley L , Boyd Jamie A , Medina Bertrand , Girard Ivan , Gutierrez Noheli , Burt Justin C , Splan Rebecca K 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Enhanced microbial activity in the equine hindgut increases nutrient availability, reduces fecal waste, and adds value to low quality forages. The encapsulated dietary supplement DigestaWell® Fiber (DF; fibrolytic cofactors, methionine, B vitamins) has been shown to improve in-vitro digestibility measures of common hays fed to horses. However, its in-vivo effect on dry matter (DMd) and ADF digestibility (ADFd) is unknown. The objectives of this study were to test whether fecal innocula from horses fed DF would result in improved DMd or ADFd relative to innocula from unsupplemented horses consuming alfalfa or coastal bermudagrass hays. Utilizing a crossover design, four Quarter Horse mares were fed 2% BW daily alfalfa hay (AF; 32.8% NDF, 27.1% ADF) or coastal bermudagrass hay (CB; 63.2% NDF, 35.4% ADF), with or without oral DF supplementation (32 g/d), for 14d. Fresh feces were collected to serve as inoculum in an ANKOM Daisy II incubator at 37.5°C to determine in-vitro DMd and ADFd at 48h or 72h. Forage samples were run in triplicate. Data were transformed to approximate normality, then analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model in SAS with main effects of forage, treatment, incubation time, feeding period, and significant interactions. Across forages and incubation times, in-vivo DF supplementation improved DMd (P &lt; 0.01). Across incubation times, DF improved ADFd of both AF (P &lt; 0.0001) and CB (P = 0.04), but not DMd. Across forages, DF improved both DMd and ADFd at 48h (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) but not at 72h (P = 0.29 and P = 0.27, respectively). Taken together, and combined with previous findings, these results provide further evidence that DF improves forage digestibility, presumably due to improved microbial fermentation in the equine hindgut.
PSVII-19 Transcriptomic analysis of the liver of laying hens fed diets containing supplemental fat at early laying stages
Authors: Han Gi Ppeum , Park Geun Hyeon , Kim Jong Hyuk , Choi Hyeon Seok , Kang Hwan Ku , Kil Dong Yong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Feeding diets containing supplemental fat to laying hens is reported to ameliorate pathogenesis of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). However, molecular mechanisms for this positive effect have not been investigated. Thus, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of the liver of laying hens fed diets containing supplemental fat at early laying stages. Two dietary treatments included basal diets with no supplemental fat and basal diets supplemented with 3.0% tallow. A total of 256 18-week-old Hy-line Brown laying hens were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments. Diets were fed to hens for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment (30 weeks of age), 5 hens with similar BW per treatment were euthanized to collect liver tissues. The cDNA libraries were constructed with extracted RNA from the liver tissues, and sequenced using the Illumina Nextseq 500 sequencer. Genes with False Discovery Rate (FDR) &lt; 0.05 were defined as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Results indicated that a total of 951 DEGs were identified, with 483 being up-regulated and 468 being down-regulated in the liver of hens fed diets containing 3.0% tallow. The KEGG analysis revealed that the DEGs belong to several biological pathways such as cellular signaling pathways, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, amino acid metabolism, drug metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Especially for fatty acid metabolism, the DEGs associated with fatty acid degradation (ECI2, ACSL1, HADHA, EHHADH, ACOX1, CPT1) were up-regulated, whereas those related to fatty acid synthesis (ACACA, ACSL5, FASN) were down-regulated in the liver of hens fed diets containing 3.0% tallow, which indicates that supplemental fat in diets may increase fat oxidation but decrease fat synthesis in the liver. These results provide the molecular insights for hepatic lipid metabolisms by feeding diets containing supplemental fat to laying hens at early laying stages.
PSXI-8 Effect of guava extract supplementation of japanese quail breeder (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on quality of neonate quail hatched by eggs storaged at different periods pre-incubation
Authors: Mello Heloisa Helena C , Xavier Hyara Paula Fleuri , Mascarenhas Alessandra Gimenez , Leandro Nadja Suzana Mogyca , da Conceição Edemilson Cardoso , Pinheiro Angelica Louredo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the use of guava extract (Psidium guajava L.) as an antioxidant additive in the diets of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in laying phase and to verify the quality of neonate quail hatched by eggs stored at different periods pre-incubation. The experiment was conduced at Federal University of Goias. A four hundred and thirty-two (432) eggs of layer Japanese quails fed with guava extract (contained 2.13% ellagic acid) in the diet were incubated in a completely randomized design, in a single-stage incubator. Temperature of 37°C and humidity of 65% was manteined. The eggs were distributed in 4x2 factorial design (levels of guava extract and stored pre-incubation period) with 54 replicates, each egg being considered an experimental unit. Four levels of guava extract were added in the ration of the breeders (0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%) and two stored pre-incubation period (three and nine days) were studied. The quail neonate quality and intestinal development were analyzed. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% probability. To score quality was used Fisher exact test. The egg weight, neonate quail weight and quail lenght were lower when eggs were stored for nine days (P &lt; 0.05) independent of levels of guava extract in breeder diets. The quality of neonate quail was not influenced by guava extract and stored pre-incubation period. The use of 0.9% guava extract as an antioxidant resulted in higher crypt depth in quails hatched from eggs stored for nine days. It is possible that antioxidant effect of el-lagic acid preserved the lipidic structures of the intestinal villi during the stored pre-incubation period. It is concluded that the use of 0.9% inclusion of guava extract in layer quail diets enhanced the intestinal development of the neonate quail but did not improve quality of neonate quail.
PSXI-29 Assessing enteric methane emissions from Nellore and Angus-Nellore crossbred cattle in a tropical, intensive beef cattle production system
Authors: Maciel Isabella Cristina F , Barbosa Fabiano A , Tomich Thierry R , Alvarenga Ramon C , Ferreira Ludhiana R , Rowntree Jason , Thompson Logan R , Lana Ângela Maria Q 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Crossbreeding has been used to improve performance in beef cattle; however, the effects of breed composition on methane production, yield and intensity from cattle in a tropical intensive system remain unknown. To assess the impact of breed composition on enteric methane emissions, Nellore (NE; yr 1: BW = 171.5 ± 19.4 kg; n = 10; yr 2: BW = 215.8 ± 32.3 kg, n = 25) and Angus-Nellore crossbred (AN; yr 1: BW = 214.2 ± 26.4 kg, n = 10; yr 2: BW = 242.5 ± 32.2 kg, n = 25) were compared. At trial onset, 10 mo old steers grazed Megathyrsus maximus ‘Mombaça’ in the grazing period (GP) and then were finished in a feedlot (FL) (35:65% corn silage:concentrate diet). Steers (n = 8) from each breed composition were randomly selected in GP and FL to measure CH4 production using a sulfur hexafluoride technique and DMI using titanium dioxide. The NE produced 19% less CH4 than AN in GP (17.21 vs 21.17 kg, P &lt; 0.01), and no difference was observed in FL (22.34 vs 22.67 kg, P &gt; 0.10). However, in FL, NE had greater CH4 intensity (CH4/ADG) compared to AN (122.76 vs 97.49 g/kg, P &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, CH4/carcass weight was greater for NE than AN (0.079 vs 0.067 g/kg CW, P &lt; 0.01). Breed composition did not influence CH4 yield (CH4/DMI) in either phase. The percentage CH4/GEI (Ym) for GP was higher for AN than NE (4.5 vs 3.8%), but lower than the IPCC recommended Ym of 6.5%. In FL, Ym was similar between breed composition (5.0%) and greater than the IPCC Ym of 3%. In our study the introduction of Angus into Nellore has potential to reduce CH4 intensity in tropical climates, resulting in less methane emission per kg beef produced.
PSXI-2 A computer vision system for feed bunk management in beef cattle feedlot
Authors: Dorea João R R , Cheong Sek 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Feed bunk scoring is a common management practice in feedlots. Usually, the bunk score is assigned visually by a trained person. However, the subjectivity of bunk scoring and inconsistency across bunk readers can result in excessive variation on feed delivery. Such variation can result on feed waste, sub-optimal animal performance, and increased incidence of metabolic disorders. The objective of this study was to develop an artificial intelligence system to perform bunk management in real-time. RGB-cameras were installed above the feed bunk in a commercial feedlot, and a total of 4,280 images were acquired, together with visual bunk scores with four categories: empty (no feed remaining), low (scattered feed remaining), medium (30–50% of feed remaining), and full (&gt; 50% of feed remaining). Cattle behavior at the feed bunk was also classified into four classes: empty (no cattle at the feed bunk); low (&lt; 30% bunk occupied); medium (30–70% feed bunk occupied); full (above 70% feed bunk occupied). The labeled images were then used for model training and a new set of 105 images were used for validation. A deep neural network (DNN) called ResNet was implemented to generate the predictions using a transfer learning with weights from the ImageNet dataset. A cloud computing system was developed to acquire, process and store images every 15 minutes, and implement real-time predictions of bunk score and cattle behavior. Prediction accuracies across bank score categories were: 81.8% (empty), 82.4% (low), 88.8% (medium), and 90% (full). For cattle behavior, accuracies were: 83.7% (empty), 66.6% (low), 71.4% (medium), and 86.6% (full). Combining feed bunk score and cattle behavior can provide an important decision-making tool to improve nutritional management in beef cattle feedlot. The use of artificial intelligence can allow the development of fully automated real-time systems to enhance livestock operations.
PSXI-34 Supplementation of grazing Nellore beef heifers during mid-to-late gestation as a strategy to improve skeletal muscle development of the offspring
Authors: Paula Rones G De , Zervoudakis Joanis T , Hatamoto-Zervoudakis Luciana K , Souza Marcos A , Paula Nelcino F De , borges Ana Paula S , Machado-Neto Otávio , Costa Caroline P 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate supplementation effects of grazing heifers during mid-to-late of gestation on skeletal muscle development and performance of the progeny until weaning. One hundred and eighty Nellore beef heifers confirmed pregnant (timed AI) to a single sire were allotted to a completely randomized design with 2 treatments. Ninety heifers were fed only mineral (control) and the other 90 were fed a protein supplement (44.5% CP, 0.15% BW) from 90 to 274 days of gestation. Cows were grazed on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pastures (5% CP and 64% NDF). At calving, cow–calf pairs were commingled and grazed on the same pasture until weaning. At 30 days after birth, a biopsy was performed to obtain samples of skeletal muscle tissue (Semitendinosus) from calves to determine the number and size of muscle ﬁbre. Least squares mean for all data were computed using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Calves from heifers supplemented with protein had greater birth BW (P &lt; 0.001), ADG (P = 0.0147) and BW at 155 d (P = 0.0016) compared with calves from heifers not supplemented. However, calf BW at weaning (P = 0.1508) and gain from birth to weaning (P = 0.1446) did not differ. On the other hand, calves born from dams supplemented with protein had greater muscle ﬁbre number (P = 0.0262), larger diameter of the fiber (P &lt; 0.001), and smaller diameter of the fiber (P &lt; 0.001) compared with calves from heifers not supplemented, although did not differ for mean fiber diameter (P = 0.8079). Fiber volume, fiber perimeter, and volume/area ratio were also affected (P &lt; 0.001) by prepartum supplementation, and were greater on calves whose dams were fed with protein. In conclusion, supplementation of pregnant Nellore heifers with protein during the dry season improves calf birth BW, and promotes hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the skeletal muscle of the offspring.