bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specification of Assembly Requirements in Terms of Elementary Manipulation Tasks
Authors: Devenish Matthew D. , Rogers Graham G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents work in progress towards a tool to assist system builders in the formal specification of lightweight, discrete component assembly tasks. Assembly system design and, in particular, manipulator design currently involves much trial-and-error testing and tends to be highly subjective. A key factor preventing the adoption of formal design methods is the lack of specification techniques for establishing and representing task requirements, such as desired pose transformation, fine motions, accuracy and compliance of the assembly manipulators. A top-down modelling framework for decomposing complex assembly manipulation tasks into elementary manipulation tasks (EMTs) is proposed. The EMT modelling approach provides the foundation for a formal CAD-based tool to represent assembly task requirements.
Optical and Mechanical Design of a Laser-Based Non-Intrusive Vehicle Delineation Detection System
Authors: Lin Bin , Cheng Harry H. , Shaw Benjamin D. , Chen Bo , Palen Joe 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A field prototype of a laser-based non-intrusive vehicle detection system has been developed for measurement of delineations of moving vehicles on the highway. This prototype is based on our previous research on the principle of the measurement. The detection system uses two laser lines that are projected onto the ground as probes. The reflected light is collected and focused onto a photodiode array by an optical system. Vehicle presence is detected based on the absence of reflected laser light. By placing two identical laser/sensor pairs at a known distance apart, the speed of both the front and rear of a vehicle can be calculated based on the times when each sensor is triggered. The detector data are acquired and processed by a real-time system to obtain speed, acceleration, and length of a detected vehicle. The travel time of a vehicle can be acquired by detecting a vehicle at the beginning of a link and re-identifying the same vehicle at the end of link. Several tests have been done with the field prototype system on the highway. The testing results show that the system can obtain the accuracy of measurement necessary to distinguish between moving vehicles on the highway. This article describes the design and implementation of each functional component of an advanced version of the field prototype system.
An Intelligent Zone-Based Delivery Scheduling Approach
Authors: Wang H. , Xue D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A zone-based delivery scheduling approach is introduced in this research using artificial intelligence techniques. In this approach, delivery scheduling is conducted at three different levels: (1) prediction of customer delivery demand using a multi-level pattern clustering and matching method, (2) creation of delivery zones based on customer delivery demand, and (3) identification of the optimal sequence and timing parameters of delivery tasks. The system was implemented using Smalltalk, an object oriented programming language.
A Computational Method for the Dynamic Analysis of Planar Linkages With Applications
Authors: Attia Hazem A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a computational method for generating the equations of motion of planar linkages consisting of interconnected rigid bodies. The formulation uses initially the rectangular Cartesian coordinates of an equivalent constrained system of particles to define the configuration of the mechanism. This results in a simple and straightforward procedure for generating the equations of motion. The equations of motion are then derived in terms of relative joint variables through the use of a velocity transformation matrix. The velocity transformation matrix relates the relative joint velocities to the Cartesian velocities. For the open loop case, this process automatically eliminates all of the non-working constraint forces and leads to an efficient integration of the equations of motion. For the closed loop case, suitable joints should be cut and few cut-joints constraint equations should be included for each closed loop. Examples are used to demonstrate the generality and efficiency of the proposed method.
Development of the Endo-Periscope for Improvement of Depth Perception in Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Breedveld Paul , Hirose Shigeo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Laparoscopic surgery is carried out by using an endoscope with a camera that is inserted through a small incision in the abdominal wall. The camera pictures are presented on a monitor. The light source of the endoscope forms a ring around the camera lens, and the endoscope movements are limited by the incision point. The absence of shadows in the camera picture and the restricted ability to observe organs from aside complicate the surgeon’s depth perception.
This paper describes the development of a new steerable endoscope that is the product of a close co-operation between the Man-Machine Systems Group of the Delft University of Technology and the Hirose & Yoneda Laboratory of the Tokyo Institute of Technology. The endoscope, which is called Endo-Periscope, uses a new spatial parallelogram-mechanism to transform the movements of the handgrip into movements of the steerable tip. The handgrip contains an arrow that points always in the direction of the line-of-sight of the tip-camera. This provides intuitive control of the tip and it shows the surgeon how the camera is oriented in the abdominal cavity. The light source is located on the shaft and the tip-camera can be moved in six degrees of freedom. This enables the surgeon to observe organs from different sides and to use shadows as a depth information source.
Part of the parallelogram-mechanism is a new kind of spring which combines a very high torsional stiffness with a low, asymmetric bending stiffness. The spring and the working principle of the Endo-Periscope have been applied for two patents.
An Approach to Computer Aided Conceptual Design of the Mechanical Products With Middle Complex Level
Authors: Xu Cheng , Wang Yongjuan , Liu Changyi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An approach synthesized with comprehensive evaluation & decision, rule-based reasoning, case-based reasoning and 3D parametric model are proposed to solve the problems of automation of the conceptual design of the mechanical products with middle complex level. A prototype software system for automatic rifle layout design was implemented using the object-oriented language — C++ based on this approach. The results running the prototype software system can well meet the demands of conceptual design of these complex level products.
A New Mathematical Model for Geometric Tolerances As Applied to Rectangular Faces
Authors: Mujezinović A. , Davidson J. K. , Shah J. J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A new mathematical model for representing geometric tolerances is applied to rectangular faces, is extended to show its sensitivity to the precedence (ordering) of datum reference frames, and is adapted to include material modifiers. The model is compatible with the ASME/ISO Standards for geometric tolerances. Central to the new model is a Tolerance-Map©1, a hypothetical volume of points that corresponds to all possible locations and variations of a segment of a plane which can arise from tolerances on size, position, form, and orientation. Every Tolerance-Map is a convex set. This model is one part of a bi-level model that we are developing for geometric tolerances. The new model makes stackup relations apparent in an assembly, and these can be used to allocate size and orientational tolerances; the same relations also can be used to identify sensitivities for these tolerances. All stackup relations can be met for 100% interchangeability or for a specified probability. Methods are introduced whereby designers can identify trade-offs and optimize the allocation of tolerances. Examples are presented that illustrate important features of the new model.
Using a Neural Network to Determine Fitness in Genetic Design
Authors: Farritor Shane , Zhang Jun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many automated design approaches require an objective function to determine the quality of a given design. Often, this function depends on a complex relationship between many parameters. Some parameters may be subjective and the relationships difficult to quantify.
This paper presents a method where a neural network is used to evaluate the quality of proposed designs during a genetic algorithm search. In general application of the approach, a human designer would propose candidate designs for a given problem. These candidate designs are used to train a neural network fitness function. Then the genetic algorithm evolves new designs that the human designer might not conceive. In this way, the proposed approach would aid in the brainstorming process.
The method is applied to the genetic design of modular robots for planetary exploration. This application is briefly described and the genetic design method is summarized. Then the neural network structure is explained and the training method is detailed. Finally, the neural network is used with the genetic design method to create a robot for a specific task.
Toward the Design of Compliant Actuators With a Specified Force and Stroke
Authors: Frecker Mary , Bharti Smita 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The design of compliant actuators with a user-specified output stroke and force is discussed. A classical problem in structural optimization where a beam is optimally designed for a particular output deflection is investigated. This problem serves as the motivation for a scheme to scale the member sizes of an optimal compliant mechanism topology solution so that the desired output deflection is achieved. It is concluded that the scaling scheme is successful only if the stiffness of the actuator element and the external load are not considered. For the problem where a piezoceramic actuator is coupled to the compliant mechanism, which in turn works against an external spring, the optimal topology solution gives the maximum output deflection.
A General Method for Computing the Reachable Space of Mechanisms
Authors: Fuhrmann Artur , Schömer Elmar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A new methodology is presented for computing a minimal envelope for the reachable space of a mechanism, i.e. the space that contains a given mechanism in all its admissible configurations. The research is motivated by the packaging process in Digital Mock-Up applied in automotive industry. An important task in the concept phase, the automated determination of the space requirement for all parts, is still an unsolved problem in the case of mechanisms. The particular benefit of the method presented is its generality and robustness: It is able to deal with both open- and closed-loop mechanisms. The reachable space is computed with regard to the geometric description of each part. The approximation is enclosing and always converges in a uniform way and the tolerance can be pre-defined by the user. The method combines the use of bounding object hierarchies and the application of interval analysis. It is also able to approximate the swept volume of an object following a parameterized trajectory. We describe how the efficiency can be improved by lazy evaluation and by a deeper problem analysis. The presented algorithms are implemented and tested to a large extent.
On the Heuristics of Discrete Optimization
Authors: Gadallah Mohamed H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The importance of developing optimization techniques capable of tackling realistic engineering problems cannot be underestimated. In this study, a modification to the usual Branch and Bound algorithm is presented. This modification deals with the high dimensionality of linear integer problems in three steps. The first step, statistical design of experiments is used to detect the most and least important variables. The least important variables are assigned the maximum or minimum value according to the nature of original problem. The second step, the remaining variables are assigned to an orthogonal array of proper size. The complexity of our algorithm becomes n (m – o) instead of the usual n (m). Results encouraged the extension of the developed algorithm to include continuous nonlinear problems. The nonlinear continuous problem uses the integer linear optimum solution resulted from the two stages as input for the third stage. The third stage assigns increments for the variables in a suitably chosen orthogonal array. This array is used to enumerate the optimum solution with the variations. These modifications enrich the subject of optimization through combination of search techniques and orthogonal statistical design of experiments and accommodate the problem of size. Several test cases are used to verify the performance of these modifications and conclusions are drawn.
A Meta-Object Based Approach to Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Shanbhag Santosh , Grosse Ian R. , Wileden Jack C. , Kaplan Alan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With the integration of CAD and FEA software packages, design engineers who are not skilled in finite element analysis are performing finite element modeling and analysis. Furthermore, in the analysis of a system, engineers often make numerous modeling simplifications and analysis assumptions depending on the trade-off between cost, accuracy, precision or other engineering analysis objectives. Thus, reusability or interoperability of engineering analysis models is difficult and often impractical due to the wealth of knowledge involved in the creation of such models and the lack of formal methods to codify and explicitly represent this critical modeling knowledge. Most institutions and organizations have started documenting these simplifications and assumptions, making them understandable for the other engineers within the organization. However, this does not allow a seamless exchange of data or interoperability with other analysis models of similar or dissimilar nature. This plays a very important role in today’s market, which is moving away from the traditional make-to-stock production model to a build-to-demand model. We address these issues in this paper by adopting and extending the computer science concept of meta-object, and applying it in novel ways to the domain of FEA and the representation of finite element modeling knowledge. We present a taxonomy for engineering models that aids in the definition of the various object analysis classes. A simple beam analysis example, followed by a more realistic injection-molded part example. The latter example involves injection-mold filling simulation, thermal cooling, and part ejection analyses which are subclasses for a generic manufacturing analysis meta-object class. Prototype implementations of automated support for this meta-object approach to finite element modeling is in progress.
HOME: House of Modular Enhancement for Product Redesign for Modularization
Authors: Sand J. , Gu P. , Watson G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Product modularization aims to improve the overall design, manufacturing, operational, and post-retirement characteristics of products by designing or redesigning the product architectures. A successful modular product can assist the reconfiguration of products, while reducing the lead time of design and manufacturing and improving the ability for upgrading, maintenance, customization and recycling. This paper presents a new modular design method called the House Of Modular Enhancement (HOME) for product redesign. Information from various aspects of the product design, including functional requirements, product architecture and life cycle requirements, is incorporated in the method to help ensure that a modularized product would achieve the objectives. The HOME method has been implemented in a software system. A case study will be presented to illustrate the HOME method and the software.
Minimum Fuel Consumption and CO Emission and Optimum Speed of the Motorcycle With a CVT
Authors: Huang Yuan Mao , Hu Bi Shyang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The simulated annealing algorithm with the Bessel method for the curve fitting and the tensor product method for the surface fitting was used to transform the discrete experimental data into the form that the method of optimization can use these data directly. The rotational speeds of an engine starting the movement and corresponding the optimum speed of a motorcycle, minimum speed ratio of a CVT, optimum tooth numbers of gears and the gear ratio for the specific engine data were obtained. The rotational speeds of an engine corresponding the beginning and ending of the CVT speed ratio change, the minimum fuel consumption and the CO emission, the optimum design parameters can be determined. The results of the design parameters can be recommended for the CVT with the specific engine.
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Integrated Product Design
Authors: Steinhour William , Krishnamurthy K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To develop a successful product in modern industry, it is necessary to incorporate design performance requirements, manufacturing processes requirements and cost considerations in the early stages of the product design cycle. In this study, a game-theoretic framework for integrated product design is discussed. A minimax game formulation is developed and applied to the design of a simplified automobile door. Results are presented with the design engineer, manufacturing engineer and cost accountant each represented by a player. The minimax game yields a conservative solution and represents the worst-case scenario. This study explores how the game-theoretic approach can be effectively implemented to design a product while satisfying conflicting requirements.
A Finite Element Approach to Direct Surface Manipulation
Authors: Marsan Anne L. , Chen Yifan , Stewart Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Direct surface manipulation (DSM) allows a designer to add a raised or indented feature to an existing NURBS or finite element surface. The user bounds the feature with a closed curve, and indicates an influence center that represents either the highest or lowest area of the feature. As we move radially outward from the influence center to the boundary curve, the magnitude of displacement is scaled gradually by a 1D parametric cubic basis function whose values range from 0 to 1. In this paper we present a new technique for assigning parameter values in the radial direction, i.e. u, to points within a DSM feature. The new technique poses parameter distribution as a Dirichlet problem and uses a finite element method to solve for u(x,y). The new method overcomes some stringent geometric conditions inherited from a fundamentally geometric-based reparameterization scheme and allows us to work with non-star-shaped and multiply-connected DSM features. Thus it allows us to apply this surface feature technique to a wider variety of surface applications.
Decomposition-Based Assembly Synthesis for Maximum Structural Strength and Modularity
Authors: Cetin Onur L. , Saitou Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study presents a systematic decomposition process to carry out assembly synthesis as a tool during the conceptual design phase of a product. Two configurations obtained by structural topology optimization are decomposed automatically into assemblies consisting of multiple members with simpler geometries. The optimal decomposition can be posed as a graph partitioning problem, which is actually a discrete optimization task. Considering the nonlinearity and the corresponding computational overhead of the problem, a steady-state genetic algorithm is employed as the optimization method. The final objective function attempts to find a solution that brings about two structures with maximum structural strength, maximum assemblability, and one or more components that can be shared by both products. The software implementation is carried out and a typical problem is solved using the procedure. It is observed that the algorithm manages to find an acceptable solution, allowing the commonality of one component in both end products and still maintaining a good structural strength and assemblability.
Successive Twinkling Simplex Search Optimization Algorithms
Authors: Mekhilef Mounib , Trabia Mohamed B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Simplex algorithms have been proven to be a reliable nonlinear programming pattern search algorithm. The effectiveness of simplex however reduces when the solved problem has large number of variables, several local minima, or when initial guess is not readily available. Recent results obtained by introducing a technique of random selection of the variables in optimization processes, encouraged studying the effect of this idea on the Nelder & Mead version of the simplex algorithm to improve its semi-global behavior. This paper proposes several enhancements to the simplex. The algorithm is run for several attempts. Each attempt uses the final answer of the previous attempt as an initial guess. At each attempt, the search starts by generating a simplex with n+1 vertices. A random subset of the variables is involved in the movement (reflection, expansion, contraction, shrinking) of the simplex. This process is called twinkling. The paper presents several variations of twinkling the simplex. The random nature of the algorithm lends itself to problems with large dimensionality or complex topography. The algorithm is applied successfully to several engineering design problems. The results compare favorably with both regular simplex and genetic algorithms.
Optimization of the Closure-Weld Region of Cylindrical Containers for Long-Term Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Ceylan Zekai , Trabia Mohamed B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Welded cylindrical containers usually experience stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the closure-weld area. Induction coil heating technique may be used to relieve the residual stresses from the closure-weld. This technique involves localized heating of the material by the surrounding coils. The material is then cooled to the room temperature by quenching. A two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is developed to study the effects of induction coil heating and subsequent quenching. The finite element results are validated through an experimental test. The parameters of the design are tuned to maximize the compressive stress within a layer of thickness from the outer surface that is equal to the long-term general corrosion of Alloy 22 (Appendix A). The problem is subject to geometrical and stress constraints. Two different solution methods are implemented for this purpose. First, an off-the-shelf optimization software is used to obtain an optimum solution. These results are not satisfactory because of the highly nonlinear nature of the problem. The paper proposes a novel alternative: the Successive Heuristic Quadratic Approximation (SHQA) technique. This algorithm combines successive quadratic approximation with an adaptive random search. Examples and discussion are included.