bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the landscape of fear: shelters affect foraging by dunnarts (Marsupialia, Sminthopsis spp.) in a sandridge desert environment
Authors: Bleicher Sonny S , Dickman Christopher R 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Disturbances such as fire reduce the structural complexity of terrestrial habitats, increasing the risk of predation for small prey species. The postfire effect of predation has especially deleterious effects in Australian habitats owing to the presence of invasive mammalian predators, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus), that rapidly exploit burned habitats. Here, we investigated whether the provision of artificial shelter could alleviate the risk of predation perceived by two species of small marsupial, the dunnarts Sminthopsis hirtipes and S. youngsoni, in open postfire habitat in the sandridge system of the Simpson Desert, central Australia. We installed artificial shelters constructed from wire mesh that allowed passage of the dunnarts but not of their predators at one site, and measured and compared the perceived risk of predation by the dunnarts there with those on a control site using optimal patch-use theory (giving-up densities, GUDs). GUDs were lower near artificial shelters than away from them, and near dune crests where dunnarts typically forage, suggesting that the shelters acted as corridors for dunnarts to move up to the crests from burrows in the swales. Foraging was lower near the crest in the control plot. Two-day foraging bouts were observed in dunnart activity, with recruitment to GUD stations occurring a day earlier in the augmented shelter plot. Despite these results, the effects of the shelters were localized and not evident at the landscape scale, with GUDs reduced also in proximity to sparse natural cover in the form of regenerating spinifex grass hummocks. Mapping dunnart habitat use using the landscape of fear (LOF) framework confirmed that animals perceived safety near shelter and risk away from it. We concluded that the LOF framework can usefully assess real-time behavioral responses of animals to management interventions in situations where demographic responses take longer to occur.
A precarious future for distinctive peripheral populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
Authors: Jackson Donavan J , Cook Joseph A 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConservation efforts rely on robust taxonomic assessments that should be based on critical assessment of interspecific boundaries, infraspecific variation, and potentially distinctive peripheral populations. The meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) is widely distributed across North America, including 28 morphologically defined subspecies and numerous isolated populations. Because some subspecies are of high conservation concern, we examined geographic variation across the range of the species to test existing infraspecific taxonomy in terms of local and regional diversification. We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 20 subspecies of M. pennsylvanicus and contextualized infraspecific variation through comparison of pairwise genetic distances derived from an extended data set of 63 species of Microtus. We found strong support for at least three divergent clades within M. pennsylvanicus, with observed intraspecific clade divergence exceeding that between several pairwise comparisons of sister species within Microtus. Six nuclear genes were then sequenced to test the validity of mtDNA structure and to further evaluate the possibility of cryptic, species-level diversity using Bayes factor species delimitation (BFD) analyses. BFD consistently and decisively supported multiple species based on the multilocus approach. We propose that taxonomic revision of the meadow vole is required, with the eastern clade now identified as M. pennsylvanicus (Ord 1815), the western clade as M. drummondii (Audubon and Bachman 1853), and the coastal Florida clade as M. dukecampbelli (Woods, Post, and Kilpatrick 1982). We suggest that such an arrangement would more closely reflect evolutionary history and provide critical context for further examination of distinctive southern peripheral populations that harbor novel evolutionary legacies and adaptive potential.
Stable Isotope Marking of Laboratory-Reared Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Garcia-Luna Selene M , Juarez Jose G , Cabañas Sofia , Tang Wendy , Roark E Brendan , Maupin Christopher R , Badillo-Vargas Ismael E , Hamer Gabriel L 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The use of stable isotope enrichment to mark mosquitoes has provided a tool to study the biology of vector species. In this study, we evaluated isotopic marking of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in a laboratory setting. We determined the optimal dosage for marking adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with 13C and 15N. Additionally, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were single and dually marked with 13C and 15N for up to 60 d postemergence without changes to adult body size or transgenerational marking. This report adds to the growing literature that explores the use of alternative marking methods for ecological and vector biology studies.
Ixodes inopinatus and Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) Are Sympatric Ticks in North Africa
Authors: Younsi Hend , Fares Wasfi , Cherni Saifedine , Dachraoui Khalil , Barhoumi Walid , Najjar Chawki , Zhioua Elyes 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the present study, we report the sympatric occurrence of Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Ixodes inopinatus (Estrada-Peña, Nava, and Petney, 2014) in Tunisia. In total, 173 adult Ixodes ticks were collected from four sites (El Jouza, Tamra, Aïn Soltan, and Jbel Zaghouan) between February and April 2017, a period corresponding to the peak of activity of I. ricinus in North Africa. The morphological characters corresponded to both species; thus, we generated a total of 28 16S rRNA sequences and compared them with previously published data in GenBank. The two species were sympatric in Tamra, Aïn Soltan, and El Jouza, whereas collections in Jbel Zaghouan only yielded I. inopinatus. These results indicate that the two taxa are widespread in the humid area of northern Tunisia. The one tick collected in Jbel Zaghouan suggests that the distribution of at least I. inopinatus might extend to the sub-humid area. More studies are needed to fully comprehend the systematic status of the two taxonomic entities using multiple molecular markers and morphological characters; integrating these two identification methods are a necessary step toward a better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in Tunisia.
Field Efficacy of VectoMax FG and VectoLex CG Biological Larvicides for Malaria Vector Control in Northwestern Brazil
Authors: Fontoura Pablo S , da Costa Anderson S , Ribeiro Francismar S , Ferreira Marcílio S , Castro Marcia C , Ferreira Marcelo U 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Despite historical and contemporary evidence of its effectiveness, larval source management with insecticides remains little used by most malaria control programs worldwide. Here we show that environmentally safe biological larvicides under field conditions can significantly reduce anopheline larval density in fish farming ponds that have became major larval habitats across the Amazon Basin. Importantly, the primary local malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae), feeds and rests predominantly outdoors, being little affected by interventions such as long-lasting insecticidal bed net distribution and indoor residual spraying. We found &gt;95% reduction in late-instar density up to 7 d after the first application of VectoMax FG or VectoLex CG (both from Valent BioSciences), and up to 21 d after larvicide reapplication in fish ponds (n = 20) situated in the main residual malaria pocket of Brazil, irrespective of the formulation or dosage (10 or 20 kg/ha) used. These results are consistent with a substantial residual effect upon retreatment and support the use of biological larvicides to reduce the density of anopheline larvae in this and similar settings across the Amazon where larval habitats are readily identified and accessible.
Alzheimer Disease Pathology-Associated Polymorphism in a Complex Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Region Within the MUC6 Gene, Near the AP2A2 Gene
Authors: Katsumata Yuriko , Fardo David W , Bachstetter Adam D , Artiushin Sergey C , Wang Wang-Xia , Wei Angela , Brzezinski Lena J , Nelson Bela G , Huang Qingwei , Abner Erin L , Anderson Sonya , Patel Indumati , Shaw Benjamin C , Price Douglas A , Niedowicz Dana M , Wilcock Donna W , Jicha Gregory A , Neltner Janna H , Van Eldik Linda J , Estus Steven , Nelson Peter T 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We found evidence of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD)-associated genetic polymorphism within an exon of Mucin 6 (MUC6) and immediately downstream from another gene: Adaptor Related Protein Complex 2 Subunit Alpha 2 (AP2A2). PCR analyses on genomic DNA samples confirmed that the size of the MUC6 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) region was highly polymorphic. In a cohort of autopsied subjects with quantitative digital pathology data (n = 119), the size of the polymorphic region was associated with the severity of pTau pathology in neocortex. In a separate replication cohort of autopsied subjects (n = 173), more pTau pathology was again observed in subjects with longer VNTR regions (p = 0.031). Unlike MUC6, AP2A2 is highly expressed in human brain. AP2A2 expression was lower in a subset analysis of brain samples from persons with longer versus shorter VNTR regions (p = 0.014 normalizing with AP2B1 expression). Double-label immunofluorescence studies showed that AP2A2 protein often colocalized with neurofibrillary tangles in LOAD but was not colocalized with pTau proteinopathy in progressive supranuclear palsy, or with TDP-43 proteinopathy. In summary, polymorphism in a repeat-rich region near AP2A2 was associated with neocortical pTau proteinopathy (because of the unique repeats, prior genome-wide association studies were probably unable to detect this association), and AP2A2 was often colocalized with neurofibrillary tangles in LOAD.
Uncovering a 260 pc wide, 35-Myr-old filamentary relic of star formation
Authors: Beccari Giacomo , Boffin Henri M J , Jerabkova Tereza 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Several recent studies have shown that the Vela OB2 region hosts a complex constellation of sub-populations with ages in the range 10 to 50 Myr. Such populations might represent the best example of the outcome of clustered star formation in giant molecular clouds (GMCs). We use Gaia DR2 data over an area of 40 deg radius around the open cluster Collinder 135 to extend the study of the stellar populations of the Vela OB2 region over an area of several hundreds of parsecs on sky. Detailed clustering algorithms combined with the exquisite astrometric quality of the Gaia catalogue allow us to detect a new cluster named BBJ 1 that shows the same age as NGC 2547 (30 to 35 Myr), but located at a distance of 260 pc from it. Deeper investigation of the region via clustering in 5D parameter space and in the colour–magnitude diagram allows us to detect a filamentary structure of stars that bridges the two clusters. Given the extent in space of such structure (260 pc) and the young age (∼35 Myr), we exclude that such population originates by the same mechanism responsible to create tidal streams around older clusters. Even if we miss a complete picture of the 3D motion of the studied stellar structure because of the lack of accurate radial velocity measurements, we propose that such structure represents the detection of a 35-Myr-old outcome of a mechanism of filamentary star formation in a GMC.
Detecting strongly lensed supernovae at z ∼ 5–7 with LSST
Authors: Rydberg Claes-Erik , Whalen Daniel J , Maturi Matteo , Collett Thomas , Carrasco Mauricio , Magg Mattis , Klessen Ralf S 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Supernovae (SNe) could be powerful probes of the properties of stars and galaxies at high redshifts in future surveys. Wide fields and longer exposure times are required to offset diminishing star formation rates and lower fluxes to detect useful number of events at high redshift. In principle, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) could discover large numbers of early SNe because of its wide fields but only at lower redshifts because of its AB mag limit of ∼24. However, gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters and massive galaxies could boost flux from ancient SNe and allow LSST to detect them at earlier times. Here, we calculate detection rates for lensed SNe at z ∼ 5–7 for LSST. We find that the LSST Wide Fast Deep survey could detect up to 120 lensed Population (Pop) I and II SNe but no lensed Pop III SNe. Deep-drilling programs in 10 deg2 fields could detect Pop I and II core-collapse SNe at AB magnitudes of 27–28 and 26, respectively.
Detection of ultra-high-energy gamma rays from the Crab Nebula: physical implications
Authors: Khangulyan Dmitry , Arakawa Masanori , Aharonian Felix 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
The Crab Nebula is an extreme particle accelerator that boosts the energy of electrons up to a few PeV ($10^{15} \ \rm eV$), close to the maximum energy allowed theoretically. The physical conditions in the acceleration site and the nature of the acceleration process itself remain highly uncertain. The key information about the highest-energy accelerated particles is contained in the synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) channels of radiation at energies above 1 MeV and 100 TeV, respectively. A recent report of the detection of an ultra-high-energy gamma-ray signal from the Crab Nebula up to 300 TeV allows us to determine the energy distribution of the highest-energy electrons and to derive the magnetic field strength in the acceleration region, $B\le 120\rm \, \mu G$, in a parameter-free way. This estimate brings new constraints on the properties of non-thermal particle distributions and places important constraints on the magnetohydrodynamic models for the Crab Nebula, in particular on the feasible magnetization and anisotropy of the pulsar wind. The calculations of synchrotron and IC emission show that future observations with instruments that allow detection of the Crab Nebula above 300 TeV and above 1 MeV will clarify the conditions that allow acceleration of electrons beyond PeV energies in the Crab Nebula. In particular, we will be able to verify the hypothetical multicomponent composition of the electron energy distribution, and we will determine the magnetic field strength in the regions responsible for the acceleration of PeV electrons.
Experimental measurement of the quantum geometric tensor using coupled qubits in diamond
Authors: Yu Min , Yang Pengcheng , Gong Musang , Cao Qingyun , Lu Qiuyu , Liu Haibin , Zhang Shaoliang , Plenio Martin B , Jelezko Fedor , Ozawa Tomoki , Goldman Nathan , Cai Jianming 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Geometry and topology are fundamental concepts, which underlie a wide range of fascinating physical phenomena such as topological states of matter and topological defects. In quantum mechanics, the geometry of quantum states is fully captured by the quantum geometric tensor. Using a qubit formed by an NV center in diamond, we perform the first experimental measurement of the complete quantum geometric tensor. Our approach builds on a strong connection between coherent Rabi oscillations upon parametric modulations and the quantum geometry of the underlying states. We then apply our method to a system of two interacting qubits, by exploiting the coupling between the NV center spin and a neighboring 13C nuclear spin. Our results establish coherent dynamical responses as a versatile probe for quantum geometry, and they pave the way for the detection of novel topological phenomena in solid state.
Mastery, Dependence, and the Ethics of Authority
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis book is an analysis of expertise and authority, and examines classical Confucian conceptions of mastery, dependence, and human relationships in order to suggest new approaches to these issues in ethics and political theory. Contemporary Westerners are heirs to multiple traditions that are suspicious of authority, especially coercive political authority. We are also increasingly wary of dependence, which now often seems to signify weakness, neediness, and unworthiness. Analysts commonly presume that both authority and dependence threaten human autonomy, and are thus intrinsically problematic. But these judgments are mistaken. Our capacity for autonomy needs to be cultivated over time through deliberate practices of training, in which we depend on the guidance of virtuous and skilled teachers. Confucian thought provides a subtle and powerful analysis of one version of this training process, and of the social supports such an education in autonomy requires—as well as the social value of having virtuous and skilled leaders. Early Confucians also argue that human life is marked by numerous interacting forms of dependence, which are not only ineradicable, but in many ways good. On a Confucian view, it is natural, healthy, and good for people to be deeply dependent on others in a variety of ways across the full human lifespan. They teach us that individual autonomy develops only within a social matrix, structured by relationships of mutual dependence that can either help or hinder it, including a variety of authority relations.
The ConfucianDào
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores Confucian practices, including archery, ritual, music, and poetry. It argues that the early Confucian Dào should be understood as a practice-centered tradition that shapes human relationships, character, and skills. Becoming good at these practices requires authoritative teachers, but their authority should not give contemporary people pause—the early Confucians took no vows of obedience, nor did they advocate ascetic renunciation. This chapter explores the three aspects of “the master”: a master practitioner of Confucian arts, an attractive exemplar of good living, and an effective guide for others. The Confucian Way forms a lifelong path, with distinct stages, that reflects a gradualist developmental paradigm, and makes family life central to good living. In sum, this chapter explores the reliance of students on their teachers, in order to suggest that it is salutary rather than deforming for both students and teachers.
Is Its Success Generalizable?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Abstract: Social democratic capitalism’s chief practitioners have been the Nordic nations: Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Skeptics discount the Nordics’ success on the presumption that these nations have some unique feature that allows them, and only them, to reap the benefits of social democratic policies without suffering tradeoffs. Versions of this story identify the Nordics’ secret weapon as an immutable work ethic, superior intelligence, trust, solidarity, small population size, racial and ethnic homogeneity, institutional coherence, effective government, corporatism, a willingness to be taxed, tax compliance, strong labor unions, or low income inequality. I examine these hypotheses. None holds up to close inspection.
Is There an Attractive Small-Government Alternative?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Abstract: The experience of the affluent democratic nations over the past half century hasn’t been kind to the hypothesis that a small-government approach can do as well as social democratic capitalism. Countries with smaller government haven’t achieved faster economic growth. Families and voluntary organizations sometimes are less effective and efficient than government programs, they by nature aren’t comprehensive in coverage, they’ve been weakening over time, and they are nearly or equally as prominent in nations with a big government as in those with a smaller one. Private provision of services should be welcomed, even embraced, but it is most effective as a complement to public provision rather than a substitute. Relying on heavily targeted government transfers may be politically sustainable only in a country with a strong egalitarian ethos, such as Australia, and even there it hasn’t matched the success of social democratic capitalism.
Why Not a Basic Income?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Abstract: I don’t think a basic income grant is a good idea for the world’s rich democratic nations at the moment. The likely reduction in employment produced by a basic income—perhaps 15 percentage points—could make it difficult to ensure a tax base large enough to pay for generous social programs and government’s other functions, and it might lead to a polarizing political divide. A basic income very likely would have to replace some existing public insurance programs, and in doing so it would reduce our ability to allocate resources according to differing needs and circumstances. Most important, we know social democratic capitalism yields very good outcomes, whereas basic income’s effects are uncertain. If and when modern societies get to a point where artificial intelligence is producing widespread joblessness, we probably will have no alternative to a basic income. But today we do, and that alternative is an attractive one.
A Better America
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Abstract: If the United States were to expand some of its existing public social programs and add some additional ones, many ordinary Americans would have better lives. I offer recommendations to add or improve health insurance, paid parental leave, a child allowance, unemployment insurance and wage insurance, sickness insurance, disability assistance, social assistance, pensions, eldercare, housing assistance, early education, apprenticeships, college, affirmative action, full employment, the minimum wage, the Earned Income Tax Credit, profit sharing, infrastructure and public spaces, and paid vacation days and holidays. After outlining the details for each of these, I turn to how much it will cost and how to pay for it.
How to Get There
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Abstract: The lesson of the past one hundred years is that as the United States gets richer, we are willing to spend more in order to safeguard against loss and enhance fairness. Advances in social policy come only intermittently, but they do come. And when they come, they usually last. The expansion of public insurance that has occurred over the past century is what we should expect for the future. I consider an array of potential obstacles, including Americans’ dislike of big government, Democrats’ centrism, Democrats’ electoral struggles, the shift to the right in the balance of organized interest group strength, the structure of America’s political system, racial and ethnic diversity, slowing economic growth, and more. None of these is likely to derail America’s slow but steady movement toward an expanded government role in improving economic security, enhancing opportunity, and ensuring decent and rising living standards for all.
Encountering the Scarlet Goddess
Authors: Hedenborg White Manon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for the study by briefly introducing some of its core contents and defining the aim of the book: to analyze constructions of femininity and feminine sexuality in interpretations of the goddess Babalon from the fin-de-siècle until today. The chapter presents Babalon and her origins in the writings of the British occultist Aleister Crowley and establishes the focus of the study. The idea of a “Babalon discourse,” comprising written, verbal, textual, and embodied interpretations of the goddess, is introduced. The source material for the present study is related to broader categories within the history of religions, such as Western esotericism, occultism, and magic, which are briefly explained and demarcated. Sources and methodology are cursorily presented, and the chapter concludes with an outline of the study.