bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ipsilesional Biases in Saccades but not Perception after Lesions of the Human Inferior Parietal Lobule
Authors: Ro Tony , Rorden Chris , Driver Jon , Rafal Robert 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We examined the effects of chronic unilateral lesions to either the inferior parietal lobe, or to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex including the frontal eye fields (FEFs), upon human visual perception and saccades in temporal-order-judgment (TOJ) tasks. Two visual events were presented on each trial, one in each hemifield at various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In the saccade task, patients moved their eyes to whichever stimulus attracted gaze first. In the perceptual-manual task, they pressed a button to indicate which stimulus was perceived first. Frontal patients showed appropriate TOJs for visual targets in both tasks. Parietal patients showed appropriate TOJs in the perceptual-manual but not the saccade task; their saccades tended to be ipsilesional unless the contralesional target led substantially. This reveals a bias in saccade choice after parietal damage that cannot be attributed to deficient visual perception. These results challenge previous claims that only anterior lesions produce motoric spatial biases in humans. However, they are in accord with recent neurophysiological evidence for parietal involvement in saccade generation, and also with suggestions that visuomotor transformations in the parietal lobe serving direct spatial motor responses can dissociate from conscious perception as indicated by indirect arbitrary responses.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Categorical Versus Coordinate Visuospatial Processing Revealed by Temporary Cortical Deactivation
Authors: Slotnick Scott D. , Moo Lauren R. , Tesoro Mark A. , Hart John 
Published: July 2002

AbstractKosslyn (1987) proposed that the left hemisphere is better than the right hemisphere at categorical visuospatial processing while the right hemisphere is better than the left hemisphere at coordinate visuospatial processing. In 134 patients, one hemisphere (and then usually the other) was temporarily deactivated by intracarotid injection of sodium amobarbital. After a hemisphere was deactivated, a cognitive test battery was conducted, which included categorical and coordinate visuospatial tasks. Using this technique, the processing capabilities of the intact hemisphere could be determined, thus directly testing Kosslyn's hypothesis regarding hemispheric specialization. Specifically, if the left hemisphere does preferentially process categorical visuospatial relationships, then its deactivation should result in more errors during categorical tasks than right hemisphere deactivation and vise versa for the right hemisphere regarding coordinate tasks. The pattern of results obtained in both categorical and coordinate tasks was consistent with Kosslyn's hypothesis when task difficulty was sufficiently high. However, when task difficulty was low, a left hemispheric processing advantage was found for both types of tasks indicating that: (1) the left hemisphere may be better at “easy” tasks regardless of the type of task and (2) the proposed hemispheric processing asymmetry may only become apparent during sufficiently demanding task conditions. These results may explain why some investigators have failed to find a significant hemispheric processing asymmetry in visuospatial categorical and coordinate tasks.
MORMON VALUES AND THE UTAH ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Foltz Richard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlthough there has been little if any discussion of Mormon environmentalism outside the tradition, it is increasingly apparent that such an ethic does exist - though whether this ethic is with or against the current of formal LDS teaching is less clear. This article provides an overview of contemporary Mormon ecological thought and its roots within the LDS tradition, and highlights some of the tensions connected with environmental issues within the Mormon community today in Utah and elsewhere.
The Narrative Function of Mark's Characterization of God
Authors: Danove Paul 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article identifies and categorizes grammatically justified Marcan references to God according to the semantic relationships attributed to God and then analyzes the content and distribution of these references to determine the narrative function of the characterization of God in Mark. The analysis of content investigates the role of repetition in relating other characters to God. The distributional analysis then indicates that references to God initially encourage the reader to identify Jesus with God and to find the fulfillment of expectations concerning God in the person of Jesus. References to God subsequently encourage the reader's closer identification with Jesus, especially in the events leading to his death, and invite the reader to deeper appreciation of what a relationship with God entails.
Electrophysiological activity during recovery from anhydrobiosis in fourth stage juveniles of Ditylenchus dipsaci
Authors: Perry Roland , Rolfe Richard , Wharton David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUpon immersion in water, anhydrobiotic nematodes display a period of apparent inactivity, the lag phase, before they commence spontaneous movement. Following a period of desiccation of the fourth stage juveniles of the plant-parasitic nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci, electrical activity during rehydration was recorded using glass microelectrodes inserted into individual nematodes. The pattern observed was a period of no electrical activity, followed by low amplitude electrical events and then also high amplitude events. Movement of the nematode was associated with the high amplitude events, whose recordings formed trains of spikes that coincided with the activity of the nematode. The lag phase represents a period during which the physiological functions of the nerves and muscles are restored. This may involve the restoration of ionic gradients between the inside and the outside of the cells, which is reflected in an increase in spike amplitude in those nematodes where a sustained period of high amplitude activity was recorded. Activité électrophysiologique durant la sortie d'anhydrobiose chez le quatrième stade juvénile de Ditylenchus dipsaci - Immergés dans l'eau, les nématodes anhydrobiotiques passent par une période d'inactivité apparente - la phase de latence - avant que des mouvements spontanés ne débutent. Pendant la réhydratation qui suivait une période de dessication l'activité électrique de juvéniles de quatrième stade de Ditylenchus dipsaci a été enregistrée grâce à des microélectrodes de verre implantées dans le nématode. La courbe observée correspondait à une période sans activité électrique, suivie par des phénomènes électriques de faible amplitude, combinés ensuite à des phénomènes de forte amplitude. Les mouvements des nématodes étaient associés aux phénomènes de forte amplitude dont le tracé consiste en une suite de pics coïncidant avec l'activité du nématode. La phase de latence correspond à la période pendant laquelle les fonctions physiologiques nerveuses et musculaires sont restaurées. Cela peut englober la restauration des gradients ioniques à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur des cellules, phénomène reflété par une augmentation des pics chez ceux des nématodes où une période soutenue d'activité de forte amplitude a été notée.
What do the Peasants Want Now? Realists and Fundamentalists in Swiss and South German Rural Politics, 1650–1750
Authors: Rebel Hermann 
Published: July 2002

In Leibniz, in Whitehead, there are only events. What Leibniz calls predicate is nothing to do with an attribute, but an event, “crossing the Rubicon.” So they have to completely recast the notion of a subject: what becomes of the subject, if predicates are events? It's like a baroque emblem. (Gilles Deleuze)The [Swiss] Confederacy presented a deep political ambiguity, a union of urban oligarchs and peasant producers, all of whom collectively ruled over yet other subjects, which mirrored the tension between the [South German] cities' own oligarchical present and communal past. If there is indeed “an unbroken progressive line” between the communal burghers of this age and the bourgeoisies of a later one, it runs through deep shadows of ambiguity and tension, which flowed from securing the liberties of some through the subjection of others…More and more, the bigger folk in the cities made their livings from the vast web of market relations…and made their peace with the early modern state. (Thomas Brady)
An occurrence of lacustrine Mg-smectite in a pan of the southwestern Kalahari, Namibia
Authors: Mees F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe clay fraction of the deposits of the Otjomongwa Pan, southwestern Kalahari, is dominated by Mg-smectite. This mineral formed as an authigenic precipitate in a groundwater-fed lake, without involving the transformation of a precursor mineral. During the earliest recorded period, Mg-smectite formed together with sepiolite and dolomite in a shallow lake. This period was ended by a change in environmental conditions that led to an increase in the depth of the lake and a decrease in salinity and Mg content of the water. This resulted in a transition to a mineral association without sepiolite and including calcite, together with Mg-smectite and dolomite. The depth of the lake gradually decreased after this event, while the lake water progressively became depleted in Mg.
Synorogenic extension in the Tethyan Himalaya documented by structural studies and the Kübler index, Lachung La area, NW India
Authors: Girard M. , Thélin P. , Steck A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTectonic observations in the Tethyan Himalaya reveal an important extensional event that succeeds the emplacement of SW-verging nappes. A major thrust, called the Kum Tso Thrust, has been backfolded and reactivated by normal faulting associated with this event.Measurements of the Kübler index, coupled with characterization of clay-size paragenesis show the effect of normal faulting on the regional metamorphic zonation and indicate that important extension zones, like the Sarchu-Lachung La Normal Fault Zone (SLFZ), exist within the Tethyan Himalaya. Diagenetic limestones from within the SLFZ are characterized by the occurrence of mixed-layered clay phases, kaolinite and an illite with a 001 peak >0.4 Δ°2θ. This zone is bordered by two anchizonal-to-epizonal zones, where illite peaks become narrower. Further to the NE the successive appearance of biotite, chloritoid, garnet and garnet-staurolite-kyanite assemblages testifies to an increase in metamorphic grade. The cataclastic samples from the normal faults contain kaolinite, smectite and a ‘broad’ illite, indicating that extension occurs under diagenetic conditions.
Mineral/reagent interactions: an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of adsorption of reagents onto mixtures of minerals
Authors: Allen G. C. , Eastman J. R. , Hallam K. R. , Graveling G. J. , Ragnarsdottir K. V. , Skuse D. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractReagent-based selective separations of minerals are of great industrial importance. The basis of these separations is the competitive differential adsorption of the reagent onto a number of minerals. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) study of the adsorption of polyacrylamide onto kaolin, feldspar and quartz is described. Initial data confirmed the utility of XPS for the study of polyacrylamide adsorption onto silica glass slides. Further results indicated the utility of the technique for the direct measurement of adsorption of polyacrylamide onto individual aliquots of kaolin, feldspar and quartz. Adsorption was relatively greatest onto kaolin. Feldspar displayed less adsorption and quartz very little. An imaging method was used to characterize, at least relatively, the competitive adsorption of polyacrylamide onto kaolin in the presence of mixtures of kaolin and quartz. This is a potential new technique for study of competitive adsorption.
Retrovirus insertion and transcriptional activation of the multidrug-resistance gene in leukemias treated by a chemotherapeutic agent in vivo
Authors: Nagayama Jun , Iino Mayumi , Tada Yasuhiro , Kusaba Hitoshi , Kiue Akira , Ohshima Koichi , Kuwano Michihiko , Wada Morimasa 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo understand the molecular basis for multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells in vivo, this study analyzed molecular changes of the mdr1a gene region in leukemia cells in mice during continuous treatment with vincristine. An inverse insertion of murine leukemia retrovirus (MuLV) into the 5′-flanking region of the mdr1a gene was found. This insertion was concomitantly accompanied by up-regulation of themdr1a gene and the loss of chemosensitivity. Deletion of long-terminal repeat (LTR) sequences dramatically decreased themdr1a promoter-driven reporter activity. The MuLV LTR insertion appears to exert its enhancer activity onmdr1a transcription during the appearance of MDR leukemia cells. Two mechanisms were postulated to explain the mdr1agene activation by retrovirus insertion during in vivo chemotreatment: de novo insertion of MuLV induced by vincristine treatment and selection of a small fraction of pre-existing cells carrying MuLV insertion during vincristine treatment. No rearranged sequence was detected by polymerase chain reaction in parental cells. This result argued for the first mechanism. The randomly altered distribution of MuLV during repetitive chemotreatment might also be consistent with this hypothesis. On the other hand, the retrovirus insertion was detected at the same site of the mdr1a promoter region in 2 independent experiments, which suggests the second mechanism. It should be noted that in vivo chemotreatment using vincristine could generate the mdr1a-overexpressing cells through retrovirus insertion and the enhancer effect of the LTR.
T-cell lines from 2 patients with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency showed the restoration of ADA activity resulted from the reversion of an inherited mutation
Authors: Ariga Tadashi , Oda Noriko , Yamaguchi Koji , Kawamura Nobuaki , Kikuta Hideaki , Taniuchi Shoichiro , Kobayashi Yohnosuke , Terada Kihei , Ikeda Hisami , Hershfield Michael S. , Kobayashi Kunihiko , Sakiyama Yukio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA) results in one of the autosomal recessive forms of severe combined immunodeficiency. This report discusses 2 patients with ADA deficiency from different families, in whom a possible reverse mutation had occurred. The novel mutations were identified in the ADAgene from the patients, and both their parents were revealed to be carriers. Unexpectedly, established patient T-cell lines, not B-cell lines, showed half-normal levels of ADA enzyme activity. Reevaluation of the mutations in these T-cell lines indicated that one of the inherited ADA gene mutations was reverted in both patients. At least one of the patients seemed to possess the revertant cells in vivo; however, the mutant cells might have overcome the revertant after receiving ADA enzyme replacement therapy. These findings may have significant implications regarding the prospects for stem cell gene therapy for ADA deficiency.
Chronic myeloid leukemia and interferon-α: a study of complete cytogenetic responders
Authors: Bonifazi Francesca , de Vivo Antonio , Rosti Gianantonio , Guilhot François , Guilhot Joëlle , Trabacchi Elena , Hehlmann Rüdiger , Hochhaus Andreas , Shepherd Patricia C. A. , Steegmann Juan Luis , Kluin-Nelemans Hanneke C. , Thaler Josef , Simonsson Bengt , Louwagie Andries , Reiffers Josy , Mahon François Xavier , Montefusco Enrico , Alimena Giuliana , Hasford Joerg , Richards Sue , Saglio Giuseppe , Testoni Nicoletta , Martinelli Giovanni , Tura Sante , Baccarani Michele 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Achieving a complete cytogenetic response (CCgR) is a major target in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with interferon-α (IFN-α), but CCgRs are rare. The mean CCgR rate is 13%, in a range of 5% to 33%. A collaborative study of 9 European Union countries has led to the collection of data on 317 patients who were first seen between 1983 and 1997 and achieved CCgRs with IFN-α alone or in combination with hydroxyurea. The median time to first CCgR was 19 months (95% CI, 17-21; range, 3-84 months). At last contact, 212 patients were still alive and in continuous CCgR; 105 patients had lost CCgR, but 53% of them were still alive and in chronic phase. IFN-α treatment was discontinued permanently in 23 cases for response loss, in 36 cases for chronic toxicity (15 are still in unmaintained continuous CCgR), and in 8 cases because it was believed that treatment was no longer necessary (7 of these 8 patients are still in unmaintained continuous CCgR). The 10-year survival rate from first CCgR is 72% (95% CI, 62%-82%) and is related to the risk profile. High-risk patients lost CCgR more frequently and more rapidly and none survived more than 10 years. Low-risk patients survived much longer (10-year survival probability 89% for Sokal low risk and 81% for Euro low risk). These data point out that a substantial long-term survival in CCgRs is restricted mainly to low-risk and possibly intermediate-risk patients and occurs significantly less often in high-risk patients.
Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin
Authors: Li Junzhi , Yang Chun , Xia Yuping , Bertino Amy , Glaspy John , Roberts Michael , Kuter David J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThrombocytopenia developed in some individuals treated with a recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO), pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF). Three of the subjects who developed severe thrombocytopenia were analyzed in detail to determine the cause of their thrombocytopenia. Except for easy bruising and heavy menses, none of these subjects had major bleeding episodes; none responded to intravenous immunoglobulin or prednisone. Bone marrow examination revealed a marked reduction in megakaryocytes. All 3 thrombocytopenic subjects had antibody to PEG-rHuMGDF that cross-reacted with endogenous TPO and neutralized its biological activity. All anti-TPO antibodies were immunoglobulin G (IgG), with increased amounts of IgG4; no IgM antibodies to TPO were detected at any time. A quantitative assay for IgG antibody to TPO was developed and showed that the antibody concentration varied inversely with the platelet count. Anti-TPO antibody recognized epitopes located in the first 163 amino acids of TPO and prevented TPO from binding to its receptor. In 2 subjects, endogenous TPO levels were elevated, but the TPO circulated as a biologically inactive immune complex with anti-TPO IgG; the endogenous TPO in these complexes had an apparent molecular weight of 95 000, slightly larger than the full-length recombinant TPO. None of the subjects had atypical HLA or platelet antigens, and the TPO cDNA was normal in both that were sequenced. Treatment of one subject with cyclosporine eliminated the antibody and normalized the platelet count. These data demonstrate a new mechanism for thrombocytopenia in which antibody develops to TPO; because endogenous TPO is produced constitutively, thrombocytopenia ensues.
Dressed to kill? A review of why antiviral CD8 T lymphocytes fail to prevent progressive immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infection
Authors: Lieberman Judy , Shankar Premlata , Manjunath N. , Andersson Jan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCD8 T cells play an important role in protection and control of HIV-1 by direct cytolysis of infected cells and by suppression of viral replication by secreted factors. However, although HIV-1–infected individuals have a high frequency of HIV-1–specific CD8 T cells, viral reservoirs persist and progressive immunodeficiency generally ensues in the absence of continuous potent antiviral drugs. Freshly isolated HIV-specific CD8 T cells are often unable to lyse HIV-1–infected cells. Maturation into competent cytotoxic T lymphocytes may be blocked during the initial encounter with antigen because of defects in antigen presentation by interdigitating dendritic cells or HIV-infected macrophages. The molecular basis for impaired function is multifactorial, due to incomplete T-cell signaling and activation (in part related to CD3ζ and CD28 down-modulation), reduced perforin expression, and inefficient trafficking of HIV-specific CD8 T cells to lymphoid sites of infection. CD8 T-cell dysfunction can partially be corrected in vitro with short-term exposure to interleukin 2, suggesting that impaired HIV-specific CD4 T helper function may play a significant causal or exacerbating role. Functional defects are qualitatively different and more severe with advanced disease, when interferon γ production also becomes compromised.
The presence of a FLT3 internal tandem duplication in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) adds important prognostic information to cytogenetic risk group and response to the first cycle of chemotherapy: analysis of 854 patients from the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML 10 and 12 trials
Authors: Kottaridis Panagiotis D. , Gale Rosemary E. , Frew Marion E. , Harrison Georgina , Langabeer Stephen E. , Belton Andrea A. , Walker Helen , Wheatley Keith , Bowen David T. , Burnett Alan K. , Goldstone Anthony H. , Linch David C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), further prognostic determinants are required in addition to cytogenetics to predict patients at increased risk of relapse. Recent studies have indicated that an internal tandem duplication (ITD) in the FLT3 gene may adversely affect clinical outcome. This study evaluated the impact of a FLT3/ITD mutation on outcome in 854 patients, mostly 60 years of age or younger, treated in the United Kingdom Medical Research Council (MRC) AML trials. An FLT3/ITD mutation was present in 27% of the patients and was associated with leukocytosis and a high percentage of bone marrow blast cells (P &lt; .001 for both). It had a borderline association with a lower complete remission rate (P = .05) and a higher induction death rate (P = .04), and was associated with increased relapse risk (RR), adverse disease-free survival (DFS), event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) (P &lt; .001 for all). In multivariate analysis, presence of a mutation was the most significant prognostic factor predicting RR and DFS (P &lt; .0001) and was still significant for OS (P = .009) and EFS (P = .002). There was no evidence that the relative effect of a FLT3/ITD differed between the cytogenetic risk groups. More than one mutation was detected in 23% of FLT3/ITD+ patients and was associated with worse OS (P = .04) and EFS (P = .07). Biallelic disease or partial/complete loss of wild-type alleles was present in 10% of FLT3/ITD+ patients. The suggestion is made that detection of a FLT3/ITD should be included as a routine test at diagnosis and evaluated for therapeutic management.
Inhibitor of histone deacetylation, depsipeptide (FR901228), in the treatment of peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a case report
Authors: Piekarz Richard L. , Robey Rob , Sandor Victor , Bakke Susan , Wilson Wyndham H. , Dahmoush Laila , Kingma Douglas M. , Turner Maria L. , Altemus Rosemary , Bates Susan E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Depsipeptide, FR901228, has demonstrated potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity against murine and human tumor cell lines. In the laboratory, it has been shown to be a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. In a phase I trial of depsipeptide conducted at the National Cancer Institute, 3 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma had a partial response, and 1 patient with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, had a complete response. Sézary cells isolated from patients after treatment had increased histone acetylation. These results suggest that inhibition of HDAC is a novel and potentially effective therapy for patients with T-cell lymphoma.