bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India: An Overview
Authors: Bhagavatula Suresh , Mudambi Ram , Murmann Johann Peter 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTIndia began the process of market liberalization that opened it to significant interactions with the world economy in 1991. In this essay, we provide an overarching view of the country's journey toward integration with the global innovation and entrepreneurship network. Major nodes in this global network have two major components that may be metaphorically referred to as ‘pillars and ivy’. Globally connected multinational enterprises (MNEs) form the pillars. Agile startups are the ivy, and their success (metaphorically, the height to which they can climb) depends on their symbiotic connections with the pillar MNEs. Both components are essential and reinforce each other. Without MNEs, the scaling of startups is hampered. Without a vibrant population of startups, MNEs’ interest in a location remains driven by cost, rather than capability and creativity. MNEs (mainly foreign) provided the initial sparks for the formation of the Indian innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem. We chart the subsequent growth of India's startups. They began in the information technology (IT) sector but now cover a much wider range of industries. Today, India's innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem is one of the largest in the world, with global integration in terms of technology, financing, human capital, and administration.
Submerged paleoshoreline mapping using high-resolution Chirp sub-bottom data, Northern Channel Islands platform, California, USA
Authors: Laws Alexander W. , Maloney Jillian M. , Klotsko Shannon , Gusick Amy E. , Braje Todd J. , Ball David 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHigh-resolution Chirp sub-bottom data were obtained offshore from the Northern Channel Islands (NCI), California, to image submerged paleoshorelines and assess local uplift rates. Although modern bathymetry is often used for modeling paleoshorelines, Chirp data image paleoshorelines buried beneath sediment that obscures their seafloor expression. The NCI were a unified landmass during the last glacial maximum (LGM; ~20 ka), when eustatic sea level was ~120 m lower than present. We identified seven paleoshorelines, ranging from ~28 to 104 m in depth, across this now-submerged LGM platform. Paleoshoreline depths were compared to local sea-level curves to estimate ages, which suggest that some were reoccupied over multiple sea-level cycles. Additionally, previous studies determined conflicting uplift rates for the NCI, ranging from 0.16 to 1.5 m/ka. Our results suggest that a rate on the lower end of this range better fits the observed submerged paleoshorelines. Using the uplift rate of ~0.16 m/ka, we estimate that paleoshorelines formed during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3, the LGM, and the Younger Dryas stade are preserved on the NCI platform. These results help clarify uplift rates for the NCI and illustrate the importance of sub-bottom data for mapping submerged paleoshorelines.
Impaired emotional and behavioural awareness and control in patients with dissociative seizures
Authors: Jungilligens Johannes , Wellmer Jörg , Schlegel Uwe , Kessler Henrik , Axmacher Nikolai , Popkirov Stoyan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundDissociative seizures (DS) are brief episodes of disrupted awareness and behavioural control that may resemble epileptic seizures. They are thought to arise in the context of impaired emotion processing and disinhibition. In a multi-perspective neuropsychological study, we aim to assess specific metacognitive traits and behavioural features involved in the affective and cognitive underpinnings of DS (emotion recognition and regulation, inhibition, interoception and sense of agency).MethodsTwenty prospectively recruited patients with video-EEG-confirmed DS and 20 healthy controls underwent comprehensive neuropsychological and psychiatric testing using validated questionnaires and structured interviews. Behavioural experimental data was obtained using a custom-made emotional go/no-go task, a digital Libet clock setup and a heartbeat counting paradigm.ResultsEmotion recognition, as quantified in the emotional go/no-go task, was impaired in the DS group, and correlated with alexithymic traits. Behavioural inhibition, especially under conditions that would require emotion regulation, was also reduced in the emotional go/no-go task compared to controls and was correlated with neuropsychometric measures of emotion regulation. Data from the Libet clock experiment suggested impaired behavioural awareness in DS patients. No evidence of impaired interoceptive awareness was found in the heartbeat counting task.ConclusionThese results represent comprehensive experimental evidence for alterations in emotional and behavioural awareness and control in patients with DS that yield empirical evidence for current psychopathological models. Our findings offer a more detailed understanding of key pathogenic factors in DS and provide theoretical support for recently developed cognitive-behavioural therapies for DS.
LEARNING VOCABULARY THROUGH READING, LISTENING, AND VIEWING
Authors: Feng Yanxue , Webb Stuart 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study used a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest design at one-week intervals to determine the extent to which written, audio, and audiovisual L2 input contributed to incidental vocabulary learning. Seventy-six university students learning EFL in China were randomly assigned to four groups. Each group was presented with the input from the same television documentary in different modes: reading the printed transcript, listening to the documentary, viewing the documentary, and a nontreatment control condition. Checklist and multiple-choice tests were designed to measure knowledge of target words. The results showed that L2 incidental vocabulary learning occurred through reading, listening, and viewing, and that the gain was retained in all modes of input one week after encountering the input. However, no significant differences were found between the three modes on the posttests indicating that each mode of input yielded similar amounts of vocabulary gain and retention. A significant relationship was found between prior vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary learning, but not between frequency of occurrence and vocabulary learning. The study provides further support for the use of L2 television programs for language learning.
On Ramsey numbers of hedgehogs
Authors: Fox Jacob , Li Ray 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe hedgehog Ht is a 3-uniform hypergraph on vertices $1, \ldots ,t + \left({\matrix{t \cr 2}}\right)$ such that, for any pair (i, j) with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ t, there exists a unique vertex k > t such that {i, j, k} is an edge. Conlon, Fox and Rödl proved that the two-colour Ramsey number of the hedgehog grows polynomially in the number of its vertices, while the four-colour Ramsey number grows exponentially in the square root of the number of vertices. They asked whether the two-colour Ramsey number of the hedgehog Ht is nearly linear in the number of its vertices. We answer this question affirmatively, proving that r(Ht) = O(t2 ln t).
International Organizations, Nongovernmental Organizations, and Police Implementation of Domestic Violence Policies in Liberia and Nicaragua
Authors: Medie Peace A. , Walsh Shannon Drysdale 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDomestic violence is the predominant form of violence against women in most countries in Africa and Latin America. Scholars have theorized the adoption of domestic violence laws and policies in both regions. However, policy implementation is understudied and under theorized. Therefore, we compare how international organizations and women's nongovernmental organizations have influenced the implementation of domestic violence policies by police officers in Liberia and Nicaragua. We introduce the concept of the transnational implementation process and describe how international organizations and women's organizations have employed training, institutional and policy restructuring, and monitoring to influence police behavior at the street level. The effects of these strategies have been conditional on the political environment. We identify two patterns of international and domestic influence on street-level implementation: internationally led and domestically supported implementation in Liberia, with domestically led and internationally supported implementation in Nicaragua.
Increasing the Permeability of Hydrothermally Altered Andesite by Transitory Heating
Authors: Mordensky S. P. , Kennedy B. M. , Villeneuve M. C. , Lavallée Y. , Reichow M. K. , Wallace P. A. , Siratovich P. A. , Gravley D. M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChanges in permeability can impact geological processes, geohazards, and geothermal energy production. In hydrothermal systems, high‐temperature heat sources drive fluid convection through the pore network of reservoir rocks. Additionally, thermal fluctuations may induce microfracturing and affect the mineralogical stability of the reservoir rock, thus modifying the fluid pathways and affecting permeability and strength. This study describes the results of thermal heating events lasting several hours on a “moderately altered” plagioclase‐clinochlore‐calcite‐quartz andesite and a “highly altered” plagioclase‐clinozoisite‐quartz‐clinochlore andesite from the Rotokawa Geothermal Field, New Zealand. We use a low thermal gradient (~1.2 °C/min) in an H2O‐saturated, 20‐MPa pressure environment to constrain changes in petrophysical properties associated with transitory thermal phenomena between 350 and 739 °C. As the treatment temperature increases, the mass reduces, while porosity and permeability increase. These effects were greater in the “moderately altered” andesite than in the “highly altered” andesite. Microfracturing is responsible for these changes at lower temperatures (e.g., ≤400 °C). At higher temperatures (e.g., >400 °C), microfracturing remains partially responsible for these rock property changes (e.g., higher permeability); however, these changes are also a product of clinochlore, quartz, and (when present) calcite reacting out of the altered andesite, and increasing porosity. We propose that at temperatures >400 °C, volumetric phase changes associated with heat‐driven reactions in a wet environment can contribute to microcracking and porosity/permeability changes. Our data support observations where high‐temperature conditions at the margins of magma bodies can be associated with substantial increased permeability and decreased strength.
Using Overshooting Top Area to Discriminate Potential for Large, Intense Tornadoes
Authors: Marion G. R. , Trapp R. J. , Nesbitt S. W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRecent work established strong links between storm updraft width and the tornado intensity, suggesting that updraft width could be used to gauge potential tornado intensity. It was also posited that overshooting top area (OTA) could be used as an analog for updraft width and, thus, as a means to assess potential tornado intensity in observed storms. The implementation of new high‐resolution GOES‐R series satellites presents a unique opportunity to investigate these findings in severe weather observations. Herein, a method using GOES‐16 longwave infrared satellite data to quantify OTA of tornadic storms is explored. A comparison between observed tornado strength and OTA yields a strong correlation (R2 = 0.54). These results show the potential of these quantifications to be used with real‐time observations of tornadic storms, irrespective of storm mode, seasonality, or geographic location, allowing forecasters to determine which storms pose the highest risk to life and property.
How Robust is the Atmospheric Response to Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss Across Climate Models?
Authors: Screen J. A. , Blackport R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe assess the reliability of an indirect method of inferring the atmospheric response to projected Arctic sea ice loss from CMIP5 simulations, by comparing the response inferred from the indirect method to that explicitly simulated in sea ice perturbation experiments. We find that the indirect approach works well in winter, but has limited utility in the other seasons. We then apply a modified version of the indirect method to 11 CMIP5 models to reveal the robust and non‐robust aspects of the wintertime atmospheric response to projected Arctic sea ice loss. Despite limitations of the indirect method, we identify a robust enhancement of the Siberian High, weakening of the Icelandic Low, weakening of the westerly wind on the poleward flank of the eddy‐driven jet, strengthening of the subtropical jet, and weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex. The surface air temperature response to projected Arctic sea ice loss over mid‐latitude continents is non‐robust across the models.
Seasonal Variations and Global Wave Distributions in the Mars Thermosphere From MAVEN and Multisatellites Accelerometer‐Derived Mass Densities
Authors: Liu Jiandong , Jin Shuanggen , Li Yawen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMartian lower thermospheric variations are complex due to internal surface dust storms and external solar activities. However, limited Martian measurement data are restricted to observe and understand its variations in the past. In this paper, multisatellite accelerometer‐derived densities and the Mars Climate Database are used to investigate seasonal variations, gravity waves, and coupling effects with the internal and external inputs, including Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission. The diurnal and seasonal structures are reconstructed by the data, and the phase of the cycles is formed by solar heating/ionizing processes. Both amplitude and phase are impacted by surface dust activities during autumn and winter, for which density increases about 1.5–3.5 times compared to spring and summer seasons. A parameterized model that includes a newly introduced dust index is proposed to well fit and reinterpret the seasonal cycles. Furthermore, the coupling process between internal atmospheric gravity waves (IAGWs) and dust activities are investigated and explained. During dust storm times/seasons, the IAGWs exhibit both narrower amplitude peaks and deposit their energy at higher altitudes relative to “clear sky” times. The IAGWs could extend their energies into higher layers beyond exobase due to a thermospheric layer expansion(i.e., density increase) during dust seasons.
An EOFs Study of Thermospheric Nitric Oxide Flux Based on TIEGCM simulations
Authors: Li Zheng , Knipp Delores , Wang Wenbin , Shi Yining , Wang Miao , Su Ye , Li Jingyuan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) is a three‐dimensional physics model of the Earth's upper atmosphere. Using eigen analysis, the hourly NO infrared radiative flux (NOF) during 2002–2015 obtained from TIEGCM simulations are decomposed into four empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The first mode of variability is significantly associated with Kp and F10.7, implying that geomagnetic activity and solar extreme ultraviolet flux make a strong contribution to NOF variability. EOF 2 shows an antisymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres and has a very strong correlation with the solar declination angle, suggesting that annual and seasonal variations of thermospheric temperature and composition play dominant roles in EOF 2. Lacking a strong correlation with solar and/or geomagnetic indices, EOF 3 may be associated with thermospheric circulation driven by the offsets between the geomagnetic and geographic poles. A strong correlation with Dst indicates that EOF 4 may be associated with geomagnetic activity and NO transport due to the enhanced meridional wind. Additionally, comparisons between TIEGCM EOFs and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry EOFs are also included in our study. This work shows important features of TIEGCM via eigen analysis on NOF and suggests some model shortcomings through the results of model‐data comparison.
Assessment of Water Cycle Intensification Over Land using a Multisource Global Gridded Precipitation DataSet
Authors: Markonis Y. , Papalexiou S. M. , Martinkova M. , Hanel M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe change in the empirical distribution of future global precipitation is one of the major implications regarding the intensification of global water cycle. Heavier events are expected to occur more often, compensated by decline of light precipitation and/or number of wet days. Here, we scrutinize a new global, high‐resolution precipitation data set, namely, the Multi‐Source Weighted‐Ensemble Precipitation v2.0, to determine changes in the precipitation distribution over land during 1979–2016. To this end, the fluctuations of wet days precipitation quantiles on an annual basis and their interplay with annual totals and number of wet days were investigated. The results show increase in total precipitation, number of wet days, and heavy events over land, as suggested by the intensification hypothesis. However, the decline in light/medium precipitation or wet days was weaker than expected, debating the “compensation” mechanism.
Diurnal Variations of Dust During the 2018 Global Dust Storm Observed by the Mars Climate Sounder
Authors: Kleinböhl Armin , Spiga Aymeric , Kass David M. , Shirley James H. , Millour Ehouarn , Montabone Luca , Forget François 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe report observations by the Mars Climate Sounder showing strong diurnal variations in temperature and the vertical dust distribution during the 2018 (Mars Year 34) global dust event. The temperature field shows weak diurnal tidal activity at equatorial latitudes but a strong diurnal tide in middle to high latitudes with a maximum amplitude of 29 K in the lower atmosphere of the south polar region. The diurnal variability of dust is small in the equatorial region and increases toward higher latitudes. At middle and low latitudes, comparable dust amounts are found about 5–10 km higher in the atmosphere on the dayside than on the nightside. The dust reaches the highest altitudes in the late afternoon and is found at the lowest altitudes in the late night. In the southern high latitudes a persistent cold air mass with low dust content is identified on the nightside of the planet centered at 3–6 a.m. local time. The observed variations are well represented by model simulations with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique General Circulation Model. Comparisons between data and model results suggest that the diurnal variations in the dust are largely driven by the meridional circulation exhibiting diurnal tidal variations. The model results show that the compact air mass in the south polar region has a high potential vorticity, supporting its interpretation as a remnant of the southern polar vortex, which is forced toward the nightside of the planet due to the enhanced diurnal tide during the global dust event.
Ecological memory and relocation decisions in fungal mycelial networks: responses to quantity and location of new resources
Authors: Fukasawa Yu , Savoury Melanie , Boddy Lynne 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Saprotrophic cord-forming basidiomycetes, with their mycelial networks at the soil/litter interface on the forest floor, play a major role in wood decomposition and nutrient cycling/relocation. Many studies have investigated foraging behaviour of their mycelium, but there is little information on their intelligence. Here, we investigate the effects of relative size of inoculum wood and new wood resource (bait) on the decision of a mycelium to remain in, or migrate from, inoculum to bait using Phanerochaete velutina as a model. Experiments allowed mycelium to grow from an inoculum across the surface of a soil microcosm where it encountered a new wood bait. After colonisation of the bait, the original inoculum was moved to a tray of fresh soil to determine whether the fungus was still able to grow out. This also allowed us to test the mycelium’s memory of growth direction. When inocula were transferred to new soil, there was regrowth from 67% of the inocula, and a threshold bait size acted as a cue for the mycelium’s decision to migrate for a final time, rather than a threshold of relative size of inoculum: bait. There was greater regrowth from the side that originally faced the new bait, implying memory of growth direction.
DNA mechanotechnology reveals that integrin receptors apply pN forces in podosomes on fluid substrates
Authors: Glazier Roxanne , Brockman Joshua M. , Bartle Emily , Mattheyses Alexa L. , Destaing Olivier , Salaita Khalid 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPodosomes are ubiquitous cellular structures important to diverse processes including cell invasion, migration, bone resorption, and immune surveillance. Structurally, podosomes consist of a protrusive actin core surrounded by adhesion proteins. Although podosome protrusion forces have been quantified, the magnitude, spatial distribution, and orientation of the opposing tensile forces remain poorly characterized. Here we use DNA nanotechnology to create probes that measure and manipulate podosome tensile forces with molecular piconewton (pN) resolution. Specifically, Molecular Tension-Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (MT-FLIM) produces maps of the cellular adhesive landscape, revealing ring-like tensile forces surrounding podosome cores. Photocleavable adhesion ligands, breakable DNA force probes, and pharmacological inhibition demonstrate local mechanical coupling between integrin tension and actin protrusion. Thus, podosomes use pN integrin forces to sense and respond to substrate mechanics. This work deepens our understanding of podosome mechanotransduction and contributes tools that are widely applicable for studying receptor mechanics at dynamic interfaces.
Acute hunger does not always undermine prosociality
Authors: Häusser Jan A. , Stahlecker Christina , Mojzisch Andreas , Leder Johannes , Van Lange Paul A. M. , Faber Nadira S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt has been argued that, when they are acutely hungry, people act in self-protective ways by keeping resources to themselves rather than sharing them. In four studies, using experimental, quasi-experimental, and correlational designs (total N = 795), we examine the effects of acute hunger on prosociality in a wide variety of non-interdependent tasks (e.g. dictator game) and interdependent tasks (e.g. public goods games). While our procedures successfully increase subjective hunger and decrease blood glucose, we do not find significant effects of hunger on prosociality. This is true for both decisions incentivized with money and with food. Meta-analysis across all tasks reveals a very small effect of hunger on prosociality in non-interdependent tasks (d = 0.108), and a non-significant effect in interdependent tasks (d = −0.076). In study five (N = 197), we show that, in stark contrast to our empirical findings, people hold strong lay theories that hunger undermines prosociality.