bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outside Caste? The Enclosure of Caste and Claims to Castelessness in India and the United Kingdom
Authors: Mosse David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCaste has always generated political and scholarly controversy, but the forms that this takes today newly combine anti-caste activism with counter-claims that caste is irrelevant or non-existent, or claims to castelessness. Claims to castelessness are, in turn, viewed by some as a new disguise for caste power and privilege, while castlessness is also an aspiration for people subject to caste-based discrimination. This article looks at elite claims to “enclose” caste within religion, specifically Hinduism, and the Indian nation so as to restrict the field of social policy that caste applies to, to exempt caste-based discrimination from the law, and to limit the social politics of caste. It does so through a comparative analysis of two cases. The first is the exclusion of Christian and Muslim Dalits—members of castes subordinated as “untouchable”—from provisions and protections as Scheduled Castes in India. The other case is that of responses to the introduction of caste into anti-discrimination law in the UK. While Hindu organizations in the UK reject “caste” as a colonial and racist term and deploy postcolonial scholarship to deny caste discrimination, Dalit organizations, representing its potential victims, turn to scholarly discourse on caste, race, or human rights to support their cause. These are epistemological disputes about categories of description and how “the social” is made available for public debate, and especially for law. Such disputes engage with anthropology, whose analytical terms animate and change the social world that is their subject.
Toward a History of Rights in the City at Night: Making and Breaking the Nightly Curfew in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Chazkel Amy 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDuring much of the nineteenth century, Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian capital, was under a selective curfew that made it a crime to be in the city's public spaces after dark. The curfew bent normal rules and attenuated supposedly universal rights, overtly discriminating between people on the basis of class and race. Rules that legally defined the nighttime did not come from any national statute, or from newly independent Brazil's liberal Constitution (1824) or its Criminal Code (1830). Instead, Rio's nocturnal sociolegal world was the product of police edicts, on-the-ground policing practice, and city ordinances. It also emerged from the actions of people who used the darker hours for work, play, and resistance against oppression, especially members of the city's immense enslaved population and the growing number of free persons of African descent. In other words, this is a phenomenon of urban governance that allows, and indeed forces us to look beyond the nineteenth-century nation-state to understand the exercise of power at a local level. This article explores how the curfew established patterns and means of limiting the basic freedom to move about the city. It was at night when both the necessity and fragility of what jurists in Brazil called the “freedom to come and go” came into view. The daily transition between day and night enacted juridical changes that, although invisible at the national level, fundamentally shaped the social categories that determined people's places in society in ways that historical research has yet to explore.
Une Ambiance Diaspora: Continuity and Change in Parisian Maghrebi Imaginaries
Authors: Everett Samuel Sami 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article is an investigation of ethno-commercial exchanges and interactions between Jews and Muslims of North African heritage that takes account of their cross-cultural antecedents and continuities. The ethnographic focus is a telecommunications company called M-Switch located in the Parisian neighborhood of le Sentier, the trajectory of which is part of a broader cultural and economic shift observable in the neighborhood from industry to new technologies. This particular company is a privileged site for witnessing how people work with and across religious differences between Maghrebi Jews and Muslims in France. The ethnography looks at how contemporary, non-nostalgic reconceptualizations of the past are utilized to negotiate an ethnically plural and potentially convivial present. Relationships within the company have a Maghrebi center made up of shared cultural memories, economic interdependency, and changing gender and class relations. More specifically, relationships between Jews and Muslims at M-Switch are often defined by a desire to re-appropriate and adapt a Maghrebi world. This project is complicated by French and geopolitical representations of ethno-religious conflict.
Successful Brace Treatment of Pectus Carinatum in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Using the Dynamic Compression System
Authors: Orrick Beth A. , Pierce Amy L. , Snyder Charles L. , Alon Uri S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder of collagen resulting in a “fragile” skeleton with increased fracture risk and other complications, dependent on the specific variant. Pectus deformities of the chest wall, while not common, can be associated with OI. The use of a pectus carinatum brace in a patient with OI poses unknown risks for fractures and adverse treatment outcomes. We successfully applied external compression bracing using the dynamic compression system to one such patient. This case illustrates the ability to treat an OI patient with pectus carinatum using a nonsurgical brace, without complications, resulting in an excellent cosmetic result.
Outpatient Expectant Management of Term Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chacón Kelly M. , Bryant Mantha Allison S. , Clapp Mark A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objective To examine outcomes among women with prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) who declined induction and chose outpatient expectant management compared with those admitted for induction.
Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of term women with singleton, vertex-presenting fetuses who presented with PROM between July 2016 and June 2017 and were eligible for outpatient expectant management (n = 166). The primary outcomes were time from PROM to delivery and time from admission to delivery. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were also compared between groups. Multivariable linear regressions were used to assess time differences between groups, adjusting for known maternal and pregnancy characteristics.
Results Compared with admitted patients, women managed expectantly at home had significantly longer PROM to delivery intervals (median 29.2 vs. 17 hours, p < 0.001), but were more likely to deliver within 24 hours of admission (95.1 vs. 82.9%, p = 0.004). In the adjusted analysis, PROM to delivery was 7 hours longer (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.9–10.0) and admission to delivery was 5.3 hours shorter (95% CI: 2.8–7.7) in the outpatient expectant management cohort. There were no differences in secondary outcomes.
Conclusion Outpatient management of term PROM is associated with longer PROM to delivery intervals, but shorter admission to delivery intervals.
A case of midline defect of posterior arch of atlas in a cadaver
Authors: AB Leena 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDuring a routine osteology class for undergraduate students in Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, a median defect of posterior arch was found in the atlas of a cadaver. It was not a fracture as the edges were regular, round and smooth.There was no associated anomalies. These midline defects of posterior arch of atlas are sub divided both morphologically (types A-E) and clinically (sub groups 1-5) depending on the extent of absence of posterior arch and presence or absence of the posterior tubercle.The author presents a rare anomaly of a posterior arch partial aplasia which could be congenital. Since major neurologic deficits can be produced by a minor trauma, it is crucial to recognize this anomaly.
Bilateral bony bar bridging of the sigmoid sulcus : a case report
Authors: Kumar Navneet , Verma Rakesh Kumar , Pankaj Arvind Kumar , Rani Archana , Diwan Rakesh Kumar 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe crest, plate and bars like bony projections may be present on sigmoid sulcus. The bony connection between petrous temporal and occipital bone may divide the jugnlar foramen. A skull with bilateral curved bony plate connecting the inner margin of groove for sigmoid sinus and petrous temporal was observed during routine osteology classes. The shape, size and location of both the bars were almost identical. These bony bars were connecting the posterior margin of petrous temporal and postero-lateral part of sigmoid sulcus. Structurally, they resembled as a part of ring. The location of the bar was more lateral on left side as compared to right side. Some bony erosion was also seen in the floor of sigmrid sulcus. Bilateral ossification and formation of bar at sigmoid sulcus is associated with venous sinus anomalies, dural ossification and intracranial calcifications.
Coping with the Unexpected: Patient Trust in Physicians following Delivery
Authors: Kole Martha B. , Ayala Nina K. , Clark Melissa A. , Has Phinnara , Werner Erika F. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objective Patient's trust in physicians is a significant predictor of continuity, adherence, and satisfaction with care. However, it is unclear what influences a woman's trust in her physician. This study sought to determine if women's trust in their clinicians was affected by unexpected outcomes at the time of delivery.
Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of 300 postpartum women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Participants completed the validated Trust in Physician Scale during their postpartum hospitalization. Participants' scores were compared based on their exposure to an unexpected pregnancy outcome.
Results Of the 300 women consented to participate in this study, 294 completed the Trust in Physician Scale. The mean overall trust score was 80/100 with a range of 42 to 100. Unexpected pregnancy outcomes occurred in 41% (120) of women in this cohort. There was no significant difference in the trust score between women who did and did not have at least one unexpected outcome (0.79 vs. 0.79, p = 0.93). Additionally, there was no significant association between the trust score and any individual unexpected pregnancy outcome.
Conclusion Unexpected pregnancy outcomes are not associated with changes in women's trust in their obstetric clinicians. These results emphasize the antepartum period as the essential time for patient–physician relationship building which has important implications for postpartum follow-up and long-term psychiatric sequelae from unexpected outcomes.
Status of Women in Academic Ophthalmology
Authors: Tuli Sonal S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of women in academic ophthalmology in the United States and compare this to academic clinical departments in other clinical specialties.
Methods The study reviewed data from the American Association of Medical Colleges for the years 2003 to 2017. The number and percentage of women at different ranks, as well as number of women Chairs of clinical academic departments, were collected by specialty. The number of women residents from 2007 to 2017 was obtained from datasets published by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Trends of the percentage of women at different ranks were compared.
Results The percentage of women residents in ophthalmology has remained constant at around 42%, although it has declined slightly over the last 3 years. On the other hand, the number of women faculty in academic ophthalmology has gradually increased from 24 to 34% over 15 years. This increase has largely been at the Assistant Professor rank, with only a modest increase at the Professor rank.
Discussion The percentage of women in ophthalmology continues to lag behind the average for all clinical departments at every level. While this gender disparity is rapidly closing for Assistant Professors and slowly closing for Associate Professors and Chairs, it is widening for Professors. This demonstrates that women in ophthalmology are making some strides but are not being promoted to Professor at the same rate as other specialties. This may be the result of explicit and implicit biases, as well as phenomena such as imposter syndrome that are more common in women.
Surgical Importance of Middle Rectal Artery
Authors: Sonje Preeti Dnyandeo , Kanasker Neelesh Subhash , Vatsalaswamy P. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background Middle rectal artery is one of the important arteries supplying the rectum, along with the superior and inferior rectal arteries. Study of middle rectal artery was undertaken as it is important in surgeries of rectal carcinoma.
Materials and Methods For the present study, 40 pelvises, fixed in 10% formalin, were procured from the Department of Anatomy of Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Sagittal section of pelvis was taken and dissection was performed following the steps according to the Cunningham’s manual.
Results Variations were found in the origin of middle rectal artery such as those arising from the internal pudendal artery in nine cases. In two cases, it was arising from the common stem of internal pudendal and inferior gluteal arteries. It was seen arising from the inferior vesical artery in one case, while in two cases the middle rectal artery was arising from the obturator artery.
Conclusion This is the artery that penetrates the fascia of the rectum which is important in mesorectal excision in cases of rectal carcinoma. It forms anastomosis with superior rectal artery. In low anterior resection of rectum, the middle rectal artery is always exposed.
Laparoscopic Gastrostomy Placement in Children Has Few Major, but Many Minor Early Complications
Authors: Kvello Morten , Knatten Charlotte Kristensen , Bjørnland Kristin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroduction Laparoscopic gastrostomy (LAPG) is an increasingly popular alternative to more traditional gastrostomy techniques. This study evaluates early postoperative complications following LAPG and investigates risk factors for gastrostomy complications.Materials and Methods Retrospective study of patients <16 years undergoing LAPG from 2005 to 2018. Early postoperative complications (<30 days) were grouped as gastrostomy-related or general and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification for surgical complications.Results A total of 104 patients, of which 54 (52%) had neurological impairment (NI), were included. Median age and weight were 1.2 years (1 day–15.2 years) and 8.9 kg (3.4–36), respectively. Operating time was median 37 minutes (19–86) and shorter in the second half of the patients (46 vs. 35 minutes, p = 0.04). A total of 40 (38%) patients experienced 53 gastrostomy-related complications. Of these, seven complications needed surgical treatment; severe leakage (2), too short gastrostomy button (1), feeding difficulties (1), gastric outlet obstruction (1), omentum trapped in umbilical port sutures (1), and suspected fascial defect (1). Stoma infection and granulation tissue were reported in 13 and 12%, respectively. Tube dislodgement occurred in six patients and was managed with bedside reinsertion in all. Gastrostomy-related complications were less frequent in NI patients (46 vs 22%, p = 0.01).Conclusion LAPG is a safe procedure with few major complications, but a high rate of minor complications. Operating time declined during the study period, and NI patients had fewer gastrostomy-related complications.
Admissions and Emergency Visits by Late Preterm Singletons and Twins in the First 5 Years: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Isayama Tetsuya , O'Reilly Daria , Beyene Joseph , Lee Shoo K. , Shah Prakesh S. , Guttmann Astrid , McDonald Sarah D. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objective To compare admission and emergency visits of late preterm (340/7–366/7 weeks) versus term infants (370/7–416/7 weeks) in the first 5 years.
Study Design This population-based cohort study included all singletons and twins born alive at 340/7 to 416/7 weeks' gestation registered in a health administrative database in Ontario, Canada, between April 1, 2002 and December 31, 2012. Admissions and emergency visits from initial postnatal discharge to 5 years were compared between late preterm and term infants adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics.
Results A total of 1,316,931 infants (75,364 late preterm infants) were included. Late preterm infants had more frequent admissions than term infants in the first 5 years in both singletons (adjusted incidence rate ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.46 [1.42–1.49]) and twins (1.21 [1.11–1.31]). The difference in admissions between late preterm and term infants were smaller in twins than singletons and decreased with children's ages. Twins had less frequent admissions than singletons for late preterm infants, but not for term infants. The emergency visits were more frequent in late preterm than term infants in all the periods.
Conclusion Admissions and emergency visits were more frequent in late preterm than term infants through the first 5 years. Admissions were less frequent in late preterm twins than singletons.
Fast zero-inflated negative binomial mixed modeling approach for analyzing longitudinal metagenomics data
Authors: Zhang Xinyan , Yi Nengjun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMotivationLongitudinal metagenomics data, including both 16S rRNA and whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing data, enhanced our abilities to understand the dynamic associations between the human microbiome and various diseases. However, analytic tools have not been fully developed to simultaneously address the main challenges of longitudinal metagenomics data, i.e. high-dimensionality, dependence among samples and zero-inflation of observed counts.ResultsWe propose a fast zero-inflated negative binomial mixed modeling (FZINBMM) approach to analyze high-dimensional longitudinal metagenomic count data. The FZINBMM approach is based on zero-inflated negative binomial mixed models (ZINBMMs) for modeling longitudinal metagenomic count data and a fast EM-IWLS algorithm for fitting ZINBMMs. FZINBMM takes advantage of a commonly used procedure for fitting linear mixed models, which allows us to include various types of fixed and random effects and within-subject correlation structures and quickly analyze many taxa. We found that FZINBMM remarkably outperformed in computational efficiency and was statistically comparable with two R packages, GLMMadaptive and glmmTMB, that use numerical integration to fit ZINBMMs. Extensive simulations and real data applications showed that FZINBMM outperformed other previous methods, including linear mixed models, negative binomial mixed models and zero-inflated Gaussian mixed models.Availability and implementationFZINBMM has been implemented in the R package NBZIMM, available in the public GitHub repository http://github.com//nyiuab//NBZIMM.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Security Paradox. The Influence Of Governance-Type Organized Crime Over the Surrounding Criminal Environment
Authors: Aziani Alberto , Favarin Serena , Campedelli Gian Maria 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study empirically demonstrates how governance-type organized crime groups (OCGs) operate as an enforcer against volume crimes in the communities they control and argues that their ability to mitigate volume crimes forms an integral component of controlling their territory in the long term. This is because the costs incurred from deterring other crimes are offset by the tangible and intangible revenues that it facilitates. Indeed, combating volume crimes fosters an environment in which OCGs can conduct their activities unfettered by other criminals and law enforcement agencies, safeguard those businesses that pay them protection and curry favour amongst the population. Consequently, the present study verifies the validity of the security governance paradigm by conducting an econometric analysis of 11 different volume crimes.
Cost-Effective Care Coordination for People With Dementia at Home
Authors: Willink Amber , Davis Karen , Johnston Deirdre M , Black Betty , Reuland Melissa , Stockwell Ian , Amjad Halima , Lyketsos Constantine G , Samus Quincy M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
People with dementia (PWD) represent some of the highest-need and highest-cost individuals living in the community. Maximizing Independence (MIND) at Home is a potentially cost-effective and scalable home-based dementia care coordination program that uses trained, nonclinical community workers as the primary contact between the PWD and their care partner, supported by a multidisciplinary clinical team with expertise in dementia care.

Research Design and Methods
Cost of care management services based on actual time spent by care management personnel over first 12 months of MIND at Home intervention was calculated for 342 MIND at Home recipients from Baltimore, Maryland and surrounding areas participating in a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) funded Health Care Innovation Award demonstration project. Difference-in-differences analysis of claims-based Medicaid spending of 120 dually-eligible MIND at Home participants with their propensity score matched comparison group (n = 360).

Results
The average cost per enrollee per month was $110, or $1,320 per annum. Medicaid expenditures of dually-eligible participants grew 1.12 percentage points per quarter more slowly than that of the matched comparison group. Most savings came from slower growth in inpatient and long-term nursing home use. Net of the cost of the 5-year MIND at Home intervention, 5-year Medicaid savings are estimated at $7,052 per beneficiary, a 1.12-fold return on investment.

Discussion and Implications
Managed care plans with the flexibility to engage community health workers could benefit from a low-cost, high-touch intervention to meet the needs of enrollees with dementia. Limitations for using and reimbursing community health workers exist in Medicare fee-for-service, which CMS should address to maximize benefit for PWD.
Population-Level Human Secretor Status Is Associated With Genogroup 2 Type 4 Norovirus Predominance
Authors: Arrouzet Cory J , Ellis Karen , Kambhampati Anita , Chen Yingxi , Steele Molly , Lopman Ben 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Genogroup 2 type 4 (GII.4) has been the dominant norovirus genotype worldwide since its emergence in the mid-1990s. Individuals with a functional fucosyltransferase-2 gene, known as secretors, have increased susceptibility to GII.4 noroviruses. We hypothesized that this individual-level trait may drive GII.4 norovirus predominance at the human population level.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review for studies reporting norovirus outbreak or sporadic case genotypes and merged this with data on proportions of human secretor status in various countries from a separate systematic review. We used inverse variance-weighted linear regression to estimate magnitude of the population secretor-GII.4 proportion association.

Results
Two hundred nineteen genotype and 112 secretor studies with data from 38 countries were included in the analysis. Study-level GII.4 proportion among all noroviruses ranged from 0% to 100%. Country secretor proportion ranged from 43.8% to 93.9%. We observed a 0.69% (95% confidence interval, 0.19–1.18) increase in GII.4 proportion for each percentage increase in human secretor proportion, controlling for Human Development Index.

Conclusions
Norovirus evolution and diversity may be driven by local population human host genetics. Our results may have vaccine development implications including whether specific antigenic formulations would be required for different populations.