bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monolithic wood biochar as functional material for sustainability
Authors: Li Tao , Kirk Donald W. , Jia Charles Q. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTrees are crucial to humankind's survival, releasing the oxygen we breathe, growing the fruits we eat, and supplying wood to build and warm our shelters. Heating wood at 300°C‐800°C with little or no oxygen creates wood biochar, a carbonaceous product. Wood biochar monoliths have a continuous carbon matrix and morphological features that resemble anatomical elements in a tree, including xylem and phloem, which transport water from the root and deliver sugars from leaves to individual cells. Structurally and chemically, monolithic wood biochar belongs to nanoporous carbons (NPCs) consisting of carbon nanotubes arrays and integrated graphene sheets. Researchers have extensively explored NPCs as functional materials for applications essential to sustainability, including electrical energy storage, water purification, and CO2 capture. However, the lack of scalable manufacturing technology continues to hinder the large‐scale utilization of NPCs despite their demonstrated superiority in enhancing materials performance. Derived from abundant woody biomass with simple processes, wood biochar monoliths offer a new opportunity for overcoming this limitation. This review documents recent progress in applying wood biochar monoliths in areas critical to sustainability, focusing on electrical energy storage and water purification. This progress has revealed the potential of monolith wood biochar as a greener, more cost‐effective, and scalable NPC in enhancing sustainability and opened the door to a new field that is both exciting and relevant. The review concludes with a perspective on the future research direction.
Guidance for producing a Campbell evidence and gap map
Authors: White Howard , Albers Bianca , Gaarder Marie , Kornør Hege , Littell Julia , Marshall Zack , Mathew Christine , Pigott Terri , Snilstveit Birte , Waddington Hugh , Welch Vivian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEvidence and Gap Maps (EGMs) are a systematic evidence synthesis product which display the available evidence relevant to a specific research question. EGMs are produced following the same principles as a systematic reviews, that is: specify a PICOS, a comprehensive search, screening against explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, and systematic coding, analysis and reporting. This paper provides guidance on producing EGMs for publication in Campbell Systematic Reviews.
The mouse dorsal raphe nucleus as understood by temporal Fgf8 lineage analysis
Authors: Guajardo Herminio M. , Hatini Paul G. , Commons Kathryn G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFgf8 is expressed transiently during embryogenesis at the midbrain–hindbrain border, an area that gives rise to a variety of neuronal populations including the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus. Using an inducible Fgf8‐cre allele, we identified the populations of neurons defined by Fgf8 lineage at different stages of development. When Fgf8‐cre expression is induced at embryonic day 7.5 (T‐E7.5), in the adult the entire DR and part of the median raphe (MnR) have Fgf8 lineage. When induced at later timepoints, Fgf8 lineage progressively ebbs from the caudal and ventral aspect of this domain, particularly on the midline. Successively excluded from Fgf8‐ lineage at T‐E9.5 are serotonin neurons in the MnR and caudal‐intrafascicular DR, followed at T‐E11.5 by ventral‐middle and caudal‐dorsal DR. The last to show Fgf8 lineage are those serotonin neurons in the lateral wings and those at the rostral‐dorsal pole of DR nucleus. Thus, the temporal succession of Fgf8 lineage correlates with organizational features of serotonin neurons in these nuclei.
An Ex Vivo Acid Injury and Repair (AIR) Model Using Precision‐Cut Lung Slices to Understand Lung Injury and Repair
Authors: Kim Sally Yunsun , Mongey Róisín , Griffiths Mark , Hind Matthew , Dean Charlotte H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent advances in cell culture models like air‒liquid interface culture and ex vivo models such as organoids have advanced studies of lung biology; however, gaps exist between these models and tools that represent the complexity of the three‐dimensional environment of the lung. Precision‐cut lung slices (PCLS) mimic the in vivo environment and bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo models. We have established the acid injury and repair (AIR) model where a spatially restricted area of tissue is injured using drops of HCl combined with Pluronic gel. Injury and repair are assessed by immunofluorescence using robust markers, including Ki67 for cell proliferation and prosurfactant protein C for alveolar type 2/progenitor cells. Importantly, the AIR model enables the study of injury and repair in mouse lung tissue without the need for an initial in vivo injury, and the results are highly reproducible. Here, we present detailed protocols for the generation of PCLS and the AIR model. We also describe methods to analyze and quantify injury in AIR‐PCLS by immunostaining with established early repair markers and fluorescence imaging. This novel ex vivo model is a versatile tool for studying lung cell biology in acute lung injury and for semi‐high‐throughput screening of potential therapeutics. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Generation of precision‐cut lung slicesBasic Protocol 2: The acid injury and repair modelBasic Protocol 3: Analysis of AIR‐PCLS: Immunostaining and imaging
Effect of Tungsten Species on Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,3‐Propanediol
Authors: Wu Fengliang , Jiang Huifang , Zhu Xuhai , Lu Rui , Shi Lei , Lu Fang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlycerol, as the major byproduct of biodiesel industry, is a cheap and green chemical feedstock. Following the expanded production of biodiesel, the oversupply of glycerol has led to increasing research of the catalytic conversion of glycerol. The selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol is an economical and sustainable way to produce 1,3‐propanediol, which experiences a global growing demand, and valorize glycerol. However, the secondary hydroxy group of glycerol is sterically hindered by two primary hydroxy groups. As a result, 1,2‐propanediol is the preferential product rather than 1,3‐propanediol during conventional hydrogenolysis of glycerol. Currently, tungsten‐containing bifunctional catalysts with metal and Brønsted acid sites are considered as a highly effective and atom‐economical catalytic system for the selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3‐propanediol. Therefore, this Minireview summarized various tungsten‐containing bifunctional catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol in detail and deeply discussed the relationship between tungsten species, metal active sites, and glycerol for selectively producing 1,3‐propanediol.
Photocatalytic Water‐Splitting Coupled with Alkanol Oxidation for Selective N‐alkylation Reactions over Carbon Nitride
Authors: Xu Yangsen , Zhang Zhaofei , Qiu Chuntian , Chen Shaoqin , Ling Xiang , Su Chenliang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhotocatalytic water splitting technology (PWST) enables the direct use of water as appealing “liquid hydrogen source” for transfer hydrogenation reactions. Currently, the development of PWST‐based transfer hydrogenations is still in an embryonic stage. Previous reports generally centered on the rational utilization of the in situ generated H‐source (electrons) for hydrogenations, in which photogenerated holes were quenched by sacrificial reagents. Herein, the fully‐utilization of the liquid H‐source and holes during water splitting is presented for photo‐reductive N‐alkylation of nitro‐aromatic compounds. In this integrate system, H‐species in situ generated from water splitting were designed for nitroarenes reduction to produce amines, while alkanols were oxidized by holes for cascade alkylating of anilines as well as the generated secondary amines. More than 50 examples achieved with a broad range scope validate the universal applicability of this mild and sustainable coupling approach. The synthetic utility of this protocol was further demonstrated by the synthesis of existing pharmaceuticals via selective N‐alkylation of amines. This strategy based on the sustainable water splitting technology highlights a significant and promising route for selective synthesis of valuable N‐alkylated fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals from nitroarenes and amines with water and alkanols.
A virtual bird’s eye view: Live streaming nest boxes to continue outreach in the era of COVID‐19
Authors: Houtz Jennifer L. , Mady Rachael P. , Uehling Jennifer J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCOVID‐19 created a host of challenges for science education; in our case, the pandemic halted our in‐person elementary school outreach project on bird biology. This project was designed as a year‐long program to teach fifth‐grade students in Ithaca, New York, USA, about bird ecology and biodiversity using in‐person presentations, games, activities, and outdoor demonstrations. As a central part of this effort, we set up nest boxes on school property and planned to monitor them with students during bird breeding in the spring. Here, we describe our experiences transitioning this program online: we live streamed nest boxes to the students’ virtual classroom and used them as a focal point for virtual lessons on bird breeding and nestling development. In an era of social distancing and isolation, we propose that nest box live streaming and virtual lessons can support communities by providing access to the outdoors and unconventional science learning opportunities for all students. Instituting similar programs at local schools has the potential to increase equitable learning opportunities for students across geographic locations and with varying degrees of physical access to the outdoors and nature.
Targeted plant defense: silicon conserves hormonal defense signaling impacting chewing but not fluid‐feeding herbivores
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Hartley Susan E. , Ryalls James M.W. , Frew Adam , Hall Casey R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlants deploy an arsenal of chemical and physical defenses against arthropod herbivores, but it may be most cost efficient to produce these only when attacked. Herbivory activates complex signaling pathways involving several phytohormones, including jasmonic acid (JA), which regulate production of defensive compounds. The Poaceae also have the capacity to take up large amounts of silicon (Si), which accumulates in plant tissues. Si accumulation has antiherbivore properties, but it is poorly understood how Si defenses relate to defense hormone signaling. Here we show that Si enrichment causes the model grass Brachypodium distachyon to show lower levels of JA induction when attacked by chewing herbivores. Triggering this hormone even at lower concentrations, however, prompts Si uptake and physical defenses (e.g., leaf hairs), which negatively impact chewing herbivores. Removal of leaf hairs restored performance. Crucially, activation of such Si‐based defense is herbivore‐specific and occurred only in response to chewing and not fluid‐feeding (aphid) herbivores. This aligned with our meta‐analysis of 88 studies that showed Si defenses were more effective against chewing herbivores than fluid feeders. Our results suggest integration between herbivore defenses in a model Si‐accumulating plant, which potentially allows it to avoid unnecessary activation of other costly defenses.
Seeking life in sedimented waters: Environmental DNA from diverse habitat types reveals ecologically significant species in a tropical marine environment
Authors: Ip Yin Cheong Aden , Tay Ywee Chieh , Chang Jia Jin Marc , Ang Hui Ping , Tun Karenne Phyu Phyu , Chou Loke Ming , Huang Danwei , Meier Rudolf 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) with metabarcoding or metagenomics will likely become a major biomonitoring tool in the 21st century, perhaps even more so in the face of increased coastal urbanization and its associated effects such as pollution, land reclamation, and seabed dredging. Together, these impacts and the consequent high turbidity pose severe challenges to traditional survey techniques that rely heavily on visual observations. We here demonstrate that eDNA can be used for biomonitoring in turbid waters, using Singapore as a case study. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) locus was used to detect 525 metazoan molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) based on eDNA obtained from 52 L of filtered seawater. Of these, 130 MOTUs (24.7%) were identifiable to species, including ecologically significant species that in some cases were invasive or rarely observed. Metazoan signals also enabled discrimination of discrete, but connected, environments from intertidal and subtidal zones. Taxa with known habitat preferences were found to have left trace eDNA at sites that matched putatively suitable habitats. Moreover, no coast‐specific signals were detected in open water samples, which suggest that intermixing of water was limited. The study confirms that eDNA metabarcoding is a viable biomonitoring tool for coastal areas with highly sedimented waters.
Ventricular assist device for a coronavirus disease 2019‐affected heart
Authors: Rassaf Tienush , Totzeck Matthias , Mahabadi Amir A. , Hendgen‐Cotta Ulrike , Korste Sebastian , Settelmeier Stephan , Luedike Peter , Dittmer Ulf , Herbstreit Frank , Brenner Thorsten , Klingel Karin , Hasenberg Mike , Walkenfort Bernd , Gunzer Matthias , Schlosser Thomas , Weymann Alexander , Kamler Markus , Schmack Bastian , Ruhparwar Arjang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is challenging the care for cardiovascular patients, resulting in serious consequences with increasing mortality in pre‐diseased heart failure patients. In the current state of the pandemic, the physiopathology of COVID‐19 affecting pre‐diseased hearts and the management of terminal heart failure in COVID‐19 patients remain unclear. We outline the findings of a young COVID‐19 patient suffering from idiopathic cardiomyopathy who was treated for acute multi‐organ failure and required cardiac surgery with implantation of a temporary right ventricular and durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD). For deeper translational insights, we used in‐depth tissue analysis by electron and light sheet fluorescence microscopy revealing evidence for spatial distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the heart. This indicates that in‐depth analysis may represent a valuable tool in understanding indistinct clinical cases. We conclude that COVID‐19 directly affects pre‐diseased hearts, but the consequences can be treated successfully with LVAD implantation.
Finite element analysis of the seismic shake‐table response of a rocking podium structure
Authors: Zhong Chiyun , Christopoulos Constantin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRocking podium structures consist of rocking columns supporting a platform to achieve kinematic seismic isolation of the superstructure above. This article presents detailed finite element (FE) analysis modeling and results of the benchmark rocking podium structure that was tested as part of a blind prediction contest organized by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research center (PEER) at UC Berkeley, the University of Bristol, and ETH Zurich in 2019. Details of the FE modeling approach, as well as a discussion on key results and findings of this study are outlined herein. It was found that the FE model of the rocking podium structure was not sensitive to the element type, mesh layout or maximum time step, while the choice of contact algorithm influences the stability of the predicted rocking behavior. Modeling of the friction interactions between the rocking interfaces also had a nontrivial influence on the dynamic rocking response as it represented the main source of energy dissipation in the system. Further, instead of assuming an arbitrary value for inherent damping which was deemed to be very low for such a structure, explicit modeling of the frictional dissipation mechanism at the column‐to‐podium interface was preferred in this study.
Top management team international diversity and the performance of international R&D
Authors: Belderbos René , Lokshin Boris , Boone Christophe , Jacob Jojo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryWe investigate how international diversity in Top Management Teams (TMTs) contributes to the effectiveness of geographically dispersed R&D strategies in enhancing innovation performance. Both international work experience and nationality diversity may enhance the effectiveness of geographically dispersed R&D when there is alignment between the countries of work experience and nationality of TMT members, on the one hand, and firms' R&D locations on the other. This influence is stronger for international work experience diversity than for nationality diversity, as the former provides more task‐related knowledge to coordinate R&D activities and is less associated with the risk of social categorization. We find partial support for these notions in a panel analysis of the innovation performance of 165 leading MNCs based in Europe, Japan, and the United States.Managerial SummaryThe international experience and nationality diversity of members of the Top Management Team (TMT) of multinational firms may facilitate the implementation of international R&D strategies. If TMT members have knowledge of local circumstances and social networks in the countries in which the firm has international R&D facilities, this can enhance the TMT's ability to allocate and coordinate international R&D tasks more effectively, and to foster firm‐wide collaboration and knowledge integration. Hence, the alignment between R&D locations and the international diversity of the TMT may improve the performance effects of international R&D strategies. We find partial support for this conjecture in an analysis of the patent performance of 165 leading MNCs. It is international work experience rather than nationality diversity that brings these performance benefits.
Factors Associated With Hepatitis A Mortality During Person‐to‐Person Outbreaks: A Matched Case–Control Study—United States, 2016‐2019
Authors: Hofmeister Megan G. , Xing Jian , Foster Monique A. , Augustine Ryan J. , Burkholder Cole , Collins Jim , McBee Shannon , Thomasson Erica D. , Thoroughman Douglas , Weng Mark K. , Spradling Philip R. 
Published: November 2020

Background and Aims
During 2016‐2020, the United States experienced person‐to‐person hepatitis A outbreaks that are unprecedented in the vaccine era, during which case–fatality ratios reported by some jurisdictions exceeded those historically associated with hepatitis A.

Approach and Results
To identify factors associated with hepatitis A–related mortality, we performed a matched case–control study (matched on age [±5 years] and county of residence in a 1:4 ratio) using data collected from health department and hospital medical records of outbreak‐associated patients in Kentucky, Michigan, and West Virginia. Controls were hepatitis A outbreak–associated patients who did not die. There were 110 cases (mean age 53.6 years) and 414 matched controls (mean age 51.9 years); most cases (68.2%) and controls (63.8%) were male. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher odds of mortality were associated with preexisting nonviral liver disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.2), history of hepatitis B (aOR, 2.4), diabetes (aOR, 2.2), and cardiovascular disease (aOR, 2.2), as well as initial Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score ≥ 30 (aOR, 10.0), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio > 2 (aOR, 10.3), and platelet count < 150,000/μL (aOR, 3.7) among hepatitis A outbreak–associated patients in the independent multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses (each model adjusted for sex).

Conclusions
Preexisting liver disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and initial MELD score ≥ 30, AST/ALT ratio ≥ 1, and platelet count < 150,000/μL among hepatitis A patients were independently associated with higher odds of mortality. Providers should be vigilant for such features and have a low threshold to escalate care and consider consultation for liver transplantation. Our findings support the recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to vaccinate persons with chronic liver disease, though future recommendations to include adults with diabetes and cardiovascular disease should be considered.
Heterogeneous Circles for Liver Allocation
Authors: Wood Nicholas L. , Kernodle Amber B. , Hartley Andrew J. , Segev Dorry L. , Gentry Sommer E. 
Published: November 2020

Background and Aims
In February 2020, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network replaced donor service area‐based allocation of livers with acuity circles, a system based on three homogeneous circles around each donor hospital. This system has been criticized for neglecting to consider varying population density and proximity to coast and national borders.

Approach and Results
Using Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data from July 2013 to June 2017, we designed heterogeneous circles to reduce both circle size and variation in liver supply/demand ratios across transplant centers. We weighted liver demand by Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD)/Pediatric End‐Stage Liver Disease (PELD) because higher MELD/PELD candidates are more likely to be transplanted. Transplant centers in the West had the largest circles; transplant centers in the Midwest and South had the smallest circles. Supply/demand ratios ranged from 0.471 to 0.655 livers per MELD‐weighted incident candidate. Our heterogeneous circles had lower variation in supply/demand ratios than homogeneous circles of any radius between 150 and 1,000 nautical miles (nm). Homogeneous circles of 500 nm, the largest circle used in the acuity circles allocation system, had a variance in supply/demand ratios 16 times higher than our heterogeneous circles (0.0156 vs. 0.0009) and a range of supply/demand ratios 2.3 times higher than our heterogeneous circles (0.421 vs. 0.184). Our heterogeneous circles had a median (interquartile range) radius of only 326 (275‐470) nm but reduced disparities in supply/demand ratios significantly by accounting for population density, national borders, and geographic variation of supply and demand.

Conclusions
Large homogeneous circles create logistical burdens on transplant centers that do not need them, whereas small homogeneous circles increase geographic disparity. Using carefully designed heterogeneous circles can reduce geographic disparity in liver supply/demand ratios compared with homogeneous circles of radius ranging from 150 to 1,000 nm.