bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sanitation
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Despite thousands of years of toilet culture and technology, and despite the obvious benefits of sanitation for health and wellbeing, 3.5 billion people alive today do not have access to a safe system for removing human waste. The installation of sanitary systems requires cooperation among many kinds of providers and users. Their collective goal is to combine the benefits for health with personal and social preferences for toilet use and hygiene, while exploiting other benefits from agriculture, energy, education, environmental protection, housing, and flood protection. For individuals, families, and communities, toilets are not merely, or even mainly, to protect health. Rather their acceptability hinges on convenience, privacy, personal safety, and dignity, where preferences are rooted in societal norms. Consensus in the ‘co-production’ of sanitary systems is easier to achieve through collective ownership in small communities; decisive leadership and large investments are needed to build sanitary systems at a national scale. Universal safe sanitation is costly—however, historical and contemporary international comparisons suggest that, with growing wealth, all countries will eventually have safe sanitation systems that are integral to personal, social, and economic wellbeing. Setting the many benefits against the costs will get them there more quickly.
Climate change
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Climate change is prevention’s greatest challenge—its effects on health and wellbeing will be large, diverse, long-term, and global. This chapter examines how health can benefit from, contribute to, and motivate actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The main challenge for mitigation (primary prevention) is to raise the price of carbon, quantitatively and qualitatively, so as to drive global greenhouse gas emissions to ‘net zero’ or lower, and fast enough to keep global warming below 2℃. The task for health experts is to price health into the cost of carbon so as to influence decisions made via carbon taxes, emission trading schemes, renewable energy subsidies, and the application of laws and regulations. Because mitigation is slow, adaptation (secondary prevention) will play an accelerating role in protecting lives and livelihoods. Local adaptation to counter foreseeable local threats—droughts, extreme temperatures, flooding, vector-borne diseases—gives relatively predictable returns on investment (c.f. global mitigation) but is greatly underfunded. As stimuli for action, specific initiatives to improve health and wellbeing yield co-benefits that exceed those obtained by mitigation and adaptation alone. The pressure for systemic and transformative action mounts with every extreme weather event —that pressure has triggered sudden and rapid switches towards cleaner and healthier energy technologies. Many more of these switches are needed to avert climate disaster.
Basic Optics
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The transmission, reflection, and refraction of light through optical materials makes it possible to manipulate the properties of light in many optical devices including lasers. This chapter introduces these concepts and how they vary, for example, with the polarization of light. The function and performance of basic optical elements (windows, lenses, prisms, diffraction gratings, waveplates, etalons, optically active crystals) underlie laser design and operation, as well as how lasers are integrated into laboratory instruments and experiments. Individual optical components and their function are described with an emphasis on practical applications in the lab. Important concepts include reflection of light at an interface and its dependence on polarization, diffraction using gratings and how this is used in spectrometers, how lenses combine to form telescopes, etc.
Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Although infrared spectroscopy is often used by chemists to obtain vibrational information about molecules, Raman spectroscopy provides a complementary approach. Additionally, Raman is particularly useful for materials which have rigid structures and do not have large dipole moments. This chapter explores the Raman spectra of a series of carbon ring materials, including benzene, perylene, C60, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The changing patterns in spectra illustrate the effects of extended molecular frameworks and more rigid materials on the vibrational frequencies. Certain vibrational modes involving carbon skeleton motions change systematically on going from smaller systems to larger ones.
Diode Laser Atomic Spectroscopy
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Experiments using relatively inexpensive tunable diode lasers are used to study high-resolution absorption spectroscopy in alkali vapor. Direct absorption spectra for cesium and rubidium show adsorption profiles that are Doppler-broadened. A second experiment demonstrates saturated adsorption spectroscopy to remove Doppler broadening in atomic spectroscopy for rubidium atoms in a cell at room temperature. Lamb dips are seen in the Doppler-broadened profiles. Finally, a third experiment is described which demonstrates Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy for rubidium vapor. All of these experiments were historical stepping stones toward the creation of a Bose–Einstein condensate.
Fertility, Infant Mortality, and Gender
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Newly formed couples choose how much birth control to exercise, and how much to spend for each baby they have, taking into account that this expenditure will condition the probability that those babies will survive to school age. If parents are credit constrained and cannot buy insurance, they take also into account that the more children will reach school age the less education each of them will receive. A market equilibrium may be characterized by high fertility, high infant mortality, low education and high child labour, or low fertility, low infant mortality, high education and low child labour. The switch from one to the other is called a demographic transition. Gender issues, including opportunistic bargaining on the husband’s part, also are discussed.
A history of evolution and human behaviour
Authors: Brown Gillian R. , Lala Kevin N. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a concise overview of how evolutionary theory has been applied to the study of human behaviour within Western sciences from the late nineteenth century through to the mid-twentieth century. It starts with the writings of Charles Darwin, who applied his theories of natural selection and sexual selection to the mental abilities, behaviour, and emotional lives of humans and other animals. It compares Darwin’s views with those of contemporaries, as well as examining how evolutionary theory influenced the emerging fields of anthropology and psychology. Outside of academia, crude distortions of evolutionary theory led to eugenics, social Darwinism, and racist immigration policy. The chapter introduces the behaviourists and cultural anthropologists who challenged the over-reliance on concepts such as ‘human instincts’, before describing the insights gained by the ethologists in their studies of animal behaviour in naturalist settings, and their implications for the ‘nature–nurture debate’.
Human sociobiology
Authors: Brown Gillian R. , Lala Kevin N. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces some advances in evolutionary theory that were emerging during the 1970s. These advances were collectively termed ‘sociobiology’ by Edward O. Wilson, who pioneered their application to the study of human behaviour. The chapter describes the key concepts of sociobiology, namely the gene’s-eye view, kin selection, parent–offspring conflict, reciprocal altruism, and evolutionary game theory, and describes the controversies that arose when sociobiological ideas were extrapolated to the human species. Critics argued that human sociobiology was mired in genetic determinism, that it bolstered prejudicial views, and that it amounted to nothing more than storytelling. The chapter evaluates these critiques, before describing how superficial and biased accounts of human behaviour led to the rejection of sociobiology by social scientists, and to human sociobiology’s rapid demise. Yet the roots of the contemporary sub-fields described in subsequent chapters can be found in sociobiology’s fertile grounds.
For English and for Tongues, Our Own
Authors: Dechamma CC Sowmya 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The questions this chapter explores are these: Why is the English language and discipline seen as suitable to bring in ideas of equality or critique ideals of equality as disrupting traditions? Why does English lend itself to the discourse of a modernity that is perceived as undesirable to a dominant section? And how and why is the very same English seen as desirable by a large section of minoritized groups? The chapter attempts to examine these questions using certain incidents from our recent past, from a letter written by Kodava clan headmen to the British officials and by various narratives by Dalit-Bahujan intellectuals around the question of English.
Conclusion
Authors: Dechamma CC Sowmya 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the term mother tongue is a historical construction and that there can never be an acceptable or agreeable definition of mother tongue—be it official or popular. The chapter attempts to trace different ideas of mother tongue in history, through the census of India and other official notions. It also looks at popular perceptions of mother tongue. Juxtaposing the idea of a mother tongue with the ideas of a dominant language, so called regional and local languages, the conclusion argues how the concept of a mother tongue has always played against the practices and interests of languages of minorities and the people who speak them.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Amanda Lea 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the ongoing cultural revival among the Lhomwe of Malawi and identifies the book’s central puzzle: how can a cultural revival produce political returns for ethnic elites and why do regular people respond to such an effort? The chapter then provides an overview of the theoretical framework developed to answer these questions, which links ethnic visibility to political behavior via its effects on linked fate and identifies cultural revivals as a mechanism for increasing ethnic visibility. The chapter then summarizes the empirical approach of the book before turning to its implications for our understanding of the nature of ethnicity, our ability to explain variation in the political relevance of ethnicity, the broader study of the invention of tradition, and a new mechanism through which cultural revivals shape politics. The chapter ends by summarizing the structure and content of subsequent chapters.
‘We Are Here’: The Lhomwe Cultural Revival
Authors: Robinson Amanda Lea 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a rich, in-depth description of the Lhomwe cultural revival. The revival is documented using original interview data, data from two surveys, the author’s firsthand observations, and a number of secondary sources. It is organized around the different components of the cultural revival, including the establishment of the ethnic association, the annual cultural festival, efforts to revive the nearly extinct Lhomwe language, the promotion of ethnic clothing, encouragement to bestow children with ethnically distinct names, formal and informal means for reviving lost dance traditions, the preparation of culturally-meaningful foods, and several other initiatives.
Corporate Purpose: The US Discussion and the Restatement of the Law of Corporate Governance
Authors: Rock Edward B. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The American Law Institute’s Restatement of Corporate Governance stands in a complex relationship with the current debate over ‘corporate purpose’. On the one hand, against those who would impose an obligation on corporations to adopt a legally enforceable corporate purpose that gives weight to non-shareholder interests even when those interests diverge from shareholder interests, the Restatement makes clear that this is not the rule either in the traditional common law jurisdictions like Delaware or in the states that rejected Delaware’s shareholder primacy by adopting ‘constituency’ statutes. On the other hand, against those who would impose upon directors a duty to maximize stock price, the Restatement makes clear that directors’ discretion is far broader than any such maxim would permit, a discretion that permits directors to take seriously the interests of all stakeholders as they work to promote the value of the corporation.
ESG Demand-side Regulation—Governing the Shareholders
Authors: Kuntz Thilo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A changing landscape of ESG and CSR legal frameworks no longer primarily focuses on the board of directors or a similar body managing the affairs of the public corporation, but rather the shareholders and investors. After decades of focusing on directors’ duties to the corporation, stockholders, and society at large, this development is a major change. At least in theory, regulating the shareholders promises to change the incentives of managers in making decisions. If shareholders’ interests are no longer primarily financial, directors may be more open to giving ESG greater weight. The chapter offers two contributions to the literature. It charts the territory and provides a description and analysis of legal instruments and regulatory strategies rule-makers already deploy for ESG demand-side regulation. Furthermore, it develops an analytical grid and evaluates the promises and perils of the different ways to govern the shareholders.
Processes of auditory organization during music listening
Authors: McAdams Stephen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Auditory grouping processes organize incoming sensory information into events and event streams that usually come from a single sound source. Concurrent grouping perceptually integrates acoustic information into events and segregates information into distinct overlapping events based on acoustic cues such as harmonicity, onset synchrony, parallel change in frequency and intensity, and spatial position. The perceptual properties of an event, such as pitch, timbre, loudness, and spatial position, depend on the acoustic information assigned to that event. Sequential grouping perceptually connects events with similar pitch, timbre, loudness, and spatial position over time and segregates events with dissimilar properties into distinct auditory streams. The degree of tolerable dissimilarity for stream integration depends on the tempo. Melody and rhythm perception depend on which events are assigned to a given auditory stream. Concurrent and sequential grouping processes can compete in ways that have been exploited by composers to control dissonance and create different musical textures.
The Concept of Climate Assessment
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the use of environmental assessment as a tool for climate change mitigation—in short, climate assessment. First, the chapter presents the context in which climate assessment has emerged. Almost every state has adopted mandatory procedures to assess environmental impacts before approving activities likely to affect the environment, and these procedures have often been applied as a tool to predict and appraise the potential impact of proposed activities on climate change. Second, the chapter provides an overview of existing climate assessment law and practice. Climate assessment requirements have often emerged from administrative practice or case law based on unspecific legal instruments; at times, they have also been defined or refined through regulatory and statutory reforms. Lastly, the chapter considers some of the main objections to climate assessment. Concerns about policy redundancy appear generally ill-founded because climate assessment can be a useful complement to other policies and measures on climate change mitigation, including cap-and-trade mechanisms. Other objections, relating to the global, diffuse, and uncertain nature of climate impacts, are introduced in this chapter but further addressed in further chapters.
Assessing Indirect Climate Impacts
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A proposed activity can have indirect climate impacts. For instance, a coal mine facilitates the consumption of coal by other actors, often in other countries, with implications for greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental assessment law and practice is divided on whether such indirect climate impacts ought to be assessed. This chapter identifies and discusses the three grounds most often invoked to justify a decision not to assess indirect climate impacts: market substitution, the extraterritoriality of indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and the practical difficulty of predicting these indirect emissions. Ultimately, the chapter refutes these three arguments and pleads for the assessment of any potentially significant indirect climate impact.
Identification and functional analysis of strigolactone pathway genes regulating tillering traits in sugarcane
Authors: Qi Yiying , Feng Xiaoxi , Ding Hongyan , Lin Dadong , Lan Yuhong , Zhang Yixing , Akbar Sehrish , Shi Huihong , Li Zhen , Gao Ruiting , Hua Xiuting , Wang Yuhao , Zhang Jisen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum are two fundamental species of modern sugarcane cultivars, exhibiting divergent tillering patterns crucial for sugarcane architecture and yield. Strigolactones (SLs), a class of plant hormones, are considered to play a central role in shaping plant form and regulating tillering. Our study highlights the distinct tillering patterns observed between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum and implicates significant differences in SL levels in root exudates between the two species. Treatment with rac-GR24 (an artificial SL analog) suppressed tillering in S. spontaneum. Based on transcriptome analysis, we focused on two genes, TRANSCRIPTION ELONGATION FACTOR 1 (TEF1) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1), which show higher expression in S. spontaneum or S. officinarum, respectively. While the overexpression of SoCCA1 did not lead to significant phenotypic differences, overexpression of SsTEF1 in rice stimulated tillering and inhibited plant height, demonstrating its role in tillering regulation. However, the overexpression of suggests that SoCCA1 may not be the key regulator of sugarcane tillering. Yeast one-hybrid assays identified four transcription factors (TFs) regulating SsTEF1 and four and five TFs regulating SsCCA1 and SoCCA1. This study provides a theoretical foundation for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the different tillering behaviors between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, providing valuable insights for the molecular-based design of sugarcane breeding strategies.
The molecular framework balancing growth and defense in response to plant elicitor peptide-induced signals in Arabidopsis
Authors: Dhar Souvik , Kim Soo Youn , Shin Hee-Ji , Park Jongsung , Lee Ji-Young 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Elevated stress signaling compromises plant growth by suppressing proliferative and formative division in the meristem. Plant elicitor peptide, an endogenous danger signal triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), suppresses proliferative division, alters xylem vessel organization, and disrupts cell-to-cell symplastic connections in roots. To gain insight into the dynamic molecular framework that modulates root development under elevated danger signals, we performed a time-course RNA-sequencing analysis of the root meristem after synthetic PEP1 treatment. Our analyses revealed that SALT TOLERANCE ZINC FINGER (STZ) and its homologs are a potential nexus between the stress response and proliferative cell cycle regulation. Through functional, phenotypic, and transcriptomic analyses, we observed that STZ differentially controls the cell cycle, cell differentiation, and stress response genes in various tissue layers of the root meristem. Moreover, we determined the STZ expression level critical for enabling the growth–defense tradeoff. These findings provide valuable information about the dynamic gene expression changes that occur upon perceiving danger signals in the root meristem and potential engineering strategies to generate stress-resilient plants.
Are ultrasound salivary parenchymal lesions more severe in primary Sjögren patients with a longer disease duration? A cross-sectional study
Authors: Tison Alice , Jousse-Joulin Sandrine , Consigny Maëlys , Moog Philipp , Hofauer Benedikt , Hachulla Eric , Lamotte Christophe , Morel Jacques , Mouterde Gaël , Milic Vera , Bootsma Hendrika , Stel Alja , Fisher Benjamin A , Maybury Marc , Baer Alan , DiRenzo Dana , Kim Hae-Rim , Min Hong-Ki , Lee Shin-Seok , Choi Sung-Eun , Carvajal Alegria Guillermo , Boisramé Sylvie , Guellec Dewi , Cornec Divi , Quéré Baptiste , Jonsson Malin , Hammenfors Daniel , Saraux Alain , Devauchelle-Pensec Valérie 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Salivary gland ultrasound (SGUS) has an interest in primary Sjögren’s disease (pSD) for diagnosis, but the evolution of parenchymal lesions over time is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the severity of ultrasound abnormalities in relation to pSD duration from the time of buccal dryness onset.

Methods
In this cross-sectional international multicentre study, patients with pSD according to the 2002 or 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria were included. Parenchymal abnormalities were classified according to the semiquantitative score as defined by OMERACT. Patients were separated into four groups (Group A: &lt;5 years, Group B: 5–9 years, Group C: 10–20 years and Group D: &gt;20 years from the onset of buccal dryness). The association between disease duration groups and SGUS lesions was quantified in terms of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results
A total of 247 patients were consecutively included between May 2019 and February 2022. Eighty-nine percent of patients had a focus score ≥1/4 mm2, and 85% had positive anti-Ro/SSA. pSD duration was associated with a pathological OMERACT score (score 2 or 3): OR for 5-year duration: 1.23 [95% CI 1.04; 1.47], P = 0.038. Considering each US item, the only statistical association with pSD duration was found regarding the presence of hyperechoic bands (25% or more): OR for 5-year duration 1.18 [95% CI 1.03; 1.36], P = 0.038), independent of an older age.

Conclusion
pSD duration was associated with the presence of hyperechoic bands, but not with hypoechoic areas, suggesting a progressive fibro-adipose evolution.