bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental constraints on nonskeletal CaCO3 precipitation from Proterozoic seawater
Authors: Roest-Ellis Sascha , Strauss Justin V. , Tosca Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Precambrian carbonates record secular variations in the style of CaCO3 nucleation and growth, yet the geochemical conditions recorded by some enigmatic textures remain poorly quantified. Here, we performed CaCO3 nucleation experiments in synthetic seawater in order to constrain the mineralization pathways of synsedimentary calcite microspar cement, a prolific component of Proterozoic carbonates. We found that dissolved PO4 above ∼12 μmol/L (µM) inhibits the nucleation of aragonite and calcite and permits the formation of an amorphous Ca-Mg carbonate (ACMC) precursor once CaCO3 supersaturation (Ωcal) is ≥ 45. Depending on seawater Mg/Ca, ACMC then rapidly recrystallizes to monohydrocalcite and/or calcite. This precipitation mechanism is consistent with sedimentological, petrographic, and geochemical characteristics of Proterozoic synsedimentary calcite microspar cement, and it suggests that kinetic interactions among common seawater ions may open nontraditional CaCO3 mineralization pathways and sustain high CaCO3 supersaturation.
Total organic carbon and the preservation of organic-walled microfossils in Precambrian shale
Authors: Woltz C.R. , Porter S.M. , Agić H. , Dehler C.M. , Junium C.K. , Riedman L.A. , Hodgskiss M.S.W. , Wörndle S. , Halverson G.P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Much of our understanding of early eukaryote diversity and paleoecology comes from the record of organic-walled microfossils in shale, yet the conditions controlling their preservation are not well understood. It has been suggested that high concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) inhibit the preservation of organic fossils in shale, and although this idea is supported anecdotally, it has never been tested. Here we compared the presence, preservational quality, and assemblage diversity of organic-walled microfossils to TOC concentrations of 346 shale samples that span the late Paleoproterozoic to middle Neoproterozoic in age. We found that fossil-bearing samples have significantly lower median TOC values (0.32 wt%, n = 189) than those containing no fossils (0.72 wt%, n = 157). Preservational quality, measured by the loss of surface pattern, density of pitting, and deterioration of wall margin, decreases as TOC increases. Species richness negatively correlates with TOC within the ca. 750 Ma Chuar Group (Arizona, USA), but no relationship is observed in other units. These results support the hypothesis that high TOC content either decreases the preservational quality or inhibits the preservation of organic-walled microfossils altogether. However, it is also possible that other causal factors, including sedimentation rate and microbial degradation, account for the correlation between fossil preservation and TOC. We expect that as TOC varies in space and time, so too does the probability of finding well-preserved fossils. A compilation of 13,940 TOC values spanning Earth history suggests significantly higher median TOC levels in Mesoproterozoic versus Neoproterozoic shale, potentially biasing the interpreted pattern of increased eukaryotic diversity in the Tonian.
Trends and sociodemographic inequalities in the use of caesarean section in Indonesia, 1987-2017
Authors: Zahroh Rana Islamiah , Disney George , Betrán Ana Pilar , Bohren Meghan A. 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionCaesarean section (CS) rates are increasing globally. CS can be a live-saving procedure when medically indicated, but it comes with higher risks for women and newborns when done without medical indication. Crucially, inequalities in who receives CS exist, both within and across countries. Understanding factors driving increasing rates and inequalities of CS is imperative to optimise the use of this life-saving intervention. This study aimed to investigate trends of CS use and inequalities across sociodemographic characteristics in Indonesia over a 30-year period.MethodsSeven waves of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey were used to estimate trends and inequalities in CS from 1987 to 2017. Relative and absolute inequalities across a range of sociodemographic characteristics were estimated and trends in inequalities were assessed through changes in rate ratio and rate difference.ResultsThe proportion of facility-based births in Indonesia has increased in the past 30 years, coinciding with an increase in CS rate (CSR) (1991 CSR: 1.6% (95% CI 1.3 to 1.9); 2017 CSR: 17.6% (95% CI 16.7 to 18.5)). Higher rates of CS are observed mostly in Western Indonesia, while lower CSRs are observed in Eastern Indonesia. Inequalities of CSRs in Indonesia are observed across type of health facility (public/private), regions, places of residence, wealth quintiles and maternal education, with the highest CSRs in more affluent and educated groups. Widening absolute inequalities of CS are observed across all sociodemographic characteristics, except facility type, where CSR gaps between public and private facilities have closed on both relative and absolute scales.ConclusionThis study provides evidence of increasing trends in CSRs and widening absolute inequalities in CSRs across different sociodemographic groups of women in Indonesia. The context of increasing CSRs across society, however, may have resulted in more stable relative inequalities. Improving understanding of the drivers of these trends in Indonesia and, particularly, of women’s and providers’ perspectives and preferences for childbirth, should be prioritised to optimise the use of CS.
Double-task exercise programmes to strengthen cognitive and vascular health in older adults at risk of cognitive decline: protocol for a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Sánchez-Arenas Rosalinda , Doubova Svetlana V , Bernabe-Garcia Mariela , Gregory Michel A , Mejía-Alonso Laura Alejandra , Orihuela-Rodríguez Oscar , Paredes-Manjarrez Carlos , Colín-Martínez Tania , Mujica-Morales Irene , Grijalva-Otero Israel , Basurto-Acevedo Lourdes , Manuel-Apolinar Leticia , Cuadros-Moreno Juan , Bernal-Diaz Arcelia , Shigematsu Ryosuke 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionCognitive and physical declines are frequent causes of disability among older adults (OAs) in Mexico that imposes significant burden on the health system and OAs’ families. Programmes to prevent or delay OAs’ cognitive and physical decline are scarce.Methods and analysisA double-blind randomised clinical trial will be conducted. The study will aim to evaluate two 24-week double-task (aerobic and cognitive) square-stepping exercise programmes for OAs at risk of cognitive decline—one programme with and another without caregiver participation—and to compare these with an aerobic-balance-stretching exercise programme (control group). 300 OAs (100 per group) affiliated with the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) between 60 and 65 years of age with self-reported cognitive concerns will participate. They will be stratified by education level and randomly allocated to the groups. The intervention will last 24 weeks, and the effect of each programme will be evaluated 12, 24 and 52 weeks after the intervention. Participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics will be collected at baseline. The outcomes will include: (1) general cognitive function; (2) specific cognitive functions; (3) dual-task gait; (4) blood pressure; (5) carotid intima–media thickness; (6) OAs’ health-related quality of life; and (7) caregiver burden. The effects of the interventions on each outcome variable will be examined using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), with study groups as the between-subjects variable and time as the within-subject variable.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the IMSS Ethics and Research Committees (registration number: 2018-785-095). All participants will sign a consent form prior to their participation. The study results will be disseminated to the IMSS authorities, healthcare providers and the research community.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04068376).
Study protocol: a mixed-methods realist evaluation of the Universal Health Visiting Pathway in Scotland
Authors: Doi Lawrence , Morrison Kathleen , Astbury Ruth , Eunson Jane , Horne Margaret A , Jepson Ruth , Marryat Louise , Ormston Rachel , Wood Rachael 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThe growing political emphasis on the early years reflects the importance of these formative years of life. Health visitors in the UK are uniquely positioned to improve health outcomes for children and families and to reduce health inequalities. Recently, there has been a policy change in Scotland in an attempt to enhance the delivery of the universal health visiting service. This study aims to examine the extent to which the enhanced Universal Health Visiting Pathway is implemented and delivered across Scotland and to assess any associated impacts.Methods and analysisA mixed-methods study incorporating four methodological components and uses realist evaluation as the overall conceptual framework. It comprises three phases (1) initial programme theory development; (2) programme theory validation and (3) programme theory refinement. The programme theory validation will use interview and focus group data of parents and health visitors, and conduct a case note review at five study sites. It also involves a national survey of parents and health visitors and routine data analysis of existing secondary data. The analyses of the ensuing qualitative and quantitative data will be carried out using a convergent mixed-methods approach to ensure continuous triangulation of multiple data. The findings of the evaluation will provide contextually relevant understanding of how the Universal Health Visiting Pathway works and evidence the impact of increased investments in health visiting in Scotland.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been approved by the School of Health in Social Science Research Ethics Committee, University of Edinburgh. Additional approvals have been granted/will be sought from the Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for health and social care in Scotland for the case note review,survey and routine data analysis elements of the evaluation. The findings will be prepared as reports to the funders and presented at conferences. It will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.
Risk of COVID-19-related bullying, harassment and stigma among healthcare workers: an analytical cross-sectional global study
Authors: Dye Timothy D , Alcantara Lisette , Siddiqi Shazia , Barbosu Monica , Sharma Saloni , Panko Tiffany , Pressman Eva 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesEssential healthcare workers (HCW) uniquely serve as both COVID-19 healers and, potentially, as carriers of SARS-CoV-2. We assessed COVID-19-related stigma and bullying against HCW controlling for social, psychological, medical and community variables.DesignWe nested an analytical cross-sectional study of COVID-19-related stigma and bullying among HCW within a larger mixed-methods effort assessing COVID-19-related lived experience and impact. Adjusted OR (aOR) and 95% CIs evaluated the association between working in healthcare settings and experience of COVID-19-related bullying and stigma, controlling for confounders. Thematic qualitative analysis provided insight into lived experience of COVID-19-related bullying.SettingWe recruited potential participants in four languages (English, Spanish, French, Italian) through Amazon Mechanical Turk’s online workforce and Facebook.ParticipantsOur sample included 7411 people from 173 countries who were aged 18 years or over.FindingsHCW significantly experienced more COVID-19-related bullying after controlling for the confounding effects of job-related, personal, geographic and sociocultural variables (aOR: 1.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.0). HCW more frequently believed that people gossip about others with COVID-19 (OR: 2.2; 95% CI 1.9 to 2.6) and that people with COVID-19 lose respect in the community (OR: 2.3; 95% CI 2.0 to 2.7), both which elevate bullying risk (OR: 2.7; 95% CI 2.3 to 3.2, and OR: 3.5; 95% CI 2.9 to 4.2, respectively). The lived experience of COVID-19-related bullying relates frequently to public identities as HCW traverse through the community, intersecting with other domains (eg, police, racism, violence).InterpretationAfter controlling for a range of confounding factors, HCW are significantly more likely to experience COVID-19-related stigma and bullying, often in the intersectional context of racism, violence and police involvement in community settings.
Sex and gender considerations in low back pain clinical practice guidelines: a scoping review
Authors: Rathbone Tori , Truong Catherine , Haldenby Haley , Riazi Sara , Kendall Mara , Cimek Tayler , Macedo Luciana G 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThe purpose of this scoping review is to determine if and how sex and gender have been incorporated into low back pain (LBP) clinical practice guidelines (CPG), and if sex and gender terms have been used properly.MethodsCPGs were searched on MEDLINE, Embase, NICE, TRIP and PEDro from 2010 to 2020. The inclusion criteria were English language, CGPs within physiotherapy scope of practice and for adult population with LBP of any type or duration. Three pairs of independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts and full texts. Guidelines were searched for sex/gender-related terms and recommendations were extracted. The AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II) was used to evaluate the quality of the CPGs.ResultsThirty-six CPGs were included, of which 15 were test-positive for sex or gender terms. Only 33% (n=5) of CPGs incorporated sex or gender into diagnostic or management recommendations. Sixty percent of guidelines (n=9) only referenced sex or gender in relation to epidemiology, risk factors or prognostic data, and made no specific recommendations. Overall, there was no observable relationship between guideline quality and likeliness of integrating sex or gender terms. The majority of guidelines used sex and gender terms interchangeably, and no guidelines defined sex or gender.ConclusionCPGs did not consistently consider sex and gender differences in assessment, diagnosis or treatment of LBP. When it was considered, sex and gender terms were used interchangeably, and considerations were primarily regarding pregnancy. Researchers should consider the importance of including sex-based and/or gender-based recommendations into future LBP CPGs.
Arithmetic properties of septic partition functions
Authors: Huber Timothy , Huerta Mayra , Mayes Nathaniel 
Published: December 2020

Congruences and related identities are derived for a set of colored and weighted partition functions whose generating functions generate the graded algebra of integer weight modular forms of level seven. The work determines a general strategy for identifying and proving identities and associated congruences for modular forms on the principal congruence subgroup of level [Formula: see text]. Ramanujan’s partition congruence modulo [Formula: see text] serves as a prototype for the process used to prove new congruences for modular forms of level [Formula: see text].
Effects of Metformin Added to Insulin in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: An Exploratory Crossover Randomized Trial
Authors: Yang Daizhi , Yan Jinhua , Deng Hongrong , Yang Xubin , Luo Sihui , Zheng Xueying , Lv Jing , Liang Wen , Hong Mengjie , Wu Zekai , Yao Bin , Weng Jianping , Xu Wen 
Published: December 2020

Background. To comprehensively assess the effects of metformin added to insulin on metabolic control, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular autonomic function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods. This was an exploratory, crossover, randomized trial conducted in adolescents with type 1 diabetes aged 12-18 years old. Participants were randomly received metformin (≤1000 mg/d) added to insulin for 24 weeks followed by insulin monotherapy for a subsequent 24 weeks or vice versa. Blood pressure, body mass index, insulin dose, estimated insulin sensitivity, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lipid profiles were measured, with a 72-hour continuous glucose monitoring and 24-hour Holter monitoring performed at baseline, 24, and 50 weeks for the assessments of glucose variability and heart rate variability. Results. Seventeen patients with

mean
±
SD

age

14.4
±
2.3

years

, body mass index

18.17
±
1.81

kg
/

m

2

, median (IQR) diabetes duration 4.50 (3.58, 6.92) years, and HbA1c 9.0% (8.5%, 9.4%) were enrolled. The between-group difference in HbA1c of 0.28% (95% CI -0.39 to 0.95%) was not significant (

P
=
0.40

). Changes in body mass index, insulin dose, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and estimated insulin sensitivity were similar for metformin add-on vs. insulin monotherapy. Glucose variability also did not differ. Compared with insulin monotherapy, metformin add-on significantly increased multiple heart rate variability parameters. Conclusions. Metformin added to insulin did not improve metabolic control or glucose variability in lean/normal-weight adolescents with type 1 diabetes. However, metformin added to insulin significantly increased heart rate variability, suggesting that metformin might improve cardiovascular autonomic function in this population.
Late Medieval Translations of the Qurʾān (1450–1525): Discontinuity or Cumulativeness?
Authors: Grévin Benoît 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
What was the reason behind the new, still partly understudied, European “wave of translations” of the Qurʾān characteristic of the years 1440‒1530? Can we find a pattern behind the translation processes and techniques used by John of Segovia and his Muslim coworker, the team commissioned by Egidio da Viterbo, and the Sicilian Jewish convert Guglielmo Raimondo Moncada (alias Flavius Mithridate)? This new generation of Qurʾānic translations presents interesting innovations in contrast to the older works of Robert of Ketton and Marcos de Toledo. Even if the loss (Juan de Segovia) or the non-completion (Moncada) of part of these texts makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions, there are still significant observations to be made about them: these translations were all bilingual or multilingual, featuring conscious strategies of presentation of the Arabic and Latin versions, and a new approach to the Muslim exegesis. And yet, these new and sophisticated works were no match for the older Iberian versions, and it was the Kettonian translation that became the first Latin translation printed in its entirety, whereas the new works of the years 1440‒1530 were lost or poorly transmitted. This paper tries to explain this paradox. Furthermore, through a comparative new methodology, it also aims at gauging the possible links between the older and the newer Latin translations of the Qurʾān suggesting specific a relationship between the Qurʾān of Marcos de Toledo and Moncada’s partial translation of MS. Vat. Ebr. 457.
Al-Āmidī’s al-Muwāzana and the Size of Knowledge
Authors: Bray Julia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper first surveys the structure, content and purpose of al-Āmidī’s al-Muwāzana, the largest work of poetic criticism of the fourth/tenth century, then its medieval reception, which grants it quasi-encyclopaedic authority. Modern reception has often dehistoricized it by viewing it only as criticism, but book studies suggest broader contexts of interpretation. Looser than “encyclopaedia,” the notion of the “big book,” like those by al-Āmidī’s contemporaries and neighbours Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī and al-Tanūkhī, fits well with al-Muwāzana. The chronology of al-Āmidī’s life, and the idea of his “big book” as a highly personal work of lifelong scholarship, endorse M.Z. Sallām’s reading of al-Muwāzana as an intellectual ego-document. Finally, the citation practices of fourth/tenth-century “big books” anticipate aspects of the “archival” outlook of Mamluk scholarship and suggest how the “big books” discussed here sought to validate their own versions of cultural memory.
Navigating the Ocean of Dharma: The Composition of Sanskrit Scriptural Digests in the Dharmaśāstra and Śaiva Siddhānta Traditions
Authors: De Simini Florinda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Scholars of Sanskrit literature in the second millennium CE had to deal with sizeable collections of sources claiming authority on different branches of knowledge and human experience. The need for ordering such sources went hand in hand with the establishment of “canons” of authoritative texts. This article will explore the topic of the composition of digests in two main traditions — the Dharmaśāstra and the Śaiva Siddhānta — to illustrate the breadth of this phenomenon, both in terms of its popularity and of its chronological range.
Decolonizing Knowledge, Education and Social Development: Africanist Perspectives
Authors: Abdi Ali A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Education is viewed, in general terms, as conductive to social development, intended her as the overall and contextual wellbeing of individuals, communities and societies. Both the ideational and select practices of development emerged and expanded in the past 70 or so years. With colonial education continuing unchallenged in ‘postcolonial’ Africa, complemented by the importation of prepackaged, non-functional development schemes, the need for knowledge and learning reconstructions are urgently needed in the continent. It is with that in mind that this paper undertakes both historical and actual analysis of the situation, beginning with the critical readings and relevant analytical, counter-colonial problematizations of Eurocentric and by extension, monocentric modalities of knowledge, education and development. To be sure, the arbitrary constructions of both the terra and persona Africana by European and Euro-American thought leaders who served as the theoretical vanguards for colonialism and contemporary global capitalist domination has led to, and sustains the current situation with respect to African educational and social development contexts. The appreciation of the historical analysis here, as critically attaching to current situations, is important in achieving the needed counter-Eurocentric discursive formations and related reconstructive educational and development possibilities.
Internationalization as a Moral Project
Authors: Servage Laura A. , Yochim Lorin G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article discusses the perspectives of teaching faculty on the growing number of international students in their undergraduate classrooms. Our analysis takes note of expressions of emotion in faculty accounts and uses these to draw attention to the careful deliberations by which faculty reconcile personal commitments with the changing conditions of their work. We highlight moral and epistemological tensions in the project of internationalizing higher education. While these tensions have been considered for some time in critical comparative education circles, they are rarely acknowledged at the level of the mundane, daily practices of teaching. Our findings lead us to propose an alternative figuring of internationalization as a moral project. We believe that shifting the discussion toward moral tensions embedded in the lived reality of the contemporary university provides a rich ground for resolving any number of vexing dilemmas and, perhaps, to realizing the promise of internationalization.