bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances of the Halogen–Zinc Exchange Reaction
Authors: Balkenhohl Moritz , Knochel Paul 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFor the preparation of zinc organometallics bearing highly sensitive functional groups such as ketones, aldehydes or nitro groups, especially mild halogen–zinc exchange reagents have proven to be of great potential. In this Minireview, the latest research in the area of the halogen–zinc exchange reaction is reported, with a special focus lying on novel dialkylzinc reagents complexed with lithium alkoxides. Additionally, the preparation and application of organofluorine zinc reagents and transition‐metal‐catalyzed halogen–zinc exchange reactions are reviewed.
Enhanced Ethanol Production from CO2 Electroreduction at Micropores in Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon
Authors: Song Yanfang , Wang Shibin , Chen Wei , Li Shenggang , Feng Guanghui , Wei Wei , Sun Yuhan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEfficient formation of valuable multicarbon products in CO2 electrochemical reduction is challenging, owing to the difficulty of C−C coupling. Medium micropores embedded in the channel walls of nitrogen‐doped ordered mesoporous carbon are found to capably promote ethanol production from CO2 electroreduction. By scaling up the medium micropore content, the yield of ethanol is increased to 2.3 mmol gcat−1 h−1, far outperforming previously reported state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalysts. The intrinsically higher activity is attributed to the desolvation effect induced by the medium micropores, facilitating the coupling reaction of C1 intermediates to form ethanol.
Benzoquinone‐ and Naphthoquinone‐Bearing Polymers Synthesized by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization as Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shi Yeqing , Sun Pengfei , Yang Jixing , Xu Yunhua 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOrganic electrode materials have attracted great interest for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries owing to their merits of low cost, resource sustainability, and environmental friendliness. Dissolution in organic electrolyte is one of critical factors that limit their development, and constructing corresponding polymers is an effective way to prevent it. Herein, the synthesis of benzoquinone‐ and naphthoquinone‐bearing polymers by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of monomers with an exo‐type four‐membered ring between polymerizable norbornene and redox‐active quinone units is reported. They exhibit significantly reduced solubility and clearly enhanced electrochemical performance. In particular, a high capacity (189.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 1 C=216.1 mA g−1), stable cycling (75.6 % capacity retention after 500 cycles at 2 C), and good rate capability (retaining 80.4 % from 0.1 to 2 C) were obtained for the naphthoquinone‐bearing polymer, which stand out among naphthoquinone‐bearing polymer electrode materials. This work offers rational molecular design and a new polymerization strategy to construct high‐performance polymer electrode materials.
Safeguarding Participants in Psychiatric Genetic Research: Perspectives of Key Stakeholder Groups
Authors: Rostami Maryam , Dunn Laura B. , Kim Jane Paik , Roberts Laura Weiss 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTPublic trust in research depends on implementation of research protections. Genetic and psychiatric research may elicit “exceptionalism,” the belief that these types of research deserve special protections. Genetic information has been viewed as different from other health information. Psychiatric research has been scrutinized based on concerns about the impact of psychiatric illness on individuals’ abilities to make decisions. This study compared four stakeholder groups’ attitudes toward research safeguards. Psychiatric genetic researchers and institutional review board chairs received structured surveys. Individuals with mental illness and family members participated in semistructured interviews. Paired sample t‐tests were used to compare mean ratings of importance of safeguard procedures for genetic versus nongenetic research on physical versus mental illnesses. All groups provided higher ratings for the importance of safeguards for genetic research and for mental illness. Individuals with mental illness and family members rated the importance of safeguards more highly than researchers and chairs did. Results of generalized linear models showed significant effects of gender and ethnicity.
Winter emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O from temperate agricultural dams: fluxes, sources, and processes
Authors: Ollivier Quinn R. , Maher Damien T. , Pitfield Chris , Macreadie Peter I. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThrough the microbial breakdown of organic matter and production of greenhouse gases (GHGs), small agricultural dams or ponds have recently been shown to make a relatively large contribution to freshwater ecosystem carbon cycling. However, current estimates of their total carbon dioxide‐equivalent (CO2‐e) emissions lack inclusion of both seasonal and diel fluctuations. In addition, the atmospheric emissions of nitrous oxide from these often eutrophic systems have yet to be established. Here, we quantified the diffusive winter emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from 12 small agricultural dams within southeast Australia over a 24‐h period. The winter CO2‐e emissions of small agricultural water bodies were ~92% lower than previous summer estimates, at 1.02 g·m−2·d−1, while N2O contributed just 3.2% of this total. We also show that diel cycles do not significantly affect winter CO2, CH4, or N2O emission rates, and we discuss the likely carbon sources to these systems, through analyses of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). The results from this study fill key gaps in our knowledge of agricultural dam GHG production and global atmospheric emissions, aiding their inclusion into future GHG budgets.
A Novel Bioelectrochemical Sensor Based on Immobilized Urease on the Surface of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticle and Polypyrrole Composite Modified Pt Electrode
Authors: Hosseinian Maliheh , Darzi Ghasem Najafpour , Rahimpour Ahmad 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNickel oxide nanoparticle (NiO−NP) and polypyrrole (PPy) composite were deposited on a Pt electrode for fabrication of a urea biosensor. To develop the sensor, a thin film of PPy−NiO composite was deposited on a Pt substrate that serves as a matrix for the immobilization of enzyme. Urease was immobilized on the surface of Pt/PPy−NiO by a physical adsorption. The response of the fabricated electrode (Pt/PPy−NiO/Urs) towards urea was analyzed by chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Electrochemical response of the bio‐electrode was significantly enhanced. This is due to electron transfer between Ni2+ and Ni3+ as the electro‐catalytic group and the reaction between polypyrrole and the urease‐liberated ammonium. The fabricated electrode showed reliable and demonstrated perfectly linear response (0.7–26.7 mM of urea concentration, R2= 0.993), with high sensitivity (0.153 mA mM−1 cm−2), low detection of limit (1.6 μM), long stability (10 weeks), and low response time (∼5 s). The developed biosensor was highly selective and obtained data were repeatable and reproduced using PPy‐NiO composite loaded with immobilized urease as urea biosensors.
Smartphone‐coupled Electrochemical Analysis of Cellular Superoxide Anions Based on Mnx(PO4)y Monolayer Modified Porous Carbon
Authors: Cai Xuan , Gao Qianmei , Zuo Shaohua , Zhao Hongli , Lan Minbo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHere we established a palm‐sized electrochemical sensor for the determination of cell‐released superoxide anions (O2.−) based on a self‐developed portable potentiostat (xenSTAT) which can perform fast analysis with visual real‐time data and customizable parameters. The xenSTAT was equipped with Bluetooth and USB interfaces, thus being able to be connected with both smartphones and computers for electrochemical analysis. A novel Nanozyme based on Mnx(PO4)y monolayer modified porous carbon cubic was synthesized and used as functional material on the surface of working electrode. By using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry, xenSTAT was demonstrated to exhibit satisfying sensitivity and excellent stability for real‐time monitoring of O2.− released from cancer cells. With decreased cost, customizable development, small size and convenient usage, the xenSTAT described in this work could promote the commercialization and widespread of in‐house built electrochemical sensors for the monitoring of O2.− in the future.
Effects of chitosan‐based coatings on storage quality of Chinese shrimp
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Xia Guanghui , Yang Qiang , Fan Xinwen , Lyu Shuxia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe investigated the effects of chitosan‐based coatings on the preservation quality of refrigerated Chinese shrimp for 12 days. Samples of Chinese shrimp were subjected to three different coating treatments, namely chitosan (CH), chitosan and ε‐polylysine (CH + ε‐PL), chitosan combined with ε‐polylysine and carrageenan (CH + ε‐PL + CA), and compared with a control. The bacteriological characteristics [total viable count (TVC)], chemical indexes including pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, K‐value, and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), texture (hardness, chewiness, and elasticity), and sensory changes were assessed. The increases in TVC, pH, TBA, K‐value, and TVB‐N were observed to be delayed by preservation treatments, and the textural and sensory characteristics indicated that the treated shrimp were preserved more effectively than the control. Treatment with chitosan combined with ε‐polylysine and carrageenan was the most effective preservation method than treatment with chitosan alone or chitosan and ε‐polylysine; the shelf life was also prolonged. Therefore, treatment with chitosan combined with ε‐polylysine and carrageenan is proposed as a potential method for shelf life extension of Chinese shrimp for refrigerated storage.
Limited contribution of astroglial gap junction coupling to buffering of extracellular K+ in CA1 stratum radiatum
Authors: Breithausen Björn , Kautzmann Steffen , Boehlen Anne , Steinhäuser Christian , Henneberger Christian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAstrocytes form large networks, in which individual cells are connected via gap junctions. It is thought that this astroglial gap junction coupling contributes to the buffering of extracellular K+ increases. However, it is largely unknown how the control of extracellular K+ by astroglial gap junction coupling depends on the underlying activity patterns and on the magnitude of extracellular K+ increases. We explored this dependency in acute hippocampal slices (CA1, stratum radiatum) by direct K+‐sensitive microelectrode recordings and acute pharmacological inhibition of gap junctions. K+ transients evoked by synaptic and axonal activity were largely unaffected by acute astroglial uncoupling in slices obtained from young and adult rats. Iontophoretic K+‐application enabled us to generate K+ gradients with defined spatial properties and magnitude. By varying the K+‐iontophoresis position and protocol, we found that acute pharmacological uncoupling increases the amplitude of K+ transients once their initial amplitude exceeded ~10 mM. Our experiments demonstrate that the contribution of gap junction coupling to buffering of extracellular K+ gradients is limited to large and localized K+ increases.
Curved multiplanar reformatting provides improved visualization of hippocampal anatomy
Authors: Gross Donald William , Misaghi Ehsan , Steve Trevor A. , Wilman Alan H. , Beaulieu Christian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature studying changes in hippocampal subfields in a variety of different neurological conditions, but this work has mainly focused on the hippocampal body given challenges in visualization of hippocampal anatomy in the head and tail when sectioned in the typical coronal image plane. Curved multiplanar reformatting (CMPR) is an image reconstruction method that can improve visualization of complex three‐dimensional structures. The objective of this study was to determine whether CMPR could facilitate visualization of the human hippocampal anatomy along the entire caudal–rostral axis. CMPR was applied to high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging acquired ex vivo on four cadaveric hippocampal specimens at 4.7 T (T2‐weighted, 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.5 mm3). CMPR provided clear visualization of the classic “interlocking C” appearance of the dentate gyrus and cornu ammonis along the entire caudal–rostral axis including the head and tail, which otherwise show complex anatomy on the standard coronal slices. CMPR facilitated visualization of hippocampal anatomy providing the impetus to develop simplified approaches to delineate subfields along the entire hippocampus including the usually neglected head and tail.
Associations between sleep and episodic memory updating
Authors: Bryant Natalie B. , Nadel Lynn , Gómez Rebecca L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPrior research shows that contextual reminders can reactivate hippocampal links to previously consolidated memories, rendering them susceptible to being updated with new information which then is reconsolidated. Studies implicate sleep in the reconsolidation of reactivated memories, but it is unknown what role sleep plays in updating of a previously consolidated trace with new information. We tracked participants' sleep during an episodic reconsolidation paradigm, first with actigraphy (Experiment 1) then with polysomnography (Experiment 2). Our paradigm involved two learning sessions and a retrieval session, each separated by 48 hr. We reminded participants of the first learning experience immediately prior to the second, which led them to update the earlier memory with elements of the later experience. In Experiment 1, less sleep after Session 1 and more sleep after Session 2 are associated with increased updating. In Experiment 2, N2 sleep spindles (SSs) after the reminder and new learning are associated with more updating, but primarily when spindle activity after Session 1 is low. Thus, total sleep time and N2 SSs contribute to sleep‐dependent updating of episodic memory. This outcome is consistent with other work connecting SS activity to the integration of novel information into existing knowledge structures, extended here with the study of how variations in sleep over successive nights contribute to this process. We discuss some possible roles of spindles in the decontextualization of hippocampal memory over time. Although much work addresses the role of sleep in the consolidation of new memories, this work uniquely addresses the contribution of sleep to the updating of a previously consolidated trace with new information.
Assessing vertical diffusion in a stratified lake using a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model
Authors: Dong Fei , Mi Chenxi , Hupfer Michael , Lindenschmidt Karl‐Erich , Peng Wenqi , Liu Xiaobo , Rinke Karsten 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVertical turbulent diffusivity (Kz), which can be estimated from water temperature, is a key factor in the evolution of water quality in lentic waters. In this study, we analysed the capability of a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model (EFDC) to capture water temperature and vertical diffusivity in Lake Arendsee in the Northern German plain. Of particular interest to us is to evaluate the model performance for capturing the diffusion minimum within the metalimnion and analyse the response of the metalimnetic Kz to meteorological forcing, namely changing wind speed and warming. The comparison confirmed that the calibrated model could reproduce both stratification dynamics and vertical diffusion profiles in the lake. The model was also shown to be able to capture the duration and vertical extent of the metalimnetic diffusion minimum. The scenario results illustrate that, compared to air temperature, wind velocity appeared to be the more influential meteorological variable on the vertical exchange within the metalimnion. While increasing wind velocities mostly affected the minimum values of Kz in the metalimnion and thus led to intensified vertical exchange, the reduction of wind velocity mostly affected the depth of minimal Kz, but not its absolute value.
Layer‐by‐layer assembled PLGA nanoparticles carrying miR‐34a cargo inhibit the proliferation and cell cycle progression of triple‐negative breast cancer cells
Authors: Kapadia Chintan H. , Ioele Stephen A. , Day Emily S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTriple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15–25% of diagnosed breast cancers, and its lack of a clinically defined therapeutic target has caused patients to suffer from earlier relapse and higher mortality rates than patients with other breast cancer subtypes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs that regulate the expression of multiple genes through RNA interference to maintain normal tissue function. The tumor suppressor miR‐34a is downregulated in TNBC, and its loss‐of‐expression correlates with worse disease outcomes. Therefore, delivering miR‐34a mimics into TNBC cells is a promising strategy to combat disease progression. To achieve this goal, we synthesized layer‐by‐layer assembled nanoparticles (LbL NPs) comprised of spherical poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) cores surrounded by alternating layers of poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) and miR‐34a. TNBC cells internalized these LbL NPs to a greater extent than polyplexes comprised of PLL and miRNA, and confocal microscopy showed that LbL NPs delivered a substantial fraction of miR‐34a cargo into the cytosol. This yielded robust suppression of the miR‐34a target genes CCND‐1, Notch‐1, Bcl‐2, Survivin, and MDR‐1, which reduced TNBC cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest. These data validate that miR‐34a delivery can impair TNBC cell function and support continued investigation of this platform for treatment of TNBC.
Bone regeneration using β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) block with interconnected pores made by setting reaction of β‐TCP granules
Authors: Putri Tansza S. , Hayashi Koichiro , Ishikawa Kunio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe fabricated an interconnected dual porous β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) block via a setting reaction of β‐TCP granules. This β‐TCP block was unique because it exhibits a fully interconnected macroporous structure with micropores in the walls surrounding macropores and a roughened surface. The porosity and diametral tensile strength of the resulting product were 58.1 ± 1.7% and 1.4 ± 0.2 MPa, respectively. Rabbit distal femur bone defects were reconstructed using the porous β‐TCP block and the efficacy of the porous β‐TCP block as an artificial bone substitute was evaluated histomorphometrically. For a dense β‐TCP control, 4 weeks following implantation, only 0.2 ± 0.1% of the β‐TCP was resorbed, and the amount of newly formed bone was limited (0.1 ± 0.1%), whereas when the defect was reconstructed with porous β‐TCP, 9.2 ± 3.1% was resorbed, and the amount of new bone was 18.9 ± 5.5%. This represents an approximately 50‐fold enhancement in resorption and a 200‐fold increase in bone formation for our porous β‐TCP block. Therefore, interconnected dual porous β‐TCP made via β‐TCP granule setting has good potential as an artificial bone substitute.
Effect of Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGE) Lowering Drug ALT-711 on Biochemical, Vascular, and Bone Parameters in a Rat Model of CKD-MBD
Authors: Chen Neal X , Srinivasan Shruthi , O'Neill Kalisha , Nickolas Thomas L , Wallace Joseph M , Allen Matthew R , Metzger Corinne E , Creecy Amy , Avin Keith G , Moe Sharon M 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a systemic disorder that affects blood measures of bone and mineral homeostasis, vascular calcification, and bone. We hypothesized that the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in CKD may be responsible for the vascular and bone pathologies via alteration of collagen. We treated a naturally occurring model of CKD-MBD, the Cy/+ rat, with a normal and high dose of the AGE crosslink breaker alagebrium (ALT-711), or with calcium in the drinking water to mimic calcium phosphate binders for 10 weeks. These animals were compared to normal (NL) untreated animals. The results showed that CKD animals, compared to normal animals, had elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), PTH, FGF23 and phosphorus. Treatment with ALT-711 had no effect on kidney function or PTH, but 3 mg/kg lowered FGF23 whereas calcium lowered PTH. Vascular calcification of the aorta assessed biochemically was increased in CKD animals compared to NL, and decreased by the normal, but not high dose of ALT-711, with parallel decreases in left ventricular hypertrophy. ALT-711 (3 mg/kg) did not alter aorta AGE content, but reduced aorta expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), suggesting effects related to decreased oxidative stress at the cellular level. The elevated total bone AGE was decreased by 3 mg/kg ALT-711 and both bone AGE and cortical porosity were decreased by calcium treatment, but only calcium improved bone properties. In summary, treatment of CKD-MBD with an AGE breaker ALT-711, decreased FGF23, reduced aorta calcification, and reduced total bone AGE without improvement of bone mechanics. These results suggest little effect of ALT-711 on collagen, but potential cellular effects. The data also highlights the need to better measure specific types of AGE proteins at the tissue level in order to fully elucidate the impact of AGEs on CKD-MBD. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Silencing of long noncoding RNA SRRM2‐AS exerts suppressive effects on angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via activating MYLK‐mediated cGMP‐PKG signaling pathway
Authors: Chen Shaoqing , Lv Linrong , Zhan Zhengyu , Wang Xiaolang , You Zhenyu , Luo Xiao , You Haoyuan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in several malignances, involving nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a heterogeneous disease. This study investigated mechanism of serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2‐alternative splicing (SRRM2‐AS) in NPC cell proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Initially, differentially expressed lncRNAs were screened out via microarray analysis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein positive rate and microvessel density (MVD) were determined in NPC and adjacent tissues. NPC CNE‐2 cells were treated with a series of vector and small interfering RNA to explore the effect of SRRM2‐AS in NPC. The target relationship between myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) and SRRM2‐AS was verified. Levels of SRRM2‐AS, MYLK, cGMP, PKG, VEGF, PCNA, Ki‐67, B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2), Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (Bax), and Caspase 3 were determined after transfection. Finally, the effect of SRRM2‐AS on cell proliferation, colony formation, angiogenesis, cell cycle, and apoptosis in NPC was evaluated. SRRM2‐AS was highly expressed and MYLK was poorly expressed in NPC tissues. VEGF protein positive rate and MVD were elevated in NPC tissues. MYLK was confirmed to be a target gene of SRRM2‐AS. Silencing of SRRM2‐AS elevated levels of MYLK, cGMP, PKG, Bax, and Caspase 3, but decreased levels of VEGF, PCNA, Ki‐67, and Bcl‐2. Especially, silencing of SRRM2‐AS suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation and angiogenesis, blocked cell cycle, and enhanced cell apoptosis in NPC. Our results suggested that silencing of SRRM2‐AS protected against angiogenesis of NPC cells by upregulating MYLK and activating the cGMP‐PKG signaling pathway, which provides a new target for NPC treatment.
Fair trade as a social enterprise: Oversold, misunderstood or unethical?
Authors: Mohan Sushil , Upadhyay Arvind , Daskalakis Nikolaos , Durham Ridhima 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough the concept of Fair Trade blends with the concept of “social enterprises,” but a critical examination of the theory and practice of Fair Trade shows that considering Fair Trade as an obvious example of “social enterprise” would mean a dilution of the social context of “social enterprises.”