bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of groundwater along the coastal tracts of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India
Authors: Khan A. Faizal , Srinivasamoorthy K. , Rabina C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCoastal areas provide the largest avenue for human settlement worldwide. Among the different sources of water, groundwater comes under the most exploited for domestic, agriculture as well as industrial purposes. The present study is aimed to evaluate the hydrochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater. A total of 132 groundwater samples were collected during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons and analyzed for major and minor ions, and the results were used to evaluate water quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio, magnesium absorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, permeability index and residual sodium carbonate to establish water quality for various utilities. Groundwater samples show acidic to alkaline nature; dominant cations reported were in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ and dominant anions Cl− > HCO3− > SO42−. The hardness of water ranges from soft to very hard. The major water types noted were CaHCO3, NaHCO3, CaCl2, mixed CaNaHCO3 and NaCl. Based on electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and total hardness majority of the samples are appropriate for consumption and domestic utilities with few exceptions. Computed parameters reveal that a majority of the groundwater samples are suitable for agricultural purposes. The Gibbs plot reveals that interaction between rock and water is the major mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry in the study area. Multivariate statistical analyses such as correlation analysis and principal component analysis were carried out for better understanding and classification of water quality and factors which control the groundwater chemistry.
Development of a comprehensive, sustained community mental health system in post-earthquake Haiti, 2010–2019
Authors: Raviola G. , Rose A. , Fils-Aimé J.R. , Thérosmé T. , Affricot E. , Valentin C. , Daimyo S. , Coleman S. , Dubuisson W. , Wilson J. , Verdeli H. , Belkin G. , Jerome G. , Eustache E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Between 2010 and 2019 the international health care organization Partners In Health (PIH) and its sister organization Zanmi Lasante (ZL) mounted a long-term response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, focused on mental health. Over that time, implementing a Theory of Change developed in 2012, the organization successfully developed a comprehensive, sustained community mental health system in Haiti's Central Plateau and Artibonite departments, directly serving a catchment area of 1.5 million people through multiple diagnosis-specific care pathways. The resulting ZL mental health system delivered 28 184 patient visits and served 6305 discrete patients at ZL facilities between January 2016 and September 2019. The experience of developing a system of mental health services in Haiti that currently provides ongoing care to thousands of people serves as a case study in major challenges involved in global mental health delivery. The essential components of the effort to develop and sustain this community mental health system are summarized.
What Is Criminal and What Is Not: Prosecuting Wartime Japanese Sex Crimes in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Hao Xiaoyang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Chinese Communist Party (CCP) prosecuted Japanese military servicemen for war crimes committed during and after the Sino-Japanese War. This paper examines written confessions left by those Japanese war crimes suspects and considers to what extent they were used by the CCP to prosecute sexual violence during the trials. The historical analysis is contextualized by an examination of the representation of the CCP's legal approach to sexual violence in articles from thePeople's Daily. This paper finds that although accounts of sexual violence are found in the confessions written by suspected Japanese war criminals, the courts did not make rape a focal point of the prosecutions and did not pursue the so-called “comfort women” issue. Furthermore, no victim of rape was called to testify before the court. The CCP's approach to the issue of sexual violence in the 1956 trials closely corresponded to the discourse and propaganda in thePeople's Daily.
Electing to Do Women's Work? Gendered Divisions of Labor in U.K. Select Committees, 1979–2016
Authors: Goodwin Mark , Holden Bates Stephen , McKay Stephen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhere female representatives are located within legislatures and what they do matters for the substantive representation of women. Previous scholarship has found that female parliamentary committee members participate differently than their male counterparts in relation to both policy area and status of positions held. Here, we draw on an original time-series data set (n= 9,767) to analyze the U.K. select committee system. We test for the impact of four variables previously found to be important in explaining changes in gendered divisions of labor: the system of appointment/election, the proportion of female representatives in the legislature, sharp increases in the number of female representatives, and changes in government from right-wing parties to left-wing parties. We find that horizontal and vertical divisions of labor persist over time and that membership patterns in the United Kingdom mainly correspond to those found elsewhere. Moreover, there is little evidence that any of the four variables have systematically affected membership patterns.
Enhanced Primary Production in the Oligotrophic South China Sea Related to Southeast Asian Forest Fires
Authors: Xiao Hong‐Wei , Luo Li , Zhu Ren‐Guo , Guo Wei , Long Ai‐Min , Wu Jing‐Feng , Xiao Hua‐Yun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAtmospheric reactive nitrogen deposition is an important process in the nitrogen cycle of natural ecosystems, especially in oligotrophic oceans. Increased land‐based atmospheric nitrogen deposition over the ocean changes the stoichiometric balance of marine ecosystems; this causes changes in ecosystem functions and biogeochemical cycles. Current studies have shown that atmospheric reactive nitrogen is mainly derived from land‐based human activities, such as the use of fertilizers, combustion of fossil fuels, and forest fires. Forest fires can provide a vast amount of reactive nitrogen and other nutrients over short time scales and may greatly influence marine ecosystems. Here, we document a large change in nitrogen concentration and primary productivity in upper levels of the South China Sea (SCS), coincident with Indonesian forest fires between August and September of 2012. Using back trajectories, fire spot maps, geographical distributions of the smoke, vertical distributions of the depolarization ratio, and nitrogen isotope values of nitrate in rainwater, we found that the change in nitrogen could be attributed to the forest fires. Our results show that the SCS received about 180 Gg of N as wet deposition during the sampling period. This atmospheric nitrogen deposition caused high primary productivity (40.679 ± 15.852 mg C·m−2·hr−1) in the upper levels of the SCS, which tripled values recorded in other years. This suggests that high nitrogen levels as well as other nutrients derived from tropical Asian forest fires are of great importance to the marine ecosystem of the SCS and also likely affect global marine biogeochemical cycles.
ATIR101 administered after T-cell-depleted haploidentical HSCT reduces NRM and improves overall survival in acute leukemia
Authors: Roy Denis Claude , Walker Irwin , Maertens Johan , Lewalle Philippe , Olavarria Eduardo , Selleslag Dominik , Lachance Sylvie , Buyse Marc , Wang Kun , Rovers Jeroen , Santi Irene , Bonig Halvard , Sandler Andrew , Velthuis Jurjen , Mielke Stephan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOvercoming graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) without increasing relapse and severe infections is a major challenge after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). ATIR101 is a haploidentical, naïve cell-enriched T-cell product, depleted of recipient-alloreactive T cells to minimize the risk of GvHD and provide graft-versus-infection and -leukemia activity. Safety and efficacy of ATIR101 administered after T-cell-depleted haploidentical HSCT (TCD-haplo + ATIR101) without posttransplant immunosuppressors were evaluated in a Phase 2, multicenter study of 23 patients with acute leukemia and compared with an observational cohort undergoing TCD-haplo alone (n = 35), matched unrelated donor (MUD; n = 64), mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD; n = 37), and umbilical cord blood (UCB; n = 22) HSCT. The primary endpoint, 6-month non-relapse mortality (NRM), was 13% with TCD-haplo + ATIR101. One year post HSCT, TCD-haplo + ATIR101 resulted in lower NRM versus TCD-haplo alone (P = 0.008). GvHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) was higher with TCD-haplo + ATIR101 versus MMUD and UCB (both P < 0.03; 1-year rates: 56.5%, 27.0%, and 22.7%, respectively) and was not statistically different from MUD (1 year: 40.6%). ATIR101 grafts with high third-party reactivity were associated with fewer clinically relevant viral infections. Results suggest that haploidentical, selective donor-cell depletion may eliminate requirements for posttransplant immunosuppressors without increasing GvHD risk, with similar GRFS to MUD. Following these results, a randomized Phase 3 trial versus posttransplant cyclophosphamide had been initiated.
Disentangling the impact of environmental and phylogenetic constraints on prokaryotic within-species diversity
Authors: Maistrenko Oleksandr M , Mende Daniel R , Luetge Mechthild , Hildebrand Falk , Schmidt Thomas S B , Li Simone S , Rodrigues João F Matias , von Mering Christian , Pedro Coelho Luis , Huerta-Cepas Jaime , Sunagawa Shinichi , Bork Peer 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Microbial organisms inhabit virtually all environments and encompass a vast biological diversity. The pangenome concept aims to facilitate an understanding of diversity within defined phylogenetic groups. Hence, pangenomes are increasingly used to characterize the strain diversity of prokaryotic species. To understand the interdependence of pangenome features (such as the number of core and accessory genes) and to study the impact of environmental and phylogenetic constraints on the evolution of conspecific strains, we computed pangenomes for 155 phylogenetically diverse species (from ten phyla) using 7,000 high-quality genomes to each of which the respective habitats were assigned. Species habitat ubiquity was associated with several pangenome features. In particular, core-genome size was more important for ubiquity than accessory genome size. In general, environmental preferences had a stronger impact on pangenome evolution than phylogenetic inertia. Environmental preferences explained up to 49% of the variance for pangenome features, compared with 18% by phylogenetic inertia. This observation was robust when the dataset was extended to 10,100 species (59 phyla). The importance of environmental preferences was further accentuated by convergent evolution of pangenome features in a given habitat type across different phylogenetic clades. For example, the soil environment promotes expansion of pangenome size, while host-associated habitats lead to its reduction. Taken together, we explored the global principles of pangenome evolution, quantified the influence of habitat, and phylogenetic inertia on the evolution of pangenomes and identified criteria governing species ubiquity and habitat specificity.
Exploring the biological hallmarks of cancer of unknown primary: where do we stand today?
Authors: Rassy Elie , Assi Tarek , Pavlidis Nicholas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCancer of unknown primary (CUP) affects a small percentage of the general population. Nonetheless, a substantial number of these patients have a poor prognosis and consequently succumb to their illness within a year of diagnosis. The natural history of CUP is characterised by early metastasis from the unknown primary site, aggressive course and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the processes by which this orphan disease originates and progresses have not been fully elucidated and its biology remain unclear. Despite the conceptual progress in genetic and molecular profiling made over the past decade, recognition of the genetic and molecular abnormalities involved in CUP, as well as the identification of the tissue of origin remain unresolved issues. This review will outline the biology of CUP by exploring the hallmarks of cancer in order to rationalise the complexities of this enigmatic syndrome. This approach will help the reader to understand where research efforts currently stand and the pitfalls of this quest.
Stable isotopes: their use and safety in human nutrition studies
Authors: Davies Peter S. W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStable isotopes have been used as tracers in human nutritional studies for many years. A number of isotopes have been used frequently to assess body composition, energy expenditure, protein turnover and metabolic studies in general, such as deuterium (2Hydrogen), 18Oxygen, 13Carbon and 15Nitrogen. Nevertheless, there is still occasional confusion and concern over their safety, which can hinder the appropriate use of these isotopes in human studies. This mini review aims, therefore, to consider the safety of the four stable isotopes mentioned above, and to reiterate and reaffirm their safety once again. It is hoped that these data will be of use to new researchers in the field, as well as those considering the ethical or other implications of using these stable isotopes in nutritional research. Undoubtedly some of the confusion arises as deuterium, especially, is associated with the nuclear industry. However, as their name implies, of course, none of these stable isotopes are radioactive, and no adverse biological or physiological effects have been reported at the very low levels of enrichment that are used in human studies. There are ample data to reaffirm the safety of stable isotopes at the levels used in nutritional research, and unnecessary concerns and/or confusion should not be a block to continued use of these important tracers.
Maternal paraben exposure triggers childhood overweight development
Authors: Leppert Beate , Strunz Sandra , Seiwert Bettina , Schlittenbauer Linda , Schlichting Rita , Pfeiffer Christiane , Röder Stefan , Bauer Mario , Borte Michael , Stangl Gabriele I. , Schöneberg Torsten , Schulz Angela , Karkossa Isabell , Rolle-Kampczyk Ulrike E. , Thürmann Loreen , von Bergen Martin , Escher Beate I. , Junge Kristin M. , Reemtsma Thorsten , Lehmann Irina , Polte Tobias 
Published: February 2020

AbstractParabens are preservatives widely used in consumer products including cosmetics and food. Whether low-dose paraben exposure may cause adverse health effects has been discussed controversially in recent years. Here we investigate the effect of prenatal paraben exposure on childhood overweight by combining epidemiological data from a mother–child cohort with experimental approaches. Mothers reporting the use of paraben-containing cosmetic products have elevated urinary paraben concentrations. For butyl paraben (BuP) a positive association is observed to overweight within the first eight years of life with a stronger trend in girls. Consistently, maternal BuP exposure of mice induces a higher food intake and weight gain in female offspring. The effect is accompanied by an epigenetic modification in the neuronal Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) enhancer 1 leading to a reduced hypothalamic POMC expression. Here we report that maternal paraben exposure may contribute to childhood overweight development by altered POMC-mediated neuronal appetite regulation.
Anthropogenically-driven increases in the risks of summertime compound hot extremes
Authors: Wang Jun , Chen Yang , Tett Simon F. B. , Yan Zhongwei , Zhai Panmao , Feng Jinming , Xia Jiangjiang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCompared to individual hot days/nights, compound hot extremes that combine daytime and nighttime heat are more impactful. However, past and future changes in compound hot extremes as well as their underlying drivers and societal impacts remain poorly understood. Here we show that during 1960–2012, significant increases in Northern Hemisphere average frequency (~1.03 days decade−1) and intensity (~0.28 °C decade−1) of summertime compound hot extremes arise primarily from summer-mean warming. The forcing of rising greenhouse gases (GHGs) is robustly detected and largely accounts for observed trends. Observationally-constrained projections suggest an approximate eightfold increase in hemispheric-average frequency and a threefold growth in intensity of summertime compound hot extremes by 2100 (relative to 2012), given uncurbed GHG emissions. Accordingly, end-of-century population exposure to compound hot extremes is projected to be four to eight times the 2010s level, dependent on demographic and climate scenarios.
Distinct iron cycling in a Southern Ocean eddy
Authors: Ellwood Michael J. , Strzepek Robert F. , Strutton Peter G. , Trull Thomas W. , Fourquez Marion , Boyd Philip W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the iron-limited Southern Ocean, controlling ocean-atmosphere exchange processes, however their influence on phytoplankton productivity remains unknown. Here we probed the biogeochemical cycling of iron (Fe) in a cold-core eddy. In-eddy surface dissolved Fe (dFe) concentrations and phytoplankton productivity were exceedingly low relative to external waters. In-eddy phytoplankton Fe-to-carbon uptake ratios were elevated 2–6 fold, indicating upregulated intracellular Fe acquisition resulting in a dFe residence time of ~1 day. Heavy dFe isotope values were measured for in-eddy surface waters highlighting extensive trafficking of dFe by cells. Below the euphotic zone, dFe isotope values were lighter and coincident with peaks in recycled nutrients and cell abundance, indicating enhanced microbially-mediated Fe recycling. Our measurements show that the isolated nature of Southern Ocean eddies can produce distinctly different Fe biogeochemistry compared to surrounding waters with cells upregulating iron uptake and using recycling processes to sustain themselves.
Mechanical rolling formation of interpenetrated lithium metal/lithium tin alloy foil for ultrahigh-rate battery anode
Authors: Wan Mintao , Kang Sujin , Wang Li , Lee Hyun-Wook , Zheng Guangyuan Wesley , Cui Yi , Sun Yongming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo achieve good rate capability of lithium metal anodes for high-energy-density batteries, one fundamental challenge is the slow lithium diffusion at the interface. Here we report an interpenetrated, three-dimensional lithium metal/lithium tin alloy nanocomposite foil realized by a simple calendering and folding process of lithium and tin foils, and spontaneous alloying reactions. The strong affinity between the metallic lithium and lithium tin alloy as mixed electronic and ionic conducting networks, and their abundant interfaces enable ultrafast charger diffusion across the entire electrode. We demonstrate that a lithium/lithium tin alloy foil electrode sustains stable lithium stripping/plating under 30 mA cm−2 and 5 mAh cm−2 with a very low overpotential of 20 mV for 200 cycles in a commercial carbonate electrolyte. Cycled under 6 C (6.6 mA cm−2), a 1.0 mAh cm−2 LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 electrode maintains a substantial 74% of its capacity by pairing with such anode.
Carbon footprint of global natural gas supplies to China
Authors: Gan Yu , El-Houjeiri Hassan M. , Badahdah Alhassan , Lu Zifeng , Cai Hao , Przesmitzki Steven , Wang Michael 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAs natural gas demand surges in China, driven by the coal-to-gas switching policy, widespread attention is focused on its impacts on global gas supply-demand rebalance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Here, for the first time, we estimate well-to-city-gate GHG emissions of gas supplies for China, based on analyses of field-specific characteristics of 104 fields in 15 countries. Results show GHG intensities of supplies from 104 fields vary from 6.2 to 43.3 g CO2eq MJ−1. Due to the increase of GHG-intensive gas supplies from Russia, Central Asia, and domestic shale gas fields, the supply-energy-weighted average GHG intensity is projected to increase from 21.7 in 2016 to 23.3 CO2eq MJ−1in 2030, and total well-to-city-gate emissions of gas supplies are estimated to grow by ~3 times. While securing gas supply is a top priority for the Chinese government, decreasing GHG intensity should be considered in meeting its commitment to emission reductions.
Early deformation mechanisms in the shear affected region underneath a copper sliding contact
Authors: Haug C. , Ruebeling F. , Kashiwar A. , Gumbsch P. , Kübel C. , Greiner C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDislocation mediated plastic deformation decisively influences the friction coefficient and the microstructural changes at many metal sliding interfaces during tribological loading. This work explores the initiation of a tribologically induced microstructure in the vicinity of a copper twin boundary. Two distinct horizontal dislocation traces lines (DTL) are observed in their interaction with the twin boundary beneath the sliding interface. DTL formation seems unaffected by the presence of the twin boundary but the twin boundary acts as an indicator of the occurring deformation mechanisms. Three concurrent elementary processes can be identified: simple shear of the subsurface area in sliding direction, localized shear at the primary DTL and crystal rotation in the layers above and between the DTLs around axes parallel to the transverse direction. Crystal orientation analysis demonstrates a strong compatibility of these proposed processes. Quantitatively separating these different deformation mechanisms is crucial for future predictive modeling of tribological contacts.
Real-time observations of TRIP-induced ultrahigh strain hardening in a dual-phase CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy
Authors: Chen Sijing , Oh Hyun Seok , Gludovatz Bernd , Kim Sang Jun , Park Eun Soo , Zhang Ze , Ritchie Robert O. , Yu Qian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStrategies involving metastable phases have been the basis of the design of numerous alloys, yet research on metastable high-entropy alloys is still in its infancy. In dual-phase high-entropy alloys, the combination of local chemical environments and loading-induced crystal structure changes suggests a relationship between deformation mechanisms and chemical atomic distribution, which we examine in here in a Cantor-like Cr20Mn6Fe34Co34Ni6 alloy, comprising both face-centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal closed packed (hcp) phases. We observe that partial dislocation activities result in stable three-dimensional stacking-fault networks. Additionally, the fraction of the stronger hcp phase progressively increases during plastic deformation by forming at the stacking-fault network boundaries in the fcc phase, serving as the major source of strain hardening. In this context, variations in local chemical composition promote a high density of Lomer-Cottrell locks, which facilitate the construction of the stacking-fault networks to provide nucleation sites for the hcp phase transformation.