bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrogating Hidden Truths
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Within a larger cultural exchange of information, investigative documentary makers balance creative artistry with journalistic practices while they navigate risk and security concerns in precarious times, and they play a vital role in democratic functioning by fostering public awareness and dialogue. These investigative documentarians are breaking new stories even as they face threats—legal, privacy, security, safety—that may be more profound given their location outside formal journalism institutions. Opening with the story of CitizenFour, Laura Poitras’s Academy Award–winning exposé of US National Security Agency spying through the story of whistleblower Edward Snowden, the film case studies here also include Southwest of Salem: The Story of the San Antonio Four, the documentary investigation of four lesbians wrongfully convicted of a heinous crime; and The Feeling of Being Watched, a first-person verité journey into government spying on the filmmaker’s predominantly Arab-American community outside Chicago.
Introduction
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of William Tecumseh Sherman, one of the architects of the northern victory in the American Civil War in 1865. Sherman is often depicted as a ruthless, utterly heartless, and unprincipled destroyer. During his Marches across Georgia and the Carolinas in 1864–65, the Confederate press likened his armies to the pillaging hordes of barbarians that despoiled the Western Roman Empire during its death throes. Sherman’s campaigns appeared prophetic—but he seemed a prophet of doom. However, this diabolical image veers drastically from the reality of the historical Sherman. Sherman’s military career should be assessed within the context of his own time. Viewed in the longer stream of Western military history, Sherman was not prophetic and did not anticipate the methods used during the two World Wars of the twentieth century. He simply recognized with great clarity that warfare is cruel and pitiless—a veritable scourge—and does not provide ready-made protection for the weaker side. Historians have often considered the relationship between military thought and execution, the difference between theory and practice, as puzzling, even intractable or enigmatic. In reappraising Sherman’s military conduct, and the thinking that lay behind it, the main aim of this book is to show how these two sides of one of the most admired but also most condemned of American commanders, the thinker and the doer, intermesh.
Departmental Commander—And Disaster
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the impact of the First Battle of Bull Run on William T. Sherman. On July 21, 1861, Sherman’s brigade had endured the hardest fighting. His superior officers believed that he had done well; on August 3, he received notification that he would be promoted to brigadier general of volunteers. This state of affairs would shortly change. Sherman might have witnessed his men’s foolhardy courage, but he found little else to praise in their conduct. The root of the problem lay in chronic indiscipline. Of greater interest is Sherman’s opinion of the Confederacy, as this would shape his analysis of the war’s conduct for the next six months. The experience of the First Battle of Bull Run, in his opinion, had revealed that the Confederates enjoyed significant tactical virtues. The chapter then details how Sherman suffered from adjustment disorder due to the Bull Run. On December 23, Major General Henry W. Halleck appointed Sherman to Benton Barracks, where he could train recruits and begin the resuscitation of his military career.
Army Command
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter recounts that by the autumn of 1863, William T. Sherman had arrived at the summit of military activity, according to his contemporaries. Sherman would go higher in rank, but to the Civil War generation, army command would count for more than anything else. The kind of man he became would determine Sherman’s style as a commander, so it is important to review the evolution of Sherman’s personality, and the sum of his mental and moral qualities that mark out his individuality. Also relevant is the impact of his character on others, that combination of psychological traits and moral, intellectual, and social qualities, which can be acquired as well as inherited. In his classic works on the Civil War, General J.F.C. Fuller argued that the constituent parts of generalship embraced strategy, tactics, and logistics but the manner in which these elements combine to create military success vary due to circumstances often beyond the general’s control. Sherman’s personality remained nothing less than very strong, vibrant, quirky, strikingly individualistic, and sometimes defiant of authority or prevalent opinion. These attributes aided his leadership abilities. Those who follow tend to respect commanders of a sharp, distinct profile, who spoke to them, as Sherman did, bluntly with eloquence and wit.
Over the Chattahoochee, May–July 1864
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses how, in the closing weeks of May of 1864, William T. Sherman encountered a problem that had perplexed all successful commanders: how to complete a devastating pursuit. In particular, he needed to figure out how to prevent the escape of an enemy that might seek refuge in another position as formidable as the one previously vacated. With the Crossing of the Chattahoochee River, virtually without loss, Sherman brought this phase of the campaign to an end with a stunning feat for which he has received insufficient credit. There is one cardinal rule for river crossings, as for amphibious landings—cross or land where the enemy is not. In some ways, Sherman’s achievement is even more impressive than Ulysses S. Grant’s Crossing of the James the previous month, because of the close proximity of the enemy determined to resist his forays and superior in cavalry. Sherman out-thought and out-maneuvered Joseph E. Johnston. And for once, in this series of intricate movements, his cavalry played a creditable role.
Marching on to Savannah, September–December 1864
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the taking of Savannah in 1864. William T. Sherman, the author of the most famous and reviled of American campaigns, here relied entirely on himself. The scheme had been his, he had persuaded his skeptical chiefs to allow him to carry it out, and in doing so, he had taken a strategic gamble in Tennessee. Yet he had brought it off with aplomb. Moral opprobrium was often lavished, especially on the March to the Sea. Much of it is rooted in “the lies” of Confederate propagandists in the very final struggle for the moral high ground in waging this war. Many southern voices can be found in the sources expressing surprise at how well they were treated. However, Sherman’s style of war was far from novel. If we accept the centrality of plunder as a motive for taking part in war, then it follows that the southern pleading concerning the unique horrors to which they were subjected should be rejected. The criticism directed at Sherman is too personalized, as if he bears personal responsibility for every burning and act of vandalism. He has assumed a wholly false diabolic presence in this self-indulgent and self-serving folklore of victimhood. Indeed, the behavior of Sherman’s soldiers differs little from that of Union and Confederate troops on other fronts.
Chemical Philosophy vs. Rationalistic Mechanicism
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the mechanical philosophy as it relates to early modern chemistry and chemical philosophy. The chapter begins by addressing the Cartesian rejection of Scholastic substantial forms, since this is one of the aspects of mechanicism that made it attractive to Boyle. After this, the chapter discusses the revival of Epicurean atomism and its reformation by Pierre Gassendi and other early modern atomists. The chapter then addresses the limitations of the Cartesian mechanical philosophy for chemistry and the tensions that existed between mechanicism and experimental natural philosophy, focusing especially on the views of the French Cartesians. Finally, the chapter then discusses Boyle’s own commitment to the mechanistic theory of matter. To this end, the chapter proposes to examine Boyle’s experimental research programme from a Lakatosian perspective, and suggests that the mechanical philosophy functioned both as a negative and as a positive heuristic within that research programme.
The Ontological Complexity of Boyle’s Corpuscularian Theory
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives a detailed account of Boyle’s chemical philosophy, placing special emphasis on his replacement of substantial form with the mechanistic notion of essential form as the source of chemical stability. For Boyle, essential form results from the structural arrangement of fundamental particles into aggregate corpuscles that account for a substance’s distinctive chemical properties. The chapter sets the background for Boyle’s theory of matter by first discussing his attack on the Scholastic notion of substantial form and on the Paracelsian principles of the tria prima. After this, the chapter focuses on Boyle’s distinctive mechanistic corpuscularianism, by highlighting the hierarchical aspects of this theory of composition and microstructure. The chapter then contrasts the views of Boyle and Locke regarding natural kinds and taxonomical classification and discusses the reduction to the pristine state, a key experiment used by Boyle to lend empirical support to the theory of microstructural essential form.
Boyle’s View of Chemical Properties as Dispositional, Relational, and Emergent Properties
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents original arguments for the view that Boyle regarded chemical properties as being dispositional, relational, and emergent properties. The chapter begins by discussing the hierarchy of properties in Boyle’s chemical ontology and Boyle’s notion of sensible properties as being dispositional and relational. Both of these sections are informed by Peter Anstey’s discussion of these topics. The chapter then moves beyond Anstey’s discussion by arguing for the view that Boyle regarded chemical properties as dispositional, relational, emergent, and supervenient properties. The chapter cites many examples from Boyle’s writings to demonstrate that he considered chemical properties to display the various features that are required for emergence, that is, supervenience, non-summative difference, and underdetermination. After this extensive discussion, the chapter concludes by establishing that Boyle also considered cosmical qualities as dispositional and relational, thus demonstrating the considerable philosophical sophistication of Boyle’s natural philosophy and of his entire experimental programme.
Environmental Artists
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One hundred twenty-five million years ago, the earth exploded with color with the rapid evolution of flowering plants. The explosion coincided with the rapid increase of species of bees. The bees and flowering plants were locked in a dialectical dance of coevolution, each becoming adapted to the other. The flowers evolved to exploit the feeding habits of bees, and bees evolved to rob the flowers of their precious loads of pollen and nectar. Bees became social and developed communication and navigational systems to better exploit their environment. They continue to transform our world through their effects on the agricultural landscapes and the food we eat. But today the honey bee is threatened. Populations are declining, a consequence of commercial beekeeping and agricultural practices.
Human Wisdom
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Human wisdom is approached by way of a plain commonsensical account of how wisdom is generally understood. This account is developed further by contrasting it with the classical conception of wisdom, introducing some reasons for and against the two conceptions, and describing some of the problems with each of the two conceptions. It stresses the central importance of our personal attitude formed of our beliefs, emotions, desires, experiences, and evaluations that jointly make wisdom personal, important, and essential to our sense of identity. The critical evaluation of one’s personal attitude is one of the central tasks of human wisdom.
Perennial Problems
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Three perennial problems are discussed: external goods, internal conflicts, and evaluative contingencies. These problems are recurrent and ineliminable conditions of human life. External goods are the physical, physiological, and social resources we need for living however we think we should. The problem is that the availability of these resources is often beyond our control. Internal conflicts are between our personal and social evaluative commitments. We are often forced to choose between them, and the problem is that whichever we choose, we lose something important for living as we think we should. Evaluative contingencies affect both what commitments we make and the conditions that may frustrate even our most reasonable efforts to honor them. We need human wisdom for coping with these problems again and again, because they unavoidably recur.
Reflective Understanding
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Reflective understanding involves the evaluation of our personal attitude formed of our changing, often faulty, and frequently conflicting beliefs, emotions, desires, experiences, and evaluations. Their evaluation proceeds from two points of view. One is that of our personal attitude. The other is the point of view of the various modes of evaluations that jointly form the evaluative framework of the context in which we live. Both kinds of evaluations may be faulty. Reflective understanding involves the critical evaluation of the reasons for and against the prevailing social evaluations that follow from our personal attitude and of the reasons for and against our personal attitude that follow from the prevailing social evaluations. The test of the adequacy of our personal attitude is our satisfaction with our life. And the test of social evaluations is the continued long-term allegiance of those who follow the social evaluations, although they need not do so.
Imagining the Worst, Hoping for the Best
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The deterioration of Sino-American relations has become a matter of growing concern for policymakers and academics in both countries. This chapter offers a critique of the American realist and liberal positions on China and examines a diverse range of Chinese views, highlighting the importance of understanding Chinese concepts and perspectives. A common flaw of realist and liberal theories is that they do not attempt to understand Chinese foreign policy goals and means with reference to Chinese culture and history. But such reference is a starting point critical to any serious analysis. Of special importance is the traditional Chinese principle of wangdao, or humane authority, which is surprisingly similar to the ancient Greek understanding of hēgemonia. The overview of this chapter drives home the inadequacy of analyzing foreign policy in terms of power and relative power and draws attention to the importance of the goals that political elites seek and the ends they consider appropriate to them.
Marx in Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Socialism is back, and with it comes a renewed interest in Marx’s critique of capitalism. After the 2008 financial crash, international book sales of Capital exploded for the first time in decades. In a world of rising income inequality, right-wing nationalisms, and global climate change, people are looking to the father of modern socialism for answers. This book has been written to help those returning to Marx get answers to their pressing questions about the nature of wealth, ecological crisis, gender inequality, colonialism, migration, and the possibility of socialism. This book also offers readers a new perspective on several major ideas in Marx’s work. It argues that Marx, contrary to conventional wisdom, did not think history was deterministic or that reality could be reduced to classical materialism. Marx was not an anthropocentric humanist, nor did he have a labor theory of value. The unique contribution of this book is that it begins with Marx’s earliest and most neglected book on ancient naturalism in order to show its lasting methodological effect on his “process materialism,” defined by the primacy of motion. This “kinetic Marxism” offers a new way to reread Capital that bears directly on a number of contemporary issues. This also makes Marx in Motion the first book to offer a new materialist reading of Marx. The result is a fresh new view on the important theories of primitive accumulation, metabolism, value, fetishism, dialectics, and the possibility of a kinetic communism for the twenty-first century.
The Colonialism of Value
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter posits that the secret of commodity fetishism is nothing other than “The Secret of Primitive Accumulation” of chapter twenty-six of Capital. It is no coincidence that the titles of chapter one, section four and chapter twenty-six are the only two in all of Capital to reference “the secret.” They are two sides of the same twofold kinetic theory of value laid out in this book. Fetishism and primitive accumulation are entangled with each other in a way rendered explicit in the history of colonialism and in the founding mythology of capitalism itself: the story of Robinson Crusoe.
Kinetic Communism
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that since the fetish of value is something produced kinetically, its alternative, communism, must also be something understood kinetically, that is, having its own form of motion. In particular, the previous chapters have aimed to show that what is fundamentally at stake in the difference between material production and fetishism is the transparency and direction of the form of motion. Only when the social form of motion is left fully uncovered by coats, mirrors, and fogs can it be collectively organized without devalorization, appropriation, and mystical domination. Communism is the material social condition in which production is treated not as if it were coming from what is produced but as a threefold metabolic process itself. The thesis of this chapter then is that previous social forms of motion have always relied on a certain degree of fetishism of this motion.
Being Sure of Each Other
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo survive, let alone flourish, we need to be sure of—securely tied to—at least one other person. We also need to be sure of our general acceptance within the wider social world. This book explores the normative implications of taking our social needs seriously. Chapter 1 sketches out what our core social needs are, and Chapter 2 shows that they ground a fundamental, but largely neglected human right against social deprivation. Chapter 3 then argues that this human right includes a right to sustain the people we care about, and that often, when we are denied the resources to sustain others, we endure social contribution injustice. Chapters 4–6 explore the tension between our needs for social inclusion and our needs for interactional and associational freedom, showing that social inclusion must take priority. While Chapters 5 and 6 defend a narrow account of freedom of association, Chapter 7 shows that the moral ballgame changes once we have made morally messy associative decisions. Sometimes we have rights to remain in associations that we had no right to form. Finally, Chapter 8 exposes the distinct social injustices that we do to people whom we deem to be socially threatening. Overall, the book identifies ways to change our social and political practices, and our personal perspectives, to better honour the fact that we are fundamentally social beings.
Nietzsche and Contemporary Ethics
Authors: Robertson Simon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nietzsche is one of the most subversive ethical thinkers of the Western canon. This book offers a critical assessment of his ethical thought and its significance for contemporary moral philosophy. It develops a charitable but critical reading of his thought, pushing some claims and arguments as far as seems fruitful while rejecting others. But it also uses Nietzsche in dialogue with, so to contribute to, a range of long-standing issues within normative ethics, metaethics, value theory, practical reason, and moral psychology. The book is divided into three principal parts. Part I examines Nietzsche’s critique of morality, arguing that it raises well-motivated challenges to morality’s normative authority and value: his error theory about morality’s categoricity is in a better position than many contemporary versions; and his critique of moral values has bite even against undemanding moral theories, with significant implications not just for rarefied excellent types but also us. Part II turns to moral psychology, attributing to Nietzsche and defending a sentimentalist explanation of action and motivation. Part III considers his non-moral perfectionism, developing models of value and practical normativity that avoid difficulties facing many contemporary accounts and that may therefore be of wider interest. The discussion concludes by considering Nietzsche’s broader significance: as well as calling into question many of moral philosophy’s deepest assumptions, he challenges our usual views of what ethics itself is—and what it, and we, should be doing.
Just Property
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This third and concluding volume of Just Property brings critical accounts of property up to the present. The book is made up of five pairs of chapters located in five major ideological traditions of modernity: liberalism, libertarianism, social democracy, conservatism, and feminism. It is not a history of these ideological approaches but of particular key thinkers who belong within, and to some extent represent, them. A long concluding chapter returns to the project’s opening questions about property and inequality and about property under the imperative of growth to limits. It judges that we need, as a political community, to re-think the ways in which we allocate property and suggests some of the ways in which we could do this.
Social Democrats I
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of what we mean by social democracy. I explore the origins of a distinctively social democratic view in mid-nineteenth century Europe, above all through the work of Louis Blanc and Ferdinand Lassalle. I plot its further development, above all in the context of German social democracy and the work of Bernstein, Kautsky, Luxemburg, and Jaurès. I turn to the British case to consider the further development of these ideas in the interwar period, above all in changing views of nationalization, planning, taxation, and ‘functional property’. Key thinkers in this process include Tawney, Jay, and Keynes. The earliest social democrats had very clear views about the need to socialize the ownership of property. Later social democrats, under the press of a politics that was electorally feasible, sought to fudge the hard questions on property.