bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it Time for Wilderness Medicine Fellowships to Join the National Resident Matching Program Specialties Matching Service?
Authors: Spano Susanne J. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction The national resident matching program specialties matching service (SMS) fills fellowship positions for 66 subspecialties. Wilderness medicine (WM) fellowships currently do not participate in SMS; instead, WM uses an offer date to fill positions. To be successful, at least 75% of the available positions within a subspecialty must be within the SMS match. Methods All 13 civilian WM fellowship directors recruiting for academic year (AY) 2019 to 2020 and WM fellowship alumni were surveyed regarding future participation in the SMS. Estimation of the performance of SMS for WM was calculated using data published by the national resident matching program. Results Fellowship directors from all 13 civilian WM fellowships and 60 fellowship alumni participated in the survey. SMS was supported by 62% (n=8) of fellowship directors and 55% (n=33) of fellows. Willingness to pay SMS fees was 54% (n=7) among fellowship directors and 60% (n=36) among fellows. Of matched applicants, 85% (n=51) obtained their top choice program. SMS, if implemented, was perceived to have no impact on matching a top choice program by 53% (n=31); however, 34% (n=20) believed SMS would improve the chance of an applicant matching higher. The match success of SMS for specialties with fewer than 30 programs is 74%. Of the 20 WM fellowship positions in AY 2019 to 2020, 16 were matched, for a success rate of 80%. Conclusions There is insufficient support (<75%) at this time to institute an SMS match for WM. The offer date performed similarly to SMS for filling fellowship positions in AY 2019 to 2020.
The Asynergies of Structural Disaster Risk Reduction Measures: Comparing Floods and Earthquakes
Authors: de Ruiter Marleen C. , de Bruijn Jens A. , Englhardt Johanna , Daniell James E. , de Moel Hans , Ward Philip J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTraditionally, building‐level disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures are aimed at a single natural hazard. However, in many countries the society faces the threat of multiple hazards. Building‐level DRR measures that aim to decrease earthquake vulnerability can have opposing or conflicting effects on flood vulnerability, and vice versa. In a case study of Afghanistan, we calculate the risk of floods and earthquakes, in terms of average annual losses (AAL), in the current situation. Next, we develop two DRR scenarios, where building‐level measures to reduce flood and earthquake risk are implemented. We use this to identify districts for which DRR measures of one hazard increase the risk of another hazard. We then also calculate the optimal situation between the two scenarios by, for each district, selecting the DRR scenario for which the AAL as a ratio of the total exposure is lowest. Finally, we assess the sensitivity of the total risk to each scenario. The optimal measure differs spatially throughout Afghanistan, but in most districts it is more beneficial to take flood DRR measures. However, in the districts where it is more beneficial to take earthquake measures, the reduction in risk is considerable (up to 40%, while flood DRR measures lead to a reduction in risk by 16% in individual districts). The introduction of asynergies between DRR measures in risk analyses allows policy‐makers to spatially differentiate building codes and other building‐level DRR measures to address the most prevalent risk while not compromising the risk resulting from other hazards.
Concentric Secondary Gravity Waves in the Thermosphere and Ionosphere Over the Continental United States on March 25–26, 2015 From Deep Convection
Authors: Vadas Sharon L. , Azeem Irfan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe examine the total electron content (TEC) from GPS receivers over the United States on March 25–26, 2015. We observe partial to nearly fully concentric rings of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) with centers close to deep convection. Many of these TIDs have observed horizontal phase speeds cH > 300 m/s, suggesting they are induced by gravity waves (GWs) created in the thermosphere. We investigate the largest‐amplitude concentric TIDs at 23:00 UT on March 25 and 01:20 UT on March 26. We find that cH and the GW period τr increase linearly with radius and the horizontal wavelength, λH, increases quadratically with radius. This is expected if the GWs are excited by point sources. For these GWs, cH = 150–530 m/s, τr ∼ 8–40 min, and λH ∼ 100–500 km. Using reverse ray‐tracing, no GW with cH > 200 m/s propagates below z = 100 km, 73% of the GWs in the first case cannot propagate below z ∼ 100 km, all of the GWs in the second case cannot propagate below z ∼ 100 km, and the inferred thermospheric point sources are ∼2–4° from deep convection. Because the underlying GWs are most likely excited by a point source and most must be created in the thermosphere, we find that these concentric TIDs are most likely induced by GWs generated in the thermosphere, including those with cH = 150–200 m/s. Their close proximity to deep convection and the TEC map asymmetries suggest these TIDs are likely induced by secondary GWs from local horizontal body forces created by the dissipation of primary GWs from deep convection.
Influence of Hurricane Wind Field Variability on Real‐Time Forecast Simulations of the Coastal Environment
Authors: Rey Alexander J. M. , Mulligan Ryan P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDynamic conditions occur in the coastal ocean during severe storms. Forecasting these conditions is challenging, and large‐scale numerical models require significant computing power. In this paper, we describe a real‐time modeling system (DUNEX‐RT), developed in support of the During Nearshore Event experiment (DUNEX) off the coast of North Carolina, United States of America. The model is run with wave, current, and water level boundary conditions from larger‐scale models, and provides 36‐h forecasts of significant wave height, depth‐averaged velocity, and water levels every 6‐h using Delft3D‐SWAN. Observations and forecasts run at different times are compared and communicated via an interactive website to verify model performance in real‐time and to visualize uncertainty from changing inputs. Here, we evaluate model sensitivity to inputs from seven different atmospheric hindcasts and two atmospheric forecasts for Hurricane Dorian in September 2019. The results emphasize the importance of accurate wind forcing, with significant differences observed between the output model results for different input atmospheric forcing models and forecasts produced at different times. The best results were achieved using atmospheric forcing from the high resolution rapid refresh model, and overall, DUNEX‐RT had low errors at 33 wave, water level, and current sites across the system. The model results for water levels and significant wave heights were also accurate over a longer period of 49 days. Overall, the good forecast skill achieved for the wide range of conditions over this time results suggest that this high‐resolution regional approach could be applied to forecast conditions in other coastal areas.
Independent Eddy Identification With Profiling Argo as Calibrated by Altimetry
Authors: Chen Ge , Chen Xiaoyan , Huang Baoxiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThousands of mesoscale eddies are now routinely tracked on daily basis in the global ocean, thanks to the state of the arts technology of tandem satellite altimetry. Despite the obvious success, it has been recently recognized that a substantial portion of oceanic eddies may still be missed out due to inadequate spatiotemporal sampling by available altimeters. As an effort to tackle this problem, we propose a methodology to effectively expand the capacity of eddy tracking by using altimetrically “calibrated” Argo measurements. The idea is to develop an independent identification scheme which relates eddy surface signature to its interior property based on the fact that sea surface topography detected by altimetry is highly correlated to the vertical structure of potential density anomaly derived from Argo profiles. Among the nearly 4,000 active Argo floats about one third are found to fall into altimeter‐captured eddies, and roughly one fourth additional floats are identified by the verified Argo‐alone criteria as onboard eddies outside altimetrically derived ones (i.e., which would otherwise be overlooked by altimeters). In particular, Argo‐based eddy identification is found to compensate that of altimetry by partially rectifying its ineffectiveness in low latitude areas, as well as its misclassification of eddy polarity oceanwide which accounts for 4.3% of the altimeter‐identified eddy population.
Submesoscale Phenomena Due to the Brazil Current Crossing of the Vitória‐Trindade Ridge
Authors: Napolitano D. C. , da Silveira I. C. A. , Tandon A. , Calil P. H. R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAt 20.5°S, the Brazil Current and the Intermediate Western Boundary Current interact with a quasi‐zonal seamount chain, the Vitória‐Trindade Ridge (VTR). While the mesoscale variability generated due to these western boundary currents crossing the VTR has been recently studied, the submesoscale dynamics associated with such features have never been addressed. Here, we use new observations and a 2‐ km‐resolution model to analyze the role of the VTR seamounts in the regional submesoscale dynamics, their seasonality, and instabilities. We present new high‐resolution velocity and density observations that capture submesoscale features associated with the flow. Within these regions, potential vorticity (PV) reveals patches of symmetrically unstable flow close to seamounts. The horizontal resolution (Δx ≃ 1.5 km) of our quasi‐synoptic observations (10 h) partially resolves submesoscale instabilities. Our Regional Oceanic Modeling System simulation identifies two regimes of submesoscale activity in the region, one typically associated with the seasonal cycle of the mixed layer, and a second associated with flow–topography interactions. A spatiotemporal analysis of the vertical buoyancy fluxes points to these flow–topography interactions as the main source of recurrent, deeper instabilities. As the VTR emerges as a submesoscale hotspot in the oligotrophic South Atlantic, the lack of observations still remains the main obstacle to better understand submesoscale processes in the region.
Assessing Uncertainties and Approximations in Solar Heating of the Climate System
Authors: Hsu Juno C. , Prather Michael J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn calculating solar radiation, climate models make many simplifications, in part to reduce computational cost and enable climate modeling, and in part from lack of understanding of critical atmospheric information. Whether known errors or unknown errors, the community's concern is how these could impact the modeled climate. The simplifications are well known and most have published studies evaluating them, but with individual studies it is difficult to compare. Here, we collect a wide range of such simplifications in either radiative transfer modeling or atmospheric conditions and assess potential errors within a consistent framework on climate‐relevant scales. We build benchmarking capability around a solar heating code (Solar‐J) that doubles as a photolysis code for chemistry and can be readily adapted to consider other errors and uncertainties. The broad classes here include: use of broad wavelength bands to integrate over spectral features; scattering approximations that alter phase function and optical depths for clouds and gases; uncertainty in ice‐cloud optics; treatment of fractional cloud cover including overlap; and variability of ocean surface albedo. We geographically map the errors in W m−2 using a full climate re‐creation for January 2015 from a weather forecasting model. For many approximations assessed here, mean errors are ∼2 W m−2 with greater latitudinal biases and are likely to affect a model's ability to match the current climate state. Combining this work with previous studies, we make priority recommendations for fixing these simplifications based on both the magnitude of error and the ease or computational cost of the fix.
Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates HMGB1 translocation by directly interacting with calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II-δ in sepsis-associated liver injury
Authors: Tian Tao , Yao Danhua , Zheng Lei , Zhou Zhiyuan , Duan Yantao , Liu Bin , Wang Pengfei , Li Yousheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPreviously, we confirmed that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) inhibition improves sepsis-associated liver injury. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) translocation participates in the development of acute liver failure. However, little information is available on the association between SphK1 and HMGB1 translocation during sepsis-associated liver injury. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of SphK1 inhibition on HMGB1 translocation and the underlying mechanism during sepsis-associated liver injury. Primary Kupffer cells and hepatocytes were isolated from SD rats. The rat model of sepsis-associated liver damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We confirmed that Kupffer cells were the cells primarily secreting HMGB1 in the liver after LPS stimulation. LPS-mediated HMGB1 expression, intracellular translocation, and acetylation were dramatically decreased by SphK1 inhibition. Nuclear histone deacetyltransferase 4 (HDAC4) translocation and E1A-associated protein p300 (p300) expression regulating the acetylation of HMGB1 were also suppressed by SphK1 inhibition. HDAC4 intracellular translocation has been reported to be controlled by the phosphorylation of HDAC4. The phosphorylation of HDAC4 is modulated by CaMKII-δ. However, these changes were completely blocked by SphK1 inhibition. Additionally, by performing coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down assays, we revealed that SphK1 can directly interact with CaMKII-δ. The colocalization of SphK1 and CaMKII-δ was verified in human liver tissues with sepsis-associated liver injury. In conclusion, SphK1 inhibition diminishes HMGB1 intracellular translocation in sepsis-associated liver injury. The mechanism is associated with the direct interaction of SphK1 and CaMKII-δ.
Gastrointestinal Interventions: Then and Now
Authors: LoGiurato Brendan , Smirniotopoulos John , Darcy Michael , Charalel Resmi A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGastrointestinal interventions have continuously evolved since the inception of interventional radiology. This article will review major milestones in this evolution including the introduction of new tools, the development of new procedures, and the establishment of interventional radiology as its own clinical specialty. Together, these milestones have helped shape how interventional radiologists perform gastrointestinal interventions today.
Mendeleev’s law and Chicherin’s atomic nucleus
Authors: Kharitonov V V , Ezhov A A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The XVII International Conference and the School of Young Scientists “Physical and Chemical Processes in Atomic Systems” were dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the Mendeleev Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. Here we want to draw attention to the influence of Mendeleev’s discovery on the development of the first model of the atom, assuming the existence of a nucleus in it. Historically, atomic models were developed on the basis of modern experimental data. W. Thomson’s model (1902) uses the discovery of electrons by J.J. Thomson. Nagaoka’s (1904) model derives the finite size of atomic nuclei from optical spectra, and Rutherford’s (1911) model finds the actual size of nuclei from experimental alpha scattering data. In this work, we recall that it was Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin who proposed the earliest model that assumed the existence of an atomic nucleus. This model was published in a series of articles in the journal of the Russian physio-chemical society in 1887-1892. The model was based on a complex mathematical analysis of Mendeleev’s law, specifically on the periodicity of experimental data associated with atomic specific volumes, and made it possible to predict the existence of a central positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged periphery of an atom. We must pay tribute to Chicherin and recognize his model as the earliest model of the atom, assuming the presence of an atomic nucleus in it.
Numerical study on coupling mode of mechanical and thermal drive
Authors: Gu Zhiyong , Jiang Dongjun , Borisevich V D , Zeng Si 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In modern gas centrifuge (GC), circulations driven by stationary scoops and temperature difference between end caps, also called as mechanical and thermal drive circulations, have very important effects on its separation performance. The flow patterns of mechanical and thermal drive circulations in a GC are different and whether the coupling mode of them is linear or nonlinear is not clear. In this research, an axial circulation in the model Iguassu GC is simulated for single mechanical, thermal, and both kind together drives. In addition, the product and waste baffles are also considered in the model GC, making the flow patterns much more complicated. The conditions of rotors with different aspect ratios are also investigated. We take the absolute value of the stream function along an axial cross section to define the intensity of various types of axial circulations. The simulation results demonstrate that the coupling mode of mechanical and thermal drive circulations in a GC is close to linear even though the circulations are reshaped by product and waste baffles. The result obtained may simplify the procedure of optimization for the separative power of a single GC for isotope separation.
Separation of boron isotopes in optimal cascade of uniflow gas centrifuges
Authors: Palkin V A , Lubnin S S , Tokmantsev V I 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Was considered a problem of an optimization of concurrent gas centrifuges for separation of Boron isotopes in form of trifluoride BF3. As the criteria was used a minimum of total number of gas centrifuges upon the given external parameters of the cascades’ scheme. The method is based on the analytical relationships for the flows of stages, received under approximating minimization of the total feed flow. Conducted cascade calculations showed that it is possible to obtain BF3 with enrichment up to 99.9 % of 10B in the selection and up to 0.1 % in the waste, which is equivalent to 99.9 % of 11B.
Centrifugal Separation of Carbon Isotopes Using Carbon Tetrafluoride as Processing Gas
Authors: Sun Q , Jian C , Zhou M , Pei G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
At present, the application of carbon isotope is becoming more and more extensive, especially in the field of medical testing, and the demand for 13C in high abundance is fast increasing. Using carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) as separation medium, study on centrifugal separation of carbon isotopes was carried out. Single-centrifuge experiments were done based on modified domestic gas centrifuges. As a result, the separation factor and single-centrifuge separative power under different working conditions were obtained. Based on the results of single-centrifuge separation experiments, cascade calculation of the enrichment of 13C isotope was conducted by ideal cascade. According to calculation results, through two cascade separations, 13C isotope could be enriched from 30% to above 99% in abundance. The study laid a good basement for production of 13C isotope in high abundance.
Influence of changing feed flow value on germanium isotope separation in gas centrifuge cascade
Authors: Ushakov A A , Orlov A A , Zaviryukha M A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Modeling of a nonstationary process caused by changing the cascade feed flow value using germanium isotope separation as an example. During a nonstationary process, the concentrations of isotopes with intermediary mass number in light and heavy fraction flows may cross the range limits restricted by the initial and final stationary values and exceed the maximum reachable values for a three-flow cascade. Time for stationary isotope concentrations to settle is different for isotopes and depends on the final values of cascade flow.
Economic estimation of boron isotope production by gas diffusion method using BF3 as processing gas
Authors: Wang Y B , Pei G , Jiang D J , Zhou M S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Natural occurring boron has two stable isotopes: boron-10 and boron-11. Boron-10 has high thermal neutron cross section in a wide range of energy and the product of boron-10’s neutron reaction contains alpha particles. So, it is a good material for neutron absorbing and neutron detecting. In order to enrich boron-10 from natural boron, several methods had been proven to be feasible: chemical exchange distillation, cryogenic distillation and ion exchange resin method. The market now places higher demands on the economics of the separation method, so study on production of boron-10 by gas diffusion method is carried out. Using BF3 as processing gas, it is feasible to enrich high abundance of boron-10 by gas diffusion. The single stage separation effect and the hydraulic status of single stage was estimated. Binary gas diffusion cascades were designed and compared. Under given production requirements, the scale of the cascade was estimated and optimized. Finally, step cascade was picked for the production of 96% boron-10. Based on the cascade design, economic estimation of this separation method was conducted, and the target product cost was calculated. This study laid a good foundation for the expansion of boron isotope separation methods.
Peculiar properties of transient processes in cascades with additional product flow
Authors: Mustafin A R , Smirnov A Yu , Sulaberidze G A , Borisevich V D , Zeng S , Jiang D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the important stages in the campaign for separation of multicomponent isotopic mixtures is bringing the separation cascade to a stationary mode of operation. This process, depending on the applied separation method, can be characterized by a relatively long time with associated consumption of the working substance and operating costs. Therefore, the search for the values of the control parameters of the cascade at which it is possible to reduce the transient process time is practically a significant problem in the theory of isotope separation in cascades. One of the current trends in the modern theory of cascades is the study of physical laws of stationary mass transfer in cascades with additional outgoing flows. Such cascades can find application for solving a number of urgent problems, in particular, obtaining relatively high concentrations of isotopes with intermediate masses. At the same time, the laws of unsteady mass transfer in such cascades remain poorly understood. The paper analyses the key patterns of transient processes in a square cascade with an additional product flow. The interconnections between the time of bringing such a cascade to the stationary mode and the external conditions under which the process of separation of the mixture occurs are revealed.