bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Methane
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The absorption of light in gases causes heating and subsequent thermal expansion. When this process is modulated or pulsed, acoustic sound waves are generated. In photoacoustic spectroscopy, the absorption is detected by measuring the sound generated as the scanned light source wavelength varies into and out of resonance. This chapter provides an example of photoacoustic spectroscopy of methane gas in the infrared region using an infrared optical parametric oscillator laser. The C–H stretching vibrational band is measured with partial rotational resolution, providing the frequency of this mode and the rotational constant. Coriolis interaction shifts the lines from those expected for a rigid rotor. The principles of IR spectra are introduced as well as a new state-of-the-art infrared laser system.
Child Labour Effects of Credit Rationing and Uninsured Shocks
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the evidence on the impact of incomplete financial and insurance markets on the supply of child labour. Shocks substantially alter household decisions. In particular, a negative shock increases the probability that a child will work. Coupled with evidence from other research that child labour shows a high degree of persistence as in the case of the Rwanda genocide, this finding highlights the importance of protection from shocks. Risk-reduction schemes also have a beneficial and substantial effect on child work as, confirmed by experimental evidence regarding increased access to health insurance. However, shocks might also alter the returns to child labour and lead households to increase child labour in the presence of a positive shock. Such changes in the incentives facing the household must be kept in mind when designing actual policies.
Internal Policy
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Single measures such as a ban on child labour, or compulsory education, are unlikely to be self-enforcing, and may be inefficient even if they are self-enforcing. If information is asymmetric (e.g., the use children make of their time when they are neither at school, nor working overtly in the labour market, is not observable by the government), neither a ban on child labour, nor compulsory education, is enforceable. The Second-Best policy package may include a ban on overt child labour, and compulsory school attendance nonetheless, but it will include direct or indirect taxes and subsidies designed to make it possible and desirable for parents to invest in their children’s education. A public pension system may be usefully added to the package because it discourages fertility.
Sense and Nonsense
Authors: Brown Gillian R. , Lala Kevin N. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Evolutionary theory is one of the most wide-ranging and inspiring scientific ideas, and it offers a battery of methods that can be used to interpret human behaviour. However, researchers disagree about the best ways to use evolution to explore humanity, and a number of schools of thought have emerged. Sense and Nonsense, third edition, provides an introduction to the ideas, methods, and findings of five such schools, namely sociobiology, human behavioural ecology, evolutionary psychology, cultural evolution, and gene–culture coevolution. In this revised and updated edition of their successful monograph, Brown and Lala provide a balanced and rigorous analysis that scrutinizes both the evolutionary arguments and the allegations of the critics, carefully guiding the reader through the mire of confusing terminology, claim and counter-claim, and polemical statements. This readable and informative introductory book will be of use to undergraduate and postgraduate students (e.g. in psychology, anthropology, and zoology), as well as experts on one approach who would like to know more about the other perspectives and lay-persons interested in evolutionary explanations of human behaviour. Having completed the book, the reader will feel better placed to assess the legitimacy of claims made about human behaviour under the name of evolution and to make judgements as to what is sense and what is nonsense.
Gene–culture coevolution
Authors: Brown Gillian R. , Lala Kevin N. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the sub-field of Gene–Culture Coevolution. After briefly setting out the history of the sub-field, the chapter describes three key concepts of this approach, namely comparisons between the rates of genetic and cultural evolution, niche construction theory, and constructing Gene–Culture Coevolution models. It then describes examples of Gene–Culture Coevolution research through three case studies on the topics of the coevolution of dairy farming and lactose tolerance, human cooperation and prosociality, and the heritability of cognitive and behavioural traits. A critical evaluation section then covers three discussion topics: the question of whether culture comes in clean, discrete packages; whether the human brain is subject to gene–culture coevolution; and idea that the mind is comprised of ‘cognitive gadgets’. The chapter describes the challenges of undertaking Gene–Culture Coevolution research, including the need for cross-disciplinary collaborations, and proposes that this approach provides the most comprehensive understanding of human evolution.
Introduction
Authors: Dechamma CC Sowmya 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Introduction charts prevalent notions around multilinguality that supposedly characterizes the Indian society. Connecting notions of multilingual to the acts of power, the introduction then maps how orality in the Indian context needs to be understood differently in its connection to writing, vernacular and history proper. It also attempts to analyze notions of orality, its relationship with writing especially in India, and the socio-political contexts associated with orality/writing. This chapter argues that communities invested with the power of writing underline dominant notions around language and communities that speak them. The implications this has on the languages of the minority and their speakers is what animates the discussion here.
Corporate Purpose and Stakeholder Value
Authors: Hopt Klaus J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
For whom is the corporation managed? The traditional idea is one of profit generation for shareholders. The new trend holds instead that the purpose of companies is the solution. Historically, state concessions for corporations were granted only if a public utility could be established. Yet the concession system faded away, and the targeted pursuit of general interest was assigned to antitrust, securities regulation, and other public laws. The chapter covers the current debate on corporate purpose, stakeholder participation, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) in the light of history and comparative law (in France, Germany, and the EU Corporate, Sustainability Due Diligence Directive). It analyses the current economic, social science, and policy arguments and the various legislative options (enlightened shareholder value, constituency statutes, balancing of interest, ESG, corporate sustainability due diligence, and climate change legislation). The most important challenge is to making stakeholder governance work. Enforcement options are disclosure and auditing, enterprise law, and public and private enforcement.
Corporate Purpose and the Blurred Boundaries of Internal and External Governance
Authors: Lipton Ann M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Shareholder primacists argue that internal corporate governance processes should be designed to benefit shareholders, while external regulatory and market pressures should be used to align shareholder interests with those of the broader public. This chapter argues that even in the shareholder primacist framework, internal corporate processes must be sufficiently developed to be able to respond to societally created rewards and punishments for pro- and anti-social behaviour, necessitating some degree of outward-lookingness in design. The system viewed as a whole, then, is one where corporate governance is continually adjusted according to societal needs, regardless of whether one formally adopts a stakeholderist or a shareholder primacist position.
Leading Wherever They Want? CSR, ESG, and Directors’ Duties
Authors: Binder Jens-Hinric 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines the debate on corporate social responsibility (CSR), ESG, and corporate purpose and its implications for the legal duties of corporate directors against a theoretical and comparative background. It finds that positive, prescriptive obligations to cater for stakeholder interests are inconsistent with both corporate law systems traditionally following the shareholder value doctrine and those allowing for a greater role of stakeholder concerns to be addressed in corporate decision-making. It also presents a critical analysis of the regulatory policy followed in the EU, arguing that neither the current nor the incoming framework provides a clear-cut, coherent set of specific obligations but leave a wide margin of discretion and, thus, facilitate manipulative, evasive strategies instead.
Green Bonds and Their New Regulation in the EU
Authors: Kumpan Christoph 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The current transformation of the global economy into a sustainable one depends in particular on the activation of private capital to help shoulder the costs. The transmission belts for the engagement of private capital are ‘green’ financial instruments, in particular green bonds. Green bonds are debt instruments designed to raise capital for projects that are climate-related. The market for green bonds is growing, and even though there are private standards, such as the Green Bonds Principles or the Climate Bonds Standard, the EU has nevertheless seen a need for its own regulation of these bonds. Hence, it has recently issued its so-called EU Green Bonds Regulation. This chapter provides an overview of green bonds and scrutinizes the new EU regulation by critically assessing its necessity, regulatory approach, and key provisions.
Role Reversal and the Difference Principle
Authors: Lister Andrew 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Role Reversal and the Difference Principle assesses competing accounts of the original position, and examines whether they can justify the difference principle. Choice under uncertainty forces one to consider the positions of others, but threatens to support average utilitarianism. The ‘complaint model’ of reasonable rejection involves not only putting oneself in the shoes of another, but withdrawing one’s complaint when it is much smaller. This rule limits the possibility for many smaller gains higher up to outweigh fewer individually larger losses lower down. Yet it can also prohibit many individually smaller gains lower down from outweighing one larger loss at the top end, justifying greater inequality that worsens the position of the worst off. The chapter develops an alternate model of reasonable rejectability, which is to require that complaints be invariant to positional reversal in the outcome that will obtain if the complaint is accepted as decisive. This model does a better job of justifying the difference principle but doesn’t provide any way of relaxing the priority it assigns to raising the least advantaged position, and will be highly restrictive of aggregation.
Conclusion
Authors: Lister Andrew 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes the main claims of the book, e.g. that reciprocity can be a limiting condition as well as a duty, and that relational conceptions of equality give us reason to accept such conditions, but that duties of justice can still be unconditional. The chapter then comments on the ways that reciprocity figures in Rawls’s later theory of a merely political liberalism. The tendency to answer in kind that figures in Rawls’s moral psychology is distinct from the criterion of reciprocity in justification that animates the ideal of public reason. Yet the idea that reciprocity reconciles the point of view of self and other constitutes a deep connection between justice as fairness and political liberalism.
Environmental Assessment as a Tool for Climate Change Mitigation
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The focus of environmental assessment procedures has long been on local environmental issues, such as air, water, and land pollution. In recent years, however, these procedures have increasingly been used to consider the emission of greenhouse gases and climate change. When applying environmental assessment to climate change, governments thus face difficult issues, for instance when determining what constitutes a significant climate impact, assessing carbon leakage, and promoting public participation in the absence of affected populations. This book aims to enrich our understanding of the modalities and, ultimately, the opportunity of the climate assessment of proposed activities. It presents and discusses jurisdictional developments and national debates in a global comparative perspective. While many jurisdictions face similar policy issues when applying environmental assessment as a tool for climate change mitigation, they have adopted different solutions. In this context, national debates could benefit from international perspectives. This book documents the use of environmental assessment as a tool for climate change mitigation. It identifies the main conceptual and practical issues facing climate assessment. The analysis leads to an evaluation of the solutions that jurisdictions have contemplated or implemented to address these issues. The book concludes by identifying 10 practices that lawmakers, regulators, national agencies, judges, and lawyers should consider when developing and applying the law on climate assessment.
Industry Dynamics and Path Dependencies
Authors: Sydow Jörg , Schreyögg Georg , Endo Takahiro 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Industry dynamics are about stability and change on the field level of analysis. This chapter uses the lens of path dependence to study the emergent field of renewable energy. On this level of analysis, path dependence theory has to address not only technological but also organizational and institutional dynamics that intricately interact. More specifically, by means of such a multi-dimensional lens, this chapter will look at the increasing generation of electric energy through wind power to illustrate different industry dynamics in four countries. The United Kingdom and Japan will illustrate the persistence of an established path in generating electric energy through fossil fuels and nuclear, while the German and, more tenuously, Chinese cases serve as examples for path-breaking change and the conditions making the emergence of renewables, and in particular wind energy, possible.
Magistracies and Liturgies
Authors: Giannakopoulos Nikos 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses magistracies and liturgies as mechanisms of civic self-administration. Specialization and compartmentalization as means to achieve efficiency should be assessed against the background of malversation, favouritism, and abuse of coercive power. Although civic financing of office holding was still important, increasing liturgization combined with decreasing formal accountability enhanced tendencies towards the concentration of power in the hands of the local notables. Elections remained a local affair, defined by the need to fill in rotation often burdensome civic posts, under pressure exercised both from the political class on its individual members and from below. The need to adapt to the new realities and priorities resulting from Roman rule led to the creation of new offices, but direct Roman interventions, although decisive when they occurred, appear sporadic and highly localized. More importantly, these interventions were mostly deployed through local magistrates and through methods already used by the Greek cities.
Euergetism
Authors: Chin Marcus 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out to define the distinctiveness of euergetism—that is, honourable public giving in the Greek polis—in the Imperial period (1st to 3rd centuries ad). It briefly lays out the historiographical background and its historical roots in the Classical and Hellenistic (and especially late Hellenistic) periods. The chapter then considers how interactions and tensions between the elite and non-elite continued to shape Imperial-era euergetism, with elite wealth becoming visible in benefactions like buildings, distributions, and festivals, while this allowed the elite to shape civic identity more distinctly than before. The imperial framework formed a second major factor shaping euergetism, with the emperor interceding in local rivalries around benefaction, and provincial geography providing new horizons for thinking about local culture. The result was that euergetism was reified as a cultural practice, allowing for its imitation, but also criticism of it.
Cities and Koina
Authors: Edelmann-Singer Babett 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the complex relationship of cities to the regional and supra-regional city leagues. The provincial assemblies form the focus of the study because of their importance to both cities and empire, but also because of their rich epigraphic tradition. However, the Ionian koinon, the regional koina of the core Greek area, the Delphic amphictyony, and the Panhellenion are also discussed. The starting point of the study are the lines of tradition and rupture that exist between the Imperial-era koina and their Hellenistic predecessors. Building on this, the chapter enquires about the role of the city federations in the self-image of the Greek cities under Roman rule; the form and realization of league membership; and the repercussions of this cooperation on intra-urban politics and the urban elites. The significance of the koina for urban competition and the formation of a provincial aristocracy and identity is also addressed.
Civic Hierarchies
Authors: Zoumbaki Sophia 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The structure of civic societies in the Greek poleis in the Roman period needs to be perceived in close connection with the evolution of political thought and organization of a range of communities and constitutions, which developed in the Greek world, and of civic participation in them. This chapter first defines ‘civic’ as a concept presupposing the institutionalized framework of the polis. This framework is not limited to the political sphere or to citizens only, but covers the entire social spectrum, the public and urban aspects of life of a city as well as various folds of communal life. The chapter then focuses on subgroups within civic societies of Roman-era Greek poleis. The complex, but dynamic and flexible, hierarchical civic structure of various poleis is examined by taking into account older traditions, Roman influence, and innovative features which can be traced in the written and material evidence.
Women in Civic Societies
Authors: Stavrianopoulou Eftychia 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A high number of women performed public functions as magistrates, priestesses of the imperial cult, or benefactresses in the cities of the eastern provinces, especially in Asia Minor. This is an epigraphic phenomenon largely unparalleled in other parts of the Roman Empire. It is argued that the new civic roles assumed by (elite) women should be interpreted in the context of the adaptation of the domus Augusta. The introduction of the double priesthood in the imperial cult, a model that was also applied to some civic magistracies and liturgies, led not only to the acceptance of women but also to an understanding of their role as essential to the strengthening of their families. This is reflected both in the difficulty of attributing types of civic munificence solely to women, and in the parallelism of honorific titles for women and men.
Intellectual Education and the City
Authors: Stebnicka Krystyna 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on intellectual education in Greek cities during the early centuries of Roman rule. The education system remained almost unchanged since the Hellenistic period and comprised three stages of teaching: the elementary level (the learning of writing, reading, and basic mathematics), a secondary level focused on the study of Greek poets in the grammatical schools, and the final stage when young individuals studied in rhetorical, philosophical, and medical schools. This chapter also explores educational institutions in Greek poleis and emphasizes the participation of cities in organizing education mostly through gymnasia. However, it acknowledges that education was primarily provided by private schools and was accessible mainly to young people from the elite. It also examines our understanding of the organization of private schools as well as the role of teachers in cities as officials and local benefactors.
Variations Over Time in Mode of Birth and Perinatal Outcomes in Women With One Previous Cesarean in the Netherlands: A 20-Year Population-Based Study
Authors: Koorn Ian , Vis Linda C. , Verschueren Kim J.C. , Rosman Ageeth N. , van den Akker Thomas 
Published: December 2024

(Abstracted from Birth 2024;51:459–467
Cesarean delivery (CD) rates around the world have been increasing. Despite the maternal and perinatal risks, about a third are performed without a medical indication.
Clinical Effectiveness of Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Schwartz Oliver , Vill Katharina , Pfaffenlehner Michelle , Behrens Max , Weiß Claudia , Johannsen Jessika , Friese Johannes , Hahn Andreas , Ziegler Andreas , Illsinger Sabine , Smitka Martin , von Moers Arpad , Kölbel Heike , Schreiber Gudrun , Kaiser Nadja , Wilichowski Ekkehard , Flotats-Bastardas Marina , Husain Ralf A. , Baumann Matthias , Köhler Cornelia , Trollmann Regina , Schwerin-Nagel Annette , Eisenkölbl Astrid , Schimmel Mareike , Fleger Martin , Kauffmann Birgit , Wiegand Gert , Baumgartner Manuela , Rauscher Christian , Cirak Sebahattin , Gläser Dieter , Bernert Günther , Hagenacker Tim , Goldbach Susanne , Probst-Schendzielorz Kristina , Lochmüller Hanns , Müller-Felber Wolfgang , Schara-Schmidt Ulrike , Walter Maggie C. , Kirschner Janbernd , Pechmann Astrid ,   for the SMARTCARE Study Group
Published: December 2024

(Abstracted from JAMA Pediatr 2024;178(6):540–547
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, with the most severe cases leading to ventilator dependency or death within 2 years. Three new therapies have significantly improved outcomes, especially with early treatment.
Suicide Mortality During the Perinatal Period
Authors: Zivin Kara , Zhong Chuwen , Rodríguez-Putnam Alejandro , Spring Emma , Cai Qingyi , Miller Alyson , Johns Lily , Kalesnikava Viktoryia A. , Courant Anna , Mezuk Briana 
Published: December 2024

(Abstracted from JAMA Network Open 2024;7(6):e2418887
Suicide in the perinatal period is a leading cause of maternal mortality in the United States. It contributes to 8.4% of pregnancy-related deaths and is considered preventable by 36 state maternal mortality review committees.