bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robotic microscopy for everyone: the OpenFlexure Microscope
Authors: Collins Joel T. , Knapper Joe , Stirling Julian , Mduda Joram , Mkindi Catherine , Mayagaya Valeriana , Mwakajinga Grace A. , Nyakyi Paul T. , Sanga Valerian L. , Carbery Dave , White Leah , Dale Sara , Lim Zhen Jieh , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Cicuta Pietro , McDermott Samuel , Vodenicharski Boyko , Bowman Richard 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOptical microscopes are an essential tool for both the detection of disease in clinics, and for scientific analysis. However, in much of the world access to high-performance microscopy is limited by both the upfront cost and maintenance cost of the equipment. Here we present an open-source, 3D-printed, and fully-automated laboratory microscope, with motorised sample positioning and focus control. The microscope is highly customisable, with a number of options readily available including trans- and epi-illumination, polarisation contrast imaging, and epi-florescence imaging. The OpenFlexure Microscope has been designed to enable low-volume manufacturing and maintenance by local personnel, vastly increasing accessibility. We have produced over 100 microscopes in Tanzania and Kenya for educational, scientific, and clinical applications, demonstrating that local manufacturing can be a viable alternative to international supply chains that can often be costly, slow, and unreliable.
The influence of environmental setting on the community ecology of Ediacaran organisms
Authors: Mitchell Emily G. , Bobkov Nikolai , Bykova Natalia , Dhungana Alavya , Kolesnikov Anton , Hogarth Ian R. P. , Liu Alexander G. , Mustill Tom M.R. , Sozonov Nikita , Xiao Shuhai , Grazhdankin Dmitriy V. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe broad-scale environment plays a substantial role in shaping modern marine ecosystems, but the degree to which palaeocommunities were influenced by their environment is unclear. To investigate how broad-scale environment influenced the community ecology of early animal ecosystems we employed spatial point process analyses to examine the community structure of seven bedding-plane assemblages of late Ediacaran age (558–550 Ma), drawn from a range of environmental settings and global localities. The studied palaeocommunities exhibit marked differences in the response of their component taxa to sub-metre-scale habitat heterogeneities on the seafloor. Shallow-marine palaeocommunities were heavily influenced by local habitat heterogeneities, in contrast to their deep-water counterparts. Lower species richness in deep-water Ediacaran assemblages compared to shallow-water counterparts across the studied time-interval could have been driven by this environmental patchiness, because habitat heterogeneities correspond to higher diversity in modern marine environments. The presence of grazers and detritivores within shallow-water communities may have promoted local patchiness, potentially initiating a chain of increasing heterogeneity of benthic communities from shallow to deep-marine depositional environments. Our results provide quantitative support for the “Savannah” hypothesis for early animal diversification – whereby Ediacaran diversification was driven by patchiness in the local benthic environment.Author ContributionsE. Mitchell conceived this paper and wrote the first draft. N. Bobkov, A. Kolesnikov, N. Sozonov and D. Grazhdankin collected the data for DS surface. N. Bobkov and N. Sozonov performed the analyses on DS surface. N. Bykova, S. Xiao, and D. Grazhdankin collected the data for WS, KH1 and KH2 surfaces and E. Mitchell performed the analyses. A. Dhungana and A. Liu collected the data for FUN4 and FUN5 surfaces and A. Dhungana performed the analyses. T. Mustill and D. Grazhdankin collected the data for KS and T. Mustill and E. Mitchell performed the analyses. I. Hogarth developed the software for preliminary KS surface analyses. E. Mitchell, N. Bobkov, N. Bykova, A. Dhungana, A. Kolesnikov, A. Liu, S. Xiao and D. Grazhdankin discussed the results and prepared the manuscript.
Environmental Oxygen Regulates Astrocyte Proliferation to Guide Angiogenesis during Retinal Development
Authors: Perelli Robin M , O’Sullivan Matthew L , Zarnick Samantha , Kay Jeremy N 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAngiogenesis in the developing mammalian retina requires patterning cues from astrocytes. Developmental disorders of retinal vasculature, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), involve arrest or mispatterning of angiogenesis. Whether these vascular pathologies involve astrocyte dysfunction remains untested. Here we demonstrate that the major risk factor for ROP – transient neonatal exposure to hyperoxia – disrupts formation of the angiogenic astrocyte template. Exposing mice to hyperoxia (75% O2) from postnatal day (P)0-4 suppressed astrocyte proliferation, while return to room air (21% O2) at P4 triggered extensive proliferation, massively increasing astrocyte numbers and disturbing their spatial patterning prior to arrival of developing vasculature. Proliferation required astrocytic HIF2α and was also stimulated by direct hypoxia (10% O2), suggesting that astrocyte oxygen sensing regulates the number of astrocytes produced during development. Along with astrocyte defects, return to room air also caused vascular defects reminiscent of ROP. Strikingly, these vascular phenotypes were more severe in animals that had larger numbers of excess astrocytes. Together, our findings suggest that fluctuations in environmental oxygen dysregulate molecular pathways controlling astrocyte proliferation, thereby generating excess astrocytes that interfere with retinal angiogenesis.
Global gene expression profile during low temperature in the brain of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
Authors: Shi Mijuan , Zhang Qiangxiang , Li Yongming , Zhang Wanting , Liao Lanjie , Cheng Yingyin , Jiang Yanxin , Huang Xiaoli , Duan You , Xia Lei , Ye Weidong , Wang Yaping , Xia Xiao-Qin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGrass carp is an important commercial fish widely cultured in China. Large range of temperature, in particular extremely low temperature, has dramatic effects on the aquaculture of this teleost. However, there is relatively little research on the molecular responses in the fish exposed to cold. Given the limited vision of approaches targeting individual genes, we investigated the transcriptome profiles of brain in response to cold in order to comprehensively characterize molecular mechanisms behind it. This study indicated that the estrogen signaling pathway was inhibited in brain when grass carp acclimated to low temperature, while terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway and steroid biosynthesis pathway were significantly activated. Such a result implied the crucial role of cholesterol in cold acclimation. Moreover, plenty of differentially expressed genes associated with spliceosomes were enriched during cooling process, which suggested alternative splicing may be involved in the regulation of biological process in acclimation to temperature changes. In researches on extremely low-temperature tolerance, we identified four genes (DUSP1, HSPA6, NR4A1 and GADD45B) associated with MAPK signaling pathway. The four genes, extensively up-regulated at 4°C and remained relatively low expression at moderate temperature, were closely related with extremely cold condition. Further examination of the candidate genes can provide insights into the mechanisms of grass carp to endure extremely low temperature in the winter.
Australian native flower colours: does nectar reward drive bee pollinator flower preferences?
Authors: Shrestha Mani , Garcia Jair E , Burd Martin , Dyer Adrian G 
Published: December 2019

AbstractColour is an important signal that flowering plants use to attract insect pollinators like bees. Previous research in Germany has shown that nectar volume is higher for flower colours that are innately preferred by European bees, suggesting an important link between colour signals, bee preferences and floral rewards. In Australia, flower colour signals have evolved in parallel to the Northern hemisphere to enable easy discrimination and detection by the phylogenetically ancient trichromatic visual system of bees, and native Australian bees also possess similar innate colour preferences to European bees. We measured 59 spectral signatures from flowers present at two preserved native habitats in South Eastern Australia and tested whether there were any significant differences in the frequency of flowers presenting higher nectar rewards depending upon the colour category of the flower signals, as perceived by bees. We also tested if there was a significant correlation between chromatic contrast and the frequency of flowers presenting higher nectar rewards. For the entire sample, and for subsets excluding species in the Asteraceae and Orchidaceae, we found no significant difference among colour categories in the frequency of high nectar reward. This suggests that whilst such relationships between flower colour signals and nectar volume rewards have been observed at a field site in Germany, the effect is likely to be specific at a community level rather than a broad general principle that has resulted in the common signalling of bee flower colours around the world.
Data-driven modeling of group formation in the fission-fusion dynamics of Bechstein’s bats
Authors: Perony Nicolas , Kerth Gerald , Schweitzer Frank 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCommunal roosting in Bechstein’s bat colonies is characterized by the formation of several groups that use different day roosts and that regularly dissolve and re-merge (fission-fusion dynamics). Analyzing data from two colonies of different size over many years, we find that (i) the number of days bats stay in the same roost before changing follows an exponential distribution that is independent of the colony size, and (ii) the number and size of groups bats formed for roosting depend on the size of the colony such that above a critical colony size two to six groups of different sizes are formed. To model these two observations, we propose an agent-based model in which agents make their decisions about roosts based on both random and social influences. For the latter, they copy the roost preference of another agent which models the transfer of the respective information. Our model is able to reproduce both the distribution of stay length in the same roost and the emergence of groups of different sizes dependent on the colony size. Moreover, we are able to predict the critical system size at which the formation of different groups emerges without global coordination. We further comment on dynamics that bridge the roosting decisions on short time scale (less than one day) with the social structures observed at long time scales (more than one year).
Mejor en Bici: Innovación de modelo de negocio y valor compartido
Authors: Manzi Mario Andres , Caicedo Erika Johanna , Cardona Daniel Alberto 
Published: December 2019

Learning outcomes
Identificar y plasmar la propuesta de valor de Mejor en Bici para comprender de dónde inicia un modelo de negocio. • Diseñar y evaluar el modelo de negocio de Mejor en Bici desde una perspectiva de innovación. • Aplicar el concepto de valor compartido en la generación de una propuesta de negocio para Mejor en Bici basándose en su modelo de negocio.

Case overview/synopsis
Este caso aborda los retos que Mejor en Bici, una start-up que promueve la movilidad en bicicleta, tuvo que afrontar desde 2010 a 2015 a nivel de su modelo de negocio y de generación de valor compartido. El caso narra los principales logros y obstáculos en este camino del emprendimiento, y como a través de este proceso se debería diseñar un modelo de negocio que permita tomar decisiones estratégica, para lograr un crecimiento sostenido. Además, este caso examina como desde etapas tempranas en el emprendimiento es posible generar valor compartido como un componente estratégico.

Complexity academic level
Este caso es apropiado para cursos de emprendimiento donde se aborden los temas de modelo de negocio, innovación en modelo de negocio y valor compartido. Puede ser utilizado en niveles de pregrado/grado.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 3: Entrepreneurship
Developing a scale measuring customers’ servicescape perceptions in upscale hotels
Authors: Lockwood Andrew , Pyun Kyunghee 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to describe the detailed process of development of a reliable scale to measure customer perceptions of the upscale hotel servicescape that could then be used as a basis for intra- and inter-hotel comparisons and to examine relationships with other variables, such as emotions, satisfaction and loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach
A review of the existing service and hospitality literature provided a range of dimensions and attributes of the hotel servicescape, which were used as the basis for a Q-sort technique to determine the content adequacy of newly developed and existing items. Testing the emergent items was carried out through a questionnaire that was distributed at five luxury upscale hotels in London providing 612 fully valid responses, which, using a split sample, were subjected to both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to explore the dimensionality and reliability of the instrument.

Findings
Although the Q-sort suggested four key dimensions, the outcome of the factor analyses revealed five dimensions with high reliability – aesthetic quality, functionality, atmosphere, spaciousness and physiological conditions. “Aesthetic quality” appeared to be the most important factor, followed by “functionality”, “atmosphere”, “spaciousness” and “physiological conditions”.

Research limitations/implications
As this study was conducted with customers of upscale luxury hotels in London, the resulting scales need to be further tested in other hotel segments and in other locations.

Practical implications
This study provides upscale hotel managers with an effective measurement tool, which will enable them to benchmark their operation and make improvements that could lead to a better impression and evaluation of their hotel. The scale has a variety of potential applications and can serve as a framework for further research in the hotel industry.

Originality/value
In spite of the wide interest in and importance of the servicescape in hotels, there are only a few studies dealing with this subject in the hotel context. This study provides a new tool for measuring customers’ perceptions.
Taxation of robots – what would have been the view of Smith and Marx on it?
Authors: Huettinger Maik , Boyd Jonathan Andrew 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to approach the issue of taxation of robotic process automation (RPA) through an interpretive lens provided by both Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Both scholars have affected the understanding and attitudes of generations of economists, and their ideas have considerable influenced modern economic policy. It will be argued that Smith and Marx have much to offer to help contemporary economists understand the taxation of RPA, and their writings on machines, automation, and their impact on the human labor force will be discussed from their primary texts.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper interprets the works of Marx and Smith in relation to contemporary debates on automation, particularly, proposals to tax technological innovations to offset the social costs of automation’s displacement effects.

Findings
In the case of Adam Smith, there is not enough evidence to suggest that he would support a specific taxation of RPA; however, he very well might agree with a modest taxation of capital goods. Marx would very likely support a taxation in the short-run, however, would be inclined to caution that the ownership of robots should in the long run be transferred to society.

Originality/value
This paper uses primary texts from the discipline of history of economic thought to spark a discussion about compensating the externalities of technological innovation.
Does gender diversity on boards reduce information asymmetry problems? Empirical evidence from the French market
Authors: Loukil Nadia , Yousfi Ouidad , Yerbanga Raissa Wend-kuuni 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of female members in boards of directors on asymmetric information in the French stock market.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use two proxies for asymmetric information: the idiosyncratic volatility and the bid-ask spread. This study is conducted on all listed firms in the SBF 120 index between 2002 and 2012.

Findings
Results show that gender diversity in boardrooms has a negative effect on the level of private information in stock markets and reduces the bid-ask spread. However, these effects are significant in family-controlled firms: female inside directors significantly increase the idiosyncratic volatility and the bid-ask spread, while female independent directors decrease both proxies for stock market liquidity.

Research limitations/implications
Our empirical findings contribute to the current debate on the benefits of gender diversity on corporate boards from the market perspective. It shows that, under specific conditions, financial markets could be receptive to the presence of female directors in boardrooms.

Practical implications
Practitioners and policymakers advocate the benefits of gender diversity on corporate boards. This paper shows that when the protection of minority shareholders is poor, the stock market is receptive to the presence of women independent directors, only in family controlled firms. This is a further argument that could help women to overcome glass-ceiling barriers they usually face to achieve top management positions.

Originality/value
This paper provides support for the increased attention paid to gender-diverse boards. It addresses the market sensitivity toward the presence of women members in French boardrooms and their positions. This is the first paper, to the best of our knowledge, to address how appointing women to different positions in the boardroom could provide signals to investors in the presence of asymmetric information. French firms are mostly family controlled. Thus, the findings bring valuable information of the impact of board diversity on the stock market considering family and nonfamily firms.
Assessing the impact of monetary fundamentals on exchange rate fluctuations a Bayesian network approach
Authors: Charfi Sahar , BenHamad Salah , Masmoudi Afif 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze how monetary fundamentals affect exchange rate movements.

Design/methodology/approach
To develop this paper, a Bayesian Network modeling is applied to explore the causal interactions between monetary fundamentals and exchange rate fluctuations. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis is performed to asses and estimate exchange rate behavior with uncertain monetary fundamentals. Furthermore, a Granger Causality test is used as suggested in the Econometric literature to determine the causality direction among factors.

Findings
The empirical findings show that money supply and interest rate have a significant positive effect on exchange rate, whereas inflation rate has a considerable negative effect on exchange rate. In addition, the authors deduce that real income has an indirect impact on exchange rate and a direct impact on inflation rate, interest rate and money supply. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis shows that monetary uncertainty has a considerable effect on exchange rate fluctuations. Moreover, the Granger Causality test reveals that there is a unique unidirectional causality running from money supply to exchange rate.

Practical implications
The model can be considered as a vital management tool for international investors and financial analysts to explore the effect of monetary fundamentals on exchange rate behavior. It allows estimating exchange rate fluctuations with uncertain monetary factors.

Originality/value
This study is the first one which applied a Bayesian Network modeling to examine the exchange rate determination problem. Results of this research are presented under a clear graphical representation that can be easily useful by monetary policymakers and international traders to determine the influential monetary factors on exchange rate behavior. Also, the model will help them in estimating the effect of monetary uncertainty on exchange rate fluctuations.
Biomedical photopolymers in 3D printing
Authors: Alifui-Segbaya Frank 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
Three-dimensional printing of acrylic-based medical devices is projected to grow exponentially despite the limitations of photopolymerization and the lack of information on the clinical performance of the materials. The purpose of this paper is to address an issue of critical importance in the translation of the three-dimensionally printed structures to the clinic, which is assessing the toxicity of the polymers and their precursors.

Design/methodology/approach
This review highlights the different manufacturing processes, challenges and novel experimental work including the zebrafish embryo model, which offers a potential method for toxicity profiling of biomedical photopolymers and their precursors due to its high genetic similarity to humans.

Findings
Materials information and experimental data available so far suggest that there is a need for regular and rigorous evaluation of new materials to establish their safety and protect users engaging in biomedically-related printing activities.

Originality/value
The review identifies stringent, contemporary and cost-effective analytical methods for assessing the safety of biomedical photopolymers and their precursors.
How harmful are online firestorms for brands?
Authors: Delgado-Ballester Elena , López-López Inés , Bernal-Palazón Alicia 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
Adopting an exploratory approach, this paper aims to focus on the potential negative consequences that online firestorms (OFs) might have on consumer–brand relationships. Specifically, the authors focus on the individual level through taking a close look at the content that users generate during these attacks.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted content analysis to study four recent brand-related OFs that occurred on Twitter.

Findings
The results show that brands are at the core of the users’ conversations, although other actors, such as competing firms, can also be affected. Negative comments greatly exceed positive ones. Actions against the brand, both passive (avoidance) and active (vengeance), emerged during the OFs.

Research limitations/implications
The exploratory nature of the study could cast doubt on the generalizability of the results. Moreover, the number of OF analyzed is limited, although they represent an interesting variety of brand misconducts.

Practical implications
Nowadays, brands are publicly scrutinized through social networks, as the networks enable users to speak out about brands’ perceived mistakes and wrongdoings. This paper confirms that managers should monitor, understand and try to respond to OFs to minimize their impact.

Originality/value
Online firestorms are a recent phenomenon that has gained attention finally, as they can reach hundreds of users in real-time and can involve a huge amount of comments posted online against a brand. These attacks could severely damage the brand, even when there is no strong evidence of the posted content being true. This paper adds to the scarce literature on the topic and analyzes the negative effects for brands.