bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamma Tubulin is Localized to a New Organelle, The Multivesicular Aggregate, In Mammalian Oocytes
Authors: Calarco Patricia G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Oocyte meiotic maturation occurs without the aid of centrioles in the mouse; instead the division spindles are organized by a number of microtubule organizing centers (MTOC). Immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-γ tubulin shows that multiple MTOCs migrate to surround the central nucleus (germinal vesicle, GV) during early maturation.. However, at the EM level, recognizable MTOCs have never been seen prior to the nucleation of microtubules (MT) which occurs near the time of nuclear envelope breakdown. Recently, I described multivesicular aggregates (MVAs) as the organelles most likely to represent immature MTOCs prior to MT nucleation4. These are first seen at time zero by EM as two large aggregates in the cortex, with sizes averaging 10um. MVA subsequently fragment into smaller units as they migrate centrally.
Materials and Methods: Female ICR mice were injected IP with 100 iu of chorionic gonadotropin (Sigma) to stimulate follicle growth, and ovaries were removed 48 hours later.
Investigation of DNA Loop Domains using Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Epi-Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Klaus Angela V , McCarthy Siobhan , McCarrey John , Ward W Steven 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The average sperm nucleus is only 8 micrometers long, but contains 1 meter of DNA. We have previously described how the sperm cell is able to package this DNA into the small volume of the sperm head. The only DNA structure that exists in both somatic cells and sperm nuclei is the organization of DNA loop domains that are attached at their bases to the nuclear skeleton, the nuclear matrix. We compared the structure of one gene in sperm nuclei to that of spermatogenic and adult cells.
Individual loop domains of the 5S rRNA gene cluster were visualized by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Nuclei were isolated from hamster spermatozoa, spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and adult liver cells. They were then extracted to remove the protamines or histones, fixed, hybridized to a biotinylated 5S rDNA probe, then viewed by epifluorescence microscopy. The 5S rDNA in liver nuclei was organized into a single large loop domain (Fig. 1),
Taxonomic Identification of Rhabdochona Species Found in Oncorhynchus Clarki Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Young D , Heckmann RA , Gardner J S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Adult Rhabdochona nematodes, commonly parasitizing fish, were present in the digestive tracts of cutthroat trout in Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah. Cutthroat trout, Oncorhyncus clarki, are known to serve as both intermediate and definitive hosts for parasitic nematodes. The larval stage parasitizes almost any tissue of its host, but the adult is always found in the digestive tract. Due to the lack of key morphological features, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify specific structures leading to the nematode's taxonomic identification.
Cutthroat trout were obtained using a rod and reel and were dissected the same day. Nematodes were present in all 12 cutthroat trout residing in all parts of the digestive tract. The nematodes, Rhabdochona sp., were prepared for SEM using the following procedures. First, the parasites were fixed in 2% buffered glutaraldehyde, washed in sodium cacodylate buffer, and post fixed in a 1% solution of osmium tetroxide. The samples were then washed in the same buffer system and dehydrated through a graded alcohol series. Critical-point-drying removed the remaining fluids. Finally, the nematodes were placed on specimen stubs, sputter coated with gold, and each specimen examined with a JOEL-840 high resolution scanning electron microscope with micrographs taken at varying magnifications.
Aminoglycoside Damage to Young Rats Equilibrium
Authors: Hara Hirotaka , Meza Graciela , Bohne Barbara , Hara Jun , César D. Fermin  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chronic streptomycin (STP) administration to young rats for 49 consecutive days intramuscularly affected the rats equilibrium, and balance. Behavioral measures indicated motor-related impairment and rats inability to swim correctly or upright themselves when dunk in a water tank. Moreover, the affected rats failed to walk straight on a inclined platform. Upon termination of the STP administration, motor-related functions returned to pre-administration levels in some animals (recovered group), but not in others (un-recovered group) suggesting that organs involved in maintenance of equilibrium and balance of the body were affected, but later recuperated. The inner ear of both groups and sham controls were processed for histology and transmission electron microscopy and examined.
Twenty day old male Long Evans rats were injected daily in alternating hindlimbs with 400mg/Kg body weight STP. Control rats were injected physiological saline, up to 57 days when they began the recovery period of 8-12 weeks without further injections.
Effect of Calcium on Salt Tolerance of Leaf Epidermal Cells of Ruppia maritima at High Salinity
Authors: Barnabas AD , Jagels R , Przybylowicz WJ , Mesjasz-Przybylowicz J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ruppia maritima L. is a submerged halophyte which occurs frequently in estuaries where sodium chloride is the dominant salt. Unlike terrestrial halophytes, R. maritima does not possess any specialised salt-secreting structures such as salt glands. Knowledge of salt tolerance mechanisms in this plant is important to our understanding of its biology. In a previous study it was shown that leaf epidermal cells of R. maritima, which possess transfer cell characteristics, are implicated in salt regulation. In the present investigation, the effect of calcium (Ca) on salt tolerance of leaf epidermal cells was studied since Ca has been found to be an important factor in resistance to salt stress in terrestrial plants.
Plants were grown in artificial seawater of high salinity (33%) and at two different Ca concentrations : 400 ppm (high Ca) and 100 ppm (low Ca).
Strange Bedfellows: Interrogating the Unintended Consequences of Integrating Countering Violent Extremism with the UN's Women, Peace, and Security Agenda in Kenya
Authors: Aroussi Sahla 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn October 2015, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2242 calling on member states to work toward the greater integration of the women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda with efforts to counter terrorism and violent extremism. While the rapprochement between counterterrorism and WPS may appear to be a step forward, particularly for those seeking to increase women's participation in areas traditionally dominated by men, it is also potentially dangerous. This article makes a significant contribution to the larger debate on the WPS agenda by studying the impact and unintended consequences of linking WPS with countering violent extremism on the ground in Kenya. Based on original research in the field, including key informant interviews, I argue that in the Kenyan context, connecting WPS with violent extremism has had several damaging consequences for women and their communities. Far from advancing the WPS agenda, this new policy shift has caused tension between local and international priorities, precipitated the redirection of donor funding away from important gender initiatives and toward countering violent extremism, and resulted in women's additional stigmatization, insecurity, and exclusion.
Home and Motor insurance joined at a household level using multivariate credibility
Authors: Pechon Florian , Denuit Michel , Trufin Julien 
Published: July 2020

AbstractActuarial ratemaking is usually performed at product and guarantee level, meaning that each product and guarantee is considered in isolation. Moreover, independence between policyholders is generally assumed. In this paper, we propose a multivariate Poisson mixture, with random effects correlated using a hierarchical structure, to accommodate for the dependence that may exist between unobserved risk factors across Home and Motor insurance and between policyholders from the same household. The hierarchical structure accounts for the fact that Home insurance covers the whole household, whereas Motor insurance policies are subscribed by specific policyholders within the household. The model allows to periodically correct the a priori expected claim frequencies using the reported number of claims in any of the considered products. Applications show that the impact of the number of claims reported in Motor insurance on the number of claims expected in Home insurance is larger than the other way around. Moreover, an out-of-sample analysis validates an improved predictive power. Also, the model allows to identify more rapidly the riskiest households.
Survey of Cryogenic Nitrogen Thermomechanical Property Data Relevant to Outer Solar System Bodies
Authors: Sagmiller Dylan , Hartwig Jason 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe outer Solar System has many bodies of interest that have continued to captivate the planetary science community, recently Triton, a captured Kuiper belt object (KBO) of Neptune, and Pluto. Limited fly‐by observational data shows evidence that nitrogen is the dominant constituent on these two bodies, potentially also existing on other KBOs as well. Current simulations related to answering fundamental science questions and also to develop future mission science packages and vehicles require accurate, reliable thermodynamic, and mechanical property data of solid and gaseous nitrogen at relevant surface and atmospheric conditions. This paper thus presents an exhaustive review of all available experimental N2property data dating back to 1887. Each historical study is systematically analyzed and summarized and then the consolidated database is assembled. Comments are made on the validity of data sets, with an emphasis on specific heat capacity at constant pressure and constant volume (CP,Cv), thermal conductivity (κ), volume thermal expansion (αV), density (ρ), equilibrium vapor pressure (Pvap), heat of sublimation (ΔHS), heat of transition (ΔHT), Gruneisen parameter (γG), adiabatic and isothermal compressibility (xS,xT) and moduli of elasticity (C11,C12,C13,C33,C44). Results here can be used directly and immediately to perform new simulations on N2‐based bodies as well as to determine gaps in the consolidated database for future experiments.
Magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake Reestimated Using Seismological and Geomorphological Methods
Authors: Ou Q. , Kulikova G. , Yu J. , Elliott A. , Parsons B. , Walker R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractReported magnitudes ranging between 7.8 and 8.7 highlight a confusion about the true size of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, the largest earthquake recorded in the northeast Tibetan Plateau. We compiled a global data set of previously unlooked‐at historical seismograms and performed modern computational analyses on the digitized seismic records. We found the epicenter to be near Haiyuan town and obtained a moment magnitude of MW=7.9±0.2. Following traditional approaches, we obtained mB=7.9±0.3 with data from 21 stations and MS(20)=8.1±0.2 with data from three stations. Geomorphologically, we mapped the surface rupture and horizontal offsets on high‐resolution Pleiades satellite and drone imagery that covered the entire western and middle sections of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake rupture and compiled offsets reported on the eastern section from field measurements in the 1980s. Careful discrimination between single‐event and cumulative offsets suggests average horizontal slips of 3.0±1.0 m on the western section, 4.5±1.5 m on the middle section, and 3.5±0.5 m on the eastern section, indicating a total moment magnitude of MW=7.8±0.1. Thus, the seismological and geomorphological results agree within the uncertainties, a weighted average giving a moment magnitude of MW=7.9±0.2 for the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. It is likely that earthquake magnitudes based on the historical M were systematically overestimated.
Fifty Years of Research on the Madden‐Julian Oscillation: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Jiang Xianan , Adames Ángel F. , Kim Daehyun , Maloney Eric D. , Lin Hai , Kim Hyemi , Zhang Chidong , DeMott Charlotte A. , Klingaman Nicholas P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSince its discovery in the early 1970s, the crucial role of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the global hydrological cycle and its tremendous influence on high‐impact climate and weather extremes have been well recognized. The MJO also serves as a primary source of predictability for global Earth system variability on subseasonal time scales. The MJO remains poorly represented in our state‐of‐the‐art climate and weather forecasting models, however. Moreover, despite the advances made in recent decades, theories for the MJO still disagree at a fundamental level. The problems of understanding and modeling the MJO have attracted significant interest from the research community. As a part of the AGU's Centennial collection, this article provides a review of recent progress, particularly over the last decade, in observational, modeling, and theoretical study of the MJO. A brief outlook for near‐future MJO research directions is also provided.
A Brief Analysis of Conceptual Model Structure Uncertainty Using 36 Models and 559 Catchments
Authors: Knoben W. J. M. , Freer J. E. , Peel M. C. , Fowler K. J. A. , Woods R. A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe choice of hydrological model structure, that is, a model's selection of states and fluxes and the equations used to describe them, strongly controls model performance and realism. This work investigates differences in performance of 36 lumped conceptual model structures calibrated to and evaluated on daily streamflow data in 559 catchments across the United States. Model performance is compared against a benchmark that accounts for the seasonality of flows in each catchment. We find that our model ensemble struggles to beat the benchmark in snow‐dominated catchments. In most other catchments model structure equifinality (i.e., cases where different models achieve similar high efficiency scores) can be very high. We find no relation between the number of model parameters and performance during either calibration or evaluation periods nor evidence of increased risk of overfitting for models with more parameters. Instead, the choice of model parametrization (i.e., which equations are used and how parameters are used within them) dictates the model's strengths and weaknesses. Results suggest that certain model structures are inherently better suited for certain objective functions and thus for certain study purposes. We find no clear relationships between the catchments where any model performs well and descriptors of those catchments' geology, topography, soil, and vegetation characteristics. Instead, model suitability seems to relate strongest to the streamflow regime each catchment generates, and we have formulated several tentative hypotheses that relate commonalities in model structure to similarities in model performance. Modeling results are made publicly available for further investigation.
Galectin-9 promotes a suppressive microenvironment in human cancer by enhancing STING degradation
Authors: Zhang Chuan-xia , Huang Dai-jia , Baloche Valentin , Zhang Lin , Xu Jing-xiao , Li Bo-wen , Zhao Xin-rui , He Jia , Mai Hai-qiang , Chen Qiu-yan , Zhang Xiao-shi , Busson Pierre , Cui Jun , Li Jiang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGalectin-9 (Gal-9) is known to enhance the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in murine models. Its contribution to the expansion of MDSCs in human malignancies remain to be investigated. We here report that Gal-9 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells enhances the generation of MDSCs (CD33+CD11b+HLA-DR−) from CD33+ bystander cells. The underlying mechanisms involve both the intracellular and secreted Gal-9. Inside carcinoma cells, Gal-9 up-regulates the expression of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are critical for MDSC differentiation, including IL-1β and IL-6. This effect is mediated by accelerated STING protein degradation resulting from direct interaction of the Gal-9 carbohydrate recognition domain 1 with the STING C-terminus and subsequent enhancement of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM29-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination of STING. Moreover, we showed that extracellular Gal-9 secreted by carcinoma cells can enter the myeloid cells and trigger the same signaling cascade. Consistently, high concentrations of tumor and plasma Gal-9 are associated with shortened survival of NPC patients. Our findings unearth that Gal-9 induces myeloid lineage-mediated immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments by suppressing STING signaling.
Evolutionary conserved role of neural cell adhesion molecule-1 in memory
Authors: Vukojevic Vanja , Mastrandreas Pavlina , Arnold Andreas , Peter Fabian , Kolassa Iris-T. , Wilker Sarah , Elbert Thomas , de Quervain Dominique J.-F. , Papassotiropoulos Andreas , Stetak Attila 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM-1) has been implicated in several brain-related biological processes, including neuronal migration, axonal branching, fasciculation, and synaptogenesis, with a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigated the evolutionary conserved role of NCAM-1 in learning and memory. First, we investigated sustained changes in ncam-1 expression following aversive olfactory conditioning in C. elegans using molecular genetic methods. Furthermore, we examined the link between epigenetic signatures of the NCAM1 gene and memory in two human samples of healthy individuals (N = 568 and N = 319) and in two samples of traumatized individuals (N = 350 and N = 463). We found that olfactory conditioning in C. elegans induced ncam-1 expression and that loss of ncam-1 function selectively impaired associative long-term memory, without causing acquisition, sensory, or short-term memory deficits. Reintroduction of the C. elegans or human NCAM1 fully rescued memory impairment, suggesting a conserved role of NCAM1 for memory. In parallel, DNA methylation of the NCAM1 promoter in two independent healthy Swiss cohorts was associated with memory performance. In two independent Sub-Saharan populations of conflict zone survivors who had faced severe trauma, DNA methylation at an alternative promoter of the NCAM1 gene was associated with traumatic memories. Our results support a role of NCAM1 in associative memory in nematodes and humans, and might, ultimately, be helpful in elucidating diagnostic markers or suggest novel therapy targets for memory-related disorders, like PTSD.
First results from five multidisciplinary diagnostic centre (MDC) projects for non-specific but concerning symptoms, possibly indicative of cancer
Authors: Chapman D. , Poirier V. , Vulkan D. , Fitzgerald K. , Rubin G. , Hamilton W. , Duffy S. W. ,   on behalf of the ACE MDC projects,   Airedale MDC pilot, Thomas Alan Hart , Gulliford Dawn , Rolfe Helena ,   Airedale MDC clinical team,   Greater Manchester MDC pilots, Hohmann Matthias , Repperday Chris , Sykes Susan , Taylor Sarah ,   Greater Manchester MDC clinical teams,   Leeds MDC pilot, Craig Angie , Dawson James , Forbes Sarah , Ryan Helen , Turner Rob ,   Leeds ACE MDC Clinical Team and Steering Group,   London MDC pilots, Ahmad Mush , Chung Donna , Graham David , Millar Andrew , Taiyari Sara ,   London MDC clinical teams,   Oxford MDC pilot, Smith Claire Friedemann , Gleeson Fergus , Hayles Shelley , Kaveney Zoe , Nicholson Brian ,   Oxford MDC clinical team
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Patients with non-specific symptoms often experience longer times to diagnosis and poorer clinical outcomes than those with site-specific symptoms. This paper reports initial results from five multidisciplinary diagnostic centre (MDC) projects in England, piloting rapid referral for patients with non-specific symptoms.

Methods
The evaluation covered MDC activity from 1st December 2016 to 31st July 2018, with projects using a common dataset. Logistical regression analyses were conducted, with a diagnosis of any cancer as the dependent variable. Exploratory analysis was conducted on presenting symptoms and diagnoses of cancer, and on comparisons within these groupings.

Results
In total, 2961 patients were referred into the MDCs and 241 cancers were diagnosed. The pathway detected cancers across a broad range of tumour sites, including several rare and less common cancers. An association between patient age and cancer was identified (p < 0.001). GP ‘clinical suspicion’ was identified as a strong predictor of cancer (p = 0.006), with a reduced association with cancer observed in patients with higher numbers of GP consultation before referral (p = 0.008).

Conclusions
The MDC model diagnoses cancer in patients with non-specific symptoms, with a conversion rate of 8%, demonstrating the diagnostic potential of a non-site-specific symptomatic referral pathway.
PD-L1 promotes tumor growth and progression by activating WIP and β-catenin signaling pathways and predicts poor prognosis in lung cancer
Authors: Yu Wendan , Hua Yijun , Qiu Huijuan , Hao Jiaojiao , Zou Kun , Li Zongjuan , Hu Sheng , Guo Ping , Chen Manyu , Sui Silei , Xiong Yuqing , Li Fengzhou , Lu Jianjun , Guo Wei , Luo Guangyu , Deng Wuguo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPD-L1 is overexpressed in tumor cells and contributes to cancer immunoevasion. However, the role of the tumor cell-intrinsic PD-L1 in cancers remains unknown. Here we show that PD-L1 regulates lung cancer growth and progression by targeting the WIP and β-catenin signaling. Overexpression of PD-L1 promotes tumor cell growth, migration and invasion in lung cancer cells, whereas PD-L1 knockdown has the opposite effects. We have also identified WIP as a new downstream target of PD-L1 in lung cancer. PD-L1 positively modulates the expression of WIP. Knockdown of WIP also inhibits cell viability and colony formation, whereas PD-L1 overexpression can reverse this inhibition effects. In addition, PD-L1 can upregulate β-catenin by inhibiting its degradation through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, we show that in lung cancer cells β-catenin can bind to the WIP promoter and activate its transcription, which can be promoted by PD-L1 overexpression. The in vivo experiments in a human lung cancer mouse model have also confirmed the PD-L1-mediated promotion of tumor growth and progression through activating the WIP and β-catenin pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PD-L1 expression is positively correlated with WIP in tumor tissues of human adenocarcinoma patients and the high expression of PD-L1 and WIP predicts poor prognosis. Collectively, our results provide new insights into understanding the pro-tumorigenic role of PD-L1 and its regulatory mechanism on WIP in lung cancer, and suggest that the PD-L1/Akt/β-catenin/WIP signaling axis may be a potential therapeutic target for lung cancers.