bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Head-to-Head Comparison of the Medial Sural Artery Perforator versus Radial Forearm Flap for Tongue Reconstruction
Authors: Ng Marcus J.M. , Goh Cindy S.L. , Tan Ngian Chye , Song David H. , Ooi Adrian S.H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background For tongue reconstruction, the radial forearm flap (RFF) is commonly used. In the last decade, the medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flap has been successfully used with reportedly superior donor-site outcomes. Our study is the first to compare the RFF and MSAP for reconstruction of partial glossectomy defects (<50% of tongue).
Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 20 patients with partial glossectomy defects reconstructed at a tertiary referral center. Patient demographics, perioperative data, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Objective measures of speech, swallowing, and subjective patient satisfaction with their donor site were recorded.
Results Ten RFF and MSAP were each used, with a mean partial glossectomy defect size of 40.5 and 43.5%, respectively. The MSAP was significantly thicker (7.8 vs. 4.3 mm, p < 0.05) with a longer harvest time (122.5 vs. 75.0 minutes, p < 0.05). There were no cases of free flap failure. Donor-site healing times were comparable, but the MSAP group experienced significantly less donor-site complications (n = 1 vs. n = 7, p < 0.05). Functional outcomes were comparable with 13 patients achieving normal speech and diet after 3 months (MSAP = 6 vs. RFF = 7, p = 1.00). All patients were satisfied with their donor-site outcome with the MSAP group having a marginally higher score.
Conclusion Both flaps are good options for partial glossectomy reconstruction. Though more challenging to harvest, the MSAP gives comparable functional results and has become our first reconstructive option given its superior donor-site outcomes.
One health study designs.
Authors: Schelling Esther , Hattendorf Jan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

This chapter focused on population-based quantitative One Health study designs with emphasis on planning of field studies. Selected examples on joint surveys, then on practical information for planning a field study design were presented. This chapter concludes on the advantages of One Health study designs as well as on the possible constraints for their implementation given that there are only a few One Health studies to date.
A legal framework of one health: the human-animal relationship.
Authors: Wettlaufer Lenke , Hafner Felix , Zinsstag Jakob , Farnese Patricia L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

This chapter provides an introduction to the legal framework of One Health. It begins with an overview of national Swiss provisions concerning the human-animal relationship in constitutional law, private law and animal welfare law including animal disease law. The chapter then introduces European Union (EU) regulations, World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations and World Health Organization (WHO) regulations. This chapter concludes by emphasizing that the greater importance is to attach animal welfare issues as part of the One Health concept wherein the One Health approach is a compelling reason to strengthen animal welfare laws with the purpose of enhancing both animal and, consequently, human health.
A one health perspective for integrated human and animal sanitation, nutrient recycling and climate change.
Authors: Nguyen-Viet Hung , Cissé Guéladio , Pham-Duc Phuc , Nguyen Vi , Tanner Marcel , Odermatt Peter , Vu-Van Tu , Minh Hoang Van , Zurbrügg Christian , Schelling Esther , Zinsstag Jakob 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

In this chapter, the authors present their experiences in developing a conceptual framework for integrated health and environmental assessment, combining health status, physical, socio-economic and cultural environments to improve health and minimize environmental impact. Highlights focused on how the framework was used to manage human and animal excreta in Vietnam and the added value offered from an integrated assessment.
Mafeje: scholar–activist with noble convictions
Authors: Jacobs Peter T. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
This critical review of an edited volume of Archie Mafeje’s writings closes gaps in what is known about his political upbringing, his scientific methodology and posthumous intellectual influence. Trained in the radical political tradition of the Unity Movement of South Africa, Mafeje was a celebrated social theorist, broke with liberal functionalism in social anthropology and wrote prolifically. This important volume is silent on standout questions, such as: why did Mafeje, the mature scholar–activist, dissociate himself from practical politics after relocating from Cairo to Pretoria, given the crisis of the radical left in South Africa? To what extent did Mafeje wield his mastery of dialectical logic not only to interpret the world but actively change it? What was Mafeje’s orientation toward agrarian transitions beyond capitalism in countries like South Africa? In response to these thematic questions, this essay synthesises insights from relevant chapters.
Chromium, a promising cathode candidate for homogeneous arc erosion in air
Authors: Guan Weimian , Yuan Jie , Lv Hao , Zhu Tao , Fang Youtong , Liu Jiabin , Wang Hongtao , Tang Zhigong , Yang Wei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Cathode erosion hinders the development of high-power arc heaters, and the inhomogeneous erosion of the copper cathode results in catastrophic failures. In this work, the arc erosion behavior of a chromium cathode was investigated compared with copper. The former was relatively homogeneous with shallow erosion pits. The eroded microstructure suggests that the surface chromic oxide layer could suppress the formation of deep craters. The maximum erosion depth and the erosion rate of chromium were lower than those of copper. The single erosion pits on chromium gradually extended and disappeared, suggesting a reduction in the input energy flux density. The underlying mechanism for the homogeneous erosion behavior of the chromium cathode was proposed. The homogeneous erosion behavior of the chromium cathode makes it a promising candidate for high-power arc heaters.
Development of a new microdosimetric biological weighting function for the RBE10 assessment in case of the V79 cell line exposed to ions from 1H to 238U
Authors: Parisi Alessio , Sato Tatsuhiko , Matsuya Yusuke , Kase Yuki , Magrin Giulio , Verona Claudio , Tran Linh , Rosenfeld Anatoly , Bianchi Anna , Olko Pawel , Struelens Lara , Vanhavere Filip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
An improved biological weighting function (IBWF) is proposed to phenomenologically relate microdosimetric lineal energy probability density distributions with the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for the in vitro clonogenic cell survival (surviving fraction = 10%) of the most commonly used mammalian cell line, i.e. the Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79). The IBWF, intended as a simple and robust tool for a fast RBE assessment to compare different exposure conditions in particle therapy beams, was determined through an iterative global-fitting process aimed to minimize the average relative deviation between RBE calculations and literature in vitro data in case of exposure to various types of ions from 1H to 238U. By using a single particle- and energy- independent function, it was possible to establish an univocal correlation between lineal energy and clonogenic cell survival for particles spanning over an unrestricted linear energy transfer range of almost five orders of magnitude (0.2 keV µm−1 to 15 000 keV µm−1 in liquid water). The average deviation between IBWF-derived RBE values and the published in vitro data was ∼14%. The IBWF results were also compared with corresponding calculations (in vitro RBE10 for the V79 cell line) performed using the modified microdosimetric kinetic model (modified MKM). Furthermore, RBE values computed with the reference biological weighting function (BWF) for the in vivo early intestine tolerance in mice were included for comparison and to further explore potential correlations between the BWF results and the in vitro RBE as reported in previous studies. The results suggest that the modified MKM possess limitations in reproducing the experimental in vitro RBE10 for the V79 cell line in case of ions heavier than 20Ne. Furthermore, due to the different modelled endpoint, marked deviations were found between the RBE values assessed using the reference BWF and the IBWF for ions heavier than 2H. Finally, the IBWF was unchangingly applied to calculate RBE values by processing lineal energy density distributions experimentally measured with eight different microdosimeters in 19 1H and 12C beams at ten different facilities (eight clinical and two research ones). Despite the differences between the detectors, irradiation facilities, beam profiles (pristine or spread out Bragg peak), maximum beam energy, beam delivery (passive or active scanning), energy degradation system (water, PMMA, polyamide or low-density polyethylene), the obtained IBWF-based RBE trends were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding ones in case of computer-simulated microdosimetric spectra (average relative deviation equal to 0.8% and 5.7% for 1H and 12C ions respectively).
Optimization of solid tank design for fan-beam optical CT based 3D radiation dosimetry
Authors: Ogilvy A , Collins S , Tuokko T , Hilts M , Deardon R , Hare W , Jirasek A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Optical computed tomography (CT) is one of the leading modalities for imaging gel dosimeters for 3D radiation dosimetry. There exist multiple scanner designs that have showcased excellent 3D dose verification capabilities of optical CT gel dosimetry. However, due to multiple experimental and reconstruction based factors there is currently no single scanner that has become a preferred standard. A significant challenge with setup and maintenance can be attributed to maintaining a large refractive index bath (1–15 l). In this work, a prototype solid ‘tank’ optical CT scanner is proposed that minimizes the volume of refractive index bath to between 10 and 35 ml. A ray-path simulator was created to optimize the design such that the solid tank geometry maximizes light collection across the detector array, maximizes the volume of the dosimeter scanned, and maximizes the collected signal dynamic range. An objective function was created to score possible geometries, and was optimized to find a local maximum geometry score from a set of possible design parameters. The design parameters optimized include the block length x

bl
, bore position x

bc
, fan-laser position x

lp
, lens block face semi-major axis length x

ma
, and the lens block face eccentricity x

be
. For the proposed design it was found that each of these parameters can have a significant effect on the signal collection efficacy within the scanner. Simulations scores are specific to the attenuation characteristics and refractive index of a simulated dosimeter. It was found that for a FlexyDos3D dosimeter, the ideal values for each of the five variables were: x

bl
= 314 mm, x

bc
= 6.5 mm, x

lp
= 50 mm, x

ma
= 66 mm, and x

be
= 0. In addition, a ClearView™ dosimeter was found to have ideal values at: x

bl
= 204 mm, x

bc
= 13 mm, x

lp
= 58 mm, x

ma
= 69 mm, and x

be
= 0. The ray simulator can also be used for further design and testing of new, unique and purpose-built optical CT geometries.
A convolutional neural network-based anthropomorphic model observer for signal-known-statistically and background-known-statistically detection tasks
Authors: Han Minah , Baek Jongduk 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study is implementation of an anthropomorphic model observer using a convolutional neural network (CNN) for signal-known-statistically (SKS) and background-known-statistically (BKS) detection tasks. We conduct SKS/BKS detection tasks on simulated cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with eight types of signal and randomly varied breast anatomical backgrounds. To predict human observer performance, we use conventional anthropomorphic model observers (i.e. the non-prewhitening observer with an eye-filter, the dense difference-of-Gaussian channelized Hotelling observer (CHO), and the Gabor CHO) and implement CNN-based model observer. We propose an effective data labeling strategy for CNN training reflecting the inefficiency of human observer decision-making on detection and investigate various CNN architectures (from single-layer to four-layer). We compare the abilities of CNN-based and conventional model observers to predict human observer performance for different background noise structures. The three-layer CNN trained with labeled data generated by our proposed labeling strategy predicts human observer performance better than conventional model observers for different noise structures in CBCT images. This network also shows good correlation with human observer performance for general tasks when training and testing images have different noise structures.
Fast quenching of metastable O2(a
1Δ
g
) and O2(b
1Σ
g

+) molecules by O(3P) atoms at high temperature
Authors: Volynets A V , Lopaev D V , Rakhimova T V , Proshina O V , Chukalovsky A A , Booth J P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Oxygen molecules in the lowest metastable state, O2(a
1Δ
g
), play an important role in oxygen plasmas due to their high reactivity and significant concentrations. The accumulation of high densities of O2(a
1Δ
g
) occurs due to its low quenching rate. This paper demonstrates the existence, at high gas temperatures (700–1700 K), of fast quenching of O2(a
1Δ
g
) by O(3P) atoms, a process that has not been considered in previous models. Experiments were carried out at oxygen pressures of 10–100 Torr in an 81 MHz CCP discharge in a quartz tube with external electrodes. This setup provides high absorbed power density, leading to both high gas temperatures and significant O(3P) densities. We observe that the O2(a
1Δ
g
) density is significantly limited at high gas temperatures by rapid quenching by atomic oxygen. The results were interpreted using a self-consistent 1D discharge model. The observations can only be explained by the inclusion of a rapid quenching reaction: O2(a
1Δ
g
) + O(3P) → O2(X3Σ
g

−) + O(3P), with an activation energy in the range of 0.54–0.69 eV. The rate constant was determined over a wide range of discharge conditions (P = 20–100 Torr and T
g = 800–1700 K), giving values between 3 × 10−11 exp(−8000/T) cm3 s−1 to 1.5 × 10−11 exp(−6300/T) cm3 s−1. A possible mechanism for this process is discussed. Measurements of the density of metastable O2(b
1Σ
g

+) molecules also indicated the existence of quenching by atomic oxygen, with a somewhat lower activation energy of ∼0.32 eV. The variations of the measured [O2(b
1Σ
g

+)]/N mole-fraction could be fitted by the model using a rate constant 2 × 10−11 × exp(−3700/T) cm3 s−1 for this process. These quenching processes of metastable O2(a
1Δ
g
) and O2(b
1Σ
g

+) molecules by oxygen atoms are important for oxygen plasmas and could have a significant impact on the kinetics of oxygen-containing mixtures at higher gas temperatures, for example in plasma-assisted combustion or in high-pressure plasma processing reactors.
High current ion beam formation with strongly inhomogeneous electrostatic field
Authors: Vybin S S , Izotov I V , Skalyga V A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A new approach to the development of extraction systems capable of forming ion beams with previously inaccessible intensity is proposed. The use of inhomogeneous accelerating field allows to improve the ion beam formation efficiency significantly. The increase of electric field magnitude is achieved by changing the shape of the electrodes only, without increasing the accelerating voltage and decreasing the interelectrode distance. The comparison is made between a new extraction system and a flat traditional one, which is the most common. The use of a new electrode geometry allows to increase the lifetime of the electrodes in sources of intense beams operating in a continuous wave mode. For electron cyclotron resonance ion sources, results demonstrate the possibility to form high-quality ion beams with a current density of more than 1A cm−2.
The influence of driven asymmetry on yield degradation in shaped-pulse indirect-drive implosion experiments at the 100 kJ laser facility
Authors: Yan Ji , Shen Hao , Chen Zhong Jing , Cao Hui , Sun Chuan Kui , Dai Zhen Sheng , Li Ji Wei , Jiang Wei , Song Zi Feng , Peng Xiao Shi , Zhang Xing , Yu Bo , Pu Yu Dong , Huang Tian Xuan , Dong Yun Song , Wang Li Feng , Jiang Shao′En , He Xian Tu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The influence of low-mode-driven asymmetry on yield degradation in shaped-pulse indirect-drive implosions has been investigated at the 100 kJ laser facility. In this work, P2- and P4-driven asymmetries were tuned by varying hohlraum gas-fill density and capsule diameter. The measured neutron yield varied from 2.1 × 109 to 7.6 × 109 and the yield measured by a 1D simulation (YOC1D) was increased from 3% to 16%. Meanwhile, considering the temporal P2- and P4-driven asymmetries, the yields measured by 2D simulations (YOC2D) were from 26% to 81% (the YOC2D of the majority of the shots was higher than 50%). Furthermore, both the ion temperature and neutron bang-time showed good agreement between the measurements and the 2D simulations. The simulations demonstrated that the temporal P2- and P4-driven asymmetries can decrease the efficiency of PdV work and increase the energy loss due to electron thermal conduction. In addition, the internal energy of the deuterium (DD) fuel clearly decreased and the neutron yield was degraded by low-mode asymmetry. In a future work, we will enlarge the cylindrical hohlraum diameter or use an I-hohlraum to improve the low-mode-driven symmetry, along with measurement of the hot-spot shape.
Fabrication of nanocrystalline cellulose from banana peel obtained from unripe plantain bananas
Authors: Shreedhana K , Ilavarasi R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Nanocellulose has been thought of as a more cost-effective various to carbon fiber and optical fiber for a few applications, associate degree is additionally thought of a helpful material by the paper and pulp industries that use nanocellulose as an economical suggests that to extend permeability in many product like napkins, ketches towels, etc. The nanocrystalline cellulose may be fully biobased or chemical based. NCC extracted from the cellulose of banana peel is considered to be a biodegradable and one of the bio-compatible materials. They are also considered to be attractive biomaterial. They are also strong and are highly crystalline with high thermal stability. NCC from banana peel also plays a significant role in packaging pharmaceuticals, biomedical, transparent material. Here we study the synthesis process of NCC from BP. The extracted NCC from BP is characterized using SEM, UV and FTIR.
Assessment of potential radiological risks due to natural gamma radiations in some selected rock samples using y-ray spectrometry
Authors: Hamoud Al-khawlany Abdu , Khan A R , Pathan J M , Fatema Ifra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
One of the sources of radiation risk in dwellings made of rocks is primordial radionuclides. It is imperative to assess the levels of radioactivity due to gamma rays from these materials and consequently to determine the dose rate from these materials. Fourteen samples of rock were collected from various sites of Aurangabad-India and the level of radioactivity and elemental compositions of samples have been measured utilizing y-ray spectroscopy and EDXRF technique. The findings showed that the mean activity concentrations of the 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were 6.883, 10.841 and 128.616 Bq/kg, lower than the global average values of 35, 30, and 400 Bq/kg. The obtained results were compared with the worldwide average as well as with similar studies. The ratios among the detected radioisotopes in rocks were computed for the spatial distribution of natural radionuclides in the studied area. The radiological risk parameters were estimated and compared with internationally recommended values. The Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between the radionuclide concentration and radioactive variables, as well as with the elemental compositions. EDXRF results indicate that SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, CaO, TiO2, Na2O, MgO, P2O5, MnO, and Fe2O3 are the major oxides present in the samples. Moreover, heavy metals such as V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ba, Cd, Hg, and Pb with varying concentrations were detected. The radiological assessment indicated that the rocks of the study area are radiologically safe and may be used for construction without causing any threat to human health.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared by Solution Combustion Method
Authors: Bharati V. A. , Patade Supriya R. , Bajaj Shakti , Parlikar Rekha , Keche A P , Sondur V. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with chemical formula NiFe2O4 were prepared by standard sol-gel auto ignition technique. Citric acid was used as chelating agent and mixed with solution of nickel nitrate and ferric nitrate in 3:1 proportion to balance the oxidizer to reducer ratio. The obtained particles were sintered at 550°C for 4h to remove the water content, impurity and to obtain better crystallinity. The phase purity and structural formation was confirmed through the analysis of X-ray diffraction technique. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis show the single phase cubic spinel nanocrystalline structure. The particles size calculated from FWHM of the strongest peak (311) is 22 nm in the nanometer dimension. The lattice constant, X-ray density and other structural parameters calculated from XRD data are in good agreement with the literature values. The magnetic measurements were taken at room temperature using hysteresis loop technique. Using M-H plot, the different magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization, coercivity, remanence magnetization and magneton number were deduced.
Influence of fuel to metal nitrate ratio on the structural properties of nickel ferrite
Authors: Dudhal R D , Patade S , Andhare D , Paralikar R , Chilwar R , More S D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Sol-gel auto combustion synthesis is one of the best chemical methods for the synthesis of ferrite nano-particles. The ratio of fuel to nitrate is an important parameter in obtaining nano-particles of high quality. In the present paper we communicate our experimental results based on the influence of fuel to metal nitrate ratio on the structural properties of nickel ferrite. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles were prepared by a well-known sol-gel auto combustion method taking citric acid as a fuel. We have prepared nano-particles of nickel ferrite using different ratios of fuel to metal nitrate 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. These samples are named as NF1, NF2, NF3 and NF4 respectively. All the samples are thermally characterized by TG-DTA. The TG-DTA analysis confirmed the ferritization temperature, which varies slightly as the ratio of fuel to metal nitrate varies. All the samples were sintered at an average temperature of 560 0C for 4 hours and used for further study. XRD was used to study the structure and phase purity of prepared nanoparticles. It has been concluded from XRD analysis that all the samples NF1, NF2, NF3 and NF4 show single phase nature with cubic structure. The crystallite size was obtained by Scherrer’s formula. It is found that the fuel to nitrate ratio influences the structural properties of nickel ferrite.