bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Family of Amide Molecules toward NGC 6334I
Authors: Ligterink Niels F. W. , El-Abd Samer J. , Brogan Crystal L. , Hunter Todd R. , Remijan Anthony J. , Garrod Robin T. , McGuire Brett M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Amide molecules produced in space could play a key role in the formation of biomolecules on a young planetary object. However, the formation and chemical network of amide molecules in space is not well understood. In this work, Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations are used to study a number of amide(-like) molecules toward the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334I. The first detections of cyanamide (NH2CN), acetamide (CH3C(O)NH2), and N-methylformamide (CH3NHCHO) are presented for this source. These are combined with analyses of isocyanic acid (HNCO) and formamide (NH2CHO), and a tentative detection of urea (carbamide; NH2C(O)NH2). Abundance correlations show that most amides are likely formed in related reactions occurring in ices on interstellar dust grains in NGC 6334I. However, in an expanded sample of sources, large abundance variations are seen for NH2CN that seem to depend on the source type, which suggests that the physical conditions within the source heavily influence the production of this species. The rich amide inventory of NGC 6334I strengthens the case that interstellar molecules can contribute to the emergence of biomolecules on planets.
Calibrating Mg ii-based Black Hole Mass Estimators Using Low-to-high-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Le Huynh Anh N. , Woo Jong-Hak , Xue Yongquan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We present single-epoch black hole mass (M
BH) estimators based on the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) Mg ii 2798 Å and optical Hβ 4861 Å emission lines. To enlarge the luminosity range of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), we combine the 31 reverberation-mapped AGNs with relatively low luminosities from Bahk et al., 47 moderate-luminosity AGNs from Woo et al., and 425 high-luminosity AGNs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The combined sample has a monochromatic luminosity at 5100 Å in the range

erg s−1, over the range 5.5 < log(M
BH/M
⊙) < 9.5. Based on the fiducial mass from the line dispersion or FWHM of Hβ paired with the continuum luminosity at 5100 Å, we calibrate the best-fit parameters in the black hole mass estimators using the Mg ii line. We find that the differences in the line profiles between Mg ii and Hβ have significant effects on calibrating the UV M
BH estimators. By exploring the systematic discrepancy between the UV and optical M
BH estimators as a function of AGN properties, we suggest adding a correction term

in the equation for the UV mass estimator. We also find a ∼0.1 dex bias in the M
BH estimation due to the difference in the spectral slope in the range 2800–5200 Å. Depending on whether the selection of M
BH estimator is based on either line dispersion or FWHM and either continuum or line luminosity, the derived UV mass estimators show ≳0.1 dex intrinsic scatter with respect to the fiducial Hβ-based M
BH.
Chemistry of Protostellar Clumps in the High-mass, Star-forming Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud G034.43+00.24*
Authors: Liu Hong-Li , Sanhueza Patricio , Liu Tie , Zavagno Annie , Tang Xin-Di , Wu Yuefang , Zhang Siju 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To search for the potential chemical dependence on physical conditions, we have carried out the study of chemistry on the nine protostellar clumps of the high-mass star-forming infrared dark cloud G034.43+00.24, with observations of several ∼1 mm lines by the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope. They include CO/13CO/C18O (2−1), HCO+/H13CO+ (3−2), HCN/H13CN (3−2), HNC (3−2), CS/C34S (5−4), SiO (6−5), SO (6−5), p-H2CO (3−2), and CH3OH (5−4). All the clumps are simply grouped into two classes: high-luminosity protostellar clumps (MM1–MM4,

L
⊙) and low-luminosity protostellar clumps (MM5–MM9,

L
⊙). Our observations indicate that 13CO suffers either no or low depletion in the clump environment of G034.43+00.24 as characterized by a nearly constant level of the 13CO abundance distribution. For the remaining relatively dense gas tracers, we find that their abundances tend to get enhanced in the high-luminosity protostellar clumps as opposed to the low-luminosity counterparts. We suggest that for most, if not all, of the dense gas tracers the high abundance mainly arises from both the high luminosities and associated outflows of the high-luminosity protostellar clumps while the low abundance could be due to the lack of such active star-forming activities in the low-luminosity protostellar clumps.
Dynamics of Plasma Turbulence at Earth’s Bow Shock and through the Magnetosheath
Authors: Rakhmanova Liudmila , Riazantseva Maria , Zastenker Georgy , Yermolaev Yuri , Lodkina Irina 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Earth’s magnetosheath can be treated as a natural laboratory to study turbulence development in confined space. The present study focuses on the characteristics of turbulent cascade downstream of the bow shock, where properties of turbulence are known to differ from those in the upstream solar wind. Characteristics of the turbulent spectrum are considered in two distinct points of the magnetosheath for two case studies. The analysis is based on high-resolution measurements of plasma parameters by the Spektr-R spacecraft and magnetic field data by the Themis/Arthemis mission. The measurements are performed for two distinct cases: in the dayside magnetosheath behind the quasi-perpendicular bow shock and in the nightside flank of the magnetosheath behind the quasi-parallel bow shock. The study focuses on the scales at which kinetic effects in plasma become significant and the turbulent spectrum is known to break. The analysis reveals that modification of the fluctuation spectrum at the bow shock is controlled by the distance of the measurement point from the bow shock’s nose. Also, performed statistical results suggest the influence of the large-scale parameters of the upstream solar wind and the type of the bow shock on the turbulent spectrum’s modification in the downstream region.
Simulations of Early Kilonova Emission from Neutron Star Mergers
Authors: Banerjee Smaranika , Tanaka Masaomi , Kawaguchi Kyohei , Kato Daiji , Gaigalas Gediminas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We present radiative transfer simulations for blue kilonovae hours after neutron star (NS) mergers by performing detailed opacity calculations for the first time. We calculate atomic structures and opacities of highly ionized elements (up to the 10th ionization) with atomic number Z = 20–56. We find that the bound–bound transitions of heavy elements are the dominant source of the opacities in the early phase (t < 1 day after the merger) and that the ions with a half-closed electron shell provide the highest contributions. The Planck mean opacity for lanthanide-free ejecta (with electron fraction of Y
e = 0.30–0.40) can only reach around

at t = 0.1 days, whereas that increases up to

at t = 1 day. The spherical ejecta model with an ejecta mass of M
ej = 0.05 M
⊙ gives the bolometric luminosity of

at t ∼ 0.1 days. We confirm that the existing bolometric and multicolor data of GW170817 can be naturally explained by the purely radioactive model. The expected early UV signals reach 20.5 mag at t ∼ 4.3 hr for sources even at 200 Mpc, which is detectable by the facilities such as Swift and the Ultraviolet Transient Astronomy Satellite (ULTRASAT). The early-phase luminosity is sensitive to the structure of the outer ejecta, as also pointed out by Kasen et al. Therefore, the early UV observations give strong constraints on the structure of the outer ejecta and the presence of a heating source besides r-process nuclei.
The EXPRES Stellar-signals Project. I. Description of Data
Authors: Zhao Lily , Fischer Debra A. , Ford Eric B. , Henry Gregory W. , Roettenbacher Rachael M. , Brewer John M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The EXPRES Stellar-Signals Project is providing sets of high-fidelity, spectroscopic and photometric observations to enable direct comparisons of various approaches for disentangling stellar signals and true radial velocities (RVs). We will provide all EXPRES RVs, meta data, and activity indicators as well as high-precision photometric data from the Fairborn Automatic Photoelectric Telescopes (APTs) for HD 101501, HD 34411, HD 217014, and HD 10700. Intrinsic stellar variability and the resulting apparent RVs are widely believed to dominate the error budget for extremely precise radial-velocity (EPRV) measurements. Several new methods to disentangle photospheric velocities from Keplerian velocities are being developed throughout the EPRV community. In addition to releasing data sets for testing these methods, the EXPRES Stellar-Signals Project will publish a summary of the current state of the field circa 2020 to guide next steps toward mitigating photospheric velocities in EPRV data. More information can be found on http://exoplanets.astro.yale.edu/science/activity.php.
La dette écologique en questions : propos introductifs
Authors: Michelot Agnès 
Published: September 2020

Cette introduction éclaire le signifié du concept de dette écologique, à travers une mise en perspective de ses définitions et de ses implications. Quel est « pouvoir » du concept la dette écologique ? Quels en sont les objets (dette matérielle ou immatérielle) et les conséquences ? Ce concept peut-il soutenir un travail de reconnexion du monde sous l’angle de l’acceptation d’une dette infinie ?
Chemokine Signatures of Pathogen-Specific T Cells I: Effector T Cells
Authors: Eberlein Jens , Davenport Bennett , Nguyen Tom T. , Victorino Francisco , Jhun Kevin , van der Heide Verena , Kuleshov Maxim , Ma’ayan Avi , Kedl Ross , Homann Dirk 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The choreography of complex immune responses, including the priming, differentiation, and modulation of specific effector T cell populations generated in the immediate wake of an acute pathogen challenge, is in part controlled by chemokines, a large family of mostly secreted molecules involved in chemotaxis and other patho/physiological processes. T cells are both responsive to various chemokine cues and a relevant source for certain chemokines themselves; yet, the actual range, regulation, and role of effector T cell–derived chemokines remains incompletely understood. In this study, using different in vivo mouse models of viral and bacterial infection as well as protective vaccination, we have defined the entire spectrum of chemokines produced by pathogen-specific CD8+ and CD4+T effector cells and delineated several unique properties pertaining to the temporospatial organization of chemokine expression patterns, synthesis and secretion kinetics, and cooperative regulation. Collectively, our results position the “T cell chemokine response” as a notably prominent, largely invariant, yet distinctive force at the forefront of pathogen-specific effector T cell activities and establish novel practical and conceptual approaches that may serve as a foundation for future investigations into the role of T cell–produced chemokines in infectious and other diseases.
Efficient Expansion of Human Granzyme B–Expressing B Cells with Potent Regulatory Properties
Authors: Chesneau Mélanie , Mai Hoa Le , Danger Richard , Le Bot Sabine , Nguyen Thi-Van-Ha , Bernard Josselin , Poullaouec Cyrielle , Guerrif Pierrick , Conchon Sophie , Giral Magali , Charreau Béatrice , Degauque Nicolas , Brouard Sophie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Granzyme B–expressing B cells have been shown to be an important regulatory B cell subset in humans. However, it is unclear which subpopulations of B cells express GZMB under normal conditions and which protocols effectively induce ex vivo expansion of GZMB+ B cells. We found that in the peripheral blood of normal individuals, plasmablasts were the major B cell subpopulation that expressed GZMB. However, when using an in vitro plasmablast differentiation protocol, we obtained only 2% GZMB+ B cells. Nevertheless, using an expansion mixture containing IL-21, anti-BCR, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, CD40L, and IL-2, we were able to obtain more than 90% GZMB+ B cells after 3 d culture. GZMB+ B cells obtained through this protocol suppressed the proliferation of autologous and allogenic CD4+CD25− effector T cells. The suppressive effect of GZMB+ B cells was partially GZMB dependent and totally contact dependent but was not associated with an increase in effector T cell apoptosis or uptake of GZMB by effector T cells. Interestingly, we showed that GZMB produced by B cells promoted GZMB+ B cell proliferation in ERK1/2-dependent manner, facilitating GZMB+ B cell expansion. However, GZMB+ B cells tended to undergo apoptosis after prolonged stimulation, which may be considered a negative feedback mechanism to limit their uncontrolled expansion. Finally, we found that expanded GZMB+ B cells exhibited a regulatory phenotype and were enriched in CD307bhi, CD258hiCD72hi, and CD21loPD-1hi B cell subpopulations. Our study, to our knowledge, provides new insight into biology of GZMB+ B cells and an efficient method to expand GZMB+ B cells for future cell therapy applications.
Epidemiological patterns of patients managed for cleft lip and palate during free outreach camps at a peripheral hospital in Kenya
Authors: Mukami Gathariki , Angela Muoki , Wanjala Nang'ole Ferdinand 
Published: September 2020

Context:
Clefts involving lip and palate are the most common craniofacial anomalies. The prevalence varies widely according to various factors. There is a paucity of epidemiological data on cleft deformities in African populations.

Aims:
The aim was to determine the epidemiological patterns of patients managed for cleft lip and palate during free outreach camps in Kenya and subsequently compare it with other studies done nationally, regionally, and internationally.

Design:
Prospective Cohort Study.

Subjects and Methods:
This was a prospective cohort study. Data were collected during five cleft surgery outreach camps held at Kitale County Referral Hospital in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya, between January 2016 and January 2018.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The study was statistically analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Windows version 21 software for descriptive characteristics.

Results:
A total of 84 patients were reviewed, of which 74 underwent surgical management. The study population included nine different Counties in Kenya (with one patient from Uganda) and were reported to have traveled between 3 and 450 km. The age range was from 5 weeks to 35 years with patients below 2 years of age making up the majority (58.3%). There was a male preponderance (61.9%). The most common cleft deformities were cleft lip (46.4%), cleft lip and palate (34.6%), and cleft palate (15.5%). Unilateral clefts were commonly left-sided (62%). Sex distribution varied with clinical diagnosis, and familial and syndromic association was rare.

Conclusions:
More initiative programs are recommended to address the unmet medical and surgical needs of the cleft deformities in various parts of the region.
Developing Students’ Reflective Thinking Skills in a Metacognitive and Argument-Driven Learning Environment
Authors: Antonio Ronilo Palle 
Published: September 2020

This study designed and examined the effects of Metacognitive and Argument-Driven Learning Environment (MADLE) in cultivating students’ reflective thinking skills. The study involved a group of third-year Biological Science Education students (n=23) in a state university in the Philippines. The study employed a mixed-method approach, where both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed to answer the research question. Specifically, one-group pretest-posttest design was used under the paradigm of pedagogical action research. The quantitative data were obtained from a 16-item pre- and post-Reflective Thinking Questionnaire while qualitative data were culled from classroom observations and focus group discussions. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was utilized to determine significant changes in students’ reflective thinking skills. Findings showed an insignificant difference in students’ reflective thinking skills prior to and after their four-week exposure to MADLE. However, the multiple sources of data yielded from students’ higher posttest mean scores in each level of reflective thinking skills, classroom observations, and responses in the focus group discussion imply the efficacy of MADLE in stimulating and supporting students’ reflective thinking skills. Hence, it is recommended to integrate MADLE in improving instructional practices that will engage students in reflective thinking practices.
Editorial
Authors: Espinoza Morales Francisco 
Published: September 2020

La Divisio?n de Ciencias Econo?micas y Sociales a trave?s de un equipo so?lido de acade?micos interesados en producir, transferir y difundir conocimientos nuevos o innovados, a trave?s de la Revista de Investigacio?n Acade?mica Sin Frontera (RIASF) tenemos a bien comunicarles que los esfuerzos realizados esta?n dando resultados, ya que nos han indexado Cite Factor Academic Scientific Journal, a Journals Master (IIJIF), a la Red Latinoamericana de Revistas Acade?micas en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, (Lati?n Rev) y Neliti que es un repositorio de investigacio?n que ayuda a investigadores y responsables de la toma de decisiones en Indonesia a encontrar investigacio?n, datos y evidencia.
Agradecemos a nuestros colaboradores en el equipo de edicio?n y sobre todo a quienes nos envi?an sus contribuciones de Me?xico, Cuba, Chile y Colombia, ya que con ello se fortalece este esfuerzo editorial, gracias de nuevo colegas investigadores.
Práticas multiletradas potencializadas com uso das tecnologias digitais no contexto do Profletras /Região Centro-Oeste
Authors: Silva Albina Pereira de Pinho , Santos Leandra Ines Seganfredo , Maciel Ruberval Franco 
Published: September 2020

Este artigo analisa práticas multiletradas viabilizadas com uso das tecnologias digitais pelos docentes de língua portuguesa (LP), egressos das turmas 1 e 2 de duas unidades de pós-graduação stricto sensu Mestrado Profissional em Letras (PROFLETRAS), situadas na região Centro Oeste do país. A busca pela melhoria das capacidades de letramentos dos estudantes de escolas brasileiras, na atualidade, traduz um dos desafios aos docentes que ingressam, sobretudo, no PROFLETRAS, dadas as amplas modificações nas práticas comunicativas. A pesquisa referencia-se nos princípios do método qualitativo-interpretativista (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2008). O corpus de análise compõe-se dos recortes de produções multiletradas viabilizadas como requisito do trabalho de conclusão (TC). Os dados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de o PROFLETRAS, as escolas e os professores de LP se atentarem para estudos das possibilidades de inserção das tecnologias digitais, com vistas a refletir sobre as concepções de língua/linguagem em tempos contemporâneos, em que outros perfis de leitor/escritor multiletrado caracterizam-se uma das exigências da atual sociedade.
In situ micro-FTIR spectroscopic investigations of synthetic ammonium phengite under pressure and temperature
Authors: Abdel-Hak Nada , Wunder Bernd , Efthimiopoulos Ilias , Koch-Müller Monika 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Phengite is known to be an important mineral in the
transport of alkalis and water to upper mantle depths. Since ammonium
(NH4+) can substitute for K+ in
K-bearing minerals, phengite is thus a potential host to transport nitrogen
into the mantle. However, the temperature and pressure conditions at which
devolatilisation of NH4-bearing phengite occurs are
not well constrained. In this study, NH4-phengite
(NH4)(Mg0.5Al1.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10(OH)2 was
synthesised in piston-cylinder experiments at 700 ∘C and 4.0 GPa.
Its devolatilisation behaviour was studied by means of in situ micro-FTIR (Fourier transform infrared)
spectroscopy under low and high temperatures from −180 up to
600 ∘C at ambient pressure using a Linkam cooling–heating stage and pressures up to 42 GPa at ambient temperature in diamond anvil cell (DAC) experiments. In
addition to these short-term in situ experiments, we performed quenched experiments
where the samples were annealed for 24 h at certain temperatures and
analysed at room conditions by micro-FTIR spectroscopy. Our results can be summarised as follows: (1) an order–disorder process of
the NH4+ molecule takes place with
temperature variation at ambient pressure; (2) NH4+ is still retained in the phengite
structure up to 600 ∘C, and the expansion of the
NH4+ molecule with heating
is reversible for short-term experiments; (3) kinetic effects partly control
the destabilisation of NH4+ in
phengite; (4) ammonium loss occurs at temperatures near dehydration; (5) NH4+ in phengite is apparently
distorted above 8.6 GPa at ambient temperature; and (6) the local symmetry of the NH4+ molecule is
lowered/descended/reduced by increasing pressure (P) or decreasing temperature (T), and the type and
mechanism of this lowered symmetry is different in both cases. The current
study confirms the wide stability range of phengite and its volatiles and thus has important implications for the recycling of nitrogen and hydrogen
into the deep Earth. Moreover, it is considered as a first step in the
crystallographic determination of the orientation of the
NH4+ molecule in the phengite
structure.
Challenges for Expatriate Faculties to Teach International Business course in Ethiopian Universities (Case of Dilla University)
Authors: Jagadeesha M , Durga Rao P Venkata , Polisetty Aruna 
Published: September 2020

Purpose: This paper endeavour is to address, the challenges faced by expatriate faculties while teaching International Business subject and case studies in classroom. Students lackingness with relevance to International Business subject; and paramountcy of a manager's role in achieving organizational goals in globalization era.Design/Methodology/Approach: This research adopts the empirical study method to analyse the essentialness of international Business subject at Undergraduate and Graduate level in Ethiopian universities. Personal interview method adopted to analyse the primary evidence through questioner. Handbook of theory and research for Higher education is considered for review of literature; discussion and analysis which fixates on affinity for learning practical business skills rather theoretical. Vigour, Impotency, Opportunity, and Threats analysis explores all challenges and hurdles in teaching International Business subject.Findings: The study finds the consequentiality of the international business subject at both UG & PG level and fluency in English language at university level. Less fluency in English influence the cognition system across the geography, it links the course curriculum design predicated the industry trend and authoritatively mandate; Adscititiously, the study concludes the integration of curriculum and research at university level concerning the context of International Business. Lack of vigilance about course theoretical paramountcy with respect to integration of countries trade.Research Limitations/Implications: Underutilization of resources, fail to update each program's importance, opportunities, and outcomes in university websites. Most of the MBA students are either commerce or social science rather diverse background like science, pharma, and engineering. University-Industry Linkage department is not prioritizing to organize focus group discussions among a diverse group of employers and students to determine the primary skills and consequential attributes look for in students.Originality/Value: Ministry of Higher Education and universities are not giving much importance to the International Business subject, albeit the country’s exports and imports. Only two or three (Addis-Ababa, Mekelle, and Adama) Ethiopian Universities are active in research in higher education because of the collaborative influence of foreign university faculties.