bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling Laws for Use in Design and Operation of Water-Oil Flow Models
Authors: Rapoport L.A. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, Volume 204, 1955, pages 143–150.

Abstract
This paper is intended as an aid in the performance and interpretation of experimental studies of multi-phase flow in porous media. The mathematical formulation of incompressible, two-phase flow phenomena in a threedimensional porous medium is presented. The resulting equations which account for the effects of gravitational and capillary forces are used to derive general scaling laws permitting accurate representation of water-oil displacement processes by means of experimental flow models. The significance of the scaling laws is examined in the light of the physical concepts of micro-behavior of fluids in porous media. Formulations of scaling conditions obtained by application of dimensional analysis are reviewed. The principles of application and the limitations of flow model studies are discussed.

Introduction
Most of the problems facing a reservoir engineer involve three-dimensional, two-phase flow systems, influenced by the effects of gravitational and capillary forces. Present computational procedures generally do not permit the evaluation of such systems without introducing greatly simplifying assumptions. The actual reservoir configuration is usually replaced by one or a combination of several "equivalent" linear systems, and the effects of capillarity and gravity are considered to be negligible. While these assumptions may in many instances be justified, there are a number of important practical problems for which the results obtained on the basis of such simplifications remain open to question.
An alternate approach to the problems that are not amenable to analytical treatment consists of seeking their solution by experimental laboratory investigations. The main difficulty of such investigations lies in the fact that multiphase flow phenomena subjected to gravity and capillary forces proceed differently at different rates and in systems of different dimensions. Therefore, unless great discrimination is exercised in selecting the conditions and interpreting the results of laboratory tests, such tests may be entirely misleading in regard to field applications.
The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical background for the performance of laboratory tests that are more nearly representative of field behavior. It will be shown that simulation of field behavior can be achieved by conducting laboratory tests under conditions selected in accordance with definite scaling laws.
Simplified Form of the Material Balance Equation
Authors: Tracy G.W. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 243–246.

Introduction
The material balance equation has been used for many years by engineers to determine reservoir performance. The use of this equation in general has been twofold: first, to determine the oil-in-place in a reservoir; and second, to predict the future performance. The Schilthuis form of the material balance equation, or one equivalent to it, has been used by many of the engineers. The use of the Schilthuis form in predicting future performance has proved to be laborious in that one generally must make several estimates at each step of the trial and error calculation before arriving at a check of the oil-in-place.
A method is presented for expediting the calculations. The Schilthuis form of the material balance has been rearranged into a more useable form. In using the material balance to predict the future performance of a reservoir, it has become common practice to estimate the incremental oil production for each step of the calculation which corresponds to a given pressure reduction. Instead of estimating the incremental oil production, the method outlined in this paper better lends itself to estimating the instantaneous gas-oil ratio. A check of oil-in-place is more easily accomplished by estimating gas-oil ratio since it is less sensitive to small inaccuracies. This method incorporates the same self-checking feature inherent in the Schilthius form.

Development of Simplified Equation
In the development of the simplified equation, the Schilthuis form of the material balance equation will be used.
Effect of Mud Column Pressure on Drilling Rates
Authors: Murray A.S. , Cunningham R.A. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 196–204.

Abstract
If a dense fluid such as mud or water is used for circulation, the formation drilled is influenced by a hydrostatic pressure. This pressure depends on hole depth and drilling fluid density. Laboratory tests indicate that drilling rates in many formations are decreased with increased pressure - in some cases as much as 90 per cent.
A comparison between laboratory and field tests indicates that drilling fluid head affects drilling rates in the field approximately the same as in the laboratory.
Drilling rates of many formations are increased by reducing drilling fluid head.

Introduction
For many years it has been noted that field and laboratory drilling rate tests did not agree even when the formations tested were the same. For instance, tests of some shales by the Hughes Tool Co. laboratory indicated drilling rates approximately 20 to 30 ft/hour, whereas in the ground this shale would drill only 3 to 5 ft/hour.
A possible reason for this discrepancy is the effect of the high pressure which the drilling fluid exerts against the formation at the bottom of the hole. Consider a small element of rock (Fig. 1) that is to be removed by a rock bit. If the hole is filled with mud or water, the upper surface of the rock element is subjected to a pressure which depends on hole depth and fluid density. The mass of earth around this rock element presses against the circumferential surface and the lower surface. Because of the probability of shearing stresses between the rock element and the surrounding rock, this element is not under true hydrostatic stress. However, as a first approximation for test purposes the rock element was assumed to be under hydrostatic stress.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure on some physical properties of rock has been studied.
A qualitative transcriptional signature to reclassify histological grade of ER-positive breast cancer patients
Authors: Li Jing , Jiang Wenbin , Liang Qirui , Liu Guanghao , Dai Yupeng , Zheng Hailong , Yang Jing , Cai Hao , Guo Zheng 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

PurposeHistological grade (HG) is commonly adopted as a prognostic factor for ER-positive breast cancer patients. However, HG evaluation methods, such as the pathological Nottingham grading system, are highly subjective with only 50%-85% inter-observer agreements. Specifically, the subjectivity in the pathological assignment of the intermediate grade (HG2) breast cancers, comprising of about half of breast cancer cases, results in uncertain disease outcomes prediction. Here, we developed a qualitative transcriptional signature, based on within-sample relative expression orderings (REOs) of gene pairs, to define HG1 and HG3 and reclassify pathologically-determined HG2 (denoted as pHG2) breast cancer patients.ResultsFrom the gene pairs with significantly stable REOs in pathologically-determined HG1 (denoted as pHG1) samples and reversely stable REOs in pathologically-determined HG3 (denoted as pHG3) samples, concordantly identified from seven datasets, we extracted a signature which could determine the HG state of samples through evaluating whether the within-sample REOs match with the patterns of the pHG1 REOs or pHG3 REOs. A sample was classified into the HG3 group if at least a half of the REOs of the 10 gene pairs signature within this sample voted for HG3; otherwise, HG1. Using four datasets including samples of early stage (I–II) ER-positive breast cancer patients who accepted surgery only, we validated that this signature was able to reclassify pHG2 patients into HG1 and HG3 groups with significantly different survival time. For the original pHG1 and pHG3 patients, the signature could also more accurately and objectively stratify them into distinct prognostic groups. And the up-regulated and down down-regulated genes in HG1 compared with HG3 involved in cell proliferation and extracellular signal transduction pathways respectively. By comparing with existing signatures, 10-GPS was with prognostic significance and was more aligned with survival of patients especially for pHG2 samples.ConclusionsThe transcriptional qualitative signature can provide an objective assessment of HG states of ER-positive breast cancer patients, especially for reclassifying patients with pHG2, to assist decision making on clinical therapy.
Volatile N-nitrosamine, residual nitrite, and ascorbic acid levels in sausages during storage
Authors: Ramezani Houra , Abhari Khadijeh , Pilevar Zahra , Hedayat Hosseini , Mohammadi Abdorreza 
Published: February 2020

Introduction. The increasing global consumption of processed meat products has led to certain concerns. For instance, processed meat products are known to contain carcinogen precursor compounds, thus creating the risk of chronic diseases. The present study was performed to estimate the food safety status of processed meat products available in Iran and evaluate the related effective factors.
Study objects and methods. 140 samples of seven most popular commercial types of cooked sausages were obtained from four major meat factories (A, B, C and D) in 140 samples were collected from seven most popular commercial types of cooked sausages as follows: beef salami 90%, chicken salami 90%, dry cured sausage 70%, dry cured salami 60%, beef sausages 55%, chicken sausages 55% and Frankfurt sausage 40% (n = 5) from four major meat factories (A, B, C and D) in Tehran. The samples were screened for residual nitrite, ascorbic acid, and nitrosamine contents on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The results indicated that products from meat factory B had lower residual nitrite content in the samples with high content of meat. Beef salami (90% of meat) and Frankfurt sausage (40% of meat) contained the lowest and highest amounts of residual nitrite on day 0 – 73.99 and 177.42 mg of nitrite per 1 kg of meat, respectively.
Results and discussion. Beef salami contained 90% of meat, chicken salami – 90%, dry cured sausage –70%, dry cured salami – 60%, beef sausages – 55%, chicken sausages – 55%, and Frankfurt sausage – 40% (n = 5). Nitrite reduction rates in sausages with a smaller diameter, e.g. Frankfurt sausage, were significantly lower (P < 0.05), compared to salami samples. The difference can be explained by the shorter cooking time. Nitrosamine formation increased during refrigerated storage; however, it was not significant in all samples. During refrigerated storage, nitrosamine formation depended on the level of added nitrite, the amount of residual nitrite, ascorbic acid, pH, and cooking temperature. Ascorbic acid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during refrigerated storage.
Conclusion. The findings demonstrate significant correlation between the meat content, cooking time, nitrite content, and nitrosamine formation.
Folate-modified Graphene Oxide as the Drug Delivery System to Load Temozolomide
Authors: Wang Li-Hua , Liu Jia-Yuan , Sui Lin , Zhao Peng-Hui , Ma Hai-Di , Wei Zhen , Wang Yong-Li 
Published: February 2020

Objective:
The folate-modified graphene oxide (GO-FA), which had good stability and biocompatibility
on rat glioma cells was successfully prepared.

Methods:
The formation and composition of GO-FA were confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR),
Raman spectra and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS spectra). The cell experiment suggested
good biocompatibility of GO-FA on rat glioma cells.

Results:
The experiment of GO-FA loading with Temozolomide (TMZ) showed that the maximum
drug loading of GO-FA was 8.05 ± 0.20 mg/mg, with the drug loading rate of 89.52 ± 0.19 %. When
TMZ was released from the folate-modified graphene oxide loading with temozolomide (GO-FATMZ),
its release behavior in vitro showed strong pH dependence and sustained release property. The
growth of rat glioma cells can be effectively inhibited by GO-FA-TMZ, with the cell inhibition rate as
high as 91.72 ± 0.13 % at the concentration of 600 μg/mL and time of 72 h.

Conclusion:
According to the above experimental results, this composite carrier has potential applications
in drug delivery and cancer therapy.
Updated Review and Perspective on 20S Proteasome Inhibitors in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Authors: Rohondia Sagar O. , Ahmed Zainab Sabry Othman , Dou Q. Ping 
Published: February 2020

:
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most lung cancer
patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and may benefit from pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody),
cytotoxic chemotherapy and other adjuvant therapies. Despite the availability of various therapies,
the response and survival rates have been low. Therefore, the study of different targets for the
treatment of lung cancer has been one of the major focuses of cancer research.

:
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a crucial regulator of cell homeostasis and plays an essential
role in the growth and development of all cells. The UPS is dysregulated in human cancer cells including
lung cancer cells. Therefore, targeting UPS is potentially a selective, effective treatment for lung
cancer. Bortezomib, a 20S proteasome inhibitor that is clinically approved for the management of multiple
myeloma, has been studied in various preclinical and clinical models of lung cancer.

:
Most preclinical studies have shown that a 20S proteasome inhibitor alone and its combination with
other chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and animal
models. Owing to the impressive preclinical results, many clinical trials were initiated using 20S
proteasome inhibitors either as monotherapy or in combination with other conventional lung cancer
therapies. Many combinational therapies of 20S PIs with conventional chemotherapy were shown to
be well tolerated in clinical trials. However, there have not been any consistent data showing the
beneficial effects of such proteasome inhibitor-based therapies. Low clinical efficacy of 20S PIs in
lung cancer patients may be due to low drug penetration, the status of 20S proteasomes, oncogene
expressions and the inherited or acquired resistance. Potential mechanisms of PI resistance or low or
no clinical activity in lung cancer cells might include alteration of apoptotic proteins, overexpression
or alteration of β5 subunit, or upregulation of heat shock proteins. Various cutting-edge strategies to
counter this resistance or improve 20S PIs’ efficacy in lung cancer cells have been reviewed which
include novel combination therapies, new drug delivery systems, development of more potent PIs,
and targeting different sites of the UPS. A better understanding of PI resistance mechanisms in lung
cancer cells can help improve current clinical treatment strategies and clinical outcomes.
Effects of Cooking Processes on Breath Hydrogen and Colonic Fermentation of Soybean
Authors: Okumura Naoya , Jinno Naoya , Taniguchi Kentaro , Tanabe Kenichi , Nakamura Sadako , Kondo Takaharu , Shimouchi Akito 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Soybean is rich in dietary fibers; consequently, soybean ingestion considerably
increases the breath level of hydrogen molecules via anaerobic colonic fermentation. However,
the influence of cooking methods on this effect, which can affect the overall health benefits of soybean,
remains unknown.

Objectives:
The aim is to examine whether different methods of cooking soybean affect the colonic
fermentation process.

Methods:
Nine healthy adult volunteers participated in the study; they ingested either roasted soybean
flour (kinako) or well-boiled soybean (BS). Differences in their breath components were compared.
Both test meals were cooked using 80 g of soybeans per individual. After a 12 h fast, the participants
ate the test meals, and their breath hydrogen level was analyzed every 1 h for 9 h by using a
gas chromatograph with a semiconductor detector. In addition, particle size distribution and soluble/
insoluble fibers in the feces were examined.

Results:
The oro-cecal transit time did not significantly differ between individuals who ingested
kinako and BS. However, the area under the curve between 7 and 9 h after the ingestion of BS was
significantly increased compared with that after the ingestion of kinako. The nutritional analysis indicated
that the content of both soluble and insoluble fibers in BS was higher than that in kinako. In
addition, the levels of unfermented fragments and soluble/insoluble fibers in the feces were increased
after the ingestion of kinako compared with those after the ingestion of kinako.

Conclusion:
Cooking methods alter the composition of non-digestible fibers in soybean, and this can
result in the lack of fermentative particles in the feces, thereby causing alterations in the breath level
of hydrogen via colonic fermentation.
Employment of Quality by Design Approach via Response Surface Methodology to Optimize and Develop Modified-release Formulation of Hydrochlorothiazide
Authors: Singhai Vikas D. , Maheshwari Rahul , Sharma Swapnil , Paliwal Sarvesh 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Heart attack predominantly occurs during the last phase of sleep and early
morning hours, causing millions of death worldwide. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a recommended
drug for the prevention of heart disease, but its long action (>4 h) dosage form is lacking in
the commercial market and development of modified-release formulation may have industrial significance.
Regulatory agencies emphasize Quality by Design based approach for product development
to entrust quality in the product.

Objective:
The current research aimed to develop a quality product profile of HCTZ modifiedrelease
tablets (MRT; ~14 h) by applying Response Surface Methodology using the computational
QbD approach.

Methods:
Three independent factors were identified by qualitative and quantitative risk assessment.
Statistical terms like p-value, lack of fit, the sum of square, R-squared value, model F value, and
linear equations were determined. Graphical tools like normal plot of residual, residual vs predicted
plot and box cox plot were used to verify the model selection. The graphical relationship among the
critical, independent variables was represented using the Contour plot and 3-D surface plot. Design
space was identified by designing an overlay plot using response surface design.

Results:
Excellent correlation was observed between actual and predicted values. Similarity Factor
(F2) of reproducible trials was 78 and 79, and content uniformity was 100.9% and 100.4%. Average
weight, hardness, thickness, diameter, and friability were within acceptable limits.

Conclusions :
QbD approach along with quality risk management tool provided an efficient and effective paradigm to build quality MRT of HCTZ.
Congestion Control by Reducing Wait Time at the Traffic Junction Using Fuzzy Logic Controller
Authors: Bhatia Manpreet Singh , Aggarwal Alok 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Traffic congestion is one of the most severe problems especially in metro
cities due to ever increasing number of vehicles on roads by 20% per year even with well-planned
road management system and sufficient infra.

Objective:
Most of the existing traffic signal controllers use fixed cycle type, giving a constant
green/red/yellow phase for each traffic signal cycle. These traditional controllers cannot adapt the
dynamics of traffic at real time which a traffic man can do.

Methods:
Deploying traffic men at every traffic light junction is not feasible due to manpower
shortage and cost considerations. In this work a three input fuzzy controller is proposed which can
adapt the dynamics of real time traffic and reduce the congestion at the traffic light junction. Proposed
fuzzy controller has three inputs namely; queue length, arrival rate and peak hours and one
output parameter, time extension which is to be controlled by the use of the three input parameters.

Results:
All four lanes have been allocated a fixed green signal time of 60 seconds at the start. Extension/
decrease of the green light is done dynamically with ±28 seconds. Compared to conventional
fixed cycle type, proposed approach gives a minimum improvement of 6% and a maximum
of 47% depending on various traffic conditions at the junction.

Conclusion:
In terms of CO2 emission improvement of 20% and 42.12% and in terms of fuel consumption
improvement of 34.73% and 57.18% has been observed compared to UCONDES (Urban
CONgestion DEtection System) and OVMT (Original Vehicular Mobility Trace) respectively.
Mobile Apps for Mental Health Issues: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Potvin Stéphane , Corbière Marc , Guay Stéphane , Samson Crystal , Cloutier Briana , Francoeur Audrey , Pennou Antoine , Khazaal Yasser 
Published: February 2020

Background
Mental health apps have great potential to help people needing support to cope with distress or specific symptoms. In fact, there is an exponential increase in the number of mental health apps available on the internet, with less than 5% being actually studied.

Objective
This study aimed to assess the quality of the available evidence regarding the use of mental health apps and to summarize the results obtained so far.

Methods
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were searched, specifically for mobile apps on mental health issues or symptoms, and rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.

Results
A total of 7 meta-analyses were carefully reviewed and rated. Although some meta-analyses looked at any mental health issue and analyzed the data together, these studies were of poorer quality and did not offer strong empirical support for the apps. Studies focusing specifically on anxiety symptoms or depressive symptoms were of moderate to high quality and generally had small to medium effect sizes. Similarly, the effects of apps on stress and quality of life tended to offer small to medium effects and were of moderate to high quality. Studies looking at stand-alone apps had smaller effect sizes but better empirical quality than studies looking at apps with guidance. The studies that included follow-ups mostly found a sustained impact of the app at an 11-week follow-up.

Conclusions
This meta-review revealed that apps for anxiety and depression hold great promise with clear clinical advantages, either as stand-alone self-management or as adjunctive treatments. More meta-analyses and more quality studies are needed to recommend apps for other mental health issues or for specific populations.