bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postgraduate students’ perceptions of what makes for effective assessment feedback: a case study of a clinical masters course
Authors: Hadjieconomou Sofia , Tombs Michal 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine postgraduate students’ perceptions of assessment feedback. Using the Critical Incident Technique, students enrolled on a taught clinical course were asked for their perceptions of effective and ineffective examples of assessment feedback. The data were analysed using thematic analysis and nine themes emerged that capture perceptions associated with feedback content and feedback process. Students perceived effective feedback if it was specific and clear, using positive tone of language. They expressed a preference for feedback that is delivered in a standardised format, reflecting the grades given, individualised, and when the marking criteria is explicit and enables dialogue with the marker. Students perceived feedback to be ineffective when it focused on grammatical errors rather than content, when it was provided by anonymous graders and if it was too personal. Timeliness of feedback was also important to participants. Practical implications and suggestions for future research are highlighted in this paper.
Radiological approach to cavitary lung lesions
Authors: Canan Arzu , Batra Kiran , Saboo Sachin S , Landay Michael , Kandathil Asha 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTCavitary lesions in the lung are not an uncommon imaging encounter and carry a broad differential diagnosis that includes a wide range of pathological conditions from cancers, infections/inflammatory processes to traumatic and congenital lung abnormalities. In this review article, we describe a comprehensive approach for evaluation of cavitary lung lesions and discuss the differential diagnosis in the light of radiological findings.
Acute traumatic injuries of the adrenal gland: results of analysis of the Pennsylvania trauma outcomes study registry
Authors: DiGiacomo Jody C , Gerber Noam , Angus L D George , Munnangi Swapna , Cardozo-Stolberg Sara 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundBlunt injuries to the adrenal glands are considered rare, associated with severe injury, and highly mortal, based on autopsy series and earlier retrospective reviews. Recent studies have reported higher incidence rates associated with lower injury severity and mortality rates.MethodsA 3-year review of the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study Registry of adults with intra-abdominal injuries after blunt trauma was performed and associated organ injuries, injury parameters and in-hospital mortality were compared between those with and those without adrenal gland injury.Results5679 patient records were identified, 439 with adrenal gland injuries and 5240 without. The liver and the kidney were the intra-abdominal organs most frequently associated with injuries to an adrenal gland, and the spleen was the intra-abdominal organ most frequently injured in those without an adrenal gland injury. There was no difference in mortality rates.DiscussionInjuries to the adrenal gland occur with an incidence of 0.43% after blunt force trauma. The presence of a blunt adrenal gland injury is not a marker of severe injury or associated with an increased mortality rate.Level of evidenceII, Retrospective Study.
Towards an analytical description of active microswimmers in clean and in surfactant-covered drops
Authors: Sprenger Alexander R. , Shaik Vaseem A. , Ardekani Arezoo M. , Lisicki Maciej , Mathijssen Arnold J. T. M. , Guzmán-Lastra Francisca , Löwen Hartmut , Menzel Andreas M. , Daddi-Moussa-Ider Abdallah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract.Geometric confinements are frequently encountered in the biological world and strongly affect the stability, topology, and transport properties of active suspensions in viscous flow. Based on a far-field analytical model, the low-Reynolds-number locomotion of a self-propelled microswimmer moving inside a clean viscous drop or a drop covered with a homogeneously distributed surfactant, is theoretically examined. The interfacial viscous stresses induced by the surfactant are described by the well-established Boussinesq-Scriven constitutive rheological model. Moreover, the active agent is represented by a force dipole and the resulting fluid-mediated hydrodynamic couplings between the swimmer and the confining drop are investigated. We find that the presence of the surfactant significantly alters the dynamics of the encapsulated swimmer by enhancing its reorientation. Exact solutions for the velocity images for the Stokeslet and dipolar flow singularities inside the drop are introduced and expressed in terms of infinite series of harmonic components. Our results offer useful insights into guiding principles for the control of confined active matter systems and support the objective of utilizing synthetic microswimmers to drive drops for targeted drug delivery applications.Graphical abstract
Piecewise Potential Vorticity Inversion without Far-Field Response?
Authors: Egger Joseph , Hoinka Klaus P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGiven a flow domain D with subdomains D1 and D2, piecewise potential vorticity inversion (PPVI) inverts a potential vorticity (PV) anomaly in D2 and assumes vanishing PV in D1 where boundary conditions must be taken into account. It is a widely held view that the PV anomaly exerts a far-field influence on D1, which is revealed by PPVI. Tests of this assertion are conducted using a simple quasigeostrophic model where an upper layer D2 contains a PV anomaly and D1 is the layer underneath. This anomaly is inverted. Any downward physical impact of PV in D2 must also be represented in the results of a downward piecewise density inversion (PDI) based on the hydrostatic relation and the density in D2 as following from PPVI. There is no doubt about the impact of the mass in D2 on the flow in the lower layer D1. Thus results of PPVI and PDI have to agree closely. First, PPVI is applied to a locally confined PV anomaly in D2. There is no far-field “response” in D1 if stationarity is imposed. Modifications of boundary conditions lead to “induced” flows in D1 but the results of PPVI and PDI differ widely. This leads to a simple proof that there is no physical far-field influence of PV anomalies in D2. Wave patterns of the streamfunction restricted to D2 are prescribed in a second series of tests. The related PV anomalies are obtained by differentiation and are also confined to D2 in this case. This approach illustrates the basic procedure to derive PV fields from observations which excludes a far-field response.
Finding Storm Track Activity Metrics That Are Highly Correlated with Weather Impacts. Part I: Frameworks for Evaluation and Accumulated Track Activity
Authors: Man-Wai Yau Albert , Kar-Man Chang Edmund 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the midlatitudes, storm tracks give rise to much of the high-impact weather, including precipitation and strong winds. Numerous metrics have been used to quantify storm track activity, but there has not been any systematic evaluation of how well different metrics relate to weather impacts. In this study, two frameworks have been developed to provide such evaluations. The first framework quantifies the maximum one-point correlation between weather impacts at each grid point and the assessed storm track metric. The second makes use of canonical correlation analysis to find the best correlated patterns and uses these patterns to hindcast weather impacts based on storm track metric anomalies using a leave-N-out cross-validation approach. These two approaches have been applied to assess multiple Eulerian variances and Lagrangian tracking statistics for Europe, using monthly precipitation and a near-surface high-wind index as the assessment criteria. The results indicate that near-surface storm track metrics generally relate more closely to weather impacts than upper-tropospheric metrics. For Eulerian metrics, synoptic time scale eddy kinetic energy at 850 hPa relates strongly to both precipitation and wind impacts. For Lagrangian metrics, a novel metric, the accumulated track activity (ATA), which combines information from both cyclone track frequency and amplitude, is found to be best correlated with weather impacts when spatially filtered 850-hPa vorticity maxima are used to define cyclones. The leading patterns of variability for ATA are presented, demonstrating that this metric exhibits coherent large-scale month-to-month variations that are highly correlated with variations in the mean flow and weather impacts.
Cloud Assumption of Precipitation Retrieval Algorithms for the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar
Authors: Kubota Takuji , Seto Shinta , Satoh Masaki , Nasuno Tomoe , Iguchi Toshio , Masaki Takeshi , Kwiatkowski John M. , Oki Riko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn assumption related to clouds is one of uncertain factors in precipitation retrievals by the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory. While an attenuation due to cloud ice is negligibly small for Ku and Ka bands, attenuation by cloud liquid water is larger in the Ka band and estimating precipitation intensity with high accuracy from Ka-band observations can require developing a method to estimate the attenuation due to cloud liquid water content (CLWC). This paper describes a CLWC database used in the DPR level-2 algorithm for the GPM V06A product. In the algorithm, the CLWC value is assumed using the database with inputs of precipitation-related variables, temperature, and geolocation information. A calculation of the database was made using the 3.5-km-mesh global atmospheric simulation derived from the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) global cloud-system-resolving model. Impacts of current CLWC assumptions for surface precipitation estimates were evaluated by comparisons of precipitation retrieval results between default values and 0 mg m−3 of the CLWC. The impacts were quantified by the normalized mean absolute difference (NMAD) and the NMAD values showed 2.3% for the Ku, 9.9% for the Ka, and 6.5% for the dual-frequency algorithms in global averages, while they were larger in the tropics than in high latitudes. Effects of the precipitation estimates from the CLWC assumption were examined further in terms of retrieval processes affected by the CLWC assumption. This study emphasizes the CLWC assumption provided more effects on the precipitation estimates through estimating path-integrated attenuation due to rain.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Associated With Adherence to Guideline‐Based Polysomnography in Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Knollman Philip D. , Heubi Christine H. , Wiley Susan , Smith David F. , Shott Sally R. , Ishman Stacey L. , Meinzen‐Derr Jareen 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of children with Down syndrome who did and did not receive polysomnography to evaluate for obstructive sleep apnea after publication of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ guidelines recommending universal screening by age 4 years.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingSingle tertiary pediatric hospital.MethodsReview was conducted of children with Down syndrome born between 2007 and 2012. Children who obtained polysomnography were compared with children who did not, regarding demographic data, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities.ResultsWe included 460 children with Down syndrome; 273 (59.3%) received at least 1 polysomnogram, with a median age of 3.6 years (range, 0.1‐8.9 years). There was no difference in the distribution of sex, insurance status, or socioeconomic status between children who received polysomnography and those who did not. There was a significant difference in race distribution (P =. 0004) and distance from home to the medical center (P <. 0001) between groups. Among multiple medical comorbidities, only children with a history of hypothyroidism (P =. 003) or pulmonary aspiration (P =. 01) were significantly more likely to have obtained polysomnography.ConclusionsOverall, 60% of children with Down syndrome obtained a polysomnogram. There was no difference between groups by payer status or socioeconomic status. A significant difference in race distribution was noted. Proximity to the medical center and increased medical need appear to be associated with increased likelihood of obtaining a polysomnogram. This study illustrates the need for improvement initiatives to increase the proportion of patients receiving guideline‐based screening.
Auditory Brainstem Response in Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Raposo Diogo , Orfão João , Menezes Marco , Trindade‐Soares Mafalda , Guimarães Ana , Freire Filipe 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo analyze auditory brainstem response (ABR) findings of preterm and term infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with perinatal problems.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingSecondary care hospital.MethodsAnalysis consisted of a consecutive series of 101 infants (69 preterm and 32 term) admitted in the NICU of Hospital Fernando Fonseca between 2016 and 2018 with perinatal problems who underwent an ABR evaluation.ResultsThe major perinatal problems identified were hyperbilirubinemia, intravenous gentamicin >5 days, mechanical ventilation >5 days, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, meningitis, and periventricular hemorrhage. Gentamicin use significantly increased the absolute latency of wave I in preterm infants (95% CI, 0.01‐0.37; P =. 037). Mechanical ventilation significantly decreased the latency of wave V and intervals I‐V and III‐V in preterm infants (95% CI, −0.35 to −0.22; P =. 026; 95% CI, −0.33 to −0.00; P =. 001; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.12; P =. 049). Congenital cytomegalovirus significantly decreased interval III‐V in preterm infants (95% CI, −0.36 to −0.01; P =. 042).Multivariate analysis revealed that gentamicin use, lower gestational age, and lower birth weight predicted an increased ABR threshold in preterm infants (95% CI, 1.64‐15.31; P =. 016; 95% CI −1.72 to −0.09; P =. 030; 95% CI, −14.55 to −0.63; P =. 033). ABR measurements in term infants were not significantly altered, with the exception of an increased latency of wave III with a lower gestational age (95% CI, −0.49 to −0.01; P =. 038).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that perinatal problems in the NICU significantly impair the ABR threshold and the auditory pathway maturational process in preterm but not term infants.
Airborne Aerosolized Mouse Cytomegalovirus From Common Otolaryngology Procedures: Implications for COVID‐19 Infection
Authors: Sayahi Tofigh , Nielson Christopher , Yu Yuan , Neuberger Kaden , Seipp Michael , Firpo Matthew A. , Kelly Kerry , Park Albert H. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo determine whether common otolaryngology procedures generate viable aerosolized virus through a murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) model for infection.Study DesignmCMV model of infection.SettingUniversity of Utah laboratory.MethodsThree‐day‐old BALB/c mice were inoculated with mCMV or saline. Five days later, each mouse underwent drilling, microdebrider, coblation, and electrocautery procedures. Particle size distribution and PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm) concentration were determined with a scanning mobility particle sizer and an aerosol particle sizer in the range of 15 nm to 32 µm. Aerosolized samples from these procedures were collected with an Aerosol Devices BioSpot sampler for viral titer based on polymerase chain reaction and for viable virus through viral culture.ResultsAs compared with the background aerosol concentrations, coblation and electrocautery showed statistically significant increases in airborne aerosols (Tukey‐adjusted P value <.040), while microdebrider and drilling at 30,000 rpm did not (.870 < Tukey‐adjusted P value <. 930). We identified viral DNA in samples from coblation and drilling procedures, although we did not identify viable viruses in aerosol samples from any of the 4 procedures.ConclusionCoblation and electrocautery procedures generate >100‐fold increases in aerosol concentrations over background; only coblation and drilling produce aerosolized viral DNA. The high concentration of aerosols from coblation and electrocautery suggests the need for appropriate safeguards against particle exposure to health care workers. The presence of viral DNA from drilling and coblation procedures warrants the need for appropriate protection against droplet and aerosol exposure.
Estrogen suppresses SOX9 and activates markers of female development in a human testis-derived cell line
Authors: Stewart Melanie K. , Mattiske Deidre M. , Pask Andrew J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe increasing incidence of reproductive disorders in humans has been attributed to in utero exposure to estrogenic endocrine disruptors. In particular, exposure of the developing testis to exogenous estrogen can negatively impact male reproductive health. To determine how estrogens impact human gonad function, we treated the human testis-derived cell line NT2/D1 with estrogen and examined its impact on SOX9 and the expression of key markers of granulosa (ovarian) and Sertoli (testicular) cell development.ResultsEstrogen successfully activated its cognate receptor (estrogen receptor alpha;ESR1) in NT2/D1 cells. We observed a significant increase in cytoplasmic SOX9 following estrogen treatment. After 48 h of estrogen exposure, mRNA levels of the key Sertoli cell genesSOX9, SRY, AMH, FGF9andPTGDSwere significantly reduced. This was followed by a significant increase in mRNA levels for the key granulosa cell genesFOXL2andWNT4after 96 h of estrogen exposure.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with estrogen's effects on marsupial gonads and show that estrogen has a highly conserved impact on gonadal cell fate decisions that has existed in mammals for over 160 million years. This effect of estrogen presents as a potential mechanism contributing to the significant decrease in male fertility and reproductive health reported over recent decades. Given our widespread exposure to estrogenic endocrine disruptors, their effects on SOX9 and Sertoli cell determination could have considerable impact on the adult testis.
Further resolution of the house mouse (Mus musculus) phylogeny by integration over isolation-with-migration histories
Authors: Phifer-Rixey Megan , Harr Bettina , Hey Jody 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
The three main subspecies of house mice, Mus musculus castaneus, Mus musculus domesticus, and Mus musculus musculus, are estimated to have diverged ~ 350-500KYA. Resolution of the details of their evolutionary history is complicated by their relatively recent divergence, ongoing gene flow among the subspecies, and complex demographic histories. Previous studies have been limited to some extent by the number of loci surveyed and/or by the scope of the method used. Here, we apply a method (IMa3) that provides an estimate of a population phylogeny while allowing for complex histories of gene exchange.

Results
Results strongly support a topology with M. m. domesticus as sister to M. m. castaneus and M. m. musculus. In addition, we find evidence of gene flow between all pairs of subspecies, but that gene flow is most restricted from M. m. musculus into M. m. domesticus. Estimates of other key parameters are dependent on assumptions regarding generation time and mutation rate in house mice. Nevertheless, our results support previous findings that the effective population size, Ne, of M. m. castaneus is larger than that of the other two subspecies, that the three subspecies began diverging ~ 130 - 420KYA, and that the time between divergence events was short.

Conclusions
Joint demographic and phylogenetic analyses of genomic data provide a clearer picture of the history of divergence in house mice.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of root, stem, and leaf tissues of Entada phaseoloides reveals potential genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis
Authors: Liao Weifang , Mei Zhinan , Miao Lihong , Liu Pulin , Gao Ruijie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. is an important traditional medicinal plant. The stem of Entada phaseoloides is popularly used as traditional medicine because of its significance in dispelling wind and dampness and remarkable anti-inflammatory activities. Triterpenoid saponins are the major bioactive compounds of Entada phaseoloides. However, genomic or transcriptomic technologies have not been used to study the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway in this plant.

Results
We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of the root, stem, and leaf tissues of Entada phaseoloides with three independent biological replicates and obtained a total of 53.26 Gb clean data and 116,910 unigenes, with an average N50 length of 1218 bp. Putative functions could be annotated to 42,191 unigenes (36.1%) based on BLASTx searches against the Non-redundant, Uniprot, KEGG, Pfam, GO, KEGG and COG databases. Most of the unigenes related to triterpenoid saponin backbone biosynthesis were specifically upregulated in the stem. A total of 26 cytochrome P450 and 17 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase candidate genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis were identified. The differential expressions of selected genes were further verified by qPT-PCR.

Conclusions
The dataset reported here will facilitate the research about the functional genomics of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and genetic engineering of Entada phaseoloides.
Transcriptome response comparison between vector and non-vector aphids after feeding on virus-infected wheat plants
Authors: Li Dandan , Zhang Chi , Tong Zeqian , Su Dan , Zhang Gaisheng , Zhang Shize , Zhao Huiyan , Hu Zuqing 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Plant viruses maintain intricate interactions with their vector and non-vector insects and can impact the fitness of insects. However, the details of their molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been studied well. We compared the transcriptome-level responses in vector and non-vector aphids (Schizaphis graminum and Rhopalosiphum padi, respectively) after feeding on wheat plants with viral infections (Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) and Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), respectively). We conducted differentially expressed gene (DEG) annotation analyses and observed DEGs related to immune pathway, growth, development, and reproduction. And we conducted cloning and bioinformatic analyses of the key DEG involved in immune.

Results
For all differentially expressed gene analyses, the numbers of DEGs related to immune, growth, development, reproduction and cuticle were higher in vector aphids than in non-vector aphids. STAT5B (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B), which is involved in the JAK-STAT pathway, was upregulated in R. padi exposed to WDV. The cloning and bioinformatic results indicated that the RpSTAT5B sequence contains a 2082 bp ORF encoding 693 amino acids. The protein molecular weight is 79.1 kD and pI is 8.13. Analysis indicated that RpSTAT5B is a non-transmembrane protein and a non-secreted protein. Homology and evolutionary analysis indicated that RpSTAT5B was closely related to R. maidis.

Conclusions
Unigene expression analysis showed that the total number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the vector aphids was higher than that in the non-vector aphids. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs related to immunity, growth and reproduction in vector aphids were higher than those in non-vector aphids, and the differentially expressed genes related to immune were up-regulated. This study provides a basis for the evaluation of the response mechanisms of vector/non-vector insects to plant viruses.