bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classical History between Epic and Rhetoric
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter establishes the foundations on which the rest of the book is built since post-classical scholarship largely develops from classical models or is shaped by its reaction against those models. The chapter addresses a series of conceptual issues that have recurring relevance, including: differing conceptions of the nature of historical truth; the relationship between History and ethnography; the relationship between rhetoric and historianship; the relationship between philosophy, poetry, and History; and the relationship between ‘useful’ and ‘pleasurable’ Histories. In a more empirical vein the chapter discusses the relationship between Greek and Roman historianship and accounts for different tendencies in the development of historiography in each culture—tendencies like a greater or lesser interest in the outside world, and a greater or lesser interest in individuals as opposed to power structures or the study of society and culture. The question of the consciousness of qualitative historical change is also discussed in the case of a number of historians. In the 900 or so years of historianship covered in this chapter no rationale for History that is present at or near the outset was ruled out by the end, though of course many avenues of possibility were more fully explored. It is more than coincidence that the survey opens and closes with species of History as Identity, beginning with the most elementary type of that genre: genealogy.
History, Faith, Fortuna
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chronologically and conceptually, this chapter links classical antiquity to the middle ages. Most of its focus is on the second to sixth centuries, and especially the overlap of ‘late antiquity’ and the ‘patristic era’, or the era of the church fathers. It addresses historical thinking in Christianity in the context of Christianity’s relationship to Greco-Roman and Jewish influences. It is a story of intellectual novelty, and of imposition, but just as much it is a tale of syncretism. Of the rationales for History identified in the introduction, the two figuring largest in this chapter are History as Speculative Philosophy and History as Identity, the latter especially in its genealogical form. Along the way in the chapter, attention is devoted to the relationship between grand conceptualizations of the overall historical process and the study of human choice and agency. That discussion illustrates similarities as well as contrasts in the way causal explanations can operate in disparate sorts of historical account, whether or not divine or quasi-divine forces are involved. The point looking forward is that at certain levels secular and non-secular Histories need not conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Introduction offers a preliminary discussion of what Charles Dickens calls the ‘lodger world’, and it establishes the book’s main lines of argument. It explains that tenancy, an economic transaction realized in space, was a central aspect of everyday life in the nineteenth century. An overwhelming majority of Victorians did not own their homes outright. Instead, they were tenants: while single families could take entire houses on lease, lodgers lived in rooms overseen by landladies, and these many kinds of rented space captured Dickens’s imagination. The pervasive need to rent in the period encourages a reassessment of middle-class domestic ideology. The Introduction surveys the history of the property market, reviews Dickens’s active participation in rental culture throughout his life, and describes a number of his creative relationships. It considers the ‘spatial turn’ in cultural studies, and ultimately sets up a link between rented space, narrative, and genre in Dickens’s thinking.
‘To Let To Let To Let’
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the significance of rented spaces in the nineteenth-century Bildungsroman, reading David Copperfield and Great Expectations alongside novels by Catherine Gore and WM Thackeray. Some of the most memorable characters in these coming-of-age narratives are landlords and landladies, who act as mentors to the protagonist as he tries to find his place in the world. Dickens interrogates the idea that it is a rite of passage for a young man to take lodgings before he moves into a private house. The chapter reveals that Dickens uses spatial and architectural metaphors, including images drawn from the world of tenancy, to articulate the process of growing up. It ends with a section on the window tax debate of the 1840s and 1850s and the traces it leaves in the fiction of the period; the window is a site charged with symbolism for characters preoccupied with their ‘prospects’.
‘The Property of 1851’
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter, which discusses Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Henry Mayhew, George Augustus Sala, and the writers for Punch magazine, explains that the Great Exhibition of 1851 led to a sudden demand for short-term accommodation in London. A popular display of ‘model’ cottages at the Exhibition spoke to wider concerns in the period about the condition of working-class housing. Though Dickens went to see the cottages, the literature of the Exhibition year reveals an interest in other kinds of rented space, which are sites of negotiation between the local, national, and global. Mayhew and the Punch circle saw the growth of the hospitality industry and the resourcefulness of Londoners as a cause for laughter. Meanwhile, Dickens, Collins and Sala were drawn to the cosmopolitan neighbourhood of Leicester Square. Here, hotels and lodgings brimmed not only with tourists but also with Continental spies and exiles, arriving in the aftermath of the 1848 revolutions.
Interlude
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This short interlude leaves London in order to consider the seaside as a site of pastoral retreat. It discusses the popularity of resorts in the period. Dickens, Samuel Beazley, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, WM Thackeray, and Anthony Trollope transplant traditional pastoral narratives to the seaside; here, hotels, inns, and boarding houses witness scenes of escape, liberation, and personal transformation, many of which are more ambivalent than they appear. The Interlude begins with a study of class, wealth, and the rags-to-riches tale in the rented spaces of Brighton, Margate, and Ramsgate, and then moves on to stories of romance, heartbreak, and sexual license in Brighton, Deal, Lowestoft, Margate, and Yarmouth. The final section focuses on health, convalescence, and death.
Animals and Objectivity
Authors: McLear Colin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of whether animals could ever, on Kant’s account, enjoy objective representational states of their environment by addressing Kant’s discussion of the conditions under which a mental state can be said to enjoy what Kant calls a ‘relation to an object’. I examine Kant’s discussion of this relation in the B-Deduction of the Critique of Pure Reason, which is standardly interpreted as arguing that a ‘relation to an object’ is possible only with the presence of intellectual faculties, and thus with the capacity for conceptual representation and judgment. I present an alternative interpretation that emphasizes the importance, in reading Kant’s argument, of distinguishing between acquaintance (Kenntnis) and cognition (Erkenntnis). On this alternative picture, although an animal does not rationally cognize the objective world, the world with which the animal mind is nevertheless acquainted is a world with particular qualities bundled or unified according to basic cognitive principles such as spatial continuity, cohesion, or proximity. I thus argue that there is a plausible interpretive case for Kant’s holding that animals enjoy objective states in a relevant sense of ‘objective’ but do not represent ‘objects’ in the sense with which Kant is primarily concerned in the Critique of Pure Reason.
Animality in Kant’s Theory of Human Nature
Authors: Baumeister David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Kant’s conception of the animality (or Tierheit) of human beings. Though human animality is treated in a wide range of Kant’s writings, it has received relatively little attention from scholars, perhaps because Kant wrote no text principally devoted to the subject. With the aim of establishing its systematic unity, I track the status and role of animality across three distinct but interrelated domains of Kant’s theory of human nature—his account of animality as one of three basically good original human predispositions in Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, his account of animality as the target of discipline in the pedagogy lectures, and his account of animality as simultaneously a driver of and hindrance to the progress of history in ‘Idea for a Universal History With a Cosmopolitan Aim’. I argue that these accounts, taken together and in light of the teleological vision of human development that connects them, manifest a distinctively Kantian vision of the human as an actively rational, but at the same time ineliminably animal, being. Far from denying that humans are animals or seeking to repress human animality wholesale, Kant in fact offers a nuanced and robust, though still problematic, defence of the necessity, innocence, and originality of the human’s animal side.
Electricity Network Tariffs Regulation and Distributive Energy Justice
Authors: Banet Catherine 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the years to come, electricity consumers will face increased grid costs associated with their consumption due to the need for investments in grid infrastructures. Both ageing infrastructures and new production/consumption patterns relying increasingly on distributed and alternative sources will require economic investments by grid operators, which, in fine, will transfer the costs to final customers. The existing models of remuneration for operators and of costs allocation for consumers need to be updated. A reflection has started in several jurisdictions to address the need for revising grid tariff structure(s) in order to ensure a ‘fair’ share of costs between grid system operators and electricity consumers, as well as to develop the right incentives through tariff regulation. This chapter reviews theory and practice of distribution grid tariff regulatory reforms in the context of the current energy transition. It discusses how distributive energy justice can be better integrated into the tariff structure.
The Challenges of Rural Electrification in Canada
Authors: Lucas Alastair 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
There have been significant energy justice issues in the development of Canadian rural electrification (RE), particularly in the provinces of Alberta, Ontario, and the Yukon territory. In an historical approach, investigative questions concerning the nature of the problem, the discourse, solutions canvassed, and changes over time, are asked. These questions frame matters of distributive justice and social justice. Lessons learned include: (i) geographical, economic, and political context can determine the just allocation of RE benefits and burdens; and (ii) public vs private approaches to RE have developed in different provinces. However, there is little evidence that successful distributional and social justice results in RE were very different in Alberta (private power) and Ontario (public power). Legal instruments, particularly Rural Electrification Association co-operatives, played an important role in Alberta.
Energy Justice, Law, and Poverty in the Context of Mesoamerican Countries
Authors: González José Juan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter has the aim of evaluating the connections between law and energy justice in the context of Mesoamerican legal regimes. From the perspective of the social justice dimension of distributional justice, it surveys the way legislation addresses the main drivers of energy poverty and how the law deals with them. To achieve its aim, the chapter is divided into four sections. The first section surveys the main drivers of energy poverty in the Mesoamerican region. The second discusses recent progress regarding electricity service coverage expansion. The third analyses how Mesoamerican legislation pretends to make reality the principles of SDG 7 and the main obstacles the law confronts to achieve them. The fourth section discusses the idea of considering access to affordable, reliable, and clean energy as a human right; and finally section five points out some conclusions.
Real Likenesses
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book offers a new approach to artistic representation, worked out in detail for the cases of paintings, photographs, and novels. It presents a paradox in the case of each of the three art forms, and argues for a thesis (the Non-Distraction Thesis) about the relation between medium and content. It then argues that the dominant theories of representation in the three art forms are incompatible with that thesis. Fresh light is thereby cast on familiar topics: the supposed phenomenon of ‘twofoldedness’, in the case of paintings; the alleged ‘transparency’ of photographs; the ‘paradox of fiction’, in the case of novels. Illusionistic theories, ‘seeing-in’ theories, imagination theories, and resemblance theories are the target in the case of paintings; theories which take photographs to be transparent pictures, in the case of photographs; and imagination theories, abstract-artefact theories, and theories which mix the two, in the case of novels. Having raised problems for existing theories in these domains, the book proposes for each art form a novel way of understanding the relation between the medium and the content. The new model is developed first for the case of paintings: it is proposed that the face you see in a painting is a real thing made of paint, which is, in a way, a face, in virtue of resembling a real face. This model is then applied to photographs, and to novels, with care taken to explain in each case how a suitable object might be constructed in the medium.
The Paradox of Painting
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an apparent paradox, that what we see in a portrait painting both seems to be a face and seems to be made of paint, and shows how the character of the dominant approaches to representational painting (found in the views of Gombrich, Wollheim, Walton, and resemblance theories) is revealed by their treatment of this paradox. It then argues that any acceptable solution to the paradox must respect a ‘Non-Distraction’ thesis about the relation between medium and content, according to which attention to the medium cannot inevitably be a distraction from attention to the content. It then argues that all of the major approaches to representational painting fail to respect this Non-Distraction Thesis.
Painted Things
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter first explains what has to be done in order to take the Paradox of Painting seriously, and then proposes a way of trying to make sense of it. First, we don’t have to introduce entities of any very unusual kind, or embrace an odd ontology. But secondly, we need to find a way of allowing that a painted face, for example, is in some serious way a face, even if it’s not a real face. This involves engaging with issues in linguistics (for example, the work of Partee) and in the nature of our response to paintings. It is proposed that the face we see in a painting is what I call a real likeness, a unified whole made of paint, which counts as being, in a way, a face, because it resembles a real face.
Transparency and Distraction in Photographs
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Non-Distraction Thesis applies to photographs, just as it does to paintings. The main argument is that the key decisions of a photographer are compositional decisions, and composition requires that attention to the medium is not a distraction from attention to the content. Views (such as those of Scruton and Barthes) which might seem to be in tension with this are critically examined. The chapter then attempts to explain how there can be real likenesses in photographs—unified wholes which resemble real things of the relevant kinds. This involves some detailed consideration of the medium of photography, and a novel, though intuitive, view of the medium is provided.
Shift Happens
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores, for the first time, culturomics in Israeli. Culturomics is a trans-disciplinary form of computational lexicology that studies human behaviour, language, and cultural and historical trends through the quantitative analysis of texts. My term tarbutomics is based on תרבות tarbút, Israeli for ‘culture’, thus calquing (loan-translating) the term culturomics. Tarbutomics ought to be a new tool for evaluating the linguistic, cultural, and social trends occurring throughout a historical period. To see how Hebrew lexis has changed from 1500 until 2009, the chapter analyses data from Google Books. To do this, the Google Books database was downloaded. Tarbutomics takes the raw Hebrew 1-gram data and puts it in a relational database, allowing us to ask more sophisticated questions. It can shed light on questions about Israeli culture, Hebrew language reclamation, and about the development of the Israeli language throughout the twentieth century.
Native Tongue Title
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter proposes the enactment of an ex gratia compensation scheme for the loss of Indigenous languages in Australia. Although some Australian states have enacted ex gratia compensation schemes for the victims of the Stolen Generation policies, the victims of linguicide are largely overlooked by the Australian Government. Existing competitive grant schemes to support Aboriginal languages should be complemented with compensation schemes, which are based on a claim of right. The chapter first outlines the history of linguicide during colonization in Australia. It then puts a case for reviving lost Aboriginal languages by highlighting the deontological, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival. After evaluating the limits of existing Australian law in supporting language revival efforts, I propose ‘Native Tongue Title’, compensation for language loss—modelled upon Native Title, compensation for land loss.
Our Ancestors Are Happy
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the correlation between language revival and wellbeing. It suggests that there is an urgent need to systematically assess quantitatively the mental health impact of language reclamation on indigenous communities. The primary hypothesis is that there will be significant improvements in mental health during the language revival process, reduced suicide ideation (i.e. people would be less likely to come up with the idea of suicide as a possibility), reduced self-harm, and reduced instances of suicide. Language is postulated as core to a people’s wellbeing and mental health. The link between poor mental health and suicide has been clearly demonstrated. But it is one thing to have a statement about the importance of language and mental health; it is another to have the statistical evidence that governments often require to implement policies that will affect personal, community and social wellbeing. Hallett, Chandler, and Lalonde (2007) report a clear correlation between youth suicide and lack of conversational knowledge in the native language in British Columbia, Canada. However, there has been no systematic study of the impact of language revival on mental health and suicide, partly because language reclamation is still rare. This chapter suggests that just as language loss increases suicidal ideation and depression, language gain reduces ill mental health.
Pliny the Younger
Authors: Gibson Roy K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWithin a century of his death, the Younger Pliny was already being confused with his famous uncle, the Elder Pliny. In the 1300s, the two were successfully disentangled, although the error of their origin in Verona (rather than Como) was spread. Statues of the Plinii were erected on Como cathedral in the 1480s as part of a campaign to reassert their citizenship of Roman Comum. Biographical interest in the Younger remained strong in the centuries that followed. Pliny remains the best documented Roman individual, other than emperors, between Cicero and Augustine. The present biography will tell its story through a focus on the locales with which Pliny was most closely associated; but a strong thread of linear narration will be maintained. His Letters are the main source for his life: they need to be evaluated carefully. Four figures will accompany Pliny throughout the biography: Cicero, Tacitus, Epictetus, and Augustine.
“Why Isn’t It Going Away?”: A Qualitative Exploration of Worry and Pain Experiences in Adolescents with Chronic Pain
Authors: Heffernan Marese , Wilson Charlotte , Keating Kim , McCarthy Kevin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The role of cognition is central to the fear avoidance (FA) model of chronic pain (CP), which emphasizes the importance of catastrophic pain interpretations and has been shown to be applicable to pediatric CP populations. However, while we know that pain catastrophizing plays a distinct role in influencing outcomes for children with CP, we know little about the specifics of how young people with CP experience catastrophizing and worry, as well as their general pain beliefs.

Objective
To qualitatively explore beliefs about and experiences of worry and pain among a purposeful sample of adolescents with CP.

Methods
Individual semistructured interviews with 12 adolescents (aged 12–17) with varying forms of CP attending an outpatient pain clinic in a general children’s hospital. Relevant psychometric measures were administered orally to further inform the data. Data were analyzed using critical realist thematic analysis.

Results
Three themes and one subtheme were identified. Themes were 1) the worry ripple: mind, body, and behavior (subtheme: worry content: personal competence and health); 2) the pain mystery: living in a “scribble of black”; and 3) the resist or avoid conundrum.

Conclusions
The findings highlight the need for psychological interventions targeting acceptance of uncertainty and also informing education on mind/body connections in adolescents with CP.
Development Projects and Economic Networks: Lessons from Rural Gambia
Authors: Heß Simon , Jaimovich Dany , Schündeln Matthias 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article investigates the effects of development projects on economic networks. To this end, we study the impact that a randomly allocated Community-Driven Development program in The Gambia has on economic interactions within rural villages. The program provides an exogenous source of variation to village-level stocks of productive capital and to village-wide collective activities. Based on detailed data on economic and social networks, we find a significant reduction of transfers in these networks in treatment villages. Guided by a theoretical framework, we investigate several possible mechanisms and find evidence that is consistent with two channels. First, the evidence points to modest wealth effects and a village-level transformation process towards a more formal economy. Second, we also find evidence that is consistent with elite capture, favouritism, and unequally distributed benefits leading to reductions in social capital and thus economic transactions. Overall, our findings suggest changes in networks as an avenue through which development interventions may have unintended consequences.