bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocean biogeochemistry in the Norwegian Earth System Model version 2 (NorESM2)
Authors: Tjiputra Jerry F. , Schwinger Jörg , Bentsen Mats , Morée Anne L. , Gao Shuang , Bethke Ingo , Heinze Christoph , Goris Nadine , Gupta Alok , He Yan-Chun , Olivié Dirk , Seland Øyvind , Schulz Michael 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The ocean carbon cycle is a key player in the climate system through its role in regulating the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and other processes that alter the Earth's radiative balance. In the second version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2), the oceanic carbon cycle component has gone through numerous updates that include, amongst others, improved process representations, increased interactions with the atmosphere, and additional new tracers. Oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is now prognostically simulated and its fluxes are directly coupled with the atmospheric component, leading to a direct feedback to the climate. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and additional riverine inputs of other biogeochemical tracers have recently been included in the model. The implementation of new tracers such as “preformed” and “natural” tracers enables a separation of physical from biogeochemical drivers as well as of internal from external forcings and hence a better diagnostic of the simulated biogeochemical variability. Carbon isotope tracers have been implemented and will be relevant for studying long-term past climate changes. Here, we describe these new model implementations and present an evaluation of the model's performance in simulating the observed climatological states of water-column biogeochemistry and in simulating transient evolution over the historical period. Compared to its predecessor NorESM1, the new model's performance has improved considerably in many aspects. In the interior, the observed spatial patterns of nutrients, oxygen, and carbon chemistry are better reproduced, reducing the overall model biases. A new set of ecosystem parameters and improved mixed layer dynamics improve the representation of upper-ocean processes (biological production and air–sea CO2 fluxes) at seasonal timescale. Transient warming and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the historical period are also in good agreement with observation-based estimates. NorESM2 participates in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) through DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and several endorsed MIP simulations.
Empresas startups: análise do ciclo de vida a partir do modelo de Lester, Parnell e Carraher (2003)
Authors: Silva Edmilson Estevão da , Krakauer Patricia Viveiros de Castro , Coda Roberto 
Published: May 2020

Objetivo do estudo: Esta pesquisa busca identificar quais estágios do modelo de ciclo de vida organizacional (CVO) de Lester, Parnell e Carraher (2003) são pertinentes às startups brasileiras e tem como objetivo: (i) identificar os estágios do CVO existentes em startups e (ii) apresentar recomendações estratégicas para cada estágio. Metodologia/abordagem: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem descritiva, não paramétrica, sendo utilizada a escala do tipo likert de questionário já validado em pesquisas anteriores, acrescido de perguntas sociodemográficas. Obteve-se 118 respostas válidas. Os dados foram analisados conforme o método de análise proposto por Frezatti et al. (2010), que preconiza que as questões inclusas no questionário possuem relação com os estágios do ciclo de vida do modelo de Lester, Parnell e Carraher (2003). Originalidade/Relevância: Diversos autores escreveram sobre o CVO, voltando suas pesquisas para pequenas ou grandes empresas e empresas familiares, porém não foi encontrado um modelo de CVO específico para startups, conforme pesquisa bibliográfica realizada como parte da investigação teórica deste estudo. Principais resultados: 118 respostas válidas foram obtidas. A análise dos resultados indica que nem todos os estágios existentes no modelo teórico de CVO existiam na amostra de startups investigada. Foram identificados os estágios de nascimento, crescimento e declínio e, a partir de tal constatação, foram feitas recomendações estratégias possíveis em cada um dos estágios. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Os resultados obtidos com esta pesquisa podem ser aplicados por startups que busquem longevidade, a partir do entendimento do seu ciclo de vida e de possíveis estratégias pertinentes a cada fase identificada.
The Development of Dam Infrastructure Condition and Safety Assessment
Authors: Jayadi Muchammad Sarwono Purwa , Wirahadikusumah Reini D. , Harlan Dhemi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe management and regulation of large inventories of embankment dams requires the use of tools and analytical techniques that can provide a uniform basis for comparison. Index Condition and Risk Assessment were two of those tools. Those two assessment can be combined to make an comprehensive assessment because it's main data are visual condition of dam. With those similarity, how to develop dam assessment based on dam's condition and safety are the main goals of this research. On these research, Condition Index with index from 1 to 5 are used for the condition assessment. Meanwhile, ICOLD Modified Method are used as safety evaluation aspect. Those two assessment system were combined using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to find it's weight for the assessment model. AHP were used to analyze AHP's linear scale questionnaire as primary data. These research obtain that the developed model had some limitations, so the assessment aren't comprehensive enough.AbstrakManajemen dan regulasi dari inventaris bendungan besar membutuhkan alat dan teknik analisis yang dapat memberikan dasar yang seragam untuk perbandingan. Penilaian Kondisi berbasis Indeks Kondisi dan Kajian Keamanan berbasis Indeks Risiko merupakan beberapa contoh dari alat tersebut. Kedua penilaian ini sebenarnya bisa digabungkan untuk mendapatkan penilaian yang komprehensif karena menggunakan kondisi visual sebagai salah satu data utama. Dengan adanya kesamaan tersebut, bagaimana cara mengembangkan penilaian kondisi dan keamanan bendungan merupakan tujuan utama dari penelitian ini. Dalam penelitian ini, Indeks Kondisi dengan indeks nilai 1 sampai 5 digunakan sebagai penilaian dalam aspek penilaian kondisi. Sedangkan dalam aspek kajian keamanan, digunakan Metode ICOLD Modifikasi. Dalam menggabungkan kedua sistem penilaian tersebut, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) digunakan untuk mendapatkan bobot penilaian bendungan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, model yang dikembangkan memiliki beberapa limitasi sehingga penilaian belum cukup komprehensif.
At the crossroads of botanical collections and molecular genetics laboratory: a preliminary study of obtaining amplifiable DNA from moss herbarium material
Authors: Saługa Marta 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundResearch focused on extreme environments is often associated with difficulties in obtaining fresh plant material. Herbaria may provide great support as they house large collections of specimens from different parts of the world. Accordingly, there is also a growing interest in methods using herbarium specimens in molecular studies. Much of the literature on herbarium DNA is aimed to improve extraction and PCR amplification and is focused mostly on vascular plants. Here, I provide a brief study of DNA extraction efficiency from moss herbarium specimens, emphasizing the importance of herbaria as an invaluable source of material from hard-to-access geographical areas, such as the Antarctic region.MethodsThe presented study is based on herbarium collections of 25 moss species collected in the austral polar regions between 1979 and 2013. The majority of samples were obtained using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The remaining, smaller part was extracted using an adapted CTAB-based approach. The performance of DNA extraction methods in terms of PCR amplification success was measured by testing several DNA fragments of various size. Furthermore, in order to estimate of DNA fragmentation level, an automated on-chip electrophoresis system was used.ResultsResults reveal that DNA purity and the length of the target genetic region are the fundamental agents which drive the successful PCR reaction. Conversely, the DNA yield and specimen age seem to be less relevant. With this study, I present also an optimized CTAB-based approach which may effectively suppress inhibitors in the herbarium DNA. This method can be considered a cheaper alternative to column-based technology, particularly useful for dealing with a large number of samples. Results of this study confirmed previous reports and contribute to filling the existing gap in molecular analyses which involve the use of herbarium collections of mosses.
Efficacy of Three Botanicals in Cowpea Field, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Isienyi N. C. , Fadina O. O. , Fayinminnu O. O. , Olubode O. S. 
Published: May 2020

Aims: To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the plant extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EU), Eucalyptus torreliana (ET) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) on seed-germination, seedling-growth, weed flora and yield performance of cowpea.
Study Design: The study was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with eighteen ttreatments replicated three (3) times, totaling fifty-four (54) experimental samples. The whole experiments were repeated in two trials.
Place and Duration of the Study: This study was carried out on the roof top garden of department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria from 2015 to 2017.
Methodology: Leaves of EU, ET and LL were harvested, air-dried, milled and assayed for phytochemicals (mg/g) following standard-procedures. Milled samples (144, 108, 72, 36 and 0 g) of each botanical were dissolved in 1 L distilled-water to obtain Aqueous-Leaf-Extracts (ALE) of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% (control) concentrations. Ten seeds of cowpea-Ife brown in petri dishes were treated with the different concentrations. Data were collected on Seed Germination-SG (%). In pots containing 10 kg soil, cowpea-seeds (2 plants/pot) were sown. Each botanical-extract at different concentrations and paraquat (5 mL/L/ha) were applied, before and five Weeks-After-Sowing (WAS). Data were collected on Plant height-PH (cm) at 3,5,7,9 and 11 WAS, while Grain Yield-GY (g/pot) was determined at maturity. Relative Importance Values (RIVs) were determined following standard-procedures. Data were analysed with descriptive-statistics and ANOVA at α0.05.
Results: Total phenols (32.04±0.10), tannins (27.40±0.04) and saponins (20.15±0.03) were significantly higher in EU than in ET and LL. Cowpea SG ranged from 80.0±0.5 (50% LL) to 100.0±1.2 (100% LL). Cowpea PH ranged from 18.2±2.0 (100% ET) to 48.5±3.2 (100% EU) both at 9-WAS. Cowpea GY ranged from 0.1±0.1 (25% LL) to 4.2±0.5 (50% LL). Mitracarpus villosus had highest RIV of 52.3 (100% EU at 3-WAS) but reduced to 28.5 (100% EU at 9-WAS). Aqueous-leaf-extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis at 100% reduced Mitracarpus villosus populations, while Leucaena leucocephala at 50% improved grain yields.
Ultrasensitive and Broadband All‐Optically Controlled THz Modulator Based on MoTe2/Si van der Waals Heterostructure
Authors: Qiao Jie , Wang Shanpeng , Wang Ziming , He Chuan , Zhao Shuqi , Xiong Xixi , Wang Shilei , Zhang Xixia , Tao Xutang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite the impressive progresses in terahertz (THz) sources and detection, there is still a big challenge for high performance active optoelectronic THz devices such as THz modulators. All‐optically controlled THz modulators with large modulation depth (MD) and wide modulation bandwidth are of great importance for the THz technology. Herein, a MoTe2/Si van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructure is rationally designed as all‐optical THz modulator by taking advantage of their similar band alignment and easy integration with Si complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS). The MoTe2/Si modulator presents an ultrasensitive THz modulation performance with a MD of 99.9% under a low illumination power of 300 mW at 1064 nm. This is a record MD for TMDCs‐based all‐optically controlled THz modulators to date. Moreover, the MoTe2/Si modulator exhibits broadband modulation performance with a wide frequency range from 0.3 to 2.0 THz. The high modulation performance under low illumination power is beneficial for practical application with low energy consumption and easy heat dissipation, which is advantageous to modulator chip. This work validates a facile protocol for fabricating high performance THz modulators and paves the way for their practical applications in THz technology.
Investigating the Tetragonal‐to‐Orthorhombic Phase Transition of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Single Crystals by Detailed Photoluminescence Analysis
Authors: Schötz Konstantin , Askar Abdelrahman M. , Köhler Anna , Shankar Karthik , Panzer Fabian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHere, the phase‐transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic crystal structure of the halide perovskite methylammonium lead iodide single crystal is investigated. Temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements in the temperature range between 165 and 100 K show complex PL spectra where in total five different PL peaks can be identified. All observed PL features can be assigned to different optical effects from the two crystal phases using detailed PL analyses. This allows to quantify the fraction of tetragonal phase that still occurs below the phase transition temperature. It is found that at 150 K, 0.015% tetragonal phase remain, and PL signatures are observed from quantum confined tetragonal domains, suggesting their size to be about 7–15 nm down to 120 K. The tetragonal inclusions also exhibit an increased Urbach Energy, implying a high degree of structural disorder. The results first illustrate how a careful analysis of the PL can serve to deduce structural information, and second, how structural deviations in halide perovskites have a significant impact on the optoelectronic properties of this promising class of semiconductors.
Spring triticale forage responses to seeding rate and nitrogen application
Authors: Obour Augustine K. , Holman Johnathon D. , Schlegel Alan J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGrowing spring forages could reduce soil erosion and increase cropping system profitability compared with summer fallow in a wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)–sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench ssp.Bicolor)–fallow system. Field experiments were conducted over four site‐years to evaluate seeding rate and nitrogen (N) application effects on spring triticale forage production. Seeding rates (60, 80, and 100 kg ha−1) were assigned to main plot treatments, and N rates (0, 11, 34, 56, and 78 kg N ha−1) were the subplots. Seeding rate had no effect on forage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), or mineral nutrients. However, increasing seeding rate increased lignin, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations while decreasing in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrients. Applying N increased forage DM, with optimum yield occurring at 56 kg N ha−1. The application of N fertilizer decreased ADF and NDF concentrations but increased CP, IVDMD, and total digestible nutrients. Similarly, tissue calcium, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations increased with N fertilizer application. Based on our findings, 56 kg N ha−1was adequate for spring triticale and seeding triticale forage at a lower rate of 60 kg ha−1had no detrimental effect on forage yield when harvested as hay.
Influence of temperature dependent viscosity and internal heating on the onset of convection in porous enclosures saturated with viscoelastic fluid
Authors: Yadav Dhananjay , Maqhusi Manal 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe combined influence of temperature dependent viscosity and internal heat source on the onset of convection in porous enclosures saturated by a viscoelastic fluid is studied using linear and weak nonlinear stability theories. The enclosures are taken to be rectangular, square, and slender. For the viscoelastic fluid, the Oldroyd‐B type model is used, whereas the Darcy's model is taken for porous medium. The linear theory based on normal mode technique is used to find the criteria for the onset of marginal and oscillatory convections, and weakly nonlinear analysis based on minimal representation of truncated Fourier series is considered to discuss the convective heat transport in the system. It is observed that the beginning of convection will be oscillatory only if the strain retardation parameter is not greater than the stress relaxation parameter. The influence of raising the viscosity variation parameter, the internal heating parameter, and the stress relaxation parameter is to fast the onset of convection and also boost the heat transmission through the porous enclosures, but an opposite tendency is identified by raising the strain retardation parameter and the heat capacity ratio. The heat transmission decreases with the aspect ratio for rectangular enclosure, whereas this outcome is revered for the slender enclosure.
Not only the ‘Gold Train' – the ‘Underground Town' of Riese (Poland) – the ambiguity of interpretation ERT and GPR methods
Authors: Pasierb Bernadetta , Nawrocki Wiesław 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article presents the results of a geophysical survey conducted in the Sowie Mountains within the Walim commune (Poland) in order to verify the discovery of the ‘Underground Town' of Riese. Project Riese was the biggest mining and construction project of Nazi Germany. The facility was designed as a convenient and secure location for a headquarters, an armaments factory, and warehouses for goods stolen during World War II. The discovery was made in 2015 with the application of the mysterious KS‐700 apparatus, the same as was used to ‘discover' the ‘Gold Train', which is ground penetrating radar (GPR) according to the manufacturer. It was one of the reasons why the verification surveys of the underground sites and the KS‐700 apparatus made use of the GPR method. The depth range of the GPR method was limited to 5 m due to the strong attenuation of electromagnetic waves. It was thus concluded that the underground structures detected by the ‘discoverers' were probably a result of apparatus errors, in which near‐surface reflections are received repeatedly and recorded as returning from a depth far greater than the actual object.Therefore, the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method proved to be conclusive. The three obtained characteristics and extremely high‐resistivity anomalies indicated the existence of underground tunnels. A thorough analysis of the results and acquired data, as well as of the literature, has proven that it is impossible to interpret them unambiguously as data from the subsurface but as a result of the influence of the surrounding objects. At other sites where the KS‐700 apparatus recorded numerous ‘underground cavities', the ERT cross‐sections did not yield a correlated image. Additionally, neither the analysis of the local geological structure with regard to the existence of an underground town nor the drilled boreholes confirmed the ‘discoverer's' results.
Uncrossable and undilatable lesions—A practical approach to optimizing outcomes in PCI
Authors: McQuillan Conor , Jackson Matthew W. P. , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Egred Mohaned 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUncrossable lesions are those that cannot be crossed with a balloon after successful guidewire crossing. These lesions are challenging and are commonly encountered in tortuous and calcified arteries as well as chronic total occlusions. They are the second most common barrier to successful PCI in CTO intervention after inability to cross the CTO segment with a guidewire. Procedures involving balloon uncrossable lesions during routine and CTO PCI utilise longer procedural times, radiation dose and contrast volumes with a lower likelihood of procedural success. In this article, we describe a pragmatic approach of managing balloon uncrossable lesions utilising the most contemporary equipment available in an algorithmic fashion beginning with simple, cost effective techniques right up to complex strategies for advanced operators. In addition, some of these lesions, even when crossed by any technique, they may remain difficult to dilate and prepare for stent insertion. We describe an approach of how to manage these undilatable lesions.
Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Cell Culture Conditioned Medium for Immunological Studies
Authors: Swatler Julian , Dudka Wioleta , Piwocka Katarzyna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membranous particles that have recently emerged as one the most important mediators of intercellular communication. They can contain a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and thus are responsible for modulation of multiple biological processes, including immune response and regulation of immune cells. Immunomodulatory activity of different EVs can be reliably assessed using EVs isolated from cell culture conditioned medium and added to in vitro or ex vivo cultures of immune cells. This article describes protocols for isolation of EVs from cell culture supernatants by differential ultracentrifugation and density gradient centrifugation. It also provides tools and protocols that enable characterization and validation of isolated particles, as well as analysis of interactions between EVs of interest and different subpopulations of human immune cells. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of extracellular vesicles by differential ultracentrifugationBasic Protocol 2: Isolation of extracellular vesicles by density gradient centrifugationSupport Protocol 1: Imaging of extracellular vesicles using transmission electron microscopySupport Protocol 2: Detection of extracellular vesicle protein markers by Western blottingSupport Protocol 3: Measurement and counting of extracellular vesicles by nanoparticle tracking analysisBasic Protocol 3: Analysis of extracellular vesicle uptake or association by different subpopulations of lymphocytes in vitro
DNA content and ploidy estimation of Festuca ovina accessions by flow cytometry
Authors: Qiu Yinjie , Hamernick Sierra , Ortiz Joan Barreto , Watkins Eric 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFestuca ovina L. is a fine fescue that is used as a low‐input turfgrass. The ploidy levels of F. ovina accessions held by the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) are unknown, limiting the use of the germplasm in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine DNA content and estimate ploidy of these accessions. Among 127 accessions, we identified a wide range of ploidy levels from diploid to octoploid. We also found the accessions with higher ploidy levels usually had larger seed size. These results will be informative to plant breeders and researchers using germplasm from the F. ovina collection and point to challenges in maintaining polyploid, outcrossing germplasm seed stocks in common nurseries.