bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressure‐and dose‐controlled, needle‐free, transcutaneous pneumatic injection of botulinum neurotoxin‐A for the treatment of primary axillary and palmoplantar hyperhidrosis
Authors: Kim Hyoung Moon , Lee Min Ji , Lee Min Ho , Lee Hwangheui 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundBotulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) effectively downregulates the secretion of eccrine sweat glands in patients with axillary and palmoplantar primary hyperhidrosis (PH).ObjectiveTo demonstrate the efficacy and safety of pressure‐ and dose‐controlled, needle‐free, transcutaneous pneumatic injection (TPI) of BoNT‐A for treating axillary and palmoplantar PH.MethodsNeedleless TPI‐BoNT‐A treatments were delivered on the axillary or palmoplantar skin at a pneumatic pressure of 2.05 bars and an injection volume of 0.08 mL/shot. The efficacy thereof was assessed by evaluating starch‐iodine test results and Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) scores.ResultsAt baseline, median HDSS scores were 3 (IQR, 3‐4) for axillary lesions and 4 (IQR, 3.5‐4) for palmoplantar lesions. Median HDSS scores at 1 month after TPI‐BoNT‐A treatment significantly decreased to 1 (IQR, 1‐1.75) for axillary lesions (P < .001) and 1 (IQR, 1‐2) for palmoplantar lesions (P < .001). Median global improvement scale scores were 4 (IQR, 3.25‐4) for axillary PH and 3 (IQR, 2.5‐4) for palmoplantar PH (P > .05). In all patients, pain was tolerable during treatments for both axillary and palmoplantar PH after the application of topical anesthetic cream.ConclusionPressure‐ and dose‐controlled, needle‐free, BoNT delivery effectively and safely decreased sweating in axillary and palmoplantar skin.
Latino Political Participation by Citizenship Status and Immigrant Generation
Authors: Potochnick Stephanie , Stegmaier Mary 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveUsing the complementary 2012 American National Election Study and 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study, we examine Latino political participation by citizenship and immigrant generation status.MethodsWe use logistic regression to examine three political participation modes—voting, campaign activity, and civic participation—across four Latino subgroups (noncitizens, naturalized citizens, second generation, and third‐plus generation), and non‐Latino whites. We assess whether political participation patterns can be explained by demographics and standard political predictors (i.e., religiosity, partisanship, political efficacy, and social trust) and whether patterns differ for older and younger adults.ResultsAcross all political participation modes, third‐plus‐generation Latinos and non‐Latino whites participate equally. Second‐generation Latinos demonstrate a political participation disadvantage: their political participation is as low as, or lower than, that of noncitizen Latinos—a disadvantage driven mostly by younger Latinos.ConclusionResults suggest diverging patterns of Latino political incorporation, and raise concerns that young second‐generation Latinos may not fully integrate into American political life.
Personalizing the U.S. Supreme Court Through Attention to Individual Justices
Authors: Fogarty Brian J. , Qadri S. Nasser , Wohlfarth Patrick C. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesWe examine media incentives shaping the nature of U.S. Supreme Court justices’ news coverage and, in particular, how those incentives often lead news outlets to concentrate coverage on particular justices on the Court.MethodsFirst, we examine and model aggregate, over time patterns of news attention devoted to individual justices in the New York Times over the past four decades. Second, we compare and model temporal variation in individual justice coverage relative to generic coverage of the Supreme Court.FindingsThe results suggest that particular justices receive disproportionate attention from the national news media. Further, we demonstrate how individual justices have received a greater proportion of print media coverage over time and in a way that is shaped by internal division among the justices.ConclusionThe findings provide a more complete and nuanced understanding of how national media utilize resources to maximize journalistic impact and personalize the Court as an institution.
Rice siR109944 suppresses plant immunity to sheath blight and impacts multiple agronomic traits by affecting auxin homeostasis
Authors: Qiao Lulu , Zheng Liyu , Sheng Cong , Zhao Hongwei , Jin Hailing , Niu Dongdong 
Published: January 2020

SummaryPlant small RNAs (sRNAs) play significant roles in regulating various developmental processes and hormone signalling pathways involved in plant responses to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of sRNAs in response to rice sheath blight remain unclear. We screened rice (Oryza sativa) sRNA expression patterns against Rhizoctonia solani and found that Tourist‐miniature inverted‐repeat transposable element (MITE)‐derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) (here referred to as siR109944) expression was clearly suppressed upon R. solani infection. One potential target of siR109944 is the F‐Box domain and LRR‐containing protein 55 (FBL55), which encode the transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1)‐like protein. We found that rice had significantly enhanced susceptibility when siR109944 was overexpressed, while FBL55 OE plants showed resistance to R. solani challenge. Additionally, multiple agronomic traits of rice, including root length and flag leaf inclination, were affected by siR109944 expression. Auxin metabolism‐related and signalling pathway‐related genes were differentially expressed in the siR109944 OE and FBL55 OE plants. Importantly, pre‐treatment with auxin enhanced sheath blight resistance by affecting endogenous auxin homeostasis in rice. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing siR109944 exhibited early flowering, increased tiller numbers, and increased susceptibility to R. solani. Our results demonstrate that siR109944 has a conserved function in interfering with plant immunity, growth, and development by affecting auxin homeostasis in planta. Thus, siR109944 provides a genetic target for plant breeding in the future. Furthermore, exogenous application of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) or auxin analogues might effectively protect field crops against diseases.
Dual function of HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1 during early skotomorphogenic growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sacnun Juan Manuel , Crespo Roberta , Palatnik Javier , Rasia Rodolfo , González‐Schain Nahuel 
Published: January 2020

SummarySeeds germinating underground display a specific developmental programme, termed skotomorphogenesis, to ensure survival of the emerging seedlings until they reach the light. They rapidly elongate the hypocotyl and maintain the cotyledons closed, forming a hook with the hypocotyl in order to protect apical meristematic cells from mechanical damage. Such crucial events for the fate of the seedling are tightly regulated and although some transcriptional regulators and phytohormones are known to be implicated in this regulation, we are still far from a complete understanding of these biological processes. Our work provides information on the diverse roles in skotomorphogenesis of the core components of microRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis, HYL1, DCL1, and SE. We show that hypocotyl elongation is promoted by all these components, probably through the action of specific miRNAs. Hook development also depends on these proteins however, remarkably, HYL1 exerts its role in an opposite way to DCL1 and SE. Interestingly, we found that a specific HYL1 domain involved in protein–protein interaction is required for this function. Genetic evidences also point to the phosphorylation status of HYL1 as important for this function. We propose that HYL1 help maintain the hook closed during early skotomorphogenesis in a microprocessor‐independent manner by repressing the activity of HY5, the transcriptional master regulator that triggers light responses. This work uncovers a previously unnoticed link between components of the miRNA biogenesis machinery, the skotomorphogenic growth, and hook development in Arabidopsis.
Human zoonotic tuberculosis and livestock exposure in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review identifying challenges in laboratory diagnosis
Authors: Luciano Sarah Anne , Roess Amira 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundZoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) accounts for 1.4% of the global tuberculosis burden, with the largest disease burden in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). These populations have increased exposure to zTB due to livestock rearing practices and raw dairy consumption. This qualitative systematic literature review evaluates the quality of the literature that examines the association between human zTB in LMICs and frequent exposure to livestock and livestock products and summarizes current gaps in laboratory detection methods.MethodsThe Navigation Guide, a systematic review framework utilized to assess environmental health exposures, was used to conduct this literature review. Peer‐reviewed research articles were selected and evaluated for risk of bias and quality of evidence. Only studies conducted in LMICs that mentioned livestock or livestock product exposure and had a confirmed diagnosis were eligible.ResultsFifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Reported prevalence of human zTB ranged from 0% to 28%, with cattle and raw dairy the primary exposures. All confirmed zTB cases were Mycobacterium bovis. Eight of the 15 studies included livestock sampling, predominantly cattle and reported prevalence of zTB between 0% and 23%. Laboratory methods used included nearly a dozen different culture methods and a variety of molecular methods, some of which are not appropriate for zTB.ConclusionsThis review revealed the need for appropriate and standardized laboratory diagnostic methods, and large prospective studies of at‐risk populations to determine exposures that lead to an increased risk of tuberculosis conversion/infection to better understand the true burden of disease. Standardized, easy to implement laboratory diagnostics is an imperative focus for this scientific field to better identify the burden of zTB. Future studies pairing livestock and human subjects will allow better characterization of the high zTB transmission areas for targeted control and prevention programmes.
TRESK background K+ channel deletion selectively uncovers enhanced mechanical and cold sensitivity
Authors: Castellanos Aida , Pujol‐Coma Anna , Andres‐Bilbe Alba , Negm Ahmed , Callejo Gerard , Soto David , Noël Jacques , Comes Nuria , Gasull Xavier 
Published: January 2020

Key points
TRESK background K+ channel is expressed in sensory neurons and acts as a brake to reduce neuronal activation.
Deletion of the channel enhances the excitability of nociceptors.
Skin nociceptive C‐fibres show an enhanced activation by cold and mechanical stimulation in TRESK knockout animals.
Channel deletion selectively enhances mechanical and cold sensitivity in mice, without altering sensitivity to heat.
These results indicate that the channel regulates the excitability of specific neuronal subpopulations involved in mechanosensitivity and cold‐sensing.
AbstractBackground potassium‐permeable ion channels play a critical role in tuning the excitability of nociceptors, yet the precise role played by different subsets of channels is not fully understood. Decreases in TRESK (TWIK‐related spinal cord K+ channel) expression/function enhance excitability of sensory neurons, but its role in somatosensory perception and nociception is poorly understood. Here, we used a TRESK knockout (KO) mouse to address these questions. We show that TRESK regulates the sensitivity of sensory neurons in a modality‐specific manner, contributing to mechanical and cold sensitivity but without any effect on heat sensitivity. Nociceptive neurons isolated from TRESK KO mice show a decreased threshold for activation and skin nociceptive C‐fibres show an enhanced activation by cold and mechanical stimulation that was also observed in behavioural tests in vivo. TRESK is also involved in osmotic pain and in early phases of formalin‐induced inflammatory pain, but not in the development of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia during chronic pain. In contrast, mice lacking TRESK present cold allodynia that is not further enhanced by oxaliplatin. In summary, genetic removal of TRESK uncovers enhanced mechanical and cold sensitivity, indicating that the channel regulates the excitability of specific neuronal subpopulations involved in mechanosensitivity and cold‐sensing, acting as a brake to prevent activation by innocuous stimuli.
Biodiesel Spray Characteristics and Their Effect on Engine Combustion and Particulate Emissions
Authors: Singh Akhilendra Pratap , Agarwal Avinash Kumar 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Spray analysis is used to characterize the fuel spray evolution and spray shape, which affects in-cylinder combustion and particulate emission characteristics of compression ignition (CI) engines. In this study, spray evolution of biodiesel blends and mineral diesel was captured using a high-speed charge coupled device (CCD) camera at different fuel injection pressures (FIPs) and ambient pressures (APs) in a constant volume spray chamber (CVSC). Results showed that spray parameters were significantly affected by FIP and AP. Higher FIPs resulted in longer fuel spray penetration length (Ls) and reduced spray cone angle (As). However, AP variation showed an exactly opposite trend of Ls and As. Increasing AP resulted in shorter Ls and increased As. Fuel properties also affected the spray characteristics, which slightly improved for lower biodiesel blends (B20: 20% v/v blend of biodiesel with mineral diesel) and then degraded for higher biodiesel blends (B40: 40% v/v blend of biodiesel with mineral diesel) with respect to baseline mineral diesel. The effects of these findings of fuel spray analysis were validated using engine experiments, which were performed in a single-cylinder research engine using identical test fuels and fuel injection parameters. Relatively superior combustion of B20-fueled engine and lower particulate emissions at higher FIPs showed good agreement with spray results.
Vehicle Shimmy Modeling With Pacejka's Magic Formula and the Delayed Tire Model
Authors: Mi Tian , Stepan Gabor , Takacs Denes , Chen Nan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates a three-degrees-of-freedom (DoF) shimmy model of vehicle front wheels with steering system and dependent suspension. The contact models of rigid ground and elastic tire are analyzed from the viewpoint of predicting shimmy. Pacejka's magic formula and the delayed tire model are compared by means of stability charts in various parameter domains. Conclusions are obtained regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the delayed tire model.
ASCVD risk stratification modifies the effect of HbA1c on cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with basic to moderate risk
Authors: Zhang Hongmei , Qin Li , Sheng Chang-Sheng , Niu Yixin , Gu Hongxia , Lu Shuai , Yang Zhen , Tian Jingyan , Su Qing 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.0%–8.0% and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with different baseline 10-year atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk stratification.Research design and methodsA prospective population-based cohort of 10 060 adults aged 40–70 years in Chongming District of Shanghai was established in 2011. These participants were followed up for 3.25 years and CVD information was recorded. We investigated this association between HbA1c categories and incident CVD stratified by the 10-year ASCVD risk using multiple Cox regression analysis among 1880 patients with T2DM without CVD history. CVD events were defined as cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke.ResultsThe corresponding incidence of CVD per 1000 person-years for the HbA1c≤6.5%, 6.6%–6.9%, 7.0%–8.0% and >8.0% groups were 12.5, 21.8, 22.9 and 28.9, respectively. The HbA1c>8.0% group was significantly associated with a higher CVD risk in patients with T2DM. The HbA1c 7.0%–8.0% group was significantly associated with a higher CVD risk in patients with T2DM with moderate baseline ASCVD risk (HR 2.48; 95% CI 1.15 to 5.32).ConclusionHbA1c of 7.0%–8.0% may result in a significantly higher CVD risk among patients with T2DM with moderate baseline ASCVD risk, which support the use of HbA1c combined with baseline ASCVD risk assessment to determine future glucose-lowering treatment decisions among patients with T2DM with basic to moderate risk.
Trust, culture and communication: determinants of eye health and care among Indigenous people with diabetes in Australia
Authors: Yashadhana Aryati , Fields Ted , Blitner Godfrey , Stanley Ruby , Zwi Anthony B 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionOur study aimed to identify factors that influence access to eye care and eye health outcomes for remote Indigenous Australians living with diabetes.MethodsIn collaboration with Indigenous Community-Based Researchers (CBR) and Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHS), a qualitative, participatory action research approach was taken, drawing on Indigenist and decolonising methodologies. The study was undertaken in four remote communities, in the Katherine region, Northern Territory and north-western New South Wales, Australia. Interviews and focus groups were undertaken with Indigenous adults aged ≥40 years living with diabetes (n=110), and primary care clinicians working in ACCHSs (n=37). A series of interviews with CBRs (n=13) were undertaken before and after data collection to add cultural insights and validation to participant accounts. Data were analysed inductively using grounded theory, in-depth discussion and NVivo V.11.ResultsMore than one-third of all patients had little to no knowledge of how diabetes affects eye health. Limited access to health information and interpreters, language barriers, distrust of health providers and services, and limited cultural responsivity among non-Indigenous clinicians, were identified as determining factors in eye health and care.DiscussionWe outline a need to address gaps in trust and communication, through increased access to and resourcing of Indigenous language interpreters and cultural brokers, understandable and culturally sensitive diabetic eye health information and cultural responsivity training for non-Indigenous clinicians. Centring Indigenous cultures in healthcare practice will enable a shared understanding between clinicians and Indigenous patients, and subsequently more equitable eye health outcomes.
Short-term exposure to pollen and the risk of allergic and asthmatic manifestations: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kitinoja Milja A , Hugg Timo T , Siddika Nazeeba , Rodriguez Yanez Daniel , Jaakkola Maritta S , Jaakkola Jouni J K 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundSeveral studies have assessed effects of short-term exposure to pollen on allergic and asthmatic manifestations. The evidence is inconclusive, and no meta-analysis has been published.ObjectiveTo synthesise the evidence on the relations between short-term pollen exposure and the risk of allergic and asthmatic manifestations.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search of PubMed and Scopus databases up to the end of August 2018. In addition, we reviewed the reference lists of relevant articles. Two authors independently evaluated the eligible articles and extracted relevant information in a structured form. We calculated summary effect estimates (EE) based on the study-specific ORs and regression coefficients (β) by applying both fixed-effects and random-effects models.Results26 studies met the a priori eligibility criteria, and 12 of them provided sufficient information for the meta-analysis. The summary EE related to 10 grains per m³ increase in pollen exposure showed an 1% increase (EE 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02) in the risk of lower respiratory symptoms and a 2% increase (EE 1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03) in the risk of any allergic or asthmatic symptom. Correspondingly, the risk of upper respiratory symptoms and ocular symptoms increased 7% (EE 1.07, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.09) and 11% (EE 1.11, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.17), respectively, in relation to such pollen exposure. Short-term exposure to pollen did not show any significant effect on daily lung function levels.ConclusionOur results provide new evidence that short-term pollen exposure significantly increases the risks of allergic and asthmatic symptoms.
Worldwide prevalence of obesity among firefighters: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Soares Edgard Melo Keene Von Koenig , Smith Denise , Grossi Porto Luiz Guilherme 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionObesity may interfere with job performance and increase the risk of injury during firefighting activity. Obesity also has many deleterious effects on health indices and is associated with higher all-cause mortality. Studies report a high prevalence of obesity in the fire service. Also, firefighters’ work schedule (12-hour to 24-hour shifts) and food availability during night shifts may be related to weight gain. Studies in American firefighters have shown annual weight gain between 0.5 and 1.5 kg. This study aims to report the obesity prevalence in the fire service to describe how it varies based on country and region, job status, type of firefighter and gender.Methods and analysisThe main outcome evaluated will be obesity prevalence. We will systematically search the literature databases PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Sportdiscus, Academic Search Premier, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), SciTech Premium Collection, Sports Medicine & Education Index, Research Library and Scopus. One reviewer will perform the search. Two independent reviewers will select studies, extract data from eligible studies and evaluate their methodological and reporting quality. Agreement between reviewers will be measured using Cohen’s kappa. Other data of interest will include age, body mass index, body fat percentage, job status (career, volunteer or military), years of service and type of firefighter (eg, structural and wildland firefighter). We will produce a narrative summary of our findings. Tables will be generated to summarise data.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review does not require ethics clearance since published studies with non-identifiable data will be used. The results of the systematic review will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal and through conference presentations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019129122.