bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving trust in trusts: introducing the Philanthropy.Insight tool
Authors: Graf Strachwitz Rupert , Alter Rolf 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Given a general tendency to mistrust larger institutions and increasing queries regarding the legitimacy of private trusts and foundations in modern democratic societies, new tools need to be developed in order to be able to fend off criticism. Concentrating on outcomes and impact alone is arguably not sufficient. This article introduces Philanthropy.Insight, a new and more comprehensive tool by which the work of trusts and foundations may be better assessed.
The Clinical Presentation and Immunology of Viral Pneumonia and Implications for Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Darden Dijoia B. , Hawkins Russell B. , Larson Shawn D. , Iovine Nicole M. , Prough Donald S. , Efron Philip A. 
Published: April 2020

Objectives:
This review will briefly examine the clinical presentation and important immunology of viral pneumonia with a focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019).

Data Sources, Study Selection, Data Extraction, and Data Synthesis:
The most relevant, original and review literature were assessed for inclusion in this review. Sources included the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, and PubMed.

Conclusions:
Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization and death worldwide, with viral etiologies being very common. Given the rapidly emerging pandemic associated with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing coronavirus disease 2019, it is important to review the clinical presentation and immunologic changes associated with viral pneumonia. Symptoms of viral pneumonia include common respiratory tract infection symptoms of cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Immunologic changes include up-regulation of airway pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns contributing to cytokine and genomic changes. Coronavirus disease 2019 clinical presentation is typical of viral pneumonia with an increased prevalence of early pulmonary infiltrates and lymphopenia. Principles of early coronavirus disease 2019 management and isolation as well as potential therapeutic approaches to the emerging pandemic are discussed.
Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 on Burn Injury and Repair Process: Analysis Using a Refined Mouse Model
Authors: Hishida Kensaku , Hatano Sonoko , Furukawa Hiroshi , Yokoo Kazuhisa , Watanabe Hideto 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Burn injury is one of the most debilitating traumas, which induces multiple organ dysfunctions, resulting in high levels of morbidity and mortality. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) has been applied to burn injury, whose precise mechanisms underlying facilitating the healing have not been fully understood. Although various animal models have been developed in pigs, rabbits, rats, and mice, no mouse model that creates burns consistent in their extent and depth have not been developed. Here, we developed a mouse burn model, and investigated details of the burn process, and elucidated the mechanisms of FGF2 effects.

Methods:
A device with an 8-mm metal probe and a temperature controller was developed, which controls the temperature of the probe. Using the device, 1 or 2 of full-thickness burn injuries were generated on the back under catagen/telogen of 6-month-old C57BL/6 male mice. After 24 hours, FGF2 or phosphate-buffered saline was injected into the injured region, and at days 3, 5, and 7, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to observe the injury and repair process.

Results:
The device constantly generated a mouse full-thickness burn injury. The repair was initiated on the bottom of the burn as well as the margin. Local treatment with FGF2 displayed higher levels of immunostaining for both CD31+ and alpha-smooth muscle actin.

Conclusions:
The device we developed is useful to generate a mouse burn injury model. FGF2 facilitates tissue repair with an increased number of both CD31+ and αSMA+ cells.
Interlay Myringoplasty With Anterior Subannular Grafting Technique for Anterior and Subtotal Perforations
Authors: Kawano Hirokazu 
Published: April 2020

Objective:
To describe the interlay myringoplasty with anterior subannular grafting technique and evaluate postoperative hearing and complications of this technique.

Study Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Patients:
We included 141 patients with anterior and subtotal tympanic membrane (TM) perforation. Patients who underwent concurrent ossicular chain reconstruction were included in graft success and complication rates evaluations, and were excluded from audiometric evaluation.

Interventions:
Only squamous layer of the TM continuous with posterior meatal skin is elevated except one of anterioinferior annulus. The inner tympanic remnant is released from the anterioinferior annulus and then the subannular mucosa is separated from the annulus to fashion a subannular pocket. The anterior edge of the graft is inserted into the pocket, and the rest of the graft is sandwiched between the two divided layers of the TM.

Main Outcome Measures:
Graft success rate and hearing results were evaluated at 6 months postoperatively. Postoperative complications were also noted.

Results:
The technique was successfully performed in 132 (93.6%) cases. Graft success rate was 98.3% (111/113) and the mean improvement of the air-bone gap was 9.5 dB, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was no anterior blunting or TM lateralization. The pearl formations were found in six (5.3%) patients. All of them were easily removed at follow-up examination.

Conclusions:
The present study showed the interlay myringoplasty with anterior subannular grafting technique produces excellent results to repair anterior or subtotal TM perforations with few risk of anterior blunting and lateralization of the TM.
Accuracy of liver and spleen stiffness on magnetic resonance elastography for detecting portal hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Singh Ranjit , Wilson Mitchell P. , Katlariwala Prayash , Murad Mohammad H. , McInnes Matthew D.F. , Low Gavin 
Published: April 2020

Introduction
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of liver and spleen stiffness on magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) for detecting clinically significant portal hypertension.

Methods
A systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and the Grey Literature through to 15 August 2019 was performed. Original articles with >10 patients evaluating liver and/or spleen stiffness on MRE using a reference standard of portal hypertension defined as intractable ascites, esophageal varices, encephalopathy and/or death were included in analysis. Patient, clinical, MRI, and diagnostic performance was independently acquired by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed using a bivariate mixed-effects regression model.

Results
Fourteen studies were included with 12 studies evaluating liver stiffness and eight studies evaluating spleen stiffness. The pooled and weighted sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) values for liver stiffness on MRE were 83% [95% confidence interval (CI) 72–90%], 80% (95% CI 70–88%), and 88% (95% CI 85–91%), respectively. The pooled and weighted sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values for spleen stiffness on MRE were 79% (95% CI 61–90%), 90% (95% CI 80–95%), and 92% (95% CI 89–94%), respectively. The liver and spleen stiffness sensitivity and specificity values were comparable when evaluating for esophageal varices only at of 80% (95% CI 66–89%) and 76% (95% CI 62–86%) for liver stiffness, and 75% (95% CI 52–90%) and 89% (95% CI 70–96%) for spleen stiffness.

Discussion
Liver and spleen stiffness on MRE can serve as a supplemental noninvasive assessment tools for detecting clinically significant portal hypertension. Spleen stiffness may be more specific and accurate than liver stiffness for detecting portal hypertension.
The prevention and management of Crohn’s disease postoperative recurrence: results from the Y-ECCO/ClinCom 2019 Survey
Authors: Dragoni Gabriele , Ding Nik , Gecse Krisztina B. , Mansfield John C. , Kopylov Uri , Beaugerie Laurent , Bossuyt Peter , Sebastian Shaji , Milla Monica , Bagnoli Siro , Yassin Nuha A. , Bettenworth Dominik , Burisch Johan , Hedin Charlotte , Gisbert Javier P. , Ferrante Marc 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Prevention and management of postoperative recurrence (POR) is a controversial field in Crohn’s disease. The aim of this survey was to report common practice in real-life settings.

Methods:
An 11-question survey was distributed among gastroenterologists attending the 14th European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) congress.

Results:
Postoperative endoscopy to assess recurrence was routinely performed within 12 months by 87% of respondents. Forty-six percent of clinicians reported to maintain endoscopic assessment in routine follow-up even after first negative colonoscopy. Most respondents (60%) considered starting postoperative immunoprophylaxis in naïve patients if one or more known risk factors were present. The number of risk factors was an important driver for prescribing biologics over immunosuppressants for 60% of respondents.
In case of fistulizing phenotype, perianal disease, or concomitant colonic involvement, the majority of physicians reported to start an immediate prophylaxis in 85, 98 and 88% of patients, respectively. A significant percentage of clinicians were more prone to an endoscopy-driven treatment in long-standing disease after failure of thiopurines (51%) and elderly (43%).

Conclusion:
Endoscopy within the first year after surgery to assess POR has become routine in most centres. The high rate of early prophylaxis with expensive biologics despite missing solid evidence highlights the need for more randomized trials.
Comparison of the impact of tenofovir alafenamide and entecavir on declines of hepatitis B surface antigen levels
Authors: Kumada Takashi , Toyoda Hidenori , Tada Toshifumi , Yasuda Satoshi , Miyake Nozomi , Tanaka Junko 
Published: April 2020

Objective:
Tenofovir alafenamide is a new prodrug of tenofovir that allows for the treatment of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) at a lower dose than with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, due to the more efficient delivery of tenofovir to hepatocytes. In this study, we compared entecavir and tenofovir alafenamide in terms of their ability to reduce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the same group of patients with HBV infection.

Methods:
During March and June 2018, 129 patients who received entecavir were switched to tenofovir alafenamide. Every 3– 6 months for 1 year before and after switching to tenofovir alafenamide, all patients underwent measurements of HBsAg, hepatitis core-related antigen (HBcrAg), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Results:
The percent decline rate during the entecavir and tenofovir alafenamide phases at 6 months were 2.38% (−3.57 to 0.00) and −3.57% (−7.14 to 0.00), respectively, and those at 12 months were 3.03% (−6.57 to 0.00) and −5.56% (−7.41 to −2.50), respectively. HBsAg levels were reduced significantly more during the tenofovir alafenamide phase than during the entecavir phase (P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the percent declines of HBcrAg, Ca, inorganic phosphorus, or eGFR during the entecavir and tenofovir alafenamide phases after 1 year.

Conclusion:
tenofovir alafenamide significantly decreased HBsAg levels compared to entecavir.
Platelet–lymphocyte ratio predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who receive lenvatinib: an inverse probability weighting analysis
Authors: Tada Toshifumi , Kumada Takashi , Hiraoka Atsushi , Michitaka Kojiro , Atsukawa Masanori , Hirooka Masashi , Tsuji Kunihiko , Ishikawa Toru , Takaguchi Koichi , Kariyama Kazuya , Itobayashi Ei , Tajiri Kazuto , Shimada Noritomo , Shibata Hiroshi , Ochi Hironori , Yasuda Satoshi , Toyoda Hidenori , Fukunishi Shinya , Ohama Hideko , Kawata Kazuhito , Nakamura Shinichiro , Nouso Kazuhiro , Tsutsui Akemi , Nagano Takuya , Itokawa Norio , Hayama Korenobu , Arai Taeang , Imai Michitaka , Joko Kouji , Koizumi Yohei , Hiasa Yoichi 
Published: April 2020

Objective
Lenvatinib, a newly developed molecularly targeted agent, has become available as a first-line therapy in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) has been associated with poor outcome in various malignancies, including HCC. In this study, we investigated the ability of PLR to predict outcomes in patients with unresectable HCC who received lenvatinib.

Methods
Multivariate survival analysis was performed in 283 patients with unresectable HCC who received lenvatinib. In addition, the utility of PLR for predicting survival was clarified using an inverse probability weighting (IPW) analysis.

Results
Cumulative overall survival at 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 days was 95.2, 83.8, 68.3, 60.3, and 49.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards modeling showed that PLR (≥150) [hazard ratio, 1.588; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.039–2.428; P = 0.033], α-fetoprotein level, and Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage were independently associated with overall survival. Cumulative overall survival differed significantly between patients with low versus high PLR (P = 0.029). In addition, univariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards modeling adjusted by IPW showed that PLR (≥150) (hazard ratio, 1.396; 95% CI, 1.051–1.855; P = 0.021) was significantly associated with overall survival. Conversely, univariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards modeling adjusted only by IPW showed that PLR (≥150) (hazard ratio, 1.254; 95% CI, 1.016–1.549; P = 0.035) was significantly associated with progression-free survival. PLR values were not independently associated with therapeutic responses before or after IPW-adjusted logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions
PLR predicted overall survival in patients with unresectable HCC who received lenvatinib.
Prenatal Care for American Indian Women
Authors: Johnson Mary Beth 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Early and regular prenatal care, which aims to prevent and identify complications associated with pregnancy, birth, and newborn health, is associated with improved health of pregnant women and their infants. American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women are at risk for pregnancy, birth, and newborn health complications associated with health disparities including poverty, lower educational levels, limited access to healthcare, and adverse childhood events. American Indian/Alaska Native women in the United States experience barriers specifically related to prenatal care, including lack of access, dissimilar communication styles, and inconsistent continuity of care. Culturally appropriate prenatal care should be provided to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality. Community-based interventions such as home visiting, that may potentially improve prenatal care, focusing on the American Indian tribes of the Northern Great Plains, specifically North Dakota, are discussed.
COVID-19 in Children in the United States: Intensive Care Admissions, Estimated Total Infected, and Projected Numbers of Severe Pediatric Cases in 2020
Authors: Pathak Elizabeth Barnett , Salemi Jason L. , Sobers Natasha , Menard Janelle , Hambleton Ian R. 
Published: April 2020

Importance:
A surge in severe cases of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) in children would present unique challenges for hospitals and public health preparedness efforts in the United States.

Objective:
To provide evidence-based estimates of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and projected cumulative numbers of severely ill pediatric COVID-19 cases requiring hospitalization during the US 2020 pandemic.

Design:
Empirical case projection study.

Main Outcomes and Measures:
Adjusted pediatric severity proportions and adjusted pediatric criticality proportions were derived from clinical and spatiotemporal modeling studies of the COVID-19 epidemic in China for the period January-February 2020. Estimates of total children infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the United States through April 6, 2020, were calculated using US pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) cases and the adjusted pediatric criticality proportion. Projected numbers of severely and critically ill children with COVID-19 were derived by applying the adjusted severity and criticality proportions to US population data, under several scenarios of cumulative pediatric infection proportion (CPIP).

Results:
By April 6, 2020, there were 74 children who had been reported admitted to PICUs in 19 states, reflecting an estimated 176 190 children nationwide infected with SARS-CoV-2 (52 381 infants and toddlers younger than 2 years, 42 857 children aged 2-11 years, and 80 952 children aged 12-17 years). Under a CPIP scenario of 5%, there would be 3.7 million children infected with SARS-CoV-2, 9907 severely ill children requiring hospitalization, and 1086 critically ill children requiring PICU admission. Under a CPIP scenario of 50%, 10 865 children would require PICU admission, 99 073 would require hospitalization for severe pneumonia, and 37.0 million would be infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions and Relevance:
Because there are 74.0 million children 0 to 17 years old in the United States, the projected numbers of severe cases could overextend available pediatric hospital care resources under several moderate CPIP scenarios for 2020 despite lower severity of COVID-19 in children than in adults.
Key Drivers in Reducing Hospital-acquired Pressure Injury at a Quaternary Children’s Hospital
Authors: Johnson Andrea K. , Kruger Jenna F. , Ferrari Sarah , Weisse Melissa B. , Hamilton Marie , Loh Ling , Chapman Amy M. , Taylor Kristine , Bargmann-Losche Jessey , Donnelly Lane F. 
Published: April 2020

Introduction:
Despite being a participating Solutions for Patient Safety (SPS) children’s hospital and having attempted implementation of the SPS hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) prevention bundle, our hospital remained at a HAPI rate that was 3 times the mean for SPS participating children’s hospitals. This performance led to the launch of an enterprise-wide HAPI reduction initiative in our organization. The purpose of this article is to describe the improvement initiative, the key drivers, and the resulting decrease in the SPS-reportable HAPI rate.

Methods:
We designed a hospital-wide HAPI reduction initiative with actions grouped into 3 key driver areas: standardization, data transparency, and accountability. We paused all individual hospital unit-based HAPI reduction initiatives. We calculated the rate of SPS-reportable HAPIs per 1,000 patient days during both the pre- and postimplementation phases and compared mean rates using a 2-sided t test assuming unequal variances.

Results:
The mean SPS-reportable HAPI rate for the preimplementation phase was 0.3489, and the postimplementation phase was 0.0609. The difference in rates was statistically significant (P < 0.00032). This result equates to an 82.5% reduction in HAPI rate.

Conclusions:
Having an institutional pause and retooled initiative to reduce HAPI with key drivers in the areas of standardization, data transparency, and accountability had a statistically significant reduction in our organization’s SPS-reportable HAPI rate.
Brief Report: Group Sex and Methamphetamine Use Fuel an Explosive Epidemic of Hepatitis C Among HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Wansom Tanyaporn , Pinyakorn Suteeraporn , Kolsteeg Christy J. , Kroon Eugene , Sacdalan Carlo P. , Chomchey Nitiya , Ananworanich Jintanat , Vasan Sandhya , Phanuphak Nittaya , Colby Donn J. 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Increased rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) and who deny injecting drugs have been reported in resource-rich settings.

Setting:
We measured HCV prevalence and incidence in a predominantly MSM cohort with acute HIV infection in Bangkok, Thailand.

Methods:
In 2009–2018, participants with acute HIV infection were enrolled into the SEARCH010/RV254 cohort. HCV antibody was measured at enrollment and at least once annually. Infection was confirmed with HCV RNA. Risk factors for HCV were analyzed by proportional hazards regression, with hazard ratios (HRs) calculated in a multivariable model.

Results:
Of 573 participants, 94% were MSM, with a median age of 26 years (range 18–70 years). The prevalence of HCV antibody was 9 of the 573, or 1.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7% to 3.0%]. In 1883 person-years (PY) of follow-up, 39 incident cases were identified (20.7 per 1000 PY, 95% CI: 15.1 to 28.3). All incident cases were identified from 2014 onward, and incidence rose from a range of 7.5–11.4 per 1000 PY between 2014 and 2016 to 44.8 per 1000 PY in 2018 (P = 0.001). Most cases (97.4%) were MSM and denied injecting drugs (37 of the 39, 94.5%). In multivariate analysis, methamphetamine use [adjusted HR 2.33 (95% CI: 1.13 to 4.8), P = 0.022], group sex [adjusted HR 2.54 (95% CI: 1.26 to 5.12), P = 0.009], and a history of positive Treponema pallidum hemagglutination or rapid plasma reagin [adjusted HR 2.43 (95% CI: 1.22 to 4.85), P = 0.012] were significantly associated with incident HCV.

Conclusion:
We report an HCV epidemic among this cohort of HIV-infected Bangkok-based MSM. Access to timely HCV diagnosis and treatment is needed to prevent morbidity and to decrease onward transmission.
Evaluation of Postpartum Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy on Obstetrical Anal Sphincter Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Von Bargen Emily , Haviland Miriam J. , Chang Olivia H. , McKinney Jessica , Hacker Michele R. , Elkadry Eman 
Published: April 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate a short course of postpartum pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) on symptoms and quality of life after obstetrical anal sphincter injuries (OASIS).

Methods
This was a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Adult women were eligible if they had a vaginal delivery complicated by OASIS and did not have a prior vaginal delivery after 24 weeks’ gestation. Participants were randomized to standard care plus PFPT or standard care alone. The primary outcome was change in the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) at 12 weeks postpartum. Secondary outcomes included other validated questionnaires assessing pelvic floor symptoms and bother.

Results
We approached 89 eligible women; 50 were enrolled and randomized. We excluded 6 participants in the PFPT group and 1 in the standard care group who withdrew before study initiation or did not provide baseline data at 2 weeks postpartum. Thus, we analyzed 19 in the PFPT group and 24 in the standard care group. The groups were similar with regard to most baseline characteristics.
The PFPT group reported significant improvement in pelvic floor symptoms and bother compared with the standard care group, reflected by a decrease of 29.2 (interquartile range = −58.3 to −4.2) compared with 0.0 (interquartile range = −14.6 to 20.8) on the PFDI-20 from 2 to 12 weeks postpartum (P = 0.002). Significant differences also were observed for all PFDI-20 subscales (all P ≤ 0.02).

Conclusions
At 12 weeks postpartum, the PFPT group reported a significant improvement in pelvic floor symptoms and bother compared with the standard care group.