bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plan of the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough
Authors: Wilmott Tony , Smither Philip 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecent excavation and coring of the collapsed east wall of the Saxon Shore fort of Richborough has revealed the manner in which the wall collapsed. This led to a re-evaluation of the original siting of the wall, which must have lain to the west of where it is usually depicted. Reassessment of previous excavations, including the examination of original records from the J.P. Bushe-Fox excavations of the 1920s and 1930s leads to the conclusion that the so-called ‘unfinished’ or ‘abandoned’ east wall foundation was in fact the base of the built east wall, from which the collapse derives. A revised fort plan based upon this conclusion is suggested. Supplementary material is available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X20000379), and includes additional backing tables and illustrations referenced in the text.
Clinical and socio-economic predictors of work participation in adult CHD patients
Authors: Sarno Lauren A. , Cortright Lindsay , Stanley Tiara , Tumin Dmitry , Li Jennifer S. , Sang Charlie J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground:Adults with CHD have reduced work participation rates compared to adults without CHD. We aimed to quantify employment rate among adult CHD patients in a population-based registry and to describe factors and barriers associated with work participation.Methods:We retrospectively identified adults with employment information in the North Carolina Congenital Heart Defects Surveillance Network. Employment was defined as any paid work in a given year. Logistic regression was used to examine patients’ employment status during each year.Results:The registry included 1,208 adult CHD patients with a health care encounter between 2009 and 2013, of whom 1,078 had ≥1 year of data with known employment status. Overall, 401 patients (37%) were employed in their most recent registry year. On multivariable analysis, the odds of employment decreased with older age and were lower for Black as compared to White patients (odds ratio = 0.78; 95% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.98; p = 0.030), and single as compared to married patients (odds ratio = 0.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.63; p < 0.001).Conclusion:In a registry where employment status was routinely captured, only 37% of adult CHD patients aged 18–64 years were employed, with older patients, Black patients, and single patients being less likely to be employed. Further work is needed to consider how enhancing cardiology follow-up for adults with CHD can integrate support for employment.
Cardiac workup and monitoring in hospitalised children with COVID- 19
Authors: Fremed Michael A. , Lytrivi Irene D. , Liberman Leonardo , Anderson Brett R. , Barry Oliver M. , Choudhury Tarif A. , Chrisomalis-Dring Sophia , Ferris Anne , Glickstein Julie S. , Krishnan Usha , Levasseur Stéphanie , Rosenzweig Erika B. , Shah Amee , Silver Eric S. , Suh Sanghee , Turner Mariel E. , Weller Rachel , Woo Joyce , Starc Thomas J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractApproximately, 1.7 million individuals in the United States have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This has disproportionately impacted adults, but many children have been infected and hospitalised as well. To date, there is not much information published addressing the cardiac workup and monitoring of children with COVID-19. Here, we share the approach to the cardiac workup and monitoring utilised at a large congenital heart centre in New York City, the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
Measuring overweight and obesity in Chinese American children using US, international and ethnic-specific growth charts
Authors: Lau Jennifer D , Elbaar Laminasti , Chao Eda , Zhong Olivia , Yu Chihang Ray , Tse Raymond , Au Loretta 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:The aim is to determine the disparity between the overweight and obesity prevalence of Chinese American school-aged children and adolescents as measured by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth reference and the prevalence as measured by international and ethnic-specific-growth references.Design:This retrospective, cross-sectional study measured overweight and obesity prevalence among a paediatric population using the CDC, International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), World Health Organization (WHO) and an ethnic Chinese growth curve.Setting:A community health centre in New York City, USA.Participants:Chinese American children aged 6–17 years in 2017 (N 9160).Results:The overweight prevalence was 24 % (CDC), 23 % (IOTF), 30 % (WHO) and 31 % (China). The obesity prevalence was 10 % (CDC), 5 % (IOTF), 10 % (WHO) and 10 % (China). When disaggregated by age and sex, the difference was the most prominent in girls; using the China reference compared with using the CDC reference almost doubles the overweight prevalence (school-aged: 31 v. 17 %, P < 0·001, adolescent: 27 v. 14 %, P < 0·001) and the obesity prevalence (school-aged: 11 v. 5 %, P < 0·001, adolescent: 7 v. 4 %, P < 0·001).Conclusions:Use of the CDC reference compared with the Chinese ethnic-specific reference results in lower overweight and obesity prevalence in Chinese American girls. Almost half of the girls who were overweight and half of the girls who were obese were not identified using the CDC reference. Using ethnic-specific references or ethnic-specific cut-points may help improve overweight identification for Chinese American children.
Validation of a new software eAT24 used to assess dietary intake in the adult Portuguese population
Authors: Goios Ana CL , Severo Milton , Lloyd Amanda J , Magalhães Vânia PL , Lopes Carla , Torres Duarte PM 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:The aim of the current study was to evaluate the accuracy of the new software eAT24 used to assess dietary intake in the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (IAN-AF) against urinary biomarkers: N (nitrogen), K (potassium) and Na (sodium).Design:We conducted a cross-sectional study. Two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR) were applied, and a 24-h urine sample was collected. We examined differences between estimates from dietary and urine measures, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated and the Bland–Altman plots were drawn. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the factors associated with the difference between estimates.Setting:Sub-sample from the Portuguese IAN-AF sampling frame.Participants:Ninety-five adults (men and women) aged 18–84 years.Results:The estimated intake calculated using the dietary recall data was lower than that estimated from urinary excretion for the three biomarkers studied (protein 94·3 v. 100·4 g/d, K 3212 v. 3416 mg/d and Na 3489 v. 4003 mg/d). Considering 2 d of recall, the deattenuated correlation coefficients were 0·33, 0·64 and 0·26 for protein, K and Na, respectively. For protein, differences between dietary and urinary estimates varied according to BMI (β = −1·96, P = 0·017). The energy intake and 24-h urine volume were significantly associated with the difference between estimates for protein (β = 0·03, P < 0·001 and β = −0·02, P = 0·002, respectively), K (β = 0·71, P < 0·001 and β = −0·42, P = 0·040, respectively) and Na (β = 1·55, P < 0·001 and β = −0·81, P = 0·011, respectively).Conclusions:The new software eAT24 performed well in estimating protein and K intakes, but lesser so in estimating Na intake, using two non-consecutive 24-HDR.
Ovarian Carcinomas: Insights into Origins Using Confocal Microscopy and Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization on Intact Paraffin Sections
Authors: Bailey GW , Dimlich RVW , Alexander KB , McCarthy JJ , Pretlow TP , Wolf N G , Abdul-Karim F W , Schork N J , Schwartz S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although ovarian carcinomas are the most lethal gynecologic tumors, their origins remain unclear. Do they develop from malignant transformation of benign neoplasms through a multistep process of tumor progression, or do they arise de novo? The histologically benign and/or low malignant potential (LMP) components in heterogeneous ovarian carcinomas have been considered as evidence supporting the theory of tumor progression. These components are interpretted as the remnants of pre-existing neoplasms that underwent malignant transformation. In two other possible interpretations, however, such components may be clones which developed independently (de novo hypothesis) or they may represent malignant epithelium which underwent focal maturation (maturation hypothesis).
To evaluate genetic relationships of the histological components in heterogeneous ovarian carcinomas, 10 such neoplasms and 5 normal ovary controls were examined using fluorescence in situhybridization (FISH) on intact paraffin sections (6 μm).The retention of tissue architecture allowed direct correlation of detectable genetic aberrations with histology, and comparison of malignant components with adjacent histologically benign or LMP components.
Giant Human T-Lymphocytes (Jurkat Cells) Expressing HIV-1 Tat-72: LM and TEM.
Authors: Gilloteaux J , Koch J , Jamison J M , Authelet M , Sowick C , Summers JL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is dependent upon the synthesis of TAT for efficient transcriptional activation and replication. Following translocation to the nucleus TAT interacts with a cis-acting TAT-responsive element located between nucleotides +1 and +42 within the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. This region contains an RNA stem loop structure TAR which interacts with TAT and cellular proteins to increase transcription 1000 fold We have transfected human T-lymphocytes with an expression vector containing the HIV-1 LTR driving the synthesis of TAT-72. A stable cell line was generated by selection with G418. Cells were grown on round glass coverslips coated with a solution of fibronectin overnight (at 37 °C). In addition to light microscopy (LM) observations, cells on coverslips were fixed with a 3.5% glutaraldehyde buffered solution (0.1 M Na cacodylate) for 5 min at room temperature and gently centrifliged in a microfuge (400 rpm, 3min) to obtain a cellular pellet.
Quantitative Laser Scanning Confocal Autofluorescence Microscopy (Lscam) of Normal and Premalignant Colonic Tissues
Authors: Wang Hsing-Wen , Willis Joseph , Sivak Michael V , Izatt Joseph A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy of tissues has been proposed as an adjunct to endoscopy for in vivo gastrointestinal (GI) diagnosis of premalignant lesions. In previous studies, under ultraviolet excitation (350-370 nm), sources of LIF signal differences in normal, and premalignant colonie tissues have been identified including 1) changes in gross tissue morphology, 2) increased hemoglobin absorption in adenomatous tissues, and 3) increased red fluorescence in dysplastic cells. However, many questions remain regarding the specific origins and biochemical correlates of GI tissue autofluorescence.
We report on a study of quantitative ultraviolet LIF spectral microscopy in human colonic tissues using a laser scanning confocal microscope with argon laser excitation 351-364 nm. Frozen sections (6μm) of normal colon (n=10) and tubular adenoma (n=8) were prepared from fresh surgical resection specimens using a previously published protocol. To identify histological components accurately, LSCAM slides were alcohol fixed and H&E histologically stained following confocal imaging.
Nanogold-Labeled Amyloid β Protein Targets 20s Proteasome
Authors: Hainfeld James F , Gregori Luisa , Simon Martha N , Goldgaber Dmitry 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Proteasomes are multicatalytic structures found in cells that play a major role in the proteolytic degradation of proteins. Before entering the proteasome, proteins are marked like trees to be cut by attachment of ubiquitin. Neurodegenerative disorders of aging, including Alzheimer's, show abnormal accumulation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NT). The latter are composed of paired helical filaments containing ubiquitinated tau protein. The fact that ubiquitinated tau is not degraded by the proteasomes may be a key to the formation of NT. Proteasomes, like other cellular pathways, are controlled by various mechanisms. It was found that amyloid β protein (Aβ) inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity. Additionally, Aβ was found in elevated quantity in NTs in Alzheimer's diseased brain tissue. Understanding the mechanism of action of Aβ therefore becomes important.
In order to track the regulatory Aβ protein (Aβ1-40), a variant was synthesized with a terminal cysteine (Aβ1-40C40) that could be gold labeled.
Effects of Soil Removal and Flooding on Leaf Cell Structure of Quercus Falcata Var. Pagodaefolia and Qurecus Nigra
Authors: Ning Zhu Hua , Abdollahi Kamran K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Soil removal and flooding are serious problems for many urban trees. The main purpose of this paper is to outline some changes which occur in leaves of cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia) and water oak (Quercus nigra) during soil removal and flooding treatments. There has not been any prior documentation of leaf tissue of trees under these conditions. Two-year-old saplings of cherrybark oaks and water oaks were randomly planted in twenty-four experimental plots. Trees were randomly subjected to a combination of soil removal and flooding treatments for one year. Leaf tissues were collected from trees in controlled and treated plots. Tissues were fixed overnight at 4° C in 4% glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.07M cacodylate at pH of 7.2 and post-fixed for one hour in 1% osmium tetroxide in the same buffer. After washing thoroughly in the buffer, tissues were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series and embedded in Eponate 12 resin. Thin sections of 75nm thick were cut with a MT-6000 ultratome and placed on 300 mesh copper grids. Sections were then positive stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate. All examinations of the cell structure were made using a Zeiss EM 10C transmission electron microscope.
Localization of Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Salivary Gland Ducts of Feeding Female Dermacentor Variabilis (SAY) and the Effect of Endogenous Nitric Oxide on Isolated Salivary Gland Ducts
Authors: Lamoreaux William J , Fitzgerald Malinda E C , Needham Glen R , Frase Sharon , Bayakly Nabil , Coons Lewis B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The tick Dermacentor variabilis returns much of the water and ions from the bloodmeal back into the host as saliva produced in paired salivary glands. These glands are made up of acini and a system of ducts (Fig. 1). Bloodsucking alternates with salivation, but saliva is constantly produced by the acini and expelled into the ducts where it accumulates during bloodsucking. Ducts consist of a layer of epithelial cells, a cuticular coil, and an epicuticular lining of the lumen (Figs. 2, 3). Actin-like filaments run from the coil into the epithelial cells as shown by TEM and CLSM (Figs. 3, 4). These filaments are absent in cytochalasin D treated ducts.
Nitric oxide synthase (=NADPH diaphorase) is present in duct epithelial cells as shown by histochemistry (Fig. 5). We measured nitric oxide (NO) indirectly by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. NO production and production of saliva is dopamine dependent. NO activates guanylyl cyclase as measured by an RIA for cGMP. The lumen width in dopamine stimulated isolated ducts increased by 19.7% as measured optically. Ducts pre-treated with 10 μM L-NAME, an NOS specific inhibitor, showed no significant increase in width. The addition of 10 μM L-arginine to these ducts partially restored the increase in lumen diameter.
Detection of Concannavalin a Receptors in Trophozoites and Cysts of Acanthamoeba sp. (W4) Philippine Isolate
Authors: Argayosa AM , Natividad FF , Matias RR , Enriquez GL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Distribution of glucose and mannose moieties of Acanthamoeba sp. (W4) Philippine isolate was detected using fluorescem isothiocyanate (FITC)- labeled Concannavalin A (Con A) lectin. Green fluorescent patches around the plasma membrane of agglutinated trophozoites (Fig.1) were observed. Isolated Acanthamoeba cyst exhibited strong fluorescence on the cyst wall Brighter fluorescence was detected on the site of adherence between the Acanthamoeba (W4) cysts and trophozoites (Fig. 1,3). These lectin receptors were concentrated at the uroidal region of the trophozoite. The fluorescence, however, was absent in the newly forming hyaline cap (Fig.4). Upon addition of α -methyl-mannoside (0.5 M), Con A binding to sugar moieties in cyst and trophozoites was blocked and no fluorescence was observed.
The binding specificity of Con A-FITC and Acanthamoeba cell surface mannose moieties demonstrate topographical distribution of lectin receptor sites. Ultrastructurally, ferritin-labeled Con A at cell adhesion sites showed clustering of lectin receptors. Occurrence of fluorescence in Naegleria sp. using Con A-FITC has been shown to concentrate at the uroidal region but no fluorescence was seen at the anterior of newly formed pseudopodia.
Endosome Fusion and Tubule Formation in Cells Overexpressing GFP-Rab5 Fusion Proteins
Authors: Roberts RL , Barbieri MA , Stahl PD 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that GTPgS and rab5:Q79L, a constitutively active rab5 mutant, stimulate endosome fusion in in vitro assays [Cell Reg. 1:113-124 (1989)]. Additionally, electron microscopy has shown that under these conditions, endosomes form incompletely fused couplets [Cell Reg. 1:113-124 (1989); Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 326:64-72 (1996)]. CHO and BHK cells that overexpress rab5:Q79L develop ‘giant’ cytoplasmic vesicles that exhibit many characteristics of early endosomes including immunoreactivity for rab 5 and transferrin receptor (data not shown). The formation of these vesicles has been analyzed by time-lapse video microscopy which shows the enlarged endosomes arise primarily by fusion of smaller vesicles. These endosome fusion events occur by two distinct mechanisms that differ in temporal and spatial characteristics of the membrane merger process and we refer to these processes as “explosive” versus “bridge” fusion. “Explosive” fusion is a rapid process in which the initial opening that forms between contacting vesicles expands rapidly and permits an abrupt, complete coalescence of membranes (Fig. 1).
Ultrastructural Evidence for Proteoglycans Mediating an Attachment of Type VI Collagen to Banded Collagen Fibrils
Authors: R. Keene Douglas , C. Ridgway Catherine , V. Iozzo Renato 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Immunolocalizaton studies of type VI collagen in skin have previously demonstrated that type VI collagen forms a flexible network that anchors large interstitial structures such as nerves, blood vessels, and collagen fibers into the surrounding connective tissues matrix. The purpose of this study is to determine if individual type VI collagen microfilaments might be connected to banded collagen fibrils, thereby stabilizing the network.
Solid phase binding assays suggest a specific, high affinity interaction between the core protein of the dermatan sulfate proteoglycan decorin and type VI collagen, and immunocytochemical studies in fetal and neonate rabbit cornea suggest an association of decorin with type VI microfilaments. Other studies in skin and perichondrium have localized decorin to a region between the d and e bands of banded collagen fibrils. However, no direct documentation has demonstrated a specific structural interaction between type VI microfilaments and banded collagen fibrils. We, therefore, sought to determine if type VI microfilaments cross banded collagen fibrils between the “d” and “e” bands.
Rat Reactive Astrocyte Marker (IFAP-70/280KD) is Expressed in Rat Spinal Cord Motor Neurons Following Transection of Sciatic Nerve.
Authors: Kriho V , Pappas GD , Lieska N , Wu C-M , Yang H-Y 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Following injury to peripheral nerves, processes involved in regeneration must be activated, restoring the original architecture and synaptic connections of the neuron. This is essential for the efficient operation of the sophisticated communications network of the nervous system. In order to accomplish these tasks, complex changes occur in gene expression. Regenerating neurons shift into a growth mode wherein large amounts of cytoskeletal proteins and other growth-associated proteins are produced. These materials, which are synthesized and produced in the neuronal cell body, are then transferred to the axon via axonal transport systems. Among the cytoskeletal and associated proteins upregulated following injury to the CNS are actin, tubulin and the intermediate filament-associated protein, IFAP-70/280kD. The latter is the subject of this investigation.
Intermediate filaments (IF) are a major constituent of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells. The IF cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic structure that reorganizes continuously as the cell divides and changes shape in response to its environment.
Standardization of Routine Immunohistochemistry (IHC) by Antigen Retrieval (AR): is it Possible?
Authors: Shi S-R , Chaiwun B , Cote RJ , Young L , Chen T , Taylor CR 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The standardization of IHC has been a critical issue since 1977. The most significant challenge for the standardization of routine IHC may be the adverse influence of formalin, which is in part due to variable periods of formalin-fixation ranging from 12 hours to days or weeks, resulting in variable intensity of immunostaining for formalin sensitive antigens. The world-wide use of the AR technique for IHC in both clinical and research histopathology has demonstrated that the AR is a breakthrough in pathology. Based on numerous studies of AR-IHC with excellent results for a variety of interesting markers used in diagnostic pathology, the possibility has been raised that AR technique may be useful in the standardization of IHC. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of standardization of IHC based on the ‘test battery‘ approach for establishing an optimal protocol of AR in order to achieve a state of ‘maximal retrieval’, showing a equal comparability of AR-IHC staining of archival paraffin-embedded tissues under varying periods of formalin-fixation.
A New Attractive Approach of Three- Dimensional(3D) Reconstruction of the Relationships Between Hormone Secreating Cells and its Microvessel Network Patterns in Rat Pituitary Gland by Confocal Laser Scanning Miroscopy(CLSM) With Combined Fluorescent and Non-Fluorescent Probes.
Authors: Itoh J , Takumi I , Sanno N , Kawai K , Serizawa A , Teramoto A , Osamura RY 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There have been considerable interests in the relationship between hormone secreting endocrine cells and microvessel network patterns in human pituitary gland. However, its 3D microcirculatory networks have not been studied extensively. Therefore, this study was designed to visualize hormone secreting endcrine cells and microvessels in 3D by CLSM and to reveal relationship between hormone secretion and microvessel networks in the rat pituitary gland.
CLSM has been an exciting new apparatus because of its more powerful resolution than conventional light microscopy and the high-performance on 3D optical sectioning. The images taken with CLSM can be digitized and made susceptible to image analysis manipulation and computer-assisted 3D reconstructions.
The female normal adult Wistar rats were used in this study. To demonstrate microvessels, fluorescent probe( 30 mg/ml)-conjugated gelatin solution was injected to left ventricle of the heart After complete perfusion, the pituitary glands were resected and immediately fixed in cold graded PFA(0.5- 8 %) containing 15 % picric acid solutions (4 °C. GH, ACTH cells or S100 protein positive fcfliculostellate (FS) cells were demonstrated by indirect TRTTC-labeled or HRP labeled antibody methods.