bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organoleptic Approach of Drinks Formulations from Coffee and Cocoa Extracts
Authors: Daouda Sidibe , Adama Coulibaly , Ysidor Konan N'Guessan , Désiré Kadjane Assoua , Romuald Mahan Makado , Marius Biego Godi Henri 
Published: September 2020

Aims: The current work evaluates some organoleptic characteristics of various formulations from diluted coffee and cocoa extracts.
Study Design: Raw extract produced from Cocoa and Coffee beans, Diluted Extract Formulations processed, and Organoleptic Analyses performed for Sensory profile and Sensory acceptance of the formulations.
Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Food Sciences from Felix Houphouët-Boigny University in Abidjan, between March 2019 and July 2019.
Methodology: Six (6) diluted formulations of coffee extracts (dilutions 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20) and cocoa extracts (dilutions 1/3, 1/5, and 1/8) were prepared using variable amounts of concentrated raw coffee and cocoa extracts and mineral water. The acceptance of these formulations by consumers was thus probed, just as the sensory perception index of their appearance (brown), texture (turbidity), and flavor (sweet, acid, bitter). The sensory assessment was achieved from taster's panels.
Results: The coffee extract dilutions 1/5 to 1/20 were filled invarious coffee aroma (2.58/7 to 3.25/7) and sweetness (0.92/7 to 1.33/7). But the coffee dilution 1/20 has enjoyed 50% tasters and highlighted light brown appearance (2.58/7) and light acid flavor and bitterness (1.92/7 and 2.25/7). The cocoa extract dilutions 1/3, 1/5 and 1/8 exhibited similar and light sweetness of 1/7 to 1.33/7. However, the dilution 1/8 was accepted by 48.33% panellists. It was rated with lightest brown appearance (3.25/7), cocoa aroma (2.67/7), and bitterness (3.08/7), and also moderate acid flavor (2.67/7).
Conclusion: Diluted extract formulations of coffee 3 (dilution 1/20) and cocoa 3 (dilution 1/8) could be used for the formulation of new drinks products.
The Relationship between Perceived Leadership Styles of Principals and Teacher Retention and Satisfaction
Authors: Jr. Leroy Hamilton, , Jr. Berkley N. King, 
Published: September 2020

Approximately 33% of beginning public school teachers in the United States leave the profession before completing their first year in the classroom [1] and nearly 50% of new teachers leave the profession after only 5 years [2]. The literature review explicated factors of the possible interrelationship between teacher satisfaction, retention, and leadership of building principals. Data were collected through cross-sectional surveys that measured attitudes and practices [3].
The independent variable was the leadership traits of the building principal. The dependent variable was job satisfaction that was measured by surveys distributed as the primary instrument for gathering data within the given population. The population for the study was K-12 teachers in five school districts from the coastal region of Virginia. A positive correlation was found between teacher job satisfaction and the principal’s leadership score; r (298) = .63, p = .001. The findings support the study’s main hypothesis. In addition, in comparing the unique contribution of the school that the teacher worked at and the teachers’ perception of their principal’s leadership, leadership style had 17 times more explaining power (35.8% vs. 2.0%) forthe variation in the teachers’ job satisfaction score. Thus, the key finding of the study indicated a relationship between perceived leadership styles of principals and teacher retention and satisfaction.
Preservice and in-service K-12 educational leaders may be able to apply the findings from the study to help improve teacher retention.
The International Legal Problems of Ensuring the Availability of Medications in Conditions of the COVID-19
Authors: Bakalinska Olga , Myronenko Nataliia , Stefan Olena , Atamanova Yuliya , Orliuk Olga 
Published: September 2020

In the context of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the risks of individual pharmaceutical market players or groups of players taking measures to supply medications that may lead to an economically unjustified increase in drug prices or artificially create a shortage of products are increasing worldwide.
Aims: Finding the best way to protecting intellectual property rights for medications in conditions of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic.
Methods: The methodological basis of the study was formed by an integral and coordinated system of scientific methods that contributed to the study of such a complex socio-legal phenomenon as the availability of medicinal products in conditions of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. At the same time, a synergistic approach was applied, which combined the special research methods of various branches of law, pharmaceutical science and practice.
Results: The article reveals and identifies the distinctive features of using patent protection measures and parallel imports in the drug markets of various countries of the world and the impact of the TRIPS Agreement on the availability of medications for the public in conditions of the COVID-19.
Conclusion: For many countries, including Ukraine, the introduction of parallel imports can be efficient in the short term. Allowing parallel imports of medications has significantly fewer negative consequences for the copyright holder, since the improper quality of the products, in which the invention is used without the use of a trademark, most often does not affect the business reputation of the patent owner. Nevertheless, the chosen model of permitting the use of parallel imports to ensure the availability of medications in Ukraine remains a topical and controversial issue that requires a lot of professional discussion. Legislators should be very careful and cautious about the development and implementation of the institution of parallel imports of medications to Ukraine paying attention to the development of a whole system of quality and transparency control for procedures related to parallel imports to this country.
Pilot Study: Assessment of Drug-Food and Drug-Drug Interactions in the Outpatient Settings
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , Alkhawaja Faisal Z. , Khan Mohd. F. 
Published: September 2020

Background: A drug-drug interaction arises when the pharmacologic effect of a medication is changed by the action of other medication causing unexpected clinical effects. Drug-drug interactions are widely known but the identification of the consequences of food and drug interactions has been growing slowly.
Aim: The present study aims to describe the occurrence of drug –food and drug-drug interactions in the outpatient settings in Riyadh city.
Methodology: A retrospective study was piloted in Riyadh city. The prescriptions were reviewed to identify potential drug - food and drug–drug interactions using Drug Interactions Checker.
Results: About 16.16% of the prescriptions included a drug - drug interaction. The most frequent interaction was the interaction between ciprofloxacin and metronidazole (25.00%) that is a minor interaction. Regarding drug – food interactions there were 40 interactions, the majority of these interactions were moderate. The most common drug - food interactions were metronidazole with food (20.00%) that is a major interaction.
Conclusion: Drug interactions with other drugs or with foods are common. These interactions could have a beneficial or a harmful effect. Physicians and pharmacists should use programs that detects the drug interactions.
Regression Models for Predicting Quantities and Estimates of Steel Reinforcements in Concrete Beams of Frame Buildings
Authors: Ugochukwu S. C. , Nwobu E. A. , Udechukwu-Ukohah E. I. , Odenigbo O. G. , Ekweozor E. C. 
Published: September 2020

The traditional method of quantifying reinforced concrete steel reinforcements via taking off can be tedious, time consuming and prone to errors which can affect project success due to cost and schedule overruns, disputes and in certain cases, outright abandonment. In Nigeria, some quantity surveyors have developed ‘rule of thumb’ techniques to quantify reinforcements in order to beat pre-contract datelines based on their past experience, but there are still not widely accepted and a unified formulae or empirical basis of generating these quantities is still lacking. This study thus, developed easy-to-apply, time saving regression models for predicting the quantities/weight and material cost estimates of 16mm, 12mm and 8mm diameter high yield reinforcement bars in beams of varying sizes, using the volume of beam concrete as the independent or predictor variable. Data on concrete volume, weight of Y16, Y12 and Y8 reinforcement was collected via taking off/measurement process from 30 structural drawings of frame buildings of varying nature obtained from registered structural engineers and analyzed using correlation and regression statistics. Results indicate high coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.82 to 0.92 which indicate that the predicted values from a forecast models fit with the real-life data. Thus, 3 predictive models were advanced as follows: WY16= -811.265+ 177.339 (Vc) ;WY12= -510.189 + 63.218(Vc); WY8 = -43.273+ 22.533 (Vc), where: W = reinforcement weight and Vc = volume of concrete. The study concludes that concrete volume is a good predictor variable when establishing the weight of reinforcement in beams. The import of these predictive models for construction cost professionals cannot be overemphasized for ease and accuracy of feasibility estimating, preparation of bills of quantities, material ordering, auditing construction costs, vetting consultants’ estimates and contractors’ quotations.
Information Content of the Model for Calculating the Finite Precision of Measurements
Authors: Menin Boris 
Published: September 2020

Aims: We argue that the choice of a specific qualitative–quantitative set of variables in a model by a conscious observer fundamentally limits the achievable accuracy of the measurement process.
Place and Duration of Study: Mechanical & Refrigeration Consultation Expert, between January 2020 and July 2020.
Methodology: Using the concept of “finite information quantities” introduced by Gisin, we try to present it as a practical tool in science and engineering in calculating the proximity indicator of a model to the phenomenon being studied.
Results: The formulated metric (comparative uncertainty) allows us to set the optimal achievable uncertainty of the model and to confirm the impossibility of implementing the principle of infinite precision.
Conclusion: Any attempt to search for a universal physical theory must consider the uncertainty caused by the observer’s vision and the working of the human brain.
Cosmic string in Abelian-Higgs model with enhanced symmetry — Implication to the axion domain-wall problem
Authors: Hiramatsu Takashi , Ibe Masahiro , Suzuki Motoo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In our previous work, we found new types of the cosmic string solutions in the Abelian-Higgs model with an enhanced U(1) global symmetry. We dubbed those solutions as the compensated/uncompensated strings. The compensated string is similar to the conventional cosmic string in the Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen (ANO) string, around which only the would-be Nambu-Goldstone (NG) boson winds. Around the uncompensated string, on the other hand, the physical NG boson also winds, where the physical NG boson is associated with the spontaneous breaking of the enhanced symmetry. Our previous simulation in the 2+1 dimensional spacetime confirmed that both the compensated/uncompensated strings are formed at the phase transition of the symmetry breaking. Non-trivial winding of the physical NG boson around the strings potentially causes the so-called axion domain- wall problem when the model is applied to the axion model. In this paper, we perform simulation in the 3+1 dimensional spacetime to discuss the fate of the uncompensated strings. We observe that the evolution of the string-network is highly complicated in the 3+1 dimensional simulation compared with that seen in the previous simulation. Despite such complications, we find that the number of the uncompensated strings which could cause can be highly suppressed at late times. Our observation suggests that the present setup can be applied to the axion model without suffering from the axion domain-wall problem.
Higuchi bound on slow-roll inflation and the swampland
Authors: Lüben Marvin , Lüst Dieter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper we study the implications of the generalized Higuchi bound on massive spin-two fields for the derivative of the scalar potential within bimetric theory. In contrast to the recent de Sitter swampland conjecture, an upper bound on the derivate of the scalar potential follows from the generalized Higuchi bound. In combination, this leaves a window for the derivate of the scalar potential. We discuss this bound in several representative bimetric models and parameter regions.
Unattainability of the trans-Planckian regime in nonlocal quantum gravity
Authors: Briscese F. , Modesto L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Based on the ultraviolet asymptotic freedom of nonlocal quantum gravity, we show that the trans-Planckian energy regime is unattainable in laboratory experiments. As physical implications, it turns out that the violation of causality, typical of nonlocal field theories, can never be detected in particle accelerators, while the asymptotic freedom of the theory provides an elegant solution to the so called trans-Planckian cosmological problem.
Immediate versus secondary DIEP flap breast reconstruction: a multicenter outcome study
Authors: Prantl L. , Moellhoff N. , von Fritschen U. , Giunta R. E. , Germann G. , Kehrer A. , Lonic D. , Zeman F. , Broer P. N. , Heidekrueger P. I. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) at the time of mastectomy is gaining popularity, as studies show no negative impact on recurrence or patient survival, but better aesthetic outcome, less psychological distress and lower treatment costs. Using the largest database available in Europe, the presented study compared outcomes and complications of IBR vs. delayed breast reconstruction (DBR).

Methods
3926 female patients underwent 4577 free DIEP-flap breast reconstructions after malignancies in 22 different German breast cancer centers. The cases were divided into two groups according to the time of reconstruction: an IBR and a DBR group. Surgical complications were accounted for and the groups were then compared.

Results
Overall, the rate of partial-(1.0 versus 1.2 percent of cases; p = 0.706) and total flap loss (2.3 versus 1.9 percent of cases; p = 0.516) showed no significant difference between the groups. The rate of revision surgery was slightly, but significantly lower in the IBR group (7.7 versus 9.8 percent; p = 0.039). Postoperative mobilization was commenced significantly earlier in the IBR group (mobilization on postoperative day 1: 82.1 versus 68.7 percent; p < 0.001), and concordantly the mean length of hospital stay was significantly shorter (7.3 (SD3.7) versus 8.9 (SD13.0) days; p < 0.001).

Conclusion
IBR is feasible and cannot be considered a risk factor for complications or flap outcome. Our results support the current trend towards an increasing number of IBR. Especially in times of economic pressure in health care, the importance of a decrease of hospitalization cannot be overemphasized.
Investigating the geographic disparity in quality of care: the case of hospital readmission after acute myocardial infarction in Italy
Authors: Wang Yuxi , Ghislandi Simone , Torbica Aleksandra 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnwarranted variation in the quality of care challenges the sustainability of healthcare systems. Especially in decentralised healthcare systems, it is crucial to understand the drivers behind regional differences in hospital qualities such as unplanned readmissions. This paper examines the factors that influence the risk of unplanned hospital readmission and the geographic disparity of readmission rate in Italy. We use hospital discharge data from 2010 to 2015 for patients above 65 years old admitted with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Employing hierarchical models, we identified the patient and hospital-level determinants for unplanned readmission. In line with the literature, the risk of readmission increases with age and being male, while hospitals with higher patient volume and capacity tend to have lower unplanned readmission. In particular, we find that after patient risk-adjustments, there are differential effects of hospitalisation length-of-stay on the probability of readmission across the hospitals that are governed by different payment systems. For hospitals under a prospective payment system, the effect of length-of-stay in reducing the probability of readmission is weaker than hospitals under an ex-post global budget, but the overall readmission rates are the lowest. Moreover, there are substantial geographic variations in readmission rate across Local Health Authority and regions, and these variations of unplanned readmission are explained by differences in hospital length-of-stay and surgical procedures used. Our results demonstrate that differential hospital behaviours can be one of the potential mechanisms that drive geographic quality disparities.
Stick–slip behavior during electrowetting-on-dielectric: polarization and substrate effects
Authors: Reid Russell C. , Merrill Marriner H. , Thomas James P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A novel triple-line stick–slip behavior, manifested by “sawtooth oscillations” of the contact angle (CA), was observed during sessile droplet advance by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) for DC voltages and during droplet retreat for AC voltages. The onset of stick–slip occurred on polished substrate surfaces when the applied potential approached the EWOD saturation voltage and at lower voltages on rougher surfaces. Stick–slip was reduced at higher AC frequencies (> 1 kHz), not significantly influenced by pH or voltage polarity and did not occur with AC polarization on substrates with a Parylene coating but no hydrophobic top-layer. The different triple-line pinning behaviors under DC and AC polarization are shown to be consistent with heterogeneous wetting associated with immobilization of charged species—referred to as charge trapping—near the triple-line at saturation. These experiments and insights offer a new approach for understanding and addressing EWOD device limitations related to CA saturation and charged species trapping leading to improved performance in micro-/nanofluidic pumps, digital microfluidic chips, and electret devices.

Graphical Abstract
An Experiencer, An Animal or An Object? Erection Salience Decreases Men’s Perceived Agency
Authors: Górska Paulina , Budziszewska Magdalena , Marchlewska Marta , Stefaniak Anna , Malinowska Katarzyna , Kuzawińska Olga 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThree experiments investigated the influence of penile erection on ascriptions of mental capabilities to men. Drawing on sexual objectification literature and the distinction between agency and experience in mind perception, three competing predictions were formulated. The mind redistribution hypothesis assumed that penile erection would lower agency and heighten experience attributions, the animalistic dehumanization hypothesis predicted the decrease in agency, but not experience, and the literal objectification hypothesis implied the simultaneous decrease in both agency and experience. In Experiment 1 (N = 219; 128 females), erection salience lowered agency, but not experience capabilities ascribed to male targets. Experiment 2 (N = 201, 113 females) replicated the negative effect of erection salience on perceived agency (but not experience) and revealed that erection salience lowered intentions to hire a male target. This effect was explained with the loss of perceived agency. Experiment 3 (N = 203, 98 females) verified the causal relationship between penile erection, agency and hiring intentions. Taken together, these results supported the animalistic dehumanization hypothesis.
Proyecto Promover: Attempts to Roll Out an HIV Prevention and Testing Initiative Within a Mexican Immigrant Community
Authors: Ryerson Espino Susan , Aguado Patricia , Puente Monica , Vergara-Rodriguez Pamela 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLatinx immigrants and men, in particular, living in the US are disproportionally impacted by HIV. Despite these concerns, there is limited research on the development, implementation, and evaluation of community-based HIV education and HIV testing interventions. The current study describes such efforts within a historic Mexican immigrant enclave in Chicago. A mixed-methods case study was used to describe intervention development, as well as preliminary evaluation data. Community intervention components were refined through early focus groups, asset mapping, community networking and consultation with cultural advisors. We exceeded our activity goals. We were successful in reaching a segment of the population that is often overlooked and remains unaware of HIV and its risks. Incorporating social network approaches could facilitate reaching at-risk community groups. Demonstration projects require more time and resources (fiscal and technical) to develop, refine, evaluate and sustain community-level intervention components.
The Hippocratic Risk: Epidemiology of Suicide in a Sample of Medical Undergraduates
Authors: Tarchi Livio , Moretti Matteo , Osculati Antonio Marco Maria , Politi Pierluigi , Damiani Stefano 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn spite of the growing awareness on medical students’ mental health in recent years, epidemiologic literature about the topic is scarce, particularly for what concerns suicide. Here, we collected cases of suicides among medical students enrolled at a local University in Italy and compared it to the general population of the same age group. Our sample was collected using records of suicides in the city of Pavia, Italy between the years of 2014 and 2019. This record was cross-referenced with enrolment numbers to the Medical Faculty of the city in order to select cases that involved medical students A time-window of 6 years was chosen for the evaluation. The odds ratio of suicide in medical students in comparison to the general population was of 14.58 (p value at the exact Poisson test <0.001). We then differentiated between native Italians and students from abroad. In this case, an odds ratio of 6.81 was observed (p value at the exact Poisson test 0.011). Our estimated suicide rates exceeded what was previously reported for the general population. We call for a closer attention on mental health in medical students, and an increased effort in collecting objective data on the topic.