bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renin–angiotensin system blockers, risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes from CoViD-19: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lee Matthew M Y , Docherty Kieran F , Sattar Naveed , Mehta Neil , Kalra Ankur , Nowacki Amy S , Solomon Scott D , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Petrie Mark C , Jhund Pardeep S , McMurray John J V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Aims
This meta-analysis provides summary odds ratio (OR) estimates for associations between treatment with (vs. without) renin–angiotensin system blockers and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (CoViD-19) severity (including case-fatality) in patients with hypertension, and in all patients (irrespective of hypertension).

Methods and results
PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, medRxiv, and SSRN were searched (2 May 2020 to 12 August 2020) for non-randomized observational CoViD-19 studies. Event/patient numbers were extracted, comparing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) treatment (and each separately), to treatment with neither drug, for the outcomes: (i) likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection; (ii) CoViD-19 severity [including hospitalization, intensive therapy unit (ITU), ventilation]; (iii) case-fatality. The risk of bias was assessed (ROBINS-I). Random-effects meta-analysis estimates were pooled. Eighty-six studies including 459 755 patients (103 317 with hypertension), were analysed. In patients with hypertension, ACE inhibitor or ARB treatment was not associated with a greater likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 60 141 patients (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99–1.14), hospitalization in 5925 patients (OR 0.90, 0.62–1.31), ITU in 7218 patients (OR 1.06, 0.73–1.56), ventilation (or ITU/ventilation/death) in 13 163 patients (OR 0.91, 0.72–1.15) or case-fatality in 18 735 patients with 2893 deaths (OR 0.75, 0.61–0.92).

Conclusion
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and ARBs appear safe in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and should not be discontinued.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42020186996.
Higher Fatigue Prospectively Increases the Risk of Falls in Older Men
Authors: Renner Sharon W , Cauley Jane A , Brown Patrick J , Boudreau Robert M , Bear Todd M , Blackwell Terri , Lane Nancy E , Glynn Nancy W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Fatigue is a common complaint and shares many risk factors with falls, yet the independent contribution of fatigue on fall risk is unclear. This study’s primary aim was to assess the association between fatigue and prospective fall risk in 5642 men aged 64–100 enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS). The secondary aim was to examine the association between fatigue and recurrent fall risk.

Research Design and Methods
Fatigue was measured at baseline using the Medical Outcomes Study (short form) single-item question “During the past four weeks, how much of the time did you feel energetic?” Responses were then classified: higher fatigue = “none,” “a little,” or “some” of the time and lower fatigue = “a good bit,” “most,” or “all” of the time. We assessed falls using triannual questionnaires. Fall risk was examined prospectively over 3 years; recurrent falling was defined as at least 2 falls within the first year. Generalized estimating equations and multinomial logistic regression modeled prospective and recurrent fall risk as a function of baseline fatigue status, adjusted for demographics, medications, physical activity, and gait speed.

Results
Men with higher (26%) versus lower baseline fatigue were older (75.1 ± 6.2 vs 73.2 ± 5.7 years), 24% less active, and had worse physical function (gait speed = 1.09 ± 0.24 vs 1.24 ± 0.21 m/s), all p &lt; .0001. Within 1 year, 25.4% (n = 1409) had fallen at least once, of which 47.4% (n = 668) were recurrent fallers. Men with higher versus lower fatigue had 25% increased fall risk (relative risk = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.14–1.36) over 3 years follow-up, but had 50% increased odds of recurrent falling (odds ratio = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.22–1.85) within the first year.

Discussion and Implications
Fatigue is an important risk factor of falling independent of established risk factors. Reductions in fatigue (ie, increased energy) may lessen the burden of falls in older men and provide a novel avenue for fall risk intervention.
Online videos promote brain health literacy
Authors: Brennan Sabina , Geary Una , Gallagher Silvia Elena 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Misinformation and lack of understanding of memory loss, dementia and brain health are barriers to dementia risk reduction and timely health seeking behaviour. Online video technology for health promotion has been popularised with the increase in online networks, improved access to technology, and the rise of online health seeking behaviour. However, an understanding of the efficacy of this technology in the context of brain health awareness in older adults is lacking. This research explored whether three short brain health animations could reduce worry, impart new knowledge, and promote behavioural change in older adults. Methods: Participants (8,179) completed an online survey pre- and post-engagement with three animated films. Results: Level of worry significantly decreased, and over half of the participants indicated that they intended to change their behaviour after watching the videos. The majority of participants indicated they had learned something new from the videos, and found the videos enjoyable. Regression analysis described how participants who reported learning from the videos were more likely to report behavioural change. In addition, enjoyment significantly predicated outcomes of learning and behaviour change. Conclusions: our research suggests that short animated brain health films are effective in educating the public about memory, attention and brain health, may motivate people to make changes in lifestyle, and possibly reduce stigma towards dementia.
Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy following a major burn injury and review of the literature
Authors: Hughes Benedict , Natalwala Ibrahim , Kiely John , Ahmad Mohammad , Rathi Bharti , Phipps Alan , Anwar Mohammad Umair , Muthayya Preetha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy following burns is a rare but devastating condition that can result in total bilateral visual loss. Numerous treatment modalities have been trialed, yet there is no effective therapy to delay or reverse the disease. Hence, it is imperative for burns surgeons to be aware of the potential risk factors and have a high index of suspicion right from the outset to prevent this outcome. Here, we discuss the case of a patient that developed posterior ischemic optic neuropathy subsequent to a major burn injury. We also present a literature review on optic neuropathies following burns to describe the etiology, clinical signs, and potential management.
Thresholds in Flux—the Standard for Ascertaining the Requirement of Organization for Armed Groups under International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Arai-Takahashi Yutaka 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The requirement of organization is supposed to be of special importance in international humanitarian law (IHL). In the situation of international armed conflict (IAC), this requirement is implicit as part of the collective conditions to be fulfilled by irregular/independent armed groups to enable their members to claim the prisoners of war status under Article 4 A(2) of the Third Geneva Convention. In a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), the eponymous requirement serves, alongside the requirement of intensity of violence, as the threshold condition for ascertaining the onset of a NIAC. While the requirement of organization has not caused much of disputes in IACs, the international criminal tribunals have shown a willingness to examine scrupulously if armed groups in NIACs are sufficiently organized. Still, this article argues that there is need for a nuanced assessment of the organizational level of an armed group in some specific phases of the ongoing armed conflict whose legal character switches (from an NIAC to an IAC, vice-versa, and from a NIAC to a law-enforcement model). It explores what rationales and argumentative model may be adduced to explain such varying standards for organization in different contexts.
Cutaneous manifestation of leukaemia on the penis—the possible implications
Authors: Ng Angela , Gurun Murat 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Skin lesions are common in the patients with chronic lymphoid leukaemia (CLL); however, leukaemia cutis is a cutaneous manifestation secondary to any form of leukaemia and generally an uncommon phenomenon. They typically present on the face and neck as well as exposed areas. Our case looks at a 78-year-old gentleman with known CLL who presented with an asymptomatic raised lesion in his inner prepuce. The lesion was excised and his immunohistology staining confirms expression of CD5, CD20 and CD23 that is consistent with cutaneous manifestation of CLL. This case highlights the importance of taking leukaemia cutis into consideration in patients with known CLL with unusual features.
Effects of different cosmic ray transport models on galaxy formation
Authors: Hopkins Philip F , Chan T K , Squire Jonathan , Quataert Eliot , Ji Suoqing , Kereš Dušan , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Cosmic rays (CRs) with ∼GeV energies can contribute significantly to the energy and pressure budget in the interstellar, circumgalactic, and intergalactic medium (ISM, CGM, IGM). Recent cosmological simulations have begun to explore these effects, but almost all studies have been restricted to simplified models with constant CR diffusivity and/or streaming speeds. Physical models of CR propagation/scattering via extrinsic turbulence and self-excited waves predict transport coefficients which are complicated functions of local plasma properties. In a companion paper, we consider a wide range of observational constraints to identify proposed physically motivated cosmic ray propagation scalings which satisfy both detailed Milky Way (MW) and extragalactic γ-ray constraints. Here, we compare the effects of these models relative to simpler ‘diffusion+streaming’ models on galaxy and CGM properties at dwarf through MW mass scales. The physical models predict large local variations in CR diffusivity, with median diffusivity increasing with galactocentric radii and decreasing with galaxy mass and redshift. These effects lead to a more rapid dropoff of CR energy density in the CGM (compared to simpler models), in turn producing weaker effects of CRs on galaxy star formation rates (SFRs), CGM absorption profiles, and galactic outflows. The predictions of the more physical CR models tend to lie ‘in between’ models which ignore CRs entirely and models which treat CRs with constant diffusivity.
Rapid orbital expansion in millisecond pulsar PSR J0636+5128: evaporation winds?
Authors: Chen Wen-Cong 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
PSR J0636+5128 is a 2.87 ms binary millisecond pulsar (MSP) discovered by the Green Bank Northern Celestial Cap Pulsar Survey, and possesses the third shortest orbital period ( P = 1.6 h) among confirmed binary pulsars. Recent observations reported that this source is experiencing a rapid orbital expansion at a rate of $\dot{P}=(1.89\pm 0.05)\times 10^{-12}\,\rm s\, s^{-1}$. The evaporation winds of the companion induced by the spin-down luminosity of the MSP may be responsible for such a positive orbital period derivative. However, our calculations show that the winds ejecting from the vicinity of the companion or the inner Lagrangian point cannot account for the observation due to an implausible evaporation efficiency. Assuming that the evaporation winds eject from the vicinity of the MSP in the form of asymmetric disc winds or outflows, the evaporation efficiency can be constrained to be ∼0.1. Therefore, the rapid orbital expansion detected in PSR J0636+5128 provides evidence of outflows and accretion disc around the MSP.
First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) II: The Photometric Properties of High-Redshift Galaxies
Authors: Vijayan Aswin P , Lovell Christopher C , Wilkins Stephen M , Thomas Peter A , Barnes David J , Irodotou Dimitrios , Kuusisto Jussi , Roper William J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present the photometric properties of galaxies in the First Light and Reionisation Epoch Simulations (Flares). The simulations trace the evolution of galaxies in a range of overdensities through the Epoch of Reionistion (EoR). With a novel weighting scheme we combine these overdensities, extending significantly the dynamic range of observed composite distribution functions compared to periodic simulation boxes. Flares predicts a significantly larger number of intrinsically bright galaxies, which can be explained through a simple model linking dust-attenuation to the metal content of the interstellar medium, using a line-of-sight (LOS) extinction model. With this model we present the photometric properties of the Flares galaxies for z ∈ [5, 10]. We show that the ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) matches the observations at all redshifts. The function is fit by Schechter and double power-law forms, with the latter being favoured at these redshifts by the Flares composite UV LF. We also present predictions for the UV continuum slope as well as the attenuation in the UV. The impact of environment on the UV LF is also explored, with the brightest galaxies forming in the densest environments. We then present the line luminosity and equivalent widths of some prominent nebular emission lines arising from the galaxies, finding rough agreement with available observations. We also look at the relative contribution of obscured and unobscured star formation, finding comparable contributions at these redshifts.
The Cryo-EM structure of AAV2 Rep68 in complex with ssDNA reveals a malleable AAA+ machine that can switch between oligomeric states
Authors: Santosh Vishaka , Musayev Faik N , Jaiswal Rahul , Zárate-Pérez Francisco , Vandewinkel Bram , Dierckx Caroline , Endicott Molly , Sharifi Kamyar , Dryden Kelly , Henckaerts Els , Escalante Carlos R 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe adeno-associated virus (AAV) non-structural Rep proteins catalyze all the DNA transactions required for virus viability including, DNA replication, transcription regulation, genome packaging, and during the latent phase, site-specific integration. Rep proteins contain two multifunctional domains: an Origin Binding Domain (OBD) and a SF3 helicase domain (HD). Studies have shown that Rep proteins have a dynamic oligomeric behavior where the nature of the DNA substrate molecule modulates its oligomeric state. In the presence of ssDNA, Rep68 forms a large double-octameric ring complex. To understand the mechanisms underlying AAV Rep function, we investigated the cryo-EM and X-ray structures of Rep68–ssDNA complexes. Surprisingly, Rep68 generates hybrid ring structures where the OBD forms octameric rings while the HD forms heptamers. Moreover, the binding to ATPγS promotes a large conformational change in the entire AAA+ domain that leads the HD to form both heptamer and hexamers. The HD oligomerization is driven by an interdomain linker region that acts as a latch to ‘catch’ the neighboring HD subunit and is flexible enough to permit the formation of different stoichiometric ring structures. Overall, our studies show the structural basis of AAV Rep's structural flexibility required to fulfill its multifunctional role during the AAV life cycle.
TOUCAN: a framework for fungal biosynthetic gene cluster discovery
Authors: Almeida Hayda , Palys Sylvester , Tsang Adrian , Diallo Abdoulaye Baniré 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) are an important source of numerous bioactive compounds largely applied in the pharmaceutical industry, as in the production of antibiotics and anticancer medications. The discovery of novel fungal SMs can potentially benefit human health. Identifying biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) involved in the biosynthesis of SMs can be a costly and complex task, especially due to the genomic diversity of fungal BGCs. Previous studies on fungal BGC discovery present limited scope and can restrict the discovery of new BGCs. In this work, we introduce TOUCAN, a supervised learning framework for fungal BGC discovery. Unlike previous methods, TOUCAN is capable of predicting BGCs on amino acid sequences, facilitating its use on newly sequenced and not yet curated data. It relies on three main pillars: rigorous selection of datasets by BGC experts; combination of functional, evolutionary and compositional features coupled with outperforming classifiers; and robust post-processing methods. TOUCAN best-performing model yields 0.982 F-measure on BGC regions in the Aspergillus niger genome. Overall results show that TOUCAN outperforms previous approaches. TOUCAN focuses on fungal BGCs but can be easily adapted to expand its scope to process other species or include new features.
The Nightmare Disorder Index: development and initial validation in a sample of nurses
Authors: Dietch Jessica R , Taylor Daniel J , Pruiksma Kristi , Wardle-Pinkston Sophie , Slavish Danica C , Messman Brett , Estevez Rosemary , Ruggero Camilo J , Kelly Kimberly 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
Nurses are a group at high risk for nightmares, yet little is known about the rate of nightmare disorder and associated psychosocial factors in this group in part attributable to the lack of a self-report questionnaire to assess DSM-5 criteria for nightmare disorder. Aims of the current study were to (1) report on development and initial validity of a self-report measure of DSM-5 nightmare disorder, and (2) examine the rate and associated factors of nightmare disorder among nurses.

Methods
Nurses (N = 460) completed baseline measures online including Nightmare Disorder Index (NDI), psychosocial and demographic questionnaires. A subset (n = 400) completed 14 days of sleep diaries and actigraphy.

Results
NDI demonstrated satisfactory psychometric characteristics as indicated by good internal consistency (α = 0.80), medium inter-item correlations (r = 0.50), medium to large item-total (r = 0.55–0.85) and convergent correlations (0.32–0.45), and small to medium discriminant correlations (–0.12–0.33). Per NDI, 48.7% of nurses reported no nightmares in the past month, 43.9% met partial/subthreshold criteria and 7.4% met full criteria for probable nightmare disorder. Nurses with nightmare disorder demonstrated significantly poorer psychosocial functioning (i.e. posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, stress) than those with subthreshold nightmare symptoms, who had poorer functioning than those with no nightmares.

Conclusions
NDI is an efficient and valid self-report assessment of nightmare disorder. Nurses have high rates of nightmares and nightmare disorder which are associated with poorer psychosocial functioning. We recommend increased nightmare screening particularly for high-risk populations such as healthcare workers.
A Thankfully Wide Sea between England and Apprendi-Land
Authors: Curr Thomas 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
This article uses the US Supreme Court’s line of cases beginning with Apprendi v. New Jersey to illuminate territory in which English law, in comparison to American law, is comparatively underdeveloped—currently affording a Newton-style hearing only where a guilty plea obliterates any previous evidence. This need not be so. Both before and after Apprendi, US federal and state courts have implemented post-trial fact-finding procedures for sentencing purposes, and we could do the same. The Davies case, where the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt was imported from the trial phase, into consideration of the statutory starting points for murder sentencing, will, for reasons to be given, be doubted.
Effect of tea consumption on oxidative stress and expression of DNA repair genes among metal press workers exposed to occupational noise
Authors: Panjali Zahra , Jafari-Tehrani Behjat , Münzel Thomas , Hahad Omar , Tansaz Mozhgan , Hamidi Mansoureh , Hajipour-Verdom Behnam , Zendehdel Rezvan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that tea consumption is associated with beneficial effects on human health, which is mainly explained by the antioxidant properties of tea. However, evidence on the effect of nutrition interventions on oxidative stress in an occupational setting is limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of tea consumption on oxidative stress in noise-exposed metal press workers. The study sample comprised 24 metal press workers and 24 age-matched control subjects. Metal press workers were assigned to the intervention group consisting of a glass of jujube tea and a portion of raisins per day for 4 weeks. Full-shift noise dosimetry was performed to measure noise exposure with average noise levels of 89.91 ± 2.92 dB for metal press workers and 61.54 ± 1.03 dB for control subjects. Elevated levels of baseline oxidative stress were observed in metal press workers compared with control subjects as indicated by significantly decreased levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P = 0.026) and total thiol groups (TTG) (P = 0.0001), whereas no significant difference was observed in case of malondialdehyde (MDA). Intervention with jujube tea and raisins in metal press workers led to a decrease of oxidative stress as displayed by increased levels of TAC and TTG (P = 0.0001) as well as decreased levels of MDA (P = 0.012). Moreover, the intervention significantly altered expression of repair genes in metal press workers as demonstrated by decreased levels of OGG1 (P = 0.0002) and ITPA (P = 0.009), whereas no significant difference was observed in case of MTH1. These data suggest that regular tea consumption may protect occupational noise-exposed subjects from oxidative damages.
SnRK1 phosphorylation of SDH positively regulates sorbitol metabolism and promotes sugar accumulation in peach fruit
Authors: Yu Wen , Peng Futian , Wang Wenru , Liang Jiahui , Xiao Yuansong , Yuan Xuefeng 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fruit quality depends largely on the type and amount of sugar accumulated in the fruit. In peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], sorbitol is the main photosynthetic product and plays a crucial role in sugar metabolism. As a conserved energy sensor, SNF1-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) is involved in the regulation of carbon metabolism. In this study, SnRK1 was able to respond to induction by treatment with exogenous trehalose and sorbitol on ‘Ruipan 17’ peach fruit. After treatment with 100-mM trehalose for 3 h, the SnRK1 activity decreased by 18% and the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and sucrose synthase (SS) also decreased significantly, but sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity increased significantly; whereas sorbitol treatment under the same conditions resulted in a 12.6% increase in SnRK1 activity and the activities of SDH and SS synthase also increased significantly, compared with the control. The contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose in peach fruit increased significantly after 3 h of sorbitol treatment. In addition, the interactions between PpSnRK1α and enzymes PpSDH and PpSPS were confirmed by yeast two-hybrid method and the phosphorylation of PpSnRK1α and PpSDH was detected in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that SnRK1 promotes sorbitol metabolism by activating SDH and it also regulates the activities of SS and SPS that enhance sucrose accumulation in peach fruit. SnRK1 protein kinase is involved in sugar metabolism and has the potential to be used for improving fruit quality.