bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Essentialism or Conciliatory Multiculturalism? The People’s Republic of China
Authors: Scupin Raymond U. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Numerous scholars from different fields ranging from history, political science, ethnic and cultural studies, sociology, and anthropology have discussed ethnic and racial identity issues in the People’s Republic of China. Most have noted that there are competing narratives regarding the conceptions of race and ethnicity. Much of the scholarship has been based on social constructivist orientations. This essay is directed towards a merger between social constructivist and cognitive science approaches on essentialism that may open the doors for further research and investigation of this important topic.
China’s Efforts at Influence in Europe, Targeting the Media and Public Opinion
Authors: Sydoruk Tetiana , Tymeichuk Iryna , Kukalets Oksana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since 2008, a negative image of China has prevailed in Europe, leading to the country’s image crisis in the region. The state has implemented several policies to improve such a perception. This paper aims to examine the major tools of China’s attempts at influence in Europe, targeting the media and public opinion. Applying the concept of soft power and public diplomacy, we analyse the tools China uses to modify and shape public opinion about itself in Europe. The research framework comprises secondary resources on China’s foreign policy, soft power, public diplomacy and media strategy in Europe. We distinguish four primary influence tools: China buys European media outlets to prevent negative information about itself; it pays for inserts in leading European newspapers; it signs cooperation agreements with media organisations and holds media forums; and it limits access to its market to affect media, film and academic content.
Bacon or Beef? ‘Fake’ Halal Scandals in the Russian Federation
Authors: Serrano Silvia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article aims at analyzing how the penetration of a commercial rational into the religious field impacts the relations between the State and the Muslim religion in the case of post-Soviet Russia. Here, the rise of a ‘halal market’ – that is the market for halal products and the market of halal certification – was punctuated by scandals. This research scrutinizes one of them, linked with halal meat products containing pork dna. This scandal is studied as it reveals the pre-existing order and is considered per se, as a critical test when common values and norms are either abandoned or strengthened, and previously established relations are transformed.
First, the article presents how Islam is organized and regulated in the Russian Federation; then it analyzes the ‘scandalization strategy,’ which leads to the reconfiguration of the game of actors. Lastly, it examines how the scandal, through the use of law and court decisions, contributes to the extension, legitimization and consolidation of the certificated ‘halal’ norm beyond the circles of pious Muslims.
This research is based on empirical data gathered in Moscow and Kazan in 2018: the observation of a court trial and the analysis of documents relating to the legal proceedings, semi-structured interviews and online research.
Bivalent Writing: Hebrew and English Alphabets in Jewish English
Authors: Benor Sarah Bunin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Jewish English writing uses multiple combinations of the Hebrew and English alphabets. This paper demonstrates those uses, giving examples from rabbinic literature, Yiddish and Ladino newspapers, handwritten notes, pedagogical materials, organizations’ and restaurants’ logos, and regalia advertising sports teams, universities, and political candidates. The analysis demonstrates that hybrid combinations of Hebrew and English writing serve four functions: 1) Translanguaging: Enabling people who have access to (elements of) English and a traditionally Hebrew-script language (Yiddish, Ladino, Modern Hebrew, Textual Hebrew, Textual Jewish Aramaic) to represent both languages in the same text; 2) Symbolism: Highlighting English-speaking Jews’ Jewish and other identities simultaneously; 3) Code: Communicating coded messages to other Jews; and 4) Pedagogy: Teaching Hebrew decoding to English speakers or teaching English to readers of Yiddish or Ladino. Digraphic texts are bivalent, seen as part of multiple languages simultaneously.
“The Last Confucian” in the Rice Paddy of Java
Authors: Chen Yong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article engages in theoretical reflections on an anthropology of Confucianism by tackling two critical issues: the visibility of the Confucian tradition in modern times and the conceptualization of “popular Confucianism” in anthropological terms. Through a case study of an ethnographic document about Agama Khonghucu, as the Confucian religion is known in Indonesia, the article argues that, via the construction of an anthropology of Confucianism, scholars can better understand the customs, behaviors, and values of Chinese communities under their specific sociopolitical and cultural conditions across the globe.
From Female Daoist Rationality to Kundao Practice
Authors: Wang Robin R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
By presenting Cao Wenyi (1039–1119), a female Daoist in the Song dynasty, and Kundao Academy 坤道学院, a training center for female Daoists in contemporary China, this essay challenges Max Weber’s description of Daoism. This analysis criticizes two aspects of Weber’s basic position on Daoism, namely, his claims that it is irrational and egoistical. The essay argues that Weber’s account of “magical and irrational” features in Daoism is due to a deep-seated philosophical framework that fails to appreciate Daoism’s relational rationality, which takes one part in relation to many other parts, as shown in Cao’s work. Weber’s inadequate treatment of Daoism leads him not only to ignore or dismiss the roles of female Daoists in Chinese society but also to describe Daoism as egoistical and lacking in social functions. The investigation of Kundao Academy reveals a living reality in which female Daoists have a deep and immediate commitment and goal to serve the community. The study of past and present female Daoist voices invites us to rethink the very notions of man/male/masculinity and woman/female/femininity and offers a path for investigating relationships between the hegemonic power of social structures and female subjective agency through the interface of classical texts and contemporary contexts.
Incorporating Multiyear Temperature Predictions for Water Resources Planning
Authors: Towler Erin , Yates David 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMultiyear climate predictions provide climate outlooks from years to a decade in advance. As multiyear temperature predictions become more mainstream and skillful, guidance is needed to assist practitioners who wish to explore this maturing field. This paper demonstrates the process and considerations of incorporating multiyear temperature predictions into water resources planning. Multiyear temperature predictions from the Community Earth System Model Decadal Prediction Large Ensemble are presented as discrete and probabilistic products and are used to force two common hydrologic modeling approaches: conceptual and empirical. The approaches are demonstrated to simulate streamflow in the upper Colorado River basin watershed in Colorado, where diagnostics show that increasing temperatures are associated with decreasing streamflows. Using temperature information for lead years 2–6, two analyses are performed: (i) a retrospective hindcast for the climatological period (1981–2010) and (ii) a blind forecast for 2011–15. For the retrospective hindcast, including temperature information improved the percent error as compared with climatology. For the blind forecast, the multiyear temperature prediction for warming was skillful, but the corresponding multiyear average streamflow predictions from both approaches were counterintuitive: with the predicted warming, the multiyear average streamflow was predicted to be lower than the climatological mean; however, the observed multiyear average streamflow was higher than the climatological mean. This was due to above-average precipitation during the prediction time frame, particularly for one of the years. With that year removed, the multiyear streamflow average became lower than the climatological mean. Temperature provides a marginal source of streamflow predictability, but there will be substantial uncertainty until prediction skill for year-to-year climate variability, especially for precipitation, increases.
Enhanced Double-Diffusive Salt Flux from the High-Salinity Core of Arabian Sea Origin Waters to the Bay of Bengal
Authors: George Jenson V. , Vinayachandran P. N. , Nayak Anoop A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe inflow of high-saline water from the Arabian Sea (AS) into the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and its subsequent mixing with the relatively fresh BoB water is vital for the north Indian Ocean salt budget. During June–September, the Summer Monsoon Current carries high-salinity water from the AS to the BoB. A time series of microstructure and hydrographic data collected from 4 to 14 July 2016 in the southern BoB (8°N, 89°E) showed the presence of a subsurface (60–150 m) high-salinity core. The high-salinity core was composed of relatively warm and saline AS water overlying the relatively cold and fresh BoB water. The lower part of the high-salinity core showed double-diffusive salt fingering instability. Salt fingering staircases with varying thickness (up to 10 m) in the temperature and salinity profiles were also observed at the base of a high-salinity core at approximately 75–150-m depth. The average downward diapycnal salt flux out of the high-salinity core due to the effect of salt fingering was 2.8 × 10−7 kg m−2 s−1, approximately one order of magnitude higher than the flux if salt fingering was neglected.
Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Cognitive Workload During Cardiac Surgery Perfusionists′ Interactions With the Cardiopulmonary Bypass Pump
Authors: Kennedy-Metz Lauren R. , Dias Roger D. , Srey Rithy , Rance Geoffrey C. , Conboy Heather M. , Haime Miguel E. , Quin Jacquelyn A. , Yule Steven J. , Zenati Marco A. 
Published: December 2020

Objective This novel preliminary study sought to capture dynamic changes in heart rate variability (HRV) as a proxy for cognitive workload among perfusionists while operating the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) pump during real-life cardiac surgery. Background Estimations of operators’ cognitive workload states in naturalistic settings have been derived using noninvasive psychophysiological measures. Effective CPB pump operation by perfusionists is critical in maintaining the patient’s homeostasis during open-heart surgery. Investigation into dynamic cognitive workload fluctuations, and their relationship with performance, is lacking in the literature. Method HRV and self-reported cognitive workload were collected from three Board-certified cardiac perfusionists ( N = 23 cases). Five HRV components were analyzed in consecutive nonoverlapping 1-min windows from skin incision through sternal closure. Cases were annotated according to predetermined phases: prebypass, three phases during bypass, and postbypass. Values from all 1min time windows within each phase were averaged. Results Cognitive workload was at its highest during the time between initiating bypass and clamping the aorta (preclamp phase during bypass), and decreased over the course of the bypass period. Conclusion We identified dynamic, temporal fluctuations in HRV among perfusionists during cardiac surgery corresponding to subjective reports of cognitive workload. Not only does cognitive workload differ for perfusionists during bypass compared with pre- and postbypass phases, but differences in HRV were also detected within the three bypass phases. Application These preliminary findings suggest the preclamp phase of CPB pump interaction corresponds to higher cognitive workload, which may point to an area warranting further exploration using passive measurement.
The differences between referred and non-referred patients to a psychiatric consultation-liaison service in a general hospital
Authors: Valdés-Stauber Juan , Kendel Ulrich 
Published: December 2020

Objective The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether there are clinical differences between patients who are referred or not referred for psychiatric consultation and liaison service. The secondary aim was to compare the perspectives of doctors, nurses and patients. Methods This naturalistic, prospective and comparative study (N = 294) utilised a control sample of non-referrals (n = 177, consenting 81) and referrals (n = 177, consenting 49). The normality of the data was examined with the Shapiro-Wilk test; bivariate group comparisons were made using Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon tests and bivariate regression analyses. Statistically adjusted group comparisons were performed with multivariate median regressions. Results The sample presented limited representativeness. Referred patients were predominantly women, mostly living alone and not working. Compared to the non-referred patients, their disease episode and length of hospital stay were significantly longer, self-efficacy and quality of life lower and psychological stress was higher. For referred patients, there were no differences between the estimations of mental burden and the need for care among doctors, nurses and patients. Self-efficacy and appraisal of one's own burden were the best predictors of the extent of mental symptoms. Discussion Patients in an admission ward for internal medicine referred to a psychiatric consultation-liaison service displayed a more adverse psychosocial profile and were more psychologically burdened than non-referred patients, but they are also relevantly subsyndromal burdened. Identifying and supporting burdened patients is an endeavour that requires collaborative care, especially in the transition to specialised mental health and to primary care.
Using Distributed Practice to Improve Students’ Attitudes and Performance in Statistics
Authors: Benson Wendi L. , Dunning Jonathan P. , Barber Danette 
Published: December 2020

Background: Research shows distributed practice enhances learning and skill development, but less is known about the effect on perceptions and attitudes toward the material being learned. Objective: This study examined whether distributed practice could improve performance and attitudes in statistics, a subject that students report finding unpleasant and anxiety-provoking. Method: This quasi-experiment compared statistics students who received distributed practice with Excel throughout the semester to a control group without distributed practice. At the end of the semester, all students completed a major data analysis project with Excel and a self-report measure of their perceptions and attitudes toward the class and statistics. Results: Significant results suggest students who received distributed practice: earned higher project grades; liked statistics more; and perceived the class to be more effective for knowledge and skill development, even though they found statistics to be more difficult than the control group. Conclusion: This study suggests distributed practice helps improve students’ performance and attitudes toward statistics, even though they think it is difficult. Teaching Implications: In addition to improving performance in challenging subjects, distributed practice may be used to help students appreciate and feel more favorably about classes they find difficult.
Can Talented Youth Soccer Players Who Have Undergone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Reach the Elite Level?
Authors: Sandon Alexander , Söderström Tor , Stenling Andreas , Forssblad Magnus 
Published: December 2020

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are common in soccer players, and reconstructive surgery is often performed to restore knee stability and enable a return to play. Purpose: To investigate whether an ACL reconstruction for talented youth soccer players affects their potential to become elite players at the senior level. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All soccer players who participated in the Swedish National Elite Camp for 15-year-old players between 2005 and 2011 (N = 5285 players; 2631 boys and 2654 girls) were matched with the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry to identify the players who had undergone ACL reconstruction. Information on player participation in Swedish league games and level of play was collected from the Swedish Football Association’s administrative data system. The players with an ACL reconstruction who were injured at the ages of 15 to 19 years were compared with the rest of the players who participated in the National Elite Camp to see whether an early ACL reconstruction affected whether they remained active as soccer players and their chance to play at the elite level as seniors. Results: A total of 524 (9.9%) players had undergone an ACL reconstruction, and 292 (5.5%; 75 male and 217 female) had sustained their injury at age 15 to 19 years. During the follow-up period, 122 (23.3%) players underwent ACL reconstruction: revision (11.5%; n = 60) or contralateral (11.8%; n = 62). Male and female soccer players undergoing an ACL reconstruction at age 15 to 19 years experienced no significant effect on being active or playing at the elite level in the season that they turned 21 years old. Of the youth players who underwent ACL reconstruction, 12% of the male players and 11.5% of the female players progressed to the elite level at the age of 21 years compared with 10.3% of the men and 11.1% of the women among the uninjured players. Conclusion: ACL reconstructive surgery in talented youth soccer players offers them the opportunity to become elite players as seniors and permits an activity level on a par with that of their uninjured peers. However, almost 1 in 4 requires further ACL surgery, so the players’ future knee health should be considered when deciding on a return to play.
Clinical Profile and Predictors of Mechanical Ventilation in Guillain-Barre Syndrome in North Indian Children
Authors: Tiwari Ishita , Alam Areesha , kanta Chandra , Koonwar Sciddhartha , Garg Ravindra Kumar , Pandey Shweta , Jain Amita , Kumar Rashmi 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To describe the clinical-laboratory profile of pediatric Guillain-Barre syndrome and delineate features associated with need of mechanical ventilation. Methods: In a prospective observational study at tertiary care hospital, clinical-laboratory assessment and nerve conduction studies were documented in consecutive children hospitalized with Guillain-Barre syndrome according to Brighton criteria. Clinical-laboratory features were compared between ventilated and nonventilated patients using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Forty-six children (27 boys) with a mean age of 69.1±35.2 months were enrolled. History of preceding infection was present in 47.8%, bulbar palsy in 43.5%, feeble voice in 41.3%, sensory involvement in 13%, and autonomic involvement in 39.5%. Tetraparesis was noted in 87% of cases. Hughes disability scale >3 was noted in 44 children at admission and 39 (84.7%) at discharge. The most common electrophysiological type was acute motor axonal neuropathy (46.5%) followed by acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (39.5%), acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (7%), and inexcitable nerves (7%). Nine (19.7%) children were ventilated, 3 (6.5%) died or were lost, and 43 were discharged. Factors associated with need of mechanical ventilation on univariate analysis were older age, hypertension, bulbar palsy, feeble voice, lower Medical Research Council (MRC) sum, raised total leucocyte count, and history of preceding infection. Logistic regression revealed older age, history of predisposing illness, lower MRC sum at presentation, and bulbar palsy as independent predictors of mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: The most common electrophysiological subtype in northern Indian children is acute motor axonal neuropathy. Older age, preceding infection, low MRC sum, and bulbar palsy are predictors of mechanical ventilation in pediatric Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Identifying subgroups within at-risk populations that drive late HIV diagnosis in a Southern U.S. state
Authors: Nduaguba Sabina O , Ford Kentya H , Wilson James P , Lawson Kenneth A , Cook Robert L 
Published: December 2020

We aimed to identify subgroups within age, racial/ethnic, and transmission categories that drive increased risk for late HIV diagnosis (LHD). A 1996–2013 retrospective study of HIV-diagnosed individuals (N = 77,844) was conducted. The proportion of individuals with LHD (AIDS diagnosis within 365 days of HIV diagnosis) was determined, stratified by age, race/ethnicity, and transmission category. Logistic regression with interaction terms was used to identify groups/subgroups at risk for LHD during 1996–2001, 2002–2007, and 2008–2013. Respectively, 78%, 27%, 38%, and 31% were male, White, Black, and Hispanic. Overall, 39% had LHD with a 6.7% reduction for each year increase (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.93–0.94, p < 0.01). Older age was significantly associated with increased odds of LHD (OR range = 1.90–4.55). Compared to their White counterparts, all Hispanic transmission categories (OR range = 1.31–2.58) and only Black female heterosexuals and men who have sex with men (MSM) (OR range = 1.14–1.33) had significantly higher odds of LHD during 1996–2001 and/or 2002–2007. Significance was limited to Hispanic MSM (all age categories), MSM/IDUs (30–59 years), and heterosexuals (18–29 years) and Black MSM (30–39 years) during 2008–2013. Older individuals and Hispanics (driven by MSM) are at increased risk for LHD. HIV testing interventions directed at seniors and Hispanic MSM can further reduce rates of LHD.
Continuing Non-Invasive Ventilation During Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Related Hospice Care Is Medically, Administratively, and Financially Feasible
Authors: Choi Philip J. , Murn Michael , Turner Roberta , Bedlack Richard 
Published: December 2020

Background: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal neuromuscular disease with patients dying within 3-5 years of diagnosis. Most patients choose to forego invasive life sustaining measures. Timing of hospice referral can be challenging given the advancement of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) technology. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients enrolled in hospice from an ALS clinic at 1 academic medical center and to perform a cost analysis for patients who remained on ventilator support. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of patients enrolled in hospice over a 2-year period. Clinical characteristics included ALS Functional Rating Scale Revised (ALSFRS-R) score, Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), use of NIV and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MIE), riluzole use, and length of stay in hospice. A cost analysis was performed for patients enrolled in Duke Home Care and Hospice. Results: 85 of 104 patients who died were enrolled in hospice. Median days enrolled in hospice was 84. Patients who continued on NIV had similar hospice length of stay as those on no respiratory support (88 versus 80 days, p = 0.83). Bulbar patients had a trend toward shorter length of stay in hospice than limb onset patients (71 versus 101 days, p = 0.49). Cost analysis showed that hospice maintained a mean net operating revenue of $3234.50 per patient who continued on NIV. Conclusions: Hospice referrals for ALS patients on NIV can be challenging. This study shows that even with continued NIV use, most ALS patients die within the expected 6 months on home hospice, and care remains cost effective for hospice agencies.