bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Antarctic Boundary Layer Thermodynamic Structure in MERRA2 Using Dropsonde Observations from the Concordiasi Campaign
Authors: Ganeshan Manisha , Yang Yuekui 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecent high‐resolution dropsonde observations from the 2010 Concordiasi field campaign in austral spring season show that surface‐based inversions (SBIs) over Antarctica are frequently eroded, with well‐mixed boundary layers occurring 33% and 18% of the time in West and East Antarctica, respectively. In this study, using the dropsonde observations, we evaluate the performance of the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2) in representing the Antarctic boundary layer thermodynamic structure. Results show that MERRA2 has a good overall representation of the Antarctic surface stability and correctly predicts 82% of the SBIs. However, an underprediction of less stable boundary layer occurrence, especially over the elevated East Antarctic plateau, is favored during conditions of increased lower tropospheric stability associated with model dynamics, indicating difficulty in parameterizing turbulence in very stable boundary layers. In addition, a lower tropospheric cool bias (first model level and above) is observed in the MERRA2 reanalysis, especially over West Antarctica, which amplifies in the boundary layer during mixed conditions. The near‐surface cold bias is most pronounced when the model fails to predict mixed layers over West Antarctica and is expected to negatively impact the representation of surface energy budget and melt processes.
Spatial Predictions and Associated Uncertainty of Annual Soil Respiration at the Global Scale
Authors: Warner D. L. , Bond‐Lamberty B. , Jian J. , Stell E. , Vargas R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSoil respiration (Rs), the soil‐to‐atmosphere CO2 flux produced by microbes and plant roots, is a critical but uncertain component of the global carbon cycle. Our current understanding of the variability and dynamics is limited by the coarse spatial resolution of existing estimates. We predicted annual Rs and associated uncertainty across the world at 1‐km resolution using a quantile regression forest algorithm trained with observations from the global Soil Respiration Database spanning from 1961 to 2011. This model yielded a global annual Rs estimate of 87.9 Pg C/year with an associated global uncertainty of 18.6 (mean absolute error) and 40.4 (root mean square error) Pg C/year. The estimated annual heterotrophic respiration (Rh), derived from empirical relationships with Rs, was 49.7 Pg C/year over the same period. Predicted Rs rates and associated uncertainty varied widely across vegetation types, with the greatest predicted rates of Rs in evergreen broadleaf forests (accounting for 20.9% of global Rs). The greatest prediction uncertainties were in northern latitudes and arid to semiarid ecosystems, suggesting that these areas should be targeted in future measurement campaigns. This study provides predictions of Rs (and associated prediction uncertainty) at unprecedentedly high spatial resolution across the globe that could help constrain local‐to‐global process‐based models. Furthermore, it provides insights into the large variability of Rs and Rh across vegetation classes and identifies regions and vegetation types with poor model performance that should be prioritized for future data collection.
Geochemistry of Vein Calcites Hosted in the Troodos Pillow Lavas and Their Implications for the Timing and Physicochemical Environment of Fracturing, Fluid Circulation, and Vein Mineral Growth
Authors: Quandt D. , Micheuz P. , Kurz W. , Kluge T. , Boch R. , Hippler D. , Krenn K. , Hauzenberger C.A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCalcite veins hosted in pillow lavas of the Late Cretaceous Troodos suprasubduction zone ophiolite provide insights into the timing and physicochemical environment of postmagmatic fracturing and fluid circulation through oceanic crust. This study presents rare earth element and yttrium (REE+Y) concentrations, δ13C, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr, and clumped isotopic (Δ47) compositions of vein calcites in order to investigate their fluid sources, formation temperatures, and precipitation ages. These geochemical data are combined with microtextural analyses. Intersections of 87Sr/86Sr ratios of vein calcites with the Sr isotope seawater curve suggest two distinct calcite veining phases. Major calcite veining within an interval of ~10 Myr after crust formation is characterized by microtextures that point to extensional fracturing related to crack and sealing, host rock brecciation, and advective fluid flow. These vein calcites show REE+Y characteristics, 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and clumped isotopic compositions indicative of precipitation from seawater at <50 °C. Extended fluid residence times intensified fluid‐rock interactions and lowered Y/Ho ratios of some blocky vein calcites, whereas crack and sealing resulted in pristine seawater signatures. Low 87Sr/86Sr ratios of localized high‐temperature blocky vein calcites point to the involvement of hydrothermal fluids. These calcites show Mn‐controlled oscillatory growth zonations that probably developed in a closed system out of equilibrium. Later calcite veining (<75 Ma) may have coincided with rotation and/or uplift of the Troodos ophiolite. Microtextures of these vein calcites indicate fluid diffusion and fracture‐independent crystallization pressure‐driven veining. Their variably modified seawater signatures resulted from diffusion‐related fluid interaction with hydrothermal sediments.
Evapotranspiration Characteristics Distinct to Mangrove Ecosystems Are Revealed by Multiple‐Site Observations and a Modified Two‐Source Model
Authors: Liang Jie , Wei Zhongwang , Lee Xuhui , Wright Jonathon S. , Cui Xiaowei , Chen Hui , Lin Guanghui 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA quantitative accounting of how mangrove ecosystems respond to tidal perturbations is needed to anticipate changes in these ecosystems when sea level rises. Here we use long‐term field observations and a two‐source ecohydrological model to reveal specialized characteristics of evapotranspiration (ET), soil surface evaporation (E), and canopy transpiration (T) in three subtropical mangrove ecosystems in southeastern China. Average wintertime ET observed in these three mangrove forests (2.6 mm day–1) was consistent with values for semiarid ecosystems, while average summertime ET (6.2 mm day–1) approached that observed in rainforests. By contrast, T fluxes were small year‐round, averaging 1.3 mm day–1 in winter and 2.5 mm day–1 in summer. Combining our results with measurements from three Florida mangroves, observed values of T ranged from 350 to 870 mm year−1, varying primarily with salinity, while T/ET increased exponentially from 30% to 70% with rising leaf area index. Simulations of half‐hourly ET and T using a modified two‐source model were highly correlated with eddy covariance observations of ET (I, index of agreement >0.93 at all three sites) and sap flow gauge‐based estimates of T (I = 0.93 at the Yunxiao site). Variations of T in mangrove ecosystems are distinguished from those in terrestrial forests mainly by the sensitivity of stomatal conductance to leaf temperature, with tidal and salinity effects superimposed. Our modified model accounts for these effects and therefore holds promise for improving our understanding of how mangrove ecosystems may respond to changing stress conditions under global warming and sea level rise.
Systemic α-synuclein injection triggers selective neuronal pathology as seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Kuan Wei-Li , Stott Katherine , He Xiaoling , Wood Tobias C. , Yang Sujeong , Kwok Jessica C. F. , Hall Katie , Zhao Yanyan , Tietz Ole , Aigbirhio Franklin I. , Vernon Anthony C. , Barker Roger A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is an α-synucleinopathy characterized by the progressive loss of specific neuronal populations. Here, we develop a novel approach to transvascularly deliver proteins of complex quaternary structures, including α-synuclein preformed fibrils (pff). We show that a single systemic administration of α-synuclein pff triggers pathological transformation of endogenous α-synuclein in non-transgenic rats, which leads to neurodegeneration in discrete brain regions. Specifically, pff-exposed animals displayed a progressive deterioration in gastrointestinal and olfactory functions, which corresponded with the presence of cellular pathology in the central and enteric nervous systems. The α-synuclein pathology generated was both time dependent and region specific. Interestingly, the most significant neuropathological changes were observed in those brain regions affected in the early stages of PD. Our data therefore demonstrate for the first time that a single, transvascular administration of α-synuclein pff can lead to selective regional neuropathology resembling the premotor stage of idiopathic PD. Furthermore, this novel delivery approach could also be used to deliver a range of other pathogenic, as well as therapeutic, protein cargos transvascularly to the brain.
Deletion of intestinal Hdac3 remodels the lipidome of enterocytes and protects mice from diet-induced obesity
Authors: Dávalos-Salas Mercedes , Montgomery Magdalene K. , Reehorst Camilla M. , Nightingale Rebecca , Ng Irvin , Anderton Holly , Al-Obaidi Sheren , Lesmana Analia , Scott Cameron M. , Ioannidis Paul , Kalra Hina , Keerthikumar Shivakumar , Tögel Lars , Rigopoulos Angela , Gong Sylvia J. , Williams David S. , Yoganantharaja Prusoth , Bell-Anderson Kim , Mathivanan Suresh , Gibert Yann , Hiebert Scott , Scott Andrew M. , Watt Matthew J. , Mariadason John M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHistone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) regulates the expression of lipid metabolism genes in multiple tissues, however its role in regulating lipid metabolism in the intestinal epithelium is unknown. Here we demonstrate that intestine-specific deletion of Hdac3 (Hdac3IKO) protects mice from diet induced obesity. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from Hdac3IKO mice display co-ordinate induction of genes and proteins involved in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation, have an increased rate of fatty acid oxidation, and undergo marked remodelling of their lipidome, particularly a reduction in long chain triglycerides. Many HDAC3-regulated fatty oxidation genes are transcriptional targets of the PPAR family of nuclear receptors, Hdac3 deletion enhances their induction by PPAR-agonists, and pharmacological HDAC3 inhibition induces their expression in enterocytes. These findings establish a central role for HDAC3 in co-ordinating PPAR-regulated lipid oxidation in the intestinal epithelium, and identify intestinal HDAC3 as a potential therapeutic target for preventing obesity and related diseases.
MutL sliding clamps coordinate exonuclease-independent Escherichia coli mismatch repair
Authors: Liu Jiaquan , Lee Ryanggeun , Britton Brooke M. , London James A. , Yang Keunsang , Hanne Jeungphill , Lee Jong-Bong , Fishel Richard 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA shared paradigm of mismatch repair (MMR) across biology depicts extensive exonuclease-driven strand-specific excision that begins at a distant single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) break and proceeds back past the mismatched nucleotides. Historical reconstitution studies concluded that Escherichia coli (Ec) MMR employed EcMutS, EcMutL, EcMutH, EcUvrD, EcSSB and one of four ssDNA exonucleases to accomplish excision. Recent single-molecule images demonstrated that EcMutS and EcMutL formed cascading sliding clamps on a mismatched DNA that together assisted EcMutH in introducing ssDNA breaks at distant newly replicated GATC sites. Here we visualize the complete strand-specific excision process and find that long-lived EcMutL sliding clamps capture EcUvrD helicase near the ssDNA break, significantly increasing its unwinding processivity. EcSSB modulates the EcMutL–EcUvrD unwinding dynamics, which is rarely accompanied by extensive ssDNA exonuclease digestion. Together these observations are consistent with an exonuclease-independent MMR strand excision mechanism that relies on EcMutL–EcUvrD helicase-driven displacement of ssDNA segments between adjacent EcMutH–GATC incisions.
Functional analysis of genetic variants in the high-risk breast cancer susceptibility gene PALB2
Authors: Boonen Rick A. C. M. , Rodrigue Amélie , Stoepker Chantal , Wiegant Wouter W. , Vroling Bas , Sharma Milan , Rother Magdalena B. , Celosse Nandi , Vreeswijk Maaike P. G. , Couch Fergus , Simard Jacques , Devilee Peter , Masson Jean-Yves , van Attikum Haico 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHeterozygous carriers of germ-line loss-of-function variants in the DNA repair gene PALB2 are at a highly increased lifetime risk for developing breast cancer. While truncating variants in PALB2 are known to increase cancer risk, the interpretation of missense variants of uncertain significance (VUS) is in its infancy. Here we describe the development of a relatively fast and easy cDNA-based system for the semi high-throughput functional analysis of 48 VUS in human PALB2. By assessing the ability of PALB2 VUS to rescue the DNA repair and checkpoint defects in Palb2 knockout mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, we identify various VUS in PALB2 that impair its function. Three VUS in the coiled-coil domain of PALB2 abrogate the interaction with BRCA1, whereas several VUS in the WD40 domain dramatically reduce protein stability. Thus, our functional assays identify damaging VUS in PALB2 that may increase cancer risk.
Artificial spider silk from ion-doped and twisted core-sheath hydrogel fibres
Authors: Dou Yuanyuan , Wang Zhen-Pei , He Wenqian , Jia Tianjiao , Liu Zhuangjian , Sun Pingchuan , Wen Kai , Gao Enlai , Zhou Xiang , Hu Xiaoyu , Li Jingjing , Fang Shaoli , Qian Dong , Liu Zunfeng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSpider silks show unique combinations of strength, toughness, extensibility, and energy absorption. To date, it has been difficult to obtain spider silk-like mechanical properties using non-protein approaches. Here, we report on an artificial spider silk produced by the water-evaporation-induced self-assembly of hydrogel fibre made from polyacrylic acid and silica nanoparticles. The artificial spider silk consists of hierarchical core-sheath structured hydrogel fibres, which are reinforced by ion doping and twist insertion. The fibre exhibits a tensile strength of 895 MPa and a stretchability of 44.3%, achieving mechanical properties comparable to spider silk. The material also presents a high toughness of 370 MJ m−3 and a damping capacity of 95%. The hydrogel fibre shows only ~1/9 of the impact force of cotton yarn with negligible rebound when used for impact reduction applications. This work opens an avenue towards the fabrication of artificial spider silk with applications in kinetic energy buffering and shock-absorbing.
Intrinsic stability of magnetic anti-skyrmions in the tetragonal inverse Heusler compound Mn1.4Pt0.9Pd0.1Sn
Authors: Saha Rana , Srivastava Abhay K. , Ma Tianping , Jena Jagannath , Werner Peter , Kumar Vivek , Felser Claudia , Parkin Stuart S. P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMagnetic anti-skyrmions are one of several chiral spin textures that are of great current interest both for their topological characteristics and potential spintronic applications. Anti-skyrmions were recently observed in the inverse tetragonal Heusler material Mn1.4Pt0.9Pd0.1Sn. Here we show, using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, that anti-skyrmions are found over a wide range of temperature and magnetic fields in wedged lamellae formed from single crystals of Mn1.4Pt0.9Pd0.1Sn for thicknesses ranging up to ~250 nm. The temperature-field stability window of the anti-skyrmions varies little with thickness. Using micromagnetic simulations we show that this intrinsic stability of anti-skyrmions can be accounted for by the symmetry of the crystal lattice which is imposed on that of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya exchange interaction. These distinctive behaviors of anti-skyrmions makes them particularly attractive for spintronic applications.
Coupling a single electron on superfluid helium to a superconducting resonator
Authors: Koolstra Gerwin , Yang Ge , Schuster David I. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractElectrons on helium form a unique two-dimensional system on the interface of liquid helium and vacuum. A small number of trapped electrons on helium exhibits strong interactions in the absence of disorder, and can be used as a qubit. Trapped electrons typically have orbital frequencies in the microwave regime and can therefore be integrated with circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED), which studies light–matter interactions using microwave photons. Here, we experimentally realize a cQED platform with the orbitals of single electrons on helium. We deterministically trap one to four electrons in a dot integrated with a microwave resonator, allowing us to study the electrons’ response to microwaves. Furthermore, we find a single-electron-photon coupling strength of $$g/2\pi =4.8\pm 0.3$$g∕2π=4.8±0.3 MHz, greatly exceeding the resonator linewidth $$\kappa /2\pi =0.5$$κ∕2π=0.5 MHz. These results pave the way towards microwave studies of Wigner molecules and coherent control of the orbital and spin state of a single electron on helium.
The plantarward oblique Chevron osteotomy: an optional method to treat hallux valgus with painful plantar callosities
Authors: Guo Jialiang , Qin Shiji , Zhang Fengqi , Dong Weichong , Hou Zhiyong , Zhang Yingze 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHallux valgus (HV) is a foot deformity that can be treated with Chevron osteotomy, and a modified plantarward oblique osteotomy has been proposed in recent years. However, no research has focused on the correctional power of the osteotomy. The aim of this study was to examine the character of this plantarward oblique Chevron osteotomy (POCO) and to determine the rationale of this method.Radiographs and clinical data from 65 HV patients (77 feet) with painful callosities were evaluated. The intermetatarsal angle, hallux valgus angle, and relative height of the second metatarsal were measured, and a valid width of the first metatarsal was proposed. A visual analogue scale (VAS) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hallux-metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scale (AOFAS) were used to evaluate the patients’ clinical results.There were significant differences in the HVA and IMA. The decline in the height of the second metatarsal was positively related to the decline in the height of the first metatarsal, but the changes were smaller for the first metatarsal. Painful callosities disappeared in 77 feet, 4 (5.1%) patients had no pain but a remaining plantar callosity, and 2 (2.6%) patient had relieved pain with a plantar callosity after follow-up. The VAS scores improved from 8.58 ± 0.50 to 1.96 ± 0.75 points after the operation (p < 0.001). Significant differences were demonstrated in the AOFAS scores (65.81 ± 4.05 vs 87.88 ± 3.41, p < 0.001). The modified POCO prevents the dorsal migration of the metatarsal head, preserves other lesser metatarsals and provides an opportunity for patients who may possibly need additional future deformity correction. Therefore, POCO is a safe and effective method to treat hallux valgus and offers the superior potential benefits of correction and transfer metatarsalgia.
Development of nematode resistance in Arabidopsis by HD-RNAi-mediated silencing of the effector gene Mi-msp2
Authors: Joshi Ila , Kumar Anil , Singh Ashish K. , Kohli Deshika , Raman K. V. , Sirohi Anil , Chaudhury Ashok , Jain Pradeep K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRoot-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that infect thousands of plants. As RKN infection is facilitated by oesophageal gland effector genes, one such effector gene, Mi-msp2, was selected for a detailed characterization. Based on domain analysis, the Mi-MSP2 protein contains an ShKT domain, which is likely involved in blocking K+ channels and may help in evading the plant defence response. Expression of the Mi-msp2 gene was higher in juveniles (parasitic stage of RKNs) than in eggs and adults. Stable homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing Mi-msp2 dsRNA were generated, and the numbers of galls, females and egg masses were reduced by 52–54%, 60–66% and 84–95%, respectively, in two independent RNAi lines compared with control plants. Furthermore, expression analysis revealed a significant reduction in Mi-msp2 mRNA abundance (up to 88%) in female nematodes feeding on transgenic plants expressing dsRNA, and northern blot analysis confirmed expression of the Mi-msp2 siRNA in the transgenic plants. Interestingly, a significant reduction in the reproduction factor was observed (nearly 40-fold). These data suggest that the Mi-msp2 gene can be used as a potential target for RKN management in crops of economic importance.
Convolutional neural network for efficient estimation of regional brain strains
Authors: Wu Shaoju , Zhao Wei , Ghazi Kianoosh , Ji Songbai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHead injury models are important tools to study concussion biomechanics but are impractical for real-world use because they are too slow. Here, we develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate regional brain strains instantly and accurately by conceptualizing head rotational velocity profiles as two-dimensional images for input. We use two impact datasets with augmentation to investigate the CNN prediction performances with a variety of training-testing configurations. Three strain measures are considered, including maximum principal strain (MPS) of the whole brain, MPS of the corpus callosum, and fiber strain of the corpus callosum. The CNN is further tested using an independent impact dataset (N = 314) measured in American football. Based on 2592 training samples, it achieves a testing R2 of 0.916 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.014 for MPS of the whole brain. Combining all impact-strain response data available (N = 3069), the CNN achieves an R2 of 0.966 and RMSE of 0.013 in a 10-fold cross-validation. This technique may enable a clinical diagnostic capability to a sophisticated head injury model, such as facilitating head impact sensors in concussion detection via a mobile device. In addition, it may transform current acceleration-based injury studies into focusing on regional brain strains. The trained CNN is publicly available along with associated code and examples at https://github.com/Jilab-biomechanics/CNN-brain-strains. They will be updated as needed in the future.