bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of thermal performance of extended surfaces for a novel heat exchanger
Authors: Tokas Sulekh , Krishnayatra Gaurav , Zunaid Mohammad 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present paper provides a thorough numerical study of variation in geometrical parameters that affect the performance of the novel finned‐tube type heat exchanger design. The finite volume method was employed to discretize and solve the governing partial differential equations of heat conduction. A wide range of constant convective heat transfer coefficient (5 < h < 200 W/m2 K) is chosen to reduce the computational time and power, which covers thermal applications of latent thermal energy storage, refrigeration & air‐conditioning, etc. The effects of the ratio of fin spacing of fins to the outer diameter of the tube (0.1 ≤ δ* ≤ 8), the material of fins (copper and stainless steel) and the ratio of fin thickness to the outer diameter of the tube (0.0333 ≤ t* ≤ 0.4) on the performance parameters namely efficiency (η) and effectiveness (ε) of the fins were studied. Temperature contours for a wide range of geometries were depicted. The maximum effectiveness of copper fins is 304.62, whereas that for steel fin is 219.33 with the optimum dimensionless fin thickness reported to be t* = 0.1666. Furthermore, the maximum overall efficiencies of fins were 99.98% and 99.62% for copper and steel fins, respectively.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection associated acute kidney injury in patients with pre‐existing chronic renal disease: A report of two cases
Authors: Wang Yiru , Lv Yongman , Liu Qingquan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe 2019 novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS‐CoV‐2]) is driving a novel atypical pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID‐19]) outbreak in Wuhan, causing huge public health challenges both in China and globally. Limited data are available for information and prognosis on COVID‐19 patients with pre‐existing chronic kidney disease.Case presentationHere we described the clinical characteristics and outcomes from two patients—a female aged 40‐year‐old and an 83‐year‐old male—who were subjected to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, with history of chronic renal insufficiency. The female was admitted for dry cough and shortness of breath and the male was admitted for fever. The thorax computed tomography revealed patchy consolidation and ground‐glass opacity in both scattered lobes and the throat swab sample for coronavirus nucleic acid was positive. They were diagnosed with COVID‐19 and their renal function became progressively worse after infection with COVID‐19. After symptomatic support treatment, in both the patients, renal function was obviously restored, and both recovered from this pneumonia and conformed to the discharge criteria.ConclusionSARS‐CoV‐2 infection may aggravate renal function impairment. It is crucial to monitor changes of renal function in patients with COVID‐19, especially those with primary kidney disease. Kidney protection interventions should be taken as early as possible, thereby improving the prognosis of patients with COVID‐19.
Are bank risk disclosures informative? Evidence from debt markets
Authors: Elamer Ahmed A. , Ntim Collins G. , Abdou Hussein A. , Owusu Andrews , Elmagrhi Mohamed , Ibrahim Awad Elsayed Awad 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study examines whether financial reporting with a specific focus on risk disclosures have a predictive (informative) effect on banks' credit ratings (BCRs) and, consequently, ascertains whether governance structures can moderate such an association. Using one of the largest bank‐level datasets collected from 12 Middle East and North African (MENA) countries over the 2006–2013 period to‐date, our findings are as follows. First, we find that risk disclosures have a predictive effect on BCRs. Second, we find that the relationship between risk disclosures and BCRs is contingent on the quality of governance structures. Specifically, we find that the informativeness of risk disclosures on BCRs is higher in banks with larger board size, greater independence, higher government ownership, and better Shariah supervisory board, but lower in banks with greater block ownership, higher foreign ownership and the presence of CEO duality. The central tenor of our findings remains unchanged after controlling for a number of firm‐ and country‐level factors, alternative risk disclosure measures, firm‐ and national‐level governance proxies, different types of banks, and potential endogeneities. The findings have important implications for investors, especially bondholders, standard‐setters, regulators, and central governments.
Toxicological safety evaluation of pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila
Authors: Druart Céline , Plovier Hubert , Van Hul Matthias , Brient Alizée , Phipps Kirt R. , de Vos Willem M. , Cani Patrice D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGut microorganisms are vital for many aspects of human health, and the commensal bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila has repeatedly been identified as a key component of intestinal microbiota. Reductions in A. muciniphila abundance are associated with increased prevalence of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. It was recently discovered that administration of A. muciniphila has beneficial effects and that these are not diminished, but rather enhanced after pasteurization. Pasteurized A. muciniphila is proposed for use as a food ingredient, and was therefore subjected to a nonclinical safety assessment, comprising genotoxicity assays (bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus tests) and a 90‐day toxicity study. For the latter, Han Wistar rats were administered with the vehicle or pasteurized A. muciniphila at doses of 75, 375 or 1500 mg/kg body weight/day (equivalent to 4.8 × 109, 2.4 × 1010, or 9.6 × 1010 A. muciniphila cells/kg body weight/day) by oral gavage for 90 consecutive days. The study assessed potential effects on clinical observations (including detailed arena observations and a modified Irwin test), body weight, food and water consumption, clinical pathology, organ weights, and macroscopic and microscopic pathology. The results of both in vitro genotoxicity studies were negative. No test item‐related adverse effects were observed in the 90‐day study; therefore, 1500 mg/kg body weight/day (the highest dose tested, equivalent to 9.6 × 1010 A. muciniphila cells/kg body weight/day) was established as the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level. These results support that pasteurized A. muciniphila is safe for use as a food ingredient.
Unraveling exhaustion in adaptive and conventional NK cells
Authors: Merino Aimee M , Kim Hansol , Miller Jeffrey S , Cichocki Frank 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Immune exhaustion in T cells significantly impacts their ability to control malignancies and infections, and its discovery has led to revolutionary therapies for cancer in the form of checkpoint blockade. NK cells, like T cells, are lymphocytes that recognize virally infected and malignantly transformed cells. However, it remains unclear if NK cells are similarly susceptible to exhaustion. In this review, the aims are to summarize what is currently known and to identify key areas of variability that skew the scientific literature on NK cell exhaustion. A lack of consensus on the defining features of NK cell dysfunctional states such as senescence, suppression, and exhaustion has made a comparison between studies difficult. There are also significant differences in the biology of NK cell subsets with long-lived, adaptive NK cells sharing an epigenetic signature closer to memory CD8+ T cells than to conventional NK cells. Very different checkpoint receptor expression and effector functions have been shown in adaptive versus conventional NK cells chronically exposed to activating signals. Adaptive NK cells develop in individuals with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and well over half of the human population worldwide is CMV seropositive by adulthood. Despite this high prevalence, most studies do not account or control for this population. This may contribute to some of the variability reported in the literature on checkpoint receptor expression on NK cells. In this review, the protective role that exhaustion plays in T cells will also be discussed and the evidence for a similar phenomenon in NK cells will be examined.
Validation of a rapid ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of chlorogenic acids in roasted coffee
Authors: Colomban Silvia , Guercia Elena , Navarini Luciano 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChlorogenic acids (CGAs) are a large class of esters formed between quinic acid and hydroxycinnamic acids. They are present in coffee as a complex mixture of positional and geometric isomers, where caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) are the most abundant, followed by dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs), feruloylquinic acids (FQAs), and p‐coumaroylquinic acids (p‐CoQAs). The aim of this work is to develop a new reliable and fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for simultaneous identification and quantification of total amount of 11 CGAs in roasted coffee. Regarding sample preparation step, aqueous methanol and 100% aqueous ultrasonic extractions were evaluated. For the filtration Step 4, different membranes were tested, in order to fill the void of complete evaluation of extractables recovery when using different membranes, highlighting an incomplete recovery when using nylon filters. An LC/electrospray ionization (ESI)–MS/MS method was developed and validated following the European rules in terms of specificity, linearity, concentration range, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and trueness, in order to obtain a useful quality control tool for roasted coffee. The method was applied for quantification of CGAs of a roasted coffee sample previously characterized by an interlaboratory circuit (LVU), and results were compared with the quantitation of CGAs via UHPLC‐DAD. The quantitative results were expressed as 5‐CQA equivalents, and the validation of this approach opens the way to reliable, cheap, and environmental‐friendly tools for quality control purposes.
Analysis of CMIP6 atmospheric moisture fluxes and the implications for projections of future change in mean and heavy rainfall
Authors: Watterson Ian G. , Keane Richard J. , Dix Martin , Ziehn Tilo , Andrews Timothy , Tang Yongming 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMotivated by the wide range of projections of regional rainfall (or precipitation, pr) based on the CMIP5 ensemble of global climate models, we investigate the atmospheric moisture budget of idealized rising‐CO2 (1pctCO2) simulations from 10 models submitted to CMIP6. We use the new CMIP6 standard variables, the vertically integrated eastward and northward moisture flux, and provide a multi‐model assessment of these, their convergence (conv), along with water vapour path (prw). Seasonal climatologies of a 20‐year base climate for pr, prw, flux, and conv match well those from the ECMWF's Reanalysis 5. In addition, composites ‘H’ of quantities for months in the top decile of monthly rainfall, calculated at each model grid point, produce a field of heavy rainfall, on average double that of the mean. Spatial correlation coefficients (r) between the pr and conv fields are typically .7 in each season. This rises to .9 for the corresponding H fields, due to the important link between moisture convergence and heavy rainfall. Fields of standardized change (Δ), or change per degree of global warming, were calculated. The ensemble‐mean Δpr is only weakly correlated with the base climate pr, and likewise for conv. However, the prw change is highly correlated with the base prw, pointing to the importance of the “thermodynamic” change in that variable. Globally, the net Δconv is highly correlated with Δpr, around .9. This rises to .95 for the heavy‐rain composites. Relationships between changes in pr and other components hold at grid points also, when the individual model results are correlated. Clearly, there is a dependence in the change in pr with that in conv, particularly for heavy rainfall. Assessment of a larger ensemble from CMIP6, using the new flux variables, would improve the evaluation of these processes, and potentially allow more confident projections in future rainfall changes.
Clusterin secretion is attenuated by the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α in models of cartilage degradation
Authors: Matta Csaba , Fellows Christopher R. , Quasnichka Helen , Williams Adam , Jeremiasse Bernadette , Allaway David , Mobasheri Ali 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe protein clusterin has been implicated in the molecular alterations that occur in articular cartilage during osteoarthritis (OA). Clusterin exists in two isoforms with opposing functions, and their roles in cartilage have not been explored. The secreted form of clusterin (sCLU) is a cytoprotective extracellular chaperone that prevents protein aggregation, enhances cell proliferation and promotes viability, whereas nuclear clusterin acts as a pro‐death signal. Therefore, these two clusterin isoforms may be putative molecular markers of repair and catabolic responses in cartilage and the ratio between them may be important. In this study, we focused on sCLU and used established, pathophysiologically relevant, in vitro models to understand its role in cytokine‐stimulated cartilage degradation. The secretome of equine cartilage explants, osteochondral biopsies and isolated unpassaged chondrocytes was analyzed by western blotting for released sCLU, cartilage oligomeric protein (COMP) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 3 and 13, following treatment with the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) was determined using the dimethylmethylene blue assay. Clusterin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was quantified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. MMP‐3, MMP‐13, COMP, and sGAG release from explants and osteochondral biopsies was elevated with cytokine treatment, confirming cartilage degradation in these models. sCLU release was attenuated with cytokine treatment in all models, potentially limiting its cytoprotective function. Clusterin mRNA expression was down‐regulated 7‐days post cytokine stimulation. These observations implicate sCLU in catabolic responses of chondrocytes, but further studies are required to evaluate its role in OA and its potential as an investigative biomarker.
Mixed Micelles of Surface Active Ionic Liquid (SAIL)–Octylphenol Ethoxylate: A Novel Reaction Medium for Selective Oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde
Authors: Deore Tushar S. , Sadgar Amid L. , Jayaram Radha V. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIonic liquids have been found to be suitable alternatives to volatile organic solvents in chemical transformation. Through a proper choice of cations and anions, the properties of an ionic liquid can be tuned so that it resembles an amphiphile. Such specially designed molecules are known as surface‐active ionic liquids (SAIL). Like conventional surfactants, SAIL also form aggregates in an aqueous medium. Studies show that the mixing of SAIL with conventional surfactants leads to synergistic micellization. However, very few reports are available on the application of such systems as reaction media. Present study focuses on the application of mixed micelles of 1‐tetradecyl‐3‐methylimidazol‐1‐ium bromide, ([C14mim]Br) with nonionic surfactant, Octylphenol ethoxylate with 10 moles of ethylene oxide (OPE‐10). Enhanced solubilization and selective catalytic oxidation of toluene using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and tungstic acid as a catalyst have been studied in detail using this system.
Targeted analysis of six emerging derivatives or metabolites together with 25 common macrolides in milk using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe extraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/electrostaticfield orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Jia , Ling Yun , Zhou Weie , Li Donghui , Deng Yamei , Yang Xusheng , Zhang Feng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn analytical method for the determination of six emerging derivatives or metabolites together with 25 common macrolides antibiotics in milk by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/electrostaticfield orbitrap mass spectrometry was established. The samples were purified with optimized Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe methods. The amounts of primary‐secondary amine, C18, and sodium acetate adsorbent materials were optimized by response surface method to obtain the best purification effect. The chromatographic separation was carried out using the XBridge‐C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm, Waters) column with mobile phase of acetonitrile with 0.1% v/v formic acid‐water solutions (containing 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate), separated by gradient elution. The instrument was operated in the detection mode of electrospray positive and negative ions with Full MS/data dependent MS2 acquisition mode detection, external standard method was used for quantitative analysis. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation of 31 compounds were 0.1–0.5 µg/L and 0.5–2.0 µg/L, respectively. A total of 31 compounds performed a good linearity in the range of 1 to 200 µg/L, and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.990. The spiked recoveries in milk samples were 81.07–110.1% and the relative standard deviation was less than 5.1%. The method was successful applied to actual sample testing in the market.
Effect of different conditioning regimens on survival and engraftment for children with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation: A single institution experience
Authors: Ali Salah , Wall Donna A. , Ali Muhammad , Chiang Kuang‐Yueh , Naqvi Ahmed , Weitzman Sheila , Gassas Adam , Gibson Paul , Brager Rae , Fernandez Conrad V. , Crooks Bruce , Schechter Tal , Krueger Joerg 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a rare hyperinflammatory immuneregulatory disorder, is a challenge in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) because of the high rate of mixed chimerism, relapse, and graft failure (GF) unless intensive myeloablative regimens are used. However, historically conventional myeloablative regimens (conv MA) are associated with high toxicity and mortality.ProcedureWe retrospectively compared transplant outcomes between three preparative regimens of varying intensities: Conv MA (n = 15), reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC, n = 12), and a treosulfan‐based reduced‐toxicity conditioning (RTC, n = 9).ResultsPatients in the RIC cohort had a higher incidence of mixed donor chimerism and five patients (42%) developed secondary GF (P = .002) compared to the other two regimens. There was a higher incidence of veno‐occlusive disease and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in the Conv MA cohort. With the RTC regimen, there was a similar 2‐year overall survival (89, 73, and 83%; P = .87), but improved compound EFS (lack of relapse, GF, second transplant or additional donor cell infusions, or death; 89, 73, and 42%, P = .041) in RTC, Conv MA, and RIC regimen, respectively.ConclusionsThe intensity of the preparative regimen has a significant impact on outcome of HSCT for HLH. The newly described treosulfan‐based RTC provides for a stable graft with a reasonable toxicity profile.
Self‐assembled fibrillar polyethylene crystals with tunable properties
Authors: Seyhan Aybeniz , Gunaydin Beyza Nur , Polat Yusuf , Kilic Ali , Demir Ali , Avci Huseyin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDue to its simple linear chain structure, crystal morphology of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) fibers can be controlled to fulfill the needs of diverse advanced applications. This study presents a simple two‐step method to produce LLDPE fibers with self‐assembled fibrillar crystals and highly oriented amorphous phase. Rather than conventional melt spinning, fibers were treated in a two‐step eco‐friendly bath without drawing after extruded fibers emerge from the spinneret. Treated fibers through the baths demonstrated lower crystallinity, but significantly higher degree of crystal orientation when compared to control fibers of traditional melt spinning. Morphological analysis revealed that a unique microstructure was formed after spinning through a two‐step eco‐friendly bath. As‐spun fibers demonstrated spherulitic morphology which can be transformed into a fibrillar structure followed by post‐drawing process. Cross sectional images of the treated LLDPE fibers produced at 400 m/min showed fibrillar PE crystals which can be more dominant upon post‐drawing. After two‐step bath treatment, produced fibers need low draw ratios to exhibit high performance. Our novel modification followed by hot drawing process can manipulate internal structure with performance of PE fibers to an outstanding level of 0.35 GPa strength and 3 GPa modulus at a production speed of 400 m/min.
Fluorinated peptide biomaterials
Authors: Sloand Janna N. , Miller Michael A. , Medina Scott H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFluorinated compounds, while rarely used by nature, are emerging as fundamental ingredients in biomedical research, with applications in drug discovery, metabolomics, biospectroscopy, and, as the focus of this review, peptide/protein engineering. Leveraging the fluorous effect to direct peptide assembly has evolved an entirely new class of organofluorine building blocks from which unique and bioactive materials can be constructed. Here, we discuss three distinct peptide fluorination strategies used to design and induce peptide assembly into nano‐, micro‐, and macro‐supramolecular states that potentiate high‐ordered organization into material scaffolds. These fluorine‐tailored peptide assemblies employ the unique fluorous environment to boost biofunctionality for a broad range of applications, from drug delivery to antibacterial coatings. This review provides foundational tactics for peptide fluorination and discusses the utility of these fluorous‐directed hierarchical structures as material platforms in diverse biomedical applications.
In‐process rheological monitoring of extrusion‐based polymer processes
Authors: Hilliou Loic , Covas José A 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSince rheology is very sensitive to the structure and macromolecular conformation of polymer systems, rheological measurements performed in situ during extrusion are attractive for monitoring the process. After introducing the concepts of in‐process monitoring during extrusion operations, the benefits of rheology for assessing filler dispersion in polymer composites, morphology development in polymer blends or the extent of chemical reaction in reactive extrusion are briefly reviewed. Then, in‐process rheological tools are reviewed. For each device, the information conveyed is detailed. © 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry
Optimal inspection for randomly triggered hidden deterioration processes
Authors: Hijazy Ayman , Zempléni András 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with degradation processes whose onset is triggered at a random time and which stay hidden until they are discovered through inspection or when they begin to show symptoms. This is applicable in many healthcare and industrial scenarios, for example, in the modeling of breast cancer or termite infestation. In our model, we assume that symptoms appear after hitting a random critical threshold and that inspections may have a sensitivity less than one as well as a nonzero false positive rate. The expected cost of repair is derived, and the inspection rate is optimized for a cycle (which lasts from degradation‐free to repaired state). This gives results for three cases: the first is for a finite observation period with no degradation recurrence, the second for infinite time horizon allowing recurrence. In the third case, we derive an upper bound for the expected cost in a given constant time period. Finally, the model is applied to determine the optimal strategy for breast cancer screening with regard to the effects of different parametrizations.