bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of radiation necrosis in long-term survivors after Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases
Authors: Siddiqui Zaid A , Squires Bryan S , Johnson Matt D , Baschnagel Andrew M , Chen Peter Y , Krauss Daniel J , Olson Ricky E , Meyer Kurt D , Grills Inga S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
The long-term risk of necrosis after radiosurgery for brain metastases is uncertain. We aimed to investigate incidence and predictors of radiation necrosis for individuals with more than 1 year of survival after radiosurgery for brain metastases.

Methods
Patients who had a diagnosis of brain metastases treated between December 2006 and December 2014, who had at least 1 year of survival after first radiosurgery were retrospectively reviewed. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, and the incidence of radiation necrosis was estimated with death or surgical resection as competing risks. Patient and treatment factors associated with radiation necrosis were also analyzed.

Results
A total of 198 patients with 732 lesions were analyzed. Thirty-four lesions required salvage radiosurgery and 10 required salvage surgical resection. Median follow-up was 24 months. The estimated median survival for this population was 25.4 months. The estimated per-lesion incidence of radiation necrosis at 4 years was 6.8%. Medical or surgical therapy was required for 60% of necrosis events. Tumor volume and male sex were significant factors associated with radiation necrosis. The per-lesions incidence of necrosis for patients undergoing repeat radiosurgery was 33.3% at 4 years.

Conclusions
In this large series of patients undergoing radiosurgery for brain metastases, patients continued to be at risk for radiation necrosis throughout their first 4 years of survival. Repeat radiosurgery of recurrent lesions greatly exacerbates the risk of radiation necrosis, whereas treatment of larger target volumes increases the risk modestly.
Comparative genomics reveal shared genomic changes in syngnathid fishes and signatures of genetic convergence with placental mammals
Authors: Zhang Yan-Hong , Ravi Vydianathan , Qin Geng , Dai He , Zhang Hui-Xian , Han Feng-Ming , Wang Xin , Liu Yu-Hong , Yin Jian-Ping , Huang Liang-Min , Venkatesh Byrappa , Lin Qiang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Syngnathids (seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons) exhibit an array of morphological innovations including loss of pelvic fins, a toothless tubular mouth and male pregnancy. They comprise two subfamilies: Syngnathinae and Nerophinae. Genomes of three Syngnathinae members have been analyzed previously. In this study, we have sequenced the genome of a Nerophinae member, the Manado pipefish (Microphis manadensis), which has a semi-enclosed brood pouch. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the molecular evolutionary rate of the four syngnathids is higher than that of other teleosts. The loss of all but one P/Q-rich SCPP gene in the syngnathids suggests a role for the lost genes in dentin and enameloid formation in teleosts. Genome-wide comparison identified a set of 118 genes with parallel identical amino acid substitutions in syngnathids and placental mammals. Association of some of these genes with placental and embryonic development in mammals suggests a role for them in syngnathid pregnancy.
Religious Speech and Silence about Sexuality
Authors: Daly Thompson Katrina , Anatoli (Ivanova) Olga 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the theme of silence about sexuality within religious communities. The discussion focuses not only on sexuality as religious taboo that necessitates silence but also on innovative ways to talk about sex while containing the taboo through uses of humor, indirect speech, vagueness, and euphemism. The authors argue that research can benefit from a closer examination of how discourse about sexuality within a religious context is often double-voiced, especially among those whose sexual practices and identifications are censored by religious dogma. The chapter explores this tension in the existing literature and then uses linguistic data to illustrate how people can use speech and silence to circumvent and transgress religious and linguistic taboos.
From Eternity to Here
Authors: Stolzenberg Nomi M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The discourse of religious accommodation has stopped making sense and the reason it has stopped making sense is because our terminology is inherited from a tradition of political theological discourse that has been forgotten: the theology of divine accommodation. This chapter reconstructs the content of that tradition of political theology in broad strokes, arguing that the birthplace of secularism and the birthplace of liberalism both lie here. Once we recognize that, a number of doctrinal and conceptual puzzles can be solved, including how to define religion, whether to characterize secular humanism as a religion, and how broadly to construe the right to religious accommodation. It also solves the intellectual history puzzle of how Christianity came to be “terrestrialized,” paving the way for the evolution of liberal political thought. Contra the received wisdom that political theology and liberalism are intellectual and political antagonists, locating the origins of liberalism and secularism in the tradition of divine accommodation reveals conservative political theology and liberal political theory to be one and the same. It further reveals the centrality of law to the humanist tradition and the centrality of humanism to law.
Trauma, Memory, and the Law
Authors: Spaulding Norman W. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
For much of the twentieth century, the connections between trauma, memory, and law have traditionally been represented as redemptive. Naming traumatic experience by recovering the memory of victims, typically privileging their first-person testimony, has been critical to the work of seeing justice done. Across the disciplines of history, psychoanalysis, law, psychology, and critical theory, a vast literature seeks to connect the testimony of traumatic memory in a metaphysically immediate way to justice and truth. In many of these accounts memory work itself—remembering, testifying—is the work of justice, just as in psychoanalysis, recovering traumatic experience, reducing it to first-person narrative, is the cure. But the valence of the trauma/memory/law circuit is complex. Law is, after all, frequently a principal source of traumatic experience, operating repressively, causing revictimization, refusing to recognize the claims of the injured, and, more ominously, providing the state opportunities for biopolitical and emergency intervention. This chapter provides a brief history of the entanglement of trauma, memory, and the law, emphasizing its links to the development of the field of psychoanalysis and to deeply gendered, physicalist assumptions about harm. The chapter also synthesizes an emerging critical literature and suggests that criticism (methodological, political, conceptual, and normative) reflects fundamentally unresolved questions about the meaning of traumatic experience—questions that both reflect and obscure profound anxieties about the challenges traumatic experience poses to assumptions about the nature of modern life. If there is a practice of justice equal to the problem of traumatic experience, it has not yet been named.
Book History
Authors: Manuwald Henrike 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Book history, understood broadly as the analysis of written communication, interacts with legal studies in two main areas: first, legal rules frame the production and dissemination of books or written documents (in many cultures); second, books and written documents can act as meaningful objects within the legal sphere. This chapter focuses on the second area and shows by way of examples how taking the materiality of the book as a starting point can help to uncover cultural structures linked to the law. The chapter demonstrates the potential of this approach by focusing on a period in which books with legal contents radically changed their function: the Middle Ages in Europe, with their shift from writing down customs in the vernacular as a means of preservation to actual law books used as works of reference. As can be shown, the design of legal manuscripts played an important role in this process of codification. But not only law books are elements of the legal sphere: the chapter also outlines the function of books in legal rituals with religious implications as well as the merging of “law” and “literature” in some medieval manuscripts. Finally, the chapter draws attention to the opportunities book history offers for research into intercultural relations and into the change of legal culture in the digital age.
Police Records
Authors: Vatulescu Cristina 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter approaches police records as a genre that gains from being considered in its relationships with other genres of writing. In particular, we will follow its long-standing relationship to detective fiction, the novel, and biography. Going further, the chapter emphasizes the intermedia character of police records not just in our time but also throughout their existence, indeed from their very origins. This approach opens to a more inclusive media history of police files. We will start with an analysis of the seminal late nineteenth-century French manuals prescribing the writing of a police file, the famous Bertillon-method manuals. We will then track their influence following their adoption nationally and internationally, with particular attention to the politics of their adoption in the colonies. We will also touch briefly on the relationship of early policing to other disciplines, such as anthropology and statistics, before moving to a closer look at its intersections with photography and literature.
Emblems
Authors: Hayaert Valérie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The early modern tradition of the emblem book offers a fertile ground to uncover the renewal of legal ethics during the Renaissance. Andrea Alciato was first and foremost a lawyer, and juridical themes abound in his Emblematum libellus. Later emblematists forged visible figures of norm and law, which stage and enact the rites and harmony of a living legal visual tradition. Inserted into the body of law reference texts or used as ingenious mnemonic devices, emblems played a role in the ars memorativa deployed by legal educators. In the case of Johannes Buno, visual images were designed especially to help fix the order of titles in the Digest and their contents. Emblems and symbolic places would serve as topical frameworks, headings for the reference texts, and notable visual commonplaces to highlight important issues. The emblematic quality of memory images was valuable for the jurist, who could reconstruct an entire legal text, speech, or case. The importance of emblems in transmitting law and the imaginary representation of legality was key to building a professional ethos in the humanist respublica jurisconsultorum. Emblem books provided shared judicial values, norms of conduct, and signs of office. The early history of legal emblems requires being attentive to the profound multivalence of their form and structure: their prolixity of applications and the variegated ways in which images and texts illuminate each other and provide numerous examples of making, seeing, and saying judicial ethics.
Maxims
Authors: Davis Donald R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the history and use of maxims in legal traditions from several areas of the world. A comparison of legal maxims in Roman, Hindu, Jewish, and Islamic law shows that maxims function both as a basic tools for legal interpretation and as distillations of substantive legal principles applicable to many cases. Maxims are characterized by their unquestionable character, even though it is often easy to demonstrate contradictions between them. As a result, legal maxims seem linked to the recurrent desire for law to have a moral foundation. Although maxims have lost their purchase in most contemporary jurisprudence and legal practice, categories such as “canons of construction,” “legal principles,” and “super precedents” all show similarities to the brief and limited collections of maxims in older legal traditions. The search for core ideas underlying the law thus continues under different names.
Mapping Law and Performance
Authors: Peters Julie Stone 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the past decade or so, there has been a substantial body of work in law and humanities in which “performance” serves as a key word, an umbrella term for a highly diverse set of inquiries: the examination of trials as theater, courtroom testimony, improvisatory judicial interpretation, embodied cognition, “acoustic jurisprudence,” adversarial agonism, physiognomic credibility, video representation, symbolic “speech,” police encounters, terrorism, the production of legal identities, and more. This chapter explores the meaning of “performance” in such studies, and recounts the author’s attempts to map the terrain: to identify the separate kinds of inquiry that make up the study of law and performance; to offer a taxonomic overview of the whole. It describes the challenges the author encountered in attempting to do so, and what these reveal of the issues facing the study of law and performance. The last section reflects on some of the risks of interdisciplinary study generally, and the potential benefits that might accrue to law and performance if it resists becoming a “field” and remains, instead, a contingent conjunction.
Postcolonial Legal Studies
Authors: Mawani Renisa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The emergence of postcolonial studies as a distinct field of inquiry has commonly been attributed to the work of Edward W. Said, particularly his groundbreaking book, Orientalism. Since the early 1980s, Said’s insights have had a significant influence in the humanities, reshaping the fields of comparative literature, English, history, and anthropology. However, his arguments and interventions have held comparably less force in law and legal studies. Forty years after the publication of Orientalism, this chapter reconsiders to what extent Said’s work—and postcolonial studies more generally—has influenced themes, debates, and directions in law and legal studies. To do so, this chapter borrows Said’s three-part edifice—“The Scope of Orientalism”; “Orientalist Structures and Restructures”; and “Orientalism Now”—as a mode of organizing and as a method of reading the scholarship that falls under the sign of postcolonial legal studies and as a way to consider directions for further study.
Racial Ambiguity Blues
Authors: Rich Camille Gear 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores contemporary accounts of racialization, arguing that Americans are currently experiencing a period of “racial ambiguity blues.” The chapter explains that contemporary racial politics have been powerfully shaped by the emergence of a group of racially ambiguous characters offering controversial racial claims. The controversies triggered by these stories of racial ambiguity lay bare the fact that there currently are competing rules for determining an individual’s race in American society and no single model or account of racialization controls. The chapter briefly lays out the three contemporary racialization models: “so-called” biological race, physical race, and performative race. It then identifies the material and political implications of each racialization model. After noting the challenges the competing racialization models pose for sociology, the chapter highlights ways aspects of the various racialization models can be integrated, offering as an example the author’s account of “elective race.” Additionally, the chapter points to the ways in which analytic approaches from the humanities can help social science scholars craft new analyses that better account for racial ambiguity and racial fluidity. The chapter closes by identifying four new challenges on the horizon for all scholars of racialization across field.
Humanism as a Religious Orientation?
Authors: Hart William 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Atheism, humanism, and naturalism are three expressions of nontheism. They are “ideal types,” abstractions from the empirical messiness of the phenomena they describe. These types represent three levels of complexity and depth. Humanism sublates atheism, that is, transforms and lifts it higher. In turn, naturalism sublates (aufheben) humanism. At its best, naturalism assumes a pragmatic form. After an arguing for a serial relationship of increasing sophistication and intensification among atheism, humanism, and naturalism, the chapter culminates with an overview of George Santayana’s pragmatic religious naturalism. The thesis of the chapter is that Santayana provides the most sophisticated and capacious account of anti-supernaturalism and nontheism as a religious orientation.
Lattice gauge theory for the Haldane conjecture and central-branch Wilson fermion
Authors: Misumi Tatsuhiro , Tanizaki Yuya 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We develop a $(1+1)$D lattice $U(1)$ gauge theory in order to define the two-flavor massless Schwinger model, and discuss its connection with the Haldane conjecture. We propose to use the central-branch Wilson fermion, which is defined by relating the mass, $m$, and the Wilson parameter, $r$, by $m+2r=0$. This setup gives two massless Dirac fermions in the continuum limit, and it turns out that no fine-tuning of $m$ is required because the extra $U(1)$ symmetry at the central branch, $U(1)_{\overline{V}}$, prohibits additive mass renormalization. Moreover, we show that the Dirac determinant is positive semi-definite and this formulation is free from the sign problem, so a Monte Carlo simulation of the path integral is possible. By identifying the symmetry at low energy, we show that this lattice model has a mixed ’t Hooft anomaly between $U(1)_{\overline{V}}$, lattice translation, and lattice rotation. We discuss its relation to the anomaly of half-integer anti-ferromagnetic spin chains, so our lattice gauge theory is suitable for numerical simulation of the Haldane conjecture. Furthermore, it gives a new and strict understanding on the parity-broken phase (Aoki phase) of the $2$D Wilson fermion.
Potential Indirect Mechanisms of Cognitive Enhancement After Long-Term Resistance Training in Older Adults
Authors: Macaulay Timothy R , Fisher Beth E , Schroeder E Todd 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and other age-associated cognitive disorders is steadily increasing worldwide. With no cure after diagnosis, successful treatment likely requires maximum adherence to preventative countermeasures. Many potential risk factors are modifiable through exercise. Specifically, mounting evidence suggests that long-term resistance training (RT) can help maintain cognitive abilities with aging and have additional benefits to overall brain health. Physical therapists are uniquely positioned to administer such clinical interventions designed to slow disease progression. However, a neuroscientific foundation for these benefits must be established to justify the integration of RT for brain health into practice. The mechanisms of cognitive decline are commonly linked to fundamental processes of aging. Even healthy older adults experience decreases in physical capacity, vascular function, brain structure and function, glucose regulation, inflammation, mood, and sleep quality. Yet, clinical trials involving RT in older adults have consistently demonstrated improvements in each of these systems with concomitant enhancement of cognitive performance. Beneficial adaptations may indirectly or directly mediate benefits to brain function, and understanding this relationship can help us develop optimal intervention strategies for the aging population.
Value-Based Health Care in Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Holtzman Jessica N. , Deshpande Bhushan R. , Stuart Jessica C. , Feeley Thomas W. , Witkowski Mary , Hundert Edward M. , Kasper Jennifer 
Published: January 2020

Problem
Value-based health care (VBHC) is an innovative framework for redesigning care delivery to achieve better outcomes for patients and reduce cost; however, providing students with the skills to understand and engage with these topics is a challenge to medical educators.

Approach
Here, the authors present a novel, VBHC curriculum integrated into a required course for post-core clerkship students—launched in 2018 at Harvard Medical School and taught in conjunction with Harvard Business School faculty—that highlights key principles of VBHC most relevant to undergraduate medical education. The course integrates VBHC with related health disciplines, including health policy, ethics, epidemiology, and social medicine, using a case-based method. Students practice active decision making while learning key concepts to address value in clinical practice.

Outcomes
Since the course’s inception in March 2018, 95 students (87%) completed the standardized course evaluation; the majority said VBHC content and pedagogical style (i.e., case-based learning) enhanced their learning. Students’ critiques focused on too little integration with other disciplines (e.g., social medicine, ethics), the physical space, and inadequate time for debates about potential tensions between VBHC and other course disciplines.

Next Steps
The authors believe that by exposing medical students to the principles of VBHC, students will fulfill the expectations of graduating physicians by excelling as critical thinkers, collaborative team members, and judicious care providers throughout their residency, clinical practice, and beyond. Future VBHC curricula expansions may include elective coursework, intensive seminar series, and formal dual degrees.
One-year mortality rate after hip fracture in the western region of Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Al-Hebshi Amro , Hegaze Adel , Mustafa Hesham N. , Tash Bayan , Sawan Dana , Al-Faris Khalid 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The mortality rate of elderly patients who sustain a hip fracture is high compared to the general population. Identifying risk factors can help predict patients at risk of hip fracture to reduce the mortality rate. No studies have shown the mortality rate of patients with hip fractures in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the mortality of patients with hip fractures admitted to the King Abdulaziz Hospital and compare the results with other studies.

Methods:
The mortality rate (within 1 yr or less) in 177 patients over the age of 60 yr who were admitted to the university hospital between July, 2007, and September, 2012, with hip fractures was retrospectively studied. The patients were assessed with regard to gender, age, type of hip fracture, and type of surgical intervention.

Results:
The overall mortality rate 1 yr after hip fracture was 12.43%, and the mean age was 77.77 yr old. The risk factors most associated with mortality were as follows: advanced age (71 to 80 and 81 to 90 yr old), male, peritrochanteric (extracapsular) fracture, and operative fixation with dynamic hip screw.

Conclusions:
The mortality rate of patients with hip fractures within 1 yr has a high-risk potential, especially for male patients over 71 yr of age with peritrochanteric (extracapsular) fractures. Surgical treatment with dynamic hip screw also was shown to be a risk factor between the different treatment options.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.