bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of imaging software and conventional cell counting in determining melanocyte density in photodamaged control sample and melanoma in situ biopsies
Authors: Coakley Anne , Orlowski Timothy J. , Muhlbauer Aaron , Moy Lauren , Speiser Jodi J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundObjective methods for distinguishing melanoma in situ (MIS) from photodamaged skin (PS) are needed to guide treatment in patients with melanocytic proliferations. Melanocyte density (MD) could serve as an objective histopathological criterion in difficult cases. Calculating MD via manual cell counts (MCC) with immunohistochemical (IHC)‐stained slides has been previously published. However, the clinical application of this method is questionable, as quantification of MD via MCC on difficult cases is time consuming, especially in high volume practices.MethodsImageJ is an image processing software that uses scanned slide images to determine cell count. In this study, we compared MCC to ImageJ calculated MD in microphthalmia transcription factor‐IHC stained MIS biopsies and control PS acquired from the same patients.ResultsWe found a statistically significant difference in MD between PS and MIS as measured by both MCC and ImageJ software (P < 0.01). Additionally, no statistically significant difference was found when comparing MD measurements recorded by ImageJ vs those determined by the MCC method.ConclusionMD as determined by ImageJ strongly correlates with the MD calculated by MCC. We propose the use of ImageJ as a time‐efficient, objective, and reproducible tool to assess MD.
(Un)common knowledge: Children use social relationships to determine who knows what
Authors: Liberman Zoe , Gerdin Emily , Kinzler Katherine D. , Shaw Alex 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSocially savvy individuals track what they know and what other people likely know, and they use this information to navigate the social world. We examine whether children expect people to have shared knowledge based on their social relationships (e.g., expecting friends to know each other's secrets, expecting members of the same cultural group to share cultural knowledge) and we compare children's reasoning about shared knowledge to their reasoning about common knowledge (e.g., the wrongness of moral violations). In three studies, we told 4‐ to 9‐year‐olds (N = 227) about what a child knew and asked who else knew the information: The child's friend (Studies 1–3), the child's schoolmate (Study 1), another child from the same national group (Study 2), or the child's sibling (Study 3). In all three studies, older children reliably used relationships to infer what other people knew. Moreover, with age, children increasingly considered both the type of knowledge and an individual's social relationships when reporting who knew what. The results provide support for a ‘Selective Inferences’ hypothesis and suggest that children's early attention to social relationships facilitates an understanding of how knowledge transfers – an otherwise challenging cognitive process.
Impact of obesity on the increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Buzzetti Raffaella , Zampetti Simona , Pozzilli Paolo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPublished estimates of the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children in the last decade varies between 2% and 4% per annum. If this trend continued, the disease incidence would double in the next 20 years. The risk of developing T1D is determined by a complex interaction between multiple genes (mainly human leukocyte antigens) and environmental factors. Notwithstanding that genetic susceptibility represents a relevant element in T1D risk, genetics alone cannot explain the increase in incidence. Various environmental factors have been suggested as potential triggers for T1D, including several viruses and the hygiene hypothesis; however, none of these seems to explain the large increase in T1D incidence observed over the last decades. Several studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of childhood/adolescence overweight and obesity has risen during the past 30 years in T1D. Currently, at diagnosis, the majority of patients with T1D have normal or elevated body weight and ~50% of patients with longstanding T1D are either overweight or obese. The growing prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence offers a plausible explanation for the increase in T1D incidence observed in recent decades. Possible mechanisms of the enhancement of β‐cell autoimmunity by obesity include: a) insulin resistance‐induced β‐cell secretory demand triggering autoimmunity through cytokine release, neo‐epitope antigen formation and increase in β‐cell apoptosis, and b) obesity‐induced low‐grade inflammation with pro‐inflammatory cytokines secreted by locally infiltrating macrophages, which contribute to the presentation by islet cells of autoantigens generally not accessible to T cells. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the control of body weight can prevent or delay the current and continuing rise in T1D incidence.
Isolating the effects of ontogenetic niche shift on brain size development using pumpkinseed sunfish ecotypes
Authors: Axelrod Caleb J. , Laberge Frédéric , Robinson Beren W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA functional relationship between relative brain size and cognitive performance has been hypothesized. However, the influence of ontogenetic niche shifts on cognitive performance is not well understood. Increases in body size can affect niche use but distinguishing nonecologically relevant brain development from effects associated with ecology is difficult. If survival is enhanced by functional changes in ecocognitive performance over ontogeny, then brain size development should track ontogenetic shifts in ecology. We control for nonecologically relevant brain size development by comparing brain growth between two ecotypes of Pumpkinseed sunfish whose ecologies diverge over ontogeny from a shared juvenile niche. Brain size differs between ecotypes from their birth year onwards even though their foraging ecology appears to diverge at age 3. This finding suggests that the eco‐cognitive requirements of adult niches shape early life brain growth more than the requirements of juvenile ecology.
Assessment of the biocontrol effects of three aromatic plants on multiple trophic levels of the arthropod community in an agroforestry ecosystem
Authors: Song Beizhou , Han Zhenhai 
Published: March 2020

1. Studies have shown that plant diversity plays a major role in influencing arthropod community composition. However, the effects of increasing plant species diversity on arthropod abundance at multiple trophic levels in the presence of aromatic plants have not been well documented.2. To explore the potential of using aromatic plants to biocontrol arthropods at multiple trophic levels, three aromatic plant species – French marigold (Tagetes patula L.), Ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum Mill.) and Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) – were introduced into an apple orchard to increase ground plant species composition.3. The aromatic plants influenced the structure of arthropod communities at multiple trophic levels, particularly the herbivores in the tree canopy and predators in ground covers. Aromatic plants negatively influenced total arthropod community abundance. Compared with the control treatment, the total arthropod community abundance in the treated areas declined 24.99–33.84% and 14.35–24.65% in the tree canopy and ground covers, respectively.4. Aromatic plants negatively influenced herbivore abundance, both overall and relative to the total community. By contrast, aromatic plants positively influenced predator abundance, both overall and relative to the total community, in the treatments containing both ageratum and catnip. However, aromatic plants had no effect on species richness at each trophic level or on parasitoid abundance.5. These results suggest that increasing ground plant species diversity by introducing aromatic plants into apple orchards may considerably affect arthropod community composition, and that aromatic plants are potentially effective for the biocontrol of herbivore pests in agroforestry ecosystems.
Visual seizure annotation and automated seizure detection using behind‐the‐ear electroencephalographic channels
Authors: Vandecasteele Kaat , De Cooman Thomas , Dan Jonathan , Cleeren Evy , Van Huffel Sabine , Hunyadi Borbála , Van Paesschen Wim 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveSeizure diaries kept by patients are unreliable. Automated electroencephalography (EEG)‐based seizure detection systems are a useful support tool to objectively detect and register seizures during long‐term video‐EEG recording. However, this standard full scalp‐EEG recording setup is of limited use outside the hospital, and a discreet, wearable device is needed for capturing seizures in the home setting. We are developing a wearable device that records EEG with behind‐the‐ear electrodes. In this study, we determined whether the recognition of ictal patterns using only behind‐the‐ear EEG channels is possible. Second, an automated seizure detection algorithm was developed using only those behind‐the‐ear EEG channels.MethodsFifty‐four patients with a total of 182 seizures, mostly temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and 5284 hours of data, were recorded with a standard video‐EEG at University Hospital Leuven. In addition, extra behind‐the‐ear EEG channels were recorded. First, a neurologist was asked to annotate behind‐the‐ear EEG segments containing selected seizure and nonseizure fragments. Second, a data‐driven algorithm was developed using only behind‐the‐ear EEG. This algorithm was trained using data from other patients (patient‐independent model) or from the same patient (patient‐specific model).ResultsThe visual recognition study resulted in 65.7% sensitivity and 94.4% specificity. By using those seizure annotations, the automated algorithm obtained 64.1% sensitivity and 2.8 false‐positive detections (FPs)/24 hours with the patient‐independent model. The patient‐specific model achieved 69.1% sensitivity and 0.49 FPs/24 hours.SignificanceVisual recognition of ictal EEG patterns using only behind‐the‐ear EEG is possible in a significant number of patients with TLE. A patient‐specific seizure detection algorithm using only behind‐the‐ear EEG was able to detect more seizures automatically than what patients typically report, with 0.49 FPs/24 hours. We conclude that a large number of refractory TLE patients can benefit from using this device.
Flavodoxin hydroquinone provides electrons for the ATP‐dependent reactivation of protein‐bound corrinoid cofactors
Authors: Kißling Lena , Greiser Yvonne , Dürichen Hendrike , Studenik Sandra 
Published: March 2020

Corrinoid‐dependent enzyme systems rely on the super‐reduced state of the protein‐bound corrinoid cofactor to be functional, for example, in methyl transfer reactions. Due to the low redox potential of the [CoII]/[CoI] couple, autoxidation of the corrinoid cofactor occurs and leads to the formation of the inactive [CoII]‐state. For the reactivation, which is an energy‐demanding process, electrons have to be transferred from a physiological donor to the corrinoid cofactor by the help of a reductive activator protein. In this study, we identified reduced flavodoxin as electron donor for the ATP‐dependent reduction of protein‐bound corrinoid cofactors of bacterial O‐demethylase enzyme systems. Reduced flavodoxin was generated enzymatically using pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase rather than hydrogenase. Two of the four flavodoxins identified in Acetobacterium dehalogenans and Desulfitobacterium hafniense DCB‐2 were functional in supplying electrons for corrinoid reduction. They exhibited a midpoint potential of about −400 mV (ESHE, pH 7.5) for the semiquinone/hydroquinone transition. Reduced flavodoxin could be replaced by reduced clostridial ferredoxin. It was shown that the low‐potential electrons of reduced flavodoxin are first transferred to the iron‐sulfur cluster of the reductive activator and finally to the protein‐bound corrinoid cofactor. This study further highlights the importance of reduced flavodoxin, which allows maintaining a variety of enzymatic reaction cycles by delivering low‐potential electrons.
Zinc modulation of proton currents in a new voltage‐gated proton channel suggests a mechanism of inhibition
Authors: Chaves Gustavo , Bungert‐Plümke Stefanie , Franzen Arne , Mahorivska Iryna , Musset Boris 
Published: March 2020

The HV1 voltage‐gated proton (HV1) channel is a key component of the cellular proton extrusion machinery and is pivotal for charge compensation during the respiratory burst of phagocytes. The best‐described physiological inhibitor of HV1 is Zn2+. Externally applied ZnCl2 drastically reduces proton currents reportedly recorded in Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Rana esculenta, Helix aspersa, Ciona intestinalis, Coccolithus pelagicus, Emiliania huxleyi, Danio rerio, Helisoma trivolvis, and Lingulodinium polyedrum, but with considerable species variability. Here, we report the effects of Zn2+ and Cd2+ on HV1 from Nicoletia phytophila, NpHV1. We introduced mutations at potential Zn2+ coordination sites and measured Zn2+ inhibition in different extracellular pH, with Zn2+ concentrations up to 1000 μm. Zn2+ inhibition in NpHV1 was quantified by the slowing of the activation time constant and a positive shift of the conductance–voltage curve. Replacing aspartate in the S3‐S4 loop with histidine (D145H) enhanced both the slowing of activation kinetics and the shift in the voltage–conductance curve, such that Zn2+ inhibition closely resembled that of the human channel. Histidine is much more effective than aspartate in coordinating Zn2+ in the S3‐S4 linker. A simple Hodgkin Huxley model of NpHV1 suggests a decrease in the opening rate if it is inhibited by zinc or cadmium. Limiting slope measurements and high‐resolution clear native gel electrophoresis (hrCNE) confirmed that NpHV1 functions as a dimer. The data support the hypothesis that zinc is coordinated in between the dimer instead of the monomer. Zinc coordination sites may be potential targets for drug development.
Fluid overload is associated with use of a higher number of antihypertensive drugs in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Morais Jyana G. , Pecoits‐Filho Roberto , Canziani Maria E. F. , Poli‐de‐Figueiredo Carlos E. , Cuvello Neto Américo L. , Barra Ana B. , Calice‐Silva Viviane , Raimann Jochen G. , Nerbass Fabiana B. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionHypertension is multifactorial, highly prevalent in the hemodialysis (HD) population and its adequate control requires, in addition to adequate volume management, often the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs. We aimed to describe the use of antihypertensive agents in a group of HD patients and to evaluate the factors associated with the use of multiple classes (≥3) of antihypertensives.MethodsWe analyzed the baseline data from the HDFit study. Clinically stable patients with HD vintage between 3 and 24 months without any severe mobility limitation were recruited from sites throughout southern Brazil. Fluid status was measured pre‐dialysis with the Body Composition Monitor (BCM; Fresenius, Germany). Fluid overload (FO) was considered when the overhydration index (OH) was greater than 7% of extracellular water (OH/ECW > 7%) and overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2. Prescriptions of antihypertensive drugs were obtained from participants' reports and medical records. Logistic regression was employed to determine factors associated with excessive use of antihypertensive medication (≥3 classes).FindingsOf 195 studied patients, 171 with complete data were included (70% male, 53 ± 15 years old, 57% of them with FO). Pre‐dialysis systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 150 ± 24 mmHg and patients used a median of 2 (1–3) antihypertensive drugs. Vasodilators (20%) were of lowest prevalence, use of other classes varied from 40% to 53%. Sixty‐two (36%) subjects used ≥3 classes and presented a higher prevalence of diabetes and FO, lower prevalence of overweight, and higher SBP. In a logistic regression model age, BMI <25 kg/m2, and OH/ECW > 7% were associated with excessive drug use.DiscussionMore than one‐third of participants used ≥3 classes of antihypertensive drugs, and it was associated with older age, BMI <25 kg/m2 and FO. Strategies that better manage FO may aid better blood pressure control and avoid the use of multiple antihypertensive medications.
Facile synthesis of doped ceria‐based oxide by co‐precipitation technique and performance evaluation in solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Dey Shoroshi , Choudhury Debasmita , Choudhuri Mayuri , Bhattacharya Abir , Mukhopadhyay Jayanta , Das Sharma Abhijit , Mukhopadhyay Madhumita 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCo‐precipitated nanocrystalline gadolinium (Gd)‐doped ceria (CeO2) has been synthesized with varying mole ratios of Gd in CeO2 from 0.1‐0.8 with intricate maintenance of solution pH. Phase pure Gd‐doped CeO2 (CGO) is obtained after calcination at 750°C and depending on the mole % dopant concentration, the typical crystallite size is found to vary in the range 9‐27 nm. Careful observation reveals that, calcined particle size decreases with the decrease in Gd content and an optimization of the particle size with exposed (111) [stable] and (100) plane [reactive] happens to occur for Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ (CG0.8). High resolution transmission electron micrograph of CG0.8 reveals highly interpenetrating lattice planes corresponding to cubic fluorite structure. The effectivity of such CG0.8 is further supported by its high electrical conductivity of 0.02 and 0.105 S/cm @ 600 and 700°C respectively. The bulk impedances exhibit ohmic (R0) and interfacial (Rp) polarizations to be 146 and 29.96 Ω cm2 at a temperature of 600 and 700°C with activation energies 0.36 and 0.8 eV respectively. The application of CG0.8 is further established as an interlayer in nickel oxide‐yittria stabilized zirconia (NiO‐YSZ)/YSZ/CGO/La‐Sr‐Co‐Fe‐based single cell with a current density of 1.2 A/cm2 @ 0.5 V and 700°C using hydrogen as the fuel and oxygen as the oxidant.
Consumer preferences and physical evaluation of shortbread stored in different packaging
Authors: Kowalska Małgorzata , Janas Sławomir , Kudełka Wanda 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe work aimed to assess the quality of crackers and sponge, vanilla and butter biscuits stored for 28 days in an original packaging, plastic box (Polypropylene 0.2 mm), food film (HDPE 10 mm) and paper bag. Sensory tests did not prove influence of packaging on the product quality. The authors observed: water desorption for sponge biscuits (ca. 5%), water absorption of 0.06%–1.84% for other biscuits, hardness increase of 20% ÷ 40% for sponge biscuits, hardness decrease by 10% ÷ 23% for vanilla biscuits, hardness increase for crackers in original packaging (+46%) and paper bag (+20%), hardness decrease for samples in food film (‐ 8%) and plastic box (−26%), hardness change for butter biscuits (from +9% to −15%). Complex assessment proved that HDPE film and PP box most effectively protected the product against the environmental influence. Lengthening the biscuit lifetime requires introduction of innovations regarding the manufacturing technology and packaging design/structure. Presented tests indicate both the advantages and disadvantages of typical packaging, seen from the consumer perspective. It must be remembered that “manufacturer”—“consumer requirements” relation is one of the most important stages of product assessment and development. The authors believe that the obtained results are useful for packaging producers that are new on the market, but also for those which are experienced.
Clinical implications of aminotransferase elevation in hospitalised infants aged 8‐90 days with respiratory virus detection
Authors: Kim Sang Gyeom , Oh Yu Na , Lee Joon Kee 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundFever and respiratory symptoms are the major causes of hospitalisation in infants aged 90 days or less. Respiratory viruses (RVs) are detected by multiplex reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (mRT‐PCR) in up to 70% of infants tested in this population. Aminotransferase elevation is not uncommon in RV infections, and repeat laboratory investigations are frequent due to concerns regarding the occurrence of hepatic disease.MethodsThis retrospective observational cohort study included 271 infants aged 8‐90 days, with positive RV mRT‐PCR results. Data were obtained on demographics, laboratory results and final diagnoses of hepatobiliary disease.ResultsFever (73.1%) and/or respiratory symptoms (75.6%) were the major presentations among the hospitalised infants. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were elevated in 62 (22.9%) of the 271 infants. Twenty‐four of these 62 infants had their first follow‐up, and 19 (79.2%) showed persistent elevation. All 10 (100%) infants who had their second follow‐up showed persistently elevated aminotransferase levels. Eventually, none of the 10 infants were diagnosed with hepatic disease during the median follow‐up of 10 days (range 3‐232 days). Among the RVs of interest, parainfluenza virus type 1 was significantly associated with aminotransferase elevation (odds ratio: 2.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11‐7.83).ConclusionsRV‐related non‐specific hepatitis is occasionally observed in infants aged 8‐90 days, and ALT elevation is the most common abnormality. However, a final diagnosis of primary hepatobiliary disease appears to be rare. Therefore, regular follow‐ups and targeted testing may be recommended in this specific population.
The impact of consumer behavior on preannounced pricing for a dual‐channel supply chain
Authors: Lei Qian , He Juan , Ma Chao , Jin Ziliang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study discusses a dual‐channel supply chain in which a manufacturer sells a regular‐priced product through dual channels in the normal sales period and only sells overstocked products through the direct channel in the discounted sales period in the presence of strategic consumers. The manufacturer acts as a Stackelberg leader to adopt a preannounced pricing policy. This study first proposes demand functions for a two‐period dual‐channel model by incorporating consumer utility functions. Based on the demand functions, optimal pricing strategies for both manufacturer and retailer are established. The results show that the manufacturer prefers to raise prices in both periods for consumers with a short delivery lead time. However, counterintuitively, the selling prices set by the manufacturer do not decrease as the degree of consumer patience increases. Finally, there is a Pareto zone under a certain condition where both the manufacturer and the retailer in the two‐period dual‐channel model outperform their counterparts in terms of profit in the single‐period dual‐channel model.