bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redistribution in a political union: The case of the EU
Authors: CITI MANUELE , JUSTESEN MOGENS K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA key function of centralized budgets in federal and political unions is to act as an equalizing mechanism to support economic and social cohesion. This is also the case with the European Union's (EU) budget, which operates as a redistributive mechanism that counteracts the cross‐national and cross‐regional inequalities created by the single market. Despite the limits on cross‐national redistribution imposed by a centrifugal system of representation, the net fiscal position of member states – what they pay to the EU budget minus what they receive from it – is very diverse and has changed quite remarkably over the last decades. In this paper, we investigate how and why the net fiscal position of each member state toward the rest of the EU changes over time. We develop a novel panel dataset (1979–2014) to study how key national and EU‐level political and economic variables affect the EU redistributive dynamics. We find that redistribution via the EU budget primarily targets developments in inequality within EU member states, and that an increase in domestic unemployment may also improve the country's fiscal balance. Moreover, we find that voting power in the Council is unrelated to a more positive fiscal balance. However, we find that governments with a centre‐right profile are in general more successful in improving their redistributive position vis‐à‐vis the other member states. This may create a problem of budgetary ‘rent extraction’.
Long‐term survival and cognitive function according to blood pressure management during cardiac surgery. A follow‐up
Authors: Larsen Mo H. , Draegert Christina , Vedel Anne G. , Holmgaard Frederik , Siersma Volkert , Nilsson Jens C. , Rasmussen Lars S. 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundCardiac surgery is associated with a risk of complications, including post‐operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). In the randomized Perfusion Pressure Cerebral Infarcts (PPCI) trial, we allocated cardiac surgery patients to either a low‐target mean arterial pressure (40‐50 mm Hg) or a high‐target pressure (70‐80 mm Hg). The study found no difference in the volume of new ischemic cerebral lesions nor POCD, but 30‐day mortality tended to be higher in the high‐target group. In the present study we did a long‐term 3‐year follow‐up to assess survival and level of cognitive functioning. The primary hypothesis was that patients allocated to a high‐target blood pressure had a higher long‐term mortality at 3‐year follow‐up.MethodsWe determined long‐term mortality of patients included in the PPCI trial at 3‐year follow‐up using national registries and we assessed POCD using a cognitive test battery. Subjective level of functioning was assessed with questionnaires. POCD and subjective functioning at follow‐up were evaluated in logistic regression models.ResultsAmong the 197 patients who participated in the original study, there was no significant difference in mortality over a median of 3.4 years according to blood pressure target during cardiopulmonary bypass (hazards ratio 1.23 [high vs low] 95% confidence interval: 0.50‐3.02, P = .65).POCD was found in 18.9% and 14.0% in the high‐target and low‐target groups, respectively adjusted odds ratio 1.01 (CI 95% 0.33‐3.12). No differences were found for subjective functioning between groups.ConclusionsNo difference in mortality nor in the level of cognitive functioning was found according to blood pressure target during cardiac surgery long‐term at 3‐year follow‐up.
Understanding and extending the Starling principle
Authors: Michel C. Charles , Woodcock Thomas E. , Curry Fitz‐Roy E. 
Published: April 2020

The Starling Principle states that fluid movements between blood and tissues are determined by differences in hydrostatic and colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressures between plasma inside microvessels and fluid outside them. The Revised Starling Principle recognizes that, because microvessels are permeable to macromolecules, a balance of pressures cannot halt fluid exchange. In most tissues, steady oncotic pressure differences between plasma and interstitial fluid depend on low levels of steady filtration from plasma to tissues for which the Revised Principle provides the theory. Plasma volume is normally maintained by fluid losses from filtration being matched by fluid gains from lymph. Steady state fluid uptake into plasma only occurs in tissues such as intestinal mucosa and renal peri‐tubular capillaries where a protein‐free secretion of adjacent epithelia contributes significantly to interstitial fluid volume and keeps interstitial oncotic pressure low. Steady filtration rates in different tissues are disturbed locally by reflex changes in capillary pressure and perfusion. The rapid overall decline in capillary pressure after acute blood loss initiates rapid fluid uptake from tissue to plasma, that is, autotransfusion. Fluid uptake is transient, being rapid at first then attenuating but low levels may continue for more than an hour. The Revised Principle highlights the role of oncotic pressure of small volumes of interstitial fluid within a sub‐compartment surrounding the microvessels rather than the tissue's mean interstitial fluid oncotic pressure. This maximizes oncotic pressure differences when capillary pressure are high and enhances initial absorption rates when pressures are low, accelerating short‐term regulation of plasma volume.
On computation of semiparametric maximum likelihood estimators with shape constraints
Authors: Wang Yudong , Ye Zhi‐Sheng , Cao Hongyuan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLarge sample theory of semiparametric models based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) with shape constraint on the nonparametric component is well studied. Relatively less attention has been paid to the computational aspect of semiparametric MLE. The computation of semiparametric MLE based on existing approaches such as the expectation‐maximization (EM) algorithm can be computationally prohibitive when the missing rate is high. In this paper, we propose a computational framework for semiparametric MLE based on an inexact block coordinate ascent (BCA) algorithm. We show theoretically that the proposed algorithm converges. This computational framework can be applied to a wide range of data with different structures, such as panel count data, interval‐censored data, and degradation data, among others. Simulation studies demonstrate favorable performance compared with existing algorithms in terms of accuracy and speed. Two data sets are used to illustrate the proposed computational method. We further implement the proposed computational method in R packageBCA1SG, available at CRAN.
Trade, transport costs and trade imbalances: An empirical examination of international markets and backhauls
Authors: Friedt Felix L. , Wilson Wesley W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe US trade deficit has been growing for over 25 years and has been accompanied by enlarging freight rate differentials. While traditional models of trade have ignored these gaps assuming symmetry across all bilateral trade costs, the specific linkages between trade imbalances and international transportation costs have remained unexplored. Given the current trade policies, the implications arising from the endogenous adjustment of bilateral transport costs to policy‐induced changes in the US trade deficit are of particular importance. To break new ground on this issue, we develop and estimate a model of international trade and transportation that accounts for the effects of persistent trade imbalances. The theoretical results are supported by our empirical analysis and indicate that bilateral transport costs adjust to a country's trade imbalance. The implication is that a unilateral import policy, for example, will cause spillover effects into the bilaterally integrated export market. To illustrate, we use our empirical results to simulate the anticipated spillover effect from the Chinese ban on waste imports. We find that China's ban and the projected 1.5% rise in the US trade deficit will lead to not only a 0.77% reduction of transport costs charged on US exports to China but also a 0.34% increase in transport costs on US imports from China.
Widespread genetic connectivity of feral pigeons across the Northeastern megacity
Authors: Carlen Elizabeth , Munshi‐South Jason 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUrbanization may restrict, facilitate, or have no effect on gene flow, depending on the organism and extent of urbanization. In human commensals, with high dispersal ability, urbanization can facilitate gene flow by providing continuous suitable habitat across a wide range. Additionally, suburban or rural areas with lower human population density may act as a barrier to gene flow for these human commensals. Spatial population genetic approaches provide a means to understand genetic connectivity across geographically expansive areas that encompass multiple metropolitan areas. Here, we examined the spatial genetic patterns of feral pigeons (Columba livia) living in cities in the eastern United States. We focused our sampling on the Northeastern megacity, which is a region covering six large cities (Boston, Providence, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, DC). We performed ddRAD‐Seqon 473 samples, recovered 35,200 SNPs, and then used multiple evolutionary clustering analyses to investigate population structuring. These analyses revealed that pigeons formed two genetic clusters—a northern cluster containing samples from Boston and Providence and a southern cluster containing all other samples. This substructuring is possibly due to reduced urbanization across coastal Connecticut that separates Boston and Providence from New York and mid‐Atlantic cities. We found that pairs of pigeons within 25 km are highly related (Mantel r = 0.217, p = .001) and that beyond 50 km, pigeons are no more related than they would be at random. Our analysis detected higher‐than‐expected gene flow under an isolation by distance model within each city. We conclude that the extreme urbanization characteristic of the Northeastern megacity is likely facilitating gene flow in feral pigeons.
Computed tomographic (CT) arthrogram contributes to the diagnosis of an osteochondroma of the distal calcaneus in a horse
Authors: de Souza T. , Jones R. , Foote A. , Suthers J. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryOsteochondromas in the horse are most commonly found as a solitary lesion affecting the distal radial metaphysis. In this location, diagnosis is reliant on radiographic and ultrasonographic examination and confirmed with post‐operative histopathology. This case report describes the additional benefit of performing a CT arthrogram to aid the diagnosis of an osteochondroma in an atypical location.
After the Marriage Is Over: Mothers' Separation Distress and Children's Postdivorce Adjustment
Authors: DeAnda Jacqueline S. , Langlais Michael R. , Anderson Edward R. , Greene Shannon M. 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveWe examine whether (direct effect) and how (indirect effect) residential mothers' postdivorce separation distress is associated with children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors.BackgroundThe consequences of postdivorce separation distress for adults, and specifically parents, have been established. Because research has also identified interdependent associations between parents' and children's postdivorce adjustment, it is possible that parents' separation distress has negative implications for children's postdivorce adjustment as
well.MethodThis study uses longitudinal, multimethod, multiinformant data from divorcing mothers and their children (N = 319 mother–child dyads). Families were recruited from divorce court records within 120 days of divorce filing. Hierarchical linear modeling techniques, path analysis, and mediation models were used to achieve the goals of the study.ResultsMothers' separation distress was significantly associated with increases in children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Mothers' co‐parenting conflict mediated the link between mothers' separation distress and children's internalizing but not externalizing behaviors. Ineffective parenting did not mediate the links between separation distress and children's internalizing or externalizing behaviors.ConclusionResidential mothers' postdivorce separation distress has direct and indirect implications for their children's postdivorce adjustment.ImplicationsProfessionals can promote postdivorce family adjustment by acknowledging the consequences of residential mothers' separation distress and assisting those who experience it. Practitioners can also use this study's findings to inform co‐parenting education programs.
NEGOTIATED BLOCK TRADE AND REBUILDING OF TRUST
Authors: Au Pak Hung , Fong Yuk‐Fai , Li Jin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe investigate the impact of corporate governance on customers' trust using a dynamic model of experience‐goods firm. In the optimal equilibrium, customers' trust in the firm is linked to its behavior in the market for corporate control, so that the controlling shareholder has incentives to ensure high product quality while noncontrolling shareholders' interests are protected. Following a trust‐damaging event, turnover of the controlling share block restores customers' trust and enhances total shareholder value. Our analysis identifies an endogenous cost of corporate control, offers implications for the control premium, and provides a novel rationale for the separation of ownership and control.
Clinical outcomes of adjunctive posterior wall isolation in persistent atrial fibrillation: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Salih Mohsin , Darrat Yousef , Ibrahim Abdisamad M. , Al‐Akchar Mohammad , Bhattarai Mukul , Koester Cameron , Ayan Mohamed , Labedi Mohamed , Elayi Claude S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation but the recurrence rate remains relatively high in persistent patients with AF. Therefore, posterior wall isolation (PWI) in addition to PVI has been proposed to increase freedom from AF.ObjectiveTo evaluate the success of adjunctive PWI in persistent AF.MethodsWe searched electronic database using specific terms. The primary outcomes are recurrence rate of AF and recurrence of atrial arrhythmias. The secondary outcomes were atrial flutter/tachycardia (AFL/AT), procedure time, fluoroscopy time, and procedure related complications. Estimated risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated.ResultsSix studies were included (1334 patients with persistent AF). Adjunctive PWI resulted in a significant reduction in the recurrence rate of AF compared with patients who had PVI only (19.8% vs 29.1%; RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42‐0.97; P < .04; I2 = 76%). There was a significant reduction in the recurrence rate of all atrial arrhythmia (30.8% vs 41.1%; RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60‐0.94; P < .01; I2 = 60%). Compared with PVI only, adjunctive PWI did not increase the rate of AFL or AT (11.6% vs 13.9%; RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.54‐1.32; P < .46; I2 = 47%) or the rate of procedure related complications (4.6% vs 3.6%; RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.72‐2.17; P < .44; I2 = 0%).ConclusionIn patients with persistent AF, adjunctive PWI was associated with decreased recurrence of AF and atrial arrhythmias compared with PVI alone without an increased risk of AFL or AT or procedure related complications.
Slow‐pathway visualization by using voltage‐time relationship: A novel technique for identification and fluoroless ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia
Authors: Hale Zachary D. , Greet Brian D. , Burkland David A. , Greenberg Scott , Razavi Mehdi , Rasekh Abdi , Molina Razavi Joanna E. , Saeed Mohammad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is treatable by catheter ablation. Advances in mapping‐system technology permit fluoroless workflow during ablations. As national practice trends toward fluoroless approaches, easily obtained, reproducible methods of slow‐pathway identification, and ablation become increasingly important. We present a novel method of slow‐pathway identification and initial ablation results from this method.Methods and ResultsWe examined AVNRT ablations performed at our institution over a 12‐month period. In these cases, the site of the slow pathway was predicted by latest activation in the inferior triangle of Koch during sinus rhythm. Ablation was performed in this region. Proximity of the predicted site to the successful ablation location, complication rates, and patient outcomes were recorded. Junctional rhythm was seen in 40/41 ablations (98%) at the predicted site (mean, 1.3 lesions and median, 1 lesion per case). One lesion was defined as 5 mm of ablation. The initial ablation was successful in 39/41 cases (95%); in two cases, greater or equal to 2 echo beats were detected after the initial ablation, necessitating further lesion expansion. In 8/41 cases (20%), greater than one lesion was placed during initial ablation before attempted reinduction. Complications included one transient heart block and one transient PR prolongation. During follow‐up (median, day 51), one patient had lower‐extremity deep‐vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus, and one had a lower‐extremity superficial venous thrombosis. There was one tachycardia recurrence, which prompted a redo ablation.ConclusionsMapping‐system detection of late‐activation, low‐amplitude voltage during sinus rhythm provides an objective, and fluoroless means of identifying the slow pathway in typical AVNRT.
A mesh‐type flexible tip catheter vs a contact force catheter for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: A prospective nonrandomized 1:1 matched study
Authors: Pak Hui‐Nam , Park Je‐Wook , Yang Song‐Yi , Yu Hee Tae , Uhm Jae‐Sun , Joung Boyoung , Lee Moon‐Hyoung , Kim Tae‐Hoon 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionMesh‐type flexible tip (MFT) catheters allow clinicians to safely generate large radiofrequency lesions during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF), while contact force (CF) catheters provide better catheter‐tissue contact. We compared the clinical outcomes of catheter ablation of AF using MFT and CF catheters in a prospective, nonrandomized manner.MethodsWe prospectively assigned 217 patients with AF (paroxysmal AF 73.5%; male 69.1%; 59.9 ± 10.7 years old) at a 1:1 ratio to ablation with MFT catheters (FlexAbility) or CF catheters (TactiCath). The primary endpoint was AF recurrence after a single procedure; the secondary endpoint was a response to antiarrhythmic drugs.ResultsAfter a mean follow‐up of 22.3 ± 4.4 months, the clinical recurrence rate did not significantly differ between the two study groups (29.7% vs 30.2%; P = .941) (log‐rank P = .838). The recurrence rate for atrial tachycardias (30.3% vs 9.7%; P = .035) and cardioversion rates (8.1% vs 1.9%; P = .024) were higher in the MFT group than CF group. At the final follow‐up, sinus rhythm was maintained without antiarrhythmic drugs in 57.7% of the MFT group and 40.6% of the CF group (P = .010). No significant difference was found in the major complication rates between the two groups (0.9% vs 5.7%), although the ablation time was significantly longer in the MFT group (4192.1 ± 1080.2  vs 3583.8 ± 977.2 seconds; P < .001).ConclusionMFT and CF catheters had similar effectiveness in achieving AF rhythm control during catheter ablation, and there was no significant difference between the two catheters with regard to overall safety.
Comparison of touch‐up ablation rate and pulmonary vein isolation durability between hot balloon and cryoballoon
Authors: Hojo Rintaro , Fukamizu Seiji , Tokioka Sayuri , Inagaki Dai , Miyazawa Satoshi , Kawamura Iwanari , Kitamura Takeshi , Sakurada Harumizu , Hiraoka Masayasu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to compare touch‐up ablation (TUA) rates and pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) durability of hot balloon ablation (HBA) and cryoballoon ablation (CBA) in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) patients.MethodsIn total, 137 PAF patients were enrolled in the study. Among them, 59 underwent two HBA procedures at 6‐month intervals and 78 patients underwent two CBA sessions, both regardless of atrial fibrillation recurrence. Propensity score matching was performed to estimate similar patient characteristics between the HBA and CBA groups.ResultsEach group comprised of 46 matched patients for comparison. The TUA rate at the first session was higher for HBA (49 of 184 PVs) than for CBA (20 PVs) (P = .01), with the highest incidence at the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV). The rates of PVI durability at the second session performed 7 months later were similar between HBA (168 of 184 PVs) and CBA (162 PVs) groups. The PVI durability rate at the TUA sites of the first session was higher for HBA than for CBA (41 of 49 PVs vs 10 PVs, respectively; P = .01). Fifty percent of the patients underwent HBA at 73°C for the LSPV. HBA performed at 73°C yielded a lower TUA rate than that at 70°C (16 of 23 PVs vs 7 of 23 PVs; P = .008).ConclusionsWhile PVI durability was similar between HBA and CBA, the TUA rate was higher for HBA than for CBA, especially on the LSPV. For LSPV, HBA at a balloon temperature of 73°C may reduce the TUA rate.
Fluorescence visualization of cellulose and pectin in the primary plant cell wall
Authors: BIDHENDI A.J. , CHEBLI Y. , GEITMANN A. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryPlant cell walls constitute the extracellular matrix surrounding plant cells and are composed mainly of polysaccharides. The chemical makeup of the primary plant cell wall, and specifically, the abundance, localization and arrangement of the constituting polysaccharides are intimately linked with growth, morphogenesis and differentiation in plant cells. Visualization of the cell wall components is, therefore, a crucial tool in plant cell developmental studies. In this technical update, we present protocols for fluorescence visualization of cellulose and pectin in selected plant tissues and illustrate examples of some of the available labels that hold promise for live imaging of plant cell wall expansion and morphogenesis.