bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forgiveness and the range of resentment
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces some key questions about forgiveness, its primary focus being the vexed issue of what the precise relationship is between forgiveness and resentment (and related emotions). Through a discussion of several writers, especially Bishop Joseph Butler, Jean Hampton and Margaret Urban Walker, it is argued that resentment has both a potentially more positive resonance, in speaking for justice, and a far broader range of application, being felt on behalf of others, not just oneself, than is often assumed in contemporary philosophical discussions of forgiveness. The chapter then sets out to distinguish a working view of non-idealized, ‘good enough’ forgiveness, from others, including some which it may initially appear to resemble. It also addresses the question of why, if resentment is warranted, one might forgive, starting to sketch the picture which later chapters will fill out as ‘love’s forgiveness’.
Kierkegaard and forgiveness
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces Kierkegaard’s contribution to the debate about forgiveness. The first part gives an overview of his explicit accounts of forgiveness, focusing upon the divine forgiveness of sins and its implications for interpersonal (human) forgiveness and self-forgiveness. This incorporates discussion of some key New Testament passages on forgiveness. The second part explores what difference is made by understanding interpersonal forgiveness as a ‘work of love’. Against the objection that ‘love’s vision’ involves wilful blindness, it is argued (drawing on both Kierkegaard and Troy Jollimore) that love has its own epistemic standards and that Jollimore’s claims about romantic love and friendship can in the relevant respects be extended to the case of agapic neighbour-love. In developing this view—which is seen as echoing important themes in Kierkegaard’s Works of Love—the importance of understanding ‘love’s forgiveness’ in the light of other virtues, especially hope and humility, begins to be shown.
Principles of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The book contains a comprehensive account of the theory and application of neutron scattering for the study of the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. All the principal experimental techniques available at national and international neutron scattering facilities are covered. The formal theory is presented, and used to show how neutron scattering measurements give direct access to a variety of correlation and response functions which characterize the equilibrium properties of bulk matter. The determination of atomic arrangements and magnetic structures by neutron diffraction and neutron optical methods is described, including single-crystal and powder diffraction, diffuse scattering from disordered structures, total scattering, small-angle scattering, reflectometry, and imaging. The principles behind the main neutron spectroscopic techniques are explained, including continuous and time-of-flight inelastic scattering, quasielastic scattering, spin-echo spectroscopy, and Compton scattering. The scattering cross-sections for atomic vibrations in solids, diffusive motion in atomic and molecular fluids, and single-atom and cooperative magnetic excitations are calculated. A detailed account of neutron polarization analysis is given, together with examples of how polarized neutrons can be exploited to obtain information about structural and magnetic correlations which cannot be obtained by other methods. Alongside the theoretical aspects, the book also describes the essential practical information needed to perform experiments and to analyse and interpret the data. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter to consolidate and enhance understanding of the material, and a summary of relevant results from mathematics, quantum mechanics, and linear response theory, is given in the appendices.
Keep Calm and Keep Litigating
Authors: Higgins Andrew 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of some of the key challenges facing the civil justice system. It considers the case for redefining proportionate costs exclusively by reference to the private value of the claim, and the public interest in the determination of the issues raised by the claim. To achieve this goal, it may be necessary to split the dual functions of the system—rule clarification on the one hand, and dispute resolution on the other. The chapter also considers whether there is cultural resistance to making the justice system more accessible, based on a belief that litigation is divisive. Any such view should be rejected because it artificially separates the litigation process from the underlying dispute giving rise to it. The chapter concludes by presenting some empirical data on civil claims rates and media coverage of litigation. The data suggests that litigation in England is actually higher than in other advanced economies. While media coverage evidences concern about England developing a ‘compensation culture’, there is limited coverage of UK Supreme Court decisions establishing the legal principles that govern people’s everyday interaction. Accordingly, there is a risk that the public may develop a skewed picture of the law.
Transformation from First Principles
Authors: Ryder Ernest 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the case for modernisation of the tribunal system where most litigants are unrepresented and many are vulnerable. There has been historic underinvestment in the justice system; prior to 2015 the Lord Chief Justice and the Senior President of Tribunals were effectively engaged in a process of managed decline. The modernisation programme holds out great potential. There is a high demand from users for an accessible online tribunal system. In some areas the success rate of appeals to tribunals exceeds 70%, calling into question the quality of primary decision making in those areas. While the headline objective of modernisation is easy—we want to make the system more efficient and effective—any process of change should be rooted in principle, and it needs to be rigorously evaluated. As Senior President of Tribunals, I have to provide justice that is swift, informal, flexible, specialist or expert and innovative. The dominant principle in relation to modernisation is that we should provide access to justice as an indivisible right without price rationing as the consequence of austerity.
Interventions in Judicial Review Proceedings
Authors: Lieven Nathalie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the growth and value of interventions in judicial proceedings. It argues the exponential growth in interventions is largely attributable not to the CPR, but the introduction of the Human Rights Act. The decision whether or not to allow an intervention, and then whether to give any weight to its content is wholly discretionary. Interventions are part of a wider trend to an increasingly inquisitorial jurisdiction, beyond the adversarial contest between the parties. Two reasons for the growth in interventions are courts’ willingness to take into account broader policy considerations in judicial review proceedings, and relatedly the willingness of the courts to hear international law and comparative law arguments and place weight on them. The Supreme Court, in particular, has encouraged interventions in recent years, and Baroness Hale has made clear in writing how useful she finds them. Although interveners are now subject to the risk of adverse costs orders under the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 for interventions deemed to be unhelpful, to date these provisions do not appear to have been applied, which suggests that that this part of the Government’s efforts to discourage interveners has been unsuccessful.
Taking Stock of the Collective Proceedings Regime in the Competition Appeal Tribunal—A Successful Compromise?
Authors: Wisking Stephen , Allen Ruth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the UK collective proceedings regime for damages claims in respect of competition law breaches, which was first introduced in 2003 and significantly broadened in 2015. The regime aims to balance a desire to facilitate redress for victims of competition law infringements against the risk of frivolous or unmeritorious litigation (and the perceived excesses of the US class action system). By reference to the approach taken in the collective claims brought before the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT), this chapter examines how that balance has been struck in practice, and whether it can be said to be a successful compromise.
The Use of Empirically Based Information when Reforming and Evaluating Judicial Review
Authors: Sunkin Maurice 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the availability and use of empirically based evidence relating to judicial review in England and Wales. It considers how such evidence has been used by reformers of judicial review and those concerned to evaluate the effectiveness of reforms. Attitudes to empirical and statistical data have changed significantly since the early 20th century and the chapter traces this change in the context of judicial review. It is structured around the following phases: from the 1930s to the early 1960s which was typified by the absence of empirically based evidence and scepticism amongst legal academics regarding the value of such evidence; from the early 1960s to the mid-1980s during which the value of empirical evidence on judicial review emerged; the 1980s to the mid-2000s which saw a significant growth in the available empirical evidence; and finally, the period from the mid-2000s during which empirical and statistical evidence took centre stage when governments used statistically based justifications for limiting access to judicial review.
Reforming Judicial Review Costs Rules in an Age of Austerity
Authors: Tomlinson Joe , Pickup Alison 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the institutional dynamic surrounding recent attempts to reform judicial review procedure: a dynamic where the government is both the key designer of and the main ‘repeat player’ litigant in the same process. The chapter focuses on costs and it argues that, over a sustained period of time, the government’s responses to Sir Rupert Jackson’s landmark review’s recommendations on judicial review reveal a worrying tendency to proactively disengage with the range of evidence available, ignore independent proposals, and insulate its policy preferences from debate. The perverse upshot is that, parallel to an independent review that has sought to improve the accessibility of judicial review for claimants, the rules have been tilted further against them.
The Overriding Principles of Affordable and Expeditious Adjudication
Authors: Assy Rabeea 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that an exaggerated pursuit of accuracy may undermine the effort to enforce the law, because it produces lengthy and expensive litigation that is likely to deter many from seeking enforcement in the first place, and to distort justice by subjecting the process to economic inequalities. When affordability and expedition are prioritised, courts will be expected to ensure that litigation remains within the financial reach of litigants and that it concludes within a short time. This means that the court must avoid unaffordable spending or lengthy litigation even when these might otherwise be justified by the features of the case in question, namely its value, complexity, importance, etc. The chapter explores the potentially far-reaching consequences of treating cost and time as dimensions of justice, surveying a number of ambitious proposals that question such entrenched procedural rules as the cost shifting rule, lawyers’ freedom to charge high fees, and professional monopoly.
Artificial Intelligence in the Administration of Justice
Authors: Zuckerman Adrian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Computer-operated systems are increasingly used for decision-making in public administration and private enterprise. Activities that were reserved to humans because they required decision-making in varied and unpredictable circumstances may now be performed by artificial intelligence (AI). Machine learning is developing at such a pace that it is conceivable that algorithm-operated systems may be able to provide litigation services and even adjudication. Supplanting lawyers and judges by AI would have serious implications beyond the loss of jobs. AI lawyers and AI judges would change the adversarial system beyond recognition by reducing adjudication into one machine operation, putting an end to the visibility of court process, and eliminating the physical presence of the court. Court legitimacy would be undermined because AI adjudication would not be able to reflect human psychology; emotions, aspirations, beliefs or moral sensibility.
Roads to the Radical Right
Authors: Damhuis Koen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Trump, Wilders, Salvini, Le Pen—during the last decades, radical right-wing leaders and their parties have become important political forces in most Western democracies. Their growing appeal raises an increasingly relevant question: who are the voters that support them and why do they do so? Numerous and variegated answers have been given to this question, inside as well as outside academia. Yet, curiously, despite their quantity and diversity, these existing explanations are often based on a similar assumption: that of homogeneous electorates. Consequently, the idea that different subgroups with different profiles and preferences might coexist within the constituencies of radical right-wing parties has thus far remained underdeveloped, both theoretically and empirically. This ground-breaking book is the first one that systematically investigates the heterogeneity of radical right-wing voters. Theoretically, it introduces the concept of electoral equifinality to come to grips with this diversity. Empirically, it relies on innovative statistical analyses and no less than 125 life-history interviews with voters in France and the Netherlands. Based on this unique material, the study identifies different roads to the radical right and compares them within a cross-national perspective. In addition, through an analysis of almost 1,400 tweets posted by Geert Wilders and Marine Le Pen, the book shows how the latter are able to appeal to different groups of voters. Taken together, the book thus provides a host of ground-breaking insights into the heterogeneous phenomenon of radical right support.
The Heroic Substitute
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
For white men, conscription posed a racially destabilizing proximity to enslavement; for African Americans, it opened up possibilities of citizenship and inclusion in the state’s population. Analyzing the recruitment efforts of Frederick Douglass, this chapter pushes back against critical race theory’s near-universally dim view of state power, and argues that military service held positive value for free black people and recently freed slaves. At the same time, the chapter draws on critical race theory to show how Frances Harper’s Iola Leroy (1892) countered the racialization of biopower. Set during the war and its aftermath, the novel is structured—like the draft—by a narrative logic of substitution, which recurs at the level of character and plot. Harper offers a wide spectrum of the wartime experience of African Americans, who saw in the draft—as in military service more broadly—a chance for state recognition as fully participating civic actors.
On Barks, Bites, and Promises
Authors: Kochenov Dimitry Vladimirovich 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The demise of Poland and Hungary as constitutional democracies clearly illustrate that the EU is unable to guarantee the preservation of democracy and the rule of law. Beyond looking at the response provided by EU institutions to the amplification of the rule of law backsliding in Hungary and Poland, this chapter provides an overview of how the EU is maturing as a constitutional system as a result of the challenge. The lesson of the crisis is thus a positive one: the EU is discovering the substance of the core principles guiding its own legal system and the CJEU provides a guiding light in this process.
Should the Randomistas (Continue to) Rule?
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The rising popularity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in development applications has come with continuing debates about the merits of this approach. The chapter takes stock of the issues. It argues that an unconditional preference for RCTs is questionable on three main counts. First, the case for such a preference is unclear on a priori grounds. For example, with a given budget, even a biased observational study can come closer to the truth than a costly RCT. Second, the ethical objections to RCTs have not been properly addressed by advocates. Third, there is a risk of distorting the evidence-base for informing policy-making, given that an insistence on RCTs generates selection bias in what gets evaluated. Going forward, pressing knowledge gaps should drive the questions asked and how they are answered, not the methodological preferences of some researchers. The gold standard is the best method for the question at hand.
The Rhetorical Superiority of Poor Economics
Authors: Labrousse Agnès 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This textual analysis highlights the rhetorical prowess of Poor Economics and argues that it is part of the puzzling success of RCTs in economics. It shows how Banerjee and Duflo combine effectively (1) logos (rational discourse, figures, extensive use of numbers), (2) pathos (striking anecdotes to move the reader, personified figures) and (3) ethos (the narrators exhibit wisdom, excellence, and good will). Despite their explicit discard of anecdotes, the authors make ubiquitous use of them. This becomes less paradoxical when considering their manifold persuasive functions. Anecdotes additionally have an understated but inchoate heuristic role. This chapter also scrutinizes two impactful rhetorical schemes: the sensible middle ground between two extremes, and the rhetoric of small measures producing big effects, which magnifies the micro and minimizes the macro. This canny, partly manipulative, rhetoric should not overshadow the thinness of its storytelling and the extent of blind spots in RCTs revealed by what is out-of-discourse.
The Legacy of the Heisei Era, 1989–2019
Authors: Emmott Bill 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
During the three decades that have passed since Japan’s huge financial crash in 1990, the country has been politically stable and its geopolitical circumstances have barely changed. But it has seen fundamental economic and social changes which have left it vulnerable: the move from a relatively young population to be the world’s oldest society, with total population shrinking every year since 2010; the move from being an economic growth champion to a relative laggard, with slow annual productivity growth; the transformation of the Bank of Japan from being an economic disciplinarian to being the enabler of a huge public debt and financing public spending by printing money; the emergence of a deeply divided, dual labour market in which two-fifths of the workforce are in lowly paid, precarious jobs with little skill development; a decline in the rate of marriage and of fertility; and yet simultaneously a dramatic narrowing of the gender gap in tertiary education as female entry into four-year university courses grew remarkably during the 1990s and 2000s. This leaves Japan with eroding male human capital, increased insecurity, and under-employed female human capital.
Individuals with a Community Spirit
Authors: Emmott Bill 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Japan is a group-oriented, communitarian society but those women who succeed will often be quite individualistic. The first three role models interviewed are three strikingly individualistic characters who have nevertheless sought a strong community role, aiming in two of the cases to convert the community to their cause. They are: Baba Kanako, who started a school-uniform recycling business on Shikoku Island and now advises other mothers all over Japan; Ishizaka Noriko who took over her family waste-processing business in order to turn it environmentalist; and Oikawa Hideko, who took her family denim business upmarket after her husband died and then found herself running an evacuation centre during the devastating 2011 tsunami.
Discovering, Developing, Teaching
Authors: Emmott Bill 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A common gender stereotype holds that women are less suitable to be scientists than men even though there is no evidence for this proposition. In Japan, a big gender gap in STEM subjects in high school translates into low numbers of female students studying science at university and low admission rates of females to national universities for which all applicants for all degrees are required to sit an exam in science. But role models do exist to encourage the younger generation, and some national universities are trying hard to encourage more female students to study science, technology, and mathematics. Interviews with three role models who took science degrees and went on to successful careers in academia, finance, and consumer electronics, show that barriers are considerable but that they can be overcome. An interview with the president of Nagoya University, Matsuo Seiichi, examines what the university is doing to try to close the gender gap.
The Tasks Ahead
Authors: Emmott Bill 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Superficially Japan looks in good shape, but underneath it has important vulnerabilities. These have entered a gently but remorselessly vicious cycle: while the ageing and shrinking of its population is becoming more entrenched thanks to low marriage and fertility rates, the country’s use of its basic resource, the human capital embodied by a well-educated population, looks stuck in a trap of surprisingly low wages, insecure work and low productivity, which in turn depresses domestic spending and tax revenues while also suppressing marriage and fertility. Gender inequality lies at the heart of all these economic and social trends. The trumpeted reforms of ‘Abenomics’, implemented since Abe Shinzo’s return to the prime ministership in December 2012, have provided monetary and fiscal fuel so as to keep the economic engines running but have so far failed to find transformative solutions for low wages, job insecurity, and low productivity, or for declining marriage rates and low fertility. Solutions are available, if governments and corporations alike can show stronger will and an unambiguous commitment. A twelve-point agenda is proposed, including public policy reforms for the national minimum wage, marriage tax, immigration rules for domestic staff, labour contract law, quotas for political representatives, childcare spending, and university admissions tests; and private actions, for companies and other organizations in the way they manage human-resources policies, paternity leave, early-career experience for female staff, and the future of women-only universities.
What Does the Happy Life Require?
Authors: Cohoe Caleb 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Many critics of religion insist that believing in a future life makes us less able to value our present activities and distracts us from accomplishing good in this world. In Augustine’s case, this gets things backwards. It is while Augustine seeks to achieve happiness in this life that he is detached from suffering and dismissive of the body. Once Augustine comes to believe happiness is only attainable once the whole city of God is triumphant, he is able to compassionately engage with present suffering and see material and social goods as part of our ultimate good.