bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-31 The Effect of Aging on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Proliferation in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Coon Craig N , Fowler Jason W , Varney Jessica L , Boggess Mary Ann 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is well documented that companion animals are living longer and as animals age their cells undergo immuno-aging or senescence, an age associated process of deterioration. In an effort to see how aging plays a role in immune cell proliferation, twelve healthy Labrador Retrievers (6-Young, 3Male/3Female, 6-Senior, 3Male/3Female) were selected to participate in a trial to determine what effect aging might have on the proliferative rate of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Mean age for Senior group was 8.74yrs, Young 2.38yrs (P.&lt; 0.0001). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated, counted, seeded at a density of 5x104 in 96-well MP, cultured in RPMI-1640 complete medium (5% FBS), and mitogenic stimulation via 2-fold serial dilutions of Phytolacca Americana lectin (pokeweed mitogen-PWM) ranging from 0.8 -0.025 µg/mL. Following 48hr incubation in 5% CO2/95% humidity, 100µM Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine, BrdU; a synthetic analog nucleoside of thymidine), was added to each culture well and further incubated 24hrs to allow DNA incorporation. Cells were harvested, denatured, and BrdU incorporated in newly synthesized DNA was bound by monoclonal antibodies (anti-BrdU-POD). The immune complexes were detected by tetramethyl-benzidine (TMB), reaction stopped with 1M Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and quantified by measuring absorbance at 450nm. Proliferation was higher in Young dogs than Senior dogs at every concentration, signifying overall statistical significance (Mean: Young-0.972, Senior-0.697±0.057 SEM, P = 0.001). Rate difference by concentration was as follows: PWM 0.00 µg/mL: Young-0.109, Senior-0.194±0.031 (P = 0.099); 0.025 µg/mL: Young-0.788, Senior-0.481±0.201 (P = 0.321); 0.05 µg/mL: Young-1.002, Senior-0.610±0.207 (P = 0.227); 0.1 µg/mL: Young-1.113, Senior-0.776±0.195 (P = 0.244); 0.2 µg/mL: Young-1.249, Senior-0.915±0.172 (P = 0.217); 0.4 µg/mL: Young-1.271, Senior-0.965±0.148 (P = 0.191); 0.8 µg/mL: Young-1.252, Senior-0.936±0.117 (P = 0.101). These results coincide with other published literature, and these data suggest age plays a critical role in immunity and proliferative ability of PBMCs in the Labrador Retriever.
PSXI-36 Evaluation of fecal microbiota of dogs fed extruded diets containing white and red sorghum as primary carbohydrate source
Authors: von Schaumburg Patrick , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L , Southy Bruce R , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a cereal grain consisting of either white, yellow, red, brown or black endosperms. In human and pet nutrition, sorghum has gained increased attention as a gluten-free and non-GMO whole-grain option. However, a paucity of information exists about the effect of this cereal grain on the GI microbiome and host health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extruded diets containing corn (CON), white sorghum (WHS) or red sorghum (RES) as the main carbohydrate source on fecal microbiota and metabolites in dogs. Animal care protocol used in this study was approved by the Institutional Care and Use Committee at the University of Illinois. Three diets containing either 30% of CON, WHS, or RES were formulated to meet or exceed the AAFCO (2018) nutrient profile for adult dogs. Nine adult female beagles were randomly assigned to one of the 3 dietary treatments using a replicated 3x3 Latin square design. Each experiment period consisted of 14d (10d of diet adaption and 4d of fecal collection). Fresh fecal samples were collected and allocated for microbial analysis. Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing from V4 region was completed using MiSeq and analyzed using QIIME 2. Linear models were used to evaluate the main effect of treatment. Over 1.8 million sequences were generated. Samples were rarified to 42,160 reads for analysis of diversity and species richness. Beta-diversity did not differ among dogs fed CON, WHS, or RES diets (q- and p-values &gt; 0.05). Similarly, microbial richness was also not affected by treatment. Overall, fecal metabolite concentrations were similar among treatments and did not have a strong correlated with microbial taxa. Our findings indicate that extruded diets using sorghum as a substitute for corn as the main dietary carbohydrate result in similar fecal metabolite profile and microbiota in adult dogs.
PSXI-27 Chemical Composition and In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Legumes Using Canine Fecal Inoculum
Authors: Traughber Zac , He Fei , Hoke Jolene , Davenport Gary , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Legumes are a popular grain-free alternative carbohydrate source in canine diets; however, information on fermentative characteristics of select legumes have not been established. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to quantify the chemical compositions and fermentative profile of select legumes using canine fecal inoculum. Five legume varieties, whole yellow peas (WYP), green lentils (GL), black bean grits, navy bean powder, and garbanzo beans, were analyzed and compared to a control, beet pulp (BP). Substrates were analyzed for gross energy (GE), dry and organic matter, crude protein (CP), acid hydrolyzed fat, and total dietary fiber fractions, beta-glucans, starch, free and hydrolyzed sugars, and fermentative characteristics: pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), total gas, hydrogen, and methane. Substrates underwent a two-stage in vitro digestion and subsequent fermentation using canine fecal inoculum for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. All test substrates contained approximately 8–9% moisture and 4.5 kcal/g GE. Crude protein concentrations of pulses ranged from 21–27%. Insoluble fiber values varied from 17–33%, with soluble fiber values ranging from 0–8%. Total starch content was greatest for GL (58%) and WYP (56%). Sucrose and stachyose were the most predominant free sugars and glucose was the most predominant hydrolyzed sugar among test substrates. Production of SCFA did not differ among substrates after 3 or 6 h of fermentation. BP and WYP had the greatest acetate (1,656 and 1,765 umol/g, respectively) and propionate production values (157.7 and 126.1 umol/g, respectively) after 9 h of in vitro fermentation. Pulses are good sources of dietary protein; however, they are also fiber-rich ingredients that appear to be slowly fermentable in vitro, which may have beneficial implications on the ratios of saccharolytic to proteolytic fermentation towards the distal colon in vivo.
PSXI-34 Evaluating the lysine requirements of adult and senior Labrador Retrievers using low and high crude protein inclusion levels
Authors: Weil Jordan T , Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Despite consumer interest in senior pet care, little is known about the effect of changing crude protein (CP) levels on the lysine (Lys) requirements in young and senior dogs. Feeding crude protein in excess can lead to long-term health problems. Moreover, changing the CP content of the diet can lead differences in Lys requirements. Two experiments were conducted to determine the Lys requirements in adult and senior Labrador Retrievers through the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Six young (&lt; 1.5 yrs) and six old (&gt;8 yrs) dogs were allocated to two trials (6 dogs/exp) to determine the effects of feeding 13 and 18% CP on the Lys requirement. All dogs were supplied with constant dietary Phe across diets. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the subject’s body weight was supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every 30 minutes, spanning a four hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every 30 minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a broken-line model of best fit (JMP® Pro 15). Oxidation results showed that for a 13% CP diet, the Lys mean and population safe requirements (mean±2SD) were 1.56±0.25 and 0.81±0.37 g/1000kcal for adult and senior dogs, respectively. For the 18% CP diet, adult and senior dog mean and population safe requirements were 1.36±0.18 and 0.86±0.07 g/1000kcal accordingly. The results suggest that as dogs age, the lowered lean mass requires less AA nitrogen and Lys to maintain body tissues.
PSVIII-26 Extending the grazing season for grass-fed beef production into the spring transition period
Authors: Scaglia Guillermo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the Gulf Coast region, the spring transition period is a 45–60 d period between late April and mid-June. Red and white clovers’ growth pattern is delayed compared to winter grasses making them suitable for this transition period; however, an appropriate rest period allowing stockpiling is needed. Three treatments were evaluated on pastures planted in September of three consecutive years: 1) grazed until mid-February (MF); 2) grazed until first week of March (EM); and 3) grazed until last week of March (LM). Grazing re-started on May 1. Pasture was a mixed of annual ryegrass, red, white and berseem clover. Each year, 24 crossbred steers (330 ± 11 kg) were blocked by BW, allotted to 1 of 6 groups (2 replicates/treatment), and continuously stocked at 995 kg BW/ha. Forage mass at the beginning of the grazing period was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in MF, followed by EM and LM. This represented a forage allowance of 2.0, 1.6, and 1.1 kg DM/kg BW. On d0, the proportion of annual ryegrass was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in MF than in EM and the smallest in LM. Proportion of clovers was greater (P = 0.04) in EM in Year 2 while MF and LM were similar but greater for MF in Year 1. Berseem clover represented 59% of the clover biomass in MF while red clover was 72% of the clover biomass in LM. Proportion of clovers decreased with time while annual ryegrass became mature affecting its palatability. Steers that grazed on MF and EM had greater ADG (1.83 and 1.71 kg) than those on LM (1.41 kg). Grazing season was longer (P = 0.03) for MF (66 days) than for LM (39 days) while EM was intermediate (50 days). A rest period from early March to late April would allow grazing of high-quality pastures during the spring transition period.
PSVIII-22 Effects of bag pore size and sample particle size on feed and fecal indigestible neutral detergent fiber concentration in dairy cows
Authors: Dai Xiaoxia , Kalscheur Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bag pore sizes and sample particle sizes were evaluated for measuring indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) concentration of feeds and feces in dairy cows. Four forage samples (alfalfa silage (AS), corn silage (CS), grass hay (GH) and wheat straw (WS), four byproducts [canola meal (CM), soybean meal (SBM), soy hulls (SH) and soy plus (SP)], four TMRs (with 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% concentrate), and two fecal samples [from the same cow fed high- (FSHS) or low-starch diets (FSLS)] were incubated in 2 cows for 288-h. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial: Three bag pore sizes (15 um (BS15), 25 um (BS25) and 50 um (BS50) with the same dimension of 5 × 5 cm, and two sample particle sizes (1 mm (PS1) and 2 mm (PS2). Fecal samples had only PS1, with BS15PS2 considered the standard to measure iNDF concentration of feed in dairy cows. Bag pore size affected (P &lt; 0.01) iNDF concentration of all the tested samples, while sample particle size only affected (P &lt; 0.01; Figure 1) iNDF of forage and TMR samples. The BS50, with either PS1 or PS2, resulted in the lowest iNDF concentration for all tested samples, and on average was 31% lower than BS15PS2. Concentration of iNDF of CS with BS25PS1 was not different from BS15PS2. For AS and TMRs with 20%, 40% and 60% concentrate, iNDF was not different between BS25PS2 and BS15PS2. For high NDF forage, e.g. GH and WS, BS25 with either PS1 or PS2, can replace BS15PS2 because there is no difference in iNDF concentration. In conclusion, BS50 is not recommended for iNDF determination, whereas BS25PS2 could be used to determine iNDF for AS, high fiber forage, and TMR with low to medium concentrate. Concentration of iNDF of fecal samples can be determined by BS25.
PSVII-41 Late-Breaking Abstract: Impact of enhanced early life nutrition on the testes transcriptional profile of the bull calf
Authors: Coen Stephen P , Kenny David A , Fair Sean , Lonergan Pat , Keogh Kate 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Enhanced plane of nutrition and metabolic status are known to progress sexual development in the bull calf. This is facilitated through neuroendocrine signaling in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular signaling axis. Improved nutrition may lead to early release of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and the subsequent production of follicle stimulating luteinizing hormones in the anterior pituitary and ultimately development of the testes and sexual development. Nonetheless the precise molecular mechanisms leading to this effect are yet to be expounded. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differentially expressed (DE) genes within the testes of bull calves differentially fed for the first 12 weeks of life. The main functions of the testes are the biosynthesis of androgens by the leydig cells and sperm production by the seminiferous tubules. Accelerating the development of this tissue may lead to enhanced reproductive development at an earlier stage. Holstein Friesian bull calves with a mean (SEM) age and bodyweight of 17.5 (2.8) days and 48.8 (5.3) kg, respectively, were assigned to either a high (H; n = 15) or moderate (M; n = 15) plane of nutrition, to achieve an average target growth rate of 1.0 and 0.5 kg/day, respectively. Calves on H and M received 1.5 and 0.5 kg of milk replacer (MR) per day, reconstituted at 15 and 12.5% (w/v), respectively. Calves on H were offered concentrate ad libitum, while those on M received, 500g day-1. Both groups were offered 500 g of hay daily. At 87 days (±2.141) of age, all calves were euthanized and the testes recovered from all calves. RNA was isolated from all testes samples and subsequently subjected to RNAseq analysis. Calves offered a higher plane of nutrition were heavier at slaughter (112 v 88 kg, P &lt; 0.001), reflective of their higher ADG (0.88 v 0.58 kg, P &lt; 0.001). Similarly, H also had heavier testes (29.2 v 20.1 g, P &lt; 0.05) compared to M calves. Results from RNAseq analysis identified 27 DE genes (p.adj&lt; 0.1; fold change &gt;1.5). Cholesterol biosynthesis was an enriched pathway and reproductive system development was also affected. We also saw that Claudin11 was an up regulated DE gene which is involved in sertoli cell development. The results from this study would advocate that there is potential effects of improved nutrition on reproductive function within the testes of bull calves at 12 weeks of age.
PSVIII-39 Late-Breaking Abstract: Equations to predict the effects of dietary deoxynivalenol on the performance of pigs
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Sung Jung Yeol , Kim Beob G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy of previously published equations for predicting effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the growth performance of pigs and to update the equations based on the recently published data. A total of 55 data from 22 experiments published between 2013 and 2020 reporting the effects of DON on the performance of pigs were employed for the validation of the previously published equations and these data were used to update the equations. The REG procedure of SAS was used to validate and develop equations and the CORR procedure was used to determine correlation coefficients among variables. The validation of the previously published equations showed that the slope (0.33 ± 0.08, P &lt; 0.05) representing the linear bias and intercept (-3.55 ± 1.60, P &lt; 0.05) representing the mean bias of weight gain changes (ΔWG, %) were different from 0. The slope (0.55 ± 0.07, P &lt; 0.05) and intercept (-6.94 ± 1.20, P &lt; 0.05) of feed intake changes (ΔFI, %) were also different from 0. Dietary DON concentrations had a negative correlation with ΔWG (r = -0.80; P &lt; 0.001) and ΔFI (r = -0.74; P &lt; 0.001). Updated prediction equations for estimating ΔWG and ΔFI based on a total of 152 data from 41 experiments were: ΔWG = -5.76 × DON with r2 = 0.77 and ΔFI = -4.65 × DON with r2 = 0.71, respectively, where dietary DON concentrations ranged from 0 to 14.6 mg/kg. In conclusion, the novel equations developed based on the large number of observations including recent ones may accurately predict effects of dietary DON on the performance of pigs.
PSV-32 Pulmonary arterial pressure in cattle influences beef color during retail display
Authors: Zhai Chaoyu , Delmore Robert J , Geornaras Ifigenia , Speidel Scott , Holt Tim , Thomas Milt , Enns Mark , Nair Mahesh N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a noninfectious disease of cattle at altitudes &gt; 1524 m (5,000 ft). Mean pulmonary arterial pressures (mPAP) ≥ 50 mmHg is used as an indicator for pulmonary hypertension in cattle. Meat quality attribute, such as color, critically influencing consumer purchase decision, is economically significant. However, the effect of pulmonary arterial pressures (PAP) on postmortem beef color has not been investigated. To examine this, instrumental color, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), and lipid oxidation of aged strip loins (longissimus lumborum; LL) steaks from high PAP (98±13; n = 5) and low PAP score (41±3; n = 6) fattened Angus steers (i.e., live weight of ~600 kg) were evaluated during simulated retail display (day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9). A split-plot design was used to analyze the effects of PAP score and display day on instrumental color, MRA, and lipid oxidation. Data analysis was performed using R with the lme4 package as a mixed model, where PAP score (high or low), display day, and their interactions were the fixed effects, and random effect was individual steer. Differences between least square means (P &lt; 0.05) were determined by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. An interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between PAP score and display day for redness (a* value), chroma, hue, and MRA was observed. The LL steaks from high PAP score animal had lower (P &lt; 0.05) redness, chroma, and hue, than from low PAP score steer on day 9. A main effect (P &lt; 0.05) of display day on lipid oxidation of was observed, with lipid oxidation increasing as display days increased. The results of current study indicated that the LL steaks from steers with high PAP score have lower color stability than those from steers with low PAP score during simulated retail display. Research partially supported by USDA-NIFA grant: 2018-67015-28241.
PSIII-21 Effect of active, dry yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning performance, diarrhea and immune parameters of nursery pigs in cleaned or dirty environmental conditions
Authors: Tellman Claudia , Esselburn Thomas , Loughmiller Joseph , Jacobi Sheila 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Weaning imposes multiple stressors that reduce feed intake and impair intestinal integrity. Furthermore, poor environmental management could compound the high stress period increasing morbidity and mortality of postweaning piglets. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning growth performance, fecal scores and immune parameters in a clean or dirty nursery environment. The experiment was a 2 X 2 factorial design with 2 dietary treatments fed in a sanitized (following barn SOP) and un-sanitized (pits flushed, feeders and pens scraped) nursery environment. Weaned piglets (n = 260 and 5pigs/pen; 14.7±1.5lbs wt., 20.8d of age) were allotted to the following dietary treatments: 1) control or 2) ActiSaf HR+® (0.1% in phase 1 and 2 and 0.05% phase 3 diets) for 5-wks postweaning. On days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35 fecal scores/pen and blood samples were collected for monitoring diarrhea and measurement of cytokines. Overall, pigs fed ActiSaf tended towards greater ADG compared to control fed pigs regardless of environment (P = 0.09; 379 vs. 357 g/d, ActiSaf vs control, respectively). Final pen weights at d35 were greater in ActiSaf vs. control fed pigs (101 vs. 97 kg/pen; P &lt; 0.05). Pigs reared in the dirty vs clean environment had reduced overall ADG (352 vs 384 g/d, respectively; P = 0.01), and pigs in the dirty environment tended towards higher overall feed:gain compared to pigs in clean environments; 1.87 vs. 1.76 g/g (P = 0.09). Diarrhea scores were increased in the dirty environment compared to the clean environment on days 3 and 7 (P &lt; 0.01). Serum TNF-a concentrations were not significantly affected by diet or environment. In conclusion, nursery pigs raised in clean environments had higher ADG and improved feed conversion than pigs reared in a dirty environment. Pigs fed diets containing ActiSaf HR+® tended towards increased ADG regardless of environment.
PSII-27 Effect of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and red clover isoflavones on the serum metabolites in beef steers
Authors: Seay Taylor B , Clemmons Brooke A , Melchior Emily A , Llarena Juan Fernando Cordero , Powers Joshua B , Campagna Shawn R , Bates Gary , McLean Kyle J , Myer Phillip R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fescue toxicosis reduces animal performance, costing approximately $2 billion dollars to the beef industry annually. Emerging research has demonstrated effects of fescue toxicosis can be reduced by consumption of red clover isoflavones. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of isoflavone supplementation with endophyte infected seed consumption on serum metabolites in beef steers. Angus steers (n = 36) were randomly allocated to treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E-) tall fescue seed, with (P+) or without (P-) a red clover isoflavone supplement. For the 21d trial, steers were provided a basal diet supplemented with fescue seed head targeting a minimum of 0.011 mg×kg of body weight−1×d−1 of total alkaloids. A total of 943 mg isoflavones were administered daily via bolus. Following the 21d trial, blood samples were collected for metabolite analysis. Metabolites were filtered from serum and extracted using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water:methanol (2:2:1) for analysis on the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system and Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS. The Metabolomic Analysis and Visualization Engine program was used to determine peaks and identify metabolites. Resulting metabolite data were analyzed in MetaboAnalyst 4.0 and SAS 9.4 with significance at P≤0.05. Principle component analysis indicated separation of metabolomes between E+P+ and E-P- steers. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis depicted distinct separation between P+ and P- steers and partial separation between E+ and E- steers. The variation between P+ and P- metabolomes were mainly due to differences in citrulline (r = 0.47, P = 0.003), and AMP (r = -0.35, P = 0.03) between E+ and E- metabolomes. A total of 13 and 8 metabolic pathways were impacted from differences in seed type and isoflavone treatment, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Therefore, metabolism is altered by isoflavone supplementation that may improve animal performance during fescue toxicosis.