bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT0270 in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet
Authors: USMAN  , HOSONO AKIYOSHI 
Published: July 2002

The effects of administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT0270 on serum lipids and bile acids, faecal bile acids and microflora were estimated in hypercholesterolemic rats. An effective dose of strain SBT0270 to exert its hypocholesterolemic effect was 109 viable cells/d. The dose of 109 cells/d did not affect the faecal coliform counts, but the number of faecal lactobacilli in rats fed this dose was significantly higher than that in the control group observed at the end of feeding period. Hypocholesterolemic effect of Lb. gasseri SBT0270 was attributed to its ability to suppress the reabsorption of bile acids into the enterohepatic circulation and to enhance the excretion of acidic steroids in faeces of hypercholesterolemic rats.
A computational model of the collective fluid
dynamics of motile micro-organisms
Authors: HOPKINS MATTHEW M. , FAUCI LISA J. 
Published: July 2002

A mathematical model and numerical method for studying the collective dynamics of
geotactic, gyrotactic and chemotactic micro-organisms immersed in a viscous fluid is
presented. The Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics are solved in the presence
of a discrete collection of micro-organisms. These microbes act as point sources
of gravitational force in the fluid equations, and thus affect the fluid flow. Physical
factors, e.g. vorticity and gravity, as well as sensory factors affect swimming speed and
direction. In the case of chemotactic microbes, the swimming orientation is a function
of a molecular field. In the model considered here, the molecules are a nutrient whose
consumption results in an upward gradient of concentration that drives its downward
diffusion. The resultant upward chemotactically induced accumulation of cells results
in (Rayleigh–Taylor) instability and eventually in steady or chaotic convection that
transports molecules and affects the translocation of organisms. Computational results
that examine the long-time behaviour of the full nonlinear system are presented.The actual dynamical system consisting of fluid and suspended swimming
organisms is obviously three-dimensional, as are the basic modelling equations. While
the computations presented in this paper are two-dimensional, they provide results
that match remarkably well the spatial patterns and long-time temporal dynamics
of actual experiments; various physically applicable assumptions yield steady states,
chaotic states, and bottom-standing plumes. The simplified representation of microbes
as point particles allows the variation of input parameters and modelling details, while
performing calculations with very large numbers of particles (≈104–105), enough so
that realistic cell concentrations and macroscopic fluid effects can be modelled with
one particle representing one microbe, rather than some collection of microbes. It
is demonstrated that this modelling framework can be used to test hypotheses concerning
the coupled effects of microbial behaviour, fluid dynamics and molecular
mixing. Thus, not only are insights provided into the differing dynamics concerning
purely geotactic and gyrotactic microbes, the dynamics of competing strategies for
chemotaxis, but it is demonstrated that relatively economical explorations in two
dimensions can deliver striking insights and distinguish among hypotheses.
Erosion by planar turbulent wall jets
Authors: HOGG ANDREW J. , HUPPERT HERBERT E. , DADE W. BRIAN 
Published: July 2002

New scaling laws are presented for the spatial variation of the mean
velocity and
lateral extent of a two-dimensional turbulent wall jet, flowing over a fixed rough
boundary. These scalings are analogous to those derived by Wygnanski
et al. (1992)
for the flow of a wall jet over a smooth boundary. They reveal that the
characteristics
of the jet depend weakly upon the roughness length associated with the boundary, as
confirmed by experimental studies (Rajaratnam 1967).These laws are used in the development of an analytical framework to model the
progressive erosion of an initially flat bed of grains by a turbulent jet. The
grains are
eroded if the shear stress, exerted on the grains at the surface of the bed,
exceeds a
critical value which is a function of the physical characteristics of the
grains. After
the wall jet has been flowing for a sufficiently long period, the boundary attains a
steady state, in which the mobilizing forces associated with the jet are
insufficient
to further erode the boundary. The steady-state profile is calculated separately by
applying critical conditions along the bed surface for the incipient
motion of particles.
These conditions invoke a relationship between the mobilizing force exerted by the
jet, the weight of the particles and the local gradient of the bed. Use of the new
scaling laws for the downstream variation of the boundary shear stress then permits
the calculation of the shape of the steady-state scour pit. The
predicted profiles are
in good agreement with the experimental studies on the erosive action of submerged
water and air jets on beds of sand and polystyrene particles (Rajaratnam 1981).The shape of the eroded boundary at intermediate times, before
the steady state is
attained, is elucidated by the application of a sediment-volume
conservation equation.
This relationship balances the rate of change of the bed elevation with the
divergence
of the flux of particles in motion. The flux of particles in motion
is given by a semi-empirical function of the amount by which the boundary
shear stress exceeds that
required for incipient motion. Hence the conservation equation may be integrated
to reveal the transient profiles of the eroded bed. There is good agreement between
these calculated profiles and experimental observations (Rajaratnam 1981).
Cytochemical and physiological studies of the energetic metabolism and osmotrophy in Sagitta friderici (chaetognath)
Authors: Duvert Michel , Gourdoux Lucienne , Moreau Robert 
Published: July 2002

Different glucidic labelled compounds were used for carbohydrate metabolism exploration, tissular glycogen storage localization and amino acid uptake response to osmotic variation in the adult of Sagitta friderici.After [1-14C] glucose or [6-14C] glucose (osmotrophic) assimilation, the relative activity of the different metabolic pathways (glycolysis–citric acid cycle and pentose cycle) have been estimated by means of a micro-radiorespirometric method. The kinetics of expired 14CO2 showed that adult Sagitta mainly used the glycolytic–Krebs cycle rather than the pentose cycle in glucose catabolism.After 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C] glucose (osmotrophic) assimilation, tissular glycogen storages were localized. It was shown that glycogen deposits are abundant in several tissues except the locomotor muscles, which probably represent the main glucose consumers in these very active animals. The problem of glucose transport from the storage localizations to the sites of utilization has been discussed.The L-3H-leucine uptake variations into the Sagitta body after an osmotic shock have been estimated.
Spatio-temporal variability in growth of juvenile sparid fishes from the Mediterranean littoral zone
Authors: Planes S. , Macpherson E. , Biagi F. , Garcia-Rubies A. , Harmelin J. , Harmelin-Vivien M. , Jouvenel J.-Y. , Tunesi L. , Vigliola L. , Galzin R. 
Published: July 2002

Populations of three species of juvenile Sparidae (Diplodus puntazzo, Diplodus sargus and Diplodus vulgaris) were sampled at different spatial scales in the north-western Mediterranean Sea over two years to follow growth after settlement. Length–frequency distributions were collected each week for periods of six months following the arrival of off-shore larvae in inshore habitats. Data were collected by underwater visual census along permanent transects.Growth rate measured as the slope of the linear relationship between mean size and time varied between species. Diplodus puntazzo (0.160 mm d−1) and D. vulgaris (0.202 mm d−1), which are settling in winter experienced slower growth than D. sargus (0.567 mm d−1) which settles in summer. It is concluded that the difference was in part due to water temperature. Analysis of growth rate within each species also revealed significant differences among sites probably related to the currents and the water mass temperatures.
Davidson on the Ontology and Logical Form of Belief
Authors: HACKER P. M. S. 
Published: July 2002

1. Belief and mental statesDavidson holds that intentional verbs occurring in the form ‘A Vs that p’ signify propositional attitudes. These are, he claims, (i) mental states (MS 160; KOM passim), and (ii) dispositions (FPA 103). Davidson does not conceive of himself as introducing a special technical sense of the common intentional verbs. He insists that ‘the mental states in question are beliefs, desires, intentions, and so on, as ordinarily conceived' (KOM 51f.). Consequently he contends that believing that p is a mental state, disposition or dispositional state. These ontological claims about the nature of belief inform his account of the logical form of belief sentences. I shall address the question of whether believing that p can justly be deemed a mental state, a disposition or dispositional state. Subsequently I shall examine Davidson's account of the logical form of belief sentences.Our concept of a mental state, like so many of the concepts which philosophers treat as categorial, is none too sharply defined. It has a respectable use, which can be described. But, like other such general psychological terms, e.g. ‘mental process’, ‘mental activity’, far from being the ‘hardest of the hard’ - a sharply circumscribed categorial term akin to a variable in a well-constructed formal system — it has blurred boundaries and is elastic. Like all our ordinary psychological concepts, it evolved in order to meet everyday needs. As Wittgenstein observed, ‘The concepts of psychology are just everyday concepts. They are not concepts newly fashioned by science for its own purposes, as are the concepts of physics and chemistry.’Although our ordinary concepts can be replaced by technical ones for specialized purposes, they cannot be abused without generating conceptual confusion and incoherence. If the expression ‘mental state’ is being employed in its ordinary sense, then it is wrong to hold that believing that p is to be in any mental state. If it is being employed in a special technical sense, then those who employ it thus owe us an account of what it means and how it is to be used. This Davidson and the many other philosophers who subscribe to the view that believing is a mental state have not done. Until such an account is forthcoming, one may presume that they think of themselves as deploying our ordinary concept of a mental state. And if so, I shall argue, they are misusing it.
Relationships between hostility and physiological
coronary heart disease risk factors in young adults:
the moderating influence of depressive tendencies
Authors: RAVAJA N. , KAUPPINEN T. , KELTIKANGAS-JÄRVINEN L. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We examined whether the relationships between hostility and physiological coronary
heart disease (CHD) risk factors differ as a function of depressive tendencies (DT).Methods. The participants were 672 randomly selected healthy young adults who self-reported their
hostility (anger, cynicism, and paranoia) and DT. The physiological CHD risk factors studied were
systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body-mass index, serum high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum triglycerides.Results. We found that hostility was negatively associated with the physiological CHD risk factors
among individuals exhibiting high DT while hostility was positively associated with, or unrelated
to, the physiological risk factors among individuals showing low DT. The Hostility × DT
interaction explained 2 to 5% of the variance in the physiological parameters.Conclusion. The findings suggest that DT have a moderating influence on the relationships between
hostility and CHD risk. Despite the established risk factor status of hostility, lack of anger and
hostility, when combined with high DT, may represent the most severe exhaustion where the
individual has given up. Disregard of this fact may explain some null findings in the research on
hostility and CHD risk.
Increased rates of psychosis among immigrants to Sweden: is migration a risk factor for psychosis ?
Authors: ZOLKOWSKA K. , CANTOR-GRAAE E. , McNEIL T. F. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies have shown high rates of psychosis among Afro-Caribbean immigrants to the UK and immigrants to the Netherlands. Rates of schizophrenia-like psychoses (SLP), i.e. schizophrenia or other non-affective psychosis, among the native-born and immigrant populations were assessed in Malmö, the city in Sweden with the highest proportion of immigrants.Methods. All adult patients admitted for in-patient psychiatric treatment in Malmö during the course of a 1-year period (N = 1162) were studied with regard to ethnicity and SLP diagnosis. A smaller sample consisting only of first-onset SLP cases (regardless of in- or out-patient status) was also studied (N = 56). Risks for admission and first-onset were calculated on the basis of current background population figures for Malmö.Results. Compared with those who were native-born, immigrants had increased risk for admission for SLP, with a similar tendency for increased risk for first-onset of SLP. Relative risk for SLP admission was most markedly increased in immigrants from East-Africa. Background factors specifically associated with migration (e.g. extreme duress) did not appear to contribute strongly to SLP in immigrants.Conclusion. While the current results add to the growing body of evidence showing increased risk for psychosis in immigrants, vulnerability to psychosis may have been determined by factors other than the migration process.
Social distance towards the mentally ill: results of
representative surveys in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: ANGERMEYER MATTHIAS C. , MATSCHINGER HERBERT 
Published: July 2002

Background. In 1975, a special commission appointed by the German Parliament submitted its
report on the desolate state of psychiatric care in the old Federal Republic of Germany
including suggestions for much-needed reforms. Among them was a call for the reduction of
existing prejudices against mentally ill people. This study addresses the question as to what
attitude is commonly found among the general public towards the mentally ill nowadays, two
decades after the first step towards reform in psychiatric care and focuses on social distance.Methods. Between spring 1990 and the end of 1993, a total of 11 representative surveys were
carried out in Germany, eight of them in the former Federal Republic, or the old Länder.Results. Even today, mentally ill people are met with a great deal of rejection by the German
public. Alcohol dependants are rejected most, even more so than those suffering from schizophrenia.
Personal experience with mental illness is associated with a lower level of derived social
distance, which may be attributed to an increase in positive emotional reactions and reduced
feelings of anxiety. There is an association between a person's attitude towards the mentally ill
and his/her overall value orientation.Conclusions. Although, for methodological reasons, we are not able to show a significant change
in attitude in the wake of the reform in psychiatric care, our results lend support to one of the
basic assumptions of community psychiatry, namely the premise that personal contact with the
mentally ill can help to reduce feelings of resentment towards the latter.
The epidemiology and classification of bulimia nervosa
Authors: SULLIVAN P. F. , BULIK C. M. , KENDLER K. S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We sought to determine whether there was
empirical support for the diagnostic
thresholds of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa (BN) and whether an empirically derived
typology
resembled the diagnostic categories of DSM-IV.Methods. Detailed information about bulimic behaviours were

assessed via personal interview in a
population-based sample of 1897 Caucasian female twins. We assessed
the lifetime prevalence of the
component bulimic behaviours and DSM-IV and DSM-III-R BN. Latent class
analysis of nine
separate bulimic symptoms was used to develop an empirical typology of
bulimic behaviour.Results. Although the lifetime prevalences of bingeing
(23·6%) and vomiting (4·8%) were relatively
common, DSM-IV BN was distinctly uncommon (0·5%). The criterion

that specified the frequency
and duration of bingeing and vomiting was an important limiting
condition. Analysis of alternative
thresholds found little support for the DSM-IV thresholds requiring
an average of twice per week
for 3 months. Latent class analysis yielded an interpretable four class

solution that had little overlap with the DSM-IV typology.Conclusions. As in other studies of unselected samples of
women, the lifetime presence of bulimic
behaviours are relatively high. Our results suggest that the DSM-IV approach
to categorizing
bulimic behaviour inadequately captures the spectrum of lifetime
bulimic behaviours in the general population.
The views and outcomes of consenting and non-consenting patients
receiving ECT
Authors: WHEELDON T. J. , ROBERTSON C. , EAGLES J. M. , REID I. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Current mental health legislation in the UK
makes provision for the use of certain
treatments in severely ill patients who are unable, or unwilling, to give
informed consent. Under the
terms of this legislation, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used,
usually to treat severely
depressed patients. A number of organizations have challenged this practice,
stating that ECT
should only be given with fully informed consent: it has been implied that
patients receiving
compulsory ECT (given without the patient's consent, under the terms
of mental health legislation)
find the treatment damaging and unhelpful.Methods. A series of 150 patients receiving ECT in Aberdeen
was studied. A proportion of the series
(approximately 7%) received compulsory ECT. The views and treatment outcomes
of compulsory
patients were compared with those of patients giving informed consent for
treatment.Results. More than 80% of patients in both consenting and compulsory
groups considered ECT to
have helped them. Clinical outcome did not differ between the groups. Patients'
views showed
marked concordance with independent medical evaluation of outcome.Conclusions. Outcome following ECT in non-consenting patients
is equivalent to that seen in
consenting patients whether rated by the patients themselves or by clinicians.
Overall outcome is
good, with more than 80% of patients benefiting from treatment. A ban on
compulsory ECT would
deny the access of seriously ill patients to an effective and acceptable
treatment.
Absence of social networks, social support and
health services utilization
Authors: KOUZIS ANTHONY C. , EATON WILLIAM W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study examines the effects of distress
and three types of social relationships
(family, friends, and confidantes) on the use of out-patient health services
in an adult sample from
a community survey of 3481 persons in Baltimore, Maryland.Methods. Independent effects of predisposing (age, education,
marital status, race and sex), enabling
(employment, income and insurance) and need (physical health) factors are
adjusted for in
estimating the odds of using health care services.Results. Illness, being female, and having insurance were positively
related to use of services, while
being aged was inversely related. After adjustment for the above factors,
social support interacted
with psychological distress to effect the use of medical care: the combination
of high distress and
low social support by a confidante results in a fourfold increase of medical
utilization.Conclusions. Our findings support the inclusion of psychological
distress and social network
variables in addition to physical health status in models attempting to
explain the use of health
services. Despite an inability to analyse change over time, our data suggest
an understanding of the
interrelationship between psychosocial factors, distress and health care
use would benefit health
providers and their patients.
Can biased symptom perception explain false-alarm
choking sensations?
Authors: RIETVELD S. , EVERAERD W. , VANBEEST I. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Breathlessness in asthma often cannot be explained
with objective variables indicating
airways obstruction. The hypothesis that unrealistic breathlessness results
from false interpretation
of sensations was tested.Methods. Sixty-four children and adolescents with asthma, aged
9–18 years, were randomly
assigned to: (1) standardized physical exercise for induction of general
symptoms; (2) equipment
causing itching through skin irritation; or (3) physical exercise combined
with equipment causing
itching through skin irritation. Pre-test and post-test measures were:
lung function; breathlessness;
general symptoms; itching; state anxiety; and worry.Results. Lung function decreased within normal parameters (3·8%,
1·1%, 2·6%, respectively) and
did not differ significantly between conditions. Breathlessness increased
significantly after exercise,
particularly in condition 3. Breathlessness correlated with general symptoms
and worrying, but not
with changes in lung function, age, or asthma severity.Conclusion. Biased symptom perception can explain unrealistic
breathlessness. Prerequisites are
situational cues triggering selective perception and ambiguous sensations
associated with the
anticipated (feared) physical state. Excessive breathlessness may often
warrant objective
confirmation by means of lung-function testing.
Magnetic resonance imaging differences between
dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease:
a pilot study
Authors: HARVEY G. T. , HUGHES J. , McKEITH I. G. , BRIEL R. , BALLARD C. , GHOLKAR A. , SCHELTENS P. , PERRY R. H. , INCE P. , O'BRIEN J. T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Temporal lobe atrophy on magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) has been suggested as
a specific diagnostic marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). No previous
comparison with dementia
with Lewy bodies (DLB) has been reported.Method. T1-weighted MRI scans were performed on 11 subjects
with AD (nine with
NINCDS/ADRDA probable AD and two with neuropathologically proven AD)
and nine subjects
with DLB (four with probable DLB diagnosed by clinical criteria and five
with neuropathologically
proven DLB). Groups were matched for age, duration of illness and cognitive
test score. Two raters,
blind to diagnosis and neuropathological findings, measured the volumes
of the frontal lobes,
temporal lobes, hippocampi, parahippocampal gyri, amygdalae, and caudate
nuclei using a
computerized volumetric analysis system. Scans were also rated for medial
temporal atrophy on a
four-point scale by an experienced rater.Results. AD subjects had significantly smaller left temporal
lobes and parahippocampal gyri than
those with DLB. Medial temporal atrophy was present in 9/11 AD cases
(82%) and absent in 6/9
(67%) of DLB cases. Two neuropathologically confirmed cases of DLB had
severe medial temporal
atrophy; both had concurrent AD-type pathology in the temporal lobe (Braak
stage 4).Conclusions. This pilot study supports the hypothesis that
a greater burden of pathology centres on
the temporal lobes in AD compared with DLB, except in DLB cases with concurrent
Alzheimer
pathology. A larger study is needed to confirm these findings and to determine
whether MRI has
a role in assisting with the clinical differentiation between DLB and AD.