bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scotland as a Political Community
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractModern perspectives on Scotland see it neither as an undifferentiated part of a unitary nation state, nor as a radically distinct or ‘ethnic’ community. Rather it is a component nation within a union, which itself changes over time. Since the late twentieth century, Scotland has become more important as a political community and at the end of the century it gained an autonomous Parliament. It is not a homogeneous unit but a space in which political contestation takes place. Even as it increasingly resembles the rest of the UK in its economic and social structures and values, it is politically differentiated. Devolution in 1999 started an institutional dynamic whose effects are still being worked out. Scotland now has a distinct party system. Its constitutional future is unresolved after the independence referendum of 2014 and the European referendum of 2016, in which Scotland voted to remain in the European Union whilst England and Wales voted to leave.
Ethnic Minorities and Political Citizenship in Scotland
Authors: Hill Emma , Meer Nasar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere is a gap between the ‘aspirational pluralism’ espoused by political elites, and Scotland’s record on the representation of ethnic minorities in politics. In this chapter we explore the status of a Scottish multicultural citizenship broadly conceived, and identify three clusters. The first centres on an aspirational pluralism, characterized by an ambition to avoid ethnically determined barriers on membership of Scottish nationhood. The second concerns the competing ways in which Scotland’s imperial role is used by different political actors. The third cluster points to potential limitations in minority claims-making and recognition, and questions the extent to which national-level, elite ‘pluralist’ discourse is translated into a successful model of political participation. Ethnic minority populations are disproportionately under-represented in local government across Scotland as a result of three features of local government recruitment and selection processes that adversely impact the participation of ethnic minorities in local politics. We discuss their implications for representation at the local and national levels. We conclude with a discussion of how the gap between elite ‘aspirational pluralism’ and the reality of ethnic minority under-representation in Scottish politics might be addressed.
Green Politics
Authors: Brown Antje 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhilst Scottish environmental policies feature many characteristics typical for modern systems of governance, addressing similar environmental challenges and wicked problems of the twenty-first century, many environmental policy responses in Scotland are nevertheless distinctly contextual and often driven by the ongoing constitutional debate whilst also being ambitious, if not pioneering. This is not to say that Scotland leads in environmental politics on all fronts; where coalition networks and other factors may not promise the desired results, Scottish decision makers shy away from a determined green approach. This chapter therefore argues that in order to understand green politics in Scotland as a whole we need to study environmental policies carefully and individually and take into consideration a number of factors (or parameters) such as resource availability and, more importantly, the strategic consideration of whether or not a co-framing between green ambitions and national identity can be achieved successfully.
The State of Scotland
Authors: Ascherson Neal 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the context of Brexit, it is easy to see Scottish government as a model of consistency and stability whilst the UK government displays the opposite. This is a false impression, with Scottish politics dominated by the constitutional question. One view is that Scotland’s constitutional journey can end only with independence; that would be excessively teleological. Devolution has revived distinctive ‘European’ features in Scottish constitutional thinking as political relations between London and Edinburgh grow less consensual. This is incompatible with the archaic English doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, an inconsistency which hardly mattered until devolution. Harder to measure has been the quiet, continuing sundering of ‘Britishness’ in civil society. Independence, in short, remains a serious option. It is which the voters in 2014 chose not to select. But it is probable that they will be offered that choice again, in the not-distant future, in different circumstances. There can be no going back from devolution. But going forward from it could make the United Kingdom unrecognizable and project the old ‘British’ nations—England included—into a more modern and flexible relationship.
Scotland, Britain, and the Union
Authors: Ansari Ali M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues for the continued relevance and importance of the United Kingdom as a liberal and progressive idea which has bound and harnessed the competing nationalisms of the peoples of these islands for the benefit and welfare of all. Assessing the stresses and strains which have been imposed on the idea of Britain over the last decade, the chapter acknowledges that much political capital has been expended during a series of crises, foreign and domestic that have afflicted the state, and that there is an urgent need to reinvest in the political, as well as the economic infrastructure of the country. Ultimately the strength of the British state and the ideals that have shaped it, lies in its ability to adapt and change according to circumstance and need, and it is this salient fact that has been a cornerstone of the most successful political union of modern times.
Youth Politics in Scotland
Authors: MacLeod Iain , Eichhorn Jan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses upon key questions around efforts to include young people in the political process in Scotland. The two areas we choose to focus on are the commitment and subsequent efforts made by the Scottish Parliament to encourage and accommodate young people’s participation in its work. The second is the more recent decision to reduce the voting age in Scottish Parliament and local council elections to sixteen in 2015 (although the first manifestation of Votes at 16 was in fact the 2014 independence referendum). Both of these developments have, in theory, challenged prevailing notions of young people’s place in politics. We deal with each in turn, providing an overview of the Scottish experience, the impact of the initiatives in question, and the implications this has for questions around young people’s political involvement in a broader international context.
Scotland’s Dual Public Sphere and the Media
Authors: Schlesinger Philip 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMediated communication and culture are central to the analysis of nations and nationalism. Scotland has a distinctive media landscape: newspapers, TV and radio, as well as new digital actors, all carry content specifically tailored for Scottish audiences. After Scottish devolution in 1999, the Scottish media became increasingly central to the new democratic polity. Their role was also crucial during the Scottish independence referendum of 2014. The nation’s mediated public sphere intertwines with that of the UK as a whole. Scottish publics are therefore diversely addressed through a dual public sphere. Of late, the audiovisual media’s role in the Scottish creative economy has grown as a public policy focus. However, the survival of the UK’s public service media is challenged by global internet-based majors in the digital economy, posing new problems for content regulation by states and nations, and the very constitution of national audiences.
James and Psychical Research in Context
Authors: Sommer Andreas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
James’s open advocacy, practice, and defense of unrestrictedly empirical approaches to telepathy, mediumship, and other alleged “supernatural” phenomena was a central part of his work, yet it is still often misunderstood or passed over. By placing James back into an international network of contemporary elite intellectuals who were also preoccupied with reported occult phenomena as fundamental scientific anomalies that may or may not have spiritual significance, this chapter argues that James’s psychical research can be reconciled with the progressiveness for which his canonical ideas are often regarded. When appreciated within important political and medical contexts of his time, and in view of his long-term collaborations in the study of trance states and hallucinations in non-pathological populations with F. W. H. Myers and other figures connected to Henry Sidgwick in England, James’s psychical research was an integral part of his evolving experimental psychology. Growing out of James’s deep discontent with dogmatism in science and religion, his unorthodox work also shared mutual origins with his pragmatist and radical empiricist philosophy. Moreover, by illustrating the polemical nature of simultaneous attacks on James’s psychical research and pragmatism by fellow psychologists, and the employment of religious arguments by supposedly scientific critics, this chapter suggests the story of James and psychical research is a reminder that “scientific naturalism” as an inconsistently defined yet absolute standard of modern Western academic activity has grown out of concerns that were not as self-evidently science-based or humanistic as we may be accustomed to believe.
Grammar and Rhetoric c.1100–c.1400
Authors: Copeland Rita 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Fourteenth-century readers depended, often without historical awareness, on the innovations of the twelfth century in the trivium arts of grammar and rhetoric. The literary culture of the fourteenth-century grammar classroom could trace itself back to developments of the twelfth century and the standardized forms these assumed in the thirteenth. Without the decisive classicism of twelfth-century teaching, the ‘digested’ and anthologized classicism of the later periods would have been unlikely. Fourteenth-century literary learning was more professionalized than that of earlier periods, and often more streamlined. But its particular achievements, as reflected in the work of Chaucer, Gower, and others, would have been impossible without the pedagogical and theoretical breakthroughs of the earlier period.
Philosophy, Logic, and Nominalism
Authors: Michelet Fabienne , Pickavé Martin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter attempts a reappraisal of the philosophical nature of Chaucer’s writings and sketches the philosophical currents that may have formed the intellectual background of his poetry, in particular medieval nominalism and realism. A brief outline of fourteenth-century English philosophy assesses the nature and content of contemporary debates, offering insights on the kind of philosophical knowledge that may have been accessible to Chaucer. An overview of nominalism and realism follows, exploring in particular the differing views these two currents had of the signification of singular and general terms, and of the status of scientific knowledge. This part also scrutinizes some of the traditional arguments for nominalism and realism in Chaucer’s poetry. Chaucer’s use of Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy is key to the last section, which focuses on the question, extensively debated during the fourteenth century, of human agency and more precisely the possible compatibility of human freedom and divine foreknowledge.
‘Anticlericalism’, Inter-Clerical Polemic and Theological Vernaculars
Authors: Kerby-Fulton Kathryn , Mayus Melissa , Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines Chaucer’s use of ‘anticlericalism’ and ‘vernacular theology’ in the Canterbury Tales, arguing that he uses neither in a straightforward way. While many examples of anticlerical and antifraternal language appear in the Canterbury Tales, and while such language carries theological and polemical weight, Chaucer’s use of antifraternal/anticlerical sources is literary rather than theological or polemical. By applying antifraternal language to non-fraternal figures and having clerical figures use such language against each other, Chaucer highlights the intraclerical debates among his pilgrims. An examination of the Second Nun’s Tale shows that Chaucer was engaged not so much with the creation of a ‘vernacular theology’, but rather with a process of ‘theological vernacularizing’ where he translated theological ideas, expressing them in his characters’ voices. Through his fictive guises Chaucer performed an essential truth of all theological discourse: whatever vernacular it is expressed in, it is always in via, always in translation.
Fictions of Espionage
Authors: Yeager Suzanne M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the uses of pilgrimage, crusading, and Muslim scripture in the creation of auctoritas using fourteenth-century travel accounts of Jerusalem. Medieval travellers contended with a popular view which held their writing suspect, as seen in Chaucer’s satire of the pilgrim’s tendency to curiositas. I show that some pre-modern travel writers negotiated the pitfalls of curiositas and even used it to their advantage. In their pilgrim accounts, writers like Simon Simeonis and Thomas Brygg strove to create models of their own religious, political, or social aspirations through their associations with the Holy Land. Using crusading tropes, appeals to the Bible, and even the Qur’an to negotiate the omnipresent cultural critique of pilgrimage, they fashioned an authoritative persona for writers whose exploits may have enjoyed some social utility at home. This study thus recontextualizes Chaucer’s critiques of travellers, and sheds new light on his pilgrim narrators.
Vernacular Authorship and Public Poetry
Authors: McCabe T. Matthew N. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter approaches the question of what poetry in English was, c.1390–1410, from the perspective of the colophons and authorizing signatures that are so plentiful in the manuscripts of Gower’s works. These texts and pictures, clearly intended to consolidate Gower’s reputation as an English auctor, are remarkable for two qualities: their imagining of a lay reading public and their celebration of Gower as a lay exponent of religious truth. By doing so, Gower’s works partake of the same excitement that surrounded other fourteenth-century works conveying theology to wider audiences in a new language context which necessarily lent his writing a new cultural potency. If we are to understand Gower’s claim to auctor status, we need to read his works in a way that is mindful of their author’s ostentatiously lay position, on the one hand, and their persistent religiosity, on the other.
Chaucer and Contemporary Courts of Law and Politics
Authors: Giancarlo Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Appreciating the significance of courts in Chaucer’s day requires understanding the connections among noble households, courts of law, and the practices of social interaction and play in late medieval culture. This chapter briefly summarizes important aspects of medieval court cultures. It summarizes Chaucer’s biographical history of legal and court connections. It explains the connections between legal courts and the social environments of noble households, and their relation to political events such as the Uprising of 1381. With specific reference to several stories and tales (The Summoner’s Tale, The Friar’s Tale, and the Second Nun’s Tale), this chapter explains how the worlds of aristocratic courtliness and the growing legal consciousness of late medieval England are examined and often criticized by Chaucer’s narratives. Chaucer’s life and work were richly informed by court contexts and understanding them helps the modern reader to better appreciate the direct impact that court cultures had on his literary practice.
Dante and the Author of theDecameron
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe chapter explores the relationship between Boccaccio’s Decameron and the work that it evokes from the first full statement of its title, Dante’s Commedia. Critics have often noted how Boccaccio exploits Dante’s work for individual characters and narrative moments, but less attention has been given to how Boccaccio uses Dante to structure his collection. This chapter investigates how Boccaccio constructs the three authorial interventions in the frame of the Decameron on Dantean materials. Investigating the Decameron’s Proem, Introduction to the Fourth Day, and Author’s Conclusion in light of Inferno 5, the Terrace of the Lustful in Purgatorio, and the Heaven of Venus, respectively, this chapter reveals how Boccaccio transforms Dante’s own reflections on love, literature, and authorship to create his own very different authorial persona.
Developing Dynamic Capabilities: Identifying and Bridging Capability Gaps
Authors: Mayer Kyle , Rich Beverly 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Firms constantly seek to update their resources and capabilities to effectively compete with a variety of competitors. The process by which firms seek to develop new capabilities requires bridging the gap between the resources and capabilities that firms currently possess and those that firms need in order to compete in the future. Bridging a capability gap begins with the process of sensing and seizing a new opportunity. We propose that between sensing and seizing a new opportunity, firms must also undergo a critical process that involves identifying what capabilities they have and what they need; and bridging, which involves acquiring what is needed to fill the identified capability gaps. We discuss common challenges that firms may face as they identify and bridge capability gaps, as well as a strategy for identifying and bridging capability gaps as firms sense and seize new opportunities.
Newton’s Scientific Method
Authors: Harper William L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
One central feature of Newton’s methodology is the use of theory-mediated measurements to make empirical phenomena carry information about causal dependencies. Accurate measurements of theoretical parameters by phenomena is a conception of empirical success that goes beyond the restriction of empirical success to accurate prediction of phenomena in the hypothetico-deductive model of scientific inference. This is informed by Newton’s account of provisional acceptance of propositions gathered from phenomena in his Fourth Rule of reasoning. Another feature is to follow up the discovery of forces of nature by applying those forces to additional phenomena. This is illustrated by the sequence of refinements of the model for solar system motions as more and more dependencies corresponding to Newtonian interactions were taken into account. Given that his theory would recover these Newtonian causal dependencies, Einstein’s Mercury perihelion result made his theory of gravity more empirically successful than Newton’s.
Petrogenesis of the Higashi-Akaishi Ultramafic Body: Implications for Lower Crustal Foundering and Mantle Wedge Processes
Authors: Guild Meghan R , Till Christy B , Mizukami Tomoyuki , Wallis Simon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecycling of ultramafic lower crustal cumulates via delamination or foundering is often invoked as a mechanism to return mafic material to the mantle during continental crust formation. These recycled pieces of the lower crust are rarely sampled but are preserved in several locations including the Kohistan and Talkeetna arc sections, Sierra Nevada and Colorado Plateau pyroxenite xenoliths and, as discussed here for the first time, the exhumed Higashi-Akaishi (HA) ultramafic body in Japan. The HA is located in the Besshi region of the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt in southwestern Japan and is dominantly composed of dunite with lesser garnet pyroxenite and harzburgite lenses. Although the petrogenetic history of the HA body is still debated, our new bulk major and trace element compositions, radiogenic isotope data, as well as petrologic and field observations, are consistent with a lower crustal cumulate origin for the HA dunite and pyroxenite, with a later slab-derived fluid overprint. Clinopyroxene and olivine in the foliated HA dunite have compositions consistent with ultramafic cumulates with high Mg#s (Mg# clinopyroxene = 0·94, Mg# olivine = 0·88), high NiO in olivine (∼0·26 wt %) and low-Al clinopyroxene. In addition, the bulk major element chemistry of the HA dunite and garnet pyroxenite follow systematic behavior in Mg# vs SiO2 wt %, similar to those observed in other lower crustal cumulate lithologies and corresponding intrusive lithologies, pointing to different liquid lines of descent for the corresponding melts. Our new thermobarometric estimates (peak pressure–temperature at 2·6 GPa, 713ºC) are consistent with a hot slab surface subduction path, rather than the lower crustal temperatures recorded in arc sections (Kohistan & Talkeetna: 1 GPa, 800ºC). A pervasive slab-fluid influence is also indicated in the HA lithologies by LREE and Ce enrichments and strong Nb and Zr depletions. The trace elements and the pressure–temperature estimates, as well as the thermodynamic modeling results necessitate removal of the HA body from the lower crust and incorporation into cooler portions of a mantle wedge. At lower crustal conditions, the bulk density of the HA lithologies is greater than the background mantle, indicating the feasibility of lower crustal foundering into a mantle wedge where the HA was incorporated in the subduction channel to reach its peak conditions. Hydration of the HA body while in the subduction channel likely provided the change in density necessary to facilitate its rapid exhumation to the surface. Thus, the HA cumulate likely represents a piece of the subduction system that is rarely preserved, as well as a key component in the compositional evolution of the continental crust.
Mutual Funds as Venture Capitalists? Evidence from Unicorns
Authors: Chernenko Sergey , Lerner Josh , Zeng Yao 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
“Founder-friendly” venture financings and nontraditional venture investors have both flourished over the past decade. Using detailed contract data, we study open-end mutual funds investing in private venture-backed firms. We posit that conflicts between early-stage venture investors and liquidity-constrained later-stage ones influence the classic agency problems affecting entrepreneurs and investors. We find that mutual funds with more stable funding are more likely to invest in private firms and that financing rounds with mutual fund participation have stronger redemption, stronger IPO-related rights, and less board representation. These findings are consistent with our conceptual framework.