bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compressive strength and workability of high calcium one-part alkali activated mortars using response surface methodology
Authors: Haruna S , Mohammed B S , Wahab M M A , Haruna A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this present experimental study, high calcium fly ash was utilized in the production of one-part alkali activated mortars. The HCFA was activated with anhydrous sodium metasilicate powder at 10 – 20 percent of the total precursor materials and cured at ambient condition. In this study, granular anhydrous sodium metasilicate has been successfully utilized to produce one-part alkali activated mortars. Thirteen mixes of one-part geopolymer mortar were designed using RSM central composite design with percentage of alkali activator and w/b ratios as parameters. Hardened density, workability, and, compressive strength was envisaged. The results showed that increasing the granular activator beyond 15% by weight of the fly ash reduces the strength and workability of the one-part alkali activated mortars. The RSM investigation helped in advancing the level of granular activator as far as acquiring ideal qualities and they were observed to be ideal at 16% of the granular activator and 0.3 w/b proportion. The model conditions were created, and the outcomes were approved through ANOVA by witnessing the model noteworthiness level of more than 95%. One-part alkali activated mortars exhibited highest compressive strength of almost 40 MPa at 28 days curing. The density of the one-part geopolymer mortars is almost the same regardless of the mixes.
A review on oil and gas pipelines corrosion growth rate modelling incorporating artificial intelligence approach
Authors: Nasser A M M , Montasir O A , Wan Abdullah Zawawi N A , Alsubal Shamsan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
One of the necessities of an effective oil and gas pipeline safety Management Plan (SMP) is the establishment of safe and efficient risk assessment strategy for pipelines where the significant danger is corrosion. Corrosion growth is related to several factors involving pipe material, pipe condition, and defect geometrical imperfection. Thus, the assurance of a proper corrosion assessment requires the prediction and evaluation of corrosion growth rates. The prediction of corrosion growth rate precisely, would minimize the cost of pipelines maintenance through the determination of the deteriorated pipeline segments. In line inspection (ILI) has been used to detect the pipelines corrosion, also the corrosion can be detected by other inspection tools such as Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) and Ultrasonic tool (UT). However, there are numerous models have been utilized to anticipate the corrosion growth rate such as deterministic and probabilistic models. Recently, there are conducted researches on the application of artificial intelligence in predicting corrosion growth rate for oil and gas pipelines such as artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive comparison between the conventional methods, i.e. deterministic and probabilistic and artificial intelligence methods, i.e. Artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL) in the prediction of corrosion growth rate of oil and gas pipelines. This review would be helpful to pipelines operators to understand the effectiveness of artificial intelligence approach compared to conventional methods in corrosion growth rate modelling.
The effect of coal bottom ash in mechanical and environmental performances for polymer composite
Authors: Zainal F , Kamal F , Yusop H , Diana R , Zakaria S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Fabrication is essentially the manipulation of raw materials into a desired product based on a workable approach. In this project, fabrication is fundamentally the process by which coal bottom ash (BA) are compatible with resin to form and improve construction materials which satisfy the assigned requirements and applications. BA have a porous and granular structure which limits its application and commercialization. Many investigations have been carried out towards the effective utilization of other reinforcement material or fillers such as fly ash for both concrete composite and polymeric composites. From this research project, resin was used as binder materials to BA which have porous and granular structure that limits its application. Despite of that, the resin can be transformed and tailored to fit specific needs. The findings show resin was greatly cooperated more than 40% of BA in the mixture which directly improve the mechanical performances on drop impact test. A part from that, environmental issues should be considered in utilizing BA. Since the BA is classified under scheduled waste (SW 104) which contains heavy metals, CBA blended with resin were readily in encapsulation form to mitigate the leaching of metals towards surrounding. Leachate study was conducted to all sample compositions and there is no leaching of metals detected from the sample due to increase in chemical stability. The concentration of toxic metals that leached were below than threshold value set by Department of Environment, Malaysia (DoE).
Properties of cement mortar containing NaOH-treated Crumb rubber as fine aggregate replacement
Authors: Tudin D Z A , Rizalman A N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this study, crumb rubber was used to partially replaced fine aggregate in mortar mixture by 5, 10, 15, and 20 volume percentage (vol%) with untreated and NaOH-treated crumb rubber. Thus, the total number of mixtures was 9. The mortars were tested for its flowability, compressive strength, flexural strength and density. Based on the results, increasing the replacement percentage of fine aggregate by crumb rubber reduced the compressive strength, flexural strength and density of rubberized mortar but increased the flowability. Meanwhile, the treatment of crumb rubber using NaOH solution improved the flowability, compressive strength and flexural strength. The treatment has minor effect on the hardened density of the rubberized mortar.
Carbonation and strength of self-compacting concrete with coal bottom ash exposed to seawater by wetting-drying cycle
Authors: Hamzah A F , Wan Ibrahim M H , Manan E A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This experimental work presents the carbonation and strength behaviour of self-compacting concrete with coal bottom ash that was exposed to cyclic wetting-drying processes under condition of seawater environment. Six series of mix portions with 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of coal bottom ash replacement to sand were produced. The samples arising from each mixture were exposed to seawater environment with an average of 15 hours of wetting and 9 hours of drying process per day. Thus, the carbonation and compressive strength behaviour at the durations of 28, 60, 90 and 180 days under curing process were observed. The results obtained in this study for seawater exposure has clearly indicated that the incorporation of 10% replacement of coal bottom ash to sand exhibited good result of carbonation and compressive strength.
Degradation of limestone exposed to drying and wetting cycles – experimental study
Authors: Al-Bared A M , Harahap I S H , Azuddin N H , Marto A , Alavi Nezhad Khalil Abad S V , Ali M O A , Isah B W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Degradation of rock is the deterioration of the rock forming materials and the reduction of strength and stiffness within time. It is responsible for the failure of rock slopes and landslides as the drying and wetting cycles in long-term will extensively reduce the strength of the rock and eventually end up as a soil-like material. Weathering rate is very crucial, and it is the main parameter inducing and accelerating degradation of rock. This study focuses on investigating and evaluating the effect of degradation on cored samples of limestone. Limestone was collected from the state of Perak, Malaysia and the samples were cored, trimmed and cut into 50 mm diameter and 80 mm height. A total number of 30 samples were exposed to different number of drying and wetting cycles in the laboratory. A total number of 27samples were tested using the Uniaxial compression test after 0 – 14 cycles while three samples were exposed to exactly 14 cycles to observe the reduction in weight. The results showed the strength of limestone to decrease gradually with the increment of drying and wetting cycles. Besides, samples that were continuously exposed to 14 drying and wetting cycles experienced a weight reduction of approximately 1.12%.
Effect of natural fibers on the soil compaction characteristics
Authors: Bawadi N F , Ahmad N S , Mansor A F , Anuar S A , Rahim M A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Clay soils are considered as a problematic soil in term of water absorption rate. The ideas of soil improvement method had been widely used to modify the physical and mechanical properties of clay soil. This study aims to identify the optimum percentage mixing of natural fibers in influencing the compaction characteristics. X – ray fluorescent test (X-RF) and Standard Proctor test has been performed to determine the chemical composition of natural fibers and compaction characteristics of soil samples. Natural fibers such as banana, kenaf, and coconut coir were used as a natural soil stabilizer with varying percentage mixing to increase the properties and stability of soil samples. Experimental data obtained from compaction test shows that the appropriate maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for each natural fiber are at 0.5% natural fibers mixing. In this study, the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for untreated samples are 1650kg/m3
and 7.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, for treated soil samples that mixed with banana, coconut and kenaf fibers are 1760kg/m3
, 1780kg/m3
, 1670kg/m3
and 8.2%, 8%, 11%, respectively. Hence, 0.5% mixing with banana fibers indicated the best possible amount of dry density and moisture content among other natural fibers. Therefore, this study proved that natural fibers can act as a good natural soil stabilizer in increasing stability of clay soil.
Analysis of thermal power plant fly ash and lime in increasing shear strength of soft clay
Authors: Mohamed S F W , Yahya S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Soil is the basic foundation for any civil engineering structures. It is required to bear the loads without failure. In some places, soils are weak which cannot resist the oncoming loads. Soft clay is known to have low strength and high compressibility. Utilization of additive is a method that can be applied to increase shear strength of soft clay. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of mixing fly ash, lime and soft clay with different percentage in order to increase the strength. A series of laboratory test were conducted in determining the physical properties, compaction and shear strength on soft clay soil. The soil samples; both disturbed and undisturbed were obtained from the vicinity of Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah (PSIS). Two tests carried out are compaction and direct shear strength. From the results, the highest strength of soft clay was at 69 kPa by mixing soil with 12% fly ash + 4% lime.
Laboratory investigation of suction distribution in a modified capillary barrier system
Authors: Yunusa G H , Kassim A , Umar M , Talib Z A , Abdulfatah A Y 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper investigated the effect of transport layer in the diversion capacity of natural capillary barrier system using laboratory slope model. The slope model was constructed with stainless steel and 5 mm thick acrylic sheets. Grade VI and grade V soils classified as sandy silt of very high plasticity (MVS) and silty gravel of high plasticity (MHG), respectively were arranged in the slope model with sand and gravel transport layers sandwiched at their interface. The model was subjected to different rainfall intensities using rainfall simulator to determine the behaviour of water flow and suction distribution in the slope model. The results obtained show a modification in the suction distribution behaviour and the natural capillary barrier effect was sustained. It was also observed that a transport layer formed with gravel material was more effective in diverting the infiltrating water compared to that of gravelly sand. This occurred because the upper grade VI layer possessed capillary forces due to its finer pore structures and relatively large air entry value, thus, it retained the infiltrating water, and the gravel transport layer possessed relatively larger pore structures compared to the grade VI layer and hence it possessed higher hydraulic conductivity values and small water entry value. This arrangement, provide a capillary break and allowed the infiltrating water to flow above the interface. Therefore, the inclusion of transport layer provides a definite path through which the infiltrating water flows and diverted laterally. Thus, improving the performance of natural capillary barrier effect.
Numerical simulation and full-scale field testing of steel parapet railing under impact of heavy truck loads – comparative study
Authors: Che Osmi S K , Rosdi A , Husen H , Sojipto S , Misnon N A , Khairuddin F H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Bridge parapet is one the most critical part of the bridge superstructure, which functions as a safety feature during accident or collision at the edges of the bridge. For steel parapet railing, complete full-scale field testing needs to be carried out before installation of new parapet railing. Field testing not only expensive but also very time-consuming for preparation and testing works. In this study, a comparison between the results of an actual field test and numerical simulation works was investigated. The chosen 3S two-beam steel parapet had passed the field testing conducted by the Korean Transportation Safety Agency (KOTSA). For comparison, the performance of the steel parapet selected railing was simulated under impact loading of heavy trucks, whereby no passenger car test was conducted. The parapet railing design was modelled and simulated using the SolidWorks and the NASTRAN/PATRAN software, respectively. Five case studies were derived to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the obtained results. Case 3 recorded the lowest difference percentage of 3.6% for the maximum deformation of the parapet railing. However, other case study recorded more than 10% discrepancy of the maximum deformation (i.e. Case 1, 2, 4 and 5). It can be concluded that Case 3 as the right position where the impact load exerted during the field testing. These results proved that the numerical simulation results provide a reliable result for testing the quality of the parapet railing with a minimum cost and time required, consequently, tackle the shortcomings of the field testing.
Investigation of prestressed concrete sleeper’s vibration located at KM71.75 And KM79
Authors: Rozli M I F , Hilmi Safiuddin C M C J M , Kay Dora A G , Senin S F , Rahman A S A , Ali M R M , Amin N M , Nordin M N F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Train has been one of the essential and convenient transportation choices for community nowadays. Instead of carrying a passenger, these types of facilities also can be used to transport material across our country. With the increasing usage of train every year, the rate of accidents has also increased dramatically. Therefore, the importance of studying about the railway can contribute to building better and comfort railway track which can deliver their services at its best for an extended period. This study focused on the measurement of the deflection of concrete sleepers which affect the performance of the railway track. Lack of actual deflection value from the site can be problematic to ensure the quality of the track itself. The method used for the analysis is by using the Sirius-M instrument which can be recorded and analyses the acceleration of the concrete sleepers when receiving the loading wave from a moving train. The data of acceleration then can be transformed into deflection form by applying double integration. From the data collection, it shows that the maximum deflection at northbound at KM79 is 13.72 mm for freight train and 1.5 mm at southbound for six set commuter train. As for KM 71.75, the maximum deflection at northbound is 0.57mm for ETS and 1.5mm at southbound for six set commuter train. Thus, from this research, the actual deflection value from both sites were achieved.
Design and optimization of polyurethane modified bitumen (PUMB) using response surface method
Authors: Khairuddin F H , Yusoff N I Md , Badri K , Koting S , Choy P N , Misnon N A , Che Osmi S K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses the utilization of Response Surface Method (RSM) statistical tool to determine the optimal amount of polyurethane (PU) for modifying 80/100 penetration grade bitumen. Central composite design (CCD) was used to develop an experimental design matrix where bitumen and PU are designated as the factors while penetration, softening point and viscosity are designated as the response. Numerical analysis of polyurethane modified bitumen (PUMB) shows that the optimal amount of PU in the modification of the bitumen is 5%. Verification of the chosen model shows that it is in consistent with the experimental value since the percentage error is less than 5%. Result of the consistency test shows that the addition of 5% PU resulted in higher penetration and viscosity values but lower softening point value, which in consequent improve bonding strength as the flow of bitumen is reduced.
Study on pervious concrete pavement mix designs
Authors: Ahmed T , Hoque S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Increased precipitation in recent years due to the effect of climate change is leading to increased surface runoff and water logging in urban areas while impervious concrete or asphalt covering of urban lands hinders groundwater recharge. However, Pervious Concrete Pavements have the capacity of functioning as a Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) by allowing surface water to infiltrate downwards through the porous structure of the pavements, thereby minimizing flooding risks, recharging ground water, reducing run off and peak flows, alleviating the precipitation load on overstressed drainage systems, and improving water quality by capturing pollutants. This research provides an overview on pervious concrete mix designs and their effect on strength and permeability. Materials of pervious concrete include those used in conventional concrete, however eliminating the fine aggregate content. Different mix designs have been prepared and tested to understand the behavior of Pervious Concrete and recommend an ideal mix. The findings from the Compressive Strength Test and Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of in place Pervious Concrete, investigate the gradually varying properties of pervious concrete with changes in the mix which are reported and discussed. Results indicate that a fine balance between compressive strength and permeability is not possible however pervious concrete pavements can be an acceptable alternative when used in low volume and low impact areas.
Assessment of level of service (LOS) for entrance ramp merging by using HCM US 2000 and HCM US 2010
Authors: Bakhari N S , Adnan M A , Tuan Badrol Hisham T B 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Congestion is a normal occurrence on the urban Malaysian expressway system, usually associated with areas having entrance ramp, exit ramp and weaving section. A good practice for expressway system can be determined by the efficiency of the traffic operation itself. Thus, this research paper provides the assessment of level of service for entrance ramp merging using US HCM 2000; US HCM 2010 and empirical data as the indicator. Study was conducted at KM 12, Grand Sepadu Expressway, Selangor and the data were collected by using TRAX Apollyon Automatic Traffic Counter. An analysis was conducted and the RSME result shows that the plotted data are successfully developed and validated in these studies.
Carbonization effect on EFB briquettes prepared with different type of binders
Authors: Nazari M M , Idroas M Y , Ayuni F A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Biomass energy is gaining public interest as a result of the environmental impacts and depletion of fossil fuel resources. Thus, biomass briquettes have emerged as an attractive option due to its huge renewable energy potential. The biomass briquettes are used for thermal applications because it can produce complete combustion as it has consistent quality and high burning efficiency. However, the quality of the briquettes can be added by application of carbonization treatment method. Carbonization of biomass is a waste treatment process in which a biomass is heated in an oxygen-free or oxygen-limited environment. In this study, carbonized EFB was blended with binders and densified into briquettes. The mixing ratio of binders to carbonize EFB were fixed at 20%. The effect of the carbonization treatment on the briquette properties and combustion characteristics was studied through proximate and ultimate analysis while high heating value (HHV) was analyses by using bomb calorimeter. To explore the potential of carbonized EFB briquettes, the results were compared to untreated EFB briquettes. Results indicate briquette TS2 as the optimum formulation since it owned moderate physicochemical properties. In addition, the briquette had highest HHV of 23.62 MJ/kg which is approximately 30% higher than briquette prepared from untreated EFB. Overall, carbonized EFB blended with tapioca starch was found to improve the briquette quality and enhance the possibility to use as syngas production.
Torrefaction of palm kernel shell using conventional and microwave irradiation pretreatment
Authors: Ahmad R , Ishak M A M , Kasim N N , Ismail K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study describes the properties of torrefied palm kernel shell (PKS) by conventional and microwave irradiation (MI) pretreatment. In conventional pretreatment, the untreated PKS was torrefied using fixed bed reactor at temperature of 210, 230, 250, 270 and 290 °C for 60 min of holding time. In MI pretreatment, the untreated PKS was irradiated with microwave power of 200, 300, 450 and 600 W for 8 min of holding time. The torrefied samples were analysed for mass and energy yield, energy density, calorific value and proximate and ultimate analysis. The results showed that, the properties of torrefied samples were improved with increasing torrefaction temperature and microwave power. The mass and energy yield, moisture, volatile matter and oxygen content of torrefied PKS decreased, whereas, the calorific value, energy density and carbon content increased with increasing torrefaction temperature and microwave power. The torrefaction temperature of 270 °C and microwave power of 450 W were appropriate to upgrade the PKS properties. Therefore, the change in properties of torrefied PKS revealed the potential of applying pretreatment prior to further thermal conversion such as pyrolysis and gasification.