bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land, History, and the Law
Authors: Najita Susan Y. 
Published: January 2020

This essay examines the history of land acquisition in creating Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park during the period after the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and the annexation of the islands to the United States. Its specific focus are the land condemnations and exchanges that went into creating what is known as the Kalapana Extension, an area of active lava flows along the area known as the East Rift Zone. I examine the implications of this history for our understanding of "the public" and conservation’s best legal principal, the public trust doctrine.
Extratos vegetais do gênero capsicum com potencial atividade antifúngica contra Rhizoctonia solani e Sclerotium rolfsii
Authors: Fonseca Aline Souza da , Fernandes Cléberson de Freitas , Vieira Júnior José Roberto , Rocha Rodrigo Barros , Freire Tamiris Chaves , Sangi Simone Carvalho , Bastos Jéssica Silva Félix , Alves Rita de Cássica 
Published: January 2020

O uso excessivo de fungicidas na agricultura tem sido bastante questionado pela sociedade em geral em função destes serem caros, de elevada persistência no solo e de elevado risco à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Nesse sentido medidas alternativas de controle tem sido buscadas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes extratos de sementes de pimentas do gênero Capsicum sobre o crescimento micelial de Rhizoctonia solani e Sclerotium rolfsii. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com 25 tratamentos, tendo dois controles (água e fungicida) e quatro repetições para os testes in vitro e seis para in vivo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de Scott Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Os testes in vitro evidenciaram que todos os extratos se mostraram eficientes na inibição dos patógenos, destacando-se os extratos de Capsicum annuum, os quais obtiveram resultados significativamente superiores ao controle com o fungicida. Nos ensaios em diluição seriada, observou-se que na concentração de até 1x105 os extratos foram capazes de inibir o patógeno S. rolfsii. No ensaio in vivo em folhas destacadas, 13 extratos apresentaram eficiência no controle da mela, sendo que os extratos obtidos a partir de Capsicum baccatum e Capsicum frutescens apresentaram efeitos de controle semelhantes ao fungicida.
Noise over signal
Authors: Luther Jason W , Williams Patrick 
Published: January 2020

While participatory culture has been of special interest to scholars for nearly three decades, much of the focus has centered on digitally networked contexts. The digital age has indeed transformed our approaches to listening to music and how we operate as fans of music; these approaches can weave together the new and the old, and are enacted among a variety of spaces, objects, and relationships. We explore how the re-emergence of one such object in the digital age — the LP — has produced social arrangements that perhaps excavate older listening practices but do so in ways that have been affected by the mediascape more generally. We offer the concept of phonography culture: a term that emphasizes the social practices of those who not only curate and collect vinyl records but communicate through them in participatory activities including listening parties, vinyl nights at local bars, Facebook groups, and sites of e-commerce. We share the case study of Record Nite, a semi-regular gathering of phonography culture participants, who take turns playing one side of an LP on a given theme, revealing in their fandom and reveling in and encouraging that of others. Over the course of an evening, ten to twenty friends connect over their own “noise” — their experiences, histories, and knowledge of artists, albums, and genres—while simultaneously listening to LPs together. These phonographic, cultural interactions are revelatory because they draw our attention away from individualized and digital listening, which isolate signal, and make space for social and aural noise. That noise is infused with fandom and participation, as well as elements of memory, meaning making, and nostalgia.

NB: The article contains sound examples. In order to listen to embedded audio files, you must first download the pdf file and then open it with Adobe Acrobat.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Brendan R. 
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the following puzzle: why does the most powerful nation in the world achieve triumphant military victories, but botch nearly everything that comes next? In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, our military achieved smashing success on the battlefield, but not long after we popped the champagne, things went horribly wrong. This chapter begins to put these wars into a broader context by weaving them into a larger story. It outlines the tension between fostering democracy and seeking to withdraw as quickly as possible. It also highlights the pathologies that contribute to the problem, along with the three postwar planning tasks that can help us surmount the obstacles.
Origin of the Exclusive Ternary Electroluminescent Behavior of BN‐Doped Nanographenes in Efficient Single‐Component White Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Fresta Elisa , Dosso Jacopo , Cabanillas‐González Juan , Bonifazi Davide , Costa Rubén D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhite‐light‐emitting electrochemical cells (WLECs) still represent a significant milestone, since only a few examples with moderate performances have been reported. Particularly, multiemissive white emitters are highly desired, as a paradigm to circumvent phase separation and voltage‐dependent emission color issues that are encountered following host:guest and multilayered approaches. Herein, the origin of the exclusive white ternary electroluminescent behavior of BN‐doped nanographenes with a B3N3 doping pattern (hexa‐perihexabenzoborazinocoronene) is rationalized, leading to one of the most efficient (≈3 cd A−1) and stable‐over‐days single‐component and single‐layered WLECs. To date, BN‐doped nanographenes have featured blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). This doping pattern provides, however, white electroluminescence spanning the whole visible range (x/y CIE coordinates of 0.29–31/0.31–38 and average color rendering index (CRI) of 87) through a ternary emission involving fluorescence and thermally activated dual phosphorescence. This temperature‐dependent multiemissive mechanism is operative for both photo‐ and electroluminescence processes and holds over the device lifespan, regardless of the device architecture, active layer composition, and operating conditions. As such, this work represents a new stepping‐stone toward designing a new family of multiemissive white emitters based on BN‐doped nanographenes that realizes one of the best‐performing single‐component white‐emitting devices compared to the prior‐art.
Optoelectronic Perovskite Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Ma Fumin , Zhu Yangbin , Xu Zhongwei , Liu Yang , Zheng Xiaojing , Ju Songman , Li Qianqian , Ni Ziquan , Hu Hailong , Chai Yang , Wu Chaoxing , Kim Tae Whan , Li Fushan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSimulating the human brain for neuromorphic computing has attractive prospects in the field of artificial intelligence. Optoelectronic synapses have been considered to be important cornerstones of neuromorphic computing due to their ability to process optoelectronic input signals intelligently. In this work, optoelectronic synapses based on all‐inorganic perovskite nanoplates are fabricated, and the electronic and photonic synaptic plasticity is investigated. Versatile synaptic functions of the nervous system, including paired‐pulse facilitation, short‐term plasticity, long‐term plasticity, transition from short‐ to long‐term memory, and learning‐experience behavior, are successfully emulated. Furthermore, the synapses exhibit a unique memory backtracking function that can extract historical optoelectronic information. This work could be conducive to the development of artificial intelligence and inspire more research on optoelectronic synapses.
Mixed Electronic and Ionic Conduction Properties of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate
Authors: Wang Michael J. , Wolfenstine Jeffrey B. , Sakamoto Jeff 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWith the continued increase in Li‐metal anode rate capability, there is an equally important need to develop high‐rate cathode architectures for solid‐state batteries. A proposed method of improving charge transport in the cathode is introducing a mixed electronic and ionic conductor (MEIC) which can eliminate the need for conductive additives that occlude electrolyte–electrode interfaces and lower the net additive required in the cathode. This study takes advantage of a reduced perovskite electrolyte, Li0.33La0.57TiO3 (LLTO), to act as a model MEIC. It is found that the ionic conductivity of reduced LLTO is comparable to oxidized LLTO (σbulk = 10−3–10−4 S cm−1, σGB = 10−5–10−6 S cm−1) and the electronic conductivity is 1 mS cm−1. The ionic transference numbers are 0.9995 and 0.0095 in the oxidized and reduced state, respectively. Furthermore, two methods for controlling the transference numbers are evaluated. It is found that the electronic conductivity cannot easily be controlled by changing O2 overpressures, but increasing the ionic conductivity can be achieved by increasing grain size. This work identifies a possible class of MEIC materials that may improve rate capabilities of cathodes in solid‐state architectures and motivate a deeper understanding of MEICs in the context of solid‐state batteries.
Energy Level Modification with Carbon Dot Interlayers Enables Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Quantum Dot Based Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Zeng Qingsen , Xiong Yuan , Ji Tianjiao , Wang Chen , Shen Xinyu , Lu Min , Wang Haoran , Wen Shanpeng , Zhang Yu , Yang Xuyong , Ge Xin , Zhang Wei , Litvin Aleksandr P. , Baranov Alexander V. , Yao Dong , Zhang Hao , Yang Bai , Rogach Andrey L. , Zheng Weitao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractControlling the transport and minimizing charge carrier trapping at interfaces is crucial for the performance of various optoelectronic devices. Here, how electronic properties of stable, abundant, and easy‐to‐synthesized carbon dots (CDs) are controlled via the surface chemistry through a chosen ratio of their precursors citric acid and ethylenediamine are demonstrated. This allows to adjust the work function of indium tin oxide (ITO) films over the broad range of 1.57 eV, through deposition of thin CD layers. CD modifiers with abundant amine groups reduce the ITO work function from 4.64 to 3.42 eV, while those with abundant carboxyl groups increase it to 4.99 eV. Using CDs to modify interfaces between metal oxide (SnO2 and ZnO) films and active layers of solar cells and light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) allows to significantly improve their performance. Power conversion efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells increases from 17.3% to 19.5%; the external quantum efficiency of CsPbI3 perovskite quantum dot LEDs increases from 4.8% to 10.3%; and that of CdSe/ZnS quantum dot LEDs increases from 8.1% to 21.9%. As CD films are easily fabricated in air by solution processing, the approach paves the way to a simplified manufacturing of large‐area and low‐cost optoelectronic devices.
Orientation Dependent Interaction and Self‐Assembly of Cubic Magnetic Colloids in a Nematic Liquid Crystal
Authors: Sudhakaran Devika Venkuzhy , Pujala Ravi Kumar , Dhara Surajit 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSpherical microparticles dispersed in nematic liquid crystals have been extensively investigated in the past years. Here, experimental studies are reported on the elastic deformation, colloidal interaction, and self‐assembly of hematite microcubes with homeotropic surface anchoring in a nematic liquid crystal. It is demonstrated that the colloidal interaction and self‐assembly of cubic colloids are orientation dependent. In a notable departure from the conventional microspheres, the microcubes stabilize diverse structures, such as bent chains, branches, kinks, and closed‐loops. The microcubes reorient under external rotating magnetic field, thereby experiencing an elastic torque in the medium, which allows us to measure the magnetic moment through competition between elastic and magnetic torques. The findings envisage that the faceted magnetic colloids in liquid crystals are potential for developing new functional magnetic materials with specific morphologies.
Controllable Doping of Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides by Organic Solvents
Authors: Li Xiao‐Kuan , Sun Ruo‐Xuan , Guo Hao‐Wei , Su Bao‐Wang , Li De‐Kang , Yan Xiao‐Qing , Liu Zhi‐Bo , Tian Jian‐Guo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeeking controllable and efficient surface dopant molecules for transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is highly valuable for fully understanding TMDCs properties and their applications to relevant devices. The general doping effect of solvents on TMDCs are explored. By selecting suitable solvents with optimized relevant factors, controllable n‐doping of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is obtained on the same device with the sheet density of electrons increased from 2.3 × 1011 to 6.4 × 1012, 9.7 × 1012, and 1.6 × 1013 by use of dimethylsulfoxide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and N‐methyl‐pyrrolidone (NMP), respectively. The doping principle is explained by charge‐donating characteristics of molecule and dipole interaction. After doping by NMP, the contact resistance is reduced by four times, and the on/off current ratio of fabricated top‐gated MoS2 transistors is increased by 3 orders of magnitude. This work can guide the selection of suitable solvents for effective doping of two‐dimensional materials and advance the development of precise controllable electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Predicted annual biomass input to maintain soil organic carbon under contrasting management
Authors: Gollany Hero T. , Nash Pat R. , Johnson Jane M.‐F. , Barbour Nancy W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) residue is an important source of lignocellulosic feedstocks for meeting the US renewable energy goals. However, there is uncertainty in how much biomass can be sustainably harvested. The objectives of this study were to (i) simulate soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in the 0–20, 20–30, and 0–30 cm soil depths for the 2005–2015 study period using CQESTR, a process‐based C model; (ii) establish trends in SOC with residue removal and tillage management over the predictive period of 2016–2035; and (iii) recommend practices to maintain SOC stocks in a corn–soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) rotation with corn residue removal in western Minnesota. The residue removal treatments in the conventional tillage since 1995 (CT95) and no tillage since 1995 (NT95) were initiated in 2005, and in 2006 for the no tillage since 2005 (NT05). Corn residue removal treatments were none, cob removal, ∼50% removal, and ∼75% removal (R0, RCob, R50, and R75, respectively). Only R0 in NT05 increased SOC (0.32 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) stocks in the top 30 cm soil depth by 2035 with annual aboveground biomass input of 6.30 Mg ha−1 yr−1. It was concluded that only the NT05 field has the potential to maintain SOC at the current rate of biomass addition, and a minimal annual aboveground C (MSC) input of 3.75 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 is required to maintain SOC until 2035. These simulation results indicate that caution should be used in removing residue especially under conventional tillage.
Winter cover crop production and water use in Southern Great Plains cotton
Authors: DeLaune P.B. , Mubvumba P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCover crops can provide several ecosystem services in agricultural cropping systems. Benefits may be enhanced with increasing cover crop biomass production. In water‐limited environments, feasibility of cover crop germination and production is not always certain. This study was conducted to determine differences in biomass production, water use, and water use efficiency (WUE) between monoculture cover crops and a mixture at Chillicothe, TX, in the Southern Great Plains under rainfed conditions in a continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cropping system over a 6‐yr period. Evaluated cover crops included Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and a grass/broadleaf mixture. Although cover crops were planted after optimum planting dates and under varying climatic conditions, biomass production was 2863, 2480, and 2301 kg ha−1 for the mixture, pea, and vetch, respectively. Peas and the mixture were the most consistent, producing significantly greater biomass than wheat and clover but not more than vetch. The mixture resulted in greater WUE than wheat. Clover resulted in reduced biomass production and WUE than vetch, pea, and the mixture over the study period. A cover crop mixture did not produce significantly greater biomass or significantly increase water use efficiency compared with vetch and pea. Under dryland conditions, peas, vetch, and a mixture were shown to be viable cover crop options in Southern Great Plains cotton systems, performing as well as a wheat cover crop.
Testing local bias in food consumption: The case of fluid milk
Authors: Khanal Binod , Lopez Rigoberto A. , Azzam Azzeddine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article provides the first set of estimates of the degree of local bias in food consumption, by adapting the international trade notion of home bias, or consumers' tendency to favor domestic over imported goods, to local bias, which describes the tendency of consumers to favor local over nonlocal food. Using state boundaries to define local and household data on cow milk purchases from 2007 until 2016 in the New England region, estimates from the Armington model confirm a bias for fluid milk brands identified as local. [EconLit classifications: D12, L6, Q18].
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C−H Arylation of Quinoline‐N‐Oxides at C‐8 Position using Diaryliodonium Salts
Authors: Sharma Shivani , Kumar Sehdev , Sharma Anuj 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA simple and efficient Pd(II)‐catalyzed site‐selective direct arylation strategy was demonstrated for the synthesis of 8‐arylquinoline‐N‐oxide derivatives using quinoline‐N‐oxides and (aryl)(mesityl)iodonium triflates. A series of control experiments were carried out to elucidate the reaction mechanism. The synthetic potential was extended with the C‐2 post‐modification of the final derivative.
Engineering Iron–Nickel Nanoparticles for Magnetically Induced CO2Methanation in Continuous Flow
Authors: De Masi Déborah , Asensio Juan M. , Fazzini Pier‐Francesco , Lacroix Lise‐Marie , Chaudret Bruno 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInduction heating of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) is a method to activate heterogeneous catalytic reactions. It requires nano‐objects displaying high heating power and excellent catalytic activity. Here, using a surface engineering approach, bimetallic NPs are used for magnetically induced CO2methanation, acting both as heating agent and catalyst. The organometallic synthesis of Fe30Ni70NPs displaying high heating powers at low magnetic field amplitudes is described. The NPs are active but only slightly selective for CH4after deposition on SiRAlOx owing to an iron‐rich shell (25 mL min−1, 25 mT, 300 kHz, conversion 71 %, methane selectivity 65 %). Proper surface engineering consisting of depositing a thin Ni layer leads to Fe30Ni70@Ni NPs displaying a very high activity for CO2hydrogenation and a full selectivity. A quantitative yield in methane is obtained at low magnetic field and mild conditions (25 mL min−1, 19 mT, 300 kHz, conversion 100 %, methane selectivity 100 %).
Gold(I)‐katalysierte Cycloisomerisierung von 3‐Alkoxy‐1,6‐diinen: ein einfacher Zugang zu Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐onen
Authors: Hu Chao , Wang Tao , Rudolph Matthias , Oeser Thomas , Asiri Abdullah M. , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEine neue Gold‐katalysierte Cycloisomerisierung von 1,6‐diinen wurde entwickelt, die einen atomökonomischen Zugang zu einem Satz verschiedenster Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐onen in moderaten bis guten Ausbeuten darstellt. Für unsymmetrische Edukte mit zwei verschiedenen internen Alkinyl‐Substituenten konnte in einem gewissen Ausmaß die Regioselektivität sowohl durch elektronische als auch durch sterische Faktoren kontrolliert werden. Dieses neue Reaktivitätsmuster kann als Grundlage für neue und unkonventionelle Strategien für die Synthese überbrückter Ringsysteme dienen.
Radially Inwardly Aligned Hierarchical Porous Carbon for Ultra‐Long‐Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yu Zhisheng , Liu Menglan , Guo Daying , Wang Jiahui , Chen Xing , Li Jun , Jin Huile , Yang Zhi , Chen Xi'an , Wang Shun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRational design of hollow micro‐ and/or nano‐structured cathodes as sulfur hosts has potential for high‐performance lithium‐sulfur batteries. However, their further commercial application is hindered because infusing sulfur into hollow hosts is hard to control and the interactions between high loading sulfur and electrolyte are poor. Herein, we designed hierarchical porous hollow carbon nanospheres with radially inwardly aligned supporting ribs to mitigate these problems. Such a structure could aid the sulfur infusion and maximize sulfur utilization owing to the well‐ordered pore channels. This highly organized internal carbon skeleton can also enhance the electronic conductivity. The hollow carbon nanospheres with further nitrogen‐doping as the sulfur host material exhibit good capacity and excellent cycling performance (0.044 % capacity degradation per each cycle for 1000 cycles).
Bestimmung komplexer kleiner Molekülstrukturen mittels molekularer Ausrichtungssimulation
Authors: Ibáñez de Opakua Alain , Klama Frederik , Ndukwe Ikenna E. , Martin Gary E. , Williamson R. Thomas , Zweckstetter Markus 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDie korrekte strukturelle Zuordnung von kleinen Molekülen und Naturstoffen ist für die Wirkstoffentdeckung und die organische Chemie von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die Anisotropie‐basierte NMR‐Spektroskopie ist ein leistungsfähiges Instrument zur strukturellen Zuordnung organischer Moleküle, beruht jedoch auf der Verwendung eines Mediums, das die isotrope Bewegung von Molekülen in organischen Lösungsmitteln stört. Hier stellen wir eine quantitative Korrelation zwischen der Atomstruktur des Ausrichtungsmediums, der Molekülstruktur des kleinen Moleküls und den molekülspezifischen, anisotropen NMR‐Parametern her. Die quantitative Korrelation verwendet ein dreidimensionales molekulares Ausrichtungsmodell, das dipolare Restkopplungen kleiner Moleküle vorhersagt, die durch Poly(γ‐benzyl‐l‐glutamat) ausgerichtet sind. Die Methode erleichtert die zuverlässige Bestimmung des richtigen Stereoisomers und ermöglicht die eindeutige und schnelle Bestimmung komplexer Molekülstrukturen aus sehr spärlichen NMR‐Daten.
Phosphorus Vacancies that Boost Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Two Orders of Magnitude
Authors: Duan Jingjing , Chen Sheng , Ortíz‐Ledón César A. , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVacancy engineering is an effective strategy to manipulate the electronic structure of electrocatalysts to improve their performance, but few reports focus on phosphorus vacancies (Pv). Herein, the creation of Pv in metal phosphides and investigation of their role in alkaline electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is presented. The Pv‐modified catalyst requires a minimum onset potential of 0 mV vs. RHE, a small overpotential of 27.7 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 geometric current density and a Tafel slope of 30.88 mV dec−1, even outperforms the Pt/C benchmark (32.7 mV@10 mA cm−2 and 30.90 mV dec−1). This catalyst also displays superior stability up to 504 hours without any decay. Experimental analysis and density functional theory calculations suggest Pv can weaken the hybridization of Ni 3d and P 2p orbitals, enrich the electron density of Ni and P atoms nearby Pv, and facilitate H* desorption process, contributing to outstanding HER activity and facile kinetics.