bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes mellitus pediatrics in Mazandaran, North of Iran
Authors: Zamanfar Daniel , Aarabi Mohsen , Amini Monireh , Monajati Mahila 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Its most important immunologic markers are pancreatic beta-cell autoantibodies. This study aimed to determine diabetes mellitus antibodies frequency among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Methods
This descriptive study evaluated the frequency of four diabetes autoantibodies (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies [GADA], islet cell autoantibodies [ICA], insulin autoantibodies [IAA], tyrosine phosphatase–like insulinoma antigen-2 antibodies [IA-2A]) and their serum level in children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at the diabetes department of Bou-Ali-Sina Hospital and Baghban Clinic, Sari, Iran, from March 2012 to March 2018. The relationship between the level of different antibodies and age, gender, and diabetes duration were determined. A two-sided p value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

Results
One hundred forty-two eligible patient records were screened. The average age at diabetes diagnosis was 4.2 ± 4.4 years. The median duration of diabetes was 34.0 (12.7–69.7) months. 53.5% of patients were female, and 81.7% of them had at least one positive autoantibody, and ICA in 66.2%, GADA in 56.3%, IA-2A in 40.1%, and IAA in 21.8% were positive. The type of the autoantibodies and their serum level was similar between females and males but there was a higher rate of positive autoantibodies in females. The level of IA-2A and ICA were in positive and weak correlation with age at diagnosis.

Conclusions
More than 80% of pediatric and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes were autoantibody-positive. ICA and GADA were the most frequently detected autoantibodies. The presence of antibodies was significantly higher in females.
Identification of nucleotide polymorphism within the NeuroD1 candidate gene and its association with type 1 diabetes susceptibility in Iranian people by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism
Authors: Soltani asl Maryam , Azimnasab-sorkhabi Parviz , Abolfathi Ali-Akbar , Hashemi aghdam Yashar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Diabetes is a serious disease, and the number of affected individuals with diabetes is considerably high. The aim of this study is the identification of NeuroD1 Ala45Thr polymorphism and its association with type 1 diabetes susceptibility in Iranian people.

Methods
Clinical and biochemical characteristics for 146 people (76 diabetics and 70 nondiabetics) were measured, such as fasting blood sugar, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, age, and weight in each individual. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (MwoI restriction-enzyme) was used for genotyping of the NeuroD1 Ala45Thr polymorphism.

Results
In this study, the frequency of the A allele in diabetic patients in comparison with the healthy control group had a significantly higher percentage (p < 0.01), whereas diabetic patients had the AA genotype, approximately four times more than the healthy control group (p < 0.01). In addition, we observed that fasting blood sugar had a higher concentration in the AA genotype than in AG + GG genotypes (p < 0.01).

Conclusions
The A allele may be a risk factor for the expansion of type 1 diabetes in the Iranian population. However, the NeuroD1 Ala45Thr polymorphism and its role in type 1 diabetes in different populations are controversial.
Assessment of thyroid gland vascularity with superb microvascular imaging in healthy children and its relationship with potential factors
Authors: Ozturk Mehmet , Durmaz Mehmet Sedat , Ateş Fatih , Kara Turgay , Durmaz Funda Gökgöz , Akyürek Nesibe 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To define thyroid gland vascularity index (VI) values in healthy children with the superb microvascular imaging (SMI) method and to assess whether or not there is a correlation with potential factors that may affect these values.

Methods
This prospective study included a total of 138 children, their ages varying from 3–17 years. Cases were divided into three subgroups according to age: 3–6, 7–12 and 13–17 years. Gender, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) values were recorded. Volume and SMI measurements were performed with a 14 L5 mHz linear transducer. VI measurements were performed in the transverse and longitudinal planes and correlation with basic descriptive data was researched.

Results
Mean age was 11.14 ± 3.34 years and BMI was 19.95 ± 4.92. VI values were 4.59 ± 2.34 in the right lobe and 4.23 ± 2.73 for the left lobe, with no significant difference identified. There were no significant differences in mean VI for all parenchyma regarding gender and age groups. While there was no correlation identified with mean VI for all parenchyma with TSH and fT4, there was, however, a negative correlation with BMI.

Conclusions
Reference VI values for normal thyroid glands in healthy children and adolescents were defined with the SMI method. There was no correlation between the VI values and age, gender, volume, TSH and fT4 values, while there was a negative significant correlation with BMI.
Ambulatory blood pressure profile in office normotensive obese children: prevalence of masked hypertension and impact of parental hypertension
Authors: Valent Morić Bernardica , Jelaković Bojan , Vidatić Ines , Trutin Ivana , Jelaković Ana , Stipančić Gordana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The objectives of this study were to analyze ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) data in office normotensive obese children, to determine the prevalence and characteristics of masked hypertension (MH) and to investigate the impact of parental hypertension (PH) on ABP.

Methods
Seventy-nine obese and 35 normal weight children were enrolled. Each weight group was further divided in accordance with the presence of PH. ABP was recorded in an outpatient setting.

Results
Obese children had higher systolic ABP (p<0.05) and heart rate (p<0.001) compared with normal weight children. In obese children with PH, only nighttime systolic ABP (p=0.01) was higher compared with obese without PH, whereas normal weight children with PH had higher 24 h and daytime systolic and diastolic BP (all p<0.05) and nighttime DBP (p<0.001) compared with those without PH. PH but not obesity was associated with nondipping phenomenon. Prevalence of MH in the whole group was 23.6% being significantly higher in obese than in nonobese subjects (31.6 vs. 5.7%; p=0.0026) as well as in obese subjects with PH compared with obese subjects without PH (48.7 vs. 15%; χ2=10.37; p=0.001). MH was diagnosed more frequently in obese with high-normal office BP compared with obese with normal office BP, although it did not reach statistical significance (50 vs. 26.2%; χ2=3.631; p=0.056). In the normal weight group, neither PH nor office BP category had an impact on the prevalence of MH.

Conclusions
Office normotensive obese children had higher ABP values. MH was associated with obesity, PH and high-normal BP.
Democratic Erosion, Populist Constitutionalism, and the Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments Doctrine
Authors: Roznai Yaniv , Hostovsky Brandes Tamar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The world is experiencing a crisis of constitutional democracies. Populist leaders are abusing constitutional mechanisms, such as formal procedures of constitutional change, in order to erode the democratic order. The changes are, very often, gradual, incremental, and subtle. Each constitutional change, on its own, may not necessarily amount to a serious violation of essential democratic values. Yet, when examined in the context of an ongoing process, such constitutional changes may prove to be part of the incremental, gradual process of democratic erosion in which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This Article explores how courts can respond to such constitutional changes. We argue the Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendment Doctrine should be adapted to respond to existing constitutional practices that utilize incremental and subtle amendments to dismantle the democratic order. We suggest that an aggregated judicial review should be developed. We must also rethink the automatic immunity – the result of two hundred years of revolutionary constitutional theory – provided to complete constitutional replacement from constitutional restrictions and scrutiny. Finally, as opposed to the instinct to require judicial self-restraint with respect to constitutional changes that concern the judiciary itself, we suggest that this is perhaps the type of changes that require strictest scrutiny.
Relative abundance and activity patterns of terrestrial carnivorous mammals in Península Valdés, Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: D’Agostino Romina L. , Udrizar Sauthier Daniel E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the relative abundance and activity patterns of terrestrial carnivorous mammals living in San Pablo de Valdés Wildlife Reserve, which is located in Península Valdés (PV), Chubut province, Argentina. To this end, camera traps were placed in different plant communities of this reserve and they were used from January 2015 to December 2016. A total of 256 independent events, with a sampling effort of 1811 camera nights, were obtained. The following species were identified in order of relative abundance: Conepatus chinga, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Leopardus geoffroyi, Puma concolor, and Leopardus colocolo, and the activity patterns of the first three were estimated. Those of P. concolor and L. colocolo could not be estimated as insufficient independent events were obtained. Our results show a cathemeral activity pattern in C. chinga and L. geoffroyi and a more nocturnal pattern in L. gymnocercus. Our results highlight the need to expand the sampling area to obtain further details on the behavioral patterns and population parameters of the carnivores identified. Knowledge of ecological issues, such as relative abundance and activity patterns of carnivorous mammals, is imperative to formulate monitoring and conservation programs.
Synthesis and structural characterization of dialkyltin complexes of N-salicylidene-L-valine
Authors: Tian Laijin , Wang Ruili , Zhang Jiawei , Zhong Fubi , Qiu Yulin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of five new chiral dialkyltin complexes of N-salicylidene-L-valine, [2-O-3-R-5-R'C6H2C(H)=NCH(CH(CH3)2)C(O)O]SnR''2 (R, R', R'' = H, H, Me (1); H, Br, Me (2); OMe, H, Et (3); Br, Br, n-Bu (4); CH(OMe)2, Me, n-Bu (5)), have been reported. Compounds 1-5 are all (S)-enantiomers, and their crystal structures have been studied. Compound 1 displays a trimeric macrocyclic structure in which the coordination environment of each tin atom is a distorted [SnC2NO3] octahedron. In complexes 2-5, the tin atom has an intermediate geometry between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal, and 3 is closer to a square pyramid. In crystals, a zigzag supramolecular chain is formed by the intermolecular C-H…O, O-H…O or Sn…O interactions.
Countering COVID-19-related anti-Chinese racism with translanguaged swearing on social media
Authors: Zhu Hongqiang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has generated a spectacular rise in social media communication and an unprecedented avalanche of global conversation. This paper traces the emergence of the racist term “Chinese virus” used by the President of the United States, Donald Trump, on the Western social media platform Twitter and its reception and recontextualization on Chinese social media. Creative bilingual responses fusing English and Chinese resulted in a popular searchable meme “#用中式英语跨文化交流#” (“#Chinglish used for cross-cultural communication#”), on Weibo, a Chinese social media platform. Such linguistic creativity involves a variation of swears to mock and condemn the racist phrase. Formally, linguistic practices such as self-coinage, transliteration, verbal repetition, and acronyms can be observed. Functionally, the recontexualizations evidence a defensive ideology linked to nationalism and modernism. Ultimately, combatting the English racist term “Chinese virus” with a creative mixture of English and Chinese demonstrates how English has become ever more decentered during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Multilingual communication experiences of international students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Li Jia , Xie Ping , Ai Bin , Li Lisheng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While an increasing literature on multilingualism addresses the key role of language in access to social resources, including crisis communication, little attention has been paid to practices of English-mediated multilingualism. Based on semi-structured interviews with 10 international students from South Asia and Southeast Asia receiving their higher education in China, the study reveals what language-related challenges international students encounter, how they mobilize their multilingual resources to enhance their access to crisis communication and build a shared community, and how their multilingual competences are valorized and enacted in the shifting paradigm of the China-oriented new economy addressing mutual accountability in South-South cooperation. The study suggests that English-mediated multilingualism in China fails to bridge the needs of international students of diverse backgrounds. The study also calls attention to the shifting paradigm of multilingual studies and the necessity of addressing the real world problems of health communication in a diverse context.
Effect of the glass-transition temperature of latexes on drying-stress development of latex films and inkjet coating layers
Authors: Lee SangGil , Kim Sunhyung , Lee Hak Lae 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHighly porous silica pigments and PVOH binder are commonly used for inkjet coated papers. The use of PVOH increases the viscosity of coating colours and increases drying stresses in the coatings. In this study, the possibility of using S/A lattices as inkjet binders to decrease the viscosity of inkjet coatings and meet the quality requirements of the inkjet papers was investigated. Three S/A latices were prepared and tested as binders for inkjet coating. The effect of drying temperature and binderTg{T_{\mathrm{g}}}on the drying stress development and crack formation in the coating was investigated. The results showed that theTg{T_{\mathrm{g}}}of S/A latices, drying temperature, and PVC influenced the drying-stress patterns during drying. Drying stress decreased as theTg{T_{\mathrm{g}}}of the latex decreased and the drying temperature increased. The presence of silica pigment caused a sudden increase and then decrease of the drying stress due to cracking of the coating layer. Two S/A latices gave coating colours with lower Brookfield viscosities and drying stresses than conventional PVAc latex, and they also gave coatings similar in brightness, opacity, gloss and roughness to the conventional latex coating.
Nanoengineering in biomedicine: Current development and future perspectives
Authors: Jian Wei , Hui David , Lau Denvid 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Recent advances in biomedicine largely rely on the development in nanoengineering. As the access to unique properties in biomaterials is not readily available from traditional techniques, the nanoengineering becomes an effective approach for research and development, by which the performance as well as the functionalities of biomaterials has been greatly improved and enriched. This review focuses on the main materials used in biomedicine, including metallic materials, polymers, and nanocomposites, as well as the major applications of nanoengineering in developing biomedical treatments and techniques. Research that provides an in-depth understanding of material properties and efficient enhancement of material performance using molecular dynamics simulations from the nanoengineering perspective are discussed. The advanced techniques which facilitate nanoengineering in biomedical applications are also presented to inspire further improvement in the future. Furthermore, the potential challenges of nanoengineering in biomedicine are evaluated by summarizing concerned issues and possible solutions.
Recent advances in ocean wave energy harvesting by triboelectric nanogenerator: An overview
Authors: Huang Bin , Wang Pengzhong , Wang Lu , Yang Shuai , Wu Dazhuan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A sustainable power source is more and more important in modern society. Ocean wave energy is a very promising renewable energy source, and it is widely distributed worldwide. But, it is difficult to develop efficiently due to various limitations of the traditional electromagnetic generator. In recent years, the newly developed triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) provides an excellent way to convert water wave energy into electrical energy, which is mainly based on the coupling between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. In this paper, a review is given for recent advances in using the TENG technology harvesting water wave energy. We first introduce the four most fundamental modes of TENG, based on which a range of wave energy harvesting devices have been demonstrated. Then, these applications’ structure and performance optimizations are discussed. Besides, the connection methods between TENG units are also summarized. Finally, it also outlines the development prospects and challenges of technology.
Application of nanoscale zero-valent iron in hexavalent chromium-contaminated soil: A review
Authors: Chen Xilu , Li Xiaomin , Xu Dandan , Yang Weichun , Bai Shaoyuan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a common toxic heavy metal that is widely used in all kinds of industries, causing a series of environmental problems. Nanoscale zero- valent iron (nZVI) is considered to be an ideal remediation material for contaminated soil, especially for heavy metal pollutants. As a material of low toxicity and good activity, nZVI has been widely applied in the in situ remediation of soil hexavalent chromium (Cr(vi)) with mobility and toxicity in recent years. In this paper, some current technologies for the preparation of nZVI are summarized and the remediation mechanism of Cr(vi)-contaminated soil is proposed. Five classified modified nZVI materials are introduced and their remediation processes in Cr(vi)-contaminated soil are summarized. Key factors affecting the remediation of Cr(vi)-contaminated soil by nZVI are studied. Interaction mechanisms between nZVI-based materials and Cr(vi) are explored. This study provides a comprehensive review of the nZVI materials for the remediation of Cr(vi)-contaminated soil, which is conducive to reducing soil pollution.
English Language Politics and Economic Theory
Authors: Burke Kenneth 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMultidisciplinary and interdisciplinary theorists have recently begun to take an interest in the political economy of language, specifically with a concern for the impact of English as a global lingua franca. Political, linguistic, educational, and economic researchers interested in the political economy of the English language should remain aware that the diverse disciplines often lack a common language and that it can be easy to misconstrue interpretations of the political implications of linguistic globalisation. In doing so, the research area needs to develop a theoretical base that provides greater depth-of-knowledge. Thus, following a critical review of the most influential work in the area, the purpose of this article is to provide a knowledge map through a theory-based method grounded in a history of ideas.
Politics of Sight: Civilizational Mission of Modern Warfare
Authors: Senanayake Harsha , Bhatia Mukul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCivilization is not what it means and it is not eliminating brutality, and yet it would frame uncivilized elements within the civilized framework with legitimacy. However, the thrust of civilization has not been towards the elimination of such acts altogether, but towards hiding such acts out of sight, making the individual oblivious to their true nature due to a lack in ability to visualize and therefore, to fully cognize. The paper critically examines in what ways the concept of concealment and distance hijacked by modern warfare and technology to remove the sense of violence from the cognition by creating an illusionary image of civilization. The phenomenon of modern war is a similar representation of modernity’s betrayed promises. The purpose of this research paper is to employ the conceptual framework of Politics of sight offered by Pachirat in his work “Every Twelve Seconds”, to show how the war in the modern world does not disappear but is made acceptable through concealment and distancing. The case study method along with the discourse analysis has been employed to derive the politics of sights and modern warfare, and it is based on a wide range of sources, both primary and secondary. In conclusion, the paper argues that the modern battlefield differs significantly from its pre-modern counterpart, in that it is governed by many rules articulated in terms of humanitarian law and operationalised by technologies, which, to many, might serve as an apparent indicator of civility. However, a discursive reading into modern warfare, structures and apparatuses built around it, and technologies that enable it might indicate otherwise.
Global occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Purchase Diane , Abbasi Golnoush , Bisschop Lieselot , Chatterjee Debashish , Ekberg Christian , Ermolin Mikhail , Fedotov Petr , Garelick Hemda , Isimekhai Khadijah , Kandile Nadia G. , Lundström Mari , Matharu Avtar , Miller Bradley W. , Pineda Antonio , Popoola Oluseun E. , Retegan Teodora , Ruedel Heinz , Serpe Angela , Sheva Yehuda , Surati Kiran R. , Walsh Fiona , Wilson Benjamin P. , Wong Ming Hung 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment grows exponentially, creating a worldwide pollution and resource problem. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) comprises a heterogeneous mix of glass, plastics (including flame retardants and other additives), metals (including rare Earth elements), and metalloids. The e-waste issue is complex and multi-faceted. In examining the different aspects of e-waste, informal recycling in developing countries has been identified as a primary concern, due to widespread illegal shipments; weak environmental, as well as health and safety, regulations; lack of technology; and inadequate waste treatment structure. For example, Nigeria, Ghana, India, Pakistan, and China have all been identified as hotspots for the disposal of e-waste. This article presents a critical examination on the chemical nature of e-waste and the resulting environmental impacts on, for example, microbial biodiversity, flora, and fauna in e-waste recycling sites around the world. It highlights the different types of risk assessment approaches required when evaluating the ecological impact of e-waste. Additionally, it presents examples of chemistry playing a role in potential solutions. The information presented here will be informative to relevant stakeholders seeking to devise integrated management strategies to tackle this global environmental concern.