bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hearts and Hands
Authors: McCall Thomas H. , Stanglin Keith D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn Chapter 3, we explore some of the theological developments of eighteenth-century Arminianism; here focused attention is given to the very influential, classically orthodox expressions of Arminian theology that are found within early Methodism and especially the thought of John Wesley and his colleagues. A brief examination of religious epistemology leads in turn to a look at the doctrine of the Triune God, the doctrines of creation, and providence. Wesley’s understanding of theological anthropology is then explored further. The heart of Wesley’s theology is soteriology; accordingly, we examine his “scripture way of salvation” and pay close attention to early Methodist understandings of the relationship between justification, regeneration, and sanctification. The chapter concludes with a summary of how Wesley’s theology informed and shaped the Methodist ethos with respect to mission and ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Based on recent research, there is probably a negative feedback loop between falling social and political trust and rising political polarization, which this book calls the distrust-divergence hypothesis. The goal of the book, as outlined in the introduction, is to show how liberal institutions can interrupt the feedback loop through policies that increase trust, and that do so in the right way. They do so by recognizing and protecting a range of basic rights that give rise to trust-generating institutions and practices, such as freedom of association, markets, social welfare programs, and democratic governance. Liberal institutions can thereby increase trust, and reduce the destructive aspects of political polarization as a result.
Must Politics Be War Here and Now?
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As argued in Must Politics Be War?, it is feasible for some societies to avoid a warlike politics through the appropriate cultivation of social and political trust. This involves establishing societal rules that are mutually acceptable, that is, publicly justified, for each group. These rules prod diverse people to act in ways that signal their fundamental trustworthiness to one another, creating trust between different persons otherwise inclined to tribalism and conflict. These rules, however, must also create trust in the real world with real people, increasing trust for the right reasons. In this way, the aim of this book is to show that some liberal institutions create trust for the right reasons between diverse persons. It is, in this way, also a defense of a form of public reason liberalism.
The Welfare State
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The market economy plays a central role in establishing trust for the right reasons. However, a completely free-market economy cannot be justified to nonlibertarians. Most people will endorse some regulations on market activity, and redistributive policies are necessary to improve well-being and deliver economic justice for all. For this reason, some institutions of the welfare state can be publicly justified. We will also see that welfare state measures meant to guarantee economic security have trust-generating properties in the real world, in part because they help spread economic prosperity and economic security to all. So certain aspects of the welfare state should promote trust for the right reasons.
Elections and Process Democracy
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to show that electoral rights, rights to participate in the selection of political officials, create trust for the right reasons. Electoral rights and the resultant democratic practices help to sustain social and political trust in the real world. They are also publicly justified to a diverse public. The arguments herein also support a new kind of democratic theory: process democracy, which seeks to structure different stages of the democratic process in accord with different democratic values. This chapter addresses important work on democratic theory, such as the recent work of Christopher Achen and Larry Bartels and recent developments in designing deliberative institutions.
In the Beginning
Authors: Erlich Henry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 reviews the history of DNA analysis for individual identification in criminal cases. The principles underlying Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and their application in the first cases in the US and the UK in the mid-‘80s are discussed. The differences between these two DNA technologies (RFLP and PCR) are discussed and the evolution of new PCR-based genotyping methods for analyzing length and sequence polymorphisms is reviewed. The first DNA exoneration, which used the PCR-based HLA-DQ alpha test, is discussed in the context of exclusionary and inclusionary DNA results. The statistical issues involved in interpreting a match (inclusion) between the genetic profile of the evidence and the reference samples by calculating the Random Match Probability metric is discussed. Finally, the contentious history of the debate about the admissibility of DNA results in the courtroom, known as the “DNA Wars” is reviewed.
Exonerating the Wrongfully Convicted
Authors: Brooks Justin , Moshayedi Desiree 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the critical role DNA analysis has played in exonerating the wrongfully convicted. Since the first DNA exoneration in 1988 of Gary Dotson, falsely convicted of rape in Illinois, hundreds of people have been exonerated through DNA analysis, including many who were on death row; minority groups have been disproportionately represented (approximately 70%). This chapter examines the various reasons that innocent people have been convicted, including coerced confessions and mistaken eyewitness identifications, and discusses several cases in which DNA evidence led to exoneration. It also discusses the establishment of the innocence movement, from the founding in 1983 of Centurion Ministries, an organization devoted to freeing innocent people from prison; to the formation in 1992 of the Innocence Project, which used DNA to free the innocent; to the global movement of today, in which more than 100 innocence organizations around the world work on reform and litigation.
Analysis of Forensic Mixtures
Authors: Coble Michael , Budowle Bruce , Erlich Henry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses the challenges posed by forensic DNA specimens with multiple contributors. These mixed samples from two or more individuals are common in forensic cases, and comparing the profile of a suspect sample with the complex profile of the mixture is one of the most difficult problems in forensic DNA analysis. Mixtures with limited amounts of DNA create particular challenges for interpretation due to the possibility of missing data. The chapter discusses issues with the interpretation of mixed STR profiles, such as “stutter bands” and “allele drop-out.” It reviews specific cases and current approaches to deconvolution of the mixtures, including use of the recently developed software for probability-based statistical analysis of STR profiles and the potential of next generation sequencing. It also examines several statistical approaches to presenting the results of mixture analysis, such as the combined probability of inclusion and the likelihood ratio.
Forensic Genetics, Ethics, Privacy, and Public Policy
Authors: White Thomas J. , Lee Steven B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 15 covers various ethical issues associated with the use of DNA methods for forensic analyses and human rights investigations. Topics include informed consent and storage issues for samples and profiles; data security and privacy; identification of individuals using aggregate data from forensic, genealogical, research, or clinical databases; the burden of the obligation to report incidental findings that are medically actionable; cultural perspectives on genetic information; government misuse of potentially sensitive DNA data; public policy regarding the validity of pattern/experience evidence; and other non-DNA forensic science disciplines.
Labor Rights in the Era of Union Decline
Authors: Dixon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The conclusion revisits the main findings of the book and considers how important weaknesses unions exhibited in the 1950s matter now in an era marked by union decline and conservative ascendance. The 1950s conflicts over labor rights were more than an interesting side story. Labor never completely conquered the Midwest, where most union members resided during these years. Many of the vulnerabilities unions exhibited then—weak or nonexistent ties to groups outside of the labor movement, ambivalent political allies, inadequate responses to employer mobilization—were magnified in the coming decades, beginning with the economic downturns in the 1970s and continuing to the present day. Contemporary fights over labor rights bear many of the same features of the 1950s conflicts. While state labor movements generally developed more sophisticated political operations over time, enduring labor–community coalitions have proven elusive and are needed now more than ever.
Introduction
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter identifies the question of the legitimacy of democratic government as the key site in which the discourse of political theology intervenes. It explains why ‘legitimacy’ is necessarily a politico-theological concept that raises the problem of the representation of a People. It then contextualizes the emergence of political theology in the 20th century as a reaction against the theorems of secularization developed by Karl Marx and Max Weber that point towards the eventual abolition of religion in modern society. The chapter concludes with some methodological considerations derived from the debate between Carl Schmitt and Hans Blumenberg on political theology.
Carl Schmitt and Sovereignty
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the origins of political theology in Carl Schmitt’s polemical engagement with the jurisprudence of Hans Kelsen and with the critique of sovereignty in English pluralist political theory. Kelsen sought to dismiss the idea of the state as a legal personality standing above the legal system as the product of an unscientific approach to jurisprudence because reliant on theological analogies with God’s transcendence over nature. This chapter shows that what Schmitt calls ‘political theology’ is a defence of these politico-theological analogies based on the claim that the political unity of a people requires a non-electoral form of representation of divine transcendence. The chapter then discusses Schmitt’s interpretation of Hobbes as recovering for modernity this Christian idea of political representation and compares it with the critique of Hobbes found in English pluralist theory. The chapter ends with a discussion of the debate between Schmitt and the German theologian Erik Peterson on Trinitarianism as ‘Christian’ political theology.
Eric Voegelin and Representation
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the political theory of Eric Voegelin as the earliest example of anti-Schmittian political theology based on the rejection of sovereignty. The chapter shows how Voegelin adopts Schmitt’s suggestion that political theology turns on the idea of a non-electoral representation of political unity but rejects Schmitt’s identification of this representative with the sovereign. Voegelin instead argues that ‘democratic’ societies are characterized by a dual system of representation, where philosophical and theological representatives of the transcendent God stand above sovereign representatives. Conversely, ‘totalitarian’ societies are societies that ‘close’ themselves to divine transcendence because they see salvation as a function of enacting immanent social laws. The chapter ends with a discussion of the relation between Voegelin’s idea of non-sovereign representation and contemporary accounts of populism, especially that of Ernesto Laclau.
Ernst Kantorowicz and Government
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a novel interpretation of Ernst Kantorowicz’s monumental work on political theology, The King’s Two Bodies. It argues that Kantorowicz’s innovation with respect to Schmitt consists in offering a genealogy of liberal government in opposition to state sovereignty. The chapter shows how this modern idea of government finds its remote origins in the development of a ‘religion of law’ by jurists working for medieval emperors and monarchs in their struggle against the theocratic claims of the Catholic Church. The chapter contextualizes Kantorowicz’s work in the 20th-century Anglo-American debate on the medieval origins of medieval constitutionalism in Bracton. It also discusses the continuing relevance of Kantorowicz’s genealogy of government in the current debate between defenders of national sovereignty and advocates for global constitutionalism.
Neither Heroes nor Saints
Authors: Stangl Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Most of us are far from perfect in virtue. Faced with this fact, moral philosophers can respond in two different ways. On the one hand they might insist that the only real virtue is perfect virtue, and the only right actions are perfectly virtuous ones. Any failure to meet the exacting standards of perfect virtue will amount to vice, and any less than perfectly virtuous actions will be wrong. On the other hand, and if they reject such a rigorist picture, they can instead affirm that there are actions that are truly good and right even if they fall short of perfection. This book urges the attractions of a virtue ethics that is committed to the second sort of picture. In doing so, it makes two major innovations. First, it constructs and defends neo-Aristotelian accounts of supererogation and suberogation. But just as important, and far from encouraging a kind of complacency, the recognition that there can be genuine goodness short of perfection is precisely what opens up theoretical space for appreciating the goodness of striving toward ideal virtue. Thus, the second major innovation this book makes is to show that self-improvement itself can be morally excellent, and that the disposition to seek and engage in it, where appropriate, can itself be a virtue.
The Creative Environment
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the creative phase of the Oxford Group is documented. It is noted that the experience of the Oxford Group was distinct in two main ways. In the first place, the main paradigm shift in thought—the conversion to vegetarianism and, for some, veganism—occurred very quickly for the individuals in the group as a result of an initial meeting with someone already committed. Second, for many of the participants, this conversion at the formation stage was the sum of their contribution and this was more than enough, for them, to identify as part of a group with, at the time at least, a very radical and pathbreaking outlook. Straddling a detailed coverage of these distinguishing characteristics, the chapter starts by providing a general description of how the group interacted, and ends by demonstrating that there were, in fact, a number of intersecting groups within the whole.
Singer, Hare, and the Role of the Academy
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which Peter Singer’s intellectual development can be explained by the formal academic environment. It therefore provides a case study testing the explanatory validity of the research school model (focusing on the hierarchical relationship within an academic setting in which the mentor/protégé relationship is the norm) as opposed to the collaborative circle friendship group model. Particular attention is placed on the role of Singer’s academic supervisor, the philosopher R. M. Hare. It is argued that Hare’s role was important in a number of ways but there were limits to his influence on Singer. In particular, Hare wrote little about animal ethics and was only a lukewarm vegetarian. Moreover, while both were utilitarians, Singer did not derive his utilitarianism from Hare.
Empiricisms of Antiquity
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Empirical philosophy begins in Greek medicine, which formulates the first imperative to use experience as an instrument of knowledge, and initiates European thinking about methods of empirical inquiry. Antiquity’s greatest thinker on empirical methods was Galen, its greatest doctor. Many leading empirical philosophers had medical training or studied medical writings and collaborated with physicians. This began when Democritus and Epicurus drew medical empiricism into natural philosophy, but their efforts were swamped by the prestigious rationalism of Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics. The chapter also considers the empiricism of the Babylonians, and the career of empiricism under Islam.
Experimental Empiricisms
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The empiricism of antiquity survived the scientific revolution and became a philosophy of modern science by forging an alliance with the new value of experiments, which did not exist (much) in antiquity. The experience that matters to empiricism is that from which we learn, and we have never learned so much from experience as after we began systematically to make experience experimental. The chapter profiles the rise of experimental philosophy in three phases. First, the European recovery of Aristotle, and early experiments with the logic of experiment in Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon. Second, transformation into the basic form that becomes modern empiricism in William Ockham and later nominalists. Finally, the emergence of modern experimental empiricism in Francis Bacon, Galileo, Boyle, and Newton. Along the way come reflections on the contributions of magic and alchemy to the emergence of experiments as a method of natural knowledge.
The Art of Experience
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dewey objects to the same thing Hegel, Dilthey, T. H. Green, and James do in the empiricism of Locke and Hume. They neglect relations and turn mental life into a series of psychological atoms and imaginary continuity. Dewey might have followed the behaviorists of his day and disavowed the concept of experience. Instead, he chose to reconstruct it. The concept needs reconstruction because experience is not what it used to be, and not as philosophy is used to thinking. When Aristotle wrote, knowledge by experience was a hodgepodge of habits and rules of thumb. That is not experience today, and philosophy needs to catch up. Modern experience is experimental and includes the process of its own improvement. Experiments are instruments, and instruments serve ends that are ultimately aesthetic in their satisfaction and value.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Empiricism values the experience from which we learn. Some philosophers equate experience with present perception. Against that it is argued that experience requires memory, living through trials, and being changed by the experience. Some philosophers also consider experience an obvious example of knowing. Describing experience as knowledge is like describing a knife as a cut. Experience is an instrument that can be used more or less artfully. Empiricism is the art of using experience to advance problems of knowledge. The tenable values of empiricism remain those of experimentalism, even radical experimentalism, experiments in experimentation. Experimental values are many, and not limited to scientific routines. However, “truth” is not one of these experimental values, which tend instead toward aesthetic qualities like interesting, beautiful, surprising, or fecund.
Philosophies of Gratitude
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Philosophies of Gratitude is a study of gratitude as a philosophical concept. It explores what philosophers from Aristotle to Kant have said about gratitude, and examines what role the idea of gratitude has played in their philosophies. It also looks at the three primary ways we think about gratitude—as an emotion we feel in response to a gift or benefit, as an act we perform to express our thankfulness, and as a virtuous disposition in which we are ready to be grateful to the world we inhabit. Like love and trust, gratitude is a way we react to other people in our lives, sometimes for who they are (lovable or trustworthy) and sometimes for what they do (act benevolently toward us). It is a way we feel and act toward others. It is a primary way we situate ourselves in relationships. Philosophies of Gratitude examines key historical moments when gratitude was an important philosophical concept—in classical antiquity, the early modern era, and the Enlightenment—in order to discover what gratitude meant for those who produced our fundamental Western notions of ethics. It then studies the forms gratitude assumes—as a feeling, act, disposition—to discern what role our emotions play in our ethical responses to the world. Finally, the book assesses what we can say about ingratitude as a response that usually strikes us as a moment when a human being fails to act morally, but may also sometimes indicate a deeper kind of ethical stand against injustice.
The Changing Fortunes of Syncretism
Authors: Kane Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Syncretism’s varying connotations have become sedimented within the word over time. To unearth the perceived challenges around syncretism, the chapter studies the word’s history up to the early twentieth century—its use, how it has been deployed, about whom, and for what ends. The word “syncretism” has been used to reconcile opposing factions, neutrally describe religious mixture, and disparage religious mixture. In Christian circles, the term’s pejorative turn came only recently, in the early twentieth century. This shift relates to wider fears among Christians during this period as Christianity spread in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These fears relate to two key themes, revelation and race.
The Logos in History
Authors: Kane Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a Christian theological response to the inevitability of syncretism in Christian thought and action. Putting theologians Jean-Marc Éla and Rowan Williams into conversation, it offers an understanding of divine revelation that is always in process along with an understanding of Jesus growing across time, transfiguring seeming contingencies of every human culture. The Spirit builds up the body of Christ in history as more and more persons are grafted into that body. Regarding the book’s themes of race and revelation, Éla’s entry point into these questions is race, while Williams’s is revelation by way of his writing on historicism. Finally, given the book’s arguments about syncretism and cultural mixture, this chapter concludes by briefly addressing theological questions concerning mixture between Christ’s humanity and divinity.