bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impunitas Dan Penerapan Keadilan Transisi: Suatu Dilema Penyelesaian Kasus Pelanggaran HAM Berat di Masa Lalu
Authors: Fadhil Moh 
Published: October 2020

This research aims to examine efforts to fulfill transitional justice through its four windows. The method used is normative legal research with conceptual and historical approaches. The results showed that the problem of impunity inhibited in all transitional justice windows, starting from the truth window in the absence of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the justice window in the form of a justice mechanism that caused friction between the National Human Rights Commission and the Attorney General's Office, the reparation window which until now only Aceh and Palu have real programs for victims and survivors, institutional reform windows that have not reduced the total security approach and the absence of vetting mechanisms. Therefore, a policy reformulation process is needed in the Human Rights Court Law to strengthen the position of the NHRC and immediately discuss the TRC Bill, accelerate reparations and institutional reform programs

Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk menelaah upaya pemenuhan keadilan transisi melalui empat jendela. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan sejarah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa problem impunitas menghambat di semua jendela keadilan transisi, mulai dari jendela kebenaran berupa ketiadaan KKR, jendela keadilan berupa mekanisme peradilan yang menimbulkan friksi antara Komnas HAM dengan Kejaksaan Agung, jendela reparasi yang hingga saat ini baru Aceh dan Palu yang memiliki program yang nyata bagi para korban dan penyintas dan jendela reformasi institusi yang belum mereduksi total pendekatan keamanan serta ketiadaan mekanisme seleksi terhadap rekam jejak anggota militer. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan proses reformulasi kebijakan pada UU Pengadilan HAM dan segera membahas RUU KKR, percepatan program reparasi dan reformasi institusi.
Tolok Ukur Penilaian Moral Dalam Etika Pragmatik John Dewey
Authors: Sudarminta J 
Published: October 2020

Abstrak: Dalam artikel ini pandangan John Dewey tentang tolok ukur penilaian moral, sebagaimana ia jelaskan dalam teori etika pragmatiknya, akan disajikan dan dievaluasi. Artikel dibagi dalam tiga bagian. Pertama, berbeda dengan teori-teori etika teleologis, di mana moralitas tindakan dinilai dari menunjang tidaknya tindakan tersebut dalam upaya mencapai tujuan akhir hidup manusia, dalam pandangan Dewey, suatu tindakan dinilai secara moral baik kalau tindakan tersebut mencapai tujuan yang dimaksudkan untuknya. Tujuan tersebut bersifat kontekstual dan plural serta selalu terkait dengan sarana yang tersedia untuk mencapainya. Kedua, bagi Dewey suatu tindakan dinilai baik atau benar secara moral kalau menunjang proses perwujudan diri si pelaku tindakan. Apa yang menunjang proses perwujudan diri si pelaku tindakan tak pernah dapat ditentukan secara a priori berdasarkan konsep kodrat manusia. Dalam memahami manusia, Dewey menolak paham esensialisme kondrat manusia. Ia memahami pengertian perwujudan diri manusia dalam konteks proses ‘transaksi’ manusia sebagai organisme dengan lingkungan hidup sekitarnya. Ketiga, sebuah evaluasi terhadap pandangan Dewey mengenai tolok ukur penilaian moral dalam teori etika pragmatiknya akan disajikan.

Katakunci: etika, penilaian moral, organisme, lingkungan, ends-in-view, pengembangan diri, tradisi moral, pragmatisme, naturalisme, transaksi.

Abstract: In this article John Dewey’s criteria for moral judgment, as he expounds in his pragmatic ethics, will be presented and evaluated. The article will be divided into three parts. First, different from traditional teleological ethics, in which the morality of an act is judged from the point of view of certain human final end, an act, in Dewey’s view, should be judged as morally good if it achieves its specific and contextual end-in-view. There are many ends-in-view as there are many moral acts, and an end-in-view can never be determined apart from its actually available means to achieve it. Second, for Dewey, an act is considered good or morally right if it does in practice lead to the human self-realization of the agent. What constitutes an agent’s human self-realization can never be determined in a priori way. Dewey rejects essentialism of human nature in understanding human being. He understands human self-realization within the context human dynamic process of “transactions” with his or her concrete environment. Third, an evaluation of Dewey’s view will be provided.

Keywords: ethics, moral judgment, organism, environment, ends-in-view, self-realization, moral tradition, pragmatism, naturalism, transaction.
Kosmos Noētos dan Kosmos Aisthētos dalam Filsafat Platon
Authors: Cahyadi Haryanto 
Published: October 2020

Abstrak: Apakah truisme kosmos noētos - kosmos aisthētos (dunia idea - dunia inderawi) yang amat populer dalam filsafat Platon benar-benar otentik atau sebuah anakronisme? Tulisan ini hendak menunjukkan bahwa truisme tersebut tidak tepat. Untuk membuktikan argumen ini, penulis akan mengidentifikasi genesis dan dinamika historis berkenaan dengan anakronisme, yakni bahwa kosmos noētos - kosmos aisthētos bukan berasal dari filsafat Platon, melainkan kreasi inovatif Philon dari Alexandria dan Plotinos dalam rangka justifikasi filsafat mereka. Dengan demikian, meskipun tafsir Philon dan terutama Plotinos kemudian mendominasi ‘cara-baca’ filsafat Platon nyaris sepanjang studi Platonisme, ‘cara-baca’ ini tidak identik dengan filsafat Platon yang menempatkan topos noētos - topos horatos (kawasan inteligibel - kawasan terlihat) dalam hubungan dengan kosmos yang satu dalam rangka merealisasikan paideia seturut tarikan Yang Baik.

Kata-kata Kunci: Hipostasis, idea, Intelek, Jiwa, topos noētos - topos horatos, Yang Esa.

Abstract: Is the popular truism in the philosophy of Plato, kosmos noētos - kosmos aisthētos (the intelligible world - the visible/sensible world), really authentic or an anachronism? This article aims to prove that this truism is incorrect. For this argument, the author will attempt to identify the genesis and historical dynamics with respect to an anachronism, namely, that the kosmos noētos - kosmos aisthētos was not derived from the philosophy of Platon but rather innovative creation of Philon of Alexandria and Plotinos in order to justify their philosophy. Thus, though the interpretation of Philon and especially that of Plotinos has dominated the interpretation of Plato’s philosophy in almost all studies of Platonism, this way of thinking is not identical with the philosophy of Plato that puts topos noētos - horatos topos (the intelligible region - the visible region) in connection with a single kosmos in order to realize the paideia according to the Good.

Keywords: hypostasis, idea, Intellect, Soul, topos noētos - topos horatos, the One.
Analisis Kontribusi Limbah Domestik Terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai Tondano-Sawangan Sulawesi Utara
Authors: Sagala Norinca , Tendean Maxi , Sulastriningsih Helena Sri 
Published: October 2020

Masalah penelitian ini adalah kontribusi limbah domestik terhadap kualitas air sungai Tondano-Sawangan Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tentang kontribusi limbah domestik penduduk di bantaran sungai Sawangan terhadap kualitas air sungai Tondano-Sawangan Sulawesi Utara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitaf. Teknik pengumpulan data dikumpulkan dari hasil pengambilan sampel di dua lokasi dan perhitungan labolatorium dan dokumentasi yang ada dilapangan. Parameter yang diukur di laboratorium adalah derajat keasaman atau pH, Biochemilcal Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Amoniak, dan Total Coliform. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas air Sungai Tondano-Sawangan mengalami penurunan kualitas dari hulu ke hilir yang disebabkan oleh limbah domestik penduduk. Parameter yang dominan memberikan kontribusi nilai indeks pencemar yang tinggi adalah parameter biologi yaitu total coliform. Pencemaran air yang disebabkan oleh kontaminasi limbah toilet merupakan masalah yang cukup serius, dikarenakan adanya potensi penularan penyakit oleh pathogen. Kandungan Total coliform yang terdapat pada air sungai bagian hulu sebesar 24200 MPN/100ml sedangkan bagian hilir sebesar 19900 MPN/100ml, sudah melebihi nilai ambang batas standar baku mutu sesuai Standar Nasional Indonesia. Batas maksimum Cemaran Total Coliform yaitu 3000 MPN/100ml, dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa mutu air sungai Sawangan sudah tidak aman lagi untuk di konsumsi bagi masyarakat, namun untuk kegiatan rekreasi, tambak ikan, dan lain sebagainya masih aman. Parameter lain seperti BOD, COD, pH, TSS, Amonia, masih aman karena berada dibawah standar Baku Mutu.Kata Kunci: Limbah Domestik , Kualitas Air, Pencemaran Air, Baku Mutu
Relato de experiência dos atendimentos de enfermagem em triagem para o diagnóstico da COVID-19 em profissionais da saúde
Authors: Tanure Bacelar Antunes Cí­ntia Maria , Da Costa Luciano Cristiana , Cândido Bahia Julyana , De Araújo Ferreira Paula Bastos Rayssa Maria 
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: Descrever as dificuldades relatadas pelos profissionais de saúde perante a assistência a pacientes suspeitos ou confirmados da COVID-19, durante um atendimento em triagem para realização de exame. Método: Trata-se de um relato de experiência dos atendimentos em triagem de enfermagem í profissionais de saúde para coleta de amostras para o diagnóstico da COVID-19, entre abril a julho de 2020, em uma universidade pública da região central do Brasil. Resultados: As dificuldades reportadas foram: acesso limitado aos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual nos ambientes de trabalho; acesso restrito a testagem diagnóstica para COVID-19 e pouco conhecimento sobre a diferenciação e finalidade dos testes. Conclusão: A atuação da enfermagem aos profissionais da saúde na pandemia é de extrema importância. É relevante abordagens estratégicas de órgãos governamentais e de instituições de saúde acerca de capacitação para os profissionais da saúde e acesso aos equipamentos necessários para a saúde do trabalhador.
Pesquerías coloniales en Tarapacá, siglo XVII
Authors: Aguilar Julio , Cisternas Priscila 
Published: October 2020

Este artículo analiza la empresa colonial de Juan Donoso, vecino español del tenientazgo de Tarapacá en el corregimiento de Arica entre 1618 a 1637. Juan Donoso logró construir una importante red comercial basada en bienes agrícolas y especialmente productos marítimos como pescado y guano, que internaba en los mercados altoperuanos y regionales. Red comercial que demandaba la movilización de esclavos e indios, y múltiples intercambios con curas, colonos y curacas. Como cofrade y sostén de iglesias y ornamentos para el culto, Juan Donoso tambiénrefleja las íntimas conexiones entre lo espiritual y lo material que caracterizaba a la temprana sociedad colonial. Este artículo contribuye a documentar el periodo postoledano de inicios del siglo XVII, una coyuntura poco estudiada en la región, abordando la incorporación de Tarapacá en el espacio económico peruano.
PAK–US Relations: Paradoxes & Enigmas during War on Terror
Authors: Rooh ul Amin  , Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Awan  , Afzal Mahmood  
Published: October 2020

Pakistan –USA relations with the punctuated history of over seventy years roller-coaster motion have passed through phases of intense engagement to era of sanctions and betrayal during the Cold war, followed by spells of distrust, suspicions, and discord during the War against Terror. The intensity of close relations of the 50s and 60s shifted from one extreme to that of complete ignorance in the 70s, followed by urgent marrying up during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and turning in to a most sanctioned Ally after soviet withdrawal. 9/11 served as another anchorage once again for the two old allies; however the warmness of relations remained frequently affected by numerous vexatious irritants thereby eroding mutual trust and War results. The discord in bilateral relations was transformed into cooperation by the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the US and Pakistan is listed as a key ally in the war against Afghanistan. Since the commencement of the War against Terror in Afghanistan, the pattern of interstates relations has taken turns with every major event and the changing tones of the last few years indicated that the sky over Pakistan once again seems to be overcast. The rhetoric of "do more" and suspension of all kinds of military and economic aid was a true replica of the past. The backlash of War in Afghanistan appeared with bangs in Pakistan threatening its peace and stability on one hand and polarizing its socio-political fibre of the society on the other. Soon Pakistan's army was left alone by the US and the NATO in its operation against the safe havens of terrorists alongside Durand line with disregard to all of its human and economic cost, suffered as a non-NATO ally. Pakistan's role in the fulfilment of USA interests in Afghanistan is once again signified in the wake of US Withdrawal forces and culmination of promising peace process in Afghanistan. The situation is once against ripe for Pakistan to pursue the USA's objectives and in return seek USA's support in resolving its economic, security, and Kashmir.
Les conceptions en matière de sécularisation de la science et de la société vont-elles ou non de pair ? Enquête réalisée en Belgique et au Maroc auprès d’élèves de terminale
Authors: Wolfs José-Luis 
Published: October 2020

Dans quelle mesure l’adhésion à une conception sécularisée de la science de la part d’un individu dépend-elle plus largement de ses conceptions en matière de sécularisation dans d’autres domaines (politique, éthique, société) ? Jusqu’à quel point ces différentes dimensions sont-elles ou non liées ? Cette question est examinée à partir d’une enquête exploratoire réalisée dans deux pays présentant des conceptions contrastées en matière de sécularisation (la Belgique et le Maroc) : 196 élèves du Maroc et musulmans, ainsi que 621 élèves de Belgique (musulmans, catholiques et agnostiques ou athées) de classes terminales ont été interrogés, par le biais d’un questionnaire à réponses fermées, à propos de leurs conceptions en matière de sécularisation à la fois de la science et de la société. Cette enquête qui interroge le concept de sécularisation, sur le plan théorique et empirique, débouche sur un constat et de nouvelles questions. Il apparaît en effet que les élèves qui ont une conception sécularisée de la science ont presque tous une conception sécularisée sur le plan sociétal, mais que l’inverse n’est pas vrai. Le rôle de plusieurs variables liées au contexte sociétal de ces deux pays et à l’affiliation religieuse des élèves est analysé.
Peut-on faire croire autrement les élèves ? Enjeux épistémologiques d’une modestie sur ce que croire veut dire
Authors: Charbonnier Sébastien 
Published: October 2020

La tradition de la libération par la connaissance, depuis Platon jusqu’à l’Encyclopédie (apprendre rationnellement rend plus libre et permet de mieux agir dans le monde), est au cœur du projet politique d’une instruction publique offerte à tous les futurs citoyens. C’est dans ce cadre-là que prennent sens les disciplines scientifiques dans le cursus des élèves. Cela étant dit, il est intéressant de penser ces possibilités émancipatrices des savoirs sans abonder dans un partage quelque peu excluant (et méprisant) entre « croyants » et « sachants » comme l’imaginaire de la « barbarie » peut le produire (il y a eux « à éclairer » et nous « les éclairés »). Dans ce sens, cet article s’efforce de présenter les fondements épistémologiques d’une philosophie exigeante de la croyance qui permette d’analyser les déterminations qui nous amènent à croire telle ou telle chose, tout en caractérisant la manière proprement scientifique de produire des croyances justifiées. Ainsi, ce sont les finalités des apprentissages scientifiques qui seront moins confuses, espère-t-on, au regard de nos aspirations à vivre en démocratie.
Comprendre le sens de l’action didactique des enseignants dans deux disciplines
Authors: Maizières Frédéric , Calmettes Bernard 
Published: October 2020

La présente recherche vise à tester un modèle d’étude du sens que l’enseignant donne à son action didactique dans différentes disciplines. Il s’agit d’affiner l’élaboration d’un modèle construit précédemment dans le cadre d’une théorie ancrée, c’est-à-dire prenant en compte à la fois des références théoriques non figées et des résultats empiriques de recherche, que nous présentons dans la première partie de cet article. Les données sont construites à partir de la mise en œuvre de deux entretiens pragmatistes qui se situent en amont et en aval de deux séances réalisées par un même enseignant dans une classe de cours moyen deuxième année (CM2) dans les deux disciplines, éducation musicale et physique, puis de l'observation et de la vidéo des deux séances. Les résultats permettent de définir le rapport que l’enseignant entretient avec toutes les disciplines et plus précisément avec les deux disciplines, dans le cas des situations observées. Ils mettent également en évidence que si son action didactique est d'abord dominée par son « vouloir », les contraintes liées au temps peuvent amener son « non-pouvoir » à dominer par la suite son « vouloir ».
Jouer le jeu ? Les Palestiniens du Liban, entre marginalisation sociale et « rhétorique de l’officiel »
Authors: Dot-Pouillard Nicolas 
Published: October 2020

Depuis 2006, année de réouverture d’une représentation de l’Organisation de libération de la Palestine (OLP) à Beyrouth et de création d’un Comité de dialogue libano-palestinien (CDLP), Libanais et Palestiniens développent une « rhétorique de l’officiel », où ils négocieraient à égalité les conditions de vie des réfugiés palestiniens. Cependant, la reconnaissance par les Libanais d’un droit à avoir des droits ne signifie pas en octroyer dans l’immédiat. Les organisations politiques palestiniennes jouent pourtant le jeu : leur « rhétorique de l’officiel » est telle que le dialogue libano-palestinien fonctionne. Des exclus palestiniens de cette « rhétorique de l’officiel » – mouvements de jeunes, comités de quartiers, salafistes – en dénoncent certes les termes : mais ils n’excluent pas, à terme, de jouer le jeu de l’institutionnalisation. La « rhétorique de l’officiel » postule un dialogue libano-palestinien réussi : toute la question étant de savoir si elle a ses effets performatifs ou s’il ne s’agit que d’une fiction politique.
L’histoire en débats : mémoires des premiers temps de l’Islam au Maghreb au début du viiie/xive siècle
Authors: Vanz Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

The record of early Islamic history, far from being fixed at the beginning of the 8th/14th century, remains a subject for adaptation and revision. Three historical works composed in the western Maghrib, the Kitāb al‑ansāb, the Mafākhir al‑barbar and the Bayān of Ibn ʿIdhārī are evidence of discussions that preoccupy scholars. In the political context of transition between the Almohad and Merinid dynasties, the debates deal, more particularly, with the division of time and space that plays a decisive role in the construction of the collective memory. What is at stake, for the Merinids, but also for all elites (ancient or modern) is the (re)definition of their social position and its legitimation through the elaboration of a shared approach to the past
A practical guide to the interpretation of PK/PD profiles of longer-acting analogue insulins. Part one: The principles of glucose clamp studies
Authors: Greeff Oppel B.W. , Van Tonder Jacob John , Naidu Kershlin , McMaster Alicia , Van Tonder Alet , Mothilal Rashem 
Published: October 2020

Glucose clamp studies are used to determine pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of analogue insulins. With the development of longer-acting basal analogue insulins, including glargine 300 (Gla-300) and insulin degludec (IDeg), results from numerous glucose clamp studies are readily available. However, interpreting PK/PD profiles in a scientifically sound manner can be a challenging feat. This is the first in a series of publications that will suggest practical tips for interpreting and comparing results from glucose clamp studies. Variations in the glucose clamp methodology, duration of clamp studies and glucose clamp targets influence the study design and results significantly. Selection of study populations, including healthy patients or patients with Type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, has important implications. The dose of study insulin should reflect that of the general treatment population, and ideally steady-state conditions should be used. During the study the plasma insulin concentration and glucose infusion rate describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the study insulin. With these practical tips in mind, results of glucose clamp studies can be interpreted in a scientifically correct manner. The next article in this series will discuss the interpretation of PK/PD profiles using two newly developed longer-acting basal analogue insulins: Gla-300 and IDeg.
Anthropometric profile and complications in patients with diabetes mellitus seen at Maluti Adventist Hospital, Lesotho
Authors: Makwero M. T. , Mollentze W. F. , Joubert G. , Steinberg W. J. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Patients attending outpatient departments for follow-up of diabetes mellitus (DM) may seem content about the control of their disease. However, complications resulting from DM may present before diagnosis and treatment initiation or continue to develop while on treatment.Aim: This study aimed to report on the prevalence of DM complications in patients with DM at Maluti Adventist Hospital, Lesotho.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 150 DM patients recruited from Maluti Adventist Hospital’s newly formed clinic between May and June 2009. Demographic information was obtained through a structured interview. Patients underwent physical and eye examinations to obtain an anthropometric profile and identify DM complications. Laboratory and ECG investigations were done to establish level of glycaemic control and identify other complications.Results: Patients were female (80.7%) with a mean age of 58.2 years (standard deviation 13.2). Almost all patients had type 2 DM (94.7%) and 60.1% had been diagnosed during the preceding five years. The most common co-morbidity was hypertension (85.3%) and 49.7% of patients were obese (mean body mass index 30.4 kg/m2). Patients had poor short-term (46.2%) and longterm (57.5%) glycaemic control. Nearly half (43.3%) of the patients had evidence of peripheral neuropathy. Almost 60% of the patients had a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg. Of the 128 patients seen by the ophthalmologist, 29.9% had evidence of cataracts in both eyes. Funduscopic abnormalities were found in 32.8% of the patients. Patients with complications or poor glycaemic control had been diagnosed for a significantly longer time.Conclusion: Patients showed evidence of DM complications at the time of study. Coupled with significant co-morbidities and high body mass index, the risk of morbidity and mortality is high. A comprehensive approach is needed in managing these patients, if meaningful reductions in morbidity and mortality are to be achieved.