bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Cilia for Capture and Sampling
Authors: Hanasoge Srinivas , Hesketh Peter , Alexeev Alexander , Ballard Matt , Erickson Marilyn , Xu Jie 
Published: February 2020

There is a need for improved methods of pre-concentration and detection of bacteria in food safety. The sample preparation is necessary to increase the number of target bacteria in a fluid sample to improve the limit of detection. We show the use of metallic thin films as artificial cilia for applications in sample manipulation in microfluidics and biosensors. We use evaporated alloy of nickel-iron on a glass substrate which are actuated magnetically by varying the external magnetic field. These hair like synthetic structures actuated by the magnetic field have a highly asymmetric bending patterns in an oscillatory cycle. This asymmetry is important for creating any microfluidic transport. In this work, we exploit this asymmetry in the strokes and demonstrate microfluidic transport phenomenon of pumping, rapid mixing and capture of micro-particles in a microchannel.
To characterize the microfluidic pumping capabilities of the artificial cilia, we incorporate the cilia inside a PDMS microchannel loop and analyze the flow in produces. We vary important parameters such as the cilia width, spacing, number of rows and channel dimensions and establish its influence on the pumping efficiency. We observe low pumping rates at very high and very low operating frequencies, and establish an optimum operating frequency for maximized pumping efficiency.
Further, we demonstrate the use of such cilia for microfluidic mixing. For this, we use a PDMS Y-channel with cilia on its bottom wall. Two fluids dyed with different fluorescent colors are introduced into the two inlet channels. And the ability of the cilia to mix the two streams of fluid is characterized by imaging the fluorescent intensity of the fluid stream downstream from the cilia. Again, we show the dependence of mixing efficiency on several parameters of the system.
We also demonstrate particle capture with these artificial cilia. To do this, we functionalize the cilia with streptavidin protein, and introduce particles coated with biotin into the microchannel. The cilia is then oscillated so as to produce mixing in the microchannel. The mixing effect increases the probability of particles coming in contact with the cilia. The biotin coated particles stick to the cilia when they come into contact. This demonstrates capture of particles in a microfluidic channel. These microfluidic functions find varied application in many lab on a chip devices where active fluid transport is needed.
(Invited) An Expanding Role for Sensor Research in Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Food Systems
Authors: Bewick Thomas A , Thomson Steven J 
Published: February 2020

An Expanding Role for Sensor Research in Agriculture, Natural Resources and Food Systems. Thomas A. Bewick and Steven J. Thomson USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture 800 9thSt SW Ste. 3146 Washington DC 20024
As the body of scientific knowledge concerning sensors continues to expand, new uses for sensors in agricultural and natural resource systems is a significant focus for USDA science agencies. Since 2008, this focus has intensified and there are now extramural funding programs, such as the National Robotics Initiative and the Cyber-Physical Systems Initiative, designed to specifically address this area of science. Other extramural funding programs, such as the Specialty Crop Research Initiative, also have expanded emphasis on the use of sensors in agriculture.
Agriculture is the pragmatic application of knowledge to complex biological systems. In order to meet current and future challenges to agricultural production, non-traditional approaches to these production systems will be needed. Agricultural plants and animals communicate with each other and their environments in ways that are not immediately obvious to human senses. Artificial sensors can expand the human capacity to understand that communication, leading to novel strategies to increase agricultural efficiency.
Sensor research for agriculture must have a different focus than research in other areas. The development of sensors without a specific end use in mind will be of minimal value over time frames that are useful to agricultural practitioners. This fact necessitates the collaboration of diverse scientific teams that include physical scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and social scientists working with biologists to understand how sensors can be applied to agricultural challenges. As the use of sensors in agricultural production increases, data management will become increasingly important, as will the development of decision support systems.
Continuous Flow Processes As an Advanced Manufacturing Platform for Electrolyte Materials
Authors: Dzwiniel Trevor L , Pupek Krzysztof Z. , Krumdick Gregory 
Published: February 2020

New electrolyte materials (solvent, salt, additives) are required to enable HE/HV cells and to improve battery performance and safety. An advanced electrolyte solvents that allow for a wide electrochemical window and have low flammability (higher flash point) are the key components of a superior electrolyte. Continuous flow processes, an emerging technology in chemical industry offer an advanced manufacturing platform for electrolyte materials
The flexible modular design of the flow reactor system allows for various chemistries and conditions not feasible in a batch process. The processes are cost and energy efficient and adhere to other principles of green chemistry including improved safety.
The presentation will discuss continuous processes for manufacturing advanced electrolyte solvents via catalytic transesterification and catalytic hydrosylilation.
Towards Solventless Processing of Thick Electron-Beam (EB) Cured Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Du Zhijia , Janke Christopher J , Li Jianlin , Daniel Claus , Wood David L 
Published: February 2020

The development of high energy density and low cost Li-ion batteries is important for portable electronics and electric vehicle applications. It has been reported that electrode processing, especially for the cathode, with conventional manufacturing methods accounts for considerably high cost in Li-ion batteries [1,2]. Electrodes used in conventional lithium-ion batteries are manufactured through a slurry coating process, where a significant amount of solvent is required, and it takes at least several minutes for the solvent to evaporate. Given the high coating speeds necessary (up to 100 feet per minute) the drying zone may be several hundred feet long, which occupies a large footprint in battery manufacturing plants.
Here we propose manufacturing Li-ion battery cathodes using electron beam (EB) curing, which eliminates the using of solvents and allows the electrode to be cured at high speed. Solventless processing of powder coating and high speed curing at 500 feet per minute will also be discussed. Such a novel processing approach presents an exciting new avenue for manufacturing research of high performance, low cost Li-ion batteries.
Acknowledgements
This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office(VTO) (Deputy Director: David Howell) Applied Battery Research subprogram (Program Manager: Peter Faguy).
References:
[1] S. Ahmed, P. Nelson, K. Gallagher and D. Dees, J. Power Sources 322 (2016) 169.
[2] D. L. Wood, J. Li and C. Daniel, J. Power Sources 275 (2015) 234.
3D LiMn2O4 Electrodes for High Rate Thin-Film Microbatteries
Authors: Labyedh Nouha , Timmermans Marina Y. , Vereecken Philippe M. 
Published: February 2020

3D thin-film microbatteries are attracting a lot of interest due to their fast charging capability and higher capacity provided by the surface area enhancement. The thin-film deposition techniques (e.g. RF-sputtering and CVD) typically used in case of planar thin-film microbatteries cannot be used for the 3D microbatteries. Indeed, for the latter, the thin-film needs to be conformally coated over high aspect ratio microstructured substrates which cannot be done using line-of-sight sputtering techniques. In this paper, we report on a new conformal thin-film fabrication technique for the preparation of 3D LiMn2O4 (LMO) thin-film electrodes. LiMn2O4 is an interesting cathode material for Li-ion batteries due to its high capacity and low volume change during the Li-ion insertion/extraction process. Moreover, the cubic spinel structure of LMO helps reaching a fast charging which is one of the key requirements for 3D thin-film batteries. Our novel fabrication technique is based on the electrochemical deposition of MnO2 thin-film and its conversion upon thermal treatment to LiMn2O4 using a Li2CO3 precursor.
Using this fabrication technique up to 350 nm conformal and continuous LMO films were prepared on different current collector materials both on planar substrates and on Si pillar arrays as 3D substrates providing an area enhanced of 21x (see SEM images in figure 1 (a, b, and b’)). Elastic recoil detection (ERD) analysis show that the fabricated films indeed have a stoichiometry close to the theoretical stoichiometry of LiMn2O4 and with a homogeneous element distribution throughout the layer. The prepared planar and 3D LMO thin-film are electrochemically active with comparable rate performance. The full theoretical capacity is reached at 0.1 C and 55% of the capacity is still retained at high C-rates of 10C (see figure 1 (c)). As expected from the area enhancement, the capacity for the 3D LMO electrode is 21 times that of planar LMO electrode.
Finally, a functional solid-state Li-ion battery was demonstrated using our 3D LMO thin-film cathode and a Li-foil anode using a nanocomposite solid electrolyte (SCE).

Figure 1
High Temperature Thermal Shock Synthesis of Catalyst-Decorated Nanostructures for Energy Storage
Authors: Lacey Steven David , Yao Yonggang , Xie Hua , Hu Liangbing 
Published: February 2020

An efficient and ultrafast method to synthesize well-dispersed functional nanoparticles with controlled size and distribution remains largely unanswered. Conventional synthesis methods (wet chemistry, spray pyrolysis, among others) tend to be less controllable, leading to nanoparticle aggregation as well as a wide particle size distribution. Therefore, a short synthesis duration is critical to control nanoparticle size and minimize aggregation.
Here we report a rapid and universal high temperature thermal shock method to form and uniformly disperse metallic nanoparticles on a conductive carbon support, such as carbon nanofibers (CNF). First, the desired metal salt precursor is homogeneously mixed into an aqueous solution and loaded onto the conductive carbon support. After drying, the precursor-loaded CNF film is attached to electrical leads inside an argon-filled glovebox to facilitate the electrically triggered Joule heating procedure. An applied electrical pulse from an external power source induces the thermal shock process by heating the precursor-loaded CNF to ~2000 K for mere milliseconds at ultrafast heating/cooling rates (~105 K/s). Due to the short high temperature exposure and rapid cooling rate, nearly any precursor metal salt can decompose and nucleate into uniformly distributed metallic nanoparticles with ultrafine particle sizes without damaging the conductive support. Note that kinetic control can also be achieved by tuning the synthesis parameters (pulse duration, heating temperature, heating/cooling rates). Specifically, as the pulse duration increases to seconds, the temporal limitations for diffusion and migration broaden, allowing nanoparticles with larger diameters to form with a wider particle size distribution.
In the field of energy storage, nanoparticle-decorated conductive supports are ideal battery electrodes. To demonstrate the proposed manufacturing method, lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries were successfully assembled and tested using the nanocatalyst-decorated CNF films. Bifunctional ruthenium nanoparticles were synthesized by the rapid thermal shock method to increase the electrocatalytic activity of the CNF-based Li-O2 cathodes and improve oxygen reaction kinetics. The results indicate the potential of this rapid manufacturing method to synthesize an array of non-agglomerated nanoparticle-decorated supports for energy storage devices and beyond.
Redox Reaction on the Surface/Edge Strturtures of Graphene/Graphite
Authors: Kumatani Akichika , Miura Chiho , Shiku Hitoshi , Yasufumi Takahashi , Matsue Tomokazu 
Published: February 2020

Graphene, a single atomic layer of graphite, has been widely studied because of its unique electrical, optical, electrochemical, and elastic properties. With respect to the electrochemical property, it is also expected for energy harvesting and storage applications such as hydrogen generation for fuel cells and ion transport for secondary batteries. Indeed, the graphene’s exotic phenomena come from its ideal structure such as edge states, two-dimensional surface, defects. To understand their intrinsic mechanism due to structure effects, it is required to analyze and visualize their electrochemical reaction by a spatially resolved electrochemical analysis technique at microscopic scale. In general, electrochemical analytical tools are conducted at mesoscopic scale. Scanning probe microscopies have been also utilized for analyzing their properties to satisfy the issue in resolution. Scanning tunneling microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy can analyze at atomic scale precisely, but their information is mainly limited to electronic properties which do not directly reflect to their electrochemical properties. In this study, to overcome the issue, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy with sub-micrometer resolution, i.e. nanoSECCM, was utilized as a direct technique for electrochemical reactions [1]. A glass nano-pipette was applied as a probe. The pipettes were filled electrolyte and a reference electrode (5 mM hexaammineruthenium chloride and 25 mM KCl in phosphate buffer or deionized water for electrolyte, Ag/AgCl for a reference electrode). The nanoSECCM was applied to cleaved graphite or graphene on silicon substrates. When the pipette was approached to the sample surface, a meniscus was created as an electrochemical cell. Through the cell, redox reaction of ruthenium ion inside electrolyte was measured. By scanning the pipette with the same process at next measurement location, redox reaction on the graphene/graphite surface were visualized as shown in Fig 1.
[1] Y. Takahashi, A. Kumatani et al. Nat. Comm. 5:6450 (2014).

Figure 1
Impedance Response of Corrosion Monitoring Sensor Fabricated By Screen-Printing Technique
Authors: Fujii Naoto , Aiba Akihiro , Hoshi Yoshinao , Shitanda Isao , Itagaki Masayuki 
Published: February 2020

A miniaturization of wiring on the printed circuit board is important role for the development of microelectronic devices. However, it may easily lead to the electrical short circuit of the wiring on the printed circuit board in wet and dry conditions. Thus, development of corrosion monitoring sensor is necessary. Motoda et al. 1) developed an atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM) censer. It was composed of two different metal electrodes (Fe and Ag), and the both electrodes were insulated each other. In this case, the electrochemical signals were measured due to the generation of the thin water film on the ACM censer. Shitanda et al. 2) reported an electrochemical sensor fabricated by screen-printing technique. They 2) applied an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for monitoring the impedance of electrochemical sensor during wet and dry conditions. They 2) mentioned the application of electrochemical sensor fabricated by screen-printing technique for corrosion monitoring of printed circuit boards.
In this study, a corrosion monitoring sensor (CMS) was fabricated by the screen-printing technique. The impedance of the CMS was measured by a two electrode system. A 15 mg cm-2 NaCl was dispersal on the CMS before the measurement. The temperature and relative humidity were kept at 25 ℃ and 90 % in a thermostatic chamber during the measurement. The impedance of CMS was measured during wet and dry conditions due to the deliquescence of NaCl. The impedance measurement was carried out for 17.5 hours. The DC voltage was open circuit voltage. The voltage amplitude was 10 mV. The frequency range of the impedance was from 10 mHz to 10 kHz. After the impedance measurement, the CMS was dried at 60 ℃ . In addition, the impedance of CMS was also measured at room temperature after drying.
The impedance of CMS was measured every 2.5 h, indicating that a loop related to the electrode/solution interface was observed on the Nyquist plane. The magnitude of impedance at each time was discussed with the generation of the water film on the CMS during measurements.

Reference

[1] S. Motoda, Y. Suzuki, T. Shinohara, Y. Kojima, S. Tujikawa, W. Oshilawa, S. Itomura, T. Fukushima, S. Izumo, Zairyo-to-Kankyo, 43,550 (1994).
[2] I. Shitanda, A. Okumra, M. Itagaki, K. Watanabe, Y. Asano, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical ,139, 292 (2009).
Nano-Oxide Dispersed Ferritic Stainless Steel for Metallic Interconnects of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Mehran Muhammad Taqi , Song Rak-Hyun , Lee Jung-Won , Khan Muhammad Zubair , Lee Seung-Bok , Lee Jong-Won , Lim Tak-Hyoung , Hong Jong-Eun , Park Seok-Joo 
Published: February 2020

For long-term operation of solid oxide fuel cells, ferritic stainless steel-based metallic interconnects with high durability are considered to be one of the most viable materials. However, the formation of a thick chromia layer during the long-term operation results into an increase in the area specific resistance (ASR), ultimately shortening the lifetime of the SOFC [1, 2]. In this study, we developed novel nano-oxide dispersed ferritic steel SUS430 based alloys and tested their long-term performance as interconnect materials for SOFC application. Nano-oxides of CeO2, LaCrO3, and Y2O3 (particle size <50 nm) were dispersed into the commercial SUS430 powder by using high-energy ball milling in specific binder and solvent conditions to get a uniform distribution. The highly dense rectangular pellets specimens were prepared by uniaxial and then cold isostatic pressing (CIP) methods, followed by sintering in H2 at 1400 oC for 10 h. Physical properties, microstructural and phase analysis of the sintered nano-oxide dispersed stainless steel alloys were examined before the long-term testing. The developed alloy samples were tested for oxidation characteristics and long-term ASR behavior in air at 800 oC for 1000 h. Post-test analysis of the samples were conducted by SEM, EDS, and XRD techniques. The long-term ASR results show that the dispersion of nano-oxide particles significantly improved the ASR properties of the ferritic stainless steel based alloys. Especially, the total increase in the ASR of nano-CeO2 dispersed ferritic steel during the 1000h long-term test was much less than that of the SUS430, comparable to one of Crofer APU22. LaCrO3 addition also improved the ASR property but Y2O3 dispersion did not so. The dispersed nano-oxides decreased the grain size of the ferritic steel and the oxide particles were distributed at the grain boundaries of the steel. In this work, these electric and oxidation behaviors for long-term test were discussed as related to the microstructure, oxide scale formation mechanism and nano-oxide distribution of the samples.

References:

[1] L. Niewolak, F. Tietz, W.J. Quadakkers, Interconnects, in: K. Kendall, M. Kendall (Eds.), High-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 21st Century, 2nd ed., Academic Press, Boston, 2016: pp. 195–254.
[2] N. Shaigan, W. Qu, D.G. Ivey, W. Chen, A review of recent progress in coatings, surface modifications and alloy developments for solid oxide fuel cell ferritic stainless steel interconnects, J. Power Sources. 195 (2010) 1529–1542.
MCO-Coated Interconnects for Mitigation of Cr-Poisoning in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: He Hongpeng , Benhaddad Sofiane , Steedman Dale , Chen Chen , Krivy Mark 
Published: February 2020

Chrome species evaporated from stainless steel interconnect are considered to be the major poisoning source for the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The poisoning effect is extremely severe when humidity is present in the incoming air. High performance perovskite-oxide type cathodes, such as LSCF and BSCF are subject to deactivated by Cr. To eliminate/mitigate the Cr poisoning effect, thin film coatings on the surface of stainless steel (SS) are employed to block Cr evaporation. In the present study, a Mn-Co oxide (MCO) thin film coating on SS using the dip coating method will be reported. Dip coating was found to be very suitable to fabricate MCO coatings on SS, which in the case of SOFC interconnects are usually specially designed for gas delivery with complex structure. The initial results indicate MCO thin film is very effective in blocking Cr evaporation, which was examined in both single cell and stack testing. Single cell tests using MCO-coated cathode SS test hardware resulted in a very low degradation rate of < 4 mV / 1000 hours when tested over thousands of hours with up to 10% cathode humidity. This result is very similar to tests without humidity. Stack testing indicates dip coating is feasible for coating specially designed, complex parts such as SOFC interconnects.
Key words: SOFC, dip coating, MCO