bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Netrin G1 Promotes Pancreatic Tumorigenesis through Cancer-Associated Fibroblast–Driven Nutritional Support and Immunosuppression
Authors: Francescone Ralph , Barbosa Vendramini-Costa Débora , Franco-Barraza Janusz , Wagner Jessica , Muir Alexander , Lau Allison N. , Gabitova Linara , Pazina Tatiana , Gupta Sapna , Luong Tiffany , Rollins Dustin , Malik Ruchi , Thapa Roshan J. , Restifo Diana , Zhou Yan , Cai Kathy Q. , Hensley Harvey H. , Tan Yinfei , Kruger Warren D. , Devarajan Karthik , Balachandran Siddharth , Klein-Szanto Andres J. , Wang Huamin , El-Deiry Wafik S. , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Peri Suraj , Campbell Kerry S. , Astsaturov Igor , Cukierman Edna 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor 5-year survival rate and lacks effective therapeutics. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify new targets. Using multiplex data from patient tissue, three-dimensional coculturing in vitro assays, and orthotopic murine models, we identified Netrin G1 (NetG1) as a promoter of PDAC tumorigenesis. We found that NetG1+ cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) support PDAC survival, through a NetG1-mediated effect on glutamate/glutamine metabolism. Also, NetG1+ CAFs are intrinsically immunosuppressive and inhibit natural killer cell–mediated killing of tumor cells. These protumor functions are controlled by a signaling circuit downstream of NetG1, which is comprised of AKT/4E-BP1, p38/FRA1, vesicular glutamate transporter 1, and glutamine synthetase. Finally, blocking NetG1 with a neutralizing antibody stunts in vivo tumorigenesis, suggesting NetG1 as potential target in PDAC.Significance:This study demonstrates the feasibility of targeting a fibroblastic protein, NetG1, which can limit PDAC tumorigenesis in vivo by reverting the protumorigenic properties of CAFs. Moreover, inhibition of metabolic proteins in CAFs altered their immunosuppressive capacity, linking metabolism with immunomodulatory function.See related commentary by Sherman, p. 230.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 211
Comprehensive Investigation of Circulating Biomarkers and Their Causal Role in Atherosclerosis-Related Risk Factors and Clinical Events
Authors: Zanetti Daniela , Gustafsson Stefan , Assimes Themistocles L. , Ingelsson Erik 
Published: October 2020

Background:Circulating biomarkers have been previously associated with atherosclerosis-related risk factors, but the nature of these associations is incompletely understood.Methods:We performed multivariable-adjusted regressions and 2-sample Mendelian randomization analyses to assess observational and causal associations of 27 circulating biomarkers with 7 cardiovascular traits in up to 451 933 participants of the UK Biobank.Results:After multiple-testing correction (alpha=1.3×10−4), we found a total of 15, 9, 21, 22, 26, 24, and 26 biomarkers strongly associated with coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, type 2 diabetes, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio; respectively. The Mendelian randomization analyses confirmed strong evidence of previously suggested causal associations for several glucose- and lipid-related biomarkers with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Particularly interesting findings included a protective role of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) in systolic blood pressure, and the strong causal association of lipoprotein(a) in coronary artery disease development (β, −0.13; per SD change in exposure and outcome and odds ratio, 1.28;P=2.6×10−4andP=7.4×10−35, respectively). In addition, our results indicated a causal role of increased ALT (alanine aminotransferase) in the development of type 2 diabetes and hypertension (odds ratio, 1.59 and β, 0.06, per SD change in exposure and outcome;P=4.8×10−11andP=6.0×10−5). Our results suggest that it is unlikely that CRP (C-reactive protein) and vitamin D play causal roles of any meaningful magnitude in development of cardiometabolic disease.Conclusions:We confirmed and extended known associations and reported several novel causal associations providing important insights about the cause of these diseases, which can help accelerate new prevention strategies.
Software for Interactive and Collaborative Creation in the Classroom and Beyond: An Overview of the Soundcool Software
Authors: Scarani Stefano , Muñoz Adolfo , Serquera Jaime , Sastre Jorge , Dannenberg Roger B. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article presents a free framework for collaborative creation of interactive and experimental computer music called Soundcool. It is designed to fill a gap between rigid ready-to-use applications and flexible programming languages. The system offers easy-to-use elements for generating and processing sound, much like ready-made applications, but it enables flexible configuration and control, more like programming languages. The system runs on personal computers with an option for control via smartphones, tablets, and other devices using the Open Sound Control (OSC) protocol. Originally developed to support a new music curriculum, Soundcool is being used at different educational institutions in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Romania through EU-funded Erasmus+ projects. In this article, we present our system and showcase three different scenarios as examples of how our system meets its objectives as an easy-to-use, versatile, and creative tool.
The Role of Nonlinear Dynamics in Musicians' Interactions with Digital and Acoustic Musical Instruments
Authors: Mudd Tom , Holland Simon , Mulholland Paul 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Nonlinear dynamic processes are fundamental to the behavior of acoustic musical instruments, as is well explored in the case of sound production. Such processes may have profound and under-explored implications for how musicians interact with instruments, however. Although nonlinear dynamic processes are ubiquitous in acoustic instruments, they are present in digital musical tools only if explicitly implemented. Thus, an important resource with potentially major effects on how musicians interact with acoustic instruments is typically absent in the way musicians interact with digital instruments. Twenty-four interviews with free-improvising musicians were conducted to explore the role that nonlinear dynamics play in the participants' musical practices and to understand how such processes can afford distinctive methods of creative exploration. Thematic analysis of the interview data is used to demonstrate the potential for nonlinear dynamic processes to provide repeatable, learnable, controllable, and explorable interactions, and to establish a vocabulary for exploring nonlinear dynamic interactions. Two related approaches to engaging with nonlinear dynamic behaviors are elaborated: edge-like interaction, which involves the creative use of critical thresholds; and deep exploration, which involves exploring the virtually unlimited subtleties of a small control region. The elaboration of these approaches provides an important bridge that connects the concrete descriptions of interaction in musical practices, on the one hand, to the more-abstract mathematical formulation of nonlinear dynamic systems, on the other.
Multinomial Choice with Social Interactions: Occupations in Victorian London
Authors: Guerra José-Alberto , Mohnen Myra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We study the importance of social interactions on occupational choice in Victorian London using a multinomial choice model within an incomplete social network. Individuals form heterogeneous rational expectations about their peers' behaviors, taking into account their characteristics and the strength of their ties. We show the conditions under which the endogenous, exogenous, and correlated effects can be identified and a unique equilibrium can be established, Using a novel data set, we proxy social groups by parish boundaries and strength of ties by geographic distances, Our results show the importance of the endogenous effects and reveal distinct effects by occupation.
The Pass-Through of Minimum Wages into U.S. Retail Prices: Evidence from Supermarket Scanner Data
Authors: Renkin Tobias , Montialoux Claire , Siegenthaler Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper estimates the pass-through of minimum wage increases into the prices of U.S. grocery and drug stores. We use high-frequency scanner data and leverage a large number of state-level increases in minimum wages between 2001 and 2012. We find that a 10% minimum wage hike translates into a 0.36% increase in the prices of grocery products. This magnitude is consistent with a full pass-through of cost increases into consumer prices. We show that price adjustments occur mostly in the three months following the passage of minimum wage legislation rather than after implementation, suggesting that pricing of groceries is forward-looking.
Unemployment Effects of Stay-at-Home Orders: Evidence from High-Frequency Claims Data
Authors: Baek ChaeWon , McCrory Peter B. , Messer Todd , Mui Preston 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We use the high-frequency, decentralized implementation of stay-at-home (SAH) orders in the United States to disentangle the labor market effects of SAH orders from the general economic disruption wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that each week of SAH exposure increased a state's weekly initial unemployment insurance (UI) claims by 1.9% of its employment level relative to other states. A back-of-the-envelope calculation implies that of the 17 million UI claims between March 14 and April 4, only 4 million were attributable to SAH orders. We present a currency union model to provide conditions for mapping this estimate to aggregate employment losses.
Edmund Burke and the Ambivalence of Protection for Slaves: Between Humanity and Control
Authors: Menon Parvathi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article focuses on the period between 1812 and 1834, when the British Empire introduced protection measures to mitigate the suffering of slaves from planter brutality, but also to protect planters from slave rebellion. By examining the impact and influences wielded by Edmund Burke’s Sketch of a Negro Code (1780), this article studies protection as an alliance between the abolitionists and planters who, despite contestations, found in Burke’s Code a means to attain their separate ends. Through the workings of the Office of the Protector, instituted by the imperial authorities in the slave colony of Trinidad, this study examines how it granted slaves the humanity of ‘rights’ against their masters, while also protecting the right to property (in slaves) of the planters. I argue that the paternalistic practice of protection was, as is in the present, at the center of the exploitation of subjugated groups.
Strength through Diversity? The Paradox of Extraterritoriality and the History of the Odd Ones Out
Authors: Herren Madeleine 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This contribution argues that the right of access to extraterritorial jurisdiction shaped privilege-based communities across national borders. It discusses extraterritoriality as a legal framework that enabled and shaped the building of communities of foreigners from many different backgrounds. Extraterritoriality – counterintuitively – amalgamated and strengthened a community through that very diversity. This was precisely why that community of foreigners – specified as the odd ones out – understood itself as a social unit across national boundaries, loosening and even contesting its affiliation to a specific nation and/or empire.
The Road to Collective Security: Soviet Russia, the League of Nations, and the Emergence of the ius contra bellum in the Aftermath of the Russian Revolution (1917–1934)
Authors: Henry Etienne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article argues that the quest for ‘peaceful coexistence’, sometimes depicted as an inherent quality of Soviet foreign policy, rather reflects a re-interpretation of actual practice in the light of subsequent developments – in connection with the emergence of Joseph Stalin’s doctrine of Socialism in one country. The latter was primarily inspired by tactical necessities rather than doctrinal dogmas. Even though Soviet Russia was perceived and sometimes acted as an outsider, if not a disrupting agent, until the accession of the USSR to membership in the League of Nations in 1934, Soviet foreign legal policy discourse in the 1920s and early 1930s, with its increasing focus on ‘peaceful coexistence’ and collective security rather than world proletarian revolution, contributed substantively to the emergence and development of modern ius contra bellum.
Three Wartime Textbooks of International Law
Authors: Whitehall Deborah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Three wartime textbooks of international law published and then reissued by Hersch Lauterpacht, James Brierly and Georges Scelle between 1940 and 1945 present a collective argument against the politics of war by analysing the design flaws of interwar international law. Though the criticism was not new, its repetition in textbooks during war highlights the strategic significance of using basic principles to defend the pacifistic function of international law when lawlessness reigned the global imaginary. The textbook genre became an unexpected, critical field which enlivened when its first readers found the past of international law in their present, conditioned by crisis. There, against the scene of first reading and writing, the texts became counter texts which side-stepped diplomatic controversy to critically examine the reasons for the breakdown of order and remind internationalists about the continuity of law despite war, the political limits on legal function, and the tasks for their diligent, expert attention.
International Law and the European Court of Justice: The Politics of Avoiding History
Authors: Erpelding Michel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Using the example of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), this article addresses the lack of historical contextualization which is prevalent in most general accounts of EU law and EU institutions. It argues that this narrative is the result of a tradition established by the founders of the discipline. For these early ‘Euro-lawyers’, distinguishing the practice of European institutions from earlier international institutions had important political implications. This was especially true with regard to the ECJ. By providing a selective and partly decontextualized narrative of this court and describing it as largely unprecedented in international law, early Euro-lawyers were not only able to bolster the ‘supranational’ and ‘sui generis’ character of their nascent discipline. They were also able to avoid comparisons between the ECJ and prior international courts and tribunals whose similarly wide-ranging powers and integrated nature had been considered as politically problematic.
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates): So Far, So Good?
Authors: Owie Udoka Ndidiamaka 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
International law has a long history of dealing with racial discrimination, including its involvement in the perpetration of racial discrimination. However, in establishing a body of norms to tackle the problems of racial discrimination, several multilateral instruments have been adopted under the auspices of the United Nations addressing this malaise to various extents with the most extensive being the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) of 21 December 1965. While lauded for its singular and dedicated focus on racial discrimination, the Convention is challenged, at least interpretatively, as to the grounds for racial discrimination within its remit. Events occurring between Qatar and the United Arab Emirates on 5 June 2017 have afforded the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, an opportunity—the third since the coming into effect of the Convention—to interpret this landmark treaty.
Numeral classifiers and number marking in Indo-Iranian
Authors: Cathcart Chundra A. , Hölzl Andreas , Jäger Gerhard , Widmer Paul , Bickel Balthasar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the origins of sortal numeral classifiers in the Indo-Iranian languages. While these are often assumed to result from contact with non-Indo-European languages, an alternative possibility is that classifiers developed as a response to the rise of optional plural marking. This alternative is in line with the so-called Greenberg-Sanches-Slobin (henceforth GSS) generalization. The GSS generalization holds that the presence of sortal numeral classifiers across languages is negatively correlated with obligatory plural marking on nouns. We assess the extent to which Indo-Iranian classifier development is influenced by loosening of restrictions on plural marking using a sample of 65 languages and a Bayesian phylogenetic model, inferring posterior distributions over evolutionary transition rates between typological states and using these rates to reconstruct the history of classifiers and number marking throughout Indo-Iranian, constrained by historically attested states. We find broad support for a diachronically oriented construal of the GSS generalization, but find no evidence for a strong bias against the synchronic co-occurrence of classifiers and obligatory plural marking. Inspection of the most likely diachronic trajectories in individual lineages in the tree shows a stronger effect of the GSS among Iranian languages than Indo-Aryan languages. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that the association of classifiers and optional number marking in Indo-Iranian is neither solely the effect of universal mechanisms nor of the contingency of local contact histories.
Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair: Undervalued by the Relative Value Unit System
Authors: Kapadia Sonam , Ozao-Choy Junko , de Virgilio Christian , Kim Dennis , Moazzez Ashkan 
Published: October 2020

Work relative value units (wRVUs) serve as a proxy of surgeon’s effort, technical skill, and time to determine reimbursement. The aim of this study is to determine how accurately wRVUs reflect the work effort of surgeons performing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIHR) as compared to open repair (OIHR). Within the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, 40 099 patients who underwent LIHR and 99 176 patients who underwent OIHR between 2012 and 2017 were identified. Mean wRVUs, wRVUs per minute, and operative times were compared between 8 groups based on clinical factors (unilateral vs. bilateral; obstructed vs. non-obstructed; primary vs. recurrent; 2 × 2 × 2 = 8). In both aggregate and matched cohorts, wRVUs for LIHR were significantly lower than OIHR in all 8 categories ( P < .001). On regression analysis, the mean difference in assigned vs. calculated relative value units (RVUs) was most divergent among unilateral, recurrent, obstructed IHR (3.12 mean RVUs, P < .001). Despite the rising utilization of LIHR, current wRVUs significantly undervalue this technique across all categories and consequently the work of surgeons who perform laparoscopic procedures. This RVU discrepancy in an increasing minimally invasive, value-driven surgical environment calls for more objective criteria to assign RVUs, whereby the value is measured by operative complexity—patient clinical factors and severity of the hernia itself—not solely operative technique.
Treatment Factors Associated With Overall Survival in Retroperitoneal Sarcoma: An Institutional Review
Authors: Kwong Mei L. , Lee Becky , Kunihira Karissa , Sutjiadi Brian , Reeves Mark E. , Selleck Matthew , Yang Gary , Solomon Naveenraj 
Published: October 2020

Introduction Retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) is a rare malignancy, and curative resection is considered the main therapy. Use of chemotherapy and/or radiation in addition to surgery (multimodality therapy) is controversial. Objective To determine treatment factors that influence overall survival in RPS. Methods This retrospective Institutional Review Board-approved study identified patients with RPS treated at a single institution between 2000 and 2017. Patient, tumor, and treatment modalities were collected. Prism (v.8.2.1) was used to calculate Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results There were 695 patients with sarcoma between 2000 and 2017, and 61 adults had RPS. The mean age was 59 (range 31-86) years, with 57.4% females (n = 35). Patients were 68.9% Caucasian (n = 42), 21.3% Hispanic (n = 13), 8.2% black (n = 5), and 1.6% Asian (n = 1). There were 4 patients who had neoadjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, n = 3; radiation, n = 2) and 17 who had adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, n = 6; radiation, n = 14). There was no significant difference in survival between the groups who received multimodality therapy compared to surgery alone. There was a significant improvement in the median overall survival for patients who underwent one or multiple surgeries ( P < .05). Conclusions These institutional data suggest that treatment factors associated with overall survival included multiple resections. Use of multimodality therapy was low and did not influence overall survival in patients with RPS compared to surgery alone.
Safety and Efficacy of an Enhanced Recovery Protocol After Hepatic Resection
Authors: Lee Jennifer A. , Young Stephanie , O’Connor Victoria , DiFronzo Louis Andrew 
Published: October 2020

Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) have shown to improve outcomes in multiple specialties and were recently applied to hepatic resections. The objective of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of ERP in hepatic resection. Between 2013-2017, 208 patients underwent hepatectomy. The ERP included early ambulation, early oral intake, and multimodal analgesia. Primary study end points were hospital length of stay (LOS) and overall morbidity; secondary end points were return of bowel function (ROBF), 30-day readmission, and 90-day mortality. Major hepatectomies were selected for separate analysis. Overall, pre-ERP (N = 99) and ERP (N = 109) were similar in demographics. ERP patients had earlier oral intake and ROBF with similar overall morbidity. Although median LOS was 5 days, 43% of ERP patients had LOS ≤4 days vs. 27% in the pre-ERP cohort ( P = .02). 30-day readmission was similar (12%), and 90-day mortality was 2.8% vs. 3.0% (pre-ERP vs. ERP, P = .90). In major hepatectomies, pre-ERP (N = 41) and ERP (N = 33) demographics and operative characteristics were similar. ERP patients had earlier oral intake and ROBF with similar morbidity and mortality. There was no significant difference in median LOS; however, 36% of the major hepatectomy ERP patients had LOS ≤4 days vs. 17% of pre-ERP patients, P = .06. In conclusion, ERP can be safely implemented in hepatectomy, with earlier oral intake and ROBF, shorter LOS in some patients, and no increase in morbidity or mortality.