bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rationale of combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody therapy and radiotherapy for cancer treatment
Authors: Sato Hiro , Okonogi Noriyuki , Nakano Takashi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSignificant technological advances in radiotherapy have been made in the past few decades. High-precision radiotherapy has recently become popular and is contributing to improvements in the local control of the irradiated target lesions and the reduction of adverse effects. Accordingly, for long-term survival, the importance of systemic cancer control, including at non-irradiated sites, is growing. Toward this challenge, the treatment methods in which anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies that exert systemic effects by restoring anti-tumour immunity are combined with radiotherapy has attracted attention in recent years. Previous studies have reported the activation of anti-tumour immunity by radiotherapy, which simultaneously elevates PD-L1 expression, suggesting a potential for combination therapy. Radiotherapy induces so-called ‘immunogenic cell death’, which involves cell surface translocation of calreticulin and extracellular release of high-mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB-1) and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP). Furthermore, radiotherapy causes immune activation via MHC class I upregulation and cGAS–STING pathway. In contrast, induction of immunosuppressive lymphocytes and the release of immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines by radiotherapy contribute to immunosuppressive reactions. In this article, we review immune responses induced by radiotherapy as well as previous reports to support the rationale of combination of radiotherapy and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. A number of preclinical and clinical studies have shown the efficacy of radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibition, hence combination therapy is considered to be an important future strategy for cancer treatment.
Carbon Supported Phosphoric Acid Catalysts for Gas-Phase Synthesis of Diesel Additives
Authors: Grünert Anna , Schmidt Wolfgang , Schüth Ferdi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Carbon supported phosphoric acid (H3PO4/C) was found to be a more productive catalyst for the gas-phase synthesis of the diesel fuel additive/substitute oxymethylene ethers (OME) as compared to benchmark zeolite catalysts. In this contribution, the performance of catalysts H3PO4/C and related H2PO4−/C and HPO42−/C materials in OME synthesis from methanol and formaldehyde is described.

Graphic Abstract
The Great Recession and Fertility in Europe: A Sub-national Analysis
Authors: Matysiak Anna , Sobotka Tomáš , Vignoli Daniele 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study investigates how the changes in labour market conditions and economic growth were associated with fertility before and during theGreat Recessionin Europe in 2002–2014. In contrast to previous studies, which largely concentrated at the country level, we use data for 251 European regions in 28 European Union (EU) member states prior to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom in January 2020. We apply three-level growth-curve model which allows for a great deal of flexibility in modelling temporal change while controlling for variation in economic conditions across regions and countries. Our findings show that fertility decline was strongly related to unemployment increase; this relationship was significant at different reproductive ages. Deteriorating economic conditions were associated with a stronger decline in fertility during the economic recession as compared with the pre-recession period. This evidence suggests the salience of factors such as broader perception of uncertainty that we could not capture in our models and which rose to prominence during the Great Recession. Furthermore, strongest fertility declines were observed in Southern Europe, Ireland and parts of Central and Eastern Europe, i.e. countries and regions where labour market conditions deteriorated most during the recession period. In Western Europe, and especially in the Nordic countries, fertility rates were not closely associated with the recession indicators.
Experiencing objectified health: turning the body into an object of attention
Authors: de Boer Bas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn current phenomenology of medicine, health is often understood as a state of transparency in which our body refrains from being an object of explicit attention. In this paper, I argue that such an understanding of health unnecessarily presupposes an overly harmonious alignment between subjective and objective body, resulting in the idea that our health remains phenomenologically inaccessible. Alternatively, I suggest that there are many occasions in which one’s body in health does become an object of attention, and that technologies mediate how a relation with one’s body is formed. First, I show prominent accounts in current phenomenology of medicine understand health in terms of a harmonious alignment between objective and subjective body. Second, I argue that there are many occasions in which there is a disharmony between objective and subjective body, and suggest that also in health, we cannot escape being an object that we often relate to. Then, I draw on postphenomenology to show how technologies such as digital self-tracking applications and digital twins can be understood as mediating the relationship with one’s own body in a specific way. In conclusion, I argue that both technologies make present the objective body as a site for hermeneutic inquiry such that it can be interacted with in terms of health parameters. Furthermore, I point to some relevant differences in how different technologies make aspects of our own body phenomenologically present.
Effects of the Dating Matters® Comprehensive Prevention Model on Health- and Delinquency-Related Risk Behaviors in Middle School Youth: a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Estefan Lianne Fuino , Vivolo-Kantor Alana M. , Niolon Phyllis Holditch , Le Vi D. , Tracy Allison J. , Little Todd D. , DeGue Sarah , Latzman Natasha E. , Tharp Andra , Lang Kyle M. , McIntosh Wendy LiKamWa 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTeen dating violence (TDV) is associated with a variety of delinquent behaviors, such as theft, and health- and delinquency-related risk behaviors, including alcohol use, substance abuse, and weapon carrying. These behaviors may co-occur due to shared risk factors. Thus, comprehensive TDV-focused prevention programs may also impact these other risk behaviors. This study examined the effectiveness of CDC’s Dating Matters®: Strategies to Promote Healthy Teen Relationships (Dating Matters) comprehensive TDV prevention model compared to a standard-of-care condition on health- and delinquency-related risk behaviors among middle school students. Students (N = 3301; 53% female; 50% black, non-Hispanic; and 31% Hispanic) in 46 middle schools in four sites across the USA were surveyed twice yearly in 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. A structural equation modeling framework with multiple imputation to account for missing data was utilized. On average over time, students receiving Dating Matters scored 9% lower on a measure of weapon carrying, 9% lower on a measure of alcohol and substance abuse, and 8% lower on a measure of delinquency by the end of middle school than students receiving an evidence-based standard-of-care TDV prevention program. Dating Matters demonstrated protective effects for most groups of students through the end of middle school. These results suggest that this comprehensive model is successful at preventing risk behaviors associated with TDV. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01672541
Presumptuous or pluralistic presumptions of innocence? Methodological diagnosis towards conceptual reinvigoration
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article is a contribution to interdisciplinary scholarship addressing the presumption of innocence, especially interdisciplinary conversations between philosophers and jurists. Terminological confusion and methodological traps and errors notoriously beset academic literature addressing the presumption of innocence and related concepts, such as evidentiary presumptions, and the burden and standard of proof in criminal trials. This article is diagnostic, in the sense that its primary objective is to highlight the assumptions—in particular, thedisciplinaryassumptions—implicit in influential contributions to debates on the presumption of innocence. It advocates a methodologically pluralistic approach, according to which definitions of the presumption of innocence are necessarily sensitive to purpose and method. These relationships and their implications are not always appreciated, and are seldom explicitly elucidated. Notably, philosophers (and some legal scholars) routinely treat the presumption of innocence as (in some sense) epistemic, evidentiary or otherwise featuring directly in practical reasoning. This article identifies jurisprudential and practical reasons why legal scholars and practitioners (and possibly others) concerned with criminal procedure and evidence should reject evidentiary interpretations of the presumption of innocence. By encouraging finer-grained engagement with the history and institutional details of common law procedural traditions, the article aims to show why legal scholars might think that philosophical approaches to the presumption of innocence are already methodologically-loaded and, for our purposes, address the wrong questions with deficient concepts.
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Radlinger Bernhard , Ramoser Gabriele , Kaser Susanne 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are often accompanied by mostly mild forms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Despite high prevalence, little is known about the clinical consequences of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and its optimal (nutritional) treatment. Even less is known if and to what extent exocrine pancreas insufficiency also affects glycemic control in diabetes. This article aims for summarizing current clinical knowledge on screening, diagnosis, and treatment and gives an overview on the pathophysiology of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in diabetes.

Recent Findings
Recent studies reveal novel insights into the close interaction of acinar, ductal, and endocrine cells and the gut-pancreas axis.

Summary
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is a clinically relevant, frequent but poorly understood disorder in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Early Famennian bryozoan fauna from the Baqer-abad section, northeast Isfahan, central Iran
Authors: Ernst Andrej , Bahrami Ali , Parast Ayesheh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA bryozoan fauna from the Upper Devonian (lower Famennian) of the Bahram Formation of the Baqer-abad section in central Iran contains four species: three trepostomes and one rhabdomesine cryptostome. Two trepostome species and one genus are new: Anomalotoechus parvus sp. nov. and Zefrehopora asynithis gen. nov. et sp. nov. The trepostome Coeloclemis zefrehensis Ernst et al., 2017 and the rhabdomesine cryptostome Euthyrhombopora tenuis Ernst et al., 2017 were recorded previously from the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) of the Bahram Formation at the Zefreh section. The fauna is dominated by the erect ramose Euthyrhombopora tenuis, accompanied by relatively frequent Zefrehopora asynithis, which developed both the erect and encrusting colonies. The bryozoans indicate low to moderate water energy environment in a middle to outer ramp position. Low diversity and high abundance of one species indicate an environmental stress apparently caused by strong sediment deposition. No significant differences in the composition of the bryozoan assemblages of the Frasnian and lower Famennian of the Bahram Formation were observed mirroring global patterns.
Different experiences of two PRRT2-associated self-limited familial infantile epilepsy
Authors: Zhao Qianlei , Liu Zhenwei , Hu Ying , Fang Shiyu , Zheng Feixia , Li Xiucui , Li Feng , Lin Zhongdong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo analyze the clinical characteristics and PRRT2 gene mutation of self-limited familial infantile epilepsy and evaluate the treatment responses of different antiepileptic drugs in self-limited familial infantile epilepsy. We reviewed the clinical feature and genetic mutation results and treatment responses of two sibling sisters. They were detected with the PRRT2 gene mutation through Sanger sequencing. Elder sister was treated with oxcarbazepine oral suspension, while younger sister was treated with levetiracetam oral solution. The two sibling sisters exhibited PRRT2 heterozygous mutation inherited from their mother in c.649dupC p.(Arg217fs). Oxcarbazepine oral suspension had an immediate effect on the elder sister who was treated with it. However, levetiracetam oral solution had no effect on younger sister even though the dose was increased, but she got seizure-free after turning to oxcarbazepine oral suspension. Oxcarbazepine, which plays the mechanism of the sodium channel blockers, has a more significant effect than levetiracetam, which has no mechanism of the sodium channel blockers in self-limited familial infantile epilepsy. The PRRT2 gene of infantile epileptic patients with a family history of infantile convulsions or paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia(PKD) could be detected by sanger sequencing and a biomarker to select antiepileptic drugs which play the mechanism of the sodium channel blockers could be utilized.
How Is COVID-19 Affecting South Korea? What Is Our Current Strategy?
Authors: Her Minyoung 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 is expanding globally. South Korea is one of the countries most affected by COVID-19 from the very early stages of this pandemic. Explosive outbreaks occurred across South Korea in the first two months, and efforts to control this new virus have involved everyone across the country. To curb the transmission of the virus, health-care professionals, committees, and governments have combined many approaches, such as extensive COVID-19 screening, effective patient triage, the transparent provision of information, and the use of information technology. This experience could provide some valuable ideas and lessons to others who are fighting against COVID-19.
The Effects of Cultural Values on Bank Failures around the World
Authors: Berger Allen N. , Li Xinming , Morris Charles S. , Roman Raluca A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe conduct the first broad-based international study on bank-level failures covering 92 countries over 2000–2014, investigating national cultural variables as failure determinants. We find individualism and masculinity are positively associated with bank failure, but they operate through different channels. Managers in individualist countries assume more portfolio risk, while governments in masculine countries allow banks to operate with less liquidity and less often bail out troubled institutions. Findings are robust to accounting for endogeneity, different techniques and measures, and additional controls. Results have implications for prudential policies, including regulation, supervision, and bailout strategies, that may partially mitigate some negative effects of culture.
Magnetic resonance imaging of Ménière's disease: early clinical experience in a UK centre
Authors: Pai I , Mendis S , Murdin L , Touska P , Connor S 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecent developments in magnetic resonance imaging have enabled demonstration of endolymphatic hydrops, and the clinical application of these imaging studies in Ménière's disease is being explored.ObjectiveTo evaluate our centre's experience to date of hydrops magnetic resonance imaging in patients with episodic vertigo.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging was performed using a high-resolution three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence on a 3 Tesla scanner at 4 hours following double-dose gadolinium administration.ResultsThe study included 31 patients, 28 of whom had a clinical diagnosis of Ménière's disease. In unilateral Ménière's disease, magnetic resonance imaging was able to lateralise endolymphatic hydrops to the clinically symptomatic ear in all cases. Mild hydrops was often seen in clinically asymptomatic ears.ConclusionThere is a good correlation between the clinical symptoms and lateralisation of hydropic changes on magnetic resonance imaging. Further refinements of imaging techniques and grading system will likely improve the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utilisation of hydrops magnetic resonance imaging.
Learning to assign stress in a second language: The role of second-language vocabulary size and transfer from the native language in second-language readers of Italian
Authors: Spinelli Giacomo , Forti Luciana , Jared Debra 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLearning to pronounce a written word implies assigning a stress pattern to that word. This task can present a challenge for speakers of languages like Italian, in which stress information must often be computed from distributional properties of the language, especially for individuals learning Italian as a second language (L2). Here, we aimed to characterize the processes underlying the development of stress assignment in native English and native Chinese speakers learning L2 Italian. Both types of bilinguals produced evidence supporting a role of vocabulary size in modulating the type of distributional information used in stress assignment, with an early bias for Italian's dominant stress pattern being gradually replaced by use of associations between orthographic sequences and stress patterns in more advanced bilinguals. We also obtained some evidence for a transfer of stress assignment habits from the bilinguals’ native language to Italian, although only in English native speakers.
The relevance of whole grain food definitions in estimation of whole grain intake: a secondary analysis of the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–2012
Authors: Kissock Katrina R , Neale Elizabeth P , Beck Eleanor J 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine the impacts of using a whole grain food definition on measurement of whole grain intake compared with calculation of total grams of intake irrespective of the source.Design:The Australian whole grain database was expanded to identify foods that comply with the Healthgrain whole grain food definition (≥30 % whole grains on a dry weight basis, whole grain ingredients exceeds refined grain and meeting accepted standards for healthy foods based on local regulations). Secondary analysis of the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) 2011–2012 dietary intake data included calculation of whole grain intakes based on intake from foods complying with the Healthgrain definition. These were compared with intake values where grams of whole grain in any food had been included.Setting:Australia.Participants:Australians (≥2 years) who participated in the NNPAS 2011–2012 (n12 153).Results:Following expansion of the whole grain database, 214 of the 609 foods containing any amount of whole grain were compliant with the Healthgrain definition. Significant mean differences (allP< 0·05) of 2·84–6·25 g/d of whole grain intake (5·91–9·44 g/d energy adjusted) were found when applying the Healthgrain definition in comparison with values from foods containing any whole grain across all age groups.Conclusions:Application of a whole grain food definition has substantial impact on calculations of population whole grain intakes. While use of such definitions may prove beneficial in settings such as whole grain promotion, the underestimation of total intake may impact on identification of any associations between whole grain intake and health outcomes.
US–OCTG (Korea): Legal Boundary of ‘Political’ Remedy
Authors: Ahn Dukgeun , Levy Philip I. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from Korea (US–OCTG (Korea)) Panel decision concerned the latest in a long line of antidumping (AD) disputes about Oil Country Tubular Goods. It was notable for a broadly permissive approach by the Panel – on all major legal issues but one, the Panel sided with the United States over Korean objections. The case itself was also notable for the US reversal of a negative preliminary determination, something that had occurred in less than 1% of prior cases. Finally, the case was notable for unusual behaviour outside of the investigative process, including both vocal political complaints and a curious decision by Korea not to appeal. We discuss the legal determinations made by the Panel and offer a new interpretation of how to think about whether AD practices are justifiable. We also describe the broader diplomatic context in which Korea and the United States interacted and consider the implications if political pressures play an increased role in determining dispute outcomes.
Joint Trends in Flood Magnitudes and Spatial Extents Across Europe
Authors: Kemter Matthias , Merz Bruno , Marwan Norbert , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Blöschl Günter 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe magnitudes of river floods in Europe have been observed to change, but their alignment with changes in the spatial coverage or extent of individual floods has not been clear. We analyze flood magnitudes and extents for 3,872 hydrometric stations across Europe over the past five decades and classify each flood based on antecedent weather conditions. We find positive correlations between flood magnitudes and extents for 95% of the stations. In central Europe and the British Isles, the association of increasing trends in magnitudes and extents is due to a magnitude‐extent correlation of precipitation and soil moisture along with a shift in the flood generating processes. The alignment of trends in flood magnitudes and extents highlights the increasing importance of transnational flood risk management.
Ultrafast response of harmonic modelocked THz lasers
Authors: Wang Feihu , Pistore Valentino , Riesch Michael , Nong Hanond , Vigneron Pierre-Baptiste , Colombelli Raffaele , Parillaud Olivier , Mangeney Juliette , Tignon Jerome , Jirauschek Christian , Dhillon Sukhdeep S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe use of fundamental modelocking to generate short terahertz (THz) pulses and THz frequency combs from semiconductor lasers has become a routine affair, using quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) as a gain medium. However, unlike classic laser diodes, no demonstrations of harmonic modelocking, active or passive, have been shown in THz QCLs, where multiple pulses per round trip are generated when the laser is modulated at the harmonics of the cavity’s fundamental round-trip frequency. Here, using time-resolved THz techniques, we show for the first time harmonic injection and mode-locking in which THz QCLs are modulated at the harmonics of the round-trip frequency. We demonstrate the generation of the harmonic electrical beatnote within a QCL, its injection locking to an active modulation and its direct translation to harmonic pulse generation using the unique ultrafast nature of our approach. Finally, we show indications of self-starting harmonic emission, i.e., without external modulation, where the QCL operates exclusively on a harmonic (up to its 15th harmonic) of the round-trip frequency. This behaviour is supported by time-resolved simulations of induced gain and loss in the system and shows the importance of the electronic, as well as photonic, nature of QCLs. These results open up the prospect of passive harmonic modelocking and THz pulse generation, as well as the generation of low-noise microwave generation in the hundreds of GHz region.