bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating automated titre score as an alternative to continuous flow analysis for the prediction of passive anti‐D in pregnancy
Authors: Evans Michelle L. , Holmes Benjamin , Dowling Kerry , Lofting Tracey , Barnett Matthew R. , Heydon Nicolette , Clarke Tracy , Hall Christopher , Surmann Eva‐Maria , Callsen Sophie C. I. , Malomgre Wim 
Published: December 2020

SummaryObjectivesTo evaluate the potential of the automated titre score (TS) as an alternative method to continuous flow analysis (CFA) for the prediction of the nature of anti‐D in pregnancy.BackgroundThe 2016 revised British Society for Haematology (BSH) antenatal guidelines recommended a measurement of anti‐D concentration by CFA to ensure the detection of potential immune anti‐D. Due to high referral costs and resource pressures, uptake has been challenging for hospital laboratories. Serious Hazards of transfusion (SHOT) data have previously shown that this has contributed to missed antenatal follow ups for women with immune anti‐D and neonates affected by haemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.Methods/MaterialsIn this multicentre comparative study, samples referred for CFA quantification were also tested by an ORTHO VISION automated anti‐D indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) serial dilution and then converted to TS. CFA results and history of anti‐D prophylaxis were used to categorise samples as passive or immune, with the aim of determining a potential TS cut‐off for CFA referral of at risk patients.ResultsFive UK National Health Service (NHS) trusts generated a total of 196 anti‐D TS results, of which 128 were classified as passive and 68 as immune. Diagnostic testing of CFA and TS values indicated a TS cut‐off of 35 to assist in distinguishing the nature of anti‐D. Using this cut‐off, 175 (89%) results were correctly assigned into the passive or immune range, giving a specificity of 92.19% and a negative predictive value of 91.47%.ConclusionTS in conjunction with clinical and anti‐D prophylaxis history can be used as a viable and cost‐effective alternative to CFA in a hospital laboratory setting.
Effects of soil and crop management practices and pedo‐hydrological conditions on the seedbank size of Galinsoga spp. in organic vegetable fields
Authors: De Cauwer Benny , Biesemans Nina , De Ryck Sander , Delanote Lieven , Dewaele Karel , Willekens Koen , Vanden Nest Thijs , Reheul Dirk 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGalinsoga quadriradiata and Galinsoga parviflora are very troublesome weeds in many organic vegetable crops in Europe. A very straightforward method to keep Galinsoga infestations under control is by targeting the Galinsoga seedbank. To identify cropping systems able to reduce the seedbank size in vegetable‐based cropping systems, the relationships between the seedbank size of Galinsoga species and prevailing soil/crop management practices and pedo‐hydrological conditions were investigated. Hereto, the seedbank of the 0–20 cm topsoil layer was sampled in 50 organic vegetable fields and analysed according to the seedling emergence method. Field history data were collected for the past 5 years, and physical, chemical and microbial soil quality was determined. Galinsoga quadriradiata was the most frequent and abundant Galinsoga species in the weed seedbank. The genus Galinsoga was present in 90% of the soil weed seedbanks of organic vegetable fields but displayed wide variation in abundance. Smallest Galinsoga seedbanks were found in fields that were predominantly tilled with non‐inversion implements or rotationally ploughed, and continuously cropped with competitive crops during the entire growing season (April 15‐November 15). Contrary to G. quadriradiata, seedbank size of G. parviflora was closely related to soil organic carbon content and sand fraction. Remarkably, soils with a low level of easily plant‐available phosphorus and concomitant high activity of arbuscular mycorrhizae had smaller G. quadriradiata seedbanks. To reduce Galinsoga infestations, fields should preferably be tilled without soil inversion, fertilised with organic amendments with low content of readily plant‐available phosphorus and cropped with competitive crops all season long.
Selection of a novel AAV2/TNFAIP3 vector for local suppression of islet xenograft inflammation
Authors: Zammit Nathan W. , Seeberger Karen L. , Zamerli Jad , Walters Stacey N. , Lisowski Leszek , Korbutt Gregory S. , Grey Shane T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeonatal porcine islets (NPIs) can restore glucose control in mice, pigs, and non‐human primates, representing a potential abundant alternative islet supply for clinical beta cell replacement therapy. However, NPIs are vulnerable to inflammatory insults that could be overcome with genetic modifications. Here, we demonstrate in a series of proof‐of‐concept experiments the potential of the cytoplasmic ubiquitin‐editing protein A20, encoded by the TNFAIP3 gene, as an NPI cytoprotective gene.MethodsWe forced A20 expression in NPI grafts using a recombinant adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vector and looked for impact on TNF‐stimulated NF‐κB activation and NPI graft function. As adeno‐associated vectors (AAV) are clinically preferred vectors but exhibit poor transduction efficacy in NPIs, we next screened a series of AAV serotypes under different transduction protocols for their ability achieve high transduction efficiency and suppress NPI inflammation without impacting NPI maturation.ResultsForcing the expression of A20 in NPI with Ad5 vector blocked NF‐κB activation by inhibiting IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, and reduced the induction of pro‐inflammatory genes Cxcl10 and Icam1. A20‐expressing NPIs also exhibited superior functional capacity when transplanted into diabetic immunodeficient recipient mice, evidenced by a more rapid return to euglycemia and improved GTT compared to unmodified NPI grafts. We found AAV2 combined with a 14‐day culture period maximized NPI transduction efficiency (>70% transduction rate), and suppressed NF‐κB‐dependent gene expression without adverse impact upon NPI maturation.ConclusionWe report a new protocol that allows for high‐efficiency genetic modification of NPIs, which can be utilized to introduce candidate genes without the need for germline engineering. This approach would be suitable for preclinical and clinical testing of beneficial molecules. We also report for the first time that A20 is cytoprotective for NPI, such that A20 gene therapy could aid the clinical development of NPIs for beta cell replacement.
Investigating the epidemiology of methanol poisoning outbreaks: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Askarian Mehrdad , Khakpour Mahasti , Taghrir Mohammad Hossein , Akbarialiabad Hossein , Borazjani Roham 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:
We aim to identify relevant studies from 2000 to 2020 regarding methanol poisoning outbreaks and map the existing literature with a focus on the epidemiology and global burden of disease.

Introduction:
Methanol poisoning occurs in individuals or as an outbreak. Illicit productions are responsible for most methanol poisoning outbreaks; however, there are some occupational, suicidal, and homicidal incidences as well. In methanol poisoning outbreaks, medical facilities get overwhelmed quickly. The current WHO fact sheet dates back to 2014 and there have been no updates since. Based on our preliminary search, it seems that the course of methanol outbreaks has changed.

Inclusion criteria:
The study will include peer-reviewed articles and gray papers that focus on the epidemiology of methanol poisoning outbreaks. This review will consider all methanol poisoning outbreak victims without any limitation in geographical, social, cultural, or gender-based demographics.

Methods:
A three-step search strategy will be used. First, an initial search will be done in MEDLINE and Scopus to identify key terms. Those key terms will then be searched across included databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science) and sources for gray literature. In a third step, references and Google Scholar will be searched manually. Two reviewers will screen the titles and abstracts, then full texts for identifying inclusion criteria and data extraction. Disagreements will be resolved by a senior author. Extracted data will be tabulated and mapped. Quantitative data will be reported using descriptive numerical summary analysis.
Numerical Evaluation of Spray-Guided Glow Plug Assistance on Gasoline Compression Ignition During Cold Idle Operation in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Zhao Le , Pei Yuanjiang , Zhang Yu , Kumar Praveen , Tzanetakis Tom , Traver Michael , Ameen Muhsin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Starting compression ignition engines under cold conditions is extremely challenging, due to insufficient fuel vaporization, heavy wall impingement, and low ignitability of the fuel. For gasoline compression ignition (GCI) combustion strategies, which offer the potential for an enhanced NOx-PM tradeoff with diesel-like fuel efficiency, robust ignition and combustion in very cold conditions pose a significant challenge due to the low reactivity of gasoline fuels. Based on the previous understanding of the spray, ignition and combustion processes for a GCI engine under cold conditions, this study focuses on investigating the cold combustion performance of a heavy-duty GCI engine with glow plug ignition assist. Glow plugs, commonly used for low temperature cold starts in diesel engines, are used to pre-heat a segment of the mixture to improve its ignitability. Here, CFD studies are carried out to explore the influence of a spray-guided glow plug on the spray and combustion behavior of a GCI engine under cold operating conditions. In a prior study, the underlying CFD model has been validated using experimental data from a six-cylinder, 15 L heavy-duty diesel engine operating with a compression ratio (CR) of 17.3 at a 600 rpm cold idle condition with RON92 E0 gasoline. The energy intensity required by the glow plug to deliver stable combustion isparametrically studied. The size and location of the glow plug are also parametrically varied to evaluate their effects on the combustion process. The influence of the glow plug on the in-cylinder mixture distribution and the ensuing combustion process is also investigated. In particular, the localized fuel spray distribution and mixture formation near the glow plug are examined. The results reveal that the glow plug enhances GCI combustion under cold idle conditions and that the spray-guided glow plug improves fuel vaporization, leading to a rich mixture near the glow plug and an enhancement of the combustion efficiency. In addition, the effectiveness of the glow plug at a low ambient temperature of 0°C and a 200 rpm cold start condition is evaluated. These simulations suggest that the glow plug can improve the cold start performance of a GCI engine.
Optimization and Simulation of a CFR Engine Fueled by Dilute Anode Tail-Gas
Authors: Balu Alexander , Castro Miguel , Padhi Geet , Bandhauer Todd , Windom Bret , Garland Shane , Olsen Daniel , Braun Robert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recent innovations in Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (MS-SOFC) have increased the longevity and reliability of fuel cells. These innovations drive the desire to create power generating systems that combine different ways of extracting power from a fuel to increase overall thermal efficiency. This investigation assesses the feasibility of operating an internal combustion engine with the anode tail-gas, which is a blend of H2, CO, CO2, H2O, and CH4, exhausted by a MS-SOFC. This engine would be used to support fuel cell balance of plant equipment and produce excess electrical power.
Four variations of the expected anode tail-gas blends were determined by varying the dewpoint temperature of the fuel. Gas blends are tested by combining separate flows of each constituent, and combustion is tested using a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine. Compression ratio, spark timing, inlet manifold temperature, and boost pressure were used to obtain optimal operating conditions. Stable engine operation was obtained on all test blends. A combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and analysis of chemical species and reaction mechanisms is used to develop an engine and combustion model. This model allows for further investigation into anode tail-gas combustion characteristics. Response Surface Method Optimization was used to experimentally optimize operating parameters and determine the maximum achievable efficiency utilizing the CFR engine.
All test blends with H2O produced power in the engine although the blend with the most water content caused operational problems with the CFR engine test stand, including large amounts of water entering the oil system. Three chemical kinetic mechanisms were investigated that had the correct species for simulating the fuel with a low number of reactions to facilitate low computational time: San Diego (SD), GRI and Gallway 2017 (NUIG) mechanism. Out of these four mechanisms, the NUIG mechanism results fit the CFR engine experimental data best. Response Surface Method Optimization was performed on the most viable test blends, the steam injections blends at 40°C and 90°C fuel dewpoint temperature. During optimization the 40°C dewpoint temperature blend brake efficiency increased from 20% to 21.6%, and the 90°C dewpoint temperature blend brake efficiency increased from 17% to 22.3%.
Large Eddy Simulation of Lean Mixed-Mode Combustion Assisted by Partial Fuel Stratification in a Spark-Ignition Engine
Authors: Xu Chao , Som Sibendu , Sjöberg Magnus 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Lean operation is beneficial to spark-ignition engines due to the high thermal efficiency compared with conventional stoichiometric operation. Lean combustion can be significantly stabilized by the partial fuel stratification (PFS) strategy, in which a small amount of pilot injection is applied near the spark energizing timing in addition to main injections during intake. Furthermore, mixed-mode combustion, which makes use of end-gas autoignition following conventional deflagration-based combustion, can be further utilized to speed up the overall combustion. In this study, PFS-assisted mixed-mode combustion in a lean-burn direct injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine is numerically investigated using multi-cycle large eddy simulation (LES). To accurately represent the pilot injection characteristics, experimentally-derived spray morphology parameters are employed for spray modeling. A previously developed hybrid G-equation/well-stirred reactor model is extended to PFS conditions, to capture interactions of pilot injection, turbulent flame propagation and end-gas autoignition. The LES-based engine model is compared with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based model, allowing an investigation of both mean and cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) of combustion characteristics. Instantaneous spray and flame structures from simulations are compared with experiments. The LES-based model is finally leveraged to investigate impacts of fuel properties including heat of vaporization (HoV) and laminar flame speed (SL). It is shown that overall, the predicted mean pressure and heat release rate traces from both RANS and LES agree well with the experiment, while LES captures the CCV and the combustion phasing in the mass burned space much better than RANS. Predicted liquid fuel penetrations agree reasonably well with the experiment, both for RANS and LES. Detailed flame structures in the simulations also reveal the transition from a sooting flame to a lean premixed flame, which is consistent with experimental findings. LES is shown to capture more wrinkled and stretched flame fronts than RANS. Local sensitivity analysis further identifies the stronger combustion phasing sensitivity to SL compared with that to HoV, and the stronger sensitivity of autoignition heat release rate than deflagration. The results from this study demonstrate the high fidelity of the developed computational model based on LES, enabling future investigation of PFS-assisted mixed-mode combustion for different fuels and a wider range of operating conditions.
Impact of Geometric Compression Ratio and Variable Valve Actuation on Gasoline Compression Ignition in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Zhang Yu , Kumar Praveen , Tang Meng , Pei Yuanjiang , Merritt Brock , Traver Michael , Popuri Sriram 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is a promising powertrain solution to simultaneously address the increasingly stringent regulation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and a new focus on greenhouse gases. GCI combustion benefits from extended mixing times due to the low reactivity of gasoline, but only when held beneath the threshold of the high temperature combustion regime. The geometric compression ratio (GCR) of an engine is often chosen to balance the desire for low NOx emissions while maintaining high efficiency. This work explores the relationship between GCR, variable valve actuation (VVA) and emissions when using GCI combustion strategies. The test article was a Cummins ISX15 heavy-duty diesel engine with an unmodified production air and fuel system. The test fuel was an ethanol-free gasoline with a market-representative research octane number (RON) of 91.4–93.2. In the experimental investigation at 1375 rpm/10 bar BMEP, three engine GCRs were studied, including 15.7, 17.3, and 18.9.
Across the three GCRs, GCI exhibited a two-stage combustion process enabled through a split injection strategy. When keeping both NOx and CA50 constant, varying GCR from 15.7 to 18.9 showed only a moderate impact on engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE), while its influence on smoke was pronounced. At a lower GCR, a larger fraction of fuel could be introduced during the first injection event due to lower charge reactivity, thereby promoting partially-premixed combustion and reducing smoke. Although increasing GCR increased gross indicated thermal efficiency (ITEg), it was also found to cause higher energy losses in friction and pumping. In contrast, GCI performance showed stronger sensitivity towards EGR rate variation, suggesting that air-handling system development is critical for enabling efficient and clean low NOx GCI combustion.
To better utilize gasoline’s lower reactivity, an analysis-led variable valve actuation investigation was performed at 15.7 GCR and 1375 rpm/10 bar BMEP. The analysis was focused on using an early intake valve closing (EIVC) approach by carrying out closed-cycle, 3-D CFD combustion simulations coupled with 1-D engine cycle analysis. EIVC was shown to be an effective means to lengthen ignition delay and promote partially-premixed combustion by lowering the engine effective compression ratio (ECR). By combining EIVC with a tailored fuel injection strategy and properly developed thermal boundary conditions, simulation predicted a 2.3% improvement in ISFC and 47% soot reduction over the baseline IVC case while keeping NOx below the baseline level.
Introducing an innovative model of acute paediatric mental health and addictions care to paediatric emergency departments: a protocol for a multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Freedman Stephen , Thull-Freedman Jennifer , Lightbody Teresa , Prisnie Kassi , Wright Bruce , Coulombe Angela , Anderson Linda M , Stang Antonia S , Mikrogianakis Angelo , VanRiper Lindy , Stubbs Michael , Newton Amanda 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionChildren and youth with mental health and addiction crises are a vulnerable patient group that often are brought to the hospital for emergency department care. We propose to evaluate the effect of a novel, acute care bundle that standardises a patient-centred approach to care.Methods and analysisTwo paediatric emergency departments in Alberta, Canada are involved in this prospective, pragmatic, 29-month interventional quasi-experimental study. The acute care bundle comprises three components, applied when appropriate: (1) assessing self-harm risk at triage using the Ask Suicide-Screening Questionnaire (ASQ) to standardise the questions administered, enabling risk stratification; (2) use of the HEADS-ED (Home, Education, Activities/peers, Drug/alcohol, Suicidality, Emotions and behaviour, Discharge Resources) to focus mental health evaluations for those who screen high risk on the ASQ; and (3) implementation of a Choice And Partnership Approach to enable shared decision making in care following the emergency department visit. The overarching goal is to deliver the right care at the right place and time for the patients. The study design involves a longitudinal collection of data 12 months before and after the introduction of the bundle and the use of quality improvement strategies such as Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles during a 5-month run-in period to test and implement changes. The primary study end-point is child/youth well-being 1 month after the emergency department visit. Secondary outcomes include family functioning, child/youth well-being at 3 and 6 months, satisfaction with emergency department care, and health system outcomes (hospital admissions, length of emergency department stays, emergency department revisits).Ethics and disseminationThe study is registered atwww.ClinicalTrials.govand has received ethics and operational approvals from study sites. The results of the study will be reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement. Results will be shared broadly with key policy and decision makers and disseminated in peer-reviewed academic journals and presentations at conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04292379.
Implementation of the CMS-EXO-17-015 analysis in the MadAnalysis 5 framework (leptoquark and dark matter with one muon, one jet and missing transverse energy; 77.4 fb−1)
Authors: Fuks Benjamin , Jueid Adil 
Published: December 2020

We present an implementation of the CMS-EXO-17-015 analysis in the MadAnalysis 5 framework. The analysis targets a search for dark matter in a channel in which it originates from the production and decay of a pair of scalar leptoquarks. This search considers a luminosity [Formula: see text] of CMS data collected in 2016 and 2017, in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The final state signature is comprised of one isolated highly-energetic muon, one jet with a large transverse momentum and a significant amount of missing transverse energy. We validate our implementation in MadAnalysis 5 for a specific leptoquark/dark matter benchmark scenario. In particular, we compare predictions obtained with MadAnalysis 5 with the official CMS results for various kinematical distributions relevant for the CMS-EXO-17-015 analysis, as well as detailed cut-flow tables. We have found an excellent agreement.