bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
South Dakota State University Beef 2020 increases participant knowledge of the beef industry1
Authors: Bakker Christina E , Underwood Keith R , Grubbs Judson K , Walker Julie A , Wright Cody L , Olson Kenneth C , Rusche Warren C , Blair Amanda D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
South Dakota State University has developed a hands-on program that addresses the preharvest management factors that influence beef carcass value to aid producers in their management and marketing decisions. The 3-d program includes live cattle and carcass evaluation, beef carcass fabrication, a harvest demonstration, sensory panel, and presentations on topics including live market cattle evaluation, health, and disposition in relation to carcass quality, feeding and management, and value-added beef cuts. To evaluate program effectiveness, data were collected from all programs held between 2013 and 2019. Participants were asked to evaluate their perceived value for each program component, as well as their knowledge of the industry prior to and after completing the program. Upon completion of the 2018 Beef 2020, a focus group of program alumni was assembled to better understand participant experiences, application of the material, and guide future programming. The recommendations of the focus group were implemented during the 2019 program. Component value scores are reported in a box and whisker plot and participant knowledge was evaluated using a paired t-test with significance determined at P &lt; 0.05. Special attention was given to the results of 2019 compared to previous years to determine the efficacy of the program changes. Overall, the average value scores for the sessions all ranked above 8 on a scale of 1–10, indicating a relatively large value to participants. Knowledge of carcass traits, carcass value, and management factors that influence those traits increased after participation in the Beef 2020 program (5.18 vs. 7.67 ± 0.16; P &lt; 0.0001). The use of a focus group was concluded to be an effective means of assessing program value, strengths, and weaknesses. The Beef 2020 program can be used as a model for other Extension professionals to create programs intended to link livestock producers to their end products.
Establishing Serum Reference Ranges for Antihypertensive Drugs
Authors: Rognstad Stine , Søraas Camilla L. , Bergland Ola U. , Høieggen Aud , Strømmen Magnus , Helland Arne , Opdal Mimi S. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves the measurement of serum drug concentrations to optimize pharmacotherapy. Traditionally, blood pressure measurements alone, and not TDM, have been used to evaluate the antihypertensive drug response. However, approximately 50% of hypertensive patients treated with lifestyle changes and antihypertensive drugs fail to achieve blood pressure control. Serum drug concentration measurements could be useful to select the optimal drugs in adjusted doses and to identify nonadherence. Implementation of TDM in clinical routine for antihypertensive drugs depends on established serum reference ranges.

Methods:
Commonly used antihypertensive drugs were identified based on prescription data. The authors performed a review of authoritative literature on reported serum drug concentrations and calculated expected concentrations from previously reported pharmacokinetic parameters with commonly prescribed daily doses. Finally, serum drug concentrations in samples from patients undergoing antihypertensive treatment were measured.

Results:
Serum reference ranges for 24 frequently used antihypertensive drugs were established based on results from 3 approaches.

Conclusions:
Serum drug concentration measurements, interpreted in light of the established reference ranges, together with blood pressure measurements and other clinical data, may help identify nonadherent patients and tailor individual antihypertensive treatment when deviant drug responses appear in line with the concept of personalized medicine.
A Review of Synthetic Cathinone–Related Fatalities From 2017 to 2020
Authors: La Maida Nunzia , Di Trana Annagiulia , Giorgetti Raffaele , Tagliabracci Adriano , Busardò Francesco P. , Huestis Marilyn A. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Synthetic cathinones (SCs) are designer analogs of the natural active principle of khat. Since their appearance on the black market in 2003, their popularity has increased annually, and they have become the most seized class of new psychoactive substances reported to the UNODC Early Warning Advisory system. The constant introduction of newly synthesized molecules makes this issue difficult to monitor. The authors reviewed the most recent SC-related fatalities worldwide to highlight new trends of consumption, reporting acute pharmacological and toxicological symptoms, scene investigations, analytical methods, and reported SC concentrations in diverse biological matrices.

Methods:
A literature search was performed using scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Research Gate to identify relevant scientific publications from 2017 to 2020. In addition, a search was conducted through the EU EWS.

Results:
From 2017 to 2020, 31 different SCs were identified in 75 reported fatal intoxications in the literature, alone or in combination with other substances. The most abused SCs were N-ethylpentylone, N-ethylhexedrone, and 4-chloromethcathinone. The EU EWS included less detail on 72 additional SC-related fatalities from 2017 to 2020.

Conclusions:
New SCs continuously replace older natural and synthetic stimulant drugs, making determining the cause of death difficult. Analytical methods and high-performance mass spectrometry instruments are essential to detect the low concentrations of these potent new SCs. Little data are available on the pharmacology of these new drugs; the evaluation of toxicological antemortem and postmortem findings provides critical data on the drug's pharmacology and toxicology and for the interpretation of new SC cases.
Accounting for Unfissioned Plutonium from the Trinity Atomic Bomb Test
Authors: Beck Harold L. , Simon Steven L. , Bouville André , Romanyukha Anna 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Trinity test device contained about 6 kg of plutonium as its fission source, resulting in a fission yield of 21 kT. However, only about 15% of the 239Pu actually underwent fission. The remaining unfissioned plutonium eventually was vaporized in the fireball and after cooling, was deposited downwind from the test site along with the various fission and activation products produced in the explosion. Using data from radiochemical analyses of soil samples collected postshot (most many years later), supplemented by model estimates of plutonium deposition density estimated from reported exposure rates at 12 h postshot, we have estimated the total activity and geographical distribution of the deposition density of this unfissioned plutonium in New Mexico. A majority (about 80%) of the unfissioned plutonium was deposited within the state of New Mexico, most in a relatively small area about 30–100 km downwind (the Chupadera Mesa area). For most of the state, the deposition density was a small fraction of the subsequent deposition density of 239+240Pu from Nevada Test Site tests (1951–1958) and later from global fallout from the large US and Russian thermonuclear tests (1952–1962). The fraction of the total unfissioned 239Pu that was deposited in New Mexico from Trinity was greater than the fraction of fission products deposited. Due to plutonium being highly refractory, a greater fraction of the 239Pu was incorporated into large particles that fell out closer to the test site as opposed to more volatile fission products (such as 137Cs and 131I) that tend to deposit on the surface of smaller particles that travel farther before depositing. The plutonium deposited as a result of the Trinity test was unlikely to have resulted in significant health risks to the downwind population.
Methods and Findings on Diet and Lifestyle Used to Support Estimation of Radiation Doses from Radioactive Fallout from the Trinity Nuclear Test
Authors: Potischman Nancy , Salazar Silvia I. , Scott Mary Alice , Naranjo Marian , Haozous Emily , Bouville André , Simon Steven L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Trinity nuclear test was detonated in south-central New Mexico on 16 July 1945; in the early 2000s, the National Cancer Institute undertook a dose and cancer risk projection study of the possible health impacts of the test. In order to conduct a comprehensive dose assessment for the Trinity test, we collected diet and lifestyle data relevant to the populations living in New Mexico around the time of the test. This report describes the methodology developed to capture the data used to calculate radiation exposures and presents dietary and lifestyle data results for the main exposure pathways considered in the dose reconstruction. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted in 2017 among older adults who had lived in the same New Mexico community during the 1940s or 1950s. Interview questions and guided group discussions focused on specific aspects of diet, water, type of housing, and time spent outdoors for different age groups. Thirteen focus groups and 11 individual interviews were conducted among Hispanic, White, and Native American participants. Extensive written notes and audio recordings aided in the coding of all responses used to derive ranges, prevalence, means, and standard deviations for each exposure variable for various age categories by region and ethnicity. Children aged 11–15 y in 1940s or 1950s from the rural plains had the highest milk intakes (993 mL d−1), and lowest intakes were among 11- to 15-y-olds in mountainous regions (191 mL d−1). Lactose intolerance rates were 7–71%, and prevalence was highest among Native Americans. Meat was not commonly consumed in the summer in most communities, and if consumed, it was among those aged 11-15 y of age or older who had relatively small amounts of 100-200 g d−1. Most drinking and cooking water came from covered wells, and most homes were made of adobe, which provided more protection from external radiation than wooden structures. The use of multiple approaches to trigger memory and collect participant reports on diet and other factors from the distant past seemed effective. These data were summarized, and together with other information, these data have been used to estimate radiation doses for representative persons of all ages in the main ethnic groups residing in New Mexico at the time of the Trinity nuclear test.
Transmucosal Boston Keratoprosthesis Type I in a Patient With Advanced Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Authors: Camacho Luís , Soldevila Anna , Fideliz de la Paz María 
Published: September 2020

Purpose:
To describe a novel surgical technique using the Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro) type I in a patient with advanced ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) using oral mucosa for covering the prosthesis.

Methods:
We present the case of an 85-year-old man previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and advanced OCP nonresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment, whose best-corrected visual acuity was light perception and projection in both eyes. After examination, Boston KPro type I in the right eye was contemplated because osteo-odonto KPro and Tibial bone KPro were not feasible because of the patient's osteoporosis and edentulism. Reconstruction of the ocular surface was first performed using oral mucosa to release the symblepharon and try to deep the fornices. Three months later, the oral mucosa was lifted, and the Boston KPro type I was implanted using the patient's own cornea. Then, a modification of the standard surgical technique was carried out, replacing the use of contact lens for covering the prosthesis with an oral mucosa graft with a central trephination as an alternative option in fornix foreshortening cases.

Results:
After 11 months, visual acuity was stable to 0.2 decimal. No postoperative complications have been encountered, and prosthesis was in place.

Conclusions:
The surgical technique of transmucosal Boston KPro type I may be considered a surgical alternative in patients with advanced OCP who present with severe fornix foreshortening, where osteo-odonto KPro or Tibial bone KPro cannot be performed due to osteoporosis or edentulism or when the Boston KPro type II is not readily available.
Acute Corneal Endothelial Graft Rejection With Coinciding COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Jin Sierra X. , Juthani Viral V. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose:
To report a case of acute corneal endothelial graft rejection with the concurrent onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 31-year-old African American woman with a history of asthma, sleep apnea, obesity (body mass index of 40), and bilateral keratoconus was noted to have acute corneal endothelial graft rejection 3 months after uncomplicated penetrating keratoplasty of the left eye. The patient developed dysgeusia and subjective fever on the same day as ocular discomfort, and she was subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19 with only these 2 classic symptoms of the viral infection.

Conclusions:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is known to cause conjunctivitis and has demonstrated transmissibility through ocular secretions. Acute immune and inflammatory dysregulations have been seen in cases of COVID-19 through various mechanisms. COVID-19 infection may potentially compromise ocular immune privilege contributing to acute corneal graft rejection.
Effect of Obesity on Cervical Cancer Screening and Outcomes
Authors: Gnade Colette M. , Hill Emily K. , Botkin Hannah E. , Hefel Alison R. , Hansen Hayley E. , Sheets Kelsey A. , Mott Sarah L. , Hardy-Fairbanks Abbey J. , Stockdale Colleen K. 
Published: September 2020

Objectives
The aims of the study were to identify whether obese women are less appropriately screened for cervical cancer before diagnosis and to explore related cancer outcomes.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed all cervical cancer patients at a single institution between 1986 and 2016 and collected demographic information including age, cancer stage, body mass index (BMI), screening information, and cancer outcomes. Morbid obesity was defined as BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater, obesity as BMI of 30 to less than 40 kg/m2, and nonobese as BMI of less than 30 kg/m2. χ2, Fisher exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare variables between BMI categories. Cox regression models were used to evaluate recurrence-free survival and overall survival (OS).

Results
A total of 1,080 patients were reviewed, of whom 311 (29.4%) were obese and 107 (10.1%) morbidly obese. A significant association between BMI and cytology screening was evidenced with morbidly obese women having the highest incorrect rate (64.4%), followed by obese (51.5%) and nonobese women (46.0%, p < .01). There was no significant difference in presence of symptoms at presentation (p = .12) or stage (p = .06) between BMI categories. In multivariable analysis of cancer outcomes, higher BMI was associated with worse OS (p < .01) with a hazard ratio of 1.25 (95% CI = 0.92–1.69) for obese women and hazard ratio 2.27 (95% CI = 1.56–3.31) for morbidly obese women relative to normal weight but recurrence-free survival did not differ between BMI groups (p = .07).

Conclusions
Our study strengthens evidence that obese and morbidly obese women have disproportionate inappropriate screening before cervical cancer diagnosis, and morbidly obese women have worse OS than their counterparts.
A retrospective study of the relationship between the pathologic subtype and lymph node metastasis of lung adenocarcinomas of ≤3 cm diameter
Authors: Lin Wenwei , Huang Mingcheng , Zhang Zhenyang , Chai Tianci , Chen Sui , Gao Lei , Lin Jiangbo , Kang Mingqiang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To analyze the relationship between pathologic subtype and lymph node metastasis for lung adenocarcinomas of ≤3 cm diameter.
We retrospectively studied 384 patients with operable lung adenocarcinomas of ≤3 cm diameter that had been radically resected by lobectomy or anatomic segmentectomy with systematic nodal dissection, at the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital between March 2014 and March 2016.
Lymph node metastasis pN1 + pN2 (pN+) was found in 2 of 104 (1.9%) patients with tumor diameter ≤1.0 cm, 12 of 159 (7.5%) patients with tumor diameter >1.0 cm but ≤2.0 cm, and 35 of 121 (28.9%) patients with tumor size >2.0 cm but ≤3.0 cm (P < .01). Lymph node metastasis pN+ was found in 19 of 53 (35.8%) patients with visceral invasion pleural (VIP) and 30 of 331 (9.0%) patients without VIP (P < .05). It was also found in 16 of 51 (31.3%) patients with high serum CEA concentrations and 28 of 297 (9.4%) patients with normal concentrations (P < .05). In a multivariate analysis, tumor diameter, VIP, high serum CEA concentration, and pathologic subtype were significant risk factors. The prevalences of lymph node metastasis pN+ were: 0.0% (0/2), 0.0% (0/89), 3.2% (1/31), 16.2% (34/209), 7.7% (1/13), 46.7% (7/15), 100% (4/4), and 11.8% (2/17) for adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS); minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA); predominantly lepidic (LEP), acinar (ACI), papillary, solid (SOL), and micropapillary (MIP) tumors; and variants of invasive adenocarcinoma, respectively (P < .05). For predominant SOL and MIP tumors, the prevalences of lymph node involvement were significantly higher than for the other subtypes.
We have shown that lymph node metastasis in patients with tumor diameter ≤3 cm differs according to lung adenocarcinoma subtype. AIS and MIA were not associated with lymph node metastasis; therefore, systematic nodal dissection may be unnecessary. The prevalence of lymph node metastasis rate was low for LEP, suggesting that systemic lymph node sampling is sufficient. In contrast, for other pathologic subtypes, including SOL and MIP, systematic lymph node dissection should be performed.
Convalescent plasma therapy in critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients with persistently positive nucleic acid test, case series report
Authors: Wang Min , Yang Xiaohong , Yang Fang , Zhu Xinxin , Sun Zhibing , Bao Peiling , Yan Yimin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
Globally, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still spreading rapidly. At present, there are no specifically approved therapeutic agents or vaccines for its treatment. Previous studies have shown that the convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) is effective in patients with COVID-19. However, its efficacy in patients with persistently positive nucleic acid test is unknown.

Patient concerns:
In this report, we present the clinical data of 5 critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted, between January 16 and February 26, 2020, in intensive care unit of Xiaogan Central Hospital.

Diagnosis and interventions:
All these patients had a persistently positive nucleic acid test and received CPT. All 5 patients had severe respiratory failure, and thus, required invasive mechanical ventilation. The median time from the onset of symptoms to initiating the CPT was 37 (Interquartile range, 34-44) days.

Outcomes:
Only 2 patients were cured and subsequently discharged, while 3 patients succumbed due to multiple organ failure.

Conclusion:
The time of initiating the CPT may be an important factor affecting its efficacy, and its therapeutic effect in the treatment of COVID-19, in the late stage, is limited.
Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection and reactive dermatosis associated with adult-onset immunodeficiency due to anti–interferon-gamma autoantibodies
Authors: Liang Xiao-Na , Bin Yan-Fei , Lai Guan-Ting , Li Ying-Hua , Zhang Jian-Quan , Zhong Xiao-Ning , Bai Jing , Li Mei-Hua , Deng Jing-Min , He Zhi-Yi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
Anti–interferon-gamma (anti–IFN-γ) autoantibody increases susceptibility to lower-virulence pathogens and causes immunodeficiency syndrome in HIV–negative patients.

Patient concerns:
A 69-year-old Chinese man presented with a 2-month history of pruritic skin lesions on his forearms, trunk, and legs. He was diagnosed with 5 opportunistic infections without conventional immunosuppression-associated factors in past. The most conspicuous characteristics were recurrent pulmonary infection, persistent immunoglobulin E elevation and eosinophilia during the whole disease course.

Diagnosis:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed anti–IFN-γ autoantibody positive. The final diagnosis for the patient was adult-onset immunodeficiency due to anti–IFN-γ autoantibody, non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection and reactive dermatosis.

Interventions:
The patient underwent long-term anti-NTM and corticosteroid maintenance treatment.

Outcomes:
The patient was followed for 2 years during which opportunistic infection no longer happened, the immunoglobulin E level and eosinophil count reduced, the autoantibody levels remained largely steady and lung lesions absorbed.

Conclusion:
Clinicians should be vigilant for NTM infection in patients with anti–IFN-γ autoantibodies, even when culture results are negative. Long-term anti–non-tuberculous mycobacteria and glucocorticoid regimens were effective.
Impact of triglyceride playing on stroke severity correlated to bilirubin
Authors: Li Zheng , Zhang Jiahui , Luo Yun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Major lipids making effects on the occurrence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is well recognized, but their roles on stroke severity remain uncertain. To explore the exact roles of lipids playing on stroke severity and the possible mechanism, we conduct this observational study.
Data was collected from patients with AIS from February 2008 to May 2012. The level of major lipids was compared among AIS groups with different severity and investigated the correlation. Also, the relationship existed between major lipids and bilirubin. Mechanism of major lipids playing on stroke severity was researched to determine if oxidative stress reflected by bilirubin.
Lower triglyceride (TG) and higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were observed in severe stroke, and obvious correlation existed between TG and stroke severity or HDL-C and stroke severity. TG was associated negatively with direct bilirubin (DBIL) and total bilirubin (TBIL), and lower level of DBIL and TBIL were related to higher quartiles of TG. There was no obvious difference of DBIL and TBIL among the groups of quartiles of HDL-C. TG was the influence factor of stroke severity in severe stroke through multiple univariable logistic regression. But it was not the independent influence factor after multivariable logistic regression adjusted by DBIL or TBIL. However, HDL-C was the influence factor of stroke severity through both univariable and multivariable logistic regression.
Lower TG or higher HDL-C predicted severer stroke. The effect of TG on stroke severity was mediated by bilirubin, not HDL-C.