bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Fatal Cases of Acute Liver Failure Due to HSV-1 Infection in COVID-19 Patients Following Immunomodulatory Therapies
Authors: Busani Stefano , Bedini Andrea , Biagioni Emanuela , Serio Lucia , Tonelli Roberto , Meschiari Marianna , Franceschini Erica , Guaraldi Giovanni , Cossarizza Andrea , Clini Enrico , Maiorana Antonino , Gennari William , De Maria Nicola , Luppi Mario , Mussini Cristina , Girardis Massimo ,   Modena Covid-19 Working Group (MoCo19), Girardis Massimo , Andreotti Alberto , Biagioni Emanuela , Bondi Filippo , Busani Stefano , Chierego Giovanni , Scotti Marzia , Serio Lucia , Ghirardini Annamaria , Sita Marco , De Julis Stefano , Donno Lara , Dall’Ara Lorenzo , Di Salvo Fabrizio , Farinelli Carlotta , Rinaldi Laura , Cavazzuti Ilaria , Ghidoni Andrea , Buono Antonio , Ferrari Elena , Iseppi Daniela , Maria Ardito Anna , Coloretti Irene , Venturelli Sophie , Munari Elena , Tosi Martina , Roat Erika , Gatto Ilenia , Sarti Marco , Cossarizza Andrea , Bellinazzi Caterina , Borella Rebecca , De Biasi Sara , De Gaetano Anna , Fidanza Lucia , Gibellini Lara , Iannone Anna , Lo Tartaro Domenico , Mattioli Marco , Nasi Milena , Paolini Annamaria , Pinti Marcello , Mussini Cristina , Guaraldi Giovanni , Meschiari Marianna , Cozzi-Lepri Alessandro , Milic Jovana , Menozzi Marianna , Franceschini Erica , Cuomo Gianluca , Orlando Gabriella , Borghi Vanni , Santoro Antonella , Di Gaetano Margherita , Puzzolante Cinzia , Carli Federica , Bedini Andrea , Corradi Luca , Clini Enrico , Tonelli Roberto , Fantini Riccardo , Castaniere Ivana , Tabbì Luca , Bruzzi Giulia , Nani Chiara , Trentacosti Fabiana , Donatelli Pierluigi , Rosaria Pellegrino Maria , Manicardi Linda , Moretti Antonio , Vermi Morgana , Cerbone Caterina , Pecorari Monica , Gennari William , Grottola Antonella , Fregni Serpini Giulia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We report two fatal cases of acute liver failure secondary to herpes simplex virus 1 infection in COVID-19 patients, following tocilizumab and corticosteroid therapy. Screening for and prompt recognition of herpes simplex virus 1 reactivation in these patients, undergoing immunomodulatory treatment, may have potentially relevant clinical consequences.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine in the Management of Anti-tuberculosis Drug–Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Moosa Muhammed Shiraz , Maartens Gary , Gunter Hannah , Allie Shaazia , Chughlay Mohamed F , Setshedi Mashiko , Wasserman Sean , Stead David F , Hickman Nicole , Stewart Annemie , Sonderup Mark , Spearman Catherine Wendy , Cohen Karen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Liver injury is a common complication of anti-tuberculosis therapy. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) used in patients with paracetamol toxicity with limited evidence of benefit in liver injury due to other causes.

Methods
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of intravenous NAC in hospitalized adult patients with anti-tuberculosis drug–induced liver injury (AT-DILI). The primary endpoint was time for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to fall below 100 U/L. Secondary endpoints included length of hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, and adverse events.

Results
Fifty-three participants were randomized to NAC and 49 to placebo. Mean age was 38 (SD±10) years, 58 (57%) were female, 89 (87%) were HIV positive. Median (IQR) serum ALT and bilirubin at presentation were 462 (266–790) U/L and 56 (25–100) μmol/L, respectively. Median time to ALT &lt;100 U/L was 7.5 (6–11) days in the NAC arm and 8 (5–13) days in the placebo arm. Median time to hospital discharge was shorter in the NAC arm (9 [6–15] days) than in the placebo arm (18 [10–25] days) (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.13–2.65). Mortality was 14% overall and did not differ by study arm. The study infusion was stopped early due to an adverse reaction in 5 participants receiving NAC (nausea and vomiting [3], anaphylaxis [1], pain at drip site [1]).

Conclusions
NAC did not shorten time to ALT &lt;100 U/L in participants with AT-DILI, but significantly reduced length of hospital stay. NAC should be considered in management of AT-DILI.

Clinical Trials Registration
South African National Clinical Trials Registry (SANCTR: DOH-27-0414-4719).
Operationalizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cure-related Trials with Analytic Treatment Interruptions During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic: A Collaborative Approach
Authors: Peluso Michael J , Dee Lynda , Shao Shirley , Taylor Jeff , Campbell Danielle , Collins Simon , Gandhi Monica , Johnston Rowena , Deeks Steven G , Sauceda John A , Dubé Karine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Efforts to recognize and minimize the risk to study participants will be necessary to safely and ethically resume scientific research in the context of the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. These efforts are uniquely challenging in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure clinical trials, which often involve complex experimental therapy regimens and perhaps analytic treatment interruption, in which participants pause antiretroviral therapy. In this viewpoint, we discuss our approach to reopening an HIV cure trial in this context, with a focus on key considerations regarding study design, informed consent and participant education, and study implementation. These recommendations might be informative to other groups seeking to resume HIV cure research in settings similar to ours.
Participation in global value chains and varieties of development patterns
Authors: Carballa Smichowski Bruno , Durand Cédric , Knauss Steven 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper relates participation in global value chains (GVCs) to development patterns at the country level. It accounts for the diversity and interdependence of development through a cross-country analysis for 51 countries between 1995 and 2008. We identify three patterns of socio-economic development related to various degrees and modes of GVC participation: a social upgrading mirage, the reproduction of the core and unequal growth. This result is achieved thanks to the introduction of two new elements to the literature: first, the introduction of new macroeconomic indicators of GVC participation and economic gains that are explicitly based in a theoretically consistent definition of GVCs; second, the identification of a variety of interdependent development patterns related to GVC participation through the use of principal component analysis and cluster analysis.
Preventing the China-U.S. Cold War from Turning Hot
Authors: Layne Christopher 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
During the Trump administration, Sino-American relations have deteriorated to the point where the new consensus in the U.S. foreign policy establishment is that a new Cold War has begun between the U.S. and China. This article looks at the origins of the “first Cold War” for insight into how a second Cold War might be avoided. There is a danger of the Cold War turning hot because of power transition dynamics. This article also invokes the pre-1914 Anglo-German rivalry, and argues that if conflict is to be avoided, the U.S. must accommodate China's rise by yielding hegemony in East Asia and meeting China's status claim.
Treatment of older patients with atrial fibrillation by morbidity burden
Authors: Rasmussen Peter Vibe , Pallisgaard Jannik Langtved , Hansen Morten Lock , Gislason Gunnar Hilmar , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Ruwald Martin , Alexander Karen P , Lopes Renato D , Al-Khatib Sana M , Dalgaard Frederik 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aims
Older patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are at risk of adverse outcomes, which is accentuated by comorbidities. We sought to examine the association between morbidity burden and the treatment of older AF patients.

Methods and results
Using Danish nationwide registers we included patients ≥70 years of age between 2010 and 2017 at their first hospitalization due to AF. Using multiple logistic regression models we examined the association between morbidity burden and the odds of receiving oral anticoagulants (OACs), anti-arrhythmic drugs (AADs), and rhythm-control procedures (direct current cardioversions and catheter ablations). A total of 48 995 patients were included with a majority of women (54%), with a median age of 80 years [interquartile range (IQR) 75–85], and a median morbidity burden of 2 comorbidities (IQR 1–3). Increasing morbidity burden was associated with decreasing odds of OAC treatment with patients having &gt;5 comorbidities having the lowest odds [odds ratio (OR) 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35–0.42] compared to patients with low morbidity burden (0–1 comorbidities). Having &gt;5 comorbidities were associated with increased odds of AAD treatment (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.64–2.21) and decreased odds of AF procedures (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.31–0.48), compared to patients with a low morbidity burden (0–1 comorbidities). Examining morbidity burden continuously revealed similar results.

Conclusions
In older AF patients, multimorbidity was associated with lower odds of receiving OACs and rhythm-control procedures but increased odds of AADs. This presents a clinical conundrum as multimorbid patients potentially benefit the most from treatment with OACs.
Less dementia after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Kim Daehoon , Yang Pil-Sung , Sung Jung-Hoon , Jang Eunsun , Yu Hee Tae , Kim Tae-Hoon , Uhm Jae-Sun , Kim Jong-Youn , Pak Hui-Nam , Lee Moon-Hyoung , Lip Gregory Y H , Joung Boyoung 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aims
Accumulating evidence shows that atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of dementia. Catheter ablation for AF prolongs the duration of sinus rhythm, thereby improving the quality of life. We investigated the association of catheter ablation for AF with the occurrence of dementia.

Methods and results
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, among 194 928 adults with AF treated with ablation or medical therapy (antiarrhythmic or rate control drugs) between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2015, we studied 9119 patients undergoing ablation and 17 978 patients managed with medical therapy. The time-at-risk was counted from the first medical therapy, and ablation was analysed as a time-varying exposure. Propensity score-matching was used to correct for differences between the groups. During a median follow-up of 52 months, compared with patients with medical therapy, ablated patients showed lower incidence and risk of overall dementia (8.1 and 5.6 per 1000 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.58–0.93). The associations between ablation and dementia risk were consistently observed after additionally censoring for incident stroke (hazard ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.61–0.95) and more pronounced in cases of ablation success whereas no significant differences observed in cases of ablation failure. Ablation was associated with lower risks of dementia subtypes including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.

Conclusion
In this nationwide cohort of AF patients treated with catheter ablation or medical therapy, ablation was associated with decreased dementia risk. This relationship was evident after censoring for stroke and adjusting for clinical confounders.
The Influence of Age and Obesity-Altered Muscle Tissue Composition on Muscular Dimensional Changes: Impact on Strength and Function
Authors: Giuliani Hayden K , Shea Nic W , Gerstner Gena R , Mota Jacob A , Blackburn J Troy , Ryan Eric D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if muscular dimensional changes with increases in torque production are influenced by age- and obesity-related increases in intramuscular fat, and its relationship to percent body fat (%BF), echo intensity (EI), strength, and maximum walking speed. Sixty-six healthy men were categorized into 3 groups based on age and body mass index status (young normal weight [YNW], older normal weight [ONW], and older obese [OB]). Participants underwent %BF assessments, resting ultrasonography to determine muscle size (cross-sectional area [CSA]) and EI of the superficial quadriceps, and a 10-m maximum walking speed assessment. Maximal and submaximal (rest–100% MVC in 10% increments) isometric leg extension strength was assessed while changes in rectus femoris (RF) CSA, width, and depth were obtained with ultrasonography. Echo intensity and %BF were different among all groups (p ≤ .007), with the YNW and OB groups exhibiting the lowest and highest %BF and EI values, respectively. The RF increased in depth and decreased in width with increases in torque intensity for all groups. The ONW group demonstrated no change (−0.08%) in RF CSA across torque intensities, whereas the YNW group (−11.5%) showed the greatest decrease in CSA, and the OB group showed a more subtle decrease (−4.6%). Among older men, a greater change in RF CSA was related to poorer EI (r = −0.355) and higher %BF (r = −0.346), while a greater decrease in RF width was associated with faster walking speeds (r = −0.431). Examining muscular dimensional changes during contraction is a unique model to investigate the influence of muscle composition on functional performance.
The Predicament of Large Numbers of Observations and How We Got There: Critical Review
Authors: Levinson Stanley S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Classical statistics were developed in a time when small sample sizes were the norm; thus, statistical significance typically ensured large clinical effects. Over the past 10–20 years, computational techniques have allowed studies with modest effects to reach statistical significance (usually P &lt; 0.05) by analyzing very large numbers of patients. In this review, I discuss how this came about and provide an intuitive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of various statistical parameters that provide insight into clinical effect sizes.

Content
In this review of the literature, a simple web-based program was used for calculations. Examples are shown. Odds and risk ratios are compared with ROC curves to allow better understanding of their predictive value.

Summary
In these complex times, an intuitive understanding of statistical procedures is increasingly important. This review will attempt to advance the reader’s knowledge so that one can calculate the number needed to treat and its confidence interval, understand the meaning of a modest association, and determine when a study is likely to be accurate but with questionable clinical utility.
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Coupled to Chemometrics as a Cost-Effective, Rapid, and Non-Destructive Tool for Fish Fraud Control: Monitoring Source, Condition, and Nutritional Value of Five Common Whitefish Species
Authors: Gonçalves Diogo B , Santos Carla S P , Pinho Teresa , Queirós Rafael , Vaz Pedro D , Bloore Mark , Satta Paolo , Kovács Zoltán , Casal Susana , Hoffmann Isabel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fish fraud is a problematic issue for the industry. For it to be properly addressed will require the use of accurate, rapid, and cost-effective tools. In this work, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict nutritional values (protein, lipids, and moisture) as well as to discriminate between sources (farmed vs. wild fish) and conditions (fresh or defrosted fish). Samples of five whitefish species—Alaskan pollock (Gadus chalcogrammu), Atlantic cod (G. morhua), European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), common sole (Solea solea), and turbot (Psetta maxima)—including farmed, wild, fresh, and frozen ones, were scanned by a low-cost handheld near infrared reflectance spectrometer with a spectral range between 900 and 1700 nm. Several machine learning algorithms were explored for both regression and classification tasks, achieving precisions and coefficients of determination higher than 88% and 0.78, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to cluster samples according to classes where good linear discriminations were denoted. Loadings from PCA revealed bands at 1150, 1200, and 1400 nm as the most discriminative spectral regions regarding classification of both source and condition, suggesting the absorbance of OH, CH, CH2, and CH3 groups as the most important ones. This study shows the use of NIRS and both linear and non-linear learners as a suitable strategy to address fish fraud and fish QC.
Analysis of the Diversity of the AvBD Gene Region in Japanese Quail
Authors: Ishige Taichiro , Hara Hiromi , Hirano Takashi , Kono Tomohiro , Hanzawa Kei 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The avian β-defensin (AvBD) gene region is an important component of the innate immune system, encoding a variety of antimicrobial peptides. The AvBD region forms a multigene cluster in a specific chromosomal region. Comparison of the AvBD region among various birds suggests the presence of defects, duplications, and pseudogenization at many loci. The AvBD region in certain galliform birds, namely chicken, turkey, and bobwhite quail, includes AvBD3, -6, and -7, with the latter exhibiting copy number variants (CNVs) in chickens. DNA for genomic analysis was extracted from the peripheral blood of 99 randomly selected quail (Coturnix japonica) from 6 inbred lines. Nine CjAvBD1 and 8 CjAvBD12 alleles were detected. Ten haplotypes, including three that were strain specific, were found in alleles from the quail AvBD1 (CjAvBD1) and -12 (CjAvBD12) loci. Next-generation sequencing was used to determine the nucleotide sequences of the CjAvBD gene region (56–70 kb) for 7 homozygous diplotypes of these 10 haplotypes. These 7 haplotypes contained between 12 and 16 CjAvBD genes and were composed of 11 common loci: CjAvBD1, -2, -4, -5, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, and -14, but lacked CjAvBD3 and -7. Furthermore, up to 5 CjAvBD101 (AvBD6 ortholog) CNVs were observed among the 7 haplotypes. In addition, we detected amino acid substitutions causing net charge mutations that could affect antimicrobial activity in CjAvBD4, -13, -14, and -101. These results suggest that the CjAvBD region is unique among the Galliformes and that its diversity results in potential functional variation in innate immunity.
The promise of direct-to-consumer COVID-19 testing: ethical and regulatory issues
Authors: Kalokairinou Louiza , Zettler Patricia J , Nagappan Ashwini , Kyweluk Moira A , Wexler Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Widespread diagnostic and serological (antibody) testing is one key to mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. While at first, the majority of COVID-19 diagnostic testing in the USA took place in healthcare settings, quickly a direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing market also emerged. In these DTC provision models, the test is initiated by a consumer and the sample collection occurs at home or in a commercial laboratory. Although the provision of DTC tests has potential benefits—such as expanding access to testing and reducing the risk of exposure for consumers and medical personnel—it also raises significant ethical and regulatory concerns. This article reviews these challenges and shows how they parallel and also diverge from prior concerns raised in the DTC health testing arena. The first part of this paper provides an overview of the landscape of diagnostic and serological tests for COVID-19, anticipating how provision models are likely to evolve in the future. The second part discusses five primary issues for DTC COVID-19 tests: test accuracy; potential misinterpretation of results; misleading claims and other misinformation; privacy concerns; and fair allocation of scarce resources. We conclude with recommendations for regulators and companies that aim to ensure ethically marketed DTC COVID-19 tests.
Roles for ALDH10 enzymes in γ-butyrobetaine synthesis, seed development, germination, and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jacques Florian , Zhao Yingjuan , Kopečná Martina , Končitíková Radka , Kopečný David , Rippa Sonia , Perrin Yolande 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPlant genomes generally contain two aldehyde dehydrogenase 10 (ALDH10) genes, which encode NAD+-dependent enzymes. These oxidize various aminoaldehydes that are produced by the catabolism of amino acids and polyamines. ALDH10s are closely related to the animal and fungal trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenases (TMABADHs) that are involved in the synthesis of γ-butyrobetaine, the precursor of carnitine. Here, we explore the ability of the Arabidopsis thaliana proteins AtALDH10A8 and AtALDH10A9 to oxidize aminoaldehydes. We demonstrate that these enzymes display high TMABADH activities in vitro. Moreover, they can complement the Candida albicans tmabadhΔ/Δ null mutant. These findings illustrate the link between AtALDH10A8 and AtALDH10A9 and γ-butyrobetaine synthesis. An analysis of single and double knockout Arabidopsis mutant lines revealed that the double mutants had reduced γ-butyrobetaine levels. However, there were no changes in the carnitine contents of these mutants. The double mutants were more sensitive to salt stress. In addition, the siliques of the double mutants had a significant proportion of seeds that failed to mature. The mature seeds contained higher amounts of triacylglycerol, facilitating accelerated germination. Taken together, these results show that ALDH10 enzymes are involved in γ-butyrobetaine synthesis. Furthermore, γ-butyrobetaine fulfils a range of physiological roles in addition to those related to carnitine biosynthesis.
Are Events Things of the Past?
Authors: Bacharach Julian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA popular claim in recent philosophy of mind and action is that events only exist once they are over. This has been taken to have the consequence that many temporal phenomena cannot be understood ‘from the inside’, as they are unfolding, purely in terms of events. However, as I argue here, the claim that events exist only when over is incoherent. I consider two ways of understanding the claim and the notion of existence it involves: one that ties existence to the logic of quantification, and another that assimilates the existence of an event to that of a continuant. The first of these, I argue, cannot be the right way to understand the target claim, as there are serious logical obstacles to regarding this notion of existence as temporally variable. The second, on the other hand, leaves it ultimately mysterious what the existence of an event could amount to. I close with the suggestion that the undeniable temporal asymmetries which parties to the debate are interested in are properly understood in perspectival, not ontological, terms.