bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Spectrum of MR Imaging Patterns Suggestive of Pediatric Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Children With Cerebral X‐Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Ozturk Kerem , McKinney Alexander M. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEChildren receiving chemotherapy, or immunosuppression have an increased risk for pediatric posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (pPRES); pPRES is scantly described in cerebral X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) patients, for which hematopoietic stem cell transplantation improves outcomes. This study aimed to describe distinctive lesion patterns, distribution, and evolution of neuroimaging findings in PRES in a single‐center pediatric cohort of cALD.METHODSWe retrospectively identified all clinically acquired brain MRIs of children with cALD at a tertiary care university hospital between 1995 and 2020. We reviewed clinical features, conventional MRI, and diffusion‐weighted imaging findings of patients with gray matter and white matter (WM) changes suggestive of concurrent PRES‐cALD. Associations between the distinctive anatomic features, distribution, and abnormal signal intensity on MRI were examined with regard to the etiology and clinical outcome.RESULTSOur search revealed a series of eight pediatric cALD patients presenting with seizures, headache, or altered mental status with MRI findings suggestive of both PRES and cALD simultaneously. In each, the cortical‐subcortical vasogenic edema on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery was consistent with pPRES, overlying the periventricular WM (PVWM) involvement typical of cALD. Of these 8 patients, the cortical‐subcortical lesions on FLAIR were completely reversible on follow‐up MRI in 7, but only partially reversible in 1.CONCLUSIONSIt is crucial to recognize that pPRES can occur in cALD, notably, the cortical edema and leptomeningeal enhancement can accelerate the diagnosis of superimposed pPRES, while the PVWM lesions of cALD remain following the resolution of pPRES.
Is it necessary to evaluate urinary tract infection in children with lower respiratory tract infection?
Authors: Kim Jeong Min , Koo Ja Wook , Kim Hyo‐Bin 
Published: August 2020

AimAlthough the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has been reported as 3.1–10.0%, the exact concomitant prevalence is questionable. Here, we evaluated the prevalence and related risk factors of UTI associated with LRTI in children under 36 months of age.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 1574 patients under 36 months of age who were hospitalised with LRTI from January 2017 to December 2019 in a single centre, Seoul, South Korea. Among them, we analysed 278 patients who showed fever and performed urine evaluation. Urine was collected by catheterisation in children under 24 months of age and by voided urine between 24 and 36 months of age.ResultsThe prevalence of concomitant UTI and LRTI was 13.6% in children under 24 months of age. Mean age was significantly younger in the UTI versus non‐UTI group (6.93 ± 7.26 months vs. 12.61 ± 11.70 months;P < 0.001). When the participants were stratified by age, the prevalence of UTI was significantly higher in children younger than 24 months of age compared to older ones (P= 0.006). UTIs were more prevalent in boys than in girls (14.6% vs. 5.8%,P= 0.018). Peak body temperature, fever duration, premature birth and detected respiratory virus type did not differ between groups.ConclusionsIt is not uncommon for children with LRTI with fever to be accompanied by UTI. When evaluating for UTI in children with febrile LRTI, age and sex must be considered.
Clinical trial to test the efficacy of melatonin in COVID‐19
Authors: Acuña‐Castroviejo Dario , Escames Germaine , Figueira Juan C. , de la Oliva Pedro , Borobia Alberto M. , Acuña‐Fernández Carlos 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe pharmacological properties of melatonin are well known. However, there is noticeable the lack of clinical trials that confirm the efficacy, security, absence of side effects in the short and long term, and the effective doses of melatonin. This point is especially important in diseases with high morbidity and mortality including COVID‐19. There is not treatment for COVID‐19, and several anti‐inflammatory and antiviral molecules are being tested, and different vaccines are in preparation. Although the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic is apparently improving, it is expected new resurges next fall. Thus, looking for an effective treatment of COVID‐19 is mandatory. Melatonin has significant anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and mitochondrial protective effects, and its efficacy has been demonstrated in multiple experimental models of disease and in a clinical trial in sepsis. Because COVID‐19 courses with a severe septic response, multiple reviews proposing melatonin as a treatment for COVID‐19 have been published. Nevertheless, there is a lack of experimental and clinical data on the use of melatonin on SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Accordingly, we designed a clinical trial with an injectable formulation of melatonin for intravenous perfusion in ICU patients suffering from COVID‐19 that has been just approved by the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS). The trial will allow by the first time understand the doses and efficacy of melatonin against COVID‐19.
The evolution of pyrrolizidine alkaloid diversity among and within Jacobaea species
Authors: Chen Yangan , Mulder Patrick P. J. , Schaap Onno , Memelink Johan , Klinkhamer Peter G. L. , Vrieling Klaas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPlants produce many secondary metabolites showing considerable inter‐ and intraspecific diversity of concentration and composition as a strategy to cope with environmental stresses. The evolution of plant defenses against herbivores and pathogens can be unraveled by understanding the mechanisms underlying chemical diversity. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are a class of secondary metabolites with high diversity. We performed a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 80 pyrrolizidine alkaloids with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry of leaves from 17 Jacobaea species including one to three populations per species with 4–10 individuals per population grown under controlled conditions in a climate chamber. We observed large inter‐ and intraspecific variation in pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration and composition, which were both species‐specific. Furthermore, we sequenced 11 plastid and three nuclear regions to reconstruct the phylogeny of the 17 Jacobaea species. Ancestral state reconstruction at the species level showed mainly random distributions of individual pyrrolizidine alkaloids. We found little evidence for phylogenetic signals, as nine out of 80 pyrrolizidine alkaloids showed a significant phylogenetic signal for Pagel's λ statistics only, whereas no significance was detected for Blomberg's K measure. We speculate that this high pyrrolizidine alkaloid diversity is the result of the upregulation and downregulation of specific pyrrolizidine alkaloids depending on ecological needs rather than gains and losses of particular pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis genes during evolution.
Parasitic plant causes an ephemeral “rainbow” pattern in a reservoir bank
Authors: Bonanomi Giuliano , Salvatori Nicole , Zotti Maurizio , Stinca Adriano , Motti Riccardo , Idbella Mohamed , Cartenì Fabrizio , Mazzoleni Stefano , Giannino Francesco 
Published: August 2020

AbstractQuestionIn the fall 2018 we observed an atypical pattern with concentric belts of green, yellow, and brown vegetation. What are the causes of the pattern? Localized water depletion, soil spatial heterogeneity and the activity of pathogenic organisms were tested as alternative hypotheses.LocationBanks of a water reservoir, Alento basin in south Italy (40°19′04.50″ N; 15°06′45.35″ E).MethodsBelts were monitored for floristic composition and plant health status. In each zone, 17 soil parameters were analysed (soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity, limestone content, organic C, Olsen P, total N, C/N ratio, cations exchange capacity, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). Soil moisture was monitored by soil probes, positioned at 10 cm depth. The incidence of pathogens and parasitic plants was visually estimated. Finally, model simulations were carried out to explore the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors in the formation of the belts.ResultsThe vegetation survey revealed that the green belt was characterized by a monospecific stand of Xanthium italicum with a plant density >190 individuals per m2. All plants were healthy. In the yellow belt, instead, Xanthium italicum was attacked by the parasitic plant Cuscuta campestris with an incidence >70%. In the brown belt all Xanthium italicum was still standing but dead, with an incidence of Cuscuta campestris attack >94%. No differences in soil chemistry were recorded in the three belts, while soil moisture was slightly lower in the green belt, likely as a result of a higher evapotranspiration rate. The modelling simulation well reproduced the banded vegetation, supporting the role of the parasitic plant in the formation of the pattern.ConclusionsBy combining extensive field measurements with detailed modelling work, we revealed, for the first time, the primary role of a parasitic plant in the formation of a regular and ephemeral vegetation pattern.
Steatosis as main determinant of portal hypertension through a restriction of hepatic sinusoidal area in a dietary rat nash model
Authors: Barberá Aurora , Raurell Imma , García‐Lezana Teresa , Torres‐Arauz Manuel , Bravo Miren , Hide Diana , Gil Mar , Salcedo María Teresa , Genescà Joan , Martell María , Augustin Salvador 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsPortal hypertension (PH) can be present in pre‐cirrhotic stages, even in absence of fibrosis in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Liver endothelial dysfunction (ED) has been shown as responsible for this effect in short‐term dietary animal models. We evaluated the persistence of PH and underlying mechanisms in a long‐term rat model of NASH.MethodsSprague‐Dawley rats were fed 8 or 36 weeks with control diet or high‐fat high‐glucose/fructose diet. Metabolic parameters, histology, ED and haemodynamics were characterized. Structural characteristics of liver sections were analysed using image analysis.ResultsBoth interventions reproduced NASH histological hallmarks (with steatosis being particularly increased at 36 weeks), but neither induced fibrosis. The 36‐week intervention induced a significant increase in portal pressure (PP) compared to controls (12.1 vs 8.7 mmHg, P < .001) and the 8‐week model (10.7 mmHg, P = .006), but all features of ED were normalized at 36 weeks. Image analysis revealed that the increased steatosis at 36‐week was associated to an increase in hepatocyte area and a significant decrease in the sinusoidal area, which was inversely correlated with PP. The analysis provided a critical sinusoidal area above which animals were protected from developing PH and below which sinusoidal flux was compromised and PP started to increase.ConclusionLiver steatosis per se (in absence of fibrosis) can induce PH through a decrease in the sinusoidal area secondary to the increase in hepatocyte area in a long‐term diet‐induced rat model of NASH. Image analysis of the sinusoidal area might predict the presence of PH.
Hepatitis C treatment uptake among people who inject drugs in the oral direct‐acting antiviral era
Authors: Falade‐Nwulia Oluwaseun , Gicquelais Rachel E. , Astemborski Jacquie , McCormick Sean D. , Kirk Greg , Sulkowski Mark , Thomas David L. , Mehta Shruti H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundIncreased uptake of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment among people who inject drugs (PWID) will be critical to achieve HCV elimination goals. There are limited data on HCV treatment uptake among PWID recruited from community‐based settings in the HCV direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) era.MethodsWe analysed data from PWID with HCV newly recruited into the Baltimore, Maryland‐based AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) cohort between 2015 and 2018. We characterized the HCV care continuum and evaluated factors associated with HCV treatment uptake.ResultsOf the 418 PWID with HCV, the median age was 49 years and most (88%) reported recent injection drug use (IDU). Overall, 23% had ever been evaluated by a provider for HCV treatment, 17% ever initiated DAA treatment and 13% were cured of HCV infection. Treatment uptake approximately doubled between 2015 and 2018 (13% to 26%, P = .01). In multivariable analyses, HIV infection (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 2.5 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.3, 4.8]), current employment (aOR 4.1 [CI 1.2, 14.4]), having a primary care provider (aOR 4.3 [CI 1.2, 14.9) and longer duration of IDU (aOR 1.3 [CI 1.1, 1.6]) were positively associated with HCV treatment. PWID with a lower annual income (≤$5000) were less likely to have initiated HCV treatment (aOR 0.5 [CI 0.3, 0.98]).ConclusionsAlthough HCV treatment uptake among PWID in this community‐based setting in the DAA era remains suboptimal, it is encouraging that treatment uptake has increased in recent years. Innovative strategies are needed to reach all PWID infected with HCV.
The Un Oeuf study: Design, methods and baseline data from a cluster randomised controlled trial to increase child egg consumption in Burkina Faso
Authors: Stark Heather , Omer Anteneh , Wereme N'Diaye Aïssata , Sapp Amanda C. , Moore Emily V. , McKune Sarah L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn many low‐income countries, such as Burkina Faso, rates of malnutrition are high among children. Research indicates that animal source foods may provide important elements to improve growth and development of young children, especially during periods of rapid development, such as the first 1,000 days of life. The Un Oeuf study is designed to test an innovative behaviour change communication strategy to increase egg consumption in children 6–24 months in Burkina Faso, thereby improving dietary diversity and nutritional outcomes. This 1‐year cluster randomised controlled trial tests whether the gifting of chickens by a community champion directly to a child, combined with a behaviour change package of integrated poultry management and human nutrition trainings, can significantly increase egg consumption among children under 2 years in rural communities where egg consumption is very low. The nutrition‐sensitive behaviour change package is designed to increase egg consumption through improving livestock production, women's empowerment and food security at the household level. This paper presents a detailed account of the study design and protocol for the Un Oeuf study, alongside a description of the study population. Baseline data show a study population with high rates of malnutrition (stunting 21.6%, wasting 10.8% and underweight 20.4%) and a very low rate of egg consumption—less than 10% among children. Although poultry production is quite common, egg consumption is low reportedly because of cultural norms, including widespread practice of allowing eggs to hatch and a lack of knowledge about the nutritional benefits of egg consumption.
Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition improves cognitive function and parenchymal artery dilation in a hypertensive model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion
Authors: Matin Nusrat , Fisher Courtney , Lansdell Theresa A. , Hammock Bruce D. , Yang Jun , Jackson William F. , Dorrance Anne M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveParenchymal arterioles (PAs) regulate perfusion of the cerebral microcirculation, and impaired PA endothelium‐dependent dilation occurs in dementia models mimicking chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are vasodilators; their actions are potentiated by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition. We hypothesized that chronic sEH inhibition with trifluoromethoxyphenyl‐3 (1‐propionylpiperidin‐4‐yl) urea (TPPU) would prevent cognitive dysfunction and improve PA dilation in a hypertensive CCH model.MethodsBilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) was used to induce CCH in twenty‐week‐old male stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHSRP) that were treated with vehicle or TPPU for 8 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed by novel object recognition. PA dilation and structure were assessed by pressure myography, and mRNA expression in brain tissue was assessed by qRT‐PCR.ResultsTPPU did not enhance resting cerebral perfusion, but prevented CCH‐induced memory deficits. TPPU improved PA endothelium‐dependent dilation but reduced the sensitivity of PAs to a nitric oxide donor. TPPU treatment had no effect on PA structure or biomechanical properties. TPPU treatment increased brain mRNA expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor, doublecortin, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, sEH, and superoxide dismutase 3,ConclusionsThese data suggest that sEH inhibitors may be viable treatments for cognitive impairments associated with hypertension and CCH.
Correlation between urinary incontinence and psychosis in patients with advanced‐stage Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nakahara Keiichi , Kurisaki Ryoichi , Nakane Shunya , Sakamoto Tetsuro , Ikeda Tokunori , Yamashita Tetsuji , Uekawa Kazutoshi , Ando Yukio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify the factors associated with psychosis in advanced‐stage Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsIn this observational cross‐sectional study, we reviewed clinical personal records of patients with PD. They were classified as a stage 3 or above on the Hoehn and Yahr scale, and were treated as outpatients or inpatients at our institute between April 1, 2013, and November 30, 2013. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to discriminate PD with psychosis from PD without psychosis.ResultsThe majority of patients with PD were female (male, 34; female, 57). Median age was 75.0 years (interquartile range: 67.0 to 80.0), and median duration of PD was 9 years (interquartile range: 5.0 to 13.0). Psychosis was diagnosed in 21 patients (23.1%): 19 had hallucinations and five had delusions. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that psychosis significantly correlated with the presence of urinary incontinence (UI) and dyskinesia.ConclusionIn advanced‐stage PD, psychosis is related to UI and dyskinesia.
RPW8.1 enhances the ethylene‐signaling pathway to feedback‐attenuate its mediated cell death and disease resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhao Zhi‐Xue , Feng Qin , Liu Peng‐Qiang , He Xiao‐Rong , Zhao Jing‐Hao , Xu Yong‐Ju , Zhang Ling‐Li , Huang Yan‐Yan , Zhao Ji‐Qun , Fan Jing , Li Yan , Xiao Shunyuan , Wang Wen‐Ming 
Published: August 2020

Summary

The Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) activates confined cell death and defense against different pathogens. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms still remain elusive.

Here, we show that RPW8.1 activates ethylene signaling that, in turn, negatively regulates RPW8.1 expression. RPW8.1 binds and stabilizes 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase 4 (ACO4), which may in part explain increased ethylene production and signaling in RPW8.1‐expressing plants. In return, ACO4 and other key components of ethylene signaling negatively regulate RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and disease resistance via suppressing RPW8.1 expression.

Loss of function in ACO4, EIN2, EIN3 EIL1, ERF6, ERF016 or ORA59 increases RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and defense response. By contrast, overexpression of EIN3 abolishes or significantly compromises RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and disease resistance. Furthermore, ERF6, ERF016 and ORA59 appear to act as trans‐repressors of RPW8.1, with OAR59 being able to directly bind to the RPW8.1 promoter.

Taken together, our results have revealed a feedback regulatory circuit connecting RPW8.1 and the ethylene‐signaling pathway, in which RPW8.1 enhances ethylene signaling, and the latter, in return, negatively regulates RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and defense response via suppressing RPW8.1 expression to attenuate its defense activity.
Involvement of astrocytes activation in orofacial hyperalgesia induced by experimental tooth movement
Authors: Li Cui‐Xia , Liu Jia , Zhou Kai‐Xiang , Zhao Wen‐Jun , Zhao Yan , Jin Zuo‐Lin , Gu Ze‐Xu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the involvement of astrocytes in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) in the orofacial hyperalgesia induced by experimental tooth movement (ETM) and related mechanism.Materials and MethodsExperimental tooth movement was produced with nickel‐titanium alloy closed‐coil spring fixed between the left maxillary first molar and the left upper incisor. Fluorocitrate was administrated through medullary subarachnoid at 3 days after ETM. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) in masseter cutaneous area was measured. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and c‐Fos in MDH was measured using immunofluoroscence staining. The expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and phosphorylated N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunit NR1 (p‐NR1) was measured with Western blotting.ResultsExperimental tooth movement‐induced orofacial hyperalgesia from 1 to 9 days as the PPT was significantly reduced (P < .05). Immunofluoroscence staining showed that the expression of c‐Fos in MDH was dramatically upregulated at 1 day and 3 days after ETM, while GFAP expression with both immunofluoroscence staining and Western blotting was significantly enhanced at 3 days and 7 days after ETM. Western blotting analysis indicated that the expression of IL‐1β and p‐NR1 in MDH was significantly enhanced at 3 days after ETM. Furthermore, we found that fluorocitrate administration at 3 days after ETM could markedly suppress the expression of c‐Fos, GFAP, IL‐1β and p‐NR1 and attenuate the reduction of PPT induced by ETM.ConclusionAstrocyte activation in MDH is involved in the mechanical hyperalgesia, and the subsequent upregulated IL‐1β and overexpression of p‐NR1 may participate in this process.
Development of lung metastases in mouse models of tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Marcazzan Sabrina , Dadbin Ali , Brachi Giulia , Blanco Elvin , Varoni Elena Maria , Lodi Giovanni , Ferrari Mauro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 3%–4% of all cancers. Despite the increasing incidence of OSCC distant metastasis and poor prognosis, few animal models of OSCC distant metastasis have been reported. In this study, we established mouse models of OSCC lung metastasis by orthotopic and tail vein injection of new OSCC cell lines.MethodsFor the tail vein model, we used a novel cell line isolated from lung metastases reproduced in vivo after intravenous injection of HSC‐3 GFP/luciferase cells and sorted for GFP expression (HSC‐3 M1 GFP/luciferase). Lung metastases were assessed by imaging techniques and further confirmed by histology. For the orthotopic model, HSC‐3 GFP/luciferase cells were injected into the tongue of athymic nude mice. The primary tumor and metastases were assessed by in vivo imaging, histology, and immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe orthotopic model presented spontaneous lung metastases in 50% of the animals and lymph node metastases were present in 83% of cases. In the tail vein model, a lung metastasis rate of 60% was observed.ConclusionsLung metastases were successfully reproduced by orthotopic and tail vein injection. Since lymph node metastases were present, the orthotopic model with HSC‐3 GFP/luciferase cells may be suitable to investigate metastatic dissemination in OSCC.