bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping VIS-terahertz (≤17 THz) surface plasmons sustained on native and chemically functionalized percolated gold thin films using EELS
Authors: Abellan Patricia , El-Khoury Patrick Z , Ramasse Quentin M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Heterogeneous assemblies of molecules (Rhodamine B) adsorbed onto a nano-corrugated metallic surface (a percolated Au network) are investigated using electron energy loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM-EELS). Our first measurements target the native metallic substrate, which consists of a commercial Au thin film atop an ultrathin carbon membrane. The Au film displays a percolated morphology with nanostructures of estimated thickness ≤10 nm approximately. We observe a rich plasmonic response from the metallic substrate; one which varies nanometrically and spans the VIS-terahertz region. Multiple localized plasmons are detected at individual nanometric integrated areas, while an analysis of their spatial distribution reveals that for each integrated energy range (50 meV integration window) resonances are simultaneously supported at different locations within the film. We record subsequent EEL spectrum images of the hybrid molecular–metallic construct after deposition of Rhodamine B molecules onto the substrate, where plasmons, molecular vibrations and electronic excitations might all be simultaneously detected. A comparison of average signals for both systems is performed and spectral variations within the three spectral regions where molecular signatures may be observed are discussed. Our measurements and their analysis, if applied to the same location before and after molecular deposition, may be used to rationalize optical microscopic and spectroscopic measurements that take advantage of the interplay between molecules and plasmons.
Development of a secondary electron energy analyzer for a transmission electron microscope
Authors: Magara Hideyuki , Tomita Takeshi , Kondo Yukihito , Sato Takafumi , Akase Zentaro , Shindo Daisuke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A secondary electron (SE) energy analyzer was developed for a transmission electron microscope. The analyzer comprises a microchannel plate (MCP) for detecting electrons, a coil for collecting SEs emitted from the specimen, a tube for reducing the number of backscattered electrons incident on the MCP, and a retarding mesh for selecting the energy of SEs incident on the MCP. The detection of the SEs associated with charging phenomena around a charged specimen was attempted by performing electron holography and SE spectroscopy using the energy analyzer. The results suggest that it is possible to obtain the energy spectra of SEs using the analyzer and the charging states of a specimen by electron holography simultaneously.
Pre-processing, group accretion, and the orbital trajectories of associated subhaloes
Authors: Bakels Lucie , Ludlow Aaron D , Power Chris 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We use a high-resolution cosmological dark matter-only simulation to study the orbital trajectories of haloes and subhaloes in the environs of isolated hosts. We carefully tally all apsis points and use them to distinguish haloes that are infalling for the first time from those that occupy more evolved orbits. We find that roughly 21 per cent of resolved subhaloes within a host’s virial radius are currently on first infall, and have not yet reached their first orbital pericentre; roughly 44 per cent are still approaching their first apocentre after infall. For the range of host masses studied, roughly half of all accreted systems were pre-processed prior to infall, and about 20 per cent were accreted in groups. We confirm that the entire population of accreted subhaloes – often referred to as ‘associated’ subhaloes – extends far beyond the virial radii of their hosts, with roughly half currently residing at distances that exceed ≈1.2 × r200. Many of these backsplash haloes have gained orbital energy since infall, and occupy extreme orbits that carry them well past their initial turnaround radii. Such extreme orbits are created during the initial accretion and dissolution of loosely bound groups, but also through penetrating encounters between subhaloes on subsequent orbits. The same processes may also give rise to unexpectedly abrupt losses of orbital energy. These effects combine, giving rise to a large variation in the ratio of sequent apocentres for accreted systems. We find that, within two virial radii from host centres, the concentrations of first-infall haloes are remarkably similar to those of isolated field haloes, whereas backsplash haloes, as well as systems that were pre-processed, are considerably more concentrated.
The complex architecture of p53 binding sites
Authors: Senitzki Alon , Safieh Jessy , Sharma Vasundhara , Golovenko Dmitrij , Danin-Poleg Yael , Inga Alberto , Haran Tali E 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sequence-specific protein-DNA interactions are at the heart of the response of the tumor-suppressor p53 to numerous physiological and stress-related signals. Large variability has been previously reported in p53 binding to and transactivating from p53 response elements (REs) due, at least in part, to changes in direct (base) and indirect (shape) readouts of p53 REs. Here, we dissect p53 REs to decipher the mechanism by which p53 optimizes this highly regulated variable level of interaction with its DNA binding sites. We show that hemi-specific binding is more prevalent in p53 REs than previously envisioned. We reveal that sequences flanking the REs modulate p53 binding and activity and show that these effects extend to 4–5 bp from the REs. Moreover, we show here that the arrangement of p53 half-sites within its REs, relative to transcription direction, has been fine-tuned by selection pressure to optimize and regulate the response levels from p53 REs. This directionality in the REs arrangement is at least partly encoded in the structural properties of the REs. Furthermore, we show here that in the p21-5′ RE the orientation of the half-sites is such that the effect of the flanking sequences is minimized and we discuss its advantages.
An unexpected large continental source of reactive bromine and chlorine with significant impact on wintertime air quality
Authors: Peng Xiang , Wang Weihao , Xia Men , Chen Hui , Ravishankara A R , Li Qinyi , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Liu Pengfei , Zhang Fei , Zhang Chenglong , Xue Likun , Wang Xinfeng , George Christian , Wang Jinhe , Mu Yujing , Chen Jianmin , Wang Tao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Halogen atoms affect the budget of ozone and the fate of pollutants such as hydrocarbons and mercury. Yet their sources and significances in polluted continental regions are poorly understood. Here we report the observation of unprecedented levels (averaging at 60 parts per trillion) of bromine chloride (BrCl) at a mid-latitude site in North China during winter. Widespread coal burning in rural households and a photo-assisted process were the primary source of BrCl and other bromine gases. BrCl contributed about 55% of both bromine and chlorine atoms. The halogen atoms increased the abundance of ‘conventional’ tropospheric oxidants (OH, HO2 and RO2) by 26%–73%, and enhanced oxidation of hydrocarbon by nearly a factor of two and the net ozone production by 55%. Our study reveals the significant role of reactive halogen in winter atmospheric chemistry and the deterioration of air quality in continental regions where uncontrolled coal combustion is prevalent.
Outcomes of Vascular and Endovascular Interventions Performed During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
Authors: Benson Ruth A. , Nandhra Sandip 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
The aim of the COVER Study is to identify global outcomes and decision making for vascular procedures during the pandemic.

Background Data:
During its initial peak, there were many reports of delays to vital surgery and the release of several guidelines advising later thresholds for vascular surgical intervention for key conditions.

Methods:
An international multi-center observational study of outcomes after open and endovascular interventions.

Results:
In an analysis of 1103 vascular intervention (57 centers in 19 countries), 71.6% were elective or scheduled procedures. Mean age was 67 ± 14 years (75.6% male). Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection was documented in 4.0%. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 11.0% [aortic interventions mortality 15.2% (23/151), amputations 12.1% (28/232), carotid interventions 10.7% (11/103), lower limb revascularisations 9.8% (51/521)]. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [odds ratio (OR) 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–3.15] and active lower respiratory tract infection due to any cause (OR 24.94, 95% CI 12.57–241.70) ware associated with mortality, whereas elective or scheduled cases were lower risk (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.22–0.73 and 0.60, 95% CI 0.45–0.98, respectively. After adjustment, antiplatelet (OR 0.503, 95% CI: 0.273–0.928) and oral anticoagulation (OR 0.411, 95% CI: 0.205–0.824) were linked to reduced risk of in-hospital mortality.

Conclusions:
Mortality after vascular interventions during this period was unexpectedly high. Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases were uncommon. Therefore an alternative cause, for example, recommendations for delayed surgery, should be considered. The vascular community must anticipate longer term implications for survival.
Structural insights into the recognition of histone H3Q5 serotonylation by WDR5
Authors: Zhao Jie , Chen Wanbiao , Zhang Yinfeng , Yang Fan , Shen Nan , Zhang Xuan , Mo Xi , Zang Jianye 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSerotonylation of histone H3Q5 (H3Q5ser) is a recently identified posttranslational modification of histones that apparently acts as a permissive marker for gene activation in synergy with H3K4me3 during neuronal cell differentiation. However, any proteins which specifically recognize H3Q5ser remain unknown. Here, we discovered that WDR5 interacts with the N-terminal tail of histone H3 and functions as a ‘reader’ for H3Q5ser. Crystal structures of WDR5 in complex with H3Q5ser and H3K4me3Q5ser peptides revealed that the serotonyl group is accommodated in a shallow surface pocket of WDR5. Experiments in neuroblastoma cells demonstrate that WDR5 colocalizes with H3Q5ser in the promoter regions of cancer-promoting genes, where it promotes gene transcription to induce cell proliferation. Thus, beyond revealing a previously unknown mechanism through which WDR5 reads H3Q5ser to activate transcription, our study suggests that this WDR5-H3Q5ser mediated epigenetic regulation apparently promotes tumorigenesis.
Probiotic fermented milk with high content of polyphenols: Study of viability and bioaccessibility after simulated digestion
Authors: Pena Fabíola L , Souza Mariana C , Valle Maria Carolina P R , Bezerra Rosangela M N , Rostagno Maurício A , Antunes Adriane E C 
Published: December 2020

This research evaluated the functional potential of a fermented milk made with Streptococcus thermophilus, a probiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis) and pomegranate juice. Ferric‐reducing antioxidant potential, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, scavenging effect on 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl free radical, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and Folin–Ciocalteu assays were used to estimate antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Probiotic survival, release and absorption of polyphenols were evaluated using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The concentration of polyphenols increased during digestion from 608 mg to 1417 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) /L. About 14% of polyphenols were found on the dialysate portion. The beverage presented high viability of probiotics with high survival rate after digestion (above 7 log cfu/mL).
Resource Adjustment Costs, Cost Stickiness, and Value Creation in Mergers and Acquisitions*
Authors: Jang Youngki , Yehuda Nir 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTWe examine whether resource adjustment costs, such as installation and disposal costs for fixed assets, or hiring and firing costs for employees, impede value creation in mergers and acquisitions (M&A). We focus on M&A deals because they are major corporate investment decisions. As a proxy for adjustment costs, we use a firm‐level measure of cost stickiness. We predict that acquirers with high adjustment costs have less flexibility in restructuring resources following the acquisition and will find it more costly to merge the target firm's operations. Consistent with this prediction, we find that the acquirer's adjustment costs are negatively associated with abnormal returns around the acquisition announcement. Additionally, adjustment costs are also negatively associated with deal synergies. Relatedly, we find that acquirers with high adjustment costs purchase targets with high adjustment costs. In accordance with this finding, we show that acquirers with high adjustment costs purchase intangible‐intensive targets. Collectively, our results highlight the important implication of adjustment costs in M&A deals for managers and capital market participants.
New developments in corneal endothelial cell replacement
Authors: Spinozzi Daniele , Miron Alina , Bruinsma Marieke , Dapena Isabel , Kocaba Viridiana , Jager Martine J. , Melles Gerrit R. J. , Ni Dhubhghaill Sorcha , Oellerich Silke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCorneal transplantation is currently the most effective treatment to restore corneal clarity in patients with endothelial disorders. Endothelial transplantation, either by Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) or by Descemet stripping (automated) endothelial keratoplasty (DS(A)EK), is a surgical approach that replaces diseased Descemet membrane and endothelium with tissue from a healthy donor eye. Its application, however, is limited by the availability of healthy donor tissue. To increase the pool of endothelial grafts, research has focused on developing new treatment options as alternatives to conventional corneal transplantation. These treatment options can be considered as either ‘surgery‐based’, that is tissue‐efficient modifications of the current techniques (e.g. Descemet stripping only (DSO)/Descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty (DWEK) and Quarter‐DMEK), or ‘cell‐based’ approaches, which rely on in vitro expansion of human corneal endothelial cells (hCEC) (i.e. cultured corneal endothelial cell sheet transplantation and cell injection). In this review, we will focus on the most recent developments in the field of the ‘cell‐based’ approaches. Starting with the description of aspects involved in the isolation of hCEC from donor tissue, we then describe the different natural and bioengineered carriers currently used in endothelial cell sheet transplantation, and finally, we discuss the current ‘state of the art’ in novel therapeutic approaches such as endothelial cell injection.
The rhetorical use of the threat of the far‐right in the UK Brexit debate
Authors: Goodman Simon 
Published: December 2020

While attention has been given to understanding support for the far‐right, there is a lack of focus on the way in which a threat of the far‐right can be used for political ends. This paper addresses this using the UK Brexit debate as an illustration. The question therefore is: What is talk about the far‐right used to do in discussions about Brexit? A discursive psychological approach addresses a sample of newspaper reports containing both ‘Far‐Right’ and ‘Brexit’, from the first quarter of 2019 (n = 45). The analysis identifies a range of uses of talk about the far‐right: (1) An opponent of Brexit is called a Nazi by pro‐Brexit protesters, who are labelled far‐right; (2) A lack of Brexit is presented as fuel for the far‐right; (3) Remain supporters reject the idea that a lack of Brexit fuels the far‐right; (4) A link with the far‐right is rejected by a prominent Brexit supporter; and (5) Support for Brexit is again linked with the far‐right. The far‐right can be used as a strategic tool by opposing sides of the Brexit debate and – significantly – the supposed threat of the far‐right can be used to placate far‐right ideas, rather than to genuinely challenge them.
Co‐designing the Cabriotraining: A training for transdisciplinary teams
Authors: Sergeant Sofie , Schippers Alice P. , Sandvoort Henriëtte , Duijf Sanneke , Mostert Remco , Embregts Petri J. C. M. , Van Hove Geert 
Published: December 2020

Accessible summary

The research was conducted by a team of researchers. Some of the researchers have experience of living with a disability.

The researchers created training for other research teams that include experts by experience.

The training has six parts. To decide what happened in the training, the researchers read articles and asked the research teams they trained about what problems they had and what they wanted to know about.

The article tells why and how the training was made. It also says what training is needed for researchers with and without disabilities to learn and work together in a way that feels safe and useful.

In developing and providing the training, it was very crucial to search for a safe and welcome space for all people involved (Figure 8). As we don't know what is “safe” for the other, this means we have to search together, in respect and with enough time to get to know each other.

AbstractBackgroundResearchers collected questions and needs for training from 10 inclusive research projects in the Netherlands. Based on literature research and the information collected, six training modules were developed. Researchers sought to learn how to develop and provide training and coaching to inclusive teams on organising collaboration in the different stages of their research projects.MethodAn iterative training development process to support inclusive research projects was initiated by a research duo backed by a transdisciplinary team including researchers, trainers and designers. Some members of the team have experiential knowledge based on living with a disability.ResultsLiterature research resulted in four guiding theories, including Universal Design for Learning, Derrida's concept of Hospitality, post‐materialist theory looking at agency as an assemblage, and Romiszowski's model situated within Instructional Design theory. Insights gained during development of the training modules are documented with text, figures and vignettes. A core finding was the need to add “Level Zero” to Romiszowski's model: a collective term created for all the interacting issues trainers had to consider because of research group diversity.ConclusionsHospitality formed the heart of “Level Zero.” Creating a failure‐free space for learning is an important pre‐condition for the development and organisation of training. Training can inspire exploration and reflection on collaboration and can illuminate how to conduct research within transdisciplinary teams. Essential practices included working with nonverbal research methods, as these are (more) fit for purpose when including the knowledge of experts by experience and incorporating practice‐ and stakeholder‐based knowledge.
Bet v 1 contiguous overlapping peptides anchored to virosomes with TLR4 agonist enhance immunotherapy efficacy in mice
Authors: Airouche Sabi , Beltrami Vanya , Fleury Sylvain , Batard Thierry , Bordas‐Le Floch Véronique , Stegmann Toon , Amacker Mario , Kettner Alexander , Mascarell Laurent 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhereas sublingual allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is routinely performed without any adjuvant or delivery system, there is a strong scientific rationale to better target the allergen(s) to oral dendritic cells known to support regulatory immune responses by using appropriate presentation platforms.ObjectiveTo identify a safe presentation platform able to enhance allergen‐specific tolerance induction.MethodsVirosomes with membrane‐integrated contiguous overlapping peptides (COPs) of Bet v 1 and TLR4 or TLR2/TLR7 agonists were assessed for induction of Bet v 1–specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgE antibodies, hypersensitivity reactions and body temperature drop following subcutaneous injection in naive CD‐1 mice. The most promising candidate, Bet v 1 COPs anchored to virosomes with membrane‐incorporated TLR4 agonist (Vir.A‐Bet v 1 COPs), was further evaluated by the sublingual route in a therapeutic setting in BALB/c mice with birch pollen‐induced allergic asthma. Airway hyperresponsiveness, pro‐inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavages and polarization of Th cells in the lungs and spleen were then assessed.ResultsBoth types of adjuvanted virosomes coupled to Bet v 1 COPs triggered a boosted Th1 immunity. Given a more favourable safety profile, Vir.A‐Bet v 1 COPs were further evaluated and shown to able to fully reverse asthma symptoms and lung inflammation in a sublingual therapeutic model of birch pollen allergy.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceWe report herein for the first time on the capacity of a novel and safe presentation platform, that is virosomes with membrane‐integrated TLR4 agonist, to improve dramatically sublingual AIT efficacy in a murine model due to its intrinsic dual properties of targeting and stimulating to further promote anti‐allergic immune responses. As such, our study paves the ground for further clinical development of this allergen presentation platform for patients suffering from respiratory allergies.
Identifying the ‘Achilles heel’ of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Battaglia M , Buckner J H , Levings M K , Richardson S J , Wong F S , Tree T I 
Published: December 2020

SummaryWhen Thetis dipped her son Achilles into the River Styx to make him immortal, she held him by the heel, which was not submerged, and thus created a weak spot that proved deadly for Achilles. Millennia later, Achilles heel is part of today's lexicon meaning an area of weakness or a vulnerable spot that causes failure. Also implied is that an Achilles heel is often missed, forgotten or under-appreciated until it is under attack, and then failure is fatal. Paris killed Achilles with an arrow ‘guided by the Gods’. Understanding the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in order to direct therapy for prevention and treatment is a major goal of research into T1D. At the International Congress of the Immunology of Diabetes Society, 2018, five leading experts were asked to present the case for a particular cell/element that could represent ‘the Achilles heel of T1D’. These included neutrophils, B cells, CD8+ T cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, and enteroviruses, all of which have been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Did a single entity emerge as ‘the’ Achilles heel of T1D? The arguments are summarized here, to make this case.