bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sport and sustainable development in Botswana: towards policy coherence
Authors: Moustakas Louis , Işık Arda Alan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThere are increasing connections made between sport and sustainable development, both internationally and within Botswana’s national policies. However, these policy documents are vague and overly broad. There is no focus on where or how sport can be positioned to support sustainable development within Botswana’s unique national context. Using policy coherence as a theoretical framework, the goal of this paper is to analyse the current policy as well as propose national policy objectives and instruments to support sport’s contribution to sustainable development in Botswana. This paper relies on findings generated through semi-structured qualitative interviews, policy documents and academic literature. We propose that sport should be re-oriented to achieve objectives related to economic development, education, and health. Numerous concrete policy instruments are likewise suggested, including investing in small-scale sport infrastructure, public awareness campaigns and better sport educator training. Ultimately, these instruments enhance the coherence of the overall policy and create synergies by addressing multiple overarching objectives simultaneously.
The Question of 2047: Constitutional Fate of “One Country, Two Systems” in Hong Kong
Authors: Tu Yunxin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe history of Hong Kong is intertwined with British colonialism and China’s Hong Kong policies. This history offers unique and important lessons on the rise and fall of Hong Kong’s constitutional order. In accordance with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, China declares 12 basic policies regarding Hong Kong and has translated these into the 1990 Hong Kong Basic Law. It is generally held that “One Country, Two Systems” will be the main constitutional architecture of Hong Kong for 50 years, and it will remain basically unchanged even after 2047. However, there are obvious difficulties and enormous differences on the interpretation of Article 5 of the Hong Kong Basic Law concerning the true meaning of “unchanged for 50 years.” Recent years have witnessed the great need for deciphering the time-code of the Basic Law because the question of 2047 draws closer and closer to the central stage for the determination of Hong Kong’s constitutional future. This Article aims to provide legal analysis on Article 5 of Hong Kong Basic Law and the constitutional fate of Hong Kong toward 2047. It distinguishes all sorts of Article 5 interpretations into three broad categories: “Unchanged for 50 years” as international promise, “unchanged for 50 years” as political commitment, and “unchanged for 50 years” as constitutional obligation. Different approaches have been utilized for various constitutional interpretations. But all in all, the constitutional puzzles regarding “unchanged for 50 years” must be addressed within the framework of the temporality of the Basic Law in a fast-paced world. In order to maintain the constitutional stability and endurance, to secure the unamendability of “One Country, Two Systems” in 2047 will be the best blessing for Hong Kong in every possible way.
Antibiotic utilization variability among training services at an academic medical center: An observational study
Authors: Cinnamon Katherine A. , Schulz Lucas T , Sheehy Ann M. , O’Neill Sean M. , Lalik Edward , Fox Barry C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:Evaluate the difference in antibiotic prescribing between various levels of resident training or attending types.Design:Observational, retrospective study.Setting:Tertiary-care, academic medical center in Madison, Wisconsin.Methods:We measured antibiotic utilization from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2018, in our general medicine (GM) and hospitalist services. The GM1 service is staffed by outpatient internal medicine physicians, the GM2 service is staffed by geriatricians and hospitalists, and the GM3 service is staffed by only hospitalists. The GMA service is led by junior resident physicians, and the GMB service is led by senior resident physicians. We measured utilization using days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 patient days (PD). In a secondary analysis based on antibiotic spectrum, we used average DOT per 1,000 PD.Results:Teaching services prescribed more antibiotics than nonteaching services (671.6 vs 575.2 DOT per 1,000 PD; P < .0001). Junior resident–led services used more antibiotics than senior resident–led services (740.9 vs 510.0 DOT per 1,000 PD; P < .0001). Overall, antibiotic prescribing was numerically similar between various attending physician backgrounds. A secondary analysis showed that GM services prescribed more broad-spectrum, anti-MRSA, and anti-pseudomonal antibiotics than the hospitalist services. GM junior resident–led services prescribed more broad-spectrum, anti-MRSA, and antipseudomonal therapy compared to their senior counterparts.Conclusions:Antibiotics were prescribed at a significantly higher rate in services associated with trainees than those without. Services led by a junior resident physician prescribed antibiotics at a significantly higher rate than services led by a senior resident. Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure should be targeted toward resident physicians, especially junior trainees.
Dietary quality is associated with reduced risk of diabetes among adults in Northern China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Tan Siyue , Lu Haiwen , Song Ruier , Wu Jing , Xue Mingming , Qian Yonggang , Wang Wenrui , Wang Xuemei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, we analysed the prevalence of diabetes in Inner Mongolia and explored the relationship between dietary patterns and diabetes using the Chinese Dietary Balance Index-16 (DBI-16). This study was a surveillance survey of Chronic Disease and Nutrition Monitoring among Chinese Adults in Inner Mongolia in 2015. Dietary data were collected using the 24-h dietary recall and weighing method over three consecutive days. Dietary quality was evaluated via the DBI-16. A generalised linear model was used to examine the associations between the DBI-16 and dietary patterns. The relationship between dietary patterns and diabetes was analysed using logistic regression. In Inner Mongolia, the diabetes prevalence was 8·5 % and the estimated standardised prevalence was 6·0 %. Four major dietary patterns were identified: ‘meat/dairy products’, ‘traditional northern’, ‘high cereal/tuber’ and ‘high-salt/alcohol’. Generalised linear models showed that the ‘meat/dairy product’ pattern was relatively balanced (βLBS = –1·993, βHBS = –0·206, βDQD = –2·199; all P < 0·05) and was associated with a lower diabetes risk (OR 0·565; 95 % CI 0·338, 0·945; P < 0·05) after adjusting for potential confounders. The other three dietary patterns (i.e. ‘traditional northern’, ‘high cereal/tuber’ and ‘high-salt/alcohol’) exhibited relatively unbalanced dietary quality and were unassociated with diabetes risk. Diabetes prevalence in Inner Mongolia was moderate. The dietary quality of the ‘meat/dairy product’ pattern was relatively balanced and was correlated with a decreased risk of diabetes prevalence, suggesting that dietary quality may help decrease diabetes prevalence and provide a suggestion for local dietary guidelines.
Microencapsulated pomegranate peel extract induces mitochondrial complex IV activity and prevents mitochondrial cristae alteration in brown adipose tissue in mice fed on a high-fat diet
Authors: Echeverria Francisca , Jimenez Patino Paula Andrea , Castro-Sepulveda Mauricio , Bustamante Andres , Garcia Concha Paula Andrea , Poblete-Aro Carlos , Valenzuela Rodrigo , Garcia-Diaz Diego F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPomegranate peel is an agro-industrial residue obtained after fruit processing with high total polyphenol (TP) content, making it an attractive by-product for its reuse. Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and its bioactive compounds have shown positive effects on obesity models. Effects on favouring mitochondrial biogenesis and function have also been described. However, once phenolic compounds are extracted, their stability can be affected by diverse factors. Microencapsulation could improve PPE stability, allowing its incorporation into functional foods. Nevertheless, studies on the potential biological effects of PPE microparticles (MPPE) in obesity models are lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effect of MPPE on brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondrial structure and function and metabolic alterations related to obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). PPE was microencapsulated by spray drying using inulin (IN) as a wall material and physically–chemically characterised. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n40) were randomly distributed into five groups: control diet (CD), HFD, HFD + IN, HFD + PPE (50 mg/kg per d TP) and HFD + MPPE (50 mg/kg per d TP), for 14 weeks. A glucose tolerance test and indirect calorimetry were conducted. Blood and adipose tissue samples were obtained. MPPE supplementation prevented HFD-induced body weight gain (P< 0·001), fasting glycaemia (P= 0·007) and total cholesterol rise (P= 0·001). MPPE resulted in higher BAT mitochondrial complex IV activity (P= 0·03) and prevented HFD-induced mitochondrial cristae alteration (P= 0·02). In conclusion, MPPE prevented HFD-induced excessive body weight gain and associated metabolic disturbances, potentially by activating complex IV activity and preserving mitochondrial cristae structure in BAT in mice fed with a HFD.
A new visual/inertial integrated navigation algorithm based on sliding-window factor graph optimisation
Authors: Liu Haiying , Wang Jingqi , Feng Jianxin , Wang Xinyao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVisual–Inertial Navigation Systems (VINS) plays an important role in many navigation applications. In order to improve the performance of VINS, a new visual/inertial integrated navigation method, named Sliding-Window Factor Graph optimised algorithm with Dynamic prior information (DSWFG), is proposed. To bound computational complexity, the algorithm limits the scale of data operations through sliding windows, and constructs the states to be optimised in the window with factor graph; at the same time, the prior information for sliding windows is set dynamically to maintain interframe constraints and ensure the accuracy of the state estimation after optimisation. First, the dynamic model of vehicle and the observation equation of VINS are introduced. Next, as a contrast, an Invariant Extended Kalman Filter (InEKF) is constructed. Then, the DSWFG algorithm is described in detail. Finally, based on the test data, the comparison experiments of Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), InEKF and DSWFG algorithms in different motion scenes are presented. The results show that the new method can achieve superior accuracy and stability in almost all motion scenes.
Designing, Implementing, and Managing a National Emergency Medical Service in Sierra Leone
Authors: Ragazzoni Luca , Caviglia Marta , Rosi Paolo , Buson Riccardo , Pini Sara , Merlo Federico , Della Corte Francesco , Vandy Matthew Jusu , Jambai Amara , Putoto Giovanni 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSierra Leone is one of the least developed low-income countries (LICs), slowly recovering from the effects of a devastating civil war and an Ebola outbreak. The health care system is characterized by chronic shortage of skilled human resources, equipment, and essential medicines. The referral system is weak and vulnerable, with 75% of the country having insufficient access to essential health care. Consequently, Sierra Leone has the highest maternal and child mortality rates in the world. This manuscript describes the implementation of a National Emergency Medical Service (NEMS), a project aiming to create the first prehospital emergency medical system in the country. In 2017, a joint venture of Doctors with Africa (CUAMM), Veneto Region, and Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Medicine (CRIMEDIM) was developed to support the Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MOHS) in designing and managing the NEMS system, one of the very few structured, fully equipped, and free-of-charge prehospital service in the African continent. The NEMS design was the result of an in-depth research phase that included a preliminary assessment, literature review, and consultations with key stakeholders and managers of similar systems in other African countries. From May 27, 2019, after a timeframe of six months in which all the districts have been progressively trained and made operational, the NEMS became operative at national level. By the end of March 2020, the NEMS operation center (OC) and the 81 ambulances dispatched on the ground handled a total number of 36,814 emergency calls, 35,493 missions, and 31,036 referrals.
Energetic Neutral Atoms From Jupiter's Polar Regions
Authors: Mauk B. H. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Clark G. , Connerney J. E. P. , Gladstone G. R. , Haggerty D. K. , Kollmann P. , Mitchell D. G. , Paranicas C. P. , Roelof E. C. , Rymer A. M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEnergetic Neutral Atom (ENA) cameras on orbiting spacecraft at Earth and Saturn helped greatly to diagnose these complex magnetospheres. Within this decade, the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer will make ENA imaging a major thrust in understanding Jupiter's complex magnetosphere. The present polar‐orbiting Juno mission at Jupiter carries no ENA camera. But, the Jupiter Energetic‐particle Detector Instrument is sensitive to >50 keV ENAs, provided there are no local charged particles to mask their presence. Juno offers great service to interpreting past serendipitous and future dedicated ENA imaging with its orbit providing unique viewing perspectives. Here we report Juno observations of ENAs from Jupiter's polar regions. These ENAs likely arise from energetic ions that nearly precipitate in the main auroral regions and mirror magnetically within, and charge exchange with, Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Jupiter proves itself different from Saturn, as ENAs generated from precipitating ions were not identified there.
Super resolution microscopy and deep learning identify Zika virus reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Long Rory K. M. , Moriarty Kathleen P. , Cardoen Ben , Gao Guang , Vogl A. Wayne , Jean François , Hamarneh Ghassan , Nabi Ivan R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex subcellular organelle composed of diverse structures such as tubules, sheets and tubular matrices. Flaviviruses such as Zika virus (ZIKV) induce reorganization of ER membranes to facilitate viral replication. Here, using 3D super resolution microscopy, ZIKV infection is shown to induce the formation of dense tubular matrices associated with viral replication in the central ER. Viral non-structural proteins NS4B and NS2B associate with replication complexes within the ZIKV-induced tubular matrix and exhibit distinct ER distributions outside this central ER region. Deep neural networks trained to distinguish ZIKV-infected versus mock-infected cells successfully identified ZIKV-induced central ER tubular matrices as a determinant of viral infection. Super resolution microscopy and deep learning are therefore able to identify and localize morphological features of the ER and allow for better understanding of how ER morphology changes due to viral infection.
Evaluation of FGFR inhibitor ASP5878 as a drug candidate for achondroplasia
Authors: Ozaki Tomonori , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Iimori Yuki , Takeshita Nobuaki , Yamagishi Yukiko , Nakamura Hiroaki , Kamohara Masazumi , Fujita Kaori , Tanahashi Masayuki , Tsumaki Noriyuki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAchondroplasia is caused by gain-of-function mutations in FGFR3 gene and leads to short-limb dwarfism. A stabilized analogue of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is known to elongate bone by interacting with FGFR3 signals and thus is a promising drug candidate. However, it needs daily administration by percutaneous injection. FGFR inhibitor compounds are other drug candidates for achondroplasia because they directly fix the mutant protein malfunction. Although FGFR inhibitors elongate the bone of model mice, their adverse effects are not well studied. In this study, we found that a new FGFR inhibitor, ASP5878, which was originally developed as an anti-cancer drug, elongated the bone of achondroplasia model male mice at the dose of 300 μg/kg, which confers an AUC of 275 ng·h/ml in juvenile mice. Although ASP5878 was less effective in bone elongation than a CNP analogue, it is advantageous in that ASP5878 can be administered orally. The AUC at which minimal adverse effects were observed (very slight atrophy of the corneal epithelium) was 459 ng·h/ml in juvenile rats. The positive discrepancy between AUCs that brought efficacy and minimal adverse effect suggests the applicability of ASP5878 to achondroplasia in the clinical setting. We also analyzed effects of ASP5878 in a patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model for achondroplasia and found the effects on patient chondrocyte equivalents. Nevertheless, cautious consideration is needed when referring to safety data obtained from its application to adult patients with cancer in clinical tests.
Incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C in China and the United States
Authors: Yang Ming , Parikh Neehar D. , Liu Huixin , Wu Elizabeth , Rao Huiying , Feng Bo , Lin Andy , Wei Lai , Lok Anna S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States (US) and an increasingly common cause of HCC in China. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of HCC in HCV patients in the US and China. 795 HCV RNA + patients without HCC from University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) in the US and 854 from Peking University Health Sciences Center (PUHSC) in China were prospectively followed for a median of 3.2 and 4.0 years, respectively. 45.4% UMHS and 16.2% PUHSC patients had cirrhosis. 57.6% UMHS and 52.0% PUHSC patients achieved SVR. 45 UMHS and 13 PUHSC patients developed HCC. Cumulative incidence of HCC at 5 years was 7.6% in UMHS and 1.8% in PUHSC cohort (P < 0.001). Ten patients not diagnosed with cirrhosis at enrollment but median APRI ≥ 2.0 developed HCC. Multivariate analysis showed age, gender, cirrhosis and APRI were predictors of HCC while study site and SVR were not. In this study of HCV patients, HCC incidence in the PUHSC cohort was lower than in the UMHS cohort, due to lower proportion of PUHSC patients with cirrhosis. APRI can identify risk of HCC among patients not diagnosed to have cirrhosis.
Destination of apyrene sperm following migration from the bursa copulatrix in the monandrous swallowtail butterfly Byasa alcinous
Authors: Konagaya Tatsuro , Idogawa Naoto , Watanabe Mamoru 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMost male lepidopterans produce fertile eupyrene sperm and non-fertile apyrene sperm, both of which are transferred to the female in a spermatophore during mating. Apyrene sperm outnumbers eupyrene sperm and both sperm types migrate from the bursa copulatrix to the spermatheca after mating. While eupyrene sperm are maintained in the spermatheca until oviposition, the number of apyrene sperm decreases with time. It is unclear whether apyrene sperm disappear from all sperm storage organs in females because both sperm types are often observed in the spermathecal gland. To investigate this, the numbers of both sperm types were estimated in the spermatheca and spermathecal gland of female Byasa alcinous (a monandrous butterfly) 6, 12, 48, 96, and 192 h after mating terminated. Apyrene sperm arrived in the spermatheca earlier than eupyrene sperm; however, some eupyrene and apyrene sperm migrated to the spermathecal gland from the spermatheca at almost the same time. The number of apyrene sperm reached a peak 12 h after the termination of mating and then decreased with time in both the spermatheca and spermathecal gland. Our results suggest that the role of apyrene sperm might be completed early after arriving in the spermatheca of B. alcinous.
The retinal toxicity profile towards assemblies of Amyloid-β indicate the predominant pathophysiological activity of oligomeric species
Authors: Naaman Efrat , Ya’ari Sarah , Itzkovich Chen , Safuri Shadi , Macsi Flora , Kellerman Lior , Mimouni Michael , Mann Irit , Gazit Ehud , Adler-Abramovich Lihi , Zayit-Soudry Shiri 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAmyloid-β (Aβ), reported as a significant constituent of drusen, was implicated in the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), yet the identity of the major pathogenic Aβ species in the retina has remained hitherto unclear. Here, we examined the in-vivo retinal impact of distinct supramolecular assemblies of Aβ. Fibrillar (Aβ40, Aβ42) and oligomeric (Aβ42) preparations showed clear biophysical hallmarks of amyloid assemblies. Measures of retinal structure and function were studied longitudinally following intravitreal administration of the various Aβ assemblies in rats. Electroretinography (ERG) delineated differential retinal neurotoxicity of Aβ species. Oligomeric Aβ42 inflicted the major toxic effect, exerting diminished ERG responses through 30 days post injection. A lesser degree of retinal dysfunction was noted following treatment with fibrillar Aβ42, whereas no retinal compromise was recorded in response to Aβ40 fibrils. The toxic effect of Aβ42 architectures was further reflected by retinal glial response. Fluorescence labelling of Aβ42 species was used to detect their accumulation into the retinal tissue. These results provide conceptual evidence of the differential toxicity of particular Aβ species in-vivo, and promote the mechanistic understanding of their retinal pathogenicity. Stratifying the impact of pathological Aβ aggregation in the retina may merit further investigation to decipher the pathophysiological relevance of processes of molecular self-assembly in retinal disorders.
Eribulin as a first-line treatment for soft tissue sarcoma patients with contraindications for doxorubicin
Authors: Tsuchihashi Kenji , Kusaba Hitoshi , Yoshihiro Tomoyasu , Fujiwara Toshifumi , Setsu Nokitaka , Endo Makoto , Matsumoto Yoshihiro , Imajima Takashi , Shinohara Yudai , Ito Mamoru , Yamaga Satoru , Tanoue Kenro , Arimizu Kohei , Ohmura Hirofumi , Hanamura Fumiyasu , Yamaguchi Kyoko , Isobe Taichi , Ariyama Hiroshi , Nakashima Yasuharu , Akashi Koichi , Baba Eishi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDoxorubicin is a first-line therapy for patients with unresectable advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS). However, because of cardiotoxicities, it is not used for patients with cardiac problems. Eribulin has exhibited efficacy for advanced STS in second- or later-line treatments. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety of first-line eribulin therapy for patients with advanced STS unable to receive doxorubicin. Six of 28 patients who received eribulin as any line treatment received eribulin as a first-line treatment. The reasons for avoiding doxorubicin were as follows: cardiac problems for four patients and advanced age for two. Median progression-free survival (PFS) of the patients who received eribulin as first-line and, second or later-line therapy were 9.7 months (95% CI: 1.0-not reached) and 3.9 months (95% CI: 2.7–5.9), which were not significantly different. The reasons for discontinuation of eribulin were disease progression and adverse events (2 fatigue and 1 neuropathy) for three patients each. No treatment-related cardiotoxicity was observed. The findings of this study indicated that eribulin exhibits meaningful efficacy for the patients with contraindications for doxorubicin as a first-line treatment without cardiac adverse events. However, appropriate safety management is necessary because older patients are typically among those intolerable of doxorubicin.