bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental health insurance claims among spouses of frequent business travellers
Authors: Dimberg L A , Striker J , Nordanlycke-Yoo C , Nagy L , Mundt K A , Sulsky S I 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Following up on two earlier publications showing increased psychological stress and psychosocial effects of travel on the business travellers this study investigated the health of spouses of business travellers.Methods: Medical claims of spouses of Washington DC World Bank staff participating in the medical insurance programme in 1997–8 were reviewed. Only the first of each diagnosis with the ninth revision of the international classification of diseases (ICD-9) recorded for each person was included in this analysis. The claims were grouped into 28 diagnostic categories and subcategories.Results: There were almost twice as many women as men among the 4630 identified spouses. Overall, male and female spouses of travellers filed claims for medical treatment at about a 16% higher rate than spouses of non-travellers. As hypothesised, a higher rate for psychological treatment was found in the spouses of international business travellers compared with non-travellers (men standardised rate ratios (RR)=1.55; women RR=1.37). For stress related psychological disorders the rates tripled for both female and male spouses of frequent travellers (≥ four missions/year) compared with those of non-travelling employees. An increased rate of claims among spouses of travellers versus non-travellers was also found for treatment for certain other diagnostic groups. Of these, diseases of the skin (men RR=2.93; women RR=1.41) and intestinal diseases (men RR=1.31; women RR=1.47) may have some association with the spouses' travel, whereas others, such as malignant neoplasms (men RR=1.97; women RR=0.79) are less likely to have such a relation.Conclusion: The previously identified pattern of increased psychological disorders among business travellers is mirrored among their spouses. This finding underscores the permeable boundary between family relations and working life which earlier studies suggested, and it emphasises the need for concern within institutions and strategies for prevention.
Reversible sensorineural hearing loss after non-otological surgery under general anaesthetic
Authors: Pau H , Selvadurai D , Murty G E 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Acute sensorineural hearing loss can occur after both otolaryngological and non-otolaryngological procedures. The mechanism of such hearing loss remains unproved; but nitrous oxide has been implicated and where used, attendants should be aware of its potential damage to hearing. It is essential that patients with sudden hearing loss are identified as soon as possible as the recovery rate had been shown to be higher in those who presented early; and as our case demonstrates, complete recovery is possible. Anaesthetists, non-otolaryngological surgeons, and ward nurses must be aware of this early postoperative complication if appropriate treatment is to be instituted.
Teaching medical undergraduates basic clinical skills in hospice—is it practical?
Authors: Franks Alison L 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Aim
Basic clinical skills teaching to medical undergraduates was a new departure for the hospice stimulated by the changing philosophies and organisation of students' training. This study was undertaken to assess the practicalities of the venture.

Method
Questionnaires were designed for each of the three major groups of people involved, namely the students, the patients, and the hospice nurses. Involved patients completed theirs after teaching sessions, while the students and nurses were given two different questionnaires each, one at the start and another at the end of the academic year.

Results
All students completed both questionnaires. Overall they had acquired adequate skills to pass their end of year assessments and considered themselves more comfortable with difficult situations than may otherwise have been the case. The majority of patients had enjoyed the experience and found it personally educational and a change to hospice routines. The nurses' response rates were very poor, limiting any conclusions that could be drawn.

Conclusion
The venture was successful, stimulating, and practical for patients and students. Its impact on the nurses remains uncertain but, by their unusual lack of opinion expression, it can be inferred tentatively that this was minimal.
Management of the impalpable testis: a six year review together with a national experience
Authors: Williams E V , Appanna T , Foster M E 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The management of undescended testes remains variable, and the use of laparoscopy for localisation is controversial. This study reviews the need for laparoscopy and also assesses the current practice among a cohort of surgeons.
A retrospective review of all patients undergoing orchidopexy was performed, together with a postal survey of all members of the Welsh Surgical Society.
Of the 139 orchidopexies performed, the testis was deemed impalpable in 39 (28%) cases. All patients were treated with groin exploration, and only in two (5%) patients was the testis not located. From the survey, replies were received from 90 (81%) surgeons, of whom 65 (72%) were still performing orchidopexy. Forty eight (74%) surgeons performed orchidopexy between the age of 2 and 3, and only 32 (36%) performed preoperative investigations. The follow up period was variable with the majority of patients seen at six weeks.
Laparoscopy for the impalpable testis is not initially warranted. An inguinal exploration is regarded as the definitive investigation. This has the advantage of providing the diagnosis and treatment in the majority of cases.
Management of neurogenic dysphagia
Authors: Bakheit A M O 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Dysphagia is common in patients with neurological disorders. It may result from lesions in the central or peripheral nervous system as well as from diseases of muscle and disorders of the neuromuscular junction. Drugs that are commonly used in the management of neurological conditions may also precipitate or aggravate swallowing difficulties in some patients. Neurogenic dysphagia often results in serious complications, including pulmonary aspiration, dehydration, and malnutrition. These complications are usually preventable if the dysphagia is recognised early and managed appropriately.
Use of corporate sponsorship as a tobacco marketing tool: a review of tobacco industry sponsorship in the USA, 1995-99
Authors: Rosenberg N Jennifer , Siegel Michael 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo describe the nature and extent of tobacco company sponsorship in the USA during the period 1995-99 and analyse this sponsorship in a marketing context.DESIGNA cross-sectional study of tobacco company sponsorships identified through a customised research report from IEG Inc, and from internet web site searches.METHODSFirst, a customised report was received from IEG Inc, which identified sponsorship activities for Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, Brown & Williamson, Lorillard, and US Tobacco for the years 1997 and 1998. Second, the internet was systematically searched for tobacco industry sponsorships during the period 1995-99 by the same parent companies and their respective brands.RESULTSDuring the period 1995-99, tobacco companies sponsored at least 2733 events, programmes, and organisations in the USA. Sponsorships involved all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and the minimum total funding amount of these sponsorships was $365.4 million. Tobacco corporate sponsorships involved numerous small, community based organisations, both through direct funding and through grants to larger umbrella organisations, and many of these organisations were part of the public health infrastructure.CONCLUSIONSTobacco corporate sponsorship serves as an important marketing tool for tobacco companies, serving both a sales promotion and public relations function. Public health practitioners need to develop better surveillance systems for monitoring tobacco sponsorship, to seek out alternative funding sources for tobacco company sponsored events and organisations, and to consider promoting a ban on tobacco sponsorship, possibly linking such regulation to the creation of alternative funding sources.
Stability of Bifurcating Solutions for the Ginzburg–Landau Equations
Authors: Bolley Catherine , Helffer Bernard 
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with superconducting solutions of the Ginzburg–Landau equations for a film. We study the structure and the stability of the bifurcating solutions starting from normal solutions as functions of the parameters (κ, d), where d is the thickness of the film and κ is the Ginzburg–Landau parameter characterizing the material. Although κ and d play independent roles in the determination of these properties, we will exhibit the dominant role taken up by the product κd in the existence and uniqueness of bifurcating solutions as much as in their stability. Using the semi-classical analysis developed in our previous papers for getting the existence of asymmetric solutions and asymptotics for the supercooling field, we prove in particular that the symmetric bifurcating solutions are stable for (κ, d) such that κd is small and [Formula: see text] (for any η>0) and unstable for (κ, d) such that κd is large. We also show the existence of an explicit critical value Σ0 such that, for κ≤Σ0-η and κd large, the asymmetric solutions are unstable, while, for κ≥Σ0+η and κd large, the asymmetric solutions are stable. Finally, we also analyze the symmetric problem which leads to other stability results.
SOLUTIONS TO CONGRUENCES USING SETS WITH THE PROPERTY OF BAIRE
Authors: DOUGHERTY RANDALL 
Published: July 2002

Hausdorff's paradoxical decomposition of a sphere with countably many points removed (the main precursor of the Banach–Tarski paradox) actually produced a partition of this set into three pieces A,B,C such that A is congruent to B (i.e. there is an isometry of the set which sends A to B), B is congruent to C, and A is congruent to B ∪ C. While refining the Banach–Tarski paradox, R. Robinson characterized the systems of congruences like this which could be realized by partitions of the sphere with rotations witnessing the congruences: the only nontrivial restriction is that the system should not require any set to be congruent to its complement. Later, J. F. Adams showed that this restriction can be removed if one allows arbitrary isometries of the sphere to witness the congruences. The purpose of this paper is to characterize those systems of congruences which can be satisfied by partitions of the sphere or related spaces into sets with the property of Baire. A paper of Dougherty and Foreman gives a proof that the Banach–Tarski paradox can be achieved using such sets, and gives versions of this result using open sets and related results about partitions of spaces into congruent sets. The same method is used here; it turns out that only one additional restriction on a system of congruences is needed to make it solvable using subsets of the sphere with the property of Baire (or solvable with open sets if one allows meager exceptions to the congruences and the covering of the space) with free rotations witnessing the congruences. Actually, the result applies to any complete metric space acted on in a sufficiently free way by a free group of homeomorphisms. We also characterize the systems solvable on the sphere using sets with the property of Baire but allowing all isometries.
A Family of Quadrature Formulas Which Achieve High Accuracy in Composite Rules
Authors: Ralston A. 
Published: July 2002

A class of quadrature formulas is derived which achieve higher accuracy in composite rules (i.e., where the interval of integration is broken up into a number of subintervals) than analogous Newton-Cotes or Gaussian formulas. The cost of this higher accuracy is the computation of one or two more ordinates over the whole interval of integration.
The high accuracy is obtained by using Gaussian techniques in the interior of each subinterval and by using the endpoints of each subinterval as abscissas with weights of equal magnitude and opposite sign. In this way when the subintervals are put together only the endpoints of the whole interval of integration remain. It is proved that the abscissas are all real and interior to the subinterval and that the weights corresponding to the interior abscissas are positive.
Since the abscissas are not equally spaced, the method is not suited to tabular functions but rather to analytically given functions. The roundoff properties of the formulas are discussed and are shown to be quite good.
SABRAC, a time-sharing low-cost computer
Authors: Lehman M. , Netter Z. , Eshed R. 
Published: July 2002

The serial SABRAC computer designed and built in the Scientific Department of the Israel Defence Ministry has a 5000-location magnetic drum, main store. To avoid a need to resort to optimum programming techniques and to increase its overall efficiency the computer has also been given a 224-word ferrite core store from which the program is obeyed.
Transfers between the core and drum stores and to and from the twin paper-tape input and output channels are all available autonomously (concurrently, time-shared). Multiplication and division orders are also autonomous, so that the machine may be executing up to three orders simultaneously. All functions naturally are interlocked.
A number of other advanced orders and facilities are also incorporated. In particular, an “Execute” order permits a temporary jump for up to four orders and a second modifier register permits double modification in general and relative addressing of subroutines in particular. Thus the overall effective speed of the machine is much higher than its basic specification would lead one to expect and its design indicates one way in which the concepts of time sharing may be incorporated in “low-cost” computers.
HOW DO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES INDUCE TOLERANCE? A Role for Infectious Tolerance?
Authors: Waldmann Herman , Cobbold Stephen 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  One of the major goals in therapeutic immunosuppression has been to achieve long-term benefit from short-term therapy. The discovery in the mid-1980s that CD4 antibodies can induce immunological tolerance without depleting CD4+T cells has reawakened interest in the use of nondepleting monoclonal antibodies for reprogramming the immune system in autoimmunity and in transplantation. Since that time, antibodies to CD11a, CD4OL, CD25, CD3, and CTLA4-Ig have all been shown capable of facilitating tolerance. In order to apply the principle of reprogramming in the clinic, we have sought to understand the mechanisms that are involved in its induction and its maintenance. In a number of allogeneic transplant models (heart, skin, bone marrow) anti-CD4 (± CD8) antibodies can be shown to block the rejection process while selectively promoting the development of CD4+regulatory T cells responsible for a dominant tolerance that is reflected in findings of linked suppression and infectious tolerance. In these models, T cells that have never been exposed to CD4 antibodies become tolerant to grafted antigens by experiencing antigen in the microenvironment of regulatory T cells. Dominant tolerance is not the only mechanism that can be facilitated by CD4 Mab therapy. If allogeneic marrow is given at high cell doses under the umbrella of CD4 and CD8 antibodies, then tolerance can be achieved through clonal deletion.The mechanism by which regulatory CD4+T cells suppress is not yet defined but could be active or passive. We have proposed the “civil service model” to explain how tolerant T cells might interfere with the responses of competent T cells in such a way as to render them tolerant.The application of dominant infectious tolerance and linked suppression to clinical immunosuppression should not be underestimated because it suggests that tolerance acquired (through therapy) to a limited set of antigens can spread to embrace all others in the tissues under attack.
ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN LONG-TERM TREATMENT
Authors: Montgomery, M.D Stuart A. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  One of the most important recent developments in the management of depression is the recognition of the need for long-term treatment. Treatment of an episode of depression must continue after apparent response in order to consolidate response and prevent relapse. A continuation treatment period of at least four months after response of the acute episode is required in all patients with depression. Most depression is recurrent, and prophylactic treatment with antidepressants reduces the risk of new episodes. This treatment needs to be continued over very long periods, because the risk of new episodes does not appear to diminish with time. In selecting an antidepressant for long-term treatment efficacy, safety and tolerability in the long term should be taken into account since not all antidepressants have been adequately tested, and some do not appear to be effective. The most thoroughly tested antidepressants are the tricyclic imipramine and the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
CREATIVE HYPOTHESIS GENERATING IN PSYCHOLOGY: Some Useful Heuristics
Authors: McGuire William J. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]▪ Abstract  To correct a common imbalance in methodology courses, focusing almost entirely on hypothesis-testing issues to the neglect of hypothesis-generating issues which are at least as important, 49 creative heuristics are described, divided into 5 categories and 14 subcategories. Each of these heuristics has often been used to generate hypotheses in psychological research, and each is teachable to students. The 49 heuristics range from common sense perceptiveness of the oddity of natural occurrences to use of sophisticated quantitative data analyses in ways that provoke new insights.
Different Brain Mechanisms Mediate Sensitivity to Sensory Consonance and Harmonic Context: Evidence from Auditory Event-Related Brain Potentials
Authors: Regnault Pascaline , Bigand Emmanuel , Besson Mireille 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The goal of this study was to analyze the time-course of sensory (bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) processes that govern musical harmonic expectancy. Eight-chord sequences were presented to 12 musicians and 12 nonmusicians. Expectations for the last chord were manipulated both at the sensory level (i.e., the last chord was sensory consonant or dissonant) and at the cognitive level (the harmonic function of the target was varied by manipulating the harmonic context built up by the first six chords of the sequence). Changes in the harmonic function of the target chord mainly modulate the amplitude of a positive component peaking around 300 msec (P3) after target onset, reflecting top-down influences on the perceptual stages of processing. In contrast, changes in the acoustic structure of the target chord (sensory consonance) mainly modulate the amplitude of a late positive component that develops between 300 and 800 msec after target onset. Most importantly, the effects of sensory consonance and harmonic context on the event-related brain potentials associated with the target chords were found to be independent, thus suggesting that two separate processors contribute to the building up of musical expectancy.
Differential Contributions of the Left and Right Inferior Parietal Lobules to Number Processing
Authors: Chochon F. , Cohen L. , Moortele P. F. van de , Dehaene S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We measured cerebral activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla while eight healthy volunteers performed various number processing tasks known to be dissociable in brain-lesioned patients: naming, comparing, multiplying, or subtracting single digits. The results revealed the activation of a circuit comprising bilateral intraparietal, prefrontal, and anterior cingulate components. The extension and lateralization of this circuit was modulated by task demands. The intraparietal and prefrontal activation was more important in the right hemisphere during the comparison task and in the left hemisphere during the multiplication task and was intensely bilateral during the subtraction task. Thus, partially distinct cerebral circuits with the dorsal parietal pathway underlie distinct arithmetic operations.
AGENTS IN LATIN IMPERSONAL PASSIVES
Authors: Pieroni Silvia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine the properties of the agents in Latin impersonal constructions. First of all, explicit agents do occur with impersonal passives. Furthermore, when agents are not explicitly expressed, they are predictable from the context in a number of cases. The occurrence of explicit agents as well as their predictability seems crucially dependent upon the degree of Transitivity of the clause. The verbs that occur in impersonal constructions can be graded according to a scalar notion of Transitivity along a continuum from low-intransitives to high-intransitives. My hypothesis is that the lower the degree of Transitivity of the verbs the lower the referential properties shown by the agent. Moreover, according to my analysis, the category of non-referential agents should be split into two: generic (or universal) agents should be distinguished from non-referential indefinite ones on the basis of the inclusion or non-inclusion of all the participants in the event.
Exemplary Sodomites: Chivalry and Love in Late Ming Culture
Authors: Vitiello Giovanni 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis essay explores the ideological allegiances between the chivalric (xia) and the romantic (qing) in late Ming fiction and culture. Focusing on notions of friendship and love between men and their role in the formation of the late Ming romantic ideal, it also discusses the discourse on sodomy articulated in two treatises on male friendship by the Jesuit missionaries Matteo Ricci and Martino Martini, and the hypothesis of a late Ming homoerotic fashion.
SHAKESPEARE ON MONASTIC LIFE: NUNS AND FRIARS IN MEASURE FOR MEASURE
Authors: Beauregard David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAgainst recent claims that Shakespeare satirizes and demystifies religious life in Measure for Measure, this article maintains that Shakespeare is generally sympathetic to Franciscan nuns and friars, particularly so in this play. Indeed, Shakespeare works against the anti-fraternal tradition by reversing its conventions. Nuns and friars are represented as virtue figures, not vice figures. The secular characters are guilty of sexual irregularities, whereas the religious are chaste and work to regularize the marriages of the lay figures. The usual exposure of the sexual corruption and hypocrisy of the friar backfires on Lucio, the chief vice figure in the play. The virginal and temperate Isabella, a secular figure in Shakespeare's sources, is portrayed as a prospective novice of the Poor Clares over against the puritanical Angelo, whose hypocritical asceticism turns into lust. Angelo conducts a public shaming English Protestant style, whereas the Duke in Catholic fashion conducts a sympathetic auricular confession. Finally Isabella does not sacrifice her virginity or accept the Duke's offer of marriage, two things her counterparts in the sources invariably do. Shakespeare's reversal of anti-Catholic conventions requires us to reposition him as a Catholic rather than a conforming member of the Church of England.