bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of putrescine injection in broiler breeder eggs
Authors: Goes Emanuele Cristiny , Cardoso Dal Pont Gabriela , Oliveira Priscila Raijche , da Rocha Chayane , Maiorka Alex 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of putrescine injected in ovo on hatchability, intestinal morphology and pre‐starter performance of broilers. For this purpose, 720 eggs from broiler breeders were separated into a negative control (no injection) and injection treatments with increasing doses of putrescine (0.05; 0.1; 0.15 and 0.2%), totalling five treatments of 144 eggs each. Eggs were distributed in a completely randomized design inside the setter and the injection of solutions occurred at 17 days of incubation. After hatch, 330 birds were housed in mixed lots following the original treatments, totalling 5 treatments of 6 replicates with 11 birds each. Six birds per treatment were weighed and euthanized by cervical dislocation to collect the liver, intestine and breast 24 hr after injection, at hatch and 24 hr after hatch. At 2 days of age, intestines were collected from 4 animals per treatment to analyse histomorphology. The effects of putrescine levels were evaluated by polynomial regression models, ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% probability. The hatchability decreased linearly in response to increased doses of putrescine. The percentage of residual yolk was lower in animals that received putrescine compared to the control. After injection, the percentage of breast increased linearly, and the percentage of intestine had a quadratic response to increased doses of putrescine. However, 24 hr after hatch, the percentage of intestine linearly decreased, and the percentage of liver linearly increased in response to increased doses of putrescine. Villus height increased quadratically, crypt depth decreased linearly, and goblet cells increased linearly in response to the putrescine dose. FI and BWG were not affected in the pre‐starter phase; however, FCR increased in response to increased levels of putrescine. Due to putrescine effects on embryos, it is recommended that the doses injected in ovo not exceed 0.1%.
Characterization of Hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations A194T and CYEI and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or tenofovir alafenamide resistance
Authors: Liu Yang , Chang Silvia , Martin Ross , Flaherty John , Mo Hongmei , Feierbach Becket 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBoth the A194T and a quadruple mutation CYEI (S106C, H126Y, D134E and L269I) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase reverse transcriptase domain (pol/RT) are suggested to be associated with treatment failure with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). To further evaluate this assertion, the prevalence of these mutations at baseline as well as their development and/or loss during TDF and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) treatment was analysed in 3886 patients enrolled in Gilead HBV clinical studies. In total, six out of 3886 (0.2%) patients carried the rtA194T mutation, while only 1 patient carried a triple CYE and 2 patients carried a quadruple CYEI mutation at baseline. All the patients harbouring rtA194T or CYE/CYEI at baseline achieved viral suppression by week 96 after TDF or TAF treatment. No patients developed an rtA194T mutation or > 1 substitution of CYEI, and the number of patients losing any substitutions of CYEI (n = 17) was similar to the number who developed a single substitution of CYEI (n = 32) during treatment. Phenotypic evaluation of the site‐directed mutant (SDM) panel containing these mutations with or without other resistance mutations did not demonstrate a significant shift in TFV and TAF potency in vitro. No evidence of rtA194T and CYEI conferring resistance to TDF or TAF was observed based on the treatment responses to TDF or TAF in patients with mutations at baseline, the lack of selection of mutations after starting TDF or TAF treatment and no change in susceptibility to TFV or TAF in vitro.
Peri‐complication diagnosis of hepatitis C infection: Risk factors and trends over time
Authors: Lapointe‐Shaw Lauren , Chung Hannah , Sander Beate , Kwong Jeffrey C. , Holder Laura , Cerocchi Orlando , Austin Peter C. , Feld Jordan J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common and treatable cause of cirrhosis and its complications, yet many chronically infected individuals remain undiagnosed until a late stage. We sought to identify the frequency of and risk factors for HCV diagnosis peri‐complication, that is within six months of an advanced liver disease complication.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of Ontario residents diagnosed with chronic HCV infection between 2003 and 2014. HCV diagnosis peri‐complication was defined as the occurrence of decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver transplant within ±6 months of HCV diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for peri‐complication diagnosis among all those diagnosed with HCV infection.ResultsOur cohort included 39,515 patients with chronic HCV infection, of whom 4.2% (n = 1645) were diagnosed peri‐complication; these represented 31.6% of the 5,202 patients who developed complications in the follow‐up period. Peri‐complication diagnosis became more common over the study period and was associated with increasing age among baby boomers, alcohol use, diabetes mellitus, chronic HBV co‐infection and moderate to high levels of morbidity. Female sex, immigrant status, having more previous outpatient physician visits, a previous emergency department visit, a history of drug use or mental health visits were associated with reduced risk of peri‐complication diagnosis.ConclusionsOver a quarter of HCV‐infected patients with complications were diagnosed peri‐complication. This problem increased over time, suggesting a need to further expand HCV screening.
Reproduction of I‐type cosmic spherules and characterization in an Fe‐Ni‐O system
Authors: Shao Huimin , Isobe Hiroshi , Miao Bingkui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe chemical composition and texture of cosmic spherules are influenced by atmospheric conditions and the characteristics of their parent interplanetary particles. The objective of this study was to reproduce I‐type cosmic spherules, which consist mainly of Fe oxide and Fe‐Ni metal, and compare their textural characteristics with those of natural I‐type cosmic spherules. Thus, a series of rapid heating and quenching experiments were performed on free falling iron meteorite powders obtained from Canyon Diablo, in the United States. The experiments were conducted using a high‐temperature furnace with controlled gas flow rates at oxygen fugacities of FMQ + 2.4, FMQ, and FMQ − 2.5 log unit. The resulting Fe‐Ni metal and oxide phases showed the nonequilibrium state of the melted spherules formed during quenching. Two types of magnetite crystals in different orientations were found in iron oxide. As temperatures decreased, the molten metal was oxidized to form immiscible molten iron oxide that then covered the former. As the oxide melt increased at the expense of metal, magnetite began to crystallize from the iron oxide melt, as the liquidus phase, either on the surface or within the melt phase. The characteristics of the run products obtained under different oxygen fugacities were similar to those of natural I‐type cosmic spherules, which have textures and compositions that may contain information regarding the oxygen content of the upper atmosphere. Our study suggests that CO2‐bearing molecules in the atmosphere could form iron oxide with a texture similar to natural I‐type cosmic spherules. During this process, rapid crystallization of magnetite plays an important role in texture formation in disequilibrium states.
A revised shock history for the youngest unbrecciated lunar basalt—Northwest Africa 032 and paired meteorites
Authors: Mijajlovic Tatiana , Xue Xi , Walton Erin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNorthwest Africa (NWA) 032 is an unbrecciated porphyritic basalt found in the Moroccan desert in 1999. Constituent igneous minerals—olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase—exhibit shock deformation and transformation effects. NWA 032 is among the youngest radiometrically dated sample from the Moon, with concordant Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr ages of 2.947 ± 0.016 Ga and 2.931 ± 0.092, respectively, representing the timing of igneous crystallization. We present the first comprehensive study of shock metamorphism in NWA 032, with a focus on the structural state of fine‐grained plagioclase feldspar, shock deformation in olivine and pyroxene, and the microtexture and mineralogy of shock melts. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy, optical properties, and electron imaging confirm that plagioclase in this meteorite has been shock amorphized, which, for calcic plagioclase (An80‐90), requires shock pressures on the order of ~25–27 GPa. Shock pressures in this range are accompanied by a postshock temperature increase <200 °C. Shock deformation in olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts comprises undulose extinction to weak mosaicism, irregular fractures, polysynthetic mechanical twinning in pyroxene, and development of planar fractures in olivine. The shock effects in mafic minerals constrain the upper limit of shock in NWA 032 to have been <30 GPa. Shock melt in NWA 032 has quenched to glass of basaltic composition, representing localized in situ melting of igneous minerals by shearing along lithological boundaries to form shock veins and shock impedance contrasts to form isolated pockets of shock melt. These melts quench‐crystallized olivine and pyroxene during the pressure release (<14 GPa). Using recent experimental data on shock amorphization of feldspars, coupled with constraints on the formation of metastable minerals associated with shock melt, we have revised the shock pressure experienced by paired meteorites NWA 10597, NWA 4734, and LaPaz Icefield 02205/02224/0226/02436/03632/04841. These largely unbrecciated, basaltic meteorites experienced an equilibration shock pressure on the order of ~22–25 GPa, constrained by partial amorphization of precursor igneous bytownite. Our results are consistent with crater pairing and ejection in a single impact cratering event.
Systemic delivery of human GlyR IgG antibody induces GlyR internalization into motor neurons of brainstem and spinal cord with motor dysfunction in mice
Authors: Carvajal‐González A. , Jacobson L. , Clover L. , Wickremaratchi M. , Shields S. , Lang B. , Vincent A. 
Published: September 2020

AimsProgressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) is a life‐threatening condition often associated with highly raised serum antibodies to glycine receptors (GlyRs); these bind to the surface of large neurons and interneurons in rodent brain and spinal cord sections and, in vitro, inhibit function and reduce surface expression of the GlyRs. The effects in vivo have not been reported.MethodsPurified plasma IgG from a GlyR antibody‐positive patient with PERM, and a healthy control (HC), was injected daily into the peritoneal cavity of mice for 12 days; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to open the blood–brain barrier, was injected on days 3 and 8. Based on preliminary data, behavioural tests were only performed 48 h post‐LPS on days 5–7 and 10–12.ResultsThe GlyR IgG injected mice showed impaired ability on the rotarod from days 5 to 10 but this normalized by day 12. There were no other behavioural differences but, at termination (d13), the GlyR IgG‐injected mice had IgG deposits on the neurons that express GlyRs in the brainstem and spinal cord. The IgG was not only on the surface but also inside these large GlyR expressing neurons, which continued to express surface GlyR.ConclusionsDespite the partial clinical phenotype, not uncommon in passive transfer studies, the results suggest that the antibodies had accessed the GlyRs in relevant brain regions, led to antibody‐mediated internalization and increased GlyR synthesis, compatible with the temporary loss of function.
Diagnostic accuracy of fibroblast growth factor 23 for predicting acute kidney injury in patients with acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Pramong Nattha , Gojaseni Pongsathorn , Suttipongkeat Sarunyoo , Kiattisunthorn Kraiwiporn , Chittinandana Anutra 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundElevated plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) have emerged as a predictor for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and those with critical illnesses. However, accurate data in cases involving acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remains limited.MethodsSingle centre cohort study was performed in patients admitted for ADHF. Plasma c‐terminal FGF23 (c‐FGF23) was measured at baseline and 24 hours after being diagnosed with ADHF. AKI was defined by KDIGO 2012 criteria.ResultsThe study enrolled 62 patients diagnosed with ADHF. The incidence of AKI was 45% and significantly increased the risk of death. Patients developing AKI had significantly higher levels of plasma c‐FGF23 at baseline in comparison with those not developing AKI [median value 1258.5 (57.2, 15 850) vs 230.2 (68.515 850) RU/mL, P = .005]. During the first 24 hours, plasma c‐FGF23 levels decreased in both groups, and the levels of c‐FGF23 at 24 hours were consistent with the baseline [861.8 (75.7, 15 850) vs 226.3 (56, 5450.8) RU/mL, P = .006]. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of both first time and second time for plasma c‐FGF23 collection yielded an area under curve of 0.71 for the prediction of AKI incidence. With the cut‐off point at 450 RU/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of plasma c‐FGF23 at the baseline for predicting AKI were 71.4% and 61.8% respectively.ConclusionPlasma c‐FGF23 may serve as a novel biomarker for development of AKI in patients with ADHF. These results should be revalidated in larger‐scale, cohort studies.
A political economy model of the Ganges pollution cleanup problem
Authors: Batabyal Amitrajeet A. , Beladi Hamid 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe study pollution cleanup in the Ganges in Varanasi, India. Voters elect politicians and elected politicians decide how much pollution to clean up. Between the two time periods, there is an election. Politicians are sincere or insincere. The marginal cost of public funds measures how efficiently elected politicians transform tax receipts into pollution cleanup. Voters have identical per period utility functions. We ascertain the equilibrium outcome and per period voter welfare. Second, we show that an increase in reduces the equilibrium pollution cleanup and voter welfare. Third, an insincere politician can delay the revelation of his insincerity. We show that a critical value of exists such that the insincere incumbent separates and loses the election if and only if and that he pools and is re‐elected otherwise. Finally, we note that an increase in can raise voter welfare when politicians are more likely to be insincere.Recommendations for Resource Managers

Successful cleanup policies depend on whether elected politicians are sincere or insincere about pollution cleanup.
When cleanup is publically financed, the marginal cost of public funds greatly influences how much pollution is cleaned up.
In some circumstances, an insincere politician can get elected and do very little to clean up pollution.
Functional retinal outcomes in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Karson Nicole , Smith Jennyffer , Jones Morgan , Datta Ananya , Richdale Kathryn , Harrison Wendy W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeType 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a leading cause of visual impairment. Its precursor, prediabetes (preDM), is growing in numbers every year. While it is well known that T2DM causes changes in retinal function early in the disease process, it is likely that some of these changes emerge during the preDM stage. This study evaluates retinal function measures in patients with preDM to determine if there are differences in colour vision, contrast sensitivity (CS), and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) measures present before T2DM is diagnosed.MethodsThe L’Anthony desaturated D‐15 test, Mars Chart CS test, and mfERG were administered on the right eye of 43 participants; 15 controls (HbA1c 5.6%), 17 with preDM (HbA1c 5.7%–6.4%), and 11 with T2DM (either physician diagnosed or with untreated HbA1c ≥ 6.5%). HbA1c values were measured at the time of the other tests. Colour vision confusion scores (CVCS) were calculated from the D‐15 using the method developed by Torok. Multivariate regression (which controlled for age differences) was used to evaluate the relationship of HbA1c and functional measures. Kruskal‐Wallis tests were also used to evaluate differences between groups with post‐hoc analysis.ResultsCVCSs were significantly different between the three groups (p = 0.009). There was an association between higher CVCS and higher HbA1c values across all groups as well as specifically within the preDM group when controlling for age (R2 = 0.29, p = 0.01 and R2 = 0.39, p = 0.02 respectively). Multivariate regression of all of the functional tests together and HbA1c found only colour vision remained significant, indicating that the functional examination metrics may provide redundant data, with similar changes in prediabetes where colour vision may be the strongest indicator early in the process.ConclusionsPatients with prediabetes have functional changes that can be measured in the retina before the diagnosis of diabetes, with the L’Anthony D‐15 colour vision test providing the strongest association with glucose dysregulation in this population. This has important implications for follow up and screening for diabetes within optometric practices. Further studies are needed to follow these patients over time to see how and when these metrics change.
Transvenous revision of leads with cardiac perforation following device implantation—Safety, outcome, and complications
Authors: Döring Michael , Müssigbrodt Andreas , Ebert Micaela , Bode Kerstin , Lucas Johannes , Dagres Nikolaos , Hindricks Gerhard , Richter Sergio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionCardiac perforation is a rare complication of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation. Transvenous revision of perforated leads is associated with the risk of cardiac tamponade and death. Little is known about periprocedural complications and outcome of these patients.Methods and resultsAll patients referred to our department with evidence or suspicion of cardiac perforation following CIED implantation underwent chest X‐ray, transthoracic echocardiography, device interrogation, and, if necessary, a cardiac computed tomography (CT)‐scan to diagnose lead perforation and associated complications. Transvenous lead revision (TLR) was performed in all patients with evidence of lead perforation. Patient characteristics, procedural complications, and outcome were recorded and analyzed.Fifty‐six patients (75 ± 10 years, 43% male) were diagnosed with cardiac perforation, 34 patients (61%) early within 30 days post‐implantation, and 22 patients (39%) thereafter. The most frequent perforation site was the right ventricular (RV) apex (75%), followed by the RV free wall (16%) and the right atrial appendage (9%). A total of 16 patients (29%) presented with severe complications; 12 patients (21%) with pericardial effusion treated by pericardiocentesis before lead revision and four patients (7%) with hematothorax requiring drainage. Late perforations showed significantly more frequent cardiac tamponades (P = .041). TLR was performed without further complications in 54 patients (96%). None of the patients required surgical treatment or experienced in‐hospital death.ConclusionsCardiac perforation following CIED implantation is associated with severe complications in nearly one‐third of the cases. Transvenous revision of the perforated lead can safely be performed with a very low complication rate.
What is new in beta‐lactam allergy in children?
Authors: Atanaskovic‐Markovic Marina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis review highlights the novelties in understanding the underlying immunologic mechanisms of drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) with special reference to beta‐lactams (BLs) in the pediatric population, as well as tiny changes in clinical classification and diagnosis of DHRs, in the last couple of years. BLs are still the most commonly prescribed and used antibiotics in children. Viral infections are very often in children, and they can provoke skin rashes which are difficult to differentiate from DHRs. The majority of children are incorrectly labeled as “allergic.” Therefore, allergy to BLs in children is overdiagnosed. These children often receive suboptimal treatment with second‐line broad‐spectrum antibiotics, which are less effective, more costly, and associated with an increased risk of antibiotic‐resistant infections. This prolongs hospitalization and thus more uses health care. The correct diagnosis of BL allergy in children is still an important and hot topic. This review has outlined the need for correct diagnosis of BL allergy in children and all the controversies encountered by pediatricians and pediatric allergists. It is also necessary to change the paradigm.
Melanin‐concentrating hormone like and somatolactin. A teleost‐specific hypothalamic‐hypophyseal axis system linking physiological and morphological pigmentation
Authors: Bertolesi Gabriel E. , McFarlane Sarah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlastic adaptation to match the skin colour to the surrounding is key to survival. Two biological responses in skin colour are associated with background adaptation. A fast “physiological response” that aggregates/disperses the pigment organelles of skin chromatophores, and a slow “morphological response” that alters the type and/or density of pigment cells in the skin. Both responses are linked by unknown mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the role in skin colour regulation of two molecules that form part of a hypothalamic‐hypophyseal pathway unique to teleosts, melanin‐concentrating hormone “like” (MCHL) (previously known as MCH), and somatolactin. MCHL neurons project to the neurohypophysis and to the pars intermedia pituitary, where they interact with somatolactin‐expressing cells. With a white background MCHL is released into the circulation to induce rapid melanosome aggregation and skin lightening. Somatolactin is also a fish‐specific peptide whose expression and secretion are altered in organisms adapted chronically to white/black backgrounds, and that regulates morphological pigmentation. We discuss the evidence for a model whereby in teleosts, MCHL and somatolactin provide the previously unknown link between physiological and morphological pigmentation.