bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months followed by complementary feeding along with breastfeeding is crucial for proper growth and development of a child. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the feeding practice of mothers ha
Authors: Khatri Dipika , Shrestha Naveen 
Published: December 2019

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months followed by complementary feeding along with breastfeeding is crucial for proper growth and development of a child. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the feeding practice of mothers having the children 6-23 months in Kaski district and to correlate the relationship between complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children 6-23 months. A community-based cross sectional analytical study was conducted among 453 mothers having the children 6-23 months, applying cluster sampling technique and using the structured questionnaire, salter scale weighing machine, stadiometer and sakir tape were used as research tools. From all respondents 67% started complementary feeding at 6-8 months of age. The practices of minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diet were 93.8%, 45.9% and 42.4% among mothers of 6–23 months aged children, respectively. More than half of children have worst feeding practices. Types of family, mother’s education, father’s education, mother’s occupation were significantly associated with feeding practices. In term of nutritional status, 62.26% of children were stunted, 7.3% of children were underweight and 3.4% of children were wasted. Feeding practices were significantly associated with children nutritional status based on wasting and mid upper arm circumference. Overall in Kaski district, it was found that majority of mother had poor feeding practices which contribute to the under nutrition. Nutrition messages on Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices (IYCF) should emphasis dietary diversity and frequency of feeding for all the children.
Keywords: Associated factors, Children, Feeding practices, Nutritional status
Extended Spectrem Beta Lactamases among Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negetive Bacilli Causing Urinry Tract Infection
Authors: Bhattarai Ganga Sagar , Shrestha Dipendra , , Tiwari Bishnu Raj 
Published: December 2019

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL), the main cause of resistance to broad spectrum β-lactams, among uropathogenic bacteria have increased over time raising a global concern in the therapeutic management of infections caused by these organisms. The study was carried out in Janamaitri Hospital, Kathmandu between December 2012 to May 2013 with an objective to determine the status of ESBL producing Gram negative bacilli isolated from the urine sample, collected from patients suspected of urinary tract infection. Gram negative bacilli isolated were tested for the presence of ESBL by combined disk and antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Among the total 1105 mid-stream urine samples, 256 Gram negative bacilli were isolated. By screening test using third generation cephalosporins, 156 isolates were screened as ESBL producers and 91 isolates were positive for ESBL test by combined disk method. Among the 91 (35.55%) ESBL producers, 70 (39.32%) Escherichia coli, 16 (44.44%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 5 (33.33%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be ESBL producers. Majority of ESBL producer showed resistance to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, norfloxacin followed by ofloxacin. imipenem, amikacin and nitrofurantoin seemed to be the agent of choice for urinary tract infections when ESBL producers are susceptible to it. ESBL production found in these Gram negative bacilli with resultant microbial resistance to available cephalosporins and other agents may pose difficulties with the choice of therapeutic options for the treatment of severe infections.
Keywords: UTI, Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases, Gram negative bacilli
Evaluation of Hair Growth Promoting Activity of Maharanga bicolor and Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Authors: Adhikari Kishor , Wagle Laxman , Dhakal Pramod , Dhungana Sanjaya , Baral Sujan , Jamarkattel-Pandit Nirmala 
Published: December 2019

Alopecia is common and most frequently complaint dermatological disorder since the time immemorial. Various herbal and allopathic formulations are reported to have hair growth promoting activity. Minoxidil and Finasteride are only US FDA approved drugs for alopecia and hair loss. Maharanga bicolor and Hibiscus rosa sinensis are two ethnomedicinal herbs commonly used for hair growth promotion. Present study was conducted to determine hair growth promoting activity of petroleum ether extract of M. bicolor and H. rosa sinensis in Aloe vera gel. Minoxidil Sulphate and Different formulations of petroleum ether extract of M. bicolor and H. rosa sinensis was formulated in Aloe vera gel and applied to denuated area of rats for 30 days. Hair growth pattern, hair growth initiation, hair growth completion and length of hair was measured. M. bicolor (2%) formulation shows shortest hair growth initiation time on 6th day compared to 11th day in blank sample. Formulation containing 2% of each extract have shortest hair growth completion time on 19th day of sample application and showed potent hair growth pattern observed by blind investigation. The result suggests that petroleum ether extract of M. bicolor and H. rosa sinensis possess good hair growth promoting activity.
Key words: Maharanga bicolor, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Hair growth promotion, Activity
Educational Satisfaction of Public Health Undergraduates: A cross sectional study in Nepal
Authors: Subedi Sudarshan , Kaphle Hari Prasad , Neupane Roshan , Rajbhandari Roshna 
Published: December 2019

Educational satisfaction determines the quality of education system which interns affects the performance and achievement of students during study and finally future professional competencies. The objectives of this study were to identify the perceived status of satisfaction on educational conditions and teaching-learning environment and associated factors of it among the public health undergraduates. This was the descriptive cross sectional study carried out among 384 undergraduate students of public health studying in final year/semester of three universities of Nepal using self administered questionnaire. The result of the study showed that satisfactions on various components are below than average. Among the satisfied components, the major were in case of duration of course (46.1%), teaching skills of part time teacher (39.1%), curriculum and overall course of study (36.2%), research/dissertation guidance (34.6%) and teaching skills of full time teacher (33.6%). The satisfaction level was least in case of result timing/procedure (14.1%), tuition fee (23.7%), examination procedure (26.3%) and evaluation system (27.1%). Ethnicity, educational background, course duration, types of teacher, availability of books in library and availability of research papers/journals were found associated with educational satisfaction. The study concluded low educational satisfaction among public health under graduate students. It is recommended to take immediate action for improvements of different components of education system like curriculum structure & contains, teaching methodology, teaching learning materials, admission and examination procedure.
Key words: Public health; Education; undergraduate course; satisfaction; Nepal
Factors Associated with Treatment Compliance among Tuberculosis Patients Receiving Directly Observed Treatment Short Course Therapy
Authors: Sharma Sunita , Tamrakar Neeta 
Published: December 2019

Tubercular infection is still a pervasive public health problem in Nepal despite the massive efforts of National Health Service stakeholders. This study was carried out to identify the factors associated with treatment compliance among Tuberculosis Patients Receiving DOTS in 11 centres of Pokhara valley. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used to collect information from 142 Tuberculosis patients. Purposive sampling method was used and chi-square test was used at 5% level of significance. Pattern of compliance was categorized as; compliance and non-compliance. Out of 142 respondents, majority (94.37%) of respondents was compliant and minority (5.63%) was non-compliant. Among non-compliant patients, (75.0%) of respondents missed their medicine in intensive phase and the reasons for non-compliance were carelessness of patients, forgetfulness of patients, confusion of staff, side effects of medicines and agitation by political parties. The study found no significant association of treatment compliance with demographic factors, patient related factors, health service factors and social factors (p>0.05). The finding was satisfactory that the compliance of TB patients was high i.e. (94.37%) of respondents were compliant. About (6.00%) of respondents were non-compliant. The reasons for non-compliance were due to their own cause rather than health service factors. They themselves were responsible for being non-compliant. Tuberculosis, being a major public health problem; six percent non-compliance is still a serious health problem and being non-compliant; these patients can transmit tuberculosis to many other healthy people in the family and community. Therefore, tuberculosis patients should be more conscious on treatment compliance to improve their health as well as of family and community.
Key words: Compliance, non-compliance, DOTS Therapy
Sulfide ion Selective Method of Analysis of Sulfurated Hydrogen in Alkaline Smoked Cigarette Solution
Authors: Malla Komal Prasad , Neupane Bishnu Prasad , Malla Bindu , Gautam Anil , Chaudhary Dinesh 
Published: December 2019

Sulfurated hydrogen commonly called hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a clear, colorless, extremely toxic gas that has a rotten egg smell at low concentration. The human nose can detect H2 S at concentrations below 100 parts per billion (ppb). It is found least amount in cigarette smoke that has been the subject of analysis for many analytical chemists. This gases is soluble in alkaline medium and gives free sulfide (S-2 ) ions. Sulfide ion concentration in cigarette smoke solution is found in the range of detection limit of lab made Silver- silver sulfide (Ag/Ag2 S) ion selective electrode (ISE).This project has designed to investigate the amount hydrogen sulfide as a free sulfide (S--)ion in cigarette smoke solution. Silver-silver sulfide ion selective electrode (Ag/ Ag2 S ISE) and Silver–silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode are prepared in the lab for determination. Detail protocol of standard addition method with modified Grant’s plot is applied for estimation. Different brand of cigarette samples were collected from different area of Pokhara valley and analyzed. The average amount of H2 S per stick of cigarette smoke is found to vary from 0.0453 mg to 0.0573 mg in different brands. Among them sample no SA-5 shows 0.0453mg per stick of cigarette. This result is minimum in compare to other brands. Similarly, sample no SA- 7 have found 0.0573mg per stick which is higher in compare to other brands.
Key words: Cigarette smoke, hydrogen sulfide, ion selective electrode, standard addition method, Grant’s plot method,
Diurnal Variation of Serum 25 (OH) D3 , Calcium and Phosphorus in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Shakya Rupendra , Neupane Balram , Bhandari Devi Prasad 
Published: December 2019

Diurnal variation, an outgrowth of chronobiology, is the inferential statistical mapping of structures in variables; in and around us, consisting of rhythms chaos and trends. Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The diurnal time structure of serum 25(OH) D3 and calcium may relate to the prevention and chronotherapeutic efficacy and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To our knowledge, the diurnal variation of serum 25(OH) D3 has not yet been reported in type 2 diabetic patients. The present study was planned to evaluate the diurnal variation of serum 25(OH) D3 , calcium and phosphorus levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Ten clinically healthy volunteers and ten diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of similar age groups were synchronized for one month with diurnal activity from about 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. All subjects took their meals three times daily without any change in their usual fluid intake. Blood sample were collected into plain and sterile vials under quality control procedures from each participant at every 6 hour. Serum 25(OH) D3 , serum Ca++, serum PO4 , FBS and PPBS levels were estimated. A marked diurnal variation in serum 25(OH) D3 was recorded in healthy subjects (P=0.030). Similarly, a circadian rhythm of borderline statistical significance was also recorded for vitamin D in diabetic patients (P=0.083) and in healthy participants for serum calcium (P=0.070), phosphorus (P=0.102), and the calcium-phosphorus ratio (P=0.091) by the Two way ANOVA analysis. In addition, the amplitude and acrophase differed from healthy participants in diabetic patients for studied variables with a change of MESOR for calcium-phosphorus ratio. Mapping the broader time structure of different physiological variables investigated herein may be helpful in understanding the treatment and prevention of diabetic mellitus.
Key words: Serum 25(OH) D3 , Calcium, Phosphorous, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among School Children of Dadeldhura District, Nepal
Authors: Tiwari Bishnu Raj , Chaudhary Ranju , Adhikari Nabaraj , Jayaswal Sailesh Kumar , Poudel Thakur Prasad , Rijal Komal Raj 
Published: December 2019

Intestinal parasitic infestations are a common finding in the developing world, however, the patterns of parasitic distribution and rates are different elsewhere. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation and chemical analysis of stool sample of the school children of age group 4-12 years in Dadeldhura district, far western region of Nepal. Out of 530 stool samples, 165 (31.13%) were found to be intestinal parasites positive. Among the total parasites, Hymenolepsis nana (46.56%) and Giardia lamblia (7.47%) were found in high prevalence as helmiths and protozoa respectively. Among the total stool samples 159 (30%) showed positive occult blood test. The prevalence of parasitic infection was found high in the children of age group 4-6 years (38.18%) than others though the result was not significant statistically (P>0.05). Highest prevalence of parasites was found in those not following the hygienic conditions (36.17%) than those following (18.83%). Similarly, high proportion of the parasites were found in children having gastrointestinal symptoms (49.23%) than in children without the gastrointestinal symptoms (13.70%) though the result was not significant statistically (P>0.05). The study showed the children using the water directly from the source had higher prevalence of parasites (32.13%) than those using treated water (14.28%). This study presents the high prevalence of stool parasites in school going children of Dadeldhura district.
Key words: Parasitic infection, School children, Stool samples, Dadeldhura, Nepal.
Compliance to Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) Chemotherapy among the Patient of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Banke District of Nepal
Authors: Bahadur Nepali Ram , Prasad Paneru Damaru 
Published: December 2019

Tubercular infection is still a pervasive public health problem in Nepal despite the massive efforts of National Health Service stakeholders. High bacterial infectivity, transmissibility, increasing drug resistance and non compliance to the therapy have been adding up challenges to prevention and control of tuberculosis. This study was conducted to observe the treatment compliance pattern among new pulmonary sputum smear positive cases of tuberculosis. A cross sectional study was carried out in the year 2009. The 114 new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered in the six selected DOTS centres of the Banke Disrtict were randomly selected. Participants were selected from each DOTS centre by probability proportionate sampling methods. Data were analyzed by SPSS (11.0 Version) and P< 0.05 was considered as significant. Overall compliance to DOTS was 86.80 percent; of these, 57.00 percent showed excellent and regular compliance followed by nearly 30 percent good compliance. And 13.20 percent participants were non complaint to DOTS therapy. Positive Family behaviors were positively associated with compliance while alcohol consumption was found to be negatively associated with compliance however; age, sex and income were found to be non significant factors for compliance. Feeling of getting cure even before the course of DOTS therapy (feeling better after 2-3 months regular treatment) and drinking habits were found to be the major causes of non compliance. Supportive family behaviors and avoidance of alcohol consumption may promote the compliance. Excellent treatment compliance in the face of many odds is highly encouraging and the pattern can be useful in treatment despite little non compliances; furthermore compliance can be enhanced by acting on these causes of non compliances.
Key words: Pulmonary, Tuberculosis, DOTS, Banke, Nepal
A Study of Typhoid Fever in Bheri Zonal Hospital and Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, Banke, Nepal
Authors: Shah Gaurav Jung , Prasad Poudel Thakur 
Published: December 2019

Typhoid fever remains an important public health issue in many developing countries and predominates in areas with poor sanitation, which aids its transmission and persistencein the human population. The prevalence of typhoid fever in different months of a year (2009/2010) and the distribution of cases of typhoid fever with respect to their age and gender among patients visiting Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital (NGMCTH) and Bheri Zonal Hospital (BZH), the two major health delivering institutions of Mid-western and Far-western regions of Nepal. During this period, 4657 and 5496 blood samples were collected in NGMCTH and BZH respectively. Of the 4657 tested in NGMCTH, agglutinins to Salmonella typhi was observed in 1092 samples (overall prevalence rate being 23.45%), that were most prevalent in months corresponding to wet season (June/ July-31%, July/August-29.65%).Similar trend was observed for BZH where of 5496 samples tested, Salmonella typhi was positive in 1814 samples with overall prevalence rate being 31.77%, cases being most prevalent in months corresponding to wet season (June/July–45.91%, July/August – 47.41%). In both hospitals, there was male predominance among cases (Male to Female Sex-ratio: 224:100 for NGMCTH and 247:100 for BZH). This male predominance was maintained in almost all age-groups. There was high proportion of cases of less than 30 years of age in both NGMCTH and BZH (77.84% and 73.98% respectively) indicating that most of the cases of typhoid fever are of younger age-group.On the average, typhoid cases aged 24.58 years ± 13.00 years for NGMCTH, while for BZH it was 25.81 years ± 13.41 years. Mean age of females was found to exceed to that of males in both NGMCTH (26.84 years ± 12.31 years against 23.58 years ± 13.16 years) and BZH (27.61 years ± 13.64years against 25.08 years ± 13.25 years).
Key words: Salmonella typhi, widal test, incidence, Nepal.
Neuroprotective Effect of Metaplexis japonica against in vitro Ischemia Model
Authors: Jamarkattel-Pandit Nirmala , Kim Hocheol 
Published: December 2019

Metaplexis japonica (Apocynaceae) is a perennial herb, extensively used in traditional medicinal system for various diseases. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of M. japonica against in vitro ischemia. In the present study, 70% ethanol extract of M. japonica was fractionated with different polarity solvents. For in vitro ischemia, oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation (OGD-R) in cells was used to investigate the effects of M. japonica and its fractions. For oxidative stress model, Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) induced cell death was studied in HT22 cell line. M. japonica and its fractions significantly reduced the HT22 cell damage, which was induced by 4 hrs of OGD followed by 24 hrs of reoxygenation and 24 hrs of H2 O2, respectively. The effectiveness of ethyl acetate fraction was higher than other fractions/crude extract. Our results suggest that M. japonica could be a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of stroke.
Key words: Metaplexis japonica, Stroke, Oxygen-glucose deprivation, Neuroprotection
Factors Associated with Nutritional Status of Under Five Children in Rupandehi District of Nepal
Authors: Acharya Dilaram , Gautam Salila , Prasad Kaphle Hari , Naupane Nirmala 
Published: December 2019

Childhood is a time of active growth in terms of physical size, mental, emotional and psychological development. Normal growth is dependent on adequate nutrition and encompasses major transformations from birth to adulthood. Socio-economic status and behaviors of family members, environmental factors are other determinants of nutritional status of under five year children. This research was conducted to assess the factors associated with nutritional status of under five year children in Rupandehi District of Nepal. This was a community based Cross-sectional study. It was conducted in Rupandehi. Two hundred ninety two children were selected using proportionate random sampling technique. For collecting the data, selected households were visited by enumerators for two months from January to February 2008. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 12. The proportion of the participants was 51.7% male and 48.7%female. Nearly half of the children (45.9%) of the children aged 36- 59 months were under weight according to Indian Academy of Pediatrics (NCHS/WHO standard). Fifty percent of the children born to illiterate mothers were found underweight. Majority of the children (65%) were found stunted according to Waterlow’s classification. More than the half the children (57.75%) were underweight who were born by mother less than 18 years of age where as 75% were underweight born by mother aged above 35 years of age. However the association between age of the mother at the birth of the child and nutritional status is not statistically significant. More than half of the children were found underweight and Nearly 2/3rd of the children were found stunted. To get better nutritional status of children, greater emphasis should be given to under five years children with community based awareness programs to mother and care givers.
Key words: Height-for-age, weight-for-age, Malnutrition, Waterlow’s classification
Health System Research: Development, Designs and Methods
Authors: Ram Bhandar Tulsi 
Published: December 2019

Health system research concerns with health system and its results provide the bases to managers, policy makers as well as community people to make evidence based decision. There are different interpretations of what a health system is. In narrow meaning, health system is considered the different levels of the health care services such as central level health care, state/ provincial level health care, regional/zonal/district level health care and local level health care. In broad aspect, health system covers different aspects of society such as socio-economic status, culture, religion, education, politics, public sector, private sectors which are the major determinants of social epidemiology. It is also a knowledge generation to improve how societies organise to achieve health goals and contributes to sound, socially relevant and ethically acceptable guidelines for more effective, efficient and sustainable health policies and systems.
Key words: Health system research, development, designs, methods, healthcare research