bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically Exfoliating MoS2 into Atomically Thin Planar‐Stacking Through a Selective Lateral Reaction Pathway
Authors: Pan Xuelei , Yan Mengyu , Sun Congli , Zhao Kangning , Luo Wen , Hong Xufeng , Zhao Yunlong , Xu Lin , Mai Liqiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe production of atomically thin transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has been investigated through various top‐to‐down exfoliation methods, such as mechanical and chemical exfoliation, while large‐scale chemical exfoliation is sluggish and needs over ten hours to achieve atomically thin TMDs. Herein, a new strategy is reported for exfoliating bulk MoS2 into two/three‐layer flakes within tens of seconds through a mild electrochemical treatment. This exfoliation method is driven by a lateral inward oxidation reaction starting from the typical layer edge with a rapid depth penetration, whereby a stacked few‐layer (two/three layers) structure is ultimately formed. This efficient reaction process is monitored based on an individual MoS2 on‐chip device combined with in situ Raman and cross‐sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy, and the uniformity of thickness is demonstrated. This preferentially initiated method can be also extended to produce few‐layer MoSe2 and the selective extraction mechanism is assumed to be related to intrinsic layer‐dependent energy band properties. Moreover, the special reassembled few‐layer MoS2 possesses great performance as functional materials in electrocatalysis (127 mV overpotential for hydrogen evolution reaction) and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (105 enhancement factor). These results illustrate the broad prospects of the reassembled few‐layer MoS2 for optics, catalysis, and sensors.
Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide Driven by the Intrinsic Defects in the Carbon Plane of a Single Fe–N4 Site
Authors: Ni Wenpeng , Liu Zhixiao , Zhang Yan , Ma Chao , Deng Huiqiu , Zhang Shiguo , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractManipulating the in‐plane defects of metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts to regulate the electroreduction reaction of CO2 (CO2RR) remains a challenging task. Here, it is demonstrated that the activity of the intrinsic carbon defects can be dramatically improved through coupling with single‐atom Fe–N4 sites. The resulting catalyst delivers a maximum CO Faradaic efficiency of 90% and a CO partial current density of 33 mA cm−2 in 0.1 m KHCO3. The remarkable enhancements are maintained in concentrated electrolyte, endowing a rechargeable Zn–CO2 battery with a high CO selectivity of 86.5% at 5 mA cm−2. Further analysis suggests that the intrinsic defect is the active sites for CO2RR, instead of the Fe–N4 center. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the Fe–N4 coupled intrinsic defect exhibits a reduced energy barrier for CO2RR and suppresses the hydrogen evolution activity. The high intrinsic activity, coupled with fast electron‐transfer capability and abundant exposed active sites, induces excellent electrocatalytic performance.
Photocatalytic Annulation‐Carbohalogenation of 1,7‐Enynes for Atom‐Economic Synthesis of Functionalized 3,4‐Dihydronaphthalen‐1(2H)‐ones
Authors: Ji Wen‐Zhe , Shi Hao‐Nan , Wei Ping , Hao Wen‐Juan , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Jiang Bo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA general and efficient photocatalytic annulation‐carbohalogenation of 1,7‐enynes with a wide variety of alkyl halides was reported, which led to the atom‐economic synthesis of functionalized 3,4‐dihydronaphthalen‐1(2H)‐ones with good yields and high stereoselectivity under the mild and oxidant‐free conditions. The reaction demonstrated remarkable compatibility regarding alkyl halides as bifunctional reagents, such as ethyl 2‐bromo‐2,2‐difluoroacetate, ethyl 2,2‐difluoro‐2‐iodoacetate, perfluorobutyl iodide, bromotrichloromethane, and diethyl 2‐bromomalonate, and enabled wide substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and 100% atom utilization.magnified image
A Concise Route to 2‐Sulfonylacetonitriles from Sodium Metabisulfite
Authors: Yao Yanfang , Yin Ziqing , Chen Weiyun , Xie Wenlin , He Fu‐Sheng , Wu Jie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA three‐component reaction of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, sodium metabisulfite, and 3‐azido‐2‐methylbut‐3‐en‐2‐ol under mild conditions is described. By using abundant and cheap sodium metabisulfite as the sulfur dioxide surrogate, this protocol features good functional group compatibility, affording 2‐arylsulfonylacetonitriles in moderate to good yields. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature without the need of any catalysts or additives. Moreover, the synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by the transformation of 2‐arylsulfonylacetonitrile into 2‐arylsulfonyl acetamide and 2‐arylsulfonylethylamine.magnified image
Automated detection of phenological transitions for yellow flowering plants such as Brassica oilseeds
Authors: Sulik John J. , Long Dan S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMonitoring crop phenology is crucial for making site‐specific management decisions for crop protection and nutrition. The prominent yellow bloom associated with canola (Brassica napus L.) and similar yellow‐flowering plants can provide cues about spatial differences as well as timing of crop input requirements. The objective of this study was to remotely characterize the phenological development of Brassicaceae oilseeds such as canola and carinata (B. carinata A. Braun) in terms of spectral‐temporal dynamics between vegetation density and yellow flower density. Temporal variation of spectral indices (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], normalized difference yellowness index [NDYI], and visible atmospherically resistant index [VARI]) were measured in small plots over the growing season in relation to changes in vegetation density and flower density in winter canola and spring carinata. Phenological change between vegetative and reproductive development could be automatically detected using the difference in the change of the sign of ΔIndex values between VARI and NDYI. An overall accuracy of 85% was obtained when testing the algorithm with Landsat 8 data of canola fields near Olds, AB, Canada. The contrasting behavior between reproductive and vegetation indices across flowering transitions was confirmed for three independent datasets across a range of genetic variation in Brassica oilseeds as well as geographic variation in soil types and management practices. A bivariate time series analysis procedure was developed for automatically estimating flowering transitions based on predictable, relative differences between vegetative and reproductive indices. Researchers and land managers can exploit optimal phenology windows to improve site‐specific models and disease risk assessments.
Mental health stigma and barriers to care in World Trade Center responders: Results from a large, population‐based health monitoring cohort
Authors: DePierro Jonathan , Lowe Sandra M. , Haugen Peter T. , Cancelmo Leo , Schaffer Jamie , Schechter Clyde B. , Dasaro Christopher R. , Todd Andrew C. , Crane Michael , Luft Benjamin J. , Moline Jacqueline M. , Harrison Denise , Udasin Iris G. , Feder Adriana , Southwick Steven M. , Pietrzak Robert H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundNearly 20 years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, multiple studies have documented the adverse mental consequences among World Trade Center (WTC) rescue, recovery, and clean‐up workers. However, scarce research has examined mental health stigma and barriers to care in WTC‐exposed individuals, and no known study has examined whether rates of endorsement may differ between police and “nontraditional” responders, the latter comprising a heterogeneous group of workers and volunteers.ObjectiveTo identify the prevalence and correlates of mental health stigma and barriers to care in WTC responders.MethodsMental health stigma and barriers to care and their correlates were examined in 6,777 police and 6,272 nontraditional WTC responders.ResultsNontraditional responders endorsed more stigma or barriers to care concerns than police responders. Within a subsample who screened positive for a psychiatric disorder, police were more likely than nontraditional responders to endorse “concerns that negative job consequences might result” (17.9% vs. 9.1%), while nontraditional responders were more likely to endorse “I don't know where to go to find counseling services” (18.4% vs.6.6%). Within this subsample, mental health service need and more severe WTC‐related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were associated with increased likelihood of endorsing stigma or barriers; pre‐9/11 psychiatric history and non‐Hispanic Black race/ethnicity were associated with lower likelihood of endorsing stigma or barriers.ConclusionsResults of this study underscore the burden of mental health stigma and barriers to care in WTC responders, and highlight the need for targeted interventions to address these concerns and promote mental healthcare utilization in this population.
Assessing complexity in hominid dental evolution: Fractal analysis of great ape and human molars
Authors: Cano‐Fernández Hugo , Gómez‐Robles Aida 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesMolar crenulation is defined as the accessory pattern of grooves that appears on the occlusal surface of many mammalian molars. Although frequently used in the characterization of species, this trait is often assessed qualitatively, which poses unavoidable subjective biases. The objective of this study is to quantitatively test the variability in the expression of molar crenulation in primates and its association with molar size and diet.MethodsThe variability in the expression of molar crenulation in hominids (human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan) was assessed with fractal analysis using photographs of first, second and third upper and lower molars. After this, representative values for 29 primate species were used to evaluate the correlation between molar complexity, molar size, and diet using a phylogenetic generalized least squares regression.ResultsResults show that there are statistically significant differences in fractal dimensions across hominid species in all molars, with orangutan molars presenting higher values of occlusal complexity. Our results indicate that there is no significant association between molar complexity and molar size or diet.DiscussionOur results show higher levels of occlusal complexity in orangutans, thus supporting previously published observations. Our analyses, however, do not indicate a clear association between molar complexity and molar size or diet, pointing to other factors as the major drivers of complexity. To our knowledge, our study is the first one to use fractal analysis to measure occlusal complexity in primates. Our results show that this approach is a rapid and cost‐effective way to measure molar complexity.
High‐Preservation Single‐Cell Operation through a Photo‐responsive Hydrogel‐Nanopipette System
Authors: Li Zi‐Yuan , Liu Ying‐Ya , Li Yuan‐Jie , Wang Wenhui , Song Yanyan , Zhang Junji , Tian He 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSingle‐cell and in situ cell‐based operation with nanopipette approach offers a possibility to elucidate the intracellular processes and may aid the improvement of therapy efficiency and precision. We present here a photo‐responsive hydrogel‐nanopipette hybrid system that can achieve single‐cell operation with high spatial/temporal resolution and negligible cell damage. This strategy overcomes long‐time obstacles in nanopipette single‐cell studies as high electric potential (ca. 1000 mV) or organic solvent is always used during operations, which would inevitably impose disturbance and damage to targeted cells. The light‐triggered system promotes a potential‐free, non‐invasive single‐cell injection, resulting in a well‐retained cell viability (90 % survival rate). Moreover, the photo‐driven injection enables a precisely dose‐controllable single‐cell drug delivery. Significantly reduced lethal doses of doxorubicin (163–217 fg cell−1) are demonstrated in corresponding cell lines.
Breaking Platinum Nanoparticles to Single‐Atomic Pt‐C4 Co‐catalysts for Enhanced Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Conversion
Authors: Yan Junqing , Ji Yujin , Batmunkh Munkhbayar , An Pengfei , Zhang Jing , Fu Yang , Jia Baohua , Li Youyong , Liu Shengzhong , Ye Jinhua , Ma Tianyi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEffective transfer and utilization of the photogenerated electrons are a key factor for achieving highly efficient H2 generation by photocatalytic water splitting. Apart from the activity of the co‐catalyst, the interface between the co‐catalyst and semiconductor is of particular importance. Guided by DFT calculations, single‐atom (SA) Pt doped carbon nitride (CN) is successfully synthesized for use as the co‐catalyst to the semiconducting CuS. The catalyst system (Pt1‐CN@CuS) exhibits an enhanced photocatalytic performance for water splitting with a H2 production rate of 25.4 μmol h−1 and an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 50.3 % under the illumination of LED‐530. Solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency is calculated to be 0.5 % under AM 1.5 illumination. This is the very first investigation of SA as the co‐catalyst, which decreases the overpotential of CN during the water splitting and lowers interfacial resistance of the catalyst/co‐catalyst and co‐catalyst/electrolyte.
Marea/Northern Hawwariya in northern Egypt: Integrated results of non‐invasive and excavation works
Authors: Derda Tomasz , Gwiazda Mariusz , Misiewicz Krzysztof , Małkowski Wiesław 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMarea/Northern Hawwariya is one of the largest and most important archaeological sites dating between the 3rd century BC and the 8th century AD located at Lake Mareotis in northern Egypt. Even though excavations have been carried out since the end of the 1970s, the settlement is still largely unexplored. To rectify this situation, non‐invasive research has been carried out on 21.5 ha of the site using a precise positioning system and magnetometer measurements. Exact topographic and magnetic maps were prepared based on the data that were obtained. Simultaneously, verification research were carried out, including archaeological excavations, registering surface findings and satellite image analysis. In the south‐eastern part of the site, electrical resistivity measurements were taken as well. This approach allowed for the identification of the densely built areas of the Byzantine and Early Islamic town. On the south‐western side, some magnetic anomalies were registered, following regular patterns with clear linear borders and surrounded by wetlands without clear signs of habitation. On the northern side, the settlement was limited by an artificial coastline, forming straight waterfronts made of stone blocks. As for the town itself, a 260‐m street with adjacent regular built‐up areas was discovered. This regularity points to an order of planning, at least for the Byzantine part of the settlement. Recording of large amplitude magnetic anomalies proves the presence of heavily burnt objects. They may be interpreted as remains of kilns, perhaps used to manufacture amphorae, glass vessels and lime. Electrical resistivity measurements in the south‐eastern part of the site localized cavities in the natural limestone rock uplift. These may have been rock‐cut tombs. Multidisciplinary, non‐invasive research in Marea/Northern Hawwariya allowed for the quick generation of new knowledge on the topography of the site, significantly enriching information on its form and the functions of its various parts.
Development of a microbe domestication pod (MD Pod) for in situ cultivation of micro‐encapsulated marine bacteria
Authors: Alkayyali Tartela , Pope Emily , Wheatley Sydney K. , Cartmell Christopher , Haltli Bradley , Kerr Russell G. , Ahmadi Ali 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMicrobial marine natural products hold significant potential for the discovery of new bioactive therapeutics such as antibiotics. Unfortunately, this discovery is hindered by the inability to culture the majority of microbes using traditional laboratory approaches. While many new methods have been developed to increase cultivability, a high‐throughput in situ incubation chamber capable of simultaneously isolating individual microbes while allowing cellular communication has not previously been reported. Development of such a device would expedite the discovery of new microbial taxa and, thus, facilitate access to their associated natural products. In this study, this concept is achieved by the development of a new device termed by the authors as the microbe domestication (MD) Pod. The MD Pod enables single‐cell cultivation by isolating marine bacterial cells in agarose microbeads produced using microfluidics, while allowing potential transmission of chemical signals between cells during in situ incubation in a chamber, or “Pod,” that is deployed in the environment. The design of the MD Pod was optimized to ensure the use of biocompatible materials, allow for simple assembly in a field setting, and maintain sterility throughout incubation. The encapsulation process was designed to ensure that the viability of marine sediment bacteria was not adversely impacted by the encapsulation process. The process was validated using representative bacteria isolated from temperate marine sediment samples: Marinomonas polaris, Psychrobacter aquimaris, and Bacillus licheniformis. The overall process appeared to promote metabolic activity of most representative species. Thus, microfluidic encapsulation of marine bacteria and subsequent in situ incubation in the MD Pod is expected to accelerate marine natural products discovery by increasing the cultivability of marine bacteria.
Questioning coverage values determined by 2D western blots: A critical study on the characterization of anti‐HCP ELISA reagents
Authors: Seisenberger Christina , Graf Tobias , Haindl Markus , Wegele Harald , Wiedmann Michael , Wohlrab Stefanie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHost cell proteins (HCPs) constitute a major class of process‐related impurities, whose substantial clearance must be demonstrated by suitable analytical methods to warrant product quality and reduce potential safety risks for patients. In this regard, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), which primarily rely on the quality of the HCP reference standard (immunogen) and HCP‐specific polyclonal antibodies, are considered the gold standard for HCP monitoring. For the qualification of the employed antibodies, two‐dimensional (2D) western blots (2D‐WBs) are the preferred technique to determine the coverage, though a number of practical constraints are well recognized. By using several orthogonal approaches, such as affinity‐based mass spectrometry and indirect ELISA, the present study revealed potential detection gaps (i.e., noncovered HCPs) of conventional 2D‐WBs, which can be primarily attributed to two different root causes: (i) low amounts of proteins or antibodies being unable to overcome the detection limit and (ii) western blot artifacts due to the loss of conformational epitopes through protein denaturation hindering HCP‐antibody recognition. In contrast, the lack of specific antibodies against certain (particularly, low molecular weight) HCPs, as proposed in previous studies, seems to play only a minor role. Together, these findings imply that CHO‐HCP ELISA antibodies are better than qualification studies by 2D‐WBs indicate.
Separation of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from carcinoma cells on 3D scaffold platforms
Authors: Zhang W. G. , Liu Z. Y. , Pang S. W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractScaffold microstructures were developed to mimic a three‐dimensional extracellular matrix in studying cell migration and invasion. The multiple‐layer scaffold platforms were designed to investigate cell migration and separation from top to bottom layer. Two cell lines including immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial (NP460) cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC43) cells with Epstein–Barr virus were compared in this study. On one‐layer platforms with trench depth of 15 µm, both NP460 and NPC43 cells were guided to migrate along the 18‐µm‐wide trenches, and exhibited random migration directions when the trench width was 10 or 50 µm. Nearly no cell was found to migrate in the 10‐µm‐wide trenches on one‐layer platforms. However, the NP460 and NPC43 cells showed very different probability in the narrow trenches on two‐layer platforms, making it possible to separate the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from the carcinoma cells. Moreover, 1‐µm deep grating topography on the top layer inhibited NP460 cells to migrate from top ridges to the 10‐µm‐wide trenches, but promoted such behavior for NPC43 cells. The results demonstrated in This study suggest that the engineered multiple‐layer scaffold platforms could be used to separate carcinoma cells in NPC tumor as a potential treatment of NPC.
What is necessary for next‐generation atmospheric environmental standards? Recent research trends for PM2.5‐bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives
Authors: Toriba Akira , Hayakawa Kazuichi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe air pollution associated with PM2.5 kills 7 million people every year in the world, especially threatening the health of children in developing countries. However, the current air quality standards depend mainly on particle size. PM2.5 contains many carcinogenic/mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives such as nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated PAHs. Among them, environmental standards and guidelines have been set for benzo[a]pyrene by few countries and international organizations. Recent research reports showed that these pollutants are linked to diseases other than lungs, and new methods have been developed for determining trace levels of not only PAHs but also their derivatives. It is time to think about the next‐generation environmental standards. This article aims to (a) describe recent studies on the health effects of PAHs and their derivatives other than cancer, (b) describe new analytical methods for PAH derivatives, and (c) discuss the targets for the next‐generation standards.
Doxorubicin‐loaded nanoparticle coated with endothelial cells‐derived exosomes for immunogenic chemotherapy of glioblastoma
Authors: Zhang Chao , Song Jian , Lou Lei , Qi Xuejiao , Zhao Lei , Fan Bo , Sun Guozhu , Lv Zhongqiang , Fan Zhenzeng , Jiao Baohua , Yang Jiankai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTreatments of glioblastoma (GBM) have not been very effective, largely due to the inefficiency of drugs in penetrating the blood brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we investigated the potential of exosome‐coated doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded nanoparticles (ENPDOX) in BBB penetration, inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) and promoting survival of GBM‐bearing mice. DOX‐loaded nanoparticles (NPDOX) were coated with exosomes prepared from mouse brain endothelial bEnd.3 cells. ENPDOX cellular uptake was examined. Penetration of ENPDOX through the BBB was tested in an in vitro transwell system and a GBM mouse model. The effects of ENPDOX in inducing apoptosis and ICD were assessed. Finally, the efficacy of ENPDOX in the treatment of GBM‐bearing mice was assessed. ENPDOX was taken up by bEnd.3 cells and could penetrate the BBB both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, ENDDOX induced apoptosis and ICD of glioma GL261 cells. Systemic administration of ENPDOX resulted in maturation of dendritic cells, activation of cytotoxic cells, altered production of cytokines, suppressed proliferation and increased apoptosis of GBM cells in vivo and prolonged survival of GBM‐bearing mice. Our findings indicate that ENPDOX may be a potent therapeutic strategy for GBM which warrants further investigation in clinical application.