bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relating force balances and flow length scales in geodynamo simulations
Authors: Schwaiger T , Gastine T , Aubert J 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARY
In fluid dynamics, the scaling behaviour of flow length scales is commonly used to infer the governing force balance of a system. The key to a successful approach is to measure length scales that are simultaneously representative of the energy contained in the solution (energetically relevant) and also indicative of the established force balance (dynamically relevant). In the case of numerical simulations of rotating convection and magnetohydrodynamic dynamos in spherical shells, it has remained difficult to measure length scales that are both energetically and dynamically relevant, a situation that has led to conflicting interpretations, and sometimes misrepresentations of the underlying force balance. By analysing an extensive set of magnetic and non-magnetic models, we focus on two length scales that achieve both energetic and dynamical relevance. The first one is the peak of the poloidal kinetic energy spectrum, which we successfully compare to crossover points on spectral representations of the force balance. In most dynamo models, this result confirms that the dominant length scale of the system is controlled by a previously proposed quasi-geostrophic (QG-) MAC (Magneto-Archimedean-Coriolis) balance. In non-magnetic convection models, the analysis generally favours a QG-CIA (Coriolis-Inertia-Archimedean) balance. Viscosity, which is typically a minor contributor to the force balance, does not control the dominant length scale at high convective supercriticalities in the non-magnetic case, and in the dynamo case, once the generated magnetic energy largely exceeds the kinetic energy. In dynamo models, we introduce a second energetically relevant length scale associated with the loss of axial invariance in the flow. We again relate this length scale to another crossover point in scale-dependent force balance diagrams, which marks the transition between large-scale geostrophy (the equilibrium of Coriolis and pressure forces) and small-scale magnetostrophy, where the Lorentz force overtakes the Coriolis force. Scaling analysis of these two energetically and dynamically relevant length scales suggests that the Earth’s dynamo is controlled by a QG-MAC balance at a dominant scale of about $200 \, \mathrm{km}$, while magnetostrophic effects are deferred to scales smaller than $50 \, \mathrm{km}$.
On the origin of apparently negative minimum susceptibility of hematite single crystals calculated from low-field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
Authors: Hrouda František , Ježek Josef , Chadima Martin 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARY
As shown in the literature several times, the calculation of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of hematite single crystals using standard linear AMS theory reveals that the calculated minimum principal susceptibility is parallel to the crystallographic c-axis, but is negative, which is however not due to diamagnetism as evidenced by direct measurements of susceptibility along the principal directions. Susceptibility of a few hematite single crystals from Minas Gerais, Brazil, was measured in 320 directions using a special 3-D rotator and the measurements were processed through AMS calculation by means of standard linear theory and through constructing contour diagrams in equal-area projection. In addition, the susceptibility was in detail measured in three perpendicular planes approximately passing through the main crystallographic directions. The crystals show extremely high anisotropy, the susceptibility measured along the basal plane is several hundred times higher than that along the c-axis and the AMS ellipsoids are very oblate. The contour diagrams show relatively simple patterns of directional susceptibilities, similar to those of the second-rank tensor. Fitting tensor to measured hematite grains results in small but negative minimum principal susceptibility. Nevertheless, summation of many oriented grains filters out the non-tensorial parts of the grain susceptibility in multicrystal assemblages, the AMS of which is well represented by a tensor.
A stacked frequency approach for inhomogeneous time-dependent MRE: an inverse problem for the elastic shear modulus
Authors: Davies Penny J , Sack Ingolf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We derive and analyse a new way to calculate the shear modulus of an inhomogeneous elastic material from time-dependent magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) measurements of its interior displacement. Even with such a rich data source, this is a challenging inverse problem because the coefficient of the shear modulus in the governing equations can be small (or potentially zero). Our approach overcomes this by combining different data sets into an overdetermined matrix–vector equation. It uses finite differences to approximate space derivatives and a Fourier interpolant in time, and we do not need to assume that the inhomogeneous material is ‘locally homogeneous’. Crucially, our construction ensures that the computed value of the (real) shear modulus is real: approximation methods based on the frequency domain version of the problem often give a complex shear modulus for the elastic case and this can be hard to interpret, especially if its imaginary part dominates. We carry out careful numerical tests on a one (space) dimensional analogue of the problem and on experimental MRE data for an inhomogeneous gel phantom.
Paracoccin Overexpression in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Enhances Fungal Virulence by Remodeling Chitin Properties of the Cell Wall
Authors: Gonçales Relber Aguiar , Ricci-Azevedo Rafael , Vieira Vanessa C S , Fernandes Fabrício F , Thomaz Sandra M de O , Carvalho Agostinho , Vendruscolo Patrícia E , Cunha Cristina , Roque-Barreira Maria Cristina , Rodrigues Fernando 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
The thermodimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp. are the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis. Although poorly studied, paracoccin (PCN) from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has been shown to harbor lectinic, enzymatic, and immunomodulatory properties that affect disease development.

Methods
Mutants of P. brasiliensis overexpressing PCN (ov-PCN) were constructed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation. ov-PCN strains were analyzed and inoculated intranasally or intravenously to mice. Fungal burden, lung pathology, and survival were monitored to evaluate virulence. Electron microscopy was used to evaluate the size of chito-oligomer particles released by ov-PCN or wild-type strains to growth media.

Results
ov-PCN strains revealed no differences in cell growth and viability, although PCN overexpression favored cell separation, chitin processing that results in the release of smaller chito-oligomer particles, and enhanced virulence. Our data show that PCN triggers a critical effect in the cell wall biogenesis through the chitinase activity resulting from overexpression of PCN. As such, PCN overexpression aggravates the disease caused by P. brasiliensis.

Conclusions
Our data are consistent with a model in which PCN modulates the cell wall architecture via its chitinase activity. These findings highlight the potential for exploiting PCN function in future therapeutic approaches.
Safety and Antiviral Effects of Nebulized PC786 in a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Challenge Study
Authors: DeVincenzo John , Cass Lindsey , Murray Alison , Woodward Kathy , Meals Elizabeth , Coates Matthew , Daly Leah , Wheeler Vicky , Mori Julie , Brindley Charlie , Davis Amanda , McCurdy Meabh , Ito Kazuhiro , Murray Bryan , Strong Pete , Rapeport Garth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
PC786 is a nebulized nonnucleoside respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) polymerase inhibitor designed to treat RSV, which replicates in the superficial layer of epithelial cells lining the airways.

Methods
Fifty-six healthy volunteers inoculated with RSV-A (Memphis 37b) were randomly dosed with either nebulized PC786 (5 mg) or placebo, twice daily for 5 days, from either 12 hours after confirmation of RSV infection or 6 days after virus inoculation. Viral load (VL), disease severity, pharmacokinetics, and safety were assessed until discharge. RSV infection was confirmed by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction with any positive value (intention-to-treat infected [ITT-I] population) or RSV RNA ≥1 log10 plaque-forming unit equivalents (PFUe)/mL (specific intention-to-treat infection [ITT-IS] population) in nasal wash samples.

Results
In the ITT-I population, the mean VL area under the curve (AUC) was lower in the PC786 group than the placebo group (274.1 vs 406.6 log10 PFUe/mL × hour; P = .0359). PC786 showed a trend toward reduction of symptom score and mucous weight. In ITT-IS (post hoc analysis), the latter was statistically significant as well as VL AUC (P = .0126). PC786 showed an early time to maximum plasma concentration, limited systemic exposure, and long half-life and consequently a 2-fold accumulation over the 5-day dosing period. PC786 was well tolerated.

Conclusions
Nebulized PC786 demonstrated a significant antiviral effect against RSV, warranting further clinical study.

Clinical Trials Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03382431; EudraCT: 2017-002563-18.
Genetic Background Amplifies the Effect of Immunodeficiency in Antibiotic Efficacy Against Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Sharma Bijaya , McCarthy Julie E , Freliech Cecily A , Clark Morgen M , Hu Linden T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Unrecognized immunodeficiency has been proposed as a possible cause of failure of antibiotics to resolve symptoms of Lyme disease. Here, we examined the efficacy of doxycycline in different immunodeficient mice to identify defects that impair antibiotic treatment outcomes. We found that doxycycline had significantly lower efficacy in the absence of adaptive immunity, specifically B cells. This effect was most pronounced in immunodeficient C3H mice compared with C57BL/6 mice, suggesting a role for genetic background beyond immunodeficiency. Addition of a single dose of ceftriaxone to doxycycline treatment effectively cleared infection in C3H mice with severe combined immunodeficiency.
Multilocus Phylogeny Support the Nonbioluminescent FireflyChespiritoas a New Subfamily in the Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)
Authors: Ferreira Vinicius S , Keller Oliver , Branham Marc A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, we describe a new Lampyridae subfamily, Chespiritoinae new subfamily, its sole genus Chespirito new genus, and three new species: Chespirito zaragozai new species, Chespirito lloydi new species, and Chespirito ballantyneae new species from the Neotropical portions of Mexico. Chespirito can be readily separated from all other known Lampyridae by the unique prosternum, characterized by being very wide, divided in the middle by a distinct suture forming two plates, with the anterior margin bearing a narrow inter-coxal process, the strongly setose filiform antennae, with antennomere III much smaller than all other antennomeres, the pronotum medially constricted (not in C. ballantyneae), with area adjacent to disc strongly punctate and with the presence of a strongly developed longitudinal carina. To test the placement of the genus within the Lampyridae, we obtained three genetic markers (18S rRNA, 28SrRNA, and cox1 mitochondrial DNA) from C. zaragozai and performed a maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analysis. Our analyses rendered nearly identical tree topologies, with C. zaragozai new species recovered as an independent lineage as sister to Pollaclasis bifaria (Say) (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) + Cyphonocerus ruficollis Kiesenwetter (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)+Luciolinae, with a posterior probability of 96 for the BI analysis and UFBoot respectively of 91 for the ML analysis with the entire clade sister to Pterotus obscuripennis LeConte (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). A detailed examination of the morphology of Chespirito indicates that this lineage is divergent from all other known Lampyridae, which combined with the results of our analyses supports the erection of a new subfamily.
Ceftazidime/avibactam in the era of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: experience from a national registry study
Authors: Karaiskos I , Daikos G L , Gkoufa A , Adamis G , Stefos A , Symbardi S , Chrysos G , Filiou E , Basoulis D , Mouloudi E , Galani L , Akinosoglou K , Arvaniti K , Masgala A , Petraki M , Papadimitriou E , Galani I , Poulakou G , Routsi C , Giamarellou H ,   the Hellenic Ceftazidime/Avibactam Registry Study Group, Papoutsaki V , Papadogeorgaki H , Tsapas C , Astriti M , Romanou V , Makronassios E , Giona P , Pontikis K , Gatselis N , Massa E , Michailidou E , Gogos C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) are associated with high mortality. Therefore, new treatment options are urgently required.

Objectives
To assess the outcomes and predictors of mortality in patients with KPC- or OXA-48-Kp infections treated with ceftazidime/avibactam with an emphasis on KPC-Kp bloodstream infections (BSIs).

Methods
A multicentre prospective observational study was conducted between January 2018 and March 2019. Patients with KPC- or OXA-48-Kp infections treated with ceftazidime/avibactam were included in the analysis. The subgroup of patients with KPC-Kp BSIs treated with ceftazidime/avibactam was matched by propensity score with a cohort of patients whose KPC-Kp BSIs had been treated with agents other than ceftazidime/avibactam with in vitro activity.

Results
One hundred and forty-seven patients were identified; 140 were infected with KPC producers and 7 with OXA-48 producers. For targeted therapy, 68 (46.3%) patients received monotherapy with ceftazidime/avibactam and 79 (53.7%) patients received ceftazidime/avibactam in combination with at least another active agent. The 14 and 28 day mortality rates were 9% and 20%, respectively. The 28 day mortality among the 71 patients with KPC-Kp BSIs treated with ceftazidime/avibactam was significantly lower than that observed in the 71 matched patients, whose KPC-Kp BSIs had been treated with agents other than ceftazidime/avibactam (18.3% versus 40.8%; P = 0.005). In the Cox proportional hazards model, ultimately fatal disease, rapidly fatal disease and Charlson comorbidity index ≥2 were independent predictors of death, whereas treatment with ceftazidime/avibactam-containing regimens was the only independent predictor of survival.

Conclusions
Ceftazidime/avibactam appears to be an effective treatment against serious infections caused by KPC-Kp.
Impact of exosome-mediated feto-maternal interactions on pregnancy maintenance and development of obstetric complications
Authors: Hashimoto Ayako , Sugiura Kei , Hoshino Ayuko 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pregnancy is an immunological paradox, a phenomenon in which the foetus and the placenta, containing foreign antigens to the mother, develop without inducing rejection by the maternal immune system. Cell-to-cell communication between the foetus and the mother is mediated by secreted factors such as cytokines, hormones and extracellular vesicles (EVs) for a successful pregnancy and to avoid rejection. Exosomes, the smallest of EVs, are released extracellularly, where they are taken up by proximal or distant recipient cells. Here, we discuss the role of EVs, especially exosomes in feto-maternal communication during pregnancy. This review will provide an overview of the functional roles exosomes may play during embryo implantation, modulating immune responses during pregnancy and the onset of labour. Moreover, we will discuss exosomal function in obstetric pathology, and the development of pregnancy-associated complications such as preeclampsia and preterm birth as well as the biomarker potential of exosomes for detecting such conditions.
The logic of orthomodular posets of finite height
Authors: Chajda Ivan , Länger Helmut 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Orthomodular posets form an algebraic formalization of the logic of quantum mechanics. A central question is how to introduce implication in such a logic. We give a positive answer whenever the orthomodular poset in question is of finite height. The crucial advantage of our solution is that the corresponding algebra, called implication orthomodular poset, i.e. a poset equipped with a binary operator of implication, corresponds to the original orthomodular poset and that its implication operator is everywhere defined. We present here a complete list of axioms for implication orthomodular posets. This enables us to derive an axiomatization in Gentzen style for the algebraizable logic of orthomodular posets of finite height.
Population changes and limitation in the montane vole (Microtus montanus) in perennial old-field grasslands: insights from a long-term study
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P , Sullivan Druscilla S , Boonstra Rudy , Krebs Charles J 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe livetrapped populations of Microtus montanus from 1982 to 2003 in semiarid perennial old-field grasslands of southern British Columbia. We evaluated two, nonmutually exclusive hypotheses (H) to explain their population dynamics: first (H1), that extended breeding during the summer or winter will drive the increase phase of population fluctuations; and second (H2), that density-dependent depression of juvenile survival will be reflected in poor early juvenile survival during high populations. Populations on 2–3 grids of 1 ha were livetrapped at 3- to 8-week intervals in summer and winter except in 5 years of very low populations. Densities ranged from 10/ha to 250/ha. Peak densities occurred in 6 years and an extended low phase occurred from 1999 to 2003. Fluctuations of 3–4 years appeared in our populations but were not always present. Breeding occurred both in summer and winter, and the best predictor of the population growth rate was the fraction of adult females lactating in summer or winter, thereby supporting H1. Juvenile production (number of juveniles/lactating female) varied greatly among years with the mean being over two times higher in low (2.41) than high (1.08) years, thereby supporting H2. There was no clear correlation between population changes and either seasonal temperatures or rainfall, or any combination of these two variables, and no obvious cause of the prolonged low from 1999 to 2003. Thus, both female reproduction and juvenile production drive montane vole dynamics demographically, similar to what is found in other vole species. However, the ultimate cause of these changes remains to be tackled experimentally.
Phase plates in the transmission electron microscope: operating principles and applications
Authors: Malac Marek , Hettler Simon , Hayashida Misa , Kano Emi , Egerton Ray F , Beleggia Marco 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we review the current state of phase plate imaging in a transmission electron microscope. We focus especially on the hole-free phase plate design, also referred to as the Volta phase plate. We discuss the implementation, operating principles and applications of phase plate imaging. We provide an imaging theory that accounts for inelastic scattering in both the sample and in the hole-free phase plate.
Symptomatic bladder metastasis of malignant melanoma: a case report
Authors: Moez Rahoui , Khaireddine Mrad Daly , Sahnoun Wajih , Zehani Alia , Bibi Mokhtar , Ouannes Yassine , Sellami Ahmed , Rhouma Sami Ben , Nouira Yassine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bladder metastasis of cutaneous malignant melanoma is an extremely rare condition, with less than 10 cases reported in the last 30 years in the English literature. Bladder localization is most often asymptomatic, explaining the frequency of cases discovered during autopsy in multi-metastatic patients. We report a case of symptomatic malignant melanoma metastasis to the bladder in a 31-year-old patient.
Successful outcome of a giant inguinoscrotal hernia: a novel two-staged repair using preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum and transversus abdominis release
Authors: Miller Derek B , Reed Logan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Giant inguinoscrotal hernias, defined as the extension beyond the midpoint of the inner thigh, continue to require multi-step approaches due to their complexity. Although rare in developed countries, they are commonly present in rural areas after years of neglect. This consequently allows the abdomen to maladapt to lower volumes, creating a loss of domain. Here, we present a giant left inguinoscrotal hernia managed with a unique multi-stage approach, aimed to minimize commonly encountered perioperative complications associated with abdominal hypertension. The combined two-staged approach used begins with preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum, followed by the combined procedures of laparotomy hernia repair (Stoppa technique) and transversus abdominis release, thereby promoting a tension-free closure that is able to accommodate the reduced contents. Various modalities used in treating these hernias have been previously described; however, to our knowledge, the combined use of techniques described here has not been reported.
Sebaceous carcinoma of the axilla
Authors: Siguan Anthony Paolo T , Yray Marc Denver S 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSebaceous carcinoma is a rare cutaneous malignant neoplasm with an estimated incidence rate of approximately 1–2 per 1 000 000 per year. It rarely presents as an extra-ocular type and it affects patients in between the sixth and eighth decades of life. This is a case of a 31-year-old male with a 10-year history of a right axillary mass with an incisional biopsy of a sebaceous carcinoma. The mass was 10 × 6 cm in largest diameter, erythematous, non-tender and irregularly shaped. The patient underwent wide excision of the right axillary mass with negative margins confirmed by frozen section under general anesthesia. A parascapular fasciocutaneous flap was done in order to provide coverage for the defect. The patient was then discharged improved on the fourth postoperative day. Although there has been no established clinical protocol for the staging, medical and surgical management for extra-ocular sebaceous carcinoma, early diagnosis accompanied with the proper surgical intervention, such as oncologic wide excision with negative margins, were both adequate and paramount to the diagnosis, course and treatment of this patient, given its rarity.
Daratumumab Interference in Flow Cytometry Producing a False Kappa Light Chain Restriction in Plasma Cells
Authors: Kleinot William , Aguilera Nadine , Courville Elizabeth L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
False kappa light chain restriction on hematogones (normal B-lineage precursors) has been described in patients on the therapeutic anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab. In this article, we present a novel case report of pseudo-kappa light chain restriction on lambda-restricted neoplastic plasma cells in a patient with progressive plasma cell myeloma while on daratumumab. Flow cytometric technologists and pathologists need to be aware of this potential diagnostic pitfall.