bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Takaful operators: analysing segregated accounts between operator/participants
Authors: Alkhan Ahmed Mansoor , Hassan M. Kabir 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis on whether takaful operators actually maintain separated and segregated accounts between the operator and participants’ funds, thereby conforming to Shariah compliance requirements or not.

Design/methodology/approach
The research uses a qualitative methodology by analysing secondary data relating to two takaful operators in each of the jurisdictions of the Kingdoms of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.

Findings
The findings generally reveal that the financial statements and Shariah Supervisory Board annual reports of the takaful operators in the Kingdom of Bahrain confirm the Shariah-required maintenance of separate accounts between the operator and participants, as well as reveal transparency-related issues and Shariah governance weaknesses for takaful operators in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Research limitations/implications
Generalizing based on a single case study may affect the accuracy of the findings. It may also be argued that qualitative researches are generally considered as less valid than quantitative researches.

Originality/value
This research may have provided empirical data that did not previously exist in the literature.
Where’s that stethoscope? A survey of psychiatrists’ attitudes to their role in managing physical health
Authors: Greenstone Harriet , Burlingham Amy 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
This study aims to explore current attitudes among doctors working in psychiatry, with regard to their perceived role and their confidence in managing their patients’ physical health problems.

Design/methodology/approach
A 20-item electronic questionnaire was distributed to doctors working in psychiatry within two large UK mental health trusts in 2018. Quantitative analysis was conducted, alongside qualitative analysis of free-text comments made by participants.

Findings
Many participants perceived their physical examination skills to have deteriorated since working in psychiatry (78 per cent). Participants were questioned on which professional group should hold responsibility for managing the physical health of patients under psychiatric services. A minority felt it should be psychiatrist-led (5 per cent), followed by general practitioner (GP)-led (42 per cent) and then shared responsibility (47 per cent). The majority felt there should be more focused training on physical health in the Core (72 per cent) and Advanced (63 per cent) psychiatry training. Key themes from a framework analysis of qualitative data included potential barriers to shared care, psychiatrists’ concerns regarding their experience and confidence in managing physical health, reasons in favour of shared responsibility, ideas for training and suggestions for improving the current situation.

Originality/value
Psychiatric patients may engage less well with health services, yet psychiatric medication often impacts significantly on physical health. In this context, there is often a blurring of role boundaries between a psychiatrist and a GP, and there is considerable variation between individual teams. There is a consistent call for more physical health training opportunities for psychiatrists and for mental health services to more proactively promote the physical health of their patients.
Tourism to serve culture: the evolution of an Aboriginal tourism business model in Australia
Authors: Scherrer Pascal 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to track the evolution of an innovative Aboriginal tourism business model with deliberate social and community enterprise objectives in a remote setting.

Design/methodology/approach
It adopts an in-depth exploratory case study approach to discover key characteristics of an emerging tourism enterprise. The qualitative data sources include publically available planning, promotional and organizational materials, in-depth interviews with key informants and on-site observations. Yunus et al.’s (2010) social business model provides the framework for the case analysis.

Findings
Findings highlight the gradual deepening of Indigenous engagement – from simply providing a place for a non-Indigenous tourism business – to running a fully Indigenous-controlled, staffed and themed on-country tourism business. Complementing existing non-Indigenous tourism experiences reduced the need for start-up infrastructure and market recognition, thus reducing business risk for the Traditional Owners. Despite substantial changes in the business structure in response to political and maturation factors, the core motivations seemed to remain strong. The business model facilitates value creation to stakeholders in varying ways.

Research limitations/implications
The contextual nature of Indigenous tourism reflects limitations of qualitative case study methodology.

Practical implications
The resulting business model provides a contextually appropriate structure to engage in tourism for achieving cultural and societal goals. It mitigates against the identified risk of low market demand for Indigenous tourism experiences by connecting with established non-Indigenous tourism products, while also allowing for product offering independent thereof.

Social implications
Social benefits are high and have potential for replication in similar contexts elsewhere.

Originality/value
The paper contributes to the emerging research on culturally appropriate business models in Indigenous tourism contexts and validates a strategy to overcome low demand. It offers a model that for the tourist facilitates a sustainable experience which enables co-production while for the hosts fosters community resilience, intergenerational learning and improved livelihoods. The case highlights opportunities for further research into the interrelationship, dependencies and thresholds between the social and economic profit equations, particularly in the context of the culture conservation economy.
Local outlier factor as part of a workflow for detecting and attenuating blending noise in simultaneously acquired data
Authors: Jeong Woodon , Tsingas Constantinos , Almubarak Mohammed S. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTA number of deblending methods and workflows have been reported in the past decades to eliminate the source interference noise recorded during a simultaneous shooting acquisition. It is common that denoising algorithms focusing on optimizing coherency and weighting down/ignoring outliers can be considered as deblending tools. Such algorithms are not only enforcing coherency but also handling outliers either explicitly or implicitly. In this paper, we present a novel approach based on detecting amplitude outliers and its application on deblending based on a local outlier factor that assigns an outlier‐ness (i.e. a degree of being an outlier) to each sample of the data. A local outlier factor algorithm quantifies outlier‐ness for an object in a data set based on the degree of isolation compared with its locally neighbouring objects. Assuming that the seismic pre‐stack data acquired by simultaneous shooting are composed of a set of non‐outliers and outliers, the local outlier factor algorithm evaluates the outlier‐ness of each object. Therefore, we can separate the data set into blending noise (i.e. outlier) and signal (i.e. non‐outlier) components. By applying a proper threshold, objects having high local outlier factors are labelled as outlier/blending noise, and the corresponding data sample could be replaced by zero or a statistically adequate value. Beginning with an explanation of parameter definitions and properties of local outlier factor, we investigate the feasibility of a local outlier factor application on seismic deblending by analysing the parameters of local outlier factor and suggesting specific deblending strategies. Field data examples recorded during simultaneous shooting acquisition show that the local outlier factor algorithm combined with a thresholding can detect and attenuate blending noise. Although the local outlier factor application on deblending shows a few shortcomings, it is consequently noted that the local outlier factor application in this paper obviously achieves benefits in terms of detecting and attenuating blending noise and paves the way for further geophysical applications.
Personal perspectives on patient and public involvement – stories about becoming and being an expert by experience
Authors: Jones Marjaana , Pietilä Ilkka 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPatient and public involvement activities bring ‘lay participants’ and their accounts of lived experiences to the centre of health service development and delivery. For individuals, these accounts can provide an important resource, offering a sense of control and an opportunity to re‐frame past events. Furthermore, as involvement activities and the use of personal accounts have become more prominent, it is timely to examine the involvement process from the perspective of the ‘lay participants’. Hence, the aim of this study is to explore how people become involved and how they construct the accounts of their lived experience. We analyse the stories of people with lived mental illness or caring experiences, who have become experts by experience (n = 13). We argue that becoming an expert by experience can help to re‐contextualise past experiences and support the re‐discovery of skills and expertise, leading experts by experience to construct both professionalised and politicised identities. The process has the potential to enforce narratives that portray illness experiences as motivators for social action and change. Additionally, we claim that the stories experts by experience share with health services and the public are not ‘lay accounts’ or ad hoc tales, but accounts constructed to serve specific purposes.
Differential gene expression in non‐adherent heart transplant survivors: Implications for regulatory T‐cell expression
Authors: Baran David A. , Rao Prakash , Deo Dayanand , Zucker Mark J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSurvival despite prolonged non‐adherence with immunosuppression is rare but has been reported in kidney, lung, and liver transplantation. Its occurrence in heart transplantation is quite rare. Our study was prompted by an index patient who survived despite prolonged medication non‐adherence. Prospective consent and blood collection were conducted for seven additional patients who presented in a similar fashion. The blood of patients who were diagnosed with rejection, stable early post‐transplant, and stable more than 5 years post‐transplant were all compared with a custom gene array focusing on T‐regulatory cell processes. The two genes that were differentially expressed in every comparison were TGF beta and RNASEN with very low expression in the rejector group. The prolonged non‐adherent group had the maximum expression for TGF beta but average RNASEN expression as compared to the low expression for rejectors and high for post‐5 years patients. The patients presented survived for varying lengths of time without immunosuppression. The gene array analysis showed intriguing differences between these rare patients and important patient cohorts. Further efforts should be directed to finding and studying more patients who survive despite lack of prescribed immunosuppression. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon may inform future advances in transplant immunosuppression.
Social Policy and Political Mobilization in India: Producing Hierarchical Fraternity and Polarized Differences
Authors: Gudavarthy Ajay , Vijay G. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThis article attempts to decode the ways in which social policy that has essentially developmental and welfare imperatives is being used to pursue an exclusivist‐authoritarian right‐wing agenda in India under Narendra Modi. The authors highlight a contradistinction between the previous United Progressive Alliance regime led by the Congress Party and the current National Democratic Alliance regime led by the BJP to show the shift in the understanding and the role of social policy. In essence, social programmes have been combined with market‐oriented reforms, undoing the entitlements‐based approach to social policies of the previous regime. The authors then go on to discuss a variety of social policy programmes introduced by the Modi government with a focus on public health and sanitation objectives, but also including gender empowerment imperatives, education, training and employment programmes for socially marginalized groups.
Flood impact on Mainland Southeast Asia between 1985 and 2018—The role of tropical cyclones
Authors: Chen Aifang , Giese Markus , Chen Deliang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFloods are disastrous natural hazards accused of human live losses. As a flood‐prone area, Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) has often been hit by floods, resulting in the highest fatality in the world. Despite the destructive flood impacts, how has flood occurrence changed over the past decades, and to what extent did floods affect the MSEA are not yet clear. Using the Dartmouth Flood Observatory large flood data archive, we aim to assess the trend of flood occurrence in the MSEA in 1985–2018, and quantify the associated impacts on humans. Particularly, the contribution of tropical cyclone (TC) landfall induced floods (TCFloods) is quantified, because of the frequent TC landfalls. Results show that (a) occurrence and maximum magnitude of floods by all causes (ALLFloods) significantly increased (p < .01), but not for TCFloods; (b) On average, TCFloods accounted for 24.6% occurrence of ALLFloods; (c) TCFloods caused higher mortality and displacement rate than ALLFloods did. As low flood protection standards in Cambodia and Myanmar is considered a reason for high flood‐induced mortalities, building higher flood protection standards should be taken as a priority for mitigating potential flood impacts. With quantifying flood occurrence and impacts, this study offers scientific understandings for better flood risk management.
First Report on Photodynamic Inactivation of Archaea Including a Novel Method for High‐Throughput Reduction Measurement
Authors: Eckl Daniel B. , Huber Harald , Bäumler Wolfgang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractArchaea are considered third, independent domain of living organisms besides eukaryotic and bacterial cells. To date, no report is available of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of any archaeal cells. Two commercially available photosensitizers (SAPYR and TMPyP) were used to investigate photodynamic inactivation of Halobacterium salinarum. In addition, a novel high‐throughput method was tested to evaluate microbial reduction in vitro. Due to the high salt content of the culture medium, the physical and chemical properties of photosensitizers were analyzed via spectroscopy and fluorescence‐based DPBF assays. Attachment or uptake of photosensitizers to or in archaeal cells was investigated. The photodynamic inactivation of Halobacterium salinarum was evaluated via growth curve method allowing a high throughput of samples. The presented results indicate that the photodynamic mechanisms are working even in high salt environments. Either photosensitizer inactivated the archaeal cells with a reduction of 99.9% at least. The growth curves provided a fast and precise measurement of cell viability. The results show for the first time that PDI can kill not only bacterial cells but also robust archaea. The novel method for generating high‐throughput growth curves provides benefits for future research regarding antimicrobial substances in general.
Simulation of Intelligence Evolution in Object-Oriented Systems
Authors: Fazekas Bálint , Kiss Attila 
Published: February 2020

In classical artificial intelligence and machine learning fields, the aim is to teach a certain program to find the most convenient and efficient way of solving a particular problem. However, these approaches are not suitable for simulating the evolution of human intelligence, since intelligence is a dynamically changing, volatile behavior, which greatly depends on the environment an agent is exposed to. In this paper, we present several models of what should be considered, when trying to simulate the evolution of intelligence of agents within a given environment. We explain several types of entropies, and introduce a dominant function model. By unifying these models, we explain how and why our ideas can be formally detailed and implemented using object-oriented technologies. The difference between our approach and that described in other papers also — approaching evolution from the point of view of entropies — is that our approach focuses on a general system, modern implementation solutions, and extended models for each component in the system.
Induction of the nicotinamide riboside kinase NAD+ salvage pathway in a model of sarcoplasmic reticulum dysfunction
Authors: Doig Craig L. , Zielinska Agnieszka E. , Fletcher Rachel S. , Oakey Lucy A. , Elhassan Yasir S. , Garten Antje , Cartwright David , Heising Silke , Alsheri Ahmed , Watson David G. , Prehn Cornelia , Adamski Jerzy , Tennant Daniel A. , Lavery Gareth G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Hexose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (H6PD) is a generator of NADPH in the Endoplasmic/Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (ER/SR). Interaction of H6PD with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 provides NADPH to support oxo-reduction of inactive to active glucocorticoids, but the wider understanding of H6PD in ER/SR NAD(P)(H) homeostasis is incomplete. Lack of H6PD results in a deteriorating skeletal myopathy, altered glucose homeostasis, ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response. Here we further assess muscle responses to H6PD deficiency to delineate pathways that may underpin myopathy and link SR redox status to muscle wide metabolic adaptation.

Methods
We analysed skeletal muscle from H6PD knockout (H6PDKO), H6PD and NRK2 double knockout (DKO) and wild-type (WT) mice. H6PDKO mice were supplemented with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside. Skeletal muscle samples were subjected to biochemical analysis including NAD(H) measurement, LC-MS based metabolomics, Western blotting, and high resolution mitochondrial respirometry. Genetic and supplement models were assessed for degree of myopathy compared to H6PDKO.

Results
H6PDKO skeletal muscle showed adaptations in the routes regulating nicotinamide and NAD+ biosynthesis, with significant activation of the Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase 2 (NRK2) pathway. Associated with changes in NAD+ biosynthesis, H6PDKO muscle had impaired mitochondrial respiratory capacity with altered mitochondrial acylcarnitine and acetyl-CoA metabolism. Boosting NAD+ levels through the NRK2 pathway using the precursor nicotinamide riboside elevated NAD+/NADH but had no effect to mitigate ER stress and dysfunctional mitochondrial respiratory capacity or acetyl-CoA metabolism. Similarly, H6PDKO/NRK2 double KO mice did not display an exaggerated timing or severity of myopathy or overt change in mitochondrial metabolism despite depression of NAD+ availability.

Conclusions
These findings suggest a complex metabolic response to changes in muscle SR NADP(H) redox status that result in impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism and activation of cellular NAD+ salvage pathways. It is possible that SR can sense and signal perturbation in NAD(P)(H) that cannot be rectified in the absence of H6PD. Whether NRK2 pathway activation is a direct response to changes in SR NAD(P)(H) availability or adaptation to deficits in metabolic energy availability remains to be resolved.
Management of recurrent unilateral lumbar disc herniation in a single level: unilateral versus bilateral pedicle screws fixation with interbody fusion
Authors: Ahmed Omar El Farouk , Morad Sherif H. , Abdelbar Ahmed S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundLumbar interbody fusion procedure is a recognized surgical technique in management of a variety of lumbar pathologies including recurrent lumbar disc prolapse. Interbody fusion augmented by pedicle screw fixation has been considered to improve fusion rates and clinical outcomes. Interbody fusion is commonly associated with better fusion potentials through applying the bone graft in the load bearing, vascular position of the anterior, and middle spinal columns. However, it still remains unknown whether interbody fusion with unilateral pedicle screw fixation (UPSF) is superior to that with bilateral pedicle screw fixation (BPSF).Aim of the workThe aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of unilateral versus bilateral pedicle screw fixation associated with interbody fusion for the management of single level unilateral recurrent lumbar disc prolapse as regard the clinical and biomechanical results, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative stay.Material and methodsThis observational prospective comparative study of the two groups who were operated either unilateral (group A /15 patients) or bilateral (group B/15 patients) pedicle screw fixation with interbody fusion was done. Patients were followed up for 1, 6, ad 12 months.ResultsSignificant improvement in functional outcome of the two groups was noted compared to preoperatively, except in early postoperative period where the back VAS and ODI in the unilateral group was better than bilateral group. However, on further follow up, no significant difference was noticed. There was no significant difference comparing fusion rate, complication rate, and duration of hospital stay between the two groups at postoperative follow-up. There was significantly less blood loss, and significantly shorter operation time in the unilateral PS fixation group as compared with the bilateral PS fixation group in our study.ConclusionOur study suggested that TLIF with unilateral PS fixation was as safe and effective as that with bilateral PS fixation for the management of recurrent single level lumbar disc prolapse; it showed better clinical outcome scores of ODI and back VAS, and a significant reduction of the intraoperative blood loss as well as the operation time, without significant differences considering fusion rate, complication rate, and duration of hospital stay between the two groups at postoperative follow-up. However, BPSF with TLIF likely causes more degeneration at the cranial adjacent segment compared with UPSF techniques. Nevertheless, the long-term follow up is required to demonstrate the impact of these findings.