bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderate grazing increased alpine meadow soils bacterial abundance and diversity index on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Du Yangong , Ke Xun , Dai Licong , Cao Guangmin , Zhou Huakun , Guo Xiaowei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe response of grassland soil bacterial community characteristics to different grazing intensities is central ecological topics. However, the underlying mechanisms between bacterial abundance, diversity index, and grazing intensity remain unclear. We measured alpine meadow soil bacterial gene richness and diversity index under four grazing intensities using 16S rDNA sequence analysis on the Tibetan Plateau. The results suggest that extreme grazing significantly decreased alpine meadow both bacterial gene abundance and diversity index (p < .05). The lowest operational taxonomic unit numbers were 3,012 ± 447 copies under heavy grazing in the growing season. It was significantly lower than heavy grazing with approximately 3,958 ± 119 copies (p < .05). The Shannon index for medium and high grazing grassland bacterial diversity was slightly higher than for light grazing in the growing season. Furthermore, the lowest index was approximately 9.20 ± 0.50 for extreme grazing of grassland in the growing season. The average bacterial gene abundance and diversity index in the dormancy period were slightly higher than that in the growing season. Soil bulk density, pH, ammonium, and nitrate nitrogen were the main positive factors driving grazed grassland bacterial communities. Our study provides insight into the response of alpine meadows to grazing intensity, demonstrating that moderate grazing increases bacterial community diversity in grazed grasslands.
The gut bacterial community affects immunity but not metabolism in a specialist herbivorous butterfly
Authors: Duplouy Anne , Minard Guillaume , Saastamoinen Marjo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPlant tissues often lack essential nutritive elements and may contain a range of secondary toxic compounds. As nutritional imbalance in food intake may affect the performances of herbivores, the latter have evolved a variety of physiological mechanisms to cope with the challenges of digesting their plant‐based diet. Some of these strategies involve living in association with symbiotic microbes that promote the digestion and detoxification of plant compounds or supply their host with essential nutrients missing from the plant diet. In Lepidoptera, a growing body of evidence has, however, recently challenged the idea that herbivores are nutritionally dependent on their gut microbial community. It is suggested that many of the herbivorous Lepidopteran species may not host a resident microbial community, but rather a transient one, acquired from their environment and diet. Studies directly testing these hypotheses are however scarce and come from an even more limited number of species.By coupling comparative metabarcoding, immune gene expression, and metabolomics analyses with experimental manipulation of the gut microbial community of prediapause larvae of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia, L.), we tested whether the gut microbial community supports early larval growth and survival, or modulates metabolism or immunity during early stages of development.We successfully altered this microbiota through antibiotic treatments and consecutively restored it through fecal transplants from conspecifics. Our study suggests that although the microbiota is involved in the up‐regulation of an antimicrobial peptide, it did not affect the life history traits or the metabolism of early instars larvae.This study confirms the poor impact of the microbiota on diverse life history traits of yet another Lepidoptera species. However, it also suggests that potential eco‐evolutionary host‐symbiont strategies that take place in the gut of herbivorous butterfly hosts might have been disregarded, particularly how the microbiota may affect the host immune system homeostasis.
Insights into the Structure Stability of Prussian Blue for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Zhuxin , Liu Tingting , Meng Ruijin , Gao Lujie , Zou Yiping , Peng Peng , Shao Yuying , Liang Xiao 
Published: July 2020

The reversible storage of Zn2+ ions in Prussian blue analogues with typical aqueous solution was challenged by fast degradation and poor coulombic efficiency, while the mechanism is yet to be uncovered. This study correlates the performance of the nickel hexacyanoferrate to the dynamics of H2O in the electrolyte and the associated phase stability of the electrode. It demonstrates severe Ni dissolution in conventional diluted aqueous electrolyte (1 m ZnSO4 or 1 m Zn(TFSI)2), leading to structure collapse with the formation of an electrochemical inert phase. This is regarded as the descriptor for the fast decay of nickel hexacyanoferrate in diluted aqueous electrolyte. However, a well‐preserved open framework for zinc storage was obtained in concentrated aqueous electrolyte (1 m Zn(TFSI)2 + 21 m LiTFSI)—the H2O activity is highly suppressed by extensive coordination—thus, reversible capacity of 60.2 mAh g−1 over 1600 cycles could be delivered.
Boosting effects of Spirulina platensis, whey protein, and probiotics on the growth of microflora and the nutritional value of ayran
Authors: Çelekli Abuzer , Alslibi Zina Alajil , Bozkurt Hüseyin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGreat attention has been given to Spirulina platensis for consideration as the superfood of the future due to its high bioactive compounds and nutritional values. Boosting effects of S. platensis and whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) on the growth of probiotics in ayran, a fermented milk product, through the fermentation and storage periods were investigated in this study. This study aimed to enhance the growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and L. acidophilus with the addition of S. platensis and WPH added or not probiotics into ayran. Effects of S. platensis and WPH (at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) on the growth of probiotic culture were studied before and after the fermentation and at seventh, 14th, and 21st days of storage. S. platensis and WPH had significant boosting effects (P < .05) on the growth of St. thermophilus (9.22 log cfu/mL), L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (6.85 log cfu/mL), L. acidophilus (5.39 log cfu/mL), and B. lactis (7.96 log cfu/mL) and biochemical variables. The highest total solid level (0.99) and protein content (25.16 mg/L) were observed by mixing of S. platensis and WPH at 1% into ayran. The encountered variability in the boosting effect of S. platensis and WPH depended on their addition to ayran. S. platensis and WPH had great potentials for enhancing the nutritional value of ayran and the growth of the probiotic culture.
A new index‐based method for optimal DG placement in distribution networks
Authors: Memarzadeh Gholamreza , Keynia Farshid 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe expansion of distributed generations (DG) in the distribution networks brings visible technical and economic benefits to the grid. On the other hand, the place and size for DGs in a grid are very important, and optimal selection can decrease voltage profile volatility, system losses, and increase reliability indices especially. The issue of reliability in the distribution system is one of the important parameters in selecting the optimal location of DG. In other words, by considering this parameter, DG location will change in the distribution system and by installing it at this point; the reliability of the network has improved. Therefore, this paper proposes an analytical index to determine the optimal size and siting of DGs in a distribution network. The proposed index has consisted of loss sensitivity factor, voltage stability index, and reliability based factors. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method in the previous section, the simulation procedure has been implemented on the IEEE 33 and 69 bus distribution systems. The effectiveness of the suggested index is clarified by using different test systems, and the results have been compared with other proposed methods. The results indicated that the proposed simple index could be acceptable in finding the optimal location and size of DG better than complicated optimization methods.
A GIS‐based multi‐proxy analysis of the evolution of subglacial dynamics of the Quebec–Labrador ice dome, northeastern Quebec, Canada
Authors: Rice J.M. , Ross M. , Paulen R.C. , Kelley S.E. , Briner J.P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe glacial records of the inner‐core regions of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) document complex yet coherent patterns reflecting ice‐sheet change (e.g. ice‐divide migration), providing unique insights into past glacial conditions. This study develops a conceptual model of subglacial dynamics evolution within a major ice‐dispersal centre of the LIS in northeastern Quebec, Canada using a GIS‐based analysis of the surficial geologic record. Multiple proxies of subglacial conditions (subglacial streamlined landforms, lake density and lake area over thin drift/bedrock) were analysed through grid‐overlay techniques and then classified based on different proxy variables ranging from highly mobile warm‐based to immobile cold‐based conditions. An additional proxy (till blanket) was used to identify areas of thick till deposition, but with few proxies (few lake or landform metrics). Based on local ice‐flow reconstructions, the most ‘relict’ glacial terrain zone (GTZ1) has warm‐based conditions over 66% of its area and is remarkably well preserved, suggesting laterally extensive warm‐based conditions during the oldest identified ice‐flow phase. This relict glacial terrain is partially overprinted by two subsequent ice‐flow phases in spatially restricted zones in the northeast (73% warm‐based), east‐central (41% warm‐based), and northwest (33% warm‐based) of the study area. A zone of more sluggish conditions (only 3% warm‐based) was identified in the highlands at the centre of the study area, characterized by thin till cover, few landforms, yet with large patches of relatively abundant small lakes, indicative of areal scouring. No clear evidence of sustained cold‐based conditions (i.e. high chemical index of alteration values or high 10Be abundances) was found in the study area. These results suggest that warm‐based conditions (active erosion and/or deposition) were uniformly widespread during the earliest ice‐flow phase, later becoming more spatially restricted with broader sluggish ice conditions. These spatially restricted regions of warm‐based subglacial regimes were likely controlled by surrounding and down‐flow ice streaming. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
The Effects of Modified Clay on Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) Based on Laboratory and Field Experiments
Authors: Zhang Yue , Song Xiuxian , Shen Huihui , Cao Xihua , Yuan Yongquan , Wu Zaixing , Yu Zhiming 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The abalone industry has suffered immense economic losses due to the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Among the methods for mitigating HABs, modified clay is considered the most promising strategy and has been successfully used for field applications in many countries, and its environmental effects have become a subject of global concern. The effects of modified clay on the survival, growth, nutritional quality, and oxidative stress indicators of abalone were studied based on both laboratory and field experiments. The results showed that modified clay at 3–10 times the concentrations used for HAB treatment did not affect the survival of abalone. During the laboratory experiments, the increases in abalone shell length and weight nonsignificantly decreased with increasing concentrations of modified clay at 1–15 d, whereas the weight of abalone in the experimental groups increased rapidly during the recovery period at 16–30 d. The growth and nutrition qualities of abalone in field experiments showed negligible differences between the control and experimental groups. Catalase (CAT) activity in the hepatopancreas and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the gills were significantly affected by certain concentrations of modified clay at individual time points, whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased in all experimental groups within 96 h. The removal of bacteria and the mitigation of water quality decline were among the effects of modified clay that contributed to the decrease in MDA content. The present study showed that modified clay had no obvious adverse effects on the survival, growth, quality, or oxidative stress indicators of abalone at the experimental concentrations, thus providing a reference for the field application of modified clay in typical aquaculture areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2065–2075. © 2020 SETAC
Hyperbole, Simile, Metaphor, and Invasivore: Messaging About non-native Blue Catfish Expansion
Authors: Orth Donald J , Schmitt Joseph D , Hilling Corbin D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we explore the news messaging surrounding the introduction and expansion of Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus in mid-Atlantic tidal waters. In the early news reports surrounding the non-native catfish controversy, the species was described with hyperboles and terms that evoked threats, danger, and the need for caution, all of which make science-based debate difficult. Three evidence-based models of invasion effects refer to introduced species as passengers, back-seat drivers, and drivers of ecosystem degradation. Like other non-native species introduced and supported by humans, the Blue Catfish story should shift from the invasiveness metaphor to one of collaborative problem solving to conserve elements of our natural heritage in the face of growing pressures from urbanizing watersheds. We recommend that scientists and managers, in all their communications, avoid value-laden language and focus on exploration of evidence to support alternative management interventions, rather than promoting automatic management positions without considering all aspects of the problem.
The protective effect of soybean protein‐derived peptides on apoptosis via the activation of PI3K‐AKT and inhibition on apoptosis pathway
Authors: Yi Guofu , Li He , Li You , Zhao Fen , Ying Zhiwei , Liu Menglan , Zhang Jian , Liu Xinqi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSoybean protein‐derived peptides (SBP) are a rich source of various bioactive peptides with multiple health benefits. However, the prospective effects of SBP on human cells are still unclear. Therefore, this article investigated the effects of small molecular weight SBP on MG132‐induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. SBP inhibited MG132‐induced apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells in a dose‐dependent manner by flow cytometry. To further study its molecular mechanisms, Western blot analysis demonstrated that SBP could activate the PI3K‐AKT pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT and inhibiting apoptosis pathway by downregulating the expressions of pro‐apoptotic proteins of Bim, Bax, Fas, and Fasl and promoting the expressions of anti‐apoptotic proteins of Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐2. These results indicated the protective effect of SBP on MG132‐induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells.
Direct visualization and characterization of the human zona incerta and surrounding structures
Authors: Lau Jonathan C. , Xiao Yiming , Haast Roy A. M. , Gilmore Greydon , Uludağ Kâmil , MacDougall Keith W. , Menon Ravi S. , Parrent Andrew G. , Peters Terry M. , Khan Ali R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe zona incerta (ZI) is a small gray matter region of the deep brain first identified in the 19th century, yet direct in vivo visualization and characterization has remained elusive. Noninvasive detection of the ZI and surrounding region could be critical to further our understanding of this widely connected but poorly understood deep brain region and could contribute to the development and optimization of neuromodulatory therapies. We demonstrate that high resolution (submillimetric) longitudinal (T1) relaxometry measurements at high magnetic field strength (7 T) can be used to delineate the ZI from surrounding white matter structures, specifically the fasciculus cerebellothalamicus, fields of Forel (fasciculus lenticularis, fasciculus thalamicus, and field H), and medial lemniscus. Using this approach, we successfully derived in vivo estimates of the size, shape, location, and tissue characteristics of substructures in the ZI region, confirming observations only previously possible through histological evaluation that this region is not just a space between structures but contains distinct morphological entities that should be considered separately. Our findings pave the way for increasingly detailed in vivo study and provide a structural foundation for precise functional and neuromodulatory investigation.
Global Warming Impacts of Residential Electricity Consumption: Agent-Based Modeling of Rooftop Solar Panel Adoption in Los Angeles County, California
Authors: Grant Courtney A , Hicks Andrea L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Solar photovoltaics (PV) are a renewable electricity technology with lower carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) impacts compared to fossil electricity, making it a technology of interest with respect to combatting global climate change. This paper combines agent-based modeling (ABM) with life cycle assessment (LCA) to simulate rooftop solar PV adoption in Los Angeles (LA) County from 2018–2050 and generate CO2e impact data at the societal level to compare PV and grid electricity. With respect to solar PV panels, consumer adoption is the “pull” that moves the system and corresponding life cycle CO2e impacts forward. ABM is used to evaluate the impact of policies and evolutions in technology regarding the adoption of solar PV. Life cycle assessment is used to quantify the life cycle CO2e impacts of solar PV (including raw materials, manufacturing, and use). The results show that scenarios that increase PV adoption also increase the CO2e impacts from solar PV use in the short term, due to the raw materials and manufacturing portions of the life cycle. Yet, in the long term, adoption of solar PV may provide CO2e impact savings from offsetting grid electricity (although this is dependent on the carbon intensity of the electricity sources). The CO2e impacts of solar panels are dominated by the raw materials and manufacturing phases on a product level basis, but the use phase contributes to the majority of environmental impact savings from an adoption and societal-level perspective. Future work may apply the methodology to other locations in the United States to evaluate if solar panels are an advantageous electricity source compared to the environmental impacts of the electricity grid. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:1008–1018. © 2020 SETAC
Global Research Alliance N2O chamber methodology guidelines: Considerations for automated flux measurement
Authors: Grace Peter R. , van der Weerden Tony J. , Rowlings David W. , Scheer Clemens , Brunk Christian , Kiese Ralf , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Rees Robert M. , Robertson G. Philip , Skiba Ute M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are highly episodic in response to nitrogen additions and changes in soil moisture. Automated gas sampling provides the necessary high temporal frequency to capture these emission events in real time, ensuring the development of accurate N2O inventories and effective mitigation strategies to reduce global warming. This paper outlines the design and operational considerations of automated chamber systems including chamber design and deployment, frequency of gas sampling, and options in terms of the analysis of gas samples. The basic hardware and software requirements for automated chambers are described, including the major challenges and obstacles in their implementation and operation in a wide range of environments. Detailed descriptions are provided of automated systems that have been deployed to assess the impacts of agronomy on the emissions of N2O and other significant greenhouse gases. This information will assist researchers across the world in the successful deployment and operation of automated N2O chamber systems.
Drug target validation in primary human natural killer cells using CRISPR RNP
Authors: Rautela Jai , Surgenor Elliot , Huntington Nicholas D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ability to genetically modify CD8 T cells using viral gene delivery has facilitated the development of next generation of cancer immunotherapies such as chimeric Ag receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to specifically kill tumor cells. Development of immunotherapies targeting NK cells have stalled in part by their resistance to traditional viral gene delivery systems. Here, an efficient approach is described to genetically edit human NK cells by electroporation and CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Electroporation pulse codes and buffer optimization for protein uptake by human NK cells and viability, and the efficiency of this approach over other methods are detailed. To highlight the transformative step this technique will have for NK cell immunotherapy drug discovery, NCR1 and CISH are deleted in primary human NK cells and murine findings are validated on their key roles in regulating NK cell antitumor function.
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: Maintainers of intestinal immune tolerance and regulators of intestinal immunity
Authors: Ma Haitao , Qiu Yuan , Yang Hua 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Intestinal immune tolerance is essential for the immune system, as it prevents abnormal immune responses to large quantities of antigens from the intestinal lumen, such as antigens from commensal microorganisms, and avoids self-injury. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), a special group of mucosal T lymphocytes, play a significant role in intestinal immune tolerance. To accomplish this, IELs exhibit a high threshold of activation and low reactivity to most antigens from the intestinal lumen. In particular, CD8αα+TCRαβ+ IELs, TCRγδ+ IELs, and CD4+CD8αα+ IELs show great potential for maintaining intestinal immune tolerance and regulating intestinal immunity. However, if the intestinal microenvironment becomes abnormal or intestinal tolerance is broken, IELs may be activated abnormally and become pathogenic.
Decision‐Making In A Choreographic Creative Process: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Fonseca Ana R. , Abril‐de‐Abreu Rodrigo , Fernandes Carla 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHuman creativity finds in artistic practices one of its most admirable forms. Most of the studies about artistic practices have used qualitative approaches, focusing on the conceptual structures conveyed by the artwork. Few studies have used quantitative approaches with the potential to be generalized. This study has focused on developing a quantitative methodology to characterize an artist’s behavioral patterns while creating an artwork. Inspired by a theoretical framework from animal cognition, we analyzed the decision‐making process of an artist while choosing to invest more or less effort in given elements of the art piece. We have video recorded the rehearsals of a dance piece and hand‐scored the movement phrases elicited individually by two dancers and quantitatively reconstructed the sequence of movement phrases being performed at each moment. This representation has revealed, implicitly, that the choreographer invested more energy in creating movement sequences, and that certain elements of movement were more prone to several iterations. Our study shows that decision‐making processes in artistic practices can be revealed through the use of quantitative methodologies which can be potentially generalized to other choreographic methodologies and styles, thus leading to a better understanding of those artistic practices and, generally, of human creative behavior.