bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxic Impacts of Pesticide Mixtures on The Morphology of Red Shiner (Cyprinella Lutrensis) Gills At 23°C and 30°C
Authors: Messaad Ibrahim A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Herbicides and insecticides are applied in agriculture sequentially or simultaneously to control broadleaf weeds, corn rootworm larvae, and other soil pests. Pesticide application creates the potential for movement to aquatic habitats via sediment or runoff, hence affects non-target aquatic organisms. Histopathological changes of gill tissues have been suggested as powerful and sensitive measures of stress and well-being offish. Atrazine and terbufos were found to cause tissue damage and mortality in fish. Literature concerning the effects of pesticide mixtures to fish and other animals at the histopathological level are rare. The present study focused on the impacts of atrazine and terbufos mixtures on fish gills.
Cyprinella lutrensis were obtained from the Platte River in Nebraska, USA and maintained in the laboratory at 23 °C and 30 °C. They were exposed to 0, 1μg terbufos + 10 μg atrazine L-1, 10 μg terbufos + 100 μg atrazine L-1, and 100 μg terbufos + 1000 μg atrazine L-1.
Liver Ultrastructural Pathology in Cocaine Users
Authors: Finol HJ , Mondragón DD , González YM , Paradisi C , González N , Márquez A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although liver function tests could be abnormal in humans taking cocaine the histopathological basis for this disorder has not been well established. Light microscopic studies have shown the existence of peripheral, centrilobular or diffuse necrosis. The only electron microscopic investigation we could find reports hepatocyte alterations including dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and existence of phagolysosomes. In this work we report the liver ultrastructural pathology in chronic cocaine users.
Liver biopsies were obtained in five male patients, 25-44 years old. These patients had consumed cocaine and other drugs (marihuana, alcohol, amphetamines, etc..) for 7-30 years. All of them had altered liver function tests. Tissue samples were processed with routine techniques for transmission electron microscopy and observed in a Hitachi H-500 electron microscope.
Abnormalities observed included those previously reported as swollen rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, presence of autophagic vacuoles and lipid deposition.
The Redox Dysregulation Visualized by Electron Microscopic Localization of Cerium Perhydroxide in The Kidney of (Nzb X Nzw)F1 Mice.
Authors: Bailey GW , Dimlich RVW , Alexander KB , McCarthy JJ , Pretlow TP , Nishikawa Megumi , Chen Li-Li , Igarashi Rie , Nakazawa Tomoko , Aikawa Eizo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Redox dysregulation is known as pathogenesis of renal involvement in autoimmune lupus mice [1,2]. However, the behavior of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still unclear [3]. The purpose of this study is to make clear the localization of hydrogen perhydroxide which is generated as intermediate substances of radical reactions.
Modified Brigg's method [4] was used to determine the generation of ROS in renal tissues of (NZB x NZW)F1 mice. The renal specimens were incubated with a standard medium, which consisted of 0. IM tris-malate buffer (pH7.4) with 7% sucrose, lmM CeCl3 and lOmM aminotriazole at 37° C for 30 min and ultrathin sections were prepared and examined by electron microscopy. Lecithinized-recombinant-superoxide dismutase (SOD) was used as redox regulator, which is ROS inhibitor. SOD (1000 U/kg) was injected 3 times a week, tail-intravenously to Fl mice from 4 to 60 weeks of age. The mRNA of inflammatory cytokines and IkB was detected by RT-PCR method.
Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) in the Myocardium with Acute Myocarditis.
Authors: Bailey GW , Dimlich RVW , Alexander KB , McCarthy JJ , Pretlow TP , Nishikawa T , Ishiyama S , Takeda K , Kasajima T , Abe S , Shimojo T , Ito H , Hiroe M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Acute myocarditis is a potentially lethal disease. However, the precise mechanism of myocardial damage in myocarditis is still unknown, although its pathogenesis seems to be involved in the result of natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and autoantibodies. Recently, it has been reported that programmed death of cardiac myocytes can be induced by several pathological conditions including infarction and end-stage cardiac failure. However, little is known about the myocardial cell death in myocarditis. In this study, we investigated whether myocardial cell death via apoptosis occurs in the heart tissue with myocarditis.
Since it has been reported that the pathogenesis of the tissue damage in viral myocarditis resembles that in experimental autoimmune myocarditis induced by myosin, we used an experimental model for autoimmune myocarditis induced in Lewis rat with the use of myosin as the antigen. Rats were sacrificed on days 14, 17 and 21 after myosin injection. The tissue specimens were taken from ventricle of the heart.
Mitochondrial Activity and Morphology are Affected by Sphinganine in Neurospora Crassa.
Authors: Gerlach J A , Bart K M , Aaronson L R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It has been proposed that sphinganine may function as a natural antifungal barrier in mammals. This sphingoid base is found highly concentrated in epidermis, where it has been documented to inhibit the colonization of pathogenic fungi such as Epidermophyton and Candida. Since Neurospora crassa is sensitive to the effects of sphinganine within the same concentration range as infectious fungi, it is being employed as the model to study the mechanism of sphinganine toxicity in fungal pathogens. With the dramatic increase in fungal mycoses seen in immunocompromised individuals to date, this natural constituent of mammalian epidermis may be employed as a potent, novel antifungal drug.
During this project, radioactive labelling with [3H]sphinganine was employed to observe metabolism of exogenous sphinganine into complex sphingolipids. Transmission electron microscopy analysis was utilized to observe changes in cellular ultrastructure, while fluorescence microscopic techniques were used to assay certain cell functions.
Within 1 hr, exogenous sources of sphinganine are metabolized into dihydroceramides and cerebrosides by the enzymes of complex sphingolipid synthesis.
Changes in the Elemental Composition of Bladder Mucus in Stone and Non-Stone forming Patients following Augmentation Cystoplasty
Authors: Ackerley CA , Tilups A , Khoury AE , Becker LE , Mittleman MW 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The incidence of bladder stones is increased by 50% following bladder augmentation(l,2). Stones require surgical removal as they are typically too large to pass. A recurrence rate of 19% has been noted(2) necessitating multiple sugical procedures. Etiology of stones in augmented bladders is due to a number of factors including foreign body reactions, metabolic abnormalities, infection and intestinal mucus. In order to determine whether the elemental composition of bladder mucus plays a role in the development of bladder calculi, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry(EDXS) was done on the mucus from stone and non-stone forming patients. In addition, stones from the same patients were examined and analyzed and the data compared with the composition of the mucus.
Eighteen patients participated in this study, 14 of whom had ileo-cystoplasties and 2 ileo-cecal augments. Two were cloacal extrophy patients where the hind gut was incorporated with the bladder halves. To avoid any foreign body reactions, metal staples were not used in any of the bladder augmentation procedures.
Analysis of Platelet Dense Granules in Storage Pool Deficient Patients
Authors: McKenzie MM , Gunning WT , Smith MR , Lachant NA , Turner JN 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Prolonged bleeding times may be evident in patients with various conditions. Analysis of platelet function can provide an insight into the cause. Platelets contain substances such as ADP, calcium, epinephrine, and serotonin which are stored in the electron dense or delta granules. Our experience has shown normal platelets to have 4-6 dense granules (Figure 1), which is supported by the literature. The prolonged bleeding times of patients who have less than the normal number of dense granules may be attributed to the lack of adequate factors that aid in the clotting process. These storage pool deficient (SPD) patients are being classified by their low dense granule count. Patients with prolonged bleeding times but normal dense granule counts may need to have their granules evaluated for size and volume (Figure 2).
Whole mounted platelets were placed in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and negatives were obtained at a magnification of 10,200x. The typical dense granule seen in normal whole mounts is circular.
Ultrastructure of Human Purkinje Fibers in Cases of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Siew S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Two fundamental properties of protoplasm: contractility and conductivity, are brought to a high degree of development in muscular tissue. The rhythm of the mammalian heart is initiated and regulated by fibers that have become specialized to conduct the electrical impulse. These fibers comprise the impulse conduction system of the heart, and they are capable of the conduction of an impulse at a faster rate than the rest of the myocardium, whose fibers are specialized for contraction, which has earned them the terminology of “working myocardium”. Conduction tissue has the property of automaticity, which is defined as the ability of a cell to depolarize spontaneously during the diastolic interval and to reach the threshold potential, thus generating an action potential. The conducting cells have a lower internal resistance and a higher conductance than the tension generating cells of the myocardium, which are specialized for contraction. This tissue shows a prepotential rise of the baseline, so that the cells are already partially depolarized.
Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever, Zaire, 1995: an Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Goldsmith C S , Rollin P E , Zhang X H , Peters C J , Zaki S R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ebola and Marburg viruses, members of the family Filoviridae, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever. In April and May of 1995, an outbreak of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever occurred in Kikwit, Zaire, and of 318 known cases, approximately 77% died. The ultrastructural pathology associated with filoviruses has been well described in non-human primates. On the other hand, ultrastructural studies on human tissues have been relatively few, and limited for the most part to examination of the liver. We report here our ultrastructural observations of autopsy tissues from the liver, as well as lung, skin, and testes of infected patients by using both thin section electron microscopy (EM) and immunogold labeling electron microscopy (IEM).
At the hospital in Kikwit, strict barrier precautions were employed to collect tissue specimens. These were diced into small blocks, placed into fixative, and later transferred to phosphate buffer. Specimens were hand-transported to the CDC in Atlanta, gamma-irradiated, and embedded in either Epon-substitute/Araldite for standard EM, or in LR White for IEM.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Rat Kupffer Cell Activation After Cisplatin Treatment: an in Vivo Study
Authors: Telgenhoff DJ , Aggarwal SK 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) is a broad spectrum anti-cancer agent. Its main limitations are its severe toxic side effects. Cisplatin’s major mechanisms of action include inhibition of DNA synthesis by interstrand and intrastrand crosslinking, inhibition of cytokinesis, and macrophage activation. Cisplatin acts through the activation of the immune system by inducing macrophages to form cytoplasmic extensions which seek out and phagocytose tumor cells. More recently, cisplatin has been shown to activate Kupffer cells (macrophages in the liver) by increasing their number and cytoplasmic extensions. Electron microscopic analysis of cisplatin treated rat liver in vivo was performed to examine these extensions in greater detail and relate these to other changes in the liver cells.
Wistar rats (100-130 g) were given intraperitoneal injections of cisplatin (9 mg/kg in 0.9% sodium chloride) over a five day period. Controls were treated with equal amounts of the vehicle of injection. After 9 days the rats were sacrificed. Segments of liver were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.3).
Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Spiroplasma Virus SpV4
Authors: Chipman PR , Mckenna R , Renaudin J , Baker TS 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Spiroplasma, a wall-free prokaryote of the class Mollicutes, is host to a small, naked, single-stranded DNA, isometric virus. Spiroplasma virus SpV4 belongs to the Microviridae family, members of which are non-enveloped, have icosahedral capsids, release progeny through a lytic cycle, and contain circular DNA.
Measurements obtained from negatively stained SpV4 particles revealed a nucleocapsid of 27nm in diameter (figure 1). The three-dimensional structure reported here, obtained from unstained particles suspended in a layer of vitreous ice (figure 2), is in agreement with these earlier results, suggesting a 27nm average distance through the nucleocapsid (figure 3). Unreported in earlier studies is the presence of a 6nm, mushroom-shaped protrusion (made up of a stalk, 2.3nm long and 1.3nm wide, and a globular bud of dimensions ≈4.0×4.0×3.7nm) stemming from an ≈1.5nm deep depression at each of the 3-fold icosahedral axes of the virion. A cross section through the longitudinal axis of one protuberance (figure 4) reveals a cylindrical dimple (≈1.0nm in diameter and 2.3nm deep), originating on the axis of the outer surface of the globular bud domain.
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopic Analysis of Cells Transfected with Genes of Varicella Zoster Virus
Authors: Grose Charles , Hatfield Christopher , Olson Julie , Buranathai Chantee 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of the human herpes viruses. It causes chickenpox in childhood; after chickenpox the virus remains in a latent state in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord. When the virus reactivates in late adulthood, it causes the disease known as shingles or herpes zoster. The VZV genome includes approximately 70 open-reading frames, but only a few of the gene products have been well characterized.
The VZV glycoproteins include gH, gL, gE and gI. The gH:gL complex is an important viral fusogen. Through laser scanning confocal microscopy, we developed an assay to measure VZV-induced fusion and syncytial formation. VZV also encodes a cell surface Fc receptor, glycoprotein gE. VZV gE has previously been shown to display several features common to nonviral cell surface receptors. Attention focused on the ability of VZV gE to undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis. The transient transfection studies demonstrated by confocal microscopy and intemalization assays that VZV gE was endocytosed when expressed in HeLa cells. Endocytosis of gE was shown to be dependent on clathrin-coated vesicle formation within the cells.
Pseudoknot Structures in Retroviral and Bacteriophage Messenger RNA: a Family of Structurally Related RNA Pseudoknots
Authors: Hoffman DW , Du Z , Holland JA , Hansen MR , Wang Y , Giedroc DP 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the three-dimensional structure of an RNA pseudoknot with a sequence corresponding to the 5' end region of the gene 32 messenger RNA of bacteriophage T2. NMR results show that the pseudoknot contains two coaxial A-form helical stems connected by two loops. One of the loops consists of a single nucleotide, which spans the major groove of the seven base pair helical stem 2. The second loop consists of 7 nucleotides, and spans the minor groove of stem 1. A three-dimensional model of the pseudoknot that is consistent with the NMR data will be presented, and features that are likely to be important for stabilizing the pseudoknot structure will be described.
A combination of NMR and phylogenetic methods were used to characterize the structural features of RNA pseudoknots that are associated with frameshift and readthrough sites within the retroviral gag-pro messenger RNA. The majority of the retroviral frameshift and readthrough sites were found to be followed by nucleotide sequences that have the potential to form pseudoknots with structures that are remarkably similar to that of the bacteriophage T2 gene 32 mRNA.
Morphology of and Silicon Distribution within the Non-Glandular Trichomes of Soybean
Authors: Paul RN , Elmore CD , Gibson D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Three near isolines of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], glabrous, normal, and dense, were examined by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy, as well as by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. This was done in order to determine the morphology and possible functions, in addition to conveying insect resistance, of their non-glandular trichomes.
The uppermost fully expanded trifoliate leaf from greenhouse grown juvenile plants was chosen for examination. Fixed tissue was examined by LM, TEM and SEM as previously described. Some tissue was prepared for energy dispersive spectrometry by fixing in glutaraldehyde but omitting osmium. The tissue was then dehydrated, critical point dried, and coated with carbon. Si x-ray maps were made on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of all three biotypes.
LMs of Spurr embedded toluidine blue stained semithin sections of normal (Fig. 1) and glabrous (Fig. 2) trichomes appear similar in structure.
Immunolocalization of a Phloem Protein in Luffa Cylindrica
Authors: Chang Y Y , Chuang H B , Chen Y R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
P-proteins are group of proteins that express specifically in the sieve elements or parenchymatous cell of phloem tissues. They are filamentous, spherical, tubular, crystalline and amorphous in shape and their ontogenesis varied from species to species. Some of them are plant lectins and their coding genes have been sequenced. In the previous study, a 24 kDa phloem protein was obtained from phloem exudate of Luffa cylindrica fruits and it was immunofluoresciently located in the bicollateral phloem tissues of vascular bundles. In the present study, the intracellular localization of 24 kDa p-protein was examined with colloidal-gold immunolabelling.
Fruits of L. cylindrica were harvested for study. The outer parts of fruits containing exocarp and mesocarp were firstly cut into small cubes in dimensions of 2 x 2 x 6 mm, prefixed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 4 % aldehyde mixture of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde (3:1) for 4 h and washed with distilled water. The washed cubes were then trimmed into 1 mm cubes and postfixed in OSO4 for 2 h, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series and embedded in Spurr's resin.
An Endophytic Fungus from Cephalotaxus: Phoma SP. which Produces Anti-Fungal Substances
Authors: Li J Y , Strobe G , Hess W M , Ford E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Various species of endophytic fungi produce a variety of potentially useful new Pharmaceuticals in host tissue of different plants. As an example, the anti-cancer drug, taxol is produced by several species of fungi isolated from various host species.
A Phoma was isolated from the inner bark of Cephalotaxus fortunei growing near Hangzhou, China. After 7-10 days of incubation at 23C cultures were hyphal tipped and transferred to PDA and gamma-irradiated carnation leaves. Cultures which produced bioactive substances were studied further. This Phoma sp. is particularly active against Pythium ultimum. Another endophytic Phoma sp. isolated from Taxus wallachiana also makes antimetabolite compounds. Presumably these endophytic Phoma spp. exist in a symbiotic relationship with various tree species contributing substances that inhibit or destroy invading pathogenic fungi and bacteria.
The fungus produces globose dark brown, thin-walled pycnidia which are semi-immersed in carnation leaf pieces (Fig. 1). Cream-colored conidia (Fig. 2), which average 4.5-5 × 1.75-3 μm are produced in pycnidia with a single ostiole normally obscured by a gelatinous mass (Fig. 3), which is characteristically not evident on old pycnidia (Fig. 4). Conidia are formed enteroblastically from discrete phialidic conidiogonous cells attached directly to the pycnidial wall. Sclerotia (ca. 1.5-2 mm) are also produced on PDA.
Ceratopteris is a Useful Model Genetic System for Studying Plant Meristem Development.
Authors: Sherman D , Banks J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Most tissues of a plant are derived from meristems that reside at the tips of the shoot and root. To identify genes that are involved in the organization and in the coordination of cell division and differentation in the meristem, mutations that affect meristem development have been sought. Several mutations that affect meristem development have been characterized in Arabidopsis and maize; however, the angiosperm meristem is small, inconspicuous and difficult to characterize in a non-destructive way. Gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii have a meristem that is simple, small and conspicuous and is an ideal system for studying meristem development. In this study, the meristems of wild-type and various mutant gametophytes of Ceratopteris are described using cold stage SEM of hydrated gametophytes.
The haploid gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris are either male or hermaphroditic and are easily distinguished by size and shape as well as by type of sex organ produced. Hermaphrodites form a distinct meristem; newly divided cells of this meristem have only four possible cells fates: they may differentiate as antheridia, the sperm-forming organs; differentiate as archegonia, the egg-forming organs; enlarge to contribute to the growing two-dimensional sheet of cells; or remain within to maintain the meristem (Fig. 1; an=antheridia; ar=archegonia). Male gametophytes lack a meristem and are thus much smaller than hermphrodites. Almost all cells of the male differentiate as antheridia, the sperm-forming organs (Fig. 2). Because the gametophytes of Ceratopteris are small (&lt;3 mm), conspicious, free-living, and haploid, it is very simple to select mutations that affect the sex of the gametophyte as well the meristem.
The Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Taxonomic Studies of Freshwater Bryozoans (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata)
Authors: Wood T S , Taylor C A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Bryozoans are among the most common multicellular animals that attach to submerged surfaces in fresh waters. Zooids of the colony capture and digest suspended food particles; they also produce distinctive asexual buds called statoblasts. Measuring 0.35 to nearly 1 mm in diameter, statoblasts have a chitinous exterior and are the only truly hard parts of the bryozoan colony. Like the mastax of rotifers or mouthparts of midge larvae, statoblasts show a variety of taxonomically significant features. Scanning electron microscopy reveals clear patterns in statoblast surface topography that suggest many more species than the 60 or so normally recognized.
Statoblast surface features were first used to distinguish species of the genus Fredericella. The European F. sultana, with a smooth statoblast surface, had been assumed to occur worldwide. SEM micrographs showed the statoblast surface of New World Fredericella to be finely pitted, identical to that of F. indica in India (Figure 1). Another Fredericella species, not yet named, is distinguished only by its highly rugose statoblast surface (Figure 2). Such features are retained through generations of laboratory rearing under various controlled conditions.