bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), damaging fruits and seeds of arboreal and shrubby plants in the Palearctic
Authors: Федотова З.А. 
Published: September 2020

Галлицы-карпофаги в Палеарктике повреждают 14 типов плодов древесно-кустарниковых растений из 16 семейств. Они обычно специфичны по отношению к роду растения, являясь монофагами и олигофагами (Kaltenbachiola, Plemeliella, Resseliella). Внутри семян покрытосеменных растений развиваются очень редко (Semudobia). Всего 10 видов галлиц из 5 родов выявлено в плодах и семенах голосеменных растений, 39 видов из 15 родов – на покрытосеменных. В шишках хвойных и серёжках берёз известны наиболее крупные комплексы галлиц. Общих видов среди плодовых, семенных и цветочных галлиц не обнаружено. Галлицы, развивающиеся в плодах и семенах растений, освоили их независимо от цветочных галлиц. Галлицы предпочитают сухие плоды, преимущественно шишки, крылатки, коробочки; среди сочных плодов – костянки и ложные ягоды.
Fruit and seed gall midges in the Palearctic damage 14 types of fruit of tree and shrub plants from 16 families. They are usually specific to the genus of the plant, being monophagous and oligophagous (Kaltenbachiola, Plemeliella, Semudobia). They develop very rarely inside seeds of angiosperms (Semudobia). A total of 10 species of gall midges from 5 genera are found in fruits and seeds of gymnosperms plants, 39 species from 15 genera are known on angiosperms. The largest complexes of gall midges are known in the cones of conifers and earrings of birch. There were no common species among fruit, seed and flower gall midges. Gall midges developing in fruits and seeds of plants began to utilize them irrespective of flower gall midges. Gall midges prefer dry fruits, mostly cones, achene, capsules; among the juicy fruits they prefer stone-fruit and false berries.
Research of road mixtures on the basis of the soils of the forest zone and nepheline sludge with additives of mineral binders
Authors: Зубова О.В. , Силецкий В.В. , Козлов А.П. , Кузнецов К.В. 
Published: September 2020

В исследованиях рассматривается вариант решения проблемы строительства лесных дорог. В качестве одного из решений данной проблемы представлено создание нового экономически доступного материала – смесей из грунта и нефелинового шлама, укрепленного минеральными вяжущими. Ранее проведенные исследования дорог, построенных с применением шламов, подтвердили эффективность и экономическую выгоду использования данного отхода промышленности. Нефелиновый шлам преимущественно исследовался как самостоятельный материал, смеси нефелинового шлама с лесными грунтами мало исследованы. Были проведены исследования нефелинового шлама как компонента, укрепляющего грунты лесной зоны Северо-Запада. В статье приведены результаты исследований таких смесей, как смесь песка, обработанного шламоцементом; смесь суглинка, обработанного шламоцементом. Результаты исследований подтверждают потенциальную эффективность использования нефелинового шлама для строительства лесных дорог в зоне Северо-Запада.
In the studies, a variant of solving the problem of building forest roads is considered.One of the solutions to this problem is the creation of a new economically accessible material – mixtures of soil and nepheline sludge, reinforced with mineral binders. Previous studies of roads built using slimes confirmed the efficiency and economic benefits of using this industry waste. Nepheline sludge was mainly studied as an independent material, mixtures of nepheline sludge with forest soils were little studied. Studies of nepheline sludge as a component that strengthens the soils of the forest zone of the Northwest have been carried out.The article presents the results of studies of such mixtures as: a mixture of sand treated with slurry cement; mixture of loam treated with slime cement. The results of the studies confirm the potential effectiveness of the use of nepheline sludge for the construction of forest roads in the zone of the Northwest.
Electrode properties of halogenidchalkogenide glasses and amorphy films obtained by the method of chemical applic
Authors: Байдаков Д.Л. 
Published: September 2020

Методом химического нанесения из растворов галогенидхалькогенидных стекол в н-бутиламине получены многокомпонентные галогенидхалькогенидные пленки CuI-PbI2-As2Se3, CuI-AgI-As2Se3, PbI2-AgI-As2Se3 и изучены электродные свойства стекол и пленок. Установлено, что электродные свойства галогенидхалькогенидных стекол и пленок аналогичного состава практически не отличаются. Схожесть электродных характеристик галогенидхалькогенидных стекол и пленок объясняется сохранением полимерной структуры стекол при их растворении в н-бутиламине и нанесении пленок из раствора.
Multicomponent halidechalcogenide films CuI-PbI2-As2Se3, CuI-AgI-As2Se3, PbI2-AgI-As2Se3 were synthesized from the solutions of halogenhalcogenide glasses in n-butylamine and the electrode properties of glasses and films were studied. It has been established that the electrode properties of halogenidechalcogenide glasses and films of similar composition are practically the same. The similarity of the electrode characteristics of halogenidechalcogenide glasses and films is explained by the preservation of the polymeric structure of glasses when they are dissolved in n- butylamine and the films are applied from the solution.
Health condition and topple problem in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in Saint Petersburg
Authors: Варенцова Д.И. , Леонтьев Л.Л. , Варенцова Е.Ю. 
Published: September 2020

Приведены результаты изучения фитопатологического состояния березы повислой в насаждениях Санкт-Петербурга, которое в целом оценивается как удовлетворительное с преобладанием ослабленных и сильно ослабленных деревьев. Даны качественная и количественная оценки деревьев-угроз. Проанализированы причины падения деревьев березы в Санкт-Петербурге. Выявлены прямые и косвенные признаки, указывающие на наличие корневых и стволовых гнилей. Сделан вывод, что наиболее часто в городских условиях древесина поражается белой волокнистой и бурой трещиноватой гнилями, возбудителями которых являются дереворазрушающие грибы. При поражении древесины гнилью происходит резкое снижение плотности и прочности, и при значительном ее развитии прочность практически утрачивается. Предел прочности древесины березы с белой волокнистой гнилью III стадии при сжатии вдоль волокон в 6–7 раз, а при статическом изгибе – в 14–16 раз меньше соответствующих показателей неповрежденной древесины. Падение деревьев и их частей часто связано не только с развитием гнили, но и с различными аномалиями в строении древесины, которые приводят к резкому снижению прочности древесины в этих зонах и падению частей дерева. При оценке аварийности деревьев березы следует особое внимание уделять осмотру нижней и средней частей ствола, а при оценке поражения древесины гнилью – не только наличию плодовых тел грибов, но и косвенным признакам – дуплам, сухобокостям, морозным трещинам.
The results of the study on phytopathological condition of silver birch trees in St. Petersburg are presented. The condition is assessed generally as satisfactory with a predominance of weak and strongly weakened trees. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of trees that represent topple threat was performed. The reasons for the fall of birch in St. Petersburg were analyzed. Direct and indirect signs indicating the presence of root and stem rots were identified. It was concluded that the most often in urban areas wood is affected by white wood pulp and fissured brown rot caused by wood-destroying fungi. During rotting fungal attacks, sharp decrease in wood density and durability occurs, and with intense rot development durability is almost lost. Comparing to healthy wood, compressive strength of birch wood with white fibrous rot in stage III is 6–7 times lower along the fibers and 14–16 times lower in a static bend. Falling of trees and their parts is often associated not only with the development of rot, but also with various abnormalities in wood structure that lead to a sharp decrease in wood durability in these areas and cause tree parts to fall. In birch trees topple risk assessment special attention should be paid to examination of lower and middle parts of the trunk. In assessment of wood decay extent, not only the presence of fungi fruiting bodies should be considered, but also circumstantial evidence such as hollows, stem scars, and frost cracks.
A TNF Block Genotype may Influence CMV Retinitis in HIV Patients without Affecting Systemic Viral Replication
Authors: Edwar Lukman , Ha Phuongnhi , Ariyanto Ibnu A. , Estiasari Riwanti , Sitompul Ratna , Lee Silvia , Price Patricia 
Published: September 2020

Background:
A conserved TNF block haplotype marked by the minor alleles of
rs1800629 (TNFA-308*A) and rs9281523 [BAT1(intron 10)*C] has been linked with several immunopathological
conditions and with rapid progression of HIV disease. Reported associations
with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in HIV patients before or during early antiretroviral therapy
(ART) may therefore reflect greater replication of CMV in advanced HIV disease or an immunopathological
response to CMV in the retina.

Objective:
As all Indonesian HIV patients display high levels of CMV replication, we evaluated
whether TNF block genotypes alter markers of their burden of CMV and/or associate with retinitis.

Methods:
We assessed 79 consecutive HIV patients beginning ART, 25 HIV patients with a history
of CMV-retinitis and 63 healthy adults. HIV RNA, CD4 T-cell counts, CMV-reactive antibody
and CMV DNA were measured and alleles of TNFA-308, BAT1(intron 10) and TNFA-1031
(rs1799964) were determined.

Results:
TNFA-308 and BAT1(intron 10) were in complete linkage disequilibrium. Patients carrying
minor alleles at both loci had higher levels of CMV-reactive antibody after one month on ART
(p=0.01), but not at other time points spanning 1 year on ART. 50% of patients had detectable
CMV DNA before ART, irrespective of TNF block genotypes. However, the TNFA-308*A/-
BAT1(intron 10)*C haplotype was more common in CMV-retinitis patients than other patients or
healthy controls (p<0.01).

Conclusion:
The TNFA-308*A/BAT1(intron 10)*C haplotype appears to affect CMV-induced
pathology rather than CMV replication.
Anti-Cancer Compounds from Terrestrial and Marine Resources -In silico
and Experimental Studies
Authors: Devadasan Velmurugan , Raman Pachiappan , Dasararaju Gayathri 
Published: September 2020

Introduction:
In both developing and developed countries, cancer is among the leading causes of millions of deaths. The
incidence of cancer is increasing due to environmental changes and modernization of life style. Lung and breast cancer
deaths lead in number compared to other cancer deaths. Although the cause of cancer due to external factors like tobacco
use, chemicals, radiation, infectious organisms and internal factors like immune conditions and genetic modification are
known, the occurrence and deaths due to cancer cannot be controlled.

Methods:
It is expected that the incidence of cancer after two decades will increase by 70% and death rate will also increase
by 50%, which is an alarming situation globally. Although synthetic compounds are being used in the control of cancer as
chemopreventive agents, about 50% of these are related to natural products as the origin. There is an emerging evidence to
show that in the past 50 years, natural products derived from plants and marine sources had beneficial effects in the treatment
and prevention of cancer. Taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, cytarabine, eribulin mesylate and trabectidine are some of the anticancer compounds isolated from terrestrial and marine sources.

Results:
This review highlights mainly the role of natural compounds isolated from terrestrial and marine sources as anticancer agents through the docking of these compounds with the related macromolecular targets.

Conclusion:
Cell line studies for some of the compounds isolated from natural products are also reported.
Metabolic Analysis of Triptolide Microspheres in Human, Dog, Rabbit and Rat Liver Microsomes with UPLC-MS/MS Method
Authors: Wang Li Juan , Liu Yan , Li Rui , He Dong Xian 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
Riptolide (TPL) has been shown to have a good clinical effect on rheumatoid
arthritis (RA). We designed TPL microspheres (TPL-MS) and investigated its metabolic behavior
in human, dog, rabbit and rat liver microsomes (HLM, DLM, RLM and SDRLM) with UPLC-
MS/MS method.

Methods:
First, a UPLC-MS/MS method was established to measure the concentration of TPL in
samples. The sample was separated on a C18 column (2.1×100 mm, 1.8μm) and eluted with a gradient
elution. The precursor ions/product ions were m/z 378.1/361.0 for TPL and 260.0/116.2 for the
internal standard. Then T1/2, Vmax and CLint were calculated from the above data. Finally, the metabolites
of TPL-MS were identified by high-resolution UPLC-MS/MS. The sample was separated on a
C18 column (2.1×100 mm, 2.2 μm) and eluted with isocratic elution. Mass spectrometric detection
was carried out on a thermo Q-exactive mass spectrometer with HESI. The scanning range of precursor
ions was from m/z 50 to m/z 750.

Results:
Through several indicators including standard curve, precision, accuracy, stability, matrix
effect and recovery rate, the enzymatic kinetics parameters including T1/2, Vmax and CLint were evaluated.
Several metabolites of TPL-MS were identified.

Discussion:
UPLC-MS/MS method is an accurate and sensitive method for the determination of
TPL in liver microsome samples with good precision, accuracy and stability. The variation of parameters
indicated that the microspheres can delay the elimination of TPL in liver microsomes.

Conclusion:
The metabolism of TPL-MS varied among species, but no new metabolites appeared.
Phytochemicals as PI3K/ Akt/ mTOR Inhibitors and Their Role in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Narayanankutty Arunaksharan 
Published: September 2020

Background:Breast cancer is the predominant form of cancer in women; various cellular pathways are involved in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Among the various types of breast cancer that differ in their growth factor receptor status, PI3K/Akt signaling is a common pathway where all these converge. Thus, the PI3K signaling is of great interest as a target for breast cancer prevention; however, it is less explored.Objective:The present review is aimed to provide a concise outline of the role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in breast carcinogenesis and its progression events, including metastasis, drug resistance and stemness. The review emphasizes the role of natural and synthetic inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/m- TOR pathway in breast cancer prevention.Methods:The data were obtained from PubMed/Medline databases, Scopus and Google patent literature.Results:PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling plays an important role in human breast carcinogenesis; it acts on the initiation and progression events associated with it. Numerous molecules have been isolated and identified as promising drug candidates by targeting the signaling pathway. Results from clinical studies confirm their application in the treatment of human breast cancer alone and in combination with classical chemotherapeutics as well as monoclonal antibodies.Conclusion:PI3K/mTOR signaling blockers have evolved as promising anticancer agents by interfering breast cancer development and progression at various stages. Natural products and bioactive components are emerging as novel inhibitors of PI3K signaling and more research in this area may yield numerous drug candidates.
The Engaged Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Metabolism: Focusing on Cancer-Associated Fibroblast and Exosome Mediators
Authors: Ilkhani Khandan , Bastami Milad , Delgir Soheila , Safi Asma , Talebian Shahrzad , Alivand Mohammad-Reza 
Published: September 2020

:
Metabolic reprogramming is a significant property of various cancer cells, which most commonly
arises from the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). The events of metabolic pathways include the Warburg effect,
shifting in Krebs cycle metabolites, and the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, potentially providing energy and
structural requirements for the development and invasiveness of cancer cells. TME and tumor metabolism shifting
have a close relationship through bidirectional signaling pathways between stromal and tumor cells. Cancer-
Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), as the most dominant cells of TME, play a crucial role in the aberrant metabolism
of cancer. Furthermore, the stated relationship can affect survival, progression, and metastasis in cancer
development. Recently, exosomes are considered one of the most prominent factors in cellular communications
considering effective content and bidirectional mediatory effect between tumor and stromal cells. In this regard,
CAF-Derived Exosomes (CDE) exhibit an efficient obligation to induce metabolic reprogramming for promoting
growth and metastasis of cancer cells. The understanding of cancer metabolism, including factors related to
TME, could lead to the discovery of a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer
management. This review focuses on the association between metabolic reprogramming and engaged microenvironmental,
factors such as CAFs, and the associated derived exosomes.
Increased Rates of Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Patients with Non - Functioning Adrenal Incidentaloma
Authors: Akkus Oguz , Akkus Gamze , Kaypakli Onur , Ozturk Fatma K. , Gurkan Eren , Bekler Ozkan , Sen Fatih , Yalcin Fatih 
Published: September 2020

Aim:
We evaluated cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification for nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas
(NFAIs) via the coronary-artery-calcium (CAC) score.

Materials and Method:
The participants were patients with NFAI (n = 55). They were compared
to patients with chest pain, a low-intermediate Framingham-risk score, and a non-diagnostic treadmill-
exercise test, which served as the control group (n = 49). Subsequently, the NFAI group was
subdivided according to a CAC score of <100 Agatston units – mild coronary-artery calcification
(n = 40) – and ≥100 Agatston units – moderate-to-severe calcification (n = 15).

Results:
Similar rates of traditional risk factors were observed between the NFAI and control
groups, and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol rates were observed in the NFAI group. The
CAC score was significantly higher for the NFAI group than the control group. Glucose, potassium,
adrenocorticotropic-hormone, and basal-cortisol levels were higher in those with a CAC score
of ≥100. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol estimated glomerular filtration rate and ejection fraction
(EF) were higher in those with a CAC score of <100. Adenoma size and location were similar
between the groups. Age, EF, and glucose were the most significant variables related to CAC score
in patients with NFAI, at ≥100 Agatston units.

Discussion:
Patients with a low-intermediate CV risk profile and NFAI have a higher risk of
atherosclerosis when compared to patients with a low-intermediate CV risk profile, but no NFAI.

Conclusion:
In patients with NFAI, CAC score evaluation may be used to predict increased
atherosclerosis, especially in patients of an older age with higher glucose and decreased EF.
Strategies of Drug Delivery for Deep Fungal Infection: A Review
Authors: Ma Zhongyi , Wang Xiaoyou , Li Chong 
Published: September 2020

The deep fungal infection poses serious threats to human health, mainly due to the
increase in the number of immunocompromised individuals. Current first-line antifungal agents
such as Amphotericin B, Fluconazole and Itraconazole, may decrease the severity of fungal infection
to some extent, but the poor drug bioavailability, drug toxicity and poor water solubility
seriously restrict their clinical utility. This review focuses on the study of drug delivery strategies
for the treatment of deep fungal infections. We summarize the drug delivery strategies recently
reported for the treatment of deep fungal infection, and explain each part with research
examples. We discuss the use of pharmaceutical approaches to improve the physicochemical
properties of the antifungal drugs to provide a basis for the clinical application of antifungal
drugs. We then highlight the strategies for targeting drug delivery to the infection sites of fungi
and fungal surface moieties, which have the potential to get developed as clinically relevant targeted
therapies against deep fungal infections. It is worth noting that the current research on
fungal infections still lags behind the research on other pathogens, and the drug delivery strategy
for the treatment of deep fungal infections is far from meeting the treatment needs. Therefore,
we envision the potential strategies inspired by the treatment of diseases with referential
pathology or pathophysiology, further enriching the delivery of antifungal agents, providing
references for basic research of fungal infections.

Lay Summary:
The deep fungal infections pose serious threats to the health of immunodeficiency
patients. It is worth noting that the current research on fungi is still lagging behind that
on other pathogens. The drug delivery strategies for the treatment of deep fungal infections are
far from meeting the treatment needs. We summarize the recently reported drug delivery strategies
for treating deep fungal infection, and envision the potential strategies to further enrich the
delivery of antifungal agents.
Leidenfrost Method for Synthesis of BiFeO3 and the Effect of Solvent Variation on its Optical Properties and Morphology
Authors: Moghazy Marwa A. , Taha Gharib H. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Nanotechnology has wide applications in various fields of life. To synthesis
nanoparticles, many different methods have been used. Although these methods form nanoparticles
with different morphologies and properties, it needs expensive tools, multi-steps, various chemicals
and yields toxic by-products. The trend today is to use green synthesis with one step self assembly
methods and eco-friendly one.

Objective:
In this manuscript, high pure BiFeO3 (BFO) multiferroic perovskite was prepared using
the green chemical Leidenfrost technique as a cost-effective and eco-friendly method.

Methods:
Two different solvents (viz, water and ethylene glycol) were used for the synthesis of
BiFeO3 nanoparticles. The resulting nanopowder was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and Uvisible
spectrometric techniques.

Results:
The XRD results show that BiFeO3 was developed in a pure phase in the case of water solvent,
whereas one peak of a Bi2O3 phase was observed in the case of ethylene glycol solvent. The
crystallite size was determined using the Scherrer equation to be 36.58 and 61.02 nm for aqueous
and non-aqueous solvents, respectively (viz, water and ethylene glycol). The optical band gap was
determined using the Kubelka-Munk function, which appears a blue shift from 2.08 eV for ethylene
glycol to 1.80 eV for aqueous solvent.

Conclusion:
Leidenfrost method proves its efficiency for the synthesis BFO nanoparticles with
low cost and simple steps. The high dependence of the purity and optical properties on the solvent
variation was perceived.