bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Food Image Segmentation Based on Homogeneity Test of K-Means Clustering
Authors: Khalid Abdulateef Salwa , Ahmed AHMED Saadaldeen Rashid , Dawood Salman Mohanad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Data clustering is an important machine-learning topic. It is useful for variety of applications one of them is image segmentation. A given divided image into regions homogenous additional to certain features is the image segmentation process, which matches real objects of an actual scene. FIS (Food Image Segmentation) is important for calories estimation. K-means has been used for performing such task. However, in order to conclude the food items number in the image, it requires interacting with the application. This article, presents a novel approach based dependently on k-means named Hk-means (Homogeneity test of k-means) is developed to calculate k value and applied for FIS for the purpose of assuring full autonomy in the calories estimation system. This approach uses the homogeneity test so as to compensate the new item existence in the image. The suggested method Hk-means is tested on food images and show accuracy 96%. The experimental results has achieved 1.5 second execution time when compare with benchmark method.
Classification of Micro-array Data in Apache Spark Framework
Authors: Albaldawi Wafaa S. , Almuttairi Rafah M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Apache Spark is an emerging huge information analytics technology. Machine learning (ML) frameworks engineered on Spark are more ascendible compared with traditional ML frameworks. We tend to build SVMwithSGD(SVM with Stochastic Gradient Descent) and LinearRegressionWithSGD models by using Spark Python API (PySpark) to classify normal and tumor microarray samples. Microarray measures expression levels of thousands of genes in a very tissue or cell kind. Feature extraction and cross-validation are used to make sure effectiveness. The SVMwithSGD and LinearRegressionWithSGD models achieve associate degrees accuracies quite eightieths.
This paper presents a study of feature selection methods effect, using a filter approach, on the accuracy and time consumed of supervised classification of cancer. A comparative evaluation among different selection methods: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) is carried out with SVMWithSGD or LogisticRegressionWithSGD classifier, using the datasets of prostate, cancer, lung and Huntington’s Disease samples. The classification results using SVMWithSGD and LogisticRegressionWithSGD (LGWithSGD) classifiers show that the SVMWithSGD classifier can present the highest accuracy and much time when compared with LGWithSGD. The results show that when we have classified with SVMWithSGD, PCA and SVMWithSGD is the best combination for analyzing the Borovecki, Gordon, and Chowdary datasets. While ICA and SVMWithSGD in the Singh and Chin datasets. Moreover, the results illustrate that when we have classified with LGWithSGD, PCA and LGWithSGD is the best combination for analyzing the Borovecki and Gordon datasets. While ICA and LGWithSGD in the Chowdary and Singh datasets. LLE and LGWithSGD is the best for analyzing Chin dataset.
IOT System to Limit Speed Rate by Using GPS and RF Devices
Authors: Fadhal Athab Ali , S Daghal Asaad. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Since automotive production has been concerned more with fast than ever. Therefore, vehicle accidents are steadily rising because of the increasing number of accidents due to the reckless high speed or caused by the increasing of road obstacles. So, these problems cannot be avoided as a result of that speed. Consequently, it is important to shape an auxiliary system to monitor the vehicles and calculate its speed as required using the GIS maps. These vehicles via messages know the parts covered by the speed reduction. The messages whether received from the controls planted in those zones or by the use of a GPS device to determine the vehicle’s location, then it will decide to decrease the speed or not.
Solving Software Project Scheduling Problem using Whale Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Riyadh Alreffaee Taghreed , Abd-AlKareem Alabajee Marrwa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the software projects, one of the essential and difficult problems faced by the managers in the competitive software industry is the Software Project Scheduling Problem (SPSP). With the increase in employees and tasks’ numbers the problem is becoming an NP-hard problem. The goal of this proposal is to resolve the problem of the software project scheduling with Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and utilized it on various instances from three datasets. In order to prove the soundness and viability of Whale optimization algorithm (WOA), we illustrated some experimental results. This algorithm gave good outcomes for datasets that have a few tasks but failed to find feasible solutions when increasing the number of tasks.
Co-Even Domination Number in Some Graphs
Authors: M. Shalaan Manar , A. Omran Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to determine the co-even domination number of various graphs, as a ladder, lollipop, butterfly, jellyfish, helm, corona, fan, and double fan graph. Before this, the important properties of the co-even dominating set are mentioned from previous work.
Orthogonal Basis to Solve Linear Fredholm Integral Equations via Galerkin Method
Authors: Flayih Jaber Ahmed , M.H.R. Al-rammahi Adil 
Published: November 2020

Abstractin this paper, the approximate solution of linear Fredholm integral equations of the second type on a closed interval is studied. The Galerkin method enhanced with Chebyshev polynomials was used to improve the approximate solution of our study, the related linear system was solved by the Boole’s numerical integrated rule. for testing the efficiency of the proposed method, the comparison with related updated methods was executed.
Calculation the Determinants of matrix by Permutation Algorithm by fixing two components by Computer
Authors: Zake Sheet Lugen M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we will present a complementary algorithm for calculating the determinants order of n × n, ((n ≥ 5) Matrixes. This algorithm is based on the proposed ideal algorithm for permitting the fixing of two components. Programming this algorithm in Matlab as an application on permutations algorithms to finding determinants.
β-sets in topological spaces and τβs

topology
Authors: Ali Hamzah Hayder , Abd Alameer Neeran Tahir 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the authors studies new types of sets called β -sets in topological space (X. τ). We investigate and prove some topological properties and characterization of β-sets. Also, the relation between β- sets and open sets is discussed.
Types of Expansivity on Bi-Shadowing Property
Authors: Ajam Mohammed H. O. , Al-Shara’a Iftichar M. T. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Let a continuous maps f:X → X, g:X → X be defined on a compact metric space X. We showed that f has bi-shadowing with g is equivalent to f has backwards bi-shadowing with g and f has two-sided bi-shadowing with g when the maps f, g are onto. We used this result to go on prove that, for expansive surjective maps f, g the properties f has bi-shadowing with g, f has two-sided bi-shadowing with g, f has s- limit bi-shadowing with g and f has two-sided s-limit bi-shadowing with g are equivalent. Finally we concluded that if a continuous maps f, g are surjective. Then f has two-sided s-limit bi-shadowing with g if and only if it has L-bi-shadowing with g.
Spectrum of prime Q-filter of Q-algebra
Authors: Kareem Abdullah Habeeb , Shaker Naji Rakzan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study is investigate the Zariski topology of an involutory Q-algebra. We investigated new concepts of a Q-algebra, prime Q-filter, some properties of prime Q-filter in an involutory Q-algebra and investigate some basic properties of these concepts. In addition, the nation of the topology spectrum of an involutuory bounded Q-algebra was investigated. Moreover, we study some topological properties of a spectrum of an involutuory bounded Q-algebra
Antibacterial activity of some Salen metal complexes
Authors: H. Ali Safaa , A. Al-Redha Hassan M. , A. Sachit Bassam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article primarily designed to determine antibiotic features of new species of Schiff base metal complexes [(MCl2)2(Salen)] {M = Co (1), Ni (2), Cu (3), Sn (4), Ba (5), Salen = 1,2-Bis(salicylidenamino)ethane. Five binuclear complexes were synthesised by direct reaction of the corresponding metal chloride (CoCl2, NiCl2, CuCl2, SnCl2, and BaCl2) with the Schiff base ligand. Obtained Salen metal complexes characterised by, FT-IR and 1H-NMR, and mass spectra, spectra studies suggests that Schiff base ligand behaves as dimetalic N bidentate at metal centres. Also, these Salen complexes were tested for antibacterial activity using the Broth dilution method against two strains of gram negative bacteria (E coli G- and Klebsialla G-).
Spectrophotometric determination of sulphacetamide sodium via diazotization and coupling reaction
Authors: Al-Safar Rana S. , Othman Nabeel S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA simple spectrophotometric method has been suggested for the assay of sulphacetamide sodium(SAAMS) through diazotization and coupling. The method include the reaction of SAAMS with sodium nitrite in acidic medium of hydrochloric acid to produce the corresponding diazonium salt-SAAMS(D-SAAMS), which is coupled with 2,4- dihydroxybenzophenone(2,4-DHBP) in presence of sodium hydroxide to produce orange azo dye, water-soluble and stable which shows maximum absorbance at 497.5 nm. . The absorbance was found to increase linearly with the increasing amounts of SAAMS in the solution from 10 to 250 μg in 10 ml (1-25 μg.ml1) . Two important factors were calculated to show the sensitivity of the method: molar absorptivity and Sandell s sensitivity index, have the values 2.27 × 104l.mol−1.cm−1and of 0.011198 μg.cm−2respectively. Both values demonstrated good sensitivity to the proposed method . SAAMS has been estimated successfully in eyes drops.
Removal of Methyl Green Dye from simulated waste water using Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Membrane
Authors: Mohsen Alardhi Saja , Alrubaye Jamal M. , Albayati Talib M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ultrafiltration has been favorably employed for recycling insoluble dyes and high molecular weight, some type of chemicals and water. Despite, ultrafiltration does not remove low molecular weight and soluble dyes (acid, direct, reactive, basic, etc.). The main advantages of the hollow fiber module are very high packing density and low-energy consumption. In this investigation, the performance of a Polyvinyl chloride (18 wt % PVC) hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for methyl green (MG) dye removal from aqueous solution was evaluated by examining the impact of varying the operation conditions (the concentration of dye and volumetric flow rate) to determine their impact on the separation processes (permeate flux and rejection coefficient) at constant pressure, temperature and at neutral pH. two configurations used: Semi-batch filtration and continuous filtration. UF was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Besides, tests of the UF were carried out with pure water and MG aqueous solutions as feed. Results exhibited a notable influence of flow rate and feed concentration on the permeate flux and rejection, where the highest flux obtained equal to 32.7 l/hr.m2 with the highest rejection coefficient value close to 59.46% of the membrane system.
Study the Azure A dye adsorption on the surface of the Snail shell modification
Authors: Q.AL-Shemary Reham. , K.Ibrahim Hanadi , A.AL-Da’amy Muneer , Talib Kareem Eman , Albo Hay Allah Mahmood A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study was included (Snail shell modification) snail shell melamine formaldehyde polymer (SSMFP). It is an effective adsorbent to remove Azure A dye from aqueous solution. The effects of pH, contact time, ionic strength, temperature and amount of adsorbents were evaluated. The highest adsorption efficiency was recorded at93.90%with 5 mg/L dye according to the Beer Lambert (Dye Calibration Curve), 0.0050 g of adsorbent 10 minutes contact time and 298 K. Elimination data using Temkin, Langmuir and Freundlich models were analyzed at different temperatures ranging from 298 to 338 K, and the adsorption thermodynamic parameters were studied. Where ΔG values indicate an automatic process, ΔH indicates the exothermic property of the adsorption process and ΔS proves an increase. The adsorption surface was also studied and diagnosed by FT-IR, X-RD, AFM, and SEM technologies
Surface Characteristics and Rose Bengal Adsorption Studies of Carbon Nanospheres Synthesized via Atmospheric Combustion of Diesel
Authors: Hussein Alwan Salam , Al Bedairy Muhammed Abbas , Jooda Sahib Ibrahim , Abbas Alshamsi Hassan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, the carbon nanospheres were synthesized by burning diesel and then treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results showed that H2O2- carbon nanospheres has a higher surface area than carbon nanospheres and therefore it was chosen as an adsorbent surface to remove the Rose Bengal dye from aqueous solutions. The prepared carbon nanospheres were examined by FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, BET and EDX. The FTIR study reveals the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl stretching vibration and weak peaks belong to CH3, CH2and C=C. Results obtained by Raman and XRD analysis are in good agreement thereby indicating the amorphous structure of the carbon nanospheres. Also, SEM images confirm the presence of soot materials as spherical and semispherical nanoparticles with diameter in the range (31-78 nm). Surface roughness calculated from AFM data provided evidence that spiky appearance on both carbon surfaces. TGA data indicate that both carbon samples are thermally unstable. BET and BJH results indicate that the treated sample possesses the highest surface area and mean pore diameter. EDX analysis indicated the presence of pure carbon nanosphere (treated sample) without any contamination. Also, the adsorptive removal of Rose Bengal on synthesized carbon nanospheres was studied. The isotherm adsorption results were found to be described fitted by the Freundlich rather than the Langmuir and Temkin models. Furthermore, the kinetics of dye adsorption were applied better by the pseudo-second-order model.
Assessment of the Phytin Content in the Fruit of Five Species of Juglans when Introduced in Central Russian Upland
Authors: Al-Hachami F R H , Karpova S S , Kalaev V N , Zemlyanukhina O A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The phytin (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacystichydrophosphoric acid) content was studied in the endosperm of five species of Juglans grown in the Central Russian Upland conditions: 1) Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.); 2) Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim); 3) heartnut (Juglans cordiformis Maxim); 4) grey walnut (Juglans cinerea L.); 5) black walnut (Juglans nigra L). The walnut is shown to have the highest phytin content (31.90±0.67 mg/g wet weight) and a low coefficient of variation (Cv=4.23%). Based on the research, we can conclude that walnut is well adapted to the conditions of the Central Russian Upland and is recommended for the creation of fruit plantations by seed.
Biopreparation for antimicrobial material from mixture of nano silver and olive leaves extract
Authors: Halob Amal A. , Gatea Iman H , Khalaf Mohammed K. , Sabar Adawia B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using different aqueous concentrations of silver nitrate (0.5,1, 2, 3) with olive leaf extract as reductive factor. The reaction showed a strong change in color from yellow to dark brown. Antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria like Staph aureus, E. coli was studied. Spectral properties were studied by using UV- visible spectrophotometer, all concentrations shown peaks at (435)nm. The nanosilver particles tested by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) so the size particles were about (80-126)nm, zeta potential values were (-17 - -23)m V. Biological silver nanoparticles gained interest in recent past owing to its simple preparation, low cost, ecofriendly and their products more stability.
Synthesis, Characterization of a Novel 1,1’-[1,4-phenylenebis(1,3,4-thiadiazol-5,2-diyl)] bis (3-chloro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) azetidin-2-one and evaluation its Biological activities
Authors: Saeed Ban M.S. , Al-Jadaan Shaker A.N. , Abbas Basil A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In current study, synthesis of a novel azetidin-2-one compound, i.e 1,1’-[1,4-phenylenebis(1,3,4-thiadiazol-5,2-diyl)] bis (3-chloro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) azetidin-2-one from reaction of 0.002mole of 4,4’-[1,4-phenylene bis(1,3,4-thiadiazole-5,2-diyl)] bis (azaneylylidene) bis (methaneylylidene) diphenol with 0.004mole of 2-chloroacetylchloride in dioxane as a solvent in the presence of trimethylamine. The biological activity of new azetidin-2-one compound was evaluated at 100 mg/ml against four types of bacteria i.e. Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 2, 2, 3, 3 mg/ml for Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. respectively. Median lethal dose (LD50) and cytotoxicity activity were also investigated. The LD50 for this compound is 1.4 gm/kg bw. The results showed that this compound did not affect the red blood cell until the concentration reach 25 mg/ml or above. The new compound was characterized by spectral data, i.e., FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analysis which confirmed its proposed structure.
Study the contamination of Radioactivity levels of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (water)Iraq and their potential radiological risk to human population
Authors: Salman Ali Yahya , Kadhim Shaymaa Awad , Alaboodi Azhar S. , Alhous Shatha F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, the level of natural radioactivity in the banks of the Euphrates River was evaluated of four sites for the passage of the Euphrates(Al Kufa, Abu Sukhair, Al Mishkhab and Al Qadisiyah), as samples were collected along the Euphrates River within the province of Najaf. The radioactivity of naturally formed radioactive materials of Uranium-238 and Thorium-232 series soluble strands in addition to the Potassium -40 radioisotope was determined using the NaI (Tl) sodium iodide reagent system (3"x3"). The values of normal radioactivity were measured in units (Bq.L−1). Where was The concentration ranged from 16.44 to 143.88 (Bq.L−1)for 40K,0.90 to 6.16 (Bq.L−1) for 238U and 1.17 to 5.29 (Bq.L−1) for 232Th. The radium equivalent activity was below the defined limit of 370 (Bq.L−1),the calculated exterior hazard indices had been determined to be much less than (one) from the results. Therefore that can be considered as database of these rivers in the future. Also we calculated that the average committed effective dose by ingestion of water for a typical adult was found to be 0.269 mSv.y−1 note that the average internal dose of 290 μSv.y−1 measured by the Scientific Committee of the United Nations on the Effects of Radiation for food and water consumption .finally we found out Excess lifetime cancer risk is 0.672*10−3 which is significantly less than the ICRP cancer risk of 2.5 × 10−3 which mean that the samples are safe healthy.
Measurement of the natural radiological activity of soil samples of some general education schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate
Authors: Kadhim Tahani M. , Alkufi Abdulhussein A. , Alhous Shatha F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Right now, specific radioactivity of soil chose from Diwaniya Governorate was estimated. Ten samples of this soil were gathered. These samples were from some general education schools, where the samples were taken from diversified sites. to define the specific activity from the radioactivity 232Th, 238U and 40K, Iodide sodium system activated with Thallium 3"×3" had been used for this aim, finally for Thorium 232Th ranged between (BLD-14.652) Bq.kg−1, average (5.334) Bq.kg−1. for Uranium 238U, it is ranged between (BLD-26.187) Bq.kg−1, average (8.364) Bq.kg−1, where the result showed that radio activity of potassium 40K ranged between (346.823-536.704) Bq.kg−1 with a rate of (450.482) Bq.kg−1, The radium equivalent values ranged between (33.951-68.194) Bq.kg−1, average (50.68) Bq.kg−1, the absorbed dose rate in air ranged between (18.386- 33.995) nGy.h−1, average (25.962) nGy.h−1, External hazard index ranged through (0.091-0.184), average (0.136), Internal hazard index ranged through (0.091-0.226), average (0.159). activity concentration index ranged between (0.293-0.538), average (0.409), the observed results were below the International recommended limits.
Bending Deformation on the electronic structure of the (3,3), (4,4), (5,0) and (6,0) single-wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Mezher Hamza A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work we investigate the effect of bending defect on the electronic and structural properties of the (3,3), (4,4), (5,0) and (6,0) single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using density functional theory (DFT) within Becke three parameter Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) functional using 6-31 basis set. Our result revealed that as the bending angle increases, the deformation of atomic structure of the tube increases, particularly in the centralized zone of the tube. The obtained outcomes revealed that the bandgap fluctuates with the bending angle of CNTs and the cohesive energy, the highest occupied (EHOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals energies (ELUMO) decrease (in magnitude) as the CNTs bending increases. On the other hand, the electron affinity and the ionization potential increases with the bending angle of CNTs, while the Fermi energy decreases with the bending angle of CNTs, with a fluctuation of Fermi energy with the bending for (4,4) tube. Finally, in the presence of bending deformation, the highest number of density of states in the valence and conduction bands decrease with increasing the bending angle of CNTs.
Measuring Laser Beam Transmission through Exposed/Etched CN-85 Detectors
Authors: Jaber Al-Ta’ii Hassan M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cellulose Nitrate (CN-85) plastic detectors, with a thickness of 100 μm, were exposed to radiation by alpha particles. Then, the irradiated detectors were etched and treated with radiation by using He-Ne laser source. The influence of laser irradiation on the physical characterization of CN-85 track detectors has been investigated through track radii. In this study, the tracks’ number and track radii were calculated. The results showed that the track radii of laser-etched CN-85 detectors were reduced with increasing the etching time. Further, the track radii were changed due to the effects of alpha particles on the CN-85 detectors. This method is found to be a relatively inexpensive, easy, and effective tool for measuring the radiation dose.
Phenomenological Description of 130, 131Ba Isotopes
Authors: Mutsher Saher M. , Salman Emad A. , Sharrad Fadhil I. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The phenomenological description of Barium nuclei which have proton number (56) and neutron numbers 74 and 75 have been calculated by Interacting Boson – Fermion Model. Yrast and excited bad, probability of electric transition B(E2) and potential energy surface have been estimated. The input parameters which are used in the present study the best approximation that has been carried out so far. These calculations show that a good agreement with those of experimental data for Barium nuclei.