bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global trends in air travel: implications for connectivity and resilience to infectious disease threats
Authors: Tuite Ashleigh R , Bhatia Deepit , Moineddin Rahim , Bogoch Isaac I , Watts Alexander G , Khan Kamran 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Increased connectivity via air travel can facilitate the geographic spread of infectious diseases. The number of travellers alone does not explain risk; passenger origin and destination will also influence risk of disease introduction and spread. We described trends in international air passenger numbers and connectivity between countries with different capacities to detect and respond to infectious disease threats.

Methods
We used the Fragile States Index (FSI) as an annual measure of country-level resilience and capacity to respond to infectious disease events. Countries are categorized as: Sustainable, Stable, Warning or Alert, in order of increasing fragility. We included data for 177 sovereign states for the years 2010 to 2019. Annual inbound and outbound international air passengers for each country were obtained for the same time period. We examined trends in FSI score, trends in worldwide air travel and the association between a state’s FSI score and air travel.

Results
Among countries included in the FSI rankings, the total number of outbound passengers increased from 0.865 billion to 1.58 billion between 2010 and 2019. Increasing fragility was associated with a decrease in travel volumes, with a 2.5% (95% CI: 2.0–3.1%) reduction in passengers per 1-unit increase in FSI score. Overall, travel between countries of different FSI categories either increased or remained stable.

Conclusions
The world’s connectivity via air travel has increased dramatically over the past decade. There has been notable growth in travel from Warning and Stable countries, which comprise more than three-quarters of international air travel passengers. These countries may have suboptimal capacity to detect and respond to infectious disease threats that emerge within their borders.
The spectral index of polarized diffuse Galactic emission between 30 and 44 GHz
Authors: Jew Luke , Grumitt R D P 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present an estimate of the polarized spectral index between the Planck 30 and 44 GHz surveys in 3.7° pixels. We use an objective reference prior that maximizes the impact of the data on the posterior and multiply this by a maximum entropy prior that includes information from observations in total intensity by assuming a polarization fraction. Our parametrization of the problem allows the reference prior to be easily determined and also provides a natural method of including prior information. The spectral index map is consistent with those found by others between surveys at similar frequencies. Across the entire sky we find an average spectral index of −2.99 ± 0.03(±1.12), where the first error term is the statistical uncertainty on the mean and the second error term (in parentheses) is the extra intrinsic scatter of the spectral index across the sky. We use a clustering algorithm to identify pixels with actual detections of the spectral index. The average spectral index in these pixels is −3.12 ± 0.03(±0.64) and then when also excluding pixels within 10° of the Galactic plane we find −2.92(±0.03). We find a statistically significant difference between the average spectral indices in the north and south Fermi bubbles. Only including pixels identified by the clustering algorithm, the average spectral index in the southern bubble is −3.00 ± 0.05(±0.35), which is similar to the average across the whole sky. In the northern bubble, we find a much harder average spectral index of −2.36 ± 0.09(±0.63). Therefore, if the bubbles are features in microwave polarization they are not symmetric about the Galactic plane.
ToxicoDB: an integrated database to mine and visualize large-scale toxicogenomic datasets
Authors: Nair Sisira Kadambat , Eeles Christopher , Ho Chantal , Beri Gangesh , Yoo Esther , Tkachuk Denis , Tang Amy , Nijrabi Parwaiz , Smirnov Petr , Seo Heewon , Jennen Danyel , Haibe-Kains Benjamin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the past few decades, major initiatives have been launched around the world to address chemical safety testing. These efforts aim to innovate and improve the efficacy of existing methods with the long-term goal of developing new risk assessment paradigms. The transcriptomic and toxicological profiling of mammalian cells has resulted in the creation of multiple toxicogenomic datasets and corresponding tools for analysis. To enable easy access and analysis of these valuable toxicogenomic data, we have developed ToxicoDB (toxicodb.ca), a free and open cloud-based platform integrating data from large in vitro toxicogenomic studies, including gene expression profiles of primary human and rat hepatocytes treated with 231 potential toxicants. To efficiently mine these complex toxicogenomic data, ToxicoDB provides users with harmonized chemical annotations, time- and dose-dependent plots of compounds across datasets, as well as the toxicity-related pathway analysis. The data in ToxicoDB have been generated using our open-source R package, ToxicoGx (github.com/bhklab/ToxicoGx). Altogether, ToxicoDB provides a streamlined process for mining highly organized, curated, and accessible toxicogenomic data that can be ultimately applied to preclinical toxicity studies and further our understanding of adverse outcomes.
Neuro-oncology management during the COVID-19 pandemic with a focus on WHO grades III and IV gliomas
Authors: Bernhardt Denise , Wick Wolfgang , Weiss Stephanie E , Sahgal Arjun , Lo Simon S , Suh John H , Chang Eric L , Foote Matthew , Perry James , Meyer Bernhard , Vajkoczy Peter , Wen Patrick Y , Straube Christoph , Pigorsch Steffi , Wilkens Jan J , Combs Stephanie E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Because of the increased risk in cancer patients of developing complications caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), physicians have to balance the competing risks of the negative impact of the pandemic and the primary tumor disease. In this consensus statement, an international group of experts present mitigation strategies and treatment guidance for patients suffering from high grade gliomas (HGGs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods Sixteen
international experts in the treatment of HGG contributed to this consensus-based practice recommendation, including neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, and a medical physicist. Generally, treatment of neuro-oncological patients cannot be significantly delayed and initiating therapy should not be outweighed by COVID-19. We present detailed interdisciplinary treatment strategies for molecular subgroups in 2 pandemic scenarios, a scale-up phase and a crisis phase.

Conclusion
This practice recommendation presents a pragmatic framework and consensus-based mitigation strategies for the treatment of HGG patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Iron deficiency, immunology, and colorectal cancer
Authors: Phipps Oliver , Brookes Matthew J , Al-Hassi Hafid O 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Excessive gut luminal iron contributes to the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. However, emerging evidence suggests that reduced iron intake and low systemic iron levels are also associated with the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. This is important because patients with colorectal cancer often present with iron deficiency. Iron is necessary for appropriate immunological functions; hence, iron deficiency may hinder cancer immunosurveillance and potentially modify the tumor immune microenvironment, both of which may assist cancer development. This is supported by studies showing that patients with colorectal cancer with iron deficiency have inferior outcomes and reduced response to therapy. Here, we provide an overview of the immunological consequences of iron deficiency and suggest ensuring adequate iron therapy to limit these outcomes.
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy for Hydrocephalus Secondary to Extraventricular Obstruction in Thalamic Hemorrhage: A Case Series
Authors: Zeineddine Hussein A , Dono Antonio , Kitagawa Ryan , Savitz Sean I , Choi Huimahn Alex , Chang Tiffany R , Ballester Leomar Y , Esquenazi Yoshua 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Intracranial hemorrhage carries significant morbidity and mortality, particularly if associated with hydrocephalus. Management of hydrocephalus includes temporary external ventricular drainage, with or without shunting. Thalamic location is an independent predictor of mortality and increases the likelihood of shunt dependence.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) can avoid the need for shunt placement and expedite recovery.

METHODS
We prospectively identified thalamic intracranial hemorrhage patients who developed acute hydrocephalus requiring cerebrospinal fluid diversion by extraventricular drain placement from November 2017 to February 2019. Patients who failed an extraventricular drain clamping trial were then evaluated for eligibility for an ETV procedure. Patients who underwent ETV were then followed up for the development of hydrocephalus, need for shunting, and length of stay in the intensive care unit.

RESULTS
Eight patients (7 males, 1 female) were prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent an ETV successfully. None of the patients required shunting. ETV was performed despite the presence of other factors that would have prevented shunt placement, including fever, leukocytosis, and gastrostomy tube placement. Seven patients who underwent ETV were evaluated at 3-mo follow-up and did not require shunting.

CONCLUSION
ETV is a safe and effective technique for the management of hydrocephalus resulting from an extraventricular obstruction in thalamic hemorrhage. It can avoid the need for permanent shunting in this patient population. Larger studies should be conducted to validate and further analyze this intervention.
Access-Site Complications in Transfemoral Neuroendovascular Procedures: A Systematic Review of Incidence Rates and Management Strategies
Authors: Oneissi Mazen , Sweid Ahmad , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula , Hasan David , Gooch M Reid , Rosenwasser Robert H , Jabbour Pascal 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The femoral artery is the most common access route for cerebral angiography and neurointerventional procedures. Complications of the transfemoral approach include groin hemorrhages and hematomas, retroperitoneal hematomas, pseudoaneurysms, arteriovenous fistulas, peripheral artery occlusions, femoral nerve injuries, and access-site infections. Incidence rates vary among different randomized and nonrandomized trials, and the literature lacks a comprehensive review of this subject.

OBJECTIVE
To gather data from 16 randomized clinical trials (RCT) and 17 nonrandomized cohort studies regarding femoral access-site complications for a review paper. We also briefly discuss management strategies for these complications based on the most recent literature.

METHODS
A PubMed indexed search for all neuroendovascular clinical trials, retrospective studies, and prospective studies that reported femoral artery access-site complications in neurointerventional procedures.

RESULTS
The overall access-site complication rate in RCTs is 5.13%, while in in non-RCTs, the rate is 2.78%. The most common complication in both groups is groin hematoma followed by access-site hemorrhage and femoral pseudoaneurysm. On the other hand, wound infection was the least common complication.

CONCLUSION
The transfemoral approach in neuroendovascular procedures holds risk for several complications. This review will allow further studies to compare access-site complications between the transfemoral approach and other alternative access sites, mainly the transradial approach, which is gaining a lot of interest nowadays.
Linguistic Conventionalism and the Truth-Contrast Thesis
Authors: Nyseth Fredrik 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
According to linguistic conventionalism, necessities are to be explained in terms of the conventionally adopted rules that govern the use of linguistic expressions. A number of influential arguments against this view concerns the ‘Truth-Contrast Thesis’. This is the claim that necessary truths are fundamentally different from contingent ones since they are not made true by ‘the (worldly) facts’. Instead, they are supposed to be something like ‘true in virtue of meaning’. This thesis is widely held to be a core commitment of the conventionalist position, and the view is frequently rejected on the grounds that this thesis is untenable. I argue that this line of reasoning is mistaken. While the thesis should be rejected (although not for the reasons often given), it is not, I argue, entailed by linguistic conventionalism – nor was it invariably accepted by the paradigmatic conventionalists.
Phase-Amplitude Markers of Synchrony and Noise: A Resting-State and TMS-EEG Study of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freche Dominik , Naim-Feil Jodie , Hess Shmuel , Peled Avraham , Grinshpoon Alexander , Moses Elisha , Levit-Binnun Nava 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) of schizophrenia patients is known to exhibit a reduction of signal-to-noise ratio and of phase locking, as well as a facilitation of excitability, in response to a variety of external stimuli. Here, we demonstrate these effects in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked potentials and in the resting-state EEG. To ensure veracity, we used 3 weekly sessions and analyzed both resting-state and TMS-EEG data. For the TMS responses, our analysis verifies known results. For the resting state, we introduce the methodology of mean-normalized variation to the EEG analysis (quartile-based coefficient of variation), which allows for a comparison of narrow-band EEG amplitude fluctuations to narrow-band Gaussian noise. This reveals that amplitude fluctuations in the delta, alpha, and beta bands of healthy controls are different from those in schizophrenia patients, on time scales of tens of seconds. We conclude that the EEG-measured cortical activity patterns of schizophrenia patients are more similar to noise, both in alpha- and beta-resting state and in TMS responses. Our results suggest that the ability of neuronal populations to form stable, locally, and temporally correlated activity is reduced in schizophrenia, a conclusion, that is, in accord with previous experiments on TMS-EEG and on resting-state EEG.
Acute Encephalopathy with Biphasic Seizures and Late Reduced Diffusion Associated with Dengue Infection in a Child
Authors: Kumar Manokaran Ranjith , Mahalingam Harshavardhan , Shankaranarayanan Shubha , Sowmya Devaram , Venkat Ramanan Padmasani 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is a clinico-radiological syndrome in children secondary to viral or bacterial infections. The causes include viral (influenza, human herpes virus-6, adenovirus, rota) as well as bacterial infections. However, AESD with dengue infection has not been reported earlier. Here, we present an infant with dengue infection and AESD which recovered completely following treatment with intravenous human immunoglobulin therapy. A 9-month-old girl presented with seizures following fever and loose stools. Seizures recurred after 2 days of seizure-free interval. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was not contributory. Dengue infection was confirmed by lab tests. Magnetic resonance imaging brain after the second seizure revealed diffusion restriction involving the bilateral frontal and parietal white matter, both hemispheres with a typical central perisylvian sparing lesion suggestive of AESD. This case report expands the reported spectrum of neurological manifestations of dengue infection.
Corruption as a Self-Reinforcing Trap: Implications for Reform Strategy
Authors: Stephenson Matthew C 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCorruption is widely believed to be a self-reinforcing phenomenon, in the sense that the incentive to engage in corrupt acts increases as corruption becomes more widespread. Some argue that corruption's self-reinforcing property necessarily implies that incremental anticorruption reforms cannot be effective, and that the only way to escape a high-corruption equilibrium “trap” is through a so-called “big bang” or “big push.” However, corruption's self-reinforcing property does not logically entail the necessity of a big bang approach to reform. Indeed, corruption's self-reinforcing property may strengthen the case for pursuing sustained, cumulative incremental reforms. While there may be other reasons to prefer a big bang approach to an incremental approach, this conclusion cannot be grounded solely or primarily on corruption's self-reinforcing character.
Atrial Flutter—Unique Arrhythmia in Neonatal Population, Presentation of 3 Cases
Authors: Kędziora Piotr , Stasiak Aleksandra 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Atrial flutter (AFL) is an uncommon arrhythmia in the pediatric population. It is defined as fast ordered atrial depolarization (about 250-500 beats/min). It occurs mainly in children with congenital heart defects; however, it may also manifest in fetuses and infants with an anatomically healthy heart. In neonates, AFL is most often revealed within the first 2 days after birth.

Clinical Findings:
In this case report, we present 3 neonates without complex congenital heart defects with AFL, along with the description of the course, diagnostic and therapeutic processes depending on the clinical condition of a child, and response to treatment.

Primary Diagnosis:
Symptoms in this group of patients are nonspecific, that is, tachypnea, unwillingness to eat, and fatigue while feeding. The diagnostic process included thorough electro- and echocardiographic assessments. Each child was treated individually due to a different cause of arrhythmia and comorbidities.

Interventions:
Invasive (electrical cardioversion) and pharmacological methods were used in treatment to achieve conversion to sinus rhythm.

Outcomes:
One patient required electrical cardioversion, one was treated with amiodarone and digoxin, and one infant received amiodarone. All children achieved conversion to sinus rhythm.

Practice Recommendations:
During the follow-up, each child maintained sinus rhythm, which shows that in the neonatal group, it is a unique, but well-controlled, arrhythmia once conversion to sinus rhythm is achieved.
Two-Year Outcomes of the New Low-cost Nonvalved Aurolab Aqueous Drainage Implant in Refractory Glaucoma
Authors: Ray Vanita Pathak , Rao Divya P. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
This study aimed to report the 2-year surgical outcomes in terms of efficacy and safety of the relatively new, indigenously manufactured, low-cost nonvalved drainage device Aurolab Aqueous Drainage Implant (AADI) in the management of refractory glaucomas in the Indian population.

Methods:
A retrospective review of consecutive patients older than 12 years, who underwent nonvalved glaucoma drainage device surgery via AADI, was performed by a single fellowship-trained surgeon, between January 2014 and January 2018, who had at least 12 months of documented postoperative follow-up.

Outcome Measures:
Primary—intraocular pressure (IOP).
Secondary—number of antiglaucoma medication (AGM), LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity and complications.
Complete success was defined as IOP ≥5 and ≤21 mm Hg; qualified success was defined as fulfilling the above criteria with the use of AGM. Failure was defined as the inability to fulfill the IOP criteria, loss of perception of light, explantation, or any additional glaucoma surgery.

Results:
A total of 48 eyes of 46 patients were included with a median follow-up of 24 months (quartile 1=16, quartile 3=31.25; interquartile range=15.25) (mean=24.9 mo; SD=10.1). The IOP and number of AGM required was significantly lower at every timepoint postoperatively (P<0.001). The median LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity remained unchanged (P=0.307). Complications occurred in 21 patients (43.7%); some eyes had >1 complication. Complete success was seen in 56.3%; overall success was 87.5%.

Conclusions:
The safety and efficacy of the new nonvalved glaucoma drainage device, AADI, remain in its second year after implantation. Still further follow-up is recommended, as it has the ability to breach the cost barrier in newly industrialized nations worldwide
Diffuse Hypermetabolic Bone Marrow Infiltration in Severe Primary Hyperoxaluria on FDG PET
Authors: Tonnelet David , Benali Khadija , Rasmussen Camille , Goulenok Tiphaine , Piekarski Eve 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A 24-year-old man, with type 1 primary hyperoxaluria (diagnosed at age 20 years after repeated renal lithiasis, due to a I244T mutation frequently encountered in Mediterranean countries) complicated by end-stage renal failure requiring dialysis, was admitted for pancytopenia, refractory to erythropoietin injections. On clinical examination, he presented a hepatosplenomegaly without palpable adenopathy. 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed intense and diffuse bone marrow uptake in the axial skeleton and preferential long bone metaphyseal uptake. Bone marrow aspiration showed Gaucher-like cells infiltration due to oxalate accumulation in macrophages, leading to the diagnosis of bone marrow involvement by primary hyperoxaluria.
Differences in 18F-FDG Uptake and Expression of Glucose Transporter Between 2 Distinct Subtypes of Mass-Forming Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas
Authors: Kozaka Kazuto , Kobayashi Satoshi , Takamura Hiroyuki , Sato Yasunori , Kitao Azusa , Inoue Dai , Yoneda Norihide , Tajima Hidehiro , Kinuya Seigo , Harada Kenichi , Ohta Tetsuo , Koda Wataru , Matsui Osamu , Gabata Toshifumi 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
Recently, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) has been classified into small duct cholangiocarcinoma (SDC) and large duct cholangiocarcinoma (LDC) according to the origin of the biliary tree. Although the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in iCCA is well known, there are no reports evaluating differences in accumulation of 18F-FDG according to the recently described iCCA subtypes. The aim of this study was therefore to assess 18F-FDG accumulation and the expression of glucose transporters in SDC and LDC.

Methods
Our institutional review board approved this retrospective study and waived the requirement for informed consent. Fourteen consecutive surgically resected mass-forming iCCA (7 SDCs, 23 ± 6.7 mm; 7 LDCs, 44 ± 26 mm) were enrolled. The SUVmax on 18F-FDG PET/CT and the expression of glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1), Glut-2, hexokinase 2 (HK2), and glucose-6-phosphatase by immunohistochemistry were evaluated and compared between SDC and LDC.

Results
The SUVmax in SDC was significantly lower than that in LDC (3.2 ± 0.8 vs 7.6 ± 3.2, P < 0.01). The staining scores of Glut-1 and HK2 were significantly lower in SDC than in LDC (0 vs 3 ± 1.4, P = 0.0034; 1.6 ± 1.1 vs 3.4 ± 1.1, P = 0.014, respectively). Expression levels of Glut-2 and glucose-6-phosphatase were variable and did not show a significant difference between SDC and LDC. Overall survival was significantly worse in LDC than in SDC (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

18F-FDG accumulation and Glut-1 and HK2 expression were significantly higher in LDC than in SDC. A low-glycolytic feature may be one of the characteristic findings of SDC.