bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Modified TECRA Visual Immunoassay with AOAC Method 989.14 and Reference Culture Methods 967.25–967.28 for Detection of Salmonella in Foods and Related Samples
Authors: Hughes Denise , Dailianis A , Ash M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A validation study was conducted to compare a new modified version of the TECRA Salmonella Visual Immunoassay (Mod. VIA) with the original immunoassay (AOAC Method 989.14) and the reference culture methods (967.25–967.28). The Mod. VIA was supplemented with polyclonal antibodies to Salmonella pullorum and S. galllnarum, and compared favorably with AOAC Method 989.14 in sensitivity, inclusivity, and exclusivity studies. The ability of the Mod. VIA to recover Salmonella from artificially contaminated samples was not significantly different from that of the reference method. It is recommended that the Mod. VIA be adopted as Official First Action.
Determination of Aflatoxin Bi in Pistachio Kernels and Shells
Authors: Scholten Jos M , Spanjer Martien C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method was developed for accurate measurement of aflatoxin B1 in the edible portion of pistachio nuts. Twenty-nine samples of kernels with and without their shells were slurried with a Mega Ultra Turrax. A subsample of the homogenate was extracted with water–methanol, defatted with petroleum ether, purified with a silica solid-phase extraction column, and redissolved in methanol. After separation on an octadecy! column and postcolumn reaction with on-line electrochemically generated bromine, the aflatoxin Bi derivative was detected fluorometrically. The shells contained less than 1 % of the aflatoxin Bi found in the edible kernel, and they accounted for 41.7–46.8% of the weight of the whole pistachio. These observations indicate it is possible to analyze an entire sample, up to 25 kg, as a whole and still be able to judge whether it meets the legal tolerance limit of 5 μg aflatoxin B1/kg edible part, as set by the Dutch Food Act.
Evaluation of Aegys MI 600 Fourier Transform Infrared Milk Analyzer for Analysis of Fat, Protein, Lactose, and Solids Nonfat: A Compilation of Eight Independent Studies
Authors: Lanher Bertrand S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Aegys Mi 600 Fourier transform-infrared milk analyzer was evaluated for performance in 8 independent laboratories in Europe, the United States, and Australia. This instrument, equipped with a mid-infrared source, a temperature-controlled transmission flow cell or cuvette, and detection device, uses interferometry for wavelength generation; multilinear regression was used to create calibration equations for measurement of fat, protein, lactose, and solids nonfat. Each instrument was tested independently for various performance criteria including but not limited to accuracy in calibration and validation, repeatability, and purge efficiency. Mean difference for accuracy and standard deviation of differences for accuracy observed in each laboratory were well within AOAC requirements (&lt;0.05 and &lt;0.06%, respectively) as were the mean of diffferences for repeatability and the standard deviation of differences for repeatability (&lt;0.02 and &lt;0.02%, respectively). Observed purge efficiency was better than 99.0%. In addition, zero stability, instrument reproducibility over 5 days without recalibration, and homogenization efficiency were successfully tested. On the basis of the results, each instrument tested was approved for use for milk payment and/or dairy herd improvement in the country in which it was tested. The results demonstrate that the Aegys Mi 600 meets the requirements of the AOAC Official Method 972.16. The midinfrared spectroscopic method for determination of fat, lactose, protein, and solids in milk has been modified and adopted revised first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Enzyme Immunoassay for Determination of Peanut Proteins in Food Products
Authors: Yeung Jupiter M , Collins Peter G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Food allergy presents a problem for many parts of society, including sensitive subjects, schools, health authorities, and the food industry. Once food allergy is diagnosed, dietary avoidance is the principle method of management. Because trace levels of peanuts can elicit an adverse to fatal reaction, unintentional exposure to the offending allergens may have devastating consequences to sensitive individuals. However, determination of trace amounts of unintentional peanut contamination in our food supply is very difficult. Recently, we developed polyclonal antibodies specific to peanut proteins that do not cross-react with 22 legumes, tree nuts, or other common snack ingredients. An antiserum containing the polyclonal antibodies was used to develop a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of peanut proteins in snack foods. This study reports the first successful ELISA test to detect trace amounts of peanut allergens in a variety of foods. The concentration of peanut protein that inhibited 50% of antibody–antigen binding (IC50) was 12 ng/mL, the linear range was 1–63 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 400 ng/g (ppb) for the various foods tested. Recoveries ranged from 68 to 90%, with coefficients of variation of 2–22%, depending on the commodity. Using this new procedure, allergy-related complaint samples from various food groups were analyzed, and undeclared peanut proteins were identified in some products.
Effect of Sample Introduction and Atmospheric Blank on Determination of Nitrogen (Crude Protein) by Combustion
Authors: Sachen Robert W , Thiex Nancy J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To reduce analysis time, reagent use, and chemical waste, existing Kjeldahl methods for crude protein were converted to combustion methods. When validating the combustion method for various samples, a high bias for the combustion method compared with the Kjeldahl method was apparent for high-fiber samples. The bias was sample dependent, varying from 0.15 to 1.38% crude protein for hay and corn silage samples. The bias was repeatable among 3 laboratories using identical instruments. Studies showed the bias was related to uncorrected atmospheric blanks. Various means to correct for the blank were studied, including pelleting of sample under high pressures to remove atmospheric nitrogen. Pelleting samples at a pressure of &gt;1000 lbs provides combustion crude protein values consistent with Kjeldahl values.
Optimization of a Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Amines in Fish
Authors: Michel Vallé , Malle Pierre , Bouquelet Stephane 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of 9 amines in fish: ammonia, methylamine, tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine. The amines are extracted with 0.2M perchloric acid and labeled with dansyl chloride. After labeling, proline is added to neutralize excess dansyl chloride. The amines are separated on a Kromasil C18 column using a water-acetonitrile elution gradient. Handling time is restricted to 40 min, and an injection is possible every 30 min, thus allowing automation and routine analysis.
Determination of Ethephon in Pesticide Formulations by Headspace Gas Chromatography
Authors: Køppen Benny 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is described for the determination of ethephon in pesticide formulations. The method uses headspace gas chromatography to determine ethylene formed from the decomposition of ethephon by the addition of base. Method performance with respect to linearity and precision was evaluated. Results from analyses of various pesticide formulations were compared with results obtained by using the official titrimetric method. The usefulness of the method was demonstrated for formulation control.
Comparison of Closed-Vessel and Focused Open-Vessel Microwave Dissolution for Determination of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Selenium in Wheat, Wheat Products, Corn Bran, and Rice Flour by Transverse-Heated Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Gawalko Eugene J , Nowicki Thomas W , Babb Jeff , Tkachuk Russell , Wu Shaole 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is described for the determination of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Se in cereal samples. An atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a transverseheated graphite furnace with Zeeman background correction was used for all determinations. Sample preparation was performed by closed-vessel microwave digestion using nitric acid and focused openvessel microwave digestion using nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide. Both techniques were evaluated by using 15 cereal reference materials and comparing results with certified or reference values for each element. Cereal reference standards obtained from the Community Bureau of Reference (Europe), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA), the National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan), the National Research Centre for Certified Reference Materials (People's Republic of China), and the Canadian Grain Commission were used. Application of a series of t-tests, conducted according to Sidak's modified Bonerroni t-procedure, showed that both techniques yielded accurate results for cereal reference materials. Some differences from certified and reference values, however, were found for each element.
Use of Desirability Functions Associated with a Chemometric Method To Optimize Separation of a Compound Mixture by Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Guillaume Yves , Peyrin Eric , Guinchard Christiane 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A chemometric method using a desirability function was used to optimize the liquid chromatographic separation of 10 benzodiazepines in a minimum analysis time. Most efficient separation was achieved with acetonitrile–water (60 + 40) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a column temperature of 47°C.
Determination of Moisture in Raisins
Authors: Katsaboxakis Kostanttne 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The determination of moisture in Soultanina raisins by drying in a steam bath with diatomaceous earth to constant weight (about 70 min) was compared with the official AOAC Method 22.013, which uses asbestos and requires 6 h of drying at 70°C under &lt;100 mm Hg. Five different samples (moisture 11-22%) were analyzed by the 2 methods; the mean values of 9 replications did not differ significantly. The new method is rapid and simple, and it eliminates asbestos, a known carcinogenic substance, from the determination.
Extraction and Cleanup of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Fats by Supercritical Fluid Techniques
Authors: Hopper Marvin L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A supercritical fluid extraction and cleanup procedure was developed for separating organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides from fats. Supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 3% (v/v) acetonitrile was used to extract the pesticides at 6O°C and separate the pesticides from the fats at 4000 psi and 95°C on an in-line C? silica-based column. The extraction and cleanup procedure gave good recoveries for 43 of 62 nonpolar to moderately polar organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides from fats, whereas 49 were recovered through conventional Florisil column cleanup before quantitation. This procedure can extract and clean up pesticide residues from 0.65 g animalbased fat and 1.0 g oils. Coeluted residues in the pesticide fraction ranged from 2.5 mg for butterfat to 0.8 mg for corn oil. Results for samples analyzed with this integrated extraction cleanup procedure were reproducible and comparable with results obtained with the current Total Diet Study methodology.
The Horwitz Function Revisited
Authors: Thompson Michael , Lowthian Philip J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A statistical test was made of the Horwitz function, an empirical relationship between the reproducibility precision of an analytical method and the concentration of the analyte regardless of the nature of the analyte, matrix, and the method. The large data set (7502 observations) was compiled by Horwitz from collaborative trials (method performance studies) spanning the period 1915 to 1995. The data followed the Horwitz function well down to concentrations of about 10-8 (10 ppb), but they followed a more stringent specification at lower concentrations. This discrepancy may be due to special circumstances prevailing in collaborative trials at very low concentrations. Deviations of individual observations from the function were in large part accounted for by random variations. No consequential improvement in precision with time was found.
Improved Protocol for an Oxygen Electrode Method for Determining Hydrogen Peroxide in Foods
Authors: Miyamoto Fumio , Saeki Masanobu , Yoshizawa Takumi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An oxygen electrode method for determining residual hydrogen peroxide in foods has been further improved. Pretreatment, which includes extraction and neutralization, is done in a hydrogen peroxide extraction apparatus with nitrogen gas bubbling. The hydrogen peroxide concentration of the sample is corrected by subtracting the sample blank value, obtained for the sample through catalase treatment. Bubbling with nitrogen gas effectively minimized the sample blank value, making this method suitable for accurate determination of trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide in foods. Recoveries of hydrogen peroxide added at 1-10 μg/g were 77.8-107.1% by the present method. These recoveries are similar to or higher than those by the Japanese standard method and by another modified oxygen electrode method. Concentrations of naturally occurring hydrogen peroxide in solid foods were &lt;0.87 μg/g by the present method, lower than those by either the standard method or another modified oxygen electrode method.
Preparation of Some Toxic Metabolites of Disulfoton, Phorate, and Terbufos, Their Separation by Thin-Layer Chromatography and Confirmation by Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Simonovska Breda 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Milligram quantities of sulfoxides, sulfones, and oxygen analogue (oxon) sulfones of the insecticides disulfoton, phorate, and terbufos were prepared by selective oxidation. Pure insecticides or acetone extracts of granular formulations served as reactants. Structures of 9 compounds were confirmed by comparing their electron impact mass spectra (EI-MS), obtained by the direct inlet system with published data. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel was used to screen oxidation products and to purify products. Products were detected by spraying plates with PdCl2 reagent and exposing to iodine vapors. An esterase inhibition technique gave low detection limits, which are promising for residue analysis.
Colorimetric Determination of Selenium in Mineral Premixes
Authors: Hurlbut Jeffrey A , Burkepile Roger G , Geisler Carolyn A , Kliak Philip James , Rummel Nathan G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is described for determination of sodium selenite or sodium selenate in mineral-based premixes. It is based on the formation of intense-yellow piazselenol by Se(IV) and 3,3’-diaminobenzid- ine. Mineral premixes typically contain calcium carbonate as a base material and magnesium carbonate, silicon dioxide, and iron(lll) oxide as minor components or additives. In this method, the premix is digested briefly in nitric acid, diluted with water, and filtered to remove any iron(lll) oxide. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and HCI are added to the filtrate, which is heated to near boiling for 1 h to convert any selenate to selenite. After heating, the solution is buffered between pH 2 and 3 with NaOH and formic acid and treated with NH2OH and EDTA; any Se present forms a complex with 3,3’- diaminobenzidine at 60°C. The solution is made basic with NH4OH, and the piazselenol is extracted into toluene. The absorbance of the complex in dried toluene is measured at 420 nm. The method was validated independently by 2 laboratories. Samples analyzed included calcium carbonate fortified with 100, 200, and 300 μg Se in the form of sodium selenite or sodium selenate, a calcium carbonate premix containing sodium selenite, a calcium carbonate premix containing sodium selenate, and a commercial premix; 5 replicates of each sample type were analyzed by each laboratory. Average recoveries ranged from 89 to 109% with coefficients of variation from 1.2 to 13.6%.
Determination of Sulfonamides in Edible Salmon Tissue by Liquid Chromatography with Postcolumn Derivatization and Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Gehring Theresa A , Rushing Larry G , Thompson Harold C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fourteen sulfonamides—sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfam- erazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, suļfadoxine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfaquinoxoline—residues of which could be found in aquacultured species, were separated in &lt;25 min by reversed-phase (C18) liquid chromatography (LC) with gradient elution. Analytes were extracted from edible salmon tissue (muscle and adhering skin) with acetonitrile—2% aqueous acetic acid, isolated with 2 liquid-liquid partitionings, and derivatized with fluorescamine after eluting from the column. The derivatives were detected by fluorescence. Recoveries (n = 4) from coho salmon fortified with sulfonamides at 5,10, and 20 ng/g tissue averaged 79.7± 7.3, 84.6 ± 7.7, and 88.2 ± 7.1%, respectively. Limits of quantitation were 5 ng/g tissue, for sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxypyridazine, and sulfaquinoxoline and 1 ng/g tissue for the remaining sulfonamides.
Assurance Polyclonal Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Related Listeria Species in Selected Foods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Feldsine Philip T , Lienau Andrew H , Forgey Robin L , Calhoon Roger D ,   Collaborators:, Al-Hasani S , Arling V , Bandiera T , Barnes M , Beatty S , Beaudoin A , Beyer D , Bryant J , Burzynski M , Carey B , Copeland F , Culver D , Destro C , Diaz B , Franke W , Gallagher D , Gary J , Harper M , Hermann C , Isakson T , Jenkins P , Johnson S , Ke J , Krause C , Lange K , Trottier Y-L , Maki G , McDonagh S , McLenaghan J , Miller L , Phebus R , Raghubeer E , Redding R , Retzlaff D , Richter D , Ritger C , Robinson J , Saunders L , Schwants D , Tuncan E , Vanderbilt K , Ward D , West D , Woo L , Zebchek A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Six foods representing a variety of food products were analyzed by the Assurance Listeria polyclonal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by either the Bacteriological Analytical Manual or the U.S. Department of Agriculture culture method for detecting Listeria monocytogenes and related Listeria species. Samples of each food type, at each inoculation level, were analyzed simultaneously by both methods. A total of 19 laboratories representing federal government agencies and private industry in the United States and Canada participated. Food types were inoculated with Listeria species including L. monocytogenes, with the exception of 3 lots of green beans, which were naturally contaminated. During this study, 1764 samples and controls were analyzed and confirmed, of which 492 were positive and 947 were negative by both methods. There were 159 samples that were positive by culture method but negative by the EIA and 188 that were negative by culture method but positive by EIA. Twenty-two samples were negative by EIA and by culture method but confirmed positive when Assurance selective enrichment broths were subcultured to selective agar. The Assurance polyclonal EIA for detecting L. monocytogenes and related Listeria species in foods has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Fumonisin Levels in Uruguayan Corn Products
Authors: Piñeiro Maya S , Silva Gabriela E , Scott Peter M , Lawrence Guillaume A , Stack Michael E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A survey was conducted to evaluate fumonisins FB1 and FB2 in Uruguayan corn products. Sixty- four samples of different local brands were purchased from retail stores during a 15-month period and analyzed for FB1 and FB2 by methanol-water extraction, cleanup with a 1 mL strong-anion-exchange solid-phase extraction column, and liquid chromatography with o-pthaldialdehyde-2-mercaptoethanol derivatization and fluorescence detection. Contamination levels for FB1 varied from 50 ng/g (detection limit) to 6342 ng/g. Values were highest in feed samples (up to 6342 ng/g), unprocessed corn kernel (up to 3688 ng/g), and milled products, which included polenta (up to 427 ng/g). They were lowest in processed corn kernel (up to 155 ng/g) and snacks (up to 314 ng/g). FB2 was determined in one-fourth of the total samples and detected at trace levels in only one feed sample. The data demonstrated the natural occurrence of fumonisins in corn products in Uruguay. Feed and polenta that contain fumonisins could be of concern because they are consumed in large amounts and are often the main nutrient source in Uruguay.
Modification of Babcock Method to Eliminate Fat Testing Bias Between Babcock and Ether Extraction Methods (Modification of AOAC Official Methods 989.04 and 995.18): Collaborative Study
Authors: Lynch Joanna M , Barbano David M , Fleming J Richard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Babcock test for determining fat in milk (AOAC Official Method 989.04) and in cream (AOAC Official Method 995.18) gives consistently higher test results than does the modified Mojonnier ether extraction reference method (AOAC Official Methods 989.05 and 995.19). To decrease the density of material in Babcock columns and thus lower test results, the Babcock method was modified by lowering the temperatures used at various points in the method, from about 57.5° to 48°C. Using the AOAC collaborative study format, 9 laboratories tested 9 pairs of blind duplicate raw milk samples (fat range 2.5–5.7%) and 9 pairs of blind duplicate heat-treated cream samples (fat range 30–45%) using the temperature modified (TM) Babcock method. The ether extraction test was conducted as the reference method. The statistical performance (invalid and outlier data removed) of the TM Babcock method was, for milk: percent fat value of 4.110, repeatability standard deviation (sr) value of 0.037, reproducibility standard deviation (sR) value of 0.047, repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) value of 0.901% and reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) value of 1.147%; and for cream: percent fat value of 37.555, sr value of 0.258, sR value of 0.353, RSDr value of 0.687% and RSDR value of 0.940%. The TM Babcock method performance was acceptable but not as good as that achieved in previous studies of the unmodified method. For the TM Babcock and ether methods, respectively, average percentages fat were 4.110 and 4.114 for milk, and 37.555 and 37.485 for cream. Temperature modification statistically eliminated the testing bias between methods. The tem-perature modifications of the Babcock methods for determination of fat in milk and cream (989.04 and 995.18) have been adopted revised first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.