bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELF Magnetic Field Exposure System for In Vitro Studies Based on Lee‐Whiting Coils
Authors: Vives Leandro , Balsalobre Juan , Monteiro Tiago , Diaz Javier G. , Liponetzky Gustavo , Ielpi Marcelo , Dalmas Di Giovanni Norberto 
Published: June 2020

In order to run a series of in vitro studies on the effect of extremely low‐frequency magnetic fields on cell cultures, developing and characterizing an appropriate exposure system is required. The present design is based on a two‐shielded Lee‐Whiting coils system. The circular design was chosen because its axial symmetry allowed for both reducing simulation unknowns and measurement points during the characterization, and additionally made the machining of the parts easier. The system can generate magnetic flux densities (B fields) up to 1 mT root‐mean‐square amplitude (rms) with no active cooling system in the incubator, and up to 3 mTrms with it. The double‐wrapped windings with twisted pairs allow for the use of each set of coils either as exposure or control with no detectable parasitic B field in the control. The artifacts have also been analyzed; the B field in the center of the sham control chamber is about 1 µTrms for a maximum of 3 mTrms in the exposure chamber, the parasitic incident electric fields are less than 1 V/m, the temperature difference between sham and exposure chamber is less than or equal to 0.2 °C, and the typical vibration difference between sham and exposure is less than 0.1 m/s2. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Spiegel in der Biologie
Authors: Eitner Pascal 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungSpiegel dienen vielen Organismen in schwierigen Umgebungen als Mittel zum Überleben. Im Gebirge oder in der Wüste finden sich Reflektoren als Anpassung an erhöhte UV‐ oder Infrarot‐Strahlung, während manche nachtaktiven Tiere mithilfe einer spiegelnden Schicht hinter der Netzhaut die Nachtsicht verbessern. Im Meer nutzen verschiedene Tiergruppen wie Fische und Kopffüßer die Umlenkung des Lichts zur Tarnung nach dem Prinzip der Gegenschattierung oder zur gezielten Abstrahlung zwecks Beutefang oder innerartlicher Kommunikation. Die faszinierende Vielfalt, die im Laufe der Evolution entstanden ist, hat sogar Bioniker zum Bau neuartiger und besonders effizienter Auflagen für Sonnenkollektoren inspiriert.
Green supply chain management in the automotive industry: A study in Brazil
Authors: Lopes Lineia Jollembeck , Pires Silvio R. I. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe auto industry is experiencing a time of restlessness, which stems from several elements that currently threaten the stability and status quo of its supply chains. Among these elements are autonomous driving, connectivity, electrification, and trip sharing that has led to new forms of mobility. In this context, this article presents the results of a research, which had three main objectives: (1) to identify the green supply chain management (GSCM) practices most commonly implemented in all industrial sectors worldwide, (2) to evaluate how these practices are considered by professionals in the automotive industry and by researchers working on the subject in Brazil, and (3) to identify and evaluate which practices are most widely adopted within these companies and/or supply chains and influence their environmental performance. The research method combined a qualitative research step (Delphi) with another quantitative one (survey). The results show that most of the reality of the automotive industry in Brazil is in line with studies on GSCM practices worldwide, but some specific findings have also been identified and discussed.
Application of Rain classroom in formal classroom learning in the teaching of offshore engineering environment and loads
Authors: Zhu Hongjun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA blending approach of mobile learning and formal classroom learning is proposed and applied in the teaching of offshore engineering environment and loads. The Rain classroom developed by Tsinghua University was incorporated into the teacher‐guided classes. A smoother communication, as well as real‐time interaction between teachers and students, was achieved with the aid of mobile learning technology. The participants were juniors from Offshore Oil and Gas Engineering, a subject ranking on the list of world first‐class disciplines. The same examination was issued to both groups after the learning of offshore engineering environment and loads with and without the application of Rain classroom. Furthermore, a survey was conducted on the former group. According to the results, students experienced that the blending learning has a positive attitude toward the reformation of learning mode, and they obtained higher scores in the final examination than the control group. Further extensive studies are required to evaluate the effects of learning intensity, time duration, frequency of teacher–student interaction, and participants from different educational backgrounds.
Agreement over content of case formulation in offender personality disorder pathway prison services
Authors: Jeffcote Nikki , Freestone Mark , Heathcote Charlotte , Shaw Jake , Kennedy Priscilla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundCase formulation plays a key role in effective management of offenders' needs, particularly on the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (OPDP).AimsTo validate a method of investigating formulations with offenders still in prison but in the OPD Pathway and investigate agreement over the content of formulations between each of the main dyadic pairs: offender‐clinician, offender‐key worker and clinician‐key worker.MethodsWe developed a checklist of the main features of a formulation from a review of initial formulations in the files of prisoners in two prisons which operate within the OPD Pathway system. We then recruited 30 violent offenders in each OPD wing of two prisons, and asked each of them, their clinically qualified worker (usually a psychologist) and the criminal justice system key worker to complete a formulation summary according to a card‐sort process based on this checklist. We calculated the level of agreement between pairs of raters (e.g. offender and key worker) about the importance of aspects of each domain to the case using intraclass correlation coefficients.ResultsThe rating tool showed good internal validity. Analysis of inter‐rater ratings showed agreement among teams on aspects relating to prisoners' observable actions, experiences and external support domains, but little agreement on cognitions, feelings, risky situations or staff/self‐support, mainly affecting the prisoner‐key worker dyad. There were, however, significant differences in agreement rates between the two sites.ConclusionsAgreement within teams about formulations is strong where content relates to overt behaviours and points of fact, but weaker on risk, cognitions and support. The appropriateness of this approach to formulation across cultural groups may need further evaluation as the main measured difference between the prisons was in distribution of ethnic and cultural groups.
Obtaining C2 and C3 Products from Methane Using Pd/C as Anode in a Solid Fuel Cell‐type Electrolyte Reactor
Authors: Ramos Andrezza S. , Santos Monique Carolina L. , Godoi Camila M. , Oliveira Neto Almir , Fernando B. De Souza Rodrigo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMethane was converted into C2 and C3 products under mild conditions using a single stage solid electrolyte reactor, using a proton exchange membrane fuel cell as a SER‐FC and Pd/C as an electrocatalyst prepared by the reduction method of sodium borohydride. This electrocatalyst has a cubic pattern of palladium centered on the face and an average size of nanoparticles close to 6.4 nm, according to the literature. Differential mass spectrometry reveals the chemical profile of species obtained from the oxidation of methane with ionic currents (Ii) at m/z=16, 28, 30, 32, 44, 46 and 60. In many cases, Ii can be assigned to more than one species; therefore, complementary ATR‐FTIR experiments were performed. The ATR‐FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of C2 and C3 compounds such as ethane, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and propane. Considering the low amount of water in the reaction medium, these results may be associated with the use of Pd/C electrocatalysts responsible for the activation of the water molecule.
A Continuous Flow Cell for High‐Temperature/High‐Pressure Electroorganic Synthesis
Authors: Jud Wolfgang , Kappe C. Oliver , Cantillo David 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA flow electrolysis cell that enables operation at high temperatures and pressures has been designed and developed. The cell, with a cylindrical shape and concentric electrodes, can be easily assembled using commercially available fluidic components. The compact design of the device permits easy temperature control using a commercial column heater. Temperatures ranging from −10 °C to +150 °C and pressures up to 70 bar have been successfully applied for long operation periods. The cell performance has been evaluated using the anodic methoxylation of N‐formylpiperidine as a model. Very high conversions and selectivities have been achieved with single‐pass processing, and high productivities of 73 mmol/h with electrolyte recycling. The high pressure and temperature capabilities of the cell have been used to demonstrate the negative effect that re‐dissolved hydrogen gas can have on hydrogen‐releasing electrochemical reactions in undivided cells, owing to undesired anodic oxidation of hydrogen.
Alkaline Earth Metals Activate N2 and CO in Cubic Complexes Just Like Transition Metals: A Conceptual Density Functional Theory and Energy Decomposition Analysis Study
Authors: Bettens Tom , Pan Sudip , De Proft Frank , Frenking Gernot , Geerlings Paul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFollowing the recent discovery of stable octa‐coordinated alkaline earth metals with N2 and CO, the role of group II metals in the catalytic reduction of these ligands by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and conceptual DFT‐based reactivity indices is investigated. Cubic group IV and octahedral group VI transition metal complexes as well as the free ligands are computed for reference. The outer and most accessible atoms of N2 and CO become much more nucleophilic and electrophilic in all complexes, relevant for N2 fixation, as probed by the Fukui function and local softness. Within one row of the periodic table, the alkaline earth complexes often show the strongest activation. On the contrary, the electrostatic character is found to be virtually unaffected by complexation. Trends in the soft frontier orbital and hard electrostatic character are in agreement with calculated proton affinities and energy decomposition analyses of the protonated structures, demonstrating the dominance of the soft (HOMO–LUMO) orbital interactions.
l‐DNA Duplex Formation as a Bioorthogonal Information Channel in Nucleic Acid‐Based Surface Patterning
Authors: Schaudy Erika , Somoza Mark M. , Lietard Jory 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPhotolithographic in situ synthesis of nucleic acids enables extremely high oligonucleotide sequence density as well as complex surface patterning and combined spatial and molecular information encoding. No longer limited to DNA synthesis, the technique allows for total control of both chemical and Cartesian space organization on surfaces, suggesting that hybridization patterns can be used to encode, display or encrypt informative signals on multiple chemically orthogonal levels. Nevertheless, cross‐hybridization reduces the available sequence space and limits information density. Here we introduce an additional, fully independent information channel in surface patterning with in situ l‐DNA synthesis. The bioorthogonality of mirror‐image DNA duplex formation prevents both cross‐hybridization on chimeric l‐/d‐DNA microarrays and also results in enzymatic orthogonality, such as nuclease‐proof DNA‐based signatures on the surface. We show how chimeric l‐/d‐DNA hybridization can be used to create informative surface patterns including QR codes, highly counterfeiting resistant authenticity watermarks, and concealed messages within high‐density d‐DNA microarrays.
Hydrolysis of Peptide Bonds in Protein Micelles Promoted by a Zirconium(IV)‐Substituted Polyoxometalate as an Artificial Protease
Authors: Quanten Thomas , Savić Nada D. , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe development of artificial proteases is challenging, but important for many applications in modern proteomics and biotechnology. The hydrolysis of hydrophobic or unstructured proteins is particularly difficult due to their poor solubility, which often requires the presence of surfactants. Herein, it is shown that a zirconium(IV)‐substituted Keggin polyoxometalate (POM), (Et2NH2)10[Zr(α‐PW11O39)2] (1), is able to selectively hydrolyze β‐casein, which is an intrinsically unstructured protein at pH 7.4 and 60 °C. Four surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethyl‐3‐ammonio‐1‐propanesulfonate (ZW3‐12), 3‐[(3‐cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]‐1‐propanesulfonate (CHAPS), and polyethylene glycol tert‐octylphenyl ether (TX‐100)), which differ in the nature of their polar groups, were investigated for their role in influencing the selectivity and efficiency of protein hydrolysis. Under experimental conditions, β‐casein forms micellar structures in which the hydrophilic part of the protein is water accessible and able to interact with 1. Identical fragmentation patterns of β‐casein in the presence of 1 were observed through SDS poly(acrylamide) gel electrophoresis both in the presence and absence of surfactants, but the rate of hydrolysis varied, depending on the nature of surfactant. Whereas TX‐100 surfactant, which has a neutral polar head, caused only a slight decrease in the hydrolysis rate, stronger inhibition was observed in the presence surfactants with charges in their polar heads (CHAPS, ZW3‐12, SDS). These results were consistent with those of tryptophan fluorescencequenching studies, which showed that the binding between β‐casein and 1 decreased with increasing repulsion between the POM and the polar heads of the surfactants. In all cases, the micellar structure of β‐casein was not significantly affected by the presence of POM or surfactants, as indicated by circular dichroism spectroscopy.
Membrane Microreactors for the On‐Demand Generation, Separation, and Reaction of Gases
Authors: Hone Christopher A. , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe use of gases as reagents in organic synthesis can be very challenging, particularly at a laboratory scale. This Concept takes into account recent studies to make the case that gases can indeed be efficiently and safely formed from relatively inexpensive commercially available reagents for use in a wide range of organic transformations. In particular, we argue that the exploitation of continuous flow membrane reactors enables the effective separation of the chemistry necessary for gas formation from the chemistry for gas consumption, with these two stages often containing incompatible chemistry. The approach outlined eliminates the need to store and transport excessive amounts of potentially toxic, reactive or explosive gases. The on‐demand generation, separation and reaction of a number of gases, including carbon monoxide, diazomethane, trifluoromethyl diazomethane, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and formaldehyde, is discussed.
Rapid Organocatalytic Formation of Carbon Monoxide: Application towards Carbonylative Cross Couplings
Authors: Zoller Ben , Zapp Josef , Huy Peter H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHerein, the first organocatalytic method for the transformation of non‐derivatized formic acid into carbon monoxide (CO) is introduced. Formylpyrrolidine (FPyr) and trichlorotriazine (TCT), which is a cost‐efficient commodity chemical, enable this decarbonylation. Utilization of dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent and catalyst even allows for a rapid CO generation at room temperature. Application towards four different carbonylative cross coupling protocols demonstrates the high synthetic utility and versatility of the new approach. Remarkably, this also comprehends a carbonylative Sonogashira reaction at room temperature employing intrinsically difficult electron‐deficient aryl iodides. Commercial 13C‐enriched formic acid facilitates the production of radiolabeled compounds as exemplified by the pharmaceutical Moclobemide. Finally, comparative experiments verified that the present method is highly superior to other protocols for the activation of carboxylic acids.
Macrocyclic Iminopeptides Diversify To Better Target Proteins
Authors: Reguera Leslie , Rivera Daniel G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAmong the many methods available for accessing conformationally diverse cyclic peptides, the derivatization of macrocyclic iminopeptides has remained notably underexplored. Now, a relevant complexity‐generating method expands the repertoire of synthetic strategies exploiting the reactivity of an imino bond embedded in the cyclic peptide skeleton. Here we highlight a recent report describing the on‐resin construction of a new family of macrocyclic peptide/natural product‐inspired hybrids, namely “PepNats”, by derivatization of cyclic iminopeptides through 1,3‐cycloaddition reactions. A proof‐of‐concept with PepNats bearing peptide sequences that mimic protein hot loops demonstrated the potential of this strategy to create novel macrocyclic peptide ligands capable of modulating protein–protein interactions.
Transformative and cognitive approaches to information retrieval and security procedures
Authors: Ogiela Urszula 
Published: June 2020

SummaryTransformative computing is a new area of computer technologies. It is also a new paradigm, which allows to join wireless communication with sensor networks and artificial intelligence technologies. It considerably enhances computing possibilities, increases efficiency of data exploration and analysis, as well as information retrieval using sensors or augmented cognition. In this article, we describe possible applications of cognitive security protocols for such computing application, especially focused on security, and data exploration in distributed systems. Also will be presented the impact of cognitive protocols for securing wireless systems and sensors infrastructures.
Lignin Depolymerization: A Comparison of Methods to Analyze Monomers and Oligomers
Authors: Bartolomei Erika , Le Brech Yann , Dufour Anthony , Carre Vincent , Aubriet Frederic , Terrell Evan , Garcia‐Perez Manuel , Arnoux Philippe 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCatalytic liquefaction of lignin is an attractive process to produce fuels and chemicals, but it forms a wide range of liquid products from monomers to oligomers. Oligomers represent an important fraction of the products and their analysis is complex. Therefore, rapid characterization methods are needed to screen liquefaction conditions based on the distribution in monomers and oligomers. For this purpose, UV spectroscopy is proposed as a fast and simple method to assess the composition of lignin‐derived liquids. UV absorption and fluorescence were studied on various model compounds and liquefaction products. Liquefaction of Soda lignin was conducted in an autoclave, in ethanol and with Pt/C catalyst (H2, 250 °C, 110 bar). Liquids were sampled at isothermal conditions every 30 min for 4 h. UV fluorescence spectroscopy is related to GC–MS, gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC), MALDI‐TOF MS, and NMR characterizations. A depolymerization index is proposed from UV spectroscopy to rapidly assess the relative distribution of monomers and oligomers.
Concomitant genetic alterations having greater impact on the clinical benefit of EGFR‐TKIs in EGFR‐mutant advanced NSCLC than BIM deletion polymorphism
Authors: Liu Si‐Yang , Zhou Jia‐Ying , Li Wen‐Feng , Sun Hao , Zhang Yi‐Chen , Yan Hong‐Hong , Chen Zhi‐Hong , Chen Chun‐Xiang , Ye Jun‐Yi , Yang Jin‐Ji , Zhou Qing , Zhang Xu‐Chao , Wu Yi‐Long 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn previous studies, the predictive role of BIM deletion polymorphism with respect to responses to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) has been controversial. The potential reasons for these inconsistent findings were unknown.MethodsData from CTONG0901 clinical trial and medical records of Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute (GLCI) were retrospectively pooled. A total of 194 and 141 EGFR‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with first‐ and second‐generation EGFR‐TKIs were examined in the CTONG0901 and GLCI cohorts, respectively. Sixty‐eight patients were treated with third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs in the GLCI cohort. The BIM gene status was examined by next‐generation sequencing.ResultsThe frequency of BIM deletion polymorphism was 11.3% and 17.0% in CTONG0901 and GLCI cohorts, respectively. For first‐ and second‐generation EGFR‐TKIs in CTONG0901 cohort, objective response (ORR) was 54.5% in BIM deletion group versus 56.4% in wild‐type BIM group (P = .87); disease control rate (DCR) was 90.9% versus 88.4% (P = 1.00); progression‐free survival (PFS) was 10.5 versus 11.2 months (P = .59); and overall survival (OS) was 20.5 versus 20.5 months (P = .73). In GLCI cohort, ORR was 54.2% versus 60.7% (P = .55); DCR was 91.7% versus 96.6% (P = .27); PFS was 10.1 versus 11.6 months (P = .63); and OS was 58.5 versus 45.0 months (P = .93). For third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs, ORR was 18.2% versus 63.2% (P = .02); DCR was 81.8% versus 96.5%, (P = .12); PFS was 5.8 versus 9.0 months (P = .13); and OS was 30.0 versus 24.8 months (P = .85). Cox regression analysis showed that concomitant genetic alterations could adversely affect the response to EGFR‐TKIs, but not BIM deletion.ConclusionsThe presence of BIM deletion showed no relation to an impaired response to first‐, second‐, and third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs in NSCLC patients. The factors influencing the response of EGFR‐TKIs were concomitant genetic alterations, but not BIM deletion.
NLRP3 inflammasome, an immune‐inflammatory target in pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Wang Yucheng , Liu Xiaoxiao , Shi Hui , Yu Yong , Yu Ying , Li Minghui , Chen Ruizhen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInflammation is an important process involved in several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and nod‐like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a vital player in innate immunity and inflammation. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the role and involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis and treatment of CVDs. NLRP3 inflammasome functions as a molecular platform, and triggers the activation of caspase‐1 and cleavage of pro‐IL‐1β, pro‐IL‐18, and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleaved NT‐GSDMD forms pores in the cell membrane and initiates pyroptosis, inducing cell death and release of many intracellular pro‐inflammatory molecules. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is triggered via inter‐related pathways downstream of K+ efflux, lysosomal disruption, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, the Golgi apparatus and noncoding RNAs are gradually being recognized to play important roles in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Many investigations have revealed the association between NLRP3 inflammasome and CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and heart failure induced by pressure overload or cardiomyopathy. Some existing medications, including orthodox and natural medicines, used for CVD treatment have been newly discovered to act via NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome pathway components such as NLRP3, caspase‐1, and IL‐1β may be considered as novel therapeutic targets for CVDs. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome is a key molecule involved in the pathogenesis of CVDs, and further research focused on development of NLRP3 inflammasome‐based targeted therapies for CVDs and the clinical evaluation of these therapies is essential.