bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthcare Access and Adverse Family Impact among U.S. Children ages 0-5 years by Prematurity Status
Authors: Lindly Olivia J. , Crossman Morgan K. , Shui Amy M. , Kuo Dennis Z. , Earl Kristen M. , Kleven Amber R. , Perrin James M. , Kuhlthau Karen A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Many children and their families are affected by premature birth. Yet, little is known about their healthcare access and adverse family impact in early childhood. This study aimed to (1) examine differences in healthcare access and adverse family impact among young children by prematurity status and (2) determine associations of healthcare access with adverse family impact among young children born prematurely. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of cross-sectional 2016 and 2017 National Survey of Children’s Health data. The sample included 19,482 U.S. children ages 0-5 years including 242 very low birthweight (VLBW) and 2,205 low birthweight and/or preterm (LBW/PTB) children. Prematurity status was defined by VLBW (i.e., <1,500 grams at birth) and LBW/PTB (i.e., 1,500-2,499 grams at birth and/or born at <37 weeks with or without low birthweight). Healthcare access measures were adequate health insurance, medical home, and developmental screening receipt. Adverse family impact measures were ≥$1,000 annual out-of-pocket medical costs, having a parent cut-back or stop work, parental aggravation, maternal health not excellent, and paternal health not excellent. The relative risk of each healthcare access and adverse family impact measure was computed by prematurity status. Propensity weighted models were fit to estimate the average treatment effect of each healthcare access measure on each adverse family impact measure among children born prematurely (i.e., VLBW or LBW/PTB). Results: Bivariate analysis results showed that VLBW and/or LBW/PTB children generally fared worse than other children in terms of medical home, having a parent cut-back or stop working, parental aggravation, and paternal health. Multivariable analysis results only showed, however, that VLBW children had a significantly higher risk than other children of having a parent cut-back or stop work. Adequate health insurance and medical home were each associated with reduced adjusted relative risk of ≥$1,000 in out-of-pocket costs, having a parent cut-back or stop work, and parental aggravation among children born prematurely. Conclusions: This study’s findings demonstrate better healthcare access is associated with reduced adverse family impact among U.S. children ages 0-5 years born prematurely. Population health initiatives should target children born prematurely and their families.
The association between length of stay in the emergency department and short term mortality
Authors: Wessman Torgny , Ärnlöv Johan , Carlsson Axel , Ekelund Ulf , Melander Olle , Ruge Thoralph 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Prolonged length of stay at the emergency department (ED-LOS) has been associated with increased mortality and hospital stay. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ED-LOS and 7- and 30-days mortality in patients triaged according to Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System – Adult (RETTS-A), the most common used triage tool in Sweden. Methods: All adult patients (> 18 years) visiting the ED at the Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden, from 1/1/2010 to 1/1/2015 (n=639 385) were included. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine association between prolonged ED-LOS and 7 and 30-days mortality rates. All patients were triaged according to the RETTS-A and subsequently separated into five quintiles of ED-LOS. Results : In patients triaged with the highest medical urgency, longer ED-LOS was associated with a lower risk for 7-days mortality, for triage priority 1: OR 0.94 (CI 95% 0.92-0.96) compared to OR 1.03 (CI 95% 0.99-1.07) for triage priority 4, and for 30-days mortality: OR 0.97 (CI 95% 0.96-0.99) OR for triage priority 1 compared to 1.03 (CI 95% 1.01-1.05) for triage priority 4. In contrast, the opposite pattern appeared evident in the 3 other triage groups, where a longer ED-LOS was generally associated with an increased mortality risk. Pro-longed ED-LOS in patients admitted to in-hospital care was associated with lower 30- and 7-days mortality independently of triage priority whereas the opposite was observed for patients not admitted to in-hospital care. Conclusion: Prolonged ED-LOS was associated with increased short term mortality in patients with lower clinical urgency and in patients not admitted to in-hospital care.
Food handling practice and associated factors among food handlers working in food establishments in Woldia town, Northeast Ethiopia
Authors: Reta Melese Abate , Lemma Mekonnin Tesfa , Gemeda Ashete Adere , Lemlem Getasew Assefa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess food handling practice and associated factors among food handlers working in public food and drink establishments in Woldia town, Northeast Ethiopia.Results: Of the total 288 participated food handlers, 91.7% were females, and 82.3% were single, while 69.8% were literate. Ninety-four (32.6%) of them were under 15-20 years age and the median age was 23.3year. The proportion of good food handling practice was 134 (46.5%)[95% CI (confidence interval): 41.00, 52.40]. Advanced age [AOR (adjusted odds ratio):12.01; 95%CI 1.96-73.52], education (AOR=2.29; 95% CI=1.05-4.61), service year (AOR=2.43; 95% CI=2.08-3.17), received training (AOR=1.79; 95%CI=1.68-4.71), and inspection by regulatory personnel (AOR=2.24; 95%CI=1.05-3.09) were positively associated with food handler's food handling practices. This study showed that the food handling practice was poor. Age, education, service year, training received, and sanitary inspection visit by regulatory personnel were factors significantly associated with food handler's food handling practices. Food handling and safety training to food handlers, establishment owners, and regular sanitary inspection visits of public food service establishments by regulatory authority is compulsory.
Forward osmosis: dyeing draw solutions for water reclamation from feed water resources
Authors: Jingxi Estella Z. , De Jager Debbie , Augustine Robyn , Petrinic Irena , Helix-Nielsen Claus , Sheldon Marshall S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Reactive Black 5 and Basic Blue 41 GRL dyeing solutions (dye-to-salt mixture in a 1:10 dye-to-salt mass ratio) were investigated as draw solutions (DS) in a forward osmosis (FO) system with a biomimetic membrane. Synthetic seawater (SSW) and textile wastewater (TWW1 and TWW2) were evaluated as feed solutions (FS) for water reclamation. Reactive Black 5 and Basic Blue 41 GRL were diluted from 0.02 M to concentrations of 0.002 and 0.004 M, respectively. With Reactive Black 5 as DS and SSW as FS, an initial flux of 20.24 L/m2 h and water recovery of 75% was achieved. Using TWW1 and TWW2, initial water fluxes of 19.51 and 13.43 L/m2 h were achieved, respectively, with a 30% water recovery. Using Basic Blue 41 GRL, initial water fluxes of 18.72, 15.13 and 13.42 L/m2 h were achieved with SSW, TWW1, and TWW2 as FS with water recoveries of 50%, 20% and 20%, respectively. The average reverse solute fluxes for Reactive Black 5 and Basic Blue 41 GRL were 0.06 to 0.34 g/m2 h, respectively. Diluted dyeing solutions were produced, with simultaneous water reclamation from SSW and TWW resulting in similar or higher water fluxes and lower reverse solute fluxes compared with other commercially available membranes.
Thiosemicarbazones as Potent Anticancer Agents and their Modes of Action
Authors: Shakya Bhushan , Yadav Paras Nath 
Published: October 2019

:Thiosemicarbazones (TSCs) are a class of Schiff bases usually obtained by the condensation of thiosemicarbazide with a suitable aldehyde or ketone. TSCs have been the focus of chemists and biologists due to their wide range of pharmacological effects. One of the promising areas in which these excellent metal chelators are being developed is their use against cancer. TSCs have a wide clinical antitumor spectrum with efficacy in various tumor types such as leukemia, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer. To obtain better activity, different series of TSCs have been developed by modifying the heteroaromatic system in their molecules. These compounds possessed significant antineoplastic activity when the carbonyl attachment of the side chain was located at a position α to the ring nitrogen atom, whereas attachment of the side chain β or γ to the heterocyclic N atom resulted in inactive antitumor agents. In addition, replacement of the heterocyclic ring N with C also resulted in a biologically inactive compound suggesting that a conjugated N,N,S-tridentate donor set is essential for the biological activities of thiosemicarbazones. Several possible mechanisms have been implemented for the anticancer activity of thiosemicarbazones.
Drug Delivery and Targeting to the Brain Through Nasal Route: Mechanisms, Applications and Challenges
Authors: Kashyap Kanchan , Shukla Rahul 
Published: October 2019

:
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides restrictions for the transportation of various therapeutic
agents to the brain. Efforts to directly target the brain by olfactory as well as trigeminal nerve pathway,
bypassing BBB, have grown significantly in recent times. The intranasal route of transportation of the
drug encompasses ability for the delivery of drug directly to the brain, improves site-specificity in the
brain and avoids systemic side effects. In the current era, novel drug delivery systems are useful tools
for targeting the brain without providing any harmful effects in nasal mucosa as well as the central
nervous system. The complex structure of nasal cavity, mucociliary clearance, degradation by the enzymes
present in nasal cavity and pathological conditions like rhinitis, common cold, etc. are the major
disputes for nasal drug delivery. The use of nanotechnological approaches like solid lipid nanoparticles,
polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes and polymeric micelles provides the ability to overcome
these barriers. There are several emerging nasal drug delivery technologies produced by various
pharmaceutical companies to conquer these hurdles. This review tries to address the recent developments
in the area of direct drug delivery to the brain through the nasal route.
Association of Common Variants in the IL-33/ST2 Axis with Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Li Shuo , Wang Zhijie , Liu Xinjing , Li Yuanzhe , Shi Changhe , Wu Jun , Sun Shilei , Li Yusheng , Li Shaohua , Xu Yuming , Song Bo 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Recent studies have reported that the levels of serum interleukin-33 (IL-
33) and its receptor, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), are potential biomarkers for susceptibility
of cardiovascular diseases. However, the genetic association of the IL-33/ST2 axis with cardiovascular
diseases remains controversial.

Objective:
We aimed to investigate the association between common variants in the IL-33/ST2 axis
and ischemic stroke in the Han Chinese population.

Methods:
We consecutively enrolled 1166 patients with ischemic stroke and 1079 age- and gender-
matched controls. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within IL-33/ST2 axis were
genotyped using the improved Multiple Ligase Detection Reaction platform. We analyzed the association
between the tested SNPs and ischemic stroke at both the genotype and haplotype levels.

Results:
Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that rs10435816 (additive model: odds ratio
[OR]=0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.95; recessive model: OR=0.72, 95%CI, 0.56-
0.94) was associated with a decreased risk of ischemic stroke after adjustment of confounding factors.
Subgroup analysis indicated that rs10435816 (additive model: OR=0.61, 95%CI, 0.41-0.89;
recessive model: OR=0.56, 95%CI, 0.40-0.80), rs7025417 (additive model: OR=0.57, 95%CI,
0.39-0.83), rs11792633 (additive model: OR=0.66, 95%CI, 0.46-0.95; recessive model: OR=0.67,
95%CI, 0.49-0.93), and rs7044343 (additive model: OR=0.69, 95%CI, 0.48-0.97; recessive model:
OR=0.67, 95%CI, 0.49-0.91) were associated with a decreased risk of large-artery atherosclerosis
stroke after adjustment of confounding factors.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggested an association between common variants in the IL-33/ST2
axis and a decreased risk of ischemic stroke in the Han Chinese population.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Chromone+Donepezil Hybrids for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
Authors: Malek Rim , Refouvelet Bernard , Benchekroun Mohamed , Iriepa Isabel , Moraleda Ignacio , Andrys Rudolf , Musilek Kamil , Marco-Contelles José , Ismaili Lhassane 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Many factors are involved in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) such as amyloid
plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, cholinergic deficit and oxidative stress. To counter the complexity of the
disease the new approach for drug development is to create a single molecule able to act simultaneously
on different targets.

Objective:
We conceived eight drug likeliness compounds targeting the inhibition of cholinesterases and
the scavenging of radicals.

Methods:
We synthesised the new molecules by the Passerini multicomponent reaction and evaluated
their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) as well
as their antioxidant activities by the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay. The lipinski’s
rule for drug likeness and in silico ADME prediction was also performed.

Results:
Compounds 4f [IC50 (EeAChE) = 0.30 μM; IC50 (eqBuChE) = 0.09 μM; ORAC = 0.64 TE]
and 4h [IC50 (EeAChE) = 1 μM; IC50 (eqBuChE) = 0.03 μM; ORAC = 0.50 TE] were identified as hits
for further development.

Conclusion:
The Passerini reaction allowed us the facile synthesis of ditarget molecules of interest for
the treatment of AD.
Understanding the Binding Mechanism of Antagonist (AZD3293) Against BACE-1: Molecular Insights into Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery
Authors: Sosibo Sphelele , Amoako Daniel Gyamfi , Somboro Anou Moise , Sun Darren Delai , Ngila Jane Catherine , Kumalo Hezekiel 
Published: October 2019

Background:β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE 1) is the ratelimiting enzyme in the formation of neurotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) residues (Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42) considered as key players in the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Consequently, BACE 1 is one of the principal targets of anti-AD therapy with many small molecule BACE 1 inhibitors (BACE 1Is) in clinical trials. AZD3293 (Lanabecestat) is a BACE 1I that concluded in phase 2/3 clinical trials. Due to the limited knowledge about the interaction of this drug with the BACE 1 enzyme, in the present study, we performed comprehensive Molecular Dynamics (MD) analysis to understand the binding mechanism of AZD3293 to BACE 1.Methods:A production run of 120 ns is carried out and results are analysed using Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and radius of gyration (Rg) to explain the stability of enzyme ligand complex. Further, the distance (d1) between the flap tip (Thr72) and the hinge residue of the flexible loop (Thr328), in relation to θ1 (Thr72–Asp228- Thr328), and to the dihedral angle δ (Thr72-Asp35-Asp228-Thr328) were measured.Results:The presence of the ligand within the active site restricted conformational changes as shown by decreased values of RMSF and average RMSD of atomic positions when compared to the values of the apoenzyme. Further analysis via the flap dynamics approach revealed that the AZD3293 decreases the flexibility of binding residues and made them rigid by altering the conformational changes.Conclusion:The prospective binding modes of AZD3293 from this study may extend the knowledge of the BACE 1-drug interaction and pave the way to design analogues with similar inhibitory properties needed to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Training and Evaluation of Community Health Workers (CHWs): Towards Improving Maternal and Newborn Survival in an Urban Setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Ndaba Thoko , Taylor Myra , Mabaso Musawenkosi 
Published: October 2019

Background:
In South Africa, Community Health Workers (CHWs) are a key component of community outreach teams as part of Primary Health Care (PHC) re-engineering. Although the value of CHW programs has been increasingly recognized, published evaluations of CHWs’ training programs are rare. This study documents the training and evaluation of CHWs on maternal and neonatal care towards improved maternal-newborn survival in an impoverished urban setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Methods:
Using a descriptive study design, CHWs were trained to do home visits, assess and support the mother to settle in well at home post-discharge, check on babies’ warmth, cord care, breastfeeding, basic hygiene, size of the baby if underweight and advise on Kangaroo mother care. They were also trained to check if the mothers were given the Road to Health card and to inquire about the immunization and subsequent follow-up visits to the PHC, and encourage mothers to adhere to their follow up dates at PHC clinics. Pre-and post-test scores, shadow visits, and spot checks were used to evaluate their performance.

Results:
Generally, CHWs (n=47) from all three PHC clinics performed well. Overall, the highest post-test score among the PHC CHWs was 72% and the lowest was 50%. On average during shadow visits 67% CHWs were rated as good, 2% were rated as poor, and most CHWs received the highest score at 92% during spot checks.

Conclusion:
CHWs demonstrated social commitment and purpose in the short term observed. The evaluation of the training of CHWs revealed that most demonstrated the necessary skills for referrals to prevent complications, caring for newborns and their mothers at home immediately after discharge from health care centers. CHW upskilling training on maternal-newborn services should be prioritized in the most affected areas.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Screening of Thiazolidin-4-one Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Beniwal Meenu , Jain Neelam 
Published: October 2019

Background:
This paper describes the synthesis of novel thiazolidin-4-one substituted
pyrazole derivatives from the condensation reaction of hydrazide with acetophenone derivatives.
Herein we describe the synthesis of fourteen compounds by microwave irradiation method. The synthesized
compounds are in excellent yield by utilizing microwave irradiation heating.

Objective:
Compounds using different aromatic or heteroaromatic compounds should be synthesized
and screened for their antibacterial activity to explore the possibility of pyrazole substituted thiazolidin-
4-ones as a novel series of antimicrobials.

Method:
Synthesis of thiazolidin-4-one substituted pyrazole derivatives was carried out under microwave
radiation.

Result:
These compounds were identified on the basis of melting point range, Rf values, IR, 1HNMR
and mass spectral analysis. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial
activity and their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined. Among them Comp. 4b
and Comp. 4k possess appreciable antimicrobial and antifungal activities.

Conclusion:
A novel series of Thiazolidin-4-one substituted pyrazole were synthesized under microwave
irradiation method and identified on the basis of melting point range, Rf values, IR, 1HNMR,
mass spectral data and elemental analysis. The compounds were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial
screening and their Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were determined. Among all
the tested compounds, two compounds 4b and 4k exhibited moderate to significant activity against
all the tested strains of bacteria and fungus were found to have appreciable antimicrobial activities.
The results of antibacterial activity showed that compounds containing electron withdrawing groups
were found to be more active than the compounds containing electron releasing groups.
PENGARUH PANJANG SERAT TERHADAP KEAUSAN, KEKUATAN TARIK DAN IMPACT KOMPOSIT SERAT PELEPAH PISANG BERMATRIKS POLYESTER
Authors: Sani Syaiful Anwar , Purboputro Pramuko Ilmu , Ngafwan Ngafwan 
Published: October 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara panjang serat pelepah pisang 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm terhadap keausan, kekuatan tarik dan impact komposit serat pelepah pisang dengan matrik polyester. Selain itu untuk meneliti jenis-jenis patahan yang terjadi pada pengujian impact dan tarik. Pada penelitian ini serat yang digunakan adalah serat pelepah pisang kepok dengan fraksi volume 50%, panjang serat 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm. Proses pembuatan spesimen menggunakan pressmold. Jenis matrik yang digunakan adalah polyester BQTN 157, 1% hardener. Cetakan spesimen menggunakan kaca. Standart acuan untuk pembuatan dan pengujian spesimen yang digunakan yaitu ASTM D 256 untuk pengujian impact dan ASTM D 638-03 type I untuk pengujian tarik, serta untuk pengujian keausan menggunakan metode ’’Ogoshi High Speed Universal Wear Testing Machine’’ (type OAT-U). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbandingan panjang serat tidak begitu berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan impact. Spesimen dengan serat yang semakin panjang akan semakin tahan lama dalam menahan beban tarik karena serat yang panjang mempunyai struktur yang lebih sempurna yang terpasang sepanjang sumbu serat dan cacat internal pada serat lebih sedikit daripada material serat yang pendek. Semakin panjang serat maka tingkat keausannya semakin tinggi. Sedangkan serat yang pendek memiliki kerapatan dan kemampuan yang lebih dalam meredam gesekan dibandingkan serat yang panjang sehingga tingkat keausannya relatif rendah. Sehingga serat yang lebih pendek baik digunakan sebagai bahan kanvas rem. Jenis patahan yang terjadi adalah pull out fiber pada spesimen uji impact dan patah getas pada spesimen uji tarik.
STUDI PENGARUH KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN PADA MATERIAL BAJA KARBON RENDAH TERHADAP KEKUATAN SAMBUNGAN HASIL LAS TITIK
Authors: Hendrawan Muhammad Alfatih , Yanto Febri 
Published: October 2019

Studi yang akan dilakukan adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kekasaran permukaan benda kerja pada pengelasan spot welding. Percobaan yang telah dilakukan menggunakan material baja karbon rendah dengan ketebalan 0,8 mm. Material tersebut di-treatment dalam 3 kondisi permukaan, yaitu kondisi permukaan asli, permukaan yang diamplas dan permukaan yang di-sand blasting. Parameter pengelasan yang dilakukan adalah menggunakan dua variasi yaitu arus pengelasan sebesar 3000, 4000, 5000 A, dan waktu las (welding time) selama 0,3 , 0,4 dan 0,5 detik. Selain dari itu, tekanan elektroda yang diberikan adalah konstan 150 kg. Untuk mendukung fenomena pengelasan yang terjadi, maka dilakukan juga pengukuran hambatan listrik yang terjadi diantara sambungan las. Pengujian sambungan las yang dilakukan adalah pengujian kekuatan geser sambungan dengan standar AWS D8.9-97, serta pengujian sifat fisik sambungan las dengan uji foto mikro dan makro. Dari hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa variasi arus, waktu, dan kekasaran permukaan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kekuatan sambungan las. Sedangkan, Hasil pengamatan foto makro menunjukkan bahwa lebar logam las semakin besar seiring peningkatan arus, waktu, dan kekasaran permukaan yang berbeda.Selanjutnya, hasil uji foto mikro logam induk baja karbon rendah memiliki fasa ferit dan perlit. Pada hasil uji foto mikro daerah HAZ tetap yaitu ferit dan perlit namun dalam ukuran lebih halus dibandingkan pada logam induk. Sedangkan fasa logam las yang terbentuk adalah martensit.