bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absolute Location of 2019 Ridgecrest Seismicity Reveals a Shallow Mw 7.1 Hypocenter, Migrating and Pulsing Mw 7.1 Foreshocks, and Duplex Mw 6.4 Ruptures
Authors: Lomax Anthony 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThe 2019 Ridgecrest, California, sequence includes an Mw 6.4 earthquake on 4 July and an Mw 7.1 mainshock 34 hr later. We perform absolute location of Mw≥1.0 Ridgecrest events using multiple velocity models, station corrections, and a location algorithm robust to velocity model and arrival-time error. The obtained seismicity is mainly ∼3–12  km deep, with few shallower events. The Mw 6.4 hypocenter is ∼12  km deep, compatible with hypocentral depths of most Mw≥6 earthquakes in southern California. The Mw 7.1 hypocenter, however, is unusually shallow at ∼4  km. The immediate post-Mw 6.4 seismicity defines a deep, ∼12  km long, southeast–northwest structure containing the Mw 6.4 hypocenter and a shallower, orthogonal, ∼18  km  long northeast–southwest structure. These structures have little or no intersection, making the Mw 6.4 event a double earthquake, rupturing first the deeper and then the shallower structure. The ensuing, pre-Mw 7.1 seismicity extends the southeast–northwest structure northwestwards to within ∼3  km of the future Mw 7.1 hypocenter and illuminates a new crossing structure, whereas small clusters of events within 2 km of the future Mw 7.1 hypocenter activate 3–4 times in pulses from a few hours after the Mw 6.4 event through Mw 7.1 initiation. This pre-Mw 7.1 seismicity suggests Mw 7.1 rupture initiation activated as an event in the pulsing clusters, and early Mw 7.1 rupture growth was primed by stress changes from the Mw 6.4 rupture and its aftershocks. Moreover, shallow Mw 7.1 nucleation, for which spontaneous rupture growth into a large earthquake is not expected, may have required this incitation by the Mw 6.4 events, a significant complication for hazard estimation. Otherwise, Mw 7.1-like rupture might not have occurred until much later, perhaps with nucleation at greater depth. The Ridgecrest seismicity defines additional structures around and crossing the main Mw 6.4 and 7.1 rupture zones, but some of this seismicity likely shows delayed activity on pre-existing faults due to stress changes from the main events and not rupture complexity during the larger events.
Pacjent jako obywatel. Autonomia pacjenta i obywatelskość na przykładzie Hiszpanii
Authors: Strządała Agata 
Published: May 2020

<p>Tekst dotyczy przemian pojmowania autonomii pacjenta w Hiszpanii, gdzie tradycyjnie w relacjach między lekarzem a pacjentem dominował paternalizm, a w sferze ideologicznej – nauczanie Kościoła katolickiego. Transformacja ustrojowa w kraju po upadku dyktatury Francisco Franco (1936–1975) doprowadziła do znaczących przeobrażeń również w kwestii bioetyki. Rosnące poczucie obywatelskości łączyło się tam ze wzrastaniem znaczenia autonomii pacjenta, co przejawia się na kilku poziomach: legislacyjnym (prawo o autonomii pacjenta), społecznym (organizacje pozarządowe aktywne w sferze opieki medycznej), świadomościowym (wzrost świadomości praw pacjenta, refleksyjne podejście do relacji z personelem medycznym), a także ideologicznym (krytyka paternalizmu, bioetyka obywatelska, krytyka komercjalizacji medycyny). Ponadto, o specyfice obecnej sytuacji w Hiszpanii decyduje przewartościowanie katolickiego dziedzictwa, odejście od nauczania Kościoła w obywatelskim modelu bioetyki, manifestujące się liberalizacją prawa aborcyjnego, prawa dotyczącego wspomaganej reprodukcji, preimplantacyjnej diagnostyki genetycznej i badań na embrionach.</p>
Women in the Spanish philosophy
Authors: Nogueroles Marta 
Published: May 2020

<p>W artykule chcę pokazać nie tylko jak hiszpańskie filozofki nie tylko odzyskują pozycję w historii filozofii, której to pozbawił je patriarchat, lecz także że coraz więcej kobiet zajmuje odpowiedzialne stanowiska w różnych instytucjach. Tezom tym towarzyszą postulaty, by dokładniej zbadać i upublicznić myśl filozoficzną tworzoną przez kobiety, by przyszłe pokolenia młodych myślicieli nie były pozbawione możliwości odniesienia się do koncepcji feministycznych.</p>
Truth and freedom as the axiological foundations of practicing science at the Lvov-Warsaw School
Authors: Zegzuła-Nowak Joanna 
Published: May 2020

<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p>Artykuł prezentuje wkład reprezentantów szkoły lwowsko-warszawskiej dotyczący określenia aksjologicznego wymiaru nauki. W krzewieniu kultury filozoficznej oraz wskazywaniu trwałych fundamentów aksjologicznych pokładali oni nadzieje na rozbudzenie w społeczeństwie patriotyzmu oraz poczucia wspólnoty narodowej. Twierdzili też, że jeśli nauka ma służyć ludzkości, to nie może rozwijać się w sposób nieograniczony i niekontrolowany. Stąd obok określenia dyrektyw merytoryczno-metodologicznych, ważne było dla nich także określenie aksjologicznych ram uprawiania nauki, które miałyby strzec jej przed czynnikami ją deprecjonującymi i wyznaczać dlań słuszne cele. Nie mieli zatem wątpliwości, że w nauce powinny urzeczywistniać się wartości.</p><p>W nauce o mocnych i jasno określonych fundamentach aksjologicznych upatrywali oni zatem, nie tylko drogi zmierzającej do poprawy życia ludzkiego, ale także wewnętrznego rozwoju człowieka. Misją uczonego zatem powinna być wierność określonym wartościom, przede wszystkim prawdzie i wolności, nadającym działalności naukowej status doniosłej i zarazem autonomicznej sfery aktywności ludzkiej.</p>
An Overview of Asparaginase Enzyme Features: An Anticancer Enzyme with High Potency
Authors: Ebrahimipour Gholam Hossein , Ghorban Movahed Mahtab 
Published: May 2020

Introduction: One of the important findings in the pharmaceutical and medical industry is the use of the asparaginazase enzyme as an anticancer drug. The asparaginase enzyme, hydrolyzing the amino acid of asparagine, reduces this amino acid in the blood and causes the death of cancer cells. Today, the enzyme is used to treat various types of leukemia, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphosarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Despite the widespread use of asparaginase in the pharmaceutical and medical industries, there are major problems with the use of this enzyme, including immune system stimulation, response to the enzyme and the enzyme's glutaminase activity.
It has been shown to be part of the side effects due to the glutaminase present in asparaginase. Extensive research is under way to find new sources of enzyme-producing with fewer immunological properties and side effects, and has brought hopes in this direction. In Iran, research has also been conducted over recent years to find new sources of enzyme production with new features and less side effects, and it is hoped that this research will reach the clinical and industrial stage. This paper is a review of the mechanism of enzyme activity, enzyme applications in various industries, sources of asparaginase production, and how it is produced and purified.
Conclusion: Future studies can introduce new asparaginase with potential benefits for patients. However, the search for new sources of enzyme-producing microorganisms with higher therapeutic potential is still ongoing around the world
La inducción del parto con prostaglandina E1 intracervical. Experiencias realizadas en el Hospital Universitario San Rafael de Tunja
Authors: Arenas Buenahora Isaías 
Published: May 2020

En el presente estudio se seleccionaron ochenta (80) pacientes del Departamento de Gineco-Obstetricla del Hospital Universitario San Rafael de Tunja y 20 de la ciudad de Bucaramanga durante el período comprendido entre el 1º de febrero y el 30 de septiembre de 1991, que tuvieran indicación médica u obstétrica para Inducción del parto.No se hizo diferencia entre primi y multigestantes ni se tuvo en cuenta el estado del cuello para indicar el procedimiento.Se usó la prostaglandina E1 intracervical en forma de tabletas de uso oral aplicadas con el tacto vaginal. La dosis utilizada fue de 1/4 de tableta como dosis única en el 83 % de pacientes.El 50% de pacientes eran primigestantes y el resto multigestantes.En el 61% el índice de Bishop fue de menos de 6. Respondieron a la inducción el 98 % de las pacientes.Se redujo la duración del trabajo de parto: el promedio en primigestantes fue de 4 H 38' y en multigestantes 3 H 52'.No hubo menoscabo del bienestar fetal ya que a los 5 minutos todos los recién nacidos tuvieron un Apgar igual o superior a 8/10.El procedimiento tuvo una gran aceptabilidad por parte de las pacientes.
Diagnostic accuracy of the LAMP assay for Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Fan Shu- Jin , Guo Xu-Guang , Tan Hong-kun , Xu Yu-cheng , Chen Yuan-zhi , Xie Tian-ao , Pan Zhi-yong , Shi-ou Yang , Qin Li , Xiao-Yan Li , Zhen-Xing Li 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitis, and these infections are associated with a high mortality rate. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is critical in clinical practice. However, this disease often occurs in economically depressed areas, so an inexpensive, easy to use, and accurate technology is needed. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the potential of the recently developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of meningococcus. Methods Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify original studies that used the LAMP assay to detect meningococcus. After pooling of data, the sensitivity and specificity were calculated, a summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was determined, and the area under the SROC curve was computed to determine diagnostic accuracy. Publication bias was assessed using Deek's funnel plot. Results We examined 14 studies within 6 publications. The LAMP assay had high sensitivity (94%) and specificity (100%) in the detection of meningococcus in all studies. The area under the SROC curve (0.980) indicated high overall accuracy of the LAMP assay. There was no evidence of publication bias. Conclusion The LAMP assay has accuracy comparable to bacterial culture and PCR for detection of meningococcus, but is less expensive and easier to use. We suggest adoption of the LAMP assay for detect meningococcus, especially in economically depressed areas.
Gender Differences in the Effect of Medical Humanities Program on Medical Students' Empathy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lwow Michal , Canetti Laura , Muszkat Mordechai 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective Previous studies have suggested that Medical students' empathy declines during medical school, especially during clinical studies. The aim of this study was to examine whether humanities curriculum and admission system affect empathy changes during the first clinical year in medical school. Methods In this prospective longitudinal study, 262 students were assessed during the fourth-year of medical school. Empathy was assessed before and at 4th-year-end, using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version (JSPE-S). The study included three cohorts, differing in humanities curriculum [limited Medical Humanities (MH (lim) ) vs. extended Medical Humanities (MH (ext) )], and in admission system [Personal Interview (PI) vs. multiple mini interviews (MMI)]. Results Among women, but not among men, MH (ext) as compared to MH (lim) was associated with significantly higher JSPE-S at the beginning (118.47±11.43 vs. 110.36±9 .97, p <0.001), and end of 4th-year (117.97±12.86 vs. 111.49±14.42, p <0.001), (p=0.009). Admission system was not associated with JSPE-S at the beginning or at the end of the 4th year. Conclusion Among women, extended MH program had a positive effect on empathy at the beginning of the first clinical year, as compared to the limited program. This effect persisted through that year. However, in men MH program did not affect empathy. Adopting MMI-based admission system had no measurable effect on students’ empathy. Extensive educational program can enhance and sustain empathy in medical students during the first clinical year following the program. Gender differences in response to medical humanities programs requires further study.
Effect of body mass on future long-term care use
Authors: Nizalova Olena , Gousia Katerina , Forder Julien 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Obesity is a known predictor of disability and functional limitations, and, in turn, of health care use. In this study, we aim to explore whether obesity is also a significant risk factor for future long-term care use, overall and by type of care. Methods: We use multinomial logistic regression analysis on data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) for individuals aged 65 and older between 2002 and 2011. Selection issues are tackled using the rich set of control variables, exploiting the data’s longitudinal structure and accounting for loss to follow-up (including death). Control factors include health-related behaviours (physical activity, alcohol and tobacco consumption), functional limitations (related to ADLs, iADLs and mobility) and specific existing health conditions, notably diabetes, high blood pressure and cardio-vascular diseases. Results: We find that obese older people are 25% (p<0.01) more likely to receive informal or privately paid care in the future, but this does not hold for formal care. This is an additional direct effect after controlling for a wide range of health conditions and functional limitations. We document some evidence that this effect is due to the development of new functional limitations. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the results are robust to controlling for prediabetes, subjective health, depression, or unobserved heterogeneity. Conclusions: This study provides new evidence of a positive direct effect of obesity on the future use of long-term care services. Accordingly, it adds evidence of further economic benefits to any overall evaluation of policies to promote a healthy weight in the population, particularly in the older population.
CT-based radiomics scores predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Sun Kai-Yu , Hu Hang-Tong , Chen Shu-Ling , Ye Jin-Ning , Li Guang-Hua , Chen Li-Da , Peng Jian-Jun , Feng Shi-Ting , Yuan Yu-Jie , Hou Xun , Wu Hui , Li Xin , Wu Ting-Fan , Wang Wei , Xu Jian-Bo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a promising treatment option for potential resectable gastric cancer, but patients’ responses vary. We aimed to develop and validate a radiomics score (rad_score) to predict treatment response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to investigate its efficacy in survival stratification.Methods: A total of 106 patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy before gastrectomy were included (training cohort: n=74; validation cohort: n=32). Radiomics features were extracted from the pre-treatment portal venous-phase CT. After feature reduction, a rad_score was established by Randomised Tree algorithm. A rad_clinical_score was constructed by integrating the rad_score with clinical variables, so was a clinical score by clinical variables only. The three scores were validated regarding their discrimination and clinical usefulness. The patients were stratified into two groups according to the score thresholds (updated with post-operative clinical variables), and their survivals were compared. Results: In the validation cohort, the rad_score demonstrated a good predicting performance in treatment response to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (AUC [95% CI] =0.82 [0.67, 0.98]), which was better than the clinical score (based on pre-operative clinical variables) without significant difference (0.62 [0.42, 0.83], P=0.09). The rad_clinical_score could not further improve the performance of the rad_score (0.70 [0.51, 0.88], P=0.16). Based on the thresholds of these scores, the high-score groups all achieved better survivals than the low-score groups in the whole cohort (all P<0.001).Conclusion: The rad_score that we developed was effective in predicting treatment response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and in stratifying patients with gastric cancer into different survival groups. Our proposed strategy is useful for individualised treatment planning.
Circulating sex hormone levels in relation to male sperm quality
Authors: Zhao Wei , Jing Jun , Shao Yong , Zeng Rong , Wang Cencen , Hang Dong , Yao Bing 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Although sex hormones play critical roles in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, it remains inconclusive whether circulating sex hormones can serve as non-invasive biomarkers to improve the assessment of sperm quality. Methods We systematically evaluated the association of various sex hormones in serum with sperm quality among 338 men in subfertile couples. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (TT), total estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Free testosterone and estradiol were calculated using a validated algorithm. A generalized liner regression model controlling for lifestyle factors was used to evaluate the associations with sperm count, concentration, motility, and morphology.Results After adjusting for age, body mass index, current smoking and alcohol drinking, LH, FSH, and TT levels were all inversely associated with sperm motility (all P for trend < 0.05); however, in mutual adjustment analysis, only LH remained an inverse association with sperm motility after adjusting for FSH and TT levels (P for trend = 0.04). Higher concentrations of LH were also associated with lower sperm progressive motility (P for trend = 0.04). Moreover, LH and FSH levels were both inversely associated with normal sperm morphology (P for trend = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Conclusions Increased levels of LH are associated with poor sperm motility and morphology, suggesting that LH may play a central role in sperm maturation. Future studies are warranted to assess potential clinical utility of LH for risk stratification and tailed prevention of male infertility.
Psychosocial barriers and enablers of exclusive breastfeeding: lived experiences of mothers in low-income townships, North West Province, South Africa
Authors: Witten Chantell Beverley , Claasen Nicole , Kruger Herculina S , Coutsoudis Anna , Grobler Herman 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Despite national efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), South Africa’s EBF rate is only 32%. The aim of this study was to examine the rate of EBF discontinuation and the lived experiences of breastfeeding mothers at postnatal time points 3-14 days, 4-8 weeks, 10-14 weeks and 20-24 weeks. Methods This community-based mixed-methods study collected data within a prospective cohort study on socio-demographics, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) at 6-8 weeks with infant feeding data collected at 4-8, 10-14 and 20-24 weeks from 159 mothers living in low income areas. Six focus groups with 32 mothers with infants aged 6-24 weeks were conducted. Descriptive statistics was used for the quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Results The majority of mothers were unmarried (84.9%), living with family (69.2%) and unemployed (74.2%). EBF decreased from 34% at 4-8 weeks to 9.7% at 20-24 weeks. Mixed feeding with infant formula increased from 17.0% to 30.6% and food feeding from 3.1% to 54.2%. While there were no statistically significant associations between EBF and any of the quantitative socio-demographic variables, in the qualitative data, codes associated with barriers were more than enablers. The themes were Mothers’ attributes (wellbeing, experiences and relationships) with the code mother’s stress the strongest barrier, Mother’s knowledge, attitudes and practices of breastfeeding with the code conventional medicines the strongest barrier , Family environment with the code home setting the strongest barrier, Social environment with public spaces and places a barrier and in Baby cues the code baby stomach ailments the barrier. Within these same themes mother’s positive emotions , benefits of breastfeeding , support in the home , access to information and services from health professionals and baby’s health were strong enabling factors. Conclusions Low EBF, high mixed feeding and a high EPDS score were explained by the barriers identified in the qualitative data. The data suggests that mothers from low-income households would be better supported through interventions that address food insecurity; family relationships and those that build confidence in mothers and resilience in confronting difficult and hostile breastfeeding environments.
Quantitative Phenotype Scan Statistic (QPSS) reveals rare variant associations with Alzheimer’s disease endophenotypes
Authors: Katsumata Yuriko , Fardo David W. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Current sequencing technologies have provided for a more comprehensive genome-wide assessment and have increased genotyping accuracy of rare variants. Scan statistic approaches have previously been adapted to genetic sequencing data. Unlike currently-employed association tests, scan-statistic-based approaches can both localize clusters of disease-related variants and, subsequently, examine the phenotype association within the resulting cluster. In this study, we present a novel Quantitative Phenotype Scan Statistic (QPSS) that extends an approach for dichotomous phenotypes to continuous outcomes in order to identify genomic regions where rare quantitative-phenotype-associated variants cluster. Results: We demonstrate the performance and practicality of QPSS with extensive simulations and an application to a whole-genome sequencing (WGS) study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Using QPSS, we identify regions of rare variant enrichment associated with levels of AD-related proteins, CSF Aβ1-42 and p-tau181P.Conclusions: QPSS is implemented under the assumption that causal variants within a window have the same direction of effect. Typical self-contained tests employ a null hypothesis of no association between the target variant set and the phenotype. Therefore, an advantage of the proposed competitive test is that it is possible to refine a known region of interest to localize disease-associated clusters. The definition of clusters can be easily adapted based on variant function or annotation.