bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of neuronal survival safeguarded by endocytosis and autophagy
Authors: Overhoff Melina , De Bruyckere Elodie , Kononenko Natalia L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMultiple aspects of neuronal physiology crucially depend on two cellular pathways, autophagy and endocytosis. During endocytosis, extracellular components either unbound or recognized by membrane‐localized receptors (termed “cargo”) become internalized into plasma membrane‐derived vesicles. These can serve to either recycle the material back to the plasma membrane or send it for degradation to lysosomes. Autophagy also uses lysosomes as a terminal degradation point, although instead of degrading the plasma membrane‐derived cargo, autophagy eliminates detrimental cytosolic material and intracellular organelles, which are transported to lysosomes by means of double‐membrane vesicles, referred to as autophagosomes. Neurons, like all non‐neuronal cells, capitalize on autophagy and endocytosis to communicate with the environment and maintain protein and organelle homeostasis. Additionally, the highly polarized, post‐mitotic nature of neurons made them adopt these two pathways for cell‐specific functions. These include the maintenance of the synaptic vesicle pool in the pre‐synaptic terminal and the long‐distance transport of signaling molecules. Originally discovered independently from each other, it is now clear that autophagy and endocytosis are closely interconnected and share several common participating molecules. Considering the crucial role of autophagy and endocytosis in cell type‐specific functions in neurons, it is not surprising that defects in both pathways have been linked to the pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the role of endocytosis and autophagy in neurons with a special focus on synaptic physiology and discuss how impairments in genes coding for autophagy and endocytosis proteins can cause neurodegeneration.
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Are Indian professional women financially literate and prepared for retirement?
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Tomar Sweta , Kumar Satish , Verma Deepak 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study examines the financial literacy level of Indian professional women and its relation to their retirement planning behavior. We use factor analysis and the Rasch model to evaluate the validity and reliability of a financial literacy scale. Additionally, we use multiple regression to examine the association between demographic characteristics and financial literacy with retirement planning. Our results reveal that the respondents display low levels of financial literacy as reflected by a lack of awareness about both basic and advanced financial concepts. Further, a woman's age, income, profession (financial), and understanding of advanced financial concepts are key factors associated with retirement planning behavior. The findings have implications for financial planning professionals, advisors, regulators, and policymakers in guiding women to make better retirement decisions.
Early and maintained application of the secretion of Cryptomphalus aspersa (SCA) 40% improves cutaneous healing after ablative fractional laser in skin aging
Authors: Fernandez‐Gonzalez Pablo , Vitale Maria , Truchuelo M. Teresa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAblative fractional laser generates a regulated skin damage, which secondarily improves skin aging.AimsThe main objective of the present study was to figure out if the adverse effects induced by laser and the skin recovery could improve with the application of a cosmetic product based on the secretion of Cryptomphalus aspersa (SCA).Patients/MethodsA prospective double‐blind controlled study with vehicle in 10 patients with skin aging. The patients received one session of fractional ablative CO2 laser, and the formulation with SCA 40% was applied immediately and maintained throughout the 21‐day duration of the study. The active treatment (SCA) was applied to one hemifacial area and vehicle to the other, and the patient acting was her own control. Clinical evaluations, dermoscopy, photography, and other parameters like cutaneous hydration, elasticity, and wrinkles were evaluated. In addition, the severity of the adverse effects was evaluated.ResultsSignificant greater decrease in the density of microcolumns produced by laser was detected on the active‐treated side, indicating greater and faster postprocedure recovery compared to the vehicle‐treated side. In addition, side effects were reduced and some antiaging effects were more apparent on the side treated with SCA 40%.ConclusionSCA 40% applied immediately after ablative laser, and during the next days, it can accelerate laser‐induced damage regeneration. In addition, SCA improves the cosmetic outcome after laser application.
Protective effects of nebivolol on ovarian ischemia–reperfusion injury in rat
Authors: Colak Sabri , Gurlek Beril , Topcu Atilla , Tumkaya Levent , Mercantepe Tolga , Yilmaz Adnan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimOvarian torsion is a common gynecological emergency of reproductive ages, occurring at rates of 2.7–7.4%. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effects of Nebivolol (NEB) and histopathological changes in experimental ischemic (I) and ischemic‐reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat ovaries.MethodsForty‐eight adult female rats were randomly separated into six groups as group 1 (control) receiving an oral saline solution for 3 days; group 2 (I) that underwent ischemia for 3 h with the application of atraumatic vascular clips; group 3 (I/R); group 4 (I + NEB) receiving 10 mg/kg NEB by oral gavage 30 min prior to the ischemia induction; group 5 (I/R + NEB) receiving 10 mg/kg NEB, and group 6 (control + NEB) receiving oral 10 mg/kg NEB for 3 days before ischemia induction followed by consequent reperfusion. Ovarian tissue damage was scored by histopathological analysis. Ovarian tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured biochemically.ResultsThe levels of MDA and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and TUNEL assay positivity scores increased in the I and I/R groups. GSH levels decreased in all case groups (P < 0.05). The oral administration of NEB (10 mg/kg) to the I‐ and I/R‐groups reduced the levels of MDA and TNF‐α and TUNEL assay immunopositivity scores (P < 0.05). GSH levels increased in the treatment groups.ConclusionThe current experimental ovarian torsion study suggests a protective role for NEB against I and I/R injury in rat ovaries. NEB may be a novel agent for decreasing ovarian I/R injury.
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient to Evaluate Adult Intracranial Ependymomas: Relationship to Ki‐67 Proliferation Index
Authors: Xianwang Liu , Lei Han , Hong Liu , Juan Deng , Shenglin Li , Caiqiang Xue , Yan Hao , Junlin Zhou 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThere are important differences in the treatment and prognosis of adult intracranial low‐grade ependymomas (grade II) versus anaplastic ependymomas (grade III). We evaluated the value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for differentiating these two tumors and further investigated the relationship between ADC values and the Ki‐67 proliferation index.METHODSClinical and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging data of 35 cases of adult intracranial ependymomas were retrospectively analyzed, including 20 low‐grade ependymomas and 15 anaplastic ependymomas. The minimum ADC (ADCmin), average ADC (ADCmean), and normalized ADC (nADC) were compared between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to evaluate the differentiating accuracy of ADC values. The Ki‐67 proliferation index of the solid tumor components was also measured to explore its relationship with ADC values.RESULTSThe ADCmin (.89 ± .17 vs. .66 ± .09 × 10−3 mm2/second), ADCmean (.98 ± .21 vs. .72 ± .11 × 10−3 mm2/second), and nADC (1.38 ± .31 vs. 1.02 ± .18 × 10−3 mm2/second) were significantly higher in adult intracranial low‐grade ependymomas than anaplastic ependymomas cases (all P < .05). ADCmean best distinguished the two groups, with an area under the curve value of .900. Using .716 × 10−3 mm2/second as the optimal threshold, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the two groups were 66.7%, 100%, 85.7%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. ADCmin (r = −.490), ADCmean (r = −.449), and nADC (r = −.425) showed significant negative correlations with the Ki‐67 proliferation index (all P < .05).CONCLUSIONSADC values can differentiate adult intracranial low‐grade ependymomas and anaplastic ependymomas, which could improve the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of these two tumors and guide their treatment.
Occlusion time, occlusal balance and lateral occlusal scheme in subjects with various dental and skeletal characteristics: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Alkayyal Moayyad A. , Turkistani Khadijah A. , Al‐Dharrab Ayman A. , Abbassy Mona A. , Melis Marcello , Zawawi Khalid H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse occlusion time, occlusal balance and lateral occlusal scheme in subjects with various dental and skeletal characteristics.MethodsA total of 132 subjects (50 males and 82 females) seeking orthodontic treatment were included in this prospective study. Using the T‐Scan III version 7.0 (Tekscan Inc, South Boston, MA, USA), the occlusion time, occlusal balance and lateral occlusal schemes were recorded and compared with gender, Angle's occlusal classification, overjet, overbite, space analysis, skeletal and transverse relations. ANOVA, t test and contingency tables analyses were performed. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.ResultsOcclusion time was significantly shorter in subjects with balanced occlusion (0.18 seconds, P < .001), Class I normal occlusion (0.35 seconds, P = .028) and Class I skeletal profile (0.37 seconds, P = .002). Occlusion time was significantly longer in subjects with decreased overjet (0.60 seconds, P = .003). There were significant associations between the distribution of occlusal balance and Angles’ classes of occlusion, skeletal relationship, overjet, overbite and space analysis (P < .05). Lateral occlusal schemes were only associated with Angle's classes of occlusion and skeletal relationship (P < .05).ConclusionsPatients with Class I occlusion showed the least occlusion time, the most balanced occlusion and a higher frequency of canine guidance. Nonetheless, potentially balanced occlusion and group function were highly prevalent in all groups; therefore, ideal occlusion must be considered an ideal to inspire and aim for, but cannot be considered an essential requirement of every dental treatment.
Melatonin is an effective protector of gingival cells damaged by the cytotoxic effect of glutamate and DL‐buthionine sulfoximine
Authors: Sola Verónica M. , Aguilar Juan J. , Vazquez Mosquera Ana P. , Carpentieri Agata R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveCellular damage related to oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in periodontal diseases (PD). Melatonin (MEL) has multiple functions, and it has been described as a potential treatment for PD. We aim at evaluating the protective effects of MEL on an in vitro model of cellular damage triggered by glutamate (GLUT) and DL‐buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), on gingival cells (GCs) in culture.Material and MethodsA primary culture of GCs from Wistar rats was developed in order to test the protective property of MEL; BSO and GLUT were administered alone as well as in combination with MEL. The viability and apoptosis were measured with MTT assay and TUNEL, respectively, and the concentration of superoxide anion () was measured with the NBT method.ResultsThe combination of BSO and GLUT treatment resulted in a decreased viability of GCs. This was evidenced by the increase in both the production of superoxide anion and apoptosis. After MEL administration, the oxidant and pro‐apoptotic effects of BSO and GLUT were totally counteracted.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrated that MEL has an effective protective role on GCs subjected to cellular damage in a model of OS and cytotoxicity triggered by BSO and GLUT. Consequently, MEL could be used as a therapeutic agent in PD which begin with a significative loss of GCs.
Stress tests and the countercyclical capital buffer: The UK experience
Authors: Kohn Donald 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe stress tests were a major innovation growing out of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). Their objective is to assure that banks have enough capital to allow them to continue to support the economy by making loans to households and businesses even after a severe adverse shock has hit the economy—in marked contrast to the experience of the GFC when sharp restrictions on credit availability through banks and markets made a bad economic situation much worse. In my talk, I will (a) take a deeper dive into the causes and consequences of procyclical risk‐based bank capital and the role the Financial Policy Committee at the Bank of England (FPC) envisions for the countercyclical capital buffer rate (CCyB), informed by stress tests, in countering this tendency, (b) discuss how the FPC has used the CCyB and stress tests in practice, and (c) end with some challenges for the research agenda that would help the FPC be even more efficient and effective.
Concomitant LATE‐NC in Alzheimer's disease is not associated with increased tau or amyloid‐β pathological burden
Authors: McAleese K. E. , Walker L. , Erskine D. , Johnson M. , Koss D. , Thomas A. J. , Attems J. 
Published: September 2020

AimsLimbic‐predominant age‐related TDP‐43 encephalopathy neuropathological change (LATE‐NC) is present in approximately 50% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and is associated with accelerated cognitive decline. Studies indicate a potential synergistic relationship between LATE‐NC and hyperphosphorylated tau. It is unknown if LATE‐NC is an independent driver of cognitive impairment or exerts its influence through synergistic relationships with tau. This cliniconeuropathological study investigated the impact of LATE‐NC on quantified measures of AD‐associated pathology and its impact on clinical measures.MethodsA total of 61 AD cases underwent neuropathological assessment for LATE‐NC and quantitative assessment [area covered by immunoreactivity (IR)] for early conformational tau (MC‐1), late‐stage hyperphosphorylated tau (AT8) and amyloid‐β in the amygdala and five neocortical regions. Clinical measures included age of disease onset, final Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and rate of cognitive decline.ResultsLATE‐NC was present in 41 AD cases (AD/LATE‐NC; 67.2%). No significant differences in MC‐1‐IR, AT8‐IR or 4G8‐IR were observed in any region between AD/LATE‐NC and AD without LATE‐NC, indicating no accelerated aggregation or hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in the AD/LATE‐NC cases. Final MMSE was significantly lower in AD/LATE‐NC cases and was significantly associated with LATE‐NC score even when controlled for the presence of both MC‐1‐IR and AT8‐IR (P = 0.009).ConclusionThe presence of LATE‐NC in AD is not associated with an increase in the burden of early or late tau or Aβ pathology. LATE‐NC is associated with a lower final MMSE score independent of tau pathology.
Intramuscular atenolol and levetiracetam reduce mortality in a rat model of paraoxon‐induced status epilepticus
Authors: Deshpande Laxmikant S. , Blair Robert E. , Halquist Matthew , Kosmider Leon , DeLorenzo Robert J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOrganophosphorus (OP) compounds are chemical threat agents and are irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase that lead to a hypercholinergic response that could include status epilepticus (SE). SE particularly targets the heart and brain and despite existing therapies, it is still associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Here, we investigated the effect of intramuscular (i.m.) adjunct therapy consisting of atenolol (AT) and levetiracetam (LV) when administered after paraoxon (POX)‐induced SE. The combination therapy was administered twice daily for 2, 7, or 14 days. POX exposure in rats produced rapid SE onset that was treated with atropine, pralidoxime chloride, and midazolam. Here, AT + LV therapy produced significant reductions in POX SE mortality assessed at 30 days post‐SE. AT + LV therapy exhibited muscle pathology inflammation scores that were not significantly different from saline‐treated controls. Pharmacokinetic analyses revealed that the i.m. route achieved faster and stabler plasma therapeutic levels for both AT and LV under OP SE conditions compared with oral administrations. Our data provide evidence of the safety and efficacy of i.m. AT + LV therapy for reducing mortality following POX SE.
Perioperative considerations during implantation of the subcutaneous defibrillator: State‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Singh Prabhpreet , Afzal Muhammad Rizwan , Weiss Raul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (S‐ICD) is an important tool in the armamentarium of an electrophysiologist. Multiple randomized trials over the last decade have shown that S‐ICDs are as efficacious as the transvenous ICDs and eliminate complications related to vascular access. In this review, we highlight issues unique to S‐ICD implantation, focusing not only on the surgical implantation procedure, but also the pre‐ and postimplant management of the patient.
Persistent decay of fresh xylem hydraulic conductivity varies with pressure gradient and marks plant responses to injury
Authors: Bonetti Sara , Breitenstein Daniel , Fatichi Simone , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Or Dani 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDefining plant hydraulic traits is central to the quantification of ecohydrological processes ranging from land‐atmosphere interactions, to tree mortality and water‐carbon budgets. A key plant trait is the xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Kx), that describes the plant's vascular system capacity to transport water. While xylem's vessels and tracheids are dead upon maturity, the xylem is neither inert nor deadwood, various components of the sapwood and surrounding tissue remaining alive and functional. Moreover, the established definition of Kx assumes linear relations between water flux and pressure gradient by tacitly considering the xylem as a “passive conduit”. Here, we re‐examine this notion of an inert xylem by systematically characterizing xylem flow in several woody plants using Kx measurements under constant and cyclic pressure gradients. Results show a temporal and pressure gradient dependence of Kx. Additionally, microscopic features in “living branches” are irreversibly modified upon drying of the xylem, thus differentiating the macroscopic definition of Kx for living and dead xylem. The findings highlight the picture of the xylem as a complex and delicate conductive system whose hydraulic behaviour transcends a passive gradient‐based flow. The study sheds new light on xylem conceptualization, conductivity measurement protocols, in situ long‐distance water transport and ecosystem modelling.
School‐based education to prevent bullying in high schools in Indonesia
Authors: Noboru Tamaki , Amalia Emmy , Hernandez Paul Michael R , Nurbaiti Lina , Affarah Wahyu Sulistya , Nonaka Daisuke , Takeuchi Rie , Kadriyan Hamsu , Kobayashi Jun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Global School‐based Health Survey showed that 20.6% of Indonesian students aged 13–17 years old were bullied. The proportion was lower than those reported from Southeast Asian countries (28.3–51.0%). School education was reported to contribute to the reduction of bullying, but no similar study has been done in Indonesia. This study aimed to explore the role of school‐based education in preventing bullying in high schools in Indonesia.MethodsIn‐depth interviews with principals and focus group discussions with teachers from five schools in Mataram City were conducted in 2018. Data were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participant observations and document reviews were conducted to verify the data.ResultsSeven themes emerged: (i) Bullying as a problem; (ii) Causes of bullying; (iii) Effects of bullying; (iv) Curricular interventions; (v) Cultural interventions; (vi) Institutional interventions; and (vii) Challenges and recommendations regarding current interventions. Curricular interventions include Pancasila (state ideology or principles of the state’s philosophy) and civic education, and religious education, while cultural interventions include cultural practices and extracurricular activities. The schools provide an enabling environment by maintaining a good physical environment and implementing policies to prevent bullying. These activities promote the prevention of school bullying.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that moral education in curriculum and cultural activities are avenues for the prevention of school bullying. The implementation of both religious education and civic education encouraged the creation of values among students. In Indonesia, current interventions should be continued and must be modified to respond with societal changes.
Effects of temperature and leaf age on conidial germination and disease development of powdery mildew on rubber tree
Authors: Cao Xueren , Xu Xiangming , Che Haiyan , West Jonathan S. , Luo Daquan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPowdery mildew is an important disease of rubber trees worldwide. To assess the effects of temperature and leaf age on conidial germination and disease development, conidia were inoculated onto rubber tree seedlings with leaves at three phenological stages (copper bronze, colour‐changing, and light green) and then incubated at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C). Leaf age did not affect conidial germination (p = .296) whilst temperature did (p < .0001), although conidia were able to germinate at all tested temperatures. The estimated optimal temperature for conidial germination was 23.2°C. Leaf age, temperature, and their interactions had significant effects on conidial infection and hypha number (p < .0001). At 10 and 35°C, more than 2 and 4 days were needed for infection to complete, respectively, compared to <2, 1, 0.5, and 0.5 days for 15, 20, 25, and 35°C, respectively. Sporulation and mildew symptoms were only observed on those inoculated leaves of all stages at 20 and 25°C, and at the copper bronze stage only at 15°C. The latent period on the copper bronze leaves at 15°C was longer (9 days) than at 20 and 25°C (4 days). The latent period at 20 and 25°C increased from 4 to 7 days as the leaf development stage increased from copper bronze to light green. Therefore, temperature affected germination and postgermination growth of rubber tree powdery mildew, whereas leaf age primarily affected postgermination growth of the pathogen.
The Contemporary Presidency: The “Nuclear Option” Has Fizzled, Again: Here's Why and What to Do about It
Authors: Ba Heather , Cmehil‐Warn Christian , Sullivan Terry O. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSenate majorities of both parties have altered the rules of debate to speed up deliberations on presidential nominees, particularly on judicial nominations. These deployments of the Senate's “nuclear option,” however, have had no demonstrable effect with respect to judicial nominations. We suggest the evidence highlights the role of “opportunism” rather that partisan obstruction in delaying nominations. We also document how thwarting opportunism by removing substantive legislation in favor of exclusively considering judgeships early in an administration's tenure can speed up deliberations. We recommend seven specific reforms along these lines to improve the appointments process.