bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family Policies and Family Outcomes in OECD Countries
Authors: Adema Willem , Clarke Chris , Thévenon Olivier 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFamilies in OECD member countries have changed dramatically in recent decades. Across almost all OECD countries, couples are marrying and starting a family later than ever before. Fertility rates are low. Divorce and re-partnering have become much more common, giving rise to a diversity of new family forms. The (male) single-earner family model, previously dominant, is now largely a thing of the past. This chapter examines how families and family policies have changed in OECD countries in recent decades. It starts with an overview of changes in families, in partnering behaviours, in family living arrangements, and in family work arrangements. The chapter then turns to the evolution of family policy and the policy response to changing families, such as increases in public Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) support and the provision of fathers-only paid parental leave. It concludes by highlighting important key challenges ahead, including how policy must adapt to growing inequalities between families.
Social Security: The Career of a Contested Social Idea in China During the Reform Era, 1978–2020
Authors: Shi Shih-Jiunn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe idea of “social security” in the reform-era China characterises the changing collective perception of social questions and the shifting state’s responsibility for social provision. In the 1980s, when welfare retrenchment started in the name of “socialising welfare”, “social security” experienced substantive contestation. The first semantic turn took place during the 1990s when the state resumed its commitment to social policy. Thereafter, “social security” underwent yet another semantic shift to “social governance” under the Xi-Li leadership. “Social security” has become part of the grandiose, statist project to promote the rise of the Chinese nation on the global stage. Given the unchecked predominance of the state in all societal domains, the very nature of “social security” remains contested—and its meaning transitory—in the Chinese context.
Assessing Potassium Mass Balances in Different Countries and Scales
Authors: Majumdar Kaushik , Norton Robert M. , Murrell T. Scott , García Fernando , Zingore Shamie , Prochnow Luís Ignácio , Pampolino Mirasol , Boulal Hakim , Dutta Sudarshan , Francisco Eros , Tan Mei Shih , He Ping , Singh V. K. , Oberthür Thomas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEstimating nutrient mass balances using information on nutrient additions and removals generates useful, practical information on the nutrient status of a soil or area. A negative input–output balance of nutrients in the soil results when the crop nutrient removal and nutrient losses to other sinks become higher than the nutrient inputs into the system. Potassium (K) input–output balance varies among regions that have different climates, soil types, cropping systems, and cropping intensity. This chapter illustrates the farm-gate K balances in major production areas of the world and their impacts on native K fertility and crop yields. On-farm and on-station research examples show significant negative K balances in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, while China, the USA, Brazil, and countries of the Latin America Southern Cone highlighted continued requirement of location-specific K application to maintain crop yields and soil K fertility status at optimum levels.
Considerations for Selecting Potassium Placement Methods in Soil
Authors: Bell Michael J. , Mallarino Antonio P. , Volenec Jeff , Brouder Sylvie , Franzen David W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPlacement strategies can be a key determinant of efficient use of applied fertilizer potassium (K), given the relative immobility of K in all except the lightest textured soils or high rainfall environments. Limitations to K accessibility by plants caused by immobility in the soil are further compounded by the general lack of K-stimulated root proliferation in localized soil zones enriched with K alone, compared with root proliferation due to concentrated N and P. Further, effects of K fixation reactions in soils with certain clay mineralogies and the declining concentration and activity of soil solution K with increasing clay content can also limit plant K acquisition. Variation in root system characteristics among crops in a rotation sequence and fluctuating soil moisture conditions in fertilized soil horizons in rain-fed systems increase the complexity of fertilizer placement decisions to ensure efficient K recovery and use. This complexity has resulted in extensive exploration of fertilizer K application strategies, with this chapter focusing on K applications to the soil. Issues discussed include comparisons of broadcast versus banded applications, depth of fertilizer placement, and the impacts of co-location of K with other nutrients. While research findings are often specific to the crop, soil, and seasonal conditions under which they are conducted, we attempt to identify strategies that most consistently deliver improved crop recovery and utilization of fertilizer K.
Outputs: Potassium Losses from Agricultural Systems
Authors: Goulding Keith , Murrell T. Scott , Mikkelsen Robert L. , Rosolem Ciro , Johnston Johnny , Wang Huoyan , Alfaro Marta A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPotassium (K) outputs comprise removals in harvested crops and losses via a number of pathways. No specific environmental issues arise from K losses to the wider environment, and so they have received little attention. Nevertheless, K is very soluble and so can be leached to depth or to surface waters. Also, because K is bound to clays and organic materials, and adsorbed K is mostly associated with fine soil particles, it can be eroded with particulate material in runoff water and by strong winds. It can also be lost when crop residues are burned in the open. Losses represent a potential economic cost to farmers and reduce soil nutritional status for plant growth. The pathways of loss and their relative importance can be related to: (a) the general characteristics of the agricultural ecosystem (tropical or temperate regions, cropping or grazing, tillage management, interactions with other nutrients such as nitrogen); (b) the specific characteristics of the agricultural ecosystem such as soil mineralogy, texture, initial soil K status, sources of K applied (organic, inorganic), and rates and timing of fertilizer applications. This chapter provides an overview of the main factors affecting K removals in crops and losses through runoff, leaching, erosion, and open burning.
Patient Safety in Orthopedics and Traumatology
Authors: Barneschi Guido , Raspanti Francesco , Capanna Rodolfo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOrthopedics is a clinical branch considered to be at a high risk for medical malpractice claims. The aim of this work is to analyze the clinical risk and alleged malpractice in order to map professional risk and identify recurrent pitfalls.
Shiftwork Organization
Authors: Costa Giovanni , Tommasi Eleonora , Giovannini Leonardo , Mucci Nicola 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn healthcare companies, shiftwork organization is fundamental to ensure continuous 24-h patient care. This chapter gives an overview of health-related problems associated with shift work and the preventative actions that can be taken to protect workers’ health and well-being. Shift work, in particular night work, results in a disruption of biological circadian rhythms with serious social and psychophysical ramifications for the worker. The adverse health effects of shift work can be both in the short-term (sleep, digestive, mental, and menstrual disorders) and in the medium- to long-term (increased gastrointestinal, neuropsychic, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases). In 2007, the IARC classified shift work as “probable carcinogen” for humans due to the destructive effects on the circadian rhythm. The modification of the sleep/wake cycle also negatively influences worker’s vigilance and performance (“jet-lag syndrome”) leading to a consequently greater risk of accidents and errors. Shift work can be harmful to the safety of both the worker and the patient. Appropriate shift scheduling that respects ergonomic criteria is important to protect worker and patient health and well-being. Medical residents should be conscious of the legislation and rights regarding shift work to ensure they provide appropriate assistance to patients and to preserve their own social and psychophysical well-being.
Non-technical Skills in Healthcare
Authors: Prineas Stavros , Mosier Kathleen , Mirko Claus , Guicciardi Stefano 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNon-technical Skills (NTS) are a set of generic cognitive and social skills, exhibited by individuals and teams, that support technical skills when performing complex tasks. Typical NTS training topics include performance shaping factors, planning and preparation for complex tasks, situation awareness, perception of risk, decision-making, communication, teamwork and leadership. This chapter provides a framework for understanding these skills in theory and practice, how they interact, and how they have been applied in healthcare, as well as avenues for future research.
The Everyday World and Intersubjectivity
Authors: Müller Francis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe have learned through processes of socialization how to name and identify things, which helps us continually reduce complexity and bring order to the contingent world around us in our everyday life. At the same time, we move within many “small” social lifeworlds, or “multiple realities,” that are disconnected from one another and each have a particular cultural grammar in which “things” are loaded with quite a variety of meanings that impact and alter our identities. Design ethnographers also move within these small social lifeworlds. They should neither judge these morally nor overwrite them with their own values, but rather meet them with openness and sensitivity.
Representation and Reporting
Authors: Müller Francis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDesign needs language and text so that it can be negotiated intersubjectively and become capable of connection to other academic disciplines. Texts, however, do not objectively reflect realities but rather bring them forth through their own medium: academic, journalistic, essayistic, and literary texts afford very particular ways of viewing the world. Scientific truths are produced narratively as well—at least from the constructivist perspective. This is particularly the case for the texts of design ethnography, in which a story-telling quality is inherent and which may take on subjectivist perspectives. These aspects of design ethnography must be consciously reflected in the process.
Creating Trust in Collaborative Embedded Systems
Authors: Akili Samira , Cioroaica Emilia , Kuhn Thomas , Schlingloff Holger 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEffective collaboration of embedded systems relies strongly on the assumption that all components of the system and the system itself operate as expected. A level of trust is established based on that assumption. To verify and validate these assumptions, we propose a systematic procedure that starts at the design phase and spans the runtime of the systems. At design time, we propose system evaluation in pure virtual environments, allowing multiple system behaviors to be executed in a variety of scenarios. At runtime, we suggest performing predictive simulation to get insights into the system’s decisionmaking process. This enables trust to be created in the system part of a cooperation. When cooperation is performed in open, uncertain environments, the negotiation protocols between collaborative systems must be monitored at runtime. By engaging in various negotiation protocols, the participants assign roles, schedule tasks, and combine their world views to allow more resilient perception and planning. In this chapter, we describe two complementary monitoring approaches to address the decentralized nature of collaborative embedded systems.
Modeling and Analyzing Context-Sensitive Changes during Runtime
Authors: Wehrstedt Jan Christoph , Brings Jennifer , Caesar Birte , Daun Marian , Feeken Linda , Hildebrandt Constantin , Klein Wolfram , Malik Vincent , Wirtz Boris , Wolf Stefanie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFor collaborative embedded systems, it is essential to consider not only the behavior of each system and the interaction between systems, but also the interaction of systems with their often dynamic and unknown context.In this chapter, we present a solution approach based on process building blocks— describing both the modelling approach as well as the model execution approach—for engineering and operation to achieve the goal of developing systems that deal with dynamics in their open context at runtime by re-using the models from the engineering phase.
Constructing Antidictionaries of Long Texts in Output-Sensitive Space
Authors: Ayad Lorraine A.K. , Badkobeh Golnaz , Fici Gabriele , Héliou Alice , Pissis Solon P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA wordxthat is absent from a wordyis calledminimalif all its proper factors occur iny. Given a collection ofkwordsy1, … ,ykover an alphabetΣ, we are asked to compute the set$\mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{\{y_1,\ldots ,y_k\}}$M{y1,…,yk}ℓof minimal absent words of length at mostℓof the collection {y1, … ,yk}. The set$\mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{\{y_1,\ldots ,y_k\}}$M{y1,…,yk}ℓcontains all the wordsxsuch thatxis absent from all the words of the collection while there existi,j, such that the maximal proper suffix ofxis a factor ofyiand the maximal proper prefix ofxis a factor ofyj. In data compression, this corresponds to computing the antidictionary ofkdocuments. In bioinformatics, it corresponds to computing words that are absent from a genome ofkchromosomes. Indeed, the set$\mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{y}$Myℓof minimal absent words of a wordyis equal to$\mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{\{y_1,\ldots ,y_k\}}$M{y1,…,yk}ℓfor any decomposition ofyinto a collection of wordsy1, … ,yksuch that there is an overlap of length at leastℓ− 1 between any two consecutive words in the collection. This computation generally requiresΩ(n) space forn= |y| using any of the plenty available$\mathcal {O}(n)$O(n)-time algorithms. This is because anΩ(n)-sized text index is constructed overywhich can be impractical for largen. We do the identical computation incrementally using output-sensitive space. This goal is reasonable when$\| \mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{\{y_1,\ldots ,y_N\}}\| =o(n)$∥M{y1,…,yN}ℓ∥=o(n), for allN∈ [1,k], where ∥S∥ denotes the sum of the lengths of words in setS. For instance, in the human genome,n≈ 3 × 109but$\| \mathrm {M}^{12}_{\{y_1,\ldots ,y_k\}}\| \approx 10^{6}$∥M{y1,…,yk}12∥≈106. We consider a constant-sized alphabet for stating our results. We show thatall$\mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{y_{1}},\ldots ,\mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{\{y_1,\ldots ,y_k\}}$My1ℓ,…,M{y1,…,yk}ℓcan be computed in$\mathcal {O}(kn+{\sum }^{k}_{N=1}\| \mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{\{y_1,\ldots ,y_N\}}\| )$O(kn+∑N=1k∥M{y1,…,yN}ℓ∥)total time using$\mathcal {O}(\textsc {MaxIn}+\textsc {MaxOut})$O(MaxIn+MaxOut)space, where MaxIn is the length of the longest word in {y1, … ,yk} and$\textsc {MaxOut}=\max \limits \{\| \mathrm {M}^{\ell }_{\{y_1,\ldots ,y_N\}}\| :N\in [1,k]\}$MaxOut=max{∥M{y1,…,yN}ℓ∥:N∈[1,k]}. Proof-of-concept experimental results are also provided confirming our theoretical findings and justifying our contribution.
A real or apparent decrease in glomerular filtration rate in patients using olaparib?
Authors: Bruin M. A. C. , Korse C. M. , van Wijnen B. , de Jong V. M. T. , Linn S. C. , van Triest B. , Rosing H. , Beijnen J. H. , van den Broek D. , Huitema A. D. R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Olaparib is a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor indicated for ovarian and metastatic breast cancer. Increased serum creatinine levels have been observed in patients taking olaparib, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to investigate if patients receiving olaparib have increased creatinine levels during olaparib treatment and whether this actually relates to a declined glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Methods
We retrospectively identified patients using olaparib at the Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (NKI-AVL) from 2012 until 2020. Patients with at least one plasma or serum sample available at baseline/off treatment and during olaparib treatment were included. Cystatin C levels were measured, creatinine levels were available and renal function was determined by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Creatinine Equation (CKD-EPI 2009) and the Cystatin C Equation (CKD-EPI 2012).

Results
In total, 66 patients were included. Olaparib treatment was associated with a 14% increase in median creatinine from 72 (inter quartile range (IQR): 22) μmol/L before/off treatment to 82 (IQR: 20) μmol/L during treatment (p < 0.001) and a 13% decrease in median creatinine-derived eGFR from 86 (IQR: 26) mL/min/1.73 m2 before/off treatment to 75 (IQR: 29) mL/min/1.73 m2 during treatment (p < 0.001). Olaparib treatment had no significant effect on median cystatin C levels (p = 0.520) and the median cystatin C–derived eGFR (p = 0.918).

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that olaparib likely causes inhibition of renal transporters leading to a reversible and dose-dependent increase in creatinine and does not affect GFR, since the median cystatin C–derived eGFR was comparable before/off treatment and during treatment of olaparib. Using the creatinine-derived eGFR can give an underestimation of GFR in patients taking olaparib. Therefore, an alternative renal marker such as cystatin C should be used to accurately calculate eGFR in patients taking olaparib.
Enhanced representation of natural sound sequences in the ventral auditory midbrain
Authors: González-Palomares Eugenia , López-Jury Luciana , García-Rosales Francisco , Hechavarria Julio C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe auditory midbrain (inferior colliculus, IC) plays an important role in sound processing, acting as hub for acoustic information extraction and for the implementation of fast audio-motor behaviors. IC neurons are topographically organized according to their sound frequency preference: dorsal IC regions encode low frequencies while ventral areas respond best to high frequencies, a type of sensory map defined as tonotopy. Tonotopic maps have been studied extensively using artificial stimuli (pure tones) but our knowledge of how these maps represent information about sequences of natural, spectro-temporally rich sounds is sparse. We studied this question by conducting simultaneous extracellular recordings across IC depths in awake bats (Carollia perspicillata) that listened to sequences of natural communication and echolocation sounds. The hypothesis was that information about these two types of sound streams is represented at different IC depths since they exhibit large differences in spectral composition, i.e., echolocation covers the high-frequency portion of the bat soundscape (> 45 kHz), while communication sounds are broadband and carry most power at low frequencies (20–25 kHz). Our results showed that mutual information between neuronal responses and acoustic stimuli, as well as response redundancy in pairs of neurons recorded simultaneously, increase exponentially with IC depth. The latter occurs regardless of the sound type presented to the bats (echolocation or communication). Taken together, our results indicate the existence of mutual information and redundancy maps at the midbrain level whose response cannot be predicted based on the frequency composition of natural sounds and classic neuronal tuning curves.
Transcription factors CP2 and YY1 as prognostic markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas and a second independent cohort
Authors: Schnoell Julia , Jank Bernhard J. , Kadletz-Wanke Lorenz , Stoiber Stefan , Spielvogel Clemens P. , Gurnhofer Elisabeth , Kenner Lukas , Heiduschka Gregor 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The transcription factors YY1 and CP2 have been associated with tumor promotion and suppression in various cancers. Recently, simultaneous expression of both markers was correlated with negative prognosis in cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of YY1 and CP2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients and their association with survival.

Methods
First, we analyzed mRNA expression and copy number variations (CNVs) of YY1 and CP2 using “The Cancer Genome Atlas” (TCGA) with 510 HNSCC patients. Secondly, protein expression was investigated via immunohistochemistry in 102 patients, who were treated in the Vienna General Hospital, utilizing a tissue microarray.

Results
The median follow-up was 2.9 years (1.8–4.6) for the TCGA cohort and 10.3 years (6.5–12.8) for the inhouse tissue micro-array (TMA) cohort. The median overall survival of the TCGA cohort was decreased for patients with a high YY1 mRNA expression (4.0 vs. 5.7 years, p = 0.030, corr. p = 0.180) and high YY1-CNV (3.53 vs. 5.4 years, p = 0.0355, corr. p = 0.213). Furthermore, patients with a combined high expression of YY1 and CP2 mRNA showed a worse survival (3.5 vs. 5.4 years, p = 0.003, corr. p = 0.018). The mortality rate of patients with co-expression of YY1 and CP2 mRNA was twice as high compared to patients with low expression of one or both (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.11–3.58, p = 0.021). Protein expression of nuclear YY1 and CP2 showed no association with disease outcome in our inhouse cohort.

Conclusion
Our data indicate that simultaneous expression of YY1 and CP2 mRNA is associated with shorter overall survival. Thus, combined high mRNA expression might be a suitable prognostic marker for risk stratification in HNSCC patients. However, since we could not validate this finding at genomic or protein level, we hypothesize that unknown underlying mechanisms which regulate mRNA transcription of YY1 and CP2 are the actual culprits leading to a worse survival.
The relationship between alexithymia, sensory phenotype and neurophysiological parameters in patients with chronic upper limb neuropathy
Authors: Isoardo Gianluca , Ciullo Stefano , Titolo Paolo , Fontana Elena , Battiston Bruno , Stella Maurizio , Luxardo Nicola , Laino Federica , Migliaretti Giuseppe , Stura Ilaria , Ardito Rita B. , Adenzato Mauro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the relationship between sensory abnormalities evaluated by quantitative sensory testing (QST) and alexithymia, depression and anxiety in patients with neuropathic pain involving the upper limbs. We enrolled 62 patients (34 with carpal tunnel syndrome, 7 with brachial plexopathy, 3 with cervical painful radiculopathy, 5 with ulnar entrapment neuropathy at elbow and 13 with post-burn hypertrophic scars) and 48 healthy controls. All underwent nerve conduction studies (NCS), evaluation of cold, heat pain and vibration detection threshold (VDT) by QST and evaluation of alexithymia by Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), depression by Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), anxiety by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), level of psychological distress by 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and perceived social support by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The general linear model analysis revealed a significant relationship between TAS-20 overall and TAS-20 sub-score for difficulty identifying feelings and VDT z-scores in the left index with no interaction by year of education and sensory NCS results. Our results demonstrated the association between impairment of vibratory sensation of the left hand, reflecting cutaneous mechanoceptor dysfunction, and alexithymia, particularly the difficulty to identify feelings. The importance of delivering to patients with neuropathic pain personalized care that takes into account not only the neurophysiological aspects but also the aspects of mental functioning is discussed.