bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The origin of the escape of Lyman α and ionizing photons in Lyman continuum emitters
Authors: Gazagnes S. , Chisholm J. , Schaerer D. , Verhamme A. , Izotov Y. 
Published: June 2020

Context. Identifying the physical mechanisms driving the escape of Lyman continuum (LyC) photons is crucial for the search of Lyman continuum emitter (LCE) candidates.
Aims. To understand the physical properties involved in the leakage of LyC photons, we investigate the connection between the H I covering fraction, H I velocity width, the Lyman α (Lyα) properties, and the escape of LyC photons in a sample of 22 star-forming galaxies, which includes 13 confirmed LCEs.
Methods. We fit the stellar continuum, dust attenuation, and absorption lines between 920 Å and 1300 Å to extract the H I covering fractions and dust attenuation. Additionally, we measure the H I velocity widths of the optically thick Lyman series and derive the Lyα equivalent widths (EW), escape fractions (fesc), peak velocities, and fluxes at the minimum of the observed Lyα profiles.
Results. Overall, we highlight strong observational correlations between the presence of low H I covering fractions and the observation of (1) low Lyα peak velocities; (2) more flux at the profile minimum; and (3) larger EW(Lyα), fesc(Lyα), and fescobs(LyC). Hence, low column density channels are crucial ISM ingredients for the leakage of Lyα and LyC photons. Additionally, galaxies with narrower H I absorption velocity widths have higher Lyα equivalent widths, larger Lyα escape fractions, and lower Lyα peak velocity separations. This may suggest that these galaxies have low H I column density. Finally, we find that dust also regulates the amount of Lyα and LyC radiation that actually escapes the ISM.
Conclusions. The ISM porosity is one of the origins of strong Lyα emission, enabling the escape of ionizing photons in low-z leakers. However, this is not sufficient to explain the largest fescobs(LyC), which indicates that the most extreme LCEs are likely to be density-bounded along all lines of sight to the observer. Overall, the neutral gas porosity provides a constraint for a lower limit to the escape fraction of LyC and Lyα photons, which offers a key estimator for assessing the leakage of ionizing photons.
Psychedelika, Cannabinoide und Cathinone – Ergebnisse einer
lebensweltnahen Erhebung zum Konsum neuer psychoaktiver Substanzen (NPS) in
Deutschland und anderen europäischen Ländern
Authors: Werse Bernd , Kamphausen Gerrit 
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung
Ziele Die Studie hat unterschiedliche Gruppen von Personen, die
aktuell neue psychoaktive Substanzen (NPS) konsumieren –
Marginalisierte, Partybesucher und Onlineaffine – aus 6
EU-Ländern (DE, HU, IRL, NL, PL, PT) im Fokus: wie unterscheiden
sich diese Gruppen im Hinblick auf Konsumkennzahlen und Konsummotive? Wie
sind in Deutschland und anderen Ländern Konsummuster
unterschiedlicher NPS-Arten sowie Motive zu deren Konsum verbreitet?
Methodik Es wurde eine quantitative Erhebung mittels eines
Online-Fragebogens sowie Face-to-Face-Interviews durchgeführt. Es
wurden einfache statistische Auswertungen durchgeführt; aufgrund der
stark abweichenden Stichprobengrößen pro Land und Zielgruppe
und Gruppenüberschneidungen wurde auf Signifikanztests
verzichtet.
Ergebnisse Bereits bei der Rekrutierung wurde deutlich, dass
insbesondere marginalisierte Konsumenten in den beteiligten Ländern
sehr unterschiedlich vertreten sind, mit Schwerpunkt auf östlichen
Ländern. In allen Gruppen liegen umfangreiche Erfahrungen mit
illegalen Drogen vor. Insgesamt sind Stimulanzien bzw. Empathogene, gefolgt
von Cannabinoiden, am weitesten verbreitet, wobei es nur unter
Marginalisierten nennenswerte Anteile täglich Konsumierender gibt.
Deutsche Befragte weisen besonders hohe Werte für Psychedelika auf.
Auch die angegebenen Motive für den Konsum deuten bei deutschen
Befragten auf eine besondere Orientierung an psychedelischer Erfahrung
hin.
Schlussfolgerung Der Konsum von NPS hat sich auf niedrigem Niveau
etabliert, mit deutlichen Schwerpunkten bezüglich Substanzen,
Konsumierendengruppen und Motiven in unterschiedlichen Ländern.
Small intestinal dysmotility in cirrhotic patients: correlation with severity of liver disease and cirrhosis-associated complications
Authors: Gundling Felix , Luxi Margo , Seidel Holger , Schepp Wolfgang , Schmidt Thomas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction Altered small intestinal motility has been observed in various manometry studies in patients with cirrhosis. Since small bowel manometry is available only in a few centers, interpretation of dysmotility in cirrhosis is controversial.
Patients and Methods In this study, both fasting and postprandial manometric tracings of 24-hour antroduodenojejunal manometries were analyzed using both visual analysis and computer-aided analysis.
Results In 34 patients (83 %), the mean migrating motor complex (MMC) cycle length was different compared with healthy controls. Phase II was prolonged in 27 patients (66 %), while phase I showed a reduced duration in 23 (56 %) and in phase III in 13 individuals (32 %). We also observed special motor patterns, e. g., migrating clustered contractions (MCCs) or retrograde clustered contractions (RCCs), which were present during fasting (69 %) and postprandial (92 %) motility, while none of the healthy controls showed any special motor patterns. Special motor patterns showed a significant correlation with the severity of cirrhosis (Child-Score; p > 0.05) and the existence of ascites (p < 0.05).
Discussion This study in a large cohort of patients with cirrhosis by using 24-hour, solid state portable manometry showed in most individuals disturbances of cyclic fasting motility. Special motor patterns like RCCs during fasting and postprandial motility could be observed exclusively in the cirrhosis group, showing a significant correlation with severity of cirrhosis and the occurence of associated complications.
Work satisfaction and burnout risk of gastroenterologists in Germany: results of a nationwide survey
Authors: Adarkwah Charles Christian , Labenz Joachim , Birkner Berndt , Beilenhoff UIrike , Hirsch Oliver 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background More and more gastroenterologists are not satisfied with their working conditions and run the risk of developing burnout symptoms. Little is known about the job satisfaction and burnout risk among physicians working in endoscopy units in Germany. This study examines the risk of burnout and job satisfaction among gastroenterologists in Germany.
Methods An electronic survey was distributed to gastroenterologists organized mainly in the Federal Organization of Gastroenterology in Germany (BVGD, Berufsverband Gastroenterologie Deutschland e. V.). In addition to general demographic variables, job satisfaction was determined using the Work Satisfaction Questionnaires (WSQ), and burnout risk was determined using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).
Results A representative sample of gastroenterologists organized in the BVGD (Berufsverband Gastroenterologie Deutschland e. V.) took part in the study (n = 683, 22 %). Above all, we could demonstrate relevant differences with regard to burnout risk and job satisfaction depending on the place of work, clinic structure, position in the clinic, and age. Younger physicians had significantly higher depersonalization (p < 0.001) and exhaustion scores (p < 0.001) with almost medium and small effect sizes (δt = 0.45 and −0.31). The higher the position in the clinic, the higher the accomplishment scores (medium effect size 0.27). Older physicians were especially more satisfied in the areas of patient care (p < 0.001, medium effect size δt = −0.53). Employed doctors show a higher level of satisfaction in terms of “burden” compared to practice owners (p < 0.001, δt = −0.69). Compared to norms used in the EGPRN study which were adapted to physicians, almost one-third of our sample had high depersonalization scores, about 17 % had high exhaustion scores, and about half had low personal accomplishment scores showing a higher general burden among German gastroenterologists.
Conclusion Decreased work satisfaction and risk of burnout are important issues among German gastroenterologists. Specific actions should address this problem in order to avoid negative consequences, respectively.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery Performed Less Than 3 Weeks After Injury Is Not Inferior to Delayed Surgery
Authors: Chua Kenon , Kang Joseph Benjamin Yida , Fook-Chong Stephanie , Tan Andrew Hwee Chye 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPerforming anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery in the immediate period after injury is controversial. However, there may be instances where the opportunity cost of delayed surgery for the patient may be unacceptable. Concomitant meniscus injuries may also prevent the patient from regaining range of motion in the preoperative period. Every week that surgery is delayed may increase pain and impair mobility for this group of patients. We investigate the functional and clinical outcomes in patients with ACL surgery in the immediate 3-week period following ACL injury. A cohort study was performed to compare the outcome of early ACL (less than 3 weeks after injury) and late ACL surgery (more than 3 weeks after surgery). A total of 58 patients were followed up at fixed time points over a 2-year period. Clinical measurements (range of motion and knee laxity scores) and functional outcome scores (International Knee Documentation Committee, Lysholm's Knee and Tegner's scores) were used to document outcomes over time. The mean time to surgery from the time of injury in the early ACL surgery group was 2 weeks (standard deviation [SD] = 0.45) and the 20 weeks (SD = 9.64) in the late ACL surgery group. The absence or presence of meniscal injuries had no significant effect on the improvement over time for both groups of patients (p > 0.05). Patients in the early ACL group had faster rates of improvement for clinical measurements and functional outcome scores but had started out initially with poorer outcomes at baseline. However, both groups had comparable outcomes (p > 0.05) at the 1- and 2-year mark postsurgery. Patients in both groups had no adverse outcomes. ACL Surgery within 3 weeks of injury (2 weeks SD = 0.45) is safe and has comparable outcomes compared to patients with delayed surgery (20 weeks SD = 9.64).
Importance of Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Surgical Transepicondylar Axis in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Ohmori Takaaki , Kabata Tamon , Kajino Yoshitomo , Inoue Daisuke , Ueno Takuro , Taga Tadashi , Yamamoto Takashi , Takagi Tomoharu , Yoshitani Junya , Ueoka Ken , Yamamuro Yuki , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn total knee arthroplasty, the surgical transepicondylar axis (SEA) is one of the most reliable rotation axes for stabilizing of the patellofemoral joint. The SEA is identified with reference to the lateral epicondyle and the medial sulcus of the medial epicondyle. However, these two structures rarely appear on the same plane on computed tomography (CT), and it is necessary to take two points in separate images. Many surgeons measure the SEA on the same image (pseudo SEA) instead. We aimed to determine the difference between true SEAs and pseudo SEAs. A total of 31 normal knees and 24 varus knees were included in this study. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the femur were reconstructed from CT images, and a reconstructed plane was made using the International Society of Biomechanics coordinate system. Pseudo SEAs drawn in the plane passing through the lateral epicondyle and medial sulcus were defined as l-SEA and m-SEA, respectively. L-SEA, m-SEA, true SEA, and posterior condylar axis (PCA) were projected onto the International Society of Biomechanics coordinate plane and, “p l-SEA,” “p m-SEA,” “p true SEA,” and “p PCA” were obtained. The true SEA angle was defined as the angle between p true SEA and p PCA. The l-SEA angle or m-SEA angle was defined as the angle between the p l-SEA or p m-SEA and p PCA, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between true SEA angle (2.64 ± 2.01 degrees) and pseudo SEA angle (l-SEA angle: 2.74 ± 2.07 degrees, m-SEA: 2.54 ± 2.19 degrees). Conversely, 12 knees in the normal group and 2 knees in the varus group had differences of more than 1 degree (p = 0.01). Among them, 6 knees in the normal group and 0 knees in the varus group had a difference of 2 degrees or more (p = 0.03). In most cases, pseudo SEA can be substituted for true SEA.
Comparative Analysis and Long-Term Results of Various Septal Extension Graft Types
Authors: Brandstetter M. , Bhatt M. , Pham M. , Gubisch W. , Haack S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractShape, tip projection, and position can be controlled by the use of septal extension grafts (SEG). A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing primary and secondary rhinoplasty was reviewed. The purpose of this study was to analyze maintenance of nasal length, dorsal length, and nasolabial angle postoperatively comparing different types of SEG using standardized photography and digital measurement. Two-hundred twenty-one patients undergoing rhinoplasty were included. There was a statistically significant change regarding the nasolabial angle during the time of follow-up decreasing from 97.53 to 95.30 degrees. No changes could be found in dorsal and nasal length. There was no significant difference among the techniques used to fixate the SEG. The nasolabial angle appeared to decrease from the position 2 weeks postoperatively without changes in the dorsal and nasal length. This means that the decrease in the nasolabial angle depends on the swelling effect and not on drooping of the tip confirming the reliability of SEG over time.
Rationally designed C/Co9S8@SnS2 nanocomposite as a highly efficient anode for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Peng , Liu Yang , Zhou Min , Xue Yuxiong , Zeng Xianghua , Qi Junlei , Chen Minghua , Sun Fenglian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Nanostructured transition metal sulfides are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, it is still a great challenge to prepare capacity-improved electrodes without reducing their rate capability and cycle stability. In this paper, we present a C/Co9S8@SnS2 composite material by loading SnS2 nanocrystals onto MOF-derived C/Co9S8 nanostructures. The C/Co9S8@SnS2 composite has multiple active sites to store lithium ions. The specific capacity reaches 3.1 mAh cm−2 when the current density is 0.224 mA cm−2. The asynchronous electrochemical reaction between Co9S8 and SnS2 offsets the volume expansion of the anode material. Meanwhile, the compact adhesion of carbon layers on the interfaces suppresses the destruction of the anode during the charging–discharging processes. Consequently, the synthesized electrode presents favorable capacity with high current density or under long-term cycling conditions. The prepared battery has a reversible specific capacity of 0.452 mAh cm−2 and a coulomb efficiency of 99.7% after 500 cycles with a high current density of 2.24 mA cm−2. The research results obtained in this work provides a feasible strategy to improve the performance of electrodes systematically.
A review of barriers in implementing dynamic electricity pricing to achieve cost-causality
Authors: Matisoff Daniel C , Beppler Ross , Chan Gabriel , Carley Sanya 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Rapidly changing economics, customer preferences, and policy to address climate change and local environmental pollutants have driven increased deployment of a wide range of distributed energy resources in the U.S. electricity system. Distributed energy resources have enabled an expanded role for energy consumers and non-utility third parties to reshape system costs, drawing renewed attention to the potential of reforming electricity rate design based on the further application of cost-causal principals to improve overall system fairness and efficiency. One mechanism to move toward greater application of cost-causal rate design is dynamic pricing, which varies electricity prices across time and location to reflect costs of providing electricity to consumers under specific market conditions and grid operation conditions. While dynamic electricity pricing has penetrated some markets, and it has not been widely implemented, particularly for residential consumers. In this review article, we provide a brief summary of electricity rate design, including the possibility of introducing dynamic prices, and explain why dynamic prices are more reflective of the short-run marginal costs of electricity supply than volumetric rates. We then explore the barriers to the widespread adoption of residential dynamic pricing, emphasizing technical, economic, and political challenges. Our assessment reflects the ability of dynamic prices to engender more equitable and efficient outcomes by achieving the goal of cost-causality, and we argue that a move toward more dynamic pricing can constitute a welfare improvement over volumetric rates. However, dynamic pricing does not completely address the full set of challenges associated with rate design and, alone, is unlikely to enable the full recovery of fixed costs and the fair attribution of the positive and negative externalities of electricity provision. Therefore, electricity rate design requires tradeoffs, making it as much an art as a science. This analysis synthesizes literature across multiple fields and suggests avenues for further research.
Air quality and health impacts of vegetation and peat fires in Equatorial Asia during 2004–2015
Authors: Kiely Laura , Spracklen Dominick V , Wiedinmyer Christine , Conibear Luke , Reddington Carly L , Arnold Stephen R , Knote Christoph , Khan Md Firoz , Latif Mohd Talib , Syaufina Lailan , Adrianto Hari A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) emissions from vegetation and peat fires in Equatorial Asia cause poor regional air quality. Burning is greatest during drought years, resulting in strong inter-annual variability in emissions. We make the first consistent estimate of the emissions, air quality and public health impacts of Equatorial Asian fires during 2004–2015. The largest dry season (August—October) emissions occurred in 2015, with PM emissions estimated as 9.4 Tg, more than triple the average dry season emission (2.7 Tg). Fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan caused 94% of PM emissions from fires in Equatorial Asia. Peat combustion in Indonesian peatlands contributed 45% of PM emissions, with a greater contribution of 68% in 2015. We used the WRF-chem model to simulate dry season PM for the 6 biggest fire years during this period (2004, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2015). The model reproduces PM concentrations from a measurement network across Malaysia and Indonesia, suggesting our PM emissions are realistic. We estimate long-term exposure to PM resulted in 44 040 excess deaths in 2015, with more than 15 000 excess deaths annually in 2004, 2006, and 2009. Exposure to PM from dry season fires resulted in an estimated 131 700 excess deaths during 2004–2015. Our work highlights that Indonesian vegetation and peat fires frequently cause adverse impacts to public health across the region.
Stationary Markov jump processes in terms of average transition times: setup and some inequalities of kinetic and thermodynamic kind
Authors: Frezzato Diego 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The parametrization of continuous-time stationary Markov jump processes is worked out in terms of average times at which the site-to-site transitions take place again (recurrence) or occur starting from a given initial localization of the system (occurrence). The foremost result is the solution of the inverse problem of achieving the rate constants from an essential set of average occurrence/recurrence times. Then we provide the expression of the average entropy production rate at the stationary state in terms of average recurrence times only, elaborate the randomness parameter (squared coefficient of variation) which quantifies the relative precision of the timing of a given transition of interest, and derive some inequalities in which only a partial amount information about the network does enter. In particular, we get lower bounds on the randomness parameter and derive inequalities of both kinetic and thermodynamic kind.
Effects of cellulose nanofibrils on the cure kinetics of the phenol formaldehyde resin
Authors: Liu Cong , Wang Siqun , Zhang Yang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin were treated with cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and its effects on the cure kinetics of PF resin were evaluated. The curing of PF resin was a polycondensation exothermic reaction forming insoluble polymer. The Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed 3% CNF addition had prolonged the curing process of PF resin, and the Kissinger equation and Crane equation were introduced to show that the curing activate energy and reaction order of 3%-CNF-added-PF resin sample were obviously lower than control ones. The scanning probe microscopy (SPM) results exhibited that CNF particles were well-dispersed in the PF matrix. The non-isothermal kinetic study indicated that CNF had played a major role during late stage of non-isothermal polymerization, increasing the crosslinking points in the PF resin and reducing the energy needed for PF resin curing. Thus, the addition of CNF had a positive effect on the curing of PF and made the curing more perfect.
Potential Impact of the 2017 High Blood Pressure Guideline Beyond the United States: A Case Study of the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Barszczyk Andrew , Yang Deye , Wei Jing , Huang Wendy , Feng Zhong-Ping , Lee Kang , Luo Hong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) (US) Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults expanded the definition of hypertension and now considers atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in determining treatment for people with hypertension. US guidelines are influential around the world and it is therefore justified to study their impact in other settings. Our study determined the impact of adopting the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline in China.

METHODS
We analyzed the population impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline using the 2011–2012 year of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a nationally representative sample of Chinese adults 45–74 years of age (n = 11,822). Our analysis was unique because for the first time it used a population-appropriate equation to calculate ASCVD risk instead of the US Pooled Cohort Equation (the latter misrepresents risk in non-US populations).

RESULTS
Adopting the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline in China would increase the prevalence of hypertension from 44.1% to 56.4% (12.3 percentage points) and increase the number of adults recommended for antihypertensive medication from 41.6% to 49.1% (7.5 percentage points) in the 45–74-year age range. According to Chinese (but not US) risk calculations, the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline more selectively assigns antihypertensive medication to patients at higher risk for ASCVD.

CONCLUSIONS
The 2017 ACC/AHA guideline brings potential for risk reduction in China and selectively recommends medication for those who would benefit most. Realizing such benefits would ultimately depend on the acceptance, adherence, and feasibility of adopting this guideline.