bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new method of improving global geopotential models regionally using GNSS/levelling data
Authors: Liang Wei , Pail Roland , Xu Xinyu , Li Jiancheng 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYIn this paper, a new method for regionally improving global geopotential models (GGMs) with global navigation satellite system (GNSS)/levelling data is proposed. In this method, the GNNS/levelling data are at first converted to disturbing potential data with inverse Bruns’ formula. Then the systematic errors in disturbing potential data are removed with a three-parameter correction surface. Afterwards, the disturbing potential data on the Earth's surface are downward continued to the surface of an inner sphere with inverse Poisson's integral equation. Global disturbing potential data on the whole sphere could be achieved with combination of the downward continued data and the GGM-derived data. At last, the final regionally improved geopotential model (RIGM) could be recovered from the disturbing potential data using least-squares method. Four RIGM models for Qingdao (QD) are determined based on four different sets of GNSS/levelling data points to validate the capability of the method. The standard deviation of height anomaly errors of RIGM-QDs are nearly 25 and 30 per cent on average smaller than Earth Gravity Model 2008 (EGM2008) on checkpoints and data points, respectively. This means that the RIGM-QDs fit better to the GNSS/levelling network in this area than EGM2008. The results show that the proposed method is successful at improving GGMs in regional area with regional GNSS/levelling data.
Mutation m.3395A &gt; G in MT-ND1 leads to variable pathologic manifestations
Authors: Gutiérrez Cortés Nicolás , Pertuiset Claire , Dumon Elodie , Börlin Marine , Da Costa Barbara , Le Guédard Marina , Stojkovic Tanya , Loundon Natalie , Rouillon Isabelle , Nadjar Yann , Letellier Thierry , Jonard Laurence , Marlin Sandrine , Rocher Christophe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA non-synonymous mtDNA mutation, m.3395A &gt; G, which changes tyrosine in position 30 to cysteine in p.MT-ND1, was found in several patients with a wide range of clinical phenotypes such as deafness, diabetes and cerebellar syndrome but no Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Although this mutation has already been described, its pathogenicity has not been demonstrated. Here, it was found isolated for the first time, allowing a study to investigate its pathogenicity. To do so, we constructed cybrid cell lines and carried out a functional study to assess the possible consequences of the mutation on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Results obtained demonstrated that this mutation causes an important dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with a decrease in both activity and quantity of complex I due to a diminution of p.MT-ND1 quantity. However, no subcomplexes were found in cybrids carrying the mutation, indicating that the quality of the complex I assembly is not affected. Moreover, based on the crystal structure of p.MT-ND1 and the data found in the literature, we propose a hypothesis for the mechanism of the degradation of p.MT-ND1. Our study provides new insights into the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases and in particular of MT-ND1 mutations.
Design, analysis and reporting of multi-arm trials and strategies to address multiple testing
Authors: Odutayo Ayodele , Gryaznov Dmitry , Copsey Bethan , Monk Paul , Speich Benjamin , Roberts Corran , Vadher Karan , Dutton Peter , Briel Matthias , Hopewell Sally , Altman Douglas G ,   and the ASPIRE study group
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
It is unclear how multiple treatment comparisons are managed in the analysis of multi-arm trials, particularly related to reducing type I (false positive) and type II errors (false negative).

Methods
We conducted a cohort study of clinical-trial protocols that were approved by research ethics committees in the UK, Switzerland, Germany and Canada in 2012. We examined the use of multiple-testing procedures to control the overall type I error rate. We created a decision tool to determine the need for multiple-testing procedures. We compared the result of the decision tool to the analysis plan in the protocol. We also compared the pre-specified analysis plans in trial protocols to their publications.

Results
Sixty-four protocols for multi-arm trials were identified, of which 50 involved multiple testing. Nine of 50 trials (18%) used a single-step multiple-testing procedures such as a Bonferroni correction and 17 (38%) used an ordered sequence of primary comparisons to control the overall type I error. Based on our decision tool, 45 of 50 protocols (90%) required use of a multiple-testing procedure but only 28 of the 45 (62%) accounted for multiplicity in their analysis or provided a rationale if no multiple-testing procedure was used. We identified 32 protocol–publication pairs, of which 8 planned a global-comparison test and 20 planned a multiple-testing procedure in their trial protocol. However, four of these eight trials (50%) did not use the global-comparison test. Likewise, 3 of the 20 trials (15%) did not perform the multiple-testing procedure in the publication. The sample size of our study was small and we did not have access to statistical-analysis plans for the included trials in our study.

Conclusions
Strategies to reduce type I and type II errors are inconsistently employed in multi-arm trials. Important analytical differences exist between planned analyses in clinical-trial protocols and subsequent publications, which may suggest selective reporting of analyses.
Early experiences with combined fellowship training in clinical informatics
Authors: Palma Jonathan P , Hron Jonathan D , Luberti Anthony A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Given the ubiquitous nature of information systems in modern health care, interest in the pursuit of formal training in clinical informatics is increasing. This interest is not restricted to generalists—informatics training is increasingly being sought by future subspecialists. The traditional structure of Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education subspecialty training requires completion of both clinical and clinical informatics fellowship programs, and understandably lacks appeal due to the time commitment required. One approach to encourage clinical informatics training is to integrate it with clinical fellowships in order to confer dual-board eligibility. In this perspective, we describe 3 successful petitions for combined training in clinical informatics in order to support other programs and the American Board of Preventive Medicine in establishing pathways for training subspecialists in clinical informatics.
Policies and procedures governing patient portal use at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Steitz Bryan D , Wong Joseph Isaac S , Cobb Jared G , Carlson Brian , Smith Gaye , Rosenbloom S Trent 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background and Objective
Patient portal use has increased over the last two decades in response to consumer demand and government regulation. Despite growing adoption, few guidelines exist to direct successful implementation and governance. We describe the policies and procedures that have governed over a decade of continuous My Health at Vanderbilt (MHAV) patient portal use.

Methods
We examined MHAV usage data between May 2007 and November 2017. We classified patient portal activity into eight functional categories: Appointment, Billing, Document Access, Genetics, Health Result, Immunization, Medication, and Messaging. We describe our operating policies and measure portal uptake, patient account activity, and function use over time.

Results
By the end of the study period, there were 375 517 registered accounts. Policies made MHAV available to competent adults and adolescents 13 and over. Patients signed up for a limited access account online, which could be upgraded to a full-access account after identity verification. Patients could assign proxy accounts to family and caregivers, which permitted nonpatient access to select MHAV functions. Laboratory and radiology results were accessible via MHAV. Results were classified into three groups based on sensitivity, which govern the length of delay before results appeared in MHAV.

Discussion and Conclusion
Patient portals offer significant opportunity to engage patients in their healthcare. However, there remains a need to understand how policies can promote uptake and use. We anticipate that other institutions can apply concepts from our policies to support meaningful patient portal engagement.
Bridging the Gap Between the Reality of Male Sexual Violence and Access to Justice and Accountability
Authors: Elliott Ingrid , Kivlahan Coleen , Rahhal Yahya 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The limited accountability achieved to date for sexual violence in conflict has largely reflected one specific form: the rape of women and girls. Investigation, prosecution and convictions for other forms of sexual violence have lagged behind significantly. This is the case for sexual violence against men and boys. Using detailed data from over 130 expert medical reports of Syrian male former detainees, the article contrasts known typology of male sexual violence in conflict with penal codes and case law across a range of jurisdictions. It also considers the broader challenges for access to justice, reparation and recovery for such victims and survivors of these crimes. The article then turns to examine how these gaps might be bridged to provide better access and outcomes for justice to male survivors of conflict-related sexual violence. It explores a local Syrian interdisciplinary approach using medical expert documentation which has opened up investigation and awareness of male sexual violence. Lastly, it sets out concluding recommendations for approaching male sexual violence in national investigations and prosecutions.
The Many Harms of Forced Marriage
Authors: Denov Myriam S , Drumbl Mark A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Harnessing an interdisciplinary framework that merges elements of law and social science, this article aims to recast the crime of forced marriage, and thereby enhance accountability, in light of knowledge acquired through ethnographic fieldwork in northern Uganda. More specifically, we draw upon the perspectives and experiences of 20 men who were ‘bush husbands’ in the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). These men were abducted by the LRA between the ages of 10 and 38 and spent between 6 and 24 years in captivity. During their time in the LRA, these men became ‘bush husbands’ with each man fathering between 1 and 11 children. In-depth interviews explored men’s perspectives and experiences related to sexual violence, forced marriage, parenthood and post-war accountability. The data reveal the complexity of men’s self-identified positions not only as high-ranking members of the LRA, but also as captives of the LRA, as victims of forced marriage, as perpetrators, and as caring fathers and husbands. These findings nuance extant understandings and assumptions of men and masculinities in the context of forced marriage. Drawing from these findings, we articulate several key implications for law — notably, that law acknowledges the harms that the crime of forced marriage and sexual violence affects and imposes on all implicated parties, including boys, girls, men, and women. While noting the gendered component of the harms of forced marriage, as well as sexual violence, that disproportionately affects women and girls, the ethnographic data suggest detaching the criminalization of forced marriage from a largely gender-based analysis to a more gender-neutral one rooted in multiparty coercion. Senior commanders who order forced marriages should face criminal sanction that recognizes the totality of the harms caused, including to both husbands and wives and the children born of these compelled unions: this move would augment the retributive, deterrent and expressive value of criminal punishment. Finally, a granular and textured understanding of forced marriage would lay groundwork for more effective, tailored and targeted reintegrative and rehabilitative programmes for all afflicted parties.
In-House and Arm’s Length: Productivity Heterogeneity and Variation in Organizational Form
Authors: Lin Stephen F , Thomas Catherine , Kalnins Arturs 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper analyzes firm boundaries in the US hotel industry. Hotel properties of a given brand are often managed either by a chain employee or by a franchisee. We document that brand properties with the lowest and the highest occupancy rates are more likely to be managed at arm’s length by franchisees. Variation in organizational form is consistent with a model in which the incentives embodied in management contracts vary with property-level productivity. We infer that most hotel chains franchise low-productivity relationships to keep property-level fixed costs low and franchise the most productive relationships to create high-powered incentives for franchisees. Franchisees of high-productivity properties face stronger incentives than the managers of both chain-managed properties and low-productivity franchises because the performance incentives in franchise contracts are proportional to hotel revenues and complement the incentives from franchisees’ property control rights. (JEL D23, F12, L23, D22)
Origen of Alexandria and the History of Racism as a Theological Problem
Authors: den Dulk Matthijs 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Despite important work on the Greco-Roman antecedents of modern racism, very limited attention has been paid to early Christian literature in this connection. This is remarkable not least because modern Western racism took shape initially in a European context heavily influenced by Christianity. The present essay contributes to addressing this lacuna by analysing statements about ‘other’ ethnicities in the work of Origen of Alexandria, one of the most important thinkers of the first three centuries ce. It argues that Origen defends a number of positions that exhibit substantial similarities with later racist modes of thinking. Earlier scholarly accounts that portray Origen as a champion of human equality and as engaged in anti-racist efforts therefore cannot stand up to scrutiny. Origen disparages certain ethnic groups and develops arguments that connect ethnic identity and geographical location with various degrees of sinfulness. His work offers clear evidence that theories of ethnic inferiority have a long history within the Christian matrix that stretches considerably beyond the modern and medieval periods.
Constraining the origin of the planetary debris surrounding ZTF J0139+5245 through rotational fission of a triaxial asteroid
Authors: Veras Dimitri , McDonald Catriona H , Makarov Valeri V 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
White dwarfs containing orbiting planetesimals or their debris represent crucial benchmarks by which theoretical investigations of post-main-sequence planetary systems may be calibrated. The photometric transit signatures of likely planetary debris in the ZTF J0139+5245 white dwarf system have an orbital period of about 110 d. An asteroid which breaks up to produce this debris may spin itself to destruction through repeated close encounters with the star without entering its Roche radius and without influence from the white dwarf’s luminosity. Here, we place coupled constraints on the orbital pericentre (q) and the ratio (β) of the middle to longest semiaxes of a triaxial asteroid which disrupts outside of this white dwarf’s Roche radius (rRoche) soon after attaining its 110-d orbit. We find that disruption within tens of years is likely when β ≲ 0.6 and q ≈ 1.0–2.0rRoche, and when β ≲ 0.2 out to q ≈ 2.5rRoche. Analysing the longer time-scale disruption of triaxial asteroids around ZTF J0139+5245 is desirable but may require either an analytical approach relying on ergodic theory or novel numerical techniques.
On the aspect ratio of ’Oumuamua : less elongated shape for irregular surface properties
Authors: Vazan Allona , Sari Re’em 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The large brightness variation in the observed light curve of ’Oumuamua is probably related to its shape, i.e. to the ratio between its longest axis and its shortest axis (aspect ratio). Several approaches found the aspect ratio of ’Oumuamua to be unusually elongated. Moreover, the spin axis orientation has to be almost perpendicular to the observer in order to obtain such an extreme light curve, a configuration which is unlikely. However, interstellar ’Oumuamua may have different surface properties than we know in our Solar system. Therefore, in this work we widen the parameter space for surface properties beyond the asteroid-like models and study its effect on ’Oumuamua’s light curve. We calculate reflection from a rotating ellipsoidal object for four models: Lambertian reflection, specular reflection, single scattering diffusive, and backscatter . We then calculate the probability to obtain a light-curve ratio larger than the observed, as a function of the object’s aspect ratio, assuming an isotopic spin orientation distribution. We find the elongation of ’Oumuamua to be less extreme for the Lambertian and specular reflection models. Consequently, the probability to observe the light-curve ratio of ’Oumuamua given its unknown spin axis orientation is larger for those models. We conclude that different surface reflection properties may suggest alternatives to the extreme shape of ’Oumuamua , relieving the need for complicated formation scenario, extreme albedo variation, or unnatural origin. Although the models suggested here are for ideal ellipsoidal shape and ideal reflection method, the results emphasize the importance of surface properties for the derived aspect ratio.
A phase I/II study of veliparib (ABT-888) with radiation and temozolomide in newly diagnosed diffuse pontine glioma: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study
Authors: Baxter Patricia A , Su Jack M , Onar-Thomas Arzu , Billups Catherine A , Li Xiao-Nan , Poussaint Tina Young , Smith Edward R , Thompson Patrick , Adesina Adekunle , Ansell Pete , Giranda Vincent , Paulino Arnold , Kilburn Lindsey , Quaddoumi Ibrahim , Broniscer Alberto , Blaney Susan M , Dunkel Ira J , Fouladi Maryam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
A Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC) phase I/II trial of veliparib and radiation followed by veliparib and temozolomide (TMZ) was conducted in children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). The objectives were to: (i) estimate the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of veliparib with concurrent radiation; (ii) evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of veliparib during radiation; (iii) evaluate feasibility of intrapatient TMZ dose escalation; (iv) describe toxicities of protocol therapy; and (v) estimate the overall survival distribution compared with historical series.

Methods
Veliparib was given Monday through Friday b.i.d. during radiation followed by a 4-week rest. Patients then received veliparib at 25 mg/m2 b.i.d. and TMZ 135 mg/m2 daily for 5 days every 28 days. Intrapatient dose escalation of TMZ was investigated for patients experiencing minimal toxicity.

Results
Sixty-six patients (65 eligible) were enrolled. The RP2D of veliparib was 65 mg/m2 b.i.d. with radiation. Dose-limiting toxicities during radiation with veliparib therapy included: grade 2 intratumoral hemorrhage (n = 1), grade 3 maculopapular rash (n = 2), and grade 3 nervous system disorder (generalized neurologic deterioration) (n = 1). Intrapatient TMZ dose escalation during maintenance was not tolerated. Following a planned interim analysis, it was concluded that this treatment did not show a survival benefit compared with PBTC historical controls, and accrual was stopped for futility. The 1- and 2-year overall survival rates were 37.2% (SE 7%) and 5.3% (SE 3%), respectively.

Conclusion
Addition of veliparib to radiation followed by TMZ and veliparib was tolerated but did not improve survival for patients with newly diagnosed DIPG.

Trial Registration
NCT01514201
The role of nutrition in asthma prevention and treatment
Authors: Alwarith Jihad , Kahleova Hana , Crosby Lee , Brooks Alexa , Brandon Lizoralia , Levin Susan M , Barnard Neal D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Prevalence has continued to rise in recent decades as Western dietary patterns have become more pervasive. Evidence suggests that diets emphasizing the consumption of plant-based foods might protect against asthma development and improve asthma symptoms through their effects on systemic inflammation, oxidation, and microbial composition. Additionally, increased fruit and vegetable intake, reduced animal product consumption, and weight management might mediate cytokine release, free radical damage, and immune responses involved in the development and course of asthma. The specific aim of this review paper is to examine the current literature on the associations between dietary factors and asthma risk and control in children and adults. Clinical trials examining the mechanism(s) by which dietary factors influence asthma outcomes are necessary to identify the potential use of nutritional therapy in the prevention and management of asthma.
Influence of the equation of state on a compact star made of hidden-sector nucleons
Authors: Maedan Shinji 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We study a compact star made of degenerate hidden-sector nucleons which will be a candidate for cold dark matter. A hidden sector like quantum chromodynamics is considered, and as the low-energy effective theory we take the (hidden-sector) $ SU(2) $ chiral sigma model including a hidden-sector vector meson. With the mean field approximation, we find that one can treat the equation of state (EOS) of our model analytically by introducing a variable which depends on the Fermi momentum. The EOS is specified by the two parameters $ C'_{\sigma} $, $ C'_{\omega} $, and we discuss how these parameters affect the mass–radius relation for a compact star as well as the EOS. The dependence of the maximum stable mass of compact stars on the parameter $ C'_{\sigma} $ will also be discussed.