bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrafraction 4D‐cone beam CT acquired during volumetric arc radiotherapy delivery: kV parameter optimization and 4D motion accuracy for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) patients
Authors: Liang Jian , Lack Danielle , Zhou Jun , Liu Qiang , Grills Inga , Yan Di 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeElekta XVI 5.0 allows for four‐dimensional cone beam computed tomography (4D CBCT) image acquisition during treatment delivery to monitor intrafraction motion. These images can have poorer image quality due to undersampling of kV projections and treatment beam MV scatter effects. We determine if a universal intrafraction preset can be used for stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) lung patients and validate the accuracy of target motion characterized by XVI intrafraction 4D CBCT.MethodsThe most critical parameter within the intrafraction preset is the nominal AcquisitionInterval, which controls kV imaging acquisition frequency. An optimal value was determined by maximizing the kV frame number acquired up to 1000 frames, typical of pretreatment 4D CBCT. CIRS motion phantom intrafraction phase images for 16 SBRT beams were obtained. Mean target position, time‐weighted standard deviation, and amplitude for these images as well as target motion for three SBRT lung patients were compared to respective pretreatment 4D CBCTs. Evaluation of intrafraction 4D CBCT reconstruction revealed inclusion of MV only images acquired to remove MV scatter effects. A workaround to remove these images was developed.ResultsAcquisitionInterval of 0.1°/frame was optimal. The number of kV frames acquired was 567–1116 and showed strong linear correlation with beam monitor unit (MUs). Phantom target motion accuracy was excellent with average differences in target position, standard deviation and amplitude range of ≤0.5 mm. Target tracking for SBRT patients also showed good agreement. Evaluation of phase sorting wave forms showed that inclusion of MV only images significantly impacts intrafraction image reconstruction for patients and use of workaround is necessary.ConclusionsA universal intrafraction imaging preset can be used safely for SBRT lung patients. The number of kV projections with MV delivery parameters varies; however images with fewer kV projections still provided accurate target position information. Impact of the reconstruction workaround was significant and is mandated for all 4D CBCT intrafraction imaging performed at our institution.
Iron homeostasis, complement, and coagulation cascade as CSF signature of cortical lesions in early multiple sclerosis
Authors: Magliozzi Roberta , Hametner Simon , Facchiano Francesco , Marastoni Damiano , Rossi Stefania , Castellaro Marco , Poli Alberto , Lattanzi Federico , Visconti Andrea , Nicholas Richard , Reynolds Richard , Monaco Salvatore , Lassmann Hans , Calabrese Massimiliano 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveIntrathecal inflammation, compartmentalized in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in meningeal infiltrates, has fundamental role in inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal injury in cerebral cortex in multiple sclerosis (MS). Since the exact link between intrathecal inflammation and mechanisms of cortical pathology remains unknown, we aimed to investigate a detailed proteomic CSF profiling which is able to reflect cortical damage in early MS.MethodsWe combined new proteomic method, TRIDENT, CSF analysis, and advanced 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in 64 MS patients at the time of diagnosis and 26 controls with other neurological disorders. MS patients were stratified according to cortical lesion (CL) load.ResultsWe identified 227 proteins differently expressed between the patients with high and low CL load. These were mainly related to complement and coagulation cascade as well as to iron homeostasis pathway (30 and 6% of all identified proteins, respectively). Accordingly, in the CSF of MS patients with high CL load at diagnosis, significantly higher levels of sCD163 (P < 0.0001), free hemoglobin (Hb) (P < 0.05), haptoglobin (P < 0.0001), and fibrinogen (P < 0.01) were detected. By contrast, CSF levels of sCD14 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in MS patients with low CL load. Furthermore, CSF levels of sCD163 positively correlated (P < 0.01) with CSF levels of neurofilament, fibrinogen, and B cell‐related molecules, such as CXCL13, CXCL12, IL10, and BAFF.InterpretationIntrathecal dysregulation of iron homeostasis and coagulation pathway as well as B‐cell and monocyte activity are strictly correlated with cortical damage at early disease stages.
Effects of Neurodynamic Mobilizations on Pain Hypersensitivity in Patients With Hand Osteoarthritis Compared to Robotic Assisted Mobilization: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pedersini Paolo , Valdes Kristin , Cantero-Tellez Raquel , Cleland Joshua A. , Bishop Mark D. , Villafañe Jorge H. 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of the neurodynamic mobilization techniques compared with passive robotic physiologic movement in patients with hand osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsWe conducted a randomized controlled trial. A total of 72 patients (mean ± SD age 71 ± 11 years) with dominant symptomatic hand OA were randomized in 2 groups, and both received 12 treatment sessions over 4 weeks. The experimental group received neurodynamic mobilization of the median, radial, and ulnar nerves, and the control group received robotic‐assisted passive movement treatment. Both groups also participated in a program of hand stability exercises. Outcome measures included pain intensity, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), and strength measurements. Group‐by‐time effects were compared using mixed‐model analyses of variance.ResultsAfter the intervention, the experimental group had statistically significant, higher PPTs than the control group at the thumb carpometacarpal joint by 0.7 kg/cm2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.6, 0.8), the median nerve by 0.7 kg/cm2 (95% CI 0.6, 0.7), and the radial nerve by 0.5 kg/cm2 (95% CI 0.3, 0.6); however, the difference was not statistically significant at 3 months postintervention. Although mean values in the experimental group were higher than in the control group at all PPT sites at both assessments, these differences were not statistically significant. The experimental group experienced a statistically significant reduction in pain immediately postintervention, but this was not present at the 3‐month follow‐up. There were no statistically significant differences in pinch or grip strength between groups.ConclusionWe found that neurodynamic mobilizations decreased hypersensitivity in patients with hand OA immediately after the intervention; however, differences were no longer present at 3 months. The results suggest that these techniques may have some limited value in the short term but do not have lasting effects.
Emergency Medicine Oral Case Presentations: Evaluation of a Novel Curriculum
Authors: Wawrykow Teresa M. J. , McColl Tamara , Velji Alkarim , Chan Ming‐Ka 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesOral case presentation (OCP) is recognized as a central educational and patient care activity, yet has not been well studied in the emergency medicine (EM) setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel curriculum on medical students’ EM‐OCP skills.MethodsAn EM‐OCP assessment tool and novel blended curriculum were developed based on results from a Canadian survey of emergency physicians and focus groups with key stakeholders. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 96 clerkship students between 2017 and 2018. Students were randomly assigned into an intervention group where they completed a novel EM‐OCP curriculum or a control group without the curriculum. A pretest baseline assessment of students’ OCP skills was performed using a standardized patient case at the beginning of their EM rotation. Similarly, all students completed a posttest assessment with a different standardized patient case at the end of their 6‐week EM rotation. Audio recordings of pre‐ and posttests were assessed using the EM‐OCP assessment tool by two blinded assessors.ResultsUsing the Kruskal‐Wallis test, all students demonstrated improvement in EM‐OCP skills between their pretest and posttest; however, those who received the curriculum (intervention group) showed significantly greater improvement in “synthesis of information,” “management,” and “overall entrustment decision” scores.ConclusionsImplementation of a novel EM‐OCP curriculum resulted in improved clinical reasoning and higher entrustment scores. This curriculum could improve OCP performance not only in EM settings but also across specialties where medical students and residents manage critically ill patients.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cascade Radical Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes with Br−CX3: Access to Bromine‐Containing Trihalomethylated Pyrrolidines
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Chen Chen , Zhao Jinghui , Liu Guiyan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe describe a novel rhodium(I)‐catalyzed cascade radical cyclization of 1,6‐enynes with Br−CX3 (X=Cl,Br). This transformation presents an efficient method for the construction of a variety of bromine‐containing trihalomethylated pyrrolidines in moderate to good yields. A possible radical pathway is proposed based on the relevant literature and control experiments. Moreover, this protocol is also applicable to 1,7‐enyne analogues.
Relation between cross‐sectional bone geometry and double zonal osteon frequency and morphology
Authors: Raguin Emeline , Drapeau Michelle S. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesWhile double‐zonal osteons (DZ) are characterized by a hyper‐mineralized ring inside their lamellae, recent findings suggest that this ring is also defined by a change in the collagen fibers' orientation. Collagen and minerals are essential components to the maintenance of adequate bone strength and their alteration can modify the mechanical properties of the bone tissue. Consequently, the aim of this study is to explore the effect of past loads, as estimated from cross‐sectional geometric properties, on the formation of DZ osteons compared to type I (common) osteons.Materials and MethodsThe sample consists of paired humerus and femur midshaft sections (n = 23) of Eurocanadian settlers from the historical St. Matthew cemetery, Quebec City (1771–1860). Histomorphometric variables included in this study are osteon density for DZ and type I osteons (DZD; OPD), osteon area (DZOn.Ar; On. Ar), Haversian canal area (DZH.Ar; H.Ar), and the area within the hypermineralized ring (HR. Ar). Loading history is estimated from cross‐sectional properties including the following variable: cortical and total area (CA, TA), maximum and minimum second moment of area (Imax, Imin) and polar moment of area (J).ResultsWhen the humerus and femur of the same individuals are compared, the femur has a higher OPD, DZD, and relative DZD (DZD/OPD). DZ osteons have a smaller area and Haversian canal area compared to type I osteons. The area within the hypermineralized ring in DZ is higher than the Haversian canal area of the type I osteons. Correlations between the residual scores of the regression of histomorphometric variables and cross‐sectional properties of the humerus on the femur were not significant.DiscussionBased on the analysis of the entire cross‐section, the lack of correlation between variations in cross‐sectional properties and remodeling combined with the significant differences between humeri and femura suggests that the creation of DZ or type I osteons in the bone tissue might be due to a bone specific response, possibly related to differences in bone tissue age that needs to be further investigated. Definitive conclusion regarding biomechanical loads still seem to be premature as regional variations associated with mechanical properties remain to be explored.
Variation in chewing efficiency of Yakushima Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui)
Authors: He Tianmeng , Honda Takeaki , Kurihara Yosuke , Thiery Ghislain 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesChewing efficiency plays an important role in the survival and distribution of primates. Yet, little is known about the intra‐specific variation of chewing efficiency. The purpose of this study is to report the pattern of seasonal and regional variation in chewing efficiency among Yakushima Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui).Materials and MethodsFecal samples of Yakushima Japanese macaques were collected from lowland, highland and summit areas in Yakushima between July 2015 and March 2016 (n = 236). Using sieving analysis, we compared fecal particle size (dMEAN) and proportion of finest particles p(0) between different geographical areas and seasons.ResultsSeasonally, in the lowland zone, there was a non‐significant decrease in dMEAN during spring, while p(0) was significantly higher during summer than it was during winter and spring. Regionally, dMEAN was higher in the summit zone than it was in other areas during autumn, while p(0) was also higher in the summit zone.ConclusionsWhile seasonal variation in dMEAN can be explained by the reported difference in the proportions of food categories in diet between seasons, its influence is mitigated, possibly by the selective feeding of less mechanically challenging parts in each category. Regional variation in dMEAN and p(0) may be the results of bamboo consumption in this area. Combining our data with studies that focus on seasonal and regional variations of food properties or gut microbes might provide a better understanding of the relation between diet, chewing and digestion in Yakushima macaques.
Modeling variation in the growth of wild and captive juvenile vervet monkeys in relation to diet and resource availability
Authors: Jarrett Jonathan D. , Bonnell Tyler , Jorgensen Matthew J. , Schmitt Christopher A. , Young Christopher , Dostie Marcus , Barrett Louise , Henzi Stephanus Peter 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo compare longitudinal weight gain in captive and wild juvenile vervet monkeys and conduct an empirical assessment of different mechanistic growth models.MethodsWeights were collected from two groups of captive monkeys and two consecutive cohorts of wild monkeys until the end of the juvenile period (~800 days). The captive groups were each fed different diets, while the wild groups experienced different ecological conditions. Three different growth curve models were compared.ResultsBy 800 days, the wild juveniles were lighter, with a slower maximum growth rate, and reached asymptote earlier than their captive counterparts. There were overall differences in weight and growth rate across the two wild cohorts. This corresponded to differences in resource availability. There was considerable overlap in growth rate and predicted adult weight of male and females in the first, but not the second, wild cohort. Maternal parity was not influential. While the von Bertalanffy curve provided the best fit to the data sets modeled together, the Logistic curve best described growth in the wild cohorts when considered separately.ConclusionsThe growth curves of the two captive cohorts are likely to lie near the maximum attainable by juvenile vervets. It may be helpful to include deviations from these rates when assessing the performance of wild vervet monkeys. The comparison of wild and captive juveniles confirmed the value of comparing different growth curve models, and an appreciation that the best models may well differ for different populations. Choice of mechanistic growth model can, therefore, be empirically justified, rather than theoretically predetermined.
High glass transition temperature shape‐memory materials: Hydroxyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane‐modified cyanate ester
Authors: Li Zhihua , Hu Jiankang , Ma Li , Liu Hongxin 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTHydroxyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS) and hydrogenated bisphenol A‐type epoxy resin (AL‐3040) were coreacted with a silane coupling agent (KH‐550) to form an AL‐3040 epoxy resin–HTPDMS block copolymer. Then, the copolymer was used as a compatibilizer to modify cyanate ester with different mass ratios. Subsequently, the blend was cured to form HTPDMS‐modified shape‐memory cyanate ester. The soft Si─O─Si segments of HTPDMS act as a flexible unit that can be grafted with the crosslinked triazine structures of cyanate ester. It was excellent for the toughening modification of cyanate ester. With increasing mass ratio of compatibilizer and cyanate ester, the tensile strength and glass transition temperature (T
g) of HTPDMS‐modified cyanate ester were decreased, whereas impact strength and elongation at break were increased. The shape‐memory tests exhibited that HTPDMS‐modified cyanate ester systems have excellent shape‐memory properties with a shape recovery rate of >96% and shape fixity rate of >97% and a recovery time of less than 110 s. Furthermore, Thermo‐Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) tests showed that HTPDMS‐modified cyanate ester exhibited good thermal stability; the temperature of 10% mass loss was high at 365 °C. The char yield was increased with increasing contents of compatibilizer at 800°C. Therefore, HTPDMS modified cyanate ester exhibited much better heat resistance at high temperature. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48641.
Polyphenol conjugated poly(beta‐amino ester) polymers with hydrogen peroxide triggered degradation and active antioxidant release
Authors: Jordan Carolyn T. , Hilt J. Zach , Dziubla Thomas D. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTOxidative stress has been implicated as a primary or secondary player to numerous diseases. A potential approach to control oxidative stress induced diseases is to deliver small antioxidant compounds to compromised sites at equivalent rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This becomes a complicated task as antioxidant molecules typically have poor bioavailability and stability. Antioxidants synthesized into poly(beta‐amino ester) (PBAE) crosslinked polymers have shown improved delivery by enhancing stability while allowing controlled release through hydrolysis. The tunable crosslinked networks show significant response to specific oxidizing environments, where free radicals can be present. Curcumin conjugated PBAE bulk films have proportional rates of accelerated degradation, thus faster release of curcumin, in a range of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), where 2′2‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride has no substantial impact. This effect suggests the possibility to create a system that releases its therapeutic agent in direct relationship to the need through ROS signaling. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48647.
Cellulose nanocrystals as a compatibilizer for improved miscibility of water‐soluble polymer binary blends
Authors: Surov Oleg V. , Voronova Marina I. , Rubleva Natalia V. , Afineevskii Andrei V. , Zakharov Anatoly G. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTCellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been studied as compatibilizers for improving the interfacial miscibility of polymer binary blends. Binary blends of water‐soluble polymers–poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene oxide), and polyvinylpyrrolidone—containing different amounts of CNC (16 and 25 wt %) were prepared by a solution casting method. For the first time, a systematic side‐by‐side comparison between the morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of the polymer blends reinforced by CNC has been conducted. It has been determined that in the presence of CNC, the degree of crystallinity of the blend components decreased and the miscibility of the blends increased. The blends possess enhanced thermal and mechanical properties as a result of improved miscibility of the blend components. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48662.
Humerus osteology, myology, and finite element structure analysis of Cheloniidae
Authors: Krahl Anna , Lipphaus Andreas , Sander Martin P. , Maffucci Fulvio , Hochscheid Sandra , Witzel Ulrich 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAdaptation of osteology and myology lead to the formation of hydrofoil foreflippers in Cheloniidae (all recent sea turtles except Dermochelys coriacea) which are used mainly for underwater flight. Recent research shows the biomechanical advantages of a complex system of agonistic and antagonistic tension chords that reduce bending stress in bones. Finite element structure analysis (FESA) of a cheloniid humerus is used to provide a better understanding of morphology and microanatomy and to link these with the main flipper function, underwater flight. Dissection of a Caretta caretta gave insights into lines of action, that is, the course that a muscle takes between its origin and insertion, of foreflipper musculature. Lines of action were determined by spanning physical threads on a skeleton of Chelonia mydas. The right humerus of this skeleton was micro‐CT scanned. Based on the scans, a finite element (FE) model was built and muscle force vectors were entered. Muscle forces were iteratively approximated until a uniform compressive stress distribution was attained. Two load cases, downstroke and upstroke, were computed. We found that muscle wrappings (m. coracobrachialis magnus and brevis, several extensors, humeral head of m. triceps) are crucial in addition to axial loading to obtain homogenous compressive loading in all bone cross‐sections. Detailed knowledge on muscle disposition leads to compressive stress distribution in the FE model which corresponds with the bone microstructure. The FE analysis of the cheloniid humerus shows that bone may be loaded mainly by compression if the bending moments are minimized.
Dasotraline as a selective cytochrome 2B6 inhibitor for reaction phenotyping
Authors: Yang Xin , Ryu Sangwoo , Di Li 
Published: November 2019

AbstractReaction phenotyping using human liver microsomes or hepatocytes with chemical inhibitors is one of the most commonly applied methods to assess the fraction metabolized (fm) of drug candidates by enzymes. The fm information is critical to understanding the risk of victim drug–drug interactions in the clinic. Inhibitor selectivity is essential in order to generate reliable data and irreversible inhibitors are often preferred over reversible inhibitors to minimize the impact of inhibitor depletion. Although many selective cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors are available, the identification of selective CYP2B6 inhibitors has been challenging due to cross inhibition to the other enzymes. In this study, dasotraline was evaluated as a selective inactivator of CYP2B6 under reaction phenotyping conditions with human hepatocytes. The results show that dasotraline is a very selective inactivator for CYP2B6 with minimal inhibition to other enzymes. A concentration of 0.1 μM dasotraline is recommended for reaction phenotyping with a hepatocyte cell density of 0.5 million cells/ml or 0.5 μM for 2 million cells/ml, when using a 15 minute preincubation, as well as the protocol of inactivator removal before the addition of substrates.