bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dark cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are formed in the epidermis of Fitzpatrick skin types I/II and VI in vivo after exposure to solar‐simulated radiation
Authors: Fajuyigbe Damilola , Douki Thierry , van Dijk Arjan , Sarkany Robert P. E. , Young Antony R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionUnlike “light” cylobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) formed during ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, dark CPD (dCPD) are formed afterwards. Studies have attributed this to delayed melanin sensitization. There are no data on the role of melanin in dCPD formation in human skin.Methods and ResultsVolunteers of Fitzpatrick skin types (FST I/II vs. VI) were exposed to erythemally equivalent doses of solar simulated radiation. CPD were assessed by semi‐quantitative immunostaining in whole epidermis and in three epidermal zones, and quantitative HPLC‐MS/MS (whole epidermis) at different times post‐exposure up to 24 hr. A CPD peak that appeared at 1–2 hr post‐exposure in whole epidermis measurements, in all skin types, demonstrated dCPD. However, both dCPD and light CPD were absent in the basal layer of FST VI with the greatest melanin concentration. Modelling the whole epidermis data showed no differences between the repair kinetics of FST I/II and VI.DiscussionMelanin may be a sensitizer or “sunscreen” for dCPD depending on its location and concentration. Previous CPD repair studies in human skin have assumed peak CPD immediately after UVR exposure and so have overestimated total repair.
Tick‐virus interactions: Current understanding and future perspectives
Authors: Hart Charles Edward , Thangamani Saravanan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTicks are the primary vector of arboviruses in temperate climates worldwide. They are both the vector of these pathogens to humans and an integral component of the viral sylvatic cycle. Understanding the tick‐pathogen interaction provides information about the natural maintenance of these pathogens and informs the development of countermeasures against human infection. In this review, we discuss currently available information on tick‐viral interactions within the broader scope of general tick immunology. While the tick immune response to several pathogens has been studied extensively, minimal work centres on responses to viral infection. This is largely due to the high pathogenicity of tick‐borne viruses; this necessitates high‐containment laboratories or low‐pathogenicity substitute viruses. This has biased most research towards tick‐borne flaviviruses. More work is required to fully understand the role of tick‐virus interaction in sylvatic cycling and transmission of diverse tick‐borne viruses.
Characteristics of follicular dynamics and reproductive hormone profiles during oestrous cycles of jennies over an entire year
Authors: Li Nan , Yang Feng , Yu Jie , Yang Weigang , Wu Shuaishuai , Ma Jinliang , Liu Bing , Zhang Ruitao , Zhou Xiangshan , Losinno Luis , Miragaya Marcelo H. , Zeng Shenming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough donkeys have been domesticated for over 6,000 years, limited information is available concerning their reproductive physiology, especially under intensive rearing conditions. The aims of this experiment were to study follicular dynamics and reproductive hormone variation in jennies during the inter‐ovulatory interval in different seasons. A total of 12 continuous cycles of six Dezhou Black (DB) donkey jennies were examined in four different seasons. The diameters of the six largest follicles of each jenny were measured daily by ultrasonography, and blood samples were collected at fixed times for reproductive hormone assays. The results demonstrated that most jennies displayed regular oestrous cycles in all seasons. The follicular dynamics were similar in Spring, Summer and Winter, while the jennies had longer oestrous cycles with delayed follicular deviation and dominant selection in Autumn. At least two follicular waves were observed in each oestrous cycle, throughout the study, but two jennies presented oestrous cycles with three follicular waves in the Autumn. The numbers of follicular waves were consistent with the numbers of FSH surges. Oestrous characteristics of the jennies in a large herd were also analysed. The results showed that the rates of regular oestrous cycles were 83.1% (265/319), 89.6% (215/240), 80.2% (235/293) and 77.1% (178/231), with 26.4% (70/265), 19.5% (42/215), 22.1% (52/235) and 23.0% (41/178) double ovulation rates in Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, respectively. The results presented may be useful for donkey farms in the design of breeding strategies.
Translation and adaption of the Yale Swallow Protocol for a Danish intensive care setting
Authors: Nielsen Anne Højager , Gow Neil Duncan , Svenningsen Helle 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDysphagia related to intubation affects almost one in five patients in the intensive care unit; it may vary due to fluctuations in cerebral status and fatigue and lead to pneumonia, re‐intubation and increased mortality. Taking care of patients' nutritional needs is an integral part of nursing and nurses must therefore be able to assess risk of dysphagia at all hours. However, Danish validated methods for use in the critically ill patient population are lacking.AimTo translate and adapt the Yale Swallow Protocol method for implementation in a Danish intensive care unit setting.MethodsTranslation and adaption followed WHO's recommendations for translation and adaption of instruments. Face validity of the Danish version was evaluated in four group interviews. These were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed using deductive content analysis. All interviewees gave informed consent.FindingsThe translated version of the Yale Swallow Protocol was easy to understand, although nurses needed to have the method explained and needed training in using the method. In addition, the Yale Swallow Protocol must be adapted to local practice in terms of identifying patients at risk of dysphagia and deciding where to document results of the screening.ConclusionThe translated version of the Yale Swallow Protocol proved conceptually and culturally sound and acceptable to intensive care unit nurses. Implementation should be followed by theoretical and practical training to build a nursing vocabulary relating to dysphagia and strengthen nurses' sensitivity to clinical manifestations consistent with dysphagia.
Privacy violations and procedural justice in the United States prisons and jails
Authors: Ingel Sydney , Richards‐Karamarkovich Arden , Bietsch Stephanie , Rudes Danielle S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThrough constitutional amendments and case law, the United States citizens receive privacy protections. These same protections do not exist for individuals incarcerated in prisons and jails. Instead, their privacy rights are regularly replaced by larger institutional concerns for security, safety, and control. Such privacy violation measures may include electronic surveillance, recording of phone calls, opening/reading of mail, and searches of their person, cell, and property. Although it is expected that incarcerated individuals have fewer privacy rights than nonincarcerated citizens, some privacy violations may be perceived as procedurally unjust due to their severity and infringement upon incarcerated individuals' rights to dignity and respect. This has implications for the well‐being of incarcerated individuals, the legitimacy of correctional officers, and as a result, the potential safety and security of institutions.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis as an independent risk factor for cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplant
Authors: Rashidi‐Alavijeh Jassin , Crämer Jens Christoph , Sauter Helena Louisa , Willuweit Katharina , Straub Katja , Wedemeyer Heiner , Herzer Kerstin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most common infectious complications after solid organ transplant; it is associated with morbidity and mortality and with many direct and indirect effects. However, monitoring and therapeutic procedures are very heterogeneous across treatment centers. Additionally, factors that place patients at risk of CMV infection are poorly defined.MethodsClinical and demographic data from 833 LT recipients and their donors were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analysis were applied. CMV infection was detected by quantitative nucleic acid testing with a lower limit of detection of 40 IU/mL.ResultsIn total, 192 of 833 patients (23%) experienced at least one episode of CMV infection after LT; CMV infection occurred to a large extent during the first year after transplant (70%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CMV donor‐recipient risk constellation (OR 2.05, 95% CI) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) before LT (OR 3.76, 95% CI) are independent risk factors for CMV infection after LT.ConclusionPatients with high‐risk serostatus, PSC, or both should be monitored more thoroughly and should receive prolonged prophylaxis against CMV infection.
Running at Increasing Intensities in the Heat Induces Transient Gut Perturbations
Authors: Wallett Alice M. , Etxebarria Naroa , Beard Nicole A. , Saunders Philo U. , Welvaert Marijke , Périard Julien D. , McKune Andrew J. , Pyne David B. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose: The risk of exercise-induced endotoxemia is increased in the heat and is primarily attributable to changes in gut permeability resulting in the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the circulation. The purpose of this study was to quantify the acute changes in gut permeability and LPS translocation during submaximal continuous and high-intensity interval exercise under heat stress. Methods: A total of 12 well-trained male runners (age 37 [7] y, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 61.0 [6.8] mL·min−1·kg−1) undertook 2 treadmill runs of 2 × 15-minutes at 60% and 75% VO2max and up to 8 × 1-minutes at 95% VO2max in HOT (34°C, 68% relative humidity) and COOL (18°C, 57% relative humidity) conditions. Venous blood samples were collected at the baseline, following each running intensity, and 1 hour postexercise. Blood samples were analyzed for markers of intestinal permeability (LPS, LPS binding protein, and intestinal fatty acid–binding protein). Results: The increase in LPS binding protein following each exercise intensity in the HOT condition was 4% (5.3 μg·mL−1, 2.4–8.4; mean, 95% confidence interval, P < .001), 32% (4.6 μg·mL−1, 1.8–7.4; P = .002), and 30% (3.0 μg·mL−1, 0.03–5.9; P = .047) greater than in the COOL condition. LPS was 69% higher than baseline following running at 75% VO2max in the HOT condition (0.2 endotoxin units·mL−1, 0.1–0.4; P = .011). Intestinal fatty acid–binding protein increased 43% (2.1 ng·mL−1, 0.1–4.2; P = .04) 1 hour postexercise in HOT compared with the COOL condition. Conclusions: Small increases in LPS concentration during exercise in the heat and subsequent increases in intestinal fatty acid–binding protein and LPS binding protein indicate a capacity to tolerate acute, transient intestinal disturbance in well-trained endurance runners.
Test–Retest Reliability of Plantar Flexion Torque Generation During a Functional Knee Extended Position in Older and Younger Men
Authors: Ugliara Lucas , Tufano James J. , Bottaro Martim , Vieira Amilton 
Published: December 2020

Measuring ankle torque is of paramount importance. This study compared the test–retest reliability of the plantar flexion torque–generating capacity between older and younger men. Twenty-one older (68 ± 6 years) and 22 younger (25 ± 5 years) men were tested twice for maximal isometric plantar flexion. Peak torque (PT), rate of torque development, and contractile impulses (CI) were obtained from 0 to 50 ms (rate of torque development0–50; CI0–50) and from 100 to 200 ms (rate of torque development100–200; CI100–200). Typical error as the coefficient of variation (CVTE) and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to assess test–retest reliability. Student’s t test was applied to investigate systematic errors. The CVTE ratio was used for between-group comparisons. Only PT demonstrated acceptable reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ .75 and CV ≤ 10%). Older men demonstrated greater CVTE than younger men for PT (ratio = 2.24), but lesser for rapid torque (ratio ≤ 0.84). Younger men demonstrated systematic error for PT (6.5%) and CI100–200 (−8.9%). In conclusion, older men demonstrated greater variability for maximal torque output, but lesser for rapid torque.
Study protocol epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review
Authors: Weidner Jens , Kern Ivana , Manuwald Ulf , Kugler Joachim , Rothe Ulrike 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThe incidence and prevalence of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood and adolescence is increasing and varies internationally. The systematic literature review aims to describe international epidemiological trends of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases in the child and adolescence age. A period from 1970 to 2019 will be taken into account when searching for suitable studies as well as geographical differences in the development of incidences will be presented.Methods and analysisThe literature databases PubMed and Embase will be searched for the period from 01 January 1970 to 31 December 2019 using linked keywords. A manual search in bibliographies of already published and relevant systematic reviews will complete the systematic literature search. The included studies will be combined in a qualitative and quantitative synthesis and statistically evaluated.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this study as it is a systematicreview. The results will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented in national andinternational meetings. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency inthe public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. This systematic review protocol was registeredwith the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO-NR:CRD42020168644).
MeVO SAVE technique: initial experience with the 167 cm long NeuroSlider 17 for a combined approach in medium vessel occlusions (MeVOs)
Authors: Pérez-García Carlos , Rosati Santiago , Gómez-Escalonilla Carlos , López-Frías Alfonso , Arrazola Juan , Moreu Manuel 
Published: December 2020

Goyalet aldescribed occlusions in M2/3, A2/3 and P2/3 as medium vessel occlusions (MeVOs); the only available controlled data of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in MeVOs is limited to the middle cerebral artery M2 segment, suggesting that MT may be effective and safe with high functional independence and recanalization rates. The Stent retriever Assisted Vacuum-locked Extraction (SAVE) technique in mechanical thrombectomy consists of the simultaneous use of a stent retriever and a distal aspiration catheter (DAC), with the removal of both as a unit when performing the thrombectomy pass; however, so far the low-profile (0.035 inch distal inner diameter) DACs were longer (160 cm) than conventional 0.017 inch microcatheters for MeVOs. We present a case of a combined approach MT in MeVO with the use of the new 167 cm long NeuroSlider 17 (Acandis, Pforzheim, Germany) 0.0165 inch microcatheter and 3MAX (Penumbra, Alameda, CA) through the SAVE technique—the MeVO SAVE technique. (video 1).video 1.
BODY MASS INDEX OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGICAL PATIENTS IN JEJU — DOES IT REFLECT THE KOREANS’ NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Authors: Moon Myung-Sang , Kim Bum Soo , Kim Seong-Tae , Choi Won Rak , Lim Hyeon Gyu 
Published: December 2020

Purpose: To assess the preoperative body mass indices of various orthopaedic conditions, there are a few previous nutritional studies in surgical patients, and none did solely the BMI study in general population in Korea. The current authors planned indirectly to evaluate the Koreans’ obesity. Methods: BMI was used to assess the obesity status of the 2063 orthopaedic patients who were subjected to surgeries; 1272 fractures, 490 various elective surgeries, 232 arthroplasties, 59 musculoskeletal infections, and 10 uninfected diabetics, in Jeju island. Results: Among total 2063 patients, 101 patients (4.8%) had underweight, normal weight in 1220 patients (59.1%), overweight in 630 (30.5%), and the so-called “obese” in 124 cases (6.0%). The obesity in detail of each group is listed in Table 2–6. Among 1272 fracture cases, underweight in 79 (6.2%), normal weight in 752 (61.5%), overweight in 345 (27.1%), and overall class I–III obese in 66 (5.1%). 490 elective surgery patients had overweight in 34.5% and obese in 7.1%. The incidences of obesity in each condition are nearly similar, ranging from 5.2% to 7.3% except for the diabetic one. Conclusions: This study on BMI of the orthopaedic patients disclosed that the incidence of obesity is not high yet in Jeju islanders, in spite of the highly improved living standard.
Delayed Respiratory Failure After Blunt Chest Trauma
Authors: Martin Christina S. , Lu Ning , Inouye David S. , Nakagawa Kazuma , Ng Karen , Yu Mihae , Hayashi Michael S. 
Published: December 2020

Background Patient factors associated with delayed respiratory failure (DRF) after blunt chest trauma are not well documented. Earlier identification and closer monitoring may improve outcomes for these patients. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and clinical predictors of DRF in patients after blunt chest trauma. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of adult patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center after blunt chest trauma between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2013, was conducted. Patients with early respiratory failure were compared to patients with DRF using Fisher’s exact tests, chi square, and Student’s t-tests. A P-value of <.05 was considered significant. Results 1299 patients had blunt chest trauma and at least 1 rib fracture, of which 830 met inclusion criteria. 5.8% of patients progressed to respiratory failure. Respiratory failure was delayed in 25% of these patients. DRF patients had significantly lower ISS (16.5 vs. 22.7, P = .04), more bilateral rib fractures (66.7% vs. 28.7%, P = .02) and fewer pulmonary contusions (16.7% vs. 50.0%, P = .04). Discussion Injury patterns, including bilateral rib fractures without pulmonary contusions and low but severe Injury Severity Score burden, may help identify high-risk patients who may benefit from closer monitoring and more aggressive therapy.
The effect of haemolysis on the direct and indirect ion selective electrode measurement of sodium
Authors: Kalaria Tejas , Gill Henry , Harris Steve , Ford Clare , Gama Rousseau 
Published: December 2020

Background We compared the effect of haemolysis in sodium measurement using indirect and direct ion-selective electrodes to test the hypothesis that haemolytic effect on sodium would be greater with indirect ion-selective electrode due to electrolyte exclusion effect from released intracellular proteins. Methods Plasma lithium heparin samples ( n = 36) from four volunteers were prepared to give a range of haemolytic indices (H-indices). Samples were analysed for sodium by indirect ion-selective electrode, H-index and total protein on an Abbott Architect c16000 and sodium by direct ion-selective electrode on a Siemens RAPIDPoint 500. Percentage changes in sodium in paired direct and indirect ion-selective electrode values were compared. Results Abbott H-index, which represents haemoglobin concentration in g/L, correlated with percentage negative change in sodium by direct ion-selective electrode (ρ 0.995, P < 0.001) and indirect ion-selective electrode (ρ 0.991, P < 0.001). Percentage negative change was less when sodium was measured by direct ion-selective electrode compared to indirect ion-selective electrode (Wilcoxon signed-rank Z = 3.46, P = 0.01). The difference in percentage change in sodium between direct ion-selective electrode and indirect ion-selective electrode correlated with total protein (ρ 0.751, P < 0.001). The negative bias in sodium results exceeded the reference change value of 2.2% at an H-index of 8.31 for indirect ion-selective electrode and 9.26 for direct ion-selective electrode. Conclusion Haemolysis causes negative influence with sodium measured by both indirect and direct ion-selective electrode due to a dilutional hyponatremia. The additional interference in indirect ion-selective electrode is due to the electrolyte exclusion effect but this is unlikely to be clinically significant as it is small in magnitude.
Religious coping in the time of COVID-19 Pandemic in India and Nigeria: Finding of a cross-national community survey
Authors: Fatima Huma , Oyetunji Tosin Philip , Mishra Sudha , Sinha Krittika , Olorunsogbon Olorunyomi Felix , Akande Oluwayemi Samson , Srinivasan  , Kar Sujita Kumar 
Published: December 2020

Background: Religious and spiritual coping strategies is one of the possible tools that can be used to deal with stress and the negative consequences of life problems and illnesses. The study aims to assess religious coping in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: It was an online survey. The sample was collected using a snowball sampling technique as the data were collected through Google forms. The survey started on 22 April 2020 and was closed on 28 May 2020. The participants were from two countries, India and Nigeria. The inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 60 years, having completed at least 10 years of formal education, and have internet access. For data collection, Semi-structured proforma (demographic and personal characteristics) and Brief RCOPE was used to see the extent to which individuals engage in positive and negative forms of religious coping. Results: A total of 647 individuals (360 from Nigeria and 287 from India) participated in the survey. A total of 188 (65.5%) participants in India reported no change in their religious activities since they heard about COVID-19, while, 160 (44.4%) in Nigeria reported a decrease in religious activities. Positive religious coping in the Nigerian population was significantly higher than the Indian population. Similarly, negative religious coping was significantly higher (for most of the items in the brief RCOPE) in the Indian population than the Nigerian population. Conclusion: Significant percentages of people after the COVID-19 pandemic took religious coping steps to overcome their problems. During this pandemic, positive religious coping among the Indian and Nigerian communities is more prevalent than negative religious coping. There is a substantial cross-national difference between Indians and Nigerians in the religious coping modes.