bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term trends in colorectal cancer: incidence, localization, and presentation
Authors: Høydahl Øystein , Edna Tom-Harald , Xanthoulis Athanasios , Lydersen Stian , Endreseth Birger Henning 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess trends in incidence and presentation of colorectal cancer (CRC) over a period of 37 years in a stable population in Mid-Norway. Secondarily, we wanted to predict the future burden of CRC in the same catchment area. Methods All 2268 patients diagnosed with CRC at Levanger Hospital between 1980 and 2016 were included in this study. We used Poisson regression to calculate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and analyse factors associated with incidence. Results The incidence of CRC increased from 43/100,000 person-years during 1980–1984 to 84/100,000 person-years during 2012–2016. Unadjusted IRR increased by 1.8% per year, corresponding to an overall increase in incidence of 94.5%. Changes in population (ageing and sex distribution) contributed to 28% of this increase, whereas 72% must be attributed to primary preventable factors associated with lifestyle. Compared with the last observational period, we predict a further 40% increase by 2030, and a 70% increase by 2040. Acute colorectal obstruction was associated with tumours in the left flexure and descending colon. Spontaneous colorectal perforation was associated with tumours in the descending colon, caecum, and sigmoid colon. The incidence of obstruction remained stable, while the incidence of perforation decreased throughout the observational period. The proportion of earlier stages at diagnosis increased significantly in recent decades. Conclusion CRC incidence increased substantially from 1980 to 2016, mainly due to primary preventable factors. The incidence will continue to increase during the next two decades, mainly due to further ageing of the population.
Health-seeking behavior of patients with COVID-19 infection
Authors: Tian Sijia , Li Dou , Lou Jing , Niu Shengmei , Lian Huixin , Kang Xuqin , Zhang Luxi , Zhang Jinjun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged across the world, and the disease course can be affected by health-seeking behavior of patients. This study aimed to explore the influence of the health-seeking behavior of patients with COVID-19 on disease process.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the health-seeking behavior of discharged patients with COVID-19 infection. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the times of visiting hospital, and the Mann-Whitney U and the Chi-square test were used to compare the difference.Results: 138 discharged patients infected with COVID-19 were enrolled in our study as of Feb 20th, 2020. 68(49.3%) patients were male, with the median age of 40 years old. There were significant difference in contact history of being to Wuhan in last 14 days (A=6.799, P=0.033), contacting with confirmed case in last 14 days (b=9.321, P=0.009) and the type of hospital first visited (s=29.317, P<0.001).The health-seeking behavior can significantly affect the duration between the first hospital visit and confirmed diagnosis (t=6.445, P=0.002), symptoms onset and confirmed diagnosis (r=4.591, P=0.012), as well as symptoms onset and hospitalization (a=4.404, P=0.014). As the epidemic developed, the time interval from symptom onset to first hospital visit had been decreased gradually from Jan 12 to Feb 15.Conclusions: Health-seeking behavior of patients were different as the epidemic developed and the strategies taken by government. It’s necessary to improve epidemic acknowledge and awareness of citizens to contain the outbreak.
Mechanism of baricitinib supports artificial intelligence-predicted testing in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Stebbing Justin , Krishnan Venkatesh , de Bono Stephanie , Ottaviani Silvia , Casalini Giacomo , Richardson Peter J. , Monteil Vanessa , Lauschke Volker M. , Mirazimi Ali , Terres Jorge A. Ross , Nickoloff Brian J. , Higgs Richard E. , Rocha Guilherme , Byers Nicole L. , Schlichting Douglas E. , Cardoso Anabela , Corbellino Mario 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Baricitinib, is an oral Janus kinase (JAK)1/JAK2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that was independently hypothesized, using artificial intelligence (AI)-algorithms, to be useful for the treatment of COVID-19 infection via a proposed anti-cytokine effects and as an inhibitor of host cell viral propagation1,2. We validated the AI-predicted biochemical inhibitory effects of baricitinib on human numb-associated kinase (hNAK) members measuring nanomolar affinities for AAK1, BIKE, and GAK. Inhibition of NAKs led to reduced viral infectivity with baricitinib using human primary liver spheroids, which express hAAK1 and hGAK. We evaluated the in vitro pharmacology of baricitinib across relevant leukocyte subpopulations coupled to its in vivo pharmacokinetics and showed it inhibited signaling of cytokines implicated in COVID-19 infection. In a case series of patients with bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia, baricitinib treatment was associated with clinical and radiologic recovery, a rapid decline in SARS-CoV-2 viral load, inflammatory markers, and IL-6 levels. This represents an important example of an AI-predicted treatment showing scientific and clinical promise during a global health crisis. Collectively, these data support further evaluation of the AI-derived hypothesis on anti-cytokine and anti-viral activity and supports its assessment in randomized trials in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Machine learning: a predication model of outcome of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia
Authors: Wu Gang , Zhou Shuchang , Wang Yujin , Li Xiaoming 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in thousands of deaths in the world. Information about prediction model of prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is scarce. We used machine learning for processing laboratory findings of 110 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (including 51 non-survivors and 59 discharged patients). The maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) algorithm and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression model were used for selection of laboratory features. Seven laboratory features selected by machine learning were: prothrombin activity, urea, white blood cell, interleukin-2 receptor, indirect bilirubin, myoglobin, and fibrinogen degradation products. The signature constructed using the seven features had 98% [93%, 100%] sensitivity and 91% [84%, 99%] specificity in predicating outcome of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Thus it is feasible to establish an accurate prediction model of outcome of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with machine learning.
Risk factors associated with fatal outcomes of novel coronavirus infection pneumonia (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Can , Yan Danying , Zhou Yuqing , Tian Guo , Wu Jie , Liu Xiaoxiao , Huang Chenyang , Fu Xiaofang , Ding Cheng , Lan Lei , Wang Chencheng , Wu Wei , Hecht Robert , Zhu Changtai , Li Lanjuan , Yang Shigui 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 infection has caused 111652 deaths worldwide as of 13 April 2020. Risk factors for fatal outcomes of COVID-19 have varied across studies due to limited samples and have lacked effective qualitative and quantitative measurements. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate risk factors for fatal outcomes of COVID-19.Methods: Data on demographic, clinic, laboratory findings and complications were extracted. Quantitative and qualitative synthesis was conducted for weighted-mean-difference (WMD) and odds-ratio (OR).Results: A total of 30 studies involving 5741 survivors and 1670 deaths were included. The death cases were significantly older than survivors (WMD=15.36, 95% CI: 12.90-17.82), male and smoking history showed higher risk to develop fatal outcome (OR=3.37, 95% CI: 2.27-5.01; OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.02-1.83, respectively). The clinical symptoms including dyspnea (OR=4.63, 95% CI: 2.85-7.54), hemoptysis (OR=3.11, 95% CI: 1.26-7.56), malaise (OR=2.44, 95% CI: 1.49-3.97). comorbidities with coronary heart disease (OR=4.36, 95% CI: 1.91-9.97), COPD (OR=3.70, 95% CI: 2.03-6.73) and cardiovascular disease (OR=3.45, 95% CI: 2.54-4.70). Compared to survivors, many laboratory indexes increased in deaths group, including serum ferritin (WMD=741.47, 95% CI: 566.77-916.16), lactate dehydrogenase (WMD=226.86, 95% CI: 177.08-276.64) and myoglobin (WMD=102.58, 95% CI: 65.12-140.04), and the decreased indexes included PaO2/FiO2 (WMD=-71.61, 95% CI: -134.11 to -9.11), platelets (WMD=-41.09, 95% CI: -47.33 to -34.85) and PaO2 (WMD=-26.09, 95% CI: -38.9 to -13.29). Main complications contributed to the fatal outcome included sepsis (OR=184.61, 95% CI: 33.43-1019.42), shock (OR=133.76, 95% CI: 36.86-485.34) and respiratory failure (OR=47.37, 95% CI: 20.65-108.66). Conclusion: The main risk factors associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19 involved male, older age, smoking history, chronic medical conditions including coronary heart disease, COPD and cardiovascular disease, clinical symptoms including dyspnea, hemoptysis and malaise, the increased laboratory indexes including serum ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin, the decreased indexes including PaO2/FiO2, platelets and PaO2, main complications including sepsis, shock and respiratory failure. These factors could be considered in triaging patients and allocating medical resources when such medical resources are scarce, devising improved protocols for patient diagnosis and management, and developing new drugs and other therapies to treat COVID-19 patients.
Hydrodynamic conceptual model of groundwater in the headwater of the Rio de Oro, Santander (Colombia) by geochemical and isotope tools
Authors: Cetina M. , Taupin J-D. , Gómez S. , Patris N. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks, with low to no primary porosity, outcrop in the La Moza micro-basin stream (headwater of the Rio de Oro). In this high mountain system, water isotopic composition of rainwater, water isotopes and geochemistry of groundwater (springs) and surface water were determined. Groundwater flows are associated to phreatic aquifers in relationship with secondary porosity generated by fracturing, which is increased by dissolution processes in case of carbonate formation producing karstic systems and by the weathering phenomenon mainly affecting granodioritic rocks. Water geochemistry shows low to medium electrical conductivity (EC) depending on the geological formation, but a unique calcium bicarbonate facies. Spring water EC shows limited temporal variations. The isotopic composition of spring indicates a meteoric origin, local infiltration and groundwater flows with low residence time. A conceptual model of the recharge zone is proposed that crosses the surface watershed and covers part of the adjacent Rio Jordán basin, where the Berlin Paramo is located.
Experimental results of the hydrological performance of a permeable pavement laboratory rig
Authors: Ioannidou Vasiliki G. , Arthur Scott 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
There is an increasing number of everyday flood incidents around the world, the impact of which poses a challenge to society, the economy and the environment. Under the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), green infrastructure through the use of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) is the recommended policy to manage and treat storm water runoff. Given the limited published experimental information on permeable interlocking concrete block pavements (PICPs), this paper presents novel results from an experimental laboratory study on a permeable interlocking concrete block pavement rig, investigating the short-term hydrology of the pavement, and water quality aspects related to the retention capacity of suspended solids (SS) through the pavement structure. Results of the volume analysis demonstrate high capability of the permeable structure to reduce the concentration time and attenuate the storm. Water quality testing was employed mainly as an indicator of the tendency of the suspended solids retention by the structure, indicating increasing tendency in the sediment mass retention progressively after each rainfall event. Experimental results obtained in the present study have direct application on the implementation of PICPs in car parking lots, urbanised pavement structures and pedestrianised walkways.
Water treatment in rural Guatemala: factors associated with the use of biosand water filters
Authors: Wu Chi-Fang , Piedra Lissette M. , Matthew Lenore E. , Rhodes Emily C. , Nguyen Thanh H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Point-of-use water filters are a means to provide clean water vital to the health of people in developing countries. The factors that influence the adoption of this technology include hygiene knowledge, health beliefs related to the use of new technology, and technical issues with using the filter (e.g., water taste and breakage). This study examines how people in Mayan communities in rural Guatemala perceived biosand filters they had received and what factors related to their filter use. Based on the survey and interviewer observations, approximately 53% were regular filter users, 28% were irregular filter users, and 19.4% were non-filter users. The observational data revealed that actual filter use is lower than self-reported use, reflecting complexities in the adoption of technology. One such complexity can be seen in the connection between health beliefs and behavior. The belief that believing drinking filtered water is salubrious does not necessarily coincide with filter use, but education and hygienic practices correlated with regular filter use. Furthermore, regular users typically depend on family members for a daily reminder to use the filter, suggesting that education should foster peer support as well as imparting knowledge.
Development of a minimalist conceptual numerical model for flood forecasting and management under GIS environment
Authors: Boudani Mustapha Rabie , Mazour Mohamed , Mazighi Hichem , Djoukbala Omar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe floods that Algeria has experienced in recent years are among the most significant natural disasters recorded by the country. These disasters, whose amplitude and frequency have tended to become increasingly irregular in space and time, in the current context of global climate change, encourage us to improve our flood management and forecasting strategies, notably through the re-evaluation of protection structure capacities, designed on the basis of hydrological data analyzed by statistical adjustment of past rainfall hazards. The objective of this study is to develop a minimalist conceptual numerical model for flood forecasting and management under GIS environment for the north-east region of Algeria. This model was developed by analyzing hydrographic data that can be adapted to climate data collected in real time, to predict short-term flood hydrographs in all segments of the hydrographic network, based on the Sokolovsky model for construction of synthetic hydrographs, combined with the Horton architecture for basin discretization. We obtained accuracy on past rainfall hazard simulations around 65.2% for peak flow amplitudes and 88.3% for surface runoff base times. This low-cost simple model opens the way to more possibilities in flood management, and can be improved through better spatialization and calibration with more field data.
Integrated assessment of the influence of climate change on current and future intra-annual water availability in the Vaal River catchment
Authors: Remilekun Akanbi T. , Thando Ndarana , Nerhene Davis , Archer Emma 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Increasing water demand due to population growth, economic expansion and the need for development puts a strain on the supply capacity of the Vaal River catchment in South Africa. Climate change presents additional challenges in the catchment which supports the country's economic hub, more than 30% of its population and over 70% of its maize production. This study evaluates the influence of climate change on current and future intra-annual water availability and demand using a multi-tiered approach where climate scenarios, hydrological modelling and socio-economic considerations were applied. Results shows exacerbated water supply challenges for the future. Temperature increases of between 0.07 and 5 °C and precipitation reductions ranging from 0.4 to 30% for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5, respectively, are also predicted by the end of the century. The highest monthly average streamflow reductions (8–10%) are predicted for the summer months beyond 2040. Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) simulations project an increase in future water requirements, gaps in future water assurance and highlight limitations in existing management strategies. The study recommends a combination of adaptation plans, climatic/non-climatic stressor monitoring, wastewater-reuse, conservation, demand management and inter-basin transfers to reduce future uncertainty in monthly water sustainability.
The Role of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cadmium-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Almenara Camila Cruz Pereira , Oliveira Thiago F. , Padilha Alessandra S. 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Cadmium is a worldwide spread toxicant that accumulates in tissues and affects many
organs, mainly through oxidative damage. Oxidative stress is often associated with cardiovascular diseases and,
when it affects vessels, it induces endothelial dysfunction, which, in turn, could precipitate atherosclerosis and
hypertension. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest antioxidant supplementation as a therapy against cadmiuminduced
endothelial dysfunction.

Objective:
This literature review aims to present the mechanisms involving oxidative stress in which cadmium
induces endothelial dysfunction and the benefits of antioxidant supplementation as a therapeutic strategy against
its harmful effects.

Methods:
On PubMed Central, articles that contemplated studies on cadmium intoxication and associated oxidative
stress with endothelial dysfunction as well as articles that reported the use of antioxidant supplementation in
an attempt to prevent or avoid endothelial dysfunction induced by cadmium exposure were selected.

Results:
Most of the studies that associated cadmium intoxication with endothelial dysfunction suggested oxidative
stress as the major mechanism for this damage. Furthermore, experimental studies also revealed that the
administration of substances with antioxidant properties, such as ascorbic acid and curcumin, has beneficial effects
on the prevention of such dysfunction, reducing reactive oxygen species within the vessels, preventing a
reduction in the amount of glutathione and the increase in blood pressure observed in animals exposed to cadmium.

Conclusion:
Antioxidant therapy demonstrated to be a potential treatment to reduce cardiovascular injuries provoked
by cadmium, but more studies are needed to determine the best antioxidant substance and dose to treat or
avoid this complication.
Shift in HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Factors Associated with False Positives for HIV Testing: A Retrospective Study from 2013 to 2018 in Xi’an, China
Authors: Wang Jing-Yuan , Zhang Kai-Ge , Ruan Jing-Xiong , Chen Wei , Wang Linchuan 
Published: April 2020

Background:
In China, although quite a few bold programmes have been made for
HIV/AIDS, the epidemic has still shown an increasing trend.

Objectives:
The study was aimed to investigate the characteristics of new HIV/AIDS and the major
factors of false positives (FP) for HIV testing.

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed in a teaching hospital in Xi’an between 2013 and
2018. The overall characteristics and trends of new HIV/AIDS were described. Moreover, the major
factors of FP were determined by the Pareto analysis.

Results:
A total of 469 new HIV/AIDS were diagnosed, with an increasing prevalence of the new
HIV/AIDS from 0.0626% (41/65503) in 2013 to 0.0827% (115/139046) in 2018. Of them, the majority
occurred in the males (88.50%), people aged 21-50 years (76.97%), migrants (60.98%), and
sexual contact route (88.70%). There was a rapid increase in the annual number of new HIV/AIDS
and increasing trends in groups of young individuals, students, and homosexual mode; however, a
downward trend in the percentage of injecting drug use was also observed. Over 50 years old and
patients from oncology, obstetrics, hepatobiliary surgery, nephrology, cardiology, and infectious
disease constituted the major factors of FP.

Conclusions:
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Xi’an is still evolving, therefore, effective strategies, appropriate
education and scaling up HIV testing should be developed. In addition, old adults and specific
departments were associated with FP.
Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance of HIV-1 CRF55_01B in Guangdong, China
Authors: Yu Guolong , Li Yan , Huang Xuhe , Zhou Pingping , Yan Jin , Yan Xinge , Fu Xiaobing , Fang Yang , Liu Jun , Li Jie , He Xiang , Lin Peng 
Published: April 2020

Background:
HIV-1 CRF55_01B was first reported in 2013. At present, no report is
available regarding this new clade’s polymorphisms in its functionally critical regions protease and
reverse transcriptase.

Objective:
To identify the diversity difference in protease and reverse transcriptase between
CRF55_01B and its parental clades CRF01_AE and subtype B; and to investigate CRF55_01B’s
drug resistance mutations associated with the protease inhibition and reverse transcriptase inhibition.

Methods:
HIV-1 RNA was extracted from plasma derived from a MSM population. The reverse
transcription and nested PCR amplification were performed following our in-house PCR procedure.
Genotyping and drug resistant-associated mutations and polymorphisms were identified based on
polygenetic analyses and the usage of the HIV Drug Resistance Database, respectively.

Results:
A total of 9.24 % of the identified CRF55_01B sequences bear the primary drug resistance.
CRF55_01B contains polymorphisms I13I/V, G16E and E35D that differ from those in CRF01_AE.
Among the 11 polymorphisms in the RT region, seven were statistically different from
CRF01_AE’s. Another three polymorphisms, R211K (98.3%), F214L (98.3%), and V245A/E (98.3
%.), were identified in the RT region and they all were statistically different with that of the subtype
B. The V179E/D mutation, responsible for 100% potential low-level drug resistance, was found in
all CRF55_01B sequences. Lastly, the phylogenetic analyses demonstrated 18 distinct clusters that
account for 35% of the samples.

Conclusions:
CRF55_01B’s pol has different genetic diversity comparing to its counterpart in
CRF55_01B’s parental clades. CRF55_01B has a high primary drug resistance presence and the
V179E/D mutation may confer more vulnerability to drug resistance.