bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finance-Led Capitalism in the US
Authors: Kalinowski Thomas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter on US finance-led capitalism is the first of the three chapters to investigate the domestic origins of international economic cooperation and conflicts. First it builds on the trilemma triangle introduced in Chapter 2 and explains the US position. The chapter then investigates the historical origin of the US finance-led model of capitalism. It then turns to investigating the economic foundation of this model, before turning to the political economy of the US-specific neoliberal class compromise. As we shall see, the UK is also mentioned frequently as another finance-led country that has similar preferences to the US, and, with the British exit from the EU, the UK will probably align even more closely with the US.
Basic Ideas
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The version of utilitarianism developed in the book seeks to explain the rightness of actions in terms of the normative reasons for and against actions. This chapter explains some background assumptions about reasons, rightness, their relationship to each other, and their relationship to good deliberation and praiseworthiness and blameworthiness. It canvasses several possible views of these relationships, but argues that reasons and rightness are to be understood in a non-perspectival way, while deliberation, praiseworthiness, and blameworthiness are perspectival matters and not closely connected to reasons or rightness. The chapter ends by noting the variety of possible utilitarian theories of reasons and some issues facing such theories.
Justice and Equality
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Utilitarianism is often thought to be insufficiently egalitarian, and to lack a plausible theory of distributive justice. This chapter discusses these objections. It begins by discussing the inadequacy of some simple utilitarian theories of justice, before arguing that utilitarians should treat justice as exhausted by respect for moral rights. This view captures the importance of some kinds of equality, but not all. The chapter then discusses the importance of substantive equality, focusing on cases of known expensive needs. It notes that our intuitions about these cases reflect a distinction between causes of the expense, and argues that utilitarianism can provide a better account of this than is provided by egalitarian views. The result is a theory according to which substantive equality is a matter of good social policy rather than a requirement of distributive justice.
Human Rights, Ownership, and the Individual
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
What do we mean by rights, and can our use of the concept be justified? This book offers a partial vindication of the concept of a right, defending its use in relation to human rights while questioning it in relation to property. It starts with a new ‘Addressive’ account of the nature of rights as bringing together duty-bearer and right-holder first-personally—a theory which moves beyond and complements traditional Interest and Will Theories. This Addressive account implies that a right exists pre-institutionally (as a ‘natural’ or ‘moral’ right) only when a duty owes its existence predominantly to the right-holder’s good. On this basis, the book defends human rights law and practice as justifiably institutionalizing certain pre-legal moral rights held against other individuals and the state, including socio-economic rights. This defence proceeds independently of whichever conception of ‘the important human features’ (e.g. agency, capabilities, freedoms, interests, needs) one takes to underpin human rights—though it does depend on a distinction between individual and other goods. The book ends by arguing that for much property, conceiving the relevant duties in rights terms can mislead us into overlooking their foundation in the collective good. An alternative non-rights property system—broadly resembling modern markets but not conceived in terms of rights—is outlined. The result is a defence of the rights concept that is more supportive of human rights than many of their critics (from left or right) might expect, while pressing new doubts about much property as an individual right.
Rights and Interests Revisited
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 takes up four questions about the relation between rights, interests, and desires raised by Chapter 2. It explains why—given Chapter 4’s ‘Addressive’ analysis—we can create rights wherever we want through law or convention, independently of the right-holder’s interests or desires. It also sketches the idea (taken up at greater length in Chapter 7) that pre-conventional ‘natural’ rights must be grounded in the right-holder’s own good. The chapter goes on to explain why all rights create a status desire or interest in their own fulfilment, and it ends by explaining why the vast majority of morally justified rights, including legally and conventionally created rights, necessarily serve their holders’ independent interests or desires—that is, why Kramer’s and Wenar’s accounts are very nearly correct.
Human Rights as Everyone’s Business
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The first half of Chapter 10 addresses criticisms of the conception of human rights developed in Chapter 9: that it overlooks how human rights law protects collective goods rather than the individual, and that it overlooks the centrality of the state as duty-bearer in human rights law. The author’s response includes noting that state-focused human rights law is only one way in which ‘natural’ human rights are institutionalized: criminal law and non-law policy also play human rights roles. The chapter’s second half argues that human rights not only exist ‘for the right-holder’s sake’ (as in Chapters 7–9) but are also rights whose protection is distinctively ‘everyone’s business’: rights with which any human anywhere can show solidarity by demanding their fulfilment. This does not imply that human rights violations in one state are equally every state’s business. The chapter ends by summarizing Part II (Chapters 7–10) as vindicating the idea of human rights.
Rights Protecting Performance of Duties
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 14 turns from property to a further class of rights groundable only by how they serve parties beyond the right-holder. Unlike property, the rights of Chapter 14 protect the right-holder’s performance of role-defining duties to serve others: e.g. a bus driver’s or politician’s rights to be unimpeded in performing her duties of office, or a doctor’s to her assistant’s help. The chapter argues that unlike with property, there is little risk of people erroneously conceiving such rights as grounded fundamentally by the right-holder’s good. Nonetheless, such rights distinctively protect the right-holder’s important interest in carrying out her morally justified duties. On this basis, the chapter defends our use of the concept of a ‘right’ in such cases—even though because the right-holder’s interest cannot be the main ground of the duties to assist or to avoid impeding, conceiving such duties as correlating with rights is not conceptually compulsory.
Ongoing Consent in Situations of Cognitive Vulnerability
Authors: Sankary Lauren R. , Ford Paul J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores ethical issues in obtaining ongoing consent for clinical research involving cognitively vulnerable patient populations. Stakeholders in these challenges include researchers, sponsors, study participants, caregivers and other legally authorized representatives, and research oversight boards. First, this chapter examines existing conceptual frameworks and proposed safeguards for the protection of cognitively vulnerable research participants, including double consent, proxy consent with participant assent, advance consent, and process consent. This chapter then proposes an inclusionary approach to obtaining ongoing consent to research participation when cognition could fluctuate over the course of research participation. Proposed safeguards and modifications to the consent process should address duration of research participation, the nature and timing of research-related risks, expected and unexpected fluctuations in decision-making capacity, and the process of exiting a clinical trial. The proposed framework is then applied to the specific context of implanted neural device trials, with special attention to considerations for device explant.
Challenges of Participating in Research About Living with Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Disabled Veterans
Authors: Schneider Christine , Kahana Eva 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides insights from an ongoing study of elderly veterans’ experiences of living with newly diagnosed mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Recruitment for this qualitative study was difficult. There were multiple reasons for low participation rates. Caregivers discouraged participation. Physicians often did not inform patients of the research opportunity. Patients at Veterans Affairs Medical Center hospitals often have appointment fatigue, being scheduled for numerous clinics in one afternoon. And, owing to concerns about protecting a vulnerable group, the institutional review board protections for recruitment are very limiting. It is imperative to find a way to increase recruitment for this doubly vulnerable population. Providing opportunities for reflection, self-disclosure, and validation to those at early stages of MCI through research participation can serve therapeutic functions in their journey of living with forgetting. Learning from individuals with recent onset of MCI provides a unique window into the lived experience of MCI.
Shifting Identities
Authors: Trammell Jack 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Postsecondary programs for non-traditional students, including many specifically designed for students with intellectual disabilities (ID) and/or developmental disabilities (DD), present new questions. Many of these programs aim for some type of full inclusion, including living on campus, taking classes, generating college transcripts, and socializing with other college students. The successes of such programs have made headlines, although the question of exactly what students’ experiences mean in the wider cultural context of employability, independence, and social capital are unclear. It is also unclear that the voice of the actual participants is well-recognized in the design and assessment of such programs. This chapter will frame postsecondary education programs for ID/DD, with recognition of the importance of the “service user” voice and individual program experiences. It will consider the wider extent to which new ID/DD postsecondary identities are affecting pedagogy and research in the postsecondary educational landscape, and the ethical questions generated.
Using Ethnographic Methods to Determine Capacity to Consent in Individuals Diagnosed with Chronic Mental Illnesses
Authors: Mehmood Saira A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter reports on an ethnographic research project conducted with people diagnosed with chronic mental illnesses and often economic and educational vulnerabilities as well. It focuses particularly on strategies for assessing capacity to consent—both formal assessment instruments and informal assessments over time through the process of participant observation. The chapter discusses the difficulties of using formal assessment instruments such as decision trees and quizzes. It discusses how successful participation of individuals diagnosed with chronic mental illnesses with impaired cognition can be included in non-clinical research through ethnographic methods to ensure the bioethical principle of autonomy, which requires respect for the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons, while also following the bioethical principle of justice to empower the same vulnerable populations within the disability rights movement by including them in the research process through the use of time diaries.
What Stories Tell? In Praise of Anthropology
Authors: Campoy Leonardo Carbonieri 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
When it comes to disability, it is usually understood that anthropology offers the knowledge that disabled people have more potential than others have often imagined. How this different perspective on disability is produced and what exactly are its claims? In this commentary on Chapter 17 by Anne Kohler, “Assuming Competency,” it is suggested that the answers to this question lie not on the theories and methods of anthropology, but in a constant quest led by the studies for a perspective in which the interlocutors are not interpreted through stereotypes or preconceptions socially impinged on them. This quest is an epistemological, ontological, political, and ethical position of anthropology that can result in storytelling populated by everyone that has participated in the realization of the story that is being told.
Spiritualism and the Other World, 1880–1912
Authors: Brown Stewart J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
From the 1880s, W. T. Stead became increasingly interested in spiritualism and telepathy, believing paranormal communications provided proof of an afterlife and support for biblical accounts of angels, spirits, and miracles. Convinced that he possessed paranormal powers, he practiced automatic writing as a form of communication with the spirits of the dead. From 1893 to 1897, he edited the journal Borderland, aimed at promoting and popularizing occult studies. His Letters from Julia, first published in 1897 and claiming to be messages from the afterlife, became an international bestseller. For Stead, the Christian revival movement of 1904–5 was infused with elements of spiritualism and telepathy, and he was drawn to psychological views of religious experience. His ‘Julia’s Bureau’, formed in 1909, was meant to help individuals communicate with the spirits of the dead. While many were critical, Stead embraced spiritualism as supporting religious belief in an increasingly sceptical and secular era.
Introducing Powers
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides the first introduction to the powers ontology, starting with what powers are, and just as importantly, what they are not. After a brief outline of how powers and their operation are here understood, a large portion of the chapter is taken up with negative characterizations, in order to distinguish powers from other members of the dispositions family. In particular, they are distinguished from common-or-garden dispositions like fragility, solubility, and flammability. And though powers are similar to these dispositions in many respects, the powers of the powers metaphysic are more fundamental. In many cases, fragility, flammability, and so on will be reduced to, and analysed in terms of, fundamental powers. Lastly, powers are defined in contrast with causally inert categorical properties and Hume worlds.
Understanding Powers
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChapter 4 offers further development of the nature of powers, starting with the claim that all powers are intrinsic properties, and thus that none are extrinsic. It is argued that powers must be genuinely powerful, and that this demands they be novel and non-derivative. It is then argued that powers are multi-track; that is, capable of producing numerous, distinct types of manifestation. Lastly, the identity of power properties is discussed. An account in which powers contain an internal blueprint of potential interaction states that fixes their natures is developed out of a metaphysical coordination problem for power properties (fit).
Deification in Russian Religious Thought
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Deification in Russian Religious Thought is a study of the reception of the Eastern Christian (Orthodox) doctrine of deification by Russian religious thinkers of the immediate pre-revolutionary period. Deification is the metaphor that the Greek patristic tradition came to privilege in its articulation of the Christian concept of salvation: to be saved is to be deified, that is, to share in the divine attribute of immortality. The central thesis of this book is that between the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 Russian religious thinkers turned to deification in their search for a response to the imminent destruction of the Russian autocracy (and the social and religious order that supported it), that was commensurate with its perceived apocalyptic significance. Contextual chapters set out the parameters of the Greek patristic understanding of deification and the reception of the idea in nineteenth-century Russian religious culture, literature, and thought. Then, four major works by prominent thinkers of the Russian Religious Renaissance are analysed, demonstrating the salience of the deification theme and exploring the variety of forms of its expression. In these works by Merezhkovsky, Berdiaev, Bulgakov, and Florensky, deification is taken out of its original theological context and applied respectively to politics, creativity, economics, and asceticism: this is presented as a modernist endeavour. Nevertheless their common emphasis on deification as a project, a practice that should deliver the ontological transformation and immortalization of human beings, society, culture, and the material universe, whilst likewise modernist, is also what connects them to deification’s theological source.
Apostrophizing the King
Authors: Morgan Oliver 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an extended close reading of a single passage from Richard II—the ugly altercation between Bolingbroke and Mowbray in 1.1—and, in particular, of the moment at which Bolingbroke turns away from (or ‘apostrophizes’) the king in order to castigate his rival directly. It seeks to establish the social meaning of this action by placing it in the context of early modern expectations about royal etiquette and trial proceedings. The central claim is that Bolingbroke’s apostrophe is his first act of rebellion. By apostrophizing Richard he assumes the right to decide who speaks when—usurping the king’s interactional role in the same way that he will later usurp his throne.
‘To Remind Catholics that Support for the IRA and SF was not Compatible with Membership of the Catholic Church’, 1982–1990
Authors: Scull Margaret M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Irish Catholic Church hierarchy became divided during this period marked by the installation of Bishop Cahal Daly, a conservative theologian, as the new Bishop of Down and Connor in 1982. Personality clashes between Daly and the staunchly nationalist head of the Catholic Church in Ireland, Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich, created tension within the Church. As Sinn Féin gained an electoral mandate, the Church struggled to condemn violence without isolating those who voted for the party. Analysis focuses on the institutional Church and grassroots clergy who were more united in the long-standing efforts to free the Birmingham Six, Maguire Seven, and Guildford Four. Bishop Edward Daly’s banning of republican paramilitary funerals in Derry constituted another challenge to republicanism from the institutional Church. By the mid-1980s, however, increased communication between Irish and English bishops resulted in greater Church-lead peace initiatives.
The Remarkable Healthcare Performance in Singapore
Authors: Ramesh M. , Bali Azad Singh 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Singapore’s healthcare system ranks among the best in the world in terms of infant mortality rate, longevity, disability adjusted years, and so on. What is most remarkable, however, is that it achieved these fine outcomes at less than half the costs in comparable countries. The achievement of high healthcare outcomes at low costs is what constitutes ‘success’ in the case of Singapore. While the factors underlying the success are wide-ranging, a lot of the credit must be attributed to the government’s policy. In this chapter, the evolution of the policy measures since Independence will be tracked, along with their impact on improving healthcare services while containing costs. The measures have evolved with epidemiological and technological shifts as well as the rising expectations of a more prosperous and contestable society. The future continuation of the salutary trajectory will depend on the technical merits of the policy measures in the face of changing circumstances as much as their political legitimacy.
Reasons in Action
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The principal aim of this book is to analyse what it is to act for a reason in such a way that we intentionally do what we have a reason for doing and intentionally attain the end for which we perform this action, as specified by the reason. The analysis is mainly developed to suit physical actions, but it is considered how it needs to be modified to cover mental acts. It is also adapted to fit the notion of letting something be the case by refraining from acting. The analysis of intentional action presented is reductionist in the sense that it does not appeal to any concepts that are distinctive of the domain of action theory, such as a unique type of agent-causation, or irreducible mental acts, like acts of will, volitions, decisions, or tryings. Nor does it appeal to any unanalysed attitudes or states essentially related to intentional action, like intentions and desires to act. Instead, the intentionality of actions is construed as springing from desires conceived as physical states of agents which cause facts because of the way these agents think of them. A sense of our having responsibility that is sufficent for our acting for reasons is also sketched.
Ghana’s Economy-wide Transformation
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Hazell Peter 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter relies on a conceptual framework development by Dani Rodrik (2014, 2018) that identifies three sources of growth: accumulation of fundamental capabilities (e.g., better institutions, enabling policies, and healthy, educated workers), catching-up growth through expansion of modern manufacturing, and structural change due to the movement of workers from low- to high-productivity sectors. The chapter argues that Ghana has invested in fundamentals rather than in transformative policies, resulting in slow but persistently stable growth and limited industrialization. This is illustrated through a rigorous analysis of sector-wise relative labor productivity and employment shares from 1984–2011. The chapter concludes by claiming that accelerating, and even just sustaining the country’s average annual GDP/capita growth rate of 2.8 percent, requires modernizing larger shares of the agricultural, manufacturing, and services sectors. Growing national demand offers new market opportunities in these sectors as do opportunities for increased exports into the West African regional market.