bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historia pública y pensamiento histórico. Nuevos enfoques metodológicos para aprender la Guerra de la Independencia española = Public History and historical thinking. New methodological approaches to learn the Peninsular War
Authors: Moreno Vera Juan Ramón 
Published: May 2020

Resumen: En la presente investigación se analizan los resultados de aprendizaje del alumnado de Educación Secundaria con respecto al estudio de la Guerra de la Independencia española, a través de nuevos enfoques metodológicos como los derivados del pensamiento histórico, el trabajo cooperativo y el Puzzle de Aronson. El estudio, llevado a cabo en el IES L’Alluser (Mutxamel, Alicante) con 75 estudiantes de 4º ESO, ha sido completado a través de un cuestionario, como instrumento de evaluación y, su posterior análisis con el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics 24, mediante un análisis descriptivo de frecuencias y porcentajes. Los resultados muestran que el alumnado prefiere trabajar mediante estrategias cooperativas, que mejoran su capacidad de búsqueda de información a través de las fuentes, y que esta metodología ayuda a incrementan la capacidad de pensamiento histórico de los discentes, incluyendo los temas invisibles.Palabras clave: Historia Pública, EnseñanzaAprendizaje, Educación Secundaria, Metodología Didáctica, Guerra de la Independencia española.Abstract: This research analyses the learning outcomes of a group of Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE) students working on the Peninsular War on the basis of new methodological approaches, namely Historical Thinking, cooperation and Aronson’s Jigsaw. The study was carried out in L’Alluser Secondary School (Mutxamel, Alicante) with 75 students in Year 4 of CSE. Students were requested to fill a questionnaire, to be used as an assessment tool. It was then analysed using the statistical IBM SPSS Statistics 24 package through the description of frequencies and percentages. The results show that (1) students prefer cooperative, rather than individual strategies in history education. (2) their capacity to do research using a variety of sources improves (3) this methodology helps students to improve their historical thinking abilities, including invisible topics (4).Keywords: Public History, Teaching & Learning, Secondary Education, Teaching Methodology, Peninsular War.
Optimization of In-Stage Diversion To Promote Uniform Planar Multifracture Propagation: A Numerical Study
Authors: Chen Ming , Zhang Shicheng , Zhou Tong , Ma Xinfang , Zou Yushi 
Published: May 2020

Summary
Creating uniform multiple fractures is a challenging task due to reservoir heterogeneity and stress shadow. Limited-entry perforation and in-stage diversion are commonly used to improve multifracture treatments. Many studies have investigated the mechanism of limited-entry perforation for multifracture treatments, but relatively few have focused on the in-stage diversion process. The design of in-stage diversion is usually through trial and error because of the lack of a simulator. In this study, we present a fully coupled planar 2D multifracture model for simulating the in-stage diversion process. The objective is to evaluate flux redistribution after diversion and optimize the dosage of diverters and diversion timing under different in-stage in-situ stress difference.
Our model considers ball sealer allocation and solves flux redistribution after diversion through a fully coupled multifracture model. A supertimestepping explicit algorithm is adopted to solve the solid/fluid coupling equations efficiently. Multifracture fronts are captured by using tip asymptotes and an adaptive time-marching approach. The modeling results are validated against analytical solutions for a plane-strain Khristianovic-Geertsma de Klerk (KGD) model. A series of numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the multifracture growth under different in-stage diversion operations. Parametric studies reveal that the in-stage in-situ stress difference is a critical parameter for diversion designs. When the in-situ stress difference is larger than 2 MPa, the fracture in the high-stress zone can hardly be initiated before diversion for a general fracturing design. More ball sealers are required for the formations with higher in-stage in-situ stress difference. The diverting time should be earlier for formations with high in-stage stress differences as well. Adding more perforation holes in the zone with higher in-situ stress is recommended to achieve even flux distribution. The results of this study can help understand the multifracture growth mechanism during in-stage diversion and optimize the diversion design timely.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of faculty on mentorship: An exploratory interpretivist study at a Sub-Saharan African medical school
Authors: Mubuuke Aloysius , Mbalinda Scovia N. , Munabi Ian G. , Kateete David , Opoka Robert B. , Kiguli Sarah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background

Mentorship has become a routine part of undergraduate training in health professions education. Although many health professions training institutions have successfully incorporated faculty-student mentorship in their formal training, many others especially in Sub-Saharan Africa have not fully embraced this. Institutionalized mentorship programmes are an effective methods of enhancing student learning experiences. Faculty, who are the mentors have an active role to play in driving the mentorship agenda and ensure that students benefit from this important activity. The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of faculty about student mentorship at Makerere University College of Health Sciences.

Methods

It was an exploratory qualitative study using interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaires. The study participants included faculty at Makerere University College of Health Sciences. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data using pre-determined themes.

Results

Four themes were identified: 1) Knowledge of mentorship, 2) Attitude towards mentorship, 3) Practice of mentorship and 4) Improving the mentorship process. Majority of the faculty reported being less knowledgeable on mentorship regardless of seniority. The level of knowledge seemed to influence the practice of mentorship. Despite the observed knowledge gap, all faculty demonstrated a positive attitude to participate in mentoring.

Conclusion

Faculty demonstrated a positive attitude towards mentorship despite the knowledge gap of mentorship identified. Continuous faculty development in mentorship as well as using peer mentorship were identified as key in sustaining the mentorship programme.
Formation of ultralong DH regions through genomic rearrangement
Authors: Smider Brevin A. , Smider Vaughn V. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Cow antibodies are very unusual in having exceptionally long CDR H3 regions. The genetic basis for this length largely derives from long heavy chain diversity (DH) regions, with a single “ultralong” DH, IGHD8-2, encoding over fifty amino acids. Many bovine IGHD regions have sequence similarity but have several nucleotide repeating units that diversify their lengths. Genomically, most DH regions exist in three clusters that appear to have formed from DNA duplication events. However, the relationship between the genomic arrangement and long CDR lengths is unclear. Results: The DH cluster containing IGHD8-2 underwent a rearrangement and deletion event in relation to the other clusters in the region corresponding to IGHD8-2, with possible fusion of two DH regions and expansion of short repeats to form the ultralong IGHD8-2 gene. Conclusions: Length heterogeneity within DH regions is a unique evolutionary genomic mechanism to create immune diversity, including formation of ultralong CDR H3 regions.
How and why do French medical students choose the specialty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases? A national cross-sectional study
Authors: Peiffer-Smadja Nathan , Ardellier François-Daniel , Thill Pauline , Beaumont Anne-Lise , Catho Gaud , Osei Lindsay , Dubée Vincent , Bleibtreu Alexandre , Lemaignen Adrien , Thy Michaël 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Infectious and tropical diseases (ID) physicians are needed now more than ever to tackle existing and emerging global threats. However, in many countries, ID is not recognized as a qualifying specialty. The creation of ID residency in 2017 in France offers the opportunity to know how and why the specialty is chosen by medical students.Methods We first analyzed the choice of specialty of all French medical students in 2017 and 2018 according to their rank at the national exam that ends medical studies. A web questionnaire was then sent in January 2019 to all ID residents in France (n=100) to assess the factors influencing their choice of specialty and their career plan. Results We analyzed the choice of 17,087 medical students. ID was the first-chosen specialty with a median national rank of 526/8539, followed by plastic surgery and ophthalmology. The questionnaire was completed by 90% of the French ID residents (n=100). The most encouraging factors to choose ID were the multi-system approach of the specialty, the importance of diagnostic medicine and having done an internship in ID during medical school. The potential deterrents were the work-life balance, the workload and the salary. Conclusions The recent recognition of ID as a qualifying specialty in France can be considered a success insofar as the specialty is the most popular among all medical and surgical specialties. Individuals who choose ID are attracted by the intellectual stimulation of the specialty but express concerns about the working conditions and salaries.
Molecular surveillance of the Pfmdr1 N86Y allele among Congolese pregnant women with asymptomatic malaria
Authors: Dossou-Yovo Louis Regis , Ntoumi Francine , Koukouikila-Koussounda Felix , Vouvoungui Jeannhey Christevy , Adedoja Ayodele , Nderu David , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P , Lenga Arsene 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Malaria in pregnancy is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Regular surveillance of artemisinin−based combination therapy tolerance, or molecular makers of resistance, is vital for effective malaria treatment, control and eradication programmes. Plasmodium falciparum multiple drug resistance-1 gene (Pfmdr1) N86Y mutation is associated with reduced susceptibility to lumefantrine. This study assessed the prevalence of Pfmdr1 N86Y in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Methods A total 1001 of P. falciparum-infected blood samples obtained from asymptomatic malaria pregnant women having a normal child delivery at the Madibou Integrated Health Centre were analysed. Pfmdr1 N86Y genotyping was conducted using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results The wild type Pfmdr1 N86 allele was predominant (>68 %) in this study, whereas a few isolates carrying the either the mutant allele (Pfmdr1 86Y) alone or both alleles (mixed genotype). The dominance of the wildtype allele (pfmdr1 N86) indicates the plausible decline P. falciparum susceptibility to lumefantrine. Conclusion This study gives an update on the prevalence of Pfmdr1 N86Y alleles in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. It also raises concern on the imminent emergence of resistance against artemether−lumefantrine in this setting. This study underscores the importance to regular artemether−lumefantrine efficacy monitoring to inform the malaria control programme of the Republic of Congo.
Genetic variation in toll like Receptors 2, 7, 9 and interleukin-6 is associated with Cytomegalovirus infection in late pregnancy
Authors: Mhandire Doreen , Mhandire Kudakwashe , Magadze Mulalo , Wonkam Ambroise , Kengne Andre P , Dandara Collet 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and/or reactivation in pregnancy is associated with a myriad of adverse infant outcomes. However, the role of host genetic polymorphisms in modulating maternal CMV status is inconclusive. This study investigated the possible association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in toll like receptor (TLR) and cytokine genes with maternal plasma CMV DNA status in black Zimbabweans. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 110 women in late gestation who included 36 CMV infected cases and 74 CMV uninfected, age and HIV status matched controls were enrolled. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 genes which code for proteins involved in immunity against CMV were genotyped using Iplex GOLD SNP genotyping protocol on the Agena MassARRAY® system. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata SE and the ‘Genetics’ and ‘SNPassoc’ packages of the statistical package R. Results: The TLR7 rs179008A>T (p<0.001) polymorphism was associated while the TLR9 rs352139T>C (p=0.049) polymorphism was on the borderline for association with CMV positive (CMV+) status. In contrast, the interleukin ( IL)-6 rs10499563T>C (p<0.001) and TLR2 rs1816702C>T (p=0.001) polymorphisms were associated with CMV negative (CMV-) status. Furthermore, allele frequencies of SNPs in TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, TLR7 , IL - 6 , IL-10 , IL-28B , IL-1A and interferon AR1 ( IFNAR1 ) genes are being reported here for the first time in a Zimbabwean population. The allele frequencies in the Zimbabwean population re generally comparable to other African populations but different when compared to European and Asian populations. Conclusions: Toll like receptor and interleukin genetic polymorphisms influence CMV status in late gestation among black Zimbabweans. This is attributable to possible modulation of immune responses to CMV reactivation in a population previously exposed to CMV infection.
Youth vaping and smoking and parental vaping: a panel survey
Authors: Green Michael , Gray Linsay , Sweeting Helen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Concerns remain about potential negative impacts of e-cigarettes including possibilities that: youth e-cigarette use (vaping) increases risk of youth smoking; and vaping by parents may have impacts on their children’s vaping and smoking behaviour.Methods: With panel data from 3291 youth aged 10-15 years from the 7th wave of the UK Understanding Society Survey (2015-2017), we estimated effects of youth vaping on youth smoking (ever, current and past year initiation), and of parental vaping on youth smoking and vaping, and examined whether the latter differed by parental smoking status. Propensity weighting was used to adjust for measured confounders and estimate average effects of vaping for all youth, and among youth who vaped. E-values were calculated to assess the strength of unmeasured confounding influences needed to negate our estimates.Results: Associations between youth vaping and youth smoking were attenuated considerably by adjustment for measured confounders. Estimated average effects of youth vaping on youth smoking were stronger for all youth (e.g. OR for smoking initiation: 32.5; 95% CI: 9.8-107.1) than among youth who vaped (OR: 4.4; 0.6-30.9). Relatively strong unmeasured confounding would be needed to explain these effects. Associations between parental vaping and youth vaping were explained by measured confounders. Estimates indicated effects of parental vaping on youth smoking, especially for youth with ex-smoking parents (e.g. OR for smoking initiation: 11.3; 2.7-46.4) rather than youth with currently smoking parents (OR: 1.0; 0.2-6.4), but these could be explained by relatively weak unmeasured confounding.Conclusions: While measured confounding accounted for much of the associations between youth vaping and youth smoking, indicating support for underlying propensities, our estimates suggested residual effects that could only be explained away by considerable unmeasured confounding or by smoking leading to vaping. Estimated effects of youth vaping on youth smoking were stronger among the general youth population than among the small group of youth who actually vaped. Associations of parental vaping with youth smoking and vaping were either explained by measured confounding or could be relatively easily explained by unmeasured confounding.
Recurrent Sequence Evolution After Independent Gene Duplication
Authors: Dunk Samuel Hermann Alexander Von Der , Snel Berend 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Convergent and parallel evolution provide unique insights into the mechanisms of natural selection. Some of the most striking convergent and parallel (collectively recurrent ) amino acid substitutions in proteins are adaptive, but there are also many that are selectively neutral. Accordingly, genome-wide assessment has shown that recurrent sequence evolution in orthologs is chiefly explained by nearly neutral evolution. For paralogs, more frequent functional change is expected because additional copies are generally not retained if they do not acquire their own niche. Yet, it is unknown to what extent recurrent sequence differentiation is discernible after independent gene duplications in different eukaryotic taxa. Results We develop a framework that detects patterns of recurrent sequence evolution in duplicated genes. This is used to analyze the genomes of 90 diverse eukaryotes. We find a remarkable number of families with a potentially predictable functional differentiation following gene duplication. In some protein families, more than ten independent duplications show a similar sequence-level differentiation between paralogs. Based on further analysis, the sequence divergence is found to be generally asymmetric. Moreover, about 6\% of the recurrent sequence evolution between paralog pairs can be attributed to recurrent differentiation of subcellular localization. Finally, we reveal the specific recurrent patterns for the gene families Hint1/Hint2, Sco1/Sco2 and vma11/vma3. Conclusions The presented methodology provides a means to study the biochemical underpinning of functional differentiation between paralogs. For instance, two abundantly repeated substitutions are identified between independently derived Sco1 and Sco2 paralogs. Such identified substitutions allow direct experimental testing of the biological role of these residues for the repeated functional differentiation. We also uncover a diverse set of families with recurrent sequence evolution and reveal trends in the functional and evolutionary trajectories of this hitherto understudied phenomenon.
Knockdown of hsa_circ_0074298 suppressed the progression of pancreatic cancer by targeting the miR-519/SMOC2 axis
Authors: Chen Hong , Xu Dafang , Wang Lishan , Zhou Jiahua 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among the most malignant tumors in the digestive system because of its fast progression, metastasis, as well as its resistance to chemotherapy. Former studies found that circRNAs that were differentially expressed were correlated with progression and gemcitabine (GEM)-resistance in PC, and hsa_circ_0074298 aberrant expression played a role in PC progression, but the regulatory mechanism was unclear. METHODS: RT-qPCR was used to detect hsa_circ_0074298 expression in PC cell lines. CCK8, colony formation, and Transwell assays were used to evaluate the effect of hsa_circ_0074298 on PC cell migration and proliferation. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter experiments were used to characterize the regulatory mechanism. Nude mouse xenografts were generated to examine the effect of hsa_circ_0074298 on tumor growth. RESULTS: The present study showed that hsa_circ_0074298 expression increased significantly in both PC cell lines and PC tissues. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0074298 caused a significant decrease in PC cell proliferation and in nude mouse xenograft growth. Hsa_circ_0074298 silencing also increased chemotherapy sensitivity to GEM. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that hsa_circ_0074298 was a miR-519 sponge and that the SMOC2 gene was a miR-519 target. MiR-519 downregulation or SMOC2 overexpression restored cell proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance after hsa_circ_0074298 silencing. The dual luciferase reporter assay showed that hsa_circ_0074298 interacted with miR-519, and miR-519 binding to the SMOC2 3′-UTR then suppressed posttranscriptional SMOC2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, hsa_circ_0074298 functioned as a tumor promoter through a novel miR-519/SMOC2 axis, highlighting its possibility as a potential therapy for PC.
FluA-p score: a novel prediction rule for mortality in influenza A-related pneumonia patients
Authors: Chen Liang , Han Xiudi , Li YanLi , Zhang Chunxiao , Xing Xiqian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background The pneumonia severity index (PSI) and the CURB-65 (confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, age ≥ 65 years) score have been shown to predict mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Their ability to predict influenza-related pneumonia, however, is less well-established. Methods A total of 693 laboratory-confirmed FluA-p patients diagnosed between Jan 2013 and Dec 2018 and recruited from five teaching hospitals in China were included in the study. The sample included 494 patients in the derivation cohort and 199 patients in the validation cohort. The prediction rule was established based on independent risk factors for 30-day mortality in FluA-p patients from the derivation cohort. Results The 30-day mortality of FluA-p patients was 19.6% (136/693). The FluA-p score was based on a multivariate logistic regression model designed to predict mortality. Results indicated the following significant predictors (regression statistics and point contributions toward total score in parentheses): blood urea nitrogen > 7 mmol/L ( OR 1.604, 95% CI 1.150-4.492, p = 0.040; 1 points), pO 2 /F i O 2 ≤ 250 mmHg ( OR 2.649, 95% CI 1.103-5.142, p = 0.022; 2 points), cardiovascular disease ( OR 3.967, 95% CI 1.269-7.322, p <0.001; 3 points), arterial PH < 7.35 ( OR 3.959, 95% CI 1.393-7.332, p < 0.001; 3 points), smoking history ( OR 5.176, 95% CI 2.604-11.838, p = 0.001; 4 points), lymphocytes < 0.8×10 9 /L ( OR 8.391, 95% CI 3.271-16.212, p <0.001; 5 points), and early neurominidase inhibitor therapy ( OR 0.567, 95% CI 0.202-0.833, p = 0.005; -2 points). Seven points was used as the cut-off value for mortality risk stratification. The model showed a sensitivity of 0.941, a specificity of 0.762, and overall better predictive performance than the PSI risk class (AUROC = 0.908 vs 0.560, p < 0.001) and the CURB-65 score (AUROC = 0.908 vs 0.777, p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results showed that a FluA-p score was easy to derive and that it served as a reliable prediction rule for 30-day mortality in FluA-p patients. The score could also effectively stratify FluA-p patients into relevant risk categories and thereby help treatment providers to make more rational clinical decisions.