bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The overlooked aquatic green algal component of early terrestrial environments: Triskelia scotlandica gen. et sp. nov. from the Rhynie cherts
Authors: Strullu‐Derrien Christine , Le Hérissé Alain , Goral Tomasz , Spencer Alan R.T. , Kenrick Paul 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAs a large majority of modern green algae are freshwater rather than marine, it can be hypothesized that algae were an important component of early terrestrial environments. However, this component remains overlooked as algal affinities are difficult to decipher, due to the lack of distinctive characters observable in standard light microscopy. Herein, we use a new approach to studying microfossils from the Devonian (407 Ma) Rhynie cherts, renowned as one of the earliest exceptionally preserved terrestrial ecosystem. Using data from confocal laser scanning microscopy, the microfossils were reconstructed in 3D allowing us to gather information on morphological and physiological traits. We document Triskelia scotlandica gen. et sp. nov., which is the resting stage of a new species of microalgae. Numerous individuals were discovered preserved inside the remains of a flooded plant aerial axis. They are shown to be spheroidal to ellipsoidal walled cells, with a pseudo‐reticulate surface ornamentation and occasional large openings probably resulting from the germination process. We draw comparison with fossil and modern microorganisms demonstrating morphological convergences in wall ornament and physiological traits, especially with zygospores of modern Chlorophyta. Our description of Triskelia leads us to critically evaluate the Rhynie chert fossils Cymatiosphaera and Pterospermella. We conclude that it is unlikely that the Rhynie cherts contained prasinophycean algae of these types. We suggest that our microfossils are Chlorophyta (green algae) incertae sedis that were highly adapted to the special ecological conditions encountered in a geothermal wetland.
Image‐guided tumor surgery: The emerging role of nanotechnology
Authors: Wojtynek Nicholas E. , Mohs Aaron M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSurgical resection is a mainstay treatment for solid tumors. Yet, methods to distinguish malignant from healthy tissue are primarily limited to tactile and visual cues as well as the surgeon's experience. As a result, there is a possibility that a positive surgical margin (PSM) or the presence of residual tumor left behind after resection may occur. It is well‐documented that PSMs can negatively impact treatment outcomes and survival, as well as pose an economic burden. Therefore, surgical tumor imaging techniques have emerged as a promising method to decrease PSM rates. Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique characteristics to serve as optical contrast agents during image‐guided surgery (IGS). Recently, there has been tremendous growth in the volume and types of NPs used for IGS, including clinical trials. Herein, we describe the most recent contributions of nanotechnology for surgical tumor identification.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery
Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Tailoring nanoparticles based on boron dipyrromethene for cancer imaging and therapy
Authors: Lin Wenhai , Colombani‐Garay Daniel , Huang Ling , Duan Chunying , Han Gang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBoron dipyrromethene (BODIPY), as a traditional fluorescent dye, has drawn increasing attention because of its excellent photophysical properties like adjustable spectra and outstanding photostability. BODIPY dyes could be assembled into nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy via rational design. In this review, the bio‐applications of BODIPY‐containing nanoparticles are introduced in detail, such as cellular imaging, near‐infrared fluorescence imaging, computed tomography imaging, photoacoustic imaging, phototherapy, and theranostics. The construction strategies of BODIPY‐containing nanoparticles are emphasized so the review has three sections—self‐assembly of small molecules, chemical conjugation with hydrophilic compounds, and physical encapsulation. This review not only summarizes various and colorific bio‐applications of BODIPY‐containing nanoparticles, but also provides reasonable design methods of BODIPY‐containing nanoparticles for cancer theranostics.This article is categorized under:
Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Aspirin and the chemoprevention of cancers: A mathematical and evolutionary dynamics perspective
Authors: Komarova Natalia L. , Boland C. Richard , Goel Ajay , Wodarz Dominik 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEpidemiological data indicate that long‐term low dose aspirin administration has a protective effect against the occurrence of colorectal cancer, both in sporadic and in hereditary forms of the disease. The mechanisms underlying this protective effect, however, are incompletely understood. The molecular events that lead to protection have been partly defined, but remain to be fully characterized. So far, however, approaches based on evolutionary dynamics have not been discussed much, but can potentially offer important insights. The aim of this review is to highlight this line of investigation and the results that have been obtained. A core observation in this respect is that aspirin has a direct negative impact on the growth dynamics of the cells, by influencing the kinetics of tumor cell division and death. We discuss the application of mathematical models to experimental data to quantify these parameter changes. We then describe further mathematical models that have been used to explore how these aspirin‐mediated changes in kinetic parameters influence the probability of successful colony growth versus extinction, and how they affect the evolution of the tumor during aspirin administration. Finally, we discuss mathematical models that have been used to investigate the selective forces that can lead to the rise of mismatch‐repair deficient cells in an inflammatory environment, and how this selection can be potentially altered through aspirin‐mediated interventions.This article is categorized under:
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods
Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Inequivalent Goldstone hierarchies for spontaneously broken spacetime symmetries
Authors: Finelli Bernardo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The coset construction is a powerful tool for building theories that non-linearly realize symmetries. We show that when the symmetry group is not semisimple and includes spacetime symmetries, different parametrizations of the coset space can prefer different Goldstones as essential or inessential, due to the group’s Levi decomposition. This leads to inequivalent physics. In particular, we study the theory of a scalar and vector Goldstones living in de Sitter spacetime and non-linearly realizing the Poincaré group. Either Goldstone can be seen as inessential and removed in favor of the other, yet the thery can be healthy with both kept dynamical. The corresponding coset space is the same, up to reparametrization, as that of a Minkowski brane embedded in a Minkowski bulk, but the two theories are inequivalent.
Different Rescue Approaches of Migrated Woven Endobridge (WEB) Devices: an Animal Study
Authors: Simgen Andreas , Kettner Michael , Dietrich Philipp , Tomori Toshiki , Mühl-Benninghaus Ruben , Bhogal Pervinder , Laschke Matthias W. , Menger Michael D. , Reith Wolfgang , Yilmaz Umut 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Treatment of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms using the Woven Endobridge (WEB) device has become broadly accepted. Feared complications with the potential of increased poor clinical outcome include dislocations and migration of the device. This study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of a variety of different strategies to rescue migrated WEB devices.

Methods
In a porcine model, WEB devices of different sizes (SL [single layer] 3.5 × 2mm and SL 4.0 × 3 mm, SL 8 × 5 mm and SLS 8 mm [single layer spherical]) were placed into both the subclavian and axillary arteries. A total of 32 rescue maneuvers (8 per rescue device) were performed. Small WEBs were rescued using reperfusion catheters (RC) (SOFIA Plus and JET 7), larger WEBs were rescued using dedicated rescue devices (Microsnare and Alligator). Rescue rates, times, attempts and complications were assessed.

Results
Rescue attempts of migrated WEBs were successful in all cases (100%). Rescue time (p = 0.421) and attempts (p = 0.619) of small WEBs using RCs were comparable without significant differences. Aspiration alone was not successful for larger WEBs. Rescue of larger WEBs was slightly faster (122.75 ± 41.15 s vs. 137.50 ± 54.46 s) with fewer attempts (1 vs. 1.37) when using the Microsnare compared to the Alligator device. Complications such as entrapment of the WEB in the RCs, vasospasm, perforation, or dissection were not observed.

Conclusion
Rescue of migrated WEB devices is a feasible and effective method and 100% successful rescue rates and appropriate rescue times can be achieved for small WEBs using RCs and for larger WEBs using dedicated rescue devices (Microsnare and Alligator).
Risk stratification of pulmonary toxicities in the combination of whole lung irradiation and high-dose chemotherapy for Ewing sarcoma patients with lung metastases: a review
Authors: Scobioala Sergiu , Eich Hans Theodor 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Whole lung irradiation (WLI) represents an important part of multimodal therapy in Ewing sarcoma (EwS) patients diagnosed with pulmonary metastases. This review discusses pulmonary toxicity in EwS patients with pulmonary metastases treated with WLI, who received different modes of high-dose chemotheray (HD-Cth).

Methods
Literature was compiled using the Cochrane Library, PubMed database, and the National Institute of Health (NIH) clinical trials register. Relevant patient information, including nature of HD-Cth, acute and late lung toxicities, and pulmonary function disorders, was selected from the above databases.

Results
Nine reports with a total of 227 patients, including 57 patients from a single randomized trial were included in this review. No acute or chronic symptomatic pulmonary toxicities were observed in patients that received WLI after HD busulfan-melphalan (HD-Bu/Mel), but 8% of these patients were diagnosed with asymptomatic restrictive lung disease. Grade 1 or 2 acute or chronic lung adverse effects were observed in up to 30% of patients that received WLI after HD treosulfan/Mel (HD-Treo/Mel) or HD etoposide (E)/Mel. Interstitial pneumonitis was present in 9% of patients treated concurrently with E/Mel and total body irradiation (TBI) with 8 Gy. Radiation doses as well as time between HD-Cth and WLI were both identified as significant risk factors for pulmonary function disorders.

Conclusion
The risk of adverse lung effects after WLI depends on several factors, including cumulative radiation dose and dose per fraction, HD-Cth regimen, and time interval between HD-Cth and WLI. A cumulative radiation dose of up to 15 Gy and a time interval of at least 60 days can potentially lead to a reduced risk of pulmonary toxicities. No evident adverse lung effects were registered in patients that received simultaneous therapy with HD-Cth and TBI. However, pulmonary function testing and lung toxicity reports were lacking for most of these patients.
Spinalanästhesieinduzierte Hypotension bei Sectio caesarea
Authors: Fantin R. , Ortner C. M. , Klein K. U. , Putz G. , Marhofer D. , Jochberger S. 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungEine arterielle Hypotension nach Durchführung einer Spinalanästhesie im Rahmen einer Sectio caesarea kann maternale sowie fetale Nebenwirkungen verursachen. Aktuelle Leitlinien empfehlen eine kontinuierliche und vorzugsweise prophylaktische Anwendung von Vasopressoren, insbesondere α‑Agonisten wie Phenylephrin. Neben einer linkslateralen Uterusverschiebung wird ein „intravenous preloading“ mit Kolloiden oder ein „coloading“ mit Kristalloiden nahegelegt. Zielwert ist, den arteriellen systolischen Blutdruck ≥90 % des ermittelten Ausgangswertes zu halten bzw. einen Abfall auf <80 % des Ausgangswertes zu verhindern. Dafür wird eine prophylaktische Zufuhr von Phenylephrin via Perfusor mit verstellbarer Laufrate empfohlen. Diese sollte mit einer Dosierung von 25–50 µg/min nach intrathekaler Injektion des Lokalanästhetikums unverzüglich gestartet und nach Vitalwerten titriert werden. Schwangere mit kardialen Vorerkrankungen gilt es, präoperativ individuell zu evaluieren.
Deep model predictive flow control with limited sensor data and online learning
Authors: Bieker Katharina , Peitz Sebastian , Brunton Steven L. , Kutz J. Nathan , Dellnitz Michael 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe control of complex systems is of critical importance in many branches of science, engineering, and industry, many of which are governed by nonlinear partial differential equations. Controlling an unsteady fluid flow is particularly important, as flow control is a key enabler for technologies in energy (e.g., wind, tidal, and combustion), transportation (e.g., planes, trains, and automobiles), security (e.g., tracking airborne contamination), and health (e.g., artificial hearts and artificial respiration). However, the high-dimensional, nonlinear, and multi-scale dynamics make real-time feedback control infeasible. Fortunately, these high-dimensional systems exhibit dominant, low-dimensional patterns of activity that can be exploited for effective control in the sense that knowledge of the entire state of a system is not required. Advances in machine learning have the potential to revolutionize flow control given its ability to extract principled, low-rank feature spaces characterizing such complex systems. We present a novel deep learning model predictive control framework that exploits low-rank features of the flow in order to achieve considerable improvements to control performance. Instead of predicting the entire fluid state, we use a recurrent neural network (RNN) to accurately predict the control relevant quantities of the system, which are then embedded into an MPC framework to construct a feedback loop. In order to lower the data requirements and to improve the prediction accuracy and thus the control performance, incoming sensor data are used to update the RNN online. The results are validated using varying fluid flow examples of increasing complexity.
A Systematic Review and Network‐Meta‐Analysis of Gastro‐Enteric Reconstruction Techniques Following Pancreatoduodenectomy to Reduce Delayed Gastric Emptying
Authors: Kamarajah Sivesh K. , Bundred James R. , Alessandri Giorgio , Robinson Stuart M. , Wilson Colin H. , French Jeremy J. , Pandanaboyana Sanjay 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis network meta‐analysis aimed to identify the reconstruction technique associated with lowest rates of DGE following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) from randomised controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsA systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase and MEDLINE databases was carried out using the PRISMA framework to identify all RCTs comparing reconstruction techniques of gastrojejunostomy after PD, with overall DGE as the primary endpoint. The primary outcome measure was overall DGE. Secondary outcomes were grade B/C DGE, duration of nasogastric tube, time to solid food intake, overall and grade B/C pancreatic fistula, bile leaks, reoperation, length of hospital stay and in‐hospital mortality.ResultsThe search strategy identified eight RCTs including 761 patients. Six RCTs compared antecolic (n = 291 patients) and retrocolic Billroth II (n = 289 patients) reconstruction (n = 6 studies), and two RCTs compared antecolic Billroth II (n = 92 patients) and Roux‐en‐Y (n = 89 patients) reconstruction. Overall, antecolic Billroth II ranked best for overall and grade B/C DGE, bile leak, surgical site infection, length of stay and in‐hospital mortality. Roux‐en‐Y was best for overall and grade B/C pancreatic fistula.ConclusionAntecolic Billroth II gastroenteric reconstruction is associated with the lowest rates of delayed gastric emptying after PD amongst the currently available techniques of gastrojejunostomy reconstructions.
District General Hospital Surgical Capacity and Mortality Trends in Patients with Acute Abdomen in Malawi
Authors: Purcell Laura N. , Robinson Brittany , Msosa Vanessa , Gallaher Jared , Charles Anthony 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of emergency general surgery conditions is high in sub‐Saharan Africa, and poor access to surgical care leads to poor patient outcomes. We examined the trends in mortality in patients presenting with an acute abdomen to a referral hospital.MethodsA retrospective analysis of the prospectively collected Kamuzu Central Hospital Acute Care Surgery database was performed (January 2014 to July 2019). Bivariate analysis was conducted by year of admission. A multivariate Poisson regression was performed to identify predictors of mortality.ResultsDuring the study, 2509 patients with acute abdomen presented. The majority of patients presenting were transferred from outside hospitals (n = 2097, 83.9%). Mortality was highest in patients with preoperative diagnosis of peritonitis (n = 119, 22.2%), bowel obstruction (n = 214, 18.7%), and volvuli (n = 51, 18.6%). There was no difference in mortality by year, p = 0.1. On multivariate Poisson regression, there was an increased relative risk of mortality with being transferred (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.12–1.55, p = 0.002), as well as undergoing an operation within 1–2 days (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.16–1.87, p < 0.001) and >2 days (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.17–1.82, p = 0.001) after presentation.ConclusionThe majority of patients in our study who presented with an acute abdomen were transferred from district hospitals, which resulted in high mortality due to delays in surgical care. Therefore, the WHO's recommendation that the majority of district hospitals perform the Bellwether procedures does not occur in district hospitals in central Malawi. District hospitals require significant resource investment to reduce transfers needs and patient mortality.
PIWIL-2 and piRNAs are regularly expressed in epithelia of the skin and their expression is related to differentiation
Authors: Pammer Johannes , Rossiter Heidi , Bilban Martin , Eckhart Leopold , Buchberger Maria , Monschein Laura , Mildner Michael 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPIWI proteins play multiple roles in germline stem cell maintenance and self-renewal. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) associate with PIWI proteins, form effector complexes and maintain genome integrity and function in the regulation of gene expression by epigenetic modifications. Both are involved in cancer development. In this study, we investigated the expression of PIWIL-2 and piRNAs in normal human skin and epithelial tumors and its regulation during keratinocyte (KC) differentiation. Immunohistochemistry showed that PIWIL-2 was regularly expressed in the epidermis and adnexal tissue with strongest expression in sebaceous glands. Cell culture studies revealed an association of PIWIL-2 expression with the state of differentiated KC. In contrast, the PIWIL-2 expression pattern did not correlate with stem cell compartments or malignancy. piRNAs were consistently detected in KC in vitro by next-generation sequencing and the expression levels of numerous piRNAs were regulated during KC differentiation. Epidermal piRNAs were predominantly derived from processed snoRNAs (C/D-box snoRNAs), tRNAs and protein coding genes. Our data indicate that components of the PIWIL-2—piRNA pathway are present in epithelial cells of the skin and are regulated in the context of KC differentiation, suggesting a role of somatic gene regulation. However, putative roles in the maintenance of stem cell compartments or the development of malignancy in the skin were not supported by this study.
Mongolian spots as a finding in forensic examinations of possible child abuse–implications for case work
Authors: Kettner Mattias , Birngruber Christoph G. , Niess Constanze , Baz-Bartels Marco , Bunzel Lena , Verhoff Marcel A. , Lux Constantin , Ramsthaler Frank 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMongolian spots (MS) are congenital dermal conditions resulting from neural crest-derived melanocytes migration to the skin during embryogenesis. MS incidences are highly variable in different populations. Morphologically, MS present as hyperpigmented maculae of varying size and form, ranging from round spots of 1 cm in diameter to extensive discolorations covering predominantly the lower back and buttocks. Due to their coloring, which is also dependent on the skin type, MS may mimic hematoma thus posing a challenge on the physician conducting examinations of children in cases of suspected child abuse. In the present study, MS incidences and distribution, as well as skin types, were documented in a collective of 253 children examined on the basis of suspected child abuse. From these data, a classification scheme was derived to document MS and to help identify cases with a need for recurrent examination for unambiguous interpretation of initial findings alongside the main decisive factors for re-examination such as general circumstances of the initial examination (e. g., experience of the examiner, lighting conditions) and given dermatological conditions of the patient (e. g., diaper rash).
Information collected during the post-breeding season guides future breeding decisions in a migratory bird
Authors: Tolvanen Jere , Morosinotto Chiara , Forsman Jukka T. , Thomson Robert L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBreeding habitat choice and investment decisions are key contributors to fitness in animals. Density of individuals is a well-known cue of habitat quality used for future breeding decisions, but accuracy of density cues decreases as individuals disperse from breeding sites. Used nests remain an available information source also after breeding season, but whether such information is used for breeding decisions is less well known. We experimentally investigated whether migratory, cavity-nesting pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) prospect potential breeding sites after breeding season and use old nests as a cue for future breeding decisions. In late summer 2013, forest sites were assigned to four treatments: (1) sites including nest boxes with old nests of heterospecifics (tits), (2) sites including suitable but empty nest boxes, (3) sites with unsuitable nest boxes, or (4) sites without any nest boxes. In the following year, we investigated pied flycatcher habitat choice and reproductive investment according to these “past” cues while also controlling for additional information sources present during settlement. Flycatchers preferred sites where tits had been perceived to breed in the previous year, but only if great tits were also currently breeding in the site and had a relatively high number of eggs. Old flycatchers avoided sites previously treated with suitable but empty cavities, whereas young flycatchers preferred sites where tits had apparently bred in the previous year. Also egg mass, but not clutch size or clutch mass, was affected by the combination of past treatment information and current tit abundance.