bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF MULTIELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND NANO-MICRO STRUCTURAL MORPHOLOGY IN MYRTACEAE FAMILY MEDICINAL PLANTS BY FIELD EMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE-ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY METHOD
Authors: SS TEERTHE , BR KERUR 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The essential multielemental analysis was carried out in nano- and microscale surface morphology of two useful selected species of Myrtaceae family medicinal plants such as Eucalyptus and Guava using “field emission scanning electron microscope”–“energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy” (FESEM-EDS). To understand the elemental analysis of medicinal plant used in Bidar, Gulbarga/Kalaburagi and Yadgir districts of the Northeast Karnataka region.
Methods: In the present investigation, Myrtaceae family’s medicinal plants selected. The analysis of the samples were thorough nano-micro photograph obtained by using FESEM and specific weight percent of elemental concentration analyzed by EDX/EDS.
Results: The elemental concentrations such as C, O, magnesium, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were estimated in all the collected medicinal plants and found to be within the World Health Organization (WHO’s) recommended values. FESEM morphology indicates that fine plane irregularly shaped particles, with size an average diameter 200 nm–1 μm, are found in both plants.
Conclusion: The Indian Traditional Medicinal Plants have been used as a potential source for general and therapeutic medicinal purposes, including as a home remedy, Ayurvedic, and herbal drugs for the treatment of different types of human diseases. The WHO established maximum permissible limits for the consumption of major, minor, and trace elements to ensure the safe uses of medicinal plants as a drug material so as to cure the diseases. The present investigation suggests that the collected medicinal plants have good alignments of secondary metabolites, functional groups, and intake of trace elements, which are useful for treatment and preparation of new Ayurvedic, herbal, and pharmaceutical drug, pellets of very small size for alignment of different diseases.
EOSINOPHILIC VARIANT OF CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - A DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA
Authors: RAO NAMRATA , MONAPPA VIDYA , K SUMAN 
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Eosinophilic variant of clear cell renal cell carcinoma is an important entity to diagnose since it is aggressive and is associated with poor prognosis.
Case Report: A 75-year-old patient presented with pain abdomen. The magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass in the kidney. The differential diagnosis given was renal cell carcinoma and hydatid cyst. Nephrectomy was done and the specimen was sent for histopathology. The specimen showed a gray-brown lesion with extensive areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. On microscopy, the tumor cells were arranged in nests. The cells had abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The differential diagnosis on morphology was chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma with extensive inflammation. However, immunohistochemistry (IHC) proved the diagnosis of eosinophilic variant of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Conclusion: Hence, IHC is an essential adjunct to morphology in diagnosing renal neoplasms.
IN VITRO STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF OXALIC ACID-DERIVED BIOACTIVE CHELATING AGENT
Authors: SELASTEEN F DAISY , RAJ S ALFRED CECIL 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the biological potentials of sodium cadmium oxalate dihydrate complex prepared by a single diffusion method in the silica gel medium.
Methods: The present complex was derived by the oxalic acid using a single diffusion method in gel medium and tested for single-crystal X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectrum (190–500 mm), and solubility (distilled water at 20–29°C) studies. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, and antimicrobial activity was measured by agar well diffusion method.
Results: The present chelating complex was successfully synthesized by gel technique. The solubility of sodium cadmium oxalate dihydrate was moderately good for deionized warm water. The UV spectral studies confirmed the chelating O-H, Na-O, and C-O bonds of the newly synthesized complex for the optical and biological properties.
Conclusions: The metal-oxygen and oxygen-hydrogen bonds of the present newly synthesized sample much improved its optical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities and find its applications in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
PHARMACOKINETIC COMPARISON OF MONTELUKAST SODIUM FORMULATIONS AFTER A SINGLE ORAL DOSE IN HEALTHY GUINEA PIGS
Authors: SINGH NEELAM , Kulkarni Giriraj T , Kumar Yatendra , T KULKARNI GIRIRAJ 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Pharmacokinetic evaluation of montelukast sodium chronomodulated capsules (sustained-release solid dispersion of drug enclosed in pH-sensitive film-coated hard gelatin shell) and marketed tablets has been carried out in this study.
Methods: A single oral dose of prepared capsules and marketed conventional tablets was administered in healthy male Dunkin-Hartley albino guinea pigs. Blood samples were collected at different time intervals and plasma concentration of drug was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Different pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed from plasma drug concentration-time profile by one-compartment model, first-order kinetics.
Results: Pharmacokinetic parameters such as time to reach maximum concentration, elimination rate constant, elimination half-life, and mean residence time data indicates that drug release from chronomodulated capsules is significantly prolonged with initial release lag time of 3.5–4 h in comparison with marketed conventional tablets. However, maximum drug plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve, and apparent volume of distribution values show non-significant difference between capsules and marketed tablets.
Conclusion: The findings specified that capsules were providing time controlled delivery of drug at a desired rate for prolonged time, which may be helpful for the prevention of episodic attack of asthma in early morning hours.
NARINGENIN-LOADED D-Α-TOCOPHERYL POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL SUCCINATE 1000 POLYMERIC NANOSUSPENSION: AN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY
Authors: RAJAMANI SUMATHI , KALYANA SUNDARAM GOBINATH , SENGODAN TAMIZHARASI , THANGAVELU SIVAKUMAR , SHANMUKHAN NIKHITHA K , RADHAKRISHNAN ARUN 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Naringenin (NAR) a flavonoid, exhibits extensive pharmacological action, fails to attain a significance in application due to low aqueous solubility (~ 0.214 mg/mL) which results in low bioavailability (5.8%). Nanosuspension of NAR (NARNS) was prepared in our previous studies using high-pressure homogenization employing various polymers. All these formulations were characterized and as a continuation of our work formulations was further evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro and in vivo methods.
Methods: Denaturation of protein method and membrane stabilization methods was chosen for in vitro evaluation. In vivo studies performed were acute inflammatory studies (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and chronic inflammatory studies (cotton pellet granuloma) on Wistar albino rats.
Results: The studies demonstrated that the NAR and NARNS at a dose of 50mg/kg P.O. have a potent activity compared to the standard drug diclofenac.
Conclusion: The percentage of protection against inflammation exhibited by NARNS was highly significant compared to NAR.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BLACK PLUM SEED (SYZYGIUM CUMINI) EXTRACT IN HEXANE
Authors: A H ABDUL JALEEL , F MAHDI JINAN , FAROOQUI MAZHAR , Y H SHAIKH 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Black plum seed has unique medicinal value and used as antidiabetics, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory.
Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the extracts of black plum seed obtained using solvent extraction with hexane as a solvent is used to attempt the identification of prominent components.
Results: Black plum seed extract is obtained by solvent extraction technique using Soxhlet extractor. A total of 10 compounds are predicted in black plum seed extract by GC-MS analysis.
Conclusion: The work presented relates to the study of GC-MS analysis of the extract of black plum seed obtained using solvent extraction with hexane as a solvent. Of ten compounds of black plum seed extract, five compounds are known to have antimicrobial properties.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN FAT INTAKE AND PLASMA SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY WITH TELOMERE LENGTH OF MINANGKABAU ETHNICITY MEN, IN WEST SUMATERA, INDONESIA
Authors: AFRIWARDI AFRIWARDI , SULASTRI DELMI , LESTARI YUNIAR , DESMAWATI DESMAWATI , MINERVA PRIMA 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the correlation between fat intake and plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity with telomere length of Minangkabau ethnic men in West Sumatera, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Padang City in 2016, using a sample of 107 Minangkabau ethnic men, aged between 40 and 50 years. The total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake were collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and blood sample analysis to measure telomere length and plasma SOD activity.
Results: This research indicated that an average telomere length was 584.59±305.92 bp, fat intake consists of total fat was 27.01±6.68% calorie, SFA was 24,7510.07% calorie, MUFA was 10.24±5.41% calorie, and PUFA was 7.35±3.54% calorie. Average of plasma SOD activity was 5.85±3.41 u/mL. There were no correlations between fat intake (total fat, SFA, MUFA, and PUFA) with telomere length (p>0.05), but there was a significant positive correlation between plasma SOD enzyme activity with telomere length (r=−0.202, p=0.037).
Conclusion: Fat intake within normal limits does not correlate with telomere length, and plasma SOD activity is a risk factor for telomere shortening in ethnic Minangkabau men.
EVALUATION OF MUCUNA PRURIENS SEED EXTRACT FOR ITS ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS
Authors: SWAMY GANGADHARA , RAO SURESH R , HOLLA RAJENDRA 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: The present study was carried out to evaluate the hydroalcoholic extract of Mucuna pruriens (HAMP) seeds for its acute oral toxicity in albino rats.
Methods: Acute oral toxicity of MP seed extract was assessed in albino rats with three different doses of the extract with 175, 550, and 2000 mg/ kg body weight. Body weight, mortality, and clinical signs were recorded on 0 (before administration), 7th, and 14th days. Rats were sacrificed after day 14 and observed for any histological changes in the brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissues. Rats were normal up to 1 h and exhibited dullness and piloerection after 1 h which continued up to 2–4 h of observation period on day 0 of administration. All animals appeared normal from day 1 to throughout the experimental procedure.
Results: No significant changes in the histological structure of the liver, kidney, and heart were noticed except mild congestion and hydropic changes only in liver tissue seen for 2000 mg/kg body weight of HAMP seeds. The seed extract of MP is non-toxic to rats and did not show any mortality nor the behavioral changes. In addition, it showed an increase in the body weight with the administration up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.
Conclusion: MP seed extract signified as neurosuppressant, and the drug can be used in the treatment of neurological disorders characterized by hyperactivity of the neurons. The present data could provide adequate confirmation of the safety of MP for further experimental studies on a standardized formulation of the seeds extract.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, AND EX VIVO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF A HERBAL FRUIT EXTRACT
Authors: SHARMA GEETIKA , MISHRA TULIKA 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to determine the presence of various phytochemicals in an ethanolic herbal fruit extract (HFE) made up by a blend of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica (PE), Ananas comosus (AC), Punica granatum (PG), and Terminalia chebula (TC). Followed by a qualitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for standardization of the extract using ascorbic acid and gallic acid as standards, this study was also aimed at the determination of ex vivo antioxidant potential and calculation of inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of HFE.
Methods: The analysis of phytochemicals present in HFE was done qualitatively by methods as described by various researchers. Reversed-phase HPLC was carried out on a C-18 column on gradient mode, using methanol and acetic acid as mobile phase. Ex vivo antioxidant potential was evaluated by inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPO) method by the preparation of packed cell volume.
Results: The results revealed the presence of multiple phytoconstituents in the HFE, and through the chromatographic analysis, the presence of gallic and ascorbic acid as marker compounds was achieved. IC50 values calculated after LPO inhibition method was found to be 21.87 μg/ml and 25.63 μg/ml for ascorbic acid (as standard) and ethanolic HFE, respectively.
Conclusion: The use of herbal antioxidants can provide protection to the human body by fighting against multiple diseases caused as a result of the accumulation of free radicals, generated in the normal metabolic processes going on inside the body. Nowadays, researchers are amused to see the long-term positive effects of using a combination of antioxidants, for example, a polyherbal formulation, rather than single entities.
BIO-CONTROL OF MULTIPLE DRUG-RESISTANT UROPATHOGENS USING MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
Authors: CHAUDHARY VIGI , RK RAGHUVANSHI , CHAUDHARY NAVEEN , SHARMA GAURAV 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of some medicinal plants used in Ayurveda in treating multiple drug-resistant human pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Methods: Dried parts of six medicinal plants used in Ayurveda for treating UTI were Soxhlet extracted, and the extract was concentrated in vacuo. Various concentrations of the extract were tested for antimicrobial activity against three clinical isolates of multiple drug-resistant bacteria causing UTI.
Results: Preliminary results showed the promising antibacterial effect of plant extracts. Escherichia coli, the most common pathogen associated with UTI, was susceptible to aqueous extracts of all the six medicinal plants.
Conclusion: This study concluded that the medicinal plants used in Ayurveda to treat UTIs are effective against multiple drug-resistant uropathogens. Further study in this regard may lead to the identification of novel antimicrobial agent for treating multiple drug-resistant urinary tract pathogens.
COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF FIVE GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL GENOTYPES
Authors: ABD-ALLA HOWAIDA I , A. A TAIE HANAN , ABD-ELMOTALEB MARWA M 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is the world’s most important consumed seed legume. The objectives of the present study were to determine the variability in phytochemical composition and biological activities between five genotypes of G. max.
Methods: Lipoidal matters were determined using glucose (GLC). Amino acids were detected by the amino acid analyzer. The phytoconstituents present within each ethanol extract was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amount of total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins was analyzed using a spectrophotometric technique, based on Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, and the modified vanillin hydrochloric acid method, respectively. Quercetin, catechin, and gallic acid were used as standard compounds, respectively. Isoflavones content were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/photodiode array (PDA). The radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity of the genotypes using different in vitro analytical assays such as 2,2-diphenyl,1-picryl hydrazyl, 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, reducing power, metal chelating, and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power. Butyl hydroxyl toluene and trolox were used as the reference antioxidant radical scavenger compounds. Antitumor activity was evaluated by detecting the viability of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells on four different concentrations (1–5 mg/mL).
Results: GLC analysis showed the high value of total unsaturated fatty acids and 16 amino acids including glutamic acid with the highest concentration. The variation between genotypes according to their chemical composition of the aldehydes, esters, ketones, alcoholics, and carboxylic content were reported. HPLC/PDA referred to the presence of daidzein, genistein, and in all genotypes.
Conclusion: The results confirm the higher value of phytoconstituents of the genotype Giza 35 and Giza 21 as well as their better bioactivity.
THE EFFECT OF PUGUNTANO (CURANGA FEL-TERRAE [LOUR.]) EXTRACT ON ADIPONECTIN RECEPTOR (ADIPOR) IN RATS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: LINDARTO DHARMA , MACHRINA YETTY , SYAFRIL SANTI , SARAGIH AWALUDDIN 
Published: October 2019

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether the antidiabetic effects of puguntano (Curanga fel-terrae [Lour.]) extract involve anti-inflammatory effects mediated through adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs).
Methods: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Wistar rats were induced by a combination of high-fat diet for 5 weeks and injection small dose streptozotocin 30 mg/kg bw/rat. This study was conducted in 48 T2DM rats, which were randomly assigned into two weight-matched groups (n=24, each). Only the treatment group received 0.2 mg/g bw of puguntano extract suspension through oral for 10 days. The clinical characteristics of T2DM and AdipoR were assessed before and after the treatment period.
Results: The treatment group demonstrated significantly lower body weight, fasting blood glucose, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) but higher AdipoR than the control group (all, p<0.001). Furthermore, there were also negative correlations between AdipoR to body weight and HOMA-IR (all, p<0.05).
Conclusion: Our data suggest that puguntano could improve glucose metabolism and ameliorate insulin resistance and have anti-inflammatory effects mediated through AdipoR in T2DM.
El ateísmo considerado como delito extremo en las Leyes de Platón
Authors: Rossetti Livio 
Published: October 2019

This article focuses on Plato’s conception of atheism in the tenth book of the Laws. The Laws themselves are seen as Plato’s last great effort to propose a written code, a project that involves major theorizing. In contrast, the treatment of atheism as a capital crime appears merely as the working out of questions of detail (which feature prevention, a subtle typological analysis of atheists, and the means of eventual repression). Punishment of atheism is a strategic principle, closely associated with a new conception of punishment that includes the possibility of long-term imprisonment for offenders that commit serious crimes. The set of the relevant legislative dispositions against religious offenders is thus put in context (of which the broad outlines are the civil and penal codes), payingspecial attention to ‘unspeakable crimes’. The paper puts in perspective the significance of Plato’s last written work (particularly its pioneering character in the history of formal codification of law) and stresses how he restates his thoughts on what political life and its rules should be, thus substantially (and valuably) revising the utopia of the Republic. The main point of contrast between these works can be said to consist in a shift from the philosopher-king to the embodiment of values in the laws, the promotion of a complex system of internalization of rules and values in all citizens and by all citizens, the establishment of numerous means to achieve the conditions and social atmosphere in which the laws can actually come to live inside each and every one. This represents a considerable change if we compare it to the absolute trust put upon philosopher kings in the earlier work. It is, then, against this general background that Plato’s notion of atheism as “the worst of crimes” should be understood. The strong bond between religion and public morality is the basis supporting the set of social policies, measures of detection and strategies of repression of atheism that Plato proposes (described and briefly discussed by Rossetti). So, considering all that Plato carefully prescribes in the tenth book of the Laws, if atheism and impiety appear as the worst sort of crimes, punishable in a few extreme cases by death, this suggests, on the one hand, that the level of cruelty known in classical times was quite low by modern standards, and secondly, that Plato shows a rather admirable moderation for his time. Making atheism punishable by death and so perhaps the only really unspeakable crime is then only an “extreme prophylactic measure”, not “vengeance of the state”.
Cartas en la antigüedad. Desde la Grecia clásica hasta san Jerónimo
Authors: Pérez Cortés Sergio 
Published: October 2019

This paper looks into the relation between alive voice and writing in ancient letters. The focus of the research is not concentrated on the content of messages but in its dictate conditions, reading aloud, opening and closing formulas. This paper covers a wide historical period; this can be explained because ancient letters were largely conservative. Between the voice and writing, letters were a sign of the persistence of rhetoric, memory and progressive acceptance of the visual message as a predominant mean of communication.
La permanencia del pasado: lo clásico en el tiempo
Authors: Oliva Mendoza Carlos 
Published: October 2019

The idea behind this text is to exhibit some of the characteristics of a form of actualization of the past; more precisely, the movement of the Classic in history. Following Gadamer on the role of tradition as an element of understanding and the configuration of the present, as well as Hegel's model of the Classic in the development of art and aesthetics, the paper claims that there is a movement in the constitution of the classic, through which the past remains by itself summoning the present. Thus, the past remains through its own beliefs and forms of representation. This thesis postulates a criticism of the omnipotence of Enlightenment and some of its immediate discourses: the configuration of the truth as objective knowledge; the unidimensional method; the constitution of determined historical subjects as the only authorities over the configuration of the world. The abovementioned thesis is sustained by a study of the characteristics of the culmination of the Classic. The central point is an attempt to demonstrate that while modern philosophical discourse historizes certain categories as simple descriptive elements of the past, a second argument, based on a proposal which always attempts to find the interpretive aperture, should discover the normative validity in esthetic categories of the present reality. In this view, the past interprets and transmits itself as Classic in the present and future perspectives. Hence, tradition —in its classic form— brings configurations into the present which constitute themselves in real life, while theoretical and methodological criticism on many occasions do not take them into account, but rather avoid or belittle them.