bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous tuberculosis of the pinna
Authors: Ramesh V. , Gupta Jyoti 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) rarely involves the ear as the primary site, but while diagnosing and treating ear infections, it should be considered a differential diagnosis in a tropical country such as India. The present study reports the incidence and clinical presentation of auricular tuberculosis (TB) in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi.MethodsA retrospective, observational study was conducted from 2005 to 2019 whereby all cases of CTB confirmed by biopsy were retrieved from the database. The demographic details, clinical details, Mantoux results, and photographs were extracted and studied. The data were entered into MS Excel and analyzed.ResultsIn a retrospective analysis of 886 cases of CTB over a period of 15 years, we found 20 cases (2.26%) of ear involvement (1 case with bilateral involvement). The median age of the patients with ear involvement was 29 years with 42.11% men and 57.89% women. Morphological variants seen over pinna were predominantly classic plaque type (31.58%) and nodular (31.58%), with few ulcerative (21.05%) and tumoral forms (15.79%). CTB of the pinna showed predominant involvement of either helix or ear lobule (7 cases each). All cases were strongly positive to tuberculin and showed response to the empirical antitubercular treatment.ConclusionCTB can exclusively affect the pinna in varied presentations. The ear lobules and the helix are the usual sites of affection. It is rare for both ears to be affected with CTB, unlike bacilliferous leprosy. Regression following institution of antitubercular treatment is a reasonable way to confirm CTB.
Impact of brown foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour on thermo‐mechanical properties of flours from different rice varieties
Authors: Aprodu Iuliana , Banu Iuliana 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe physical, functional and thermo‐mechanical properties of rice flours prepared from long, round and medium rice grain and of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour were investigated. The impact of foxtail millet flour addition on the thermo‐mechanical properties to the rice flours was also explored. Rice flour from long grain had higher amylose content (26.37%), while the rice flour from round grain had better hydration properties compared to the other rice flours. The dough from long grain rice flour exhibited higher starch gelatinisation temperature and cooking stability and lower starch retrogradation compared to the other investigated rice flours. Foxtail millet flour addition to the rice flours exerted a lower impact on the thermo‐mechanical properties of the dough based on rice flour from long grain compared to the other investigated rice flours. These differences might be due to the differences in terms of starch properties and proximate composition of the flour samples.
Effect of foliar spray of kinetin on the enhancement of rice yield by elevated CO2
Authors: Zhang Guoyou , Sakai Hidemitsu , Yoshimoto Mayumi , Wakatsuki Hitomi , Tokida Takeshi , Ikawa Hiroki , Arai Miwa , Nakamura Hirofumi , Hasegawa Toshihiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRising atmospheric CO2 concentrations stimulate photosynthesis and productivity of C3 plants such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), a phenomenon known as the CO2 fertilization effect (CFE). Previous studies have shown that a greater sink capacity (e.g. grain number, or grain size) enhances the CFE on rice yield and that cytokinin is involved in the sink capacity; however, the direct involvement of this phytohormone in the CFE remains unclear. In this study, we tested whether exogenous application of kinetin improved the CFE of cultivars with different sink sizes (Koshihikari, japonica, with small sink; Takanari, indica with large sink) using a free‐air CO2 enrichment experiment on a rice paddy. We hypothesized that kinetin increases the sink size and thereby enhances the CFE, particularly for the cultivar with a smaller sink. Elevated CO2 (200 µmol/mol above ambient concentration) increased grain yield by 11.4%, averaged across two cultivars. Kinetin significantly improved the CFE in Takanari from 11.2% to 19.2%, but not in Koshihikari. The enhancement of the CFE by kinetin in Takanari appeared through the increased sink size resulting from a greater panicle density. In contrast, kinetin did not increase panicle density or sink size in Koshihikari and failed to enhance the CFE. We therefore conclude that sink size improves CFE on rice yield, and that kinetin could increase sink size, but the effect is cultivar dependent.
Molecular characterization and functional analysis of cyp11a and cyp11b in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)
Authors: Sun Minmin , Jiang Shipeng , Song Weihao , Qu Jiangbo , Qi Jie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe cyp11 includes cyp11a and cyp11b in most mammals and teleosts, encoded cholesterol side chain lyase and 11β‐hydroxylase, respectively. It is essential in steroid hormone synthesis. However, studies on the regulation of cyp11 are limited, especially in teleosts. In this study, the molecular characterization and function of cyp11a and cyp11b of black rockfish was investigated. Both of them showed high homology with other teleost counterparts by phylogenetic analysis. The expression of cyp11a and cyp11b exhibited a clear sexually dimorphic pattern, with a higher expression level in testis than that of in ovaries. During the different developmental stages (40 dpf, 80 dpf, 190 dpf, 360 dpf, 720 dpf), the expression of cyp11a was earlier than cyp11b. In situ hybridization results showed that cyp11a and cyp11b were mainly expressed in oogonia and oocytes of the ovary. They were located in spermatogonia and interstitial compartment in the 1.5‐year‐old gonads, and spermatocytesgonia and the peritubular myoid cell of the testis in the 2.5‐year‐old gonads. To explore the distinct roles of cyp11a and cyp11b in gonads, oestrogen and androgens were used to stimulate the primary testicular and ovarian cells. The expressions of cyp11a and cyp11b were tested under different dose of 17α‐methyltestosterone (17α‐MT) and 17β‐estradiol (E2). The results showed cyp11a was significantly increased at 10−6 mol ml–1 of 17α‐MT and 10−8 mol ml–1 of E2 in ovary and 10−10 mol ml–1 of 17α‐MT and E2 in testis, while cyp11b was significantly decreased after 17α‐MT and E2 treatment. These results indicated that cyp11a and cyp11b were likely to have different functions, and also implied they might play an important roles in the differentiation of gonads and the synthesis of steroids in black rockfish.
Determining the appropriate pretreatment procedures and the utility of liver tissue for bulk stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) studies in sharks
Authors: Pahl K. Blue , Yurkowski David J. , Wintner Sabine P. , Cliff Geremy , Dicken Matthew L. , Hussey Nigel E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStable‐isotope analysis (SIA) provides a valuable tool to address complex questions pertaining to elasmobranch ecology. Liver, a metabolically active, high turnover tissue (~166 days for 95% turnover), has the potential to reveal novel insights into recent feeding/movement behaviours of this diverse group. To date, limited work has used this tissue, but ecological application of SIA in liver requires consideration of tissue preparation techniques given the potential for high concentrations of urea and lipid that could bias δ13C and δ15N values (i.e., result in artificially lower δ13C and δ15N values). Here we investigated the effectiveness of (a) deionized water washing (WW) for urea removal from liver tissue and (b) chloroform‐methanol for extraction of lipids from this lipid rich tissue. We then (a) established C:N thresholds for deriving ecologically relevant liver isotopic values given complications of removing all lipid and (b) undertook a preliminary comparison of δ13C values between tissue pairs (muscle and liver) to test if observed isotopic differences correlated with known movement behaviour. Tests were conducted on four large shark species: the dusky (DUS, Carcharhinus obscurus), sand tiger (RAG, Carcharias taurus), scalloped hammerhead (SCA, Sphyrna lewini) and white shark (GRE, Carcharodon carcharias). There was no significant difference in δ15N values between lipid‐extracted (LE) liver and lipid‐extracted/water washed (WW) treatments, however, WW resulted in significant increases in %N, δ13C and %C. Following lipid extraction (repeated three times), some samples were still biased by lipids. Our species‐specific “C:N thresholds” provide a method to derive ecologically viable isotope data given the complexities of this lipid rich tissue (C:N thresholds of 4.0, 3.6, 4.7 and 3.9 for DUS, RAG, SCA and GRE liverLEWW tissue, respectively). The preliminary comparison of C:N threshold corrected liver and muscle δ13C values corresponded with movement/habitat behaviours for each shark; minor differences in δ13C values were observed for known regional movements of DUS and RAG (δ13CDiffs = 0.24 ± 0.99‰ and 0.57 ± 0.38‰, respectively), while SCA and GRE showed greater differences (1.24 ± 0.63‰ and 1.08 ± 0.71‰, respectively) correlated to large‐scale movements between temperate/tropical and pelagic/coastal environments. These data provide an approach for the successful application of liver δ13C and δ15N values to examine elasmobranch ecology.
Accelerometer‐Measured Sedentary Patterns are Associated with Incident Falls in Older Women
Authors: Rosenberg Dori E. , Rillamas‐Sun Eileen , Bellettiere John , LaMonte Michael , Buchner David M. , Di Chongzhi , Hunt Julie , Marshall Stephen , Stefanick Marcia , Zhang Yuzheng , LaCroix Andrea Z. 
Published: November 2020

Background/ObjectiveFalls cause significant problems for older adults. Sedentary time is associated with lower physical function and could increase the risk for falls.DesignProspective study.SettingSites across the United States.ParticipantsOlder women (N = 5,545, mean age 79 years) from the Women's Health Initiative Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health study.MeasurementsAccelerometers worn at the hip for up to 1 week collected measures of daily sedentary time and the mean sedentary bout duration, a commonly used metric for sedentary accumulation patterns. For up to 13 months after accelerometer wear, women reported daily whether they had fallen on monthly calendars.ResultsIn fully adjusted models, the incident rate ratios (95% confidence interval) for quartiles 1 (lowest), 2, 3, and 4 of sedentary time respectively were 1.0 (ref.), 1.07 (0.93–1.24), 1.07 (0.91–1.25), and 1.14 (0.96–1.35; P‐trend = .65) and for mean sedentary bout duration was 1.0 (ref.), 1.05 (0.92–1.21), 1.02 (0.88–1.17), and 1.17 (1.01–1.37; P‐trend = .01), respectively. Women with a history of two or more falls had stronger associations between sedentary time and falls incidence compared with women with a history of no or one fall (P for interaction = .046).ConclusionsOlder women in the highest quartile of mean sedentary bout duration had a significantly increased risk of falling. Women with a history of frequent falling may be at higher risk for falling if they have high sedentary time. Interventions testing whether shortening total sedentary time and/or sedentary bouts lowers fall risk are needed to confirm these observational findings.
Suppression of tau‐induced phenotypes by vitamin E demonstrates the dissociation of oxidative stress and phosphorylation in mechanisms of tau toxicity
Authors: Cowan Catherine M. , Sealey Megan A. , Mudher Amritpal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVarious lines of evidence implicate oxidative stress in the pathogenic mechanism(s) underpinning tauopathies. Consequently, antioxidant therapies have been considered in clinical practice for the treatment of tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but with mixed results. We and others have previously reported increased protein oxidation upon expression of both human 0N3R (hTau0N3R) and 0N4R (hTau0N4R) tau in vivo. Building on these studies, we demonstrate here the suppression of hTau0N3R associated phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster after treatment with vitamin C or vitamin E. Curiously the rescue of phenotype was seen without alteration in total tau level or alteration in phosphorylation at a number of disease‐associated sites. Moreover, treatment with paraquat, a pro‐oxidant drug, did not exacerbate the hTau0N3R phenotypes. This result following paraquat treatment is reminiscent of our previous findings with hTau0N4R which also causes greater oxidative stress when compared to hTau0N3R but has a milder phenotype. Collectively our data imply that the role of oxidative stress in tau‐mediated toxicity is not straight forward and there may be isoform‐specific effects as well as contribution of other factors. This may explain the ambiguous effects of anti‐oxidant treatments on clinical outcome in dementia patients.
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Endocrine cross‐talk between the gut microbiome and glial cells in development and disease
Authors: Anbalagan Savani 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlial cells make up the major cellular component of the nervous system. Glial development is usually investigated through perturbations of host genetics, although non‐host‐derived signalling molecules can also regulate glial cells. Indeed, gut microbiome colonisation and the presence of microbiome‐derived factors in the blood coincide with glial cell development. Emerging data suggest that the gut microbiome can regulate gliogenesis, myelination and glial epigenetics. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by changes in the gut microbiome and glial dysfunction. This perspective discusses the ways in which microbiome‐derived molecules can engage in cross‐talk with glial cells during development and in dysfunctional glial diseases.
The perception bias of aesthetic providers
Authors: Greywal Tanya , Dayan Steven H. , Goldie Kate , Guillen Fabi Sabrina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSince there is no universal standard of beauty, each aesthetic provider's definition may shape his/her practice of aesthetic procedures. Beauty and attractiveness are commonly defined by both mathematical and cultural influences and are shaped by our surroundings and what is most familiar to us. Therefore, we thoroughly explored the literature to better elucidate these variables and biases that affect the perception of beauty, in order to better provide appropriate and customized aesthetic procedures that preserve each individuals’ own unique beauty. Understanding how each provider's own bias and aesthetic preferences differs from that of his/her patients may go a long way to improving communication in the consultation process and patient satisfaction with the outcomes achieved. We know that clinicians many times superimpose their biases onto their patients, so it is important that each practitioner accounts for bias in aesthetic medicine when consulting with patients and colleagues.
T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted Subtraction MR Images for Glioma Visualization and Grading
Authors: Goryawala Mohammed , Roy Bhaswati , Gupta Rakesh K. , Maudsley Andrew A. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo evaluate the performance of multiparametric MR images in differentiation of different regions of the gross tumor area and for assessment of glioma grade.METHODSForty‐six glioma subjects (18 grade II, 11 grade III, and 17 grade IV) underwent a comprehensive MR and spectroscopic imaging procedure. Maps were generated by subtraction of T1‐weighted images from contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted images (ΔT1 map) and T1‐weighted images from T2‐weighted images (ΔT2 map). Regions of interest (ROIs) were positioned in normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM), enhancing tumor, hyperintense T2, necrotic region, and immediate and distal peritumoral regions (IPR and DPR). Relative signal contrast was estimated as difference between mean intensities in ROIs and NAWM. Classification using support vector machines was applied to all image series to determine the efficacy of regional contrast measures for differentiation of low‐ and high‐grade lesions and grade III and IV lesions.RESULTSΔT1 and ΔT2 maps offered higher contrast as compared to other parametric maps in differentiating enhancing tumor and edematous regions, respectively, and provided the highest classification accuracy for differentiating low‐ and high‐grade tumors, of 91% and 90.4%. Choline/N‐acetylaspartate maps provided significant contrast for delineating IPR and DPR. For differentiating high‐grade gliomas, ΔT2 and ΔT1 maps provided a mean accuracy of 90.9% and 88.2%, which was lower than that obtained using cerebral blood volume (93.7%) and choline/creatine (93.3%) maps.CONCLUSIONThis study showed that subtraction maps provided significant contrast in differentiating several regions of the gross tumor area and are of benefit for accurate tumor grading.
Household food insecurity and children's oral health: Findings from the 2016–2018 National Survey of Children's Health
Authors: Jackson Dylan B. , Testa Alexander 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of the present study is to examine the association between household food insecurity and oral health problems among US children, and the role that socioeconomic, insurance, and oral health care utilization variables play in this association.MethodsA large, nationally representative sample of children from the 2016–2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) was employed in the present study (N = 99,962). Logistic regression and negative binomial regression were used to assess the influence of household food insecurity on diverse oral health problems and unmet oral health care needs. The Karlson–Holm–Breen (KHB) method was used to examine the attenuating roles of socioeconomic, insurance, and oral health care utilization variables.ResultsChildren in food‐insecure households exhibited significantly greater odds of all examined oral health problems as well as unmet oral health care needs. These associations were a) most pronounced in the case of moderate‐to‐severe food insecurity and b) partly explained by a subset of socioeconomic and insurance‐related variables.ConclusionsHousehold food insecurity is a potent risk factor for oral health problems and unmet oral health care needs among US children. Programmatic efforts to address household food insecurity may yield collateral benefits for the oral health of children. Furthermore, because socioeconomic status and insurance‐related variables explain part of the association, targeted interventions to improve these factors may improve oral health among at‐risk children.
Bilingual and Multilingual Mental Lexicon: A Modeling Study With Linear Discriminative Learning
Authors: Chuang Yu‐Ying , Bell Melanie J. , Banke Isabelle , Baayen R. Harald 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study addresses whether there is anything special about learning a third language, as compared to learning a second language, that results solely from the order of acquisition. We use a computational model based on the mathematical framework of Linear Discriminative Learning to explore this question for the acquisition of a small trilingual vocabulary, with English as L1, German or Mandarin as L2, and Mandarin or Dutch as L3. Our simulations reveal that when qualitative differences emerge between the learning of a first, second, and third language, these differences emerge from distributional properties of the particular languages involved rather than the order of acquisition per se, or any difference in learning mechanism. One such property is the number of homophones in each language, since within‐language homophones give rise to errors in production. Our simulations also show the importance of suprasegmental information in determining the kinds of production errors made.
Pudendal nerve release for lower urinary tract symptoms in young males
Authors: Aoun Fouad , Mjaess Georges , Akl Bernard , Nassar Dany , Kallas Chemaly Anthony , Haydar Asad , Raad Rami , Absil Fabienne , Nemr Elie , Bollens Renaud 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of laparoscopic transperitoneal pudendal decompression in the improvement of refractory lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in young males presenting with clinical features of pudendal nerve entrapment with no known comorbidities that could explain their LUTS.MethodsThis is a prospective pilot study involving patients suffering from LUTS refractory to standard treatment and clinical features of pudendal nerve entrapment on physical examination. They underwent laparoscopic transperitoneal pudendal decompression. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and maximal flow (Qmax) on uroflowmetry were evaluated before and 3 months after the procedure.ResultsFive male patients aged 34 ± 4 years were recruited. The median IPSS differed significantly before and 3 months after the procedure (18 vs 8, P = .042); likewise, median Qmax differed significantly before and 3 months after the procedure (12 vs 18 mL/s, P = .042).ConclusionPudendal nerve entrapment syndrome should be considered as a main differential diagnosis for refractory LUTS in young males with no other comorbidities. When clinical features of pudendal nerve entrapment are present, laparoscopic transperitoneal pudendal decompression relieves LUTS in these young males.
Population genetic structure underlying the geographic variation in beetle structural colour with multiple transition zones
Authors: Araki Yoshifumi , Sota Teiji 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe studied the population genetic structure underlying the geographic variation in the structural colour of the geotrupid dung beetle,Phelotrupes auratus, which exhibits metallic body colours of different reflectance wavelengths perceived as red, green and indigo. These forms occur parapatrically in an area of Japan. The colour variation was not related to variation in climatic factors. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequences, we discriminated five groups of populations (west/red, south/green, south/indigo, south/red and east/red) by a combination of genetic clusters (west, south and east) and three colour forms. There were three transition zones for the colour forms: two between the red and green forms were hybrid zones with steep genetic clines, which implies the existence of barriers to gene flow between regions with different colours. The remaining transition zone between the green and indigo forms lacked genetic differentiation, despite the evident colour changes, which implies regionally specific selection on the different colours. In a genomewide association study, we identified four SNPs that were associated with the red/green or indigo colour and were not linked with one another, which implies that the coloration was controlled by multiple loci, each affecting the expression of a different colour range. These loci may have controlled the transitions between different combinations of colours. Our study demonstrates that geographic colour variation within a species can be maintained by nonuniform interactions among barriers to gene flow, locally specific selection on different colours, and the effects of different colour loci.