bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poverty analysis in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea underscores climate vulnerability and need for income flexibility*
Authors: Schmidt Emily , Gilbert Rachel , Holtemeyer Brian , Mahrt Kristi 
Published: December 2020

A severe El Niño event in 2015/16 decimated an important share of Papua New Guinea's (PNG) local crop production, leaving 10 per cent of the population with significant food shortages. Lack of recent socio‐economic data and analysis of the country's rural population impeded efforts to plan and mitigate the ensuing food crisis. This paper presents the most recent poverty analysis in Papua New Guinea in nearly a decade, and a renewed effort to inform rural production, consumption and livelihood patterns in some of the country's most remote, lowland areas. We designed a rural household survey that collected detailed consumption and expenditure data to explore poverty prevalence and correlates of per capita household expenditure. Results suggest that approximately half of the sampled individuals live in households with total per capita expenditures below the poverty line. Climate shocks have significant and possibly long‐term consequences for household welfare. Households that experienced a drought in the last 5 years are associated with significantly lower per capita expenditures. Labour diversification, via migration, is associated with greater welfare. Households with at least one migrant member are associated with 13 per cent greater per capita expenditure.
Regional inequality and institutional trust in Europe
Authors: Lipps Jana , Schraff Dominik 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInequality is a central explanation of political distrust in democracies, but has so far rarely been considered a cause of (dis‐)trust towards supranational governance. Moreover, while political scientists have extensively engaged with income inequality, other salient forms of inequality, such as the regional wealth distribution, have been sidelined. These issues point to a more general shortcoming in the literature. Determinants of trust in national and European institutions are often theorized independently, even though empirical studies have demonstrated large interdependence in citizens’ evaluations of national and supranational governance levels. In this paper, we argue that inequality has two salient dimensions: (1) income inequality and (2) regional inequality. Both dimensions are important antecedent causes of European Union (EU) trust, the effects of which are mediated by evaluations of national institutions. On the micro‐level, we suggest that inequality decreases a person's trust in national institutions and thereby diminishes the positive effect of national trust on EU trust. On the macro‐level, inequality decreases country averages of trust in national institutions. This, however, informs an individual's trust in the EU positively, compensating for the seemingly untrustworthiness of national institutions. Finally, we propose that residing in an economically declining region can depress institutional trust. We find empirical support for our arguments by analysing regional temporal change over four waves of the European Social Survey 2010–2016 with a sample of 209 regions nested in 24 EU member states. We show that changes in a member state's regional inequality have similarly strong effects on trust as changes in the Gini coefficient of income inequality. Applying causal mediation techniques, we can show that the effects of inequality on EU trust are largely mediated through citizens’ evaluations of national institutions. In contrast, residing in an economically declining region directly depresses EU trust, with economically lagging areas turning their back on European governance and resorting to the national level instead. Our findings highlight the relevance of regional inequality for refining our understanding of citizens’ support for Europe's multi‐level governance system and the advantages of causal modelling for the analysis of political preferences in a multi‐level governance system.
Validation of two methods for the quantitative analysis of cocaine and opioids in biological matrices using LCMSMS
Authors: Wagner Rebecca , Moses Linda 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe proliferation of misuse of prescription and non‐prescription opioids, in recent years, has caused an opioid epidemic in the United States. Forensic toxicology laboratories often encounter implications of abuse in both driving under the influence of drugs and death investigation cases. The Virginia Department of Forensic Science has seen over a 190% increase in the number of reported opioids in death investigation cases over the past several years. Traditionally, analyses are completed by individual drug class, which subsequently requires an individual case to be evaluated using multiple analytical techniques for comprehensive analysis. To ease the impact of increasing case submissions and case complexity, two liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS) methods for the quantitative analysis of opioids, cocaine, and cocaine metabolites in biological matrices have undergone a fit‐for‐purpose validation. The methods were compared to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each analytical technique. Two sample preparation techniques, protein precipitation and solid‐phase extraction, were employed for quantitative validation. Validation aspects evaluated included accuracy and precision, sensitivity, linearity, matrix effects, recovery, carryover, interferences, dilution integrity, and post‐extraction stability. The accuracy of the protein precipitation method ranged from 80 ± 3% to 101 ± 10%. The accuracy of the solid‐phase extraction method ranged from 88 ± 9% to 119 ± 3%. Additionally, within‐run and intermediate precision was within ±20% for both extraction techniques. Although ionization suppression was noted, it was determined to have minimal effect on the methods. The newly developed methods require less sample volume and combine four analytical techniques into one method, which significantly impacts laboratory productivity.
Modeling Watershed‐Wide Bioretention Stormwater Retrofits to Achieve Thermal Pollution Mitigation Goals
Authors: Chen Helen Y. , Hodges Clayton C. , Dymond Randel L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStream ecosystems are increasingly at risk for thermal impairment as urbanization intensifies, resulting in more heated runoff from impervious cover that is less likely to be cooled naturally. While several best management practices, including bioretention filters, have been able to reduce thermal pollution, success has been limited. The extent of thermal mitigation required to prevent ecological damage remains unknown. A calibrated runoff temperature model of a case study watershed in Blacksburg, VA was developed to determine the cumulative treatment volume of bioretention filters required to reduce thermal impacts caused by runoff from development in the watershed to regulated biologically acceptable levels. A future build out scenario of the study watershed was also analyzed. Results from this study established that runoff thermal pollution cannot be fully reduced to goal thresholds during all storms using bioretention filter retrofits. While retrofitting significantly decreased temperatures and heat exports relative to the controls, increasing treatment volumes did not really enhance mitigation. Alternate thermal mitigation methods that actively remove runoff volume should be considered where more thermal mitigation is required.
Robust pricing with refunds
Authors: Hinnosaar Toomas , Kawai Keiichi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBefore purchase, a buyer of an experience good learns about the product's fit using various information sources, including some of which the seller may be unaware of. The buyer, however, can conclusively learn the fit only after purchasing and trying out the product. We show that the seller can use a simple mechanism to take best advantage of the buyer's post‐purchase learning to maximize his guaranteed‐profit. We show that this mechanism combines a generous refund, which performs well when the buyer is relatively informed, with non‐refundable random discounts, which work well when the buyer is relatively uninformed.
Interéaction of submergence tolerance and drought yield QTLs (Sub1 and qDTYs) enhances morpho‐physiological traits and survival of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under submergence
Authors: Mohd Ikmal Asmuni , Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsudin , Wickneswari Ratnam , Amira Ismail , Puteri Dinie Ellina Zulkafli 
Published: December 2020

AbstractClimate change has caused increasing incidences of the extreme flooding around the world, which has impacted rice production, especially in rainfed ecosystems. Breeding for submergence tolerant rice varieties has been conducted to mitigate the adverse effects and help farmers to reduce yield loss. The present study was carried out to introgress the submergence tolerance QTL (Sub1) from IR64‐Sub1 into drought‐tolerant lines; UKM5 and UKM91 possessing the drought yield quantitative trait loci (qDTYs), viz. qDTY12.1 and qDTY3.1, and to evaluate the effects of the combination of these QTLs in improving the morpho‐physiological traits and survival under submergence. UKM5 and UKM91 were selected as the recipient of the Sub1 locus because of the intermediate submergence tolerance they possessed even though they only have qDTY/s. Therefore, the introgression of Sub1 into these lines was hypothesised to enhance survival. Submergence stress was given for 14 days to BC1F4 lines from the two breeding populations. Lines with better survival than the tolerant check, IR64‐Sub1 were selected and evaluated under 18 days of submergence stress. Generally, lines with Sub1 and qDTYs from UKM5*/IR64‐Sub1 and UKM91*/IR64‐Sub1 populations had higher survival rate (SR) of 90–100%, lower shoot elongation percentage (EP) and a smaller percentage of chlorophyll content change (CCC) than IR64‐Sub1. The selected lines also showed a low percentage of non‐structural carbohydrate change (NSCC) which related to the ability to recover after submergence. In both populations, the interaction of qDTY3.1 with Sub1 proved to give the best improvement on EP and CCC. This experiment provides novel findings; that is, the combinations of Sub1 + qDTY12.1 + qDTY3.1 showed high survival rate in the population of UKM5*/IR64‐Sub1, while qDTY3.1 improved SR of the lines from UKM91*/IR64‐Sub1 population to 100%. These results proved that the action of Sub1, qDTY/s and their interaction differ in contrasting population or background. The QTL combinations showed a consistent effect in both submergence experiments and proved the effectiveness of Sub1 and qDTYs combinations in enhancing the morpho‐physiological traits and survival.
Anthocyanins attenuate endothelial dysfunction through regulation of uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase in aged rats
Authors: Lee Geum‐Hwa , Hoang The‐Hiep , Jung Eun‐Soo , Jung Su‐Jin , Han Seong‐Kyu , Chung Myoung‐Ja , Chae Soo‐Wan , Chae Han‐Jung 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEndothelial dysfunction is one of the main age‐related arterial phenotypes responsible for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older adults. This endothelial dysfunction results from decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) arising downstream of endothelial oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of anthocyanins and the underlying mechanism in rat thoracic aorta and human vascular endothelial cells in aging models. In vitro, cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (C‐3‐R) and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C‐3‐G) inhibited the d‐galactose (d‐gal)‐induced senescence in human endothelial cells, as indicated by reduced senescence‐associated‐β‐galactosidase activity, p21, and p16INK4a. Anthocyanins blocked d‐gal‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and NADPH oxidase activity. Anthocyanins reversed d‐gal‐mediated inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) serine phosphorylation and SIRT1 expression, recovering NO level in endothelial cells. Also, SIRT1‐mediated eNOS deacetylation was shown to be involved in anthocyanin‐enhanced eNOS activity. In vivo, anthocyanin‐rich mulberry extract was administered to aging rats for 8 weeks. In vivo, mulberry extract alleviated endothelial senescence and oxidative stress in the aorta of aging rats. Consistently, mulberry extract also raised serum NO levels, increased phosphorylation of eNOS, increased SIRT1 expression, and reduced nitrotyrosine in aortas. The eNOS acetylation was higher in the aging group and was restored by mulberry extract treatment. Similarly, SIRT1 level associated with eNOS decreased in the aging group and was restored in aging plus mulberry group. These findings indicate that anthocyanins protect against endothelial senescence through enhanced NO bioavailability by regulating ROS formation and reducing eNOS uncoupling.
Increased brain reactivity to gambling unavailability as a marker of problem gambling
Authors: Brevers Damien , Baeken Chris , Bechara Antoine , He Qinghua , Maurage Pierre , Petieau Mathieu , Sescousse Guillaume , Vögele Claus , Billieux Joël 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe unprecedented development and ubiquity of sports betting constitute an emerging public health concern. It is crucial to provide markers that could help to better identify people experiencing sports betting‐related harms. The current study investigated whether problem gambling status, sports betting passion, and trait‐self‐control modulate brain reactivity to sports betting cues. Sixty‐five frequent sports bettors (35 “nonproblem bettors” and 30 “problem bettors”) were exposed to cues representing real upcoming sport events (with varying levels of winning confidence) that were made available or blocked for betting, during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recording. Sports betting passion and trait‐self‐control were assessed using self‐report scales. Sport events nonavailable for betting elicited higher insular and striatal activation in problem bettors, as compared with nonproblem bettors. Within a large cluster encompassing the ventral striatum, hippocampus, and amygdala, lower trait‐self‐control was associated with increased brain reactivity to sport events with high levels of winning confidence that were nonavailable for betting. No significant effect of sports betting passion was observed. These findings suggest that sports bettors' brain reactivity to gambling unavailability might be a relevant marker of sports betting‐related harms, as well as of blunted trait‐self‐control.
Biology and dynamics of B cells in the context of IgE‐mediated food allergy
Authors: Satitsuksanoa Pattraporn , Daanje Monique , Akdis Mübeccel , Boyd Scott D. , van de Veen Willem 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn increasing number of people suffer from IgE‐mediated food allergies. The immunological mechanisms that cause IgE‐mediated food allergy have been extensively studied. B cells play a key role in the development of IgE‐mediated food allergies through the production of allergen‐specific antibodies. While this particular function of B cells has been known for many years, we still do not fully understand the mechanisms that regulate the induction and maintenance of allergen‐specific IgE production. It is still not fully understood where in the body IgE class switch recombination of food allergen‐specific B cells occurs, and what processes are involved in the immunological memory of allergen‐specific IgE responses. B cells can also contribute to the regulation of allergen‐specific immune responses through other mechanisms such as antigen presentation and cytokine production. Recent technological advances have enabled highly detailed analysis of small subsets of B cells down to the single‐cell level. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the biology of B cells in relation to IgE‐mediated food allergies.
Exploring Draheim's three dimensions of success in cooperative organizations—the case of collective Alpine summer farms
Authors: Mann Stefan , Stoinescu Andrei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe important distinction among an organization's profits, the economic benefits generated for its members and the generation of social capital, as the three functions of a cooperative, goes back to the German economist Georg Draheim. We explore these dimensions in a survey of 793 Alpine summer farming collectives in Switzerland and in subsequent in‐depth interviews. Exclusive institutional choices, such as restricted membership, decrease economic performance. Prioritizing economic success increases both the profits and economic benefits for members, whereas the prioritization of social values, such as self‐determination and traditions, positively affects social success. However, all three objectives are positively correlated, and the qualitative interview shows how interwoven social and economic benefits often are.
“I had to fight for my VBAC”: A mixed methods exploration of women’s experiences of pregnancy and vaginal birth after cesarean in the United States
Authors: Basile Ibrahim Bridget , Knobf M. Tish , Shorten Allison , Vedam Saraswathi , Cheyney Melissa , Illuzzi Jessica , Kennedy Holly Powell 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundVaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) is safe, cost‐effective, and beneficial. Despite professional recommendations supporting VBAC and high success rates, VBAC rates in the United States (US) have remained below 15% since 2002. Very little has been written about access to VBAC in the United States from the perspectives of birthing people. We describe findings from a mixed methods study examining experiences seeking a VBAC in the United States.MethodsIndividuals with a history of cesarean and recent subsequent birth were recruited through social media groups. Using an online questionnaire, we collected sociodemographic and birth history information, qualitative accounts of participants’ experiences, and scores on the Mothers on Respect Index, the Mothers Autonomy in Decision Making Scale, and the Generalized Self‐Efficacy Scale.ResultsParticipants (N = 1711) representing all 50 states completed the questionnaire; 1151 provided qualitative data. Participants who planned a VBAC reported significantly greater decision‐making autonomy and respectful treatment in their maternity care compared with those who did not. The qualitative theme: “I had to fight for my VBAC” describes participants’ accounts of navigating obstacles to VBAC, including finding a supportive provider and traveling long distances to locate a clinician and/or hospital willing to provide care. Participants cited support from providers, doulas, and peers as critical to their ability to acquire the requisite knowledge and power to effectively self‐advocate.DiscussionFindings highlight the difficulties individuals face accessing VBAC within the context of a complex health system and help to explain why rates of attempted VBAC remain low.
The definition, screening, and treatment of postpartum anemia: A systematic review of guidelines
Authors: Ruiz de Viñaspre‐Hernández Regina , Gea‐Caballero Vicente , Juárez‐Vela Raúl , Iruzubieta‐Barragán Francisco Javier 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPostpartum anemia can negatively affect maternal health and interfere with early parenting. Thus, it is important to have clear, evidence‐informed recommendations on its diagnosis and treatment.ObjectiveTo compare global recommendations regarding the appropriate management of postpartum anemia and to highlight similarities and differences.MethodsSystematic searches were conducted in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, TRIP database, and Scopus, and in the websites of health institutions and scientific societies. Search terms were related to anemia and the postpartum period. Two hundred and eighty papers were identified; the full texts of 30 sets of guidelines were reviewed, with seven being included in the final analysis. Recommendations were extracted through an evaluation of the evidence on the definition, screening, and diagnosis of anemia. The quality of the guidelines was assessed using the AGREE II instrument.ResultsTwo sets of guidelines have been elaborated by international organizations, and the rest were produced by professional associations within high‐resource countries. The discrepancies found in the guidelines are important and affect the definition of anemia, the criteria for screening asymptomatic women, or the criteria guiding treatment. The quality of the guidelines commonly scored between 4 and 6 on a scale of 0 to 7. Recommendations with poor‐quality evidence predominated over recommendations with high‐quality evidence.ConclusionsThis review highlights the need to reach a consensus on the definition of postpartum anemia, to agree on what constitutes a problem for maternal health, and to provide recommendations that reach greater consensus on its diagnosis and treatment.
Intrinsic motivation enhances online group creativity via promoting members’ effort, not interaction
Authors: Zhang Xinru , Pi Zhongling , Li Chenyu , Hu Weiping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntrinsic motivation is seen as the principal source of vitality in educational settings. This study examined whether intrinsic motivation promoted online group creativity and tested a cognitive mechanism that might explain this effect. University students (N = 72; 61 women) who volunteered to participate were asked to fulfill a creative task with a peer using online software. The peer was actually a fake participant who was programed to send prepared answers in sequence. Ratings of creativity (fluency, flexibility and originality) and eye movement data (focus on own vs. peer’s ideas on the screen) were used to compare students who were induced to have high intrinsic motivation and those induced to have low intrinsic motivation. Results showed that compared to participants with low intrinsic motivation, those with high intrinsic motivation showed higher fluency and flexibility on the creative task and spent a larger percentage of time looking at their own ideas on the screen. The two groups did not differ in how much they looked at the peer’s ideas. In addition, students’ percentage dwell time on their own ideas mediated the beneficial effect of intrinsic motivation on idea fluency. These results suggest that although intrinsic motivation could enhance the fluency of creative ideas in an online group, it does not necessarily promote interaction among group members. Given the importance of interaction in online group setting, findings of this study suggest that in addition to enhancing intrinsic motivation, other measures should be taken to promote the interaction behavior in online groups.
Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic

The generation of creative ideas in group settings calls for both individual effort and cognitive stimulation from other members.
Intrinsic motivation has been shown to foster creativity in face‐to‐face groups, which is primarily due the promotion of individual effort.
In online group settings, students’ creativity tends to rely on intrinsic motivation because the extrinsic motivation typically provided by teachers’ supervision and peer pressure in face‐to‐face settings is minimized online.
What this paper adds

Creative performance in online groups benefits from intrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation promotes creativity through an individual’s own cognitive effort instead of interaction among members.
Implications for practice and/or policy

Improving students’ intrinsic motivation is an effective way to promote creativity in online groups.
Teachers should take additional steps to encourage students to interact more with each other in online groups.