bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absenteeism: Its Causes and Effects in Bhutanese Context
Authors: Tamang Dhan Singh 
Published: December 2020

Aims: To understand the reason of absenteeism and its causes and effect in Bhutanese context.
Study Design: Qualitative research design
Place and Duration of study: It was conducted in Wangchu Middle Secondary School, Chhukha Bhutan and it took five years.
Methodology: Data were collected from almost 120 students of classes IX and X including 10 parents and 10 teachers. Data were analyzed using direct content analysis technique. Informal conversation was also arranged for better understanding of the situation of students, teachers and parents.
Findings: The analysis of the data found out more than three areas for reconsideration.

The curriculum thinning and proper selection of topics to be done.
Basis for selection of teachers for undergoing training, at the first place, in College of Education should be done on attitude and aptitude not on marks obtained.
Provide ample avenues for young parents to get enough awareness programs in school which should train them in psychology and values.

Conclusion: This study examined all the perspective put forward by students, teachers and parents. Based on the analysis of the data three measures are suggested for stakeholders. These measures are Proper selection of topics in curriculum and thinning, revamping of selection of teachers and creation of avenues for parents to get awareness programs in schools.
Fluidization
Authors: Fan Liang‐Shih , Zhue Chao , Wang Dawei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFluidization refers to a state of particle movements in which the particles are suspended in the presence of a carrying fluid flow with the carrying fluid being a gas, a liquid, or a gas–liquid mixture. In two‐phase fluidization, fluid and solids can be in semi‐batch or continuous flow conditions or co‐current or countercurrent flow conditions. The gravitational force that acts on the particles in fluidization can be counterbalanced by the hydrodynamic forces such as the drag force and possibly other field forces. Under the semi‐batch condition, the minimum fluidization velocity defines the onset of fluidization. When the fluid velocity sufficiently exceeds the minimum fluidization velocity, the particles move apart and become suspended, and the bed enters the fluidized state. In fluidization, when the fluid velocity is relative low, the bed is characterized by a dense fluid‐particle suspension with little amount of particles entrained from the column by the carrying fluid. At a higher fluid velocity, the dense bed surface becomes indistinguishable with a large amount of particles entrained from the bed. When a significant particle entrainment takes place, the fluidization state can be maintained by external circulation of the entrained particles.
Conversation Analysis and Child Language Acquisition
Authors: Filipi Anna 
Published: December 2020

Child‐focused research in conversation analysis (child‐CA) has been steadily coming into its own as it continues to amass a considerable body of work on the ways that children learn to talk as they become competent members of a culture. While there is an increasingly diverse set of contexts, themes, and disciplines that are drawn on in this work, it is nonetheless commonly driven by a microanalytic, naturally occurring, and in situ concern with showing how children participate, understand, and display interactional competencies in dealing with, finding a place in, and making sense of their social worlds.The discussion in this entry of both consolidating and emerging themes in child‐CA research, limited to children aged from 12 months to seven years, is framed by two very broad, general areas that subsume a number of discrete themes. They are (a) competencies and understandings, and (b) childhood and interactions in pre‐ and early‐primary school settings.
Form‐Focused Instruction
Authors: Collins Laura , Ruivivar June 
Published: December 2020

Form‐focused instruction(FFI) refers to any pedagogical practice aimed at drawing learners' attention to language form. The “form” may consist of phonological (sound), morphosyntactic (word form, word order), lexical, pragmatic, discourse, or orthographical aspects of language. The term owes its origin to a distinction betweenfocus on forms, where a set of predetermined features (e.g., articles, verb tenses) is taught and practiced, andfocus on form, where attention to language is integrated into primarily communicative activities. FFI was originally considered an equivalent of focus on form, but its definition has expanded to include planned focus on structures expected to pose challenges in communication.Much contemporary research on FFI focuses on how different aspects of FFI impact learning. These include comparisons between the benefits of focus on form versus focus on forms, and implicit versus explicit attention to language. Although there is more evidence in favor of explicit techniques, researchers have noted a need for more investigations of effective implicit instruction techniques, and of effective measures of implicit knowledge. Other issues motivating FFI research include whether it is more effective or necessary for certain forms than for others, its timing with respect to learners' developmental readiness, its use with younger learners, the impact of individual learner differences, and social and contextual factors that may influence teachers' and learners' perspectives on FFI.
An Iridium (III) Complex Bearing a Donor–Acceptor–Donor Type Ligand for NIR‐Triggered Dual Phototherapy
Authors: Zhao Jian , Yan Kaiwen , Xu Gang , Liu Xue , Zhao Qiang , Xu Chenjie , Gou Shaohua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIridium(III) complexes are an important group of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). This work constructs a donor–acceptor–donor structure‐based iridium(III) complex (IrDAD) with high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency, negligible dark toxicity, and synergistic PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) effect under near‐infrared (NIR) stimulation. This complex self‐assembles into metallosupramolecular aggregates with a unique aggregation‐induced PDT behavior. Compared with conventional iridium(III) photosensitizers, IrDAD not only achieves NIR light deep tissue penetration but also shows highly efficient ROS and heat generation with ROS quantum yield of 14.6% and photothermal conversion efficiency of 27.5%. After conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEG), IrDAD is formulated to a nanoparticulate system (IrDAD‐NPs) with good solubility. In cancer phototherapy, IrDAD‐NPs preferentially accumulate in tumor area and display a significant tumor inhibition in vivo, with 96% reduction in tumor volume, and even tumor elimination.
Electrowetting‐Controlled Dropwise Condensation with Patterned Electrodes: Physical Principles, Modeling, and Application Perspectives
Authors: Hoek Harmen , Dey Ranabir , Mugele Frieder 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPatterning the wettability of solid surfaces is a successful strategy to control the dropwise condensation of vapor onto partially wetting solid surfaces. The condensation of water vapor onto electrowetting‐functionalized surfaces is studied with structured co‐planar electrodes. A detailed analysis of the experimental distribution of millions of drops reveals that despite the presence of contact angle hysteresis and the occurrence of random drop coalescence events, the preferential drop positions closely follow the numerically calculated local minima of the electrostatic energy for variable drop size. Even subtle transitions between competing preferred locations are properly reproduced by the model. Based on this quantitative understanding of the condensation patterns, a series of important follow‐up steps that need to be taken to demonstrate a reliable performance gain in various applications focusing in particular on enhanced heat transfer is discussed.
Fabrication of Unmodified Bionic Copper Surfaces with Highly Stable Hydrophobicity and Anti‐Icing Properties via a Transfer with Zr‐Based Metallic Glasses
Authors: Liu Xiangkui , Wang Tianchi , Tong Wei , Xu Qinqin , Kong Jian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBioinspired surfaces with micro/nanostructures have attracted tremendous scientific interests in the aspect of anti‐icing due to their extreme stability and hydrophobicity. Nevertheless, poor durability and stability have greatly hindered their applications. Here, the copper surfaces with four kinds of wood morphologies are obtained via Zr‐based metallic glasses (MGs) as the intermediate template, i.e., thermoplasticity of MGs in the supercooled liquid region (SCLR) matters. These as‐prepared copper surfaces show excellent water repellency and remarkably can delay the freezing process. Compared with a smooth copper surface with a water contact angle (WCA) of 39.5 ± 2.0°, these as‐prepared copper surfaces exhibit WCAs of 120 ± 2.2, 132 ± 1.8, 127 ± 1.7, and 123 ± 1.5°, respectively, and their freezing temperatures decrease significantly, from 0 to −5.6, −9.8, −7.2, and −6.8 °C, respectively. Notably, the hydrophobic copper surfaces maintain good stability without losing hydrophobicity while undergoing heat treatments at 200 or 400 °C for 5 h, showing an extreme stability. In contrast, many hydrophobic surfaces prepared by chemical treatments become weak at such high temperatures. Thus, the MGs‐transferred wooden structures provide a time‐saving and low‐cost approach for the preparation of the stable and hydrophobic copper surfaces with anti‐icing, self‐cleaning, and corrosion resistance.
Photo‐Electrochemical Device Enabling Luminescence Switching of LaPO4:Ce,Tb Nanoparticle Layers
Authors: Klein Jonas , Beladi‐Mousavi Seyyed Mohsen , Schleutker Marco , Taffa Dereje Hailu , Haase Markus , Walder Lorenz 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe luminescence properties of LaPO4:Ce,Tb nanoparticles are known to depend on the oxidation state of the cerium ions. However, their assembly into thin films exhibiting reasonable fast Ce3+/4+ electrochemistry is not trivial. Herein, the electrochemical luminescence switching of LaPO4:Ce,Tb nanoparticles, assembled as nonconducting thin films, using two electrocatalytic processes, is demonstrated. Due to the insulating nature of these nanoporous films, redox shuttles are used to access the redox active Ce3+/4+ species for electrochemical reactions. A series of redox shuttles with various redox potentials are employed to investigate their capability to electrochemically oxidize Ce3+ within the nanoparticles. Thereby the formal redox potential of the Ce3+/4+ couple in LaPO4:Ce,Tb nanoparticles is determined to lie within 0.89 and 1.15 V versus Ag/AgCl. In situ observation of repetitive luminescence switching is realized by assembling a device that allows UV light to enter the nanoparticle layer. With two redox shuttles present in the electrolyte, one for the oxidation of Ce3+ and the other for reduction of Ce4+, quenching and restoration of the luminescence is monitored. The resulting device represents the first down‐sizable logical AND gate with UV light and voltage inputs and a vis light output based on a solid state LaPO4:Ce,Tb layer.
Fluidic and Mechanical Thermal Control Devices
Authors: Klinar Katja , Swoboda Timm , Muñoz Rojo Miguel , Kitanovski Andrej 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn recent years, intensive studies on thermal control devices have been conducted for the thermal management of electronics and computers as well as for applications in energy conversion, chemistry, sensors, buildings, and outer space. Conventional cooling or heating techniques realized using traditional thermal resistors and capacitors cannot meet the thermal requirements of advanced systems. Therefore, new thermal control devices are being investigated to satisfy these requirements. These devices include thermal diodes, thermal switches, thermal regulators, and thermal transistors, all of which manage heat in a manner analogous to how electronic devices and circuits control electricity. To design or apply these novel devices as well as thermal control principles, this paper presents a systematic and comprehensive review of the state‐of‐the‐art of fluidic and mechanical thermal control devices that have already been implemented in various applications for different size scales and temperature ranges. Operation principles, working parameters, and limitations are discussed and the most important features for a particular device are identified.
Toward the Scale‐Up of Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries: The Gaps between Lab‐Level Cells and Practical Large‐Format Batteries
Authors: Xu Lei , Lu Yang , Zhao Chen‐Zi , Yuan Hong , Zhu Gao‐Long , Hou Li‐Peng , Zhang Qiang , Huang Jia‐Qi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe scale‐up process of solid‐state lithium metal batteries is of great importance in the context of improving the safety and energy density of battery systems. Replacing the conventional organic liquid electrolytes (OLEs) with solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) opens a new path for addressing increasing energy demands. Advanced approaches have been validated in lab‐scale cells, but only a few successful results can be applied on the practical scale. Herein, the battery systems enabled by SSEs are briefly reviewed and the difficulties and challenges for both lab‐level cells and large‐scale batteries from the perspective of SSEs, cathodes, anodes, and battery configurations, are described. On this foundation, promising opportunities to eliminate problems are also summarized and evaluated. The key gaps between lab‐level cells and practical batteries in the integral technology chains including electrolyte preparation, layer fabrication, cell design, and assembly processes are then identified. Finally, feasible future strategies are summarized and possible development directions are described, which will provide guidance for follow‐up research.
Locally Ordered Graphitized Carbon Cathodes for High‐Capacity Dual‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Kai , Liu Qirong , Zheng Yongping , Yin Hang , Zhang Shanqing , Tang Yongbing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDual‐ion batteries (DIBs) inherently suffer from limited energy density. Proposed here is a strategy to effectively tackle this issue by employing locally ordered graphitized carbon (LOGC) cathodes. Quantum mechanical modeling suggests that strong anion–anion repulsions and severe expansion at the deep‐charging stage raise the anion intercalation voltage, therefore only part of the theoretical anion storage sites in graphite is accessible. The LOGC interconnected with disordered carbon is predicted to weaken the interlaminar van der Waals interactions, while disordered carbons not only interconnect the dispersed nanographite but also partially buffer severe anion–anion repulsion and offer extra capacitive anion storage sites. As a proof‐of‐concept, ketjen black (KB) with LOGC was used as a model cathode for a potassium‐based DIB (KDIB). The KDIB delivers an unprecedentedly high specific capacity of 232 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, a good rate capability of 110 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1, and excellent cycling stability of 1000 cycles without obvious capacity fading.
Efficient Separation of Acetylene and Carbon Dioxide in a Decorated Zeolite
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Han Xue , Chai Yuchao , Wu Guangjun , Li Weiyao , Li Jiangnan , da Silva Ivan , Manuel Pascal , Cheng Yongqiang , Daemen Luke L. , Ramirez‐Cuesta Anibal J. , Shi Wei , Guan Naijia , Yang Sihai , Li Landong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe almost identical molecular sizes and volatilities of acetylene and carbon dioxide make their separation extremely challenging in industry. Reported here is the efficient separation of acetylene and carbon dioxide (v/v=2/1, which is relevant to that in the industrial cracking stream) in faujasite zeolites decorated with atomically‐dispersed copper(II) sites under ambient conditions. In situ neutron powder diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering confirm that the confined copper(II) site displays chemoselective yet reversible binding to acetylene, whereas adsorbed carbon dioxide molecules are stabilized by weak host–guest supramolecular interactions with the framework oxygen centers, thus resulting in the efficient separation of these two gases under flow conditions. A designed adsorption‐purging‐desorption system based upon Cu@FAU is established for the recovery of high purity acetylene (98–99 %) from the mixture of acetylene and carbon dioxide, offering an unprecedented separation factor of 22.2 with an effective dynamic uptake of acetylene of 1.51 mmol g−1 at 298 K.
Calix[4]pyrrole‐Crosslinked Porous Polymeric Networks for the Removal of Micropollutants from Water
Authors: Wang Xiaohua , Xie Linhuang , Lin Kunhua , Ma Weibin , Zhao Tian , Ji Xiaofan , Alyami Mram , Khashab Niveen M. , Wang Hongyu , Sessler Jonathan L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCalix[4]pyrrole‐based porous organic polymers (P1–P3) for removing organic micropollutants from water were prepared. A bowl‐shaped α,α,α,α‐tetraalkynyl calix[4]pyrrole and diketopyrrolopyrrole monomer were crosslinked via Sonogashira coupling to produce a 3D network polymer, P1. P1 proved too hydrophobic for use as an adsorbent and was converted to the corresponding neutral polymer P2 (containing carboxylic acid groups) and its anionic derivative P3 (containing carboxylate anion groups). Anionic P3 outperformed P2 in screening studies involving a variety of model organic micropollutants of different charge, hydrophilicity and functionality. P3 proved particularly effective for cationic micropollutants. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity (qmax,e) of P3 reached 454 mg g−1 for the dye methylene blue, 344 mg g−1 for the pesticide paraquat, and 495 mg g−1 for diquat. These uptake values are significantly higher than those of most synthetic adsorbent materials reported to date.
Molecular hydrogen (H2) as a potential treatment for acute and chronic fatigue
Authors: Lucas Kurt , Rosch Moritz , Langguth Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMany diseases as well as acute conditions can lead to fatigue, which can be either temporary or chronic in nature. Acute fatigue develops frequently after physical exercise or after alcohol hangover, whereas microbial infections such as influenza or COVID‐19 and chronic diseases like Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis are often associated with chronic fatigue. Oxidative stress and a resulting disturbance of mitochondrial function are likely to be common denominators for many forms of fatigue, and antioxidant treatments have been shown to be effective in alleviating the symptoms of fatigue. In this study, we review the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in fatigue and the antioxidant effects of the intake of molecular hydrogen. We propose that molecular hydrogen is well suited for the treatment of temporary and chronic forms of oxidative stress‐associated fatigue.
Distributed adaptive online learning for convex optimization with weight decay
Authors: Shen Xiuyu , Li Dequan , Fang Runyue , Zhou Yuejin , Wu Xiongjun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates an adaptive gradient‐based online convex optimization problem over decentralized networks. The nodes of a network aim to track the minimizer of a global time‐varying convex function, and the communication pattern among nodes is captured as a connected undirected graph. To tackle such optimization problems in a collaborative and distributed manner, a weight decay distributed adaptive online gradient algorithm, called WDDAOG, is firstly proposed, which incorporates distributed optimization methods with adaptive strategies. Then, our theoretical analysis clearly illustrates the difference between weight decay and L2 regularization for distributed adaptive gradient algorithms. The dynamic regret bound for the proposed algorithm is further analyzed. It is shown that the dynamic regret bound for convex functions grows with order of
, where T and n represent the time horizon and the number of nodes associated with the network, respectively. Numerical experiments demonstrate that WDDAOG works well in practice and compares favorably to existing distributed online optimization schemes.
Li‐ion Capacitor via Solvent‐Co‐Intercalation Process from Spent Li‐ion Batteries
Authors: Divya Madhusoodhanan Lathika , Lee Yun‐Sung , Aravindan Vanchiappan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLi‐intercalation into graphite is the key underlying mechanism in the energy storage process. However, the intercalation of solvated Li‐ion/co‐intercalation of Li‐ion into graphite is considered unfitting, as it can initiate exfoliation of graphene layers. But later, it is revealed that co‐intercalation of Li does not destroy graphene layers and the compatibility of graphite host; moreover, the type of lithiated solvent molecule decides the reversibility of co‐intercalation process. Here, we report the fabrication of glyme‐based Li‐ion capacitors (LIC). The battery‐type electrode, graphite, is recovered from a spent Li‐ion battery (LIB) and serves as an anode, active along with a commercial activated carbon cathode. The assembled LIC with a co‐intercalation mechanism could deliver a maximum energy density of ∼46.40 Wh kg−1at ambient temperature conditions. In addition, the performance of LIC is studied at various temperature conditions to ensure compatibility at different environmental conditions. The developed dual‐carbon LICs with low cost and high performance using recovered graphite as the anode can be considered as a real solution for recycling spent LIBs in an effective way by incorporating the waste‐to‐wealth approach.
An All‐Solid‐State Bromide‐Ion Battery
Authors: Inoishi Atsushi , Hokazono Masahiro , Kashiwazaki Eiko , Setoguchi Naoko , Sakai Takaaki , Sakamoto Ryo , Okada Shigeto 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBromide‐ion batteries can provide higher energy densities compared to conventional lithium‐ion batteries, but the high water solubility of bromide salts may require all‐solid‐state cells. Fortunately, the low Young's modulus of bromide salts is an advantage in terms of fabricating high‐performance all‐solid‐state cells. The present study provides the first‐ever demonstration of an all‐solid‐state bromide‐ion battery. In this work, a novel, single‐phase, K‐doped PbBr2 electrolyte was prepared by mechanical milling, and highly dense pellets were readily obtained from this material by uniaxial cold pressing, because of its low modulus. An initial discharge capacity equal to 87 % of the theoretical capacity was exhibited by an experimental battery when using a BiBr3 positive electrode. This concept of a bromide shuttle battery is expected to promote the research of next‐generation batteries incorporating new active materials and based on conversion‐type reactions.
Sauergasbasierte stoff‐ und energieautarke Trocknung von Klärschlamm und Gärresten
Authors: Pätzold Carsten , Zurbel Alexander , Bertau Martin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBei der Verarbeitung von Biomasse sowie bei der Abwasserreinigung fallen Reststoffe mit hohem Wasseranteil an. Im Vorfeld einer thermischen Verwertung müssen sie daher getrocknet werden. Klassische Trocknungsprozesse nutzen dabei oftmals fossile Rohstoffe zum Aufbringen der dafür notwendigen Energiemengen. Mit der sauergasbasierten Trocknung auf der Basis von Kohlendioxid/Luft‐Gemischen wird eine Alternative vorgestellt, die CO2 als Wertstoff (second life) betrachtet und prozesstechnisch zur Trocknung von Klärschlamm und Gärresten verwendet. Dabei wurden insbesondere bei der Gärresttrocknung deutliche Unterschiede im Trockensubstanzgehalt (TS) gemessen, die vereinzelt bei gleicher Trocknungszeit bis zu 35 % TS betrugen. Dies äußert sich u. a. in einem höheren Kohlenstoffanteil von 0,42 Gew.‐% (wf) im Trockengut, einhergehend mit einem um mehr als 1 MJ kg−1 höheren Heiz‐ und Brennwert.