bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smartphone tapping vs. handwriting: A comparison of writing medium
Authors: Lee Bradford J. 
Published: May 2020

<p align="left">Mobile-learning (m-learning), or mobile-assisted language learning (MALL), has been the object of a great deal of research over the last twenty years. However, empirical work in this area has largely failed to produce generalizable conclusions due to variation in methodology, target feature, and task-type (Burston, 2014, 2015). As schools in Japan begin to join the growing number of classrooms worldwide using mobile-based assignments, this study examined how Japanese EFL students’ writing task production differed depending on writing medium (i.e., handwritten on paper vs. tapped on a smartphone). Writing samples were collected from <em>N </em>= 1,449 participants, divided into smartphone- or paper-based groups, across a spectrum of English proficiencies. Handwritten submissions were found to be significantly longer than those composed on a smartphone (<em>p </em>&lt; .001, <em>d </em>= .54), with differences being more pronounced for learners of higher proficiency than lower ones. Significance and effect sizes steadily dropped from <em>p </em>&lt; .001, <em>d </em>= .66 for advanced learners to <em>p </em>= .168, <em>d </em>= .38 for beginners. These results indicate that care must be taken in designing m-learning activities, and that students must be given adequate training in smartphone-input skills (i.e., tapping) and time to acclimate before using such tasks for high-stakes assessments.</p>
Modern American Drama: Playwriting in the 1990s
Authors: Black Cheryl , Friedman Sharon 
Published: May 2020

The Decades of Modern American Playwriting series provides a comprehensive survey and study of the theatre produced in each decade from the 1930s to 2009 in eight volumes. Each volume equips readers with a detailed understanding of the context from which work emerged: an introduction considers life in the decade with a focus on domestic life and conditions, social changes, culture, media, technology, industry and political events; while a chapter on the theatre of the decade offers a wide-ranging and thorough survey of theatres, companies, dramatists, new movements and developments in response to the economic and political conditions of the day. The work of the four most prominent playwrights from the decade receives in-depth analysis and re-evaluation by a team of experts, together with commentary on their subsequent work and legacy. A final section brings together original documents such as interviews with the playwrights and with directors, drafts of play scenes, and other previously unpublished material.
The major playwrights and their plays to receive in-depth coverage in this volume include:Tony Kushner: Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes, Part One and Part Two (1991), Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness (1995) and A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds (1997);Paula Vogel: Baltimore Waltz (1992), The Mineola Twins (1996) and How I Learned to Drive (1997); Suzan-Lori Parks: The Death of the Last Black Man in the Whole Entire World (1990), The America Play (1994) and Venus (1996);Terrence McNally: Lips Together, Teeth Apart (1991), Love! Valour! Compassion! (1997) and Corpus Christi (1998).
Enhancing and Conservation of Ecosystem through Philatelic Education in Europe: Think Green Concept (III) - FDCs Research Study
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan , Pop Alexandru Leonard , Coman Mirela 
Published: May 2020

EUROPA stamps are special stamps issued by European postal administrations and bears the official EUROPA logo, a PostEurop registered trademark under the aegis of PostEurop in which Europe is the central theme. EUROPA stamps underlines cooperation in the posts domain, taking into account promotion of thematic philately. They also build awareness of the common roots, culture and history of Europe and its common goals. As such, EUROPA stamps are among the most collected and most popular stamps in the world.
Each year, PostEurop's Stamps & Philately Working Group selects the EUROPA stamp theme. Think green! was the 2016 theme and, also, the one on which we decided to focus our attention.
In this paper we propose an insight into the actual history of Europe preoccupations for environmental protection and thematic philately, and bring into limelight the significant concerns in promoting ecological educational via thematic issues (Think green! stamps).
The main objective, for the present work and for the next that will follow, is to identify, index and describe the first day covers (FDCs) issued in European countries, starting with Åland Islands postal administration issues and ending with ones from Isle of Man.
Although the working method was the usual one, consisting of consulting databases and specialized catalogs and other documentation resources, addressed in numerous other studies that characterize our philatelic side, the results of the study did not cease to surprise us. The pieces that we managed to identify come to show us that, apart from the state discrepancies and the communication dysfunctions that exist between the different postal administrations of the world, a common issue (such as the Think green! theme in this case) can be more than a good cultural ambassador. Of course, when we refer to the FDCs as a good ambassador, with an undeniable background in promoting the culture and values of a nation, we do not exaggerate in any form. The correspondence from that time, as well as the pieces themselves, as part of a philatelic collection, have by themselves a special significance, capturing the will for better, for the truth and for the beautiful.
The Role of Community-based Organizations in Addressing Social Equity among Deprived Sections in the Conflict Vulnerable Areas in Karnataka, India
Authors: Augusty MaryKutty Karimundakkal , Dizon Josefina T. 
Published: May 2020

Aim: This study assessed the social equity situations in conflict vulnerable areas, and examined the role of 40 community-based organizations (CBOs) spread across the four sub-regions in Karnataka targeting societal change towards social equity.
Study Design: The study employed the survey research design with a sample of 420 beneficiaries of CBO-implemented programs and focus group discussion the officials of each of the CBOs.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Karnataka, India and data gathering was conducted from July 2019 to September 2019
Methodology: Data for the study were obtained through the use of survey, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using chi-square test were done in analysing the data.
Results: The primary role of CBOs, based on evidence from their vision and mission, is to bridge the social equity gap between marginalized and vulnerable communities and the mainstream society through program initiatives and education. These programs were mainly on skills training, child rights protection, and with other major concerns enveloped as social justice and fairness operationalized through access to livelihood, access to education, participation in the political and cultural life, access to self-determination, and peace building community. Besides the preventive roles played by CBOs, they also provide rehabilitation for the exploited and abused in society.
Conclusion: The CBOs in consultation with relevant government agencies, should organize programs in unifying the cultural and religious diversities, widen the scope of their educational programs, and provide the beneficiaries with specialized educational programs along with their skills training to qualify them to bid for contracts in government and non-governmental organizations since there are still visible evidence of social inequalities despite the extensive implementation and awareness education provided thus far.
Effect of a Period of Magnesium Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Resistance of Bodybuilders
Authors: Dehkordi Seyyed Mehdi Razavi 
Published: May 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of magnesium supplements on the muscular strength of active men.
Materials and Methods: Samples were matched into two groups. Magnesium supplements (containing 47 mg of calcium and 250 mg of magnesium oxide produced by al-Hawi Company) were given to the experimental group and the placebo that was completely similar to the supplements for the control group. The tablets are given to every other subject individually and they performed strength training. Supplements were ingested before strength training in the gym and the supplements were consumed with a glass of water. The statistical population of the study included male bodybuilders’ athletes who are regularly excising three days a week in Shahre Kord sports clubs. 40 subjects were selected from people who were interested to participate in the research. After selecting the samples, they are randomly divided into two groups A and B (double-blind method). The strength of the athletes was measured by the CPR machine based on the 1-RM and their resistance by more repetition of bench press with a standard device using 1-RM by 0.5 Kg in the gym.
Results: The results of Wilks' lambda test showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in one of the measurements related to arms muscle strength and chest muscle strength, while there is no a significant difference between the two groups in measurements related to muscle strength and resistance of the upper body, which means that magnesium supplementation for 8 weeks has had a significant effect on the strength of the hands and chest muscles of the bodybuilders ‘athlete.
Conclusion: Magnesium supplementation can affect the strength of upper body’s muscles of men.
Arabidopsis: Flower Development and Patterning
Authors: Krizek Beth A 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe development of flowers and floral organs is directed by intricate genetic programmes, many aspects of which appear to be shared among angiosperms. Early acting genes establish floral meristem identity in flower primordia initiated at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem. Later, floral organ primordia arise at precise positions within these floral meristems and take on one of the four distinct identities (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels). The ABCE model, supported by both molecular and genetic experiments inArabidopsis, explains how a small number of regulatory genes (called floral homeotic genes or floral organ identity genes) act in different combinations to specify these different organ types. The floral organ identity genes encode transcription factors that form distinct higher order protein complexes in different regions of a flower primordium to control the expression of target genes responsible for organogenesis.Key ConceptsLateral organs produced by the shoot apical meristem during reproductive development acquire their identity as flowers through the action of floral meristem identity genes such asLEAFYandAPETALA1.The identities of each of the four organ types of a flower (sepal, petal, stamen and carpel) are conferred by a unique combination of floral organ identity gene activities, referred to as classes A, B, C and E in the ABCE model.The activities of the class A, B and C genes are restricted to particular regions within a developing flower primarily, but not exclusively, through transcriptional regulation.The MADS domain transcription factors encoded by the class A, B, C and E genes form unique tetrameric transcriptional regulatory complexes in cells of each floral whorl.The transcriptional regulatory complexes formed by the A, B, C and E proteins regulate distinct sets of genes at different stages of flower development.Many aspects of the genetic programmes conferring floral meristem identity and floral organ identity are conserved among all angiosperms.
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
Authors: Murison Keir , Michod David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

The phenomenon of genes being regulated by factors and marks that do not change the underlying DNA code demonstrates the complexity inherited in genomic regulation. The exact definition of epigenetics has developed from its theoretical proposal to focus on the physical mechanism which transmits epigenetic information. This in turn has led to some controversies about how widely the definition should be applied. Repressive epigenetic marks, DNA methylation, Polycomb complex regulation by H3K27Me3 and heterochromatin protein 1 recruitment to H3K9Me3 will be the mechanisms we mainly focus on due to their robust heritability across the cell cycle. Epigenetic marks often work through changing gene expression, but it is important to note that this is not the only way they can work.

Key Concepts

Epigenetic mechanisms allow cells to acquire specific phenotypes without involving changes to the DNA sequence.

Epigenetic mark must not alter the underlying DNA sequence and should lead to changes in gene expression without the need to read the underlying sequence.

The main epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, histone modifications and expression of noncoding RNAs.

Disruption to epigenetic mechanism or mistargeting of a mark can result in phenotypic change and ultimately diease.

The term epigenetics has developed to describe multiple mechanisms, sometimes inaccurately, which are heritable across cell division.
Biosynthesis and Chemical Modifications of Minor Cannabinoids
Authors: Nguyen Gia‐Nam , Kayser Oliver 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMinor cannabinoids are cannabinoids at very low abundances inCannabis sativaL. essential oils (<0.5% of dried weight). The pharmacological properties of minor cannabinoids have never been determined or validated in clinical assays or in rationalin vitroandin vivoassays. Due to this lack of biological and pharmacological information, minor cannabinoids have great potential as future drug candidates. The biosynthesis of minor cannabinoids is not clear inC. sativaL., but, likely, chemical conversion in the trichomes influenced by light, temperature and ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main catalytic mode. This chemical conversion may explain the high chemodiversity and low structural stability.Key ConceptsMinor cannabinoids are at very low abundance inCannabis sativaL.Chemical diversity of essential oil is a consequence of chemical transformation.The role of minor cannabinoidsin plantais unknown and needs further investigations.Minor cannabinoids can be considered as future candidates in drug discovery.Minor cannabinoids are found in other species (plant, moss, fungus) and chemical diversity is not limited to Cannabaceae only.
Vertical Farming
Authors: Touliatos Dionysios (Dennis) , Beynon‐Davies Rhydian , McAinsh Martin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractVertical farming (VF) is a broad term that encompasses a suite of technologies for increasing productivity per unit area of crop available land. It does this by extending plant cultivation into the vertical dimension and in locations where crop production may have been difficult or impossible previously. Over recent years, the interest in VF approaches has increased considerably in both the scientific and commercial community. The term has been used interchangeably to describe both large‐scale concepts such as food‐producing skyscrapers and smaller scale Vertical Farming Systems (VFS). Many of these systems utilise and integrate knowledge on plant abiotic responses such as those to light, nutrients, temperature and CO2. Elucidating the fundamental and applied plant science challenges linked to growing crops within VFS will be key for the success of the VF sector.Key ConceptsVertical farming encompasses numerous system typologies, differentiated by technology level, degree of enclosure and control over environmental variables.A variety of soilless methods, such as hydroponic, semihydroponic and aeroponic systems, are used in vertical farming.Light spectra have a profound influence over crop growth and morphology and can therefore be used as a tool to steer crop response for nutrition, specific compound production, morphology or biomass accumulation.Other environmental conditions, such as CO2concentration, air temperature, air velocity and nutrition, influence crop growth and morphology in vertical farming systems.Crops suitable for vertical farming systems vary by system type and are dictated by cost of production relative to retail price and market demand.
‘Global Gag Rule’: Curtailing Women's Reproductive Rights
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

The Global Gag Rule (GGR), originally known as the Mexico City Policy, is a US policy that limits the reproductive rights of women in many resource‐poor countries. In 2018, the US administration of President Donald Trump reinstated this policy, which was first issued by President Ronald Reagan in 1984 and later annulled by two US presidents in the intervening years. The policy prohibits any nongovernmental organisation (NGO) outside the United States from providing women or couples with family planning information that includes access to abortion as a condition of receiving US funding. Although the policy is designed to reduce the rate of abortion in countries where NGOs have adopted it, studies have shown the opposite effect. The policy violates fundamental ethical principles as well as UN human rights treaties and action programmes.

Key Concepts

Results of implementing the Global Gag Rule (GGR) have been contrary to the purported goal of the policy.

The GGR harms vulnerable women in resource‐poor countries throughout the world.

The GGR violates key ethical principles.

The GGR violates United Nations Human Rights Declarations and Covenants.

More unsafe abortions have occurred in resource‐poor countries when the GGR has been in effect than when it has been annulled.

The administration of Donald Trump as president of the United States expanded an earlier version of the GGR.

The GGR affects programmes beyond family planning, such as those related to HIV/AIDS.
FAPbI3‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells Employing Hexyl‐Based Ionic Liquid with an Efficiency Over 20% and Excellent Long‐Term Stability
Authors: Akin Seckin , Akman Erdi , Sonmezoglu Savas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFormamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3)‐based perovskite materials are of interest for photovoltaics in view of their close‐to‐ideal bandgap, allowing absorption of photons over a broad solar spectrum. However, FAPbI3‐based materials suffer from a notorious phase transition from the photoactive black phase (α‐FAPbI3) to nonperovskite yellow phase (δ‐FAPbI3) under ambient conditions. This transition dramatically reduces light absorbtion, thus, degrading the photovoltaic performance and stability of ensuring solar cells. In this study, 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium iodide (HMII) ionic liquid (IL) is employed as an additive for the first time in FAPbI3 perovskite to overcome the above‐mentioned issues. HMII incorporation facilitates the grain coarsening of FAPbI3 crystal owing to its high‐polarity and high‐boiling point, which yields liquid domains between neighboring grains to reduce the activation energy of the grain‐boundary migration. As a result, the FAPbI3 active layer exhibits micron‐sized grains with substantially suppressed parasitic traps with an Urbach energy reduced by 2 meV. Hence, the resulting perovskite solar cell achieves an efficiency of 20.6% with notable increase in open circuit voltage (VOC) of 80 mV compared with HMII‐free cells (17.1%). More importantly, the HMII‐doped FAPbI3‐based cells show a striking enhancement in shelf‐stability under high humidity and thermal stress, retaining >80% of their initial efficiencies at 60 ± 10% relative humidity and ≈95% at 65 °C.
Robust In‐Plane Ferroelectricity in Ultrathin Epitaxial Aurivillius Films
Authors: Gradauskaite Elzbieta , Campanini Marco , Biswas Banani , Schneider Christof W. , Fiebig Manfred , Rossell Marta D. , Trassin Morgan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLayered ferroelectrics, often referred to as natural superlattices, exhibit functionalities beyond those of the classical ferroelectric perovskite compounds due to their highly anisotropic structure. Unfortunately, the layered architecture has been impeding their growth as single crystalline thin films, and thus their integration into oxide‐electronic devices. Here, fatigue‐free ferroelectric switching in epitaxial Bi5FeTi3O15 thin films is demonstrated. The achievement of twin‐free films with sub‐unit‐cell thickness precision on a lattice‐matching NdGaO3 orthorhombic substrate significantly enhances their uniaxial ferroelectric properties. In the ultrathin regime, such films exhibit in‐plane polarization with a periodic arrangement of ferroelectric domains, which, with uniaxial ferroelectric anisotropy, results in nominally charged domain walls. The uniaxial in‐plane ferroelectricity and remarkable endurance after 1010 switching cycles of Aurivillius thin films breaks new ground for alternative device paradigms that are less susceptible to limitations arising from the depolarizing‐field effects in the ultrathin regime.
3D BaTiO3 Flower Based Polymer Composites Exhibiting Excellent Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Properties
Authors: Jian Gang , Jiao Yong , Meng Qingzhen , Shao Hui , Wang Fengwei , Wei Zhaoyu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPiezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with good flexibility and high outputs have promising applications in harvesting mechanical energy and powering electronics. In this study, a synthesis of hierarchical BaTiO3 flowers (BTFs) and their filling into the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix to obtain composites with excellent energy harvesting properties is reported. The BTF‐based PENG possesses a voltage of 260 V, a current of 50 µA, and a power of 1728 µW under a compression of 50 N at 3.5 Hz, which output power is two orders higher than that of polymer composites filled with BT nanoparticles. Simulation indicates that the high local stress at petals of BTFs is the main reason for the enhanced performances. The PENG shows good durability under 5000 cycles and lights up 58 commercial light emitting diodes and a display. The PENG generates 30–100 V in harvesting human motions of hand slapping and foot stepping and ≈50 V in harvesting the sport kinetic energy of basketball bouncing. This research presents a BTF‐based PENG with significantly enhanced energy harvesting performances for applications in micro/nanoenergy systems.
Multimodal Photoacoustic Imaging‐Guided Regression of Corneal Neovascularization: A Non‐Invasive and Safe Strategy
Authors: Chu Chengchao , Yu Jingwen , Ren En , Ou Shangkun , Zhang Yunming , Wu Yiming , Wu Han , Zhang Yang , Zhu Jing , Dai Qixuan , Wang Xiaoyong , Zhao Qingliang , Li Wei , Liu Zuguo , Chen Xiaoyuan , Liu Gang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCorneal neovascularization (CNV) is one of the main factors that induce blindness worldwide. However, current medical treatments cannot achieve non‐invasive and safe inhibition of CNV. A noninvasive photoacoustic imaging (PAI)‐guided method is purposed for the regression of CNV. PAI can monitor the oxygen saturation of cornea blood vessels through the endogenous contrast of hemoglobin and trace administrated drugs by themselves as exogenous contrast agents. An indocyanine green (ICG)‐based nanocomposite (R‐s‐ICG) is prepared for CNV treatment via eye drops and subconjunctival injections. It is demonstrated that R‐s‐ICG can enrich corneal tissues and pathological blood vessels rapidly with minor residua in normal eyeball tissues. Anti‐CNV treatment‐driven changes in the blood vessels are assessed by real‐time multimodal PAI in vivo, and then a safe laser irradiation strategy through the canthus is developed for phototherapy and gene therapy synergistic treatment. The treatment leads to the efficient inhibition of CNV with faint damages to normal tissues.