bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Charles A. Beard's Vision of Government: Rethinking American Democracy in the Machine Age
Authors: Cázares Lira Víctor Manuel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCharles A. Beard's trajectory as a political scientist and expert on municipal government has not yet been fully examined. Based on a close analysis of his teaching at Columbia University and his contributions to city government in New York and Tokyo, this article outlines the development of Beard's vision of American democracy. It argues that, unlike most progressives, Beard refrained from endorsing direct democracy measures as a blueprint for reform, focusing instead on streamlining the American system of government to incorporate, in a transparent fashion, both political parties and interest groups. This article showcases Beard's conception of politics and explains how pluralism and functionalism underpinned his proposals for efficient government.
Increased Absorption and Translocation Contribute to Improved Efficacy of Dicamba to Control Early Growth Stage Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)
Authors: Cuvaca Ivan , Currie Randall , Roozeboom Kraig , Fry Jack , Jugulam Mithila 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Rapid growth of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) poses a challenge for timely management of this weed. Dose response studies were conducted in 2017 and 2018 under field and greenhouse conditions near Garden City and Manhattan, KS, respectively, to evaluate the efficacy of dicamba to control ≤10 cm, 15 cm, and 30 cm tall-Palmer amaranth that mimics three herbicide application timing: on time application (Day 0), and 1 (Day 1) and 4 days (Day 4) delay. Visual injury rating and reduction in shoot biomass (% of non-treated), and mortality were assessed at four weeks after treatment using a three- and four-parameter log-logistic model, in R software program. Increasing dicamba doses increased A. palmeri control regardless of plant height both in the field and greenhouse studies. The results suggest that delaying application one (15 cm) and four days (30 cm), resulted in a two- and 27-fold increase in the effective dose of dicamba on A. palmeri, respectively, under field conditions. However, in the greenhouse, for the same level of A. palmeri control, more than one- and two-fold increase in dicamba dose, respectively was required. Similarly, the effective dose of dicamba required for 50% reduction in A. palmeri shoot biomass (GR50) increased more than four- and eight-fold or more than one- and two-fold when dicamba application was delayed by one (15 cm) and four days (30 cm), in the field or in the greenhouse, respectively. To understand the basis of increased efficacy of dicamba in controlling early growth stage of A. palmeri, dicamba absorption and translocation studies were conducted. Results indicate a significant reduction in dicamba absorption (7%) and translocation (15%) with increase in A. palmeri height. Therefore, increased absorption and translocation of dicamba results in increased efficacy in improving A. palmeri control at early growth stage.
Consecutive Experimental Determination of Stress‐Dependent Fluid Flow Properties of Berea Sandstone and Implications for Two‐Phase Flow Modeling
Authors: Haghi Amir H. , Talman Stephen , Chalaturnyk Richard 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this study, changes in the hydrodynamic properties of Berea sandstone at a constant temperature of 40 °C are reported as effective confining stress is increased to 30 MPa. Through a novel consecutive approach, porosity, absolute permeability, drainage relative permeability, and drainage capillary pressure were shown to systematically change with effective stress. The relative permeability measurements were taken using a steady‐state method for the N2/water fluid pair. A second method, in which a saturated core with the wetting phase was flushed with the non‐wetting phase at an increasing flow rate, was used to determine the drainage capillary pressure. Core saturation was determined using a gas separation unit and mass‐balance considerations. This study revealed a decrease in porosity and absolute permeability, from 13.16% and 58 mD to 12.24% and 36 mD, respectively, with the increase in effective confining stress. In terms of relative permeability curves, this study showed a systematic decrease in irreducible wetting phase saturation from 0.44 to 0.24 as effective stress increased; this could be interpreted in core‐scale as a progressive tendency of the initially water‐wet Berea sandstone to the gas phase. The capillary pressure curve also presented an upward shift in response to increased effective stress. These changes in the hydrodynamic rock properties with stress suggest that scaling flow parameters of porous media under effective stress conditions may be required to accurately predict flow behavior under conditions of changing stress.
Lower Mantle Dynamics Perceived With 50 Years of Hindsight From Plate Tectonics
Authors: Molnar Peter 
Published: November 2019

AbstractContinually improving resolution of lower mantle structure and understanding of mantle dynamics suggest that, as in the plate‐tectonics era, the upper and lower mantle may undergo little exchange. Although the phase transition at ~660 km forms the sharpest seismologically mapped boundary within the mantle, another at 1,000 (±100) km might be more important for geodynamics. Contrasts in density and viscosity may limit penetration of upper and lower mantle through this boundary. Strong evidence, if still not definitive, calls for chemical heterogeneity of the lower mantle that manifests itself in a few energetic plumes rising from near the core mantle boundary and slowly evolving, larger piles or blobs of chemically distinct material. Those blobs or piles may deform little on billion‐year timescales. Convection in the lower mantle might dictate some aspects of flow in the upper mantle, such as the positions of plumes and hot spots and the breakup of supercontinents, but its contribution to the speeds and directions that plates move might be negligible. The improved understanding of mantle convection has not overturned the simple, 50‐year‐old image that plates “drive themselves,” with forces per unit length pushing them apart at spreading centers, excess mass in downgoing slabs pulling them down, and viscous drag on their bases (and tops at subduction zones) retarding movement. Remaining challenges include determining how convection in the lower mantle affects geologic history and using that history to constrain lower mantle dynamics.
Multistep Parametric Inversion of Scanning Magnetic Microscopy Data for Modeling Magnetization of Multidomain Magnetite
Authors: Pastore Z. , Church N.S. , McEnroe S.A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDevelopment in instrumentation and technology now allows for mapping of magnetic anomalies, caused by spatial variations in magnetization in the source material, from the mineral to the crustal anomalies scale. High‐resolution magnetic mapping techniques allow for accurate investigation of the magnetization in natural rock samples and particularly of their remanence carriers, which can record geologically meaningful information. Multidomain magnetic grains are expected to retain a remanence that is susceptible to change by exposure to magnetic fields or by changes in temperature. Although this makes multidomain grains less reliable remanence carriers for paleomagnetic studies, their magnetization contributes to rocks bulk magnetization and to induced anomalies in the Earth crust. Here, we investigate the fine‐scale magnetization of a sample that exhibits a multidomain behavior. We used a scanning magnetic microscope, equipped with a room temperature magnetic tunnel junction sensor, to map the magnetic field over a petrographic thin section of the sample containing large magnetite grains (>100 μm) surrounded by serpentine and carbonate. We modeled the fine‐scale remanent magnetization of the magnetite by inverting the magnetic scans data acquired in near‐field‐free conditions. We applied a multistep inversion, a priori tested on a synthetic model, with a controlled range on the intensity of the magnetization. Modeling results on the study sample suggest homogenously magnetized regions within the magnetite grains with variable remanent magnetization intensities and directions coherent with the multidomain behavior inferred from bulk measurements.
Importance of Spatial Resolution in Ground Motion Simulations With 3‐D Basins: An Example Using the Tangshan Earthquake
Authors: Zhang Wenqiang , Zhang Zhenguo , Fu Haohuan , Li Zhengbo , Chen Xiaofei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractResonances within a sedimentary basin result in complex local seismograms. To accurately calculate complex seismograms in numerical simulations, a fine grid discretization of the basin is required. However, due to the corresponding computational expense, high‐resolution simulations of realistic earthquakes with a sedimentary basin are scarce. Here, with the China's most powerful supercomputer, Sunway TaihuLight, we simulate the strong ground motion of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake with a 3‐D sedimentary basin at different spatial resolutions. We find that simulations with a coarse grid not only lose high‐frequency information but also distort low‐frequency waveforms in locations characterized by a complex basin geometry and conflict with the traditional viewpoint that coarse‐grid simulations can resolve low‐frequency information. Our work emphasizes the importance of large‐scale, high‐resolution seismic wave simulations in complex situations.
Numerical Simulation of Simultaneous Hydraulic Fracture Growth Within a Rock Layer: Implications for Stimulation of Low‐Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Chen Xiyu , Zhao Jinzhou , Li Yongming , Yan Wenyi , Zhang Xi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMultistage multicluster hydraulic fracturing is currently the most effective method to stimulate low‐permeability hydrocarbon reservoirs. The desired result of this stimulation technique is highly uniform growth of multiple closely spaced hydraulic fractures. In order to deepen our understanding on the competitive growth of these fractures, we have investigated the growth behaviors of multiple hydraulic fractures under different conditions. A fully coupled model with a 3‐D influence coefficient is presented for fracture growth in a rock layer, based on a combination of boundary element method and finite volume method. It is validated against classic solutions and lab experiments. The parametric analyses of dimensionless arguments to quantify the uniformity of fracture growth are performed, with varying fracture geometries and geotechnical conditions including preexisting natural fractures. The results demonstrate that fracture competition is controlled by the dimensionless toughness, the initial fracture geometric settings, and the ratio of fracture spacing to height. A higher fluid viscosity, a smaller initial length offset, and a larger spacing benefit simultaneous fracture growth for conventional bi‐wing hydraulic fractures. By contrast, single wing ones exhibit a remarkably better performance in long‐time simultaneous fracture growth at a small separation, especially at low dimensionless toughness. Under certain conditions, the closely spaced single‐wing fractures are prone to grow simultaneously and uniformly in less energy consumption. The simultaneous growth is found to be insensitive to the interference from small‐scale natural fractures. The uniform single‐wing fracture growth from the perspective of geomechanics will provide a new insight for both reservoir stimulation and formation of vein and dike swarms.
Properties of the Body of a Turbidity Current at Near‐Normal Conditions: 2. Effect of Settling
Authors: Salinas Jorge S. , Cantero M. I. , Shringarpure M. , Balachandar S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTurbidity currents are sediment‐laden flows that move over a sloping surface. These flows are driven by the density difference between the sediment‐laden current and the clear ambient fluid above. Here we focus on studying the process of ambient fluid entrainment at the interface between the current and the sediment‐free ambient fluid and obtain a closure model for the entrainment coefficient. In particular, we extend the classical dependence of entrainment coefficient on the bulk Richardson number, by including the effect of sediment settling velocity. We focus our attention to turbidity currents under normal flow condition, where the depth‐averaged streamwise velocity U is nearly a constant. We employ direct numerical simulations of temporally evolving turbidity currents. Similarly, we study the dependence of basal drag distribution on Richardson number and settling velocity. In addition, we study the turbulence structures of the flow and its relation to turbulence production.
Increased Lateral Transfer of Soil Organic Carbon Induced by Climate and Vegetation Changes Over the Southeast Coastal Region of China
Authors: Liu Yuyan , Wang Xiaoyuan , Wang Yawen , Tong Chuan , Yuan Wenping 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSoil erosion and the subsequent lateral movement of soil carbon profoundly affect the spatial pattern of carbon sources and sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. The eight river basins of Fujian Province considered in this study are an important part of the southeastern coastal river basin of the ninth largest river system in China. In recent years, the erosion of soil and soil organic carbon in the southeast coastal region of China is not ideal owing to the high and concentrated rainfall, natural vegetation destruction, and other reasons. In this study, the soil organic carbon erosion and deposition rates related to erosion in the eight river basins of Fujian Province are quantified, and their spatial distribution characteristics are extracted. Based on the soil erosion rate from two national soil erosion surveys and topsoil carbon content from the Harmonized World Soil Database, we estimated that the lateral soil organic carbon erosion increased from 7.53 to 26.75 g C m−2 yr−1 in eight river basins of Fujian Province from 1995–1996 to 2010–2012. The soil organic carbon erosion rate in the eight river basins increased by 2.6 times, while the soil organic carbon erosion rate for the whole of China decreased by 44% during the same period. The increase in torrential rain and decrease in vegetation cover in the southeastern coastal areas largely contributed to the erosion of soil and soil organic carbon. The lateral transfer rate of soil organic carbon may be further exacerbated by the increase of torrential rain in the southeastern coastal areas of China.
Impact of a Multi‐Layer Snow Scheme on Near‐Surface Weather Forecasts
Authors: Arduini Gabriele , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Dutra Emanuel , Day Jonathan J. , Sandu Irina , Boussetta Souhail , Haiden Thomas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSnow cover properties have a large impact on the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and thereby on near‐surface weather parameters. Snow schemes of intermediate complexity have been widely used for hydrological and climate studies, whereas their impact on typical weather forecast time scales has received less attention. A new multilayer snow scheme is implemented in the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecasting System and its impact on snow and 2‐m temperature forecasts is evaluated. The new snow scheme is evaluated offline at well‐instrumented field sites and compared to the current single‐layer scheme. The new scheme largely improves the representation of snow depth for most of the sites considered, reducing the root‐mean‐square error averaged over all sites by more than 30%. The improvements are due to a better description of snow density in thick and cold snowpacks, but also due to an improved representation of sporadic melting episodes because of the inclusion of a thin top snow layer with a low thermal inertia. The evaluation of coupled 10‐day weather forecasts shows an improved representation of snow depth at all lead times, demonstrating a positive impact at the global scale. Regarding the impact on weather parameters, the multilayer snow scheme improves the simulated minimum 2‐m temperature, by decreasing the positive bias and improving the amplitude of the diurnal cycle over snow‐covered regions. However, the increased variability of the 2‐m temperature can have a detrimental impact in regions characterized by preexisting errors in the daily mean temperature, associated with errors in cloud processes or surface albedo.
Methylation-related metabolic effects of D4 dopamine receptor expression and activation
Authors: Hodgson Nathaniel W. , Waly Mostafa I. , Trivedi Malav S. , Power-Charnitsky Verna-Ann , Deth Richard C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractD4 dopamine receptor (D4R) activation uniquely promotes methylation of plasma membrane phospholipids, utilizing folate-derived methyl groups provided by methionine synthase (MS). We evaluated the impact of D4R expression on folate-dependent phospholipid methylation (PLM) and MS activity, as well as cellular redox and methylation status, in transfected CHO cells expressing human D4R variants containing 2, 4, or 7 exon III repeats (D4.2R, D4.4R, D4.7R). Dopamine had no effect in non-transfected CHO cells, but increased PLM to a similar extent for both D4.2R- and D4.4R-expressing cells, while the maximal increase was for D4.7R was significantly lower. D4R expression in CHO cells decreased basal MS activity for all receptor subtypes and conferred dopamine-sensitive MS activity, which was greater with a higher number of repeats. Consistent with decreased MS activity, D4R expression decreased basal levels of methylation cycle intermediates methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), as well as cysteine and glutathione (GSH). Conversely, dopamine stimulation increased GSH, SAM, and the SAM/SAH ratio, which was associated with a more than 2-fold increase in global DNA methylation. Our findings illustrate a profound influence of D4R expression and activation on MS activity, coupled with the ability of dopamine to modulate cellular redox and methylation status. These previously unrecognized signaling activities of the D4R provide a unique link between neurotransmission and metabolism.
Acute anxiety and autonomic arousal induced by CO2 inhalation impairs prefrontal executive functions in healthy humans
Authors: Savulich George , Hezemans Frank H. , van Ghesel Grothe Sophia , Dafflon Jessica , Schulten Norah , Brühl Annette B. , Sahakian Barbara J. , Robbins Trevor W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAcute anxiety impacts cognitive performance. Inhalation of air enriched with carbon dioxide (CO2) in healthy humans provides a novel experimental model of generalised anxiety, but has not previously been used to assess cognition. We used inhalation of 7.5% CO2to induce acute anxiety and autonomic arousal in healthy volunteers during neuropsychological tasks of cognitive flexibility, emotional processing and spatial working memory in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover, within-subjects study. In Experiment 1 (n = 44), participants made significantly more extra-dimensional shift errors on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift task under CO2inhalation compared with ‘normal’ air. Participants also had slower latencies when responding to positive words and made significantly more omission errors for negative words on the CANTAB Affective Go/No-go task. In Experiment 2 (n = 28), participants made significantly more total errors and had poorer heuristic search strategy on the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory task. In both experiments, CO2inhalation significantly increased negative affect; state anxiety and fear; symptoms of panic; and systolic blood pressure/heart rate. Overall, CO2inhalation produced robust anxiogenic effects and impaired fronto-executive functions of cognitive flexibility and working memory. Effects on emotional processing suggested a mood-congruent slowing in processing speed in the absence of a negative attentional bias. State-dependent effects of anxiety on cognitive-emotional interactions in the prefrontal cortex warrant further investigation.
Prognostic impact of peripheral blood WT1-mRNA expression in patients with MDS
Authors: Rautenberg Christina , Germing Ulrich , Pechtel Sabrina , Lamers Marius , Fischermanns Carolin , Jäger Paul , Geyh Stefanie , Haas Rainer , Kobbe Guido , Schroeder Thomas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFew reports suggested a prognostic impact of Wilms‘Tumor-1 (WT1)-mRNA overexpression in MDS, but translation into clinical routine was hampered by limited patients numbers, differing sample sources, non-standardized methods/cut-offs. To evaluate whether WT1-mRNA expression yields additional prognostic information, we measured peripheral blood (PB) WT1-mRNA expression in 94 MDS using a standardized assay offering a validated cut-off to discriminate between normal and WT1-mRNA overexpression. Overall, 54 patients (57%) showed WT1-mRNA overexpression, while 40 patients (43%) had normal WT1-mRNA expression. This enabled discrimination between MDS and both healthy controls and non-MDS cytopenias. Furthermore, WT1-mRNA expression correlated with WHO 2016 subcategories and IPSS-R as indicated by mean WT1-mRNA expression and frequency of WT1-mRNA overexpressing patients within respective subgroups. Regarding the entire group, PB WT1-mRNA expression was associated with prognosis, as those patients showing WT1-mRNA overexpression had higher risk for disease progression and AML transformation and accordingly shorter progression-free, leukemia-free and overall survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, prognostic impact of PB WT1-mRNA expression status was independent of IPSS-R and enabled more precise prediction of PFS, but not OS, within IPSS-R very low/low and intermediate risk groups. Overall, measuring PB WT1-mRNA appears valuable to support diagnostics and refine prognostication provided by the IPSS-R.
Current translational potential and underlying molecular mechanisms of necroptosis
Authors: Molnár Tamás , Mázló Anett , Tslaf Vera , Szöllősi Attila Gábor , Emri Gabriella , Koncz Gábor 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCell death has a fundamental impact on the evolution of degenerative disorders, autoimmune processes, inflammatory diseases, tumor formation and immune surveillance. Over the past couple of decades extensive studies have uncovered novel cell death pathways, which are independent of apoptosis. Among these is necroptosis, a tightly regulated, inflammatory form of cell death. Necroptosis contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases and in this review, we will focus exclusively on necroptosis in humans. Necroptosis is considered a backup mechanism of apoptosis, but the in vivo appearance of necroptosis indicates that both caspase-mediated and caspase-independent mechanisms control necroptosis. Necroptosis is regulated on multiple levels, from the transcription, to the stability and posttranslational modifications of the necrosome components, to the availability of molecular interaction partners and the localization of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Accordingly, we classified the role of more than seventy molecules in necroptotic signaling based on consistent in vitro or in vivo evidence to understand the molecular background of necroptosis and to find opportunities where regulating the intensity and the modality of cell death could be exploited in clinical interventions. Necroptosis specific inhibitors are under development, but >20 drugs, already used in the treatment of various diseases, have the potential to regulate necroptosis. By listing necroptosis-modulated human diseases and cataloging the currently available drug-repertoire to modify necroptosis intensity, we hope to kick-start approaches with immediate translational potential. We also indicate where necroptosis regulating capacity should be considered in the current applications of these drugs.