bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovered after an extreme bottleneck and saved by ex situ management: Lessons from the Alagoas curassow (Pauxi mitu [Linnaeus, 1766]; Aves, Galliformes, Cracidae)
Authors: Francisco Mercival R. , Costa Mariellen C. , Azeredo Roberto M. A. , Simpson James G. P. , da Costa Dias Thiago , Fonseca Alberto , Pinto Fernando J. M. , Silveira Luís F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA pivotal debate on biodiversity conservation is whether the scarce budgets must be invested in critically endangered taxa or in those with higher chances to survive due to larger population sizes. Addressing the fate of extremely bottlenecked taxa is an ideal way to test this idea, but empirical cases are surprisingly limited. The reintroduction of the extinct‐in‐the‐wild Alagoas curassow (Pauxi mitu) by Brazilian scientists in September 2019 added to the two other known cases of survival to bottlenecks of only two or three individuals. We exploit the reasons why this species has survived, and we report how investments to rescue the Alagoas curassow resulted in the protection of many other taxa, suggesting that in the face of the dramatic number of extinctions expected for the Anthropocene, integration must prevail over a choice.
Toeplitz Extensions in Noncommutative Topology and Mathematical Physics
Authors: Arici Francesca , Mesland Bram 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe review the theory of Toeplitz extensions and their role in operator K-theory, including Kasparov’s bivariant K-theory. We then discuss the recent applications of Toeplitz algebras in the study of solid-state systems, focusing in particular on the bulk-edge correspondence for topological insulators.
Contesting the EU, Contesting Democracy and Rule of Law in Europe. Conceptual Suggestions for Future Research
Authors: Tomini Luca , Gürkan Seda 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn ECE countries, democratisation and Europeanisation seemed to exist in a mutually reinforcing relationship and both concepts provided the main analytical lenses for studying these states. In the light of recent illiberal and anti-EU politics, two different concepts have started to receive increasing scholarly attention, namely the concepts of de-Europeanisation and autocratisation. Their exact meaning, however, remains unclear and the causal link between these specific processes and the rule of law has largely remained understudied. Against this backdrop, this chapter first summarises the state-of-the-art research on autocratisation and de-Europeanisation, and then examines the interaction and causal link between these two phenomena in times of declining democracies in Europe and rule of law problems.
Is There an East–West Divide over European Solidarity? Comparing European Citizens’ Attitudes Towards Cross-Border Solidarity 2016
Authors: Kley Florian K. , Lengfeld Holger 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Euro and sovereign debt crises since 2008, as well as the following Great Recession, have challenged the strength of European solidarity between EU citizens and member states. This chapter analyses the strength of European solidarity within East Central Europe and other European countries in two dimensions: citizens’ willingness to support indebted European countries financially (European fiscal solidarity) and their willingness to reduce welfare differences among EU member states (European territorial solidarity). The analyses are based on a comparative survey conducted in 13 European countries in 2016. Results show that citizens displayed a notably high level of European solidarity in both dimensions. While ECE countries showed slightly lower approval rates for European fiscal solidarity, their demand for European territorial solidarity is average. However, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland do not form a unique cluster standing out on these topics, making further policies of European integration possible.
Pro-Europeans and ‘Euro-Realists’: The Party-Voters Linkage and Parties’ Political Agendas in Poland, 2004–2019
Authors: Dulak Michał 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPoland’s European policy and its struggles with EU institutions since 2015 may lead to the conviction that the country’s illiberal turn is accompanied by a process of de-Europeanisation which is fostered by the government to undermine the country’s presence in the EU. Drawing on the party-voters linkage concept, this chapter examines whether such assumptions can be confirmed. It covers societal attitudes and manifestos of the main ruling party and main opposition parties in Poland, PO and PiS, in the period from 2004 to 2019. The chapter shows that party manifestos do not show signs of radical de-Europeanisation (like, for example, calls for withdrawal from the EU) but a limited refocusing of EU issues. One exception was PiS’s open rejection to accept the Euro currency in the future. This mixed strategy is explained by differentiated positions among the party’s electorate over EU issues.
Talking Past Each Other: On Common Misperceptions in the Rule of Law Debate
Authors: Vincze Attila 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter deals with shortcomings of the EU policies vis-à-vis Hungary and partially also Poland. Firstly, it depicts the argument that the EU’s diagnosis of illiberal backsliding is too narrow. When assessing the quality of democracy in Hungary and Poland, the Commission and the European Parliament almost exclusively focus on recent constitutional changes, and thereby overlook many other deficits which lead to a distorted picture. Secondly, there is a legitimate debate on the meaning of the basic values of the EU. Article 2 TEU contains many open-textured expressions, which might be understood differently. Thirdly, due to the incomplete diagnosis, the instruments currently being used to combat backsliding tendencies seem ill-suited on the one hand, and, on the other, the EU surprisingly does not seem to make best use of currently available tools. The chapter concludes by highlighting and discussing possible improvements of EU strategies towards backsliding states.
Quarkonium TMD fragmentation functions in NRQCD
Authors: Echevarria Miguel G. , Makris Yiannis , Scimemi Ignazio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We study the transverse-momentum spectrum of quarkonium production from single light-parton fragmentation mechanism. In the case of semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering, we observe that there are two possible initiating processes, namely photon-gluon fusion and light-quark fragmentation. For the second case we derive the factorization theorem, which involves a new hadronic quantity: the quarkonium transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions in NRQCD. We calculate their matching onto the non-perturbative long distance matrix elements at the lowest order in the strong-coupling constant, $$ \mathcal{O}\left({\alpha}_s^2\right) $$
O

α
s
2

. Focusing on the case of the electron-ion collider, we make a comparative phenomenological study of the two production mechanisms and find the regions of the phase space where one is dominant over the other.
Systematic manufacturability evaluation using dimensionless metrics and singular value decomposition: a case study for additive manufacturing
Authors: Coatanéa Eric , Nagarajan Hari P. N. , Panicker Suraj , Prod’hon Romaric , Mokhtarian Hossein , Chakraborti Ananda , Paris Henri , Ituarte Iñigo Flores , Haapala Karl R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAdditive manufacturing has been presented as a novel and competitive method to achieve unprecedented part shapes and material complexities. Though this holds true in niche markets, the economic viability of additive manufacturing for large-scale industrial production is still in question. Companies often struggle to justify their investment in additive manufacturing due to challenges in the integration of such technologies into mainstream production. First, most additive technologies exhibit a relatively low production rate when compared with traditional production processes. Second, there is a lack of robust design for additive manufacturing methods and tools that enable the leveraging of the attendant unique capabilities, including the ability to form organic part geometries and automated part consolidations. Third, there is a dearth of systematic part screening methods to evaluate manufacturability in additive manufacturing. To tackle the challenge of manufacturability evaluation, the present work proposes a novel approach derived from latent semantic analysis and dimensional analysis to evaluate parts and their production for a variety of selected metrics. The selected metrics serve as descriptors of design features and manufacturing functions, which are developed using functional modeling and dimensional analysis theory. Singular-value decomposition and Euclidean distance measurement techniques are used to determine the relative manufacturability for a set of parts for a specified manufacturing process technology. The utility of the method is demonstrated for laser powder bed fusion technology. While demonstrated for additive manufacturing here, the developed approach can be expanded for any given set of manufacturing processes. Expansion of this systemic manufacturability analysis method can support part design decision-making, process selection, and design and manufacturing optimization.
Unconstrained representation of orthogonal matrices with application to common principal components
Authors: Bagnato Luca , Punzo Antonio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMany statistical problems involve the estimation of a$$\left( d\times d\right) $$d×dorthogonal matrix$$\varvec{Q}$$Q. Such an estimation is often challenging due to the orthonormality constraints on$$\varvec{Q}$$Q. To cope with this problem, we use the well-known PLU decomposition, which factorizes any invertible$$\left( d\times d\right) $$d×dmatrix as the product of a$$\left( d\times d\right) $$d×dpermutation matrix$$\varvec{P}$$P, a$$\left( d\times d\right) $$d×dunit lower triangular matrix$$\varvec{L}$$L, and a$$\left( d\times d\right) $$d×dupper triangular matrix$$\varvec{U}$$U. Thanks to the QR decomposition, we find the formulation of$$\varvec{U}$$Uwhen the PLU decomposition is applied to$$\varvec{Q}$$Q. We call the result as PLR decomposition; it produces a one-to-one correspondence between$$\varvec{Q}$$Qand the$$d\left( d-1\right) /2$$dd-1/2entries below the diagonal of$$\varvec{L}$$L, which are advantageously unconstrained real values. Thus, once the decomposition is applied, regardless of the objective function under consideration, we can use any classical unconstrained optimization method to find the minimum (or maximum) of the objective function with respect to$$\varvec{L}$$L. For illustrative purposes, we apply the PLR decomposition in common principle components analysis (CPCA) for the maximum likelihood estimation of the common orthogonal matrix when a multivariate leptokurtic-normal distribution is assumed in each group. Compared to the commonly used normal distribution, the leptokurtic-normal has an additional parameter governing the excess kurtosis; this makes the estimation of$$\varvec{Q}$$Qin CPCA more robust against mild outliers. The usefulness of the PLR decomposition in leptokurtic-normal CPCA is illustrated by two biometric data analyses.
Inhibition and induction of CYP enzymes in humans: an update
Authors: Hakkola Jukka , Hukkanen Janne , Turpeinen Miia , Pelkonen Olavi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family is the most important enzyme system catalyzing the phase 1 metabolism of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics such as herbal remedies and toxic compounds in the environment. The inhibition and induction of CYPs are major mechanisms causing pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions. This review presents a comprehensive update on the inhibitors and inducers of the specific CYP enzymes in humans. The focus is on the more recent human in vitro and in vivo findings since the publication of our previous review on this topic in 2008. In addition to the general presentation of inhibitory drugs and inducers of human CYP enzymes by drugs, herbal remedies, and toxic compounds, an in-depth view on tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and antiretroviral HIV medications as victims and perpetrators of drug–drug interactions is provided as examples of the current trends in the field. Also, a concise overview of the mechanisms of CYP induction is presented to aid the understanding of the induction phenomena.
Effects of high intake of cod or salmon on gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids in overweight adults: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Bratlie Marianne , Hagen Ingrid V. , Helland Anita , Erchinger Friedemann , Midttun Øivind , Ueland Per Magne , Rosenlund Grethe , Sveier Harald , Mellgren Gunnar , Hausken Trygve , Gudbrandsen Oddrun Anita 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeTo explore whether high intake of cod or salmon would affect gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids.MethodsSeventy-six adults with overweight/obesity with no reported gastrointestinal disease were randomly assigned to consume 750 g/week of either cod or salmon, or to avoid fish intake (Control group) for 8 weeks. Fifteen participants from each group were randomly selected for 72 h faeces collection at baseline and end point for gut microbiota profile analyses using 54 bacterial DNA probes. Food intake was registered, and fasting serum and morning urine were collected at baseline and end point.ResultsSixty-five participants were included in serum and urine analyses, and gut microbiota profile was analysed for 33 participants. Principal component analysis of gut microbiota showed an almost complete separation of the Salmon group from the Control group, with lower counts for bacteria in theBacteroidetesphylum and theClostridialesorder of theFirmicutesphyla, and higher counts for bacteria in theSelenomonadalesorder of theFirmicutesphylum. The Cod group showed greater similarity to the Salmon group than to the Control group. Intake of fibres, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, faecal daily mass and output of fat, cholesterol and total bile acids, and serum concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and total bile acids were not altered in the experimental groups.ConclusionA high intake of cod or salmon fillet modulated gut microbiota but did not affect faecal output or serum concentrations of lipids and total bile acids.Clinical trial registrationThis trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02350595.
Can an acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint separation be reduced and stabilized without surgery? A surgeon’s experience
Authors: Maleitzke Tazio , Maziak Nina , Plachel Fabian , Winkler Tobias , Moroder Philipp 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Introduction
While the management of Rockwood type III injuries is still a topic of debate, high-grade Rockwood type V injuries are mostly treated surgically, to anatomically reduce the acromioclavicular (AC) joint and to restore functionality. In this case report, we present a method for non-operative reduction and stabilization of a high-grade AC joint injury.

Case
A 31-year-old male orthopaedic resident sustained a Rockwood type V injury during a snowboarding accident. His AC joint was reduced and stabilized with an AC joint brace for six weeks. The brace provided active clavicle depression and humeral elevation. After removal of the brace the AC joint showed a nearly anatomic reduction. Six-month follow-up weighted X-ray views showed an AC joint which had healed in a Rockwood type II position and the patient returned to full pre-injury function with a satisfying cosmetic appearance.

Conclusion
Non-operative reduction and stabilization of high-grade AC joint separations seems to be a valuable treatment option. A “closed reduction and external fixation” approach with the aid of a dedicated AC joint brace can reduce the AC joint and keep it in place until ligamentous consolidation occurs, thus improving AC joint stability and cosmetic appearance without surgical intervention.
Acute kidney injury in children with chronic kidney disease is associated with faster decline in kidney function
Authors: Melhem Nabil , Rasmussen Pernille , Joyce Triona , Clothier Joanna , Reid Christopher J. D. , Booth Caroline , Sinha Manish D. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to investigate the association of acute kidney injury (AKI) with change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in children with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods
Single centre, retrospective longitudinal study including all prevalent children aged 1–18 years with nondialysis CKD stages 3–5. Variables associated with CKD were analysed for their potential effect on annualised eGFR change (ΔGFR/year) following multiple regression analysis. Composite end-point including 25% reduction in eGFR or progression to kidney replacement therapy was evaluated.

Results
Of 147 children, 116 had at least 1-year follow-up in a dedicated CKD clinic with mean age 7.3 ± 4.9 years with 91 (78.4%) and 77 (66.4%) with 2- and 3-year follow-up respectively. Mean eGFR at baseline was 29.8 ± 11.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 with 79 (68%) boys and 82 (71%) with congenital abnormalities of kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT). Thirty-nine (33.6%) had at least one episode of AKI. Mean ΔGFR/year for all patients was − 1.08 ± 5.64 ml/min/1.73 m2 but reduced significantly from 2.03 ± 5.82 to − 3.99 ± 5.78 ml/min/1.73 m2 from youngest to oldest age tertiles (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in primary kidney disease (PKD) (77% versus 59%, with CAKUT, P = 0.048) but no difference in AKI incidence (37% versus 31%, P = 0.85) between age tertiles. Multiple regression analysis identified age (β = − 0.53, P < 0.001) and AKI (β = − 3.2, P = 0.001) as independent predictors of ΔGFR/year. 48.7% versus 22.1% with and without AKI reached composite end-point (P = 0.01).

Conclusions
We report AKI in established CKD as a predictor of accelerated kidney disease progression and highlight this as an additional modifiable risk factor to reduce progression of kidney dysfunction.
Graphical abstract
Convolutional neural networks for global human settlements mapping from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery
Authors: Corbane Christina , Syrris Vasileios , Sabo Filip , Politis Panagiotis , Melchiorri Michele , Pesaresi Martino , Soille Pierre , Kemper Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSpatially consistent and up-to-date maps of human settlements are crucial for addressing policies related to urbanization and sustainability, especially in the era of an increasingly urbanized world. The availability of open and free Sentinel-2 data of the Copernicus Earth Observation program offers a new opportunity for wall-to-wall mapping of human settlements at a global scale. This paper presents a deep-learning-based framework for a fully automated extraction of built-up areas at a spatial resolution of 10 m from a global composite of Sentinel-2 imagery. A multi-neuro modeling methodology building on a simple Convolution Neural Networks architecture for pixel-wise image classification of built-up areas is developed. The core features of the proposed model are the image patch of size 5 × 5 pixels adequate for describing built-up areas from Sentinel-2 imagery and the lightweight topology with a total number of 1,448,578 trainable parameters and 4 2D convolutional layers and 2 flattened layers. The deployment of the model on the global Sentinel-2 image composite provides the most detailed and complete map reporting about built-up areas for reference year 2018. The validation of the results with an independent reference dataset of building footprints covering 277 sites across the world establishes the reliability of the built-up layer produced by the proposed framework and the model robustness. The results of this study contribute to cutting-edge research in the field of automated built-up areas mapping from remote sensing data and establish a new reference layer for the analysis of the spatial distribution of human settlements across the rural–urban continuum.
Usefulness of a finger-mounted tissue oximeter with near-infrared spectroscopy for evaluating the intestinal oxygenation and viability in rats
Authors: Suzuki Yuhi , Yamamoto Masayoshi , Sugiyama Kosuke , Akai Toshiya , Suzuki Katsunori , Kawamura Takafumi , Sakata Mayu , Morita Yoshifumi , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro , Kurachi Kiyotaka , Unno Naoki , Takeuchi Hiroya 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the utility of the device for evaluating intestinal oxygenation and viability using an animal model.

Methods
Sprague–Dawley rats underwent laparotomy under general anesthesia, and the blood vessels in the terminal ileum were clamped to create ischemia. We measured the regional tissue oxygenation saturation (rSO2) using an oximeter after 1, 3, and 6 h of vessel clamping. Ischemic tissue damage was assessed using a histological score. The intestine was reperfused after each clamping period, and intestinal rSO2 and survival rate were evaluated.

Results
When reperfusion was performed at 1 and 3 h after ischemia, rSO2 increased after 10 min, and it improved to the same level as for normal intestine after 1 h; all rats survived for 1 week. In contrast, after 6 h of ischemia, rSO2 did not increase after reperfusion, and all animals died within 2 days. The histological scores increased after 1 h of reperfusion, with longer clamping periods.

Conclusion
A finger-mounted tissue oximeter could evaluate intestinal ischemia and the viability, which is thus considered to be a promising result for future clinical application.
Drill Monitoring for Rock Mass Grouting: Case Study at the Stockholm Bypass
Authors: van Eldert Jeroen , Funehag Johan , Schunnesson Håkan , Saiang David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn tunneling, rock mass grouting is a method applied to reduce water ingress. Grouting is influenced by rock mass conditions, especially apertures, frequency, and continuation of fracturing. These rock mass conditions can partly be determined by rock mass classification systems. At the Stockholm bypass, the Measurement While Drilling (MWD) Fracturing Index was applied to characterize the rock mass for grouting purposes, with a focus on adjusting the grout hole drill plan to minimize environmental impact. This study divided the rock mass in a 1.9 km tunnel into six categories based on rock mass conditions, identifying rock mass quality, apparent fracturing, and grout consumption. These categories were then compared with the mean fracturing index based on the coefficients of penetration rate and rotation pressure variations, as well as grout consumption at each grout umbrella. The fracturing index was 93% successful in assessing favorable and unfavorable rock mass conditions in the studied tunnel and 85% successful in determining grout consumption. Finally, a conceptual method was developed to reduce the grouting activities using the MWD fracturing index and water loss tests. The introduction of this conceptual method for grouting decisions could potentially reduce 59% of the umbrellas found in the case study.