bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry of Great Salt Lake
Authors: Johnson William P. , Wurtsbaugh Wayne A. , Belovsky Gary E. , Baxter Bonnie K. , Black Frank , Angeroth Cory , Jewell Paul , Yang Shu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Great Salt Lake is terminal, lacking outflow, and is descended from vast Lake Bonneville through evaporation. It is akin to a puddle on the tarmac with a similar surface area to volume ratio. It is an avian wildlife habitat of hemispheric importance, and lies adjacent to a metropolitan population of 2.5 million, with correspondingly increasing water demands and anthropogenic effluents. Engineered partitions spanning the lake generate density‐driven flow among the layered concentrated brines, which show dramatic vertical redox transitions and corresponding contrasts in trace element behaviors, some of which show elevated burdens in the ecosystem. We describe this system in four parts, starting with the geographic and hydrologic framework (Section 1) that determines its limnologic and hydrodynamic characteristics (Section 2) that shape its ecosystem (Section 3), which interacts dynamically with its geochemical characteristics (Section 4).
Groundwater Flow
Authors: Strack Otto D.L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article presents the fundamental equations for groundwater flow: the constitutive equation (the generalized form of Darcy's law), and the mass balance equation. We restrict this article to isothermal flow of a single fluid, water, through a porous or fractured medium. We consider transient flow with variable density and viscosity through an anisotropic compressible porous medium with variable hydraulic conductivity. When considering compressibility, the approximation is made that the vertical total stress in the porous medium does not vary with time and that horizontal strains in the medium can be neglected. We consider the flow below the water table, called the phreatic surface, to be fully saturated, and above the water table filled by air. Thus, the pores in the soil are assumed to be either filled entirely with water or entirely with air.
The
REE
s in Hydrothermal Systems
Authors: Migdisov Artaches (Artas) , Xu Hongwu , Williams‐Jones Anthony E. , Brugger Joel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Extensive use of the rare earth elements (REEs, mostly represented by the lanthanide group from La to Lu) in renewable energy applications and defense‐related technologies triggered high and growing interest to the processes responsible for migration, separation, and concentration of these elements in natural processes. Understanding these processes and the behavior of REEs in them is essential for exploration of new resources of these elements and efficient use of REEs in industrial applications. There is now an almost universal agreement that hot aqueous fluids play a significant and, in some cases, a dominant role in concentration and separation of REEs in nature. This article reviews high‐temperature experimental data collected over the past 15 years on the stability of the REE aqueous species and minerals and discusses the mechanisms responsible for hydrothermal transport and deposition of the REEs.
The Rosgen Stream Classification System
Authors: Rosgen Dave 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Rosgen stream classification system utilizes a hierarchical assessment to provide the geomorphic context to link driving processes and response variables at multiple spatial and temporal scales of inquiry. The hierarchy is comprised of four levels of inventory that range from a broad geomorphic characterization of the watershed to reach‐specific evaluations. This article focuses on the classification of stream types associated withLevels I–II(geomorphic characterization and morphological description) without detailed descriptions ofLevels III–IV(assessment and validation). Stream types are a quantitative description of a channel's morphology and reflect the fluvial processes acting to shape their form. The delineative criteria used in the classification consist of directly measurable channel features that describe the stream's vertical containment, shape, pattern, profile, and materials. Stream types, along with fluvial landscape types, are a foundational element used to organize river inventories for numerous management, assessment, and restoration applications.
Water Vapor and Pollutants, Aerosol–Cloud Interactions
Authors: Prabha Thara V. , Khain Alexander 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Clouds, to a great extent, govern the radiation balance and energy fluxes reaching Earth and have a strong impact on the hydrological cycle and freshwater distribution over the globe. Latent heat release in clouds is the energy source for atmospheric phenomena from cloud scale to global circulation. Changes in cloud microphysical and radiative properties impact weather and climate and contribute in changing climate. All of these determine the vital impact that clouds exert on all forms of life on the planet, human life included. Studies of clouds and cloud‐related phenomena are an integral part of modern meteorology, providing data with direct application in weather forecasting, agriculture, environment control, air traffic control, and many other spheres of human activity. Natural and anthropogenic aerosol particles affect cloud properties and precipitation regimes and continue to be a growing field of research. A significant progress has been achieved in understanding cloud processes and aerosol–cloud interaction during last decade. At the same time some processes, especially those related to ice phase remain uncertain and require further investigation. A review of major processes related to aerosol effects and specially to aerosol–cloud interaction is presented.
Groundwater Impacts from Stormwater Infiltration Practices
Authors: Trojan Michael D. , Gulliver John S. , Fairbairn David J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStormwater infiltration practices, such as rain gardens and permeable pavement, are a preferred method for managing stormwater runoff in urban landscapes. These practices, when properly designed, constructed, and maintained, mimic predevelopment hydrology and provide benefits for receiving surface waters. Infiltration practices focus large amounts of runoff into underlying soil and eventually to groundwater. The impact of this intentional recharge on groundwater has been a focus of research in recent years. In this article, we provide an overview of stormwater infiltration practices, discuss impacts of these practices on groundwater hydrology and quality, include a short list of research needs, and provide recommendations for appropriate techniques and conditions for stormwater runoff infiltration.
Acid Mine Drainage: Sources and Treatment in the United States
Authors: Skousen Jeffrey G. , Ziemkiewicz Paul F. , McDonald Louis M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAcid mine drainage (AMD) occurs after mining exposes metal sulfides to oxidizing conditions. Leaching of reaction products into surface waters pollute over 20 000 km of streams in the USA alone. The coal mining permitting process requires prediction of AMD potential, most commonly via overburden analysis. Where a potential exists, AMD control measures including spoil handling plans, alkaline amendment and dry covers may be required to stop or hinder AMD generation. Other AMD control technologies include injection of alkaline materials (coal ashes and limestone products) into abandoned underground mines and into buried acid material in mine backfills, remining of abandoned areas, and installation of alkaline recharge trenches. In the event AMD is formed, effluent treatment is required. Treatment chemicals include Ca(OH)2, CaO, NaOH, Na2CO3, and NH3, but chemical treatment is costly, requires expensive equipment and facilities, and often extends for decades. Passive treatment systems may also be employed to treat problem drainages and are effective under certain flow and acidity conditions. Such systems include aerobic and anaerobic wetlands, anoxic limestone drains, vertical flow wetlands, open limestone channels, and alkaline leach beds. This chapter discusses the process of AMD formation, preventative measures, and treatment methods for existing AMD discharges.
Metal–Organic Interactions in Landfill Leachates and Associated Groundwaters
Authors: Gonçalves Mário A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Landfills are important facilities for proper waste disposal in modern societies, but they can also be the potential source of environmental problems. These are mostly due to leachate spilling and releasing through surface and groundwaters. Because organic compounds are the most abundant constituents of these leachates and have a wealth of reactive functional groups, their interaction with metals is of utmost importance to understand the mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the environment. Metal–organic interaction is mostly characterized by complex formation and stability. Predicting metal–organic complex stability is, however, a difficult task, but the electronic configuration of metal cations may provide some insight on that problem based on the classification into hard‐ and soft‐sphere cations. On the other hand, landfill leachates are complex solutions where these interactions are likely to occur with a wide range of organic compounds, rendering individual interactions almost irrelevant. Besides, the number of cations experimentally studied in this particular environment is limited to Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr. What has been shown is that, depending on the cation, they may be predominantly associated with colloidal and/or dissolved organic matter, in particular, forming chelates with the organic compounds, or forming inorganic complexes as well as insoluble solid phases.
Geochemical Modeling – Computer Codes
Authors: Gonçalves Mário A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGeochemical modeling practices are increasingly using a wealth of available computer codes specifically designed for such purposes. Although obtaining the codes is fairly easy nowadays, the uncritical use of these codes should be avoided at all cost. Each of the computer codes presented herein has its own limitations. Users must also critically evaluate the thermodynamic databases available for each program. Among the codes described here, more emphasis is placed on the hydrogeochemical codes developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) mostly because these institutions provide a wide range of codes, an important number of which are regularly updated. Codes available from other institutions are also referred to, a few of which are commercial programs. A note is given about a new class of object‐oriented platform‐independent programs, whose main objective is to provide a framework for building specialized geochemical models. Finally, the future of these codes and their use in modern high‐level interpreted languages such as Python are briefly discussed.
Sediment Yields and Sediment Budgets
Authors: Walling Desmond E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article aims to provide a broad overview of the topic across spatial scales ranging from small catchments to a global perspective. The two elements of the topic (i.e. sediment yields and sediment budgets) are closely related, with the former treating the catchment or river basin essentially as a black box. The latter looks into the black box to consider the importance of sediment sources, and sediment mobilization, transport, and storage in influencing sediment yields. Attention is directed firstly to the key features of sediment yields, by considering fluvial sediment loads, measurement techniques, the magnitude of sediment yields, and associated global and regional patterns and key controlling factors. Information on spatial variability of sediment yields is complemented by consideration of medium‐ and longer‐term temporal variability in response to natural factors and, more importantly, the impact of anthropogenic activity and climate change. Sediment budgets are introduced by considering the important role of internal storage in influencing the sediment yield from a catchment or river basin and the concepts of the sediment delivery ratio and connectivity, as well the need to take account of the sediment sources involved. Examples of sediment budgets are provided and available techniques for assembling the information necessary to establish a sediment budget are reviewed.
Metal–Clay Interaction: Spectroscopic Characterization
Authors: Gonçalves Mário A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpectroscopic techniques are a fundamental complement to experimental studies of metal adsorption on clays or even to characterize metal‐loaded natural samples. The information obtained from these techniques help gain insight on the mechanisms of metal adsorption and binding to clay surfaces, which traditionally rely on surface complexation models. Owing to the uncertainty on parameters, such as number and type of surface sites and types of surface complexes, spectroscopic analysis may be fundamental in constraining such variables and provide more robust, predictable, and reliable models for metal dispersion and transport in the natural environment (contaminated or not). This article surveys the more relevant spectroscopic techniques used for the purpose of probing the nature of metal–clay surface interaction such as Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, X‐ray photoelectron (XPS) and Auger Electron spectroscopies (AESs), and synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).
Cadmium in Groundwater: Chemical Behavior and Treatment
Authors: Jacobs James A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Cadmium occurs naturally in ores containing other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide), and chlorine (cadmium chloride) or compounds (cadmium carbonate). Cadmium is usually extracted during the production of other metals such as zinc, lead, and copper. A primary use for cadmium is in rechargeable nickel–cadmium and solar batteries, which are sold worldwide. Cadmium does not corrode easily and is also used in metal plating and coating operations including transportation equipment and various industrial machinery as well as plastics manufacturing. It is used in numerous pigments, in baking enamels, and in photographic processes as well as in television and monitor screen phosphors. Cadmium is released into the environment through industrial waste streams and landfills. Cadmium is relatively mobile in surface and groundwater.
Drinking Water Infrastructure
Authors: Lee Juneseok , Güngör‐Demirci Gamze , Keck Jonathan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article provides an overview of our nation's drinking water infrastructure and discusses a range of critical and emerging concerns for the water sector. After an overview of the major and minor systems responsible for drinking water service, critical emerging concerns based on the authors' experience are then discussed relative to their hydraulic, water quality, and physical integrity linkages and implications. In addition to their direct impact on public health, these aspects also have significant socioeconomic implications. We then go on to consider other drinking water industry perspectives such as bottled water, rainwater harvesting, the water–energy nexus, decentralized water systems, and future directions for water systems management. It is the authors' hope that readers will develop a better understanding of the various issues and challenges that lie ahead for the drinking water sector, while also benefiting from our recommendations regarding future industry directions.
Pipeline Failure and Deterioration Models
Authors: Kabir Golam , Tesfamariam Solomon , Sadiq Rehan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe utility managers and other authorities rely on location‐specific pipeline failure information to develop and implement long‐ and short‐term management plans. The pipeline failure or deterioration depends on multiple pipe dependent, time‐dependent, and pipe and time‐dependent factors. For this, substantial efforts have been made to develop pipeline failure or deterioration prediction models using different statistical models like regression‐based, survival analysis‐based, and Bayesian inference‐based models. The performance of these models depends significantly on the quantity and quality of available data. Most prediction models focus on larger utilities where sufficient amount of pipeline failure and other related information is available. Small and medium‐size utilities often suffer due to technical and financial resource shortages and data scarcity. It is essential to consider model uncertainties for pipeline failure or deterioration prediction model development. In this study, a brief review of existing regression‐based, survival analysis‐based, and Bayesian inference‐based pipeline failure prediction models are presented. To demonstrate the applicability of different pipeline failure and deterioration prediction models, the pipeline failure data of the City of Calgary is considered.
Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Scheduling
Authors: Todorović Mladen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Crop water requirements represent the amount of water to be supplied to a field to recover the losses occurred by evaporation and transpiration. Crop water requirements are used for (i) a day‐to‐day on‐field irrigation scheduling, (ii) determination of seasonal water needs of an existing irrigation scheme (i.e. seasonal irrigation planning), and (iii) estimation of water volumes to be supplied to newly irrigated areas (i.e. during the irrigation project design and definition of irrigation network hydraulic characteristics).
Irrigation scheduling is a process used by irrigation managers to determine the correct frequency and duration of watering, i.e. when to irrigate and how much water to apply. It is usually focusing on a specific crop cultivated in an area with homogeneous (representative) weather, soil, and irrigation system characteristics. Irrigation scheduling aims to optimize use of water, nutrient, and energy, while achieving the maximum economic benefits of agricultural production, reducing environmental impacts, and ensuring the provision of ecosystem services. The soil–water‐balance method for irrigation scheduling is described together with a practical example of irrigation scheduling strategy. Moreover, the application of innovative technological solutions that integrate field data, sensors, and models in smartphone Apps for control and automation of irrigation process is illustrated.
Malaria: Water, Hydrology, and Climate Change
Authors: Madey Gregory R. , Maurice Patricia A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted by an infected female
Anopheles
mosquito. The eukaryotic parasite can be one of four species of the
Plasmodium
genus. Malaria results in flu‐like symptoms including fever and chills and if left untreated it can progress to severe symptoms that can result in death. Because mosquitoes use water bodies to breed, malaria is closely tied to water and hydrology. This article describes the life cycles of the mosquito and malaria parasite and how they relate to water, briefly reviews several studies of malaria and hydrology including development of malaria transmission and hydrologic models, and discusses some potential climate change effects on malaria occurrence and distribution.
In Situ
Remediation of Heavy Metals in Groundwater
Authors: Jacobs James A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Highly toxic and highly soluble metals are contained in numerous waste streams, including those from power, chemical, electronics, and general manufacturing plants, and mining facilities. Metals can create significant health risks to humans. One approach to remediating metals contamination involves
in situ
methods. Chemical and biological reducing methods of remediating metals
in situ
are technically effective in significantly lowering metals concentrations in 1–5 years at reasonable cost. Treatment delivery systems for the chemical reductants and bioenhancements have been developed and used at a variety of sites. The keys to success in most of these projects involve accurate subsurface assessments prior to field remediation, properly designed bench tests to optimize chemistry in the laboratory, realistic regulatory targets for site closure, and a well‐designed remediation delivery system.
Energy‐Efficient and Spectrally‐EfficientMIMO
Authors: da Silva Mário Marques , Dinis Rui , Guerreiro João 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhile enabling energy efficiency and spectral efficiency, MIMO systems are implemented with multiple transmit and receive antennas, which translates in an increase in signal processing. This article provides a description of different MIMO techniques, namely space–time coding, multi‐layer transmission, space division multiple access, and beamforming. Different MIMO receivers are also described in this article. MIMO techniques aim to provide diversity and/or to achieve an improvement of spectral efficiency. This is achieved at the cost of an increased complexity. A reduction of complexity can be obtained with the use of the two proposed algorithms: maximum ratio combiner (MRC) and equal gain combiner (EGC). These algorithms are compared with the zero forcing (ZF). While ZF requires the computation of the pseudo‐inverse of the channel matrix for each frequency component, such processing is not required for MRC/EGC, keeping the complexity requirements at low level, but generating a certain level of interference.
Device‐to‐Device Channels
Authors: He Ruisi , Yang Mi , Ai Bo , Zhong Zhangdui 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDevice‐to‐device (D2D) communications enable devices in a communication system to exchange data directly. Through D2D communication link, terminals communicate through multiplexing system resources, which can reduce the pressure on the core network of the communication systems and greatly improve the spectral efficiency and throughput. Therefore, D2D technology is considered as one of the key technologies of 5G systems. Investigation of channel characteristics is an important prerequisite for subsequent D2D communication research. This article reviews the measurements and models for D2D channels. The challenges that D2D channel measurement and modeling may face in the future are also addressed.
IMT‐2020 Channel Model
Authors: Zhang Jianhua 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWireless channel models are the prerequisites of the development of any communication system. They are indispensable and widely used in many aspects, such as radio technique research, equipment development, communication system design, performance evaluation, and network optimization. With the approach of commercial deployment of the fifth‐generation mobile communication system (5G) in 2020, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) delivered the standard of 5G radio technique evaluation methodology and channel model. Owing to the complexity and the importance of the channel model, this article introduces the main characteristics and simulation method of the ITU IMT‐2020 channel model in the standard comparing with the 4G channel model, including scenario configuration, simulation procedure, and advanced channel components. Hence, a detailed understanding of ITU 5G channel model has been made for the readers, in order to improve the further simulation and evaluation of 5G technology.