bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cumulative Sport-Related Injuries and Longer Term Impact in Retired Male Elite- and Amateur-Level Rugby Code Athletes and Non-contact Athletes: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Hind Karen , Konerth Natalie , Entwistle Ian , Theadom Alice , Lewis Gwyn , King Doug , Chazot Paul , Hume Patria 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Rugby union and rugby league are popular team contact sports, but they bring a high risk of injury. Although previous studies have reported injury occurrence across one or several seasons, none have explored the total number of injuries sustained across an entire career. As the first to do so, the aim of this study was to report on cumulative injuries and their perceived long-term impact in retired rugby code athletes compared to athletes from non-contact sports.

Methods
One hundred and eighty-nine former rugby code athletes (rugby union n = 145; rugby league n = 44) and 65 former non-contact athletes were recruited to the UK Rugby Health Project between September 2016 and December 2018. Details on sports participation, sports injuries and concussion history, sports injury-related surgeries, and previous and current health were obtained from a validated, online self-report questionnaire.

Results
Former elite rugby code athletes (n = 83) reported more total injuries per player (median 39, IQR 35) than former amateur rugby code athletes (n = 106; median 23, IQR 30; p = 0.014) and non-contact sports athletes (n = 65; median 7.5, IQR 15; p < 0.001). Concussion was the most frequently reported injury for the elite and amateur rugby code groups, followed by upper/lower back and knee ligament injuries. These injuries also presented with the highest recurrence. Rugby code groups reported a higher continued impact of previous concussion, neck injuries, shoulder dislocation, ACL tears, and knee ligament injuries (p = 0.003–0.045). The reported prevalence of osteoarthritis was more than twofold greater in the elite rugby code group than in non-contact athletes (51% v 22%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of back pain and/or severe and regular joint pain was high across all groups (47–80%), particularly the elite rugby code group. The total number of joint injuries and sport injury-related surgeries was higher in those who reported current osteoarthritis and current severe and regular joint pain (p < 0.001–p = 0.028).

Conclusion
Across multiple injury types, past participation in rugby union and rugby league, particularly at elite level, is associated with a high cumulative injury load and a continued impact of previous injuries post-retirement. Given the high number of reported concussions (and their recurrence) and associations between previous injuries during a player’s career and current musculoskeletal conditions, efforts should be prioritized to reduce the occurrence and recurrence of injuries in rugby codes at all levels of the sport. Strategies should also be developed for supporting the specific physical health needs of rugby code athletes post-retirement.
Is Organic Farming Risky? An Evaluation of WFRP in Organic and Conventional Production Systems
Authors: Belasco Eric , Schahczenski Jeff 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFarm-level data from the Farm Financial Management Database (FINBIN) are used to evaluate the effectiveness of Whole Farm Revenue Protection (WFRP) insurance in diverse farming operations. A panel of diverse Minnesota farms is used to establish actual production history and compute hypothetical performance over three years. This study characterizes the relative riskiness between organic and conventional farms and their comparative insurance performances by avoiding potential adverse selection issues in other studies. Empirical evidence is provided to dispute past empirical findings suggesting that organic farms are riskier than conventional farms, as measured by lower loss ratios.
Interventional Neuroradiology: A Review
Authors: Pelz David M. , Lownie Stephen P. , Mayich Michael S. , Pandey Sachin K. , Sharma Manas 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT:Interventional neuroradiology (INR) has evolved from a hybrid mixture of daring radiologists and iconoclastic neurosurgeons into a multidisciplinary specialty, which has become indispensable for cerebrovascular and neurological centers worldwide. This manuscript traces the origins of INR and describes its evolution to the present day. The focus will be on cerebrovascular disorders including aneurysms, stroke, brain arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulae, and atherosclerotic disease, both intra- and extracranial. Also discussed are cerebral vasospasm, venolymphatic malformations of the head and neck, tumor embolization, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, inferior petrosal venous sinus sampling for Cushing’s disease, and spinal interventions. Pediatric INR has not been included and deserves a separate, dedicated review.
On a class of random walks in simplexes
Authors: Nguyen Tuan-Minh , Volkov Stanislav 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe study the limit behaviour of a class of random walk models taking values in the standard d-dimensional (
$d\ge 1$
) simplex. From an interior point z, the process chooses one of the
$d+1$
vertices of the simplex, with probabilities depending on z, and then the particle randomly jumps to a new location z′ on the segment connecting z to the chosen vertex. In some special cases, using properties of the Beta distribution, we prove that the limiting distributions of the Markov chain are Dirichlet. We also consider a related history-dependent random walk model in [0, 1] based on an urn-type scheme. We show that this random walk converges in distribution to an arcsine random variable.
Validation study of an ex vivo porcine auricular model for simulation training in otoplasty
Authors: Li L , Okhovat S , Milner T , Sheikh S 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo perform a validation assessment of a novel porcine ex vivo model for otoplasty training.MethodsA total of nine otolaryngology trainees performed a standard approach otoplasty on a porcine ear. They completed a series of tasks including posterior skin incision, anterior scoring, Mustardé suture placement and concha–mastoid suture placement. Trainees completed a post-task questionnaire assessing face validity, global content validity and task-specific content validity.ResultsTrainees’ median scores for the porcine model were: 4 for face validity (interquartile range, 3–4), 5 for global content validity (interquartile range, 4–5) and 4 for task-specific content validity (interquartile range, 4–4).ConclusionThis study is the first to formally validate the ex vivo porcine auricular model as a useful tool for training in otoplasty. The model should be incorporated into simulation training for otoplasty in order to improve learning, enable acquisition of specific surgical skills and improve operative outcomes.
One-dimensional steady-state model for stimulated Raman and Brillouin backscatter processes in laser-irradiated plasmas
Authors: Ge Zhe Yi , Zhang Guo Bo , Ke Yan Zhao , Yang Xiao Hu , Wu Fu Yuan , Chen Shi Jia , Ma Yan Yun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA one-dimensional steady-state model for stimulated Raman backscatter (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin backscatter (SBS) processes in laser-irradiated plasmas is presented. Based on a novel “predictor-corrector” method, the model is capable to deal with broadband scattered light and inhomogeneous plasmas, exhibiting robustness and high efficiency. Influences of the electron density and temperature on the linear gains of both SRS and SBS are investigated, which indicates that the SRS gain is more sensitive to the electron density and temperature than that of the SBS. For the low-density case, the SBS dominates the scattering process, while the SRS exhibits much higher reflectivity in the high-density case. The nonlinear saturation mechanisms and competition between SRS and SBS are included in our model by a phenomenological method. The typical anti-correlation between SRS and SBS versus electron density is reproduced in the model. Calculations of the reflectivities are qualitatively in agreement with the typical results of experiments and simulations.
Epidemiology of viral disease outbreaks in Odisha, India (2010–2019)
Authors: Kshatri J.S. , Turuk J. , Sabat J. , Subhadra S. , Ho L.M. , Rath S. , Palo S.K. , Bhattacharya D. , Dwibedi B. , Pati S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite consistent public health efforts, the burden of viral disease in India remains high. The present study was undertaken to understand the aetiology, frequency and distribution of viral disease outbreaks in the state of Odisha between 2010 and 2019. This was a prospective study conducted at the Virology Research and Diagnostic Laboratory located at ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, wherein all the outbreaks of viral aetiologies were investigated and analysed to provide a comprehensive picture of the state of viral disease outbreaks in the region. A total of 191 suspected viral outbreaks were investigated by the team from VRDL during September 2010 and September 2019 reported from all the 30 districts of Odisha. Annual number of suspected cases ranged from 185 to 1002. The most commonly suspected outbreaks were of viral hepatitis (55 outbreaks; 1223 cases) followed by dengue (45 outbreaks; 1185 cases), chickenpox (30 outbreaks; 421 cases), viral encephalitis (27 outbreaks; 930 cases), measles (23 outbreaks; 464 cases), chikungunya (10 outbreaks; 593 cases) and rubella (1 outbreak; 60). The outbreaks peaked in frequency and intensity during the months of July and September. The epidemiology of viral disease outbreaks in the region is presented in the study. Health system preparedness based on evidence is essential for early detection and adequate response to such viral outbreaks.
Emotion socialization in mothers with mood disorders: Affective modeling and recollected responses to childhood emotion
Authors: Labella Madelyn H. , Ruiz Sarah K. , Harris Susan J. , Klimes-Dougan Bonnie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGrowing evidence suggests that emotion socialization may be disrupted by maternal depression. However, little is known about emotion-related parenting by mothers with bipolar disorder or whether affective modeling in early childhood is linked to young adults’ recollections of emotion socialization practices. The current study investigates emotion socialization by mothers with histories of major depression, bipolar disorder, or no mood disorder. Affective modeling was coded from parent–child interactions in early childhood and maternal responses to negative emotions were recollected by young adult offspring (n= 131, 59.5% female,Mage = 22.16,SD= 2.58). Multilevel models revealed that maternal bipolar disorder was associated with more neglecting, punishing, and magnifying responses to children's emotions, whereas maternal major depression was associated with more magnifying responses; links between maternal diagnosis and magnifying responses were robust to covariates. Young adult recollections of maternal responses to emotion were predicted by affective modeling in early childhood, providing preliminary validity evidence for the Emotions as a Child Scale. Findings provide novel evidence that major depression and bipolar disorder are associated with altered emotion socialization and that maternal affective modeling in early childhood prospectively predicts young adults’ recollections of emotion socialization in families with and without mood disorder.
A note on distinct distances
Authors: Raz Orit E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe show that, for a constant-degree algebraic curve γ in ℝD, every set of n points on γ spans at least Ω(n4/3) distinct distances, unless γ is an algebraic helix, in the sense of Charalambides [2]. This improves the earlier bound Ω(n5/4) of Charalambides [2].We also show that, for every set P of n points that lie on a d-dimensional constant-degree algebraic variety V in ℝD, there exists a subset S ⊂ P of size at least Ω(n4/(9+12(d−1))), such that S spans
$\left({\begin{array}{&#x002A;{20}{c}} {|S|} \\ 2 \\\end{array}} \right)$
distinct distances. This improves the earlier bound of Ω(n1/(3d)) of Conlon, Fox, Gasarch, Harris, Ulrich and Zbarsky [4].Both results are consequences of a common technical tool.
Health Impacts of Volcanic Activity in Oceania
Authors: Cuthbertson Joseph , Stewart Carol , Lyon Alison , Burns Penelope , Telepo Thompson 
Published: July 2020

AbstractVolcanoes cause a wide range of hazardous phenomena. Close to volcanic vents, hazards can be highly dangerous and destructive and include pyroclastic flows and surges, ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars, thick ashfalls, and gas and aerosol emissions. Direct health impacts include trauma, burns, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. Far-reaching volcanic hazards include volcanic ashfalls, gas and aerosol dispersion, and lahars. Within Oceania, the island arc countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tonga, and New Zealand are the most at-risk from volcanic activity. Since 1500ad, approximately 10,000 lives have been lost due to volcanic activity across Oceania, with 39 lives lost since 2000. While volcano monitoring and surveillance save lives, residual risks remain from small, sudden, unheralded eruptions, such as the December 9, 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand which has a death toll of 21 at the time of writing. Widespread volcanic ashfalls can affect the habitability of downwind communities by contaminating water supplies, damaging crops and buildings, and degrading indoor and outdoor air quality, as well as disrupting transport and communication networks and access to health services. While the fatality rate due to volcanic eruptions may be low, far greater numbers of people may be affected by volcanic activity with approximately 100,000 people in PNG and Vanuatu displaced since 2000. It is challenging to manage health impacts for displaced people, particularly in low-income countries where events such as eruptions occur against a background of low, variable vaccination rates, high prevalence of infectious diseases, poor sanitation infrastructure, and poor nutritional status. As a case study, the 2017-2018 eruption of Ambae volcano, Vanuatu caused no casualties but triggered two separate mandatory off-island evacuations of the entire population of approximately 11,700 people. On the neighboring island of Santo, a health disaster response was coordinated by local government and provided acute care when evacuees arrived. Involving primary care clinicians in this setting enhanced local capacity for health care provision and allowed for an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on evacuee communities.
Don’t @ Me: Experimentally Reducing Partisan Incivility on Twitter
Authors: Munger Kevin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractI conduct an experiment which examines the impact of moral suasion on partisans engaged in uncivil arguments. Partisans often respond in vitriolic ways to politicians they disagree with, and this can engender hateful responses from partisans from the other side. This phenomenon was especially common during the contentious 2016 US Presidential Election. Using Twitter accounts that I controlled, I sanctioned people engaged partisan incivility in October 2016. I found that messages containing moral suasion were more effective at reducing incivility than were messages with no moral content in the first week post-treatment. There were no significant treatment effects in the first day post-treatment, emphasizing the need for research designs that measure effect duration. The type of moral suasion employed, however, did not have the expected differential effect on either Republicans or Democrats. These effects were significantly moderated by the anonymity of the subjects.
Institutional Design and Elite Support for Climate Policies: Evidence from Latin American Countries
Authors: Freire Danilo , Mignozzetti Umberto , Skarbek David 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhich institutional features do Latin American elites favor for local climate change policies? Climate change mitigation requires active local-level implementation, but it remains unclear which institutional arrangements maximize support for environmental rules. In this paper, we run a conjoint experiment with elite members of 10 Latin American countries and ask respondents to evaluate institutional designs drawn from a pool of 5,500 possible local climate governance arrangements. We find that Latin American elites prefer international organizations to formulate climate policies, support imposing increasing fines on violators, and favor renewing agreements every 5 years. We also find that elites support both international institutions and local courts to mediate conflicts, but they distrust non-governmental organizations and reject informal norms as a means of conflict resolution. Our results identify possible challenges in crafting local climate mitigation policies and offer new insights about how to integrate local and international levels in environmental agreements.
Initial Orbit Determination and Event Reconstruction From Estimation of Particle Trajectories About (101955) Bennu
Authors: Leonard J. M. , Adam C. D. , Pelgrift J. Y. , Lessac‐Chenen E. J. , Nelson D. S. , Antreasian P. G. , Liounis A. J. , Moreau M. C. , Hergenrother C. W. , Chesley S. R. , Nolan M. C. , Lauretta D. S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe OSIRIS‐REx mission has observed multiple instances of particles being ejected from the surface of near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu. The ability to quickly identify the particle trajectories and origins is necessary following a particle ejection event. Using proven initial orbit determination techniques, we can rapidly estimate particle trajectories and ejection locations. We present current results pertaining to the identification of particle tracks, an evaluation of the estimated orbits and the excess velocity necessary to induce the particle ejection from the surface, and the uncertainty quantification of the ejection location. We estimate energies per particle ranging from 0.03 to 11.03 mJ for the largest analyzed events and velocities ranging from 5 to 90 cm/s, though we exclude the highest‐velocity particles in this technique. We estimate ejection times for eight events and constrain six of the analyzed ejection events to have occurred between about 16:30 and 19:00 local solar time, with the largest events occurring between 16:30 and 18:05.
Comparison of High‐Speed Optical Observations of a Lightning Flash From Space and the Ground
Authors: van der Velde Oscar A. , Montanyà Joan , Neubert Torsten , Chanrion Olivier , Østgaard Nikolai , Goodman Steven , López Jesús A. , Fabró Ferran , Reglero Victor 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe analyze a nighttime negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash in Colombia observed from the ground with a high‐speed camera at 5,000 images per second and from space by the Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) on the International Space Station (ISS), the Lightning Imaging Sensor also on the ISS (ISS‐LIS), and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on GOES‐16. The space instruments measure the oxygen band at 777.4 nm, allowing for direct comparisons of measurements, and the ground‐based camera observes in a wide visible band. After conversion to energy emitted at the cloud top, we find a good linear correspondence of the optical energies measured by the three space instruments, except that GLM values were 3 times higher. We attribute this mainly to the difference in viewing angles between spacecraft and the cloud. Over the entirety of the ASIM observed flash, optical pulses were detected by GLM and LIS, only when the energy reported by ASIM was greater than 332 J and 949 J, respectively. Their detection rate corresponds to 14% and 2.5%, respectively, of the flash duration observed by ASIM. The temporal variation of the high‐speed camera luminosity matched well the features observed by ASIM around the time of the stroke but reached ~3.9 times higher peak intensity during the return stroke, attributed to its broader spectral sensitivity band and a viewing angle advantage.
Pervasive Warming Bias in CMIP6 Tropospheric Layers
Authors: McKitrick R. , Christy J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe tendency of climate models to overstate warming in the tropical troposphere has long been noted. Here we examine individual runs from 38 newly released Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Version 6 (CMIP6) models and show that the warm bias is now observable globally as well. We compare CMIP6 runs against observational series drawn from satellites, weather balloons, and reanalysis products. We focus on the 1979–2014 interval, the maximum span for which all observational products are available and for which models were run using historically observed forcings. For lower‐troposphere and midtroposphere layers both globally and in the tropics, all 38 models overpredict warming in every target observational analog, in most cases significantly so, and the average differences between models and observations are statistically significant. We present evidence that consistency with observed warming would require lower model Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) values.
Textural and Compositional Changes in the Lithospheric Mantle Atop the Hawaiian Plume: Consequences for Seismic Properties
Authors: Tommasi Andréa , Mameri Lucan , Godard Marguerite 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe characterized the texture, composition, and seismic properties of the lithospheric mantle atop the Hawaiian plume by petrostructural analysis of 48 spinel peridotite xenoliths from four localities in three Hawaiian islands. Coarse‐porphyroclastic peridotites with variable degrees of recrystallization, recorded by growth of strain‐free neoblasts onto the deformed microstructure, predominate. Full evolution of this process produced equigranular microstructures. Some peridotites have coarse‐granular microstructures. Coarse‐granular and coarse‐porphyroclastic peridotites have strong orthorhombic or axial‐[100] olivine crystal‐preferred orientations (CPOs). Recrystallization produced some dispersion and, locally, changed the olivine CPO towards axial‐[010]. Enrichment in pyroxenes relative to model melting trends and pyroxenes with interstitial shapes and CPO uncorrelated with the olivine CPO imply refertilization by reactive melt percolation. The unusual spatial distribution of the recrystallized fraction, Ti enrichment, and Rare Earth Element fractionation in recrystallized, equigranular, and coarse‐granular peridotites support that these microstructures are produced by static recrystallization triggered by melt percolation. However, there is no simple relation between microstructure and chemical or modal composition. This, together with marked variations in mineral chemistry among samples, implies multiple spatially heterogeneous melt‐rock reaction events. We interpret the coarse‐porphyroclastic microstructures and CPO as representative of the original oceanic lithosphere fabric. Annealing changed the microstructure to coarse‐granular, but did not modify significantly the olivine CPO. Recrystallization produced moderate dispersion of the CPO. “Normal” oceanic lithosphere seismic anisotropy patterns are therefore preserved. Yet Fe enrichment, refertilization, and limited heating of the base of the lithosphere may reduce seismic velocities by up to 2%, partially explaining negative velocity anomalies imaged at lithospheric depths beneath Hawaii.