bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Packages of Organic Nutrient Management as Soil Policy for Upgrading Cropping System to Restore Soil Productivity
Authors: Kumar Das Shaon , Avasthe Ravikant 
Published: April 2020

The indigenous farming systems are, by and large, organically practiced. Organic farming systems facilitate the buildup of soil organic matter, reducing risk of erosion and runoff and enhancing nutrient storehouse in soils for plants. Rapid developments in organic farming promotion necessitated continuous flow of technology to meet day-to-day challenges. Farmyard manure (FYM), compost, and green manure are the most important and widely used bulky organic manures. Manuring with different short-duration legumes is suitable for maintenance of soil quality in terms of adding nitrogen to soil. Sustainable quantity of potassium can be maintained by vegetative mulching with crop residues. The use of balanced dosages of mixed compost at 5–10 t/ha along with 2 t/ha dolomite increases yield of maize, rice, mustard, and soybean. This article briefly describes about the integrated organic nutrient management as soil policy for upgrading cropping system to restore soil productivity.
Non-Myelinating Schwann Cells in Health and Disease
Authors: Ioghen Octavian , Manole Emilia , Gherghiceanu Mihaela , O. Popescu Bogdan , Cristina Ceafalan Laura 
Published: April 2020

Non-myelinating Schwann cells (NMSCs) are one of the two major phenotypes of Schwann cells. NMSCs are of different types and have various locations. In the peripheral nervous system, NMSC, named Remak Schwann cells (RSC), accommodate multiple small-caliber axons, forming Remak bundles. NMSC, named perisynaptic/terminal Schwann cells, are found at the distal end of motor nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Thus, NMSCs proved to serve different functions according to their distribution such as maintenance of the axon and NMJ, peripheral nerve regeneration, or remodeling of the NMJ. Schwann cells (SCs) retain their proliferation capacity in the case of nerve injury or demyelination and provide support for the neuronal cells through paracrine signaling. Here we present an overview of their phenotypes and tissue distribution focusing on their emerging involvement in various peripheral nerve diseases.
Global Prevalence of Malnutrition: Evidence from Literature
Authors: Dukhi Natisha 
Published: April 2020

Malnutrition is a widespread problem, affecting the global population at some life stage. This public health epidemic targets everyone, but the most vulnerable groups are poverty-stricken people, young children, adolescents, older people, those who are with illness and have a compromised immune system, as well as lactating and pregnant women. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight, and mineral- and vitamin-related malnutrition) and overnutrition (overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases). In combating malnutrition, healthcare costs increase, productivity is reduced, and economic growth is staggered, thus perpetuating the cycle of ill health and poverty. The best-targeted age for addressing malnutrition is the first 1000 days of life as this window period is ideal for intervention implementation and tracking for the improvement of child growth and development. There is an unprecedented opportunity to address the various forms of malnutrition, especially the 2016–2025 Decade of Action on Nutrition set by the United Nation. This aims to achieve the relevant targets of the Sustainable Development Goals that aim to end hunger and improve nutrition, as well as promote well-being and ensure healthy lives.
Experiences of African American Women with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Stuifbergen Alexa , Becker Heather , Phillips Carolyn , Horton Shalonda , Morrison Janet , Perez Francisco 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background:
Despite growing understanding that African American patients may have a more aggressive course of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experience disparities in diagnosis and treatment, fewer studies have examined how African Americans experience MS and its effect on their lives. This study explored the experiences of African American women with MS to inform future research and practice.

Methods:
Face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted with 19 African American women. Inductive content analysis was used to identify major categories and subcategories.

Results:
The analyses yielded three major categories: no one could believe I had MS, it is tough living with MS, and you have to keep going. Many women reported that the MS diagnosis was a surprise to them and their doctors because of the common belief that MS is a “Caucasian disease.” For this reason, many women felt their diagnosis had been delayed while their physicians initially focused on other diseases considered more typical in African American individuals. Living with losses related to social and family activities, independence, and employment was especially challenging for them. Faith in God, coming to grips with the diagnosis, and health promotion behaviors were key strategies for dealing with their MS. Women also spoke of pushing forward, working through MS challenges, and taking care of themselves, thus preserving their identity as strong Black women, a culturally important construct in the African American community.

Conclusions:
Future research should explore the interactions of culture with coping strategies and the development of useful and valued resources and supports for African American people with MS.
Knowledge towards Prevention and Management of Dengue: A Cross-sectional Study among Dental, Medical and Pharmacy Students in a Private University, Malaysia
Authors: Ali Abdul Nazer , Asokan Pushpaa , Hui Chew Jia , Ying Chuah Hui , Ahmed Nazer Zulfikar 
Published: April 2020

Aim: The aim and objectives of the study were: 1) To assess the knowledge regarding dengue viral infection among undergraduate healthcare professional (HCP) students. 2) To investigate the association of socio-demographic factors towards dengue knowledge among the study participants. 3) To compare the dengue knowledge among the three HCP (Dental, Medical and Pharmacy) students.
Study Design: A cross sectional study design was used in the study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in AIMST University campus, Kedah state, Malaysia between January, 2017 and June, 2017.
Methods: The study was conducted among HCP students using pre-validated questionnaire with knowledge as a single dependent variable. The questionnaire was distributed in class room setting after obtaining informed consent forms signed by participants. The summary statistics for categorical variables was used with chi-square test to see if there was any association between the variables. Inferential statistics was done using Spearmans correlation.
Results: Among the 636 participants, an overall good knowledge (≈90%) was observed regarding the cause, breeding sites and common clinical symptoms of dengue fever. However, poor knowledge was observed regarding the time of dengue mosquitoes bite (51%, P = .58) and transmission through blood transfusion (59%, P <.001). Very poor knowledge was observed regarding transmission through person to person contact (25%, P <.001). The median knowledge score was 12(3) ranging from 0 to 15. There was a statistically significant differences (P < .001) in response to 14/15 knowledge based items. Further, a statistically significant association between dengue knowledge score was observed among field of study (P < .05) and year of study (P < .006) variables. The Spearman's correlation test showed a weak positive correlation [rs(2) = 8.6, P < .01] and [rs(10) = 108, P < .001] between year of study and age categories for dengue knowledge scores.
Conclusion: Overall, the HCP students in AIMST University showed good knowledge score towards dengue however, educational intervention programmes can further enrich their knowledge in the prevention, treatment and management of this deadly disease.
Ultrathin MoOx/Graphene Hybrid Field Effect Transistor Sensors Prepared Simply by a Shadow Mask Approach for Selective ppb‐Level NH3 Sensing with Simultaneous Superior Response and Fast Recovery
Authors: Falak Attia , Tian Yi , Yan Lanqin , Xu Lihua , Song Zhiwei , Hu Haifeng , Dong Fengliang , Adamu Bala Ismail , Zhao Min , Chen Peipei , Wang Hanfu , Chu Weiguo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBoth simultaneous achievement of high response, low limit of detection, and full recovery at room temperature (RT) for weak reducing gases like NH3 and facile and batchable fabrication approach are quite challenging for sensors. Herein, ultrathin MoOx layers are hybridized with mono layer graphene with different coverage percentages, into MoOx/GFET (graphene field effect transistor) devices for selective NH3 sensing fabricated by a facile, cost effective, and contamination‐free shadow mask approach instead of conventional lithography processes. A response of −18.10% for 12 ppm NH3 with full recovery of 356 s, superior repeatability, low detection limit of 310 ppb, and strong selectivity is simultaneously achieved for MoOx/GFET sensors at RT. The superior sensing and recovery performance of MoOx/GFET sensors is predominantly attributed to the effective tuning of Schottky barrier height and the Coulomb interaction between charged polar donor molecules and positively polarized surface enhanced by the positive bias voltage. The energy band diagrams well explain the sensing mechanism for reducing/oxidizing gases. The idea proposed in this study offers a feasible solution for highly selective sensing of different gases by oxides/graphene hybrid FET based gas sensors with superior RT performances fabricated by a facile, contamination‐free, batchable, and generalized approach.
Multiresponsive Luminescence Materials: Richer Color Than Chameleon Materials
Authors: Shi Chen , Hou Xuebin , Shen Xiuyu , Zhu Yanan , Li Xiaoqiang , Pang Zengyuan , Ge Mingqiao , Abolhasani Milad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDeveloping light‐harvesting materials with tunable emission colors is highly desirable in applications requiring a specific color on‐demand. The modulation in material composition, structures, and polymerization can provide a useful tool for producing a wide range of emission colors. However, controlling the color gamut in a ready‐made material remains a formidable challenge. Here, several germinate‐based phosphors are reported that provide precise dynamic emission color tuning in the visible color range through the optical multiplexing of lanthanides and other ion dopants, such as lead (Pb2+) and manganese (Mn2+). The emission gamut of the developed germinate‐based materials in the full visible color range can be tuned on demand by adjusting the excitation wavelength, thereby allowing dynamic synergistic multicolor, multitemporal, and multimodal integration with ready‐made materials. The multicolored photoluminescence property of the developed phosphors is related to the different interaction modes of dopants in the crystals. Furthermore, the applications of color‐tunable phosphors in multicolor display and anticounterfeiting are demonstrated. These findings provide valuable insights toward developing next‐generation smart luminescent materials and sensors.
Project IDentif.AI: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Rapidly Optimize Combination Therapy Development for Infectious Disease Intervention
Authors: Abdulla Aynur , Wang Boqian , Qian Feng , Kee Theodore , Blasiak Agata , Ong Yoong Hun , Hooi Lissa , Parekh Falgunee , Soriano Rafael , Olinger Gene G. , Keppo Jussi , Hardesty Chris L. , Chow Edward K. , Ho Dean , Ding Xianting 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn 2019/2020, the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) resulted in rapid increases in infection rates as well as patient mortality. Treatment options addressing COVID‐19 included drug repurposing, investigational therapies such as remdesivir, and vaccine development. Combination therapy based on drug repurposing is among the most widely pursued of these efforts. Multi‐drug regimens are traditionally designed by selecting drugs based on their mechanism of action. This is followed by dose‐finding to achieve drug synergy. This approach is widely‐used for drug development and repurposing. Realizing synergistic combinations, however, is a substantially different outcome compared to globally optimizing combination therapy, which realizes the best possible treatment outcome by a set of candidate therapies and doses toward a disease indication. To address this challenge, the results of Project IDentif.AI (Identifying Infectious Disease Combination Therapy with Artificial Intelligence) are reported. An AI‐based platform is used to interrogate a massive 12 drug/dose parameter space, rapidly identifying actionable combination therapies that optimally inhibit A549 lung cell infection by vesicular stomatitis virus within three days of project start. Importantly, a sevenfold difference in efficacy is observed between the top‐ranked combination being optimally and sub‐optimally dosed, demonstrating the critical importance of ideal drug and dose identification. This platform is disease indication and disease mechanism‐agnostic, and potentially applicable to the systematic N‐of‐1 and population‐wide design of highly efficacious and tolerable clinical regimens. This work also discusses key factors ranging from healthcare economics to global health policy that may serve to drive the broader deployment of this platform to address COVID‐19 and future pandemics.
Protein Quantification and Imaging by Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Similarity Analysis
Authors: Shin Hyunku , Oh Seunghyun , Kang Daehyeon , Choi Yeonho 
Published: April 2020

AbstractProtein quantification techniques such as immunoassays have been improved considerably, but they have several limitations, including time‐consuming procedures, low sensitivity, and extrinsic detection. Because direct surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can detect intrinsic signals of proteins, it can be used as an effective detection method. However, owing to the complexity and reliability of SERS signals, SERS is rarely adopted for quantification without a purified target protein. This study reports an efficient and effective direct SERS‐based immunoassay (SERSIA) technique for protein quantification and imaging. SERSIA relies on the uniform coating of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on a target‐protein‐immobilized substrate by simple centrifugation. As centrifugation induces close contact between the GNPs and target proteins, the intrinsic signals of the target protein can be detected. For quantification, the protein levels in a cell lysate are estimated using similarity analysis between antibody‐only and protein‐conjugated samples. This method reliably estimates the protein level at a sub‐picomolar detection limit. Furthermore, this method enables quantitative imaging of immobilized protein at a micrometer range. Because this technique is fast, sensitive, and requires only one type of antibody, this approach can be a useful method to detect proteins in biological samples.
Unraveling the Dual Functionality of High‐Donor‐Number Anion in Lean‐Electrolyte Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chu Hyunwon , Jung Jinkwan , Noh Hyungjun , Yuk Seongmin , Lee Jinhong , Lee Ju‐Hyuk , Baek Jaewon , Roh Youngil , Kwon Hyeokjin , Choi DongWoong , Sohn Kwonnam , Kim YunKyoung , Kim Hee‐Tak 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMinimizing electrolyte use is essential to achieve high practical energy density of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, the sulfur cathode is more readily passivated under a lean electrolyte condition, resulting in low sulfur utilization. In addition, continuous electrolyte decomposition on the Li metal anode aggravates the problem, provoking rapid capacity decay. In this work, the dual functionalities of NO3− as a high‐donor‐number (DN) salt anion is presented, which improves the sulfur utilization and cycling stability of lean‐electrolyte Li–S batteries. The NO3− anion elevates the solubility of the sulfur species based on its high electron donating ability, achieving a high sulfur utilization of above 1200 mA h g−1. Furthermore, the anion suppresses electrolyte decomposition on the Li metal by regulating the lithium ion (Li+) solvation sheath, enhancing the cycle performance of the lean electrolyte cell. By understanding the anionic effects, this work demonstrates the potential of the high‐DN electrolyte, which is beneficial for both the cathode and anode of Li–S batteries.
Extractive foraging on hard‐shelled walnuts and variation of feeding techniques in wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Tamura Masaya 
Published: April 2020

AbstractExtractive foraging is considered a key selective pressure for the evolution of primate cognitive abilities—the extractive foraging hypothesis. Although tool‐use and substrate‐use are representatives of the foraging strategy, some primates engage in extractive foraging without external objects. Manual processing skills of prickly foods have been described in some species, whereas there are few studies on other type of food defenses. Here, I describe extractive foraging of hard‐shelled walnuts by wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), focusing on whether they accomplish the tasks only by their physical strength or require manual and/or oral processing skills to crack open the walnut shells. The study subjects comprised all members of troop B1and three nontroop males in Kinkazan Island, Japan. Walnut feeding was observed during the main walnut seasons (September–December) when the troop visited walnut patches for 79 days in 2 years. I categorized the walnut feeding behavior intocomplete crackingandpartial cracking. The number of times the five behavioral elements in the cracking stage occurred were counted from complete cracking. All six adult males and 11 of the 17 adult/adolescent females showed complete cracking, while the remaining females were never observed exhibiting this activity, despite their physical maturity. I observed four clearly distinguishable cracking methods during walnut feeding in the 17 subjects. The compositions of five behavioral elements were different in each method. These results suggest that walnut feeding by Japanese macaques is not only by brute force but requires the acquisition of at least one of four cracking methods for the achievement of complete cracking. In particular, females need to compensate for their physical inferiority by increasing walnut manipulations. To my knowledge, this is the first detailed description on feeding techniques in primates to overcome hard‐shelled obstacles without the use of tools and even substrates.
Individuality in the vocalizations of infant and adult coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus)
Authors: Lau Allison R. , Clink Dena J. , Bales Karen L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAs social animals, many primates use acoustic communication to maintain relationships. Vocal individuality has been documented in a diverse range of primate species and call types, many of which have presumably different functions. Auditory recognition of one's neighbors may confer a selective advantage if identifying conspecifics decreases the need to participate in costly territorial behaviors. Alternatively, vocal individuality may be nonadaptive and the result of a unique combination of genetics and environment. Pair‐bonded primates, in particular, often participate in coordinated vocal duets that can be heard over long distances by neighboring conspecifics. In contrast to adult calls, infant vocalizations are short‐range and used for intragroup communication. Here, we provide two separate but complementary analyses of vocal individuality in distinct call types of coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) to test whether individuality occurs in call types from animals of different age classes with presumably different functions. We analyzed 600 trill vocalizations from 30 infants and 169 pulse‐chirp duet vocalizations from 30 adult titi monkeys. We predicted that duet contributions would exhibit a higher degree of individuality than infant trills, given their assumed function for long‐distance, intergroup communication. We estimated 7 features from infant trills and 16 features from spectrograms of adult pulse‐chirps, then used discriminant function analysis with leave‐one‐out cross‐validation to classify individuals. We correctly classified infants with 48% accuracy and adults with 83% accuracy. To further investigate variance in call features, we used a multivariate variance components model to estimate variance partitioning in features across two levels: within‐ and between‐individuals. Between‐individual variance was the most important source of variance for all features in adults, and three of four features in infants. We show that pulse‐chirps of adult titi monkey duets are individually distinct, and infant trills are less individually distinct, which may be due to the different functions of the vocalizations.
Copyrolysis of tire powder and engine oil: Reaction behavior and kinetics
Authors: Liu Lin , Luo Siyi , Wang Junzhi , Xiang Lan , Qin Baoyu , Zuo Zongliang , Guo Dabin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this work, thermogravimetric (TG) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to explore changes in the cracking process when engine oil was mixed with waste tires. The results presented herein provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of potential applications of tire and engine oil copyrolysis. According to the TG analysis, it was found that the pyrolysis efficiency significantly increased with increasing ratios of engine oil in the blending. The Coats–Redfern method was used to determine the kinetics of the copyrolysis reaction. It was found that the addition of engine oil reduced the activation energy of natural rubber and synthetic rubber decomposition. FTIR analysis indicated that the addition of engine oil can improve the quality of cracked products by increasing the composition of combustible gas (CH4) in the cracked products. This study demonstrated that the pyrolysis of tires and engine oils display a strong interaction, and copyrolysis can significantly overcome the limitations of single tire cracking.
Lipids help double‐stranded RNA in endosomal escape and improve RNA interference in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Gurusamy Dhandapani , Mogilicherla Kanakachari , Shukla Jayendra Nath , Palli Subba Reddy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRNA interference (RNAi) is a valuable method for understanding the gene function and holds great potential for insect pest management. While RNAi is efficient and systemic in coleopteran insects, RNAi is inefficient in lepidopteran insects. In this study, we explored the possibility of improving RNAi in the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda cells by formulating dsRNA with Cellfectin II (CFII) transfection reagent. The CFII formulated dsRNA was protected from degradation by endonucleases present in Sf9 cells conditioned medium, hemolymph and midgut lumen contents collected from the FAW larvae. Lipid formulated dsRNA also showed reduced accumulation in the endosomes of Sf9 cells and FAW tissues. Exposing Sf9 cells and tissues to CFII formulated dsRNA caused a significant knockdown of endogenous genes. CFII formulated dsIAP fed to FAW larvae induced knockdown of iap gene, growth retardation and mortality. Processing of dsRNA into siRNA was detected in Sf9 cells and Spodoptera frugiperda larvae treated with CFII conjugated 32P‐UTP labeled dsGFP. Overall, the present study concluded that delivering dsRNA formulated with CFII transfection reagent helps dsRNA escapes from the endosomal accumulation and improved RNAi efficiency in the FAW cells and tissues.