bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-Assisted Pseudodigestion for Toxic Metals Determination in Fish Muscles Followed by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: Multivariate Strategy
Authors: Arain Mohammad B , Kazi Tasneem G , Jamali Mohammad K , Afridi Hassan I , Jalbani Nusrat , Memon Attique R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple and efficient procedure for the determination of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the edible parts of freshwater fish by ultrasonic-assisted acid pseudodigestion (USD) was developed. A Plackett-Burman experimental design was used as a multivariate strategy for the evaluation of the effects of several variables at once. Five variablessonication time, sample mass of muscle tissue, temperature of the ultrasonic bath, mL of nitric acid, and mL of a mixture of acid and oxidantwere regarded as factors. From these studies, certain variables showed up as significant, and they were optimized by a 23+star central composite design, which involved 16 experiments. Optimum values of the variables were selected for the development of USD to determine the contents of As, Cd, and Pb in fish muscles used as pollution bioindicators from Lake Manchar (Sindh, Pakistan). The determination of the 3 toxic metals under study was performed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The accuracy of the optimized procedure was evaluated by analysis of certified reference materials BCR 185R bovine liver and by comparison with conventional wet acid digestion methodology. The result obtained by the optimized method showed good agreement with the certified values and sufficiently high recovery. No significant differences were observed for P = 0.05. Relative standard deviation values (average of 10 separate determinations) were 1.21, 5.52, and 5.32% for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction of Fluometuron from Selected Soils
Authors: Lancaster Sarah , Senseman Scott , Carson Katherine 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is a recently developed extraction technique that is more rapid and produces less waste than do conventional liquid/liquid extraction methods. Optimal conditions were determined for ASE of fluometuron from 2 Weswood clay loam soils. Two solvents (acetonitrile and methanol), 2 temperatures (50 and 100C), and the number of static cycles (1, 2, and 3) were evaluated. The most efficient and reproducible extractions were obtained when methanol was combined with a 50C extraction temperature and the static cycle was repeated 3 times. These experiments indicated that existing extraction methods for fluometuron can easily be adapted for ASE.
Use of a Novel Medium, the Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-Trimethylsilylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate, for LiquidLiquid Extraction of Lead in Water and Its Determination by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Zaijun Li , Qiping Peng , Haixia Shan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-trimethylsilylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, abbreviated as [C4tmsim][PF6], was developed as a novel medium for liquidliquid extraction of lead(II) in water, in which dithizone was used as a metal chelator to form a neutral leaddithizone complex. Under optimal conditions, the complex was extracted into the [C4tmsim][PF6] phase from aqueous solution and back-extracted with nitric acid solution into the aqueous phase that was used directly for the subsequent determination of Pb. The system using the ionic liquid demonstrated good extraction performance; the extraction and back-extraction efficiencies were 99.8 and 99.7%, respectively, for Pb(II) at 20 g/L. The above procedure, including the extraction and back-extraction, was used to enrich trace levels of Pb(II) in a relatively large volume of water samples (1000 mL water), and an enrichment factor of 400 was obtained. The enrichment coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was successfully applied to the determination of Pb in water. The calibration graph was linear at levels near the detection limits up to 100 ng/L Pb(II). The limits of quantitation and detection for lead in real water samples were 2.5 and 1.0 ng/L, respectively. Lead recoveries of 96.2103.8% from spiked samples demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method.
New Liquid Chromatography Method with Ultraviolet Detection for Analysis of Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins in Vaccinium myrtillus Fruit Dry Extracts and Commercial Preparations
Authors: Cassinese Ciro , Combarieu Eric De , Falzoni Mario , Fuzzati Nicola , Pace Roberto , Sardone Nicola 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Vaccinium myrtillus fruits (bilberry) are a well-known anthocyanins source, and their extracts are widely used in dietary botanicals and pharmaceutical products for the treatment of vascular and vision disorders. Different analytical methods used for standardization of the bilberry extracts and their preparations are available from pharmacopeias and from the literature. However, the methods reported in the literature do not allow the detection of free anthocyanidins, which are markers of poor product quality. A new liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the identification and quantification of both anthocyanins and anthocyanidins present in bilberry extracts and products. The method shows a good reproducibility and, due to its high specificity, is suitable to identify unequivocally the botanical raw materials used for manufacturing and to evaluate the extract composition, thus ensuring a high degree of product consistency and quality. Forty typical bilberry preparations belonging to 24 different brands were purchased in the marketplace and evaluated for their quality by using the developed method. Results revealed marked differences among the brands despite a common origin and labeling.
Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatographic and Ultraviolet Derivative Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Epinastine Hydrochloride in Coated Tablets
Authors: Ghisleni Daniela Dal Molim , Steppe Martin , Schapoval Elfrides E S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatographic (LC) and ultraviolet derivative spectrophotometric (UVD) methods were developed and validated for the quantitative determination of epinastine hydrochloride in coated tablets. LC was performed on a reversed-phase RP-18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.3 triethylamine (pH adjusted to 4.0 with 10 orthophosphoric acid)methanol (60 + 40, v/v). The first-order derivative method was performed at 243.8 nm using HCl and methanol as the solvent. The methods were validated according to U.S. Pharmacopoeia and International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The statistical analysis by Student's t-test showed no significant difference between the results obtained by the 2 methods. The proposed methods were found to be simple, rapid, precise, accurate, robust, and sensitive, allowing perfect interchange. The LC and UVD methods can be used in the routine quantitative determination of the epinastine hydrochloride in coated tablets.
Intralaboratory Validation of Cell-Free Translation Assay for Detecting Ricin Toxin Biological Activity
Authors: Lindsey Changhong Y , Richardson Jenny D , Brown J Edward , Hale Martha L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A cell-free translation (CFT) assay for determining ricin biological activity was validated. The statistical data from the validation study showed a high level of precision within and between runs of the assay. The assay was specific for determining ricin biological activity in food-based matrixes and discriminated ricin from other ribosomeinactivating proteins. The mean bias (relative error) between measured ricin concentrations of 3 validation samples and their nominal concentrations was 1.1, 6.6, and 20.3, while the coefficient of variation (CV) was 14.1, 7.7, and 13.5, respectively, demonstrating good precision, accuracy, and linearity. The CVs of ricin concentrations in 2 ricin-containing samples calculated from a dilution series were &lt;5 and &lt;12, respectively, demonstrating very good parallelism. The analyte stability of ricin-containing samples stored for 1 month either at 4 or 20C, the stability of ricin stock solutions, and the results of assays executed by different analysts and using different luminometers were evaluated. The statistical validation data confirmed that the 4-parameter logistic equation, y = (a d)/[1 + (x/c)b] + d, provided an accurate representation of a sigmoidal relationship between the measured response and the observed ricin concentration for the CFT assay.
Impact of Foods Nutritionally Enhanced Through Biotechnology in Alleviating Malnutrition in Developing Countries
Authors: Gilani G Sarwar , Nasim Anwar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
According to United Nations (UN) projections, the world's population will grow from 6.1 billion in 2000 to 8 billion in 2025 and 9.4 billion in 2050. Most (93) of the increase will take place in developing countries. The rapid population growth in developing countries creates major challenges for governments regarding food and nutrition security. According to current World Health Organization estimates, more than 3 billion people worldwide, especially in developing countries, are malnourished in essential nutrients. Malnutrition imposes severe costs on a country's population due to impaired physical and cognitive abilities and reduced ability to work. Little progress has been made in improving malnutrition over the past few decades. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN would like to see more nutrient-rich foods introduced into these countries, because supplements are expensive and difficult to distribute widely. Biofortification of staple crops through modern biotechnology can potentially help in alleviating malnutrition in developing countries. Several genetically modified crops, including rice, potatoes, oilseeds, and cassava, with elevated levels of essential nutrients (such as vitamin A, iron, zinc, protein and essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids); reduced levels of antinutritional factors (such as cyanogens, phytates, and glycoalkaloid); and increased levels of factors that influence bioavailability and utilization of essential nutrients (such as cysteine residues) are advancing through field trial stage and regulatory processes towards commercialization. The ready availability and consumption of the biofortified crops would have a significant impact in reducing malnutrition and the risk of chronic disease in developing countries.
Nutritional and Safety Assessments of Foods and Feeds Nutritionally Improved Through Biotechnology: Lysine Maize as a Case Study
Authors: Glenn Kevin C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
During the last decade, the area of biotech crops modified for agronomic input traits (e.g., herbicide tolerance and insect protection) has increased to 90 million ha/year, grown by over 8 million farmers in a total of 17 countries. As adoption of these improved agronomic trait biotech crops has grown, so has interest in biotech crops that have improved nutritional characteristics for use as feed and food. A previous publication by the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) reported on the principles and concepts proposed for the nutritional and safety assessments of foods and feeds nutritionally improved through biotechnology. In this paper, the guidelines and principles recommended in the earlier publication are discussed relative to a specific case study, Lysine maize. Lysine maize is a feed ingredient with enhanced nutritional characteristics for poultry and swine and provides an alternative to the need for addition of supplemental lysine to some diets for these animals. The 2004 Task Force of the ILSI has also applied the concepts from that report to 4 other case studies: sweet potato enriched in provitamin A (2 examples, one using biotechnology and one using conventional breeding); Golden Rice 2; double-embryo maize; and ASP-1 enhanced protein sweet potato.
Application of Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Sulfonamides in Honey
Authors: Zou Qiong-Hui , Wang Jin , Wang Xiang-Feng , Liu Yuan , Han Jie , Hou Feier , Xie Meng-Xia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A novel method for simultaneous determination of 8 sulfonamide residues (sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamonome-thoxine, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadimethoxine) in honey samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed on the basis of precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl-chloroformate (FMOC-Cl). Sulfonamide residues in honey samples were extracted and purified by matrix solid-phase dispersion with C18 as the solid support. The residues were derivatized by FMOC-Cl, and the FMOC-sulfonamide derivatives were further purified by solid-phase extraction with silica gel as the solid support prior to HPLC analysis. The average recoveries for most sulfonamide compounds at different spiking levels (from 10 to 250 g/kg) were &gt;70 with relative standard deviations &lt;16, and their limits of detection were 4.0 g/kg. The established analytical method has high sensitivity and repeatability and can be applicable for determining the sulfonamide residues in various honey matrixes.
New High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Clopidogrel in Coated Tablets
Authors: Sippel Juliana , Sfair Letcia L , Schapoval Elfrides E S , Steppe Martin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for clopidogrel determination in pharmaceutical formulations. The system consisted of an ACE 5 octadecylsilane (C18; 150 4.6 mm id), 5.0 m particle size column; methanol0.1 triethylamine (75 + 25, v/v), pH 5.3, mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min; and a diode array detector set at 220 nm. Specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness were the parameters evaluated. The retention time for clopidogrel was 6.8 min. To estimate specificity, an aqueous sample solution was subjected to degradation by ultraviolet light and by acid, alkaline, and oxidation media. The peaks of degradation products did not interfere with the compound signal, and there was no interference when a placebo solution was analyzed. Linearity over a concentration range of 10.0 to 90.0 g/mL was shown (correlation coefficient = 0.9998). Low values of relative standard deviation indicated the adequate intraday and interday precision. The average recovery was found as 99.16. In the robustness test, small modifications to the mobile phase composition did not affect the determination of clopidogrel. The proposed method proved to be simple, fast, and cost efficient for the intended use.
The Effect of Preenrichment and Selective Enrichment Media on Recovery of Salmonella Typhi from the Tropical Fruit Mamey
Authors: Hammack Thomas S , Jacobson Andrew P , Andrews Wallace H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Salmonella culture method did not detect Salmonella Typhi in mamey, the tropical fruit that was implicated in a 1999 typhoid outbreak. The relative effectiveness of BAM's nonselective preenrichment and selective media for the recovery of S. Typhi from mamey was examined to determine if the BAM's preenrichment/selective enrichment strategy was the cause of the method's failure with this food. The preenrichment media were lactose broth, buffered peptone water (BPW), and universal preenrichment (UP) broth. The selective enrichment media were selenite cystine (SC) broth, tetrathionate (TT) broth, and Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) medium. UP broth was significantly more effective (P &lt; 0.05) than either lactose broth or BPW for the recovery of 2 different S. Typhi strains from mamey. Of 120 test portions tested, 105 S. Typhi-positive test portions were recovered using UP broth, whereas only 1 S. Typhi-positive test portion was recovered using BPW, and no S. Typhi-positive test portions were recovered using lactose broth. SC and TT broths were both significantly more effective (P &lt; 0.05) than RV medium. Of 105 S. Typhi-positive test portions, SC broth recovered 80, TT broth recovered 67, and RV medium recovered 9. After the above comparison, an incomplete UP (UPI) broth formulation was found to be significantly more effective (P &lt; 0.05) than the complete formulation (UPC). Of 80 total positive test portions, UPI recovered 71, whereas UPC recovered only 48. The following UP broth formulations were compared to determine if any of the components of the UP broth formulation were inhibitory to S. Typhi: UPC, UP broth without sodium pyruvate (UPS), UP broth without ferric ammonium citrate (UPF), UP broth without MgSO4 (UPM), and UPI. It was found that none of the ingredients were inhibitory to S. Typhi and that, out of 140 total test portions, UPI and UPF, with 108 and 103 positive test portions, respectively, were significantly more effective (P &lt; 0.05) than the other UP broth formulations (82 for UPC, 74 for UPS, and 60 for UPM). Rather than being inhibitory to the growth of S. Typhi, it appears that ferric ammonium citrate enhanced the growth of competitors which suppressed the growth of S. Typhi. These results demonstrate that UPI and UPF are effective for the recovery of S. Typhi from mamey.
Determination of Phytase Activity in Feed: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Gizzi Gisele , Thyregod Peter , von Holst Christoph , Bertin Gerard , Vogel Kurt , Faurschou-Isaksen Mai , Betz Roland , Murphy Richard , Andersen Betina Brandt 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An interlaboratory study was conducted to determine the performance characteristics of a new method for the determination of phytase activity in feed samples. The method is based on the principle that inorganic phosphate is released from the substrate phytate under defined assay conditions and has been validated for its suitability to measure the enzyme activity of various phytase products. Two different experimental designs of the study were applied, allowing for the estimation of the precision of the method under repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility conditions, respectively. The relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 2.2 to 10.6 and the RSD for reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 5.4 to 15. The suitability of the validated method for the intended purpose was demonstrated. The obtained performance profile of the method validated in this study was comparable to that of similar methods that were exclusively validated for one phytase product.
Single-Laboratory Validated Method for Determination of Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid in Chaparral-Containing Dietary Supplements
Authors: Gay Martha L , Musser Steven M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) occurs naturally in chaparral (Larrea tridentate Coville), a plant which commonly grows in the Southwest United States and has been used for medicinal purposes by Native Americans indigenous to that region. In addition to its traditional use as a tea, manufacturers of dietary supplements have marketed chaparral-containing products in a variety of formulations. Because of the hepatotoxicity of NDGA, and its occurrence in regulated products, we have developed a method for the determination of NDGA in dietary supplements and have tested this method in several dietary supplement formulations. Products were extracted with 80 methanol, filtered, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. NDGA was detected and determined with both a diode array detector and negative-ion electrospray. Fragmentation in the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was obtained by collisional activation of the [M-H]&lt;sup/&gt; ion. Collisional activation produced sufficient fragmentation to provide unambiguous identification. Lack of a stable isotope labeled internal standard has led us to compare quantitations based on UV detection with quantitations based on tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Presence of NDGA was confirmed in several dietary supplement products. Quantitative results from the 2 detection methods were comparable for most products. The limit of quantitation using MS/MS was lower and fewer interferences were observed, although UV detection provided better linearity.
Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 and Ochratoxin A in Ginseng and Ginger by Multitoxin Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and Liquid Chromatographic Quantitation: Collaborative Study
Authors: Trucksess Mary W , Weaver Carol M , Oles Carolyn J , Fry Frederick S , Noonan Gregory O , Betz Joseph M , Rader Jeanne I 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility characteristics of a method using multitoxin immunoaffinity column cleanup with liquid chromatography (LC) for determination of aflatoxins (AF; sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in powdered ginseng and ginger have been established in a collaborative study involving 13 laboratories from 7 countries. Blind duplicate samples of blank, spiked (AF and OTA added) at levels ranging from 0.25 to 16.0 g/kg for AF and 0.25 to 8.0 g/kg for OTA were analyzed. A naturally contaminated powdered ginger sample was also included. Test samples were extracted with methanol and 0.5 aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (700 + 300, v/v). The extract was centrifuged, diluted with phosphate buffer (PB), filtered, and applied to an immunoaffinity column containing antibodies specific for AF and OTA. After washing the column withwater, the toxins were eluted from the column with methanol, and quantified by high-performance LC with fluorescence detection. Average recoveries of AF from ginseng and ginger ranged from 70 to 87 (at spiking levels ranging from 2 to 16 g/kg), and of OTA, from 86 to 113 (at spiking levels ranging from 1 to 8 g/kg). Relative standard deviations for within-laboratory repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 2.6 to 8.3 for AF, and from 2.5 to 10.7 for OTA. Relative standard deviations for between-laboratory reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 5.7 to 28.6 for AF, and from 5.5 to 10.7 for OTA. HorRat values were 2 for the multi-analytes in the 2 matrixes.
Simultaneous Determination of Potassium Clavulanate and Cefixime in Synthetic Mixtures by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Khan Islam Ullah , Sharif Shahzad , Ashfaq Muhammad , Asghar Muhammad Nadeem 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple, precise, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of potassium clavulanate and cefixime in synthetic mixture form. The analytes were separated on a C18 column by using 0.03 M disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 6.5)methanol (84 + 16, v/v) as the mobile phase with detection at 220 nm. The method exhibited high sensitivity and good linearity in the concentration ranges of 12.562.5 and 20100 g/mL for potassium clavulanate and cefixime, respectively. The total run time for the 2 components was &lt;8 min, and the average recovery was &gt;101.5 with a relative standard deviation of &lt;1.0. The proposed method was validated according to guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization by evaluation of linearity, recovery, selectivity, robustness, limits of detection and quantitation, and within- and between-day precision. The results obtained for the synthetic mixture show that the method is highly precise and accurate for the simultaneous determination of potassium clavulanate and cefixime.