bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thomas Indermühle
Authors: Fiala Michele 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Thomas Indermühle studied with Heinz Holliger and Maurice Bourgue. He won prizes at the Prague International Competition (1974) and the ARD International Competition in Munich (1976) and has appeared as a soloist across Europe, the United States, and parts of Asia. He teaches oboe at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik in Karlsruhe and the Zurich Conservatory. In this chapter, Indermühle offers his advice on competitions, tone, reed making, teaching, and being a conductor and performer. He discusses ideal throat/mouth position, tools he uses when teaching, and the ideal use of air when performing on oboe. He further offers his thoughts on talent and starting people on the oboe. The chapter includes descriptions of some of his reed-alone exercises.
Conclusion
Authors: Wasserman Herman 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a retrospective overview of the three main arguments presented in the book: first, that conflict cannot be completely eradicated—even more so, that conflict is a feature of democratizing processes; second, that African democracies, and the media’s role within them, is not a one-size-fits-all system; and third, that media ethical values and practices are best thought of as collaborative and dialogic. It summarizes the issues discussed in the various individual chapters, recaps the key concepts and debates pertaining to democratization conflicts in Africa, and restates the key idea of an “ethics of engagement” as centered on listening and reciprocity.
Inner Democracy as Multi-Voiced and Dialogical
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the interplay between divergent I-positions in order to create the optimal conditions for learning from others and from oneself. In that context, a distinction is made between rumination, self-reflection, and multi-voicedness, with the latter being the most fertile basis for inner democracy. Much attention is given to the difference between debate and dialogue and how hate speech is an obstacle to both. The argument is presented that dialogue offers better conditions for innovation of the self as part of a boundary-crossing and globalizing society. The chapter also address the politicization of emotion and the limitations of empathy.
Epilogue
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the most daunting problems that inner democracy has to face in the future is the increasing power of algorithms in our everyday lives. Institutional structures have emerged that confront us with largely invisible and even unknown power and truth regimes as the result of technological advances. Such basic democratic values as freedom and equality need to be rethought, as new technological advancements tend to introduce new inequalities and new forms of social domination. In this context, the question is posed in this chapter about the role that education can play in protecting and fostering inner democracy. Developing inner democracy in a digital age will require answers from both technological and the educational angles as mutually complementary resources.
Health and Human Rights through Development
Authors: Marks Stephen P. , Han Alice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of sustainable human development as central to health governance, drawing on international human rights norms and standards to establish a human rights-based approach to development. The progression of economic development theories and the international development agenda has led to a discernible paradigm shift in considering development to be a human right. This right to development holds promise in contributing to global health and influencing the Sustainable Development Agenda—positing a rights-based approach to international development cooperation. Bilateral and multilateral development policies and practices have begun to make some progress in implementing a human rights-based approach to development, but the mutually reinforcing goals of health, human rights, and development must be integrated in governance. Global health governance stands to benefit from applying a human rights framework for sustainable human development, yet obstacles remain in realizing the health-related Sustainable Development Goals and advancing the right to development.
International Trade, Public Health, and Human Rights
Authors: Wu Chuang-Feng , Wu Chien-Huei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how to navigate health-related human rights in the trade and public health complex by tracing the intersection of international trade and public health and examining the role of international trade in global health law. An intrinsic tension exists between international trade, public health, and human rights in this globalizing world. Even though growing global interconnectedness has generated economic growth and information sharing, it is also characterized by threats—to access to medicine, commercialization of health care, and widening health inequality. Although this tension was well recognized in the development of the World Trade Organization, it has become much more complicated in recent decades. By addressing critical questions surrounding trade and public health, examining the transformation of risks into opportunities through global efforts, it will be possible to investigate possible venues to resolve trade and public health tensions in light of human rights.
Roman Colonies and the Distribution of Land before Sigonio
Authors: Stenhouse William 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the work of Renaissance historians of Roman colonization before Carlo Sigonio, from Andrea Fiocchi to Niccolò Machiavelli and Onofrio Panvinio. It shows that these earlier scholars, by thinking about Roman colonialism against the backdrop of Hapsburg power in Europe and in the New World, explored the idea of an empire that could be understood not just in terms of power but also in terms of territory, geographical control, and the practical administration of conquered land. Analysing the gradual rediscovery of the ancient Roman empire and its institutions in the fifteenth and the first half of the sixteenth century, this chapter assesses the most significant advances that Sigonio made in respect to this humanist tradition. Sigonio added a crucial piece of evidence to the discourse on Roman colonial policies and linked historical discussions of agrarian laws and policy to historical accounts of the establishment of colonies.
Roman Colonization and Land Division between Enlightenment and Romanticism
Authors: Balbo Mattia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the development of Roman legal colonial discourse in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, focusing on the studies of Louis de Beaufort and Barthold Georg Niebuhr, who are generally considered to have revolutionized Roman studies by their critical approach to the literary sources. Beaufort’s attempt to disconnect Roman land-distribution programmes from colonization schemes was part of a wider anti-feudal political agenda, advocating the redistribution of land to diminish aristocratic power and improve the living conditions of lower classes. Niebuhr continued this interest in Roman land division policies, focusing especially on the legal definition of different types of landholding and of the personal status of the farmers. His detailed studies convincingly showed the legal differences between colonial programmes and viritane land division schemes. Moreover, he argued that this last practice was restricted only to public lands, and was not used to redistribute private properties of aristocratic landowners.
The Latvian Response to Its First Economic Crisis under a Free Market Economy
Authors: Dupate Kristīne 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Latvia was seriously hit by the economic crisis at the end of 2008. The national austerity measures introduced to combat the economic crisis were insufficient and the Republic of Latvia asked for the assistance of international donors. The International Monetary Fund, the EU, and Nordic countries lent an overall sum of €3.1 billion to the country during 2009–2011. After the reference to external aid, the Latvian government and parliament relied strongly on the argument that particular cuts and restrictions were dictated by international donors in order to defend national decisions for budget cuts. The cuts in the social security system concerned healthcare expenses and statutory social insurance allowances, including pensions. Parental allowances were also affected considerably, since, apart from the introduction of upper ceilings, the conditions of entitlement were also significantly altered. The provisions on cuts of old-age and service pensions as well as parental allowances were contested before the Constitutional Court. Based on fundamental rights and principles stemming from the Latvian Constitution, as well as on international human rights, the Constitutional Court ruled on the incompatibility of some of the measures with the Constitution.
Salus Rei Publicae Suprema Lex Esto? Welfare State Reforms Before the Greek Courts
Authors: Bakavou Maria 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Having been seriously hit by the financial crisis, Greece was forced to implement reforms in the public social security system, aiming at securing the future financing of social policy measures, at reducing the public expenses through cuts of benefits, and at saving administrative costs by rationalising the management of social policy institutions. In the last years of the financial crisis a general reform took place aiming at stabilising the social security system. Given the cuts experienced by big parts of the population, several applications of annulment were brought before the Council of State. The jurisprudence of the court shows a gradual shifting: in the years 2012–2014 it upheld the constitutionality of the imposed measures, which were viewed as part of the general framework aiming to curb the public deficit. But in 2015 the ruling, in the face of the cumulative force of reductions on people’s income, was that the legislator must not only preserve a subsistence minimum but a decent standard of living for the citizens. Essentially, it was a signal that while the reduction of the public deficit remained mandatory, it was high time that the legislation sought other alternatives than minimising the welfare state.
The Predominance of a ‘Strong’ Economy over a ‘Weak’ Social Constitution
Authors: Maldonado Molina Juan Antonio , Romero Coronado Juan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In Spain, the economic crisis has generated a series of restrictive reforms, slashing the level of pensions, healthcare, long-term care, unemployment, social assistance, and family benefits. The majority of reforms do not stem from the Spanish parliament, but from the government, which has resorted to the systematic use of the royal decree-law as a legislative instrument to implement not only temporary reforms but also eminently permanent structural reforms. Spain’s Constitutional Court has validated the government’s use of the royal decree-law on very permissive grounds. This has led to the fracturing of the separation of powers and the distortion of the natural mechanisms for creating legislation, contending that extraordinary measures must be taken with extreme urgency. Furthermore, the Spanish Constitution was reformed in 2011, introducing the principle of budgetary stability. After this constitutional reform, the Spanish constitutional panorama is one where social and economic provisions coexist, but economic provisions prevail, creating an imbalance between the social and the economic. This predominance of a ‘strong’ economic constitution over a ‘weak’ social constitution was clearly manifested during the crisis, when all reforms in social law were subordinated to the economic rationale of controlling the budget deficit.
Distributive Conflict and Interest Group Preferences in Deficit Countries
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The politics of adjustment in deficit countries were characterized by strong domestic discontent, leading to significant political upheaval. Why did policymakers in these countries nonetheless implement unprecedented austerity and painful structural reforms? Zooming in on the domestic drivers of this adjustment choice, this chapter highlights mechanisms by which internal adjustment grew more politically feasible in deficit countries. The chapter draws on original survey data on the policy preferences of 359 economic interest groups in Ireland, Spain and Greece. It finds that while groups were consistently negative to a full range of scenarios by which external adjustment could be achieved in deficit countries, their preferences toward austerity measures and structural reforms varied much more widely. This variation, it is argued, facilitated the formation of pro-internal adjustment coalitions in deficit country contexts. Moreover, the chapter shows that opportunity costs mattered. While opposed to internal adjustment in absolute terms, a large majority of interest groups in deficit countries grew pliable to the prospect of it when faced with a choice between this and the alternative of abandoning the euro; even if internal adjustment programs were comprised of policies that groups themselves distinctly opposed.
Conclusion
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter begins by summarizing and discussing the insights that this book has generated. It has addressed three aspects that have received scant attention in existing research: The importance of analyzing the Eurozone crisis in comparative perspective, the importance of examining the whole range of policy options, including the ones not chosen, and the importance of analyzing crisis politics not just in deficit-debtor, but also in surplus-creditor countries. Because the bulk of the book’s analyses have focused on domestic distributive struggles, the concluding chapter turns to the question to what extent the book’s approach is useful for understanding the distributive struggles on the European level as well. For this purpose, the chapter examines how surplus and deficit states positioned themselves with regard to the core EMU-related issues and reforms that were discussed in the European Council during the Eurozone crisis. The analysis shows that on policy issues related to questions of adjustment and financing, deficit and surplus countries aligned in opposing camps. Moreover, creditor-surplus countries managed to secure policy decisions in line with their preferences on almost all adjustment-related policy issues. This meant that deficit countries had to carry the bulk of the adjustment burden. In contrast, surplus countries showed more willingness to compromise on issues related to financing. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings and offers an agenda for future research.
Generalized Maps
Authors: Canarutto Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSpaces of generalised sections (also called section-distributions) are introduced, and their fundamental properties are described. Several special cases are considered, with particular attention to the case of semi-densities; when a Hermitian structure on the underlying classical bundle is given, these determine a rigged Hilbert space, which can be regarded as a basic notion in quantum geometry. The essentials of tensor products in distributional spaces, kernels and Fourier transforms are exposed.
Special Generalized Densities on Minkowski Spacetime
Authors: Canarutto Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCertain densities related to mass-shells in Minkowski spacetime, and the Fourier transforms of such densities, constitute the ground for a thorough examination of elementary solutions and propagators of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. These notions turn out to be relevant in the computations of transition amplitudes in quantum particle physics.
Multi-particle Spaces
Authors: Canarutto Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe fundamental algebraic notions needed in many-particle physics are exposed. Spaces of free states containing an arbitrary number of particles of many types are introduced. The operator algebra generated by absorption and emission operators is studied as a natural generalisation of standard exterior algebra. The link between the discrete and the distributional formalisms is provided by the spaces of finite linear combinations of semi-densities of Dirac type.
Uncentred Minds
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this chapter I explore the relationship between Fernando Pessoa and Buddhism. I first introduce the brilliant French philosopher Simone Weil (1909–43), a contemporary of Pessoa but someone of whom he certainly had never heard. One way to read her remarks is as directed against the positional use of ‘I’, against the deployment in thought and speech of a positional conception of self. One should abandon forms of self-consciousness that are grounded in one’s thinking of oneself as the one at the centre of a landscape of sensation. For Weil, it is precisely such contact with reality as attention makes possible which holds the uncentred mind together, preventing its content being ‘a phantasmagoric fluttering with no centre or sense’. The uncentred mind would thus be a sort of conformal and aperspectival map of reality, standing in correspondence with the world without any privileged perspectival point. With these distinctions in mind, we say more of the mind of Alberto Caeiro, and address the question whether he is a Buddhist heteronym.
Reference, the Context Principle, and the Significance of Sentential Priority
Authors: Weiner Joan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSeveral sections of Basic Laws (§§10, 28–31) appear to offer intrinsically metatheoretic and, indeed, proto-model theoretic proofs. These sections are also notoriously puzzling: the proofs seem obviously incorrect, and it is difficult to understand how Frege could have thought that they worked. In this chapter it is argued that the puzzles in question are artifacts of the Standard Interpretation. They result, in particular, from the assumption that a subsentential expression’s having Bedeutung amounts to its referring to an extra-linguistic entity. The solution to the apparent difficulties is to see that a version of Frege’s context principle—a sentential priority view—is operative even in his later works.
Pre-Strike Ballots in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 contains a comparative review of pre-strike ballot requirements, describing the principal forms adopted around the world. It demonstrates that pre-strike ballot requirements can range from ‘light touch’ regulation specifying that union rules must contain provisions requiring the conduct of pre-strike ballots but attaching almost no consequence to failure to do so, through to highly prescriptive requirements which can have the effect of making it exceedingly difficult lawfully to take strike action. Chapter 3 then examines in detail the pre-strike ballot requirements that have been adopted in four jurisdictions: the United States, where there are no formal pre-strike ballot requirements; South Africa, where formerly stringent ballot requirements were replaced by light touch regulation in 1995; Canada, where there are formal requirements for the conduct of pre-strike ballots, but where they appear to be of only very marginal inconvenience to trade unions; and the United Kingdom which has adopted exceedingly complex provisions which betoken an almost obsessive desire to regulate the circumstances and manner in which strike action can lawfully be taken. The chapter also points to the case of Australia, which has adopted an approach that is, in many respects, similar to that of the United Kingdom—albeit with some significant differences. The similarities are such that the detailed study of the operation of the Australian provision affords many insights into the operation of the British provisions, and into the role of law as a means of regulating industrial behaviour more generally.
The Syro-Anatolian City-States
Authors: Osborne James F. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This book presents a new model for the kingdoms that clustered around the northeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea during the Iron Age, ca. 1200–600 bce. Rather than presenting them as an ancient version of the modern nation-state, characterized by homogenous ethnolinguistic communities like “the Aramaeans” or “the Luwians” living in neatly bounded territories, this book presents these polities as being fundamentally diverse and variable, distinguished by demographic fluidity and cultural mobility. This conclusion is reached via an examination of a host of evidentiary sources, including site plans, settlement patterns, visual arts, and historical sources. Together, these lines of evidence lead to the awareness that this time and place consisted of a complex fusion of cultural traditions that is nevertheless distinctly recognizable unto itself. This book thus proposes a new term to encapsulate that diversity: the Syro-Anatolian Culture Complex.
Step-up in basis in revocable trusts: should the settlor reserve the right to receive or direct income?
Authors: Georgiev Lyubomir , Noked Noam 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
U.S. beneficiaries of a trust are generally better off if the appreciated property held by the trust receives a step-up in basis to the fair market value at the time of the settlor’s death. For revocable trusts, a step-up in basis applies to “property transferred by the decedent during his lifetime in trust to pay the income for life to or on the order or direction of the decedent.” This article considers whether a step-up in basis should apply where the settlor had the power to revoke the trust, but no express right with respect to trust income.
Assessment of Mechanistic Data for Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Rodent Intestinal Cancer Using the Key Characteristics of Carcinogens
Authors: Chappell Grace A , Wikoff Daniele S , Thompson Chad M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOral exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) induces intestinal tumors in mice. Mutagenic and nonmutagenic modes of action (MOAs) have been accepted by different regulatory bodies globally, the latter involving cytotoxicity-induced regenerative cell proliferation. However, concerns persist that all possible MOAs have not been fully considered. To address the potential for alternative MOAs, mechanistic data not represented in the existing two MOAs were evaluated. Relevant data were identified and organized by key characteristics of carcinogens (KCCs); literature related to epigenetics, immunosuppression, receptor-mediated effects, and immortalization were reviewed to identify potential key events associated with an alternative MOA. Over 200 references were screened for these four KCCs and further prioritized based on relevance to the research objective (ie, in vivo, oral exposure, gastrointestinal tissue). Minimal data were available specific to the intestine for these KCCs, and there was no evidence of any underlying mechanisms or key events that are not already represented in the two proposed MOAs. For example, while epigenetic dysregulation of DNA repair genes has been demonstrated, epigenetic effects were not measured in intestinal tissue, and it has been shown that Cr(VI) does not cause DNA damage in intestinal tissue. High-throughput screening data related to the KCCs were also evaluated, with activity generally limited to the two recognized MOAs. Collectively, no plausible alternative MOAs (or key events) were identified in addition to those previously proposed for Cr(VI) small intestine tumors.