bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development, Manufacturing and Deployment of SOFC-Based Products at SOLIDpower
Authors: Bertoldi Massimo , Bucheli Olivier , Ravagni Alberto 
Published: February 2020

SOLIDpower provides efficient energy solutions based on its proprietary planar SOFC technology. The first commercial product of the company is the EnGen™-2500. The company deploys the CE certified 2.5 kW combined heat and power generator within the FCH-JU project ene.field and with selected European partners. The EnGen™-2500 uses natural gas for combined heat and power generation (CHP) at high electrical and total efficiencies. The product targets multi-family houses and commercial applications. More than 60 units are to be installed within 2015 and field test results will be presented.
SOLIDpower operates a first “to scale” production cell in Northern Italy with a production capacity of 2MW/yr. Based on an ordering volume of 50 MW, the stack and balance of stack components match target market requirements, allowing selling and operating systems at grid parity prices.
Besides the micro-CHP generator deployment, SOFCpower also pursues strategic development activities to demonstrate biogas and waste-to-energy (WTE) applications on larger than 2.5 kW scale.
SOLIDpower progressed on the technological level for SO Electrolysis. Improved electrode materials and production technology open the door for lifetime for electrolysers stacks beyond 16’000 hrs. SOLIDpower expects that SOFC stack cost reductions stemming from SOFC volume manufacturing can be transferred to a large extend also to SOE stacks. In this field, SOLIDpower intends to work with integration partners on the systems level.
The paper provides an update of the stack and system development, including operational results of SOFC-based micro-CHP.
SOLIDpower comprises the companies SOLIDpower SpA Italy, SOLIDpower SA Switzerland and SOLIDpower GmbH Germany and unites under its new name the companies formerly known as “SOFCpower SpA” and “HTceramix SA”.
Dominant Factors Influencing the Electrochemical Performance of Plasma-Sprayed LSGM Electrolyte
Authors: Zhang Shan-Lin , Li Cheng-Xin , Li Chang-Jiu 
Published: February 2020

Mg/Sr-doped lanthanum gallate (LSGM) is one of promising electrolyte materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) because of its high ionic conductivity. However, a main challenge in the application of LSGM is how to fabricate dense and thin LSGM electrolytes on electrode substrates at relatively low temperature since it is difficult to sinter LSGM to full density below 1500 °C. In this study, low-cost atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) is used to fabricate the thin and dense LSGM electrolyte. The effects of deposition temperature and particle size on the phase composition, microstructure, and electrochemical performance of LSGM electrolyte were investigated. It was found that the deposited LSGM presents a dense microstructure with well bonded lamellar interfaces with a porosity of ~2.3% when the deposition temperature is >300°C. Besides, the electrochemical performance depends sensitively on the particle size of LSGM powders because Gallium (Ga) may evaporate during plasma spraying. It was revealed that when the particle size is <30 μm, Ga evaporation loss increases rapidly with the decrease of particle size, which dramatically reduces the ionic conductivity of the LSGM deposits. The ionic conductivity of a dense LSGM deposit was only ~4.2% of the bulk conductivity. It was found that using LSGM powders with particle sizes >30 μm, plasma-sprayed LSGM reaches an ionic conductivity of ~0.075 S cm-1 at 800 °C, ~78% of the bulk value. Test cells based on the plasma-sprayed LSGM electrolyte show excellent performance. At 800°C, a maximum output power density of over 700W/cm2 was obtained with a APS ~60um thick LSGM under test condition of H
2
/Air, indicating that atmospheric plasma spraying is a promising approach for large-scale manufacturing of high-performance IT-SOFCs.
Synthesis of Pure La10-XSrxSi6O27-0.5x Apatites Using an Optimized Sol-Gel Process
Authors: Ma Yangzhou , Fenineche Nouredine , Moliere Michel , El-Kedim Omar , Briois Pascal 
Published: February 2020

Apatite-type lanthanum silicates draw researcher’s attention due to their good performances as electrolyte materials for IT-SOFC (intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells) [1-5]. In this paper we present the synthesis and characterisation of Sr-doped La10Si6O27 prepared through an optimized, water-based sol-gel [6] process. The parameters involved in this process have been investigated to obtain high purity, high crystallinity powders. The mechanisms of the sol-gel reactions that underlie the quality of the sol are discussed. The optimized sol gel process enables obtaining pure apatite structures through a calcination step for 2 hours at a temperature as low as 800℃. They were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Ionic conductivities have been measured after sintering at 1500℃ in order to investigate the effect of the Sr-doping.
The electrical properties were measured as a function of temperature by complex impedance spectroscopy, using a Solartron 1260A frequency response analyzer (FRA) in the frequency range 5 Hz - 15 MHz, under static air. The measurements were performed at the open circuit voltage as well as with an applied AC voltage of 100 mV. The impedance diagrams were recorded from 673 K to 1273 K with thermal steps and stabilization times of about 25 K and 20 minutes respectively. The results show that the ionic conductivity is thermally activated and its value lies between 3×10-5 and 1×10-6 S.cm-1 at 873 K as function of the composition and powder preparation conditions.

Keywords: Sol-gel processes; SOFC; apatite type lanthanum silicates; Sr doping

References:

1. S. Nakayama, et al, Journal of Materials Chemistry 5 (1995) 1801-1805.
2. Claire Bonhomme, et al, Solid State Ionics 180 (2009) 1593–1598
3. Jun Xiang, et al, Electrochimica Acta 153 (2015) 287–294
4. R. Serra, et al, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 536S (2012) S480–S484
5. Janne Patakangas, et al, Journal of Power Sources 263 (2014) 315-331
6. Chieko Yamagata, et al, Materials Research Bulletin 48 (2013) 2227–2231
Construction of a 30kW SOFC Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant
Authors: Henke Moritz , Steilen Mike , Schnegelberger Christian , Riedel Marc , Hohloch Martina , Bücheler Sandro , Herbst Melanie , Huber Andreas , Kallo Josef , Friedrich K. Andreas 
Published: February 2020

Hybrid power plants consisting of a gas turbine coupled with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) convert chemically bound energy into electrical energy. They can be operated at higher electrical efficiencies than conventional power plants. Theoretical studies suggest electrical efficiencies of up to 70 %.
The German Aerospace Center (DLR) aims to build and operate a hybrid power plant with an electrical power output of 30 kW. The system concept and design of the power plant have been finalized and the specification of all major system components has been carried out. Currently, different system components are being purchased and tested.
The presentation gives an overview of the current status of the project and illustrates the general concept of the power plant. All major components of the power plant are described. Important specifications and characteristics of the components are presented. Results of component tests are presented where available and the expected operating range is specified.
Reversible Type Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using Ni-Fe-CeO2 Based Cermet Fuel Electrode and Applied for Metal-Air Rechargeable Battery
Authors: Ishihara Tatsumi , Inoishi Atsushi , Kim Hackho , Ida Shintaro 
Published: February 2020

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) is expecting as a highly efficient energy convertor. On the other hand, recently, there are strong interests on high temperature steam electrolysis because of efficient hydrogen production method. In addition, reversible operation of SOFCs is also interesting as an energy storage method. Therefore, recently, there is also high interest on reversible operation type SOFC so-called SORC. At present, for SORC, similar materials for conventional SOFC are widely used, i.e., Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 and Ni based cermet for electrolyte and fuel electrode, respectively. However, because of high temperature operation, energy efficiency as well as stability is still not high as an energy storage process.
In this study, we investigated intermediate temperature SORC using LaGaO3 electrolyte. For reversible type operation, aggregation of Ni is easily occurred but it was found that addition of small amount of Fe is effective for preventing aggregation of Ni. The optimized composition for fuel electrode is Ni-Fe(9:1) from stability. Effects of mixed conducting oxide added for Ni-Fe were studied. For SOFC operation, power density is larger as the following order, Ce(Mn,Fe)O2<NiFe=La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O 3<Ce0.8Sm0.2O2< La(Sr)Fe(Mn)O3. On the other hand, for SOFC operation, the electrolysis current density is increased as the following order, Ce(Mn,Fe)O2<NiFe<La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3<< La(Sr)Fe(Mn)O3 <Ce0.8Sm0.2O2. Therefore, for reversible operation, NiFe-SDC shows the most active. Degradation of the cell using NiFe-SDC and Sm(Sr)CoO3 for fuel and air electrode, respectively, was studied at 1073 K, 100mA/cm2. The observed terminal potential was 1.13 and 1.025 V for SOEC and SOFC respectively at initial cycle and the observed potential slightly increased for SOFC and decreased for SOEC with cycle number, however, after 50 cycles, the observed terminal potential was 1.15 and 1.0 V for SOFC and SOFC, respectively. Therefore, the degradation is hardly observed for the reversible operation of the cell.
Combination of SORC with metal oxidation could open a new application area for fuel cell. In this study, application of various metals like Fe, Sn, Al, and Mg to SORC were studied by using CaO Stabilized ZrO2 for electrolyte and it became clear that redox of metal proceeded in SORC electrochemically resulting in the all solid state metal-air rechargeable battery. The observed open circuit potential is well agreed with theoretical PO2 from Gibbs free energy of metal oxidation. By decreasing operating temperature, PO2 range of electrolyte domain can be expanded. Application of LSGM for electrolyte of this new concept of oxygen redox shuttle battery will also be discussed.
Catalytic Total Oxidation of SOFC Exhaust Gas on Cu-Mn Catalysts
Authors: Sung Jae Gi , Song Ki Hun , Chung Jong Shik , Sammes Nigel Mark 
Published: February 2020

SOFC exhaust gases, such as methane and carbon monoxide, cause environmental problems. However, extra energy can be realized from oxidizing these out-gases into CO
2
and H
2
O. This extra energy can be recycled in an SOFC system and increase the thermal efficiency. Thus the development of new catalysts that lower the oxidation temperature will make the SOFC system more efficient.
CULLEN et. al.[1] reported high conversion rate of SOFC exhaust gas using a La-Cu-Mn impregnated alumina catalyst and a Pt-Pd catalyst in series. In this work, Cu-Mn catalysts that are used in the oxidation of methane or carbon monoxide were tested for SOFC exhaust gas oxidation.
For determining the best ratio of Cu-Mn in catalysts, different ratios of La2O3-MnO-CuO/γ-Al2O3catalysts were prepared. The result shows approximtely 0.5 to 2 Cu/Mn ratio is the best composition for SOFC exhaust gas oxidation[Fig. 1].

Fig. 1. Conversion of CO(160℃), H2(240℃), CH4(460℃) with various Cu-Mn ratio.
Cu-Mn perovskite and spinel supported catalysts were also tested. The perovskite supported catalysts showed much higher activity than the spinel supported. This was especially so for the case of methane conversion; the perovskite supported catalysts showed similar performance to alumina supported. The methane conversion of reference, CP and MP were 53.1%, 55.1% and 56.3% at 500℃, respectively.

References

[1] Greg CULLEN, Jon P. Wagner, Georg Anfang, Chandra Ratnasamy, METHOD FOR REMOVING CO, H2 AND CH4 FROM AN ANODE WASTE GAS OF A FUEL CELL AND CATALYST SYSTEM USEFUL FOR REMOVING THESE GASES, US 2012/0128563 Al, 2012

Figure 1
Thermal Performance of Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger in High Temperature Applications
Authors: Lo Huai Po 
Published: February 2020

This study examines the performance of brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE) in an experimental air loop. The high temperature experimental system used for testing the heat transfer and pressure drop for simulation exhaust gas applicable for SOFC system is developed. The inlet temperature and mass flow rate were varied from 300 to 700 °C /0.0015~0.0041kg/s in the hot side to simulate high temperature exhaust gas and 25°C /0.0013~0.005 kg/s in the cold side. A total of three tests are conducted (Test1: Th=300~700°C, Tc=25 °C, mh=0.0041kg/s, mc=0.005kg/s; Test 2: Th=700°C, Tc=25 °C, mh=0.0034kg/s, mc=0.0013~0.005kg/s; Test 3: Th=700°C, Tc=25 °C, mh=0.0015~0.0041kg/s, mc=0.005kg/s;). The experimental results showed that the effect of inlet mass flow rate on the temperature performance is quite significant, and the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are related to the mass flow rate.
Fabrication of SmBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+δ
Cathode Material and Its Application for Sr- and Mg-Doped LaGaO3 Electrolyte-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Lin Tai-Nan , Lee Ruey-Yi , Kuo Jen-Yuan , Ishihara Tatsumi , Hosoi Kohei 
Published: February 2020

The layered samarium and strontium doped perovskite oxide SmBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+

δ
(SBSC) was synthesized by glycine nitrate combustion process (GNC). The structure, microstructure, conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion properties were investigated. The crystallinity of SBSC powder showed pure perovskite phase above 1000 °C according to the XRD and TGA results. With the calcination temperature increased, the crystallinity improved and the powders grew larger and agglomeration occurred. The conductivity of SBSC powders increased with elevated temperature while the coefficient of thermal expansion was 22.6 × 10-6 K-1. SBSC powders were utilized as cathode materials in Sr- and Mg-doped LaGaO3 (LSGM)-based electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cell for power performance test. The cell with structure of (NiFe + CMF) | LSGM | SBSC was operated from 700 to 800 °C with humidified H2 as a fuel and ambient air as oxidant. The maximum power densities are 550 and 170 mW cm-2
at 800 and 700 °C, respectively. The experimental results indicate that SBSC is a promising cathode material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC).
Ln2NiO4+δ
(Ln = La, Pr) As Suitable Cathodes for Metal Supported Cells
Authors: Rougier Aline D. , Flura Aurélien , Nicollet Clément , Vibhu Vaibhav , Fourcade Sébastien , Lebraud Eric , Bassat Jean-Marc , Grenier Jean-Claude 
Published: February 2020

In the last decade, thanks to their mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (i.e. MIEC properties), the lanthanide nickelates, Ln2NiO4+
δ (Ln = La, Pr, Nd) have attracted much attention as cathode for solid oxide fuel cells. Simultaneously, Metal Supported Cells (MSCs) for IT-SOFC application (typically 600 – 700 °C) have been developed in respect of several advantages including reduced cost and better thermal cycling resistivity. Nevertheless, the use of porous metal implies to sinter the constitutive elements of the cells under low pO2 (e.g. under N2, pO2 » 10-4 atm). In that respect, the chemical stability, thermal and chemical expansion when exposed to temperatures as high as 1400 °C, under pO2 as low as 10-4 atm of Ln2NiO4+
δ
phases were studied through TGA (Thermal Gravimetry Analysis), XRD analyses, high temperature X-ray diffraction and Thermal Expansion Coefficient measurements.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements on Ln2NiO4+
δ//GDC//YSZ symmetrical half-cells sintered either in air or under argon at various temperatures have been performed in the range 500 °C to 800 °C, in air, at idc = 0 A. Pr2NiO4+δ, either sintered in air or under nitrogen at 1150 °C and then re-oxidized, shows the lowest polarization resistance values (Rp = 0.12 Ω.cm2 at 600 °C) while La2NiO4+δexhibits smaller polarization resistances when sintered under nitrogen, compared to air. Finally, the suitability of lanthanide nickelates in MSCs will be demonstrated and the relationship between cathode performances and structural and microstructural features will be discussed in details. Besides,modelling of the impedance data will be emphasized.
PrBaCo2O6-δ
- Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 Composite Cathodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Tsvetkov Dmitry S. , Tsvetkova Nadezhda S. , Ivanov Ivan L. , Malyshkin Dmitry , Sereda Vladimir V. , Zuev Andrey Yu. 
Published: February 2020

The single phase double perovskite PrBaCo2O6-δ and composites (100-y) PrBaCo2O6-δ - y Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (y = 10 - 30 wt.%) were investigated as cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The chemical compatibility, thermal expansion behavior, DC conductivity and electrochemical performance of these materials were studied. The results on chemical compatibility showed no reaction between PrBaCo2O6-δ and Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte even at temperature as high as 1200 °C. The average thermal expansion coefficient and overall conductivity of (100-y) PrBaCo2O6-δ - y Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (y = 10 - 30 wt.%) composite materials were shown to decrease with increasing content of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 in the composite whereas the polarization resistance was found to increase somewhat at the same time. Although the thermal expansion coefficient of the composite cathodes remains too high as compared to that of the electrolyte, the values of their total conductivity and electrochemical activity meet requirements for successful application of such cathode materials in IT-SOFCs.
Novel Dilithium Metal Oxyfluoride As High Capacity Intercalation Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ren Shuhua , Chen Ruiyong , Hahn Horst , Fichtner Maximilian 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in transport applications. However, the highest energy storage in the existing LIBs is insufficient for the long-term needs of society [1-2]. Good structural stability and minimal volume change over the entire operational Li insertion/extraction voltage range is preferable for LIBs to achieve good cell performance. The discovery and synthesis of new lithium intercalation materials with stable crystal structure and significantly improved energy density are urgently required.
Recently, we developed a new disordered dilithium metal oxyfluoride of Li2VO2F [3-4]. The novel material exhibits outstandingly high capacity of 420 mAh g-1 with small lattice change of only 3% owing to its stable rock-salt host structure. Lithium, occupying 2/3 of the cation sites, is highly mobile [5-6]. Compared to the redox of V3+/5+ at ~2.5 V, the chromium substitution into Li2VO2F leads to increased discharge voltages (accordingly higher energy density) and better cyclic stability. Moreover, nearly 1.8 Li+are accessible and can be reversibly stored at a current rate of ~ C/35 and room temperature [7]. Various characterization techniques were applied to verify the redox process and reversible structural change upon electrochemical cycling. The novel dilithium oxyfluoride intercalation material with disordered rock-salt structure opens new possibilities for obtaining higher storage capabilities for LIBs.

References:

P. G. Bruce, B. Scrosati, J.-M. Tarascon, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 2930.

M. S. Whitthingham, Chem. Rev., 2004, 104, 4271.

R. Chen, S. Ren, S. Indris, M. Fichtner, H. Hahn, EP 14160894.3, 2014.

R. Chen, S. Ren, M. Knapp, D. Wang, R. Witter, M. Fichtner, H. Hahn, Adv. Energy Mater., 2015, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201401814.

J. Lee, A. Urban, X. Li, D. Su, G. Hautier, G. Ceder, Science, 2014, 343, 519.

A. Urban, J. Lee and G. Ceder, Adv.
Energy Mater., 2014, 4, 1400478.

S. Ren, R. Chen, E. Maawad, O. Dolotko, A. A. Guda, D. Wang, H. Hahn, M. Fichtner, to be submitted.
Core/Shell Si-Ni/C Anodes for High-Energy-Density Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Goldshtein Keren , Goor Meital , Freedman Kathrin , Golodnitsky Diana , Peled Emanuel 
Published: February 2020

The goal of this research was the development of low-cost, high-capacity, long-cycle-life and safer anode materials to replace the graphite anode of the common lithium-ion battery. Silicon offers the highest gravimetric capacity as an anode material (e.g. Li22Si5: nearly 4,200mAh/g). However, Si-based electrodes typically suffer from large volume changes (up to 420%) during insertion and extraction of lithium. This is followed by cracking and pulverization of silicon, which in turn, leads to the loss of electrical contact, an unstable SEI and eventual capacity fading.
Our strategy for reducing the deterioration of silicon involve attaching silicon and silicon-nickel nanoparticles to multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in order to create a silicon-based active anode material supported by a strong, rigid and high-electrically-conducting network. The method is based on the pyrolysis of the mixture of nanoparticles and nanotubes with carbon precursor. Silicon-nickel alloying is achieved by electroless or grinding process followed by pyrolysis. Nickel was chosen since, when alloyed with silicon, this metal is expected to stabilize the structure of lithiated silicon nanoparticles, increase electron conductivity and possibly induce graphitization of the carbon shell.
Li/SiNi-MWCNT-C (1.6mg/cm2 loading) cells exhibited a de-intercalation capacity of 900mAh/ganode at C/7, 600mAh/ganode at C/3.4 and 400mAh/ganode at C/1.7. Irreversible capacity of 22% and high faradaic efficiency (FE) of 99.5% were obtained. Very highly loaded anodes, weighing 5.5mg/cm2, with de-intercalation capacities of 1000mAh/ganode, demonstrated stable cycle life three times greater than that of graphite.