bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hegemonic Decline and the Escalation of Violence
Authors: Bapat Navin A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The fading of the U.S. security guarantee led to an increase in violence throughout the energy market states. The host states became vulnerable to military challenges by their rivals and began initiating conflicts to eliminate their internal and external rivals immediately, before the time when they would lose American support entirely. However, because the U.S. was now adopting a strategy where it worked with local partners to protect its energy interests rather than working with host governments, these efforts often escalated into larger, longer, and more deadly international conflicts. To illustrate this dynamic, the chapter examines the conflicts in Yemen and Syria. The chapter concludes by arguing that this escalation indicates that many of the host states once allied with the U.S. now seem to doubt the value of the security guarantee, leading them to seek alternative security arrangements.
The Teens from Soul Searching 10 Years Later
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter revisits five emerging adults who were first introduced in Soul Searching, catching the reader up on the developments in their lives since that book was written. The chapter serves two purposes: (1) to update the stories of these young people from Soul Searching and Souls in Transition and (2) to provide real-life examples of the experiences, beliefs, hopes, and plans of emerging adults. The authors emphasize that these five people are not necessarily representative of all the emerging adults in the study, but their stories and their life trajectories do have things in common with the larger sample and are previews of many of the themes delineated throughout the rest of the book.
Setting the Context
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Drawing on National Study of Youth and Religion survey data and interviews with emerging adults, this chapter focuses on the major themes in the lives of emerging adults as they are moving toward young adulthood. The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide a broader context of the lives of emerging adults in terms of their work, friends, family, and the like, asking throughout how well they are taking on the roles of adulthood as they enter the full-time workforce, start their own families, and otherwise make their way in the world with adult responsibilities.
Emerging Adult Religious Commitment and Identity
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors develop a four-part typology that describes the different ways that emerging adults approach their religious lives. In examining these young people through the lens of the Not Religious, Disaffiliated, Marginal, and Committed groups, the authors arrive at a few general themes that help to reveal the changing role of religion in the lives of emerging adults. Based on self-identification and religious participation, the authors show how emerging adults differ on involvement in religious organizations and on religious beliefs, practices, and experience. They also show how religion holds similar places in their lives, regardless of where they are placed in the typology presented.
Power Politics and International Order
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 (“Power Politics and International Order”) establishes a number of puzzles about global order more generally, and about the contemporary liberal international order more specifically. It explains why current commentary and scholarship have been insufficient for adequately addressing these puzzles, and then introduces a new argument—ordering-to-exclude theory—that is at the heart of the book. The current liberal international order, so revered by order optimists, is not as universally admired or as durable as many commentators believe. Ordering-to-exclude theory helps make sense of these discrepancies by pointing out the striking continuities behind the origins of past orders and those of the contemporary liberal international order. The chapter concludes by outlining the rest of the book’s structure and content and setting the stage for what is to come.
A Theory of Exclusion
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 (“A Theory of Exclusion”) develops the primary theoretical argument of the book. In brief, it argues that actors seek to enact order principles to target and weaken entities they believe threaten their future security and enduring primacy. The larger and more immediate the threat, the more likely dominant actors are to pursue significant change to foundational order principles. The chapter first details this core logic of the ordering-to-exclude theory before developing important extensions of and refinements to the argument. Second, it introduces three viable alternative explanations for dominant actor order preferences and deduces testable hypotheses for each that can be evaluated alongside and against ordering-to-exclude theory. Finally, it discusses the research methods that inform the subsequent empirical chapters of the book and previews the structure that each of the nine case studies will take.
Ethnic Parties and Their Candidates Matter
Authors: West Karleen Jones 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that ethnic parties are a type of niche party, while highlighting the political relevance of ethnic parties and providing data on ethnic parties that compete in legislative elections around the world (in Asia, Canada and Western Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa). The chapter then explains how the extant literature on ethnic parties is limited because it ignores the behavior of individual candidates campaigning in their districts. A review of the literature on party behavior shows how individual campaign strategies connect with those goals. The chapter concludes by discussing the innovative methodologies this book uses to demonstrate how individual candidates matter in elections; the text also provides an overview of how the rest of the book advances the view that niche parties are similar to other parties in their behavior, largely because they are constrained by the strategies that individual candidates adopt.
Maoism and Grassroots Religion
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book explores grassroots religious life under and after Mao in Rui’an County, Wenzhou, in southeastern China, a region widely known for its religious vitality. Drawing on hitherto unexplored local state archives, records of religious institutions, memoirs, and interviews, it tells the story of local communities’ encounters with the Communist revolution, and their consequences, especially the competitions and struggles for religious property and ritual space. It demonstrates that, rather than being totally disrupted, religious life under Mao was characterized by remarkable variance and unevenness and was contingent on the interactions of local dynamics with Maoist campaigns—including the land reform, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. The revolutionary experience strongly determined the trajectories and development patterns of different religions, inter-religious dynamics, and state-religion relationships in the post-Mao era. This book argues that Maoism was destructively constructive to Chinese religions. It permanently altered the religious landscape in China, especially by inadvertently promoting the localization and even (in some areas) the expansion of Protestant Christianity, as well as the reinvention of traditional communal religion. In this vein, the post-Mao religious revival had deep historical roots in the Mao years, and cannot be explained by contemporary economic motives and cultural logics alone. This book calls for a renewed understanding of Maoism and secularism in the People’s Republic of China.
Introduction
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the book, providing the framework for the theory. It explains policy feedback theory and its limitations. Next, it provides an overview of the book’s theory, which places interest group combat at the center of policy change. It unpacks the theory of the fog of enactment and explains why implementation matters for policy feedback. It then explains how retrenchment can occur both directly—through legislators and regulators—and indirectly—through the parties, the public, and the courts. The chapter also introduces the main policies examined in the book: renewable portfolio standards and net metering laws. It explains why the US electricity system is not building renewable energy fast enough and why alternative technologies face significant barriers to adoption. It concludes with an overview of the entire book, with chapter-by-chapter summaries.
When New Policies Fail to Create a New Politics
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides the book’s theory and core argument. The chapter reviews models of policy change that emerged from debates over social policy in advanced democracies at the national level. It defines the book’s key concepts, including interest groups, policy expansion, and retrenchment. It then develops a new model of policy change focused on the fog of enactment and organized combat, outlining both direct and indirect pathways that advocate and opponent interest groups exploit to influence policy post-implementation. Drawing on original survey data from US state legislators and their staff, it provides additional evidence for the book’s theory, supplementing the historical institutionalist case studies in the rest of the book.
An Institutional History of Electricity Politics and Climate Inaction
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3, examines the historical roots of the current conflict over the electricity system. Electric utilities have long held a privileged position in energy policy, controlling state regulatory bodies for most of the twentieth century. Early regulatory decisions surrounding electricity ownership and pricing structures paved the way for contemporary conflicts over renewable energy policies. Notably, utilities used their power to shape policy and technology to their advantage in three ways: they resisted innovation, they shaped the rate structure in ways that exacerbated environmental harms, and they denied the climate crisis and other environmental problems. Taking a historical view, we can see that the electricity system developed the way it did—with large, fossil fuel plants and expensive, privately owned, and poorly maintained electric grids—because it served the interests of these powerful private utilities. This chapter shows how utilities’ delay and denial have undermined progress on climate change.
A Direct Line to Legislators and Regulators
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 concludes the Texas story. Over time, fossil fuel companies and industrial energy consumers came to oppose Texas’s renewable energy policies. Given their political influence over both politicians and regulators, these opponents were able to block reforms from passing in the legislature or being implemented by regulatory bodies. These opponents were successful because they had a direct link to the legislature, with a fossil fuel industry lobbyist reportedly working from a desk in a key senator’s office. This chapter shows how opponents can also use the fog of enactment strategically to resist policy during implementation and how opponent interest groups with sufficient influence can directly undermine policy, even if advocates have previously succeeded in winning policy conflict and initiating positive feedback.
Retrenchment by a Thousand Cuts
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores a case of clean energy retrenchment by a thousand cuts. Kansas first implemented a clean energy law in 2009. The state seemed poised to withstand retrenchment of the renewable portfolio standard due to strong growth in the wind energy industry. However, opponents returned to attack the law year after year and eventually wore down the advocates. Unable to directly overturn the law through the legislature, opponents—including Koch Industries and their allied Americans for Prosperity—worked to weaken support for the policy. They backed politicians in primaries and appointments that were anti-renewables, and they funded astroturfing campaigns. Advocates responded by organizing the public, but they were less politically influential— particularly after the Republican Party made supporting the clean energy rollback a requirement for election funding. Despite the established wind energy industry backing pro-renewable Republicans in primaries, the fossil fuel opponents were eventually able to retrench the law.
Is Music Special for People With Dementia?
Authors: Ghilain Matthieu , Schiaratura Loris , Singh Ashmita , Lesaffre Micheline , Samson Séverine 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Multitudes of studies support that musical interventions in people with dementia positively affect various domains of their well-being—emotional, cognitive, and behavioral—and also reduce the distress of caregivers. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. This chapter proposes that rhythmic entrainment induced by listening to music, including movements synchronized with musical rhythms, might contribute to the efficacy of music-based interventions for people living with dementia. After reviewing the influence of rhythmic entrainment on motor, cognition, emotion, and social functioning, evidence obtained in dementia research is provided to support this hypothesis. Actions aligned to rhythmic sounds can be modulated by the presence of a partner, and more generally by the social environment, suggesting a link between synchronization to musical rhythm and interpersonal coordination. Finally, a method to measure rhythmic entrainment in people with dementia is presented for use in future researches to increase the intervention efficacy in pathological aging.
Verdict Rendered
Authors: Barney William L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Southern whites reacted to Lincoln’s election with shocked humiliation and a pledge to defend their honor and rights against the threat of the abolitionism they identified with Lincoln’s victory. Anxieties over economic security and slave resistance now exploded into a full-blown crisis that prepared the way for secession. The economy plunged into a depression as marketing channels for cotton dried up in a severe credit crunch triggered by fears over the nation’s future. The prospect of famine loomed in the countryside and unemployment reach unprecedented levels in Southern cities. Although moderates and conservatives who had supported Bell or Douglas downplayed the immediate threat of a Lincoln presidency and counseled patience, Breckinridge Democrats began openly campaigning for secession. Vigilance committees and volunteer military companies ruthlessly suppressed any expressions of pro-Unionism and redoubled efforts at disciplining and controlling slaves at the local level. Slaves viewed Lincoln as their liberator and stepped up their resistance through setting fires, poisoning the meals of whites, and running away. The secessionists insisted that only an independent South could restore prosperity, quell slave unrest, and save whites from the degradation of submitting to the rule of Yankee masters.
South Carolina Takes the Lead
Authors: Barney William L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
South Carolina had been in the forefront of Southern radicalism since the 1820s, and it took the lead once Lincoln was elected. Pushing to the side the fire-eater Robert B. Rhett and his followers as extremists who would precipitate a war and isolate South Carolina from the other Southern states, moderate lowcountry planters orchestrated a propaganda campaign to achieve peaceful, orderly secession that would pull in the other slave states. Aware that any unified Southern response would be stymied by the temporizing of the Upper South, the secessionists relied on separate state secession to be achieved by popularly elected state conventions. Cooperation would follow among the seceded states. Invoking the horrors of forced emancipation and racial equality under Republican rule with appeals to restore the past glory of South Carolina during the American Revolution, secessionist ideology produced a mandate for immediate secession. To clinch the support of Charleston’s white workers, a harsh repression of free blacks forced many to leave and flee to the North for safety. Sons of planters rushed to join the cause and women in the planter class reveled in their new political role of advocates for secession. Banners, flags, and songs celebrated deliverance from Northern tyranny as workers and clerks flooded the streets of Charleston. Speed was of the essence to ensure that passions did not cool, and once the secessionists pressured the legislature to push the date of the election for convention delegates up to December 6, the state’s secession was a foregone conclusion.
The Market System as a Psychological Mechanism*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
There is a widespread belief that economic efficiency of the market system is a result of the power of the self-interest motivation (“Greed is good”). This is because the market system creates a strong link between the productive activity of market participants (production and supply of goods) and their own access to goods. But, in reality, the size of wealth acquired does not depend directly on the improvement of productive activity: it depends on profit. Profit can be increased in various ways, not only by productivity. The imperfect connection between profit and productivity is the source of various pathological processes in the market if the only motivation of productive activities is self-interests. Alleged remedy for theses defects is extensive state intervention in the market. However, such interventions have their own serious faults. But it is not true that the only motivation of productivity is self-interest. The intrinsic motivation can play a very important role in productive activity if it is not suppressed by overstimulation the self-interest motives.
Icon
Authors: Freeman Margaret H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Icons mean different things to different people. This chapter describes how the term icon is understood in semiotics, linguistics, religion, and popular discourse in order to establish a working definition for understanding how a poem can become an icon. Iconicity is the means whereby poetic features contribute to achieving a poem’s status as an icon. The chapter then takes up two problematic issues in the question of “meaning.” Making objects (nouns) out of actions (verbs) obscures the processes of minding that underlie aesthetic activity. Likewise, separating form from content obscures the integrated relation between “ceptions” (conceptions, perceptions, and proprioceptions) and structures. By replacing these assumptions from a cognitive science approach, the chapter prepares the groundwork for understanding the role of iconicity in the arts. After giving some examples of iconicity in literary critical approaches to poetry, it ends with a brief summary of the main features that constitute poetic iconicity.
What We Know, What We Think We Know, and What We Really Don’t Know Much at All
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In What We Know, What We Think We Know, and What We Really Don’t Know Much at All, we explore aspects of psychotherapy that we know or understand with a degree of certainty, such as the potential individuals to change and the effectiveness of psychotherapy. This discussion is followed by concepts that we believe to be true but show limited definitive evidence, specifically to the manner in which psychotherapy is conducted and the impact of care. We can conclude with an overview of psychotherapeutic process that occur but in which little is understood, including what makes good therapy or a good therapist, why people change, and why people do not change.
How and Why Myths and Misconceptions Endure
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In How and Why Myths and Misconceptions Endure, the authors address that many myths and misconceptions about psychotherapy stem from attempting to validate what we think we know or choose to believe. Compelling myths persist, in part, due to individuals’ desire for them to be true. The authors provide an overview of numerous confirmation biases and address how therapeutic may be impacted by multiple truths, and how the standard procedures for therapy may in fact limit clients ability to change. One of the primary challenges for therapists is to change the hearts and minds of clients, which is due, in part, to the discomfort in changing one’s beliefs about their experiences or what they think they know.
How We Really Learn to Do Therapy
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In How We Really Learn to Do Therapy, the authors address how despite years of intensive study in graduate programs to practice mental health and thousands of hours of supervised practice, the greatest teachers are of then the clients. There are numerous holes in graduate education and training. Graduate training is highly structured, but a client’s journey in therapy may be far from a structured, organized process. Moreover, standards of training may cause more divisiveness on who is qualified to treat as opposed to applying any benefit to the potential clients. The client’s story and experience are far more beneficial to addressing rather than the clinician’s own training and experience. No amount of training will ever be enough for every potential client or every potential problem. The answers lie not in facts or truths but in the extent to which clients feel understood.
Balancing Hope and Despair and the Real Reasons for Burnout
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In Balancing Hope and Despair, and the Real Reasons for Burnout, the authors discuss how therapist deal with the despair of their clients, as well as their own personal despair. Addressing client hopelessness repeatedly may have professional consequences and serve as a precursor to burnout, as well as attention to ethical dilemmas, child welfare, abuse, moral issues, and high-risk encounters. Organizational factors can also play a role in burnout. A key to addressing despair is to rekindle hope. By admitting uncertainly, addressing feelings of hopelessness, and noting that the work of a clinician is focused on engaging in client’s feelings of hopelessness, therapists can overcome their feelings of obligation to always be effective. Admitting powerlessness is key to longevity in the profession.