bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water temperature effects on hydraulic performance of pressure‐compensating emitter in a drip irrigation system*
Authors: Peng Hou , Shuqin Li , Zeyuan Liu , Hongxu Zhou , Muhammd Tahir , Ruonan Wu , Wenchao Liu , Yunkai Li 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAccurate testing and evaluation of the hydraulic performance of pressure‐compensating (PC) emitters are basic for proper operation of drip irrigation systems. However, the impacts of environmental conditions and system operation usually result in unstable water temperature. Quantifying the effects of water temperature on flow rate and hydraulic performance are of vital importance to PC emitters. In this paper, six types of widely used PC emitters were used for laboratory testing, and their flow rates in the water temperature range of 15–45 °C were measured. The results showed that both the PC emitters' flow rate and temperature discharge ratio (TDR) decreased significantly with increase of water temperature (p < 0.05), with average decreasing rates of 7.52 and 7.32%, respectively. Meanwhile, the flow coefficient (kd) showed a downward trend with higher water temperature (p < 0.05, 12.0% in average), but the effects on the flow index (x) of the PC emitter could be ignored. This may be due to the decrease in hardness of the elastic diaphragm caused by higher water temperature, the research would provide theoretical references for correcting the performance deviation of pressure‐compensating emitters caused by temperature variation.
Green sustainable technology for biotreatment of actual dairy wastewater in constructed wetland
Authors: Mohammed Noor A , Ismail Zainab Z 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDDue to the environmental problems caused by food processing wastewaters and their complex and expensive treatment methods, it becomes mandatory to seek a sound, sustainable and environmentally friendly solution such as constructed wetland (CW). This study aimed to investigate the potential of treating real dairy wastewater in CW. Six horizontal subsurface flow CW microcosms were set up using different conventional and cost‐effective supporting media, which were gravel, soil and sand. All the CWs were fueled continuously with real fresh dairy wastewater. Five of the six CW microcosms were planted with Canna indica. The remaining CW microcosm was kept unplanted and was considered as a control microcosm.RESULTSThe results revealed significant removal efficiencies of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand) up to 89.92%, 97.6%, 95.8%, 97.2%, 97.3% and 98.2%, for CW1, CW2, CW3, CW4, CW5 and CW6, respectively. Also, high removal efficiencies of ammonium were observed in the range of 98.4–82.0%, whereas removal efficiencies of total suspended solids were in the range of 99.2–93.4%.CONCLUSIONThe results demonstrated that the dominant mechanisms for organics and ammonium removal were biodegradation processes. These promising results confirmed the validity of using constructed wetland as a sustainable cost‐effective approach for dairy wastewater treatment. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Manganese enrichment of polymetallic oceanic nodules via selective leaching process for energy storage applications
Authors: Mukherjee Priyanka , Pattnaik Sushree , Sanjay Kali , Mohapatra Mamata 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe FeMn concentrates formed in oceanic nodules serve as highly promising resources for economically‐ and strategically‐important metals, such as manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and rare‐earths, among others. Worldwide process flowsheets are being continually developed for maximum extraction of major/minor metal values from the deep‐sea nodules in cost‐effective and environment‐friendly ways. However, a current state‐of‐the‐art technology with zero waste is yet to be developed.RESULTSThe present work's focus was to concentrate Mn in the residue through a single step surfactant mediated leaching process, and the enriched residue has been studied for high‐end energy storage applications. The X‐Ray diffraction pattern of residue obtained from the leaching study using surfactant Triton X‐ 100 matched with α‐manganese oxide, whereas the sample obtained without TX‐100 showed todorokite phases. Under the optimum conditions, dissolution of Mn was restricted to merely 9%, whereas the other metals like Cu, Co, Ni were leached to nearly 85–95% at a temperature of 80 °C at lab scale. Since most of Mn is retained in the residue, it is evaluated for energy storage applications. The specific capacitance value obtained from charge–discharge curves for the material was 110 F g−1 at 0.221A g−1 current density.CONCLUSIONThis study proves non‐ionic surfactant TX‐100 enhances leaching of metals like Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu from the manganese nodule at mild operational conditions. On the contrary, it also enriches the Mn content in the leached residue by retarding its dissolution during leaching. The Mn enriched residue has been studied for energy storage applications, which have not been reported in earlier literature. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of copper intrauterine device use duration on uterine and ovarian blood flow parameters: A prospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Aksoy Ayse Nur , Sarikas Gulsah Tanas , Gozgec Elif Guven 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeThis prospective cross‐sectional study aimed to compare uterine and ovarian arterial Doppler signals in regularly menstruating patients who had been using copper intrauterine devices (IUD) for different durations.MethodsFour groups of participants were formed (n = 30 for each) depending on the duration of copper IUD use: less than 1 year (group 1), 1 to 3 years (group 2), and over 3 years (group 3). Women without IUDs formed the control group. All participants were called in on the fifth‐eighth days of their menstrual cycle for Doppler blood flow assessment. The pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) values were recorded in uterine and ovarian arteries.ResultsThe groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher uterine artery PI and RI values than groups 1 and 4. Furthermore, group 2 had uterine and ovarian artery PI and RI values similar to those of group 3. There was a positive relationship between uterine and ovarian arteries' PI and RI values with the duration of IUD use.ConclusionsThe presence of an IUD for over a year seems to cause changes in the uterine artery PI and RI values assessed by Doppler ultrasonography.
Hypoxia and extracellular vesicles: A review on methods, vesicular cargo and functions
Authors: Bister Nea , Pistono Cristiana , Huremagic Benjamin , Jolkkonen Jukka , Giugno Rosalba , Malm Tarja 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHypoxia is an essential hallmark of several serious diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders and cancer. A decline in the tissue oxygen level induces hypoxic responses in cells which strive to adapt to the changed conditions. A failure to adapt to prolonged or severe hypoxia can trigger cell death. While some cell types, such as neurons, are highly vulnerable to hypoxia, cancer cells take advantage of a hypoxic environment to undergo tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Hypoxia‐induced processes trigger complex intercellular communication and there are now indications that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a fundamental role in these processes. Recent developments in EV isolation and characterization methodology have increased the awareness of the importance of EV purity in functional and cargo studies. Cell death, a hallmark of severe hypoxia, is a known source of intracellular contaminants in isolated EVs. In this review, methodological aspects of studies investigating hypoxia‐induced EVs are critically evaluated. Key concerns and gaps in the current knowledge are highlighted and future directions for studies are set. To accelerate and advance research, an in‐depth analysis of the functions and cargo of hypoxic EVs, compared to normoxic EVs, is provided with the focus on the altered microRNA contents of the EVs.
EGFR‐rich extracellular vesicles derived from highly metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells accelerate tumour metastasis through PI3K/AKT pathway‐suppressed ROS
Authors: Li Fei , Zhao Xin , Sun Rui , Ou Jinxin , Huang Junyu , Yang Nanyan , Xu Ting , Li Jingyao , He Xiner , Li Chaoyi , Yang Mo , Zhang Qing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common cancer with high metastatic potential that occurs in the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx. Distant metastases are the primary cause for treatment failure and mortality of NPC patients. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for the initiation of tumour cell dissemination and tumour metastasis in NPC is not well understood. Here, we demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was highly expressed in tumour tissues of NPC patients with distant metastases and was associated with a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also revealed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer occurred from highly to poorly metastatic NPC cells, mediating cell–cell communication and enhancing the metastatic potential of poorly metastatic NPC cells. Further experiments indicated that EVs derived from highly metastatic NPC cells induced the up‐regulation of EGFR and down‐regulation of ROS in low metastatic NPC cells. Mechanistically, EGFR‐rich EVs‐mediated EGFR overexpression down‐regulated intracellular ROS levels through the PI3K/AKT pathway, thus promoting the metastatic potential of poorly metastatic NPC cells. Strikingly, treatment with EVs secreted from highly metastatic NPC cells was significantly associated with rapid NPC progression and shorter survival in xenografted mice. These findings not only improve our understanding of EVs‐mediated NPC metastatic mechanism but also have important implications for the detection and treatment of NPC patients accompanied by aberrant EGFR‐rich EVs transmission.
Effects of cyclic variability in Pacific decadal oscillation on winter wheat production in China
Authors: Xu Yifei , Li Te , Shen Shuanghe , Xu Guodong , Islam Abu Reza Md Towfiqul , Hu Zhenghua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDue to restrictions on the long period ranges of Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the limited amount of winter wheat yield data in China, there is little knowledge or understanding of the effects of PDO on winter wheat production in China. To fill this knowledge gap, we simulated over 100 years of winter wheat yields using a process‐based crop model over eight locations in the dominant winter wheat‐producing area across China during 1902–2014. By using the continuous wavelet transform, we found that winter wheat yields had inter‐annual variability (4‐ and 8‐year periods) and interdecadal oscillations (22‐year and over 50‐year). The cross wavelet transform results indicated that interdecadal variations of winter wheat yields and PDO were in phase. The interdecadal variation components of PDO and winter wheat yields from 1902 to 2014 show that when PDO was in the positive (negative) phase, winter wheat yields tended to increase (decrease) by using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method. The interdecadal variations of winter wheat yields were significantly associated with PDO and the mean correlation coefficient was .83. The contribution rate of PDO on winter wheat yields was approximately 11%. The interdecadal variation in winter wheat production was principally determined by the interdecadal oscillation in April precipitation and December temperature, which was modulated by the phase change of PDO. The mean correlation coefficient was −.50 and .59, respectively. This is because during the negative (positive) phase of PDO, more (less) April precipitation, and lower (higher) December temperature in the study area occur, whereas an increase in April precipitation and lower December temperature adversely affect winter wheat production. This study can aid governments and farmers to recognize the hazards of excess April precipitation and low December temperature in negative PDO years. Overall, the decadal variation in winter wheat yields due to PDO facilitates the prediction of winter wheat yields, and PDO influences crop growth by modulating large‐scale oscillation patterns.
Qualitative identification of the edible oil storage period using a homemade portable electronic nose combined with multivariate analysis
Authors: Jiang Hui , He Yingchao , Chen Quansheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe edible oil storage period is one of the important indicators for evaluating the intrinsic quality of edible oil. The present study aimed to develop a portable electronic nose device for the qualitative identification of the edible oil storage period. First, four metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, comprising TGS2600, TGS2611, TGS2620 and MQ138, were selected to prepare a sensor array to assemble a portable electronic nose device. Second, the homemade portable electronic nose device was used to obtain the odor change information of edible oil samples during different storage periods, and the sensor features were extracted. Finally, three pattern recognition methods, comprising linear discriminant analysis (LDA), K‐nearest neighbors (KNN) and support vector machines (SVM), were compared to establish a qualitative identification model of the edible oil storage period. The input features and related parameters of the model were optimized by a five‐fold cross‐validation during the process of model establishment.RESULTSThe research results showed that the recognition performance of the non‐linear SVM model was significantly better than that of the linear LDA and KNN models, especially in terms of generalization performance, which had a correct recognition rate of 100% when predicting independent samples in the prediction set.CONCLUSIONThe overall results demonstrate that it is feasible to apply the homemade portable electronic nose device with the help of the appropriate pattern recognition methods to achieve the fast and efficient identification of the edible oil storage period, which provides an effective analysis tool for the quality detection of the edible oil storage. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Testing the influence of destination source credibility, destination image, and destination fascination on the decision‐making process: Case of the Cayman Islands
Authors: V.G. Girish , Park Eunkyoung , Lee Choong‐Ki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFor small islands, tourism is generally considered the backbone of their economies. However, research on tourists' intention to visit small islands is limited. This study fills this gap by investigating the influences of destination source credibility, destination image and destination fascination and their relationships with theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs. Results reveal that destination fascination has significant influence on attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Moreover, TPB constructs show positive effects on revisit intention. This study enriches the tourism literature related to small islands and tourists' decision‐making process.
Heterogeneity and regional differences in ecosystem services responses driven by the “Three Modernizations”
Authors: Tian Yingying , Jiang Guanghui , Zhou Dingyang , Li Guangyong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStrengthened anthropogenic activities significantly modify ecosystem services (ES), while there are differences in impacts on ES from various anthropogenic activities. In the literature a specific focus on addressing the spatial heterogeneity of comprehensively measured anthropogenic activities on ES is lacking. From an integrated perspective of the "Three Modernizations", that is: 1) agricultural modernization (AM); 2) industrialization and: 3) urbanization, this article aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of anthropogenic disturbance of ES in an agricultural and pastoral area (APA) involving a pastoral area (PA) and a semi‐agricultural and semi‐pastoral area (SASPA) of the Tibetan Plateau. We found (i) There was remarkable heterogeneity in the responses of ES to the "Three Modernizations". AM was negatively correlated with ES and caused ES decline, while industrialization and urbanization were conducive to reducing the overall pressure of anthropogenic activities and improving ES. (ii) The "Three Modernizations" disturbed ES more intensely in the SASPA than in the PA, indicating industrialization more seriously damaged ecosystems and the unreasonable interactive development mode of local agriculture and animal husbandry exacerbated the threats of the "Three Modernizations" on ES in the SASPA. (iii) The regions featuring low/high degrees of the "Three Modernizations" and showing high ES were mainly distributed in the central and north‐western PA, while the clustered areas of low/high degrees of the "Three Modernizations" with low ES were narrowly distributed in the southern and eastern SASPA. These findings indicate the complex effects of the "Three Modernizations" on ES and provide guidance for better adaptive policy‐making and planning for ecological management and sustainable pathways and patterns for future management of the "Three Modernizations".
Janus Surface Micelles on Silica Particles: Synthesis and Application in Enzyme Immobilization
Authors: Wang Huan , Hou Wangmeng , Liu Yingze , Liu Li , Zhao Hanying 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn these years, synthesis and applications of Janus structures have aroused great interest for large‐scale applications in chemistry and materials science. Up to now, Janus particles with different morphologies and different functionalities have been synthesized in solutions, but the synthesis of Janus particles on solid surfaces has not been touched. In this research, Janus surface micelles (JSMs) are fabricated on the surfaces of silica particles by polymerization induced surface self‐assembly (PISSA) approach, and the JSMs are used for enzyme immobilization. Usually, enzyme immobilization should be able to optimize the performance of the immobilized enzymes, and an ideal immobilization system must offer protection to the immobilized enzyme with retained bioactivity. Herein, it is demonstrated that JSMs on silica particles can be used as an ideal platform for the immobilization of enzymes. To prepare JSMs, poly(2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) macro chain transfer agent (PDMAEMA‐CTA) brushes on silica particles and poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) macro CTA (PDEGMA‐CTA) are employed in reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerization of styrene. After polymerization, JSMs with polystyrene cores and PDMAEMA/PDEGMA patches on the surfaces are prepared on silica particles. After quaternization reaction, the quaternized PDMAEMA patches are used for the immobilization of enzymes. Experimental results turn out that enhanced bioactivities of the immobilized enzymes are achieved and the enzyme molecules are well protected by surface Janus structures.
Future changes in temperature extremes in climate variability over Iran
Authors: Darand Mohammad 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe objective of the current study was to project changes in extreme temperature indices over Iran by the end of the 21st Century based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations. We used six extreme temperature indices recommended and defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices from a set of 18 CMIP5 model simulations from different modelling centres. The extreme temperature indices simulation results of the models were compared with the gridded extreme temperature indices observations of the Asfazari National Database with a spatial resolution of 15 × 15 km during the period 1962–2005. For comparison purposes, the CMIP5 model data and the Asfazari data were regridded to a uniform horizontal resolution 0.5° × 0.5° grid using a bilinear interpolation scheme before further processing. After first validating the model performance by computing bias, future changes in the period 2006–2100 were projected. The modified Mann Kendall trend test and the Sen slope estimator test were used for evaluating the trend of indices and estimating the change rate, respectively, at a 95% confidence level. The results show that the minimum of the daily minimum temperature (TNn) and the minimum of the daily maximum temperature (TXn) will increase in the future. Warming of night time temperature indices (TNn and TN90p) are projected to be stronger than those of daytime temperature indices (TXn and TX90p). Warming is not uniform across the country, with considerably more warming in the western and southern parts. In terms of the frequency of frost days, a decrease is generally projected in the 21st Century. The largest decrease is projected for the Zagros mountain ranges in the west and the mountainous region in the northeastern part of the country with a magnitude of around 8–10 days⋅decade−1. The number of heat wave days is expected to increase sharply from about 13 days in the reference period (1963–2005) to 100 days by mid‐century to more than 235 days by the end of the century under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5.
T‐Hex: Tilted hexagonal grids for rapid 3D imaging
Authors: Engel Maria , Kasper Lars , Wilm Bertram , Dietrich Benjamin , Vionnet Laetitia , Hennel Franciszek , Reber Jonas , Pruessmann Klaas P. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this work is to devise and demonstrate an encoding strategy for 3D MRI that reconciles high speed with flexible segmentation, uniform k‐space density, and benign effects.MethodsFast sampling of a 3D k‐space is typically accomplished by 2D readouts per shot using EPI trains or spiral readouts. Tilted hexagonal (T‐Hex) sampling is a way of acquiring more k‐space volume per excitation while maintaining uniform sampling density and a smooth filter. The k‐space volume covered per shot is controlled by the tilting angle. Image reconstruction is performed with a 3D extension of the iterative SENSE approach, incorporating actual field dynamics and static off‐resonance. T‐Hex imaging is compared with established 3D schemes in terms of speed and noise performance.ResultsTilted hexagonal acquisition is found to achieve greater imaging speed than known alternatives, particularly in combination with spiral trajectories. The interplay of the proposed 3D trajectories, array detection, and off‐resonance is successfully addressed by iterative inversion of the full signal model. Enhanced coverage per shot is of greatest utility for high speed in an intermediate resolution regime of 1 to 4 mm. T‐Hex EPI combines the benefits of extended coverage per shot with increased robustness against off‐resonance effects.ConclusionSampling of tilted hexagonal grids is a feasible means of gaining 3D imaging speed with near‐optimal SNR efficiency and benign depiction properties. It is a particularly promising technique for time‐resolved applications such as fMRI.
Tongue and hypoglossal morphology after intralingual cholera toxin B–saporin injection
Authors: Lind Lori A. , Lever Teresa E. , Nichols Nicole L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionWe recently developed an inducible model of dysphagia using intralingual injection of cholera toxin B conjugated to saporin (CTB‐SAP) to cause death of hypoglossal neurons. In this study we aimed to evaluate tongue morphology and ultrastructural changes in hypoglossal neurons and nerve fibers in this model.MethodsTissues were collected from 20 rats (10 control and 10 CTB‐SAP animals) on day 9 post‐injection. Tongues were weighed, measured, and analyzed for microscopic changes using laminin immunohistochemistry. Hypoglossal neurons and axons were examined using transmission electron microscopy.ResultsThe cross‐sectional area of myofibers in the posterior genioglossus was decreased in CTB‐SAP–injected rats. Degenerative changes were observed in both the cell bodies and distal axons of hypoglossal neurons.DiscussionPreliminary results indicate this model may have translational application to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases resulting in tongue dysfunction and associated dysphagia.