bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Echocardiographic features in antiphospholipid-negative Sneddon’s syndrome and potential association with severity of neurological symptoms or recurrence of strokes: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Assan Florence , de Zuttere Dominique , Bottin Laure , Tavolaro Sebastian , Courvoisier Delphine S , Barbaud Annick , Alamowitch Sonia , Francès Camille , Chasset François 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Aims
Sneddon’s syndrome (SS) may be classified as antiphospholipid positive (aPL+) or negative (aPL− SS). An association between Libman–Sacks (LS) endocarditis and strokes has been described in aPL+ patients. To describe cardiac involvement in aPL− SS and assess the potential association between LS endocarditis and severity or recurrence of neurological symptoms.

Methods and results
This longitudinal cohort study included aPL− SS patients followed in our departments between 1991 and June 2018. All patients underwent transthoracic 2D and Doppler echocardiography at diagnosis. Follow-up echocardiography was performed annually and the potential relationship between LS endocarditis development and neurovascular relapse as well as long-term cardiac worsening was prospectively assessed. We included 61 patients [52 women; median age 45 (range 24–60)]. For valvular involvement, 36 (59%) patients showed leaflet thickening; 18 (29.5%) had LS endocarditis at baseline. During a median follow-up of 72 months, LS endocarditis developed in eight (17.4%) patients, and 13 (28.3%) showed significant worsening of their cardiac status, including two who needed valvular replacement. After adjusting for baseline antithrombotic treatment regimen, neither the presence of LS endocarditis at baseline nor development during follow-up was associated with neurological relapse [hazard ratio (HR): 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33–4.74, P = 0.92] and [HR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.02–1.89, P = 0.31], respectively.

Conclusion
A long-term follow-up is needed to detect cardiac complications in aPL− SS. No change in neurological relapse was observed in patients presenting LS endocarditis occurrence during follow-up without any modification in antithrombotic treatment. Further research is necessary to assess the usefulness of treatment escalation in these patients.
Association between quality of life and severity of profile deviation in prospective orthognathic patients
Authors: Kämäräinen Minna , Alanko Outi , Svedström-Oristo Anna-Liisa , Peltomäki Timo 
Published: December 2019

Summary

Aim
to evaluate whether severity of skeletal facial profile deviation assessed by professionals associates with quality of life and psychosocial factors in patients with dentofacial deformities and prospective orthognathic treatment.

Materials and method
The study consisted of 55 patients admitted to orthognathic treatment. Skeletal profile was assessed from lateral head films using cephalometric analysis. The following angles were used to assess the sagittal position of upper and lower jaw and profile: Sella-Nasion-A-point-angle, Sella-Nasion-B-point-angle, and A-point-Nasion-B-point-angle (ANB). For vertical assessment, gonial angle and the angle between Sella-Nasion and mandibular plane were used. Merrifield’s Z-angle was used to assess soft-tissue profile. Severity of skeletal facial profile deviation was assessed with deviation in ANB angle. Orthognathic quality of life (OQoL) and psychosocial factors were defined with four questionnaires: Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a body image questionnaire.

Results
Increase in ANB deviation was associated with increased awareness of dentofacial deformity [Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire subscale awareness of dentofacial deformity (OQLQ-AoDD), r = 0.319, P = 0.017). OQOL-AoDD was not found to be equal when ANB angle was divided into three different categories (χ 2 = 6.78, P = 0.034): G1. ANB = 0–4 degrees; G2. ANB &lt;0 degrees; and G3. ANB &gt;4 degrees. Furthermore, categories G1 and G2 differed significantly (U = 50.5, P = 0.017). Increase in ANB angle was also associated with a more positive body image (r = 0.342, P = .023). There were no significant correlations between other cephalometric variables, quality of life, and psychosocial factors.

Conclusion
Skeletal facial profile seems to associate with some aspects of orthognathic quality of life. Professional cephalometric analysis of the severity of facial profile deviation correlates with patients’ awareness of their own facial and dental appearance. Patients with more deviating skeletal profile are more aware of their dentofacial deformities compared to patients with normal values.
Are national antitobacco campaigns reaching high-risk adolescents? A cross-sectional analysis from PATH Wave 2
Authors: Weiger C V , Alexander T N , Moran M B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Smoking education and prevention campaigns have had marked success in reducing rates of tobacco use among adolescents, however, disparities in use continue to exist. It is critical to assess if adolescents at risk for tobacco use are being exposed to antitobacco campaigns. We used data from Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study to assess the relationship between exposure to three antitobacco campaigns and key characteristics related to higher risk of cigarette use using full-sample weights and Poisson regression models with robust variance. Adjusted models identified that exposure to antitobacco campaigns was more common among racial and sexual minority adolescents and adolescents who: reported exposure to tobacco marketing, spent more time using media and had household income greater than $25 000. While some high-risk youth are more likely to report exposure to campaigns, there are some priority groups that are not being reached by current efforts compared with non-priority groups, including youth living in households with income below the poverty line and adolescents who are susceptible to cigarette smoking. Future campaigns should consider targeting these groups specifically in order to reduce tobacco use disparities.
‘[…] the situation in the schools still remains the Achilles heel.’ Barriers to the implementation of school tobacco policies—a qualitative study from local stakeholder’s perspective in seven European cities
Authors: Hoffmann Laura , Mlinarić Martin , M�lard Nora , Le�o Teresa , Grard Adeline , Lindfors Pirjo , Kunst Anton E ,   Silne-R Consortium, Perelman Julien , Le�o Teresa , Alves Joana , Federico Bruno , Marandola Diego , di Marco Anna , Lorant Vincent , Robert Pierre-Olivier , Schreuders Michael , Nuyts Paulien , Kuipers Mirte , Rimplea Arja , Lindfors Pirjo , Linnansaari Anu , Kinnunen Jaana , Clancy Luke , Keogan Sheila , Breslin Elisabeth , Taylor Keisha , Richter Matthias 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
School tobacco policies (STPs) are a crucial strategy to reduce adolescents smoking. Existing studies have investigated STPs predominantly from a school-related ‘insider’ view. Yet, little is known about barriers that are not identified from the ‘schools’ perspective’, such as perceptions of local stakeholders. Forty-six expert interviews from seven European cities with stakeholders at the local level (e.g. representatives of regional health departments, youth protection and the field of addiction prevention) were included. The analysis of the expert interviews revealed different barriers that should be considered during the implementation of STPs. These barriers can be subsumed under the following: (i) Barriers regarding STP legislature (e.g. inconsistencies, partial bans), (ii) collaboration and cooperation problems between institutions and schools, (iii) low priority of smoking prevention and school smoking bans, (iv) insufficient human resources and (v) resistance among smoking students and students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Our findings on the expert’s perspective indicate a need to enhance and implement comprehensive school smoking bans. Furthermore, collaboration and cooperation between schools and external institutions should be fostered and strengthened, and adequate human resources should be provided.
Trait Multi-Functionality in Plant Stress Response
Authors: Sack Lawren , Buckley Thomas N 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPlants often experience multiple stresses in a given day or season, and it is self-evident that given functional traits can provide tolerances of multiple stresses. Yet, the multiple functions of individual traits are rarely explicitly considered in ecology and evolution due to a lack of a quantitative framework. We present a theory for considering the combined importance of the several functions that a single trait can contribute to alleviating multiple stresses. We derive five inter-related general predictions: (1) that trait multifunctionality is overall highly beneficial to fitness; (2) that species possessing multifunctional traits should increase in abundance and in niche breadth; (3) that traits are typically optimized for multiple functions and thus can be far from optimal for individual functions; (4) that the relative importance of each function of a multifunctional trait depends on the environment; and (5) that traits will be often “co-opted” for additional functions during evolution and community assembly. We demonstrate how the theory can be applied quantitatively by examining the multiple functions of leaf trichomes (hairs) using heuristic model simulations, substantiating the general principles. We identify avenues for further development and applications of the theory of trait multifunctionality in ecology and evolution.
Review of sustainable methods for atmospheric water harvesting
Authors: Jarimi Hasila , Powell Richard , Riffat Saffa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The scope of this paper is to review different types of sustainable water harvesting methods from the atmospheric fogs and dew. In this paper, we report upon the water collection performance of various fog collectors around the world. We also review technical aspects of fog collector feasibility studies and the efficiency improvements. Modern fog harvesting innovations are often bioinspired technology. Fog harvesting technology is obviously limited by global fog occurrence. In contrast, dew water harvester is available everywhere but requires a cooled condensing surface. In this review, the dew water collection systems is divided into three categories: i) dew water harvesting using radiative cooling surface, ii) solar-regenerated desiccant system and iii) active condensation technology. The key target in all these approaches is the development of an atmospheric water collector that can produce water regardless of the humidity level, geographical location, low in cost and can be made using local materials.
Numerical investigation of mixture generation due to different inlet and outlet positions
Authors: Abd Hussain Saad , Abdulmunem Abdulmunem R , Jabal Mohammed Hassan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A numerical simulation is a method carried out to study the flow characteristics of compressible fluid through different channels. Two approaches using air as a working substance were used to study the flow characteristics. In the first approach, two inlets and one outlet horizontally in the x direction was depended on to generate different flow characteristics; the flow properties were calculated along the diagonal line inside the channel. In the second approach, one inlet and outlet horizontally with sudden change in the area of the channel was employed. In this research, the flow properties were calculated along the center line inside the channel and the flow fields have been investigated. A non-linear k-Є model is employed to solve the flow characteristics by using the finite difference method with a curvilinear coordinate system near the dead zone and the k-Є and Reynolds stress model area semi-empirical model based on modeling of the equations of transport that contain the dissipation rate (ε) as well as turbulent kinetic energy (k). The derivation of turbulent kinetic energy and its rate of dissipation derived from the Navier–Stokes equation. In this work, the simulation outcomes of the proposed k-ε turbulence model indicated a good compatibility with published correlations. In order to get an accurate solution, the value of 10–8 for the maximal normalized equation residual was considered to be the convergence between computation and steady solution. The model applied for flow velocity 30 m/s and the obtained results presented as curves, surface and contours for velocities turbulent kinetic energy, rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and vortices. The builder model can be utilized for academic purposes since it is widely used for many physical and engineering applications.
On a multiscalea posteriorierror estimator for the stokes and Brinkman equations
Authors: Araya Rodolfo , Rebolledo Ramiro , Valentin Frédéric 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis work proposes and analyzes a residual a posteriori error estimator for the multiscale hybrid-mixed (MHM) method for the Stokes and Brinkman equations. The error estimator relies on the multi-level structure of the MHM method and considers two levels of approximation of the method. As a result the error estimator accounts for a first-level global estimator defined on the skeleton of the partition and second-level contributions from element-wise approximations. The analysis establishes local efficiency and reliability of the complete multiscale estimator. Also, it yields a new face-adaptive strategy on the mesh’s skeleton, which avoids changing the topology of the global mesh. Specially designed to work on multiscale problems, the present estimator can leverage parallel computers since local error estimators are independent of each other. Academic and realistic multiscale numerical tests assess the performance of the estimator and validate the adaptive algorithms.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis HN878 Infection Induces Human-Like B-Cell Follicles in Mice
Authors: Choreño-Parra José Alberto , Bobba Suhas , Rangel-Moreno Javier , Ahmed Mushtaq , Mehra Smriti , Rosa Bruce , Martin John , Mitreva Makedonka , Kaushal Deepak , Zúñiga Joaquín , Khader Shabaana A 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpecific spatial organization of granulomas within the lungs is crucial for protective anti-tuberculosis (TB) immune responses. However, only large animal models such as macaques are thought to reproduce the morphological hallmarks of human TB granulomas. In this study, we show that infection of mice with clinical “hypervirulent” Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) HN878 induces human-like granulomas composed of bacilli-loaded macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes and organized localization of germinal centers and B-cell follicles. Infection with laboratory-adapted Mtb H37Rv resulted in granulomas that are characterized by unorganized clusters of macrophages scattered between lymphocytes. An in-depth exploration of the functions of B cells within these follicles suggested diverse roles and the activation of signaling pathways associated with antigen presentation and immune cell recruitment. These findings support the use of clinical Mtb HN878 strain for infection in mice as an appropriate model to study immune parameters associated with human TB granulomas.
Antibiotics targeting bacterial ribosomal subunit biogenesis
Authors: Champney W Scott 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article describes 20 years of research that investigated a second novel target for ribosomal antibiotics, the biogenesis of the two subunits. Over that period, we have examined the effect of 52 different antibiotics on ribosomal subunit formation in six different microorganisms. Most of the antimicrobials we have studied are specific, preventing the formation of only the subunit to which they bind. A few interesting exceptions have also been observed. Forty-one research publications and a book chapter have resulted from this investigation. This review will describe the methodology we used and the fit of our results to a hypothetical model. The model predicts that inhibition of subunit assembly and translation are equivalent targets for most of the antibiotics we have investigated.
Implications for IV posaconazole dosing in the era of obesity
Authors: Wasmann Roeland E , Smit Cornelis , van Donselaar Marieke H , van Dongen Eric P A , Wiezer René M J , Verweij Paul E , Burger David M , Knibbe Catherijne A J , Brüggemann Roger J M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
The prevalence of obesity has shown a dramatic increase over recent decades. Obesity is associated with underdosing of antimicrobial drugs for prophylaxis and treatment. Posaconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal drug licensed for prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections. It is unclear how posaconazole should be dosed in obese patients.

Methods
We performed a prospective study investigating the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in morbidly obese (n = 16) and normal-weight (n = 8) subjects, with a weight ranging between 61.4 and 190 kg, after a 300 or 400 mg IV dose. Population pharmacokinetic modelling was used to assess the effect of body size on posaconazole pharmacokinetics. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03246386.

Results
Total body weight best predicted changes in CL and V. Model-based simulations demonstrated that, for treatment of fungal infections, a daily IV dose of 300 mg will result in a PTA of ≥90% in individuals up to 140 kg, after which both twice daily loading and the daily maintenance dose should be increased to 400 mg. For prophylaxis, a 300 mg IV dose is adequate in patients up to 190 kg.

Conclusions
Body size has a significant impact on posaconazole CL and V, resulting in a lower exposure in obese subjects compared with normal-weight subjects. For therapeutic use of posaconazole, a dose increase is required in patients above 140 kg. For prophylaxis, a 300 mg IV dose is adequate. For oral treatment, these recommendations can act as a starting point followed by therapeutic drug monitoring.
Visual analogies, not graphs, increase patients' comprehension of changes in their health status
Authors: Reading Turchioe Meghan , Grossman Lisa V , Myers Annie C , Baik Dawon , Goyal Parag , Masterson Creber Ruth M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract ObjectivesPatients increasingly use patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to self-monitor their health status. Visualizing PROs longitudinally (over time) could help patients interpret and contextualize their PROs. The study sought to assess hospitalized patients' objective comprehension (primary outcome) of text-only, non-graph, and graph visualizations that display longitudinal PROs.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a clinical research study in 40 hospitalized patients comparing 4 visualization conditions: (1) text-only, (2) text plus visual analogy, (3) text plus number line, and (4) text plus line graph. Each participant viewed every condition, and we used counterbalancing (systematic randomization) to control for potential order effects. We assessed objective comprehension using the International Organization for Standardization protocol. Secondary outcomes included response times, preferences, risk perceptions, and behavioral intentions.ResultsOverall, 63% correctly comprehended the text-only condition and 60% comprehended the line graph condition, compared with 83% for the visual analogy and 70% for the number line (P = .05) conditions. Participants comprehended the visual analogy significantly better than the text-only (P = .02) and line graph (P = .02) conditions. Of participants who comprehended at least 1 condition, 14% preferred a condition that they did not comprehend. Low comprehension was associated with worse cognition (P &lt; .001), lower education level (P = .02), and fewer financial resources (P = .03).ConclusionsThe results support using visual analogies rather than text to display longitudinal PROs but caution against relying on graphs, which is consistent with the known high prevalence of inadequate graph literacy. The discrepancies between comprehension and preferences suggest factors other than comprehension influence preferences, and that future researchers should assess comprehension rather than preferences to guide presentation decisions.
Justifications, Excuses, and Affirmative Defenses
Authors: Mungan Murat C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A defendant who admits to having committed an offense may nevertheless be acquitted if he can provide a legally cognizable justification or excuse for his actions by raising an affirmative defense. This article explains how affirmative defenses generate social benefits in the form of avoided unnecessary punishment. It then asks what kind of evidentiary standards must be used in order to balance these benefits against potential social costs arising from frivolous defense claims. It thereby provides an economic rationale for the uniformity across US jurisdictions in allocating the burden on the prosecution to prove the commission of the offense, as well as the variation across states in the standards of proof they use in determining the validity of affirmative defenses. The analysis also explains why mere assertions of undeterrability should not be considered as affirmative defenses. (JEL K00, K14, K40, K41, K42)
Order of Provisional Measures in Ukraine versus Russia and Mixed Disputes concerning Military Activities
Authors: Shi Xinxiang , Chang Yen-Chiang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article discusses mixed disputes concerning military activities in light of the Order of Provisional Measures in Ukraine v Russia. It is argued that the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) decision that Russia’s use of force against the Ukrainian warships was not military in nature would diminish the military activities exception under Article 298(1)(b) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The distinct status of warships means that use of force against them can hardly be taken as merely pertaining to law enforcement activities. Thus, the dispute should be more properly characterized as a mixed dispute, containing both a military element and a law enforcement element. In light of the jurisprudence of UNCLOS tribunals concerning mixed disputes, if the Annex VII Tribunal to be constituted intends to assume jurisdiction over the dispute, it would need to either isolate the law enforcement element from the military element, or define and apply the preponderance test applicable to mixed disputes concerning military activities.
Cicatricial ectropion after wound closure of facial laceration†
Authors: Leow Julian J L 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPatients presenting to the emergency department with facial lacerations are commonplace and often sutured by a junior trainee. Cicatricial ectropion can occur after trauma, surgery and actinic/other dermatological conditions. It can make the eye dry, irritated and vulnerable to infection and water excessively. A 71-year-old man presented to the emergency department after falling off his bike. He had lacerations on his right forehead and right lower eyelid, amongst other injuries. His lacerations were sutured in the emergency department but 2 months later, he presented with scar contracture and was diagnosed with cicatricial ectropion of lower eyelid. This case highlights the risk of ectropion after closure of lacerations which involve the eyelid. Ectropion and how to reduce the risk involved surgically are discussed in this case report. Both diagnosing and operating clinicians should be aware of these risks and inform the patient appropriately.