bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The qualitative parameters of potato tubers in dependence on variety and duration of storage
Authors: Davydenko Andriy , Podpriatov Hryhorii , Gunko Sergiy , Voitsekhivskyi Volodymyr , Zavadska Oksana , Bober Anatoliy 
Published: November 2020

The qualitative parameters of the potatoes tubers may be significantly changed depending on the variety, group of ripening, way, regime, and duration of storage. So, these researches aimed to define the influence of the variety characteristics and duration storage on qualitative parameters of tuber potatoes. Five potato varieties of two ripening groups were used for testing: medium-early (Satina, Red Lady, Mozart) and medium-ripe (Aroza, Sifra). The chemical properties such as dry matters (DM), starch, sugars (total and reducing), crude protein (CP), ascorbic acid (AA), and nitrates content were determined before and after 2, 4, and 6 months of storage. DM lost during the storage of potato tubers, especially during the period from 4 to 6 months. The group of ripening did not influence this index. Potato tubers of all varieties had high starch content and the duration of storage had a light effect on the level of its losses. In the medium-early group, maximum changes of starch were 1% but in the medium-ripe – 1.9%. A strong effect on the quantities of total sugars (TS) had varietal characteristics of the potato but a group of ripening had light influence. The highest content of sugars was Satin (0.65%) and the smallest Sifra (0.22%) and Mozart (0.23%). After 6 months of storage content of TS depending on the variety increased from 2 till 5 times, while the reducing sugars (RS) increased at least five times and at the end of storage were 0.4% to 0.65%. The amount of AA and its losses during storage depended on the variety. The relative losses during the total storage period were 21.9% in the medium-early group and 28.1% in the medium-ripe. Influence ripening group on level changing AA was not detected. Nitrates' content did not exceed the maximum permissible level (250 mg.kg-1). Their quantities after 6 months were 47 – 61 mg.kg-1.
The Global War Against the Novel Coronavirus Enemy: What Is COVID-19? Of Course, Nothing Is Certain Yet
Authors: Mohamed Elham F. , Awad Gamal 
Published: November 2020

In this review, the new Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic problem was discussed. This concept was covered via answer the comment questions about the new COVID-19 problems. The main objective of this review is to supply a comprehensive knowledge in the definition of COVID-19, Corona virus concept, discusses the infection common symptoms, the transmission, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19. Finally, we provide a tool and recommendations to avoid infection spread. In this review, we collected data from diverse research reports such as the World Health Organization (WHO), guidelines and other articles. Because of the wide and fast spread of the virus, academic researchers, environmental scientists, antiviral designs, vaccine development against the virus and providers of health care are expected to acquire current information and future outlooks of the new pandemic coronavirus.
Testing of small rectangular hollow sections having welded connections
Authors: Hutchinson D. L. 
Published: November 2020

A testing program has been carried out by MWD with the aim of comparing imported hot-rolled and New Zealand-made cold-rolled RHS with welded connections at location of maximum bending. A full description of the experiments is found in Ministry of Works and Development Central Laboratories Report No. 5-80/3. This is available from the Ministry of Works and Development Head Office Library.
The size of section compared was 102 x 51 x 4.9 mm corresponding to the largest size manufactured by New Zealand Steel Limited. Lengths of RHS of respective types were fabricated into 1.83 m long simply supported beams with a fillet-welded dividing plate through the midspan location. Two such beams of the cold-rolled and hot-rolled RHS were loaded monotonically through application of load at the dividing plate.
The cold-rolled beams failed at a rather low maximum deflection ductility of 7.3 and in a manner which indicated a lowered yield stress in the vicinity of the weld of the dividing plate. On the other hand, the hot-rolled beams continued to strain harden to the limit of the test rig, equivalent to a deflection ductility of 29.
While hysteretic testing is needed to draw firm conclusions on the reliability of cold-rolled RHS in energy-absorbing systems, the test series does permit the observation that the material would be inadmissible in a situation where moderate to large member ductility demands were anticipated near welds.
Verantwoorde algoritmisering: zorgen waardengevoeligheid en transparantie voor meer vertrouwen in algoritmische besluitvorming?
Authors: Grimmelikhuijsen Stephan , Meijer Albert 
Published: November 2020

Responsible algorithmization: do value sensitivity and transparency lead to more trust in algorithmic decision-making?
Algorithms are starting to play an increasingly prominent role in government organizations. The argument is that algorithms can make more objective and efficient decisions than humans. At the same time, recent scandals have highlighted that there are still many problems connected to algorithms in the public sector. There is an increasing emphasis on ethical requirements for algorithms and we aim to connect these requirements to insights from public administration on the use of technologies in the public sector. We stress the need for responsible algorithmization – responsible organizational practices around the use of algorithms – and argue that this is needed to maintain the trust of citizens. We present two key components of responsible algorithmization – value-sensitivity and transparency – and show how these components connect to algorithmization and can contribute to citizen trust. We end the article with an agenda for research into the relation between responsible algorithmization and trust.
Transparantie en Explainable Artificial Intelligence: beperkingen en strategieën
Authors: de Bruijn Hans , Janssen Marijn , Warnier Martijn 
Published: November 2020

Transparency and explainable artificial intelligence: limits and strategies
This article contains a critical reflection on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): the idea that AI based decision-making using AI should be transparent to people faced with these decisions. We discuss the main objections to XAI. XAI focuses on a variety of explainees, with different expectations and values; XAI is not a neutral activity, but very value-sensitive; AI is dynamic and so XAI quickly becomes obsolete; many problems are ‘wicked’, which further complicates XAI. In addition, the context of XAI matters – a high level of politicization and a high perceived impact of AI-based decisions, will often result in much criticism of AI and will limit the opportunities of XAI. We also discuss a number of alternative or additional strategies – more attention to negotiated algorithms; to competing algorithms; or to value-sensitive algorithms, which may contribute to more trust in AI-based decision-making.
Een transparant debat over algoritmen
Authors: Gstrein Oskar J. , Zwitter Andrej 
Published: November 2020

A transparent debate about algorithms
The police use all sorts of information to fulfil their tasks. Whereas collection and interpretation of information traditionally could only be done by humans, the emergence of ‘Big Data’ creates new opportunities and dilemmas. On the one hand, large amounts of data can be used to train algorithms. This allows them to ‘predict’ offenses such as bicycle theft, burglary, or even serious crimes such as murder and terrorist attacks. On the other hand, highly relevant questions on purpose, effectiveness, and legitimacy of the application of machine learning/‘artificial intelligence’ drown all too often in the ocean of Big Data. This is particularly problematic if such systems are used in the public sector in democracies, where the rule of law applies, and where accountability, as well as the possibility for judicial review, are guaranteed. In this article, we explore the role transparency could play in reconciling these opportunities and dilemmas. While some propose making the systems and data they use themselves transparent, we submit that an open and broad discussion on purpose and objectives should be held during the design process. This might be a more effective way of embedding ethical and legal principles in the technology, and of ensuring legitimacy during application.
Constructieve vergelding revisited
Authors: Kool Renée 
Published: November 2020

Constructive retribution revisited. The paradigm of punishment viewed from a restorative justice perspective
Is the concept of ‘retribution’ compatible with restorative justice? Starting from the perspective that retribution is an imperative given and that restorative justice should be a preferent option in coping with crime, the concept of retribution needs to be redesigned. Rethinking retribution needs to take into account the hypersensitive nature and complexity of modern society. Apparently incompatible interests need to be reconciled, paying tribute to the citizenship of both the victim and the perpetrator. Notwithstanding censure to be in place, implying the infliction of ‘pain’, the aim must lie in a reconstruction of civil relationships affirming the victim and the perpetrator to be part of the community. Standards applied must reflect objectivity, implying proportionate punishment, with a preference towards restorative justice because it is the more subsidiary option. Thus, retribution notwithstanding the imperative and painful nature of retribution, the execution should pursue the reconstruction of (civil) relationships.
Een portret van het slachtoffer in het Tijdschrift voor Herstelrecht
Authors: Bosma Alice 
Published: November 2020

Characteristics of the victim in Tijdschrift voor Herstelrecht
‘The victim’ is an important figure in restorative justice, but who is this victim? In this article, I will review articles published in this journal between 2005 and 2019 in order to establish the characteristics of victims recognized in the field of restorative justice. It first needs to be noted that there is not one homogeneous victim group. The diversity in victims and their needs calls for research investigating when, for whom, and under which circumstances restorative justice practices lead to victim satisfaction. Many articles reviewed address this question. When I nevertheless try to extract an ideal type of victim of restorative justice, it seems that the victim is agentic and resilient, expresses a wide range of emotions, prioritizes reparation over punitive measures and is overall very satisfied with the restorative justice practice.
Avian influenza surveillance in wild birds using sentinel ducks
Authors: Davganyam Bayarmagnai , Otgontogtokh Nyamsuren , Batmunkh Baljidmaa , Nergui Davaasuren , Tserendorj Ariunaa , Temuujin Uyangaa , Bayasgalan Chimedtseren , Guugandaa Nyamdavaa , Sharav Tumenjargal , Nantsag Batsuuri , Chultemdorj Tungalag , Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir 
Published: November 2020

We conducted active surveillance for avian influenza virus using sentinel ducks in central region of Mongolia (Khunt lake Saikhan soum, Bulgan province) that major wild bird habitat and outbreak site of H5N1 HPAI in wild birds in Mongolia from 2005 to 2011. Total of 39/104 (37,5%) samples were positive by insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) and 42/104 (40,38%) swab samples were positive by real time PCR (qPCR). In addition, AIV antibody detected in 35/104 (33,65%) serum samples tested by AIV NP ELISA kit. These results indicated that sentinel surveillance using domestic birds could be an effective method for avian pathogens including influenza in Mongolia. Enhanced sentinel surveillance in wild bird populations in Mongolia is therefore crucial for the understanding of global AIV transmission and epidemiology.
Шувууны томуугийн тандах судалгаанд туршуул шувуу (Sentinel bird) байршуулах арга ашигласан дүнгээс
Бид шувууны томуугийн тандах судалгаанд туршуул шувуу байршуулах арга зүйг ашиглах боломжийг судлах зорилгоор урьдчилсан туршилтыг 2019 оны 7-10 сард Булган аймгийн Сайхан сумын Хунт нууранд хийж гүйцэтгэв. Хунт нуур нь олон тооны нүүдлийн усны шувууд зусах болон дайрч өнгөрдөг ач холбогдолтой цэг бөгөөд 2005-2011 онд өндөр хоруу чанартай шувууны томуугийн (HPAI) A/H5N1 дэд хэвшлийн вирус илэрч байсан. Шувуунаас авсан арчдасны зарим дээжийг insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR)-р шинжлэхэд 39/104 (37,5%), дээж эерэг, бүх дээжийг PCR (qPCR)-р шинжлэхэд 42/104 (40,38%) нь дээж эерэг дүн үзүүлсэн. Харин ийлдсэнд шувууны томуугийн эсрэг бием илрүүлэх ELISA-ийн шинжилгээгээр 35/104 (33,65%) дээжинд эсрэг бием илэрсэн. Иймд энэ арга зүйг Монгол орны нөхцөлд тохируулан сайжруулж шувууны томуугийн үүсгэгчийг илрүүлэхэд ашиглах нь уг өвчний эпидемиологийн байдлыг танин мэдэхэд чухал ач холбогдолтой юм.
Түлхүүр үг: нугас, вирус, дархлаа, эпидемиологи, тархалт, ПГУ (Полимеразан гинжин урвал)
Preliminary result of insulated isothermal PCR (IIPCR) for avian influenza surveillance
Authors: Otgontogtokh Nyamsuren , Batmunkh Baljidmaa , Davganyam Bayarmagnai , Nergui Davaasuren , Tserendorj Ariunaa , Temuujin Uyangaa , Bayasgalan Chimedtseren , Guugandaa Nyamdavaa , Sharav Tumenjargal , Nantsag Batsuuri , Chultemdorj Tungalag , Tseren- Ochir Erdene-Ochir 
Published: November 2020

In avian influenza (AI) surveillance, total 686 (fecal n=682, swabs n = 4) samples of migratory birds were collected on August 2018 in Saikhan soum, Bulgan aimag, and these samples were analyzed by portable insulated isothermal (iiPCR) PCR in the field condition. Total of 137 pool of samples (each pool contains 4-6 samples) were analyzed by iiPCR and 3 pools of sample were found positive. Total of 9 pool of samples were positive by virus isolation with embryonated egg inoculation and HA analysis and 4/9 were identified as an avian influenza and 5/9 were identified as a Paramyxovirus by RT-PCR analysis. After sequencing, H3 (n=3) and H2 (n=1) subtypes were determined. iiPCR positive 3 pools were confirmed by egg inoculation and HA analysis and it shows that this newly applied method was able to use to the surveillance of avian influenza due to usefulness and high sensitivity.
Шувууны томуугийн тандах судалгаанд зөөврийн полимеразын гинжин урвалыг ашигласан дүнгээс
Шувууны томуугийн тандах судалгаанд зөөврийн (insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR)) ПГУ-ыг хээрийн нөхцөлд хэрэглэх боломжийг турших зориолгоор 2018 оны 8 сард Булган аймгийн Сайхан сум Хунт нуурны орчмоос цуглуулсан нийт 686 (сангас; n=682, арчдас; n=4) усны шувуудын дээжинд хээрийн нөхцөлд шинжилгээ хийж үр дүнг гаргав. Гарсан үр дүнг лабораторид үр хөврөлт өндгөнд өсгөвөрлөх, ЦНУ болон RT-PCR-р баталгаажуулж илэрсэн вирусын НА дэд хэвшлийг нуклеотидын дараалал тогтоох аргаар тодорхойлов. Хээрийн нөхцөлд 137 багц дээжинд (4-6 дээж = 1 багц) iiPCR-р хийсэн илрүүлэх шинжилгээгээр шувууны томуугийн вирусын генийн өвөрмөц хэсэг 3 багц дээжинд илрэв. Лабораторид вирус өсгөвөрлөх болон ЦНУ-р шинжлэхэд 9 багц дээж эерэг гарсанаас шувууны томуугийн вирус (n=4) болон шувууны парамиксовирус (n=5)-ын халдвар байгааг RT-PCR-р баталгаажуулж, гений дараалал тогтоох аргаар шувууны томуугийн H3 (n=3) болон H2 (n=1) дэд хэвшил болохыг тодорхойлов. iiPCR-аар шувууны томуугийн вирусын генийн өвөрмөц хэсэг илэрсэн 3 багц дээжийн үр дүн лабораторийн шинжилгээний дүнгээр баталгаажсан нь энэхүү хэрэглэхэд хялбар, мэдрэг чанар өндөр, түргэвчилсэн аргыг тандах судалгаанд хэрэглэх боломжтойг илтгэж байна.
Түлхүүр үг: нүүдлийн шувуу, тандалт, үүсгэгч илрүүлэх, дэд хэвшил
Result of the histo-phatologic examination on edible organs of the livestock around the suspected mining area
Authors: Bataa Bayartogtokh , Burshakhbai Nurmukhammed , Adilbish Altanchimeg , Gendenpil Lkhamjav , Sainnokhoi Tserenchimed , Pelden Bolormaa 
Published: November 2020

In the last decade, there is growing concern about the increase in the number of unknown diseases of pasture livestock due to the natural and anthropogenic factors, such as heavy metals and dust exposure. Thus, it is necessary to measure the concentration of heavy metals in different organs of animals, as well as blood parameters assay and histopathology. We have collected samples from different suspected mining areas, using a random sampling method, and selected 15 goats and 15 sheep. The histopathologic study was performed in necropsy, also macroscopic and microscopic analysis were performed on the diseased animals comparing with healthy animals. In this study, 37.3 % of the sheep and 54.6% of the goat samples were found with gross lesions from different organs, while 24% of sheep and 18.6% of goat organs had microscopic change. Through histo-pathology study, small ruminant lungs of livestock from suspected mining areas were found with inflammatory nodules, while other edible organs were changed in a special transition. In conclusion, we assume the dust exposure from the mining area can be the reason behind the dysfunction.
Уул уурхайн, хайгуул олборлолтын бүс орчимд бэлчээрлэж байсан малын эд, эрхтэнд эд судлалын шинжилгээ хийсэн дүнгээс
Дэлхийн дулааралт, хуурайшилт болон хүний хүчин зүйлийн (байгаль орчинд халтай технологи бүхий уул уурхайн эрчимтэй үйлдвэрлэл, тээвэрлэлт, эмх замбараагүй олборлолт, хог хаягдал г.м) нөлөөлөлд Монгол орны бэлчээрийн мал өртсөний улмаас онош нь тодорхойгүй өвчин, төрөл бүрийн хүнд металлын хордлогот эмгэг илэрч, өвчлөх, үхэх, тоо толгой нь хорогдох зэрэг эдийн засгийн хохирол бүхий тохиолдол сүүлийн жилүүдэд нэмэгдэх хандлагатай болсон. Иймд мал амьтны эд эрхтэнд агуулагдаж буй хүнд металлын агууламжийг тодорхойлохын зэрэгцээ биохими болон эд судлалын шинжилгээ хийх шаардлага урган гарсан. Эд судлалын шинжилгээнд төв аймгийн Заамар сумын алтны хайгуул, олборлолт явуулж буй бүс нутаг орчим бэлчээрлэж байсан 6 хонь, 6 ямаа, Дорноговь аймгийн Улаанбадрах, Зүүнбаян сумын нутаг дэвсгэрт ураны хайгуул, туршилтын олборлолт явуулж буй бүс нутаг болон Айраг сумын жоншны уурхайн олборлолтын бүс нутаг орчим бэлчээрлэж байсан 9 хонь, 9 ямааны эд эрхтнүүдийг хамруулан шинжилгээ хийсэн.
Түлхүүр үг: хонь, ямаа, эд судлалын эмгэгт өөрчлөлт, үлэмж ба бичил бүтэц
Study of treatment methods for animal diseases completed by lamtan Tsevelvanchigdorj “Targan bandida” of Arvai khuree
Authors: Yagaan Ganzaya , Khurgaa Suglegmaa 
Published: November 2020

Tsevelvanchigdorj, popularly known as the “Fat Bandida” of the Arvain khuree, wrote a five-part text at the Veterinary Center, marked with the letters “Ka” to “Ca”. More than 60 diseases, about 130 treatments and treatments in “Ka” sheep treatment scripture, more than 100 types of treatment methods to cure more than 70 diseases in “Kha” horse treatment scripture, 17 diseases and about 50 types of treatment methods in “Ga” or cattle treatment scripture. A total of 192 diseases and 369 treatments used to treat more than 40 diseases, more than 80 types of treatment in the “Nga” camel treatment scripture, 5 diseases and 9 types of treatment in the “Ca” goat treatment scripture, as well as 6 types of life methods surgery is sampled.
Арвайн хүрээний “Тарган бандида” ламтан Цэвэлванчигдоржийн зохиосон малын өвчнийг анагаах арга, заслын судруудыг судалсан дүн
Арвайн хүрээний “Тарган бандида” хэмээн алдаршсан Цэвэлванчигдорж мал эмчилгээний төвд үсгийн “Ka”-аас “Ca” хүртэл тэмдэглэсэн таван хэсгээс бүрдсэн нэг боть зохиол бичжээ. “Ka” хонины эмчилгээний сударт 60 гаруй өвчин, 130 орчим эмчилгээ, дом заслууд, “Kha” адууны эмчилгээний сударт 70 гаруй зүйлийн өвчнийг анагаах 100 гаруй төрлийн эмчилгээний арга засал, “Ga” буюу үхрийн эмчилгээний сударт 17 өвчин, 50 орчим төрлийн эмчилгээний арга засал, “Nga” тэмээний эмчилгээний сударт 40 гаруй өвчин, 80 гаруй төрлийн эмчилгээний арга, “Ca” ямааны эмчилгээний сударт 5 өвчин, 9 төрлийн эмчилгээ, мөн аж амьдралын талаархи 6 төрлийн аргууд зэрэг нийт 192 төрлийн өвчин, түүнийг анагаахад ашиглагддаг 369 эмчилгээний арга заслыг түүвэрлэн бичсэн байна.
Түлхүүр үг: өвчнийг анагаах судар, өвчин, домнох, ханах, аж амьдралын ухаан
Modelling of the lactation curve of grazing Mongolian mare
Authors: Badrakh Sandagdorj , Tserenpil Baigalmaa , Sedkhuu Burenjargal , Purevdorj Nyam-Osor 
Published: November 2020

Current research was performed to determine the yield and composition of milk during entire lactation period, which lasts June to February of following year and describe fit of lactation curve using different mathematical models. Total 8 mares, aged from 5 to 12 years were used in the study. The total milk yield, calculated by Fleischmann's method, as well as the models were various and shape of curves for Linear, Quadratic, Cubic, and Quartic equations, and Wood's curve were different. The determination index (R2) of the milk yield and composition curve models ranged from 0.474-0.987, and R2 of Quartic curve model for milk yield (0.987) was the highest. Study result showed that the above models were able to describe the lactation curve of the milk yield and composition, and the Quartic model best fit to data collected from Mongolian mare and allowed a suitable description of the shape and dynamics of curve.
Бэлчээрийн маллагаатай Монгол гүүний лактацын муруйн загварчлал
Монгол гүүний саалийн нийт хугацаанд буюу VI сараас дараа жилийн III сар хүртэл саамны гарц, найрлагын хэмжээг үндэслэн математик загваруудаар лактацын муруй байгуулах, монгол гүүний лактацын муруйд хамгийн нийцэл сайтай загварыг сонгон тодорхойлох зорилгоор энэхүү ажлыг хийж гүйцэтгэлээ. Судалгаанд 5-12 насны 8 гүүг ашиглав. Сүүний нийт гарц, найрлагын хэмжээг Вүүд (Wood’s)-ын загвар болон шугаман, шугаман бус регрессын тэгшитгэлээр загварчлахад лактацын муруйн загварууд харилцан адилгүй байв. Саамны гарц, найрлагын муруйн загваруудын детерминацийн индекс (R2) нь 0.474-0.987-ийн хооронд хэлбэлзэж, биквадрат загварын хувьд хамгийн нийцэл өндөр буюу 0.987 байв. Судалгааны үр дүнд дээрх аргуудаар саамны гарц, найрлагын лактацын муруйг загварчлах боломжтой нь харагдаж байсан ба эдгээрээс биквадрат тэгшитгэлийн загвар нь бэлчээрийн маллагаатай монгол гүүний саамны өгөгдөлтэй хамгийн сайн нийцэж, лактацын муруйн хэлбэр, хөдлөлзүйн хувьд тохирч байв.
Түлхүүр үг: саамны гарц, саамны найрлага, лактацын муруй