bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disorderly Brethren?
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how membership of the Company of Merchant Adventurers was experienced. It considers whether Company membership was capable of engendering loyalty and a distinctive mercantile identity. The chapter considers two aspects of membership: participation in Company government, and experience of corporate regulation. The former entailed attendance at Company meetings, including those held for elections, and the chapter assesses the constitutional structure of the Company and the tensions that could exist between different residences. Corporate regulation focused on channelling trade into particular settings—the mart towns—and regulating the market in cloth to limit competition amongst brethren. The chapter considers how compliance with this system was enforced, as well as how it was evaded, noting considerable examples of trade out of the mart towns at certain points in the period. The chapter concludes that, in order to be effective, Company regulations had to accord with the perspectives of members about legitimate conduct.
‘That Trade which their Charter reaches not’
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The final chapter considers how the Merchant Adventurers came to lose its domestic privileges following the Glorious Revolution in a way that proved to be lasting. Although usually this has been seen as an inevitable consequence of the long-term decline in the volume of the cloth trade and the political position of the Company, the chapter argues that this was a more contingent process than is usually realized. In fact, the Company had been on the cusp of a political revival as recently as the 1680s. The chapter considers the reasons for this, in terms of the Company’s long-term relationship with the English state, and its struggle to maintain its monopoly against interlopers. The reasons why the Company failed to capitalize on the upturn in its political fortunes are connected to the structural changes in the Company’s trade, which saw its residences in Hamburg and England increasingly at odds over the purposes of the Company, and how it was to be governed. This contest was reflective of broader changes in the position and activities of merchants in a period of growing multilateral trade.
Governing by Rules and Ruling by Numbers in the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 4 provides an overview of the Eurozone crisis, to serve as a background for the subsequent four chapters which discuss in turn each of the four EU actors’ particular pathways to legitimacy, including their sources of power and grounds for throughput legitimacy, along with the Janus-faced public perceptions of their Eurozone governance. The chapter begins with a brief review of the history of European Monetary Union (EMU), describing the trials and tribulations in the run-up to the Maastricht Treaty and member states’ very different ideas and discourse related to monetary integration, as illustrated by the differences in German, French, and Italian views. It then considers what happened at the time of the introduction of the single currency. The chapter follows with the initial responses to the Eurozone crisis during its fast-burning phase, characterized by a doubling down on the rules of the Stability and Growth Pact. It elaborates on the trials and tribulations at the inception of the crisis, on EU actors’ initial actions and reactions, and on institutional innovations such as banking union. It also provides further details on legislation and treaty agreements, as well as on the ideas underpinning the policy responses. The chapter ends by considering the benefits and drawbacks of EU actors’ subsequent reinterpretation of the rules by stealth during the Eurozone crisis’ slow-burning phase, arguing that although rules reinterpretation may have improved policy responses (output), not admitting this raised questions of accountability and transparency (throughput), while failing to address problems of political legitimacy (input).
The Council
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 5 discusses the pathway to legitimacy of the European Council (and the Council), with a special focus on Germany’s predominance through “one size fits one” rules. The chapter begins with an analysis of the Council’s particular sources of power and grounds for throughput legitimacy in Eurozone governance. It questions member-state leaders’ assumptions about their representativeness (input legitimacy), then asks if they meet the requirements of deliberative mutual accountability (throughput legitimacy) or even whether Germany fits the criteria expected of a benevolent hegemon. Next the chapter discusses the Janus-faced public perceptions of Council crisis governance. These are divided between views of the Council as an unaccountable (German) dictatorship or as a mutually accountable deliberative body (in the shadow of Germany). This part first presents the Council as an unaccountable dictatorship by detailing the ways in which Germany was predominant on its own and/or in tandem with a weaker France. It then counters with a discussion of the Council as a mutually accountable deliberative body, by charting not only the many instances in which member states agreed with German preferences but also where Germany acquiesced to those of other member states. The chapter ends with an examination of the actions of the Council (in particular the Eurogroup of Finance Ministers) and the Troika (IMF, Commission, and ECB) with regard to the program countries. This can be seen as two sides of the same coin: harsh dictatorship (especially the third Greek bailout) or deliberative authoritarianism (eg, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus and Greece in the second bailout).
Policy Effectiveness and Performance in the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 9 examines the output legitimacy of Eurozone crisis governance, based in its policy effectiveness and performance. The chapter begins by showing that the crisis was misframed as one of public debt rather than private debt and misdiagnosed as resulting from bad behavior rather than the structure of the euro. The narratives did not reflect the periphery’s pre-crisis low deficits and debt (except for Greece) or account for the impact of competitive wage deflation and current account surpluses in Germany, as well as for bank-spurred wage inflation in the periphery (especially by German and French banks). The chapter then argues that EU actors chose the wrong remedies—budgetary austerity and structural reform instead of growth through stimulus and investment—and failed to devise adequate solutions. This is evidenced by the EU’s lack of effectiveness in monetary policy and investment compared to the US and by the increasing divergence in performance between Northern and Southern Europe. To blame is the failure to complete the architecture of the euro with the necessary economic instruments, not the fact that the Eurozone would never be an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). At fault were equally the excessive socioeconomic costs of austerity, reflected in levels of unemployment, inequality, and poverty, and the perversity of EU-led structural reforms. These “one size fits all” socioeconomic policies failed to take account of differences in national varieties of capitalism and growth models, while taking a tremendous toll on countries under conditionality—not just Greece but also Portugal, Spain, Italy, and even Ireland.
Pulling Down the Walls of the World, 1920–1930
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of international broadcasting in the 1920s, examines cooperation among broadcasters working to control and regulate transnational transmissions, and analyses utopian ideas about the impact of radio on the international order. It draws out the early history of cross-border broadcasting and listening and demonstrates that in the first years of radio, all listeners were distant listeners. It explores the technologies of transmission and reception used in international broadcasting during the 1920s. It discusses why many contemporaries thought that broadcasting could encourage international understanding and peace in the wake of the carnage of the First World War. It argues that wireless internationalism found its most obvious expression in this period with the foundation of the International Broadcasting Union (IBU). The IBU encouraged members to exchange material with one another and relay each other’s programmes. Finally, the chapter explores the early history of short-wave broadcasting and relay work, and examines debates about the establishment of a BBC empire service.
Fraternizing in the Ether, 1931–1933
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the early 1930s faith in a utopian form of wireless internationalism was shaken by the world economic crisis, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, and the Nazi revolution in Germany. Radio still seemed a potential means to encourage international understanding and peace, but increasingly it also appeared to be a powerful tool of propaganda that might serve aggressive nationalist ends. As Europe’s broadcasting infrastructure became more formidable, broadcasters continued to work through the International Broadcasting Union to regulate the airwaves and combat interference and hostile propaganda. These measures were only partially effective and were ignored by a powerful new station broadcasting commercial programmes across Europe in several languages, Radio Luxembourg. The League of Nations also began to study the disruptive impact of radio on international affairs, and established its own broadcasting station, Radio Nations. Relay work continued, linking up the broadcasters of Europe and forging new connections across the Atlantic. The number of short-wave broadcasters increased significantly during this period, and the BBC established its own short-wave Empire Service, designed to reach out to white expatriate listeners in Britain’s colonies, and to English speakers in the ‘dominions’. Many in the US could also tune in, and British civil servants, notably at the Foreign Office, worried about the impact on Anglo-American relations.
Rivalry and Competition, 1934–1937
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The mid 1930s were one of the most decisive periods in the development of international broadcasting, as the use of wireless for propaganda purposes intensified and states became intimately involved with cross-border radio services. Fascist Germany, Italy, and Japan set the pace: Germany’s short-wave station at Zeesen continued to be the main competitor for the BBC’s Daventry station, and following the invasion of Abyssinia Italy’s stations at Rome and Bari threatened to undermine British influence in the Middle East, and particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Attempts by the International Broadcasting Union and the League of Nations (with its Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace initiative) to halt the rising tide of broadcast propaganda failed. Wireless internationalism increasingly seemed a forlorn hope. Britain also used broadcasting for propaganda purposes. The BBC stepped up attempts to reach US audiences by providing improved relays for the American networks. More significantly, the Foreign Office turned to the BBC to begin broadcasting in Arabic for the Middle East and Spanish and Portuguese for Latin America. The chapter significantly revises our understanding of the relationship between the BBC and the British state in this period, demonstrating that in taking on the work of broadcasting in foreign languages, the BBC accepted significant restrictions on its independence.
The Shock Troops of Propaganda
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the 1930s, British broadcasters and policymakers came to agree that the BBC could best support British foreign policy interests by broadcasting truthful, objective news—or, at least, news which seemed to be so. The BBC began international news broadcasting in 1930, as part of the experimental short-wave service aimed at expatriate listeners in the colonies. Bulletins mixed political and economic news for imperial administrators with items intended to provide a sense of connection with ‘home’. The BBC broadcast news provided by the news agency Reuters. Broadcasting this news across borders threatened to disrupt the restrictive practices upon which much of the news industry relied, and careful negotiation between the BBC, Reuters, and newspapers in various parts of the British Empire was necessary. During the latter part of the 1930s, Reuters’ position in several crucial news markets began to deteriorate. The British government turned to the BBC as a means to provide Reuters with support and covert subsidies, and also to broadcast news from British sources direct to key areas, such as Latin America, in order to underpin British influence and compete with state-supported news services from fascist countries and formidable commercial services from the US. The Foreign Office also exerted influence over the content of BBC news broadcasts, preventing the transmission of bad news from Palestine, circulating official reports from British officials in the Middle East, and limiting coverage of the plight of Germany’s Jews.
Distant Listening
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the interwar years distant listening offered individuals, families, and communities a way to form real and imagined connections across vast distances, and to hear the sounds of the familiar and the exotic. Yet distant listening was seldom easy: it often required specialist equipment and skills and was disrupted by various forms of interference. It should be understood as part of the noisy soundscape of the Roaring Twenties, and as carrying the echo of the deteriorating international climate of the 1930s. Distant listening was often associated with noise: the irritating noise of interference, but also wonderful, astonishing, strange, and authentic noises from far-off countries. Many international broadcasters sought to capitalize on the appeal of exotic noises as a means to draw listeners to their programmes. Contemporary ideas about listening were also shaped by assumptions about gender (including interwar thinking about the ‘Modern Girl’) and race. Listening to distant stations was often depicted as an essentially masculine activity, and yet many women emphasized their own prowess tuning-in stations, and the enjoyment they derived from the pursuit. Contemporaries meanwhile often depicted non-European listening habits in highly racialized terms. They debated whether radio would be harnessed as a means of imperial communication that could strengthen imperial rule, or would be something that subverted colonial and semi-colonial regimes.
Sex, Love, and Gender
Authors: Varden Helga 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis book provides a comprehensive account of sex, love, and gender—the first of its kind—by engaging a seemingly unlikely ally: Immanuel Kant. To date, no scholar has considered Kant’s potential contributions to such an account; nor is this surprising. Kant explicitly views sexual activity as inherently morally problematic, maintaining as ethically permissible only heterosexual procreative sexual activity within the confines of legal marriage. Kant’s comments on sex, love, and gender are also diffused throughout his practical works—from his works on ethics and legal-political thought, to his works on aesthetics, teleology, history, religion, and anthropology—presenting a textual and philosophical obstacle to reconciling his accounts of human nature and of human rights and freedom into an integrated whole. Sex, Love, and Gender—A Kantian Theory takes on these challenges. It offers an innovative interpretation of Kant’s account of sex, love, and gender, which shows how his disparate references can be seen as parts of one coherent philosophical approach. The book also rehabilitates Kant’s theory by overcoming the philosophical mistakes and limitations of Kant’s own writings. The result is a philosophical understanding of the phenomenology of sex, love, and gender and core related moral (ethical and legal) issues such as sexual orientation, abortion, sexual or gender identity, marriage, erotica, sexual oppression, and trade in sexual services.
Private Right
Authors: Varden Helga 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides a Kantian account of private right in relation to marriage and trade in sexual services. I argue that in addition to various non-ideal reasons and reasons based on equality that make same-sex couples want to have a right to marry, there are ideal reasons why they want such a right. I also extend this argument to defend the right to marry for non-binary, symmetrical polyamorous partners. Regarding trade in sexual services, I maintain that Kant’s account of bodily rights can explain why one never gets an enforceable right to have sex with another person even if one has a right to get some of the money back if a contract is broken. Importantly, these arguments hold regardless of what someone may think from the point of view of virtue or religion.
Public Right
Authors: Varden Helga 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter engages complexities concerning systemic justice in relation to sex, love, and gender. It shows how philosophical ideas in Kant’s account of public right in combination with his full account of human nature, yields a position that can take on systemic issues of dependency (including the state’s right and duty to fight poverty) and oppression (including through public laws protecting sexual or gendered minorities). In addition, I show how Kant’s account of different kinds of external forces people may find themselves subjected to—“barbaric,” “anarchic,” “despotic,” and “republican”—help us capture the moral complexity facing oppressed and vulnerable populations in different legal-political circumstances. Finally, I argue that the ultimate aim for states is to establish a legal-political whole characterized by the citizens governing themselves wisely through active participation in public debate and public institutions.
Serial Forms
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Serial Forms: The Unfinished Project of Modernity, 1815–1848 proposes an entirely new way of reading the transition into the modern. The first book in a three-part series which will take the reader up to the end of the First World War, Serial Forms looks at the rapid expansion of print in London after the Napoleonic Wars. It shows how the historical past and the contemporary moment are emerging into public visibility through serial newsprint, illustrations, performances, shows, and new forms of mediation and it suggests that the growing importance and determining power of the form of seriality is a result of the parallel and connected development of a news culture alongside an emergent popular culture of historicism. Pettitt’s attention to the increasingly powerful cultural work of seriality in this period offers a fresh new way of thinking about print, media, literary and art history, as well as political, historical and social categories. The argument of Serial Forms rests on historical and archival material but the book also offers a philosophical and theoretical account of the impact of seriality. This first volume sets out the theoretical and historical basis for the subsequent two volumes in the series, which move out of London to encompass continental Europe and the imagination of the global. Serial Forms proposes fresh and frame-shifting analyses of familiar texts and authors, such as Scott, Byron and Gaskell, and sets out to change our thinking about new experiences of time and place in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The keys to sustained economic growth and development lie in policy and investment strategy decisions taken within African countries. Our argument is ‘possibilist’: neither pessimistic nor naively optimistic. We draw on a wide range of economic and political economy research but also on research in history, anthropology, environmental science, agronomy, and more. The book pays attention to gender relations, offering thick descriptions of the ways in which the majority of African women struggle to survive. It pays closer attention than many to how data are produced and to the quality of evidence underpinning conventional wisdoms. It draws on an unusually wide range of types of evidence, qualitative as well as quantitative, historical and contemporary, providing a rich resource of references and a guide to additional reading. Our arguments through this book are often different from both those typically associated with mainstream neoclassical economics and those more common on ‘the left’.
Varieties of Common Sense
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Policy officials are often influenced by two broad varieties of conventional wisdom: the set of ideas broadly associated with neoclassical economics; and those ideas flowing from third worldist, anti-imperialist, and structuralist development economics. We show how these apparently opposing perspectives often have a surprising amount in common. Reflexes of ‘impossibilism’ and ‘naive optimism’ are often shared across an ideological divide. Thus, pessimism in orthodox trade theory suggests no African economy can hope to accelerate structural change by defying the signals of comparative advantage; and pessimism in structuralist trade arguments claims limited gains from exporting, especially from exporting primary commodities while the terms of trade are declining. Both forms of pessimism can easily switch to naive optimism when they imagine the ease of rapid and ‘inclusive’ development. But the switch requires that unrealistic conditions are put in place: perfectly competitive markets or idealized South–South cooperation.
The Trade Imperative
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Economists from very different backgrounds often counsel against a fast growth of imports—and it is certainly true that the balance of payments constraint all too easily derails growth episodes. But the level of output is more important than an obsession with the obsessive pursuit of macroeconomic balance; macroeconomic policy has to serve productive goals rather than vice versa; and policy needs to enable rapid import growth to raise the overall level of output. African countries urgently need to push for rapid export expansion. This chapter argues against International Monetary Fund (IMF) balance of payments approaches. It also argues that the evidence undermines the export pessimism common among many structuralist economists. There is compelling evidence suggesting the need for competitive (undervalued) exchange rates; these are more effective when combined with targeted policies encouraging investment in specific activities that satisfy the criteria we set out here and in other chapters.