bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Account of Beauty
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Jacques Maritain followed Thomas Aquinas by identifying the truly beautiful as perfect, harmonious, and radiantly splendid. To this account we may add that beauty, above all the beauty of God, enjoys inexhaustible meaning and overlaps with the Holy (see Rudolf Otto). The divine beauty is an awesome and fascinating mystery. Beauty triggers love. Loving beauty opens the way to knowing the truth, and helps us grasp and practise virtue. We can speak of beauty ethics, as well as virtue ethics. Despite a partial, modern ‘eclipse’ of beauty, a sense of beauty has not disappeared. Experiments with newly born children suggest that a sense of beauty is innate. Love of beauty, however, should not lead us to ignore ways in which beauty may be used for evil purposes.
Intelligence and Intelligibility
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This study investigates the tension between two conflicting intuitions, our twin recognitions: (1) that all humans share the same basic cognitive capacities; and yet (2) their actual manifestations in different individuals and groups differ appreciably. How can we reconcile our sense of what links us all as humans with our recognition of these deep differences? All humans use language and live in social groups, where we have to probe what is distinctive in the experience of humans as opposed to that of other animals and how the former may have evolved from the latter. Moreover, the languages we speak and the societies we form differ profoundly, though the conclusion that we are the prisoners of our own particular experience should and can be resisted. The study calls into question the cross-cultural viability both of many of the analytic tools we commonly use (such as the contrast between the literal and the metaphorical, between myth and rational account, and between nature and culture) and of our usual categories for organizing human experience and classifying intellectual disciplines, mathematics, religion, law, and aesthetics. The result is a robust defence of the possibilities of mutual intelligibility while recognizing both the diversity in the manifestations of human intelligence and the need to revise our assumptions in order to achieve that understanding.
Magic
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the interpretation of what are commonly labelled magical acts or irrational beliefs, which earlier commentators (Frazer, Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard) often dismissed as failed technology or failed science, if not just superstitious rubbish. Following Tambiah, it introduces the contrast between the goals of ‘efficacy’ and that of ‘felicity’. In many cases the apparent aim is not causal efficacy, i.e. to achieve a particular effect or result, but felicity, where the criterion is rather what is appropriate to the occasion. It takes examples from ancient Greece and China to illustrate how these two criteria may differ and how they play out in the context of medicine, where rival styles of treatment have different aims in their attempts to heal or to secure well-being.
The Argument from Language
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although other living beings can communicate with one another using sounds and gestures, the range of the messages that humans can convey is far greater. But if language is a capacity that all normal humans possess, the variety of different natural languages poses severe problems for translation and mutual intelligibility. However, to argue that the obstacles to communication across languages and even within them are insurmountable is to underestimate where it is still possible to reach some provisional understanding. How far do different natural languages constrain what can be expressed or understood within them? Taking Chinese as one example, this chapter argues against linguistic determinism and stresses the possibilities of mutual intelligibility even while recognizing its limits
Test Case 2
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Is ‘religion’ a Western category imposed artificially on the experience, beliefs and practices of non-Western peoples? Or does religion correspond to some underlying universal biological, psychological or social human need? This chapter reviews some current theories on the definitional problems (Geertz, Boyer). It considers the evidence from ethnography and from ancient peoples to express scepticism about most universalist claims. There are thus problems in using this category across populations, although that is not to say that others’ behaviour and beliefs are totally beyond our reach. However, all the outsider comprehends about the mystic’s experience is that some exceptional event has occurred, not any of the content of that experience.
Is the Ethical Demand Destructive on Account of Its Radical Character?
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the relation between the ethical demand and natural love, understood as love which has a biological, psychological, or sociological basis. It is argued that while natural love may appear more reciprocal than the ethical demand, in fact this contrast is superficial, and is partly based on the misapprehension that the ethical demand is destructive for the person acting on it. Instead, it is argued, the ethical demand arises when natural love fails. Moreover, it is argued, if we are capable of responding to the other person with love, this is not due to our own efforts, as the self is inherently selfish and thus wicked; love is therefore the result of the goodness of life, rather than the goodness of human beings. This also makes the ethical demand unfulfillable, as if the demand arises, love has already failed, to be replaced by a sense of obligation.
Making Compromises with the Demand
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
It has been argued that the ethical demand arises when love fails. When this happens, we may then fulfil our obligation to care for the other person not out of loving concern for them, but from other motives, such as the self-righteous satisfaction of having done our duty, or out of fear of not doing it. We thus find ourselves in a contradictory situation, of being faced by a demand on the one hand, which it is impossible to satisfy on the other, as the demand should not have arisen as a demand at all. When it does arise, we seem to be faced with a decision whether to act, and obey the demand for care; but for the agent who genuinely loves the other person, no such decision situation will arise, as no other option will appear to be available to them.
Thinking and Existence
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the relation between thought and existence as it arises in the context of Kierkegaard’s work. It is argued that Kierkegaard saw a clear contrast between the two, which he formulated in various ways: as the contrast between the universal and the particular; between disinterestedness and interest; and atemporality and temporality. At the same time, Kierkegaard was not suggesting that thinking simply be abandoned when it comes to existence, as this is itself to think in too abstract a way. On the contrary, thinking must acknowledge and learn to live with an irresolvable tension here, which will precisely give rise to the kind of movement and becoming which is essential to the analysis of existence offered by Kierkegaard, and which must be made fundamental to a truly philosophical conception of thinking, which no longer seeks to impose itself on existence, but to remain open to it.
Introduction
Authors: Freudlsperger Christian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The introductory chapter to Trade Policy in Multilevel Government commences by elaborating the empirical puzzle of subcentral executives’ varying openness to trade liberalization. In multilevel government, it is unusual for lower-level executives to sit at international negotiating tables. At the same time, the latter increasingly hold competences of relevance to contemporary trade policy. The ‘deep trade’ agenda of recent decades has progressively subjected subcentral governments’ prerogatives to international rule-setting, thereby constraining their policy space. Interestingly, subcentral governments in different multilevel polities have reacted with widely varying degrees of openness to this development. How can this variance in subcentral openness be explained? The remainder of the introductory chapter sketches out the book’s theoretical and methodological approach. After elaborating on its contribution to existing scholarship on trade policy and the dynamics of multilevel government, and emphasizing the empirical significance of public procurement liberalization for the political economies of multilevel polities, the chapter presents a brief summary of the book’s empirical findings. It concludes with an overview of the book’s general structure.
Local Lives, Parallel Histories
Authors: Thomas Marcel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The division of Germany separated a nation, divided communities, and inevitably shaped the life histories of those growing up in the socialist dictatorship of the East and the liberal democracy of the West. This peculiarly German experience of the Cold War has so far mostly been seen through the lens of the divided Berlin or other border communities. What has been much less explored, however, is what division meant to the millions of Germans in East and West who lived far away from the Wall and the centres of political power. This book is the first comparative study to examine how villagers in both Germanies dealt with the imposition of two very different systems in their everyday lives. Focusing on two villages, Neukirch (Lausitz) in Saxony and Ebersbach (Fils) in Baden-Württemberg, it explores how local residents experienced and navigated social change in their localities in the postwar era. Based on a wide range of archival sources as well as oral history interviews, the book argues that there are parallel histories of responses to social change among villagers in postwar Germany. Despite the different social, political, and economic developments, the residents of both localities desired rural modernization, lamented the loss of ‘community’, and became politically active to control the transformation of their localities. The book thereby offers a bottom-up history of the divided Germany which shows how individuals on both sides of the Wall gave local meaning to large-scale processes of change.
Beyond Nostalgia
Authors: Thomas Marcel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The final chapter explores local histories produced by the residents of Neukirch and Ebersbach from the 1960s onwards, including local chronicles, picture collections, and exhibitions. The analysis of this rich engagement with the postwar past of the locality challenges the understanding of villagers as passive bystanders to change. Local histories, it will be shown, were more than nostalgic laments of modernization. In both Germanies, a wider personal and public engagement with the development of the village became a prominent means for locals to understand, control, and respond to change in their locality. Nostalgia was only one element in this, as reflections on the most recent past in the village were always shaped by both pride in achievements and pain over losses. Local histories, therefore, became an important medium for Easterners and Westerners to situate themselves in the shifting social and political context of the divided and reunified Germany. By revealing parallels between East and West as well as continuities between the time before and after reunification, the chapter demonstrates that an active engagement with the locality’s past has been an important aspect of the parallel histories of responses to social change in the divided Germany.
Accident as Form
Authors: Jordan Julia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues for the 1960s and 1970s collage novel as perhaps the clearest manifestation of the period’s attraction to indeterminacy, and attempts to chart some of the often artistically inspired cross-currents that inform some of the experimental novels of the period. The chapter examines Alan Burns’s 1969 Babel, also touching on Tom Phillips’s ‘dispersed narrative’ A Humument (begun in 1966), and J. G. Ballard’s 1970 Atrocity Exhibition. These works share as central concerns juxtaposition and formal discontinuity, whereby an idea of errancy is sculptural and generative, allowed its own narrative presence and formal ordering power. As such these texts display an interest in the mechanisms of dispersed attention as an aesthetic value—a certain skittishness assumed in the reader—and so these contingencies of production and consumption become constitutive of the genre, and folded into the distinctive character and affective potency of late modernism itself.
Corporate Communication
Authors: D’Iribarne Philippe , Chevrier Sylvie , Henry Alain , Segal Jean-Pierre , Tréguer-Felten Geneviève 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Establishing a worldwide corporate identity is a priority for most organizations nowadays. To do so, they generally include in their corporate websites ELF self-presentations that were either initially written in the companies’ home language for their home audiences and simply translated into ELF, or written in ELF with an international audience in mind. However, can these self-profiles achieve their trust-building objective with audiences that are unknown but for their ability to understand the language? In other words, does the cross-border linguistic transfer of the content and rhetoric underpinning their presentations work well? A case study of self-profiles produced in China and France points to discrepancies that not only indicate a possible negative answer, but also that the ideal company image that organizations are striving to convey differs with their cultures. Some rare companies show that adaptation to local communication styles and culture could help corporate communication to fare better.
Efficient Multicultural Teams
Authors: D’Iribarne Philippe , Chevrier Sylvie , Henry Alain , Segal Jean-Pierre , Tréguer-Felten Geneviève 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The quick training of expatriates prior to departure meant to raise their awareness of cultural habits is insufficient to increase the efficiency of multicultural teams. Such improvement requires helping each team member to decipher the main cultural references of their counterparts and to organize themselves in a way that is acceptable in all of their universes of meaning. This chapter provides an example of such cross-cultural coaching for a Franco-Malagasy team and details the six-step method implemented by the cultural analyst. It also suggests different leverages for improvement depending on the team’s specific context. Whenever tight intercultural integration is required, organizing complementarity between sub-groups may turn out less costly than striving for complex arrangements.
Introduction
Authors: Bainbridge Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This ‘Introduction’ establishes the importance of the activity Samuel Taylor Coleridge christened ‘mountaineering’ for the literature of the Romantic period. It discusses the etymologies of the words ‘mountaineering’ and ‘mountaineer’, showing how they indicated the creation of a new activity and identity. The chapter outlines the mountaineering pursuits and writings of a number of the period’s authors, including William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Ann Radcliffe, Coleridge, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, Walter Scott, John Keats, and Ellen Weeton, exploring the emerging link between ascent and literary authority. The introduction situates the overall study in terms of current research in the fields of mountaineering and Romantic-era literature.
Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Livy’s Legendary Rome
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the influence exerted by Livy on Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Livy’s account of the early, legendary Rome makes itself felt in Macbeth in two distinct but complementary ways. When Hector Boece wrote his national history of Scotland, the Scotorum Historia (1527), he turned to Livy to fill the historical blanks in Scotland’s past. The Macbeth episode was no exception, and Boece modelled his Maccabeus closely on Livy’s Tarquin the Proud. Raphael Holinshed (c.1525–80?), relying on Boece’s Scotorum Historia, as well as its Scots translation by John Bellenden, for his Historie of Scotland, thereby incorporated these distinctly Livian elements into his own account of Macbeth’s reign. Shakespeare used Holinshed as his primary source for Macbeth and thus rehearsed a portrait of tyranny which was ultimately inspired by Livy’s Tarquin. The second means of transmission involves a new source for consideration: William Painter’s Second Tome of the Palace of Pleasure . By translating Livy for his novel the Two Roman Queenes, Painter highlighted the roles played by two female king-makers, Tanaquil and Tullia, in establishing and edifying the Tarquinian dynasty at Rome. It was Painter’s interpretation of Livy, this chapter argues, that alerted Shakespeare to the dramatically satisfying prospect of a wife who not only encourages her husband with an appeal to his masculinity, but readily participates in the crimes she would have her husband commit. There is more of ancient Rome to Shakespeare’s Scottish play, this chapter argues, than first meets the eye.
Autonomy, Rationality, and Contemporary Bioethics
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Personal autonomy is often lauded as a key value in contemporary Western bioethics, and the claim that there is an important relationship between autonomy and rationality is often treated as an uncontroversial claim in this sphere. Yet, there is also considerable disagreement about how we should cash out the relationship between rationality and autonomy. In particular, it is unclear whether a rationalist view of autonomy can be compatible with legal judgments that enshrine a patient’s right to refuse medical treatment, regardless of whether ‘… the reasons for making the choice are rational, irrational, unknown or even non-existent’. This book brings recent philosophical work on the nature of rationality to bear on the question of how we should understand autonomy in contemporary bioethics. In doing so, the author develops a new framework for thinking about the concept, one that is grounded in an understanding of the different roles that rational beliefs and rational desires have to play in personal autonomy. Furthermore, the account outlined here allows for a deeper understanding of different forms of controlling influence, and the relationship between our freedom to act, and our capacity to decide autonomously. The author contrasts his rationalist account with other prominent accounts of autonomy in bioethics, and outlines the revisionary implications it has for various practical questions in bioethics in which autonomy is a salient concern, including questions about the nature of informed consent and decision-making capacity.
Introduction
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The introduction outlines the motivation for investigating the relationship between autonomy and rationality in contemporary bioethics, and maps the contours of a pre-theoretical understanding of autonomy, in preparation for the theoretical analysis to come. Having noted some apparent ambiguities and tensions within the widely accepted assumption that there is a close relationship between autonomy and rationality, the author briefly distinguishes procedural and substantive accounts of autonomy, and identifies Beauchamp and Childress’ pioneering work in the principles of biomedical ethics as providing the standard account of autonomy in bioethics. He outlines some objections to the standard account, and goes on to outline a framework that is used in the rest of the book for developing a rationalist account of autonomy that aims to avoid these objections.
Four Distinctions Concerning Rationality
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Disagreements about the plausibility of rationalist autonomy in bioethics are often attributable to misunderstandings about the nature of rationality. So, it is imperative to be clear about the understanding of rationality that one is invoking in one’s account of autonomy. This chapter makes some first steps in this regard, by drawing four key distinctions concerning the nature of rationality. The first, between theoretical and practical rationality, concerns the different norms of rationality governing beliefs and desires. The second, between real and apparent reasons, concerns whether our beliefs about our practical reasons map onto reason-giving facts that actually obtain. The third, between objectivism and subjectivism, concerns the fundamental source of our practical reasons. The fourth, between personal and impersonal reasons, concerns the different kinds of facts that can ground practical reasons. In outlining these distinctions, the author follows Derek Parfit in endorsing an objectivist account of reasons.
Informed Consent, Autonomy, and Beliefs
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The claim that informed consent requirements are to be justified by the principle of respect for autonomy is often treated as a truism. In the first part of this chapter, the author defends this claim from recent objections that hold that informed consent requirements are neither necessary nor sufficient for safeguarding autonomy. Despite suggesting that such objections fail to undermine an autonomy-based justification of informed consent, the author suggests that his rationalist theory of autonomy implies that we should revise our understanding of what informed consent requires. In the second part of this chapter, he explains the implications that his discussion of the role of theoretical rationality and true beliefs in decisional autonomy has for standards of information disclosure. He defends the spirit, if not the letter of the recent Montgomery judgement regarding standards of information disclosure, but offers a philosophical basis for reformulating its hybrid test of materiality into rationalist terms.
Rational Decision-Making Capacity in End of Life Decision-Making
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter brings the rationalist account of decision-making capacity to bear on three case studies. The first concerns a patient who ‘unwisely’ refuses treatment for a condition that can be treated straightforwardly, but which will otherwise be fatal. The second concerns a Jehovah’s Witness who refuses a life-saving blood transfusion. The third concerns an individual suffering from anorexia nervosa, who recognizes that she is dangerously underweight, but who nonetheless refuses to consume food. The author argues that a rationalist approach can accommodate the thought that an individual’s decision-making capacity is not precluded by their making an ‘unwise’ decision. It can also accommodate both the thought that Jehovah’s Witnesses can have decision-making capacity to refuse blood transfusions, and that some sufferers of anorexia nervosa may lack decision-making capacity. The author argues that his account is better equipped to investigate the nuances of these hard cases than the standard account.