bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Likelihood Ratios for Deep Neural Networks in Face Comparison
Authors: Macarulla Rodriguez Andrea , Geradts Zeno , Worring Marcel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this study, we aim to compare the performance of systems and forensic facial comparison experts in terms of likelihood ratio computation to assess the potential of the machine to support the human expert in the courtroom. In forensics, transparency in the methods is essential. Consequently, state‐of‐the‐art free software was preferred over commercial software. Three different open‐source automated systems chosen for their availability and clarity were as follows: OpenFace, SeetaFace, and FaceNet; all three based on convolutional neural networks that return a distance (OpenFace, FaceNet) or similarity (SeetaFace). The returned distance or similarity is converted to a likelihood ratio using three different distribution fits: parametric fit Weibull distribution, nonparametric fit kernel density estimation, and isotonic regression with pool adjacent violators algorithm. The results show that with low‐quality frontal images, automated systems have better performance to detect nonmatches than investigators: 100% of precision and specificity in confusion matrix against 89% and 86% obtained by investigators, but with good quality images forensic experts have better results. The rank correlation between investigators and software is around 80%. We conclude that the software can assist in reporting officers as it can do faster and more reliable comparisons with full‐frontal images, which can help the forensic expert in casework.
COVID‐19 and comorbidities: A role for dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in disease severity?
Authors: Bassendine Margaret F. , Bridge Simon H. , McCaughan Geoffrey W. , Gorrell Mark D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is caused by a novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), similar to SARS‐CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS‐CoV), which cause acute respiratory distress syndrome and case fatalities. COVID‐19 disease severity is worse in older obese patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease. Cell binding and entry of betacoronaviruses is via their surface spike glycoprotein; SARS‐CoV binds to the metalloprotease angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), MERS‐CoV utilizes dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), and recent modeling of the structure of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein predicts that it can interact with human DPP4 in addition to ACE2. DPP4 is a ubiquitous membrane‐bound aminopeptidase that circulates in plasma; it is multifunctional with roles in nutrition, metabolism, and immune and endocrine systems. DPP4 activity differentially regulates glucose homeostasis and inflammation via its enzymatic activity and nonenzymatic immunomodulatory effects. The importance of DPP4 for the medical community has been highlighted by the approval of DPP4 inhibitors, or gliptins, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review discusses the dysregulation of DPP4 in COVID‐19 comorbid conditions; DPP4 activity is higher in older individuals and increased plasma DPP4 is a predictor of the onset of metabolic syndrome. DPP4 upregulation may be a determinant of COVID‐19 disease severity, which creates interest regarding the use of gliptins in management of COVID‐19. Also, knowledge of the chemistry and biology of DPP4 could be utilized to develop novel therapies to block viral entry of some betacoronaviruses, potentially including SARS‐CoV‐2.
Rapid and accurate species identification for ecological studies and monitoring using CRISPR‐based SHERLOCK
Authors: Baerwald Melinda R. , Goodbla Alisha M. , Nagarajan Raman P. , Gootenberg Jonathan S. , Abudayyeh Omar O. , Zhang Feng , Schreier Andrea D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOne of the most fundamental aspects of ecological research and monitoring is accurate species identification, but cryptic speciation and observer error can confound phenotype‐based identification. The CRISPR‐Cas toolkit has facilitated remarkable advances in many scientific disciplines, but the fields of ecology and conservation biology have yet to fully embrace this powerful technology. The recently developed CRISPR‐Cas13a platform SHERLOCK (Specific High‐sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) enables highly accurate taxonomic identification and has all the characteristics needed to transition to ecological and environmental disciplines. Here we conducted a series of “proof of principle” experiments to characterize SHERLOCK’s ability to accurately, sensitively and rapidly distinguish three fish species of management interest co‐occurring in the San Francisco Estuary that are easily misidentified in the field. We improved SHERLOCK’s ease of field deployment by combining the previously demonstrated rapid isothermal amplification and CRISPR genetic identification with a minimally invasive and extraction‐free DNA collection protocol, as well as the option of instrument‐free lateral flow detection. This approach opens the door for redefining how, where and by whom genetic identifications occur in the future.
Role of endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wei Feiran , Ge You , Li Wei , Wang Xuerong , Chen Baoan 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundThe five‐year survival rate of lung adenocarcinoma patients (LUAD) is very low,and the methods of predicting survival are a great obstacle for LUAD therapies. Endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) gene is associated with tumorigenesis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of EDNRB on LUAD.MethodsSurvival analyses was performed to assess the correlation between EDNRB expression and survival of LUAD patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) datasets. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to illustrate possible biological functions of EDNRB. Laboratory methods were used to verify the function of EDNRB in LUAD.ResultsThe TCGA results showed that a low expression of EDNRB was found in LUAD patients which led to poor outcome and worse survival, compared with the high expression in GSEA results which suggested that expression of EDNRB might be associated with regulation of the ERK pathway. Laboratory results suggested that EDNRB could inhibit the proliferation and migration of LUAD H1299 cells.ConclusionsEDNRB is a potential prognostic marker for LUAD patients and might exert its functions by regulating the ERK pathway in LUAD.
Novel reverse radioisotope labelling experiment reveals carbon assimilation of marine calcifiers under ocean acidification conditions
Authors: Nishida Kozue , Chew Yue Chin , Miyairi Yosuke , Hirabayashi Shoko , Suzuki Atsushi , Hayashi Masahiro , Yamamoto Yuzo , Sato Mizuho , Nojiri Yukihiro , Yokoyama Yusuke 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Ocean acidification by anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is projected to depress metabolic and physiological activity in marine calcifiers. To evaluate the sensitivity of marine organisms against ocean acidification, the assimilation of nutrients into carbonate shells and soft tissues must be examined.

We designed a novel experimental protocol, reverse radioisotope labelling, to trace partitioning of nutrients within a single bivalve species under ocean acidification conditions. Injecting CO2 gas, free from radiocarbon, can provide a large contrast between carbon dissolved in the water and the one assimilated from atmosphere. By culturing modern aquifer organisms in acidified seawater, we were able to determine differences in the relative contributions of the end members, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater and metabolic CO2, to shell carbonate and soft tissues.

Under all pCO2 conditions (463, 653, 872, 1,137 and 1,337 μatm), radiocarbon (Δ14C) values of the bivalve Scapharca broughtonii shell were significantly correlated with seawater DIC values; therefore, shell carbonate was derived principally from seawater DIC. The Δ14C results together with stable carbon isotope (δ13C) data suggest that in S. broughtonii shell δ13C may reflect the kinetics of isotopic equilibration as well as end‐member contributions; thus, care must be taken when analysing end‐member contributions by a previous method using δ13C. The insensitivity of S. broughtonii to perturbations in pCO2 up to at least 1,337 µatm indicates that this species can withstand ocean acidification.

Usage of radioisotope to dope for tracer experiments requires strict rules to conduct any operations. Yet, reverse radioisotope labelling proposing in this study has a large advantage and is a powerful tool to understanding physiology of aquifer organisms that can be applicable to various organisms and culture experiments, such as temperature, salinity and acidification experiments, to improve understanding of the proportions of nutrients taken in by marine organisms under changing environments.
Prevalence and geographical variation of dementia in New Zealand from 2012 to 2015: Brief report utilising routinely collected data within the Integrated Data Infrastructure
Authors: Walesby Katherine Elizabeth , Exeter Daniel John , Gibb Sheree , Wood Philip Clive , Starr John Michael , Russ Tom Charles 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesThere are no national dementia epidemiological studies using New Zealand (NZ) data. NZ routinely collects health‐care data within the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI). The study objectives were to 1) investigate late‐onset dementia estimates using the IDI between 2012‐2015 and compare these with 2) published estimates, and 3) variations between North and South Islands and ethnicity.MethodsA population‐based, retrospective cohort design was applied to routinely collected de‐identified health/administrative IDI data. Dementia was defined by ICD‐10‐AM dementia codes or anti‐dementia drugs.ResultsApproximately 2% of those aged ≥60 years had dementia, lower than published estimates. Dementia was higher in North Island; in 80‐ to 89‐year‐olds; among the Māori population when age‐standardised, and 9% of all dementia cases had >1 dementia sub‐type.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study ascertaining dementia estimates using NZ’s whole‐of‐population IDI data. Estimates were lower than existing NZ estimates, for several reasons. Further work is required, including expanding IDI data sets, to develop future estimates that better reflect NZ’s diverse population.
The association of anti‐gliadin and anti‐transglutaminase antibodies and chronic plaque psoriasis in Indian patients: Preliminary results of a descriptive cross‐sectional study
Authors: Dhattarwal Niharika , Mahajan Vikram K. , Mehta Karaninder S. , Chauhan Pushpinder S. , Yadav Rajinder S. , Sharma Satya Bhushan , Sharma Anuj , Sharma Reena , Rana Ashwani , Sondhi Megha 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundGluten sensitivity among psoriasis patients and its association with gender, age, disease duration and severity of psoriasis are under studied in Indians.ObjectiveTo examine association among serum levels of anti‐tTG and anti‐gliadin antibodies and clinical features including gender, age, duration and severity of psoriasis.MethodsSerum levels of anti‐transglutaminase and anti‐gliadin antibodies were measured quantitatively in 80 (M:F 57:23) psoriasis patients aged 15 to 83 years and matched healthy subjects.ResultsForty‐five (56.3%) patients were aged ≥41years, duration of disease was >5years in 43(53.8%) patients, and 22 (27.5%) patients had moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis. Two (2.5%) patients had arthritis and elevated serum anti‐gliadin antibody. Significantly more patients than controls had elevated serum anti‐gliadin antibody (67.5% vs. 2.5%) and anti‐transglutaminase antibody levels (62.5% vs. 0%). Two patients, each with mild and moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis, had highly elevated serum anti‐gliadin antibody and symptoms akin to coeliac disease. Except for a longer duration of psoriasis in patients with elevated anti‐gliadin antibodies, there was no statistically significant difference in gender, age, and severity of psoriasis when compared with patients having normal levels.ConclusionSignificant elevation of serum anti‐transglutaminase and anti‐gliadin antibodies levels is noted in psoriasis patients reflecting a possible link. However, results need careful interpretation for any significance of gluten sensitivity in pathogenesis of psoriasis/arthritis or as a stand‐alone risk factor for chronicity/severity of psoriasis or whether gluten‐free diet will be ameliorating. Small number of subjects, cross‐sectional study design, lack of pathological/endoscopic diagnosis and follow‐up are study limitations.
State Visits and Leader Survival
Authors: Malis Matt , Smith Alastair 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhy do political leaders travel abroad? In this article, we propose an informational mechanism linking in‐person diplomacy to leader survival. A foreign power visits an incumbent in order to reap a future policy concession; the visit is only worth the effort if the incumbent remains in power long enough to deliver on the deal. A diplomatic visit thus provides a visible and credible signal of the visitor's high confidence in the incumbent's stability in office. Domestic opponents, facing incomplete information as to the incumbent's strength, observe the signal and are deterred from mounting a challenge. Using data on U.S. diplomatic visits from 1960 to 2013, we find strong empirical support for our predictions: A visit with the U.S. president substantially reduces the risk of a leader's removal from office.
The aerosol box for intubation in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: an in‐situ simulation crossover study
Authors: Begley J. L. , Lavery K. E. , Nickson C. P. , Brewster D. J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to the manufacturing of novel devices to protect clinicians from the risk of transmission, including the aerosol box for use during tracheal intubation. We evaluated the impact of two aerosol boxes (an early‐generation box and a latest‐generation box) on intubations in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 with an in‐situ simulation crossover study. The simulated process complied with the Safe Airway Society coronavirus disease 2019 airway management guidelines. The primary outcome was intubation time; secondary outcomes included first‐pass success and breaches to personal protective equipment. All intubations were performed by specialist (consultant) anaesthetists and video recorded. Twelve anaesthetists performed 36 intubations. Intubation time with no aerosol box was significantly shorter than with the early‐generation box (median (IQR [range]) 42.9 (32.9–46.9 [30.9–57.6])s vs. 82.1 (45.1–98.3 [30.8–180.0])s p = 0.002) and the latest‐generation box (52.4 (43.1–70.3 [35.7–169.2])s, p = 0.008). No intubations without a box took more than 1 min, whereas 14 (58%) intubations with a box took over 1 min and 4 (17%) took over 2 min (including one failure). Without an aerosol box, all anaesthetists obtained first‐pass success. With the early‐generation and latest‐generation boxes, 9 (75%) and 10 (83%) participants obtained first‐pass success, respectively. One breach of personal protective equipment occurred using the early‐generation box and seven breaches occurred using the latest‐generation box. Aerosol boxes may increase intubation times and therefore expose patients to the risk of hypoxia. They may cause damage to conventional personal protective equipment and therefore place clinicians at risk of infection. Further research is required before these devices can be considered safe for clinical use.
Voices from War’s Legacies: Reconciliation and Violence in Inter‐Korean Family Reunions
Authors: Park Joowon 
Published: May 2020

SummaryCan political violence of national division and war be overcome through family bonds and reunion? This paper addresses this question through an examination of two Korean siblings—a North Korean sister and a South Korean brother separated in the aftermath of the Korean War, 1950‐1953. Over half a century later, the sister escaped North Korea wishing to contact and reunite with her long‐lost brother, and asked for my help. In my efforts to make their reunion possible, I encountered thorny issues about desire, separation, and kinship. I argue that the affective glow of national reunification and reconciliation symbolized by inter‐Korean family reunions obscure the deeper impediments to overcoming war’s legacies and its enduring violence.
Accuracy of estimation of polyp size at colonoscopy
Authors: Tang Linda , Di Re Angelina , El‐Khoury Toufic 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Cancer Council posits that the size of adenomas is a more robust marker of risk than histological characteristics. The purpose of our study is to assess the accuracy of estimation of polyp size at colonoscopy amongst different levels of endoscopists and compare this with histopathological size.MethodsA retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed. Specimens were included if they were (i) from patients aged 18 years or older, (ii) polyp obtained at colonoscopy, (iii) measured in quantitative units and (iv) the largest eligible polyp per patient.ResultsA total of 92 patients were included. Our results demonstrate that the relationship between the histological size of a polyp and an endoscopist's estimate depended upon seniority level (P = 0.001). Senior consultants tended to overestimate lesion size (P < 0.001), fellows/junior consultants tended to underestimate size (P = 0.010), whilst registrars' estimates demonstrated no systematic difference from histological size (P = 0.518). The ratio of a senior consultant's estimate of polyp size to histological size was on average 74% with their estimates ranging from 31% to 173%. The corresponding estimates are 123% (32–470%) for fellows/junior consultants and 107% (35–334%) for registrars.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that senior consultants are more precise with more junior endoscopists having a great degree of variability in their practice. It is evident that there is a relationship between proceduralist experience and polyp size estimation. It is, therefore, important to consider the ways in which we can mitigate this learning curve and continue to develop technology to improve our accuracy.
Writing Political Forests
Authors: Peluso Nancy Lee , Vandergeest Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this essay, we highlight the intellectual context that shaped our initial conceptualisation of political forests as dynamic spaces and political ecologies, and how our fieldwork and comparative approach shaped our subsequent elaboration of the concept and its empirical manifestations. Of particular significance was our emphasis on incorporated/relational comparison and our multiscale analysis. These approaches allowed us to locate subjects and processes in specific field sites within an emergent global forestry network produced through multiscale interactions and movements within and among colonial and FAO forestry empires. We revisit the key processes through which we learned to see common and contrasting mechanisms that have made forests inherently political in our six research sites in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, linking these “classic” mechanisms to concepts in wide use today. These concepts include understanding political forests as co‐produced, the significance of expertise in their reproduction, and the interactions between politics and the lively materialities of political forests. Among other conclusions, we suggest that the political forest is being replaced by what could be called “political conservation”, which has its own knowledge networks and expertise that displace but also build on political forestry. Finally, we reflect on how these ideas are being further developed by the authors in this symposium, whom we gratefully acknowledge for demonstrating that the politicisation of forests continues to be significant today.
Anticoagulation prophylaxis reduces venous thromboembolism rate in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with asparaginase‐based therapy
Authors: Sibai Hassan , Chen Ruiqi , Liu Xing , Falcone Umberto , Schimmer Aaron , Schuh Andre , Law Arjun , McNamara Caroline , Maze Dawn , Yee Karen , Minden Mark , Chan Steven M. , Gupta Vikas , Murphy Tracy , Sakurai Naoko , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Brandwein Joseph M. , Seki Jack T. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well‐known complication in adults receiving asparaginase (ASNase)‐based intensification chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The optimal preventative strategy is unclear. Our objective is to determine the effects of low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) as primary VTE prophylaxis. A single‐centred retrospective cohort study of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph−) ALL who received ASNase‐based intensification from 2001 to 2017, with prophylaxis given from 2011 to 2017. In all, 214 patients were included in this study with 99 in the historical control group and 125 in the prophylaxis group. The mean (range) enoxaparin dose was 0·79 (0·39–1·2) mg/kg. Of the 125 patients in the prophylaxis group 17 (13·6%) developed VTE during the intensification phase, while 27/99 patients (27·3%) in the control cohort experienced at least one thrombotic event (odds ratio [OR] 0·42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0·21–0·83). Overall, the main sites of VTE incidences included deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremity (54·6%), pulmonary embolism (13·6%) and catheter‐related thrombosis (22·7%). In addition, we found that after adjusting for age, T‐phenotype ALL was associated with VTE development (OR 3·07, 95% CI 1·04–9·08). There was no documented major bleeding in the prophylaxis group. LMWH prophylaxis reduced the incidence of symptomatic VTE in adult patients with ALL receiving intensification chemotherapy with ASNase.
Self‐stigma and its associations with stress and quality of life among Malaysian parents of children with autism
Authors: Chu Shin Ying , Park Hyeran , Lee Jaehoon , Shaharuddin Khadijah Kamil binti , Gan Chun Hong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis study explored the relationship between self‐perceived stigmatization (affiliate stigma), stress and quality of life among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).MethodParticipants (N = 110) filled‐in the Affiliate Stigma Scale, the Caregiver Burden Inventory and the CarerQOL scale.ResultsParents reported low scores on stigma and fair levels of stress and quality of life, indicating that parents do not feel stigmatized by affiliation with a child with ASD nor are they stressed from affiliate stigma. After controlling for demographic factors, both the relationships of affiliate stigma with stress and with quality of life were weak, indicating that stigma may have little to no effect on stress and quality of life.ConclusionCultural and religious beliefs may play a part in the acceptance of a child's condition, resulting in less impact of stigma on the parents.
Diagnostic and treatment challenges of eating disorders after adolescent bariatric surgery: A case report
Authors: Williams Dominique , Chaves Eileen , McKnight Erin , Eneli Ihuoma 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIt is increasingly evident that bariatric surgery is an effective treatment option to manage severe obesity and its comorbidities in adolescent patients. This case report follows an adolescent who developed a restrictive eating disorder within months after bariatric surgery. Identifying and treating eating disorders after bariatric surgery can be difficult due to the conflicting goals of weight loss after surgery and weight gain in treatment of a restrictive eating disorder. Moreover, treating older adolescents can be challenging when they refuse treatment or go against medical advice. As more adolescents choose bariatric surgery, it is imperative that clinicians remain sensitive to weight‐related outcomes, possible eating disorders and adolescent autonomy. Early collaboration between weight management and eating disorder programs is essential.