bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of indolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines by CF3COOH‐induced cyclization
Authors: Wada Yasuhiro , Kurono Nobuhito , Senboku Hisanori , Orito Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIndolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline alkaloids and related compounds have been known to have interesting biological activities, such as antileukemic and antitumor activities. We found that 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenethyl)indole gave 2,3‐dimethoxyindolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline and 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenylacetyl)indole gave 2,3‐dimethoxy‐6‐oxoindolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline, respectively, by an intramolecular cyclization carried out in boiling trifluoroacetic acid.
Depletion of microglia in developing cortical circuits reveals its critical role in glutamatergic synapse development, functional connectivity, and critical period plasticity
Authors: Ma Xiaokuang , Chen Ke , Cui Yuehua , Huang Guanqun , Nehme Antoine , Zhang Le , Li Handong , Wei Jing , Liong Katerina , Liu Qiang , Shi Lingling , Wu Jie , Qiu Shenfeng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMicroglia populate the early developing brain and mediate pruning of the central synapses. Yet, little is known on their functional significance in shaping the developing cortical circuits. We hypothesize that the developing cortical circuits require microglia for proper circuit maturation and connectivity, and as such, ablation of microglia during the cortical critical period may result in a long‐lasting circuit abnormality. We administered PLX3397, a colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, to mice starting at postnatal day 14 and through P28, which depletes >75% of microglia in the visual cortex (VC). This treatment largely covers the critical period (P19‐32) of VC maturation and plasticity. Patch clamp recording in VC layer 2/3 (L2/3) and L5 neurons revealed increased mEPSC frequency and reduced amplitude, and decreased AMPA/NMDA current ratio, indicative of altered synapse maturation. Increased spine density was observed in these neurons, potentially reflecting impaired synapse pruning. In addition, VC intracortical circuit functional connectivity, assessed by laser scanning photostimulation combined with glutamate uncaging, was dramatically altered. Using two photon longitudinal dendritic spine imaging, we confirmed that spine elimination/pruning was diminished during VC critical period when microglia were depleted. Reduced spine pruning thus may account for increased spine density and disrupted connectivity of VC circuits. Lastly, using single‐unit recording combined with monocular deprivation, we found that ocular dominance plasticity in the VC was obliterated during the critical period as a result of microglia depletion. These data establish a critical role of microglia in developmental cortical synapse pruning, maturation, functional connectivity, and critical period plasticity.
Lesion network mapping demonstrates that mind‐wandering is associated with the default mode network
Authors: Philippi Carissa L. , Bruss Joel , Boes Aaron D. , Albazron Fatimah M. , Deifelt Streese Carolina , Ciaramelli Elisa , Rudrauf David , Tranel Daniel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFunctional neuroimaging research has consistently associated brain structures within the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN) with mind‐wandering. Targeted lesion research has documented impairments in mind‐wandering after damage to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampal regions associated with the DMN. However, no lesion studies to date have applied lesion network mapping to identify common networks associated with deficits in mind‐wandering. In lesion network mapping, resting‐state functional connectivity data from healthy participants are used to infer which brain regions are functionally connected to each lesion location from a sample with brain injury. In the current study, we conducted a lesion network mapping analysis to test the hypothesis that lesions affecting the DMN and FPN would be associated with diminished mind‐wandering. We assessed mind‐wandering frequency on the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI) in participants with brain injury (n = 29) and healthy comparison participants without brain injury (n = 19). Lesion network mapping analyses showed the strongest association of reduced mind‐wandering with the left inferior parietal lobule within the DMN. In addition, traditional lesion symptom mapping results revealed that reduced mind‐wandering was associated with lesions of the dorsal, ventral, and anterior sectors of mPFC, parietal lobule, and inferior frontal gyrus in the DMN (p < 0.05 uncorrected). These findings provide novel lesion support for the role of the DMN in mind‐wandering and contribute to a burgeoning literature on the neural correlates of spontaneous cognition.
Changes in reference evapotranspiration over the non‐monsoon region of China during 1961–2017: Relationships with atmospheric circulation and attributions
Authors: Dong Yiyang , Zhao Yong , Zhai Jiaqi , Zhao Jianshi , Han Jingyan , Wang Qingming , He Guohua , Chang Huanyu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractReference evapotranspiration (ET0) is an essential component of the hydrological cycle and is crucial to water resources management and assessment. Spatiotemporal variations in ET0 and their attribution to five climatic variables (maximum and minimum air temperatures, solar radiation, vapour pressure, and wind speed) were estimated for the non‐monsoon region of China from 1961–2017 meteorological data by using the Penman–Monteith equation and the partial‐differential method. The association between ET0 and atmospheric circulation patterns was explored by applying Pearson's correlation analysis. The annual ET0 series had two earlier shift points, the first showing a significant increase from 1961 to 1973 (period I) and the second showing a significant decrease from 1974 to 1994 (period II). ET0 has significantly increased again since 1994 (period III). Wind speed has been the dominant contributing factor to ET0 followed by maximum air temperature during all three periods, but the contribution gap between minimum and maximum air temperatures is narrowing. ET0 has been strongly correlated with eight selected teleconnection indices in some regions, but the locations and spatial extents have varied considerably for different indices. Eight relationships with ET0 were divided into four groups: North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation (mainly the northwest non‐monsoon region), Pacific North American Index and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (mainly the northern non‐monsoon region), Antarctic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (mainly the Hexi Corridor and the southern Xinjiang), and East Asian Summer Monsoon Index and South China Sea Summer Monsoon Index (mainly the southeast non‐monsoon region). The Antarctic Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and South China Sea Summer Monsoon Index indicated more potential for predicting ET0. When we used Pearson's correlation analysis to analyse the relationship between atmospheric circulation and the dominant factors affecting ET0, we found that the circulation patterns are likely to affect the variation in ET0 by influencing the dominant climatic variables.
Inclusion of limited amounts of extruded legumes plus cereal mixes in normocaloric or obesogenic diets for rats: effects on intestinal microbiota composition
Authors: Rubio Luis A , Aranda‐Olmedo Isabel , Contreras Soraya , Góngora Tania , Domínguez Gema , Peralta‐Sánchez Juan M , Martín‐Pedrosa Mercedes 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDDifferences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and energetic metabolism between lean and obese populations have been described. Legume consumption has been reported to modulate intestinal microbiota composition. However, to the best of our knowledge, no information can be found in the literature on the effects of consumption of diets containing extruded legume plus cereal mixes on the intestinal microbiota composition of rats. Our purpose was to evaluate the effects on lipids profile (see the accompanying paper) and intestinal microbiota composition (current paper) of incorporating this new food ingredient in normocaloric and obesogenic diets.RESULTSIntestinal and fecal qPCR‐based microbial composition of rats fed the extruded legumes plus cereal mixes differed (P < 0.05) from controls. Obesogenic diets did not affect bacterial counts. However, the inclusion of the extruded mixes reduced (P < 0.05) log10 counts in some bacterial groups and increased (P < 0.05) counts of Lactobacilli, while others remained unaffected. PCoA at the genus level grouped together Lactobacillus reuteri, Akkermansia miciniphila and species from Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Rikenellaceae, and Lactobacillus with extruded legume plus cereal diets. Feeding on extruded legumes plus cereal mixes was associated with increased mRNA expression of the cytokines IL6 and TNF‐α and decreased expression of TLR4.CONCLUSIONSOur results show that the inclusion in the feed of limited amounts of extruded legumes plus cereal mix, providing a diet that is closer to a normal human one, did modulate the intestinal microbiota composition. Taken together, these results point to the protective, health‐promoting properties of extruded legume plus cereal mixes.
Evaluating aggregate stability, surface properties and disintegration behaviour of bauxite residue induced by Ca/Na
Authors: Xue Shengguo , Ke Wenshun , Zhu Feng , Fan Jiarong , Wang Qiongli , Liu Zheng , Hartley William 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBauxite residue, a typical industrial solid waste which contains a large amount of Na+, is usually physically degraded. Understandings of aggregate formation, which is a critical process in soil development, are essential to facilitate ecological rehabilitation on the disposal areas. However, few studies have investigated the aggregation behaviour and mechanisms of key salt ions (Ca2+ and Na+) in residue aggregates. Therefore, an integrated method of Le Bissonnais' method, the combined determination method and laser diffraction measurements was applied to evaluate aggregate stability, surface properties and disintegration behaviour of bauxite residue following Ca/Na additions. With increasing Ca2+ addition, mean weight diameter increased, indicating improved resistance to dispersion. Ca2+ had a positive effect on flocculation of silt‐size microaggregates, while disintegration was induced following Na+ addition. Repeated laser diffraction analysis of residue samples circulating in 50 mmol L−1 electrolyte solution (Ca2+/Na+) provided a detailed view of the changes in particle size distribution as aggregates fragmented. The visualized three‐dimensional surface map revealed that Na+ promoted the disintegration of >250 μm aggregates into finer dispersed particles, while Ca2+ protected the microaggregates from fragmenting into smaller particles. Variation in electrochemical properties of aggregate surfaces affected the micro‐morphology significantly. The findings provide a new approach to specify pedogenic aggregate behavior of bauxite residue, while revealing the effects of Ca2+/Na+ on aggregate stability, surface electrochemical properties and its micromorphology. The results will provide a detailed understanding of aggregate behavior during soil formation process in bauxite residue.
A delivery quality assurance tool based on the actual leaf open times in tomotherapy
Authors: Schopfer Mathieu , Bochud François O. , Bourhis Jean , Moeckli Raphaël 
Published: June 2020

PurposeTo validate a delivery quality assurance (DQA) protocol for tomotherapy based on the measurement of the leaf open times (LOTs). In addition, to show the correlation between the mean relative LOT discrepancy and the dose deviation in the planning target volume (PTV).Materials and methodsWe used a LOT measurement algorithm presented in a previous work on our two tomotherapy treatment units (TOMO1 and TOMO2).We generated TomoPhant plans with intentional random LOT discrepancies following Gaussian distributions of −6%, −4%, −2%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. We irradiated them on the Cheese Phantom with two ion chambers and collected the raw data on both our treatment units. Using the raw data, we measured the actual LOTs and verified that the induced discrepancies were highlightable. Then, we calculated the actual dose using Accuray’s standalone dose calculator and verified that the calculated dose agreed with the ion chamber measurement.We randomly chose 60 clinical treatment plans, delivered them in air, and collected the raw detector data. We measured the actual LOTs from the raw data and calculated the corresponding dose distributions using Accuray’s standalone dose calculator. We assessed the Pearson coefficient correlation of the deviation between expected and actual dose in the PTV (a) with the mean relative LOT discrepancy and (b) with the γ‐index pass rate for different tolerances.ResultsThe mean relative discrepancy between actual (measured by the algorithm) and expected LOTs on the modified TomoPhant plans was 1.10 ± 0.05% on TOMO1 and 0.02 ± 0.03% on TOMO2, respectively. The agreement between measured and calculated dose was 0.2 ± 0.3% on TOMO1 and 0.1 ± 0.3% on TOMO2, respectively.On clinical plans, the means of the relative LOT discrepancies ranged from −3.0 % to 1.4%. The dose deviation in the PTVs ranged from −1.6% to 2.4%. The Pearson coefficient correlation between the mean relative LOT discrepancy and the dose deviation in the PTV was 0.76 (P ≈ 10−15) on TOMO1 and 0.65 (P ≈ 10−10) on TOMO2, respectively. There was no correlation between the γ‐index pass rate and the dose deviation in the PTV.ConclusionThe method made it possible to measure and to correctly highlight the LOT discrepancies on the TomoPhant plans. The dose subsequently calculated was accurate. On clinical plans, the mean LOT discrepancy correlated with the dose deviation in the PTV. This makes the mean LOT discrepancy a handy indicator of the plan quality.
Catfish Population Characteristics among River Segments with Altered Fluvial Geomorphic Conditions in the Missouri River, Nebraska, USA
Authors: Hamel Martin J. , Spurgeon Jonathan J. , Pegg Mark A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Alteration of river systems around the world has created novel environments that have been fragmented, homogenized, or transformed from their natural state, thus posing challenges for understanding how fish populations function. The Missouri River has undergone significant alteration through reservoir construction and channelization. Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and Flathead Catfish Pylodictis olivaris both reside in various fragmented sections of the river, and there is a substantial gap in knowledge of how catfishes synchronously function in this modified system. From 2009 to 2018, we assessed catfishes with baited hoop nets and low-frequency electrofishing among four different areas: upper and lower unchannelized segments and upper and lower channelized segments. Differences in population demographics and dynamics occurred for both species among segments. Both the highest and lowest relative abundances for Channel Catfish occurred in channelized segments, and Flathead Catfish relative abundance was lowest in both unchannelized segments. Subadult growth rates for both catfish species were greater in channelized segments. Channel Catfish mortality was highest in channelized segments, which was consistent with the maximum ages found in channelized (age 9) versus unchannelized (age 15) segments. High-flow events in 2010 and 2011 led to an increase in recruitment, but populations declined in subsequent years. This long-term assessment revealed spatial and temporal differences in population dynamics among varying levels of anthropogenic alteration. Our study illustrates how river modification and extreme climatological events may impact and structure catfish populations. These data provide a basis for assessing catfish throughout the Missouri River system and offer insight into how catfish populations in other altered large-river systems might function.
Graded energy band engineering for efficient perovskite solar cells
Authors: Cao Fengren , Wang Meng , Li Liang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMetal‐halide perovskite materials have attracted extensive attention in the field of photovoltaics due to their excellent optical and electrical properties. In just several years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of metal‐halide perovskite solar cells quickly increased from 3.8% to 25.2%. To further realize their theoretical PCE limit and improve their stability, matched energy levels at the interfaces among the perovskite device are critical. Appropriate energy‐level tailoring facilitates charge separation and transport, which contribute to increased open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, and fill factor. In band engineering, the construction of the graded band structure can match the interfacial energy levels on both sides at the same time and provide a stronger build‐in electric field for carrier transfer. Herein, this review focuses on the graded band structure design, summarizes the recent application progress of the graded band structure in PSCs, and discusses possible promising research directions for further improvements.
Metal‐microstructure based flexible transparent electrodes and their applications in electronic devices
Authors: Xu Guiying , Li Yaowen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNovel flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) based on metal nanoparticles/nanowires (NWs), carbon nanotubes, graphene and conductive polymers play important roles in the development of flexible and even wearable electronic devices. Among them, the metal‐nanostructure‐based FTEs present high mechanical flexibility, excellent optical/electrical properties, and low cost, so they are attracting considerable attention in recent years. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress in metal‐nanostructure FTEs, including the metal NWs, ultrathin metals, metals mesh, and composite electrodes. Moreover, we will also systematically introduce their applications in flexible electronic devices such as organic light‐emitting diodes, supercapacitors, and solar cells.
Alternate‐stacked Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets/d‐Ti3C2 flexible film as a current collector‐free, high‐capacity and robust cathode for rechargeable Mg batteries
Authors: Yang Chaoran , Yang Lanlan , Chai Zhigang , Zheng Xiang , Li Jianming , Yang Yuying , Zhu Jiefang , Jin Xu , Li Qi , Xu Dongsheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have gained increasing attention owing to its high volumetric capacity, crust abundance, and safety from dendrite‐free characteristic. However, the lack of development of high‐performance cathode materials with long cycling stability and satisfactory capacity has greatly restricted the development of RMBs. Herein, a self‐supported, current collector‐free and soft electrode is prepared with delaminated Ti3C2 (d‐Ti3C2) and Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets by simple vacuum filtration as flexible cathode in RMBs. Fabricated into a full cell with hybrid AlCl3/MgCl2/Mg(TFSI)2 electrolyte and Mg anode (a thin Mg foil with thickness of 50 μm), the flexible cathode shows high initial specific capacity of 320 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1, excellent cycling stability (good retention even after 1000 cycles) and outstanding rate performance. Detailed mechanistic studies reveal that introduction of d‐Ti3C2 provide fast transport paths for electrons and Mg2+. The enlarged layer spacing of composited d‐Ti3C2 accounts for significant increment in capacity. Benefiting from above‐mentioned advantages, the best performance among Ti‐based electrode materials is realized and make wearable devices powered by RMBs possible, thus circumventing the safety issues of lithium batteries.
Improving LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 cathode electrolyte interface under high voltage in lithium ion batteries
Authors: Wu Qian , Mao Shulan , Wang Zhuoya , Tong Yang , Lu Yingying 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe demanding for high energy density as well as high safety is still an important threshold for battery commercialization. Next‐generation layered LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 (NCM) cathodes will meet the specific energy required for driving range of at least 300 miles from a single charge to guarantee the success of electric vehicles. Extending operating voltage of NCM cathode materials is considered as an effective way to increase energy density of lithium ion batteries. However, unstable electrode electrolyte interface (CEI) limits the electrochemical performance of NCM cathodes when operating at high voltages (>4.3 V). In this review, underlying factors and mechanisms that result in the failure to form a robust CEI are analyzed, including surface phase reconstruction, stress‐induced cracking, transition metal dissolution, electrolyte decomposition and oxygen redox reaction. Then, progress on how to improve and stabilize CEI is summarized. To bridge the gap between current and next generation automotive batteries, it is expected that the situation of NCM electrode materials at high voltage to be fine‐tuned with available variables such as nickel content, packaging density and loading level. Moreover, more detailed work on designing and studying a reliable CEI can help the application of NCM cathodes under high voltage.
Poly(maleic anhydride) copolymers‐based polymer electrolytes enlighten highly safe and high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries: Advances and prospects
Authors: Tang Ben , Zhou Qian , Du Xiaofan , Zhang Jianjun , Zhang Huanrui , Zou Zhenyu , Zhou Xinhong , Cui Guanglei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPolymer electrolytes‐based lithium metal batteries have attracted much more attention for next‐generation energy storage devices owing to their high energy density and superior safety characteristics. However, there are still some obstacles to ameliorate interfacial compatibility between conventional polymer electrolytes with lithium metal anode and high‐voltage cathodes. It is noted that poly (maleic anhydride) copolymers (PMAC)‐based polymer electrolytes (PEs) exhibit superior interfacial compatibility with both lithium metal anode and high‐voltage cathodes in virtue of their distinctive structure. These superb characteristics will endow PMAC‐based PEs very promising candidate to develop highly safe and high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries. So far, PMAC‐based PEs have been widely used in lithium metal batteries and high‐voltage lithium metal batteries because of their prominent advantages. Herein, recent key advances of PMAC‐based PEs are summarized. The key factors affecting ionic conductivity are elaborated in terms of structural control of PMAC, lithium salts, fillers, and plasticizers. Moreover, the interfacial compatibility of PMAC‐based PEs with lithium metal anode and high‐voltage cathodes is also discussed in details. Furthermore, potential challenges and prospects of PMAC‐based PEs are also envisioned at the end of this review. It is believed that this review will shed light on highly safe and high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries.