bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postscript
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding reflections. It first returns to Sherrington and his poetic imagery of the brain’s workings. The chapter expands on this point, however, by referring to Sherrington’s “enchanted loom” and how it relates to the science of consciousness. Afterward, this chapter reflects on further scientific developments in the study of consciousness and considers how science has advanced to the point that even Sherrington’s loom has now been replaced by more modern concepts, such as the gnostic units. In addition, the careers of other experts who have made their mark in the field of consciousness research are briefly explored.
Pursuing Anxiety
Authors: Dohoney Ryan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 develops Feldman’s religious mystique in contrast to the politics of the 1960s neo-avant-garde. It begins with an analysis of Feldman’s distinction between mystique and politics as borrowed from Charles Péguy. Feldman elaborates this distinction through a critique of the neo-avant-garde whom he faults for failing to handle sound “with love and interest” and for substituting an “image of personality” in place of true artistic experience. Feldman develops instead a theistic conception of “sound itself” that was an unequivocal religious ideal he termed “abstract experience.” The chapter locates Feldman’s conversion toward this ideal within his early 1960s milieu, noting that it coincided with the beginning of his friendship with Mark Rothko (which he remembers occurring around 1962) and his immersion in the writings of Kierkegaard (a favorite author of Rothko).
The Mediumship of the Digital
Authors: Dotto Simone 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Examining the use of sound recording in relation to the spiritualists’ practices and discourses, the chapter questions a widespread “metaphysical” understanding of phonography: the tendency to ascribe the indexical trace an evidentiary value. Through a brief historical overview, the first part highlights how, if used as a tool to explore the supernatural dimension, analog recording is evaluated more for its revelatory potential than for the transcriptive one. The second part addresses the problem of digital recording from a twofold perspective. On the one hand, it considers the analog-to-digital transition in contemporary electronic voice phenomena chasing practices; on the other one, it interprets the sonic hauntology music genre as a secularized version of the spiritualists’ inquiry, aimed at reviving phonography itself. The overall objective of the chapter is to demonstrate how the reliability of the same technologies may be differently perceived depending on the users’ shared beliefs.
Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Religion
Authors: Mann Joshua L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter seeks to survey the current landscape of religious uses of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications and begin to answer the following question: In light of relevant AR/VR research to date, what impact might religious uses of AR/VR have in relation to three essential features of religion—myth, ritual, and faith? Surveyed examples of AR/VR range from immersive experiences of holy sites and objects (including reconstructed ones), prayer and meditation, sacred texts and objects, film and storytelling, and social interaction. Drawing on general AR/VR research that shows how immersive experiences impact human beliefs and behavior, the author suggests a number of possible impacts the technology could have on religious experience and raises additional questions that stakeholders—from developers to religious scholars to religious devotees—can begin to answer as the technology becomes more widely available.
Afterword
Authors: Cusack Carole M. , Leone Massimo , Sconce Jeffrey 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this afterword, three leading scholars, whose work explores the intersections of media, communication, and religion from different viewpoints, enter in dialog on the subject. Carole Cusack is a historian of religion and the author of groundbreaking works about the relationship between religion, imagination, and popular culture. Massimo Leone is a semiologist whose work has stretched the boundaries between the study of religion and the study of signs, both linguistic and nonlinguistic. Jeffrey Sconce is a scholar in film and media studies whose pioneering monograph, Haunted Media (2000), placed the theme of the supernatural at the forefront of studies in media and communication. Their responses provide a map of potential trajectories to further explore the connections between digital media and the supernatural.
Optimization
Authors: Little Max A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDecision-making under uncertainty is a central topic of this book. A common scenario is the following: data is recorded from some (digital) sensor device, and we know (or assume) that there is some “underlying” signal contained in this data, which is obscured by noise. The goal is to extract this signal, but the noise causes this task to be impossible: we can never know the actual underlying signal. We must make mathematical assumptions that make this taskp possible at all. Uncertainty is formalized through the mathematical machinery of probability, and decisions are made that find the optimal choices under these assumptions. This chapter explores the main methods by which these optimal choices are made in DSP and machine learning.
Nonparametric Bayesian machine learning and signal processing
Authors: Little Max A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe have seen that stochastic processes play an important foundational role in a wide range of methods in DSP. For example, we treat a discrete-time signal as a Gaussian process, and thereby obtain many mathematically simplified algorithms, particularly based on the power spectral density. At the same time, in machine learning, it has generally been observed that nonparametric methods outperform parametric methods in terms of predictive accuracy since they can adapt to data with arbitrary complexity. However, these techniques are not Bayesian so we are unable to do important inferential procedures such as draw samples from the underlying probabilistic model or compute posterior confidence intervals. But, Bayesian models are often only mathematically tractable if parametric, with the corresponding loss of predictive accuracy. An alternative, discussed in this section, is to extend the mathematical tractability of stochastic processes to Bayesian methods. This leads to so-called Bayesian nonparametrics exemplified by techniques such as Gaussian process regression and Dirichlet process mixture modelling that have been shown to be extremely useful in practical DSP and machine learning applications.
Introduction
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Utilitarianism is defined as a family of views united by acceptance of three doctrines. Consequentialism is the view that moral phenomena can be explained by their relationship to goodness; welfarism is the view that all and only well-being has noninstrumental value; and sum-ranking is the view that the value of an outcome is the sum of the goods and bads it contains. This chapter notes that each of these claims is plausible taken by itself, and that objections to utilitarianism are usually prompted by its implications about cases. It also explains the method and organization of the rest of the book.
Six Objections
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter identifies and discusses six powerful objections to utilitarianism. These are that it has an inadequate account of value, that it countenances abhorrent actions, that it is too demanding, that it fails to recognize the separateness of persons, that it does not recognize the distinctiveness of political issues as compared with moral issues, and that it has a deficient account of decision making and virtue. Each objection is analysed and its application to different forms of utilitarianism is noted. The test for whether we should take utilitarianism seriously will be whether it can answer these objections.
Moral Rights
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The concept of moral rights is prominent in much ethical and political thought. This chapter argues that utilitarians can and should give an account of the existence of moral rights. It surveys existing utilitarian accounts of rights, before developing a novel indirect theory of them. According to this theory, rights are structures of reasons and abilities to change reasons. These reasons are pattern-based reasons to participate in beneficial patterns of behaviour and motivation. If we can explain moral rights in this way, we can explain one important kind of moral constraint, such as the constraint against torture, and we can also explain the distinction between acting wrongly and wronging someone. The chapter ends by discussing whether rights are, on this view, too contingent on facts.
Goals in Context
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Under the goal-based approach advanced in the book, a methodical and comprehensive investigation into the effectiveness of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) ought to start from a fundamental question: what are the goals (i.e. the desired outcomes) this system is to generate? With a view to establishing the relevant context for identifying and analysing these goals, the chapter provides a brief overview of the origins and evolution of the WTO DSS. It also describes the system’s current design and procedures. The chapter closes with some reflections on the hybrid legal/diplomatic, bilateral/multilateral character of the WTO DSS, reflected in the system’s structure and procedures as well as in its goals. This dual character, as illustrated later in the book, nurtures many of the shifts, conflicts, and subsequent trade-offs exhibited between the system’s goals throughout its operations.
Escaping the Illegitimacy Net
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter engages in an in-depth, legal-empirical analysis of the landmark US-Shrimp dispute, the first case study examined under the category of trade-and disputes. The chapter begins with a short overview of the disputed measure at issue in US-Shrimp. It then discusses the infamous panel ruling rendered in the case and the intense legitimacy challenges the ruling ignited against the backdrop of the mounting criticism levelled at the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the late 1990s. On these foundations, the chapter turns to a comprehensive goal-based reading of the judicial endeavours carried out by the Appellate Body in US-Shrimp along the procedural, substantive, and rhetorical dimensions while tracing the goal shifts and trade-offs struck in the face of the enhanced legitimacy pressures the WTO and its Dispute Settlement System (DSS) confronted in this case. The chapter concludes by tying the goal-achievement patterns identified to the broader DSS goal-based effectiveness framework developed in the book.
Trade Wars, Trade-Offs, and the International Rule of Law
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for the analysis of the operation and goal-attainment patterns of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) in ‘perennial’ disputes, the dispute category at the centre of Part III, which provides another instructive venue for exploring whether and how the unique challenges posed before the DSS in this class of cases shape stakeholders’ expectations from the DSS, shift the emphasis among its various goals, and stimulate trade-offs between them. After discussing the main challenges associated with perennial disputes, the chapter situates these conflicts within the broader historical and institutional context of the multilateral trading system. The chapter then challenges the common appellation of such cases as ‘wrong’ cases due to their heightened prospects of noncompliance, while pointing to the shift away from compliance taking place in such conflicts and the enhanced role the DSS comes to play at the interstice between law and politics, with a view to achieving other organizational objectives.
Introduction
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of the book—to offer a philosophical assessment of the concept of a right—is introduced, along with terminological distinctions. Chapter 1 defends the author’s Hohfeldian assumption that all claim-rights entail correlative duties owed to the right-holder. The chapter ends by clarifying the idea of a ‘natural’ right as simply a right that exists independently of anyone recognizing that it exists. So conceived, natural rights need imply neither a theistic nor a ‘state of nature’ grounding, and can include many rights protecting our sociality.
Modest Property Rights for the Right-Holder’s Sake
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 12 assesses arguments that certain specific property rights, and some general rights to participate in property systems, can be morally justifiable for the right-holder’s own sake—primarily on the basis of the right-holder’s own good—in a way that makes them ‘natural’ or recognition-independent rights. Versions of such arguments based on the importance of the right-holder’s freedom, her chosen purposes, and her other human rights, are developed from the work of Hegel, Locke, and Nickel, respectively. The chapter shows that the reach of these arguments is limited. Some property rights might indeed be ‘natural’ rights groundable for the right-holder’s sake, but the chapter’s arguments imply that most property held by those who are moderately wealthy cannot be—including any property rights morally justifiable only as the results of a market exchange.
Property Rights for the Common Good
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Where Chapter 12 established that property belonging to those with reasonable wealth cannot be ‘natural’ rights grounded for the right-holder’s sake, Chapter 13 argues that such property is, rather, groundable on the common good, as outlined by classical liberals like Hayek, Hume, and Smith. Surprisingly, this approach gives us reason to stop seeing most property as an individual right, but rather as duties-owed-to-the-community, duties that individuals control. This is because property—unlike many other rights that are not ‘for the right-holder’s sake’—does not wear on its face its ground in the common good. Owners’ rights are not like those of a teacher, say: rights clearly protecting an other-serving role. Conceiving property as a right therefore carries a major risk that it will be seen as ‘natural’, grounded by the right-holder’s own good. To avoid this, the chapter argues that we should start conceiving free markets as involving ‘controllership’, in which duties-not-to-trespass are owed to the community rather than to particular owners.
Other Minds, Facts, and Values
Authors: Heal Jane 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It is deep fact about us that we are social animals. The idea that ‘I’, ‘you’, and ‘we’ are interdependent concepts, and that joint thought and joint projects are central to our lives, is prominent in recent philosophy of mind and action. But the idea is important in ethics as well. Whether my individual life goes well or ill is constitutively intertwined with whether our joint life goes well or ill. If there are facts about the former (which few deny) then there are facts about the latter. So if you and I differ about what we should aim for, what is at stake in the debate is our shared future welfare. The familiar idea of ‘a fact–value distinction’, implying that there is no fact-directed reflection which could help us, presupposes a faulty individualistic account of welfare. It thus misrepresents our position in a seriously unhelpful and disempowering way.
Prelude
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThere are two traditional ways to learn statistics. One way is to pass over the mathematical underpinnings and focus on developing relatively shallow knowledge about a wide variety of statistical procedures. Another is to spend years learning the mathematics necessary for traditional mathematical approaches to statistics. For many people who need to analyze data, neither of these paths is sufficient. The shallow-but-wide approach fails to provide students with the foundation that allows for confidence and creativity in analyzing modern datasets, and many researchers—though possibly motivated to learn math—do not have the background to start immediately on a traditional mathematical approach. This book exists to help researchers jump between tracks, providing motivated students whose knowledge of mathematics may be incomplete or rusty with a serious introduction to statistics that allows further study from more mathematical sources. This is done by focusing on a single statistical technique that is fundamental to statistical practice—simple linear regression—and supplementing the exposition with ample simulations conducted in the statistical programming language R. The first half of the book focuses on preliminaries, including the use of R and probability theory, whereas the second half covers statistical estimation and inference from semiparametric, parametric, and Bayesian perspectives.
Interlude
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter marks a turning point. The preceding two chapters considered probability theory, which describes the kinds of data that result from specified processes. The remainder of the book consider statistical estimation and inference, which starts with data and attempts to make conclusions about the process that produced them. First, general concepts in statistical estimation and inference are discussed, and then simple linear regression from nonparametric/semiparametric, parametric frequentist, and Bayesian perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 (‘Introduction’) provides a short history of the discovery and rediscovery of health inequalities, as well as a short history and typology of the welfare state, and lays out the paradox that this book tries to explain: the persistence of health inequalities in even the most universal and generous European welfare states. It argues that micro-level studies alone cannot resolve this paradox, and that macro-level studies are needed to identify the determinants of health inequalities as seen at the population level. This will also make it easier to put health inequalities into a broader perspective, for example, that of social inequality per se. This chapter ends with an extensive preview of the main conclusions of the book.
Patterns of health inequalities explained
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 (‘Patterns of health inequalities explained’) is based on in-depth studies of the macro-level determinants of health inequalities, especially conducted for this book. It shows that the persistence of health inequalities is partly due to broader changes in society, such as educational expansion, increasing rates of intergenerational mobility, and more intermarriage of highly educated people. Another factor is that health improvements have been faster in higher than in lower socioeconomic groups, also because higher socioeconomic groups have benefited more from rising prosperity and rising health care expenditure, and have suffered less negative health impacts from rising income inequality and the transition towards liberal democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Finally, it demonstrates the importance of the continued social patterning of health determinants, particularly poverty and smoking. It ends with a summary of how differences in the magnitude of health inequalities between European regions (North, South, East) should be understood.
Shipwreck in French Renaissance Writing
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the sixteenth century, a period of proliferating transatlantic travel and exploration, and, latterly, religious civil wars in France, the ship is freighted with political and religious, as well as poetic, significance; symbolism that reaches its height when ships – both real and symbolic – are threatened with disaster. The Direful Spectacle argues that, in the French Renaissance, shipwreck functions not only as an emblem or motif within writing, but as a part, or the whole, of a narrative, in which the dynamics of spectatorship and of co-operation are of constant concern. The possibility of ethical distance from shipwreck – imagined through the Lucretian suave mari magno commonplace – is constantly undermined, not least through a sustained focus on the corporeal. This book examines the ways in which the ship and the body are made analogous in Renaissance shipwreck writing; bodies are described and allegorized in nautical terms, and, conversely, ships themselves become animalized and humanized. Secondly, many texts anticipate that the descriptionof shipwreck will have an affect not only on its victims, but on those too of spectators, listeners, and readers. This insistence on the physicality of shipwreck is also reflected in the dynamic of bricolage that informs the production of shipwreck texts in the Renaissance. The dramatic potential of both the disaster and the process of rebuilding is exploited throughout the century, culminating in a shipwreck tragedy. By the late Renaissance, shipwreck is not only the end, but often forms the beginning of a story.
‘Le naufrage de ce mortel monde’
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Over the course of the sixteenth century, the Old French word for ship—‘nef’—gradually fell out of use, being replaced by ‘navire’ and ‘vaisseau’. This chapter explores an important strand of this story; the persistence of a symbolic, literary ‘nef’, whose origins can be traced from medieval tradition through to the first decade of the sixteenth century. A mini-genre, the Nef book, capitalized on the popularity of Sebastian Brant’s Narrenschiff, and over the course of just a few years, this genre developed and changed, generating de-nauticalized compendia on a range of subjects. These compendia are significant with respect to (among other things) the beginnings of the commonplace book; two of the authors examined in this chapter (Jodocus Badius and Symphorien Champier), played important roles in the emergence of this tradition. Shipwreck often represents the fate of the sinner’s soul, but as the concerns of the Nef books become more worldly, and less spiritual, partly by contact with the Fürstenspiegel (mirrors for princes) tradition, so too the significance of shipwrecks shifts; the prospect of bodily shipwreck, in particular, comes increasingly to the fore. Besides identifying and analysing this previously neglected family of books, this chapter sheds light on several important conventions that will continue to inform the dynamics of shipwreck throughout the century. In particular, it shows that seafaring was the subject both of curiosity and of moral anxiety; it is this tension that makes the family of Nef books a particularly rich cluster of texts with which to open this study of shipwreck.