bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXI-31 How is the ingestive behaviour of mid lactating Holstein cows grazing a fescue based pasture under two different defoliation intensities?
Authors: Hinz Oliver Fast , Chilibroste Pablo , Menegazzi Gabriel , Oborsky Matías , Genro Cristina , Soca Pablo , Mattiauda Diego A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An experiment was performed to study the effect of two contrasting defoliation intensities of a fescue based pasture on the ingestive behaviour. Treatments were two grazing intensities: lax treatment (TL) 12 cm and control treatment (TC) 6 cm, with four replicants of 0.3 ha each. The starting of the experiment was determined by the three leaf stage. Twenty-four mid lactating Holstein cows were blocked according to parity, body weight, body condition score and calving date. Each plot was grazed by three cows during as many days as necessary until the defoliation height of each treatment was achieved (TL: 6 d; TC: 8 d). The pasture mass was 2530 ± 180 kgDM/ha and animals had access from 8:00 to 16:00. Each cow received 7.4 kgDM of supplementation (17% Crude Protein; 2.81 Mcal/kgDM). After PM milking (17:00 h) animals remained separated in 8 pens, where they received 5.5 kgDM in individual troughs. The remaining supplement was provided in the AM milking (05:00 h). During the access to the pasture, grazing and ruminating times and bites rate (BT; bites/minute) were determined every 5 minutes by visual observation at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment. Daily ruminating (DR) was also logged by electronic recorders in 2h periods (Heatime®HR, SCR Dairy). The PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS 9.2, 2010) with a binomial response distribution and with Logit as a link function, was used to determine the probability of the different events. DR and BR were analysed with a mixed model with block and treatment as fixed effects. The probability of cows grazing was greater for TC than TL and lower for ruminating and DR (Table 1). There was no effect of treatment on BR (55 ± 8.8 bites/min). The changes observed on ingestive behaviour were reflected on productive performance (companion abstract).
PSXI-39 The effect of addition of proteolytic enzyme and microorganisms on feed efficiency, colon microorganisms, and manure odor in broiler chickens
Authors: Sun Sangsoo , Park Cheolju , Na Hyunchae , Lee Whoseung , Park Hoyong , Kim Sukho 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to improve productivity and reduce manure odor through the addition of feed additives in broiler chickens. Two hundred seventy chickens (one day old, Ross broiler) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups (control, 0.1AR, 0.2AR, MF, and MW) with three replications (18 birds in each replication). The enzyme (AR, ArazymeTM 0.1, 0.2%) added was mainly protease enzyme extracted from insects. The microorganisms (MF, MW) added were a mixture of Lactobacillus, Bacillus subtilis, and photosynthetic bacteria. Animals were fed for 45 days and managed according to the Animal Care Guidelines of CNU. Based on the results, feed efficiency and organ weight did not differ by treatment assignment, but feed efficiency was slightly improved in the microorganism in feed (MF) and drinking water (MW) treatment groups. The total number of colon bacteria increased 2~5 fold in the 0.1AR, 0.2AR, MF, and MW groups, compared with the control. However, the colon E. Coli level decreased by 95% in the MW group and 72% in the 0.2AR group, compared with the control. The ammonia (NH3) level decreased by 2.17, 32.61, 50.01, and 71.74% in the 0.1AR, 0.2AR, MF, and MW groups, respectively, compared with the control. However, the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) level was not affected by any treatment. In conclusion, the addition of proteolytic enzyme and microorganisms will improve feed efficiency, in addition to reducing E. coli and ammonia levels in broiler chickens.
PSXI-42 Palm oil industry waste as an animal feed and its influence on growth performance of grower pigs
Authors: Adebiyi O A , Oboli U T , Adejumo Isaac O , Osinowo O A , Chika Chuegbe Ugochiyere 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Pigs are an important meat species for human consumption, but cost of production is one the main factors limiting its production in developing countries. Palm oil sludge, which is a palm oil industry waste, is relatively cheap in Nigeria. Hence, its influence as animal feed for replacement of maize was assessed on growth performance of grower pigs. Forty grower pigs were used, randomly allotted to four treatments. The four treatments contained 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% palm oil sludge as replacement for maize, respectively, in a completely randomized design. Weekly feed intake and the body weight of the animals were measured. The body weight gain of the animals was determined by deducting the initial body weight from the final body weight of the animals. Feed conversion ratio was determined by finding the ratio of feed intake and body weight gain. Data obtained were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Palm oil sludge-diets compared well with the control diet, which indicated that at the level of inclusion, palm oil sludge has the potential for reducing the cost of production of pig in developing countries, without adverse effects on the growth rate and body conformation of the animals.
PSXI-40 Body reserves profile and rearing performance of meat ewes are genetically linked
Authors: González-García Eliel , Macé Tiphaine , Hazard Dominique 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the relationships between different body reserve (BR) dynamic profiles and ewe rearing performance (PERF) traits in a Romane meat sheep population extensively managed in a rangeland of France. Genetic parameters that link litter weight and lamb BW at lambing and weaning, lamb growth rate at 1, 2 and 3 months after lambing and litter survival from lambing to weaning to different BR profiles that have previously been demonstrated in the same animals are reported. Records from the flock of the INRA La Fage experimental farm were used to generate datasets from 14 lambing years (YR: 2002 to 2015). The datasets involved 1,146, 1,072 and 414 females belonging to 3 parities (PAR: 1, 2 and 3, respectively), with first lambing at 2 ages (AGE: 1 or 2-yr-old), and 4 litter sizes (LS: 1, 2, 3 and 4 lambs born alive). Significant effects on PERF were observed on all fixed variables considered (i.e., YR, AGE, PAR and LS). Similarly, the BW and BCS profiles of the ewes were strongly related to the PERFs across the 3 PARs studied, particularly for the BW profiles in the first cycle (PAR 1). In contrast to litter survival, which showed very low h² values and repeatabilities, the traits of lamb BW at lambing and weaning and litter weights at weaning had moderate h² values ranging from 0.20 to 0.23 and repeatabilities ranging from 0.21 to 0.27. In conclusion, our results show that genetic gains may be possible due to the inclusion of combined BR and PERF traits in sheep selection programs for this breed and warrant further research in other sheep populations.
PSXI-5 Effect of increasing feed intake during late gestation on piglet birth weight and weaning weight of low backfat thickness sows
Authors: Zhou Yuanfei , Liu Zuhong , Peng Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of feed intake during late gestation on piglet birth weight and weaning weight of sows with the low backfat thickness (BF) at gestation 90 d. A total of 397 crossbred Landrance × Large White sows according to feed intakes were randomly allotted to three groups 2.8 kg/d (the energy requirement for sow maintenance), 3.6 kg/d and 4.0 kg/d from day 90 to day 110 of gestation. Sows were weighed and measured BF at 90 d and at 110 d of gestation and at weaning. Piglet performance at parturition and at weaning and wean-to-estrus of sows were recorded. Although sows had a tendency to increase BF at gestation 110 d (P = 0.09) and had more BF gain during late gestation with higher feed intake (P &lt; 0.01), there was no evidence for differences in piglet birth weight, within-litter birth weight variation and weak piglet rate, and the number of total born, born alive and stillborn. During lactation, sows fed with high feed intake in late gestation increased body weight loss (P &lt; 0.01). And no differences were observed in piglet performance at weaning and wean-to-estrus interval of sows. In conclusion, during late gestation, sows fed with feed intake more than energy requirement for maintenance had no effect on piglet birth weight or weaning weight.
PSIX-40 Exogenous carbohydrases improve carcass characteristics of Nellore beef cattle grazed in tropical conditions
Authors: Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Perdigão Alexandre , Acedo Tiago S , Carvalho Victor V , Tamassia Luis Fernando 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding levels of an exogenous carbohydrases blend on performance and carcass characteristics of grazing Nellore beef cattle. A total of 168 bulls were distributed to twenty Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés paddocks (8 or 10 animals/paddock) in a randomized complete block design, with five replicates (paddocks) per treatment. Bulls were assigned according initial BW (IBW; 369.07±21.13 kg) to receive treatments for 231 days: 1) Control (basal mineral-protein-energetic supplement, no enzyme; PES), Carb1 (PES + 0.83 g of xylanase, RONOZYME® WX; and 3.09 g of beta-glucanase, RONOZYME® VP, both offered/kg PES), Carb2 (PES + 1.65 g of xylanase and 6.18 g of beta-glucanase/kg PES) and Carb3 (PES + 3.30 g of xylanase and 12.38 g of beta-glucanase/kg PES). Evaluated parameters were final BW (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), supplement intake, hot carcass weight (HCW) and dressing %. IBW and FBW were measured after a 12-hour fastening period. Treatments were offered daily in covered group feeders located in each paddock. Animals had free access to supplements and water. Supplements and enzymes were provided by DSM Nutritional Products. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS® 9.3, being each paddock the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to detect linear and quadratic effects on enzyme levels, with values P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. No linear or quadratic effects (P &gt; 0.05) were observed on supplement intake (2.11 kg/animal/d), FBW (492.03 kg) and ADG (0.532 kg/day). However, a quadratic effect was observed for HCW and dressing %, with animals fed Carb1 presenting 5.69 kg heavier carcass (272.67 vs. 266.98; P = 0.039) and 1.4 p.p. higher dressing % (55.3% vs. 53.9%, P &lt; 0.001) compared with control group. In conclusion, to use carbohydrases enzyme blend improves carcass characteristics and is an interesting technology for Nellore beef cattle grazed in tropical conditions.
PSIX-4 Metatranscriptomic analysis of sub-acute ruminal acidosis in beef cattle
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M , Cervantes Andres Pech 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the functional activity of the rumen microbiota during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) using metatranscriptomics. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned randomly to control diet (CON) or acidosis-inducing diet (CHA) for 20 d. Sub-acute ruminal acidosis was induced on d 18; feed was restricted to 50% of ad libitum intake for CHA group on day 17. On day 18, ground corn grain, equivalent to 25% of the mean dry matter intake (DMI) of each steer in CHA treatment was administered directly in the rumen prior to feeding. Thereafter, rumen fluid samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h relative to feeding from both treatments. Metatranscriptome library was prepared from RNA extracted from the samples and sequencing of metatranscriptome library was done on Illumina HiSeq4000 following a 2 x 150bp index run. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size comparisons were made between CON and CHA groups. Alpha level of 0.05 was used for both the Kruskal–Wallis and pairwise Wilcoxon tests. Linear discriminant analysis scores greater than 2.0 were used for taxonomy and 1.0 for functional genes. Additionally, functional genes enriched in both treatments were mapped to the KEGG reference metabolism pathway. Cellulolytic rumen bacteria including Fibriobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and R. bicirculans were reduced (LDA &gt; 2.0, P &lt; 0.05) during SARA. Up to 68 functional genes were differentially expressed between the two treatments (LDA &gt; 1.0, P &lt; 0.05). Genes mapped to carbohydrate, amino acid, energy, vitamin and co-factor metabolism pathways, and bacterial biofilm formation pathways (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera) were enriched in acidotic-challenged beef cattle. This study explains the pathogenicity of SARA and enhances our understanding of the response of rumen microbiome to SARA by revealing transcriptionally active taxa and metabolic pathways of rumen microbiota.
PSIX-14 Effects of substituting dietary corn with beet pulp on growth performance and microbial profiles in the rumen of Korean cattle steers
Authors: Jeong Inhyuk , Kang Hyeok Joong , Park Seung Ju , Seok-Hyeon Beak , Jung Da Jin Sol , Lee Jinoh , Kim Dohyun , Kim Hyun Jin , Baik Myunggi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effects of substituting corn with beet pulp (BP) on growth performance and ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbiomes in fattening steers. Twelve Korean cattle steers (body weight, 485 ± 19 kg; age, 18.0 ± 0.17 months) were divided into corn and BP groups. Both groups were fed the basal concentrate to meet 80% of the nutrient requirements. For the corn group, corn (dry matter) was supplemented for the remaining 20% of requirement by top dressing; the BP group was supplemented with 14.88% BP plus 1.92% fat to provide the iso-energy content as the corn group. Steers were fed oat grass (2 kg as-fed basis) daily. Body weight was measured, and rumen fluid was collected after 3 h of feeding using oral stomach tube methods: at the start of the experiment then at 4-week intervals. Feed intake, average daily gain, and gain-to-feed ratio were not (P &gt; 0.05) affected by BP substitution; nor were acetate, propionate, butyrate, or total volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen fluid (P &gt; 0.05). BP substitution increased (P &lt; 0.05) the acetate to propionate ratio at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Genomic DNA was extracted from pellets of rumen contents, and microbial populations were measured using real-time PCR at 8 and 12 weeks. BP substitution increased relative abundances of cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes (P = 0.01) and Ruminococcus albus (P = 0.04) at 12 weeks, whereas it did not affect amylolytic bacteria, including Succinimonas amylolytica, Ruminobacter amylophilus, and Streptococcus bovis. At 8 weeks, none of the microbial populations were altered by BP substitution. In conclusion, BP could provide a good energy source substitute for corn without affecting growth performance in the fattening period of beef cattle. Increased relative abundances of several cellulolytic bacteria supported the increased ruminal acetate to propionate ratio.
PSXI-30 The effects of hybrid and maturity on the nutritive value of snaplage
Authors: Gusmão Jessica , Bastos Marcio , Lima Luciana , Cardoso Marcus , Bernardes Thiago 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the nutritive value of snaplage as affected by hybrid and maturity. Five corn hybrids were grown at 70,000 plants/ha on three replicate plots (5 x 5 m) in each of three blocks (21°14′ S, 44°58′ W). Hybrids were harvested at target maturity stage of 40, 35, and 30% of moisture (M1, M2, and M3, respectively) by removing ears from two rows in each plot. Ears were weighed and split into two subsamples. One was split into kernels, husk and shank, and cob, weighed and oven-dried. The second subsample was processed and ensiled in 5-L jars for 90 d. Measurements included dry matter (DM) yield, nutrient analysis and in vitro digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF-D, 48h). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks using a mixed repeated-measures model. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS, followed by a Tukey test at P ≤ 0.05. Mean moisture at harvest were 42.9, 36.8, and 31.3% for M1, M2, and M3, respectively. The DM yield was unaffected by hybrid and maturity (on average = 19 t/ha). The NDF concentration of husk increased at each maturity (81.5, 83.4, and 83.7% DM, respectively) and NDF-D decreased (45.5, 43.4, and 41.4%, respectively). The NDF concentration of cob increased at each maturity (76.0, 79.5, and 81.6% DM, respectively) and NDF-D decreased (47.3, 43.7, and 38.4%, respectively). Among hybrids, NDF concentration of snaplage varied from 20.9 to 24.5% DM (P = 0.014). The NDF-D of snaplage decreased at each maturity (Figure 1; P = 0.001). The starch concentration of snaplage increased from M1 to M2, but no difference between M2 and M3 (P = 0.009). Snaplage has a wide harvest window; however, changes in the nutritive value of snaplage as affected by maturity should be considered when formulating diets.
PSXI-21 Effects of different levels and protein sources on ruminal fermentation of feedlot Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: De Souza Vinícius C , Messana Juliana , Batista Erick , Colovate Paulo Henrique , Ganga Maria Júlia , Faria Leticia , Bosquini Bruna , Granja-Salcedo Yury , Berchielli Telma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels (10 and 13% crude protein) and protein source on ruminal fermentation of feedlot Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets. The protein sources tested were urea, dried distillers grains (DDG) and corn gluten meal. The DDG and gluten were used as RUP sources. We used 6 cannulated Nellore steers, rumen, duodenum, and ileum arranged in 6×6 Latin square designed in factorial (2 nitrogen levels and 3 protein sources) balanced for residues. The pH was measured immediately after rumen fluid sampling at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10h after feeding. The NH3-N concentrations were determined with micro-Kjeldahl apparatus. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was assessed by gas chromatography. Data were evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with repeated measures over time. There was no interaction between sampling time and treatments for NH3-N and pH (P &gt; 0.05). Animals fed diets containing Urea had a higher concentration of NH3-N (20.6 mg/dL) than animals supplemented with Gluten (16.2 mg/dL) or DDG (12.7 mg / dL). There was an increase in the NH3-N concentration (P = 0.049) with the increase of the protein level 10 to 13% CP with 14.7 and 18.3 mg/dL, respectively. The ruminal pH was affected by the dietary protein level (P = 0.016), in which animals fed a level of 10% CP had a higher pH (6.80) compared to the level of 13% CP (6.43). Total and individual VFA concentration was not affected by protein levels and sources (P &gt; 0.05). The reduction of N level and the use of RUP did not adversely affect the ruminal fermentation. Although significant differences were observed for pH, they were small and adequate for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.
PSXI-20 Nitrogen use efficiency is affected by protein source in feedlot Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: Souza Vinícius C De , Alves Kênia G , Messana Juliana , Batista Erick , Campos Letícia , Dias Ana Verônica , Lima Laís , Oliveira Raquel , Pietro Carlos , Berchielli Telma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has implications for production performance, economic efficiency and for the emission of contaminants to the environment. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether high-concentrate diets with different levels (10 and 13% crude protein) and protein source can affect the NUE and nitrogen (N) excretion. The protein sources tested were urea, dried distillers grains (DDG) and corn gluten meal. Our hypothesis is that reducing the level of N in the diet associated with the use of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) could increase the NUE in high-concentrate diets. The hypotheses were tested using 6 cannulated Nellore steers, rumen, duodenum and ileum arranged in 6×6 Latin square designed in factorial (2 nitrogen levels and 3 protein sources) balanced for residues. The concentration of N in samples was analyzed using the Dumas combustion method. The statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure of the statistical package SAS. The N intake and retention was not affected by level and protein source (P &gt; 0.05). Fecal N excretion was not affected by the levels and protein sources tested (P &gt; 0.05). However, there was effect of protein source (P &lt; 0.001) and tendency to protein level in the diet (P &lt; 0.10) on urinary N excretion. In the treatments containing the urea source, there was an increase in the urinary N excretion (46.8 g.dia-1) compared to the Gluten and DDG sources with 28.8 and 27.0 g of N excreted in the urine per day, respectively. The NUE was affected by the protein source (P &lt; 0.05). Diets containing urea had lower NUE (31.8%) compared to corn gluten meal and DDG sources with NUE of 40.3 and 41.2%, respectively. Using RUP (DDG or Gluten) in high-concentrate diets can be a nutritional strategy for increase NUE and this response is partly attributable to decreased urinary N excretion.
PSXII-9 Complete feed versus concentrate and straw fed separately: effect on feed intake, sorting, animal behavior, and rumen pH and digestibility in crossbred Angus bulls fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: Genis Sandra , Verdú Marçal , Cucurull Jordi , Devant Maria 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Twenty-one crossbred Angus bulls (497 ± 7.7 kg of BW and 324 ± 3.0 d of age) were housed individually to evaluate the effect feeding method on feed intake, sorting, animal behavior, and digestibility. Dietary treatments, offered ad libitum, were: complete feed of pellet (concentrate) mixed with chopped straw (5 cm length; TMR); pellet and chopped straw (5 cm length; SS); pellet and long unprocessed straw (15–20 cm length; LS). In SS and LS straw and concentrate were fed separate feeders. Feed intake, fecal and bloat scoring were recorded daily. Behavior (scan sampling), BW, and TMR particle size sorting were recorded fortnightly. Total tract apparent digestibility (day 14 and 35) and rumen pH and VFA samples via rumenocentesis (day 28 and 42) were analyzed. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect model. No differences in concentrate and straw intake, fecal and bloat scoring among treatments were observed. The straw to concentrate ratio did not differ between SS and LS (8 to 92), and was smaller than the ratio fixed in TMR (15 to 85). TMR bulls sorted (P &lt; 0.05) particles with a size between 1.7 and 4 mm. Treatment did not affect rumination time. TMR showed (P &lt; 0.05) more oral non-nutritive behaviors than SS. Rumen pH was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in TMR than in SS and LS, although it was above 5.6 in all treatments. Rumen acetate to propionate ratio was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in TMR than in SS and LS. LS bulls had greater DM (P &lt; 0.05) and CP (P &lt; 0.01) digestibility compared with SS or TMR bulls. Feeding concentrate and straw (short or long) separately does not increase the risk of rumen acidosis compared with TMR, and feeding long straw separately from the concentrate improves the total tract apparent DM and CP digestibility.