bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid anti‐depressant‐like effects of ketamine and other candidates: Molecular and cellular mechanisms
Authors: Peng Fan Zhen , Fan Jie , Ge Tong Tong , Liu Qian Qian , Li Bing Jin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMajor depressive disorder takes at least 3 weeks for clinical anti‐depressants, such as serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors, to take effect, and only one‐third of patients remit. Ketamine, a kind of anaesthetic, can alleviate symptoms of major depressive disorder patients in a short time and is reported to be effective to treatment‐resistant depression patients. The rapid and strong anti‐depressant‐like effects of ketamine cause wide concern. In addition to ketamine, caloric restriction and sleep deprivation also elicit similar rapid anti‐depressant‐like effects. However, mechanisms about the rapid anti‐depressant‐like effects remain unclear. Elucidating the mechanisms of rapid anti‐depressant effects is the key to finding new therapeutic targets and developing therapeutic patterns. Therefore, in this review we summarize potential molecular and cellular mechanisms of rapid anti‐depressant‐like effects based on the pre‐clinical and clinical evidence, trying to provide new insight into future therapy.
Chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: Implications for managing glycaemic control, cardiovascular and renal risk
Authors: Stephens Jeffrey W. , Brown Karen E. , Min Thinzar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis review examines the current literature relating to diabetes related kidney disease (DKD) and the optimal management of cardio‐renal risk. DKD develops in approximately 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mainstay of therapy is to reduce the progression of DKD by optimising hyperglycaemia, blood pressure, lipids and lifestyle. Evidence supports the role for renin‐angiotensin system blockade in limiting the progression of DKD. Recent data from diabetes related cardiovascular outcome trials and renal specific trials have provided a novel insight on the additional benefits of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in reducing the progression of DKD as well as cardiovascular risk. Lessons have been learnt from CREDENCE and there are expectations that DAPA‐CKD and EMPA‐KIDNEY will further support the benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in relation to DKD. As a consequence, international guidelines have been updated to reflect the positive benefits. In addition, novel steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists offer a potential role in future years. The review examines the current evidence and future approach to optimising outcomes for renal protection in patients with diabetes.
Use of an absorbable haemostatic gauze product to control bleeding in 20 horses
Authors: Ramey D. , Mudge M. , Rudolphi O. , Waxman S. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe objective of this study was to report our experience with an absorbable haemostatic gauze product in 20 horses with traumatic or surgical haemorrhage. The product is made from oxidised, regenerated cellulose (ORC) and is approved for external use and currently being studied to control internal bleeding in surgical settings in human subjects. Treated horses were from both practice and university settings. Signalment, anatomic location, underlying cause of bleeding and outcome were recorded in the medical record. The size of gauze, approximate time until bleeding stopped, and pre‐ and post‐ORC adjunctive treatments were also recorded. The ORC was used in a variety of anatomic locations, including castration site, foot, flank incisions, distal limb, tooth extraction sites and the perineal region. The bleeding stopped or slowed dramatically within 90 s in 15 of 20 cases. There were no recorded complications in any of the cases. While this clinical report does not attempt to prove efficacy of the product in horses, it does show that this ORC product, which has been approved for use as a haemostatic agent in human subjects, is safe and of practical value, and may be a useful and viable option for the control of haemorrhage in a variety of equine clinical settings.
‘EIN ORT, WO SICH ALLES IN EINEN HAUFEN ZUSAMMENDRÄNGT’: BERLIN'S ZELTENPLATZ AS CONTESTED URBAN SPACE
Authors: Darby David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Zeltenplatz, a feature of Berlin's Tiergarten, played a unique role in the city's social life for nearly two centuries. This essay traces the changing clientele of this gathering place during three distinct phases of its history: its initial eighteenth‐century heyday, when it was famed for drawing large and extraordinarily heterogeneous crowds; the period following the Napoleonic Wars, culminating in the 1848 revolution, crucial events of which took place at the Zeltenplatz; and the 1880s, as modern Berlin assumed its place as capital of the new German Empire. At the core of this history for over a century is a contest between aristocratic privilege and the aspirations of Berlin's growing bourgeoisie. Relying on fictional texts, reports by travellers, and various descriptions of the city, this essay describes how the Zeltenplatz, still beyond the full control of civic authorities until 1861, offered unusual freedoms for challenging, playfully or otherwise, the established order and social hierarchies of urban life. Evident throughout is the marked theatricality of this space, which the crowds exploited either to perform, and thereby to confirm, an existing social order or to rehearse new roles and enact social configurations whose realisation in Berlin proper still lay in the future.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/ZrO2 composites by two‐step sintering
Authors: Ojaimi Christiane L. , Ferreira Julieta A. , Chinelatto Adilson L. , Salem Raphael E. P. , Chinelatto Adriana S. A. , Pallone Eliria M. J. A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractComposites of Al2O3/ZrO2 (containing 25, 50, and 75 vol% ZrO2) were prepared by mixing Al2O3 and ZrO2 suspensions. The microstructural control via two‐step sintering (TSS) was the main objective of this work. For this purpose, different sintering curves were constructed, aiming to achieve the best temperature combination for the sintering steps that provides higher density and finer microstructure. The results were compared with single‐step sintering (SSS). Furthermore, microhardness and fracture toughness were measured for the best TSS specimens under each composition. The results showed that the high densities were obtained, and the reduction of grain size was greater than 40% for two‐step sintered specimens, compared to SSS ones. Consequently, microhardness values increased. However, fracture toughness values remained unchanged.
Fads and Fashions in Management Practices: Taking Stock and Looking Forward
Authors: Piazza Alessandro , Abrahamson Eric 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEstablished management practices – such as Six Sigma or business process re‐engineering, as well as more recent practices such as agile management processes, HR analytics and beyond budgeting – are viewed by practitioners as the basic tools of their trade. Yet they have been known to wax and wane in popularity, often quite unpredictably, with one technique following the other in wave‐like fashion. The scholarly observation of this phenomenon has given rise to the literature on fads and fashions in management studies, which – building on earlier work in allied disciplines – has sought to explain the transience, persistence, and overall trajectory of management practices. In this paper, we review and integrate the existing literature on management fads and fashions, taking stock of the sizable body of work that has accumulated over the past three decades and which has, to our knowledge, never been reviewed comprehensively before. At the same time, we also note that technological change – with the advent of social media and the ubiquity of Internet connectivity, for example – has radically transformed how practitioners seek, consume, and engage with new practices, as well as the way in which such practices are broadcast and diffuse. In our review, therefore, we try to make this well‐established body of literature current by explicitly discussing how well its central tenets and theoretical arguments have stood the test of time, and propose useful directions for moving forward.
Revisiting the strength of micron‐scale ceramic platelets
Authors: Doitrand Aurélien , Henry Ronan , Chevalier Jérôme , Meille Sylvain 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIndividual platelets in nacre‐like ceramics are able to locally withstand stress levels many times larger than the strength of larger specimens made of the same materials. This size effect, usually reported as being relative to the size of pre‐existing defects, is described by considering both stress and energy failure conditions. We show that there is a characteristic length, defined by the material's Young's modulus, fracture energy, and strength, above which failure is governed by a stress criterion and below which energy considerations are dominant. Applying the coupled criterion to three‐point bending of a single alumina platelet allows the identification of the platelet strength and fracture energy. The proposed approach also allows capturing the decrease in failure stress due to a surface defect accounting for its shape and size.
Determination of Enterococcus faecium thermal reduction in normal and high oleic peanut products
Authors: Reed La'Oshiaa , Schneider Keith R. , MacIntosh Andrew J. , Sarnoski Paul J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDuring processing, peanut butter can become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Salmonella). The introduction of an additional heat treatment step after roasting can help inactivate these microorganisms. In this study, trials were conducted to determine Enterococcus faecium (Salmonella surrogate) reduction rates during the roasting of high oleic (HO) peanuts and heat‐treatment of normal oleic (NO) and HO peanut butters. HO peanuts were inoculated with E. faecium and roasted in a convection oven at 190°C. There was a 2 and 6 log CFU/g reduction at 300 and 480 s, respectively. D‐values for HO peanut butter at 110, 120, and 125°C were 438.9, 165.1, and 80.6 s, respectively. The z‐value was calculated to be 20.8°C. There was no significant difference in D‐values and z‐values between NO and HO peanut butter. In a pilot scale experiment, HO peanut butter was inoculated with E. faecium and agitated in a heated mixer for 21.5 min. E. faecium was reduced by 5.1 log CFU/g after 16.5 min with no apparent change in viscosity or texture. This study demonstrated that significant reductions in E. faecium can be achieved during roasting and through an additional heat‐treatment step.
The reproducibility of skeletal muscle signal intensity on routine magnetic resonance imaging in Crohn's disease
Authors: Spooren Corinne E.G.M. , Lodewick Toine M. , Beelen Evelien M.J. , van Dijk David P.J. , Bours Martijn J.L. , Haans Jeoffrey J. , Masclee Ad A.M. , Pierik Marie J. , Bakers Frans C.H. , Jonkers Daisy M.A.E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground and AimMyosteatosis is a prognostic factor in cancer and liver cirrhosis. It can be determined noninvasively using computed tomography or, as shown recently, by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The primary aim was to analyze the reproducibility of skeletal muscle signal intensity on routine MR‐enterographies, as indicator of myosteatosis, in Crohn's disease (CD) and to explore the association between skeletal muscle signal intensity at diagnosis with time to intestinal resection.MethodsCD patients undergoing MR‐enterography within 6 months from diagnosis and having a maximum of 5 years follow‐up were included. Skeletal muscle signal intensity was analyzed on T1‐weighted fat‐saturated post‐contrast images. Intra‐observer and inter‐observer reproducibilities were assessed by intra‐class correlation coefficient and Cohen's kappa. Intra‐observer and inter‐observer variabilities were determined by Pearson correlation coefficient and displayed by Bland–Altman plots. Time to intestinal resection was studied by Kaplan–Meier analysis.ResultsMedian time between diagnosis and MR‐enterography was 5 weeks (inter‐quartile range 1–9) in 35 CD patients. Skeletal muscle signal intensity showed good intra‐class correlation and substantial agreement (for intra‐observer, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.948, κ = 0.677; and inter‐observer reproducibility, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.858, κ = 0.622). Resection free survival was shorter in the low skeletal muscle signal intensity group (P = 0.037).ConclusionSkeletal muscle signal intensity on routine MR‐enterographies is reproducible and was associated with unfavorable disease outcome, indicating potential clinical relevance.
Determination of detection thresholds of sinigrin in water‐based matrix and allyl isothiocyanate in water‐ and oil‐based matrices
Authors: Eib Sabrina , Ramos Gajek Sarah , Schneider Désirée Janet , Hensel Oliver , Seuss‐Baum Ingrid 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the present study, sensory detection thresholds for sinigrin in a water‐based matrix and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) in water‐ and oil‐based matrices were determined using a three‐alternative forced choice test with ascending concentrations. The study consisted of a prestudy with 10 assessors (3 mustard “users”; 7 mustard “nonusers”) and a main study with 64 assessors (10 mustard “users”; 54 mustard “nonusers”). In addition, panelists were asked to locate (throat, tongue, throat, and tongue) the predominant sensation (sinigrin: bitterness; AITC: pungency). The group threshold for sinigrin in the water‐based matrix in the prestudy was 10.928 mg/100 ml. Moreover, the group thresholds for AITC in the water‐based matrix in the prestudy and main study were 0.135 and 0.121 mg/100 ml, respectively. The group thresholds for AITC in the oil‐based matrix in the prestudy and main studies were 0.497 and 0.582 mg/100 ml, respectively. However, mustard “users” and mustard “nonusers” showed no significant differences in thresholds. Sinigrin and AITC were both prevalently perceived on the tongue.Practical applicationsThreshold determination for the primary pungent substance allyl isothiocynanate (AITC) and the corresponding precursor sinigrin in cruciferous plants such as mustard, horseradish, and wasabi are important for product development and quality assurance, especially for new products. These parameters will help to estimate whether pungency is a relevant characteristic of the product. In particular, differentiation of the matrix (water‐ or oil‐based matrix) helps to evaluate whether the particular AITC concentration is noticeable in food products depending on the food composition. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether AITC is perceived at the same levels in different food systems. Sinigrin causes the unpleasant bitterness of brassica vegetables. Nevertheless, sinigrin is a desirable substance in food products owing to its potential health‐promoting effects. Therefore, knowledge about the detection threshold of sinigrin will facilitate the breeding of sinigrin‐containing products without unpleasant bitterness and may increase consumer acceptance.
Baseline sensitivities to azoxystrobin and tebuconazole in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates from sunflower in Iran related to sensitivities to carbendazim and iprodione
Authors: Molaei Havva , Abrinbana Masoud , Ghosta Youbert 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this study, sensitivities of 156 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates collected from sunflower fields of West Azarbaijan province, Iran, were assessed to carbendazim and iprodione, and the baseline sensitivities were established for azoxystrobin and tebuconazole. Resistance to carbendazim and iprodione was observed in 53.85% and 4.49% of the isolates, respectively. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of azoxystrobin for the isolates ranged from 0.017 to 3.515 μg/ml with a mean of 0.330 μg/ml, and 8.97% of the strains showed low levels of resistance to the fungicide. However, in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid, all isolates were sensitive to azoxystrobin and EC50 values ranged from 0.015 to 0.263 μg/ml with a mean of 0.086 μg/ml. All isolates were found to be sensitive to tebuconazole, and EC50 values ranged from 0.003 to 0.177 μg/ml with a mean of 0.036 μg/ml. Among the multiple‐resistant isolates, the strains exhibiting resistance to both carbendazim and iprodione were detected in the highest frequency (4.49%). No correlation was observed between mycelial growth and aggressiveness with fungicide sensitivity of the isolates suggesting the absence of fitness cost associated with resistance to the studied fungicides. The results indicated that iprodione, azoxystrobin and tebuconazole could be effectively used in rotation or mixture in spray programmes to manage S. sclerotiorum in the region. The baselines established for azoxystrobin and tebuconazole would be useful in monitoring the fungal populations in the province to assess possible shifts in fungicide sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum isolates in the future.
Description of Freudenthalidium gen. nov. and Halluxium gen. nov. to Formally Recognize Clades Fr3 and H as Genera in the Family Symbiodiniaceae (Dinophyceae)
Authors: Nitschke Matthew R. , Craveiro Sandra C. , Brandão Cláudio , Fidalgo Cátia , Serôdio João , Calado António J. , Frommlet Jörg C. 
Published: April 2020

The Symbiodiniaceae are a family of marine dinoflagellates known mostly for their endosymbiotic interactions with invertebrates and protists, but facultatively and exclusively free‐living life histories in this family are also evident. A recent systematic revision of the Symbiodiniaceae replaced the clade‐based nomenclature of seven divergent lineages of “Symbiodinium” sensu lato with one based on formally described genera. The revised taxonomy was not extended to the whole group because type species to describe a new genus for each of the remaining clades and subclades were lacking. In an effort to characterize benthic habitats of symbiodiniaceans in sediments at Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), we isolated >100 monoclonal Symbiodiniaceae cultures. Four of these belonged to Symbiodiniaceae ‘subclade’ Fr3, and three to Clade H, based on nucleotide sequence similarity (ITS2, LSU, cp23S, and mtCOB), representing the first cultures of these taxa. Based on these isolates, we propose two new genera: Freudenthalidium gen. nov. and Halluxium gen. nov., circumscribing Clades Fr3 and H, respectively. Three new species are described: Freudenthalidium heronense, F. endolithicum, and Halluxium pauxillum. Kofoidian tabulations of motile cells confirm previous observations that amphiesmal vesicle arrangements are generally conserved across the family. These descriptions are an important step toward completing the systematic revision of the Symbiodiniaceae. That this contribution was enabled by isolates from an endopsammic habitat highlights the potential of discovering new symbiodiniacean species in the environment, the study of which will lead to a deeper understanding of free‐living versus symbiotic life histories in this ecologically important family of dinoflagellates.
Termite mound vegetation patterns are largely driven by stochastic rather than deterministic processes at regional scale in Africa: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Muvengwi Justice , Witkowski Edward T. F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractQuestionsAlthough the biogeography of plant communities has been well studied, mechanisms controlling plant community diversity are still poorly understood. Stochastic and deterministic processes are hotly debated as being key in structuring communities across taxa. Here we ask, to what extent are plant communities on termite mounds shaped by either stochastic or deterministic processes within and between regions on the African continent?MethodsWe performed a meta‐analysis on 23 studies that satisfied our selection criteria out of 369 that we initially identified. All these studies sampled woody plants that occurred on termite mounds and the surrounding matrix. In order to disentangle the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic processes in generating beta diversity between mound–mound and matrix–matrix plots, within and between regions, we applied null models. We also assessed the relationship between species richness and environmental variables for each site.ResultsOf the environmental variables assessed at each site, only altitude had a significant (negative) relationship with species richness. Within each region comparison of mound–mound, matrix–matrix and matrix–mound species composition did not significantly deviate from the null models of random expectation. Between regions, the observed pattern was significantly higher than null expectation for both mound–mound and matrix–matrix plots between East and West Africa. Surprisingly, the comparison between southern Africa and both East and West Africa did not significantly deviate from the null expectation, regardless of increased spatial separation. We attributed the within‐region pattern to homogenizing dispersal and reliance on the same species pool (γ) for matrix and mound plots. The between‐regions pattern was influenced by both deterministic and stochastic processes.ConclusionOur results suggest that the processes responsible for vegetation composition between mound–mound, matrix–matrix and mound–matrix plots are stochastic in nature due to lack of difference from the null expectation. However, regional patterns are governed by both deterministic and stochastic processes.
A martingale representation theorem and valuation of defaultable securities
Authors: Choulli Tahir , Daveloose Catherine , Vanmaele Michèle 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe consider a financial framework with two levels of information: the public information generated by the financial assets, and a larger flow of information that contains additional knowledge about a random time. This random time can represent many economic and financial settings, such as the default time of a firm for credit risk, and the death time of an insured for life insurance. As the random time cannot be seen before its occurrence, the progressive enlargement of filtration seems tailor‐fit to model the larger flow of information that incorporates both the public flow and the information about the random time. In this context, our interest focuses on the following challenges: (a) How to single out the various risks coming from the financial assets, the random time, and their correlations? (b) How these risks interplay and lead to the formation of any risk in the larger flow of information? It is clear that understanding how risks build‐up and interact, when one enlarges the flow of information, is vital for an efficient risk management and derivatives' evaluation in those informational markets. Our answers to these challenges are full and complete no matter what the model for the random time is and no matter how the random time is related to the public flow. In fact, we introduce “pure default” risks, and quantify and classify these risks afterward. Then we elaborate our martingale representation results, which state that any martingale in the large filtration stopped at the random time can be decomposed into orthogonal local martingales (i.e., local martingales whose product remains a local martingale). This constitutes our first principal contribution, while our second contribution consists in evaluating various defaultable securities according to the recovery policy, within our financial setting that encompasses any default model, using a martingale “basis.” Our pricing formulas explain the impact of various recovery policies on securities and determine the types of pure default risk they entail.