bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Googling Musculoskeletal-Related Pain and Ranking of Medical Associations’ Patient Information Pages: Google Ads Keyword Planner Analysis
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoichiro , Lee Deokcheol , Nagai Takuya , Funamoto Taro , Tajima Takuya , Chosa Etsuo 
Published: June 2020

Background
Most people currently use the internet to obtain information about many subjects, including health information. Thus, medical associations need to provide accurate medical information websites. Although medical associations have their own patient education pages, it is not clear if these websites actually show up in search results.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate how well medical associations function as online information providers by searching for information about musculoskeletal-related pain online and determining the ranking of the websites of medical associations.

Methods
We conducted a Google search for frequently searched keywords. Keywords were extracted using Google Ads Keyword Planner associated with “pain” relevant to the musculoskeletal system from June 2016 to December 2019. The top 20 search queries were extracted and searched using the Google search engine in Japan and the United States.

Results
The number of suggested queries for “pain” provided by Google Ads Keyword Planner was 930 in the United States and 2400 in Japan. Among the top 20 musculoskeletal-related pain queries chosen, the probability that the medical associations’ websites would appear in the top 10 results was 30% in the United States and 45% in Japan. In five queries each, the associations’ websites did not appear among the top 100 results. No significant difference was found in the rank of the associations’ website search results (P=.28).

Conclusions
To provide accurate medical information to patients, it is essential to undertake effective measures for search engine optimization. For orthopedic associations, it is necessary that their websites should appear among the top search results.
TO STUDY PRESCRIPTION PATTERN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: LAHAMATE SHRIKANT B , U RAZVI SYED 
Published: June 2020

Objective: The leading cause of disability is arthritis among adults worldwide. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease and the leading cause of pain in elderly people. The aim of the study was to study the prescription pattern in the management of OA.
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for period of 12 months in collaboration with the department of orthopedics. A total of 630 patients enrolled in the present study with fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients’ data recorded in case report form and analyzed to study the prescription pattern.
Results: A total of 630 cases were enrolled in this study. Osteoarthritis is more common in female i.e. 55% followed by male i.e. 45% of patients. Old age (39.84%) is most common risk factor followed by obesity (29.68%) in OA patient. Most commonly prescribed drug was diclofenac followed by paracetamol. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were most commonly prescribed class of drug, i.e., 92.19%. In this study, combination therapy most commonly prescribed, i.e., 75.4% followed by monotherapy, i.e., 24.6%. Combination therapy in OA patients two drug therapy, i.e., 88.42% followed by three drug therapy, i.e., 10.53%.
Conclusions: The principal aim of drug utilization research is to facilitate the rational use of drugs. The study shows that OA more common in female patient than male patient. The most common disease distribution site was knee in OA patient. Old age was the most common encounter risk factor in OA patient. Combination therapy was most commonly used than single drug therapy.
CURCUMIN PROTECTION AGAINST CADMIUM CHLORIDE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN LUNGS OF SWISS ALBINO MICE
Authors: KUMARI AMRITA , SHARMA SUMAN 
Published: June 2020

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of curcumin against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced toxicity in lungs of albino mice.
Methods: Albino mice were divided into eight groups and five mice were kept in each group. The experiment was carried out for 15 and 45 days. Group 1 mice were kept as control. Group 2 mice were given an oral dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride on alternate days. Group 3 mice were administered an oral dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride on alternate days and 100 mg/kg body weight of curcumin daily. Group 4 mice were received an oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of curcumin daily. Autopsies were done on 15 and 45 days post-treatment.
Results: The results of the present study showed a significant decrease in organ weight at both the intervals. Biochemical analysis showed decline in total glycogen, cholesterol, and protein concentration in lung of cadmium chloride-treated mice. Furthermore, the cadmium chloride concentration in cadmium chloride-treated group was increased in comparison to the control group. However, the treatment with curcumin ameliorated cadmium chloride-induced changes in lung tissue as it instigated the antioxidant enzymes remarkably. However, cotreatment of cadmium chloride with curcumin boosted the changes due to cadmium chloride.
Conclusion: Hence, we concluded that curcumin has protective efficacy in the lungs against the cadmium chloride generated toxicity in albino mice.
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN C ON BLOOD GLUCOSE AND GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED DIABETIC RABBITS
Authors: P VIJAYAKRISHNA , TS USHASREE , K INDIRA , NAVEEN AVULA , S SHIRISHA 
Published: June 2020

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a spectrum of common metabolic disorders, arising from a variety of pathogenic mechanisms resulting in hyperglycemia that causes chronic micro- and macro-vascular complications. Vitamin C is structurally similar to glucose and can replace it in many chemical reactions and thus is effective in the prevention of non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins. Hence, the present study taken up to see the effect of supplementation of Vitamin C on blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) along with metformin in experimentally-induced diabetic rabbits.
Methods: Twenty-four adult New Zealand white rabbits (1.5–2.5 kg) were divided into four groups, each containing six rabbits. Group 1: Normal control (distilled water); Group 2: Metformin (23.33 mg/kg) is given orally; Group 3: Metformin (23.33 mg/kg) plus Vitamin C 250 mg are given orally; and Group 4: Metformin (23.33 mg/kg) plus Vitamin C 500 mg are given orally. Animals were treated for 30 days. The blood samples were collected on days 0 and 30 from the marginal ear vein of rabbits for the estimation of blood glucose and HbA1c levels.
Results: Statistically analyzed by ANOVA test followed by post hoc Tukey’s test using GraphPad Prism software. Results shown that Vitamin C 500 mg oral supplementation with metformin had very highly significantly reduced HbA1c levels by 40.12% (p = 0.0001***) and blood glucose levels by 49.12% (p = 0.0003***), whereas Vitamin C 250 mg oral supplementation with metformin also significantly reduced HbA1c levels by 25.49% (p = 0.0001***) and blood glucose levels by 42.95% (p = 0.0026**) when compared to metformin alone, which reduced HbA1c levels by 22% (p = 0.0001***) and blood glucose levels by 39.58% (p = 0.0001***).
Conclusion: Oral supplementation of Vitamin C 500 mg/250 mg to the metformin was superior in reducing HbA1c levels and blood glucose levels compared to metformin alone in rabbits. Hence, Vitamin C oral supplementation may be helpful in lowering blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels and improving glycemic control in Type 2 DM.
PENENTUAN KANDUNGAN LOGAM BERAT PADA AIR TANAH DI KECAMATAN KUBU BABUSSALAM, ROKAN HILIR, RIAU
Authors: Putra Arief Yandra , Mairizki Fitri 
Published: June 2020

<p class="abstract"><em>Water is a material that can not be separated from the life activities of living things on earth. One of the water resources that gets the most attention and the most needed is ground water. Ground water is a hydrological cycle that involves several aspects such as bio-geo-physical and socio-cultural.</em> <em>Heavy metals are pollutants that are most often found in water. This heavy metal has a negative impact on humans who use the water and organisms that are in the water. The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of heavy metals contained in ground water in the District of Kubu Babussalam, Rokan Hilir, Riau. Sampling using random sampling technique. Ground water in Kubu Babussalam Subdistrict has been contaminated by heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr). The Pb content contained in ground water ranges from 0,01-0,06 mg/L, Fe ranges from 1,3-2,2 mg/L while the content of the other three metals still very little and were carried under the LOQ value of the measuring instrument used.</em> <em>Based on Permenkes 416/MEN.KES/PER/IX/1990, there was one sample point that had Pb metal content above the quality standard, and there were seven sample points that had Fe metal content above the quality standard.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>
1012-P: Study of Insulin Stability Impact on Pump Therapy: Test Model Development
Authors: CHATTARAJ SARNATH , ZHANG GINA , ANSELMO EVAN , FUSSELMAN JENNY (HSI) C. 
Published: June 2020

Objective: Develop a test methodology for evaluating the reason for infusion set (IS) failure in persons with diabetes using insulin pump therapy (Continuous Sub-cutaneous Insulin Infusion, CSII). Insulin stability (physical, chemical, and microbiological) and/or the loss of preservatives in the infusate are thought to play significant roles in shortening IS wear time. In-vitro and in-vivo methods were used to assess the cause(s) site inflammation and the loss of preservatives.
Method: Fast-acting insulin (insulin aspart and lispro) were pumped through different infusion sets (&gt;4) under simulated-use conditions. The pumped insulin and non-pumped insulin controls were characterized for physical, chemical, and microbiological properties. The pumped insulin, combined with fibrinogen (an initiator for material foreign body responses), were tested in murine macrophage cell culture for inflammatory responses. The corresponding infusion sets were tested in vivo in a diabetic porcine model to determine IS wear-time.
Result: Pumped insulins in ≥8 insulin/IS combinations met corresponding criteria in USP insulin monographs, indicating no significant chemical changes. Lower preservative content was found to increase insulin aggregates in-vitro/in-vivo. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (MIP-1α, and MCP-1) increased significantly in the inflammatory in-vitro model. The IS wear-time was shortened from 4.9±0.3 days (control) to 1.7±0.3 days (p&lt;0.0001) with lower preservative content (&lt;50% per label claim).
Conclusion: Preliminary findings from in-vitro and in-vivo test model development indicate that macrophage number, the inflammatory response, and device wear time were significantly impacted by loss of preservative and trace aggregates/particles. The new test methodology can further our understanding as to how to improve IS wear time.

Disclosure
S. Chattaraj: Employee; Self; Medtronic. G. Zhang: None. E. Anselmo: Employee; Self; Medtronic. J.C. Fusselman: None.
1037-P: Efficacy and Safety of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart in Adults with T2D with Different Insulin Requirements
Authors: LANE WENDY , EKELUND MAGNUS , THÓRISDÓTTIR ÓLÖF , JÓDAR ESTEBAN , OVIEDO ALEJANDRA , RATHOR NAVEEN , SENIOR PETER , SESTI GIORGIO , FRANEK EDWARD 
Published: June 2020

A previous post-hoc analysis of the 26-week onset 2 trial indicated that with insulin glargine the effect of fast-acting insulin aspart (FA) vs. insulin aspart (IAsp) on PPG increment (meal test) was larger for subjects on high bolus insulin doses in bolus-naïve adults with T2D (duration ≥6 mo). This post-hoc analysis of the 16-week onset 9 trial aimed to confirm this and explore efficacy and safety of FA vs. IAsp, both with insulin degludec, in bolus-experienced adults with T2D (duration ≥10 yrs) by insulin requirement. Participants were divided by meal test bolus dose at baseline: ≤10 U (n=303), 10-20 U (n=518) or &gt;20 U (n=270). Baseline characteristics were similar across subgroups; except for BMI and daily insulin dose, which increased with meal test dose (Table). Change from baseline in HbA1c 16 weeks post randomization was similar for FA vs. IAsp across subgroups. There was a trend in favor of FA vs. IAsp for change from baseline in PPG increments (meal test), but treatment differences did not depend on subgroup. There was a trend towards lower rates of severe or blood glucose-confirmed hypoglycemia with higher insulin doses at meal test, with a benefit for FA vs. IAsp in the &gt;20 U subgroup. Treatment difference (FA vs. IAsp) in change from baseline in PPG increments was unaffected by bolus insulin dose; however hypoglycemia risk may be lower with FA vs. IAsp in adults with long-standing T2D and high bolus insulin requirements.

Disclosure
W. Lane: Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Gilead, Mylan, Sanofi, Tolerion, vTv. Other Relationship; Self; Dexcom, Insulet, Novo Nordisk. M. Ekelund: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Novo Nordisk. Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk. Ó. Thórisdóttir: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. E. Jódar: Other Relationship; Self; Elli Lilly & Co, Novo Nordisk, MSD, Lilly, Janssen, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, UCB, Amgen, FAES, Shire, Mundipharma, Novartis. A. Oviedo: None. N. Rathor: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk. P. Senior: Research Support; Self; Allergan, Novo Nordisk. G. Sesti: Advisory Panel; Self; Servier, Mylan, Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, AstraZeneca, MSD, Sanofi, Amgem, Novartis, GSK. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk, Servier, MSD, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, AstraZeneca, L-Nutra, Theras, Sanofi, Mundipharma, Omikron, Novartis. E. Franek: Advisory Panel; Self; Novartis AG. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Bioton, Eli Lilly and Company. Other Relationship; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk.

Funding
Novo Nordisk
1055-P: Glycemic Variability with Dulaglutide vs. Basal Insulin Glargine
Authors: JODAR ESTEBAN , ROMERA IRENE , WANG QIANQIAN , CAVEDA ELENA , GARCIA LUIS EMILIO 
Published: June 2020

Reductions in glycemic variability (GV) may be associated with decrease in cardiovascular complications. This analysis assessed GV in people with type 2 diabetes receiving dulaglutide (DU) 1.5 mg once weekly or basal insulin glargine (IGlar) in two clinical trials. AWARD (AW) 2 participants on metformin and glimepiride randomized to DU (N=173) or IGlar (N=161). AW9 participants randomized to DU (N=127) or placebo (N=120), both added to IGlar with/without metformin. GV measured at baseline and study endpoint (AW2: week 26; AW9: week 28). Studies analyzed separately for within-day and between-day GV from self-monitored blood glucose (SMPG), and between-day GV from fasting self-measured plasma glucose (FSMPG), by standard deviation (SD). AW2 DU and IGlar arms were 54% and 51% male at baseline; mean (SD) HbA1c of 8.2 (1.0) and 8.1 (0.9) %; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 162.0 (46.7) and 161.1 (47.1) mg/dL. DU treatment yielded significantly greater reductions in within-day SMPG GV (Figure) than IGlar. AW9 DU+IGlar and Placebo+IGlar arms included 58% and 58% male participants; mean (SD) HbA1c was 8.4 (0.8) and 8.2 (0.8) %; FPG 154.5 (46.5) and 155.0 (46.7) mg/dL. DU+IGlar showed significantly greater reductions in within-day and between-day GV from SMPG (Figure), and between-day FSMPG GV than placebo+IGlar. DU treatment showed a greater reduction in within-day SMPG GV versus IGlar. DU+IGlar reduces SMPG GV and FSMPG GV more than placebo+IGlar.

Disclosure
E. Jodar: Other Relationship; Self; Elli Lilly & Co, Novo Nordisk, MSD, Lilly, Janssen, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, UCB, Amgen, FAES, Shire, Mundipharma, Novartis. I. Romera: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Q. Wang: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. E. Caveda: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. L. Garcia: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Eli Lilly and Company.

Funding
Eli Lilly and Company
110-LB: The Korean Titration: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Self-Titration Algorithms of Insulin Glargine 300 Units/ml in Patients with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: BAE JAE HYUN , AHN CHANG HO , YANG YE SEUL , MOON SUN JOON , KWAK SOO HEON , JUNG HYE SEUNG , PARK KYONG SOO , CHO YOUNG MIN 
Published: June 2020

Background: In the Canadian TITRATION study, the INSIGHT algorithm was as effective as the EDITION algorithm for insulin dose titration in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, these algorithms have not been evaluated in Asian patients.
Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of two algorithms, the INSIGHT and EDITION, for insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla-300) in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin
Methods: The Korean TITRATION was a 12-week, single-center, open-label, randomized, treat-to-target, and pragmatic trial. We randomly assigned 130 patients to either the INSIGHT (self-titration by 1 unit/day) or EDITION (self-titration no more than every 3 days) groups to achieve a fasting self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) in the range of 4.4 to 5.6 mmol/L. The primary endpoint was a proportion of patients reaching fasting SMBG ≤5.6 mmol/L without hypoglycemia.
Results: A total of 129 patients were included in the study. At week 12, patients achieving the primary endpoint were 24.6% (INSIGHT) and 23.4% (EDITION) (P = 0.961). Fasting SMBG were 102.0 mg/dL (INSIGHT) and 111.2 mg/dL (EDITION) (P = 0.110). Proportions of patients with HbA1c ≤7% were 23.1% (INSIGHT) and 20.3% (EDITION) (P = 0.867). There was no difference in changes in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and body weight between the two groups. Mean changes in total daily insulin doses were significantly higher in the INSIGHT group than in the EDITION group (12.83 units/day vs. 6.81 units/day, P = 0.030). However, the incidence of hypoglycemia was comparable between the two groups. In addition, adherence to the algorithm tended to be higher in the INSIGHT group than in the EDITION group (45.7% vs. 35.9%, P = 0.109).
Conclusion: The self-titration of Gla-300 with the INSIGHT algorithm is effective and safe compared to that with the EDITION algorithm in Korean patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.

Disclosure
J. Bae: None. C. Ahn: None. Y. Yang: None. S. Moon: None. S. Kwak: None. H. Jung: None. K. Park: None. Y. Cho: None.
1100-P: Efficacy and Safety of Sotagliflozin by Baseline Renal Function in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: HANDELSMAN YEHUDA , GIACCARI ANDREA , SAWHNEY SANGEETA , BANKS PHILLIP L. , DAVIES MICHAEL J. , LAPUERTA PABLO 
Published: June 2020

Many adults with T1D are not at glycemic goal and are overweight or obese and this trend appears to be worsening. SGLT inhibitors have been shown to improve metabolic outcomes in T1D. However, the glycemic efficacy of selective SGLT2 inhibitors depends on the amount of glucose filtered in the glomerulus and as such efficacy attenuates as renal function declines. The mechanism of action of sotagliflozin (SOTA) involves inhibition of SGLT2 in the kidney and SGLT1 in the gastrointestinal tract. This post-hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of SOTA by baseline eGFR (45-&lt;60 [N = 71]; 60-&lt;90 [N = 774]; ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m² [N = 730]) using pooled results in 1575 adults with T1D from the inTandem1 and 2 studies. Baseline A1C and body weight (BW) were not different among groups and baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) tended to be higher in those with eGFR&lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m². Placebo-adjusted reduction in A1C and BW at Week 24 with SOTA was consistent across eGFR subgroups (Table). The safety profile of SOTA was consistent with results published for entire population, with a higher incidence of DKA and a lower incidence of severe hypoglycemia for sotagliflozin vs. placebo. There was no increase in renal-related adverse events or acute kidney injury with SOTA. The efficacy and safety profile of SOTA was generally similar across adults with T1D and varying degrees of renal function.

Disclosure
Y. Handelsman: Advisory Panel; Self; Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca. Consultant; Self; Applied Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Research Support; Self; Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Amarin Corporation, Amgen, AstraZeneca. A. Giaccari: Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi-Aventis. S. Sawhney: None. P.L. Banks: Employee; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. M.J. Davies: Employee; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. P. Lapuerta: Employee; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
1102-P: Impact of Treatment with Sotagliflozin on the Incidence of Severe Hypoglycemia in Patients with T1D
Authors: PETTUS JEREMY , DANNE THOMAS , PETERS ANNE L. , CARROLL AMY K. , SAWHNEY SANGEETA , JIANG WENJUN , BANKS PHILLIP L. , MCGILL JANET B. 
Published: June 2020

Objective: Severe hypoglycemia (SH) is an acute and life-threatening complication of T1D. Factors impacting the risk of SH include A1C, eGFR, insulin dose changes, and use of MDI versus CSII. An adjunctive treatment that simultaneously improves glycemic control and reduces SH across broad groups would be beneficial for patients (pts) with T1D.
Methods: Data were pooled from two, 52-week, placebo (PBO)-controlled studies in adults with T1D in the overall population and in prespecified subgroups (Table). SH was defined using Level 3 hypoglycemia criteria and all events were independently adjudicated. Results reflect exposure-adjusted incidence rate per 100 patient-years.
Results: Sotagliflozin (SOTA) 400 mg treatment significantly reduced the overall incidence of SH by 41% vs. placebo (relative risk [95% CI] 0.59 [0.35, 0.98]). A dose-responsive reduction was observed in the overall population, and maintained in subgroup analyses (Table), regardless of baseline A1C, eGFR, or percentage reduction in daily insulin dose. Patients using MDI versus CSII alone are generally at higher risk of SH. SOTA 400mg reduced the risk of SH by 69% (relative risk [95% CI] 0.31 [0.13, 0.68]) in MDI-treated pts but did not affect the relatively low rate in those using CSII.
Conclusion: These data confirm that SOTA reduced the incidence of SH in pts with T1D, and indicates consistent dose-related risk reduction in almost all subgroups.

Disclosure
J. Pettus: Consultant; Self; Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., MannKind Corporation, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. T. Danne: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. A.L. Peters: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, Bigfoot Biomedical, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, MannKind Corporation, Medscape, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi US. Consultant; Self; Livongo Health. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., vTv Therapeutics. Other Relationship; Self; Livongo Health, Mellitus Health, Omada Health, Stability Healthcare, Whole Biome Inc. A.K. Carroll: Employee; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. S. Sawhney: None. W. Jiang: Employee; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. P.L. Banks: Employee; Self; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. J.B. McGill: Advisory Panel; Self; Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Dexcom, Inc. Research Support; Self; Medtronic, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Dexcom, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.