bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Study of Adult Oral Health 2017–18: root caries
Authors: Kapellas Kostas , Roberts‐Thomson Kaye F 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of root caries in Australia is expected to increase due to an ageing population and increase in tooth retention. This report presents findings from the Australian National Study of Adult Oral Health 2017‐18.MethodsA stratified random sample of 15 731 Australians aged ≥15 years participated in a telephone or online survey. Of those, 5022 dentate people underwent an oral assessment. Carious root surfaces were defined as ≥1 mm of affected dentine/cementum. Prevalence was defined as the percentage with ≥one natural tooth with untreated caries on root surfaces. Severity was measured as the mean number of root surfaces with caries.ResultsPrevalence of untreated root caries in the Australian adult dentate population was 8.2% and increased with increasing age (range 2%—17.8%). Men (9.3%) compared to women (7.2%), people living in remote (18.0%) versus regional (9.3%) and major cities (7.6%), and those with the lowest household income (15.4%) compared to middle (7.6%) and highest tertile (3.2%) had untreated root caries. The average number of decayed or filled root surfaces in the Australian adult population was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9, 1.2).ConclusionsRoot caries was associated with older age, living outside a major city and lower income.
Periodontal diseases in the Australian adult population
Authors: Ha Diep H , John Spencer A , Ju Xiangqun , Do Loc G 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPeriodontal diseases are some of the major oral diseases and conditions in adults.ObjectiveThe study aimed to present the population patterns of periodontal diseases and trends of periodontitis in the Australian adult population.MethodsData collected in the recent National Study of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH) 2017–18 were used to present the current population patterns of periodontal diseases. Periodontal assessment was carried out at three sites per tooth for all present teeth, excluding third molars. Prevalence of gingivitis, periodontal pocket depth of 4+ mm, gingival recession of 2+ mm, and clinical attachment loss of 4+ mm were calculated and reported. The US CDC/AAP case definition was used to define cases of moderate to severe periodontitis. NSAOH 2017–18 data were combined with data collected in NSAOH 2004–06 using similar methods to describe age‐ and cohort‐related trends of periodontitis.ResultsThe prevalence of periodontal diseases and conditions were relatively high in the Australian adult population. Some three in every ten Australian adults had moderate to severe periodontitis. There was a tendency of higher prevalence of periodontitis in NSAOH 2017–18 than in NSAOH 2004–06 among people of the same age.ConclusionPeriodontal diseases and conditions remain a significant problem in the Australian adult population.
Randomised clinical trial: minesapride vs placebo for irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation
Authors: Hamatani Tatsuto , Fukudo Shin , Nakada Yosuke , Inada Hiroshi , Kazumori Kiyoyasu , Miwa Hiroto 
Published: June 2020

SummaryBackgroundAgonists of 5‐hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor are potential agents for irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation (IBS‐C). However, only tegaserod has been approved for a very limited population in the US.AimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of minesapride in patients with Rome IV defined IBS‐C.MethodsA double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐finding study was performed. Overall, 411 patients were randomised to receive minesapride at 10, 20 or 40 mg/d, or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was Food and Drug Administration (FDA) composite endpoint (responder: a patient who reported an increase in one or more complete spontaneous bowel movements from baseline and improvement of ≥30% from baseline in weekly average of worst abdominal pain score, both in the same week for ≥6/12 weeks).ResultsThe FDA composite responder rate was 13.6% (14/103) in the placebo group, 13.6% (14/103) in the 10 mg group, 19.2% (20/104) in the 20 mg group and 14.9% (15/101) in the 40 mg group, and no dose‐response relationship was found. A greater percentage of minesapride 40 mg‐treated patients than placebo‐treated patients met both responder requirements for ≥9/12 weeks as the stricter composite evaluation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, minesapride 40 mg significantly increased SBM frequency compared with placebo (adjusted P < 0.001 at Week 12). The most common adverse event was mild diarrhoea.ConclusionsMinesapride was safe and well‐tolerated. Although the primary endpoint was negative, minesapride 40 mg is likely to improve the stricter composite endpoint and SBM frequency.Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center Number: Japic CTI‐163459.
Whistleblowing and power: A network perspective
Authors: Thomas R. Guy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article presents a network perspective on whistleblowing. It considers how whistleblowing affects, and is affected by, the preexisting distribution of power inside and outside an organization, where power is conceptualized as deriving from the network positions of the key actors. The article also highlights four characteristic features of whistleblowing: third‐party detriment, local subversion, appeal to central or external power, and reasonable expectation of concern. The feature of local subversion succinctly explains why whistleblowing is difficult. The feature of appeal to central or external power highlights that contrary to the perception of a democratizing phenomenon, whistleblowing tends to redistribute discretion away from local power toward more central power. This suggests a need for caution about institutional measures to promote whistleblowing in contexts where governance is already highly centralized.
Randomised phase II study to optimise melphalan, prednisolone, and bortezomib in untreated multiple myeloma (JCOG1105)
Authors: Maruyama Dai , Iida Shinsuke , Ogawa Gakuto , Fukuhara Noriko , Seo Sachiko , Miyazaki Kana , Yoshimitsu Makoto , Kuroda Junya , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Tsujimura Hideki , Hangaishi Akira , Yamauchi Takahiro , Utsumi Takahiko , Mizuno Ishikazu , Takamatsu Yasushi , Nagata Yasuyuki , Minauchi Koichiro , Ohtsuka Eiichi , Hanamura Ichiro , Yoshida Shinichiro , Yamasaki Satoshi , Suehiro Youko , Kamiyama Yutaro , Tsukasaki Kunihiro , Nagai Hirokazu 
Published: June 2020

SummaryWe conducted a randomised phase II study to determine the optimal dose and schedule of melphalan, prednisone, and bortezomib (MPB) (jRCTs031180097). Transplant‐ineligible untreated multiple myeloma patients were randomised to Arm A (twice weekly bortezomib in one six‐week cycle followed by eight five‐week cycles of four times once weekly bortezomib with melphalan and prednisolone on days 1–4) or Arm B (nine four‐week cycles of three times once weekly bortezomib with melphalan and prednisolone on days 1–4). The primary end‐point was complete response (CR) rate. Of 91 patients randomised to two arms, 88 were eligible. The median cumulative bortezomib doses were 45·8 and 35·1 mg/m2, CR rate was 18·6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 8·4–33·4] and 6·7% (95% CI 1·4–18·3), and the median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 2·5 and 1·4 years in Arms A and B [hazard ratio (HR) 1·93 (95% CI 1·09–3·42)], respectively. Frequent grade ≥3 haematologic toxicities in Arms A and B were neutropenia (64·4% vs. 28·3%) and thrombocytopenia (35·6% vs. 10·9%). Grade 2/3 peripheral neuropathy was observed in 24·4/2·2% in Arm A and 8·7/0% in Arm B. In conclusion, Arm A was the more promising regimen, suggesting that the twice weekly schedule of bortezomib in the first cycle and higher cumulative dose of both bortezomib and melphalan influences the efficacy of modified MPB.
Looking out for myself: Exploring the relationship between conspiracy mentality, perceived personal risk, and COVID‐19 prevention measures
Authors: Marinthe Gaëlle , Brown Genavee , Delouvée Sylvain , Jolley Daniel 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesThis research examined how conspiracy mentality may affect compliance with preventive health measures necessary to fight the COVID‐19 pandemic, and the underlying motivations to comply.Design and MethodWe conducted two cross‐sectional studies (Study 1 N = 762, Study 2 N = 229) on a French population, measuring conspiracy mentality, compliance with preventive health measures, and perceived risks related to COVID‐19. We also measured motivations to comply with preventive measures in Study 2.ResultsWe show that people high in conspiracy mentality are likely to engage in non‐normative prevention behaviours (Study 1), but are less willing to comply with extreme preventive behaviours that are government‐driven (Study 2). However, we demonstrate that a perceived risk to oneself (risk of death) and a motivation to protect oneself can act as a suppressor: Conspiracy mentality is linked with an increase in the perception of risk to oneself, which, in turn, is associated with normative compliance. We also find that perceived risk of death explains the relationship between conspiracy mentality and non‐normative prevention behaviours.ConclusionsOur studies showcase how people high in conspiracy theorizing may (dis)engage with prevention behaviours, but that perceived risk and motivation to protect oneself could increase these individuals’ compliance.
Habits and self‐efficacy moderate the effects of intentions and planning on physical activity
Authors: Di Maio Sally , Keller Jan , Hohl Diana H. , Schwarzer Ralf , Knoll Nina 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesBehavioural intentions as well as action planning can facilitate the adoption and maintenance of physical activity under certain conditions. The present study examined levels of plan‐specific self‐efficacy and habit strength as possible conditions that may modify this relationship.DesignAs a secondary analysis of a larger randomized trial to improve physical activity, n = 225 recipients of a planning intervention were followed up at five measurement points over one year.MethodsTwo‐level models were fit. Within‐person levels, that is, fluctuations of intention and action planning around person means, were modelled to predict self‐reported moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. Moreover, between‐person, that is, average person, levels of self‐efficacy and habit strength were specified as putative moderators of this relationship.ResultsThe within‐person intention–activity relationship was moderated by between‐person levels of habit strength, yielding a compensatory effect: higher‐than‐usual intention predicted physical activity only when average activity habit levels were low. The within‐person planning–activity relationship was moderated by between‐person levels of self‐efficacy, yielding a synergistic effect: higher‐than‐usual planning combined with high average self‐efficacy resulted in highest physical activity levels.ConclusionHigher‐than‐usual intention may only be required in the presence of low activity habits. Moreover, high self‐efficacy seems to be required to translate higher‐than‐usual action planning into augmented physical activity because self‐efficacious individuals may invest more efforts to enact their plans.
When one tail isn't enough: abnormal caudal regeneration in lepidosaurs and its potential ecological impacts
Authors: Barr James I. , Somaweera Ruchira , Godfrey Stephanie S. , Gardner Michael G. , Bateman Philip W. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTAbnormal caudal regeneration, the production of additional tails through regeneration events, occurs in lepidosaurs as a result of incomplete autotomy or sufficient caudal wound. Despite being widely known to occur, documented events generally are limited to opportunistic single observations – hindering the understanding of the ecological importance of caudal regeneration. Here we compiled and reviewed a robust global database of both peer‐reviewed and non‐peer reviewed records of abnormal regeneration events in lepidosaurs published over the last 400 years. Using this database, we qualitatively and quantitatively assessed the occurrence and characteristics of abnormal tail regeneration among individuals, among species, and among populations. We identified 425 observations from 366 records pertaining to 175 species of lepidosaurs across 22 families from 63 different countries. At an individual level, regenerations ranged from bifurcations to hexafurcations; from normal regeneration from the original tail to multiple regenerations arising from a single point; and from growth from the distal third to the proximal third of the tail. Species showing abnormal regenerations included those with intra‐vertebral, inter‐vertebral or no autotomy planes, indicating that abnormal regenerations evidently occur across lepidosaurs regardless of whether the species demonstrates caudal autotomy or not. Within populations, abnormal regenerations were estimated at a mean ± SD of 2.75 ± 3.41% (range 0.1–16.7%). There is a significant lack of experimental studies to understand the potential ecological impacts of regeneration on the fitness and life history of individuals and populations. We hypothesised that abnormal regeneration may affect lepidosaursviainfluencing kinematics of locomotion, restrictions in escape mechanisms, anti‐predation tactics, and intra‐ and inter‐specific signalling. Behaviourally testing these hypotheses would be an important future research direction.
The Erwin equation of biodiversity: From little steps to quantum leaps in the discovery of tropical insect diversity
Authors: García‐Robledo Carlos , Kuprewicz Erin K. , Baer Christina S. , Clifton Elizabeth , Hernández Georgia G. , Wagner David L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlmost 40 years ago, Terry L. Erwin published a seemingly audacious proposition: There may be as many as 30 million species of insects in the world. Here, we translate Erwin's verbal argument into a diversity‐ratio model—the Erwin Equation of Biodiversity—and discuss how it has inspired other biodiversity estimates. We categorize, describe the assumptions for, and summarize the most commonly used methods for calculating estimates of global biodiversity. Subsequent diversity‐ratio extrapolations have incorporated parameters representing empirical insect specialization ratios, and how insect specialization changes at different spatial scales. Other approaches include macroecological diversity models and diversity curves. For many insect groups with poorly known taxonomies, diversity estimates are based on the opinions of taxonomic experts. We illustrate our current understanding of insect diversity by focusing on the six most speciose insect orders worldwide. For each order, we compiled estimates of the (a) maximum estimated number of species, (b) minimum estimated number of species, and (c) number of currently described species. By integrating these approaches and considering new information, we believe an estimate of 5.5 million species of insects in the world is much too low. New molecular methodologies (e.g., metabarcoding and NGS studies) are revealing daunting numbers of cryptic and previously undescribed species, at the same time increasing our precision but also uncertainty about present estimates. Not until technologies advance and sampling become more comprehensive, especially of tropical biotas, will we be able to make robust estimates of the total number of insect species on Earth.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Prevalence and associated factors of overweight/obesity among school going children in Chandigarh, India
Authors: Singh Dhirendra Pratap , Arya Arpit , Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran , Bishnoi Mahendra , Boparai Ravneet Kaur 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAn increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is reported worldwide. Few data are available regarding childhood obesity in North India. The present study aimed to study the prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents aged 10–14, in schools of Chandigarh, and to examine associated factors.MethodsNine co‐educational schools were chosen to include both government and private schools in Chandigarh. We randomly sampled students from different subsections/batches of classes fifth to ninth (aged 10–14), and those present on the day were measured and completed questionnaires. Obesity was classified according to the methods recommended by the Indian Association of Pediatrics (IAP) growth charts committee.ResultsA total of 1,030 participants were included, 502 students from government and 528 students from private schools. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity evaluated by using age‐specific body mass index (BMI) cut‐offs was found to be 9.9% and 14.0%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight (adult equivalent of 23) was 10.3% in boys and 9.4% in girls and that of obesity (adult equivalent of 27) was found to be 13.3% and 14.7%, respectively, in boys and girls. In univariate analyses, statistically significant associations were found between the risk of obesity and gender, socio‐economic status (SES) and reported physical activity.ConclusionWe found significant levels of overweight and obesity among children aged 10–14 and found associations with SES, gender and reported physical activity as has been previously reported elsewhere.
Mothers living homeless in Madrid (Spain): Characteristics, vulnerabilities and relationships with their children
Authors: Vázquez José Juan , Piqueras Susana , Panadero Sonia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPeople in a homeless situation are one of the most obvious embodiments of the phenomenon of social exclusion, and women living homeless are a particularly vulnerable group. The article examines some of the differences between women who were mothers and those who had no children in a sample of women living homeless in Madrid, Spain (n = 138). The information was collected using a structured interview. The results show that the women in a homeless situation who were mothers presented extremely difficult life experiences and were a particularly vulnerable subgroup. None of the women in a homeless situation who were mothers lived with their children. The women who were mothers suffered from more chronic homelessness, slept the night in the street more frequently and were in poorer health. Furthermore, throughout their life, the women living homeless who were mothers had experienced more traumatic situations from early ages, with higher levels of psychoactive substance abuse and more problems with the legal system, which could have had a highly negative effect on their relationship and lives with their children. The different circumstances and needs of mothers in a homeless situation require the implementation of prevention and/or treatment approaches aimed at this specific subgroup.
The role of long non‐coding RNAs in drug resistance of cancer
Authors: Zhang He‐da , Jiang Lin‐hong , Zhong Shan‐liang , Li Jian , Sun Da‐wei , Hou Jun‐chen , Wang Dan‐dan , Zhou Si‐ying , Tang Jin‐hai 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLong non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of long RNAs, are longer than 200 nucleotides in length but lack protein‐coding capacity. LncRNAs, as critical genomic regulators, are involved in genomic imprinting regulation, histone modification and gene expression regulation as well as tumor initiation and progression. However, it is also found that lncRNAs are associated with drug resistance in several types of cancer. Drug resistance is an important reason for clinical chemotherapy failure, and the molecular mechanism of tumor resistance is complex, which is a process of multi‐cause, multi‐gene and multi‐signal transduction pathway interaction. Then comprehending the mechanisms of chemoresistance will help find ways to control the tumor progression effectively. Therefore, in this review, we will construct lncRNAs /drug resistance interaction network and shed light on the role of lncRNAs in drug resistance.
Evolving Role for Pharmacotherapy in NAFLD/NASH
Authors: Attia Suzanna L. , Softic Samir , Mouzaki Marialena 
Published: June 2020

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent, dynamic disease that occurs across the age spectrum and can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatments for NAFLD; however, this is a field of active research. This review summarizes emerging pharmacotherapies for the treatment of adult and pediatric NAFLD. Investigated pharmacotherapies predominantly target bile acid signaling, insulin resistance, and lipid handling within the liver. Three drugs have gone on to phase III trials for which results are available. Of those, obeticholic acid is the single agent that demonstrates promise according to the interim analyses of the REGENERATE trial. Obeticholic acid showed reduction of fibrosis in adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) taking 25 mg daily for 18 months (n = 931, reduction in fibrosis in 25% vs. 12% placebo,P < 0.01). Ongoing phase III trials include REGENERATE and MAESTRO‐NASH, which investigates thyroid hormone receptor‐β agonist MGL‐3196. Outcomes of promising phase II trials in adults with NASH are also available and those have investigated agents, including the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19 analogue NGM282, the GLP1 agonist liraglutide, the FGF21 analogue Pegbelfermin, the sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor Empagliflozin, the ketohexokinase inhibitor PF‐06835919, the acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor GS‐0976, and the chemokine receptor antagonist Cenicriviroc. Completed and ongoing clinical trials emphasize the need for a more nuanced understanding of the phenotypes of subgroups within NAFLD that may respond to an individualized approach to pharmacotherapy.
Atypical fibroxanthoma and pleomorphic dermal sarcoma: A reappraisal
Authors: Cesinaro Anna Maria , Gallo Graziana , Tramontozzi Sabrina , Migaldi Mario 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) and pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS) share clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular features, though PDS is associated with a more aggressive behavior.MethodsWe reviewed 71 tumors fulfilling criteria for AFX and PDS to further stratify their biological potential.ResultsLesions were mainly located on the scalps of elderly men, and were often ulcerated. One case was necrotic, one showed vascular invasion, and one showed perineural invasion. Fifty‐one tumors were limited to reticular dermis (71.8%), 20 invaded subcutaneous tissue, focally in 13 cases (18.3%), and diffusely in seven (9.9%). Subcutaneous invasion was present significantly more often in tumors showing predominantly spindle compared to pleomorphic/mixed cell morphology (P = 0.02). At a follow‐up of 17‐125 months, 4 cases recurred locally, 4, 6, 10 and 13 months after surgery; no metastases were observed. Three tumors were composed of spindle cells, and one of clear cells. Three cases had margins focally involved, while the fourth case had clear margins.ConclusionDepth of invasion and state of margins are criteria predicting prognosis in AFX/PDS; in addition, spindle cell morphology seems to be related to a more infiltrative pattern of growth and to aggressiveness. Grouping these tumors on a morphologic base could help to clarify their different biological behavior.