bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonantibiotic Pharmacological Treatment of Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
Authors: Vasques Francesco , Camporota Luigi , Barrett Nicholas A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSevere, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are a rapid deterioration of the respiratory symptoms of patients with COPD, requiring hospital admission and escalation of pharmacological and nonpharmacological care including the more severe cases of respiratory failure and admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). These events severely impact patients' quality of life and prognosis. This review will describe the nonantibiotic, pharmacological treatment options available for critically ill patients with AECOPD. The aim of treatment is to alleviate symptoms, improve patient's functional and respiratory status, reduce mortality, reduce the risk or the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, and prevent reexacerbations. Inhaled bronchodilators (i.e., short-acting β2-agonists and anticholinergics) and systemic corticosteroids are the main drugs used in the treatment of AECOPD. These drugs are also used in the treatment of stable COPD and in the treatment of AECOPD patients in the non-ICU or community setting. Other drugs are essentially only used in the ICU setting such as inhaled anesthetic agents, ketamine, intravenous methylxanthines, and magnesium. Finally, recently developed drugs, such as the specific phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, may play a role in the prevention of relapsing AECOPD following a critical event than the treatment of the exacerbation itself. Although they significantly improve the survival of critically ill patients with AECOPD, none of available drugs, alone or combined, is able to significantly modify the prognosis of patients with COPD. This remains an open challenge for the current and future generations of researchers and clinicians.
Perforator Mapping Practice for Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flap Reconstructions: A Survey of the Benelux Region
Authors: Boer Vivian B. , van Wingerden Jan J. , Wever Carolien F. , Beets Michiel R. , Verhaegen Pauline D. , Hamdi Moustapha 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background Numerous new and novel imaging techniques for preoperative perforator selection in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap planning have been introduced. To what extent, these have been adopted into or replaced routine practice has hitherto remained unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the currently preferred technique by reconstructive surgeons, the criteria that they regard as most relevant and what impact these have on the preoperative decision-making.
Methods An online survey consisting of 25 questions was sent to members of the Benelux Societies for Plastic Surgery. Information regarding experience and preferred imaging modality was requested. Specific questions addressed the utilization of computed tomography angiography (CTA) and factors that could inform preoperative perforator selection. Results were anonymously collected, managed using REDCap, and analyzed using Chi-square statistic.
Results Seventy-nine principal surgeons could be included. A variation in surgeon experience was observed. On CTA, the preferred imaging modality, large-caliber vessels, the location of the perforator in the flap, and its intramuscular course were considered the most significant criteria. Surgeons doing more than 20 DIEP flaps per year are less concerned about the distance of the perforator from the umbilicus (p = 0.003) but more likely to choose a medial perforator (p = 0.011). No statistical difference was found in surgeons' experience between those who would choose and use one specific (medial or lateral) perforator when they are analogous on CTA, and those who would delay the decision until both perforators have been exposed.
Conclusion Advantages and disadvantages of the current practice of preoperative perforator selection by surgeons who are primarily responsible for harvesting a DIEP flap have been clearly identified. Indications are that these could be widely representative in which case, the quest for a protocol or modality that maximizes the benefit and minimizes harm in preoperative perforator mapping is urgently required.
Hepatic Manifestations of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme-A Lyase Deficiency in Saudi Patients: Experience of a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Holdar Sinan , Rahbeeni Zuhair , Ramzan Khushnooda , Imtiaz Faiqa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A lyase (HMGCL) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive disorder, is caused by a homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the HMGCL gene (chromosome 1p36.11). HMGCL catalyzes the final step of leucine degradation and plays a key role in ketone body formation. Several studies have reported general hepatic findings (e.g., hepatomegaly) in patients with HMGCL deficiency, but currently, there are no available data regarding the incidence and epidemiology of liver involvement. The main objective of our study was to investigate the overall clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, genotype, and presence of hepatic involvement in Saudi patients with HMGCL deficiency. A retrospective chart review of patients with HMGCL deficiency including those with a documented hepatic manifestation was performed at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We evaluated 50 cases of HMGCL deficiency. Hepatic findings were found in 17 patients at the time of diagnosis. The mean age of hepatic presentation was 135 days, and the median age was 56 days (range: 2–315 days). Hepatomegaly was found in 65%, abnormal biochemical profile in 47%, and an abnormal imaging in 53% of patients. The most frequent mutation in this cohort was the p.Arg41Gln founder mutation (59%). In comparison to data from the current literature, HMGCL deficiency can be considered as a diagnostic metabolite for hepatic manifestations and requires appropriate evaluation, including molecular genetic analysis.
Pale Mass behind Intact Tympanic Membrane: An Otologic Puzzle to Solve
Authors: Nayak Gyanaranjan , Muraleedharan Manjul , Arora Kanika , Virk Ramandeep , Chatterjee Debajyoti 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhitish pale looking mass in the middle ear space is a diagnostic challenge not only to a novice otologic surgeon but also for an experienced surgeon. The array of differentials should be known for appropriate site of origin and its true nature. We have discussed a case of pale looking tympanic paraganglioma behind an intact tympanic membrane with few differentials to consider.
The expression of vulgarity, force, severity and size
Authors: Willemsen Jeroen , Hjorth Miltersen Ehm 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPhonaesthemes are a common phenomenon, but they are generally not in paradigmatic opposition like morphemes are (Svantesson 2017: 6). Reta, however, has a phonaesthemic contrast /l/~/r/, where /r/-colouring of neutral base words signifies an increase in vulgarity, intensity, size or severity (e.g.ɓela‘bad’ vs.ɓera‘terrible’, -ool‘penis’ vs. -oor‘cock’). This paper describes this phenomenon in detail, and provides a discussion as to whether it is best classified as morphological, phonaesthemic, or otherwise. We argue that, although some of the cross-linguistic criteria for phonaesthesia exclude phonaesthemic /r/ from being classified as such, it is not straightforwardly classified as either phonological or morphological. UsingKwon & Round’s (2015)criteria for phonaesthesia and derivational morphology, we compare Reta phonaesthemic alternations to similar phenomena in other languages. We argue that such alternations differ fundamentally from both non-alternating phonaesthemes and morphology, and are best construed as a distinct cross-linguistic category.
Hybrid brain-computer interface with motor imagery and error-related brain activity
Authors: Mousavi Mahta , Krol Laurens R , de Sa Virginia R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective. Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems read and interpret brain activity directly from the brain. They can provide a means of communication or locomotion for patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases or stroke. However, non-stationarity of brain activity limits the reliable transfer of the algorithms that were trained during a calibration session to real-time BCI control. One source of non-stationarity is the user’s brain response to the BCI output (feedback), for instance, whether the BCI feedback is perceived as an error by the user or not. By taking such sources of non-stationarity into account, the reliability of the BCI can be improved. Approach. In this work, we demonstrate a real-time implementation of a hybrid motor imagery BCI combining the information from the motor imagery signal and the error-related brain activity simultaneously so as to gain benefit from both sources. Main results. We show significantly improved performance in real-time BCI control across 12 participants, compared to a conventional motor imagery BCI. The significant improvement is in terms of classification accuracy, target hit rate, subjective perception of control and information-transfer rate. Moreover, our offline analyses of the recorded EEG data show that the error-related brain activity provides a more reliable source of information than the motor imagery signal. Significance. This work shows, for the first time, that the error-related brain activity classifier compared to the motor imagery classifier is more consistent when trained on calibration data and tested during online control. This likely explains why the proposed hybrid BCI allows for a more reliable means of communication or rehabilitation for patients in need.
Energy-efficient surface of air capacitors with inclined single-row oval-trench dimples and protrusions
Authors: Isaev S , Leontiev A , Milman O , Nikushchenko D , Egorova A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Heat transfer enhancement in the interfin space of an air capacitor due to the use of a package of in-line oval-trench dimples inclined at an angle of 45° to the incoming flow at Re=103 is numerically simulated. When considering a narrow channel of 1 in height, 80 in length and 4 in width, the case of 31 single-row oval-trench dimples of 0.25 depth is the best. The growth of hydraulic losses does not exceed 46% at an almost 2-fold increase in heat transfer in comparison to the plane-parallel channel.
Fuel briquettes from sludge (cake) of concentrating mill
Authors: Temnikova E Yu , Bogomolov A R , Kosarev D M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Briquettes made of cake (sludge) with addition of woody sawdust in a volume from 8 to 14% are studied here. Introduction of a moisture-removing agent in a ratio that is sufficient for initial stable shaping and hardening without thermal drying satisfies the requirement for mechanical strength at transportation. Briquettes have a mechanical strength of more than 97%, which does not change during freezing and thawing, underburning after combustion is no higher than 4%, and ash content is not higher than 36%. Stability of briquettes burning can be defined as steady and long-lasting. Such fuel briquettes for the purpose of their use in grate and other furnaces can be produced according to the scheme of pressing in extruders or roller press.
Gradient heat flux measurement in study of heat transfer during subcooled water boiling at sphere
Authors: Sapozhnikov S Z , Mityakov V Yu , Subbotina V V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The new method for study of film boiling of subcooled water is proposed. Applying the heterogeneous gradient heat flux sensors (HGHFS) allows first the experimental determination of heat flux and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) when subcooled water is boiling at the spherical surface preheated up to 673 K. Maximum of the heat flux was fixed when the sphere contacted with subcooled water (ΔT = 80 K). Incessant and synchronous measurement of heat flux, surface temperature, and observation of vapor film were implemented. Traditional boiling curve was also obtained. Functionality of HGHFS under the complicated conditions of experiment was confirmed.
Investigation of the interaction of turbulent jets in furnaces with direct-flow burners for high-power boilers
Authors: Kirichkov V S , Prokhorov V B , Chernov S L , Kaverin A A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The aim of the study is to develop a highly efficient scheme of combustion of low-grade solid fuels with the realization of regulatory requirements for emissions of hazardous substances into the atmosphere. One of the directions of practical application of such a scheme is conversion of boilers with liquid slag removal to solid slag removal. Liquid slag removal boilers have a number of disadvantages that make their use in modern conditions impractical: reducing the reliability of the liquid slag at low loads and high emissions of NOx nitrogen oxides, which exceed the standard values 2-3 times. In light of amendments to the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation, changing the order and rates of payment for emissions of hazardous substances from 2020, thermal power plants will be forced to implement environmental measures to ensure normative values of specific emissions. The basic principles of effective solid fuel burning organization with the application of direct-flow burners have been formulated on the basis of the conducted research.
Calculation of thermal boundary resistance based on the analysis of elastic waves propagating at the interface
Authors: Khvesyuk V I , Liu B , Barinov A A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This work presents a method for calculating thermal boundary resistance under the assumption of the acoustic mismatch model based on the propagation of elastic waves at the interface. The main problem is to determine the energy transfer coefficient from one material to another. Its solution requires an analysis of the reflection and refraction of acoustic waves at the interface. The most important feature of the presented model is the consideration of all types of waves propagating in solids. When the solid-solid interface is smooth at low temperature, the obtained results are in good agreement with the experiment.
The Effect of Swirl Intensity on Heat Transfer of Swirling Coaxial Impinging Jet
Authors: Veretennikov S V , Evdokimov O A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The results of numerical simulation of convective heat transfer under coaxial jet impinging on a surface are presented. The effect of jet’s peripheral component swirling on the heat transfer enhancement by changing the number of tangential nozzles for creating jet is analyzed.
Intensification of thermal coal and coke oxidation by metal oxides and their precursors
Authors: Larionov K B , Zenkov A V , Slyusarsky K V , Mishakov I V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Oxidation process of bituminous coal, anthracite, and coke obtained after pyrolytic treatment of the corresponding fuels (bituminous coal and anthracite) modified with activating additives in the form of Cu(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)2 in the amount of 5 wt% was studied. Application of the additives was carried out by incipient wetness impregnation method with preliminary dissolution of the additive in a water-alcohol solution with a volume ratio of C2H5OH/H2O=50/50. Additionally modified samples were subjected to thermal treatment at a temperature corresponding to the decomposition of the considered metal nitrates (about 220 °C) to ensure close contact between additives (metal oxides) and carbon materials. Oxidation process was performed by thermogravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 10 °C/min in the temperature range 45-1000 °C at atmospheric pressure. It has been established that application of activating additives in the form of metal oxides and their precursors helps to reduce the initial temperature of intense oxidation (Δti = 15-80 °C) and to shift the process to the low-temperature region as a whole. Mass spectrometric analysis was used to determine the qualitative composition of the gas-phase oxidation products. Decrease in the initial temperature of intense oxidation contributed to a decrease in the intensity of NOx release in the region of high temperature oxidation of the carbon residue.
Calculation of radiation heat transfer in staggered drop-shaped tubes bundle
Authors: Rawad Deeb , Sidenkov D V , Yezhov E V , Ponurovskaya V V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Tube bundles can be used as a separation heat exchanger in the “organic” Rankine cycle power plants (ORC), while the hot gas passes over the outer surface, and the working substance in ORC flows inside the tubes. Numerical study of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of a staggered bundle of drop-shaped tubes at different angle of attack (θ) of the incoming gas flow is carried out using the ANSYS package. The distribution of velocity, pressure, temperature in the studied bundle are obtained and the relation for calculating the average Nusselt number for the stress-strain state of the tubes bundle is proposed. The numerical method of calculation of the elementary, local and average radiation view factors for staggered bundle of drop-shaped tubes is developed using the “crossed-strings method”. The radiation net fluxes in the systems of drop-shaped and circular tubes with the same equivalent diameter are determined.
Development and research of possible usage of plasma equipment for syngas production
Authors: Safronov A A , Kuznetsov V E , Dudnik Yu D , Shiryaev V N , Vasilieva O B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The paper considers a number of issues related to the development and research of the plasma equipment usage for syngas production. Its applicability in power engineering necessitates the description of the perspective plasma equipment designs along with the main characteristics and optional versions of its application.
Aluminum compound forms in the Al–H2O system as applied to operating conditions of Dry Cooling Towers
Authors: Petrova T I , Selivanov E A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of important indicators of reliable operation of the steam-water cycle at power plants is water chemistry. Special chemicals are used to adjust properties of working fluids. At designing a new unit the chemicals are selected on the basis of parameters of water, steam and materials, used in different parts of the cycle.
Another indicator is minimizing the cooling water loss. Typical loss of cooling water is about 5% of total water amount. This loss is associated with evaporation, droplet carry-over, and blowdown in cooling towers.
For power plants, it is typically recommended to use dry cooling towers for minimizing the cooling water loss. In dry cooling systems, cooling water with low amount of impurities goes to mixing condenser, where turbine steam condensation occurs. Then one portion of mixed water flow at the condenser outlet is supplied to the boiler or steam generator feed water loop. Another portion is returned back to the cooling tower. Inside the cooling tower, water is cooled down by passing through air-cooled heat exchangers manufactured of aluminium or steel alloys.
On the basis of Pourbaix diagram it is proposed to evaluate the influence of water chemistry on the forms of existence of aluminium compounds in dry cooling towers. The results of calculations are compared with the experimental data.
Development of oxygen sensor for pyrochemical reactors of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing
Authors: Valtseva A I , Pershin P S , Kalyakin A S , Volkov A N , Suzdaltsev A V , Zaikov Yu P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The problem of closing the nuclear fuel cycle is not only related to the development of new types of nuclear fuel and the operation of fast neutron reactors, but also to the complex schemes for the pyrochemical reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF), which, in turn, require adherence to strict process parameters. In particular, this concerns the operation of the reduction of oxidized SNF mainly by metallic lithium. The paper presents the basic scientific principles and the results of experimental verification of the operation of an electrochemical sensor for measuring oxygen in molten salts in pyrochemical reactors for the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. The sensor design consists of two combined electrochemical cells based on the solid electrolyte ZrO2-Y2O3 with a common reference electrode. The sensor allows continuous measurement of the oxygen activity in the oxide-chloride melt and the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas atmosphere above the melt directly during the process of pyrochemical processing. Experimental verification of the sensor performance was performed in a reactor with LiCl-Li2O melts at a temperature of 650 ° C. The resource of continuous sensor operation exceeded 500 hours, and the number of thermal cycles without destruction was at least 20. The sensor readings were found to depend on the specified Li2O content in the LiCl melt.
Selecting the design of a high-temperature air heater for integrated gasification combined cycle
Authors: Valtsev N V , Ryzhkov A F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
High temperature heat exchangers are needed in various energy technologies to increase their efficiency. The article is devoted to the optimization of the design of a high-temperature air heater used in the integrated gasification combined cycle plant, developed in Ural Federal University. In the air heater, air with a pressure of 2 MPa after the cycle compressor is heated by coal combustion to a temperature of 900°C before it is fed into the combustion chamber of a gas turbine. The air heater is developed as a pulverized coal fired boiler with air heating in tubular radiation-convection heating surfaces. The authors propose a new design of a high-temperature air heater, which allows reducing the cost of the expensive high-temperature part of the unit 1.8 times compared with the previous design. A computer simulation of the boiler section is carried out to verify the proposed design solutions.
Application of HP in the atmospheric freeze drying unit
Authors: Alyautdinov A R , Antipov A V , Vlasenko G P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Method of increasing the energy efficiency of atmospheric freeze drying due to the use of a heat pump unit (HPU) in a circuit are considered in this article. The use of HPU in the composition of the drying unit allows to more fully use the heat of superheated steam and the heat of condensation in the process of freeze-drying at atmospheric pressure. This increases the energy efficiency during operation.
The influence of heat transfer fluid temperature on optimal characteristics of the heating convector
Authors: Rekunenko E S , Garyaev A B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Heat transfer of a finned heating convector into a heated room is considered at different input heat transfer fluid temperature levels. It is shown that with decreasing heat transfer fluid temperature, a maximum ratio of heat flux per unit length of the heating convector to its weight (Q/m) is achieved with a larger distance between the fins. It allows saving metal in manufacturing the finned heating convectors, which is widely used in low-temperature heating systems.
Biomass conversion into synthetic liquid fuel and electric energy: comparison of prospective technologies
Authors: Tyurina E A , Mednikov A S , Elsukov P Yu , Sushko S N 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Based on an analytical review, a scheme of a unit for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis based on woody biomass was selected and its mathematical model was developed. The model adequately reflects the thermodynamic processes that occur in the components of the unit. It is included in the model of a power plant for combined DME and electricity production. The mathematical model of the plant was used to investigate different options of gasification agent. The DME synthesis plant was compared with the methanol synthesis plant investigated earlier in terms of a complex economic index – internal rate of return. The findings demonstrate that the selling price of electricity generated from these plants plays an essential part in the determination of the efficiency area of the methanol or DME synthesis plants.