bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A wish list for synthetic biology in photosynthesis research
Authors: Zhu Xin-Guang , Ort Donald R , Parry Martin A J , von Caemmerer Susanne 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This perspective summarizes the presentations and discussions at the ‘ International Symposium on Synthetic Biology in Photosynthesis Research’, which was held in Shanghai in 2018. Leveraging the current advanced understanding of photosynthetic systems, the symposium brain-stormed about the redesign and engineering of photosynthetic systems for translational goals and evaluated available new technologies/tools for synthetic biology as well as technological obstacles and new tools that would be needed to overcome them. Four major research areas for redesigning photosynthesis were identified: (i) mining natural variations of photosynthesis; (ii) coordinating photosynthesis with pathways utilizing photosynthate; (iii) reconstruction of highly efficient photosynthetic systems in non-host species; and (iv) development of new photosynthetic systems that do not exist in nature. To expedite photosynthesis synthetic biology research, an array of new technologies and community resources need to be developed, which include expanded modelling capacities, molecular engineering toolboxes, model species, and phenotyping tools.
The Context of Multi-Ethnic Politics for Ethiopian American Literature
Authors: Thomas Steven W 
Published: February 2020

AbstractConsidering the broad conversation among African novelists about the representation of Africans in America, this essay proposes a reevaluation of Ethiopian American literature that is attentive to the historical complexity of Ethiopia’s ethnic diversity. Situating novels and memoirs in their regional context of the Horn of Africa, it highlights how writers of the Ethiopian diaspora sometimes wrestle with and other times avoid the implications of the region’s ethnic politics. Focusing on the novel The Parking Lot Attendant (2018) by Nafkote Tamirat as a case study, it compares it to how other novelists and memoirists from the region, including Dinaw Mengestu, Nega Mezlekia, Maaza Mengiste, Meti Birabiro, Rebecca Haile, and Nurrudin Farrah, have managed the burden of multi-ethnic representation. Tamirat’s novel is somewhat unique for framing the immigrant experience within the story of a political dystopia and uncanny “loneless” social relations. By analyzing Ethiopian American literature in this way, the essay critiques scholarship that has been inattentive to the complex multi-ethnic history of the region because of its focus on the alienation of Ethiopian protagonists from cross-cultural and intracultural forms of political engagement.
The evolutionary status of protostellar clumps hosting class II methanol masers
Authors: Jones B M , Fuller G A , Breen S L , Avison A , Green J A , Traficante A , Elia D , Ellingsen S P , Voronkov M A , Merello M , Molinari S , Schisano E 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
The Methanol MultiBeam survey (MMB) provides the most complete sample of Galactic massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) hosting 6.7 GHz class II methanol masers. We characterize the properties of these maser sources using dust emission detected by the Herschel Infrared Galactic Plane Survey (Hi-GAL) to assess their evolutionary state. Associating 731 (73 per cent) of MMB sources with compact emission at four Hi-GAL wavelengths, we derive clump properties and define the requirements of an MYSO to host a 6.7 GHz maser. The median far-infrared (FIR) mass and luminosity are 630 M⊙ and 2500 L⊙ for sources on the near side of Galactic centre and 3200 M⊙ and 10000 L⊙ for more distant sources. The median luminosity-to-mass ratio is similar for both at ∼4.2 L⊙  M⊙−1. We identify an apparent minimum 70 μm luminosity required to sustain a methanol maser of a given luminosity (with $L_{70} \propto L_{6.7}\, ^{0.6}$). The maser host clumps have higher mass and higher FIR luminosities than the general Galactic population of protostellar MYSOs. Using principal component analysis, we find 896 protostellar clumps satisfy the requirements to host a methanol maser but lack a detection in the MMB. Finding a 70 μm flux density deficiency in these objects, we favour the scenario in which these objects are evolved beyond the age where a luminous 6.7 GHz maser can be sustained. Finally, segregation by association with secondary maser species identifies evolutionary differences within the population of 6.7GHz sources.
A strongly changing accretion morphology during the outburst decay of the neutron star X-ray binary 4U 1608−52
Authors: van den Eijnden J , Degenaar N , Ludlam R M , Parikh A S , Miller J M , Wijnands R , Gendreau K C , Arzoumanian Z , Chakrabarty D , Bult P 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
It is commonly assumed that the properties and geometry of the accretion flow in transient low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) significantly change when the X-ray luminosity decays below ∼10−2 of the Eddington limit (LEdd). However, there are few observational cases where the evolution of the accretion flow is tracked in a single X-ray binary over a wide dynamic range. In this work, we use NuSTAR and NICER observations obtained during the 2018 accretion outburst of the neutron star LMXB 4U 1608−52, to study changes in the reflection spectrum. We find that the broad Fe–Kα line and Compton hump, clearly seen during the peak of the outburst when the X-ray luminosity is ∼1037 erg s−1 (∼0.05 LEdd), disappear during the decay of the outburst when the source luminosity drops to ∼4.5 × 1035 erg s−1 (∼0.002 LEdd). We show that this non-detection of the reflection features cannot be explained by the lower signal-to-noise ratio at lower flux, but is instead caused by physical changes in the accretion flow. Simulating synthetic NuSTAR observations on a grid of inner disc radius, disc ionization, and reflection fraction, we find that the disappearance of the reflection features can be explained by either increased disc ionization (log ξ ≳ 4.1) or a much decreased reflection fraction. A changing disc truncation alone, however, cannot account for the lack of reprocessed Fe–Kα emission. The required increase in ionization parameter could occur if the inner accretion flow evaporates from a thin disc into a geometrically thicker flow, such as the commonly assumed formation of a radiatively inefficient accretion flow at lower mass accretion rates.
A new gravitational-wave signature of low-T/|W| instability in rapidly rotating stellar core collapse
Authors: Shibagaki Shota , Kuroda Takami , Kotake Kei , Takiwaki Tomoya 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We present results from a full general relativistic three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulation of rapidly rotating core collapse of a 70 M⊙ star with three-flavour spectral neutrino transport. We find a strong gravitational-wave (GW) emission that originates from the growth of the one- and two-armed spiral waves extending from the nascent proto-neutron star (PNS). The GW spectrogram shows several unique features that are produced by the non-axisymmetric instabilities. After bounce, the spectrogram first shows a transient quasi-periodic time modulation at ∼450 Hz. In the second active phase, it again shows the quasi-periodic modulation but with the peak frequency increasing with time, which continues until the final simulation time. From our detailed analysis, such features can be well explained by a combination of the so-called low-T/|W| instability and the PNS core contraction.
Immunoglobulin G/albumin staining in tubular protein reabsorption droplets in minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Bu Lihong , Mirocha James , Haas Mark 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Some renal biopsies cannot distinguish minimal change disease (MCD) from primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) because of inadequate sampling and/or a lack of sampled glomeruli with segmental sclerosis. As protein excretion in MCD has been described as being albumin-selective, we examined whether the ratio of immunoglobulin G (IgG)/albumin staining in protein reabsorption droplets (tPRD) might help distinguish MCD from FSGS.

Methods
Frozen tissue from 144 native renal biopsies from patients with nephrotic syndrome and a diagnosis of MCD or FSGS [73 MCD, 30 FSGS tip variant (FSGS-tip), 38 FSGS-not otherwise specified (FSGS-NOS), 3 FSGS collapsing] was retrospectively stained by direct immunofluorescence for IgG and albumin; none of these samples showed diagnostic lesions of FSGS. IgG and albumin staining of tPRD were graded on a scale of 0 to 3+ based on the distribution and intensity of staining.

Results
Mean (standard deviation) IgG/albumin staining ratios were 0.186 ± 0.239 for MCD, 0.423 ± 0.334 for FSGS-tip (P = 0.0001 versus MCD) and 0.693 ± 0.297 for FSGS-NOS (P &lt; 0.0001 versus MCD; P = 0.0001 versus FSGS-tip). Of 84 biopsies with a ratio ≤0.33, 63 (75%) showed MCD, whereas among 21 with a ratio of 1.0, all but one showed FSGS (15 FSGS-NOS).

Conclusions
In summary, IgG/albumin staining in tPRD was correlated with histologic diagnosis in renal biopsies with MCD and FSGS. A ratio of ≤0.33 was associated with MCD, whereas a ratio of 1.0 was most often seen with FSGS-NOS.
Coagulation Differences Detectable in Deep and Lobar Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Thromboelastography
Authors: Roh David , Torres Glenda L , Cai Chunyan , Zammit Christopher , Reynolds Alexandra S , Mitchell Amanda , Connolly E Sander , Claassen Jan , Grotta James C , Choi Huimahn A , Chang Tiffany R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
There are radiographic and clinical outcome differences between patients with deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) locations. Pilot studies suggest that there may be functional coagulation differences between these locations detectable using whole blood coagulation testing.

OBJECTIVE
To confirm the presence of interlocation functional coagulation differences using a larger cohort of deep and lobar ICH patients receiving whole blood coagulation testing: thromboelastography (TEG; Haemonetics).

METHODS
Clinical and laboratory data were prospectively collected between 2009 and 2018 for primary ICH patients admitted to a tertiary referral medical center. Deep and lobar ICH patients receiving admission TEG were analyzed. Patients with preceding anticoagulant use and/or admission coagulopathy (using prothrombin time/partial thromboplastin time/platelet count) were excluded. Linear regression models assessed the association of ICH location (independent variable) with TEG and traditional plasma coagulation test results (dependent variable) after adjusting for baseline hematoma size, age, sex, and stroke severity.

RESULTS
We identified 154 deep and 53 lobar ICH patients who received TEG. Deep ICH patients were younger and had smaller admission hematoma volumes (median: 16 vs 29 mL). Adjusted multivariable linear regression analysis revealed longer TEG R times (0.57 min; 95% CI: 0.02-1.11; P = .04), indicating longer clot formation times, in deep compared to lobar ICH. No other TEG parameter or plasma-based coagulation differences were seen.

CONCLUSION
We identified longer clot formation times, suggesting relative coagulopathy in deep compared to lobar ICH confirming results from prior work. Further work is required to elucidate mechanisms for these differences and whether ICH location should be considered in future coagulopathy treatment paradigms for ICH.
Rural–Urban Differences in Hospitalizations for Opioid Use–Associated Infective Endocarditis in the United States, 2003–2016
Authors: Nenninger E Katherine , Carwile Jenny L , Ahrens Katherine A , Armstrong Brett , Thakarar Kinna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The incidence of infective endocarditis, a serious heart infection that can result from injection drug use, has increased in step with the opioid epidemic. Harm reduction services aimed at decreasing infectious complications of injection drug use are limited in rural areas; however, it is unknown whether the burden of opioid use–associated infective endocarditis varies between rural and urban populations.

Methods
We used 2003–2016 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample data and joinpoint regression to compare trends in hospitalization for opioid use–associated infective endocarditis between rural and urban populations.

Results
Rates of US hospitalizations for opioid use–associated infective endocarditis increased from 0.28 to 3.86 per 100 000 rural residents, as compared with 1.26 to 3.49 for urban residents (overall difference in annual percent change P &lt; .01). We observed 2 distinct trend periods, with a period of little change between 2003 and 2009/2010 (annual percent change, 0.0% rural vs –0.08% urban) followed by a large increase in hospitalization rates between 2009/2010 and 2016 (annual percent change, 0.35% rural vs 0.36% urban). Over the study period, opioid use–associated infective endocarditis hospitalizations shifted toward younger age groups for both rural and urban residents, and rural resident hospitalizations increasingly occurred at urban teaching hospitals. For both groups, Medicaid was the most common payer.

Conclusions
The increase in US hospitalizations for opioid use–associated infective endocarditis over the past decade supports the importance of public health efforts to reduce injection-related infections in both urban and rural areas. Future studies should examine factors affecting the higher increase in rate of these hospitalizations in rural areas.
Phenological shift in swarming patterns of Rhopilema nomadica in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Edelist Dor , Guy-Haim Tamar , Kuplik Zafrir , Zuckerman Noa , Nemoy Philip , Angel Dror L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Jellyfish (JF) swarms impact human wellbeing and marine ecosystems. Their global proliferation is a matter of concern and scientific debate, and the multitude of factors affecting (and affected by) their density and distribution merits long-term monitoring of their populations. Here we present an eight-year time series for Rhopilema nomadica, the most prominent JF species swarming the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Reports were submitted by the public and within it a group of trained participants via an internet website between June 2011 and June 2019. Data collected included species, size, location, ranked amount and stinging. Swarms of R. nomadica prevailed in July and ended in August but were also prominent in winter from January to March. Both observations deviate from past swarming patterns described in the late 1980s, when summer swarms persevered until October and winter swarms were not documented. Climate change (increasing water temperature) and the westwards up-current spread of R. nomadica are discussed as possible explanations for this phenological shift. We further demonstrate how data obtained by Citizen Science is used to develop a swarming indicator and monitor JF in time and space, and propose a forecast based on these observations.
Signal on the Margin: Behavior of Levered Investors and Future Economic Conditions*
Authors: Deuskar Prachi , Kumar Nitin , Poland Jeramia Allan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMargin capacity, defined as the aggregate excess debt capacity of investors buying securities on margin, strongly predicts (i) lower S&P 500 returns, (ii) lower growth in aggregate earnings, dividends, employment, and overall economic activity, (iii) higher macro, financial, and policy uncertainty, (iv) lower interest rates, (v) tighter lending standards by banks, and (vi) lower intermediary equity capital. High margin capacity is a precursor, not a response, to borrowing and intermediary constraints and higher volatility. It typically arises when levered investors with profitable past positions limit their leverage. We interpret that it reflects informed investors’ conservatism ahead of bad times.
Profiling the ToxCast Library With a Pluripotent Human (H9) Stem Cell Line-Based Biomarker Assay for Developmental Toxicity
Authors: Zurlinden Todd J , Saili Katerine S , Rush Nathaniel , Kothiya Parth , Judson Richard S , Houck Keith A , Hunter E Sidney , Baker Nancy C , Palmer Jessica A , Thomas Russell S , Knudsen Thomas B 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Stemina devTOX quickPredict platform is a human pluripotent stem cell-based assay that predicts the developmental toxicity potential based on changes in cellular metabolism following chemical exposure [Palmer, J. A., Smith, A. M., Egnash, L. A., Conard, K. R., West, P. R., Burrier, R. E., Donley, E. L. R., and Kirchner, F. R. (2013). Establishment and assessment of a new human embryonic stem cell-based biomarker assay for developmental toxicity screening. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 98, 343–363]. Using this assay, we screened 1065 ToxCast phase I and II chemicals in single-concentration or concentration-response for the targeted biomarker (ratio of ornithine to cystine secreted or consumed from the media). The dataset from the Stemina (STM) assay is annotated in the ToxCast portfolio as STM. Major findings from the analysis of ToxCast_STM dataset include (1) 19% of 1065 chemicals yielded a prediction of developmental toxicity, (2) assay performance reached 79%–82% accuracy with high specificity (&gt; 84%) but modest sensitivity (&lt; 67%) when compared with in vivo animal models of human prenatal developmental toxicity, (3) sensitivity improved as more stringent weights of evidence requirements were applied to the animal studies, and (4) statistical analysis of the most potent chemical hits on specific biochemical targets in ToxCast revealed positive and negative associations with the STM response, providing insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of the targeted endpoint and its biological domain. The results of this study will be useful to improving our ability to predict in vivo developmental toxicants based on in vitro data and in silico models.
Similar temperature dependence of photosynthetic parameters in sun and shade leaves of three tropical tree species
Authors: Hernández Georgia G , Winter Klaus , Slot Martijn 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPhotosynthetic carbon uptake by tropical forests is of critical importance in regulating the earth’s climate, but rising temperatures threaten this stabilizing influence of tropical forests. Most research on how temperature affects photosynthesis focuses on fully sun-exposed leaves, and little is known about shade leaves, even though shade leaves greatly outnumber sun leaves in lowland tropical forests. We measured temperature responses of light-saturated photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and the biochemical parameters VCMax (maximum rate of RuBP carboxylation) and JMax (maximum rate of RuBP regeneration, or electron transport) on sun and shade leaves of mature tropical trees of three species in Panama. As expected, biochemical capacities and stomatal conductance were much lower in shade than in sun leaves, leading to lower net photosynthesis rates. However, the key temperature response traits of these parameters—the optimum temperature (TOpt) and the activation energy—did not differ systematically between sun and shade leaves. Consistency in the JMax to VCMax ratio further suggested that shade leaves are not acclimated to lower temperatures. For both sun and shade leaves, stomatal conductance had the lowest temperature optimum (~25 °C), followed by net photosynthesis (~30 °C), JMax (~34 °C) and VCMax (~38 °C). Stomatal conductance of sun leaves decreased more strongly with increasing vapor pressure deficit than that of shade leaves. Consistent with this, modeled stomatal limitation of photosynthesis increased with increasing temperature in sun but not shade leaves. Collectively, these results suggest that modeling photosynthetic carbon uptake in multi-layered canopies does not require independent parameterization of the temperature responses of the biochemical controls over photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves. Nonetheless, to improve the representation of the shade fraction of carbon uptake dynamics in tropical forests, better understanding of stomatal sensitivity of shade leaves to temperature and vapor pressure deficit will be required.
Relationship Between Serum Norepinephrine Levels at ICU Admission and the Risk of ICU-Acquired Delirium: Secondary Analysis of the Melatonin Evaluation of Lowered Inflammation of ICU Trial
Authors: Yasuda Yuma , Nishikimi Mitsuaki , Nishida Kazuki , Takahashi Kunihiko , Numaguchi Atsushi , Higashi Michiko , Matsui Shigeyuki , Matsuda Naoyuki 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
Abnormal secretion of catecholamines is well known to cause delirium. In particular, disturbances of catecholamine balance can cause ICU-acquired delirium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the serum levels of catecholamines and the risk of occurrence of ICU-acquired delirium separately in patients who had/had not received exogenous catecholamines before ICU admission.

Design:
A secondary analysis of the data of 81 patients enrolled in our previous randomized clinical trial.

Setting:
ICU of an academic hospital.

Patients:
ICU patients in whom the serum levels of catecholamines were measured at ICU admission.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We evaluated the association between the serum levels of catecholamines measured at ICU admission and the risk of ICU-acquired delirium separately in patients who had received exogenous catecholamines at ICU admission (Ex[+] group) and those who had not received exogenous catecholamines (Ex[–] group). The serum levels of norepinephrine measured at ICU admission were significantly associated with the risk of ICU-acquired delirium in the Ex(–) group (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.02–6.52; p = 0.046), but not in the Ex(+) group (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.88–1.18; p = 0.823). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant interaction effect between the serum levels of norepinephrine and the use/nonuse of exogenous catecholamines at ICU admission in relation to the risk of occurrence of ICU-acquired delirium (p
interaction = 0.017).

Conclusions:
The serum levels of norepinephrine measured at admission were associated with the risk of occurrence of ICU-acquired delirium in patients who had not received exogenous catecholamines at ICU admission, whereas no such association was observed in those who had received exogenous catecholamines previously. Thus, the association between the serum levels of catecholamines measured at admission and the risk of ICU-acquired delirium differed between patients who had/had not received exogenous catecholamines at ICU admission.