bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Methods for Solving Unsteady Problems with Jet Flows
Authors: Frolova A. A. , Titarev V. A. 
Published: January 2020

The study of nonstationary rarefied gas flows is currently paid much attention. Such interest to these problems is caused by the creation of pulsed jets used for the deposition of thin films and special coatings on solid surfaces. However the problems of nonstationary rarefied gas flows have not been studied sufficiently fully because of their large computational complexity. In this paper the computational aspects of investigating the nonstationary flows of a reflected gas from a wall and flowing through a suddenly formed gap is considering. The objective of this study is to analyze the possible numerical kinetic approaches for solving such nonstationary problems and to identify the difficulties encountered in solving.When studying the gas flows in strong rarefaction regimes one should consider the Boltzmann kinetic equation, but its numerical implementation is rather laborious. In order to use more simple approaches based for example on approximation kinetic equations (Ellipsoidal-Statistical model, Shakhov model), it is important to estimate the difference of the solutions of the model equations and the Boltzmann equation. For this purpose two auxiliary problems are considered: reflection of the gas flow from the wall and outflow of the free jet into the rarefied background gas. Numerical solution of these problems shows a weak dependence of the solution on the type of the collision operator in the rarefied region, but a strong dependence on the velocity grid step . The detailed velocity grid is necessary to avoid non-monotonous behavior of macroparameters caused by the “ray effect”. To reduce numerical costs on detailed grid a hybrid method based on the synthesis of model equation and the Boltzmann equation is proposed. Such approach can be promising since it reduces the domain in which the Boltzmann collision integral should be used.The results presented in this paper were obtained using two different software packages Unified Flow Solver (UFS) [13] and Nesvetay 3D [14-15]. Note that UFS uses the discrete ordinate method for velocity space on a uniform grid and a hierarchical adaptive mesh refinement in physical space. The possibility of calculating both the Boltzmann equation and model equations is realized. The Nesvetay 3D complex was created to solve the Shakhov model equation, (S-model) and makes it possible to calculate on non-structured non uniform grids in velocity and physical spaces.Translated from Russian. Original text: Mathematics and Mathematical Modeling. 2018. no. 4. Pp. 27-44.
Interprofessional Education digital implementation
Authors: Burcio-Martin Victorio 
Published: January 2020

Interprofessional Education digital implementation
Case Study (20mins + 10minsQ&A)
Keywords: Interprofessional teaching, Digital implementation.
In 2017, AUT rolled out a new initiative called the Interprofessional Learning Zone (ILZ). ILZ is a central, student-driven programme that provides all clinical students (regardless of the programme they are enrolled in) with an opportunity to study and learn together (Flood, 2017) – student enrolments will total to over 1000 in a year. ILZ is a self-select programme, where students volunteer and complete ILZ units to get extra credits and recognition. ILZ as such is not a formal qualification, rather a ‘clinical passport’ that provides the students with industry relevant knowledge and understanding with a key focus on enabling a shared understanding of clinical practices (Floyd & Morrison, 2014).
ILZ being student-driven means the learning path and process in the programme is determined by the students. The students enrol and complete learning tasks and activities according to the time they have and their learning needs.
The student-driven nature of the programme created significant challenges when it came to evaluating the use of technologies that could help facilitate the course. It was uncertain how many students would enrol and complete a unit of study in ILZ. This created significant pedagogical issues, such as if a group of students enrolled to undertake an ILZ unit how would bookings for the simulation labs be handled? In particular, the system needed to ensure a mix of students from all disciplines to create opportunities for interprofessional learning.
This presentation will provide an overview of the evaluative and design processes that informed the choice of the technology in ILZ – discussing similar issues as above encountered over a period of time.
References
Flood, B. (2017). Toward a spirit of interprofessional practice: A hermeneutic phenomenological study Thesis type: Doctoral Thesis. Auckland University of Technology. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/10776
Floyd, A., & Morrison, M. (2014). Exploring identities and cultures in inter-professional education and collaborative professional practice. Studies in Continuing Education, 36(1), 38–53. http://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2013.783472
THE RELATION OF TINA NGATA’S MATRIARCHATE ROLE IN SPIRITUAL ECOFEMINISM PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Nisbah Nisbah 
Published: January 2020

The perspective approach of Spiritual Ecofeminism in studying the role of women in indigenous communities is a limited study. The role of Tina Ngata as subjects is set up, maintain and manage the entire social activity in relation between human and human and between human and nature to show the existence of women as the center and core of life in relation of matriarchal role. The role and position of Tina Ngata as guardians of the Katuwua and Hintuwua values in the MHA Kulawi or Sintuvu Posarara values in the Kaili tribe is a manifestation of concern for nature so that there will be ecological sustainability and the continued availability of natural resources that support the needs of human life. Tina Ngata in carrying out her social functions with the strength of leadership, wisdom, talents, authority and charisma is needed to maintain and manage the relationship between each individual member of the community in social life. Philosophically, the role of Tina Ngata devotes herself to maintaining social life with a sense of caring and commitment in overcoming social problems and the ability to maintain the balance of nature in managing nature (forests) and the social environment is the interpretation of universal goals as affirmed in the perspective of ecofeminism spirituality.
Innovative Hydraulic Tractor Allows for Stimulation of Large Diameter Open Hole Multi-Lateral ERD Wells
Authors: Guiza M. , Bautista O. D. , French A. , Moore N. B. 
Published: January 2020

In multi-lateral Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) wells in an onshore field, accessing large open hole laterals with coiled tubing (CT) requires the use of additional enabling technology to achieve the objectives for stimulating the entire open hole. Overcoming current limitations with downhole tractors, resulted in the development and field use of a hydraulic tractor for large diameter holes. The new tractor was deployed on CT in between drilling each lateral, leaving the whipstock in place, allowing the CT to reach target depth (TD) in multiple laterals for stimulation operations.
A development project yielded a new generation of hydraulic tractor for large diameter holes (3.5-inch collapsed OD to 12.0-inch expanded OD) for a high pulling force used for interventions. Exhaustive shop, yard, and flow loop testing verified the tractor’s ability to reliably pull in large diameter open hole. Based on the stimulation requirements in the field, strategic planning of CT operations in-between drilling laterals with the whipstock in place and the use of the new tractor technology, two multi-lateral wells were successfully stimulated reaching extended depths in all wellbore laterals. The appropriate planning, tool development and execution, allowed the company to overcome the challenges in these kinds of wells, achieving the goals and objectives for the field.
A highly creative design process created and verified that the new generation tractor operates seamlessly with inch-worm-like motion of the hydraulic tractor, which is powered by the differential pressure of the intervention fluid. The Tractor grips the hole with three gripping elements allowing pulling forces up to 9000+lbs. Shop and Flow Loop testing verified that the gripper automaticallylifts and centers itself in the hole, thereby providing excellent traction. The tool was used in two field demonstrations with multiple runs in the 8-1/2-inch diameter open hole main bore and laterals.
The novelty of this technology lies in the successful operation of a tractor in multi-lateral wells that produces over 9,000 lbs. pulling force, collapses to 3-1/2- inch outside diameter, and operates in 8-1/2 to 12-inch diameter open hole. Intervention engineers have a new tool in their toolbox that allows access for stimulation and intervention into large diameter long horizontal wells that was previously unachievable.
Clay Typing from Downhole Array Electromagnetic Measurements
Authors: Zhang Ping , Abdallah Wael , Ma Shouxiang , Liu Chengbing 
Published: January 2020

The amount and type of clays in reservoirs have a significant impact on formation evaluation and reservoir performance studies. Currently, clay typing requires either reservoir cores for laboratory analysis or advanced logs such as elemental spectral mineralogy logs, both are available in only a small fraction of wells drilled. In this study, we will explore a possibility of using commonly measured logs to estimate clay volumes. Specifically, the logs used for the study are formation resistivity (RT), total porosity (PHIT) and gamma ray (GR). Since there are no known relationships relating these logs with clay volume, machine learning has been used for data analysis and parameter prediction. This is followed by exploring the possibilities of using array induction resistivity measurements to classify clay types downhole.
An important property of clay minerals is their ability to adsorb ions on their exposed surface, which is measured by its cation exchange capacity (CEC). We have developed a method of using induction resistivity data to extract CEC downhole and displayed as depth profiles. There are four major types of clays commonly encountered in the oil fields: Kaolinite, Chlorite, Illite, and Smectite, with their CEC values ranging from low to high. Since each type of clay has its own CEC value, thus a synthetic CEC depth profile for any clay can be constructed if its volume fraction is known. On the other hand, CEC derived from the downhole resistivity data represents the combined effects of all the clay types presented in the formation being surveyed. By comparing the resistivity-based CEC profile with the synthetic ones, it is possible to define a volume fraction for each clay type, for the purpose of clay typing.
On the other hand, based on a previous developed method, total CEC representing the combined effects of all clays can be extracted from induction resistivity logs. By comparing the resistivity-based measured total CEC with the synthetic type curves, clay typing from downhole induction resistivity measurement is achieved. A workflow is developed for the application.
The proposed methodology was tested on the logs from six wells. The results indicated that RT, PHIT and GR logs have strong correlations with clay volume and the model trained with these logs could be used to predict clay volumes for blind datasets. The workflow for clay typing was tested on the logs from two wells with positive results.
A Flexible NGL Recovery Process for Shale Gas Production
Authors: Aljazzar Ghaith , Graham Curt , Lynch Bryant , Devone Sabrina 
Published: January 2020

Shale gas characteristics and operation are different than conventional gas. A shale gas plant is typically smaller in capacity ranging from as low as 15 MMSCFD to the typical 200 MMSCFD cryogenic train size. The main challenges are the unpredictable gas compositions and flow rates during the development stage, which makes liquid recovery difficult. These uncertainties are challenges for a traditional cryogenic plant which is designed for a specific range of feed gas flow and compositions.
Shale gas compositions are richer in hydrocarbon liquids with ethane plus content ranging from 6 to 10+ GPM. Ethane is a valuable feedstock for petrochemical production, but ethane prices are unattractive in today’s environment. Most gas plants are operating in ethane rejection, resulting in a loss of propane revenue. To maintain propane recovery during ethane rejection, the refrigerated reflux category of NGL recovery technologies (e.g. Fluor’s Deep Dewpointing Process, DDP) has been developed to fully reject ethane while recovering 95% plus propane. The typical refrigerated reflux process is a refrigerated, non-expander process that can be turned down to as low as 4:1. The process can be operated in ethane recovery with minimal changes to the process to recover up to 60% ethane. The DDP process can also be enhanced to recover 95% ethane with additional compression. This technology has been proven in successfully operation in several installations.
Presently, Fluor and Joule Processing are leveraging the versatility of the refrigerated reflux process by productizing the proven and patented DDPSM version of this technology in the form of an "equipment kit". These equipment kits will offer a relatively small modular footprint to reduce installed cost and accelerated factory lead-time to shorten the overall EPC schedule.
This paper discusses the design, costs and economics of the DDP process for a typical shale gas plant, and the methodology to switch from propane recovery to 60% ethane recovery during normal operation, and to high ethane recovery with the bolt-on design. Key design challenges from an operating DDP unit are also detailed.
Lessons Learned From Tubing Leaks in ESP Completion at Offshore Field
Authors: Al-Dhafeeri Abdullah M. , A. Al-Sdeiri Saad , Fouad Abo Zkery Shebl , Ade Hyrliyan 
Published: January 2020

Offshore field was producing sweet crude oil by natural flow and gas lift since 1988. However, due to the limitation of gas supply in gas lift wells for offshore field and based on the field development study, a decision was made to install Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) in offshore field as an artificial lift method to achieve Maximum Sustainable Capacity (MSC). Therefore, a first ESP installation in offshore field was taken place in October 2005 as recommended by reservoir management team. During ESP project, KJO faced challenges related to the monitoring program and to the operation efficiency in order to maximize the ESP run life and to reduce the production interruption.
Based on monitoring programs and maintenance inspection on installed ESP wells, it was indicated that the majority of ESP failures occurred due to tubing leaks. Therefore, 20% of workover jobs for ESP wells were candidates because of tubing leaks. The paper will focus more on several field cases of ESP wells which were suffered from tubing leaks. The evaluation results based on empirical method, in which five (5) ESP wells had similar completion configuration and underperformance symptom. Challenges, methodology, work schedule, risk assessment, lesson learned and findings will be discussed.
The monitoring programs and maintenance inspection on installed ESP wells resulted on great deal of benefits, which are related to maximize the ESP run life and avoid ESP premature failures to improve the operation efficiency in order to sustained maximum production target.
Detecting and Treating Flowline Emulsions in Oil Wells Using Surface Temperature, Pressure, and the Application of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Esbai Rami , AlRumaidh Ahmed , Sharaf Sayed 
Published: January 2020

Innovation in the analysis of oil well surface measurements has led to the discovery of an instantaneous and straightforward emulsion detection calculation. When applied in the Bahrain Field, this led to the treatment of emulsion in over 100 wells, resulting in a cumulative production gain of over 500,000 barrels to date at negligible cost. Artificial Intelligence (AI) was then employed to identify and understand factors related to emulsion and optimisation treatment programs. Once the wells were treated and the method was confirmed to prove emulsion existence, a focused approach was carried out to understand it further. Wells were categorised based on their production response to standard demulsifier bullheading.
In addition to a variety of well parameters, this data was used to build a machine learning model that helped identify patterns with regards to problematic zones, properties of wells with emulsion, and the best treatment method for each well. The results of the study were rather substantial and resulted in numerous new insights. Firstly, a model was built to predict the sustainability and economics of expected bullheading job treatments. This is currently being used to rank the priority of wells for either bullheading treatment or continuous chemical injection. Once the wells were classified into basic sub groups and sorted by zones, geographic analysis was carried out to identify wells with emulsion being formed as a result of waterflooding. This led to further insight into the nature of emulsion blocks, where in some cases, although it was found that these blocks exist downhole, traces of emulsion will flow to the surface and can have a unique signature.
This paper discusses in further detail insights into emulsion and the different types of AI algorithms used to answer questions raised as a result of the discovery. The necessity of using machine learning cannot be overstated enough and the observations made in the paper could not have been found if it were purely by observed by the naked eye.
The topic of emulsion is highly understudied, and the concept of using the emulsion detection calculation was not published before. In addition to highlighting this discovery, this paper can influence other operators to test their findings and have a real world application of machine learning in their fields.
Poisson's Ratio, Porosity and Aspect Ratio as Geomechanical Index of Shale Brittleness
Authors: Lawal Lateef , Mahmoud Mohamed 
Published: January 2020

Elastic constant (stiffness or compliance) of rock has major applications in seismic analysis, rock physics, and geomechanics. However, the controversy of the elastic constant of isotropic solids is a long standing problem which challenge basic assumptions. In the early years of "mathematical theory of elasticity", only one elastic constant is used to characterize elastically isotropic solid. Much later, two independent elastic constants were introduced, as compliance coefficients (Young's Modulus E, Poisson's Ratio ) and stiffness coefficients (Lame Parameters). In recent years, the combination of elastic constants to is of paramount importance to understand brittle behaviour of the constitutive response of engineering and geological materials. In connection with shale characterization, brittleness prediction serves as a good indicator to delineate susceptible to hydraulic fracturing. However, controversy exist among researchers on what brittleness formula to apply.For the purpose of quantitative interpretation of brittleness, we consider the classical Hooke's law and Griffith's crack theory. Based on Eshelby formulation of the elastic state of the crack inclusion and matrix and the consideration of hydrostatic compression a simple and elegant mathematical expression is derived. Experimental data is then generated to check the prediction of this relation. The quantitative measure of brittleness shows a good agreement with distribution of cracks from micro-CT images
A Successful 18%STOOIP 4-Injector Polymer Pilot Expands To 80 New Injectors In 6 Years Adopting A Modular Concept In Grimbeek Fluvial Reservoirs
Authors: Juri Juan-E , Ruiz Ana , Serrano Viviana , Guillen Paula , Thill Mercedes , Kichick Lucas , Alonso Pablo , Lucero Ariel , De Miranda Victor , Mac Donald Walter , Figueroa Emilio , Robina Nestor , Vera Maximiliano , Figueroa Emilio , Di Pauly Fernando , Rojas Walter , Ojeda Natalia 
Published: January 2020

After the successful pilot (18%STOOIP incremental oil, Juri et al. 2017 and utility factor of 1,76 kg polymer/bbl) of two technologies, continuous polymer injection 0.3PV followed by high frequency water-alternate-polymer 0.3PV, a series of multiple simulations cases indicated an optimal extension of 3-year cycle -0.4 to 0.6PV- factory mode development. Despite all advantages of polymer injection, few full-field expansions emerge from many challenges in integrating multiple disciplines -lab studies, subsurface reservoir modelling, engineering, energy, procurement, logistics, storage, project management- all parties find it difficult focusing on a common goal and streamline the decision process. Because it has long been thought that the EOR road map means planning for large scale EOR. However, that is false because there are very few full-field injections. The past strategy in EOR has led to a few pilot extensions implemented. Planning for large-scale EOR suffers from having the incremental oil, uncertainty in oil price, uncertainty in economic drivers and uncertainty in technical solutions for the expansion on the same time frame, which undermines economics. What it seems to be the only way to make progress with EOR, in reality, is that EOR should align with planning for quick oil response.
We present here the steps to accelerate EOR in Grimbeek field from a 4-injectors pilot to 80 new injectors in a fast, less than 18 months deployment. We compare the capital and operating cost of multiple expansion scenarios. The scope is to accelerate EOR deployment opposite to the slow typical EOR workflow. We have seen the opportunity in accelerating the oil focusing on a simple modular strategy rather than iterating multiple possible engineering solutions to distribute the polymer across the field. NPV of the overall project is higher than the costs of delaying the injection or having to redo parts of the implementation along the deployment. Future optimisation is necessary for options of logistics, storage, in-situ skid connection and mounting along with by-pass remote control valves and remote control of skid injections. The building blocks of the strategy are containerised mobile skids containing ten pumps, polymer dispersion unit, and 30-metric ton silos. The mobile skids plug-in the waterflooding manifolds in an easy and fast connection. This injection scheme distributes polymer using the already implemented waterflooding in-situ installation. We focus on having a simple, standard and mobile system targeting fast implementation and fast oil response rather than large facilities.