bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Banking and Real Economic Activity
Authors: Cetorelli Nicola , Blank Michael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews insights about how the banking system affects real economic performance. After arguing that the causality debate—the high-level question of whether the characteristics of a banking system have causal consequences for the real economy—has essentially been settled, we evaluate the specific channels through which banking activity may exert real effects. We focus on the rich empirical literature spawned by the theoretically ambiguous impact of greater banking competition, which has found concentration of the banking system to be a significant determinant of the structure and health of non-financial industries. We also discuss how, after the 2007–9 financial crisis, there has been revitalized interest in modeling the role that financial intermediaries play in amplifying aggregate shocks and initiating crises. We conclude by noting the importance of accounting for the changing institutional, structural, and technological properties of the financial sector in understanding the interplay between financial and real activity.
Bank Failures, The Great Depression, and Other “Contagious” Events
Authors: Calomiris Charles W. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Deposit withdrawal pressures on banks, which sometimes take the form of sudden runs, have figured prominently in the discussion of public policy toward banks and the construction of safety nets such as deposit insurance and the lender of last resort. This chapter examines historical evidence from the Great Depression, and other episodes, on the factors that prompted withdrawals, the discussion of contagious runs, and the public policy implications. The historical evidence is presented in detail and is connected to the debate over the proper roles of deposit market discipline via the threat of withdrawals, the insurance of deposits, and lender-of-last-resort support for banks facing withdrawal pressures.
Private Information and Risk Management in Banking
Authors: Allen Linda , Saunders Anthony 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this chapter we describe the risk management challenges faced by financial institutions. The very nature of the banking business requires that financial firms become experts at risk assessment in order to manage their own inventories of risk, obtained during day-to-day business transactions with bank customers. Banks are exposed to interest rate risk, currency risk, liquidity risk, credit risk, and operational risk. The first step in a risk management program is accurate risk measurement. A useful risk measurement tool is the Value at Risk (VaR) model. The 99% VaR model produces predictions such as the worse loss that may occur 1 in every 100 days (or years). In contrast, the 99% Expected Shortfall denotes the average of all losses that occur with a one percent probability. We show that the roots of the global financial crisis of 2007–8 can be found in the failure of financial intermediaries to measure and manage risk properly.
IW And-type state in IM Eridani
Authors: Kato Taichi , Wakamatsu Yasuyuki , Kojiguchi Naoto , Kimura Mariko , Ohnishi Ryuhei , Isogai Keisuke , Niijima Keito , Yoshitake Tomohiro , Sugiura Yuki , Sumiya Sho , Ito Daiki , Nikai Kengo , Matsumoto Hanami , Matsumoto Katsura , Vanmunster Tonny , Hambsch Franz-Josef , Itoh Hiroshi , Babina Julia V , Antonyuk Oksana I , Baklanov Alex V , Pavlenko Elena P , Monard Berto , Dvorak Shawn 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIW And stars are a recently recognized group of dwarf novae which are characterized by a repeated sequence of brightening from a standstill-like phase with damping oscillations followed by a deep dip. Kimura et al. (2019, PASJ, submitted) recently proposed a model based on thermal-viscous disk instability in a tilted disk to reproduce the IW And-type characteristics. IM Eri experienced the IW And-type phase in 2018 and we recorded three cycles of the (damping) oscillation phase terminated by brightening. We identified two periods during the IW And-type state: 4–5 d small-amplitude (often damping) oscillations and a 34–43 d long cycle. This behavior is typical for an IW And-type star. The object gradually brightened within the long cycle before the next brightening, which terminated the (damping) oscillation phase. This observation agrees with the increasing disk mass during the long cycle predicted by the Kimura et al. model of thermal-viscous disk instability in a tilted disk. We did not, however, succeed in detecting negative superhumps, which are considered to be the signature of a tilted disk.
When does prone sleeping improve cardiorespiratory status in preterm infants in the NICU?
Authors: Shepherd Kelsee L , Yiallourou Stephanie R , Odoi Alexsandria , Yeomans Emma , Willis Stacey , Horne Rosemary S C , Wong Flora Y 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStudy ObjectivesPreterm infants undergoing intensive care are often placed prone to improve respiratory function. Current clinical guidelines recommend preterm infants are slept supine from 32 weeks’ postmenstrual age, regardless of gestational age at birth. However, respiratory function is also related to gestational and chronological ages and is affected by sleep state. We aimed to identify the optimal timing for adopting the supine sleeping position in preterm infants, using a longitudinal design assessing the effects of sleep position and state on cardiorespiratory stability.MethodsTwenty-three extremely (24–28 weeks’ gestation) and 33 very preterm (29–34 weeks’ gestation) infants were studied weekly from birth until discharge, in both prone and supine positions, in quiet and active sleep determined by behavioral scoring. Bradycardia (heart rate ≤100 bpm), desaturation (oxygen saturation ≤80%), and apnea (pause in respiratory rate ≥10 s) episodes were analyzed.ResultsProne positioning in extremely preterm infants reduced the frequency of bradycardias and desaturations and duration of desaturations. In very preterm infants, prone positioning only reduced the frequency of desaturations. The position-related effects were not related to postmenstrual age. Quiet sleep in both preterm groups was associated with fewer bradycardias and desaturations, and also reduced durations of bradycardia and desaturations in the very preterm group.ConclusionsCardiorespiratory stability is improved by the prone sleep position, predominantly in extremely preterm infants, and the improvements are not dependent on postmenstrual age. In very preterm infants, quiet sleep has a more marked effect than the prone position. This evidence should be considered in individualizing management of preterm infant positioning.
Can Mindfulness Help to Predict Veterans’ Mental Health Service Utilization?
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Kintzle Sara 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Post–9/11 era military veterans are at high risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, but less than half of veterans who screen positive for these disorders seek mental health treatment. Self-stigma of mental illness has emerged as a core barrier to mental health service use (MHSU) in this population. Mindfulness is associated with attention control, nonjudgment, and reduced self-stigma in civilians, but associations between PTSD and depression, mindfulness, self-stigma, and MHSU have never been investigated in military veterans. The present study used a logistic regression modeling strategy to investigate main and interaction effects for PTSD, depression, mindfulness, and self-stigma on MHSU. Study findings demonstrated a positive main effect for PTSD and negative main effects for mindfulness and self-stigma on MHSU, and a positive interaction effect for mindfulness and PTSD on MHSU. Findings suggest that more mindful individuals with PTSD symptoms are more likely to seek mental health services, whereas less mindful individuals with PTSD symptoms are less likely to seek treatment. More research into the potential for mindfulness to enhance MHSU outcomes for military veterans appears warranted.
Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Postpartum Pain Evaluation and Management
Authors: Johnson Jasmine D. , Asiodu Ifeyinwa V. , McKenzie Christine P. , Tucker Christine , Tully Kristin P. , Bryant Katherine , Verbiest Sarah , Stuebe Alison M. 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether the frequency of pain assessment and treatment differed by patient race and ethnicity for women after cesarean birth.

METHODS:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of all women who underwent cesarean birth resulting in a liveborn neonate at a single institution between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2016. Pain scores documented and medications administered after delivery were grouped into 0–24 and 25–48 hours postpartum time periods. Number of pain scores recorded, whether any pain score was 7 of 10 or greater, and analgesic medication administered were calculated. Models were adjusted for propensity scores incorporating maternal age, body mass index, gestational age, nulliparity, primary compared with repeat cesarean delivery, classical hysterotomy, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit.

RESULTS:
A total of 1,987 women were identified, and 1,701 met inclusion criteria. There were 30,984 pain scores documented. Severe pain (7/10 or greater) was more common among black (28%) and Hispanic (22%) women than among women who identified as white (20%) or Asian (15%). In the first 24 hours after cesarean birth, non-Hispanic white women had more documented pain assessments (adjusted mean 10.2) than, black, Asian, and Hispanic women (adjusted mean 8.4–9.5; P<.05). Results at 25–48 hours were similar, compared with non-Hispanic white women (adjusted mean 8.3). Black, Asian, and Hispanic women and women who were identified as other all received less narcotic medication at 0–24 hours postpartum (adjusted mean 5.1–7.5 oxycodone tablet equivalents; P<.001–.05), as well as at 25–28 hours postpartum.

CONCLUSION:
Racial and ethnic inequities in the experience, assessment and treatment of postpartum pain were identified. A limitation of our study is that we were unable to assess the role of patient beliefs about expression of pain, patient preferences with regards to pain medication, and beliefs and potential biases among health care providers.
Effects of Selective Exclusion of Patients on Preterm Birth Test Performance
Authors: Boniface J. Jay , Burchard Julja , Saade George R. 
Published: November 2019

The need to reduce the rate of preterm delivery and the recent emergence of technologies that measure hundreds of biological analytes (eg, genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics; collectively referred to as “omics approaches”) have led to proliferation of potential diagnostic biomarkers. On review of the literature, a concern must be raised regarding experimental design and data analysis reporting. Specifically, inaccurate performance has often been reported after selective exclusion of patients around the definition boundary of preterm birth. For example, authors may report the performance of a preterm delivery predictor by using patients who delivered early preterm compared with deliveries at 37 weeks of gestation or greater. A key principle that must be maintained during the development of any predictive test is to communicate performance for all patients for whom the test will be applicable clinically (ie, the intended-use population), which for prediction of preterm birth includes patients delivering throughout the spectrum of gestational ages, as this is what is to be predicted, and not known at the time of testing. Using biomarker data collected from the U.S.-based Proteomic Assessment of Preterm Risk clinical trial, we provide examples where the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the same test artifactually improves from 0.68 (for preterm delivery at less than 37 weeks of gestation) or 0.76 (for preterm delivery at less than 32 weeks of gestation) to 0.91 when patients who deliver late preterm are excluded. We review this phenomenon in this commentary and offer recommendations for clinicians and investigators going forward.

FUNDING SOURCE:
Sera Prognostics.
Expedited Scheduling of Interval Tubal Ligation
Authors: Mercier Rebecca J. , Perriera Lisa , Godcharles Cheryl , Shaber Allison 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE:
To assess whether expedited scheduling for permanent contraception increases the proportion of patients completing interval tubal ligation within 6 months of delivery.

METHODS:
We randomly assigned patients with unfulfilled immediate postpartum tubal ligation requests to standard scheduling after a postpartum office visit or an expedited process in which we scheduled the interval tubal ligation surgery before discharge from the hospital. The primary outcome was proportion of participants undergoing tubal contraceptive procedures within 6 months of delivery. Secondary outcomes included patient satisfaction with the scheduling process, repeat pregnancy rates, and surgical outcomes. We estimated that 122 patients (61 per group) would provide greater than 80% power to identify a 25% difference favoring expedited scheduling in the primary outcome (one-sided α of 0.05).

RESULTS:
Between September 2016 and June 2018, 239 patients requested tubal ligation at the time of delivery; 155 were not completed. Of these, 126 patients were eligible for the study. We stopped the study at the prespecified 50% enrollment point after 67 patients enrolled, with 34 and 33 assigned to the standard and expedited arms, respectively. Fifteen participants in the expedited group, and two in the standard group completed tubal ligation within 6 months (50% vs 9%; odds ratio 10.0, CI 2.0–50.2). Delivery-to-surgery interval was 49 days in the expedited group, compared with 121 days in the standard group (P=.05). Seventeen participants in the expedited group and three in the standard group reported being very satisfied with the scheduling process (57% vs 13%, P=.03). The only two interim pregnancies both occurred in the standard group (P=.09). There were no surgical complications in any of the 17 completed tubal procedures.

CONCLUSION:
Expedited scheduling significantly improves tubal contraceptive surgery completion and patient satisfaction. Laparoscopic or hysteroscopic tubal ligation or salpingectomy can be performed 4–6 weeks after delivery with minimal interval outpatient follow-up.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02875483.
Desired Sterilization Procedure at the Time of Cesarean Delivery According to Insurance Status
Authors: Morris Jane , Ascha Mustafa , Wilkinson Barbara , Verbus Emily , Montague Mary , Mercer Brian M. , Arora Kavita Shah 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether women with Medicaid are less likely than their privately insured counterparts to receive a desired sterilization procedure at the time of cesarean delivery.

METHODS:
This is a secondary analysis of a single-center retrospective cohort examining 8,654 postpartum women from 2012 to 2014, of whom 2,205 (25.5%) underwent cesarean delivery. Insurance was analyzed as Medicaid compared with private insurance. The primary outcome was sterilization at the time of cesarean delivery. Reason for sterilization noncompletion and Medicaid sterilization consent form validity were recorded. Secondary outcomes included postpartum visit attendance, outpatient postpartum sterilization, and subsequent pregnancy within 365 days of delivery.

RESULTS:
Of the 481 women included in this analysis, 78 of 86 (90.7%) women with private insurance and 306 of 395 (77.4%) women with Medicaid desiring sterilization obtained sterilization at the time of cesarean delivery (relative risk 0.85, 95% CI 0.78–0.94). After multivariable logistic regression, gestational age at delivery (1.02 [1.00–1.03]), adequacy of prenatal care (1.30 [1.18–1.43]), and marital status (1.09 [1.01–1.19]) were associated with achievement of sterilization at the time of cesarean delivery. Sixty-four (66.0%) women who desired but did not receive sterilization at the time of cesarean delivery did not have valid, signed Medicaid sterilization forms, and 10 (10.3%) sterilizations were not able to be completed at the time of surgery owing to adhesions. Sterilization during cesarean delivery was not associated with less frequent postpartum visit attendance for either the Medicaid or privately insured population. Rates of outpatient postpartum sterilization were similar among those with Medicaid compared with private insurance. Among patients who did not receive sterilization at the time of delivery, 15 patients (each with Medicaid) had a subsequent pregnancy within the study period.

CONCLUSION:
Women with Medicaid insurance received sterilization at the time of cesarean delivery less frequently than privately insured counterparts, most commonly due to the absence of a valid Medicaid sterilization consent form as well as adhesive disease. The constraints surrounding the Medicaid form serve as a significant barrier to achieving desired sterilization.
Racial Disparities in Postpartum Pain Management
Authors: Badreldin Nevert , Grobman William A. , Yee Lynn M. 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate racial and ethnic differences in women's postpartum pain scores, inpatient opioid administration, and discharge opioid prescriptions.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all deliveries at a single high-volume tertiary care center from December 1, 2015, through November 30, 2016. Women were included if they self-identified as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or Hispanic; were at least 18 years of age; and did not have documented allergies to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or morphine. Medical records were queried for three outcomes: 1) patient-reported postpartum pain score (on a scale of 0–10) at discharge (dichotomized less than 5 or 5 or higher), 2) inpatient opioid dosing during postpartum hospitalization (reported as morphine milligram equivalents [MMEs] per postpartum day), and 3) receipt of an opioid prescription at discharge. The associations between each of these outcomes and maternal race–ethnicity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models with random effects to account for clustering by discharge physician. A sensitivity analysis was conducted in which women of different race and ethnicity were matched using propensity scores.

RESULTS:
A total of 9,900 postpartum women were eligible for analysis. Compared with non-Hispanic white women, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women had significantly greater odds of reporting a pain score of 5 or higher (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.61, 95% 1.26–2.06 and aOR 2.18, 95% 1.63–2.91, respectively) but received significantly fewer inpatient MMEs/d (adjusted β −5.03, 95% CI −6.91 to −3.15, and adjusted β −3.54, 95% CI −5.88 to −1.20, respectively). Additionally, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women were significantly less likely to receive an opioid prescription at discharge (aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67 to −0.96 and aOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62–0.98) compared with non-Hispanic white women. Results of the propensity score analysis largely corroborated those of the primary analysis, with the exception that the difference in inpatient MMEs/d between non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black women did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSION:
Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women experience disparities in pain management in the postpartum setting that cannot be explained by less perceived pain.
Maternal Zika Virus Infection
Authors: Cooper Hannah J. , Iwamoto Martha , Lash Maura , Conners Erin E. , Paladini Marc , Slavinski Sally , Fine Anne D. , Kennedy Joseph , Heinke Dominique , Ciaranello Andrea , Seage George R. , Lee Ellen H. 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether antenatal Zika virus infection is associated with risk of having a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonate, risk of preterm birth, and lower mean birth weight of term neonates.

METHODS:
For this retrospective observational study, we linked birth record data for women who delivered liveborn singleton neonates in New York City in 2016 to data for pregnant women with Zika virus infection reported to the New York City Health Department. We restricted the analysis to nonsmoking, nonwhite women and adjusted for maternal characteristics. Among women with antenatal Zika virus infection, we used modified Poisson regression to assess risks of having an SGA neonate and of delivering preterm, and linear regression to assess the association of infection with mean birth weight of term neonates.

RESULTS:
Of 116,034 deliveries of singleton neonates in New York City in 2016, 251 (0.2%) were to women with antenatal Zika virus infection. A higher percentage of women with Zika virus infection delivered an SGA neonate compared with those without (11.2% vs 5.8%; adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.8; 95% CI 1.3–2.6). There was no difference in preterm birth prevalence for women with and without Zika virus infection (adjusted RR 1.0; 95% CI 0.69–1.6). Mean birth weight of term neonates born to women with Zika virus infection was 47 g less (95% CI −105 to 11 g); this difference was not statistically significant in crude or adjusted analyses.

CONCLUSION:
For a cohort of New York City women, antenatal Zika virus infection was associated with an increased risk of having an SGA neonate, but not preterm birth or lower mean birth weight of term neonates. This supports a putative association between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and SGA.
Real-world Outcomes Among Patients Treated With Gemcitabine-based Therapy Post-FOLFIRINOX Failure in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Tsang Erica S. , Spratlin Jennifer , Cheung Winson Y. , Kim Christina A. , Kong Shiying , Xu Yuan , Gill Sharlene 
Published: November 2019

Objectives:
Limited evidence exists for chemotherapy selection in advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) after first-line FOLFIRINOX. Second-line gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GEMNAB) is publicly funded in the Canadian provinces of Alberta (AB) and Manitoba (MB), but not in British Columbia (BC). We compared population-based outcomes by region to examine the utility of second-line GEMNAB versus gemcitabine (GEM) alone.

Methods:
We identified patients treated with first-line FOLFIRINOX between 2013 and 2015 across BC, AB, and MB. Baseline characteristics and treatment regimens were compared between AB/MB and BC. Survival outcomes were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank test.

Results:
A total of 368 patients were treated with first-line FOLFIRINOX (143 AB/MB, 225 BC): median age 61 (interquartile range: 55 to 68) years, 42% comprising female individuals, and 67% with metastatic disease. Receipt of second-line therapy was 48% in AB/MB versus 44% in BC (P=0.35), and time from diagnosis to second-line therapy was 7.7 (AB/MB) versus 9.4 months (BC; P=0.1). Distribution of second-line GEM use: 73% GEMNAB, 23% GEM (AB/MB) versus 27% GEMNAB, 66% GEM (BC; P<0.001). Median overall survival (OS) from diagnosis was similar: 12.4 (AB/MB) versus 11.5 months (BC; P=0.91). On Cox regression analysis, region was not significant. Secondary survival analysis by second-line regimen demonstrated a median OS of 18.0 months with GEMNAB versus 14.3 months with GEM (P<0.01).

Conclusions:
In this population-based comparison of APC patients treated with first-line FOLFIRINOX, survival outcomes were comparable regardless of funded access to second-line GEMNAB. OS by regimen favored second-line GEMNAB, but patient selection may be largely responsible for this difference.