bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pelican Field, Block 211/26a, UK North Sea
Authors: Frenz Thurza , Besly Bernard , Marriott Jill 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

The Pelican Field lies in the East Shetland Basin, in Block 211/26, roughly 150 km NE of the Shetland Islands. It was discovered in 1975 by exploration well 211/26-4. Development was delayed until 1995 when economic development became feasible as a subsea tie back to the Cormorant Alpha Platform. The reservoir is the Middle Jurassic Brent Group, comprising sands deposited in a fluvio-deltaic, shallow-marine, wave-dominated system. The reservoir interval has an average thickness of around 300 ft, ranging from 220 ft on the crest to 400 ft in down-flank areas. The crest of the field lies at around 10 500 ft true vertical depth subsea. Current estimate of oil in place for the field is
c.
500 MMbbl. The Pelican Field suffers from significant deterioration of reservoir properties with depth, leading to low recovery factors of 15–20%. To date, 21 production and injection wells have been drilled recovering a total of 76 MMbbl. Oil production started in 1996 and peak oil production was achieved at 50 000 bopd in the same year. Rates declined due to water-cut development in most of the wells and current production rates are around 2000 bopd.
Female aristocrats in the natural history world before the establishment of the Geological Society of London
Authors: Sendino Consuelo , Porter Julian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A fascination with natural history does not recognize class, as is shown through the activities of female aristocrats who, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, contributed significantly by increasing the number of collections at natural history museums. These women were not members of the Geological Society of London because, at that time, women were not even allowed to be members, but they still left their impressive legacy in museums. This paper will focus on three women who made extensive collections that are now incorporated into British museums. The first of these, the Duchess of Portland, made one of the finest collections in England and, possibly, the best collection of shells and fossils in Europe of her time, which was later acquired by the Natural History Museum, London. She was followed by the Countess of Aylesford who made one of the most important mineral collections of her time, which is now at the Natural History Museum, London. Finally, Baroness Brassey collected geological samples during her trips that were used to establish the Brassey Institute in Hastings. These three women used their own income and influence to build collections.
Sustainable/responsible mining and ethical issues related to the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Mudd Gavin M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The modern world needs an ever-increasing amount and variety of metals and minerals to meet demands for energy, telecommunications, infrastructure, transport vehicles and the like. Despite the basic perception of mining being unsustainable, there has been a radical shift in thinking about mining and sustainable development in recent decades, led by the introduction of numerous guidelines, schemes and protocols to address specific issues and improve reporting and accountability by mines and mining companies – in simple terms, using certification-type schemes to justify a sustainable or responsible approach to mining based on more ethical underpinnings. This chapter presents a unique and concise synthesis of these complex issues and outlines how mining can be described as responsible, sustainable or perhaps ethical even – or not as the case may be.
The importance of professional regulation of geoscientists and their role in a fast-changing world
Authors: Fernández-Fuentes Isabel , Correia Vitor , Neumann Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Population growth, political and social factors, technological advances, and climate change are driving forces that are shaping a world where access to natural resources is critical. Geoscientists’ contribution to the comprehensive management of natural resources is vital and this calls for the active involvement of skilled, experienced professionals. The authors describe how, in this framework, systems for professional regulation and certification of geoscientists facilitate mobility, interchanging of ideas and knowledge, best ethical practice and protection of the public and environment.
Factors Associated with Malaria Infection among Head Porters in Agbogbloshie Market in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana
Authors: Kwofie Patience , Tetteh John , Akakpo Reindorf Elijah , Sarfo Bismark 
Published: October 2020

Background. Head porters constitute the mobile population who are at an increasing risk of being infected with malaria. They move around the city to carry out their duties with no accommodation. Therefore, they sleep wherever they find themselves in the evening and do not benefit from most of the malaria intervention programs such as the use of long-lasting insecticide net. The inability to identify them because they are mobile means that they can continue to drive malaria transmission even if malaria in the general population is controlled. Objectives. This study assessed the factors associated with malaria infection among head porters in the Agbogbloshie market in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Method. A total of 218 head porters were recruited from the Agbogbloshie market, and blood samples were collected from participants to test for malaria parasite infection using Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and microscopy and were interviewed using a closed-ended questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Stata version 15. Simple descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square, and Multiple Logistic Regression were performed with significance set at <0.05. Result. The study revealed 12% (

CI

95
%
=
8.2
‐
16.9

) and 9.6% (

CI

95
%
=
6.3
‐
14.4

) infection of malaria using RDT and microscopy, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum (21/218) was the main parasite detected in all positive blood samples. Age and marital status are significant factors associated with malaria infection among head porters. Age group 40 years and above had 89% (

AOR

0.11

CI

95
%
=
0.01
‐
0.98

) reduced odds of getting malaria compared to those below 20 years, while those who are single are 3.52 times more likely to be infected with malaria compared with those who are married (

AOR

95
%
CI

=
3.52

1.13
‐
10.92

). Conclusion. This study concludes that the increasing age of head porters significantly decreased the probability of malaria infection, while head porters who are single have greater odds of being infected with malaria. Age and marital status are important factors to be considered for malaria intervention programs in head porters.
Trade Flows and Fiscal Multipliers
Authors: Cacciatore Matteo , Traum Nora 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present novel insights on the role of international trade following unanticipated fiscal changes in a flexible exchange rate environment. We show analytically that fiscal multipliers can be larger in economies more open to trade, even when fiscal expansions imply trade deficits. Three factors determine how trade linkages matter: the relative import share of public and private goods, the financing of government debt, and the currency invoicing of exports. A Bayesian prior-predictive analysis shows that a quantitative model bears the same predictions. Conditioning on Canadian and U.S. data, we find support for larger multipliers relative to a counterfactually closed economy.
Expectations with Endogenous Information Acquisition: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Fuster Andreas , Perez-Truglia Ricardo , Wiederholt Mirko , Zafar Basit 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We use a survey experiment to generate direct evidence on how people acquire and process information. Participants can buy different information signals that could help them forecast future national home prices. We elicit their valuations and exogenously vary the cost of information. Participants put substantial value on their preferred signal and, when acquired, incorporate the signal in their beliefs. However, they disagree on which signal to buy. As a result, making information cheaper does not decrease the cross-sectional dispersion of expectations. We provide a model with costly acquisition and processing of information, which can match most of our empirical results.
An Econometric Model of International Growth Dynamics for Long-Horizon Forecasting
Authors: Müller Ulrich K. , Stock James H. , Watson Mark W. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We develop a Bayesian latent factor model of the joint long-run evolution of GDP per capita for 113 countries over the 118 years from 1900 to 2017. We find considerable heterogeneity in rates of convergence, including rates for some countries that are so slow that they might not converge (or diverge) in century-long samples, and a sparse correlation pattern (“convergence clubs”) between countries. The joint Bayesian structure allows us to compute a joint predictive distribution for the output paths of these countries over the next 100 years. This predictive distribution can be used for simulations requiring projections into the deep future, such as estimating the costs of climate change. The model's pooling of information across countries results in tighter prediction intervals than are achieved using univariate information sets. Still, even using more than a century of data on many countries, the 100-year growth paths exhibit very wide uncertainty.
Occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes on enset (Ensete ventricosum) in Ethiopia with focus on Pratylenchus goodeyi as a key species of the crop
Authors: Kidane Selamawit A. , Meressa Beira H. , Haukeland Solveig , Hvoslef-Eide Trine , Magnusson Christer , Couvreur Marjolein , Bert Wim , Coyne Danny L. 
Published: October 2020

Summary
Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is an important starch staple crop, cultivated primarily in south and southwestern Ethiopia. Enset is the main crop of a sustainable indigenous African system that ensures food security in a country that is food deficient. Related to the banana family, enset is similarly affected by plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes impose a huge constraint on agriculture. The distribution, population density and incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes of enset was determined during August 2018. A total of 308 fields were sampled from major enset-growing zones of Ethiopia. Eleven plant-parasitic nematode taxa were identified, with Pratylenchus (lesion nematode) being the most prominent genus present with a prominence value of 1460. It was present in each sample, with a highest mean population density per growing zone of 16 050 (10 g root)−1, although densities as high as 25 000 were observed in fields at higher altitudes in Guraghe (2200-3000 m a.s.l.). This lesion nematode is found in abundance in the cooler mountainous regions. Visible damage on the roots and corms was manifested as dark purple lesions. Using a combination of morphometric and molecular data, all populations were identified as P. goodeyi and similar to populations from Kenya, Uganda and Spain (Tenerife). Differences in population densities amongst cultivars indicate possible resistance of enset to P. goodeyi.
Internment or Assigned Residence of Palestinian Protected Persons without Trial or Charge: Victims of War Crimes
Authors: al-Zoughbi Basheer 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article examines internment or assigned residence of protected persons without trial or charge under the laws and customs of war. It then explores Israel’s (as the Occupying Power) resort to such measures and the role of its judiciary. It further considers the grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention (war crime) of deportation of scores of Palestinian persons to prisons and detention centres outside the frontiers of their occupied territory. Simultaneously, it considers how the violations of the rules and procedures on internment or assigned residence have amounted to four grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention (war crimes). These are: inhuman treatment, wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, unlawful confinement and wilfully depriving a protected person of the right to fair and lawful trial.
Substantivization of adjectives
Authors: Höfler Stefan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The process of deriving substantives from adjectives in the classical Indo-European languages can be accomplished in two fundamentally different ways. The first possibility is a derivational one, i.e. the adjective is substantivized by a word-formation process that typically consists of an overt morphological or morphonological operation such as suffixation, accent shift, introduction of new ablaut grades, or a combination thereof. The second process, on the other hand, is a gradual one: an adjective can be substantivized through the ellipsis of a head noun that this adjective was originally paired with. In this paper, I intend to outline the differences and similarities between these two mechanisms and discuss their role in the interpretation of Proto-Indo-European stems in *-(e-)h2-.
The XyloPhone: toward democratizing access to high-quality macroscopic imaging for wood and other substrates
Authors: Wiedenhoeft Alex C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
One rate-limiting factor in the fight against illegal logging is the lack of powerful, affordable, scalable wood identification tools for field screening. Computer vision wood identification using smartphones fitted with customized imaging peripherals offers a potential solution, but to date, such peripherals suffer from one or more weaknesses: low image quality, lack of lighting control, uncontrolled magnification, unknown distortion, and spherical aberration, and/or no access to or publication of the system design. To address cost, optical concerns, and open access to designs and parameters, I present the XyloPhone, a 3D printed research quality macroscopic imaging attachment adaptable to virtually any smartphone. It provides a fixed focal distance, exclusion of ambient light, selection of visible light or UV illumination, uses the lens from a commercially available loupe, is powered by a rechargeable external battery, is fully open-sourced, at a price point of less than USD 110 is a highly affordable tool for the laboratory or the field, and can serve as the foundational hardware for a scalable field-deployable computer vision wood identification system.
Where Are the Most Extraordinary Lightning Megaflashes in the Americas?
Authors: Peterson Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Geostationary Lightning Mappers (GLMs) on NOAA’s current Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) map the lateral development of lightning flashes across the Western Hemisphere up to 54° latitude. As staring instruments that continuously observe the Americas (GOES-16) and the Pacific Ocean (GOES-17), the GLMs resolve the spatial extent of even the rarest and most exceptional lightning flashes. GOES-16 GLM observations that include the Americas’ hotspots for the largest and longest-lasting lightning “megaflashes” are used to document where and when mesoscale lightning occurs that exceeds the largest (321 km) and longest-lasting (7.74 s) flashes that have been measured by ground-based instruments. The most exceptional GLM megaflashes in terms of extent (709 km) and duration (16.730 s) were recently recognized as global lightning extremes by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These world record cases beat the next-largest flash by 36 km and the next-longest-lasting flash by 1.5 s. The top GLM megaflashes between 1 January 2018 and 15 January 2020 that exceed the previous LMA records are concentrated in the central United States (most frequently along the Oklahoma–Arkansas border) and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay. The top North American megaflashes are most common from April through June and occur on between 4 and 14 nights per month. The top South American megaflashes are most frequent between October and January and likewise have a nocturnal preference following the diurnal cycle of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Potential future field programs that aim to observe extreme megaflashes should focus on these regions and seasons.
A Triple-Moment Representation of Ice in the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) Microphysics Scheme
Authors: Milbrandt Jason A. , Morrison Hugh , Dawson II Daniel T. , Paukert Marco 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the original Predicted Particle Properties (P3) bulk microphysics scheme, all ice-phase hydrometeors are represented by one or more “free” ice categories, where the physical properties evolve smoothly through changes to the four prognostic variables (per category), and with a two-moment representation of the particle size distribution. As such, the spectral dispersion cannot evolve independently, which thus results in limitations in representation of ice—in particular, hail—due to necessary constraints in the scheme to prevent excessive gravitational size sorting. To overcome this, P3 has been modified to include a three-moment representation of the size distribution of each ice category through the addition of a fifth prognostic variable, the sixth moment of the size distribution. The details of the three-moment ice parameterization in P3 are provided. The behavior of the modified scheme, with the single-ice-category configuration, is illustrated through simulations in a simple 1D kinematic model framework as well as with near large-eddy-resolving (250-m grid spacing) 3D simulations of a hail-producing supercell. It is shown that the three-moment ice configuration controls size sorting in a physically based way and leads to an improved capacity to simulate large, heavily rimed ice (hail), including mean and maximum sizes and reflectivity, and thus an overall improvement in the representation of ice-phase particles in the P3 scheme.
Prevalence of Hearing Loss, and Middle Ear Disease in 1351 School Age Children in Mekelle, Ethiopia
Authors: Birhanu Betelhem , Shimeles Abel , Gebremeskel Filmawit , Cager Gabrielle , Redleaf Miriam 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The objective of this study was to begin to measure the prevalence of elevated hearing thresholds in Ethiopia, with audiometric equipment, including bone oscillators and tympanometers. To that end Ethiopian nationals were trained in audiometric techniques to obtain sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and conductive hearing loss (CHL) rates in school age children. Methods: Five mainstreamed public grade schools in northern Ethiopia were the sites for audiometry campaigns examining 1351 children and testing them with behavioral audiometry. Results: Seven percent of students had SNHL > 20 dB in at least 1 frequency in at least 1 ear, and 0.6% of ears had SNHL > 50 dB. Eighteen percent8% of students had CHL > 20 dB in 1 or both ears. The frequency with the highest incidence of elevated pure tone thresholds was at 8000 Hz. Seven percent of students had an air bone gap at 2000 and/or 4000 Hz of at least 15 dB. Air bone gap is not obtained at 8000 Hz. There were 22 perforated tympanic membranes in 17 children (0.8% of tympanic membranes, 1% of students). Conclusion: This study gives a baseline for the prevalence of hearing loss in school age children in mainstreamed northern Ethiopian schools. It is the first of its kind and perhaps can help in estimated hearing health needs there. Level of Evidence: 2
Impact of smoking on psoriasis risk and treatment efficacy: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Hang , Wu Ruifang , Kong Yi , Zhao Ming , Su Yuwen 
Published: October 2020

Objective Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease with skin and joint manifestations. Smoking is considered an unfavorable lifestyle factor for psoriasis. We aimed to explore the association between smoking, disease risk, and treatment efficacy in relation to psoriasis. Methods We searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed databases for studies examining the relationship between smoking and psoriasis, up to 12 April 2020. We then conducted a meta-analysis using a fixed-effects model to obtain odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Ever, current, and former smokers all had higher risks of developing psoriasis than non-smokers (pooled ORs (95% CIs): 1.60 (1.51–1.69), 1.63 (1.48–1.80), and 1.36 (1.13–1.64), respectively). Ever smokers were less likely to show disease improvement at 6 months following treatment with biologic agents than non-smokers (pooled OR (95% CI): 0.80 (0.67–0.95)). Conclusions Smoking increases psoriasis risk and negatively impacts the benefits of biologic agents. However, the number of reports is limited and more studies are needed to confirm the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on therapeutic response in patients with psoriasis. Education to encourage a healthy lifestyle remains a valuable approach in clinical practice.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Subsequent Meniscal Surgery After Successful Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Retrospective Study With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up
Authors: Kimura Yuka , Sasaki Eiji , Yamamoto Yuji , Sasaki Shizuka , Tsuda Eiichi , Ishibashi Yasuyuki 
Published: October 2020

Background: One of the goals of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a meniscal protective effect on the knee. Despite the advancement of ACL reconstruction techniques, subsequent meniscal tears after ACL reconstruction remain a problem, and the risk factors for recurring lesions are still unclear. Purpose: To investigate the incidence of subsequent meniscal surgery after primary ACL reconstruction without revision ACL surgery and to determine the risk factors associated with this reoperation. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Overall, 518 patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction between 2004 and 2012 at one instution participated in this study. Data on body mass index, graft type and femoral tunnel-drilling technique of ACL reconstruction, and location and type of meniscal injury and its treatment at ACL reconstruction were collected from medical records. Clinical outcomes were investigated, including side-to-side difference of anterior laxity, pivot-shift grade, and subsequent meniscal surgery without ACL insufficiency (at minimum 2-year follow-up). Results: The prevalence of tears to the medial meniscus (MM) at the primary ACL reconstruction was 43.6% (226/518), 140 of which were repaired; on the contrary, tears of the lateral meniscus (LM) had a prevalence of 55.8% (289/518), 42 of which were repaired. At a mean 30.3 months (range, 8-124 months) after ACL reconstruction, 20 patients (3.9%; 14 MM tears, 3 LM tears, 3 MM + LM tears) required meniscal surgery without ACL reinjury or recurrence of instability. Of these, 14 MMs and 3 LMs had been repaired at primary ACL reconstruction. The failure rates of repaired MM and LM were 10.0% (14/140) and 7.1% (3/42), respectively. The failure rate of MM repair using the all-inside technique (6/36) was significantly higher compared with no treatment, inside-out repair, or partial resection ( P = .045). In multiple regression analysis, the presence of MM injury at the time of ACL reconstruction (odds ratio [OR], 7.81; P = .003), the side-to-side difference of postoperative anterior tibial translation (OR, 1.91; P = .032), and follow-up period after ACL reconstruction (OR, 1.02; P = .003) were risk factors of subsequent meniscal surgery after ACL reconstruction. Conclusion: Incidence of subsequent meniscal surgery after successful ACL reconstruction was <5%. Presence of MM tear at the time of ACL reconsturuction, small amount of increased anterior laxity, and long-term period after ACL reconstruction were predictive of subsequent meniscal surgery.