bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attentional bias toward negative and positive pictorial stimuli and its relationship with distorted cognitions, empathy, and moral reasoning among men with intellectual disabilities who have committed crimes
Authors: Sadek Susan A. , Daniel Matthew R. , Langdon Peter E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aims of this study were to examine: (a) whether men with intellectual disabilities who have a history of criminal offending attend to affective pictorial stimuli in a biased manner, and (b) whether there is a relationship between an affective attentional bias and offense‐supportive cognitions, empathy, and moral reasoning. Forty‐six men with intellectual disabilities who had a documented history of criminal offending, and 51 men who also had intellectual disabilities, but no such history, were recruited and asked to complete a computer‐based dot‐probe task using affective pictorial stimuli with randomization, along with measures of distorted cognitions, empathy, and moral reasoning. Those with a history of criminal offending endorsed significantly more offense‐supportive cognitions, had significantly lower general empathy, and more “mature” moral reasoning, as well as a significant attentional bias toward affective pictorial stimuli. Attentional bias significantly predicted offense‐supportive cognitions, and vice versa, having controlled for offense history, and Full‐Scale IQ, but this was not the case for empathy or moral reasoning. While the findings require replication, interventions that aim to modify attention bias with this population should be tested.
Characterization and verification of lead thickness of commercially available lead foil tape for the measurements of lead equivalency of radio‐protective shields
Authors: Lin Pei‐Jan Paul , Aljabal Areej Fawzi , Wargo Richard Ryan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeRadiation protective apparatus is normally specified in "millimeter" of lead equivalence. Typically, it is less than 0.5 mmPb with the exception of lead eyeglasses, which may be 0.75 mmPb equivalent. Upon discovery of commercially available lead foil tape, manufactured by 3M™ "Lead Foil Tape 421" (LFT) which is designed for industrial utility applications. We set out to determine if this LFT can, indeed, be employed as the reference lead in the evaluation of lead equivalency of various protective apparatus.MethodThe LFT is cut to appropriate size (50 mm × 50 mm) and stacked for varying the total lead thickness for the transmission measurements. The transmission curves are obtained following the geometry spelled out in ASTM Designation F3094‐14 standards. The radiation beam qualities corresponding to modern cardiovascular angiography equipment in the range of 60~120 kVp, in increments of 10 kVp, and in combination with the spectral shaping filters of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mmCu were employed for characterization of the lead foil tape. The transmission data of lead pieces with known thicknesses (1/64", 1/32" and 3/64") are superimposed on the lead foil tape transmission curves to validate that the 3M™ LFT is indeed usable as 0.1 mm lead.ResultsThe transmission ratio (data points) of lead pieces with known thicknesses at various radiation beam qualities mentioned above, fall right onto the transmission curves of 3M™ LFT with better than 2% accuracy. Therefore, it is indeed behaving like 0.1 mm thick lead sheet, based on the superimposed transmission curves. The 3M™ "Lead Foil Tape 421" is employed as the reference lead for evaluation of radiation protective apparatus at this institution. Verification of lead protective apparatus with unknown lead equivalence can now be determined with a high accuracy and certainty.
Carcinomas with Occult Metastasis Potential: Diagnosis/Prognosis Accuracy Improvement by Means of Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Amiri Anahid , Hastert Florian D. , Dietz Christian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAccurate diagnosis of cancer stage is inevitable for the following prognosis in patients struggling with these lesions to promote their health and survival rate. Previous studies on survival rate statistics show, in some cases, failure in cancer stage surveys in which metastasis or recurrence of the disease was not accurately prognosed. Morphology study of cancer cells advances the understanding about cancer behavior and its progression, in which, in our previous study on invasive cancer cells, fewer formations of cytoskeleton components compared to their counterparts was observed. Here it is shown that carcinomas with an occult propensity of metastasis depict a number of poorly differentiated cells with decreased amounts of cytoskeleton components in a near‐well differentiated population. Force spectroscopy in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy of lung cancer, liver hepatoma, and melanoma provides a general view of these cells’ architecture, leading to the conclusion that the scarce abnormal‐shaped cells with low formation of structural filaments convey the high risk of metastatic potential of the tumor. The results demonstrate that force spectroscopy complements conventional diagnostic approaches by an accurate cytoskeleton assessment and can improve the following prognosis in epithelial cancers with occult metastasis risk.
Spatiotemporally Controlled Photoresponsive Hydrogels: Design and Predictive Modeling from Processing through Application
Authors: Zhu Hongyuan , Yang Haiqian , Ma Yufei , Lu Tian Jian , Xu Feng , Genin Guy M. , Lin Min 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPhotoresponsive hydrogels (PRHs) are soft materials whose mechanical and chemical properties can be tuned spatially and temporally with relative ease. Both photo‐crosslinkable and photodegradable hydrogels find utility in a range of biomedical applications that require tissue‐like properties or programmable responses. Progress in engineering with PRHs is facilitated by the development of theoretical tools that enable optimization of their photochemistry, polymer matrices, nanofillers, and architecture. This review brings together models and design principles that enable key applications of PRHs in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and soft robotics, and highlights ongoing challenges in both modeling and application.
Synthesizing Organo/Hydrogel Hybrids with Diverse Programmable Patterns and Ultrafast Self‐Actuating Ability via a Site‐Specific “In Situ” Transformation Strategy
Authors: Li Cong , Feng Shiyu , Li Caicong , Sui Yuan , Shen Jinghui , Huang Chongyu , Wu Yonggang , Huang Weiguo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA simple yet robust strategy called “‘in situ' transformation” is developed to prepare organo/hydro binary gels based on the aminolysis of poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (pPFPA). Treated with desired hydrophilic, oleophilic alkylamines, and their mixtures, pPFPA‐based organogels can be thoroughly transformed to targeted hydrogels, organogels, and even organohydrogels with outstanding mechanical properties. Further, relying on programed aminolysis procedures, site‐specific “in situ” transformation can be realized, giving rise to organo/hydro binary gels with diverse patterns and morphologies, such as macroscopic layered organo/hydrogel with a smooth‐transitioned yet mechanically robust interface, reconfigurable microscale organo/hydrogel hybrids with a high spatial‐resolution pattern capable of reversibly transforming between 2D sheets and 3D helixes with controlled chirality in different solvents, and core–shell structured organo/hydrogel hybrids with readily adjustable core/shell dimensions, tunable internal stress, and transparency. Finally, an oscillator based on a bilayered organo/hydrogel hybrid is developed. Attributing to the synergistic effect of organogel expansion and hydrogel contraction, as well as the robust interfacial mechanical properties, this oscillator is capable of ultrafast self‐actuating through harvesting surrounding chemical and thermal energy. This work provides new design principles and highly efficient synthetic strategy for organo/hydro binary gels, and expands their potential applications in soft robotics.
Engineering the Photocatalytic Behaviors of g/C3N4‐Based Metal‐Free Materials for Degradation of a Representative Antibiotic
Authors: Deng Yanchun , Liu Jun , Huang Yanbin , Ma Mengmeng , Liu Kong , Dou Xiaomin , Wang Zhijie , Qu Shengchun , Wang Zhanguo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGraphitic carbon nitride (g/C3N4) is of promise as a highly efficient metal‐free photocatalyst, yet engineering the photocatalytic behaviours for efficiently and selectively degrading complicated molecules is still challenging. Herein, the photocatalytic behaviors of g/C3N4 are modified by tuning the energy band, optimizing the charge extraction, and decorating the cocatalyst. The combination shows a synergistic effect for boosting the photocatalytic degradation of a representative antibiotic, lincomycin, both in the degradation rate and the degree of decomposition. In comparison with the intrinsic g/C3N4, the structurally optimized photocatalyst shows a tenfold enhancement in degradation rate. Interestingly, various methods and experiments demonstrate the specific catalytic mechanisms for the multiple systems of g/C3N4‐based photocatalysts. In the degradation, the active species, including ·O2−, ·OH, and h+, have different contributions in the different photocatalysts. The intermediate, H2O2, plays an important role in the photocatalytic process, and the detailed functions and originations are clarified for the first time.
Strong Band Bowing Effects and Distinctive Optoelectronic Properties of 2H and 1T′ Phase‐Tunable MoxRe1–xS2 Alloys
Authors: Deng Qixin , Li Xiaobo , Si Huayan , Hong Jinhua , Wang Shiyao , Feng Qingliang , Hu Chen‐Xia , Wang Shanshan , Zhang Hao‐Li , Suenaga Kazu , Xu Hua 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStructure and energy band engineering of 2D materials via selective doping or phase modulation provide a significant opportunity to design them for optoelectronic devices. Here, the synthesis of high‐quality MoxRe1–xS2 alloys with tunable composition and phase structure via chemical vapor deposition growth is reported, and their novel energy band structures and optoelectronic properties are explored. The phase separation and structure reconstruction, which are found to be two serious problems in the synthesis of these alloys, are successfully suppressed through tuning their growth thermodynamics. As a result, the obtained MoxRe1–xS2 alloys have uniform composition, phase structure, and crystal orientation. Together with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and first‐principle calculation, the Re/Mo doping‐induced Fermi level up‐shift/down‐shift, new electronic states, and “sub‐gap” formation in MoxRe1–xS2 alloys are revealed. Especially, a strong band bowing effect is discovered in the MoxRe1–xS2 alloys with structure transition between 1T′ and 2H phases. Furthermore, these alloys reveal tunable conduction behavior from n‐type to bipolar and p‐type in 1T′ phase, as well as novel “bipolar‐like” electron conduction behavior in 2H alloys. The results highlight the unique alloying effects, which do not exist in the single‐phase 2D alloys, and provide the feasibility for potential applications in building novel electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Cobalt−Iron Oxide Nanosheets for High‐Efficiency Solar‐Driven CO2−H2O Coupling Electrocatalytic Reactions
Authors: Mi Yuying , Qiu Yuan , Liu Yifan , Peng Xianyin , Hu Min , Zhao Shunzheng , Cao Huanqi , Zhuo Longchao , Li Hongyi , Ren Junqiang , Liu Xijun , Luo Jun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSolar‐driven electrochemical overall CO2 splitting (OCO2S) offers a promising route to store sustainable energy; however, its extensive implementation is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of two key reactions (i.e., CO2 reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction (CO2RR and OER, respectively)). Here, as dual‐functional catalysts, Co2FeO4 nanosheet arrays having high electrocatalytic activities toward CO2RR and OER are developed. When the catalyst is applied to a complete OCO2S system driven by a triple junction GaInP2/GaAs/Ge photovoltaic cell, it shows a high photocurrent density of ≈13.1 mA cm−2, corresponding to a remarkably high solar‐to‐CO efficiency of 15.5%. Density functional theory studies suggest that the Co sites in Co2FeO4 are favorable to the formation of *COOH and *O intermediates and thus account for its efficient bifunctional activities. The results will facilitate future studies for designing highly effective electrocatalysts and devices for OCO2S.
Why Cellulose‐Based Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices?
Authors: Wang Zhaohui , Lee Yong‐Hyeok , Kim Sang‐Woo , Seo Ji‐Young , Lee Sang‐Young , Nyholm Leif 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent findings demonstrate that cellulose, a highly abundant, versatile, sustainable, and inexpensive material, can be used in the preparation of very stable and flexible electrochemical energy storage devices with high energy and power densities by using electrodes with high mass loadings, composed of conducting composites with high surface areas and thin layers of electroactive material, as well as cellulose‐based current collectors and functional separators. Close attention should, however, be paid to the properties of the cellulose (e.g., porosity, pore distribution, pore‐size distribution, and crystallinity). The manufacturing of cellulose‐based electrodes and all‐cellulose devices is also well‐suited for large‐scale production since it can be made using straightforward filtration‐based techniques or paper‐making approaches, as well as utilizing various printing techniques. Herein, the recent development and possibilities associated with the use of cellulose are discussed, regarding the manufacturing of electrochemical energy storage devices comprising electrodes with high energy and power densities and lightweight current collectors and functional separators.
Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanofibers with Controllable Porosity Derived from Iodinated Polyvinyl Alcohol for Supercapacitors
Authors: Seok Jae Young , Song Seung A , Yang Inyeong , Woo Kyoohee , Park Seong Yeon , Park Jung Hwan , Kim Sanha , Kim Seong Su , Yang Minyang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPorous carbon nanoframeworks have attracted considerable interest for promising applications such as water purification, catalyst supports, gas adsorption, and energy storage owing to their high surface area and electrical conductivity. Traditional synthetic methods applied for porous carbon commonly involve a number of toxic organic solvents and post‐treatments, which are time‐consuming and energy inefficient. Herein, the authors report a facile synthetic method for generating atomically small pores in carbon nanofibers, with sizes varying from ≈0.55 nm to a few nanometers, using water‐soluble and cost‐effective polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers as a precursor through the introduction of an iodine treatment. In particular, the generation mechanism of ultrafine pores during the carbonization of iodinated PVA are deeply analyzed and elucidated through meticulous investigations into their chemical/structural properties. By the suggested mechanism, the specific surface area of the generated pores is found to be extensively controlled from 100–650 m2 g−1. This phenomenon is advanced to produce well‐controlled hierarchically porous carbon nanofibers, and analyzes the corresponding electrochemical characteristics to explore the potential usage of such fibers as a supercapacitor.
Oxygen‐Defective TiNb2O7‐x Nanochains with Enlarged Lattice Spacing for High‐Rate Lithium Ion Capacitor
Authors: Zhu Wangqin , Zou Bobo , Zhang Caihong , Ng Dickon H. L. , El‐Khodary Sherif A. , Liu Xianhu , Li Guochun , Qiu Jingxia , Zhao Yan , Yang Shiliu , Lian Jiabiao , Li Huaming 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTitanium niobium oxide (TiNb2O7) is considered as a promising candidate for lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) due to its high reversible capacity, low cost, and safety. However, it is limited by ineffective ion diffusivity and low intrinsic conductivity. Herein, in situ defect engineering in TiNb2O7‐x nanochains is successfully achieved by a facile electro‐spinning technique to improve their electrochemical performance. Remarkably, the oxygen vacancies can enhance the electronic conductivity, while the enlarged lattice spacing is conducive to the Li+ insertion/extraction, consequently enhancing the electron and ion transport kinetics. Moreover, such oxygen vacancies and enlarged lattice spacing can supply more active sites for lithium storage. Consequently, the TiNb2O7‐x nanochains exhibit a remarkable specific capacity of 440 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, superior rate capability (126 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 5.0 A g−1), and cycling stability (92% retention over 2000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1). In addition, the TiNb2O7‐x‐based LIC delivers high energy/power densities of 114 Wh kg−1 and 22502.4 W kg−1 with high‐rate performance and long cycle lifespan. This work provides new insights on in situ formation of defects to enhance the electrochemical behavior for high‐rate LICs.
A Flexible Spiraling‐Metasurface as a Versatile Haptic Interface
Authors: Bilal Osama R. , Costanza Vincenzo , Israr Ali , Palermo Antonio , Celli Paolo , Lau Frances , Daraio Chiara 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHaptic feedback is the most significant sensory interface following visual cues. Developing thin, flexible surfaces that function as haptic interfaces is important for augmenting virtual reality, wearable devices, robotics and prostheses. For example, adding a haptic feedback interface to prosthesis could improve their acceptance among amputees. State of the art programmable interfaces targeting the skin feel‐of‐touch through mechano‐receptors are limited by inadequate sensory feedback, cumbersome mechanisms, or narrow frequency of operation. Here, a flexible metasurface is presented as a generic haptic interface capable of producing complex tactile patterns on the human skin at wide range of frequencies. The metasurface is composed of multiple “pixels” that can locally amplify both input displacements and forces. Each of these pixels encodes various deformation patterns capable of producing different sensations on contact. The metasurface can transform a harmonic signal containing multiple frequencies into a complex preprogrammed tactile pattern. The findings, corroborated by user studies conducted on human candidates, can open new avenues for wearable and robotic interfaces.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Heterocycles via Reactions Involving Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt is well known that heterocycles are among the most significant molecules for everyday life, ranging from natural products and bioactive substances to functional materials. This review will focus on the synthesis of heterocycles by reactions involving elemental sulfur published from 2017 until now.magnified image
Cd‐Rich Alloyed CsPb1‐xCdxBr3 Perovskite Nanorods with Tunable Blue Emission and Fermi Levels Fabricated through Crystal Phase Engineering
Authors: Guo Jie , Fu Yuhao , Lu Min , Zhang Xiaoyu , Kershaw Stephen V. , Zhang Jia , Luo Shulin , Li Yanxiu , Yu William W. , Rogach Andrey L. , Zhang Lijun , Bai Xue 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOne‐dimensional semiconductor nanostructures have already been used for a variety of optoelectronic applications. Metal halide perovskites have emerged in recent years as promising high‐performance optoelectronic materials, but reports on 1D nanorods (NRs) of all‐inorganic halide perovskites are still scarce. This work demonstrates a synthetic strategy toward cesium‐based inorganic perovskite NRs by exploiting composition‐controlled crystal phase engineering. It is accomplished for Cd‐rich mixed‐cation CsPb1‐xCdxBr3 nanocrystals, where the initial 1D hexagonal perovskite phase drives the growth of the 1D NRs, as supported by first‐principles calculations. The band gaps of the resulting NRs are tunable by varying the Cd‐content, and the highly uniform CsPb0.08Cd0.92Br3 NRs (with an average length of 84 nm and width of 16 nm) exhibit a true blue‐color emission centered at 460 nm, with a high quantum yield of 48%. Moreover, this work also demonstrates the tunability of the Fermi levels in the films made of CsPb1‐xCdxBr3 alloyed nanocrystals, where samples with highest Cd content show an increase of the electron concentration and a related increase in the conductivity.
An Experimental Proof that Resistance‐Switching Memory Cells are not Memristors
Authors: Kim Jinsun , Pershin Yuriy V. , Yin Ming , Datta Timir , Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt has been suggested that all resistive‐switching memory cells are memristors. The latter are hypothetical, ideal devices whose resistance, as originally formulated, depends only on the net charge that traverses them. Recently, an unambiguous test has been proposed to determine whether a given physical system is indeed a memristor or not. Here, such a test is experimentally applied to both in‐house fabricated Cu‐SiO2 and commercially available electrochemical metallization cells. The results unambiguously show that electrochemical metallization memory cells are not memristors. Since the particular resistance‐switching memories employed in the study share similar features with many other memory cells, the findings refute the claim that all resistance‐switching memories are memristors. They also cast doubts on the existence of ideal memristors as actual physical devices that can be fabricated experimentally. The results then lead to formulate two memristor impossibility conjectures regarding the impossibility of building a model of physical resistance‐switching memories based on the memristor model.
Unifying Charge Generation, Recombination, and Extraction in Low‐Offset Non‐Fullerene Acceptor Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Karki Akchheta , Vollbrecht Joachim , Gillett Alexander J. , Selter Philipp , Lee Jaewon , Peng Zhengxing , Schopp Nora , Dixon Alana L. , Schrock Max , Nádaždy Vojtech , Schauer Franz , Ade Harald , Chmelka Bradley F. , Bazan Guillermo C. , Friend Richard H. , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEven though significant breakthroughs with over 18% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in polymer:non‐fullerene acceptor (NFA) bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) have been achieved, not many studies have focused on acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing these systems. This is because it can be challenging to delineate device photophysics in polymer:NFA blends comprehensively, and even more complicated to trace the origins of the differences in device photophysics to the subtle differences in energetics and morphology. Here, a systematic study of a series of polymer:NFA blends is conducted to unify and correlate the cumulative effects of i) voltage losses, ii) charge generation efficiencies, iii) non‐geminate recombination and extraction dynamics, and iv) nuanced morphological differences with device performances. Most importantly, a deconvolution of the major loss processes in polymer:NFA blends and their connections to the complex BHJ morphology and energetics are established. An extension to advanced morphological techniques, such as solid‐state NMR (for atomic level insights on the local ordering and donor:acceptor ππ interactions) and resonant soft X‐ray scattering (for donor and acceptor interfacial area and domain spacings), provide detailed insights on how efficient charge generation, transport, and extraction processes can outweigh increased voltage losses to yield high PCEs.