bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposing the myths of household water insecurity in the global north: A critical review
Authors: Meehan Katie , Jepson Wendy , Harris Leila M. , Wutich Amber , Beresford Melissa , Fencl Amanda , London Jonathan , Pierce Gregory , Radonic Lucero , Wells Christian , Wilson Nicole J. , Adams Ellis Adjei , Arsenault Rachel , Brewis Alexandra , Harrington Victoria , Lambrinidou Yanna , McGregor Deborah , Patrick Robert , Pauli Benjamin , Pearson Amber L. , Shah Sameer , Splichalova Dacotah , Workman Cassandra , Young Sera 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSafe and secure water is a cornerstone of modern life in the global North. This article critically examines a set of prevalent myths about household water in high‐income countries, with a focus on Canada and the United States. Taking a relational approach, we argue that household water insecurity is a product of institutionalized structures and power, manifests unevenly through space and time, and is reproduced in places we tend to assume are the most water‐secure in the world. We first briefly introduce “modern water” and the modern infrastructural ideal, a highly influential set of ideas that have shaped household water provision and infrastructure development over the past two centuries. Against this backdrop, we consolidate evidence to disrupt a set of narratives about water in high‐income countries: the notion that water access is universal, clean, affordable, trustworthy, and uniformly or equitably governed. We identify five thematic areas of future research to delineate an agenda for advancing scholarship and action—including challenges of legal and regulatory regimes, the housing‐water nexus, water affordability, and water quality and contamination. Data gaps underpin the experiences of household water insecurity. Taken together, our review of water security for households in high‐income countries provides a conceptual map to direct critical research in this area for the coming years.This article is categorized under:
Human Water > Human Water
Analysis of time‐fractional fuzzy vibration equation of large membranes using double parametric based Residual power series method
Authors: Jena Rajarama Mohan , Chakraverty Snehashish , Jena Subrat Kumar , Sedighi Hamid M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe study of the time‐fractional vibration equation (VE) of large membranes is vital due to its widespread applications. Various researchers have investigated the titled problem in which the variables and parameters have been considered as crisp/exact. However, in actual practice, this may contain uncertainty because of errors in observations, maintenance induced error, and other errors. In this investigation, we have considered these uncertainties as interval/fuzzy, and a method, namely double parametric form of fuzzy numbers are used to solve the uncertain fractional vibration model of order . The titled problem has been solved under various cases using the Residual power series method (RPSM). The performance of the present method is well in terms of computational efficiency. The consistency of the method is displayed by providing numerical solutions for various cases. Obtained results are depicted in terms of figures and are also compared with individual cases.
Adaptation to Climate Change: Opportunities and Challenges from Zambia
Authors: Rawlins Jonty , Kalaba Felix Kanungwe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractContext appropriate adaptation interventions and strategies that respond directly to localized climate change stressors, hazards, and vulnerabilities are critical for the sustainable development of countries like Zambia. This chapter examines both localized and systemic climate change risk pathways and barriers to adaptation action in Zambia.A three-staged methodology was applied, combining content analysis, focus group discussions, and expert interviews. Livelihood diversification was identified as the central adaptation option across Zambia, despite little empirical research detailing possible risks of diversification. The dominant adaptation discourse is focused specifically on diversifying within agriculture-based livelihoods. However, as all agricultural activities are impacted by climate change, diversification also needs to be explored in value-added or alternative sectors. With this, a weak policy framework and enabling environment are exacerbating cycles of poverty that underpin climate change vulnerability in Zambia. Moreover, maladaptation risks of existing diversification interventions are high as generic approaches often do not provide suitable options to complex and localized risk profiles.To implement a sustainable transition toward climate resilient and compatible development in Zambia, the authors recommend that a systematic livelihood diversification strategy should be rolled out and future research programs designed to support this. Specifically, this necessitates a system-wide analysis of pre-identified livelihood diversification pathways that can be adapted to different scenarios given the current and future climate uncertainties at local scales. The approach should focus on harnessing the positive feedback loops for systematic change to build resilience, while minimizing the dominant risk pathways and eliminating persistent barriers that enable positive feedback loops driving vulnerability to climate change. Thorough stakeholder engagement and incremental development of diversification options, incentives, penalties, and other governance and/or policy mechanisms will be needed to support these processes.
A brief history of how microscopic studies led to the elucidation of the 3D architecture and macromolecular organization of higher plant thylakoids
Authors: Staehelin L. Andrew , Paolillo Dominick J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMicroscopic studies of chloroplasts can be traced back to the year 1678 when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek reported to the Royal Society in London that he saw green globules in grass leaf cells with his single-lens microscope. Since then, microscopic studies have continued to contribute critical insights into the complex architecture of chloroplast membranes and how their structure relates to function. This review is organized into three chronological sections: During the classic light microscope period (1678–1940), the development of improved microscopes led to the identification of green grana, a colorless stroma, and a membrane envelope. More recent (1990–2020) chloroplast dynamic studies have benefited from laser confocal and 3D-structured illumination microscopy. The development of the transmission electron microscope (1940–2000) and thin sectioning techniques demonstrated that grana consist of stacks of closely appressed grana thylakoids interconnected by non-appressed stroma thylakoids. When the stroma thylakoids were shown to spiral around the grana stacks as multiple right-handed helices, it was confirmed that the membranes of a chloroplast are all interconnected. Freeze-fracture and freeze-etch methods verified the helical nature of the stroma thylakoids, while also providing precise information on how the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes are non-randomly distributed between grana and stroma membrane regions. The last section (2000–2020) focuses on the most recent discoveries made possible by atomic force microscopy of hydrated membranes, and electron tomography and cryo-electron tomography of cryofixed thylakoids. These investigations have provided novel insights into thylakoid architecture and plastoglobules (summarized in a new thylakoid model), while also producing molecular-scale views of grana and stroma thylakoids in which individual functional complexes can be identified.
Conditional Deletion of Foxg1 Alleviates Demyelination and Facilitates Remyelination via the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Cuprizone-Induced Demyelinated Mice
Authors: Dong Fuxing , Liu Dajin , Jiang Feiyu , Liu Yaping , Wu Xiuxiang , Qu Xuebin , Liu Jing , Chen Yan , Fan Hongbin , Yao Ruiqin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe massive loss of oligodendrocytes caused by various pathological factors is a basic feature of many demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Based on a variety of studies, it is now well established that impairment of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to differentiate and remyelinate axons is a vital event in the failed treatment of demyelinating diseases. Recent evidence suggests thatFoxg1is essential for the proliferation of certain precursors and inhibits premature neurogenesis during brain development. To date, very little attention has been paid to the role ofFoxg1in the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs in demyelinating diseases of the CNS. Here, for the first time, we examined the effects ofFoxg1on demyelination and remyelination in the brain using a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced mouse model. In this work, 7-week-oldFoxg1conditional knockout and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a diet containing 0.2% CPZ w/w for 5 weeks, after which CPZ was withdrawn to enable remyelination. Our results demonstrated that, compared with WT mice,Foxg1-knockout mice exhibited not only alleviated demyelination but also accelerated remyelination of the demyelinated corpus callosum. Furthermore, we found thatFoxg1knockout decreased the proliferation of OPCs and accelerated their differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes bothin vivoandin vitro. Wnt signaling plays a critical role in development and in a variety of diseases. GSK-3β, a key regulatory kinase in the Wnt pathway, regulates the ability of β-catenin to enter nuclei, where it activates the expression of Wnt target genes. We then used SB216763, a selective inhibitor of GSK-3β activity, to further demonstrate the regulatory mechanism by whichFoxg1affects OPCsin vitro. The results showed that SB216763 clearly inhibited the expression of GSK-3β, which abolished the effect of the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs caused by the knockdown ofFoxg1. These results suggest thatFoxg1is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs through the Wnt signaling pathway. The present experimental results are some of the first to suggest thatFoxg1is a new therapeutic target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases of the CNS.
DECIDABILITY OF ADMISSIBILITY: ON A PROBLEM BY FRIEDMAN AND ITS SOLUTION BY RYBAKOV
Authors: GOUDSMIT JEROEN P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRybakov (1984a) proved that the admissible rules of$\mathsf {IPC}$are decidable. We give a proof of the same theorem, using the same core idea, but couched in the many notions that have been developed in the mean time. In particular, we illustrate how the argument can be interpreted as using refinements of the notions of exactness and extendibility.
Ultra-broadband all-OPCPA petawatt facility fully based on LBO
Authors: Galletti Mario , Oliveira Pedro , Galimberti Marco , Ahmad Munadi , Archipovaite Giedre , Booth Nicola , Dilworth Emerald , Frackiewicz Andy , Winstone Trevor , Musgrave Ian , Hernandez-Gomez Cristina 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A petawatt facility fully based on noncollinear optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (NOPCPA) technology, Vulcan OPPEL (Vulcan OPCPA PEtawatt Laser), is presented. This system will be coupled with the existing hybrid-CPA/OPCPA VULCAN laser system (500 J, 500 fs beamline; 250 J, ns regime beamline) based on Nd:glass amplification. Its pulse duration (20 times shorter) combined with the system design will allow the auxiliary beamline and its secondary sources to be used as probe beams for longer pulses and their interactions with targets. The newly designed system will be mainly dedicated to electron beam generation, but could also be used to perform a variety of particle acceleration and optical radiation detection experimental campaigns. In this communication, we present the entire beamline design discussing the technology choices and the design supported by extensive simulations for each system section. Finally, we present experimental results and details of our commissioned NOPCPA picosecond front end, delivering 1.5 mJ, ~180 nm (1/e2) of bandwidth compressed to sub-15 fs.
INTRINSIC SMALLNESS
Authors: MILLER JUSTIN 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRecent work in computability theory has focused on various notions of asymptotic computability, which capture the idea of a set being “almost computable.” One potentially upsetting result is that all four notions of asymptotic computability admit “almost computable” sets in every Turing degree via coding tricks, contradicting the notion that “almost computable” sets should be computationally close to the computable sets. In response, Astor introduced the notion of intrinsic density: a set has defined intrinsic density if its image under any computable permutation has the same asymptotic density. Furthermore, introduced various notions of intrinsic computation in which the standard coding tricks cannot be used to embed intrinsically computable sets in every Turing degree. Our goal is to study the sets which are intrinsically small, i.e. those that have intrinsic density zero. We begin by studying which computable functions preserve intrinsic smallness. We also show that intrinsic smallness and hyperimmunity are computationally independent notions of smallness, i.e. any hyperimmune degree contains a Turing-equivalent hyperimmune set which is “as large as possible” and therefore not intrinsically small. Our discussion concludes by relativizing the notion of intrinsic smallness and discussing intrinsic computability as it relates to our study of intrinsic smallness.
CATEGORICAL SEMANTICS OF METRIC SPACES AND CONTINUOUS LOGIC
Authors: CHO SIMON 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUsing the category of metric spaces as a template, we develop a metric analogue of the categorical semantics of classical/intuitionistic logic, and show that the natural notion of predicate in this “continuous semantics” is equivalent to the a priori separate notion of predicate in continuous logic, a logic which is independently well-studied by model theorists and which finds various applications. We show this equivalence by exhibiting the real interval
$[0,1]$
in the category of metric spaces as a “continuous subobject classifier” giving a correspondence not only between the two notions of predicate, but also between the natural notion of quantification in the continuous semantics and the existing notion of quantification in continuous logic.Along the way, we formulate what it means for a given category to behave like the category of metric spaces, and afterwards show that any such category supports the aforementioned continuous semantics. As an application, we show that categories of presheaves of metric spaces are examples of such, and in fact even possess continuous subobject classifiers.
Prosody and ideologies of embodiment: Variation in the use of pitch and articulation rate among fitness instructors
Authors: Esposito Lewis , Gratton Chantal 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article discusses semiotic connections among linguistic prosody, the body, and forms of physical activity. A quantitative study of the instructional styles of bodybuilding and yoga instructors on YouTube shows that bodybuilding instructors employ faster articulation rates and higher pitch (F0) than yoga instructors. We argue that articulation rate and pitch become semiotically linked to notions of energy, and the differences in the instructors’ styles are rooted in differences in levels of embodied energy that bodybuilding and yoga are assumed to require. Instructors employ linguistic features that reflect these ideologies of their activities, and in doing so, present themselves as embodied instantiations of their respective practices. This study shows that ideologies of the body as a physically active doer of things provide an important source for the generation of iconic, energy-related meanings. Crucially, we show that ideological notions of energy and embodied iconicity can drive group-level patterns of linguistic variation. (Prosody, iconicity, style, embodiment, social meaning, ideology)*
TIMING E SVILUPPO DEI SERVIZI SOCIALI IN EUROPA
Authors: Fargion Valeria 
Published: October 2020

IntroduzioneLa letteratura sulwelfare stateha largamente privilegiato il settore pensionistico e la sanità, che peraltro costituiscono le componenti più rilevanti della spesa sociale in tutti i paesi europei. Tuttavia, nell'arco dell'ultimo decennio si è manifestato in ambito accademico un crescente interesse per le politiche socio-assistenziali. La nuova attenzione nei confronti di quest'area dipolicy, tradizionalmente considerata del tutto marginale nel contesto dei sistemi di protezione sociale, riflette la consapevolezza che nuovi bisogni sociali vanno diffondendosi in tutta Europa. A monte dei nuovi bisogni vi sono indubbiamente i profondi cambiamenti che hanno investito le nostre società sia sotto il profilo demografico sia per quanto riguarda la struttura familiare. Tali cambiamenti stanno infatti imponendo la ricerca di nuove soluzioni per far fronte alle esigenze di cura dei soggetti che non sono in grado di provvedere autonomamente a se stessi; ciò riguarda in primo luogo la terza e la quarta età, ma anche la prima infanzia, i portatori di handicap, i malati mentali ed i malati cronici.
Oviductal high concentration of K+suppresses hyperpolarization but does not prevent hyperactivation, acrosome reaction andin vitrofertilization in hamsters
Authors: Takei Gen L. , Kon Hiroe 
Published: October 2020

SummaryMammalian sperm have to undergo capacitation to be fertilization competent. Capacitated spermin vitroshow hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. It has been reported that in mouse membrane hyperpolarization is necessary for the acrosome reaction. We recently found that the fluid of the hamster oviduct, where fertilization occurs, contained a high potassium (K+) concentration (~20 mEq/l). This high K+concentration could depolarize the membrane potential and prevent the acrosome reaction/fertilization. Conversely, some beneficial effects on capacitation of high K+concentration or a high K/Na ratio were also reported. In the present study, we investigated the effects of oviduct high K+concentration on hamster sperm capacitation-associated events and fertilization. The present study confirmed that, in hamster sperm, membrane potential was hyperpolarized uponin vitrocapacitation, indicating that capacitation-associated hyperpolarization is a universal phenomenon among mammalian species. An increase in KCl concentration in the medium to 20 mM significantly depolarized the membrane potential and suppressed hyperpolarization when in the presence of >101 mM NaCl. However, an increase in the KCl concentration to 20 mM did not significantly affect the percentage of motile sperm, hyperactivation or the acrosome reaction. No effect of 20 mM KCl onin vitrofertilization was observed. In addition, no correlative changes in hyperactivation and the acrosome reaction with K/Na ratio were observed. These results suggested that in hamsters the oviduct K+concentration suppressed hyperpolarization but had no effect on capacitation andin vitrofertilization. Our results raised a question over the physiological significance of capacitation-associated hyperpolarization.
Sealed and revealed: Roman grave-opening practices
Authors: Brent Liana 
Published: October 2020

In 1889, R. Lanciani witnessed the opening of the marble sarcophagus of Crepereia Tryphaena near the Mausoleum of Hadrian. He described the event as follows:
As a rule, the ceremony of cutting the brass clamps which fasten the lids of urns and sarcophagi is performed in one of our archaeological repositories, where the contents can be quietly and carefully examined, away from an excited and sometimes dangerous crowd. In the present case, this plan was found impracticable, because the coffin was ascertained to be filled with water which had, in the course of centuries, filtered in, drop by drop, through the interstices of the lid. […] No sooner had the seals been broken, and the lid put aside, than my assistants, myself, and the whole crowd of workmen from the Halls of Justice, were almost horrified at the sight before us.1
Marketing and the Vulnerable
Authors: Brenkert George G. 
Published: October 2020

Contemporary marketing is commonly characterized by the marketing concept which enjoins marketers to determine the wants and needs of customers and then to try to satisfy them. This view is standardly developed, not surprisingly, in terms of normal or ordinary consumers. Much less frequently is attention given to the vulnerable customers whom marketers also (and increasingly) target. Though marketing to normal consumers raises many moral questions, marketing to the vulnerable also raises many moral questions which are deserving of greater attention.This paper has three objectives. First, it explores the notion of vulnerability which a target audience might (or might not) have. I argue that we must distinguish those who are specially vulnerable from normal individuals, as well as the susceptible and the disadvantaged - two other groups often distinguished in marketing literature. Second, I contend that marketing to the specially vulnerable requires that marketing campaigns be designed to ensure that these individuals are not treated unfairly, and thus possibly harmed. Third, I maintain that marketing programs which violate this preceding injunction are unethical or unscrupulous whether or not those targeted are harmed in some further manner. Accordingly, social control over marketing to the vulnerable cannot simply look to consumer injury as the measure of unfair treatment of the vulnerable.
Lessons from the Wreck of the Exxon Valdez: The Need for Imagination, Empathy, and Courage
Authors: Hosmer Larue T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract:Investigations of large scale industrial accidents generally take one of two alternative approaches to identifying the cause or causes of those destructive events. The first is legal analysis, which focuses on the mechanical failure or human error that immediately preceded the accident. The second is socio-technical reasoning, which centers on the complexities of the interlocking technological and organizational systems that brought about the accident. Both are retrospective, and provide little insight into the means of avoiding industrial accidents in the future. This article looks at six levels of managerial responsibility within a firm, and suggests specific changes at all levels that should logically help in the prevention or mitigation of these high impact/low probability events. The most basic need, however, is for imagination, empathy, and courage at the most senior level of the firm.
Moral Imagination in Organizational Problem-Solving: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Vidaver-Cohen Deborah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract:This essay responds to Patricia Werhane’s 1994 Ruffin Lecture address, “Moral Imagination and the Search for Ethical Decision-making in Management,” using institutional theory as an analytical framework to explore conditions that either inhibit or promote moral imagination in organizational problem-solving. Implications of the analysis for managing organizational change and for business ethics theory development are proposed.