bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASME Piping Codes: B31.3 Process, B31.5 Refrigeration, B31.9 Building Services and ASME Standards for Piping: B31E Seismic Design, B31J Stress I-Factors, B31T Toughness Requirements
Authors: Meyer Jimmy E. , Vilminot Kristi A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code is one of a series of piping codes which cover piping for various industries. This chapter covers the ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code as well as some of the other books in the B31 series: In PART A: B31.3–2014 Process Piping; In PART B: B31.5–2013 Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components; In PART C: B31.9–2014 Building Services Piping; In PART D: B31E–2008 Standard for the Seismic Design and Retrofit of Above-Ground Piping Systems; In PART E: B31J–2013 Standard Test Methods for Determining Stress Intensification Factors (i-Factors) for Metallic Piping Components; and In PART F: B31T–2010 Standard Toughness Requirements for Piping. After the Introduction, each Code is organized as follows: Scope and Definitions; Design; Materials; Standards for Piping Components; Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection; and Inspection, Examination, and Testing. In addition to dealing with Process Piping Code, Part A gives insight into how the other documents are related and used to supplement the requirements in ASME B31.3. A number of simplified approaches are provided to help the reader understand the general principles associated with the requirements of the Code(s).
A Commentary for Understanding and Applying the Principles of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Authors: Reedy Roger F. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a commentary on the principles of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code to help users apply common sense when using the Code. It provides engineers, owners, inspectors, regulatory institutions, and other Code users with a better understanding of the basic principles of the Code. The chapter begins with a discussion on the design factors used by the ASME Committee to determine allowable stress and the requirements for a Design Specification and a Stress Report. It then provides information on the seismic design requirements and describes the use of Service Levels A, B, C, and D to provide increased allowable stresses for upset, emergency, and faulted plant conditions, as appropriate. The chapter emphasizes the need for good engineering judgment by knowledgeable professional engineers. This is essential for understanding which computer output should be used or how the output must be modified. The chapter discusses the revision made in the Foreword to the ASME Code in the 1992 Addenda to specify that engineering dimensions require tolerances and that Code-specified dimensions are based on nominal sizes. A brief note is provided on the identification of the proper allowance for erosion and corrosion caused by service conditions. The chapter also points out concerns with the use of finite element analysis in design activities. Forming operations for pressure vessels and postweld heat treatment of some welded configurations are briefly covered. In addition, the chapter discusses the importance of performance-based quality assurance programs and the use of thermal relief devices to protect pressure vessels or piping against pressure that results from the heat of the fluid contained in the component. Other issues addressed include the evaluation of new hypothetical loads on equipment that has been Code Stamped, and the purpose of hydrostatic testing of pressurized equipment.
Subsection NB—Class 1 Components
Authors: Basavaraju Chakrapani , Lambin Jason 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the structural limits in Section III NB and Section VIII Division 2 as related to specific structural failure modes considered applicable to pressure vessel and piping design. The rules and requirements for Section III NB and Section VIII Division 2 are based on the design-by-analysis philosophy addressing specific structural failure modes of structural collapse, rupture, instability, fatigue, and progressive deformation. The chapter begins with a discussion on the interactions between materials, environments, mechanical, and thermal loads as aided by other disciplines since this is critical for every part of every pressure vessel design. It provides a brief history of development of Code analytic tools and discusses the use of elastic 3D finite element analysis (FEA) results and the application of elastic-plastic (EP)-FEA. The chapter then discusses the intent of the primary stress limits in the Code. Consideration is given to the definitions in the Code and the discussion in the Criteria document. The chapter then addresses why the primary-plus-secondary stress intensity range is necessary and shows how to apply it. Two procedures for calculating stress intensity are presented, and the impact of thermal stresses is discussed for definition and application. The chapter also discusses six areas in which the Code presents fundamental procedures and expands on these fundamentals by presenting guidelines for a singular view of acceptable procedures that are consistent with the original intent for Section III and consistent with the current rules. Finally, it comments on the elastic-plastic FEA methods to protect against plastic collapse, to determine protection against local failure, and to assess fatigue and ratchet limits.

History
Tom Ahl was the original author of this chapter for the first edition. Marcus N. Bressler updated this chapter for the second and third editions. Chakrapani Basavaraju updated this chapter for the fourth, fifth and sixth editions. The current online edition has been updated by Chakrapani Basavaraju and Jason Lambin.
Subsection NB, NC, ND-3600 Piping
Authors: Gray Mark A. , Cole Jack R. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a commentary on the criteria and basis for requirements of Subsections NB, NC, and ND for Piping. It presents information on the corresponding design processes and design specifications, with pertinent references, tables, and figures. The chapter addresses service limits and loading conditions classified as Levels A, B, C, and D. The Code rules assure that violation of the pressure boundary will not occur if the design specification satisfactorily addresses all issues necessary for Code compliance. This assurance is provided in the following ways: protection against catastrophic failure and protection against initiation and propagation of a crack or propagation of a Section III acceptable flaw through the pressure boundary. The chapter addresses how Section III provides this protection, any variations that exist or that have existed between the piping rules and the design-by-analysis rules, and what items the analyst should be concerned with in satisfying Code requirements. It helps alleviate the confusion regarding the proper application of ANSI B31.7 rules. As the requirements of NB-3600 are discussed, the important areas are compared to those of NB-3200. The chapter also shows that for primary stress protection, NB-3200 and NB-3600 are quite different, but in the secondary and peak stress areas, including fatigue, the basis for the rules is essentially the same although the analytical approach is quite different. It then covers rules for both Class 2 (NC-3600) and Class 3 (ND-3600) piping design. The chapter also explains the importance of a design specification. Finally, it discusses the need for a process of analysis with release of information that needs to be established to provide an orderly flow of information, to assure timely pipe fabrication and support delivery, and to issue stress reports at reasonable times.

History
Donald F. Landers was the original author who updated the chapter for the second and third editions. The fourth edition was revised by Jack R. Cole. The fifth edition was updated by Jack R. Cole and Mark A. Gray are. The current online edition was updated by Mark A. Gray and reviewed by George Z. Tokarski.
Subsection NE—Class MC Components
Authors: Reedy Roger F. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of some of the significant requirements of the ASME Code Section III, Subsection NE Class MC vessels, and a commentary on these requirements. It begins with an overview of the scope of Subsection NE and the boundaries of its jurisdiction. The chapter then outlines the general material requirements for Class MC vessels that are specified in Article NE-2000. This is followed by a discussion on material toughness requirements and design and analysis requirements. The chapter provides information on Certified Material Test Reports and on certifications that must be performed by engineers who prepare design and overpressure protection reports. The chapter then describes the rules for the following analyses of containment vessels as defined in Subsection NE: fatigue analysis, buckling analysis, design by analysis, and plastic analysis. An outline of the rules for reinforcement of cone-to-cylinder junctions, overpressure protection, bolted flange connections, and welded connections, is also presented. The closing pages cover the following topics: tolerance requirements for some commonly used shells; fabrication requirements for each weld category as specified in NE-4240; welding procedure qualification; rules for marking, examining, and repairing welds; and nondestructive testing personnel qualification and certification. A number of Code Cases and references regarding the rules of Subsection NE are cited, with cross-references to other Code Sections and Subsections.

History
Kamran Mokhtarian was the original author of this chapter and revised it for the second edition. Roger Reedy updated it for the third through current online edition.
Understanding the role of diabetes in the osteoarthritis disease and treatment process: a study protocol for the Swedish Osteoarthritis and Diabetes (SOAD) cohort
Authors: Dell'Isola Andrea , Vinblad Johanna , Lohmander Stefan , Svensson Ann-Marie , Turkiewicz Aleksandra , Franzén Stefan , Nauclér Emma , W-Dahl A , Abbott Allan , Dahlberg L , Rolfson Ola , Englund Martin 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Metabolic comorbidities such as type II diabetes occur with a higher rate in people with OA than in the general population. Several factors including obesity, hyperglycaemia toxicity and physical inactivity have been suggested as potential links between diabetes and OA, and have been shown to negatively impact patients’ health and quality of life. However, little is known on the role of diabetes in determining the outcome of non-surgical and surgical management of OA, and at the same time, how different OA interventions may affect diabetes control. Thus, the overall aim of this project is to explore (1) the impact of diabetes on the outcome of non-surgical and surgical OA treatments and (2) the impact of non-surgical and surgical OA treatments on diabetes control.Methods and analysisThe study cohort is based on prospectively ascertained register data on a national level in Sweden. Data from OA patients who received a first-line non-surgical intervention and are registered in the National Quality Register for Better Management of Patients with Osteoarthritis will be merged with data from the Swedish Knee and Hip Arthroplasty Registers and the National Diabetes Register. Additional variables regarding patients’ use of prescribed drugs, comorbidities, socioeconomic status and cause of death will be obtained through other national health and population data registers. The linkage will be performed on an individual level using unique personal identity numbers.Ethics and disseminationThis study received ethical approval (2019-02570) from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. Results from this cohort will be submitted to peer-reviewed scientific journals and reported at the leading national and international meetings in the field.
Association of volume of self-directed versus assigned interpretive work with diagnostic performance of radiologists: an observational study
Authors: Amemiya Shiori , Mori Harushi , Takao Hidemasa , Abe Osamu 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo understand the sources of variability in diagnostic performance among experienced radiologists.DesignAll prostate MRI examinations performed between 2016 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed.SettingUniversity hospital in Japan.ParticipantsData derived from 334 pathology-proven cases (male, mean age: 70 years; range: 35–90 years) that were interpreted by 10 experienced radiologists were subjected to the analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDiagnostic performance measures of the radiologists were compared with candidate factors, including interpretive volume of prostate MRIs, volume of self-directed and assigned total annual interpretive work, and years of experience. The potential influence of fatigue was also evaluated by examining the effect of the report’s issue time.ResultsThere were 186 prostate cancer cases. Performance was based on accuracy, sensitivity and specificity (86%, 85% and 84%, respectively). While performance was not correlated with the volume of prostate MRIs, per se (ρ=–0.15, p=0.69; ρ=–0.01, p=0.99; ρ=–0.33, p=0.36) or the total MRIs assigned for each radiologist (p>0.6) or years of experience (p>0.4), all measures were strongly correlated with voluntary work represented by the interpretive volume of abdominal CTs (r=0.79, p<0.01; r=0.80, p<0.01; r=0.64, p=0.048). The performance did not differ based on the issue time of the report (morning, afternoon and evening) (χ2(2)=3.65, p=0.16).ConclusionsGreater autonomy, represented as enhanced self-directed interpretive work, was most significantly correlated with the performance of prostate MRI interpretation. The lack of a correlation between the performance and assigned volume confirms the complexity of human learning. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that successful promotion of internal drivers could have a pervasive positive impact on improving diagnostic performance.
Axiomatizing Congestion Control
Authors: Zarchy Doron , Mittal Radhika , Schapira Michael , Shenker Scott 
Published: December 2019

Recent years have witnessed a revival of both industrial and academic interest in improving congestion control designs. The quest for better congestion control is complicated by the extreme diversity and range of (i) the design space (as exemplified by the stark conceptual and operational differences between recent proposals [2, 4, 6]), (ii) the desired properties (ranging from high performance to fairness to TCP-friendliness), (iii) the envisioned operational setting (inter- and intra-datacenter, wireless, the commercial Internet, satellite), and (iv) the application loads and requirements (small vs. large traffic demands, latency- vs. bandwidth-sensitive).
Most congestion control research uses simulation and experiments under a limited range of network conditions. This is extremely important for understanding the detailed performance of particular schemes in specific settings, but provides limited insight into the more general properties of these schemes and no information about the inherent limits (such as, which properties are simultaneously achievable and which are mutually exclusive). In contrast, traditional theoretical approaches are typically focused on the design of protocols that achieve specific, predetermined objectives (e.g., network utility maximization [7]), or the analysis of specific protocols (e.g., from control-theoretic perspectives [12]), as opposed to exploring the inherent tensions/derivations between desired properties.
We advocate an axiomatic approach to congestion control, which is complementary to the experimental and theoretical work currently being pursued. Our approach, modeled on similar efforts in social choice theory and game theory [1], identifies a set of requirements ("axioms") and then identifies (i) which of its subsets of requirements can coexist (i.e., there are designs that achieve all of them) and which subsets cannot be met simultaneously (i.e., no design can simultaneously achieve all of them), and (ii) whether some requirements immediately follow from satisfying other requirements. Thus, the axiomatic approach can shed light on the inherent tradeoffs involved in congestion control protocol design, and can be leveraged to classify existing and proposed solutions according to the properties they satisfy.
mRSC
Authors: Amjad Muhammad Jehangir , Misra Vishal , Shah Devavrat , Shen Dennis 
Published: December 2019

When evaluating the impact of a policy (e.g., gun control) on a metric of interest (e.g., crime-rate), it may not be possible or feasible to conduct a randomized control trial. In such settings where only observational data is available, synthetic control (SC) methods [1-3] provide a popular data-driven approach to estimate a "synthetic" or "virtual" control by combining measurements of "similar" alternatives or units (called "donors").
Recently, robust synthetic control (RSC) [4] was proposed as a generalization of SC to overcome the challenges of missing data and high levels of noise, while removing the reliance on expert domain knowledge for selecting donors. However, both SC and RSC (and its variants) suffer from poor estimation when the pre-intervention period is too short.
What-If Analysis of Page Load Time in Web Browsers Using Causal Profiling
Authors: Pourghassemi Behnam , Amiri Sani Ardalan , Chandramowlishwaran Aparna 
Published: December 2019

Web browsers have become one of the most commonly used applications for desktop and mobile users. Despite recent advances in network speeds and several techniques to speed up web page loading, browsers still suffer from relatively long page load time (PLT). Particularly, web applications need browsers to have a higher performance to compete with native applications. Recent studies show that network connection is not the bottleneck of the browser's performance anymore, however, no subsequent analysis has been conducted to inspect which parts of the browser's computation contribute to the performance overhead.
In this paper, we apply a comprehensive and quantitative what-if analysis on the web browser's page loading process. Unlike conventional profiling methods, we apply causal profiling to precisely determine the impact of each computation stage such as HTML parsing and Layout on PLT. For this purpose, we develop COZ+1, a high-performance causal profiler capable of analyzing large software systems such as the Chromium browser. COZ+ highlights the most influential spots for further optimization. For example, it shows that optimizing JavaScript by 40% is expected to improve the Chromium page loading performance by more than 8.5% under typical network conditions.
Analysis of a Canonical Labeling Algorithm for the Alignment of Correlated Erdős-Rényi Graphs
Authors: Emre Dai Osman , Cullina Daniel , Kiyavash Negar , Grossglauser Matthias 
Published: December 2019

Graph alignment in two correlated random graphs refers to the task of identifying the correspondence between vertex sets of the graphs. Recent results have characterized the exact informationtheoretic threshold for graph alignment in correlated Erdős-Rényi graphs. However, very little is known about the existence of efficient algorithms to achieve graph alignment without seeds.
In this work we identify a region in which a straightforward O(n11/5 logn)-time canonical labeling algorithm, initially introduced in the context of graph isomorphism, succeeds in aligning correlated Erdős-Rényi graphs. The algorithm has two steps. In the first step, all vertices are labeled by their degrees and a trivial minimum distance alignment (i.e., sorting vertices according to their degrees) matches a fixed number of highest degree vertices in the two graphs. Having identified this subset of vertices, the remaining vertices are matched using a alignment algorithm for bipartite graphs.
Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Broad Panel of Patient-Derived Xenografts Reflects the Diversity of Glioblastoma
Authors: Vaubel Rachael A. , Tian Shulan , Remonde Dioval , Schroeder Mark A. , Mladek Ann C. , Kitange Gaspar J. , Caron Alissa , Kollmeyer Thomas M. , Grove Rebecca , Peng Sen , Carlson Brett L. , Ma Daniel J. , Sarkar Gobinda , Evers Lisa , Decker Paul A. , Yan Huihuang , Dhruv Harshil D. , Berens Michael E. , Wang Qianghu , Marin Bianca M. , Klee Eric W. , Califano Andrea , LaChance Daniel H. , Eckel-Passow Jeanette E. , Verhaak Roel G. , Sulman Erik P. , Burns Terry C. , Meyer Fredrick B. , O'Neill Brian P. , Tran Nhan L. , Giannini Caterina , Jenkins Robert B. , Parney Ian F. , Sarkaria Jann N. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and lethal primary brain tumor. Development of novel therapies relies on the availability of relevant preclinical models. We have established a panel of 96 glioblastoma patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and undertaken its genomic and phenotypic characterization.

Experimental Design:
PDXs were established from glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype (n = 93), glioblastoma, IDH-mutant (n = 2), diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant (n = 1), and both primary (n = 60) and recurrent (n = 34) tumors. Tumor growth rates, histopathology, and treatment response were characterized. Integrated molecular profiling was performed by whole-exome sequencing (WES, n = 83), RNA-sequencing (n = 68), and genome-wide methylation profiling (n = 76). WES data from 24 patient tumors was compared with derivative models.

Results:
PDXs recapitulate many key phenotypic and molecular features of patient tumors. Orthotopic PDXs show characteristic tumor morphology and invasion patterns, but largely lack microvascular proliferation and necrosis. PDXs capture common and rare molecular drivers, including alterations of TERT, EGFR, PTEN, TP53, BRAF, and IDH1, most at frequencies comparable with human glioblastoma. However, PDGFRA amplification was absent. RNA-sequencing and genome-wide methylation profiling demonstrated broad representation of glioblastoma molecular subtypes. MGMT promoter methylation correlated with increased survival in response to temozolomide. WES of 24 matched patient tumors showed preservation of most genetic driver alterations, including EGFR amplification. However, in four patient–PDX pairs, driver alterations were gained or lost on engraftment, consistent with clonal selection.

Conclusions:
Our PDX panel captures the molecular heterogeneity of glioblastoma and recapitulates many salient genetic and phenotypic features. All models and genomic data are openly available to investigators.