bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Athlete Workloads During Collegiate Women's Soccer Practice: Implications for Return to Play
Authors: Kupperman Natalie , DeJong Alexandra F. , Alston Peter , Hertel Jay , Saliba Susan A. 
Published: November 2020

Context
Athlete monitoring via wearable technology is often used in soccer athletes. Although researchers have tracked global outcomes across soccer seasons, little information exists on athlete loads during individual practice drills. Understanding these demands is important for athletic trainers in making decisions about return to play.

Objective
To provide descriptive information on total distance, total player load (PL), total distance per minute, and PL per minute for practice drill structures and game play by player position among female soccer athletes across a competitive season.

Design
Retrospective observational study.

Setting
National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 32 female collegiate soccer players (age = 20 ± 1 years, height = 168.75 ± 4.28 cm).

Intervention(s)
Athletes wore a single global positioning system and triaxial accelerometer unit during all practices and games in a single soccer season. Individual practice drills were labeled by the team's strength and conditioning coach and binned into physical, technical and tactical skills and large- and small-sided competition drill structures.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Descriptive analyses were used to assess the median total distance, total PL, total distance per minute, and PL per minute by drill structure and player position (defender, forward or striker, and midfielder) during practices and games.

Results
Large- and small-sided competition drills imposed the greatest percentage of workload across all measures for each position (approximately 20% of total practice), followed by physical drills. When comparing technical and tactical skills drills, we found that technical skills drills required athletes to cover a greater distance (approximately 17% for technical skills and 15% for tactical skills), and tactical skills drills required higher play intensity during practices across all positions (approximately 18% for technical skills and 13% for tactical skills). Defenders had the highest median PL outcomes of all positions during practices.

Conclusions
Different practice drill types imposed various levels of demands, which simulated game play, on female soccer athletes. Athletic trainers and other clinicians may use this information in formulating objective return-to-play guidelines for injured collegiate women's soccer players.
Barriers and Facilitators Faced by Athletic Trainers Implementing National Athletic Trainers' Association Inter-Association Task Force Preseason Heat-Acclimatization Guidelines in US High School Football Players
Authors: Kossman Melissa Kay , McCrae Andrew J. , Pryor Riana R. , Frank Simone C. , Hayford Ryan , Logan Paige C. , Moakley Margaret G. , Register-Mihalik Johna K. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: November 2020

Context
The aim of the National Athletic Trainers' Association Inter-Association Task Force (NATA-IATF) preseason heat-acclimatization guidelines was to acclimatize high school athletes to the environment during the first 2 weeks of the preseason and reduce the risk of exertional heat illness.

Objective
To identify barriers and facilitators that high school athletic trainers (ATs) encountered when implementing the NATA-IATF guidelines.

Design
Qualitative study.

Setting
Individual phone interviews with all participants.

Patients or Other Participants
Thirty-three ATs (16 men, 17 women; age = 36.0 ± 12.0 years, athletic training experience = 12.9 ± 10.5 years) representing 19 states (4 with state mandates) were interviewed before data saturation was achieved. Participants were purposefully sampled from a larger investigation based on stratification of US Census region and preidentified high school compliance with the NATA-IATF guidelines.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
A cross-sectional, semistructured phone interview (6 steps) was conducted with each participant and then transcribed verbatim. A 7-person research team (5 coders, 2 auditors) coded the data into themes and categories, focusing on consensus of data placement to reduce bias and ensure accuracy.

Results
Facilitators and barriers that influenced successful guideline implementation were (1) perceived stakeholder access, (2) perceived stakeholder role, (3) capability and capacity, (4) school culture, (5) logistical support, (6) resources, (7) physical environment, and (8) consistency of the guidelines. Overall, participants discussed facilitators and barriers within each category based on their experiences and circumstances.

Conclusions
Athletic trainers faced numerous concerns regarding compliance with the NATA-IATF preseason heat-acclimatization guidelines. Multiple levels of influence should be targeted to improve implementation. These include intrapersonal factors by giving ATs the education and self-efficacy to support advocacy for implementation, interpersonal components by establishing strong collaborative networks for change, community and environmental factors by optimizing school culture and community resources for implementation, and policy aspects by establishing consistent guidelines across all bodies.
Predictive Ability of Body Fat Percentage and Thigh Anthropometrics on Tissue Cooling During Cold-Water Immersion
Authors: Rech Nicholas , Bressel Eadric , Louder Talin 
Published: November 2020

Context
Cold-water immersion (CWI) is a common aid in exercise recovery. The effectiveness of CWI depends on the magnitude of muscle and core cooling. Individual cooling responses to CWI vary and are likely influenced by the CWI dose and individual physiological characteristics.

Objective
To evaluate body fat percentage and thigh anthropometric values as predictors of intramuscular and skin-cooling responses to CWI.

Design
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting
Sports medicine research center.

Patients or Other Participants
Sixteen young adults (8 males, 8 females, age = 24.3 ± 1.84 years, height = 176.4 ± 12.7 cm, mass = 86.6 ± 29.4 kg).

Intervention(s)
Body fat percentage was measured using a 3-site skinfold assessment. Thigh length, thigh circumference, anterior thigh adipose thickness, anterior thigh muscle thickness, and thigh volume were estimated using manual and ultrasound methods. Using sterile techniques, we placed thermocouple probes in the belly of the rectus femoris (2-cm deep to the subadipose tissue) and on the anterior midthigh surface. Participants cycled on an ergometer for 30 minutes at a target heart rate of 130 to 150 beats/min. Postexercise, participants were placed in CWI (immersion depth to the iliac crest; 10°C) until intramuscular temperature was 7°C below pre-exercise baseline temperature, with a maximum immersion duration of 30 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Intramuscular rectus femoris and thigh skin temperatures measured postexercise, after 10 and 15 minutes of CWI, and post-CWI.

Results
Body fat percentage significantly predicted the rectus femoris cooling magnitude and rate after 10 minutes of CWI, 15 minutes of CWI, and post-CWI (P &lt; .001; R2 range = 0.58–0.67). Thigh anthropometric values significantly predicted the thigh skin-cooling rate post-CWI (P = .049; R2 = 0.46).

Conclusions
A simple 3-site skinfold assessment may improve the effective prescription of CWI by allowing estimation of the dose required for minimal muscle tissue cooling.
Secondary School Administrators' Knowledge and Perceptions of the Athletic Training Profession, Part II: Specific Considerations for Principals
Authors: Pike Lacy Alicia M. , Eason Christianne M. , Stearns Rebecca L. , Casa Douglas J. 
Published: November 2020

Context
Secondary school administrators fulfill many leadership roles, including creating and implementing policies to help ensure the safety of athletic programs. However, few researchers have examined principals' awareness and perceptions of the athletic trainer's (AT's) role.

Objective
To explore secondary school principals' knowledge of the roles and responsibilities of ATs and perceptions of athletic training.

Design
Concurrent mixed-methods study.

Setting
Cross-sectional online questionnaire.

Patients or Other Participants
Principals (n = 686; age = 48.1 ± 7.8 years, time in position = 7.1 ± 5.8 years) represented public secondary schools across the United States.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
The web-based questionnaire was composed of demographics, various quantitative items assessing knowledge and perceived value of ATs, and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic data. Select quantitative measures are reported as count responses and overall percentages. Responses to open-ended questions were analyzed inductively.

Results
We obtained a 5% response rate (686 of 13 517). Approximately 93% (n = 637) of responding principals considered an AT to be a trusted source of medical information. The most frequently selected skills they believed ATs were qualified to perform were injury prevention (99.1%), first aid/wound care (96.5%), and therapeutic intervention (91.4%). Sixty-three percent (n = 430) of participants considered an AT to be extremely valuable to student-athlete health and safety. Our results indicated that secondary school principals had a vague understanding of AT “training” and appreciated the immediacy of care ATs could provide. They also appeared to use decentralized hiring practices.

Conclusions
Secondary school principals identified ATs as a trusted source of medical information and recognized the role ATs played in the immediate care of athletic-related injuries. However, principals had a limited understanding of the qualifications and educational requirements of ATs. Future professional advocacy efforts targeting this stakeholder group should highlight all medical services an AT provides and emphasize the AT's value in schools that sponsor athletics programs.
Snakebite Envenomation in Rwanda: Patient Demographics, Medical Care, and Antivenom Availability in the Formal Healthcare Sector
Authors: Nduwayezu Richard , Kinney Hilary , Amuguni Janetrix Hellen , Schurer Janna M. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTSnakebite envenomation (SBE) is a neglected One Health issue that overwhelmingly affects people living in rural and impoverished regions of Africa and Asia. Information on SBE is scarce in Rwanda; thus, our objectives were to 1) describe the demographics of SBE patients seeking hospital care, 2) evaluate physician adherence to national treatment guidelines, and 3) assess availability of snake antivenom at hospitals in Rwanda. To achieve these goals, we obtained national data on animal bites/stings and visited every district and provincial hospital in Rwanda to obtain physical records of SBE patients treated in 2017 and 2018. Hospital pharmacies were assessed for antivenom availability. We identified snakes as the second leading cause of animal bites, after dogs, among patients who sought hospital care in 2017 and 2018. Of 363 SBE patients, the highest number of cases occurred among children (< 18 years; 32%) and young adults (18–30 years; 33%), females (61%), farmers (82%), and those living in Eastern Province (37%). Overall, physician adherence to treatment guidelines was 63%. Prescriptions of vitamin K and antivenom were low (4% and 13%, respectively), and only 8% of hospital pharmacies had antivenom in stock throughout the study period. The antivenom stocked was an Indian generic suited for Asian snakes. This minimum estimate of hospitalization cases does not include individuals who died in communities or sought care outside the formal sector. Our study highlights the need to map incidence, risk factors, and patient experiences to mitigate human–snake conflicts and improve patient outcomes.
Antibacterial Activity against Clinical Isolates of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Paratyphi and Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay of <i>Trichilia megalantha</i>Harms and <i>Trichilia welwitschii</i> C. DC
Authors: Idowu Philip A. , Adegbenle Tajudeen A. 
Published: November 2020

Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. T. welwitschii was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 - 5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5 - 10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400 - 500 μg/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Keywords: Trichilia megalantha; Trichilia welwitschii, antisalmonella; cytotoxicity; Salmonella paratyphi
Biographical Metamorphoses in the History of Religion - Moshe Idel and Three Aspects of Mircea Eliade
Authors: Iricinschi Eduard 
Published: November 2020

This paper includes an extended review of Moshe Idel’s Mircea Eliade: From Magic to Myth (New York: Peter Lang, 2014) through a triple analysis of Eliade’s early literary, epistolary, and academic texts. The paper examines Idel’s analysis of some important themes in Eliade’s research, such as his shift from understanding religion as magic to its interpretation as myth; the conception of the camouflage of sacred; the notions of androgyny and restoration; and also young Eliade’s theories of death.The paper also discusses Idel’s evaluation of Eliade’s programatic misunderstanding of Judaism and Kabbalah, and also of Eliade’s moral and professional abdication regarding the political and religious aspect of the Iron Guard, a Romanian nationalist extremist and anti-Semitic group he was affiliated with in 1930s.
Fragile Pluralism
Authors: Soeffner Hans-Georg 
Published: November 2020

This essay first appeared in German in Magdalena Tzaneva, ed. Nachtflug der Eule: 150 Stimmen zum Werk von Niklas Luhmann. Gedenkbuch zum 15. Todestag von Niklas Luhmann (8. Dezember 1927 Lüneburg – 6. November 1998 Oerlinghausen). Berlin: LiDi EuropEdition (2013), 73–100.
A shorter version of the essay was published in Hans-Georg Soeffner, and Thea D. Boldt, eds. Fragiler Pluralismus, Wiesbaden: VS Springer (2014), 207–24.
The present translation for Entangled Religions – Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Religious Contact and Transfer is by Nicola Morris.

The article describes the emergence of pluralism within the process of globalization and the impact of this development upon individuals communication and the definitions of the ‘self’ and the ‘Other’. The author illustrates the pitfalls of the human tendency to view the world from an ethnocentric perspective and with the corresponding attitude. He argues that in ‘open societies’, successful citizens will be capable of recognising and articulating distinctions between individuals, as well as between groups, beliefs, lifestyles and attitudes. These citizens must also be aware and capable of adapting for their purposes the full repertoire of language games and role games in their social world, in order to perceive and utilise comprehensive systems such as frameworks for cooperation. These skills will help them implement ‘maxims of communication’ and ‘existential hypotheses’.
Religious competition: is it a useful concept?
Authors: Naerebout Frederick G. 
Published: November 2020

In recent years ‘competition’ has become an ever more popular concept in the study of ancient religions. Or should that be a label? Innovative concept or mere label: to come to a decision, we should ask some questions. What are the studies that advertise themselves as dealing with competition about, what do people understand by it? Does competition do what it should be doing: provide some new interpretative framework, and, in the case of edited volumes, tie the different contributions together? In order to answer these questions, a fairly recently published volume (Rosenblum, Vuong & DesRosiers, 2014) will be analyzed in some detail and compared to some other publications that cover (or seem to cover) the same ground.
Between the Altar and the Pulpit: The (New?) Materiality of the Spiritual
Authors: Esser Raingard , Strübind Andrea 
Published: November 2020

This special issue is based on papers presented at the international conference “Zwischen Kanzel und Altar. Die (neue) Materialität des Spirituellen” held at the Johannes a Lasco Bibliothek, Emden in April 2016. Continuity and change in church interiors were key concepts addressed at the conference. The studies presented here analyse the impact of confessional change on church interiors and intentionally move away from the cathedrals and parish churches in the political and religious centres of early modern Europe.
Digressions on Polytropy: An Exploration of Religious Eclecticism in Eurasia
Authors: Albera Dionigi 
Published: November 2020

The anthropologist Michael Carrithers introduced the notion of polytropy in the field of the study of religion, proposing that this notion (deriving from the Greek poly, ‘many’, and tropos, ‘turning’) may account for the eclecticism and fluidity of South Asian religious life. The exploration effectuated in the article suggests that the notion of polytropy could offer a promising tool for capturing some important features of religiosity in other Asiatic contexts, too, as well as in the Mediterranean. Polytropic trends appear in different religious contexts, from the fuzzy Chinese situation, where religious affiliations are very limited in their scope and relevance, to the South Asian contexts, in which religious orientations coalesce around the multivocal concept of dharma, to the tightly structured Abrahamic religions in the Mediterranean with their strong confessionalism. Polytropy is associated with a practical mode of religiosity and is linked to a particular conception of believing in which the believer tends to multiply the transactions with different supra-mundane partners. This orientation is distinct from religious styles that are based on a discursive and scriptural approach and/or on the cultivation of oneself, which often display a tendency towards unity, coherence and continuity. This permits identifying an opposite pole with respect to polytropy, which I define as monotropy.
Spirit of Place and Nation Building: Kosovo and Bosnia from Imperial to Post-Communist Times
Authors: Zimmermann Tanja 
Published: November 2020

During the period of nation building, the spirit of place (genius loci), attributing uniqueness to specific locations and ascribing to them close attachment to the nation, became a central vehicle for defending and appropriating territories and even for establishing a diaspora in exile. It was evoked through discursive practices reminiscent of religious rhetoric and around monumental works of art, thereby staging history as mythical sacred theatre. The process of establishing imagined national geographies during the long period of nation building from the nineteenth century to the post-communist period is analysed in comparative perspective in two multi-religious and multi-ethnical regions in southeast Europe—Kosovo and Bosnia. The leading question I will try to answer is why the Field of Blackbirds in Kosovo was successfully established as a national holy place in the collective memory of the Serbs, whereas similar efforts in Bosnia did not result in inscribing mythic places into national memory.
Is haemodialysis the most feasible dialysis modality for Pakistan?
Authors: Salman Imtiaz  , Ashar Alam  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has shown a rising trend in the last two decades. It is one of the most devastating diseases which has enormous psychosocial and economic burden. The treatment available includes haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. All treatment options have their pros and cons, needs and preferences, though haemodialysis is one of the most available entity in Pakistan. There are a few intrinsic problems associated with haemodialysis which has significant environmental as well as economic impact. One of the most important is the need of huge quantity of water to carry out the haemodialysis procedure along with production of solid waste in the form of disposables and electricity consumption. Peritoneal dialysis on the other hand is more environment-friendly and cost-effective and it should be one of the preferred options for our CKD patients.
Keywords: Pakistan, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, Continuous...
A comparative study to investigate the level of cognitive impairment among epileptic and psychogenic non-epileptic patients
Authors: Noreena Kausar  , Hafsa Qurban  , Bushra Bibi  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective: To compare cognitive impairment between patients having epileptic seizures and those having psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from May to November 2016 in Jhelum, Pakistan, and comprised epileptic and psychogenic non-epileptic patients who were selected from different psychiatric units of the city. Bender Gestalt Test-II was administered to check the cognitive impairment of participants. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.
Results: Of the 125 subjects, 62(49.6%) were epileptic and 63(50.4%) were psychogenic non-epileptic patients. Psychogenic non-epileptic patients performed better compared to epileptic patients (p?.001). The effect size of the finding was 0.42, indicating medium size effect.
Conclusion: Epileptic patients were found to have more cognitive impairment than psychogenic non-epileptic patients.
Key Words: Cognitive impairment, Epileptic, Psychogenic non-epileptic, Seizures, Continuous...