bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women and girls with haemophilia and bleeding tendencies: Outcomes related to menstruation, pregnancy, surgery and other bleeding episodes from a retrospective chart review
Authors: Chaudhury Ateefa , Sidonio Robert , Jain Nisha , Tsao Elisa , Tymoszczuk Justyna , Oviedo Ovando Mariana , Kulkarni Roshni 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionWomen or girls with haemophilia (WGH) represent a group of female symptomatic carriers who experience bleeding events more frequently than non‐carriers. Bleeding events include spontaneous/traumatic bleeds and prolonged bleeding related to surgery, menstruation and pregnancy. Challenges for the treatment of WGH include lack of screening, diagnosis and treatment guidelines.AimEvaluate clinical characteristics, haemostasis management and clinical outcomes regarding menstruation, childbirth, dental procedures, surgeries and other bleeding events in WGH.MethodsA retrospective, non‐interventional review of medical records from WGH among three haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs) was conducted in the United States (2012–2018). Patients with ≥2 visits to the HTC and who had undergone intervention for haemostasis management with the outcome documented were included. Descriptive statistics were used.ResultsOf 47 women and girls included in the chart review (37 with factor VIII deficiency, 10 with factor IX deficiency), median age at diagnosis was 22.6 years. Approximately 79% (n = 37) were diagnosed with mild haemophilia. Events of interest were primarily managed by factor concentrates or antifibrinolytics. Most treatment approaches were successful across clinical scenarios, except for heavy menstrual bleeding being insufficiently controlled in 8 (57%) of the 14 patients who experienced it.ConclusionsBleeding events in WGH, such as excessive and prolonged bleeding during menstruation, demonstrate a unique burden and require specific medical intervention. These results highlight the importance of assessing the need for haemostasis management in WGH and may contribute to future prospective study designs.
Characteristics and viral suppression among people living with HIV from the National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Programme, 2019
Authors: Zhao Y , Han MJ , Gan XM , Ma Y , Zhao DC 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesThis study aimed to present the clinical characteristics of and viral suppression in the national antiretroviral therapy (ART) cohort in China.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted among the participants enrolled in China's National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Programme (NFATP) who were on ART at the end of 2019. The data used were from China's NFATP information system. The primary outcome was viral load (VL) suppression. Full virological suppression and low‐level viraemia (LLV) were defined as VL < 50 copies/mL and between 51 and 999 copies/mL, respectively.ResultsAt the end of 2019, 853 429 people living with HIV (PLWH) were on ART. The median age was 44 years [interquartile range (IQR): 33–54]. The majority of PLWH were 25–44 years old (47.2%) and male (73.5%) and reported HIV infection via heterosexual contact (64.5%). The median (IQR) baseline CD4 count was 257 (140–376) cells/μL. Among the 704 375 PLWH who were on ART for at least 12 months, 82.9% had full virological suppression, 6.5% had VL between 50 and 1000 copies/mL (LLV) and 4.3% had VL > 1000 copies/mL. Optimal full virological suppression occurred in participants who acquired HIV through homosexual contact (88.4%).ConclusionsAlthough China can be credited for substantial progress in scaling up ART and viral suppression, challenges remain in some key populations, such as injecting drug users, participants with a history of treatment failure and hepatitis C virus co‐infected people. To improve the programme output, additional monitoring and intervention for LLV are necessary.
Demographic and clinical factors associated with immune reconstitution in HIV/HBV co‐infected and HIV mono‐infected patients: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jiang TY , Hou JH , Su B , Zhang T , Yang Y , Liu ZY , Wang W , Guo CP , Dai LL , Sun LJ , Wu H 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with CD4 T‐cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio restoration in HIV mono‐infected and HIV/HBV co‐infected individuals, and to explore liver and renal functional changes in both groups.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed including 356 HIV/HBV co‐infected and 716 HIV mono‐infected participants who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during 2013–2017 in Beijing Youan Hospital, China. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups, using χ2 and Mann–Whitney non‐parametric tests. Bivariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to test their association.ResultsBaseline HIV viral load and ART regimen were found to be significantly associated with CD4 T‐cell restoration among HIV‐infected participants, whereas baseline HIV viral load was the only significant factor associated with CD4 T‐cell restoration in HIV/HBV co‐infected participants. The final model showed that baseline HIV viral load and ART regimen were significantly associated with CD4/CD8 ratio restoration among HIV‐infected participants, while baseline HIV viral load was the significant factor. Liver and renal functions were similar at the endpoint (P > 0.05).ConclusionsBaseline HIV viral load count was found to be the key factor affecting immune restoration in both HIV and HIV/HBV individuals. Future multi‐wave prospective studies are needed to clarify the potential biological mechanism.
Infections and AA amyloidosis: An overview
Authors: Deshayes Samuel , Aouba Achille , Grateau Gilles , Georgin‐Lavialle Sophie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAmyloidoses are a heterogeneous group of systemic diseases characterised by extracellular accumulation of insoluble amyloid fibrils derived from unfolded proteins. Inflammatory (AA) amyloidosis can complicate various inflammatory disorders that are associated with a sustained acute phase response and serum amyloid A (SAA) protein overproduction. Chronic infections were the first recognised cause of amyloidoses. However, with the better management of underlying diseases, the frequency of AA amyloidosis is decreasing.PurposeThe aim of this overview was to discuss the several infections associated with AA amyloidosis and the relative frequency of infections as aetiological factors.MethodsA search of the literature was performed using the PubMed database using the MeSH terms “Amyloidosis” and “Infections,” from inception to December 31st, 2019. Articles written in other languages than English or French were excluded.ResultsThe frequency of AA amyloidosis secondary to infections decreased from more than 50% to less than 20% after the 2000s, with a parallel increase in the frequency of AA amyloidosis secondary to inflammatory diseases and to an unknown cause.ConclusionWhereas new antibiotics have been developed and sanitary conditions are better, infections still represent 5%‐30% of the causes of AA amyloidosis, including in developed countries. These data argue for better screening of chronic infections to prevent AA amyloidosis and the development of new strategies to manage recurrent infections.
Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses
Authors: Horn Remona , Stewart Allison J. , Jackson Karen V. , Dryburgh Elizabeth L. , Medina‐Torres Carlos E. , Bertin François‐René 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDiagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is problematic because of large variations in ACTH concentrations.Hypothesis/ObjectivesCompare the test characteristics of baseline and post–thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation plasma ACTH concentrations in horses using diagnostic cutoff values (DCOVs) and reference intervals (RIs) and determine the clinical consequences of using each method.AnimalsOne hundred six mature horses: 72 control cases and 34 PPID cases.MethodsProspective case‐controlled study. Horses underwent monthly TRH stimulation tests. Diagnostic cutoff values were determined monthly by receiver operating characteristic curves using the Youden index. Reference intervals were determined monthly by a robust method. For each case age, sex and body condition score (BCS) were recorded.ResultsBaseline ACTH concentrations varied by month (P < .001) with significant “month × age” (P= .003), “month × sex” (P= .003), and “month × BCS” (P= .007) effects. Baseline ACTH concentrations were accurate to diagnose PPID (0.91 ± 0.06) with DCOVs increasing the test sensitivity (0.61 ± 0.21 to 0.87 ± 0.05,P= .002) and RI increasing test specificity (0.85 ± 0.12 to 0.98 ± 0.01,P= .01). Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone stimulation improved test accuracy (0.91 ± 0.06 to 0.97 ± 0.03,P= .004).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceACTH concentrations follow a circannual rhythm and vary with physiological factors. As using DCOVs increases the ability to detect mild cases and using RI decreases the risk of unnecessary treatments, ACTH concentrations should be interpreted within a specific clinical context. The TRH stimulation test improves the diagnosis of PPID.
Qualitative assessments of anemia‐related programs in Ghana reveal gaps and implementation challenges
Authors: Abu Brenda A.Z. , Buttner Nicole , Garror Olivia D. , Stefanic Rachel , Sandow Adam , Pereko Kinglsey A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn spite of multiple program efforts in Ghana, progress in reducing the burden of anemia is slow. The objective was to conduct multilevel assessments of existing childhood (<5 years) anemia prevention and treatment programs according to UNICEF's conceptual framework of malnutrition, and to elucidate implementation gaps in Ghana. Purposive and snowball sampling strategies recruited 25 program personnel from 20 organizations to participate in audiorecorded interviews conducted through in‐person, telephone, or email correspondence in August 2018. Interview guides constructed around UNICEF's conceptual framework of malnutrition identified context‐specific immediate, underlying, and basic causes of anemia, and corresponding programs. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using the Dedoose software version 8.1.8. Few programs addressed identified basic causes of anemia, such as inadequate human resources, housing/water/toilet facilities, and poverty/poor access to financial resources. Organizations implemented programs addressing ≥1 underlying cause. Five organizations provided food rations and/or supplements to address immediate causes. A key food‐based gap identified was minimal education on fruit intake or antinutritive factors in foods; however, no interventions included vitamin C supplements. Food manufacturers mainly used cereals and grains in commercial food products. Multiple organizations worked in the same region on anemia with instances of an overlapping program focus. Food sources of vitamin C or supplements could be promoted in food‐based interventions to increase the absorption of nonheme iron consumed.
Institutional design for a complex commons: Variations in the design of credible commitments and the provision of public goods
Authors: Schlager Edella C. , Bakkensen Laura A. , Olivier Tomás , Hanlon Jeffrey 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSustainably managing regional‐scale common pool resources and providing for environmental public goods often requires the cooperation of multiple governments in the design and adoption of diverse institutional arrangements. Do government actors anticipate the collective action challenges of credible commitment and public goods provision in devising institutional arrangements? Drawing on public–private partnerships, local public contracting and political economy literatures, hypotheses on expected diversity in design are developed. The hypotheses are tested using fine‐grained data from the approximately 3,000 rules composing the New York City watersheds governing arrangements focusing on measures of discretion, shared decision‐making, monitoring, compliance and sanctioning. Using mixed methods we find that actors resort to distinct designs to create credible commitments, when compared to the provision of public goods. Also, the design of primary public goods arrangements varies from secondary public goods. The article presents a novel approach for using textual data to empirically test hypotheses grounded in theories of institutional design.
Late first acute rejection in pediatric kidney transplantation: A North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies special study
Authors: Barton Kevin T. , Halani Khalif , Galbiati Shirley , Dandamudi Raja , Hmiel Stanley Paul , Dharnidharka Vikas R. ,   the NAPRTCS investigators
Published: December 2020

AbstractRates of early AR in pediatric kidney transplantation have declined in every era but the most recent NAPRTCS cohort has shown an increase in late first AR rates. We hypothesized this was due to an increased proportion of deceased donor utilization and early steroid taper utilization. Using the NAPRTCS database, we compared the most recent three cohorts of patients transplanted between 2002‐2006, 2007‐2011, and 2012‐2017. To determine variables that predict late first AR, we used two multivariable models: a standard Cox regression model and LASSO model. From the LASSO model, deceased donor source (P = .002), higher recipient age (P = .019), black race (P = .010), and transplant cohort 2012‐17 (P = .014) were all significant predictors of more late first AR. On standard Cox regression analysis, those same variables, minus donor source, were significant, in addition to mycophenolates usage (P = .007) and lower eGFR at 12 months (P = .02). The most recent 2012‐2017 cohort remains an independently significant risk factor for late first AR, suggesting unmeasured variables. Further research is needed to determine whether these higher late first AR rates will impact long‐term graft survival in the most recent cohort.
The American State Administrators Project: A New 50‐State, 50‐Year Data Resource for Scholars
Authors: Yackee Jason Webb , Yackee Susan Webb 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe present the American State Administrators Project (ASAP), a decades‐long survey of state agency leaders. This remarkable dataset provides a 50‐state chronological portrait of state administrative leaders, what they think, and what their agencies do. The dataset has traditionally been closely held but is now being shared with the broader scholarly community for the first time. We use this article to demonstrate the dataset's potential to advance theory and knowledge of the modern administrative state through the example of principal‐agent theory. As we show, the ASAP data allow us to reorient scholarship away from an empirical focus on how the president/governor, legislature, and other political principals try to influence the bureaucracy and toward a fuller appreciation of how bureaucrats formulate and administer public policy in a political environment. Such a refocusing is critical because it better recognizes the “agency” held by bureaucratic agents within modern governance.
Estimation of the window period of human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 and 2 tests by a lookback study of seroconverters among Japanese voluntary blood donors
Authors: Sagara Yasuko , Nakamura Hitomi , Yamamoto Midori , Ezaki Toshinobu , Koga Tomohide , Shimamura Masuhiro , Satake Masahiro , Irita Kazuo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundJapan is endemic for human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1), and the horizontal transmission of HTLV‐1 is often reported. However, the window period (WP) for serologic or molecular screening is unclear.Study Design and MethodsResults for anti–HTLV‐1 screening and confirmatory tests obtained from 648 591 repeated blood donors in the Kyushu district, one of the most endemic areas of HTLV‐1 in the world, were evaluated. A lookback study was conducted for seroconverters.ResultsDuring 2012 to 2019, 436 seroconverters (155 men, 281women) were identified with use of a screening chemiluminescence enzyme‐immunoassay (CLEIA) and multiple confirmatory tests. Because the period between the latest seronegative donation and seroconversion was highly variable (2.1‐276.7 months), 19 cases that seroconverted within 6 months were subjected to the analysis. The WP of the particle agglutination assay and CLEIA was estimated to be 2.2 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 1.7 months, respectively. The WP of the indirect immunofluorescence assay was 4.8 ± 6.5 months. Although the WP of western blotting was estimated to be 6.3 ± 8.7 months, four cases were still indeterminate through the study period. Chemiluminescence and line immunoassays, the current screening and confirmatory tests used in the Japanese blood program, showed the shortest WP of 2.2 ± 0.6 months. The WP of real‐time polymerase chain reaction for HTLV‐1 was estimated to be 4.1 ± 7.8 months.ConclusionsThe WP in commercially available testing systems for HTLV‐1/2 was determined for natural infection among repeated blood donors. Considering the HTLV‐1 WP will help increase transfusion safety and facilitate the accurate diagnosis of HTLV‐1 infection.
A Tool/Part/Human Interaction Model for Assembly in Virtual Environments
Authors: Jayaram Uma , Tirumali Hrishikesh , Jayaram Sankar , Lyons Kevin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Current virtual assembly environments primarily allow assembly operations involving pick and place manipulations with hands. In some applications, assembly tools snap onto screws and are constrained. Some non-immersive systems create tool motion script models for the tool to execute the assembly operation. The inclusion of tools and realistic tool operations is a significant step in creating a better virtual assembly environment. We propose a technique to model hand held tools and the corresponding assembly operations in a virtual environment. Intermediate-location constraints and tool engagement constraints obtained from the CAD model are used to model the intermediate positions and engagements of a fastener tool, tool-part, and base-part. In addition, tool-based motion dependent on the rotation of the tool and the pitch of the thread has been achieved for a fastener part This allows us to simulate the physical reality of these interactions without using expensive collide, penetrate, correct, and align methods. The tools and tool/hand/part interactions have been modeled and tested in a virtual assembly and design environment successfully. This capability also allows tool accessibility and tool operability to be verified.
Solid Model Streaming As a Basis for a Distributed Design Environment
Authors: Wu Di , Bhargava Swati , Sarma Radha 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes an algorithm for streaming manifold solid models and NURBS geometry. A neutral streaming representation consisting of a nodes graph is encoded by a one-dimensional dynamic stack. The encoded model is transmitted over the Internet, where a two-dimensional dynamic stack decodes and reconstructs the solid model. The time and storage complexity of the algorithm are investigated. An example of streaming a solid model, resulting from a proof-of-concept implementation, is demonstrated.
Artificial Life Algorithm for Function Optimization
Authors: Yang Bo-Suk , Lee Yun-Hi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an enhanced artificial life algorithm for function optimization. As artificial life organisms have a sensing system, they can find the resource they want and metabolize it. The characteristics of artificial life are emergence and dynamic interaction with the environment. In other words, the micro-interaction with each other in the artificial life’s group results in emergent colonization in the whole system. The optimizing ability and convergent characteristics of this proposed algorithm is verified by using three well-known test functions. The numerical results also show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the genetic algorithm and immune genetic algorithm for the multimodal function.
Game-Based Design: A Game Theoretic Extension to Decision-Based Design
Authors: Marston Matthew , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper we consider an approach to design in which the decisions made by one designer have a strategic aspect in that they affect the decision made by other designers. The approach taken is inclusion of the mathematics of game theory into a model we call Game-Based Design. Game-Based Design builds on the already established mathematics of utility theory in Decision-Based Design. The models within Game-Based Design are based on the interaction of the designers: (1) whether or not they share math models and information and (2) how they cooperate with one another. In this paper we show four math models for designs involving (1) two designers that are restricted in their communication, (2) three or more designers that are restricted in their communication, (3) two designers with unrestricted communication, and (4) three or more designers with a combination of unrestricted and restricted communication. The design of a universal electric motor product family is used to show the mathematics of three designers with restricted communication and three designers with a combination of restricted and unrestricted communication. The three designers are a configuration design, a power designer, and a product family designer each with their own objectives.
Product Family Configuration Reasoning Using Discrete Design Spaces
Authors: Siddique Zahed , Rosen David W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the current market place companies need to deliver more variety with reduced time to market, lower prices and higher quality. These challenges have introduced the concept of developing a set of similar products using a common platform. Development of common platforms to support a family of products requires configuration reasoning. Configuration design spaces can be defined to facilitate platform and product family reasoning. For configuration design problems, the design space is much more difficult to define precisely (than the typical design space which is a subset of Rn, where n is the number of continuous variables), particularly when constraints are present. The purpose of this paper is to present a configuration design method that can be applied to two related problems: develop a common platform that satisfies requirements from multiple viewpoints, and generate members of a product family that also satisfy these requirements. To accomplish this objective, first design spaces are developed to model connectivity, functionality and assemblability considerations, then a common design space is developed to consider constraints from multiple viewpoints simultaneously. These design spaces are developed for both platforms and for product families. The application of this configuration design reasoning methodology is illustrated using a coffee maker product family.
Experiments in the Commutation and Motion Planning of a Spherical Stepper Motor
Authors: Stein David , Chirikjian Gregory S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper addresses the commutation and motion planning of a spherical stepper motor in which the poles of the stator are electromagnets and the poles of the rotor (rotating ball) are permanent magnets. The stator only overlaps a very small area of the rotor, leading to a design that has a much wider range of unhindered motion than other spherical stepper motors in the literature. The problem with having a small stator is that it makes commutation and motion planning a difficult problem. We first explore the techniques and model used to construct the proper sequence of stator activations that result in the desired rotor trajectory. Experimental results are then presented for the model and prototype we have constructed.