Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study
Authors: Crowe Christopher Stephen , Massenburg Benjamin Ballard , Morrison Shane Douglas , Chang James , Friedrich Jeffrey Barton , Abady Gdiom Gebreheat , Alahdab Fares , Alipour Vahid , Arabloo Jalal , Asaad Malke , Banach Maciej , Bijani Ali , Borzì Antonio Maria , Briko Nikolay Ivanovich , Castle Chris D , Cho Daniel Youngwhan , Chung Michael T , Daryani Ahmad , Demoz Gebre Teklemariam , Dingels Zachary V , Do Hoa Thi , Fischer Florian , Fox Jack T , Fukumoto Takeshi , Gebre Abadi Kahsu , Gebremichael Berhe , Haagsma Juanita A , Haj-Mirzaian Arvin , Handiso Demelash Woldeyohannes , Hay Simon I , Hoang Chi Linh , Irvani Seyed Sina Naghibi , Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy , Kalhor Rohollah , Kasaeian Amir , Khader Yousef Saleh , Khalilov Rovshan , Khan Ejaz Ahmad , Khundkar Roba , Kisa Sezer , Kisa Adnan , Liu Zichen , Majdan Marek , Manafi Navid , Manafi Ali , Manda Ana-Laura , Meretoja Tuomo J , Miller Ted R , Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah , Mohammadpourhodki Reza , Mohseni Bandpei Mohammad A , Mokdad Ali H , Naimzada Mukhammad David , Ndwandwe Duduzile Edith , Nguyen Cuong Tat , Nguyen Huong Lan Thi , Olagunju Andrew T , Olagunju Tinuke O , Pham Hai Quang , Pribadi Dimas Ria Angga , Rabiee Navid , Ramezanzadeh Kiana , Ranganathan Kavitha , Roberts Nicholas L S , Roever Leonardo , Safari Saeed , Samy Abdallah M , Sanchez Riera Lidia , Shahabi Saeed , Smarandache Catalin-Gabriel , Sylte Dillon O , Tesfay Berhe Etsay , Tran Bach Xuan , Ullah Irfan , Vahedi Parviz , Vahedian-Azimi Amir , Vos Theo , Woldeyes Dawit Habte , Wondmieneh Adam Belay , Zhang Zhi-Jiang , James Spencer L 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundAs global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. We hypothesised this global pattern of non-fatal injury would be demonstrated in regard to bony hand and wrist trauma over the 27-year study period.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 was used to estimate prevalence, age-standardised incidence and years lived with disability for hand trauma in 195 countries from 1990 to 2017. Individual injuries included hand and wrist fractures, thumb amputations and non-thumb digit amputations.ResultsThe global incidence of hand trauma has only modestly decreased since 1990. In 2017, the age-standardised incidence of hand and wrist fractures was 179 per 100 000 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 146 to 217), whereas the less common injuries of thumb and non-thumb digit amputation were 24 (95% UI 17 to 34) and 56 (95% UI 43 to 74) per 100 000, respectively. Rates of injury vary greatly by region, and improvements have not been equally distributed. The highest burden of hand trauma is currently reported in high SDI countries. However, low-middle and middle SDI countries have increasing rates of hand trauma by as much at 25%.ConclusionsCertain regions are noted to have high rates of hand trauma over the study period. Low-middle and middle SDI countries, however, have demonstrated increasing rates of fracture and amputation over the last 27 years. This trend is concerning as access to quality and subspecialised surgical hand care is often limiting in these resource-limited regions.