bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioactivities and modes of action of VUAA1
Authors: Yang Liu , Demares Fabien , Norris Edmund J , Jiang Shiyao , Bernier Ulrich R , Bloomquist Jeffrey R 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe compound 2‐((4‐ethyl‐5‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)thio)‐N‐(4‐ethylphenyl) acetamide (VUAA1) is reported to be an odorant receptor co‐receptor (Orco) agonist in insects with potential use as an insect repellent. For this study, the biological activity of VUAA1 was investigated in several bioassays with Aedes aegypti, including adult contact, spatial repellency, and larval repellency assays, as well as topical, injection, and feeding toxicity assays. Neurophysiological action was further explored by analysis of fruit fly central nervous system firing, cockroach axon recordings, patch clamp analysis of Kv2 potassium channel, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition studies. Finally, the metabolic impact on the toxicity of VUAA1 was explored by applying it in combination with established metabolic synergists.RESULTSIn repellency and bite protection screens, VUAA1 showed little activity against adult mosquitoes, apparently due to its low volatility, since its effectiveness was increased by heating or mixing with transfluthrin acid and citronella oil. It did produce measurable repellency of mosquito larvae that was more potent than N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide (DEET). Overall, VUAA1 showed low acute toxicity to both insects and mice, and it was weakly synergized by triphenyl phosphate. There was no observed cross‐resistance in a pyrethroid‐resistant strain of Anopheles gambiae. VUAA1 showed a two‐phase effect on the central nervous system, with neuroexcitation at 1 μmol L‐1 and an inhibitory effect at 100 μmol L‐1 that may relate to block of Kv2 potassium channels.CONCLUSIONSVUAA1 presented low toxicity, similar to other insect repellents. Its limited solubility, low volatility, and resulting poor adult repellency without additional adjuvants may restrict the utility of VUAA1 in typical public health applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
RNAi‐mediated silencing of ferritin genes in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens affects survival, growth and female fecundity
Authors: Shen Yan , Chen Yuan‐Zhi , Zhang Chuan‐Xi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is the most destructive rice insect pest. To exploit potential target genes for applications in transgenic rice to control this sap‐sucking insect pest, three ferritin genes were functionally characterized in this study.RESULTSIn this study, three ferritin genes, that is, ferritin 1 Heavy Chain (NlFer1), ferritin 2 Light Chain (NlFer2) and soma ferritin (Nlsoma‐Fer), were identified from BPH. Tissue‐specific analyses showed that all three genes were highly expressed in the gut. Although double‐stranded RNA injection‐mediated RNA inference (RNAi) of Nlsoma‐Fer expression resulted in only < 14% mortality in BPH, knockdown of NlFer1 or NlFer2 led to retarded growth and 100% mortality in young nymphs, and downregulation of NlFer1 and NlFer2 in newly emerged female adults caused undeveloped ovaries and severely inhibited oocyte growth, resulting in extremely low fecundity and a zero hatching rate. Knockdown of NlFer1 and NlFer2 caused similar phenotypes in BPH, indicating that they function together, as in many other animals. The results demonstrated that NlFer1 and NlFer2 were essential for BPH development and reproduction. BPHs showed high sensitivity to both dsNlFer1 and dsNlFer2, and injection of only 0.625 ng dsNlFer1 per BPH resulted in 100% mortality. Additionally, the effectiveness of feeding dsNlFer1 and dsNlFer2 to BPH nymphs was further proven.CONCLUSIONNlFer1 and NlFer2 are essential for BPH development and reproduction, and the insect is highly sensitive to their depletion, suggesting that the two gut‐highly‐expressed genes are promising candidates for application in RNAi‐based control of this destructive pest.
Functional and evolutionary characterization of chemosensory protein CSP2 in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Li Fengqi , Dewer Youssef , Li Du , Qu Cheng , Luo Chen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDChemosensory proteins (CSPs) are thought to play essential roles in insect chemical communication, but their exact physiological functions remain unclear.RESULTSIn this study, we investigated the functions of the CSP2 gene in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci using protein expression and the binding affinity spectrum of CSP2 to different types of odor molecules. Moreover, the evolutionary characteristics of the CSP2 gene were studied. The data obtained using binding assay showed that the CSP2 protein can bind to a broad range of plant volatiles including the homoterpene (E)‐3,8‐dimethyl‐1,4,7‐nonatriene (DMNT) and its analogs. In addition, using a behavioral experimental approach we identified that DMNT can repel the selection and oviposition of B. tabaci. Furthermore, protein structure modeling, molecular docking analyses and a functional mutation experiment were carried out resulting in the final identification of key amino acid residue Y11, which displayed important roles in the binding of CSP2 to DMNT. The results also showed that Y11 is located in the pocket region where CSP2 has a pi‐alkyl interaction with DMNT. Meanwhile, comparative and evolutionary analyses indicated that CSP2 shared a high sequence similarity with CSPs of other insect family members such as Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha including aphids, whiteflies and planthoppers.CONCLUSIONThese results suggested that CSP2 likely contributes to mediating responses of B. tabaci to plant volatiles, which may play a pivotal role in its feeding and oviposition preferences. Moreover, these findings could provide key information for exploring efficiency monitoring and integrated pest management strategies of B. tabaci.
Estimation of wildlife damage from federal crop insurance data
Authors: McKee Sophie C , Shwiff Stephanie A , Anderson Aaron M 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDWildlife damage to crops is a persistent and costly problem for many farmers in the USA. Most existing estimates of crop damage have relied on direct assessment methods such as field studies conducted by trained biologists or surveys distributed to farmers. In this paper, we describe a new method of estimating wildlife damage that exploits federal crop insurance data. We focused our study on four crops: corn, soybean, wheat, and cotton, chosen because of their economic importance and their vulnerability to wildlife damage.RESULTSWe determined crop‐raiding hot spots across the USA over the 2015–2019 period and identified the eastern and southern regions of the USA as being the most susceptible to wildlife damage. We estimated lower bounds for dollar and percent losses attributable to wildlife to these four crops. The combined loss across four crops was estimated at $592.6 million. The highest total estimated losses to wildlife were incurred by soybeans ($323.9 million) and corn ($194.0 million) and the highest percentage losses were estimated for soybeans (0.87%) and cotton (0.72%).CONCLUSIONWe believe the proposed method is a reliable way to evaluate geographic and temporal heterogeneity in damages for the coming years. Accurate information on damages benefits various management agencies by allowing them to allocate management resources to crops and regions where the problem is relatively severe. A better understanding of damage heterogeneity can also help guide research and development of new management techniques.
What localizes beneath: A metric multisensor localization and mapping system for autonomous underground mining vehicles
Authors: Jacobson Adam , Zeng Fan , Smith David , Boswell Nigel , Peynot Thierry , Milford Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRobustly and accurately localizing vehicles in underground mines is particularly challenging due to the unavailability of GPS, variable and often poor lighting conditions, visual aliasing in long tunnels, and airborne dust and water. In this paper, we present a novel, infrastructure‐less, multisensor localization method for robust autonomous operation within underground mines. The proposed method integrates with existing mine site commissioning and operation procedures and includes both an offline map‐building process and an online localization algorithm. The approach combines the strengths of visual‐based place recognition, LIDAR‐based localization, and odometry in a particle filter fusion process. We provide an extensive experimental validation using new large data sets acquired in two operational Australian underground hard‐rock mines (including a 600m‐deep multilevel mine with approximately 33 km of mapping data and 7 km of vehicle localization) by actual mining vehicles during production operations. We demonstrate a significant increase in localization accuracy over prior state‐of‐the‐art SLAM research systems and real‐time operation, with processing times in the order of 10 Hz. We present results showing a mean error of 0.68 m from the Queensland Mine data set and 1.32 m from the New South Wales Mine data set and at least 86% reduction in error compared with prior state of the art. We also analyze the impact of the particle filter parameters with respect to localization accuracy. Together this study represents a new approach to positioning systems for currently deployed autonomous vehicles within underground mine environments.
Are camera traps a reliable method for estimating activity patterns? A case study comparing technologies for estimating brown hyaena activity curves
Authors: Edwards Sarah , Noack Jenny , Heyns Louis , Rodenwoldt Diethardt 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCamera traps and radio‐tags are both frequently and widely used sampling methods for deriving wildlife activity patterns. While radio‐tags continuously monitor a limited number of tagged individuals, camera traps have the potential to monitor all population members, albeit from spatially restricted, fixed points. Such differences might result in differing activity pattern estimates between the two sampling methods. However, few studies have compared the activity patterns derived from simultaneously employed sampling methods, or explored if using combinations of techniques might reveal greater insights into activity patterns. To address this, we compared the activity patterns derived from camera traps placed at latrines and den sites, both in combination and separately, to those from movement rates and the activity sensor collected by GPS collars on brown hyaena Parahyaena brunnea. The activity curve produced by combined camera traps showed a relatively high level of overlap with those produced by the movement rates and activity sensor; 0.88 (95% CI’s 0.87–0.89) and 0.85 (95% CI’s 0.83–0.86) respectively. However, camera traps reflected higher levels of activity from 00:00 to 06:00, than the radio‐tag methods, with data from den sites alone producing this higher level of activity. The results suggest that although hyaenas were active during the 00:00 to 06:00 period, they were so mainly at small, localized den sites, which reflected as lower levels of activity as derived by movement rates and activity sensors. Although our results reflect data from a single species and season, they illustrate the value of using a combination of techniques to disentangle complex behavioural activity patterns.
Risk management and corporate social responsibility
Authors: Kim Sol , Lee Geul , Kang Hyoung‐Goo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryWe introduce an innovative method of identifying the risk‐management benefit of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Option‐implied volatility captures the financial markets' expectations of a firm's future risk, so if CSR is related to risk‐management benefits, it should be related to lower implied volatility. We find that CSR is associated with low implied volatility and that CSR's insurance benefit is larger for firms that have high leverage, growth opportunities, or uncertainty. However, CSR as an insurance mechanism is less beneficial to firms that are already sound (i.e., those that have high market value and good accounting and financial performance). The results reveal the “terms” of a CSR‐as‐insurance contract, confirm that CSR creates risk‐management benefits, and suggest that financial markets price this benefit in economically significant ways.Managerial SummaryWe suggest a practical technique of evaluating a firm's CSR policy. For example, a manager would simply check how a firm's implied volatility changes as its CSR policy changes. Or, the manager can compare a firm's and its comparable firms' implied volatilities to knowhow financial markets perceive the firm's CSR differently. Option implied volatilities could guide a firm to identify proper CSR‐based risk‐management policies because they have the advantage of being ex ante, real‐time, and objectively observable market‐pricing information in identifying the risk‐management benefit of CSR. Our results also illustrate how a financial expert can use the valuable insight of strategic management literature about CSR‐as‐insurance to price derivative contracts.
Exploration and exploitation in complex search tasks: How feedback influences whether and where human agents search
Authors: Billinger Stephan , Srikanth Kannan , Stieglitz Nils , Schumacher Terry R. 
Published: August 2020

Research AbstractExploration and exploitation in strategic decision‐making entails decisions about whether and where to search for new alternatives to improve the status quo. Prior research has not explored how decisions about whether to continue search (vs. stop search or satisfice) and where to search (near vs. far) are interrelated. We report laboratory experiment results on how individuals decide whether and where to search in a complex, combinatorial task. We find that different feedback variables influence the decision to stop search from decisions regarding how broadly to search. Our results suggest that not accounting for the decision to continue (or stop) searching, separately from breadth of search, can lead to incorrect predictions regarding how feedback influences search behavior.Managerial AbstractManagers concerned about the performance of their company face two challenges—they have to find out what potential performance is feasible given their business environment and which organizational policies to implement to realize it. We use a stylized laboratory experiment to better understand how feedback from experimentation informs such a learning process. We find that early‐stage feedback has a lasting impact on performance aspirations and managerial expectations about feasible performance. Superior early feedback thereby motivates more sustained experimentation with organizational policies. In contrast, more recent feedback guides the extent to which managers are willing to engage in more radical policy adjustments, especially in the latter stages of a learning process.
Tooth eruption in the Early Cretaceous British mammal Triconodon and description of a new species
Authors: Jäger Kai R. K. , Cifelli Richard L. , Martin Thomas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTriconodon mordax, from the lowest Cretaceous (Berriasian) part of the Purbeck Group, Dorset, is known by an ontogenetic series of specimens that document aspects of tooth eruption and replacement. Based on micro‐computed tomography of four specimens we refer one mandible to a new species, Triconodon averianovi, which differs from T. mordax in having a more slender, curved c; p4 notably low crowned with slender main cusp and smaller accessory cusps; and molars with weak cingula, m4 being notably smaller with weak cusps a and c. T. mordax is variable in the number of mental foramina and posterior jaw morphology. Scans reveal an earlier developmental stage (p3 in early eruption) than previously recognized for Triconodon, and demonstrate sequential, anteroposterior replacement of premolars; it remains unclear whether p1–2 were replaced. Scans also support an earlier hypothesis that m4 erupted late in life. Onset of m4 mineralization is likely to have coincided with eruption of p3, followed by replacement of dp4 by p4 and eruption of c. The m4 developed within the lingual side of the coronoid process, well above the tooth row. It remained in position and was subsequently accommodated in the active tooth row through unusually prolonged and localized growth of the posterior part of the mandible. This pattern is seen in some later triconodontids and appears to be unique to the family.
Listening to Marginalized Voices: Paradigmatic, Philosophical, and Ethical Bases of Inclusive Inquiry Practices in Student Affairs
Authors: Broido Ellen M. , Ro Hyun Kyoung 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInclusive inquiry in student affairs is necessary for both values‐based and pragmatic reasons. In this chapter we detail philosophical arguments for inclusive assessment, explain influences challenging inclusive assessment, and explore how different paradigms can be used in inclusive assessment.
Canine atopic dermatitis: Role of luteolin as new natural treatment
Authors: Gugliandolo Enrico , Palma Ernesto , Cordaro Marika , D’Amico Ramona , Peritore Alessio Filippo , Licata Patrizia , Crupi Rosalia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundLuteolin has been demonstrated to possess numerous biological effects. However, the effect of luteolin on LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) stimulation in CPEK cells has not been investigated.Hypothesis/ObjectivesAn in vitro model of atopic canine dermatitis was used to identify the antioxidant effect of luteolin as a new treatment that is capable of improving the conditions of veterinary patients.MethodsCPEK cells were treated with or without luteolin in the presence or absence of LPS. A cell viability assay was performed to test luteolin toxicity and the protective effect of luteolin after LPS stimulation. Additionally, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect the levels of IL‐33, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8.ResultsLuteolin was capable to significantly decrease levels expression of IL‐33, IL 1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8.Conclusions and clinical importanceLuteolin could be a new pharmacological treatment for canine atopic dermatitis.
Revisiting steady viscous flow of a generalized Newtonian fluid through a slender elastic tube using shell theory
Authors: Anand Vishal , Christov Ivan C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA flow vessel with an elastic wall can deform significantly due to viscous fluid flow within it, even at vanishing Reynolds number (no fluid inertia). Deformation leads to an enhancement of throughput due to the change in cross‐sectional area. The latter gives rise to a non‐constant pressure gradient in the flow‐wise direction and, hence, to a nonlinear flow rate–pressure drop relation (unlike the Hagen–Poiseuille law for a rigid tube). Many biofluids are non‐Newtonian, and are well approximated by generalized Newtonian (say, power‐law) rheological models. Consequently, we analyze the problem of steady low Reynolds number flow of a generalized Newtonian fluid through a slender elastic tube by coupling fluid lubrication theory to a structural problem posed in terms of Donnell shell theory. A perturbative approach (in the slenderness parameter) yields analytical solutions for both the flow and the deformation. Using matched asymptotics, we obtain a uniformly valid solution for the tube's radial displacement, which features both a boundary layer and a corner layer caused by localized bending near the clamped ends. In doing so, we obtain a “generalized Hagen–Poiseuille law” for soft microtubes. We benchmark the mathematical predictions against three‐dimensional two‐way coupled direct numerical simulations (DNS) of flow and deformation performed using the commercial computational engineering platform by ANSYS. The simulations show good agreement and establish the range of validity of the theory. Finally, we discuss the implications of the theory on the problem of the flow‐induced deformation of a blood vessel, which is featured in some textbooks.
Magnetoelastic thin films at large strains
Authors: Davoli Elisa , Kružík Martin , Piovano Paolo , Stefanelli Ulisse 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStarting from the three-dimensional setting, we derive a limit model of a thin magnetoelastic film by means of $$\varGamma $$
Γ
-convergence techniques. As magnetization vectors are defined on the elastically deformed configuration, our model features both Lagrangian and Eulerian terms. This calls for qualifying admissible three-dimensional deformations of planar domains in terms of injectivity. In addition, a careful treatment of the Maxwell system in the deformed film is required.
Prevention of delayed cracking of punched 1.5 GPa ultra-high strength steel sheets by ironing with punched slug
Authors: Mori Ken-ichiro , Abe Yohei , Murai Yusuke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHydrogen-induced delayed cracking of punched 1.5 GPa ultra-high strength steel sheets was prevented by ironing with a slug ejected from punching, because the risk of delayed cracking for sheared 1.5 GPa sheets is very high due to high tensile residual stress and large plastic deformation. To prevent the occurrence of delayed cracking, the sheet was punched, and then, the punched hole was ironed by passing the punched slug. Although the residual stress around the punched edge of the 1.5 GPa sheet was tensile, the stress was turned to compressive stress by slug ironing. In addition, the fracture surface of the sheared edge was changed to a smooth ironed surface. A cathode hydrogen charging test of the punched edge for delayed cracking was performed. Although delayed cracks were caused at the punched hole by hydrogen charging, no cracks occurred at the ironed hole for charging. It was found that slug ironing of the punched hole is effective in preventing delayed cracking.
Genetically determined intelligence and coronary artery disease risk
Authors: Li Ling , Pang Shichao , Zeng Lingyao , Güldener Ulrich , Schunkert Heribert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Epidemiological studies have shown inverse association between intelligence and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods
Based on 242 SNPs independently associated with intelligence, we calculated the genetic intelligence score (gIQ) for participants from 10 CAD case–control studies (n = 34,083) and UK Biobank (n = 427,306). From UK Biobank, we extracted phenotypes including body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes (T2D), smoking, hypertension, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, measured intelligence score, and education attainment. To estimate the effects of gIQ on CAD and its related risk factors, regression analyses was applied. Next, we studied the mediatory roles of measured intelligence and educational attainment. Lastly, Mendelian randomization was performed to validate the findings.

Results
In CAD case–control studies, one standard deviation (SD) increase of gIQ was related to a 5% decrease of CAD risk (odds ratio [OR] of 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93 to 0.98; P = 4.93e–5), which was validated in UK Biobank (OR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.96 to 0.99; P = 6.4e–4). In UK Biobank, we also found significant inverse correlations between gIQ and risk factors of CAD including smoking, BMI, T2D, hypertension, and a positive correlation with HDL cholesterol. The association signals between gIQ and CAD as well as its risk factors got largely attenuated after the adjustment of measured intelligence and educational attainment. The causal role of intelligence in mediating CAD risk was confirmed by Mendelian randomization analyses.

Conclusion
Genetic components of intelligence affect measured intelligence and educational attainment, which subsequently affect the prevalence of CAD via a series of unfavorable risk factor profiles.

Graphic abstract