bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Embedment Depth for Circular Footing on the Amplitude of Displacement under Dynamic Load
Authors: Abdul Kaream Khalid W. , Fattah Mohammed Y. , Khaled Zeyad S. M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The effect of the embedment depth of a circular footing resting on dry sand and subjected to dynamic load on the amplitude of soil displacement (Az) was investigated the present study. In order to simulate the conditions occurring in the field, a special testing apparatus with accessories was designed and manufactured to study the effect of dynamic load on soil. A total of 18 cases were examined to take into account the effects of different parameters, including different frequencies (0.5, 1, and 2 Hz); relative densities (medium sand, R.D=50% and dense sand, R.D=80%); and corresponding unit weights (17.52 kN and 18.33 kN). All tests were carried out under load amplitude of 0.5 tons. The behaviour of the soil underneath the footing was examined by measuring the amplitude of displacement AZ using a vibration meter placed at a set depth (B) under the footing. It was found that when the embedment depth is changed from zero (at surface) to 0.5 B and then to B the value of amplitude of the displacement Az is reduced. The percentage of reduction in Az was about 4 to 39 % at depth 0.5 B, and about 37-77 % at depth B.
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Inserting Metal Chain in Heat Exchanger Tube
Authors: Ghitheeth Ali H. , Fawzi Mas , Aljibory Mohammed Wahhab 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Heat transfer augmentation in heat exchangers is important in many large industrial applications and many studies have been conducted on this subject. In this paper, an experimental study was used to verify the increased heat transfer of a circular heat exchanger tube with the insertion of metal chains, under turbulent flow conditions. A rig was designed and fabricated to investigate the effects of using the metal chain as turbulators inside the heat exchanger pipe, on heat transfer performance and on fluid flow behavior. The metal chains used were of different lengths of chain ring and different diameters of ring wire. Five ring length/tube diameter ratios (P/D) were used, (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Two wire diameter/tube diameter ratios (t/D) were used in this work (0.1 and 0.15). Heavy fuel oil (HFO) was used inside the tube, flowing at 30 °C with uniform tube wall temperature. The Reynolds numbers tested were between 5,000 and 15,000. The results showed the thermal enhancement factor (η) decreased with increasing Reynolds number for all cases, depending on lengths of chain ring (P) and thickness the weir chain (t) values. A maximum thermal enhancement factor (η) was found with a metal chain at P/D=3 and t/D=0.15. The results also show that P/D=1 and t=4mm, give the highest Nusselt number.
Calculations of Loss Factor Based on Real-Time Data: Determining Technical Power Loss for the Electrical Distribution Network in Karbala City
Authors: Alwan Sabah Hassan , Razzaq Altahir Ali Abdul , Al Tu’ma Ahmad Salman 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Several empirical approaches have been used to calculate the power loss factor in electrical systems, including machine learning methods, top-down/bottom-up approaches, fuzzy-C-number algorithms, equivalent hours loss factors, and statistical analysis. Most methods for calculating power loss depend mainly on two substantial factors, the loss and load factors. These factors perform dynamic functions in terms of producing a good settlement. This research thus took into consideration a combination of actual data calculation and computation loss factor for actual distribution networks. The results observed in simulation suggest that, although that the method is simple and not complex, a suitable relationship between load and loss factors can be obtained by utilising exponential curve fitting. The proposed approach was tested on two distribution substations, with all experimental data collected from the electrical distribution network in Karbala city. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was shown through mathematical analysis and numerical simulations to determine the technical power loss, indicating an average yearly loss factor of 0.6114 using ETAP software. A further simple comparison among the loss factors generated by different methods related to the proposed approach was also completed to prove the robustness of the proposed approach.
Applying a Firefly Algorithm for Optimum Allocation of Solar Photovoltaic Units in a Distribution System
Authors: Tukkee Ahmed S , Alali Mohammed J , Zarkani Mahmood K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Electrical power companies are currently competing to provide the best services to consumers, by providing both stability and environmental benefits. The integration of renewable energy sources into distribution systems represents the best solution for these requirements, and Solar Photovoltaic units (solar P.V.) are among the fastest growing and most powerful energy resources in the world. Solar P.V. units are installed customer side to improve the profile of buses’ voltage and to minimise losses in the system. The optimum allocation of such units provides several benefits, while choosing the wrong site could lead to over or under voltage and increase losses in the power system. This paper presents a Firefly Algorithm (FA) that can be used to locate the optimal placement for a solar P.V. in distribution systems. A Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) is utilised to select candidate busses for the installation of the solar P.V. panels within the system, with the aim being to improve the voltage profile and minimise total power losses. The implemented algorithm was then examined on the IEEE 33-bus test system and the results w compared with those calculated by executing the genetic algorithm method (GA). The percentage of reduction in real power losses obtained using the FA method was 6.46 % compared with the 6 % obtained by the GA method, and an improvement in the system voltage profile was also observed.
Optimal tuning of a Linear Quadratic Regulator for Position Control using Particle Swarm Optimisation
Authors: Kamil H G , Makki O T , Umran H M 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses the stabilising problems of a nonlinear and multivariate underactuated systems, also known as Inverted Pendulum (IP) systems. The attitude control of a nonlinear IP system is thus considered. One of the most important techniques, a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), is used in this paper to design a controller for an IP system. The structure of LQR parameters is based on weight matrices, and the adjustment of the weight matrices parameters is the most challenging part of this, being normally computed by repeating trials and adjusting based on successful or unsuccessful outcomes. The difficulty in guessing the optimum matrices and achieving automatic adjustment of the weighting matrices is mitigated by the introduction of a metaheuristic algorithm to investigate the optimal solution; this is based on a swarm of particles moving in a virtual space. The proposed approach successfully stabilised the IP system in the upright position and removed perturbations; the simulated results thus showed satisfactory performance of the suggested control method.
Using different processors as predictors to detect a data packet logging into the Snort network with minimal delay time
Authors: Yassir Suhad Abbas , Hasani Nahla Flayyih , Shakir Haidar Raad 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The growing number of Internet threats has increased demand for better defence and information security in computer systems. Snort is a Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) used in network security by staying on the edge of a network and performing deep packet checking on any packet logging in to the protected domain. The question of how much overhead is introduced into the network traffic by the introduction of real-time NIDS was thus investigated. A simulation methodology was used to implement experiments to evaluate the effect of Snort, measured by end-to-end delay-time introduced by the engine. These experiments proved that there is no noticeable effect on network traffic from such an introduction. IBM SPSS software version 24 was used in this study.
Design of an Intelligent Controller for Above Knee Prostheses based on an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
Authors: Kadhim D A , Raheema M N , Hussein J S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The number of Above Knee (AK) amputees has increased in recent years and this has led to a need for urgent work on the design of proper lower limb prostheses. Lower limb prosthetics can be divided into active and passive devices. However, passive prosthetics cannot fully provide the natural motion of a healthy leg, and the technologies used in active prosthetics with knee joints are often far too expensive for amputees in developing countries such as Iraq. In this paper, an active lower limb prosthesis with an efficient knee joint is thus designed. Two strategies were used to collect data for gait cycle analysis of the leg in the sagittal plane: the first was based on the use of a force platform device to obtain the foot ground force according to the foot position (x, y), while the second utilised a video-camera based system to examine knee joint angles. The obtained data were all sent to an intelligent controller that uses an Adaptive Neuro-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The ANFIS controller determines the ground force, mimicking the moment of the active knee with a DC motor and flexion-extension angle values. The experimental data for the motion of the knee joint were collected in the Gait Laboratory, then transformed to joint angles using the ANFIS controller. The results show excellent response in the proposed ANFIS controllers in terms of determining angle and moment values of the knee joint with a very low RMS error of 0.006.
The effects of fibre on the mechanical properties of aerated concrete
Authors: Aldikheeli M R , Shubber M S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Aerated concrete (AC) is lightweight concrete in which air voids are captured in the mortar by means of the addition of an aerating agent to meet specific requirements of density and strength. Aerated concrete displays brittle failure in tension, however, and thus an alternative solution to make the concrete more ductile and reduce the problem of cracking is to add steel bars or steel fibre. The aim of this study is thus to investigate the effect of steel fibres on the compressive strength, flexural strength, stress-strain relationship, modulus of elasticity, density, sorptivity, and water absorption of aerated concrete with such fibres as compared to plain aerated concrete. End-hooked steel fibres with lengths of 35 mm and 60 mm with aspect ratios of 64 and 67 respectively were used in this study, with a volume friction (Vf) of 1.5%. The results showed that the effect of the aspect ratio (Lf/df) on flexural strength was most prominent, and that the compressive strength of the fibre reinforced aerated concrete (SFRAC) increased significantly and the density increased slightly, while the water absorption was decreased. The sorptivity of the SFRAC with short fibres was similar to that of standard AC, with this being increased slightly with the longer fibres. However, the stress-strain relationship in tension increased most significantly. Overall, 1.5% of steel fibre of 60 mm length provided the highest flexural strength at 28 days.
Impact of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of cement mortar reinforced with rope waste fibres
Authors: Nayel Israa Hasan , Nasr Mohammed Salah , Abdulridha Shereen Qasim 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The exposure of concrete or cement mortars to fire or other elevated temperatures negatively affects the mechanical properties, and a change may also occur in the pore structures, leading to cracking and spalling. In order to hinder or reduce the negative impact of elevated temperature on cement mortar, as well as to promote reuse of waste in the concrete industry to improve the environment, this study aims to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of cement mortar reinforced with rope waste fibres (RWF). The fibres were obtained by cutting a used polymeric rope (0.034 mm in diameter) into small fibres with average lengths of 12 mm. Four mortar mixtures, including one reference mixture (without fibres) and three mixtures containing RWF in proportions of 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% (by mortar weight), were cast. After 28 days of curing, the hardened specimens were air dried for at least two weeks, and some specimens were exposed to a controlled temperatures of 300 and 600 °C for two hours, while the others were placed at ambient temperature. All specimens were then examined via compressive strength, flexural strength, mass loss, ultrasonic pulse velocity and visual inspection tests. The results indicated that RWF can prevent cracks appearing at 600 °C; however, the RWF had a negative impact on the compressive strength of the mortar under elevated temperatures, despite the flexural strength and UPV properties being improved significantly.
Reinforcing mortar with short fibre iron waste
Authors: Fahad Besma M , Jassim Khaled S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The objective of this work was to reinforce mortar with low-cost fibres. Two groups of mortars were prepared, with and without Styrene-butadiene rubbers(SBR), then each group was reinforced with short fibres of iron waste of approximately 1 to 1.5cm in length and 1mm in thickness (aspect ratios of 10 to 15). These fibres were added at different percentages (10, 20, and 30%) by weight of sand. All groups were allowed to cure for 28 days. The results then showed an enhancement in strength for each group based on measurements of compressive and flexural strength. Moreover, several other properties (dry density, porosity, water absorption) were also improved. The lowest dry density, porosity and water absorption results were 2104.4 Kg/m3, 21.25%, and 10.09%, respectively at 10% iron waste fibres with SBR, while the best results for compressive strength and flexural strength were 33.75 MPa and 7.6969 MPa at 20% and 30% iron waste fibres with SBR, respectively. It can thus be concluded that short fibres of iron waste can partially replace fine aggregate in terms of reinforcing and improving the properties of mortar.
Evaluating a line heat source method using a COMSOL® multiphysics axisymmetric 2D model
Authors: Humaish Hussein 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Research into global warming has increased significantly in the last twenty years due to the pressing nature of environmental concerns, and several transient techniques have been developed to reduce the time and cost of such research. In this work, a non-steady state probe (NSSP), the TP02 Hukseflux® probe with TPSYS02 control interface, was used to determine the thermal conductivity for insulation materials such as glass wool; the experimental processes were calibrated using glycerol as variation of temperature with logarithm of time is linear. The experimental tests were validated using COMSOL Multiphysics® software, and the effects of parameters that cannot be obtained experimentally, such as the component layers of the probe and the length/diameter ratio were also validated using this software. The reference temperature sensor (Pt1000), its position in the base, and how much was inserted into the materials during the experimental testing were thus evaluated. The thickness of the layers of probe material in the radial direction was also simulated in COMSOL to study its effect on the results. The results obtained experimentally were consistent with the results of simulation of COMSOL Multiphysics®.
Evaluation of gray water treatment with pilot filter for irrigation purposes
Authors: Ibraheem Batool H. , Alshammari Musa Habib , Alwan Husam H. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Warming and water scarcity are issues that attract global interest. In particular, it is vital to reduce the demands on supplies of fresh water. This study investigates the use of gray sewage from domestic and restaurant settings for agricultural purposes, following treatment and purification using simple and available techniques. The reduction of agricultural fertilizer use is a secondary economic purpose: ideally, a suitable economic target for society can be achieved. In this study, purification was achieved by filtering gray water using system of sand filtration (sand and gravel) with the use of other materials to increase the effectiveness of treatment. These other materials included coal, active carbon, bentonite, pomegranate peel, and chlorine. Each substance was used individually and chemical tests were conducted on the gray water. The results of the chemical tests were pleasing and can be summarized as: PH 7.1-8.7; EC 1298-2590mg/l; TDS 415-965mg/l; turbidity 45-108); temperature 12.3-24.6 deg. Ċ; Ca.+2 59.12-160.32mg/l;, Mg.+2 7.32-79.79mg/l; Na.+1 141.6-518.6mg/l; SAR 5.4-16.6; K 9.6-38.2mg/l; SO4 302-854mg/l; CaCo. 104 -169mg/l; NH4-N 16-28.627mg/l; T-P 0.639-10mg/l; BOD5 17-68mg/l; COD 117-1300mg/l. Total coliforms were 10-280000 cfu/100 ml.
The effects on the properties of self-compacting mortar of using stainless steel blast furnace slag as a sustainable nano material addition
Authors: Kadhim Ahmed S , Atiyah Alaa A , Salih Shakir A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Voids in cementitious mortar materials cause a drastic reduction in the load carrying capacity of the element. Furthermore, weak interfaces between cement paste and the aggregate creates micro crack initiation and crack propagation. It is therefore very important to decrease these pores and enhance the microstructure homogeneity of cement mortar by adding nano particles. In this article, the properties of self-compacting mortar containing nano blast furnace slag were experimentally assessed. Nano blast furnace slag was prepared and used as an additive for self-compacting mortar in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% by weight of cement proportions to generate cementitious sustainable materials. Blast furnace slag was crushed and milled to nano particle size, as checked by Laser Particle Size Analysis, AFM, and FESEM. The self-compacting mortar properties were then tested at 7, 28, and 90 days age. The flowability of self-compacting mortar was determined using the mini flow table and mini v-funnel tests. The experimental results for the hardened mortar showed that the modification and enhancement of the mechanical properties, including compressive strength, flexural strength, and direct tensile strength, increased as the nano powder percentage increased. The total water absorption and porosity were also decreased as the nano powder percentage increased, while the density of self-compacting mortar was decreased. The microstructure homogeneity and nanoparticle distributions of self-compacting mortar were also examined using FESEM.
Experimental work on improving the efficiency of storm networks using a new galley design filter bucket.
Authors: Mohsen Karrar A , Nile Basim K , Hassan Waqed H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Storm networks, as with all urban infrastructure elements, are important to life in society. One of the most important problems facing such networks is the clogging of pipes due to sediment inlet into the sewage systems, which can cause flooding during heavy rain. This study aims to improve the efficiency of storm networks by using a new filter. In this study, a model of a network of pipes was built up to simulate rain flow over a street of two lanes. The first lane contained a filter and the second lane contained a manhole. The percentage of sediment passing from the manhole to the filter was calculated and compared in terms of the effects of several variables, such as the intensity of rainfall and the street slope. The results showed that the passing ratio from the filter to manhole was 0.28 at a low rain intensity of 30 mm/hr and 0.13 at a high rain intensity of 58 mm/hr. The passing ratio from filter to manhole was 0.21 and 0.12 for small and big lengths of filter, respectively, while the passing ratio at small and big bed slopes was 26 and 13, respectively.
Design and Implementation of a Control, Monitoring and Supervision System for Train Movement Based on Fixed Block Signaling System with AVR Microprocessor
Authors: Sandidzadeh Mohammad Ali , Soleymaani Farzaad , Shirazi Shahrouz 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Railway signaling and control systems are vital for the safe control of transport processes in rail traffic. Today, industry uses many processes, such as railway signaling systems, that must be controlled. Manufacturers of such systems have tried to update their products in line with modern industrial control technologies. In this paper, the possibility of using the common industrial automation equipment for a signaling system are investigated. Different parts of the signaling system, including wayside equipment, field element controls (interlocking and object controller) and supervision systems were specified. Then, the interlocking logic was extracted based on a fixed block signaling system. Control, monitoring and supervision systems were designed with an AVR microcontroller and then implemented on printed circuit board. Finally, the outputs of the system and its results with various railway lines, based on chosen layout, were analyzed and its applications identified. These applications include wayside equipment monitoring, the training of traffic control operators, and movement safety tests of the line before setup of the main system.
Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating PVA-treated recycled aggregate
Authors: Aljasimee Doaa H. , Abo Dhaheer M. S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper, an experimental study was undertaken to improve the fresh and hardened characteristics of normal (NS) and high strength (HS) self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes made with recycled aggregate (RA). An easy-to-perform treatment method was proposed to enhance RA properties: in this method, RA was first subjected to partial removal of adhered mortar, then treated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution for 24 hours. A series of SCC mixes, varying in w/c ratio and coarse aggregate type, including natural aggregate (NA), recycled aggregate (RA), and treated recycled aggregate (TRA), were prepared for this investigation. All mixes were investigated in their fresh state using slump flow and J-ring tests, and in their hardened state using compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity tests. The results demonstrated that the proposed treatment method is reliable in terms of improving the properties of RA. With the exception of the passing-ability test for RA concrete mixes, all tested SCC mixes met the self-compactibility and segregation resistance criteria. Additionally, the investigated hardened properties of TRA self-compacting concrete mixes were improved significantly by using the proposed treatment method compared with those of untreated RA concrete mixes.