bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Texture constraints on crystal size distribution methodology: An application to the Laki fissure eruption
Authors: Cone Kim A. , Wendlandt Richard F. , Pfaff Katharina , Orlandini Omero F. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Modeling crystal size distributions often requires the extraction of 2D discrete crystal lengths to calculate 3D volumetric equivalences. These apparent lengths are obtained from digital images that exploit different physical and chemical characteristics of samples, and the choice of image type can affect the interpretation of crystal length measurements, thus affecting crystal size distribution modeling. To examine method- and texture-based effects on extracting crystal size distributions, we obtained plagioclase length measurements from two texturally opposing basaltic lava samples from the well-documented Laki fissure eruptions of 1783–1784. Using approaches that consider inherent texture-based limitations of 2D image types, we employed manual tracing and imaging software to extract plagioclase crystal lengths from three types of images: (1) photomicrographs from polarized-light microscopy, (2) backscatter electron images from scanning electron microscopy, and (3) energy-dispersive X-ray maps from automated mineralogy. Our results demonstrate that (1) phenocrysts (L ≥ 150 μm) and groundmass plagioclase (L &lt; 150 μm) in our basalt samples appear with multiple aspect ratios, while the latter also display greater nucleation densities as crystal size population are continuously refined over increasingly smaller crystal lengths; (2) complex crystal clusters must be manually dissected into their discrete crystal components to produce meaningful crystal size distributions; (3) localized electron backscatter diffraction analysis reveals mild preferred orientation in complex clusters and groundmass, the latter confirmed by variations in crystal size distributions between orthogonal backscatter electron images; and (4) method-induced variations in both aspect ratio and crystal length determination can produce a wide range of kinetic interpretations that pose challenges for cross-research comparisons. For phenocrysts, compensating for clustering and fracturing through manual tracing remains the most effective method, while groundmass populations can be addressed with high-resolution (micrometer-scale) automated scanning electron microscopy for deciphering late-stage eruptive behavior. A texture-focused protocol should be established, as any kinetic information derived from crystal size distribution analyses across multiple studies employing multiple approaches cannot otherwise be directly compared.
Smamite, Ca2Sb(OH)4[H(AsO4)2]·6H2O, a new mineral and a possible sink for Sb during weathering of fahlore
Authors: Plášil Jakub , Kampf Anthony R. , Meisser Nicolas , Lheur Cédric , Brunsperger Thierry , Škoda Radek 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSmamite, Ca2Sb(OH)4[H(AsO4)2]·6H2O, is a new mineral species from the Giftgrube mine, Rauenthal, Sainte-Marie-Aux-Mines ore-district, Haut-Rhin department, France. It is a supergene mineral found in quartz-carbonate gangue with disseminated to massive tennantite-tetrahedrite series minerals, native arsenic, Ni-Co arsenides, and supergene minerals picropharmacolite, fluckite, and pharmacolite. Smamite occurs as lenticular crystals growing in aggregates up to 0.5 mm across. The new mineral is whitish to colorless, transparent with vitreous luster and white streak; non-fluorescent under UV radiation. The Mohs hardness iŝ3½; the tenacity is brittle, the fracture is curved, and there is no apparent cleavage. The measured density is 2.72(3) g/cm3; the calculated density is 2.709 g/cm3 for the ideal formula. The mineral is insoluble in H2O and quickly soluble in dilute (10%) HCl at room temperature. Optically, smamite is biaxial (–), α = 1.556(1), β = 1.581(1), γ = 1.588(1) (white light). The 2V (meas) = 54(1)°; 2V (calc) = 55.1°. The dispersion is weak, r &gt; ν. Smamite is non-pleochroic. Electron microprobe analyses provided the empirical formula Ca2.03Sb0.97(OH)4[H1.10(As1.99Si0.01O4)2]·6H2O. Smamite is triclinic, P1–, a = 5.8207(4), b = 8.0959(6), c = 8.21296(6) Å, α = 95.8343(7)°, β = 110.762(8)°, γ = 104.012(7)°, V = 402.57(5) Å3, and Z = 1. The structure (Robs = 0.027 for 1518 I&gt;3σI reflections) is based upon {Ca2(H2O)6Sb(OH)4[H(AsO4)2]} infinite chains consisting of edge-sharing dimers of Ca(H2O)3O2(OH)2 polyhedra that share edges with Sb(OH)4O2 octahedra; adjacent chains are linked by H-bonds, including one strong, symmetrical H-bond with an O–H bond-length of ∼1.23 Å. The name “smamite” is based on the acronym of the Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines district.
« Rabat, a Metropolitan City », Between Displayed Image, Reality of Image and Identity
Authors: Kharmich Hassan , Sedreddine Mouna 
Published: January 2020

Embodying for a long time the image of an administrative capital where the functionary dominate, where the urban setting is aging and where quality of life is declining, the city of Rabat has recently embarked on a frantic race to reinvent a new image: a modern, innovative and qualitative image.In order to achieve this, several projects and programs of development, embellishment and construction, has been initiated with a common feature which is greatness (large theater, high towers, large stations, large arteries, new centralities, etc.). This greatness aspect is visible through the importance of the areas involved, the volumes and the shapes designed, the modes of transport developed, the means and resources deployed in add to the promotion of architectural signatures of the renowned architects, and the modes of governance and project management. Henceforth, Rabat shows its ambition as a city of culture, as a green city and as a “city of light”. The time of Rabat, as administrative city, is over.However, the image displayed and publicized seems controversial compared to the reality of certain urban spaces, often with high heritage value, that develop on the margins of programs and projects initiated. Real deficits are observed in terms of basic equipment and services, in terms of transport network and in terms of urban coherence and social cohesion. Everything contributes to an urban image with two facets: one more qualitative, more modern and more elitist, while the other is more spontaneous, more vulnerable and more devalued.Faced with this identity transition and this double temporality, what image and identity do we want for Rabat? What vocations do we claim for this city which aspires to become a national and international metropolis? What developments should be advocated for a capital with such a rich and diversified history? What relationship can be established between the local identity and the global identity of the city? How does the citizen apprehend his living spaces in the face of such universal urban model, where social connections as well as the spatial relationship mutate towards new practices?These questions will be enlightened through the confrontation of major projects underway and urban realities, through the analysis of the new urban model which is universal, modern and generating a new image and a new urban identity, as well as through the impact of these major projects both on the urban landscape and quality of life. It’s with these considerations in mind that this paper is drawn up: « Rabat, a metropolitan city », between displayed image and reality of image and identity.
Non-coding RNAs in Lung Cancer Chemoresistance
Authors: Mondal Priya , Natesh Jagadish , Kamal Mohammad Amjad , Meeran Syed Musthapa 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide with limited
treatment options. The major available treatment options are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combinations
of these treatments. In chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and taxol are the first lines of chemotherapeutics
used for the treatment of lung cancer. Often drug resistance in the clinical settings hinders the efficiency of the
treatment and intrigues the tumor relapse. Drug-resistance is triggered either by intrinsic factors or due to the
prolonged cycles of chemotherapy as an acquired-resistance. There is an emerging role of non-coding RNAs
(ncRNAs), including notorious microRNAs (miRNAs), proposed to be actively involved in the regulations of various
tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes.

Result:
The altered gene expression by miRNA is largely mediated either by the degradation or by interfering with
the translation of targeted mRNA. Unlike miRNA, other type of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs
(lncRNAs), can target the transcriptional activator or the repressor, RNA polymerase, and even DNA-duplex to
regulate the gene expressions. Many studies have confirmed the crucial role of ncRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma
progression and importantly, in the acquisition of chemoresistance. Recently, ncRNAs have become early biomarkers
and therapeutic targets for lung cancer.

Conclusion:
Targeting ncRNAs could be an effective approach for the development of novel therapeutics against
lung cancer and to overcome the chemoresistance.
Nucleic Acid Aptamers as a Potential Nucleus Targeted Drug Delivery System
Authors: Shrivastava Garima , Bakshi Hamid A. , Aljabali Alaa A. , Mishra Vijay , Hakkim Faruck L. , Charbe Nitin B. , Kesharwani Prashant , Chellappan Dinesh K. , Dua Kamal , Tambuwala Murtaza M. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Nucleus targeted drug delivery provides several opportunities for the treatment
of fatal diseases such as cancer. However, the complex nucleocytoplasmic barriers pose significant
challenges for delivering a drug directly and efficiently into the nucleus. Aptamers representing singlestranded
DNA and RNA qualify as next-generation highly advanced and personalized medicinal agents
that successfully inhibit the expression of certain proteins; possess extraordinary gene-expression for
manoeuvring the diseased cell's fate with negligible toxicity. In addition, the precisely directed aptamers
to the site of action present a tremendous potential to reach the nucleus by escaping the ensuing
barriers to exhibit a better drug activity and gene expression.

Objective:
This review epigrammatically highlights the significance of targeted drug delivery and presents
a comprehensive description of the principal barriers faced by the nucleus targeted drug delivery
paradigm and ensuing complexities thereof. Eventually, the progress of nucleus targeting with nucleic
acid aptamers and success achieved so far have also been reviewed.

Method:
Systematic literature search was conducted of research published to date in the field of nucleic
acid aptamers.

Conclusion:
The review specifically points out the contribution of individual aptamers as the nucleustargeting
agent rather than aptamers in conjugated form.
Vitamin D and Calcium Supplement Attenuate Bone Loss among HIVInfected Patients Receiving Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine/ Efavirenz: An Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Boontanondha Patawee , Nimitphong Hataikarn , Musikarat Suchawadee , Ragkho Aschara , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin 
Published: January 2020

Background:Antiretroviral therapy (ART), especially with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), has been associated with accelerated bone turnover and leads to significant bone loss.Objective:We aimed to determine the effect of vitamin D2 and calcium on bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV-infected patients receiving TDF/emtricitabine (FTC)/efavirenz (EFV).Methods:A prospective, open-label, randomized controlled study was conducted. Eligible patients were ART naïve HIV individuals who initiated TDF/FTC/EFV. The study group received supplementation with vitamin D2 and calcium carbonate, whereas the control group was administered only ART. The primary outcome was the percentage change in total hip BMD at week 24 compared with baseline.Results:A total of 18 patients were randomized (9 in each group). The mean (standard deviation; SD) total hip BMD significantly decreased from baseline in both groups, from 0.96 (0.14) g/cm2 to 0.93 (0.13) g/cm2 in the study group (p = 0.006) and from 0.87 (0.11) g/cm2 to 0.84 (0.11) g/cm2 in the control group (p = 0.004). The mean (SD) lumbar spine BMD significantly decreased from baseline in both groups, from 1.00 (0.13) g/cm2 to 0.97 (0.13) g/cm2 (p = 0.004) in the study group and from 0.90 (0.09) g/cm3 to 0.86 (0.08) g/cm2 in the control group (p = 0.006). At week 24, the mean (SD) lumbar spine BMD was significantly greater in the study group than in the control group (p = 0.042). However, there were no significant differences in the percentage change of total hip, lumbar spine, and femoral neck BMD between both groups. No adverse events were reported. In conclusion, as early as 24 weeks after TDF initiation, a significant decline in BMD was detected.Conclusion:Vitamin D2 and calcium supplements should be considered for HIV-infected patients receiving TDF/FTC/EFV in a resource-limited setting where there are limited ART options (Clinicaltrials. gov NCT0287643).
Methodical issues of determination of the average heat transfer coefficient of the passenger car body
Authors: Samoshkin S. L. , Meyster A. O. , Yukhnevskiy M. A. 
Published: January 2020

The article examines methodical issues of selection of heat insulation materials, their properties affecting energy efficiency, as well as methodical issues of experimental determination of heat insulation properties of the car body. This issue has become recently relevant due to the increased requirements to saving of the fuel and energy resources and to improvement of the passenger travel comfort. Domestic and international regulatory documents are analyzed from this perspective.Contemporary materials used for heat insulation of the car body, methods of determination of the average heat transfer coefficient and requirements to such materials are examined. Review of the test results of the most widely spread passenger cars; the issue is arisen regarding necessity of putting the obtained results of experimental research in compliance with the actual operating conditions with regard to the changes of temperature, air humidity and car movement speed.The article examines in details disadvantages of the currently used standardized method of determination of the average heat transfer coefficient. The issues affecting accuracy of determination of this parameter are underlined, which occur in the experimental research and in processing of the obtained results. Practical use of obtained results for designing of new rolling stock is examined.Ultimately, the authors conclude that the valid domestic standardized method of determination of the average heat transfer coefficient does not take into account the number of important conditions. Examination of effect of these conditions on the results of experimental research allows the authors to make conclusion regarding necessity of review of methodical and regulatory and technical documentation for the test methods.
Preliminary assessment of economic effect of transportation in the innovation cars with axial load of 27 tons at the area of the Eastern ground
Authors: Miroshnichenko O. F. , Oginskaya A. E. 
Published: January 2020

The article presents preliminary results of the comprehensive assessment of the economic effect for the infrastructure owner from transportation by trains composed with the innovation freight cars with axial load of 27 tons at the specific areas (grounds). Comprehensive economic assessment for the infrastructure owner consists in taking into account changes of expenses for improvement of technical properties of the new car, as well as the expenses for changes of the operation properties of the car handling areas, in particular: • one-time expenses for putting infrastructure of the areas of cars handling with the axial load from 25 to 27 tons in compliance with the new technical requirements; • financial results due to increase of carrying-capacity by means of increase of the weight at the permanent train length; • change of the current and one-time expenses for train traction composed of the innovation cars of increased carrying-capacity when changing the locomotive series and the number of section-kilometers per the unit of transportation operations.Calculations performed for the routes Chegdomyn – Vanino and Chelutay – Nakhodka indicated that effect of transportation in the innovation cars can be both positive and negative for the infrastructure owner depending on the operation and economic properties of the handling area (volume of transported freight in the examined cars, maintenance process of the locomotive runs, etc.).Taking into account the one-time costs for putting the superstructure in compliance with the technical requirements, the financial results of JSC “RZD” is getting worse at the examined routes.Obtained results have preliminary nature as more detailed accounting of expenses is required for putting infrastructure of the train handling areas composed from the cars of axial load 27 tons in compliance with the technical requirements.
INFLUENCE OF REDISPERSIBLE POWDERS AND LOW-MODULAR INCLUSIONS ON THE FROST RESISTANCE OF THE FINE-GRAINED CONCRETE CONTACT ZONE
Authors: Nesvetaev G. V. , Dolgova A. V. , Postoy L. V. , Hadzhishalapov G. N. 
Published: January 2020

Objectives. The aim of this study was to identify variation patterns of the in-series variation coefficient of adhesive strength to base and the dependency of the frost resistance coefficient on the criterion of adhesion on prescription factors of fine-grained concrete obtained from dry building mixtures based on various Portland cements containing various low-modulus inclusions and redispersible polymer powders from 0 to 3%. According to GOST 31357, the main quality indicators of the hardened mixture or fine-grained concrete, in addition to frost resistance, include the indicator of “frost resistance of the contact zone”, which characterises the ability of the hardened concrete to maintain adhesion to the base during normal separation following a certain number of freeze-thaw cycles.Method. The tests of the main samples were carried out after 75 freeze-thaw cycles in accordance with GOST 31356. The marks of the frost resistance of the contact zone are set from FKZ25 to FKZ100. The number of freeze-thaw cycles is taken as a mark, after which the adhesion strength to the base, determined according to GOST 31356, is at least 80% of the strength of the control samples. The arithmetical average is taken at between at least 5 values, while the variation coefficient measured across a series of adhesion strength values is not considered.Results. The average values of the variation coefficient of adhesion strength were: following 75 cycles of freezing-thawing – 0.224 (in a range from 0.058 to 0.616); following 25 cycles of freezing-thawing – an average of 0.129 (in a range from 0.016 to 0.352). The variation coefficient of adhesion strength can exceed the variation coefficient of compression strength by approximately 2.5 to 3 times. When introducing the redispersible powders into the structure of fine-grained concrete, there is no unambiguous pattern of change in the values of the variation coefficient of adhesion to base and it is possible to increase or decrease this value, while the values of the variation coefficient of adhesion can vary by an order of magnitude.Conclusion. For all concretes, there is a tendency of increase of the coefficient of frost resistance with a decrease in the adhesion variation coefficient both after hardening under normal conditions as well as during cyclic freezing and thawing. When conditions VF/V28A<1 are met, the coefficient of frost resistance of adhesion, determined when considering the variation coefficient, will satisfy the requirements of GOST 31356.
DECOMPRESSION SEMICONDUCTOR THERMOELECTRIC DESALINATOR WITH UV RADIATION
Authors: Gadzhiev H. M. , Gadzhiev D. S. , Kurbanov I. M. 
Published: January 2020

Objectives. The development of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation.Methods. The design of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation makes it possible to decrease the boiling points of seawater and the obtained fresh water and brine by changing the pressure in the desalinatior thus increasing the device’s energy efficiency.Results. The use of the designed decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation practically reduces the boiling point of seawater, completely eliminating Joule's parasitic heat release. The Peltier thermoelectric effect of heating and cooling is completely preserved, bringing the desalinator efficiency coefficient up to almost 100% and improving its energy-saving characteristics as a whole.Conclusion. A decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation can be used to produce fresh water and concentrated solutions from any aqueous solutions, as well as to treat wastewater from industrial enterprises with simultaneous bacterial and virus disinfection. The construction materials of the desalination device are environmentally friendly.
EXamining ouTcomEs in chroNic Disease in the 45 and Up Study (the EXTEND45 Study): Protocol for an Australian Linked Cohort Study
Authors: Foote Celine , Hockham Carinna , Sukkar Louisa , Campain Anna , Kang Amy , Young Tamara , Cass Alan , Chow Clara K , Comino Elizabeth , Gallagher Martin , Jan Stephen , Knight John , Liu Bette , McNamara Martin , Peiris David , Pollock Carol , Sullivan David , Wong Germaine , Zoungas Sophia , Rogers Kris , Jun Min , Jardine Meg 
Published: January 2020

Background
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes are the major causes of death and disability worldwide. They are associated with high health service utilization persisting over many years. Their slow progression and wide clinical variation make them eminently suitable for study in population-based cohorts. However, current understanding of their prevalence, incidence, and progression is largely based on studies conducted in clinical populations.

Objective
This study aims to establish a novel link between an existing population-based cohort (the 45 and Up Study) and routinely collected laboratory and administrative data to facilitate research across the full disease spectrum of CKD and diabetes.

Methods
In the EXTEND45 Study (EXamining OuTcomEs in chroNic Disease in the 45 and Up Study), baseline questionnaire responses of over 260,000 participants of the 45 and Up Study aged ≥45 years living in New South Wales (NSW), collected between January 2006 and December 2009, are linked to data from laboratory service providers as well as national- and state-based administrative datasets via probabilistic linkage. Routinely collected data were obtained for participants who could be linked between January 2005 and July 2013. Laboratory data will enable the identification of early cases of chronic disease and the assessment of clinically relevant biochemical targets during the disease course. Health administrative datasets will allow for the examination of health service use, pharmacological management, and clinical outcomes.

Results
The study received ethics approval from the NSW Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee in February 2014. Data linkage for 267,153 of the 45 and Up Study participants was completed in June 2016, with congruent linkage achieved for 265,086 (99.23%) individuals. To date, the CKD and diabetes cohorts have been identified (published elsewhere), and a diverse portfolio of research projects relating to disease burden, risk factors, health outcomes, and health service utilization is in development.

Conclusions
The EXTEND45 Study represents an unparalleled opportunity to perform extensive research into diseases of considerable public health and clinical importance. Strengths include the population-based nature of the cohort and the availability of longitudinal information on the complete disease pathway for affected individuals.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
RR1-10.2196/15646