bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactive Oxygen Species Explicit Dosimetry for Photofrin‐mediated Pleural Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ong Yi Hong , Dimofte Andreaa , Kim Michele M. , Finlay Jarod C. , Sheng Tianqi , Singhal Sunil , Cengel Keith A. , Yodh Arjun G. , Busch Theresa M. , Zhu Timothy C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExplicit dosimetry of treatment light fluence and implicit dosimetry of photosensitizer photobleaching are commonly used methods to guide dose delivery during clinical PDT. Tissue oxygen, however, is not routinely monitored intraoperatively even though it is one of the three major components of treatment. Quantitative information about in vivo tissue oxygenation during PDT is desirable, because it enables reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry (ROSED) for prediction of treatment outcome based on PDT‐induced changes in tumor oxygen level. Here, we demonstrate ROSED in a clinical setting, Photofrin‐mediated pleural photodynamic therapy, by utilizing tumor blood flow information measured by diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). A DCS contact probe was sutured to the pleural cavity wall after surgical resection of pleural mesothelioma tumor to monitor tissue blood flow (blood flow index) during intraoperative PDT treatment. Isotropic detectors were used to measure treatment light fluence and photosensitizer concentration. Blood‐flow‐derived tumor oxygen concentration, estimated by applying a preclinically determined conversion factor of 1.5 × 109 μMs cm−2 to the blood flow index, was used in the ROSED model to calculate the total reacted reactive oxygen species [ROS]rx. Seven patients and 12 different pleural sites were assessed and large inter‐ and intrapatient heterogeneities in [ROS]rx were observed although an identical light dose of 60 J cm−2 was prescribed to all patients.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ru(II) Complexes with π‐Expansive Imidazophen Ligands for the Photokilling of Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Ghosh Goutam , Yin Huimin , Monro Susan M.A. , Sainuddin Tariq , Lapoot Lloyd , Greer Alexander , McFarland Sherri A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRu(II) complexes were synthesized with π‐expanding (phenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, naphthalen‐1‐yl, naphthalene‐2‐yl, anthryl and pyrenyl groups) attached at a 1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand and 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐dmb) coligands. These Ru(II) complexes were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectroscopy, and studied for visible light and dark toxicity to human malignant melanoma SK‐MEL‐28 cells. In the SK‐MEL‐28 cells, the Ru(II) complexes are highly phototoxic (EC50 = 0.2–0.5 µm) and have low dark toxicity (EC50 = 58–230 µm). The highest phototherapeutic index (PI) of the series was found with the Ru(II) complex bearing the 2‐(pyren‐1‐yl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand. This high PI is in part attributed to the π‐rich character added by the pyrenyl group, and a possible low‐lying and longer‐lived 3IL state due to equilibration with the 3MLCT state. While this pyrenyl Ru(II) complex possessed a relatively high quantum yield for singlet oxygen formation (Φ∆ = 0.84), contributions from type‐I processes (oxygen radicals and radical ions) are competitive with the type‐II (1O2) process based on effects of added sodium azide and solvent deuteration.
Designing a Choice Architecture for Regulators
Authors: Dudley Susan E. , Xie Zhoudan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe emergence of behavioral public administration has led to increasing calls for public managers and policy makers to consider predictable cognitive biases when regulating individual behaviors or market transactions. Recognizing that cognitive biases can also affect the regulators themselves, this article attempts to understand how the institutional environment in which regulators operate interacts with their cognitive biases. In other words, to what extent does the “choice architecture” that regulators face reinforce or counteract predictable cognitive biases? Just as knowledge of behavioral insights can help regulators design a choice architecture that frames individual decisions to encourage welfare‐enhancing choices, it may help governments understand and design institutions to counter cognitive biases in regulators that contribute to deviations from public interest policies. From these observations, the article offers some modest suggestions for improving the regulatory choice architecture.
Soil amendment interacts with invasive grass and drought to uniquely influence aboveground versus belowground biomass in aridland restoration
Authors: Garbowski Magda , Brown Cynthia S. , Johnston Danielle B. 
Published: November 2019

Water‐holding soil amendments such as super‐absorbent polymer (SAP) may improve native species establishment in restoration but may also interact with precipitation or invasive species such as Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass or downy brome) to influence revegetation outcomes. We implemented an experiment at two sites in Colorado, U.S.A., in which we investigated the interactions of drought (66% reduction of ambient rainfall), B. tectorum seed addition (BRTE, 465 seeds/m2), and SAP soil amendment (25 g/m2) on initial plant establishment and 3‐year aboveground and belowground biomass and allocation. At one site, SAP resulted in higher native seeded species establishment but only with ambient precipitation. However, by the third year, we detected no SAP effects on native seeded species biomass. Treatments interacted to influence aboveground and belowground biomass and allocation differently. At one site, a SAP × precipitation interaction resulted in lower belowground biomass in plots with SAP and drought (61.7 ± 7.3 g/m2) than plots with drought alone (91.6 ± 18.1 g/m2). At the other site, a SAP × BRTE interaction resulted in higher belowground biomass in plots with SAP and BRTE (56.6 ± 11.2 g/m2) than BRTE alone (35.0 ± 3.7 g/m2). These patterns were not reflected in aboveground biomass. SAP should be used with caution in aridland restoration because initial positive effects may not translate to long‐term benefits, SAP may uniquely influence aboveground versus belowground biomass, and SAP can interact with environmental variables to impact developing plant communities in positive and negative ways.
Informality, innovation, and aggregate productivity growth
Authors: Schipper Tyler C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates how the costs of innovation in the formal sector temper or magnify the impacts of traditional policy levers such as taxation on sectoral choice. I embed a decision whether to operate formally or informally into a richer, general equilibrium model. Formal firms are subject to taxation, but they can improve their productivity through process innovation. Informal firms can potentially avoid taxation, and their productivity is determined by productivity growth in the formal sector. I find that changing tax rates from 50% to 60% decreases formal‐sector participation by 20.9%; however, this percentage falls by 10% when the cost of innovation is lower in the formal sector. The model also illustrates how changes in tax policy affect total factor productivity growth by limiting both the number of formal‐sector firms and the intensity of innovation. These results indicate a potential mechanism to induce firms to operate formally or mitigate harmful impacts of necessary tax changes.
Framing Contests and Policy Conflicts over Gas Pipelines
Authors: Yordy Jill , You Jongeun , Park Kyudong , Weible Christopher M. , Heikkila Tanya 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper compares and contrasts high‐conflict policy debates over the siting of three natural gas pipeline projects at different decision stages of the siting process. This paper draws on over 600 newspaper articles spanning 3 years, analyzed through Discourse Network Analysis. Drawing from the Advocacy Coalition Framework and Policy Conflict framework, this paper finds that actor framing of opposing policy beliefs involves more indirect than direct confrontations, with statements in the media waxing and waning over time. Opponents of the pipelines more often explicitly argue against pipelines, while also using a broad range of conceptual arguments, whereas proponents more often couch their arguments around the economic benefits of pipelines and use fewer conceptual frames overall. We also find evidence that opposing coalitions use similar framing across different decision contexts. This paper concludes with a commentary on the status and contributions of this paper to the study of policy conflicts and next steps in advancing similar research agendas.
Electrochemical gold precipitation to explain extensive vertical and lateral mineralization in the world‐class Poderosa‐Pataz district, Peru
Authors: Gaboury Damien , Oré Sanchez Carlos 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe world‐class Poderosa‐Pataz district is famous for its gold endowment in vertically and laterally extensive quartz‐sulphide veins. Precipitating mechanisms are investigated to determine why gold is so laterally and vertically distributed. Micro‐XRF and LA‐ICP‐MS element mapping of pyrites surrounding gold grains reveals systematic enrichment of As around or near visible gold accumulations. These As‐enriched zones define discordant rims and corridors overprinting pyrites. LA‐ICP‐MS spot analyses performed within and outside the As enrichment zones indicate that As is enriched on average by two orders of magnitude in association with gold. Secondary pyrite transformation by hydrothermal fluids with elevated As‐Au induced a change in the semiconducting properties of pyrite grains, resulting in the precipitation of visible gold particles at the interfaces of As‐enriched zones. The electrochemical precipitation mechanism acted as a filter to extract gold in solution regardless of variations in pressure and temperature, hence explaining the vertically and laterally extensive gold mineralization.
Progress towards an appropriate pathogen reduction technology for whole blood in Africa
Authors: Amar El Dusouqui Soraya , Lanteri Marion C. , Schwabe Rudolf , Grzesiczek Anja , North Anne , Mufti Nina , Sekongo Yassongui Mamadou , Pitman John , Tayou Tagny Claude 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundInterest in an effective pathogen reduction technology (PRT) for whole blood (WB) tailored to address specific needs of limited‐resource settings is growing. The Swiss Red Cross Humanitarian Foundation (SRCHF) supports a clinical programme to promote PRT for WB in resource‐limited settings where rates of WB use and transfusion‐transmitted infections are high.Pathogen reduction technology for whole bloodCerus Corporation (INTERCEPT® Blood System) and Terumo BCT (Mirasol®) are investing in clinical trials for red‐blood‐cell (RBC) and WB PRT. The SRCHF selected the INTERCEPT WB PRT for its clinical programme in Africa based on data related to the INTERCEPT system's pathogen reduction effectiveness and the company's goal of producing a processing kit requiring minimal electricity.Adapting the INTERCEPT RBC PRT for WBThe INTERCEPT PRT for RBC and WB uses amustaline (0·2 mm) to irreversibly cross‐link nucleic acids and glutathione (GSH) (20 mm for RBC and 2 mm for WB) to quench unreacted amustaline. Laboratory and clinical trial results for the RBC PRT form the basis for the WB PRT. Preliminary studies have demonstrated preservation of RBC quality in amustaline/GSH‐treated WB. A Phase 1 safety trial in Côte d'Ivoire and development of a WB processing kit requiring limited electricity are described.DiscussionAssessing the clinical safety of a WB PRT under local conditions is a positive step in the development of a suitable WB PRT for low‐resource settings.
Core outcomes in neonatology: development of a core outcome set for neonatal research
Authors: Webbe James William Harrison , Duffy James M N , Afonso Elsa , Al-Muzaffar Iyad , Brunton Ginny , Greenough Anne , Hall Nigel J , Knight Marian , Latour Jos M , Lee-Davey Caroline , Marlow Neil , Noakes Laura , Nycyk Julie , Richard-Löndt Angela , Wills-Eve Ben , Modi Neena , Gale Chris 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundNeonatal research evaluates many different outcomes using multiple measures. This can prevent synthesis of trial results in meta-analyses, and selected outcomes may not be relevant to former patients, parents and health professionals.ObjectiveTo define a core outcome set (COS) for research involving infants receiving neonatal care in a high-income setting.DesignOutcomes reported in neonatal trials and qualitative studies were systematically reviewed. Stakeholders were recruited for a three-round international Delphi survey. A consensus meeting was held to confirm the final COS, based on the survey results.ParticipantsFour hundred and fourteen former patients, parents, healthcare professionals and researchers took part in the eDelphi survey; 173 completed all three rounds. Sixteen stakeholders participated in the consensus meeting.ResultsThe literature reviews identified 104 outcomes; these were included in round 1. Participants proposed 10 additional outcomes; 114 outcomes were scored in rounds 2 and 3. Round 1 scores showed different stakeholder groups prioritised contrasting outcomes. Twelve outcomes were included in the final COS: survival, sepsis, necrotising enterocolitis, brain injury on imaging, general gross motor ability, general cognitive ability, quality of life, adverse events, visual impairment/blindness, hearing impairment/deafness, retinopathy of prematurity and chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia.Conclusions and relevanceA COS for clinical trials and other research studies involving infants receiving neonatal care in a high-income setting has been identified. This COS for neonatology will help standardise outcome selection in clinical trials and ensure these are relevant to those most affected by neonatal care.
Relationship between ocular risk factors for glaucoma and optic disc rim in normal eyes
Authors: Iwase Aiko , Sawaguchi Shoichi , Tanaka Kenji , Tsutsumi Tae , Araie Makoto 
Published: November 2019

AimTo study relationships between reported risk factors for glaucoma and neuroretinal rim area in normal eyes.MethodsThe Kumejima study participants, 3762 of the 4632 eligible Kumejima residents 40 years and older, underwent a detailed ocular examination including sequential disc stereo photography. In a randomly chosen eye of a subject whose both eyes met the inclusion criteria, fundus photographs of 2474 ophthalmologically normal eyes of the 2474 subjects were analysed by computer-assisted planimetry to measure the disc, rim and β-peripapillary atrophy (PPA) areas. The rim was divided into the superior and inferior halves by a line connecting the fovea and disc centre.ResultsThe disc, superior and inferior halves rim and β-PPA areas averaged 2.53±0.50 (SD), 0.82±0.15, 0.84±0.16 and 0.45±0.66 mm2. After adjustment for other systemic and ocular factors including age, disc and β-PPA areas, disc–fovea distance (p=0.013, 0.016) correlated positively and intraocular pressure (IOP) (p=0.004, 0.006) and axial length (AL) (p<0.000, 0.004) negatively with the superior and inferior halves rim area, respectively; central corneal thickness (CCT) (p=0.008) and mean blood pressure (mBP) (p=0.020) correlated positively and male gender (p=0.012) negatively only with the superior half rims.ConclusionsBesides previously reported risk factors for glaucoma such as age or IOP, thinner CCT, lower mBP and male gender were newly found to significantly correlate with smaller rim area only in the superior half disc, and a greater disc–fovea distance with greater superior and inferior half rim areas in normal adult eyes.
Does surgery reduce knee osteoarthritis, meniscal injury and subsequent complications compared with non-surgery after ACL rupture with at least 10 years follow-up? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lien-Iversen Teodor , Morgan Daniel Barklin , Jensen Carsten , Risberg May Arna , Engebretsen Lars , Viberg Bjarke 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveWe compared long-term follow-up from surgical versus non-surgical treatment of ACL rupture regarding radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA), secondary surgery, laxity and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesEmbase, MEDLINE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library databases.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies directly comparing the minimally invasive surgical (arthroscopy or miniarthrotomy) and non-surgical treatment of ACL rupture with at least 10 years of follow-up in adult patients were included.ResultsFive studies met the eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis revealed a higher risk of radiographic knee OA and a lower risk of secondary meniscal surgery for patients in the surgical group. The risk of graft rupture/secondary ACL revision and secondary ACL reconstruction was equal in the surgical and non-surgical groups. Knee laxity was lower among patients in the surgical group in four studies. No difference was found in the PROMs (ie, International Knee Documentation Committee, Tegner, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome, and Lysholm scores).ConclusionThe risk of radiographic knee OA was higher, but the risk of secondary meniscal injury was lower 10 years after surgical treatment of ACL rupture. The risk of graft rupture/secondary ACL revision or secondary reconstruction was unrelated to treatment type. The degree of knee laxity was reduced after surgical treatment in comparison with non-surgical treatment, while PROMs were similar. However, due to the methodological challenges highlighted in this systematic review, these findings must be interpreted with caution.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019119468
The missing voices of Indigenous Australians in the social, cultural and historical experiences of tuberculosis: a systematic and integrative review
Authors: Devlin Sue , MacLaren David , Massey Peter D , Widders Richard , Judd Jenni A 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionDisparities in tuberculosis (TB) rates exist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in many countries, including Australia. The social determinants of health are central to health inequities including disparities in TB rates. There are limitations in the dominant biomedical and epidemiological approaches to representing, understanding and addressing the unequal burden of TB for Indigenous peoples represented in the literature. This paper applies a social determinants of health approach and examines the structural, programmatic and historical causes of inequities for TB in Indigenous Australia.MethodsAboriginal Australians’ families in northern New South Wales who are affected by TB initiated this investigation. A systematic search of published literature was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Informit ATSIhealth databases, the Australian Indigenous Health, InfoNet and Google. Ninety-five records published between 1885 and 2019 were categorised and graphed over time, inductively coded and thematically analysed.ResultsIndigenous Australians’ voices are scarce in the TB literature and absent in the development of TB policies and programmes. Epidemiological reports are descriptive and technical and avoid analysis of social processes involved in the perpetuation of TB. For Indigenous Australians, TB is more than a biomedical diagnosis and treatment; it is a consequence of European invasion and a contributor to dispossession and the ongoing fight for justice. The introduction and spread of TB has resulted in the stealing of lives, family, community and cultures for Indigenous Australians. Racist policies and practices predominate in the experiences of individuals and families as consequences of, and resulting in, ongoing structural and systematic exclusion.ConclusionDevelopment of TB policies and programmes requires reconfiguration. Space must be given for Indigenous Australians to lead, be partners and to have ownership of decisions about how to eliminate TB. Shared knowledge between Indigenous Australians, policy makers and service managers of the social practices and structures that generate TB disparity for Indigenous Australians is essential.A social determinant of health approach will shift the focus to the social structures that cause TB. Collaboration with Indigenous partners in research is critical, and use of methods that amplify Indigenous peoples' voices and reconfigure power relations in favour of Indigenous Australians in the process is required.
Parton distributions with theory uncertainties: general formalism and first phenomenological studies
Authors: Abdul Khalek Rabah , Ball Richard D. , Carrazza Stefano , Forte Stefano , Giani Tommaso , Kassabov Zahari , Pearson Rosalyn L. , Nocera Emanuele R. , Rojo Juan , Rottoli Luca , Ubiali Maria , Voisey Cameron , Wilson Michael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe formulate a general approach to the inclusion of theoretical uncertainties, specifically those related to the missing higher order uncertainty (MHOU), in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs). We demonstrate how, under quite generic assumptions, theory uncertainties can be included as an extra contribution to the covariance matrix when determining PDFs from data. We then review, clarify, and systematize the use of renormalization and factorization scale variations as a means to estimate MHOUs consistently in deep inelastic and hadronic processes. We define a set of prescriptions for constructing a theory covariance matrix using scale variations, which can be used in global fits of data from a wide range of different processes, based on choosing a set of independent scale variations suitably correlated within and across processes. We set up an algebraic framework for the choice and validation of an optimal prescription by comparing the estimate of MHOU encoded in the next-to-leading order (NLO) theory covariance matrix to the observed shifts between NLO and NNLO predictions. We perform a NLO PDF determination which includes the MHOU, assess the impact of the inclusion of MHOUs on the PDF central values and uncertainties, and validate the results by comparison to the known shift between NLO and NNLO PDFs. We finally study the impact of the inclusion of MHOUs in a global PDF determination on LHC cross-sections, and provide guidelines for their use in precision phenomenology. In addition, we also compare the results based on the theory covariance matrix formalism to those obtained by performing PDF determinations based on different scale choices.
Hawking emission of charged particles from an electrically charged spherical black hole with scalar hair
Authors: Chowdhury Avijit 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA static spherically symmetric black hole usually turns out to be either a Schwarzschild black hole or a Reissner-Nordström black hole. This result was summarised by Ruffini and Wheeler as the so-called no hair conjecture which states that for a spherically symmetric black hole only the information about mass (M) and electric charge (e) of the black hole is available for an external observer. In this work, we calculate the emission rate of charged particles from an asymptotically flat charged spherically symmetric black hole endowed with a scalar hair using a semi-classical tunneling formalism. We observe that the total entropy of the black hole contains an energy-dependent part due to the scalar charge. The upper bound on the charge-mass ratio of the emitted particles is also observed to decrease with the scalar charge as well.