bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pembuatan karbohidrazida dari hidrazin dan asam sianurat
Authors: Putrawan I Dewa Gede Arsa , Ihsan Alfandra , Sofyan S 
Published: March 2020

Hydrazine is commonly used as an oxygen scavenger in boiler feed water treatment. However, this compound is very flammable and is a carcinogenic substance. The industries in developed countries has studied the alternatives for hydrazine since long time ago and started to replace hydrazine. Carbohydrazide is known to be a good alternative for hydrazine. This research is aimed to understand the synthesis routes of carbohydrazide and to determine the best route as well as to develope a detail procedure of carbohydrazide preparation for local application. Literature study showed that carbohydrazide can be made by reacting hydrazine and cyanuric acid, phosgene, dimethyl carbonate or diphenyl carbonate. The synthesis path which is appropriate to be applied in Indonesia is that via cyanuric acid. From laboratory testing, a detail procedure for making carbohydrazide from hydrazine and cyanuric acid has been developed. In the range of experimental conditions studied, carbohydrazide with purity of 90-92% could be obtained with yield of 20-60%.Keywords: Carbohydrazide, cyanuric acid, hydrazine AbstrakHidrazin umumnya digunakan sebagai pengikat oksigen dalam pengolahan air umpan boiler. Akan tetapi, senyawa ini merupakan bahan kimia yang mudah terbakar dan bersifat karsinogenik. Industri-industri di negara maju sudah lama mengkaji alternatif pengganti hidrazin sebagai pengikat oksigen dan sudah mulai meninggalkan hidrazin. Senyawa yang diperkirakan potensial untuk menggantikan hidrazin adalah karbohidrazida. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami rute sintesis karbohidrazida dan menentukan rute yang tepat serta menyusun langkah-langkah detil proses pembuatan karbohidrazida untuk penerapan lokal di tanah air. Studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa karbohidrazida dapat diperoleh dengan mereaksikan hidrazin hidrat dan asam sianurat, fosgen, dimetil karbonat atau difenil karbonat. Alur yang diperkirakan tepat untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia adalah alur melalui asam sianurat. Melalui uji coba di laboratorium, prosedur pembuatan karbohidrazida dari hidrazin dan asam sianurat yang detil telah disusun. Pada kondisi yang dikaji, karbohidrazida dengan kemurnian90-92% dapat disintesis dengan perolehan pada rentang 20-60%.Kata kunci: karbohidrazida, asam sianurat, hidrazin.
Kesetimbangan sorpsi ion seng(ii) pada partikel gambut
Authors: Munawar M 
Published: March 2020

Extensive exposure of zinc(II) ions may cause eminent health problems, such as stomach cramps, skin irritations, vomiting, anaemia, a damage of pancreas, the disturbance of protein metabolism, and also respiratory disorders. Due to these problems, zinc(II) concentration in drinking water should be controlled. Peat is one of the material that can be used to minimize zinc(II) ions from a solution. The study was done to determine the performance and sorption equilibrium of zinc ions onto oligothropic peat particles. The sorption experiments were conducted in a several batch reactor of erlenmeyer flask at a constant temperature of 26 ± 3 oC. The initial zinc ions concentration and pH were varied. Response variable was residual zinc concentration that was measured spectrophotometrically. Experimental data show that the optimum sorption efficiency was about 90% for the initial zinc(II) concentration of 50 mg/L. Sorption equilibrium can be represented by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. For the initial pH of 6, the optimum sorption capacity, qo was 3,736 mg/g, and the Freundlich’s characteristic constant, Kf was about 0,342 L/g. Key words : peat, sorption equilibrium, sorption isotherm, zinc(II) ions AbstrakPaparan ion seng(II) pada kadar tertentu dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah kesehatan seperti kram perut, iritasi kulit, batuk, anemia, kerusakan pankreas, gangguan metabolisme protein, penyumbatan pembuluh darah, hingga kerusakan sistem pernafasan. Karena itu, seng(II) termasuk kategori unsur yang harus dibatasi konsentrasinya dalam air minum. Gambut adalah salah satu material yang dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi ion seng dari larutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari performansi dan kesetimbangan sorpsi ion seng(II) pada partikel gambut oligotropik Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan secara batch di dalam sejumlah labu erlenmeyer pada temperatur konstan 26 ± 3 oC. Eksperimen dilakukan dalam beberapa variasi konsentrasi awal ion seng dan pH. Data primer adalah konsentrasi residual seng dalam larutan yang diukur secara spektrofotometrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi optimum sorpsi mencapai lebih dari 90% untuk konsentrasi awal seng 50 mg/L. Kesetimbangan sorpsi logam seng(II) pada partikel gambut dapat direpresentasikan dengan baik oleh model isoterm Freundlich dan Langmuir. Untuk rentang pH awal 6, nilai kapasitas sorpsi optimum, qo adalah 3,736 mg/g, sedangkan nilai konstanta karakteristik Freundlich, Kf adalah 0,342 L/g. Kata kunci : efisiensi sorpsi, gambut, isoterm sorpsi, ion seng(II)
Resíduos sólidos orgânicos domésticos como substrato potencial para produção de biogás
Authors: Silva Claudionor de Oliveira , Konrad Odorico , Callado Nélia Henriques , Marder Munique , Araujo Liz Geise Santos de 
Published: March 2020

O processo de digestão anaeróbia é uma alternativa de tratamento de materiais orgânicos e produção de energia renovável. A qualidade do biogás é dependente do tipo de substrato inoculado em reatores anaeróbios. Resíduos sólidos orgânicos domésticos apresentam quantidade de matéria orgânica volátil satisfatória para a produção de biogás. Foram identificados junto às empresas de coleta, os roteiros dos caminhões que fazem a coleta de lixo em Maceió. Selecionados os bairros e os caminhões que fazem o roteiro e a coleta de resíduos destes bairros, foi dado início ao levantamento de dados de gravimetria no aterro sanitário. Identificar o potencial de produção de biogás deste resíduo é necessário para buscar outra logística de destinação e reduzir a disposição em aterro sanitário. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial bioquímico de biogás (PBB) e metano (PBM) dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos de origem doméstica (resíduos novos-RN), proveniente do aterro sanitário de Maceió, Alagoas. O ensaio de digestão anaeróbia foi realizado no Sistema Automatizado de Medição de Biogás (SAMB) no Centro de Pesquisa em Energia e Tecnologias Sustentáveis – CPETS/TECNOVATES - Univates/RS. O teste de PBB e PBM foi realizado pelo método padrão de fermentação, descrito na normativa alemã VDI 4630. Foram inoculadas uma triplicata de inóculo como branco (IN), uma triplicata com celulose microcristalina como amostra padrão (CM) e a triplicata com o resíduo sólido orgânico doméstico como substrato (RSOD). A qualidade do biogás foi avaliada por sensor específico de medição de metano e por cromatografia gasosa. O resultado do ensaio de digestão anaeróbia mostra que o RSOD apresenta PBB de 817,70 ± 13,43 m³. tonSV-1 com alto teor de metano (percentual máximo de metano de 75,15 %). Além disso, o período incubação do substrato foi de 17 dias, isso mostra a facilidade dos microrganismos assimilarem este substrato. Considerando os resultados obtidos, destaca-se que o RSOD apresenta potencial energético para uso como substrato em biodigestores anaeróbios.
Sustentabilidade da pecuária leiteira do semiárido brasileiro com base em vulnerabilidade e resiliência socioecológica
Authors: Aguiar Sara Camelo , Lima Vera Lucia Antunes de , Silva Patrícia Ferreira da , Dantas Neto José , Farias Maria Sallydelândia Sobral de 
Published: March 2020

A pecuária leiteira possui estreita relação com os fatores que conduzem a vulnerabilidade e a resiliência dessa atividade, fatores estes que determinam a sustentabilidade desse sistema socioecológico. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a sustentabilidade da pecuária leiteira no semiárido brasileiro com base em vulnerabilidade e resiliência socioecológica. O levantamento de dados foi realizado em 2018 através de questionários para uma amostra de 204 estabelecimentos agropecuários, dividida igualmente entre os municípios paraibanos de Barra de Santana, Boqueirão e Caturité. Considerou-se as variáveis: média do efetivo bovino; o tipo de sistema de produção se intensivo, semi-intensivo ou extensivo; raças mais utilizadas; produção leiteira; forma de comercialização do leite e de aquisição de ração; número de produtores que recebem assistência técnica; área de palma cultivada; área sob ataque e resistentes à Cochonilha-do-carmim. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a uma análise estatística. A vulnerabilidade da pecuária leiteira nos municípios estudados se deve principalmente à falta de assistência técnica aos produtores e a deficiência na utilização de técnicas de manejo visando o controle da Cochonilha-do-carmim, Dactylopius sp e uso de raças com aptidão leiteira. O município de Caturité foi considerado mais resiliente em função da presença de tecnologias de manejo adotadas que resultam no aumento da produtividade e renda dos produtores refletindo na sustentabilidade da atividade. Já Barra de Santana está mais vulnerável devido à baixa produtividade leiteira e à forte presença de intermediários no escoamento da produção comprometendo a sustentabilidade da atividade no município.
Letters, Power Lines, and Other Dangerous Things
Authors: Ellis Ryan 
Published: March 2020

An examination of how post-9/11 security concerns have transformed the public view and governance of infrastructure.
After September 11, 2001, infrastructures—the mundane systems that undergird much of modern life—were suddenly considered “soft targets” that required immediate security enhancements. Infrastructure protection quickly became the multibillion dollar core of a new and expansive homeland security mission. In this book, Ryan Ellis examines how the long shadow of post-9/11 security concerns have remade and reordered infrastructure, arguing that it has been a stunning transformation. Ellis describes the way workers, civic groups, city councils, bureaucrats, and others used the threat of terrorism as a political resource, taking the opportunity not only to address security vulnerabilities but also to reassert a degree of public control over infrastructure.
Nearly two decades after September 11, the threat of terrorism remains etched into the inner workings of infrastructures through new laws, regulations, technologies, and practices. Ellis maps these changes through an examination of three U.S. infrastructures: the postal system, the freight rail network, and the electric power grid. He describes, for example, how debates about protecting the mail from anthrax and other biological hazards spiraled into larger arguments over worker rights, the power of large-volume mailers, and the fortunes of old media in a new media world; how environmental activists leveraged post-9/11 security fears over shipments of hazardous materials to take on the rail industry and the chemical lobby; and how otherwise marginal federal regulators parlayed new mandatory cybersecurity standards for the electric power industry into a robust system of accountability.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
The Future of Brain Repair
Authors: Price Jack 
Published: March 2020

A scientist assesses the potential of stem cell therapies for treating such brain disorders as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Stem cell therapies are the subject of enormous hype, endowed by the media with almost magical qualities and imagined by the public to bring about miracle cures. Stem cells have the potential to generate new cells of different types, and have been shown to do so in certain cases. Could stem cell transplants repair the damaged brain? In this book, neurobiologist Jack Price assesses the potential of stem cell therapies to treat such brain disorders as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries.
Certainly brain disorders are in need of effective treatments. These disorders don't just kill, they disable, and conventional drug therapies have not had much success in treating them. Price explains that repairing the human brain is difficult, largely because of its structural, functional, and developmental complexity. He examines the self-repairing capacity of blood and gut cells—and the lack of such capacity in the brain; describes the limitations of early brain stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative disorders; and discusses current clinical trials that may lead to the first licensed stem cell therapies for stroke, Parkinson's and macular degeneration. And he describes the real promise of pluripotential stem cells, which can make all the cell types that constitute the body.
New technologies, Price reports, challenge the very notion of cell transplantation, instead seeking to convince the brain itself to manufacture the new cells it needs. Could this be the true future of brain repair?
Beyond Bakelite
Authors: Mercelis Joris 
Published: March 2020

The changing relationships between science and industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, illustrated by the career of the “father of plastics.”
The Belgian-born American chemist, inventor, and entrepreneur Leo Baekeland (1863–1944) is best known for his invention of the first synthetic plastic—his near-namesake Bakelite—which had applications ranging from electrical insulators to Art Deco jewelry. Toward the end of his career, Baekeland was called the “father of plastics”—given credit for the establishment of a sector to which many other researchers, inventors, and firms inside and outside the United States had also made significant contributions. In Beyond Bakelite, Joris Mercelis examines Baekeland's career, using it as a lens through which to view the changing relationships between science and industry on both sides of the Atlantic in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He gives special attention to the intellectual property strategies and scientific entrepreneurship of the period, making clear their relevance to contemporary concerns.
Mercelis describes the growth of what he terms the “science-industry nexus” and the developing interdependence of science and industry. After examining Baekeland's emergence as a pragmatic innovator and leader in scientific circles, Mercelis analyzes Baekeland's international and domestic IP strategies and his efforts to reform the US patent system; his dual roles as scientist and industrialist; the importance of theoretical knowledge to the science-industry nexus; and the American Bakelite companies' research and development practices, technically oriented sales approach, and remuneration schemes. Mercelis argues that the expansion and transformation of the science-industry nexus shaped the careers and legacies of Baekeland and many of his contemporaries.
Macroeconomics
Authors: Larraín B. Felipe 
Published: March 2020

An accessible introduction to the basics of macroeconomics and how it affects the local and global economies.
Macroeconomics takes a broad perspective on the economy of a country or region; it studies economic changes in the aggregate, collecting data on production, unemployment, inflation, consumption, investment, trade, and other aspects of national and international economic life. Policymakers depend on macroeconomists' knowledge when making decisions about such issues as taxes and the public budget, monetary and exchange rate policies, and trade policies—all of which, in turn, affect decisions made by individuals and businesses. This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series offers an introduction to the basics of macroeconomics accessible to the noneconomist. Readers will gain the tools to interpret such economic events as the 2008 financial meltdown, the subsequent euro crisis, and the current protectionist dynamics seen in some developed countries.
The author, an academic economist and two-time Chilean Finance Minister, devotes a substantial part of his analysis to economic development, explaining why some countries achieve continuing economic growth while others become stagnant. He discusses the links between economic activity and employment; employment and unemployment rates; factors behind economic growth; money, inflation, and exchange rate systems; fiscal deficits; balance of payment crises; consumption and savings; investment decisions; fiscal policy; and the process of globalization and its macroeconomic implications.
Data Feminism
Authors: D'Ignazio Catherine , Klein Lauren F. 
Published: March 2020

A new way of thinking about data science and data ethics that is informed by the ideas of intersectional feminism.
Today, data science is a form of power. It has been used to expose injustice, improve health outcomes, and topple governments. But it has also been used to discriminate, police, and surveil. This potential for good, on the one hand, and harm, on the other, makes it essential to ask: Data science by whom? Data science for whom? Data science with whose interests in mind? The narratives around big data and data science are overwhelmingly white, male, and techno-heroic. In Data Feminism, Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein present a new way of thinking about data science and data ethics—one that is informed by intersectional feminist thought.
Illustrating data feminism in action, D'Ignazio and Klein show how challenges to the male/female binary can help challenge other hierarchical (and empirically wrong) classification systems. They explain how, for example, an understanding of emotion can expand our ideas about effective data visualization, and how the concept of invisible labor can expose the significant human efforts required by our automated systems. And they show why the data never, ever “speak for themselves.”
Data Feminism offers strategies for data scientists seeking to learn how feminism can help them work toward justice, and for feminists who want to focus their efforts on the growing field of data science. But Data Feminism is about much more than gender. It is about power, about who has it and who doesn't, and about how those differentials of power can be challenged and changed.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from the MIT Libraries.
Playful Visions
Authors: Bak Meredith A. 
Published: March 2020

The kaleidoscope, the stereoscope, and other nineteenth-century optical toys analyzed as “new media” of their era, provoking anxieties similar to our own about children and screens.
In the nineteenth century, the kaleidoscope, the thaumatrope, the zoetrope, the stereoscope, and other optical toys were standard accessories of a middle-class childhood, used both at home and at school. In Playful Visions, Meredith Bak argues that the optical toys of the nineteenth century were the “new media” of their era, teaching children to be discerning consumers of media—and also provoking anxieties similar to contemporary worries about children's screen time. Bak shows that optical toys—which produced visual effects ranging from a moving image to the illusion of depth—established and reinforced a new understanding of vision as an interpretive process. At the same time, the expansion of the middle class as well as education and labor reforms contributed to a new notion of childhood as a time of innocence and play. Modern media culture and the emergence of modern Western childhood are thus deeply interconnected.
Drawing on extensive archival research, Bak discusses, among other things, the circulation of optical toys, and the wide visibility gained by their appearance as printed templates and textual descriptions in periodicals; expanding conceptions of literacy, which came to include visual acuity; and how optical play allowed children to exercise a sense of visual mastery. She examines optical toys alongside related visual technologies including chromolithography—which inspired both chromatic delight and chromophobia. Finally, considering the contemporary use of optical toys in advertising, education, and art, Bak analyzes the endurance of nineteenth-century visual paradigms.
Greening through Trade
Authors: Jinnah Sikina , Morin Jean-Frédéric 
Published: March 2020

How the environmental provisions in US preferential trade agreements affect both the environmental policies of trading partners and the effectiveness of multilateral environmental agreements.
As trade negotiations within the World Trade Organization seem permanently stalled, countries turn increasingly to preferential trade agreements (PTAs) between smaller groups of nations. Many of these PTAs incorporate environmental provisions, some of which require trading partners to enact new domestic environmental laws, and use the enforcement mechanisms available within trade agreements as tools for environmental protection. In Greening through Trade, Sikina Jinnah and Jean-Frédéric Morin provide the first detailed examination of how the environmental provisions in US preferential trade agreements affect both the environmental policies of trading partners and the effectiveness of multilateral environmental agreements. They do so through a combination of in-depth qualitative case studies and quantitative analysis of an original dataset of 688 global PTAs.
Jinnah and Morin explore the effects of linkages between PTAs and environmental treaties and the diffusion of environmental norms and policy through PTAs. Centrally, they argue that US trade agreements can serve as mechanisms both to export environmental policies to trading partner nations and third-party countries and to enhance the effectiveness of multilateral environmental agreements by strengthening their enforcement capacity. They caution that PTAs are not a panacea for environmental governance; deeper problems of unsustainable consumption and differential power dynamics between trading partners must be carefully navigated in deploying trade agreements for environmental protection.
Leading in the Digital World
Authors: Mukherjee Amit S. 
Published: March 2020

The definitive book on leadership in the digital era: why digital technologies call for leadership that emphasizes creativity, collaboration, and inclusivity.
Certain ideas about business leadership are held to be timeless, and certain characteristics of leaders—often including a square jaw, a deep voice, and extroversion—are said to be universal. In Leading in the Digital World, Amit Mukherjee argues that since digital technologies are changing everything else, how could they not change leadership ideologies and styles? As more people worldwide participate equally in business, those assumptions of a leader's ideal profile have become irrelevant. Offering a radical rethinking of leadership, Mukherjee shows why digital technologies call for a new kind of leader—one who emphasizes creativity, collaboration, and inclusivity.
Drawing on a global survey of 700 mid-tier to senior executives and interviews with C-level executives from around the world, Mukherjee explains how digital technologies are already reshaping organizations and work and what this means for leaders. For example, globally dispersed businesses can't reserve key leadership roles for people from exclusive groups; leadership must become inclusive, or fail. Leaders must learn to collaborate in a multipolar world of networked organizations, working with co-located and non-co-located colleagues. Leaders must lead for creativity rather than productivity. Focusing on practice, Mukherjee outlines goals and strategies, warns against unthinking assumptions, and explains how leaders can identify the mindsets, behaviors, and actions they need to pursue. With Leading in the Digital World, Mukherjee offers the definitive book on leadership for the digital era.