bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward microelimination of hepatitis C and HIV coinfection in NHS Tayside, Scotland: Real‐world outcomes
Authors: Byrne Christopher , Robinson Emma , Rae Nikolas , Dillon John F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsNHS Tayside is a health board in Scotland which serves around 400 000 residents. Approximately, 2761 are estimated to be persons who inject drugs (PWID), and therefore at risk of infections such as hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV. There are few studies exploring mechanisms and success of eliminating HCV in HIV co‐infected PWID using real‐world data. This study aims to empirically assess HCV treatment outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV) to evaluate progress toward microelimination of HCV in the HIV‐positive population in Tayside.MethodsHCV testing and treatment details for PLHIV stored on clinical databases dating from 2001 were extracted and anonymized. HCV treatment uptake among co‐infected patients eligible for HCV treatment was calculated. Reinfection incidence was calculated in person years. Confidence intervals were calculated assuming Poisson distribution. Caldicott Guardian approval was obtained to access patient data (ref: IGTCAL 5677).ResultsNinety‐six percent of PLHIV were tested for HCV across nine services and aware of their HCV status. From 2001 to 2019, 58 PLHIV were HCV co‐infected. Four left the area and five died prior to HCV treatment. Forty‐nine were eligible for HCV treatment. Thirty were treated with PEGylated interferon (Peg‐IFN); 18 with direct acting antivirals (DAA). One is yet to be treated. Twelve treated with Peg‐IFN did not achieve sustained viral response (SVR12); 10 were retreated, two died prior to re‐treatment. Injecting drug use was the mode of HCV transmission for 39 of 49 patients. Proportion who achieved SVR12 is 75%; 92% if treated with DAAs. Annual proportions of PLHIV treated for HCV increased from 3.57% in the Peg‐IFN era to 66.67% in the DAA era. Reinfection incidence is 0.2 per 100 person years (CI −0.3 to 0.7).ConclusionsNHS Tayside has made progress toward microelimination of HCV among PLHIV. The most common mode of HCV transmission in PLHIV in NHS Tayside is injecting drug use. DAAs increased the proportion of co‐infected PLHIV treated for HCV and produced superior SVR12 results compared to Peg‐IFN.
Successful recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 in a living kidney transplant recipient using low‐dose methylprednisolone
Authors: Tanaka Ryo , Kakuta Yoichi , Tsutahara Koichi , Nakagawa Masahiro , Ichimaru Naotsugu , Sakaguchi Katsuhiko , Kato Taigo , Imamura Ryoichi , Nonomura Norio , Takao Tetsuya 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionThe data of immunosuppressive therapy management on solid organ transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 are insufficient. We report a kidney transplant recipient who developed coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia, with successful management of low‐dose mPSL.Case presentationA 36‐year‐old man, who underwent living kidney transplantation 1.5 year prior, developed fever. After 10 days, he developed dyspnea, and his blood oxygen levels decreased. Computed tomography showed pulmonary ground‐glass shadow on both lungs, and the coronavirus disease 2019 real‐time polymerase chain reaction test was positive. After reducing the immunosuppressive agents, the C‐reactive protein levels continued elevating, and the pulmonary shadow spread. Subsequently, low‐dose methylprednisolone (40 mg/day) was administered for 4 days and his C‐reactive protein and blood oxygen levels increased and improved, respectively. The coronavirus disease 2019 real‐time polymerase chain reaction test was negative and the pulmonary shadow disappeared.ConclusionLow‐dose methylprednisolone may prevent the development of severe coronavirus disease 2019.
Antitumor activity of sitagliptin and vitamin B12 on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma solid tumor in mice
Authors: Salah Rania , Salama Mohamed F. , Mahgoub Hebatallah A. , El‐Sherbini El‐Said 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study was carried out to investigate the potential effects of vitamin B12 and sitagliptin, and their possible synergistic effect with doxorubicin (DOX) on the Ehrlich solid tumor model. B12, sitagliptin, and their combination with DOX were administered to tumor‐bearing mice for 21 days. Treatment with B12, sitagliptin, as well as their combinations with DOX caused a significant inhibition of tumor growth and increased the survival time. Malondialdehyde levels and the relative expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α and nuclear factor kappa B were significantly decreased, whereas the total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased in all treated groups, except the DOX‐treated one, when compared with the positive control group. Moreover, increased apoptosis was also observed by increased cleaved caspase‐3 immunostaining and histopathological examination. In conclusion, the antitumor activity of B12 and sitagliptin could be attributed to their ability to induce apoptosis and suppress oxidative stress and inflammation.
Highly sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method for tramadol trace level detection and process optimization using response surface methodology
Authors: Aghamiri Zahra , Safaei Mohadeseh , Shishehbor Masoud Reza 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTramadol is a centrally acting analgesic‐anodyne agent of high oral bioavailability. The tramadol contains a weakly absorbing chromophore in its molecule and it was determined by kinetic spectrophotometric method in pharmaceutical, urine, and blood plasma. Response surface methodology and the central composite design was applied to study the influence of maximum sensitivity, reagents concentration, temperature, and time on the UV–Vis spectrophotometry analysis of tramadol. Analysis of variance showed a high coefficient of determination (R2) value for responses, confirming adjustment of the models with experimental data. The change in absorbance was followed spectrophotometrically at 478 nm. Under optimum experimental conditions, calibration curve was linear over the range 0.45–100.0 μg/L of tramadol. The limit of detection was 0.12 μg/L of tramadol. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of tramadol in real samples.
“This was 1976 reinvented”: The role of framing in the development of a South African youth movement
Authors: Kirshner Ben , Tivaringe Tafadzwa , Fernández Jesica Siham 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe literature on contemporary youth organizing has documented psychological benefits associated with participation and some evidence of local political impact. But how do local organizing campaigns transform into regional or national movements? This is a practical question facing youth organizers and one that calls for attention from researchers. In this article, we draw on 3 years of ethnographic fieldwork with South Africa's Equal Education (EE) to analyze collective action frames that enabled EE youth to assert legitimacy and construct shared aims across locales. Our findings focus on how youth constructedhistorical continuity framesthat lent them legitimacy as upholders of the South African freedom struggle andflexible problem framesthat linked young people's local struggles, such as inadequate sanitation or broken windows at their schools, to a national policy agenda. We discuss connections to other youth movements and implications for the interdisciplinary youth organizing field.
Barriers to and facilitators of community participation among Latinx migrants with disabilities in the United States and Latinx migrant workers in Canada: An ecological analysis
Authors: Suarez‐Balcazar Yolanda , Viquez Floryana , Miranda Daniela , Early Amy R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAbstract Individuals migrate to improve their wellbeing and quality of life, and often experience adverse situations, both during the process of migration and once within the host country. The purpose of this paper is to unpack the barriers to and facilitators of community participation, among Latinx immigrants with disabilities in the United States and Latinx migrant workers in Canada, following the Social Ecological Model. The authors draw from an appraisal of existing literature and their own participatory research with Latinx immigrants. Based on this integrative literature review, Latinx experience individual issues such as language barriers and lack of knowledge of the services available to them. At the community level they experience discrimination, limited opportunities for community participation, and lack of opportunities for meaningful employment. At the systemic and policy level in the United States, the antimigrant political environment keeps Latinx immigrants with disabilities from participating in their communities due to fear of deportation. In Canada, Latinx workers experience the paradox of migration and discrimination. The discussion of barriers and facilitators is followed by recommendations for community research and action.
Telocytes in the hearts of Saanen goats
Authors: Selviler‐Sizer Sedef , Kabak Yonca Betil , Kabak Murat 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTelocytes, new interstitial cells that have received significant attention in recent years, have been detected in many organs, including the heart. The distinction between telocytes and other interstitial cells can only be made based on their ultrastructural characterization and immunophenotypic features. In this study, we examined the interstitial cells in the healthy heart tissues of Saanen goats to determine whether they are telocytes or not, by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining methods. The SEM revealed oval and round telocytes with two to four telopodes. Some telopodes also had podoms. The staining for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods used for CD34, c‐kit (CD117), and vimentin antibodies. Positive cells were detected in the heart muscle and heart valves by immunohistochemical staining. As these antigens can also be expressed by other non‐telocyte cells, we used double immunofluorescence staining with CD34/c‐kit and CD34/vimentin antibodies to identify true telocytes. Telocytes were determined in the right atrium and aortic valve. While telocytes were CD34+/c‐kit+ and CD34+/vimentin+, fibroblasts were CD34−/vimentin+. These results confirm the presence of telocytes in the hearts of Saanen goats.
Sarcoidosis is associated with lower risks of penetrating disease and colectomy in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Jiang Yi , Rim Daniel S , Rodgers Brandon , Ahlawat Sushil 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and AimInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and sarcoidosis, primarily considered distinct entities, share commonalties in pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. This study aimed to examine the in‐hospital outcomes of patients with concurrent IBD and sarcoidosis.MethodsThe National Inpatient Sample was used to identify hospitalized adult patients with IBD and sarcoidosis from 2010 to 2014. Primary outcomes were in‐hospital mortality, rates of septic shock, acute renal failure, respiratory failure, length of stay, and total hospitalization charges. Secondary outcomes were IBD‐specific complications and surgery interventions.ResultsA total of 3995 patients with IBD and coexisting sarcoidosis (IBD/sarcoidosis), of which 2500 patients had Crohn's disease with coexisting sarcoidosis (Crohn's disease [CD]/sarcoidosis) and 1495 patients had ulcerative colitis with coexisting sarcoidosis (ulcerative colitis [UC]/sarcoidosis), were included. Patients with IBD/sarcoidosis had a lower risk of penetrating disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16–0.55, P < 0.0001) and colectomy (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27–0.84, P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis demonstrated lower rates of colectomy when comparing CD/sarcoidosis (P < 0.05) and UC/sarcoidosis (P = 0.0003) versus CD or UC alone. There was no difference in mortality.ConclusionIBD/sarcoidosis is associated with lower risks of penetrating disease and colectomy when compared to patients with IBD alone.
Technical considerations for positioning and placement of a transperineal ultrasound probe during prostate radiotherapy
Authors: Pang Eric Pei Ping , Knight Kellie , Leung Ronnie Wing‐Kin , Wang Michael Lian Chek , Chan Jason Wei Siang , Low Gee Keng , Seah Irene Kai Ling , Atan Muhammad Asri Bin , Chai Jairia Yih Huei , Ng Grace Chuk‐Kwan , Yang Tommy Chung‐Sing , Tuan Jeffrey Kit Loong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis technical evaluation aims to provide practice ‘how to’ guidelines for radiation therapists (RTs) when positioning a transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) probe during prostate radiotherapy. Recommendations and practical tips will be provided for the best practice in TPUS‐guided workflow to obtain optimal ultrasound images for accurate interpretation and registration of the prostate gland. This will assist the RTs in making consistent and accurate clinical decision in an ultrasound‐guided radiotherapy workflow for prostate treatment. The implementation process and the associated successes and challenges will also be described to assist institutions who may be investigating the potential of implementing this system.
Less severe clinical symptoms of Norwalk virus 8fIIb inoculum compared to its precursor 8fIIa from human challenge studies
Authors: Liu Pengbo , Rahman Mumu , Leon Juan , Moe Christine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNoroviruses (NoV) are a leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. Human challenge studies have been used to examine the infectivity, pathogenicity, and host immune response to NoV as well as vaccine efficacy. The goal of this study was to conduct a meta‐analysis of data from five previously completed human challenge trials and compare the response to the secondary NV inoculum (8fIIb) to its precursor (8fIIa). We investigated a total of 158 subjects: 76 subjects were experimentally challenged with NV inoculum 8fIIa, and 82 subjects were challenged with 8fIIb. We compared demographic characteristics, infection, illness, mean severity score, blood types, and duration of viral shedding between the two groups of subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in overall infection and illness rates between subjects inoculated with 8fIIa and 8fIIb. However, individuals challenged with 8fIIa had significantly higher severity scores (5.05 vs. 3.22, p = .008) compared with those challenged with 8fIIb. We also observed that infection with 8fIIb was associated with significantly longer duration of viral shedding compared with 8fIIa (11.0 days vs. 5.0 days, p = .0005). These results have serious implications for the development of new NoV inocula for human challenge studies to test candidate vaccine efficacy—where illness severity and duration of viral shedding are important outcomes.
228‐nm quadrupled quasi‐three‐level Nd:GdVO4 laser for ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of explosives and biological molecules
Authors: Bykov Sergei V. , Roppel Ryan D. , Mao Michael , Asher Sanford A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe describe a new compact diode‐pumped solid‐state frequency quadrupled quasi‐three‐level neodymium‐doped gadolinium vanadate (Nd:GdVO4) laser that generates ~50 mW of 228‐nm quasi‐continuous wave light as ns pulses at a tunable kilohertz repetition rate. We developed two generations of this laser. The first generation has a high duty cycle and a tunable repetition rate. The second generation is optimized for maximum output power. We utilize these new lasers to measure ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectra of many important chromophores that absorb in deep ultraviolet (UV). We demonstrate the utility of this excitation by measuring the 228‐nm absolute differential Raman cross sections of explosives, peptides, aromatic amino acids, and DNA/RNA nucleotides. Deep UV excitation at 228 nm occurs within the π → π* electronic transitions of these molecules. The 228‐nm resonance excitation enhances the Raman intensities of vibrations of NOx groups, peptide bonds, aromatic amino acid side chains, and DNA/RNA nucleotides. The measured 228‐nm UVRR cross sections of these molecules are 103–104 fold greater than those excited in the visible spectral region. These new lasers should be of great interest for UVRR spectroscopy and for other applications that benefit from compact, high average power deep UV laser light sources with low peak powers.
Temporal Overlap Among Feral Horses, Cattle, and Native Ungulates at Water Sources
Authors: Hennig Jacob D. , Beck Jeffrey L. , Gray Caleb J. , Scasta J. Derek 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTFeral horse (Equus ferus caballus) populations on public rangelands in the western United States threaten forage production for livestock and wildlife habitat. Interference competition between feral horses and heterospecifics at watering sources can have negative effects on livestock and wildlife. Researchers have documented altered timing and behavior of wild ungulates at water sources when horses were present. The few studies examining these interactions have infrequently occurred within areas specifically managed for feral equids and have not occurred in sites with cattle. We used motion‐sensitive cameras at 8 watering sources to document watering activity patterns and construct indices of temporal overlap among feral horses, cattle, elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) within the Adobe Town Herd Management Area in southern Wyoming, USA, between June and September 2018 and 2019. Feral horses, cattle, and pronghorn exhibited a high degree of temporal overlap (>79%) in water use, with feral horses and pronghorn exhibiting the highest estimated percent overlap (88.1%, 95% CI = 86.5–89.6%). Mule deer and elk watering activity also overlapped with horses and cattle but to a lesser degree (<55%). Feral horses spent a mean of 16.7 ± 30.5 (SD) minutes during a watering event and were present at a given water source on average 4.5 ± 6.3% and up to 34.9% of the day, which is less than reported in previous studies. Cattle spent on average 23.5 ± 44.9 minutes during a watering event, and were present on average 4.2 ± 7.7% and up to 42.4% of the day at a single water source. Results of generalized linear mixed‐effects models indicated that number of conspecifics was the strongest predictor of visit duration for pronghorn and horses; hour of the day and group size of heterospecifics were informative, but less important, variables. There was no difference in peak visitation time for any species between sites of high versus low horse or cattle use. Despite temporal overlap, we did not find evidence of interference competition between feral horses, cattle, and pronghorn. We recommend future examination of interference competition and its biological consequences between introduced and native ungulates at water sources of varying size across sites, equid population levels, and livestock stocking rates. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Simulating Strategic Implementation of the CRP to Increase Greater Prairie‐Chicken Abundance
Authors: Adkins Kalysta , Roy Charlotte L. , Wright Robert G. , Andersen David E. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTThe Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has the potential to influence the distribution and abundance of grasslands in many agricultural landscapes, and thereby provide habitat for grassland‐dependent wildlife. Greater prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) are a grassland‐dependent species with large area requirements and have been used as an indicator of grassland ecosystem function; they are also a species of conservation concern across much of their range. Greater prairie‐chicken populations respond to the amount and configuration of grasslands and wetlands in agriculturally dominated landscapes, which in turn can be influenced by the CRP; however, CRP enrollments and enrollment caps have declined from previous highs. Therefore, prioritizing CRP reenrollments and new enrollments to achieve the greatest benefit for grassland‐dependent wildlife seems prudent. We used models relating either lek density or the number of males at leks to CRP enrollments and the resulting landscape structure to predict changes in greater prairie‐chicken abundance related to changes in CRP enrollments. We simulated 3 land‐cover scenarios: expiration of existing CRP enrollments, random, small‐parcel (4,040 m2) addition of CRP grasslands, and strategic, large‐parcel (80,000 m2) addition of CRP grasslands. Large‐parcel additions were the average enrollment size in northwestern Minnesota, USA, within the context of a regional prairie restoration plan. In our simulations of CRP enrollment expirations, the abundance of greater prairie‐chickens declined when grassland landscape contiguity declined with loss of CRP enrollments. Simulations of strategic CRP enrollment with large parcels to increase grassland contiguity more often increased greater prairie‐chicken abundance than random additions of the same area in small parcels that did not increase grassland contiguity. In some cases, CRP enrollments had no or a negative predicted change in greater prairie‐chicken abundance because they provided insufficient grassland contiguity on the landscape, or increased cover‐type fragmentation. Predicted greater prairie‐chicken abundance increased under large‐parcel and small‐parcel scenarios of addition of CRP grassland; the greatest increases were associated with large‐parcel additions. We suggest that strategic application of the CRP to improve grassland contiguity can benefit greater prairie‐chicken populations more than an opportunistic approach lacking consideration of the larger landscape context. Strategic implementation of the CRP can benefit greater prairie‐chicken populations in northwestern Minnesota, and likely elsewhere in landscapes where grassland continuity may be a limiting factor. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Virtual Reality as Distraction Analgesia and Anxiolysis for Pediatric Otolaryngology Procedures
Authors: Liu Katherine Y. , Ninan Sen J. , Laitman Benjamin M. , Goldrich David Y. , Iloreta Alfred M. , Londino Aldo V. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives/HypothesisWhile virtual reality (VR) has been used as analgesia and anxiolysis for invasive procedures, no literature exists on the use of VR in the pediatric otolaryngology setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of VR in reducing pain and anxiety for pediatric otolaryngology patients.Study DesignRandomized controlled trial.MethodsA total of 53 patients aged 7–17 undergoing in‐office nasal endoscopies were included. Patients were randomized to receive VR or standard of care. Procedural pain, anxiety, and satisfaction scores were recorded from patients and caregivers. The physician filled out a childhood emotional manifestation scale (CEMS).ResultsPatients in VR group reported a significant decrease in pain (0.80 ± 1.06 vs. 2.26 ± 2.38, P = .018) and anxiety (9.50 ± 12.48 vs. 38.48 ± 29.83, P = .0002) and increase in procedural satisfaction (6.40 ± 0.77 vs. 4.74 ± 1.74, P = .0002) compared to patients in control group. CEMS scores were significantly reduced in VR group (5.15 ± 0.46 vs. 9.64 ± 5.66, P = .0001) and caregiver anxiety levels were significantly reduced in VR group (11.50 ± 17.67 vs. 27.39 ± 30.48, P = .041) compared to control group. There were no reported side effects. Procedural time did not significantly differ between groups.ConclusionsFor pediatric otolaryngology patients undergoing in‐office nasal endoscopies, VR is a safe and effective form of distraction analgesia and anxiolysis, significantly reducing pain and increasing procedural satisfaction for patients. In addition, VR significantly reduces anxiety for both patients and caregivers without disrupting procedural efficiency and workflow.Level of Evidence2. Laryngoscope, 131:E1714–E1721, 2021