bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Por uma racionalidade ambiental: reflexões acerca dos regramentos propostos para pesca da tainha no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos/RS
Authors: Walter Tatiana , Caldasso Liandra Peres , Fischer Jéssica , Almeida Ivanilda Foster 
Published: December 2019

As reflexões aqui expostas versam sobre a contribuição do Estado, apoiado no discurso científico, em regulações ambientais que têm como premissa uma visão dicotômica entre sociedade e ambiente. Ao não reconhecerem outras racionalidades na relação com o ambiente, as normativas nada mais são do que mecanismos promotores de conflitos ambientais. Nossa análise tem como suporte as normativas em vigor com vistas à gestão da tainha no sudeste e sul do Brasil, em especial, no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos/RS. Verificamos que as proposições se dão em uma perspectiva biologicista e estado-centrada que, ao mesmo tempo em que, inviabilizam a manutenção dos modos de vida dos pescadores(as) artesanais desta região, dão sustentação a uma pesca industrial destinada ao mercado externo.

For an environmental rationality: reflections about the proposed rules for fishing for mullet in the estuary of Lagoa dos Patos / RS

The reflections presented here discuss the contribution of the Statein
environmental regulations, supported by the scientific discourse predominantly of fisheries biology, that have as premise a dichotomous vision between society and environment. By not recognizing other rationalities in relation to the environment, the regulations are nothing more than mechanisms that promote environmental conflicts. Our analysis is based on current regulations for the management of mullet fisheries in the southeast and south of Brazil, especially in the estuary of Patos Lagoon/RS. We have verified that the propositions take place in a biologicist and state-centered perspective that, at the same time, make it impossible to maintain the livelihoods of the artisanal fishers of this region, and give support to an industrial fishing destined to the external market.

Key-words: artisanal fisheries, environmental conflicts, fisheries management, mullet, Patos Lagoon / RS.
Impact of Pressure on the Parameters of Pea Straw Compaction
Authors: Kulig Ryszard , Łysiak Grzegorz , Krzysiak Zbigniew , Wójcik Monika , Różyło Renata 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the results of pea straw compaction efficiency tests. The compliance of the tested material to pressure agglomeration was assessed depending on the compaction pressure used (45-113 MPa). The compaction was carried out using a Zwick testing machine, type Z020/TN2S, and a closed die pressing unit. It was found that, along with the pressure increase, the material density in the chamber increased (from 1.255 to 1.76 g∙cm−3), as well as the agglomerate's density (from 0.739 to 1.05 g∙cm−3) and the product's mechanical resistance (from 0.31 to 0.69 MPa). Increasing the compaction pressure in the analyzed range increased the unit value of compaction work, from 17.16 to 34.27 J·g−1.
Reilustrar Alice: Tentativas de Escapar à tentação da Disney
Authors: Ramos Ana Margarida 
Published: December 2019

Este estudo analisa as implicações da ilustração e da edição no processo de leitura de obras conotadas com o universo da literatura para a infância e juventude, identificando, a partir da obra mais emblemática de Lewis Carroll, Alice no País das Maravilhas(1865), alguns volumes e recriações mais marcantes e procedendo à sua análise. O impacto dos elementos visuais e materiais, como a ilustração e o design gráfico, onde se incluem aspetos como o formato, a paginação ou as dimensões do volume, entre outros, surge associado à tradição imagética da obra, fortemente dominada pela adaptação para cinema de animação realizada por Walt Disney, em 1951, que rapidamente se sobrepôs à iconografia da edição original, da autoria de John Tenniel, colocando inúmeros desafios aos criadores contemporâneos, sobre os quais importa refletir.
The Impact of Listening Phonological Errors on Speaking : A Case Study on English Education
Authors: PURNAMA Syahfitri , FARİKAH Farikah , PURWANTO Burhan Eko , WARDHANİ Sri , KHOLİD İdham , HUDA Syamsul , JOEMSİTTİPRASERT Watcharin 
Published: December 2019

Phonological errors in communicating will let the listener gain a different meaning and communication becomes impeded. The students’ errors are due to their lack of understanding of the sound system of language, as their second-language acquisition. The problem in this research is what type of phonological errors are made by students when they are listening to the short story and will impact on their speaking. The data is conducted in the language laboratory of The National University in Jakarta by second-semester students in the subject of Spoken English. in the Faculty of Letters, English Department. The purpose of this research study is to learnthe difficulties of students when learning Basic Spoken English. The method used is descriptive with content analysis techniques. The result showed the most the biggest of surface structure taxonomy of phonological errors created by the students when they are listening to the short story and has impacted on speaking is global errors in diphthong (61,29%). This is because in Indonesian there is no sound of a diphthong. These global errors will have an effect on good communication. The students should study the phonological system in the target language, especially diphthong sound, in addition to vowels and consonants. It is expected that the lecturer often guides students’ pronunciation based on the point and the manner of articulation and improve if they are not able to.
Precarious Work of English Language Teaching in Canada
Authors: Breshears Sherry 
Published: December 2019

This article draws from the concept of precarious employment to better understand the working conditions of teachers of adult English as an additional language (EAL) learners in Canada. I examine previously published research on the employment situations of this group of educators, drawing from data that have been gathered using interviews and surveys with teachers of adult English language and literacy learners over the past two decades. The findings of the review suggest that precarious employment in the form of part-time and temporary work, low wages, unpaid work hours, and multiple job holding is pervasive in this sector and that such conditions have persisted for decades. I propose that approaches developed in labour studies can assist in generating a better understanding of the ways that work insecurity affects these teachers’ lives and pedagogical practices and suggest directions for further research into the intersections of working conditions and quality of education in this field. In particular, I suggest that precarious employment is produced by language and immigration policy frameworks and funding models and is linked to teacher and student identities. The article concludes by considering ways in which stakeholders can challenge employment insecurity and its associated precarity.
Cet article fait appel au concept de la précarité de l’emploi pour mieux faire comprendre les conditions de travail des professeurs d’anglais langue additionnelle (EAL) pour adultes au Canada. J’y jette un regard sur les recherches déjà publiées sur la situation de ce groupe d’éducatrices et d’éducateurs en matière d’emploi en m’appuyant sur des données obtenues dans le cadre d’entrevues et de sondages réalisés au cours des deux dernières décennies auprès de professeurs d’anglais langue seconde pour adultes et d’étudiantes et étudiants en alphabétisation. Les conclusions de cet examen indiquent que la précarité de l’emploi, qu’elle se décline sous forme de travail à temps partiel ou temporaire, de faibles salaires, d’heures de travail non rémunérées ou de cumul d’emplois, est omniprésente dans ce secteur, et que ce sont là des conditions qui persistent depuis des décennies. Je mets en avant que les approches développées dans le domaine des relations de travail peuvent nous aider à mieux comprendre les façons dont une telle insécurité d’emploi affecte la vie et les pratiques pédagogiques de ces enseignantes et enseignants, et ce, en suggérant des orientations pour des recherches plus poussées sur les points de rencontre entre les conditions de travail et la qualité de l’enseignement dans ce domaine. Je suggère en particulier que la précarité de l’emploi est le résultat des cadres de politique et des modes de financement en matière de langue et d’immigration et qu’elle est liée aux identités des enseignants et des étudiants. L’article se termine sur un examen des façons dont les intervenants peuvent remettre en cause l’insécurité d’emploi et la précarité qui lui est associée.
Zimbabwe Language Policy: Continuity or Radical Change?
Authors: Sibanda Lovemore 
Published: December 2019

The Zimbabwe government introduced a new language policy in education to change the colonial language policy seven years after attaining independence. So much was expected from the postcolonial language. The use of English as the media of instruction during the colonial era was problematic. It denied Africans to describe the world in their languages. Native languages were marginalized and neglected. Africans were robbed of their self-worth and identity. It is against this background that the Zimbabwean government African states after attaining independence and sovereignty pursued an agenda of linguistic decolonization. This paper evaluates the implementation of Zimbabwe's language policy after it gained independence from Britain in 1980. We argue that despite the claim by the Zimbabwe government that it is a revolutionary government which would completely overhaul all colonial structures, institutions, and policies, the implementation of the language policy is a continuity, rather a radical change. Colonial language policy fundamentals are intact and present in the current language policy. English is still the dominant language of instruction. Indigenous languages are considered inferior and on the verge of extinction. The policy failed where it matters most—decolonizing the mind. Zimbabwe needs a sound language policy in education to shake off vestiges of a colonial legacy, and allow children to go to school in their languages to achieve the overall goal of education for all. The language policy must be developed through a broad-based consultative process with specific implementation strategies and commitment by government and non-governmental agencies for funding its implementation.
Simulation of Navigation Receiver for Ultra-Small Satellite
Authors: Spiridonov A. A. , Ushakov D. V. , Saechnikov V. A. 
Published: December 2019

Currently, ultra-small satellite aresubjectstostringentrequirementsintermsoftheaccuracyof determining the position of the satellite in orbit, while the satellite is the subject to restrictions on mass, size and power consumption. The aim of this work is to simulate of navigation receiver operation for the ultra-small satellite with restrictions on energy consumption and computational resources.The operating conditions are considered and the requirements to the onboard navigation receiver for the ultra-small satellite are determined. The navigation receiver operation at the initial stage, performance testing, error detection, analysis of the reliability of the solution of the navigation-time determination problem are described.The structure of the design ballistics problems for orbit prediction of ultra-small spacecraft and navigation satellites, radio visibility intervals for GLONASS and GPS systems, parameters of navigation signals have been developed.The motion relative to the satellite systems GPS and GLONASS for a preliminary orbit of СubeBel-1 have been simulated. The Doppler dynamics of the GPS satellite signals in the receiver without restrictions on the relative speed for one day has been calculated. Radio visibility intervals for GPS and GLONASS satellites were calculated and optimal conditions for the cold start of the navigation receiver with a relative speed limit (Vr < 500 m/s) for 1 hour of operation both in separate and in joint operation on both systems were determined.To test the verification methods of the experimental data of the СubeBel-1 satellite, the operation of the navigation receiver of the Nsight satellite was studied according to the received telemetry from the beginning of its flight until the moment it entered stable operation.It is shown that the telemetry data of the navigation receiver at the testing stage had a significant error. After software correction, the navigation receiver worked steadily throughout the week of observation, the error of longitude and latitude measurements did not exceed 0.2 degrees.
Scattering of Elastic Waves by an Inhomogeneous Boundary in the Acoustic Testing of Permanent Joints
Authors: Baev A. R. , Levkovich N. V. , Mayorov A. L. , Asadchaya M. V. 
Published: December 2019

Improving the reliability and testing performance of permanent joints оf different materials made by welding, spraying, gluing, soldering and other methods is an important production task, for which the ultrasonic method is the simplest and most effective. The purpose of this work was to expand the technical possibilities and increase the sensitivity of ultrasonic testing of adhesion defects of materials joints based on the establishment of laws governing the formation of a scattering field of elastic waves from an inhomogeneous boundary in three-dimensional space and issuing recommendations for the development of suggested method.For the first time, in the framework of classical concepts, the scattering fields of elastic waves of an acoustic beam with a circular cross section moving across the boundary of a semi-infinite defect are calculated. It is proposed to use a phase shift between the waves reflected from the indicated surfaces, which varies in the range of π/4–π, as an important parameter of the material joint's defect. It has a significant effect on the field pattern and its angular amplitude extrema — minima and maxima of different orders when the defect boundary is moved relative to the center of the acoustic beam spot.The features of the evolution of the structure of the scattering field are established, which make it possible to identify optimal conditions for the detection of weakly reflective defects in sound. It is shown that it is possible in principle to estimate the defect's area by measuring a change in the amplitude of the primary maximum of the radiation pattern of the scattered waves.Specific examples show the effectiveness of using the proposed method for a number of practical applications.
Urban-Rural Disparities in Treatment Outcomes Among Recurrent TB Cases in Zambia
Authors: Mutembo Simon , Mutanga Jane Namangolwa , Musokotwane Kebby , Kanene Cuthbert , Dobbin Kevin , Yao Xiaobai , Li Changwe , Marconi Vincent , Whalen Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
At least 13 – 20% of all Tuberculosis (TB) cases are recurrent TB. Recurrent TB has critical public health importance because recurrent TB patients have high risk of Multi-Drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB). It is critical to understand variations in the prevalence and treatment outcomes of recurrent TB between different geographical settings.
The objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of recurrent TB among TB cases and compare risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes between rural and urban settings.
Methods
In a retrospective cohort study conducted in southern province of Zambia, we used mixed effects logistic regression to asses associations between explanatory and outcome variables. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality and exposure was setting (rural/urban). Data was abstracted from the facility TB registers.
Results
Overall 3,566 recurrent TB cases were diagnosed among 25,533 TB patients. The prevalence of recurrent TB was 15.3% (95% CI: 14.8 15.9) in urban and 11.3% (95% CI: 10.7 12.0) in rural areas. Death occurred in 197 (5.5%), 103 (2.9%) were lost to follow-up, and 113 (3.2%) failed treatment. Rural settings had 70% higher risk of death (adjusted OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2 2.7). Risk of lost to follow-up was twice higher in rural than urban (adjusted OR: 2.0 95% CI: 1.3 3.0). Compared to HIV-uninfected, HIV-infected individuals on Anti-retroviral Treatment (ART) were 70% more likely to die (adjusted OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2 3.1).
Conclusion
Recurrent TB prevalence was generally high in both urban and rural settings. The risk of mortality and lost to follow-up was higher among rural patients. We recommend a well-organized Directly Observed Therapy strategy adapted to setting where heightened TB control activities are focused on areas with poor treatment outcomes.
Effect of arsenic stress on 5-methylcytosine, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient content in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica (L.) var. Albo-lineata
Authors: Zemanová Veronika , Popov Marek , Pavlíková Daniela , Kotrba Pavel , Hnilička František , Česká Jana , Pavlík Milan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Arsenic toxicity induces a range of metabolic responses in plants, including DNA methylation. The focus of this paper was on the relationship between As-induced stress and plant senescence in the hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica var. Albo-lineata (Pc-Al). We assume difference in physiological parameters and level of DNA methylation in young and old fronds as first symptoms of As low toxicity. Results The As accumulation of Pc-Al fronds, grown in pots of haplic chernozem contaminated with 100 mg As kg-1 for 122 days, decreased with age. Content of As was higher in young than old fronds (2800 and 2000 mg As kg-1 dry matter, respectively). Opposite trend – increase with age, was confirmed for determined nutrients – Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. A significant elevation of all analysed nutrients was showed in old fronds. Arsenic accumulation affected DNA methylation status in fronds, but content of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) decreased only in old fronds of Pc-Al (from 25% to 15%). Determined photosynthetic processes showed a decrease of fluorescence, photosynthetic rate and chlorophylls of As treatment in young and old fronds. Water potential was decreased by As in both fronds. Thinning of the sclerenchymatous inner cortex and a reduction in average tracheid metaxylem in the vascular cylinder was showed in roots of As treatment. Irrespective to fronds age, physiological parameters correlated more significantly with a 5mC than with direct As toxicity. Similar trend was found for contents of Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. Conclusions The results of this paper point to first changes in the metabolism of the hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, upon exposure to As contamination. The significant impact of As on DNA methylation was found in old fronds. Irrespective to fronds age, the most significant correlations were confirmed for 5mC, in contrast to direct As toxicity. Our analysis of the very low water potential values and lignification of cell walls in roots showed that transports of assimilated metabolites and water between roots and fronds were reduced. As was showed by our results, epigenetic changes could affect studied parameters of the As hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, especially in old fronds.
Multilocus phylogeny and cryptic diversity of white-toothed shrews (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Crocidura) in China
Authors: Author) shunde Chen(Former Corresponding , Qing Jiao , Liu Zhu , Liu Yang , Tang Mingkun , Murphy Robert W , Pu Yingting , Wang Xuming , Tang Keyi , Guo Keji , Jiang xuelong , Author) shaoying Liu(New Corresponding 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background: Crocidura , the most speciose mammalian genus, occurs across much of Asia, Europe and Africa. The taxonomy of Chinese representatives has been studied primarily based on cursory morphological comparisons and their molecular phylogenetic analyses remain unexplored. In order to understand the phylogeny of this group in China, we estimated the first multilocus phylogeny and conducted species delimitation, including taxon sampling throughout their distribution range. Results: We obtained one mitochondrial gene ( cytb ) (~ 1, 134 bp) and three nuclear genes ( ApoB , BRCA1 , RAG1 ) (~ 2, 170 bp) for 132 samples from 57 localities. Molecular analyses identified at least 14 putative species that occur within two major well-supported groups in China. Polyphyletic C. wuchihensis appears to be composed of two putative species. Two subspecies, C. rapax rapax and C. rapax kurodai should be elevated to full species status. A phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial gene from Asian Crocidura species showed that the C. rapax rapax is embedded within C. attenuata , making the latter a paraphyletic group. Three strongly supported undescribed species ( C. sp.1, C. sp.2 and C. sp.3) are revealed from Zada County of Tibet (Western China), Hongjiang County of Hunan Province (Central China) and Dongyang County of Zhejiang Province (Eastern China), Motuo County of Tibet, respectively. The divergence time estimation suggested that China’s Crocidura species began to diversify during the late Pliocene (3.66 Ma) and the Early Pleistocene (2.29 Ma), followed by a series of diversifications through the Pleistocene. Conclusions: The cryptic diversity found in this study indicated that the number of species is strongly underestimated under the current taxonomy. We propose that the three undescribed species should be evaluated using extensive taxon sampling and comprehensive morphological and morphometric approaches. Climate change since the late Pliocene and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may result in the diversification and speciation of China’s Crocidura species. In short, the underestimated diversity underlines the need for a taxonomic revision of Chinese Crocidura species.
Cytological evidence of BSD2 functioning in both chloroplast division and dimorphic chloroplast formation in maize leaves
Authors: Li Heying , Bai Mei , Jiang Xingshan , Shen Rongxin , Wang Huina , Wang Haiyang , Wu Hong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: Maize bsd2 ( bundle sheath defective2 ) is a classical C 4 mutant with defective C 4 photosynthesis, accompanied with reduced accumulation of Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase) and aberrant mature chloroplast morphology in the bundle sheath (BS) cells. However, as a hypothetical chloroplast chaperone, the effects of BSD2 on C 4 chloroplast development have not been fully examined yet, which precludes a full appreciation of BSD2 function in C 4 photosynthesis. The aims of our study are to find out the role of BSD2 in regulating chloroplasts development in maize leaves, and to add new insights into our understanding of C 4 biology. Results: We found that at the chloroplast maturation stage, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in the BS and mesophyll (M) cells became significantly looser, and the grana of chloroplasts in the M cells became thinner stacking in the bsd2 mutant when compared with the wild type plant. Moreover, at the early chloroplast development stage, the number of dividing chloroplasts and the chloroplast division rate are both reduced in the bsd2 mutant, compared with wild type. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of both thylakoid formation-related genes and chloroplast division-related genes is significantly reduced in the bsd2 mutants. Further, we showed that BSD2 interacts physically with the large submit of Rubisco (LS) in Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation assay. Conclusions: Our combined results suggest that BSD2 plays an essential role in regulating the division and differentiation of the dimorphic BS and M chloroplasts, and that it acts at a post-transcriptional level to regulate LS stability or assembly of Rubisco.