bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The neurophysiological activations of mechanical engineers and industrial designers while designing and problem-solving
Authors: Vieira Sonia , Gero John S. , Delmoral Jessica , Gattol Valentin , Fernandes Carlos , Parente Marco , Fernandes António A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper presents results from an experiment using electroencephalography to measure neurophysiological activations of mechanical engineers and industrial designers when designing and problem-solving. In this study, we adopted and then extended the tasks described in a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging study reported in the literature. The block experiment consists of a sequence of three tasks: problem-solving, basic design and open design using a physical interface. The block is preceded by a familiarizing pre-task and then extended to a fourth open design task using free-hand sketching. This paper presents the neurophysiological results from 36 experimental sessions of mechanical engineers and industrial designers. Results indicate significant differences in activations between the problem-solving and the open design tasks. The paper focuses on the two prototypical tasks of problem-solving layout and open design sketching and presents results for both aggregate and temporal activations across participants within each domain and across domains.
Risk factors for Clostridioides difficile colonization among hospitalized adults: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Anjewierden Scott , Han Zheyi , Brown Adam M. , Donskey Curtis J. , Deshpande Abhishek 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To identify risk factors for asymptomatic Clostridioides difficile colonization among hospitalized adults utilizing a meta-analysis, which may enable early identification of colonized patients at risk of spreading C. difficile.Design:Meta-analysis and systematic review.Methods:We systematically searched MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE from January 1, 1975, to February 15, 2020, for articles related to C. difficile colonization among hospitalized adults. Studies with multivariable analyses evaluating risk factors for asymptomatic colonization were eligible.Results:Among 5,506 studies identified in the search, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. Included studies reported 20,334 adult patients of whom 1,588 were asymptomatically colonized with C. difficile. Factors associated with an increased risk of colonization were hospitalization in the previous 6 months (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.86–2.56; P < .001), use of gastric acid suppression therapy within the previous 8 weeks (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.17–1.73; P < .001), tube feeding (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.06–3.85; P = .03), and corticosteroid use in the previous 8 weeks (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.14–2.17; P = .006). Receipt of antibiotics in the previous 3 months (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.94–2.01; P = .10) was not associated with statistically significant effects on risk of colonization.Conclusions:C. difficile colonization was significantly associated with previous hospitalization, gastric acid suppression, tube feeding, and corticosteroid use. Recognition of these risk factors may assist in identifying asymptomatic carriers of C. difficile and taking appropriate measures to reduce transmission.
Systematic review of determinants influencing antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated acute respiratory tract infections in adult patients at the emergency department
Authors: Lim Dwee Wee , Htun Htet Lin , Ong Lay See , Guo Huiling , Chow Angela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:Overuse of antibiotics in the emergency department (ED) for uncomplicated acute respiratory tract infections (uARTIs) is a public health issue that needs to be addressed. We aimed to identify factors associated with antibiotic use for uARTIs in adults presenting at the ED.Design:We searched Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library for articles published from 1 January 2005 to 30 June 2017 using a predetermined search strategy. Titles and abstracts of English articles on antibiotic prescription and inappropriate antibiotic use for adult ARTI at EDs were assessed, followed by full article review, by 2 authors.Setting:Emergency departments.Participants:Adults aged 18 years and older.Results:Of the 2,591 articles retrieved, 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and 11 studies were conducted in the United States. Patients with normal C-reactive protein levels and positive influenza tests were less likely to receive antibiotic treatment. Nonclinical factors associated with antibiotic use were longer waiting time and perceived patient desire for antibiotics. Patients attended by internal medicine physicians comanaged by house staff or who visited an ED which provided education to healthcare providers on antibiotics use were less likely to receive antibiotics.Conclusions:English-language articles that fulfilled the selection criteria outside the United States were limited. Factors associated with antibiotics use are multifaceted. Education of healthcare providers presents an opportunity to improve antibiotic use.
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among hospital workers in a severely affected institution in Madrid, Spain: A surveillance cross-sectional study
Authors: Pérez-García Felipe , Pérez-Zapata Aurora , Arcos Naroa , De la Mata Manuel , Ortiz María , Simón Encarnación , Hervás Fernández Irene , González Ventosa Victoria , Muñoz Monte Mario , González Arroyo Javier , Pérez-Tanoira Ramón , Cuadros-González Juan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To analyze the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in workers of a hospital located in one of the most affected areas in Spain.Design, settings, and patients:Cross-sectional study performed between March and May 2020 over all workers of a secondary hospital in Madrid, Spain.Methods:We employed polymerase chain reaction (PCR, for symptomatic individuals) and serology (for both PCR-negative symptomatic workers and asymptomatic workers) as diagnostic tests for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We analyzed the prevalence of the virus in healthcare workers (HCWs) and nonhealthcare workers (nHCWs). We also collected information about the use of personal protective equipment (PPEs) and possible contacts prior to infection.Results:In total, 2,963 workers were included: 1,092 were symptomatic, and of these, 539 were positive by PCR (49.4% of symptomatic workers). From the remaining symptomatic workers, 197 (35.6%) were positive by serology. Regarding asymptomatic workers, 345 were positive by serology (31.9% of infected workers). In total, 1,081 (36.5%) presented a positive diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2. Infection rates were different between HCWs (37.4%) and nHCWs (29.8%) (P = .006). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the use of PPE (protective: OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.44–0.72; P < .001) and previous contact with COVID-19 patients (risk factor: OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.28–2.24; P < .001) were independent factors that were associated with SAS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusions:Overall, >36% of our workers became infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the rate of asymptomatic infections accounted for almost 32% of all SARS-CoV-2 infections. We detected differences in the rates of infection between HCWs and nHCWs. The use of PPE and previous contact with COVID-19 patients were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Codium-like taxa from the Silurian of North America: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and phylogenetic affinity
Authors: LoDuca Steven T. , Swinehart Anthony L. , LeRoy Matthew A. , Tetreault Denis K. , Steckenfinger Shawn 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA 1901 report by the Smithsonian Custodian of Paleozoic Plants noted that the nonbiomineralized taxaButhotrephis divaricataWhite, 1901,B. newliniWhite, 1901, andB. lesquereuxiGrote and Pitt, 1876, from the upper Silurian of the Great Lakes area, shared key characteristics in common with the extant green macroalgaCodium. A detailed reexamination of theseCodium-like taxa and similar forms from the lower Silurian of Ontario, New York, and Michigan, including newly collected material ofThalassocystis striataTaggart and Parker, 1976, aided by scanning electron microscopy and stable carbon isotope analysis, provides new data in support of an algal affinity. Crucially, as withCodium, the originally cylindrical axes of all of these taxa consist of a complex internal array of tubes divided into distinct medullary and cortical regions, the medullary tubes being arranged in a manner similar to those of livingPseudocodium. In view of these findings, the three study taxa originally assigned toButhotrephis, together withChondrites verusRuedemann, 1925, are transferred to the new algal taxonInocladusnew genus, thereby establishingInocladus lesquereuxinew combination,Inocladus newlininew comb.,Inocladus divaricatanew comb., andInocladus verusnew comb. Morphological and paleoecological data point to a phylogenetic affinity forInocladusn. gen. andThalassocystiswithin theCodium-bearing green algal order Bryopsidales, but perhaps nested within an extinct lineage. Collectively, this material fits within a large-scale pattern of major macroalgal morphological diversification initiated in concert with the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event and apparently driven by a marked escalation in grazing pressure.UUID:http://zoobank.org/97c5c737-b291-41a2-aceb-f398cac9537a
No Justice, No Peace: Political Science Perspectives on the American Carceral State
Authors: Harris Allison P. , Walker Hannah L. , Eckhouse Laurel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis essay explores four key dimensions of political science literature on the U.S. criminal legal system, by way of introducing articles in the special issue on criminal justice featured in the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Politics. We situate police as an institution of social control, rather than providing safety for people vulnerable to crime. The vast array of policy tools to surveil, track, and detain citizens, which lack commensurate restraints on their application, amount to a finely tuned carceral machine that can be deployed against groups newly identified as deviant. We therefore turn attention to this dynamic with our second theme: the criminalization of immigrants, the expansion of interior immigration enforcement, and the consequent targeting of Latinx people. We likewise discuss lessons for reform that can be drawn from research on representation and the political socialization that occurs as a consequence of involuntary contact with the system. We conclude with a brief discussion of directions for future research. The criminal legal system is a key force for persistent racial and class inequality. By turning attention to the politics of the criminal legal system, we forward a critical and understudied facet of American political life that intersects with all corners of the discipline.
The Suffragist Peace
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. , Saunders Elizabeth N. , Dafoe Allan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPreferences for conflict and cooperation are systematically different for men and women: across a variety of contexts, women generally prefer more peaceful options and are less supportive of making threats and initiating conflict. But how do these preferences affect states’ decisions for war and patterns of conflict at the international level, such as the democratic peace? Women have increasingly participated in political decision making over the last century because of suffragist movements. But although there is a large body of research on the democratic peace, the role of women's suffrage has gone unexplored. Drawing on theory, a meta-analysis of survey experiments in international relations, and analysis of crossnational conflict data, we show how features of women's preferences about the use of force translate into specific patterns of international conflict. When empowered by democratic institutions and suffrage, women's more pacific preferences generate a dyadic democratic peace (i.e., between democracies), as well as a monadic peace. Our analysis supports the view that the enfranchisement of women is essential for the democratic peace.
Trends in and determinants of neonatal and infant mortality in Nigeria based on Demographic and Health Survey data
Authors: Patel Kamalesh Kumar , Prasad Jang Bahadur , Biradar Rajeshwari A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the changes in neonatal and infant mortality rates in Nigeria over the period 1990 to 2018 using Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data, and assess their socio-demographic determinants using data from the most recent survey conducted in 2018. The infant mortality rate was 87 per 1000 live births in 1990, and this increased to 100 per 1000 live births in 2003 – an increase of around 15% over 13 years. Neonatal and infant mortality rates started to decline steadily thereafter and continued to do so until 2013. After 2013, neonatal morality rose slightly by the year 2018. Information for 27,465 infants under 1 year of age from the NDHS-2018 was analysed using bivariate and multivariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazard technique. In 2018, infant deaths decreased as wealth increased, and the incidence of infant deaths was greater among those of Islam religion than among those of other religions. A negative association was found between infant deaths and the size of a child at birth. Infant mortality was higher in rural than in urban areas, and was higher among male than female children. Both neonatal and infant death rates varied by region and were found to be highest in the North West region and lowest in the South region. An increasing trend was observed in neonatal mortality in the 5-year period from 2013 to 2018. Policy interventions should be focused on the poor classes, women with a birth interval of less than 2 years and those living in the North West region of the country.
Ballaghanā ʿan an-Nabī: early Basran and Omani Ibāḍī understandings ofsunnaandsiyar,āthārandnasab
Authors: Gaiser Adam 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the usages of four concepts –sunna,sīra,āthār, andnasab– mainly in early Ibāḍī epistles, but also in other types of Ibāḍī literature, to examine how early Ibāḍīs understood the legacy of the Prophet Muḥammad, and their relation to that legacy. It argues that before the sixth/twelfth century a notion of communal pedigree occupied pride of place in early Ibāḍī conceptualizations of legality and legitimacy. Thus, Ibāḍīsunnawas “communalsunna”. The accumulated weight of Ibāḍī tradition – what is known asāthārin Ibāḍī literature – operated authoritatively as a counterpart tosunna; and the Ibāḍīsiyartradition did not focus on the Prophet exclusively, but rather described the scholarly community as an imagined whole. Moreover, Ibāḍīs explicitly articulated their communal pedigree in “teacher lines” (callednasab al-dīnornasab al-islām) in Omani literature, and through the structure of theirṭabaqāt/siyarworks in North Africa. Appreciating the importance of this communal pedigree, and the nexus of concepts through which it was articulated, helps us to understand the relative lack of emphasis placed on collecting and documenting ḥadīth (Ibāḍīs employ ḥadīth, but they did not useisnāds, nor did they appear to have a ḥadīth collection until the sixth/twelfth century), as well as the general absence of Prophetic biography among them (which also does not appear until the sixth/twelfth century).
Risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course: a retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam M. Z. , Riaz B. K. , Islam A. N. M. S. , Khanam F. , Akhter J. , Choudhury R. , Farhana N. , Jahan N. A. , Uddin M. J. , Efa S. S. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Diverse risk factors intercede the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted this retrospective cohort study with a cohort of 1016 COVID-19 patients diagnosed in May 2020 to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes. Data were collected by telephone-interview and reviewing records using a questionnaire and checklist. The study identified morbidity and mortality risk factors on the 28th day of the disease course. The majority of the patients were male (64.1%) and belonged to the age group 25–39 years (39.4%). Urban patients were higher in proportion than rural (69.3% vs. 30.7%). Major comorbidities included 35.0% diabetes mellitus (DM), 28.4% hypertension (HTN), 16.6% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 7.8% coronary heart disease (CHD). The morbidity rate (not-cured) was 6.0%, and the mortality rate (non-survivor) was 2.5%. Morbidity risk factors included elderly (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.31–4.99), having comorbidity (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.83–2.47), and smokeless tobacco use (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.84–5.61). The morbidity risk was higher with COPD (RR = 2.68), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (RR = 3.33) and chronic liver disease (CLD) (RR = 3.99). Mortality risk factors included elderly (AOR = 7.56, 95% CI = 3.19–17.92), having comorbidity (AOR = 5.27, 95% CI = 1.88–14.79) and SLT use (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI = 0.50–7.46). The mortality risk was higher with COPD (RR = 7.30), DM (RR = 2.63), CHD (RR = 4.65), HTN (RR = 3.38), CKD (RR = 9.03), CLD (RR = 10.52) and malignant diseases (RR = 9.73). We must espouse programme interventions considering the morbidity and mortality risk factors to condense the aggressive outcomes of COVID-19.
Safe treatment of congenital left atrial appendage aneurysm using lateral thoracotomy on a 3-year-old patient
Authors: Fan Fan , Bai Song , Tong Feng , Zheng Jia , Li Qilin , Guo Zhangke , Li Xiaofeng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLimited literatures report the management of congenital left atrial appendage aneurysm (LAAA) which is extremely rare. Chest X-ray firstly showed an enlarged left cardiac silhouette for a 3-year-old patient with pneumonia. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a large cyst attached to the left atrium. Aneurysmectomy was performed through lateral thoracotomy using step-by-step method and under the guidance of transoesophageal echocardiography. We aim to show the safety and efficacy of this approach applied to children associated with congenital LAAA.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in an infant with severe dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kristoffersen Aslak Widerøe , Knudsen Per Kristian , Møller Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA four- and a half-month-old girl with severe dilated cardiomyopathy due to neonatal enterovirus myocarditis, treated with diuretics and milrinone for the past 4 months, was infected with SARS-CoV-2. The disease course was characterised by high fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Cardiac function, as measured by echocardiography, remained stable. The treatment focused on maintaining a normal heart rate and a stable fluid balance. In children with severe underlying cardiac disease, even a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection can require close monitoring and compound treatment.
The taste of biodiversity: science and sensory education with different varieties of a vegetable to promote acceptance among primary school children
Authors: Afonso Lisa , Aboim Sara , Pessoa Patrícia , Sá-Pinto Xana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective:
To determine the impact of an educational programme for primary schools that explored the biodiversity of tomato, by promoting science and sensory education with three distinct varieties of it, in the acceptance of vegetables.

Design:
A randomised controlled study in which children were exposed to the educational programme (intervention group) or remained in the class, as usual (control group). The educational programme consisted of three sessions where children explained the observed differences between the three varieties of tomato and individual perceptions of their flavours based on sensory-based food education and by planning and implementing experiments to explain those differences. We tested the effects on both children’s willingness to try and their liking for tomato, and for lettuce and cabbage to study the carry-over effect, compared with the control group (Mann–Whitney U test; P < 0·05).

Setting:
The study took place in public primary schools in Porto, Portugal.

Participants:
Children in the third grade (8–13-year-old children) (n 136) were randomly assigned to intervention or control group.

Results:
Children in the intervention group reported significant increases in their willingness to try and liking for tomato compared to the control group (P < 0·05), but not for lettuce and cabbage (P > 0·05).

Conclusions:
These results highlight the potential for fostering children’s acceptance of a vegetable by exploring biodiversity through science education. Further work may clarify the effects of exploring biodiversity on the consumption of vegetables and establish whether the results are stable over time and replicable across contexts and populations.
Development of a Japanese version of the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey: Examination of its reliability and validity
Authors: Okada Hiroko , Takenouchi Sayaka , Okuhara Tsuyoshi , Ueno Haruka , Kiuchi Takahiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe importance of supporting advance care planning (ACP) by healthcare professionals is recognized worldwide, and assessing the outcomes, such as people's understanding and readiness for ACP, using an appropriate instrument is essential. We, therefore, developed a Japanese version of the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey (ACP Engagement Survey; 15 items, 9 items, and 4 items), an international scale for assessing the progress of the ACP, and examined its validity and reliability.MethodsThe ACP Engagement Survey was translated into Japanese, back-translated, and culturally adapted, and the final version was reviewed by the author of the original version. Data on basic demographic information and ACP-related experiences were simultaneously collected as external criteria in an online survey of older adults with chronic diseases. The Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess its internal consistency, and a retest was performed three days later to calculate the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs).ResultsA total of 200 respondents (mean age 70; 9.5% female) were included in the analysis. None of the items showed a ceiling effect, but several items did exhibit a floor effect. The factor structure was the same 2-factor structure as the original version, and both factors exhibited a high cumulative contribution rate. The Cronbach's alphas were 0.94 (15-item version), 0.91 (9-item version), and 0.95 (4-item version), and ICCs were of 0.88 (15-item version), 0.9 (9-item version), and 0.84 (4-item version).Significance of resultsThe Japanese version of the ACP Engagement Survey was confirmed to have very good reliability regarding both internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Together with the result of the item analysis, we can conclude that the Japanese version of the ACP Engagement Survey is sufficiently reliable to be utilized in interventional studies, and it has acceptable content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.