bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who makes higher education graduates ready for work? The case of teacher education in Slovenia
Authors: Pavlin Samo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper starts by focusing on the problem of students' transition to working life in the domain of teacher education. Second, it problematises the teacher educator concept. Particular attention is paid to the question of which professionals regard themselves as teacher educators, and why. Third, it presents young teachers' acquisition of working experience and their transition from education to work in Slovenia as linked to three processes: practical and developmental work in schools during studies, traineeship period, and continuous professional learning. The general findings indicate that teacher education, training and professional development are all characterised by a sharp division between the role of academics (transmitters of theory), and senior teachers (facilitators of teachers' practical experiences). In our findings we demonstrate that young graduates lack a well‐considered and integrated acquisition of practical experience as they move from education to the labour market. The paper is concluded with a call for better understanding the role of academics in preparing graduates for the world of work.
Seeing through the static: the temporal dimension of plant–animal mutualistic interactions
Authors: CaraDonna Paul J. , Burkle Laura A. , Schwarz Benjamin , Resasco Julian , Knight Tiffany M. , Benadi Gita , Blüthgen Nico , Dormann Carsten F. , Fang Qiang , Fründ Jochen , Gauzens Benoit , Kaiser‐Bunbury Christopher N. , Winfree Rachael , Vázquez Diego P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMost studies of plant–animal mutualistic networks have come from a temporally static perspective. This approach has revealed general patterns in network structure, but limits our ability to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes that shape these networks and to predict the consequences of natural and human‐driven disturbance on species interactions. We review the growing literature on temporal dynamics of plant–animal mutualistic networks including pollination, seed dispersal and ant defence mutualisms. We then discuss potential mechanisms underlying such variation in interactions, ranging from behavioural and physiological processes at the finest temporal scales to ecological and evolutionary processes at the broadest. We find that at the finest temporal scales (days, weeks, months) mutualistic interactions are highly dynamic, with considerable variation in network structure. At intermediate scales (years, decades), networks still exhibit high levels of temporal variation, but such variation appears to influence network properties only weakly. At the broadest temporal scales (many decades, centuries and beyond), continued shifts in interactions appear to reshape network structure, leading to dramatic community changes, including loss of species and function. Our review highlights the importance of considering the temporal dimension for understanding the ecology and evolution of complex webs of mutualistic interactions.
Dental and periodontal health in a Swiss population‐based sample of older adults: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Schmidt Julia C , Vogt Sandra , Imboden Medea , Schaffner Emmanuel , Grize Leticia , Zemp Elisabeth , Probst‐Hensch Nicole , Zitzmann Nicola U 
Published: October 2020

In this cross‐sectional study, the prevalences of tooth loss, prosthetic dental restorations, and probing pocket depths (PPD) ≥4 mm, and their relationship to sociodemographic factors, were investigated in older Swiss adults. There were up to 1,673 participants aged ≥55 yr in the fourth survey of the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution And Lung And Heart Disease In Adults (SAPALDIA4). Missing teeth, prosthetic dental restorations, and PPD ≥4 mm were recorded in clinical examinations conducted by field workers and compared with self‐reported information from questionnaires. Examination data showed that participants were missing five teeth on average, 74.8% had a prosthetic dental restoration, and 21.1% had PPD of ≥4 mm. The mean number of missing teeth and the prevalences of tooth loss, fixed dental prostheses, and removable dental prostheses were associated with age, education level, smoking status, and time since last visit to a dentist. Comparison of data obtained by field workers and that from self‐reports show a high level of agreement for the number of missing teeth and the prevalence of removable dental prostheses, but a lower level of agreement for self‐reports of fixed dental prostheses and periodontitis.
Intraspecific variation in landform engineering across a restored salt marsh shoreline
Authors: Bernik Brittany M. , Lumibao Candice Y. , Zengel Scott , Pardue John , Blum Michael J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEcosystem engineers that modify landforms can be valuable tools for restoring habitat, but their use has frequently resulted in unanticipated outcomes. Departures from expectations might arise because applications discount the possibility that geomorphic processes are influenced by heritable phenotypic variation. We conducted a field‐scale common garden experiment to assess whether shoreline erosion reflects intraspecific variation in the landform engineer Spartina alterniflora. Replicated plots on a shoreline denuded by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill were revegetated using plants from four genetically distinct sources: the local population, a nonlocal population, and two nursery stocks. We assessed variation in biomass, tissue nutrients, and functional traits alongside soil shear strength, surface elevation, and shoreline erosion rates over 2 years. We found that productivity, traits, nutrient content, and erosion rates varied according to plant provenance. Erosion reflected traits like root architecture more so than coarser metrics of growth. Erosion was significantly higher in plots with nonlocal plants that exhibited lower productivity, likely due to nitrogen limitation. Our results indicate that restoration practices should account for intraspecific variation in landform engineers and that in situ trials should be performed at sites slated for restoration to evaluate donor source suitability, particularly if introductions might modify local populations.
Seabird‐induced natural mortality of forage fish varies with fish abundance: Evidence from five ecosystems
Authors: Saraux Claire , Sydeman William J. , Piatt John F. , Anker‐Nilssen Tycho , Hentati‐Sundberg Jonas , Bertrand Sophie , Cury Philippe M. , Furness Robert W. , Mills James A. , Österblom Henrik , Passuni Giannina , Roux Jean‐Paul , Shannon Lynne J. , Crawford Robert J. M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractForage fish populations often undergo large and rapid fluctuations in abundance. However, most of their predators are buffered against such fluctuations owing to their slower pace of life, which allows them to maintain more stable populations, at least during short periods of food scarcity. In this study, we investigated top‐down processes exerted by seabirds on forage fish stocks in five contrasted marine ecosystems, compiling numerous data sets on seabird counts, diets, energetic needs and prey energy content and abundance. Off Norway, South Africa, Peru, Sweden and Scotland, we found that predation pressure—estimated as the proportion of a fish stock consumed by seabirds—was generally low (median = 1%), but increased sharply at low levels of prey abundance. When prey biomass decreased below 15–18% of its maximum recorded value, predation by seabirds became a source of important additional pressure on prey stocks (~20% of prey biomass is consumed by seabirds). An earlier empirical study advocated for keeping forage stocks from falling below a threshold of 33% of long‐term maximum prey biomass in order to safeguard seabird breeding success, but here we further suggest that a threshold of 18% should be considered as a limit not to be exceeded for the sake of the forage fish themselves, and below which extra cautious management of fisheries may be required. Nevertheless, despite exceptionally high rates of predation on some occasions, predation pressure was not correlated with prey dynamics, suggesting an absence of prey entrapment due to seabirds alone in these five ecosystems.
The methylome is altered for plants in a high CO2 world: Insights into the response of a wild plant population to multigenerational exposure to elevated atmospheric [CO2]
Authors: Saban Jasmine M. , Watson‐Lazowski Alexander , Chapman Mark A. , Taylor Gail 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnravelling plant responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has largely focussed on plastic functional attributes to single generation [CO2] exposure. Quantifying the consequences of long‐term, decadal multigenerational exposure to elevated [CO2] and the genetic changes that may underpin evolutionary mechanisms with [CO2] as a driver remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated both plastic and evolutionary plant responses to elevated [CO2] by applying multi‐omic technologies using populations of Plantago lanceolata L., grown in naturally high [CO2] for many generations in a CO2 spring. Seed from populations at the CO2 spring and an adjacent control site (ambient [CO2]) were grown in a common environment for one generation, and then offspring were grown in ambient or elevated [CO2] growth chambers. Low overall genetic differentiation between the CO2 spring and control site populations was found, with evidence of weak selection in exons. We identified evolutionary divergence in the DNA methylation profiles of populations derived from the spring relative to the control population, providing the first evidence that plant methylomes may respond to elevated [CO2] over multiple generations. In contrast, growth at elevated [CO2] for a single generation induced limited methylome remodelling (an order of magnitude fewer differential methylation events than observed between populations), although some of this appeared to be stably transgenerationally inherited. In all, 59 regions of the genome were identified where transcripts exhibiting differential expression (associated with single generation or long‐term natural exposure to elevated [CO2]) co‐located with sites of differential methylation or with single nucleotide polymorphisms exhibiting significant inter‐population divergence. This included genes in pathways known to respond to elevated [CO2], such as nitrogen use efficiency and stomatal patterning. This study provides the first indication that DNA methylation may contribute to plant adaptation to future atmospheric [CO2] and identifies several areas of the genome that are targets for future study.
Oral care knowledge, attitude and practice: Caregivers’ survey and observation
Authors: Chebib Najla , Waldburger Talina Clizia , Boire Sandrine , Prendki Virginie , Maniewicz Sabrina , Philippe Mojon , Müller Frauke 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study aims to assess caregivers’ knowledge, perception and perceived barriers as well as their daily usual practice concerning oral care provision in a geriatric hospital.MethodsA semi‐structured questionnaire was developed and administered to caregivers in a geriatric ward. Furthermore, oral care delivery to dependent and independent patients was clinically observed.ResultsOne hundred and fifty‐two caregivers (60% nurses, 40% nursing aids) completed the survey (78% response rate). Clinical oral care was observed in 97 inpatients. Observations revealed that brushing was done in 94% of opportunities in independent patients but in only 55% of dependent patients. This corresponded to the frequency indicated in the questionnaire for independent elders (97%, n.s.), whereas it was significantly different for dependent elders (89%, P < .001). 95% of caregivers stated in the questionnaire never verifying self‐administered oral care, whereas 12.3% were actually observed verifying intraorally its efficiency (P = .07 chi‐squared test). 71% of the respondents stated storing the prostheses dry, and 8% stated that they reinserted it after cleaning. Caregivers’ observation revealed that 35.1% of prostheses were reinserted in the mouth, indicating a significantly higher rate than in the questionnaire (P < .05). Respondents felt that their training to perform oral hygiene measures was suboptimal (VAS 48 ± 34.4). Patients verbally refusing oral care were stated as a barrier by 14% of respondents and were witnessed in 15.6% of observation opportunities (n.s).ConclusionVarious measures, such as hospital health policy, improved logistics or advanced hands‐on training, might help to converge the clinical practice towards the theoretical knowledge.
Challenges of long‐term vascular access in pediatric hemodialysis: Recommendations for practitioners
Authors: Raina Rupesh , Joshi Hirva , Chakraborty Ronith , Sethi Sidharth Kumar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractKidney transplantation is the preferred treatment of end‐stage renal disease in children. However, time to transplant varies, making a well‐functioning long‐term vascular access essential for performing hemodialysis efficiently and without disruption until a kidney becomes available. However, establishing long‐term vascular access in pediatric patients can present distinct challenges due to this population's unique characteristics, such as smaller body size and lower‐diameter blood vessels. There are three main pediatric long‐term vascular access options, which include central venous catheters (CVC), arteriovenous fistula (AVF), and arteriovenous graft (AVG). CVC are currently the most widely used modality, although various studies and guidelines recommend AVF or AVG as the preferred option. Although AVF should be used whenever possible, it is crucial that clinicians consider factors such as patient size, physical exam findings, comorbidities, predicted duration of treatment to decide on the most optimal long‐term vascular access modality. This article reviews the three long‐term vascular access methods in children and the benefits and complications of each.
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection based on the antimicrobial susceptibility test in children: A single‐center study over 12 years
Authors: Miyata Eri , Kudo Takahiro , Ikuse Tamaki , Tokita Kazuhide , Arai Nobuyasu , Oka Itsuhiro , Kyodo Reiko , Sato Masamichi , Hosoi Kenji , Jimbo Keisuke , Aoyagi Yo , Ohtsuka Yoshikazu , Shimizu Toshiaki 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes chronic gastritis, duodenal and to a lesser extent, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer. Most H. pylori infections are acquired in childhood, and effective treatment of childhood infection is very important. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is useful for endoscopic diagnosis, mucosal tissue biopsy, and culture examination for H. pylori in children and adults. In this paper, we report results of susceptibility tests and eradication rates in H. pylori‐positive children who underwent EGD over a 12‐year period.Materials and MethodsThe subjects were H. pylori‐positive pediatric patients who had gastrointestinal symptoms and underwent EGD in the Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Hospital (January 2007–December 2018). Patients underwent serum IgG antibody tests, fecal antigen tests, or urea breath tests, and subsequently, culture tests by gastric mucosal biopsy during EGD. H. pylori positivity was defined as a positive result on both tests. Patients received triple therapy for 14 days using our regimen, and eradication was assessed at 2, 6, and 12 months after therapy.ResultsForty‐five patients were H. pylori‐positive, and the overall clarithromycin (CAM) resistance rate was 71.1 % (32/45). The CAM resistance rate for the 2013–2018 period was significantly higher than the 2007–2012 period (52.6% vs. 84.6%, P < 0.05). According to the results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test, we prescribed effective antibiotics, and this resulted in a primary eradication rate of 97.7%.ConclusionsWe suggest that antimicrobial susceptibility testing can significantly improve rates of primary eradication of H. pylori infection.
Peer‐to‐peer lending and financial inclusion with altruistic investors
Authors: Berentsen Aleksander , Markheim Marina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPeer‐to‐peer lending platforms are increasingly important alternatives to traditional forms of credit intermediation for small value loans. There are high hopes that they improve financial inclusion and provide better terms for borrowers. To study these hopes, we introduce altruistic investors into a peer‐to‐peer model of credit intermediation. We find that altruistic investors do not improve financial inclusion but that the borrowing rates are lower than the ones obtained with self‐interested investors. Furthermore, investors with strong altruistic preferences are willing to finance projects which generate an expected loss to them. For a certain range of parameters, the model's allocation is observationally equivalent to a model with self‐interested investors with low bargaining power. Outside of this range, the model generates allocations that are not incentive feasible in a model with self‐interested investors.
Smart white lighting and multi‐mode optical modulations via photochromism in Dy‐doped KNN‐based transparent ceramics
Authors: Lin Cong , Wang Huajing , Wang Peng , Wu Xiao , Lin Tengfei , Sa BaiSheng , Cheng Yao , Zheng Xinghua , Yu Xing , Fang Changqing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDy3+‐doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3‐Ba(Sc0.5Nb0.5)O3 transparent ferroelectric ceramics, a novel smart white‐lighting (WL) photochromic (PC) material, were prepared by conventional pressureless sintering. The ceramics exhibit high optical transmittance (~67% at 1800 nm), good photoluminescence (PL) performance, high‐quality WL, and moderate electrical properties. Meanwhile, high‐contrast modulations of optical transmittance and PL intensity (with the maximal modulating values of 20.5% and 57.4%, respectively) have been realized via PC behavior by alternating the illumination of UV light and thermal stimulus. In particular, the reversible modulations of WL intensity, color coordinates, correlated color temperature, and color purity have been achieved through the PC regulation to the intensity ratio of yellow/blue emission. Definitively, based on the effect of intrinsic defects and extrinsic defects (Ba4+/Sc3‐x) on the PL properties, the PC mechanism in KNN‐based material has been further complemented. The transparent ceramics should be a promising material in white LEDs and optoelectronic multifunctional devices.
Discovery from Discomfort; Embracing the Liminal in Auto‐Ethnographic, Biographical and Arts‐Based Research Methods
Authors: Sutton Emma 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this article I offer reflections on my experiences of using autoethnographic and arts‐based methodology in order to research within the realm of arts education. This approach enabled me to deeply analyse my own lived‐experiences and interact with the work and responses of others. Liminal spaces between identities of artist, researcher and teacher are explored through the creation of artwork, using discarded and leftover marks found in the classroom or recorded through the lens of a camera. Zones of discovery emerge from embracing initial discomfort. The images and photographs used throughout this research project, alongside the glimpses into both my own and interviewees’ lives, professional and personal, generate stories that begin to create a larger narrative. It has been recognised that stories can be found in moments and the visual representations offered by participants and through my own mark‐making and recording frame these moments. Ideas and findings were recorded as they emerged using a research journal and sketchbook, intentionally accepting my own contribution to the research, building on this, as opposed to pretending, that our interests and ways of making sense of others is, or should be, divorced from the people and experiences we are. This approach provided rich insights. Through shared experiences I felt that there was the space and opportunity for collaboratively generating meaning with participants as ideas, feelings and issues were clarified, mapped and negotiated through discussion, using both image and word.
Using niche centrality within the scope of the nearly neutral theory of evolution to predict genetic diversity in a tropical conifer species‐pair
Authors: Cruz‐Nicolás Jorge , Giles‐Pérez Gustavo I. , Lira‐Noriega Andrés , Martínez‐Méndez Norberto , Aguirre‐Planter Erika , Eguiarte Luis E. , Jaramillo‐Correa Juan P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimEstimating genetic diversity is key for understanging biogeographic and evolutionary processes. However, gathering genetic information is not feasible for all taxa or populations, particularly in the tropical regions. Identifying proxies for inferring such values has thus become essential. Here, we built on the niche centrality hypothesis (NCH; or central‐abundance hypothesis) and the nearly neutral theory of evolution (NNT) to identify some of such proxies using a montane tropical conifer species‐pair as model. The NCH predicts more genetic diversity under optimal ecological conditions, which should also allow for more efficient purifying selection, according to the NNT.LocationThe Transmexican Volcanic Belt, central Mexico.TaxaA fir species‐pair endemic to central Mexico, Abies flinckii and A.religiosa.MethodsWe estimated patterns of genetic diversity from nuclear SSRs (A, HE), and gene‐coding sequences (πS, πN), together with the efficacy of purifying selection, measured as πN/πS. After testing for niche overlap, we used several geographic and ecological proxies (i.e. longitude, latitude, elevation, estimated area and distance to the niche centroid in the present and in the LGM) to predict genetic diversity and πN/πS using general linear models.ResultsPopulations at the west of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) had lower genetic diversity than populations in the east of this mountain chain. Both species had significant niche overlap. The principal predictors for neutral genetic diversity (HE, A and πS) were longitude and latitude, followed by the current distance to the niche centroid; the efficiency of purifying selection was mostly accounted for by the current distance to the niche centroid (which was also correlated with elevation). No correlation was observed between genetic diversity or πN/πS and current population area.Main conclusionsHistorical and ecological factors have to be taken into account for explaining the amounts of genetic diversity in mountain tropical species. Following the NTT, populations closer to the niche centroid are more efficient at eliminating slightly deleterious mutations than marginal stands, independently of their size or geographic location (longitude). Expanding the central‐abundance theory within the scope of the NTT might help reconciling conflicting views concerning the extent of its empirical support.