bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system
Authors: Verity Christopher M. , Hurst Jane A. , Firth Helen V. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with abnormalities that may result from failures at particular stages of central nervous system development. The brain and spinal cord arise from a sheet of cells that undergo transformations into the final complex structure. Failure of closure of the neural tube may result in anencephaly or spina bifida and failure of regionalization may cause holoprosencephaly. Disorders of neural proliferation or migration cause abnormalities of the cerebral cortex. There are distinct malformations of the posterior fossa structures and there are complex malformations that cannot be ascribed to just one abnormal step in development. The clinical problems associated with developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system are discussed and the approach to obtaining a clinical molecular diagnosis and providing genetic advice to the family is outlined.
Neurological complications of systemic disease
Authors: Scolding Neil 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how various systemic inflammatory or immunological disorders systemic inflammatory or immunological disorders can affect the nervous system. Such autoimmune rheumatological disorders include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Reiter’s disease; vasculitic disorders include giant cell arteritis, vasculitic disorders include giant cell arteritis and the primary and secondary vasculitides. Other autoimmune and inflammatory conditions diseases affecting the nervous system include ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease, coeliac disease, Other autoimmune diseases affecting the nervous system include Behçet’s disease, and sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease and coeliac disease. Thyroid disease may also be associated with immunologically driven neurological complications including dysthyroid eye disease—Graves’ ophthalmoplegia and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis-associated encephalopathy.
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes
Authors: Rees Jeremy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are disorders caused by the presence of an underlying tumour, but not due to either direct or metastatic invasion, or to recognized metabolic or endocrine complications. They are thought to arise from an autoimmune response to ‘onconeural’ tumour antigens which are also expressed by cells of the central or peripheral nervous systems. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are rare but important because (1) they often develop before the cancer has been identified, (2) serological testing for specific antineuronal (onconeural) antibodies may identify a neurological disorder as paraneoplastic and the results may suggest the location of the underlying tumour and/or predict its prognosis. In some cases, the identity of the antibody predicts an immunotherapy-responsive disease.
The eye in general medicine
Authors: Braithwaite Tasanee , Lee Richard W. , Khaw Peng T. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The integrity of ocular anatomy and physiology, the function of the visual system, and the perception of vision, our most prized sense, are intimately connected with our general health. Subtle visual signs and symptoms may therefore be the first manifestation of occult systemic disease. With a basic history and examination of the eyes and vision, the physician can narrow the differential diagnosis and ascertain whether there is any immediate threat to vision or even life. The major focus of this chapter is the eye in the context of a range of vascular, haematological, neoplastic, inflammatory, endocrine, genetic, metabolic, toxic, and nutritional disorders. This chapter also considers the leading causes of blindness globally, and common ocular presentations in primary care and general medical practice. Other isolated ocular conditions are excluded and neuro-ophthalmological conditions are referred to elsewhere in this book (Chapters 24.6.1 and 24.6.2).
General introduction
Authors: Sharpe Michael 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
All physicians experience situations in which they need the knowledge, skills, and attitudes commonly thought of as belonging to psychiatry. This section of the book aims to help physicians to acquire these. It includes: (1) guidance on how to assess medical patients for psychiatric illness; (2) information about psychiatric presentations and the differential diagnoses most relevant to general medical practice; (3) brief reviews of the psychiatric disorders most commonly seen in general medical practice and the practical management of these; (4) guidance on the use of psychotropic drugs and psychological treatments when given as part of general medical care; (5) evidence-based strategies for helping patients who are smoking, using alcohol excessively, or who are overweight.
The psychiatric assessment of the medical patient
Authors: Walker Jane , Smyth Roger , Sharpe Michael 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Medically ill patients often have psychiatric illness. Physicians can and should detect and diagnose these illnesses during their standard medical assessment. All that is required is knowledge of key questions to ask patients, awareness of the clinical signs that may be observed, and an appreciation of the value of additional information from relatives, other clinicians, and the medical record. The aims are to detect and diagnose psychiatric disorders; assess the risk of self-harm or harm to others; establish the need for treatment or referral for a psychiatric opinion; provide the basis for clear and effective communication with a psychiatrist; and to communicate to the patient that you are interested in all aspects of their suffering and thereby establish a clinically effective relationship with them.
Low mood
Authors: Walker Jane 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Low mood is a very common symptom that is often considered a normal, understandable reaction to serious, disabling, or disfiguring illnesses or treatment. While low mood may indeed be part of the adjustment to adverse circumstances, it may also be the presentation of serious psychiatric and medical illnesses requiring active treatment. The most common of these is major depressive disorder, which is a complicating illness in about 10 per cent of patients with chronic medical conditions. Simple questioning can clarify the diagnosis, but sometimes a more detailed psychiatric and medical assessment is required so that the appropriate treatment can be provided.
Dementia
Authors: Sheehan Bart 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Dementia is a clinical syndrome, not a specific disease. It is characterized by impairment of mental functions leading to memory loss, behavioural changes, and impairment in the activities of daily living. It may be caused by several different diseases, the most common being Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia. There are other potentially treatable causes, including depression, which must be excluded. Drug treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors may reduce the progression of dementia for a period, especially in Alzheimer’s disease. Antipsychotic drugs should be used with great care. The associated impairment and behavioural problems often requires social care, sometimes in institutions, and will place an increasing burden on medical services and society.
Depressive disorder
Authors: Cerimele Joseph , Chwastiak Lydia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Depression is a common psychiatric illness seen by physicians. It not only greatly impairs quality of life, but also frequently complicates chronic medical conditions such as diabetes. Despite being common and clinically important it is frequently insufficiently treated, hence it is important to seek the symptoms of depression in all patients with chronic medical conditions. When found, the physician has an important role in explaining the nature of depression and its treatment to the patient. Treatment is with antidepressant drugs and/or psychological treatment. When assessing depressed patients, it is always important to assess for suicide risk. Complex cases, failure to respond to initial treatment, or concern about suicide risk, indicate the need for referral to a psychiatrist.
Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Bisson Jonathan I. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder are all psychiatric consequences of traumatic experiences. Because trauma is so common in medical practice, in the form of accidents, severe illness, and sometimes medical and surgical treatments, these disorders are commonly seen by physicians. An initial severe reaction to a traumatic event such as severe accident is an acute stress disorder and is commonly characterized by dissociation. A more long-lasting emotional reaction to ongoing stress such as a new diagnosis of life-threatening illness is termed an adjustment disorder. An often longer-lasting and more severe psychological reaction associated with repeated mental re-experiencing of the traumatic event is called post-traumatic stress disorder. These trauma-related disorders are not only an important cause of suffering but may also complicate medical care, hence they require recognition and appropriate treatment.
Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption
Authors: O’Donnell Amy , Kaner Eileen , Heather Nick 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The treatment and prevention of alcohol-related harm requires that attention is paid not only to alcohol dependence, but also to hazardous and harmful drinking. The prevalence of these problems is high, amounting to about one in four of the adult population of the United Kingdom. The usual goal of intervention is to reduce drinking to low-risk levels, although it may also be abstinence. Screening patients for alcohol problems and providing brief interventions to those identified are potentially effective ways of improving patients’ health and reducing their risk of future harm. The intervention of simple, structured advice can be delivered without extensive training in 3 to 5 minutes. More intensive brief behavioural counselling requires training and takes 20 to 30 minutes, often with follow-up visits.
Obesity and weight management
Authors: Jebb Susan , Aveyard Paul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue. It is common and a strong risk factor for many medical conditions, including Type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and cancer. Obesity results from an energy intake that exceeds energy expenditure. Cheap, readily available, energy-dense food and sugary drinks together with a sedentary lifestyle are fuelling the rise in obesity. There is growing evidence that interventions to aid weight loss are effective in reducing the risk to health associated with being obese, especially if they combine change in both diet and physical activity. There is only a limited role for drug treatment of obesity in routine care. For individuals at the highest risk of comorbid conditions, bariatric surgery is an appropriate option.
Forensic and legal medicine
Authors: Payne-James Jason , Marks Paul , Bouhaidar Ralph , Karch Steven B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Forensic and legal medicine focuses on the interaction between law and medicine. All medical practitioners should have knowledge about the basics of forensic and legal medicine to call upon in the absence of specialists; hence, it is important for any practitioner to be fully aware of laws, statutes, codes of practice, regulations, and professional standards within their own geographic region of practice. This chapter focuses on (1) diagnosis and forensic aspects of death, including death certification and the role (in the United Kingdom) of the coroner; (2) assessment of allegations of physical and sexual abuse, and of torture; (3) how to perform a postmortem (where pathology services may be limited); and (4) forensic use of medical biological tests, particularly genetic tests that can be helpful in determining the likely cause of otherwise unexplained deaths.
Practical procedures
Authors: Jolly Elaine , Coggle Sian , Firth John D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Key practical clinical procedures are described in this chapter, along with clear anatomical diagrams to enable the reader to fully understand the processes involved. These procedures are clearly organized in the following sections: cannulation and invasive monitoring, cardiac procedures (including pacing), arterial blood gas measurement and interpretation, and airway and respiratory procedures.
XMM–Newton observations of a gamma-ray pulsar J0633+0632: pulsations, cooling and large-scale emission
Authors: Danilenko A , Karpova A , Ofengeim D , Shibanov Yu , Zyuzin D 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We report results of XMM–Newton observations of a γ-ray pulsar J0633+0632 and its wind nebula. We reveal, for the first time, pulsations of the pulsar X-ray emission with a single sinusoidal pulse profile and a pulsed fraction of 23 ± 6 per cent in the 0.3–2 keV band. We confirm previous Chandra findings that the pulsar X-ray spectrum consists of thermal and non-thermal components. However, we do not find the absorption feature that was previously detected at about 0.8 keV. Thanks to the greater sensitivity of XMM–Newton, we get stronger constraints on spectral model parameters compared to previous studies. The thermal component can be equally well described by either blackbody or neutron star atmosphere models, implying that this emission is coming from either hot pulsar polar caps with a temperature of about 120 eV or from the colder bulk of the neutron star surface with a temperature of about 50 eV. In the latter case, the pulsar appears to be one of the coolest among other neutron stars of similar ages with estimated surface temperatures. We discuss cooling scenarios relevant to this neutron star. Using an interstellar absorption–distance relation, we also constrain the distance to the pulsar to the range of 0.7–2 kpc. Besides the pulsar and its compact nebula, we detect regions of weak large-scale diffuse non-thermal emission in the pulsar field and discuss their possible nature.
Evolution of dwarf galaxy observable parameters
Authors: Ledinauskas Eimantas , Zubovas Kastytis 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a semi-analytic model of isolated dwarf galaxy evolution and use it to study the build-up of observed correlations between dwarf galaxy properties. We analyse the evolution using models with averaged and individual halo mass assembly histories in order to determine the importance of stochasticity on the present-day properties of dwarf galaxies. The model has a few free parameters, but when these are calibrated using the halo mass–stellar mass and stellar mass–metallicity relations, the results agree with other observed dwarf galaxy properties remarkably well. Redshift evolution shows that even isolated galaxies change significantly over the Hubble time and that ‘fossil dwarf galaxies’ with properties equivalent to those of high-redshift analogues should be extremely rare, or non-existent, in the local Universe. A break in most galaxy property correlations develops over time, at a stellar mass $M_* \simeq 10^7 \, {\rm M_{\odot }}$. It is caused predominantly by the ionizing background radiation and can therefore in principle be used to constrain the properties of reionization.
Resonance libration and width at arbitrary inclination
Authors: Namouni F , Morais M H M 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTWe apply the analytical disturbing function for arbitrary inclination derived in our previous work to characterize resonant width and libration of mean motion resonances at arbitrary inclination obtained from direct numerical simulations of the three-body problem. We examine the 2:1 and 3:1 inner Jupiter and 1:2 and 1:3 outer Neptune resonances and their possible asymmetric librations using a new analytical pendulum model of resonance that includes the simultaneous libration of multiple arguments and their second harmonics. The numerically derived resonance separatrices are obtained using the mean exponential growth factor of nearby orbits (megno chaos indicator). We find that the analytical and numerical estimates are in agreement and that resonance width is determined by the first few fundamental resonance modes that librate simultaneously on the resonant time-scale. Our results demonstrate that the new pendulum model may be used to ascertain resonance width analytically, and more generally, that the disturbing function for arbitrary inclination is a powerful analytical tool that describes resonance dynamics of low as well as high inclination asteroids in the Solar system.
Effects of radiation pressure on the evaporative wind of HD 209458b
Authors: Debrecht Alex , Carroll-Nellenback Jonathan , Frank Adam , Blackman Eric G , Fossati Luca , McCann John , Murray-Clay Ruth 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
The role of radiation pressure in shaping exoplanet photoevaporation remains a topic of contention. Radiation pressure from the exoplanet’s host star has been proposed as a mechanism to drive the escaping atmosphere into a ‘cometary’ tail and explain the high velocities observed in systems where mass-loss is occurring. In this paper, we present results from high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic simulations of a planet similar to HD 209458b. We self-consistently launch a wind flowing outwards from the planet by calculating the ionization and heating resulting from incident high-energy radiation, and account for radiation pressure. We first present a simplified calculation, setting a limit on the Lyman-α flux required to drive the photoevaporated planetary material to larger radii and line-of-sight velocities. We then present the results of our simulations, which confirm the limits determined by our analytic calculation. We thus demonstrate that, within the limits of our hydrodynamic simulation and for the Lyman-α fluxes expected for HD 209458, radiation pressure is unlikely to significantly affect photoevaporative winds or to explain the high velocities at which wind material is observed, though further possibilities remain to be investigated.
Between the Signposts: Thematic Interpolation and Structural Defamiliarization in Prokofiev’s Sonata Process
Authors: Perry Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article explores the manner in which Prokofiev’s interpolation of unrelated material in the middle of a traditional theme-space ironizes a seemingly normative sonata process in the first movement of his Second Piano Sonata (1912). By serving as the motivic, tonal, and rhetorical source of much that follows, this interpolation launches a quietly subversive counternarrative that threatens to undermine the traditional sonata narrative upon which the P theme had embarked. I invoke Russian Formalist literary theory as a framework for clarifying and contextualizing the disruptive structural function of Prokofiev’s interpolations within his larger sonata text.
Gender differences in giving and the anticipation regarding giving in dictator games*
Authors: Chowdhury Subhasish M , Grossman Philip J , Jeon Joo Young 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Research on altruistic behaviour and associated anticipatory beliefs, as well as related gender differences, is limited. Using data from Chowdhury and Jeon, who vary a common show-up fee and incentivize recipients to anticipate the amount given in a dictator game, we find that the show-up fee has a positive effect on dictator-giving for both genders. While female dictators are more generous than males, male recipients anticipate higher amounts than the amount male dictators give. As the show-up fee increases, the female dictators become a more generous social type, whereas males do not show this effect. There is no gender difference in anticipation about dictator social type by the recipients.
Identification of the Distal Dural Ring and Definition of Paraclinoid Aneurysms According to Bony Landmarks on 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography: A Cadaveric and Radiological Study
Authors: Scerbak Jelena , Lapteva Ona , Sahin Omer S , Ksanas Ugnius , Barkauskiene Alina , Lengvenis Givi , Ozaydin Burak , Cikla Ulas , Baskaya Mustafa K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Determining if paraclinoid aneurysms are intradural or extradural is critical for surgical planning.

OBJECTIVE
To create an easily reproducible diagnostic method based on bony anatomy that precisely locates the distal dural ring (DDR) to determine the position of paraclinoid aneurysms as intradural, transitional, or extradural.

METHODS
Bilateral anatomic dissections of 10 cadaveric heads (20 sides) were performed to evaluate DDR anatomy. We observed a plane that reflects the position of the DDR passes through 4 bony landmarks: 1) The anterior clinoid-internal carotid artery intersection, 2) the optic strut, 3) the optico-carotid elevation, and 4) the base of the posterior clinoid process. This landmark-based plane can thus define the location of the DDR using 3-dimensional computed tomography angiography (CTA). This was confirmed in 27 surgical patients with intradural/transitional aneurysms and 7 patients with extradural aneurysms confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The DDR plane method easily classified aneurysm locations as intradural (above the DDR plane), extradural (below the DDR plane), or transitional (the DDR plane crosses the aneurysm). The aneurysm's location was subsequently confirmed intraoperatively or with MRI.

RESULTS
The DDR plane method determined if paraclinoid aneurysms were intradural, transitional, or extradural in all 34 cases examined. The visibility of the anatomic features that define the DDR plane was also verified in 82% to 89% of CTA images from 100 patients.

CONCLUSION
The DDR plane method provides a useful diagnostic tool to evaluate the position of the DDR and determine the anatomic location of paraclinoid aneurysms.
Surveillance and Security Practices in Schools
Authors: Nance Jason P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Criminal justice–oriented security measures, while uncommon decades ago, are now more commonplace in schools. The primary aim of this chapter is to help the reader understand the implications of adopting tight security measures in schools. It first discusses the reasons underlying why schools have implemented tighter security measures in recent decades. It then describes the permissible legal backdrop that has made the proliferation of surveillance measures in schools feasible. Next, it synthesizes the available empirical studies measuring the effectiveness of tight security measures, concluding that their effectiveness is far from clear. It then analyzes the consequences of tight security measures on students and the learning environment, maintaining that these measures facilitate more student involvement in the criminal justice system and may contribute to dysfunctional learning climates. Next, it discusses the available empirical studies documenting that schools with higher concentrations of minority students are more likely to rely on tighter surveillance measures than other schools and the consequences of those troubling trends. Finally, it discusses alternative measures that school officials should consider implementing to create safe schools.