bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal Troubles and Public Issues
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows that digital abuse and harassment have cost some women their jobs, jeopardized their mental health, placed them at risk of physical violence, and damaged their reputations. When effective, these attacks undermine women’s contributions to public discourse, create a climate of self-censorship, and even press women out of digital publics altogether. And, based on the uneven distribution of abuse, those whose voices are most underrepresented (e.g., women of color) are likely to be the first pushed out. As a result, digital hostility has ramifications that extend far beyond the lives of those who are targeted. It impacts us all by eroding civil liberties, diminishing our public discourse, thinning the knowledge that informs policy and electoral decision making, and teaching all women that activism and public service are unappealing, high-risk endeavors to be avoided. In so doing, identity-based attacks online pose a credible threat to democratic health.
Ratification
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes two national suffrage organizations’ efforts, in the final years prior to ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It highlights the split between members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), over whether a state-by-state approach to suffrage, or a federal suffrage amendment, was the best strategy to achieve the vote for women. That split caused Alice Paul to form a separate organization, the National Woman’s Party (NWP). The chapter foreshadows how that deep division had an impact on the constitutional development of the federal suffrage amendment, after its eventual ratification in 1920.
Voting and Jury Service
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 delves into the state cases, which asked whether voting and jury service for women were coextensive. While most courts saw the Nineteenth Amendment as self-executing in terms of voting, many construed it narrowly in terms of whether its scope encompassed other political rights, beyond voting. The chapter connects the lack of congressional enforcement legislation, pursuant to the Nineteenth Amendment, to this thin conception of its scope. It suggests that the NWP and the NLWV, although they were working in other sites of reform, like state legislatures, were not much in the state courts. And it was in those courts, that there was a possibility judges could have been persuaded to adopt a robust interpretation of the Nineteenth Amendment—one that understood it to extend other political rights to women.
Brass Topics, Abbreviated Recapitulations, and the Bildungsreise
Authors: Mercer-Taylor Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter proceeds from a memorable passage near the end of the first movement of Felix Mendelssohn’s ‘Italian’ Symphony, where the woodwinds and brass unite in a forceful rendition of the opening gesture of the movement’s first subject. This fanfare in the coda represents the climactic stage in a process that has been at work since the start of this movement, a process that can be understood as an ingenious convergence of two of Mendelssohn’s well-established habits in orchestral sonata-form composition: deploying brass-related topics to generate a sense of closure and his tendency towards the drastic telescoping of recapitulations. The chapter further proposes that an autobiographical register might be at work in the movement’s distinctive deployment of rhetorical forces, asking whether we might discern here a meditation on Mendelssohn’s own journey towards personal maturity and independence.
Tallis
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The composer Thomas Tallis (ca. 1505–November 1585) lived and worked through much of the turbulent Tudor period in England. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not just react to radical change: he thrived on it. He helped invent new musical styles to meet the demands of the English Reformation. He revived and reimagined older musical forms for a new era. Fewer than a hundred of his works have survived, but they are incredibly diverse, from miniature settings of psalms and hymns to a monumental forty-voice motet. In this new biography, author Kerry McCarthy traces Tallis’s long career from his youthful appointment at Dover Priory to his years as a senior member of the Chapel Royal. Each chapter is focused on an original document of his life or his music. The book also takes readers on a guided journey down the Thames to the palaces, castles, and houses where Tallis made music for the four monarchs he served. It ends with reflections on Tallis’s will, his epitaph (whose complete text McCarthy has recently rediscovered), and other postmortem remembrances that give us a glimpse of his significant place in the sixteenth-century musical world. A companion website illustrates the book with a broad selection of sound samples from Tallis’s works.
The Chapel Royal (1543–85), I
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Tallis spent the last four decades of his life with the English Chapel Royal, singing and composing as a member of the private royal household. He held this post under four successive English monarchs. This is by far the best documented phase of his career, showing him as part of a close-knit musical community associated with the Chapel Royal. He lived through immense ideological and liturgical changes during his time at court; he soon found himself in one of the few situations in England where elaborate church music was still being cultivated by professional musicians. He experienced these forty years from an almost unique position of stability and power.
Social Class
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Distinctions of social class were very strong in the Europe of earlier centuries. Musicians were considered to be in the lower classes of people who worked with their hands (or voices). People in these lower classes were not welcome in the new type of universities pioneered in nineteenth-century Germany. So musicians went to conservatories and the youth of the upper classes went to universities or received private academic instruction. The decline of conservatories in the United States has led to aspiring musicians attending universities instead of conservatories. In the process they receive an amateur curriculum developed originally for European dilettantes.
Little Masters, Real Masters, and Masterpieces
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the world of apprentices, journeymen, and masters, a masterpiece was a test piece completed as part of a claim to a master’s level of skill and status. In formal guilds there could be elaborate examinations, in which submitting a masterpiece was part of the process. In the Naples conservatories, advanced students could compose a large sacred work for chorus and instruments to demonstrate a professional level of skill. In between the masters who gave lessons to the conservatory children and the child apprentices who learned those lessons were a middle level of teaching assistants called “little masters” (mastricelli or maestrini). These were selected from advanced students who had passed qualifying examinations.
A Framework for Elaboration
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The bass motions known in Naples as movimenti, and the contrapuntal collocations associated with them, would rarely be presented plainly in a real composition. Apprentice composers needed to learn how to decorate and embellish the plain melodies. Because this usually involved inserting notes with lesser time values, these embellishments could be termed “diminutions.” Lessons from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries present dozens of ways in which to “diminish” a given melody or bass. Counterpoint itself could be thought of as a way of embellishing a given musical subject.
A Beaux-Arts Framework for Music
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The methods for composing taught at the Paris Conservatory were similar to the three-stage, sketch-draft-refinement model of the School of Fine Arts. The chapter describes how four masters translated this model into music lessons. François Bazin shows how to sketch and elaborate the harmonization of a given melody. Édouard Deldevez takes an unfigured partimento bass by Fenaroli and makes an elaborate analysis of it to determine how it should be realized. André Gedalge demonstrates how to first sketch and then refine an episode of a fugue. Lastly, Maurice Ravel creates a stage-by-stage analysis of a difficult passage from his own Noble and Sentimental Walzes.
Prehistoric Egypt
Authors: Köhler E. Christiana 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Located in northeastern Africa, the Egyptian Nile valley was part of a very wide geographic network between the Sahara Desert, the Mediterranean and Red Seas, the Levant, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. This chapter investigates the many different ecological, environmental, social, and economic factors that contributed to a gradual shift of the Nile valley’s populations from prehistoric hunting-gathering and pastoralist subsistence to a fully sedentary lifestyle and the emergence of agricultural village communities. While this process occurred comparatively later in the Egyptian Nile valley than in the Levant and Anatolia and may in part have been influenced by the latter regions, the valley’s populations quickly developed strategies to continuously manage the annual ecological cycles and benefit from the natural resources available. Over time these communities developed specialized craft industries and commercial centers along the Nile, which contributed in many different ways to the development of territorial polities and eventually the emergence of the world’s first territorial state, around 3000 bc.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Authors: Bárta Miroslav 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the vivid, dynamic, and multifaceted political history of the Old Kingdom of Egypt (twenty-sixth to twenty-second centuries bc). It focuses in particular on the evolution of Egyptian society and the role of state offices and bureaucracy in defining social status. The chapter surveys the available sources and environmental constraints, including the cyclical Nile floods, before analyzing the competition for status that drove social and political change, with a particular focus on the construction of funerary monuments. The chapter pays equal attention to the royal family and the other elites of the Old Kingdom. The state’s development is contextualized in external factors such as the constantly changing environment.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom in Contact with the World
Authors: Tallet Pierre 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Throughout the Old Kingdom period, the Egyptian state maintained close relations with all the regions surrounding the Nile valley. At the time when the pharaonic state launched monumental construction projects—notably the building of the gigantic pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty—the exploitation of mineral resources in the desert margins and in more distant areas was sharply accentuated. The establishment of harbors on the Red Sea shore served to reach the south of the Sinai peninsula for the exploitation of copper and turquoise, as well as to bring back aromatics and exotic products from the land of Punt in the Bab el-Mandab area. The need for labor to realize building projects and develop the Egyptian infrastructure, for example as required to control major trade routes, led to repeated military raids against Libya, Nubia, and the Levant. Drawing on archaeology and written sources, including the tomb autobiographies of state officials of the Sixth Dynasty, this chapter offers perspectives on the complex military and diplomatic activities that linked the Old Kingdom to the surrounding regions.
The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World
Authors: Michalowski Piotr 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to the external relationships of the Sargonic (Old Akkadian) polity, often described as the world’s first empire, and focuses primarily on military and diplomatic matters. The kings of this dynasty reigned over all of southern and northern Babylonia as well as patchworks of outposts, trade routes, and territory in neighboring Iran and Syria for approximately two and a half centuries, although their reach varied over time. The martial exploits of its rulers were remembered by later generations of Mesopotamian scribes and poets, who fictionalized them for their own purposes. This chapter eschews such information, focusing exclusively on the critical evaluation of contemporary sources. The Akkad polity was the first successful state of such a large size in Western Asia, with armies and organizational structures that were developed for maintaining strong, centralized control over its peripheries and the unruly central provinces, which were prone to revolt. Its armies were engaged in constant warfare, putting down native rebellions and venturing far and wide in search of booty and access to metals and stone, but often also engaged in defensive actions in Iran, contending with the expansive activities of the powerful state of Marhaši to the east.
The Diplomatic Origins of Immigration Law
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins of immigration law in the United States. Until the late nineteenth century Congress created few rules to govern immigration, beyond setting a uniform rule for naturalization. Instead, presidents facilitated immigration through the negotiation of commercial treaties that ensured reciprocal protections for foreign nationals in the United States and Americans abroad—first with nations in Europe, and later with China during the California Gold Rush. State and local governments simultaneously acted as de facto regulators through the use of their inspection and taxation powers. In the 1880s, however, circumstances changed. In response to growing resentment of Chinese immigration on the West Coast and pressure from eastern seaboard states struggling to manage immigrant flows, Congress finally enacted significant legislation, passing the Chinese Exclusion Acts and beginning the American experiment with immigration restriction. By the close of the twentieth century, foreign affairs and national defense were no longer necessary contexts for the assertion of broad presidential leadership or power. Presidents continued to rely on their foreign affairs powers to significant effect through World War II, and diplomacy remains relevant to immigration policy today. But the rise of the administrative state and the President’s role in steering an ever-expanding bureaucracy ultimately became the preeminent source of executive authority to control immigration law.
Effects of Political Violence Exposure on the Family and Parenting Environment
Authors: Dubow Eric F. , Goodman Lynne C. , Boxer Paul , Niwa Erika Y. , Huesmann L. Rowell , Landau Simha F. , Gvirsman Shira Dvir , Shikaki Khalil , Smith Cathy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Political violence and armed conflict are a worldwide problem that exposes families to extreme acts of violence, disrupts community and family economic conditions, compromises family functioning and parenting behaviors, and has deleterious effects on children’s development. In this chapter, we describe two overarching, complementary theoretical frameworks that can explain how exposure to political violence affects family functioning: Bronfenbrenner’s model of hierarchically nested ecological ecosystems and a related model within developmental psychology, the family stress model. Using data from our Palestinian-Israeli exposure to violence study, a prospective study of 1,501 Palestinian and Israeli families, we examine a mediational model showing that the family’s exposure to ethnic-political violence predicts negative family functioning (parental depressive symptoms and marital aggression), which in turn predicts subsequent harsh physical punishment toward one’s children.
Breathe Practice Repeat
Authors: Jain Andrea R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter suggests we can better understand the apparent conflicts and contradictions of the practices and commitments of neoliberal spirituality by approaching it as both a body of religious practice and a neoliberal ethical complex. The chapter makes a case for the ways neoliberal spirituality reflects and affects adherents’ values and value systems. It argues that neoliberal spirituality can betray ritual, mythological, and other religious qualities, but it is also made up of industries that operate by the logic of multinational corporations, so consideration of the religious qualities of neoliberal spirituality generally need not (and should not) avoid a critique of neoliberalism itself. This chapter explains what is meant by neoliberalism and neoliberal governmentality and the ways they are embodied by the neoliberal subject who both dissents against neoliberal capitalism and consents to its domination.
Why Dehumanization Matters
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that dehumanization is a worldwide problem with deep historical roots, but it is also a growing problem around the world that promises to worsen in a future in which climate crises will turn more and more people into refugees on foreign soil. In order to know how to deal with the problem of dehumanization, we have to understand what it is and how it works. Dehumanization fuels the worst brutalities that human beings perpetrate against one another. It is not just a problem of the modern, industrialized world: this chapter argues that it has haunted humanity for millennia. There are traces of it in writings from the ancient civilizations to medieval characterizations and even in far-flung indigenous cultures.
Holocaust
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the Holocaust is a prime example of dehumanization. Indeed, the dehumanization of Jews was a central component of the Nazi program. And to date it represents the most explicit and thoroughly documented example of the dehumanization of a whole people. Much of what we can learn from the Holocaust can be applied to other cases of dehumanization too, because dehumanization always conforms to more or less the same pattern. Of course, there are individual variations, as each incident of dehumanization must be understood against the background of different historical and cultural contexts, and in response to different political forces. But these differences make their striking similarities all the more significant, suggesting that dehumanizing states of mind are grounded in some very general features of human psychology. The chapter shows how easy it is to slip into thinking of others as less than human in part because of how the human mind is configured.
Lynching
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the horrifying reality of lynching, as removed from the sanitized depictions often seen in media. Racist lynchings were not merely extrajudicial executions. They typically included torture and bodily mutilation, with the remains of the victim being picked through and saved as souvenirs and memorabilia. In addition, lynchings were often treated as festive, public gatherings. The chapter asks how such actions could be made psychologically possible, especially on such a large scale as during the Jim Crow era. Part of the answer lies in dehumanizing beliefs that many Whites held about Black people—especially Black men. Moreover, representations of Black people as subhuman animals were not confined to the popular press. They also bore the stamp of academic authority.
Racism
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter defines the term “racism” and considers the historical trajectory of this phenomenon. Racism is the belief that races exist and that some races are intrinsically superior to others. A person can be a racist, in this sense, even if they do not feel any hostility toward those whom they regard as their racial inferiors. With this definition, the chapter attempts to elaborate on the concept even further. It begins by discussing the meaning of “racial superiority” and how racists believe that each race has an “intrinsic value.” They think that the members of one race are objectively inferior or superior to the members of another just because of their racial identity, and, therefore, each race can be assigned a rank on a hierarchy of value. The idea that some races are superior to others thus results in the idea of a racial hierarchy.
Morality
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers multiple theories of dehumanization. More specifically, this chapter aims to examine conflicting understandings of what causes dehumanization or what its function is. Some people think of dehumanization as the failure to recognize the humanity of others. Another popular but incorrect theory is that when people conceive of other people as less than human, this is just an alibi to excuse their cruel and destructive acts. Yet another misleading assumption is the claim that dehumanization promotes “moral disengagement”—a kind of distancing that casts others out from the “universe of moral obligation.” The chapter elaborates on the moral disengagement idea in particular, as it is not precisely correct in theory. After all, the inhibitions that dehumanization undermines are moral ones, and the violence that it unleashes often has an intensely moralistic tone.
Monsters
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at when humans are made into monsters. When people seek to dehumanize others, they commonly describe the objects of their fear, hatred, and disgust as monsters (or demons, devils, and fiends, which amount to the same thing), either explicitly or implicitly. The chapter considers how, through dehumanization, people come to think of others as monsters. To understand how this happens, the chapter forms a clear idea of what monsters are. It coins the term “metaphysical threat” to describe this dehumanizing phenomenon. If everything that exists is in some sense “natural,” then metaphysically threatening things are disturbingly unnatural. They are lesions in the orderly cosmos.
Flowers Blooming on a Withered Tree
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This volume, containing a translation, annotations, and historical studies of Giun’s (1200–1253) Verse Comments on Dōgen’s Treasury of the True Dharma Eye (Shōbōgenzō honmokuju), represents the initial book-length contribution to a crucial though previously unnoticed sub-field in Japanese Buddhist studies involving text-historical and literary-philological examinations of a key example of the copious premodern collections of annotations and interpretations of the masterwork of Zen master Dōgen. It is the first study of the life and thought of Giun and of the 60-fascicle version of Dōgen’s masterwork, which are crucial for understanding the history of the Sōtō Zen Buddhist sect’s intellectual development. The main translation of this text consists of four-line verses and capping phrases composed by Giun, accompanied by additional capping phrases that were contributed by an eighteenth-century commentator, Katsusdō Honkō. The book also provides an examination of the background and influences exerted on and by Giun’s Verse Comments in relation to various aspects of Dōgen’s writings and Zen thought in China and Japan.