bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical application of bacteriophage in food manufacturing facilities for the control of Listeria sp.
Authors: Reinhard Robert G. , Kalinowski Robin M. , Bodnaruk Peter W. , Eifert Joseph D. , Boyer Renee R. , Duncan Susan E. , Bailey R. Hartford 
Published: December 2020

AbstractListeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen with the ability to persist and form biofilm matrices in processing environments of food manufacturing facilities. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses with host specific lethality. Published research on the application of phage to control Listeria sp. in manufacturing environments is limited. In this study, we have assessed the capacity of bacteriophage P100 (Listex™) to reduce incidence of Listeria sp. in the ready‐to‐eat (RTE) environment of refrigerated (4°C) and ambient (20°C) temperature facilities using two different application strategies. A moderate application applied as a single treatment every 24 hr over three days (2 × 107 PFU/ml) and an intensified application applied once every 6 hr over a 24 hr period (1 × 108 PFU/ml). Environmental nonfood contact surface (NFCS) samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of Listeria sp. before and after treatment. When the moderate treatment protocol was applied the incidence of positives decreased from 51.3 to 17.5% in the 4°C environment and from 67.5 to 23.1% in the 20°C production area. For the intensified phage treatment method, the initial positive rate in the 4°C environment ranged from 5 to 47.5%, with an overall 43% reduction in Listeria sp. In the 20°C facility, initial environmental Listeria sp. ranged from 15 to 50%, with an overall reduction of 32% after treatment with phage P100. Data indicate the application of Listeria specific phage P100 in RTE food production environments by either the moderate or intensified application method can reduce incidence and be considered an additional intervention strategy for controlling this pathogen on NFCS.
Longitudinal Association Between Hearing Loss, Vision Loss, Dual Sensory Loss, and Cognitive Decline
Authors: Ge Shaoqing , McConnell Eleanor S. , Wu Bei , Pan Wei , Dong XinQi , Plassman Brenda L. 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESTo better understand the role of sensory loss as a potentially modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline, this study examined cognitive decline in relation to single modality hearing or vision loss and dual sensory loss.DESIGNLongitudinal secondary data analysis.SETTINGThe Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and its supplement: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS).PARTICIPANTSIndividuals aged 73 and older (N = 295).MEASUREMENTSHearing loss was defined by an inability to hear sounds of 25 dB at frequencies between 0.5 and 4.0 kHz in either ear. Vision loss was defined as having corrected binocular vision worse than 20/40. Dual sensory loss was defined as having both hearing and vision loss. We used one time point of hearing and vision data objectively measured in ADAMS Wave C (June 2006–May 2008) and five waves of cognitive function data measured by the HRS version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status in HRS (2006–2014). Multilevel mixed models were used.RESULTSAmong the participants, 271 completed a hearing assessment and 120 had hearing loss; 292 completed a vision assessment and 115 had vision loss; 52 had dual sensory loss. Older adults with hearing loss had a significantly faster rate of cognitive decline as they aged compared to those with normal hearing (β = −0.16, P < .05). No significant association was found between vision loss and the rate of cognitive decline (β = −0.06, P = .41). Older adults who had dual sensory loss likewise had a significantly faster rate of cognitive decline as they age (β = −0.23, P < .05) compared to those with no sensory loss.CONCLUSIONOlder adults with hearing loss and dual sensory loss have faster rates of cognitive decline than those with normal sensory function.
Autologous corneal graft for the treatment of deep corneal defects in dogs: 15 cases (2014‐2017)
Authors: Jaksz M. , Fischer M.‐C. , Fenollosa‐Romero E. , Busse C. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo describe the use of corneal autografts for repair of deep corneal defects in dogs.Materials and MethodsRetrospective analysis of clinical records of dogs that received autologous corneal grafts.ResultsFifteen dogs (16 eyes) of different breed, age and gender were included. Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented (10/15 dogs). Defects were unilateral in 14 dogs and bilateral in one dog, extended to at least 80% of the stromal thickness in all eyes, with descemetoceles in four eyes and corneal perforations in five eyes. Most ulcers (13/16 eyes) were located centrally. Corneal autografts were harvested from healthy peripheral cornea of the ipsilateral eye. The thickness of the autograft was limited to a set depth of 0.3 mm. The autograft was sutured into a previously debrided ulcer bed with a continuous or simple interrupted suture pattern using absorbable or non‐absorbable suture material. Additional interventions included a partial temporary tarsorrhaphy and bandage contact lenses. Postoperatively patients received topical antibiotics and systemic anti‐inflammatory drugs, and 12/15 dogs also received systemic antibiotics. Mean follow‐up time was 54 days (2 to 462). In all eyes the donor site healed uneventfully with mild, persistent corneal fibrosis. Postoperative complications included autograft keratomalacia, graft dehiscence and corneal pigmentation. No patient required additional surgery. Good structural and functional outcome was accomplished in 14 of 16 eyes.Clinical significanceAutologous corneal grafts provide tectonic support and result in good corneal transparency in selected cases of dogs with deep to perforated corneal ulcerations.
Early marriage and early childbearing in South Asia: trends, inequalities, and drivers from 2005 to 2018
Authors: Scott Samuel , Nguyen Phuong Hong , Neupane Sumanta , Pramanik Priyanjana , Nanda Priya , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Afsana Kaosar , Menon Purnima 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEarly marriage (EM) and early childbearing (ECB) have far‐reaching consequences. This study describes the prevalence, trends, inequalities, and drivers of EM and ECB in South Asia using eight rounds of Demographic and Health Survey data across 13 years. We report the percentage of ever‐married women aged 20–24 years (n = 105,150) married before 18 years (EM) and with a live birth before 20 years (ECB). Relative trends were examined using average annual rate of reduction (AARR). Inequalities were examined by geography, marital household wealth, residence, and education. Sociodemographic drivers of changes for EM were assessed using regression decomposition analyses. We find that EM/ECB are still common in Bangladesh (69%/69%), Nepal (52%/51%), India (41%/39%), and Pakistan (37%/38%), with large subnational variation in most countries. EM has declined fastest in India (AARR of –3.8%/year), Pakistan (–2.8%/year), and Bangladesh (–1.5%/year), but EM elimination by 2030 will not occur at these rates. Equity analyses show that poor, uneducated women in rural areas are disproportionately burdened. Regression decomposition analysis shows that improvements in wealth and education explained 44% (India) to 96% (Nepal) of the actual EM reduction. Investments across multiple sectors are required to understand and address EM and ECB, which are pervasive social determinants of maternal and child wellbeing.
A changed research landscape of youth's obesogenic behaviours and environments in the post‐COVID‐19 era
Authors: Jia Peng 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe project ‘Obesogenic Environment and Childhood Obesity’ (OBECHO), carried out under the leadership of the International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), has reviewed all sufficiently reported studies of obesogenic environmental determinants published prior to 1 January 2019. Findings of the OBECHO project have formed the unprecedentedly inclusive evidence for policy‐making and the establishment of the future research agenda regarding the obesogenic environment. Furthermore, the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has made this evidence become an important benchmark record of how youths have interacted with the obesogenic environment in the pre‐COVID‐19 era. The implementation of lockdown measures worldwide for curbing COVID‐19 transmission has been affecting not mere youth's lifestyle behaviours and weight status but, more fundamentally, obesogenic environments and hence youth‐environment interaction patterns. However, COVID‐19, although causing unfavoured changes, will speed up the transformation of the research landscape from traditional to modern modes for more reliable evidence. We should closely track and study those abnormalities caused by COVID‐19 and the accompanying interventions.
The health belief model and theory of planned behavior applied to mammography screening: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ritchie David , Van den Broucke Stephan , Van Hal Guido 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) are used to explain screening behavior. Although reviews of each model have been conducted independently, none have compared the application of both to mammography screening.MethodsA systematic review of literature published in five databases from 1974 to 2020 was performed. Meta‐analysis of the explanatory value of the HBM and TPB and effect sizes of their cognitive variables was conducted.ResultsAltogether, 673 papers reporting HBM studies and 577 reporting TPB studies were recovered, of which 43 HBM studies and 15 TPB studies met the eligibility criteria. Twelve studies reported on the explanatory value of either model. The explained variance for HBM ranged from 25% to 89% (mean R2 = .55), while the explained variance for TPB ranged from 16% to 81% (mean R2 = .24 [screening behavior as outcome] and 0.46 [intention as outcome]). The component of “cue to action” had the greatest effect size (mean OR 1.80 [95% CI: 1.58–2.04]).ConclusionsWhile the HBM and TPB both demonstrated positive explanatory value, most studies examined the individual constructs of each model and failed to report consistently on the effectiveness of the models.
Risk of non‐syndromic orofacial clefts by maternal rural‐urban residence and race/ethnicity: A population‐based case‐control study in Washington State 1989‐2014
Authors: Kapos Flavia P. , White Lauren A. , Schmidt Kelsey A. , Hawes Stephen E. , Starr Jacqueline R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundOrofacial clefts (OFC) have multifactorial aetiology. Established risk factors explain a small proportion of cases.ObjectivesTo evaluate OFC risk by maternal rural residence and race/ethnicity, and test whether these associations changed after US‐mandated folic acid fortification.MethodsThis population‐based case‐control study included all non‐syndromic OFC cases among Washington State singleton livebirths between 1989‐2014 and birth year‐matched controls. Data sources included birth certificates and hospital records. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for OFC by maternal rural‐urban residence (adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity) and by maternal race/ethnicity. We evaluated additive and multiplicative effect measure modification by time of folic acid fortification (before vs. after). Probabilistic quantitative bias analysis accounted for potential differential case ascertainment for infants born to Black mothers.ResultsThe overall non‐syndromic OFC birth prevalence was 1.0 per 1000 livebirths (n = 2136 cases). Among controls (n = 25 826), 76% of mothers were urban residents and 72% were of White race/ethnicity. OFC risk was slightly higher for infants born to rural than to urban mothers, adjusting for race/ethnicity (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01, 1.25). The association was similar before and after US‐mandated folic acid fortification. Compared with infants born to White mothers, OFC risk was higher for American Indian mothers (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.35, 2.23) and lower for Black (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48, 0.81), Hispanic (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64, 0.87), and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) mothers (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.74, 1.02). Bias analysis suggests the observed difference for Black mothers may be explained by selection bias. Post‐fortification, the association of OFC with maternal API race/ethnicity decreased and with maternal Black race/ethnicity increased relative to maternal White race/ethnicity.ConclusionsInfants born to rural mothers and to American Indian mothers in Washington State during 1989‐2014 were at higher OFC risk before and after US‐mandated folic acid fortification.
Are paternal or grandmaternal age associated with higher probability of trisomy 21 in offspring? A population‐based, matched case‐control study, 1995‐2015
Authors: Schliep Karen C. , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Hanson Heidi A. , Hollingshaus Michael , Fraser Alison , Smith Ken R. , Panushka Katherine A. , Varner Michael W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundFetal aneuploidy risk increases with maternal age, but the majority of pregnancies complicated by trisomy 21 occur in younger women. It has been suggested that grandmaternal and/or paternal age may also play a role.ObjectivesTo assess the association between grandmaternal and paternal age and trisomy 21.MethodsFor the grandmaternal assessments, we included all offspring with trisomy 21 in a statewide birth defects surveillance system (1995‐2015) that could be linked to 3‐generation matrilineal pedigrees in the Utah Population Database. Ten sex/birth year‐matched controls were selected for each case (770 cases and 7700 controls). For the paternal assessments, our cohort included all trisomy 21 cases (1995‐2015) where both the mother and father resided in Utah at the time of birth (1409 cases and 14 090 controls). Ages were categorised by 5‐year intervals (reference: 25‐29 years). Conditional logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounding factors, was used to model the association between grandmaternal and paternal age and trisomy 21.ResultsNo association between grandmaternal age and trisomy 21 was detected, whether age was assessed continuously (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98, 1.03) or categorically after adjusting for grandmaternal and grandpaternal race/ethnicity and grandpaternal age. Compared to fathers aged 20‐29 years, fathers <20 years (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.99, 4.98) and 20‐24 years (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.11, 1.73) had increased odds of trisomy 21 offspring, after adjusting for maternal and paternal race/ethnicity and maternal age. Results were consistent after excluding stillbirths, multiples, and trisomy 21 due to translocation or mosaicism.ConclusionsMaternal age is an important risk factor for trisomy 21 offspring; however, this population‐based study shows that that young paternal age is also associated with trisomy 21, after taking into account maternal age and race/ethnicity.
Nordic welfare states—still standing or changed by the COVID‐19 crisis?
Authors: Greve Bent , Blomquist Paula , Hvinden Bjørn , van Gerven Minna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNordic welfare states are known for their universalistic and all‐encompassing approach to welfare and having a long tradition for active labour market policy as tool in economic crises with adverse impact on employment. They have had a long tradition for strong egalitarian approaches and their residents are consistently among the happiest in the world. A key issue is whether a crisis like the COVID‐19 outbreak is changing the Nordic welfare states. This article focuses on providing a description of what instruments the Nordic countries have taken or expect to use as part of dealing with the welfare challenges resulting from rising unemployment and greater social and economic insecurity in the wake of the crisis. The tentative conclusion is that the crisis so far has strengthened key characteristics of the Nordic welfare states by the state taking on a strong central role not only for the functioning of the market but also continued in a path‐dependent way with universal and relatively generous benefits such as for those who become unemployed or have reduced income because of the crisis.
Human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cell‐conditioned medium reduces inflammatory factors and fibrosis in ovalbumin‐induced asthma in mice
Authors: Dalouchi Fereshteh , Falak Raza , Bakhshesh Morteza , Sharifiaghdam Zeynab , Azizi Yaser , Aboutaleb Nahid 
Published: December 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Is mesenchymal stem cell‐conditioned medium capable of improving the pathological alterations of ovalbumin‐induced asthma in mice?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Our study indicated that human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cell‐conditioned medium is capable of modulating inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress and the pathological consequences of ovalbumin‐induced allergic asthma in mice.
AbstractParacrine factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory and antifibrotic properties, and the conditioned medium (CM) of these cells might have functional capabilities. We examined the effects of human amniotic membrane MSC‐CM (hAM‐MSC‐CM) on ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthma. Forty male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into the following four groups: control; OVA (sensitized and challenged with OVA); OVA+CM (sensitized and challenged with OVA and treated with hAM‐MSC‐CM); and OVA+Placebo (sensitized and challenged with OVA and treated with placebo). Forty‐eight hours after the last challenge, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were collected and used for evaluation of inflammatory factors and cells, respectively. Lung tissue sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin or Masson's Trichrome to evaluate pathological changes, and oxidative stress was assessed in fresh lung tissues. Treatment with hAM‐MSC‐CM significantly hindered histopathological changes and fibrosis and reduced the total cell count and the percentage of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, it reduced serum levels of immunoglobulin E, interleukin‐4, transforming growth factor‐β and lung malondialdehyde. It also increased serum levels of interferon‐γ and interleukin‐10, in addition to the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in lung tissue in comparison to the OVA and OVA+Placebo groups. This study showed that administration of hAM‐MSC‐CM can improve pathological conditions, such as inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress, in OVA‐induced allergic asthma.
All-Solid Ionic Eye
Authors: Chen Baohong , Sun Wenjie , Lu Jingjing , Yang Jianhai , Chen Yongmei , Zhou Jinxiong , Suo Zhigang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We describe the materials, design, experimental measurements, and simulations of a bio-inspired all-solid tunable optical device: ionic eye. A dielectric elastomer functions as an electroactive material. An ionogel functions as an ionic conductor. Both materials are stretchable and transparent. The ionic eye achieves a ∼50% relative change of the focal length, beyond that of the human eye. Our analysis also points out that the ionic eye can respond rapidly (3.6 ms) and be miniaturized in size. This all-solid deformable lens eliminates the risk of leakage of currently used encapsulated fluid lenses and can be integrated into other devices for diverse applications.
Quinine Ingestion During the Latter Stages of a 3,000-m Time Trial Fails to Improve Cycling Performance
Authors: Etxebarria Naroa , Clark Brad , Ross Megan L. , Hui Timothy , Goecke Roland , Rattray Ben , Burke Louise M. 
Published: December 2020

The ingestion of quinine, a bitter tastant, improves short-term (30 s) cycling performance, but it is unclear whether this effect can be integrated into the last effort of a longer race. The purpose of this study was to determine whether midtrial quinine ingestion improves 3,000-m cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Following three familiarization TTs, 12 well-trained male cyclists (mean ± SD: mass = 76.6 ± 9.2 kg, maximal aerobic power = 390 ± 50 W, maximal oxygen uptake = 4.7 ± 0.6 L/min) performed four experimental 3,000-m TTs on consecutive days. This double-blind, crossover design study had four randomized and counterbalanced conditions: (a) Quinine 1 (25-ml solution, 2 mM of quinine); (b) Quinine 2, replicate of Quinine 1; (c) a 25-ml sweet-tasting no-carbohydrate solution (Placebo); and (d) 25 ml of water (Control) consumed at the 1,850-m point of the TT. The participants completed a series of perceptual scales at the start and completion of all TTs, and the power output was monitored continuously throughout all trials. The power output for the last 1,000 m for all four conditions was similar: mean ± SD: Quinine 1 = 360 ± 63 W, Quinine 2 = 367 ± 63 W, Placebo = 364 ± 64 W, and Control = 367 ± 58 W. There were also no differences in the 3,000-m TT power output between conditions. The small perceptual differences between trials at specific 150-m splits were not explained by quinine intake. Ingesting 2 mM of quinine during the last stage of a 3,000-m TT did not improve cycling performance.
Juxtaposition of diverse, subduction-related tectonic blocks with contrasting metamorphic features and ages in the Paleoproterozoic Aketashitage orogen, NW China: Implications for Precambrian orogeny
Authors: Zhang Qian W.L. , Liu Jia-Hui , Li Zhen M.G. , Shi Meng-Yan , Chen Yi-Chao , Wu Chun-Ming 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The comprehensive investigation of orogenic-related litho-structural assemblages, metamorphism, and geochronology in early Precambrian orogens can help us better understand the features of plate tectonics in early Earth. The Paleoproterozoic Aketashitage orogenic belt is located at a key position in northwestern China and connects the North China craton, Tarim craton, Altaids orogen, and Tethys orogen. Garnet-bearing mafic and paragneissic granulite occur as interlayers or blocks preserved within paragneissic matrix, and two to three generations of metamorphic mineral assemblages were identified. Geothermobarometry and pseudosection modeling yielded clockwise metamorphic P-T paths passing from 7.5–8.6 kbar/575–715 °C (M1) through 7.4–12.2 kbar/715–895 °C (M2) and finally to 5.2–7.3 kbar/710–800 °C (M3) for the mafic and paragneissic granulite as well as amphibolite, which is indicative of metamorphic features of subduction/collision zones. Peak metamorphic P-T conditions of all the samples lie in the medium P/T facies series, suggesting that the thermal gradient (∼20–31 °C/km) of this Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt was obviously higher than most of the Phanerozoic subduction zones. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb dating of zircon and monazite yielded metamorphic ages of ca. 1.98–1.96 Ga in the eastern part of the orogen, ca. 1.86–1.85 Ga in the western part, and a maximum depositional age of ca. 2.06 Ga for paragneiss. Compared with previous studies, the Aketashitage orogen is composed of unordered juxtaposition of diverse, subduction-related tectono-metamorphic blocks with different protoliths, metamorphic grades, and ages preserved within the paragneissic matrix deposited in the Paleoproterozoic, which is highly similar to Phanerozoic mélange. A Paleoproterozoic subduction-metamorphic-exhumation-accretionary process was deciphered, similar to that found in accretionary/orogenic wedge in Phanerozoic orogens. The juxtaposition of diverse, subduction-related tectonic blocks with contrasting ages and metamorphic features can serve as a marker of early Precambrian orogens and plate tectonics.