bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring cortical mean diffusivity to assess early microstructural cortical change in presymptomatic familial Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Weston Philip S. J. , Poole Teresa , Nicholas Jennifer M. , Toussaint Nicolas , Simpson Ivor J. A. , Modat Marc , Ryan Natalie S. , Liang Yuying , Rossor Martin N. , Schott Jonathan M. , Ourselin Sebastien , Zhang Hui , Fox Nick C. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
There is increasing interest in improving understanding of the timing and nature of early neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and developing methods to measure this in vivo. Autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) provides the opportunity for investigation of presymptomatic change. We assessed early microstructural breakdown of cortical grey matter in FAD with diffusion-weighted MRI.

Methods
Diffusion-weighted and T1-weighed MRI were acquired in 38 FAD mutation carriers (17 symptomatic, 21 presymptomatic) and 39 controls. Mean diffusivity (MD) was calculated for six cortical regions previously identified as being particularly vulnerable to FAD-related neurodegeneration. Linear regression compared MD between symptomatic and presymptomatic carriers and controls, adjusting for age and sex. Spearman coefficients assessed associations between cortical MD and cortical thickness. Spearman coefficients also assessed associations between cortical MD and estimated years to/from onset (EYO). Across mutation carriers, linear regression assessed associations between MD and EYO, adjusting for cortical thickness.

Results
Compared with controls, cortical MD was higher in symptomatic mutation carriers (mean ± SD CDR = 0.88 ± 0.39) for all six regions (p < 0.001). In late presymptomatic carriers (within 8.1 years of predicted symptom onset), MD was higher in the precuneus (p = 0.04) and inferior parietal cortex (p = 0.003) compared with controls. Across all presymptomatic carriers, MD in the precuneus correlated with EYO (p = 0.04). Across all mutation carriers, there was strong evidence (p < 0.001) of association between MD and cortical thickness in all regions except entorhinal cortex. After adjusting for cortical thickness, there remained an association (p < 0.05) in mutation carriers between MD and EYO in all regions except entorhinal cortex.

Conclusions
Cortical MD measurement detects microstructural breakdown in presymptomatic FAD and correlates with proximity to symptom onset independently of cortical thickness. Cortical MD may thus be a feasible biomarker of early AD-related neurodegeneration, offering additional/complementary information to conventional MRI measures.
Role of protein repair enzymes in oxidative stress survival and virulence of Salmonella
Authors: Shome Arijit , Sarkhel Ratanti , Apoorva Shekhar , Nair Sonu Sukumaran , Chauhan Tapan Kumar Singh , Bhure Sanjeev Kumar , Mahawar Manish 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Proteins are the principal biomolecules in bacteria that are affected by the oxidants produced by the phagocytic cells. Most of the protein damage is irreparable though few unfolded proteins and covalently modified amino acids can be repaired by chaperones and repair enzymes respectively. This study reviews the three protein repair enzymes, protein l-isoaspartyl O-methyl transferase (PIMT), peptidyl proline cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), and methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR).

Methods
Published articles regarding protein repair enzymes were collected from Google Scholar and PubMed. The information obtained from the research articles was analyzed and categorized into general information about the enzyme, mechanism of action, and role played by the enzymes in bacteria. Special emphasis was given to the importance of these enzymes in Salmonella Typhimurium.

Results
Protein repair is the direct and energetically preferred way of replenishing the cellular protein pool without translational synthesis. Under the oxidative stress mounted by the host during the infection, protein repair becomes very crucial for the survival of the bacterial pathogens. Only a few covalent modifications of amino acids are reversible by the protein repair enzymes, and they are highly specific in activity. Deletion mutants of these enzymes in different bacteria revealed their importance in the virulence and oxidative stress survival.

Conclusion
PIMT repairs isoaspartate residues, PPiase catalyzes the conversion of cis-trans forms of proline residues, while MSR repairs oxidized methionine (Met) residues in the proteins. These repair enzymes maintain the activities of the target protein(s), thus aid in bacterial survival and virulence. The interventions which can interfere with this mechanism could be used for the development of novel therapeutics.
Tendon stem cell-derived exosomes regulate inflammation and promote the high-quality healing of injured tendon
Authors: Zhang Mingzhao , Liu Hengchen , Cui Qingbo , Han Peilin , Yang Shulong , Shi Manyu , Zhang Tingting , Zhang Zenan , Li Zhaozhu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Tendon stem cells (TSCs) have been reported to hold promises for tendon repair and regeneration. However, less is known about the effects of exosomes derived from TSCs. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the healing effects of TSC-derived exosomes (TSC-Exos) on tendon injury.

Methods
The Achilles tendons of Sprague-Dawley male rats were used for primary culture of TSCs and tenocytes, and exosomes were isolated from TSCs. The proliferation of tenocytes induced by TSC-Exos was analyzed using an EdU assay; cell migration was measured by cell scratch and transwell assays. We used western blot to analyze the role of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. In vivo, Achilles tendon injury models were created in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (n = 54) were then randomly assigned to three groups: the TSC-Exos group, the GelMA group, and the control group. We used immunofluorescence to detect changes in the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic markers at 1 week after surgery. Histology and changes in expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related indices were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry at 2 and 8 weeks. The collagen fiber diameter of the healing tendon was analyzed at 8 weeks by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results
TSC-Exos were taken up by tenocytes, which promoted the proliferation and migration of cells in a dose-dependent manner; this process may depend on the activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. At 1 week after surgery, we found that inflammation and apoptosis were significantly suppressed by TSC-Exos. At 2 and 8 weeks, tendons treated with TSC-Exos showed more continuous and regular arrangement in contrast to disorganized tendons in the GelMA and control groups, and TSC-Exos may help regulate ECM balance and inhibited scar formation. Further, at 8 weeks, the TSC-Exos group had a larger diameter of collagen compared to the control group.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that TSC-Exos could promote high-quality healing of injured tendon, which may be a promising therapeutic approach for tendon injury.
Simulation as a pedagogical learning method for critical paediatric nursing in Bachelor of Nursing programmes: a qualitative study
Authors: Akselbo Iben , Killingberg Heidi , Aune Ingvild 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
In the national education plan for Bachelor of Nursing in Norway, it is emphasized that focus areas for practical studies must include experience related to paediatric nursing. However, given the paucity of children’s wards in Norwegian hospitals, few students are offered this. The purpose of this study is to explore undergraduate nursing student’s perception of using simulation as a learning method to obtain knowledge and skills in delivering quality healthcare to children and their parents in emergencies.

Method
A total of 36 students participated in focus groups. The students were asked to reflect on their learning outcomes regarding the educational method during the simulation. In addition, the students were encouraged to discuss whether this pedagogical method was useful in preparing them to deal with critical medical situations in relation to children and their parents. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results
Three subjects emerged from the analysis. The first, simulation as an educational method, showed that the students thought that simulation gave a greater degree of realism and seriousness than other learning activities. The second subject, preparedness for later practice, showed that the students perceived simulation as one of the ways in which they were best prepared for the profession as a nurse. The students emphasized the benefit of having concentrated on children and their parents. The third subject, stress and leadership, showed that simulation as a method was stressful to most students, and lack of knowledge and anxiety about conducting other students kept them from taking the lead. However, the students experienced that they learned a lot about themselves and how they appear as nurses.

Conclusion
The bachelor-level student nurses experienced simulation as a realistic and effective educational method for gaining knowledge in the critical healthcare of children and their parents. Simulation made them reflect on a nurse’s area of responsibility in emergencies. When offered practical experience in children’s wards, the use of simulation as a didactic method may help students develop sufficient competence to act appropriately and expediently in critical paediatric nursing settings.

Trial registration
The study (number 52776) was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data.
Influence of energy removal rate on the quality of minced meat from undersized crawfish during frozen storage
Authors: Bonilla Franklin , Reyes Vondel , Chouljenko Alexander , Dzandu Bennett , Sathivel Subramaniam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUndersized crawfish have little economic value and are often discarded. Producing crawfish minced meat (CMM) from undersized crawfish and using an appropriate freezing technique may enable an economically viable market. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the energy removal rate using two techniques, cryogenic freezing (CF) and air blast freezing (BF), on CMM’s quality during frozen storage. CMM was separated into two batches; one batch was cryogenically frozen with liquid nitrogen and the other batch was frozen with an air blast freezer. CMM batches were frozen and stored at − 18 °C. They were analyzed for moisture content, color, pH, and lipid oxidation during 180 days of storage. The CMM yield was 64.67% of the total crawfish weight. Cryogenic freezing achieved the highest freezing rate. Cryogenically frozen CMM showed 22% less lipid oxidation than CMM frozen by air blast freezing at 180 days of storage. This study showed that CMM could be mechanically produced from undersized crawfish and freezing techniques with high energy removal rate could better maintain quality attributes for CMM during frozen storage.Graphical abstract
Advancing the pragmatic measurement of sustainment: a narrative review of measures
Authors: Moullin Joanna C. , Sklar Marisa , Green Amy , Dickson Kelsey S. , Stadnick Nicole A. , Reeder Kendal , Aarons Gregory A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundSustainment, an outcome indicating an intervention continues to be implemented over time, has been comparatively less studied than other phases of the implementation process. This may be because of methodological difficulties, funding cycles, and minimal attention to theories and measurement of sustainment. This review synthesizes the literature on sustainment measures, evaluates the qualities of each measure, and highlights the strengths and gaps in existing sustainment measures. Results of the review will inform recommendations for the development of a pragmatic, valid, and reliable measure of sustainment.MethodsA narrative review of published sustainment outcome and sustainability measures (i.e., factors that influence sustainment) was conducted, including appraising measures in the Society of Implementation Research Collaboration (SIRC) instrument review project (IRP) and the Dissemination and Implementation Grid-Enabled Measures database initiative (GEM-D&I). The narrative review used a snowballing strategy by searching the reference sections of literature reviews and definitions of sustainability and sustainment. Measures used frequently and judged to be comprehensive and/or validated by a team of implementation scientists were extracted for analysis.ResultsEleven measures were evaluated. Three of the included measures were found in the SIRC-IRP, three in the GEM-D&I database, (one measure was in both databases) and six were identified in our additional searches. Thirteen constructs relating to sustainment were coded from selected measures. Measures covered a range of determinants for sustainment (i.e., construct of sustainability) as well as constructs of sustainment as an outcome. Strengths of the measures included, development by expert panels knowledgeable about particular interventions, fields or contexts, and utility in specific scenarios. A number of limitations were found in the measures analyzed including inadequate assessment of psychometric characteristics, being overly intervention or context specific, being lengthy and/or complex, and focusing on outer context factors.ConclusionThere is a lack of pragmatic and psychometrically sound measures of sustainment that can be completed by implementation stakeholders within inner context settings (e.g., frontline providers, supervisors).
Rank-and-File Antiracism
Authors: Schrader Stuart 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This review essay on recent scholarship on Rock Against Racism argues that the original scholarship on the topic misunderstood the relationship of punk rock and Rock Against Racism to the Left and to transformations in capitalism in Great Britain and beyond in the 1970s. This review offers a reinterpretation of punk rock as a rank-and-file mobilization in the realm of culture at a moment when more traditional venues for rank-and-file mobilization became unavailable.
Artificial intelligence in paediatric radiology: Future opportunities
Authors: Davendralingam Natasha , Sebire Neil J , Arthurs Owen J , Shelmerdine Susan C 
Published: September 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) has received widespread and growing interest in healthcare, as a method to save time, cost and improve efficiencies. The high-performance statistics and diagnostic accuracies reported by using AI algorithms (with respect to predefined reference standards), particularly from image pattern recognition studies, have resulted in extensive applications proposed for clinical radiology, especially for enhanced image interpretation. Whilst certain sub-speciality areas in radiology, such as those relating to cancer screening, have received wide-spread attention in the media and scientific community, children’s imaging has been hitherto neglected.
In this article, we discuss a variety of possible ‘use cases’ in paediatric radiology from a patient pathway perspective where AI has either been implemented or shown early-stage feasibility, while also taking inspiration from the adult literature to propose potential areas for future development. We aim to demonstrate how a ‘future, enhanced paediatric radiology service’ could operate and to stimulate further discussion with avenues for research.
Ethnic Extremism in the Student Environment: Experience of Empirical Research
Authors: Vekshin S. 
Published: September 2020

The article is devoted to the actual problem of prevention of extremist moods of students in modern conditions of functioning of educational organizations of higher education. The development of prevention programs that ensure the effectiveness of the corresponding preventive activities of higher education institutions should be based on empirically confirmed and scientifically based information about the patterns and factors of occurrence and development of extremist moods of ethnic and religious orientation among students.
The article presents the results of an empirical study that reveals the current state of the problem of the spread of extremist moods among modern students and the level of their propensity to extremist activities. Based on the results of the conducted empirical research, the author constructs a predictive model of possible manifestations of extremism among students studying in modern Russian universities, thereby determining the need and feasibility of developing effective measures to prevent the development of extremism in the youth environment.
The empirical study involved 563 students of 2-3 courses of a number of Russian universities that carry out educational activities and implement educational programs in various areas of training (law, Economics, psychological, psychological-pedagogical and pedagogical education, etc.). Based on the identification of indicators of a person's propensity to ethnic extremism and the development of appropriate diagnostic tools, the author conducts a study, which concludes that it is necessary to search for effective measures to prevent extremist manifestations in the student environment in the process of organizing the educational process of the University. The revealed level of students ' propensity to extremism and its manifestation in their life activity is the main indicator of the relevance of the problem of preventing ethnic extremism among students in the process of their education at the University.
An Adaptive Heuristic Approach to Compute Upper and Lower Bounds for The Close-Enough Traveling Salesman Problem
Authors: Carrabs Francesco , Cerrone Carmine , Cerulli Raffaele , Golden Bruce 
Published: September 2020

This paper addresses the close-enough traveling salesman problem, a variant of the Euclidean traveling salesman problem, in which the traveler visits a node if it passes through the neighborhood set of that node. We apply an effective strategy to discretize the neighborhoods of the nodes and the carousel greedy algorithm to appropriately select the neighborhoods that, step by step, are added to the partial solution until a feasible solution is generated. Our heuristic, based on these ingredients, is able to compute tight upper and lower bounds on the optimal solution relatively quickly. The computational results, carried out on benchmark instances, show that our heuristic often finds the optimal solution, on the instances where it is known, and in general, the upper bounds are more accurate than those from other algorithms available in the literature. Summary of Contribution: In this paper, we focus on the close-enough traveling salesman problem. This is a problem that has attracted research attention over the last 10 years; it has numerous real-world applications. For instance, consider the task of meter reading for utility companies. Homes and businesses have meters that measure the usage of gas, water, and electricity. Each meter transmits signals that can be read by a meter reader vehicle via radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology if the distance between the meter and the reader is less than r units. Each meter plays the role of a target point and the neighborhood is a disc of radius r centered at each target point. Now, suppose the meter reader vehicle is a drone and the goal is to visit each disc while minimizing the amount of energy expended by the drone. To solve this problem, we develop a metaheuristic approach, called (lb/ub)Alg, which computes both upper and lower bounds on the optimal solution value. This metaheuristic uses an innovative discretization scheme and the Carousel Greedy algorithm to obtain high-quality solutions. On benchmark instances where the optimal solution is known, (lb/ub)Alg obtains this solution 83% of the time. Over the remaining 17% of these instances, the deviation from the optimality is 0.05%, on average. On the instances with the highest overlap ratio, (lb/ub)Alg does especially well.
Fenomena Urbanisasi: Transformasi spasial di Kawasan Pinggiran Kabupaten Sidoarjo
Authors: Rukmana Siti Nuurlaily , Shofwan Moch 
Published: September 2020

The phenomenon of urban transformation also occurs in Sidoarjo Regency which is located around the city of Surabaya. Its evidence is the expansion of built up area in several districts like Krian district. The aims of this resech are analyzing the spatial transformation in term of land use change and evaluating the percentage of land use that it is accordance with spatial document policy. The analysis technique use Geogrphical Information System and Remote Sensing then proceed with descriptive evaluative. The result of this research can be seen that the transformation of built up area since 1995-2018 is 5,23% while those that are not accordance with spatial documen are 7,63%.
Language identity and cultural memory in borderland areas. A survey-based research with aged respondents (seniors)
Authors: Bonacchi Silvia , Wicherkiewicz Tomasz , Mela Mariusz 
Published: September 2020

The article presents methodological and practical experiences of an inter-university research project “Language of boundaries – Boundaries of language. Paralinguistic aspects of intercultural communication”, one of project tasks being conducting interviews with Polish and German senior respondents. The project aims were, among others, to investigate linguistic and cultural awareness, the sense of proximity/alienness with the culture and the others in the transborder area and the processes of mutual accommodation. In this context, senior respondents are a particularly precious target group in language contact studies as they are witnesses of linguistic identity and cultural memory. The interviews took place in the Polish-German border region of Frankfurt/Oder and Słubice. The respondents were asked questions included in a questionnaire that was especially prepared for the purpose. The questions included among other things questions about the respondents’ origins, professional life, education, daily habits, languages spoken by them, attitudes towards the other cultural group. The authors have not only presented theoretical basics of transborder studies, accommodation processes and age studies, but they have also given practical tips on what should be considered when doing interviews with the elderly. The article includes a summary of the answers given by the two groups of the respondents. With the article, the authors intend to contribute methodologically to future socio- and gerontolinguistic studies.
The research was carried out as part of the project Język pogranicza – pogranicze języka. Parajęzykowe aspekty komunikacji międzykulturowej (UMO: No. 0106 / NPRH3 / H12 / 82/2014) financed by the National Program for the Development of Humanities.
A convolutional neural network with a two-stage LSTM model for tool presence detection in laparoscopic videos
Authors: Tamer Abdulbaki Alshirbaji  , Jalal Nour Aldeen , Möller Knut 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Surgical tool presence detection in laparoscopic videos is a challenging problem that plays a critical role in developing context-aware systems in operating rooms (ORs). In this work, we propose a deep learning-based approach for detecting surgical tools in laparoscopic images using a convolutional neural network (CNN) in combination with two long short-term memory (LSTM) models. A pre-trained CNN model was trained to learn visual features from images. Then, LSTM was employed to include temporal information through a video clip of neighbour frames. Finally, the second LSTM was utilized to model temporal dependencies across the whole surgical video. Experimental evaluation has been conducted with the Cholec80 dataset to validate our approach. Results show that the most notable improvement is achieved after employing the two-stage LSTM model, and the proposed approach achieved better or similar performance compared with state-of-the-art methods.