bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between physical activity level and blood pressure: varied and graded mediating effects of obesity indices in schoolchildren
Authors: Maruf Fatai A. , Odetunde Marufat O. , Okonkwo Prosper U. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:To explore the mediating effects of adiposity indices in the association between physical activity level and blood pressure in a Nigerian schoolchildren population.Materials and Methods:One thousand five hundred and seventeen schoolchildren (714 males and 803 females) from randomly selected primary schools participated. Physical activity level, sum of skinfold thickness at three sites, waist circumference, body mass index, and blood pressure were measured using standardised procedures. The statistical significance of the mediating effects of adiposity indices was determined using Sobel Test.Results:Some obesity indices mediated the association between physical activity level and systolic blood pressure [males: waist circumference (t = 5.31; p < 0.001), skinfold thickness (t = 3.80; p < 0.001), and waist circumference/height (t = 2.21; p < 0.001); females: body mass index (t = 8.03; p < 0.001), waist circumference (t = 7.80; p < 0.001), and skinfold thickness (t = 5.94; p < 0.001)]. Similarly, some obesity indices mediated the prediction of diastolic blood pressure in females [males: body mass index (t = 1.95; p = 0.05), waist circumference (t = 2.65; p = 0.01), and skinfold thickness (t = 1.97; p = 0.05); females blood pressure: body mass index (t = 6.49; p < 0.001), waist circumference (t = 6.29; p < 0.001), skinfold thickness (t = 2.31; p = 0.02), and waist circumference/height (t = 2.59; p = 0.01)].Conclusion:The obesity indices that mediate the association between physical activity level and blood pressure vary, and their mediating effects are graded. While waist circumference and skinfold thickness exert the greatest mediating effects on the association in males, body mass index and waist circumference do in females.
Echocardiographic examination of mitral valve abnormalities in the paediatric population: current practices
Authors: Cantinotti Massimiliano , Giordano Raffaele , Koestenberger Martin , Voges Inga , Santoro Giuseppe , Franchi Eliana , Assanta Nadia , Valverde Israel , Simpson John , Kutty Shelby 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe reviewed the recent literature for echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve abnormalities in children. A literature search was performed within the National Library of Medicine using the keywords “mitral regurgitation and/or stenosis, children.” The search was refined by adding the keywords “echocardiographic definition, classification, and evaluation.” Thirty-one studies were finally included. Significant advances in echocardiographic imaging of mitral valve defects, mainly due to the implementation of three-dimensional technology, contribute to a better understanding of the underlying anatomy. However, heterogeneity between classification systems of mitral valve disease severity is a serious problem. For regurgitant lesions, there is only very limited evidence from small studies that support the adoption of quantitative/semi-quantitative indexes commonly employed in adults. Despite the lack of evidence base, qualitative evaluation of regurgitation severity is often employed. For stenotic lesions, no clear categorisation based on trans-valvular echocardiography-derived “gradients” has been consistently applied to define mild, moderate, or severe obstruction across different paediatric age ranges. Quantitative parameters such as valve area have also been poorly validated in children. Adult recommendations are frequently applied without validation for the paediatric age. In conclusion, significant advances in the anatomical evaluation of mitral valve diseases have been made, thanks to three-dimensional echocardiography; however, limitations remain in the quantitative/semi-quantitative estimation of disease severity, both with respect to valvular regurgitation and stenosis. Because adult echocardiographic recommendations should not be simply translated to the paediatric age, more specific paediatric guidelines and standards for the assessment of mitral valve diseases are needed.
BOCHNER–RIESZ MEANS ON BLOCK-SOBOLEV SPACES IN COMPACT LIE GROUP
Authors: CHEN JIECHENG , FAN DASHAN , ZHAO FAYOU 
Published: January 2020

On a compact Lie group$G$of dimension$n$, we study the Bochner–Riesz mean$S_{R}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}(f)$of the Fourier series for a function$f$. At the critical index$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=(n-1)/2$, we obtain the convergence rate for$S_{R}^{(n-1)/2}(f)$when$f$is a function in the block-Sobolev space. The main theorems extend some known results on the$m$-torus $\mathbb{T}^{m}$.
Advancing the Understanding of Adaptive Capacity of Social‐Ecological Systems to Absorb Climate Extremes
Authors: Thonicke Kirsten , Bahn Michael , Lavorel Sandra , Bardgett Richard D. , Erb Karlheinz , Giamberini Mariasilvia , Reichstein Markus , Vollan Björn , Rammig Anja 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEnhancing the capacity of social‐ecological systems (SES) to adapt to climate change is of crucial importance. While gradual climate change impacts have been the main focus of much recent research, much less is known about how SES are impacted by climate extremes and how they adapt. Here, based on an advanced conceptualization of social‐ecological resilience, performed by an interdisciplinary group of scientists, we outline three major challenges for operationalizing the resilience concept with particular focus on climate extremes. First, we discuss the necessary steps required to identify and measure relevant variables for capturing the full response spectrum of the coupled social and ecological components of SES. Second, we examine how climate extreme impacts on coupling flows in SES can be quantified by learning from past societal transitions or adaptations to climate extremes and resulting changes in ecosystem service supply. Last, we explore how to identify management options for maintaining and enhancing social‐ecological resilience under a changing regime of climate extremes. We conclude that multiple pathways within adaptation and mitigation strategies which enhance the adaptive capacity of SES to absorb climate extremes will open the way toward a sustainable future.
The Climatic Effects of Hygroscopic Growth of Sulfate Aerosols in the Stratosphere
Authors: Krishnamohan K.S. , Bala Govindasamy , Cao Long , Duan Lei , Caldeira Ken 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSolar geoengineering by deliberate injection of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere is one of the proposed options to counter anthropogenic climate warming. In this study, we focus on the effect of a specific microphysical property of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere: hygroscopic growth—the tendency of particles to grow by accumulating water. We show that stratospheric sulfate aerosols, for a given mass of sulfates, cause more cooling when prescribed at the lower levels of the stratosphere because of hygroscopic growth. The larger relative humidity in the lower stratosphere causes an increase in the aerosol size through hygroscopic growth that leads to a larger scattering efficiency. In our study, hygroscopic growth provides an additional cooling of 23% (0.7 K) when 20 Mt‐SO4 of sulfate aerosols, an amount that approximately offsets the warming due to a doubling of CO2, are prescribed at 100 hPa. The hygroscopic effect becomes weaker at higher levels as relative humidity decreases with height. Hygroscopic growth also leads to secondary effects such as an increase in near‐infrared shortwave absorption by the aerosols that causes a decrease in high clouds and an increase in stratospheric water vapor. The altitude dependence of the effects of hygroscopic growth is opposite to that of sedimentation effects or the fast adjustment effects due to aerosol‐induced warming identified in a recent study.
Integrating the Water Planetary Boundary With Water Management From Local to Global Scales
Authors: Zipper Samuel C. , Jaramillo Fernando , Wang‐Erlandsson Lan , Cornell Sarah E. , Gleeson Tom , Porkka Miina , Häyhä Tiina , Crépin Anne‐Sophie , Fetzer Ingo , Gerten Dieter , Hoff Holger , Matthews Nathanial , Ricaurte‐Villota Constanza , Kummu Matti , Wada Yoshihide , Gordon Line 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe planetary boundaries framework defines the “safe operating space for humanity” represented by nine global processes that can destabilize the Earth System if perturbed. The water planetary boundary attempts to provide a global limit to anthropogenic water cycle modifications, but it has been challenging to translate and apply it to the regional and local scales at which water problems and management typically occur. We develop a cross‐scale approach by which the water planetary boundary could guide sustainable water management and governance at subglobal contexts defined by physical features (e.g., watershed or aquifer), political borders (e.g., city, nation, or group of nations), or commercial entities (e.g., corporation, trade group, or financial institution). The application of the water planetary boundary at these subglobal contexts occurs via two approaches: (i) calculating fair shares, in which local water cycle modifications are compared to that context's allocation of the global safe operating space, taking into account biophysical, socioeconomic, and ethical considerations; and (ii) defining a local safe operating space, in which interactions between water stores and Earth System components are used to define local boundaries required for sustaining the local water system in stable conditions, which we demonstrate with a case study of the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta wetlands in Colombia. By harmonizing these two approaches, the water planetary boundary can ensure that water cycle modifications remain within both local and global boundaries and complement existing water management and governance approaches.
Decadal Attribution of Historic Temperature and Ocean Heat Content Change to Anthropogenic Emissions
Authors: Larson E. J. L. , Portmann R. W. , Solomon S. , Murphy D. M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe present an alternative method of calculating the historical effective radiative forcing using the observed temperature record and a kernel based on the 5th Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) temperature response. This estimate is the effective radiative forcing time series that the average climate model would need to simulate the observed global mean surface temperature anomalies. We further infer the anthropogenic aerosols radiative forcing as a residual using the better‐known greenhouse gas radiative forcing. This allows an independent estimate of anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing, which suggests a cooling influence due to aerosols in the early part of the twentieth century. The temporal kernels are also used to calculate decadal contributions from the dominant forcing agents to present‐day temperature, ocean heat content, and thermosteric sea level rise. The current global mean temperature anomaly is dominated by emissions in the past two decades, while current ocean heat content is more strongly affected by earlier decades.
Rossby Waves Detection in the CO2 and Temperature Multilayer Climate Network
Authors: Ying N. , Zhou D. , Han Z. G. , Chen Q. H. , Ye Q. , Xue Z. G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIncreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main factor of global warming. Carbon satellites have proven that CO2 concentrations have nonuniform spatio‐temporal distributions. The relationship between unevenly distributed CO2 and global surface air temperature (SAT) is seldom known. The success of complex networks provides an opportunity to address this issue. This paper proposes a multilayer climate network approach to identify the impacts of nonuniform CO2 on SAT. The results show that the probability density function (PDF) of degrees, weighted degrees, and link lengths follows power‐law distributions. A large fraction of strong correlation links resides in proximal distance (smaller than 2,000 km), indicating that CO2 nodes are strongly connected to the surrounding SAT nodes. The enhanced distributions of large positive weights, time delays, and degree patterns are all consistent with the properties of Rossby waves. This framework can be useful for predicting future climate changes and policy‐making for carbon reduction.
The Role of Salinity in the Southeastern Arabian Sea in Determining Monsoon Onset and Strength
Authors: Roman‐Stork Heather L. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Murty V. S. N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, we examine the role of freshwater transported from the Bay of Bengal into the southeastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) in determining both the timing of monsoon onset and the strength of the ensuing monsoon. To do this, we use a combination of satellite‐derived salinity data and reanalysis products from 1980 to 2016 in order to discuss seasonal, interannual, subdecadal, and long‐term decadal variability in various atmospheric and oceanic contributors such as ocean heat content, freshwater transport, ERA5 instantaneous moisture flux, mixed layer depth, and barrier layer thickness. The salt budget in the SEAS reveals the dominance of meridional freshwater advective transport that brings in variability in salinity and thus in salinity stratification, as well as in mixed layer processes. We find that these parameters exhibit the prevalence of a long‐term decadal variability (with trends of increasing/decreasing phases over a 15‐year duration) over which interannual (3‐year trend) and intradecadal (7‐year trend) variability trends are superimposed. The patterns of both the 3‐ and 7‐year trends follow each other closely, and relatively high amplitudes are seen in the 3‐year trends. The long‐term decrease in moisture flux and freshwater transport into the SEAS along with a rise in ocean heat content over a 15‐year duration after 1994 contributed to a lack of strong monsoons in recent years; the prevailing interannual and intradecadal variability in these parameters associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño Southern Oscillation events favored weaker and normal monsoons after 1994.
Direct Radiative Effect of Absorbing Aerosols: Sensitivity to Mixing State, Brown Carbon, and Soil Dust Refractive Index and Shape
Authors: Tuccella Paolo , Curci Gabriele , Pitari Giovanni , Lee Seungun , Jo Duseong S. 
Published: January 2020

Key Points

Aerosol absorption is sensitive to mixing state, brown carbon, and soil dust optical properties
Blanching reduces coating brown carbon radiative effect; soil dust radiative effect uncertainty due to the refractive index is large
Radiative effect of radiation‐absorbing aerosol total uncertainty is mainly due to dust refractive index and brown carbon treatment
Reply to Comment by Peng and Bi on “Retrieval of Atmospheric Fine Particulate Density Based on Merging Particle Size Distribution Measurements: Multi‐instrument Observation and Quality Control at Shouxian”
Authors: Li Zhengqiang , Wei Yuanyuan , Zhang Ying 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis is a reply to the comment of Peng and Bi (2019) on the paper of Li et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028956), which introduced a method to estimate aerosol effective density (ρe) based on a joint use of measurements of the scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and the aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). In this reply, we describe the extension of the Cunningham slip correction factor (Cc) to the expression of the ρe and analyzed the useful but incomplete expression of ρe equation on Cc in Peng and Bi (2019) resulting from neglecting aerodynamic diameter. Meanwhile, in order to estimate Cc‐related error on ρe, Peng and Bi (2019) used an unreasonable scheme and an overestimated shape factor, which leads to a large overestimation (55.5%) of the error. We modify the error budget scheme and perform a theoretical error analysis on neglecting Cc during the ρe measurement in practice. The results suggest an average bias of 17.68% on ρe resulting from Cc. Together with other error sources presented in Li et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028956), the typical uncertainty on ρe based on this “SMPS‐APS” joint‐use method is 21.06%, which is still reasonable in practice.
In Situ Stress Orientation From 3 km Borehole Image Logs in the Koyna Seismogenic Zone, Western India: Implications for Transitional Faulting Environment
Authors: Goswami Deepjyoti , Hazarika Pinki , Roy Sukanta 
Published: January 2020

AbstractKnowledge of the in situ stress regime is critical to investigate the genesis of recurrent triggered seismicity over the past five decades in the Koyna seismogenic zone. Orientations of in situ horizontal stresses are determined for the first time from analyses of image logs in a 3 km deep scientific borehole KFD1 in the area. KFD1 passed through 1,247 m thick Deccan Traps and continued 1,767 m in the granitic basement. Stress‐induced wellbore failures, breakouts and drilling‐induced tensile fractures, are identified in the acoustic and microresistivity images of the granitic basement. Additionally, tightly constrained focal mechanisms of 50 earthquakes of M ≥ 3.6, reported in literature, are inverted to constrain the stress regime. Salient results are as follows: (i) wellbore breakouts and drilling‐induced tensile fractures constrain N9°W ± 17° orientation for maximum horizontal principal stress (SHmax); (ii) consistency with the regional NNW‐SSE orientation of SHmax from inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms shows that the borehole data are representative for the Koyna region; (iii) breakout rotations at multiple depths below 2,100 m indicate that the borehole may have passed through localized fault damage zones; (iv) consistent strike azimuths of steeply dipping fractures with SHmax orientation indicate favorable conditions for strike‐slip to normal transitional faulting environment; and (v) stress inversion of 50 well‐determined earthquake focal mechanisms supports transitional faulting environment in the Koyna seismogenic zone. Thus, stress orientation and fracture information from borehole data, together with stress regime constrained from inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms, shed new light on the faulting environment in the region.
Impact of an integrated mother-preterm infant intervention on birth hospitalization charges
Authors: Vonderheid Susan C. , Park Chang G. , Rankin Kristin , Norr Kathleen F. , White-Traut Rosemary 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objective
To examine whether the H-HOPE (Hospital to Home: Optimizing the Preterm Infant’s Environment) intervention reduced birth hospitalization charges yielding net savings after adjusting for intervention costs.

Study design
One hundred and twenty-one mother-preterm infant dyads randomized to H-HOPE or a control group had birth hospitalization data. Neonatal intensive care unit costs were based on billing charges. Linear regression, propensity scoring and regression analyses were used to describe charge differences.

Results
Mean H-HOPE charges were $10,185 lower than controls (p = 0.012). Propensity score matching showed the largest savings of $14,656 (p = 0.003) for H-HOPE infants, and quantile regression showed a savings of $13,222 at the 75th percentile (p = 0.015) for H-HOPE infants. Cost savings increased as hospital charges increased. The mean intervention cost was $680 per infant.

Conclusions
Lower birth hospitalization charges and the net cost savings of H-HOPE infants support implementation of H-HOPE as the standard of care for preterm infants.
Mechanistic insights into transcription factor cooperativity and its impact on protein-phenotype interactions
Authors: Ibarra Ignacio L. , Hollmann Nele M. , Klaus Bernd , Augsten Sandra , Velten Britta , Hennig Janosch , Zaugg Judith B. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent high-throughput transcription factor (TF) binding assays revealed that TF cooperativity is a widespread phenomenon. However, a global mechanistic and functional understanding of TF cooperativity is still lacking. To address this, here we introduce a statistical learning framework that provides structural insight into TF cooperativity and its functional consequences based on next generation sequencing data. We identify DNA shape as driver for cooperativity, with a particularly strong effect for Forkhead-Ets pairs. Follow-up experiments reveal a local shape preference at the Ets-DNA-Forkhead interface and decreased cooperativity upon loss of the interaction. Additionally, we discover many functional associations for cooperatively bound TFs. Examination of the link between FOXO1:ETV6 and lymphomas reveals that their joint expression levels improve patient clinical outcome stratification. Altogether, our results demonstrate that inter-family cooperative TF binding is driven by position-specific DNA readout mechanisms, which provides an additional regulatory layer for downstream biological functions.
Implementing digital computing with DNA-based switching circuits
Authors: Wang Fei , Lv Hui , Li Qian , Li Jiang , Zhang Xueli , Shi Jiye , Wang Lihua , Fan Chunhai 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDNA strand displacement reactions (SDRs) provide a set of intelligent toolboxes for developing molecular computation. Whereas SDR-based logic gate circuits have achieved a high level of complexity, the scale-up for practical achievable computational tasks remains a hurdle. Switching circuits that were originally proposed by Shannon in 1938 and nowadays widely used in telecommunication represent an alternative and efficient means to realize fast-speed and high-bandwidth communication. Here we develop SDR-based DNA switching circuits (DSCs) for implementing digital computing. Using a routing strategy on a programmable DNA switch canvas, we show that arbitrary Boolean functions can be represented by DSCs and implemented with molecular switches with high computing speed. We further demonstrate the implementation of full-adder and square-rooting functions using DSCs, which only uses down to 1/4 DNA strands as compared with a dual-rail logic expression-based design. We expect that DSCs provide a design paradigm for digital computation with biomolecules.
A single atom noise probe operating beyond the Heisenberg limit
Authors: Dutta T. , Mukherjee M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAccording to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the energy or frequency uncertainty of a measurement can be at the best inversely proportional to the observation time ($$T$$
T
). The observation time in an experiment using a quantum mechanical probe is ultimately limited by the coherence time of the probe. Therefore the inverse proportionality of the statistical uncertainty of a frequency measurement to the observation time is also limited up to the coherence time of the probe, provided the systematic uncertainties are well below the statistical uncertainties. With a single laser-cooled barium ion as a quantum probe, we show that the uncertainty in the frequency measurement for a general time-dependent Hamiltonian scales as $$1/{T}^{1.75\pm 0.03}$$

1
∕

T

1.75
±
0.03

as opposed to $$1/T$$

1
∕
T

, given by the Heisenberg limit for time-independent Hamiltonian. These measurements, based on controlled feedback Hamiltonian and implemented on a laser cooled single ion, allowed precise measurement of noise frequency in the kHz range. Moreover, based on the observed sensitivity of a single ion experiment presented here, we propose the use of a similar protocol with enhanced sensitivity as a tool to directly verify the existence of certain types of light mass axion-like dark matter particles where no direct measurement protocol exists.