bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empathy in Podiatric Medical Education: Challenges and Opportunities for Comprehensive Care
Authors: Barbosa Peter , Huchital Michael J. , Weiss Jeffrey J. 
Published: November 2020

Background
Many regard empathy as a critical component of comprehensive health care. Much interest has been generated in the field of medical empathy, in particular as it relates to education. Many desirable outcomes correlate with perceived empathy during the patient encounter, but paradoxically, empathy levels have been reported to decline during the years of medical education. Several new approaches have been described in the literature that intend to teach or develop empathy skills in health-care students.

Methods
PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases were searched for the terms empathy education, medical education, medical student, podiatric medical education, medical empathy, compassion, emotional intelligence, biopsychosocial model, and bedside manner. After implementing inclusion and exclusion criteria, articles were selected for preparation of a literature review. Analysis of the podiatric medical education on empathy was conducted by reviewing descriptions of all courses listed on each of the nine US podiatric medical schools' Web sites. The 2018 Curricular Guide for Podiatric Medical Education was analyzed.

Results
In this review, we examine the current state of empathy from a context of medical education in general, followed by a specific analysis in podiatric medicine. We define key terms, describe the measuring of empathy in medicine, explore outcomes of empathy in the health-care setting, review the reports of a decline in medical education, and highlight some of the current efforts to develop the skill in education. An overview of empathy in the podiatric medical curriculum is presented.

Conclusions
To improve the quality of care that physicians provide, a transformation in podiatric medical education is necessary. A variety of tools are available for education reform with the target of developing empathy skills in podiatric medical students.
Distribution Pattern of Soil-transmitted Helminths and Common Practices Enhancing Transmission in Owena, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Awosolu Oluwaseun Bunmi , Adu Olubunmi , Olusi Titus Adeniyi 
Published: November 2020

Geohelminth infection are a major public health problem worldwide particularly in Africa. This study was carried out to investigate the distribution pattern of soil-transmitted helminths and common practices enhancing transmission in Owena, Southwestern Nigeria. Two hundred (200) soil samples were obtained from five different locations in Owena community and examined for the presence and absence of geohelminths eggs and larvae using Modified Cobbs decanting and sieving method. Different activities and practices that could enhance parasite transmission in the environment were investigated through a well-designed questionnaire. The result revealed that out of the 200 soil samples, 61% were contaminated with at least one parasite. The parasites encountered include Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura, hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis. Hookworm have the highest contamination prevalence of 55.8%. Furthermore, the result showed that 167 (38.5%) of the respondents does not have appropriate means of waste disposal and as such 29 (14.5%) dispose their waste in the river and 165 (82.5%) dispose their waste materials in any available site such as bushes and backyards. In the same vein only 115 (57.5%) have toilet facilities while 82 (42.5%) does not have toilet facilities. With regard to the type of toilet used, 30 (15%) uses water closet toilet, 84 (42%) make use of pit toilet while 86 (43%) get rid of their faeces through any available mean including bushes and backyards. this result is an evidence that geohelminth is still prevalent and pose a significant health challenge to the residents of Owena community. Thus appropriate management strategy such as health education should be encouraged.
Augmenting in vitro Shoot Multiplication by Growth Regulators and Photoperiod in Vigna mungo L. (Hepper.)
Authors: Singh Soumya Sucharita , Pradhan Cinmaya , Swain Dhaneswar , Rout Gyana Ranjan 
Published: November 2020

An efficient in vitro protocol was developed for the mass multiplication of Vigna mungo vars. PU30 and PU31, an important legume crop through apical meristems and cotyledonary nodal explants. Both apical meristems and cotyledonary nodal explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS, 1962) medium fortified with 0.5 – 1.50 mg/L 6- benzyl aminopurine (BA) or Kinetin and 3 % (w/v) sucrose. The rate of multiplication was higher when the cultures were incubated under continuous light (24h) than the 16h photoperiod. The average number of multiple shoots per culture was enhanced from 2.43 to 5.46 in the case of var. PU30 and 3.12 to 5.82 in the case of var.PU31 within 4 weeks of culture under 24h photoperiod. The multiplication rate was enhanced till 5th subculture declined thereafter. Rooting was readily achieved upon transferring the shoots to half-strength MS basal semisolid medium supplemented with 0.1– 1.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2% (w/v) sucrose after 2 weeks of culture. The average number of roots per explants ranged from 3.12 to 5.76. About 80% of regenerated plantlets were hardened in the greenhouse and successfully established in the soil. There is no morphological variation among the regenerated plantlets. This protocol can be used for genetic transformation study for crop improvement of black gram.
A study of approximating the moments of the job completion time in PERT networks
Authors: Mehrotra Kishan , Chai John , Pillutla Sharma 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe importance of proper management of projects has not gone unrecognized in industry and academia. Consequently, tools like the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) for project planning have been the focus of attention of both practitioners and researchers. Determination of the Time to Complete the Job (TCJ) in PERT networks is important for planning and bidding purposes. The complexity involved in accurately determining the TCJ has led to the development of many approximating procedures. Most of them ignore the dependence between paths in the network. We propose an approximation to determine the TCJ which explicitly recognizes this dependency. Dependency in networks arises due to commonality of activities among various paths in the network. We develop an approximation which is simple to use and makes use of readily available tables. Also, the approximation employs the traditional concept of the critical path which is easy to understand and to operationalize. The activities on the critical paths are divided into an independent portion and a dependent portion. The dependent portion comprises activities common to various critical paths. Order statistics are used in computing the time for the dependent portion of the critical path. We present the theoretical underpinnings of our approach and illustrate its application via an example. In the absence of other measures, we use simulation results as a proxy for the TCJ and as a benchmark to measure the accuracy of our approximation. Empirical results are obtained for a variety of networks in the literature. We show that the distribution of the TCJ is better approximated by a mixture of distributions. Comparison with other approaches from the literature indicates that our approximation yields estimates for the TCJ which are closer to the simulation results.
Comparative study of the effects of zopiclone (7.5 mg), zolpidem, flunitrazepam and a placebo on nocturnal cognitive performance in healthy subjects, in relation to pharmacokinetics
Authors: Allain H , Patat A , Lieury A , Le Coz F , Janus C , Menard G , Gandon JM 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe effect of zopiclone (7.5 mg) on attention, vigilance and memory components was evaluated during a nocturnal period in comparison to a placebo, to zolpidem (10 mg) and to flunitrazepam (1 mg) in a double blind, randomized study, after administration of a single dose in 16 young healthy volunteers. It appears that there is a clear effect on attention and vigilance; this effect is apparent during the kinetic phase of the absorption of the medication. The effect on memory is transient and is absent four hours after the ingestion of the drug. The objective results are not strictly consistent with the chronology of the subjective parameters (Leeds scale — Visual Analogue Scale). The three hypnotics under comparison do not fundamentally differ except in their kinetic/pharmacodynamic effect relationship. One important fact, taking the parameters as a whole, is that there is no objective “residual” effect.
Pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasound and transvaginal color Doppler sonography as predictors of ovarian cancer
Authors: Buckshee K. , Temsu I. , Bhatla N. , Deka D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To assess and compare the efficacy of pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasound and transvaginal color Doppler imaging in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Methods: 34 patients with ovarian tumors scheduled for laparotomy underwent pelvic examination and a diagnosis of benign or malignant tumor was made. Transvaginal ultrasound was carried out to study the ovarian morphology followed by color Doppler imaging. A score of ≥9 on Sassone scoring system or a pulsatility index <1 was taken as suspicious for malignancy. Results: Of all the three indicators (pelvic examination, transvaginal sonography and Doppler) transvaginal sonography had the highest sensitivity (100%) and Doppler had maximum specificity (96.29%) for predicting malignancy. However, statistical analysis did not show any difference in the predicting ability of these three modalities. Conclusion: Pelvic examination, transvaginal sonography and Doppler all had similar ability to predict malignancy in an adnexal mass.
Microspectrofluorometry of autofluorescence emission from human leukemic living cells under oxidative stress
Authors: Bondza‐Kibangou Patrick , Millot Christine , Dufer Jean , Millot Jean‐Marc 
Published: July 2002

Summry— Image cytometry was applied to study the intracellular localization of autofluorescence and the influence of an oxidative stress on this emission. K562 erythroleukemia cancer cells were analyzed with a microspectrofluorometer, coupled with a Argon laser (Ar+) (363 nm). From each cell, 15 × 15 emission spectra were recorded in the 400‐600 nm spectral range to generate a spectral image of autofluorescence. The intracellular locations of the autofluorescence emission and of the specific mitochondrial probe rhodamine 123 (R123) were matched. Under a 363 nm excitation, all spectra from K562 cells show equivalent profiles with a 455 nm maximum emission, near of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐(Phosphate) solution (NAD(P)H) (465 nm maximum emission). The spatial distribution of autofluorescence is homogeneous and different from the one of R123. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (200 μM) and menadione (Men) (5 μM) induce a weak spectral change and a decrease in autofluorescence intensity, down to 40% of the initial emission. Doxorubicin (Dox) induces a dose‐dependent decrease in autofluorescence emission and a release of intracellular free radicals. When cells were pre‐treated 1 h with 1 mM glutathione (GSH), Dox induces a lower free radicals release, no significant variation of autofluorescence intensity and a lower growth inhibitory effect. Images cytometry of autofluorescence suggest that the intracellular NAD(P)H would not be restricted to mitochondrial compartments. The release of free radicals was associated with a decrease in autofluorescence intensity, mainly attributed to NAD(P)H oxidation both inside and outside mitochondria.
Human issues in service design
Authors: Cook Lori S. , Bowen David E. , Chase Richard B. , Dasu Sriram , Stewart Doug M. , Tansik David A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA heightened awareness of the fundamental behavioral science principles underlying human interactions can be translated directly into service design. Service encounter design can be approached with the same depth and rigor found in goods production. Service encounters can be designed to enhance the customer’s experience during the process and their recollection of the process after it is completed. This paper summarizes the key concepts from a panel discussion at the DSI National Meeting in Orlando in November 2000. The panel brought together a number of leading academic researchers to investigate current research questions relating to the human side of the design, development and deployment of new service technologies. Human issues from the customer and service provider vantage are illustrated and challenges to researchers for exploring this perspective are presented.
An international comparison of environmental management in operations: the impact of manufacturing flexibility in the U.S. and Germany
Authors: Klassen Robert D , Angell Linda C 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPressures to improve environmental management in the U.S. and Germany are among the strongest in the world, demanding quick responsiveness from managers of manufacturing firms. However, even in these countries, the managerial implications of environmental regulation can vary dramatically. Our synthesis of related literatures indicates that manufacturing flexibility, by enabling efficient adaptation to change and uncertainty, can support environmental management. This paper empirically explores the linkage between flexibility and environmental management in the U.S. and Germany. Environmental management was operationalized along two dimensions: level of environmental ambition, defined as scope of environmental efforts; and level of regulatory‐driven motivation. Survey data were collected from a sample of 218 U.S. and German manufacturing sites. Neither the probability of having a dedicated environmental department nor of having an environmental policy statement differed between countries; however, the impact of flexibility on the level of ambition was found to vary significantly between countries. One potential explanation is that command‐and‐control regulation of the manufacturing process is heavily emphasized in the U.S., while closed loop (recycling) regulation of final product disposition is predominant in Germany. Thus, manufacturing firms need to evaluate general regulatory differences between countries before using manufacturing flexibility to support environmental management. Future research needs to explore whether other operational capabilities, such as quality, also support environmental management across international contexts.
The relationship of strategy, fit, productivity, and business performance in a services setting
Authors: Smith Thomas M , Reece James S 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn their review of the operations strategy literature, Anderson et al. [Anderson, J.C., Cleveland, G., Schroeder, R.G., 1989. Operations strategy: a literature review. J. Operations Manage., 8(2): 133‐158] contend that the hypothesis that a company will perform better if it links its operations strategy to the business strategy is intuitively appealing, but lacks empirical verification. In light of this contention, this research attempts to: (1) define and measure the concept of fit as it applies to operations strategy; (2) show how fit leads to better performance; and (3) investigate the interrelationships between fit, business strategy, productivity, and performance. These objectives are investigated through field‐based research within a wholesale distribution service setting. Utilizing the classificatory framework of Venkatraman [Venkatraman, N., 1989. The concept of fit in strategy research: toward verbal and statistical correspondence. Acad. Manage. Rev., 14(3): 423‐444], fit is defined as the degree to which operational elements match the business strategy. This precise definition closely resembles the concept of ‘external fit’ that began with the work of Skinner [Skinner, W., 1969. Manufacturing–missing link in corporate strategy. Harvard Bus. Rev., 47(3): 136‐145]. A conceptual model of business performance is used with productivity as a mediating variable between the independent variables of business strategy and external fit and the dependent variable of business performance. Path analysis is used to analyze the effect of external fit on performance and to investigate the interrelationships between fit, business strategy, productivity, and performance. The results show that external fit has a significant positive and direct effect on business performance. When coupled with the nonsignificant direct effects of the strategy variables, this suggests that the fit of the operational elements with the strategy is of greater importance than the particular choice of strategy. Although all three business strategies (low cost, a combination of low cost and high customer service, and high customer service) had no significant direct effects on performance, a high customer service strategy did have a significant positive effect on the intervening productivity variable. Finally, the particular design of the research and the findings suggest that much of the conceptual work in operations strategy may be applicable to service operations as well as manufacturing.
Collagen gene expression and mechanical properties of intervertebral disc cell–alginate cultures
Authors: Baer Anthony E. , Wang Jean Y. , Kraus Virginia B. , Setton Lori A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCells of the intervertebral disc have a limited capacity for matrix repair that may contribute to the onset and progression of degenerative disc changes. In this study, the biosynthetic capacity of cells isolated from specific regions of the porcine intervertebral disc was evaluated in vitro. Using a competitive reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction technique, gene expression levels for types I and II collagen were quantified in cells cultured for up to 21 d in a three‐dimensional alginate culture system and compared to levels obtained for cells in vivo. The mechanical properties of cell‐alginate constructs were measured in compression and shear after periods of culture up to 16 weeks. Cells from the anulus fibrosus expressed the most type I collagen mRNA in vivo and in vitro, while cells from the transition zone expressed the most type II collagen mRNA in vivo and in vitro. Mechanical testing results indicate that a mechanically functional matrix did not form at any time during the culture period; rather, decreases of up to 50% were observed in the compressive and shear moduli of the cell–alginate constructs compared to alginate with no cells. Together with results of prior studies, these results suggest that intervertebral disc cells maintain characteristics of their phenotype when cultured in alginate, but the molecules they synthesize are not able to form a mechanically functional matrix in vitro. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Phospholipid composition of articular cartilage boundary lubricant
Authors: Sarma A. V. , Powell G. L. , LaBerge M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mechanism of lubrication in normal human joints depends on loading and velocity conditions. Boundary lubrication, a mechanism in which layers of molecules separate opposing surfaces, occurs under severe loading. This study was aimed at characterizing the phospholipid composition of the adsorbed molecular layer on the surface of normal cartilage that performs as a boundary lubricant. The different types of phospholipid adsorbed onto the surface of cartilage were isolated by extraction and identified by chromatography on silica gel paper and mass spectroscopy. The main phospholipid classes identified were quantified by a phosphate assay. Gas chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were used to further characterize the fatty acyl chains in each major phospholipid component and to identify the molecular species present. Phosphatidylcholine (41%), phosphatidylethanolamine (27%) and sphingomyelin (32%) were the major components of the lipid layer on the normal cartilage surface. For each lipid type, a mixture of fatty acids was detected, with a higher percentage of unsaturated species compared to saturated species. The most abundant fatty acid observed with all three lipid types was oleic acid (C18:1). Additional work to further quantify the molecular species using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is recommended. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Oxidative stress, brain white matter damage andintrauterine asphyxia in fetal lambs
Authors: Ikeda Tomoaki , Choi Ben H. , Yee Simon , Murata Yuji , Quilligan Edward J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn order to examine the role of oxidative stress in asphyxia‐induced perinatal braindamage, near‐term fetal lambs were subjected to umbilical cord occlusion for approximately 60 min until fetal arterial pH diminished to less than 6.9 and base excess to less than −20 meq/l. Thelevels of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbiturate‐reactivesubstances (TBARS) within brain grey and white matter were determined at 72 h to correlatewith morphological changes. Although the topography and extent of brain damage variedsomewhat from case to case, ranging from focal infarction in grey or white matter to subtle andpatchy alterations of white matter, the telencephalic white matter appeared to bear the brunt ofdamage as compared to other regions. The parietal white matter, in particular was often the seatof early pathological changes that could be seen in isolation. These white matter changes wereaccompanied by significant increases in hydrogen peroxide and TBARS levels as compared tothose in grey matter. In another set of experiments, 8 different brain regions were assayed forTBARS, GSH and superoxide dismutase (SOD). A highly significant rise in the levels of TBARSwas again noted in the parietal and frontal white matter. SOD levels were higher in the frontal andparietal white matter, basal ganglia and cerebellum. Cerebral cortical and hippocampal neuronswere relatively unaffected until accompanied by more severe damage to grey and white matter atother sites. These results suggest that the developing telencephalic white matter appears to bemost vulnerable to the effects of intrauterine fetal asphyxia and that oxidative stress may be amajor contributing factor in the pathogenesis of perinatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy.
Polydipsia and water intoxication in 353 psychiatric inpatients: an epidemiological and psychopathological study
Authors: Mercier-Guidez E. , Loas G. 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionAccording to several authors, water intoxication can lead to irreversible brain damage and could be the cause of nearly a fifth of the deaths of schizophrenic patients below the age of 53 years. The aim of our study was first to determine the prevalence of polydipsia and water intoxication in a population of psychiatric inpatients of a well-defined French geographic area (the Somme), and secondly to determine the clinical and socio-demographic factors associated with this disorder.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was done on the 450 psychiatric beds whose catchment area had a total population of 559,429 inhabitants. Using staff reports and patients’ charts, the drinking habits of 353 psychiatric inpatients hospitalised during the survey in the 450 psychiatric beds of this area were examined.ResultsThirty-eight patients (10.76%; 95% confidence interval: 7.53–13.99%) among the 353 inpatients were polydipsic. About one-third of these patients were at risk of water intoxication. Polydipsia appeared to be significantly associated with male gender, smoking, celibacy and chronicity. The polydipsic patients presented also a high prevalence of schizophrenia, mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorders and high frequency of somatic disorders.