bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of Not Knowing: Partisan Cue-Taking and Belief Updating of the Uninformed, the Ambiguous, and the Misinformed
Authors: Li Jianing , Wagner Michael W 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe problem of a misinformed citizenry is often used to motivate research on misinformation and its corrections. However, researchers know little about how differences in informedness affect how well corrective information helps individuals develop knowledge about current events. We introduce a Differential Informedness Model that distinguishes between three types of individuals, that is, the uninformed, the ambiguous, and the misinformed, and establish their differences with two experiments incorporating multiple partisan cues and issues. Contrary to the common impression, the U.S. public is largely uninformed rather than misinformed of a wide range of factual claims verified by journalists. Importantly, we find that the success of belief updating after exposure to corrective information (via a fact-checking article) is dependent on the presence, the certainty, and the accuracy of one’s prior belief. Uninformed individuals are more likely to update their beliefs than misinformed individuals after exposure to corrective information. Interestingly, the ambiguous individuals, regardless of whether their uncertain guesses were correct, do not differ from uninformed individuals with respect to belief updating.
Extending the Breakthrough Listen nearby star survey to other stellar objects in the field
Authors: Wlodarczyk-Sroka B S , Garrett M A , Siemion A P V 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We extend the source sample recently observed by the Breakthrough Listen (BL) Initiative by including additional stars (with parallaxes measured by Gaia) that also reside within the full width at half-maximum of the Green Bank 100-m Telescope and Parkes radio telescope target fields. These stars have estimated distances as listed in the extensions of the Gaia DR2 catalogue. Enlarging the sample from 1327 to 288 315 stellar objects permits us to achieve substantially better Continuous Waveform Transmitter Rate Figures of Merit (CWTFM) than any previous analysis, and allows us to place the tightest limits yet on the prevalence of nearby high-duty-cycle extraterrestrial transmitters. The results suggest ≲0.0660$^{+0.0004}_{-0.0003}$ per cent of stellar systems within 50 pc host such transmitters (assuming an EIRP ≳ 1013 W) and ≲0.039$^{+0.004}_{-0.008}$ per cent within 200 pc (assuming an EIRP ≳ 2.5 × 1014 W). We further extend our analysis to much greater distances, though we caution that the detection of narrow-band signals beyond a few hundred pc may be affected by interstellar scintillation. The extended sample also permits us to place new constraints on the prevalence of extraterrestrial transmitters by stellar type and spectral class. Our results suggest targeted analyses of Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence radio data can benefit from taking into account the fact that in addition to the target at the field centre, many other cosmic objects reside within the primary beam response of a parabolic radio telescope. These include foreground and background Galactic stars, but also extragalactic systems. With distances measured by Gaia, these additional sources can be used to place improved limits on the prevalence of extraterrestrial transmitters, and extend the analysis to a wide range of cosmic objects.
Revisiting 3D chromatin architecture in cancer development and progression
Authors: Feng Yuliang , Pauklin Siim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Cancer development and progression are demarcated by transcriptional dysregulation, which is largely attributed to aberrant chromatin architecture. Recent transformative technologies have enabled researchers to examine the genome organization at an unprecedented dimension and precision. In particular, increasing evidence supports the essential roles of 3D chromatin architecture in transcriptional homeostasis and proposes its alterations as prominent causes of human cancer. In this article, we will discuss the recent findings on enhancers, enhancer–promoter interaction, chromatin topology, phase separation and explore their potential mechanisms in shaping transcriptional dysregulation in cancer progression. In addition, we will propose our views on how to employ state-of-the-art technologies to decode the unanswered questions in this field. Overall, this article motivates the study of 3D chromatin architecture in cancer, which allows for a better understanding of its pathogenesis and develop novel approaches for diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Diversity and evolution of B-family DNA polymerases
Authors: Kazlauskas Darius , Krupovic Mart , Guglielmini Julien , Forterre Patrick , Venclovas Česlovas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
B-family DNA polymerases (PolBs) represent the most common replicases. PolB enzymes that require RNA (or DNA) primed templates for DNA synthesis are found in all domains of life and many DNA viruses. Despite extensive research on PolBs, their origins and evolution remain enigmatic. Massive accumulation of new genomic and metagenomic data from diverse habitats as well as availability of new structural information prompted us to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the PolB sequences, structures, domain organizations, taxonomic distribution and co-occurrence in genomes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, we identified a new, widespread group of bacterial PolBs that are more closely related to the catalytically active N-terminal half of the eukaryotic PolEpsilon (PolEpsilonN) than to Escherichia coli Pol II. In Archaea, we characterized six new groups of PolBs. Two of them show close relationships with eukaryotic PolBs, the first one with PolEpsilonN, and the second one with PolAlpha, PolDelta and PolZeta. In addition, structure comparisons suggested common origin of the catalytically inactive C-terminal half of PolEpsilon (PolEpsilonC) and PolAlpha. Finally, in certain archaeal PolBs we discovered C-terminal Zn-binding domains closely related to those of PolAlpha and PolEpsilonC. Collectively, the obtained results allowed us to propose a scenario for the evolution of eukaryotic PolBs.
CMNPD: a comprehensive marine natural products database towards facilitating drug discovery from the ocean
Authors: Lyu Chuanyu , Chen Tong , Qiang Bo , Liu Ningfeng , Wang Heyu , Zhang Liangren , Liu Zhenming 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Marine organisms are expected to be an important source of inspiration for drug discovery after terrestrial plants and microorganisms. Despite the remarkable progress in the field of marine natural products (MNPs) chemistry, there are only a few open access databases dedicated to MNPs research. To meet the growing demand for mining and sharing for MNPs-related data resources, we developed CMNPD, a comprehensive marine natural products database based on manually curated data. CMNPD currently contains more than 31 000 chemical entities with various physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, standardized biological activity data, systematic taxonomy and geographical distribution of source organisms, and detailed literature citations. It is an integrated platform for structure dereplication (assessment of novelty) of (marine) natural products, discovery of lead compounds, data mining of structure-activity relationships and investigation of chemical ecology. Access is available through a user-friendly web interface at https://www.cmnpd.org. We are committed to providing a free data sharing platform for not only professional MNPs researchers but also the broader scientific community to facilitate drug discovery from the ocean.
Unbiased investigation of specificities of prime editing systems in human cells
Authors: Kim Do Yon , Moon Su Bin , Ko Jeong-Heon , Kim Yong-Sam , Kim Daesik 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPrime editors (PEs) enable targeted precise editing, including the generation of substitutions, insertions and deletions, in eukaryotic genomes. However, their genome-wide specificity has not been explored. Here, we developed Nickase-based Digenome-seq (nDigenome-seq), an in vitro assay that uses whole-genome sequencing to identify single-strand breaks induced by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) nickase. We used nDigenome-seq to screen for potential genome-wide off-target sites of Cas9 H840A nickase, a PE component, targeted to nine human genomic sites. Then, using targeted amplicon sequencing of off-target candidates identified by nDigenome-seq, we showed that only five off-target sites showed detectable PE-induced modifications in cells, at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 1.9%, suggesting that PEs provide a highly specific method of precise genome editing. We also found that PE specificity in human cells could be further improved by incorporating mutations from engineered Cas9 variants, particularly eSpCas9 and Sniper Cas9, into PE.
Clinical Pearls and Methods for Intraoperative Awake Language Mapping
Authors: Morshed Ramin A , Young Jacob S , Lee Anthony T , Berger Mitchel S , Hervey-Jumper Shawn L 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Intraoperative language mapping of tumor and peritumor tissue is a well-established technique for avoiding permanent neurological deficits and maximizing extent of resection. Although there are several components of language that may be tested intraoperatively (eg, naming, writing, reading, and repetition), there is a lack of consistency in how patients are tested intraoperatively as well as the techniques involved to ensure safety during an awake procedure. Here, we review appropriate patient selection, neuroanesthetic techniques, cortical and subcortical language mapping stimulation paradigms, and selection of intraoperative language tasks used during awake craniotomies. We also expand on existing language mapping reviews by considering how intensity and timing of electrical stimulation may impact interpretation of mapping results.
Localization of three-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric theories on $S^1 \times D^2$
Authors: Yoshida Yutaka , Sugiyama Katsuyuki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We study three-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric Chern—Simons matter theories on the direct product of a circle and a two-dimensional hemisphere ($S^1 \times {D^2}$) with specified boundary conditions by the method of localization. We construct boundary interactions to cancel the supersymmetric variation of the three-dimensional superpotential term and the Chern—Simons term and show inflows of the bulk—boundary anomalies. We find that the boundary conditions induce two-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=(0,2)$-type supersymmetry on the boundary torus. We also study the relation between the three-dimensional—two-dimensional coupled partition function of our model and three-dimensional holomorphic blocks.
Change over time in adolescent smoking, cannabis use and their association: findings from the School Health Research Network in Wales
Authors: Page N , Hallingberg B , Brown R , Lowthian E , Hewitt G , Murphy S , Moore G 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
While tobacco smoking has declined among UK youth in recent decades, cannabis use has begun to show some growth. Given their interrelationship, growth in cannabis use may act as a barrier to continued reduction in youth smoking. This paper assesses recent tobacco and cannabis use trends in Wales, and their association, to explore whether change in cannabis use might have impacted youth tobacco smoking prevalence.

Methods
Repeat cross-sectional data on tobacco and cannabis use were obtained from biennial Welsh Student Health and Wellbeing surveys between 2013 and 2019. Data were pooled and analysed using logistic regression with adjustment for school-level clustering.

Results
No change in regular youth tobacco smoking was observed between 2013 and 2019. In contrast, current cannabis use increased during this time, and cannabis users had significantly greater odds of regular tobacco smoking. After adjusting for change in cannabis use, a significant decline in youth tobacco smoking was observed (OR 0.95; 95% confidence intervals: 0.92, 0.97).

Conclusion
Recent growth in cannabis use among young people in Wales may have offset prospective declines in regular tobacco smoking. Further reductions in youth smoking may require more integrated policy approaches to address the co-use of tobacco and cannabis among adolescents.
From collaborative to institutional reflexivity: Calibrating responsibility in the funding process
Authors: Grimpe Barbara , Stahl Bernd Carsten , Ten Holter Carolyn , Inglesant Philip , Eden Grace , Patel Menisha , Jirotka Marina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractScience–policy organisations are expected to be reflexive of their political influence on research and society. In this long-standing discourse on institutional reflexivity, formal organisations have largely been considered as a whole, and from a structural, or systemic perspective, whereas much less is known about everyday organisational practices; how individual organisational members reflect on and act upon their own as well as their organisation’s limits of knowledge and pre-commitments, if at all. We address this gap through an analysis of qualitative interviews with one national funding institution’s staff overseeing funding for research into information and communication technologies. We develop a bridging concept between individual and institutional reflexivity, which we call ‘collaborative reflexivity’. Through collaborative reflexive processes, individual employees contribute to the entire organisation’s institutional reflexivity. Our findings help to better understand ‘responsible’ behaviour in funding processes, as part of the growing international movement of Responsible Research and Innovation.
Predictors of Childhood Injury in Children Reported to Child Protective Services
Authors: Barczyk Amanda N. , Jones Kristian , Duzinski Sarah V. , Lawson Karla A. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Adverse childhood experiences, such as child maltreatment, have been shown to result in negative health outcomes throughout an individual's life. Previous research has found that children with a prior allegation of maltreatment die due to unintentional injuries at twice the rate of children who were not reported to Child Protective Services, however, death is only one outcome of injury and many unintentional injuries do not result in death.

Methods:
This secondary analysis of Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) data examined predictors of injury in children whose family has been reported to CPS utilizing the ecological-developmental framework theoretical domains which guided LONGSCAN: child characteristics, family/caregiver characteristics, parental and family functioning, extrafamilial relationship skills, community ecology, child outcomes, and systems of care factors.

Results:
Logistic regression modeling showed that the likelihood of childhood injury significantly increased for those children who did not recognize or appropriately respond to cues of ending a conversation (OR=.37), caregiver reported child always has a good place to play in their neighborhood (OR=1.57), and child utilized educational services (OR=2.06).

Conclusion:
Understanding the predictors of injury is necessary to implement injury prevention interventions targeting the unique needs of this vulnerable population and increase awareness of prevention strategies to reduce childhood injuries.
A total facility approach to reducing HIV stigma in health facilities: implementation process and lessons learned
Authors: Nyblade Laura , Mbuya-Brown Rebecca J. , Ezekiel Mangi J. , Addo Nii A. , Sabasaba Amon N. , Atuahene Kyeremeh , Kiwia Pfiraeli , Gyamera Emma , Akyoo Winfrida O. , Vormawor Richard , Manyama Willbrord , Shoko Subira , Mingkwan Pia , Stewart Christin , Balampama Marianna , Bowsky Sara , Jacinthe Suzie , Alsoufi Nabil , Kraemer John D. 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
To describe development and implementation of a three-stage ‘total facility’ approach to reducing health facility HIV stigma in Ghana and Tanzania, to facilitate replication.

Design:
HIV stigma in healthcare settings hinders the HIV response and can occur during any interaction between client and staff, between staff, and within institutional processes and structures. Therefore, the design focuses on multiple socioecological levels within a health facility and targets all levels of staff (clinical and nonclinical).

Methods:
The approach is grounded in social cognitive theory principles and interpersonal or intergroup contact theory that works to combat stigma by creating space for interpersonal interactions, fostering empathy, and building efficacy for stigma reduction through awareness, skills, and knowledge building as well as through joint action planning for changes needed in the facility environment. The approach targets actionable drivers of stigma among health facility staff: fear of HIV transmission, awareness of stigma, attitudes, and health facility environment.

Results:
The results are the three-stage process of formative research, capacity building, and integration into facility structures and processes. Key implementation lessons learned included the importance of formative data to catalyze action and shape intervention activities, using participatory training methodologies, involving facility management throughout, having staff, and clients living with HIV facilitate trainings, involving a substantial proportion of staff, mixing staff cadres and departments in training groups, and integrating stigma-reduction into existing structures and processes.

Conclusion:
Addressing stigma in health facilities is critical and this approach offers a feasible, well accepted method of doing so.
Integration and scale-up of efforts to measure and reduce HIV-related stigma: the experience of Thailand
Authors: Siraprapasiri Taweesap , Srithanaviboonchai Kriengkrai , Chantcharas Parichart , Suwanphatthana Niwat , Ongwandee Sumet , Khemngern Porntip , Benjarattanaporn Patchara , Mingkwan Pia , Nyblade Laura 
Published: September 2020

Objective(s):
To share Thailand's journey to develop and implement a national response to measure and tackle HIV-related stigma and discrimination and key implementation lessons learned.

Design:
A national response to stigma and discrimination including policy, measurement, and interventions. Intervention activities began in health facilities because of their key role in achieving health outcomes.

Methods:
Three building blocks were implemented: policy and its translation into a roadmap for action; measurement development and routinization to inform intervention design and track progress; and intervention development and implementation.

Results:
Thailand has successfully integrated a response to stigma and discrimination into its national HIV response. Stigma and discrimination-reduction was included as a key strategic goal for the first time in the 2014–2016 National AIDS Strategic Plan. A costed national stigma and discrimination-reduction roadmap incorporated into the operational plan provided clear strategic direction on how to move forward. The development of HIV-related stigma and discrimination measures and their incorporation into the national HIV monitoring and evaluation framework has led to routine data collection to monitor stigma and discrimination in health facilities, key populations, and the general population. Development and successful piloting of a health facility stigma-reduction package – the 3 × 4 approach – has led to national scale-up of the approach through a modified approach. Thailand continues to evolve and innovate the program, including developing new activities to tackle stigma and discrimination beyond the health system.

Conclusion:
Thailand's experience demonstrates the key elements needed to make addressing stigma and discrimination a priority in the national HIV response.
Intersectional stigmas and HIV-related outcomes among a cohort of key populations enrolled in stigma mitigation interventions in Senegal
Authors: Lyons Carrie E. , Olawore Oluwasolape , Turpin Gnilane , Coly Karleen , Ketende Sosthenes , Liestman Benjamin , Ba Ibrahima , Drame Fatou M. , Ndour Cheikh , Turpin Nguissali , Ndiaye Sidy M. , Mboup Souleymane , Toure-Kane Coumba , Leye-Diouf Nafissatou , Castor Delivette , Diouf Daouda , Baral Stefan D. 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
The current study aims to assess longitudinal differences in stigma and HIV outcomes among key populations at risk for and living with HIV.

Design:
Key populations enrolled into two parallel prospective cohorts; one for female sex workers and one for sexual and gender minorities (SGMs). Participants were recruited from three urban areas in Senegal; were followed for 24 months; and had the option to participate in an integrated stigma mitigation intervention.

Methods:
Participants included individuals both at risk for and living with HIV. Sociobehavioral questionnaires and biological HIV testing were administered every 3–4 months. Longitudinal analyses used nonparametric Chi-squared test for trends and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations.

Results:
183 SGM and 192 sex workers were enrolled. Among SGM participants, 39.9% were living with HIV at baseline and incidence over 24 months was 3.21/100 person-years. Among sex workers, 36.6% were living with HIV at baseline and incidence was 1.32/100 person-years. Among SGM, perceived healthcare stigma (P < 0.001), anticipated healthcare stigma (P < 0.001), and perceived friend stigma (P = 0.047) reduced, but differed by HIV status for perceived [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.75, 7.06] and anticipated healthcare stigmas (aOR: 2.85; 95% CI: 1.06–7.67). Among sex workers perceived healthcare stigma (P = 0.043) and perceived friend stigma (P = 0.006) reduced. Viral suppression increased among SGM (P = 0.028) and was associated with perceived (aOR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.39–5.55) and enacted healthcare stigma (aOR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.18–0.99).

Conclusion:
Overall, there were decreases in stigmas observed but clear differences in stigma patterns by HIV status. These data highlight the need to consider specific strategies to address multiple intersecting stigmas as a means of improving HIV-related prevention and treatment outcomes among key populations with diverse identities.
Double Trouble
Authors: Wang Sherry S. , Revels Jonathan , Dubinsky Theodore J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWith the increasing rate of twin pregnancies due to increase in maternal age and use of assisted reproduction, it is important to be aware of unique diseases which occur specifically to twin pregnancies, especially in monochorionic twin pregnancies. These entities include twin to twin transfusion syndrome, twin anemia polycythemia sequence, twin reversed arterial perfusion, cotwin demise, and conjoined twins. Early evaluation and documentation are imperative to guide management which ultimately leads to better patient outcomes.
Status Epilepticus in Children
Authors: Zimmern Vincent , Korff Christian 
Published: September 2020

Summary:
For various reasons, status epilepticus in children is different than in adults. Pediatric specificities include status epilepticus epidemiology, underlying etiologies, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options. Relevant data from the literature are presented for each of them, and questions remaining open for future studies on status epilepticus in childhood are listed.