bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reformed Theology and the Church Fathers
Authors: Goudriaan Aza 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to describe and explain the inherent ambivalence of the reception of patristic writers in (early modern) Reformed theology by concentrating on the early modern period, when patristic authority was discussed intensely, and on those aspects of the reception history that are, more or less strictly, concerned with theology. The theological continuity between Reformed theology and the church fathers is visible most obviously in the adoption of early Christian creeds and in the fact that Reformed theologians commented upon and explained their own confessions by means of compilations of patristic testimonies. The pursuit of catholicity evidenced by numerous other publications and by the corresponding acceptance of patristic heresiology, however, had evident limitations, and was accompanied by caveats and criticisms that have been articulated from the sixteenth century onwards.
Future Prospects for Reformed Theology
Authors: Allen Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Whatever reform might mean and what could possibly be intended by the moniker ‘Reformed’, then, must be thought amidst a distinctly Christian and overtly theological portrayal of the theological act, indeed, of the theologian as a person. While we might construe reform in many terms—ranging from the register of the market to the evolutionary adjustments of the biological world and many other idioma beside them—a claim about ‘Reformed theology’ offers not first and foremost a sociological or historical attestation but one of a distinctly theological calibre. Amidst any other significant elements of Reformed identity, this notion that Reformed theology is that being reformed by the Word of God remains a central thread. And understanding its meaning demands sketching a metaphysics within which the theologian might be plotted vis-à-vis that God who issues forth his own Word.
Reformed Theology and the Humanities
Authors: Robinson Marilynne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Reformed tradition has been influential in many cultures, in Europe and also in Asia and the Americas. Over the centuries it has absorbed various influences and it has engaged in criticisms of its own traditions, emphasizing some doctrines associated with it and muting or abandoning others, as religious traditions tend to do as they adapt to time and setting. This chapter will look at one place and period, the Reformation and Renaissance in England, when Reformed influence was new, its aesthetic, theological, and intellectual impact was clear, and its sources, notably the Geneva Bible and the writings of John Calvin, were available and widely read. In so doing, this chapter also fixes on ways in which assessments of the humanities and the Puritans are and are not helpful.
Reformed Theology and Modern Biblical Criticism
Authors: Collett Don , Gignilliat Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReformed theology’s relation to scripture’s canonical status as divine in genesis, preservation, and purpose settles comfortably alongside the Bible’s creaturely and historical character. As the previous discussion intimates, the canonical formation of scripture as a two-testament canon is itself an historical phenomenon, the result of a tradition-building process under the providential governance of human activities. Reshaping scripture’s canonical form in light of a reconstructed historical or tradition-historical schema runs the real danger of attenuating this achievement of providence. Modern criticism brings a set of challenges and opportunities for Reformed theology and hermeneutics. Where modern criticism dismantles the canonical text, Reformed thought registers its reservations. Where modern criticism provides insight into the historical and literary machinations leading to scripture’s final form, a Reformed view of providence remains open to critical inquiry. Navigating these challenges within the institutional dynamics of Reformed thought continues as a challenge. But the twin commitments remain intact. The Christian scriptures as a twofold canon assume the operative work of the Holy Spirit in scripture’s human production and continued effectiveness.
Australia’s Electoral Innovations
Authors: Hill Lisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Australia’s well-deserved reputation as a democratic innovator and, in particular, an electoral innovator. This tendency has been driven substantially by two uniquely Australian inheritances: first, a relative absence of rights protections in the Constitution; and second, a pragmatic political culture less concerned with individualized rights than with utility, fairness, and equality. Australia introduced a number of electoral innovations that have defined and distinguished its democracy, some of which were enthusiastically adopted by other democracies. These include the secret ballot, preferential voting, mobile polling booths, Saturday voting, and, more recently, direct update. It was also an early adopter of women’s suffrage and compulsory voting, the latter of which is arguably Australia’s most important and consequential innovation. The latter also helped to drive the development of integrated, effective, and inventive electoral management that is respected the world over. All of these developments have resulted in an electoral system that is well managed and highly trusted and has unusually high and socially even rates of electoral inclusion. In turn, this has made Australian democracy quite robust.
Ethics of Animal-Assisted Psychotherapy
Authors: Hediger Karin , Grimm Herwig , Aigner Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Animal-assisted psychotherapy is increasingly popular and attracts considerable attention in science. Integrating animals into therapy aims at generating added value in health and well-being of humans as well as non-human animals. This approach is reflected in the One Health perspective. However, animal-assisted psychotherapy raises issues regarding the ethical standards in the therapy setting in general and ethical reflections about our responsibilities towards therapy animals in particular. According to a dominant account in animal ethics, our moral obligations are based on welfare concerns. But this approach can be supplemented by a contextual view that highlights the moral relevance of particular relationships in animal-assisted psychotherapy. Therapy animals place moral duties on the therapist that go beyond welfare considerations and can be based on relation-based reasoning in the therapeutic context.
Festivals
Authors: Sapiro Gisèle 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
International literature festivals are a surprisingly big business. As Gisèle Sapiro points out in this chapter, there are now more than 450 such festivals in the English-speaking world alone, and some of them draw paying audiences in the hundreds of thousands. Unlike readings, which traditionally take place in independent bookshops or university auditoria, and which thus benefit from only modest publicity campaigns, literature festivals provide heavily promoted venues in which readers can meet their favourite authors (or at least see them from a distance). Their importance for the construction of world authorship is thus undeniable, even though they have received less critical attention than, for example, translators or global publishing houses. This chapter offers a sociological analysis of these festivals and demonstrates how they all too often perpetuate many of the well-known inequalities of the world literary system.
Law
Authors: Domínguez César 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a reminder that ‘authorship’ is far from an abstract interest for actual literary producers. It is what allows authors to file a legal claim to their works, which for them are not only ‘texts’, or examples of ‘discourse’ in the manner discussed by Roland Barthes or Michel Foucault, but rather pieces of intellectual property. And intellectual goods—eminently portable, endlessly diverse, and difficult to reverse-engineer—were among the earliest to circulate widely throughout the world. They thus required legal protection on a global scale. Offering a revisionist history of the origins of transnational copyright regimes, this chapter thus draws attention to the role that authors—first and foremost that giant of nineteenth-century literature Victor Hugo—played in ensuring the protection of their names.
Performance
Authors: Spiers Emily 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
‘Performativity’ became a watchword of cultural theory at the turn of the millennium. Yet, while ideas of performative play and the fluidity of identity have gained much traction in conceptual debates about the experience of being human, large chunks of literary theory still skirt past the question of how to account for actual performances by humans in the real world. What happens when literature stops being just a text on a page and unfolds within a communal setting as a live event? In her chapter, Emily Spiers demonstrates how spoken-word poetry makes particularly apparent an underlying and little conceptualized phenomenon that applies for all literature: the ‘perpetually unstable dynamic of literary connectivity’. Through the frame concept of ‘worlding’ as applied to the Badilisha online poetry platform, the chapter shows how the author–performer and audience share the tangible unfolding of ‘a potentiality of the literary act in time’ at the live scene of a spoken-word performance.
Popularity
Authors: Bassnett Susan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSusan Bassnett shows in this chapter how the study of world literature has traditionally been dominated by a focus on ‘great’ authors, on the one hand, and avant-garde writers, on the other. Missing from this research programme is a corresponding emphasis on popular literature, and thus on those authors, such as Jack London or J. K. Rowling, who are actually read by massive amounts of people. The trouble with such an approach is that it blatantly disregards many of the most exciting dynamics by which authors reinvent the world. The chapter makes the case that, in thinking about those writers whose work becomes global, we need to broaden our horizon beyond the texts studied in schools and universities so as to take more seriously books once dismissed as what the Germans term Trivialliteratur.
Self-Publishing
Authors: Di Leo Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the twenty-first century, the barriers to authorship are lower than ever. Whether on blogs or on communal discussion forums, Facebook ‘walls’, or Twitter threads, anyone with access to the internet can fancy him or herself an author. The road to genuine cultural capital, however, still passes through the book, whether in its traditional print format or in the guise of ebooks consumed on Kindles, Nooks, and other electronic devices. Here too, though, a publishing revolution is underway. Thanks to services such as CreateSpace or iUniverse, it is cheaper than ever to self-publish a book, and, thanks to Amazon, it is easier to disseminate one. In this chapter, Jeffrey Di Leo shows how the results of this development are dramatic, both in a numeric sense and in a qualitative one.
Celebrity
Authors: Braun Rebecca 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how the methods and approaches of Celebrity Studies throw fresh light on what authors and literature can do in the world. In particular, the divide between elite and popular fiction turns out to be illusory once we start paying attention to the way authors and their works actually move around. Combining celebrity theory with a practical analysis of the networks sustaining literature allows us to examine afresh the ways and degrees to which authors accrue ‘attention capital’ and from which social groupings, and why. Working through examples taken from the early modern period to the present day, this chapter provides a model approach not only for seeing beyond the individual author to witness the complex networks of agents involved in the process of authorship—from editors to translators, agents, and readers, and so on—but also for placing the question of agency once again at the heart of that process.
Censorship
Authors: Harrington Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Eastern Europe has been provocatively defined as ‘that part of the world where serious literature and those who produce it have traditionally been overvalued’ (Baruch Wachtel Remaining Relevant after Communism (2006)). This situation arose because of the particular modes of production and circulation of texts brought about by strict censorship and routine state interference in literary matters. This chapter illustrates how this shaped a model of the Russian writer as ‘conscience of the nation’ and opponent of tyranny. It then traces what happens to this model of authorship in the post-Soviet era in the face of different forms of censorship. Despite there no longer being official pre-publication censorship, legislation that limits freedom of expression has created the pervasive phenomenon of ‘self-censorship’ or ‘censorship readiness’ among authors and other agents in the literary field.
Social Control through LawCritical Afterlives
Authors: Greenhouse Carol J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThrough much of the twentieth century, social control was a major theoretical concern for anthropologists engaged with law and those lawyers interested in the colonial administration of indigenous communities, later falling out of fashion as scholarship changed with the times. Today, the association of law with social control once again looms large as the hardening of national borders, the militarization of security practices, and the imposition of austerity measures (among other measures) instrumentalize the classic idea of social control through law in new ways. The chapter argues that social control merits a critical afterlife that would examine the construction of legal subjects for political purposes, and the predicates of such projects in historic forms of legal inequality. The contemporary economization of public discourse indicates wide scope for such projects. Social control names a multisided and multiscalar political contest, involving both governmental efforts to manage populations through the private sector and efforts on the part of the public to hold governors to account. The chapter begins with an intellectual history of the idea of social control in anthropology and law, next turning to an ethnographic discussion of the neoliberalization of welfare policy and civil rights in the United States. The conclusion looks beyond the United States, proposing that social control—in contrast to its original meaning—today indicates fresh directions for interdisciplinary dialogue and debate over the means and ends of investment in accountability.
Sir Walter Scott and the Medievalist Novel
Authors: Watt James 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses primarily on Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe (1819) and the novels—including Scott’s subsequent crusading fictions—that paid tribute to it through their engagement with roughly the same period of English history. In the hands of writers such as Edward Bulwer-Lytton and Charles Kingsley, the historical novel after Scott tended to present the Norman invasion as an enduringly formative moment in the making of modern imperial Britain. Popular fictions by Charlotte Yonge and G. A. Henty, composed for child readers, were similarly inspired by Scott, though in their reductive rewriting of Ivanhoe they further contributed to Scott’s ‘descent to the school-room’. Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Black Arrow (1883), by contrast, I will argue in conclusion, recovers the playfully reflexive scepticism of Ivanhoe and detaches the adolescence of its confused hero from any idea of an analogous national emergence.
Scottish Neo-medievalism
Authors: Dunnigan Sarah , Carruthers Gerard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe phenomenon of Scottish neo-medievalism in the long nineteenth century is diverse, finding expression in Gothic architecture; paintings and murals; book illustration; fiction, poetry, revivals of ballad and romance; the founding of scholarly and antiquarian societies; and Arts and Crafts-related educational practices. This chapter explores neo-medieval articulations which can be termed ‘vernacular’—in other words, explicitly Scottish or ‘Celtic’ in subject matter. It traces their recurrent ideological, cultural, and political associations (for example, Catholicism, Anglo-Scottish relationships and Wars of Independence, Jacobitism and political rebellion), and the patterns of nostalgia and desire which underpin them. The chapter also discusses turn-of-the century literary and artistic practices which draw on a distinctly Scottish neo-medieval aesthetic.
The Influence of French Medievalism on Victorian Britain
Authors: Emery Elizabeth , Marquardt Janet T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the rich literary, historical, artistic, architectural, and theatrical cross-pollination that took place in the nineteenth century as the French and English travelled back and forth across the English Channel (La Manche) to examine medieval cultural history and heritage and to share creative works of medievalism generated by such discoveries. France did not merely serve as a ‘source’ for Victorian medievalism, but rather as a locus for transnational representations of a European Middle Ages and its cultural productions. In order to better understand English medievalism in the nineteenth century, it is important to trace French developments from the same period.
Ecclesiastical Gothic Revivalism
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the ecclesiastical Gothic revivalism of the nineteenth century was the consequence of a wider change in contemporaries’ understandings of the nature of church buildings themselves. The product of new ideas about faith and time as well as novel notions about the nature of architecture, this revival was every bit as revolutionary and as distinctively Victorian as contemporaries believed it to be. Thus, although it is now impossible to argue that the Gothic Revival of the nineteenth century completely replaced one style with another, it is possible to see that a Gothic revival of the nineteenth century helped change conceptions of ecclesiastical architecture most profoundly, not least by transforming churches into vehicles of communication in their own right.
Revisiting the Medievalism of the British Arts and Crafts Movement
Authors: Ibbotson Rosie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the British Arts and Crafts Movement, and considers its engagement with the pre-existing but flexible paradigm of medievalism. While accounts of the Arts and Crafts frequently emphasize the influence on the Movement’s designs of material culture from the European ‘Middle Ages’, this research draws out other facets of how this period was reimagined and appropriated. In particular, the chapter emphasizes Arts and Crafts protagonists’ tendency to idealize all things medieval, cultivating a pseudo-historical imaginary that was problematically conceptualised spatially as well as temporally, and was used to legitimize a range of the Movement’s aims and initiatives. A key case study here is the Art Workers’ Guild, a fraternal organization that counted among its members many of the London Arts and Crafts elite, and which contrived a medievalizing organizational aesthetic that rehearsed the group’s exclusivity, and its dismay at contemporary artistic and socio-political conditions.
The Romantic Gothic Imagination
Authors: Crawford Joseph 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The French Revolution was famously described by Edmund Burke as proof that ‘the Age of Chivalry is gone’, and the fall of the French monarchy prompted a major controversy over the value of Britain’s remaining ‘Gothic institutions’. As a result, the shifting ideological sympathies of the British Romantics can be tracked through the changing fashion in which they made use of medieval history and symbolism in their poetic works. This chapter maps out the different ways in which the major British Romantics made use of the medievalist discourses that they inherited from their eighteenth-century predecessors, showing how the Romantics variously depicted the Middle Ages as a dark era of Gothic horrors, an age of feudal oppression, or as the wellspring of Britain’s ‘Gothic liberty’.
Monastic Art, Sacred Space, and the Mediation of Religious Experience
Authors: Dale Thomas E. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe chapter argues that between the ninth and thirteenth centuries medieval Benedictines understood art and architecture as a means of mediating religious experience. This perspective differs from that of the more ascetic strain of Western monasticism exemplified by Bernard of Clairvaux and the Cistercian Order. The ninth-century Benedictine revival of sculpture was predicated on its insistent materiality and its capacity to engage the multiple senses of the devotee with the ritual settings of sacred space. Whether portable or architectural, sculpture was also used within ritual contexts to convey actual or implied movement in space, thus participating in a larger constellation of images, rituals, relics, liturgical objects, and architectural frames that fashioned sacred space both within and outside the cloister. Setting the multi-sensory approach to monastic art within a broader historiography, the chapter focuses particular attention on architectural sculpture, using the Pentecost portal of Vézelay as a primary case study.
Asceticism before Monasticism
Authors: Finn Richard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChristian asceticism began not in the desert or other monastic settings, but within the urban churches of the first three centuries. Teachings attributed to Christ and the Apostles, together with older beliefs from Judaism and Greek philosophy, variously influenced patterns of communal and individual asceticism: abstention from foods, sexual relations, and wealth. Communal fasting was practised weekly by many, and by most before the celebration of Christ’s death and resurrection. Literature, especially the apocryphal Acts, celebrated or advocated sexual abstention, but the relationship between these texts and social practices remains opaque. Widows and virgins were honoured for their sexual renunciation, which strengthened the purity of heart essential for prophecy and prayer. However, in the mid-third century Origen offered a highly persuasive account of asceticism within the individual’s struggle for holiness, and it was this struggle which was finally carried into the desert and the cloister.
Landscape, Land Use, and the Environment
Authors: Oram Richard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe chapter explores the nature of the idealized and real landscapes within which monasteries were located during the period c.1000–c.1500. It examines the philosophical construction and physical manifestation of ‘desert’, and then considers the composition and physical characteristics of real property portfolios. Discussion of similarities and differences in approach between various monastic orders challenges notions of ‘types’ of landscape peculiar to specific orders. An exploration of twelfth- and thirteenth-century land clearance and drainage practices and their environmental consequences follows, raising questions of sustainability and challenging traditionally positive views of monastic estate management. Monastic responses to rapidly changing climatic conditions in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and their impact on estate landscapes conclude the main discussion. The chapter ends with suggestions for future interdisciplinary research that marries the document-based studies of monastic landholding and management practice with landscape archaeology and environmental history to provide better understanding of the dynamics which drove monastic landscape formation.