bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Witnesses/Bystanders: The Tragic Fruits of Passivity, the Power of Bystanders, and Promoting Active Bystandership in Children, Adults, and Groups
Authors: Staub Ervin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractI briefly describe my experiences that gave rise to a life‐long motivation to work on these issues. I then discuss the roots of extreme violence by groups, focusing on passivity by witnesses/bystanders that allows the evolution of increasing violence, including genocide. As an example, I discuss the genocide in Rwanda, and describe work I and my associates have done there to help with healing and reconciliation after the genocide of 1994, and to prevent future violence. I then discuss reasons for bystander passivity and the power of bystanders to make a difference. I describe ways of generating caring, helping/active bystandership, first through positive socialization of children, in the home and in classrooms, and then the development of caring and helping in people who have suffered, “altruism born of suffering.” I then describe interventions based on research that promote active bystandership: the training of police officers to prevent or stop unnecessary harmful behavior by fellow officers, with a successful example in New Orleans; the training of students to stop fellow students from harming others; an intervention in Amsterdam to improve relations between ethnic Dutch and Muslims after intense violence there. In the latter instance, the city government was the primary active bystander. I mention my colleagues’ and my theory and research on constructive (vs. blind) patriotism, and the special relevance of different forms of patriotism in the United States under the Trump Presidency.
Spatiotemporal mechanisms of coexistence in an European mammal community in a protected area of southern Italy
Authors: Mori E. , Bagnato S. , Serroni P. , Sangiuliano A. , Rotondaro F. , Marchianò V. , Cascini V. , Poerio L. , Ferretti F. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAssessing the spatiotemporal overlap amongst animal species living in sympatry helps to shed light on mechanisms of interspecific coexistence. We analysed the spatiotemporal coexistence in a predator–prey system through multiyear camera trapping, in a mountainous protected area of southern Italy (January 2012–January 2017). Temporal activity patterns and their interspecific overlap, as well as spatial overlap, were estimated for a top predator, that is the wolf Canis lupus, three species of wild ungulates, four mesocarnivores, one small herbivore, livestock and humans. A wide nocturnal temporal overlap was detected between the wolf and almost all the other species (71–91%). The highest temporal (91%) and spatial (63%) overlaps were reported between the wolf and the red fox Vulpes vulpes. For wolf‐ungulate pairs, the highest temporal overlap (88%) was reported for the wild boar Sus scrofa, its local main prey. Considering all the other species pairs, spatial overlap was low (i.e. lower than 45%), whereas temporal overlap was substantial (71–91%). Our findings support a significant role of interspecific spatial partitioning in shaping coexistence amongst considered species, which might be influenced by differences in spatial distribution of different food resources.
Methodology for spatio‐temporal predictions of traffic counts across an urban road network and generation of an on‐road greenhouse gas emission inventory
Authors: Ganji Arman , Shekarrizfard Maryam , Harpalani Aakash , Coleman Jesse , Hatzopoulou Marianne 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOn‐road emission inventories in urban areas have typically been developed using traffic data derived from travel demand models. These approaches tend to underestimate emissions because they often only incorporate data on household travel, not including commercial vehicle movements, taxis, ride hailing services, and other trips typically underreported within travel surveys. In contrast, traffic counts embed all types of on‐road vehicles; however, they are only conducted at selected locations in an urban area. Traffic counts are typically spatially correlated, which enables the development of methods that can interpolate traffic data at selected monitoring stations across an urban road network and in turn develop emission estimates. This paper presents a new and universal methodology designed to use traffic count data for the prediction of periodic and annual volumes as well as greenhouse gas emissions at the level of each individual roadway and for multiple years across a large road network. The methodology relies on the data collected and the spatio‐temporal relationships between traffic counts at various stations; it recognizes patterns in the data and identifies locations with similar trends. Traffic volumes and emissions prediction can be made even on roads where no count data exist. Data from the City of Toronto traffic count program were used to validate the output of various algorithms, indicating robust model performance, even in areas with limited data.
Gingival crevicular fluid levels of SLIT3 are increased in periodontal disease
Authors: Zhong Wei , Peng Youmei , Yue Erli , Huang Bin , Zhang Wei , Zhao Zhe , Jiang Jinhua , Wang Qingduan , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the levels of SLIT3 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of healthy and periodontal disease subjects, and their correlations to periodontal disease. A total of 45 periodontal patients and 45 periodontally healthy volunteers were enrolled. The clinical parameters, radiographic bone loss and the levels of SLIT3, receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in GCF were measured. The prevalences of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque were also analyzed. The expression of SLIT3 and RANKL was detected in the periodontium of experimental periodontitis in rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced mouse macrophage. The total amounts and concentrations of SLIT3 and RANKL were significantly higher in periodontitis than those in healthy, while the level of OPG was significantly lower (p < .05). Significant positive correlations were observed between the level of GCF SLIT3 and clinical attachment level and radiographic bone loss (p < .05). There existed a significant positive correlation between SLIT3 and RANKL (p < .05). Increased expression of SLIT3 and RANKL was observed in the periodontium of periodontal rats. SLIT3 expression was induced by LPS stimulation in macrophages. These results suggest that SLIT3 may act as a diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease and should be further investigated.
Electrocardiographic characteristics of distal His bundle pacing in a patient with left bundle branch block
Authors: Gu Min , Hu Yiran , Hua Wei , Niu Hongxia , Zhou Xiaohong , Zhang Shu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis case demonstrates the feasibility of placing the pacing lead helix at the His bundle distal to the region of left bundle branch block and reveals three types of electrocardiographic characteristics of distal His bundle pacing during correction of left bundle branch block in a patient. As the pacing lead helix was placed distal to the block, left bundle branch block correction was achieved by pacing with a low and stable capture threshold.
Purpuric nail striae as the initial manifestation in multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Prayogo Rizky Lendl , Rahmayunita Githa , Agustin Triana , Sirait Sondang P. , Arisanty Riesye 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNail involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is very uncommon. We describe a 9‐month‐old boy with longitudinal purpuric bands, onychodystrophy, and paronychias on his fingernails and toenails, which antedated manifestations of recurrent bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax and elevated transaminases. The diagnosis of nail LCH was then confirmed by immunohistochemistry demonstrating positive S100 and CD1a staining in the epithelium of nail bed tissue. This case report affirms that nail involvement may be the initial manifestation of multisystem LCH and could portend an unfavorable prognosis.
Use and misuse of a common growth metric: guidance for appropriately calculating and reporting specific growth rate
Authors: Crane Derek P. , Ogle Derek H. , Shoup Daniel E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGrowth is an important metric in fisheries and aquaculture. Growth of small fish over relatively short periods of time is commonly modelled with an exponential function using instantaneous growth rate (g). Instantaneous growth rates are logarithmic and inherently difficult to interpret, but specific growth rates (SGR) express growth as the intuitively understandable per cent change in size per unit of time. A simple metric of SGR (G) is easily computed by exponentiating g, subtracting 1 and multiplying by 100. However, several prominent fisheries publications suggest that SGR should be calculated by simply multiplying g by 100 (we call this G*). A search of the fisheries literature found that the number of papers that used SGR for fish increased significantly from 1830 papers in 2009 to 3170 papers in 2018. An extensive review of 300 papers from this search found that 92.6% were related to aquaculture and only 3.3% of all papers correctly used G to calculate SGR. We algebraically show that G* is fundamentally different than G and cannot be interpreted as a per cent change in weight per unit of time. Furthermore we demonstrate, with three examples from the literature, that using G* as if it were the same as G leads to biologically meaningful underestimates of true growth rates and estimated weights. Given these results and the simplicity with which G can be computed from g, we recommend that fisheries scientists abandon the pervasive practice of incorrectly measuring SGR as 100 times the instantaneous growth rate.
States' interests as limits to the power of finance: Regulatory reforms in early local government financialization in the US and UK
Authors: Trampusch Christine , Fastenrath Florian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThrough a comparison of typical and deviant cases, this study probes and refines the augmented power model which argues that the structural power of the financial industry fosters its instrumental power in influencing regulatory reforms under certain scope conditions. It shows the industry's success in influencing policymakers to authorize municipalities to use derivatives and thereby to financialize their debt management in the US (typical case). The failure of banks to acquire such a law in the UK (deviant case) reveals a hitherto little‐noticed condition under which this power explanation collapses: states' fiscal and monetary constitution. We demonstrate that analyzing the operation of finance power requires a precise consideration of how states' fiscal and monetary constitution structures governments' responses to financial industry's regulatory preferences. Moreover, we conclude that synthesizing business power research with literature on the mutual dependence between states and finance helps to explain patterns of state financialization.
Oral health status in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy fed by oral versus enteral route
Authors: Cardona‐Soria Sandra , Cahuana‐Cárdenas Abel , Rivera‐Baró Alejandro , Miranda‐Rius Jaume , Martín de Carpi Javier , Brunet‐Llobet Lluís 
Published: November 2019

AimsCerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic, nonprogressive disorder affecting movement, posture, and tone, caused by injuries in the central nervous system during the early stages of life. Patients with CP have swallowing disorders, which make oral feeding difficult and necessitate the use of external feeding devices. The objective of this research was to study the oral health status of pediatric patients affected with CP fed by either oral or enteral route.MethodsA cross‐sectional observational clinical study of the oral health of two groups of patients with CP, fed either orally or enterally (via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, PEG).ResultsPatients fed by enteral route via PEG presented lower caries scores (DMFT: PEG: 1.09, non‐PEG: 2.81) and higher percentages of supragingival dental calculus than the oral feeding group (PEG: 86%, non‐PEG: 57.6%).ConclusionOral health status differed in pediatric patients with CP fed enterally via PEG and those fed orally. Specific preventive measures in both groups will be required to minimize the risk of complications.
The Struggle for Control: How do Norwegian TV-Celebrities Deal With Critical Media Exposure?
Authors: Duckert Fanny , Karlsen Kim Edgar 
Published: November 2019

Ten Norwegian TV-hosts, all nation-wide celebrities, were interviewed about their experiences with critical media exposure. How did they perceive their relationship with the press? What were the main sources of stress? How did they cope? All expressed a strong focus on impression management and self-presentation. The majority described an independent and often playful interaction with the press, in order to keep control over their programs and their privacy.All had experienced negative media exposure. Sources of stress were one-sided presentations, evil informers, personal attacks, and harming their family. They experienced both direct effects by the media coverage, and indirect effects through interaction with other people.The majority used problem-focused coping strategies, actively influencing the media coverage; emotion-focused strategies, regulating their thoughts and feelings; and meaning-focused strategies, allowing reflection. Proactive self-presentation work helped maintain and protect their identities.Two of the participants reported using more defensive strategies, and had suffered more intensely.
Recognizing the Impact of Bias in Faculty Recruitment, Retention, and Advancement Processes
Authors: Russell Jared A. , Brock Sheri , Rudisill Mary E. 
Published: November 2019

Bias, an automatic—usually unconscious and unintentional—inclination, preference, or favoring of an individual or group over another, is an inherent aspect of an individual’s academic leadership and decision-making processes. Bias alone is not a detriment to building an inclusive and supportive environment for faculty. However, oftentimes an academic unit leader’s biases result in the justification, rationalization, and facilitation of exclusionary processes and practices toward faculty, particularly those from diverse and underrepresented backgrounds. This article discusses the impact of bias, specifically implicit bias, on academic leadership. Moreover, the impact of a leader’s biases toward diversity attributes (e.g., gender, sexual orientation/affinity, age, ethnicity, race) of faculty are highlighted. Specifically, key areas of academic leadership are explored: faculty recruitment (hiring), retention (evaluation), and advancement (promotion and tenure). Recommendations, promising practices, and strategies for minimizing the impact of implicit bias are provided.
300,000 yr history of water-table fluctuations at Wind Cave, South Dakota, USA—Scale, timing, and groundwater mixing in the Madison Aquifer
Authors: Paces James B. , Palmer Margaret V. , Palmer Arthur N. , Long Andrew J. , Emmons Matthew P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Deposits of calcite coating the lower passages of Wind Cave in the southern Black Hills of South Dakota were precipitated under phreatic conditions. Data from samples associated with a new cave survey and hydrologic studies indicate that past water tables within Wind Cave reached a maximum height of 45 m above modern levels but were mostly confined to 25 m or less. Uranium-series ages for basal layers deposited on weathered wall rock indicate subaerial conditions in this part of the cave persisted between 1000 and 300 ka. Ages and elevations of wall coatings and cave rafts establish a 300,000 yr paleohydrograph indicating that water-table highstands occurred during interglacial or interstadial-to-early glacial periods and lowstands occurred during full-glacial and stadial episodes.
Isotopes of Sr, U, C, and O from dated calcite samples were obtained to evaluate potential shifts in paleo-groundwater composition. For comparison, Sr and U isotopic compositions were determined for modern groundwater from 18 sites previously classified into five hydrogeologic domains. Isotope data for different domains tend to cluster in separate fields, although several fields overlap. Compositions of Calcite Lake (informal name) water reflect modern recharge to shallow aquifers. In contrast, speleothem data indicate that paleo-groundwater highstands were not supported by increased infiltration associated with local recharge, or by upwelling from deeper Proterozoic sources. Instead, cave water was similar to deeper, warmer groundwater from the Madison Aquifer discharging at modern artesian springs flanking the southern Black Hills. Highstands were likely influenced by large-scale hydraulic processes associated with recharge to the Madison Aquifer under the Laurentide ice sheet on the northeast side of the Williston Basin, causing increased hydrostatic pressures in confined aquifers on the south side of the basin.
Association between genetically determined leptin and blood lipids considering alcohol consumption: a Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Shen Luqi , Cordero José F , Wang Jia-Sheng , Shen Ye , Li Shengxu , Liang Lirong , Zou Zhiyong , Li Changwei 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the association of genetically determined leptin with lipids.DesignWe conducted a Mendelian randomisation study to assess a potential causal relationship between serum leptin and lipid levels. We also evaluated whether alcohol drinking modified the associations of genetically determined leptin with blood lipids.Setting and participants3860 participants of the Framingham Heart Study third generation cohort.ResultsBoth genetic risk scores (GRSs), the GRS generated using leptin loci independent of body mass index (BMI) and GRS generated using leptin loci dependent of BMI, were positively associated with log-transformed leptin (log-leptin). The BMI-independent leptin GRS was associated with log-transformed triglycerides (log-TG, β=−0.66, p=0.01), but not low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, p=0.99), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, p=0.44) or total cholesterol (TC, p=0.49). Instrumental variable estimation showed that per unit increase in genetically determined log-leptin was associated with 0.55 (95% CI: 0.05 to 1.00) units decrease in log-TG. Besides significant association with log-TG (β=−0.59, p=0.009), the BMI-dependent GRS was nominally associated with HDL-C (β=−10.67, p=0.09) and TC (β=−28.05, p=0.08). When stratified by drinking status, the BMI-dependent GRS was associated with reduced levels of LDL-C (p=0.03), log-TG (p=0.004) and TC (p=0.003) among non-current drinkers only. Significant interactions between the BMI-dependent GRS and alcohol drinking were identified for LDL-C (p=0.03), log-TG (p=0.03) and TC (p=0.02).ConclusionThese findings together indicated that genetically determined leptin was negatively associated with lipid levels and the association may be modified by alcohol consumption.
Communicating biopsy results from breast screening assessment: current practice in English breast screening centres and staff perspectives of telephoning results
Authors: Williamson Sian Z , Johnson Rebecca , Sandhu Harbinder K , Ellard David R , Jenkins Jacquie , Casey Margaret , Kearins Olive , Taylor-Phillips Sian 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveTo record how breast screening centres in England deliver all biopsy results (cancer/non-cancer) from the breast assessment visit.DesignOnline survey of 63 of 79 breast screening centres in England from all regions (East Midlands, East of England, London, North East Yorkshire & Humber, North West, South East, South West, West Midlands). The survey contained quantitative measures of frequency for telephoning biopsy results (routinely, occasionally or never) and optional qualitative free-text responses. Surveys were completed by a staff member from each centre.ResultsThere were no regional trends in the use of telephone results services, (X² (14, n=63)=11.55, p=0.64), Centres who telephoned results routinely did not deliver results sooner than centres who deliver results in-person (X² (16, n=63)=12.76, p=0.69).When delivering cancer results, 76.2% of centres never telephone results and 23.8% of centres occasionally telephone results. No centres reported delivering cancer results routinely by telephone. Qualitative content analysis suggests that cancer results are only telephoned at the patient request and under exceptional circumstances.When delivering non-cancer results, 12.7% of centres never telephoned results, 38.1% occasionally telephoned results and 49.2% routinely telephoned results. Qualitative content analysis revealed different processes for delivering telephone results, including patient choice and scheduling an in-person results appointment for all women attending breast assessment, then ringing non-cancer results unexpectedly ahead of this prebooked appointment.ConclusionsIn the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme, breast assessment results that are cancer are routinely delivered in-person. However, non-cancer breast assessment results are often routinely delivered by telephone, despite breast screening policy recommendations. More research is needed to understand the impact of telephoning results on women attending breast assessment, particularly women who receive a non-cancer result. Future research should also consider how women themselves might prefer to receive their results.
Economic evaluation of a novel genetic screening test for risk of venous thromboembolism compared with standard of care in women considering combined hormonal contraception in Switzerland
Authors: Sutherland C Simone , Ademi Zanfina , Michaud Joëlle , Schur Nadine , Lingg Myriam , Bhadhuri Arjun , Pache Thierry D. , Bitzer Johannes , Suchon Pierre , Albert Valerie , Hersberger Kurt E. , Tanackovic Goranka , Schwenkglenks Matthias 
Published: November 2019

AimThe aim of this study was to assess the cost effectiveness of the Pill Protect (PP) genetic screening test for venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk compared with standard of care (SoC), for women considering combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) in Switzerland.MethodsA two-part microsimulation model was developed to estimate VTE events, costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) associated with the PP and SoC strategies. In the first portion of the model, a cohort of 1 million Swiss first-time seekers of a CHC were simulated. It was determined whether each women would receive a CHC or non-CHC by using prescribing patterns elicited from a modified Delphi study. These results formed the basis of the SoC strategy. For the PP strategy, a PP test was included and the results considered in addition to SoC practice. Each woman then entered a Markov model that captured morbidity and mortality over a lifetime. The risk of having a VTE was derived from the risk algorithm that underpins the PP test. The remaining model inputs relating to population characteristics, costs, health resource use, mortality and utilities were derived from published studies or national sources. The model was validated and calibrated to align with population-based studies. Extensive uncertainty analyses were conducted.ResultsFrom a Swiss health system perspective, the PP strategy in comparison with the SoC strategy generated an additional CHF 231, and gained 0.003 QALYs per woman, leading to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CHF 76 610 per QALY gained. Assuming a threshold of CHF 100 000 per QALY gained, the PP strategy is likely to be cost effective. Our results were generally robust to variations in the parameter values.ConclusionsThe PP test may be cost effective in Switzerland for screening women seeking CHCs for their risk of VTE based on the current evidence.