bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical activity and fitness: The feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of wearable activity tracker technology incorporating altruistic motivation in youth
Authors: Duck Angela A. , Hall Katherine C. , Klamm Melissa , Temple Melissa , Robinson Jennifer C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of using wearable activity tracker technology, integrated with altruistic motivation in children to increase physical activity (PA), fitness, and prosocial behavior.Design and MethodsA quasiexperimental design was employed in two 4th grade classrooms in a rural southern state. The intervention was a wearable PA tracker and a web‐based curriculum with activities to earn power points redeemable to provide life‐saving food to undernourished kids internationally. Seventeen children in the intervention group participated in the 10‐week PA program and 18 children were in the wait listed control group. Three measures were assessed in both groups at baseline and postintervention: (a) PA measured with accelerometers, (b) fitness levels measured with shuttle run, and (c) prosocial behavior measured with Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire.ResultsOf the 35 children enrolled, the majority were nine years old (n = 28), black (n = 31) and female (n = 23). An overall enrollment rate of 88%, attrition rate of 9%, and an accelerometer noncompliance rate of 25% was determined to assess feasibility. There was no statistical significance between the control and intervention group outcome variables. The average minutes of PA in the control group decreased 8 min from baseline to postintervention (p = .05). In the intervention group, PA decreased by 10 min from baseline to postintervention (p = .12). In both the control and intervention groups, prosocial behavior scores decreased (p = .09 control; p = .62 intervention). The fitness scores, VO2 max, did not significantly change (intervention p = .21; control p = .35).Practice ImplicationsDeveloping effective interventions that foster PA and dissuade sedentary behaviors are essential to enhancing PA and fitness levels. The recruitment, retention, and accelerometer wear adherence suggest this setting, with this population is feasible. The intervention is deliverable, however, the potential of wearable activity trackers and the effect of prosocial behavior that benefits others in increasing PA and improving cardiorespiratory fitness, should be further researched by building on the successful elements of this study.
Linguistics for high schoolers: A summer camp model
Authors: McGory Julia Tevis , Barlew Jefferson 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSummer Linguistics Institute for Youth Scholars (SLIYS), held on The Ohio State University campus, offers intensive courses in linguistics to high school students from Ohio and around the world. Each year, nearly 100 students participate in 1‐ or 2‐week‐long camps where they engage in the scientific study of language and experience a realistic introduction to academics and university life. The programme's objectives are to provide students with the linguistic tools needed to understand their native language, become better learners of a foreign language and investigate unknown languages. Beyond academics, the high school camp immerses students into university life in a controlled environment providing a non‐threatening experience in academia to students unfamiliar with college. This article describes the evolution of SLIYS and its current incarnation, specifically how and why it works. We discuss the goals of the programme, the structure of SLIYS and how it is sustained, how the programme is assessed, and finally we share information about the general cost of the programme and our recruiting efforts that ensure that SLIYS continues in future years.
Genomic signatures of convergent adaptation to Alpine environments in three Brassicaceae species
Authors: Rellstab Christian , Zoller Stefan , Sailer Christian , Tedder Andrew , Gugerli Felix , Shimizu Kentaro K. , Holderegger Rolf , Widmer Alex , Fischer Martin C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt has long been discussed to what extent related species develop similar genetic mechanisms to adapt to similar environments. Most studies documenting such convergence have either used different lineages within species or surveyed only a limited portion of the genome. Here, we investigated whether similar or different sets of orthologous genes were involved in genetic adaptation of natural populations of three related plant species to similar environmental gradients in the Alps. We used whole‐genome pooled population sequencing to study genome‐wide SNP variation in 18 natural populations of three Brassicaceae (Arabis alpina, Arabidopsis halleri, and Cardamine resedifolia) from the Swiss Alps. We first de novo assembled draft reference genomes for all three species. We then ran population and landscape genomic analyses with ~3 million SNPs per species to look for shared genomic signatures of selection and adaptation in response to similar environmental gradients acting on these species. Genes with a signature of convergent adaptation were found at significantly higher numbers than expected by chance. The most closely related species pair showed the highest relative over‐representation of shared adaptation signatures. Moreover, the identified genes of convergent adaptation were enriched for nonsynonymous mutations, suggesting functional relevance of these genes, even though many of the identified candidate genes have hitherto unknown or poorly described functions based on comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana. We conclude that adaptation to heterogeneous Alpine environments in related species is partly driven by convergent evolution, but that most of the genomic signatures of adaptation remain species‐specific.
From time asymmetry to quantum entanglement: The Humean unification
Authors: Chen Eddy Keming 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo of the most difficult problems in the foundations of physics are (1) what gives rise to the arrow of time and (2) what the ontology of quantum mechanics is. I propose a unified ‘Humean’ solution to the two problems. Humeanism allows us to incorporate the Past Hypothesis and the Statistical Postulate into the best system, which we then use to simplify the quantum state of the universe. This enables us to confer the nomological status to the quantum state in a way that adds no significant complexity to the best system and solves the “supervenient‐kind problem” facing the original version of the Past Hypothesis. We call the resultant theory the Humean unification. It provides a unified explanation of time asymmetry and quantum entanglement. On this theory, what gives rise to time's arrow is also responsible for quantum phenomena. The new theory has a separable mosaic, a best system that is simple and non‐vague, less tension between quantum mechanics and special relativity, and a higher degree of theoretical and dynamical unity. The Humean unification leads to new insights that can be useful to Humeans and non‐Humeans alike.
Long‐term Inhibition of Soleus H‐reflex with Epidural Adhesiolysis and Pulsed Radiofrequency in Lumbosacral Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Vigneri Simone , Sindaco Gianfranco , La Grua Marco , Zanella Matteo , Paci Valentina , Vinci Francesca Maria , Sciacca Chiara , Merlini Alberto , Pari Gilberto 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionScientific data about neurophysiological changes subsequent to pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) are still lacking. The goal of this study was to evaluate sural nerve conduction and Hoffmann reflex (H‐reflex) in soleus muscle following adhesiolysis and PRF in patients with unilateral chronic lumbosacral L5‐S1 neuropathic radiating pain.MethodsSeventeen patients received two cycles of 240 seconds high‐voltage PRF and epidural adhesiolysis. Sural nerve action potential (SNAP) and the ratio of maximum H‐reflex to maximum M response (H/M ratio) as well as pain scores were collected in both lower limbs before, immediately following, and 1 month after the treatment.ResultsAt follow‐up, a significant reduction in numeric rating scale (NRS) and Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4) scores was observed in 53% of patients reporting pain improvement of ≥ 30% over baseline. The H/M ratio was decreased in the affected limb following PRF (P = 0.01) and 1 month after the treatment (P = 0.04). A direct correlation was observed between H/M ratio variation and NRS score at follow‐up in the treated limb (P = 0.04). No significant difference in sural nerve latency, amplitude, and velocity was detected between affected and normal side after treatment and at follow‐up.ConclusionsEpidural adhesiolysis and PRF of the dorsal root ganglion seem to significantly affect spinal reflexes in patients with lumbosacral neuropathic radiating pain.
Imatinib as a potentially effective therapeutic alternative in corticosteroid‐resistant eosinophilic fasciitis
Authors: Wu Tiffany T. , Goodarzi Heidi , Wang Jennifer , Novoa Roberto , Teng Joyce M. C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEosinophilic fasciitis (EF) is a rare condition in children that is typically treated with systemic corticosteroids. We present the case of a 9‐year‐old boy with biopsy‐proven EF, refractory to systemic corticosteroids and methotrexate. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib was added as adjuvant therapy, leading to improvement in joint function and skin laxity. Our case is the first to suggest the anti‐fibrotic properties of imatinib may benefit EF patients.
Evaluation of gonadal macroscopic and microscopic morphometry reveals precocious puberty in Bísaro pig
Authors: Paixão Gustavo , Esteves Alexandra , Carolino Nuno , dos Anjos Pires Maria , Payan‐Carreira Rita 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBísaro pig (BP), like many other local breeds reared in extensive non‐industrial systems, faces many constraints to comply with the EU welfare regulation, particularly regarding the restrictions to surgical castration. In order to adapt an immunocastration protocol to overtake this issue, a puberty timeline is needed. Using gonadal morphometry data from 91 young male BP, this study intended to characterize testicular development, describing the prominent cell types and structures, to ultimately assess the age at puberty in male BP through a mixed prediction model. As expected, the relations between several macro and microscopic parameters and their relation with age were as described within the literature. Post‐pubertal animals have larger and heavier gonads, lower Sertoli cell density/tubule, higher Leydig cell density and larger seminiferous tubules. Meiosis was firstly seen in 44‐day‐old animals, elongated spermatids in 70‐day‐old animals. Complete spermatogenesis was firstly identified in a 90‐day‐old animal. Spermatozoa were present in the epididymis of 23 animals, aged from 70 to 240 days old, and in the vas deferens of 14 animals (105 to 240 days old). The prediction model inferred that male Bísaro pigs reach puberty between 14 and 17 weeks (3 and 4 months old) and become sexually capable from 15 to 19 weeks (3.5 and 4.4 months old). These parameters confirm the sexual precocity of this breed.
Childhood physical activity as a labor market investment
Authors: Kari Jaana T. , Pehkonen Jaakko , Tammelin Tuija H. , Hutri‐Kähönen Nina , Raitakari Olli T. 
Published: September 2020

This study examined the role of physical activity and changes in physical activity levels during childhood in long‐term labor market outcomes. To address this important but under‐researched theme, the study utilized data drawn from longitudinal research, the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS), and from registries compiled by Statistics Finland. The study consisted of children aged 9 (n = 1565) and 15 (n = 2445) at the time their physical activity was measured. Labor market outcomes, including employment status, average employment months, and average unemployment months, were calculated from 1997 to 2010, when the participants were aged 20 to 48 years. Regression models were used to assess the relationship between physical activity and labor market outcomes. The results show that the consequences of childhood physical activity may be far‐reaching, as higher childhood physical activity was positively related to the probability of being employed and employment months and was negatively related to unemployment months. On average, a one‐unit increase in physical activity index was related to a 1% higher probability of being employed, 0.10 more months of yearly employment, and 0.05 fewer months of yearly unemployment. The results also imply that persistently active individuals had the highest level of employment and the lowest level of unemployment compared with other activity groups. In conclusion, investments in childhood physical activity may not only promote health and well‐being but may also correlate with better labor market outcomes later in life, providing both personal and societal benefits.
Physiology of handcycling: A current sports perspective
Authors: Stephenson Ben T. , Stone Benjamin , Mason Barry S. , Goosey‐Tolfrey Victoria L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHandcycling is a mode of mobility, and sport format within Para‐cycling, for those with a lower limb impairment. The exercise modality has been researched extensively in the rehabilitation setting. However, there is an emerging body of evidence detailing the physiological responses to handcycling in the competitive sport domain. Competitive handcyclists utilize equipment that is vastly disparate to that used for rehabilitation or recreation. Furthermore, the transferability of findings from early handcycling research to current international athletes regarding physiological profiles is severely limited. This narrative review aims to map the landscape within handcycling research and document the growing interest at the elite end of the exercise spectrum. From 58 experimental/case studies and four doctoral theses, we provide accounts of the aerobic capacity of handcyclists and the influence training status plays; present research regarding the physiological responses to handcycling performance, including tests of sprint performance; and discuss the finite information on handcyclists’ training habits and efficacy of bespoke interventions. Furthermore, given the wide variety of protocols employed and participants recruited previously, we present considerations for the interpretation of existing research and recommendations for future work, all with a focus on competitive sport. The majority of studies (n = 21) reported aerobic capacity, detailing peak rates of oxygen uptake and power output, with values >3.0 L min−1 and 240 W shown in trained, male H3‐H4 classification athletes. Knowledge, though, is lacking for other classifications and female athletes. Similarly, little research is available concerning sprint performance with only one from eight studies recruiting athletes with an impairment.
Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment
Authors: Shi Siwei , Zhang Qingzhong , Lou Yilai , Du Zhangliu , Wang Qian , Hu Ning , Wang Yidong , Gunina Anna , Song Jiqing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBiochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha−1 year−1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.
The desert as laboratory: Science, state‐making, and empire in the drylands
Authors: Koch Natalie 
Published: September 2020

In December 2018, the University of Arizona was awarded a US$3.9 million contract from the Sultanate of Oman to develop research laboratories for the country’s “One Million Date Palms for Oman” initiative. This project is only the most recent example of a much longer set of collaborations between actors in the two regions, which began when Omani date palms were imported to the University of Arizona’s Agriculture Experiment Station in the 1890s. In tracing this history, I show how establishing state power in the US West was facilitated by the work of scientists and research institutions drawing on materials and knowledge from the Middle East. In the case of Arizona, the colonial project was advanced through the federally funded land‐grant programmes at the University of Arizona, which aimed to entice white settlers to the territory through promoting commercially oriented agriculture. University researchers’ efforts to secure date palm imports from abroad illustrate how the settler colonial vision treated the desert Southwest as an analogue to the Middle East, but their personal laboratory for developing modern knowledge about desert farming. The case sheds light on the role of scientific institutions in consolidating state power in desert frontiers – a process that is depoliticised by framing the desert as a laboratory as a site for “modern” science rather than a site to be colonised.
A simple drought risk analysis procedure to supplement water resources management planning in England and Wales
Authors: Turner Sean W. D. , Jeffrey Paul J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe current ‘Deployable Output’ approach for assessing water resources system performance in England and Wales is a practical, communicable means for assessing the adequacy of a water supply system and determining the relative benefits of proposed system enhancements. A recognised flaw with this approach is that it fails to characterise the severity of potential supply shortfalls, leading to mischaracterisation of risks and benefits associated with alternative candidate investments. Here, we propose a Monte Carlo procedure that could supplement the existing process by exposing the magnitude (% water demand unserved) and duration (number of days) of supply curtailments under a range of drought scenarios. The method is demonstrated using a realistic, stylised water resources system and a discrete number of infrastructure investments. Results demonstrate that vulnerability assessments can expose previously unidentified risks that might radically alter a planner’s estimate of the cost‐effectiveness of a particular investment.
Effect of Soot-Inhibitor Additives on the Thermal Structure and Soot Volume Fraction Inside Laminar Diffusion Natural Gas Flames
Authors: Ibrahim M. M. , Attia A. , Moneib H. A. , Emara A. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Soot study is a fundamental issue for the combustion process of hydrocarbon fuels. Losses in combustion efficiency, health risks, environmental loosestrife, and damage in furnaces may appear as a result of soot existence. This present paper aims at providing an experimental mapping of the changes in the soot volume fraction and axial flame mean temperature associated with the addition of different percentages of soot inhibitor additives (namely, Argon, Nitrogen, and Helium) in a vertical laminar diffusion natural gas flame issuing from a honeycomb circular burner. The soot volume fraction is acquired by the laser extinction technique, while the axial variations of the mean flame temperature are accomplished by a bare 51 µm (Pt-30%Rh versus Pt-6%Rh) thermocouple to render radiation loss insignificant. The concentration of the individual additives is varied from 5% to 25% (step 5%) and the experiments are conducted at a fixed natural gas throughput (350 mL/min) to ensure unvaried thermal input. Measurement traverses along and across (at fixed radial locations) are conducted. The fuel flowrate is measured by a precision digital gas flowmeter (type: Varian intelligent), while the flow of the individual additive is admitted via solenoid valves (handled with labview program) and is injected through mixing pipes located at burner entry. The different regimes of the soot inception (molecular; zone 1), soot growth zone (zone 2), and soot oxidation (zone 3) are accurately defined and assessed in relation to the temperature results for the different cases under investigation.
Design of a Multigenerational System With Absorption Cooling for a Residential Community: A Case Study
Authors: Bolt Andre , Chea Branson , Dincer Ibrahim , Agelin-Chaab Martin , Rosen Marc 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a multigeneration system is proposed, which utilizes geothermal energy and a lithium-bromide absorption cooling cycle. The proposed system is capable of providing electricity, heating, cooling, and domestic hot water to a small residential community in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The performance of the system's heating and cooling capabilities were evaluated energetically and exergetically. A case study is presented by considering human occupancy loads and the impact of building material conditions on heating and cooling. System performance was investigated using parametric studies, where the operating conditions and ambient conditions were varied. Similar systems in the open literature were found to have an energetic and exergetic coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.8 and 0.3 for heating, while the proposed multigeneration system resulted in an energetic and exergetic coefficient of performance of 1.14 and 0.63 for heating, an increase of 30–52%. Additionally, the literature revealed that some systems resulted in an energy and exergy efficiency of 26.2% and 36.6%. The proposed multigeneration system achieved an energy and exergy efficiency of 31.86% and 63.33%, an improvement of 5.66–26.73%. The study was able to utilize the existing recommendations made by British Columbia to determine the necessary heating and cooling loads while also being able to successfully generate four useful outputs with a smaller footprint than those in the literature.