bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXI-7 Comparison of Range-Based and Irrigated Cow-Calf Systems – Grazing Season Performance
Authors: Hall John B , Sprinkle James E , Ellison Melinda , Goddard Sandra , Taylor Bret , Glaze James B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives were to compare 1) cow performance, 2) cow fertility, and 3) calf performance in a range-based (RAN) or irrigated (IRR) system over 4 yr. Crossbred beef cows were assigned by age, BW, BCS (1 - emaciated to 9 - obese) and productivity to IRR or RAN. Cows in IRR (n = 170/yr) grazed irrigated cool season perennial pastures (May–October) then grazed crop residues (October-December). Cows in RAN (n = 160/yr) grazed sagebrush steppe range (May–December). Cows were provided hay and supplement (January-mid-March) to achieve BCS 5 by calving. Cows were artificially inseminated (AI). AI sires were distributed across IRR and RAN. Natural service bulls were introduced 8 to 14 d after AI. Cow BW and BCS were recorded at branding (April), pregnancy diagnosis, and end of grazing (December). Pregnancy was diagnosed at 60, 100, and 120 d after AI. Calves were weighed at birth, July, August and weaning (September). Data were analyzed using mixed models with main effect of system. Year (n = 4) was the experimental unit. Cows from the IRR (n = 674) and RAN (n = 638) had similar (P = 0.13) BW at branding but RAN BCS was 0.4 BCS less (P &lt; 0.05). At end of grazing, IRR cows were 96 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.001) and 1.8 BCS greater (P &lt; 0.001) than RAN cows. System did not affect calf birth weight (P = 0.30); however, IRR calves were 20.7 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.003) than RAN calves at weaning. Pregnancy rate was similar (P = 0.64) for IRR and RAN cows (94.7% and 93.6%, respectively). RAN resulted in reduced calf weights and returns per cow (- $60.50) compared to the IRR. In conclusion, producers using sagebrush steppe range will need to operate at a lower cost per cow than irrigated ranches.
PSXI-17 Increasing the number of water troughs do not increase water intake or improve calf performance
Authors: Marti Sonia , Verdu Marçal , Medinya Carles , Riera Joan , Devant Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Provision of adequate quantity of water is essential for cattle as it can affect their health and growth. In addition, during summer months, the amount of water that calves can drink may double, limiting water access. One hundred and eight Holstein male calves (241 ± 3.1 Kg and 184 ± 0.9 d of age) were used in a randomized design to evaluate the effect of increasing from one to two water troughs per pen on water intake, performance and calf behavior over time. Calves were allocated in 6 pens (3 pens per treatment; 18 calves per pen) with one computerized concentrate feeder and one straw feeder with 5 feeding spaces. Pens were assigned to one of the two treatments according to the number of water troughs, a singles water trough (SWT) or a double water trough (DWT). Concentrate and water intake was recorded daily, and body weight (BW) and behavior fortnightly. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model with repeated measures including treatment, period and their interaction as main effect and pen per treatment as random effect. Final BW, average daily gain, water and concentrate intake were not affected by the number of water trough in the pen, as well as carcass weight and dressing percentage. However, water intake increased (P &lt; 0.001) by period with an average water intake per calf of 21 L/day in calves with 241 d of age in February, to 51 L/day in calves with 409 d of age in August. Sexual and agonistic behaviors such as grooming, oral non-nutritive behaviors, fighting and mounting did not differ between treatments. The provision of an extra water trough per pen did not improve calf performance nor increase water intake even in summer month.
PSXI-6 Calculating energy efficiency use for Nellore bulls divergent in residual feed intake
Authors: Batalha Camila D A , De Araújo Fabiana L , Branco Renata H , Tedeschi Luis O , Bonilha Sarah F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Retained energy (RE) and energetic efficiency index were measured in Nellore bulls from divergent classes of residual feed intake (RFI). Thirty-four Nellore bulls (15 low RFI-LRFI and 19 high RFI-HRFI) were feedlot finished and slaughtered with 385 ± 40 kg of body weight (BW) and 520 ± 26.2 days of age. At the beginning of the experiment, five LRFI and three HRFI were slaughtered and used as base line. Individual dry matter intake was recorded daily; initial and final BW were recorded after 16 h of fasting. Eight bulls, four LRFI and four HRFI, were fed at maintenance, receiving 65 g of DM/kg0.75 BW, and 18 bulls (10 LRFI and eight HRFI) were fed ad libitum. Diet had 19:81 roughage:concentrate, 88% of DM and 15% of crude protein. Ultrasound measurements on the Longissimus muscle were performed at intervals of 28 days. When two ad libitum bulls reached 4 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, one maintenance bull was randomly chosen and slaughtered on the same day. After slaughter, the centesimal composition of the empty body and carcass was measured. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model, and RFI class was included as a fixed effect. Least-square means were used to compare the means, and significance was declared for P ≤ 0.05. The LRFI had greater protein retention than HRFI (248 vs. 142 g/d; P = 0.009), and same fat and energy retention (313 g/d and 4.12 Mcal/d, respectively). The energy efficiency indexes, heat production per metabolic energy intake (Mcal/Mcal) and gain-to-feed (kg/kg) ratio, did not differ between RFI classes. Though LRFI had the same energy efficiency index, they were leaner. These results indicated an association of RFI and maturity patterns. Further research is needed to estimate the net energy requirements of Nellore bulls classified according to RFI. Acknowledgments: FAPESP Processes 2017/06709-2, 2018/20080–2 and 2019/17714-2.
PSII-1 Beef steers divergent in average daily gain have differential expressions of immunity-related genes in whole blood
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We evaluated the whole-blood immune-related gene expression profiles in beef steers divergent in average daily gain (ADG). Forty-eight healthy Angus crossbred beef steers (21 d post-weaning; 210 ± 12 kg of BW) from a single source were housed in individual slatted floor pens and were fed similar corn silage-based total mixed ration ad libitum. After 42 days of feeding, the steers were assigned into two groups with lowest ADG (LF: n = 8) and highest (HF: n = 8) ADG. The average daily DM intake of the steers in LF and HF were 6.08 kg ± 0.57 and 6.04 kg ± 0.42, respectively, and was similar between the two groups (P = 0.72). Whole blood samples were taken from both LF and HF steers and were immediately processed for RNA extraction. Messenger RNA expressions of 84 genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses were analyzed using the RT2 Profiler cow innate and adaptive immune responses PCR Array (PABT-052ZA; Qiagen). Immune genes with FC ≥ 1.2 or ≤ 0.83 having P-value ≤ 0.05 were considered to be differentially expressed. A total number of 11 immune genes were differentially expressed between HF and LF steers. The mRNA expressions of 10 immune genes (IRF3, TLR3, CCR4, MAPK3, TYK2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT6, CCR8, and GATA3) were upregulated in HF steers; these genes were involved in viral pathogen recognition and eradication, defense against intracellular and extracellular pathogens and parasites, and immune response homeostasis. A pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-2, was upregulated in LF steers. These findings demonstrate that beef steers with divergent ADG had differential expressions of immune-related genes in the blood and future studies are needed to evaluate the mechanisms that cause differences in the expression of these immune genes and how these mechanisms can be employed to drive improved animal performance.
PSIX-13 Influence of an integrated fodder additive on productivity and metabolic homeostasis of dairy cattle in transition period
Authors: Nikanova Daria A , Kolodina Evgenia , Artemyeva Olga , Fomichev Yuri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The transition period is the most stressful for dairy cows in terms of metabolic rate and characterized by dynamic changes in the hormonal profile, loss of appetite, negative energy balance, nutrient and vitamin deficiencies, compromised immunity and oxidative stress. The aim of the research was to balance the increase in cows’ productivity and the consumption of nutrients from the feed during the transition period through the use of energy feed additives (EFS), high protein feed concentrate (PFC) in combination with biologically active (BA) substances. Thirty-six dairy cows of black-motley breed were divided into 3 groups: (1) The main diet (G0, n = 12), not supplemented with additives, (2) additive 1 (G1; supplemented with 0.5 kg EFS / cow per day, n = 12), (3) additive 2 (G2; supplemented with 0.5 kg EFS; 0.5 kg PFC and 0.06 kg BA / cow per day, n = 12). The experimental part of the feeding lasted for 20 days before calving and the first 100 days after calving (DPP). Blood samples were collected during the first and the third months after calving. The biochemical analyzer was used to measure blood serum components. The milk yield was recorded monthly throughout lactation. BCS losses from 7 days prior to calving to 28 DPP were -0.29 for Gr2, -0.42 for Gr1 and -0.60 for Gr0. Feeding with additive 2 (Gr2) increased milk yield (p≤0.05) in the first 100 DPPs and (p≤0.001) 305 DPPs compared to G0. The number of samples with SCC ≥ 500 000 / ml. per 100 DPP was 51% in the Gr0 group, 27% in Gr1, 25% in Gr2. Also, microbiological control showed an excess of Bacterial cells in the milk of cows from group G0, which correlates with SCC indicators. Cows from Gr2had a lower content of ketone bodies (P≥0.001) and higher (P≥0.001) antioxidant activity of blood serum compared to Gr0. Cows from Gr2 had an increase in ALT activity by1.4 times (P &lt;0.05) from the first to the third months after calving.
PSVI-12 Effects of polyphenols (mixed tannins) and saponin (Yucca schidigera), with or without a direct fed microbial (DFM) on in vitro rumen fermentation
Authors: Goodall S Richard , Reyes Arquimides , Guimaraes Octavio , Belk Keith , Engle Terry E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Rumen fluid from fistulated steers receiving a high concentrate diet was utilized to examine the impact of polyphenols and saponin with or without a direct fed microbial (DFM) on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Treatments consisted of: Control (no polyphenols, saponin or DFM); 2) Polyphenols (Mixed Tannins = 15 g/hd/d); 3) Saponin (Y. schidigera = 2 g/hd/d); 4) Polyphenols + DFM (DFM = 1E+7 Lactobacillus animalis + 1E+8 Propionibacteria acidilactici cfu/hd/d); and 5) Saponin + DFM. Rumen fluid was collected and combined in equal amounts from 3 rumen fistulated steers and mixed at a 1:1 ratio of artificial saliva to rumen fluid. Fermentation substrate consisted of 0.5 g of the high concentrate diet. Fermentation bottles were capped with an air-tight rubber stopper and incubated in a water bath for 12 and 18h (7 replicates/treatment/time point). After incubation, the total volume of gas produced was measured and a subsample analyzed for N, CH4 and CO2 concentrations. After gas sampling, pH, VFA concentrations, and DMD were determined. In vitro fermentation parameters were analyzed using a mixed effects model repeated measures analysis for a completely randomized block design. Acetic acid was decreased while valeric acid was increased (P &lt; 0.05) by the Saponin + DFM treatment vs. Control. At 12h DMD was greater in Saponin, Saponin + DFM and Polyphenols + DFM (P &lt; 0.001) treatments compared to Control or Polyphenols alone. Polyphenols produced greater amounts of CH4 /DMD than all other treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Microbial protein production and efficiency were greater (P &lt; 0.001), Saponin + DFM compared to other treatments. Other fermentation parameters measured were not impacted by treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment these data suggest combining DFM with Saponin or Polyphenols produces different ruminal effects from when they are fed alone.
PSVI-16 Essential fatty acids and bio-surfactants can improve de bovine production in tropical pasture
Authors: D’Aurea André , Ferreira Luis , Bertelli Lauriston 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Improving the efficiency of production of beef cattle on tropical pasture is a challenge. So, new technologies need be tested. Essential fatty acids (EFA) are essential for cell structure, regulation and can improve the immune response. Bio-surfactants (BS) can increase the interaction between microorganisms and substrates in the rumen (Liu et al., 2013). The aim of this work was to test a blend of EFA and BS in the performance of beef cattle in tropical pasture. This study was conducted in the Premix’s Research Center, Patrocínio Paulista, São Paulo State, Brazil. The area used had 6 hectares of pasture of Urochloa brizantha (syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Twenty-four Nellore steers were evaluated for 313 days. The initial weight was 253 ±10.9 kg. The diet was pasture and protein-energy supplements (0.4% of live weight) with (test) or not (control) additives. The additive was the blend of EFA (14.02g/kg-linolenic) and BS (57.5g/kg-phosphatidylcholine) including 0.3% in the supplement. The parameters used were daily average gain, carcass yield and carcass daily gain. The rumen degradability of dry matter of the forage was analyzed with cannulated animals (72, 48, 36, 24, 12, 6, 0 hours; Orskov & McDonald,1979). The analysis of variance was used with 5% significance. The daily average gain was 680 g/day for the control and 735 g/day for the test (P = 0.02). The carcass yield is not different (mean=55.48). The carcass daily gain was 429 g/day for the control and 456 g/day for the test (P = 0.06). The degradation potential of dry matter was 54.25% for the control and 56.71% for the test (P = 0.03). This is 4.5% more degradation of dry matter for the test. It can explain the 8% more of daily average gain and 8.45 kg of carcass in the period. The blend of EFA and BS can take additive effect improving the bovine production on tropical pasture and can be an environmentally friendly alternative.
PSVI-7 Effects of feeding chromium- and zinc- amino acid complexes on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing bulls fed zilpaterol hydrochloride for the last 30 days in the feedlot
Authors: Barajas Ruben , Cervantes Billy J J , Branine Mark E , Larson Connie K , Ramos-Suarez Alejandro 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 2 x 2 factorial study was conducted to evaluate main and interaction effects of feeding amino acid complexed sources of Zn (Zn-AAC; 40 mg /kg DM from Availa® Zn; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) and Cr (chromium methionine; Cr-Met; 0.20 mg / kg DM from Availa® Cr; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) fed in combination or separately, compared to an iso-Zn level Control (CON) group that provided Zn from ZnSO4 (80 mg Zn∙kg-1DM) with no supplemental source of Cr. Treatments were replicated into 4 pens with 5 finishing Bos taurus x Bos indicus bullocks/pen (80 bullocks; BW= 421 kg). Treatment diets were initiated 28 d prior to starting zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZIL; 15 mg/kg BW) with ZIL fed daily for 33 d followed by a 4 d withdrawal before harvest. During the ZIL-feeding Zn-ACC x Cr-Met interactions were present for ADG and Gain:Feed (G:F) where Zn-ACC improved ADG (P≤ 0.05) and Cr-Met improved G:F vs. CON. Effects may have been mediated by differences in DM intake (DMI), where DMI was numerically increased by Zn-ACC and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) by Cr-Met. Overall, feeding Cr-Met moderated DMI and improved G:F (P ≤ 0.05). Measures of carcass composition were not affected by Zn-ACC or Cr-Met. Hot carcass weight was increased (P ≤ 0.05) by feeding Zn-ACC and tended to increase with Cr-Met. Daily carcass gain increased from feeding either Zn-ACC or Cr-Met during the ZIL phase and overall study. Feeding Zn-ACC was a primary driver during the ZIL period and overall trial for increasing growth rate, with little or no influence on DM intake while feeding Cr-Met moderated DM intake to improve dietary and energetic efficiency. Balancing the feeding levels of Zn-ACC and Cr-Met will be key to optimizing the overall biological response and net return.
PSVI-17 Evaluating the impact of a high-starch and high-forage diet on the ruminal solid, liquid, and epimural microbiota of dairy cows
Authors: Sbardellati Dino L , Fischer Amelie , Cox Madison S , Li Wenli , Kalscheur Kenneth , Suen Garret 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ruminants harbor a rumen microbial community that convert their host-indigestible diet into nutrients. This rumen microbiome is known to contain three distinct communities: luminal solids, luminal liquids, and the epithelial, or epimural, communities. Currently, there is little research examining the diet-dependent responses of all three microbial communities within the same animals. To address this, we used next-generation 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities associated with the ruminal solids, liquids, and epimural tissue of 13 lactating and cannulated Holstein dairy cows fed high-starch (diet A) and high-forage (diet B) diets in a crossover experimental design. This crossover design consisted of two groups, two diets, and two sampling periods, with animals receiving a single diet for 8 weeks. Ruminal solids and liquids were collected by separating whole rumen contents through cheesecloth, while rumen epithelial tissue was collected from the ventral-sac via biopsy. Samples were collected at the end of each diet-treatment period. Independent of diet, all sample-types were dominated by bacteria in the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Proteobacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota were also highly abundant, but only in epimural samples. Overall, the epimural microbiota was more diverse, relative to both luminal communities, and diet was found to impact community diversity in solids only. We also found that sample-type, diet-treatment, and their interactions, significantly impacted community structure (Bray-Curtis; PERMANOVA P &lt; 0.05) and composition (Jaccard; PERMANOVA P &lt; 0.05). Of the genera which differed in abundance according to diet and sample-type, Succiniclasticum was highly abundant in epimural samples only, and increased in abundance under a high-forage diet (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, Saccharofermentans was highly abundant in luminal samples only, but also increased in abundance under a high-forage diet (P &lt; 0.05). These sample-type and diet-dependent differences in specific bacteria likely reflect the overall dietary and environmental factors shaping the heterogeneity of all three ruminal communities.
PSXII-11 The effects of feeding finishing cattle benzoic acid and/or live active yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on feeding behaviour, growth performance, and carcass characteristics
Authors: Williams Melissa S , Mandell Ira B , Bohrer Ben M , Wood Katharine M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In a randomized complete block design, 59 Angus-cross finishing steers were used to evaluate the effects of benzoic acid, active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae or a combination of both when supplemented in a high-grain finishing diet on feeding behavior, animal performance, and carcass characteristics. Steers were fed for 106 d (77% high-moisture corn, 16% alfalfa haylage, 6% soybean meal, 1% mineral and vitamin supplement with salt and limestone) containing: no supplementation (CON; n = 15), 0.5% benzoic acid (ACD; n = 14), 3 g/hd/d active dry S. cerevisiae (YST; n = 15), or both 0.5% benzoic acid and 3 g/hd/d S. cerevisiae (AY; n = 11). Every 14 d steers were weighed, and ultrasound images for rib and rump fat thickness were collected at the beginning, middle, and end of the experiment. Insentec feeding stations were used to collect individual animal feeding behaviour data and DMI throughout the study. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with initial BW as a covariate. Benzoic acid supplementation increased (P = 0.002) overall DMI compared to YST and AY steers, which was due to faster eating rates for ACD steers (P ≤ 0.008). Individual animal DMI variation was greater (P = 0.001) for ACD and AY steers. Rumen pH was greater (P = 0.006) for ACD steers vs. CON and AY steers (6.16, 5.84, and 5.66, respectively). Growth performance measures were similar (P ≥ 0.11) between treatment groups. Aspartate aminotransferase concentrations in blood were greatest (P ≤ 0.01) for YST steers, which was reflected in greater proportions of abscessed livers at slaughter. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P ≥ 0.68) between treatment groups. The results from this experiment suggest that steers fed a high grain finishing diet supplemented with benzoic acid, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or both had similar growth performance and carcass characteristics as a control group. The addition of benzoic acid increased eating rate and elevated rumen pH, which was ultimately reflected in increased DMI.
PSX-11 Effects of nutritional plane before breeding on body condition score, mass indexes, and chemical composition of hair sheep
Authors: Lourencon Raquel V , Dawson Lionel J , Puchala Ryszard , Ribeiro Luana P , Gipson Terry A , Loetz Erick , Rojas Miguel , Calle Mauricio , Scronce Adaven , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Twenty-five Dorper (D), 27 Katahdin (K), and 33 St. Croix (S) ewes were used to characterize changes in BW, body condition score (BCS), body mass index (BMI), and body composition with different nutritional planes before breeding. Supplement treatments were soybean meal fed at 0.16% BW and 25% soybean meal and 75% ground corn at 0.8% BW (DM; L and H, respectively). There were two animal groups and pens per breed and supplement treatment. Shrunk BW (20 h without feed and water), BCS (1–5), linear measures including wither height and length from the point of the shoulder to pin bone, and body composition via urea space were determined after 0, 4, and 8 wk. Initial values were 62.10, 59.99, 61.57, 62.25, 50.23, and 52.98 kg shrunk BW (SEM=3.601); 35.82, 34.81, 35.57, 36.41, 33.77, and 34.09% fat (SEM=1.043); 17.06, 16.72, 16.98, 17.27, 16.38, and 16.49 MJ/kg energy (SEM=0.357); 3.29, 3.41, 3.29, 3.29, 2.99, and 3.18 BCS (SEM=0.139); and 13.72, 14.22, 12.69, 12.81, 11.53, and 11.50 g/cm2 BMI (BW/(height×length); SEM=0.463) for D-L, D-H, K-L, K-H, S-L, and S-H, respectively. Change from wk 0 to 8 was -0.80, 2.90, -2.74, 3.33, -2.02, and 3.36 kg shrunk BW (SEM=0.842); -0.14, 2.03, -1.45, 1.70, -0.85, and 2.10 kg fat (SEM=0.862); -8.4, 83.7, -62.5, 73.8, -38.4, and 88.1 MJ energy (SEM=33.30); -0.02, 0.20, 0.04, 0.29, -0.08, and 0.17 BCS (SEM=0.070); and -0.265, 0.297, -0.185, 0.491, -0.571, and 0.587 g/cm2 BMI (SEM=0.488) for D-L, D-H, K-L, K-H, S-L, and S-H, respectively. Correlation coefficients between change in BCS and mass of water, fat, and energy were 0.35 and 0.44 (P ≤ 0.004), and those for BMI were 0.54 and 0.56, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, a BMI can be more highly related to and predictive of change in body composition of hair sheep resulting from different nutritional planes compared with BCS.