bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The future of Diabetic Kidney Disease management: reducing the unmet need
Authors: de Zeeuw Dick 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPatients with type 2 diabetes run a high risk for progressive renal function loss. Many interventions have been tested to reduce the risk, but we are nowadays still confronted with a high unmet need. To improve on this unmet need, we will have to change the current strategies in drug discovery, clinical trials and clinical practice. Target finding and the search for new interventions has to change to include more individual mechanistic approaches. Drugs will be selected on basis of finding the “individual” mechanism of renal function loss by looking at renal tissue biopsies or new biomarkers in urine or plasma. To test the promising drugs for clinical efficacy and safety and reduce the unmet need, trial design in type 2 diabetes will have to alter. First, selection of patients at risk for progression of renal function loss will need to be more specific. True progressors need to be identified by switching from classical risk determinants (low eGFR and high albuminuria) to new surrogates like steep eGFR slopes. In addition, the investigational drugs should only continue into registration trials in responder populations: patients that show a good response in the target/surrogate risk marker and no bad responses. This way we will improve the success of hard outcome trials, which has been poor in the past decade. We will reduce the unmet need and reduce the number of patients that are exposed to long term trial treatments without any benefit or even harm. Platform design and basket trials will catch the non-responders and switch them to other investigational drugs with different mechanism of action.Drug registration will be much more directed to the individual patients and will lead to improved individual patient medication advices and improved individual efficacy and safety. We are entering the era of precision medicine in nephrology.
Group-based generalized q-rung orthopair average aggregation operators and their applications in multi-criteria decision making
Authors: Hussain Azmat , Ali Muhammad Irfan , Mahmood Tahir , Munir Muhammad 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe objective of this manuscript is to investigate the concept of generalized q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (Gq-$$\mathcal {R}$$
R
O$$\mathcal {F}$$
F
Ss) and group generalized q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (GGq-$$\mathcal {R}$$
R
O$$ \mathcal {F}$$
F
Ss) by incorporating the concept of generalized parameter and group generalized parameters in q-rung orthopair fuzzy environment. The main advantage of generalized parameter in q-rung orthopair fuzzy environment is to reduce uncertain errors in the original information to ensure the expert’s level of trust and improve the accuracy of final decision. On the base of generalized parameter, some aggregation operators are introduced such as generalized q-rung orthopair fuzzy average aggregation operators and group generalized q-rung orthopair fuzzy average aggregation operators and studied their related properties. Furthermore, a multi-criteria decision-making method technique based on proposed approach is presented. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed methods and deliver the sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis, which show the superiority of developed approached than existing methods.
Dimensioning of silicone adhesive joints: Eurocode-compliant, mesh-independent approach using the FEM
Authors: Drass Micheal , Kraus Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with the application of the semi-probabilistic design concept (level I, DIN EN 1990) to structural silicone adhesives in order to calibrate partial material safety factors for a stretch-based limit state equation. Based on the current legal situation for the application of structural sealants in façades, a new Eurocode-compliant design concept is introduced and compared to existing design codes (ETAG 002). This is followed by some background information on semi-probabilistic reliability modeling and the general framework of the Eurocode for the derivation of partial material safety factors at Level I. Within this paper, a specific partial material safety factor is derived for DOWSIL 993 silicone on the basis of experimental data. The data were then further evaluated under a stretch-based limit state function to obtain a partial material safety factor for that specific limit state function. This safety factor is then extended to the application in finite element calculation programs in such a way that it is possible for the first time to perform mesh-independent static calculations of silicone adhesive joints. This procedure thus allows for great optimization of structural sealant design with potentially high economical as well as sustainability benefits. An example for the static verification of a bonded façade construction by means of finite element calculation shows (i) the application of EC 0 to silicone adhesives and (ii) the transfer of the EC 0 method to the finite element method with the result that mesh-independent ultimate loads can be determined.
Einfach komplex? Die Übersetzung politikwissenschaftlicher Komplexität in die Gesellschaft
Authors: Mende Janne , Müller Stefan 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel diskutiert die Herausforderungen des Transfers politikwissenschaftlicher Komplexität in die Gesellschaft. Wir unterscheiden dafür zwischen den drei idealtypischen Modellen a) einer Vereinfachung von Komplexität, b) der Abbildung von Komplexität sowie c) der Übersetzung von Komplexität. Die Anforderungen an das dritte Modell einer Übersetzung politikwissenschaftlicher Komplexität entwickeln wir anhand fachdidaktischer Diskussionen der Politischen Bildung, die wir Subdisziplinen-übergreifend mit dem Beispiel unternehmerischer Menschenrechtsverantwortung aus der Global-Governance-Forschung verbinden. Der reflexiven Politischen Bildung entnehmen wir Multiperspektivität, die Offenlegung und Begründung normativer Maßstäbe, eine subjektorientierte Mündigkeit der Adressat/-innen und das Aushalten von Spannungsfeldern, um Bildungsprozesse zu organisieren. Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übersetzung von Komplexität zeigen wir anhand der Weiterentwicklung einer menschenrechtlichen Unternehmensverantwortung auf globaler Ebene auf. Dieses Feld ist von Spannungen zwischen einem hohen Grad an (rechtlicher, wirtschaftlicher und politischer) Komplexität und einem Bedürfnis nach einfachen Antworten gekennzeichnet. Eine zentrale Stärke der Übersetzung von Komplexität skizzieren wir darin, dass sie einen Startpunkt für gesellschaftliches Denken und Handeln anbietet, statt dieses durch Dichotomien, Vorenthalten von Wissen, Überforderung oder vorgegebene Antworten abzuschneiden. So kann die Übersetzung von politikwissenschaftlicher Komplexität gesellschaftliche Denk- und Handlungsmöglichkeiten ausbauen.
Assessing the measurement invariance and antecedents of legal cynicism in São Paulo, Zurich, and Montevideo
Authors: Nivette Amy , Trajtenberg Nico , Eisner Manuel , Ribeaud Denis , Tourinho Peres Maria Fernanda 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis paper accomplishes two goals. First, we assesses the measurement invariance of legal cynicism among adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil, Montevideo, Uruguay, and Zurich, Switzerland. Second, we evaluate a series of social and individual antecedents that are expected to influence legal cynicism across contexts.MethodsThis paper first evaluates the measurement invariance of legal cynicism using Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis with three randomized clustered samples of adolescents in Zurich (n = 1447), São Paulo (n = 2680) and Montevideo (n = 2204). Second, we assessed the correlates for legal cynicism in each city using structural equation modelling techniques.ResultsThe results demonstrated metric invariance, but not scalar invariance among adolescents in São Paulo, Zurich, and Montevideo. We were able to establish partial measurement invariance for legal cynicism in São Paulo and Zurich, and therefore proceeded with the comparison of latent means and antecedents. The results show that on average legal cynicism is higher in Zurich, but that the size and strength of antecedents were similar across cities. Low self‐control was by far the strongest correlate of legal cynicism.ConclusionsOverall, our results suggest that current operationalizations of legal cynicism may not be rooted in social structural context and experiences with legal authorities, but rather reflect how individuals interpret legal boundaries and dispositions towards rule‐breaking. Researchers must reconsider how legal cynicism fits into models of legal socialization, and whether developmental models of self‐control may help us understand the origins and nature of legal cynicism, as it is currently measured.
The CETA ICS and the Autonomy of the EU Legal Order in Opinion 1/17 – A Compass for the Future
Authors: FANOU Maria 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn April 2019, the Court of Justice of the EU (‘CJEU’) handed down its Opinion (C-1/17) on the compatibility of the Investment Court System (‘ICS’), that is the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (‘ISDS’) mechanism under the EU-Canada Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (‘CETA’), with EU law. This article puts Opinion 1/17 in its broader (policy and legal) context, focusing on the salient issue of compatibility with the principle of autonomy of the EU legal order. It argues that the Court's openness to this judicial competitor was an acknowledgment of the need to maintain the powers of the Union in international relations. However, Opinion 1/17 should not be perceived as an automatic green light for any future investment court (such as the Multilateral Investment Court) as the autonomy test it introduces is a rather difficult one to pass.
A scale-dependent model to represent changing aerodynamic roughness of ablating glacier ice based on repeat topographic surveys
Authors: Smith Thomas , Smith Mark W. , Chambers Joshua R. , Sailer Rudolf , Nicholson Lindsey , Mertes Jordan , Quincey Duncan J. , Carrivick Jonathan L. , Stiperski Ivana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTurbulent fluxes make a substantial and growing contribution to the energy balance of ice surfaces globally, but are poorly constrained owing to challenges in estimating the aerodynamic roughness length (z0). Here, we used structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys to make plot-scale 2-D and 3-D microtopographic estimations ofz0and upscale these to mapz0across an ablating mountain glacier. At plot scales, we found spatial variability inz0estimates of over two orders of magnitude with unpredictablez0trajectories, even when classified into ice surface types. TLS-derived surface roughness exhibited strong relationships with plot-scale SfMz0estimates. At the glacier scale, a consistent increase inz0of ~0.1 mm d−1was observed. Space-for-time substitution based on time since surface ice was exposed by snow melt confirmed this gradual increase inz0over 60 d. These measurements permit us to propose a scale-dependent temporalz0evolution model where unpredictable variability at the plot scale gives way to more predictable changes ofz0at the glacier scale. This model provides a critical step towards deriving spatially and temporally distributed representations ofz0that are currently lacking in the parameterisation of distributed glacier surface energy balance models.
Border crimes, extraterritorial jurisdiction, and the racialization of sovereignty in the Ethiopia–British Somaliland borderlands during the 1920s
Authors: Thompson Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article argues that the politics of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the 1920s reshaped relations between ethnicity and territorial sovereignty in Ethiopia's eastern borderlands. A 1925 criminal trial involving Gadabursi Somalis began as what Britons deemed a ‘tribal matter’ to be settled through customary means, but became a struggle for Ethiopia's regent, Ras Tafari, to assert Ethiopia's territorial authority and imperial sovereignty. British claims of extraterritorial jurisdiction over Somalis amidst 1920s global geopolitical shifts disrupted existing practices of governance in Ethiopia's eastern borderlands and created a dilemma for Ethiopian authorities. In order to uphold international obligations, Ethiopian officials effectively had to revoke their sovereignty over some Somalis indigenous to Ethiopia. Yet Britons’ practical application of extraterritoriality to Somalis was predicated on assumed racial differences between Somalis and highland Ethiopians (‘Abyssinians’). Thus, Ethiopia's recognition of British extraterritorial jurisdiction would lend legitimacy to claims exempting Somalis from Ethiopian sovereignty due to differences in identity. The case reveals how assertions about race, nationality and ‘tribal’ identity articulated to subordinate Ethiopian rule to British interests and, in the longer term, to delegitimize Ethiopian governance over Somalis.
History, legitimacy, and Renamo's return to arms in central Mozambique
Authors: Pearce Justin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTwenty years after the Mozambican war ended, a return to arms from 2013 by the opposition movement Renamo served to revitalize support for the party in the 2014 election, and put pressure on the Frelimo government to consider demands for constitutional change. Building on existing research on post-war politics and on recent economic change, this article addresses the question of how Renamo obtained civilians’ approval for renewed armed action in the south of Sofala province, the region where conflict broke out in 2013. I argue that popular legitimacy for Renamo's challenge to the state is constituted in a narrative about Renamo that is congruent both with present-day grievances against the state and with understandings of local history dating to the anticolonial struggle that challenge the nationalist history on which Frelimo hegemony rests. Renamo has adapted this narrative in such a way as to claim a historic role for itself in defending the interests of central and northern Mozambique and in struggling for an inclusive and democratic state. In this way, Renamo has gained support for its renewed armed actions, not only among those politicized by Renamo in the earlier war but more broadly among civilians in the region.
Protracted late Neoproterozic – early Palaeozoic deformation and cooling history of Sør Rondane, East Antarctica, from 40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb geochronology
Authors: Ruppel Antonia S , Jacobs Joachim , Läufer Andreas , Ratschbacher Lothar , Pfänder Jörg A , Sonntag Benita-Lisette , Krasniqi Katarzyna , Elburg Marlina , Krohne Nicole , Damaske Detlef , Lisker Frank 
Published: August 2020

Abstract40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb data from five structural domains constrain the late Neoproterozoic – early Palaeozoic tectonothermal history of the eastern part of the East African–Antarctic Orogen in Sør Rondane. A total of 27 new Ar/Ar ages span 570–474 Ma, roughly corresponding to the age range of three generations of syn- to post-tectonic granitoids. The ages are distinct for the five structural domains. The oldest cooling ages come from the weakly deformed southern part of the SW Terrane of Sør Rondane (SW Terrane S), a sliver of a Tonian island arc, which escaped much of the late Neoproterozoic accretionary deformation. This terrane was intruded by the oldest and largest granitoid complex at c. 640–620 Ma. The oldest Ar/Ar amphibole and biotite ages of 570–524 Ma are from the Main Shear Zone, along the northern margin of the SW Terrane S sliver. It hosts granites of age c. 584–570 Ma strung out along the shear zone. Two younger granitoid phases are recorded in the adjacent four terranes to the west, north and east of the SW Terrane S, and correlate with the younger group of Ar/Ar biotite ages spanning 513–474 Ma. We interpret the magmatic and cooling history of duration > 150 Ma to reflect repeated phases of accretion, magmatism and reactivation, that is, collage-style tectonism, partly pre-dating the incorporation of Sør Rondane into Gondwana. The study area first accreted to the cryptic Valkyrie Craton in Tonian times, was then ‘sandwiched’ between the Kalahari and Indo-Antarctica cratons, and experienced extensional tectonics and elevated heat flux due to lithospheric delamination, which resulted in slow cooling during the Pan-African Orogeny.
GENERALISED QUANTUM DETERMINANTAL RINGS ARE MAXIMAL ORDERS
Authors: LENAGAN T. H. , RIGAL L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGeneralised quantum determinantal rings are the analogue in quantum matrices of Schubert varieties. Maximal orders are the noncommutative version of integrally closed rings. In this paper, we show that generalised quantum determinantal rings are maximal orders. The cornerstone of the proof is a description of generalised quantum determinantal rings, up to a localisation, as skew polynomial extensions.
A pragmatic patient preference trial of cognitive behavioural versus cognitive analytic guided self-help for anxiety disorders
Authors: Kellett Stephen , Bee Charlotte , Aadahl Vikki , Headley Emma , Delgadillo Jaime 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAims:To outline the methods of a pragmatic patient preference trial in the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme comparing cognitive behavioural therapy guided self-help (CBT-GSH) with cognitive analytic therapy guided self-help (CAT-GSH).Method:A partially randomised patient preference trial (PRPPT) methodology. Participants will be assessed with the MINI to ascertain a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder. Treatment will be six to eight 35-minute sessions in each arm. The primary outcome measure is the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), with secondary outcome measures of the IAPT minimum dataset and indices of service utilisation. Participants will be followed up at 8 and 24 weeks.Planned analyses:Choice, treatment completion, drop-out and step-up rates will be summarised via a CONSORT diagram. If there are no differences between randomised and preference participants within each form of GSH, then these groups will be collapsed to form a two-arm trial. The primary analysis will compare between-arm standardised effect sizes on the BAI measure, using Cohen’s d+ at 8- and 24-week follow-up. The proportions in each arm achieving reliable and clinical change on the BAI will be established, with interviews exploring the change process with participants achieving a reliable pre–post change on the GAD-7.Conclusions:The utility of patient preference trials in mental health services are discussed and the necessary further development of robust evidence concerning low-intensity interventions is highlighted.
Health behaviours during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: implications for obesity
Authors: Parekh Niyati , Deierlein Andrea L 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:Obesity is a risk factor for severe complications and death from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Public health efforts to control the pandemic may alter health behaviors related to weight gain, inflammation, and poor cardiometabolic health, exacerbating the prevalence of obesity, poor immune health, and chronic diseases.Design:We reviewed how the pandemic adversely influences many of these behaviors, specifically physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep, and dietary intakes, and provided individual level strategies that may be used to mitigate them.Results:At the community level and higher, public health and health care professionals need to advocate for intervention strategies and policy changes that address these behaviors, such as increasing nutrition assistance programs and creating designated areas for recreation and active transportation, to reduce disparities among vulnerable populations.Conclusions:The long-lasting impact of the pandemic on health behaviors, and the possibility of a second COVID-19 wave, emphasize the need for creative and evolving, multi-level approaches to assist individuals in adapting their health behaviors to prevent both chronic and infectious diseases.
On the limits of markets
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis is a review essay ofMarkets without Limitsby Jason Brennan and Peter M. Jaworski and ofThe Invisible Hand?by Bas van Bavel. From different perspectives, both books focus on the moral or practical limits to markets in modern society. While both works make major contributions, there are theoretical flaws. Brennan and Jarworski powerfully countered some criticisms of commodification. But they downplayed the possibility that the transition from gift to contract or market exchange may raise moral issues that are additional to those intrinsic to the goods or services being traded. Van Bavel investigated cycles of growth, inequality and decline in several market economies over the last 1,500 years. But his argument is built on a confusion between finance and capital goods. Nevertheless, much that is positive remains in both books after their flaws are corrected.
Advances in imaging feto-placental vasculature: new tools to elucidate the early life origins of health and disease
Authors: Tongpob Yutthapong , Wyrwoll Caitlin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOptimal placental function is critical for fetal development, and therefore a crucial consideration for understanding the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). The structure of the fetal side of the placental vasculature is an important determinant of fetal growth and cardiovascular development. There are several imaging modalities for assessing feto-placental structure including stereology, electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, micro-computed tomography, light-sheet microscopy, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we present current methodologies for imaging feto-placental vasculature morphologyex vivoandin vivoin human and experimental models, their advantages and limitations and how these provide insight into placental function and fetal outcomes. These imaging approaches add important perspective to our understanding of placental biology and have potential to be new tools to elucidate a deeper understanding of DOHaD.
A Mineralogy‐Based Anthropogenic Combustion‐Iron Emission Inventory
Authors: Rathod S. D. , Hamilton D. S. , Mahowald N. M. , Klimont Z. , Corbett J. J. , Bond T. C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAtmospheric supply of iron can modulate ocean biogeochemistry, due to its key role in global nitrogen and carbon cycles. Current estimates predict up to 20% of global ocean net primary productivity depends on an atmospheric iron source. Using a technology‐based methodology, we revise total and soluble anthropogenic iron emissions and resolve iron into its mineral components, which allows modeling mineral‐specific atmospheric reactions. We compare different methodologies for representing anthropogenic iron solubility: measured in mild and strong leaches and estimated using a mineralogy basis and identify the emissions that are most affected by such assumptions. The inclusion of metal smelting as an iron source increases iron emissions by up to 10 times higher in the fine aerosol fraction (smaller than 1 μm) than most previous inventories. Different solubility assumptions alter anthropogenic soluble iron emissions and deposition by a factor of 20 and 10, respectively. Using solubilities measured in mild leaches and calculated by mineralogy give 20–30 Gg/yr anthropogenic emissions and 40–50 Gg/yr deposition, while those measured in strong leaches give 80–440 Gg/yr emissions and 200–450 Gg/yr deposition. This range of anthropogenic soluble iron deposition leads to global soluble iron deposition of 1,900–2,300 Gg/yr when dust, wildfires, and atmospheric processing are included, indicating such assumptions can affect global soluble iron supply by about 30%. In regions where marine primary productivity is iron limited, anthropogenic combustion‐iron contributes up to half of the atmospheric soluble iron flux to the North Pacific Ocean but supplies less than 5% to the Southern Ocean.