bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-24 Effects of supplementing ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast on fecal bacterial community of finishing beef steers
Authors: Ran Tao , Jiao Peixin , AlZahal Ousama , Xie Xiaolai , Beauchemin Karen A , Yang Wenzhu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast (ADY; AB Vista, UK) on fecal bacterial diversity of finishing beef steers. Seventy-five Angus steers (initial BW 448 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: control, antibiotics (ANT, 330 mg monensin + 110 mg tylosin/d), ADY (1.5 g/d), encapsulated ADY (EDY; 3 g/d), and mixture of ADY and EDY (MDY). The ADY (1.7×1010 cfu/g) was encapsulated with equal amount of ADY and capsule material. Steers were fed a diet containing 10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate (DM basis), ANT, ADY, EDY and MDY were top-dressed at feeding. Fecal samples were rectally collected from 10 steers of each treatment on d 56 to determine fecal bacterial diversity using high throughput MiSeq sequencing. Alpha diversity indices were not different among treatments. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that samples were not clustered by treatments. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were dominant phyla in the fecal bacterial community for all treatments, with a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) of ANT, EDY and MDY to have greater relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (averaged 51.3 vs 46.8%) but lesser Firmicutes (averaged 39.5 vs 47.9%) than control steers. About 50 to 61% of sequences remained unclassified and identified 32 genus, with Prevotella ranging from 15.8 to 25.5% as the dominant genus in all treatments. Notably, steers with ANT, EDY, MDY vs. control had greater (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotella (averaged 23.5 vs 16.8%) but lesser (P &lt; 0.03) Oscillospira (averaged 1.7 vs 2.8%). No differences between ADY and control were observed for aforementioned variables. The results indicate that supplementing ruminally protected or non-protected ADY have limited effect on diversity of fecal bacteria, whereas feeding protected ADY and ANT to finishing beef steers altered dominant fecal bacteria at phylum and genus level.
PSXIV-14 Evaluation of 21 fungal strains as pretreatment of corn stover: chemical composition and in vitro digestibility
Authors: Moreno Paulina Luna , Leal-Lara Hermilo , García-Pérez Águeda , Corona Luis , Romero-Pérez Atmir , Márquez-Mota Claudia Cecilia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Agricultural by-products such as corn stover (CS) are abundantly available in many countries; however, its high content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and lignin (L) and low protein content, causes low digestibility and nutrient availability for ruminants. The production of edible fungi could improve the digestibility of the CS because fungi can break down the cross-links between cell wall components. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the invaded CS-based substrate used in the production of 21 white rot fungi of the species: Auricularia sp (Auri), Ganoderma sp (Gano), Hericium sp (Heri), Lentinula edodes (LC, L5, L9, L15, L21), Pleurotus eryngii (Pe-PQ, Pe-MB), Pleurotus djamour (Pd-Pro, Pd-UTMR) and Pleurotus ostreatus (Po-IAP, Po-Psma, Po-P14, Po-POS, Po-IE202, Po-JP, Po-P35, Po-P38, Po-Sfco) on crude protein (CP), NDF and L content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The variables were analyzed in a completely randomized design with the MIXED procedure of SAS and the comparison of the means was made with the Tukey analysis. For CP, a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) was observed from 10% (Pe-MB) to 41% (LC) in comparison with the substrate without inoculation (C). There was a decrease (P &lt; 0.05) of NDF from 2% (LC) to 10% (Pd-PRO) against C. Fungal treated CS had no effect on L (P &lt; 0.05) as compared to C. Treatments increased (P &lt; 0.05) IVDMD from 3% (L15) up to 36% (Po-POS) for all fungal strains, except for Pe-PQ and Po-Sfco in comparison with C. There was a positive correlation (r2=0.21, P &lt; 0.05) between CP and IVDMD. An equation was obtained to predict IVDMD [IVDMD=0.40578 + 358.38(%ADF)–358.02(%NDF)+358.17(%HEM)–0.3211(%DM), R2=0.32 (P &lt; 0.05)]. In conclusion the mycelial invasion of white rot fungi on a CS-based substrate, increased CP content, decreased NDF and improved IVDMD, making it a viable option to increase the digestibility of CS.
PSXIV-23 Characterization of microbial communities associated with the rumen lining, digesta and rumen fluid from beef cattle consuming a high energy diet using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing
Authors: Reyes Arquimides , Weinroth Margaret , Wolfe Cory , Delmore Robert , Engle Terry , Morley Paul , Belk Keith 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The true etiology of liver abscesses is not well known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the microbial communities in the rumen lining, digesta, and rumen fluid from beef cattle consuming a high energy diet, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Twelve crossbred feedlot steers (450 ±10 kg; ~ 3.0 years of age) fitted with ruminal fistulas, consuming a high energy finishing diet (1.43 NEg, Mcal/kg DM) for 21 d were utilized in this experiment. Microbial DNA from three regions within the rumen [rumen lining (ventral/lateral), digesta (geometric center of the rumen), and rumen fluid] was extracted and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Across all sample regions, bacterial sequences were classified into 34 phyla, 76 classes, 143 orders, and 254 families. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant phyla present across all samples. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes detected in rumen fluid was lesser (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to bacteria sampled from the rumen lining and digesta. In contrast, the relative abundance of Firmicutes were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in rumen fluid and the rumen lining when compared to digesta samples. There are very few publications describing the complex community of the rumen microbiome. To our knowledge this is the first publication categorizing microbial populations in three distinct locations within the rumen using next generation sequencing in feedlot cattle.
PSX-39 Burning for redcedar control in Oklahoma
Authors: Lourencon Raquel , Hart Steven , Gipson Terry A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In a research study using goats to control redcedar (Juniperus virgiana), burning was used as a comparison. The objective of the study was to measure the degree of control of redcedar provided by burning in Oklahoma: There were three research locations in Oklahoma, Langston, Mannford, and Midwest City. All plots were 0.81 hectares. The redcedar population was inventoried, quantified as to height, width, and GPS coordinates during the summer of 2016. An adjacent area was cleared by clipping cedars and the dry cedars (fuel) were stacked on the border of sites to be burned. A fire plan was made and burns were conducted in October 26 at Langston, November 11 at Midwest City, and December 6 of 2016 at Mannford. Percentage green canopy of the cedars was scored 3 months after burning. Percentage green canopy of the trees according to size (short; ≤ 1.83m or tall; &gt; 1.83m) and presence of fuel were analyzed using Chi-Square statistics. The results indicated that burning was more effective in Langston with 33% of green canopy (P &lt; 0.001), while Mannford and Midwest City averaged 64% of green canopy. In all locations the presence of fuel around the trees potentiated the fire and reduced green canopy to 28% as compared with the trees not surrounded by fuel with 79% of green canopy (P &lt; 0.001). In Midwest City, taller trees were better controlled by fire and averaged 60% of green canopy, while the shorter trees averaged 69% (P = 0.021) with no significant differences due to height of tree in Langston and Mannford or when data from all three locations were analyzed together. The presence of fuel around the trees can potentiate the fire and give a better control of recedar. However, burning was not a very effective method to control redcedar.
PSX-21 Diet and preslaughter stress effects on gut microbial populations and meat quality characteristics in goats
Authors: Batchu Phaneendra , Hazard Tony , Pulsifer Chelsea , Terrill Thomas H , Kouakou Brou , Lee Jung , Kannan Govind 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Feeding condensed tannin (CT)-containing diets and minimizing preslaughter stress have been reported to improve meat quality and food safety in small ruminants. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding sericea lespedeza (SL), a high-CT legume, and transportation stress on gut microbial counts and meat quality in goats. In a completely randomized design with split-plot, thirty-six uncastrated male Spanish goats (Age = 8 mo; BW = 26.0 ± 0.48 kg) were assigned to one of 3 dietary treatments (n = 12): ground ‘Serala’ SL hay (SER), bermudagrass hay (BG), or bermudagrass hay - dewormed goats (BG-DW) at 75% of intake, with a corn-based supplement (25%) for 8 weeks. At the end of the trial, goats were either transported for 90 min to impose stress or held in pens before slaughtering in two replicates. Hot and cold carcass weights were lowest in SER, highest in BG-DW, and intermediate in BG group (P &lt; 0.01). Longissimus muscle initial pH was not affected by diet or stress; however, the L* values were lower in SER compared with BG or BG-DW (P &lt; 0.01). Diet or stress treatment did not have a significant effect on rumen and rectal pH values or E. coli and coliform counts. Rumen E. coli counts were 0.32, 0.35, and 0.32 (SEM = 0.088) log10CFU/g, respectively, in SER, BG, and BG-DW groups. The SER group had the lowest aerobic plate counts (APC) in both rumen and rectum (P &lt; 0.01). Rumen APC were 4.74, 6.74, and 6.95 (SEM = 0.420) log10CFU/g, respectively, in SER, BG, and BG-DW groups. The results indicate that diet and stress did not notably influence meat quality characteristics studied or gut E. coli counts in goats, although there is evidence that APC in rumen and feces can be reduced by feeding SL for 8 weeks.
Ethanedinitrile as a Fumigant for Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): Toxicity and Mode of Action
Authors: Ramadan Gomaa R M , Zhu Kun Yan , Abdelgaleil Samir A M , Shawir Mohamed S , El-Bakary Ahmed S , Edde Peter A , Phillips Thomas W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the fumigant ethanedinitrile (EDN) against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, and phosphine-resistant and susceptible lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, life stages under laboratory conditions. Eggs of both species were the most susceptible stage to EDN. EDN is, therefore, a promising alternative because eggs are generally tolerant to most common fumigants. Lasioderma serricorne eggs were the most susceptible with an LC50 estimated of 50.4 ppm, followed by adults, pupae and larvae with LC50 values of 160.2, 192.5, and 446.6 ppm, respectively, after 24-h exposure at 25°C. Eggs of phosphine-susceptible (LC50 = 11.2 ppm) and resistant (LC50 = 12.0 ppm) R. dominica strains were more susceptible to EDN than were adults of both strains, with LC50 values of 27.7 and 36.0 ppm, respectively. Lasioderma serricorne mixed life stage cultures were completely controlled at concentrations ≥2,000 ppm at 24 h. Fumigation with 600 ppm was enough to suppress adult emergence in the case of the phosphine-susceptible R. dominica strain (USDA), while an average of only 4.0 adults emerged from the phosphine-resistant R. dominica strain (Belle Glade) compared with 514.3 adults in the control. Lasioderma serricorne was more tolerant to EDN than both R. dominica strains. EDN caused 61.8 and 68.2 % inhibition of R. dominica (USDA) cytochrome c oxidase activity at concentrations of 0.0038 and 0.0076 mM in vitro, respectively, and it did not inhibit its activity in the case of an in vivo assay. These results suggest that cytochrome c oxidase may not be the main target for EDN toxicity.
Foraging egg parasitoids, Trissolcus vassilievi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), respond to host density and conspecific competitors in a patchy laboratory environment
Authors: Iranipour Shahzad , BenaMoleai Parisa , Asgari Shahriar , Michaud J P 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The egg parasitoid Trissolcus vassilievi (Mayr) is a key natural enemy of sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae). This laboratory study examined how the aggregation of parasitoids varied in response to host density and numbers of foraging conspecifics. Five host densities (1, 2, 4, 8, and 15 clutches of E. integriceps eggs), were offered simultaneously to 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 female wasps in a standardized arena (30 cm diameter) and patch residence times were recorded. Patch residence time was strongly correlated with parasitism, and increased as the number of host clutches increased up to eight, but declined when more clutches were offered. Wasps displayed low mobility and tended to remain in the patch initially encountered, even when it contained few egg masses. At higher wasp densities, patches were occupied more quickly, host exploitation began sooner, and per capita handling time was reduced. However, total patch residence times were similar across all densities. Thus, females responded to conspecifics with increased movement, which increased dispersal and resulted in a more homogeneous distribution of wasps among patches. Pseudo-interference, resulting from wasps remaining in some patches and neglecting others, had greater impact on final levels of host exploitation than did actual interference (patch abandonment following conspecific encounters). These phenomena resulted in decreased parasitoid searching rates and a 2-fold increase in host survival at higher wasp densities.
Species Radiations in the Sea: What the Flock?
Authors: Bowen Brian W , Forsman Zac H , Whitney Jonathan L , Faucci Anuschka , Hoban Mykle , Canfield Sean J , Johnston Erika C , Coleman Richard R , Copus Joshua M , Vicente Jan , Toonen Robert J 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpecies flocks are proliferations of closely-related species, usually after colonization of depauperate habitat. These radiations are abundant on oceanic islands and in ancient freshwater lakes, but rare in marine habitats. This contrast is well documented in the Hawaiian Archipelago, where terrestrial examples include the speciose silverswords (sunflower family Asteraceae), Drosophila fruit flies, and honeycreepers (passerine birds), all derived from one or a few ancestral lineages. The marine fauna of Hawaiʻi is also the product of rare colonization events, but these colonizations usually yield only one species. Dispersal ability is key to understanding this evolutionary inequity. While terrestrial fauna rarely colonize between oceanic islands, marine fauna with pelagic larvae can make this leap in every generation. An informative exception is the marine fauna that lack a pelagic larval stage. These low-dispersal species emulate a “terrestrial” mode of reproduction (brooding, viviparity, crawl-away larvae), yielding marine species flocks in scattered locations around the world. Elsewhere, aquatic species flocks are concentrated in specific geographic settings, including the ancient lakes of Baikal (Siberia) and Tanganyika (eastern Africa), and Antarctica. These locations host multiple species flocks across a broad taxonomic spectrum, indicating a unifying evolutionary phenomenon. Hence marine species flocks can be singular cases that arise due to restricted dispersal or other intrinsic features, or they can be geographically clustered, promoted by extrinsic ecological circumstances. Here, we review and contrast intrinsic cases of species flocks in individual taxa, and extrinsic cases of geological/ecological opportunity, to elucidate the processes of species radiations.
Continuing Contracts
Authors: Halonen-Akatwijuka Maija , Hart Oliver 
Published: December 2019

AbstractParties often regulate their relationships through “continuing” contracts that are not fixed term but roll over: employment is a leading example. Our premise is that parties apply fairness when they revise a continuing contract and that prior terms, together with market information, will be a reference point. A continuing contract can reduce (re)negotiation costs relative to a short-term or long-term contract. However, fair bargaining makes adjusting to outside options difficult and may cause inefficient outcomes. An implicit promise of a long-term relationship, as in employment, can improve matters. (JEL D23, D86, K12).
Plurality in Buriat and Structurally Constrained Alternatives
Authors: Bylinina Lisa , Podobryaev Alexander 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe offer a solution to a puzzle in the number interpretation of nominals in Buriat. Buriat has a two-way number opposition in morphology (unmarked vs. plural), but semantically, both forms may be number neutral. We show that even though the number neutrality of unmarked nominals is heavily restricted, it does not boil down to (pseudo-)incorporation. Our proposal is that unmarked nominals can be either singular (projecting a NumP) or numberless (lacking a NumP). In case they are singular, they are semantically strictly atomic, but when there are numberless they are truly number neutral, just like the plurals. The plurality inferences of plurals and the consistent number neutrality of numberless nouns are accounted for in a Katzirian system with structurally defined alternatives.
Cross-Border Removal and Retention of a Child – Croatian Practice and European Expectation
Authors: Župan Mirela , Drventić Martina , Kruger Thalia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This research relates to the collection, processing, and analysis of incoming child abduction proceedings of the four biggest municipal courts (of Zagreb, Osijek, Split, and Rijeka) in Croatia. The research focused on proceedings initiated between 1 July 2013 and 1 July 2017. The collected decisions (all unpublished) were critically evaluated with the help of a number of variables. The results are comparable to other national and international studies. The most interesting studies relate to the duration of certain procedures, voluntary return of the child and achievement of an amicable agreement, the hearing of children, the different causes of abduction, the decisions in return proceedings, and the relevance of the social welfare report to a return decision. This research allows us to evaluate the Croatian practices against the requirements of European and international legal frameworks. The results have already led to law reform in Croatia.
Antifungal susceptibility, genotyping, resistance mechanism, and clinical profile of Candida tropicalis blood isolates
Authors: Arastehfar Amir , Daneshnia Farnaz , Hafez Ahmed , Khodavaisy Sadegh , Najafzadeh Mohammad-Javad , Charsizadeh Arezoo , Zarrinfar Hossein , Salehi Mohammadreza , Shahrabadi Zahra Zare , Sasani Elahe , Zomorodian Kamiar , Pan Weihua , Hagen Ferry , Ilkit Macit , Kostrzewa Markus , Boekhout Teun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Candida tropicalis is one of the major candidaemia agents, associated with the highest mortality rates among Candida species, and developing resistance to azoles. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of azole resistance, genotypic diversity, and the clinical background of C. tropicalis infections. Consequently, this study was designed to address those questions. Sixty-four C. tropicalis bloodstream isolates from 62 patients from three cities in Iran (2014–2019) were analyzed. Strain identification, antifungal susceptibility testing, and genotypic diversity analysis were performed by MALDI-TOF MS, CLSI-M27 A3/S4 protocol, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting, respectively. Genes related to drug resistance (ERG11, MRR1, TAC1, UPC2, and FKS1 hotspot9s) were sequenced. The overall mortality rate was 59.6% (37/62). Strains were resistant to micafungin [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥1 μg/ml, 2/64], itraconazole (MIC &gt; 0.5 μg/ml, 2/64), fluconazole (FLZ; MIC ≥ 8 μg/ml, 4/64), and voriconazole (MIC ≥ 1 μg/ml, 7/64). Pan-azole and FLZ + VRZ resistance were observed in one and two isolates, respectively, while none of the patients were exposed to azoles. MRR1 (T255P, 647S), TAC1 (N164I, R47Q), and UPC2 (T241A, Q340H, T381S) mutations were exclusively identified in FLZ-resistant isolates. AFLP fingerprinting revealed five major and seven minor genotypes; genotype G4 was predominant in all centers. The increasing number of FLZ-R C. tropicalis blood isolates and acquiring FLZ-R in FLZ-naive patients limit the efficiency of FLZ, especially in developing countries. The high mortality rate warrants reaching a consensus regarding the nosocomial mode of C. tropicalis transmission.
Calibration and 21-cm power spectrum estimation in the presence of antenna beam variations
Authors: Joseph Ronniy C , Trott C M , Wayth R B , Nasirudin A 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Detecting a signal from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) requires an exquisite understanding of Galactic and extragalactic foregrounds, low-frequency radio instruments, instrumental calibration, and data analysis pipelines. In this work, we build upon existing work that aims to understand the impact of calibration errors on 21-cm power spectrum (PS) measurements. It is well established that calibration errors have the potential to inhibit EoR detections by introducing additional spectral features that mimic the structure of EoR signals. We present a straightforward way to estimate the impact of a wide variety of modelling residuals in EoR PS estimation. We apply this framework to the specific case of broken dipoles in Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) to understand its effect and estimate its impact on PS estimation. Combining an estimate of the percentage of MWA tiles that have at least one broken dipole (15–40 per cent) with an analytic description of beam errors induced by such dipoles, we compute the residuals of the foregrounds after calibration and source subtraction. We find that that incorrect beam modelling introduces bias in the 2D-PS on the order of $\sim 10^3\, \mathrm{mK}^2 \, h^{-3}\, \mathrm{Mpc}^{3}$. Although this is three orders of magnitude lower than current lowest limits, it is two orders of magnitude higher than the expected signal. Determining the accuracy of both current beam models and direction-dependent calibration pipelines is therefore crucial in our search for an EoR signal.