bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Debiasing cosmic gravitational wave sirens
Authors: Keeley Ryan E , Shafieloo Arman , L’Huillier Benjamin , Linder Eric V 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Accurate estimation of the Hubble constant, and other cosmological parameters, from distances measured by cosmic gravitational wave sirens requires sufficient allowance for the dark energy evolution. We demonstrate how model-independent statistical methods, specifically Gaussian process regression, can remove bias in the reconstruction of H(z), and can be combined to model independently with supernova distances. This allows stringent tests of both H0 and Λ cold dark matter, and can detect unrecognized systematics. We also quantify the redshift systematic control necessary for the use of dark sirens, showing that it must approach spectroscopic precision to avoid significant bias.
General cosmography model with spatial curvature
Authors: Li En-Kun , Du Minghui , Xu Lixin 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We adopt a cosmographic approach in order to determine spatial curvature (i.e. ΩK), combining the latest release of cosmic chronometer (CC) data, the Pantheon sample of Type Ia supernovae observations and baryon acoustic oscillation measurements. We use the expanded transverse comoving distance DM($z$) as a basic function for deriving H($z$) and other cosmic distances. In this scenario, ΩK can be constrained only by CC data. To overcome the convergence issues at high-redshift domains, two methods are applied: the Padé approximants and the Taylor series in terms of the new redshift y = $z$/(1 + $z$). Adopting the Bayesian evidence, we find that there is positive evidence for the Padé approximant up to order (2,2) and weak evidence for the Taylor series up to third order against the ΛCDM + ΩK model. The constraint results show that a closed Universe is preferred by present observations under all the approximations used in this study. Also, the tension level of the Hubble constant H0 has less than 2σ significance between different approximations and the local distance ladder determination. For each assumed approximation, H0 is anticorrelated with ΩK and the sound horizon at the end of the radiation drag epoch, which indicates that the H0 tension problem can be slightly relaxed by introducing ΩK or any new physics that can reduce the sound horizon in the early Universe.
General relativistic polarized radiative transfer with inverse-Compton scatterings
Authors: Mościbrodzka M 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We present radpol – a numerical scheme for integrating multifrequency polarized radiative transfer equations along rays propagating in a curved space–time. The scheme includes radiative processes such as synchrotron emission, absorption, Faraday rotation, and conversion, and, for the first time, relativistic Compton scatterings including effects of light polarization. The scheme is fully covariant and is applicable to model radio-γ-ray emission and its polarization from, e.g. relativistic jets and accretion flows on to black holes and other exotic objects described in alternative metric theories and modelled semi-analytically or with time-dependent magnetohydrodynamical simulations. We perform a few tests to validate the implemented numerical algorithms that handle light polarization in curved space–time. We demonstrate application of the scheme to model broad-band emission spectra from a relativistically hot, geometrically thick coronal-like inflow around a supermassive black hole where the disc model is realized in a general relativistic magnetohydrodynamical simulation.
A stochastically sampled IMF alters the stellar content of simulated dwarf galaxies
Authors: Applebaum Elaad , Brooks Alyson M , Quinn Thomas R , Christensen Charlotte R 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Cosmological simulations are reaching the resolution necessary to study ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. Observations indicate that in small populations, the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is not fully populated; rather, stars are sampled in a way that can be approximated as coming from an underlying probability density function. To ensure the accuracy of cosmological simulations in the ultra-faint regime, we present an improved treatment of the IMF. We implement a self-consistent, stochastically populated IMF in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. We test our method using high-resolution simulations of a Milky Way halo, run to z = 6, yielding a sample of nearly 100 galaxies. We also use an isolated dwarf galaxy to investigate the resulting systematic differences in galaxy properties. We find that a stochastic IMF in simulations makes feedback burstier, strengthening feedback, and quenching star formation earlier in small dwarf galaxies. For galaxies in haloes with mass ≲ 108.5 M⊙, a stochastic IMF typically leads to lower stellar mass compared to a continuous IMF, sometimes by more than an order of magnitude. We show that existing methods of ensuring discrete supernovae incorrectly determine the mass of the star particle and its associated feedback. This leads to overcooling of surrounding gas, with at least ∼10 per cent higher star formation and ∼30 per cent higher cold gas content. Going forwards, to accurately model dwarf galaxies and compare to observations, it will be necessary to incorporate a stochastically populated IMF that samples the full spectrum of stellar masses.
Measurement of the spin of the M87 black hole from its observed twisted light
Authors: Tamburini Fabrizio , Thidé Bo , Della Valle Massimo 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We present the first observational evidence that light propagating near a rotating black hole is twisted in phase and carries orbital angular momentum (OAM). This physical observable allows a direct measurement of the rotation of the black hole. We extracted the OAM spectra from the radio intensity data collected by the Event Horizon Telescope from around the black hole M87* by using wavefront reconstruction and phase recovery techniques and from the visibility amplitude and phase maps. This method is robust and complementary to black hole shadow circularity analyses. It shows that the M87* rotates clockwise with an estimated rotation parameter a = 0.90 ± 0.05 with an $\sim 95{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence level (c.l.) and an inclination i = 17° ± 2°, equivalent to a magnetic arrested disc with an inclination i = 163° ± 2°. From our analysis, we conclude that, within a 6σ c.l., the M87* is rotating.
Dienogest regulates apoptosis, proliferation, and invasiveness of endometriotic cyst stromal cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress induction
Authors: Choi JongYeob , Jo MinWha , Lee EunYoung , Lee Dong-Yun , Choi DooSeok 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Dienogest, a specific progesterone receptor agonist, is used in the treatment of endometriosis. However, it is still unclear as to the mechanisms of therapeutic effects on endometriosis. Our recent study showed that endometriosis may be the result of aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction due to progesterone resistance. This finding suggests that the regulation of ER stress induction may play a key role in treatment of endometriosis. Therefore, the anti-endometriotic effects of dienogest may be mediated by regulation of ER stress. To test this hypothesis, we elucidate whether dienogest affects endometriotic stromal cell apoptosis, proliferation and invasiveness by modulating ER stress-induced CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) expression. Specifically, PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), inositol-requiring kinase 1 (IRE1)/TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, and downstream CHOP were evaluated to determine the involved ER stress-mediated regulation mechanism of CHOP expression. Our results show that progesterone treatment did not have any significant effects on ER stress, apoptosis, proliferation, and invasion in estrogen-treated endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs). However, dienogest treatment upregulated the induction of ER stress. It also led to increased apoptosis, and decreased proliferation and invasiveness. These dienogest-induced changes in apoptosis, proliferation and invasiveness were reversed by the ER stress inhibitor salubrinal. Furthermore, dienogest-induced ER stress increased CHOP expression through activation of both PERK/elf2α/ATF4 and IRE1/TRAF2/ASK1/JNK signaling. This upregulation was blocked by transfection with PERK and IRE1 siRNA, which decreased apoptosis and increased the proliferation and invasiveness of dienogest-treated ECSCs. Taken together, our findings indicate that dienogest enhances ER stress induction in endometriotic stromal cells, which affects apoptosis, proliferation and invasiveness via CHOP upregulation.
LGP2 virus sensor enhances apoptosis by upregulating apoptosis regulatory genes through TRBP-bound miRNAs during viral infection
Authors: Takahashi Tomoko , Nakano Yuko , Onomoto Koji , Yoneyama Mitsutoshi , Ui-Tei Kumiko 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
During viral infection, viral nucleic acids are detected by virus sensor proteins including toll-like receptor 3 or retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) in mammalian cells. Activation of these virus sensor proteins induces type-I interferon production and represses viral replication. Recently, we reported that an RLR family member, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), modulates RNA silencing by interacting with an RNA silencing enhancer, TAR-RNA binding protein (TRBP). However, the biological implications remained unclear. Here, we show that LGP2 enhances apoptosis by upregulating apoptosis regulatory genes during viral infection. Sendai virus (SeV) infection increased LGP2 expression approximately 900 times compared to that in non-virus-infected cells. Then, the induced LGP2 interacted with TRBP, resulting in the inhibition of maturation of the TRBP-bound microRNA (miRNA) and its subsequent RNA silencing activity. Gene expression profiling revealed that apoptosis regulatory genes were upregulated during SeV infection: caspases-2, -8, -3 and -7, four cysteine proteases with key roles in apoptosis, were upregulated directly or indirectly through the repression of a typical TRBP-bound miRNA, miR-106b. Our findings may shed light on the mechanism of apoptosis, induced by the TRBP-bound miRNAs through the interaction of TRBP with LGP2, as an antiviral defense system in mammalian cells.
BK polyomavirus—pathogen, paradigm and puzzle
Authors: Kotla Suman Krishna , Kadambi Pradeep V , Hendricks Allen R , Rojas Rebecca 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBK virus is a polyomavirus with seroprevalence rates of 80% in adults. Infection is usually acquired during childhood, and the virus is benign or pathologic depending on immune status. The virus reactivates in immunodeficiency states, mostly among transplant (either kidney or bone marrow) recipients. There are approximately 15 000 renal transplants every year in the USA, of which 5–10% develop BK polyomavirus nephropathy; 50–80% of patients who develop nephropathy go on to develop graft failure. BK virus is associated with BK polyomavirus nephropathy, ureteral stenosis, late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis, bladder cancer and other nonlytic large T-expressing carcinomas. The renal spectrum begins with viruria and can end with graft failure. The clinical spectrum and outcomes vary among transplant patients. New noninvasive diagnostic methods, such as urinary polyomavirus Haufen detected by electron microscopy, are currently under study. Treatment is primarily directed at decreasing immunosuppression but may be associated with graft rejection. Repeat transplantation is encouraged as long as viral clearance in plasma prior to transplant is accomplished. There remain no definitive data regarding the utility of transplant nephrectomy.
Explaining Gender Gaps in Indonesian Legislative Committees
Authors: Prihatini Ella 
Published: November 2019

AbstractParliamentary committees are central in most modern legislatures in the world as key decisions are often made at this level. Consequently, women’s substantial representation in parliament is frequently measured by the appointment of women in powerful and prestigious committees. However, there is relatively little knowledge about how the politics of committee assignment operates, especially in Asian democracies, home to the majority of the world’s women. In this article, the Indonesian case is used to explore two issues, which are the gendered division of committees and the impact of Islam as a party ideology in assigning women to committees. Using a quantitative approach, this article examines a unique dataset of committee assignments in Indonesia’s House of Representatives (DPR) from 2004 to 2014. Interviews with sitting parliamentarians are also used to complement the statistical analysis. The results show that gender bias is an enduring characteristic of Post-Suharto parliamentary politics and Islam as a party ideology is not solely accountable for this disparity in committee allocations.
Parties and American Administration
Authors: Merriman Ben 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPublic administration has long defined itself in distinction to politics. Reprising Weber and Goodnow’s view that public bureaucracies and parties are the two dominant organizational forms in modern politics, this essay argues that the more relevant distinction is between administration and parties: in a representative democracy, parties are administration’s inevitable rival. Important aspects of American institutional and administrative design sought to curb partisan influence over administration, but with necessarily temporary and partial success. Today, partisanship hinders administrative efficacy and is driving contraction of administrative capacity. More significantly, partisans have learned to use the forms of administration to pursue ideological goals inimical to core public administrative values of efficiency and equity. It is now urgent for public administration, despite a reasonable aversion to discussing partisanship, to confront the intense, ongoing partisan challenge to the working of American administrative institutions.
Resolvin D1 promotes efferocytosis in aging by limiting senescent cell‐induced MerTK cleavage
Authors: Rymut Nicholas , Heinz Justin , Sadhu Sudeshna , Hosseini Zeinab , Riley Colin O. , Marinello Michael , Maloney Jackson , MacNamara Katherine C. , Spite Matthew , Fredman Gabrielle 
Published: November 2019

AbstractInflammation‐resolution is mediated by the balance between specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs) like resolvin D1 (RvD1) and pro‐inflammatory factors, like leukotriene B4 (LTB4). A key cellular process of inflammation‐resolution is efferocytosis. Aging is associated with defective inflammation‐resolution and the accumulation of pro‐inflammatory senescent cells (SCs). Therefore, understanding mechanism(s) that underpin this impairment is a critical gap. Here, using a model of hind limb ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) remote lung injury, we present evidence that aging is associated with heightened inflammation, impaired SPM:LT ratio, defective efferocytosis, and a decrease in MerTK levels in injured lungs. Treatment with RvD1 mitigated I/R lung injury in aging, promoted efferocytosis, and prevented the decrease of MerTK in injured lungs from old mice. Old MerTK cleavage‐resistant mice (MerTKCR) exhibited less neutrophils or polymorpho nuclear cells infiltration and had improved efferocytosis compared with old WT controls. Mechanistically, macrophages that were treated with conditioned media (CM) from senescent cells had increased MerTK cleavage, impaired efferocytosis, and a defective RvD1:LTB4 ratio. Macrophages from MerTKCR mice were resistant to CM‐induced efferocytosis defects and had an improved RvD1:LTB4 ratio. RvD1‐stimulated macrophages prevented CM‐induced MerTK cleavage and promoted efferocytosis. Together, these data suggest a new mechanism and a potential therapy to promote inflammation‐resolution and efferocytosis in aging.
Temperature-related biodiversity change across temperate marine and terrestrial systems
Authors: Antão Laura H. , Bates Amanda E. , Blowes Shane A. , Waldock Conor , Supp Sarah R. , Magurran Anne E. , Dornelas Maria , Schipper Aafke M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractClimate change is reshaping global biodiversity as species respond to changing temperatures. However, the net effects of climate-driven species redistribution on local assemblage diversity remain unknown. Here, we relate trends in species richness and abundance from 21,500 terrestrial and marine assemblage time series across temperate regions (23.5-60.0°) to changes in air or sea surface temperature. We find a strong coupling between biodiversity and temperature changes in the marine realm, which is conditional on the baseline climate. We detect increases in species richness with increasing temperature that is twice as pronounced in warmer locations, while abundance declines with warming in the warmest marine locations. In contrast, we did not detect systematic temperature-related richness or abundance trends on land, despite a greater magnitude of warming. We also found no evidence for an interaction between biodiversity change and latitude, further emphasizing the importance of baseline climate in structuring assemblages. As the world is committed to further warming, significant challenges remain in maintaining local biodiversity amongst the non-uniform inflow and outflow of “climate migrants” across distinct regions, especially in the ocean.
Much more than a clasp: Evolutionary pattern of amplexus diversity in anurans
Authors: Carvajal-Castro Juan D. , López-Aguirre Yelenny , Ospina-L Ana María , Santos Juan C. , Rojas Bibiana , Vargas-Salinas Fernando 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTThe evolution and diversification of animal reproductive modes have been pivotal questions in behavioral ecology. Amphibians present the highest diversity of reproductive modes among vertebrates, involving various behavioral, physiological and morphological traits. One of such features is the amplexus, the clasp or embrace of males on females during reproduction, which is almost universal to anurans. Hypotheses about the origin amplexus are limited and have not been thoroughly tested, nor had they taken into account evolutionary relationships in most comparative studies. However, these considerations are crucial to understand the evolution of reproductive modes. Here, using an evolutionary framework, we reconstruct the ancestral state of amplexus in 686 anuran species; investigate whether the amplexus type is a conserved trait; and test whether sexual size dimorphism (SSD) could have influenced the amplexus type or male performance while clasping females. Overall, we found evidence of at least 35 evolutionary transitions in amplexus type across anurans. We also found that amplexus exhibits a high phylogenetic signal (it is conserved across Anura evolutionary history) and the amplexus type does not evolve in association with SSD. We discuss the implications of our findings on the diversity of amplexus types across anurans.
Optimal Mass Transport for Robust Texture Analysis
Authors: Belkhatir Zehor , Iyer Aditi , Mathews James C. , Pouryahya Maryam , Nadeem Saad , Deasy Joseph O. , Apte Aditya P. , Tannenbaum Allen R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe emerging field of radiomics, which consists of transforming standard-of-care images to quantifiable scalar statistics, endeavors to reveal the information hidden in these macroscopic images. This field of research has found different applications ranging from phenotyping and tumor classification to outcome prediction and treatment planning. Texture analysis, which often consists of reducing spatial texture matrices to summary scalar features, has been shown to be important in many of the latter applications. However, as pointed out in many studies, some of the derived texture statistics are strongly correlated and tend to contribute redundant information; and are also sensitive to the parameters used in their computation, e.g., the number of gray intensity levels. In the present study, we propose first to consider texture matrices, with an emphasis on gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), as a non-parametric multivariate objects. The proposed modeling approach avoids evaluating redundant and strongly correlated features and also prevents the feature processing steps. Then, via the Wasserstein distance from optimal mass transport theory, we propose to compare these spatial objects to identify computerized tomography slices with dental artifacts in head and neck cancer. We demonstrate the robustness of the proposed classification approach with respect to the GLCM extraction parameters and the size of the training set. Comparisons with the random forest classifier, which is constructed on scalar texture features, demonstrates the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm.
Low temperature transcriptionally modulates natural peel degreening in lemon (Citrus limon L.) fruit independently of endogenous ethylene
Authors: Mitalo Oscar W. , Otsuki Takumi , Okada Rui , Obitsu Saeka , Masuda Kanae , Hojo Yuko , Matsuura Takakazu , Mori Izumi C. , Abe Daigo , Asiche William O. , Akagi Takashi , Kubo Yasutaka , Ushijima Koichiro 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPeel degreening is an important aspect of fruit ripening in many citrus fruit, and earlier studies have shown that it can be advanced either by ethylene treatment or during low temperature storage. However, the important regulators and pathways involved in natural peel degreening remain largely unknown. To understand how natural peel degreening is regulated in lemon (Citrus limon L.) fruit, flavedo transcriptome and physiochemical changes in response to either ethylene treatment or low temperature were studied. Ethylene treatment induced rapid peel degreening which was strongly inhibited by the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Compared with 25°C, moderately low temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 15°C and 20°C) also triggered peel degreening. Surprisingly, repeated 1-MCP treatments failed to inhibit the peel degreening induced by low temperature. Transcriptome analysis revealed that low temperature and ethylene independently regulated genes associated with chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid metabolism, photosystem proteins, phytohormone biosynthesis and signalling, and transcription factors. On-tree peel degreening occurred along with environmental temperature drops, and it coincided with the differential expression of low temperature-regulated genes. In contrast, genes that were uniquely regulated by ethylene showed no significant expression changes during on-tree peel degreening. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that low temperature plays a prominent role in regulating natural peel degreening independently of ethylene in citrus fruit.HighlightCitrus peel degreening is promoted by low temperature via modulation of multiple genes associated with chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis, photosystem disassembly, phytohormones and transcription factors without involving ethylene signalling.