bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical downscaling of water vapour satellite measurements from profiles of tropical ice clouds
Authors: Carella Giulia , Vrac Mathieu , Brogniez Hélène , Yiou Pascal , Chepfer Hélène 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Multi-scale interactions between the main players of the atmospheric water cycle are poorly understood, even in the present-day climate, and represent one of the main sources of uncertainty among future climate projections. Here, we present a method to downscale observations of relative humidity available from the Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropical par Radiométrie (SAPHIR) passive microwave sounder at a nominal horizontal resolution of 10 km to the finer resolution of 90 m using scattering ratio profiles from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar. With the scattering ratio profiles as covariates, an iterative approach applied to a non-parametric regression model based on a quantile random forest is used. This allows us to effectively incorporate into the predicted relative humidity structure the high-resolution variability from cloud profiles. The finer-scale water vapour structure is hereby deduced from the indirect physical correlation between relative humidity and the lidar observations. Results are presented for tropical ice clouds over the ocean: based on the coefficient of determination (with respect to the observed relative humidity) and the continuous rank probability skill score (with respect to the climatology), we conclude that we are able to successfully predict, at the resolution of cloud measurements, the relative humidity along the whole troposphere, yet ensure the best possible coherence with the values observed by SAPHIR. By providing a method to generate pseudo-observations of relative humidity (at high spatial resolution) from simultaneous co-located cloud profiles, this work will help revisit some of the current key barriers in atmospheric science. A sample dataset of simultaneous co-located scattering ratio profiles of tropical ice clouds and observations of relative humidity downscaled at the resolution of cloud measurements is available at https://doi.org/10.14768/20181022001.1 (Carella et al., 2019).
Transitcriminaliteit en logistieke knooppunten in Nederland
Authors: Madarie Renushka , Kruisbergen Edwin 
Published: January 2020

Organized crime at logistical nodes in the Netherlands. Empirical results of the Dutch Organized Crime Monitor
The Netherlands functions as an important source and transit country for international organized drug trafficking. This is in part due to its large logistical nodes in the world economy, like the airport and the seaport. Based on in-depth analyses of sixteen cases of the Dutch Organized Crime Monitor, this article explores how drug traffickers operate at logistical nodes, in particular airports. The results demonstrate that organized crime groups deploy mainly three types of tactics to traffic drugs, namely defying, avoiding, and neutralizing security checks. Occupational embeddedness is manifested through several job-related factors. Autonomy, mobility, and the similarity between legitimate duties and criminal activities facilitate discrete engagement in organized crime activities during work time. Port employees are also attractive to organized crime groups because of their job-related social capital and knowledge.
Self-Care Management Behavior of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Indonesian Diabetes Association (Persadia) Depok City
Authors: Setyamarta Natasya , Aryani Denissa Faradita 
Published: January 2020

<p class="AbstractContent"><strong>Objective:</strong> Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes) is a chronic disease that requires long-term management throughout the life to prevent acute and chronic complications. Self-care is a fundamental and integral part of diabetes management. Social support obtained from family, health professionals, friends, or diabetic peers may predict good self-care behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self-care behavior of adult with type 2 DM in Persadia Depok.</p><p class="AbstractContent"><strong>Methods: </strong>This quantitative study used a cross-sectional design. A consecutive sample of 52 subjects with type 2 DM who joined in Persadia Depok was included. The instrument used to measure self-care behavior is The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities questionnaire</p><p class="AbstractContent"><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that self-care behavior of participants in the last seven days is 4,4 days (Median 4.4, Minimal-Maximum 2.6-5.4, 95% CI 4.1-4.5). Self-care was described as “good” in only half of the participant (50%). Self-care behavior was reported good in diet, physical exercise, and taking medication, but it was poor in self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and foot care.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study recommended that nurses should enhance education and support to improve patient self-care behaviors especially SMBG and foot care.</p><p class="AbstractContent"><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Colon cancer, deep breathing, early mobilization, effective coughing, preoperative education.</p>
A transcriptomic study of probenecid on injured spinal cords in mice
Authors: Zhang Yu-Xin , Wang Sai-Nan , Chen Jing , Hu Jian-Guo , Lü He-Zuo 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundRecent studies have found that probenecid has neuroprotective and reparative effects on central nervous system injuries. However, its effect on genome-wide transcription in acute spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unknown. In the present study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is used to analyze the effect of probenecid on the local expression of gene transcription 8 h after spinal injury.MethodsAn Infinite Horizon impactor was used to perform contusive SCI in mice. The SCI model was made by using a rod (1.3 mm diameter) with a force of 50 Kdynes. Sham-operated mice only received a laminectomy without contusive injury. The injured mice were randomly assigned into either the control (SCI_C) or probenecid injection (SCI_P) group. In the latter group, the probenecid drug was intraperitoneally injected (0.5 mg/kg) immediately following injury. Eight hours after the injury or laminectomy, the spinal cords were removed from the mice in both groups. The total RNAs were extracted and purified for library preparation and transcriptome sequencing. Differential gene expressions (DEGs) of the three groups—sham, SCI_C and SCI_P—were analyzed using a DESeq software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed using a GOseq R package and KOBAS software. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to validate RNA-Seq results.ResultsRNA-Seq showed that, compared to the SCI_C group, the number of DEGs was 641 in the SCI_P group (286 upregulated and 355 downregulated). According to GO analysis, DEGs were most enriched in extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen trimer, protein bounding and sequence specific DNA binding. KEGG analysis showed that the most enriched pathways included: cell adhesion molecules, Leukocyte transendothelial migration, ECM-receptor interactions, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, hematopoietic cell lineages, focal adhesions, the Rap1 signaling pathway, etc. The sequence data have been deposited into the Sequence Read Archive (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA554464).
Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Insomnia Disorder
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Zhao Yanan , Qin Zongshi , Han Ying , He Jiakai , Zhao Bin , Wang Lei , Duan Yuting , Huo Jin , Wang Tuoran , Wang Yu , Rong Peijing 
Published: December 2024

IMPORTANCEEvidence from randomized clinical trials of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) for chronic insomnia disorder is lacking.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of taVNS for chronic insomnia compared with the sham taVNS.DESIGN, SETTING, and PARTICIPANTSThis randomized clinical trial was conducted from October 2021 to December 2022 at a single center in Beijing, China. Patients with chronic insomnia disorder with a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) of at least 8 were enrolled. Statistical analysis was performed from June to September 2023.INTERVENTIONSPatients were allocated to the active taVNS group or sham taVNS group with a 1:1 ratio. Both groups received the stimulation for 30 minutes each time, twice a day, 5 consecutive days a week, with an 8-week treatment and a 12-week follow-up.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary end point was the mean change from baseline through week 8 in PSQI scores. Minimal clinically important difference was 2.5 points. Secondary outcomes included mental health, sleepiness, and fatigue. Safety was also evaluated.RESULTSA total of 72 participants were randomized to either active taVNS group (36 participants; mean [SD] age, 45.2 [14.5] years; 27 [75.0%] female) or the sham taVNS group (36 participants; mean [SD] age, 44.6 [13.9] years; 31 [86.1%] female); 68 participants completed the 8-week intervention. The least-square mean changes from baseline to week 8 in PSQI were −8.2 (95% CI, −9.3 to −7.0) points in the taVNS group and −3.9 (95% CI, −5.1 to −2.7) points in the sham group. Both groups experienced statistically significant improvements from before to after the intervention. However, active taVNS showed a clinically meaningful 4.2-point greater reduction (95% CI, −5.9 to −2.6 points; P &amp;lt; .001; Cohen d effect size, 1.2) in PSQI compared with the sham group (minimal clinically important difference = 2.5 points). Secondary outcomes, including mental health and fatigue, showed similar favorable results. The efficacy of taVNS was sustained throughout the 20-week study period.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIn this randomized clinical trial, taVNS significantly reduced insomnia severity. Clinically meaningful enhancements in PSQI scores were observed compared with sham stimulation, with the benefits of taVNS sustained over a 20-week period. Future multicenter clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to validate its effectiveness across diverse populations.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2100051319
Dipole Antennas and Arrays
Authors: Furse Cynthia M. , Gandhi Om P. , Lazzi Gianluca 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the dipole antennas including wire, slot, biconical, folded, shunt‐fed, and sleeve dipoles. It also covers common types of arrays built from dipole antennas including log‐periodic, Yagi–Uda, dipole curtains, and crossed dipoles.
Van Atta Array Reflector
Authors: Miao Zhuo‐Wei , Hao Zhang‐Cheng , Wang Xiang , Tian Ling , Wu Yi‐Wen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Retrodirective arrays have attracted a lot of research interest due to their unique characteristic of automatically responding to an interrogator without any prior information on the source location. As a unique member in the family of retrodirective arrays, the Van Atta array reflectors have features of simple structure and low cost and hold great potential for use in military and commercial applications, such as mobile communication, vehicle radar, radio‐frequency identification (RFID), and wireless power transfer (WPT). The Van Atta arrays are composed of an even number of radiation elements connected by transmission lines with equal electrical lengths. This article provides a detailed overview of the most recent research on the Van Atta array reflectors. Firstly, the development of the Van Atta arrays is briefly reviewed, and the basic design ideas are introduced. Then, the detailed operation principle of the Van Atta arrays is described, together with the theoretical analysis and experimental measurement to obtain the scattering field patterns in both monostatic and bistatic cases. After that, the latest research progress including the designs of one‐ and two‐dimensional Van Atta arrays is discussed. Besides the passive reflectors, the active Van Atta arrays can be implemented by introducing amplifiers or modulation circuits. In addition, this article also presents a short review of some typical applications of the Van Atta arrays, including the fields of vehicle‐mounting reflectors associated with the intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), the wireless charging of electronic devices, and ultralong‐range chipless sensing. Some examples of transponders using the Van Atta structures for these applications are introduced. Finally, some challenges and future research directions for Van Atta reflectors are presented.
SQUIDs
Authors: Fagaly Robert L. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
SQUID instruments consist of a SQUID amplifier or sensor and a detection circuit that transforms the signal of interest into a magnetic flux that is detected by the SQUID sensor. Associated control electronics transform this signal into a room temperature voltage that is available for additional signal processing if needed. The SQUID amplifier and the detection coils are superconducting devices. Thus, some type of refrigerant (e.g., liquid helium or nitrogen) or refrigeration device is needed to maintain the SQUID (and the detection coil) in the superconducting state. Additional signal‐conditioning electronics may be needed to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio. SQUID instrumentation has been a key factor in the development and commercialization of ultrasensitive electric and magnetic measurement systems. In many cases, SQUID instrumentation offers the ability to make measurements where no other methodology is possible.
Filter Theory
Authors: Görür Ali K. , Karpuz Ceyhun , Görür Adnan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The main categories of filters are defined in terms of the general response types of lowpass, bandpass, highpass, and bandstop. The basic concepts of filters including transfer function, insertion loss, return loss, phase delay, and group delay are described. Filter characteristics such as maximally flat or Butterworth, equally ripple or Chebyshev, elliptic function, generalized Chebyshev or pseudoelliptic, and maximally flat time delay are discussed in terms of the poles of transfer function. In this article, the filter design is based on the insertion loss theory. Two‐port lumped‐element lowpass prototype networks, their element values, and filter transformations are presented. Richards' and Kuroda's transformations (or identities), impedance and admittance inverters are also investigated, which are required for transforming lumped elements to distributed sections, for separating physically filter elements and changing impractical elements into more realizable elements in a filter network. Some examples are presented to demonstrate Richards' and Kuroda's transformations and a filter design.
Frequency‐Domain Circuit Analysis
Authors: Biey Mario , Maio Ivan A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this article, the frequency‐domain analysis of Linear Time‐Invariant (LTI) circuits is reviewed. The key point of any frequency‐domain analysis method is the substitution of the LTI circuit under analysis with an equivalent circuit for the transformed voltage and current variables. The equivalent circuit, which is named transformed circuit, has branch relations defined by linear algebraic equations and all the properties of linear resistive circuits. The frequency‐domain analysis, therefore, amounts to solving the transformed circuit by the methods for linear resistive circuits and computing the time‐domain responses by inverse transformation of the transformed circuit responses. In this article, this procedure is introduced and discussed by means of the one‐sided Laplace transform that is the most versatile among all possible transforms. The circuit equations in the frequency domain are used to define the network functions, to derive their properties and the properties of the time‐domain responses of LTI circuits, as the stability and the steady‐state response to sinusoidal signals. Complete analysis examples are given. The review of the frequency‐domain analysis is then completed by introducing the two‐sided Laplace transform and the Fourier transform, their relations to the one‐sided Laplace transform, their peculiarities, and some applications.
Intermodulation
Authors: Pedro José C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article presents a broad overview of intermodulation distortion (IMD) in microwave and RF circuits and systems. It starts by putting IMD in the context of the linear and nonlinear perturbations of telecommunication systems to then explain its physical origins and most common theoretical analysis methods and laboratory characterization setups. For that, several device/system models and analytical and numerical techniques are addressed as well as the nonlinear distortion generation mechanisms present in typical microwave small‐signal amplifiers, high‐power amplifiers, and frequency converters are reviewed.
Military Communications
Authors: Nguyen Tien M. , Wang Charles C. , Goo Gary W. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In general, military communication systems are different from ordinary systems in various specific security requirements, namely, robustness in hostile environments, shielding from adversaries, and immunity from unfriendly eavesdropping. Hostile environments to communications are radiofrequency interference (RFI), spoofing, jamming, and fading, either natural or human made. In recent years, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been extensively utilized for remote sensing.
Wireless Communication Systems
Authors: Armada Ana G. , Jiménez Víctor P. Gil , Céspedes Máximo Morales , Hu Kun Chen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces wireless communications systems and explains the different products and standards related to wireless communications. The chapter is divided into five main sections.
A brief introduction offers a perspective on the evolution of wireless communications systems and introduces a useful classification. After this introduction, an explanation of basic concepts and fundamentals of the different wireless products, followed by a presentation of the related technology the related technology.
The introduction and the basic concepts showed make it easy to understand the presentation of the most important wireless products and related standards are detailed: cellular, cordless, trunking, paging, wireless local‐area network (WLAN), wireless metropolitan‐area network (WMAN), and wireless personal‐area network (WPAN) systems.
Finally, a brief vision of the future evolution of wireless is disclosed, introducing advanced technologies and applications such as massive multiple input–multiple output (MIMO), light‐fidelity (LiFi), drones, and Internet of Things (IoT), and of actual research toward the next generation of mobile communications.
Carbazole Analog Doping‐Induced Bright Red and Near‐Infrared Organic Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence with Long Lifetime
Authors: Zhang Xianhe , Xie Zongliang , Liu Bin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMaterials with room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) from deep red to near‐infrared (NIR) region exhibit great potential for emerging applications. However, such molecules typically require a low‐lying first triplet (T1) excited state, which may not be optimal for exciton stabilization, potentially compromising the phosphorescence lifetime. This study reports the design of four 9H‐carbazole (Cz) analogs with extended conjugation lengths used as dopants to achieve RTP emissions in deep red and NIR regions with lifetimes exceeding 700 ms. These findings reveal that substituting reactive hydrogen atoms in Cz analogs with methyl groups significantly enhances the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of these materials compared to their non‐methylated counterparts. Additionally, these doping systems can be activated by visible light, achieving persistent phosphorescence even under the excitation of 450 nm light. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the crucial roles of charge transfer state and the enhanced spin‐orbital coupling (SOC) matrix elements upon doping for achieving long‐lifetime phosphorescence beyond 600 nm. This research presents a strategy employing Cz‐based doping systems to facilitate RTP emissions extending from visible to deep red and NIR regions.
Enhancing Stability: Two‐Dimensional Thermochromic Perovskite for Smart Windows in Building Applications
Authors: He Huanfeng , Liu Sai , Du Yuwei , Zhang Rui , Ho Tsz Chung , Tso Chi Yan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractRecently, there is rapid development of thermochromic metal halide perovskite (MHPs) for smart window applications due to their competitive optical performance and cost‐effective synthesis. However, existing MHP smart windows predominantly feature 3D perovskite, which exhibits a deficiency in environmental stability, presenting persistent challenges for practical applications. This study introduces a novel and more durable 2D thermochromic perovskite, Tha2MAPbI4 (TMPI, Tha = thiourea, MA = methylamine), wherein Tha acts as a Lewis acid‐base adduct. TMPI demonstrates a reversible transition, achieving 83.7% luminous transmittance in the cold state and 35.2% in the hot state, thereby showcasing a substantial solar modulation ability of 24.7%. Further analysis of the crystal structure reveals that the thermochromic behavior of TMPI arises from a phase transition between 0D perovskite and 2D perovskite, induced by a dehydration‐hydration process. Notably, TMPI maintains thermochromic properties even after direct exposure to 75% relative humidity and 25 °C air for up to 28 days, a stark contrast to traditional 3D perovskites that lose their thermochromic capabilities within a few days under similar conditions. This research unveils TMPI as a thermochromic 2D perovskite that marks a significant advancement in environmental stability, indicating promising prospects for thermochromic smart windows.
Janus Spherical Robot With Multiple Wettabilities for Droplet/ Bubble Manipulation
Authors: Zhao Zihao , He Shiping , Yu Anhui , Wang Shaochen , Zhang Huayang , Guo Zhiguang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe flexible manipulation and directional transport of fluids, including droplets and bubbles, are foundational to numerous applications. Fluid manipulation based on external field stimulation and fixed structures has a wide range of applications in both natural and artificial materials, such as water collection, water electrolysis, droplet energy collection, medical diagnosis, etc. However, droplets and bubbles exhibit opposite wettability, and the inherent opposition between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity presents a significant challenge in developing a manipulation system capable of manipulating both droplets and bubbles. Here, inspired by multiple natural organisms, a magnetic‐actuated Janus spherical robot with switchable wettability as the driving core of droplets or bubbles, and a solid‐like slippery surface as the manipulation platform is proposed, which achieves the dual programmable manipulation of droplets and bubbles. Furthermore, the Janus robot can achieve the transition from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic within 8 min under UV light. It is noteworthy that the Janus robot demonstrates superior capabilities in the transport speed and carrier volume of liquid droplets (bubbles), which can reach 18 (13) cm s−1 and 800 (500) µL, respectively. This strategy provides a novel and reliable method for the automated manipulation of droplets and bubbles and broadens their applications.