bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sulfide-Containing Solutions on the Corrosion of Cu-Ni Alloys; Electrochemical and Surface Studies
Authors: Al-Kharafi Faizah M , Abdel Nazeer Ahmed , Abdullah Ragab M , Galal Ahmed 
Published: February 2020

The copper-nickel alloy (CuNi 90/10) is extensively used in different oil industries and marine structures. Some of the main usage of this class of alloys is piping in seawater and heat exchangers. In several occasions, the alloy is exposed to sulfide-containing solutions of chloride and sulfate. There is limited information available on the effect of sulfide on the corrosion rate of Cu-Ni alloy and the interrelation between the surface structure of the films formed and the concentration of metal ions dissolved in the electrolyte side. A systematic study is required to understand the role of sulfide both in promoting film formation and dissolution of the alloy in presence of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and sulfuric acid. We found that the presence of sulfide ions with a concentration of 20 ppm resulted in a relative increase in the rate of corrosion compared to sulfide-free electrolytes. The rates of corrosion are 3.98, 3.13, 5.30, 9.30, 13.1 mm year-1 in 0.1 M H2SO4, 0.1 M Na2SO4, 0.58 M NaCl, 0.1 M H2SO4 + 0.58 M NaCl, and 0.58 M NaCl + 0.1 M Na2SO4, respectively [1]. The corresponding rates of corrosion in the same electrolytes containing 20 ppm sulfide ions are: 6.22, 14.52, 20.36, 15.35, and 23.75 mm year-1, respectively. The rate of corrosion of the alloy is highest in case of 0.58 M NaCl, and 0.58 M NaCl + 0.1 M Na2SO4 containing 20 ppm sulfide. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements indicate that relatively thicker passive films are formed over the alloy surface in these electrolytes as indicated in Figure 1. Moreover, the film thickening increases with time of exposure of the electrode in these electrolytes. This finding is ascertained from the systematic experiments and data obtained from FE-SEM images (Figure 2), XPS analyses of the films morphologies and structures, and electrolyte composition determined from ICP-MS measurements. The alloy was exposed to different time intervals (namely 30 s, 30 min and 60 min, respectively) of anodizing potential of +0.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl in different electrolytes. The concentration of Cu and Ni ions in the electrolyte side progressively increases with time of exposure in all electrolytes studied. The relative concentration is lowest in Na2SO4 solution containing sulfide, and is highest in Na2SO4 + NaCl. The composition of the passive film reflects that beside oxides/hydroxides, metallic sulfides are also formed. The protective layer is formed mainly of Cu2O and NiO2with ratios that differ according to the type of electrolyte. A possible mechanism for the corrosion of Cu-Ni alloy in presence of sulfide is as follows [2]:
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- = 4OH-

S2- + H2O = HS- + OH-

Cu + HS- = Cu(HS-)ads

Cu(HS-) = Cu(HS) + e-

Cu(HS) = Cu+ + HS-

2Cu+ + HS- + OH- = Cu2S + H2O
[1] F.M. Al-Kharafi, A. Abdel Nazeer, R.M. Abdullah, A. Galal, ECS Transactions, 58 (xx) 2013.
[2] K. Rahmouni, M. Keddam, A. Srhiri, H. Takenouti, Corros. Sci., 47, 3249-3266, 2005.
Inhibition of Corrosion and Hydrogen Permeation into Carbon Steel in the Chloride Media Containing H2s and CO2
Authors: Tsygankova Liudmila , Vigdorovich Vladimir , Shel Natalia , Esina Marina 
Published: February 2020

Inhibiting action of compositions on base of the technological mixture of the polyaminoamides and polyaminoimidazolines dissolved in the specific organic protonic solvent (IC-1) and aprotonic one (IC-2) has been studied against steel corrosion and hydrogen diffusion through the steel membrane. Investigations were conducted in the HCl solutions (pH = 2 – 6) containing 0.25 – 25 g/l NaCl and saturated by CO2 (P = 1 – 2 atm) and H2S (5 – 1000 mg/L) separately and together by the methods of gravimetrical corrosion tests, potentiodinamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical diffusion method has been used too.
Protective efficiency (Z, %) of the inhibitors increases with decreasing pH value and at the insertion of hydrogen sulfide. Its value reaches 96 % in the solutions with pH=2 containing 500 mg/L H2S and 200 mg/L of IC-1 or IC-2. At the inhibitor concentration equal to 50 mg/L, efficiencies of first and second inhibitors are near 93% and 85% respectively. Z increases with increasing CH2S up to 500 mg/l, further growth of the H2S concentration does not practically influence on the protective action.
The inhibitors slow down both partial electrode reactions of the corrosion process simultaneously. Their adsorption proceeds according to the Temkin isotherm in the wide range of the cathodic and anodic potentials. Both inhibitors decrease the hydrogen permeation into the steel membrane at the corrosion potential and under the anodic and cathodic polarization too in the presence of CO2 and H2S separately and together.
Characterization of Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5 (OH)4) and Lansoprazole (C16H14N3F3O2S) for Developing a Structured Coating
Authors: Sarmiento Bustos Estela , Concha Guzman Lizeth , Uruchurtu Jorge , Menchaca Carmina , Dominguez Perez Oscar 
Published: February 2020

The phenomenon of corrosion is impaired and the different materials. Industrially it has worked in the protection of these, however, efforts can increase costs if the methods and mechanisms are not adequate and therefore inefficient. Currently, several studies focus on the development of new coatings that act as corrosion inhibitors from natural sources with no toxic properties. Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4) is considered a "green" low cost material and promotes it to be used as a container of polymeric materials because of their porous characteristics. Moreover, some drugs such as omeprazole (C17H19N3O3S), pantoprazole (C16H15N3F2O4S) for their inhibitory properties in acidic environments are ideal candidates for use as corrosion inhibitors to replace those that are typically toxic as chromate lithium (Li2CrO4).
In this paper the development of a structured coating consisting of kaolinite (Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4) doped with lansoprazole (C16H14N3F3O2S) and a polymer film with the purpose of protecting metallic materials such as steel is presented. The objective of this work is to characterize kaolinite (Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4) in the raw natural state and heat treated at 350, 400, 450 and 560 ° C by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Lansoprazole ((C16H14N3F3O2S)) was characterized by electrochemical techniques: polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
The results show that the kaolinite in its natural state has amorphous and crystalline particles with impurities. When the heating process mesoporous particles were obtained. Lansoprazole effectiveness at different concentrations (50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 200 ppm) was evaluated in an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate ((NH)4 SO4) with sodium chloride (NaCl) at pH 7 and 25 ° C using mild steel.
The results suggest that at 500 °C mesoporous kaolinite particles which may be applied as inhibitory container obtained lansoprazole, gave the better electrochemical response. Moreover lansoprazole has the highest efficiency as a corrosion inhibitor at 125 ppm.
Efficient Corrosion Inhibition of API 5L X52 STEEL in HCl By NN-Functionalized 1,2,3-Triazoles
Authors: Espinoza Araceli , Palomar Manuel , Romero Mario Alberto , Negrón Guillermo , Mendoza Daniel 
Published: February 2020

The corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) of a series of NN-functionalized 1,2,3-Triazoles was measured in the system: pipeline steel grade API 5L X52 / 1M HCl, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The influence of the inhibitor concentration on the IE of all these compounds was determined. The results showed that in all cases the IE increased with increasing inhibitor concentration, and the best inhibitor of the series resulted the p-fluorinatedbenzyl triazole (TDF) with 96% of EI at 15 ppm.
Overall, it was found that the inhibitors follow a physisorption mechanism, which can be adequately described by the Langmuir isotherm. Moreover, it is shown that these compounds can affect both the anodic and cathodic processes, thus it can be classified as a mixed-type inhibitor that may block both anodic and cathodic sites in the API 5L X52 steel surface immersed in HCl.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of API 5lX52 in Ethanolic Environment
Authors: Pedraza Basulto Gabriela Karina , Miramontes Jose Angel Cabral , Chacon Jose , Achem Calahorra Jamnie Yazmin 
Published: February 2020

The human interest on renewable energy it is due environmental preservation. In substitution of Methyl-therbutyl-ether (MTBE), ethanol it is being used as replacement of the oxidant agent in gasoline, because not only increases the fuel octane number and represents the best option for the increasing demand for fossil fuel observed over the last few years. However, one of the most common failures on mild steel found in ethanolic environments is stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and pitting corrosion. Based on the report of American Petroleum Institute (API), the safer way for transporting the blend is by the existing pipeline.
Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of water content (0.5%, 5%, 10% ) in E95 blends on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of API 5L X-52 steel. In order to assess the steel mechanical and electrochemical response, slow strain rate tests (SSRT) of 1 X 10-6 s-1, coupled with electrochemical noise measurements (ECN) were carried out. In addition, the material response immersed into the various solutions was analyzed by using linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurements and weight loss measurements. Furthermore, fracture surface observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on samples exposed to the various solutions were done. In general, a ductile behavior was observed. However, secondary cracking was only observed for specimens exposed to solution containing up to 2%V water. ECN gave indication of a likely localized corrosion process occurring at low water concentrations, whereas for water content above 2%V, a uniform corrosion process seems more likely to occur. the LPR results indicated that specimens exposed to water content up to 2%V disclosed the lower corrosion rates. Further, the results of weight loss measurements supported the behavior found.
Protection and Failure Mechanism Analysis of Zinc Coatings for Galvanic Protection
Authors: Wijesinghe Sudesh Lakshitha , Tan Zixi 
Published: February 2020

Zinc coatings have been used for many decades for various applications to protect against corrosion. These coatings provide a very effective and an economical way of protecting steel against corrosion. Both substrate-coating interface and the bulk of coating play important roles in terms of galvanic protection capability, thus the transformation process of zinc particles and their interactions were analysed together with corrosion resistant properties. It is imperative to study the protection and failure mechanisms of these coatings related to corrosion.

Two zinc coatings; namely hot dip galvanised (HDG) together with a special commercial zinc rich paint coated on AISI 1020 mild steel substrates were selected for a detailed study of their protection/failure mechanism. High resolution cross sectional analysis of samples at different exposure stages together with other corrosion and electrochemical data will help to unveil the story.
Samples were exposed in an advanced cyclic corrosion test chamber according to ISO 14993 and were withdrawn at the end of each cycle for respective evaluation. Electrochemical evaluations were conducted using corrosion potential measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Localised electrochemical details and anodic and cathodic activities were investigated by high scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET).
Cross sectional analysis of samples at different stages of exposure were done by high resolution scanning electron microscope with and without backscattering techniques to scrutinise the protection and failure mechanisms of the coatings.
Corrosion rates were calculated by chemical pickling followed by mass loss measurements whilst visual examinations were performed according to ISO 10289 whilst corrosion products were analysed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier Transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) together with micro Raman spectroscopy.

Results will be discussed in detail in the presentation
Surface Modification and Electrochemical Metallization of Advanced Polymers for Energy Application
Authors: Oriani Andrea Vittorio , Spreafico Marco Alberto , Cojocaru Paula , Triulzi Francesco , Magagnin Luca , Apostolo Marco 
Published: February 2020

For some demanding applications the peculiar properties of polymers, as lightweight, flexibility and chemical resistance, need to be enriched with additional characteristics that are traditionally associated with metals, such as thermal and electrical conductivity, barrier to fluids, high hardness, tribological resistance and reflectivity. Applications, requiring this coupling of different properties, include flexible electronics, barrier layers and alternative energy1–3. In these applications a thin layer of metal, on top of the polymeric substrate, is sufficient to assure the required properties. The main issue of these composites is the adhesion between the two materials and is related to the low surface energy of polymers4. To overcome adhesion issues between the polymeric and metallic layer, several dry and wet processes have been proposed5–7 that imply the utilization of expensive tools or aggressive chemicals. We propose an alternative method to perform metallization of partially fluorinated polymers based on a two-step process: a) chemical functionalization of the substrate surface, for increased adhesion and b) activation and electroless metallization with Cu or Ni-P. After this process we have a continuous, adherent and conductive metallic layer that allows for surface finishing by electrodeposition. We produced continuous metallic thin layers of Cu and Ni-P on different partially fluorinated polymers achieving a 5B adhesion in the ASTM D3359 cross cut test. Considering the application of metallized polymeric films for solar thermodynamic, the electrodeposition of Al from air and water stable ionic liquids is being investigated.

References:

1. G. Garnier et al., Polym. Adv. Technol., 22, 847–856 (2011).
2. Y. Su et al., Int. J. Solids Struct., 49, 3416–3421 (2012).
3. J. Vanfleteren et al., MRS Bull., 37, 254–260 (2012).
4. J. M. Burkstrand, J. Appl. Phys., 52, 4795 (1981).
5. K. L. Mittal, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 13, 19 (1976).
6. K.-W. Lee and A. Viehbeck, IBM J. Res. Dev., 38, 457–474 (1994).
7. P. Bertrand, P. Lambert, and Y. Travaly, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 131, 71–78 (1997).
Electrodeposition of Selective Absorber Coatings Based on Black Nickel for Solar - Thermal Energy Conversion
Authors: Estrella-Gutierrez Manuel Alejandro , Lizama-Tzec Francisco Ivan , Arés-Muzio Oscar , Oskam Gerko 
Published: February 2020

Solar energy is the most abundant, renewable and clean energy source, and several systems exist to convert solar energy into a useful form for specific applications. One of them is the development of solar collectors based on selective coatings, with a high absorptivity in the visible and low emissivity in the near to mid infrared regions of the solar spectrum. The use of selective coatings has been widely established as an industrial practice to improve the efficiency in solar energy collection. For practical applications, a solar absorber coating with selective optical properties should be easily applicable with easy scale-up, low cost and short time of synthesis. These coatings can be applied to the collector substrate by various techniques including vacuum deposition, spray methods, sol-gel chemistry, and electrodeposition.
In this work, bright and black nickel coatings were electrodeposited onto copper and stainless steel substrates with an area of 16 cm2. The experiments were performed at room temperature using electrolytes from nickel sulfate and nickel chloride salts. For the characterization of the coatings, several techniques were used, as profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical properties of the coatings were measured by reflectance spectroscopy. For the evaluation of the energy conversion efficiency, the electrodeposited coatings were irradiated at 1 sun and the heating of an aqueous was measured as a function of film properties.
Fabrication and Characterization of CdS Nanoparticles Obtained via Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
Authors: Tamasauskaite-Tamasiunaite Loreta , Grinciene Giedre , Selskis Algirdas , Norkus Eugenijus 
Published: February 2020

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is an important II-IV semiconductor with a direct band gap of 2.42 eV at room temperature for various applications in optoelectronic, electronic devices and solar cells. Size, structure and morphology of CdS nanoparticles play a major role on the physical and optical properties of CdS thin films.
In the present study a rapid microwave heating method was used to prepare CdS nanoparticles. The reaction mixture consisted of cadmium chloride, cadmium acetate, cadmium nitrate and thiourea precursors. The influence of reaction mixture medium and power on the size and structure of synthesized CdS was investigated. The morphology, structure and composition of the prepared CdS were examined by means of Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. The optical properties of the CdS thin films deposited onto glass substrates were investigated by means of UV/Vis spectrophotometric measurements.
It has been found that the size and structure of CdS particles synthesized by rapid heating irradiation depend on the alkalinity of reaction mixture and microwave power. The synthesized CdS nanoparticles have a band gap of 2.5 – 2.7 eV.

Acknowledgement

The work was carried out within the project VP1-3.1-ŠMM-08-K-01-009 that is partly supported by the National Programme “An improvement of the skills of researchers” launched by the Lithuanian Ministry of Education and Science.
Keynote: Successful Electrochemical Energy Storage: A Battery Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts
Authors: Takeuchi Esther S , Takeuchi Kenneth J , Marschilok Amy C 
Published: February 2020

Advances in electrochemical energy storage have taken on expanded significance due to the needed ability to store electricity for many applications including aerospace, transportation, portable electronics, and biomedical devices. Recently, large scale electrochemical energy storage is also being contemplated for storage related to the generation and distribution of electricity by the electrical grid.
The specific needs of each application vary widely where a single solution can not meet the demands of all applications. This results in the tethering of the energy storage solution with the need where the energy storage system should be viewed synergistically with the application. The application is often enabled by the power source and conversely, without an application the power source has little value.
The design of next generation power sources is successful taken in the context of systems level function. Expertise spanning the range from molecular analysis to mesoscale interrogation to systems level observation is required. An example based on the deployment of a successful battery, lithium/silver vanadium oxide, for implantable medical applications will be considered. Recent results in the quantification of the life limiting process based on anode – cathode – electrolyte interactions will be presented. Further, the investigation of a new class of materials for extending battery life will be discussed.
A Portable Oxygen Concentrator for Wound Healing Applications
Authors: Scherson Daniel , Cali Larry , Sarangapani Sarang 
Published: February 2020

Wound healing is a complex biological process that involves an organized cell assembly leading to tissue regeneration and repair, a process that requires oxygen. As has been reported in many studies, hypoxia delays wound healing; oxygen modulates the inflammatory response of the tissues and it serves as an infection control agent by enhancing the ability of leukocytes to kill bacteria when supplied in adequate amounts. In addition, it promotes collagen synthesis and stimulates angiogenesis. Most importantly, continuous oxygen application leads to wound closure, as has been shown in a number of clinical studies where closure rates as high as 80% have been observed for non-healing recalcitrant wounds.
EPIFLO® (Ogenix, Beachwood, OH). (Figure 1) is a commercially available device that can deliver Transdermal Continuous Oxygen therapy and represents an inexpensive alternative to systemic hyperbaric oxygen therapy without the side effects of vasoconstriction, toxicity, and tissue destruction associated with the latter. EPIFLO is a light-weight (~100 g) electrochemical oxygen concentrator with no moving parts and silent operation. It generates continuously 3 mL/hour oxygen (98+% purity) and delivers to the wound site through a cannula tubing. It employs leading-edge oxygen ‘fuel cell’ concentration technology to stimulate tissue regenerative processes driving closure of delayed-healing acute or chronic wounds. This product is US FDA approved for a broad range of indications as a Class II Medical Device; prescribed on order of a physician. It is also CE, ISO 13485:2003 and CMDCAS (Canadian Medical Devices Conformity Assessment Scheme) Health Canada Certified
The heart of the device is a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) consisting of a perfluorosulfonic acid cation exchange membrane, such as NafionR, interposed between two high area electrodes made of finely divided Pt based metal catalysts (Figure 2). Atmospheric air composed mostly of ~ 21 % oxygen, 78 % nitrogen is exposed to the device through the slots in the seam formed between the lid and the bottom part of the enclosure, where when activated using a small battery, it promotes the reduction of dioxygen at the cathode and the oxidation of water at the anode to produce oxygen delivered through a suitable tubing to the wound. Since the cation exchange membrane has overall very low gas permeability, gases cannot permeate through the membrane, thus ensuring a higher than 98% purity of the product oxygen.
This presentation will describe the critical steps involved in the bench-to-shelf process, invention to product, as well as the highly promising results found from its use in recalcitrant patients.