bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Gallium Nitride-Based Hall-Effect Sensors in High Temperature Environments
Authors: Krone Alexis , Alpert Hannah , Shetty Satish , Senesky Debbie G. , Salamo Gregory , Huitink David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Magnetic field sensors based on the Hall-effect have a variety of applications such as current sensing in power electronics and position and velocity sensing in vehicles. Additionally, they have benefits such as easy integration into circuits, low manufacturing cost, and linearity over a wide range of magnetic fields. However, in order to use these devices in an industrial or automotive setting, the effect of high temperatures on the reliability of the Hall-effect sensors needs to be evaluated. This study focuses on the effect of high temperature on the electrical and material properties of novel gallium nitride (GaN)-based Hall-effect sensors and the impacts on the reliability of these devices. Changes in device properties such as resistance and electrical response, as well as on the metallic contacts, are examined, using two sets of devices made with different substrates and contact metals. A probe station is used to characterize electrical responses, while an X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS) and Electron-Diffuse X-ray (EDX) are used to characterize material interactions. The findings include saturation curves, the presence of gallium on the contacts of the octagonal device, and the activation energy of reaction responsible for resistance increase for the octagonal AlGaN/GaN devices. Additionally, the Greek cross AlGaN/GaN Hall sensors showed excellent thermal stability.
CFD Modeling of the Distribution of Airborne Particulate Contaminants Inside Data Center Hardware
Authors: Saini Satyam , Adsul Kaustubh K. , Shahi Pardeep , Niazmand Amirreza , Bansode Pratik , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Modern-day data center administrators are finding it increasingly difficult to lower the costs incurred in mechanical cooling of their IT equipment. This is especially true for high-performance computing facilities like Artificial Intelligence, Bitcoin Mining, and Deep Learning, etc. Airside Economization or free air cooling has been out there as a technology for a long time now to reduce the mechanical cooling costs. In free air cooling, under favorable ambient conditions of temperature and humidity, outside air can be used for cooling the IT equipment. In doing so, the IT equipment is exposed to sub-micron particulate/gaseous contaminants that might enter the data center facility with the cooling airflow.
The present investigation uses a computational approach to model the airflow paths of particulate contaminants entering inside the IT equipment using a commercially available CFD code. A Discrete Phase Particle modeling approach is chosen to calculate trajectories of the dispersed contaminants. Standard RANS approach is used to model the airflow in the airflow and the particles are superimposed on the flow field by the CFD solver using Lagrangian particle tracking. The server geometry was modeled in 2-D with a combination of rectangular and cylindrical obstructions. This was done to comprehend the effect of change in the obstruction type and aspect ratio on particle distribution. Identifying such discrete areas of contaminant proliferation based on concentration fields due to changing geometries will help with the mitigation of particulate contamination related failures in data centers.
Experimental Study of a Set of Integrated Cross-Media Heat Exchangers (iCMHXs) for Liquid Cooling in Desktop Computers
Authors: Kailkhura Gargi , Mandel Raphael , Shooshtari Amir , Ohadi Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present study is an experimental investigation of a set of five additively-manufactured compact, lightweight, low-cost, air-to-water cross-media heat exchangers suitable for liquid cooling applications in desktop computers, among other applications. The heat transfer between the two fluids is facilitated by solid metallic wires arranged in a staggered tube-bank configuration, in direct contact with both fluids separated by polymer walls. Since the liquid flows externally over the wires instead of flowing inside the tubes in conventional tube-bank fin heat exchangers, smaller wires can be used in iCMHXs, resulting in lighter and more efficient units. The additively-manufactured iCMHX units are post-processed using a conformal polyurethane sealant. The units are experimentally studied in two case studies based on their post-processing techniques. The experimental studies include instrumentation calibration as well as uncertainty analysis. The first case study considers three geometrically identical iCMHX units sharing the same post-processing method. The overall iCMHX performances characterized by the thermal and hydrodynamic parameters, such as thermal resistance and pressure drop for both waterside and airside, are compared. Their experimental results are also compared to 2D CFD predictions. To provide probable reasoning behind the differences in the comparisons, a second case study is then carried out by experimentally investigating two iCMHX units but with variable post-processing approaches such as by using a thinned sealant and by using a single layer of sealant.
Personal Heating/Cooling System Using Peltier
Authors: Abdelmessih Amanie , Alvarez Andre , Gonzalez Joshua , Gooch Timothy , Gutierrez Adrian , Magana Kristoffer , Nakamura Jonathan , van Haaster Joseph 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Common quibbles in most homes are the temperature setting. Some family members are comfortable with cooler temperature settings, while other family members prefer warmer temperature settings. Not to mention the fragile elderly and some medical situations require different temperature settings for those individuals than the rest of the occupants of the space.
The purpose of this article is to outline a research where we created a working prototype of a portable, effective Peltier cooling/heating system. Peltier, or thermoelectric modules, are devices that use the differences in electric voltages to create a difference in temperature between two flat opposite sides of the thin module. The system can easily be switched between the heating and cooling modes. In contrast to compression refrigeration systems it produces a very low level of noise output. Also, the system is portable, small in size, and light weight. Another advantage of using the Peltier system is it does not employ hazardous substances such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons, but uses water. While a system such as this could be beneficial in the day to day comfort of any individual, it could prove vital to the survival of the elderly and medically vulnerable individuals. This heating/cooling system can enhance the performance of military, particularly in biological warfare suites, and law enforcement personnel who find themselves in less than desirable weather conditions.
This uniquely designed Peltier system is compact, and lightweight. Cooling/heating through the system would be achieved by the exchange of heat between the user and a custom designed vest. The system is powered by lithium ion battery pack. Details of this unique design are discussed in the article. Also, the testing and results are reported, and discussed.
Liquid Cooling Utilizing a Hybrid Microchannel/Multi-Jet Heat Sink: A Component Level Study of Commercial Product
Authors: Hoang Cong Hiep , Tradat Mohammad , Manaserh Yaman , Ramakrisnan Bharath , Rangarajan Srikanth , Hadad Yaser , Schiffres Scott , Sammakia Bahgat 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The miniaturization of microelectronic devices and an increasing demand for faster computing results in high heat flux applications. By adopting direct liquid cooling, the high heat flux and high-power demands can be met. In this paper, thermo-hydraulic performance of a commercial hybrid micro-channel/multi-jet heat sink with water coolant was analyzed in detail. The copper microchannel heat sink with 3 mm fin height, fin thickness of 0.1 mm and channel width of 0.1 mm was used for removing heat flux from the chip surface area of 1″ × 1″(6.45 cm2). Water coolant was directed to microchannel fins by multiple slot jets, continuously providing impingement flow. A three-dimensional numerical simulation using commercial software 6sigmaET is carried out and validated with experimental results. The effects of the coolant inlet temperature and flow rate on the thermo-hydraulic performance was studied. CFD simulation was performed at inlet temperature of 29 °C, 36 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C. Flow rate was varied from 0.7 LPM to 3 LPM. Geometry optimization was performed, considering process of cutting the microchannel into pin fins. It was observed that the thermal resistance of pin-fins/multi-jet heat sink was reduced by 29.4 % as compared to original microchannel/multi-jet heat sink and without changing pressure drop significantly. In this specific heat sink design, the combination of multiple jets and pin fins leads to improvement of thermal performance as compared to micro-channel/multi-jet combination.
Effect of Flex-to-Install and Dynamic Folding on Li-Ion Battery Performance Degradation Subjected to Varying Orientations, Folding Speeds, Depths of Charge and C-Rates
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Soni Ved , Miller Scott 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The growing need for wearable devices, fitness accessories and biomedical equipment has led to the upsurge in research and development of thin flexible battery research and development. Wearable equipment and other asset monitoring applications require versatile installation of power sources on non-planar surfaces. For power sources in wearable electronics, perseverance towards repetitive mechanical stresses induced by human body motion is necessary along with the usual desirable characteristics such as high capacity, high C-rate capability and good life cycle stability. Prior studies which document the reliability of power sources subject to static and dynamic folding are scarce and at times fail to follow definitive test protocols which limit their application to real-life battery use scenarios. Particularly, the use of manual mechanical stressing of the power sources instead of a mechanical test setup is a key shortcoming in existing literature. Data is lacking on battery life cycling and in-situ mechanical stressing of the power sources including their impact of performance and reliability. Present study aims to overcome these deficiencies by testing a commercial Li-ion power source under static as well as dynamic folding. Furthermore, the fold-orientation and its fold-speed are varied to evaluate the effect of different mechanical stress topologies on the power source. Finally, a regression model was developed to capture the effect of these use parameters on battery capacity degradation.
Evaluation of Single Phase Immersion Cooling System for High Performance Server Chassis Using Dielectric Coolants
Authors: Shao Shuai , Gao Tianyi , Yang Huawei , Zhao Jie , Zhang Jiajun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Along with advancements in microelectronics packaging, the power density of processor units has steadily increased over time. Data center servers equipped for high performance computing (HPC) often use multiple central processing units (CPUs) and graphical processing units (GPUs), thereby resulting in an increased power density, exceeding 1 kW per U. Many data center organizations are evaluating single phase immersion technology as a potential energy and resource saving cooling option.
In this work immersion cooling was studied at a power level of 2.7kW/U with a 5U-height immersion cooling tank. Heat generated by a simulated GPU server was transferred to the secondary loop coolant, and then exchanged with the primary loop facility coolant through the heat exchanger. The chiller supply and return temperature and flow rate was controlled for the primary loop.
The simulated GPU server chassis was designed to provide thermal power equivalent to a high power density server. Eight simulated power heaters, of which each unit was the size of a GPU chipset, was assembled in the comparable location to a real IT equipment on a 4U server chassis. Power for the GPU simulated chassis was able to support up to 2700 W maximum. Three investigations for this immersion cooling system evaluation were performed through comprehensive testing. The first is to identify the key decision making factor(s) for evaluating the thermal performance of 4 hydrocarbon-based dielectric coolants, including power parametric analysis, transient analysis, power cycling test, and fluid temperature profiling. The second is to develop an optimization strategy for the immersion system thermal performance. The third is to verify the capability of an 1U heat sink to support high density processor units over 300 W per GPU in an immersion cooling solution.
Experimental Study of Crack Propagation at the PCB/Underfill Interface due to Thermal Aging
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Choudhury Padmanava , Williamson Jaimal 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Flip-Chip Ball Grid Arrays (FCBGAs) are finding applications in automotive underhood electronics for enablement of safety-critical functions. Underfills needed to reinforce flip-chip interconnects in FCBGAs need to operate reliably under sustained high temperature operation. Underfill-to-substrate interface is one of the primary failure locations under wide thermal excursions and usually a precursor to flip-chip joint failure. In order to assess the reliability in the end application, there is need for understanding the damage progression of the underfill-to-substrate interface as a function of operating time and operating temperature. In this study, the Substrate-UF interface was exposed to high temperature and the interfacial fracture toughness quantified. A three-point composite beam specimen of PCB/Underfill was fabricated to study the interface and thermally aged for periods of 10 days, 30 days, 60 days at temperatures ranging from 100°C to 150°C. Quasi-static bending was used to observe and determine interfacial delamination of the sample specimen. A 2D-Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method was also employed to understand the Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), crack initiation and the fracture toughness, CTOD were compared with the aging schedule and temperature.
Determination of Anand Parameters From Creep Testing of SAC305 Solder Joints
Authors: Haq Mohammad Ashraful , Hoque Mohd Aminul , Suhling Jeffrey C. , Lall Pradeep 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Solder Joints are among the most vulnerable components within electronic packages, and solder joint fatigue is regarded to be one of the major methods of electronic package failure. The prediction of solder joint reliability is thus of great importance and most finite element packages utilize the Anand Viscoplastic Model to model the mechanical behavior of the solder joint material. In this work, 3 × 3 arrays of SAC305 solder joints of roughly 750 μm in diameter were reflowed in between two FR-4 printed circuit boards to create a sandwich structural sample. These samples were then subjected to creep testing in shear at various temperatures (T = 25, 50, 75, 100 °C) and stress levels (τ = 5, 10, and 15 MPa). A set of specially designed fixtures was used to grip the solder joint specimens. The nine Anand model constants were then extracted from the creep data. The Anand model predicted creep response curves were then compared with the experimental creep measurements to determine the accuracy of the model. The Anand model predictions were found to match the measured data very well over a wide range of temperatures and stress levels.
Implementation of a medical education programme for addictions MDT members to improve knowledge and confidence in managing substance users with complex comorbidities
Authors: Edison Marie Alexandra , Browne Bridget , Fehler Jeffrey 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundPublic Health England (PHE) has highlighted a rising number of deaths due to addiction, and notable changes in patient profiles. Management is now frequently intertwined with medical comorbidities and polypharmacy, as the patient group presents with more complex needs. Early detection is vital to minimise harm. Mental health frequently needs treating in tandem, but ‘cross-referral’ services can fail to recognise or meet these needs. A cohesive, confident multidisciplinary team (MDT) is vital for holistic care and accelerating recovery in cost-effective ways. Furthermore, MDTs are uniquely placed to effectively broker communications between multiple care inputs.MethodsMDT members of an addictions centre participated in a three-and-a-half-months education programme, encompassing eight PHE-recommended topics. These related to physical and mental health substance misuse sequelae, and specific population treatment needs.ResultsThere was a statistically significant improvement in all areas including: recognising early physical and/or mental health deterioration signs, providing basic health advice and appropriate escalation. Regarding PHE topics, biggest mean improvements were in managing substance misuse with physical comorbidities and pregnancy (38.2% and 35.9% respectively, p<0.0001). Additionally, biological mechanisms increased 26.0%, physical health consequences 24.2%, hepatic disorders 31.7%, older people 31.3%, homeless populations 31.8% and coexisting mental health 24.6% (all p≦0.002). Confidence communicating concerns to internal and external clinicians also increased (14% and 21%, respectively, p≦0.001).ConclusionA teaching programme improved MDT knowledge and confidence in early detection, escalation and communication of physical and mental comorbidities associated with substance misuse. This intervention should support harm reduction strategies on individual and wider-community levels. Introducing an education programme ensures a sustainable approach to workforce development and helps facilitate holistic care cost-effectively. Clear communication between multiple ‘cross-referral’ services involved with complex needs is essential for comprehensive integrated care.
Impacts of water temperature on the physiology and behaviours of the sea urchinsHeliocidaris crassispinaandMesocentrotus nudusthat reflect their range extension and disappearance in the Oga Peninsula, northern Honshu, Japan
Authors: Feng Wenping , Nakabayashi Nobuyasu , Inomata Eri , Aoki Masakazu N. , Agatsuma Yukio 
Published: December 2020

Ocean warming has facilitated the extension of Heliocidaris crassispina to Oga Peninsula, Japan, where the native species Mesocentrotus nudus has disappeared. To verify the temperature impacts on the physiology and behaviour of the two species, we reared small sea urchins at the increasing–decreasing temperature rate of 2.5 °C·week−1. The righting response, lantern reflex, gonad and gut carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents, and feeding rate were investigated. The high and low temperature limits of H. crassispina were 33.3 and 3.9 °C, respectively, which were higher than those of M. nudus. The optimal temperature ranges for behaviour and feeding in H. crassispina were 10.3–31.0 and 10.3–33.4 °C, respectively, which were higher than those in M. nudus. Feeding rates decreased significantly in both species when the temperature approached the high or low temperature limit, but the gut C and N contents of were not greatly affected. At 26–31 °C, the feeding rate significantly decreased in M. nudus but not in H. crassispina, which may explain the replacement of M. nudus by H. crassispina in the Oga Peninsula.
Survival Outcome and Impact of Chemotherapy in T1 Node-Negative Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A SEER Database Analysis
Authors: Zhang Jingyi , Wang Wenna , Wang Jiayu , Luo Yang , Chen Shanshan , Ma Fei , Xu Binghe , Fan Ying 
Published: December 2020

Objective. Although triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been considered to be an aggressive disease, the outcome of small-tumor (T1abcN0M0) TNBC and the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on TNBC survival remain controversial. Methods. We identified 4565 T1abcN0M0 TNBC patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015. After propensity score matching (PSM), 3214 patients were finally analyzed. Survival rates were compared among T1a, T1b, and T1c patients and between patients with and without adjuvant chemotherapy. Results. We classified 424, 1040, and 3101 cases as T1a, T1b, and T1c TNBC, respectively. A total of 2760 (60.5%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, accounting for 25.5%, 56.0%, and 66.8% of T1a, T1b, and T1c patients, respectively. Rates of 5-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) for T1a, T1b, and T1c patients receiving chemotherapy were 97.8%, 94.1%, and 94.5%, respectively, compared with 97.2%, 94.0%, and 89.9% in patients without chemotherapy. Patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had higher 5-year BCSS (94.5% vs. 89.9%,

P

= 0.004) in the T1c subgroup, but no significant difference was detected in T1a or T1b patients due to adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion. Small-tumor TNBC showed very good prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy improved prognosis in T1c TNBC cases to a greater extent than in T1a and T1b patients. More large-scale clinical trials are needed, and further study should be conducted to determine appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy for T1c TNBC patients.
Inter-religious Conflict, Translation, and the Usage of the Early Modern Notion of ‘Religion’ from the Fall of Constantinople to the Westphalian Peace Treaty in 1648
Authors: Reeh Niels 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article attempts to show that the modern notion of ‘religion’ is a construction that emerged in the context of inter-religious encounters following the fall of Constantinople and especially in the years around the Reformation. Hereby, the article argues that the modern notion of ‘religion’ emerged earlier than found by most previous studies, and that it was used in the legislation of the new Protestant states as well as in the modern (Westphalian) state-system, both of which it has been a part of ever since. The notion of ‘religion’ is, thus, not a scholarly invention (J.Z. Smith) or tied to colonialism (Timothy Fitzgerald) but rather a product of complex historical processes in which religious conflicts and the attempt to overcome these played a key role.
What Do Seculars Understand as ‘Spiritual’? A Replication of Eisenmann et al.’s Semantics of Spirituality
Authors: Demmrich Sarah , Huber Stefan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Eisenmann et al. developed a system consisting of forty-four categories to code the definitions of spirituality in samples from the USA and Germany. We tested this category system in a sample of seculars in Switzerland. All original categories were applicable to the individual understandings of spirituality in our sample. Only two additional categories of marginal relevance were formed. This result confirms the validity of the category system. Furthermore, the German and the Swiss samples both stress an understanding of spirituality as transcending without emphasizing transcendence. This concept should be used to construct spirituality scales for quantitative studies.
Islam in Bosnia Between East and West: The Reception and Development of Traditionalism
Authors: Beglerović Samir , Sedgwick Mark 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article looks at the reception and development of Guénonian Traditionalism in Bosnia from the 1970s to the present day. Traditionalism was initially received in Yugoslavia as esotericism, but then its reception became more Islamic, based in Sarajevo’s Islamic Theology Faculty. After the Bosnian War, Islamic Traditionalist works became popular among young Bosnians who wanted to combine Islam with European identities. Some Bosnian ulama taught Traditionalist works to their students, a development unparalleled elsewhere, and wrote their own Traditionalist-influenced works, mostly dealing with interreligious dialogue. The Bosnian reception and development of Traditionalism is unique, and it is argued that this reflects Bosnia’s special position between East and West.