bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of away-from-home food to the energy and nutrient intake among Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Bezerra Ilana N , Medeiros Hituanna BN , de Moura Souza Amanda , Sichieri Rosely 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To compare the contribution of different food consumption places to the energy and nutrient intake among Brazilian adolescents.Design:We analysed data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents – ERICA, carried out in 2013–2014. Foods were categorised into thirty-three food groups. Energy, nutrients and food groups were analysed according to home, public and private schools, and other places of foods consumption. Linear regression models were used to test the association between eating away from home and nutrient intake.Setting:Brazilian public and private schools.Participants:All adolescents who had undergone anthropometric evaluation and provided information through the questionnaires, including the 24-h recall (n 71 740).Results:The main portion of energy intake per day was consumed within the adolescent households (8112·776 kJ (1939 kcal), 95 % CI 1892, 1985). Away-from-home eating was reported by 52 % of students in a given day, but it contributed to only 15 % of total energy intake. This contribution was mainly due to high energy-dense food intake. The percentage contribution of foods consumed at public school and other places was very similar with respect to nutrients. However, food consumption at other places meant less intake of protein, fibre and Fe, in addition to increasing the intake of added sugar and fats.Conclusions:The frequency of food consumption outside the home by adolescents is high, although the main contribution to energy intake occurs at home, and despite the similarity of nutrients consumed in school and restaurants, the latter tends to worsen the nutritional quality of meals.
Quicktime as a Storage Medium for Dynamic Data Sets in In-Situ Electron Microscopy
Authors: Mansfield John F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The field of in-situ electron microscopy has recently become very active. Microscopy and Microanalysis 1997 was host to an extended symposium devoted entirely to in-situ studies. Also, a recent Winter School sponsored by Arizona State University was devoted entirely to in-situ electron microscopy and drew over 90 attendees. Examination of the presentations and papers in these in-situ symposia has revealed that the researchers involved still have problems acquiring, managing and storing and manipulating their data. An in-situ experiment, by its very nature, is dynamic and recording micrographs is typically not the optimum method of image acquisition. Videotape is the preferred medium. High grade S-video recording of experiments permits the extraction of single frames of reasonable quality from the tapes for presentation and publication. There are, however, a number of problems with video recording. During in-situ studies a number of variables in the sample environment are changing, e.g. the pressure, the temperature, the stress, the strain and the microscope parameters (accelerating voltage, beam current, magnification, specimen tilt, etc.).
A Model for Internet Access to Remote Visual Scientific Instruments
Authors: Morgan C L , Hillyard R A , Jones G M , Pardoe D L , Smith N R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Microscope and Graphic Imaging Center (MAGIC) at California State University, Hayward, has developed a model for interactive remote shared access to visual and analytic scientific instrumentation (IRSA/VASI). Using specialized software over the Internet, instruments such as electron microscopes can be shared throughout the world. Remote access to a centralized microscope provides investigators with specialized equipment that they might not be able to purchase and support on their own. For those who already have such instruments, it affords access to additional equipment and permits them to use their own resources in a wider context. Remote control of instrumentation is being researched and developed at national laboratories, supercomputing centers, and universities. Remote access and control was successfully demonstrated in 19921 and since that time, there have been other major achievements.
To demonstrate our model of interactive remote shared access to instrumentation, we have developed a system of software programs for remote control of a Philips XL-40 scanning electron microscope.
Network Control and Tools for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hunt J A , Meyer C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently there has been great interest in creating Internet and Intranet tools for electron microscopy. We can somewhat arbitrarily divide the goals of these tools into three categories: (1) Service lab interaction, (2) Laboratory extension, (3) Teaching & outreach. The service lab wants to disseminate the results of experiments quickly to its customers. Sometimes it needs to do this during the experiments for verification that the experiments are being correctly performed, but most collaboration problems can be solved with a phone discussion while looking at the same image. This level of interactivity is not sufficient for the laboratory extension community that wants real time experimental results and perhaps even controls of the equipment projected to a remote location. Finally, several groups have expressed interest in bringing observation and control of instrumentation into the classroom to potentially many computers and potentially many different displays of the experiment in progress.
SEM Stop-Frame, Color, 3D Animation for Motion Pictures
Authors: Scharf David , Wilbrink Jacob , Hunt John A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A stop-frame animation system has been developed for producing high-resolution, color and stereo motion picture animation sequences. The first of these sequences can be seen in the recently released IMAX 3D movies, “Four Million House Guests” a.k.a. “The Hidden Dimension”. IMAX movies have long been known for their breathtaking special effects that seem incredibly realistic because of the large projection screen (about 7 stories high) which is close to the entire audience, high resolution, and powerful audio effects. IMAX 3D is an extention to the traditional format that allows the audience to see three dimensional special effects with the aid of electronically shuttered viewing glasses. IMAX movies are an ideal medium to demonstrate the high resolution digital images that are possible with the SEM.
The goal of the SEM movie project was to produce movie sequences where viewers feels like they are flying smoothly through micro-space past microscopic creatures and objects in three dimensions and in color.
Tele-Presence Microscopy: A Progress Report
Authors: Zaluzec Nestor J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In 1995, we presented the initial design and demonstrated operation of the Tele-Presence Microscopy (TPM) Collaboratory at ANL. At that time the primary interaction mode for the Collaboratory was passive operation where the user was given a fixed interaction space with the system. Since then a number of changes have been implemented in both the system and its configuration. While the TPM Site is still accessed using browser based technology (URL = http://tpm.amc.anl.gov) the decisions which have been made at ANL since then, have necessitated that restrictions to the nature of the client browser software. Due to the requirement that TPM provide both a platform independent persistent electronic space as well as real time imaging, we have chosen to implement server push technology. This means that only those browsers which are fully compliant with Netscape Version 2.0 or greater now have full access to the TPM Site (MS Internet Explorer is not compatible with this technology).
A Telepresence Microscopy Research Session In The DOE2000 Materials Microcharacterization Collaboratory
Authors: Allard L F , Voelkl E , Nolan T A , Narula C K , Montreuil C , Bigelow W C , Mansfield J F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the primary research components of the DOE2000 Materials Microcharacterization Collaboratory involves studies of catalyst materials for reduction of NOx emissions from diesel engine exhausts. A series of experimental catalysts is currently under investigation with colleagues from Ford Research Laboratory. The major thrust of this research is the study of catalyst reactions to determine the progressive changes in the structure and morphology of the catalytic materials with temperature and time under conditions simulating diesel exhaust exposures. Because the High Temperature Materials Laboratory (HTML) provides an ex-situ reactor system that permits TEM samples to be examined after sequential reactions without intermediate atmospheric exposures, the research was undertaken on a collaboratory basis, with microscopy sessions conducted remotely via telepresence. This permits Ford scientists to interact with HTML (and/or other collaboratory) scientists during the TEM sessions, but does not require their time and involvement during the actual reactor runs. The first of these telepresence sessions was held recently, as described below.
National Institute of Standards and Technology - Texas Instruments Industrial Collaboratory Testbed
Authors: Postek Michael T , Bennett Marylyn , Zaluzec Nestor J , Wheatley Thomas , Jones Samuel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the missions of the NIST Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory (MEL) is to improve and advance length metrology in aid of U.S. Industry. This responsibility is found within the Precision Engineering Division (PED). The successful development of a “Collaboratory” for TelePresence Microscopy provides an important new tool to promote technology transfer in the area of length metrology and measurement technology. NIST and Texas Instruments, under the auspices of the National Advanced Manufacturing Testbed (NAMT) and in collaboration with the University of Illinois are developing a microscopy collaboratory testbed. This facility is designed to demonstrate the value of telepresence microscopy within a large distributed manufacturing facility such as Texas Instruments and between organizations such as NIST, Texas Instruments and Universities.
Telepresence Microscopy is an application of the state-of-the-art Internet based technology to long-distance scientific endeavors.
TEM Performance Evaluations with Slow-Scan CCD Cameras
Authors: Pan M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Digital imaging has made electron microscopy more quantitative, more direct, and more automated. It has vastly changed the way in which microscopy is done today. The conventional photographic emulsion technique for image recording is being replaced by CCD-based digital imaging techniques in virtually all aspects of electron microscopy applications, resulting in increased work efficiency and data accuracy. Many of the microscope's evaluation procedures are traditionally time-consuming and complicated, such as measurements of TEM resolution and spherical aberration coefficient of the objective lens, etc. However, they can be greatly simplified with the use of slow-scan CCD cameras bee and appropriate software.
With many superior properties over other image recording media, slow-scan CCD cameras offer possibilities for many new TEM applications, such as TEM autotuning and automated microscopy. On-line image display and analysis have proved to be the key elements in CCD-based digital imaging.
Practical Autotuning for Transmission Electron Microscopes
Authors: Pan M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There are three main algorithms for autotuning a transmission electron microscope (TEM), (1) image variance method, (2) tilt-induced image shift (TIS) method, and (3) automated diffractogram analysis method (ADA). In practice, each method has its own advantages and limitations. Therefore it is necessary to obtain a comprehensive understanding of each in order to be able to select the most appropriate one(s).
There are four key elements in any TEM autotuning setup, (1) microscope control by an external computer, for example via the standard RS232 serial port; (2) proper image acquisition device, for example a TV or a slow-scan CCD camera; (3) appropriate software for image analysis, processing, and optimization; (4) a fast computer that is the central control unit in the setup and dictates all the activities and operations.
Montages and Virtual Reality - A Paradim for Presentation of Analytical Data
Authors: Kennedy SK , Barton D , Lentz HP , Newlin J , Sauter PM , Schwerer FC 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Micro-graphs acquired using optical or electron microscopes reveal information on a local scale. When a sample is not homogeneous at the scale of the image, it may be necessary to view the sample at a magnification lower than that available by the instrument. Montages of micro-graphs can be constructed through the following steps: acquisition of individual images, stitching individual images into a single image (a montage), and producing the final exhibit(s). Performing these steps has traditionally required careful stage and illumination control during acquisition, dodging during printing, and hours with scissors and glue-pot during paste-up. Because this procedure is labor intensive, the creation of montages was limited to only the most important or critical situations. Digital microscopy, image processing software, and Web-enabled multi-media applications have reduced the barriers for creation of montages and provided for new display modes, thereby stimulating a revival of the use of montages as an enhanced presentation mode for technical data.
Anecdotes from an Atom-Probe Original
Authors: Panitz J A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope was introduced in 1967 at the 14th Field Emission Symposium in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The Atom-Probe was, and remains, the only instrument capable of determining “the nature of one single atom seen on a metal surface and selected from neighboring atoms at the discretion of the observer”. The development of the Atom-Probe is a story that highlights Erwin Muller's strong and sometimes volatile personality. It is a story of an instrument that one NSF proposal reviewer called “impossible” because “single atoms could not be detected”. It is also the story of the Field Emission Laboratory at Penn State in the late 1960s and the contributions of two superb technicians, Gerald Fowler and Brooks McLane, and two graduate students, Douglas Barofsky and John Panitz. The anecdotes from this time are colorful and reflect Erwin's pedigree as Gustav Hertz's student in the Berlin of the 1930s.
A Transparent Anode Array Detector for 3d Atom Probes
Authors: Miller M K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In a three dimensional atom probe, the identity and spatial coordinates of the atoms field evaporated from the specimen are determined. Their identity is calculated from the flight time from the specimen to the single atom detector. The x and y coordinates of the atom in the specimen are determined from the coordinates of its impact position on the position-sensitive detector and the z coordinate is determined from its position in the evaporation sequence. These data may then be reconstructed to visualize and quantify the distribution of all the elements in the specimen. Several types of position-sensitive detectors have been used including a wedge-and-strip detector (position-sensitive atom probe), a 10 by 10 array of anodes (tomographic atom probe), and a gateable CCD camera (optical atom probe). The wedge-and strip and the CCD camera detectors both suffer from the limitation that if more than one atom strikes the detector on a field evaporation pulse then the impact positions cannot be determined in many cases.
Development of the Scanning Atom Probe and Atomic Level Analysis
Authors: Nishikawa Osamu , Sekine Takahiro , Ohtani Yoshikatsu , Maeda Kiyoshi , Numada Yoshihiro , Watanabe Masafuirni , Iwatsuki Masashi , Aoki Susumu , Itoh Junji , Yamanaka Kazushi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The analyzing area of a conventional atom probe is an apex of a long, sharp tip. However, the fabrication of such a filamentary tip is extraordinary difficult for most materials, such as organic materials, ceramics and semiconductors with multi-layer structures. Accordingly, the application of the atom probe are severely restricted In order to overcome this difficulty, Nishikawa proposed to develop a scanning atom probe (SAP) introducing a funnel-shaped microextraction electrode to the conventional AP in order to confine the high field into a small space between a tip apex and an open end of the electrode. Thus, the SAP allows to analyze not only an apex of a sharp slender tip but also an apex of a few micron high minute cusp which normally exists on an unsmoothened specimen surface.
The microextraction electrode scans over a rugged specimen surface at a bias voltage and stands still right above an apex of a micro cusp, FIG. 1.
Towards 3D lattice reconstruction with the Position Sensitive Atom Probe
Authors: Warren PJ , Cerezo A , Smith GDW 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
3-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analysis enables 3D reconstruction of the chemical variations inside materials with near atomic resolution. This technique has enabled important insights into the phase chemistry and microstructure of a range of complex engineering materials. Although individual planes can be resolved when analysing in a direction close to a low-index pole, the spatial resolution of this technique has not been sufficient for reconstruction of all the original lattice positions. The spatial resolution is thought to be fundamentally limited by small lateral displacements of the atom on the surface of the specimen during the field evaporation process due primarily to interactions with the neighbouring surface atoms. It has therefore been considered that it will be impossible to correctly reconstruct the crystal lattice from 3DAP data. Recently, we have found that a 3DAP reconstruction of a region near a grain boundary in pure tungsten (an element renown for its good imaging and evaporation behaviour) revealed several different sets of crystallographic planes visible at angles up to 45° from the direction of analysis.
Digital Field Ion Microscopy
Authors: Sijbrandij S J , Russell K F , Thomson R C , Miller M K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Due to environmental concerns, there is a trend to avoid the use of chemicals needed to develop negatives and to process photographic paper, and to use digital technologies instead. Digital technology also offers the advantages that it is convenient, as it enables quick access to the endresult, allows image storage and processing on computer, allows rapid hard copy output, and simplifies electronic publishing. Recently significant improvements have been made to the performance and cost of camera-sensors and printers. In this paper, field ion images recorded with two digital cameras of different resolution are compared to images recorded on standard 35 mm negative film. It should be noted that field ion images exhibit low light intensity and high contrast.
Field ion images were recorded from a standard microchannel plate and a phosphor screen and had acceptance angles of ∼60°.
Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy of Poly Synthetically Twinned Titanium Aluminide
Authors: Larson D J , Miller M K , Inui H , Yamaguchi M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Two phase γ-based TiAl alloys are attractive for structural applications at high temperatures because they possess good elevated-temperature mechanical properties, low density, and good creep and oxidation resistance. The microstructures of these alloys consist of plates of the near equiatomic γ phase (L10-ordered structure) and the Ti3Al α2 phase (D019-ordered structure). It is of great interest to study the details of the lamellar α2+γ microstructure because the interface stability is the key to providing a usable high temperature material.
Polysynthetically twinned (PST) TiAl crystals have been developed in order to systematically study the lamellar microstructure. These PST materials contain no high angle grain boundaries and have an single set of aligned lamellae of a α2 and γ phases, as shown in Fig. 1. Therefore, PST samples facilitate the study of the dependence of mechanical properties on lamellar structure by providing a known, consistent set of aligned lamellae.
Atom Probe Studies of the Nanochemistry of Steels
Authors: Smith GDW , Cerezo A , Godfrey TJ , Wilde J , Venker FM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Steels represent by far the most widely used class of engineering alloys, and comprise almost 95% of total world metal production. Yet despite their familiarity and ubiquitous distribution, many fundamental questions remain unanswered regarding the nature of the solid state chemical reactions occurring during the heat treatment of steels, the mechanisms by which alloy additions affect the kinetics of these processes, and the role of trace impurities on properties.
The difficulties involved in studying such processes experimentally arise from two main sources. Firstly, the effects involved are often on an extremely fine scale. Secondly, one of the key elements involved is carbon, which is extremely difficult to study by conventional microanalytical techniques.
Remarkable progress has been achieved in these areas through the application of the atom probe method. Much of this work has been reviewed in a recent monograph by Miller et al.
The Role of Atom Probe in the Study of Nickel Base Superalloys
Authors: Blavette D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the advantages of Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy (APFIM) as compared to other nanoanalytical instruments is its very high spatial resolution and its quantitativity in composition measurement. A few tenths of a nanometer at the specimen surface as well as an ultimate depth resolution of one atomic resolution can routinely be attained. Among the numerous improvements brought about since its early developments in the seventies, the advent of three-dimensional atomprobes (see papers of G.D.W Smith and A. Cerezo, this issue) has been probably one of the most important breakthroughs, the Tomographic Atom Probe (TAP) being the French prototype [1]. As shown in a recent publication, this instrument is able to map out both composition and order 3D fields on a scale close to that of the unit cell [2], In this contribution, we shall focus on the application of 1D and 3D atom-probes to the study of nickel base superalloys.
The Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope: Applications in Surface M Science
Authors: Kellogg G L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ability to locate an individual atom on a surface, remove it in a controlled fashion, and determine its chemical identity makes the atom-probe field-ion microscope an extremely powerful tool for the analysis of solid surfaces. By itself, the field ion microscope has contributed significantly to our understanding of surface atomic structure, single-atom surface diffusion, and the detailed interactions that occur between atoms and defects on surfaces.1 When used in combination with the atom-probe mass spectrometer there have been several additional areas within the traditional definition of "surface science" where the chemical identification capability of the atom probe has led to new insights. In this paper these applications are reviewed focusing on two specific areas: surface segregation in intermetallic alloys and chemical reactions on metal surfaces.
The equilibrium distribution of component species in the near surface region of solid solution alloy may be different from the distribution in the bulk.