bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Silicate Electrochemical Sensor in Seawater
Authors: Chen Legrand Dancheng , David Arnaud , Barus Carole 
Published: May 2020

Long term monitoring of dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations such as silicate is the key to improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Electrochemical methods are proposed to measure in situ silicate concentration as they allow developing miniaturized, reagentless sensor. We report here on the development and the optimization of the in situ version of our silicate sensor.
Silicate is a non-electroactive specie and its determination is performed by measuring its corresponding silicomolybdic complex formed in situ at acidic pH after the oxidation of a molybdenum electrode while the counter electrode is isolated behind a Nafion® membrane [1].
The mechanical design of the sensor has been adapted from the laboratory prototype containing two connected cells: one to form the complexe and one for its detection on a gold electrode (Φ=2mm) by cyclic voltammetry. All the electrochemical and chemical parameters, such as the Mo oxidation, the complexation time, the silicomolybdic complex detection as well as the complex transfer from one cell to the other and the cleaning protocol have been optimized to detect the smallest silicate concentration possible with the shortest time. Reproducible calibrations performed with this sensor provided linear regressions between 1.63 µmol L-1 and 140 µmol L-1 and a limit of quantification of 1.63 µmol L-1. Repeatability is achieved over 53 tests on the same silicate concentration with less than 4% variation. The study of temperature effect revealed no influence on the electrochemical signal between 7° and 21°C.
The very first time series of silicate concentration was obtained after a successful deployment of our silicate sensor at 55 meters depth on a mooring off Coquimbo, Chili in 2017 [2].
More recently, two synchronized silicate sensors have been deployed in May 2019 off-shore Easter Island (Rapa Nui) at 100 meters depth in the Pacific Ocean. Several seawater samples were also collected at the same depth of sensor deployment to analyse the silicate concentration by colorimetric measurement in order to inter-compare the results obtained by the sensors and make corrections of any drift.
Also, one silicate electrochemical sensor has been deployed in Thau pond (Mediterranean Sea), France at 1.5 meters depth during 19 days (July 2019). Water samplings were carried out at the same depth, twice a day (one in the morning and one in the afternoon) during the week and will be analysed by colorimetric measurement at the Marine Station in order to inter-compare the results obtained with silicate sensors.
The sensors were measuring silicate concentration every 45 minutes. All the results obtained during these deployments will be presented and discussed.
[1] Lacombe et al., Talanta 77 (2008) 744-750.
[2] Barus/Chen Legrand et al., Frontier in Marine Science (2018) 5, 60
Electrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistor for Ultra-Sensitive Cs Ion Sensor
Authors: Nguy Tin Phan , Hayakawa Ryoma , Kilinc Volkan , Petit Matthieu , Raimundo Jean-Manuel , Charrier Anne , Wakayama Yutaka 
Published: May 2020

A main purpose of this work is to develop a new ultra-highly sensitive sensor in particular for the detection of Cs+ ions in natural water. The radioactivity of Cs+ ions produced in nuclear power stations (NPSs) causes serious impact on the health condition of humans, as well as aquatic plants and animals. Therefore, it should be strictly controlled. However, a large amount of radioactive Cs+ had been distributed from Fukushima NPS due to the tragic accident after the great earthquake in Japan. Because of these reasons, the detection and monitoring of Cs+ ions in natural water are necessary. To tackle this issue, we developed an organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based ion sensor. The sensor is composed of three main components: (1) organic semiconducting channel with high stability in working with natural water, (2) monolayer lipid membrane working as ultra-thin dielectric layer to allow low operating voltage and high sensitivity, and (3) novel calixarene-crown ether probe for high selectivity to Cs+
, which is grafted with lipid layer.
Here, gate bias voltage is applied through electrolyte solution, in which the target ion and other competing ions are simultaneously contained. Once ion probes form metal-complex with Cs+, the electrical signal from the ion, the concentration of which is even on the ppb order, can be detected as a shift of threshold voltage. This is owing to the large electrical capacitance of monolayer lipid membrane. In comparison with other conventional methods like ICP-MS, our new sensor has many advantages: high sensitivity and selectivity, high-throughputs, integration and portability associated to real-time and on-site monitoring capabilities. In this presentation, we demonstrate a label-free sensor operation with the sensitivity of femtomolar (pg/l) concentrations of Cs+ ion with high selectivity.
Development of a Microfluidic Front-End, Sample-Processing Subsystem
Authors: Bywaters Kathryn Faye , Quinn Richard C. , Boone Travis D. , Ricco Antonio J. 
Published: May 2020

One of the highest science risks during NASA missions involving living organisms, including the search for them and/or their biomarkers or signatures, is the quality and reliability of sample preparation and handling prior to in-situ analysis (1; 2). Afluidic instrument is being developed, Charged Info-storage Polymer Prep System (ChIPPS), that will enable automated preparation of an environmental sample by extracting, concentrating, and desalting information-storage polymers. Linear charged polymers with multiple functional block types—typified by, though not limited to, the nucleic acids DNA and RNA— are a class of molecules understood to be necessary for life’s function and replication (3). The capability to characterize charged polymers for detecting biosignatures is driven by the emergence of nanopore technology. ChIPPS will prepare environmental samples for downstream delivery to biosignatures detection instruments, such as those being developed using nanopore technologies.
References:
(1) La Duc, M.T.et al."Comparative analysis of methods for the purification of DNA from low‐bio-mass samples based on total yield and conserved microbial diversity," JRapid Methods & Automation Microbio17.3(2009): 350-68. (2) Salmon, K.et al."Global gene expression profiling in Escherichia coliK12 the effects of oxy-gen availability and FNR," J.BioChem278.32(2003): 29837-55. (3) Benner, Steven A., and Daniel Hutter. "Phosphates, DNA, and the search for nonterrean life: A second generation model for genetic molecules," BioorgChem30.1(2002): 62-80
(Invited) Considerations in the Scale-up of Lab-on-Chip and Microfluidics Products
Authors: Levine Leanna M. 
Published: May 2020

Microfluidics-based products are particularly difficult to transition efficiently from a laboratory concept to a beta product that meets target costs for a consumable. The reasons for this has to do with the complexity of microfluidics products, including the use of multiple manufacturing methods and mixed materials to create complete devices, the integration of reagents and liquids, and the integration of sensors. This presentation will discuss the different manufacturing methods involved in the development of a microfluidic product, and present a road map for the timelines and costs for a model cartridge concept. Of particular interest is to consider the trade-offs in not considering design for manufacture during the later part of the research phase before design lock.
This presentation will guide start-ups in asking the right questions and getting the right data to their investors to hit milestones and be on track with a credible cost of goods.
(Invited) Study of Electrochemiluminescence Nanohybrid and Their Application in Biomarker Detection of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Yang Xiurong 
Published: May 2020

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as an analytical technique has attracted increasing attention in clinical diagnosis and environmental assays due to the controllability in temporal, space, and light emitting intensity, simple operation, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, and low background signal. Compared to other methods for biomarker detection of Myocardial Infarction, ECL shows high sensitivity and a wide detecting range.
The common biomarkers for myocardial infarction include troponin, creatine kinase, myoglobin copeptin, and miRNA. Among those biomarkers, cTnI not only has excellent cardiac specificity but also can provide a long detecting window for cardiac injury, which has been acknowledged as the principal biomarker for AMI.
We have developed ECL nanohybrid materials and detection methods for the applications in biomarker detection of myocardial infarction, which include Ru-MOF nanosheet, Ru linking BPEI-coated carbon dots, dual-wavelength ratiometric ECL biosensor, ratiometric ECL–electrochemical(EC) hybrid biosensor, wavelength-resolved ECL resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) ratiometric immunosensor and so on. These ECL biosensors immunosensors exhibit excellent sensitivity, specificity, stability, and reproducibility. Therefore, they have great application prospects for biomarker detection in clinical diagnosis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0201301), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21435005 and 21627808), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (no. QYZDY-SSW-SLH019).
A Paper-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Biosensor for Label-Free Detection of Serum Bilirubin for Diagnosis of Jaundice
Authors: Li Ming 
Published: May 2020

Jaundice continues to be a serious health concern and is among the leading causes of deaths during the first days of newborn babies’ lives. Serum bilirubin is currently being exploited in the clinic as a key biomarker for the diagnosis and management of neonatal jaundice. The commonly used methods for serum bilirubin determination in clinical settings are direct spectroscopic measurement and the diazo reaction method. These methods have drawbacks such as low sensitivity, matrix interference, poor stability, high-cost, professional training, less specificity and tedious sample preparation. Thus, it is very urgent to develop a rapid and economical route for sensitive and specific detection of free bilirubin directly in human serum.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for biosensing applications with high sensitivity, molecular specificity, powerful multiplex detection capability, and excellent photostability. This talk will present our recent study on the development of a paper-based SERS biosensor for label-free detection of bilirubin in serum. This biosensor comprises multifunctional graphene oxide-gold nanostar (GO-GNS) hybrids decorated on the filter paper. This biosensor combines the enrichment for serum bilirubin and plasmonic enhancement for Raman signals of bilirubin for boosting the label-free detection sensitivity directly in blood serum without the need for additional sample preparation. Our results demonstrated the excellent detection performance for detection of bilirubin directly in serum in a label-free manner, and the detection results were compared with the commercial diazo reaction method, which justifies the clinical effectiveness and suitability of the present paper-based SERS biosensor. We believe that the present paper-based SERS biosensor has great potential for clinical translation in accurate diagnosis of jaundice and other related diseases.
Carbon Monoxide Sensing for a Low-Cost Mobile Health Device
Authors: Shalforoosh Sarem , Sinoway Jordan , Pearlstein Larry , Hunter Rebecca 
Published: May 2020

We explore the use of electrochemical sensors toward the creation of a personal carbon monoxide monitoring device. Our ultimate goal is the development of an inexpensive, highly integrated mobile health (mHealth) device for improving the outcomes, and decreasing the treatment costs, for smoking cessation therapy among low socioeconomic status (SES) patients. We will combine a number of proven modalities into a single device, which we call the T-COM. This hand-held personal device will integrate a breath carbon monoxide sensor, multilingual motivational text and audio messaging, gamification features and built-in wireless network connectivity.
The requirements relating to measuring the concentration of CO in exhaled breath are especially challenging. They include the following – low cost, minimal thickness, robust to a range of ambient temperatures and humidity, as well as being minimally affected by the high humidity in breath. Concentrations as low as a few ppm of CO must be measurable, with an accuracy of a few ppm. The device must not require field calibration. The sensor must be ready for use at virtually any time with no warm-up period, and must register an accurate measurement in under ten seconds. The required support circuitry must be available with similar constraints on cost, size and accuracy.
We experimented with several commercially available CO sensors and circuit topologies, and we report on our findings. In addition we have looked into methods for controlling the level of humidity that reaches the sensor, without otherwise affecting the measurement accuracy. Our results to date suggest that a practical solution is achievable, although further improvements would be valuable.

Figure 1
Purification of Copper-Contaminated Vanadium Electrolytes Using Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Reynard Danick , Vrubel Heron , Dennison Christopher R , Battistel Alberto , Girault Hubert H. 
Published: May 2020

Corrosion of carbon-based electrodes and bipolar plates is a major challenge and a common cause of failure in commercial vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB). Herein, we describe a typical carbon corrosion that occurred on several stacks of a 10kW/40kWh and a 200kW/400kWh commercial vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) installed in the framework of a demonstrator. Cracks through graphite bipolar plates enabled the electrolyte to leach the copper current collectors and contaminated the entire electrolyte solution with copper.
In this work, we first highlighted the deleterious effects of copper contaminants on the operation of a VRFB. It was observed that metallic copper enhanced the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the negative side and accelerated the oxidation state imbalance between the two redox electrolytes. To tackle the problems related to copper pollution, a simple, eco-friendly and cost-effective procedure to identify copper contamination on-site and to purify the electrolyte was developed.
A classical VRFB stack was used to plate out the copper ions contaminants. The optimal cathode potential for copper deposition onto carbon felt electrode was determined to be −100 mV vs. SHE. The process described was successfully used to purify on-site 6000 L of vanadium electrolyte (V+3/V+4 mixture) to levels below 1 ppm. At the end of the purification, the stack was regenerated by flashing 20-30 L of electrolyte that represents only a fraction of what would have been necessary to dispose the contaminated electrolyte. This work has been accepted as a full paper in ChemSusChem. [1]
[1] D. Reynard, H. Vrubel, C. R. Dennison, A. Battistel, H. Girault, ChemSusChem
2019, 12, 1222.
Figure 2 A. Schematic illustration of the purification process developed to remove copper contaminants from the vanadium electrolytes B. SEM images of fresh carbon felt (a), carbon felt sample close to the inlet (b) and the outlet of the single-cell (c), and carbon felt sample after re-generation (d) C. Evolution of copper concentration (ICP-MS) at the negative-side outlet and the container electrolyte with time of purification

Figure 1
Effect of Heteroatom Doped Graphite Electrode Prepared By Ultrasonication on Energy Efficiency of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Lim Sung Nam , Kim Kiyoung , Woo Ju Young , Song Shin Ae 
Published: May 2020

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is considered a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage because of their advantages such as long lifetime, flexible design, and safety against explosion. However, the high overpotential induced by high polarization and inferior reversibility of its electrode remain challenges to its application. Therefore, several groups have studied methods of electrode surface modification aimed at increasing the number of active sites. There are two widely used approaches to modify the electrode surface, namely, (i) introduction of oxygen-containing functional groups, such as C–OH or C=O, as active sites through thermal treatment, acid treatment, or electrochemical oxidation, and (ii) introduction of an electrocatalyst such as a noble metal, metal oxide, heteroatom, or carbon-based material. Recently, some studies reported effect of dual functionalization onto electrode surface, thus manifesting synergistic effect and improving energy efficiency of VRFB. Representative examples include dual functionalization of nitrogen and metal oxide (WO3 and Mn3O4) or nitrogen and another heteroatom (oxygen and boron).
In this study, we report a simple and easy method for nitrogen-sulfur dual functionalization on the graphite felt surface to enhance the energy efficiency of VRFB via self-polymerization and graft method. In addition, surface properties were investigated using various analytical techniques, and effect of dual functionalization was examined through comparison with the nitrogen functionalized graphite felt
Multielectron Bifunctional Systems for Symmetric Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Dumitrascu Adina , Cook Korey , Porath Anthony , Duda Addison , Guarr Thomas F. 
Published: May 2020

The introduction of renewable energy generation sources onto the electrical grid is critically dependent on the development of reliable, inexpensive energy storage technology. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) may offer a solution, but many issues remain. For example, aqueous systems are only capable of relatively low cell voltages owing to the limited accessible potential window of water. While other electrochemically useful solvents could provide a larger window, their cost and durability have been problematic. Moreover, the need for an ion-exchange membrane to prevent crossover further increases cost and adds significant cell resistance, especially in nonaqueous systems.
We have previously reported the use of linked electron donor/acceptor compounds D-L-A (where L represents a simple alkyl or aryl linker) to allow the replacement of the expensive ion-exchange membrane with a simple porous separator. Such systems have at least three accessible stable redox states: the “parent” D-L-A state, an oxidized form D+-L-A (catholyte), and a reduced form D-L-A-
(anolyte).
Numerous systems of this type have now been prepared and characterized, yielding nominal cell potentials over 2 V, with promising stability. Several of these systems have the capability of undergoing a net 2e- oxidation as well as a net 2e- reduction, thus providing increased energy density. One such compound is shown below.
The electrochemical properties of several representative linked electron donor/acceptor materials will be described, including progress toward the development of a 4e- system having 9 (nine!) accessible stable redox states. Preliminary data from a prototype RFB device employing such compounds as active materials will also be presented.

Figure 1
Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Material As the Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Rechargeable Zinc-Air Flow Batteries
Authors: Shakeri Hosseinabad Fatemeh , Luong Samantha , Parnian Mohammad Javad , Singh Ashutosh Kumar , Birss Viola Ingrid , Roberts Edward P.L. 
Published: May 2020

Rechargeable Zn-air flow batteries are a promising candidate for grid energy storage applications. Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have low environmental impact, and low cost, which give this system the potential to be applied for large-scale energy storage [1]. Active and durable electrocatalysts in the positive side of the ZABs are important to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) during discharge. N-doped carbons have been reported as a cost-effective catalyst with higher catalytic activity than Pt/C to catalyze the ORR in metal-air flow batteries [2, 3].
In this study colloid imprinted carbons (CICs) and graphene-based materials were applied as the ORR catalyst to improve the performance of the zinc-air battery. Nitrogen doped CICs (NCICs) were prepared by an electropolymerization / carbonization process. Nitrogen doped graphene (NG) were prepared by an electrochemical exfoliation method. The prepared doped carbon materials were characterized by physicochemical characterization methods including SEM and XPS. To evaluate the electrocatalytic activity and the number of electrons transferred in the ORR reaction, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments were carried out in a three-electrode cell. CV and RDE experiments indicated that NG and NCICs improved the ORR activity.
In this study, a flow-through cell design for the air side was applied to evaluate the performance of the air cathode of the Zn-air flow cell, operating at constant current conditions during discharge.
1]Li, Yanguang, Ming Gong, Yongye Liang, Ju Feng, Ji-Eun Kim, Hailiang Wang, Guosong Hong, Bo Zhang, and Hongjie Dai. "Advanced zinc-air batteries based on high-performance hybrid electrocatalysts." Nature communications 4 (2013): 1805.
[2] Lai, Linfei, Jeffrey R. Potts, Da Zhan, Liang Wang, Chee Kok Poh, Chunhua Tang, Hao Gong, Zexiang Shen, Jianyi Lin, and Rodney S. Ruoff. "Exploration of the active center structure of nitrogen-doped graphene-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction." Energy & Environmental Science 5, no. 7 (2012): 7936-7942.
[3] Dai, Liming, Yuhua Xue, Liangti Qu, Hyun-Jung Choi, and Jong-Beom Baek. "Metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction." Chemical reviews 115, no. 11 (2015): 4823-4892.