bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Now? Epidemiology in the Wake of a Pandemic
Authors: Edwards Jessie K , Lessler Justin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the coming transition to a postpandemic world where COVID-19 will likely remain as an endemic disease present a host of challenges and opportunities in epidemiologic research. The scale and universality of this disruption to life and health provide unique opportunities to study phenomena and health challenges in all branches of epidemiology, from the obvious infectious disease and social consequences to less clear impacts on chronic disease and cancer. If we are to both take advantage of the largest natural experiment of our lifetimes and provide evidence to inform the numerous public health and clinical decisions being made every day, we must act quickly to ask critical questions and develop new methods for answering them. In doing so, we should build on each of our strengths and expertise and try to provide new insights rather than become yet another voice commenting on the same set of questions with limited evidence.
Changes of Tissue Factors and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitors in the Acute Phase of Cardiogenic Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Chen Yong-li , Chen Juan , Yang Li , Huang Kui , Ma Yu , Ren Ning , Jiang Hua 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
To investigate changes of tissue factor (TF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in the acute phase of cardiogenic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods
A total of 152 patients with nonvalvular persistent AF, 103 cardiogenic stroke patients with nonvalvular persistent AF, and 126 cases with noncardiogenic stroke were enrolled. Non-AF patients (n = 138) without stroke served as controls. The clinical data, biochemical indicators, and plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF), TF, and TFPI were determined.

Results
Compared with controls, the plasma levels of vWF and TF were significantly higher, while TFPI and TFPI/TF ratio were lower in noncardiogenic stroke patients (all P &lt; 0.05). Compared with cardiogenic stroke patients, noncardiogenic stroke subjects showed significantly higher plasma vWF and TF levels while TFPI levels and TFPI/TF ratio were significantly lower (all P &lt; 0.05). Compared with AF patients, plasma levels of vWF, TF, and TFPI were higher while TFPI/TF ratios were decreased in the cardiogenic ischemic stroke subjects (all P &lt; 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that a lower TFPI/TF ratio was an independent predictor of cardiogenic stroke in patients with nonvalvular AF (odds ratio = 3.78, 95% confidence interval: 1.86–7.31).

Conclusions
During the acute stage of stroke, TFPI/TF ratio is decreased in both cardiogenic and noncardiogenic stroke patients while plasma TFPI levels show divergent changes.
Post-exercise respirometry underestimates maximum metabolic rate in juvenile salmon
Authors: Raby Graham D , Doherty Claire L J , Mokdad Ali , Pitcher Trevor E , Fisk Aaron T 
Published: July 2020

AbstractExperimental biologists now routinely quantify maximum metabolic rate (MMR) in fishes using respirometry, often with the goal of calculating aerobic scope and answering important ecological and evolutionary questions. Methods used for estimating MMR vary considerably, with the two most common methods being (i) the ‘chase method’, where fish are manually chased to exhaustion and immediately sealed into a respirometer for post-exercise measurement of oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2), and (ii) the ‘swim tunnel method’, whereby ṀO2 is measured while the fish swims at high speed in a swim tunnel respirometer. In this study, we compared estimates for MMR made using a 3-min exhaustive chase (followed by measurement of ṀO2 in a static respirometer) versus those made via maximal swimming in a swim tunnel respirometer. We made a total of 134 estimates of MMR using the two methods with juveniles of two salmonids (Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) across a 6°C temperature range. We found that the chase method underestimated ‘true’ MMR (based on the swim tunnel method) by ca. 20% in these species. The gap in MMR estimates between the two methods was not significantly affected by temperature (range of ca. 15–21°C) nor was it affected by body mass (overall range of 53.5–236 g). Our data support some previous studies that have suggested the use of a swim tunnel respirometer generates markedly higher estimates of MMR than does the chase method, at least for species in which a swim tunnel respirometer is viable (e.g. ‘athletic’ ram ventilating fishes). We recommend that the chase method could be used as a ‘proxy’ (i.e. with a correction factor) for MMR in future studies if supported by a species-specific calibration with a relevant range of temperatures, body sizes or other covariates of interest.
Population Genomic Analyses of the Sea Urchin Echinometra sp. EZ across an Extreme Environmental Gradient
Authors: Ketchum Remi N , Smith Edward G , DeBiasse Melissa B , Vaughan Grace O , McParland Dain , Leach Whitney B , Al-Mansoori Noura , Ryan Joseph F , Burt John A , Reitzel Adam M 
Published: July 2020

AbstractExtreme environmental gradients represent excellent study systems to better understand the variables that mediate patterns of genomic variation between populations. They also allow for more accurate predictions of how future environmental change might affect marine species. The Persian/Arabian Gulf is extreme in both temperature and salinity, whereas the adjacent Gulf of Oman has conditions more typical of tropical oceans. The sea urchin Echinometra sp. EZ inhabits both of these seas and plays a critical role in coral reef health as a grazer and bioeroder, but, to date, there have been no population genomic studies on this or any urchin species in this unique region. E sp. EZ’s life history traits (e.g., large population sizes, large reproductive clutches, and long life spans), in theory, should homogenize populations unless nonneutral processes are occurring. Here, we generated a draft genome and a restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data set from seven populations along an environmental gradient across the Persian/Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The estimated genome size of E. sp. EZ was 609 Mb and the heterozygosity was among the highest recorded for an echinoderm at 4.5%. We recovered 918 high-quality SNPs from 85 individuals which we then used in downstream analyses. Population structure analyses revealed a high degree of admixture between all sites, although there was population differentiation and significant pairwise FST values between the two seas. Preliminary results suggest migration is bidirectional between the seas and nine candidate loci were identified as being under putative natural selection, including one collagen gene. This study is the first to investigate the population genomics of a sea urchin from this extreme environmental gradient and is an important contribution to our understanding of the complex spatial patterns that drive genomic divergence.
Positive Selection and Gene Expression Analyses from Salivary Glands Reveal Discrete Adaptations within the Ecologically Diverse Bat Family Phyllostomidae
Authors: Vandewege Michael W , Sotero-Caio Cibele G , Phillips Caleb D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are outliers among chiropterans with respect to the unusually high diversity of dietary strategies within the family. Salivary glands, owing to their functions and high ultrastructural variability among lineages, are proposed to have played an important role during the phyllostomid radiation. To identify genes underlying salivary gland functional diversification, we sequenced submandibular gland transcriptomes from phyllostomid species representative of divergent dietary strategies. From the assembled transcriptomes, we performed an array of selection tests and gene expression analyses to identify signatures of adaptation. Overall, we identified an enrichment of immunity-related gene ontology terms among 53 genes evolving under positive selection. Lineage-specific selection tests revealed several endomembrane system genes under selection in the vampire bat. Many genes that respond to insulin were under selection and differentially expressed genes pointed to modifications of amino acid synthesis pathways in plant-visitors. Results indicate salivary glands have diversified in various ways across a functional diverse clade of mammals in response to niche specializations.
ROM1 contributes to phenotypic heterogeneity in PRPH2-associated retinal disease
Authors: Strayve Daniel , Makia Mustafa S , Kakakhel Mashal , Sakthivel Haarthi , Conley Shannon M , Al-Ubaidi Muayyad R , Naash Muna I 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPeripherin 2 (PRPH2) is a retina-specific tetraspanin protein essential for the formation of rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments (OS). Patients with mutations in PRPH2 exhibit severe retinal degeneration characterized by vast inter- and intra-familial phenotypic heterogeneity. To help understand contributors to this within-mutation disease variability, we asked whether the PRPH2 binding partner rod OS membrane protein 1 (ROM1) could serve as a phenotypic modifier. We utilized knockin and transgenic mouse models to evaluate the structural, functional and biochemical effects of eliminating one allele of Rom1 (Rom1+/−) in three different Prph2 models which mimic human disease: C213Y Prph2 (Prph2C/+), K153Del Prph2 (Prph2K/+) and R172W (Prph2R172W). Reducing Rom1 in the absence of Prph2 mutations (Rom1+/−) had no effect on retinal structure or function. However, the effects of reducing Rom1 in the presence of Prph2 mutations were highly variable. Prph2K/+/Rom1+/− mice had improved rod and cone function compared with Prph2K/+ as well as amelioration of K153Del-associated defects in PRPH2/ROM1 oligomerization. In contrast, Prph2R172W/Rom1+/− animals had worsened rod and cone function and exacerbated retinal degeneration compared with Prph2R172W animals. Removing one allele of Rom1 had no effect in Prph2C/+. Combined, our findings support a role for non-pathogenic ROM1 null variants in contributing to phenotypic variability in mutant PRPH2-associated retinal degeneration. Since the effects of Rom1 reduction are variable, our data suggest that this contribution is specific to the type of Prph2 mutation.
China’s leadership in the hydropower sector: identifying green windows of opportunity for technological catch-up
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Miao Zhongzhen , Urban Frauke 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
From the sectoral systems of innovation perspective, the windows of opportunity (hereafter referred to as WoOs) for industrial latecomers to catch-up could be opened up through abrupt changes in the technological, market, and institutional dimensions. Existing literature discusses different dimensional changes in isolation. Nevertheless, for green industries, the systemic interplay of these dimensions is of key importance; yet few studies have probed into this. These limitations in the literature are largely rooted in the lack of novel methods to detect and specify these abrupt changes, especially in a quantitative way. This paper, therefore, proposes a framework combining natural language processing methods with experts’ knowledge to detect these abrupt changes—named turbulences—by using multi-source heterogeneous data, in order to better identify the co-occurrences and interactions of turbulences across the technological, market, and institutional dimensions that have a high probability to open up WoOs. We apply this framework to analyze China’s hydropower sector as a case study. The hydropower sector is considered a “green” energy sector, in which China, as this study finds, has recently gained technological leadership. By analyzing the interactions between these multiple dimensions of WoOs, we discover that institutional turbulences proactively intertwine with other turbulences, and collectively form Green WoOs for the successful catch-up of China’s hydropower sector.
Immune-enhancing effects of glucocorticoids in response to day–night cycles and stress
Authors: Shimba Akihiro , Ikuta Koichi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEnvironmental cues such as the day–night cycle or stressors trigger the production of glucocorticoids (GCs) by the adrenal cortex. GCs are well known for their anti-inflammatory effects that suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines and induce the apoptosis of lymphocytes. Recent studies in mice, however, have revealed pro-inflammatory effects. The diurnal oscillation of GCs induces the expression of IL-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) and C–X–C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) at the active phase, which drives the diurnal homing of T cells into lymphoid organs. This accumulation of T cells at the active phase enhances T-cell priming against bacterial infection and antigen immunization, leading to an increase of effector CD8 T cells and antibody production. GCs induced by moderate stress trigger the homing of memory CD8 T cells into the bone marrow and support the maintenance and response of these cells. Thus, endogenous GCs have a self-defense function to enhance adaptive immune responses. By contrast, strong stress induces even higher GC levels and causes chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Because GCs can enhance the differentiation and function of T-helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 cells, high stress-induced GC levels might enhance inflammation via Th17 cell differentiation. Overall, the positive and negative effects of GCs may regulate the balance between normal immune responses and susceptibility to infections and inflammatory diseases.
Rapid design and deployment of intensive outpatient, group-based psychiatric care using telehealth during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Childs Amber W , Unger Adam , Li Luming 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
COVID-19 has demanded unprecedented actions in the delivery of outpatient psychiatric services, including the rapid shift of services from in-person to telehealth in response to public health physical distancing guidelines. One such shift was to convert group-level intensive outpatient psychiatric (IOP) interventions to telehealth. Historically, telehealth in psychiatric care has been studied in provider-patient interactions, but has not been as well studied for group telehealth service delivery. During the COVID-19 outbreak, providing group-based interventions was important in order to care for high-risk individuals who needed structured psychotherapy group support. However, the delivery of services via telehealth led to special challenges that were unable to be fully accommodated by the preexisting telehealth infrastructure. Rapid feasibility testing and adoption of technology was needed to support IOP services to minimize infectious spread while delivering group services to high-risk psychiatric patients. This article describes the processes and workflows for service delivery and early results of telehealth for IOP services in 2 adolescent treatment programs. In addition, the article highlights early observations around safety and quality and the role of telehealth policy and payment.
The impact of feed efficiency selection on the ruminal, cecal, and fecal microbiomes of Angus steers from a commercial feedlot
Authors: Welch Christina B , Lourenco Jeferson M , Davis Dylan B , Krause Taylor R , Carmichael Mia N , Rothrock Michael J , Pringle T Dean , Callaway Todd R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Feed is the greatest cost of animal production, so reducing it is critical to increase producer profits. In ruminants, the microbial population within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is critical to nutrient digestion and absorption in both the rumen and the hindgut. The objective of this study was to determine the bacterial taxonomic profile of the rumen, cecum, and feces of feedlot steers at slaughter in order to link feed efficiency and the GIT bacterial populations from these three locations. Twenty commercial Angus steers were selected and divided into two groups according to their residual feed intake (RFI) classification determined during the feedlot-finishing period: high-RFI (n = 10) and low-RFI (n = 10). After the ruminal, cecal, and fecal samples were collected at slaughter, DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed on them to determine their bacterial composition. One-way ANOVA was performed on the animal performance data, alpha diversities, and bacterial abundances using RFI classification as the fixed effect. Overall, the ruminal bacterial population was the most different in terms of taxonomic profile compared with the cecal and fecal populations as revealed by beta diversity analysis (P &lt; 0.001). Moreover, bacterial richness (Chao1) was greatest (P = 0.01) in the rumen of the high-RFI group compared with the low-RFI group. In contrast, bacterial richness and diversity in the intestinal environment showed that Chao1 was greater (P = 0.01) in the cecum, and the Shannon diversity index was greater in both the cecum and feces of low-RFI compared with high-RFI steers (P = 0.01 and P &lt; 0.001, respectively). Ruminococcaceae was more abundant in the low-RFI group in the cecum and feces (P = 0.01); fecal Bifidobacteriaceae was more abundant in high-RFI steers (P = 0.03). No correlations (P ≥ 0.13) between any ruminal bacterial family and RFI were detected; however, Ruminococcaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, and BS11 were negatively correlated with RFI (P &lt; 0.05) in the cecum and feces. Succinivibrionaceae in the cecum was positively correlated with RFI (P = 0.05), and fecal Bifidobacteriaceae was positively correlated with RFI (P = 0.03). Results collectively indicate that in addition to the ruminal bacteria, the lower gut bacterial population has a significant impact on feed efficiency and nutrient utilization in feedlot steers; therefore, the intestinal bacteria should also be considered when examining the basis of ruminant feed efficiency.
A 6-Year Experience of Laser Treatments for Burn Scars in a Regional Burn Center—Safety, Efficacy, and Quality Improvement
Authors: Zhang Christopher Q , Gogal Christina , Gaugler Trent , Blome-Eberwein Sigrid 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Laser treatments have long been used as a treatment method for burn scars. Since 2012, more than 1800 laser treatments were performed at Lehigh Valley Health Network Burn Center, far exceeding any previous cohort in studies exploring laser treatments for burn scars. Although previous research has looked at improving scar appearance and physiology with laser treatments, very few have focused on safety. The purpose of the study was to determine whether laser treatments are a safe treatment option for burn scars. Four hundred and fourteen patients who had undergone at least one laser treatment in the outpatient burn center since 2012 were analyzed. Electronic medical records (EPIC) were reviewed. The data were entered in REDCap and later exported to Microsoft Excel and R Studio for statistical analysis. Most of the complications found were related to the moderate sedation during the procedures and were mild, ie, nausea. The most common adverse effect was prolonged recovery time, which can affect practice flow. The overall postoperative complication rate for laser treatments with and without moderate sedation was minimal at 2.2% and 1.4%, respectively. Pain during and after the procedure averaged 3.9 and 1.7, respectively, on a 1 to 10 scale. The Vancouver Scar Scale showed modest improvement in scar appearance over time with an average improvement of 1.4. The high variability of the Vancouver Scar Scale observed in this series underlines its lack of sensitivity. The study results show that laser treatments for burn scars in the outpatient setting generally are safe for patients in need of burn scar intervention. Some practice flow adjustments need to be taken into consideration when offering these procedures in an outpatient setting.
Emergency surgery for acute cholecystitis associated with cholecystocolonic fistula caused by gallbladder cancer: a case report
Authors: Sunakawa Taiki , Ko Kenju , Moriyasu Ryo , Nishida Yasunori , Otagiri Noriaki , Tauchi Katsunori 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Preoperative diagnosis of cholecystocolonic fistula (CCF) is difficult and the contribution of gallbladder cancer or colon cancer is unclear when there is associated malignancy. We present a case that was diagnosed with acute cholecystitis associated with CCF by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) preoperatively and malignant neoplasm during emergency surgery. She was finally diagnosed with gallbladder cancer after the operation and underwent a two-stage surgery for regional lymph node dissection. Gallbladder cancer can be a primary malignant cancer causing CCF, whereas MDCT is useful for preoperative diagnosis of CCF. A treatment plan in consideration of gallbladder cancer is advisable for CCF associated with malignant tumor.
The impact of strong recombination on temperature determination in planetary nebulae
Authors: Gómez-Llanos V , Morisset C , García-Rojas J , Jones D , Wesson R , Corradi R L M , Boffin H M J 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The long-standing difference in chemical abundances determined from optical recombination lines and collisionally excited lines raises questions about our understanding of atomic physics, as well as the assumptions made when determining physical conditions and chemical abundances in astrophysical nebulae. Here, we study the recombination contribution of [O iii] 4363 and the validity of the line ratio [O iii] 4363/4959 as a temperature diagnostic in planetary nebulae with a high abundance discrepancy. We derive a fit for the recombination coefficient of [O iii] 4363 that takes into account the radiative and dielectronic recombinations, for electron temperatures from 200 to 30 000 K. We estimate the recombination contribution of [O iii] 4363 for the planetary nebulae Abell 46 and NGC 6778 by subtracting the collisional contribution from the total observed flux. We find that the spatial distribution for the estimated recombination contribution in [O iii] 4363 follows that of the O ii 4649 recombination line, both peaking in the central regions of the nebula, especially in the case of Abell 46 that has a much higher abundance discrepancy. The estimated recombination contribution reaches up to 70 and 40 per cent of the total [O iii] 4363 observed flux, for Abell 46 and NGC 6778, respectively.