bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Nicotine Metabolic Rate on Cigarette Reinforcement
Authors: Liakoni Evangelia , Nardone Natalie , St Helen Gideon , Dempsey Delia A , Tyndale Rachel F , Benowitz Neal L 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Introduction
The rate of nicotine metabolism, estimated by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is an important determinant of tobacco dependence. This study investigated the effect of NMR on smoking behavior due to nicotine reinforcement during ad libitum smoking.

Aims and Methods
As part of a larger study, participants were stratified based on saliva NMR as fast and slow metabolizers. After smoking a cigarette and measuring nicotine blood concentrations, participants smoked as desired over a 90-minute period. Analysis included time to first cigarette, total number of cigarettes, total number of puffs, and weight of tobacco consumed.

Results
Sixty-one (48%) participants were fast metabolizers and 66 (52%) slow metabolizers by NMR. No significant differences were found regarding the smoking topography variables by NMR. Normal metabolizers by genotype (n = 79) had a shorter time to first cigarette than reduced metabolizers (n = 39; p = .032). Blacks smoked fewer cigarettes (p = .008) and took fewer total puffs (p = .002) compared with Whites. Among Whites, fast metabolizers by NMR had a shorter time to first cigarette compared with slow metabolizers (p = .014). Among fast metabolizers, Whites had, compared with Blacks, shorter latency to first cigarette (p = .003) and higher number of total puffs (p = .014) and cigarettes smoked (p = .014). Baseline cigarettes per day and nicotine elimination half-life significantly predicted topography outcomes.

Conclusions
Saliva NMR did not predict cigarette reinforcement during a relatively brief period of ad libitum smoking. Differences were seen by race, with White fast metabolizers by NMR having shorter time to first cigarettes compared with slow metabolizers.

Implications
After a 90-minute period of nicotine abstinence, NMR was not significantly associated with smoking reinforcement. Slow and fast metabolizers had similar time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked, total number of puffs, and tobacco consumed; however, within-race differences show that within Whites, fast metabolizers had a faster time to first cigarette than slow metabolizers.
Greater IL-6, D-dimer, and ICAM-1 Levels Are Associated With Lower Small HDL Particle Concentration in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
Authors: Sarkar Sudipa , Haberlen Sabina , Whelton Seamus , Schneider Edward , Kingsley Lawrence , Palella Frank , Witt Mallory D , Kelesidis Theodoros , Rodriguez Annabelle , Post Wendy S , Brown Todd T 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is common in people living with HIV infection, which is associated with inflammation, and correlates with greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. HDL particles are subfractions of HDL, and in some general population studies, higher small HDL particle number (HDL-P) has been associated with lower CVD risk. The objective of this study was to determine whether HIV serostatus and systemic inflammation were associated with small HDL-P in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).

Methods
The MACS is composed of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men. Separate linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between outcomes (small HDL-P, large HDL-P, total HDL-P, and HDL size) and variables of interest (interleukin-6 (IL-6), D-dimer, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels), with adjustment for other CVD risk factors.

Results
The study population included 553 HIV-infected (88.1% on current ART) and 319 HIV-uninfected men. The mean age was 52.7 years for HIV-infected men and 55.3 years for HIV-uninfected men. In separate models of the study population, higher log IL-6 was associated with lower total and small HDL-P (P &amp;lt; 0.01 for both), independent of HIV serostatus and CVD risk factors. Similar results were seen with ICAM-1. Positive HIV serostatus was associated with lower small and total HDL-P, adjusted for inflammatory markers.

Conclusions
Greater systemic inflammation and HIV infection were both associated with lower atheroprotective small HDL-P. This may be a potential mechanism contributing to increased cardiovascular risk among HIV-infected people.
Virological outcome measures during analytical treatment interruptions in chronic HIV-1 infected patients
Authors: Fehér Csaba , Leal Lorna , Plana Montserrat , Climent Nuria , Crespo Guardo Alberto , Martínez Esteban , Castro Pedro , Díaz-Brito Vicens , Mothe Beatriz , López Bernaldo De Quirós Juan Carlos , Gatell Josep María , Aloy Patrick , García Felipe 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Analytical treatment interruptions (ATI) are essential in research on HIV cure. However, the heterogeneity of virological outcome measures used in different trials hinders the interpretation of the efficacy of different strategies.

Methods
A retrospective analysis of viral load (VL) evolution in 334 ATI episodes in chronic HIV-1 infected patients collected from 11 prospective studies. Quantitative [baseline VL, set point, delta set point, VL and delta VL at given weeks after ATI, peak VL, delta peak VL, and area under the rebound curve], and temporal parameters [time to rebound (TtR), set point, peak, and certain absolute and relative VL thresholds] were described. Pairwise correlations between parameters were analyzed, and potential confounding factors (sex, age, time of known HIV infection, time on ART, and immunological interventions) were evaluated.

Results
Set point was lower than baseline VL (median delta set point -0.26. p< 0.001). This difference was >1 log10 copies/mL in 13.9% of the cases. Median TtR was 2 weeks; no patients had undetectable VL at week 12. Median time to set point was 8 weeks: by week 12, 97.4% of the patients had reached the set point. TtR and baseline VL were correlated with most temporal and quantitative parameters. The variables independently associated with TtR were baseline VL and the use of immunological interventions.

Conclusions
TtR could be an optimal surrogate marker of response in HIV cure strategies. Our results underline the importance of taking into account baseline VL and other confounding factors in the design and interpretation of these studies.
CBFs Function in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis by Interacting with MYB113 in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
Authors: Zhou Lu , He Yongjun , Li Jing , Liu Yang , Chen Huoying 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Eggplant is rich in anthocyanins. R2R3-MYB transcription factors play a key role in the anthocyanin pathway. Low temperature is vital abiotic stress that affects the anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. CBFs (C-repeat binding factors) act as central regulators in cold response. In this study, we found that SmCBF1, SmCBF2 and SmCBF3, via their C-terminal, physically interacted with SmMYB113, a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant. SmCBF2 and SmCBF3 upregulated the expression of SmCHS and SmDFR via a SmMYB113-dependent pathway. In addition, the transient expression assays demonstrated that co-infiltrating SmCBFs and SmMYB113 significantly improved the contents of anthocyanin and the expression levels of anthocyanin structural genes in tobacco. When SmTT8, a bHLH partner of SmMYB113, coexpressed with SmCBFs and SmMYB113, the anthocyanin contents were significantly enhanced compared with SmCBFs and SmMYB113. Furthermore, overexpression of SmCBF2 and SmCBF3 could facilitate the anthocyanin accumulation under cold conditions in Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results shed light on the functions of SmCBFs and potential mechanisms of low-temperature-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant.
The Importance of Climate Risks for Institutional Investors
Authors: Krueger Philipp , Sautner Zacharias , Starks Laura T 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAccording to our survey about climate risk perceptions, institutional investors believe climate risks have financial implications for their portfolio firms and that these risks, particularly regulatory risks, already have begun to materialize. Many of the investors, especially the long-term, larger, and ESG-oriented ones, consider risk management and engagement, rather than divestment, to be the better approach for addressing climate risks. Although surveyed investors believe that some equity valuations do not fully reflect climate risks, their perceived overvaluations are not large.
A review of neck injury and protection in vehicle accidents
Authors: Li Fan , Liu Nian-song , Li Hong-geng , Zhang Biao , Tian Shi-wei , Tan Ming-gang , Sandoz Baptiste 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Neck injury is one of the most common types of injury in vehicle accidents. The mechanisms of neck injury remain controversial due to the complex structure of the cervical spine and various impact conditions. The aim of the present study is to provide a summary of recent research on neck injury mechanisms, neck injury criteria and neck injury prevention measures. The main types of neck injury resulting from vehicle accidents, including whiplash injury, cervical bone fractures and spinal cord injury, are introduced. Neck injury mechanisms are summarized according to load directions, test or simulation methods, and thresholds by means of impact intensity, load intensity and stress/strain conditions. Neck injury criteria are introduced, including NIC, Nij, Nkm and LNL. Passive and active technologies for neck injury prevention are described and the challenge of neck injury prevention for future intelligent vehicles is discussed.
Factors Associated With Discharge Home Among Medical ICU Patients in an Early Mobilization Program
Authors: Kim Roger Y. , Murphy Terrence E. , Doyle Margaret , Pulaski Catherine , Singh Maura , Tsang Sui , Wicker Dawn , Pisani Margaret A. , Connors Geoffrey R. , Ferrante Lauren E. 
Published: November 2019

Objectives:
One goal of early mobilization programs is to facilitate discharge home after an ICU hospitalization, but little is known about which factors are associated with this outcome. Our objective was to evaluate factors associated with discharge home among medical ICU patients in an early mobilization program who were admitted to the hospital from home.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study of medical ICU patients in an early mobilization program.

Setting:
Tertiary care center medical ICU.

Patients:
Medical ICU patients receiving early mobilization who were community-dwelling prior to admission.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
A comprehensive set of baseline, ICU-related, and mobilization-related factors were tested for their association with discharge home using multivariable logistic regression. Among the analytic cohort (n = 183), the mean age was 61.9 years (sd 16.67 yr) and the mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 23.5 (sd 7.11). Overall, 65.0% of patients were discharged home after their critical illness. In multivariable analysis, each incremental increase in the maximum level of mobility achieved (range, 1–6) during the medical ICU stay was associated with nearly a 50% greater odds of discharge home (odds ratio, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.13–1.88), whereas increased age (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93–0.98) and greater hospital length of stay (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90–0.99) were associated with decreased odds of discharge home. Prehospital ambulatory status was not associated with discharge home.

Conclusions:
Among medical ICU patients who resided at home prior to their ICU admission, the maximum level of mobility achieved in the medical ICU was the factor most strongly associated with discharge back home. Identification of this factor upon ICU-to-ward transfer may help target mobilization plans on the ward to facilitate a goal of discharge home.
Development of a Framework to Describe Functions and Practice of Community Health Workers
Authors: Corder-Mabe Joan , Johnson Shirley , Mazmanian Paul E. , Smith Wally R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract:
There is evidence to support the effectiveness of community health workers (CHWs), as they practice in a wide range of health care settings; yet, the perceived value of CHWs suffers from a lack of uniform credentialing and from a dearth of billing and payment structures to recognize their individual work. In turn, credentialing and billing for the work of CHWs is hampered by widely variable regulation, conflicting job titles and position descriptions, and general confusion about CHW identity, sometimes complicated by service boundaries that overlap with those of other health care and social service occupations. This article presents evidence from a rapid review of the CHW literature from 2003 to 2018. It includes clinical trials, meta-analyses, and policy reports summarizing more than 200 CHW interventions intended to improve patient health status or care delivery. The evidence is used to identify CHW roles, responsibilities, behaviors, and competencies. Four categories of CHW practice are developed from the evidence: peer CHW, general CHW, clinical CHW, and health navigator. A framework is proposed to recognize unique CHW roles, promote and further integrate varied levels of CHW function into health care–related organizations, and to inform decisions regarding certification, education, and payment for CHW services in the United States.
Regional Variations in Postlens Tear Layer Thickness During Scleral Lens Wear
Authors: Vincent Stephen J. , Alonso-Caneiro David , Collins Michael J. 
Published: November 2019

Objectives:
To quantify regional variations in the postlens tear layer (PLTL) thickness during scleral lens wear.

Methods:
Fifteen healthy adults (22±3 years) with normal corneae were fitted with a 16.5-mm-diameter rotationally symmetric scleral lens in one eye. The PLTL thickness was measured across the central 5 mm at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 240, and 480 min after lens insertion using a 12 radial line scan optical coherence tomography imaging protocol. Regional analyses were conducted by dividing the PLTL into 8 equal 45° segments.

Results:
A tilted optic zone was observed immediately after lens insertion with the greatest PLTL asymmetry between nasal and temporal regions (156±22 μm more clearance temporally) and superior nasal and inferotemporal regions (124±12 μm more clearance inferotemporally). The magnitude of lens settling observed in each region was associated with the initial PLTL (r=0.59–0.77, P≤0.02). The superior nasal PLTL furthest from the pupil center stabilized after 90 min compared with other regions which stabilized after 4 hr. On average, after 8 hr of lens wear, the PLTL decreased by 29% and PLTL asymmetries between opposing regions decreased by 30%.

Conclusions:
The PLTL was thickest temporally and thinnest nasally in healthy eyes fitted with rotationally symmetric scleral lenses, most likely because of regional differences in underlying scleral elevation, eyelid forces, and lens centration. Postlens tear layer asymmetries diminished with lens wear, and stabilization occurred more rapidly in regions with less corneal clearance immediately after lens insertion.
FemtoLASIK After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Fernández-Vega-Cueto Luis , Lisa Carlos , Naveiras Miguel , Madrid-Costa David , Alfonso José F. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FemtoLASIK) to correct the residual refractive error after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK).

Methods:
This case series study included 7 eyes that underwent FemtoLASIK after a DMEK surgery. The refractive error, uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, corneal topography (Sirius, CSO, Italy), and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (Visante, Carl Zeiss-Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) were registered at each postoperative follow-up visit.

Results:
All surgeries were uneventful, with no intraoperative or postoperative complications. The follow-up time after DMEK (before FemtoLASIK surgery) ranged from 18 to 36 months. The post-FemtoLASIK follow-up period ranged from 12 to 60 months. All cases experienced a significant improvement in UDVA after FemtoLASIK, all of them reaching a postoperative UDVA value ≥20/32. None of the eyes lost lines of CDVA, and 1 case showed a gain of lines of CDVA. In all cases, the refractive error, UDVA, and CDVA values remained stable at their respective postoperative follow-up visits. Furthermore, all topographic and pachymetric parameters were stable at the different postoperative follow-up visits.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that the residual refractive error after DMEK surgery can be safely and effectively treated with FemtoLASIK.
Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking Under General Anesthesia for Pediatric Patients With Keratoconus and Developmental Delay
Authors: Ahmad Tessnim R. , Pasricha Neel D. , Rose-Nussbaumer Jennifer , T. Oatts Julius , M. Schallhorn Julie , Indaram Maanasa 
Published: November 2019

Purpose:
To report the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with keratoconus (KCN) who underwent corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) under general anesthesia for developmental delay or inability to cooperate with topical anesthesia.

Methods:
In this retrospective case series, we reviewed the medical charts of pediatric patients with KCN who had CXL under general anesthesia from January 2018 to April 2019. Baseline disease characteristics of patients with and without developmental delay were compared using the Pearson χ2 test and the t test. Main outcomes were anesthesia or surgical complications and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), keratometry (K) values, and caregiver report of eye-rubbing behavior.

Results:
Fourteen eyes of 9 patients were reviewed. All were habitual eye rubbers at baseline. Six (66.7%) were developmentally delayed. Compared with patients without developmental delay, developmentally delayed patients were diagnosed and treated at older ages (16.0 vs. 13.9 years), experienced longer delays from diagnosis to surgery (20.7 vs. 8.8 weeks), and had lower BCVA (20/70 vs. 20/40), higher steep K values (54.0 vs. 50.9), and a higher incidence of corneal scarring (75.0% vs. 33.3%) and monocular vision loss (50.0% vs. 0.0%) at baseline, although these differences were not statistically significant. No anesthesia or surgical complications occurred. BCVA and K values were stable at postoperative month 6, with no clinically or statistically significant change observed for either measure. Eight patients decreased or stopped eye rubbing.

Conclusions:
We demonstrate the efficacy and safety of CXL under general anesthesia in halting the progression of KCN for pediatric patients with developmental delay or an inability to cooperate with the procedure until topical anesthesia.
Central Venous Catheter Management in High-risk Children With Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Hecht Shaina M. , Ardura Monica I. , Yildiz Vedat O. , Ouellette Christopher P. 
Published: November 2019

Background:
National guidelines recommend removal of central venous catheters (CVCs) for central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi. Data regarding guideline compliance and rates of associated treatment failures in pediatric patients with attempted CVC salvage are limited.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective analysis of high-risk children (age ≤ 21 years) hospitalized from 1/2009 to 12/2015 with a long-term CVC and CLABSI due to S. aureus, Pseudomonas spp., and Candida spp. Enterococcus spp. was included given differing management recommendations between short and long-term CVCs. Compliance with national guideline recommendations, as well as treatment failures including infection relapse, recurrence, and death were evaluated in relation to CVC retention or removal. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was performed to account for confounders impacting treatment failure.

Results:
Fifty-three children had 108 CLABSI episodes requiring 84 hospitalizations. CVCs were removed in 36 (33%) CLABSI episodes per guideline recommendations. Optimal antimicrobial management, including targeted agent and adequate duration was provided in 54 (50%) of 106 treated episodes; no significant difference in treatment failure rates were noted compared with episodes with suboptimal management. The treatment failure rate was significantly higher in patients with CVC retention compared those with CVC removal within 7 days of the first positive blood culture (31% vs. 6%, P = 0.003).

Conclusions:
Despite pathogen-specific guideline recommendations for CVC removal, compliance with national guidelines was poor. CVC salvage was attempted in the majority of CLABSI episodes in our cohort and resulted in a significantly higher treatment failure rate.
Etiology and Outcome of Candidemia in Neonates and Children in Europe
Authors: Warris Adilia , Pana Zoi-Dorothea , Oletto Andrea , Lundin Rebecca , Castagnola Elio , Lehrnbecher Thomas , Groll Andreas H. , Roilides Emmanuel 
Published: November 2019

Background:
Data on Candida bloodstream infections in pediatric patients in Europe are limited. We performed a retrospective multicenter European study of the epidemiology and outcome of neonatal and pediatric candidemia.

Material and Methods:
All first positive blood cultures from patients ≤ 18 years of age with candidemia were registered. Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics and causative Candida species were collected and analyzed. Regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with mortality.

Results:
One thousand three hundred ninety-five episodes of candidemia (57.8% male) were reported from 23 hospitals in 10 European countries. Of the 1395 episodes, 36.4% occurred in neonates (≤ 44 weeks postmenstrual age), 13.8% in infants (> 44 weeks postmenstrual age to 1 year) and 49.8% in children and adolescents. Candida albicans (52.5%) and Candida parapsilosis (28%) were the predominant species. A higher proportion of candidemia caused by C. albicans was observed among neonatal patients (60.2%) with highest rates of C. parapsilosis seen among infants (42%). Children admitted to hematology-oncology wards presented the highest rates of non-albicans Candida species. Candidemia because of C. albicans was more frequent than non-albicans Candida in Northern versus Southern Europe (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–2.9; P < 0.001). The all-cause mortality at 30 days was 14.4%. All-cause mortality was higher among patients admitted to the neonatal or pediatric intensive care units than other wards. Over time, no significant changes in species distribution were observed.

Conclusions:
This first multicenter European study shows unique characteristics of the epidemiology of pediatric candidemia. The insights obtained from this study will be useful to guide clinical management and antifungal stewardship.