bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic diffusion based denoising on concrete images and surface crack segmentation
Authors: Andrushia Diana , Anand N. , Arulraj Prince 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
Health monitoring of concrete is one of the important tasks in the structural health monitoring. The life of any infrastructure relies on the quality of the concrete. The computer vision-based methods are very useful to identify the structural defects. The identification of minor cracks in the noisy concrete image is complex. The purpose of this paper is to denoise the concrete crack images and also segment the cracks.

Design/methodology/approach
The novelty of the proposed work lies on the usage of anisotropic diffusion filter in the noisy concrete images. Initially anisotropic diffusion filter is applied to smoothen the concrete images. Adaptive threshold and gray level-based edge stopping constant are used in the diffusion process. The statistical six sigma-based method is utilized to segment the cracks from smoothened concrete images.

Findings
The proposed method is compared with five state-of-the-art-methods with the performance metrics of mean square error, peak signal to noise ratio and mean structural similarity. The experimental results highlight the advantages of the proposed method.

Originality/value
The novelty of the proposed work lies on the usage of anisotropic diffusion filter in the noisy concrete images. This research work gives the scope for structural damage evaluation by the automation techniques.
“For quiet nerves and steady poise”
Authors: Krisjanous Jayne , Wood Pamela 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine advertising placed within Kai Tiaki: The Journal of Nurses of New Zealand. The periodization for this study is 1908-1929, a chronological time span and approach that incorporates the first issue of the Kai Tiaki in 1908 and ending 1929, thus representing the launch of the journal and first two decades of its production. During this period, New Zealand nursing was emerging as an organised and professionalised body of health-care workers. At the same time, New Zealand, Britain’s most distant “dominion”, was beginning to realise its own nationhood and growth.

Design/methodology/approach
The primary source of data was digitalised Kai Tiaki issues between 1908 and 1929. Each four issues for every year were analysed. All advertisements were coded (n = 1895), followed by a qualitative content analysis in which key themes were derived.

Findings
Five overarching themes were found. The two main themes were the proliferation of therapeutic “tonics” and the second the relationship of nurses to them that was profiled by advertisers. The three remaining themes were accommodations, lifestyle and the nurses “role” as nurse, handmaiden or mother. Conclusions discuss reasons for key findings, and, in particular, the reinforcement of the traditional nursing role, which was often at odds with the increased technological roles and responsibilities nurses were undertaking. In turn, advertisers saw the nursing profession as a new and potentially lucrative market of women with disposable income and influence in the health field.

Originality/value
To date, there is a scarcity of marketing analysis that examines advertising placed in trade journals and in particular for early twentieth century health-care professionals. Through a lens of advertising analysis, this study investigates the advertising nursing readership of the day was exposed to and the motives and tactics used by those interested in expanding both health-care worker and consumer markets through a singular strategy.
Dissonance on the Brexit Menu: What does Britain Want to Eat?
Authors: Ranta Ronald 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article focusses on the future of food in the UK in the context of Brexit. It examines the claims and promises made by Brexiteers before the referendum and juxtaposes these with the approach pursued by the Conservative‐led government since. The article argues that there is a clear dissonance between the two. This dissonance is the result of two important factors. First, the government is stuck in a non‐decision‐making mode, making it unable to pursue clear policies. Second, the food claims and promises made by Brexiteers are in opposition to what the vast majority of the public, food experts, farmers and food businesses want. Through exploring these two factors, and the Brexiteers’ claims and promises, the article explains what leaving the EU might mean for the future of food in the UK.
Cultures of care? Animals and science in Britain
Authors: Friese Carrie , Nuyts Nathalie , Pardo‐Guerra Juan Pablo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly common to hear life scientists say that high quality life science research relies upon high quality laboratory animal care. However, the idea that animal care is a crucial part of scientific knowledge production is at odds with previous social science and historical scholarship regarding laboratory animals. How are we to understand this discrepancy? To begin to address this question, this paper seeks to disentangle the values of scientists in identifying animal care as important to the production of high quality scientific research. To do this, we conducted a survey of scientists working in the United Kingdom who use animals in their research. The survey found that being British is associated with thinking that animal care is a crucial part of conducting high quality science. To understand this finding, we draw upon the concept of ‘civic epistemologies’ (Jasanoff 2005; Prainsack 2006) and argue that ‘animals’ and ‘care’ in Britain may converge in taken‐for‐granted assumptions about what constitutes good scientific knowledge. These ideas travel through things like state regulations or the editorial policies of science journals, but do not necessarily carry the embodied civic epistemology of ‘animals’ and ‘science’ from which such modes of regulating laboratory animal welfare comes.
Quality characteristics of kefir as a carrier for probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
Authors: Mitra Sonanki , Ghosh Bikash C. 
Published: November 2019

Kefir was prepared using kefir grains of different origins (US, Australia and India) and starter culture. The sensory scores for kefir made using starter culture and US kefir grains were significantly higher than for the other samples (P < 0.05). The index of viscosity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in kefir prepared using Indian kefir grains. Shear stress–shear rate plots indicated yield stress in all kefirs. All samples exhibited shear‐thinning behaviour. The average count of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in kefir after incubation was 7.09 log CFU/g. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in quality characteristics in kefir after the addition of LGG, indicating that it could be a potential probiotic carrier.
Employer aversion to criminal records: An experimental study of mechanisms
Authors: Sugie Naomi F. , Zatz Noah D. , Augustine Dallas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe mark of a criminal record is clearly harmful for employment. The reasons for employer aversion, however, are not well established even though legal, policy, and scholarly responses rely on particular explanations. We propose that explanations for aversion often fit under a repetition risk framework in which employers use records as neutral sources of information about prior illegal activity and make decisions to minimize risk of similar future conduct. A second explanation is stigma, in which the records themselves, independent of conduct, trigger stereotypes, status loss, and discrimination. Using an experimental employer survey, we find that employers evaluate applicants with records more negatively than they do applicants with similar behavior signaled through non‐criminal‐justice sources (e.g., social media); this effect remains after accounting for predictions about future conduct. It is also most apparent among higher status jobs rather than among manual labor jobs, and it persists after adjusting for firm‐level and legal constraints. We conclude that aversion reflects not only repetition risk but also the stigma of criminal justice contact. Insofar as criminal record screening is not exclusively a form of rational risk management, this finding may lead to altered assessments of the benefits of screening relative to the costs of perpetuating inequality produced by the criminal justice system.
Museum epigenomics: Characterizing cytosine methylation in historic museum specimens
Authors: Rubi Tricia L. , Knowles L. Lacey , Dantzer Ben 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMuseum genomics has transformed the field of collections‐based research, opening up a range of new research directions for paleontological specimens as well as natural history specimens collected over the past few centuries. Recent work demonstrates that it is possible to characterize epigenetic markers such as DNA methylation in well preserved ancient tissues. This approach has not yet been tested in traditionally prepared natural history specimens such as dried bones and skins, the most common specimen types in vertebrate collections. In this study, we developed and tested methods to characterize cytosine methylation in dried skulls up to 76 years old. Using a combination of ddRAD and bisulphite treatment, we characterized patterns of cytosine methylation in two species of deer mouse (Peromyscus spp.) collected in the same region in Michigan in 1940, 2003, and 2013–2016. We successfully estimated methylation in specimens of all age groups, although older specimens yielded less data and showed greater interindividual variation in data yield than newer specimens. Global methylation estimates were reduced in the oldest specimens (76 years old) relative to the newest specimens (1–3 years old), which may reflect post‐mortem hydrolytic deamination. Methylation was reduced in promoter regions relative to gene bodies and showed greater bimodality in autosomes relative to female X chromosomes, consistent with expectations for methylation in mammalian somatic cells. Our work demonstrates the utility of historic specimens for methylation analyses, as with genomic analyses; however, studies will need to accommodate the large variance in the quantity of data produced by older specimens.
Safety and clinical outcomes of computed tomography‐guided percutaneous microwave ablation in patients aged 80 years and older with early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Han Xiaoying , Yang Xia , Huang Guanghui , Li Chunhai , Zhang Licheng , Qiao Yuanxun , Wang Chuntang , Dong Yuting , Chen Xiangming , Feng Qingliang , Wang Chuandai , Rong Zhenhua , Ding Kun , Wei Zhigang , Ni Yang , Wang Jiao , Li Wenhong , Meng Min , Ye Xin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have documented the therapeutic value of computed tomography (CT)‐guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) for early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, few studies have focused on patients aged 80 years and older. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of CT‐guided percutaneous MWA in patients aged 80 years and older with early‐stage peripheral NSCLC.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 63 patients aged 80 years and older with cT1a‐2bN0M0 peripheral NSCLC who underwent CT‐guided percutaneous MWA was performed between January 2008 and January 2018 at 11 hospitals in Shandong Province, China.ResultsThe median follow‐up time was 21.0 months. The overall median survival time was 50 months. The cancer‐specific median survival time was not reached in five years. The one‐, two‐, three‐, four‐, and five‐year overall survival rates were 97.1%, 92.6%, 63.4%, 54.4%, and 32.6%, respectively. The one‐, two‐, and three‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rates were 97.9%, 97.9%, and 69.4%, respectively. The four‐ and five‐year CSS rates were not achieved. A total of 14 patients (22.2%) had local progression. The one‐, two‐, three‐, four‐, and five‐year local control rates were 88.8%, 78.8%, 70.3%, 63.9%, and 63.9%, respectively. The mortality rate was 0% within 30 days after the procedure. Major complications included pneumothorax requiring drainage (21.1%), pulmonary infection (4.2%), and pleural effusions requiring drainage (2.8%).ConclusionsCT‐guided percutaneous MWA is a safe and effective modality for treating patients aged 80 years and older with early‐stage peripheral NSCLC.
Clinical efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of gingivitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Akram Z , Shafqat SS , Aati S , Kujan O , Fawzy A 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of gingivitis.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL were searched up to May 2019. Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and/or controlled clinical trials were considered. Studies consisting of ≥10 patients per group clinically diagnosed with gingivitis were selected that compared the efficacy of probiotics in any form with placebo. The primary outcome measure was bleeding on probing (BOP) and gingival index (GI), while the secondary outcome measure was plaque index (PI). Forest plots were created reporting weighted mean difference (WMD) of outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsA total of 10 double‐blind placebo‐parallel RCTs were included. All studies showed that probiotic administration was effective in the treatment of gingivitis at follow‐up. The mean percentage of BOP ranged from 11.87% to 21.7% in the probiotics group and from 15% to 33% in the placebo groups at follow‐up, respectively. Considering the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri, the overall mean difference for GI (WMD = −0.48, 95% CI = −1.69 to 0.72, P = 0.42) and PI (WMD = 0.18, 95% CI = −0.23 to 0.61, P = 0.37) did not show any statistical significance between probiotic and placebo groups.ConclusionsThe outcomes of this review show weak evidence to support the use of probiotics in reducing inflammatory periodontal parameters in gingivitis. Significant heterogeneity and limited available data may reduce the impact of these conclusions.
Financial stress experienced by informal carers of adults with a chronic disease: Results from an Australian population‐based cross‐sectional survey
Authors: DiGiacomo Michelle , Chang Sungwon , Luckett Tim , Agar Meera , Phillips Jane , Lam Lawrence 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo identify caregiving characteristics that are associated with financial stress in Australian carers of people with a chronic disease.MethodsData were collected via the South Australian Health Omnibus, an annual population‐based, cross‐sectional survey. Individuals who provided care to someone with prevalent chronic conditions were asked about financial stress and caregiving characteristics.ResultsOf 32.4% (988/3047) who were carers, 13.4% (132/988) experienced financial stress. Adjusting for age and household income, providing more than 20 hours of care per week (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.48‐3.86), transport assistance (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.15‐3.09) and assistance with household tasks (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.14‐3.26) and caring for a person with a mental illness (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.24‐3.28) were associated with a significant increase in odds of experiencing financial stress. Caring for a person with cancer (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.30‐0.81) or dementia (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.21‐0.76) was associated with decrease in odds.ConclusionsFinancial stress was reported by more than 13% of carers, and factors other than household income were implicated.
The Politics of Crisis: Deconstructing the Dominant Narratives of the Housing Crisis
Authors: Heslop Julia , Ormerod Emma 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper considers how dominant narratives of the housing crisis, since the 2008 banking crisis in England, have been created and what actions taken in its name. The paper deconstructs the term “crisis”, highlighting that its meaning has evolved from a critical moment to a protracted narrative which must be understood historically. Through discourse analysis into housing and party political policy, media and think tank reports, we argue that the employment of housing crisis by the government and others perceives it as an outcome of housing supply constraints and over‐regulation—narratives that have justified subsequent policy actions aimed at propping up the housing and financial systems, opening new avenues for housing commodification, deregulation and financialisation and reproducing crisis anew. However, we note that these narratives can also break down and space can be created for the articulation of new narratives which refocus housing crises as emerging from inequality and class divisions.
Influence of parental academic involvement on the achievement goal orientations of high school students in China: A latent growth model study
Authors: Xu Xinpei , Xu Gangmin , Liu Ming , Deng Ciping 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundMany studies on parental involvement in their children’s education have limitations in cross‐sectional designs in spite of examining the relationships between this involvement and achievement goal orientations. Thus, little is known about whether and how parental involvement affects achievement goal orientations over time.AimsThis study examines the influence of parental involvement on achievement goal orientations among Chinese high school students.SampleThe participants included 741 high school students (367 girls; Mage = 15.51 years, SD = .46) in China.MethodsThe data were collected in five waves with a 6‐month interval, starting in the autumn of tenth grade and ending in the autumn of twelfth grade. In each wave, participants reported their perceived degree of parental involvement, mastery goal orientation, performance‐approach goal orientation and performance‐avoidance goal orientation.ResultsOver time, a decline was seen in these high school students’ perceived level of parental involvement and mastery goal orientation, while an increase in their performance‐approach goal orientation and stability in terms of their performance‐avoidance goal orientation were found. In addition, the results indicated that the level of and changes in parental involvement had significant effects on the changes in mastery goal orientation, and were unrelated to those of two performance goal orientations.ConclusionsThese findings evidence the dynamic nature of parental involvement and students’ achievement goal orientations, as well as the positive influence of such involvement on the endorsement and development of mastery goal orientation, while this was not the case for the other two performance goal orientations.
When Children Treat Condemnation as a Signal: The Costs and Benefits of Condemnation
Authors: Hok Hannah , Martin Alia , Trail Zachary , Shaw Alex 
Published: November 2019

Condemnation is ubiquitous in the social world and adults treat condemnation as a costly signal. We explore when children begin to treat condemnation as a signal by presenting 4‐ to 9‐year‐old children (N = 435) with stories involving a condemner of stealing and a noncondemner. Children were asked to predict who would be more likely to steal as well as who should be punished more harshly for stealing. In five studies, we found that 7‐ to 9‐year‐old children treat condemnation as a signal—thinking that a condemner is less likely to steal and should be punished more harshly if caught hypocritically stealing later. We discuss the implications of these results for children’s emerging understanding of signaling and moral condemnation.
Detection and classification of lung nodules in chest X‐ray images using deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Mendoza Julio , Pedrini Helio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLung nodule classification is one of the main topics related to computer‐aided detection systems. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been demonstrated to perform well on many tasks, there are few explorations of their use for classifying lung nodules in chest X‐ray (CXR) images. In this work, we proposed and analyzed a pipeline for detecting lung nodules in CXR images that includes lung area segmentation, potential nodule localization, and nodule candidate classification. We presented a method for classifying nodule candidates with a CNN trained from the scratch. The effectiveness of our method relies on the selection of data augmentation parameters, the design of a specialized CNN architecture, the use of dropout regularization on the network, inclusive in convolutional layers, and addressing the lack of nodule samples compared to background samples balancing mini‐batches on each stochastic gradient descent iteration. All model selection decisions were taken using a CXR subset of the Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative dataset separately. Thus, we used all images with nodules in the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology dataset for evaluation. Our experiments showed that CNNs were capable of achieving competitive results when compared to state‐of‐the‐art methods. Our proposal obtained an area under the free‐response receiver operating characteristic curve of 7.76 considering 10 false positives per image (FPPI), and sensitivity values of 73.1% and 79.6% with 2 and 5 FPPI, respectively.
How sampling‐based overdispersion reveals India's tiger monitoring orthodoxy
Authors: Gopalaswamy Arjun M. , Karanth K. Ullas , Delampady Mohan , Stenseth Nils C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAgencies responsible for recovering populations of iconic mammals may exaggerate population trends without adequate scientific evidence. Recently, such populations were termed as “political populations” in the conservation literature. We surmise such cases are manifested when agencies are pressured to estimate population parameters at large spatial scales for elusive species. For example, India's tiger conservation agencies depend on an extrapolation method using index‐calibration models for estimating population size. A recent study demonstrated mathematically the unreliability of this approach in practical situations. However, it continues to be applied by official agencies in Asia and promoted further by global organizations working on tiger conservation. In this article, we aim to: (a) discuss the ecological oddities in the results of India's national tiger surveys, (b) contrast these survey approaches to known statistical approaches for large scale wildlife abundance estimation, (c) demystify the mathematics underlying the problems with the survey methodology, and (d) substantiate these arguments with results from India's national tiger survey of 2014. Our analyses show that the predictions of tiger abundance reported by the 2014 survey, and consequently on tiger population trends, are misleading because of the presence of high sampling‐based overdispersion and parameter covariance due to unexplained heterogeneity in detection probabilities. We plead for designing monitoring programs to answer clearly defined scientific or management questions rather than attempt to meet extraneous social or funding related expectations.