bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Destructuring and restructuring of foods during gastric digestion
Authors: Guo Qing , Ye Aiqian , Singh Harjinder , Rousseau Dérick 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAll foods harbor unique length scale‐dependent structural features that can influence the release, transport, and utilization of macro‐ or micronutrients in the human gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, food destructuring and restructuring processes during gastric passage significantly influence downstream nutrient assimilation and feelings of satiety. This review begins with a synopsis of the effects of oral processing on food structure. Then, stomach‐centric factors that contribute to the efficacy of gastric digestion are discussed, and exemplified by comparing the intragastric de‐ and restructuring of a number of common foods. The mechanisms of how intragastric structuring influences gastric emptying and its relationship to human satiety are then discussed. Finally, recently developed, non‐destructive instrumental approaches used to quantitively and qualitatively characterize food behavior during gastric destructuring and restructuring are described.
Procedural justice and legal compliance
Authors: Nagin Daniel S. , Telep Cody W. 
Published: June 2020

Research SummaryIn 2017, we published an essay (Nagin & Telep, 2017) that challenged the widely held view that research had plausibly demonstrated that procedurally just treatment of citizens by police increased the citizen's willingness to comply with the law and thereby reduced crime rates. This article updates Nagin and Telep (2017) with new evidence that has appeared since its publication, while exploring in more depth our critiques of the existing procedural justice evidence base. Overall, we reach a similar conclusion concerning the impact of procedurally just treatment on crime but with the qualification that the rapid growth in the literature offers some encouraging evidence on the effectiveness of procedural justice training in affecting officer's attitudes and the effectiveness of community policing infused with elements of procedural justice in improving citizen perceptions of police. Research on body‐worn cameras also provides indirect support that respectful police–citizen interactions have salutary impacts. We also set out a revisionist perspective on procedural justice that emphasizes the social value of procedural justice in its own right but also makes more modest predictions about impacts on legal compliance.Policy ImplicationsOur critical assessment of the evidence on the crime prevention efficacy of procedurally just treatment, and even more fundamentally our skepticism about whether procedurally just treatment will reduce mala in se crimes against person and property, does not, however, mean that procedural justice should be relegated to a secondary status in policy discussion about effective policing. To the contrary, as we have argued and continue to argue, procedurally just treatment of citizens has social value independent of its impact on crime. Yet those benefits are still to be demonstrated. Police executives should, therefore, be cognizant that the effectiveness of this approach to policing should be closely monitored.
Synergistic role of abiotic factors driving viable but non‐culturable Vibrio cholerae
Authors: M Jayakumar Jane , Balasubramanian Deepak , Reddi Geethika , Almagro‐Moreno Salvador 
Published: June 2020

SummaryVibrio cholerae O1, a natural inhabitant of estuarine environments, is found in a dormant, viable but non‐culturable (VBNC) state during interepidemic periods. Although the individual roles of abiotic factors affecting VBNC formation have been extensively studied, their interplay in driving this phenomenon remains largely unaddressed. Here, we identified that major abiotic factors synergize with low nutrient conditions governing entry of cells into the VBNC state. Specifically, V. cholerae cells exposed to a combination of alkaline pH and high salinity under aeration at low temperatures (VBNC‐inducing conditions) synergize to facilitate rapid entry into VBNC, whereas the opposite conditions prevented entry into the state. The major virulence regulator ToxR, and the stringent response protein RelA played opposing roles, repressing and facilitating VBNC entry respectively. Further, VBNC‐inducing conditions negated the effects of ToxR and RelA, facilitating rapid formation of VBNC cells. In summary, this study highlights the synergy between critical abiotic factors and identified ToxR and RelA as two associated regulators, allowing for the persistence of V. cholerae in aquatic environments. Insights obtained in this study will help better understand environmental survival non‐sporulating bacteria and transmission of facultative bacterial pathogens.
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by timolol eyedrop application for classic Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Pérez‐Tato Berta , Polimón Isabel , Marinero Silvia , Lozano‐Masdemont Belén , de la Cruz Evelina , Galván Cristina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTopical timolol has been shown to be effective on treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. We present the case of a 72‐year‐old man with classic Kaposi sarcoma on upper limbs, treated with topical timolol 0.5% twice a day with a pruritic eruption on areas of application.
Does the heterogeneity of autism undermine the neurodiversity paradigm?
Authors: Hughes Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe neurodiversity paradigm is presented by its proponents as providing a philosophical foundation for the activism of the neurodiversity movement. Its central claims are that autism and other neurodivergent conditions are not disorders because they are not intrinsically harmful, and that they are valuable, natural and/or normal parts of human neurocognitive variation. This paper: (a) identifies the non‐disorder claim as the most central of these, based on its prominence in the literature and connections with the practical policy claims that the paradigm is supposed to support; (b) describes the heterogeneity of autism at the behavioural and causal levels, and argues that at the behavioural level this encompasses ways of being autistic that are harmful in ways that cannot be not wholly attributed to discrimination or unjust social arrangements, challenging the claim that autism is not a disorder; (c) considers and rejects responses to this challenge based on separation of high‐ and low‐functioning autism, separation of autism from co‐occurring conditions, and viewing autism as part of an individual’s identity. Two of these responses fail for reasons that are themselves connected with the behavioural and/or causal heterogeneity of autism.
Chest computed tomography is a valid measure of body composition in individuals with advanced lung disease
Authors: Mathur Sunita , Rozenberg Dmitry , Verweel Lee , Orsso Camila E. , Singer Lianne G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is growing interest in evaluating body composition using routine clinical computed tomography (CT) scans; however, the validity of this technique in lung transplant patients has not been described. The study objectives were to determine the reliability of measuring fat compartments from thoracic CT and evaluate the validity of muscle and fat cross‐sectional area (CSA) from thoracic CT by comparing to bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Thoracic CT scans from lung transplant assessments were obtained for analysis. Total thoracic muscle CSA, pectoral muscle CSA, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and mediastinal adipose tissue (MAT) were manually segmented by two independent raters. Reliability was analysed using intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlations were determined between CT measures with fat‐free mass index (FFMI), body fat mass index (BFMI) and per cent body fat (%BF) from BIA; and anthropometrics [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)]. High inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability were found for SAT and MAT (ICCs = 0.99). Pectoral and total muscle CSA were correlated with FFMI (r = .41, p = .003 and r = .57, p < .001, respectively). SAT was associated with whole‐body fat from BIA and with BMI and WC (r = .61 to .80, p < .001). MAT was associated with BMI (r = .58, p < .001) and WC (r = .61, p < .001). This study supports the reliability and validity of using thoracic CT to measure muscle and fat. Future studies are needed to investigate whether these CT‐based measures are predictive of clinical and post‐transplant outcomes in advanced lung disease.
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in antidepressant users: evidence from a 6‐year longitudinal study in the E3N cohort
Authors: Azevedo Da Silva M. , Fournier A. , Boutron‐Ruault M.‐C. , Balkau B. , Bonnet F. , Nabi H. , Fagherazzi G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimTo examine the association between antidepressant medication use and the risk of type 2 diabetes.MethodsData were obtained from the E3N study (Étude Épidémiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Éducation Nationale), a French cohort study initiated in 1990, with questionnaire‐based follow‐up every 2 or 3 years. Exposure to antidepressants was obtained from drug reimbursement files available from 2004 onwards, and individually matched with questionnaire data. Cases of type 2 diabetes were identified from drug reimbursements. Cox proportional‐hazard regression models were used, with drug exposure considered as a time‐varying parameter.ResultsOf the 63 999 women who were free of drug‐treated type 2 diabetes at baseline in 2005, 1124 developed type 2 diabetes over the 6‐year follow‐up. Current use of antidepressants was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes [hazard ratio 1.34 (95% CI 1.12, 1.61)] compared to non‐users. When the different types of antidepressants were considered, women who currently used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, imipramine‐type, 'other' or 'mixed' antidepressants had a 1.25‐fold (95% CI 0.99, 1.57), 1.66‐fold (95% CI 1.12, 2.46), 1.35‐fold (95% CI 1.00, 1.84) and 1.82‐fold (95% CI 0.85, 3.86) increase in risk of type 2 diabetes compared to non‐users, respectively.ConclusionOur study suggests a positive association between antidepressant use and the risk of type 2 diabetes among women. If this association is confirmed, screening and surveillance of glucose levels should be considered in the context of antidepressant therapy. Further studies assessing the underlying mechanisms of this association are needed. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03285230).
Assessing within‐trial and across‐trial neural variability in macaque frontal eye fields and their relation to behaviour
Authors: Sendhilnathan Naveen , Basu Debaleena , Murthy Aditya 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe conventional approach to understanding neural responses underlying complex computations is to study across‐trial averages of repeatedly performed computations from single neurons. When neurons perform complex computations, such as processing stimulus‐related information or movement planning, it has been repeatedly shown, through measures such as the Fano factor (FF), that neural variability across trials decreases. However, multiple neurons contribute to a common computation on a single trial, rather than a single neuron contributing to a computation across multiple trials. Therefore, at the level of a single trial, the concept of FF loses significance. Here, using a combination of simulations and empirical data, we show that changes in the spiking regularity on single trials produce changes in FF. Further, at the behavioural level, the reaction time of the animal was faster when the neural spiking regularity both within and across trials was lower. Taken together, our results provide further constraints on how changes in spiking statistics help neurons optimally encode visual and saccade‐related information across multiple timescales and its implication on behaviour.
Desiccation and cracking behaviour of clay loam subjected to different irrigation methods during wetting–drying cycles
Authors: Qi Wei , Zhang Zhan‐Yu , Wang Ce 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDesiccation cracking is a common phenomenon of soil, which potentially affects irrigation and crop growth in farmland. Understanding cracking behaviour aids in developing an effective means of crack prevention or utilization. In the present paper, we report on a phenomenological investigation aimed at exploring the effects of irrigation methods on the cracking behaviour of soil during wetting–drying cycles. Nine identical specimens were prepared and subjected to three irrigation methods (surface irrigation, sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation) and three wetting–drying cycles. Specimen cracking was monitored by a digital camera and crack patterns were delineated by geometric parameters calculated using image processing techniques. The results showed that the evaporation process of specimens could be roughly divided into three stages according to the variation of evaporation rate. Most cracks were generated during the constant rate stage, although the soil matrix zone was nearly saturated. Surface irrigation increased the cracking water content and cracking degree, in contrast to sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation. The contribution of crack length propagation and crack width broadening to crack area growth was nearly the same when the soil water content decreased to low values. Stabilized crack networks varied from fractal regimes to uniform distribution regimes with the increasing‐length scale, and the crossover length was independent of irrigation methods and wetting–drying cycles. Under sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation, cracks formed in the first drying remained as failure zones and most of them reappeared during subsequent drying. However, after surface irrigation most cracks did not propagate in previously cracked zones during subsequent drying, giving rise to shifting crack networks between wetting–drying cycles. Our results provide new insights regarding crack development and evolution in agricultural soil, which will be useful in crack management and irrigation arrangement during crop production.Highlights
Effects of irrigation methods and wetting–drying cycles on cracking were investigated.
Most cracks initiate and propagate when the soil matrix zone is nearly saturated.
Different irrigation methods result in reappearing or shifting crack networks between cycles.
This study provides new insights regarding crack development and evolution in agricultural soil.
Demography, preventative healthcare and reason for relinquishment of donkeys to an equine charity in the UK (2013‐2015)
Authors: Fernandez Elena Barrio , De Blas Giral Ignacio , Thiemann Alex K. , Vázquez Bringas F. J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the UK, there are thousands of donkeys being cared for by charities; however, little is known about the reasons for relinquishment or their previous health status, with even less information available in published literature. Such information could help to identify factors contributing to poor equine welfare and guide the development of appropriate educational resources.ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of the relinquished donkeys and to better understand the current preventative healthcare status of donkeys relinquished into The Donkey Sanctuary.Study designCross‐sectional observational survey.MethodsA total of 596 donkeys were admitted during a 30‐month period. Each had a health check at arrival; and previous management information was provided by the owner. Data were retrieved from The Donkey Sanctuary database, inputted into a specific Microsoft Access 2016 database then exported for analysis in IBM SPSS 19.0 for Windows®. Mules and ponies were excluded from the study.ResultsMany donkeys arrived without a valid passport (32.3%) or microchip (49.7%). Only 23.2% were fully protected against influenza and tetanus and 21.0% of the donkeys had no previous anthelmintic treatment history. Geriatric donkeys often suffered from moderate to severe dental disease in need of advanced treatment, and 43.9% had received no dental treatment within the last year. Overall 26.3% of donkeys were classed as overweight and 8.6% were obese. The median time since the last hoof trim was 10 weeks.Main limitationThe health status of the studied donkeys may have been affected by the reasons for relinquishment, and associations require further investigation.ConclusionsThis study highlights the need for improving preventative healthcare in donkeys to ensure better welfare within the population.
Binding of a negative allosteric modulator and competitive antagonist can occur simultaneously at the ionotropic glutamate receptor GluA2
Authors: Krintel Christian , Dorosz Jerzy , Larsen Andreas Haahr , Thorsen Thor Seneca , Venskutonytė Raminta , Mirza Osman , Gajhede Michael , Boesen Thomas , Kastrup Jette Sandholm 
Published: June 2020

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand‐gated ion channels governing neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Three major types of antagonists are known for the AMPA‐type receptor GluA2: competitive, noncompetitive (i.e., negative allosteric modulators; NAMs) used for treatment of epilepsy, and uncompetitive antagonists. We here report a 4.65 Å resolution X‐ray structure of GluA2, revealing that four molecules of the competitive antagonist ZK200775 and four molecules of the NAM GYKI53655 are capable of binding at the same time. Using negative stain electron microscopy, we show that GYKI53655 alone or ZK200775/GYKI53655 in combination predominantly results in compact receptor forms. The agonist AMPA provides a mixed population of compact and bulgy shapes of GluA2 not impacted by addition of GYKI53655. Taken together, this suggests that the two different mechanisms of antagonism that lead to channel closure are independent and that the distribution between bulgy and compact receptors primarily depends on the ligand bound in the glutamate binding site.DatabaseThe atomic coordinates and structure factors from the crystal structure determination have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession code https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb6RUQ/pdb. The electron microscopy 3D reconstruction volumes have been deposited in EMDB (EMD‐4875: Apo; EMD‐4920: ZK200775/GYKI53655; EMD‐4921: AMPA compact; EMD‐4922: AMPA/GYKI53655 bulgy; EMD‐4923: GYKI53655; EMD‐4924: AMPA bulgy; EMD‐4925: AMPA/GYKI53655 compact).
Glimpses of oceanic lithosphere of the Challenger Deep forearc segment in the southernmost Marianas: The 143°E transect, 5800–4200 m
Authors: Stern Robert J. , Ohara Yas , Ren Minghua , Leybourne Matt , Bowers Brent 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe studied nine samples of igneous rocks from the inner wall of the Mariana Trench above the Challenger Deep from 4150 to 6100 m depth recovered by manned submersible and ROV. Samples from two regions that bracket the Moho were studied: (i) 7 samples from a N‐S transect a few km to the west of the Shinkai Seep Field; and (ii) 2 samples from the Shinkai Seep Field. Transect samples include olivine‐2 pyroxene hornblendites, amphibole basalts, basaltic andesite, and hornblende andesite. We analyzed three transect samples for 40Ar/39Ar ages; two yielded good plateau ages of 46.5 ±0.5 Ma (hornblendite) and 46.60 ±0.15 Ma (hornblende andesite). These results combined with previously published results, indicate that this crust formed during an intense 46–47 Ma magmatic episode that occurred 5–6 my after subduction initiation. Hornblendites and hornblende basalts formed from primitive magmas, as shown by high MgO (11–21 wt%), Ni (222–885 ppm) and Cr (412–1145 ppm) contents. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that hornblende is Na‐rich (up to 3.0 wt% Na2O) and that many samples have an atypically large range in plagioclase composition (i.e. individual samples have An < 10 to An 90 plagioclase). Two subgroups can be identified: a mostly deeper depleted suite and a mostly shallower enriched suite. These results indicate that (i) the crust–mantle boundary in this region is transitional, occurring over a ~ 1.5 km interval, with interlayered peridotite and hornblendites between 5800 and 4300 m; and (b) extension to form the Challenger Deep forearc segment occurred by combined stretching of old crust and injection of young basaltic magmas. In contrast to the mostly fresh nature of transect samples, the two samples from the Shinaki Seep Field are intensely altered peridotite and basalt.
Carbon dioxide ameliorates reduced desquamation in dry scaly skin via protease activation
Authors: Fukagawa Satoko , Takahashi Ayami , Sayama Keimon , Mori Shinobu , Murase Takatoshi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveScaling, a phenomenon showing an abnormal detachment of the stratum corneum (SC) owing to desquamation dysfunction, is commonly observed in various skin diseases or xerotic skin due to ageing and low humidity. Therefore, it is considered that ameliorating the disturbed desquamatory process of the SC leads to improvement in scaling. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is known to be good for some skin diseases; however, the effect of CO2 on scaling and its mechanism are not sufficiently clear. We aimed to elucidate the effect of transepidermal application of CO2 on scaling and its mechanism of action.MethodsTwenty healthy men with mild scaling on the cheeks were recruited for a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, split‐face study. They applied the formulation containing CO2 twice daily for 1 week. After the study, the SC was collected by tape stripping to analyse desquamatory protease activities and degradation of extracellular corneodesmosomes. Furthermore, the contribution of pH to proteolysis of the corneodesmosome by CO2 was evaluated using three‐dimensional (3D) cultured epidermal models.ResultsThe spectroscopic absorbance of tape strips, used as scaling indicators, was decreased, concomitantly with the amelioration of incomplete degradation of desmoglein‐1, one of the main corneodesmosomal proteins, and activation of trypsin‐like protease in the SC by transepidermal application of CO2. Experiments using 3D cultured epidermis showed that pH in the epidermal tissue was lowered by CO2, whereas a pH change was not observed with the application of the formulation containing hydrochloric acid, which was added to equalize the pH to that of the CO2 formulation.ConclusionThe transcutaneous application of CO2 ameliorates reduced desquamatory process in xerotic skin, with concomitant mild acidification of the SC, thereby leading to improvement in scaling. Thus, CO2 may have an advantage of efficiently and safely counteracting scaling of various skin disorders.
T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia: Review of an entity and its differential diagnostic considerations
Authors: Frater John L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractT‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T‐PLL) is a rare T‐cell leukemia characterized in many patients by marked peripheral lymphocytosis, prominent splenomegaly, and skin lesions. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes other T‐cell disorders presenting with similar clinical findings. This review addresses (a) the natural history, demographics, and genetic features of T‐PLL; (b) clinical and pathologic differential diagnostic considerations; and (c) recent developments in the T‐PLL literature relevant to laboratory professionals.