bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies
Authors: Chung Mi Yoon , Son Sungwon , Herrando‐Moraira Sonia , Tang Cindy Q. , Maki Masayuki , Kim Young‐Dong , López‐Pujol Jordi , Hamrick James L. , Chung Myong Gi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractReviews that summarize the genetic diversity of plant species in relation to their life history and ecological traits show that forest trees have more genetic diversity at population and species levels than annuals or herbaceous perennials. In addition, among‐population genetic differentiation is significantly lower in trees than in most herbaceous perennials and annuals. Possible reasons for these differences between trees and herbaceous perennials and annuals have not been discussed critically. Several traits, such as high rates of outcrossing, long‐distance pollen and seed dispersal, large effective population sizes (Ne), arborescent stature, low population density, longevity, overlapping generations, and occurrence in late successional communities, may make trees less sensitive to genetic bottlenecks and more resistant to habitat fragmentation or climate change. We recommend that guidelines for genetic conservation strategies be designed differently for tree species versus other types of plant species. Because most tree species fit an LH scenario (low [L] genetic differentiation and high [H] genetic diversity), tree seeds could be sourced from a few populations distributed across the species’ range. For the in situ conservation of trees, translocation is a viable option to increaseNe. In contrast, rare herbaceous understory species are frequently HL (high differentiation and low diversity) species. Under the HL scenario, seeds should be taken from many populations with high genetic diversity. In situ conservation efforts for herbaceous plants should focus on protecting habitats because the typically small populations of these species are vulnerable to the loss of genetic diversity. The robust allozyme genetic diversity databases could be used to develop conservation strategies for species lacking genetic information. As a case study of reforestation with several tree species in denuded areas on the Korean Peninsula, we recommend the selection of local genotypes as suitable sources to prevent adverse effects and to insure the successful restoration in the long term.
Evaluation and care of international living kidney donor candidates: Strategies for addressing common considerations and challenges
Authors: Shukhman Ellen , Hunt Julia , LaPointe‐Rudow Dianne , Mandelbrot Didier , Hays Rebecca E. , Kumar Vineeta , Schaefer Heidi , Al Ammary Fawaz , Henderson Macey L. , Nishio‐Lucar Angie , Cooper Matthew , Lentine Krista L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEnd‐stage kidney disease patients in the United States may have family members or friends who are not US citizens or residents but are willing to serve as their living kidney donor in the United States (“international donors”). In July 2017, the American Society for Transplantation (AST) Live Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP) convened a multidisciplinary workgroup of experts in living donation care, including coordinators, social workers, donor advocates, administrators, and physicians, to evaluate educational gaps related to the evaluation and care of international donors. The evaluation of international living donor candidates is a resource‐intensive process that raises key considerations for assessing risk of exploitation/inducement and addressing communication barriers, logistics barriers, and access to care in their home country. Through consensus‐building discussions, we developed recommendations related to: (a) establishing program guidelines for international donor candidate evaluation and selection; (b) initial screening; (c) logistics planning; (d) comprehensive evaluation; and (e) postdonation care and follow‐up. These recommendations are not intended to direct formal policy, but rather as guidance to help programs more efficiently and effectively structure and execute evaluations and care coordination. We also offer recommendations for research and advocacy to optimize the care of this unique group of living donors.
Management of BK viremia is associated with a lower risk of subsequent cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Jorgenson Margaret R. , Descourouez Jillian L. , Lyu Beini , Astor Brad C. , Saddler Christopher M. , Mandelbrot Didier A. , Parajuli Sandesh 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe risk of subsequent cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) after diagnosis of BK polyomavirus viremia (BKV) is unclear, and current evidence is conflicting. We reviewed all KTR transplanted at our institution between 1/1/2005 and 12/31/2015. Follow‐up began 3 months after transplantation to avoid confounding effects of prophylaxis. Clinically significant BKV, defined as detectable BK viremia >1000 copies/mL via molecular diagnostic testing (PCR), was treated as a time‐varying exposure with 1‐year follow‐up. This viral load cutoff was chosen to ensure a more homogenous population that would be considered to have clinically significant BK viremia that necessitated management via immunosuppressive modification. Patients were then screened for subsequent CMV infection. 2435 RTX recipients met inclusion criteria; of these, 314 developed BKV during follow‐up (BK+). Lymphocyte depletion, tacrolimus maintenance, and biopsy‐proven rejection were significantly higher in the BK+ group. BK+ was associated with lower risk of subsequent CMV infection (BK+ HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.22‐0.94, P = .03, relative risk reduction 55%). When adjusted for significant confounding factors, CMV incidence remained reduced in the BK+ population (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22‐0.98, P = .04). This large series of KTR demonstrates that BKV is associated with lower risk of subsequent CMV infection.
Using Real‐World Data to Guide Ustekinumab Dosing Strategies for Psoriasis: A Prospective Pharmacokinetic‐Pharmacodynamic Study
Authors: Pan Shan , Tsakok Teresa , Dand Nick , Lonsdale Dagan O. , Loeff Floris C. , Bloem Karien , de Vries Annick , Baudry David , Duckworth Michael , Mahil Satveer , Pushpa‐Rajah Angela , Russell Alice , Alsharqi Ali , Becher Gabrielle , Murphy Ruth , Wahie Shyamal , Wright Andrew , Griffiths Christopher E.M. , Reynolds Nick J. , Barker Jonathan , Warren Richard B. , David Burden A. , Rispens Theo , Standing Joseph F. , Smith Catherine H. ,   on behalf of the BADBIR Study Group, the BSTOP Study Group, the PSORT Consortium
Published: January 2020

Variation in response to biologic therapy for inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, is partly driven by variation in drug exposure. Real‐world psoriasis data were used to develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for the first‐line therapeutic antibody ustekinumab. The impact of differing dosing strategies on response was explored. Data were collected from a UK prospective multicenter observational cohort (491 patients on ustekinumab monotherapy, drug levels, and anti‐drug antibody measurements on 797 serum samples, 1,590 measurements of Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI)). Ustekinumab PKs were described with a linear one‐compartment model. A maximum effect (Emax) model inhibited progression of psoriatic skin lesions in the turnover PD mechanism describing PASI evolution while on treatment. A mixture model on half‐maximal effective concentration identified a potential nonresponder group, with simulations suggesting that, in future, the model could be incorporated into a Bayesian therapeutic drug monitoring “dashboard” to individualize dosing and improve treatment outcomes.
Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes during pregnancy is associated with increased perinatal mortality: a large population‐based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Lee D. , Booth G. L. , Ray J. G. , Ling V. , Feig D. S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo compare perinatal outcomes in women with undiagnosed diabetes with gestational diabetes alone, pre‐existing diabetes and women without diabetes, and to identify risk factors which distinguish them from women with gestational diabetes alone.MethodsThis population‐based cohort study included administrative data on all women who gave birth in Ontario, Canada, during 2002–2015. Maternal/neonatal outcomes were compared across groups using logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. A nested case control study compared women with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes with women with gestational diabetes alone to determine risk factors that would help identify these women.ResultsAmong 995 990 women, 68 163 had gestational diabetes (6.8%) and, of those women with gestational diabetes,1772 had undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (2.6%). Those with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes were more likely to be older, from a lower income area, have parity > 3 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 compared with gestational diabetes alone. Infants had a higher risk of perinatal mortality (OR 2.3 [1.6–3.4]), preterm birth (OR 2.6 [2.3–2.9]), congenital anomalies (OR 2.1 [1.7–2.5]), neonatal intensive care unit admission (OR 3.1 [2.8–3.5]) and neonatal hypoglycaemia (OR 406.0 [357–461]), which were similar to women with pre‐existing diabetes. The strongest predictive risk factors included early gestational diabetes diagnosis, previous gestational diabetes and chronic hypertension.ConclusionsWomen diagnosed with gestational diabetes who develop diabetes within 1 year postpartum are at higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including perinatal mortality. This highlights the need for earlier diagnosis, preferably pre‐pregnancy, and more aggressive treatment and surveillance of suspected type 2 diabetes during pregnancy.
Making the Classroom Safe for Open‐Mindedness
Authors: Curzer Howard J. , Gottlieb Jessica 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFor open‐mindedness to be an Aristotelian personal virtue, its possession must make agents better off. Unfortunately, open‐mindedness does not currently pay. The reasons include (1) novelty glut — taking seriously even a tiny percentage of the worthwhile, available ideas would be overwhelming; and (2) deception campaigns — we lack the time, sophistication, and knowledge to uncover the truth ourselves. Our best coping strategy is closed‐mindedness, that is, to ignore whatever we encounter unless vouched for by trusted experts. However, as Jessica Gottlieb and Howard Curzer argue in this article, student learning demands open‐mindedness. Although open‐mindedness is a personal vice, it is a student‐role virtue. Thus, teachers must buffer their classrooms against those features of the contemporary world that make open‐mindedness counterproductive. Teachers can counter these threats by using core practices that are general (such as facilitating classroom discussions) and content‐specific (for example, engaging students in scientific investigations). Core practices enable teachers to craft environments and experiences that make open‐mindedness great again.
The Moral Limits of Open‐Mindedness
Authors: Ferkany Matt A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Epistemologists have long worried that the willingness of open‐minded people to reconsider their beliefs in light of new evidence is both a condition of improving their beliefs and a risk factor for losing their grip on what they already know. In this article, Matt Ferkany introduces and attempts to resolve a moral variation of this puzzle: a willingness to engage people whose moral ideas are strange or repugnant (to us) looks like both a condition of broadening our moral horizons, and a risk factor for doing the wrong thing or becoming bad. Ferkany pursues a contractualist line of argument according to which such hazardous engagement is a virtue only when it matters to our interlocutors whether they can justify themselves to us on terms we can accept — for our sake or for the sake of their own virtue, not instrumentally or to get something out of us. When it does not so matter, openness can be unintelligent or gullible — in other words, not virtuous.
On the Ethics of Open‐Mindedness in the Age of Trump
Authors: Wahl Rachel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIs it always ethical to ask a person to be “open‐minded” in volatile political contexts? What might open‐mindedness entail and when might such an expectation be harmful? Drawing on observations and interviews related to a controversial dialogue that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, following the violent Unite the Right rally of August 2017, Rachel Wahl argues, first, that whether we might consider someone “open‐minded” has little to do with their participation in processes that formally affirm and even genuinely aim for this virtue. Second, the division between people who view civil dialogue as the key to social progress and people who aver that direct resistance is what is called for is rooted in deeply different conceptions of the social world and what ails the nation. This divide is at once a response to the political moment and to the human condition, as it is a manifestation of an enduring tension between openness and commitment. Third, the disposition to be what one might call “open‐minded” about this division is premised on how one understands one's self and life. While popular and philosophical conceptions of this division tend to valorize either openness or commitment, Wahl draws on René Arcilla's conception of a life of education in order to articulate how these might be integrated. The possibility of understanding one's life as an education illustrates what may have made it possible for one exemplary participant in the Charlottesville dialogue to be open‐minded even about the value of some expressions of open‐mindedness while maintaining his principled commitments.
Thermal tolerance varies with dim‐light foraging and elevation in large carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopini)
Authors: Gonzalez Victor H. , Hranitz John M. , Percival Catherine R. , Pulley Kristen L. , Tapsak Stephen T. , Tscheulin Thomas , Petanidou Theodora , Barthell John F. 
Published: January 2020

1. Thermal tolerance has a strong predictive power for understanding the ecology and distribution of organisms, as well as their responses to changes in land use and global warming. However, relatively few studies have assessed thermal tolerances for bees.2. The present study aimed to determine whether the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of carpenter bees (Apidae: genus Xylocopa Latreille) varies with different patterns of foraging activity and elevation. In addition, the influence of body size, body water content and relative age was examined with respect to their CTmax and differences in thoracic temperature (Tth) among species were evaluated.3. The CTmax of one crepuscular (Xylocopa olivieri) and two diurnal species (Xylocopa violacea and Xylocopa iris) of carpenter bees was assessed at sea level on the Greek island of Lesvos. To detect variation as a result of elevation, the CTmax of a population of X. violacea at 625 m.a.s l. was assessed and compared with that from sea level.4. Xylocopa olivieri displayed a similar CTmax to that of X. violacea but lower than that of X. iris. Body size, body water content, and relative age did not affect CTmax. In X. violacea, CTmax decreased with elevation and all three species have high Tth independent of ambient temperatures.5. The results of the present study are consistent with variations in CTmax predicted by broad spatial and temporal patterns reported for other insects, including honey and bumble bees. The implications of the results are discussed aiming to understand the differences in the foraging pattern of these bees.
Dentistry: Studying for a chosen career and the role of family, friends and support in that journey
Authors: Johnson Ilona , Jenkins Susan , Ginley Jennifer 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionWell‐being issues are increasing amongst dental students. Social relationships can be important for student support during their studies. The aim of the study was to explore dental students' feelings towards studying dentistry, social networks and chosen support during this journey.Materials and MethodsAn anonymous electronic cross‐sectional survey was carried out. All dental students in a single dental school were invited to participate. Participation and answering questions was voluntary. Descriptive analyses were used for categorical data, and qualitative data were analysed thematically.ResultsIn total, 109 students responded. One third reported having a family member from a healthcare profession but most were not related to dental professionals. The majority of students 83% liked the course, 14% said they felt “neutral”, and 5% said they did not like it. The following three themes explained this: (a) demands of the course, (b) being suited to dentistry (eg patient care) and (c) passion for dentistry as a career (or lack of). Most felt their peers were friendly (92%) and supportive (78%) but also competitive (64%). Irrespective of stress, 70% of participants sought help from family and two thirds sought help from student peers.DiscussionMost students enjoy studying dentistry despite the demands of the course. Support, workload, feeling suited to the course and a passion for dentistry as a career can affect the experience.ConclusionsFamily and friends are an important source of support in this process. Further work is needed to explore mechanisms to help family and friends support students.
Sex‐dependent association of urate on the patterns of striatal dopamine depletion in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Baik K. , Chung S. J. , Yoo H. S. , Lee Y. H. , Jung J. H. , Sohn Y. H. , Lee P. H. 
Published: January 2020

Background and purposeThe aim was to investigate the relationship between the serum urate (UA) levels and patterns of striatal dopamine depletion in patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease (PD).MethodsIn all, 167 de novo PD patients who underwent 18F‐fluorinated N‐3‐fluoropropyl‐2‐beta‐carboxymethoxy‐3‐beta‐(4‐iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography scans were enrolled. After quantifying dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in each striatal subregion, sex‐dependent patterns of striatal dopamine depletion were analysed by measuring (i) dopamine depletion in the other striatal subregions and posterior putamen (intersubregional ratio, ISR) and (ii) the interhemispheric asymmetry of dopamine depletion in the posterior putamen (asymmetric ratio, AR).ResultsThe interaction analysis revealed a significant interaction effect of sex and serum UA levels on the ISR but not on the AR. The ISR was negatively correlated with the serum UA levels in all patients with PD (r = −0.156, P = 0.045), and this association was more prominent in male PD patients (r = −0.422, P < 0.001). However, no significant association between the AR and serum UA levels was found in any of the patients. In addition, serum UA levels were significantly associated with DAT availability in the posterior putamen on both the more affected side (r = 0.312, P = 0.005) and the less affected side (r = 0.312, P = 0.005) only in male PD patients.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated the potentially close sex‐specific relationship between the serum UA levels and the anterior–posterior gradient of DAT patterns, suggesting a sex‐specific protective effect of UA on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in de novo PD.
Pooled cohort risk equation and subclinical cerebrovascular diseases
Authors: Nam K.‐W. , Kwon H.‐M. , Jeong H.‐Y. , Park J.‐H. , Kwon H. , Jeong S.‐M. 
Published: January 2020

Background and purposeIn 2013, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) introduced a novel pooled cohort risk (PCR) model for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the PCR score and cerebral large‐ and small‐vessel diseases (cLVD and cSVD) in a healthy population,MethodsWe assessed consecutive health check‐up volunteers from 2006 to 2013. We calculated the estimated 10‐year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk as the PCR score based on the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. We evaluated both cSVD/cLVD, including the prevalence of cLVD, lacunes and cerebral microbleed (CMB), and the volume of white matter hyperintensity (WMH). In addition to PCR score, the risk factors that were associated with outcome variables at P < 0.10 in univariate analysis were included for further multivariable linear or regression analyses.ResultsA total of 2720 participants were evaluated (mean age, 57 years, male sex, 54%). In multivariable analysis, PCR score was associated with WMH volume [β = 0.361; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.320–0.402, P < 0.001], cLVD [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.66; 95% CI, 1.29–2.16, P < 0.001], lacunes (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.52–2.14, P < 0.001) and CMBs (aOR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.40–2.19, P < 0.001). Furthermore, PCR score also showed dose‐response tendencies according to the burden of cLVD, WMH, lacunes and CMB.ConclusionsA higher PCR score based on the ACC/AHA guidelines is closely associated with a higher prevalence and burden of cLVD and cSVD.
Incorporation of cellulose fiber in glass ionomer cement
Authors: Garoushi Sufyan , He Jingwei , Obradovic Jasmina , Fardim Pedro , Vallittu Pekka K. , Lassila Lippo 
Published: January 2020

This study investigated the effect of discontinuous cellulose microfibers with various loading fractions on selected physical properties of glass polyalkenoate (glass ionomer) cement (GIC). Fiber‐reinforced GIC (Exp‐GIC) was prepared by adding discontinuous cellulose microfiber (with an average length of 500 μm) at various mass ratios (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mass%) to the powder of conventional GIC (GC Fuji IX) using a high‐speed mixing device. Fracture toughness, work of fracture, and compressive strength were determined for each experimental and control material. The specimens (n = 6) were wet stored (37°C for 1 d) before testing. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscope was used to examine the surface of fibers after treatment with cement liquid. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. The Exp‐GIC (5 mass%) specimen had statistically significantly higher fracture toughness (0.9 MPa.m1/2) than unreinforced material (0.4 MPa.m1/2). On the other hand, Exp‐GIC with 1 mass% displayed the highest compressive strength (116 MPa) among all tested groups. The use of discontinuous cellulose microfibers with conventional GIC matrix considerably increased the toughening performance compared with the particulate GICs used.