bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Predicted Solar Wind Hydrogen Flux in Lunar South Pole Craters
Authors: Rhodes Dov J. , Farrell William M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The solar wind hydrogen flux is mapped onto the topography of four lunar south pole craters; Shackleton, Haworth, Shoemaker and Faustini. Using altimetry data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, we apply an analytic plasma model to map the hydrogen flux onto the surface, time-averaged over a lunar rotation cycle. We present a series of maps including the average flux, geomagnetic modulation, and ion flow energy. These results are intended to inform further studies of dynamic lunar surface processes, such as volatile implantation, sputtering, and weathering. As an example, we also present a map of a surface ice sheet lifetime based on ion sputtering.
Dépister l’ancestralité : machines et techniques généalogiques dans la reconstruction des histoires de famille
Authors: Abel Sarah , Pálsson Gísli 
Published: May 2020

Les vingt dernières années ont vu émerger des « machines généalogiques » qui promettent de révolutionner les recherches sur l’histoire familiale. Cet article examine les pratiques de traçage qui s’articulent autour de ces technologies, et leur impact sur le façonnement des concepts actuels de parenté, en s’appuyant sur deux études de cas. L’une se réfère aux efforts déployés par les descendants d’Islandais en Amérique du Nord en vue de s’insérer à nouveau dans l’arbre généalogique national, et l’autre suit les tentatives d’un Islandais afin de rétablir le lien avec le père qu’il n’a jamais connu.
Mineur jusqu’aux os ? La juge des enfants et l’âge du jeune étranger au prisme des tests osseux
Authors: Lendaro Annalisa 
Published: May 2020

Cette contribution se propose d’analyser la place des tests osseux dans le processus de (non)reconnaissance de la minorité du jeune étranger isolé. En particulier, l’article se focalisera sur les débats concernant la capacité de ces derniers à « dire vrai » au sujet de l’âge des jeunes, qui ont lieu pendant et en marge des audiences devant le juge des enfants. S’appuyant sur les matériaux recueillis via une enquête ethnographique réalisée dans deux villes françaises, le cœur de la contribution analyse les débats autour de la légitimité et de la fiabilité de ces « technologies du soupçon » et met en exergue la dimension politique des pratiques judiciaires autour des expertises sur le corps d’autrui.
La logique, science recherchée
Authors: Halimi Brice 
Published: May 2020

Une théorie de la science qui permette une « étude systématique des formes » est l’ἐπιστήμη ζητοῦμένη de Cavaillès : ce dernier ne la trouve ni dans l’analytique kantienne, ni dans la théorie de la science de Bolzano ; pas plus que chez Frege, Carnap ou Tarski ; et ni dans la théorie de la démonstration, ni dans la mathesis husserlienne. Cet article défend l’idée qu’il aurait pu la trouver, ou du moins s’en approcher, s’il avait accordé davantage d’attention à une figure de la logique qu’il a délaissée : celle qu’incarnent Russell et son héritier Wittgenstein. L’analyse de la notion même de forme, que celle-ci désigne un complexe symbolique, une structure mathématique ou un schéma démonstratif, y aurait également gagné.
Dario Vellozo, de professor para professor, produção e circulação do conhecimento pedagógico: A escola, uma revista em análise (1906-1910)
Authors: Rodrigues Elaine , Gonçalves Neto Wenceslau 
Published: May 2020

O impresso, fonte e objeto da pesquisa, é a revista A Escola, um periódico produzido pelo Grêmio de professores públicos do Paraná/Curitiba no período de 1906 a 1910, tomados como balizadores temporais para a reflexão. Os questionamentos que direcionaram essa escrita foram: Em tempos de república nascente, qual função, os colaboradores da revista, em particular seu editor, Dario Vellozo, destinavam à escola? Quais temáticas estiveram em maior evidência no que tange a formação do professor paranaense na recém instaurada república brasileira? A Imprensa especializada em educação e ensino, evidencia-se como um como núcleo de informação, já que mostra maneiras de produzir e difundir discursos, o que possibilita objetivar a compreensão da dinâmica que engloba a produção das narrativas educacionais e suas articulações com a construção da(s) identidade(s), histórico-educacional(ais), pretendida(s) para o(a) professor(a) e para o aluno(a) curitibano da nascente república brasileira.
Differential Fuel Requirements of Human NK Cells and Human CD8 T Cells: Glutamine Regulates Glucose Uptake in Strongly Activated CD8 T Cells
Authors: Presnell Steven R , Spear Henry K , Durham Jerika , Riddle Tyce , Applegate Austin , Lutz Charles T 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
CD8 T cells and NK cells are the two major cytotoxic lymphocytes that carry out cell-mediated immunity and regulate other immune responses. However, we do not completely understand human CD8 T cell and NK cell metabolic requirements and they have not been compared in the same experiments. We activated human CD8 T cells by two anti–CD3/CD28 mAb methods, and we stimulated both CD8 T cells and NK cells with IL-12/IL-18. When glucose (Glc) could not be used, human CD8 T cells either died or became hypofunctional, depending upon the anti–CD3/CD28 activation method. In contrast, Glc starvation did not decrease the percentage of IL-12/IL-18–stimulated human NK cells that made IFN-γ. NK cells were relatively fuel resilient and used Glc, glutamine (Gln), fatty acid, or acetate to power IFN-γ expression. Surprisingly, strongly activated human CD8 T cells required Gln for glycolysis and Glc uptake. We showed that human CD8 T cells regulate Glc uptake by a novel mechanism related to the TXNIP pleiotropic protein. These conditions may be relevant to septic patients who have high blood Glc but low Gln. Under the conditions tested, Gln did not change human NK cell TXNIP expression. Our experiments reveal fundamental differences in human CD8 T cell and NK cell metabolism and the fuels needed for IFN-γ production.
Intercomparison study of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn progeny monitors
Authors: Grossi Claudia , Chambers Scott D. , Llido Olivier , Vogel Felix R. , Kazan Victor , Capuana Alessandro , Werczynski Sylvester , Curcoll Roger , Delmotte Marc , Vargas Arturo , Morguí Josep-Anton , Levin Ingeborg , Ramonet Michel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The use of the noble gas radon (222Rn) as a tracer for different research studies, for example observation-based estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, has led to the need of high-quality 222Rn activity concentration observations with high spatial and temporal resolution. So far a robust metrology chain for these measurements is not yet available. A portable direct atmospheric radon monitor (ARMON), based on electrostatic
collection of 218Po, is now running at Spanish stations. This monitor has not yet been compared with other 222Rn and 222Rn
progeny monitors commonly used at atmospheric stations. A 3-month intercomparison campaign of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn
progeny monitors based on different measurement techniques was realized
during the fall and winter of 2016–2017 to evaluate (i) calibration and
correction factors between monitors necessary to harmonize the atmospheric
radon observations and (ii) the dependence of each monitor's response in
relation to the sampling height and meteorological and atmospheric aerosol
conditions. Results of this study have shown the following. (i) All monitors were able to
reproduce the atmospheric radon variability on a daily basis. (ii) Linear
regression fits between the monitors exhibited slopes, representing the
correction factors, between 0.62 and 1.17 and offsets ranging between −0.85 and −0.23 Bq m−3 when sampling 2 m above ground level
(a.g.l.). Corresponding results at 100 m a.g.l. exhibited slopes of 0.94 and 1.03 with offsets of −0.13 and 0.01 Bq m−3, respectively.
(iii) No influence of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity on monitor responses was observed for unsaturated conditions at 100 m a.g.l.,
whereas slight influences (order of 10−2) of ambient temperature were
observed at 2 m a.g.l. (iv) Changes in the ratio between 222Rn progeny and 222Rn monitor responses were observed under very low atmospheric aerosol concentrations. Results also show that the new ARMON could be useful at atmospheric radon
monitoring stations with space restrictions or as a mobile reference
instrument to calibrate in situ 222Rn progeny monitors and fixed radon monitors. In the near future a long-term comparison study between ARMON, HRM, and ANSTO monitors would be useful to better evaluate (i) the uncertainties of radon measurements in the range of a few hundred millibecquerels per cubic meter to a few becquerels per cubic meter and (ii) the response time correction of the ANSTO monitor for
representing fast changes in the ambient radon concentrations.
The origin of Asian monsoons: a modelling perspective
Authors: Tardif Delphine , Fluteau Frédéric , Donnadieu Yannick , Le Hir Guillaume , Ladant Jean-Baptiste , Sepulchre Pierre , Licht Alexis , Poblete Fernando , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Cenozoic inception and development of the Asian
monsoons remain unclear and have generated much debate, as several
hypotheses regarding circulation patterns at work in Asia during the Eocene
have been proposed in the few last decades. These include (a) the existence of
modern-like monsoons since the early Eocene; (b) that of a weak South Asian
monsoon (SAM) and little to no East Asian monsoon (EAM); or (c) a prevalence
of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations, also referred to
as Indonesian–Australian monsoon (I-AM). As SAM and EAM are supposed to have
been triggered or enhanced primarily by Asian palaeogeographic changes, their
possible inception in the very dynamic Eocene palaeogeographic context
remains an open question, both in the modelling and field-based communities.
We investigate here Eocene Asian climate conditions using the IPSL-CM5A2 (Sepulchre et al., 2019)
earth system model and revised palaeogeographies. Our Eocene climate
simulation yields atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia substantially
different from modern conditions. A large high-pressure area is simulated over the
Tethys ocean, which generates intense low tropospheric winds blowing
southward along the western flank of the proto-Himalayan–Tibetan plateau
(HTP) system. This low-level wind system blocks, to latitudes lower than
10∘ N, the migration of humid and warm air masses coming from the
Indian Ocean. This strongly contrasts with the modern SAM, during which
equatorial air masses reach a latitude of 20–25∘ N over India and
southeastern China. Another specific feature of our Eocene simulation is the
widespread subsidence taking place over northern India in the midtroposphere (around 5000 m), preventing deep convective updraught that would
transport water vapour up to the condensation level. Both processes lead to
the onset of a broad arid region located over northern India and over the
HTP. More humid regions of high seasonality in precipitation encircle this
arid area, due to the prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) migrations (or Indonesian–Australian monsoon, I-AM) rather than
monsoons. Although the existence of this central arid region may partly
result from the specifics of our simulation (model dependence and palaeogeographic uncertainties) and has yet to be confirmed by proxy records,
most of the observational evidence for Eocene monsoons are located in the
highly seasonal transition zone between the arid area and the more humid
surroundings. We thus suggest that a zonal arid climate prevailed over Asia
before the initiation of monsoons that most likely occurred following Eocene
palaeogeographic changes. Our results also show that precipitation
seasonality should be used with caution to infer the presence of a monsoonal
circulation and that the collection of new data in this arid area is of
paramount importance to allow the debate to move forward.
Coupled online learning as a way to tackle instabilities and biases in neural network parameterizations: general algorithms and Lorenz 96 case study (v1.0)
Authors: Rasp Stephan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Over the last couple of years, machine learning parameterizations have emerged as a potential way to improve the representation of subgrid processes in Earth system models (ESMs). So far, all studies were based on the same three-step approach: first a training dataset was created from a high-resolution simulation, then a machine learning algorithm was fitted to this dataset, before the trained algorithm was implemented in the ESM. The resulting online simulations were frequently plagued by instabilities and biases. Here, coupled online learning is proposed as a way to combat these issues. Coupled learning can be seen as a second training stage in which the pretrained machine learning parameterization, specifically a neural network, is run in parallel with a high-resolution simulation. The high-resolution simulation is kept in sync with the neural network-driven ESM through constant nudging. This enables the neural network to learn from the tendencies that the high-resolution simulation would produce if it experienced the states the neural network creates. The concept is illustrated using the Lorenz 96 model, where coupled learning is able to recover the “true” parameterizations. Further, detailed algorithms for the implementation of coupled learning in 3D cloud-resolving models and the super parameterization framework are presented. Finally, outstanding challenges and issues not resolved by this approach are discussed.
The Unique Affordances of Plainness in George Eliot'sSilas MarnerandMiddlemarch
Authors: Rodriguez Rachel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBeautiful young women abound in George Eliot's oeuvre, from Hetty Sorrel to Gwendolen Harleth, but most of Eliot's novels also feature marriageable women who are described as plain, or even ugly. George Eliot struggled throughout her life to come to terms with society's judgment of her appearance, and its ramifications in her love life. Rather than being ridiculed or ostracized, Eliot's ugly women are granted a unique perspective on men and the roles available to a Victorian woman other than Angel in the House. Shielded from the male gaze, their gaze is more direct and discerning; spared from male flattery, their speech is direct and witty. In providing readers with female characters who are plain but happy, George Eliot illustrates the unique affordances offered to “ugly” women, herself included.
Work and Sources of Income of Inhabitants of Wrocław in the Years 1956–1970 in the Light of Classified Advertisements Placed in Słowo Polskie
Authors: Targosz Katarzyna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The article analyses a group of classified advertisements placed in the Lower Silesian daily Słowo Polskie in the years 1956–1970 that referred to jobs and alternative sources of income of inhabitants of Wrocław. Classified advertisements of the Gomulka period have become the mirror of social problems and methods of survival in those hard times. Based on them, we can reconstruct everyday life in the People’s Republic of Poland. Classified advertisements reflect numerous processes that took place in the Polish society after the period of post-war chaos and Stalinist regime. They show increasing consumer aspirations, decreased level of fear in the society and various faces of the so-called “small stabilization.”
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic
Authors: Aquila Isabella , Sacco Matteo Antonio , Abenavoli Ludovico , Malara Natalia , Arena Vincenzo , Grassi Simone , Ausania Francesco , Boccuto Luigi , Ricci Cristoforo , Gratteri Santo , Oliva Antonio , Ricci Pietrantonio 
Published: May 2020

Context.—The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is significantly changing methodologic approaches in all branches of the health system. From a forensic point of view, this event is partly changing the manner in which forensic pathologists and all those who work in autopsy services operate, but above all, it is changing the patterns established for years by which cadavers are analyzed postmortem.Objective.—To present a review of the literature and a proposal for COVID-19 autopsy protocols. To contain the infection risk, a revision of all the protocols that until now have been applied to the examination of bodies that require autopsy services is required.Data Sources.—Currently, the diagnosis and postmortem analysis of positive or suspected COVID-19 cases plays a crucial role in scientific research. A review of the main recommendations proposed by international scientific societies regarding the risk of infection during autopsy was carried out. Scientific papers currently available via the PubMed NCBI search engine on COVID-19 postmortem diagnosis were also examined.Conclusions.—Throughout the history of medicine, autopsy has been fundamental to the understanding of multiple pathogenic processes that are investigated postmortem. The purpose of the study is to propose an operating protocol that can be useful for all clinical and forensic autopsies, with particular reference to the correct methods to be applied to the examination of positive or suspected COVID-19 cases, regarding both the autopsy procedure and the collection and analysis of biological samples.
Human‐Palm‐Inspired Artificial Skin Material Enhances Operational Functionality of Hand Manipulation
Authors: Heo Si‐Hwan , Kim Cheolgyu , Kim Taek‐Soo , Park Hyung‐Soon 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHuman skin plays an important role in hand manipulation by making a stable grasp with an enlarging contact area while providing a firm hold on the object. However, satisfying these two functions is contradictory in conventional single‐layer artificial skin. Softer skin material would increase the contact area, which is advantageous in maintaining the stability, but it decreases the manipulability since the object tends to make uncontrollable movement within the softer skin, and vice versa for harder skin material. This paper presents a biomimetic three‐layer skin structure inspired by human palm skin and shows that both stability and manipulability can be enhanced with the three‐layer structure. To achieve the unique stiffness characteristics of the human palm skin, a porous latex structure, which is highly compressible but tough in tensile direction, is chosen as the subcutaneous fat layer. Through the novel experimental setup and the finite element method simulations, it is found that the porous latex structure is the key structure contributing to both stability and manipulability. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a robotic hand with the proposed skin material shows enhanced robustness in grasping tasks. With the proposed skin material, the robotic hands would be more advantageous for challenging manipulation tasks.
Capacitance–Voltage (C–V ) Characterization of Graphene–Silicon Heterojunction Photodiodes
Authors: Riazimehr Sarah , Belete Melkamu , Kataria Satender , Engström Olof , Lemme Max Christian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHeterostructures of 2D and 3D materials form efficient devices for utilizing the properties of both classes of materials. Graphene/silicon (G/Si) Schottky diodes have been studied extensively with respect to their optoelectronic properties. Here, a method to analyze measured capacitance–voltage (C–V) data of G/Si Schottky diodes connected in parallel with G/silicon dioxide/Si (GIS) capacitors is introduced. The accurate extraction of the built‐in potential (Φbi) and the Schottky barrier height (SBH) from the measurement data independent of the Richardson constant is also demonstrated.
Band Structure Engineering in MoS2 Based Heterostructures toward High‐Performance Phototransistors
Authors: Ying Haoting , Li Xin , Wang Hemiao , Wang Yurui , Hu Xin , Zhang Jian , Zhang Xuefeng , Shi Yueqin , Xu Minxuan , Zhang Qi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractInterfacial band structure engineering paves a promising route to promote the application of 2D semiconductors in optoelectronics, and thereby in the last decades, a great number of studies about heterojunction based on transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been implemented. Most of the latest photodetectors mainly consist of a type II band alignment in which, however, the interfacial emission quenching leads to a higher nonradiative rate, an awkward problem for reducing their energy consumption. Here, BaTiO3/MoS2 heterostructures with type I band alignment fabricated by a facile spin‐coating method are reported, and their remarkable photodetection performance in comparison with devices based on bare MoS2 (Rλ: 120 A W−1 vs 1.7 A W−1 and external quantum efficiency (EQE): 4.78 × 104% vs 4.5 × 102% @365 nm) is demonstrated. Optical measurements including micro‐Raman and photoluminescence (PL) suggest a carrier extraction process accompanied by the carrier injection occurring in the narrower‐bandgap (MoS2) layer, responsible for the increment of carrier population in MoS2 channel and subsequent improvement of detection ability. Hence, the demonstration of such 0D/2D type‐I heterostructures through an interfacial control provides valuable information for developing low cost yet superior performance optoelectronic devices in future.
Plant‐Based Biodegradable Capacitive Tactile Pressure Sensor Using Flexible and Transparent Leaf Skeletons as Electrodes and Flower Petal as Dielectric Layer
Authors: Elsayes Ahmed , Sharma Vipul , Yiannacou Kyriacos , Koivikko Anastasia , Rasheed Anum , Sariola Veikko 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn biomedical sciences, there is demand for electronic skins with highly sensitive tactile sensors, having applications in patient monitoring, human–machine interfaces, and on‐body sensors. In clinical applications, it would be especially beneficial if the sensors would be disposable. Here, an all plant‐material‐based biodegradable capacitive tactile pressure sensor for disposable electronic skins is reported. Silver‐nanowire‐coated leaf skeletons are used as breathable and flexible electrodes while freeze‐dried rose petals are used as the dielectric layer. The leaf skeleton electrodes have a rough fractal‐like architecture, which provides good adhesion to the silver nanowires and maintains interconnections between the silver nanowires when the electrodes are bent. The electrodes display low constant resistance up to curvature of 800 m−1. The rose petal dielectric layer has a multiscale 3D cell wall microstructure, which compresses elastically when subjected to pressure. The fabricated sensor can respond to pressures ranging from 0.007 to at least 60 kPa, with a maximum sensitivity of ≈0.08 kPa−1. The signal is stable for at least 5000 pressure cycles, after an initial break‐in period. Owing to the all biomaterial constituents, the sensor is biodegradable under aqueous conditions. The sensor is successfully applied as an e‐skin in touch sensing and gesture monitoring.