bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrity Challenges Associated with Cathodic Protection Application & Resolutions
Authors: Al Salmi Ebrahim Salem , Al Ameri Saleh Salem , Al Ameri Ayedh Saeed , Girkar Shakeel Isak , Nair Ajiv Mohan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
ADNOC Onshore is one of the leading Middle East Oil Operator has more than 60 Pipelines and 3000 Well casings. All buried structures are externally protected against soil-side corrosion with Coating and CP.
Corrosion and subsequent failure, particularly on pipelines/well casings is one of the main factors upsetting any upstream/downstream production facilities. Maintaining adequate level of CP system is always a challenge for corrosion engineers due to complex corrosion phenomena. Failure of these pipelines/well casings during production stage due to corrosion can be catastrophic with following consequences:·Loss of life (fatality)·Safety and Environment (Fire, Toxic gases and Oil Spill)·Resource and downtime cost impact·Damage to asset/company reputation.
As per current industrial practice, the buried structures is designed to be protected externally by coating wherever possible along with ICCP system. However, the CP effectiveness often becomes challenging due to the CP interference caused by Ground beds and other structures since adequate separating distance cannot be maintained practically due to the field congestion.
This paper focuses on case study of a Ground bed in the vicinity of a buried pipeline, CP interference during CP effectiveness evaluation, Interference tests, crowding effect due to two or more deep anode bed systems operating in single rectifier, possible corrosion and damage mechanism and also strategy for remedial measures like ‘Shielding’ to nullify the Interference effect along with recommendations.
Use of Artificial Intelligence to Measure Gas Flow Rate, Bongkot Asset
Authors: Ketmalee Thanapong , Sirisawadwattana Jutaratt , Piyajunya Tanunya , Ngamkamollert Krit , Bandyopadhyay Parthasarathi , Whangkitjamorn Jugkapun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Greater Bongkot North is a gas field located in Gulf of Thailand and on production since 1993. Most of the old wellhead platforms (30%) lack remote well test facilities which requires personnel visits for any well test measurement. Often, well testing in these platforms get lower priority compared to other operations in a matured field. This project implemented artificial intelligent (AI) technique to estimate gas rate from other available engineering and geological parameters.
A new approach using machine learning was applied to estimate gas production rate where actual measurements are not available. Actual production well test data was used to train the model. Input parameters used were:
Surface facility information Fluid properties Production condition Geological setup
A blind test on the subset of historical data showed a level of confidence (R2) value of 0.93. This provided confidence to proceed with a full field pilot. A pilot was conducted during January to May 2018. The area of pilot was spread across various geological, operating and surface condition setups to reduce sampling bias. The pilot demonstrated the following use cases:
Improved prediction accuracy in wells with no recent test, achieving primary object of model. Detection of well behavior changes: The model could detect changes in well behavior without human intervention much before the trends become obvious for engineers to detect. Improved potential estimation in wells with leaks in wellhead chokes where conventional analysis followed in Bongkot is not possible due to improper wellhead shut-in pressure measurement. Improved efficiency with production allocation: The conventional method requires significant time (40-80 person hours per month) to make the data available for production allocation. This can be shortened significantly by use of this method
In essence, this project demonstrated the potential use of artificial intelligent to improve efficiency in a matured gas field operating under marginal conditions.
Deep Learning for a Fast and Accurate Prediction of Complex Carbonate Rock Permeability From 3D Micro-CT Images
Authors: Tembely Moussa , AlSumaiti Ali 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Correctly predicting subsurface flow properties is critical in many applications, ranging from water resource management to the petroleum industry. In the present paper, we establish a workflow to apply machine and deep learning (DL) to quickly and accurately compute petrophysical properties based on micro-CT images without any computationally intensive procedures. The pore network modeling (PNM) approach is widely used for fast computation of flow properties, albeit with less accuracy due to the inherent simplification of the pore space. Alternatively, direct simulation, such as the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is very accurate; however, its high computational cost prevents this approach from including all the relevant flow physics in a single simulation. After assessing numerical techniques ranging from PNM to the LBM, a framework based on machine learning (ML) is established for a fast and accurate prediction of permeability directly from 3D micro-CT images of complex Middle-East carbonate rock. We use thousands of samples from which engineered features—based on pore network modelling and images analysis—are fed into both shallow and deep learning algorithms to compute, as an output, the permeability in an end-to-end regression scheme. Within a supervised learning framework, algorithms based on linear regression, gradient boosting, support vector regression, and convolutional neural networks are applied to predict porous rock petrophysical properties from 3D micro-CT images. In addition, a hybrid neural network accounting for both the physical properties and 3D raw images is investigated. Finally, the estimated permeability of a complex carbonate by ML is found to be in good agreement with a more intensive simulation by voxel-based direct simulation. Furthermore, a significant gain in computational time—approximately three orders of magnitude—is achieved by applying ML compared to the LBM. This work highlights the critical role played by features engineering in predicting petrophysical properties using DL. The proposed workflow, combining deep learning and rock imaging and modeling, has great potential in reservoir simulation and characterization to swiftly and accurately predict petrophysical properties of porous media.
NGPD Roadmap to Lubrication Excellence
Authors: Nadeem Tariq 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Reliability engineering unit conducted comprehensive and detailed study of machinery lubrication systems for salt water injection pumps and gas compressors operating at various facilities of north Ghawar producing department of Saudi Aramco to achieve lubrication excellence.
As a part of lubrication study, data from the following sources was collected, analyzed and gaps were addressed for better contamination control to enhance equipment reliability and compliance KPI. 2017 corporate lubrication KPI report issued by CSD.Benchmarking between NGPD and ShGP Department.RU field assessment during 3rd quarter of 2018.
Study reveals that improper sample collection, oil mixing, improper sampling point, old fashion breather design, insufficient operator's knowledge and skills set and unavailability of lubricant cleaning services are key identified areas which were addressed and proper corrective actions were implemented through management of change process. As the result of partial implementation of conducted study, we have achieved 92.25% compliance target in second quarter of 2019 which is very good success rate of indicating positive trend with the cost saving of Cost saving of $112,844.
Efficiency of High Power Laser in Carbonate Formations
Authors: Othman Haitham , San Roman Alerigi Damian , Batarseh Sameeh , Al Obaid Omar 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The objective of this work is to utilize high power laser technology (HPL) for two downhole applications in carbonate formations including perforation and fracture initiation. This is critical because current technologies for perforation cause compaction and reduce the permeability around the perforated tunnel. Furthermore, initiating fractures in tight carbonate formations requires high breakthrough pressures, which leads to additional damages and costs. HPL technology is a contactless and waterless alternative for these applications in any kind of rock; earlier laboratory results showed that the technology improves permeability, increases porosity, enhances the mechanical structure of the rock, and reduces damage to the neighboring formation. This work investigates some of the physical and chemical changes induced by high power laser on carbonate rocks.
A high power laser system is used to perforate and heat different types of carbonate rocks. These include some limestone and dolomitic samples of different shape and size. The rocks are characterized before and after the process using a combined multi-physics and multi-scale approaches. Small core plugs and cuttings are used to study the effect at micro-level. Larger samples are used to characterize the effect of the overall structure of the rock. The chemical transformations are captured using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction and fluorescence (XRD/XRF). The laser interaction is recorded in real-time using high-speed infra-red thermography.
Experimental results illustrate how the high power laser can create long and wide perforation tunnels in carbonate rocks. Micro-level observations evince that the permeability increase due to the creation of micro-fractures and changes in interconnectivity between the pores. Large-scale measurements show that high power laser can controllably weaken the rock within the heat-affected zone, enhance porosity, and increase permeability. These changes can improve the fracture initiation process in these rocks. The analysis of the laser-rock interaction also shows that the laser induces a calcination process that dissociates the calcium carbonate into CO2, lime, and other compounds. This may have a positive effect on the overall energy balance of the process.
This work demonstrates that high power laser can be used to enhance the perforation and fracture initiation processes in carbonate rocks. The technology can controllably create tunnels of different sizes and lower the compressive strength of the rock; consequently, it reduces the pressure needed for fracture initiation. The multi-scale and multi-physics analyses presented in this paper provide a comprehensive overview of the process and its implications for downhole applications.
Monetization Opportunity in Gas Processing Facilities by CO2 Recovery
Authors: Vyas Ajay 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess monetization opportunity in existing gas processing facilities by recovering CO2 from the acid gas stream and utilizing it to enhance oil recovery. This could potentially lead to generating more revenues with minimum modifications and optimizing the plot footprint, energy, and overall cost, all while maintaining business continuity.
The Study was conducted in two stages:
Feasibility Study was carried out to identify a potential site location and UTC per ton of potential recovered CO2 to meet pilot phase EOR requirement of upstream oil facilities. Study recommended to recover CO2 from existing AGRU Regenerator overhead using chemical solvents, TEG dehydration and compression. Pre-Feed Study – The developed idea along with other potential options were thoroughly evaluated by a Pre-FEED Study to select the most techno-economic viable location, technologies and overall process configuration in order to capture CO2 to meet upstream oil company pilot phase requirements for EOR.
The final selected concept for CO2 capture was as per followings:
Low pressure chemical solvent type CO2 capture Unit located downstream of the AGRU but upstream of the flash / recovered flare gas tie in; Wet CO2 compression to TEG dehydration unit and dry CO2 compression transport for injection; Reinject enriched H2S from the CO2 capture unit to condensate reservoir The selected concept UTC US$ / MT of CO2 compared by performing similar exercises for other two sites and it is observed that UTC varies depending on existing process and utilities systems configuration, feed gas quality and product specifications.
Concept of recovering CO2 from existing oil & gas facilities for EOR facilitates minimizing CO2 emissions and its footprint.
This concept can potentially be enhanced by taking calculated risks and applying emerging technologies with Licensors’ to ease UTC from its current level and complement other by-products to enhance overall value chain in energy sector. In addition to that this, UAE has set the National Climate Change Plan 2017–2050 that serves as a roadmap to boost nationwide actions for climate mitigation. Capturing CO2 for EOR economically will facilitate UAE to minimize carbon emission footprint.
Based on aforementioned Pre-FEED study, this paper identifies and evaluates the most viable options for the CO2 capture unit location, CO2 capture technology, CO2 dehydration and transport technology and H2S handling for the entire operating envelope. This paper also provides an overview of the CO2 dehydration unit optimum operating pressure, discussions on CO2 wet and dry compressors and the configuration of the CO2 capture train(s).
Micro Porosity within the Organic Matter and its Impact on Assessment of Unconventional Potential of a Kerogen Rich Najmah Formation in Kuwait
Authors: Mishra Prasanta , Grader Avrami , AlJallad Osama , Kayali Anas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Carbonate reservoir rocks of the Najmah formation in Kuwait, with low porosity and low permeability, have been characterized using integrated digital and physical rock analyses methods. High-resolution imaging and analyses determined the microstructural characters of mineral matrix, organic matter (OM) distribution, organic and inorganic pore types, size distribution, and permeability variation within this kerogen-rich Late Jurassic stratigraphic unit.
Considerable heterogeneity of porosity and permeability was observed in the 100-ft studied interval of the Najmah Formation. Two-dimensional scanning electron microscopy (2D-SEM) imaging and three-dimensional focused ion beam SEM (3D-FIB-SEM) imaging highlighted the different types of porosities present within the formation rock. At each depth, several 2D-SEM images were used for characterization and selection of representative locations for extracting 3D FIB-SEM volumes. The 3D volumes were digitally analyzed and volumetric percentages of OM and total porosity were determined. The porosity was further analyzed and quantified as connected, nonconnected, and associated with organic matter. Connected porosity was used to compute absolute permeability in the horizontal and vertical directions in the area of interest.
Porosity associated with OM is an indicator of OM maturity and flow potential. It has been categorized as pendular type, spongy large grain, spongy small grain, fracture porosity within the OM, grain boundary fractures and intergranular porosity covering the entire OM. Permeability is not only influenced by porosity within OM or even apparent transformation ratio (ATR), it is also dependent on pore connectivity, pore sizes, and heterogeneity (e.g., high-permeability streaks). For high porosity samples, almost all pores are connected and contributing to permeability. For low porosity samples with high permeability, the flow is mainly through microfractures. It is possible that intergranular clay pores in highly thermally mature rocks were originally filled with OM and that, during progressive thermal maturation, transformation of OM to hydrocarbon(s) removed much of the pore filling OM.
It has also been observed that, although the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the rocks is significant (up to 18 wt%), and good maturity index (VR0&gt;1), only few examined samples show good connected porosity within the OM. It is essential to evaluate the porosity within the OM thorough high-resolution measurements for pinpointing the prospective layers for future stimulated horizontal wells in this organic-rich source unit. These intervals can be considered as the potential sweet spots after integration with detailed petrophysics and geomechanical parameters for optimized well planning and completion design.
Air Cooler Vibrations - Amplified Amplitudes, Simplified Solutions
Authors: Al Awadhi Ibrahim , M. Sharma Ashok , Subramaniam Krishnan , Al Zeyoudi Saleimah 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objective/Scope
One of the largest Air-cooled steam condensers in our plant having 16 bays & 32 fans of 4.8m diameter, was observed with high vibrations beyond 100 mm/s, resulting in equipment integrity & HSE concerns. Most importantly, 250 MT/hr of steam has to be vented to atmosphere, if the air-cooler is down. This paper presents the alternate approach adopted which resolved vibration issue, enhanced availability & improved steam system efficiency, with simple but robust solution.

Methods, Procedures, Process
Performed meticulous measurement of Aircooler vibration spectrum, which includes frequency, amplitude, velocity & structural natural frequency. As motor solo-run test confirmed no inherent vibration originating from motor, analysis was imperative to find the root cause. Hence, developed ANSYS model of existing Aircooler to simulate different modes & corresponding frequencies. Analysis confirmed that high vibration was a result of resonance between structure natural frequency and motor/blade pass frequency.

Results, Observations & Conclusions
The results from detailed study and analysis recommended that in order to eliminate the resonance criteria, number of fan blades has to be changed from 11 to 12 and enormous amount of additional structures / bay to be added to shift the structural frequency away from its natural frequency. Total estimated cost of execution for this option is ~1 million USD for all 16 bays and require aircooler shutdown.
Instead of the above ceremonial solution, a simple and easy to implement, analytical solution was recommended to locally stiffen the motor & gearbox support plates. This would minimize the vibration amplitude, reduce fatigue loading and enhance structural rigidity & integrity. The cost of this option is negligible as the modification does not involve major changes and can be executed with in-house resources. Primarily, this option can be executed without the need for Aircooler shutdown.
The alternate solution has been implemented and the vibration levels have reduced considerably, ensuring aircooler Integrity. Most importantly, this approach has improved aircooler availability and avoided venting of 250T/hr of LP steam, costing ~24K USD/day.

Novel/Additive Information
Vibrations in aircoolers not only causes HSE & integrity concerns but their unavailability leads to steam letting off. The detailed analysis and robust solution has not only improved integrity, but also avoided huge structural modification & associated cost, improved availability, eliminated steam letting down and thus enhancing steam system efficiency.
Near Real-Time Corrosion Monitoring for Wellbore Integrity Management
Authors: Kumar Amit , Al Daghar Tareq , Al Shehhi Ali , Keinath Brendon , Kulkarni Mohan , Beltramino Pedro , Long Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
For safe operation of wells, it is critical to maintain the integrity of production tubing. Integrity management in the wellbore needs to address a variety of factors including exposure to harsh environments, accessibility limitations on inspection tools, cost-optimization and need for production interruption for running the downhole inspection tools. Such scenarios make regular corrosion measurements difficult, and can result in a reactive approach to integrity management. Corrosion prediction software provides a solution to alleviate this issue.
Water-chemistry and flow parameters are key drivers for corrosion assessment. Generating these inputs for corrosion predictions using industry standard flow models requires significant expertise and is tedious which limits the frequency of assessments. Given the significant number of carbon steel tubulars in a giant offshore oil field in Abu Dhabi, the original process was too cumbersome resulting in only a select number of wells being modeled. To streamline the process, an automated application was developed which virtually integrates wellbore mapping, field data, multiphase flow physics, water-chemistry, and proprietary corrosion modeling software seamlessly.
The corrosion monitoring application has allowed for more frequent and timely corrosion assessments of a significant number of wells. The results to date include optimization of corrosion inhibitor (CI) usage during early production and to drive decisions for timely CI squeeze treatments. In addition to CI optimization, the high fidelity corrosion predictions have also driven preventative mitigations in wellbores with high wall loss leading to improved integrity. Application of this tool in conjunction with advancement in field data management enables a systematic approach in assessing tubular integrity status of wells in near real-time and predicting remaining life of tubulars.
Implementation of this unique, easy-to-use multi-disciplinary application assists in proactive management of integrity, avoids unnecessary workover, and enables cost saving by continued use of existing materials. The application was developed in a computational framework that allows quick integration of physics-based modeling tools for bespoke applications. Furthermore, it supports the development of corrosion monitoring plan, identification of wells with potentially high corrosion, and assists field engineers in defining inspection requirements to maintain well integrity.