bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OH defect contents in quartz in a granitic system at 1–5 kbar
Authors: Potrafke Alexander , Stalder Roland , Schmidt Burkhard C. , Ludwig Thomas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Quartz is able to incorporate trace elements (e.g., H, Li, Al, B) depending on the formation conditions (P, T, and chemical system). Consequently, quartz can be used as a tracer for petrogenetic information of silicic plutonic bodies. In this experimental study, we provide the first data set on the OH defect incorporation in quartz from granites over a pressure/temperature range realistic for the emplacement of granitic melts in the upper crust. Piston cylinder and internally heated pressure vessel synthesis experiments were performed in a water-saturated granitic system at 1–5 kbar and 700–950 °C. Crystals from successful runs were analysed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their homogeneity was verified by FTIR imaging. IR absorption bands can be assigned to specific OH defects and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively and reveal that (1) the AlOH band triplet at 3310, 3378 and 3430 cm−1 is the dominating absorption feature in all spectra, (2) no simple trend of total OH defect incorporation with pressure can be observed, (3) the LiOH defect band at 3470–3480 cm−1 increases strongly in a narrow pressure interval from 4 kbar (220 µg/g H2O) to 4.5 kbar (500 µg/g H2O), and declines equally strong towards 5 kbar (180 µg/g H2O). Proton incorporation is charge balanced according to the equation H+ + A+ + P5+ = M3+ + B3+, with A+ = alkali ions and M3+ = trivalent metal ions.
Applications of off-gas mass spectrometry in fed-batch mammalian cell culture
Authors: Goh Hai-Yuan , Sulu Michael , Alosert Haneen , Lewis Graham L. , Josland Graham D. , Merriman Daniel E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Off-gas analysis using a magnetic sector mass spectrometer was performed in mammalian cell cultures in the fed-batch mode at the 5 L bench and 50 L pilot scales. Factors affecting the MS gas traces were identified during the duration of the fed-batch cultures. Correlation between viable cell concentration (VCC) and oxygen concentration of the inlet gas into the bioreactor (O2-in) resulted in R2 ≈ 0.9; O2-in could be used as a proxy for VCC. Oxygen mass transfer (kLa) was also quantified throughout the culture period with antifoam addition at different time points which is shown to lower the kLa. Real-time specific oxygen consumption rate (qO2) of 2–20 pmol/cell/day throughout the bioreactor runs were within the range of values reported in literature for mammalian cell cultures. We also report, to our knowledge, the first instance of a distinct correlation between respiration quotient (RQ) and the metabolic state of the cell culture with regard to lactate production phase (average RQ > 1) and consumption phase (average RQ < 1).
Occurrence of strong and very strong heat stress in Poland and its circulation conditions
Authors: Tomczyk Arkadiusz M. , Owczarek Małgorzata 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The primary objective of the paper was the determination of the atmospheric circulation favouring the occurrence of strong and very strong stress of the human organism due to heat stress in Poland. The paper was prepared based on data obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute and the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR). The criterion of extreme stress of the human organism adopted in the paper covered conditions in which the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) value was higher than 32 °C. The research showed a statistically significant increase in half of the analysed stations and an increasing tendency or no changes in the remaining stations. Moreover, after 1990, conditions particularly strenuous for the organism were recorded (UTCI > 40 °C) over a major part of the territory of Poland. The occurrence of days with strong and very strong heat stress in Poland was related to the presence of high-pressure systems blocking zonal circulation. The research permitted the designation of three types in which the pressure field showed common features, but differed in the location of anticyclonic systems.
Projective Geometry of Wachspress Coordinates
Authors: Kohn Kathlén , Ranestad Kristian 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We show that there is a unique hypersurface of minimal degree passing through the non-faces of a polytope which is defined by a simple hyperplane arrangement. This generalizes the construction of the adjoint curve of a polygon by Wachspress (A rational finite element basis, Academic Press, New York, 1975). The defining polynomial of our adjoint hypersurface is the adjoint polynomial introduced by Warren (Adv Comput Math 6:97–108, 1996). This is a key ingredient for the definition of Wachspress coordinates, which are barycentric coordinates on an arbitrary convex polytope. The adjoint polynomial also appears both in algebraic statistics, when studying the moments of uniform probability distributions on polytopes, and in intersection theory, when computing Segre classes of monomial schemes. We describe the Wachspress map, the rational map defined by the Wachspress coordinates, and the Wachspress variety, the image of this map. The inverse of the Wachspress map is the projection from the linear span of the image of the adjoint hypersurface. To relate adjoints of polytopes to classical adjoints of divisors in algebraic geometry, we study irreducible hypersurfaces that have the same degree and multiplicity along the non-faces of a polytope as its defining hyperplane arrangement. We list all finitely many combinatorial types of polytopes in dimensions two and three for which such irreducible hypersurfaces exist. In the case of polygons, the general such curves are elliptic. In the three-dimensional case, the general such surfaces are either K3 or elliptic.
Hydrodynamic Limit of the Symmetric Exclusion Process on a Compact Riemannian Manifold
Authors: van Ginkel Bart , Redig Frank 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We consider the symmetric exclusion process on suitable random grids that approximate a compact Riemannian manifold. We prove that a class of random walks on these random grids converge to Brownian motion on the manifold. We then consider the empirical density field of the symmetric exclusion process and prove that it converges to the solution of the heat equation on the manifold.
The Influence of KCl and HCl on the High-Temperature Oxidation of a Fe-2.25Cr-1Mo Steel at 400 °C
Authors: Larsson E. , Liske J. , Persdotter A. , Jonsson T. , Svensson J. -E. , Johansson L. -G. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe influence of alkali- and chlorine-containing compounds on the corrosion of superheater alloys has been studied extensively. The current paper instead investigates the corrosive effects of KCl and HCl under conditions relevant to waterwall conditions. A low-alloy (Fe-2.25Cr-1Mo) steel was exposed to KCl(s), 500 vppm HCl(g) and (KCl + HCl) in the presence of 5%O2and 20% H2O at 400 °C. The results indicate that alloy chlorination by KCl occurs by an electrochemical process, involving cathodic formation of chemisorbed KOH on the scale surface and anodic formation of solid FeCl2at the bottom of the scale. The process is accompanied by extensive cracking and delamination of the iron oxide scale, resulting in a complex, convoluted scale morphology. Adding 500 vppm HCl to the experimental environment (KCl + HCl) initially greatly accelerated the formation of FeCl2at the scale/alloy interface. The accelerated alloy chlorination is attributed to HCl reacting with KOH at the scale surface, causing the cathodic process to be depolarized. A rapid slowing down of the rate of chlorination and corrosion in KCl + HCl environment was observed which was attributed to the electronically insulating nature of the FeCl2layer which forms at the bottom of the scale, disconnecting the anodic and cathodic regions.
University-linked programmes for sustainable entrepreneurship and regional development: how and with what impact?
Authors: Wagner Marcus , Schaltegger Stefan , Hansen Erik G. , Fichter Klaus 
Published: November 2019

AbstractState universities are increasingly being transformed from institutions with traditional teaching and research responsibilities to have a third, societal role in sustainable regional and economic development. In doing so, universities support knowledge spillovers to improve sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems that benefit economic revitalization or further development of regions. At the same time they promote stakeholder involvement in crucial governance processes at the regional level. Based on a comparative case study design building on three cases in Germany, our research analyses these interdependencies focussing on university-linked support programmes for sustainable entrepreneurship and the effects on sustainable regional development. Our findings provide a nuanced view clarifying the different roles universities have, how knowledge spillovers are created, and what outputs, outcomes, and effects are realized at the regional level and beyond. Specifically, we demonstrate that depending on the regional context, different configurations, pathways, and intervention points of universities may equally improve sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Evolution of Lattice Spacing of Gamma Double Prime Precipitates During Aging of Polycrystalline Ni-Base Superalloys: An In Situ Investigation
Authors: Zhang R. Y. , Qin H. L. , Bi Z. N. , Li J. , Paul S. , Lee T. L. , Zhang S. Y. , Zhang J. , Dong H. B. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Polycrystalline Ni-base superalloy Inconel 718 derives the strengthening mainly from Ni3Nb γ″ phase. To investigate the evolution of lattice spacing of γ″ precipitates, in situ neutron diffraction experiments were performed during aging heat treatment of two Inconel 718 bar samples at 780 °C for 8 hours. One sample was aged with a negligible applied stress (5 MPa) and the other with an applied tensile stress of 300 MPa. The diffraction data demonstrate three stages of lattice spacing evolution due to compositional and morphological changes during aging. (1) Stage I, the γ lattice spacing decreases isotropically in the first hour of aging as the composition changes. (2) Stage II, the γ lattice spacing decreases and the γ″ lattice spacing increases between 1 and 5 hours of aging, at this stage compositional change on the lattice evolution weakens with aging time and the morphological change becomes comparable. (3) Stage III, as aging proceeds, compositional change is negligible, while morphological change is dominant; the γ lattice spacing decreases in the longitudinal direction but increases in the transverse direction; in contrast, the converse occurs in γ″ lattice spacing evolution.
The Effect of Interface Morphology on the Electro-Mechanical Properties of Ti/Cu Clad Composites Produced by Explosive Welding
Authors: Paul Henryk , Skuza Wojciech , Chulist Robert , Miszczyk Magdalena , Gałka Aleksander , Prażmowski Mariusz , Pstruś Janusz 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe effect of interfacial microstructure on the electro-mechanical properties of explosively welded titanium and copper plates is discussed. Mechanical testing proved that using detonation velocities ranging from 2000 to 3000 m s−1and stand-off distances from 1.5 to 9.0 mm, joints that satisfy the strength criteria for a good quality clad were produced. Scanning electron microscopy images show that all interfaces exhibit a wave character. It was noticed that as the stand-off distances and detonation velocities increase, the amplitude and period of the waves, as well as the quantity of the melt zones, increase as well. Also, as the interface waviness and volume fraction of the melt zones increase, the resistivity increases substantially. The experimental data demonstrate that the bonding between both metals is always achieved by surface melting of several tenths of a nanometer, which can be detected only by transmission electron microscopy. Most of the phases that form within the melt zones do not appear in the equilibrium phase diagram and show an amorphous/nano-grained structure. Only a very small amount of equilibrium phases such as CuTi3, Cu3Ti, Cu4Ti3was revealed employing synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: perspectives for therapeutic implications
Authors: Tamura Ryota , Tanaka Toshihide , Akasaki Yasuharu , Murayama Yuichi , Yoshida Kazunari , Sasaki Hikaru 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The microvasculature and immune cells are major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hypoxia plays a pivotal role in the TME through hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) which upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF, an angiogenesis stimulator, suppresses tumor immunity by inhibiting the maturation of dendritic cells, and induces immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. HIF-1α directly induces immune checkpoint molecules. VEGF/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-targeted therapy as a cancer treatment has not only anti-angiogenic effects, but also immune-supportive effects. Anti-angiogenic therapy has the potential to change the immunological “cold tumors” into the “hot tumors”. Glioblastoma (GB) is a hypervascular tumor with high VEGF expression which leads to development of an immuno suppressive TME. Therefore, in the last decade, several combination immunotherapies with anti-angiogenic agents have been developed for numerous tumors including GBs. In particular, combination therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor and VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapy has been suggested as a synergic treatment strategy that may show favorable changes in the TME. In this article, we discuss the cross talk among immunosuppressive cells exposed to VEGF in the hypoxic TME of GBs. Current efficient combination strategies using VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapy are reviewed and proposed as novel cancer treatments.
Heterogeneous Consequences of Teenage Childbearing
Authors: Gorry Devon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study finds heterogeneous effects of teen childbearing on education and labor market outcomes across socioeconomic status and race. Using miscarriages to put bounds on the causal effects of teen childbearing, results show that teen childbearing leads to lower educational attainment, lower income, and greater use of welfare for individuals who come from counties with better socioeconomic conditions. However, there are no significant adverse effects for individuals who come from counties with worse socioeconomic conditions. Across race, teen childbearing leads to negative consequences for white teens but no significant negative effects for black or Hispanic and Latino teens.
The End of the Road: State Liability for Acts of UN Peacekeeping Contingents After the Dutch Supreme Court’s Judgment in Mothers of Srebrenica (2019)
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric , Spijkers Otto 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article provides an analysis of the Dutch Supreme Court judgment in the Mothers of Srebrenica case, placing it in its context, and comparing it with earlier and related decisions, in particular the judgments in the cases of Nuhanović and Mustafić. The Mothers of Srebrenica is a foundation established to represent the interests of the approximately 6000 surviving relatives of the victims of the fall of Srebrenica during the conflict in the former Yugoslavia (1995). The foundation holds the Netherlands responsible for not having done enough to protect the victims of the Srebrenica genocide. This contribution addresses the attribution of the conduct of the United Nations peacekeeping contingent to the troop-contributing State (the Netherlands), followed by the wrongfulness of the peacekeepers’ conduct and the State’s attendant liability for damages suffered by the victims. It is argued that the Dutch State’s international responsibility was only engaged because of the exceptional circumstances present in Srebrenica at the time. In the ordinary course of events, the liability of troop-contributing States is unlikely to be engaged if the Supreme Court’s review standard were to be applied.
Rear Visibility and Some Unresolved Problems for Economic Analysis (With Notes on Experience Goods)
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn 2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration finalized its rear visibility regulation, which requires cameras in all new vehicles, with the goal of allowing drivers to see what is behind them and thus reducing backover accidents. In 2018, the Trump administration embraced the regulation. The rear visibility rule raises numerous puzzles. First, Congress’ grant of authority was essentially standardless – perhaps the most open-ended in all of federal regulatory law. Second, it is not easy to identify a market failure to justify the regulation. Third, the monetized costs of the regulation greatly exceeded the monetized benefits, and yet on welfare grounds, the regulation can plausibly be counted as a significant success. Rearview cameras produce a set of benefits that are hard to quantify, including increased ease of driving, and those benefits might have been made a part of “breakeven analysis,” accompanying standard cost-benefit analysis. In addition, rearview cameras significantly improve the experience of driving, and it is plausible to think that in deciding whether to demand them, many vehicle purchasers did not sufficiently anticipate that improvement. This is a problem of limited foresight; rearview cameras are “experience goods.” A survey conducted in 2019 strongly supports this proposition, finding that about 56 % of consumers would demand at least $300 to buy a car without a rearview camera, and that fewer than 6 % would demand $50 or less. Almost all of that 6 % consists of people who do not own a car with a rearview camera. (The per-person cost is usually under $50.) These conclusions have general implications for other domains in which regulation has the potential to improve social welfare, even if it fails standard cost-benefit analysis; the defining category involves situations in which people lack experience with a good whose provision might have highly beneficial welfare effects.
Direct Inference, Reichenbach's Principle, and the Sleeping Beauty Problem
Authors: Horgan Terry 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA group of philosophers led by the late John Pollock has applied a method of reasoning about probability, known as direct inference and governed by a constraint known as Reichenbach's principle, to argue in support of ‘thirdism’ concerning the Sleeping Beauty Problem. A subsequent debate has ensued about whether their argument constitutes a legitimate application of direct inference. Here I defend the argument against two extant objections charging illegitimacy. One objection can be overcome via a natural and plausible definition, given here, of the binary relation ‘logically stronger than’ between two properties that can obtain even when the respective properties differ from one another in ‘arity’; given this definition, the Pollock group's argument conforms to Reichenbach's principle. Another objection prompts a certain refinement of Reichenbach's principle that is independently well-motivated. My defense of the Pollock group's argument has epistemological import beyond the Sleeping Beauty problem, because it both widens and sharpens the applicability of direct inference as a method for inferring single-case epistemic probabilities on the basis of general information of a probabilistic or statistical nature.
An unintended consequence? Examining the relationship between visible tattoos and unwanted sexual attention
Authors: Tews Michael J. , Stafford Kathryn , Jolly Philip M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the wake of the increasing popularity of tattoos, the present study explored whether tattoos have an adverse impact on employees. Specifically, this research examined the relationship between visible tattoos and unwanted sexual attention, along with perceived sexual harassment climate and perceived inclusion climate as potential moderators of this relationship. With a sample of 417 restaurant and retail employees, the results from logistic regression analyses demonstrated that possessing a visible tattoo was associated with increased odds of experiencing unwanted sexual attention. Perceived inclusion climate attenuated this relationship, whereby individuals with visible tattoos were less likely to experience unwanted sexual attention in a more favorable climate. Although perceived sexual harassment climate was directly related to unwanted sexual attention, it did not moderate the visible tattoo-unwanted sexual attention relationship.
Formation and evolution of an extensive blue ice moraine in central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Kassab Christine M. , Licht Kathy J. , Petersson Rickard , Lindbäck Katrin , Graly Joseph A. , Kaplan Michael R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMount Achernar moraine is a terrestrial sediment archive that preserves a record of ice-sheet dynamics and climate over multiple glacial cycles. Similar records exist in other blue ice moraines elsewhere on the continent, but an understanding of how these moraines form is limited. We propose a model to explain the formation of extensive, coherent blue ice moraine sequences based on the integration of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data with ice velocity and surface exposure ages. GPR transects (100 and 25 MHz) both perpendicular and parallel to moraine ridges at Mount Achernar reveal an internal structure defined by alternating relatively clean ice and steeply dipping debris bands extending to depth, and where visible, to the underlying bedrock surface. Sediment is carried to the surface from depth along these debris bands, and sublimates out of the ice, accumulating over time (>300 ka). The internal pattern of dipping reflectors, combined with increasing surface exposure ages, suggest sequential exposure of the sediment where ice and debris accretes laterally to form the moraine. Subsurface structure varies across the moraine and can be linked to changes in basal entrainment conditions. We speculate that higher concentrations of debris may have been entrained in the ice during colder glacial periods or entrained more proximal to the moraine sequence.
Income Inequality and Status Symbols: The Case of Fine Wine Imports
Authors: Niklas Britta , Sadik-Zada Elkhan Richard 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis survey investigates the inequality-fine wine imports nexus. To this end, the study employs cointegration techniques to analyze two panel datasets, one of which will analyze data from 12 countries between 1871 and 2018, and another that analyzes data from 66 countries between 1995 and 2017. Estimations indicate that income inequality leads to more fine wine imports in the long run. Changes in income have only a short-term effect on fine wine imports. Nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) estimators reveal an asymmetric long-run relationship between income inequality and fine wine imports in the cases of Argentina and the United States. (JEL Classifications: C19, D01, D12, D31, L66)
Additiven-commuting maps on semiprime rings
Authors: Liu Cheng-Kai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLetRbe a semiprime ring with the extended centroidCandQthe maximal right ring of quotients ofR. Set [y,x]1= [y,x] =yx−xyforx,y∈Qand inductively [y,x]k= [[y,x]k−1,x] fork> 1. Suppose thatf:R→Qis an additive map satisfying [f(x),x]n= 0 for allx∈R, wherenis a fixed positive integer. Then it can be shown that there exist λ ∈Cand an additive mapμ:R→Csuch thatf(x) = λx+μ(x) for allx∈R. This gives the affirmative answer to the unsolved problem of such functional identities initiated by Brešar in 1996.