bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroinflammation Induction and Alteration of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice Following Developmental Exposure to Gossypol
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyan , Wu Yongji , Pan Jiarong , Li Cixia , Huang Jian , Cui Enhui , Chen Ziluo , Zhou Wentai , Chai Xuejun , Zhao Shanting 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeurogenesis in the neonatal period involves the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem/progenitor cells and the establishment of synaptic connections. This process plays a critical role in determining the normal development and maturation of the brain throughout life. Exposure to certain physical or chemical factors during the perinatal period can lead to many neuropathological defects that cause high cognitive dysfunction and are accompanied by abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity. As an endocrine disruptor, gossypol is generally known to exert detrimental effects in animals exposed under experimental conditions. However, it is unclear whether gossypol affects neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus during early developmental stages.MethodsPregnant Institute of Cancer Research mice were treated with gossypol at a daily dose of 0, 20, and 50 mg/kg body weight from embryonic day 6.5 to postnatal day (P) 21. The changes of hippocampal neurogenesis as well as potential mechanisms were investigated by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling, behavioral tests, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and western-blot analyses.ResultsAt P8, maternal gossypol exposure impaired neural stem cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus and decreased the number of newborn cells as a result of reduced proliferation of BLBP+ radial glial cells and Tbr2+ intermediate progenitor cells. At P21, the numbers of NeuN+ neurons and parvalbumin+ γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons were increased following 50 mg/kg gossypol exposure. In addition, gossypol induced hippocampal neuroinflammation, which may contribute to behavioral abnormalities and cognitive deficits and decrease synaptic plasticity.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that developmental gossypol exposure affects hippocampal neurogenesis by targeting the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem/progenitor cells, cognitive functions, and neuroinflammation. The present data provide novel insights into the neurotoxic effects of gossypol on offspring.
A Semicircle Law for Derivatives of Random Polynomials
Authors: Hoskins Jeremy G , Steinerberger Stefan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Let $x_1, \dots , x_n$ be $n$ independent and identically distributed real-valued random variables with mean zero, unit variance, and finite moments of all remaining orders. We study the random polynomial $p_n$ having roots at $x_1, \dots , x_n$. We prove that for $\ell \in \mathbb{N}$ fixed as $n \rightarrow \infty $, the $(n-\ell )-$th derivative of $p_n^{}$ behaves like a Hermite polynomial: for $x$ in a compact interval, a suitable rescaling of $p_n^{(n-\ell )}$ starts behaving like the $\ell -$th probabilists’ Hermite polynomial subject to a random shift. Thus, there is a universality phenomenon when differentiating a random polynomial many times: the remaining roots follow a Wigner semicircle distribution.
Legionella antimicrobial sensitivity testing: comparison of microbroth dilution with BCYE and LASARUS solid media
Authors: Portal Edward , Sands Kirsty , Portnojs Artjoms , Chalker Victoria J , Spiller Owen B 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
There is a lack of international unification for AST methodology for Legionella pneumophila. Current literature contains multiple possible methods and this study compares each of them to determine methodological concordance.

Methods
Antibiotic susceptibility of 50 L. pneumophila strains was determined using broth microdilution (BMD), serial antimicrobial dilution in traditional buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar (as well as comparison with gradient strip overlay on BCYE) and in a novel charcoal-free agar (LASARUS) for rifampicin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and doxycycline.

Results
The deviation of tested media relative to BMD highlighted the overall similarity of BMD and LASARUS across all antimicrobials tested (within one serial dilution). BCYE agar dilution showed an increased MIC of up to five serial dilutions relative to BMD, while MICs by gradient strip overlay on BCYE were elevated by two to three serial dilutions, with the exception of doxycycline, which was decreased by three serial dilutions relative to MIC values determined by BMD. The MIC range for azithromycin was wider than for other antimicrobials tested and found to be caused by the presence or absence of the lpeAB gene.

Conclusions
BMD-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methodology should be the internationally agreed gold standard for Legionella spp. AST, as is common for other bacterial species. Traditional BCYE gave significantly elevated MIC results and its use should be discontinued for Legionella spp., while MIC determination using LASARUS solid medium gave results concordant (within one serial dilution) with BMD for all antimicrobials tested. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to identify the lpeAB gene in UK isolates.
Effect of heat stress and feeding management on growth performance and physiological responses of finishing pigs
Authors: Serviento Aira Maye , Labussière Etienne , Castex Mathieu , Renaudeau David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether pig responses to heat stress (HS) were directly due to heat exposure (regardless of feeding level and pattern) or were indirectly due to the reduction of feed intake (FI) and to determine if increasing feeding frequency (splitting heat increments) can improve pig response to HS. A total of 48 pigs (66.1 ± 1.7 kg) were allocated to four groups in three replicates. After 7 d in thermoneutral (TN) conditions (22 °C; period 1 [P1; day −7 to −1]), pigs were placed in either TN or HS (32 °C) conditions for 20 d (period 2 [P2; day 0 to 19]). The diet was provided either ad libitum (AL; 2 distributions/d) or pair-fed (PF8; 8 distributions/d) using HS–AL pigs as the reference group. Thus, the four experimental groups were TN–AL, HS–AL, TN–PF8, and HS–PF8. The daily ration of PF8 pigs was distributed at every 90-min intervals from 0900 to 1930 hours. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure with replicate (n = 3), experimental group (n = 4), and their interactions as fixed effects, and the REPEATED statement was used for repeated measures data. Pigs had a similar average daily feed intake (ADFI) during P1 (P &gt; 0.05). In P2, HS–AL and PF8 pigs had lower ADFI (−19%), average daily gain (−25%), and final body weight (−6.1 kg) than TN–AL pigs (P &lt; 0.01). TN–AL pigs had thicker backfat than TN–PF8 pigs (P &lt; 0.05), while the HS pigs had intermediate results. HS pigs had a higher perirenal fat percentage based on the contrast analysis between PF8 pigs (P &lt; 0.05). Thermoregulatory responses of pigs increased with HS exposure but did not differ between HS or between TN groups (P &gt; 0.05). For TN pigs, variation in muscle temperature (Tmuscle) depended on feeding and physical activity, while for HS pigs, Tmuscle gradually increased throughout the day. The Tmuscle of PF8 pigs increased with each additional meal but plateaued earlier for HS–PF8 than TN–PF8 pigs; an increase in Tmuscle per meal was also lower in HS–PF8 than TN–PF8 (P &lt; 0.05). Exposure to HS decreased plasma T3 and T4 (P &lt; 0.05) and increased plasma creatinine (P &lt; 0.05). Between the PF8 groups, HS pigs also had a transient increase in plasma insulin on day 8 (P &lt; 0.05). The effect of HS on FI decreased the growth rate of pigs but there are heat-induced effects, such as altered physiological responses, which might explain the direct HS effects seen in other literature especially in terms of increased adiposity. The increased feed provision frequency in the present study did not improve the HS response of pigs.
Surgical approach for kidney transplantation under spinal anesthesia
Authors: Nawabi Atta , Sullivan Peter , De Ruyter Martin , Pichoff Amy , King Clay D , Nawabi Perwaiz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It has been shown to improve quality of life as well as extending life of patients with ESRD as compared to renal replacement therapy (5-year survival rate of 68% after transplant vs 36% dialysis) (Hart A, Smith JM, Skeans MA. OPTN/SRTR 2015 annual data report: kidney. Am J Transplant 2017;17:21–116). Traditionally, patients undergo general endotracheal tube anesthesia for this surgery. During the COVID-19 pandemic, general anesthesia drugs and airway equipment were in short supply. Additionally, airway manipulation was avoided when possible due to concern for virus spread from aerosolizing procedures (i.e. intubation/extubation). In this case report, we review a 65-year-old female with an ESRD due to hypertension and diabetes that underwent deceased donor kidney transplant under spinal anesthesia. We will further discuss the benefits of spinal anesthesia in renal transplant operations.
Successful surgical management of a through-and-through right atrial penetrating injury with a complete transaction of the right internal mammary artery: a case report
Authors: Albabtain Ibrahim , Albargawi Ali , Almalki Sami A , Alnasser Mohammed 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An injury to the pericardium or the great vessels is considered a true medical emergency, with a poor survival rate. The early identification and immediate response from all the medical services play a significant role in the management of this type of injury. In this case report, we report a young male patient brought to the emergency room (ER) after sustaining two stab wounds to the chest. We present the successful management of the patient from admission to the ER until discharge a few days later, after a successful surgical intervention for a penetrating cardiac injury.
Career Accomplishments of Public Health Service Alumni of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences: Classes of 1980-2017
Authors: Mangalmurti Naina , Dong Ting , Seide Witzard , Durning Steven J , Torre Dario M 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The purpose of this study was to report on the career accomplishments of Public Health Service (PHS) alumni from the Uniformed Services University (USU) School of Medicine (SOM) in several professional areas such as specialty choice, board certification rates, leadership roles, academic achievements, deployments, and length of service.

Materials and Methods
This study was conducted using the data obtained from the Long-Term Career Outcomes Study Alumni Survey. The cohort included all alumni who graduated from the SOM classes of 1980-2017. We analyzed the frequency distributions of the survey items of interest of the PHS alumni.

Results
Out of the 144 PHS alumni we reached, 39 responded, yielding a 27.1% response rate. 56.0% of PHS alumni entered primary care specialties and 97.0% were board certified in their first residency trained specialty. 30.6% of PHS alumni completed residency training in a military facility. 87.2% of PHS alumni have been in a leadership role since medical school, and 67.6% of PHS alumni currently hold a leadership role. 7.7% of PHS alumni have deployed for ≥30 days to a theater of combat operations. 66.7% and 71.8% of PHS alumni engaged in medical humanitarian and volunteering missions, respectively, and 75% of PHS alumni stayed in active duty longer than their initial commitment. 71.8% of PHS alumni were published in peer-reviewed journals and 17.6% were academically affiliated with USU.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that PHS alumni are likely to enter primary care specialties, engage in medical volunteering and humanitarian missions, frequently remain in uniform longer than their initial active duty commitment, and are affiliated with numerous universities and medical schools throughout their career. PHS alumni appear to be successfully meeting the mission set forth by the U.S. PHS.
Precision medicine in transplantation and hemodialysis
Authors: Oberbauer Rainer , Meyer Timothy W 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In kidney transplantation, precision medicine has already entered clinical practice. Donor and recipient human leucocyte antigen (HLA) regions are genotyped in two class 1 and usually three class 2 loci, and the individual degree of sensitization against alloimmune antigens is evaluated by the detection of anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies. Recently, the contribution of non-HLA mismatches to outcomes such as acute T- and B-cell-mediated rejection and even long-term graft survival was described. Tracking of specific alloimmune T- and B-cell clones by next generation sequencing and refinement of the immunogenicity of allo-epitopes specifically in the interaction with HLA and T- and B-cell receptors may further support individualized therapy. Although the choices of maintenance immunosuppression are rather limited, individualization can be accomplished by adjustment of dosing based on these risk predictors. Finally, supplementing histopathology by a transcriptomics analysis allows for a biological interpretation of the histological findings and avoids interobserver variability of results. In contrast to transplantation, the prescription of hemodialysis therapy is far from precise. Guidelines do not consider modifications by age, diet or many comorbid conditions. Patients with residual kidney function routinely receive the same treatment as those without. A major barrier hitherto is the definition of ‘adequate’ treatment based on urea removal. Kt/Vurea and related parameters neither reflect the severity of uremic symptoms nor predict long-term outcomes. Urea is poorly representative for numerous other compounds that accumulate in the body when the kidneys fail, yet clinicians prescribe treatment based on its measurement. Modern technology has provided the means to identify other solutes responsible for specific features of uremic illness and their measurement will be a necessary step in moving beyond the standardized prescription of hemodialysis.
The long-term caregiver burden in World Health Organization grade I and II meningioma: It is not just the patient
Authors: Zamanipoor Najafabadi Amir H , van der Meer Pim B , Boele Florien W , Taphoorn Martin J B , Klein Martin , Peerdeman Saskia M , van Furth Wouter R , Dirven Linda ,   Dutch Meningioma Consortium, Moojen Wouter A , Reijneveld Jaap C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Little is known about long-term caregiver burden in meningioma patients. We assessed meningioma caregiver burden, its association with informal caregiver’s well-being and possible determinants.

Methods
In this multicenter cross-sectional study, informal caregivers completed the Caregiver Burden Scale (five domains and total score). Patients completed a disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire focusing on symptoms (EORTC QLQ-BN20) and underwent neurocognitive assessment. Both groups completed a generic HRQoL questionnaire (SF-36) and the Hospital Anxiety, and Depression Scale. We assessed the association between caregiver burden and their HRQoL, anxiety and depression. Furthermore, we assessed determinants for the caregiver burden. Multivariable regression analysis was used to correct for confounders.

Results
One hundred and twenty-nine informal caregivers were included (median 10 years after patients’ treatment). Caregivers reported burden in ≥1 domain (34%) or total burden score (15%). A one-point increase in total caregiver burden score was associated with a clinically relevant decrease in caregiver’s HRQoL (SF-36) in 5/8 domains (score range: −10.4 to −14.7) and 2/2 component scores (−3.5 to −5.9), and with more anxiety (3.8) and depression (3.0). Patients’ lower HRQoL, increased symptom burden, and increased anxiety and depression were determinants for higher caregiver burden, but not patients’ or caregivers’ sociodemographic characteristics, patients’ neurocognitive functioning, or tumor- and treatment-related characteristics.

Conclusions
Ten years after initial treatment, up to 35% of informal caregivers reported a clinically relevant burden, which was linked with worse HRQoL, and more anxiety and depression in both patients and caregivers, emphasizing the strong interdependent relationship. Support for meningioma caregivers is therefore warranted.
Replication, pathogenicity, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in minks
Authors: Shuai Lei , Zhong Gongxun , Yuan Quan , Wen Zhiyuan , Wang Chong , He Xijun , Liu Renqiang , Wang Jinliang , Zhao Qinjian , Liu Yuxiu , Huo Ningning , Deng Junhua , Bai Jingjing , Wu Hongchao , Guan Yuntao , Shi Jianzhong , Tian Kegong , Xia Ningshao , Chen Hualan , Bu Zhigao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Minks are raised in many countries and have transmitted severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to humans. However, the biologic properties of SARS-CoV-2 in minks are largely unknown. Here, we investigated and found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates efficiently in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and transmits efficiently in minks via respiratory droplets; pulmonary lesions caused by SARS-CoV-2 in minks are similar to those seen in humans with COVID-19. We further found that a spike protein-based subunit vaccine largely prevented SARS-CoV-2 replication and lung damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in minks. Our study indicates that minks are a useful animal model for evaluating the efficacy of drugs or vaccines against COVID-19 and that vaccination is a potential strategy to prevent minks from transmitting SARS-CoV-2.
Follow-up observations for IceCube-170922A: Detection of rapid near-infrared variability and intensive monitoring of TXS 0506+056
Authors: Morokuma Tomoki , Utsumi Yousuke , Ohta Kouji , Yamanaka Masayuki , Kawabata Koji S , Inoue Yoshiyuki , Tanaka Masaomi , Yoshida Michitoshi , Itoh Ryosuke , Sasada Mahito , Tominaga Nozomu , Mori Hiroki , Kawabata Miho , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Chogi Maiko , Abe Taisei , Huang Ruochen , Kawahara Naoki , Kimura Hiroki , Nagashima Hiroki , Takagi Kengo , Yamazaki Yuina , Liu Wei , Ohsawa Ryou , Sako Shigeyuki , Murata Katsuhiro L , Morihana Kumiko , Gilligan Christina K , Isogai Keisuke , Kimura Mariko , Wakamatsu Yasuyuki , Ohnishi Ryuhei , Takayama Masaki , Honda Satoshi , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Yamashita Takuji , Nagataki Shigehiro , Tanaka Yasuyuki T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present our follow-up observations to search for an electromagnetic counterpart of the IceCube high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A. Monitoring observations of a likely counterpart, TXS 0506+056, are also described. First, we quickly took optical and near-infrared images of seven flat-spectrum radio sources within the IceCube error region right after the neutrino detection and found a rapid flux decline of TXS 0506+056 in Kanata/HONIR J-band data. Motivated by this discovery, intensive follow-up observations of TXS 0506+056 were continuously performed, including our monitoring imaging observations, spectroscopic observations, and polarimetric observations in optical and near-infrared wavelengths. TXS 0506+056 showed a large-amplitude (∼1.0 mag) variability in a time scale of several days or longer, although no significant variability was detected in a time scale of a day or shorter. TXS 0506+056 also showed a bluer-when-brighter trend in optical and near-infrared wavelengths. Structure functions of the variabilities were examined and indicate that TXS 0506+056 is not a special blazar in terms of optical variability. Polarization measurement results of TXS 0506+056 are also discussed.
Learning Gait Modifications for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: Applying Motor Learning Principles to Improve Research and Clinical Implementation
Authors: Charlton Jesse M , Eng Janice J , Li Linda C , Hunt Michael A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gait modifications are used in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal conditions like osteoarthritis and patellofemoral pain syndrome. While most of the research has focused on the biomechanical and clinical outcomes affected by gait modification, the process of learning these new gait patterns has received little attention. Without adequate learning, it is unlikely that the modification will be performed in daily life, limiting the likelihood of long-term benefit. There is a vast body of literature examining motor learning, though little has involved gait modifications, especially in populations with musculoskeletal conditions. The studies that have examined gait modifications in these populations are often limited due to incomplete reporting and study design decisions that prohibit strong conclusions about motor learning. This perspective draws on evidence from the broader motor learning literature for application in the context of modifying gait. Where possible, specific gait modification examples are included to highlight the current literature and what can be improved on going forward. A brief theoretical overview of motor learning is outlined, followed by strategies that are known to improve motor learning, and finally, how assessments of learning need to be conducted to make meaningful conclusions.
Higher prevalence of non-skeletal comorbidity related to X-linked hypophosphataemia: a UK parallel cohort study using CPRD
Authors: Hawley Samuel , Shaw Nick J , Delmestri Antonella , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Cooper Cyrus , Pinedo-Villanueva Rafael , Javaid M Kassim 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
X-Linked hypophosphataemic rickets (XLH) is a rare multi-systemic disease of mineral homeostasis that has a prominent skeletal phenotype. The aim of this study was to describe additional comorbidities in XLH patients compared with general population controls.

Methods
The Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD was used to identify a cohort of XLH patients (1995–2016), along with a non-XLH cohort matched (1 : 4) on age, sex and GP practice. Using the CALIBER portal, phenotyping algorithms were used to identify the first diagnosis (and associated age) of 273 comorbid conditions during patient follow-up. Fifteen major disease categories were used and the proportion of patients having ≥1 diagnosis was compared between cohorts for each category and condition. Main analyses were repeated according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).

Results
There were 64 and 256 patients in the XLH and non-XLH cohorts, respectively. There was increased prevalence of endocrine [OR 3.46 (95% CI: 1.44, 8.31)] and neurological [OR 3.01 (95% CI: 1.41, 6.44)] disorders among XLH patients. Across all specific comorbidities, four were at least twice as likely to be present in XLH cases, but only depression met the Bonferroni threshold: OR 2.95 (95% CI: 1.47, 5.92). Distribution of IMD among XLH cases indicated greater deprivation than the general population.

Conclusion
We describe a higher risk of mental illness in XLH patients compared with matched controls, and greater than expected deprivation. These findings may have implications for clinical practice guidelines and decisions around health and social care provision for these patients.