bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency derivative of Rayleigh wave phase velocity for fundamental mode dispersion inversion: parametric study and experimental application
Authors: Wang A , Leparoux D , Abraham O , Le Feuvre M 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYMonitoring the small variations of a medium is increasingly important in subsurface geophysics due to climate change. Classical seismic surface wave dispersion methods are limited to quantitative estimations of these small variations when the variation ratio is smaller than 10 per cent, especially in the case of variations in deep media. Based on these findings, we propose to study the contributions of the Rayleigh wave phase velocity derivative with respect to frequency. More precisely, in the first step of assessing its feasibility, we analyse the effects of the phase velocity derivative on the inversion of the fundamental mode in the simple case of a two-layer model. The behaviour of the phase velocity derivative is first analysed qualitatively: the dispersion curves of phase velocity, group velocity and the phase velocity derivative are calculated theoretically for several series of media with small variations. It is shown that the phase velocity derivatives are more sensitive to variations of a medium. The sensitivity curves are then calculated for the phase velocity, the group velocity and the phase velocity derivative to perform quantitative analyses. Compared to the phase and group velocities, the phase velocity derivative is sensitive to variations of the shallow layer and the deep layer shear wave velocity in the same wavelength (frequency) range. Numerical data are used and processed to obtain dispersion curves to test the feasibility of the phase velocity derivative in the inversion. The inversion results of the phase velocity derivative are compared with those of phase and group velocities and show improved estimations for small variations (variation ratio less than 5 per cent) of deep layer shear wave velocities. The study is focused on laboratory experiments using two reduced-scale resin-epoxy models. The differences of these two-layer models are in the deep layer in which the variation ratio is estimated as 16.4 ± 1.1 per cent for the phase velocity inversion and 17.1 ± 0.3 per cent for the phase velocity derivative. The latter is closer to the reference value 17 per cent, with a smaller error.
Serum IgG4 Subclass Deficiency Defines a Distinct, Commonly Encountered, Severe Inflammatory Bowel Disease Subtype
Authors: Koutroumpakis Filippos , Phillips Anna Evans , Yadav Dhiraj , Machicado Jorge D , Ahsan Maaz , Ramos Rivers Claudia , Tan Xiaoqing , Schwartz Marc , Proksell Siobhan , Johnston Elyse , Dueker Jeffrey , Hashash Jana G , Barrie Arthur , Harrison Janet , Dunn Michael A , Konnikova Liza , Hartman Douglas J , Din Hasieb , Babichenko Dmitriy , Tang Gong , Binion David G 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Immunoglobulin G subclass 4 (IgG4) is hypothesized to play an immunomodulatory role, downregulating humoral immune responses. The role of this anti-inflammatory molecule in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been fully characterized. We sought to define alterations in serum IgG4 in patients with IBD and their association with multiyear disease severity.

Methods
We analyzed metadata derived from curated electronic health records from consented patients with IBD prospectively followed at a tertiary center over a 10-year time period. Patients with IBD with IgG4 serum levels available formed the study population. Demographics and multiyear clinical data were collected and analyzed. We stratified patients with IBD with low, normal, or high serum IgG4 levels.

Results
We found IgG4 characterized in 1193 patients with IBD and low IgG4 levels in 233 patients (20%) and elevated IgG4 levels in 61 patients (5%). An IgG4 deficiency did not significantly correlate with other antibody deficiencies. In a multiple Poisson regression analysis, low IgG4 was associated with more years on biologic agents (P = 0.002) and steroids (P = 0.049) and more hospital admissions (P &lt; 0.001), clinic visits (P = 0.010), outpatient antibiotic prescriptions (P &lt; 0.001), and CD-related surgeries (P = 0.011) during the study period after controlling for certain confounders. Elevated IgG4 was only associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (P = 0.011). A cohort of patients with IgG4-deficient severe IBD received intravenous Ig replacement therapy, which benefited and was continued in 10 out of 11 individuals.

Conclusions
An IgG4 subclass deficiency, distinct from other antibody deficiencies, occurred commonly in a referral IBD population and was associated with multiple markers of disease severity. This is the first association of IgG4 subclass deficiency with an inflammatory disease process. Further work is needed to define the mechanistic role of IgG4 deficiency in this severe IBD subgroup.
Swimming Through Parameter Subspaces of a Simple Anguilliform Swimmer
Authors: Battista Nicholas A 
Published: September 2020

SynopsisComputational scientists have investigated swimming performance across a multitude of different systems for decades. Most models depend on numerous model input parameters and performance is sensitive to those parameters. In this article, parameter subspaces are qualitatively identified in which there exists enhanced swimming performance for an idealized, simple swimming model that resembles a Caenorhabditis elegans, an organism that exhibits an anguilliform mode of locomotion. The computational model uses the immersed boundary method to solve the fluid-interaction system. The 1D swimmer propagates itself forward by dynamically changing its preferred body curvature. Observations indicate that the swimmer’s performance appears more sensitive to fluid scale and stroke frequency, rather than variations in the velocity and acceleration of either its upstroke or downstroke as a whole. Pareto-like optimal fronts were also identified within the data for the cost of transport and swimming speed. While this methodology allows one to locate robust parameter subspaces for desired performance in a straight-forward manner, it comes at the cost of simulating orders of magnitude more simulations than traditional fluid–structure interaction studies.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of the composition of the clam-shrimp carapace (Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida): a dual calcium phosphate-calcium carbonate composition
Authors: Hegna Thomas A , Czaja Andrew D , Rogers D Christopher 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Clam shrimps constitute a paraphyletic group of bivalved branchiopod crustaceans that includes orders Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, and Cyclestherida. The unique mineral content of the carapace, formed by molt retention in Spinicaudata and Cyclestherida, has been variously ascribed to calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate. We analyzed the composition of modern carapaces from one laevicaudatan species, thirteen spinicaudatan species (including cyzicids, leptestheriids, and limnadiids), one cyclestherid species, and two species of the notostracan TriopsSchrank, 1803 (as an outgroup comparison within Branchiopoda) via Raman spectroscopy. The results were surprisingly variable. The outgroup Triops species varied in either having no mineral content to having a slight amount of calcium phosphate. The laevicaudatans likewise had a minor calcium phosphate peak; the leptestheriid spinicaudatan had strong calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate peaks; the limnadiid spinicaudatans were variable, varying from no mineral content to strong dual calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate peaks; the cyzicid spinicaudatans tended to have strong calcium phosphate peaks with some amount of calcium carbonate; and the cyclestherid had no mineral content. The results support the conclusion that spinicaudatans primitively have a dual mineralization system in their carapace that utilizes both calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, with the calcium phosphate ability being basal. This suggestion of a dual mineralization system is novel in branchiopods and warrants study from material scientists. Better understanding of the distribution of phosphate versus carbonate among modern spinicaudatans will help us understand the evolution of biomineralization in the group. This, in turn, will shed light on the fossilization potential of different fossil clam-shrimp lineages.
Alternative to the Existing Rule of Attribution for Use of Force by Non-State Actors in an Armed Conflict
Authors: Khaitan Bulbul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
There is considerable literature to suggest that non-state actors in armed conflicts often function independently and form strategic partnerships with external (or third) states with common goals in return for material benefits such as procurement of arms and training. This article seeks to make an empirical analysis of the existing armed conflicts to ascertain the kind of relationship that armed non-state actors have formed with externally supporting states. The existing rule of attribution of ‘effective control’ would be inappropriate if it can be established that the relationship between the non-state actors and the externally supporting states is not that of a principal and an agent. If non-state actors are independent in their functioning and approach in an armed conflict, it is important to directly regulate their conduct under the law.
A HRM Assay for Rapid Identification of Members of the Seedcorn Maggot Complex (Delia florilegaandD. platura) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and Evidence of Variation in Temporal Patterns of Larval Occurrence
Authors: Van der Heyden Hervé , Fortier Anne-Marie , Savage Jade 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe seedcorn maggot Delia platura (Meigen), and the bean seed maggot Delia florilega (Zetterstedt) can cause considerable feeding damage to a wide range of cultivated crops. The recent discovery of two distinct genetic lines of D. platura, each with a unique distribution pattern overlapping only in eastern Canada, suggests the presence of a new cryptic species for the group. The reliable identification of the three species/lines in the seedcorn maggot complex is crucial to our understanding of their distribution, phenology, and respective contribution to crop damage as well as to the development of specific integrated pest management approaches. As these taxa are morphologically indistinguishable in the immature stages, we developed a high-resolution melting PCR (HRM) assay using primers amplifying a variable 96-bp PCR product in the CO1 mitochondrial gene for rapid and economical identification of specimens. The three species/lines exhibited distinguishable melting profiles based on their different Tm values (between 0.4 and 0.9°C) and identification results based on HRM and DNA sequencing were congruent for all specimens in the validation data set (n = 100). We then used the new, highly sensitive HRM assay to identify survey specimens from the seedcorn maggot complex collected in Quebec, Canada, between 2017 and 2019. Progress curves developed to document the temporal occurrence patterns of each species/lines indicate differences between taxa, with the N-line (BOLD:AAA3453) of D. platura appearing approximately 17 d before D. florilega (BOLD:ACR4394) and the H-line (BOLD:AAG2511) of D. platura.
The Modulation of Trehalose Metabolism by 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) During its Diapause Termination and Post-Termination Period
Authors: Li Ya-Na , Liu Yu-Bo , Xie Xue-Qin , Zhang Jia-Ning , Li Wen-Li 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Trehalose plays a crucial role in the diapause process of many insects, serving as an energy source and a stress protectant. Trehalose accumulation has been reported in diapause pupae of Antheraea pernyi; however, trehalose metabolic regulatory mechanisms associated with diapause termination remain unclear. Here, we showed that the enhanced trehalose catabolism was associated with an increase in endogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in hemolymph of A. pernyi pupae during their diapause termination and posttermination period. Injection of 20E increased the mRNA level of trehalase 1A (ApTre-1A) and trehalase 2 (ApTre-2) of A. pernyi diapause pupae in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect the mRNA level of trehalase 1B (ApTre-1B). Meanwhile, exogenous 20E increased the enzyme activities of soluble and membrane-bound trehalase, leading to a decline in hemolymph trehalose. Conversely, the expression of ApTre-1A and ApTre-2 were down-regulated after the ecdysone receptor gene (ApEcRB1) was silenced by RNA interference or by injection of an ecdysone receptor antagonist cucurbitacin B (CucB), which inhibits the 20E pathway. Moreover, CucB treatment delayed adult emergence, which suggests that ApEcRB1 might be involved in regulating pupal-adult development of A. pernyi by mediating ApTre-1A and ApTre-2 expressions. This study provides an overview of the changes in the expression and activity of different trehalase enzymes in A. pernyi in response to 20E, confirming the important role of 20E in controlling trehalose catabolism during A. pernyi diapause termination and posttermination period.
Adaptations of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to urban environments in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Gil-Fernández Margarita , Harcourt Robert , Newsome Thomas , Towerton Alison , Carthey Alexandra 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWith urban encroachment on wild landscapes accelerating globally, there is an urgent need to understand how wildlife is adapting to anthropogenic change. We compared the behaviour of the invasive red fox (Vulpes vulpes) at eight urban and eight peri-urban areas of Sydney, Australia. We observed fox behaviour around a lure and compared fox activity patterns to those of potential prey and to two domestic predators (dogs—Canis lupus familiaris and cats—Felis catus). We assessed the influence of site type, vegetation cover, and distance from habitation on fox behaviour, and compared the temporal activity patterns of urban and peri-urban red foxes. Urban red foxes were marginally more nocturnal than those in peri-urban areas (88% activity overlap). There was greater overlap of red fox activity patterns with introduced mammalian prey in urban areas compared with peri-urban areas (90% urban vs 84% peri-urban). Red fox temporal activity overlapped 78% with cats, but only 20% with dogs, across both site types. The high degree of overlap with cats and introduced mammalian prey is most likely explained by the nocturnal behaviour of these species, while pet dogs are generally kept in yards or indoors at night. The behavioural differences we documented by urban red foxes suggest they may adapt to human modifications and presence, by being more nocturnal and/or more confident in urban areas.
Stephen Mitchell’s Version of the Tao Te Ching: A Spiritual Interpretation
Authors: Fan Penghua , Yu Senlin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article analyses Stephen Mitchell’s interpretation of the Taoist classic Tao Te Ching. With his adoption of the concepts from Zen Buddhism and his borrowing of ideas from Christianity, Mitchell’s version of the Tao Te Ching is not a scholarly faithful translation but rather a spiritual interpretation that is heavily improvised. The importance of this spiritual interpretation lies in the way Mitchell fuses the horizon of Chinese Taoism with his own Zen practice and the English-speaking reader's horizon of Christianity. However, this contribution is offset by the limitation of Mitchell’s work. His version of the Tao Te Ching risks estranging itself from the sociocultural context of the Chinese original, misleading English-speaking readers, and displacing Taoist thought with Buddhist and Christian teachings.
Positive feedback at the disc–halo interface
Authors: Hobbs Alexander , Feldmann Robert 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
The flat star formation (SF) history of the Milky Way (MW) requires gas in the Galactic disc to be replenished, most likely from a reservoir outside the Galaxy. Such a replenishment may be achieved by a form of ‘positive’ feedback, whereby SF feedback creates a Galactic fountain cycle that collects and cools additional gas from the hot halo surrounding the Galaxy. In this paper, we present a model of this process for the MW. A section of the Galactic disc is allowed to form stars that subsequently explode as supernovae and send gas out into the hot halo. The gas that is sent out is colder than the hot halo gas and, as it mixes, the halo gas is cooled, providing fuel for further SF as the mixture falls back on to the Galactic disc. We find that this process can be sufficient to maintain a roughly constant cold gas mass in the MW over at least 3 Gyr. Our results further suggest that there is a positive feedback trend whereby increasing SF leads to an increase in the cold gas budget at average SF rates below $0.5 {\, {\rm M}_\odot}$ yr−1 and a negative feedback trend above this where further increasing the star formation rate leads to a decrease in the cold gas budget. We have constructed an analytical model for this that reproduces the data well and could have profound implications for galaxy evolution in feedback-dominated regimes.
Unsupervised machine learning for transient discovery in deeper, wider, faster light curves
Authors: Webb Sara , Lochner Michelle , Muthukrishna Daniel , Cooke Jeff , Flynn Chris , Mahabal Ashish , Goode Simon , Andreoni Igor , Pritchard Tyler , Abbott Timothy M C 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTIdentification of anomalous light curves within time-domain surveys is often challenging. In addition, with the growing number of wide-field surveys and the volume of data produced exceeding astronomers’ ability for manual evaluation, outlier and anomaly detection is becoming vital for transient science. We present an unsupervised method for transient discovery using a clustering technique and the astronomaly package. As proof of concept, we evaluate 85 553 min-cadenced light curves collected over two ∼1.5 h periods as part of the Deeper, Wider, Faster program, using two different telescope dithering strategies. By combining the clustering technique HDBSCAN with the isolation forest anomaly detection algorithm via the visual interface of astronomaly, we are able to rapidly isolate anomalous sources for further analysis. We successfully recover the known variable sources, across a range of catalogues from within the fields, and find a further seven uncatalogued variables and two stellar flare events, including a rarely observed ultrafast flare (∼5 min) from a likely M-dwarf.
mocca-survey Database I: Binary black hole mergers from globular clusters with intermediate mass black holes
Authors: Hong Jongsuk , Askar Abbas , Giersz Mirek , Hypki Arkadiusz , Yoon Suk-Jin 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
The dynamical formation of black hole binaries in globular clusters that merge due to gravitational waves occurs more frequently in higher stellar density. Meanwhile, the probability to form intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) also increases with the density. To explore the impact of the formation and growth of IMBHs on the population of stellar mass black hole binaries from globular clusters, we analyse the existing large survey of Monte Carlo globular cluster simulation data (mocca-survey Database I). We show that the number of binary black hole mergers agrees with the prediction based on clusters’ initial properties when the IMBH mass is not massive enough or the IMBH seed forms at a later time. However, binary black hole formation and subsequent merger events are significantly reduced compared to the prediction when the present-day IMBH mass is more massive than ${\sim}10^4\, \rm M_{\odot }$ or the present-day IMBH mass exceeds about 1 per cent of cluster’s initial total mass. By examining the maximum black hole mass in the system at the moment of black hole binary escaping, we find that ∼90 per cent of the merging binary black holes escape before the formation and growth of the IMBH. Furthermore, large fraction of stellar mass black holes are merged into the IMBH or escape as single black holes from globular clusters in cases of massive IMBHs, which can lead to the significant underpopulation of binary black holes merging with gravitational waves by a factor of 2 depending on the clusters’ initial distributions.
Myxosporea (Myxozoa, Cnidaria) Lack DNA Cytosine Methylation
Authors: Kyger Ryan , Luzuriaga-Neira Agusto , Layman Thomas , Milkewitz Sandberg Tatiana Orli , Singh Devika , Huchon Dorothée , Peri Sateesh , Atkinson Stephen D , Bartholomew Jerri L , Yi Soojin V , Alvarez-Ponce David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
DNA cytosine methylation is central to many biological processes, including regulation of gene expression, cellular differentiation, and development. This DNA modification is conserved across animals, having been found in representatives of sponges, ctenophores, cnidarians, and bilaterians, and with very few known instances of secondary loss in animals. Myxozoans are a group of microscopic, obligate endoparasitic cnidarians that have lost many genes over the course of their evolution from free-living ancestors. Here, we investigated the evolution of the key enzymes involved in DNA cytosine methylation in 29 cnidarians and found that these enzymes were lost in an ancestor of Myxosporea (the most speciose class of Myxozoa). Additionally, using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we confirmed that the genomes of two distant species of myxosporeans, Ceratonova shasta and Henneguya salminicola, completely lack DNA cytosine methylation. Our results add a notable and novel taxonomic group, the Myxosporea, to the very short list of animal taxa lacking DNA cytosine methylation, further illuminating the complex evolutionary history of this epigenetic regulatory mechanism.