bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roman Seas
Authors: Leidwanger Justin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis book offers an archaeological analysis of maritime economy and connectivity in the Roman east. That seafaring was fundamental to prosperity under Rome is beyond doubt, but a tendency to view the grandest long-distance movements among major cities against a background noise of small-scale, short-haul activity has tended to flatten the finer and varied contours of maritime interaction and coastal life into a featureless blue Mediterranean. Drawing together maritime landscape studies and network analysis, this work takes a bottom-up view of the diverse socioeconomic conditions and seafaring logistics that generated multiple structures and scales of interaction. The material record of shipwrecks and ports along a vital corridor from the southeast Aegean across the northeast Mediterranean provides a case study of regional exchange and communication based on routine sails between simple coastal facilities. Rather than a single well-integrated and persistent Mediterranean network, multiple discrete and evolving regional and interregional systems emerge. This analysis sheds light on the cadence of economic life along the coast, the development of market institutions, and the regional continuities that underpinned integration—despite certain interregional disintegration—into Late Antiquity. Through this model of seaborne interaction, the study advances a new approach to the synthesis of shipwreck and other maritime archaeological and historical economic data, as well as a path through the stark dichotomies that inform most paradigms of Roman connectivity and trade.
Economies of Accomplishments
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Amateur music-making was often labeled a feminine “accomplishment”—a designation that carried ambivalent connotations. The extensive and contradictory prescriptive literature about accomplishments, and the broader discussion about women’s education of which it was a part, deemed musical ability at once essential and frivolous. The justifications for accomplishments cohered primarily around the theme of patriarchal authority: pleasing fathers and husbands and attracting potential mates. Warnings regarding accomplishments stemmed from scenarios where such justifications went awry (with foolish fathers and rakish suitors). Yet the lived experiences of amateur musicians show that young women took pleasure in the self-fashioning opportunities musical performances afforded. Moreover, in courtship and marriage, music served not simply to please and entertain others, but, as Sarah Brown’s experiences demonstrate, also was a critical mode through which family intimacy was built and maintained.
In Search of Guidance
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the eleven-month residence of Tadeusz Grabianka in London, between December 1785 and November 1786. It undertakes an in-depth study of the extraordinary series of twelve meetings that took place during this time between Grabianka and Samuel Best, known as the so-called Shoreditch Prophet and Poor-Help. These encounters were noted down by Grabianka and provide a fascinating insight into both his and Best’s prophetic and millenarian mindsets. It also reveals the wider prevalence of millenarianism in London and beyond at the time and, moreover, illustrates Best’s pivotal role in fomenting this sentiment. The chapter also analyses the close ties between Grabianka, Best, and the burgeoning Swedenborgian milieu in the English capital in the 1780s. In large measure, these links were facilitated by Benedict Chastanier and William Bousie, who rank as two of the foremost Anglo-French illuminists of the era, and who both went on to join the Avignon Society in the late 1780s.
A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing?
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the important, but highly controversial contribution to the religious and associational dynamic of the society of Ottavio Cappelli, who fashioned himself as a prophet able to communicate with the archangels Gabriel and Raphael. It places a particular emphasis on a crucial period between the end of 1789 and November 1791, a two-year time frame that takes in Cappelli’s apogee in Rome in early 1790, when he was feted by all within the society as a true prophet. The chapter analyses Cappelli’s contentious attempts in 1790 to reconfigure the Avignon Society as a more conventional Roman Catholic sect, which began to sow seeds of discord among Protestant initiates. It also examines the impact of his arrest by the papal authorities, in September 1790, on not only his personal fate, but also on the fortunes of the society as a whole. His fall, which was confirmed by a seven-year prison sentence in November 1791, played a key role in causing a schism in the Avignon Society that almost tore the group asunder.
Establishment of the Specialized Units in Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 studies the implementation of the international women’s justice norm at the national level. It shows how pressure from the United Nations shaped the creation of the specialized units in Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire and thus the implementation of the international women’s justice norm. It draws on a range of interviews, including with personnel of the United Nations peacekeeping missions in Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire and the with women’s rights advocates, to demonstrate how this international pressure interacted with domestic pressure and conditions to produce varied implementation outcomes. While high international pressure was sufficient for the creation of the speicalized units, high domestic pressure and favorable political and institutional conditions were needed for rapid institutioanlization.
Just Add Water
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Scientists have long been searching for a unified field theory—one answer to all of the questions about the physical universe. In Just Add Water: Solving the World’s Problems Using Its Most Precious Resource, I take a similar approach to social policy questions. What if we could find a unified social policy theory—the answer to every question, from how to prevent war to how to promote gender equality? Nearly all of our most serious global challenges are complex, multifaceted “wicked problems.” But perhaps the first step in solving wicked problems as seemingly distinct as racism and disease epidemics is the same: reform our laws, policies, and priorities to achieve global water security. Global water security means reasonable access for all people to water of acceptable quantity and quality with acceptable costs and risks. Just as the essential element to all life is water, so water is the essential element to solving life’s challenges. Virtually every major social challenge—including gender inequality, racial discrimination, terrorism, space exploration, global disease epidemics, mass migrations, and climate change—has a significant and underappreciated water component. Each chapter of this book takes one of these wicked problems, illustrates the role water plays in that problem, and proposes reforms to address the water aspect of that problem, with the aim of achieving global water security. My goal in this book is to convince the reader that the answer, or at least one part of the answer, to our most serious problems is the oft-repeated late-night infomercial exhortation: “Just add water.”
Imagine a Place
Authors: Martijn Marije 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Proclus conceived of complex kinematic constructions in geometry as involving motions of points and lines that produced figures like conic sections within the phantasia (imagination) of the reasoner. He contended that in such constructions, the geometer projects various figures in three-dimensional space and not on a two-dimensional screen, as many commentators believe. Hence Proclus believes in what one might call the three-dimensionality of imagination. He also presents the remarkable argument that space should be understood as a kind of intelligible matter, where the latter is understood to be three-dimensional (not merely two-dimensional). Finally, the chapter discusses the extent to which Proclus foresees various early modern conceptions of space.
Space in Kantian Idealism
Authors: Friedman Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Kant’s conception of space can be understood only against the background of the famous debate between Leibniz and Newton in the early eighteenth century. Throughout his life, Kant sought a middle path between the philosophical extremes represented by Leibniz and Newton, but he eventually concluded that only transcendental idealism is able to explain the knowledge of nature expressed in Newton’s theory of universal gravitation, whose postulation of action at a distance among material bodies Kant embraced. Kant’s argument for transcendental idealism involves both his conception of geometry as providing synthetic a priori knowledge, but also his contention that the pure concepts of the understanding, such as substance and community, must be “schematized” or infused with spatiotemporal content if Newton’s science of nature is to be explained.
A Mathematical Sculptor’s Perspective on Space
Authors: Hart George 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this Reflection, a mathematician discusses four sculptures he created to express important aspects of various kinds of spaces, including ordinary Euclidean, hyperbolic space. The sculptures represent the transcription into physical objects of conceptual ideas concerning figures and the spaces they inhabit. Different sculptures exhibit various aspects of different spaces: e.g. whereas a handheld sculpture may lack orientation, thereby exhibiting an aspect of classic Euclidean space, a large sculpture fixed to the ground may have an orientation, thereby exhibiting an aspect of physical space.
A Rhetorical Political Analysis of Theresa May’s Statecraft on Brexit
Authors: Marlow-Stevens Samuel , Hayton Richard 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
By way of Rhetorical Political Analysis, this article argues that May’s rhetoric on Brexit undermined her statecraft and with it her capacity to deliver Britain’s departure from the European Union. Utilising Jim Bulpitt’s (1986) conception of statecraft, our analysis reveals how May’s rhetoric prioritised party management and the politics of support, but in so doing yielded political argument hegemony to Brexiteers, impeding the passing of her Brexit deal and damaging her capacity for governing competence. We evidence these arguments by analysing the appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in May’s key speeches between July 2016 and July 2019, ranging from her first as Prime Minister to her last.
Pepper CaMLO6 Negatively Regulates Ralstonia solanacearum Resistance and Positively Regulates High Temperature and High Humidity Responses
Authors: Yang Sheng , Shi Yuanyuan , Zou Longyun , Huang Jinfeng , Shen Lei , Wang Yuzhu , Guan Deyi , He Shuilin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPlant mildew-resistance locus O (MLO) proteins influence susceptibility to powdery mildew. However, their roles in plant responses to other pathogens and heat stress remain unclear. Here, we showed that CaMLO6, a pepper (Capsicum annuum) member of MLO clade V, is a protein targeted to plasma membrane and probably endoplasmic reticulum. The transcript expression level of CaMLO6 was upregulated in the roots and leaves of pepper plants challenged with high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) and was upregulated in leaves but downregulated in roots of plants infected with the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. CaMLO6 was also directly upregulated by CaWRKY40 upon HTHH but downregulated by CaWRKY40 upon R. solanacearum infection. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaMLO6 significantly decreased pepper HTHH tolerance and R. solanacearum susceptibility. Moreover, CaMLO6 overexpression enhanced the susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana and pepper plants to R. solanacearum and their tolerance to HTHH, effects that were associated with the expression of immunity- and thermotolerance-associated marker genes, respectively. These results suggest that CaMLO6 acts as a positive regulator in response to HTHH but a negative regulator in response to R. solanacearum. Moreover, CaMLO6 is transcriptionally affected by R. solanacearum and HTHH; these transcriptional responses are at least partially regulated by CaWRKY40.
Key Ethical Concepts and Their Application to COVID-19 Research
Authors: Dawson Angus , Emanuel Ezekiel J , Parker Michael , Smith Maxwell J , Voo Teck Chuan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
During the WHO-GloPID COVID-19 Global Research and Innovation Forum meeting held in Geneva on the 11th and 12th of February 2020 a number of different ethical concepts were used. This paper briefly states what a number of these concepts mean and how they might be applied to discussions about research during the COVID-19 pandemic and related outbreaks. This paper does not seek to be exhaustive and other ethical concepts are, of course, relevant and important.
Do Minorities Pay More for Mortgages?
Authors: Bhutta Neil , Hizmo Aurel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe test for racial discrimination in the prices charged by mortgage lenders. We construct a unique data set from which we observe the three dimensions of a mortgage’s price: the interest rate, discount points, and fees. Although we find statistically significant gaps by race and ethnicity in interest rates, these gaps are offset by differences in discount points. We trace out point-rate schedules and show that minorities and whites face identical schedules, but sort to different locations on the schedule. Such sorting may reflect systematic differences in liquidity or preferences. Finally, we find no differences in total fees by race or ethnicity.
Inflammatory hallmarks of lesser prominence in psoriatic arthritis patients starting biologics: a Nordic population-based cohort study
Authors: Lund Hansen Rebekka , Schoedt Jørgensen Tanja , Dreyer Lene , Hetland Merete L , Glintborg Bente , Askling Johan , Di Giuseppe Daniela , Jacobsson Lennart T H , Wallman Johan K , Nordstrom Dan , Aaltonen Kalle , Kristianslund Eirik K , Kvien Tore K , Provan Sella A , Gudbjornsson Bjorn , Love Thorvadur J , Kristensen L E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To assess secular trends in baseline characteristics of PsA patients initiating their first or subsequent biologic DMARD (bDMARD) therapy and to explore prescription patterns and treatment rates of bDMARDs from 2006 to 2017 in the Nordic countries.

Methods
PsA patients registered in the Nordic rheumatology registries initiating any treatment with bDMARDs were identified. The bDMARDs were grouped as original TNF inhibitor [TNFi; adalimumab (ADA), etanercept (ETN) and infliximab (IFX)]; certolizumab pegol (CZP) and golimumab (GOL); biosimilars and ustekinumab, based on the date of release. Baseline characteristics were compared for the five countries, supplemented by secular trends with R2 calculations and point prevalence of bDMARD treatment.

Results
A total of 18 089 patients were identified (Denmark, 4361; Iceland, 449; Norway, 1948; Finland, 1069; Sweden, 10 262). A total of 54% of the patients were female, 34.3% of patients initiated an original TNFi, 8% CZP and GOL, 7.5% biosimilars and 0.3% ustekinumab as a first-line bDMARD. Subsequent bDMARDs were 25.2% original TNFi, 9% CZP and GOL, 12% biosimilars and 2.1% ustekinumab. From 2015 through 2017 there was a rapid uptake of biosimilars. The total of first-line bDMARD initiators with lower disease activity increased from 2006 to 2017, where an R2 close to 1 showed a strong association.

Conclusion
Across the Nordic countries, the number of prescribed bDMARDs increased from 2006 to 2017, indicating a previously unmet need for bDMARDs in the PsA population. In recent years, PsA patients have initiated bDMARDs with lower disease activity compared with previous years, suggesting that bDMARDs are initiated in patients with a less active inflammatory phenotype.
Inhibitory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Treat Psychomotor Slowing: A Transdiagnostic, Mechanism-Based Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial
Authors: Walther Sebastian , Alexaki Danai , Schoretsanitis Georgios , Weiss Florian , Vladimirova Irena , Stegmayer Katharina , Strik Werner , Schäppi Lea 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Psychomotor slowing is frequently distressing patients with depression and schizophrenia. Increased neural activity within premotor cortices is linked to psychomotor slowing. This transdiagnostic study tested whether add-on inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the supplementary motor area (SMA) may alleviate psychomotor slowing. Forty-five patients with severe psychomotor slowing (26 psychosis, 19 major depression) were randomized in this transdiagnostic, double-blind, parallel-group, sham-controlled trial of 15 daily sessions of add-on rTMS over 3 weeks. Treatment arms included inhibitory 1 Hz stimulation of the SMA, facilitatory intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) of the SMA, facilitatory 15 Hz stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and sham stimulation of the occipital cortex. The primary outcome was response (&gt;30% reduction from baseline) according to the Salpêtrière Retardation Rating Scale (SRRS). Secondary outcomes were course of SRRS and further symptom rating scales. Last-observation carried forward method was applied to all subjects with baseline data. Response rates differed between protocols: 82% with inhibitory 1 Hz rTMS of the SMA, 0% with facilitatory iTBS of the SMA, 30% with sham, and 33% with 15 Hz DLPFC rTMS (χ 2 = 16.6, P &lt; .001). Dropouts were similarly distributed across protocols. Response rates were similar in the completer analysis. This transdiagnostic trial of rTMS demonstrates that inhibitory SMA stimulation may ameliorate psychomotor slowing in severely ill patients. It further provides proof-of-concept that motor inhibition is linked to increased neural activity in the SMA because the inhibitory protocol performed best in reducing symptoms.
Trial registration: NCT03275766 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Ambiguity Coding Allows Accurate Inference of Evolutionary Parameters from Alignments in an Aggregated State-Space
Authors: Weber Claudia C , Perron Umberto , Casey Dearbhaile , Yang Ziheng , Goldman Nick 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHow can we best learn the history of a protein’s evolution? Ideally, a model of sequence evolution should capture both the process that generates genetic variation and the functional constraints determining which changes are fixed. However, in practical terms the most suitable approach may simply be the one that combines the convenience of easily available input data with the ability to return useful parameter estimates. For example, we might be interested in a measure of the strength of selection (typically obtained using a codon model) or an ancestral structure (obtained using structural modeling based on inferred amino acid sequence and side chain configuration).But what if data in the relevant state-space are not readily available? We show that it is possible to obtain accurate estimates of the outputs of interest using an established method for handling missing data. Encoding observed characters in an alignment as ambiguous representations of characters in a larger state-space allows the application of models with the desired features to data that lack the resolution that is normally required. This strategy is viable because the evolutionary path taken through the observed space contains information about states that were likely visited in the “unseen” state-space. To illustrate this, we consider two examples with amino acid sequences as input. We show that $$\omega$$, a parameter describing the relative strength of selection on nonsynonymous and synonymous changes, can be estimated in an unbiased manner using an adapted version of a standard 61-state codon model. Using simulated and empirical data, we find that ancestral amino acid side chain configuration can be inferred by applying a 55-state empirical model to 20-state amino acid data. Where feasible, combining inputs from both ambiguity-coded and fully resolved data improves accuracy. Adding structural information to as few as 12.5% of the sequences in an amino acid alignment results in remarkable ancestral reconstruction performance compared to a benchmark that considers the full rotamer state information. These examples show that our methods permit the recovery of evolutionary information from sequences where it has previously been inaccessible. [Ancestral reconstruction; natural selection; protein structure; state-spaces; substitution models.]
Spatiotemporal clustering, social vulnerability and risk of congenital syphilis in northeast Brazil: an ecological study
Authors: de Souza Carlos D F , Machado Michael F , Correia Divanise S , do Carmo Rodrigo F , Cuevas Luis E , Santos Victor S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
To investigate the spatial distribution of congenital syphilis (CS) and its association to social vulnerability indexes in northeast Brazil.

Methods
This was an ecological study referring to all cases of CS and CS deaths recorded in the northeast region of Brazil from 2008 to 2015. Data were obtained from three Brazilian information systems. We examined statistical correlations between CS indicators by state and municipality and their socioeconomic and social vulnerability characteristics. We used Bayesian empirical local models to identify fluctuations of the indicators. Spatial statistical tests were used to identify spatial clusters and the municipalities at high risk of CS.

Results
The incidence of CS ranged from 2.1 cases/1000 live births (LB) in 2008 to 6.9/1000 LB in 2015, with an annual increase of 19.9% (p &lt; 0.001). The mortality coefficient of CS ranged from 2.9/1000 LB in 2008 to 6.5/1000 LB in 2015, resulting in an annual increase of 15.1% (p &lt; 0.001). Nine spatial clusters were identified. Cases of congenital syphilis occurred in well-defined spatiotemporal clusters and in areas with high levels of social vulnerability.

Conclusions
CS incidence is associated with social vulnerability. CS control programmes should target spatial clusters and populations with high levels of social vulnerability.