bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illocution as a unit of reference for spontaneous speech
Authors: Bossaglia Giulia , Mello Heliana , Raso Tommaso 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this paper we propose a synchronic, corpus-based account of
insubordination, through the analysis of adverbial clauses in Brazilian Portuguese
spontaneous speech at the syntax/prosody interface. The segmentation of the speech flow
through prosodic cues is crucial to analyse linguistic and, specifically, syntactic
relations in spoken language. Besides, it is through prosody that illocutionary and
informational values are conveyed in speech. Our claim is that insubordination can be
studied without assuming the existence of a grammaticalization path or main clause ellipsis
processes, given that through specific illocutionary prosodic profiles, syntactically
dependent clauses are assigned pragmatic autonomy.
Structural improvement of LidNA: delta-type LidNA is a potent miRNA inhibitor constructed with unmodified DNA
Authors: Tachibana Akira , Komeda Yoshiki , Yamamoto Aiko 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Many miRNA inhibitors have been developed, including chemically modified oligonucleotides, such as 2′-O-methylated RNA and locked nucleic acid (LNA). Unmodified DNA has not yet been reported as a miRNA inhibitor due to relatively low DNA/miRNA binding affinity. We designed a structured DNA, LidNA, which was constructed with unmodified DNA, consisting of a complementary sequence to the target miRNA flanked by two structured DNA regions, such as double-stranded DNA. LidNA inhibited miRNA activity more potently than 2′-O-methylated RNA or LNA. To optimize LidNA, two double-stranded regions were joined, causing the molecule to assume a delta-like shape, which we termed delta-type LidNA. Delta-type LidNAs were developed to target endogenous and exogenous miRNAs, and exhibited potent miRNA inhibitory effects with a duration of at least 10 days. Delta-type LidNA-21, which targeted miR-21, inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines. This newly developed LidNA could contribute to miRNA studies across multiple fields.
Abbreviations: LidNA: DNA that puts a lid on miRNA function; LNA: locked nucleic acid; 3′-UTR: 3′-untranslated regions; RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex; MBL: Molecular beacon-like LidNA; YMBL: Y-type molecular beacon-like LidNA; TDMD: target-directed microRNA degradation.
Dorsal muscle fatigue increases thoracic spine curvature in all‐out recreational ergometer rowing
Authors: Willwacher Steffen , Koopmann Till , Dill Stephan , Kurz Markus , Brüggemann Gert‐Peter 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate fatigue‐related changes in spinal kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity of back muscles during a 2000 m all‐out ergometer rowing performance. We analyzed ten male subjects with experience in both rowing and CrossFit exercises. We applied a novel kinematic method to describe spine curvature, determined bending moments at the spine using inverse dynamics and collected EMG data. We identified significant increases in spine curvature of the thoracic spine (i.e. vertebrae Th6 to Th11). Significant increases in peak moments were found only at the upper spine (i.e. Th2). We found no significant changes in EMG amplitudes, while the frequency analysis showed significant decreases in the mean frequencies (MNF) for the M. latissimus dorsi, the M. trapezius descendens and the M. deltoideus posterior. No significant changes on MNF were found for the Mm. erector spinae. We hypothesize that the significant increase in curvature for the thoracic spine is connected to the fatigued back muscles, especially the Mm. trapezius descendens, and might lead to an unbalanced loading of intervertebral discs and other structures. These findings are particularly important for athletes and coaches in CrossFit as strenuous rowing intervals are combined with technical exercises with high loads on the back and spine (e.g. power and Olympic lifting) leading to impaired muscular stabilization and potentially to an increased injury risk.
The benefit of computational modelling in physics teaching: a historical overview
Authors: Weber Jannis , Wilhelm Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Computational modelling is not only an important element in scientific research, it also has a rich history in physics education and its application in the classroom has changed greatly over the last few decades. To explain why computational modelling is used in physics education, we discuss its use in teaching and the benefits to the teaching and learning process. Secondly, historical developments are highlighted, and different methods of computational modelling are discussed in more detail, developing the desired features of modern software for classroom computational modelling. A review of the research in this field was conducted, showing what is known about the effects of computational modelling on students’ conceptual understanding, systemic thinking, views about nature of science and interest in physics, among others variables. Derived from the research results, recommendations are given about the use of computational modelling in physics education and research recommendations are presented with the goal to better understand the interaction between the student and computational modelling process.
Hematite coated, conductive Y doped ZnO nanorods for high efficiency solar water splitting
Authors: Commandeur Daniel , McGuckin Joshua , Chen Qiao 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
For the first time, hematite (α-Fe2O3) crystals were electrochemically deposited over vertically aligned conductive zinc oxide nanorods (NR) to form a specially designed 3D heterostructure with a unique triple layer structure. The structure formed with a thin layer of ZnFe2O4 sandwiched between the hematite and the ZnO, which forms a barrier to reduce the back migration of holes. Hence, the charge separation is significantly improved. The small unequal bandgaps of α-Fe2O3 and ZnFe2O4 help to enhance and broaden visible light absorption. The electron transportation was further improved by yttrium doping in the ZnO (YZnO) NRs, resulting in increased conductivity. This allowed the vertically aligned NRs to perform as electron highways, which also behave as effective optical waveguides for improved light trapping and absorption, since ZnO absorbs little visible light. All these benefits made the unique structures suitable for high performance photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Optimisation of α-Fe2O3 thickness led to a photocurrent density improvement from 0.66 to 0.95 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE. This was further improved to 1.59 mA cm−2 by annealing at 550 °C for 3 h, representing a record-breaking photocurrent for α-Fe2O3/ZnO systems. Finally IPCE confirmed the successful generation and transfer of photoelectrons under visible light excitation in the specifically designed heterostructure photoanode, with 5% efficiency for blue light, and 15% for violet light.
Effect of attenuation mismatches in time of flight PET reconstruction
Authors: Emond Elise C , Bousse Alexandre , Machado Maria , Porter Joanna , Groves Ashley M , Hutton Brian F , Thielemans Kris 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhile the pursuit of better time resolution in positron emission tomography (PET) is rapidly evolving, little work has been performed on time of flight (TOF) image quality at high time resolution in the presence of modelling inconsistencies. This works focuses on the effect of using the wrong attenuation map in the system model, causing perturbations in the reconstructed radioactivity image. Previous work has usually considered the effects to be local to the area where there is attenuation mismatch, and has shown that the quantification errors in this area tend to reduce with improved time resolution. This publication shows however that errors in the PET image at a distance from the mismatch increase with time resolution. The errors depend on the reconstruction algorithm used. We quantify the errors in the hypothetical case of perfect time resolution for maximum likelihood reconstructions. In addition, we perform reconstructions on simulated and patient data. In particular, for respiratory-gated reconstructions from a wrong attenuation map, increased errors are observed with improved time resolutions in areas close to the lungs (e.g. from 13.3% in non-TOF to up to 20.9% at 200 ps in the left ventricle).
Experimental quantification of four-photon indistinguishability
Authors: Giordani Taira , Brod Daniel J , Esposito Chiara , Viggianiello Niko , Romano Marco , Flamini Fulvio , Carvacho Gonzalo , Spagnolo Nicolò , Galvão Ernesto F , Sciarrino Fabio 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Photon indistinguishability plays a fundamental role in information processing, with applications such as linear-optical quantum computation and metrology. It is then necessary to develop appropriate tools to quantify the amount of this resource in a multiparticle scenario. Here we report a four-photon experiment in a linear-optical interferometer designed to simultaneously estimate the degree of indistinguishability between three pairs of photons. The interferometer design dispenses with the need of heralding for parametric down-conversion sources, resulting in an efficient and reliable optical scheme. We then use a recently proposed theoretical framework to quantify four-photon indistinguishability, as well as to obtain bounds on three unmeasured two-photon overlaps. Our findings are in high agreement with the theory, and represent a new resource-effective technique for the characterization of multiphoton interference.
Quantum compression of tensor network states
Authors: Bai Ge , Yang Yuxiang , Chiribella Giulio 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We design quantum compression algorithms for parametric families of tensor network states. We first establish an upper bound on the amount of memory needed to store an arbitrary state from a given state family. The bound is determined by the minimum cut of a suitable flow network, and is related to the flow of information from the manifold of parameters that specify the states to the physical systems in which the states are embodied. For given network topology and given edge dimensions, our upper bound is tight when all edge dimensions are powers of the same integer. When this condition is not met, the bound is optimal up to a multiplicative factor smaller than 1.585. We then provide a compression algorithm for general state families, and show that the algorithm runs in polynomial time for matrix product states.
Is oxidation of atmospheric mercury controlled by different mechanisms in the polluted continental boundary layer vs. remote marine boundary layer?
Authors: Gabay Maor , Raveh-Rubin Shira , Peleg Mordechai , Fredj Erick , Tas Eran 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Deposition of atmospheric mercury is of global concern, primarily due to health effects associated with efficient bioaccumulation of mercury in marine food webs. Although oxidation of gaseous elementary mercury (GEM), the major fraction of atmospheric mercury, is a critical stage in regulating atmospheric mercury deposition efficiency, this oxidation is currently not well-characterized, limiting modeling-based assessments of mercury in the environment. Based on a previous study, we hypothesized that the oxidation of GEM is predominantly controlled by multistep bromine- and chlorine-induced oxidation (MBCO) in the remote marine boundary layer (RMBL), and by photochemical smog oxidants, primarily ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (OH), in the polluted continental boundary layer (PCBL). To test this hypothesis, we used the following analyses: (i) application of a newly developed criterion to evaluate the gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM)–O3 association based on previous studies in the RMBL and PCBL; (ii) measurement-based box simulations of GEM oxidation in the RMBL and at a PCBL site; and (iii) measurement-based analysis of photochemical oxidation vs. other processes which potentially influence GOM. Our model simulations indicated that the MBCO mechanism can reproduce GOM levels in the RMBL, but not in the PCBL. Our data analysis suggested the important role of photochemical smog oxidants in GEM oxidation in the PCBL, potentially masked by the effect of relative humidity and entrainment of free tropospheric air.
Metal oxide semiconductor-based Schottky diodes: a review of recent advances
Authors: Al-Ahmadi Noorah A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures are essential for a wide range of semiconductor devices. This study reviews the development of MOS Schottky diode, which offers enhanced performance when compared with conventional metal-semiconductor Schottky diode structures because of the presence of the oxide layer. This layer increases Schottky barrier heights and reduced leakage currents. It also compared the MOS and metal-semiconductor structures. Recent advances in the development of MOS Schottky diodes are then discussed, with a focus on aspects such as insulating materials development, doping effects, and manufacturing technologies, along with potential device applications ranging from hydrogen gas sensors to photodetectors. Device structures, including oxide semiconductor thin film-based devices, p-type and n-type oxide semiconductor materials, and the optical and electrical properties of these materials are then discussed with a view toward optoelectronic applications. Finally, potential future development directions are outlined, including the use of thin-film nanostructures and high-k dielectric materials, and the application of graphene as a Schottky barrier material.
Thermoelastic interactions in a hollow cylinder due to a continuous heat source without energy dissipation
Authors: Zenkour Ashraf M , Kutbi Marwan A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The linear generalized Green–Naghdi thermoelasticity theory without energy dissipation is employed. The study of thermoelastic interactions in a hollow cylinder under a continuous heat source is carried out. Firstly, Laplace and Hankel transforms are employed to solve the problem without the time domain. Then, the state space approach is employed to get the exact solution of the problem in the space domain. Once again, the inverse Laplace transforms is used to get the solutions in the time domain. Accurate terminologies for the temperature, thermoelastic potential, axial displacement, dilatation, and stresses are derived. Numerical outcomes for field variables are presented with the view of illustrating the theoretical results.
The synthesis of urchin-like γ-Al2O3 hierarchical microspheres from Al foils and its rapid adsorption ability towards Congo red
Authors: Feng Kaizhong , An Jie , Ren Weian , Lei Xiaoling , Li Gaoying , Rong Daoqing , Wen Xiaogang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we present a convenient hydrothermal method to synthesize hierarchical microspheres consisting of ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) nanowires with a diameter of about 400 nm and length ∼50 μm on aluminum foils. After calcination at 900 °C, hierarchical γ-Al2O3 microspheres with mesoporous structures were obtained successfully, which possess a high specific surface area of 124 m2 g−1 and high porosity of 0.71cm3 g−1. The possible formation mechanism was discussed. The as-prepared mesoporous γ-Al2O3 hierarchical nanostructures exhibited improved adsorption performance towards Congo red in aqueous solution, 90% CR could be removed rapidly in 20 min, and its saturation adsorption capacity in 80 mg l−1 Congo red can reach to 180 mg g−1, it suggests that the hierarchical γ-Al2O3 microspheres with unique microstructure have potential in wastewater treatment.
Preparation of nanocellulose from steam exploded poplar wood by enzymolysis assisted sonication
Authors: Zhang Yue , Chen Jienan , Zhang Lin , Zhan Peng , Liu Na , Wu Zhiping 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
By exploiting cellulose nanofibril’s high aspect ratio and nano-order-unit interconnected web-like structure of poplar wood, a new approach was designed. Steam explosion was used for the pretreatment of the poplar, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis assisted sonication for the preparation of nanocellulose. The effects the cellulase dosage, enzymatic hydrolysis time and temperature on the yield of nanocellulose were studied. Under optimal conditions nanocellulose yield was approximately 13.2%. The chemical composition, crystallinity, and morphology of the composites were characterised using FT-IR, x-ray diffraction and TEM. The results demonstrated that the structure was not destroyed during the preparation process, that the crystal form remained cellulose I, and the crystallinity was 61.98%, 9.15% higher than that of poplar cellulose. The width was between 20 and 50 nm, with high aspect ratio and a web-like entangled structure. Therefore, nanocellulose prepared using this method is an ideal toughening material that could be applied in composite materials.
A high quality surface finish grinding process to produce total reflection mirror for x-ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Ohmori Hitoshi , Umezu Shinjiro , Kim Yunji , Uehara Yoshihiro , Kasuga Hiroshi , Kato Teruko , Itoh Nobuhide , Kurokawa Syuhei , Kusumi Takayuki , Sugawara Yugo , Kunimura Shinsuke 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Total reflection x-ray fluorescence analysis is applied to trace element detection in liquid for effective environmental monitoring. This analytical approach requires x-ray total reflection mirrors. In order to achieve high sensitivity element detection, the mirrors require high surface quality for high x-ray reflectivity. Surface finishing for x-ray mirrors is typically conducted through a series of abrasive processes, such as grinding and polishing, and is thus time consuming. The purpose of this study is to streamline and enhance the surface finishing process based on unique high quality grinding techniques for the production of x-ray total reflection mirrors.
Effects of laser scanning strategies on selective laser melting of pure tungsten
Authors: Gu Dongdong , Guo Meng , Zhang Hongmei , Sun Yixuan , Wang Rui , Zhang Lei 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Three types of scanning strategies, including the chessboard scanning strategy, the zigzag scanning strategy and the remelting scanning strategy, were conducted to study the effects of scanning strategies on surface morphology, microstructure, mechanical properties and the grain orientation of selective laser melted pure tungsten. The results showed that the pores and cracks were main defects in SLM-processed tungsten parts. The pores could be eliminated using the remelting scanning strategy. However, the cracks seemed to be inevitable regardless of the applied scanning strategies. The microstructures of SLM-processed tungsten were columnar grains and showed strong epitaxial growth along the building direction. A compressive strength of 923 MPa with an elongation of 7.7% was obtained when the zigzag scanning strategy was applied, which was the highest among the three scanning strategies. By changing the scanning strategies, the texture of SLM-processed tungsten in the direction of processing could be changed.
Perspective: new insights from loss function landscapes of neural networks
Authors: Chitturi Sathya R , Verpoort Philipp C , Lee Alpha A , Wales David J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We investigate the structure of the loss function landscape for neural networks subject to dataset mislabelling, increased training set diversity, and reduced node connectivity, using various techniques developed for energy landscape exploration. The benchmarking models are classification problems for atomic geometry optimisation and hand-written digit prediction. We consider the effect of varying the size of the atomic configuration space used to generate initial geometries and find that the number of stationary points increases rapidly with the size of the training configuration space. We introduce a measure of node locality to limit network connectivity and perturb permutational weight symmetry, and examine how this parameter affects the resulting landscapes. We find that highly-reduced systems have low capacity and exhibit landscapes with very few minima. On the other hand, small amounts of reduced connectivity can enhance network expressibility and can yield more complex landscapes. Investigating the effect of deliberate classification errors in the training data, we find that the variance in testing AUC, computed over a sample of minima, grows significantly with the training error, providing new insight into the role of the variance-bias trade-off when training under noise. Finally, we illustrate how the number of local minima for networks with two and three hidden layers, but a comparable number of variable edge weights, increases significantly with the number of layers, and as the number of training data decreases. This work helps shed further light on neural network loss landscapes and provides guidance for future work on neural network training and optimisation.
Mechanisms behind species-specific water economy responses to water level drawdown in peat mosses
Authors: Bengtsson Fia , Granath Gustaf , Cronberg Nils , Rydin Håkan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsThe ecosystem engineers Sphagnum (peat mosses) are responsible for sequestering a large proportion of carbon in northern peatlands. Species may respond differently to hydrological changes, and water level changes may lead to vegetation shifts in peatlands, causing them to revert from sinks to sources of carbon. We aimed to compare species-specific responses to water level drawdown within Sphagnum, and investigate which traits affect water economy in this genus.MethodsIn a mesocosm experiment, we investigated how water level drawdown affected water content (WC) in the photosynthetically active apex of the moss and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (i.e. Fv/Fm) of 13 Sphagnum species. Structural traits were measured, and eight anatomical traits were quantified from scanning electron microscopy micrographs.Key ResultsMixed-effects models indicated that at high water level, large leaves were the most influential predictor of high WC, and at low water level WC was higher in species growing drier in the field, with larger hyaline cell pore sizes and total pore areas associated with higher WC. Higher stem and peat bulk density increased WC, while capitulum mass per area and numerical shoot density did not. We observed a clear positive relationship between Fv/Fm and WC in wet-growing species.ConclusionsWhile we found that most hummock species had a relatively high water loss resistance, we propose that some species are able to maintain a high WC at drawdown by storing large amounts of water at a high water level. Our result showing that leaf traits are important warrants further research using advanced morphometric methods. As climate change may lead to more frequent droughts and thereby water level drawdowns in peatlands, a mechanistic understanding of species-specific traits and responses is crucial for predicting future changes in these systems.