bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Finally, the book concludes that even if creating a Global Health Impact label proves impossible, or undesirable, data on medicines’ health consequences are incredibly valuable. Researchers can use such data to look at the determinants and consequences of health impact, and international organizations and country-level ministries of health can use them to evaluate performance, set targets, and guide the distribution of health resources to countries. In short, better understanding the effect of key medicines on the global burden of disease will help policymakers better treat and prevent infectious diseases. Although data alone will not solve any of the health problems people face, the Global Health Impact index can help many people secure essential medicines that save millions of lives every year
The Politics of Reforming Special Procedures
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The political nature of the decisions creating mandates has propitiated the development of pioneering methods of work because they provided a wide margin of autonomy to experts acting as mandate holders. Their less than solid normative basis has also allowed political contestation. The legal foundations have been particularly weak in justifying working methods to handle individual communications of human rights violations, since it represents an extraordinary limitation to the sovereignty of states. In this context, states have pushed for several reforms of the UN Special Procedures with different motivations. The reform agendas pursued by the Asian and African Group have been considered as particularly threatening for the future of Special Procedures. In practice, their number has continued to grow. Furthermore, several waves of reform have resulted in standardization of practices and the provision of sounder legal bases for the methods of work of mandate holders through the approval of the Code of Conduct, among other measures. The processes of reform have forced the consideration of Special Procedures as a distinct category in the political arena.
Growing Organically
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Exceptional features that characterize the Special Procedures are illustrated in their progressive and unplanned development as a “system” of human rights mechanisms. This evolution is explained by a combination of political and expert-led decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council, mandate holders, and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The successive approval of cross-cutting mandates aimed at all Special Procedures has contributed to coherence in the competences assigned to them, yet has also opened the door to indirect and an unaccounted multiplication of tasks. Over the years, Special Procedures mandate holders have developed practices that have abetted their progressive configuration as belonging to a “system” of human rights mechanisms. This process has evolved through individual and collective initiatives. While mandate holders have made significant efforts to harmonize methods of work, they have simultaneously insisted on maintaining their autonomy. The political consideration of Special Procedures as a single category has been reflected in the support received by the UN Secretariat, through the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, a key determinant in their perception as a coherent group of mechanisms.
Implementation of Methods of Work
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the implementation of methods of work developed by mandate holders of Special Procedures, focusing on those that stand out for their interference with the sovereignty of states, their adaptability to multiple scenarios, and their accessibility. This includes: (1) the handling of communications; (2) visits on the ground; and (3) development of normative standards in the field of human rights. Perhaps paradoxically, Special Procedures have drawn on the vagueness of mandates determined by political negotiations as a basis to develop quasi-judicial methods of work and contribute to the codification of international human rights law. However, the differences in implementing methods of work and interpreting mandates unravels the challenges inherent to combining political and legal approaches to human rights issues. Some of those challenges can be overcome with better communication strategies, standardization of generic information, and better induction programs, which should be included in the process of selection of new mandate holders. Others are inevitable to persevere the features that have permitted the unique methods of work and influence of Special Procedures.
Politics of “Independence”
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Multidimensional factors influence the real or perceived independence of mandate holders. This chapter explains the changes that have superficially improved the balance in the gender and geographical distribution of mandate holders. It considers the influence of personal and professional backgrounds of mandate holders. In particular, it questions whether some disputed interpretations of “independence” are direct consequences of the high number of academics in charge of Special Procedures. The independence of mandate holders, the cornerstone of the system of Special Procedures, is clearly defined vis-à-vis non-governmental and governmental stakeholders interacting with them. This has been endorsed by two advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice and the Code of Conduct. However, this absolute independence does not extend to the relationship of mandate holders with the United Nations, especially the Human Rights Council. Arguing otherwise undermines the authority of the Special Procedures. Finally, the chapter explains the relationship of Special Procedures with the Secretariat, the General Assembly, and the Security Council, revealing complex internal administrative structures and geopolitical considerations that determine the daily work of Special Procedures and the scope of their mandates.
Chinese Mistakes
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Chinese mistakes in managing US policy by examining three critical junctures of the relationship during the Obama administration. In President Obama’s first year in office (2009), Beijing failed to fully reciprocate Obama’s positive signals for a cooperative relationship. The second juncture came in February 2012, when Vice President Xi’s visit to Washington ignited high-level diplomacy for building a new model of major-country relationship. With the third juncture in late 2013 and early 2014, the relationship once again took a turn for the worse, and it did not recover during the rest of Obama’s tenure. China lacked a productive strategy for managing its relations with the US, and contradictions between its US and Asia policies undercut its goal of building a new relationship with the US.
Introduction
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book reads Marx as a philosopher of movement and motion, inspired by his earliest writings in his dissertation. From this unique perspective, the book argues that Marx was not a historical determinist, reductionist materialist, anthropocentric humanist, or structuralist and did not hold a labor theory of value. These bold claims strike at the heart of well-trod interpretations of Marx and motivate this book’s rereading of him as a more process-oriented theorist of motion. The aim of this introduction is to contextualize this intervention and introduce the theses, methods, and consequences of this project.
Marx and Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains Marx’s theory of motion first as it is developed in his dissertation on Epicurus, Democritus, and Lucretius and then as it is developed in his books leading up to the Capital volumes. The argument is that Marx developed an original dialectics of motion that stayed with him throughout his life and work. In short, his materialist naturalism was the foundation for his critique of capitalism and economics. Marx’s interest in motion preceded his analysis and critique of capitalism and is the larger framework within which his economic and social critique should be understood.
Method and Critique
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to show the previously unacknowledged continuity between Marx’s earlier method of kinetic materialism with the methodology he lays out at the beginning of Capital. Furthermore, and more generally, it shows that Marx’s critical method in Capital has nothing to do with any sort of determinism, reductionism, or anthropocentrism. Instead, this chapter argues that Marx’s method is consistent with and anticipates the method of new materialism. Marx offers new materialism a historical new materialism in which history plays an important role in shaping the present. This chapter offers a close reading of the first few lines of Capital and a new materialist theory of critique.
The Birth of Value
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to show the material conditions for the idea of use-value through a close reading of the first two pages of Capital. Distinct from most interpretations, it begins from Marx’s earlier theory of things, of which commodities are particular types, and his theory of material production, within which human labor is one particular type. Chapters 1 and 2 have laid some of this groundwork. This chapter aims to remedy one of the shortfalls of previous interpretations of Capital: that they have tended to begin and end the analysis of the commodity and of labor strictly at the level of the human. This chapter looks more closely at the material and nonhuman basis of the commodity.
Metabolic Drift
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter contains two parts. The first shows the continuity of the concept of metabolism with other key ideas in Marx’s work from his dissertation leading up to Capital. Again, a close reading of Marx’s dissertation can help offer a new rereading of key ideas in his mature work. This unique starting point provides the larger conceptual context for seeing how the concept of metabolism works in Marx’s theory of value. The second, and much larger, part shows precisely how the concept of a “metabolic drift” supports thinking on the twofold movement of appropriation and value creation.
Kinetic Theory of Value II
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the other three value-forms each unfold (entfaltete) continually from the onefold movement introduced in chapter 7. Money emerges not from natural value or from divine command but strictly from the material-kinetic conditions of transport that bear and support it through each of the value-forms. The simplex form is therefore not something merely inadequate to money but in fact a constant and constitutive kinetic condition of relationality that supports and bears money as a general equivalent. Money, therefore, is not a thing but a kinetic process of value creation that emerges historically and must be continually reproduced through the devalorization process that bears its motion. The key original thesis of this chapter is that the origins of money are not, as is commonly thought, in the “movement of value” but in the movement of matter that bears and transports value.
Developmentalism
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhen we talk about development, we are talking about capitalist development. Taking a historical-comparativ e approach, Harrison understands development as a transformation which involves a deep and integrated political economy of change: a shift from a state of ‘capital-ascendance’ to ‘capital-dominance’. It is only through a transformation towards capital dominance that mass poverty reduction and the construction of a commonwealth are possible. However, capitalist development is extremely difficult and requires a highly exacting political endeavour. The politics of development is conceptualized as developmentalism: a strategy and ideology in which governments exercise heavy directive power, endure instability and crisis, and secure a rudimentary legitimacy for their efforts. The political exertions required to generate and sustain a developmentalist strategy are too great to be met by the simple desire to develop. Harrison argues that developmentalism requires a conflation of successful capitalist transformation with some form of existential insecurity of the state itself. Developmentalism flourishes when capitalist transformation connects to profound questions of sovereignty, statehood, nation-building, and elite survival. Authoritarian state action is intrinsic to developmentalism, which the book addresses by adapting a realist approach to politics in which political norms and values are generated within the agonies of suffering and benefit generated by an ascending capital. Taking case studies from the last 250 years, Developmentalism shows the deep contextualization of capitalist transformation as well as the massive improvements in material life that it has generated.
Britain
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter sets out a detailed account of Britain’s capitalist transformation from the late seventeenth century. It emphasizes the agrarian origins of capitalism and the use of the state to enclose land. It connects this to the emergence of industrial capital and the class relations it creates. It shows how uncertain the rise of industry was and how it relied on an increasingly proactive state which saw economic growth as key to its position in Europe and the world. It shows how radically the economy transformed and the ways in which this generated broader social improvements. It also connects the rise of capitalism in Britain to empire. It concludes by showing how Britain’s capitalism created a global context for other countries.
Rwanda and China
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews the contrasting experiences of Rwanda and China. It does so to show how an early-stage and late-stage capitalist transformation might reveal risk involved in developmentalism. Rwanda’s post-genocide government is analysed as early-developmentalist. Here the focus is on agricultural transformation. An analysis of Rwanda’s developmentalism focuses on the insecurity of the elite, the insecurities of the region, and the challenges of reconstruction. The Chinese case starts with the accession to power of the Chinese Communist Party. It looks at the violence of the Great Leap Forward and then the post-Mao period. It analyses the sources of growth in China since 1978, showing how the state’s legitimacy shifted from socialist nationalism to a growth obsession in which capitalist accumulation became the source of legitimacy. It emphasizes China’s massive nut incomplete progress in poverty reduction and transformation.
Conceptualizing Legitimacy
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 2 investigates questions of democracy and legitimacy in the EU; defines the three legitimizing mechanisms of output, input, and throughput; and then examines the five main criteria for throughput legitimation—efficacy, accountability, transparency, inclusiveness, and openness. The chapter begins with foundational definitions of legitimacy in liberal democracy based not only on a governing body’s authority but also on its activities. For the latter, it then explores the concepts of input, output, and throughput legitimacy; sets them in historical philosophical perspective; and differentiates them from one another. Lastly, the chapter discusses the different criteria that make up throughput legitimacy, provides examples from EU governance, and discusses their interaction effects. Efficacy is defined in terms of efficiency in policymaking, with illustrations drawn from the challenges EU actors have faced to improve governance processes. Accountability is first defined generally as public officials giving account and being held to account in technical and political forums, and then discussed in terms of EU actors’ accountability and the forums to which they may (or may not) be accountable. Transparency is defined as ensuring citizen access to information about governance policies and processes, with examples of the ways in which EU actors may (or may not) be transparent for good (or bad) reasons. Inclusiveness and openness are defined as EU actors’ willingness to engage with citizens (mainly organized in interest groups) and discussed in terms of their successes or failures to bring in citizens in ways that ensure balance and fairness in representation.
Split-Level Legitimacy and Politicization in EU Governance
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 3 explores the dilemmas of the EU’s “split-level” legitimacy, where output and throughput operate primarily at the EU level and input at the national, and then examines the impact of politicization on both national and EU levels. The chapter begins by considering the EU’s legitimacy problems stemming from the fragmentation of its governing activities, with policies and processes located mainly at the EU level while politics remains national. While the EU has been largely successful in improving legitimacy in all three categories over time, it has faced major challenges to legitimacy. In the Eurozone crisis, citizens’ sense of EU legitimacy has suffered even if their EU-related identity may not have. The chapter then focuses on the EU’s biggest challenge, the politicization of EU governance. After briefly describing the longstanding depoliticization of EU technocratic governance, this section argues that the EU’s politicization has been increasing not only at the bottom, as evidenced by the weakening of mainstream parties to the benefit of populist challengers, or from the bottom up, as national politics influences EU actors, but also at the top, where EU actors have become more politicized. The chapter uses the debates about who is in charge or control of EU governance to show how scholars’ defense of “their” actor through “new” or traditional versions of intergovernmentalism, supranationalism, and parliamentarism actually demonstrates the EU’s increasingly political dynamics of interaction. This chapter ends with the question: Is such politicization a good thing or a bad thing?
National “PoliticsagainstPolicy” in the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 10 explores the input legitimacy of Eurozone crisis governance as seen through its impact “at the bottom,” on national politics. The chapter first details citizens’ rising Euroskepticism against a background of declining trust in national and EU political institutions, fueled by socioeconomic and sociocultural sources of discontent. But Euroskepticism also stems from a range of other EU-related beliefs and plays out differently as a result of political institutional and geopolitical factors. All such factors help explain the EU’s increasing political polarization and party realignments during the Eurozone crisis, along with the electorate’s crosscutting cleavages of right versus left and open/cosmopolitan versus closed/communitarian. The chapter next charts the fate of mainstream parties during the crisis, first detailing the declining fortunes of center-left and right parties in the periphery, including Ireland, Greece, Spain, and Italy, with the exception of the center left in Portugal. It then considers the fate of such parties in core countries, first in Germany, where the center left has fared worse than Angela Merkel’s center right, and then in France, where center left and right have succumbed to the “critical center” of Emmanuel Macron. The chapter follows by considering the rise of populist parties across Europe, but in particular on the extremes of the right with France’s Marine Le Pen and Italy’s Matteo Salvini, on the extremes of the left with France’s Jean-Luc Mélenchon and Greece’s Alexis Tsipras, and in the “radical center” with Italy’s Beppe Grillo and his successor, Luigi di Maio.
Wireless Internationalism and Distant Listening
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the 1920s and 1930s radio was transnational in its reach and appeal, attracting distant listeners and encouraging hopes that broadcasting would foster international understanding and world peace. As a new medium, radio broadcasting transmitted speech, music, news, and a range of exotic and authentic sounds across borders to reach audiences in other countries. In Europe radio was regulated through international consultation and cooperation to restrict interference between stations and to unleash the medium’s full potential to carry programmes to global audiences. A distinctive form of ‘wireless internationalism’ emerged, reflecting and reinforcing the broader internationalist movement and establishing structures and approaches which endured into the Second World War, the Cold War, and beyond. Distant listeners, meanwhile, used new technologies and skills to overcome unwanted noise, tune in as many stations as possible, and comprehend and enjoy what they heard. The BBC and other international broadcasters sought to produce tailor-made programmes for audiences overseas, encouraging feedback from listeners and using it to inform production decisions. The book revises our understanding of early British and global broadcasting, and of the BBC Empire Service (the precursor to today’s World Service), and shows how government influence shaped early BBC international broadcasting in English, Arabic, Spanish, and Portuguese. It also explores the wider European and global context, demonstrating how fascism in Italy and Germany, the Spanish Civil War, and the Japanese invasion of China, combined to overturn the utopianism of the 1920s and usher in a new era of wireless nationalism.
Washington’s Napkin
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun to his abandoned claimant novel (‘The Ancestral Footstep’), and argues that the novel transfers the inheritance theme to its depiction of American artists in Rome. It suggests an undercurrent of competition in Hawthorne’s depiction of the sculptors, and conflicted feelings about Hiram Powers and William Wetmore Story, particularly their self-chosen exile: conflict expressed in terms of the Yankee type. In Rome, the transatlantic difference that is so often signalled in clothes settles on nudity in statuary, a particular anxiety for Hawthorne. Transatlantic relationships also become triangular, British and American writers bonding in Rome; William Wetmore Story aspires to address American slavery by portraying African figures in classical terms.
Sexual and Affectionate Love
Authors: Varden Helga 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a Kant-based account of the challenges involved in realizing affectionately loving, sexual, and gendered lives in ways that are emotionally healthy and morally responsible. To this end, I introduce and make use of Kant’s accounts of the predisposition to good, the propensity to evil, the faculty of desire, truthfulness as our sacred moral duty, the highest good, vital forces, perfect and imperfect duties, characters (temperaments), and friendship. If we are genuinely committed to truthfulness, I argue, our faculty of desire—through its abstract conceptual, associative, and aesthetic-teleological powers—can enable us to develop our sexual, loving, gendered selves such that they are consistent with striving for the highest good understood as a union between happiness and morality, and between our natural and moral vital forces.