bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Places and Spaces
Authors: Thomas Hugh M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies royal residences, reactions to various landscapes, and ceremonial practices that formed part of royal itineration. King John and his court travelled constantly, meaning that court life was not centred on a small number of palaces but on multiple castles, palaces, and other residences. Until recently, work on medieval royal residences focused largely on castles and their military functions, but now scholars are studying domestic aspects, including in castles, and the designed landscapes that surrounded castles and palaces. This chapter applies the new approach to John’s reign. In particular, it studies attitudes towards landscapes, both designed landscapes and the less heavily manipulated environments in which the court hunted. Because of the king’s travels, the court spent much time on the road, and the chapter also studies certain associated ceremonies, such as processions to greet the king and formal entries into important towns, also known as the adventus.
King John and the Wielding of Soft Power
Authors: Thomas Hugh M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Drawing on earlier parts of the book, this chapter focuses on the court as a source of soft power and investigates John’s effectiveness in wielding that power. Much recent scholarship on the early Middle Ages investigates ritual, gestures, and the display of emotions, activities that may be grouped together as symbolic communication. Major themes will be how John used various forms of symbolic communication to build power and how his enemies sought to contest his efforts. Gift exchange and its impact on power relations is another subject. The chapter then challenges the assumption that the rise of administrative kingship made traditional forms of soft power obsolete, arguing that increased bureaucratic and financial capacity allowed kings to employ soft power more effectively. However, though John and his officials created a magnificent court, well designed to enhance soft power, John, through his own blunders and desire for self-gratification, forfeited many of the advantages.
The Right of Redress
Authors: Gold Andrew S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The law enables private parties to undo the wrongs committed against them. In other words, the law enables victims to seek redress. This book shows how a distinctive kind of justice governs our legal rights of redress, different from the leading corrective justice approaches. In the process, it helps to make sense of tort, contract, fiduciary law, and unjust enrichment doctrine. As developed in The Right of Redress, when a wrong is remedied, the authorship of that remedy matters. The justice in private law is sensitive to a right holder’s authorship, and understanding how solves a number of legal theory puzzles. This book also offers a novel account of the state’s obligations. Many forms of redress are only available with state assistance, and a full account of private law requires an account of the state’s responsibility to assist. It also requires an explanation of those cases in which the state declines to assist. Prior accounts have drawn on Kantian principles or a Lockean social contract theory. Drawing on public fiduciary theory, The Right of Redress develops a distinctive account of the state’s role. Lastly, this book offers a new take on various modern features of the private law landscape, ranging from equity, to damage caps, to arbitration, to corporate claims, to class actions. The Right of Redress thus offers a path-breaking account of the justice in private law, of the political theory that underlies it, and of the contemporary features that shape our rights of redress today.
Twenty-Five Centuries of Debate
Authors: Boraud Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of decision-making and rationality in Western culture. Despite the fact that the concept of rationality has been tackled by philosophers since early Greek antiquity, it only really emerged in popular culture after the Middle Ages. The science of rationality culminated in the twentieth century with the axiomatization of preferences and theories of decision-making development by economists. Ultimately, psychologists and economists agree that the concept of rationality is relative. To summarize: when a subject decides, they do not usually optimize choice. For behaviourists, explanation is to be found in exploratory behaviour: evolutionary pressure has selected behaviours that anticipate possible changes in environmental conditions. The subject (animal or human) exchanges some immediate efficacy against information which may serve him later. For economists, the answer is more complex. It is a combination of the inability to understand all of the options relating to the problem (bounded rationality) associated with biases that cloud judgement.
Open Questions
Authors: Boraud Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses open, unsolved questions in neuroscience, such as the complexity of the network (which is larger than described in this book), the issue of perception, and the central role of emotions. The book's model has ignored the external globus pallidus because it simplifies the interactions and the dynamic properties of the indirect pathway. Meanwhile, considering specific properties of the cortical columns allows us to briefly address a whole new topic in neuroscience: perception. However, the chapter argues that decision-making cannot be considered as a continuation of the perception process; this is rather a different process with its own dynamics. The chapter also examines the idea that there are no ‘cold’ decisions, but simply decisions influenced by different kinds of emotions. These add an extra dimension by modulating the scalars on which the decision-making system is based to make its choices.
Introduction
Authors: Petit Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In recent years, big tech’s entry into new markets like entertainment, banking, or healthcare has aroused monopoly complaints from established players. Both in the European Union (EU) and the United States, congressional institutions, antitrust agencies, and market regulators appear to be increasingly concerned. Whilst US antitrust authorities are yet to act, the European Union has adopted aggressive decisions against big tech. In addition, regulatory reform is on the tables of European lawmakers with proposals to limit big tech’s acquisitions of startups or mandate data sharing with competitors. Contemporary policy reliance on a monopoly explanation is, however, inconsistent with descriptions of intense levels of big tech oligopoly competition found in financial reports, market research, and competitive intelligence analysis. This chapter attempts to sketch out the book’s ambition to give a fuller account of big tech competition.
The Data Imperative
Authors: Schildt Henri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines digitalization as a set of new normative ideals for managing and organizing businesses, enabled by new technologies. The data imperative consists of two mutually reinforcing goals: the pursuit of omniscience—the aspiration of management to capture the world relevant to the company through digital data; and the pursuit of omnipotence—an aspiration of managers to control and optimize activities in real-time and around the world through software. The data imperative model captures a self-reinforcing cycle of four sequential steps: (1) the creation and capture of data, (2) the combination and analysis of data, (3) the redesign of business processes around smart algorithms, and (4) the ability to control the world through digital information flows. The logical end-point of the data imperative is a ‘programmable world’, a conception of society saturated with Internet-connected hardware that is able to capture processes in real time and control them in order to optimize desired outcomes.
Complexity and Modularity
Authors: Schildt Henri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Modularity is the single most important concept related to software and digitalization, and one that every manager and many experts should understand. This chapter elaborates modularity as a central response to complexity that relates to the design, production, and operation of technological systems. Digital technologies increase modularity by facilitating the creation of clear interfaces between sub-systems and processes. This, in turn, allows complex systems to be split into autonomous parts that can be developed and installed independently. Modularity allows companies to scale up their activities more quickly and cheaply, while also facilitating innovation both within modules, by eliminating interdependencies that hamper development efforts, and at the architectural level, through the creative recombination of pre-existing modules.
Artificial Intelligence and Human Expertise
Authors: Schildt Henri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines in detail the structure and functioning of work routines that involve collaboration between human experts and advanced algorithms. Despite the intuitive complementarity of human intelligence and AI, it is often challenging to combine the two effectively. Building on case company examples, such as Finnair and Stich Fix, the chapter introduces a typology of different human–algorithm hybrids and a framework for understanding challenges and pitfalls in in human–AI interactions. I conclude by suggesting four idealized approaches to solving these issues and helping companies take full advantage of digital technologies.
Algorithmic Management of Humans
Authors: Schildt Henri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines software-based control of employees and work tasks. To leverage digital data and optimize the productivity of human workers, companies have piloted algorithmic management systems that survey, incentivize, instruct, and sanction human workers, commonly through their smartphones. We have entered an era in which a substantial portion of the workforce will no longer have a human supervisor or manager to whom to report, constituting the ‘Uberification’ of the labour market. While the first generation of algorithmic management was designed for the narrow optimization of the efficiency of customer-facing business processes, I suggest that the next generation of algorithmic management could—and should—attend more carefully to the employee experience. There are clear incentives to develop algorithmic management that make work more meaningful and motivating.
The Promises and Pitfalls of the Data Imperative
Authors: Schildt Henri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter charts the future developments of data-driven businesses and digitalization. The chapter first elaborates a vision of the artificially intelligent organizations that utilize AI technologies, such as natural language processing, to capture the skills and knowledge of their employees. This will allow corporations to automatically orchestrate expert tasks to increase productivity and, hopefully, meaningfulness of knowledge work. Looking at the potential risks of ongoing digitalization, the chapter examines ‘optimization traps’, a set of organizational myopias that may arise from increasing reliance on algorithmic processing and smart automation. The chapter concludes by examining the new skills and attitudes managers and professionals are likely to need to remain relevant in the digital workplace, arguing that current use of data to create ‘insights’ may soon be outdated.
Cities Real and Desired
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the Christianization of the Roman Empire in the fourth and early fifth centuries ad, especially in the Latin-speaking West. The emperor Constantine’s importance is discussed, as well as the survival of paganism and the increasing attempts from late in the fourth century onwards, under Theodosius and his successors, to undermine and suppress it. The evidence for continuity in Roman civic life, focusing on North Africa, is briefly considered. A survey is provided of ideological presentations, pagan and Christian, of the city of Rome as the symbol of empire in panegyric, in the Altar of Victory controversy, in historiography, in Christian martyr poems, and in architecture. The correspondence between Augustine and Nectarius in the aftermath of Christian-pagan violence in Calama in 408 is briefly explored for its exposure of conflicting values.
The Apologetic Tradition
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The City of God is arguably the culmination of the Latin Christian apologetic tradition in antiquity, and Augustine’s work concludes a series of writings that begins in the late second and early third centuries with Tertullian and Minucius Felix. The Latin Christian apologetic tradition before Augustine and its themes are discussed, with extensive references, focusing on Tertullian, Minucius Felix, Arnobius, Lactantius, and Prudentius. The literary form and scope of key works—Tertullian’s Apologeticum, the Octavius of Minucius Felix, Arnobius’ Adversus Nationes, Lactantius’ Divine Institutes—are outlined, and the use in the Latin tradition of Varro and Cicero is briefly discussed. Similarities to, and differences from, Augustine’s apologetic are noted.
The Theme of the Two Cities
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The theme of the two cities before Augustine is discussed, and its occurrence in Christian Scriptures (especially the Book of Revelation), with their symbolic use of the Jerusalem–Babylon antithesis, outlined. The theme and its ramifications in Tertullian, Lactantius, and Ambrose, and the role of the Donatist Tyconius as an influence on Augustine, are discussed. The possible influence on Augustine of the concept of contrasting cities, real and ideal, in Plato and the Platonic tradition, of the Stoic cosmic city, of the best city of Cicero’s Republic, and of the Jewish-Christian catechetical tradition, is investigated. The two cities’ theme in other writings of Augustine is surveyed, with extended citations.
Varro, Platonists, and Demons
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter analyses Books 6–10, which engage in polemic against philosophically influenced interpretations of pagan religious beliefs. The principal themes are: criticism of pagan critics of traditional Roman religion, and of the attempt to develop a natural theology, focusing on Varro; continuation of polemic against polytheism in Roman religion; the value of some Platonist doctrines (on God and the soul) and the flaws of others (demons as intermediaries, reincarnation, lax monotheism); criticism of philosophical views (especially those found in the Neoplatonist Porphyry) on purification, mediation between the divine and the human, sacrifice, and the afterlife; Christians and permissible passions; pagan and Jewish-Christian views contrasted; the meaning of Christian sacrifice; Christ as the true mediator.
The History of the Two Cities
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses Books 15–18, which present the two cities in history, stressing that two types of human being, self-centered or God-centered, may represent allegorically the two cities: Cain and Abel are human prototypes of the two cities. The Jews, a prophetic image of the city of God, are a part of the earthly city. Biblical history is selectively outlined, with concentration on texts that are prophetic (including the tower of Babel, the Flood, Isaac and Jacob narratives). Augustine’s synchronization of biblical and secular history, using Eusebius’ Canons and their continuation by Jerome, is examined. The sequence of empires, Assyrian (confused by Augustine with Babylon) and Roman, is traced, and the oddity of Sicyon as representative of Greece is explained. Jewish prophecies contrived to relate to Christ and the Church are highlighted. The concept of the Church as a ‘mixed body’ of true and false members becomes prominent.
Influences and Sources
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the City of God Augustine uses a large variety of literary sources, and in a variety of ways. Some are cited in passing, others are repeatedly used; some are referred to by name, others may be inferred; in some cases, a specific use or influence is disputed by modern interpreters. This chapter collects and summarizes the literary influences upon Augustine in City, and the sources he used, often polemically. It contains sections on secular Latin writers, on Greek, mainly philosophical, writers in Latin translations, and on Jewish and Christian writers. The principal authors discussed are, in the first section, Varro, Cicero, Sallust, Virgil, and Apuleius; in the second section, Plato, Plotinus, and Porphyry; and in the third section, Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome.
Repairing Democracy’s Disconnects
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn M. , Ercan Selen A. , Boswell John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that democracy in many societies is wearing thin due to widespread disconnects being experienced between citizens and their elected representatives, between publics in fractious and polarized public spheres, and between citizens and tangled policy processes. Collectively, these disconnects are problematic for realizing democracy at the large scale not only because they produce subtle forms of exclusion, but also because they restrict the movement of ideas and arguments between affected publics and those authorized to make and implement collective decisions. The chapter invites contemporary advocates of democratic reform to think harder both about the nature of these disconnects and about how to repair them. It begins with an overview of the prevailing ideas about contemporary democratic renewal and reform, and then introduces the concept of democratic mending as a promising pathway for advancing democratic reform especially in societies characterized by systemic disconnects.
Conceptualizing Connectivity in Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn M. , Ercan Selen A. , Boswell John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers a critical review of three systemic accounts of deliberative democracy, focusing on their assumptions about democratic connectivity. It draws attention to the ‘communicative miracles’ that lie at the heart of each deliberative system account—‘miracles’ that are out of step with contemporary disconnects experienced in the representative process, in the public sphere itself, and along the policy process. The chapter shows that these ‘communicative miracles’ are not only theoretical blind spots, but also practical obstacles hindering deliberative democracy from speaking more directly to, and serving as a richer resource for, democratic renewal. The chapter calls for a more empirically informed account of connectivity in contemporary public deliberation, one that is grounded in the work and agency of those involved in making or strengthening connectivity. It argues that an abductive research approach that employs interpretive methods is particularly well suited for developing such empirically informed accounts of connectivity. The chapter concludes by making the case for the close study of contemporary political practices, especially focused on how diverse actors are experiencing democratic disconnects, and what actions they are taking to mend them.
Connecting Citizens and Administrative Policymaking
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn M. , Ercan Selen A. , Boswell John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 unpacks the problematic governance disconnect experienced in contemporary democracy where there is a gap between administrative policymaking and the democratic will of citizens. The chapter examines the work of administrators, patient activists, and advocates in the health sector in Britain through the long and confusing policymaking process. It draws on a programme of work that encompasses four closely related examples of newly formed public agencies in Britain’s health sector. The analysis shows how administrators inside these organizations have used their privileged position to ‘reach out’ in order to enable radical new opportunities for public scrutiny and participatory input, as well as how advocates and activists in civil society build and channel their capacity to ‘reach in’ and take advantage of, and at times subvert or transform, opportunities to influence policy or policymakers. The chapter outlines the ways these four agencies can repair the disconnect between citizens and complex policy processes that govern them—as well as highlighting persistent obstacles and new challenges. The chapter concludes by outlining the key insights from the case for understanding and advancing connectivity in deliberative sytems.
The “Monadology”
Authors: Strickland Lloyd 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Written in 1714, the “Monadology” is widely regarded as a classic statement of much of Leibniz’s mature philosophical system. In just 90 numbered paragraphs, Leibniz outlines—and argues for—the core features of his system, starting with his famous doctrine of monads (simple substances) and ending with the uplifting claim that God is concerned not only for the world as a whole but for the welfare of the virtuous in particular. This chapter begins by considering the circumstances of composition of the “Monadology” and its publication history before offering a detailed analysis of the claims and arguments found therein; I suggest the text is best read as dealing with three distinct realms, the metaphysical (§§1–60), the physical (§§61–82), and lastly the moral (§§83–90). The chapter concludes with a consideration of the fate and influence of this seminal text.
“Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese”
Authors: Cook Daniel J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Leibniz wrote the “Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese” during the last year of his life. Previously, he had praised the polity and societal peace of the Chinese empire, deeming it superior to that of Christian Europe. Various thinkers used such a claim to argue that a pagan society could be ethical and politically stable without the belief in God. Leibniz sought to demonstrate that the intellectual and spiritual foundations of ancient Confucianism were indeed monotheistic and that this was the basis of their well-ordered society. He attempted to show that the classical Chinese believed in the tenets of a natural theology (i.e. belief in the existence of a monotheistic God and an incorporeal and hence immortal soul). He even attributed the discovery of binary arithmetic, not to himself, but to the ancient founder of the Yi Jing, thus further legitimating ancient Chinese knowledge (“science”).