bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic‐Level and Modulated Interfaces of Photocatalyst Heterostructure Constructed by External Defect‐Induced Strategy: A Critical Review
Authors: Zhang Shuqu , Si Yanmei , Li Bing , Yang Lixia , Dai Weili , Luo Shenglian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite the existence of numerous photocatalyst heterostructures, their separation efficiency and charge flow precision remain low due to the poor study on interfacial properties. The photocatalysts with confined defects can effectively control the photogenerated carrier migration, but the metastability of such defects considerably decreases the photocatalyst stability. Meanwhile, the introduction of defective region can increase the coordinative unsaturation and delocalize local electrons to promote their interactions with the molecules/ions in that region. The selective growth of modulated heterogeneous interface by defect‐induced strategy may not only increase the stability of defective structures, but also enhance the migration of interfacial charges. Using this method, photocatalytic heterostructures with low contact resistances and intimate interfaces are constructed to achieve the optimal charge migration in terms of efficiency and accuracy. In this work, the point, linear, and planar heterogeneous interfaces and related defect engineering techniques are discussed. Particularly, it is focused on the external, defect‐induced interfacial heterogeneities with various spatial and dimensional configurations, which exhibit modulated and controllable interfacial properties. Furthermore, the main aspects of fabricating photocatalyst heterostructures by the defect‐induced strategy, including the i) controllable generation of defects, ii) advanced characterization methods, and iii) elaborate construction of the minimal interface, are described.
Stochastic stability of performance properties for materials with non‐deterministic microstructure
Authors: Gitman Inna M. , Gitman Mikhail B. , Batin Sergei E. , Boyarshinov Dmitriy A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this contribution an original concept of stochastic stability (P‐stability), formulated here to represent realistic stochastic nature of materials, is employed for stability analysis of material performance characteristics. Stochasticity in materials can be related, for example, to manufacturing processes, potential treatment of material, or properties of raw materials. On the other hand, performance characteristics, obtained through the novel fuzzy sets based multi‐scale methodology, are also of stochastic nature. The particular strength of this newly developed P‐stability, is its ability to analyse not only individual characteristics, but also multiple characteristics simultaneously. This methodology also allows to estimate and quantify an actual accuracy of obtained characteristics.
DEALER: decentralized incentives for threat intelligence reporting and exchange
Authors: Menges Florian , Putz Benedikt , Pernul Günther 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe exchange of threat intelligence information can make a significant contribution to improving IT security in companies and has become increasingly important in recent years. However, such an exchange also entails costs and risks, preventing many companies from participating. In addition, since legal reporting requirements were introduced in various countries, certain requirements must be taken into account in the exchange process. However, existing exchange platforms neither offer incentives to participate in the exchange process, nor fulfill requirements resulting from reporting obligations. With this work, we present a decentralized platform for the exchange of threat intelligence information. The platform supports the fulfillment of legal reporting obligations for security incidents and provides additional incentives for information exchange between the parties involved. We evaluate the platform by implementing it based on the EOS blockchain and IPFS distributed hash table. The prototype and cost measurements demonstrate the feasibility and cost-efficiency of our concept.
Volcanic CO2 seep geochemistry and use in understanding ocean acidification
Authors: Aiuppa A. , Hall-Spencer J. M. , Milazzo M. , Turco G. , Caliro S. , Di Napoli R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOcean acidification is one of the most dramatic effects of the massive atmospheric release of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) that has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, although its effects on marine ecosystems are not well understood. Submarine volcanic hydrothermal fields have geochemical conditions that provide opportunities to characterise the effects of elevated levels of seawater CO2 on marine life in the field. Here, we review the geochemical aspects of shallow marine CO2-rich seeps worldwide, focusing on both gas composition and water chemistry. We then describe the geochemical effects of volcanic CO2 seepage on the overlying seawater column. We also present new geochemical data and the first synthesis of marine biological community changes from one of the best-studied marine CO2 seep sites in the world (off Vulcano Island, Sicily). In areas of intense bubbling, extremely high levels of pCO2 (> 10,000 μatm) result in low seawater pH (< 6) and undersaturation of aragonite and calcite in an area devoid of calcified organisms such as shelled molluscs and hard corals. Around 100–400 m away from the Vulcano seeps the geochemistry of the seawater becomes analogous to future ocean acidification conditions with dissolved carbon dioxide levels falling from 900 to 420 μatm as seawater pH rises from 7.6 to 8.0. Calcified species such as coralline algae and sea urchins fare increasingly well as sessile communities shift from domination by a few resilient species (such as uncalcified algae and polychaetes) to a diverse and complex community (including abundant calcified algae and sea urchins) as the seawater returns to ambient levels of CO2. Laboratory advances in our understanding of species sensitivity to high CO2 and low pH seawater, reveal how marine organisms react to simulated ocean acidification conditions (e.g., using energetic trade-offs for calcification, reproduction, growth and survival). Research at volcanic marine seeps, such as those off Vulcano, highlight consistent ecosystem responses to rising levels of seawater CO2, with the simplification of food webs, losses in functional diversity and reduced provisioning of goods and services for humans.
Drug-repositioning screening identified fludarabine and risedronic acid as potential therapeutic compounds for malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Dell’Anno Irene , Martin Sarah A. , Barbarino Marcella , Melani Alessandra , Silvestri Roberto , Bottaro Maria , Paolicchi Elisa , Corrado Alda , Cipollini Monica , Melaiu Ombretta , Giordano Antonio , Luzzi Luca , Gemignani Federica , Landi Stefano 
Published: December 2020

SummaryObjectives Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an occupational disease mainly due to asbestos exposure. Effective therapies for MPM are lacking, making this tumour type a fatal disease. Materials and Methods In order to meet this need and in view of a future “drug repositioning” approach, here we screened five MPM (Mero-14, Mero-25, IST-Mes2, NCI-H28 and MSTO-211H) and one SV40-immortalized mesothelial cell line (MeT-5A) as a non-malignant model, with a library of 1170 FDA-approved drugs. Results Among several potential compounds, we found that fludarabine (F-araA) and, to a lesser extent, risedronic acid (RIS) were cytotoxic in MPM cells, in comparison to the non-malignant Met-5A cells. In particular, F-araA reduced the proliferation and the colony formation ability of the MPM malignant cells, in comparison to the non-malignant control cells, as demonstrated by proliferation and colony formation assays, in addition to measurement of the phospho-ERK/total-ERK ratio. We have shown that the response to F-araA was not dependent upon the expression of DCK and NT5E enzymes, nor upon their functional polymorphisms (rs11544786 and rs2295890, respectively). Conclusion This drug repositioning screening approach has identified that F-araA could be therapeutically active against MPM cells, in addition to other tumour types, by inhibiting STAT1 expression and nucleic acids synthesis. Further experiments are required to fully investigate this.
Methodological Advancements for Investigating Intra-tumoral Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer at the Bench and Bedside
Authors: Baek Mokryun , Chang Jeffrey T. , Echeverria Gloria V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThere is a major need to overcome therapeutic resistance and metastasis that eventually arises in many breast cancer patients. Therapy resistant and metastatic tumors are increasingly recognized to possess intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH), a diversity of cells within an individual tumor. First hypothesized in the 1970s, the possibility that this complex ITH may endow tumors with adaptability and evolvability to metastasize and evade therapies is now supported by multiple lines of evidence. Our understanding of ITH has been driven by recent methodological advances including next-generation sequencing, computational modeling, lineage tracing, single-cell technologies, and multiplexedin situapproaches. These have been applied across a range of specimens, including patient tumor biopsies, liquid biopsies, cultured cell lines, and mouse models. In this review, we discuss these approaches and how they have deepened our understanding of the mechanistic origins of ITH amongst tumor cells, including stem cell-like differentiation hierarchies and Darwinian evolution, and the functional role for ITH in breast cancer progression. While ITH presents a challenge for combating tumor evolution, in-depth analyses of ITH in clinical biopsies and laboratory models hold promise to elucidate therapeutic strategies that should ultimately improve outcomes for breast cancer patients.
LC–MS based metabolic fingerprinting of apricot pistils after self-compatible and self-incompatible pollinations
Authors: Lénárt József , Gere Attila , Causon Tim , Hann Stephan , Dernovics Mihály , Németh Olga , Hegedűs Attila , Halász Júlia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Key message
LC-MS based metabolomics approach revealed that putative metabolites other than flavonoids may significantly contribute to the sexual compatibility reactions in Prunus armeniaca. Possible mechanisms on related microtubule-stabilizing effects are provided.

Abstract
Identification of metabolites playing crucial roles in sexual incompatibility reactions in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) was the aim of the study. Metabolic fingerprints of self-compatible and self-incompatible apricot pistils were created using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry followed by untargeted compound search. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed 15 significant differential compounds among the total of 4006 and 1005 aligned metabolites in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Total explained variance of 89.55% in principal component analysis (PCA) indicated high quality of differential expression analysis. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between genotypes and pollination time as well, which demonstrated high performance of the metabolic fingerprinting and revealed the presence of metabolites with significant influence on the self-incompatibility reactions. Finally, polyketide-based macrolides similar to peloruside A and a hydroxy sphingosine derivative are suggested to be significant differential metabolites in the experiment. These results indicate a strategy of pollen tubes to protect microtubules and avoid growth arrest involved in sexual incompatibility reactions of apricot.
No facts without perspectives
Authors: Glauer Ramiro , Hildebrandt Frauke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPerner and Roessler (in: Aguilar J, Buckareff A (eds) Causing human action: new perspectives on the causal theory of action, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 199–228, 2010) hold that children who do not yet have an understanding of subjective perspectives, i.e., mental states, explain actions by appealing to objective facts. In this paper, we criticize this view. We argue that in order to understand objective facts, subjects need to understand perspectives. By analysing basic fact-expressing assertions, we show that subjects cannot refer to facts if they do not understand two types of perspectivity, namely, spatial and doxastic perspectivity. To avoid conceptual confusion regarding different ways of referring to facts, we distinguish between reference to factsde reandde dicto.
Troubles with the Canberra Plan
Authors: Raatikainen Panu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA popular approach in philosophy, the so-called Canberra Plan, is critically scrutinized. Two aspects of this research program, the formal and the informal program, are distinguished. It is argued that the formal program runs up against certain serious technical problems. It is also argued that the informal program involves an unclear leap at its core. Consequently, it is argued that the whole program is much more problematic than its advocates recognize.
Including Learning Analytics in the Loop of Self-Paced Online Course Learning Design
Authors: Yan Hongxin , Lin Fuhua , Kinshuk  
Published: December 2020

AbstractOnline education is growing because of its benefits and advantages that students enjoy. Educational technologies (e.g., learning analytics, student modelling, and intelligent tutoring systems) bring great potential to online education. Many online courses, particularly in self-paced online learning (SPOL), face some inherent barriers such as learning awareness and academic intervention. These barriers can affect the academic performance of online learners. Recently, learning analytics has been shown to have great potential in removing these barriers. However, it is challenging to achieve the full potential of learning analytics with the traditional online course learning design model. Thus, focusing on SPOL, this study proposes that learning analytics should be included in the course learning design loop to ensure data collection and pedagogical connection. We propose a novel learning design-analytics model in which course learning design and learning analytics can support each other to increase learning success. Based on the proposed model, a set of online course design strategies are recommended for online educators who wish to use learning analytics to mitigate the learning barriers in SPOL. These strategies and technologies are inspired by Jim Greer’s work on student modelling. By following these recommended design strategies, a computer science course is used as an example to show our initial practices of including learning analytics in the course learning design loop. Finally, future work on how to develop and evaluate learning analytics enabled learning systems is outlined.
Inter-relationships between percentage body fat, relative subischial leg length and body mass index among adolescents and adults from the Limbu community of Darjeeling, West Bengal
Authors: Datta Banik Sudip 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLeg length in humans is considered to be an indicator of the long-term impact of quality of childhood living conditions and nutritional status. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of association of percentage body fat (PBF) with relative subischial leg length (RSLL), adjusting for age, sex and body mass index (BMI), among adolescents and adults in a population of poor socioeconomic background in India. Data were taken from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2010–2014 among the Limbu community of Darjeeling, West Bengal – an indigenous community with poor socioeconomic background, low literacy rate, low income and inadequate living conditions. The study villages were located in the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions of Darjeeling. The present study sample comprised 97 adolescents aged 16–19 years (47 boys, 50 girls) and 260 adults aged 20–39 years (135 men, 125 women). Anthropometric measurements of stature/height (cm), weight (kg), sitting height (cm) and skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) (mm) were recorded. Derived variables were BMI (kg/m2), subischial leg length (SLL) (cm), RSLL (%), sum of four skinfolds (mm) and PBF (%). Significant sex differences at p<0.05 were observed for all anthropometric characteristics, except for body weight among adolescents and RSLL, subscapular and sum of four skinfolds in adults. The linear regression models adjusting for age and sex showed that RSLL had a negative relationship with PBF (p<0.05) among adolescents and adults. Higher body fat, independent of BMI, was correlated with lower RSLL among both adolescents and adults from the Limbu community, indicating a possible association with poor quality living conditions in childhood. However, this may also have been due to the allometry of total body fat with body proportions – a relatively larger trunk results in more body fat.
Neurological heterotopic ossification: novel mechanisms, prognostic biomarkers and prophylactic therapies
Authors: Wong Ker Rui , Mychasiuk Richelle , O’Brien Terence J. , Shultz Sandy R. , McDonald Stuart J. , Brady Rhys D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNeurological heterotopic ossification (NHO) is a debilitating condition where bone forms in soft tissue, such as muscle surrounding the hip and knee, following an injury to the brain or spinal cord. This abnormal formation of bone can result in nerve impingement, pain, contractures and impaired movement. Patients are often diagnosed with NHO after the bone tissue has completely mineralised, leaving invasive surgical resection the only remaining treatment option. Surgical resection of NHO creates potential for added complications, particularly in patients with concomitant injury to the central nervous system (CNS). Although recent work has begun to shed light on the physiological mechanisms involved in NHO, there remains a significant knowledge gap related to the prognostic biomarkers and prophylactic treatments which are necessary to prevent NHO and optimise patient outcomes. This article reviews the current understanding pertaining to NHO epidemiology, pathobiology, biomarkers and treatment options. In particular, we focus on how concomitant CNS injury may drive ectopic bone formation and discuss considerations for treating polytrauma patients with NHO. We conclude that understanding of the pathogenesis of NHO is rapidly advancing, and as such, there is the strong potential for future research to unearth methods capable of identifying patients likely to develop NHO, and targeted treatments to prevent its manifestation.
Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission
Authors: Peckham Hannah , de Gruijter Nina M. , Raine Charles , Radziszewska Anna , Ciurtin Coziana , Wedderburn Lucy R. , Rosser Elizabeth C. , Webb Kate , Deakin Claire T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnecdotal evidence suggests that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, exhibits differences in morbidity and mortality between sexes. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 3,111,714 reported global cases to demonstrate that, whilst there is no difference in the proportion of males and females with confirmed COVID-19, male patients have almost three times the odds of requiring intensive treatment unit (ITU) admission (OR = 2.84; 95% CI = 2.06, 3.92) and higher odds of death (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.47) compared to females. With few exceptions, the sex bias observed in COVID-19 is a worldwide phenomenon. An appreciation of how sex is influencing COVID-19 outcomes will have important implications for clinical management and mitigation strategies for this disease.
Thermoplasmonic neural chip platform for in situ manipulation of neuronal connections in vitro
Authors: Hong Nari , Nam Yoonkey 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCultured neuronal networks with a controlled structure have been widely studied as an in vitro model system to investigate the relationship between network structure and function. However, most cell culture techniques lack the ability to control network structures during cell cultivation, making it difficult to assess functional changes induced by specific structural changes. In this study, we present an in situ manipulation platform based on gold-nanorod-mediated thermoplasmonics to interrogate an in vitro network model. We find that it is possible to induce new neurite outgrowths, eliminate interconnecting neurites, and estimate functional relationships in matured neuronal networks. This method is expected to be useful for studying functional dynamics of neural networks under controlled structural changes.
Condensation of Rubisco into a proto-pyrenoid in higher plant chloroplasts
Authors: Atkinson Nicky , Mao Yuwei , Chan Kher Xing , McCormick Alistair J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPhotosynthetic CO2 fixation in plants is limited by the inefficiency of the CO2-assimilating enzyme Rubisco. In most eukaryotic algae, Rubisco aggregates within a microcompartment known as the pyrenoid, in association with a CO2-concentrating mechanism that improves photosynthetic operating efficiency under conditions of low inorganic carbon. Recent work has shown that the pyrenoid matrix is a phase-separated, liquid-like condensate. In the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, condensation is mediated by two components: Rubisco and the linker protein EPYC1 (Essential Pyrenoid Component 1). Here, we show that expression of mature EPYC1 and a plant-algal hybrid Rubisco leads to spontaneous condensation of Rubisco into a single phase-separated compartment in Arabidopsis chloroplasts, with liquid-like properties similar to a pyrenoid matrix. This work represents a significant initial step towards enhancing photosynthesis in higher plants by introducing an algal CO2-concentrating mechanism, which is predicted to significantly increase the efficiency of photosynthetic CO2 uptake.
Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of host response to SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary infection
Authors: Desai Niyati , Neyaz Azfar , Szabolcs Annamaria , Shih Angela R. , Chen Jonathan H. , Thapar Vishal , Nieman Linda T. , Solovyov Alexander , Mehta Arnav , Lieb David J. , Kulkarni Anupriya S. , Jaicks Christopher , Xu Katherine H. , Raabe Michael J. , Pinto Christopher J. , Juric Dejan , Chebib Ivan , Colvin Robert B. , Kim Arthur Y. , Monroe Robert , Warren Sarah E. , Danaher Patrick , Reeves Jason W. , Gong Jingjing , Rueckert Erroll H. , Greenbaum Benjamin D. , Hacohen Nir , Lagana Stephen M. , Rivera Miguel N. , Sholl Lynette M. , Stone James R. , Ting David T. , Deshpande Vikram 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe relationship of SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary infection and severity of disease is not fully understood. Here we show analysis of autopsy specimens from 24 patients who succumbed to SARS-CoV-2 infection using a combination of different RNA and protein analytical platforms to characterize inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity of pulmonary virus infection. There is a spectrum of high and low virus cases associated with duration of disease. High viral cases have high activation of interferon pathway genes and a predominant M1-like macrophage infiltrate. Low viral cases are more heterogeneous likely reflecting inherent patient differences in the evolution of host response, but there is consistent indication of pulmonary epithelial cell recovery based on napsin A immunohistochemistry and RNA expression of surfactant and mucin genes. Using a digital spatial profiling platform, we find the virus corresponds to distinct spatial expression of interferon response genes demonstrating the intra-pulmonary heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.