bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future urban development exacerbates coastal exposure in the Mediterranean
Authors: Wolff Claudia , Nikoletopoulos Theodore , Hinkel Jochen , Vafeidis Athanasios T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChanges in the spatial patterns and rate of urban development will be one of the main determinants of future coastal flood risk. Existing spatial projections of urban extent are, however, often available at coarse spatial resolutions, local geographical scales or for short time horizons, which limits their suitability for broad-scale coastal flood impact assessments. Here, we present a new set of spatially explicit projections of urban extent for ten countries in the Mediterranean, consistent with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). To model plausible future urban development, we develop an Urban Change Model, which uses input variables such as elevation, population density or road network and an artificial neural network to project urban development on a regional scale. The developed future projections for the five SSPs indicate that accounting for the spatial patterns of urban development can lead to significant differences in the assessment of future coastal urban exposure. The increase in exposure in the Extended Low Elevation Coastal Zone (E-LECZ = area below 20 m of elevation) until 2100 can vary, by up to 104%, depending on the urban development scenario chosen. This finding highlights that accounting for urban development in long-term adaptation planning, e.g. in the form of land-use planning, can be an effective measure for reducing future coastal flood risk on a regional scale.
Deep learning-based diatom taxonomy on virtual slides
Authors: Kloster Michael , Langenkämper Daniel , Zurowietz Martin , Beszteri Bánk , Nattkemper Tim W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDeep convolutional neural networks are emerging as the state of the art method for supervised classification of images also in the context of taxonomic identification. Different morphologies and imaging technologies applied across organismal groups lead to highly specific image domains, which need customization of deep learning solutions. Here we provide an example using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for taxonomic identification of the morphologically diverse microalgal group of diatoms. Using a combination of high-resolution slide scanning microscopy, web-based collaborative image annotation and diatom-tailored image analysis, we assembled a diatom image database from two Southern Ocean expeditions. We use these data to investigate the effect of CNN architecture, background masking, data set size and possible concept drift upon image classification performance. Surprisingly, VGG16, a relatively old network architecture, showed the best performance and generalizing ability on our images. Different from a previous study, we found that background masking slightly improved performance. In general, training only a classifier on top of convolutional layers pre-trained on extensive, but not domain-specific image data showed surprisingly high performance (F1 scores around 97%) with already relatively few (100–300) examples per class, indicating that domain adaptation to a novel taxonomic group can be feasible with a limited investment of effort.
In utero exposure to endogenous maternal polyclonal anti-Caspr2 antibody leads to behavioral abnormalities resembling autism spectrum disorder in male mice
Authors: Bagnall-Moreau Ciara , Huerta Patricio T. , Comoletti Davide , La-Bella Andrea , Berlin Roseann , Zhao Chunfang , Volpe Bruce T. , Diamond Betty , Brimberg Lior 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe concept that exposure in utero to maternal anti-brain antibodies contributes to the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been entertained for over a decade. We determined that antibodies targeting Caspr2 are present at high frequency in mothers with brain-reactive serology and a child with ASD, and further demonstrated that exposure in utero to a monoclonal anti-Caspr2 antibody, derived from a mother of an ASD child, led to an-ASD like phenotype in male offspring. Now we propose a new model to study the effects of in utero exposure to anti-Caspr2 antibody. Dams immunized with the extracellular portion of Caspr2 express anti-Caspr2 antibodies throughout gestation to better mimic the human condition. Male but not female mice born to dams harboring polyclonal anti-Caspr2 antibodies showed abnormal cortical development, decreased dendritic complexity of excitatory neurons and reduced numbers of inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus, as well as repetitive behaviors and impairments in novelty interest in the social preference test as adults. These data supporting the pathogenicity of anti-Caspr2 antibodies are consistent with the concept that anti-brain antibodies present in women during gestation can alter fetal brain development, and confirm that males are peculiarly susceptible.
Capacitive sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers for detection of the insecticide imidacloprid in water
Authors: El-Akaad Suzan , Mohamed Mona A. , Abdelwahab Nada S. , Abdelaleem Eglal A. , De Saeger Sarah , Beloglazova Natalia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis manuscript reports on the development of a capacitive sensor for the detection of imidacloprid (IMD) in water samples based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs used as recognition elements were synthesized via a photo-initiated emulsion polymerization. The particles were carefully washed using a methanol (MeOH) /acetic acid mixture to ensure complete template removal and were then dried. The average size of the obtained particles was less than 1 µm. The imprinting factor (IF) for IMD was 6 and the selectivity factor (α) for acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam were 14.8, 6.8, 7.1 and 8.2, respectively. The particles were immobilized on the surface of a gold electrode by electropolymerization. The immobilized electrode could be spontaneously regenerated using a mixture of MeOH/10 mM of phosphate buffer (pH = 7.2)/triethylamine before each measurement and could be reused for 32 times. This is the first-time that automated regeneration was introduced as part of a sensing platform for IMD detection. The developed sensor was validated by the analysis of artificially spiked water samples. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity was in the range of 5–100 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.61 µM.
Palaeoproteomics gives new insight into early southern African pastoralism
Authors: Le Meillour Louise , Zirah Séverine , Zazzo Antoine , Cersoy Sophie , Détroit Florent , Imalwa Emma , Lebon Matthieu , Nankela Alma , Tombret Olivier , Pleurdeau David , Lesur Joséphine 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe advent of domestication is a major step that transformed the subsistence strategies of past human societies. In Africa, domestic caprines (sheep and goat) were introduced in the north-eastern part of the continent from the Near East more than 9000 years ago. However, their diffusion southwards was slow. They are thought to have made their first appearance in the southern part of the continent ca. 2000 years ago, at a few Later Stone Age sites, including Leopard Cave (Erongo region, Namibia), which provided the oldest directly dated remains assigned to sheep or goat on the basis of morphology of bones and teeth. However, similarities in morphology, not only between these two domesticated caprine species, but also between them and the small wild antelopes, raised questions about the morphological species attribution of these remains. Additionally, the high fragmentation of the site’s osteological remains makes it difficult to achieve species-level taxonomic identification by comparative anatomy. In this paper, we report molecular species identification of the Leopard Cave remains using palaeoproteomics, a method that uses protein markers in bone and tooth collagen to achieve taxonomic identification of archaeological remains. We also report new direct radiocarbon dates. Wild antelope remains from museum collections were used to enrich the available protein record and propose de novo type I collagen sequences. Our results demonstrate that the remains morphologically described as domesticates actually belong to a wild antelope species and that domestic caprines first appeared at Leopard Cave 1500 years later than previously thought. This study illustrates that the use of palaeoproteomics coupled with direct radiocarbon dates is particularly suited to complement classic zooarchaeological studies, in this case concerning the arrival of the first herding practices in arid environments.
The first possible choristoderan trackway from the Lower Cretaceous Daegu Formation of South Korea and its implications on choristoderan locomotion
Authors: Lee Yuong-Nam , Kong Dal-Yong , Jung Seung-Ho 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHere we report a new quadrupedal trackway found in the Lower Cretaceous Daegu Formation (Albian) in the vicinity of Ulsan Metropolitan City, South Korea, in 2018. A total of nine manus-pes imprints show a strong heteropodous quadrupedal trackway (length ratio is 1:3.36). Both manus and pes tracks are pentadactyl with claw marks. The manus prints rotate distinctly outward while the pes prints are nearly parallel to the direction of travel. The functional axis in manus and pes imprints suggests that the trackmaker moved along the medial side during the stroke progressions (entaxonic), indicating weight support on the inner side of the limbs. There is an indication of webbing between the pedal digits. These new tracks are assigned to Novapes ulsanensis, n. ichnogen., n. ichnosp., which are well-matched not only with foot skeletons and body size of Monjurosuchus but also the fossil record of choristoderes in East Asia, thereby N. ulsanensis could be made by a monjurosuchid-like choristoderan and represent the first possible choristoderan trackway from Asia. N. ulsanensis also suggests that semi-aquatic choristoderans were capable of walking semi-erect when moving on the ground with a similar locomotion pattern to that of crocodilians on land.
Synergistic effects in bimetallic Pd–CoO electrocatalytic thin films for oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Ehsan Muhammad Ali , Hakeem Abbas Saeed , Rehman Abdul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBimetallic catalysts due to the synergistic effects often outperform their single-component counterparts while exhibiting structure and composition-dependent enhancement in active sites, thereby having the potential to improve the current density and over-potential parameters in the water oxidation reaction. Herein, we demonstrate a simple and rapid, yet highly efficient method to fabricate Pd–CoO films of immaculate homogeneity as characterized using different imaging and spectroscopic techniques. The SEM images revealed that the films were composed of bimetallic spherical granules wherein both metals were uniformly distributed in an atomic ratio of ~ 1:1. The time-dependent investigations of the film fabrication behavior demonstrated that the films formed in shorter deposition times (1–2 h) display more porous character, allowing better access to the reaction centers. This character was transcribed into their enhanced electrocatalytic performance toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Using this specific bimetallic formulation, we could attain a low over-potential of 274 mV for a current density of 10 mA cm−2, whereas the high current density value of > 200 mA cm−2was achieved while still under 600 mV of over-potential. The cycling and current generation stability was also found to be sufficiently high, which can only be attributed to the facile electron transfer processes and a higher number of active sites available in homogeneous bimetallic films.
Weather and biotic interactions as determinants of seasonal shifts in abundance measured through nest-box occupancy in the Siberian flying squirrel
Authors: Selonen Vesa , Hongisto Kari , Hänninen Mikko , Turkia Tytti , Korpimäki Erkki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt is much debated whether the direct effects of weather or biotic interactions determine species’ responses to climate change. For example, an important biotic factor for herbivores in northern ecosystems is the availability of winter food. If the food availability changes because of the changing climate, it likely has major impact on the abundance of herbivores. To evaluate this, we need to know the relative roles of weather and biotic interactions, such as food availability and risk of predation, for the species. Here, we utilize long-term data on nest-box occupancy by Siberian flying squirrels (Pteromys volans) in Finland during 2002–2018. We built binary models with nest-box occupancy in different seasons as a response variable. Weather, winter food (tree mast), and predator presence (the Ural owl, Strix uralensis) modified seasonal nest-box occupancy patterns of the flying squirrel. However, the effect of weather was only important in the summer. The negative effect of predators was clear for adults but, surprisingly, not for overwinter survival of apparent juveniles. Considering the relative importance of different factors, winter food availability had a clear positive effect in each season. Our study supports the view that the effects of climate change mediate through multiple biotic interactions. In forest ecosystems, responses of masting trees to weather likely play an important role in species responses to climate change.
PM2.5 air pollution contributes to the burden of frailty
Authors: Lee Wei-Ju , Liu Ching-Yi , Peng Li-Ning , Lin Chi-Hung , Lin Hui-Ping , Chen Liang-Kung 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFrailty is common among older people and results in adverse health outcomes. We investigated whether exposure to PM2.5 is associated with frailty. This cross-sectional study involved 20,606 community-dwelling participants aged ≥ 65 years, residing in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Analytic data included phenotypic frailty, disease burden by Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), urban or rural residence, and household income. PM2.5 exposure was calculated from air quality monitoring records, with low exposure defined as the lowest quartile of the study population. 1,080 frail participants (5.2%) were older, predominantly female, had more comorbidities, lived rurally, and had low PM2.5 exposure (all p < 0.001). In multinomial logistic regression analyses, the likelihood of high PM2.5 exposure was higher in prefrail (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3–1.5) and frail adults (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.9) than in robust individuals, with stronger associations in those who were male (frail: OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5–3.1; prefrail: OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.9–2.6), ≥ 75 years old (frail: OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.4; prefrail: OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3–1.8), non-smokers (frail: OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–2.0; prefrail: OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.5), had CCI ≥ 2 (frail: OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.1–12.6; prefrail: OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.8), and with low household income (frail: OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.8–5.8; prefrail: OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.2–3.3). This study revealed a significant association between PM2.5 exposure and frailty, with a stronger effect in vulnerable groups.
Effects of two types of activated carbon on the properties of vegetation concrete and Cynodon dactylon growth
Authors: Gao Jiazhen , Liu Daxiang , Xu Yakun , Chen Jiangang , Yang Yueshu , Xia Dong , Ding Yu , Xu Wennian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVegetation concrete is one of the most widely used substrates for slope ecological protection in China. However, there are still some imperfections that are disadvantageous for plant growth, such as high density, low porosity, insufficient nutrient retention ability and so on. In this paper, the effect of wood activated carbon and mineral activated carbon on the physicochemical properties of vegetation concrete is studied. The experimental results show that the activated carbon proportion in vegetation concrete is positively related to the porosity, permeability coefficient, water holding capacity, and nutrient content and retention ability, while it is negatively related to the dry density, water retention ability, cohesive force and internal friction angle. However, it should be noticed that when the proportion exceeds 2%, the average height, aboveground biomass and underground biomass of Cynodon dactylon decrease with increasing proportion of activated carbon. The effect of wood activated carbon is generally more remarkable than that of mineral activated carbon. In addition, according to the research results, the effect of activated carbon on vegetation concrete can last for at least half a year, although it does slowly deteriorate with increasing time. By comprehensive consideration of the current industry standard, previous research results and economical reasoning, the recommended type of activated carbon is wood, with a corresponding suitable proportion ranging between 1 and 2%.
Grand-maternal lifestyle during pregnancy and body mass index in adolescence and young adulthood: an intergenerational cohort study
Authors: Ding Ming , Strohmaier Susanne , Schernhammer Eva , Yuan Changzheng , Sun Qi , Michels Karin B. , Tamimi Rulla , Chavarro Jorge E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo examine associations of healthy lifestyle during pregnancy with body mass index (BMI) and risk of overweight or obesity of grandchildren during adolescence and young adulthood. Our study population included 14,001 grandmother–mother–child triads comprised of participants of two ongoing prospective cohort studies of related individuals. We used self-reported grand-maternal gestational weight gain, diet, physical activity, and smoking during pregnancy to create a lifestyle score ranged from 0 to 12, with a higher score indicating healthier lifestyle. Grandchild BMI was self-assessed in follow-up questionnaires. Compared with individuals whose grandmothers had the least healthy lifestyle during pregnancy, individuals whose grandmothers had the most healthy lifestyle had 0.17 (95% CI 0.01, 0.33; P for trend = 0.05) kg/m2 lower BMI and 7% (95% CI 2%, 12%; P for trend = 0.001) lower risk of overweight or obesity during adolescence and young adulthood. The inverse associations between grand-maternal lifestyle and BMI in grandchildren were mainly mediated by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (mediation effect: 64%; P value = 0.001). Overall, maternal BMI, along with maternal socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors in the second and third generations accounted for all of the inter-generational association (mediation effect: 99%; P value < 0.001). The inverse associations of grand-maternal lifestyle with BMI of offspring were not modified by grand-maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, grandchild age, or grandchild gender. Grandchildren of women who had the healthiest lifestyles during pregnancy defined by no excess gestational weight gain, no smoking, a healthy diet and being physically active, were less likely to be overweight or obese in adolescence and early adulthood.
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy guided MALDI-imaging mass spectrometry of cleared tissue samples
Authors: Blutke Andreas , Sun Na , Xu Zhihao , Buck Achim , Harrison Luke , Schriever Sonja C. , Pfluger Paul T. , Wiles David , Kunzke Thomas , Huber Katharina , Schlegel Jürgen , Aichler Michaela , Feuchtinger Annette , Matiasek Kaspar , Hauck Stefanie M. , Walch Axel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLight sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) of optically cleared biological samples represents a powerful tool to analyze the 3-dimensional morphology of tissues and organs. Multimodal combinations of LSFM with additional analyses of the identical sample help to limit the consumption of restricted specimen and reduce inter-sample variation. Here, we demonstrate the proof-of-concept that LSFM of cleared brain tissue samples can be combined with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI) for detection and quantification of proteins. Samples of freshly dissected murine brain and of archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human brain tissue were cleared (3DISCO). Tissue regions of interest were defined by LSFM and excised, (re)-embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. Mouse sections were coated with sinapinic acid matrix. Human brain sections were pre-digested with trypsin and coated with α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix. Subsequently, sections were subjected to MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF)-MSI in mass ranges between 0.8 to 4 kDa (human tissue sections), or 2.5–25 kDa (mouse tissue sections) with a lateral resolution of 50 µm. Protein- and peptide-identities corresponding to acquired MALDI-MSI spectra were confirmed by parallel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis. The spatial abundance- and intensity-patterns of established marker proteins detected by MALDI-MSI were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
Simultaneous polarization filtering and wavefront shaping enabled by localized polarization-selective interference
Authors: Cai Jixiang , Zhang Fei , Zhang Ming , Ou Yi , Yu Honglin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe ability of simultaneous polarization filter and wavefront shaping is very important for many applications, especially for polarization imaging. However, traditional methods rely on complex combinations of bulky optical components, which not only hinder the miniaturization and integration but also reduce the efficiency and imaging quality. Metasurfaces have shown extraordinary electromagnetic properties to manipulate the amplitude, polarization, and wavefront. Unfortunately, multi-layer metasurfaces with complex fabrication are often required to realize complex functions. Here, a platform of monolayer all-dielectric metasurfaces is proposed to simultaneously achieve polarization filtering and wavefront shaping, based on the principle of local polarization-selective constructive or destructive interference. The transmission efficiency surpassing 0.75 and polarization extinction ratio exceeding 11.6 dB are achieved by the proposed metasurface at the wavelength of 10.6 μm. These results are comparable to those of multi-layer metasurfaces. Considering these good performances, this work may prove new ideas for the generation of complex optical field and find wide applications in polarization imaging.
Highly conductive nanometer-thick gold films grown on molybdenum disulfide surfaces for interconnect applications
Authors: Zhang Yu-Wei , Wu Bo-Yu , Chen Kuan-Chao , Wu Chao-Hsin , Lin Shih-Yen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThin gold (Au) films (10 nm) are deposited on different substrates by using a e-beam deposition system. Compared with sapphire and SiO2 surfaces, longer migration length of the Au adatoms is observed on MoS2 surfaces, which helps in the formation of a single-crystal Au film on the MoS2 surface at 200 °C. The results have demonstrated that with the assistance of van der Waals epitaxy growth mode, single-crystal 3D metals can be grown on 2D material surfaces. With the improved crystalline quality and less significant Au grain coalescence on MoS2 surfaces, sheet resistance 2.9 Ω/sq is obtained for the thin 10 nm Au film at 100 °C, which is the lowest value reported in literature. The highly conductive thin metal film is advantageous for the application of backend interconnects for the electronic devices with reduced line widths.