bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐efficiency utilization of carbon materials for supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Zheng , Zhang Su , Wang Lin , Wei Tong , Qiu Zhipeng , Fan Zhuangjun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWith the rapid development of mobile electronics and electric vehicles, the future development of supercapacitors focuses on not only high energy and power densities but also device minimization and lightweight. Although activated carbon based on an electric double‐layer mechanism has been used in commercialized supercapacitors, it is unsatisfied with the ever‐increasing demands for high energy and power device in a limited space. Therefore, it is urgent for the design and preparation of advanced carbon electrode materials with both high gravimetric and volumetric performance without sacrificing their inherent high‐rate ability and long‐lifespan. This review presents the latest developments in high‐efficiency utilization of carbon materials for supercapacitors including the carbon surface and space. We discuss the impact of pore engineering, conductive network, and surface engineering on the energy storage ability of the carbon materials, and highlight the synthesis and characterization as well as the relationship between their structural properties and electrochemical performance. Finally, future research towards developing advanced carbon supercapacitors, perspectives, and challenges are outlined.
Possible association between the integrity of cerebellar pathways and neurocognitive performance in children with posterior fossa tumors
Authors: Liguoro Ilaria , Passone Eva , Zilli Tiziana , Maieron Marta , De Colle Maria Cristina , Skrap Miran , Dolcemascolo Valentina , Sommariva Giulia , Cogo Paola , Tomasino Barbara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundCerebellar tumor survivors often exhibit neuropsychological deficits that could be related to alterations in cerebro‐cerebellar networks. This is a pilot study designed to understand if diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)‐based tractography is able to identify possible correlations between cerebellar white matter structure and cognitive outcome in children on long‐term follow‐up for posterior fossa (PF) tumors who were thoroughly assessed for neuropsychological functioning.MethodsDTI‐based tractography was performed in pediatric patients with PF tumors. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and volumetric measurements of spinocerebellar, dentorubrothalamocortical and corticopontocerebellar tracts were analyzed. Cognitive and neuropsychological functioning was assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–IV Edition (WISC‐IV) and the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY II). The associations between Full‐Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ), NEPSY‐II scores, and fiber tracts were tested by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.ResultsSeven patients (median age at diagnosis five years, range, 3‐13) treated for medulloblastoma (2/7; 29%) and pilocytic astrocytoma (5/7; 71%) were retrospectively evaluated. All children had complete surgery. The median FSIQ was 84 (range, 67‐93). Patients presented with several deficits on many NEPSY‐II tasks; in particular, memory was impaired in nearly half of them. FSIQ and neurocognitive tasks significantly correlated with specific corticopontocerebellar tracts.ConclusionChildren on follow‐up for PF tumor showed scattered cognitive impairments, including deficits in long‐term and immediate memory. Tractography allowed us to describe a possible association between the integrity of cerebellar pathways and neurocognitive performance, suggesting that the myelinization of these fibers may represent an indicator for the development of long‐term cognitive sequelae.
Synthesis of supercritical carbon dioxide‐philic phospholipids and determination of their solubility
Authors: Song Junying , Jiao Zhen , Cheng Jiangrui , Ruan Ningjie , Yang Lixia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe supercritical technology is a promising green process in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, food, and feed industries. However, the poor solubility of phospholipid in supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) limits its application in some processes. In order to enhance the solubility, a modified phospholipid with ScCO2‐philic group (eg, polyvinyl acetate), is designed and successfully synthesized. The solubility of the ScCO2‐philic phospholipids in ScCO2 with ethanol as cosolvent (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mol%) is determined at the temperatures of 313.15, 318.15, 323.15, 328.15 K, and the pressure range of 9 to 15 MPa. The determination results indicate that the solubility of the modified phospholipid in ScCO2 is much higher than that of the soybean phospholipids. Furthermore, five semiempirical equations, namely, Chrastil‐G, MST‐S, Sodeifian‐Sajadian, Pérez, and Reddy, are used to correlate and predict the experimental results. The average absolute relative deviations of the correlation equations are 6.91%, 7.08%, 6.06%, 2.62%, and 6.15%, respectively, indicating that the solubility data can be well predicted.
Structural studies and cyclization of the neuroprotective octapeptide NAPVSIPQ to improve cell permeability
Authors: Ernenwein Dawn , St. John Sarah E. , Stewart Alistair J. , Morimoto Bruce H. , Chmielewski Jean , Lipton Mark A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA secondary structural model for the neuroprotective octapeptide NAPVSIPQ in DMSO was developed using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. On the basis of this model, four cyclized analogues of NAPVSIPQ were designed to improve its cell permeability with a long‐term view to oral delivery and increasing central nervous system (CNS) penetration. Testing of cell permeability through a monolayer of Caco‐2 cells demonstrated that three of the four cyclized analogues did exhibit up to 5‐fold improved permeability through the Caco‐2 monolayer. Additionally, none of the peptides appears to be P‐glycoprotein substrates subject to cellular efflux.
Exploring the physicochemical and morphological properties of peptide‐hybridized dendrimers (DendriPeps) and their aggregates
Authors: Smith Ryan J. , Fabiani Thomas , Wang Siyao , Ramesh Srivatsan , Khan Saad , Santiso Erik , da Silva Fernando Luis Barroso , Gorman Christopher , Menegatti Stefano 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article presents an integrated experimental and computational study of DendriPeps, a novel class of dendrimers featuring a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) backbone hybridized with peptide segments. Hydroxyl‐terminated Generation 2 (G.2) DendriPeps, comprising either four lysines (Lys) or four glutamic acids (Glu), and G.3 DendriPeps, comprising 8 Lys or 8 Glu, were first characterized in terms of hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and ζ‐potential in aqueous solution. Unlike PAMAM dendrimers, DendriPeps form aggregates with Rh between 60 and 980 nm and ζ‐potential between −130 and 80 mV despite their strong net charge. Upon application of shear, all aggregates disassemble into monomeric DendriPeps (Rh ~ 1–3 nm), but reform rapidly as shear is removed. Rheological characterization confirmed that DendriPep aggregates are disrupted by mild shear, but reform reversibly. Molecular dynamics simulations, informed by titrimetry, suggest that DendriPep aggregation derives from their multipolar structure and ability to rearrange the intermolecular/intramolecular pairing of titratable moieties at different pH values.
Method for calculating the liquid water fraction of saline soil during the freezing process
Authors: Xiao Zean , Lai Yuanming , Zhang Jun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe liquid water fraction is one of the most important parameters in the study of saline soils of cold regions, and has great influence on water migration. The freezing temperature and saturated concentration of pore solutions have been investigated according to thermodynamic theory, indicating that pore radius, temperature, and salt concentration are the three main influencing factors. Here, a method for calculating the liquid water fraction of saline soil is proposed, in which the liquid water fraction of saline soil can be calculated for different water contents and initial salt concentrations according to the pore size distribution. Comparison of the experimental data with the results of the model shows that the model provides reasonable calculations for the unfrozen water content of saline frozen soils, and both the first and the second phase transition can be modeled well. Considering the solubility of salt, the amount of salt crystallization and ice formation during cooling can also be obtained. The proposed method can be used to distinguish the proportion of salt expansion and frost heave, and also provide a novel approach for calculating the matric suction of saline soil during the freezing process.
Control efficacy and joint toxicity of thiamethoxam mixed with spirotetramat against the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama
Authors: Tang Tao , Zhao Mingping , Wang Pei , Huang Shengkong , Fu Wei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the most devastating pests in citrus orchards, and has caused huge economic losses worldwide. Chemical control is the most effective way for psyllid control. Herein, the toxicity of nine insecticides to ACP adults and the joint action of thiamethoxam + spirotetramat were determined by a topical application method in the laboratory; field plot experiments were conducted to evaluate the control efficacy of one self‐made thiamethoxam + spirotetramat 40% suspension concentrate (SC) comparing with thiamethoxam 21% SC, spirotetramat 22.4% SC, tolfenpyrad 15% SC and bifenthrin 100 g/L emulsifiable concentrate against ACP using foliar sprays in 2018–2019.RESULTSThe highest toxicity to ACP adults was achieved by beta‐cyfulthrin, bifenthrin, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid, with median lethal doses of 0.247 to 1.382 ng/adult at 24 h after treatment. High toxicity was observed by chlorpyrifos, spirotetramat and tolfenpyrad, but moderate toxicity by pyriproxyfen and buprofezin. For mixutres of thiamethoxam and spirotetramat, a 25:15 mass ratio showed the highest synergistic effect, with a co‐toxicity coefficient (CTC) of 246.52; while a 10:30 mass ratio exhibited an additive effect, with a CTC of 109.84. Thiamethoxam + spirotetramat 40% SC at 60–80 mg/kg can effectively control ACP with a control efficacy of 72.92 to 99.29% during 3–30 days. Moreover, foliar sprays of all tested insecticides at the tested rates had no phytotoxic effects on citrus trees.CONCLUSIONA one‐time foliar spray of thiamethoxam + spirotetramat 40% SC at 80 mg/kg could be recommended to control ACP during its infestation period in citrus groves.
Exploring quinclorac resistance mechanisms in Echinochloa crus‐pavonis from China
Authors: Yang Xia , Han Heping , Cao Jingjing , Li Yongfeng , Yu Qin , Powles Stephen B 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDBarnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) is a global weed in rice fields. Quinclorac is commonly used to control barnyardgrass. However, due to persistent use, quinclorac resistance has evolved. We obtained quinclorac‐susceptible (QS) and ‐resistant (QR1, QR2) lines from the progeny of a single resistant E. crus‐pavonis for a resistance mechanism study.RESULTSLine QR1 exhibited resistance to high quinclorac rates (up to 6400 g ha−1), whereas line QR2 exhibited a resistance/susceptibility segregation ratio of 3:1 at the field or lower rates (400, 100 g ha−1). Intriguingly, a lower level of 14C‐quinclorac metabolism and hence a higher level of 14C‐quinclorac translocation was observed in QR1 than QS plants. The basal expression levels of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase 2 (ACO2) genes did not differ significantly between the QR1 and QS lines. However, more expression of ACS and ACO genes was induced by quinclorac treatment in QS than in QR1. Basal levels of β‐cyanoalanine synthase (β‐CAS) gene expression were similar in QS and QR1 plants, but a greater level of down‐regulation was detected in QS than in QR1 plants after quinclorac treatment.CONCLUSIONThese results indicate QR plants are less responsive to quinclorac than QS plants in terms of up‐regulating quinclorac metabolism and ethylene synthesis. Resistance in this E. crus‐pavonis line is likely controlled by a single major gene, involving possibly an alteration in auxin signal perception/transduction to the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. The β‐CAS is unlikely to play a major role in quinclorac resistance in this particular population.
Lower bounds for the number of inlets of hexagonal systems
Authors: Cruz Roberto , Duque Frank , Rada Juan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe number of inlets of a hexagonal system H is denoted by r(H) and defined as the sum of the fissures, bays, coves, and fjords of H. It is well known that the parameter r plays an important role in the theory of molecular descriptors. Let Λn and Γm denote the set of hexagonal systems with n vertices and m edges, respectively. In this paper we find sharp lower bounds for the number of inlets on Λn and Γm. As a consequence, we determine extremal values of the Randić, harmonic, and geometric‐arithmetic indices over Λn and Γm.
Gender inequality as the determinant of human trafficking in Rwanda
Authors: Gacinya John 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGender inequality is built on the premise that women have been marginalized in all aspects of life and this has resulted in poverty which is a function of human trafficking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of gender inequality to human trafficking in Rwanda. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. The target population of the study comprised of 341 respondents and the sample size was 184 respondents. Among those who were issued a questionnaire only 154 responded. Stratified sampling technique and simple random sampling were used to obtain a representative sample. A questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21.0 for windows was applied to analyze the quantitative data. The findings indicated that R = 0.50 and R2 = 0.30 which is a strong relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The significance of the F‐statistic is 0.000 which is less than 0.05. This implies that null hypothesis is rejected and conclude that there is a relationship between gender inequality and human trafficking. The proposed model shows that gender inequality (Beta = 0.539) was the most important in influencing human trafficking and the Y intercept is 0.969, Thus, the model is written as, Y = 0.969 + 0.539X. The study concludes that human trafficking in Rwanda is a result of socioeconomic marginalization. To overcome gender inequality and, therefore, human trafficking the government of Rwanda needs to encourage women do the nontraditional vocations which are mostly in off farm works and joining government decision‐making positions.
Impact of Mineral Ions and Their Concentrations on Pasting and Gelation of Potato, Rice, and Maize Starches and Blends Thereof
Authors: Lemmens Elien , Waterschoot Jasmien , Smolders Erik , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBlends of starches can undergo additive or non‐additive pasting and gelation. As the impact of this remains undocumented, the effect of (partial) cation removal from waxy rice starch (WRS), regular rice starch (RRS), waxy maize starch (WMS), regular maize starch (RMS), and blends thereof with regular potato starch (RPS) on their pasting and gelation is studied. This is done by prior extraction with water or a solution of singly protonated EDTA. The (partial) removal of cations lowers the gelatinization temperatures of individual starches, causes pasting to start at lower temperatures and the level of viscosity breakdown to increase. This indicates lower granular stability when removing cations. Blends of RPS with untreated WMS/RMS and WRS/RRS show more additive pasting than blends of RPS with the same starches from which cations have been partly removed. Additionally, the presence of cations in cereal starches reduces swelling and viscosity development of RPS. The high peak viscosities, breakdown, and setback values suggest that more granular breakdown results in higher availability of molecules for increased network formation in blends of RPS with treated starches than in those with untreated starches. The obtained results are of interest for food applications where different starches are combined.
MMP13 and TIMP1 are functional markers for two different potential modes of action by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells when treating osteoarthritis
Authors: Salerno Anna , Brady Kyla , Rikkers Margot , Li Chao , Caamaño-Gutierrez Eva , Falciani Francesco , Blom Ashley W. , Whitehouse Michael R. , Hollander Anthony P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated as a potential injectable therapy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, with some evidence of success in preliminary human trials. However, optimization and scale-up of this therapeutic approach depends on the identification of functional markers that are linked to their mechanism of action. One possible mechanism is through their chondrogenic differentiation and direct role in neo-cartilage synthesis. Alternatively, they could remain undifferentiated and act through the release of trophic factors that stimulate endogenous repair processes within the joint. Here, we show that extensive in vitro aging of bone marrow-derived human MSCs leads to loss of chondrogenesis but no reduction in trophic repair, thereby separating out the two modes of action. By integrating transcriptomic and proteomic data using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we found that reduced chondrogenesis with passage is linked to downregulation of the FOXM1 signaling pathway while maintenance of trophic repair is linked to CXCL12. In an attempt at developing functional markers of MSC potency, we identified loss of mRNA expression for MMP13 as correlating with loss of chondrogenic potential of MSCs and continued secretion of high levels of TIMP1 protein as correlating with the maintenance of trophic repair capacity. Since an allogeneic injectable osteoar therapy would require extensive cell expansion in vitro, we conclude that early passage MMP13+, TIMP1-secretinghigh MSCs should be used for autologous OA therapies designed to act through engraftment and chondrogenesis, while later passage MMP13−, TIMP1-secretinghigh MSCs could be exploited for allogeneic OA therapies designed to act through trophic repair.
Implementing “enhanced rehearsals” in a practice‐based TESOL methods course
Authors: Martel Jason 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough the practice‐based approach is gaining popularity in teacher preparation programs, the Master of Arts in TESOL (MATESOL) world is only beginning to engage with it, especially at the tertiary/adult level. Grounded in sociocultural principles of learning, practice‐based teacher education involves guiding teacher candidates through studying, rehearsing, and enacting core practices. Some core practices pertain to all academic subjects, whereas others are subject‐specific. In this concept‐based practice feature, the author explains tenets of the practice‐based approach and then describes a novel strategy he developed while implementing it in his methods course, which he calls “enhanced rehearsals.” The author concludes with critical reflections on the process of rendering his teaching more practice‐based.
$$ \mathcal{N} $$ = (1, 0) anomaly multiplet relations in six dimensions
Authors: Córdova Clay , Dumitrescu Thomas T. , Intriligator Kenneth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We consider conformal and ’t Hooft anomalies in six-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (1, 0) superconformal field theories, focusing on those conformal anomalies that determine the two- and three-point functions of conserved flavor and SU(2)R currents, as well as stress tensors. By analyzing these correlators in superspace, we explain why the number of independent conformal anomalies is reduced in supersymmetric theories. For instance, non- supersymmetric CFTs in six dimensions have three independent conformal c-anomalies, which determine the stress-tensor two- and three-point functions, but in superconformal theories the three c-anomalies are subject to a linear constraint. We also describe anomaly multiplet relations, which express the conformal anomalies of a superconformal theory in terms of its ’t Hooft anomalies. Following earlier work on the conformal a-anomaly, we argue for these relations by considering the supersymmetric dilaton effective action on the tensor branch of such a theory. We illustrate the utility of these anomaly multiplet relations by presenting exact results for conformal anomalies, and hence current and stress-tensor correlators, in several interacting examples.
On the statistical treatment of the Cabibbo angle anomaly
Authors: Grossman Yuval , Passemar Emilie , Schacht Stefan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe point out that testing the equality of the Cabibbo angle as extracted from Γ(K → πlν), the ratio Γ(K → lν)/Γ(π → lν) and nuclearβdecays is not identical to a test of first row unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. The reason is that a CKM unitarity test involves only two parameters, while the degrees of freedom for the assessment of the goodness-of-fit of the universality of the Cabibbo angle entailed by the Standard Model (SM) is equal to the number of measurements minus one. Beyond the SM all different processes could in principle give different Cabibbo angles. Consequently, the difference between the two tests becomes relevant starting from three observables giving results for the Cabibbo angle that are in tension with each other. With current data, depending on the treatment of the nuclearβdecays, we find that New Physics is favored over the SM at 5.1σor 3.6σwhile CKM unitarity is rejected at 4.8σor 3.0σ, respectively. We argue that the best method to test the SM is to test the equality of the Cabibbo angle, because CKM unitarity is only one aspect of the SM.
Effective quantum kinetic theory for spin transport of fermions with collsional effects
Authors: Yang Di-Lun , Hattori Koichi , Hidaka Yoshimasa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We systematically derive the collision term for the axial kinetic theory, a quantum kinetic theory delineating the coupled dynamics of the vector/axial charges and spin transport carried by the massive spin-1/2 fermions traversing a medium. We employ the Wigner-function approach and propose a consistent power-counting scheme where the axial-charge distribution function, a non-conserved quantity for massive particles, is accounted as the first-order quantity in the ħ expansion, while the vector-charge distribution function the zeroth-order quantity. This specific power-counting scheme allows us to organize a reduced ħ expansion for the collision term and to formally identity the spin- diffusion effect and the spin-polarization effect at the same order. We confirm that the obtained collisional axial kinetic theory smoothly reduces to the chiral kinetic theory in the massless limit, serving as a consistency check. In the absence of electromagnetic fields, we further present the simplified axial kinetic equations suitable for tracking dynamical spin polarization of heavy and light fermions, respectively. As an application to the weakly coupled quark-gluon plasma at high temperature, we compute the spin-diffusion term for massive quarks within the leading-log approximation. The formal expression for the first- order terms provides a path toward evaluation of the spin polarization effect in quantum chromodynamics.