bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Deliberative Institutions: The Council and Assembly
Authors: Kuhn Christina T. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the council (boulē) and assembly (ekklēsia) in the Greek cities under Roman rule. It starts by exploring the representation of the deliberative institutions in the public media of the poleis and Rome’s attitude towards the Greek deliberative institutions. It then discusses the transformation of the councils into more exclusive elite bodies, analysing the councils’ status, size, membership, recruitment rules, functions, internal workings, and meeting place. Furthermore, the chapter explores the role and functions of the Greek popular assemblies, focusing on the opportunities and limitations of the people in the decision making process under Roman rule. The chapter concludes with an overview of the current debate about the balance of power between these two political institutions in the post-Classical polis.
Constructing Public Space
Authors: Dickenson Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the architectural transformations of public space in the Roman-period Greek city. It discusses how we can read those transformations, revealed primarily through archaeology, as evidence for cultural and political change. It takes a stance against the pessimist view, so prominent in older scholarship, that increasing monumentality was a symptom of civic decline and argues that combining archaeology with literary and epigraphic sources reveals the public spaces of the Imperial polis as vibrant arenas of interaction between different segments of the urban population. Taking its lead from theoretical work on public space by anthropologists and sociologists, the chapter argues that the streets, gymnasia, bathhouses, and especially the agoras—the main focus of the discussion—played an important role in shaping relations of power both between the Greek cities and Rome and between the elites and non-elites within the urban population.
The Urban Economy
Authors: Erdkamp Paul 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The urban economy of the cities of the Greek East is inextricably linked to and therefore hard to disconnect from the surrounding countryside, but at the same time the scale and density of economic activity changed the way people interacted economically. The role of urban elites is paramount, as the income of their rural and urban possessions was invested in urban and rural activities, which formed the basis for urban consumption and employment. Relative stability of the food supply was a precondition for economic diversification and the division of labour in an urban context. In terms of status and prosperity, there is a wide spectrum between propertied and skilled artisans, workers, and traders, on the one hand, and unskilled day-labourers, many of whom were temporary migrants from the countryside, on the other. Long-distance connectivity was not evenly spread and favoured commercial centres along the main communication lines.
Civic Countryside and Rural Life
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Graeco-Roman poleis usually combined an urban centre with agricultural and grazing land, comprising settlements that ranged from single farmsteads to large villages. Villages tended to preserve regional distinctiveness more than polis centres. Survey archaeology, though subject to serious limitations, has been an important tool in establishing the extent of rural settlement. Many villages were located on large estates and occupied by tenants of wealthy landowners. Roman taxation of cities was usually on income from rural landholdings. City magistrates took responsibility for keeping the peace in the countryside. City territories in the interior of Asia Minor and Syria might contain hundreds of villages, a pattern that differed radically from Greece and the Aegean region. Sanctuaries of local deities were a feature of all city territories and pose the question whether rural settlements shared the same cultural outlook as the Graeco-Roman cities or whether they were in important respects a world apart.
The Cities of Boeotia
Authors: Müller Christel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Boeotia found its place within the empire, despite a literary tradition that views the region as in decline. Several free cities prove to be flourishing, such as Thespiai, the best known in the sources. Works to dam the tributaries of Lake Kopais were carried out in Koroneia by the emperors from Hadrian onwards. Furthermore, the surveys of the Boiotia Project have shown that the decrease in the number of sites between 200 bc and ad 300 was associated with an increase in their size and with villae rusticae. Civic societies were marked by the presence of negotiatores and close links with Roman magistrates, but also by the progression of Roman citizenship within the elites from the Flavians onwards. Finally, the cities were marked by an active participation in the celebration of Rome (Rhōmaia contests) and the emperors, both through the honours and cults paid to them.
Archaeological Sources and Civic Life
Authors: Quatember Ursula 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses archaeology as a source for the civic life and the urban infrastructure of the Greek poleis in the Roman Empire. In its first part, the chapter introduces different conceptual approaches, such as ‘Romanization’ or ‘globalization’ versus ‘glocalization’, that help us to grasp the idiosyncrasies of these cities within the wider framework of urban culture in the Roman Imperial period. The second part of the chapter discusses different types of material evidence from large-scale urban development and architecture to individual works of art and mass-produced consumer goods. An overview of basic methodologies is illustrated with examples from various Greek cities in different regions. In addition, the most important trends and current questions in the field are highlighted.
The Cities of the Lykos Valley
Authors: Filippini Alister 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Lykos Valley (western Turkey), where the river Lykos merges into the Maeander, is the crossroad between the ancient regions of Phrygia, Caria, and Lydia. The main cities of the valley were Hierapolis of Phrygia, Laodikeia on the Lykos, Tripolis (formerly Apollonia) on the Maeander, and Kolossai. Their long history stretches from the Classical period to Late Antiquity (5th century bc–7th centuries ad). Under the Roman Empire (1st–3rd centuries ad), the cities played an important role in textile production, trade, and politics. All this was within the common framework of the koinon of Asia, implying changing dynamics of alliance and rivalry.
The Greek Cities of the Black Sea
Authors: Dana Madalina 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of a peripheral Hellenism during Imperial times, that of the Greek cities of the Black Sea, primarily using epigraphic evidence. The first part is a survey of the coming of Rome and the gradual imposition of various forms of domination and hegemony on the ancient Greek cities from the Euxine Sea. There next follows a description of the civic life during this period, which had a different dynamism. Some elements unique to the Pontus are noted. The final part questions the place of the Black Sea within Hellenic culture and the emergence of a regional identity created by economic, political, and cultural intra-Pontic ties being reinforced under the aegis of the Roman Empire.
Cyrene and the Cities of Cyrenaica
Authors: Chevrollier François 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
After a brief review of the history of the excavations and the geographical distribution of the inscriptions, the chapter addresses the impact of Cyrenaica’s entry into the Roman Empire through two aspects. First, the evolution of the urban setting of Cyrene, including the transfer of the civic centre to the eastern part of the site, is analysed. The changes in the rural landscape, characterized by an increase in settlements according to a stratified hierarchical organization, are then studied. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the originality of Imperial Cyrenaica. The creation of a new civic identity is based, on the one hand, on a revival of the Greek memory of Cyrenaica favoured by the entry into the Panhellenion, and on the other, on the vitality of a ‘Libyan’ culture that was renewed and deeply mixed with Greek and Roman cultures.
Performance of Post-Socialist Innovation Systems
Authors: Radosevic Slavo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the performance of innovation systems in post-socialist economies, focusing on the patterns of diversification, catching up, and falling behind. It examines the evolution of these economies from their socialist heritage, emphasizing the importance of endogenous technology capability accumulation and integration into the global economy through trade and technology transfer. Using a variety of indicators, the chapter analyzes the economic growth, productivity, and technological performance across different regions, including Central Europe, the Baltics, Southeastern Europe, and post-Soviet states. The findings highlight the significant divergence in technology capability accumulation, and show Central Europe and the Baltics making more progress than post-Soviet states. These differences are explained as being largely due to structural differences in resources and different degrees and patterns of global integration. The chapter concludes by discussing the challenges of sustainable technology upgrading and the implications of worldwide geopolitics and emerging structural issues such as digital transformation and decarbonization for the future development of these economies.
Liposuction for Superficialization of Deep Hemodialysis Vascular Access: A Novel Application
Authors: Lanoux-Nguyen Arthur S. , Weis Lauren E. , Zalman Currey M. , Reilly Debra A. , Figy Sean C. , Florescu Marius C. 
Published: December 2024

Background:
More than 65% of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) use arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) for hemodialysis. The increasing incidence of comorbid ESRD and obesity (body mass index, >35 kg/m2) precludes patients from kidney transplantation, resulting in a need for long-term, durable AVF access. Compared with traditional superficialization techniques for overlying adiposity, liposuction is minimally invasive and well-tolerated, allowing for earlier fistula use with lower complications. We present the detailed surgical technique for superficialization of AVFs using liposuction.

Methods:
Fourteen patients with well-matured but difficult-access fistulas due to adiposity were selected. Preoperative ultrasound mapped depth of fistulas. Tumescent liposuction was completed in a cross-hatched manner. Intraoperative ultrasound confirmed cannula positioning and measured fistula depth. A palpable thrill remained throughout superficialization. Cannulation began 4 weeks postoperatively.

Results:
Mean access depth preoperatively was 10.8 mm (8–15 mm), immediately postoperative was 7 mm (6–9 mm), and at 4 weeks was 5.3 mm (4–8 mm). The average usable access length was 12.7 cm (10–15 cm) after surgery. Thirteen fistulas were successfully accessed after liposuction superficialization. All patients were discharged home the same day. There were no postoperative infections or hemorrhage.

Conclusions:
Early experience with liposuction for superficialization of deep hemodialysis access is promising. This innovative solution has the possibility to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients living with ESRD and obesity. Our experience shows that this is a safe and effective technique to increase patient eligibility, enable successful and early cannulation, and decrease recovery time.
Reconstruction of the Triceps Brachii Using the Latissimus Dorsi Musculocutaneous Flap
Authors: Oda Sachie , Okochi Masayuki , Komuro Yuzo , Soejima Naoto 
Published: December 2024

Summary:
Elbow flexion is essential for the functional use of the hand. The reconstructive procedure may also change depending on the location of the sarcoma. The nonresected muscle may alter the function of the elbow. If the proximal part of the triceps muscle remains intact, it is considered functional. Functional muscle transfer is not required in such cases. A 50-year-old patient presented with a soft-tissue defect after a wide resection of a leiomyosarcoma affecting the left elbow. The wide resection resulted in the resection of the distal third of the triceps brachii, exposing the olecranon. We performed reconstruction using a pedicled latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. The flap was transferred to the elbow through a subcutaneous tunnel. Ten months after surgery, the elbow function improved. In our patient, the thoracodorsal nerve was cut to prevent mixed nerve signals. We found that patients with distal muscle defects do not require functional muscle grafting. Pedicled latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap transfer is a straightforward and useful procedure for reconstructing the upper arm region.
Causes of mortality following PCI: the University of New Mexico hospital experience
Authors: Azhar Yusra , Zabel Kenneth M. , Blankenship James C. 
Published: December 2024

Background
Mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains a problem. Clinical databases such as the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data CathPCI Registry do not contain enough information to determine the specific cause of death after PCI, and thus are not able to identify opportunities for improvement (OFIs) that might have prevented the death of specific patients. We reviewed cases of death after coronary intervention to identify specific OFIs.

Methods
The University of New Mexico electronic medical record system was used to identify PCI patients who died before discharge from 1 January 2019 to 30 June 2021. Electronic medical records for each patient were reviewed by two physicians to identify presentation before PCI, procedural success of PCI, complications of PCI, contribution of PCI complications to death, and causes of death after PCI.

Results
During the study period, 48 of 894 PCI patients died before discharge. Presentation was ST elevation myocardial infarction in 23 (48%) and out of hospital cardiac arrest in 17 (35%). PCI success rate was 90%. Causes of death were most frequently cardiac (80%), septic shock (4%), mixed cardiogenic and septic shock (4%), COVID (8%), and anoxic brain injury (4%).

Conclusion
All post-PCI deaths in this series occurred in acutely unstable patients, with cardiac comorbidities and myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest prior to catheterization. PCI reduced culprit stenosis to ≤50% in 96% of cases with an overall procedural success rate of 90% and only one major complication. No deaths were clearly related to operator error.
Predicting severe multivessel coronary artery disease to guide access strategy in patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography
Authors: Hamilton Garry W. , Chye David , Johns Hannah , Ko Jefferson , Wong Edmond , Churilov Leonid , Raman Jaishankar , Clark David J. , Farouque Omar 
Published: December 2024

Introduction
Given radial artery conduits are increasingly utilized for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), avoiding transradial access (TRA) for invasive coronary angiography (ICA) may benefit patients who ultimately undergo CABG. We sought to predict the likelihood of severe multivessel disease (MVD) before ICA to guide this decision.

Methods
This was a single-center study of 1485 patients with stable symptoms who underwent ICA. A model to predict severe MVD was developed. Relative importance analyses were performed to identify clinical characteristics most associated with the presence or absence of severe MVD.

Results
When predicting severe MVD, the model had a sensitivity of 70.3% and specificity of 71.8% (area under the curve = 0.7105). With a prevalence of 12.5% in our cohort, the model had a strong negative predictive value of 94.4%. Relative importance analyses showed factors most associated with the presence of severe MVD were a history of abnormal noninvasive tests, typical chest pain, aspirin use, insulin-dependent diabetes, increasing age, and a family history of coronary artery disease. Conversely, the absence of severe MVD was most associated with female sex, undergoing ICA as workup for either noncardiac or valve surgery, lung disease, atypical chest pain, and increased BMI.

Conclusion
Clinical information available before ICA can risk stratify the likelihood of severe MVD and therefore aid in identifying patients that may need CABG and could stand to benefit from TRA avoidance. The potential benefits of maximizing radial artery conduit availability by avoiding TRA must be balanced against the risks of alternative access on an individual patient basis.
Association between lactate determined at emergency department arrival and the probability of inhospital mortality and intensive care admission in elderly patients
Authors: Alquézar-Arbé Aitor , Pérez-Baena Sergio , Fernández Cesáreo , Aguiló Sira , Burillo Guillermo , Jacob Javier , Llorens Pere , Santianes Patiño Jesús , Queizán García Paula , Rosendo Mesino Diana , Troiano Ungerer Osvaldo Jorge , Vaswani- Bulchand Aarati , Rodríguez-Cabrera Montserrat , Suárez Pineda Mabel Coromoto , Gantes Nieto Patricia , Alemany González Francesc Xavier , Puche Alcaraz Ana , Bóveda García María , Veguillas Benito Mónica , Chamorro Francisco , Suero Méndez Coral , Fragero Blesa Eva , Gil Hernández Rodrigo Javier , Pedraza Ramírez Paula , González del Castillo Juan , Miró Òscar ,   (on behalf of the SIESTA Network)
Published: December 2024

Background and importance
Elderly patients often have atypical clinical presentations. Lactate measurement on arrival at the Emergency Department (ED) could be useful to identify elderly patients with a bad prognosis.

Objective
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum lactate determined at ED arrival and the probability of inhospital mortality and intensive care (ICU) admission in elderly patients.

Design
Retrospective multipurpose registry. Secondary analysis of the EDEN cohort (Elderly Department and Elder Needs).

Settings and participants
All patients ≥65 years attending 52 Spanish EDs during 2 week and in whom serum lactate was determined at ED arrival.

Outcome measures and analysis
The relationship between serum lactate values and the risk of inhospital all-cause death and transfer from the ED to the ICU was assessed by unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression assuming linearity and restricted cubic spline models assuming nonlinearity.

Results
The cohort included 25 557 patients. The 3024 patients in whom lactate was measured were analyzed. The median age was 81 years (74–87), 1506 (27.2%) were women, 591 (19.5%) had serious comorbidities, 475 (15.7%) severe dependency, and 648 (21.4%) dementia. Death occurred during hospitalization in 217 patients (7.2%) and 53 patients (1.75%) were admitted to the ICU. Serum lactate values were nonlinear related to inhospital mortality and ICU admission. Serum lactate >3.1 mmol/L [odds ratio (OR): 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–2.50] for inhospital mortality and 3.2 mmol/L (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.03–6.79) for ICU admission were associated with significantly increased ORs in the adjusted models.

Conclusion
Serum lactate measured at ED arrival has a significant and exponential relationship with inhospital mortality and ICU admission in elderly patients.
Association and Variation Between the COVID-19 Pandemic and Health Care Quality in the Medicare Shared Savings Program: Insights From a Seven-Year Natural Experiment
Authors: Hu Xiyuan , Ouayogodé Mariétou H. 
Published: December 2024

Potential changes in health care quality resulting from variation in pandemic severity since 2020 have received less attention. This study aims to assess the relationship between the pandemic and health care quality in Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) accountable care organizations and identify possible heterogeneity in the relationship. The year-by-year difference-in-difference event study of MSSPs between 2016 and 2022 (N = 3390) indicated that 1 standard deviation increase in standardized cumulative COVID-19 incidence in 2020 was associated with a decrease in total quality score of 0.83 percentage points (95% CI: −0.21 to 1.44) after controlling for confounders. The reduction in quality score was mostly driven by ACOs with the highest COVID-19 incidence and in the Midwest. We found no evidence for a persisting decline in quality scores in 2021 to 2022. Public health efforts may need to carefully monitor quality performance and mitigate negative effects during future health crises. Continued investment in strengthening health care resilience remains crucial.
Non-ionotropic signaling through the NMDA receptor GluN2B carboxy terminal domain drives morphological plasticity of dendritic spines and reverses fragile X phenotypes in mouse hippocampus
Authors: Barnes Stephanie A. , Thomazeau Aurore , Finnie Peter S.B. , Heinrich Maxwell J , Heynen Arnold J. , Komiyama Noburu H. , Grant Seth G.N. , Menniti Frank S. , Osterweil Emily K. , Bear Mark F. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTIt is well known that activation of NMDA receptors can trigger long-term synaptic depression (LTD) and that a morphological correlate of this functional plasticity is spine retraction and elimination. Recent studies have led to the surprising conclusion that NMDA-induced spine shrinkage proceeds independently of ion flux and requires the initiation ofde novoprotein synthesis, highlighting an unappreciated contribution of mRNA translation to non-ionotropic NMDAR signaling. Here we used NMDA-induced spine shrinkage in slices of mouse hippocampus as a readout to investigate this novel modality of synaptic transmission. By using selective pharmacological and genetic tools, we find that structural plasticity is dependent on the ligand binding domain (LBD) of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and that metabotropic signaling occurs via the GluN2B carboxyterminal domain (CTD). Disruption of signaling by replacing the GluN2B CTD with the GluN2A CTD leads to increased spine density, dysregulated basal protein synthesis, and epileptiform activity in area CA3 reminiscent of phenotypes observed in theFmr1−/ymodel of fragile X syndrome. By crossing theFmr1−/ymice with animals in which the GluN2A CTD has been replaced with the GluN2B CTD, we observe a correction of these core fragile X phenotypes. These findings suggest that non-ionotropic NMDAR signaling through GluN2B may represent a novel therapeutic target for treatment of fragile X and related causes of intellectual disability and autism.