bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effectiveness of learning ear anatomy using holographic models
Authors: Gnanasegaram Joshua J. , Leung Regina , Beyea Jason A. 
Published: August 2020

Background Computer-assisted learning has been shown to be an effective means of teaching anatomy, with 3-D visualization technology more successfully improving participants’ factual and spatial knowledge in comparison to traditional methods. To date, however, the effectiveness of teaching ear anatomy using 3-D holographic technology has not been studied. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of learning ear anatomy using a holographic (HG) anatomic model in comparison to didactic lecture (DL) and a computer module (CM). Methods A 3-D anatomic model of the middle and inner ear was created and displayed using presentation slides in a lecture, computer module, or via the Microsoft HoloLens. Twenty-nine medical students were randomized to one of the three interventions. All participants underwent assessment of baseline knowledge of ear anatomy. Immediately following each intervention, testing was repeated along with completion of a satisfaction survey. Results Baseline test scores did not differ across intervention groups. All groups showed an improvement in anatomic knowledge post-intervention ( p < 0.001); the improvement was equal across all interventions ( p = 0.06). Participants rated the interventions equally for delivery of factual content ( p = 0.96), but rated the HG higher than the DL and CM for overall effectiveness, ability to convey spatial relationships, and for learner engagement and motivation ( p < 0.001). Conclusions These results suggest that 3-D holographic technology is an effective method of teaching ear anatomy as compared to DLs and CMs. Furthermore, it is better at engaging and motivating learners compared to traditional methods, meriting its inclusion as a tool in undergraduate medical education curriculum.
Structural basis for the multimerization of nonstructural protein nsp9 from SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Zhang Changhui , Chen Yiping , Li Li , Yang Yan , He Jun , Chen Cheng , Su Dan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has raised significant public health concerns globally. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of people to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. It has been known since the 2003 SARS epidemic that coronaviruses (CoVs) have large RNA genomes, the replication of which requires an RNA-dependent RNA replication/transcription complex. CoV nonstructural proteins (Nsps) play pivotal roles in the assembly of this complex and associated enzymatic functions in virus genomic replication. Several smaller nonenzymatic Nsps assist with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase function. In this study, we determined the structure of SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 9 (nsp9), an RNA-binding protein that is essential for CoV replication. Its homotetrameric structure with two stable dimeric interfaces provids a structural basis for understanding the mechanisms of RNA-binding protein self-assembly, which may be essential for the regulation of viral RNA replication and transcription.
Model for ethical triaging of electroconvulsive therapy patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Tor Phern-Chern , Tan Jacinta , Loo Colleen 
Published: August 2020

SummaryElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an essential treatment for severe mental illnesses such as depression with suicidality and catatonia. However, its availability is being threatened by resource limitations and infection concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This may necessitate the triage of patients for ECT but there is no established ethical framework to prioritise patients. We offer an application of an ethical framework for use of scare medical resources in the ECT setting.
Natural Language Processing of Serum Protein Electrophoresis Reports in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System
Authors: Ryu Justine H. , Zimolzak Andrew J. 
Published: August 2020

PURPOSE Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is a clinical tool used to screen for monoclonal gammopathy, thus it is a critical tool in the evaluation of patients with multiple myeloma. However, SPEP laboratory results are usually returned as short text reports, which are not amenable to simple computerized processing for large-scale studies. We applied natural language processing (NLP) to detect monoclonal gammopathy in SPEP laboratory results and compared its performance at multiple hospitals using both a rules-based manual system and a machine-learning algorithm. METHODS We used the data from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse, which comprises data from 20 million unique individuals. SPEP reports were collected from July to December 2015 at 5 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Of these reports, we annotated the presence or absence of monoclonal gammopathy in 300 reports. We applied a machine learning–based NLP and a manual rules-based NLP to detect monoclonal gammopathy in SPEP reports at each of the hospitals, then applied the model from 1 hospital to each of the other hospitals. RESULTS The learning system achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.997, and the rules-based system achieved an accuracy of 0.99. When a model trained on 1 hospital’s data was applied to a different hospital, however, accuracy varied greatly, and the learning-based models performed better than the rules-based model. CONCLUSION Binary classification of short clinical texts such as SPEP reports may be a particularly attractive target on which to train highly accurate NLP systems.
Effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen) on gene expression and permeability properties of the rat placenta and fetal brain
Authors: Koehn Liam M. , Huang Yifan , Habgood Mark D , Kysenius Kai , Crouch Peter J. , Dziegielewska Katarzyna M , Saunders Norman R 
Published: August 2020

Background:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is widely used in pregnancy and generally regarded as “safe” by regulatory authorities.Methods:Clinically relevant doses of paracetamol were administered intraperitoneally to pregnant rats twice daily from embryonic day E15 to 19 (chronic) or as a single dose at E19 (acute). Control samples were from un-treated age-matched animals. At E19, rats were anaesthetised, administered a final paracetamol dose, uteruses were opened and fetuses exposed for sample collection. For RNA sequencing, placentas and fetal brains were removed and flash frozen. Fetal and maternal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were assayed for α-fetoprotein and interleukin 1β (IL1β). Brains were fixed and examined (immunohistochemistry) for plasma protein distribution. Placental permeability to a small molecule (14C-sucrose) was tested by injection into either mother or individual fetuses; fetal and maternal blood was sampled at regular intervals to 90 minutes.Results:RNA sequencing revealed a large number of genes up- or down-regulated in placentas from acutely or chronically treated animals compared to controls. Most notable was down-regulation of three acute phase plasma proteins (α-fetoprotein, transferrin, transthyretin) in acute and especially chronic experiments and marked up-regulation of immune-related genes, particularly cytokines, again especially in chronically treated dams. IL1β increased in plasma of most fetuses from treated dams but to variable levels and no IL1β was detectable in plasma of control fetuses or any of the dams. Increased placental permeability appeared to be only from fetus to mother for both14C-sucrose and α-fetoprotein, but not in the reverse direction. In the fetal brain, gene regulatory changes were less prominent than in the placenta of treated fetuses and did not involve inflammatory-related genes; there was no evidence of increased blood-brain barrier permeability.Conclusion:Results suggest that paracetamol may induce an immune-inflammatory-like response in placenta and more caution should be exercised in use of paracetamol in pregnancy.
Predicting the future distribution of antibiotic resistance using time series forecasting and geospatial modelling
Authors: Jeffrey Benjamin , Aanensen David M. , Croucher Nicholas J. , Bhatt Samir 
Published: August 2020

Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance in a location may be mitigated by changes in treatment policy, or interventions to limit transmission of resistant bacteria. Therefore, accurate forecasting of the distribution of antibiotic resistance could be advantageous. Two previously published studies addressed this, but neither study compared alternative forecasting algorithms or considered spatial patterns of resistance spread. Methods: We analysed data describing the annual prevalence of antibiotic resistance per country in Europe from 2012 – 2016, and the quarterly prevalence of antibiotic resistance per clinical commissioning group in England from 2015 – 2018. We combined these with data on rates of possible covariates of resistance. These data were used to compare the previously published forecasting models, with other commonly used forecasting models, including one geospatial model. Covariates were incorporated into the geospatial model to assess their relationship with antibiotic resistance. Results: For the European data, which was recorded on a coarse spatiotemporal scale, a naïve forecasting model was consistently the most accurate of any of the forecasting models tested. The geospatial model did not improve on this accuracy. However, it did provide some evidence that antibiotic consumption can partially explain the distribution of resistance. The English data were aggregated at a finer scale, and expected-trend-seasonal (ETS) forecasts were the most accurate. The geospatial model did not significantly improve upon the median accuracy of the ETS model, but it appeared to be less sensitive to noise in the data, and provided evidence that rates of antibiotic prescription and bacteraemia are correlated with resistance. Conclusion: Annual, national-level surveillance data appears to be insufficient for fitting accurate antibiotic resistance forecasting models, but there is evidence that data collected at a finer spatiotemporal scale could be used to improve forecast accuracy. Additionally, incorporating antibiotic prescription or consumption data into the model could improve the predictive accuracy.
Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: 2019 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America Update on Community‐Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Jackson Christopher D , Burroughs‐Ray Desirée C , Summers Nathan A 
Published: August 2020

GUIDELINE TITLEDiagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community‐Acquired Pneumonia: An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaRELEASE DATEOctober 2019PRIOR VERSION2007 Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community‐Acquired Pneumonia in AdultsDEVELOPERAmerican Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaFUNDING SOURCEAmerican Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaTARGET POPULATIONImmunocompetent adult patients with community‐acquired pneumonia
Rare health conditions 37: rabies, Kawasaki disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS)
Authors: Barber Chris 
Published: August 2020

Chris Barber, Registered Nurse for Those with a Learning Disability The purpose of this series is to briefly highlight a range of rare health conditions. Rare health conditions are those that affect no more and usually fewer than 1 person in every 2000 and many healthcare assistants (HCAs) and nurses will encounter some of these conditions, given the high number of these conditions. This 37th article will briefly explore four of these conditions: rabies, Kawasaki disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS).
A lean bioabsorbable magnesium-zinc-calcium alloy ZX00 used for operative treatment of medial malleolus fractures
Authors: Holweg Patrick , Herber Valentin , Ornig Martin , Hohenberger Gloria , Donohue Nicolas , Puchwein Paul , Leithner Andreas , Seibert Franz 
Published: August 2020

Aims This study is a prospective, non-randomized trial for the treatment of fractures of the medial malleolus using lean, bioabsorbable, rare-earth element (REE)-free, magnesium (Mg)-based biodegradable screws in the adult skeleton. Methods A total of 20 patients with isolated, bimalleolar, or trimalleolar ankle fractures were recruited between July 2018 and October 2019. Fracture reduction was achieved through bioabsorbable Mg-based screws composed of pure Mg alloyed with zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca) ( Mg-Zn0.45-Ca0.45, in wt.%; ZX00). Visual analogue scale (VAS) and the presence of complications (adverse events) during follow-up (12 weeks) were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. The functional outcomes were analyzed through the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. Fracture reduction and gas formation were assessed using several plane radiographs. Results The follow-up was performed after at least 12 weeks. The mean difference in ROM of the talocrural joint between the treated and the non-treated sites decreased from 39° (SD 12°) after two weeks to 8° (SD 11°) after 12 weeks (p ≤ 0.05). After 12 weeks, the mean AOFAS score was 92.5 points (SD 4.1). Blood analysis revealed that Mg and Ca were within a physiologically normal range. All ankle fractures were reduced and stabilized sufficiently by two Mg screws. A complete consolidation of all fractures was achieved. No loosening or breakage of screws was observed. Conclusion This first prospective clinical investigation of fracture reduction and fixation using lean, bioabsorbable, REE-free ZX00 screws showed excellent clinical and functional outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(8):477–483.
Phase retrieval of a Kolmogorov phase screen from very sparse data using four binary masks
Authors: Karitans Varis , Laganovska Katrina , Kundzins Karlis 
Published: August 2020

We investigate experimentally the phase retrieval of a Kolmogorov phase screen from very sparse data by modulating its amplitude with four binary masks and compare the retrieved phase screen to the ground truth measured with a surface profiler. Previously, we have shown in simulations that this kind of modulation can be successfully used for the phase retrieval of a Kolmogorov phase screen. After subtracting the ground truth from the retrieved phase screen, the root-mean-square error decreased from 0.14 µm to 0.10 µm. We conclude that a Kolmogorov phase screen can be recovered using simple modulation and very sparse data.
Characterization of sub-nanosecond pulsed laser amplification with Er:Yb co-doped phosphate glass fibers
Authors: Moschovitz Omri , Boetti Nadia G. , Pugliese Diego , Gallichi-Nottiani Duccio , Milanese Daniel , Janner Davide , Ishaaya Amiel A. 
Published: August 2020

We present an experimental characterization of the amplification of sub-nanosecond duration laser pulses at a wavelength of 1538 nm in short custom-made Er:Yb phosphate glass fibers with different core diameters. The fibers vary in their diameter from 100 µm (highly multi-mode) down to 12 µm (single-mode). The peak power, energy per pulse, and spectral shape of the amplified signal are presented. With our input pulses, the measurements show that the large core diameter fibers do not increase the amplification of the 1538 nm signal. We believe this is due to the high re-absorption of the

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ions in the phosphate fiber. The optimal fiber geometry was found to have a core diameter of 20 µm with a length of 14 cm. The maximum peak power is 8.25 kW, corresponding to a net gain of 10.9 dB, with a pulse duration of 0.7 ns and a repetition rate of 40 kHz.
The Punk Reader: Research Transmissions from the Local to the Global, Russ Bestley, Mike Dines, Alastair ‘Gords’ Gordon and Paula Guerra (eds) (2019)
Authors: Blanco José F. 
Published: August 2020

Review of: The Punk Reader: Research Transmissions from the Local to the Global, Russ Bestley, Mike Dines, Alastair ‘Gords’ Gordon and Paula Guerra (eds) (2019)
Bristol: Intellect, 324 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-78938-129-0, p/bk, $33.00
The Fundamentals of Fashion Management, Susan Dillon (2018), 2nd ed.
Authors: Delgado Henry Navarro 
Published: August 2020

Review of: The Fundamentals of Fashion Management, Susan Dillon (2018), 2nd ed.
London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 192 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-47427-121-9, p/bk, $33.23, e/bk, $23,94
The Effect of Cu Ohmic Contact on Photoelectrochemical Property of S-CuO Thin Film Photocathodes
Authors: Amrullah Aziz , Gunawan Gunawan , Prasetya Nor Basid Adiwibawa 
Published: August 2020

The development of semiconductor materials as photocathodes that have excellent performance is significant for the photoelectrochemical reaction of hydrogen evolution. The thin film of sulfur-doped Copper (II) oxide (S-CuO) was successfully synthesized using the cyclic voltammetry method. Investigation of photoelectrochemical properties of S-CuO photocathodes, including current density, onset potential, applied photon to current efficiency (ABPE), and bandgap had been carried out. It was reported that the Cu ohmic contact affected the photoelectrochemical properties and the stability of the thin film. The presence of Cu ohmic contact can improve the performance of S-CuO thin film photocathodes. The S-CuO TU 20 mM thin film has the best response with a current density of -0.923 mA/cm2, an onset potential of 0.59 V, and ABPE of 0.21%. Stability occurred at pH 7 in 0.2M NaH2PO4. The optical analysis showed S-CuO TU 20 mM bandgap of 1.7 eV.
A hallgatói autonómia és önkormányzatiság formálódása az 1980-as évek végén Magyarországon
Authors: Jancsák Csaba 
Published: August 2020

In addition to providing education and training, higher education institutes are also engaged in the important tasks of sensitisation of students for their future roles in society as university graduates. This function of higher education is realised in the context of teacher–student relationships and institutional interpretive communities. Student councils serve as such communities. The student council movement represents, preserves and transmits particular values of the university and trans-historical values closely related to these (freedom, critical thinking, solidarity, empathy and activity) to new generations of students. Our paper follows and analyses the student council movement in Hungary from 1988 to 1993. In the late 1980s, only partially did the state power recognize the rights to freedom most important to students (freedom of thought, freedom of opinion, freedom of speech and academic freedom). Student councils, which were formed at that time, could exert serious impact at the level of both university politics and national politics. This phenomenon is regarded as a manifestation of social innovation. By the early 1990s, due to its status ensured by law and the realization of a power structure, the community and movement characteristics of the student council faded into the background, and the organization became bureaucratic. This led to the transformation of the movement.
Fotó: litera.hu
Alternative Splicing During theChlamydomonasreinhardtiiCell Cycle
Authors: Pandey Manishi , Stormo Gary D , Dutcher Susan K 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGenome-wide analysis of transcriptome data in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows periodic patterns in gene expression levels when cultures are grown under alternating light and dark cycles so that G1 of the cell cycle occurs in the light phase and S/M/G0 occurs during the dark phase. However, alternative splicing, a process that enables a greater protein diversity from a limited set of genes, remains largely unexplored by previous transcriptome based studies in C. reinhardtii. In this study, we used existing longitudinal RNA-seq data obtained during the light-dark cycle to investigate the changes in the alternative splicing pattern and found that 3277 genes (19.75% of 17,746 genes) undergo alternative splicing. These splicing events include Alternative 5′ (Alt 5′), Alternative 3′ (Alt 3′) and Exon skipping (ES) events that are referred as alternative site selection (ASS) events and Intron retention (IR) events. By clustering analysis, we identified a subset of events (26 ASS events and 10 IR events) that show periodic changes in the splicing pattern during the cell cycle. About two-thirds of these 36 genes either introduce a pre-termination codon (PTC) or introduce insertions or deletions into functional domains of the proteins, which implicate splicing in altering gene function. These findings suggest that alternative splicing is also regulated during the Chlamydomonas cell cycle, although not as extensively as changes in gene expression. The longitudinal changes in the alternative splicing pattern during the cell cycle captured by this study provides an important resource to investigate alternative splicing in genes of interest during the cell cycle in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other eukaryotes.
Abnormal Balloon Expulsion Test in Patients with Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Neshatian Leila , Fosso Chimi , Quigley Eamonn 
Published: August 2020

Background and Aims: Functional defecatory dysfunction is attributed to the pathophysiology of fecal incontinence (FI) in some patients. We hypothesized that patients with FI and abnormal balloon expulsion test (BET) have distinct manometric characteristics as compared to the patients with FI and normal BET. We aimed to compare the anorectal pressure profile in patients with FI, with or without abnormal BET and to identify risk factors associated with abnormal BET in FI.
Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 77 consecutive patients with ROME IV FI. Wilcoxon rank sum test, t-test, and Fisher exact tests were performed for comparison. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with abnormal BET.
Results: Thirty-two percent of patients had abnormal BET. Demographics and surgical history and clinical symptoms, except for sensation of incomplete evacuation (p=0.02) and abdominal pain (p=0.03), were comparable in both groups. Anorectal pressure profile except for the median rectal propulsive pressures were similar between groups. Rectal propulsive pressures at simulated defecation were significantly lower in patients with abnormal BET (p=0.02). Mean sensory threshold for first sensation was also significantly higher in patients who had abnormal BET (p=0.03). Rectal propulsive pressures (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.06, p=0.032) and rectal sensory threshold for first sensation (OR:0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.99, p=0.02) were able to predict abnormal BET independently.
Conclusions: In patients with FI and similar clinical and anal pressure profile, rectal sensory threshold and rectal propulsive pressures at simulated defecation can determine normal BET.