bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dark Rooms and Developing Fluid
Authors: Hanna Erika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the practices of photography clubs. Throughout Ireland, during the twentieth century, men and women spent their evenings in the dark rooms of photography clubs, and their weekends on days out to historic sites and beauty spots organized by these groups. As such, these organizations played an important role in mediating ideas of photographic value, technical perfection, and the picturesque. This chapter explores their history, and uses the way photography was taught to explore the relationship between photographic aesthetics and how society and people were envisioned through landscape. Until the late 1960s, the photographic conventions propounded by organizations such as the Photographic Society of Ireland and the Belfast Central Camera Club tended towards conservatism in both content and style. Amateur enthusiasts in general adhered to the pictorial tradition of studied set pieces—of sweeping hills or the curve of a beach offset by a white cottage—cropped and adapted to reach a standard of technical formalism and perfection in line with conventions derived from painting. Moreover, discussions of the respective merits of documentary and pictorial styles for depicting landscape within the amateur photographic press, although framed as aesthetic arguments, encompassed bigger issues. Correspondents debated their ability to respond to the upheavals of European modernity and their responsibility to depict uncomfortable themes through photography. As such, concerns about style became broader arguments regarding Ireland’s position within Europe, the boundaries of society, and the nature of the visible within Irish life.
Power and Place
Authors: Hanna Erika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 surveys the history of documentary photography in twentieth-century Ireland. In particular, it examines the emergence of a new generation of documentary photographers and their role in debates about the nature of Irish society from the 1970s to the 1990s. Self-consciously radical, these photographers aimed to use their work to expose injustice and ‘reveal’ the hidden side of Irish life. In particular, the chapter focuses on the career of three photographers: Derek Speirs, Joanne O’Brien, and Frankie Quinn. It uses close readings of the work of these photographers, contemporaneous photography magazines, coupled with the extensive use of oral histories to explore the impact of documentary photography on Ireland in the later twentieth century. In their depiction of poverty as both visceral and uncomfortable, they challenged the traditional iconography of Ireland which had aestheticized or even eulogized these themes. Moreover, these photographers were often self-conscious and reflective regarding the relationship between themselves and the people—often in difficult circumstances—whom they portrayed. Nevertheless, they were often forced to make difficult choices about the depiction of poverty, violence, and injustice which attempted to expose societal problems without being voyeuristic. An exploration of choices they made regarding how they engaged with their subjects, what they photographed, and where they published provides a way of exploring the visual economies of social justice in later twentieth-century Ireland.
Introduction to Deviance in a World of Standards
Authors: Fried Andrea , Glaa Besma 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Andrea Fried and Besma Glaa develop and reason the important and topical question why organizations deviate from standards. The chapter reflects on the current discourse on standards and standardization in management and organization studies, and positions Understanding Deviance in a World of Standards within it. The chapter distinguishes the terms standards and standardization, defines what standards are, and explains which categories exist to distinguish them. It points out why investigation of the actual enactment of standards in organizations is fundamental to understanding not only the manipulation of but also the commitment to standards. The chapter concludes by introducing the structure of Understanding Deviance in a World of Standards.
Over-Conformity with Standards at MedTech
Authors: Gey Ronny , Langer Sarah , Fried Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a case of a medical technology company where standards have already shaped software development processes for a long time. Ronny Gey, Sarah Langer, and Andrea Fried reflect here on how MedTech’s organizational members over-conform with standards. In contrast to CraneSolutions in the previous chapter, productive asymmetries and even contradictions were hardly found in standard enactment at MedTech. MedTech provides adequate allocative and authoritative resources for standardization, refers to strong internal and external sanctioning systems for standard deviations, but hardly reflects on the internal effects of standards on software development. The case described in this chapter delivers an explanation why over-commitment of organizational members to standards tends to reinforce organizational inertia and shows the importance of reflexive handling of standard-induced requirements within the organization. This chapter represents one of the two commitment-oriented types of organizational deviance introduced in the book.
Monitoring of Standard Enactment for Exploration and Exploitation
Authors: Langer Sarah , Fried Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Sarah Langer and Andrea Fried reflect on the relationship between standards and innovation. They observe how studies of the relationship between standards and innovation show contradictory results; standards can both enable and constrain innovation. There are several reviews that deal with the question of the standard–innovation nexus and come to the same conclusion that the results are not satisfactory thus far. By identifying reflexive, diagnostic, self-monitoring, and inadequate ways of monitoring standard enactment, the standard–innovation nexus can be explained in a novel way. The authors suggest that the way in which organizations monitor deviations from standards influences whether their organizational processes are explorative or exploitative in nature. The chapter concludes with propositions for further research.
Introduction
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the background and objectives of the book and an overall description of the book structure. It introduces health protection as a major knowledge area in public health to prevent, protect, and manage health risks, highlights its international and multidisciplinary nature, and points out the book’s aims to provide key health protection concepts in a multidisciplinary way and discuss new frontiers of health protection to fill the current gap in the availability of relevant textbooks. Lastly, it outlines structure of the book and the key themes of the chapters including health protection core principles, climate change, emergency and disaster, Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health-EDRM), communicable disease, environmental health, planetary health and sustainability, and health protection challenges and opportunities.
Planetary Health and Sustainability
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the twenty-first century, globalization of trade, travel, and culture is likely to impose complex effect on health protection: increased trade is likely to improve material access and services but also bring harm to health and the environment; travel and human migration enrich human experience but also exacerbate health threats such as the rapid dissemination of communicable diseases; and globalized food production and ineffective regulation of food production have led to adverse human health outcomes. This chapter discusses ideas that bridge traditional public health disciplines and concepts to enable multidisciplinary actors to examine, plan, act, and implement together to protect human health and well-being. This chapter also explains how health protection might be linked to some important global policies such as Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda. Specifically, ‘One Health’, ‘planetary health’, and ‘sustainable development’ allow the conceptualization of the relationship between human, other living organisms, and eco-system.
Balancing on a Tightrope in an Age of New Online Media?
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the significance of the book’s empirical and normative study of the interface between European data protection regulation and professional journalists, artists, and both academic and non-academic writers within the contemporary online media. The study has elucidated practical attempts at regulating professional journalism through a contextual rights-balancing paradigm, argued that this should be generalized to other traditional publishers, and proposed that it be systematically developed through co-regulation and strategic enforcement. It is contended that, notwithstanding the rise of new online media, an examination of the regulation of traditional publishers still has strong significance in and of itself. These actors continue to possess disproportionate information power and perform a vital role in distilling, explaining and putting new information and ideas into the public realm. The themes of the book may also contribute to thinking on new online media regulation. Whilst such media often does not orientate itself towards a public discourse, some kind of contextual balancing (even if often internal to default data protection norms) remains necessary. Co-regulation, encompassing not just platforms but also users, could also play some role in specifying that (albeit stricter) balance. Finally, not least given the severe resource constraints of Data Protection Authorities (DPAs), strategic enforcement is likely to be necessary in this context also. Through engagement with both traditional and new media, data protection is becoming a holistic regulator of the information ecosystem, thereby highlighting its importance within contemporary society.
Attribution in International Law and Arbitration
Authors: de Stefano Carlo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This book aims to clarify, critically discuss, and propose solutions for the application of international rules of attribution of conduct to States under public international law and international investment law. In a nutshell, the issue is that of the applicability of the principles of ‘attribution’ to States of acts that are in breach of their obligations under international custom or international treaties, with a focus on their commitments pertaining to the treatment of foreign investors under international investment agreements (IIAs), mostly bilateral investment treaties (BITs), and their application by arbitral tribunals. Of special interest and the object of extensive debate within this context is the responsibility of States when the alleged breach has been committed not by the State itself through its organs, but by entities which have separate legal personality under domestic law, which, nevertheless, may engage the responsibility of the State under international law, such as State-owned enterprises (SOEs). The book addresses the relevant issues in a systematic way, approaching them first in general terms on the basis of the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) on attribution, finalized by the International Law Commission (ILC) in 2001, and proceeding thereafter to the specifics of international investment law, based on an accurate examination of the law, practice, and case law, with full knowledge and consideration of the academic debate. To this extent, the book submits that the general principles on attribution are fully applicable within international investment law, which is not a closed system governed by different principles, and that tribunals have to apply them as they generally do.
Attribution in International Investment Law
Authors: de Stefano Carlo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter III elucidates the application of attribution rules by international investment tribunals. This chapter is similar in structure to Chapter II, which is a consequence of the proximity of international investment law to public international law with regard to the topic of attribution of conduct to a party. In addition, this chapter contains critical discussion on investor–State dispute settlement (ISDS), chiefly on the dialectics between lex generalis (customary international law) and lex specialis (international investment law) as to the resolution of attribution issues, and on the distinction between treaty claims and contract claims for the purposes of the operation of so-called ‘umbrella clauses’. More generally, the chapter critiques the reasoning of arbitrators who have applied the test for attribution of conduct under ARSIWA Articles 4, 5, and 8 in a holistic way, rather than implementing each single test autonomously.
Thinking Through Place on the Early Modern English Stage
Authors: Bozio Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Thinking Through Place on the Early Modern English Stage traces the way that characters think through their surroundings in early modern drama—not only how these characters orient themselves within unfamiliar or otherwise strange locations but also how their locations function as the scaffolding for perception, memory, and other forms of embodied thought. Such moments of thinking through place stage a process that both resembles and parallels the cognitive work that early modern playgoers undertook as they reimagined the stage as the settings of the dramatic fiction. The book traces the vexed relationship between these two registers of thought in works by Marlowe, Shakespeare, Beaumont, and Jonson. In doing so, it counters a critical tradition that figures drama as a form of spatial abstraction and demonstrates, instead, that theatrical performance constituted a sophisticated and self-reflexive mode of thinking through place in the early modern period.
Introduction
Authors: Bozio Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Through a brief reading of Doctor Faustus, the introduction first suggests how characters think through their surroundings on the early modern English stage and how, in turn, playgoers relied upon the same process to orient themselves within the dramatic fiction. Drawing upon the concepts of situated cognition and cognitive ecology, the introduction defines this process of thinking through place as “ecological thinking.” After establishing that characters typically engage in ecological thinking to orient themselves within place, the introduction concludes by suggesting how this emphasis upon embodied and extended thought reframes our understanding of the relationship between space and place on the early modern stage.
Forms of Emplacement
Authors: Bozio Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Taking its cue from William Sly’s performance of a disoriented playgoer in the Induction to John Marston’s The Malcontent, this chapter puts theatrical performance in dialogue with two other modes of thinking through place in the early modern period: first, what Mary Carruthers has termed the “architectural” model of the arts of memory, and, second, chorography, or the practice of describing a region in terms of its topographical features and history. It argues that these modes resemble one another in depicting place as a kind of phenomenological assemblage, one that comes into being as the disparate features of an ambient environment are perceived and organized within embodied thought. This resemblance reveals the intimate relationship between environment and embodied thought within the early modern English playhouse, and it thereby suggests that theatrical performance was less a form of spatial abstraction than a means of transforming the way that playgoers perceived, experienced, and navigated their surroundings.
Marlowe and the Ecology of Remembrance
Authors: Bozio Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that Marlowe’s earliest dramatic works—namely, Dido, Queen of Carthage and the first and second parts of Tamburlaine—share an investment in ecological memory, a form of recollection in which place shapes both the contours and the contents of memory itself. In Dido, Aeneas’s efforts to remember the fallen city of Troy—first through hallucination and later through his attempts to rebuild that city—reveal a tension at the heart of ecological memory, the ease with which the memory of a place can disrupt an individual’s sense of their immediate surroundings and thereby disorient them. Similarly, Tamburlaine stages a tension between two ways of thinking through the environment: a territorializing thought, embodied in Tamburlaine’s “aspyring mind,” and the ecological memory that is figured most poignantly in Zenocrate’s relationship to Damascus. In this way, Marlowe’s earliest plays trace the gap between places remembered and those imagined in order to stage the collision of different forms of ecological thinking.
The Perception of Place in King Lear
Authors: Bozio Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the relationship between perception and place in King Lear. Through a reading of Gloucester’s claim to “see” the world “feelingly,” it first argues that Shakespeare’s play both theorizes and enacts a phenomenology of place in the approach to Dover cliff. There, Edgar’s efforts to deceive his father as to the nature of his surroundings work not only reveal the role of perception within the phenomenology of place; they also disrupt that phenomenology, as Edgar’s suggestion that his father’s senses betray him leaves Gloucester with no way of orientating himself within the world. Similarly, Lear’s encounter with the storm shows that the inability to feel one’s surroundings can effect a kind of displacement, leading to a profound disorientation in madness. As such, the chapter furthers the book’s inquiry into the nature of ecological thinking by shifting the emphasis to moments in which such thinking fails, as characters struggle to orient themselves within increasingly imperceptible locations.
Staging Failure
Authors: Bozio Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Midway through The Knight of the Burning Pestle, Rafe mistakes the Bell Inn for an ancient castle. This chapter draws upon that episode to show how failures of ecological thinking can disrupt the assumptions that are embedded within a particular place. Contrasting Rafe’s misreading of the Bell with similar episodes in Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote, the chapter establishes both the particular cognitive ecology that sustains Rafe’s error and its implications for early modern theater. It argues that Rafe’s disorientation satirizes the way that early modern playgoers reimagined the stage as a dramatic setting, helping to illuminate the multiple mistakes that George and Nell make as they interrupt the performance of The London Merchant. Borrowing insights from queer theory and disability studies, the chapter concludes by suggesting that George and Nell’s disorientation reveals the normative conventions that are embedded within the physical and social environment of the early modern playhouse. In this way, madness, confusion, and other forms of cognitive failure allow The Knight of the Burning Pestle to stage the incommensurability of the two dominant ways of thinking through the Blackfriars.
Bartholomew Fair and the Performativity of Place
Authors: Bozio Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses Ben Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair to theorize the performativity of place on the early modern stage. The Induction establishes what will be a central concern for Jonson’s play: namely, how can Bartholomew Fair contend with the memories that playgoers have of the fair’s setting in Smithfield, when such memories may reveal the inadequacy of the theatrical enterprise? Tracing the play’s efforts to resolve this problem in its engagement with the perceptions and the memories of playgoers, the chapter shows how the Induction functions as a cognitive system for managing thought within the playhouse, to the specific end of creating a theatrical Smithfield. Similarly, the play’s depiction of Smithfield shows how perception, movement, and other forms of embodied thought work together to bring place into being. Like the atoms of the Lucretian universe, which shape the cosmos through continual swerving, the characters of Bartholomew Fair create Smithfield through their collective movement, revealing that space is not an a priori dimension but rather an emergent entity. By figuring Smithfield as a site in which individuals and ideologies repeatedly collide with one another—most notably in the interaction of Bartholomew Cokes and Zeal-of-the-land Busy—the play foregrounds the generative potential of disruption and displacement to suggest that disorientation can alter the physical contours of a place.
Conclusion
Authors: Bozio Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The conclusion draws together the book’s major findings through a reading of Descartes’s Discourse on Method, focusing primarily upon the relationship between place and thought in the theorization of the cogito. Against Descartes’s fantasy of disembodied and placeless mind, the conclusion suggests that early modern English drama stages the impossibility of separating thought from its foundation in embodiment and environment, as well as the consequences—alternately tragic and comic—of attempting to do so. Not only do the plays considered in this book show thinking to be an ecological phenomenon; they also reveal that the act of thinking through place can transform the contours of a location.
The Platonism of Walter Pater
Authors: Lee Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This book examines Walter Pater’s deep engagement with Platonism throughout his career, as a teacher of Plato in Oxford’s Literae Humaniores, from his earliest known essay, ‘Diaphaneitè’ (1864), to his final book, Plato and Platonism (1893), treating both his criticism and fiction, including his studies on myth. Pater is influenced by several of Plato’s dialogues, including Phaedrus, Symposium, Theaetetus, Cratylus, and The Republic, which inform his philosophy of aesthetics, history, myth, epistemology, ethics, language, and style. As a philosopher, critic, and artist, Plato embodies what it means to be an author to Pater, who imitates his creative practice from vision to expression. Through the recognition of form in matter, Pater views education as a journey to refine one’s knowledge of beauty in order to transform oneself. Platonism is a point of contact with his contemporaries, including Matthew Arnold and Oscar Wilde, offering a means to take new measure of their literary relationships. The philosophy also provides boundaries for critical encounters with figures across history, including Wordsworth, Michelangelo and Pico della Mirandola in The Renaissance (1873), Marcus Aurelius and Apuleius in Marius the Epicurean (1885), and Montaigne and Giordano Bruno in Gaston de Latour (1896). In the manner Platonism holds that soul or mind is the essence of a person, Pater’s criticism seeks the mind of the author as an affinity, so that his writing enacts Platonic love.