bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Comparison of Oropharyngeal Airway Dimensions in Skeletal Class II Cases Treated With Forsus FRD and Twin Block Appliances
Authors: Shetty Kaushik , K. Saidath , Shetty Akhil , Ravi M. S. , Shashidhar Keerthan , A. Anushree 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Aims: To assess the changes in the oropharyngeal airway (OAW) dimensions in individuals with retrognathic mandible treated with Forsus FRD and Twin Block appliance to correct the skeletal Class II mal relationship.
Methodology: 40 individuals, with Class II skeletal pattern were selected as per inclusion criteria. Pre-treatment lateral cephalograms and hand wrist radiographs were obtained and analyzed. Group 1 with 20 individuals were treated with Forsus FRD and Group 2 with 20 individuals were treated with conventional Twin Block Appliance. Post treatment records were taken after the Class I molar relationship had been obtained. Pre and post treatment cephalograms were compared and analyzed. The data obtained was statistically evaluated using paired t test and unpaired t test.
Results: On comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment cephalograms, increase in Oropharyngeal Airway (OAW) measurements, such as Superior posterior airway space (SPAS), Middle airway space (MAS) and Inferior airway space (IAS) was very highly significant.
Conclusion: Our results suggest the existence of a relationship between functional-orthopaedic treatment and increases in OAW dimensions in skeletal Class II growing subjects.
The Charming Tale of Charm Needles!
Authors: Kanneppady Sham Kishor , Kanneppady Sowmya Sham , Lakshman Anusha Rangare , Phaik Khoo Suan , Shetty Shishir Ram 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCharm needles or susuk are needle-shaped metallic objects inserted subcutaneously in different parts of the body. The practice of inserting susuk is, an indisputably cultural and superstitious traditional belief common in the south-east Asian region, especially to the people of Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei. With increased use of diagnostic radiographs in dental or medical practice, the discovery of charm needles has become more frequent. We report one such case of charm needles inserted in oro-facial region which was discovered in routine dental radiograph, with emphasis on cultural and traditional belief.
A simulation model shows how individual differences affect major life decisions
Authors: van der Gaag Mandy A. E. , van den Berg Pieter , Kunnen E. Saskia , van Geert Paul L. C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIndividuals are faced with a number of major decisions throughout their lives, including the choice of a suitable education, career, and life partner. Making such major life decisions is challenging, as is evidenced by substantial rates of divorce and drop-out from higher education. Although poor major life decisions can lead to considerable costs for both individuals and society, little is known about how people make these decisions. This is because major life decisions are not simple short-term weighings of options—they are strongly intertwined with identity development. Here, we present a simulation model of major life decisions that integrates the short-term perspective of decision science with the long-term perspective of identity theory. We model major life decisions as a process comprising many explorations of available options, resulting in changing commitments, and eventually leading to a decision. Using our model, we run a large-scale in silico experiment, systematically simulating how three key individual characteristics affect the choice process and the quality of the decision: (1) exploration tendency (broad vs. in-depth), (2) accuracy in assessing how well options fit, and (3) selectiveness. We identify the types of individuals who are at risk of exhibiting ‘maladaptive’ decision dynamics, including ruminative exploration and rash decision making, and conclude that these features often, but not always, lead to bad decisions. Our simulation results generate concrete predictions that can be empirically tested and may eventually result in individually tailored tools to aid individuals in making major life decisions.
Cycling‐based repeat sprint training in the heat enhances running performance in team sport players
Authors: Gale Rachel M. , Etxebarria Naroa , Pumpa Kate L. , Pyne David B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractApplying heat training interventions in a team sports setting remains challenging. This study investigated the effects of integrating short‐term, repeat sprint heat training with passive heat exposure on running performance and general conditioning in team sport players. Thirty male club‐level Australian Football players were assigned randomly to: Passive + Active Heat (PAH; n = 10), Active Heat (AH; n = 10) or Control (CON; n = 10) to complete 6 × 40 min high‐intensity cycling training sessions over 12 days in 35°C (PAH and AH) or 18°C (CON), 50% RH in parallel with mid‐season sports‐specific training and games. Players in PAH were exposed to 20 min pre‐exercise passive heat. Physiological adaptation and running capacity were assessed via a treadmill submaximal heat stress test followed by a time‐to‐exhaustion run in 35°C, 50% RH. Running capacity increased by 26% ± 8% PAH (0.88, ±0.23; standardised mean, ± 90% confidence limits), 29% ± 12% AH (1.23, ±0.45) and 10% ± 11% CON (0.45, ±0.48) compared with baseline. Both PAH (0.52, ±0.42; standardised mean, ± 90% confidence limits) and AH (0.35, ±0.57) conditions yielded a greater improvement in running capacity than CON. Physiological and perceptual measures remained relatively unchanged between baseline and post‐intervention heat stress tests, within and between conditions. When thermal adaptation is not a direct priority, short‐term, repeat effort high‐intensity cycling in hot conditions combined with sports‐specific training can further enhance running performance in team sport players. Six heat exposures across 12‐days should improve running performance while minimising lower limb load and cumulative fatigue for team sports players.
First-principle study on monolayer and bilayer SnP3 sheets as the potential sensors for NO2, NO, and NH3 detection
Authors: Du Jiguang , Jiang Gang 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Layered SnP3 sheets have recently been predicted as interesting 2D material with many potential applications. In the present work, first-principles calculations were performed to investigate the possibility of layered SnP3 sheets as a candidate for detecting pollutant gases (CO, CO2, H2S, NH3, NO, and NO2). Our results indicate that CO, CO2, H2S molecules are all physisorbed on SnP3 sheets with an adsorption energy of 0.116–0.363 eV. On the other hand, the strong interactions of NH3, NO, and NO2 and SnP3 are found based on the moderate adsorption energy (around 1 eV for NO2) and large charge transfer. The monolayer SnP3 shows a higher affinity to these molecules than bilayer one. The chemisorption of NH3, NO, and NO2 molecules on layered SnP3 sheets could efficiently evoke the electrical signal, and show short recovery time for NH3, NO, and NO2 capture. The work function calculations exhibit significant responses to the NH3 and NO2 molecules. Our results proposed that SnP3 sheets could be utilized as a gas sensor for NO, NO2, and NH3, and extend the potential applications of 2D SnP3 sheets.
A plasmonic nanoledge array sensor for detection of anti-insulin antibodies of type 1 diabetes biomarker
Authors: Bagra Bhawna , Mabe Taylor , Tukur Frank , Wei Jianjun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Here we present a plasmonic nanoledge device with high sensitivity and selectivity used to detect protein biomarkers simply by functionalizing the device, which specifically binds to particular biomolecule or biomarkers. We employ this plasmonic nanoledge device for the detection of anti-insulin antibodies of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in buffer and human serum at the range of pg ml−1 to 100 ng ml−1. The signal transduction is based on the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through the nanoledge array and the optical spectral changes with the biological binding reaction between the surface functionalized insulin with anti-insulin antibody. Control experiments indicate little interferences from the human serum background and addition of other proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) at 20 ng ml−1. The high sensitivity, specificity and easy adaptability of the plasmonic device offer new opportunities in biosensing and diagnostic applications for T1D.
Simultaneous determination of the dose and linear energy transfer (LET) of carbon-ion beams using radiochromic films
Authors: Kawashima Motohiro , Matsumura Akihiko , Souda Hikaru , Tashiro Mutsumi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Radiochromic films are useful as dosimeters in high-precision radiotherapy owing to their high spatial resolution. However, when a particle beam is measured using a radiochromic film, the dose cannot be estimated accurately because the film darkness varies with variations in linear energy transfer (LET). This paper proposes a novel method for estimating the LET and the dose based on the film darkness. In this method, after a high-LET particle beam, such as a carbon-ion beam, was incident on the film, the film was digitized and its net optical density was determined. Further, the non-linearity of the film response curve between the dose and the darkness, depending on LET, was used. Then, calibration curves were created using 290 MeV u−1 mono energetic carbon-ion beams. We used LETs of 20, 50, 100, and 150 keV µm−1 and a physical dose of 2–14 Gy. The calibration curves were approximated for each LET using a quadratic function. The correlations between the coefficients of the quadratic function and the LET were also obtained. To verify the proposed method, the films were irradiated under 12 different conditions corresponding to various depths and doses. Four depths of −2, −5, −10, and −20 mm with respect to the Bragg peak, and three different preset values were used for the film measurements. The films were analyzed in four groups, where each group comprised films irradiated at the same depth. The LETs obtained from the film analysis, ordered from the upstream of the beam, were 20, 41, 56, and 97 keV µm−1, and the doses for the lowest preset value were 3.95, 4.07, 4.03, and 3.99 Gy for the four groups. The LETs obtained from the film analysis increased toward the Bragg peak, and the doses measured in the ionization chamber were almost equal to 4 Gy.
Transforming quantum states between reference frames
Authors: Ben-Benjamin J S , Scully M O , Unruh W G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the 1970s, Fulling, Davis, and Unruh have shown that a quantum mechanical state must be described differently in different reference frames; otherwise, quantum mechanics would contain contradictions. We present a simple method for transforming any quantum state between the Minkowski and Rindler reference frames. We show that a Wigner-like distribution, commonly used in quantum optics, is useful for treating this problem. To illustrate our method, we transform the Minkowski vacuum and number states into Rindler space, and transform the Rindler vacuum into Minkowski space, as examples. Our method could be generalized to other cases as well.
3 tera-basepairs as a fundamental limit for robust DNA replication
Authors: Mamun M Al , Albergante L , J Blow J , Newman T J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In order to maintain functional robustness and species integrity, organisms must ensure high fidelity of the genome duplication process. This is particularly true during early development, where cell division is often occurring both rapidly and coherently. By studying the extreme limits of suppressing DNA replication failure due to double fork stall errors, we uncover a fundamental constant that describes a trade-off between genome size and architectural complexity of the developing organism. This constant has the approximate value N

U
≈ 3 × 1012 basepairs, and depends only on two highly conserved molecular properties of DNA biology. We show that our theory is successful in interpreting a diverse range of data across the Eukaryota.
A synthesis of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their characteristics for enhancement of biosensor
Authors: Antarnusa Ganesha , Suharyadi Edi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by using chemical co-precipitation method and these nanoparticles were successfully coated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) with variation concentrations of PEG. The magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles used as a bimolecular label (nano-tags), exhibiting a soft magnetic behavior with magnetization (
M

s

) of 77.16 emu g−1 and coercivity (
H

c

) of 50 Oe respectively. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a biocompatible polymer. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the Fe3O4 showed that Fe3O4 was well crystallized. It also confirmed the existence of invers spinel. The diffraction peak of 35.4° was used to calculate the crystallite size. The estimation of Fe3O4 average crystallite size is 12 nm, while the PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles is 8.6 nm. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of Fe3O4 showed that the morphology of magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticle is spherical in shape with uniform grain size and good dispersibility despite the agglomeration it found in some place. The addition of PEG can decrease the agglomeration and reduce the particle size. The existence of PEG layer on Fe3O4 was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The result of Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) showed that saturation magnetization (M

s
) of Fe3O4 nanoparticles decreased from 77.16 to 37.15 emu g−1 with the increase of PEG weight from 0% to 50%. Such Fe3O4 nanoparticles with favorable size and tunable magnetic properties are promising biosensor applications.
A modified kinetics model and softening behavior for static recrystallization of 12Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel
Authors: Xu Yue , Zhao Yu , Liu Jiansheng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the static recrystallization (SRX) of 12Cr ultra-super-critical (USC) rotor steel was investigated by a series of hot compression tests on a Gleeble1500D thermal simulator. Double-hit hot deformation tests were conducted at temperatures of 1223K–1323 K and strain rates of 0.001 s−1–0.1 s−1 with inter-pass times of 10s–180 s. A conventional kinetics model of SRX was established based on flow curves obtained by regression analysis under different deformation conditions. However, a significant deviation resulted between predicted and experimental values for the SRX fraction, and therefore a modified kinetics equation was proposed by analysing the SRX characteristics and possession of the capability to accurately predict SRX softening behaviour was confirmed. Effects of hot deformation parameters on SRX softening behaviour and SRX grain size were discussed. Furthermore, microstructure deforming was observed at different inter-pass times with an optical microscope (OM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Analysis showed that recovery was the main softening mechanism and the fundamental nucleation mechanism for SRX was bulging at the grain boundary.
Validation of a spatially variant resolution model for small animal brain PET studies
Authors: Miranda Alan , Bertoglio Daniele , Glorie Dorien , Stroobants Sigrid , Staelens Steven , Verhaeghe Jeroen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In small animal positron emission tomography (PET) studies, given the spatial resolution of preclinical PET scanners, quantification in small regions can be challenging. Moreover, in scans where animals are placed away from the center of the field of view (CFOV), e.g. in simultaneous scans of multiple animals, quantification accuracy can be compromised due to the loss of spatial resolution towards the edge of the FOV. Here, we implemented a spatially variant resolution model to improve quantification in small regions and to allow simultaneous scanning of multiple animals without compromising quantification accuracy. The scanner’s point spread function (PSF) was characterized across the FOV and modelled using a spatially variant and asymmetric Gaussian function. The spatially variant PSF (SVPSF) was then used for resolution modelling in the iterative reconstruction. To assess the image quality, a line source phantom in a cold and warm background, as well as mouse brain [18F]FDG scans, were performed. The SVPSF and the vendor’s maximum a posteriori (MAP3D) reconstructions produced uniform spatial resolution across the scanner FOV, but MAP3D resulted in lower spatial resolution. The line sources recovery coefficient using SVPSF was similar at the CFOV and at the edge of the FOV. In contrast, the other tested reconstructions produced lower recovery coefficient at the edge of the FOV. In mouse brain reconstructions, less spill-over from hot regions to cold regions, as well as more symmetric regional brain uptake was observed using SVPSF. The contrast in brain images was the highest using SVPSF, in mice scanned at the CFOV and off-center. Incorporation of a spatially variant resolution model for small animal brain PET improves quantification accuracy in small regions and produces consistent image spatial resolution across the FOV. Therefore, simultaneous scanning of multiple animals can benefit by using spatially variant resolution modelling.
Positive definite functions on products of metric spaces via generalized Stieltjes functions
Authors: Menegatto V. 
Published: April 2020

For quasi-metric spaces

(
X
,
ρ
)

(X,\rho )

and

(
Y
,
σ
)

(Y,\sigma )

and a positive real number

λ
\lambda

, we propose a model for generating positive definite functions

G
r

:
{
ρ
(
x
,

x
′

)
:
x
,

x
′

∈
X
}
×
{
σ
(
y
,

y
′

)
:
y
,

y
′

∈
Y
}
↦

R

G_r: \{\rho (x,x’):x,x’\in X\} \times \{\sigma (y,y’):y,y’ \in Y\} \mapsto \mathbb {R}

having the form

G
r

(
t
,
u
)
=

1

h
(
u

)
r

f

(

g
(
t
)

h
(
u
)

)

,

\begin{equation*} G_r(t,u)=\frac {1}{h(u)^r} f\left (\frac {g(t)}{h(u)}\right ), \end{equation*}

where

r
≥
λ

r\geq \lambda

,

f
f

belongs to a convex cone

S

λ
b

\mathcal {S}_\lambda ^b

of bounded completely monotone functions,

g
g

is a nonnegative valued conditionally negative definite function on

(
X
,
ρ
)

(X,\rho )

, and

h
h

is a positive valued conditionally negative definite function on

(
Y
,
σ
)

(Y,\sigma )

. In the case where

(
X
,
ρ
)

(X,\rho )

and

(
Y
,
σ
)

(Y,\sigma )

are metric spaces, we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for the strict positive definiteness of the model. The cone

S

λ
b

\mathcal {S}_\lambda ^b

possesses well-established stability properties that allow alternative formulations of the model leading to many classes of positive definite and strictly positive definite functions on

X
×
Y

X\times Y

. If

X
=

R

d

X=\mathbb {R}^d

,

Y
=

R

Y=\mathbb {R}

,

ρ
\rho

is the Euclidean distance on

X
X

,

σ

1

/

2

\sigma ^{1/2}

is the Euclidean distance on

Y
Y

,

g
(
t
)
=

t
2

g(t)=t^2

,

t
≥
0

t\geq 0

,

h
h

is a positive valued function with a completely monotone derivative, and

λ
=
d

/

2

\lambda =d/2

, then

{

G
r

:
r
≥
λ
}

\{G_r:r\geq \lambda \}

is a subset of the Gneiting’s class of covariance space-time functions on

X
×
Y

X\times Y

frequently dealt with in the literature.
The road towards data integration in human genomics: players, steps and interactions
Authors: Bernasconi Anna , Canakoglu Arif , Masseroli Marco , Ceri Stefano 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Thousands of new experimental datasets are becoming available every day; in many cases, they are produced within the scope of large cooperative efforts, involving a variety of laboratories spread all over the world, and typically open for public use. Although the potential collective amount of available information is huge, the effective combination of such public sources is hindered by data heterogeneity, as the datasets exhibit a wide variety of notations and formats, concerning both experimental values and metadata. Thus, data integration is becoming a fundamental activity, to be performed prior to data analysis and biological knowledge discovery, consisting of subsequent steps of data extraction, normalization, matching and enrichment; once applied to heterogeneous data sources, it builds multiple perspectives over the genome, leading to the identification of meaningful relationships that could not be perceived by using incompatible data formats. In this paper, we first describe a technological pipeline from data production to data integration; we then propose a taxonomy of genomic data players (based on the distinction between contributors, repository hosts, consortia, integrators and consumers) and apply the taxonomy to describe about 30 important players in genomic data management. We specifically focus on the integrator players and analyse the issues in solving the genomic data integration challenges, as well as evaluate the computational environments that they provide to follow up data integration by means of visualization and analysis tools.
Using off-target data from whole-exome sequencing to improve genotyping accuracy, association analysis and polygenic risk prediction
Authors: Dou Jinzhuang , Wu Degang , Ding Lin , Wang Kai , Jiang Minghui , Chai Xiaoran , Reilly Dermot F , Tai E Shyong , Liu Jianjun , Sim Xueling , Cheng Shanshan , Wang Chaolong 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has been widely used to study the role of protein-coding variants in genetic diseases. Non-coding regions, typically covered by sparse off-target data, are often discarded by conventional WES analyses. Here, we develop a genotype calling pipeline named WEScall to analyse both target and off-target data. We leverage linkage disequilibrium shared within study samples and from an external reference panel to improve genotyping accuracy. In an application to WES of 2527 Chinese and Malays, WEScall can reduce the genotype discordance rate from 0.26% (SE= 6.4 × 10−6) to 0.08% (SE = 3.6 × 10−6) across 1.1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the deeply sequenced target regions. Furthermore, we obtain genotypes at 0.70% (SE = 3.0 × 10−6) discordance rate across 5.2 million off-target SNPs, which had ~1.2× mean sequencing depth. Using this dataset, we perform genome-wide association studies of 10 metabolic traits. Despite of our small sample size, we identify 10 loci at genome-wide significance (P &lt; 5 × 10−8), including eight well-established loci. The two novel loci, both associated with glycated haemoglobin levels, are GPATCH8-SLC4A1 (rs369762319, P = 2.56 × 10−12) and ROR2 (rs1201042, P = 3.24 × 10−8). Finally, using summary statistics from UK Biobank and Biobank Japan, we show that polygenic risk prediction can be significantly improved for six out of nine traits by incorporating off-target data (P &lt; 0.01). These results demonstrate WEScall as a useful tool to facilitate WES studies with decent amounts of off-target data.