bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported exposure to, perceptions about, and attitudes about public marijuana smoking among US adults, 2018
Authors: Schauer Gillian L. , Tynan Michael A. , Marynak Kristy 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsEleven US states and the District of Columbia have legalized the non‐medical use of marijuana. Public marijuana smoking is generally prohibited, although some states have considered exemptions. This study assessed attitudes about public marijuana smoking, perceptions of harm from marijuana second‐hand smoke (SHS) and self‐reported marijuana SHS exposure.DesignInternet panel survey fielded in June–July 2018.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsUS adults aged ≥ 18 years (n = 4088).MeasurementsCurrent (past‐30 day) tobacco product use, current marijuana use, opinions about public indoor marijuana smoking, perceptions of harm from marijuana SHS and self‐reported past‐7 day exposure to marijuana SHS in public indoor or outdoor areas were assessed. Weighted prevalence estimates were computed and correlates were assessed using logistic and multinomial regression.FindingsOverall, 27.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 25.7, 29.1] of adults reported past‐week marijuana SHS exposure in indoor and/or outdoor public areas; younger adults, blacks, Hispanics, those in the Northeast or West, and current marijuana and/or tobacco users were more commonly exposed (Ps < 0.0001). More than half of adults (52.4%; 95% CI = 50.7, 54.2) regarded marijuana SHS as harmful, and most (81.0%; 95% CI = 79.5, 82.4) opposed public marijuana smoking. Correlates of favoring public marijuana smoking included being male, younger (Ps < 0.01), black or Hispanic, past‐month tobacco and/or marijuana users and perceiving no/low harm from marijuana SHS (Ps < 0.0001).ConclusionWhile one in four US adults report recent marijuana second‐hand smoke exposure, a majority believe marijuana second‐hand smoke is harmful and most oppose public marijuana smoking.
Cumulative Risk of Substance Use in Community College Students
Authors: Salgado García Francisco , Bursac Zoran , Derefinko Karen J. 
Published: January 2020

Background and ObjectivesSubstance use in community college students has been explored in only a handful of studies. Differences in population characteristics and substance use between 2‐ and 4‐year students suggest that different factors may promote and thwart this behavior. Cumulative risk is a parsimonious methodology that provides better model stability and more statistical power, yet it has only been recently used in substance use research. The aim of this study is to investigate multiple aspects of substance use risk in a population in need of substance use prevention and intervention services.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of community college students (N = 288; 75% female) examining the relative contributions of different domains of cumulative risk (eg, life stressors, academic stressors, and mental health diagnoses) to develop different profiles of risk across substance use classes (ie, alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and hard drug use).ResultsCumulative risk analyses indicated that alcohol and tobacco use were associated with the domains of life stressors and peer/family substance use, marijuana use with peer/family substance use and stressful childhood experiences, and hard drug use with peer/family substance use, lack of social support, low access to care, and stressful childhood experiences.Discussion and ConclusionsDifferent strategies for prevention and intervention may be necessary to effectively address different forms of substance use in this population.Scientific SignificanceThe risk domain profiles related to specific drugs may lead to targeted interventions to reduce substance use in community college students. (Am J Addict 2020;29:97–104)
Bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone versus lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone in multiple myeloma patients at first relapse
Authors: Montefusco Vittorio , Corso Alessandro , Galli Monica , Ardoino Ilaria , Pezzatti Sara , Carniti Cristina , Patriarca Francesca , Gherlinzoni Filippo , Zambello Renato , Sammassimo Simona , Marcatti Magda , Nozza Andrea , Crippa Claudia , Cafro Anna Maria , Baldini Luca , Corradini Paolo 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBortezomib‐ and lenalidomide‐containing regimens are well‐established therapies in multiple myeloma (MM). However, despite their extensive use, head‐to‐head comparisons have never been performed. Therefore, we compared bortezomib and lenalidomide in fixed‐duration therapies. In this open‐label, phase III study, we randomized MM patients at first relapse to receive either nine cycles of bortezomib plus cyclophosphamide plus dexamethasone (VCD) or lenalidomide plus cyclophosphamide plus dexamethasone (RCD). The primary endpoint was achievement of a very good partial response (VGPR) or better at six weeks after nine treatment cycles. From March 2011 to February 2015, 155 patients were randomized. VGPR or better was achieved by 12 patients (15%) in the VCD arm and 14 patients (18%) in the RCD arm (P = 0·70). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 16·3 (95% CI: 12·1–22·4) with VCD and 18·6 months (95% CI: 14·7–25·5) with RCD, and the two‐year overall survival (OS) was 75% (95% CI: 66–86%) and 74% (95% CI: 64–85%) respectively. In subgroup analyses, no differences in PFS were observed in bortezomib‐ and lenalidomide‐naïve patients, nor in patients who received a bortezomib‐based regimen in first line. Adverse events were consistent with the well‐established safety profiles of both drugs. Bortezomib and lenalidomide treatments were equally effective in terms of depth of response, PFS, and OS in MM patients at first relapse.
No selection for cheating in a natural meta‐population of rhizobia
Authors: Frederickson Megan E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhether natural selection favours ‘cheating’ in mutualisms is hotly debated. Gano‐Cohen et al. (2019a) report a negative correlation between fitness and mutualist quality in rhizobia, suggesting that rhizobia evolve to cheat. However, reanalysis of their data shows that the correlation is an artefact of unequal sampling across populations.
Urban growth in a post‐2000 central Chinese urban agglomeration: Case study of the Changzhutan region
Authors: Zheng Yanting , Xu Wanting , Dai Lizhu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe rapid development of coastal urban agglomerations in China has gained global attention since the 1980s. Recently, several regions in the Central China have also experienced rapid economic development. The objectives of this paper are to explore whether the spatial pattern of urban growth in Central China's urban agglomerations is the same as those costal ones and whether it is driven by anything other than external forces. Using the Changzhutan region as an example, this study analyses the economic transformation and spatial restructuring of the populations in urban agglomerations in Central China and explores the driving factors of urban growth using regression models. We find that most of the population is concentrated in prefecture‐level city districts and county seats, which is markedly different from the large‐scale regional population agglomerations found in the coastal urban agglomerations. Domestic investment, instead of foreign investment, and human capital, has become important factors driving the population migration. This finding sharply contrasts with the pattern found in coastal urban agglomerations, where regional concentrations of the population and economic activities are primarily driven by labour‐intensive and global economies. This case study may serve as a basis for future urban planning and management in Central China.
Academic staff flight from Ethiopian public universities: Causes and possible solutions
Authors: Alemayehu Binyam Zewde , Woldemariam Getahun Kelemework 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe have fair level of understanding about the cost of high employee turnover; however, our knowledge regarding how employers adjust themselves to counter the problem is very much limited, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia. Hence, this study was conducted with the purpose of throwing a light on the uncharted part of employee retention in Ethiopian higher education. The study identifies determinants of academic staff retention by employing a mix of descriptive statistics, factor analysis and multiple regression techniques. A sample of 380 active academic staff was selected from three major public universities. Besides, unstructured interview was conducted with 15 lecturers who had left their respective universities. The result indicates that academic staff willingness to stay in their current institution is contingent on leader's qualities in building an environment that guarantees participation and fosters concern for followers, availability of a reward system that is competitive and fair, a range of benefit packages, prevalence of fair human resource policies and practices, and perceived attractiveness of cities/towns where the institutions are located. The study explains the limitations of the ongoing attempts aimed at retaining the academics and highlights actions that must be taken to improve employee retention.
Institutional characteristics, investment sensitivity to cash flow and Tobin's q: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa region
Authors: Al‐Nasser Abdallah Abed , Abdallah Wissam , Saad Mohsen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe examine the sensitivity of corporate investment to stock‐market valuations (measured by Tobin's q) and internal funds (measured by cash flow) in a setting that captures the unique country institutional characteristics of the Middle East and North Africa region. We report a higher sensitivity of investments to cash flow than Tobin's q. However, both sensitivities are unaffected by the country institutional characteristics. By examining the sensitivity of investments to cash flow and Tobin's q before and after the 2008 global financial crisis, we document that the investment‐cash flow relation has weakened over time, while the investment‐Tobin's q relation has significantly strengthened. Finally, after dividing our country sample into resource‐rich and resource‐poor countries, the importance of cash flow over Tobin's q in the determination of corporate investment levels is asserted and the role of financial markets is found to be restricted to resource‐rich countries only.
Use of artificial intelligence for the estimation of effective moisture diffusivity, specific energy consumption, color and shrinkage in quince drying
Authors: Taghinezhad Ebrahim , Kaveh Mohammad , Jahanbakhshi Ahmad , Golpour Iman 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn the study, drying process of quince fruit was accomplished in a microwave‐convective dryer (MCD). The experiments were carried out at microwave power levels of 100, 200, and 300 W, air temperatures of 40, 55, and 70°C, and air velocities of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/s. Nevertheless, three artificial intelligence techniques consisted of artificial neural networks (ANNs), particle swarm optimizer (PSO), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO) were evaluated to predict the parameters of
Deff, SEC, ΔE, and
Sb. In the evaluation the data by ANNs, input parameters of networks consisted the values of air temperature, microwave power, and air velocity. According to the results, the maximum values of effective moisture diffusivity (
Deff) and specific energy consumption (SEC) were 1.71 × 10−9 m2/s and 126.07 kWh/kg, respectively. In addition, minimum values of total change in color (ΔE) and shrinkage (
Sb) of quince achieved 10.85 and 33.85%, respectively. For predicting all parameters, three models used in the study represented good predictive capability with R2 > 0.97. The obtained results showed that the GWO model had better predictive performance than the ANN and PSO models.Practical ApplicationDrying food and agricultural products by application of microwave‐hot air blend dryers can be a good alternative to hot air and microwave dryers. Microwave energy infiltrates the product and facilitates heat release from the product and thus reduces drying time compared to single dryers. The main aim of applying such different models, mathematical simulation or modeling in the drying technology of agricultural products is to transform physical qualities and their interactions into numerical quantities and mathematical relationships.
Nurses' perceptions of systems and hierarchies shaping their responses to child abuse and neglect
Authors: Lines Lauren Elizabeth , Grant Julian Maree , Hutton Alison 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNurses have an important role in preventing and responding to child abuse and neglect. This paper reports on nurses' perceptions of how organisational systems and hierarchies shaped their capacity to respond to child abuse and neglect. This is one of four key themes identified through an inductive analysis of data from a broader qualitative study that explored nurses' perceptions and experiences of keeping children safe. The study was guided by social constructionist theory, and data were collected through in‐depth interviews with nurses working with children in Australia (n = 21). Key findings showed that nurses experienced many challenges to responding to child abuse, including difficulties sharing information, fear of making mistakes and inflexible systems of care. This was underpinned by an organisational ‘rule‐centred’ culture of following policies at the expense of maintaining an explicit focus on children's needs. These findings demonstrate first the importance of creative and flexible thinking from individual professionals, so policies are enacted with a clear child focus. Second, they highlight the need for leadership to enact organisational and systemic cultural change that maintains a genuinely child‐centred approach.
Ventricular tachycardia oversensing in S‐ICD patients: Case‐based brief review
Authors: Zoppo Franco , Mangiameli Daniele , Perazza Luca , Lardieri Gerardina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA 76‐year‐old woman with permanent atrial fibrillation and a mechanical aortic valve came to our attention. Echocardiography showed a 50‐55% ejection fraction (EF) with good prosthesis performance. For symptomatic bradyarrhythmia, she received a VVI pacemaker (Proponent MRI L2010 model; Boston Scientific.). During follow‐up, frequent symptomatic (presyncopal) episodes of nonsustained episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) were detected. Amiodarone proved unsuccessful; she was then offered an upgrade to an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and a subcutaneous ICD (S‐ICD) was chosen by the patient. A few weeks later, two sustained VT were detected and effectively treated with 80‐J shock delivery. In both cases, device interrogation revealed a VT rate around 163 bpm (370 ms cycle length), below the lowest device detection cutoff. The report is a case‐based review.
Anesthesia for shared airway surgery in children
Authors: Bradley James , Lee Gi Soo , Peyton James 
Published: January 2020

AbstractShared airway surgery in children is a complex, high‐risk undertaking that requires continuous communication and cooperation between the anesthetic and surgical teams. Airway abnormalities commonly seen in children, the surgical options, and the anesthetic techniques that can be used to care for this vulnerable population are discussed. Many of these procedures were traditionally carried out using jet ventilation, or intermittent tracheal intubation, but increasingly spontaneously breathing “tubeless” techniques are being used. This review has been written from both the surgical and anesthetic perspective, highlighting the concerns that both specialties have in relation to the maintenance of surgical access and operating conditions, and the need for the provision of anesthesia, oxygenation, and ventilation where the airway is the primary site of operation.
Los Angeles as a digital place: The geographies of user‐generated content
Authors: Ballatore Andrea , De Sabbata Stefano 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOnline representations of places are becoming pivotal in informing our understanding of urban life. Content production on online platforms is grounded in the geography of their users and their digital infrastructure. These constraints shape place representation, that is, the amount, quality, and type of digital information available in a geographic area. In this article we study the place representation of user‐generated content (UGC) in Los Angeles County, relating the spatial distribution of the data to its geo‐demographic context. Adopting a comparative and multi‐platform approach, this quantitative analysis investigates the spatial relationship between four diverse UGC datasets and their context at the census tract level (about 685,000 geo‐located tweets, 9,700 Wikipedia pages, 4 million OpenStreetMap objects, and 180,000 Foursquare venues). The context includes the ethnicity, age, income, education, and deprivation of residents, as well as public infrastructure. An exploratory spatial analysis and regression‐based models indicate that the four UGC platforms possess distinct geographies of place representation. To a moderate extent, the presence of Twitter, OpenStreetMap, and Foursquare data is influenced by population density, ethnicity, education, and income. However, each platform responds to different socio‐economic factors and clusters emerge in disparate hotspots. Unexpectedly, Twitter data tend to be located in denser, more deprived areas, and the geography of Wikipedia appears peculiar and harder to explain. These trends are compared with previous findings for the area of Greater London.
On the Validity of Scaling Transient Conjugate Heat Transfer Characteristics
Authors: Maffulli R. , Marinescu G. , He L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Accurate prediction of unsteady thermal loads is of paramount importance in several engineering disciplines and applications. Performing time-accurate unsteady conjugate heat transfer (CHT) simulations presents considerable challenges due to the markedly different time scales between the solid and fluid domains. Two methods have been recently proposed, aimed at addressing this issue: multiscale modeling (MSM) and equalized time-scales (ET). The former is based on the separation of the disparate short and long temporal scales of the solution and subsequent averaging of the flow/energy equations. In the latter, the equalization of the time scales is achieved through manipulation of the solid's thermal properties. Both methods are very appealing due to the possibility of being easily implemented on an existing solver. It becomes, thus, relevant to assess their performance and/or limitations. This paper work presents a comparative study of the two methods for the prediction of transient thermal load, first using a simplified case of a solid body with uniform temperature, then through the investigation of the prewarming phase of a steam turbine. Both methods are then compared against a reference baseline fully coupled (FC) CHT solution. The results show how the MSM allows greater accuracy and robustness with considerable saving in computational cost with respect to the baseline solution.
A Starting Control Strategy of Single-Cylinder Two-Stroke Free-Piston Engine Generator
Authors: Lu Jinkang , Xu Zhaoping , Liu Dong , Liu Liang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Free-piston engine generator is a novel energy conversion system, which is known to have advantages of variable compression ratio and variable fuel. The free-piston must be controlled to overcome challenges like misfire, after-combustion, and other abnormal combustion in the starting process, as well as to prevent the piston from colliding with the cylinder head. This article proposes a control strategy based on the combustion state for the cold start-up process of single-cylinder two-stroke free-piston engine generator. The combustion state is judged based on in-cylinder pressure at the early beginning of expansion stroke, and the duration and direction of coil current are adjusted to ensure the aimed bottom turning center of the stroke. A control-oriented model including the cold start-up combustion model of the prototype is presented, and the control strategy is verified by the experiment of the prototype. The results show that the free-piston engine generator can start successfully and overcome abnormal combustion during the cold start-up process.
Step Counts From Satellites: Methods for Integrating Accelerometer and GPS Data for More Accurate Measures of Pedestrian Travel
Authors: Wood Brian M. , Pontzer Herman , Harris Jacob A. , Mabulla Audax Z.P. , Hamilton Marc T. , Zderic Theodore W. , Beheim Bret A. , Raichlen David A. 
Published: January 2020

The rapid adoption of lightweight activity tracking sensors demonstrates that precise measures of physical activity hold great value for a wide variety of applications. The corresponding growth of physical activity data creates an urgent need for methods to integrate such data. In this paper, we demonstrate methods for 1) synchronizing accelerometer and Global Positioning System (GPS) data with optimal corrections for device-related time drift, and 2) producing principled estimates of step counts from GPS data. These methods improve the accuracy of time-resolved physical activity measures and permit pedestrian travel from either sensor to be expressed in terms of a common currency, step counts. We show that sensor-based estimates of step length correspond well with expectations based on independent measures, and functional relationships between step length, height, and movement speed expected from biomechanical models. Using 123 person-days of data in which Hadza hunter-gatherers wore both GPS devices and accelerometers, we find that GPS-based estimates of daily step counts have a good correspondence with accelerometer-recorded values. A multivariate linear model predicting daily step counts from distance walked, mean movement speed, and height has an R2 value of 0.96 and a mean absolute percent error of 16.8% (mean absolute error = 1,354 steps; mean steps per day = 15,800; n = 123). To best represent step count estimation error, we fit a Bayesian model and plot the distributions of step count estimates it generates. Our methods more accurately situate accelerometer-based measures of physical activity in space and time, and provide new avenues for comparative research in biomechanics and human movement ecology.
Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future
Authors: Josselyn Sheena A. , Tonegawa Susumu 
Published: January 2020

The neural substrate of memory
The ability to form memory is an essential trait that allows learning and the accumulation of knowledge. But what is a memory? There has been a long history of searching for the neuronal substrate that forms memory in the brain, and the emerging view is that ensembles of engram cells explain how memories are formed and retrieved. In a Review, Josselyn and Tonegawa discuss the evidence for engram cells as a substrate of memory, particularly in rodents; what we have learned so far about the features of memory, including memory formation, retrieval over time, and loss; and future directions to understand how memory becomes knowledge.

Science
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