bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Trauma Center Verification Level on Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Undergoing Interfacility Transfer
Authors: Plurad David S. , Geesman Glenn , Mahmoud Ahmed , Sheets Nicholas , Chawla‐Kondal Bhani , Ayutyanont Napatkamon , Ghostine Samer , Guldner Gregory 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrevious literature demonstrates increased mortality for traumatic brain injury (TBI) with transfer to a Level II versus Level I trauma center. Our objective was to determine the effect of the most recent American College of Surgeons–Committee on Trauma (ACS‐COT) “Resources for the Optimal Care of the Injured Patient” resources manual (“The Orange Book”) on outcomes after severe TBI after interfacility transfer to Level I versus Level II center.MethodsUtilizing the Trauma Quality Program Participant Use File of the American College of Surgeons admission year 2017, we identified patients with isolated TBI undergoing interfacility transfer to either Level I or Level II trauma center. Logistic regression was performed to determine independent associations with mortality.ResultsThere were 10,268 (71.6%) transferred to a Level I center and 4,025 (28.4%) were transferred to a Level II center. They were mostly male (61.4%) with a mean ± SD age of 61 ± 20.8 years. Mean Injury Severity Score was 16.3 ± 6.3 and most were injured in a single‐level fall (51.5%). Patients transferred to a Level I center were less likely to be White (82.3% vs. 84.7%, 0.002) and more likely to have sustained penetrating trauma (2.7% vs. 1.6%, <0.001). The incidence of severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] = 3–8) was similar (9.3% vs. 8.3%, 0.068). On logistic regression, severity of TBI predicted death; however, there was no difference in adjusted mortality outcome with admission to a Level II versus a Level I center (0.998 [0.836–1.192], 0.985).ConclusionsThere is no mortality discrepancy in patients with isolated TBI transferred to a Level II versus Level I center despite previous contrary evidence and thus no reason to bypass a Level II in favor of a Level I. This relative improvement potentially relates to the new requirements as defined in the latest version of the ACS‐COT’s resources manual.
Pitching research for engagement and impact: a simple tool and illustrative examples
Authors: Faff Robert , Kastelle Tim , Axelsen Micheal , Brosnan Mark , Michalak Rebecca , Walsh Kathleen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUsing Faff’s pitching research template as a base (first‐phase scholarly pitch), Faff and Kastelle developed a research pitch tool targeting non‐academic external stakeholders/end users. The 'pitching research for engagement and impact' (PR4EI) second‐phase pitch augments the original tool, retaining its underlying philosophy. The current paper formally presents the PR4EI framework and illustrates the approach with four paired examples from diverse settings, namely: international finance, business model evolution, auditing, and organisational behaviour.
Familial risk and heritability of depression by age at first diagnosis in Danish twins
Authors: Wium‐Andersen M.K , Dalgaard Villumsen M. , Wium‐Andersen I.K. , Jørgensen M.B. , Hjelmborg J.B. , Christensen K. , Osler M. 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveFamilial and genetic factors seem to contribute to the development of depression but whether this varies with age at diagnosis remains unclear. We examined the influence of familial factors on the risk of depression by age at first diagnosis.MethodsWe included 23 498 monozygotic and 39 540 same‐sex dizygotic twins from the population‐based Danish Twin Registry, followed from 1977 through 2011 in nationwide registers. We used time‐to‐event analyses accounting for censoring and competing risk of death to estimate cumulative incidence, casewise concordance, relative recurrence risk, and heritability of first depression by age using monozygotic and same‐sex dizygotic twin pairs.ResultsDuring follow‐up, a total of 1545 twins were diagnosed with depression. For twins at age 35 or younger at first depression, heritability was estimated to be 24.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6–43.1%), whereas at age 90 it was 14.7% (95% CI, 3.1–26.3%). The relative recurrence risk was higher at younger ages: At age 35, the risk was 27.7‐fold (95% CI, 20.0–35.5) and 6.9‐fold (95% CI, 3.9–9.8) higher than the population risk for monozygotic and same‐sex dizygotic twins, respectively, while the corresponding numbers were 3.0 (95% CI, 2.3–3.6) and 1.8 (95% CI, 1.3–2.2) at age 90. Heritability seemed similar for male and female twins.ConclusionFamilial risk of depression, caused either by genes or shared environment, seemed to slightly decrease with age at diagnosis and an elevated concordance risk for monozygotic over same‐sex dizygotic pairs suggested a genetic contribution to the development of depression.
The venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients receiving thoracic surgery: A systematic review
Authors: Wang Qin , Ding Jiefang , Yang Rusong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant and preventable cause of mortality and morbidity in thoracic surgery. It usually deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PE). We conducted this article to perform a systematic review on prophylaxis of perioperative VTE in patients undergoing thoracic surgery especially lung surgery and esophageal surgery and to identify potential areas for future research.MethodsThe systematic review we conducted included studies of patients undergoing thoracic surgery especially lung surgery and esophageal surgeryResultsThe study identified 2621 references. Finally, 22 trials with a total of 9072 patients were included. Only six studies declared that they continued a follow‐up after the discharge of the patients. (range: 1‐3 months); three studies reported on major bleeding events as an outcome measure, and the incidence varied from 0.8% to 1.6%. Total 346 VTEs occurred, and the overall mean risk of VTE was estimated at 3.8% (range: 0.77‐27%).ConclusionsThe evidence for using thromboprophylaxis in thoracic surgery is limited and controversial, predominantly based on clinical consensus. Future research is needed to focus on identifying risk of VTE and providing sufficient evidence with high quality to support clinical strategies concerning the prophylaxis for VTE.
Dupilumab is effective in type 2‐high asthma patients receiving high‐dose inhaled corticosteroids at baseline
Authors: Bourdin Arnaud , Papi Alberto A. , Corren Jonathan , Virchow J. Christian , Rice Megan S. , Deniz Yamo , Djandji Michel , Rowe Paul , Pavord Ian D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDupilumab blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin (IL)‐4/IL‐13, key drivers of type 2 inflammation. In phase 2b (NCT01854047) and phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST (NCT02414854), add‐on dupilumab 200/300 mg every 2 weeks (q2w) reduced severe exacerbations, improved prebronchodilator (pre‐BD) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and quality of life measures, and it was generally well tolerated in patients with uncontrolled, persistent (phase 2b), or moderate‐to‐severe (phase 3) asthma.MethodsIn patients on high‐dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with type 2‐high asthma (subgroups including baseline blood eosinophils ≥150/300 cells/µL and/or fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO] ≥25 ppb), annualized severe exacerbation rates over the treatment period, changes from baseline in pre‐BD FEV1 and asthma control (5‐item asthma control questionnaire [ACQ‐5]) were analyzed.ResultsIn high‐dose ICS type 2‐high subgroups, dupilumab 200/300 mg q2w vs placebo in the phase 2b (24 weeks) and phase 3 (52 weeks) studies significantly reduced severe exacerbations by 55%‐69%/57%‐60% (all P<.05) and 53%‐69%/48%‐66% (all P < .001), respectively, except in patients with ≥ 300 eosinophils/µL in phase 2b study (24%/50% (P = .52/0.15). Across subgroups, pre‐BD FEV1 improved by 0.18‐0.22 L/0.19‐0.24 L (all P < .05) and 0.23‐0.36 L/0.15‐0.25 L (all P < .01) and ACQ‐5 scores were reduced by 0.46‐0.55/0.47‐0.85 (all P < .05) and 0.38‐0.50/0.24‐0.30 (all P < .05), respectively, except dupilumab 200 mg q2w in phase 2b in patients with FeNO ≥ 25 ppb (0.41; P = .09). Dupilumab was also effective in patients taking medium‐dose ICS.ConclusionDupilumab significantly reduced severe exacerbations and improved lung function and asthma control in patients with type 2‐high asthma on high‐dose ICS at baseline.
Natriuretic peptides relax human intrarenal arteries through natriuretic peptide receptor type‐A recapitulated by soluble guanylyl cyclase agonists
Authors: Frees Andreas , Assersen Kasper B. , Jensen Mia , Hansen Pernille B.L. , Vanhoutte Paul M. , Madsen Kirsten , Federlein Anna , Lund Lars , Toft Anja , Jensen Boye L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimNatriuretic peptides, BNP and ANP increase renal blood flow in experimental animals. The signalling pathway in human kidney vasculature is unknown. It was hypothesized that BNP and ANP cause endothelium‐independent relaxation of human intrarenal arteries by vascular natriuretic peptide receptor‐A, but not ‐B and ‐C, which is mimicked by agonists of soluble guanylyl cyclase sGC.MethodsHuman (n = 54, diameter: 665 ± 29 µm 95% CI) and control murine intrarenal arteries (n = 83, diameter 300 ± 6 µm 95% CI) were dissected and used for force recording by four‐channel wire myography. Arterial segments were pre‐contracted, then subjected to increasing concentrations of BNP, ANP, phosphodiesterase 5‐inhibitor sildenafil, sGC‐activator BAY 60‐2770 and ‐stimulator BAY 41‐2272. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dependence was examined by use of L‐NAME and eNOS knockout respectively. Molecular targets (NPR A‐C, sGC, phosphodiesterase‐5 and neprilysin) were mapped by PCR, immunohistochemistry and RNAscope.ResultsBNP, ANP, sildenafil, sGC‐activation and ‐stimulation caused concentration‐dependent relaxation of human and murine intrarenal arteries. BNP responses were independent of eNOS and were not potentiated by low concentration of phosphodiesterase‐5‐inhibitor, sGC‐stimulator or NPR‐C blocker. PCR showed NPR‐A and C, phosphodiesterase‐5, neprilysin and sGC mRNA in renal arteries. NPR‐A mRNA and protein was observed in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in arteries, podocytes, Bowmans capsule and vasa recta. NPR‐C was observed in tubules, glomeruli and vasculature.ConclusionActivation of transmembrane NPR‐A and soluble guanylyl cyclase relax human preglomerular arteries similarly to phosphodiestase‐5 inhibition. The human renal arterial bed relaxes in response to cGMP pathway.
Adherence to COVID‐19 Precautionary Measures: Applying the Health Belief Model and Generalised Social Beliefs to a Probability Community Sample
Authors: Tong Kwok Kit , Chen Juliet Honglei , Yu Eilo Wing‐yat , Wu Anise M. S. 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundIn the face of the global pandemic of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19), people’s adherence to precautionary behavioral measures (e.g. social distancing) largely influences the effectiveness of those measures in containing the spread of the coronavirus. The present study aims at testing the applicability of the health belief model (HBM) and generalised social beliefs (i.e. social axioms) to explore strategies for promoting adherence to COVID‐19 precautionary measures.MethodsWe conducted a telephone survey with a two‐step stratified random sampling method and obtained a probability sample of 616 adults in Macao, China (18–87 years old; 60.9% women) in April 2020.ResultsOur participants showed stronger adherence to some COVID‐19 precautionary measures (e.g. face mask wearing; 96.4%) but not others (e.g. social distancing; 42.3%). Their adherence to those measures was found to be significantly associated with four HBM factors and two social axioms, after controlling for gender, age, and years of education.ConclusionsThe HBM and the generalised social beliefs of social cynicism and reward for application can be applied to understanding adherence to precautionary measures against COVID‐19. Strategies based on beliefs were proposed to facilitate the promotion of precautionary measures.
Population pharmacokinetics, safety and dosing optimization of voriconazole in patients with liver dysfunction: A prospective observational study
Authors: Tang Dan , Yan Miao , Song Bai‐li , Zhao Yi‐chang , Xiao Yi‐wen , Wang Feng , Liang Wu , Zhang Bi‐kui , Chen Xi‐jing , Zou Jian‐jun , Tian Yi , Wang Wen‐long , Jiang Yong‐fang , Gong Guo‐zhong , Zhang Min , Xiang Da‐xiong 
Published: October 2020

AimsVoriconazole is a broad‐spectrum antifungal agent for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. There is limited information about the pharmacokinetics and appropriate dosage of voriconazole in patients with liver dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the relationship between voriconazole trough concentration (Ctrough) and toxicity, identify the factors significantly associated with voriconazole pharmacokinetic parameters and propose an optimised voriconazole dosing regimen for patients with liver dysfunction.MethodsThe study prospectively enrolled 51 patients with 272 voriconazole concentrations. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to explore the relationship between voriconazole Ctrough and toxicity. The pharmacokinetic data was analysed with nonlinear mixed‐effects method. Dosing simulations stratified by total bilirubin (TBIL, TBIL‐1: TBIL < 51 μmol/L; TBIL‐2: 51 μmol/L ≤ TBIL < 171 μmol/L; TBIL‐3: TBIL ≥ 171 μmol/L) were performed.ResultsReceiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that voriconazole Ctrough of ≤ 5.1 mg/L were associated with significantly lower the incidence of adverse events. A 1‐compartment pharmacokinetic model with first‐order absorption and elimination was used to describe the data. Population pharmacokinetic parameters of clearance, volume of distribution and oral bioavailability were 0.88 L/h, 148.8 L and 88.4%, respectively. Voriconazole clearance was significantly associated with TBIL and platelet count. The volume of distribution increased with body weight. Patients with TBIL‐1 could be treated with a loading dose of 400 mg every 12 hours (q12h) for first day, followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg q12h administered orally or intravenously. TBIL‐2 and TBIL‐3 patients could be treated with a loading dose of 200 mg q12h and maintenance doses of 50 mg q12h or 100 mg once daily and 50 mg once daily orally or intravenously, respectively.ConclusionsLower doses and longer dosing intervals should be considered for patients with liver dysfunction. TBIL‐based dosing regimens provide a practical strategy for achieving voriconazole therapeutic range and therefore maximizing treatment outcomes.
Affordances of a mobile learner‐generated tool for pupils’ English as a second language vocabulary learning: An ecological perspective
Authors: Song Yanjie , Ma Qing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper reports on a case study of English as a second language (ESL) vocabulary learning that examined a group of Grade 4 students’ mobile learning experiences of bridging in‐class and real‐life vocabulary learning mediated by a mobile learner‐generated content (m‐LGC) tool. This study was premised on the proposed framework of mobile vocabulary learning from an ecological perspective using the concept of affordances, taking the topic of “Food” as an example. Data collection included learning logs created by students and a questionnaire about students’ perceptions of the m‐LGC tool for vocabulary learning. The results revealed four types of affordances of the m‐LGC tool that the learners perceived and acted on in real life outside the classroom, namely: vocabulary form‐meaning mapping, consolidating vocabulary by productive use, vocabulary revision and social affordance. The students’ perceptions of the m‐LGC tool for vocabulary learning were positive. This study shows that the various affordances helped students in applying newly learned words to real‐life contexts. Social affordance provided the social contexts for communication via peer interaction, vocabulary expansion as well as the creation of a learning community.
Person‐centred respite supports: The perspectives of adults with intellectual disabilities in Ireland
Authors: Gadd Teresa 
Published: October 2020

Accessible SummaryThis study looks at the experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities using respite services in Ireland. Some adults stayed overnight in a respite house, and others were part of evening and weekend groups.Overall, the adults were happy with their respite supports.They suggested nine important ways that respite services can meet a person's needs and support them to do the things they want to do.The adults said it was important to have fun, time and space, choice, and to be independent at respite. They should have a chance to build friendships and be in groups that work well together. It is important to get on well with staff too. Respite supports must meet different needs. Persons with disabilities should take part in the design and management of respite supports.A national policy for respite in disability services is needed in Ireland. The views and suggestions of persons with disabilities should be considered if a policy is developed.AbstractBackgroundRespite supports are highly valued by persons with disabilities and their families/carers. In Ireland, there has been regular commentary in relation to a lack of respite services, with users and other stakeholders reporting limited access, inequity of provision, and long waiting lists for support.Materials and MethodsMuch of the research on respite focuses on the views of carers, with little account of the experiences of persons with disabilities. This study examines the perspectives of twenty‐eight adults with intellectual disabilities; most are regular users of traditional and/or alternative respite services. Information was gathered through individual interviews and focus groups.FindingsParticipants identified nine key elements of a person‐centred respite service; fun, time and space, choice, independence, friendships, compatible groupings, positive relationships with staff, flexible supports, and user involvement in service design and delivery.ConclusionsPerson‐centred supports should enable individuals to achieve maximum well‐being and flourish in all aspects of their lives. This study found that at a personal level, respite services and the interactions that occur within them are person‐centred in that they support the individual to do the things they want to do, make everyday choices, try new activities, develop positive relationships, and have a good quality of life. However, at the level of service planning and decision‐making, there is less evidence of a person‐centred approach. Participants reported having little involvement in the design and delivery of respite services at local or national level. The development of a respite policy in Ireland, that considers the views of respite service users, would be welcome.
Accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and activated microglia is associated with lower neuron densities in the aphasic variant of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Ohm Daniel T. , Fought Angela J. , Martersteck Adam , Coventry Christina , Sridhar Jaiashre , Gefen Tamar , Weintraub Sandra , Bigio Eileen , Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Rogalski Emily , Geula Changiz 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid‐ß plaques (AP) that comprise Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology are associated with neurodegeneration and microglial activation. Activated microglia exist on a dynamic spectrum of morphologic subtypes that include resting, surveillant microglia capable of converting to activated, hypertrophic microglia closely linked to neuroinflammatory processes and AD neuropathology in amnestic AD. However, quantitative analyses of microglial subtypes and neurons are lacking in non‐amnestic clinical AD variants, including primary progressive aphasia (PPA‐AD). PPA‐AD is a language disorder characterized by cortical atrophy and NFT densities concentrated to the language‐dominant hemisphere. Here, a stereologic investigation of five PPA‐AD participants determined the densities and distributions of neurons and microglial subtypes to examine how cellular changes relate to AD neuropathology and may contribute to cortical atrophy. Adjacent series of sections were immunostained for neurons (NeuN) and microglia (HLA‐DR) from bilateral language and non‐language regions where in vivo cortical atrophy and Thioflavin‐S‐positive APs and NFTs were previously quantified. NeuN‐positive neurons and morphologic subtypes of HLA‐DR‐positive microglia (i.e., resting [ramified] microglia and activated [hypertrophic] microglia) were quantified using unbiased stereology. Relationships between neurons, microglia, AD neuropathology, and cortical atrophy were determined using linear mixed models. NFT densities were positively associated with hypertrophic microglia densities (P < 0.01) and inversely related to neuron densities (P = 0.01). Hypertrophic microglia densities were inversely related to densities of neurons (P < 0.01) and ramified microglia (P < 0.01). Ramified microglia densities were positively associated with neuron densities (P = 0.02) and inversely related to cortical atrophy (P = 0.03). Our findings provide converging evidence of divergent roles for microglial subtypes in patterns of neurodegeneration, which includes hypertrophic microglia likely driving a neuroinflammatory response more sensitive to NFTs than APs in PPA‐AD. Moreover, the accumulation of both NFTs and activated hypertrophic microglia in association with low neuron densities suggest they may collectively contribute to focal neurodegeneration characteristic of PPA‐AD.
Sedimentation and viscosity controls on forearc high growth
Authors: Fernández‐Blanco David , Mannu Utsav , Cassola Teodoro , Bertotti Giovanni , Willett Sean D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCrustal rheology and surface processes strongly influence strain distribution and shape of orogenic wedges at their front but how they influence the wedge rear is still unclear. Here, we analyse the coupled control of viscosity and sedimentation on forearc high growth during advanced stages of subduction accretion. We use 2D thermo‐mechanical finite element models constrained with data of the south Anatolian margin. Our simulations show that forearc highs grow as a thermally‐activated viscosity drop in the lower crust induces ductile deformation and viscous flow. Initial viscosity and the amount of sediments in the forearc basin control non‐linearly the occurrence and timing of the thermally‐activated viscosity drop, and thus of the growth of the forearc high. High sedimentation rates result in thicker forearc basins that stabilise the subduction wedge and delay the onset of uplift in the forearc high. Low viscosities promote earlier onset of forearc high uplift and lead to larger morphological variability along the subduction margin. Increasing either the sedimentation rate or viscosity may prevent forearc high formation entirely. The thermo‐viscous forearc highs grow at an age set by wedge thermal state as a function of accretionary flux, wedge viscosity, and synorogenic sedimentation. Our models explain vertical motions in south Anatolia and potentially in other accretionary margins, like the Lesser Antilles or Cascadia, during the formation of their broad forearc highs.