bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and psychometric testing of a questionnaire to assess Nurse’s perception of risks during enteral nutrition
Authors: Feng Ping , Yang Hui-Li , Xu Lan , Ojo Omorogieva , Lu Xiao-Yan , Zhang Hai-Ying , Wang Xiao-Hua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Enteral nutrition (EN) therapy is widely used in clinical practice to provide artificial nutrition to patients, while the incidence of adverse events are relatively highly. In the clinical setting, the occurrence of adverse events is associated with the nurse’s risk perception. Thus, using tool to evaluate nurse’s risk perception of enteral nutrition is necessary.

Methods
The draft questionnaire with 37-items was formed by comprehensive literature reviews and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 11 nurses. Two iterations of expert consultations were used to evaluate the content validity, and 4 items were deleted in this phrase. A 33-items questionnaire was used to survey 352 nurses from five tertiary hospitals in China from May to July 2019 with convenience sampling. Content validity, construct validity and known-groups validity were evaluated by content validity index (CVI), exploratory factor analysis, and the comparisons of the different EN risk perception levels of nurses at different working departments and different educational backgrounds, respectively. Reliability was tested by internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and split-half reliability.

Results
After the exploratory factor analysis, four items were excluded. Finally, the newly developed questionnaire included 29 items explaining 71.356% of the total variance. It consisted of three factors: Risks of operation (15 items); Risks of EN-related adverse events (11 items), and Risks of EN solution selection (3 items). The CVI of the questionnaire was 0.95 and the CVI of items ranged from 0.875–1.0. The results of known-groups validity showed that the nurses with different educational backgrounds had a statistically significant difference of EN risk perception (z = − 3.024, p = 0.002), whereas there was not significantly different between EN risk perception of nurses working in different departments (z = − 1.644, p = 0.100). The Cronbach’s α, test-retest reliability, and split-half reliability of the questionnaire were 0.967, 0.818, and 0.815, respectively.

Conclusions
The newly developed questionnaire for assessing nurse’s EN risk perception showed good reliability and validity. It can be used as a tool for nursing managers to assess Chinese nurses’ EN risk perception ability, so as to help to reduce the occurrence of adverse events during EN implementation.
The political economy of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation in Latin America: lessons from Mexico, Chile and Colombia
Authors: Carriedo Angela , Koon Adam D. , Encarnación Luis Manuel , Lee Kelley , Smith Richard , Walls Helen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn Latin America, total sales of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) continue to rise at an alarming rate. Consumption of added sugar is a leading cause of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Coalitions of stakeholders have formed in several countries in the region to address this public health challenge including participation of civil society organizations and transnational corporations. Little is currently known about these coalitions – what interests they represent, what goals they pursue and how they operate. Ensuring the primacy of public health goals is a particular governance challenge. This paper comparatively analyses governance challenges involved in the adoption of taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages in Mexico, Chile and Colombia. The three countries have similar political and economic systems, institutional arrangements and regulatory instruments but differing policy outcomes.MethodsWe analysed the political economy of SSB taxation based on a qualitative synthesis of existing empirical evidence. We identify the key stakeholders involved in the policy process, identified their interests, and assess how they influenced adoption and implementation of the tax.ResultsCoalitions for and against the SSB taxation formed the basis of policy debates in all three countries. Intergovernmental support was critical to framing the SSB tax aims, benefits and implementation; and for countries to adopt it. A major constraint to implementation was the strong influence of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the policy process. A lack of transparency during agenda setting was notably enhanced by the powerful presence of TNCs.ConclusionNCDs prevention policies need to be supported across government, alongside grassroots organizations, policy champions and civil society groups to enhance their success. However, governance arrangements involving coalitions between public and private sector actors need to recognize power asymmetries among different actors and mitigate their potentially negative consequences. Such arrangements should include clear mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability of all partners, and prevent undue influence by industry interests associated with unhealthy products.
Endoscopic retrieval of an accidentally ingested bur during a dental procedure: a case report
Authors: Kunaparaju Keerthana , Shetty Karthik , Jathanna Vinod , Nath Kartik , M Roma 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Accidental ingestion of a dental bur during the dental procedure is a rare, but a potentially serious complication. Early recognition and foreign body retrieval is essential to prevent adverse patient outcomes.

Case presentation
A 76-year old male patient, presented to the department with a chief complaint of sensitivity in his upper right back tooth due to attrition. After assessing the pulp status, root canal therapy was planned for the tooth. During the procedure, it was noticed that the dental bur slipped out of the hand piece and the patient had accidentally ingested it. The patient was conscious and had no trouble while breathing at the time of ingestion of the bur although he had mild cough which lasted for a short duration. The dental procedure was aborted immediately and the patient was taken to the hospital for emergency care. The presence and location of the dental bur was confirmed using chest and abdominal x-rays and it was subsequently retrieved by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) procedure under general anaesthesia on the same day as a part of the emergency procedure. The analysis of this case reaffirms the importance of the use of physical barriers such as rubber dams and gauze screens as precautionary measures to prevent such incidents from occurring.

Conclusion
Ingestion of instruments are uncertain and hazardous complications to encounter during a dental procedure. The need for physical barrier like rubber dam is mandatory for all dental procedures. However, the dentist should be well trained to handle such medical emergencies and reassure the patient by taking them into confidence. Each incident encountered should be thoroughly documented to supply adequate guidance for treatment aspects. This would fulfil the professional responsibilities of the dentist/ clinician and may help avoid possible legal and ethical issues. This case report emphasizes on the need for the usage of physical barriers during dental procedures in order to avoid medical emergencies.
Prevalence of burnout among intensivists in mainland China: a nationwide cross-sectional survey
Authors: Wang Jing , Hu Bo , Peng Zhiyong , Song Huimin , Cai Shuhan , Rao Xin , Li Lu , Li Jianguo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Burnout has gained increasing attention worldwide; however, there is a lack of relevant research in China. This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with burnout in physicians of the intensive care unit (ICU) in mainland China.

Methods
This cross-sectional multicenter study included critical care physicians from all provinces in mainland China (except Tibet). A self-administered survey questionnaire was conducted. It included three parts: demographic information, lifestyle and work information, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The levels of burnout were calculated. The factors independently associated with burnout were analyzed by logistic regression.

Results
Finally, 1813 intensivists participated in the survey. The participation rate was 90.7%. The prevalence of burnout and severe burnout was 82.1% (1489/1813) and 38.8% (704/1813), respectively. According to the logistic regression analysis, “difficulty in making treatment decisions” was independently associated with burnout [OR = 1.365, CI (1.060, 1.757)]. “Higher number of children” [OR = 0.714, CI (0.519, 0.981)] and higher “income satisfaction” [OR = 0.771, CI (0.619, 0.959)] were independent protective factors against severe burnout.

Conclusions
The burnout rate in ICU physicians in China is high. Difficult treatment decisions, the number of children, and income satisfaction are independently associated with burnout rates among ICU physicians in China.
Trial registration: Burnout syndrome of the Chinese personnel working in intensive care units: a survey in China, ChiCTR-EOC-17013044, registered October 19, 2017. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=22329.
Subcutaneous ticks: a first report in a golden jackal, and their absence in non-canid carnivores
Authors: Mechouk Noureddine , Deak Georgiana , Ionică Angela Monica , Ionescu Dan Traian , Chișamera Gabriel Bogdan , Gherman Călin Mircea , Mihalca Andrei Daniel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Ticks are hematophagous arthropods which normally attach to the surface of the host’s skin. Their aberrant presence in the subcutaneous tissue of a few carnivores, predominantly foxes, has been reported. However, there have been no reports of this phenomenon in other carnivores such as mustelids or golden jackals. Our aim was to investigate the host spectrum for this aberrant localization of ticks.

Methods
Between 2015 and 2020, a total of 198 carcasses of 12 species of carnivore were examined by parasitological necropsy. When a subcutaneous tick was found, the nodule was removed, carefully dissected, and stored in ethanol. The morphological identification of the subcutaneous tick was carried out to species level.

Results
A single subcutaneous tick was found in one carcass, that of a golden jackal (Canis aureus). The tick was identified as a female Ixodes ricinus. All the other carcasses were negative for the presence of subcutaneous ticks.

Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first report of a subcutaneous tick in a golden jackal. This finding broadens the host spectrum of subcutaneous ticks, and reinforces the idea that, among carnivores, this phenomenon only occurs in canids.

Graphical Abstract
Use of SHDM in commutative watermarking encryption
Authors: Schmitz Roland 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSHDM stands for Sphere-Hardening Dither Modulation and is a watermarking algorithm based on quantizing the norm of a vector extracted from the cover work. We show how SHDM can be integrated into a fully commutative watermarking-encryption scheme and investigate implementations in the spatial, DCT, and DWT domain with respect to their fidelity, robustness, capacity, and security of encryption. The watermarking scheme, when applied in the DCT or DWT domain, proves to be very robust against JPEG/JPEG2000 compression. On the other hand, the spatial domain-based approach offers a large capacity. The increased robustness of the watermarking schemes, however, comes at the cost of rather weak encryption primitives, making the proposed CWE scheme suited for low to medium security applications with high robustness requirements.
Heart rate and swimming activity as indicators of post-surgical recovery time of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Føre M. , Svendsen E. , Økland F. , Gräns A. , Alfredsen J. A. , Finstad B. , Hedger R. D. , Uglem I. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Fish telemetry using electronic transmitter or data storage tags has become a common method for studying free-swimming fish both in the wild and in aquaculture. However, fish used in telemetry studies must be handled, anaesthetised and often subjected to surgical procedures to be equipped with tags, processes that will shift the fish from their normal physiological and behavioural states. In many projects, information is needed on when the fish has recovered after handling and tagging so that only the data recorded after the fish has fully recovered are used in analyses. We aimed to establish recovery times of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after an intraperitoneal tagging procedure featuring handling, anaesthesia and surgery.

Results
Based on ECG and accelerometer data collected with telemetry from nine individual Atlantic salmon during the first period after tagging, we found that heart rate was initially elevated in all fish and that it took an average of ≈ 4 days and a maximum of 6 days for heart rate to return to an assumed baseline level. One activity tag showed no consistent decline in activity, and two others did not show strong evidence of complete recovery by the end of the experiment: baseline levels of the remaining tags were on average reached after ≈ 3.3 days.

Conclusion
Our findings showed that the Atlantic salmon used in this study required an average of ≈ 4 days, with a maximum interval of 6 days, of recovery after tagging before tag data could be considered valid. Moreover, the differences between recovery times for heart rate and activity imply that recovery time recommendations should be developed based on a combination of indicators and not just on e.g. behavioural observations.
Metal–organic framework derived nanomaterials for electrocatalysis: recent developments for CO2 and N2 reduction
Authors: Singh Chanderpratap , Mukhopadhyay Subhabrata , Hod Idan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, we are witnessing a substantially growing scientific interest in MOFs and their derived materials in the field of electrocatalysis. MOFs acting as a self-sacrificing template offer various advantages for the synthesis of carbon-rich materials, metal oxides, and metal nanostructures containing graphitic carbon-based materials benefiting from the high surface area, porous structure, and abundance of metal sites and organic functionalities. Yet, despite recent advancement in the field of MOF-derived materials, there are still several significant challenges that should be overcomed, to obtain better control and understanding on the factors determining their chemical, structural and catalytic nature. In this minireview, we will discuss recently reported advances in the development of promising methods and strategies for the construction of functional MOF-derived materials and their application as highly-active electrocatalysts for two important energy-related reactions: nitrogen reduction to produce ammonia, and CO2 reduction into carbon-based fuels. Moreover, a discussion containing assessments and remarks on the possible future developments of MOF-derived materials toward efficient electrocatalysis is included.
Chitopentaose inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing mitochondrial mediated apoptosis and suppressing protective autophagy
Authors: Zhu Chunfeng , Zhao Mengyao , Fan Liqiang , Cao Xuni , Xia Quanming , Zhou Jiachun , Yin Hao , Zhao Liming 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers. In this study, the anti-tumor effect of singular degree of polymerization (DP) chitooligosaccharides (COS) (DP 2–5) and the underlay molecular mechanisms were investigated on HCC cell line HepG2. MTT assay showed that (GlcN)5 have the best anti-proliferation effect among the different DP of COS (DP2-5). Furthermore, the administration of (GlcN)5 could decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, release cytochrome c into cytoplasm, activate the cleavage of Caspases9/3, thus inducing mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells (accounting for 24.57 ± 2.25%). In addition, (GlcN)5 treatment could increase the accumulation of autophagosomes. Further investigation showed that (GlcN)5 suppressed protective autophagy at the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Moreover, the inhibition of protective autophagy flux by (GlcN)5 could further decrease cell viability and increase the apoptosis rate. Our findings suggested that (GlcN)5 suppressed HepG2 proliferation through inducing apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway and impairing cell-protective autophagy. COS might have the potential to be an agent for lowering the risk of HCC.
A new general index of home range overlap and segregation: the Lesser Kestrel in Southern Italy as a case study
Authors: Ferrarini Alessandro , Giglio Giuseppe , Pellegrino Stefania Caterina , Gustin Marco 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is increasing interest in evaluating home-range overlap (or, otherwise, segregation) between bird species, and between or within bird populations, to inform spatial planning. So far, studies of home-range overlap typically make use of comparisons between pairs of individuals, populations or species, and return a matrix of pairwise overlaps (e.g., percent overlaps). However, when the number of individuals, populations or species to be compared is elevated, an overlarge overlap matrix is difficult to interpret from an ecological viewpoint.MethodsWe propose here a new, conceptually simple and computationally efficient index (general overlap index;GOI) for the ready computation within GIS of home range overlap of an arbitrarily large number (i.e.,n ≥ 2) of individuals, populations or species. Whatever the number of home ranges to be compared,GOIalways returns a single score between 0 and 100. As a case study, we applied our index to 24,074 GPS points of 10 Lesser Kestrels (Falco naumanni) in order to estimate within-colony and between-colony overlaps in two neighboring colonies in Southern Italy.ResultsWithin-colony overlap was elevated for both colonies (96.41% at Cassano delle Murge,n = 5 individuals; 81.38% at Santeramo in Colle,n = 5 individuals), while between-colony overlap was low (19.12%;n = 2 colonies) and, after a randomization procedure, more spatially-segregated than expected by chance.ConclusionsModern biotelemetry offers huge amounts of data describing the space use of animal species. The use of intuitive and straightforward indices, likeGOI, can be useful to promptly extract ecological information from such an amount of data (e.g. detecting change in space use over successive years, evaluating the reliability of various home-range estimators).
Landslide susceptibility mapping using statistical methods in Uatzau catchment area, northwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Wubalem Azemeraw 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUatzau basin in northwestern Ethiopia is one of the most landslide-prone regions, which characterized by frequent high landslide occurrences causing damages in farmlands, non-cultivated lands, properties, and loss of life. Preparing a Landslide susceptibility mapping is imperative to manage the landslide hazard and reduce damages of properties and loss of lives. GIS-based frequency ratio, information value, and certainty factor methods were applied. The landslide inventory map was prepared from detailed fieldwork and Google Earth imagery interpretation. Thus, 514 landslides were mapped, and out of which 359 (70%) of landslides were randomly selected keeping their spatial distribution to build landslide susceptibility models, while the remaining 155 (30%) of the landslides were used to model validation. In this study, six factors, including lithology, land use/cover, distance to stream, slope gradient, slope aspect, and slope curvature were evaluated. The effects of the landslide factor of slope instability were determined by comparing with landslide inventory raster using the GIS environment. The landslide susceptibility maps of the Uatzau area were categorized into very low, low, moderate, high and very high susceptibility classes. The landslide susceptibility maps of the three models validated by the ROC curve. The results for the area under the curve (AUC) are 88.83% for the frequency ratio model, 87.03% for certainty factor, and 84.83% of information value models, which are indicating very good accuracy in the identification of landslide susceptibility zones of a region. From these resulted maps, it is possible to recommend, the statistical methods (Frequency Ratio, Information Value, and Certainty Factor Methods) are adequate to landslide susceptibility mapping. The landslide susceptibility maps can be used for regional land use planning and landslide hazard mitigation purposes.
The causes of infertility in women presenting to gynaecology clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe; a cross sectional study
Authors: Madziyire Mugove G. , Magwali Thulani L. , Chikwasha Vasco , Mhlanga Tinovimba 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Infertility affects 48.5 million couples globally. It is defined clinically as failure to conceive after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. The contribution of various aetiological factors to infertility differs per population. The causes of infertility have not been assessed in Zimbabwe. Our objectives were to determine the reproductive characteristics, causes and outcomes of women presenting for infertility care.

Methods
A retrospective and prospective study of women who had not conceived within a year of having unprotected intercourse presenting in private and public facilities in Harare was done. A diagnosis was made based on the history, examination and results whenever these were deemed sufficient. Data was analysed using STATA SE/15. A total of 216 women were recruited.

Results
Of the 216 women recruited, two thirds (144) of them had primary infertility. The overall period of infertility ranged from 1 to 21 years with an average of 5.6 ± 4.7 years whilst 98 (45.4%) of the couples had experienced 2–4 years of infertility and 94 (43.5%) had experience 5 or more years of infertility. About 1 in 5 of the women had irregular menstrual cycles with 10 of them having experienced amenorrhoea of at least 1 year. Almost half of the participants (49%) were overweight or obese. The most common cause for infertility was ‘unexplained’ in 22% of the women followed by tubal blockage in 20%, male factor in 19% and anovulation in 16%. Of the 49 (22.7%) women who conceived 21(9.7%) had a live birth while 23 (10.7%) had an ongoing pregnancy at the end of follow up. Thirty-seven (17.1%) had Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) in the form of Invitro-fertilisation/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (IVF/ICSI) or Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI). Assisted Reproduction was significantly associated with conception.

Conclusion
Most women present when chances of natural spontaneous conception are considerably reduced. This study shows an almost equal contribution between tubal blockage, male factor and unexplained infertility. Almost half of the causes are female factors constituted by tubal blockage, anovulation and a mixture of the two. Improved access to ART will result in improved pregnancy rates. Programs should target comprehensive assessment of both partners and offer ART.