bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silver Linings
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Can we find any positive value in death, in which we can take solace? This question of the book is raised through recollection of the author’s confrontation with his mother’s cancer diagnosis. The issue is not whether slowly dying is bad. Nor is it whether we might benefit from some sort of afterlife. Rather, it is whether we can take solace from the fact that we will die.
Gratitude
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the possibility that we might find positive value in death if we are grateful for the life of which death is a part. But can we be grateful for bad things? There are blessings in disguise, where we are grateful for a good result of some bad event. However, in these cases we’d rather have the good result without the bad event. And if we try to find these hidden values in death, we run into the problem that the usual ways in which death has good side-effects—it can cause us to reevaluate our priorities and live life fully—are elusive, unstable, and diminishing.
The Rise of Political Action Committees
Authors: Charnock Emily J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book explores the origins of political action committees (PACs) in the mid-twentieth century and their impact on the American party system. It argues that PACs were envisaged, from the outset, as tools for effecting ideological change in the two main parties, thus helping to foster the partisan polarization we see today. It shows how the very first PAC, created by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1943, explicitly set out to liberalize the Democratic Party by channeling campaign resources to liberal Democrats while trying to defeat conservative Southern Democrats. This organizational model and strategy of “dynamic partisanship” subsequently diffused through the interest group world—imitated first by other labor and liberal allies in the 1940s and 1950s, then adopted and inverted by business and conservative groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Previously committed to the “conservative coalition” of Southern Democrats and northern Republicans, the latter groups came to embrace a more partisan approach and created new PACs to help refashion the Republican Party into a conservative counterweight. The book locates this PAC mobilization in the larger story of interest group electioneering, which went from a rare and highly controversial practice at the beginning of the twentieth century to a ubiquitous phenomenon today. It also offers a fuller picture of PACs as not only financial vehicles but electoral innovators that pioneered strategies and tactics that have come to pervade modern US campaigns and helped transform the American party system.
A Labor-Liberal Constellation
Authors: Charnock Emily J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the initial diffusion of the PAC concept from the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) to other labor organizations, including the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and liberal ideological groups. Though the AFL had previously opposed the CIO’s partisan electoral strategy and the formation of P.A.C., it came to emulate both following passage of the Taft-Hartley Act by a Republican Congress in 1947, forming Labor’s League for Political Education (LLPE) to engage in elections. That same year, two avowedly “liberal” groups were created to bolster the anti-Communist Left and champion liberal Democrats: the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the National Committee for an Effective Congress (NCEC). The chapter traces the intertwined electoral efforts and tactical innovations of these liberal and labor organizations through the AFL-CIO merger in 1955, the subsequent creation of their joint PAC, the Committee on Political Education (COPE), and the latter’s activities in the 1956 elections.
Open approach to rivers
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 provides an overview of the Open approach, focusing on its merits, progress, and prospects and showing how it can be more conducive to sustainable development. It shows that the Open approach is not a passive approach but requires sustained activities along many dimensions, including both flood-proofing and flood-regulating measures. The chapter follows the progression of the Open approach. It discusses the reflection of this approach in the European Union’s Directive on Floods and its implementation. It takes note of country level initiatives in many European countries, such as the Netherlands’ “Room for River” project, that conform with the Open approach. The chapter then examines some recent policy changes in the United States regarding the Mississippi levee system that also reflect the Open approach. It also reviews the progress of the Open approach in other parts of the world.
Open approach to rivers in a delta
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 12 presents the progress of and problems faced by the Open approach in the Bengal Delta and draws attention to the special merits of the Open approach in confronting the adverse effects of climate change in this delta. It surveys the findings of river scholars in the Indian part of the delta favoring the Open approach. Reviewing progress in the Bangladesh part of the delta, the chapter follows the struggle against the Flood Action Plan (FAP) that argued for big embankment projects in the wake of the historic flood of 1988. It notes the changes that took place in Bangladesh’s water-related institutional set up following the FAP process and the prospects they hold for promoting the Open approach. The chapter also presents a few examples of water projects that conform with the Open approach. It offers a critique of the recently formulated Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 that fails to make a clear break from the Cordon approach. It reviews the development of the renewed, broad-based civic movement in Bangladesh for adoption of the Open approach.
Early Attempts at Revival in Massachusetts
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on schooling in Massachusetts between the Revolution and the reforms commonly associated with Horace Mann and the Common School Awakening. After surveying the legislative history, especially focusing on laws passed in 1789 and 1827, it looks at two specific efforts to reform education in the 1820s. The first involved Lancasterian schools. After William Bentley Fowle’s success in launching a monitorial school in Boston, Josiah Quincy, the city’s mayor, attempted to implement this method on a broader scale. The second reform examined is James Carter’s campaign to found a state-sponsored teacher training college. Both of these efforts at reform failed. Notably, these campaigns lacked strong religious components. This chapter thus serves as a negative example, a foil that throws into relief the religious appeals treated in other chapters.
The Common School Awakening in Ohio
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter narrates the key developments in the movement to systematize and professionalize Ohio’s schools, which culminated in 1837 with the creation of the office of the superintendent of common schools. In many ways, Ohio resembled Massachusetts: religious reformers pointed to the example of Prussia in a successful campaign to introduce legislative change. In other respects, however, the case of Ohio differed. One important contrast between the course of the Common School Awakening in the two states involves the scope of the legislative victories achieved in each. In Massachusetts, the board of education and state-sponsored normal schools that came into existence in the 1830s continued largely unchanged for decades. In Ohio, however, the awakening did not result in a state-sponsored normal school and the superintendent office that it created passed out of existence when its first occupant resigned.
Just Get Off the Internet
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Digital attacks against women are rarely taken seriously. The US legal system and the major social media platforms (where the majority of the abuse transpires) each fail women as their attacker and attack-focused accountability systems are incapable of addressing the cumulative experience of identity-based attacks online. Meanwhile, victim blaming, the privileging of physical over nonphysical harm and the imposition of a false dichotomy between digital and “real” life all minimize women’s experiences with digital hate. Interviews with women who have been attacked online show that this trivialization is so pervasive that even victims internalize it: minimizing their own experiences, even as they vociferously reject others’ attempts to do so. Struggling with this internalized trivialization and aware that few legal or platform-based recourse options exist, women rarely report their abuse. When they do, it is seldom gratifying. In the end, targets are left with the perception that they enter digital publics at their own risk.
Little Boys on Their Own
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter traces the musical educations of Domenico Cimarosa, a contemporary of Mozart, in the 1760s and of Henri Busser, a contemporary of Claude Debussy, in the 1880s. Though born into quite different worlds, their experiences as fatherless boys taken in by conservatories were very similar. For both of them, instruction was largely nonverbal. They did not learn from reading about music. They learned by constantly imitating and creating music. That is, in modern terms, they learned predominantly “by ear,” although they also learned to read and write music.
Masters Take Up the Challenge
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The early conservatories were trade schools. Over a period of about ten years they needed to transform orphans, then thought of as social outcasts, into skilled craftsmen who could earn a productive income and become self-supporting. So they developed practical methods to give boys the skills needed to become professional church organists, court composers, opera singers, orchestral musicians, or choir directors. The chapter surveys the historically most important music masters in Italy and the types of innovative lessons that they developed.
Child Labor
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The early conservatories were boarding schools. As children acquired useful musical skills, they were rented out to perform in the city. At what point does practical education turn into child labour and exploitation? From the perspective of earlier centuries, most children were expected to work. Farm children worked in the fields, the children of craftsmen and merchants worked in their shops. Families often needed the free labour of their children to make ends meet, and through work the children developed knowledge of the family business. The balance between learning and working shifted in a bad way with the industrial revolution. One can see similar forms of exploitation in the marketing of child musical prodigies. The chapter discusses the lives of three prodigies, one of whom was Mozart.
Partimenti and the Power of Improvisation
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Like a lead sheet in popular music, a partimento gives a performer a single line of music to aid in the performance of a multivoice composition. Lead sheets provide a simplified melody and symbols for chords. Partimenti provide a bass and sometimes figured-bass numbers to indicate specific intervals. In both cases the reconstruction works well if the performer has a good knowledge of the style of music involved and a memory for the kinds of musical patterns needed. In Naples, children played the written partimento with their left hands at a small harpsichord. With their right hands they improvised the types of melodies, chords, and counterpoints implied by the bass. Beginners may have improvised mostly simple chords. Intermediate-level students improvised melodies and counterpoints. And advanced students developed highly contrapuntal realizations that included partimento fugues.
Predicting Creativity within a Tradition
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Creativity, in the context of traditional arts, is more about finding inventive combinations of well-known elements than about coming up with something entirely new. Within conservatories, the masters used annual contests to reward or weed out students who were good or bad at combining various learned schemas in artistic ways. The chapter examines some harmony assignments completed by Claude Debussy. While he was one of the most original composers in music history, he was also very good at combining traditional schemas in response to a given melody or bass. Two of his assignments for the class of Émile Durand are among his earliest known musical expressions.
Sidelining the States
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how federalism has played an important role in immigration enforcement and challenged presidents of both parties, thus helping to structure national debates over the place of immigrants in American society. The cooperation of state and local officials turns out to be critical to the project of locating and deporting immigration violators. Today, local officials work as formal and informal partners to the federal government, serve as sources of information and bureaucratic expertise, and provide personnel essential to federal enforcement efforts. The integration of federal and state officials into a single immigration enforcement bureaucracy has expanded and complicated the President’s power over immigration law. Particularly when immigration federalism has taken a partisan turn, powerful incentives have arisen for the President to co-opt, crush, or otherwise control local initiatives in order to push immigration policy in the administration’s preferred direction. Both the Obama and Trump eras provide vivid examples of this centralizing tendency. Presidential efforts to consolidate power in these circumstances has never been complete, however. Because the Executive Branch cannot escape its bureaucratic reliance on local institutions, the delegation of meaningful power to nonfederal officials remains part of the system whether presidential administrations like it or not.
Designing One Nation
Authors: Schreiter Katrin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The histories of East and West Germany traditionally emphasize the Cold War rivalries between the communist and capitalist nations. Yet, even as the countries diverged in their political directions, they had to create new ways of working together economically. This book examines the material culture of increasing economic contacts in divided Germany from the 1940s until the 1990s. Trade events, such as fairs and product shows, became one of the few venues for sustained links and knowledge between the two countries after the building of the Berlin Wall. The book uses industrial design, epitomized by the furniture industry, to show how a network of politicians, entrepreneurs, and cultural brokers attempted to nationally re-inscribe their production cultures, define a postwar German identity, and regain economic stability and political influence in postwar Europe. What started as a competition for ideological superiority between East and West Germany quickly turned into a shared, politically legitimizing quest for an untainted post-fascist modernity. This work follows products from the drawing board into the homes of ordinary Germans to offer insights into how converging visions of German industrial modernity created shared expectations about economic progress and living standards. The book reveals how intra-German and European trade policies drove the creation of products and generated a certain convergence of East and West German taste by the 1980s.
Producing Modern German Homes
Authors: Schreiter Katrin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the idea of nation branding. The term nation branding describes a branding effort at the national level that substantially follows the logics that develop the specific properties of a product brand. Such branding evolved in the postwar period in Germany from simply harnessing firm reputation to employing symbolic values, such as cultural or historical factors. On both sides, coherent communication was crucial for the success of branding. To reinvigorate the “Made in Germany” brand, a network of designers and producers created a narrative of political signifcance around their products. Similar to a product brand, the products of national domestic culture were intended to offer both German populations a sense of identity as well as promote their cultural achievements abroad.
From Competition to Cooperation
Authors: Schreiter Katrin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the influence of Cold War diplomacy on German design. Within the bipolarity of the Cold War, the political significance of aesthetics in everyday objects was well established. Taking the focus of the superpowers to interrogate the specifically German cultural politics behind the aestheticization of separate identities—proletarian in the East and cosmopolitan in the West—highlights German interests in the global Cold War. It is in the operationalization of industrial design for diplomatic purposes, in which economic culture and foreign policy directly connect. In order to show how material culture emerged as a recognizable language in the intra-German relationship and what functions it served, this chapter integrates the material with the diplomatic ambitions of the two German states. In this way, East and West German cultural-political strategies that sought to negotiate a German-German modus vivendi through the medium of domestic culture can be connected to the complex history of Cold War German diplomacy within the framework of international industrial design exhibitions, international design organizations, and direct German-German cultural exchanges. At the center stands the question of how both Germanys turned a competitive situation, the aestheticization of their respective political orders, into a diplomatic tool for rapprochement.
Peace Love Yoga
Authors: Jain Andrea R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Peace Love Yoga analyzes growing spiritual industries and their coherence with neoliberal capitalism. “Personal growth,” “self-care,” and “transformation” are just some of the generative tropes in the narrative of these industries. The book illuminates the power dynamics underlying what the author calls neoliberal spirituality, illustrating how spiritual commodities are rooted in concerns about deviancy, not only in the form of low productivity but also forms of social deviancy. The book, however, does not just offer one more voice bemoaning the commodification of spirituality as a numbing device through which consumers ignore the problems of neoliberal capitalism or as the corruption or loss of “authentic” religious forms. Instead, it asks what we should make of subversive spiritual discourses that call on adherents to think beyond the individual and even out into the environment, claims to counter the problems of unbridled capitalism with charitable giving or “conscious capitalism,” challenges to the imperialism behind the appropriation and commodification of products from yoga to mindfulness, calls for women’s empowerment, and efforts to greenwash commodities, making them more environmentally “friendly” or “sustainable.” Rather than a mode through which consumers ignore, escape, or are numbed to the problems of neoliberal capitalism, many spiritual industries, corporations, entrepreneurs, and consumers, the book suggests, do actually acknowledge those problems and, in fact, subvert them; but they subvert them through mere gestures. From provocative taglines printed across T-shirts or packaging to calls for “conscious capitalism,” commodification serves as a strategy through which subversion itself is contained.
The Way of Cane
Authors: Arbiter Eric 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The philosophical, musical, personal and scientific basis for the author’s particular approach to reed-making. The importance of the communication of being human as expressed through the arts in general and music in particular. Knowing, not knowing and intimacy as aspects of good reed-work. The method of building reeds which are both beautiful to hear and comfortable to play is introduced. The concept of the distribution of the cane affects the tone quality and ease of playing is introduced. Reeds are seen as interconnected to our concept of sound musicianship and our grounding in the physical world.
On Inhumanity
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Rwandan genocide, the Holocaust, the lynching of African Americans, the colonial slave trade: these are horrific episodes of mass violence spawned from racism and hatred. We like to think that we could never see such evils again—that we would stand up and fight. But something deep in the human psyche—deeper than prejudice itself—leads people to persecute the other: dehumanization, or the human propensity to think of others as less than human. This book looks at the mechanisms of the mind that encourage us to see someone as less than human. There is something peculiar and horrifying in human psychology that makes us vulnerable to thinking of whole groups of people as subhuman creatures. When governments or other groups stand to gain by exploiting this innate propensity, and know just how to manipulate words and images to trigger it, there is no limit to the violence and hatred that can result.
Introduction
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the author's personal background and motivations for studying dehumanization. These anecdotes set the stage for a brief look into the complexity of dehumanization and its many horrendous results throughout history through today. The chapter argues that dehumanization takes place on two fronts. One part is resisting the dehumanizing impulse in ourselves. To do that, we must acknowledge that we are capable of dehumanizing others, and we must have knowledge of what it is about the human mind that disposes us to regard our fellow human beings as less than human. But the psychological dimension is only half the story, as this chapter shows. The other half is social and political.
Self-Engineering
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter illustrates how, as hypersocial animals, we have strong inhibitions against harming our own kind, but we are also able to recognize that doing harm to others can benefit those who are capable of overcoming their reluctance to performing acts of violence. Here, culture does more than allow us to engineer material artifacts. It also allows us to engineer ourselves. Our knack for culture gives Homo sapiens vastly greater behavioral flexibility than is available to any other species, because it creates conditions that allow us to push back against some of the biological imperatives of human nature itself. Through culture, we can get ourselves to behave in ways that would otherwise be unavailable to us. Among these are ways that we have found to overcome our visceral aversion to performing acts of calculated, instrumental violence against our own kind. The chapter argues that it is thus our feats of self-engineering that have made certain kinds of violence—by far, the most destructive kinds of violence—possible.