bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting among young children with a significant cognitive delay in 47 low‐income and middle‐income countries
Authors: Emerson E. , Savage A. , Llewellyn G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundUndernutrition in early childhood is associated with a range of negative outcomes across the lifespan. Little is known about the prevalence of exposure to undernutrition among young children with significant cognitive delay.MethodSecondary analysis of data collected on 161 188 three‐ and four‐year‐old children in 47 low‐income and middle‐income countries in Rounds 4–6 of UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Of these, 12.3% (95% confidence interval 11.8–12.8%) showed evidence of significant cognitive delay.ResultsIn both middle‐income and low‐income countries, significant cognitive delay was associated with an increased prevalence of exposure to three indicators of undernutrition (underweight, wasting and stunting). Overall, children with significant cognitive delay were more than twice as likely than their peers to be exposed to severe underweight, severe wasting and severe stunting. Among children with significant cognitive delay (and after controlling for country economic classification group), relative household wealth was the strongest and most consistent predictor of exposure to undernutrition.ConclusionsGiven that undernutrition in early childhood is associated with a range of negative outcomes in later life, it is possible that undernutrition in early childhood may play an important role in accounting for health inequalities and inequities experienced by people with significant cognitive delay in low‐income and middle‐income countries.
Preparation and evaluation of a novel solid dispersion using leucine as carrier
Authors: Xia Xiaojing , Tan Zeng , Fan Yaru , Hu Ying , Deng Jin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to develop a novel formulation of oleanolic acid (OA) solid dispersion (SD), using leucine (Leu) as the carrier to improve OA oral bioavailability.

Methods
The OA-Leu SD was prepared by solvent evaporation and was evaluated in vitro using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, flowability, hygroscopicity and dissolution test. The stability of the SD was evaluated using accelerated testing. In vivo pharmacokinetic tests were performed in male Sprague Dawley rats using a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry bioanalytical method.

Key findings
OA-Leu SD was successfully prepared, and OA was mostly in an amorphous state. More than 80% of OA could dissolve in OA-Leu SD in 20 min, while only 13.4% of free OA dissolved. The powder flow of OA-Leu SD was clearly improved compared with free OA and its moisture absorption was 3.4%. The accelerated testing further demonstrated that SD could maintain OA in an amorphous state at 40 °C for 6 months. OA-Leu SD showed higher relative oral bioavailability (189.7%) than free OA in rats.

Conclusions
Using Leu as a carrier produced a SD with good flowability, low hygroscopicity and high bioavailability.
Effect of atorvastatin on Aβ1–42-induced alteration of SESN2, SIRT1, LC3II and TPP1 protein expressions in neuronal cell cultures
Authors: Çelik Hande , Karahan Hande , Kelicen-Uğur Pelin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Sestrins (SESNs) and sirtuins (SIRTs) are antioxidant and antiapoptotic genes and crucial mediators for lysosomal autophagy regulation that play a pivotal role in the Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, statins have been linked to the reduced prevalence of AD in statin-prescribed populations yet molecular basis for the neuroprotective action of statins is still under debate.

Methods
This study was undertaken whether Aβ-induced changes of SESN2 and SIRT1 protein expression, autophagy marker LC3II and lysosomal enzyme TPP1 affected by atorvastatin (Western blot) and its possible role in Aβ neurotoxicity (ELISA).

Key findings/results
We showed that SESN2 and LC3II expressions were elevated, whereas SIRT1 and TPP1 expressions were decreased in the Aβ1–42-exposed human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Co-administration of atorvastatin with Aβ1–42 compensates SESN2 increase and recovers SIRT1 decline by reducing oxidative stress, decreasing SESN2 expression and increasing SIRT1 expression by its neuroprotective action. Atorvastatin induced LC3II but not TPP1 level in the Aβ1–42-exposed cells suggested that atorvastatin is effective in the formation of autophagosome but not on the expression of the specific lysosomal enzyme TPP1.

Discussion and conclusion
Together, these results indicate that atorvastatin induced SESN2, SIRT1 and LC3II levels play a protective role against Aβ1–42 neurotoxicity.
The influence of age and body weight gain on enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in turkeys—Allometric approach to dose optimization
Authors: Poźniak Błażej , Tikhomirov Marta , Motykiewicz‐Pers Karolina , Bobrek Kamila , Świtała Marcin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEnrofloxacin is a concentration‐dependent antimicrobial used in bacterial infections in poultry. During a few months of a turkey's life, pharmacokinetics of drugs undergoes substantial changes which may compromise their efficacy due to variability in internal exposure (measured by area under the concentration–time curve, AUC). The aim of this study was to describe the effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of enrofloxacin at a dose of 10 mg/kg to turkeys. It was found that during a 2.5‐month‐long period of growth from 1.4 to 14.6 kg, the AUC after i.v. administration increased almost threefold due to a significant decrease in the body clearance (from a mean of 0.76–0.28 L hr−1 kg−1). Over the same period, the mean elimination half‐life was prolonged from 2.65 to 7.03 hr. Oral administration resulted in a similar trend in pharmacokinetic parameters. For both routes, formation of the major metabolite, ciprofloxacin, was marginal. Protein binding was not age‐dependent and never exceeded 50%. Body clearance, volume of distribution and elimination half‐life were subjected to an allometric analysis and a novel, nonlinear dosage protocol has been proposed to improve the internal exposure to the drug in different age groups of turkeys.
Liver is widely eaten by preschool children in the Northern Cape province of South Africa: Implications for routine vitamin A supplementation
Authors: van Stuijvenberg Martha E. , Schoeman Serina E. , Nel Jana , le Roux Maretha , Dhansay Muhammad A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated a virtual absence of vitamin A deficiency and adequacy of vitamin A intake through consumption of liver in preschool children of a community in the Northern Cape province of South Africa where sheep farming is common, and liver, an exceptionally rich source of vitamin A, is frequently eaten. Only 60–75 g of liver per month is needed to meet the vitamin A requirement of preschool children. Because this may have implications for routine vitamin A supplementation, and because liver consumption for the rest of the province is unknown, the study aim was to establish the prevalence and frequency of liver intake in a provincial‐wide survey. An unquantified liver‐specific food frequency questionnaire, covering a period of 1 month, complemented by a 1‐year recall, was administered to mothers of 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children (n= 2,864) attending primary health care facilities in all five districts and 26 subdistricts. A total of 86% of children were reported to eat liver, which was eaten in all districts by at least 80% of children. The overall median frequency of liver intake was 1.0 [25th, 75th percentiles: 0.5, 3.0] times per month and ranged from 1.0 [0.3, 2.0] to 2.0 [1.0, 4.0] for the various districts. Based on a previously reported portion size of 66 g, these results suggest vitamin A dietary adequacy in all districts and possibly also vitamin A intake exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level in some children. Routine vitamin A supplementation in this province may not be necessary and should be reconsidered.
Terminology and assessment tools of psychosis: A systematic narrative review
Authors: Seiler Natalie , Nguyen Tony , Yung Alison , O'Donoghue Brian 
Published: December 2019

AimPhenomena within the psychosis continuum that varies in frequency/duration/intensity have been increasingly identified. Different terms describe these phenomena, however there is no standardization within the terminology. This review evaluated the definitions and assessment tools of seven terms – (i) ‘psychotic experiences’; (ii) ‘psychotic‐like experiences’; (iii) ‘psychotic‐like symptoms’; (iv) ‘attenuated psychotic symptoms’; (v) ‘prodromal psychotic symptoms’; (vi) ‘psychotic symptomatology’; and (vii) ‘psychotic symptoms’.MethodsEMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL were searched during February–March 2019. Inclusion criteria included 1989–2019, full text, human, and English. Papers with no explicit definition or assessment tool, duplicates, conference abstracts, systematic reviews, meta‐analyses, or no access were excluded.ResultsA total of 2238 papers were identified and of these, 627 were included. Definitions and assessment tools varied, but some trends were found. Psychotic experiences and psychotic‐like experiences were transient and mild, found in the general population and those at‐risk. Psychotic‐like symptoms were subthreshold and among at‐risk populations and non‐psychotic mental disorders. Attenuated psychotic symptoms were subthreshold but associated with distress, risk, and help‐seeking. Prodromal psychotic symptoms referred to the prodrome of psychotic disorders. Psychotic symptomatology included delusions and hallucinations within psychotic disorders. Psychotic symptoms was the broadest term, encompassing a range of populations but most commonly involving hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and disorganization.DiscussionA model for conceptualizing the required terms is proposed and future directions needed to advance this field of research are discussed.
Photosynthetic activity in two heteromorphic life‐history stages of a freshwater red alga,Thorea gaudichaudii(Thoreales) from Japan, in response to an irradiance and temperature gradient
Authors: Kozono Jumpei , Nishihara Gregory N. , Endo Hikaru , Terada Ryuta 
Published: December 2019

SUMMARYWe determined the effect of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthesis of two heteromorphic life‐history stages of an endangered freshwater red alga,Thorea gaudichaudii(Thoreales) by laboratory and field measurements. Net oxygenic photosynthesis–irradiance models of macroscopic and microscopic life‐history stages revealed similar low irradiance‐adapted responses, with a compensation irradiance (Ec) of 6.71 and 2.56 μmol photons m−2s−1(4.30–9.13 and 0.13–7.19, 95% Bayesian prediction interval, BPI) and saturating irradiance (Ek) of 26.6 and 30.0 μmol photons m−2s−1(19.0–37.4 and 12.1–63.0, BPI), respectively. A temperature‐dependent model of net photosynthesis and dark respiration in macroscopic and microscopic stages also showed similar temperature responses, and the gross photosynthetic rate (GPmax), 3.54 and 6.34 μg O2gww−1min−1(3.10–3.99 and 5.31–8.21, BPI), was highest at 32.1 and 35.7°C (29.8–34.0 and 29.5–48.6, BPI). The maximum quantum yields (Fv/Fm) in macroscopic and microscopic stages were also similar in response with respect to temperature; however, it was somewhat steady at low temperatures with the highest value of 0.54 and 0.62 (0.54–0.55 and 0.61–0.63, BPI) at 17.8 and 15.0°C (16.7–18.8 and 12.3–17.1, BPI). The effective quantum yield (ΦPSII) in macroscopic and microscopic stages was also negatively correlated with irradiance, which decreased after 12 h of continuous exposure to 50 (low) and 1000 (high) μmol photons m−2s−1at 12 and 22°C. Large declines ofΦPSIIand subsequent failure ofFv/Fmrecovery were particularly enhanced at high irradiance, signifying photoinhibition. Diurnal change ofΦPSIIand incident irradiance of the macroscopic stage under the field measurement revealed the midday depression ofΦPSII; however, there was little direct sunlight due to shading by the trees, and algae were occurring in the shaded locations in the freshwater spring.
Multivariate Type G Matérn Stochastic Partial Differential Equation Random Fields
Authors: Bolin David , Wallin Jonas 
Published: December 2019

SummaryFor many applications with multivariate data, random-field models capturing departures from Gaussianity within realizations are appropriate. For this reason, we formulate a new class of multivariate non-Gaussian models based on systems of stochastic partial differential equations with additive type G noise whose marginal covariance functions are of Matérn type. We consider four increasingly flexible constructions of the noise, where the first two are similar to existing copula-based models. In contrast with these, the last two constructions can model non-Gaussian spatial data without replicates. Computationally efficient methods for likelihood-based parameter estimation and probabilistic prediction are proposed, and the flexibility of the models suggested is illustrated by numerical examples and two statistical applications.
HIV prevalence and incidence estimates among blood donors in five regions in China
Authors: Shi Ling , Liu Yu , Wang Jingxing , Zeng Peibin , Gao Zhan , Wang Shaoli , Fu Ping , Liu Jing , Mao Wei , He Weilan , Ma Hongli , Huang Mei , Wan Jianhua , Liao Dan , Brambilla Donald , Sullivan Marian , Zou Shimian , Ness Paul , He Miao , Shan Hua ,   for the International Component of the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III)
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious data, although scant, indicated that the incidence of HIV in China has increased over the past decade. There is a growing concern about the impact of the HIV epidemic on blood safety.METHODS AND MATERIALSWe used donation data from five geographically‐disperse blood centers in 2013‐2016 participating in the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS–III) China program to estimate HIV prevalence and incidence among blood donors. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine factors associated with HIV infection in Chinese blood donors.RESULTSThe overall HIV prevalence among first‐time donors from 2013 through 2016 was 68.04 per 100,000 donors (95% CI 61.68–74.40). The HIV incidence rate was estimated to be 37.93 per 100,000 person‐years (95% CI 30.62–46.97) among first‐time donors and 20.55 per 100,000 person‐years (95% CI 16.95–24.91) among repeat donors. There was substantial variation in HIV prevalence and incidence rates across blood centers. Multivariable logistic regression results showed that among first‐time donors, being male, older than 25 years, minority ethnicity, less than college education, and certain occupations (commercial services, factory workers, retired, unemployed, or self‐employed) were associated with positive HIV confirmatory testing results.CONCLUSIONHIV prevalence and incidence among blood donors remain low in the selected five regions in China; however, an increasing trend is observed at some blood centers. It is important to monitor HIV epidemiology in Chinese blood donors on a continuous basis, especially among populations and regions of higher risk.
The left lateral projection is comparable to horizontal beam radiography for identifying experimental small volume pneumoperitoneum in the canine abdomen
Authors: Ng Jiaying , Linn Kathleen A. , Shmon Cindy L. , Parker Sarah , Zwicker Lesley A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNontraumatic spontaneous pneumoperitoneum suggests the presence of gastrointestinal perforation; early detection can be lifesaving. Horizontal beam projections have been reported to be more sensitive than standard radiographic views for detecting small volumes of free peritoneal gas. This prospective, experimental, analytical study compared both left lateral (LL) and ventrodorsal (VD) standard views to horizontal beam projections for detecting small volumes of artificially induced pneumoperitoneum in live dogs. The effect of radiology training on accurate detection of small amounts of free peritoneal air was also assessed. Fourteen dogs had four radiographic projections taken after injection of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mL of cumulative air into their abdominal cavities. Radiographs were interpreted individually by three American College of Veterinary Radiology‐certified radiologists and three small animal internship‐trained veterinarians who were blinded to the air volume injected. At 2.5 and 10 mL of air injected, the LL projection had highest odds of an accurate response (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4 and 99.0 when compared to VD horizontal and VD projections, respectively). At 5 mL of air injected, the lateral horizontal (LH) projection had the highest odds of an accurate response (OR = 3.2 compared to VD horizontal). The LL projection was not significantly different from the LH projection at all volumes of air injected. Board certification led to higher odds of accurate responses at volumes of 5 (OR = 2.2) and 10 mL (OR = 3.6), as compared to nonspecialist veterinarians. Overall, LH and standard LL appeared to be the most useful radiographic projections for detection of small amounts of free peritoneal gas.
Understanding the Impact of Decision Making on Robustness During Complex System Design: More Resilient Power Systems
Authors: Piacenza Joseph R. , Faller Kenneth John , Bozorgirad Mir Abbas , Cotilla-Sanchez Eduardo , Hoyle Christopher , Tumer Irem Y. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Robust design strategies continue to be relevant during concept-stage complex system design to minimize the impact of uncertainty in system performance due to uncontrollable external failure events. Historical system failures such as the 2003 North American blackout and the 2011 Arizona-Southern California Outages show that decision making, during a cascading failure, can significantly contribute to a failure's magnitude. In this paper, a scalable, model-based design approach is presented to optimize the quantity and location of decision-making agents in a complex system, to minimize performance loss variability after a cascading failure, regardless of where the fault originated in the system. The result is a computational model that enables designers to explore concept-stage design tradeoffs based on individual risk attitudes (RA) for system performance and performance variability, after a failure. The IEEE RTS-96 power system test case is used to evaluate this method, and the results reveal key topological locations vulnerable to cascading failures, that should not be associated with critical operations. This work illustrates the importance of considering decision making when evaluating system level tradeoffs, supporting robust design.
Robust Fixed-Time Integral Sliding Mode Control of a Nonlinear Hydraulic Turbine Regulating System
Authors: Huang Sunhua , Wang Jie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The hydraulic turbine regulating system (HTRS) plays an important role in the safe and stable operation of hydropower stations. In this paper, a fixed-time integral sliding mode controller (FTISMC) is designed to make the nonlinear HTRS with disturbances stable in a fixed time. The HTRS is a highly complex, strongly coupled, nonlinear nonminimum phase system, which can ensure the frequency and rotor angle of generator stability by adjusting the guide vane opening. In order to decouple the nonlinear HTRS, the input/output feedback linearization is applied to establish the relationship between the control input and the output of the HTRS. Based on sliding mode control (SMC) theory and fixed-time stability theory, FTISMC is proposed to stabilize the HTRS in a fixed time. Compared with the finite time control method (FTCM), the convergence time of nonlinear HTRS under FTISMC is independent of initial conditions and can be exactly estimated. Meanwhile, the integral sliding surface can avoid singularity, thus eliminating the chattering phenomenon. Finally, the numerical simulation is implemented to demonstrate the superior performances of the proposed FTISMC than the existing PID, SMC, and FTMC.
Computational Investigation of Flow Over Nose Cap of Closed Impeller of Mixed Flow Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Mandhare Neeta Amol , Karunamurthy K. , Ismail Saleel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Flow turbulence near the suction region and over the eye of a closed impeller may be troublesome during the operation of a centrifugal pump. This article aims to bring out a methodology for minimization of flow turbulence and for providing guidance to suction flow by modifying the surface design of the lock nut into a nose cap of optimized profile. The effects of this modification on the performance parameters of closed impeller of a low head, mixed flow centrifugal pump are presented here. Based on geometric constraints and impeller eye diameter, nose caps of 65 mm diameter and various nose tip angles (15–90 deg) and lengths (50–80 mm) are evaluated. Parametric studies are carried out via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses using ansysfluent 17.0 as well as experimental investigations to investigate the effects on head, energy consumption, and overall efficiency for flowrates in the range of 0.25–1.5 times the flowrate at best efficiency point (BEP). The estimates of head developed obtained using CFD and experimental studies match within 4.23%. Results confirm improvement in performance parameters like head and overall efficiency due to the reduction of losses and better flow guidance in the suction region. The performance improvement is greatest for the nose cap of 900 tip angle and 50 mm length at all flowrates.
Determination of Folias Factor for Failure Pressure of Corroded Pipeline
Authors: Sun Mingming , Li Xin , Liu Jinkun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCorrosion assessment and burst pressure prediction of line pipes with corrosion defects are essential for the integrity assessment of steel transmission pipelines. The failure assessment methods proposed in codes or handbooks may be overly conservative or exhibit significant scatter in their predictions. In this paper, the effects of two key parameters—the flow stress and Folias bulging factor, on predicting the failure pressure of pipelines with defects are studied. The Folias bulging factor is suggested by fitting the results from finite element (FE) analysis. Then, a new prediction method for the failure pressure of pipelines with defects is proposed. The failure pressures predicted by the proposed method are in better agreement with the experimental results than the results by the other methods such as B31G, MB31G, Det Norske Veritas (DNV), and rectangular parabolic area (RPA).