bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity matters: temporary employment, productivity and wages in Italian firms
Authors: Cirillo Valeria , Ricci Andrea 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study analyses the relationship between flexible employment, productivity and wages, along their distributions. We use an original firm-level dataset, which combines information on workplace characteristics fromRilevazione su Imprese e Lavoro(RIL) with theAnalisi Informatizzata delle Aziende Italiane(AIDA) balance sheet information for the universe of Italian non-agriculture/financial corporations. We employ different quantile regression models to panel data and find, first, that use of temporary contracts is associated to a reduction in labour productivity and wages at each point in the corresponding distribution; and second, that the negative relationship between labour productivity and wages decreases in magnitude along the quantiles of the productivity and wage distributions, suggesting that low-productive/low-wage firms use temporary employment to permanently staff positions and to compress labour costs.
Subjective annotation for a frame interpolation benchmark using artefact amplification
Authors: Men Hui , Hosu Vlad , Lin Hanhe , Bruhn Andrés , Saupe Dietmar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCurrent benchmarks for optical flow algorithms evaluate the estimation either directly by comparing the predicted flow fields with the ground truth or indirectly by using the predicted flow fields for frame interpolation and then comparing the interpolated frames with the actual frames. In the latter case, objective quality measures such as the mean squared error are typically employed. However, it is well known that for image quality assessment, the actual quality experienced by the user cannot be fully deduced from such simple measures. Hence, we conducted a subjective quality assessment crowdscouring study for the interpolated frames provided by one of the optical flow benchmarks, the Middlebury benchmark. It contains interpolated frames from 155 methods applied to each of 8 contents. For this purpose, we collected forced-choice paired comparisons between interpolated images and corresponding ground truth. To increase the sensitivity of observers when judging minute difference in paired comparisons we introduced a new method to the field of full-reference quality assessment, called artefact amplification. From the crowdsourcing data (3720 comparisons of 20 votes each) we reconstructed absolute quality scale values according to Thurstone’s model. As a result, we obtained a re-ranking of the 155 participating algorithms w.r.t. the visual quality of the interpolated frames. This re-ranking not only shows the necessity of visual quality assessment as another evaluation metric for optical flow and frame interpolation benchmarks, the results also provide the ground truth for designing novel image quality assessment (IQA) methods dedicated to perceptual quality of interpolated images. As a first step, we proposed such a new full-reference method, called WAE-IQA, which weights the local differences between an interpolated image and its ground truth.
Modelling the Quest for Status in Ancient Greece: Paying for Liturgies
Authors: Tridimas George 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe substantive view of the ancient economy argues that social considerations and especially the quest for status featured prominently in ancient Greece. Paying for liturgies, the private finance of public expenditure by wealthy individuals, offered the opportunity to acquire status by choosing the level of contributions to outperform rival providers. Effectively, liturgies were a system of finance of public provision through redistributive taxation sidestepping state administration of taxes and expenditures. Applying the insights of the economic approach to status, the paper examines status competition in ancient Athens and compares paying for liturgies with a hypothetical system of explicit income taxation of the rich. It is concluded that status seeking increased aggregate provision of public goods. The results formalise important aspects of substantivism and illustrate the value of formal economic analysis in the investigation of the ancient Greek economy.
Platelet Rich Plasma as a Treatment Method for Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Hitchen Jack , Wragg Nicholas M. , Shariatzadeh Maryam , Wilson Samantha L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe prevalence of the rotator cuff (RC) tears is ~ 21% in the general population, with higher incidences in individuals over 50. Irrespective of surgical repair techniques employed, re-tear rates are alarmingly high, indicating the need for improvement to the current treatment methods. A method that has recently increased in popularity is the administration of platelet-rich-plasma (PRP), as it has been proposed to significantly encourage and improve healing in a plethora of musculoskeletal tissues, although experimental conditions and results are often variable. This review aims to critically evaluate current literature concerning the use of PRP, specifically for the treatment of RC tears. There are ongoing conflicts debating the effectiveness of PRP to treat RC tears; with literature both in favour and against its use either having profound methodological weaknesses and/or limited applicability to most individuals with RC tears. There are numerous factors that may influence effectiveness, including the subgroup of patients studied and the timing and method of PRP delivery. Thus, in order to ascertain the clinical effectiveness of PRP for RC tears, the preparation protocol and composition of PRP must be standardised, so an accurate assessment and comparisons can be undertaken. Prior to clinical realisation, there is a requirement for a defined, standardised, quality-controlled protocol/procedure considering composition/formulation (of PRP); injury severity, dosage, frequency, timings, controls used, patient group, and rehabilitation programmes. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the initial step to aid the progression of PRP to treat RC tears is to standardise its preparation and delivery.
Quaternion-Based Constrained Dynamics Modeling of a Space Manipulator with Flexible Arms for Servicing Tasks
Authors: Kłak Marcin , Jarzębowska Elżbieta 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe paper presents modeling of space manipulators whose structures are composed of rigid and flexible components. Due to their applications for variety of servicing missions, their dynamics and attitude are described using quaternions. Parameterization by the quaternions does not share Euler angles’ drawbacks and is computationally more efficient. Another challenge is the motion equations derivation method.MethodsDue to poor scalability of Lagrange method equations, authors decided to model the space robot as a set of links subjected to position constraints. The elastic effects are modeled with the assumed mode method successfully applied to a variety of ground manipulators with flexible links. The constrained dynamics approach and the assumed mode method are combined to derive a comprehensive space manipulator dynamics. Its dynamic model is readily scalable in terms of number of both rigid and flexible robotic arms and links.ConclusionsThe paper contributes to the development of effective quaternion-based constrained dynamics for space structures equipped with flexible links. The theory is illustrated by simulation studies of an example of a space manipulator attitude dynamics.
A User‐Friendly Workbook to Facilitate Rapid and Accurate Rare Earth Element Analyses by ICP‐MS for Multispiked Samples
Authors: Wu Y. , Pena L. D. , Goldstein S. L. , Basak C. , Bolge L. L. , Jones K. M. , McDaniel D. K. , Hemming S. R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe rare earth elements (REEs) are widely used as geochemical tracers in the earth, planetary, and ocean sciences. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) has become the method of choice to analyze REE concentrations because it can rapidly measure the entire REE spectrum at the same time. This Technical Report presents a user‐friendly “REE Calculation Workbook” in Microsoft Excel to be used for calculating REE abundances in samples equilibrated with a multielement REE spike. This Workbook can be conveniently used to calculate REE concentrations in natural samples for spiked and unspiked elements measured by ICP‐MS. For the spiked elements, their concentrations are calculated using isotope dilution equations. Using these spiked elements as references, concentrations of the four mono‐isotopic REE elements, and other REE elements that are treated as mono‐isotopic elements (in our case, La and Lu), can be calculated. The REE Workbook can be easily set up for use with different REE spikes. Evaluation of our analytical quality using a quadrupole ICP‐MS on 10‐ml‐sized seawater samples shows that our analyses are comparable to high‐precision thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) studies, with much less time spent processing and analyzing, and with the added advantages of determining mono‐isotopic elements. An important result is the clear demonstration of enrichments in Gd and Er compared to neighboring elements in seawater samples. In addition, we compare and evaluate commonly used reference standards BCR‐1, Post‐Archean Australian Shale (PAAS), and North American Shale Composite (NASC).
First Global‐Scale Synoptic Imaging of Solar Eclipse Effects in the Thermosphere
Authors: Aryal Saurav , Evans J. S. , Correira John , Burns Alan G. , Wang Wenbin , Solomon Stanley C. , Laskar Fazlul I. , McClintock William E. , Eastes Richard W. , Dang Tong , Lei Jiuhou , Liu Huixin , Jee Geonhwa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA total solar eclipse occurred in the Southern Hemisphere on 2 July 2019 from approximately 17 to 22 UT. Its effect in the thermosphere over South America was imaged from geostationary orbit by NASA's Global‐scale Observation of Limb and Disk (GOLD) instrument. GOLD observed a large brightness reduction (>80% around totality) in OI 135.6 nm and N2 LBH band emissions compared to baseline measurements made 2 days prior. In addition, a significant enhancement (with respect to the baseline) in the ΣO/N2 column density ratio (~80%) was observed within the eclipse's totality. This enhancement suggests that the eclipse induced compositional changes in the thermosphere. After the eclipse passed, a slight enhancement in ΣO/N2 column density ratio (~7%) was also seen around the totality path when compared to measurements before the eclipse. These observations are the first synoptic imaging measurements of an eclipse's thermospheric effects with the potential to drastically improve and test our understanding of how the thermosphere responds to rapid, localized changes in solar short wavelength radiation.
Solutions for Subtidal Flow in Channels and Estuaries Under Different Integral Constraints
Authors: Whitney Michael M. , Jia Yan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study builds on Huntley and Ryan (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012748) and related prior works on channels and estuaries by considering solutions for the same subtidal dynamics but with alternative integral flow constraints. Prior solutions do not have a truly two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow field, as axial changes in the axial flow are implied. Three constraint types are considered: the Constant case with spatially constant density gradients constrained with section‐integrated flow (as in prior works), Semi‐Variable case with a constant axial density gradient and laterally variable lateral density gradient constrained with depth‐integrated lateral flow, and Variable case with spatially variable density gradients in both directions constrained with depth‐integrated axial and lateral flows. The Semi‐Variable and Variable cases can produce solutions with truly 2‐D flow if the depth‐integrated lateral flow is set to zero everywhere. Differences among solutions are illustrated with idealized and realistic applications from Huntley and Ryan (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012748). For the idealized application, the Constant case and the Semi‐Variable case with 2‐D flow have clear differences in axial velocity and stark contrasts in lateral flow (and density gradients). For the Nares Strait application, the Variable case with observed depth‐averaged axial and lateral velocities is best able to represent the fastest observed down‐channel velocities, the weak reversed flow on one side of the channel, and the observed lateral flow structure. Overall, selecting different integral constraints on flow conspicuously changes the subtidal flow, opens up new possibilities for truly 2‐D flow solutions, and provides additional flexibility for representing observed conditions in realistic situations.
An Aridity Index‐Based Formulation of Streamflow Components
Authors: Meira Neto Antonio Alves , Roy Tirthankar , de Oliveira Paulo Tarso S. , Troch Peter A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDirect runoff and baseflow are the two primary components of total streamflow, and their accurate estimation is indispensable for a variety of hydrologic applications. While direct runoff is the quick response stemming from surface and shallow subsurface flow paths and is often associated with floods, baseflow represents the groundwater contribution from stored sources (e.g., groundwater) to streams and is crucial for environmental flow regulations, and water supply, among others. L'vovich (1979) proposed a two‐step water balance partitioning, where precipitation is divided into direct runoff and catchment wetting, followed by the disaggregation of the latter into baseflow and evapotranspiration. Here, we investigate the role of the aridity index (ratio between mean‐annual potential evapotranspiration and precipitation) in controlling the long‐term (mean‐annual) fluxes of direct runoff and baseflow. We present an analytical solution beginning with similar assumptions as proposed by Budyko (1974), leading to two complementary expressions for the two fluxes. The aridity index explained 77% and 89% of variability in direct runoff and baseflow from 378 catchments within the continental United States, while our formulations were able to reproduce the patterns of water balance partitioning proposed by L'vovich (1979) at the mean‐annual timescale. Our approach can be used to further understand how climate and landscape controls the terrestrial water balance at mean‐annual timescales, while also representing a step toward the prediction of baseflow and direct runoff at ungauged basins.
Membrane-tethering of cytochrome c accelerates regulated cell death in yeast
Authors: Toth Alexandra , Aufschnaiter Andreas , Fedotovskaya Olga , Dawitz Hannah , Ädelroth Pia , Büttner Sabrina , Ott Martin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntrinsic apoptosis as a modality of regulated cell death is intimately linked to permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane and subsequent release of the protein cytochrome c into the cytosol, where it can participate in caspase activation via apoptosome formation. Interestingly, cytochrome c release is an ancient feature of regulated cell death even in unicellular eukaryotes that do not contain an apoptosome. Therefore, it was speculated that cytochrome c release might have an additional, more fundamental role for cell death signalling, because its absence from mitochondria disrupts oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we permanently anchored cytochrome c with a transmembrane segment to the inner mitochondrial membrane of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thereby inhibiting its release from mitochondria during regulated cell death. This cytochrome c retains respiratory growth and correct assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes. However, membrane anchoring leads to a sensitisation to acetic acid-induced cell death and increased oxidative stress, a compensatory elevation of cellular oxygen-consumption in aged cells and a decreased chronological lifespan. We therefore conclude that loss of cytochrome c from mitochondria during regulated cell death and the subsequent disruption of oxidative phosphorylation is not required for efficient execution of cell death in yeast, and that mobility of cytochrome c within the mitochondrial intermembrane space confers a fitness advantage that overcomes a potential role in regulated cell death signalling in the absence of an apoptosome.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in fibrotic diseases
Authors: Li Xinyu , Zhang Wei , Cao Qingtai , Wang Zeyu , Zhao Mingyi , Xu Linyong , Zhuang Quan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough fibrosis is a common pathological feature of most end-stage organ diseases, its pathogenesis remains unclear. There is growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the development and progression of fibrosis. The heart, liver, kidney and lung are highly oxygen-consuming organs that are sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the fibrotic process of skin and islet is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction as well. This review summarized emerging mechanisms related to mitochondrial dysfunction in different fibrotic organs and tissues above. First, it highlighted the important elucidation of mitochondria morphological changes, mitochondrial membrane potential and structural damage, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and reactive oxidative species (ROS) production, etc. Second, it introduced the abnormality of mitophagy and mitochondrial transfer also contributed to the fibrotic process. Therefore, with gaining the increasing knowledge of mitochondrial structure, function, and origin, we could kindle a new era for the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of many fibrotic diseases based on mitochondrial dysfunction.
Alternating panel charge sharing technique for touch screen panel self‐capacitance sensing IC
Authors: Seong S. , Lee S. , Bae S. , Lee M. 
Published: September 2020

This Letter presents a self‐capacitance sensing (SCS) technique for touch screen panel with the alternating panel charge sharing (APCS) that effectively suppresses low‐frequency noise and achieves a better signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). With the proposed APCS‐based SCS, SNR is improved in measurement by 7.65 dB compared to the conventional panel charge sharing‐based SCS.
Gate leakage compensation technique for self‐cascode based voltage references
Authors: Olivera F. , Petraglia A. 
Published: September 2020

This communication describes a gate leakage compensation technique to ensure wide‐temperature operation and wide‐supply regulation of traditional self‐cascode based voltage references in deep nanometre nodes ( ). Extensive simulations in 28 nm ultra‐thin buried oxide fully depleted silicon‐on‐insulator CMOS process show that the proposed 4‐transistor topology can operate down to 0.2 V, generating a reference voltage of 98.2 mV with mean and best temperature coefficients of 68.9 and , respectively, from to .
Photonic configurable logic block for digital photonic integrated circuits
Authors: Meerasha M.A. , Pandiyan K. 
Published: September 2020

In this Letter, the authors designed a photonic configurable logic block (pCLB) with Mach–Zehnder modulator as a universal photonic gate (UPG) using electro‐optic mechanism. The UPG is capable of performing all the logical operations with the help of FPGA as a configuration controller. The functionality and its suitability is verified by forming a pCLB of ten UPGs, which finds applications in digital photonics. For the design of pCLB, traditional electronic design automation tools are used. The pCLB provides features namely scalability and modular approach, for the reconfigurable digital photonic integrated circuits. The photonic gate designed using a two‐dimensional finite difference time domain approach shows a crosstalk‐free operation with a negligible transmission loss of 0.18 dB and flexible switching control compared to the existing MZI‐based photonic gate.
Top‐oil temperature modelling by calibrating oil time constant for an oil natural air natural distribution transformer
Authors: Wang Lujia , Zhang Xiang , Villarroel Rafael , Liu Qiang , Wang Zhongdong , Zhou Lijun 
Published: September 2020

Integration of low carbon technologies poses a technical challenge on distribution transformers due to the dynamic loading and potentially frequent overloading scenarios. Transformer dynamic thermal rating is hence required, which is the most economical approach to tackle this challenge and ensure a safe operation. To reach the aim, it is important to enhance the accuracy of the dynamic thermal model, where the top‐oil temperature is a key thermal parameter. In this study, a wide range of constant load temperature‐rise tests were carried out on an 11/0.433 kV distribution transformer to study the dynamic thermal behaviour of the top‐oil temperature. A model based on the IEC 60076‐7 thermal model but with an improved oil time constant calibration was deduced for top‐oil temperature modelling. The oil time constant calibration was inspired by IEEE C57.91 and verified by eight temperature‐rise tests with load factors ranging from 0.7 to 1.4 pu. In addition, the improved top‐oil temperature modelling was further verified in experiments under multiple load profiles.
Experimental test of PMU measurement errors and the impact on load model parameter identification
Authors: Zhang Xinran , Lu Chao , Lin Junjie , Wang Ying 
Published: September 2020

The results of ambient signals‐based load modelling are more sensitive to phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement errors due to the relatively smaller disturbance magnitudes of ambient signals. To analyse the impact of PMU measurement errors, the stochastic distributions and frequency spectra of PMU measurement errors are required. In this study, the measurement errors of Sifang CDS361 PMU are experimentally tested, and then their impacts on load modelling results are analysed. The following contributions have been made in this study. Firstly, the stochastic distributions and frequency spectra of PMU measurement errors are experimentally tested, from which it can be concluded that systematic errors occupy a larger proportion compared with accidental errors. Secondly, the impacts of PMU measurement errors on load modelling results are analysed. It can be concluded that accidental errors have more severe impacts on the accuracy of both dynamic and static load models. Besides, systematically errors also impact the accuracy of static load models. Thirdly, the function of low‐pass filters in recovering measurement signals from PMU measurement errors and enhancing the accuracy of load modelling results are validated. It can be further concluded that load model parameters can be accurately identified with current PMU measurement accuracy.