bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous American/Two-Spirit Mental Health
Authors: Bird Naomi , Robinson Margaret 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While many Indigenous languages have terms for individuals who combine masculinity with femininity in some way, Indigenous gender minority people have increasingly come to self-identify using the pan-Indigenous term “two-spirit.” This chapter examines key factors shaping the mental wellness of two-spirit people, such as the negative impact of residential and boarding school incarceration, and highlights available data on anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidality, and substance use. Reducing the mental health disparities that two-spirit people face is made more challenging by the lack of culturally informed and supportive health services. The authors describe factors that may buffer the minority stressors that lead to negative mental health outcomes and may increase wellness. The chapter concludes with a discussion of promising directions for future research.
Mental Health of Sexual and Gender Minority Immigrants and Refugees
Authors: Lee Edward Ou Jin , Kahn Sarilee , Alessi Edward J. , Leon Abelardo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a critical review of the literature that addresses the ways in which sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) with migration experience navigate mental health issues. There has been a recent growth in public interest and scholarship in Canada and the United States about the realities of SGMs with migration experience. However, there are scholarly debates and tensions in relation to how key terms related to sexuality, gender, and migration have been mobilized within this field of knowledge. This chapter thus aims to map out the ways in which knowledge about SGMs with migration experience has been categorized through migrant status, race, and ethnicity. In addition, this chapter provides a synthesis of the latest research findings on the relationship between this population and mental health issues. This chapter also critically reflects on various policy and practice implications of these findings and considers future directions for content, theories, and methodologies of research about this population.
Transgender Mental Health
Authors: Kuper Laura E. , Bismar Danna , Ryan Whit 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Research on transgender mental health has dramatically increased over the past decade. While initial studies were limited to small clinic-based or geographically limited convenience samples, larger internet and multi-clinic samples as well as increasing inclusion of gender identity questions in regional, national, and probability-based surveys have started to open new avenues for research. Broadly, disparities appear to exist across a broad range of mental health symptoms and diagnoses. However, significant variations exist across studies and intersectional and integrative approaches have started to shed light on some of these variations. This chapter provides an overview of studies examining the prevalence of mental health–related conditions within transgender samples followed by a synthesis of risk and protective factors that appear to underlie mental health disparities. Approaches to conceptualizing and measuring the size of the transgender population, ethical considerations, and implications and future directions are also discussed.
Gender Nonbinary Mental Health
Authors: Dickey Lore M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this chapter the author explores the mental health of those with nonbinary gender identities and focuses on the issues they face. The author defines nonbinary identities and discusses how these identities are different than people who have binary identities. There is a summary of the extant psychological literature focusing on people with nonbinary identities. Attention is also brought to how racial and ethnic minority individuals, including Native American people, conceptualize nonbinary identities. The chapter ends with information about the lack of attention to the Global South and the need for additional research and training in the mental health of those with nonbinary identities.
Intersex Mental Health
Authors: Roen Katrina , Lundberg Tove 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes a critical psychology approach to reviewing research on psychological distress among people with variations of sex characteristics. The focus is on depathologizing emotional distress and developing affirming and empowering approaches to healthcare. Affirming approaches to psychosocial healthcare can be undertaken by health professionals who have enough knowledge about intersex, diverse sex development, or variations of sex characteristics to be able to support positive adaptation to bodily variation and facilitate non-stigmatizing talk about the experience of living with a diagnosis. There is room for significant development here, particularly research addressing psychosocial well-being in ways that are non-medicalized and culturally relevant in diverse global regions.
Mental Health for Asexual Individuals
Authors: Rothblum Esther D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present chapter focuses on the mental health of individuals who identify as asexual, defined as not having feelings of sexual attraction for other people. It focuses on population-based studies of the prevalence of asexuality and demographic characteristics of asexual respondents in these surveys. The author describes the stigma of asexual identity as perceived by asexual individuals and by society, as well as the advantages that asexual individuals cite. The author also reviews how low sexual desire is described in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The chapter reviews the (scant) literature on asexual mental health and ends with some implications for future research.
History of Gender Identity and Mental Health
Authors: Dickey Lore M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the past fifty years, gender identity has been closely linked to mental health. This is due, in part, to the classification of gender identity disorder and gender dysphoria being listed as mental health disorders in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This chapter focuses on the history of the intersection of gender identity and mental health. The author explores first the history addressing the intersection of gender identity and mental health and then evidence-based research exploring this intersection. This includes the ways that mental health has and continues to impact transgender people. The author examines co-occurring mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and bipolar disorder as well as the ways that race and ethnicity complicate these disparities. Finally, the author addresses the future directions in the areas of research, clinical practice, and training.
Mental Health for Sexual and Gender Minority Polyamorous and Consensually Non-monogamous Individuals
Authors: Pallotta-Chiarolli Maria 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers four areas. First, the author introduces, defines, and briefly describes how sexual and gender minority (SGM) polyamorous and consensually non-monogamous (poly/CNM) individuals, families, and communities have been researched in mental health studies. Second, the author reviews the available evidence-based research on poly/CNM SGMs and mental health, and mental health service provision. Third, the author reviews absences and erasures in research pertaining to the mental health of poly/CNM SGMs, particularly in relation to whether an intersectional lens has been applied in service provision such as in relation to age and to racial and ethnic minorities. In the final section, the author identifies and proposes future directions in the content and methodologies of research on poly/CNM SGM mental health, and recommendations for more effective mental health service provision.
HIV/AIDS and Mental Health among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Silvestrini Molly , Hoff Colleen C. , Witkovic Y. Darin , Madriles Crystal 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHIV/AIDS is a disease that significantly affects the health outcomes of sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) and the LGBTQ community globally. HIV is frequently associated with mental health issues among many vulnerable populations, such as depression, anxiety, stigma, substance abuse, and discrimination. In addition, risk factors for HIV acquisition often include mental health problems, lack of social support, and experiences of stigma and discrimination. This chapter focuses on the history of HIV/AIDS, current HIV health disparities in SGM communities in the United States and globally, mental health among HIV-positive vulnerable and understudied populations, and future directions for the improvement of HIV prevention programs and mental health interventions. Understudied populations include women who have sex with women, transgender men, and SGM belonging to racial and ethnic minority groups. This chapter aims to summarize the interaction of HIV/AIDS and mental health over the past two decades in order to demonstrate the importance of this subject in current research.
Stigma and Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health
Authors: DiPlacido Joanne , Fallahi Carolyn R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Minority stress and stigma among LGBTQ individuals as a result of oppression from discrimination, heterosexism, and homonegativity has consistently led to poorer mental health outcomes. This chapter outlines the research linking minority stress and stigma to mental health. The authors review Hatzenbuehler’s mediational framework to understand the underlying mechanisms to explain why minority stress predicts psychiatric distress. The authors also discuss the role of intersectionality on mental health, recognizing that many LGBTQ individuals deal with multiple oppressions due to not only their sexual orientation or gender identity or expression but also race and ethnicity. This chapter covers minority stress and stigma among more vulnerable populations at higher risk of mental distress, such as transgender, older, and bisexual communities and those living in the Global South. The authors discuss how coping and social support can buffer the negative mental health effects of minority stress and stigma. Methodological issues and future directions are reviewed and suggestions for prevention and treatment interventions are offered.
Anxiety Disorders among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Weiss Brandon J. , Owens Raymond Bethany 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRates of anxiety disorders are significantly elevated among sexual and gender minorities. In this chapter, the minority stress model is discussed as a framework for conceptualizing anxiety among sexual and gender minorities, and the authors review the literature on the relationships between specific minority stressors and symptoms. The authors examine prevalence rates of anxiety disorders among sexual minorities and gender minorities, separately and in comparison to heterosexual and cisgender individuals. Also reviewed is the literature on anxiety disorders among sexual and gender minorities with a racial or ethnic minority status. Current assessment and treatment approaches are identified and reviewed. Finally, limitations to the current literature base are discussed and recommendations are provided for future studies.
Authentic Education for Meaningful Work: Beyond “Career Management Skills”
Authors: Sultana Ronald G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on work education in education settings and explores how it can be conceptualized so that it contributes to flourishing and well-being. The chapter first provides an overview of recent developments in “career learning” worldwide, noting the increasing importance that it has been given as a contributor to enhanced competitivity in knowledge-based economies. The chapter notes that the centrality of work in the curriculum is justified because “meaningful work” maintains its importance as the hallmark of a flourishing life. Much of the work that is available in neoliberal economies, however, is increasingly the cause of distress, hardship, exploitation, and abuse. A case is made for an authentic work education programme that helps participants understand the nature of meaningful work, to aspire to it, and to decode the causes that frustrate access to it. It is argued that, as with all truly educational enterprises, authentic work education should provide the intellectual tools and encourage the moral resolve to imagine more socially just and fulfilling ways of living together and to gain a measure of individual and collective control over the forces that shape lives.
Economic and Policy Issues for Wind-Resistant Construction
Authors: Simmons Kevin M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes recent research first on the policy prescription of building codes designed with wind engineering principles, then on research concerning how markets for wind-enhanced construction offers other channels for increased resilience. Florida’s statewide building code was enacted after Hurricane Andrew; it was the first statewide building code designed for wind. But non-synoptic systems, such as tornadoes, also cause high levels of damage, so the city of Moore, Oklahoma, adopted a code to address that threat. The first purpose of this chapter is to conduct an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of these codes. An examination of other states that may also justify stronger codes follows. Finally, the chapter reviews research on how real estate markets value voluntary mitigation. Using markets for above-code construction provides opportunities to increase resilience in states where stronger building codes are not adopted.
Incomplete Commodification in American Law
Authors: Ram Natalie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the incomplete commodification of human body parts in American law. In the main, American law bars payments for human body parts and tissue to be used in clinical care. However, this prohibition on payments does not reach all human body products. Rather, federal law sets out an explicit list of covered organs, and courts have interpreted that list strictly. Despite strong demand for body products and the traditional American preference for markets in general, myriad body products are procured in partial, though incomplete, markets. On one hand, when market mechanisms are putatively prohibited, markets have nonetheless crept in at some—but not all—stages of the process of transferring tissue from the donor to the recipient. On the other hand, when markets are not prohibited, they nonetheless do not develop fully. The chapter explores this juxtaposition of law and norms in the American setting. It also suggests one reason for the incomplete commodification of body products such as sperm, eggs, and blood: a preoccupation and discomfort with the role of women in markets rather than at home. That is, when it comes to body products, women are deemed to participate primarily for reasons of love, not money.
Regulation of Professionals and Facilities in the United States
Authors: Buck Isaac D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers the regulation of healthcare professionals and facilities in the United States. In the midst of an era of great policy uncertainty, the quality of healthcare in the United States is regulated by a number of different actors and rules. This chapter seeks to summarize the types of regulation that govern American healthcare professionals and institutions while providing an overview for comparison with European counterparts. After summarizing the general themes of quality regulation in the United States, the first part of the chapter covers the regulation of professionals—including the self-regulatory state-based system, the government certification regime, and the reimbursement-based voluntary system. The second part of the chapter focuses on the regulation of healthcare institutions, focused primarily on government accreditation and reimbursement-based regulation. In addition to summarizing the basic structure of healthcare regulation for professionals and institutions, new developments and challenges in American health law and policy will be highlighted throughout the chapter.
The Right to Avoid Procreation and the Regulation of Pregnancy
Authors: Sepper Elizabeth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the right to avoid procreation and the regulation of pregnancy from an American perspective. In the United States, the right to avoid procreation finds protection in constitutional and statutory law. The Supreme Court’s decisions to recognize contraception and abortion as constitutional rights have permitted generations of women a measure of reproductive freedom. However, the constitutionalization of contraception, and abortion in particular, has brought to the fore deeper contestation about the moral (and legal) status of the fetus, women’s place in society, and the meaning of motherhood. These same issues play out in decisions about the protection and regulation of women during their pregnancies. Within the framework of Supreme Court precedent, the fifty states have adopted varying approaches to the right to abortion. The trend, however, has inclined toward greater restrictions in a growing number of states. At the same time, the current Court seems likely to dilute or reject the right to abortion, with consequences for contraception, protections for pregnant women at work, and criminal intervention during pregnancy.
The American Pathology of Inequitable Access to Medical Care
Authors: Hoffman Allison K. , Hall Mark A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter maps out the complex picture of access to medical care in the United States. It reflects on how variable access illustrates an American ambivalence about health solidarity. The chapter first considers healthcare financing as one critical element that defines access to medical care and describes the multifaceted US healthcare financing structure, predominated by public insurance programs for select populations and regulated private insurance for others. Next, this chapter describes how access is equally shaped by legal requirements that create treatment obligations for doctors or hospitals regardless of how someone pays for care. There is no constitutional right to health in the United States, but various layers of statutory and common law have created some guarantees. That said, despite efforts to increase access over the past decades, the United States is still extraordinary, as compared to peer nations, on the unevenness of access to medical care among its population.
Competing Narratives on Bible Translation in India
Authors: Israel Hephzibah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article focuses on Bible translation in India as a form of biblical criticism. It points out some of the limitations in scholarly approaches to the study of Bible translation in India and highlights the critical perspectives that a postcolonial translation approach can bring to scholarship on Bible translation and biblical criticism. This article argues for a radical rethinking and contextualizing of Bible translation that focuses on hitherto marginalized Indian translators who undertook translation of large parts of the Bible into verse. The article’s premise is that translation across genres should be taken as seriously as conventional linguistic translation since this approach offers a significant challenge to the concept of “authorized” Bible translation and, more significantly, to continued philological scholarship focused on comparisons of lexical items that obfuscate histories of power and marginalization.
Humanism in the Medieval World
Authors: Shook John R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The centuries covered in this chapter extend from the end of antiquity to the start of the Renaissance; roughly from the sixth century through the fourteenth century. Humanist ideas and ideals making a difference during medieval times have to be understood on their own terms. Christian humanism and humanitarianism upheld the moral worth and dignity of persons, an ideal that grew in significance from the late Middle Ages through the Renaissance and thereafter. Humanist thought attaining a degree of independence from Christian doctrine can be classed into four main categories: the human ability to reason without following religion; the human competence to understand the world without religion; the human aptitude for virtue and morality without religion; and the human facility for political organization without religion.
Migration and Immigrant Organizational Forms in Latin America
Authors: Escala Rabadán Luis , Bada Xóchitl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Over the past two decades, scholarly research has increasingly documented and analyzed the role, variety, and significance of immigrants’ associations, specifically regarding their links to countries of origin and their centrality to the rise and consolidation of immigrant communities in destination countries. However, despite the increasing interest in the organizational dimension of Latin American immigrants, our knowledge in this field remains fragmented, and several gaps can be identified in the literature. This chapter provides a systematic review of the existing literature on immigrant organizational forms. The authors identify and offer possible explanations for the similarities and differences among these immigrant social structures. In addition, they consider examples of immigrant organizations as agents of incorporation and political participation in both sending and receiving countries. The geographical focus covers Latin American immigrants in the Americas and Europe, namely in the United States and Spain, their main destinations.
The Sociology of Gender in Latin America From Social Mothers to Sexual Rights
Authors: Herrera Gioconda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In Latin America, gender inequalities as a field emerged in the 1970s, when scholars began to look at women’s experiences in a wide array of areas then being studied by Latin American sociology, including urbanization, migration into cities, transformation of agrarian structures, and social movements. Since then, the field of sociology of gender has grown steadily across the continent. The first section of this chapter discusses three approaches to gendered analysis in Latin America: women’s subordination, unequal power relationships between women and men in various spaces, and gender as a performative practice. It then charts the evolution of two significant subfields in Latin American sociology: gender, work, and social reproduction; and gender, collective action, and the state. It discusses trajectories and debates arising within these subfields, underlining the contributions gender analysis has made toward broadening the definition and scope of crucial social institutions in sociological analysis: the family, work, and the state. Finally, it introduces three specialists’ sections that contribute to an understanding of the changing dynamics in Latin American societies: the study of gender violence across the continent; the particular focus on care in the study of social reproduction and public policies; and the evolution of the labor market with respect to gender.