bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptualising dog owner motivations: The Pet Care Competency model and role of ‘duty of care’
Authors: Glanville CR , Hemsworth PH , Coleman GJ 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe current literature on the behaviour, health, and management of companion dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) indicates that their welfare is often compromised. While there are many factors that have the potential to influence the welfare of companion dogs, carer behaviour is highly influential. Therefore, in order to improve the welfare of companion dogs, it is vital to understand the general and specific human factors that underpin carer behaviour. One such factor that has received little attention in the scientific literature is ‘duty of care’. This paper will firstly review several extant, empirically validated models of human behaviour including the Cognitive Hierarchy model, the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values, the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Hemsworth and Coleman's Animal-Carer model. Secondly, by combining aspects of moral obligation and care, a strong theoretical argument will be presented for the role of ‘duty of care’ as a fundamental motivational driver of animal-carer behaviour. Finally, by integrating ‘duty of care’ with the aforementioned existing models, a hypothesised model of Pet Care Competency is presented, providing a more detailed representation of animal carer motivations than previously documented. Drawing together this wide range of behavioural research and psychological theory, the Pet Care Competency model provides a strong conceptual framework for future empirical investigation. Once the relevant values, beliefs, and attitudes that underpin ‘duty of care’ and contribute most strongly to an individual's Pet Care Competency are identified, this model can be utilised to inform behaviour change programmes that aim to improve carer behaviour and, consequently, dog welfare. By employing this model to identify and target the key elements of carer motivation, a more enduring outcome may be achieved than traditional knowledge-based interventions. This work has the potential to significantly improve the outcomes of animal welfare education and intervention programmes, warranting further exploration.
Unions, Industrial Relations and Market Income Inequality in Canada’s Provinces
Authors: Scrimger Phillippe James 
Published: July 2020

While decades of scholarship point to the broad consensus that unions compress the distribution of wages and incomes, recent empirical contributions suggest that unions’ within-country egalitarian effect is dwindling, as unions decline and membership composition changes. What is more, unions now operate in an increasingly difficult political economy transformed by, among other forces, globalization, financialization and fiscal austerity. At the same time, there is an increased demand for unions to play a broader role in a movement for distributive justice.Transposing these debates to the Canadian provincial context, this article asks whether unions still matter for reducing inequality. Considering the role of industrial relations more broadly by taking into account strike activity and collective labour statutes, the article explores the relationship between union power and market income inequality over a period ranging from 1984 to 2012. This empirical contribution is framed in theories from comparative capitalism, economics, and sociology.Descriptive longitudinal statistics support the well-documented union decline narrative. On average, union density and strike activity have declined in the provinces. As for the quality of collective labour rights, it is argued that the relative apparent stability of statutes conceals more substantive issues with Wagnerism as an organizing model. Linking unions to inequality, results from multivariate regressions using panel data suggest that union power still matters for limiting market income inequality. While estimates for strike action are not statistically significant, those for union density and the quality of collective labour statutes suggest that unions still exert an inequality-reducing effect. However, the rarity of significant estimates across models using different measures of inequality indicates that this effect is by no means comprehensive.
Une jeunesse territorialisée
Authors: Alberio Marco , Longo María Eugenia , Vultur Mircea 
Published: July 2020

Le territoire se trouve au cœur des parcours de vie des individus, et surtout des plus jeunes d’entre eux. Dans les temporalités de la vie, ces deux variables s’entrecroisent, se déterminent et s’influencent de manière réciproque. Cependant, l’analyse des parcours des jeunes en lien avec le territoire constitue un angle mort de la réflexion sociologique, et les deux disciplines qui les représentent, à savoir le développement territorial et la sociologie de la jeunesse, sont rarement mises en relation pour une co-construction des connaissances. L’objectif de cet article est de faire le point sur les liens qui existent entre les jeunes et le territoire, à partir d’une analyse de plusieurs travaux internationaux de recherche sur ce sujet. Nous mettons en perspective l’influence des territoires sur les parcours des jeunes qui apparaissent comme un processus incertain, soumis à des logiques plurielles. En analysant les parcours des jeunes, il est ainsi possible de repenser le territoire sur la base des réalités des populations qui l’investissent.
Pain‐induced aggression and changes in social behavior in mice
Authors: Khosravi Hatef , Khalilzadeh Emad , Vafaei Saiah Gholamreza 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe effects of neuropathic, formalin, and acetic acid‐induced visceral pain were investigated on the social and aggressive behaviors in the Swiss male mice. Neuropathic pain was induced by tibial nerve transection (TNT). Also, somatic and visceral pain was conducted by intraplantar injection of diluted formalin (1%, 20 μl) and intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid (0.6%, 200 μl), respectively. Fourteen and twenty one days after the TNT surgery, and also, 1 and 7 days following formalin and acetic acid administration, the three‐chambered test was used to determine sociability and preference for social novelty and resident/intruder test was used for the evaluation of the aggressive behaviors. In the sociability phase of the three‐chambered test, all the three models of pain did not change the animal's sociability. However, in the social novelty preference phase, the animals in pain showed deficits in social novelty preference by a significant increase in the time spent with the familiar mice compared to the control groups. Also, animals in pain significantly showed more aggressive behaviors like biting and clinching and have much less attack latency in comparison to the control groups. Pain‐induced changes in the social novelty preference and aggressive behaviors continued in the neuropathic group until the end of the experiment. However, 7 days following the induction of both formalin and visceral pain, animals' social memory, and aggression almost returned to the standard value. These results suggest that long‐lasting pain could lead to social memory impairment and increase aggressive behaviors in mice.
Electrochemical Synthesis of O‐Phthalimide Oximes from α‐Azido Styrenes via Radical Sequence: Generation, Addition and Recombination of Imide‐N‐Oxyl and Iminyl Radicals with C−O/N−O Bonds Formation
Authors: Paveliev Stanislav A. , Churakov Artem I. , Alimkhanova Liliya S. , Segida Oleg O. , Nikishin Gennady I. , Terent'ev Alexander O. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractElectrochemically induced radical‐initiated reaction of vinyl azides with N‐hydroxyphthalimide resulting O‐phthalimide oximes with challenging for organic chemistry N−O‐N fragment has been discovered. The developed approach introduces in synthesis electrochemically generated O‐centered imide‐N‐oxyl radicals as the coupling components. Sequential formation of C−O and N−O bonds was achieved via generation and selective addition of imide‐N‐oxyl radicals, followed by recombination with iminyl radicals. A wide range of O‐phthalimide oximes was obtained with the yields up to 84%.magnified image
The Chemistry of Azolium‐Carboxylate Zwitterions and Related Compounds: a Survey of the Years 2009–2020
Authors: Delaude Lionel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis review highlights the most significant advances that were accomplished in the chemistry of azolium‐carboxylate betaines within the years 2009–2020. Whenever needed, prior, seminal achievements are also briefly recalled to help put recent developments in a broader perspective. The compounds under scrutiny are zwitterions obtained upon nucleophilic addition of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) onto carbon dioxide. We first present an overview of the various synthetic paths that give access to these inner salts before discussing their stability. The main part of this report then summarizes the numerous applications relying on NHC ⋅ CO2 zwitterions employed either in stoichiometric or catalytic proportions in the fields of organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis, organic synthesis and organocatalysis, polymer chemistry, and materials science. A particular emphasis is placed on the endeavors devoted to trap carbon dioxide and to convert this greenhouse gas into valuable chemicals via the intermediacy of NHC ⋅ CO2 zwitterions. Whenever available, mechanistic considerations that help assess the pivotal role played by these species in CO2 activation are discussed. Because of their close relationship with azolium‐carboxylate betaines, azolium hydrogencarbonate salts and azolium‐methylenecarboxylate zwitterions resulting from the addition of carbon dioxide onto N‐heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) are included in this survey, which also covers the reactivity of carbon monoxide toward NHCs and related carbene species.magnified image
A Randomized, Open‐Label, Controlled Clinical Trial of Azvudine Tablets in the Treatment of Mild and Common COVID‐19, a Pilot Study
Authors: Ren Zhigang , Luo Hong , Yu Zujiang , Song Jingchao , Liang Lan , Wang Ling , Wang Haiyu , Cui Guangying , Liu Yong , Wang Jin , Li Qingquan , Zeng Zhaohai , Yang Shengkun , Pei Guangzhong , Zhu Yonghui , Song Wenbin , Yu Wenquan , Song Chuanjun , Dong Lihong , Hu Chuansong , Du Jinfa , Chang Junbiao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has spread worldwide. To date, no specific drug for COVID‐19 has been developed. Thus, this randomized, open‐label, controlled clinical trial (ChiCTR2000029853) was performed in China. A total of 20 mild and common COVID‐19 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive azvudine and symptomatic treatment (FNC group), or standard antiviral and symptomatic treatment (control group). The mean times of the first nucleic acid negative conversion (NANC) of ten patients in the FNC group and ten patients in the control group are 2.60 (SD 0.97; range 1–4) d and 5.60 (SD 3.06; range 2–13) d, respectively (p = 0.008). The mean times of the first NANC of four newly diagnosed subjects in the FNC group and ten subjects in the control group are 2.50 (SD 1.00; range 2–4) d and 9.80 (SD 4.73; range 3–19) d, respectively (starting from the initial treatment) (p = 0.01). No adverse events occur in the FNC group, while three adverse events occur in the control group (p = 0.06). The preliminary results show that FNC treatment in the mild and common COVID‐19 may shorten the NANC time versus standard antiviral treatment. Therefore, clinical trials of FNC treating COVID‐19 with larger sample size are warranted.
Structural Regulation and Support Coupling Effect of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Liu Daobin , He Qun , Ding Shiqing , Song Li 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSingle atom catalysts (SACs) that integrate the merits of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have been attracting considerable attention in recent years. The individual metal atoms of SACs can be stabilized on supports through various unsaturated chemical sites or space confinement for achieving the maximized atom utilization efficiency. Aside from the development of strategies for preparing high loading and high purity SACs, another key challenge in this field is precisely manipulating the geometric and electronic structure of catalytically active single metal sites, thus rendering the catalysts exceptionally reactive, selective, and stabile compared to their bulk counterparts. This review summarizes recent advancements in SACs for heterogeneous catalysis from the perspective of local structural regulation and the synergistic coupling effect between metal species and supports. Special emphasis is placed on the elucidation of the catalytic structure‐performance relationship in terms of coordination environment, valence state and metal‐support interactions by advanced characterization and theoretical studies. Select in situ or operando characterization techniques for tracking the SACs’ structure evolution under realistic conditions are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities are discussed to offer insight into the rational design of more intriguing SACs with high activity and distinct chemoselectivity.
Do Cottage Food Laws Reduce Barriers to Entry for Food Manufacturers?
Authors: O'Hara Jeffrey K. , Castillo Marcelo , McFadden Dawn Thilmany 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStates have increasingly adopted cottage food laws across the United States. The laws allow small‐scale food entrepreneurs to produce nonrefrigerated foods in home kitchens and sell them via direct‐to‐consumer outlets. Research has not yet established if the policies are, as intended, supporting start‐up food manufacturing businesses nationally. We estimate a differences‐in‐differences model using state‐level panel data to evaluate whether the passage of cottage food laws impacted the number of manufactured baked good establishments. We find a positive impact on the number of both employer and nonemployer businesses, with a relatively greater proportional impact for nonemployer businesses.
Effects of ionicity and chain structure on the physicochemical properties of protic ionic liquids
Authors: Deng Yuyan , Yao Jia , Li Haoran 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe physicochemical properties of protic ionic liquids (PILs) determine their industrial applications. In this study, six PILs based on 1‐vinylimidazole were synthesized, and their ionicities were determined by 1H NMR method. The thermodynamic properties, viscosities, densities, and conductivities of these PILs were correlated with the ionicities and the chain lengths of the anions. The ionicity was found to depend on the acidity of the alkyl carboxylic acid. Since HAc has the strongest acidity among these acid precursors, Vim·HAc has the highest ionicity and thus the strongest Coulombic interactions among the six PILs. The other five PILs have similar ionicities but different chain lengths in their anions. So, we can separately identify the effects of Coulombic interactions and van der Waals forces on the physicochemical properties of PILs. From these trends, the viscosity and conductivity of PILs may be tuned by varying the acidity and alkyl chain length of the precursors.
Partitioning of water‐soluble vitamins in biodegradable aqueous two‐phase systems: Electrolyte perturbed‐chain statistical associating fluid theory predictions and experimental validation
Authors: Wysoczanska Kamila , Do Hoang Tam , Sadowski Gabriele , Macedo Eugénia A. , Held Christoph 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPartition coefficients (K) of vitamins (riboflavin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, folic acid, cyanocobalamin) in aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) composed by polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000, PEG 6000) and organic salt (sodium citrate and sodium tartrate) at T = 298.15 K and p = 1 bar have been studied. Data on liquid–liquid equilibria of the ATPS considered in this study have been taken from the literature (PEG‐Na3Citrate) or measured in this work (PEG‐Na2Tartrate) for PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 at T = 298.15 K and p = 1 bar. The experimental K values were validated by electrolyte perturbed‐chain‐statistical associating fluid theory predictions. The neutral cyanocobalamin has the highest K values among all studied vitamins at any ATPS studied in this work. This finding contrasted with expectations based on literature data which let assume that charged species have typically the highest K values in the considered ATPS. Thus, besides the typically strong charge–charge interactions especially specific forces (e.g., hydrogen bonding) explains the strong PEG‐cyanocobalamin interaction resulting in the high K values.
Imidazole‐Based Synthetic Lipidoids for In Vivo mRNA Delivery into Primary T Lymphocytes
Authors: Zhao Xuewei , Chen Jinjin , Qiu Min , Li Yamin , Glass Zachary , Xu Qiaobing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEngineering T lymphocytes is an emerging approach in a variety of biomedical applications. However, delivering large biologics to primary T lymphocytes directly in vivo is technically challenging due to the low transfection efficacy. Herein, we investigated a library of synthetic lipid‐like molecules (lipidoids) for their capability of delivering mRNA into primary T lymphocytes both ex vivo and in vivo. We initially screened a library with a large structural variety of lipidoids ex vivo and identified imidazole‐containing lipidoids that are particularly potent in T lymphocytes transfection. We further optimized lipidoid structures by constructing and screening a detailed lipidoid library containing imidazole or imidazole analogues to perform a structure–activity correlation analysis. Using the lead lipidoid as a delivery vehicle for Cre mRNA in vivo through intravenous injection, we achieved 8.2 % gene recombination in mouse T lymphocytes.
cAAC‐stabilisierte 9,10‐Diboraanthracene – offenschalige Singulettbiradikale
Authors: Saalfrank Christian , Fantuzzi Felipe , Kupfer Thomas , Ritschel Benedikt , Hammond Kai , Krummenacher Ivo , Bertermann Rüdiger , Wirthensohn Raphael , Finze Maik , Schmid Paul , Engel Volker , Engels Bernd , Braunschweig Holger 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGeringe HOMO‐LUMO‐Abstände und eine hohe Ladungsträgermobilität prädestinieren die höheren Acene für Anwendungen im Bereich der Organoelektronik. Die Leistungsfähigkeit derartiger Verbindungen steigt hierbei dramatisch mit der Anzahl anellierter Benzolringe. Größere Acenmengen sind synthetisch bisher jedoch nur für Acene bis Heptacen verlässlich zugänglich. Theoretischen Studien zufolge besitzen (Oligo)acene offenschalige Singulettbiradikal‐ und (Poly)acene polyradikalische Grundzustände. Eindeutige experimentelle Belege für diese Vorhersagen sind hingegen äußerst selten. Durch den Einbau von zwei Boratomen in das Anthracengrundgerüst konnten wir den HOMO‐LUMO‐Abstand von Acenen dramatisch verringern und zwar ohne die Notwendigkeit einer Ausweitung des konjugierten π‐Systems. Stabilisierung der Borzentren durch cyclische (Alkyl)(amino)carbene lieferte hierbei neutrale 9,10‐Diboraanthracene mit disjunkten, offenschaligen Singulettbiradikal‐Grundzuständen.
cAAC‐Stabilized 9,10‐diboraanthracenes—Acenes with Open‐Shell Singlet Biradical Ground States
Authors: Saalfrank Christian , Fantuzzi Felipe , Kupfer Thomas , Ritschel Benedikt , Hammond Kai , Krummenacher Ivo , Bertermann Rüdiger , Wirthensohn Raphael , Finze Maik , Schmid Paul , Engel Volker , Engels Bernd , Braunschweig Holger 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNarrow HOMO–LUMO gaps and high charge‐carrier mobilities make larger acenes potentially high‐efficient materials for organic electronic applications. The performance of such molecules was shown to significantly increase with increasing number of fused benzene rings. Bulk quantities, however, can only be obtained reliably for acenes up to heptacene. Theoretically, (oligo)acenes and (poly)acenes are predicted to have open‐shell singlet biradical and polyradical ground states, respectively, for which experimental evidence is still scarce. We have now been able to dramatically lower the HOMO–LUMO gap of acenes without the necessity of unfavorable elongation of their conjugated π system, by incorporating two boron atoms into the anthracene skeleton. Stabilizing the boron centers with cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes gives neutral 9,10‐diboraanthracenes, which are shown to feature disjointed, open‐shell singlet biradical ground states.
Biomass/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites: Advances in preparation strategies and performances
Authors: Wang Junchao , Du Weining , Zhang Zetian , Gao Weiyao , Li Zhengjun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPolyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) as an organic–inorganic hybrid at a molecular level, has excellent mechanical properties, thermodynamic properties, dielectric properties and so on. In recent decades, POSS has been extensively used in modification of various polymers to prepare nanocomposites with enhanced comprehensive performances. Biomass materials such as chitosan, cellulose, silk protein, collagen fibers and gelatin have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, which have been widely used in the fields such as biomedical, innovative environmental protection and so on. However, deficiencies including insufficient mechanical properties and rapid rate of biodegradation hampered their application. This paper briefly introduced the principal methods to synthesize POSS nanoparticles, and then focused on technologies for preparing biomass‐based composites utilizing diverse functional POSSs. Finally, put forward the prospects of POSS modification technology and its future application direction. This article will have a positive guiding role for the further research and development of biomass/POSS nanocomposites.
Butein inhibits lipogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Farias‐Pereira Renalison , Zhang Zhenyu , Park Cheon‐Seok , Kim Daeyoung , Kim Kee‐Hong , Park Yeonhwa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractButein, a flavonoid found in annatto seeds and lacquer trees, may be used for many health benefits, including the prevention of obesity. However, its anti‐obesity effects are not completely understood; in particular, the effects of butein on the regulation of lipid metabolism have not been explained. Thus, the goal of the current study was to determine the effects of butein on lipid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans, which is a multi‐organ nematode used as an animal model in obesity research. Butein at 70 μM reduced triglyceride content by 27% compared to the control without altering food intake and energy expenditure. The reduced triglyceride content by butein was associated with the downregulation of sbp‐1, fasn‐1, and fat‐7, the lipogenesis‐related homologs of sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins, fatty acid synthase and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase, respectively. Furthermore, fat‐7 and skn‐1, a homolog of nuclear respiratory factors, were identified as genetic requirements for butein's effects on triglyceride content in C. elegans. The effects of butein on sbp‐1 and fasn‐1 were dependent on skn‐1, but the downregulation of fat‐7 was independent of skn‐1. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of butein on lipogenesis are via SKN‐1‐ and FAT‐7‐dependent pathways in C. elegans.