bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional similarity in multiplex networks: friendships between same- and cross-gender bullies and same- and cross-gender victims
Authors: Hooijsma Marianne , Huitsing Gijs , Kisfalusi Dorottya , Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Flache Andreas , Veenstra René 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSimilar peers are more likely to become friends, but it remains unclear how the combination of multiple characteristics, known as multidimensional similarity, influences friendships. This study aimed to investigate whether similarity in gender (attribute) and bullying or victimization (network position) contributes to friendships. The school-level networks of friendships and victim-bully relationships in 17 Dutch elementary schools (2,130 students) were examined using multiplex longitudinal social network models (RSiena). The results showed that friendships were more likely to occur between same-gender peers and between bullies sharing their targets of victimization. Multidimensional similarity (similarities in gender as well as bullying) increased the likelihood of friendships for same-gender bullies targeting the same victims, but not for same-gender victims sharing bullies. The findings underline the importance of unraveling the interplay between different dimensions of similarity for children’s relationships and surpass unidimensional similarity based on single attributes.
Relationality: an alternative framework for analysing policy
Authors: Lejano Raul P 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPolicy is ostensibly crafted upon an overarching notion of rationality, in the form of rules, roles and designs. However, sometimes policy deviates from formal templates and seems to be guided by a different governing ethic. Rather than categorising these as policy anomalies, we can understand them as the workings of what we will refer to as a relational model of policy. The relational model describes how policy outcomes emerge from the working and reworking of relationships among policy actors. We define relationality and develop its use in policy research. While the relational can be depicted as an alternative model for policy (e.g., Confucian versus Weberian), it is more accurate to understand it as a system that complements conventional policy regimes. To illustrate the concept, we examine examples from policymaking in China. We end with a discussion of how relationality should be a general condition that should be applicable to many, if not all, policy situations.
Child, family, and school factors in bilingual preschoolers’ vocabulary development in heritage languages
Authors: SUN He , NG Siew Chin , O'BRIEN Beth Ann , FRITZSCHE Tom 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChild characteristics, family factors, and preschool factors are all found to affect the rate of bilingual children's vocabulary development in heritage language (HL). However, what remains unknown is the relative importance of these three sets of factors in HL vocabulary growth. The current study explored the complex issue with 457 Singaporean preschool children who are speaking either Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil as their HL. A series of internal factors (e.g., non-verbal intelligence) and external factors (e.g., maternal educational level) were used to predict children's HL vocabulary growth over a year at preschool with linear mixed effects models.The results demonstrated that external factors (i.e., family and preschool factors) are relatively more important than child characteristics in enhancing bilingual children's HL vocabulary growth. Specifically, children's language input quantity (i.e., home language dominance), input quality (e.g., number of books in HL), and HL input quantity at school (i.e., the time between two waves of tests at preschool) predict the participants’ HL vocabulary growth, with initial vocabulary controlled. The relative importance of external factors in bilingual children's HL vocabulary development is attributed to the general bilingual setting in Singapore, where HL is taken as a subject to learn at preschool and children have fairly limited exposure to HL in general. The limited amount of input might not suffice to trigger the full expression of internal resources. Our findings suggest the crucial roles that caregivers and preschools play in early HL education, and the necessity of more parental involvement in early HL learning in particular.
“Being Chinese Means Becoming Cheap Labour”: Education, National Belonging and Social Positionality among Youth in Contemporary China
Authors: Naftali Orna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSince the 1990s, the Chinese party-state has attempted to teach its youth how to think and speak about the nation through a “patriotic education” campaign waged in schools, the media and on public sites. The reception of these messages by youth of different social backgrounds remains a disputed issue, however. Drawing on a multi-sited field study conducted among rural and urban Han Chinese youth attending different types of schools, this article explores the effects of the patriotic education campaign on youth conceptions of the nation by examining the rhetoric high-school students employ when asked to reflect upon their nation. The study reveals that a majority of youth statements conform to the language and contents of the patriotic education campaign; however, there are significant differences in the discursive stances of urban youth and rural youth and of those attending academic and non-academic, vocational schools. These findings call into question the party-state's current vision of China as a “unified” national collectivity. They highlight the existence of variances in the sense of collective belonging and national identity of Chinese youth, while underscoring the importance of social positioning and perceived life chances in producing these variances.
Malaria in China: a longitudinal population-based surveillance study
Authors: Ding Cheng , Huang Chenyang , Zhou Yuqing , Fu Xiaofang , Liu Xiaoxiao , Wu Jie , Deng Min , Li Lanjuan , Yang Shigui 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study aims to ascertain the long-term epidemic trends of malaria and evaluates the probability of achieving the eradication goal by 2020 in China. Data on malaria incidence and deaths were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemic trends by sex, age and spatial distribution and predictions of malaria were estimated by using Joinpoint and Poisson regressions. From 1950 to 2016, 227 668 374 malaria cases were reported in China, with an annualised average incidence of 337.02 (336.98–337.07, 95% confidence interval (CI)) per 100 000 population. The incidence decreased with an average annual per cent change (AAPC) of −11.4% (−16.6 to −6.0). There were 36 085 malaria deaths, with an annualised average mortality of 0.534 (0.529–0.540) per 1 000 000 population. The mortality decreased with an AAPC of −8.7% (−13.7 to −3.4). The predicted number of malaria cases and deaths for 2020 is 2 562 and 10, respectively, and zero for indigenous cases. The disease burden of malaria dramatically decreased in China. Though, the goal of malaria elimination is realistic by 2020 in China, routine clinical and entomological surveillance should be continually conducted, especially for the cross-border areas and imported malaria cases.
An office building outbreak: the changing epidemiology of tuberculosis in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Guo X. J. , Takiff H. E. , Wang J. , Han G. Y. , Fan Y. Z. , Wu G. H. , Ma J. P. , Liu S. Y. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is generally considered a disease that principally afflicts the low-income segments of a population. In the Nanshan District of Shenzhen, China, with the economic transformation and a new Headquarters Economy (HE) emerging, there are now more cases in office workers than in manufacturing workers. To illustrate this trend, we describe a small TB outbreak in an office building located in the centre of the rapidly growing HE district. Two active pulmonary tuberculosis cases were found in workers who shared an office, and whole genome sequencing showed that the genetic distance between the strains of the two cases was just one single nucleotide polymorphism, consistent with intra-office transmission. Investigation of 30 other workers in the same or adjacent offices with interviews, interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) and chest X-rays, identified one new TB case and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in 40.0% (12/30) of the contacts. The offices were under-ventilated. None of the IGRA positive, asymptomatic contacts agreed to receive treatment for LTBI, presumably due to TB stigma, and over the next 2 years 69.0% (20/29) of the contacts were lost to follow-up. Treatment for LTBI and stigma of TB remain challenges here. Office workers in the HE of rapidly economic developing areas should be targeted with increased vigilance by TB control programmes.
Short- and intermediate-term results of balloon aortic valvuloplasty and surgical aortic valvotomy in neonates
Authors: Zaban Nicholas B. , Herrmann Jeremy L. , Hoyer Mark H. , Brown John W. , Alexy Ryan D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground:Balloon aortic valvuloplasty and open surgical valvotomy are procedures to treat neonatal aortic stenosis, and there is controversy as to which method has superior outcomes.Methods:We reviewed the records of patients at our institution since 2000 who had a balloon aortic valvuloplasty or surgical valvotomy via an open commissurotomy prior to 2 months of age.Results:Forty patients had balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 15 patients had surgical valvotomy via an open commissurotomy. There was no difference in post-procedure mean gradient by transthoracic echocardiogram, which were 25.8 mmHg for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 26.2 mmHg for surgical valvotomy, p = 0.87. Post-procedure, 15% of balloon aortic valvuloplasty patients had moderate aortic insufficiency and 2.5% of patients had severe aortic insufficiency, while no surgical valvotomy patients had moderate or severe aortic insufficiency. The average number of post-procedure hospital days was 14.2 for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 19.8 for surgical valvotomy (p = 0.52). Freedom from re-intervention was 69% for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 67% for surgical valvotomy at 1 year, and 43% for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 67% for surgical valvotomy at 5 years (p = 0.60).Conclusions:Balloon aortic valvuloplasty and surgical valvotomy provide similar short-term reduction in valve gradient. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty has a slightly shorter but not statistically significant hospital stay. Freedom from re-intervention is similar at 1 year. At 5 years, it is slightly higher in surgical valvotomy, though not statistically different. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty had a higher incidence of significant aortic insufficiency. Long-term comparisons cannot be made given the lack of long-term follow-up with surgical valvotomy.
Semantic priming effects can be modulated by crosslinguistic interactions during second-language auditory word recognition
Authors: Guediche Sara , Baart Martijn , Samuel Arthur G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe current study investigates how second languageauditoryword recognition, in early and highly proficient Spanish–Basque (L1-L2) bilinguals, is influenced by crosslinguistic phonological-lexical interactions and semantic priming. Phonological overlap between a word and its translation equivalent (phonological cognate status), and semantic relatedness of a preceding prime were manipulated. Experiment 1 examined word recognition performance in noisy listening conditions that introduce a high degree of uncertainty, whereas Experiment 2 employed clear listening conditions, with low uncertainty. Under noisy listening conditions, semantic priming effects interacted with phonological cognate status: for word recognition accuracy, a related prime overcame inhibitory effects of phonological overlap between target words and their translations. These findings are consistent with models of bilingual word recognition that incorporate crosslinguistic phonological-lexical-semantic interactions. Moreover, they suggest an interplay between L2-L1 interactions and the integration of information across acoustic and semantic levels of processing in flexibly mapping the speech signal onto the spoken words, under adverse listening conditions.
Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Satellite‐Based Rainfall Products Over Various Topographical Unities in Central East Africa: Case of Burundi
Authors: Nkunzimana Athanase , Bi Shuoben , Alriah Mohamed Abdallah Ahmed , Zhi Tang , Kur Ngong Awan Daniel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the performance of the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station observation Version 2 (CHIRPS v2.0), the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Network‐Climate Data Record (PERSIANN‐CDR) and the Climate Research Unit Time Series Version 4 (CRU) products to identify which product delivers reliable rainfall caption over Burundi. The station data with long‐term records have been used as a reference to evaluate the performance of the three products for 34 years ranging from 1983 to 2016. Statistical metrics and precipitation detection capability have been used to measure the accuracy of each product over spatial and time scales. The result analysis carried out that the CHIRPS product has good performance compared to CRU and PERSIANN‐CDR products. It performs well over annual, monthly, and seasonal scales, and it strongly agrees with ground observation over the study domain with the lowest correlation coefficient (CC) = 0.78. The PERSIANN‐CDR product performs poorly over the study domain, though it seems to correlate with in situ rain gauge data in some regions where the CC > 0.7. It highly underestimates the rainfall amount for both short rains and long rains. The CRU shows a good performance in most of the regions with CC ≥ 0.74; however, it slightly overestimates rainfall amount over the less wet area including the north and the east regions and highly underestimates the heavy rain over mountainous region. The evaluation at daily scale shows that both CHIRPS and PERSIANN‐CDR moderately perform in most of the regions except the southern and western parts where CC < 0.3. The two products exhibit a good detection ability of light rainfall (<1 mm/day) but poorly detect heavy rainfall (>20 mm/day). The CHIRPS product can deliver reliable and useful information for monitoring meteorological hazards over Burundi.
Dynamic Magma Storage at Near‐Ridge Hot Spots: Evidence From New Galápagos Gravity Data
Authors: Cleary Z. , Schwartz D. M. , Mittelstaedt E. , Harpp K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA morphological dichotomy exists between the active western and older (>1–2.5 Ma) eastern volcanoes of the Galápagos Archipelago. All of the young shield volcanoes in the west have calderas, but none are present on the older volcanoes in the east. This striking difference suggests that there has been a change in volcanic construction and magmatic supply processes, a finding dissimilar to the prevailing Hawaiian model of hot spot evolution. Bouguer anomaly highs (30–50 mGal) consistent with dense cumulate bodies are measured over these calderas. In contrast, we present new gravity data from Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands that lack comparable gravity highs. We propose that formation of shallow magma reservoirs and their associated Bouguer anomaly highs were inhibited during evolution of the eastern volcanoes because the proximal Galápagos Spreading Center diverted plume material more efficiently ~1–2 Ma when the spreading center was ~100 km closer to the plume. The difference in caldera expression between the western and eastern islands may be a surface expression of this process. These results suggest that plume‐ridge interaction may play a first‐order role in the evolution of magmatic plumbing systems of near‐ridge ocean islands, which account for one third of hot spot systems.
Characteristics of Escaping Magnetospheric Ions Associated With Magnetic Field Fluctuations
Authors: Lee S. H. , Sibeck D. G. , Lin Y. , Guo Z. , Adrian M. L. , Silveira M. V. D. , Cohen I. J. , Mauk B. H. , Mason G. M. , Ho G. C. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Wei H. , Burch J. L. , Vichare G. , Sinha A. K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observed energetic (
keV) ion bursts exhibiting an inverse dispersion in the magnetosheath on 28 December 2015. We consider the possibility that these ions originate from the magnetosphere. The ion composition ratios, flux levels, and the spectral slopes of the energetic ion energy spectra observed in the foreshock and in the magnetosheath resemble those in the outer magnetosphere but differ significantly from those seen further upstream from the bow shock at ACE. The particle gyrocenters lie earthward from the spacecraft, indicating that the maximum ion fluxes come from close to the magnetosphere. We provide important evidence that argues against an explanation of the particle source in terms of hot flow anomaly acceleration. A three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation shows that escaping magnetospheric ions can be scattered and transported across the magnetosheath. Ground magnetometer observations suggest that a solar wind pressure increase accelerates escaping magnetospheric ions via betatron acceleration, resulting in an inverse energy dispersion in the magnetosheath. However, there are no pressure changes detected on the MMS and ACE spacecraft and the ground magnetic field strength does not appear to be large enough to be consistent with the large magnetospheric compression needed to account for a betatron acceleration. Therefore, we suggest that the inverse energy dispersion event can be explained by a magnetic field rotation that connects MMS to the subsolar magnetosphere, enabling high‐energy particles from deep within the inner magnetosphere gain access to the magnetopause and magnetosheath.
Degradation of Homestead Hollow at the InSight Landing Site Based on the Distribution and Properties of Local Deposits
Authors: Grant John A. , Warner Nicholas H. , Weitz Catherine M. , Golombek Matthew P. , Wilson Sharon A. , Baker Mariah , Hauber Ernst , Ansan Veronique , Charalambous Constantinos , Williams Nathan , Calef Fred , Pike W. Thomas , DeMott Alyssa , Kopp Megan , Lethcoe Heather , Banks Maria E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe InSight mission landed its scientific payload in Homestead hollow, a quasi‐circular depression interpreted to be a highly degraded impact crater that is 27 m in diameter. The original pristine crater formed in a preexisting impact‐generated regolith averaging ~3 m thick and the surrounding ejecta deposit, consisting of coarse and mostly fine fragments, was in disequilibrium with local geomorphic thresholds. As a result, early, relatively rapid degradation by mostly eolian, and lesser impact processes and mass‐wasting, stripped the rim and mostly infilled the hollow where sediments were sequestered. Early, faster degradation during the first ~0.1 Ga was followed by much slower degradation over the bulk of the 0.4–0.7 Ga history of the crater. Pulses of much lesser degradation are attributed to impacts in and nearby the hollow, which emplaced some rocks as ejecta and provided small inventories of fine sediments for limited additional infilling. Even lesser sediments were derived from the very slow production of fines via weathering of resistant basaltic rocks. Nevertheless, indurated regolith caps the sediment fill within the hollow and creates a relatively stable present‐day surface that further sequesters infilling sediments from remobilization. The degradation sequence at Homestead hollow is like that established at the Spirit rover landing site in Gusev crater and points to the importance of eolian, and lesser impact and mass‐wasting processes, in degrading volcanic surfaces on Mars over the past ~1 Ga.
Reply to Comment by J. Qin and T. Wu on “Analysis of Flow Resistance Equations in Gravel Bed Rivers With Intermittent Regimes: Calabrian fiumare Data Set”
Authors: Mendicino G. , Colosimo F. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Authors thank the Discussers for their interest in this article and for providing further opportunity to the Authors to clarify two fundamental aspects that in the last decades have significantly affected the development of the research concerning the role of the Froude number in the flow resistance estimation in gravel bed rivers and how the same number should be used within flow resistance equations. To that end, it is useful to remember the following main purposes of the paper of Mendicino and Colosimo (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024819): (1) providing the scientific community with a considerable new data set of field measurements carried out in 3 years on 136 reaches of 78 gravel bed rivers in southern Italy, covering a wide range of geometric, granulometric, hydraulic, and sediment parameters; (2) pointing out that the conventional flow resistance equations considered, when evaluated in their original form, were found to be reliable only for small‐scale roughness and absence of bedload transport; on the other hand, the same equations have to be used with extreme caution, both in the intermediate‐ and the large‐scale roughness domains and, especially, when river reaches characterized by very high values of bedload transport are analyzed; and (3) investigating the benefits produced by the Froude number and a particular form of the Shields sediment mobility parameter on the flow resistance estimation, suggesting corrective terms to add to the conventional flow resistance equations considered.
Vertical integration of microchips by magnetic assembly and edge wire bonding
Authors: Ribet Federico , Wang Xiaojing , Laakso Miku , Pagliano Simone , Niklaus Frank , Roxhed Niclas , Stemme Göran 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe out-of-plane integration of microfabricated planar microchips into functional three-dimensional (3D) devices is a challenge in various emerging MEMS applications such as advanced biosensors and flow sensors. However, no conventional approach currently provides a versatile solution to vertically assemble sensitive or fragile microchips into a separate receiving substrate and to create electrical connections. In this study, we present a method to realize vertical magnetic-field-assisted assembly of discrete silicon microchips into a target receiving substrate and subsequent electrical contacting of the microchips by edge wire bonding, to create interconnections between the receiving substrate and the vertically oriented microchips. Vertical assembly is achieved by combining carefully designed microchip geometries for shape matching and striped patterns of the ferromagnetic material (nickel) on the backside of the microchips, enabling controlled vertical lifting directionality independently of the microchip’s aspect ratio. To form electrical connections between the receiving substrate and a vertically assembled microchip, featuring standard metallic contact electrodes only on its frontside, an edge wire bonding process was developed to realize ball bonds on the top sidewall of the vertically placed microchip. The top sidewall features silicon trenches in correspondence to the frontside electrodes, which induce deformation of the free air balls and result in both mechanical ball bond fixation and around-the-edge metallic connections. The edge wire bonds are realized at room temperature and show minimal contact resistance (<0.2 Ω) and excellent mechanical robustness (>168 mN in pull tests). In our approach, the microchips and the receiving substrate are independently manufactured using standard silicon micromachining processes and materials, with a subsequent heterogeneous integration of the components. Thus, this integration technology potentially enables emerging MEMS applications that require 3D out-of-plane assembly of microchips.