bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of antifungal drug-resistant and ERG11 gene mutations among clinical isolates of Candida species isolated from Khartoum, Sudan.
Authors: Osman Mohamed Ahmed , Suliman Mohamed Malik , Abdelrahman Hussain Mohamed , Fatahalrahman Ahmed Ibrahim 
Published: August 2020

Background: Candida species are one of the most important opportunistic fungal pathogens that cause both superficial and systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Considering the sharp increase in the rate of Candida infections, and resistance to commonly used antifungal agents in the last decades; this study was conducted to determine the rate of resistance among clinical isolates of Candida species, and to characterize some of the resistant genes among resistant isolates collected in Khartoum. Methods: This is a cross-sectional laboratory-based study included 100 pre-screened Candida species isolates from Khartoum state hospitals. Chromogenic media was used for Candida isolation and/or identification. The standard disc diffusion method was performed to investigate the susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin. Following genomic DNA extraction, the entire ERG11 gene was amplified from someC. albicansresistant isolates, sequenced, and further analyzed.Results: Out of 100 clinical isolates collected, 51% were C. albicans, followed by C. glabrata (31%), C. krusie (8%), C. tropicals (5%), andC. dupliniens (5%). Resistance rate was 23% for fluconazole, 4% for itraconazole, while there were no amphotericin resistant isolates detected.C. albicans ERG11 gene sequence reveals 15 different mutations. Among these, three (D116E, E266D, and V488I) were missense mutations; however, these substitutions do not contribute to fluconazole resistance.Conclusion: C. albicanswas found to be the most common species. Resistance against fluconazole was observed most frequently; however, mutations inERG11are unlikely to be the reason behind fluconazole resistance among these isolates.
Are current avian influenza vaccines a solution for smallholder poultry farmers?
Authors: Guyonnet Vincent , Peters Andew R. 
Published: August 2020

Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, along with other measures, was successful in eradicating AI in very few countries where the competence of national veterinary services or the geography and bird density have contributed favorably to the outcome. The main constraints to an effective AI vaccination are vaccine composition matching field strains, reliable cold chain and logistics to target all poultry smallholders, constraints related to the availability of sufficient financial and human resources. When not conducted properly, vaccination can also contribute to the emergence of new field viral strains, through genetic drifts of HPAI viruses. While new technologies have improved the possibility to produce high quality vaccines matching field strains, recurrent issues like post-vaccination field surveillance and vaccination coverage continue to limit the relevance of AI vaccination in smallholder settings. A “game-changer” vaccine targeting smallholders should be universal to protect against all field viral strains and reduce significantly, if not totally eliminate, the need for costly post-vaccination surveillance. The ease of administration of this vaccine (eye drop or one single injection) would further contribute to its relevance in the field. These characteristics are considered essential for the product profile of an AI vaccine that can contribute in a meaningful way to the livelihoods of poultry smallholders.
Gut microbiome and osteoporosis
Authors: Li Sucheng , Mao Yubo , Zhou Feng , Yang Huilin , Shi Qin , Meng Bin 
Published: August 2020

Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic metabolic bone disease characterized by the decrease of bone tissue per unit volume under the combined action of genetic and environmental factors, which leads to the decrease of bone strength, makes the bone brittle, and raises the possibility of bone fracture. However, the exact mechanism that determines the progression of OP remains to be underlined. There are hundreds of trillions of symbiotic bacteria living in the human gut, which have a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with the human body that helps to maintain human health. With the development of modern high-throughput sequencing (HTS) platforms, there has been growing evidence that the gut microbiome may play an important role in the programming of bone metabolism. In the present review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of the gut microbiome in the development of OP, such as alterations of bone metabolism, bone mineral absorption, and immune regulation. The potential of gut microbiome-targeted strategies in the prevention and treatment of OP was also evaluated.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(8):524–530.
The Staging of the Hidden: Interrogating an Ambivalent Response to a Crime Against Humanity
Authors: Durbach Andrea 
Published: August 2020

In December 2018, a former member of a white supremacist group and perpetrator of a violent crime, Stefaans Coetzee participated in a panel discussion at a reconciliation conference in South Africa. In 1996, Coetzee was a key executioner of a bombing which killed four people and injured 67. After pleading guilty, Coetzee was sentenced to 40 years in jail and 20 years later, he was released on parole. Thirty years earlier, 25 black South Africans were convicted of the “necklace” murder of a black policeman. Fourteen of the 25 were sentenced to death. On appeal, a majority of the murder convictions were overturned and all the death sentences commuted.
Drawing on these two cases, this essay explores contrasting responses to engaging with perpetrators of political violence through the lens of implication. It examines the shifting boundaries of legitimacy in the realm of political crime and analyses the underlying influences and imperatives of accountability for crimes against humanity committed under apartheid and in a nascent post-conflict state.
Miniature all-optical flexible forward-viewing photoacoustic endoscopy probe for surgical guidance
Authors: Ansari Rehman , Zhang Edward Z. , Desjardins Adrien E. , Beard Paul C. 
Published: August 2020

A miniature flexible photoacoustic endoscopy probe that provides high-resolution 3D images of vascular structures in the forward-viewing configuration is described. A planar Fabry–Perot ultrasound sensor with a

−

3

d
B

bandwidth of 53 MHz located at the tip of the probe is interrogated via a flexible fiber bundle and a miniature optical relay system to realize an all-optical probe measuring 7.4 mm in outer diameter at the tip. This approach to photoacoustic endoscopy offers advantages over previous piezoelectric based distal-end scanning probes. These include a forward-viewing configuration in widefield photoacoustic tomography mode, finer spatial sampling (87 µm spatial sampling interval), and wider detection bandwidth (53 MHz) than has been achievable with conventional ultrasound detection technology and an all-optical passive imaging head for safe endoscopic use.
Efficient all-solid-state passively Q-switched SWIR Tm:YAP/KGW Raman laser
Authors: Perez Eytan , Sheintop Uzziel , Nahear Rotem , Marcus Gilad , Noach Salman 
Published: August 2020

We present an all-passive efficient KGW Raman laser with an external-cavity configuration in the 2 µm spectral regime. The Raman laser was pumped by a passively

Q

-switched Tm:YAP laser emitting at 1935 nm. Due to the bi-axial properties of the KGW crystal, the laser exhibits stimulated Raman emission at two separate spectral lines: 2272 nm and 2343 nm. The output energies achieved at these two lines are 340 µJ/pulse and 450 µJ/pulse, accordingly. The seed to Raman laser conversion efficiencies achieved of 19.2% and 23.5%, respectively, are comparable to actively

Q

-switched laser arrangements. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time an efficient Raman laser in the 2 µm regime is demonstrated in a completely passive configuration.
Laccase and Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) Activities in the White-Rot Fungus Trametes hirsuta in Response to Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Nuryana Isa , Ilmiah Zidny , Andriani Ade , Yopi Yopi 
Published: August 2020

The current interest in exploring white-rot fungi has been concentrated in increasing their ligninolityc enzyme production such as laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) due to the great value in industrial application. The presence of appropiate inducers can enhance the enzyme production. Hence, the aim of the study was to investigate the activity of laccase and MnP in response to various aromatic compounds. The fungus Trametes hirsuta was cultured in Glucose Yeast Peptone (GYP) broth (pH 5.0) with the addition of 0.5% of sorghum biomass as substrate. The cultures were then incubated on rotary shaker at 150 rpm at 27oC. The 7-day-old cultures were then supplemented with different aromatic compounds, namely caffeic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, vanillin, and veratryl alcohol. Our results demonstrated that veratryl alcohol, gallic acid and vanillin gave an inductive effect on the value of laccase and MnP activities, with vanillin showing the highest induction. On the contrary, the level of laccase and MnP activities remained low in the presence of aromatic compound such as syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid and caffeic acid. To conclude, our study reveals that aromatic compounds can be potential as inducers and may contribute to the improvement of laccase and MnP productivity by T. hirsuta.
Long-Term Self-Expandable Metal Stent (SEMS) for Esophageal Variceal Bleeding: A Picture of the Natural History
Authors: Santos Sara , Simões Guilherme , Lemos Joana , Saiote Joana , Loureiro Rafaela , Seves Isabel 
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION:
We aim to discuss the utility of self-expandable esophageal metal stent (SEMS) in variceal bleeding in challenging cases.

METHODS:
Case description, discussion on patient management and decision-making process in an uncommon situation, from a multidisciplinary point of view.

RESULTS:
We report a case of a cirrhotic patient with refractory variceal bleeding who underwent a SEMS placement, which remained in situ for 9 months. This decision was based on the initial poor status and short life expectancy, limiting the consideration of other options for lowering portal hypertension, along with an underlying prothrombotic predisposition. However, the patient's general and hepatic improvement and the development of dysphagia led to the SEMS removal, exposing a large esophageal–tracheal fistula.

DISCUSSION:
Early patient evaluation, risks of long-term SEMS, and life expectancy should be taken in consideration before SEMS placement.
Os dois Brasis: o rural e o urbano nas publicações e pesquisas do Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Educacionais (1956-1964)
Authors: Gouvêa Fernando César Ferreira 
Published: August 2020

O presente artigo tem como objeto de estudo as publicações e pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Educacionais (CBPE) - no período de 1956 a 1964 - que tiveram como centralidade as relações entre Educação e Sociedade numa trama que conduziu ao cotejamento entre o “mundo rural” e o “mundo urbano” numa perspectiva histórica, educacional e sociológica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa histórica e documental com aportes da História Cultural no que tange aos impressos do CBPE como estratégia de legitimação institucional no campo da pesquisa no arco de tempo em tela. Os objetivos estão assentados na compreensão da metodologia de pesquisa utilizada pelo CBPE, no trabalho de campo realizado pelos/as pesquisadores/as na construção dos relatórios finais de pesquisa e no exame destes relatórios. As fontes utilizadas para a sustentação desta tese são a Revista Educação e Ciências Sociais, o Boletim Mensal do CBPE e os livros publicados pela instituição. Desta forma, temos a seguinte problematização: como resultados e ações de desdobramentos das pesquisas, a instituição manteve-se no posicionamento tradicional e dicotômico de um mundo urbano como signo de progresso e um mundo rural como sinônimo de atraso ou abriu espaço para um pensamento e ações pedagógicas plurais em consonância com um olhar menos classificatório e mais preocupado com os possíveis diálogos entre o rural e o urbano?
Lactate dehydrogenase: an old enzyme reborn as a COVID-19 marker (and not only)
Authors: Panteghini Mauro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Historically, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement was introduced into Laboratory Medicine as component (together with creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase) of the classical enzyme triad employed for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, which was subsequently replaced by CK-MB, and more recently by cardiac troponins. Afterwards, for many years, the clinical application of serum LDH measurement has been limited to the evaluation of anemias and to as a rough prognostic tool for certain tumors.

Content
In the last few years, significant changes have happened. First, the test has been confirmed as a robust predictor of poor outcomes in many neoplastic conditions. Furthermore, in the Revised International Staging System adopted in the 2015 by the International Myeloma Working Group, LDH acts as determinant of disease biology in differentiating myeloma stages. Finally, in the last few months, LDH is definitively reborn given its proven significant contribution in defining the COVID-19 severity.

Conclusions
This increased clinical role calls for an improvement of LDH assay standardization through the implementation of traceability of results of clinical samples to the available reference measurement system.
Creative intentions — The fine line between ‘creative’ and ‘wrong’
Authors: Uhrig Peter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe distinction between creative language use and linguistic errors is not always straightforward. Even less clear is what factors play a role in the attribution of a positive evaluation (= creative) or a negative one (= error). In this paper, it is argued that a Construction Grammar approach can model the difference based on two basic mechanisms: Frequency effects (either modelled as preemption or as negative entrenchment) and hearer expectations, which are continuously updated and based on a wide range of linguistic and contextual factors such as dialect and speech situation, influencing the perception of the abilities and intentions of the speaker.
Anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies monitoring in a group of residents in a long term care facility during COVID-19 pandemic peak
Authors: Carta Mariarosa , Bragagnolo Luciana , Tramarin Andrea , Barzon Elena , Cappelletti Anna , Pascarella Michela , Forner Lauretta , Meneghini Maria Grazia , Tripodi Chiara , Rassu Mario , Giavarina Davide 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Clinical laboratories plays a key role in screening, diagnosis and containment of the Coronavirus 2019 infection epidemic. The etiological diagnosis presupposes the isolation of virus genetic material in the patient’s biological sample but laboratory diagnostics also make use of searching possibility for immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM classes antibodies. The characteristics of the antibody response are not yet completely clear.

Methods
This study describes a serological monitoring of subjects, elderly nursing care residence guests, interested by a very large infection outbreak. After first nasopharyngeal swab, all the positive subjects (43) were monitored for the persistence of the virus infection through nasopharyngeal swab after 20 days (16–24), 32 days (28–36) and after 49 days (47–50). At the same time, during the second (day 32) and third (day 49) follow up, all the guests were investigated for IgM and IgG anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, by using a quantitative chemiluminescence method.

Results
Thirty two days after performing the first diagnostic swab, 39 of 43 patients (90%) had IgG higher than the cut off value. After 49 days the four patients with negative IgG were still negative. The comparison of the levels of IgG-Ab between the controls shows a significant decrease in concentrations (−10%).

Conclusions
Our study confirms that in most patients affected by COVID-19 there is a typical antibody response with IgG-Ab present in 90% of nursing care COVID-19 positive residence guests. For IgM-Ab only 23% of tested subjects were positive on the 32nd and 49th day of illness, always in parallel with the IgG-Ab positivity.
In vitro antioxidants and hepatoprotective effects of Pleurotus tuber-regium on carbon tetrachloride–treated rats
Authors: Okolo Kenneth O. , Orisakwe Orish. E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This study has characterized the phytoconstituents and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Pleurotus tuber-regium induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In vitro antioxidant assay of ethanol extract of P. tuber-regium and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to identify the phytoconstituents were carried out.

Methods
Sixty rats were divided into six groups of 10 animals in each group and treated as follows for 13 weeks. Group I (control) received 3 mL/kg olive oil intraperitoneal twice weekly in addition to feed and water ad libitum. Group II received CCl4 3 mL/kg twice weekly. Groups III, IV and V received 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg wild edible P. tuber-regium mixed with feed by ingestion daily in addition to 3 mL/kg CCl4 twice weekly, respectively. Group VI received 500 mg P. tuber-regium daily. Liver and body weights were recorded. Liver function tests, oxidative stress biomarkers, bilirubin, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were assayed. Histopathology of the liver was carried out. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis yielded 10 antioxidants.

Results
CCl4 increased the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and malondialdehyde from 24±1.778 iu/L, 53±3.7 iu/L, 257±19 iu/L, 0.45±0.03 mg/dL and 1.90±0.42 μmol/L in the control group to 48±2.5 iu/L, 81±2.10 iu/L, 495±38 iu/L, 1.20±0.09 mg/dL and 14.0±2.6 μmol/L in the treated group, respectively.

Conclusions

P. tuber-regium prevented the necrosis, edema and vein congestion observed in the CCl4-only group. P. tuber-regium is effective in protecting the liver against CCl4-induced damage.
King Arthur’s Charter: A Thirteenth-Century French Satire Against Bretons
Authors: Berard Christopher 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
On the verso of the last leaf of a twelfth-century manuscript containing the poetry of Hilarius, a student of Abelard, appears a faux charter purporting to have been issued by Arthur, king of the Britons, in the hundredth year of his immortality. In the act, Arthur thanks the descendants of his British subjects for their fidelity and grants them an exclusive franchise to fish in secret rivulets. The privilege contains two prohibitions: one prohibiting Britons from wearing shoes and the other prohibiting them from owning cats. This article provides a diplomatic edition, English translation and analysis of King Arthur’s Charter. It identifies the strange stipulations of the charter as tropes of anti-Breton satire, attested also in the Privilège aux Bretons (c. 1240), an Old French song that mocks the customs and occupations of impoverished Breton immigrants to thirteenth-century France.
Can we Beat the Square Root Bound for ECDLP over 𝔽p2 via Representation?
Authors: Delaplace Claire , May Alexander 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe give a 4-list algorithm for solving the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm (ECDLP) over some quadratic field 𝔽p2. Using the representation technique, we reduce ECDLP to a multivariate polynomial zero testing problem. Our solution of this problem using bivariate polynomial multi-evaluation yields ap1.314-algorithm for ECDLP. While this is inferior to Pollard’s Rho algorithm with square root (in the field size) complexity 𝓞(p), it still has the potential to open a path to ano(p)-algorithm for ECDLP, since all involved lists are of size as small as$\begin{array}{} p^{\frac 3 4}, \end{array}$only their computation is yet too costly.
Short Principal Ideal Problem in multicubic fields
Authors: Lesavourey Andrea , Plantard Thomas , Susilo Willy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOne family of candidates to build a post-quantum cryptosystem upon relies on euclidean lattices. In order to make such cryptosystems more efficient, one can consider special lattices with an additional algebraic structure such as ideal lattices. Ideal lattices can be seen as ideals in a number field. However recent progress in both quantum and classical computing showed that such cryptosystems can be cryptanalysed efficiently over some number fields. It is therefore important to study the security of such cryptosystems for other number fields in order to have a better understanding of the complexity of the underlying mathematical problems. We study in this paper the case of multicubic fields.
Room temperature wideband tunable photoluminescence of pulsed thermally annealed layered black phosphorus
Authors: Alodan Sarah A. , Gorham Justin M. , DelRio Frank W. , Alsaffar Fadhel , Aljalham Ghadeer , Alolaiyan Olaiyan , Zhou Chongwu , Amer Moh. R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Newly explored two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown promising optical properties, owning to the tunable band gap of the layered material with its thickness. A widely used method to achieve tunable light emission (or photoluminescence) is through thickness modulation, but this can only cover specific wavelengths. This approach limits the development of tunable optical devices with high spectral resolution over a wide range of wavelengths. Here, we report wideband tunable light emission of exfoliated black phosphorus nanosheets via a pulsed thermal annealing process in ambient conditions. Tunable anisotropic emission was observed between wavelengths of 590 and 720 nm with a spectral resolution of 5 nm. This emission can be maintained for at least 11 days when proper passivation coupled with adequate storage is applied. Using hyperspectral imaging X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (i-XPS), this tunable emission is found to be strongly dependent on the level of oxidation. We finally discuss the underlying mechanism responsible for the observed tunable emission and show that tunable emission is only observed in nanosheets with thicknesses of (70–125 nm) ± 10 nm with the maximum range achieved for nanosheets with thicknesses of 125 ± 10 nm. Our results shed some light on an emerging class of 2D oxides with potential in optoelectronic applications.
Crystal structure of (1S)-N-(chloromethyl)-1-((4S,6aR,8aS, 8bR,9aR)-4-methoxy-6a,8a-dimethyl-1,3,4, 5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9a,10,10a,10b-tetradecahydro-8bH-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5] indeno[1,2-b]oxiren-8b-yl)-N-methylethan-1-amine, C24H46ClNO5
Authors: Ning Xue-Jing , Yang Xiao-Bin , Du Jiang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
C24H46ClNO5, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.5992(3) Å, b = 9.6634(5) Å, c = 34.7499(7) Å, V = 2551.8(10) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0554, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1479, T = 170 K.