bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal Caregivers along the Work–Eldercare Axis: A Comparative Analysis of Australia, England, and Israel
Authors: Vinarski-Peretz Hedva , Halperin Dafna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Contemporary Western societies face an increasing demand for informal care. The primary goals of the present article are to understand the degree to which employment rights support the needs of working carers’ of elder age relatives and to underscore the need to promote social policies to better secure both working carers and their older relatives. Drawing on findings showing that high-intensity caregiving is associated with a reduction in the labour pool for paid work and negatively affects employment status and career, this study examines how employment legislation support working caregivers from an international perspective. The study utilizes an intrinsic and case study research design to compare the employment rights and entitlements in Australia, England, and Israel. The findings indicate that, first, all three countries surveyed provide basic protection through statutory employment rights which are categorized under three fundamental occupational entitlements: Paid or Unpaid Leave, Sick Days and Equal Rights. Secondly, while Australia and England maintain a legal right to request flexible work to care for elder relatives, the analysis foregrounds the absence of flexible employment legislation in Israel. Thought that the aim of balancing limited public resources with family resources requires a broad understanding of concrete legislation, such comparison can inform policy targeted to reconcile distress along the work–eldercare axis.
Contribution of stripped nuclei to the ultracompact dwarf galaxy population in the Virgo cluster
Authors: Mayes Rebecca J , Drinkwater Michael J , Pfeffer Joel , Baumgardt Holger , Liu Chengze , Ferrarese Laura , Côté Patrick , Peng Eric W 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We use the hydrodynamical EAGLE simulation to predict the numbers, masses, and radial distributions of tidally stripped galaxy nuclei in massive galaxy clusters, and compare these results to observations of ultracompact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) in the Virgo cluster. We trace the merger trees of galaxies in massive galaxy clusters back in time and determine the numbers and masses of stripped nuclei from galaxies disrupted in mergers. The spatial distribution of stripped nuclei in the simulations is consistent with those of UCDs surrounding massive galaxies in the Virgo cluster. Additionally, the numbers of stripped nuclei are consistent with the numbers of M &gt; 107 M⊙ UCDs around individual galaxies and in the Virgo cluster as a whole. The mass distributions in this mass range are also consistent. We find that the numbers of stripped nuclei surrounding individual galaxies correlate better with the stellar or halo mass of individual galaxies than the total cluster mass. We conclude that most high mass (M &gt; 107 M⊙) UCDs are likely stripped nuclei. It is difficult to draw reliable conclusions about low mass (M &lt; 107 M⊙) UCDs because of observational selection effects. We additionally predict that a few hundred stripped nuclei below a mass of 2 × 106 M⊙ should exist in massive galaxies that will overlap in mass with the globular cluster population. Approximately 1–3 stripped nuclei in the process of forming also exist per massive galaxy.
A high-throughput screening method for evolving a demethylase enzyme with improved and new functionalities
Authors: Wang Yuru , Katanski Christopher D , Watkins Christopher , Pan Jessica N , Dai Qing , Jiang Zhuoxun , Pan Tao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
AlkB is a DNA/RNA repair enzyme that removes base alkylations such as N1-methyladenosine (m1A) or N3-methylcytosine (m3C) from DNA and RNA. The AlkB enzyme has been used as a critical tool to facilitate tRNA sequencing and identification of mRNA modifications. As a tool, AlkB mutants with better reactivity and new functionalities are highly desired; however, previous identification of such AlkB mutants was based on the classical approach of targeted mutagenesis. Here, we introduce a high-throughput screening method to evaluate libraries of AlkB variants for demethylation activity on RNA and DNA substrates. This method is based on a fluorogenic RNA aptamer with an internal modified RNA/DNA residue which can block reverse transcription or introduce mutations leading to loss of fluorescence inherent in the cDNA product. Demethylation by an AlkB variant eliminates the blockage or mutation thereby restores the fluorescence signals. We applied our screening method to sites D135 and R210 in the Escherichia coli AlkB protein and identified a variant with improved activity beyond a previously known hyperactive mutant toward N1-methylguanosine (m1G) in RNA. We also applied our method to O6-methylguanosine (O6mG) modified DNA substrates and identified candidate AlkB variants with demethylating activity. Our study provides a high-throughput screening method for in vitro evolution of any demethylase enzyme.
Making radiation therapy more effective in the era of precision medicine
Authors: Peng Xingchen , Wei Zhigong , Gerweck Leo E 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cancer has become a leading cause of death and constitutes an enormous burden worldwide. Radiation is a principle treatment modality used alone or in combination with other forms of therapy, with 50%–70% of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy at some point during their illness. It has been suggested that traditional radiotherapy (daily fractions of approximately 1.8–2 Gy over several weeks) might select for radioresistant tumor cell sub-populations, which, if not sterilized, give rise to local treatment failure and distant metastases. Thus, the challenge is to develop treatment strategies and schedules to eradicate the resistant subpopulation of tumorigenic cells rather than the predominant sensitive tumor cell population. With continued technological advances including enhanced conformal treatment technology, radiation oncologists can increasingly maximize the dose to tumors while sparing adjacent normal tissues, to limit toxicity and damage to the latter. Increased dose conformality also facilitates changes in treatment schedules, such as changes in dose per treatment fraction and number of treatment fractions, to enhance the therapeutic ratio. For example, the recently developed large dose per fraction treatment schedules (hypofractionation) have shown clinical advantage over conventional treatment schedules in some tumor types. Experimental studies suggest that following large acute doses of radiation, recurrent tumors, presumably sustained by the most resistant tumor cell populations, may in fact be equally or more radiation sensitive than the primary tumor. In this review, we summarize the related advances in radiotherapy, including the increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance, and the targeting of these mechanisms with potent small molecule inhibitors, which may selectively sensitize tumor cells to radiation.
Increased number of cases of giant cell arteritis and higher rates of ophthalmic involvement during the era of COVID-19
Authors: Luther Rosamond , Skeoch Sarah , Pauling John D , Curd Christopher , Woodgate Felicity , Tansley Sarah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Our centre offers a fast-track assessment service for patients with suspected GCA and this service continued to operate during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. During and immediately following the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK we observed an increase in the number of patients diagnosed with GCA as well as an increased number of patients with visual complications. Our aim was to investigate this further.

Methods
The electronic medical records of all patients referred for GCA fast-track assessment from January 2019 were reviewed. A complete list of patients undergoing temporal artery ultrasound and temporal artery biopsy for investigation of GCA dating back to 2015 was also available.

Results
In the 12 week period between April and June 2020, 24 patients were diagnosed with GCA. Six (25%) had associated visual impairment. In contrast, during 2019, 28 new diagnoses of GCA were made in total and just 10% of patients suffered visual involvement. The number of patients diagnosed with GCA in April–June 2020 was nearly 5-fold that of the same time period the previous year. GCA diagnoses between April and June 2020 were supported by imaging (temporal artery ultrasound or CT-PET) in 72% of cases. We noted a higher proportion of male patients and a lower median age but no clear difference in the duration of symptoms prior to assessment.

Conclusions
The reasons behind our observations remain unclear. However, our findings support the viral aetiopathogenesis hypothesis for GCA and demonstrate the importance of maintaining access to urgent rheumatology services during periods of healthcare disruption.
The promises and premises of mission-oriented innovation policy—A reflection and ways forward
Authors: Janssen Matthijs J , Torrens Jonas , Wesseling Joeri H , Wanzenböck Iris 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Missions may be regarded as a narrative for challenge-oriented policies, as a rationale for directional policies, and as an instrument for coordinating distributed innovation efforts. While the attention for mission-oriented innovation policy is rising, there are still many questions regarding both the governance and the conduct of missions as well as the (adverse) effects they might have on innovation and societal challenges. This research perspective reflects on what missions are, what they can do and potentially engender, and how they can be studied empirically. Rather than a static, predetermined, and closed-off instrument, we contend that missions are best understood as continuously interacting with the structures and interests of governments, markets, and society, aligning (1) problem-based governance targeting societal challenges and (2) innovation governance targeting novelty creation and deployment. This characterisation of missions, as embedded and evolving, advances empirical questions that could guide research into unexplored directions.
The doctrine of reverse piercing of corporate veil: its applicability in India
Authors: Singh Vijay P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Separate legal personality, independent from its member, is a peculiar characteristic of a corporation. Because of this characteristic, members and shareholders enjoy limited liability and get financial protection. However, the principle of separate legal entity is sometimes used or misused by the members of the corporations to escape their liabilities. Thus, in order to fix their liabilities and dispense justice, the court propounded the rule of ‘Lifting the Corporate Veil.’ With time, a new doctrine emerged in the USA. This new doctrine is known as the ‘Doctrine of Reverse Piercing of the Corporate Veil.’ The doctrine, though recognised by the courts in the USA, is not recognised in several jurisdictions, including India. The present article analyses the concept and relevance of this doctrine under the current economic developments in India. Further, the article discusses recent legal developments to illustrate that ‘reverse piercing’ is already in effect in India, and provide suggestions to make the doctrine of ‘reverse piercing’ more productive and proactive.
Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) position statement: End the fatal paradox: change the names of our Federal Institutes on Addiction
Authors: Kelly John F , Earnshaw Valerie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Evidence demonstrates that exposure to the terms “abuse” and “substance abuser” increases stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes toward individuals suffering from drug and alcohol problems, ultimately leading to suboptimal clinical care delivery and poorer treatment outcomes. The American Psychiatric Association has dropped the term “abuse” from its diagnostic terminology; therefore, the term provides no advantage in terms of clinical precision or public health communication. Although numerous medical and public health associations have advocated against the term “abuse,” it remains embedded in the very titles of our major federal institutions and administrations whose explicit mission is to alleviate these endemic problems. Congress must act to change the names of the National Institutes of Health on addiction (i.e., NIAAA, NIDA) and related federal institutions (SAMHSA, CSAT). The Society of Behavioral Medicine supports the removal of the term “abuse” from the National Institutes of Health and related federal administrations pertaining to addiction and replacement with more neutral and nonstigmatizing terminology (e.g., disorder). Alternative names for the federal organizations that SBM supports are the “National Institute on Alcohol Use Disorder,” the “National Institute on Drug Use Disorders,” the “Substance Use Disorder and Mental Health Services Administration,” and the “Center for Substance Use Disorder Treatment.”
Characterization ofBotrytis cinereaandB.prunorumFrom Healthy Floral Structures and Decayed ‘Hayward’ Kiwifruit During Post-Harvest Storage
Authors: Riquelme Danae , Aravena Zdenka , Valdés-Gómez Héctor , Latorre Bernardo A. , Díaz Gonzalo A. , Zoffoli Juan Pablo 
Published: December 2020

Gray mold is the primary postharvest disease of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in Chile, with a prevalence of 33.1% in 2016 and 7.1% in 2017. Gray mold develops during postharvest storage, which is characterized by a soft, light to brown watery decay that is caused by Botrytis cinerea and B. prunorum. However, there is no information on the role of B. prunorum during the development and storage of kiwifruit in Chile. For this purpose, asymptomatic flowers and receptacles were collected throughout fruit development and harvest from five orchards over two seasons in the Central Valley of Chile. Additionally, diseased kiwifruits were selected after storage for 100 days at 0°C and 2 days at 20°C. Colonies of Botrytis sp. with high and low conidial production were consistently obtained from apparently healthy petals, sepals, receptacles, and styles and diseased kiwifruit. Morphological and phylogenetic analysis of three partial gene sequences encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, heat shock protein 60, and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II were able to identify and separate B. cinerea and B. prunorum species. Consistently, B. cinerea was predominantly isolated from all floral parts and fruit in apparently healthy tissue and diseased kiwifruit. During full bloom, the highest colonization by B. cinerea and B. prunorum was obtained from petals, followed by sepals. In storage, both Botrytis species were isolated from the diseased fruit (n = 644), of which 6.8% (n = 44) were identified as B. prunorum. All Botrytis isolates grew from 0°C to 30°C in vitro and were pathogenic on kiwifruit leaves and fruit. Notably, B. cinerea isolates were always more virulent than B. prunorum isolates. This study confirms the presence of B. cinerea and B. prunorum colonizing apparently healthy flowers and floral parts in fruit and causing gray mold during kiwifruit storage in Chile. Therefore, B. prunorum plays a secondary role in the epidemiology of gray mold developing in kiwifruit during cold storage.
Case Report: Effect of a Retinal Prosthesis System on Charles Bonnet Visual Hallucinations
Authors: Moore Vincent , Cantin Sylvie , Carignan Mathieu , Courchesne Marie , Qian Cynthia X. , Poncet Frédérique 
Published: December 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Charles Bonnet syndrome is commonly encountered and diagnosed in low-vision patients. It can be distressing for some of them, as there is no known effective treatment of this condition. Although there is a growing interest in retinal implants for blind patients with severe retinal diseases, the effect of these devices on Charles Bonnet syndrome visual hallucinations remains undocumented.

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to report changes in the Charles Bonnet syndrome of a patient with retinitis pigmentosa after implantation of the Argus II retinal prosthesis.

CASE REPORT
A 65-year-old patient with retinitis pigmentosa and no light perception was frequently experiencing Charles Bonnet syndrome. In the hope of improving his vision, he received an Argus II retinal prosthesis in 2018 and participated in a 10-week rehabilitation program at the Institut Nazareth et Louis-Braille. The nature and the frequency of his Charles Bonnet syndrome were documented with the Questionnaire de repérage du syndrome de Charles Bonnet (a French questionnaire used to screen for Charles Bonnet syndrome) before the surgery and for 70 weeks after it. The patient's visual acuity and visual fields were monitored during the same period. Additional tests were administered to document the visual, psychological, and cognitive states of the patient throughout the study.

CONCLUSIONS
Although this case report confirmed that Argus II retinal prosthesis improves the performance of blind patients in visual tests, the improvement was not associated with a decrease in the symptoms of Charles Bonnet syndrome.
Case Report: Use of Prosthetic Replacement of the Ocular Surface Ecosystem Treatment of Traumatic Lid Ptosis in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Phillis Kendra , Brocks Daniel , Carrasquillo Karen G. 
Published: December 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
This report shares the long-term outcomes of an uncommon use of prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem (PROSE) treatment and scleral lenses in the treatment for patients with ptosis who are not surgical candidates.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to describe a case of pediatric traumatic lid ptosis and follow-up during an 8-year period with PROSE treatment.

CASE REPORT
A 7-year-old Honduran girl presented with a history of severe cranial, facial, and ocular trauma as a result of a motor vehicle accident. Significant ptosis with left-sided facial paralysis and irregular astigmatism significantly reduced the patient's visual function in the left eye. She was evaluated and treated with a scleral prosthetic device in the left eye to improve vision, the ocular surface, and overall function for activities of daily living. After 8 years of PROSE treatment, acuity in the left eye remained stable at 20/25. The corneal health remained stable throughout this period, without complications of corneal neovascularization or corneal edema.

CONCLUSIONS
Prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem treatment provided support of the ocular surface and mechanical left upper eyelid lift in a traumatic eyelid ptosis, ultimately providing improved visual function during an extensive 8-year period in a pediatric patient. Further studies are needed to evaluate the applicability of this approach in broader ptosis cases.
Role of MRI in the Evaluation of Thoracoabdominal Emergencies
Authors: Ludwig Daniel R. , Raptis Constantine A. , Broncano Jordi , Bhalla Sanjeev , Luna Antonio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Thoracic and abdominal pathology are common in the emergency setting. Although computed tomography is preferred in many clinical situations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have emerged as powerful techniques that often play a complementary role to computed tomography or may have a primary role in selected patient populations in which radiation is of specific concern or intravenous iodinated contrast is contraindicated. This review will highlight the role of MRI and MRA in the emergent imaging of thoracoabdominal pathology, specifically covering acute aortic pathology (acute aortic syndrome, aortic aneurysm, and aortitis), pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal conditions such as appendicitis and Crohn disease, pancreatic and hepatobiliary disease (pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and liver abscess), and genitourinary pathology (urolithiasis and pyelonephritis). In each section, we will highlight the specific role for MRI, discuss basic imaging protocols, and illustrate the MRI features of commonly encountered thoracoabdominal pathology.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phenotypic and genotypic features through 4-year cystic fibrosis lung colonization
Authors: Alcaraz Eliana , Centrón Daniela , Camicia Gabriela , Quiroga María Paula , Di Conza José , Passerini de Rossi Beatriz 
Published: December 2020

Introduction.Stenotrophomonas maltophiliahas emerged as one of the most common multi-drug-resistant pathogens isolated from people with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, its adaptation over time to CF lungs has not been fully established.Hypothesis.Sequential isolates ofS. maltophiliafrom a Brazilian adult patient are clonally related and show a pattern of adaptation by loss of virulence factors.Aim.To investigate antimicrobial susceptibility, clonal relatedness, mutation frequency, quorum sensing (QS) and selected virulence factors in sequentialS. maltophiliaisolates from a Brazilian adult patient attending a CF referral centre in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between May 2014 and May 2018.Methodology.The antibiotic resistance of 11 S.maltophiliaisolates recovered from expectorations of an adult female with CF was determined. Clonal relatedness, mutation frequency, QS variants (RpfC–RpfF), QS autoinducer (DSF) and virulence factors were investigated in eight viable isolates.Results.SevenS. maltophiliaisolates were resistant to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and five to levofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to minocycline. Strong, weak and normomutators were detected, with a tendency to decreased mutation rate over time.XbaIPFGE revealed that seven isolates belong to two related clones. All isolates were RpfC–RpfF1 variants and DSF producers. Only two isolates produced weak biofilms, but none displayed swimming or twitching motility. Four isolates showed proteolytic activity and amplifiedstmPr1andstmPr2genes. Only the first three isolates were siderophore producers. Four isolates showed high resistance to oxidative stress, while the last four showed moderate resistance.Conclusion.The present study shows the long-time persistence of two relatedS. maltophiliaclones in an adult female with CF. During the adaptation of the prevalent clones to the CF lungs over time, we identified a gradual loss of virulence factors that could be associated with the high amounts of DSF produced by the evolved isolates. Further, a decreased mutation rate was observed in the late isolates. The role of all these adaptations over time remains to be elucidated from a clinical perspective, probably focusing on the damage they can cause to CF lungs.