bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postextrusion Heating in Three-Dimensional Printing
Authors: Edwards David A. , Mackay Michael E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Stresses result when polymer feed stock is extruded through the nozzle of a three-dimensional (3D) printer, causing undesirable surface roughness called “sharkskin,” which hinders effective bonding to the substrate. A promising method to remove the sharkskin is to reheat the polymer after extrusion. However, questions remain about the appropriate design parameters to guarantee success. A mathematical model is presented for this system, and both amorphous and crystalline polymers are examined. The former is a heat transfer problem; the latter a Stefan problem. Several effectiveness conditions are considered, including exit temperature and a duration condition related to the polymer relaxation time. Our results provide guidance on designing effective postextrusion heaters.
Structural Optimization and Heat Transfer Performance Analysis of a Cone-Column Combined Heat Sink
Authors: Wei Zheng , Jianjun Sun , Tao Niu , Chenbo Ma , Qiuping Yu , Yuyan Zhang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To address the impact of temperature on the normal operation and service life of high-power electronic components, a circular microchannel heat sink with cones has been designed. The cones are evenly arranged inside circular microchannels, which can change the flow state of the cooling medium in the microchannels and enhance the heat transfer performance. The experimental scheme of the heat transfer performance of microchannel heat sink was designed by an orthogonal test method, and the numerical simulation was carried out by ansys thermal-fluid–solid coupling. Within the test parameters, the inlet pore size, the split outer diameter, and the number of cone columns have effect the temperature of the heat sink base. Further, the inlet pore size and the number of cone columns have a heightened effect on the test results: the base temperature of the heat sink decreases rapidly with the increase in the inlet pore size and the number of cone columns. According to the orthogonal test analysis, the structural parameters of the heat sink were optimized. Under the condition that the other boundary conditions are the same, the temperature of the heat sink substrate obtained by the new factor levels combination is 27.87 °C.
Exact Solutions to the Thermal Entry Problem for Laminar Flow Through Annular Ducts
Authors: Bennett T. D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The thermal entrance region for laminar-forced convection of a Newtonian fluid in an annular tube is solved by separation of variables using as many eigenvalues and eigenfunctions as needed to report exact results for a specified range of Graetz numbers. Results for the local and average Nusselt numbers are calculated for a wide range of inner to outer wall radius ratios and for convection to either the inner or outer wall, when the opposing wall is adiabatic. The present benchmark results are utilized to critically examine the accuracy of previous extended Lévêque series solutions that are convergent for short axial distances, and Graetz series solutions that are convergent for long axial distances, and to examine the performance of a new correlation for convection in annular tubes.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Studies on Unstable Oscillatory Direct Contact Condensation of Subsonic Steam Jets in Water Cross-Flow
Authors: Narayanan Jayachandran K. , Roy Arnab , Ghosh Parthasarathi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the last decade, researchers working on direct contact condensation (DCC) have focused their attention on studying the effect of liquid cross-flow, in contrast to the conventional stagnant liquid pool condensers. Currently, the major applications of DCC in liquid cross-flow include the sterilization process of milk and the mixing of oxygen-rich turbine drive gas with liquid oxygen (LOX) at the booster turbopump exit of a typical staged combustion cycle-based rocket engine. In this work, attempt has been made to develop and validate a two-fluid two-phase model for predicting the complex phenomena of steam injection into a cross-flow of subcooled water. A correlation for interaction length scale has been developed for DCC cases. The correlation includes the effect of all the critical operating parameters such as liquid subcooling, steam mass flux, and liquid velocity, which hitherto has not been available in the literature. The unstable nature of steam plumes has been investigated, and critical Weber numbers for predicting stable to unstable transition in a DCC cycle have been computed. The associated pressure and temperature oscillations due to unstable nature of plume have been studied. The critical design parameters for direct contact condenser such as the heat transfer coefficients and dimensionless vapor penetration lengths have been quantified and analyzed.
High Reliability Microgrid for a Nuclear Facility Emergency Power Supply
Authors: Lekhema Gerard R. , Cronje Willem A. , Korir Ian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the use of a high reliability microgrid to supply emergency electrical power to a nuclear facility following loss of offsite power accident. Majority of the nuclear facilities around the world utilize diesel generators (DGs) and battery banks as emergency power to back up the grid power supply. This power supply configuration represents the concept of the microgrid system. The research work proposes reliability improvement of the emergency power supply by introducing distributed energy sources and large-scale energy storage systems. The proposed system was modeled with reliability block diagrams (RBDs) and analyzed with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to evaluate the system's reliability in terms of loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The analysis takes into consideration the failure probability of the components combined with the power unavailability due to the intermittent energy sources. The results show that the proposed system reduces the LPSP.
Investigation and Characterization of Gamma Radiation Shielding Capacity of Heavy Minerals-Based Composite Materials
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammad Asaduzzaman , Shuvho Md. Bengir Ahmed , Islam Md Azizul , Uddin Muhammad Borhan , Khan Ruhul Amin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Radiation shielding is an indispensable ingredient in the design of an integrated system to attenuate the effects of radiation during various operations such as space, aircraft, and nuclear plant. Discerning and exploiting the properties of composite materials compatible for radiation shielding in those applications are therefore primary obligation. In this study, we present here the results of control, ilmenite-, and garnet-based composites radiation shielding capabilities. The gamma radiation shielding competency of control, ilmenite-, and garnet-based composite materials has been examined by using linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), tenth value layer (TVL), and half value layer (HVL). A comparison among those composite materials has been studied to find out the best one for radiation shielding material. Factors influencing the radiation shielding capabilities such as mechanical properties, thermal properties, density, surface morphology, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis have been studied in comparative investigations. In this work, we show that garnet-based composite material has viable radiation shielding performances as compared to the control and ilmenite-based composites. Garnet-based composite exhibits lower impact energy to withstand against gamma radiation as compared to the other tested shielding materials.
Evaluation of Impulse Attenuation by Football Helmets in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Leiva-Molano Nicolas , Rolley Robert J. , Lee Taylor , McIver Kevin G. , Sankaran Goutham , Meyer Janette J. , Adams Douglas E. , Breedlove Evan , Talavage Thomas M. , Nauman Eric A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDesign of helmets used in contact sports has been driven by the necessity of preventing severe head injuries. Manufacturing standards and pass or fail grading systems ensure protective headgear built to withstand large impacts, but design standards do no account for impacts resulting in subconcussive episodes and the effects of cumulative impacts on its user. Thus, it is important to explore new design parameters, such as the frequency-domain measures of transmissibility and mechanical impedance that are based on energy absorption from a range of impact loads. Within the experimentally determined frequency range of interest (FROI), transmissibilities above unity were found in the 0–40 Hz range with the magnitude characteristics varying considerably with impact location. A similar variability with location was observed for the mechanical impedance, which ranged from 9 N/m to 50 N/m. Additional research is required to further understand how changes in the components or materials of the components will affect the performance of helmets, and how they may be used to reduce both transmissibility and dynamic impedance.
On the $$\beta $$-decay of the accelerated proton and neutrino oscillations: a three-flavor description with CP violation
Authors: Blasone Massimo , Lambiase Gaetano , Luciano Giuseppe Gaetano , Petruzziello Luciano 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe (inverse) $$\beta $$β-decay of uniformly accelerated protons ($$p\rightarrow n+ e^{+}+\nu _e$$p→n+e++νe) has been recently analyzed in the context of two-flavor neutrino mixing and oscillations. It has been shown that the decay rates as measured by an inertial and comoving observer are in agreement, provided that: (i) the thermal nature of the accelerated vacuum (Unruh effect) is taken into account; (ii) the asymptotic behavior of neutrinos is described through flavor (rather than mass) eigenstates; (iii) the Unruh radiation is made up of oscillating neutrinos. Here we extend the above considerations to a more realistic scenario including three generations of Dirac neutrinos. By following the outlined recipe, we find that the equality between the two rates still holds true, confirming that mixing is perfectly consistent with the General Covariance of Quantum Field Theory. Notably, we prove that the analysis of CP violation in neutrino oscillations provides a further solid argument for flavor states as fundamental representation of asymptotic neutrino states. Our approach is finally discussed in comparison with the other treatments appeared in literature.
Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Relation to Mammographic Density in 23,456 Women
Authors: McBride Russell B. , Fei Kezhen , Rothstein Joseph H. , Alexeeff Stacey E. , Song Xiaoyu , Sakoda Lori C. , McGuire Valerie , Achacoso Ninah , Acton Luana , Liang Rhea Y. , Lipson Jafi A. , Yaffe Martin J. , Rubin Daniel L. , Whittemore Alice S. , Habel Laurel A. , Sieh Weiva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background:
Percent density (PD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer that is potentially modifiable by lifestyle factors. PD is a composite of the dense (DA) and nondense (NDA) areas of a mammogram, representing predominantly fibroglandular or fatty tissues, respectively. Alcohol and tobacco use have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. However, their effects on mammographic density (MD) phenotypes are poorly understood.

Methods:
We examined associations of alcohol and tobacco use with PD, DA, and NDA in a population-based cohort of 23,456 women screened using full-field digital mammography machines manufactured by Hologic or General Electric. MD was measured using Cumulus. Machine-specific effects were estimated using linear regression, and combined using random effects meta-analysis.

Results:
Alcohol use was positively associated with PD (Ptrend = 0.01), unassociated with DA (Ptrend = 0.23), and inversely associated with NDA (Ptrend = 0.02) adjusting for age, body mass index, reproductive factors, physical activity, and family history of breast cancer. In contrast, tobacco use was inversely associated with PD (Ptrend = 0.0008), unassociated with DA (Ptrend = 0.93), and positively associated with NDA (Ptrend&lt;0.0001). These trends were stronger in normal and overweight women than in obese women.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that associations of alcohol and tobacco use with PD result more from their associations with NDA than DA.

Impact:
PD and NDA may mediate the association of alcohol drinking, but not tobacco smoking, with increased breast cancer risk. Further studies are needed to elucidate the modifiable lifestyle factors that influence breast tissue composition, and the important role of the fatty tissues on breast health.
Survey Item Response Rates by Survey Modality, Language, and Sociodemographic Factors in a Large U.S. Cohort
Authors: Rittase Melissa , Kirkland Elizabeth , Dudas Daniela M. , Patel Alpa V. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background:
Large-scale prospective cohorts traditionally use English, paper-based, mailed surveys, but Web-based surveys can lower costs and increase data quality, and multi-language surveys may aid in capturing diverse populations. Little evidence exists examining item response for multiple survey modalities or languages in epidemiologic cohorts.

Methods:
A total of 254,475 men and women completed a comprehensive lifestyle and medical survey at enrollment (2006–2013) for the Cancer Prevention Study-3, a U.S.-based prospective cohort. Web-based (English only) or paper (Spanish or English) surveys were offered. Using generalized linear models, differences in item response rates overall and by topical areas (e.g., reproductive history) by modality and language were examined. We further examined whether differences in response quality by sociodemographic characteristics within each survey modality existed.

Results:
Overall, English Web-based surveys had the highest average item response rate (97.6%), followed by English paper (95.5%) and Spanish paper (83.1%). Lower item response rates were seen among nonwhite, lower income, or less-educated participants. When examining individual survey sections by topic, results varied the most for residential history, with the lowest item response rate among Spanish language respondents (women, 62.7% and men, 64.3%) and the highest in English language Web-based, followed by paper respondents (women, 94.6% and men, 95.3%; and women, 92.8% and men, 92.1%, respectively).

Conclusions:
This study supports that utilizing multimodal survey approaches in epidemiologic studies does not differentially affect data quality. However, for some topic areas, further analysis should be considered for assessing data quality differences in Spanish language surveys.

Impact:
Multimodal survey administration is effective in nondifferentially capturing high-quality data.
See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Modernizing Population Science.”
Serum PIWI-Interacting RNAs piR-020619 and piR-020450 Are Promising Novel Biomarkers for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Wang Zhenfei , Yang Hao , Ma Daguang , Mu Yongping , Tan Xiaohui , Hao Qin , Feng Li , Liang Junqing , Xin Wen , Chen Yongxia , Wu Yingcai , Jia Yongfeng , Zhao Haiping 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background:
Early diagnosis can significantly reduce colorectal cancer deaths. We sought to identify serum PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that could serve as sensitive and specific noninvasive biomarkers for early colorectal cancer detection.

Methods:
We screened the piRNA expression profile in sera from 7 patients with colorectal cancer and 7 normal controls using small RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed piRNAs were measured in a training cohort of 140 patients with colorectal cancer and 140 normal controls using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. The identified piRNAs were evaluated in two independent validation cohorts of 180 patients with colorectal cancer and 180 normal controls. Finally, the diagnostic value of the identified piRNAs for colorectal adenoma (CRA) was assessed, and their expression was measured in 50 patients with lung cancer, 50 with breast cancer, and 50 with gastric cancer.

Results:
The piRNAs piR-020619 and piR-020450 were consistently elevated in sera of patients with colorectal cancer as compared with controls. A predicative panel based on the two piRNAs was established that displayed high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer detection. The two-piRNA panel could detect small-size and early-stage colorectal cancer with an area under the ROC curve of 0.863 and 0.839, respectively. Combined use of the two piRNAs could effectively distinguish CRA from controls. Aberrant elevation of the two piRNAs was not observed in sera of patients with lung, breast, and gastric cancer.

Conclusions:
Serum piR-020619 and piR-020450 show a strong potential as colorectal cancer-specific early detection biomarkers.

Impact:
The field of circulating piRNAs could allow for novel tumor biomarker development.
New records of the Flat-headed Cat Prionailurus planiceps (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in western Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Mohd-Azlan Jayasilan , Thaqifah Syaza Jailan 
Published: February 2020

The Endangered Flat-headed Cat is threatened due to loss of lowland and wetland habitats. Its elusive nature and low density occurrence make field sampling difficult. Compilation of records from both camera trapping and direct observation can provide important updates to its current distribution in Sarawak. In western Sarawak, the Flat-headed Cat was recorded in Maludam National Park, in Ulu Sebuyau National Park and at Sarawak River, which are the first confirmed records. The Flat-headed Cat appears to inhabit swamp forest in pristine protected areas as well as near human settlements. The conservation of peat swamp forests is crucial for its long-term persistence.
Total Sitting Time and Sitting Pattern in Postmenopausal Women Differ by Hispanic Ethnicity and are Associated With Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers
Authors: Chang Ya‐Ju , Bellettiere John , Godbole Suneeta , Keshavarz Samaneh , Maestas Joseph P. , Unkart Jonathan T. , Ervin Daniel , Allison Matthew A. , Rock Cheryl L. , Patterson Ruth E. , Jankowska Marta M. , Kerr Jacqueline , Natarajan Loki , Sears Dorothy D. 
Published: February 2020

Background
Sedentary behavior is pervasive, especially in older adults, and is associated with cardiometabolic disease and mortality. Relationships between cardiometabolic biomarkers and sitting time are unexplored in older women, as are possible ethnic differences.

Methods and Results

Ethnic differences in sitting behavior and associations with cardiometabolic risk were explored in overweight/obese postmenopausal women (n=518; mean±
SD
age 63±6 years; mean body mass index 31.4±4.8 kg/m
2
). Accelerometer data were processed using validated machine‐learned algorithms to measure total daily sitting time and mean sitting bout duration (an indicator of sitting behavior pattern). Multivariable linear regression was used to compare sitting among Hispanic women (n=102) and non‐Hispanic women (n=416) and tested associations with cardiometabolic risk biomarkers. Hispanic women sat, on average, 50.3 minutes less/day than non‐Hispanic women (
P
<0.001) and had shorter (3.6 minutes less,
P
=0.02) mean sitting bout duration. Among all women, longer total sitting time was deleteriously associated with fasting insulin and triglyceride concentrations, insulin resistance, body mass index and waist circumference; longer mean sitting bout duration was deleteriously associated with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin resistance, body mass index and waist circumference. Exploratory interaction analysis showed that the association between mean sitting bout duration and fasting glucose concentration was significantly stronger among Hispanic women than non‐Hispanic women (
P
‐interaction=0.03).

Conclusions
Ethnic differences in 2 objectively measured parameters of sitting behavior, as well as detrimental associations between parameters and cardiometabolic biomarkers were observed in overweight/obese older women. The detrimental association between mean sitting bout duration and fasting glucose may be greater in Hispanic women than in non‐Hispanic women. Corroboration in larger studies is warranted.
Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease and All‐Cause Mortality in Female Survivors of Domestic Abuse
Authors: Chandan Joht Singh , Thomas Tom , Bradbury‐Jones Caroline , Taylor Julie , Bandyopadhyay Siddhartha , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah 
Published: February 2020

Background

Domestic abuse (
DA
) against women is a global public health problem. Although the possible health burden could be substantial, the associations between
DA
and subsequent cardiometabolic disease (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus) and all‐cause mortality are poorly understood.

Methods and Results

This retrospective cohort study consisted of
UK
‐based primary care patients between January 1, 1995, to December 1, 2017. Overall, 18 547 women exposed to
DA
were matched to 72 231 unexposed women by age and lifestyle factors. The main outcomes, presented as adjusted incidence rate ratios (
IRRs
), were the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all‐cause mortality. In total, 181 exposed women experienced a cardiovascular disease event compared with 644 of the unexposed control group, relating to an increased adjusted
IRR
of 1.31 (95%
CI
, 1.11–1.55;
P
=0.001). There was also an increased risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes mellitus (adjusted IRR: 1.51; 95%
CI
, 1.30–1.76;
P
<0.001) and all‐cause mortality (adjusted IRR: 1.44; 95%
CI
, 1.24–1.67;
P
<0.001) following exposure to
DA
. This observation was not seen with hypertension (adjusted
IRR
: 0.99; 95%
CI
, 0.88–1.12;
P
=0.873).

Conclusions

There is an increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all‐cause mortality in female survivors of
DA
. However, there is no association with the development of hypertension in this group, in keeping with previous literature. Considering the high prevalence of
DA
, clinicians should be made aware of the disproportionally increased risk and thus are encouraged to manage modifiable risk factors actively in this group.
Different scalar terms are affected by face differently
Authors: Terkourafi Marina , Weissman Benjamin , Roy Joseph 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Research on the effect of face-orientation on scalar implicatures has claimed that face-threatening contexts are one type of context in which scalar implicatures are not warranted. However, that research has been based on the two staples of scalar implicature research, some and or. Given research on scalar diversity has shown that these terms are rather exceptional in inducing high rates of scalar implicatures, we believe it is time for a reassessment. We explored the relationship between scalar implicatures and face concerns by means of an experiment involving eight types of scalar terms in face-boosting and face-threatening contexts. While our results showed that some and or reliably tended to induce scalar implicatures in both types of contexts, confirming the findings of scalar diversity research in this respect, we failed to replicate previous findings that face-threatening contexts do not induce scalar implicatures. We discuss reasons for these findings and how face concerns should be implemented for future experimentation in this vein.