bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Types of Non-Synoptic Wind Systems
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This is a brief summary of the names, characteristics, and dynamics and thermodynamics of subsynoptic-scale and smaller weather systems that can produce damaging surface winds in midlatitudes and wherever the damaging winds occur within the systems. Those systems associated with convective storms include tornadoes, gust fronts, and microbursts; those not associated with convective storms include downslope wind storms and, to a lesser extent, bores, katabatic winds, sting jets, dryline bulges, and the diurnal oscillation of the (nocturnal) low-level jet. Fundamental physical processes discussed include extreme positive or negative buoyancy, production of horizontal vorticity baroclinically, production of vertical vorticity through tilting and stretching, gravity-wave generation over orography and downstream propagation, and turbulent vertical mixing.
“Tell the Truth”: Truth in Music Advertising Post TAM
Authors: Linford Jake 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
When a music group breaks up, what happens to the trademark? The music industry is full of stories about bad breakups of bands at their best, as well as dispirited dissolutions after disappointing downturns. Sometimes, multiple parties claim the right to use the name of the band as a trademark for ongoing musical pursuits. This chapter considers how courts in the United States handle trademark fights over band names. It also analyzes largely forgotten state “Truth in Music” Acts that aim to keep legacy performing groups and their managers honest by requiring them to tour with at least one original recording musician—or identify themselves as tributes, rather than the genuine article. This commitment to “truth” about the origin of these bands seems consistent with the purpose of federal trademark protection to make “actionable the deceptive and misleading use of marks” and “to prevent fraud and deception” in commerce. But three recent US Supreme Court cases, United States v. Alvarez, Matal v. Tam, and Iancu v. Brunetti, indicate that courts might apply constitutional scrutiny to laws like Truth in Music acts that punish lies, even if those laws are consistent with standard justifications for trademark protection. Evaluating Truth in Music Acts in light of these cases may help us predict how much of the current trademark regime could be swept away on a rising tide of judicial scrutiny.
Mineral Extraction and Political Ruptures in Zimbabwe
Authors: Spiegel Samuel J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Strategies for controlling mineral wealth continue to profoundly shape modern political affairs in Zimbabwe, building on colonial-era legacies. Minerals symbolize diverse social, economic, and political struggles. The imagined capacity of minerals to generate economic and social transformation has often been at the heart of debates over mining. Simultaneously, debates on ‘resource curses’ have pointed to the dynamics of elite political capture and the use of minerals to secure political survival. Challenging ‘governance failure’ frames, this chapter discusses some of the ways in which state power was reconfigured in response to the rising importance of minerals in the 2000s, and how narratives of ‘illegality,’ ‘empowerment’, and the ‘resource curse’ were used controversially to justify policy turns and new systems for controlling mineral wealth. Examining articulations of continuities and strategic ruptures with the past, the chapter discusses contested consequences and interpretations around injustices experienced in mining areas and society more broadly.
The Impact of Voter Exit on Party Survival: Evidence from Zimbabwe
Authors: Dendere Chipo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Can voter emigration sustain hegemonic undemocratic regimes at a time when elections and democratization are on the rise around the globe? In this chapter I show a link between the mobility of young, middle class, educated urbanites and the survival of ruling parties faced with growing international and local pressures. In additional to benefiting from traditional methods of centralizing power incumbent regimes can sustain their rule when opposition supporters are forced to emigrate because of deteriorating economic or political conditions. My findings suggest that the exit of voters both weakened the opposition movement and relieved political pressures on the incumbent party.
Politicians and Bureaucrats in Executive Government
Authors: Bach Tobias , Wegrich Kai 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolitical executives depend on bureaucrats in the formulation and implementation of public policy. This raises fundamental questions about the balancing of bureaucratic autonomy and political control. The chapter primarily focuses on the relationship between political executives and public officials tasked with policy development (‘policy bureaucrats’). It provides an overview of the main scholarly debates: the recruitment and replacement of public officials; sources of bureaucratic power; and interactions between policy bureaucrats and political executives. We also provide an overview of the main theories on politico-administrative relations, including political economy and Public Service Bargain (PSB) perspectives. The chapter then highlights key developments in current research, including comparative analyses, the study of ministerial advisers, and the politicization of regulatory agencies. We conclude with a research agenda on the impact of increasingly complex problems and political polarization on role understandings and patterns of decision-making, as well as on the motivations and effects of politicization.
Political Executives and the Mediatization of Politics
Authors: Campus Donatella 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe chapter intends to discuss how the media logic influences the sphere of the political executive. Drawing from the research perspective of the mediatization of politics the chapter will focus on two aspects: how the press portrays governments and governmental leaders and how political executives adapt to the media logic through a proactive process of self-mediatization. It will offer a review of the theoretical and empirical contributions that may highlight the characteristics and the scope of the mediatization process and will address some issues that might lead to future research developments, including the impact of internet and the increasing role of entertainment media in the political field.
Making Terrorism Thinkable
Authors: Ries Klaus 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter challenges the widespread assumption that terrorist ideology was invented in the mid-nineteenth century by such figures as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin. Instead, the chapter argues, the foundations of terrorism were laid at the end of the eighteenth century by the Enlightenment philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte and his disciples, who in turn exerted a strong influence on later radical thinkers. In showing how the intellectual reverberations of the French Revolution gave rise to anarchist ideology as well as acts of terrorism in Germany, the chapter traces a link between the state terror of the French Revolution and the emergence of insurgent terrorism.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Analgesia and Functional Improvement After Continuous Neuroablative and Pulsed Neuromodulative Radiofrequency Treatment of the Genicular Nerves in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis up to One Year After the Intervention
Authors: Santana-Pineda María M , Vanlinthout Luc E , Santana-Ramírez Samuel , Vanneste Thibaut , Van Zundert Jan , Novalbos-Ruiz José Pedro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To compare the analgesic and functional outcomes of continuous neuroablative radiofrequency (CNARF) and pulsed neuromodulative radiofrequency (PNMRF) treatment of genicular nerves up to 1 year after the intervention and to identify predictors associated with a successful outcome (defined as an at least 50% reduction in the pre-interventional visual analog scale [VAS] rating) after genicular radiofrequency treatment.

Design
A prospective randomized controlled trial.

Setting
The Pain Department of the Jerez de la Frontera University Hospital, Cadíz, Spain, from January 2018 until May 2019.

Subjects
Patients with grade 3–4 gonarthritis suffering from knee pain, with a VAS score ≥5 for &gt;6 months.

Methods
Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive either CNARF or PNMRF of the superior medial, superior lateral, and inferior medial genicular nerves. The VAS and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) scores were assessed before and at 1, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Medication use was quantified before and at 6 months after the intervention. Potential characteristics associated with the efficacy of radiofrequency intervention were explored by using multivariable statistical models.

Results
A total of 188 participants were included. The magnitude and duration of beneficial effect and reduction in analgesic use were significantly greater in the CNARF group. Success at 6 months after radiofrequency treatment decreased with grade 4 gonarthritis; higher pre-interventional VAS score; and concomitant depression, anxiety disorder, and diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions
Therapeutic efficacy and reduction in analgesic consumption were superior after CNARF. Treatment success at 6 months after radiofrequency intervention decreased with more severe gonarthritis; higher pre-interventional pain intensity; and concomitant depression, anxiety disorder, and diabetes mellitus.
Accurate and efficient structure-based computational mutagenesis for modeling fluorescence levels of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein mutants
Authors: Masso Majid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA computational mutagenesis technique was used to characterize the structural effects associated with over 46 000 single and multiple amino acid variants of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose functional effects (fluorescence levels) were recently measured by experimental researchers. For each GFP mutant, the approach generated a single score reflecting the overall change in sequence-structure compatibility relative to native GFP, as well as a vector of environmental perturbation (EP) scores characterizing the impact at all GFP residue positions. A significant GFP structure–function relationship (P &lt; 0.0001) was elucidated by comparing the sequence-structure compatibility scores with the functional data. Next, the computed vectors for GFP mutants were used to train predictive models of fluorescence by implementing random forest (RF) classification and tree regression machine learning algorithms. Classification performance reached 0.93 for sensitivity, 0.91 for precision and 0.90 for balanced accuracy, and regression models led to Pearson’s correlation as high as r = 0.83 between experimental and predicted GFP mutant fluorescence. An RF model trained on a subset of over 1000 experimental single residue GFP mutants with measured fluorescence was used for predicting the 3300 remaining unstudied single residue mutants, with results complementing known GFP biochemical and biophysical properties. In addition, models trained on the subset of experimental GFP mutants harboring multiple residue replacements successfully predicted fluorescence of the single residue GFP mutants. The models developed for this study were accurate and efficient, and their predictions outperformed those of several related state-of-the-art methods.
Short Character Sums and the Pólya–Vinogradov Inequality
Authors: Mangerel Alexander P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We show in a quantitative way that any odd primitive character χ modulo q of fixed order g ≥ 2 satisfies the property that if the Pólya–Vinogradov inequality for χ can be improved to $$\begin{equation*} \max_{1 \leq t \leq q} \left|\sum_{n \leq t} \chi(n)\right| = o_{q \rightarrow \infty}(\sqrt{q}\log q) \end{equation*}$$ then for any ɛ &gt; 0 one may exhibit cancellation in partial sums of χ on the interval [1, t] whenever $t \gt q^{\varepsilon}$, i.e., $$\begin{equation*} \sum_{n \leq t} \chi(n) = o_{q \rightarrow \infty}(t)\ \text{for all } t \gt q^{\varepsilon}. \end{equation*}$$
We also prove a converse implication, to the effect that if all odd primitive characters of fixed order dividing g exhibit cancellation in short sums then the Pólya–Vinogradov inequality can be improved for all odd primitive characters of order g. Some applications are also discussed.
Phylogenomics of Piranhas and Pacus (Serrasalmidae) Uncovers How Dietary Convergence and Parallelism Obfuscate Traditional Morphological Taxonomy
Authors: Kolmann M A , Hughes L C , Hernandez L P , Arcila D , Betancur-R R , Sabaj M H , López-Fernández H , Ortí G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Amazon and neighboring South American river basins harbor the world’s most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes. One of the most prominent South American fish families is the Serrasalmidae (pacus and piranhas), found in nearly every continental basin. Serrasalmids are keystone ecological taxa, being some of the top riverine predators as well as the primary seed dispersers in the flooded forest. Despite their widespread occurrence and notable ecologies, serrasalmid evolutionary history and systematics are controversial. For example, the sister taxon to serrasalmids is contentious, the relationships of major clades within the family are inconsistent across different methodologies, and half of the extant serrasalmid genera are suggested to be non-monophyletic. We analyzed exon capture to reexamine the evolutionary relationships among 63 (of 99) species across all 16 serrasalmid genera and their nearest outgroups, including multiple individuals per species to account for cryptic lineages. To reconstruct the timeline of serrasalmid diversification, we time-calibrated this phylogeny using two different fossil-calibration schemes to account for uncertainty in taxonomy with respect to fossil teeth. Finally, we analyzed diet evolution across the family and comment on associated changes in dentition, highlighting the ecomorphological diversity within serrasalmids. We document widespread non-monophyly of genera within Myleinae, as well as between Serrasalmus and Pristobrycon, and propose that reliance on traits like teeth to distinguish among genera is confounded by ecological homoplasy, especially among herbivorous and omnivorous taxa. We clarify the relationships among all serrasalmid genera, propose new subfamily affiliations, and support hemiodontids as the sister taxon to Serrasalmidae. [Characiformes; exon capture; ichthyochory; molecular time-calibration; piscivory.]
Implementing Couple’s Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing and Counseling in the Antenatal Care Setting
Authors: Momplaisir Florence , Finley Emily , Wolf Sandra , Aaron Erika , Inoyo Itoro , Bennett David , Seyedroudbari Sara , Groves Allison 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To describe a pilot implementation of couple’s human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and counseling in an antenatal care clinic in the United States.

METHODS:
We used a cross-sectional study design. Couples were recruited from an antenatal care clinic of a large, urban, tertiary medical center, and were eligible if both partners agreed to receive HIV test results together and reported no coercion to participate in testing and counseling and no intimate partner violence. We assessed relationship characteristics, HIV risk-related behaviors and concordance of couples' sexual agreement (ie, mutual agreement about sexual risk behaviors that are permissible within or outside of their relationship). Acceptability of couple’s HIV testing and counseling (ie, format, quality of the sessions, ability to meet their needs) was assessed after completing the session. Barriers and facilitators to couple’s HIV testing and counseling were assessed at the individual-level among decliners and participants and at the clinic-level among members of the care team.

RESULTS:
Dyadic data were collected from 82 individuals (41 couples). Most partners (n=56, 68%) did not have a sexual agreement or had differing expectations about their sexual agreement. Partners with a concordant sexual agreement (n=26) felt more confident working with their partners on condom use when having sex outside of their relationship (P=.008) and were more likely to agree with their partner to get tested regularly for HIV or sexually transmitted infections (P=.015). Acceptability was high, with a rating of 93 or more (out of 100) among all items. Individual-level barriers to couple’s HIV testing and counseling included difficulty bringing the male partner for counseling and a perception by either member of the couple that they were at low-risk for HIV. At the clinic level, need for training, staff turnover, and integration of couple’s HIV testing and counseling in the clinic flow presented as barriers, whereas commitment by the clinic leadership facilitated the couple’s HIV testing and counseling program.

CONCLUSION:
Despite barriers, couple’s HIV testing and counseling can be implemented in antenatal clinics and is a highly acceptable method of HIV testing.
Radical Trachelectomy for the Treatment of Early-Stage Cervical Cancer
Authors: Smith Evan S. , Moon Ashley S. , O'Hanlon Robin , Leitao Mario M. , Sonoda Yukio , Abu-Rustum Nadeem R. , Mueller Jennifer J. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To assess surgical, oncologic, and pregnancy outcomes in patients undergoing radical vaginal, abdominal, or laparoscopic trachelectomy for the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer, using a methodic review of published literature.

DATA SOURCES:
PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library sources, including ClinicalTrials.gov, were searched from 1990–2019 with terms “cervical cancer” and “(vaginal, abdominal, open, minimally invasive, or laparoscopic) radical trachelectomy.” Grey literature and unpublished data were omitted.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
After removal of duplicates from a combined EndNote library of results, 490 articles were reviewed using Covidence software. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, and then screened full texts. Selection criteria included articles that reported radical trachelectomy with lymph node assessment as primary therapy for cervical carcinoma, with stated follow-up intervals and recurrences.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Variables of interest were manually extracted into an electronic database. A total 47 articles that reported on 2,566 women met inclusion criteria. Most tumors were of squamous histology (68.5%), stage IB1 (74.8%), 2 cm or less (69.2%), and without lymphovascular invasion (68.8%). Of planned trachelectomies, 9% were converted intraoperatively to hysterectomy. Separated by route of trachelectomy, 58.1%, 37.2%, and 4.7% were performed using radical vaginal, abdominal, and laparoscopic approaches, respectively. With median follow-up of 48 months (range 2–202 months) across studies, median recurrence rate was 3.3% (range 0–25%); median time to recurrence was 26 months (range 8–44 months). Median 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival were 94.6% (range 88–97.3%) and 97.4% (range 95–99%), respectively. The posttrachelectomy pregnancy rate was 23.9%, with a live-birth rate of 75.1%.

CONCLUSION:
Radical trachelectomy for fertility-preserving treatment of cervical cancer is widely reported in the literature, though publications are mainly limited to case reports and case series. Reported follow-up periods infrequently meet standard oncologic parameters but show encouraging recurrence-free and overall survival rates and pregnancy outcomes. Higher-level evidence needed for meta-analysis is lacking.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:
PROSPERO, CRD42019132443.
Placenta Accreta Spectrum Without Placenta Previa
Authors: Carusi Daniela A. , Fox Karin A. , Lyell Deirdre J. , Perlman Nicola C. , Aalipour Soroush , Einerson Brett D. , Belfort Michael A. , Silver Robert M. , Shamshirsaz Alireza A. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate placenta accreta spectrum with and without placenta previa with regard to risk factors, antepartum diagnosis, and maternal morbidity.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pathology-confirmed placenta accreta spectrum deliveries with hysterectomy from two U.S. referral centers from January 2010–June 2019. Maternal, pregnancy, and delivery characteristics were compared among placenta accreta spectrum cases with (previa PAS group) and without (nonprevia PAS group) placenta previa. Surgical outcomes and a composite of severe maternal morbidities were evaluated, including eight or more blood cell units transfused, reoperation, pulmonary edema, acute kidney injury, thromboembolism, or death. Logistic regression was used with all analyses controlled for delivery location.

RESULTS:
Of 351 deliveries, 106 (30%) had no placenta previa at delivery. When compared with the previa group, nonprevia placenta accreta spectrum was less likely to be identified antepartum (38%, 95% CI 28–48% vs 87%, 82–91%), less likely to receive care from a multidisciplinary team (41%, 31–51% vs 86%, 81–90%), and less likely to have invasive placenta increta or percreta (51% 41–61% vs 80%, 74–84%). The nonprevia group had more operative hysteroscopy (24%, 16–33% vs 6%, 3–9%) or in vitro fertilization (31%, 22–41% vs 9%, 6–13%) and was less likely to have had a prior cesarean delivery (64%, 54–73% vs 93%, 89–96%) compared with the previa group, though the majority in each group had a prior cesarean delivery. Rates of severe maternal morbidity were similar in the two groups, at 19% (nonprevia) and 20% (previa), even after controlling for confounders (adjusted odds ratio for the nonprevia group 0.59, 95% CI 0.30–1.17).

CONCLUSION:
Placenta accreta spectrum without previa is less likely to be diagnosed antepartum, potentially missing the opportunity for multidisciplinary team management. Despite the absence of placenta previa and less placental invasion, severe maternal morbidity at delivery was not lower. Broader recognition of patients at risk for placenta accreta spectrum may improve early clinical diagnosis and patient outcomes.