bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Education of Multiple Family Members and the Life-Course Pathways to Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Yahirun Jenjira J , Vasireddy Sindhu , Hayward Mark D 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis article asks how the educational attainments of multiple family members, including parents and offspring, are associated with the cognitive health of older adults in the United States.MethodsWe use panel data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (2000–2012) to examine how the education of an individual, their parent(s), and their offspring are associated with the prevalence of moderate/severe cognitive impairment and the onset of cognitive impairment among older adults using logistic regression and discrete-time event history analysis, respectively.ResultsWe found that when combined, only the education of the individual is inversely associated with cognitive impairment at baseline. However, both the educational attainments of an individual and their offspring are negatively associated with the risk of becoming cognitively impaired, among individuals who were not already cognitively impaired. Conversely, parental education was not predictive of being cognitively impaired or the onset of impairment. Furthermore, we found that respondent gender did not moderate the relationship between a family member’s education and respondent cognitive health.DiscussionThis study adds to current research by asking how resources from earlier and subsequent generations matter for older adults’ cognitive health. Although we found little evidence that parental education matters at this life stage, results suggest that offspring education has a salient positive effect on later-life cognitive health. This finding underscores an overlooked source of health disparities—offspring resources—and highlights how a family perspective remains a powerful tool for understanding health inequalities in later life.
Intersectoral (in)activity: towards an understanding of public sector department links between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and childhood undernutrition in South Africa
Authors: Momberg D J , Mahlangu P , Ngandu B C , May J , Norris S A , Said-Mohamed R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Associations between different forms of malnutrition and environmental conditions, including water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), contribute to poor child health, nutritional status and physical growth. The primary responsibility for the provision of water and sanitation, as a basic service and human right, lies with the State, as such, a number of stakeholders are involved. Despite relatively high levels of WASH infrastructure coverage in South Africa, enteric infections and stunting remain high for a middle-income country. The aim of this study is to elucidate the landscape of WASH in South Africa in relation to nutritional status of children under the age of 5 years in the South African, Gauteng and City of Johannesburg contexts. The authors detailed the national and provincial public sector departments and through purposive sampling proceeded to map the various departments and associated policies that are responsible for the provision of WASH facilities, as well the nutritional status of children. Of the six policies identified for review, three mentioned WASH, nutrition and children; however, none explicitly linked WASH to nutritional status in children. An in-depth review and analysis of these three crucial policy documents was conducted. Finally, a set of expert interviews were conducted and a consensus development conference convened, with experts at the intersection between WASH and nutritional status. The authors found that the public sector would benefit from better integration of the concept of WASH into their policy, planning and implementation frameworks. The WASH sector should emphasize the role in which WASH plans consider the impact of WASH on the nutritional status of children. The various public sector departments involved in WASH service provision, and other WASH stakeholders, including community-based organizations, non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations, should be involved in the decision-making of the nutrition sector.
Long-term risk of tuberculosis among migrants according to migrant status: a cohort study
Authors: Kristensen Kristina Langholz , Ravn Pernille , Petersen Joergen Holm , Hargreaves Sally , Nellums Laura B , Friedland Jon S , Andersen Peter Henrik , Norredam Marie , Lillebaek Troels 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
The majority of tuberculosis (TB) cases in low-incidence countries occur in migrants. Only few studies have assessed the long-term TB risk in migrants after immigration, and datasets have not considered this across a range of diverse migrant groups. This nationwide study aimed to investigate long-term TB risk among migrants according to migrant status and region of origin.

Methods
This cohort study included all migrants aged  ≥ 18 years who obtained residence in Denmark from 1993 to 2015, with a mean follow-up of 10.8 years [standard deviation (SD) 7.3]. Migrants were categorized based on legal status of residence and region of origin. Incidence rates (IR) and rate ratios (IRR) were estimated by Poisson regression.

Results
A total of 142 314 migrants were included. Across all migrants, the TB risk was highest during year 1 of residence (IR 275/100 000 person-years; 95% CI 249–305) followed by a gradual decline, though TB risk remained high for over a decade. Compared with the Danish-born population, the IRRs after 7–8 years were particularly higher among former asylum seekers (IRR 31; 95% CI 20–46), quota refugees (IRR 31; 95% CI 16–71), and family-reunified with refugees (IRR 22; 95% CI 12–44). Sub-Saharan African migrants also experienced elevated risk (IRR 75; 95% CI 51–109). The proportion of migrants with pulmonary TB was 52.4%.

Conclusion
All migrant groups experienced an initial high TB risk, but long-term risk remained high in key migrant groups. Most European countries focus TB screening on or soon after arrival. Our study suggests that approaches to TB screening should be adapted, with migrant populations benefiting from long-term access to preventive health services.
Plasmids of novel incompatibility group IncpRBL16 from Pseudomonas species
Authors: Jiang Xiaoyuan , Yin Zhe , Yuan Min , Cheng Qiaoxiang , Hu Lingfei , Xu Yanan , Yang Wenhui , Yang Huiying , Zhao Yuee , Zhao Xiaodong , Gao Bo , Dai Erhei , Song Yajun , Zhou Dongsheng 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To dissect genomic features of IncpRBL16 plasmids from Pseudomonas.

Methods
An extensive genomic comparison was applied to all 17 available sequenced IncpRBL16 plasmids, including 8 sequenced in this study and another 2 sequenced in two of our previous studies.

Results
Conserved IncpRBL16 backbone markers repAIncpRBL16 together with its iterons, parB2–parA, che, pil and ter were present in all 17 plasmids. At least 18 regions or sites across IncpRBL16 genomes exhibited major modular differences, including insertion of accessory modules, deletion of backbone regions surrounding insertion sites and substitution of multiple-gene backbone regions. Ten plasmids carried a sole IncpRBL16 replicon, while exogenous acquisition of an auxiliary replicon (located in an accessory module) besides the primary IncpRBL16 replicon was observed in each of the remaining seven plasmids. The 17 IncpRBL16 plasmids carried at least 71 different accessory modules, notably including Tn1403-related regions, Tn7-family transposons, Tn6571-family transposons, integrative and conjugative elements, and integrative and mobilizable elements. There were a total of 40 known resistance genes, which were involved in resistance to 15 categories of antibiotics and heavy metals, notably including blaIMP-9, blaIMP-45, blaVIM-2, blaDIM-2, blaOXA-246, blaPER-1, aphA and armA.

Conclusions
Different IncpRBL16 plasmids contain different profiles of accessory modules and thus diverse collections of resistance genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fully sequenced blaOXA-246-carrying (p12939-PER) and blaPER-1-carrying (p12939-PER and pA681-IMP) IncpRBL16 plasmids and also that of 14 novel (first identified in this study) and additionally 31 newly named (first designated in this study, but with previously determined sequences) mobile elements.
Effects of dietary fatty acids on gut health and function of pigs pre- and post-weaning
Authors: Lauridsen Charlotte 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) play a major role in relation to mucosal immune responses, epithelial barrier functions, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reactions. The dietary FA composition and the molecular structures (chain length and number of double bonds) influence digestion, absorption and metabolism, and the bioactivity of the FA. Piglets post-weaning having an immature intestine and not fully formed immune functions are very vulnerable to invading microorganisms. Manipulation of the milk FA composition via sow nutrition, or inclusion of dietary fat sources in the feed for newly weaned pigs, may be used as a strategic tool to enhance pig performance and their gut health and function pre- and post-weaning. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are absorbed directly into the portal blood and may contribute to immediate energy for the enterocytes. In addition, the MCFA, similarly to the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), possess antibacterial effects and may thereby prevent overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. The essential FA, linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic (ALA) FA, form the building blocks for the long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 and n-6 FA. The conversion of ALA and LA into n-3 and n-6 eicosanoids, respectively, influences the molecular structures of metabolites and inflammatory reactions and other immune responses upon bacterial challenges. Dietary manipulation of the lactating sow influences the transfer of the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from the sow milk to the piglet and the incorporation of the FA into piglet enteric tissues and cell membranes, which exerts bioactivity of importance for immune responses and the epithelial barrier function. Especially, the n-3 PUFA present in fish oil seem to influence the gut health and function of pigs, and this is of importance during the transition periods such as post-weaning in which piglets are prone to inflammation. The proportion of unsaturated FA in the cell membranes influences the susceptibility to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress accompanies infectious diseases, and the development of lipid peroxides and other reactive oxygen products may be harmful to the epithelial barrier function. Fatty acid peroxides from the feed may also be absorbed with other lipid-solubles and thereby harm the intestinal function. Hence, antioxidative protection is important for the enteric cells. In conclusion, manipulation of the dietary FA composition can influence the gut health and function in pigs and may support a normal immune system and modulate resistance to infectious diseases during especially stressful phases of a pig’s life such as post-weaning.
Discretion and Supplier Selection in Public Procurement
Authors: Baltrunaite Audinga , Giorgiantonio Cristina , Mocetti Sauro , Orlando Tommaso 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Public procurement outcomes depend on the ability of the procuring agency to select well-performing suppliers. Should public administrations be granted more or less discretion in their decision-making? Using Italian data on municipal public works tendered in the period 2009–13, we study how a reform extending the scope of bureaucrat discretion affects supplier selection. We find that the share of contracts awarded to politically connected firms increases while the (ex ante) labor productivity of the winning firm decreases, thus suggesting a potential misallocation of public funds. The results are heterogeneous across procuring agencies: the effects on supplier selection are primarily concentrated among less qualified and less transparent administrations. (JEL D72, D73, H57, P16)
Similarity analysis of stacking sequences in a SiC nanowire pair grown from the same catalyst nanoparticle using Levenshtein distance
Authors: Kataoka Takayuki , Noguchi Takumi , Kohno Hideo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Stacking faults are easily formed in silicon carbide (SiC) crystals, and this is also the case for SiC nanowires. The stacking faults exercise influences on SiC’s properties, therefore it is important to understand their formation mechanism and to control their formation for applications of SiC and its nanowires. In this study, we propose a method for investigating stacking faults’ formation mechanism in nanowires and provide its proof of concept. Stacking sequences in a pair of SiC nanowires that were grown from the same metal catalyst nanoparticle were quantified as a pair of binary sequences, and Levenshtein distances between partial sequences extracted from the two sequences were measured to detect similarity between them, and the result was compared with that obtained using a surrogate data of one sequence. The similarity analysis using Levenshtein distances works as a probe for investigating possible influences of some phenomena in the catalyst nanoparticle on the formation of stacking faults. The analysis did not detect a correlation between the two sequences. Although a possibility that the formation of stacking faults in the nanowires were owing to some phenomena in the catalyst nanoparticle cannot be denied, the extrinsic cause in the catalyst nanoparticle was not detected through our analysis in this case.
Body Mass Index and Weight Loss in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in CALGB (Alliance)/SWOG 80405
Authors: Guercio Brendan J , Zhang Sui , Venook Alan P , Ou Fang-Shu , Niedzwiecki Donna , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Innocenti Federico , Mullen Brian C , O’Neil Bert H , Shaw James E , Polite Blase N , Hochster Howard S , Atkins James N , Goldberg Richard M , Brown Justin C , O’Reilly Eileen M , Mayer Robert J , Blanke Charles D , Fuchs Charles S , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn nonmetastatic colorectal cancer, overweight and mild-to-moderately obese patients experience improved outcomes compared with other patients. Obesity’s influence on advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is relatively unexplored.MethodsWe conducted a prospective body mass index (BMI) companion study in Cancer and Leukemia Group B (now Alliance)/SWOG 80405, a phase III metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment trial. BMI was measured at trial registration. Primary and secondary endpoints were overall and progression-free survival, respectively. To minimize confounding by poor and rapidly declining health, we used Cox proportional hazards regression to adjust for known prognostic factors, comorbidities, physical activity, and weight loss during the 6 months prior to study entry. We also examined weight loss prior to enrollment as an independent predictor of patient outcome. All statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsAmong 2323 patients with mCRC, there were no statistically significant associations between BMI and overall or progression-free survival (adjusted Ptrend = .12 and .40, respectively). Weight loss during the 6 months prior to study entry was associated with shorter overall and progression-free survival; compared with individuals with stable weight ±4.9%, individuals with weight loss greater than 15% experienced an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.52 for all-cause mortality (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26 to 1.84; Ptrend &lt; .001) and of 1.23 for disease progression or death (95% CI = 1.02 to 1.47; Ptrend = .006).ConclusionsIn this prospective study of patients with mCRC, BMI at time of first-line chemotherapy initiation was not associated with patient outcome. Weight loss prior to study entry was associated with increased risk of patient mortality and disease progression.
Spontaneous rupture and hematoma of the sartorius muscle secondary to rivaroxaban therapy
Authors: Ardebol Javier , Cahueque Mario , Sanchez Carlos 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Spontaneous muscular hematomas are quite rare as they occur mush less frequently than intracranial hematomas and gastrointestinal bleeding in patients under oral anticoagulant therapy. Coumarins, such as warfarin or acitrom, are the most widely prescribed oral anticoagulants agents and have been associated more with the development of hematomas than direct factor X inhibitors, such as rivaroxaban [ 1]. Few reports have linked oral anticoagulation therapy with the development of muscular hematomas; however, clinical cases regarding the involvement of the sartorius muscle remain limited. Patients with advanced age, under oral anticoagulant therapy with pain and ecchymosis in the thigh region, should undergo radiological evaluation utilizing ultrasonography, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging to establish an accurate diagnosis. The following case consists of a patient that while resting presented with a spontaneous rupture and hematoma of the sartorius muscle secondary to rivaroxaban use. During follow-up, the patient recovered completely.
Polyphosphate induces the proteolysis of ADP-bound fraction of initiator to inhibit DNA replication initiation upon stress in Escherichia coli
Authors: Gross Marta H , Konieczny Igor 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe decision whether to replicate DNA is crucial for cell survival, not only to proliferate in favorable conditions, but also to adopt to environmental changes. When a bacteria encounters stress, e.g. starvation, it launches the stringent response, to arrest cell proliferation and to promote survival. During the stringent response a vast amount of polymer composed of phosphate residues, i.e. inorganic polyphosphate (PolyP) is synthesized from ATP. Despite extensive research on PolyP, we still lack the full understanding of the PolyP role during stress. It is also elusive what is the mechanism of DNA replication initiation arrest in starved Escherichia coli cells. Here, we show that during stringent response PolyP activates Lon protease to degrade selectively the replication initiaton protein DnaA bound to ADP, but not ATP. In contrast to DnaA-ADP, the DnaA-ATP does not interact with PolyP, but binds to dnaA promoter to block dnaA transcription. The systems controlling the ratio of nucleotide states of DnaA continue to convert DnaA-ATP to DnaA-ADP, which is proteolysed by Lon, thereby resulting in the DNA replication initiation arrest. The uncovered regulatory mechanism interlocks the PolyP-dependent protease activation with the ATP/ADP cycle of dual-functioning protein essential for bacterial cell proliferation.
Regulating surface wrinkles using light
Authors: Zhou Liangwei , Hu Kaiming , Zhang Wenming , Meng Guang , Yin Jie , Jiang Xuesong 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Regulating existing micro and nano wrinkle structures into desired configurations is urgently necessary yet remains challenging, especially modulating wrinkle direction and location on demand. In this work, we propose a novel light-controlled strategy for surface wrinkles, which can dynamically and precisely regulate all basic characteristics of wrinkles, including wavelength, amplitude, direction and location (λ, A, θ and Lc), and arbitrarily tune wrinkle topographies in two dimensions (2D). By considering the bidirectional Poisson's effect and soft boundary conditions, a modified theoretical model depicting the relation between stress distributions and the basic characteristics was developed to reveal the mechanical mechanism of the regulation strategy. Furthermore, the resulting 2D ordered wrinkles can be used as a dynamic optical grating and a smart template to reversibly regulate the morphology of various functional materials. This study will pave the way for wrinkle regulation and guide fabrication technology for functional wrinkled surfaces.
Nicolas Malebranche
Authors: Stencil Eric 
Published: March 2020

Nicolas Malebranche (b. 1638–d. 1715) was a Parisian-born French philosopher and Oratorian. In 1660, Malebranche entered the Congregation of the Oratory—a Catholic order founded by Pierre Bérulle in 1611—and was ordained in 1664. As relayed by his first biographer—Yves André—in the same year as being ordained, Malebranche discovered a copy of René Descartes’s Treatise on Man in Paris and upon reading it was so ecstatic that he experienced violent heart palpitations. Ultimately, Malebranche developed a philosophical and theological system that was intentionally an amalgam of Cartesianism and the thought of Augustine of Hippo. He is among the preeminent continental rationalists of 17th century Europe along with the more well-known thinkers René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Leibniz. While one must be careful to not import too much into this categorization as it can at times obscure more than it illuminates, rationalism is roughly the view that persons can have some substantive knowledge independent of any sensory experience. Malebranche’s magnum opus—The Search after Truth—was first published in 1674–1675 and underwent numerous editions with substantive additions called Elucidations. Arguably his other greatest work—the Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion—is a beautifully written dialogue and a relatively concise account of his mature worldview first published in 1688. He is especially well known for defending three distinctive positions: (1) Occasionalism, (2) the view that we “see all things in God” (the Vision in God), and (3) a highly original Theodicy. All three of these positions are described in their respective section headings in this entry, but, in brief, occasionalism is the view that only God has true causal power; the Vision in God is the view that ideas, which Malebranche uses in a technical sense and are essential to our perception, are in God; and a theodicy is an (attempted) reconciliation of the existence of evil with the existence of an all good, all knowing, and all powerful God. Malebranche was also active in many controversies, not the least of which was his decade long public dispute with the Jansenist theologian Antoine Arnauld. This often bitter and heated debate was one of the premier intellectual events in Europe in the latter half of the 17th century. Malebranche published his final work, Réflexions sur la prémotion physique, in 1715 and died on 13 October of that same year at the Oratory in Paris.