bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do social inequalities in smoking differ by immigration status in young adults?
Authors: Kalubi J , Tchouaga Z , Ghenadenik A , O'Loughlin J , Frohlich K L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Tobacco use accounts for half the difference in life expectancy across groups of low and high socioeconomic status. The objective was to assess whether social inequalities in smoking in Canada-born young adults are also apparent among same-age immigrants, a group often viewed as disadvantaged and vulnerable to multiple health issues.

Methods
Data were drawn from the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking, a longitudinal investigation of social inequalities in smoking in Montreal, Canada. The sample included 2,077 young adults age 18-25 (56.6% female; 18.9% immigrants). Immigrants had been in Canada 11.6 (SD 6.4) years on average. The association between level of education and current smoking was examined separately in immigrants and non-immigrants in multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for covariates.

Results
Twenty percent of immigrants were current smokers compared to 24% of non-immigrants. In immigrants, relative to those who were university-educated, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for current smoking was 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) among those with pre-university or vocational training, and 1.5 (0.7, 2.9) among those with high school education only. In non-immigrants, the adjusted ORs were 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) among those with pre-university or vocational training and 4.0 (2.9, 5.5) among those with high school education.

Conclusions
Despite a mean of over 10 years in Canada, young adults who immigrated to Canada did not manifest the strong social gradient in smoking apparent in non-immigrants. Identification of factors that protect immigrants from manifesting marked social inequalities in smoking could inform the development of smoking preventive intervention sensitive to social inequalities in smoking.

Key messages
A social gradient in smoking apparent in Canada-born young adults was not observed in same-age immigrants. Factors that protect immigrants against social inequalities in smoking should be identified.
The European Schools of Public Health: From theory to practice - two sides of a broken coin
Authors: Bjegovic-Mikanovic V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Disease prevention and health promotion are closely related through the lifestyle concept and should be part of the postgraduate curriculum of every School of Public Health (SPH) in the European Region and beyond, especially concerning the modifiable behaviors of physical activity and healthy nutrition.

Methods
The Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER) executed 2 surveys on the activities of its members between 2011 and 2015/16. A group of 48 SPH responded in both surveys. The performance of graduates was measured by a Likert scale of 1-5, applied to the 10 Essential Public Health Operations (EPHOs). Furthermore, we determined the delay in full implementation for the target year 2030. The target to offer both modules in 2030 has been set at 100% of all SPHs.

Results
For disease prevention as for health promotion, the 2nd Survey in 2015/16 shows slightly less positive results offering these two modules (72.9 vs. 77.1 and 81.3 v. 87.5%) as compared to the 1st Survey in 2011. The only exception is the use of social media which - as a method of teaching and training - increased for disease prevention from 20.8 to 37.5% of all SPH and for health promotion from 22.9 to 39.6%. Referring to the set target of 100% for running these two modules, considerable delays between 4 and 13.5 years accumulate for the target year 2030.

Conclusions
Except for the use of social media, progress towards 2030 is slow or even negative. Serious efforts have to be made by ASPHER to reverse this lack of progress.
Mapping the future of health promotion
Authors: De Leeuw E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was launched in 1986, and ten global conferences later its key calls to action have never been more poignant. To see health as a resource for everyday life in settings where people live, love, work and play, and recognizing equity and the social determinants of health as core to the success of healthy societies remains important. In the nearly 35 years since the Charter was published, we have seen a proliferation of health promotion research with ever greater insights in what drive the health and well-being of populations. Yet, at the same time we also witness a strong tendency to ground health (care) policy in biomedical and clinical evidence alone, and attribute health potential to lifestyle alone, rather than adopting a systems and social perspective of where health is created, grown, and celebrated. The causes for these diverging perspectives are complex, and are grounded in complexity. Humans and their socio-political systems, including the educational and political machines, tend to suffer from what the political scientist Charles Lindblom reputedly identified as the “Big Problem, Small Brain vs Small Problem Big Brain” phenomenon: researchers and intellectual are really good at pouring great volumes of thought and creative power into studying clearly defined issues, whereas politicians and bureaucrats face enormous problems and can get their heads around the multi-faceted solutions that need to be put in place. So - how do we make the complex palatable to the small brain? In this case - how can higher education systems be turned around to truly address the challenges of our and our children's time? The solution partially lies in the deployment of multiple network analyses of key stakeholders and the language they use to construct future realities: unless we have a clear map of the present and a much wider terrain before us to enter we will forever find it hard to navigate in the environmental and conflict dimension.
Preconception care from a public health perspective
Authors: Steel A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Public health researchers and practitioners are committed to developing, implementing and supporting initiatives that improve the health of the population. This presentation will provide an overview of the alignment between public health and preconception health. It will also overview ideas, theories and models that are central to the contemporary understanding of preconception health, such as epigenetics, the diverse preconception health behaviours and exposures that impact on outcomes, and the known barriers affecting the delivery of preconception care services. The presentation will draw on the principles of health promotion, health services research and epidemiology to provide a high-level understanding of the levers underpinning effective preconception health interventions at a policy, health services and grass-roots level.
Designing family-centred preconception services
Authors: Hall J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In order to support women and their partners to improve their health before pregnancy, we need to be able to identify who is likely to become pregnant within a given timeframe so that interventions can be targeted accordingly. There is no agreed, predictive tool currently available to do this. This presentation will describe the different ways of conceptualising the preconception population and how these populations can be identified to inform intervention delivery and development. We will overview what is known about the preferences of women and men with regards to preconception health services, with a particular focus on digital innovations, and will discuss how the effectiveness of preconception health interventions can be evaluated to contribute to the evidence base.
Health status and regularity of preventive activities among working population in Bulgaria
Authors: Georgieva S , Kamburova M , Stefanova P , Tsanova D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Prevention is an important instrument for public health improvement and maintaining workability of active age people. National Health Insurance Fund of Bulgaria (NHIF) finances an annual regular check-up for people over 18 years of age. In addition, working people have access to preventive activities at their workplace. The aim of the study is to explore an actual regularity of preventive activities at active population in Bulgaria.

Materials and Methods
Data were collected by documents review and direct individual self-administered questionnaire, within a larger research project on health of active population in Bulgaria. It includes 326 employees in a study representing different branches, companies and professions. The questionnaire consists of questions about: a) distribution of risk factors, b) knowledge and attitude to prevention as a tool for better health c) types and regularity of preventive activities. Data processing was performed by SPSS v.24.

Results
Three of four respondents have been diagnosed with chronic disease, 49.4% of them suffer from more than one disease. One third of observed people take more than one medicine. Despite NHIF offers free of charge and obligatory annual check-ups, only 46% of study subjects have undergone a preventive examination within the last year, 49.7% - between 2 and 5 years and 4.3% have done so more than 5 years ago or never, which decrease the effectiveness of preventive measures. Visiting regular check-ups is significantly lower for younger age groups (below 44 years; p &lt; 0.05). Relatively large part of people measured blood pressure (88.5%), blood glucose (67%) and blood cholesterol (51.5%) during the last year in relation to any symptoms, but not within the regular check-up.

Conclusions
Study results confirm the current tendency for low coverage of annual check-ups of working population in Bulgaria. Potential of preventive activities is not rationally used because recommended regularity is not observed.

Key messages
Phenomena as polymorbidity and polypragmasia are widely distributed in Bulgarian active population. Potential of preventive activities is not fully used because recommended regularity is not observed. Despite Bulgarian NHIF finances obligatory annual check-up for people aged over 18 years, most people become subjects of medical examination in case of disease symptoms, rather than regular check-ups.
Midwifery leadership, advocacy and action to improve maternal health in PNG
Authors: Hall H , Kep J , Brown J , Pyakalyia J , King R , Mahmood A , Sitaing M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The SDG target for maternal mortality is less than 70 per 100,000 live births; in Papua New Guinea, it is estimated to be 145. PNG will require significant resources and strong leadership to meet the 2030 target. The PNG Midwifery Leadership Buddy Program (Buddy Program), funded and coordinated by Rotary, offers an innovative model to improve maternal health, which may be transferable to other low-middle-income countries.

Objectives
The Buddy Program aims to build midwifery leadership resulting in improved outcomes in PNG. As partners, midwives from PNG and Australia undertake leadership training in Port Moresby and enter a reciprocal peer support relationship. Over 12 months, they support each other in their professional roles and progress a quality improvement project.

Results
Three cohorts of midwives (18 from each country), have participated in the leadership training and the first group has completed 12 months of peer support. Participants have reported increased confidence for leadership, action and advocacy. There has been some communication challenges and variation in expectations, predominately due to cultural differences. The Buddy Program has resulted in a number of tangible projects including the introduction of family planning education at a local school and University, introduction of respectful care in pregnancy charter and increased surveillance and treatment of pregnant women with anaemia. Interestingly, a number of participants have continued to support each other beyond the initial 12-month commitment.

Conclusions
Supportive partnerships that grow midwifery leadership hold significant potential to increase the quality of maternity care and reduce preventable maternal deaths in low-middle-income countries.

Key messages
Midwifery leadership plays a vital role in addressing the SDG targets for maternal health. The Buddy Program offers an innovative model to progress the agenda for universal access to quality maternity care.
The use of geospatial tools to study the evolution of TB incidence in North Portugal between 2008-18
Authors: Moreira de Sousa A , Gomes M , Capucho R , Carvalho C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis continues to be a significant global health problem. Portugal isn't an exception to this health problem, being considered by the ECDC a high incidence country. According to the SDG target 3.3, the world must end the epidemics of tuberculosis by 2030. However, several parishes in Portugal continue to observe extremely high values of TB, taking into account the WHO goal for pre-elimination of 10 TB cases per million people.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the Surveillance System of the National Program against Tuberculosis. Descriptive and regression analyses were carried out using R 3.6.1 and Rstudio 1.2.5033. The geospatial analysis was carried out with ArcMap 10.7.1 using a five-year average of TB incidence. Animations and videos were made with Microsoft Office365 PowerPoint v2002.

Results
In the period 2008-2012, 55,7% of parishes had registered cases of tuberculosis. That value decreased to 50,6% parishes in the period 2014-2018. For the period of 2014-18, 30,3% of parishes had a five-year average incidence above 20/100.000 people (value defined as high-incidence by the ECDC) and 45,0% parishes an incidence above 10/100.000 people. With ArcMap HotSpot analysis was possible to observe the existence of a significant cluster of TB in the southwest of North Portugal. With animation analysis, it was also possible to see the global spatial reduction of TB cases between 2008 and 2018, and the ongoing problem of a high incidence of TB in specific regions of North Portugal.

Conclusions
TB continues to be a significant health problem in North Portugal. The spatial analysis pointed to a specific area of North Portugal that needs priority action. Videos produced by the Department of Public Health may guide health professionals and policymakers for future strategies to be implemented to reach SDG3.

Key messages
The importance of desegregated spatial data for TB elimination. The elimination efforts must be scaled up in specific areas to achieve SDG3.
National immunization policies and practices for migrants in EU/EEA countries
Authors: Marchetti G , Giambi C , Del Manso M , Ranghiasci A , Nacca G , Dente M G , Marceca M , Adel Ali K , Declich S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Migrants represent a potential vulnerable group and adequate health protection, including vaccine preventable diseases prevention, should be ensured. The aim of this survey was to map national immunization policies and practices targeting asylum seekers, refugees and irregular migrants in EU/EEA countries.

Methods
A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in 28 EU and 2 EEA countries within the ECDC funded Vaccine European New Integrated Collaboration Effort (VENICE) Project in the period January-April 2018.

Results
All countries but one completed the survey and 28 countries offer vaccination to migrants. A national regulation/legal framework supporting migrant immunization is available in most countries. This is specifically established for migrants' health services for 5, part of the National Immunization Programme (NIP) for 15 and both for 3 countries. All the vaccinations included in the NIP appropriate for age are offered to children/adolescents in 27 countries and to adults in 13. In 15 countries offering only certain vaccinations to adults, priority is given to DT, MMR and polio. Vaccinations are mainly given at holding/community level and only 5 countries vaccinate at entry level. A vaccination card is delivered in 23/28 countries to children/adolescents and 24/28 to adults. Recording of individual data vary highly: for children/adolescents and adults, respectively, 15 and 12 countries use an electronic database, 5 and 4 use only paper registry, 2 and 3 use both electronic and paper registries, while 6 and 9 countries do not record information at all. Individual and aggregated data are not made available from the sites where vaccinations are delivered to other local or national institutions in 13 and 15 countries.

Conclusions
Although policies about immunization of migrants are available in most of EU/EEA countries, there are important differences as to their objectives and implementation, especially methods of recording and transmitting data.

Key messages
Given the survey results and the migrants’ mobility, it is important to share data within and across countries to better respond to migrants' immunization needs. Strengthening partnerships between countries of origin, transit and destination, and sharing documentation may ensure the completion of vaccination series and avoid unnecessary revaccinations.
Preparedness and response in Portuguese emergency plans - Interaction with public health
Authors: Leiras G , Martins A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Articulation between Civil Protection and Public Health authorities is of paramount importance to control, reduce and prevent threats to the health of the population in situations of crisis or catastrophes. National Civil Protection Authority produces Emergency Plans which describe the role of every stakeholder in emergency situations. Role and importance of Public Health and Public Health Authorities is not always present or well described and known amongst stakeholders.

Methods
Data was collected from all Districtal Emergency Plans (n = 18). Each document was analysed considering time frame, refences to Public Health and Health Authorities, definition of roles, communication channels, coordination and inclusion of intersectoral communication flow. Quantitative analysis included absolute and relative frequencies and qualitative analysis to all parts related to the terms “Public Health” and “Health Authority”. Each document was reviewed by 2 independent researchers.

Results
From 18 Districtal Emergency Plans (DEP) analysed, 94,4% (n = 17) had references to Public Health, but none referred the role of Public Health Officers. Only 16,7% referred to Health Authorities, although 94,4% mentioned the law 135/2013, defining the role and attributes of Health Authority. In 72,2%, coordination of Public Health Measures was attributed to the National Medical Emergency Institute. Epidemiological surveillance and Public Health Emergencies were referred in 55,6%, and attributed to the Regional Administration of Health.

Conclusions
Public Health Authorities and Public Health Medical Officers role in articulation with National Civil Protection Authority in emergency situations lacks severely, with this role being replaced by other entities. This is of great concern regarding management and control of diseases, particularly communicable diseases.

Key messages
Public Health Authorities lack the necessary involvement in Emergency Plans and emergency situations. Public health measures are coordinated by other entities rather than Public Health Authorities.
Food Waste reduction: a proposal from ATS Val Padana (Italy)
Authors: Troiano G , Servegnini M , Cirrincione M L , Frittoli E , Firmi A M , Clasadonte V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
It is currently estimated that 1.3 billion tons of food are wasted in the world and that 14% of total waste comes from collective catering. Specifically, the percentages waste in school catering are highly variable, ranging from 11.9% to 27.5%. In order to deepen the phenomenon, ATS Val Padana has started a project in some middle schools in the areas of its competence.

Objectives
The project, started in 2016, was composed by 6 phases: 1) Nutritional inspection in schools to evaluate the waste; 2) Administering of a questionnaire to the students to evaluate the eating habits and opinions about the offered menu; 3) Selection of a pilot school; 4) Implementation of a new menu built on the basis of students' preferences; 5) Organization of 2-hour educational meetings for each class of the pilot school to educate students; 6) Nutritional inspection after menu modification and meetings.

Results
7 schools were examined; 1335 students involved (of which 49.3% females). The total waste was on average 36%, with higher peaks related to the side dish (66%) and fruit (39%); the first dish remains the most popular dish with a waste of 14%. The school with the highest number of students enrolled in the canteen (152) was selected for menu modification and meetings. After about 3 months it was observed: a 11% reduction of the total waste. There was a statistically significant reduction in relation to the gap for the first and the side dish. For the second dish there was a 7% increase in waste.

Conclusions
The overall reduction of waste shows that targeted actions on menus, built on the basis of student preferences, can be an effective tool to reduce the food waste.

Key messages
An important percentage of waste comes from collective catering or from school catering. Menus, built on the basis of student preferences, can be an effective tool to reduce the food waste.
Relation between cognitive disorders and type of physical activity: Results of the FréLE cohort
Authors: Dupré C , Barth N , El Moutawakkil A , Béland F , Roche F , Bongue B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Few previous cohorts have studied the different type of physical activities and the degree of cognitive decline. The objective of this work was to analyze the leisure, domestic and professional activities with mild and moderate cognitive disorders in older people living in community.

Methods
The study used data from the longitudinal and observational study, FrèLE (FRagility: Longitudinal Study of Expressions). The collected data included: socio-demographic variables, lifestyle, and health status (frailty, comorbidities, cognitive status, depression). Cognitive decline was assessed by using: MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) and MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment). MoCA was used with two cut-offs (26 and 17) so as to define mild and moderate cognitive disorders Physical activity was assessed by the PASE (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly), structured in three sections: leisure, domestic and professional activities. Spline and proportional hazards regression models (Cox) were used to estimate the risk of cognitive disorders.

Results
At baseline, 1623 participants were included and the prevalence of cognitive disorders was 6.9% (MMSE) and 7.2% (MoCA), mild cognitive disorders was 71.3%. The mean age was 77 years, and 52% of the participants were women. After a 2 years long follow-up, we found 6.9% (MMSE) and 6% (MoCA) cognitive disorders on participants. Analyses showed that domestic activities were associated to cognitive decline (HR = 0.52 [0.28-0.94] for MMSE and HR = 0.48 [0.28-0.80] for MoCA). No association were found with leisure and professional activities, and no spline were significant with mild cognitive disorders.

Conclusions
Analysis showed a relationship between cognitive disorders and type of physical activity, thanks to the use of specific questionnaire of elderly and two global test of cognition. These findings will contribute to the debate on the beneficial effects of physical activity on cognition.

Key messages
This work allowed to compare two test of cognition and their link with physical activity. It contributes to the debate on the beneficial effects of physical activity on cognition. The work allowed us to see the effect of the different types of physical activity and the impact of the statistical method on the results.