bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Retention for a Quota-Share Reinsurance
Authors: Noviyanti Lienda , Soleh Achmad Zanbar , Chadidjah Anna , Rusyda Hasna Afifah 
Published: August 2020

The Indonesian Financial Services Authority (OJK) has instructed all insurance providers in Indonesia to apply a mandatory tariff for property insurance. The tariff has to be uniformly applied and the rule of set the maximum and minimum premium rates for protection against losses. Furthermore, the OJK issued the new rule regarding self-retention and domestic reinsurance. Insurance companies are obliged to have and implement self-retention for each risk in accordance with the self-retention limits. Fluctuations of total premium income and claims may lead the insurance company cannot fulfil the obligation to the insured, thus the company needs to conduct reinsurance. Reinsurance helps protect insurers against unforeseen or extraordinary losses by allowing them to spread their risks. Because reinsurer chargers premium to the insurance company, a properly calculated optimal retention would be nearly as high as the insurer financial ability. This paper is aimed at determining optimal retentions indicated by the risk measure Value at Risk (VaR), Expected Shortfall (ES) and Minimum Variance (MV). Here we use the expectation premium principle which minimizes individual risks based on their quota share reinsurance. Regarding to the data in an insurance property, we use a bivariate lognormal distribution to obtain VaR, ES and MV, and a bivariate exponential distribution to obtain MV. The bivariate distributions are required to derive the conditional probability of the amount of claim occurs given the benefit has occurred.
cis‐Acting signals and trans‐acting proteins are involved in tau mRNA targeting into neurites of differentiating neuronal cells
Authors: Behar L. , Marx R. , Sadot E. , Barg J. , Ginzburg I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTau microtubule‐associated protein is a neuron specific protein found primarily in axons and is developmentally regulated. The function of tau is in stabilization of microtubules, which is important in establishing and maintaining neuronal morphology. Axonal localization of tau involves a multistep process which is studied in differentiating primary neuronal culture. The initial step involves sorting and subcellular localization of its encoding mRNA into the proximal portion of the axon. Using the transfection assay into neuronal cells, we have demonstrated that sequences located in the 3′‐untranslated region include a cis‐acting signal which is involved in tau mRNA targeting. In addition, using ultraviolet cross‐linking assay, two RNA‐binding proteins of 43 and 38 kDa were identified, that exhibit specific binding to a minimal sequence of 91 nucleotides located within the same functional region, which is involved in targeting. The 43 and 38‐kDa RNA‐binding proteins are present in cytoplasmic extracts, prepared from neuronal cells, and in isolated microtubule preparations. Our results support a novel model in which cis‐acting signals, together with RNA‐binding proteins, are involved in the targeting of tau mRNA, that may ultimately lead to its axonal localization.
Cholinergic properties of neurons differentiated from an embryonal carcinoma cell‐line (P19)
Authors: Parnas D. , Linial M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractP19 is a mouse‐derived embryonal carcinoma cell‐line capable of differentiation toward ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal lineages. Following treatment with retinoic acid these cells differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and fibroblast‐like cells.We induced P19 differentiation under conditions which lead to a homogeneous neuronal culture (> 95% neurons). Under these conditions, most cells (∼85%) express high levels of the cholinergic markers acetyl cholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase while ∼10% of cells express the GABAergic marker glutamic acid decarboxylase. While the proportion of the GABAergic neurons is constant at different culture conditions, the cholinergic phenotype is suppressed at high cell densities. The cholinergic nature of P19 neurons is also evident in their ability to form contacts with a muscle cell‐line — C2. At day 10 of differentiation cells are capable of depolarization‐dependent acetylcholine release. The release is Ca2+ dependent, and drops to baseline levels at 0.5 mM Ca2+. The cells also respond to sub‐nM levels of α‐latrotoxin by acetylcholine release. All major proteins implicated in synapse functionality are expressed prior to day 10 at both at RNA and protein levels. However, the expression pattern of each gene is unique. The genes include cytoskeletal proteins, synaptic vesicle proteins and terminal specific proteins.We suggest that this cell‐line can serve as an in‐vitro model system for the study of neuronal phenotype acquisition. Under our conditions, the P19 cells can also provide a system in which to study the differentiation of functional cholinergic neurons.
Human microglia cultures: A powerful model to study their origin and immunoreactive capacity
Authors: Lauro G.M. , Babiloni D. , Buttarelli F.R. , Starace G. , Cocchia D. , Ennas M.G. , Sogos V. , Gremo F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we report that pure cultures of human microglia were obtained from long‐term astrocytic cultures of human fetal brain. After five to six months and repeated cell passages, macrophage‐like cells started to spontaneously form in vitro, so that in two to three weeks the whole culture was populated by them. These cells were grown up to over 50 passages in culture and analyzed for morphology, specific marker positivity, growth rate and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen expression with or without gamma‐interferon (IFN) stimulation. We found that, regardless of embryonic age of original cultures (10–15 weeks of gestation), cultures showed a remarkable homogeneity and purity and over 90 stained for typical microglial markers. Under basal conditions, two cell subpopulations similar to those described in vivo, we observed: the reactive ‘ameboid’ type and the resting ‘ramified’ one, the latter increasing with time in vitro and cell passages. Both cell subpopulations were capable of active phagocytosis and of high‐rate proliferation. They spontaneously expressed low levels of MHC class II antigens, but were negative for MHC class I. Stimulation with gamma‐interferon lymphokine upregulated the MHC class II expression as well as the MHC class I heavy chain form in ameboid, ‘reactive’ cells but not in the ramified ones. We also found that β2 microglobulin, already expressed in basal conditions, was dissociated from HLA A‐B‐C molecules in lymphokine‐stimulated cells at early passages. The physiological significance of these data, as well as the possible correlation with in vivo ontogenetic modifications, are also discussed.
Recognition and treatment of patients with sleep problems in general health care
Authors: Lecrubier Y , Weiller E , Privett M , Boyer P , Maier W , Üstün TB , Sartorius N ,   Principal investigators of the WHO International Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe form, frequency and burden of sleep problems in general health care in the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems are presented in this same issue. This study was conducted in 5,438 primary care patients belonging to 15 centres in 14 countries after 25,916 patients were screened with the GHQ-12. Diagnoses according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) were obtained from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-PHC). The presence of difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, waking too early or sleeping too much were assessed by the CIDI. General practitioners (GPs) gave their opinion on the existence of a psychological problem and/or a physical disease and indicated what therapeutic intervention was proposed to patients they recognized as psychological cases. The existence of sleep problems increased the recognition of patients with psychiatric disorders by their GP. No specific subtype of sleep problems influences recognition. The existence of a somatic disease had little influence on the identification of sleep problems as psychological cases. Sleep problems were not frequently expressed as a main presenting complaint. In such a case the recognition rate of patients with ICD-10 diagnosis was unchanged but a sedative treatment was offered more frequently. Overall, 85.9% of patients with sleep problems and recognized as cases were offered treatment, 53.9% drug treatment. The most frequent treatment consumed was stimulants, tonics or vitamins while the most frequently prescribed were antidepressants, hypnotic and anxiolytics with rather similar proportions. Drug consumption was substantially lower than drug prescription.
A psychometric evaluation of dementia rating scales
Authors: Kørner A , Lauritzen L , Bech P 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe paper discusses the relevance of sufficient psychometric standards for dementia rating scales. The concurrent, convergent and construct validity of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) and the CAMCOG are assessed. The Clinical Global Impressions and the Global Deterioration Scale are used as global scales. The concurrent and convergent validity are satisfactory. The construct validity expressed by the Cronbach and Loevinger coefficient are very good for all scales and subscales. The Mokken's single item coefficients show that the MMSE has the best individual hierarchical fit, the item reading can be left out. The ADAS is less uni-dimensional, eight items can be left out. The CAMCOG consists of too many items to apply the Mokken's single item coefficients or the Loevinger coefficient. Instead, the CAMCOG subscales are analyzed. This results in a possible reduction of the CAMCOG by 30 items to a total of 35 items. The factor analysis reveals two factors in both the MMSE and the ADAS while the number of observations does not allow a factor analysis of the CAMCOG to be performed.
The risk of urinary incontinence of parous women who delivered only by cesarean section
Authors: Faúndes A , Guarisi T , Pinto‐Neto A.M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate the association of route of delivery with prevalence of urinary incontinence. Methods: Women with menopause who consulted at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, were interviewed and examined to detect urinary incontinence. Obstetrics history and other possible factors that could influence incontinence were also recorded. Results: Urinary incontinence was diagnosed in 98 women (cases) while 91 were free of this problem. The risk of urinary incontinence was approximately five times higher among women with one or more pregnancies than among nulligravida, and 3.5 times higher among women who had had only cesarean sections than among nullipara. Conclusions: Women cannot prevent urinary incontinence by delivering exclusively by cesarean section.
Influence of compression of the inferior vena cava in the late second trimester on uterine and umbilical artery blood flow
Authors: Ryo E. , Okai T. , Kozuma S. , Kobayashi K. , Kikuchi A. , Taketani Y. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the inferior vena cava compression and its influence on the uterine and umbilical artery blood flow in the late second trimester when the mother is supine. Methods: The inferior vena cava diameter was measured by ultrasound B mode scan, and Doppler flow velocimetry of the uterine and umbilical artery was performed in 90 women at 24–27 weeks in the supine and complete left lateral position. Results: The inferior vena cava diameter in the supine position was significantly smaller than that in the lateral position. The degree of the vena cava compression was associated with an elevation in the uterine artery RI in the supine position. The umbilical artery RI did not couple with either the degree of the compression or the changes in the uterine artery RI. Conclusion: The inferior vena cava is compressed in the majority of pregnant women in the second trimester, and the compression may affect the uterine artery blood flow but not the fetal circulation.
Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals: (Addendum 2 to ICRP Publication 53) ICRP Publication 80 Approved by the Commission in September 1997
Authors: Valentin J. 
Published: July 2002

A joint Task Group of ICRP Committees 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures) and 3 (Protection in Medicine; lead Committee for this report) has prepared a compilation of data on radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. The report provides biokinetic models, absorbed doses, and effective doses, using ICRP Publication 60 dosimetry, for 10 new radiopharmaceuticals: [Methyl-11C]thymidine; [2-11C]thymidine; 14C urea (incl. carbon dioxide and bicarbonate); 15O water; 99mTc HIG, Pertechnegas, Technegas, and tetrofosmin; and 111In HIG and octreotide. It also provides recalculated dose data for the 19 most frequently used radiopharmaceuticals from ICRP Publication 53, using ICRP Publication 60 dosimetry, viz. 18F FDG; 51Cr EDTA; 67Ga citrate; 75Se SeHCAT; 99mTc DMSA, DTPA, RBC, IDA, large colloids, WBC, MAA, non-absorbable markers, pertechnetate, and phosphates and phosphonates; 123I Hippuran and MIBG; 131I Hippuran and NP59; and 201Tl thallous ion. Printing errors detected in ICRP Publication 53 are also listed. Furthermore, the report reproduces with minor corrections and updates, and therefore supersedes, the information on 6 radiopharmaceuticals given in Addendum 1 to ICRP Publication 53: 3H neutral fat and fatty acids; 14C neutral fat and fatty acids; 68Ga EDTA; and 99mTc HM-PAO, MAG3, and MIBI. There is an integrated index to all radiopharmaceuticals treated in ICRP publications so far, including a listing of effective doses per unit activity administered to adults. This issue of the Annals of the ICRP also includes an Addendum to ICRP Publication 72 concerning age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides.
Development of long‐lasting potentiation effects in the dentate gyrus during pentylenetetrazol kindling
Authors: Rüthrich Heinz , Grecksch Gisela , Krug Manfred 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the present study kindling was induced in rats by repeated intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) once every 48 h. The resulting seizure stages were registered after each PTZ application. The development of PTZ‐induced kindling and the time course of possible potentiation effects in the dentate gyrus were examined. The efficacy of perforant pathway transmission to the granule cells was tested in every second kindling session by measuring the monosynaptic evoked field potentials recorded in the dentate gyrus following single test stimuli of the perforant pathway at different times after PTZ injection in freely moving animals. The data suggest that establishment of a PTZ kindling is associated with the development of long‐lasting potentiation of the field potentials. After completion of kindling it was demonstrated that kindled rats also show a diminished learning performance. The relationship between the development of potentiation phenomena in hippocampal substructures and learning impairment is discussed.
Cathepsin B and glioma invasion
Authors: Demchik Lisa L. , Sameni Mansoureh , Nelson Kevin , Mikkelsen Tom , Sloane Bonnie F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIncreased expression of cathepsin B has been reported in a number of human and animal tumors. This has also been observed in human gliomas where increases in cathepsin B mRNA, protein, activity and secretion parallel malignant progression. In the present study, we showed that cathepsin B was directly involved in glioma cell invasion. Activity of cathepsin B was an order of magnitude higher in glioma tissue than in matched normal brain. Inhibitors of cysteine proteases reduced invasion of glioma cells in two in vitro models: invasion through Matrigel and infiltration of a glioma spheroid into a normal brain aggregate. Glioma spheroids expressed higher levels of cathepsin B than did monolayers and the ability of subclones differing in cathepsin B activity to infiltrate normal brain aggregates paralleled their cathepsin B activity. We confirmed that intracellular staining for cathepsin B occurs at the cell periphery and in cell processes and observed extracellular staining on the cell surface. In addition, we demonstrated that intracellular cathepsin B located at the cell periphery and in processes was active. The cell surface cathepsin B colocalized with areas of degradation of an extracellular matrix component. We hypothesize that the increased expression of active cathepsin B in gliomas leads to increases in invasion in vitro and in vivo and have developed a xenotransplant model in which this hypothesis can be tested.
Psychiatric Care under the Present Economic Era. An International Perspective
Authors: López-Ibor JJ 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThere are extrinsic as well as intrinsic limits to the resources available for health care. Therefore, economic factors have become an essential part of medical activity, leading to a disruption of the traditional doctor-patient relationships. A new economic approach of health care (ie, through managed care) and ethical attitude (to overcome the limits of managed care) are essential, especially in psychiatric practice.
An Intrinsically Nontrimerizing Peptide Probe for Specifically Targeting Pathological Collagen in Connective Tissues
Authors: Cai Xiangdong , Wei Wenyu , Bi Yihui , Liu Zhao , Bai Zhongtian , Lei Junqiang , Xiao Jianxi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe efficient detection of pathological collagen plays an essential role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of various critical diseases such as arthritis and tumors. Peptide probes with the (Gly‐Pro‐Hyp)n sequences have been recently discovered to recognize pathological collagen; however, their staining efficacy severely suffers from their strong trimerizing tendency. An intrinsically nontrimerizing peptide probe F‐GOP‐10 has been constructed for the first time to specifically target pathological collagen. F‐GOP‐10 consists of the repetitive (Gly‐Hyp‐Pro)n sequences, and displays the single stranded conformation at 0 °C. F‐GOP‐10 has been demonstrated to selectively recognize pathological, but not intact collagen in various mouse connective tissues, and it has been successfully applied to detect pathological collagen in osteoarthritis, liver fibrosis, and various cancer tissues. Compared with the common Masson's trichrome staining method, F‐GOP‐10 displays unique selectivity to only bind to pathological collagen without the interference of intact collagen. Notably, peptide probes with different lengths of the Gly‐Hyp‐Pro triplets all maintain the single stranded conformation, demonstrating their intrinsically non‐trimerizing nature. This pure‐peptide, pure monomer probe allows the accurate concentration determination and the elimination of harmful pretreatment, which has great potential in histopathology staining and other clinical applications.
Polymer‐Based Batteries—Flexible and Thin Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Hager Martin D. , Esser Birgit , Feng Xinliang , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Theato Patrick , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBatteries have become an integral part of everyday life—from small coin cells to batteries for mobile phones, as well as batteries for electric vehicles and an increasing number of stationary energy storage applications. There is a large variety of standardized battery sizes (e.g., the familiar AA‐battery or AAA‐battery). Interestingly, all these battery systems are based on a huge number of different cell chemistries depending on the application and the corresponding requirements. There is not one single battery type fulfilling all demands for all imaginable applications. One battery class that has been gaining significant interest in recent years is polymer‐based batteries. These batteries utilize organic materials as the active parts within the electrodes without utilizing metals (and their compounds) as the redox‐active materials. Such polymer‐based batteries feature a number of interesting properties, like high power densities and flexible batteries fabrication, among many more.
Exploiting a Single‐Crystal Environment to Minimize the Charge Noise on Qubits in Silicon
Authors: Kranz Ludwik , Gorman Samuel Keith , Thorgrimsson Brandur , He Yu , Keith Daniel , Keizer Joris Gerhard , Simmons Michelle Yvonne 
Published: August 2020

AbstractElectron spins in silicon offer a competitive, scalable quantum‐computing platform with excellent single‐qubit properties. However, the two‐qubit gate fidelities achieved so far have fallen short of the 99% threshold required for large‐scale error‐corrected quantum computing architectures. In the past few years, there has been a growing realization that the critical obstacle in meeting this threshold in semiconductor qubits is charge noise arising from the qubit environment. In this work, a notably low level of charge noise of S0 = 0.0088 ± 0.0004 μeV2 Hz−1 is demonstrated using atom qubits in crystalline silicon, achieved by separating the qubits from surfaces and interface states. The charge noise is measured using both a single electron transistor and an exchange‐coupled qubit pair that collectively provide a consistent charge noise spectrum over four frequency decades, with the noise level S0 being an order of magnitude lower than previously reported. Low‐frequency detuning noise, set by the total measurement time, is shown to be the dominant dephasing source of two‐qubit exchange oscillations. With recent advances in fast (≈μs) single‐shot readout, it is shown that by reducing the total measurement time to ≈1 s, 99.99% two‐qubit gate fidelities can be achieved in single‐crystal atom qubits in silicon.
Injectable and NIR‐Responsive DNA–Inorganic Hybrid Hydrogels with Outstanding Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Liu Bin , Sun Jing , Zhu Junjie , Li Bo , Ma Chao , Gu Xinquan , Liu Kai , Zhang Hongjie , Wang Fan , Su Juanjuan , Yang Yang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSurgical excision is one of the main treatments for malignant tumors. However, high risk of tumour recurrence is a major challenge. Near‐infrared (NIR)‐light‐induced tumor photothermal therapy has been studied, while its clinical applications are still restricted due to the limited therapeutic effects. To address this, here, a novel NIR‐light‐responsive and injectable DNA‐mediated upconversion and Au nanoparticle hybrid (DNA–UCNP‐Au) hydrogel is developed. Due to the confined and concentrated environment induced by the interaction between adjacent DNA strands and UCNP‐Au NPs, an ultrastrong photothermal effect is observed. A photothermal efficiency as high as 42.7% is realized in the hydrogel, which is superior to pristine inorganic particles. Upon direct peritumoral injection of the hydrogel and with the treatment of 808 nm laser irradiation, tumors are eradicated and no recurrence is observed. Meanwhile, there are no side effects on normal tissues due to the local treatment. Taking advantage of the high phototherapeutic effect, biocompatibility, and flexible operability in this system, a novel approach for malignant tumor therapy is demonstrated.