bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards smooth (010) β-Ga2O3 films homoepitaxially grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy: the impact of substrate offcut and metal-to-oxygen flux ratio
Authors: Mazzolini P , Bierwagen O 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Smooth interfaces and surfaces are beneficial for most (opto)electronic devices that are based on thin films and their heterostructures. For example, smoother interfaces in (010) β-Ga2O3/(AlxGa1-x)2O3 heterostructures, whose roughness is ruled by that of the β-Ga2O3 layer, can enable higher mobility 2-dimensional electron gases by reducing interface roughness scattering. To this end we experimentally prove that a substrate offcut along the [001] direction allows to obtain smooth β-Ga2O3 layers in (010)-homoepitaxy under metal-rich deposition conditions. Applying In-mediated metal-exchange catalysis (MEXCAT) in molecular beam epitaxy at high substrate temperatures (Tg = 900 °C) we compare the morphology of layers grown on (010)-oriented substrates having different unintentional offcuts. The layer roughness is generally ruled by (i) the presence of (110)- and

1
ˉ

10

-facets visible as elongated features along the [001] direction (rms < 0.5 nm), and (ii) the presence of trenches (5–10 nm deep) orthogonal to [001]. We show that an unintentional substrate offcut of only ≈ 0.1° almost oriented along the [001] direction suppresses these trenches resulting in a smooth morphology with a roughness exclusively determined by the facets, i.e. rms ≈ 0.2 nm. Since we found the facet-and-trench morphology in layer grown by MBE with and without MEXCAT, we propose that the general growth mechanism for (010)-homoepitaxy is ruled by island growth whose coalescence results in the formation of the trenches. The presence of a substrate offcut in the [001] direction can allow for step-flow growth or island nucleation at the step edges, which prevents the formation of trenches. Moreover, we give experimental evidence for a decreasing surface diffusion length or increasing nucleation density on the substrate surface with decreasing metal-to-oxygen flux ratio. Based on our experimental results we can rule-out step bunching as cause of the trench formation as well as a surfactant-effect of indium during MEXCAT.
α ↔ γ phase transformation in iron: comparative study of the influence of the interatomic interaction potential
Authors: Meiser Jerome , Urbassek Herbert M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Only few available interatomic interaction potentials implement the α ↔ γ phase transformation in iron by featuring a stable low-temperature bcc and high-temperature fcc lattice structure. Among these are the potentials by Meyer and Entel (1998 Phys. Rev. B
57 5140), by Müller et al (2007 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
19 326220) and by Lee et al (2012 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
24 225404). We study how these potentials model the phase transformation during heating and cooling; in order to help initiating the transformation, the simulation volume contains a grain boundary. For the martensitic transformation occurring on cooling an fcc structure, we additionally study two potentials that only implement a stable bcc structure of iron, by Zhou et al (2004 Phys. Rev. B
69 144113) and by Mendelev et al (2003 Philos. Mag.
83 3977). We find that not only the transition temperature depends on the potential, but that also the height of the energy barrier between fcc and bcc phase governs whether the transformation takes place at all. In addition, details of the emerging microstructure depend on the potential, such as the fcc/hcp fraction formed in the α → γ transformation, or the twinning induced in and the lattice orientation of the bcc phase in the γ → α transformation.
Vapor phase processing: a novel approach for fabricating functional hybrid materials
Authors: Ashurbekova Ka , Ashurbekova Kr , Botta G , Yurkevich O , Knez M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Materials science is nowadays facing challenges in optimizing properties of materials which are needed for numerous technological applications and include, but are not limited to, mechanics, electronics, optics, etc. The key issue is that for emerging applications materials are needed which incorporate certain properties from polymers or biopolymers and metals or ceramics at the same time, thus fabrication of functional hybrid materials becomes inevitable. Routes for the synthesis of functional hybrid materials can be manifold. Among the explored routes vapor phase processing is a rather novel approach which opts for compatibility with many existing industrial processes. This topical review summarizes the most important approaches and achievements in the synthesis of functional hybrid materials through vapor phase routes with the goal to fabricate suitable hybrid materials for future mechanical, electronic, optical or biomedical applications. Most of the approaches rely on atomic layer deposition (ALD) and techniques related to this process, including molecular layer deposition (MLD) and vapor phase infiltration (VPI), or variations of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The thus fabricated hybrid materials or nanocomposites often show exceptional physical or chemical properties, which result from synergies of the hybridized materials families. Even though the research in this field is still in its infancy, the initial results encourage further development and promise great application potential in a large variety of applications fields such as flexible electronics, energy conversion or storage, functional textile, and many more.
Dynamics impose limits to detectability of network structure
Authors: Asllani Malbor , da Cunha Bruno Requião , Estrada Ernesto , Gleeson James P 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Networks are universally considered as complex structures of interactions of large multi-component systems. To determine the role that each node has inside a complex network, several centrality measures have been developed. Such topological features are also crucial for their role in the dynamical processes occurring in networked systems. In this paper, we argue that the dynamical activity of the nodes may strongly reshape their relevance inside the network, making centrality measures in many cases, misleading. By proposing a generalisation of the communicability function, we show that when the dynamics taking place at the local level of the node is slower than the global one between the nodes, then the system may lose track of the structural features. On the contrary, hidden global properties such as the shortest path distances can be recovered only in the limit where network-level dynamics are negligible compared to node-level dynamics. From the perspective of network inference, this constitutes an uncertainty condition, in the sense that it limits the extraction of multi-resolution information about the structure, particularly in the presence of noise. For illustration purposes, we show that for networks with different time-scale structures such as strong modularity, the existence of fast global dynamics can imply that precise inference of the community structure is impossible.
Reading Climate Change in the Palimpsest: The Ecocritical Potential of Novel-to-Film Adaptation
Authors: Mahajan Nandita 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis essay theorizes the manifestation of the theme of climate change in the reception of novels and their film adaptations. To this end, I draw from and adapt Amitav Ghosh’s conception of textual hybridity: asserting that the era of climate change perhaps requires a movement beyond language to the image, which he believes is better capable of representing physical form, Ghosh prophesies that literature will evolve to incorporate hybrid forms that entwine text and image, such as the graphic novel. Drawing from Gérard Genette, as well as from various adaptation theorists’ descriptions of the doubled perception of an adaptation by audiences acquainted with its source text, I suggest a shift from Ghosh’s idea of hybrid creation to that of hybrid reception. I argue that the reception of a film adaptation of a novel as an adaptation, rather than as a standalone cinematic text, involves a palimpsest-like superimposition of literature and cinema—text and image—in the spectator’s mind, constituting a rich, hybrid experience that can potentially enhance the recipient’s perception of environmental issues in both texts involved. I demonstrate this theory via close readings of Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games trilogy and its film adaptations, and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and its film adaptation, illustrating the various kinds of intertextual relationships that arise out of what I call palimpsestuous reading, and ultimately indicating the value of adaptation in an age of environmental crisis.
Ageism and COVID-19: what does our society’s response say about us?
Authors: Fraser Sarah , Lagacé Martine , Bongué Bienvenu , Ndeye Ndatté , Guyot Jessica , Bechard Lauren , Garcia Linda , Taler Vanessa ,   CCNA Social Inclusion and Stigma Working Group, Andrew Melissa , Bayly Melanie , Bethell Jennifer , Chasteen Alison , Elliot Valerie , Herron Rachel , Itzhak Inbal , Kortzman August , Maxwell Colleen , McGilton Kathy , Middleton Laura , Morgan Debra , O’Connell Megan , O’Rourke Hannah , Phillips Natalie , Pichora-Fuller Margaret , Wallace Kayla , Wittich Walter , Adam Stéphane , Beaulieu Marie , Bergeron Caroline D , Boudjemadi Valérian , Desmette Donatienne , Donizzetti Anna Rosa , Éthier Sophie , Garon Suzanne , Gillis Margaret , Levasseur Mélanie , Lortie-lussier Monique , Marier Patrik , Robitaille Annie , Sawchuk Kim , Lafontaine Constance , Tougas Francine 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The goal of this commentary is to highlight the ageism that has emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 20 international researchers in the field of ageing have contributed to this document. This commentary discusses how older people are misrepresented and undervalued in the current public discourse surrounding the pandemic. It points to issues in documenting the deaths of older adults, the lack of preparation for such a crisis in long-term care homes, how some ‘protective’ policies can be considered patronising and how the initial perception of the public was that the virus was really an older adult problem. This commentary also calls attention to important intergenerational solidarity that has occurred during this crisis to ensure support and social-inclusion of older adults, even at a distance. Our hope is that with this commentary we can contribute to the discourse on older adults during this pandemic and diminish the ageist attitudes that have circulated.
Alcohol, Alcoholic Beverages and Risk of Esophageal Cancer by Histological Type: A Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Yu Xiaohui , Chen Jiahao , Jiang Wenjie , Zhang Dongfeng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Aims
We conducted a dose–response meta-analysis to explore the association between alcohol and particular alcoholic beverages with risk of esophageal cancer (EC) by histological type [esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC)] and whether the association differs according to gender.

Methods
PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles published between January 1960 and December 2019. The pooled relative ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated with the fixed or random effect model. The dose–response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline.

Results
A total of 74 published articles involving 31,105 cases among 3,369,024 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled RRs of the highest versus lowest alcohol intake were 3.67 (95% CI, 2.89,4.67) for EC, 5.11 (95% CI, 3.60,7.25) for ESCC and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.79,1.16) for EAC. The above-mentioned associations were observed in cohort design, for different alcoholic beverages (beer, wine and liquor/spirits) and gender. Evidence of a nonlinear dose–response relationship for EC risk with alcohol intake was found (Pnon-linearity &lt; 0.001), and a linear relationship (Pnon-linearity = 0.216) suggested that the risk of ESCC increased by 33% for every 12.5 g/day increment of alcohol intake.

Conclusions
This meta-analysis suggests that alcohol intake might significantly increase the incidence of EC, especially for ESCC.
The extension of arbitration agreements to third parties through the lens of Egyptian courts
Authors: Shehata Ibrahim 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Extending arbitration agreements to third parties has long been a recurring debate in the world of international commercial arbitration. There are various mechanisms by which an arbitration agreement might be extended to third parties. This includes the doctrines of group of companies, group of contracts, universal succession, and assignment of contracts. The fact that the Egyptian Arbitration Law—alike most arbitration laws—does not deal specifically with this issue leaves a gap to be filled by the courts. This article tries to analyse and synthesize the various decisions rendered by the Egyptian courts in an attempt to identify their stance in this area. In this regard, this article will first discuss the privity of contracts from an Egyptian legal perspective, then will delve into the various constructs and mechanisms that could be utilized under Egyptian law when it comes to the extension of arbitration agreements to third parties. Special attention will then be paid to a specific issue, namely the extension of arbitration agreements under a contract to the letters of guarantee issued in connection with the same contract.
Molecular Testing for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections: Clinical and Diagnostic Recommendations From the IDSA’s Diagnostics Committee
Authors: Hanson Kimberly E , Azar Marwan M , Banerjee Ritu , Chou Andrew , Colgrove Robert C , Ginocchio Christine C , Hayden Mary K , Holodiny Mark , Jain Seema , Koo Sophia , Levy Jaclyn , Timbrook Tristan T , Caliendo Angela M 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe clinical signs and symptoms of acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are not pathogen specific. Highly sensitive and specific nucleic acid amplification tests have become the diagnostic reference standard for viruses, and translation of bacterial assays from basic research to routine clinical practice represents an exciting advance in respiratory medicine. Most recently, molecular diagnostics have played an essential role in the global health response to the novel coronavirus pandemic. How best to use newer molecular tests for RTI in combination with clinical judgment and traditional methods can be bewildering given the plethora of available assays and rapidly evolving technologies. Here, we summarize the current state of the art with respect to the diagnosis of viral and bacterial RTIs, provide a practical framework for diagnostic decision making using selected patient-centered vignettes, and make recommendations for future studies to advance the field.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Associated With Increased Meningococcal Carriage Acquisition Among First-year Students in 2 South African Universities
Authors: Meiring Susan , Cohen Cheryl , de Gouveia Linda , du Plessis Mignon , Ganesh Karistha , Kleynhans Jackie , Quan Vanessa , Tempia Stefano , von Gottberg Anne 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Invasive meningococcal disease clusters occur among university students and may reflect higher carriage prevalence among this population. We aimed to measure meningococcal carriage prevalence, acquisition, and risk factors among first-year university students in South Africa.

Methods
In summer–autumn 2017, after consenting to participate, we collected oropharyngeal swabs and questionnaires on carriage risk factors and tested students for HIV at 2 universities, during registration week (survey 1) and 6–8 weeks later (survey 2). Meningococci were detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction.

Results
We enrolled 2120 students at registration. Mean age was 18.5 years, 59% (1252/2120) were female and 0.8% (16/1984) had HIV. Seventy-eight percent of students returned for survey 2 (1655/2120). Among the cohort, carriage prevalence was 4.7% (77/1655) at registration, increasing to 7.9% (130/1655) at survey 2: 5.0% (83) acquired new carriage, 2.8% (47) had persistent carriage, 1.8% (30) cleared the initial carriage, and 90.3% (1495) remained carriage free. At both surveys, nongenogroupable meningococci predominated, followed by genogroups Y, B, W, and C. On multinomial analysis, risk factors for carriage acquisition included attending nightclubs (adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR], 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1–4.0), having intimate kissing partners (aRRR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–2.9) and HIV (aRRR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.1–24.4).

Conclusions
Meningococcal carriage among first-year university students increased after 2 months. Sociobehavioral risk factors were associated with increased carriage for all analyses. HIV was associated with carriage acquisition. Until vaccination programs become mandatory in South African universities, data suggest that students with HIV could benefit most from meningococcal vaccination.
Bacterial and Fungal Coinfection in Individuals With Coronavirus: A Rapid Review To Support COVID-19 Antimicrobial Prescribing
Authors: Rawson Timothy M , Moore Luke S P , Zhu Nina , Ranganathan Nishanthy , Skolimowska Keira , Gilchrist Mark , Satta Giovanni , Cooke Graham , Holmes Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
To explore and describe the current literature surrounding bacterial/fungal coinfection in patients with coronavirus infection.

Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched using broad-based search criteria relating to coronavirus and bacterial coinfection. Articles presenting clinical data for patients with coronavirus infection (defined as SARS-1, MERS, SARS-CoV-2, and other coronavirus) and bacterial/fungal coinfection reported in English, Mandarin, or Italian were included. Data describing bacterial/fungal coinfections, treatments, and outcomes were extracted. Secondary analysis of studies reporting antimicrobial prescribing in SARS-CoV-2 even in absence of coinfection was performed.

Results
1007 abstracts were identified. Eighteen full texts reporting bacterial/fungal coinfection were included. Most studies did not identify or report bacterial/fungal coinfection (85/140; 61%). Nine of 18 (50%) studies reported on COVID-19, 5/18 (28%) on SARS-1, 1/18 (6%) on MERS, and 3/18 (17%) on other coronaviruses. For COVID-19, 62/806 (8%) patients were reported as experiencing bacterial/fungal coinfection during hospital admission. Secondary analysis demonstrated wide use of broad-spectrum antibacterials, despite a paucity of evidence for bacterial coinfection. On secondary analysis, 1450/2010 (72%) of patients reported received antimicrobial therapy. No antimicrobial stewardship interventions were described. For non–COVID-19 cases, bacterial/fungal coinfection was reported in 89/815 (11%) of patients. Broad-spectrum antibiotic use was reported.

Conclusions
Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus-associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal coinfection. Generation of prospective evidence to support development of antimicrobial policy and appropriate stewardship interventions specific for the COVID-19 pandemic is urgently required.
Apathy and the Risk of Predementia Syndromes in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Ceïde Mirnova E , Warhit Alana , Ayers Emmeline I , Kennedy Gary , Verghese Joe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Apathy is a potential predictor of dementia in older adults, but this investigation has been limited to older adults with a preexisting neurological illness like mild cognitive impairment (MCI), stroke or Parkinson’s disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between apathy at baseline and incident predementia syndromes, including MCI and motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), subjective cognitive complaints and slow gait, in community-dwelling older adults.

Method
We prospectively studied the association between apathy (using the 3-item subscale of the Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS3A]) and incident cognitive disorders in 542 community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the Central Control of Mobility in Aging study using Cox proportional hazard models. Associations were reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, education, baseline cognitive performance, and depressive symptoms.

Results
Apathy was associated with incident MCR (HR 2.39, 95% CI: 1.10–5.20), but not predementia syndromes overall nor MCI. In sensitivity analyses of MCI subtypes, apathy was associated with nonamnestic MCI (HR 2.44, 95% CI: 1.14–5.22), but not amnestic MCI. Our study was limited by a short follow-up time (median 13.6 months; interquartile range 29.8) and a brief subscale measurement of apathy, GDS3A.

Discussion
In our study, apathy predicted MCR but not MCI in community-dwelling older adults. These results and the current literature suggest that apathy is an early risk factor for dementia. Additionally, apathy may be a novel treatment target that could forestall the disability of dementia.
Ambient seismic noise imaging of the lowermost mantle beneath the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Retailleau Lise , Boué Pierre , Li Lei , Campillo Michel 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYBody waves can be extracted from correlation functions computed from seismic records even at teleseismic distances. Here we use P and PcP waves from the secondary microseism frequency band that are propagating between Europe and the Eastern United States to image the core–mantle boundary (CMB) and D” structure beneath the North Atlantic. This study presents the first 3-D image of the lower mantle obtained from ocean-generated microseism data. Robustness of our results is evaluated by comparing images produced by propagation in both directions. Our observations reveal complex patterns of lateral and vertical variations of P-wave reflectivity with a particularly strong anomaly extending upward in the lower mantle up to 2600 km deep. We compare these results with synthetic data and associate this anomaly to a Vp velocity increase above the CMB. Our image aims at promoting the study of the lower mantle with microseism noise excitations.
Common misconceptions about validation studies
Authors: Fox Matthew P , Lash Timothy L , Bodnar Lisa M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Information bias is common in epidemiology and can substantially diminish the validity of study results. Validation studies, in which an investigator compares the accuracy of a measure with a gold standard measure, are an important way to understand and mitigate this bias. More attention is being paid to the importance of validation studies in recent years, yet they remain rare in epidemiologic research and, in our experience, they remain poorly understood. Many epidemiologists have not had any experience with validations studies, either in the classroom or in their work. We present an example of misclassification of a dichotomous exposure to elucidate some important misunderstandings about how to conduct validation studies to generate valid information. We demonstrate that careful attention to the design of validation studies is central to determining how the bias parameters (e.g. sensitivity and specificity or positive and negative predictive values) can be used in quantitative bias analyses to appropriately correct for misclassification. Whether sampling is done based on the true gold standard measure, the misclassified measure or at random will determine which parameters are valid and the precision of those estimates. Whether or not the validation is done stratified by other key variables (e.g. by the exposure) will also determine the validity of those estimates. We also present sample questions that can be used to teach these concepts. Increasing the presence of validation studies in the classroom could have a positive impact on their use and improve the validity of estimates of effect in epidemiologic research.