bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Welche Faktoren unterstützen die Legalbewährung psychisch kranker Straftäter?
Authors: Stempkowski Monika 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Der Anteil jener psychisch kranken, jedoch zurechnungsfähigen Straftäter, die in Österreich nach einer Unterbringung in einer Maßnahme nach § 21 Abs. 2 StGB erneut straffällig wurden, ist über viele Jahre stark gesunken. In einer empirischen Studie wurden Entlassungsgruppen im Detail untersucht und verglichen, um mögliche Ursachen für diese Veränderung zu identifizieren. Es zeigte sich, dass neben einer über die Zeit besseren Selektion bereits entlassungsbereiter Personen primär Verbesserungen in der Betreuung während der Unterbringung sowie im Zuge der bedingten Entlassung für die positive Entwicklung ausschlaggebend waren.
Guilt, Dangerousness and Liability in the Era of Pre-Crime – the Role of Criminology? To Adapt, or to Die, that is the Question!
Authors: Kalac Anna-Maria Getoš 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is no doubt that, in terms of criminal policy, we have been living in an era of pre-crime for quite some time now. Whether we like it or not, times have changed and so has the general position on concepts of (criminal) guilt, dangerousness and liability. Whereas once there was a broad consensus that penal repression, at least in principle, should be executed in a strictly postcrime fashion, nowadays the same consensus has been reached on trading freedom (from penal repression) for (promised) security, long before an »actual crime« might even be committed. In this regard, the criminalisation of endangerment and risks only nomotechnically solves the issue of »actual« vs. »potential« crimes – in essence it merely creates a normative fiction of pre-crime crimes, whereas in reality actual crimes do not exist at all. The starting point of criminalisation has clearly shifted away from the guilt of having committed a crime, to the mere dangerousness of potentially committing a crime, which potential as such is purely hypothetical and beyond the grasp of empirical proof. Such shift raises fundamental criminological and sociological questions, just as it highlights our obligation to process and shape this shift. The change of paradigm from post- to pre-crime also makes one wonder about the current and future role of criminology. It makes one wonder about criminology’s capacity to adapt and its willingness to take on a transdisciplinary lead role in scientising or even criminologising the precrime era. In the end it also makes one wonder whether such an engagement would be scientifically justified.
Empirische Erkenntnisse zur Reform des Sexualstrafrechts in Bezug auf die §§ 177 und 184 i StGB und daraus resultierende Schlussfolgerungen für die Vernehmungsgestaltung
Authors: Biedermann Jürgen , Volbert Renate 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Im November 2016 erfolgte eine bedeutsame Reform des deutschen Sexualstrafrechts, welche in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur und öffentlichen Debatte sowohl mit Hoffnungen als auch Befürchtungen einherging. Die vorliegende Untersuchung widmet sich aktuellen empirischen Erkenntnissen zu den Straftatbeständen des veränderten § 177 StGB (Sexueller Übergriff; sexuelle Nötigung; Vergewaltigung) und des neugeschaffenen § 184 i StGB (Sexuelle Belästigung). So wird für beide Deliktkategorien anhand der bundesweiten Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik und der Strafverfolgungsstatistik die Entwicklung des polizeilich registrierten Fallaufkommens aufgezeigt und mit der Anzahl der gerichtlichen Entscheidungen verglichen. Eine Analyse der Tatmerkmale aller im Jahr 2018 in Brandenburg registrierten Fälle nach den §§ 177 StGB (n = 390) und 184 i StGB (n = 387) auf Basis der POLAS-Datenbank verwies hinsichtlich der Aufklärung und Beweisbarkeit der fraglichen Taten auf die zentrale Bedeutung der Opferaussage als Personalbeweis. Im Weiteren werden Schlussfolgerungen für eine geeignete Vernehmungstechnik und -protokollierung dargestellt, um das infolge der Reform nunmehr zentrale Tatbestandsmerkmal– den erkennbar den sexuellen Handlungen entgegenstehenden Willen – adäquat aufklären zu können. Eine derartige Vernehmungsgestaltung verbessert zudem die Möglichkeiten, mittels wissenschaftlich etablierter Methoden der Glaubhaftigkeitsbeurteilung sowohl tatsächlich stattgefundene Taten als auch mögliche Falschbeschuldigungen als solche zu identifizieren.
Laboring to communicate: Use of migrant languages in COVID-19 awareness campaign in Qatar
Authors: Ahmad Rizwan , Hillman Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study examines the communication strategies employed by Qatar’s government in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. The study contributes to a growing body of work on the sociolinguistics of crisis communication. We focus on the use of South and Southeast Asian languages, spoken largely by blue-collar migrant workers, which are often seen as peripheral even though they are spoken by a large segment of the population. The deployment of these languages during Qatar’s COVID-19 awareness campaign assumes further significance against the backdrop of a series of measures taken by the government in the last few years to strengthen the status and use of Arabic. We analyze multilingual printed pamphlets, multilingual audio-visual communication through radio and social media, as well as interviews conducted with key figures who were part of the awareness campaign. Our examination of the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability of the multilingual awareness materials reveals that while the different languages and modes of communication were important in spreading awareness, equally critical, if not more, was who carried the information and in what forms. We show the significant roles community and religious leaders and social media influencers played in disseminating the awareness information to the diverse migrant language communities.
Optical response of jammed rectangular nanostructures
Authors: Odeh Mutasem , Dupré Matthieu , Kim Kevin , Kanté Boubacar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRandom jammed dipole scatterers are natural composite and common byproducts of various chemical synthesis techniques. They often form complex aggregates with nontrivial correlations that influence the effective dielectric description of the medium. In this work, we investigate the packing dynamic of rectangular nanostructure under a close packing protocol and study its influence on the optical response of the medium. We show that the maximum packing densities, maximum scattering densities, and percolation threshold densities are all interconnected concepts that can be understood through the lens of Onsager’s exclusion area principle. The emerging positional and orientational correlations between the rectangular dipoles are studied, and various geometrical connections are drawn. The effective dielectric constants of the generated ensembles are then computed through the strong contrast expansion method, leading to several unintuitive results such as scattering suppression at maximum packing densities, as well as densities below the percolation threshold, and maximum scattering in between.
Carbon nanotube mode-locked fiber lasers: recent progress and perspectives
Authors: Dai Lilong , Huang Zinan , Huang Qianqian , Zhao Chang , Rozhin Aleksey , Sergeyev Sergey , Al Araimi Mohammed , Mou Chengbo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess remarkable nonlinear optical properties; a particular application is to function as a mode locker used in ultrafast fiber lasers to produce ultrashort optical pulses. Various types of CNT saturable absorbers (SAs) and ultrafast fiber lasers have been demonstrated. In this review, typical fabrication process and development of CNT SAs are discussed and we highlight the recent investigation and progress of state-of-the-art ultrafast fiber lasers covering GHz, bidirectional ultrafast fiber lasers, vectorial mode fiber lasers, comb systems, and mode-locking dynamics. Our perspectives of ultrafast fiber lasers based on CNT SAs are given finally.
Surface plasmon polariton–enhanced photoluminescence of monolayer MoS2 on suspended periodic metallic structures
Authors: Su Huanhuan , Wu Shan , Yang Yuhan , Leng Qing , Huang Lei , Fu Junqi , Wang Qianjin , Liu Hui , Zhou Lin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures have garnered tremendous interest in enhanced light–matter interaction because of their unique capability of extreme field confinement in nanoscale, especially beneficial for boosting the photoluminescence (PL) signals of weak light–matter interaction materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides atomic crystals. Here we report the surface plasmon polariton (SPP)-assisted PL enhancement of MoS2 monolayer via a suspended periodic metallic (SPM) structure. Without involving metallic nanoparticle–based plasmonic geometries, the SPM structure can enable more than two orders of magnitude PL enhancement. Systematic analysis unravels the underlying physics of the pronounced enhancement to two primary plasmonic effects: concentrated local field of SPP enabled excitation rate increment (45.2) as well as the quantum yield amplification (5.4 times) by the SPM nanostructure, overwhelming most of the nanoparticle-based geometries reported thus far. Our results provide a powerful way to boost two-dimensional exciton emission by plasmonic effects which may shed light on the on-chip photonic integration of 2D materials.
Vocabulary of radioanalytical methods (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)
Authors: Chai Zhifang , Chatt Amares , Bode Peter , Kučera Jan , Greenberg Robert , Hibbert David B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
These recommendations are a vocabulary of basic radioanalytical terms which are relevant to radioanalysis, nuclear analysis and related techniques. Radioanalytical methods consider all nuclear-related techniques for the characterization of materials where ‘characterization’ refers to compositional (in terms of the identity and quantity of specified elements, nuclides, and their chemical species) and structural (in terms of location, dislocation, etc. of specified elements, nuclides, and their species) analyses, involving nuclear processes (nuclear reactions, nuclear radiations, etc.), nuclear techniques (reactors, accelerators, radiation detectors, etc.), and nuclear effects (hyperfine interactions, etc.). In the present compilation, basic radioanalytical terms are included which are relevant to radioanalysis, nuclear analysis and related techniques.
End-of-line hyphenation of chemical names (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)
Authors: Dijkstra Albert J. , Hellwich Karl-Heinz , Hartshorn Richard M. , Reedijk Jan , Szabo Erik 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chemical names can be so long that, when a manuscript is printed, they have to be hyphenated/divided at the end of a line. Many names already contain hyphens, but in some cases, using these hyphens as end-of-line divisions can lead to illogical divisions in print, as can also happen when hyphens are added arbitrarily without considering the ‘chemical’ context. The present document provides guidelines for authors of chemical manuscripts, their publishers and editors, on where to divide chemical names at the end of a line, and instructions on how to avoid these names being divided at illogical places. Readability and chemical sense should prevail when authors insert hyphens. The software used to convert electronic manuscripts to print can now be programmed to avoid illogical end-of-line hyphenation and thereby save the author much time and annoyance when proofreading. The Recommendations also allow readers of the printed article to determine which end-of-line hyphens are an integral part of the name and should not be deleted when ‘undividing’ the name. These Recommendations may also prove useful in languages other than English.
Rationalist Explanations for Two-Front War
Authors: Nakao Keisuke 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBy extending the extant costly-lottery models of dyadic war to three-party bargaining scenarios, we offer rationalist explanations for two-front war, where a state at the center is fought by two enemies at opposing peripheries. We found that even though private information exists only in one front, war can break out in both fronts. Because the war outcome in one front can affect the outcome in the other through the shift of military balance, a peripheral state may preventively join the war ongoing in the other front to leverage its power (e.g. Napoleonic Wars), or the central state may preemptively initiate war in one front to establish its preponderance in the other (e.g. World War I). These findings echo Waltz’s neorealism concern that a multi-polar system may not be so stable as the bipolar system that bargaining models of dyadic war commonly presume.
Molecular docking studies of tea (Thea sinensis Linn.) polyphenols inhibition pattern with Rat P-glycoprotein
Authors: Ali Babar , Jamal Qazi Mohammad Sajid , Mir Showkat R. , Shams Saiba , Kamal Mohammad Amjad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Since 3000 B.C., evergreen plant Thea sinensis (Theaceae) is used both as a social and medicinal beverage. Leaves of T. sinensis contain amino acids, vitamins, caffeine, polysaccharides and polyphenols. Most of the natural medicinal actions of tea are due to the availability and abundance of polyphenols mainly catechins. It has also been stated that some catechins were absorbed more rapidly than other compounds after the oral administration of tea and could increase the bio-enhancing activities of anticancer drugs by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The results of the molecular docking showed that polyphenols bind easily to the active P-gp site. All compounds exhibited fluctuating binding affinity ranged from −11.67 to −8.36 kcal/mol. Observed binding energy required for theaflavin to bind to P-gp was lowest (−11.67 kcal/mol). The obtained data that supports all the selected polyphenols inhibited P-gp and therefore may enhance the bioavailability of drugs. This study may play a vital role in finding hotspots in P-gp and eventually may be proved useful in designing compounds with high affinity and specificity to the protein.
Fällt der Apfel weit vom Stamm?
Authors: Häner Melanie , Schaltegger Christoph A. 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Übersichtsartikel beleuchten Melanie Häner und Christoph A. Schaltegger den Forschungsstand zur intergenerationellen sozialen Mobilität. Sie grenzen zunächst verschiedene Konzepte und Maße voneinander ab und erläutern den Zusammenhang zwischen der sozialen Ungleichheit und der sozialen Mobilität. Dabei legen sie ein Augenmerk auf die Verwendung von Nachnamen für langfristige Analysen über mehrere Generationen. Anschließend stellen sie den aktuellen Forschungsstand dar, den sie nach den verschiedenen Indikatoren des sozialen Status ordnen. Der Forschung zur Situation in der Schweiz widmen sie ein eigenes Kapitel. Der Beitrag enthält zudem einen Exkurs zum Einfluss der Großeltern und der Mütter. Schließlich nutzen die Autoren die wichtigsten Schlussfolgerungen im Fazit zur Formulierung einer groben Forschungsagenda.
Knowledge, attitude, practice and clinical recommendations of health care workers towards COVID-19: a systematic review
Authors: Hesaraki Mehran , Akbarizadeh Majidreza , Ahmadidarrehsima Sudabeh , Moghadam Mahdieh Poodineh , Izadpanah Fatemeh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, practice, and clinical recommendations of health care workers (HCWs) towards COVID-19.MethodsIn this systematic review study, international databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) were searched for the relevant studies published in English from the inception of databases until July 30, 2020. Hoy et al.’s tool was used to evaluate the quality of studies. All search steps, screening, selection of studies, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed separately by two researchers.ResultsOut of 3460 articles searched, 28 articles conducted on 16,427 HCWs were included in the study. Most of the HCWs had good knowledge (72.2%), a positive attitude (70.9%), and good practice (78.8%) towards COVID-19. The most important clinical recommendation to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) was to provide HCWs with a periodic training program regarding COVID-19. The most important source of information for HCWs on COVID-19 was social networks.ConclusionsDespite HCWs’ good knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP), it is recommended to periodically review KAP and carry out further studies in different countries as well. It is also recommended to use social media to improve KAP.
Ethical Concepts ‘in Search of a Meaning’: G.H. von Wright’s Broad Framework for (Contextual) Ethics
Authors: Jakola Lassi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article revisits G.H. von Wright’s 1963 proposal of a ‘broad approach to ethics’ and his idea that moral goodness is a non-autonomous form of goodness ‘in search of a meaning’. In von Wright’s view, moral notions are to be examined in a broad framework consisting of various groups of ethically relevant concepts. This framework is described and some connections to Elizabeth Anscombe’s work in the late 1950s are identified. It is argued that von Wright’s broadly construed ethics provides tools for understanding contextual and temporal variation of ‘moral points of view’ and puts traditional ideas concerning the nature of moral philosophy in a new light. However, von Wright failed to draw all the consequences of his own suggestions: accordingly, it is suggested that we have to abandon his view of a philosopher as a ‘moulder’ of concepts for a more context-oriented and elucidative conception of moral philosophy.
What Makes Life a Lie? Love, Truth and the Question of Context
Authors: Kronqvist Camilla 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Wittgenstein suggested that considering the context in which a word or sentence is used may help show the limitations of some ways of setting up a philosophical problem. In this article, I explore the role this suggestion may have in moral (philosophical) reflection, through a consideration of a literary example taken from Jeanette Winterson’s novel, Written on the Body (2001). Using the example to elucidate ways of speaking in love that seem to embody an important truth and ways of acting and thinking that appear to be a denial of that truth, I discuss and attempt to show how different ways of attending to context may reveal the moral dimensions of this language use. I also consider one point at which attention to context seems to come to a halt and when acknowledging what is ethically significant seems to demand something different from us.
Indexicality, meaning, use
Authors: Ciecierski Tadeusz 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The article presents two concepts of indexicality. The first, more standard and narrow, identifies indexicality with systematic (meaning controlled) context-sensitivity. The second, broader (derived from the work of Jerzy Pelc), conceives indexicality in terms of the potential variability of the general semiotic characteristics expressions (with respect to the context of use). The text introduces the concept of a pragmatic matrix that serves for a schematic representation of contextual variation. I also recapitulate briefly the views of Jerzy Pelc on the meaning (manner of use) and use of expressions, and briefly indicate its relationship approaches with contemporary debates around contextualism and status of non-sentential speech acts. Finally, the relationship between the broader notion of indexicality and the directival theory of meaning is analyzed.
Iran und Israel: Ist ein Krieg unvermeidlich?
Authors: Inbar Efraim 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit dem wachsenden Einfluss Irans in der Politik des Nahen Ostens, dem iranischen Atomprogramm und den strategischen Konsequenzen der iranischen Ambitionen, die allesamt die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines direkten bewaffneten Konflikts zwischen Israel und Iran erhöhen. Er gelangt zu dem Schluss, dass Iran seine nuklearen und hegemonialen Ambitionen unvermindert fortsetzt. Etwaige Bemühungen, einen „Regimewechsel“ herbeizuführen, blieben erfolglos, und Iran macht unbeirrt weiter. Daher besteht eine hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen direkten bewaffneten Konflikt zwischen Israel und Iran.
Language diversity management in higher education: towards an analytical framework
Authors: Darquennes Jeroen , du Plessis Theo , Soler Josep 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLinguistic diversity and its management have become increasingly significant for higher education institutions around the world. Indeed, in the context of a growing student and staff mobility, information exchange, and networked multilateral interactions, the multiplicity of languages used by university stakeholders in more and more contexts has steadily grown over the past decades. A wide range of scholars (from applied and sociolinguists to higher education researchers) have responded with an equal growing attention to this phenomenon. In this paper, we funnel some of the relevant recent scholarship on the language-planning dimension of the internationalization of higher education, providing as a result an analytical framework that attempts to capture the complex sociolinguistic nature of present-day universities. To date, with only a handful of exceptions, few attempts have been made to provide a comprehensive overview of the different levels, stakeholders, and contexts of language use in higher education. Given the rapid changing nature of language matters in such context, the framework we present in this paper should be useful to both sociolinguists interested in language issues in higher education and to on-the-ground university administrators actively engaged in language planning initiatives in their institutions. The framework, however, is not conceived of as a closed-end solution to language problems at universities today, but rather as a guiding roadmap to think productively about such issues.
(What we don’t know about)Sign Languages in Higher Education in Europe: Mapping Policy and Practice to an analytical framework
Authors: Leeson Lorraine , van den Bogaerde Beppie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper focuses on issues related to sign language policies in Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) in Europe. Drawing on the analytical framework proposed by Darquennes/Du Plessis/Soler (2020, i. e. this volume), which serves to address HEI language planning issues at macro, meso and micro levels, we carry out an inventory of how these issues play out for sign languages across Europe. Our investigation reveals the scarcity of information about sign language policies in HEIs, relating to both sign language as a language of instruction and as a subject of study. What becomes clear is that language planning activities (sign language acquisition, sign language status and corpus planning) are taking place in many countries but tend to go undocumented and unresearched. Given the increase in formal recognition of sign languages across Europe, coupled with the ratification of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) by all EU member states, it would seem logical to expect that the status and prestige of sign languages would rise, with greater visibility of, and planning for, incorporation of sign languages in HEIs. However, the reality of the situation is unclear, suggesting the need for coordinated effort, supported by key pan-European bodies like the Council of Europe, the European Centre for Modern Languages and the European Commission, to ensure that sign language policy is on the agenda as parts of a rights-based response to deaf communities and the sign languages of Europe. Equally important is the need for European HEIs to embrace sign languages and ensure that they are part of the linguistic landscape. This will support and promote the status planning of sign languages and open up access to HEIs for deaf communities, a group that remains under-represented in academia.