bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understand the interaction modes and reactivity of trimedoxime toward MmAChE inhibited by nerve agents: theoretical and experimental Aspects
Authors: Castro Alexandre A. de , Polisel Daniel A. , Pereira Bruna T. L. , Cunha Elaine Fontes Ferreira da , Kuca Kamil , Nepovimova Eugenie , Ramalho Teodorico Castro 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The organophosphorus compounds (OP) are used as both chemical weapons and pesticides. However, these agents are very dangerous and toxic to humans, animals, and the environment. Thus, investigations with reactivators have been deeply developed in order to design new antidotes with better efficiency, as well as greater spectrum of action in the AChE reactivation process. With that in mind, in this work, we investigated the behavior of trimedoxime toward the Mus musculus Acetylcholinesterase (MmAChE) inhibited by a range of nerve agents, such as chemical weapons. From experimental essays, reactivation percentages were obtained for the reactivation of different AChE-OP complexes. On the other hand, theoretical calculations were performed to assess the differences of interaction modes and reactivity of trimedoxime within AChE active site. Comparing theoretical and experimental data, it is possible to notice that the oxime, in most case, showed better reactivation percentages at higher concentrations, with the best result for the reactivation of the AChE-VX adduct. From this work, it was revealed that the mechanistic process contributes most to the oxime efficiency than the interaction in the site. In this way, this study was important to better understand the reactivation process through trimedoxime, contributing to the proposal of novel antidotes.
Statistical Analysis of Covid-19(SARS-Cov-2) Patients Data of Karnataka, India&nbsp;
Authors: Sharma Ravi , Sharma Nonita 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in India is increasing day by day. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) is a new virus of coronavirus family therefore not much information available, thus making it very difficult task to make medicine or vaccine for this virus as early as possible. So, it is very important to analyse the data and find meaningful insight in data so graph of cases that is increasing day by day can be flatten out. For current study, Karnataka state data has taken and Chi square test is performed to find relationship between gender (male and female), age group (less than 18, 19 to 40, 41 to 65 and greater than 65) and current status (recovered, hospitalized and deceased). Our results show that gender is independent of current status and age group is dependent upon current status and age group and gender relationship is also dependent.
Finding Prediction of Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Protein: A Data Driven Approach
Authors: Ghosh Moumita , Sil Pritam , Roy Anirban , Fajriyah Rohmatul , Mondal Kartick Chandra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic defined a worldwide health crisis into a humanitarian crisis. Amid this global emergency, human civilization is under enormous strain since no proper therapeutic method is discovered yet. A wave of research effort has been put towards the invention of therapeutics and vaccines against COVID-19. Contrarily, the spread of this fatal virus has already infected millions of people and claimed many lives all over the world. Computational biology can attempt to understand the protein-protein interactions between the viral protein and host protein. Therefore potential viral-host protein interactions can be identified which is known as crucial information towards the discovery of drugs. In this paper, we have presented an approach for predicting novel interactions from maximal biclusters. Additionally, the predicted interactions are verified from biological perspectives. For this, we conduct a study on the gene ontology and KEGG pathway in relation to the newly predicted interactions.
Statics and Dynamics of Malaria Transmission: The Relationship between Prevalence in Humans and Mosquitoes.
Authors: Blanco Santiago Movilla 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present paper explores a simple dynamic model from which we review the classic formulae in malaria epidemiology that relate entomological parameters to malaria transmission. In addition, we document the dynamics of malaria, illustrating the impact of control strategies and how the bites per mosquito have a larger effect on transmission intensity than the mosquito mortality, the ratio of mosquitoes to humans, or the transmission efficiency.

The model has been built following the System Dynamics methodology, explicitly representing the variables, the feedbacks and the nonlinearities, i.e. the structure that governs the dynamics of the disease. In this sense, the paper offers a new way to obtain the most representative malaria indicators derived from stock-and-flow diagrams that encompass the causal relationships that exist between the attributes of such a system.

Based on the obtained formulae from the human and mosquito sectors, we are able to eliminate three degrees of freedom, allowing us to calculate the temporal steady state relationship between Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in humans and mosquitoes.

The model is generic in nature and may be parameterized to portray a wide variety of locations, different malaria parasites, vector species, and to cater for seasonality.

Given that the model includes the principle mechanisms of malaria transmission, it acts as a foundation for simulations that represent the dynamics between humans and mosquitoes. Such model has been developed based on a number of simplifying assumptions. To the extent possible, the validity of the model under these assumptions has been analyzed by way of mathematic equations.
Enzymatic Degradation of Maize Shoots: Monitoring of Chemical and Physical Changes Reveals Different Saccharification Behaviors
Authors: Barron Cécile , Devaux Marie-Françoise , Foucat Loïc , Falourd Xavier , Looten Rachelle , Joseph-Aimé Maud , Durand Sylvie , Bonnin Estelle , Lapierre Catherine , Saulnier Luc , Rouau Xavier , Guillon Fabienne 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background The recalcitrance of lignocellulosics to enzymatic saccharification has been related to many factors, including the tissue and molecular heterogeneity of the plant particles. The role of tissue heterogeneity generally assessed from plant sections is not easy to study on a large scale. In the present work, dry fractionation of ground maize shoot was performed to obtain particle fractions enriched in specific tissue or molecules. The degradation profiles of the fractions were compared considering physical changes in addition to chemical conversion.Results Coarse, medium and fine fractions were produced using a dry process followed by an electrostatic separation. The physical and chemical characteristics of the fractions varied, suggesting enrichment in tissue from leaves, pith or rind. The fractions were subjected to seven hours of enzymatic hydrolysis in a torus reactor designed for real-time monitoring of the number and size of the particles. Saccharification efficiency was monitored by analyzing the sugar content of hydrolysate samples collected at different times. The lowest and highest saccharification yields were measured in the coarse and fine fractions, respectively, and these yields paralleled the reduction in the size and number of particles. The behavior of the positively- and negatively-charged particles of medium-size fractions was contrasted. Although the amount of sugar release was similar, the changes in particle size and number differed during enzymatic degradation. The reduction in the number of particles proceeded faster than that of particle size, suggesting that degradable particles were degraded to the point of disappearance with no significant erosion or fragmentation. Considering all fractions, the saccharification yield was positively correlated with the amount of water associated with [5-15 nm] pore size range at 67% moisture content while the reduction in the number of particles was inversely correlated with the amount of lignin. Lignin could act in maintaining the macroscopic structure of particles without necessarily prohibitive effects on the accessibility of enzymes to their substrates.Conclusion Real-time monitoring of sugar release and changes in the number and size of the particles clearly evidenced different degradation patterns for fractions of maize shoot that could be related to tissue heterogeneity in the plant.
Architectural Ruins: A geoheritage of the anatomy of buildings as illustrated by Casa Ippolito, Malta
Authors: Bianco Lino 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ruins are a statement on the building materials used and the construction method employed. Casa Ippolito, now in ruins, is typical of seventeenth-century Maltese aristocratic country residences. This paper scrutinises these ruins as a primary source in reconstructing the building’s architecture. The methodology involved on-site geographical surveying, including visual inspection and non-invasive tests, a geological survey of the local lithostratigraphy, and examination of notarial deeds and secondary sources to support findings about building’s history as read from its ruins. The results are expressed from three perspectives. The anatomy of Casa Ippolito is revealed in its ruins, which provide a cross-section of its construction history and show two distinct phases in its construction. The tissue of Casa Ippolita – the building elements and materials – addresses the knowledge of raw materials and their properties among the builders who worked on both phases. Finally, the geoheritage of Casa Ippolito – how it met its inhabitants’ needs for shelter, water and food – is examined. The case study aims to show that such ruins are not just geocultural remains of historical built fabric. They are open wounds in the built structure; they underpin the anatomy of the building and support insights into its former dynamics. Ruins are an essay in the geoheritage of material culture and building physics. Architectural ruins of masonry structures are geoheritage rendered in stone which facilitate not only the reconstruction of spaces but also places for its users; they are a statement on the well-being of humanity throughout history.
Machine learning of genomic features in organotropic metastases stratifies progression risk of primary tumors
Authors: Wang Jiguang , Jiang Biaobin , Mu Quanhua , Qiu Fufang , Xu Weiqi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Metastasis leads to most cancer deaths, but its spatiotemporal behavior remains unpredictable at early stage. Here, we developed MetaNet, a computational framework that integrates clinical and sequencing data from 32,176 primary and metastatic cancer cases, to assess metastatic risks of primary tumors. MetaNet achieved high accuracy in distinguishing the metastasis from the primary in breast and prostate cancers. From the prediction, we identified Metastasis-Featuring Primary (MFP) tumors, a subset of primary tumors with genomic features enriched in metastasis, and demonstrated their high metastatic risks with significantly shorter disease-free survivals and higher migratory potential. In addition, we identified genomic alterations associated with organ-specific metastases, and employed them to stratify patients into the risk groups with propensities toward different metastatic organs. Remarkably, this organotropic stratification achieved better prognostic value than standard histological grading system in prostate cancer, especially between Bone-MFP and Liver-MFP subtypes, with organotropic insights to inform organ-specific examinations in follow-ups.
Emergence and Clonal Spread of KPC-2 Producing Clinical Klebsiella Aerogenes Isolates From a Teaching Hospital in Tucuman, Argentina.
Authors: Vargas Juan Martín , Mochi María Paula Moreno , Nuñez Juan Manuel , Mochi Silvana , Cáceres Mariel , Campo Rosa , Jure María Angela 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
IntroductionKlebsiella aerogenes is a nosocomial pathogen associated with drug resistance and healthcare-associated infections. We pursued this study to investigate an outbreak of clinical carbapenem-resistant K. aerogenes(CRKA) in an argentinian tertiary hospital which persisted for 4 months despite aggressive infection control measures. The primary goals aimed to evaluate the molecular characteristics and the clonal relationships among the CRKA isolates.MethodsWe characterized CRKA isolates by multiplex PCR and PFGE. The information was integrated with clinical and epidemiologic data.ResultsThe 14 CRKA strains were disseminated in an adult intensive care unit (50%) and five different wards. In patients who received antimicrobial treatment, 8 staggered to directed treatment, mainly with amikacin(6/8) and/or carbapenemes(5/8). The overall mortality was 42.8%, and the attributed mortality to CRKA infection was 21.4%, strains showed high rates of resistance to most of the antimicrobials without resistance to Amikacin and Tigecycline, and carried the blaKPC-2, blaSHV-2 and blaCTXM-15 genes. The PFGE indicated 2 distinct groups; 12/14 CRKA isolatesassociated with the dominant subgroup A and likely to be primarily responsible for the ﬁrst isolation and subsequent dissemination in the hospital.ConclusionThe outbreak characteristics data showed prolonged hospitalization and previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics as potential risk factors for the acquisition of CRKA.
Analysis and validation of a highly sensitive one-step nested quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for specific detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Authors: Zhang Yang , Dai Chunyang , Wang Huiyan , Gao Yong , Li Tuantuan , Fang Yan , Shen Zuojun , Chen Lichang , Chen Zhaowu , Ma Xuejun , Li Ming 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is posing a serious threat to global public health. Reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is widely used as the gold standard for clinical detection of SARS-CoV-2. Due to technical limitations, the reported positive rates of qRT-PCR assay of throat swab samples vary from 30–60%. Therefore, the evaluation of alternative strategies to overcome the limitations of qRT-PCR is required. A previous study reported that one-step nested (OSN)-qRT-PCR revealed better suitability for detecting SARS-CoV-2. However, information on the analytical performance of OSN-qRT-PCR is insufficient.
Method:
In this study, we aimed to analyze OSN-qRT-PCR by comparing it with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and qRT-PCR by using a dilution series of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviral RNA and a quality assessment panel. The clinical performance of OSN-qRT-PCR was also validated and compared with ddPCR and qRT-PCR using specimens from COVID-19 patients.
Result
The LoD (copies/ml) of qRT-PCR, ddPCR, and OSN-qRT-PCR were 520.1 (95% CI): 363.23–1145.69) for ORF1ab and 528.1 (95% CI: 347.7–1248.7) for N, 401.8 (95% CI: 284.8–938.3) for ORF1ab and 336.8 (95% CI: 244.6–792.5) for N, and 194.74 (95% CI: 139.7–430.9) for ORF1ab and 189.1 (95% CI: 130.9–433.9) for N, respectively. Of the 34 clinical samples from COVID-19 patients, the positive rates of OSN-qRT-PCR, ddPCR, and qRT-PCR were 82.35% (28/34), 67.65% (23/34), and 58.82% (20/34), respectively.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the highly sensitive and specific OSN-qRT-PCR assay is superior to ddPCR and qRT-PCR assays, showing great potential as a technique for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with low viral loads.
Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Low-dose Radiation Therapy in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease&nbsp;
Authors: Yang Eun-Jeong , Kim Hak Jae , Kim Jin Ho , Yoon Jeongmin , Seo Young-Seok , KIM HYE-SUN 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Recently, several studies have reported that low dose radiation therapy (RT) reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory-degenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is the most common cause of dementia, and neuroinflammation is one of the major contributing factors in AD pathogenesis. Thus, low dose RT is expected to be used clinically for treating AD. However, the proper doses, effects, and underlying mechanisms of RT in AD have not been determined. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the appropriate RT dose and schedule for AD treatment, and to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of low-dose RT in AD. MethodsWe first determined the proper dose and schedule of RT in late stage AD using 8–9-month old 5x familial AD(5xFAD) mice, a well-known animal model of AD, by comparing the effects of a low total dose with a low dose per fraction (LD-LDRT, 5 × 0.6 Gy) and a low-moderate total dose with a conventional dose per fraction (LMD-CDRT, 5 × 2 Gy). ResultsLD-LDRT and LMD-CDRT were found to reduce the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e. CD54, IL-3, CXCL9/10, and CCL2/4 in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. Further, increased microgliosis assessed with Iba-1 was significantly reduced by LD-LDRT in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. Moreover, LD-LDRT and LMD-CDRT decreased the amyloid plaque burden in 5xFAD mice and attenuated their cognitive impairment; these effects persisted for nearly one month. ConclusionsThe present study showed that LD-LDRT rescues cognitive impairment and prevents accumulation of amyloid plaques by regulating neuroinflammation in the late stage of AD, with an efficacy equivalent to that of LMD-CDRT. Furthermore, it suggests that LD-LDRT may facilitate accessible and convenient treatment in clinical trials compared to LMD-CDRT.
Intramedullary Nailing Combined With Adjunct Plate or Blocking Screw for Proximal Tibial Fractures
Authors: Li Jie , Wang Qian , Lu Yao , Li Zhong , Zhang Kun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objective: To compare the traditional approach of intramedullary nail with an extra plate versus the nail combined with blocking screws for proximal tibia fractures without the knee involved.Methods: From January 2013 to January 2017, a total of 36 patients who suffered from proximal tibial fractures unaffecting the knee were enrolled into this prospective study, and divided into two groups by random number table method. Of them, 19 patients received an interlocking intramedullary nail combined with an extra plate for internal fixation of the fractures (the plate group), while the remaining 17 patients had fractures fixed with the nail combined with blocking screws (the screw group). The perioperative, follow-up and radiographic data were compared between the two groups.Results: All the 36 patients underwent operation smoothly without iatrogenic neurovascular injuries. The plate group proved superior the screw group regarding to operation time and intraoperative X-ray exposure (P＜0.05) , nevertheless the former was inferior to the latter in implant cost and hospital stay (P＜0.05) . The follow-up period lasted for 12～24 months with a mean of (15.62±4.71) months. There were no statistically significant differences in the time to return ambulation and the time to full weight-bearing activity between the two groups (P＞0.05) . At the latest follow up, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups regarding knee range of motion and Johner-Wruhs grades for clinical consequences (P＞0.05) . In terms of anterior knee pain, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P＞0.05) . In respect of radiographic assessment, the plate group had significantly less residual malalignment than the screw group, including anteroposterior and lateral displacements, as well as angulations in coronal and sagittal planes (P＜0.05) . To the latest follow up, all patients in both group got bony healing of the fractures without a statistical difference in fracture healing time between them (P＞0.05) , and no loosening or breaking of the implants were showed on images in anyone of them.Conclusion: Both the nail plus plate and nail plus blocking screw do achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes for proximal tibial fractures unaffecting the knee. By comparison, the nail combined with plate facilitates to regain and maintain better alignment of the leg regardless of higher implant cost.
Soil organic carbon stock and retention rate among land uses along Didessa toposequence in humid Western Ethiopia
Authors: Deressa Abdenna , Yli-Halla Markku , Mohammed Muktar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
There is scarcity of scientific information on stocks and retention rate of soil organic carbon (SOC) among mixed farming systems in humid Western Ethiopia. The objectives of study were to determine the SOC stocks and retention rates along a 53-km long toposequence of Didessa watershed. The study was conducted in mixed farming systems (annual arable cropping, grazing, fallow, grassland, coffee agroforestry, Eucalyptus agroforestry and mechanized irrigated sugarcane production) within an elevation range of 1273 to 2543 meter above sea level.
Results
The results revealed that land use types greatly affected SOC stocks and retention rates in the upper 20 cm soil depth. The SOC stocks ranged from 9.27 to 13.5 Mg C ha− 1 (0-20cm) while the retention rates were 0.11, 0.2, 0.28, 0.31 and 1.14 Mg C ha− 1 yr− 1 for coffee agroforestry, fallow, grazing, Eucalyptus agroforestry and irrigated sugarcane production systems, respectively.
Conclusion
The retention rates demonstrated that the different farming systems are potential source of C sinks. The study indicated that the farming systems are efficient in sequestering SOC and their benefits can be further adopted for their economic values, social significance, restoration of degraded land and sequestration of C in humid tropical Western Ethiopia.
Effect of Resilience on Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Civil Servants: The Mediating and Moderating Model
Authors: Song Huiling , Zhang Mengjie , Wang Yanjie , Yang Liying , Wang Yanyu , Li Yan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Civil servants are a special group in China, and there is limited research on how their resilience affects mental health, such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to explore the role of resilience through the relationship between stress, depression and anxiety, and to further provide an explanation for how resilience interacts with stress, depression and anxiety in civil servants. Method: In a cross-sectional survey, 302 civil servants completed a battery of questionnaires. The Civil Servants Stress Scale (CSSS) was used to assess the stress of civil servants. The depression and anxiety of participants were evaluated by the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively. The Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was used to assess the stress of civil servants as well. We conducted the moderating and mediating models to the resilience, depression and anxiety in civil servants. Results: The results have shown that resilience was related to stress, depression, and anxiety in civil servants. Stress was positively correlated with resilience. On the contrary, stress was negatively associated with depression and anxiety. Conclusion: Resilience played the moderating and mediating roles for stress, depression and anxiety. Resilience can moderate the relationship between stress and depression, anxiety as a dynamic moderate mode. Improving resilience and reducing stress play a vital role in preventing depression and anxiety in civil servants.