bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine Signaling in Wake-Promoting Clock Neurons Is Not Required for the Normal Regulation of Sleep inDrosophila
Authors: Fernandez-Chiappe Florencia , Hermann-Luibl Christiane , Peteranderl Alina , Reinhard Nils , Senthilan Pingkalai R. , Hieke Marie , Selcho Mareike , Yoshii Taishi , Shafer Orie T. , Muraro Nara I. , Helfrich-Förster Charlotte 
Published: November 2020

Dopamine is a wake-promoting neuromodulator in mammals and fruit flies. InDrosophila melanogaster, the network of clock neurons that drives sleep/activity cycles comprises both wake-promoting and sleep-promoting cell types. The large ventrolateral neurons (l-LNvs) and small ventrolateral neurons (s-LNvs) have been identified as wake-promoting neurons within the clock neuron network. The l-LNvs are innervated by dopaminergic neurons, and earlier work proposed that dopamine signaling raises cAMP levels in the l-LNvs and thus induces excitatory electrical activity (action potential firing), which results in wakefulness and inhibits sleep. Here, we test this hypothesis by combining cAMP imaging and patch-clamp recordings in isolated brains. We find that dopamine application indeed increases cAMP levels and depolarizes the l-LNvs, but, surprisingly, it does not result in increased firing rates. Downregulation of the excitatory D1-like dopamine receptor (Dop1R1) in the l-LNvs and s-LNvs, but not of Dop1R2, abolished the depolarization of l-LNvs in response to dopamine. This indicates that dopamine signals via Dop1R1 to the l-LNvs. Downregulation of Dop1R1 or Dop1R2 in the l-LNvs and s-LNvs does not affect sleep in males. Unexpectedly, we find a moderate decrease of daytime sleep with downregulation of Dop1R1 and of nighttime sleep with downregulation of Dop1R2. Since the l-LNvs do not use Dop1R2 receptors and the s-LNvs also respond to dopamine, we conclude that the s-LNvs are responsible for the observed decrease in nighttime sleep. In summary, dopamine signaling in the wake-promoting LNvs is not required for daytime arousal, but likely promotes nighttime sleep via the s-LNvs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn insect and mammalian brains, sleep-promoting networks are intimately linked to the circadian clock, and the mechanisms underlying sleep and circadian timekeeping are evolutionarily ancient and highly conserved. Here we show that dopamine, one important sleep modulator in flies and mammals, plays surprisingly complex roles in the regulation of sleep by clock-containing neurons. Dopamine inhibits neurons in a central brain sleep center to promote sleep and excites wake-promoting circadian clock neurons. It is therefore predicted to promote wakefulness through both of these networks. Nevertheless, our results reveal that dopamine acting on wake-promoting clock neurons promotes sleep, revealing a previously unappreciated complexity in the dopaminergic control of sleep.
Developmental and molecular response of bovine embryos to reduced nutrients in vitro
Authors: Herrick Jason R , Rajput Sandeep , Pasquariello Rolando , Ermisch Alison , Santiquet Nicolas , Schoolcraft William B , Krisher Rebecca L 
Published: November 2020

Recent studies in our laboratory have indicated that bovine embryos only use a small amount of the nutrients available to them in culture. Our objective was to evaluate the developmental and molecular response of bovine embryos when nutrient concentrations in the culture medium were significantly reduced. Following IVM and IVF, embryos were cultured in media containing 75, 50, and 25% (experiment 1) or 25, 12.5, and 6.25% (experiment 2) of the concentrations of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids, and vitamins) present in our control medium (100%). Blastocyst formation, hatching, and allocation of cells to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) were evaluated on day 7. Although the number of TE cells was decreased (P < 0.05) when nutrient concentrations were ≤25% (73.8–124.1 cells), it was not until nutrient concentrations were reduced to 6.25% that blastocyst formation (18.3 ± 3.0%) and hatching (3.0 ± 1.3%) were inhibited (P < 0.05) compared to embryos cultured in the control medium (156.1 ± 14.1 cells, 40.0 ± 3.8%, 20.0 ± 3.1%, respectively). Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation (etomoxir) reduced (P < 0.05) blastocyst development, with more pronounced effects at lower nutrient concentrations (≤12.5%). Reducing nutrient concentrations was associated with increased activity of AMPK, decreased activity of mTOR, and altered abundance of transcripts for hexokinase 1 (HK1), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), consistent with an increase in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Reduced nutrient conditions provide a unique perspective on embryo metabolism that may facilitate the optimization of culture media.

Lay summary
To support early embryo development in the first week after fertilisation, an appropriate mixture of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids, and vitamins) is needed in the culturing solution. However, refining these solutions to support optimal embryo health remains challenging. In this study, bovine (cow) embryos derived from abattoir material were used as a model for the development of other mammalian embryos, including humans. These embryos were cultured in the presence of 75, 50, 25, 12.5, or 6.25% of the nutrients present in control conditions (100%), which are similar to those reported for the fluids of the fallopian tubes and uterus. Embryo development was largely unaffected in the 75, 50, and 25% treatments, with some embryos developing in the presence of only 6.25% nutrients. Cow embryos are remarkably resilient to reduced concentrations of nutrients in their environment because they can utilize internal stores of fat as a source of energy.
Behavior Problems During Early Childhood in Children With Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure
Authors: Chu Elaine K. , Smith Lynne M. , Derauf Chris , Newman Elana , Neal Charles R. , Arria Amelia M. , Huestis Marilyn A. , DellaGrotta Sheri A. , Roberts Mary B. , Dansereau Lynne M. , Lester Barry M. 
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
The effects of in utero methamphetamine exposure on behavioral problems in school-aged children are unclear. Our objective for this study was to evaluate behavior problems in children at aged 3, 5, and 7.5 years who were prenatally exposed to methamphetamine.

METHODS:
Subjects were enrolled in the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle study, a longitudinal prospective study of prenatal methamphetamine exposure and child outcomes. Exposed and comparison groups were matched on birth weight, race, education, and health insurance. At ages 3, 5, and 7.5 years, 339 children (171 exposed) were assessed for behavior problems by using the Child Behavior Checklist. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure, age, and the interaction of exposure and age on behavior problems. Caregiver psychological symptoms were assessed by using the Brief Symptom Inventory.

RESULTS:
Analyses adjusted for covariates revealed that relative to age 3, children at 5 years had less externalizing and aggressive behavior and more internalizing behavior, somatic complaints, and withdrawn behavior. By age 7.5, aggressive behavior continued to decrease, attention problems increased and withdrawn behavior decreased. There were no main effects for methamphetamine exposure and no interactions of exposure and age. Caregiver psychological symptoms predicted all behavior problems and the quality of the home predicted externalizing problems and externalizing syndrome scores.

CONCLUSIONS:
Behavioral effects longitudinally from ages 3 to 7.5 years were not associated with prenatal methamphetamine exposure, whereas caregiver psychological symptoms and the quality of the home were predictors of behavior problems.
Traditional Culture of the Pereyaslav Region (the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries) by the Materials of Field Studies
Authors: Teteria Svetlana , Kostyuk Nataliya 
Published: November 2020

The article deals with the issue of the state of kobzarstvo and bandurization in Pereyaslav region in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The path and preconditions for the creation of the first bandurist ensembles are traced. The article analyzes the question of the existence of museums in the Pereyaslav region for the production of musical instruments, as well as the current state of the existence of the national and academic bandura.
Holocaust in Countryside of Dnipropetrovska Oblast (by Testimony in the Yahad-In Unum Archive)
Authors: Shliakhtych Roman 
Published: November 2020

The aim – an analysis of video evidence from the Yahad-In Unum archive, to reveal the features of the Holocaust in the countryside of the Dnipropetrovsk region.Methods: oral-historical, comparative.Main results. The population of the General district was predominantly Ukrainian but the places of residence of the Jewish population were allocated. One such place was The Stalindorf Jewish district. It was founded in 1930 and originally the center of the Jewish colony was the village Izluchyste. In 1931, the district was enlarged and the new district center became the settlement of Stalindorf. The composition of the consolidation area includes 23 of the village Council, 16 of whom were Jewish. In General, only on the territory of Dnipropetrovsk region according to the census of 1939 lived 129 439 Jews. Until mid-October 1941 this area were occupied by German troops. Initially, power in the region belonged to the German military administration, but later it was passed into the hands of civil administration. However, on the ground, the power remained in the hands of local residents, who were controlled by the Germans. The most sinister of all the power structures that were created by the Germans in the occupied territories were the SS, SD and local formations of German police. The witnesses interviewed by the Yahad-In Unum team talk about the "Holocaust mechanism" in their villages, the perpetrators of this crime, the lives of ghetto Jews and labor camps.Сoncise conclusions: after the occupation of the villages by the Nazis, local Jews or executed immediately, or concentration in a certain home and then shot, sometimes in villages created a ghetto. Exactly in this time, the extermination of the Jews began in the region. The Local Police were also involved in these actions. However, it should be noted that not all people who joined the Police of the region were related to the genocide of Jews. The most of people who were involved in the Holocaust held some command positions in the local Police. As a rule, these people only «organized» mass killings of the Jews, although sometimes they participated directly in the Holocaust. The direct executors, together with the Germans, were ordinary Police officers, who were mainly engaged in the gathering and guard of the Jews before the execution, the escorting of the Jews to the sites of execution, protection these sited, and sometimes personally murdered the Jews.Practical meaning. It is recommended for use by authors of articles in magazines, as well as for teaching relevant courses on the history of Ukraine during the Second World War.Originality: used evidence of Holocaust witnesses stored in the Yahad-In Unum archive.Scientific novelty: for the first time on the basis of video evidence from the Yahad-In Unum archive, features of the Holocaust in the countryside of Dnipropetrovsk region were revealed.Type of article: descriptive.
Експериментальне дослідження середньої молярної маси компресорних мастил та розчинності холодоагента R290 у них
Authors: Корнієвич С.Г. , Нестеров П.С. , Дмитрієв Е.Д. , Хлієва О.Я. , Желєзний В.П. 
Published: November 2020

Останні роки спостерігається підвищений інтерес до застосування вуглеводневих холодоагентів у парокомпресійному холодильному обладнанні. Але в літературі практично відсутні данні з кривої розшарування розчинів холодоагенту R290 в синтетичних компресорних мастилах та данні з молярної маси цих мастил. Ця інформація потрібна для моделювання теплофізичних властивостей розчинів холодоагент/мастило. У статті наведено результати дослідження середньої моляр­ної маси поліефірного компресорного мастила ProEco® RF 22S і алкілбензольного компресорного мастила RENISO SP46, які рекомендоване для використання у холодильному обладнанні з холодоагентом R290. Розглянуто методичні проблеми, пов’язані з експериментальним вивченням молярної маси компресорних мастил. Визначення молярної маси виконано ебуліоскопічним методом. Наведено опис експериментальної установки, що реалізує ебуліоскопічний метод, методика проведення дослідження та результати проведених тарувальних експериментів. Розширена невизначеність отриманих даних не перевищує 5%. Наведено опис експериментальної установки для дослідження параметрів фазової рівноваги розчинів холодоагенту у компресорному мастилі. Наведено результати експериментального дослідження розчинності холодоагенту R290 в компресорних мастилах ProEco® RF 22S і RENISO SP46 в інтервалі температур від мінус 58 до 62 °С і широкому інтервалі концентрацій холодоагенту. Показано, що холодоагент R290 розчиняється в компресорних мастилах ProEco® RF 22S і RENISO SP46 у всьому інтервалі параметрів стану характерних для роботи холодильного обладнання, в якому застосовується холодоагент R290. З урахуванням отриманих даних компресорні мастила ProEco® RF 22S і RENISO SP46 рекомендовані для застосування в холодильному обладнанні при температурах кипіння вище мінус 30 °С
Diskresi Oleh Kepolisian Republik Indonesia Resor Mojokerto Kota Dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas
Authors: Zulkarnaen Safiq Jundhira 
Published: November 2020

Dalam lingkup wilayah hukum Kepolisian Republik Indonesia Resor Mojokerto Kota, peristiwa kecelakaan lalu lintas adalah peristiwa hukum yang seringkali pada tahun 2017 terjadi 322 peristiwa dan tahun 2018 terjadi 370 peristiwa kecelakaan lalu lintas, yang mana dari peristiwa tersebut tidak ada yang naik ke pengadilan kecuali hanya 1 kasus saja. Sehingga adanya penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan diskresi oleh Kepolisian Resor Mojokerto Kota dalam penyelesaian perkara kecelakaan lalu lintas. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian yuridis empiris. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dari hasil observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan triangulasi. Analisis dilakukan dengan tahapan: kompilasi bahan-bahan hukum, klasifikasi, sistematisasi, serta interpretasi. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penegakan hukum oleh Polri tidak bisa dilakukan secara kaku. Penegak hukum untuk menguji setiap perkara kecelakaan lalu lintas melalui diskresi maupun mediasi, dengan tujuan adalah kepentingan korban dalam perspektif keadilan restoratif. Penerapan diskresi oleh Kepolisian Resor Mojokerto Kota dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenangnya dapat bertindak menurut penilaiannya sendiri. Namun hal tersebut dilaksanakan dengan mempertimbangkan manfaat dan risiko tindakannya dan untuk kepentingan umum.
Application of Restorative Justice in Domestic Violence by Women's and Children Units of Barelang Resort Police
Authors: Ariani Retno 
Published: November 2020

Domestic violence is any act against a person especially a woman, resulting misery or physical, sexual, psychological and child neglect or suffering. Domestic violence is a hidden crime because there are many victims, but few report incidents. The punishment for the perpetrators must be considered by the principle of expediency and justice. If the concept of restorative justice is done correctly, it can create justice and balance between the perpetrators of crime and the victims. The research method used in this paper is normative legal research, literature studies and case studies. The application of the concept of restorative justice carried out by women's and children protection units of the Barelang Resort Police is making collaboration with CJS and related agencies such as social services in handling cases of violence. The result is that the handling of domestic violence cases in the Barelang Resort Police can be more focused and resolved.
Cuistow: Chinese Unique Inlay Bristow
Authors: Lin Lin , Zhang Min , Song Qingfa , Cheng Xu , Shao Zhenxing , Yan Hui , Cui Guoqing 
Published: November 2020

Background:
The prevalence of nonunion after the Latarjet procedure remains high. The purpose of the present study was to investigate healing and clinical outcomes after a novel arthroscopic coracoid process transfer procedure.

Methods:
Sixty-three patients who underwent the arthroscopic inlay Bristow procedure combined with Bankart repair were identified, and 51 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. The key feature of this technique was that the coracoid process was trimmed and fixed into a trough (5 to 10 mm deep) in the glenoid neck with a metal screw. Bone graft union and positioning accuracy were assessed with use of postoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging. Clinical examinations, return to sport, and functional scores (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES] and Rowe scores) were recorded.

Results:
The mean duration of follow-up (and standard deviation) was 41.5 ± 7.7 months (range, 36 to 48 months). Postoperative CT scans showed that the position of coracoid graft was at 4:10 (from 3:50 to 5:00) (referencing the right shoulder) in the sagittal view. The α angle was 16.4° ± 9.5°, with 4 (7.8%) of 51 screws being over-angulated (α > 25°). On the axial view, the graft position was considered to be flush in 33 patients (64.7%), medial in 11 (21.6%), congruent in 7 (13.7%), and lateral or too medial in none. At 1 year, the coracoid graft had healed in 49 patients (96.1%) and had failed to unite in 2 patients. CT scanning, performed for 47 patients, showed grade-0 osteolysis in 9 patients, grade-1 osteolysis in 21 patients, and grade-2 osteolysis in 17 patients. At the time of the latest follow-up, there was a significant increase in the Rowe score (from 35.5 ± 8.3 to 95.7 ± 7.2) and the ASES score (from 71.2 ± 9.7 to 91.5 ± 4.4), and 87.0% of patients were able to return to sport. No arthropathy was observed in any patient.

Conclusions:
After a minimum 3-year follow-up, the arthroscopic inlay Bristow procedure resulted in a high rate of graft healing, excellent clinical outcomes, and a high rate of return to sports.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Magma Loading in the Southern Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia and Washington
Authors: Brown E. H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe southen end of the 1800 km long Coast Plutonic Complex (CPC), exposed in the Harrison Lake area of British Columbia and in the North Cascades of Washington, bears a record of great crustal thickening -20 to 40 km in localized zones during Late Cretaceous times. During this period, the CPC was positioned at the continental margin during collision/subduction of the Farallon plate. Arc magmatism and regional orogenic contraction were both active as potential crustal thickening processes. Magmatism is favored in this report as the dominant factor based on the delineation of four spatially and temporally separate loading events, the close association of the loaded areas with emplacement of large plutons, and a paucity of evidence of deep regional tectonic contraction. The timing and spatial location of crustal loading events are documented by the following: zircon ages in plutons; an early event of low pressure in pluton aureoles evidenced by andalusite, now pseudomorphed by high-pressure minerals; high pressures in country rock in pluton aureoles measured by mineral compositions in the assemblages garnet-biotite-muscovite-plagioclase and garnet-aluminum silicate-plagioclase; high pressures recorded in plutons by Al-in-hornblende barometry; and uplift ages of plutons derived from K-Ar and Ar-Ar ages of micas and hornblende in plutons.
Clinically Applicable System For 3D Teeth Segmentation in Intraoral Scans using Deep Learning
Authors: Hao Jin , Liao Wen , Zhang Yueling , Li Peilin , Yi Jianru , Peng Jerry , Zhao Zeu , Chen Zhang , Shi Wenxuan , Chen Tingyu , Zhou Bowen , Feng Yang , Fang Bing , Hu Haoji , Yang Howard , Li Erping , Liu Zuozhu , Zhao Zhihe 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Digital dentistry plays a pivotal role in dental healthcare. A critical step in many digital dental systems is to accurately delineate individual teeth and the gingiva in the three-dimension (3D) intraoral scanned (IOS) mesh data. However, previous state-of-the-art methods are either time-consuming or error-prone, hence hinder their clinical applicability. In this paper, we present an accurate, efficient, and fully-automated deep learning model, trained on a dataset of 4,000 IOS data annotated by experienced human experts. On a hold-out dataset of 200 scans, our model achieves a per-face accuracy, average-area accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 96.94%, 98.26%, and 0.9991, respectively, significantly outperforming the state-of-the-art baseline. In addition, our model only takes about 24 seconds to generate segmentation outputs, as compared to over 5 minutes by the baseline and 15 minutes by human experts. A clinical performance test of 500 patients with malocclusion or/and abnormal teeth shows that 96.9% of the segmentations are satisfactory for clinical applications, 2.9% automatically trigger alarms for human improvement, and only 0.2% of them need rework. Our research demonstrates the potential for deep learning to improve the efficacy and efficiency of dental treatment and digital dentistry.
A simulated client exploration of nonprescription availability of antibiotics at drugstores for childhood acute diarrhea and upper respiratory infection in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Malik Usman Rashid , Chang Jie , Hashmi Furqan , Atif Naveel , Basir Hareem , Hayat Khezar , Khan Faiz Ullah , Kabba John Alimamy , Lambojon Krizzia , Fang Yu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background The excessive consumption of antibiotics is a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance, especially in children. Children are often being advised antibiotics for viral infections. In developing countries, the drugstores are a prime source of easy access to nonprescription antibiotics. Also, in Pakistan, their irrational use is an “everyday routine”. The study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the dispensing of nonprescription antibiotics for children at drugstores of Lahore, Pakistan.Methods Using the pediatric acute diarrhea and acute upper respiratory infection as disease scenarios, a simulated client, cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan to explore the antibiotics’ ease of availability at both categories of drugstores (pharmacies and medical stores) from November 1st, 2019 to January 31st, 2020. Chi-square (x2) test was used to compare the differences in practices of different categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to analyze the association of various factors with antibiotics dispensing.Results Antibiotics were dispensed without prescription in 456 (59%) of 773 simulated visits out of which 425 (93.2%) were dispensed on the advice of the drugstore staff. The qualified pharmacist was available in only 164 (21.2%) cases. Of 386 visits for acute diarrhea and 387 for acute upper respiratory infection, nonprescription antibiotic dispensing occurred in 259 (67.1%) and 197 (50.9%) visits respectively. The considerable differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed between the practices of the towns, disease scenario presented, categories of drugstores, and pharmacist-supervised drugstores. Conclusions The inappropriate dispensing practices were prevalent to a large extent at the drugstores and antibiotics were effortlessly obtainable without prescriptions. The quality of the services provided, especially by the non-pharmacist staff, was also not satisfactory. Therefore, the Drug Regulating Authority of Pakistan must enforce strict implementation of drug laws at the drugstores without delays especially in major cities to help curb the felonious use of antibiotics.