bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Part One introduces the concept of timing and develops a specific theory of narrative timing, which offers a better starting point for analyzing IR’s temporal discourse and for teasing out the temporal dynamics of IR’s knowledge genres. Chapter one surveys several problems with current ways of theorizing time before adapting a novel approach from Norbert Elias’ process sociology. Building on his provocative claim that all “times” emanate from practical and social timing activities—efforts to relate and coordinate important change continua so that they unfold in particular ways—it sketches a basic account of how timing works, covering timing standards, active vs. passive timing, and how we respond to breakdowns in timing. It also shows how symbolic descriptions of timing activities communicate knowledge about these efforts but also bury their practical, processual roots under substantive and reified concepts of “time.” This chapter highlights the political power of timing as a particular and purposeful act of synthesis. Finally, it shows how to unpack from temporal symbols those dynamics intrinsic to both politics and theory. Neutral, homogeneous temporal concepts indicate successful, mostly subconscious timing; while references to the problem of Time suggest more challenging timing efforts.
Why Timing Matters
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter two makes the case for timing theory’s value. Timing offers a simple but powerful gestalt shift, from taking “times” as existential givens or temporalities as subjective and subordinate constructs to a rigorous framework for tracing how practices and symbolic language interact to produce all the times of our lives—from our innermost experiences to the rhythms of the universe. These only become “real” and “natural” if they work for us almost by second nature. Timing theory also resolves several thorny problems with our grasp of time. Within IR, timing theory offers superior explanatory power while accommodating and often clarifying the way that other time studies approach their subject matter. It further stands apart in its ability to integrate IR’s two dominant cultures of time—Western standard time and the problem of Time. Finally, it exposes basic issues in IR as matters of timing, from concerns with change and surprise, to scholarly practices and knowledge development, to central disciplinary discussions like the “neo-neo debate.”
Telling Time
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Having defended a basic theory of timing, chapter three develops a framework more closely fitted to IR. Drawing from narratology, it formulates an account of narrative timing, which shows how we configure and re-configure narratives to place confounding experiences in a meaningful, serial whole. After emphasizing narrative elements common to all IR scholarship, this chapter shows how narrative emplotment unfolds a temporal world using four distinct timing techniques: the synoptic theme, which acts as the timing standard; creative filtration, which determines what processes matter; cleaving experience, which establishes the story’s durative presence; and concordant discordance, which reinterprets unintelligible and overwhelming experiences as key plot drivers. It then illustrates these narrative timing operations in familiar IR explanatory forms. Finally, the chapter discusses how narrative timing further elaborates the problem of Time and why some narrative temporalities become reified, passive timing meters, which aesthetically resolve that problem while blinding us to its future return. Chapter three closes by highlighting key conclusions from Part One and their implications for IR.
Methodologies
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter five addresses key recommendations for how to do IR research. After highlighting the laboratory as a social scientific timing talisman—a place cleansed of the supposedly negative effects of time—it juxtaposes this ideal against the methodological precepts of neopositivism, critical realism, and interpretivism. Despite significant diversity, these approaches grapple with time by developing narratives of less “time-bound” realms to help reason from complex and dynamic phenomena to scientifically viable explanations. IR methodologies rely on narrative timing techniques to unfold a realm more intelligible, manageable, and inhabitable than the brute world from which they draw their research puzzles. Indeed, various knowledge warrants depend on this. Treating methodologies as timing proposals upends conventional IR wisdoms, exposing neopositivism as a science fiction predicated on time travel, critical realism as a brand of theology, and interpretivism as an empirical and realistic approach to social scientific inquiry.
Quantitative Approaches
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter six confronts the hard case of quantitative research, which seems firmly based on “timeless” mathematical formulas and Western standard time. It thus appears most resistant to interpretation as a narrative timing project. This chapter excavates quantitative IR’s temporal assumptions and dependencies, with illustrations drawn from international conflict research. It argues that dominant statistical models and the statistical approach in general work to tame overly temporal phenomena by constructing narrative and poetic links to eternal logic. After tracing the narrative timing techniques embedded in IR’s quantitative workhorse, the general linear model, it shows how putatively “time-sensitive” techniques like time series analysis and event hazard models still treat time as a problem for sound knowledge development. The chapter closes by highlighting the distinctly temporal moves made in the recent Bayesian turn, which suggest that instead of relying on passive timing meters, quantitative research must remain in an active timing mode much closer to lived time than the scientific laboratory.
Proofs of the Existence of God in the Critique of Pure Reason and Morning Hours
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Kant’s continued criticism of the classical arguments for the existence of God in the Critique of Pure Reason and his critique of his own earlier new argument for God as the ground of all possibility. Kant’s conclusion is that belief in the existence of God must be defended on practical rather than theoretical grounds. In Morning Hours Mendelssohn defended the ontological and cosmological arguments and added a new argument from the incompleteness of human knowledge. Mendelssohn does not accept Kant’s argument for belief in God on moral grounds only but instead adopts a pragmatic position that we have no choice but to rely on the results of the unimpaired use of our own cognitive powers.
Kant’s Aesthetics
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Kant transforms Mendelssohn’s theory of mental activities in aesthetic experience into his own central idea of the free play of imagination and understanding, and builds his analysis of aesthetic experience and judgments of taste on this basis. Kant organizes his theory of fine art around the concept of genius, which incorporates some elements of Mendelssohn’s account of human artistry and Charles Batteux’s theory of artistic expression, and tacitly accepts Mendelssohn’s distinction between our response to the merits of an artistic representation and to those of what it represents.
Mendelssohn’s and Kant’s Aesthetics Compared
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is less difference between the two philosophers’ basic conceptions of aesthetic experience than Kant’s critique of aesthetic “perfectionism” seems to suggest. But the basic difference remains that the emotional impact of aesthetic experience is central to Mendelssohn’s account of the “main principles” of the arts, while Kant tries to keep the emotions at arm’s length even in his account of “aesthetic ideas,” which present moral ideas that anyone else would take to be accompanied with profound emotions.
Mendelssohn, Kant, and Enlightenment
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter contrasts the two philosophers’ 1784 essays on the question “What is Enlightenment?” True to his faith in theoretical reason, Mendelssohn interprets enlightenment as growth in knowledge, while true to his own faith in practical reason Kant interprets it more as moral maturity, willingness to take responsibility, especially in politics, rather than being passively led by external authority. Next the dispute between Mendelssohn and F.H. Jacobi over whether reason can prove the existence of God or it can be believed only by a leap of faith is examined, and Kant’s intervention in his essay “What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thought?,” published in 1786 after the death of Mendelssohn, is then considered: Kant takes the side of reason in this dispute, but only of practical reason.
Freedom of Religion in Mendelssohn and Kant
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter compares the two philosophers’ great arguments for separation of church and state. Mendelssohn’s argument is contained in Part I of his 1783 Jerusalem. He holds that the state and any church employ two different means to the same end, human happiness, and that the state’s coercive methods have no place in religious practice. His argument is based on the religious premise that God is pleased only by the free rather than forced convictions of humans. Kant does not treat the separation of church and state in his 1793 Religion at all, because for him religious liberty is an immediate consequence of every human’s innate right to freedom, which is both the objective but also the limit of all state power. Religious liberty can therefore be treated from a purely political point of view, as Kant does in his 1797 Doctrine of Right.
Judaism, Christianity, and the Religion of Pure Reason
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter reads Kant’s Religion as a response to Part II of Mendelssohn’s Jerusalem. Mendelssohn had argued that different peoples can have different ways of practicing the common religion of reason, and that the commandments of Judaism are intended only as occasions for reflection, valid for Jews, on these truths, while other religions can get at them in different ways. In the first two parts of his Religion, Kant argued that the central ideas of Christianity are uniquely well-suited as symbols of the religion of reason, and he further argued in Part III of the book that morality requires a single church of practitioners. However, he then argued that this church must be “invisible” and ultimately transcend all scriptural religion. Mendelssohn’s insistence on the acceptance of religious diversity seems more plausible than Kant’s confidence in the ultimate transcendence of all visible churches.
Introduction
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This Introduction sets forth the structure of Love Divine: A Systematic Account of God’s Love for Humanity and places this book within its wider academic context. An overview of the book’s chapters is provided and it is explained how these chapters constitute an attempt to trace certain foundational issues related to God’s love, specifically as that love concerns the creation, redemption, and deification of humans. In addition, two general features of the contemporary academic landscape are highlighted, one philosophical the other theological, in the effort to underscore ways in which the present book on God’s love for humans speaks to and potentially enhances current discussions in theology and the philosophy of religion.
God’s Affective Love
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Much of the difference between advocates of divine impassibility and divine passibility centres upon the supposed value of suffering in compassion. Proponents of divine impassibility typically maintain that because suffering is not intrinsically valuable, compassionate suffering need not be predicated to God. Supporters of divine passibility are perhaps unanimous in the affirmation of an opposing conclusion. For them, suffering-compassion is a way in which God identifies with His creatures deeply, a manner of identification that is valuable in itself, notwithstanding the negativity of the suffering involved. In this chapter, a defence of this passibilist value claim is presented. Additionally, as a secondary aim, this chapter underscores one value-based reason for expanding the value account of God’s love defended in Chapter 2 to include a comprehensive set of divine emotions.
The Scope of God’s Love
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 concerns the scope of God’s love, specifically the scope of what might be labelled God’s supreme love: a love that values and seeks an individual’s supreme or highest good. Contrary to a tradition that stretches back to the early Western Church, it is argued that God possesses supreme love for each and every human being, and is thereby not limited to a select few. The universal scope of God’s supreme love, it is maintained, flows naturally from the value account of divine love defended in Chapter 2, especially when that account is spelled out in terms of God’s maximal perfection.
Built Words
Authors: Pollard Natalie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the hybrid poetry and artwork of David Jones, a figure often identified as late modernist. With close attention to the interplay of word and image in The Anathemata (1952), it analyses Jones’s use of illustration and inscription, divine and human embodiment, and vulnerable built and printed material—especially his depiction of crumbling theological structures, Greek and Roman statues, and medieval city fortifications. Focusing on the colloquy of material across forms, this chapter shows how columns and stone structures in Jones’s poetry propel audiences between word and matter, demanding new modes of corporeal reading engagement. It also considers the architecture of the page, and the design models that inform the late modernist text’s inscriptions, words, and images.
Moving Statues
Authors: Pollard Natalie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on patronage, passivity, and the politics of poetic reception in the mid-twentieth-century work of F.T. Prince. It examines the motives for his trans-historical engagement with Michelangelo’s sculpture and poetry, and allies the motifs of stasis and the statue that comes to life with the condition of being roused from (readerly) repose. Re-awakening his forebear’s material, Prince’s lyric forms are closely attuned to the politics and economics of the situated, commissioned (and compromised) cultural work, even as it emphasizes how the neglected statue, dormant artistic legacy, or underappreciated poem can be transformed in a new era, for a fresh audience. Chapter 3 both examines the negotiations at play in contemporary reactivations of earlier models of commission and reception, resistance and slumber, and considers the ethics of the quietly fugitive provocation in the twentieth-century poetry industry.
Contexts (I)
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins the book’s intellectual history of the impression from the seventeenth century to the twentieth (which continues in Chapter 3). These contexts come from two movements, empiricism and aestheticism. Chapter 2 explores empiricist contexts, arguing that James’s impression owes much to empiricist philosophy (John Locke, David Hume), and nineteenth-century empiricist psychology (James Mill, J. S. Mill, Franz Brentano, Ernst Mach, William James). By tracking the word ‘impression’, we can see that Locke and Hume’s stress on first-hand observation, and on thought as a kind of perception, are contexts for James’s conception of the imaginative but observant novelist, for the epistemological demands he makes on his readers, and for the way he represents his characters’ consciousnesses, especially in recognition scenes. Nineteenth-century empiricists’ divergence as to the agency of the subject in consciousness is reflected in James’s characters whose impressions by turns assault them from the exterior, or are partly fictions of their own making.
Contexts (II)
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3, continuing Chapter 2’s intellectual history of the impression, begins by exploring British aestheticism and its roots in Kant and romanticism (Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, Immanuel Kant, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth). It then turns to twentieth-century theories of performativity, which, it argues, combine elements of the empiricist and the aesthetic (J. L. Austin, Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, Judith Butler, J. Hillis Miller). James followed Pater in resurrecting the ‘impression’. Pater found in Hume’s impression a role for the imagination at the heart of consciousness. But the interpretive excesses of James’s protagonists’ cognitive impressions must also be understood alongside the more flamboyant aestheticism of Pater’s disciple Wilde, and his ‘critic as artist’. The most active of James’s impressions, however, are performative: they are impressions made, not received. Performativity helps frame an account of the impression that encompasses both the receiving and making of impressions, and the confusion between the two.
James’s Late Theory of the Impression
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the theoretical uses to which James puts the impression in the prefaces to the collected New York Edition of his work (1907–9). It serves as a preface in its own right to the final three chapters of the book, in which James’s fictional treatment of the impression in the three celebrated novels of the major phase is examined. James’s impression uneasily accommodates both empiricism and aestheticism. What James does with these uneasy accommodations is to make them the narrative focus of his late novels and, in the prefaces, to theorize the novels’ interest in these terms. The novel is still an impression, then, but of a different kind: thanks to James’s increasing use of restricted point of view, it is now, first and foremost, the impression of an individual character which lies at the heart of the novelist’s drama of consciousness.
Impressions Received in The Ambassadors
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 looks at The Ambassadors, arguing that its protagonist Lambert Strether’s impression is at different times empiricist (a means for him to discover the truth) and aesthetic (a means for him to appreciate beauty for its own sake). In its empiricist guise, Strether’s impression helps him to glimpse what is taking place behind the deceptive surfaces of Paris, behind the performative impressions engineered by Chad Newsome and Madame de Vionnet to disguise their sexual relationship: it helps him to discover facts and make moral judgements. By contrast, aesthetic impressions, including those confected for him by the lovers, help him to ‘live’, to make the most of life by imaginatively augmenting it, by offering him a fuller appreciation of the moment or a beautiful memento of it. The impression, then, lies at the fraught intersection of the aesthetic freedom of the imagination and the empiricist exigencies of experience.
Impressions Made in The Wings of the Dove
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 looks at James’s next novel, The Wings of the Dove. It argues that Milly Theale is a dupe, like Strether, deceived by her friends, Kate Croy and Merton Densher, who deploy performative impressions to conceal their secret love affair. Unlike Strether, however, Milly realizes impressions involve the collaboration of impressor and impressee and that these roles may be reversed. With this knowledge, she learns to make impressions, which scupper the plot against her by making Densher fall in love with her, hence making real what had previously been feigned. Milly begins as a critic of the lovers’ artful deception, but in the end she becomes an artist in her own right. Her most performative impressions refute the truth uncovered by her recognition, when she is told of the plot against her, and adhere so tenaciously to the aesthetic surfaces she has created that they fashion a new reality.
Impressions New and Used in The Golden Bowl
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 acts in part as a conclusion. It shows how The Golden Bowl not only codifies but also extends the impressions of the previous two novels. Maggie Verver uses cognitive impressions to discover that her husband, Prince Amerigo, is unfaithful. She then uses performative impressions to manipulate him. Like Milly Theale, then, she employs impressions as both critic and artist. Again, like those of Milly, her performative impressions refute empiricist recognition by adhering so tenaciously to deceptive, aesthetic surfaces that they become a reality. But, unlike Milly, Maggie is always aware of the depth she glimpses through recognition, and so does not become seduced by the surfaces of her own impressions: she manipulates them in a pragmatist manner, not to create a brittle artefact, like Densher’s love for Milly’s memory, but to save her marriage. Unlike in the previous two novels, Maggie’s performative impressions impose a composition that is both moral and aesthetic.
Bargained Justice
Authors: Weale Albert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Gauthier’s Morals by Agreement assumes a laissez-faire original position, in which there is a perfectly competitive market where the equilibrium of individual choices is also economically optimal. Individuals are non-tuistically motivated and their reasoning is agent-relative. However, with externalities, optimality and equilibrium come apart and individuals have to be able to cooperate jointly with one another if their separate interests are to be advanced. Gauthier uses the theory of two-person positive sum bargaining to define the principles upon which the surplus secured by cooperative action is to be allocated. Gauthier’s own proposed formula for resolving the bargaining problem has been effectively criticized. However, his solution is more vulnerable to its assumption that the whole of the factor rent from labour should be included in the social surplus, and well as his neglect of Coase type solutions to the problem of externalities. In respect of public goods, his general theory would also suggest the adoption of Wicksellian taxes. However, his assumption that bargains based on non-tuistic motives can yield a theory of justice is defended.
Decent Reasoning
Authors: Weale Albert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For much of his professional career, Barry was not a contract theorist, and he relies on a number of elements from Scanlon’s construction. His general approach is built on a distinction he sees in theories of justice between those that rely on the idea that justice is agreement to mutual advantage and those that rely on the idea that justice is a matter of impartiality. His own theory is impartialist, but dispenses with the device of the veil of ignorance. Instead the contracting parties are assumed to reason with one another about the constitutional terms of their association, and all are allowed to veto proposals if those proposals and unreasonable. Unreasonable proposals are those that fail the test of avoiding absolute deprivation, relative deprivation, or failing to make provision for public goods. His anticipated theory of economic justice never materialized, and his derivation of a Rawlsian difference principle is only partially successful. However, it is possible to use the practical syllogism in a Barry set-up to derive a case for social insurance. More importantly, his principle contribution to social contract theory is his sketch of the empirical method, a method on which the future of social contract theory can be built.