bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide on the Toxicity of Gold Nanorods Both In Vitro and In Vivo: Molecular Origin of Cytotoxicity and Inflammation
Authors: Jia Yan Peng , Shi Kun , Liao Jin Feng , Peng Jin Rong , Hao Ying , Qu Ying , Chen Li Juan , Liu Li , Yuan Xia , Qian Zhi Yong , Wei Xia Wei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe safety issues and immunological effects of nanosized materials have drawn considerable attention. Gold nanorods (Au NRs) have promising applications in biomedical diagnosis and therapy, but their biosafety and the mechanism underlying in vivo toxicity still remain to be explored. In this study, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) capped Au NRs and PEG modified Au NRs are both prepared, the cytotoxicity evaluation indicates that CTAB‐Au NRs of different ratios all exhibit cytotoxicity while PEG‐Au NRs show improved biocompatibility. Furthermore, it is investigated how the surface characteristics influence toxical effects of Au NRs both in vitro and in vivo. It is found that CTAB‐Au NRs can induce acute cell necrosis, which results in the leakage of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), subsequently triggering pulmonary inflammation. It is also revealed that the inflammation caused by CTAB‐Au NRs is probably mediated by the stimulator of interferon genes (STINGs) signaling pathway. This study explores the cytotoxicity and inflammatory toxicity of CTAB‐Au NRs, and how the surface modification affects the toxicity. The molecular pathways for the induction of pulmonary inflammation in vivo are further characterized. These findings might be of importance for designing safer and better gold‐based nanomaterials in the future.
Mixing protocols for plant‐scale production of concrete with superabsorbent polymers
Authors: Tenório Filho José R. , Snoeck Didier , De Belie Nele 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSuperabsorbent polymers (SAPs) have been investigated for their potential for internal curing, promotion of self‐sealing, and self‐healing of concrete structures. There has been a lack of publications concerning large‐scale testing of structures with SAPs, and bringing this SAP‐modified concretes from laboratory environment to plant‐scale production might demand adaptations in the mixing protocols. In this paper, a reference mixture and a SAP‐containing mixture were produced at a concrete plant scale and the influence of adding the polymers at different moments was investigated. The addition of SAPs directly in the truck, after the mixing procedure, showed no significant impact on the compressive strength of the concrete, but an agglomeration of particles was found in the air void analysis. The specimens with SAPs added directly in the truck presented an inferior performance in terms of shrinkage reduction when compared to the specimens with SAPs added on the materials belt, with the dry materials.
Multiperformance optimization design of a hybrid vibration mitigation system for super high‐rise buildings to improve earthquake resistance
Authors: Du Bingjie , Zhao Xin , Li Hao 
Published: January 2020

SummaryA structure must meet many performance requirements to survive an earthquake. For a super high‐rise structure, the dominant control performance metric is stiffness when considering earthquake resistance because the lateral displacement of the structure often does not meet the requirements of the code even if the structure meets strength requirements. For moderate and major earthquakes, stiffness and strength play a leading role jointly. Viscous damper (VD) and buckling restraint brace (BRB) are damping devices that are commonly used in modern engineering. The efficiencies of these devices are different for different situations, and combining them can yield improved structural vibration mitigation. In this study, the performances of VD and BRB are summarized. A kind of virtual VD model with an additional damping ratio is proposed on the basis of which a VD priority placement analysis method is developed, and an optimal design is proposed. A detailed analysis of various stress states of a BRB is also performed, and a BRB arrangement method based on brace stress level analysis is proposed. The two kinds of vibration damping equipment are combined in the structure, and a practical design method for a hybrid vibration damping system is proposed. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by considering a 10‐story plane frame. Finally, a hybrid vibration mitigation design for different objective damping ratios is performed for a super tall building project, and the design results are compared. The analysis results show that a VD can effectively increase structural damping and reduce the seismic response of the structure. A BRB is used to replace supports that experience high stress and reduce their section size, thereby reducing costs. Therefore, the proposed hybrid vibration damping structure is cost effective while providing good energy dissipation and is thus promising for engineering applications.
The Sociological Gaze
Authors: Machado Helena , Granja Rafaela 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an explanation and context for situating the particular approach of sociology to the social phenomenon of the uses of forensic genetics in criminal justice systems. The aim is to describe, in an accessible manner, why the governance of crime using science and technology is a fertile domain for sociological enquiry and identify its distinctive features. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the main lines of enquiry and concepts of sociological paradigms, namely by focusing on the continuum, tensions and translations between distinctive levels of analysis: micro-macro and objective-subjective. The presentation of the lines of social thought and concepts is accompanied by a brief reference to practical cases of empirical research related to the use of forensic genetics in the criminal justice system. The chapter will enable the reader to acquire theoretical and analytical skills which may be applied in academic research into the various topics and themes addressed in the book’s different chapters.
Biological Explanations of Criminal Behaviour
Authors: Machado Helena , Granja Rafaela 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides a historical and sociological overview of the biological explanations for violent and criminal behaviour. It starts with a detailed description of the seminal work by Cesare Lombroso (nineteenth century) and highlights the risks of biological determinism and the potential stigmatization raised by this line of research. It then discusses current trends of biologization and genetization of crime, by focusing on the specific studies in the fields of epigenetics and neurobiology.The chapter aims to provide the reader with a critical reading of such trends through the lens of sociology. Specifically, it is outlined how previous and current biological and biosocial explanations of criminal behaviour can foster risks such as exclusion, marginalization and stigmatization and support notions of citizenship that differentiate between citizens who should be protected and those who should be monitored.
DNA Technologies in Criminal Investigation and Courts
Authors: Machado Helena , Granja Rafaela 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDNA profiling has been assuming a prominent role in the activities of the criminal justice system. Genetic technologies support criminal investigations, while also being seen as holding a highly valuable potential for producing evidence to be used in courts. This chapter has two main objectives: on the one hand, to describe and explain the ways that DNA technologies can be used in criminal investigation and turned into DNA evidence in criminal proceedings; on the other hand, this chapter aims to systematize the main lines of academic literature within the social sciences which have been developed to study the social implications and transformations of cultures and professional practices arising from the presence of DNA technology in the criminal justice system. Besides, the chapter also pays particular attention to the social nature of the high expectations associated to the “infallibility” of DNA technologies and how the media portrays the use of forensic genetics and further exacerbates such notions.
One‐Step Multichannel Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangioscopic Lithotripsy Applied in Bilateral Hepatolithiasis
Authors: Tao Haisu , Wang Ping , Sun Beiwang , Li Kun , Zhu Canhua 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of one‐step multichannel percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCSL) with traditional PTCSL in the treatment of bilateral hepatolithiasis.MethodsFrom February 2011 to June 2015, 156 patients with bilateral hepatolithiasis received surgical treatment in our department. Among these patients, 81 received one‐step multichannel PTCSL (group A), and the remaining 75 received traditional PTCSL (group B).ResultsCompared with group B, group A was characterized by a significantly shorter operation time (83.7 ± 28.5 min vs 118.1 ± 41.5 min; P = 0.000), hospital stay (11.1 ± 3.4 d vs 17.8 ± 5.6 d; P = 0.034), and postoperative hospital stay (6.9 ± 3.1 d vs 9.6 ± 4.5 d; P = 0.026). In addition, the immediate clearance (62.9% vs 45.3%, P = 0.027) and final clearance (90.1% vs 78.7%, P = 0.048) rates were higher in group A than in group B. During the follow‐up period, stone recurrence was significantly less common in group A than in group B (13.6% vs 26.7%, P = 0.041). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that the PTCSL method (HR = 2.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–4.90, P = 0.028), bilateral biliary stricture (HR = 4.17, 95% CI = 1.73–10.03, P = 0.001), and stones located in segments I (HR = 7.75, 95% CI = 3.67–16.38, P = 0.000) were independent predictors of recurrence.ConclusionsCompared with traditional PTCSL, one‐step multichannel PTCSL was more efficient and effective in the treatment of bilateral hepatolithiasis.
Future changes in atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation in Norway
Authors: Whan Kirien , Sillmann Jana , Schaller Nathalie , Haarsma Rein 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFlooding events associated with extreme precipitation have had large impacts in Norway. It is well known that these heavy precipitation events affecting Norway (and other parts of Europe) are strongly associated with atmospheric rivers (ARs). We assess trends in Norwegian AR characteristics, and the influence of AR variability on extreme precipitation in Norway. We first evaluate the ability of a high-resolution global climate model (EC-Earth) to simulate ARs, compared to ERA-Interim. We evaluate the EC-Earth simulated relationship between ARs and extreme precipitation in western Norway, compared to the observed relationship. We find that EC-Earth is able to simulate well the statistics of AR events and the related precipitation. The intensity and frequency of ARs making landfall in Norway both increase by the end of the century and we find a shift in seasonality of AR events in the future period. In two regions on the west coast, the majority of winter precipitation maxima are associated with AR events (> 80% of cases). Next we assess the influence of AR variability on extreme precipitation. A non-stationary extreme value analysis indicates that the magnitude of extreme precipitation events in these regions is associated with AR intensity. Indeed, the 1-in-20 year extreme event is 17% larger when the AR-intensity is high, compared to when it is low. There is little influence of specific humidity on the variability of extreme precipitation after all variables are de-trended. Finally, we find that the region mean temperature during winter AR events increases in the future. In the future, when the climate is generally warmer, AR days will tend to make landfall when the temperature is above the freezing point. The partitioning of more precipitation as rain, rather than as snow, can have severe impacts on flooding and water resource management.
A stationary heat conduction problem in low dimensional sets in $${\mathbb {R}}^N$$
Authors: Rybka Piotr , Zatorska-Goldstein Anna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe study a basic linear elliptic equation on a lower dimensional rectifiable set S in $${\mathbb {R}}^N$$RN with the Neumann boundary data. Set S is a support of a finite Borel measure $$\mu $$μ. We will use the measure theoretic tools to interpret the equation and the Neumann boundary condition. For this purpose we recall the Sobolev-type space dependent on the measure $$\mu $$μ. We establish existence and uniqueness of weak solutions provided that an appropriate source term is given.
Time integration of symmetric and anti-symmetric low-rank matrices and Tucker tensors
Authors: Ceruti Gianluca , Lubich Christian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA numerical integrator is presented that computes a symmetric or skew-symmetric low-rank approximation to large symmetric or skew-symmetric time-dependent matrices that are either given explicitly or are the unknown solution to a matrix differential equation. A related algorithm is given for the approximation of symmetric or anti-symmetric time-dependent tensors by symmetric or anti-symmetric Tucker tensors of low multilinear rank. The proposed symmetric or anti-symmetric low-rank integrator is different from recently proposed projector-splitting integrators for dynamical low-rank approximation, which do not preserve symmetry or anti-symmetry. However, it is shown that the (anti-)symmetric low-rank integrators retain favourable properties of the projector-splitting integrators: given low-rank time-dependent matrices and tensors are reproduced exactly, and the error behaviour is robust to the presence of small singular values, in contrast to standard integration methods applied to the differential equations of dynamical low-rank approximation. Numerical experiments illustrate the behaviour of the proposed integrators.
Spatial and temporal variability of metal(loid)s concentration as well as simultaneous determination of five arsenic and antimony species using HPLC-ICP-MS technique in the study of water and bottom sediments of the shallow, lowland, dam reservoir in Poland
Authors: Jabłońska-Czapla Magdalena , Grygoyć Katarzyna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe optimization of new methodology for simultaneous determination of arsenic [As(III), As(V)] and antimony [Sb(III), Sb(V), SbMe3] species using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in water and bottom sediment samples collected from the dam Kozłowa Góra Reservoir (Poland) was studied. Samples were collected monthly from May to September 2018 in four-point (water) and fifth-point (sediment) transects. The contents of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Rb, Sr, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb, and Sb were studied in water and bottom sediments using ICP-MS techniques. Additionally, arsenic and antimony fractions were determined in sediments with the BCR method. Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), LAWA classification, and Sb/As ratio indicated the presence of extreme sediment pollution for Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr from anthropogenic sources. Research has shown that the easy-leached bottom sediment fraction contained in most cases more As(V) and Sb(V). But often Sb(V) concentration was equal as Sb(III), which can be released into the pelagic zone under favorable conditions. Even though As(V) and Sb(V) prevail in the reservoir bottom sediments, they can be transformed into As(III) and Sb(III) as a result of drastic changes in pH or redox potential. The Kozłowa Góra sediments are heavily polluted with Pb, Zn, Cd, and As, Cu, and Ni. The highest concentrations of the heavy metals were recorded in the middle of the tank and there was a small spatial variability. The migration of metals along the reservoir transect was closely related to its morphometry.
Understanding token-based ecosystems – a taxonomy of blockchain-based business models of start-ups
Authors: Tönnissen Stefan , Beinke Jan Heinrich , Teuteberg Frank 
Published: January 2020

AbstractStart-ups in the blockchain context generate millions by means of initial coin offerings (ICOs). Many of these crowdfunding endeavours are very successful, others are not. However, despite the increasing investments in ICOs, there is still neither sufficient theoretical knowledge nor a comprehensive understanding of the different types of business models and the implications for these token-based ecosystems. Scientific research equally lacks a thorough understanding of the different business model forms and their influence on collaboration in token-based economies. We bridge this gap by presenting a taxonomy of real-world blockchain-based start-ups. For this taxonomy, we used 195 start-ups and performed a cluster-analysis in order to identify three different archetypes and thus gain a deeper understanding. Our taxonomy and the archetypes can equally be seen as strategic guidance for practitioners as well as a starting point for future research concerning the token-based business models.
„Im Mathematikunterricht muss man auch mit Sprache rechnen!“ – Sprachbezogene Fachleistung und Unterrichtswahrnehmung im Rahmen mathematischer Sprachförderung
Authors: Leiss Dominik , Plath Jennifer 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungIn den letzten Jahren ist die Rolle von Sprache für den Erwerb fachlicher Kompetenzen sowie die Relevanz einer durchgängigen Sprachförderung in allen Unterrichtsfächern immer deutlicher geworden. Dies war der Ausgangspunkt dafür, dass im Rahmen des Entwicklungsprogrammes BiSS bundesweit an Schulen Sprachförderung in verschiedenen Unterrichtsfächern implementiert und durch Begleitforschung evaluiert werden sollte. Das Evaluationsprojekt EvaFa untersucht dabei die mathematikspezifische Sprachförderung von Schulen aus dem BiSS-Programm. Entsprechend beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit der Frage, inwiefern Schülerinnen und Schüler, die an einem sprachfördernden Mathematikunterricht teilnehmen, von einem Jahr Sprachförderung profitieren und höhere Textverstehensleistungen bzw. einen größeren Fachwortschatz aufweisen. Hierfür wurden von den Schülerinnen und Schülern eines exemplarischen Sprachförderverbundes bestehend aus acht Klassen in einem Pre-Post-Design u. a. soziodemographische Hintergrundmerkmale, sprachliche Fähigkeiten, die Verfügbarkeit von Fachwörtern, die mathematische Kompetenz, das Textaufgabenverständnis sowie die Einschätzung unterrichtlicher Aspekte längsschnittlich erhoben. Für eine Stichprobe von 133 Schülerinnen und Schüler der 5. und 6. Jahrgangsstufe werden diese Daten näher analysiert, wobei sich zum einen zeigt, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler verschiedene unterrichtliche Aspekte sehr differenziert wahrnehmen und für Veränderungen sensibel sind. Zum anderen zeigen sich beim mathematischen Textaufgabenverständnis signifikante Zuwächse zwischen den beiden Messzeitpunkten im Förderzeitraum.
PEGASUS: the Design of an Intervention to Facilitate Shared Decision-making in Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Clarke A. , Paraskeva N. , White P. , Tollow P. , Hansen E. , Harcourt D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractStudies have found varying levels of satisfaction after breast reconstruction surgery with a substantial group of patients reporting some level of regret about their decision. The variable outcomes reported by women undergoing breast reconstruction surgery suggest a role for improved pre-operative communication and shared decision-making (SDM) between patient and health professional. Pragmatic approaches such as decision aids have been evaluated, but the aim of the Patient Expectations and Goals Assisting Shared Understanding of Surgery (PEGASUS) intervention is to facilitate closer interaction between the patient and clinical team. PEGASUS is a standardised two-stage process, in which patients’ goals are first elicited, ranked in importance and recorded before being used to frame discussion and decision-making with the surgeon managing care. Following the Medical Research Council (MRC) model, feasibility and acceptability studies have already been reported and a 4-year multicentre randomised controlled trial of 180 participants is underway, (completion 2020). This paper therefore focuses on the design of the intervention itself, in line with recent advice that interventions, in comparison with evaluations, commonly lack a theoretical base and are often under reported. We report a retrospective application of the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model to provide explicit detail of each step in the intervention design. This is intended to facilitate replication by other clinicians and to provide systematic guidance for others wishing to develop PEGASUS as a strategy for implementing SDM in other clinical populations. Trial Registration: ISRCTN 18000391 (DOI 10.1186/ISRCTN18000391) 27/01/2016.
Investigation on fatigue strength of cut edges produced by various cutting methods for high-strength steels
Authors: Diekhoff P. , Hensel J. , Nitschke-Pagel Th. , Dilger K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDue to the interest in effective light steel constructions, high-strength steels have gained importance. Different thermal cutting processes are frequently used in the metal processing industry. Besides the weld seams, free cutting edges gain technical and economic relevance as locations for potential fatigue cracks. In this investigation, fatigue tests were carried out on 8-mm-thick samples of S355M and S690Q steels at a stress ratio of R = 0.1. The cutting methods used were oxygen, plasma, laser, and waterjet cutting. Quality improvement methods, like shot peening, grinding, and cutting speed reduction, were applied for some series. The surface roughness was measured to classify the specimens into quality groups according to ISO 9013. The cut edge condition was also characterized by hardness and residual stress measurements. The investigation shows that all tested series exceed the FAT100 class and can be classified in FAT125. Specimens ranged in quality group 2 of ISO 9013 according to the roughness achieve FAT140 regardless of cutting technology or material. According to the ISO 9013, most of the specimens are classified in the quality group 2 and group 3. Fatigue strength results are significantly different in one quality group. No prediction can be made. ISO 9013 has a weak connection to fatigue strength. Quality improvement methods have a significant influence on the fatigue strength and can increase it. Due to reduced cutting speeds, the roughness decreases also. It results in an increase of the fatigue strength in all tested series in this study. In order to make a prediction of the fatigue performance, the standard has to be specified and the cutting process as well as the steel strength should be considered.
Prenatal Embolisation of Giant Chorioangioma Using n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate: Technique, Clinical Course and Perinatal Outcome
Authors: Manikandan K. , Rajendran Jisha , Rangaraj Aarthi M. , Saravanan Kavitha , Serane Tiroumourougane 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGiant Chorioangiomas, although rare, can be associated with serious fetal complications due to blood cell sequestration, shunt physiology or both. Prenatal treatment is aimed to counter the primary complication, usually an intrauterine transfusion to treat anemia or occlusion of the feeder artery to negate the shunt physiology. We describe a case of giant chorioangioma complicated by high output cardiac dysfunction with imminent hydrops that was treated with embolisation of the feeder artery using n-butyl cyanoacrylate and discuss how one modality may not fit all cases.