bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modes of Bars
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The perspectives and techniques developed in the previous chapters will now be applied to calculation of wave propagation in solids. Their application to longitudinal and shear waves will be both familiar and simple. Even more satisfying is the success of those same techniques in finding solutions for waves in a system that does not obey the wave equation and exhibit a phase speed that varies with frequency. Measurement of the frequencies of the normal modes of thin bars will be used to determine the bars’ elastic constants to high precision. The relationship between measured modal frequencies and the elastic moduli is particularly simple because the torsional, flexural, and longitudinal modes of bars can be selectively excited and detected. The technique of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy will allow the extraction of moduli from resonance frequencies even for samples with dimensions that are not as conducive as those of thin bars by a process that is significantly more computationally intensive. The flexural rigidity of wires under tension will be analyzed to determine the normal modes of a “stiff string,” and those effects will be discussed in relation to the tuning of pianos
Ideal Gas Laws
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This is the first chapter to explicitly address fluid media. For springs and solids, Hooke’s law, or its generalization using stress, strain, and elastic moduli provided an equation of state. In fluids, we have an equation of state that relates changes in pressure (stresses) to changes in density (strain). The simplest fluidic equations of state are the Ideal Gas Laws. Our presentation of these laws will combine microscopic models that treat gas atoms as hard spheres with phenomenological (thermodynamic) models that combine the variables that describe the gas with conservation laws that restrict those variables. The combination of microscopic and phenomenological models will give us the important characteristics of gas behavior under isothermal or adiabatic conditions and will provide relationships between gas heat capacities and their constituent particles when augmented with elementary concepts from quantum mechanics. The chapter ends by adding a velocity field to the pressure, temperature, and density, thus providing the equations of hydrodynamics that will guide all of the subsequent development of acoustics in fluids.
Peacebuilding as State Building? Lessons from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Sweet Rachel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter on the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a comparative study of two major intervention attempts of the UN Peacekeeping mission in Congo (MONUSCO) in different theaters of conflict in North Kivu: one that was seen as a success (against the M23 rebellion, 2012–2013), and the other a failure (against the ADF rebellion, 2014–present). The chapter examines how differences in armed groups’ social embedment within local communities shaped resistance against the intervention and produced these varied outcomes of success/failure. The comparison allows for the examination of an emerging trend in peacekeeping—its militarization—as well as a consideration of how differences in civilian relations shape the possibility for peacebuilding. As the largest mission in UN history, these experiences offer empirical lessons for thinking about the future trajectory of peacebuilding.
Learning Lessons from Peace Operations in Africa
Authors: Williams Paul D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the experiences of more than fifty peace operations deployed to nearly twenty African countries during the twenty-first century to identify key lessons, best practices, and potential solutions that might make peace operations in Africa more effective. It does so in three parts. The first section summarizes the major trends and patterns of peace operations focusing on the record number of missions and peacekeepers deployed in Africa, as well as the expanded range of mandated tasks given to them. The second section summarizes the major generic lessons arising therefrom, including: the need to ensure peace operations are part of a viable strategy of conflict resolution; that means and ends are aligned; that a capabilities and effects-based approach to force generation is superior to a numbers-centric approach. The final section sketches six recommendations for improving the performance of peace operations in these areas.
Such a Long Journey: Peacebuilding After Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: McNamee Terence 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Until its 1994 genocide, Rwanda was among the world’s most obscure countries: a tiny dot on the map of Africa, rarely studied, even more rarely in the news. Today, no country in Africa divides opinion among scholars and commentators as fiercely as Rwanda. A development success, rising from the ashes of mass ethnic slaughter? Or a case of autocratic recidivism, masked by a bogus narrative of national unity? This chapter breaks Rwanda’s highly contested peacebuilding into four main parts—military, society, economy, and youth & women—to put some distance between its tangible gains and failings, on one hand, and the presumed aims and personality of President Paul Kagame, on the other. It finds that Rwanda is a complex—but by no means secure—success.
Crisis and Transition in the Sahel
Authors: Melly Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Of the African regions now suffering crisis, conflict, and threats to peaceful normality, the Sahel is among the most challenging—geographically vast, with a tough arid environment exposed to the pressures of climate change, a thin economic base, and some of the world’s highest levels of poverty. But, it is also a region characterized by a strong culture of collaborative intergovernmental action in tackling common problems, and it is set within the wider context of a West Africa with a long track record of peer review in support of essential standards of governance, and common engagement in conflict resolution and confronting threats to security. This chapter tracks the evolution of efforts to contain the threats to peace and security in the Sahel—with particular reference to Mali—threats that have become gradually more serious over the past 15 years, despite a steady reinforcement of the national, regional, and international campaign to stabilize the region.
Field Reflections on Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The Social Imperatives of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
Authors: Bigombe Betty O. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) and post-conflict reconstruction interventions have placed an inordinate emphasis on rebuilding the lives of ex-combatants, at the expense of the largely invisible mass of victims in communities, who often suffered as greatly or more than the active fighters. Ignored war’s aftermath, victims in communities end up being “punished twice.” This chapter, drawing heavily on the author’s leadership experience of DDR initiatives in Uganda and Burundi, seeks to highlight the myriad ways in which greater attention to war’s forgotten non-combatants is essential to heal societies, foster reconstruction and development, and prevent a recurrence of conflict.
Sustaining the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda: The Role of UN Peacekeeping in Africa
Authors: Sharland Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Peacebuilding is less likely to succeed without the participation and consideration of women. In the last two decades, peace operations deployed on the African continent under the banner of the United Nations and the African Union have included mandates focused on strengthening women’s participation in peace processes, ensuring the protection of women and girls, and integrating gender considerations into the approach of missions at building sustainable peace. This chapter examines the approaches undertaken in two case study countries—Liberia (where a long-standing UN peace operation has recently departed) and South Sudan (where a UN peace operation continues to operate with significant constraints)—in order to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that UN engagement has offered in terms of advancing equality and women’s security in each country.
Local Peace Committees and Grassroots Peacebuilding in Africa
Authors: Nganje Fritz 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the key role of local peace committees (LPCs) as mechanisms for peacebuilding in Africa. Local peace committees have recently gained heightened prominence globally against the backdrop of changing conflict dynamics and a new peacebuilding discourse that has increasingly valorized the local context. The “local turn” has given rise to diverse forms of grassroots peacebuilding initiatives. In taking stock of the practices and evolution of LPCs in Africa over the past 30 years, this chapter argues greater regionalization of LPCS and a more enabling legal and policy framework is essential to their continued efficacy.
Three Decades of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Africa: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Ayissi Anatole 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses three decades of efforts to disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate ex-combatants as part of conflict resolution and peacebuilding in Africa. It finds that in the vast majority of Africa’s conflict-affected societies, reintegration remains the Achilles Heel of DDR programs; only a minority of ex-combatants are sustainably reintegrated into their communities. The chapter argues that the poor record of reintegration is due in significant part to unreliable and frequently-delayed external funding for this vital element of DDR. One response to the conundrum of growing demand but dwindling resources for reintegration would be to strengthen Africa’s ownership of DDR programs, endowing regional institutions (African Union and regional economic communities) with adequate institutional capacities, expertise, and resources.
Conceptualising the social networks of vulnerable children and young people: a systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Nevard Imogen , Green Chloe , Bell Vicky , Gellatly Judith , Brooks Helen , Bee Penny 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeThe relationship between social networks and health and wellbeing is increasingly demonstrated in vulnerable adult populations. This relationship for vulnerable children and young people has not hitherto been systematically reviewed. This narrative synthesis aims to consolidate research to provide a foundational basis for future health-related social network research and interventions for children and young people.MethodsThis mixed methods systematic review synthesises research investigating whole, egocentric social networks of 32 vulnerable child groups with a mean age below 18. There were no setting, language or date restrictions. The quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Of 6360 search results, 49 were included for narrative synthesis.ResultsThe majority of pertinent research originates from the USA; the most frequently investigated vulnerabilities were minority ethnic status, homelessness and the presence of special educational needs. Research aims and methodologies varied significantly between studies. Key findings included (i) vulnerable (excluding minority ethnic) children and young people have impoverished networks (ii) access to networks is a protective factor against negative outcomes (iii) social ties, primarily immediate family, provide access to personal resources and (iv) network ties are to a degree substitutable.ConclusionsNetworks are associated with wellbeing and vulnerable children and young people commonly have impoverished networks, excluding cases where vulnerability classification relates to minority ethnic status. Network embeddedness is associated with positive outcomes, particularly for homeless children. Family are typically primary providers of support, but ties are substitutable when networks are restricted. Egocentric social network research is currently limited for vulnerable child populations. Further research could inform interventions that harness networks to improve health, wellbeing and functional outcomes for these child groups.
A Weakness Measure for GR(1) Formulae
Authors: Cavezza Davide G. , Alrajeh Dalal , György András 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhen dealing with unrealizable specifications in reactive synthesis, finding the weakest environment assumptions that ensure realizability is often considered a desirable property. However, little effort has been dedicated to defining or evaluating the notion of weakness of assumptions formally. The question of whether one assumption is weaker than another is commonly interpreted by considering the implication relationship between the two or, equivalently, their language inclusion. This interpretation fails to provide any insight into the weakness of the assumptions when implication (or language inclusion) does not hold. To our knowledge, the only measure that is capable of comparing two formulae in this case is entropy, but even it cannot distinguish the weakness of assumptions expressed as fairness properties. In this paper, we propose a refined measure of weakness based on combining entropy with Hausdorff dimension, a concept that captures the notion of size of theω-language satisfying a linear temporal logic formula. We focus on a special subset of linear temporal logic formulae which is of particular interest in reactive synthesis, called GR(1). We identify the conditions under which this measure is guaranteed to distinguish between weaker and stronger GR(1) formulae, and propose a refined measure to cover cases when two formulae are strictly ordered by implication but have the same entropy and Hausdorff dimension. We prove the consistency between our weakness measure and logical implication, that is, if one formula implies another, the latter is weaker than the former according to our measure. We evaluate our proposed weakness measure in two contexts. The first is in computing GR(1) assumption refinements where our weakness measure is used as a heuristic to drive the refinement search towards weaker solutions. The second is in the context of quantitative model checking where it is used to measure the size of the language of a model violating a linear temporal logic formula.
The radiologic diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias: past, present and future
Authors: Offiah Amaka C. , Hall Christine M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias have been recognised since recorded history began. The advent of radiography at the beginning of the 20th century and the subsequent introduction of departments of radiology have had tremendous impact and allowed conditions to be identified by their specific radiographic phenotypes. This has been enhanced by the addition of cross-sectional modalities (ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), which have allowed for prenatal recognition and diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias, and by the recent explosion in identified genes. There are more than 400 recognised skeletal dysplasias, many of which (due to their rarity) the practising clinician (radiologist, paediatrician, geneticist) may never come across. This article provides a historical overview of aids to the radiologic diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias.
High dose brachytherapy with non sealed 188Re (rhenium) resin in patients with non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs): single center preliminary results.
Authors: Castellucci Paolo , Savoia F. , Farina A. , Lima G. M. , Patrizi A. , Baraldi C. , Zagni F. , Vichi S. , Pettinato C. , Morganti A. G. , Strigari L. , Fanti S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background and aim
High dose brachytherapy using a non sealed 188Re-resin (Rhenium-SCT®, Oncobeta® GmbH, Munich, Germany) is a treatment option for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The aim of this prospective study was to assess the efficacy and the safety of a single application of Rhenium-SCT® in NMSC.

Materials and method
Fifty consecutive patients (15F, 35 M, range of age 56–97, mean 81) showing 60 histologically proven NMSCs were enrolled and treated with the Rhenium-SCT® between October 2017 and January 2020. Lesions were located on the face, ears, nose or scalp (n = 46), extremities (n = 9), and trunk (n = 5). Mean surface areas were 7.0 cm2 (1–36 cm2), mean thickness invasion was 1.1 mm (0.2–2.5 mm), and mean treatment time was 79 min (21–85 min). Superficial, mean, and target absorbed dose were 185 Gy, 63 Gy, and 31 Gy respectively. Patients were followed-up at 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days posttreatment, when dermoscopy and biopsy were performed. Mean follow-up was 20 months (range 3–33 months). Early skin toxicity was classified according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Cosmetic results were evaluated after at least 12 months according to Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) scale.

Results
At 6 months follow-up, histology and dermoscopy were available for 54/60 lesions, of which 53/54 (98%) completely responded. One patient showed a 1-cm2 residual lesion that was subsequently surgically excised. Twelve months after treatment, 41/41 evaluable lesions were free from relapse. Twenty four months after treatment, 23/24 evaluable lesions were free of relapse. In 56/60 lesions early side effects, resolving within 32 days were classified as grades 1–2 (CTCAE). In the remaining 4/60 lesions, these findings were classified as grade 3 (CTCAE) and lasted up to 8–12 weeks but all resolved within 90 days. After at least 12 months (12–33 months), cosmetic results were excellent (30 lesions) or good (11 lesions).

Conclusion
High dose brachytherapy with Rhenium-SCT® is a noninvasive, reasonably safe, easy to perform, effective and well-tolerated approach to treat NMSCs, and it seems to be a useful alternative option when surgery or radiation therapy are difficult to perform or not recommended. In our population 98% of the treated lesions resolved completely after a single application and only one relapsed after 2 years. Larger patients’ population and longer follow-up are needed to confirm these preliminary data and to find the optimal dose to administer in order to achieve complete response without significant side effects.
Granzyme B in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a measure of cell-mediated immune response in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and malignancy
Authors: Zaborowski Mikołaj Piotr , Stefens-Stawna Patrycja , Osztynowicz Krystyna , Piorunek Tomasz , Batura-Gabryel Halina , Dyzmann-Sroka Agnieszka , Kozubski Wojciech , Nowak-Markwitz Ewa , Michalak Sławomir 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) may coexist with ovarian or lung cancers. Some tumors coexisting with PNS are smaller and have a better prognosis than tumors without PNS. PNS may constitute an opportunity to observe a natural immune antitumor response. We aimed to investigate a cytotoxic immune response by measuring granzyme B (GrB) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in patients affected with ovarian or lung malignancy, with and without accompanying PNS.

Methods
We enrolled patients with: nonmalignant lesions (n = 21), ovarian cancer (n = 19), lung cancer (n = 57), and PNS (n = 30). PBMC were isolated by density gradient centrifugation with Ficoll–Paque. We evaluated the expression of GrB in PBMC lysates by ELISA and normalized to protein content as measured by the Lowry method.

Results
GrB levels in PBMC in the group with malignant tumors—median 1650 pg/mg protein (interquartile range 663–3260 pg/mg) and in patients with PNS—median 1890 pg/mg protein (range 1290–2640 pg/mg) was lower than in control group with nonmalignant lesions—median 5240 pg/mg protein (range 2160–7440 pg/mg), p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0038, respectively. The differences in GrB levels in PBMC between these groups were independent of epidemiological factors—age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and the number of immune cells, as confirmed by multiple regression analysis. Within the group of patients with malignancy and PNS, GrB levels in PBMC were elevated if onconeural antibodies were detected (2610; 2390–3700 pg/mg protein) as compared to patients without antibodies (1680; 970–1880 pg/mg protein, p = 0.035). GrB in PBMC was higher if the malignancy was diagnosed at the low (3060; 2120–5220 pg/mg protein) as compared to the high stage (1330; 348–2140, p = 0.00048). In patients with lung cancer, the expression of GrB in PBMC was lower (1430; 635–2660 pg/mg protein) than in the group with ovarian cancer (2580; 1730–3730, p = 0.02).

Conclusion
The cytotoxic response measured in peripheral blood by GrB in PBMC is impaired both in the course of malignancy and PNS. Levels of GrB in PBMC were higher if onconeural antibodies were detected. Tracking reactive immune responses, such as GrB in PBMC may have diagnostic and monitoring value in malignancy and PNS.
Mineralisation of distinct biogas digestate qualities directly after application to soil
Authors: Barduca Laura , Wentzel Stefanie , Schmidt Reiner , Malagoli Mario , Joergensen Rainer Georg 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBiogas is an important energy source produced by the anaerobic fermentation of raw faecal slurries and plant residues. Separation of the total digestate increases the fertilizer quality of the liquid fraction and the carbon sequestration potential of the solid fraction. A 12-day incubation study was carried out to investigate the relationships between the chemical composition of different digestate qualities and the immediate response of soil microbial activity and biomass indices. The highest cumulative (Σ) CO2-C efflux was observed after adding the solid fraction and lowest after adding the liquid fraction to soil, which was even lower than that of the control. The ΣCO2-C efflux showed the strongest negative correlation with the raw ash and strong positive correlations with the raw fibre concentration and the C/N ratio of the different digestate qualities. The highest and similar ΣN2O-N efflux was observed after adding the total digestate or the liquid fraction, which were equivalent to approximately 1% of added N. This relatively low percentage indicates a possible origin from nitrifier denitrification. Total digestate and its liquid fraction exhibited considerable net-N mineralisation rates, which could mainly be predicted by the C/N ratios of the different digestate qualities. Microbial biomass C did not respond to the application of any digestate quality, whereas the fungal ergosterol content increased after applying the solid and the composted solid fractions. This raw fibre–induced fungal growth led to strong net-N immobilisation in soil after applying these two digestate qualities.