bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to identify confounders in applied health research: review and recommendations
Authors: Tennant Peter W G , Murray Eleanor J , Arnold Kellyn F , Berrie Laurie , Fox Matthew P , Gadd Sarah C , Harrison Wendy J , Keeble Claire , Ranker Lynsie R , Textor Johannes , Tomova Georgia D , Gilthorpe Mark S , Ellison George T H 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDirected acyclic graphs (DAGs) are an increasingly popular approach for identifying confounding variables that require conditioning when estimating causal effects. This review examined the use of DAGs in applied health research to inform recommendations for improving their transparency and utility in future research.MethodsOriginal health research articles published during 1999–2017 mentioning ‘directed acyclic graphs’ (or similar) or citing DAGitty were identified from Scopus, Web of Science, Medline and Embase. Data were extracted on the reporting of: estimands, DAGs and adjustment sets, alongside the characteristics of each article’s largest DAG.ResultsA total of 234 articles were identified that reported using DAGs. A fifth (n = 48, 21%) reported their target estimand(s) and half (n = 115, 48%) reported the adjustment set(s) implied by their DAG(s). Two-thirds of the articles (n = 144, 62%) made at least one DAG available. DAGs varied in size but averaged 12 nodes [interquartile range (IQR): 9–16, range: 3–28] and 29 arcs (IQR: 19–42, range: 3–99). The median saturation (i.e. percentage of total possible arcs) was 46% (IQR: 31–67, range: 12–100). 37% (n = 53) of the DAGs included unobserved variables, 17% (n = 25) included ‘super-nodes’ (i.e. nodes containing more than one variable) and 34% (n = 49) were visually arranged so that the constituent arcs flowed in the same direction (e.g. top-to-bottom).ConclusionThere is substantial variation in the use and reporting of DAGs in applied health research. Although this partly reflects their flexibility, it also highlights some potential areas for improvement. This review hence offers several recommendations to improve the reporting and use of DAGs in future research.
The effect of the Mediterranean Diet on lifespan: a treatment-effect survival analysis of a population-based prospective cohort study in Southern Italy
Authors: Campanella Angelo , Misciagna Giovanni , Mirizzi Antonella , Caruso Maria Gabriella , Bonfiglio Caterina , Aballay Laura R , Vas de Arruda Silveira Liciana , Bianco Antonella , Franco Isabella , Sorino Paolo , Buongiorno Claudia , Cisternino Anna Maria , Notarnicola Maria , Guerra Vito M B , Osella Alberto R 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is associated with good health. We aimed to estimate the effect of levels of adherence to the MedDiet on lifespan by performing treatment effects survival analysis.MethodsA sample of 5250 subjects aged ≥18 years were randomly selected from the electoral list of Castellana Grotte and Putignano (Apulian Region, Italy). Cohorts were enrolled in 2005–06 and followed-up until December 2018. The adherence to the MedDiet was measured by the relative Mediterranean score (rMED) and categorized as high, medium and low. Time-to-death (all-causes) as estimated by average treatment effect on the treated (ATET), potential outcome mean (POM) and relative efficiency of exposure were the outcomes.ResultsA total of 4896 subjects were included. The median follow-up time was 12.82 (inter quartile range (IQR) 12.22–13.05), 12.91 (IQR 12.21–13.27) and 12.84 (IQR 12.19–13.03) years for high, medium and low rMED subjects respectively. By December 2018, 453 (9.25%) had died. There was a strong effect of medium and low rMED {ATET, −5.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) −9.39, −0.80] and −8.91 (95%CI −13.37, −4.45), respectively}. High rMED has an important effect on mean age at death [POM 90.16 (95% CI 86.06, 94.25)]. The relative effect size for medium and low rMED subjects was a lower lifespan of 5.62% (95% CI 1.01, 10.3) and 9.90% (95% CI 5.30, 5.30), respectively.ConclusionsWe observed an important benefit in additional years of survival from adherence to MedDiet in this southern Italian cohort. Further investigation corroborating our findings in other population groups in other geographic regions will be an important contribution to promoting health and longevity.
Toward AGT for Parabolic Sheaves
Authors: Neguţ Andrei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We construct explicit elements $W_{ij}^k$ in (a completion of) the shifted quantum toroidal algebra of type $A$ and show that these elements act by 0 on the $K$-theory of moduli spaces of parabolic sheaves. We expect that the quotient of the shifted quantum toroidal algebra by the ideal generated by the elements $W_{ij}^k$ will be related to $q$-deformed $W$-algebras of type $A$ for arbitrary nilpotent, which would imply a $q$-deformed version of the Alday-Gaiotto-Tachikawa (AGT) correspondence between gauge theory with surface operators and conformal field theory.
Genes associated with somatic cell count index in Brown Swiss cattle
Authors: Jeretina Janez , Jevšinek Skok Daša 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Subclinical mastitis (SM) is one of the most common diseases of cows in milk production herds caused by contagious and/or environmental pathogens. Since there are no visible abnormalities in the milk or udder, the detection of SM requires special diagnostic tests. Somatic cell count (SCC) is the most common test used to detect changes in milk due to the inflammatory process. Previously, we developed somatic cell count index (SCCI), a new method for the accurate prediction of milk yield losses caused by elevated SCC. The aim of this study was to identify new candidate genetic markers for SCCI in the Slovenian population of Brown Swiss (BS) cattle. For that purpose, we analyzed samples of BS cows, which were genotyped using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray ICBF International Dairy and Beef v3 (ICBF, Ireland) for a total of 53,262 SNP markers. After quality control, the set of 18,136 SNPs was used in association analysis. Our association analysis revealed that 130 SNPs were associated with SCCI, which were used for haplotype and overlap analysis. Haplotypes generated from the genotyped data for those 130 SNPs revealed 10 haplotype blocks among 22 SNPs. Additionally, all 130 SNPs, mastitis-related quantitative trait loci, and protein-coding genes are shown on the bovine genome. Overlap analysis shows that the majority of significantly associated SNPs (70) are intergenic, while 60 SNPs are mapped within, upstream, or downstream of the protein-coding genes. However, those genes can serve as strong candidate genes for the marker-assisted selection programs in our and possibly other populations of cattle.
Discovery of a Novel Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) From the Horse Fly, Tabanus rufidens (Diptera: Tabanidae): The Possible Coevolutionary Relationships Between the Classical Insect-Specific Flaviviruses and Host Dipteran Insects
Authors: Kobayashi Daisuke , Watanabe Mamoru , Faizah Astri Nur , Amoa-Bosompem Michael , Higa Yukiko , Tsuda Yoshio , Sawabe Kyoko , Isawa Haruhiko 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Tabanid flies (Tabanidae: Diptera) are common hematophagous insects known to transmit some pathogens mechanically or biologically to animals; they are widely distributed throughout the world. However, no tabanid-borne viruses, except mechanically transmitted viruses, have been reported to date. In this study, we conducted RNA virome analysis of several human-biting tabanid species in Japan, to discover and characterize viruses associated with tabanids. A novel flavivirus was encountered during the study in the Japanese horse fly, Tabanus rufidens (Bigot, 1887). The virus was detected only in T. rufidens, but not in other tabanid species, and as such was designated Tabanus rufidens flavivirus (TrFV). TrFV could not be isolated using a mammalian cell line and showed a closer phylogenetic relationship to the classical insect-specific flaviviruses (cISFs) rather than the vertebrate-infecting flaviviruses (VIFs), suggesting that it is a novel member of the cISFs. The first discovery of a cISF from Brachycera provides new insight into the evolutionary history and dynamics of flaviviruses.
Acute midgut volvulus in a septuagenarian with secondary jejunoileal diverticulitis and undiagnosed congenital malrotation: an unusual presentation
Authors: Sigler Gregory , Baker Laura , Tadros Shaheer , Rekman Janelle , Apte Sameer S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A 79-year-old male presented with abdominal pain, incidental umbilical hernia and acute midgut volvulus that was not detected until surgical exploration. When he presented to hospital, computed tomography (CT) findings indicated perforated jejunoileal diverticulitis; however, in the operating room clockwise volvulization of the jejunum and ileum, secondarily inflamed jejunoileal diverticula, incomplete malrotation (right-sided duodenojejunal flexure), right retroperitoneal adhesions (Ladd’s bands) and numerous other congenital adhesive bands were found. A modified Ladd’s procedure and umbilical hernia repair were completed including detorsion, division of Ladd’s bands with medialization of the cecum and lysis of other congenital adhesions without appendectomy. The patient recovered to baseline function by 3 weeks postoperatively. Acute midgut volvulus is a life-threatening surgical emergency that is exceptionally rare in the elderly. CT is relatively insensitive, so misdiagnosis is common. A high index of suspicion is required, especially in patients with a history of congenital gastrointestinal abnormalities. Prompt surgical exploration for correction and prevention is crucial.
Capacity remuneration mechanisms on European electricity markets—legal basis and actual implementation status
Authors: Pugl-Pichler Christian , Tyma Franz , Süßenbacher Wilhelm , Blume-Werry Eike , Todem Christian 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
In recent years a range of different capacity remuneration mechanisms have been discussed and implemented on European electricity markets. This article gives an overview of different designs, classifying and exploring central and decentral capacity markets, strategic reserves and different capacity payments. To illustrate the particular designs, examples in Germany, Italy, France and Switzerland are discussed in detail. Given that all capacity remuneration mechanisms in the European Union (EU) are subject to EU state aid and electricity regulations, the article examines the legal framework of capacity remuneration mechanisms.
Marker-based crop model-assisted ideotype design to improve avoidance of abiotic stress in bread wheat
Authors: Bogard Matthieu , Hourcade Delphine , Piquemal Benoit , Gouache David , Deswartes Jean-Charles , Throude Mickael , Cohan Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWheat phenology allows escape from seasonal abiotic stresses including frosts and high temperatures, the latter being forecast to increase with climate change. The use of marker-based crop models to identify ideotypes has been proposed to select genotypes adapted to specific weather and management conditions and anticipate climate change. In this study, a marker-based crop model for wheat phenology was calibrated and tested. Climate analysis of 30 years of historical weather data in 72 locations representing the main wheat production areas in France was performed. We carried out marker-based crop model simulations for 1019 wheat cultivars and three sowing dates, which allowed calculation of genotypic stress avoidance frequencies of frost and heat stress and identification of ideotypes. The phenology marker-based crop model allowed prediction of large genotypic variations for the beginning of stem elongation (GS30) and heading date (GS55). Prediction accuracy was assessed using untested genotypes and environments, and showed median genotype prediction errors of 8.5 and 4.2 days for GS30 and GS55, respectively. Climate analysis allowed the definition of a low risk period for each location based on the distribution of the last frost and first heat days. Clustering of locations showed three groups with contrasting levels of frost and heat risks. Marker-based crop model simulations showed the need to optimize the genotype depending on sowing date, particularly in high risk environments. An empirical validation of the approach showed that it holds good promises to improve frost and heat stress avoidance.
A Historical Overview of the Palestinian Refugee Question
Authors: Albanese Francesca P , Takkenberg Lex 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the Palestinian refugee question and discusses the main events that created the conditions that enabled the mass displacement of most of the Arab population of Mandate Palestine. The events that befell Palestine between 1947 and 1948, i.e. the decision of the United Nations to partition Palestine and the resultant war, are defining moments of the Palestinian refugee question. Its roots, however, are to be found in the events that preceded and enabled it–starting with the socio-political and economic transformation that occurred in Palestine during the Ottoman Empire (1808–1917) and intensified during the thirty years of the British control over Palestine (1918–1948). It can also be found in the way the League of Nations first, and the United Nations after, attempted to resolve the dispute over Palestine. This historical account is crucial to understanding how international law was central to early attempts at resolving the refugee issue, and how it subsequently became effectively side-lined. The chapter also identifies some elements of continuity between the original displacement (in 1948 and 1967) and the current situation of Palestinians in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and beyond.
Palestinian Refugees
Authors: Albanese Francesca P , Takkenberg Lex 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the foundation of Palestinian refugees’ status in international law, as well as the characteristics of their distinctive institutional and normative regime compared to other refugees around the world. This distinctiveness stems from special arrangements the United Nations (UN) has made for them. This includes ad hoc UN agencies mandated to protect and assist Palestinian refugees, namely the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine (UNCCP) and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) as well as, under certain circumstances, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The chapter then considers both the genesis and meaning of Article 1D of the 1951 Refugee Convention, the provision specifically included with the Palestinian refugees in mind, including its recent interpretation and application, and various defintions of Palestine/Palestinian refugee offered for various purposes (i.e. assistance and relief, protection and durable solutions). It shows how the special arrangements for this group of refugees, put in place due to the circumstances of their displacement, were meant to ensure continuity of protection and how, the lack of durable solutions has made the arrangements set up for them, inclreasingly looking as an anomaly.
Defining Treaties
Authors: Hollis Duncan B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive and robust overview of the treaty than the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’ (VCLT) standard treatment. Part I elaborates three contexts beyond the VCLT where the ‘treaty’ acquires a different definition, and what purposes that definition serves in each setting. Part II unpacks the treaty’s meaning in a specific context — international law — along constitutive, differential, and functional lines. It explains how to constitute a treaty using Article 2(1)(a) as a baseline, and differentiates the treaty from other concepts of commitment and agreement while acknowledging questions about the mutual exclusivity of these concepts. Finally, the chapter adopts a functional perspective to explain the evolution in what treaties do across several distinct dimensions. It concludes by asking if the treaty concept might benefit from further clarification or disaggregation as these treaty functions continue to evolve.
Current
Theorizations about the Treaty in International Law
Authors: d'Aspremont Jean 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter has two primary aims. First, it sketches out the existing theorizations about treaties, elaborating the various dualist modes of thinking currently dominating international legal thought and practice. Second, it seeks to supplement current theorizations with some new perspectives. Specifically, it identifies three overlooked uses of the idea of the treaty in contemporary legal thought and practice that may further current theorizations about treaties. In particular, the second part shows the extent to which the idea of the treaty allows (i) the creation of conceptual anachronisms in the making of historical narratives about international law, (ii) the simplification of the processes of its interpretation, and (iii) the construction of a magic descendance that shield those invoking the treaty from any responsibility for anything that is made in the name of the treaty.
Making the Treaty
Authors: Fuentes Carlos Iván , Villalpando Santiago 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys the often-complicated process of treaty-making. The process may be divided into four phases: (i) the drawing up and negotiation of the treaty; (ii) the adoption and authentication of the text; (iii) the expression of consent to be bound by the treaty; and (iv) the entry into force of the treaty. A universal quality of treaty-making is the absolute freedom of the negotiators, who remain masters of their own procedure. Negotiators have wide discretion in deciding the process to be followed for their discussions, the form of the final agreement, the means of consenting to be bound, and the ways in which the treaty enters into force. This explains why the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’ codification renounced governing the negotiation phase, and restricted itself to reaffirming the discretion of negotiators while establishing a limited number of residual rules that will assist when specific issues remain undecided.
The
Validity and Invalidity of Treaties
Authors: Klabbers Jan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The validity or invalidity of treaties is a topic with no practical significance. And yet, the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) would have had a gaping hole in its middle if it had not paid any attention to the validity or invalidity of treaties: no legal system can do without rules on the validity of legal instruments, be it legislation, contracts, or treaties. This chapter discusses the rules on validity of treaties as laid down in the VCLT, paying attention to the corresponding position under the 1986 Vienna Convention as well as the presence (or lack) of relevant State practice. It addresses a few peculiarities about the function of validity that underlies the Vienna Convention(s), starting with some general reflections on validity, inspired by the curious circumstance that each and every lawyer will have some intuitive understanding of what validity refers to, yet scholarly exposés on validity are few and far between.
Terminating Treaties
Authors: Helfer Laurence R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the research on treaty exit and draws upon a variety of recent examples and illustrations from a range of subject areas to discuss its practical, theoretical, and normative implications. Part I provides an overview of the international rules governing exit from multilateral and bilateral agreements, including key provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Part II highlights the wide variations in the design and invocation of treaty termination, denunciation, and withdrawal clauses. Part III sets forth a theory of treaty exit. It argues that termination, denunciation, and withdrawal clauses are tools for managing risk — a pervasive feature of international affairs. A concluding section identifies avenues for future research for scholars and practitioners alike.
History and Sources
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of international humanitarian law (IHL), which is also known as the international law of armed conflict, or simply law of armed conflict (LOAC) or law of war. The rules and principles of IHL seek to limit the effects of armed conflict and at its core, IHL aims to preserve a sense of humanity in time of war. At the same time, IHL has been developed to regulate the social reality that is armed conflict. As such, in order to provide a realistic, and hence useful, legal framework, IHL must also take into account the military needs of parties to an armed conflict in their pursuit of defeating the adversary. The development of particular treaties and specific rules of IHL over time reflects the exercise of finding the correct balance between these humanitarian and military considerations. As a branch of international law, IHL is subject to the general rules of international law, such as those related to sources, treaty interpretation, and state responsibility. The sources of international law are set out in article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. This provision lists international conventions, international custom, and general principles of law as the main sources of international law in accordance with which the Court is to decide disputes submitted to it.
Implementation of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Turns David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a holistic view of the implementation of international humanitarian law (IHL) as including all the various tools which may be used to render IHL effective in practice, whether they are used primarily before a situation of armed conflict arises, or during or after such a situation; whether they invoke the civil responsibility of the state or the criminal responsibility of individuals; and whether they fall to be implemented in a national or international context. Early attempts at the enforcement of the laws of war appeared through the prism of punishing those who were judged guilty of violating that body of rules. However, it was not until the advent of mass citizen-armies organized by nation-states as a public activity in the course of the seventeenth century that something resembling systematic national implementation of the laws of war began to take place. The chapter then sets out the contemporary legal framework provided by treaty instruments and recognized as customary international law, before examining specific state obligations relating to pre-conflict preventive measures; the supervision of conduct and repression of violations during conflict; and the subsequent enforcement of IHL by judicial, quasi-judicial, and non-judicial means. It also considers the increasingly important role played by non-state actors (NSAs)—such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society, and the media—in monitoring and advocacy on IHL issues.