bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From public interest to public obligation: compulsory land expropriation for capital reconstruction in Nationalist China
Authors: Tsui Carmen C.M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn 1927, the Nationalist government launched an ambitious project to transform Nanjing into a modern capital. During this reconstruction process, private lands were seized in the name of public interest for the construction of public works. In the face of opposition from affected landowners, Nationalist leaders shifted the emphasis from ‘public interest’ (gonggong liyi) to ‘public obligation’ (shimin zeren), stressing the duty of urban residents to support capital reconstruction and stigmatizing opponents as anti-development. This article examines compulsory land expropriation in Nationalist China and shows how the government turned discourses of public interest and public obligation into modern land laws.
Effective Diahaline Diffusivities in Estuaries
Authors: Burchard Hans , Gräwe Ulf , Klingbeil Knut , Koganti Nicky , Lange Xaver , Lorenz Marvin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe present study aims to estimate effective diahaline turbulent salinity fluxes and diffusivities in numerical model simulations of estuarine scenarios. The underlying method is based on a quantification of salinity mixing per salinity class, which is shown to be twice the turbulent salinity transport across the respective isohaline. Using this relation, the recently derived universal law of estuarine mixing, predicting that average mixing per salinity class is twice the respective salinity times the river run‐off, can be directly derived. The turbulent salinity transport is accurately decomposed into physical (due to the turbulence closure) and numerical (due to truncation errors of the salinity advection scheme) contributions. The effective diahaline diffusivity representative for a salinity class and an estuarine region results as the ratio of the diahaline turbulent salinity transport and the respective (negative) salinity gradient, both integrated over the isohaline area in that region and averaged over a specified period. With this approach, the physical (or numerical) diffusivities are calculated as half of the product of physical (or numerical) mixing and the isohaline volume, divided by the square of the isohaline area. The method for accurately calculating physical and numerical diahaline diffusivities is tested and demonstrated for a three‐dimensional idealized exponential estuary. As a major product of this study, maps of the spatial distribution of the effective diahaline diffusivities are shown for the model estuary.
Vowel Context Effects on Consonant Repetition in Early Words
Authors: Kim Namhee , Davis Barbara L. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeConsonant repetitions within words are a well-attested speech error pattern in children's early speech acquisition. We investigated the role of intervening vowel context in understanding speech forms containing consonant repetitions in early words. Intrasyllabic consonant–vowel (CV) sequences within consonant–vowel–consonant (CVC) and consonant–vowel–consonant–vowel (CVCV) forms containing consonant repetitions were analyzed to evaluate whether children's lack of independent movement control for the tongue in word-level sequences might contribute to these observed speech patterns.MethodSpontaneous speech data produced by 10 typically developing children learning American English were analyzed longitudinally from the onset of word use to 36 months. Overall patterns and word shape effects for nine CV combinations occurring in their CVC and CVCV word shapes that contained repeated nonadjacent consonants and the intervening vowel were analyzed.ResultsThree CV combinations—coronal-front vowel, labial-central vowel, and dorsal-back vowel—occurred at above-chance levels. Preference for these CV patterns was strong in CVCV but not in CVC word shapes. These CV combinations occurred frequently at all time periods analyzed for CVCV's while decreasing across time for CVC's.ConclusionsAnalysis of intrasyllabic patterns within word forms containing consonant repetitions revealed that consonant repetitions in many early words occurred at above-chance levels in the context of articulatorily compatible vowels. Results suggest that children's production system capacities are an important contributing principle accounting for vowel context effects within word forms containing consonant repetitions during earliest speech acquisition.
An integral sliding mode fault tolerant control for a class of non‐linear Lipschitz systems
Authors: Ashraf Muhammad Ammar , Ijaz Salman , Zou Yao , Hamayun Mirza Tariq 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes an active fault‐tolerant control (FTC) strategy for a class of non‐linear Lipschitz systems. The proposed FTC approach employs the integral sliding mode control (ISMC) technique due to its inherent capability of dealing with system uncertainties. First, under the nominal fault‐free condition, the linear matrix inequality technique is introduced to design the primary controller for the non‐linear Lipschitz system. To accommodate the actuator faults/failures, the ISMC law is combined with a control allocation scheme that distributes the control signals to the redundant actuators. A non‐linear octorotor system is then used as a test bench to validate the tolerance performance of the proposed FTC strategy. In particular, the proposed FTC strategy is applied for the inner‐loop control, while in the outer loop, a fractional‐order control approach is used to achieve the precise longitude and latitude control. Finally, various simulations are performed to justify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Parity space‐based optimal event‐triggered fault detection
Authors: Qiu Aibing , Ji Xiaolei , Wang Shengfeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe article investigates the problem of parity space‐based optimal fault detection for event‐triggered systems. By introducing a novel parity vector based event‐triggering mechanism, and taking the effects of faults, disturbances and event‐triggered transmission errors on the residual into consideration, it is proven that the optimal parity vector for time‐triggered residual generator, which can make a trade‐off between fault sensitivity and disturbance robustness, is also optimal for event‐triggered counterpart, as both fault and disturbance information are included in the event‐triggered transmission error. Then, a time‐varying threshold is designed for residual evaluation by accounting for the effects of disturbance and event‐triggered transmission errors on the residual. Based on this, a quantitative analysis of the influence of the event‐triggering mechanism on false alarm rate is developed, which provides a way to choose the event‐triggered parameter from the viewpoint of fault diagnosis. Moreover, the proposed method is extended to event‐triggered systems with packet dropouts. Finally, a benchmark model of the vehicle lateral dynamic system is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed parity space‐based optimal event‐triggered fault detection approach.
Control strategy for large‐scale fires near power transmission lines and its application
Authors: Wu Chuanping , Lu Jiazheng , Chen Baohui , Liu Yu , Zhou Tiannian , Zhou Tejun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo prevent fires causing the power transmission lines trip, a control strategy including the methods of fire forecasting, fire monitoring and fire extinguishing for large‐scale fires under power transmission lines is proposed. A water mist fire extinguishing method for transmission lines with high‐voltage was presented to ensure the fire extinguishers safe. Compared with conventional measures of fire risk evaluation and fire detection, the proposed control strategy can proactively control the fires to ensure the transmission lines run continuously, rather than passively stop running to avoid the fire. The timeliness of fires rescue for power grid is analysed statistically, and the control strategy for fires near transmission lines is presented and discussed. The proposed strategy had been widely used in Hunan province power grid of State Grid in China. After the applications, the average fire tripping number of transmission lines with the voltage levels of 220 kV and above each year was reduced by 64.6% during the period of 2015 to 2019 compared to previous five years, and there was no transmission line trip due to fire during the Qing‐ming high‐fire periods from 2015 to 2020, which proved the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Practical Value of Good Laser Safety Software
Authors: Webb Jim 
Published: December 2020

Having been a laser safety officer (LSO) for over 25 years, I have relied heavily on laser safety calculation software. For the LSO, hazard evaluation is a core function of their role. When determining the correct attenuation factors for laser protective eyewear, where does a safe distance start? Is there a diffuse reflection hazard, and how far might it extend? These and other questions are critical for an LSO to know when they advise a user on how to achieve safety in their laser laboratory. The user also needs to appreciate where these numbers come from in order to have confidence in them.
Both International Electrotechnical Commission and American National Standards Institute have formulas and tables to figure out these answers. As it will be shown, picking the right value is critical but not always clear from tables found in the standards. The typical LSO training course will spend a day to two days on doing laser safety calculations. As with all training and especially with complex math calculations, if one does not practice them, errors and uncertainty can occur. An LSO may go months before they need to perform these calculations, or they might do some daily. For the LSO who rarely needs to do calculations, software gives a sense of confidence. As long as the correct inputs are made, they do not have to worry about remembering units, exponentials, correction factors, and how the numbers are manipulated. For the LSO who is flooded with calculations to do, software is a great time saver. In addition, a printout of the results can become part of the hazard evaluation documentation as well as give the user an opportunity to check specification. With all the considerations listed earlier, what are the elements of good software? I am delighted to have Jim Webb address this question. Jim is a developer of one of the most adaptive and complete laser safety software on the market and in this chapter presents an insider's view.
A study of 87 mycetoma patients seen at three health facilities in Nouakchott, Mauritania
Authors: Kébé M , Ba O , Mohamed Abderahmane M A , Mohamed Baba N D , Ball M , Fahal A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Mycetoma is a chronic, progressive and destructive inflammatory disease that affects the skin, subcutaneous and other tissues. The objective of this study was to identify all cases of mycetoma diagnosed in three health facilities in Nouakchott, Mauritania during 2016–2018.

Methods
This retrospective hospital-based study was conducted at the Dermatology, Orthopedics, Mycology and Pathology departments of the National Hospital Center of Nouakchott, the Military Hospital of Nouakchott and the National Institute for Research in Public Health of Nouakchott.

Results
Eighty-seven patients were included in this study. They comprised 65 male patients (74.71%) and 22 females (25.28%) with a gender ratio of 4:1. The mean age was 41.87 y and ages ranged from 14 to 70 y. The most common age group was 40–45 y (11%). The foot was the most frequently affected site seen in 60 patients (69%), followed by ankle and hand with 6 patients each (7%). In the study, 56 patients (64%) had regional lymphadenopathy. Forty-nine patients (56%) had bone involvement. Thirty-two patients (37%) had medical treatment. Twenty-seven patients (87%) received fluconazole and four patients (13%) had co-trimoxazole treatment.

Conclusion
The mycetoma patients seen in these three centres were mainly male farmers from rural areas. The lesions were seen mainly in the lower limbs and the majority had bone involvement radiologically.
Implementation of a Warm Zone Model During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Omess Sarah , Kaplow Roberta , Green Alyson , Kingsley-Mota William , Mota Sérgio , Paris Lauren , Wilson Keisa 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
In March 2020, in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the executive leadership of an academic medical center in Atlanta tasked an interprofessional quality improvement (QI) team with identifying ways to improve staff and patient safety while caring for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Additional goals of the initiative were to improve workflow efficiency by reducing the amount of time spent donning and doffing personal protective equipment (PPE) and to conserve PPE, which could be in short supply in a prolonged pandemic. The QI team developed a “warm zone model” that allowed staff members to wear the same mask, eye protection, and gown while moving between the rooms of patients who had tested positive for COVID-19. The risk of self-contamination while doffing PPE is well documented. Staff members were trained to conserve PPE and to properly change gloves and perform hand hygiene between exiting and entering patients' rooms. The warm zone model allowed multidisciplinary team members to reduce the times they donned and doffed PPE per shift while maintaining or increasing the times they entered and exited patients' rooms. Staff members believed that the model improved workflow and teamwork while maintaining staff members' personal safety. Daily gown use decreased on the acute care unit where the model was employed, helping to preserve PPE supplies. Once the model was proven successful in acute care, it was modified and instituted on several critical care COVID-19 cohort units.
Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Simplified Chinese Version of the Copenhagen Neck Function Disability Scale
Authors: Cao Shiqi , Zhou Chunhui , Wang Qi , Hu Fanqi , Zhang Leiming , Ding Yu , Zhang Xuesong 
Published: December 2020

Study Design.
A cross-sectional study.

Objective.
Th aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt Copenhagen Neck Function Disability Scale into a Simplified Chinese version (CNFDS-C), and evaluate the reliability and validity of CNFDS-C in patients with nonspecific chronic neck pain.

Summary of Background Data.
The CNFDS is a reliable and valid evaluation instrument for chronic neck pain. However, Simplified Chinese version of CNFDS hasn’t been validated.

Methods.
A total of 150 participants were included in this study. Internal consistency was estimated according to Cronbach alpha. Test–retest reliability was assessed by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct validity was analyzed by correlations between CNFDS-C and the Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) as well as the short form (36) health survey (SF-36).

Results.
The original version of the CNFDS was cross-culturally adapted and translated into Simplified Chinese. CNFDS-C was indicated to have excellent reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.810, ICC = 0.927). Moderate to substantial correlations between CNFDS-C and NDI (r = 0.642, P < 0.001), VAS (r = 0.581, P < 0.001), as well as Physical Function (r = −0.583, P < .001), Role Physical (r = −0.478, P < 0.001), Bodily Pain (r = −0.610, P < 0.001), and General Health (r = −0.439, P < 0.001) subscales of SF-36 were observed.

Conclusion.
CNFDS-C was demonstrated to have acceptable reliability and validity in patients with nonspecific chronic neck pain, which could be recommended for patients in Chinese mainland.

Level of Evidence: 3
Risk factor analysis of bronchospasm after tracheobronchial foreign body removal
Authors: Cui Yu , Shao Jianli , Sun Hai , Wang Xin , Zhu Zhanpeng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This retrospective study aimed to investigate bronchospasm after tracheobronchial foreign body removal. Bronchoscopy is the main clinical treatment for removing airway foreign bodies, but postoperative airway spasm is very common. In our study, we perform a risk factor analysis of bronchospasm after tracheobronchial foreign body removal. The sample was composed of 261 children with airway foreign bodies who had undergone clinical bronchoscopy for foreign body removal under general anesthesia were enrolled from the department of otolaryngology, the First Hospital of Jilin University from 2014 to 2019, of which 78 in the left bronchus, 107 in the right bronchus, 51 in the main bronchus, and 25 in the subglottis. All patients were confirmed by radiographic examination or pulmonary auscultation. All their medical records and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed; single factor and multiple factor analyses of bronchospasm were performed. The logistic regression analysis showed that age, foreign body retention time and operation time were independent risk factors for postoperative airway spasm. A history of pneumonia was not an independent risk factor for postoperative airway spasm. We should pay more attention in the preoperative period according to the specific situation of child; the right means of anesthesia and appropriate hormonal drugs should be chosen to prevent the occurrence of postoperative airway spasm.
Association of Academic Physiatrists Women’s Task Force Follow-up Report
Authors: Silver Julie K. , Cuccurullo Sara , Weiss Lyn , Visco Christopher , Sowa Gwendolyn , Oh-Park Mooyeon , Karimi Danielle Perret , Frontera Walter R. , Fleming Talya K. , Bosques Glendaliz , Ambrose Anne Felicia , Knowlton Tiffany 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Association of Academic Physiatrists convened a Women’s Task Force in 2016, under the leadership of then Association of Academic Physiatrists President Gerard Francisco, MD, to evaluate data and metrics pertaining to the representation and inclusion of female physiatrists in the society. An initial published report focused on a retrospective analysis of data in categories such as leadership, conference presentations, and recognition awards. The findings, which highlighted areas in which the Association of Academic Physiatrists had been successful in supporting gender equity as well as areas in which female physiatrists were underrepresented, provided a base from which to strategically focus on closing gaps in representation. The task force developed an action plan that was approved by the Board of Trustees and included strategies aimed at closing gaps and collecting data to determine corresponding effectiveness. Because most of the categories fell under the supervision of various Association of Academic Physiatrists committees, an appointee from each committee (“diversity steward”) liaised with the Women’s Task Force. The diversity stewards reviewed the plan with their respective committees and collected data within their committee’s purview. This task force follow-up report documents recent progress, consistent with the Association of Academic Physiatrists Board of Trustees commitment to transparency and gender equity.
Racial/Ethnic and Income Disparities in the Prevalence of Comorbidities that Are Associated With Risk for Severe COVID-19 Among Adults Receiving HIV Care, United States, 2014–2019
Authors: Weiser John K. , Tie Yunfeng , Beer Linda , Neblett Fanfair Robyn , Shouse Roy Luke 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Health inequities among people with HIV may be compounded by disparities in the prevalence of comorbidities associated with an increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19.

Setting:
Complex sample survey designed to produce nationally representative estimates of behavioral and clinical characteristics of adults with diagnosed HIV in the United States.

Methods:
We estimated the prevalence of having ≥1 diagnosed comorbidity associated with severe illness from COVID-19 and prevalence differences (PDs) by race/ethnicity, income level, and type of health insurance. We considered PDs ≥5 percentage points to be meaningful from a public health perspective.

Results:
An estimated 37.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 36.6 to 39.2] of adults receiving HIV care had ≥1 diagnosed comorbidity associated with severe illness from COVID-19. Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks or African Americans were more likely [adjusted PD, 7.8 percentage points (95% CI: 5.7 to 10.0)] and non-Hispanic Asians were less likely [adjusted PD, −13.7 percentage points (95% CI: −22.3 to −5.0)] to have ≥1 diagnosed comorbidity after adjusting for age differences. There were no meaningful differences between non-Hispanic Whites and adults in other racial/ethnic groups. Those with low income were more likely to have ≥1 diagnosed comorbidity [PD, 7.3 percentage points (95% CI: 5.1 to 9.4)].

Conclusions:
Among adults receiving HIV care, non-Hispanic Blacks and those with low income were more likely to have ≥1 diagnosed comorbidity associated with severe COVID-19. Building health equity among people with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic may require reducing the impact of comorbidities in heavily affected communities.
RAS/TP53 Co-mutation is Associated With Worse Survival After Concurrent Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases and Extrahepatic Disease
Authors: Lillemoe Heather A. , Passot Guillaume , Kawaguchi Yoshikuni , DeBellis Mario , Glehen Olivier , Chun Yun Shin , Tzeng Ching-Wei D. , Aloia Thomas A. , Lopez Jonathan , Vauthey Jean-Nicolas 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
To determine if tumor genetics are associated with overall survival (OS) after concurrent resection of colorectal liver metastases (CLM) and extrahepatic disease (EHD).

Summary Background Data:
The prognosis for patients who undergo concurrent resection of CLM/EHD is unclear and the impact of somatic mutations has not been reported.

Methods:
Patients undergoing concurrent resection of CLM and EHD from 2007 to 2017 were identified from 2 academic centers. From 1 center, patients were selected from a pre-existing database of patients undergoing cytore-ductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to construct survival curves, compared using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox analysis for OS was performed.

Results:
One hundred nine patients were included. Most common EHD sites included lung (33 patients), peritoneum (32), and portal lymph nodes (14). TP53 mutation was the most common mutation, identified in 75 patients (69%), and RAS/TP53 co-mutation was identified in 31 patients (28%). The median OS was 49 months (interquartile range, 24–125), and 3- and 5-year OS rates were 66% and 44%, respectively. Compared to patients without RAS/ TP53 co-mutation, patients with RAS/TP53 co-mutation had lower median OS: 39 vs. 51 months (P = 0.02). On multivariable analysis, lung EHD [hazard ratio (HR), 0.7; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.3–1.4], peritoneal EHD (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1–4.2) and RAS/TP53 co-mutation (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1–7.2) were independently associated with OS.

Conclusions:

RAS/TP53 co-mutation is associated with worse OS after concurrent CLM/EHD resection. Mutational status and site of EHD should be included in the evaluation of patients considered for concurrent resection.