bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual Refrigerant LNG Liquefaction Cycle for Offshore FLNG and Its Pilot Plant
Authors: Park Hyunki , Kim Minki , Kim Chulwoo , Kim Hyobin , Lee Kihwan , Kim Mungyu , Lee Donghun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explain the developed dual refrigerant LNG liquefaction cycle for offshore FLNG, the outputs from detailed engineering of its pilot plant, the results of dynamic engineering studies including dynamic simulation with dynamic model/DCS (Distributed Control System) integration, and the current status of its pilot plant.
Compared with the current existing conventional gas expansion cycle, the developed dual refrigerant LNG liquefaction cycle is composed of three different levels of expansion in order to improve the system efficiency which is expressed in terms of kW/(ton/day). There are two stages in the methane (CH4) expansion loop, which are classified warm and cold loop. The warm loop is in charge of the pre-cooling zone and the cold loop is responsible for the main liquefaction zone. The nitrogen (N2) loop is a single stage and is used for sub-cooling of liquefied natural gas. This configuration allows the developed liquefaction cycle to be optimized by closely matching methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N2) warming curve with the natural gas cooling curve. As a result, the thermodynamic inefficiencies are minimized and the power requirements are accordingly reduced when compared to the current existing conventional gas expansion cycle.
Process simulation, which is based on models, is a key activity in process engineering covering the whole life cycle of a process. Therefore, having a good knowledge of the modelling background is compulsory for getting reliable results. Dynamic engineering studies have been carried out in order to achieve the three (3) main objectives (i.e., Process validation, DCS validation, Operator training) because it helps to validate process, establish experts and best practices among operators, enhancing understanding.
The detailed design engineering for 1/42 small scaled pilot plant had been carried out during around one (1) year after completing concept design of the proposed liquefaction cycle. The major outputs from the detailed engineering are HMB (Heat & Material Balance), P&IDs (Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams), 3-D Model, HAZOP (HAZard and Operability) & close-out report, control logics, distributed control system and so on.
Power at Sea: Use of Wave Energy Converters for Powering Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Lesemann Arvid Reenst 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
New innovative services and goods based on artificial intelligence, next-generation robotics, autonomy, digitization, and electrification are taking root in the ocean economy. More typical competitive forces, such as value enhancement and safety improvement, are also present, as suppliers constantly strive to improve their competitive positioning. Concurrently, the Oil and Gas sector is experiencing mounting pressure to decrease its operational carbon emissions, forcing efforts to reduce or eliminate liquid fuel consumption offshore.
Companies in the ocean economy are having to react to this combination of macro- and micro-level drivers and innovate at an ever more rapid pace. However, before many of these new capabilities can be implemented, new, clean, reliable power sources are needed, especially as liquid fuel grows increasingly out of favor. For many of these loads—both old and new and ranging from watts to megawatts—wave energy systems provide the best solution for remote power generation. As such, research, development and demonstration activities are underway to prove wave energy's ability to provide reliable, consistent energy supplies for certain offshore Oil and Gas activities, paving the way for near term commercialization. This paper outlines these drivers, competitive reaction to them, and why and how wave energy can be a preferable choice for power at sea.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGISLATURE IN BANGLADESH (2001-2006): A QUEST FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE
Authors: DR. MD. SULTAN MAHMUD  
Published: April 2020

The research focus on how the legislature functions as a representative organ with its oversight mechanisms exercised upon the executive during 2001-2006 in Bangladesh. The study finds that 185 bills were passed among which 78% of the total bills were enacted without proper scrutiny in the eighth parliament. This study has illustrated that 166 of the total bills were passed escaping the committee stage. It is also found that the eighth parliament made no fruitful effort of establishing parliamentary norms, culture and legislative compromise. The conflict of opinion between the treasury and opposition bench made it impossible to turn the ground into an effective institution to bridge their gap and to settle policy differences on crucial national issues by debate, discussion and negotiations. The research shows that the constant walkout and boycott of the parliamentary opposition helped the ruling bench to exert discretion. It is located that the opposition boycotted 223 out of the 373 working days. That means 60% working days of the 8th parliament were totally boycotted by the parliament. Finally, the research explores some dysfunctionalities and ineffectiveness of the 8th parliament which are the barriers of good governance in Bangladesh.
Design and evaluation of CO2 observation network to optimize surface CO2 fluxes in Asia using observation system simulation experiments
Authors: Park Jun , Kim Hyun Mee 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Continuous efforts have been made to monitor atmospheric
CO2 mole fractions as it is one of the most influential greenhouse
gases in Earth's atmosphere. The atmospheric CO2 mole fractions are
mostly determined by CO2 exchanges at the Earth's surface (i.e.,
surface CO2 flux). Inverse modeling, which is a method to estimate the
CO2 exchanges at the Earth's surface, derives surface CO2 fluxes
using modeled and observed atmospheric CO2 mole fraction data. Although
observation data are crucial for successful modeling, comparatively fewer
in situ observation sites are located in Asia compared to Europe or North
America. Based on the importance of the terrestrial ecosystem of Asia for
global carbon exchanges, more observation stations and an effective
observation network design are required. In this paper, several observation
network experiments were conducted to optimize the surface CO2 flux of
Asia using CarbonTracker and observation system simulation experiments
(OSSEs). The impacts of the redistribution of and additions to the existing
observation network of Asia were evaluated using hypothetical in situ
observation sites. In the case of the addition experiments, 10 observation
stations, which is a practical number for real implementation, were added
through three strategies: random addition, the influence matrix (i.e.,
self-sensitivity), and ecoregion information within the model. The simulated
surface CO2 flux in Asia in summer can be improved by redistributing
the existing observation network. The addition experiments revealed that
considering both the distribution of normalized self-sensitivity and
ecoregion information can yield better simulated surface CO2 fluxes
compared to random addition, regardless of the season. This study provides a
diagnosis of the existing observation network and useful information for
future observation network design in Asia to estimate the surface CO2
flux and also suggests the use of an influence matrix for designing
CO2 observation networks. Unlike other previous observation network
studies with many numerical experiments for optimization, comparatively
fewer experiments were required in this study. Thus, the methodology used in
this study may be used for designing observation networks for monitoring
greenhouse gases at both continental and global scales.
WRF-Chem v3.9 simulations of the East Asian dust storm in May 2017: modeling sensitivities to dust emission and dry deposition schemes
Authors: Zeng Yi , Wang Minghuai , Zhao Chun , Chen Siyu , Liu Zhoukun , Huang Xin , Gao Yang 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Dust aerosol plays an important role in the radiative budget and
hydrological cycle, but large uncertainties remain for simulating dust
emission and dry deposition processes in models. In this study, we
investigated dust simulation sensitivity to two dust emission schemes and
three dry deposition schemes for a severe dust storm during May 2017 over
East Asia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with
chemistry (WRF-Chem). Results showed that simulated dust loading is very
sensitive to different dry deposition schemes, with the relative difference
in dust loading using different dry deposition schemes ranging from
20 %–116 %. Two dust emission schemes are found to produce significantly
different spatial distributions of dust loading. The difference in dry
deposition velocity in different dry deposition schemes comes from the
parameterization of collection efficiency from impaction and rebound effect.
An optimal combination of dry deposition scheme and dust emission scheme has
been identified to best simulate the dust storm in comparison with
observation. The optimal dry deposition scheme accounts for the rebound
effect and its collection efficiency from impaction changes with the land
use categories and therefore has a better physical treatment of dry
deposition velocity. Our results highlight the importance of dry deposition
schemes for dust simulation.
Time-lapse cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography (CHERT) for monitoring seawater intrusion dynamics in a Mediterranean aquifer
Authors: Palacios Andrea , Ledo Juan José , Linde Niklas , Luquot Linda , Bellmunt Fabian , Folch Albert , Marcuello Alex , Queralt Pilar , Pezard Philippe A. , Martínez Laura , del Val Laura , Bosch David , Carrera Jesús 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a widely used tool to study seawater intrusion (SWI). It is noninvasive and offers a high spatial coverage at a low cost, but its imaging capabilities are strongly affected by decreasing resolution with depth. We conjecture that the use of CHERT (cross-hole ERT) can partly overcome these resolution limitations since the electrodes are placed at depth, which implies that the model resolution does not decrease at the depths of interest. The objective of this study is to test the CHERT for imaging the SWI and monitoring its dynamics at the Argentona site, a well-instrumented field site of a coastal alluvial aquifer located 40 km NE of Barcelona. To do so, we installed permanent electrodes around boreholes attached to the PVC pipes to perform time-lapse monitoring of the SWI on a transect perpendicular to the coastline. After 2 years of monitoring, we observe variability of SWI at different timescales: (1) natural seasonal variations and aquifer salinization that we attribute to long-term drought and (2) short-term fluctuations due to sea storms or flooding in the nearby stream during heavy rain events. The spatial imaging of bulk electrical conductivity allows us to explain non-monotonic salinity profiles in open boreholes (step-wise profiles really reflect the presence of freshwater at depth). By comparing CHERT results with traditional in situ measurements such as electrical conductivity of water samples and bulk electrical conductivity from induction logs, we conclude that CHERT is a reliable and cost-effective imaging tool for monitoring SWI dynamics.
Assessing the factors governing the ability to predict late-spring flooding in cold-region mountain basins
Authors: Vionnet Vincent , Fortin Vincent , Gaborit Etienne , Roy Guy , Abrahamowicz Maria , Gasset Nicolas , Pomeroy John W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. From 19 to 22 June 2013, intense rainfall and
concurrent snowmelt led to devastating floods in the Canadian Rockies,
foothills and downstream areas of southern Alberta and southeastern British
Columbia, Canada. Such an event is typical of late-spring floods in cold-region mountain headwater, combining intense precipitation with rapid
melting of late-lying snowpack, and represents a challenge for hydrological
forecasting systems. This study investigated the factors governing the
ability to predict such an event. Three sources of uncertainty, other than
the hydrological model processes and parameters, were considered: (i) the
resolution of the atmospheric forcings, (ii) the snow and soil moisture initial conditions (ICs) and (iii) the representation of the soil texture.
The Global Environmental Multiscale hydrological modeling platform
(GEM-Hydro), running at a 1 km grid spacing, was used to simulate
hydrometeorological conditions in the main headwater basins of southern
Alberta during this event. The GEM atmospheric model and the Canadian
Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) system were combined to generate atmospheric
forcing at 10, 2.5 and 1 km over southern Alberta. Gridded estimates of snow
water equivalent (SWE) from the Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) were used
to replace the model SWE at peak snow accumulation and generate alternative
snow and soil moisture ICs before the event. Two global soil texture
datasets were also used. Overall 12 simulations of the flooding event
were carried out. Results show that the resolution of the atmospheric
forcing affected primarily the flood volume and peak flow in all river
basins due to a more accurate estimation of intensity and total amount of
precipitation during the flooding event provided by CaPA analysis at
convection-permitting scales (2.5 and 1 km). Basin-averaged snowmelt also
changed with the resolution due to changes in near-surface wind and
resulting turbulent fluxes contributing to snowmelt. Snow ICs were the main
sources of uncertainty for half of the headwater basins. Finally, the soil
texture had less impact and only affected peak flow magnitude and timing for
some stations. These results highlight the need to combine atmospheric
forcing at convection-permitting scales with high-quality snow ICs to provide
accurate streamflow predictions during late-spring floods in cold-region mountain river basins. The predictive improvement by inclusion of high-elevation weather stations in the precipitation analysis and the need for
accurate mountain snow information suggest the necessity of integrated
observation and prediction systems for forecasting extreme events in
mountain river basins.
Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest during the dry season
Authors: Jiménez-Rodríguez César Dionisio , Coenders-Gerrits Miriam , Wenninger Jochen , Gonzalez-Angarita Adriana , Savenije Hubert 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Tropical wet forests are complex ecosystems with a large number of plant species. These environments are characterized by a high water availability
throughout the whole year and a complex canopy structure. However, how the different sections of the canopy contribute to total evaporation is poorly
understood. The aim of this work is to estimate the total evaporation flux and differentiate the contribution among canopy layers of a tropical wet
forest in Costa Rica. The fluxes were monitored during the dry season by making use of the energy balance to quantify the fluxes and stable water isotopes
to trace the sources of water vapor. Total evaporation was 275.5 mm and represents 55.9 % of the recorded precipitation (498.8 mm),
with 11.7 % of the precipitation being intercepted and evaporated along the forest canopy. The understory beneath 8 m contributed
23.6 % of the evaporation, and almost half of it comes from the first 2 m of the understory. Stable water isotope signatures show different
soil water sources depending on the plant type. Palms make use of a water source with an isotope signature similar to precipitation and
throughfall. Soil water with a fractionated signature is used by trees, bushes and lianas. The isotope signature of water vapor samples overlap among
different heights, but it was not possible to make use of the Keeling plot method due to the similar isotope signature of the possible sources of
water vapor as well as the high water concentration even on the dryer days.
Improving early warning of drought-driven food insecurity in southern Africa using operational hydrological monitoring and forecasting products
Authors: Shukla Shraddhanand , Arsenault Kristi R. , Hazra Abheera , Peters-Lidard Christa , Koster Randal D. , Davenport Frank , Magadzire Tamuka , Funk Chris , Kumar Sujay , McNally Amy , Getirana Augusto , Husak Greg , Zaitchik Ben , Verdin Jim , Nsadisa Faka Dieudonne , Becker-Reshef Inbal 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The region of southern Africa (SA) has a fragile food economy and is vulnerable to frequent droughts. Interventions to mitigate food insecurity
impacts require early warning of droughts – preferably as early as possible before the harvest season (typically starting in April) and lean season (typically starting in November). Hydrologic monitoring and forecasting systems provide a unique opportunity to support early warning efforts, since they can provide regular updates on available root-zone soil moisture (RZSM), a critical variable for crop yield, and provide forecasts of RZSM by combining the estimates of antecedent soil moisture conditions with climate forecasts. For SA, this study documents the predictive capabilities of RZSM products from the recently developed NASA Hydrological Forecasting and Analysis System (NHyFAS). Results show that the NHyFAS products would have identified the regional severe drought event – which peaked during December–February of 2015–2016 – at least as early as 1 November 2015. Next, it is shown that during 1982–2016, February RZSM (Feb-RZSM) forecasts (monitoring product) available in early November (early March) have a correlation of 0.49 (0.79) with the detrended regional crop yield. It is also found that when the February RZSM forecast (monitoring product) available in early November (early March) is indicated to be in the lowest tercile, the detrended regional crop yield is below normal about two-thirds of the time (always), at least over the sample years considered. Additionally, it is shown that the February RZSM forecast (monitoring product) can provide “out-of-sample” crop yield forecasts with comparable (substantially better with 40 % reduction in mean error) skill to December–February ENSO. These results indicate that the NHyFAS products can effectively support food insecurity early warning in the SA region. Finally, since a framework similar to NHyFAS can be used to provide RZSM monitoring and forecasting products over other regions of the globe, this case study also demonstrates potential for supporting food insecurity early warning globally.
Encephalopathy an Atypical Presentation of Intussusception: A Case Report
Authors: Mampilly Venma , Sankaran Sasikumar Manalumukkil , Subbiah Ramaraj 
Published: April 2020

Background: Intussusception Encephalopathy is a pediatric emergency where a stuporous child presents with or without abdominal symptoms. Neurological manifestations of intussusception are an atypical presentation of this condition. It often misleads clinicians to other differential diagnoses of encephalopathy.
The Case: We present to you a case of an 11-month-old child presented with encephalopathy, acute in onset with underlying intussusception.
Conclusion: Intussusception encephalopathy is a pediatric emergency. It should be kept as a differential diagnosis when a child presents with complaints of acute onset of drowsiness with or without abdominal symptoms. Early diagnosis could save grave complications and improve the prognosis.
ST-Segment Elevation and Normokalemia in Acute Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Case Report and Brief Literature Review
Authors: Dhir S. Bryn , Husain Abbas 
Published: April 2020

Background: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM1) and requires prompt management; however, benign transient electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities with normal serum potassium levels can be seen in diabetic patients secondary to metabolic changes. Understanding the varying presentation among patients provides valuable insight into the management of this seemingly uncommon and benign diagnosis.
The Case: A 24-year-old male with a history of DM1 presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with ST-segment elevation, normal potassium levels and metabolic acidosis. The patient was found to be in DKA with benign cardiac manifestations.
Conclusion: The correction of underlying metabolic abnormalities in DKA and the awareness of the benign cardiac pseudo pathology on ECG allows for effective management and personalized patient care.
Polymyositis as a Rare Musculoskeletal Manifestation of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease: A Case Report of a 33-Year-Old Patient
Authors: Ben-Nun David 
Published: April 2020

Background: Musculoskeletal manifestations of chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) are rare and unfamiliar to most clinicians. Here we discuss the pathophysiology of chronic GVHD, current treatments and direction of research for improved therapy and prophylaxis and focus on the common and less common musculoskeletal complications of this unfortunately prevalent and burdensome disease.
The Case: This is a case report of a 33-year-old male with a past medical history of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) who presented with a 1-month history of generalized, proximal weakness and was found to have polymyositis secondary to chronic GVHD. Elicitation of further history showed that the patient had had multiple manifestations of both acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease in the two years following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
Conclusion: It is important for clinicians to be familiar with polymyositis secondary to chronic GHVD, which may appear in patients more than 100 days following allogenic HSCT and typically presents as diffuse, generalized myopathy with preserved sensation and elevated CPK and aldolase. The current mainstay of treatment is glucocorticoids with or without a calcineurin inhibitor, however due to the side effects associated with long term treatment, more effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments are needed to address this and other manifestations of chronic GVHD.
Antecedences of employees’ creativity: Evidence from IT, Educational and Advertisement sectors of Pakistan
Authors: Shahid Abdullah , Siddiqui Danish Ahmed 
Published: April 2020

This study aims to propose elaborative theoretical framework to assess factors that influences creativity. We combine (Teresa M. Amabile et al., 1996; Jothi & Hin, 2015; Lin & Liu, 2012; Yeh & Huan, 2017) models featuring work and its environmental related factors into one holistic framework to assess the antecedents and consequence of creativity. We propose two level mediation to assess the effect of environmental variables on innovation and motivations through creativity as well as Job Stressors. Environmental factors included Leaders Behavior, Freedom, Resources, Social Support, Workload, Perceived Organizational Support, Person job fit, and Challenging work. Perceived Organizational Support was further affected by Organizational impediments, Supervisory encouragement, and Work group supports. These factors influences Job Stressors that include Challenge and Hindrance stressors, and work pressures in environment. These stressors further affect creativity as proposed by Zhang & Wee (2018). We also categorize creativity into Quantity and Quality as per Yeh & Huan, (2017). Empirical validity was established by conducting a survey of employees in high creativity sectors like IT, Educational and Advertisement. Result shows that among work and environmental factors, only Leaders Behavior, Perceived Organizational Support, and Challenging work significantly affect job stressors. On the contrary, job stressors significantly affect both Quantity and Quality of creativity. However, subsequent effect of creativity on innovation and motivation could not be established.