bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hand‐Held Ultrasound Device for the Assessment of Peripheral Nerves in Leprosy
Authors: Wheat Stephen W. , Stryjewska Barbara , Cartwright Michael S. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEMycobacterium leprae complex affects peripheral nerves, causing nerve enlargement. This proof‐of‐concept pilot study was conducted to determine if a small hand‐held ultrasound device can accurately identify nerve involvement in individuals with leprosy.METHODSPeripheral nerve ultrasound was conducted of the bilateral median (wrist, forearm, elbow, and mid‐humerus), ulnar (wrist, forearm, elbow, 4 cm proximal to the elbow, and mid‐humerus), C5 root, and greater auricular nerves with a standard ultrasound device (15 Mhz) and a hand‐held ultrasound device (5 MHz). Nerve cross‐sectional areas were compared using the two devices.RESULTSEight individuals with leprosy were examined. Strong correlation was found between the standard and hand‐held ultrasound devices (r = .76, P < .001). A certain amount of variability between ultrasound devices may occur for multiple reasons.CONCLUSIONA hand‐held ultrasound device can readily identify nerve enlargement in individuals with leprosy. This type of device may assist in the diagnosis of leprosy in areas with limited healthcare resources because of the portability and low‐cost nature of such devices.
Two New and Nontoxigenic Pseudo‐nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) from Chinese Southeast Coastal Waters
Authors: Chen Xiu Mei , Pang Jin Xiu , Huang Chun Xiu , Lundholm Nina , Teng Sing Tung , Li Aifeng , Li Yang 
Published: November 2020

To explore the species diversity and toxin profile of Pseudo‐nitzschia, monoclonal strains were established from Chinese southeast coastal waters. The morphology was examined under light and transmission electron microscopy. The internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA was sequenced for phylogenetic analyses, and the secondary structure of ITS2 was predicted and compared among allied taxa. A combination of morphological and molecular data showed the presence of two new species, Pseudo‐nitzschia hainanensis sp. nov. and Pseudo‐nitzschia taiwanensis sp. nov. Pseudo‐nitzschia hainanensis was characterized by a dumpy‐lanceolate valve with slightly blunt apices and a central nodule, as well as striae comprising two rows of poroids. Pseudo‐nitzschia taiwanensis was characterized by a slender‐lanceolate valve, and striae comprising one row of split poroids. The poroid structure mainly comprised two sectors. Both taxa constituted their own monophyletic lineage in the phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS2 rDNA and were well differentiated from other Pseudo‐nitzschia species. Morphologically, P. hainanensis and P. taiwanensis could be assigned to the Pseudo‐nitzschia delicatissima and the Pseudo‐nitzschia pseudodelicatissima complex, respectively. Particulate domoic acid was measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), but no detectable pDA was found. With the description of the two new species, the species diversity of genus Pseudo‐nitzschia reaches 58 worldwide, among which 31 have been recorded from Chinese coastal waters.
SGT1 is not required for plant LRR‐RLK‐mediated immunity
Authors: Yu Gang , Xian Liu , Zhuang Haiyan , Macho Alberto P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlant immune signalling activated by the perception of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or effector proteins is mediated by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs) and nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich repeat domain‐containing receptors (NLRs), which often share cellular components and downstream responses. Many PRRs are leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases (LRR‐RLKs), which mostly perceive proteinaceous PAMPs. The suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1 (SGT1) is a core immune regulator required for the activation of NLR‐mediated immunity. In this work, we examined the requirement of SGT1 for immune responses mediated by several LRR‐RLKs in both Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis. Using complementary genetic approaches, we found that SGT1 is not limiting for early PRR‐dependent responses or antibacterial immunity. We therefore conclude that SGT1 does not play a significant role in bacterial PAMP‐triggered immunity.
Workplace well‐being in pediatric anesthesia: How to design and implement a bespoke evidence‐based framework in your department
Authors: Shrivastava Prani P. , McDonald Jane M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAll anesthetists are at risk of mental ill health and pediatric anesthetists face additional stressors that may impact upon well‐being, particularly after an adverse outcome. The SARS COV‐2 pandemic has resulted in a plethora of resources to support the well‐being of frontline workers. Developing a well‐being system for an anesthesia department using these resources may be complex to implement.AimsIn this article we outline how an anesthesia department can design and implement a framework for wellbeing, regardless of resources and financial constraints. We use the example of a free online toolkit developed in Australia for anesthetists.MethodsThe “Long lives, Healthy Workplaces toolkit” is a framework which has been specifically developed by mental health experts for anesthetists, and does not require departments to pay for external experts.1 Departments can design a long‐term model of evidence‐based mental health strategies to meet their unique needs using five steps outlined in the toolkit and detailed in this article. The framework uses cycles of assessment and review to create an adaptable approach to incorporate emerging evidence. We explain how culture can impact the implementation of a well‐being framework and we outline how departments can set goals and priorities.ConclusionDepartments have different constraints which will alter how they approach supporting anaesthetists’ wellbeing. Regardless of location or funding all departments should explicitly address anesthetists well‐being. Long term sustainable well‐being programs require a strategic and coordinated approach.
Development and initial validation of self‐report measures of general health, preoperative anxiety, and postoperative pain in young children using computer‐administered animation
Authors: Kaplan Sherrie H. , Fortier Michelle A. , Shaughnessy Marilou , Maurer Eva , Vivero‐Montemayor Marla , Masague Sergio Gago , Hayes Dylan , Stern Hal S. , Dai Maozhu , Kain Zeev N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundFor young children, existing measures of children's health‐related quality of life must be parent‐reported or interviewer‐administered for those who cannot read or complete measures independently. Parents’ and childrens’ reports about the child's health have been shown to disagree.Aims(a) To test the reliability and validity of an animated, computer‐administered Child Health Rating Inventories (CHRIS2.0) among children aged 4‐12 undergoing surgery; and (b) to develop and test two CHRIS measures of preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain management.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal cohort study of a diverse group of 542 children aged 4‐12 undergoing surgery. We compared the CHRIS measures to Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), the Functional Disabilities Inventory (FDI), State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory for children (STAI‐CH), and the Parent Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM).ResultsFactor analyses supported the construct validity of the 12‐item general physical health and the 8‐item mental health CHRIS scales, as well as a composite 20‐item scale, and the CHRIS preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain scales. Internal consistency reliability for all CHRIS scales exceeded the standard for group comparisons (Cronbach's α ≥0.70). The CHRIS general health composite was significantly correlated with composite PedsQL and FDI (r = 0.28, P < .001 and r = 0.43, P < .001, respectively). The CHRIS peri‐operative anxiety measure was significantly correlated with the STAI‐CH (r = 0.44, P < .001), as was the CHRIS postoperative pain scale with the PPPM (r = 0.52, P < .001).ConclusionsThe CHRIS measures were reliable and valid in this diverse sample of young children (4‐12). Because CHRIS measures are self‐administered, scored in real time, and run on multiple different platforms, this approach provides a feasible method for the collection of health‐related quality of life in young children and those with limited literacy. Our data indicate that this approach is psychometrically sound and has the potential for adding the child's voice to pediatric outcomes.
Can hydraulic design explain patterns of leaf water isotopic enrichment in C3 plants?
Authors: Barbour Margaret M. , Loucos Karen E. , Lockhart Erin L. , Shrestha Arjina , McCallum Daniel , Simonin Kevin A. , Song Xin , Griffani Danielle S. , Farquhar Graham D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractH218O enrichment develops when leaves transpire, but an accurate generalized mechanistic model has proven elusive. We hypothesized that leaf hydraulic architecture may affect the degree to which gradients in H218O develop within leaves, influencing bulk leaf stable oxygen isotope enrichment (ΔL) and the degree to which the Péclet effect is relevant in leaves. Leaf hydraulic design predicted the relevance of a Péclet effect to ΔL in 19 of the 21 species tested. Leaves with well‐developed hydraulic connections between the vascular tissue and the epidermal cells through bundle sheath extensions and clear distinctions between palisade and spongy mesophyll layers (while the mesophyll is hydraulically disconnected) may have velocities of the transpiration stream such that gradients in H218O develop and are expressed in the mesophyll. In contrast, in leaves where the vascular tissue is hydraulically disconnected from the epidermal layers, or where all mesophyll cells are well connected to the transpiration stream, velocities within the liquid transport pathways may be low enough that gradients in H218O are very small. Prior knowledge of leaf hydraulic design allows informed selection of the appropriate ΔL modelling framework.
Survey on children with cerebral palsy in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Yamagishi Hirokazu , Osaka Hitoshi , Toyokawa Satoshi , Kobayashi Yasuki , Shimoizumi Hideo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) is influenced by perinatal medicine and regional medical systems. We investigated the recent incidence of CP and the current problems of children with CP in living at home under an advanced perinatal medical system in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.MethodsA clinical datasheet survey was performed among 13 hospitals and six rehabilitation facilities treating children with CP born in Tochigi Prefecture to estimate the incidence of CP among children born between 2009 and 2013. The severity of motor and intellectual impairment, presumed causal factors, complications, and provided medical interventions were investigated and compared between preterm and term‐born children with CP.ResultsThe incidence of CP was 1.6 per 1000 live births. Shorter gestation period and lower birthweight were associated with a higher incidence of CP. Fifty‐one percent of children with CP were non‐ambulatory and 55% had severe to profound intellectual impairment. Episodes of neonatal asphyxia and periventricular leukomalacia were the most frequent causal factors; both were significantly more frequent in preterm than in term‐born children. Approximately 30% of children with CP had respiratory disorders, dysphagia, or epilepsy; 62% received medical interventions, including medication, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, tube feeding, and intraoral/intranasal suction.ConclusionWe found the incidence of CP to be lower in comparison to previous Japanese studies. However, the motor and intellectual impairments were severe, and many children with CP and their families were burdened by daily medical care. Public support systems should be developed, as well as the perinatal medical system.
Justice, Conscience, and War in Imperial Britain
Authors: Kelly Tobias 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article explores the political implications of opposition to war, focusing on the example of conscientious objection to military service. Conscientious objection is often treated as a fundamentally ethical issue; however, this article argues for centering questions of justice in analyses of responses to war. There is a risk that starting with ethics takes for granted the social significance of ethical responses and overlooks particular ethical practices in the reproduction of wider inequalities. More specifically, when an issue is narrowly framed in terms of ethics, it can have implications for who is allowed to speak and what they can speak about. Thinking about war as an issue of justice—in the sense of how society allocates the things that it values—allows the broader issues of hierarchy, distribution, and recognition to be in the foreground. The article focuses on the example of an Indian subject of the British Empire who applied for exemption from military service during the Second World War. The valorization on conscience by the British state prioritized a limited form of opposition to bloodshed grounded in personal moral scruples, to the exclusion of anti‐imperial self‐determination, and turned the war into an issue of individual ethics rather than global inequality.
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for evaluating seborrheic keratosis, verruca plana, syringoma and lichen nitidus
Authors: Dai Hui , Jiang Hong‐yan , Xu Ai‐e 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn clinical, common facial papule dermatosis such as seborrheic keratosis (SK), verruca plana (VP), syringoma and lichen nitidus (LN) is often misdiagnosed. Summarizing in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) features of the facial papule dermatosis is helpful in the diagnosis of ambiguous lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the features of SK, VP, syringoma, and LN in RCM.MethodsWe recruited 144 patients referred for unequivocal facial papule dermatosis including 60 patients with SK, 60 patients with VP, 10 patients with syringoma, and 14 patients with LN. The RCM images were evaluated at the epidermis, the dermoepidermal junction, and the dermis from both papule lesions and normal skin.ResultsIn the epidermis, the cerebriform shape was the main RCM characteristic of SK and the “petal‐like” structure was the main RCM characteristic of VP. In the dermoepidermal junction, the RCM features we found were as follows: For SK, the bright dermal papillary rings, the abnormal dermal papilla and the looped vessels were also observed at the abnormal dermal papilla. For VP, the bright dermal papillary rings and the point‐like blood vessels were also observed at the round dermal papills. For LN, the round, enlarged, well‐circumscribed dermal papillae and the enlarged dermal papillaes were heavily laden with individual highly refractive cells. In the dermis, RCM examination revealed brightly refractile teratogenous sweat tube, designing variably visible bright “moon” structures in all syringoma patients.ConclusionConsidering our results, RCM may be useful to non‐invasively discriminate SK, VP, syringoma and LN in vivo.
Critical Review of ASME III Plasticity Correction Factors for Fatigue Design-By-Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant Components
Authors: Clarkson David M. , Bell Christopher D. , Mackenzie Donald 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Despite significant technological progress in recent years, elastic–plastic fatigue analysis of pressure-retaining components remains a time-consuming venture. Accordingly, nuclear pressure vessel design codes such as ASME Section III provide simplified elastic–plastic analysis procedures as a practical alternative. This approach can be excessively conservative under certain conditions due to the bounding nature of the applied plasticity correction factor, Ke. While this over conservatism was tolerable in the past, recent technical challenges arising due to consideration of environmentally assisted fatigue and design for long-term operation have posed difficulty in achieving acceptable fatigue usage based on extant Code assessment procedures for certain components. The incorporation of more accurate Ke factors has since been identified as a nuclear industry priority. This paper presents a critical review of Ke factors within ASME Section III, with particular attention given to an approach proposed by Ranganath, which has recently been approved for publication as an ASME Section III Code Case. Correction factors adopted within other nuclear and nonnuclear codes and standards (C&S) were also considered. The code-based Ke factors were compared with Ke factors obtained directly from various elastic–plastic finite element (FE) models of representative plant components. The results revealed a considerable difference in conservatism between the code-based methods. Based on the elastic–plastic finite element analysis (FEA) results, an alternative improved plasticity correction method is proposed in this paper. The need for a harmonized approach to determining Ke based on elastic–plastic FE analysis and further development of efficient plasticity correction methods for total life assessment are highlighted as desirable industry objectives.
Fatigue Evaluation of a New Two-Piece Dental Implant, Having a Replaceable Titanium Sleeve
Authors: Chaushu Liat , Chaushu Gavriel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A new two-piece dental implant, having a replaceable thin titanium sleeve in its 5 mm crestal part was designed. The use of a sleeve of near 0.2 mm thickness reduces implant diameter by 0.4 mm. Narrower diameter implants may increase the likelihood of component fracture in dental implant systems. 14 two-piece dental implants, with 25 deg abutment angle were subjected to a dynamic fatigue test according to DIN EN ISO 14801. The highest load at which a runout (nonfailure) occurred at 5 × 106 cycles, amounted to 575 N. This load level was confirmed with n = 3 samples. The Wöhler curve was determined. Accordingly, the runout at 106 cycles can be anticipated as 625 N. The new two-piece Implant B™ design using a 0.2 mm sleeve is compatible with the DIN EN ISO 14801 standards for dimensions of 4.2 mm diameter and 13 mm length. It withstands dynamic fatigue test at least as good as any other standard endosseous implant.
Design Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of a Novel Tool to Noninvasively Characterize Pressurized, Physiological Vessels
Authors: Jacobson Natasha , Driscoll Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A prolonged increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is life-threatening, yet commonly seen in intensive care units (ICUs). Despite this, existing clinically accepted IAP measurement techniques are invasive and not inter-rater reliable. As such, it is the effort of this research to develop a direct, noninvasive, handheld tool to measure internal pressures in pressurized, physiological vessels. The novel device uses a localized known pressure (namely, aspiration) to measure resulting tissue deformation, from which internal pressures can be divulged considering the extended Hencky solution. Two male participants were tested with the device to confirm feasibility of the theoretical device function for IAP measurement. Participants' Young's moduli of the abdominal wall were calculated with measured IAP values. Results were consistent with participant body mass indices and overall health. Average measured IAP was 0.42 kPa and 0.46 kPa at supine and inclined positions, respectively. Average measured abdominal wall elasticity was 14.91 kPa and 23.09 kPa at supine and inclined positions, respectively. These preliminary findings suggest the potential use of the device described herein as a measurement system for pressurized vessels, whereas the system will be tested on a larger sample size before recommending clinical use.
Application of Spectral Method for Vibration-Induced High-Cycle Fatigue Evaluation of an High-Pressure Turbine Blade
Authors: Ubulom Iroizan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A method of fluid–structure interaction coupling is implemented for a forced-response, vibration-induced fatigue life estimation of a high-pressure turbine blade. Two simulations approaches; a two-way (fully coupled) and one-way (uncoupled) methods are implemented to investigate the influence of fluid–solid coupling on a turbine blade structural response. The fatigue analysis is performed using the frequency domain spectral moments estimated from the response power spectral density (PSD) of the two simulation cases. The method is demonstrated in relation to the time-domain method of the rainflow cycle counting method with mean stress correction. Correspondingly, the mean stress and multi-axiality effects are also accounted for in the frequency domain spectral approach. In this case, a multiplication coefficient is derived based on the Morrow equation, while the case of multi-axiality is based on a criterion which reduces the triaxial stress state to an equivalent uniaxial stress using the critical plane assumption. The analyses show that while the vibration-induced stress histories of both simulation approaches are stationary, they violate the assumption of normality of the frequency domain approaches. The stress history profile of both processes can be described as platykurtic with the distributions having less mass near its mean and in the tail region, as compared to a Gaussian distribution with an equal standard deviation. The fully coupled method is right leaning with positive skewness while the uncoupled approach is left leaning with negative skewness. The directional orientation of the principal axes was also analyzed based on the Euler angle estimation. Although noticeable differences were found in the peak distribution of the normal stresses for both methods, the predicted Euler angle orientations were consistent in both cases, depicting a similar orientation of the critical plane during a crack initiation and propagation process. Finally, the fatigue life estimation was shown to be conservative in the fully coupled solution approach.
Organisational Obstacles and Pitfalls on the Road to Product Data Management: Findings From a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Waterson P. E. , Pepper K. , Clegg C. W. , Fagan C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper we describe the findings of a longitudinal study of the implementation, adoption and early use of a set of Product Data Management (PDM) tools. The findings are based on research carried out within a major engineering company located in the UK. Our findings highlight a number of key issues that proved to be problematic during, and after the tools had been introduced. These issues include the management and coordination between all groups involved in the change (i.e., technical, implementation and end user groups); problems with training and education; and, planning for changes which are likely to happen to established working practices. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations and key lessons learnt from the study.