bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Scale Prediction for High Calcium Containing Produced Brine and Sulfide Scales
Authors: Wang Xin , Deng Guannan , Ko Saebom , Yi-Tsung Lu Alex , Zhao Yue , Dai Chong , Paudyal Samridhdi , Ouyang Bingjie , Mateen Sana , Kan Amy T. , Tomson Mason B. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In oil and gas industry, scaling prevention is one of the most important problems. While with more aggressive drilling and exploitation, scale control for the unconventional scale under complex water chemistry becomes more challenging. There are more chances to encountering with high temperature, high pressure, high TDS and some unconventional scale conditions. The modeling of the sulfide scale is notoriously difficult due to the extremely low solubility and complex water chemistry. Thus, the thermodynamic data is rare for sulfide minerals. Metal-sulfide-bisulfide complexes bring a large uncertainty for scale prediction. Another challenge is scale prediction in brine with high TDS, especially with high calcium concentration. Thermodynamic data with common ions Ca2+ and SO42- is needed to improve thermodynamic models. The objective of this paper is to extend our knowledge for these exotic scale solubility predictions with both experimental studies and model validation. Some remaining questions in Pitzer theory framework have been thoroughly reviewed and discussed to improve the scale prediction for iron sulfide and high calcium condition. The newly derived models are able to predict the saturation index (SI) within ±0.3 unit for iron sulfide and ±0.15 units for common sulfate scales, respectively. These developed models have been incorporated into ScaleSoftPitzer for practical use in the oil and gas production.
Developments in Squeeze Treatments Design - Why not Apply 24 Month Duration Squeeze to Offshore Production Wells?
Authors: Jordan Myles Martin , Sutherland Louise , Johnston Clare 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The control of inorganic scale deposition within production wells by deployment of scale squeeze treatments is a well-established method for both onshore and offshore production wells.
Over the past 25 years the science of designing and optimising these treatments has advanced significantly with a better understanding of chemical/rock interaction, more effective modelling software to design the treatments and improved analysis methods for the determination of returning residual concentrations.
Scale squeeze treatments have in general been designed to treat between 6 to 12 months of water production before either the production layer or bulk produced water composition falls below minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC). In this paper examples of the process followed to design treatments for 24 months produced water for three offshore fields (North Sea, West Africa and Middle East) are outlined.
Factors that have influenced the change from 12 to 24 months squeeze treatments include changing MIC values, rising operation expenditure related to subsea vs platform deployment costs and in all cases assessing total operational cost vs simply chemical costs alone.
This paper presents the field treatment designs from 4 case study fields, changing MIC values based on produced water composition which impacts chemical volumes required. The balance between cost of operation to deploy the chemical treatments to subsea vs platform wells are discussed. The implication of deferred oil associated with delayed production during pumping and post squeeze well clean-up was also considered in the design process for these wells. These case studies describe squeeze treatments which in certain wells treat over 25,000,000 bbls to MIC.
The paper outlines the elements of the process that should be considered/reviewed when making the decision to change from the conventional 12 months to 24 months squeeze treatment. Designs and field results from three oil producing basins, each with different cost drivers, have been used to illustrate how it is possible to maintain effective scale management through the life cycle of these production wells.
Scale Dissolver and Scale Squeeze Operations in an HPHT Field in the North Sea
Authors: Nelson Alexander , Algrøy Trine , Netland Kjetil , Sæther Øystein , Johnsen Rita Iren 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a case history of scale treatments performed in a well producing in the North Sea. Kvitebjørn is a gas and condensate producer with high reservoir pressure (480bar) and high temperature (152°C). Well A-7 T2 started production in January 2014 and has a history of a carbonate scale precipitation.A few months after start-up, formation water breakthrough was observed in addition to a reduction in Production Index.
Due to challenges with removing scale by wireline, interventions using scale dissolver were performed in late 2017 and early 2018. The second dissolver treatment was followed by a scale squeeze to protect the well from further scaling. The chemicals used were qualified according to the Operator’s technical specifications. Due to high reservoir temperature, thermal stability was vital in the qualification process. The formation permeability was moderate, which was important to consider when evaluating the risk of formation damage.
The environmental category for the chemicals versus their performance was an important factor in the qualification process. Modelling programs were used to assess placement distribution under various bullhead pumping conditions. For the scale squeeze, a modelling program was used to simulate treatment lifetime using isotherms derived from laboratory core flood testing.
Water samples were taken from the well and analysed onshore in the supplier’s laboratory. Following the scale squeeze, water samples were taken from the well during the entire treatment lifetime. Ion concentrations and residual inhibitor concentrations were monitored together with production parameters to assess the scale situation in the well.
Following the treatments, the well showed an increased gas production. The well produced 1.2MSm3 at 40% choke before the treatments and 1.2MSm3 at 6-7% choke after. Laboratory work combined with field experience from this first well that was treated, forms the basis for possible future treatments. Being able to treat wells through pro-active and efficient scale inhibitor squeeze treatments will allow for continued production of wells exposed to scale risk, avoiding the cost and risks associated with mechanical scale removal and avoiding production deferral associated with potential dissolver jobs.
Simulation of Sampling Conditions to Aid Optimum Collection and Handling of Formation Water Samples During Formation Testing
Authors: McCartney Ross 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Formation water samples are often collected via formation testing from appraisal wells to aid scale management planning. It is important that the samples, and analyses obtained from them, are of good quality. The risk of obtaining poor quality samples/analyses is, in part, determined by the methods, procedures and equipment selected by the operator. To reduce this risk, it is useful to simulate the anticipated sampling conditions ahead of formation testing. This aids selection of optimum methods, procedures and equipment to obtain formation water samples/analyses for scale management planning given the constraints of the drilling and testing programmes.
To demonstrate the approach, scale prediction software has been used to simulate the conditions experienced by samples obtained from low, moderate and high pressure and temperature reservoirs (all non-H2S-bearing). A typical North Sea formation water composition was assumed but the composition was varied to explore how this affected the results. A wide range of sampling scenarios have been modelled. For example, these have looked at the effects of sampling drawdown, sampling below the bubble point, in the transition zone and below the OWC, use of different types of sample chambers, and use of different post-sampling handling methods.
The simulation results show, for given reservoir conditions and formation water compositions, why, and how, the compositions can be affected by the choice of sampling methods, procedures and equipment. This has allowed recommendations to be made with respect to how to produce water from the test zone, what type of sampling tools should be used under different circumstances, and how the samples should be handled after collection for each category of reservoir. The same approach can be used after acquisition to help confirm the quality of the samples/analyses obtained (i.e. by simulating the actual sampling conditions encountered).
Scale Control Using Reactive Transport Modeling: Lessons Learned from Field Studies
Authors: Tambach Tim J. , Fadili Ali , Gdanski Rick D. , Kampman Niko , Koot Wouter , Snippe Jeroen R. , de Zwart Bert-Rik H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The use of reactive transport modeling (RTM) is increasing in the oil and gas industry for assessing the geochemical impact (e.g. scaling and souring) of various activities, such as waterflooding for improved oil recovery (IOR) and CO2 storage. RTM is a technique that integrates fluid flow, transport of heat and solutes, and geochemical reactions. It can be used to model fluid compositional changes as well as rock mineralogical changes, caused by geochemical reactions, under flowing conditions. We use our in-house reservoir simulator (MoReS), coupled to geochemical software (PHREEQC), to carry out RTM. Simulations are based on the mixed solvent electrolyte (MSE) model from OLI Studio, a standard tool used by production chemists, enabling accurate computation of aqueous chemical reactions and partitioning of components between solid, fluid and gas phases.
Over the last few years we have used RTM to make scale predictions for several waterflooding projects around the globe. In this paper we will show results from these field cases and highlight the most important findings. In brief, these are: Enabling mineral precipitation reactions in flow calculations improves the match between measured and simulated production water (PW) chemistry.Full 3D reservoir models capture different flow paths arriving/mixing near production wells, enabling an improved match between historical and simulated PW chemistry. Simplified (1D/2D) models are sufficient for predicting the magnitude of scale deposition and screening scale prediction uncertainties when little is known about reservoir connectivity (e.g. new developments).Inclusion of clay mineral cation exchange reactions significantly modifies the evolution of the injected water composition during migration through the reservoir. As a result, this impacts the reservoir deposition of scaling minerals (e.g. barite) and the scaling potential of production wells. Characterization of cation exchange properties of clay minerals in reservoirs is therefore recommended.
The developed workflow, based on learnings from various projects, is now used to forecast scaling risks in new projects and supports ongoing projects in mitigating risks (e.g. selection/timing scale squeezes).
Large Scale Laboratory Tests for Calcium Carbonate Scaling in Sliding Sleeve Valves
Authors: Martins A. L. , Santos H. F , Castro B. B. , Gonçalves A. S. , Maffra D. A. , Loureiro J. B. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Downhole carbonate scaling is a major concern in offshore scenarios, where workover operations are associated with very high costs. Intelligent completion concepts are also a requirement for reservoir management optimization. These systems however, introduce several elements in the production string which may constitute hotspots for scaling. The goal of this work is to present pilot scale test facilities and procedures designed to mimic real field situations. Results presented include pH, conductivity and particle size distributions from samples taken along the pipe length and along periodic time intervals. Severe, but representative of some of Brazilian pre-salt scenarios, scaling conditions (S between 3 and 3.4 and pH around 7.5) enable comparative results with a reasonable test volume. Pressure drop on the valve and along the pipe length is also discussed. The scale adherent to the pipe wall and on the valve have been dried and weighted after the experiment. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy have been used for further characterization of the scale structure. The role of flow rates, water composition and valve opening (creating different localized pressure drops) is experimentally investigated. A discussion on scaling mechanisms is presented. Additionally, the use of non-chemical strategies to delay pressure drop increase is also shown. Results show the present experimental set up is able to reproduce hydrodynamics and scaling conditions of downhole scenario. In this work reproducible large scale test procedures have been established. The flow loop allows the evaluation of chemical injection devices besides non chemical mitigation alternatives, including coatings and physical strategies.
The Reduction in CD8+PD-1+ T Cells in Liver Histological Tissue is Related to Pegylated IFN-α Therapy Outcomes in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
Authors: Liu Ruyu , Chen Yanhui , Guo Jiang , Li Minghui , Lu Yao , Zhang Lu , Shen Ge , Wu Shuling , Chang Min , Hu Leiping , Hao Hongxiao , Zhang Henghui , Xie Yao 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background and Aim:Antiviral therapy is recommended for patients with immune-active chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to decrease the risk of liver-related complications. However, the outcomes of the pegylated IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α) therapy vary among CHB patients. We aimed to identify factors that can influence the outcomes in CHB patients who received antiviral PEG-IFN-α monotherapy.Methods:Thirty-two CHB patients who received PEG-IFN-α monotherapy were enrolled in this study. All of the patients underwent two liver biopsies at baseline and 6 months after the initiation of the therapy. CD8+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD68+mononuclear cells, and PD-1 levels in the 64 liver biopsy specimens were examined via immunofluorescence.Results:The overall median frequency ofCD8+T cells in the liver tissues of 32 CHB patients significantly decreased at 6 months after the therapy initiation (p< 0.01). In the FIER (fibrosis and inflammation response with HBeAg seroconversion) group, CD8+PD-1+T cells significantly decreased at 6 months (p< 0.05), while CD8+PD-1-T cells had no significant difference. On the contrary, in the FIENR (no fibrosis and inflammation response and HBeAg seroconversion) group, CD8+PD-1-T cells significantly decreased after 6 months of PEG-IFN-α treatment (p< 0.05), while CD8+PD-1+T cells had no significant difference. In addition, the levels of CD68+mononuclear cells in the FIER group showed an overall increasing trend after treatment (p< 0.05).Conclusions:The changes in the levels of CD8+PD-1+T cells and CD68+mononuclear cells may be related to the response to PEG-IFN-α therapy.
Multi-omics analysis reveals the influence of genetic and environmental risk factors on developing gut microbiota in infants at risk of celiac disease
Authors: Leonard Maureen M , Karathia Hiren , Pujolassos Meritxell , Troisi Jacopo , Valitutti Francesco , Subramanian Poorani , Camhi Stephanie , Kenyon Victoria , Colucci Angelo , Serena Gloria , Cucchiara Salvatore , Montuori Monica , Malamisura Basilio , Francavilla Ruggiero , Elli Luca , Fanelli Brian , Colwell Rita , Hasan Nur , Zomorrodi Ali R , Fasano Alessio , Team CDGEMM Study 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune digestive disorder that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals in response to ingesting gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Research shows that genetic predisposition and exposure to gluten are necessary but not sufficient to trigger the development of CD. This suggests that exposure to other environmental stimuli early in life, e.g., cesarean section delivery, exposure to antibiotics or formula feeding, may also play a key role in CD pathogenesis through yet unknown mechanisms. Here, we use multi-omics analysis to investigate how genetic and early environmental risk factors alter the development of the gut microbiota in infants at risk of CD. Results: Toward this end, we selected 31 infants from a large-scale prospective birth cohort study of infants with a first-degree relative with CD. We then performed rigorous multivariate association, cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses using metagenomic and metabolomic data collected at birth, three months and six months of age to explore the impact of genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors on the gut microbiota composition, function and metabolome prior to the introduction of trigger (gluten). These analyses revealed several microbial species, functional pathways and metabolites that are associated with each genetic and environmental risk factor or that are differentially abundant between environmentally exposed and non-exposed infants or between time points. Among our significant findings, we found that cesarean section delivery is associated with a decreased abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides dorei and of folate biosynthesis pathway, and with an increased abundance of hydroxyphenylacetic acid, alterations that are implicated in immune system dysfunction and inflammatory conditions. Additionally, longitudinal analysis revealed that, in infants not exposed to any environmental risk factor, the abundances of Bacteroides uniformis and of metabolite 3-3-hydroxyphenylproprionic acid increase over time while those for lipoic acid and methane metabolism pathways decrease, patterns that are linked to beneficial immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions: Overall, our study provides unprecedented insights into major taxonomic and functional shifts in the developing gut microbiota of infants at risk of CD linking genetic and environmental risk factors to detrimental immunomodulatory and inflammatory effects.
The miRNA COMPLEXES AGAINST CORONAVIRUSES SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV
Authors: Rakhmetullina Aizhan , Ivashchenko Anatoliy , Akimniyazova Aigul , Aisina Dana , Pyrkova Anna 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: In the past twenty years humankind has effected from infections caused by SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome) and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, which have caused significant harm to human health and resulted in high mortality. The possibility of using miRNA (mRNA-inhibiting RNA) to inhibit infections caused by the coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV has been shown. Methods: The MirTarget program determines the following characteristics of interaction between miRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs): the start of the miRNA binding site on the mRNA; the locations of the miRNA binding sites in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR), 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR), or coding sequence (CDS); the interaction free energy (∆G, kJ/mole); and nucleotide interaction schemes between miRNAs and mRNAs.Results: Using bioinformatics approaches, completely complementary miRNA (cc-miRNA) complexes were predicted to be able to bind and inhibit the translation of coronavirus proteins and the replication of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV genomes. For complexes of seven completely complementary miRNA of SARS-CoV-2 (cc-miRc), seven completely complementary miRNA of SARS-CoV (cc-miRs), and eight completely complementary miRNA of MERS-CoV (cc-miRm), the interactions with the RNA genomes (gRNAs) of the corresponding coronaviruses was evaluated. The free energy of the interactions of cc-miRNAs with binding sites was significantly higher than the free energy of the interactions with other regions in gRNA, which ensures high selectivity of the binding of cc-miRNAs. Weak binding of cc-miRNAs to the mRNAs of 17508 human genes was shown, which suggests the absence of side effects of the cc-miRNAs in humans. A feature of this method is the simultaneous inhibition of translation and replication by several cc-miRNAs binding from the 5' end to the 3' end of gRNA. Conclusion: The use of several cc-miRNAs to suppress infections allows each of them to be used at a lower concentration to avoid side effects when one cc-miRNA is introduced into humans at a high concentration.
Exaggerated Mini Puberty of Early Infancy in the Preterm Girls: A Case Report and Systematic Review
Authors: davoodi mohamad Ahangar , Ghobadi Fatemeh , Mahmoudi Golsa , Amir Almasi-Hashiani 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Mini puberty is the important period of infancy life that has several impressions to sexual development in both sexes. In the infants born very premature and extremely low birth weight, mini puberty changes including clinical, hormonal and imaging data are severe and long lasting, especially in girls. It can be called “exaggerated mini puberty”.Methods: In this study, 6-month preterm infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia presented with periodic vaginal bleeding, breast stage tanner 3 and pubic hairs. We followed up infant by clinical and para clinical evaluations during one year and compared this data with all of the similar articles were published.Results: During one year monitoring of the infancy puberty presentation, gradually returned to the pre pubertal state, without excessive hormonal treatment. Conclusions: Due to this systematic review, exaggerated mini puberty is the temporary physiologic state in very low birth weight preterm infants that should be prevents any extra hormonal and surgical intervention.
Clinical Analysis of Classification for Tibial Plateau Fractures and Popliteal Artery Injury
Authors: Yao Yilun , Wu Xiaoshu , Wu Lei , Yang Lei , Jiang Chunzhi , Yang Wengbo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective To explore the association between the classification for tibial plateau fractures (TPF) and the popliteal artery injury (PAI).Methods 22 TPF patients accompanied by PAI who were treated from May 2012 to July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 19 males and 3 females with an average age of 49.43 years. The Schatzker classification and three-column classification were performed for TPF. The severity of extremity injury was evaluated using the mangled extremity severity score (MESS). Except 3 patients treated with amputation, the remaining patients underwent surgical repair of popliteal artery and fracture external fixation. The efficacy was evaluated using the Rasmussen score for tibial head fractures.Results There were 10 cases of Schatzker type IV fractures, 1 case of type V fractures and 11 cases of type VI fractures. Based on the three-column classification, the posterior column was involved in 22 cases, 2 columns in 15 cases and 3 columns in 6 cases. The MESS was 6-10 points, with an average of 7.59 points. Except 1 case directly receiving amputation, 3 cases of segment P1 injury was observed via preoperative DSA + intraoperative exploration, while segment P2 in 6 cases and segment P3 in 12 cases. Popliteal artery was found completely ruptured in 11 cases, partially ruptured in 1 case, and severely contused with thrombosis in 10 cases. The Rasmussen score was given to 19 patients at the last follow-up,except for the cases undergoing amputation. The efficacy was excellent in 8 cases, good in 7 cases, moderate in 3 cases and poor in 1 case.Conclusion: In patients with complex TPF, the risk of PAI becomes higher with the increase of Schatzker classification level. Knee CT scan is helpful in determining the severity of fractures and evaluating PAI. Based on the three-column classification, PAI should be suspected when the fractures involve the medial and posterior column.PAI is mainly in the segment P3, and artery rupture or severe contusion with extensive thrombosis may occur.The postoperative knee function of patients with complex TPF can be well restored by early active surgical repair of popliteal artery.