bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATE OF VOLTAGE QUALITY ON TRACTION SUBSTATION BUSES OF 27.5 kV WITH LONGITUDINAL CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION DEVICE
Authors: Makasheva Svetlana , Pinchukov Pavel , Mamaev Aleksandr , Terleckiy Sergey 
Published: March 2020

The paper is dedicated to the investigation of electric energy quality in AC traction network. The object of investigations is voltage in the AC traction network on buses of 27.5 kV in the AC functioning substation. The probabilistic-statistical value of the voltage level and values of electric energy quality according to voltage non-sinusoidality is under fulfillment.
There are shown numerical characteristics and histograms of the distribution density of values under analysis for two operation modes of the AC traction substation – switching on and off of the longitudinal capacitive compensation device formed on the basis of natural measurements. The probabilistic-statistical processing of natural measurements results in power supply arms of the functioning traction substation located in the Far-East of the Russian Federation is carried out.
The analysis results are shown as distribution density histograms of random values according to the standard law and in a table form. The longitudinal compensation device impact upon quality values of electric power according to the voltage is under consideration.
The calculated indices of electric power quality at the traction substation are compared with the requirements of GOST 32144-2013 in force. It is mentioned that upon buses of 27.5 kV of the traction substation both in the mode of UPK switching on, and in the mode of its switching off the electric power quality by the factor of voltage harmonic components does not satisfy the requirements of GOST 32144-2013 in a number of harmonics. On the basis of the complex estimate of voltage parameters there is drawn a conclusion of the positive impact of longitudinal capacitive compensation devices upon voltage level and the absence of a distinct effect upon a harmonic structure of voltage in a traction network at longitudinal compensation switching on. The conclusion is drawn about filtration expediency of voltage highest harmonic components in power supply arms of the traction substation to bring quality indices on voltage non-sinusoidality to the requirements of the standard in force.
BRAKING SYSTEM FOR BOGIE SUCCESSIVE BRAKING OF FREIGHT CARS
Authors: Sinicyn Vladimir , Kobishchanov Vladimir 
Published: March 2020

Brake leverages with the location of brake cylinders on bogies have a number of advantages as compared with common circuits. Domestic braking systems are presented mainly by design improvements and inventions. In this connection the development of the prototype of such a system for domestic standard bogies corresponding to the requirements and conditions of Russian railways is urgent. At that the application of domestic brake devices in such systems is preferable.
The aim of this work is a choice of the optimum design for a unified leverage for two-axial bogies of type 2 and 3 (RSS 9246-2013) with the location of cylinders 670V on a bogie, and also a development of the circuit for its adjustment while operation.
On the basis of the regulations for a standard computation of a brake there is chosen an optimum circuit of the brake leverage. With the aid of 3D thoroughly developed model of a brake system located directly on a bogie taking into account a design outline of bogie elements, the analysis of bogie units geometry is carried out and all intermediate leverage, separators and brake beams positions are defined which allowed obtaining the sufficiently accurate values of assembly dimensions at different wear stages of a wheel tread and a brake shoe.
There is chosen an optimum brake system for two-axial bogies of type 2 and type 3 (RSS 9246-2013) with the location of cylinders 670V on a bogie. The regulating circuits and a table of assembly dimensions of the brake system during operation for a brake shoe 60±4mm thick are developed. An aggregate stock and screw travel of a brake cylinder regulator during operation without taking into account elastic deformation of a system is chosen. The considered leverage system design is offered as a prototype for the brake system design for freight cars.
METHODS DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH AND RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROLLING-STOCK BEARING STRUCTURE USING MATHEMATICAL MODELING METHODS
Authors: Kobishchanov Vladimir , Antipin Dmitriy , Rasin Dmitriy , Manueva Marina 
Published: March 2020

The purpose of the work is a procedure formation for the analysis of strength and reliability of rolling-stock bearing structure using methods of mathematical modeling. Its appraisal is shown by the example of improvements in a universal gondola car bearing structure. The procedure offered is formed by a mathematical modeling of bearing structure dynamic loading in the rolling-stock operation including shunting movement encounters. At the first stage of the procedure the dynamic computer simulations of a rail crew movement on way roughness are under development. As a result of modeling there are defined dynamic loads influencing a bearing structure in operation. The analysis of the stress-strain state of the bearing structure is carried out on the basis of detailed shell finite element models. The computation is carried out in a dynamic position through the method of the direct integration of nodal-relocation equations. The estimate of bearing structures fatigue life in a pivot area was carried out on the basis of the linear hypothesis of fatigue damages summation, the power approximation of a material fatigue curve and scheming dynamic stresses affecting the structure through the method of complete cycles.
Within the limits of the procedure the history of loading was presented as a step function. On the basis of the results of a stress-strain state in the bearing structure of a gondola car body in a static and dynamic location there is carried out the analysis of fatigue life in a pivot area of the gondola car and the conclusions were drawn regarding crack-like defect occurrence in a center plate arrangement of a frame.
There are offered three versions for updating the pivot joint of a gondola car with the purpose of its fatigue life increase. For each version of updating there are developed corresponding detailed finite element models of the pivot area and on their basis the analysis of strength and fatigue life is performed.
On the basis of computation results and taking into account the manufacturability of center plate arrangement production an efficient version is recommended for updating a pivot joint of a gondola car. The pivot joint modernization according to the version offered allowed decreasing maximum acting stresses in the pivot joint by 27% and increasing service life of the welded joint elements up to 29 years.
Land use alteration strategy to improve forest landscape structural quality in Radhanagar forest range under Bankura district
Authors: MANDAL Mrinmay , DAS CHATTARJEE Nilanjana 
Published: March 2020

Such kind of human necessities restructured the existing landscape pattern which brings imbalance in regional biodiversity. Radhanagar Forest Range (RFR) in Bankura district has been faced same kind of activates since 1960. As a result, forest patch becomes isolated and structurally complex in nature which is an important cause for extinction of wild animal. To control this damage forest department increased forest area through several plantation schemes in vacant or barren land. But plantation areas were not appropriate in the question of structural forest quality in this region. The present study seems that forest structural quality is a vital consideration for balancing biodiversity, in concern of several ecological processes like species movement, connectivity, colonization and edge contrast. Suitable forest patch structure may possible when appropriate areas i.e. forest encroached areas will be select for plantation. To prove this statement, study considers two types of landuse alteration into forest land i) all barren land altered into forest and ii) selected encroached areas altered into forest land in RFR. ArcGIS 10.3 version software is used for technical map editing and preparing these spatial alteration maps. After that several landscape ecological indexes like Total Core Area Index (TCAI), Mean Core Area (MCA) at 300 m specified edge depth, Total Edge (TE), Edge Density (ED), Area Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI), Area Weighted Mean Patch Fractal Dimension (AWMPFD) and Mean Patch Size (MPS) are calculated using FragStat 4.2 version software to compare both spatial alteration forest qualities. Comparison analysis explains that encroached areas alteration into forest land is qualitative to improve forest structural quality. It is interesting to know that less area will be planted in encroached area to get utmost forest structural qualities.
A Life-Changing Moment in a Patient with Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin Holiday
Authors: Butt Muhammad Imran , Mukhtar Noha , Riazuddin Muhammad , Amer Lama , Elsayed Tarek 
Published: March 2020

Background: The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes can be a life-changing moment for our patients particularly having to live with the idea of taking insulin all their life and the barriers it can bring about. Case report: We report a patient with ten years of autoimmune type 1 diabetes treated with insulin. He was able to stop insulin in favour of oral diabetes agents after dynamic endocrine tests confirmed micro insulin secretion despite autoimmunity. Our case demonstrates that a detailed history and thorough investigations adopting a holistic approach can sometimes change the course of disease management and can leave a positive impact on the life of our patients. Conclusion: Patients with partial retention of beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes can temporarily stop insulin safely with ongoing surveillance. [GMJ.2020;9:e1769]
Functional hemispherectomy: can preoperative imaging predict outcome?
Authors: Weil Alexander G. , Fallah Aria , Wang Shelly , Ibrahim George M. , Elkaim Lior M. , Jayakar Prasanna , Miller Ian , Bhatia Sanjiv , Niazi Toba N. , Ragheb John 
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVEAlthough hemispherectomy is an effective treatment for children with intractable hemispheric epilepsy syndromes, as many as 40% of patients eventually develop seizure recurrence. The causes of seizure recurrence in these patients are incompletely understood. The authors sought to evaluate the efficacy of hemispherectomy at their center and determine whether contralateral MRI abnormalities can predict seizure recurrence.METHODSA retrospective review of consecutive hemispherectomies performed at Miami Children’s Hospital between January 2000 and June 2014 was performed. Time-to-event analysis was performed. The “event” was defined as any seizures following resective epilepsy surgery (not including seizures in the first postoperative week and auras). Several preoperative variables were analyzed to determine their suitability to predict seizure recurrence following surgery.RESULTSSixty-nine patients (44 boys) with a mean age of 8.2 ± 5.9 years (range 0.1–20.8 years) underwent 72 hemispherectomies; 67 of these were functional hemispherectomies, while another 5 were completion of a previous functional hemispherectomy (2 completions of functional hemispherectomies, 3 anatomical hemispherectomies). The duration of epilepsy was 5.8 ± 5.5 years with 66 cases (91.7%) having daily seizures. Etiology included stroke (n = 28), malformation of cortical development (n = 11), hemimegalencephaly (n = 11), encephalitis (n = 13), and other (n = 7). Engel class I outcome was achieved in 59 (86%) and 56 (81%) patients at 1 and 2 years of follow-up, respectively. The mean time to seizure recurrence was 33.5 ± 31.1 months. In univariate analyses, the absence of contralateral abnormalities on MRI (HR 4.09, 95% CI 1.41–11.89, p = 0.009) was associated with a longer duration of seizure freedom. The presence of contralateral MRI abnormalities was associated with contralateral ictal seizures on preoperative scalp EEG (p = 0.002). Fifteen patients experienced 20 complications (20/72, 27.8%), including the development of hydrocephalus necessitating CSF diversion in 9 cases (13%), hygroma in 1, hemispheric edema in 1, aseptic meningitis in 2, postoperative hemorrhage in 2, infection in 2, ischemic stroke in 2, and blood transfusion–contracted hepatitis C in 1 case.CONCLUSIONSPatients with bihemispheric abnormalities, as evidenced by contralateral MRI abnormalities, have a higher risk of earlier seizure recurrence following functional hemispherectomy.
Intraoperative electrophysiology during single-level selective dorsal rhizotomy: technique, stimulation threshold, and response data in a series of 145 patients
Authors: De Vloo Philippe , Huttunen Terhi J. , Forte Dalila , Jankovic Ivana , Lee Amy , Hair Mark , Cawker Stephanie , Chugh Deepti , Carr Lucinda , Crowe Belinda H. A. , Pitt Matthew , Aquilina Kristian 
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVESelective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is effective at permanently reducing spasticity in children with spastic cerebral palsy. The value of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in this procedure remains controversial, and its robustness has been questioned. This study describes the authors’ institutional electrophysiological technique (based on the technique of Park et al.), intraoperative findings, robustness, value to the procedure, and occurrence of new motor or sphincter deficits.METHODSThe authors analyzed electrophysiological data of all children who underwent SDR at their center between September 2013 and February 2019. All patients underwent bilateral SDR through a single-level laminotomy at the conus and with transection of about 60% of the L2–S2 afferent rootlets (guided by intraoperative electrophysiology) and about 50% of L1 afferent roots (nonselectively).RESULTSOne hundred forty-five patients underwent SDR (64% male, mean age 6 years and 7 months, range 2 years and 9 months to 14 years and 10 months). Dorsal roots were distinguished from ventral roots anatomically and electrophysiologically, by assessing responses on free-running electromyography (EMG) and determining stimulation thresholds (≥ 0.2 mA in all dorsal rootlets). Root level was determined anatomically and electrophysiologically by assessing electromyographic response to stimulation. Median stimulation threshold was lower in sacral compared to lumbar roots (p < 0.001), and 16% higher on the first operated (right) side (p = 0.023), but unrelated to age, sex, or functional status. Similarly, responses to tetanic stimulation were consistent: 87% were graded 3+ or 4+, with similar distributions between sides. This was also unrelated to age, sex, and functional status. The L2–S2 rootlets were divided (median 60%, range 50%–67%), guided by response to tetanic stimulation at threshold amplitude. No new motor or sphincter deficits were observed, suggesting sparing of ventral roots and sphincteric innervation, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThis electrophysiological technique appears robust and reproducible, allowing reliable identification of afferent nerve roots, definition of root levels, and guidance for rootlet division. Only a direct comparative study will establish whether intraoperative electrophysiology during SDR minimizes risk of new motor or sphincter worsening and/or maximizes functional outcome.
Replenishing the Soil: Food, Fertiliser and Soil Science in Occupied Japan (1945-52)
Authors: Aldous Christopher Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Environmental scientists and activists in the early twenty-first century have identified productive, healthy soils as a key factor in feeding a rapidly increasing global population and mitigating climate change. This article argues that serious food shortages in Japan following its defeat in 1945 caused the fertility of its soils to become a pressing issue for the Allied Occupation (1945-52) and one seen as central to the success of democratisation. The prospect of famine in the cities in 1946 and 1947 and associated political unrest justified urgent imports of food from the US, causing much resentment among its allies, who questioned the seriousness of the food supply crisis in Japan. The Occupation's Natural Resources Section worked to reduce Japan's dependence on food imports by surveying Japan's soils and recommending their rapid augmentation with chemical fertilisers, the manufacture of which had practically ceased during the war. The US imported nitrogenous fertiliser to supplement inadequate domestic output and provided phosphate ore (for superphosphate fertiliser) from Florida, in addition to encouraging Japanese mining operations on Angaur Island, formerly part of the Japanese empire. The latter generated conflicts with the natives of the island, the local US naval command and the Australian government. Such tensions demonstrate the many and varied facets of the 'fertiliser problem', which was seen as pivotal to food supply and economic recovery. Major imports of agricultural commodities from the US after 1952 reflected its Cold War alliance with Japan. Likewise, significant transfers of technology contributed to a steep increase in the use of agricultural chemicals, causing the fertiliser problem to become a pressing environmental one by the 1990s.
COMBINED EXTINGUISHING OF CLASS D, CLASS A AND CLASS B FIRES
Authors: Husar B. , Kovalyshyn V. , Marych V. , Lozynskyi R. , Pastukhov P. 
Published: March 2020

The scope of magnesium and aluminium and their alloys in industry, construction and life are expanding over time. As a rule, there are no clean fires of class D, which include combustion of magnesium, aluminium and their alloys. The problem is that the temperature of combustion of magnesium and its alloys can rise above 2800 Celsius degree. Magnesium burns even in the atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide and such fire is very difficult to extinguish. When water contacts the magnesium or other light metals, the area of fire expands.
The main purpose of this work is to study the combined extinguishing of light metals fires, Class A fires and class B fires with a special dry chemical powder and high resistance foaming agent.
The problem of extinguishing fires at objects with the using of light metals (magnesium, aluminium) and their alloys has been explored. Class D fires usually lead to class A and class B fires. They occur at high temperatures, and may cause explosions. Scenarios for the development of fires can be as follows: burning of light metals or solid combustible materials ad initium and light metal fire that requires combined extinguishing methods afterwards. Dry chemical powder formulation for extinguishing class A, B, D and and electrical installations under voltage, which includes: sodium chloride, blast furnace slag, ammophos, aerosol has been developed. Testing of this powder has been carried out in the laboratory using chips of magnesium and aluminium alloys. The combustion area in all experiments has been equal to 2.85 × 10-2 sq. m. The quality of the powder has been evaluated by the intensity of the D class fire and the extinguishing time of the B class fier. Dry chemical powder KM-2 has been tested for extinguishing fires 21B, 1A. and for magnesium alloy chips fires. Combined extinguishing tests were conducted on class D, class A and class B fires in field conditions. Method of combined extinguishing with the dry chemical powder followed by covering the entire burning area with high-expansion foam has been proposed (the fire with total area of 2.5 square meters has been extinguished for 45 s). Extinguishing methods have been tested on model fires. Safety measures for light metal extinguishing have been developed.
Conclusions: formulation for universal KM 2 dry chemical powder for extinguishing class D, A, B fires, which consists of sodium chloride, ammophos, slag, aerosil, has been developed. Successful extinguishing of class D and B fires has been carried out succesfully; technology of combined fire fighting D and A has been substantiated.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF STRENGTH-DEFORMED CONDITION OF PIPE CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS AT SUSTAINABLE TEMPERATURE
Authors: Semerak M. , Ferents N. , Kharyshyn D. , Vovk S. 
Published: March 2020

The mathematical modeling of the thermo-stressed state of pipe-concrete structures under conditions of stationary thermal conductivity is carried out. During the study, the most common structural type of TBC was selected and mathematical models of the stress-strain state of TBA under heating conditions were taken into account, taking into account their geometric dimensions and thermophysical characteristics of metal and concrete. The main feature of the TBC study is that the heat exchange in the structure, as well as the corresponding force response, are investigated independently of each other, whereas the problem of fire resistance should be posed as a classical problem of elasticity, taking into account the mutual influence of temperature and mechanical stresses.
In two-layer structures (concrete - metal), the largest radial stresses that occur in concrete work in tension. Tensile stresses occur in the thickness of the outer tube. The stresses occurring on the inner surface of the steel sleeve coincide with the stresses in the concrete. When approaching the outer surface, they decrease and on the surface r = R2 equal to zero. In the case where the coefficients of linear extension αt (i = 1, 2) are equal to each other, the maximum tensile stresses are reduced within 0≤r≤R1 .; if νi (i = 1, 2) within 0≤ r≤R2, the stresses will also decrease. Axial stresses work on compression. They reach maximum value in the outer shell. For equal values αt (1) = αt (2), the magnitude of the stresses does not change, and at ν1 = ν2 the stresses in the metal will decrease. Ring stresses in the region 0≤ r≤R1 are tensile stresses and in the region R1≤ r≤R2 are compression stresses, and the compression stresses are greater than the tensile stresses in concrete. For αt (1) = αt (2), the stresses in the concrete decrease and for ν1 = ν2.