bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA‐Based Assembly of Multi‐Compartment Polymersome Networks
Authors: Luo Rongcong , Göpfrich Kerstin , Platzman Ilia , Spatz Joachim P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPolymersomes exhibit increased stability and reduced permeability compared to conventional lipid‐based compartments—making them an increasingly popular choice for the bottom‐up construction of synthetic cells. Here, the contraction and expansion of functionalized polymersome networks controlled by cholesterol‐tagged deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is demonstrated. Different types of block‐copolymer membranes are systematically screened to design a general framework for the self‐assembly of cholesterol‐tagged DNA into the polymersome membrane. Since the developed approach is DNA‐based, the individual symmetric and asymmetric functionalization of the inner and outer polymersome leaflets is possible, a feature which makes it unique in terms of anchoring flexibility and efficiency. In addition to the variety with regard to functionalization, the choice of DNA and temperature can also be used to manipulate the polymersome contact line and the polymersome bending energy. Overall, the strategy potentially allows for the unprecedented possibility to precisely control the contraction and expansion of polymersome network assembly.
Optoelectronic Ferroelectric Domain‐Wall Memories Made from a Single Van Der Waals Ferroelectric
Authors: Xue Fei , He Xin , Liu Wenhao , Periyanagounder Dharmaraj , Zhang Chenhui , Chen Mingguang , Lin Chun‐Ho , Luo Linqu , Yengel Emre , Tung Vincent , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Li Lain‐Jong , He Jr‐Hau , Zhang Xixiang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDue to the potential applications in optoelectronic memories, optical control of ferroelectric domain walls has emerged as an intriguing and important topic in modern solid‐state physics. However, its device implementation in a single ferroelectric, such as conventional BaTiO3 or PZT ceramics, still presents huge challenges in terms of the poor material conductivity and the energy mismatch between incident photons and ferroelectric switching. Here, using the generation of photocurrent in conductive α‐In2Se3 (a van der Waals ferroelectric) with a two‐terminal planar architecture, the first demonstration of optical‐engineered ferroelectric domain wall in a non‐volatile manner for optoelectronic memory application is reported. The α‐In2Se3 device exhibits a large optical‐writing and electrical‐erasing (on/off) ratio of >104, as well as multilevel current switching upon optical excitation. The narrow direct bandgap of the multilayer α‐In2Se3 ferroelectric endows the device with broadband optical‐writing wavelengths greater than 900 nm. In addition, photonic synapses with approximate linear weight updates for neuromorphic computing are also achieved in the ferroelectric devices. This work represents a breakthrough toward technological applications of ferroelectric nanodomain engineering by light.
Recent Advances in Self‐Powered Tribo‐/Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters: All‐In‐One Package for Future Smart Technologies
Authors: Karan Sumanta Kumar , Maiti Sandip , Lee Ju Hyun , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Khatua Bhanu Bhusan , Kim Jin Kon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractElectric devices has become a necessity in modern smart societies. The energy research community is continually exploring new solutions that can be employed as potential and reliable alternatives to satisfy future energy requirements in this context. Triboelectric/piezoelectric nanogenerators (TNGs/PNGs) are considered promising renewable energy harvesting technologies. TNGs/PNGs are gaining considerable research attention because of their advantages such as ease of fabrication, cost effectiveness, flexibility, lightweightness, long‐term‐durability, and excellent output performance. The TNGs/PNGs have enormous potential in harvesting energy from water waves (blue energy), airflow (wind energy), sound frequency (acoustic energy), vibrations/mechanical motions (such as body motions activities/sleeping), and in vivo body motions. These technologies are thus an “all‐in‐one package,” which is a unique selling point. The advantage of this technology is that all sources are natural and abundant. This paper provides a review of the potential use of PNGs/TNGs and includes a description of the rise of nanogenerators, their underlying mechanisms, different materials used, various models, possible applications, and future prospects. Stored energy can be used to develop smart/informative technologies (as ultrasensitive sensors) and self‐powered biomedical science. Owing to their considerable effects, these harvesting technologies are expected to dominate the future smart world.
Recent Advances of Emerging 2D MXene for Stable and Dendrite‐Free Metal Anodes
Authors: Wei Chuanliang , Tao Yuan , An Yongling , Tian Yuan , Zhang Yuchan , Feng Jinkui , Qian Yitai 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMetal anodes based on a plating/stripping electrochemistry such as metallic Li, Na, K, Zn, Mg, Ca, Al, and Fe have attracted widespread attention over the past several years because of their high theoretical specific capacity, low electrochemical potential, and superior electronic conductivity. Metal anodes can be paired with cathodes to construct high‐energy‐density rechargeable metal batteries. However, inherent issues including large volume changes, uncontrollable growth of dangerous dendrites, and an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) hinder their further development. MXene as an emerging 2D material has shown great potential to address the inherent issues of metal anodes due to its 2D structure, abundant surface functional groups, and the ability to construct macroscopic architectures. To date, under the assistance of MXene, various strategies have been proposed to achieve stable and dendrite‐free metal anodes, such as MXene‐based host design, designing metalphilic MXene‐based substrates, modifying the metal surface with MXene, constructing MXene arrays, and decorating separators or electrolytes with MXene. Herein the applications and advances of MXene in stable and dendrite‐free metal anodes are carefully summarized and analyzed. Some perspectives and outlooks for future research are also proposed.
Versatile Tunability of the Metal Insulator Transition in (TiO2)m/(VO2)m Superlattices
Authors: Eres Gyula , Lee Shinbuhm , Nichols John , Sohn Changhee , Ok Jong Mok , Mazza Alessandro R. , Liu Chenze , Duscher Gerd , Lee Ho Nyung , McNally Daniel E. , Lu Xingye , Radovic Milan , Schmitt Thorsten 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn contrast to perovskites that share only common corners of cation‐occupied octahedra, binary‐oxides in addition share edges and faces increasing the versatility for tuning the properties and functionality of reduced dimensionality systems of strongly correlated oxides. This approach for tuning the electronic structure is based on the ability of X‐ray spectroscopy methods to monitor the creation and transformation of occupied and unoccupied electronic states produced by interface coupling and lattice distortions. X‐ray diffraction reveals a new range of structural metastability in (TiO2)m/(VO2)m/TiO2(001) superlattices with m = 1, 3, 5, 20, 40, and electrical transport measurements show metal insulator transition (MIT) behavior typically associated with presence of high oxygen vacancy concentrations. However, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Ti and V L3,2‐edge and resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS) at the Ti and V L3‐edge show no excitations characteristic of oxygen vacancy induced valance change in V and negligible intensities in Ti RIXS. The unexpected absence of oxygen vacancy related states in the X‐ray spectroscopy data suggests that superlattice fabrication is capable of suppressing oxygen vacancy formation while still affording a wide tunability range of the MIT. Achieving a wide range of MIT tunability while reducing or eliminating oxygen vacancies that are detrimental to electrical properties is highly desirable for technological applications of strongly correlated oxides.
Mechanically Compatible UV Photodetectors Based on Electrospun Free‐Standing Y3+‐Doped TiO2 Nanofibrous Membranes with Enhanced Flexibility
Authors: Li Ziliang , Joshi Mahesh K. , Chen Jiaxin , Zhang Zhiming , Li Ziqing , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFree‐standing flexible TiO2 nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) are highly desired for the construction of high‐performance wearable electronic devices. Nevertheless, tremendous challenges still exist due to the fragile characteristics of the polycrystalline TiO2 nanofibers. Here, ultra‐flexible TiO2 NFMs with robust fatigue strength and photoelectric properties are achieved via a simple element doping approach and the electrospinning technique. The 2 mol% Y3+‐doped NFM‐based photodetector exhibits excellent UV detecting performance at 3 V under 350 nm illumination, that is, responsivity of 4.5 A W−1, detectivity of 1.6 × 1011 Jones, and photocurrent of ≈1.6 µA. By effectively tuning the distribution and bonding state of Y3+ ions, the NFM shows significantly enhanced flexibility, where its original photocurrent is successfully maintained in various bending states (angle, radius, spiral state). Importantly, the resultant Y3+‐doped TiO2 NFM maintains ≈60% of its original photocurrent after bending at ≈145° for more than 20 000 times. A plausible prototype accounts for the effective bending deformation mechanism is proposed on the basis of the systematic analyses of the microstructural characteristics and the stress distribution achieved by using the finite element method. Finally, a wearable UV monitoring system that outputs real‐time photocurrent signals with different motion combinations of the remote‐controlled robot is demonstrated.
Prelithiation/Presodiation Techniques for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems: Concepts, Applications, and Perspectives
Authors: Zou Kangyu , Deng Wentao , Cai Peng , Deng Xinglan , Wang Baowei , Liu Cheng , Li Jiayang , Hou Hongshuai , Zou Guoqiang , Ji Xiaobo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPrelithiation/presodiation techniques are regarded as indispensable procedures in electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems, which can effectively compensate irreversible capacity loss, raise working voltage, and increase Li+/Na+ concentration in the electrolyte. Various prelithiation/presodiation methods have been successfully exploited and a revolutionary impact has been achieved through the utilization of prelithiation/presodiation techniques. It is well acknowledged that different prelithiation/presodiation strategies possess their own specific mechanisms, which play vital roles in the advancement of EES systems. However, there has rarely been systematical reviews about the concept and progress of prelithiation/presodiation techniques. Hence, in this review various prelithiation/presodiation approaches are comprehensively analyzed and summarized, and in‐depth prelithiation/presodiation behaviors and other innovative applications (including optimization of separators, amelioration of binders, regeneration of spent batteries) are discussed in detail. Finally, suggested future directions of prelithiation/presodiation techniques are proposed and it is expected that these prelithiation/presodiation techniques could provide guidance for construction of advanced EES systems and propel the commercialization process with a focus on safety considerations.
2D Side‐Chain Engineered Asymmetric Acceptors Enabling Over 14% Efficiency and 75% Fill Factor Stable Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Cao Jinru , Wang Hongtao , Qu Shenya , Yu Jiangsheng , Yang Linqiang , Zhang Zhuohan , Du Fuqiang , Tang Weihua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe charge transport and morphology of active layers are key considerations for device performance and stability in organic solar cells (OSCs). Such properties can be fine‐tuned via elaborate molecular design of fused‐ring electron acceptors (FREAs), especially conjugation extension and side chain engineering. In this work, N‐functionalized conjugation is explored in the design of high‐efficient asymmetric FREAs. The twisting of N‐conjugated side chains from backbone endows three FREAs with similar energy levels and light absorptions (≈850 nm edge). Their blends with PBDB‐T exhibit high charge carrier mobility and ordered phase separation. Excitingly, IPT2F‐TT based OSCs yield a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.02% with a fill factor (FF) of 75.06%, outperforming PBDB‐T devices with IPT2F‐Th (12.52%, 71.20%), IPT2F‐Ph (13.13%, 72.11%), and octylated IPT‐2F (13.70%, 71.50%). The PCE over 14% and FF over 75% are among the highest values for 2D FREAs OSCs reported to date. More importantly, outstanding thermal stability and light soaking stability are observed with PCE over 12% maintained after thermal or light aging for 100 h. This work demonstrates N‐conjugated FREAs design as an effective strategy to simultaneously improve the photovoltaic performance and device stability for the OSCs.
Excellent Excitonic Photovoltaic Effect in 2D CsPbBr3/CdS Heterostructures
Authors: Jin Bao , Zuo Nian , Hu Zhi‐Yi , Cui Wenjun , Wang Renyan , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Zhou Xing , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: September 2020

AbstractP–n photovoltaic junctions are essential building blocks for optoelectronic devices for energy conversion. However, this photovoltaic efficiency has almost reached its theoretical limit. Here, a brand‐new excitonic photovoltaic effect in 2D CsPbBr3/CdS heterostructures is revealed. These heterostructures, synthesized by epitaxial growth, display a clean interface and a strong interlayer coupling. The excitonic photovoltaic effect is a function of both the built‐in equilibrium electrical potential energy and the chemical potential energy, which is generated by the significant concentration gradient of electrons and holes at the heterojunction interface. Excitingly, this novel photovoltaic effect results in a large open‐circuit voltage of 0.76 V and a high power conversion efficiency of 17.5%. In addition, high photodetection performance, including a high photoswitch ratio (Ilight/Idark) of 105 and a fast response rate of 23 µs are obtained. These findings provide a new platform for photovoltaic applications.
Highly Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Achieved by a SnS/Porous Carbon Nanosheet Architecture Modified Celgard Separator
Authors: Li Zhi , Zhang Fan , Cao Tong , Tang Linbin , Xu Qunjie , Liu Haimei , Wang Yonggang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLithium‐sulfur batteries (LSB) are one of the potential candidates for the next generation of electrochemical energy storage technology, due to their advantages of high theoretical capacity and high energy density. However, sluggish redox kinetics and the shuttle effect of polysulfides in the cyclic process lead to low sulfur utilization, severe polarization and poor cyclic stability. Herein, an SnS modified porous carbon nanosheet (SnS/PCNS) hybrid material is synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and used to modify the separator of the LSB for the first time. Specifically, SnS/PCNS can not only adsorb polysulfides, but also enhance the redox reaction of polysulfides. In addition, SnS/PCNS are shown to promote rapid nucleation and uniform deposition of Li2S, and to improve the discharge capacity and heighten cyclic stability. The initial capacity is 1270 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, the slow decay rate of each cycle is 0.039% at 1 C. When the sulfur loading is improved to 6 mg cm−2, the high reversible capacity is 955.3 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C. As a new polysulfides adsorbent, SnS provides a potential route for the commercialization of LSBs.
Nanoparticle‐Based Electrodes with High Charge Transfer Efficiency through Ligand Exchange Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Ko Yongmin , Kwon Cheong Hoon , Lee Seung Woo , Cho Jinhan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOrganic‐ligand‐based solution processes of metal and transition metal oxide (TMO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely studied for the preparation of electrode materials with desired electrical and electrochemical properties for various energy devices. However, the ligands adsorbed on NPs have a significant effect on the intrinsic properties of materials, thus influencing the performance of bulk electrodes assembled by NPs for energy devices. To resolve these critical drawbacks, numerous approaches have focused on developing unique surface chemistry that can exchange bulky ligands with small ligands or remove bulky ligands from NPs after NP deposition. In particular, recent studies have reported that the ligand‐exchange‐induced layer‐by‐layer (LE‐LbL) assembly of NPs enables controlled assembly of NPs with the desired interparticle distance, and interfaces, dramatically improving the electrical/electrochemical performance of electrodes. This emerging approach also demonstrates that efficient surface ligand engineering can exploit the unique electrochemical properties of individual NPs and maximize the electrochemical performance of the resultant NP‐assembled electrodes through improved charge transfer efficiency. This report focuses on how LE‐LbL assembly can be effectively applied to NP‐based energy storage/conversion electrodes. First, the basic principles of the LE‐LbL approach are introduced and then recent progress on NP‐based energy electrodes prepared via the LE‐LbL approach is reviewed.
Shape Changing Robots: Bioinspiration, Simulation, and Physical Realization
Authors: Shah Dylan , Yang Bilige , Kriegman Sam , Levin Michael , Bongard Josh , Kramer‐Bottiglio Rebecca 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOne of the key differentiators between biological and artificial systems is the dynamic plasticity of living tissues, enabling adaptation to different environmental conditions, tasks, or damage by reconfiguring physical structure and behavioral control policies. Lack of dynamic plasticity is a significant limitation for artificial systems that must robustly operate in the natural world. Recently, researchers have begun to leverage insights from regenerating and metamorphosing organisms, designing robots capable of editing their own structure to more efficiently perform tasks under changing demands and creating new algorithms to control these changing anatomies. Here, an overview of the literature related to robots that change shape to enhance and expand their functionality is presented. Related grand challenges, including shape sensing, finding, and changing, which rely on innovations in multifunctional materials, distributed actuation and sensing, and somatic control to enable next‐generation shape changing robots are also discussed.
Multifunctional Polymer‐Regulated SnO2 Nanocrystals Enhance Interface Contact for Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: You Shuai , Zeng Haipeng , Ku Zhiliang , Wang Xiaoze , Wang Zhen , Rong Yaoguang , Zhao Yang , Zheng Xin , Luo Long , Li Lin , Zhang Shujing , Li Min , Gao Xingyu , Li Xiong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly developed and achieved power conversion efficiencies of over 20% with diverse technical routes. Particularly, planar‐structured PSCs can be fabricated with low‐temperature (≤150 °C) solution‐based processes, which is energy efficient and compatible with flexible substrates. Here, the efficiency and stability of planar PSCs are enhanced by improving the interface contact between the SnO2 electron‐transport layer (ETL) and the perovskite layer. A biological polymer (heparin potassium, HP) is introduced to regulate the arrangement of SnO2 nanocrystals, and induce vertically aligned crystal growth of perovskites on top. Correspondingly, SnO2–HP‐based devices can demonstrate an average efficiency of 23.03% on rigid substrates with enhanced open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.162 V and high reproducibility. Attributed to the strengthened interface binding, the devices obtain high operational stability, retaining 97% of their initial performance (power conversion efficiency, PCE > 22%) after 1000 h operation at their maximum power point under 1 sun illumination. Besides, the HP‐modified SnO2 ETL exhibits promising potential for application in flexible and large‐area devices.
A Narrow‐Bandgap n‐Type Polymer with an Acceptor–Acceptor Backbone Enabling Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Huiliang , Yu Han , Shi Yongqiang , Yu Jianwei , Peng Zhongxiang , Zhang Xianhe , Liu Bin , Wang Junwei , Singh Ranbir , Lee Jaewon , Li Yongchun , Wei Zixiang , Liao Qiaogan , Kan Zhipeng , Ye Long , Yan He , Gao Feng , Guo Xugang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNarrow‐bandgap polymer semiconductors are essential for advancing the development of organic solar cells. Here, a new narrow‐bandgap polymer acceptor L14, featuring an acceptor–acceptor (A–A) type backbone, is synthesized by copolymerizing a dibrominated fused‐ring electron acceptor (FREA) with distannylated bithiophene imide. Combining the advantages of both the FREA and the A–A polymer, L14 not only shows a narrow bandgap and high absorption coefficient, but also low‐lying frontier molecular orbital (FMO) levels. Such FMO levels yield improved electron transfer character, but unexpectedly, without sacrificing open‐circuit voltage (Voc), which is attributed to a small nonradiative recombination loss (Eloss,nr) of 0.22 eV. Benefiting from the improved photocurrent along with the high fill factor and Voc, an excellent efficiency of 14.3% is achieved, which is among the highest values for all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). The results demonstrate the superiority of narrow‐bandgap A–A type polymers for improving all‐PSC performance and pave a way toward developing high‐performance polymer acceptors for all‐PSCs.
Tunable Piezoelectricity of Multifunctional Boron Nitride Nanotube/Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Stretchable Composites
Authors: Snapp Peter , Cho Chullhee , Lee Dongwon , Haque Md Farhadul , Nam SungWoo , Park Cheol 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBoron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) uniformly dispersed in stretchable materials, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), could create the next generation of composites with augmented mechanical, thermal, and piezoelectric characteristics. This work reports tunable piezoelectricity of multifunctional BNNT/PDMS stretchable composites prepared via co‐solvent blending with tetrahydrofuran (THF) to disperse BNNTs in PDMS while avoiding sonication or functionalization. The resultant stretchable BNNT/PDMS composites demonstrate augmented Young's modulus (200% increase at 9 wt% BNNT) and thermal conductivity (120% increase at 9 wt% BNNT) without losing stretchability. Furthermore, BNNT/PDMS composites demonstrate piezoelectric responses that are linearly proportional to BNNT wt%, achieving a piezoelectric constant (|d33|) of 18 pmV−1 at 9 wt% BNNT without poling, which is competitive with commercial piezoelectric polymers. Uniquely, BNNT/PDMS accommodates tensile strains up to 60% without plastic deformation by aligning BNNTs, which enhances the composites’ piezoelectric response approximately five times. Finally, the combined stretchable and piezoelectric nature of the composite was exploited to produce a vibration sensor sensitive to low‐frequency (≈1 kHz) excitation. This is the first demonstration of multifunctional, stretchable BNNT/PDMS composites with enhanced mechanical strength and thermal conductivity and furthermore tunable piezoelectric response by varying BNNT wt% and applied strain, permitting applications in soft actuators and vibration sensors.