bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the relationship between ionised and total calcium in dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia
Authors: Tørnqvist‐Johnsen C. , Schnabel T. , Gow A. G. , Del‐Pozo J. , Milne E. , Macklin V. , Fisher C. , Handel I. , Mellanby R. J. 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between total and ionised calcium concentrations in dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia and to evaluate how albumin influences this relationship.MethodsInitially, a reference interval for ionised and total calcium was established using a large population of healthy adult dogs. Our teaching hospital clinical database was searched to identify adult dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia between 2012 and 2017, a time frame when the same sample handling and analysis protocols were in place as for the healthy reference interval population. The relationship between ionised and total calcium concentrations was then examined in the ionised hypercalcaemia population.ResultsBased on biochemical analysis of 351 healthy adult dogs, a reference interval of 1.18 to 1.53 mmol/L for ionised calcium and 2.24 to 2.85 mmol/L for total calcium was established. Using these reference intervals, 63 dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia were identified, of which 23 did not have total hypercalcaemia. Only seven of the 23 dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia and total calcium below the upper limit of the reference interval had hypoalbuminemia. The majority of dogs with ionised hypercalcemia and normal total calcium had a modest increase in ionised calcium.Clinical SignificanceIf relying on total calcium alone, more than one third of dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia will be classified as normocalcaemic and the majority of these dogs had normal serum albumin.
Coalition Prospects and Policy Change: An Application to the Environment
Authors: Kayser Mark A. , Rehmert Jochen 
Published: February 2020

In most developed democracies, parties adjust their positions to polls and public opinion. Yet, in a coalition government, the policy that emerges is often the outcome of negotiations between governing parties. We argue that the credibility of exit threats by current coalition members and the importance of outside parties for the formation of potential alternative coalitions both matter for policy adoption. Building on a new data set measuring the expected coalition‐inclusion probabilities of parties in parliamentary democracies, we estimate the effect of coalition prospects on an important policy outcome—environmental policy stringency—in nine European countries between 1990 and 2012. Our findings demonstrate that only polling shifts that alter coalition probabilities affect outcomes. Changes in the coalition‐inclusion probability of green parties—regardless of whether they are in government—predict changes in the environmental policy stringency of sitting governments. Political polls, in contrast, do not.
Understanding Conceptual Change and Science Learning through Educational Neuroscience
Authors: Vaughn Ashley R. , Brown Rhonda D. , Johnson Marcus L. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTAlthough the field of educational neuroscience has grown in recent years, little research has been conducted on conceptual change and science learning through an educational neuroscience framework. Educational neuroscience is frequently used to study processes of language and mathematics cognition, but is not extensively applied to conceptual change and science learning. This review integrates insights from extant conceptual change educational neuroscience studies to inform the fields of educational psychology and science education. These new insights shed light on the persistence of misconceptions and the roles of error detection, inhibition, executive function, and memory in conceptual change. Future directions for the study of conceptual change and educational neuroscience are discussed.
Regulation of root adaptive anatomical and morphological traits during low soil oxygen
Authors: Pedersen Ole , Sauter Margret , Colmer Timothy David , Nakazono Mikio 
Published: February 2020

SummaryFlooding causes oxygen deprivation in soils. Plants adapt to low soil oxygen availability by changes in root morphology, anatomy, and architecture to maintain root system functioning. Essential traits include aerenchyma formation, a barrier to radial oxygen loss, and outgrowth of adventitious roots into the soil or the floodwater. We highlight recent findings of mechanisms of constitutive aerenchyma formation and of changes in root architecture. Moreover, we use modelling of internal aeration to demonstrate the beneficial effect of increasing cortex‐to‐stele ratio on sustaining root growth in waterlogged soils. We know the genes for some of the beneficial traits, and the next step is to manipulate these genes in breeding in order to enhance the flood tolerance of our crops.
Discouraging unethicality versus encouraging ethicality: Unraveling the differential effects of prevention‐ and promotion‐focused ethical leadership
Authors: Bush John T. , Welsh David T. , Baer Michael D. , Waldman David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTheory on the impact of ethical leadership has traditionally been based on a deontological approach to morality. Underlying this perspective is the assumption that all leader behaviors that encourage “normatively appropriate conduct” will influence followers in a similar fashion. Put differently, the current consensus seems to suggest that actions that focus on preventing unethical behavior—attending to “the wrong”—will have the same impact as actions that focus on promoting ethical behavior—attending to “the right.” Taking a within‐person approach, we draw upon social exchange theory to challenge this consensus and build theory that suggests a follower's felt trust from their leader will be differentially impacted by prevention‐ versus promotion‐focused ethical leadership. We also explore how these different types of ethical leadership may indirectly, through felt trust, impact citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Finally, we consider how the role of the “moral manager” may interact with the “moral person” by identifying leader moral hypocrisy as an important between‐person moderator of these effects. Given the importance of ethical decision‐making in organizations and the calls for increased ethical leadership, our findings have important implications for both theory and practice.
A study on sexual functioning in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Amani Jabalkandi Samaneh , Raisi Firoozeh , Shahrivar Zahra , Mohammadi Abolfazl , Meysamie Alipasha , Firoozikhojastefar Reihaneh , Irani Fatemeh 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurposeSexual dysfunction has been ignored in adults with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (A‐ADHD). This study examined sexual function in adults with ADHD compared to a healthy control group.Design and MethodsThe experimental group (N = 63, mean age = 31.11 ± 4.29, females = 31) were recruited among referrals with ADHD to an outpatient A‐ADHD clinic. The DIVA‐2 (Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults) and the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (SADS) were used to assess for A‐ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders, respectively. The healthy groups (N = 66, mean age = 31.37 ± 4.30, females = 31) were demographically matched and had no psychiatric disorders based on the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales—Self Report, Short Version and SADS. Sexual functions were evaluated using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) for females and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) for males.FindingsFemales with ADHD compared to the control group showed significantly (P < .001) poorer scores in all FSFI domains (desire, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, pain, and lubrication). The IIEF mean scores in the males with A‐ADHD were lower (P = .00) than their counterparts for all the subscales including orgasm, erectile function, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction, except for the desire (P = .75). The orgasmic function had a significant negative correlation with Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale—Self Report: Short total scores in males (r = −.48) and females (r = −.40).Practice ImplicationsThis study provides preliminary information on greater difficulties with sexual function in adults with ADHD. Assessment of sexual function in referrals with A‐ADHD is suggested.
Postoperative delirium: the findings from a multidisciplinary survey
Authors: Jin Zhaosheng , Rahman Aktar , Pattnaik Sudhansu , Smith Maurice 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundDelirium is a common postoperative neurocognitive complication in the older population and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, as well as cognitive and functional impairment. Hypoactive delirium is characterised by drowsiness and inactivity, and expert opinions suggest that it is more likely to be missed and can lead to more complications. Current guidelines and literature evidence both support the use of non‐pharmacological management of delirium.MethodsTo investigate the recognition of hyperactive and hypoactive delirium by the surgical multidisciplinary team, and to investigate staff understanding regarding the management and prognosis of postoperative delirium. We conducted a single‐centre, multidisciplinary survey on the diagnosis, management and complication of postoperative delirium.ResultsWe found that hypoactive delirium is significantly less likely to be identified. In contrast, acute psychosis is likely to be misdiagnosed as delirium. Only a small proportion of the respondents had knowledge of the supportive management options for delirium; and the medical complications and higher mortality risk associated with postoperative delirium.DiscussionThe finding of the survey demonstrates a need for delirium education. Surveys such as this may be conducted in other centres to identify areas of focus on staff delirium education.
The problem with descriptive correctness
Authors: Kaplan Jeffrey 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the 1980s and early 1990s, the normativity of meaning was thought to be more‐or‐less ‘incontestable.’ But in the last 25 years, many philosophers of mind and language have contested it in several seemingly different ways. This, however, is somewhat illusory. There is an unappreciated commonality among most anti‐normativist arguments, and this commonality, I argue, poses a problem for anti‐normativism. The result, however, is not a wholesale rejection of anti‐normativism. Rather, an insight from the anti‐normativist position can be harnessed to reveal an unappreciated position in the normativity of meaning debate.
Risk and risk management of spillover effects: Evidence from the literature
Authors: Eckert Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the existing theoretical and empirical literature regarding spillover effects (effects of a crisis event in an announcing firm on other firms). In particular, we focus on the mechanism behind spillover effects and investigate factors that drive spillover effects. The results of our literature analysis show that spillover effects are most often significantly negative, that is, lead to losses in nonannouncing firms and depend on certain events and firm characteristics. On this basis, we derive implications for the risk management of spillover effects. Taking previous work on certain individual risk‐management measures into account, we are the first to provide a holistic spillover risk‐management process.
Prehabilitation in cancer care: patients’ ability to prepare for major abdominal surgery
Authors: Beck Anne , Vind Thaysen Henriette , Hasselholt Soegaard Charlotte , Blaakaer Jan , Seibaek Lene 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundPatients’ perspectives on standardised, multimodal prehabilitation programmes showed barriers to adherence. Further investigation of patients’ ability to prepare is needed.AimTo investigate what patients with cancer who were due to undergo major abdominal surgery actually were able to do when provided with preoperative, home‐based, multimodal recommendations presented in a leaflet.MethodsPatients from the colorectal‐ or ovarian cancer centre, who were scheduled for major abdominal surgery, received a leaflet with preoperative recommendations. On a daily basis, the patients filled in what they had completed in relation to these recommendations, so that adherence could be investigated. Additionally, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted to evaluate patients’ experiences of using the leaflet. Malterud’s principles of systematic text condensation were used to analyse the interviews. A convergent design was used to merge the quantitative and qualitative data into a combined interpretation presented in the discussion.ResultsA total of 53 patients returned a completed leaflet, and five patients were interviewed. In the combined interpretation, patients’ ability to prepare was presented through four major domains. The domains were adherence and the importance of support, manageable actions leading to change, preparation in a broader perspective and impediments to preparation and to symptom relief.ConclusionsPatients prepared themselves in various ways, which were not limited to recommendations inspired by multimodal prehabilitation. Patients from the ovarian cancer centre increased their weekly exercise during the preoperative period, which indicates that the leaflet not only functioned as a data collection tool, but also motivated and supported the patients in prehabilitation‐related actions. Patients’ perspectives on prehabilitation need to be taken into account, when aiming to enhance patient‐centredness and adherence.
Refining the “double two‐thirds” rule: Genotype‐based breed grouping and clinical presentation help predict the diagnosis of canine splenic mass lesions in 288 dogs
Authors: Davies Owen , Taylor Angela J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrediction of the likely histopathological diagnosis of canine splenic masses can guide appropriate decision‐making. This study explores the predictive effect of breed and clinical presentation on the diagnosis of a canine splenic mass. Records from the Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom (2007‐2017) were reviewed. Dogs with a histopathologic or cytologic diagnosis from a splenic mass, or imaging findings consistent with disseminated metastatic disease, were included. Signalment, physical examination, haematology results, imaging findings and pathology reports were recorded. Breeds were grouped according to several permutations of their phenotype and then by clustering of breeds based on single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of malignancy and haemangiosarcoma. Two hundred and eighty‐eight dogs were identified: 27% female and 63% male, 21% entire and 79% neutered; German Shepherd was the most common breed (11%). Median age was 10 years and median bodyweight 25 kg. Thirty‐eight percent of dogs presented with haemoabdomen; a splenic mass was found incidentally in 28%. Sixty percent had a malignant tumour of which haemangiosarcoma comprised 66%. On multivariable analysis, genotype‐based breed group (P= .004), haemoabdomen (P < .001) and neutrophil count (P= .025) predicted malignancy, and genotype‐based breed group (P < .001) and haemoabdomen (P < .001) predicted haemangiosarcoma. Genotype‐based breed group and occurrence of haemoabdomen may have predictive value to diagnose malignant splenic masses and more specifically haemangiosarcoma. The effect of genotype‐based breed grouping was a superior predictor of the diagnosis of a canine splenic mass lesion compared with all phenotype‐based groupings tested.
Basic principles of neonatal bubble CPAP: effects on CPAP delivery and imposed work of breathing when altering the original design
Authors: Baldursdottir Sonja , Falk Markus , Donaldsson Snorri , Jonsson Baldvin , Drevhammar Thomas 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundThe original bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) design has wide-bore tubing and a low-resistance interface. This creates a stable airway pressure that is reflected by the submersion depth of the expiratory tubing. Several systems with alterations to the original bCPAP design are now available. Most of these are aimed for use in low-income and middle-income countries and have not been compared with the original design.ObjectiveWe identified three major alterations to the original bCPAP design: (1) resistance of nasal interface, (2) volume of dead space and (3) diameter of expiratory tubing. Our aim was to study the effect of these alterations on CPAP delivery and work of breathing in a mechanical lung model. Dead space should always be avoided and was not further tested.MethodsThe effect of nasal interface resistance and expiratory tubing diameter was evaluated with simulated breathing in a mechanical lung model without interface leakage. The main outcome was delivered CPAP and imposed work of breathing.ResultsHigh-resistance interfaces and narrow expiratory tubing increased the work of breathing. Additionally, narrow expiratory tubing resulted in higher CPAP levels than indicated by the submersion depth.ConclusionOur study shows the significant effect on CPAP delivery and imposed work of breathing when using high-resistance interfaces and narrow expiratory tubing in bCPAP systems. New systems should include low-resistance interfaces and wide-bore tubing and be compared with the original bCPAP. Referring to all systems that bubble as bCPAP is misleading and potentially hazardous.
Natural language processing for structuring clinical text data on depression using UK-CRIS
Authors: Vaci Nemanja , Liu Qiang , Kormilitzin Andrey , De Crescenzo Franco , Kurtulmus Ayse , Harvey Jade , O'Dell Bessie , Innocent Simeon , Tomlinson Anneka , Cipriani Andrea , Nevado-Holgado Alejo 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundUtilisation of routinely collected electronic health records from secondary care offers unprecedented possibilities for medical science research but can also present difficulties. One key issue is that medical information is presented as free-form text and, therefore, requires time commitment from clinicians to manually extract salient information. Natural language processing (NLP) methods can be used to automatically extract clinically relevant information.ObjectiveOur aim is to use natural language processing (NLP) to capture real-world data on individuals with depression from the Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) clinical text to foster the use of electronic healthcare data in mental health research.MethodsWe used a combination of methods to extract salient information from electronic health records. First, clinical experts define the information of interest and subsequently build the training and testing corpora for statistical models. Second, we built and fine-tuned the statistical models using active learning procedures.FindingsResults show a high degree of accuracy in the extraction of drug-related information. Contrastingly, a much lower degree of accuracy is demonstrated in relation to auxiliary variables. In combination with state-of-the-art active learning paradigms, the performance of the model increases considerably.ConclusionsThis study illustrates the feasibility of using the natural language processing models and proposes a research pipeline to be used for accurately extracting information from electronic health records.Clinical implicationsReal-world, individual patient data are an invaluable source of information, which can be used to better personalise treatment.
Introducing artificial intelligence in acute psychiatric inpatient care: qualitative study of its use to conduct nursing observations
Authors: Barrera Alvaro , Gee Carol , Wood Andrew , Gibson Oliver , Bayley Daniel , Geddes John 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundAll patients admitted to an acute inpatient mental health unit must have nursing observations carried out at night either hourly or every 15 minutes, to ascertain that they are safe and breathing. However, while this practice ensures patient safety, it can also disturb patients’ sleep, which in turn can impact negatively on their recovery.ObjectiveThis article describes the process of introducing artificial intelligence (‘digitally assisted nursing observations’) in an acute mental health inpatient ward, to enable staff to carry out the hourly and the 15 minutes observations, minimising disruption of patients’ sleep while maintaining their safety.FindingsThe preliminary data obtained indicate that the digitally assisted nursing observations agreed with the observations without sensors when both were carried out in parallel and that over an estimated 755 patient nights, the new system has not been associated with any untoward incidents. Preliminary qualitative data suggest that the new technology improves patients’ and staff’s experience at night.DiscussionThis project suggests that the digitally assisted nursing observations could maintain patients’ safety while potentially improving patients’ and staff’s experience in an acute psychiatric ward. The limitations of this study, namely, its narrative character and the fact that patients were not randomised to the new technology, suggest taking the reported findings as qualitative and preliminary.Clinical implicationsThese results suggest that the care provided at night in acute inpatient psychiatric units could be substantially improved with this technology. This warrants a more thorough and stringent evaluation.
Diagnostic accuracy of the Troponin-only Manchester Acute Coronary Syndromes (T-MACS) decision aid with a point-of-care cardiac troponin assay
Authors: Alghamdi Abdulrhman , Reynard Charles , Morris Niall , Moss Phil , Jarman Heather , Hardy Elaine , Harris Tim , Horner Daniel , Parris Richard , Body Richard 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivePoint-of-care (POC) cardiac troponin (cTn) assays have a rapid turnaround time but are generally less sensitive than laboratory-based assays. Previous research found that the Abbott i-Stat cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay has good diagnostic accuracy when used with the Troponin-only Manchester Acute Coronary Syndromes (T-MACS) decision aid and serial sampling over 3 hours. Accuracy of other assays may differ. We therefore evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a different POC cTnI assay with serial sampling over 3 hours, both with T-MACS and when used alone.MethodsIn a prospective diagnostic accuracy study at eight EDs in England (July 2015–October 2017), we collected clinical data from consenting adults with suspected ACS at the time of assessment in the ED. Blood samples were drawn on arrival and 3 hours later for POC cTnI (Cardio 3 Triage, Alere). The target condition was an adjudicated diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), based on reference standard serial laboratory-based cTn testing. We calculated test characteristics for POC cTnI using the limit of detection (LoD, 0.01 µg/L) and the T-MACS decision aid.ResultsOf 347 participants, 59 (14.9%) had AMI. With serial POC cTnI testing over 3 hours, POC cTnI at the LoD cut-off ruled out AMI in 193 (55.6%) patients with 98.1% sensitivity (95% CI 89.9% to 100.0%) and 99.5% negative predictive value (NPV, 95% CI 96.5% to 99.9%). T-MACS ruled out AMI in 117 (33.7%) patients with 98.1% sensitivity (95% CI 89.9% to 100%) and 99.2% NPV (95% CI 94.3% to 99.9%). T-MACS ruled in AMI with 97.9% specificity (95% CI 95.8% to 99.5%) and 83.7% positive predictive value (95% CI 70.6% to 91.7%).ConclusionsWith serial sampling over 3 hours, the Alere Cardio 3 Triage cTnI assay has relatively high NPV for AMI using either the LoD cut-off alone or the T-MACS decision aid. However, wide CIs around the measures of diagnostic accuracy mean that further prospective testing of this strategy is required before clinical implementation.Trial registration numberUKCRN 18000.