bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in a Mid-size City of China
Authors: Zhao Hongjun , Lu Xiaoxiao , Lun Wenhui , Li Tiegang , Rao Boqi , Wang Dedong , Wu Di , Qiu Fuman , Yang Zhicong , Jiachun Lu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: An outbreak of pneumonia associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan city and then spread to other cities. It is very urgent to delineate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of these affected patients. Methods: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of the COVID-19, we describe a case series of 473 patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Wenzhou of China from January 27 to March 2, 2020.Results: The median age of all patients was 47.6 years, 48.4% of which were female. 33.8% of the patients had a history of residence in Wuhan. Fever (71.7%) and cough (43.1%) were the most common symptoms. In addition, three kinds of unconventional cases were observed, namely 4.9% asymptomatic patients, 7.6% confirmed patients who had no link to Wuhan city but contact with individuals from Wuhan without any symptoms at the time of contact, and 12.9% confirmed patients who had an unknown source of transmission. We estimated that the basic reproductive number (R0) was 2.75 (95%CI: 2.37-3.23). The effective reproduction number (Rt) fluctuated within the range of 2.50 to 3.74 from January 11 to January 16 while gradually reached the peak of 3.74 on January 16. Rt gradually decreased after January 16 and decreased to 1.00 on January 30. Rt continually decreased and reached the lowest point (0.03) on February 21, 2020.Conclusion: Our findings presented the possibility of asymptomatic carriers affected with SARS-CoV-2, and this phenomenon suggested that chances of uncontrollable transmission in the larger population might be higher than formerly estimated, and transmission by these three kinds of unconventional patients in Wenzhou may be an important characteristic of infection in other mid-sized cities in the world. This study evaluated the epidemic characteristics of Wenzhou after having cases imported from Hubei Province and the effects after adopting a series of strict prevention and control strategy.
An Alternative Model in The Provision of CPAP in Sleep Apnea: A Comparative Cost Analysis
Authors: Vergara Demetrio Gonzalez , Peláez Sergio Márquez , Arias Jose David Alfonso , Ramos Julia Perez , Box Jose Luis Rojas , Nosea Manuel Aumesquet 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background. To conduct a pilot study on an alternative model for the provision of respiratory therapies in sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) by internalizing the service with the purchase, monitoring and control of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) equipment by the hospital.Methods. An observational, prospective pilot study of comparative cost analysis by internalizing the service to include all patients up to a budget limit of 5000 euros. The cost of internalizing the service included the acquisition of CPAP equipment and all the necessary accessories in addition to the nursing days necessary to track the patients. Patient satisfaction was assessed by a survey of the hospital service.Results. Twenty-one patients with 23,046 patient-days of follow-up were included. The cost of the internalized system was 6,825.11 €. The cost of the outsourced system over the same period would have been 22,781.18 €; thus, the direct saving was 15,956.07 €. The cost per device per day of the internalized system was 0.30 € versus the 0.99 € that the outsourced system would have cost during the study period. In the satisfaction survey, 12 (70.6%) patients indicated that they preferred the service of the hospital over that of the external company. No patient preferred the outsourced system.Conclusions. The internalization of CPAP service represents significant cost savings from a hospital perspective and an improvement in patients’ perceptions of the quality of service.
Empathy and burden in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Lorenzo Rosaria Di , Girone Anna , Panzera Nunzio , Fiore Gianluca , Pinelli Margherita , Venturi Giulia , Magarini Federica , Ferri Paola 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
The caregiver of patients loads different kind of burdens, including emotional distress. Aims of this study were to evaluate the burden and empathy of caregivers of patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders and to evaluate if these dimensions are correlate between them and/or with selected variables of caregivers and assisted patients.
Methods
We selected a sample of 60 caregivers (34 women and 26 men), who assisted patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated in our local Community Mental Health Center for a 1-year minimum period. We administered to our sample two scales, Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) and collected data of caregivers and their assisted patients in a 3-month period.
Results
We reported a mean ZBI score of 49.68 (± 15.03 SD) and a mean BEES score of 14.35 (± 9.05 SD), indicating the perception of moderate-severe burden and a low level of empathy, respectively. The analysis of internal consistency confirmed the good reliability of both ZBI (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90) and BEES (Cronbach's alpha = 0.77). The correlation between the two scales was not statistically significantly at Spearman test. Only a few variables, the living environment ("do not live with the patient") indirectly, and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score of assisted patients, in a direct way, were statistically significantly correlated with ZBI score. We highlighted only a positive statistically significant correlation between the fifth dimension score of BEES ("Tendency to avoid emotional involvement with fragile people") and CGI-S and GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) scores of assisted patients.
Conclusions
Our study highlights that the burden of caregivers of patients with severe psychiatric disorders is similarly high to that of organic or neurologic disorders and is associated with low emotional empathy experienced by caregivers, probably due to a defensive psychological mechanism.
Development of an Ehealth and GP Assisted Programme for Persistent Physical Symptoms: Qualitative Exploration of Users’ Needs
Authors: Jakobsen Pernille Ravn , Rask Mette Trøllund , Clemensen Jane , Rosendal Marianne , Frostholm Lisbeth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe prevalence of patients with persistent physical symptoms (PPS) in general practice is estimated to be 17%. Hence, general practitioners (GPs) play a central role in both diagnostic assessment and management of PPS. However, a large body of literature indicates a need to improve GP strategies and ways to support patient self-help. Additionally, the use of eHealth in the field of general practice is growing. Therefore, this study aims to explore users’ needs in order to understand their requirements to an eHealth and GP assisted self-help programme for PPS in general practice. MethodsSeven days of field studies in general practice and twenty semi-structured interviews (6 GPs and 14 patients with PPS) were conducted in the Region of Southern Denmark. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a five-step thematic analysis. Analysis was done inductively and separately for patients and GPs. The identified themes were mapped to the COM-B behaviour change model to allow translation from GPs´ and patients´ needs to the development of an eHealth intervention. ResultsThe analysis identified 11 subthemes in the patient interviews and 7 subthemes in the GP interviews. They were mapped into the three COM-B components: capability, opportunity and motivation. The main themes from patients and GPs corresponded and focused on understanding and explanation of symptoms, timing of this, uncertainty and consultation premises. Furthermore, important motivational elements for an eHealth programme were identified – especially the need for hope was emphasised.ConclusionsThe identified themes provide insight into potential behavioural interventions to facilitate self-care among patients with PPS in primary care settings through eHealth. Key learnings include: 1) a need to bring PPS into play early on in the consultation and take a more bio-psycho-social approach in the management of PPS. 2) Patients and GPs need better skills to manage uncertainty. 3) Patients need guidance from their GP in how to self-manage their PPS. Our design of a new eHealth and GP assisted self-help program for patients with PPS will target these identified key factors.
Airway Gene-Expression Classifiers for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Disease Severity in Infants
Authors: Wang Lu , Chu Chin-Yi , McCall Matthew N , Slaunwhite Christopher , Holden-Wiltse Jeanne , Corbett Anthony , Falsey Ann R. , Topham David J. , Caserta Mary T. , Mariani Thomas J. , Walsh Edward E. , Qiu Xing 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
BackgroundA substantial number of infants infected with RSV develop severe symptoms requiring hospitalization. We currently lack accurate biomarkers that are associated with severe illness. MethodWe defined airway gene expression profiles based on RNA sequencing from nasal brush samples from 106 full-tem previously healthy RSV infected subjects during acute infection (day 1-10 of illness) and convalescence stage (day 28 of illness). All subjects were assigned a clinical illness severity score (GRSS). Using AIC-based model selection, we built a sparse linear correlate of GRSS based on 41 genes (NGSS1). We also built an alternate model based upon 13 genes associated with severe infection acutely but displaying stable expression over time (NGSS2). ResultsNGSS1 is strongly correlated with the disease severity, demonstrating a naïve correlation (ρ) of ρ=0.935 and cross-validated correlation of 0.813. As a binary classifier (mild versus severe), NGSS1 correctly classifies disease severity in 89.6% of the subjects following cross-validation. NGSS2 has slightly less, but comparable, accuracy with a cross-validated correlation of 0.741 and classification accuracy of 84.0%. ConclusionAirway gene expression patterns, obtained following a minimally-invasive procedure, have potential utility for development of clinically useful biomarkers that correlate with disease severity in primary RSV infection.
Nebulized ivermectin for COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, a proof of concept, dose-ranging study in rats
Authors: Chaccour Carlos , Abizanda Gloria , Irigoyen-Barrio Ángel , Casellas Aina , Aldaz Azucena , Martínez-Galán Fernando , Hammann Felix , Gil Ana Gloria 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Ivermectin is a widely used antiparasitic drug with known efficacy against several single-strain RNA viruses. Recent data shows significant reduction of SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro by ivermectin concentrations not achievable with safe doses orally. Inhaled therapy has been used with success for other antiparasitics. Methods: An ethanol-based ivermectin formulation was administered once to 14 rats using a nebulizer capable of delivering particles with alveolar deposition. Rats were randomly assigned into three target dosing groups, lower dose (80-90 mg/kg), higher dose (110-140 mg/kg) or ethanol vehicle only. A toxicology profile including behavioral and weight monitoring, full blood count, biochemistry, necropsy and histological examination of the lungs was conducted. The pharmacokinetic profile of ivermectin in plasma and lungs was determined in all animals. Results: There were no relevant changes in behavior or body weight. There was a delayed elevation in muscle enzymes compatible with rhabdomyolysis, that was also seen in the control group and has been attributed to the ethanol dose which was up to 11 grams/kg in some animals. There were no histological anomalies in the lungs of any rat. Male animals received a higher ivermectin dose adjusted by adipose weight and reached higher plasma concentrations than females in the same dosing group (mean Cmax 86.2 ng/ml vs 26.2 ng/ml in the lower dose group and 152 ng/ml vs 51.8 ng/ml in the higher dose group). All subjects had detectable ivermectin concentrations in the lungs at seven days post intervention, up to 524.3 ng/g for high-dose male and 27.3 ng/g for low-dose females. Conclusion: nebulized ivermectin can reach pharmacodynamic concentrations in the lung tissue of rats, additional experiments are required to assess the safety of this formulation in larger animals.
Psychosocial Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression in Chinese Women: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Weijing Qi , Fuqing Zhao , Yutong Liu , Qing LI , Jie Hu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) has been identified as a recognized public health problem that may adversely affect mothers, infants, and family units. Recent research has identified risk factors for this disease in Westerners; however, a comprehensive study has yet to pool all evidence to provide estimates of psychological and social risk factors in China. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively assess all qualified studies and identify the psychological and social risk factors for postpartum depression in Chinese women.Methods: The following databases were used in the literature search from their inception until June 2019: PubMed, Embase, FMRS, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China Biology Medicine disc (CBM). Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan software. Study heterogeneity and publication bias were estimated.Results: From a total of 887 identified studies, 48 were included in the analysis. Prenatal depression (OR 7.70; 95% CI 6.02-9.83) and prenatal anxiety (OR 7.07; 95% CI 4.12-12.13) were major risk factors for PPD. A poor economic foundation (OR 3.50; 95% CI 2.92-4.20) and a poor relationship between husband and wife (OR 3.42; 95% CI 2.82-4.13) were moderate risk factors. Minor risk factors included a poor relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law (OR 2.89; 95% CI 2.12-3.95), a lack of social support (OR 2.57; 95% CI 2.32-2.85), unplanned pregnancy (OR 2.55; 95% CI 2.08-3.14), mother-in-law as the caregiver (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.67-3.74) and poor living conditions (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.92-3.10).Conclusions: This study demonstrated a number of psychological and social risk factors for postpartum depression in Chinese women. The major and moderate risk factors are prenatal depression, prenatal anxiety, a poor economic foundation and a poor relationship between husband and wife. These findings suggest that prenatal prevention aimed at these risk factors is important due to the presence of many of these factors during the prenatal period.
Work Motivation and Belief in One’s Capabilities to Continue Working Among Ageing Home Care Nurses: A Qualitative Study With a Mixed Methods Approach
Authors: Wallin Stina , Fjellman-Wiklund Anncristine , Fagerström Lisbeth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background The need for home care services is increasing. Therefore, it is important to support an ageing home care workforce to remain in work for longer. Personal resources such as work motivation are important in maintaining home care services, and the belief in one’s capabilities contribute to work ability. Few studies have targeted the ageing workers’ personal resources to manage their final working years. This study explore ageing home care nurses’ (HCNs) experiences of what positively and negatively affects their work motivation, and their beliefs in their capabilities to work until the expected retirement age, and to what extent. Methods This qualitative study was part of a cross-sectional survey answered by ageing HCNs. In four open-ended questions, aspects regarding work motivation and beliefs in one’s own capabilities to continue working until the expected retirement age were asked. Data was analysed using manifest qualitative content analysis. Through a quantification of the qualitative data analysis, the quantifiable focus among the responses was explored. Results The open-ended questions yielded 2339 utterances from 235 HCNs. The categories that gathered the most utterances positively affecting work motivation were named “Work environment”, “Significance of work”, “Stimulating challenges”, and “External response”. Correspondingly, categories mainly negatively affected work motivation were, “Organizational work environment”, Time constraints”, “Job characteristics”, and “Work community”. Factors that mostly provided the belief in one’s own capability to continue working yielded the categories “Own health”, “Workplace resources”, “Meaning of the work”, and “Nature of the work”. “Health related decline”, “Multifaceted work”, “Organizational resources”, and “Work related strain” mainly negatively affected the belief in own capabilities. Ageing itself was not seen as a concern. Conclusions When the factors that concurrently affected work motivation and one’s belief to continue working were well-functioning, they positively affected both motivation and belief. When they were insufficient they negatively affected either or both motivation and/or belief. Through highlighting the positive aspects of home care nursing, both work motivation and the belief to continue working might be facilitated among ageing HCNs. Meaningfulness of work should be addressed, together with strengthening the work community, a supporting leadership and offering challenging but overcoming demands.
Shock response and degassing reactions of calcite at planetary impact conditions
Authors: Umeda Yuhei , Fukui Keiya , Sekine Toshimori , Guarguaglini Marco , Benuzzi-Mounaix Alessandra , Kamimura Nobuki , Katagiri Kento , Kodama Ryosuke , Matsuoka Takeshi , Miyanishi Kohei , Ravasio Alessandra , Sano Takayoshi , Ozaki Norimasa 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Calcite (CaCO3) as a planetary material is a source to the atmospheric carbon dioxide through degassing by high-velocity impact events. Revealing the behavior of calcite in the extreme pressure and temperature conditions is required to understand the impact-induced degassing phenomena. Here we report laboratory investigations of shock- compressed calcite beyond the impact velocity of 12 km/s (faster than escape velocity from the Earth). The present precise shock measurements elucidate the shape of the calcite Hugoniot curve continuously passing through the melting and metallization states up to a pressure of 1000 GPa (= 10-million atmospheres) or a corresponding impact velocity of 30 km/s, allowing us to predict the post-shock residual temperatures and the dominant carbon oxide species in the impact aftermath. These predictions suggest that CO emission is much more dominant than CO2 at the impact velocities of ∼10 km/s and above, affecting the planetary atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse processes, and environmental changes during planetary evolution.
Does Physical Activity Lower the Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study of Physically Active Elderly Women
Authors: Zając-Gawlak Izabela , Pelclová Jana , Groffik Dorota , Pridalová Miroslava , Nawrat-Szołtysik Agnieszka , Kroemeke Aleksandra , Gába Aleš , Sadowska-Krępa Ewa 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: There are few studies assessing the health of older women with respect to their physical activity. This study sought to determine whether changes in the physical activity of 59 women aged 60+ measured seven years apart and the risk of the participants developing the metabolic syndrome (MetS) were related to each other. Methods: The physical activity of the participants was measured using the accelerometers in 2009 and 2016. Their risk for the MetS was assessed as per the NCEP-ATP III criteria. Results: The number of steps the participants took daily increased between 2009 and 2016 from 10.944±3,560 to 11.652±4865. Women who maintained a high level of physical activity between the measurements, or increased it, had a significantly higher mean concentration of high-density cholesterol in 2016 (80.3 vs. 64.5 mg/dL and 79.2 vs. 66.9mg/dL, respectively). In the latter, a lower concentration of triglycerides (TG) (123.8 vs. 158.3mg/dL) was also observed. In 2016, only 7 women met 3 or more criteria for MetS compared with 24 in 2009; at the same time, the mean number of the MetS criteria met by a participant fell from 2.2±1.4 to 1.4±1.0.Conclusions: The number of MetS criteria that the participants met in 2016 was lower than in 2007, probably due to the high number of steps taken daily. Therefore, their risk of developing cardiovascular diseases was lower too.
The utility of a three part differential hematology analyzer with CRP for assessing malaria
Authors: Nishimura Jun Ivan , Dharap Parag , Raimbault Sebastien 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
BackgroundHematology analyzers display abnormal hematology parameters during malaria infection providing insightful information for suspecting and assessing malaria infection. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the potential of a three part differential hematology analyzer to assess malaria, provide information about the parasitemia, and discuss the importance of combining CRP with hematology parameters to obtain further information about the malaria infection.MethodsThe present study shows the results of a retrospective study involving comparison of raw instrument data from a three part differential hematology analyzer with CRP measurement and corresponding microscopic findings of samples obtained during the monsoon season of years 2018 and 2019 in Mumbai, India. Mann-Whitney U and Krustal-Wallis tests were applied for obtaining statistical significance of hematology parameters and CRP among P. vivax, P. falciparum, dengue and negative samples. ResultsThe study considers 1008 non-malaria febrile cases, 209 P. vivax, 31 P. falciparum positive malaria samples, five cases of mixed species malaria infection, and three co-infection of malaria and dengue. Median values of WBCs, PLTs, PCT and %LYM were lower in malaria and dengue samples compared to negative ones with statistical difference (p < 0.05). Contrary, medians of MCHC, MPV, PDW, and %MON were higher than negative samples. The greatest difference in the analyzer results of malaria and dengue cases was observed in between their medians of CRP levels, which is evidenced by the values of the first quartiles of P. vivax and P. falciparum cases, and the third quartile of dengue cases being 8.6 and 10.4 mg/L, respectively.The parameters with a statistical difference for different levels of parasitemia were WBC, PLT, %MON and CRP. An interfering abnormal peak was observed in the white blood cell histogram, below 37 fl, in malaria infected samples, especially in P. vivax cases, where the height of that peak showed a strong correlation with red blood cells infected predominantly with larger parasitic forms.ConclusionsA three differential part hematology analyzer has the potential to not only trigger malaria diagnosis confirmation but also assess the severity of the infection when CRP is considered.