bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence‐Based Practice Among a Group of Malaysian Dental Practitioners
Authors: Yusof Zamros Y.M. , Han Lee Jin , San Poon Pei , Ramli Anis S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess dentists’ knowledge and use of evidence‐based practice (EBP), including their attitudes toward and perceptions of barriers that limit the use of EBP. A cross‐sectional survey was used with self‐administered questionnaires involving dental practitioners in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. One hundred ninety‐three replies were returned, for a response rate of 50.3 percent. More than two‐thirds (135/193, 69.9 percent) of the respondents had heard of EBP. Out of the 135 respondents who had heard of EBP, a majority agreed it was a decision‐making process based on evidence (127/135, 94.2 percent) and involved a series of steps from formulating the research question, locating and assessing the evidence, to applying it if suitable (129/135, 95.6 percent). Out of the 135 respondents who had heard of EBP, a high percentage agreed that EBP improved their knowledge and skills (132/135, 97.8 percent) and treatment quality (132/135, 97.8 percent). For advice, a majority of the 135 respondents frequently consulted friends and colleagues (123/135, 91.1 percent), made referrals (120/135, 88.9 percent), consulted textbooks (112/135, 83.0 percent), and referred to electronic databases (90/135, 66.7 percent). Out of the 135 respondents, many perceived EBP as very important (59/135, 43.7 percent) and important (58/135, 43.0 percent) and were interested to learn further information about EBP (132/135, 97.8 percent). The main reported barriers were lack of time (87/135, 64.4 percent), financial constraints (54/135, 40.0 percent), and lack of knowledge (38/135, 28.1 percent). A majority of the 135 respondents had knowledge of and positive attitudes towards EBP. However, due to barriers, a majority of them preferred colleagues, textbooks, and referrals for advice instead of seeking evidence from electronic databases.
U.S. Dental School Applicants and Enrollees, 2006 and 2007 Entering Classes
Authors: Okwuje Ifie , Anderson Eugene , Siaya Laura , Brown L. Jackson , Valachovic Richard W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe number of applicants to dental schools in the United States continues to rise at a double‐digit rate, 12 percent from 2005 to 2006 and 14 percent from 2006 to 2007. The number of applicants to the 2006 and 2007 years’ entering classes of U.S. dental schools was 12,500 and 13,700, respectively. The number of first‐time enrollees (4,600) in 2007 was the highest recorded since 1989. Men continue to comprise the majority of all applicants, 55 percent in 2006 and 53 percent in 2007. However, the percentage of women applicants to each school ranged from a third to more than half. Underrepresented minority (URM) applicants comprised 12 percent of the applicant pools in both 2006 and 2007. For the 2007 entering class, URM enrollees comprised 13 percent of enrollees. As in previous years, in 2007, the largest number of applicants and enrollees came from states that are among the largest in population in the United States: California, Texas, New York, and Florida. Grade point average and Dental Admission Test scores were the highest in more than a decade. More than three out of four of the 2007 first‐time, first‐year enrollees earned a baccalaureate degree either in biological/life or physical sciences or in health. Regardless of major field of study, the percent rates of enrollment generally exceeded 30 percent, though there were exceptions (e.g., engineering and education). The majority of enrollees to the 2007 entering classes were twenty‐two or twenty‐three years of age.
Assessing Dental Students’ Competence: Best Practice Recommendations in the Performance Assessment Literature and Investigation of Current Practices in Predoctoral Dental Education
Authors: Albino Judith E.N. , Young Stephen K. , Neumann Laura M. , Kramer Gene A. , Andrieu Sandra C. , Henson Lindsey , Horn Bruce , Hendricson William D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this article, the Task Force on Student Outcomes Assessment of the American Dental Education Association's Commission on Change and Innovation in Dental Education describes the current status of student outcomes assessment in U.S. dental education. This review is divided into six sections. The first summarizes the literature on assessment of dental students’ performance. Section two discusses catalysts, with a focus on problem‐based learning, for development of new assessment methods, while the third section presents several resources and guides that can be used to inform selection of assessment techniques for various domains of competence. The fourth section describes the methodology and results of a 2008 survey of current assessment practices in U.S. dental schools. In the fifth section, findings from this survey are discussed within the context of competency‐based education, the educational model for the predoctoral curriculum endorsed by the American Dental Education Association and prescribed by the Commission on Dental Accreditation. The article concludes with a summary of assessments recommended as optimal strategies to measure three components of professional competence based on the triangulation model. The survey of assessment practices in predoctoral education was completed by 931 course directors, representing 45 percent of course directors nationwide, from fifty‐three of the fifty‐six U.S. dental schools. Survey findings indicate that five traditional mainstays of student performance evaluation—multiple‐choice testing, lab practicals, daily grades, clinical competency exams, and procedural requirements—still comprise the primary assessment tools in dental education. The survey revealed that a group of newer assessment techniques, although frequently identified as best practices in the literature and commonly used in other areas of health professions education, are rarely employed in predoctoral dental education.
Dental Education in a Flat World: Advocating for Increased Global Collaboration and Standardization
Authors: Donaldson Martin E. , Gadbury‐Amyot Cynthia C. , Khajotia Sharukh S. , Nattestad Anders , Norton Neil S. , Zubiaurre Laureen A. , Turner Sharon P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlobalization is a broad term referring to the increasing connectivity, integration, and interdependence of economies, societies, technologies, cultures, and political and ecological spheres across the world. This position paper was developed by a working group of the 2007 American Dental Education Association (ADEA) Leadership Institute. The authors explore the effect that globalization has had on dentistry and dental education to date and hypothesize what dental education could look like in the years ahead. While the paper is written from a North American perspective, some of the authors bring international expertise and experience to the topic of global dental education in a flat world. Specific issues and barriers addressed in this position paper include variations in accreditation and licensure requirements in dental education throughout the world; the historical development of dental education models (odontology and stomatology) and the need for congruency of these models in the global environment; the competency‐based model of education and its relevance to development and implementation of global dental competencies; and the slow adoption of technological advances in dental education for promoting collaborations and encouraging resource sharing among countries. These challenges are discussed as they affect the implementation of a standardized global dental education that can lead to improved access to oral health care services and better oral and overall health for the citizens of the world.
Dental Residents’ Perceptions of Practice and Patient Management Training During Postgraduate Education
Authors: Houlberg Bryan J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine what aspects of practice and patient management matter most to dental residents and how they rate their level of training in these areas. In 2005, residents in twelve postdoctoral training programs at the School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, were surveyed about the importance of thirteen topics regarding dental practice and patient management. Residents also rated the level of training they received in these areas during their residency and dental school education. Results from the 2005 survey were compared with those from an identical survey administered to residents in 1997. Residents in 2005 rated time management, multidisciplinary coordination, and total quality management as the most important topics. Comparisons between the 1997 and 2005 groups found that time management and total quality management were significantly less emphasized in 2005 than in 1997. Residents from all specialties also rated dealing with health care payers as important to their future practices, but rated it the least emphasized topic in their programs. Results from this survey illustrate which practice and patient management skills are important to residents in comparison to how well they perceive they are being trained in these skills and suggest where programs could enhance their training to help residents run successful practices.
Magnification in Dental Practice and Education: Experience and Attitudes of a Dental School Faculty
Authors: Meraner Mark , Nase John B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe routine use of magnification and enhanced lighting by oral health care providers, educators, and students is growing, but there is little consensus regarding its implementation and use. Many students and faculty at the Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry elect to use some form of magnification in their real and simulated patient care activities, even though the school does not mandate or suggest standards for its utilization. A questionnaire was administered to the clinical faculty to assess two parameters: experience with magnification, and attitudes concerning the value of enhanced vision. Eighty‐two out of 124 eligible participants completed the questionnaire successfully for a 66 percent return rate. Sixty‐one percent of respondents reported their primary practice or teaching activities as “general dentistry or restorative/prosthodontics.” The remainder of the respondents represented a cross‐section of other departments and specialists. All endodontists and periodontists who completed the survey and 56 percent of the general/restorative dentists indicated they use magnification. This group accounted for 91 percent of all magnification users. Thirty‐nine percent in the magnification users group indicated that they avoid using magnification for some procedures. Faculty magnification users are not in full agreement about the value of enhanced vision in a dental education program. Nearly one‐quarter of all magnification users indicated it is unlikely they would use magnification in the teaching environment, even though they may use it in private practice. Various explanations were given for this inconsistency. Only 61 percent of magnification users indicated they make a point to talk to students about the uses and benefits of magnification. While 91 percent of users said that magnification offers significant benefits, only 73 percent believe it should be a program requirement, and 61 percent think it should be required beginning in the first year of the curriculum. The findings of this survey suggest that educational institutions would be wise to address faculty concerns and reasons for resistance before moving to the mandated use of magnification.
The evolution of the US family income–schooling relationship and educational selectivity
Authors: Belzil Christian , Hansen Jörgen 
Published: June 2020

SummaryWe estimate a dynamic model of schooling on two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and find that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the effects of real (as opposed to relative) family income on education have practically vanished between the early 1980s and the early 2000s. After conditioning on a cognitive ability measure (AFQT), family background variables and unobserved heterogeneity (allowed to be correlated with observed characteristics), income effects vary substantially with age and have lost between 30% and 80% of their importance on age‐specific grade progression probabilities. After conditioning on observed and unobserved characteristics, a $300,000 differential in family income generated more than 2 years of education in the early 1980s, but only 1 year in the early 2000s. Put differently, a $70,000 differential raised college participation by 10 percentage points in the early 1980s. In the early 2000s, a $330,000 income differential had the same impact. The effects of AFQT scores have lost about 50% of their magnitude but did not vanish. Over the same period, the relative importance of unobserved heterogeneity has expanded significantly, thereby pointing toward the emergence of a new form of educational selectivity reserving an increasing role to noncognitive abilities and/or preferences and a lesser role to cognitive ability and family income.
A cross‐section average‐based principal components approach for fixed‐T panels
Authors: Westerlund Joakim 
Published: June 2020

SummaryBecause of the increased availability of large panel data sets, common factor models have become very popular. The workhorse of the literature is the principal components (PC) method, which is based on an eigen‐analysis of the sample covariance matrix of the data. Some of its uses are to estimate the factors and their loadings, to determine the number of factors, and to conduct inference when estimated factors are used in panel regression models. The bulk of the underlying theory that justifies these uses is based on the assumption that both the number of time periods, T, and the number of cross‐section units, N, tend to infinity. This is a drawback, because in practice T and N are always finite, which means that the asymptotic approximation can be poor, and there are plenty of simulation results that confirm this. In the current paper, we focus on the typical micro panel where only N is large and T is finite and potentially very small—a scenario that has not received much attention in the PC literature. A version of PC is proposed, henceforth referred to as cross‐section average‐based PC (CPC), whereby the eigen‐analysis is performed on the covariance matrix of the cross‐section averaged data as opposed to on the covariance matrix of the raw data as in original PC. The averaging attenuates the idiosyncratic noise, and this is the reason why in CPC T can be fixed. Mirroring the development in the PC literature, the new method is used to estimate the factors and their average loadings, to determine the number of factors, and to estimate factor‐augmented regressions, leading to a complete CPC‐based toolbox. The relevant theory is established, and is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations.
Psychotherapists' preferences for television and movies during the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Farber Barry A. , Ort Daisy , Mayopoulos Gus 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study investigated psychotherapists' media use since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic. A total of 186 psychotherapists completed a 15‐item self‐report survey on the movies and TV shows they had watched, and the reasons for their choices, since the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Results indicated therapists primarily watched material they described as comedic, distracting, thought‐provoking, and psychologically engaging. In addition, they reported choosing media that appealed to their spouses and/or children. It is theorized that therapists' media selections are reinforcing their regulatory flexibility, allowing them to grapple with the harsh reality of the pandemic while simultaneously providing themselves emotional safety and relief in the form of distancing and distraction.
IGFBP6 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and morphology via cyclin E–CDK2
Authors: Wang Zhecun , Qi Yunling , Wang Rui , Wu Weibin , Li Zilun , Wang Mian , Liu Ruiming , Zhang Chunxiang , Li Wen , Wang Shenming 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite the high prevalence of varicose veins, the underlying pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. The present study aims to explore the role of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 6 (IGFBP6) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Using a protein array approach, we identified several differentially expressed proteins between varicose great saphenous veins and normal great saphenous veins. Bioinformatic analysis showed that IGFBP6 was closely related to cell proliferation. Further validation confirmed that IGFBP6 was one of the most highly expressed proteins in varicose vein tissue. Knocking down IGFBP6 in VSMCs significantly attenuated cell proliferation and induced the S phase arrest during the cell cycle. Further experiments demonstrated that IGFBP6 knockdown increased cyclin E ubiquitination, which reduced expression of cyclin E and phosphorylation of CDK2. Furthermore, IGFBP6 knockdown arrested centrosome replication, which subsequently influenced VSMC morphology. Ultimately, IGFBP6 was validated to be involved in VSMC proliferation in varicose vein tissues. The present study reveals that IGFBP6 is closely correlated with VSMC biological function and provides unprecedented insights into the underlying pathogenesis of varicose veins.
Prognostic model and nomogram construction based on autophagy signatures in lower grade glioma
Authors: Wang Chunhui , Qiu Jiting , Chen Sarah , Li Ying , Hu Hongkang , Cai Yu , Hou Lijun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe median survival time of lower grade glioma (LGG) tumors spans a wide range of 2–10 years and is highly dependent on the molecular characteristics and tumor location. Currently, there is no prognostic predictor for these tumors based on autophagy‐related (ATG) genes. A prognostic risk score model based on the most significant seven ATG genes was established for LGG. These seven genes, including GRID2, FOXO1, MYC, PTK6, IKBKE, BIRC5, and TP73, have been screened as potentially therapeutic targets. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve analyses validated that patients with high or low risk scores had significantly different overall survival. Following the multivariate Cox regression and area under the ROC curve (AUC) analysis, a final prognostic model based on age, World Health Organization grade, 1p19q‐codeletion status, and ATG risk score was performed as an independent prognostic indicator (training set: p = 4.09E−05, AUC = 0.901; validation set‐1: p = .00069, AUC = 0.808; validation set‐2: p = .0376, AUC = 0.830). Subsequently, a prognostic nomogram was constructed for individualized survival prediction. The calibration plots showed excellent predict efficiency between probability and actual overall survival. In this study, we provided several potential biomarkers for further developing potentially therapeutic targets of LGG. We also established a prognostic model and nomogram to improve the clinical glioma management and assist individualized survival prediction.
Immune reconstitution in children following chemotherapy for acute leukemia
Authors: Williams Anthony P. , Bate Jessica , Brooks Rachael , Chisholm Julia , Clarke Stuart C. , Dixon Elizabeth , Faust Saul N. , Galanopoulou Angeliki , Heath Paul T. , Maishman Thomas , Mapstone Susan , Patel Soonie R. , Vora Ajay , Wilding Sam A. , Gray Juliet C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough survival rates for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia are now excellent, this is at the expense of prolonged chemotherapy regimens. We report the long‐term immune effects in children treated according to the UK Medical Research Council UKALL 2003 protocol. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin levels were studied in 116 participants, at six time points, during and for 18‐month following treatment, with 30‐39 patients analyzed at each time point.Total lymphocytes were reduced during maintenance chemotherapy and remained low 18 months following treatment completion. CD4 T cells remained significantly reduced 18 months after treatment, but CD8 cells and natural killer cells recovered to normal values. The fall in naïve B‐cell numbers during maintenance was most marked, but numbers recovered rapidly after cessation of treatment. Memory B cells, particularly nonclass‐switched memory B cells, remained below normal levels 18 months following treatment. All immunoglobulin subclasses were reduced during treatment compared to normal values, with IgM levels most affected.This study demonstrates that immune reconstitution differs between lymphocyte compartments. Although total B‐cell numbers recover rapidly, disruption of memory/naïve balance persists and T‐cell compartment persist at 18 months. This highlights the impact of modern chemotherapy regimens on immunity, and thus, infectious susceptibility and response to immunization.
Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of some novel cyclohepta[b]thiophene‐3‐carboxamides bearing pyrazole moiety
Authors: Al‐Ghorbani Mohammed , Gouda Moustafa A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract2‐Aminothiophene 3 was achieved through the one‐pot multicomponent reaction of cycloheptanone, cyanoacetamide, elemental sulfur, and morpholine in ethanol. Diazotization of 2‐aminothiophene 3 with NaNO2/HCl gave the corresponding diazonium salt 4, that combined with the appropriate active methylene components; 5a, 5b, 7, 11, 13, 16, 18, 21, 9, 19, 22a, and 22b in pyridine (AcONa/EtOH) to form the corresponding hydrazones 6a, 6b, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, 25a, and 25b, respectively. Heating of compound 8 with malononitrile 9 in ethanol gave the thiazole 10. Treatment of compound 10, 25a, and 25b with hydrazine hydrate achieve the pyrazoles 12, 27a, and 27b, respectively. Hydrazinolysis of compound 14 with hydrazine hydrate, followed by condensation of the obtained hydrazide 15 with acetylacetone 19 gave the pyrazole 20. The recently orchestrated thiophenes were assessed for their cytotoxic action. The result revealed that compound 12 indicated comparable and better action towards HePG2, HCT‐116, MCF‐7, and PC3 cancer cell lines than Doxorubicin.
Diagnosis of COVID‐19 pneumonia despite missing detection of viral nucleic acid and initially inconspicuous radiologic findings
Authors: Schiller Martin , Wydra Stephan , Kerl Hans Ulrich , Kick Wolfgang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is mainly based on a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result. PCR samples are obtained from upper or lower respiratory tract specimens. However, the sensitivity of PCR is known to have some limitations.We report on a patient who was admitted to our hospital with dyspnea, fever, cough, and history of contact with a SARS‐CoV‐2 infected relative. The initial chest computed tomography (CT) showed only minimal changes and SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR from a nasopharyngeal swab sample was negative. PCR results obtained from further nasopharyngeal swabs, qualified sputum samples, and from a lower respiratory tract specimen also remained negative. At day 13 after admission, a second chest CT showed radiological findings suspicious for viral pneumonia. Finally, serologic results showed high levels of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A antibodies against the S1 domain of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein, and the patient was diagnosed with COVID‐19 pneumonia.