bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Interveinally Chlorotic Red Maple Trees Treated with Medicaps or by Soil Acidification
Authors: Steven Messenger A. , Hruby Brett A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four replicates of 6 treatments were imposed on a nursery block of interveinally chlorotic red maples (Acer rubrum ‘Red Sundet’ L.) when they were 5 years-old.
Throughout 2 growing seasons of foliar nutrient monitoring, the degree of chlorosis was more closely correlated with leaf concentrations of P and K (positive) than with Mn (negative).
Soil treatments which included subsoil acidification (H2SO4 + MnSO4) were most effective in re-greening the trees and in increasing leaf Mn concentrations, height and diameter growth, and red fall color development. Mn-Medicaps were equally effective as the above treatments in decreasing leaf P and K concentrations and increasing shoot elongation rates. Surface soil acidification alone resulted in either negative or no effects on the health-related parameters measured.
A Computerized Spreadsheet Program for Estimating Costs and Returns of Selected Field-Grown Nursery Stock
Authors: Johnson Larry A. , Tilt Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A computerized, menu-driven spreadsheet program was developed to assist nursery producers and other nursery professionals with generating customized nursery budgets for field-grown nursery stock and Christmas trees. The compiled spreadsheet is a “stand alone” program with its financial models based on enterprise budgets taken from extension publications. The program enables the user to estimate production cost and potential profit of an existing or prospective crop. Advantages of the program include the user modifying existing data bases rather than entering all relevant information. Users of the program can also evaluate risk parameters of a decision through the “what-if” capabilities of the spreadsheet
Effect of Trickle Irrigation, Nitrogen Rate, and Method of Application on Field-grown ‘Compacta’ Japanese Holly
Authors: Eakes D.J. , Gilliam C.H. , Ponder H.G. , Evans C.E. , Marini M.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three methods of N application and 4 N rates of 34, 67, 134, and 268 kg/ha (30,60 120, and 240 lbs/A) were evaluated on field-grown ‘Compacta’ Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’). Fertilizer application methods consisted of NH4NO3 broadcast over trickle irrigated and non-irrigated plants, and injection of NH4NO3 through the trickle irrigation system. Irrigation regardless of whether N was surface applied or injected through the system, increased root and shoot dry weights, plant size, visual ratings, and percent survival. Irrigated plants had a more fibrous root system. N rate had no affect on root or shoot dry weights, root distribution, visual ratings, or percent survival.
Effectiveness of Alternative Advertising and Promotional Media Vehicles in Garden Center Advertising
Authors: Kelly Horace O. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
These data, analyzed by different size population centers, show that there is a relationship between the effectiveness of different media vehicles and the size of the population center in which a garden center is located. In large metro areas (500K +), customer mailings, poster advertising specials, and radio are most effective; in small metro locations (lOO–499K), the most effective vehicles are customer mailings, poster advertising specials, posters in the store, and radio; in large cities/towns (50–99K), the optimum choices are posters in the store, poster advertising specials, neighborhood newspapers, customer mailings, and radio; in small cities/towns (−50K), the best media vehicles are posters in the store and neighborhood newspapers.
Turgor Maintenance in Rosa rugosa Grown at Three Levels of Nitrogen and Subjected to Drought
Authors: Augé R.M. , Stodola A.J.W. , Gealy D.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The influence of N fertilization on turgor maintenance was determined in leaves from well-watered and droughted Rosa rugosa L. Plants were fertilized for 60 days with a complete fertilizer with N at levels of 0, 200 or 500 ppm and then subjected to several drought cycles for 22 days. Plants receivmg no N were stunted and chlorotic, but had the greatest full saturation turgor pressure and symplastic osmolality, and the lowest full saturation osmotic potential, after drought. These plants also maintained higher turgor across a range of leaf water potentials and relative water contents. Leaf water content at full turgor and relative water content at the turgor loss point were also lower in plants without N. N treatments of 200 and 500 ppm had similar water relations under both well-watered and drought conditions.
Spectral Transmittance of Selected Greenhouse Construction and Nursery Shading Material
Authors: McMahon M.J. , Kelly J.W. , Decoteau D.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Spectral transmittance properties of several greenhouse construction and shading materials were determined by measuring the quantity and quality of solar radiation transmission on non-clouded (sunny) days at solar noon. Spectral transmittance parameters included photosynthetic radiation (400–700 nm) and photomorphogenic radiation (660 nm (red light), 730 nm (far-red light), and 400–500 nm (blue light). Light available for photosynthesis was measured as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and photosynthetic radiation (PI). Photomorphogenic radiation was measured as far-red/red (FR/R) and blue light. Greenhouse construction materials included glass, chambered acrylic, chambered polycarbonate, and inflated plastic film. Various shade materials of different colors were evaluated. Photosynthetically active radiation transmission of construction materials ranged from approximately 95% transmission of direct sunlight with Exolite to less than 50% with tinted Lexan. Far-red/red values of shade materials ranged from 0.94 for Enduro Green to 5.58 for Cravo LS-7.
A Survey of Weed Control Costs and Strategies in Container Production Nurseries
Authors: Gilliam Charles H. , Foster William J. , Adrain John L. , Shumack Ronald L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Thirty-two container nurseries were surveyed concerning weed management strategies. Handweeding costs ranged from $608–$1401/ha ($246–$567/acre), with hourly wages paid for handweeding ranging from $3.53 to $3.97/hour. Nurseries averaged 3 applications of preemergence applied herbicides annually. Primary herbicides applied were OH-2 (oxytluorfen + pendimethalin), Rout (oxytluorfen + oryzalin) and Ronstar (oxadiazon). Problem weeds identified by the participants were prostrate spurge (Euphorbia supina Raf.), oxalis (Oxalis sp.), eclipta (Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskarl) and nutsedge [Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow) and C. rotundus L. (purple)]. Weed control material used under containers varied with the nursery size.
Response of Different Syringa (Lilac) Species and Hybrids to Renovation
Authors: Davidson Campbell G. , Remphrey William R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eighteen species and hybrids of Syringa were renovated by removing all stems. At the end of 4 years, shoot growth, shoot diameter, and numbers of lateral shoots produced were evaluated to assess species differences in growth response. In most species, there was an initial rapid growth rate followed by a decline. The decline in growth rate may be related to increasing architectural complexity as the shoot system develops. Genotypic differences in stem diameter, height growth progression and the number of lateral shoots have a principal role in plant form development and should be considered when selecting plants with particular textural characteristics for landscape plantings. In addition, these response patterns may be a useful guide for predicting growth and development after renovation of a particular species and hybrids.
Micropropagation and Field Evaluation of × Heucherella ‘Bridget Bloom’
Authors: Kitto S.L. , Frett J.J. , Geiselhart P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
× Heucherella ‘Bridget Bloom’ shoots were surface disinfected and cultured on basal medium composed of Murashige-Skoog salts and vitamins and the following addenda per liter; sucrose, 30 g; glycine, 2 mg; and washed Difco Bacto-agar, 6 g. Axillary shoot proliferation was greatest on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg 1−1 benzyladenine, 0.025 mg 1−1 naphthaleneacetic acid and 4 g 1−1 washed Difco Bacto-agar. Adventitious shoots regenerated from callus that initiated from the base of cultured microcuttings. Microcuttings were rooted in Redi-Earth under intermittent mist for 4 wk (94% rooted) and then moved to a greenhouse (98% survival after 4 wk). During a 16 month field study, plants produced from microcuttings grew as well as, if not better than, greenhouse-grown plants propagated by division. Micropropagated plants originating from axillary buds had significantly greater fresh and dry weights, and initiated more leaves and crowns when grown under field conditions than plants originating from adventitious buds.
Overwintering Container-grown Nursery Crops: Plant, Air and Medium Thermal Response to Porous Row Covers
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Perry Katharine B. , Bir Richard E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three structureless row covers (white, spunbonded polyester and two weights of white, spunbonded polypropylene) were evaluated for winter protection of container grown ‘Helleri’ holly (Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’), ‘Atropurpurea Nana’ nandina (Nandina domestica ‘Atropurpurea Nana’), Fraser photinia (Photinia × fraseri), and ‘Mohave’ pyracantha (Pyracantha Koidzumii × coccinea ‘Mohave’) relative to white copolymer film and white copolymer backed thermoblanket over quonset-shaped structures and an unprotected control. Air and rooting medium temperatures were monitored during the deployment period. Visual foliar injury ratings were taken immediately after treatments were removed and again four months later. Visual shoot injury ratings were correlated with the mean daily average and the mean daily minimum temperature of air and rooting medium within each treatment. Both polypropylene covers provided protection for plants in the interior of a consolidated group equivalent to white poly and the thermoblanket for all species except Pyracantha. Porous row covers are a feasible alternative to standard protection systems.
Response of Two Forcing Azalea Cultivars to Bonzi and B-nine Applications
Authors: Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bonzi (paclobutrazol) sprays of 50, 100, and 150 ppm applied either 1 day before or 1 day after cooling reduced bypass shoot number and length of Dorothy Gish White and Roadrunner azaleas (Rhododendron × ‘Dorothy Gish White’ and R. × ‘Roadrunner’) compared to the control. Flowering was delayed 3 to 8 days depending upon cultivar, rate, and time of application, while bloom diameter was reduced slightly (Dorothy Gish White) or not affected (Roadrunner) by paclobutrazol. B-nine (daminozide) had little effect on either bypass shoot development or flowering of Roadrunner, but reduced flower diameter and· delayed flowering of Dorothy Gish White azalea relative to the control.
Growth Analysis of ‘Plumosa Compacta’ Juniper and ‘Coral Beauty’ Cotoneaster Subjected to Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Regimes
Authors: Hicklenton Peter R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
‘Plumosa Compacta’ juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench.) and ‘Coral Beauty’ cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C. K. Schneid.) were container grown in a bark:peat-sand medium (2:1:1 by vol.). Plants received either 70, 140, 280 or 420 mg (0.003, 0.005, 0.010 or 0.015 oz) N per week from nutrient solutions. Growth was assessed on plants harvested from each treatment regime on May 22 and then at monthly intervals until September 16. Juniper plants grown with 140 mg (0.005 oz) N per week were larger at the end of the season than those in the other treatments. In cotoneaster, growth increased as weekly N application increased from 70 to 420 mg (0.03 to 0.015 oz) N per week. Path analysis was used to quantify the effect of plant relative growth rate (RGR) during each month on RGR in subsequent months and on total seasonal relative dry weight gain (TRWG). RGR during each month significantly influenced TRWG, with the periods from June 21 to July 20, and from July 21 to August 18 exerting the greatest influence in cotoneaster. In juniper, the influence of RGR in each month on TRWG was equal. For both cotoneaster and juniper, increasing RGR during one month tended to have a negative influence on RGR during subsequent months.
Improvement of Seedling Emergence of Lupinus texensis Hook. Following Seed Scarification Treatments
Authors: Davis Tim D. , George Steven W. , Upadhyaya Abha , Persons Jerry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds from four commercial seedlots of Lupinus texensis Hook. (Texas bluebonnet) were placed in concentrated sulfuric acid for 0 to 120 minutes and then sown. Emergence was promoted by acid scarification in three of the four seedlots. For the lots that responded to acid scarification, the optimal scarification time was 30–60 minutes which resulted in 85–95% emergence one month after planting. In addition to increasing the total number of seedlings that emerged, acid scarification hastened emergence. The same aliquot of sulfuric acid was used for five 60-minute scarification periods before its efficacy was reduced. Acid scarification did not reduce seed coat thickness or strength but created several small pores in the seed coat which likely facilitated imbibition. Cutting, filing, or piercing the seed coat promoted emergence to a similar extent. Placement of seeds in 85%C (185%F) water and then cooling for 24 hrs promoted emergence relative to the non-treated controls, but was not as effective as other scarification techniques. Freezing and thawing of seeds had no effect on emergence. Results indicate that acid scarification functions by removing a mechanical rather than a chemical barrier to gennination of L. texensis.
Effects of Container Medium Peat Content and Bed Surface on Plant Growth During Capillary Irrigation
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Stefani Marcia A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rhododendron indicum ‘Formosa’ (Formosa azalea), Buxus sempervirens (Common boxwood), and B. microphylla koreana (Korean boxwood) were grown on capillary irrigation beds of fine mortar sand kept moist with water distributed through drip tubing. The proportion of peat in the pine bark:peat:sand container medium had a significant effect on plant growth, with growth generally increasing as peat content increased from 0 to 40%. Covering the sand beds with Visqueen ground cover film to control weeds and to prevent root growth from the pots into the sand reduced plant growth, apparently by interfering with capillary flow of water from the sand to the container medium. Spraying the sand surface with Surflan A.S. (oryzalin) at 3.36 kg/ha (3 lbs ai/A) reduced weed establishment early in the growing season, but had little effect on weeds or growth of Korean boxwood roots into the sand 4 months after study initiation.
Cold Storage of Rooted Taxus Cuttings on Subsequent Summer Regrowth
Authors: McGuire John J. , Johnson Wm. A. , Dawson Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
After one growing season, root systems of Taxus media ‘Nigra’ and ‘Densiformis’ were similar, whether or not these fall-propagated rooted liners were given a cold treatment [−2.2°C (28°F) for 8 weeks] or left in the propagating beds until spring. However, storage did make propagation space available for two months for other uses. Outdoor spring propagated cuttings had more roots and a greater root shoot/ratio than indoor fall rooted cuttings, whether the latter were cold-treated or not.
Seed Germination of Rhododendron catawbiense and Rhododendron maximum: Influence of Light and Temperature
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. , Acedo Juan R. , Reece William M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. and Rhododendron maximum L. were germinated at 25°C (77°F) and 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) with daily photoperiods of 0, 1/2, 1/2 twice daily, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr. After 30 days at 25°C (77°F), germination of R. catawbiense in darkness was 5% but increased to 64% at 25°/15°C (77°/59°F). At both temperatures, gernlination &gt;95% was attained by day 15 for photoperiods of 1/2 to 12 hr. Regardless of temperature, seeds of R. maximum required light for germination. At 25°C (77°F), increasing photoperiods increased germination with 79 and 81% germination occurring by day 21 for the 12- and 24-hr photoperiods, respectively. The alternating temperature of 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) enhanced germination when light was limiting. At this temperature, germination of 92 to 97% was reached by day 21 for photoperiods ≥4 hr.
Propagation of Firebush (Hamelia patens) by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Davis Tim D. , George Steven W. , Upadhyaya Abha , Parsons Jerry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The influence of bottom heat, rooting medium, type of cutting (i.e. terminal vs. subterminal), and commercial auxin formulations on greenhouse propagation of firebush (Hamelia patens Jacq.) by leafy stem cuttings during winter was investigated. Without bottom heat, mid-day rooting medium temperature averaged about 22 ± 3°C (72 ± 5°F). Percent rooting of auxin-treated cuttings without bottom heat was 50% and mean length of the longest root and visual rating scores of root development were low. Maintaining the rooting medium at 29–39°C (85–10 1°F) increased percent rooting for auxin-treated cuttings to 96–100% and increased root length and visual rating scores several-fold. Rooting percentage, root length, and visual rating scores were consistently high in perlite and low in peat moss. Terminal stem-tip cuttings and subterminal stem segment cuttings with basal stem diameters of 3–5 mm (0.13–0.20 in) rooted slightly better than subterminal stem segment cuttings which had basal stem diameters of 6–8 mm (0.25–0.32 in.). Terminal stem-tip cuttings not treated with auxin but with bottom heat had rooting percentages of 81–86%. Treatment of terminal stem-tip cuttings with Rootone F or Wood's Rooting Compound (1:20 or 1:5 dilution) generally resulted in rooting percentages above 90%. Some of the auxin treatments also resulted in increased root length and visual rating scores. Despite these differences, none of the plants grown from auxin-treated cuttings, were distinguishable from plants grown from nontreated cuttings two months after the rooting period. Of the variables studied, bottom heat had the most dramatic effect on rooting of stem cuttings during winter months.
Effect of Seasons and Irrigation Regimes on Plant Growth and Water-Use of Container-Grown Photinia × fraseri
Authors: Welsh Douglas F. , Zajicek Jayne M. , Lyons Calvin G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Water-use and plant growth of Fraser photinia (Photinia × fraseri Dress) were studied under varying irrigation regimes during 2 different growing seasons, winter and summer. Rooted cuttings were transplanted into 7.57 1 (2 gal) plastic containers containing Metro-mix 500 and greenhouse-grown under 2 irrigation frequencies (3.5 or 7-day intervals) and 3 replacement amounts (100%, 75% or 50% replacement of actual water-use).
Increased irrigation frequency significantly reduced plant growth parameters of winter-grown plants, including shoot growth, leaf number, leaf area and shot dry weight. Decreased irrigation amount significantly increased root dry weight. Significant differences were not detected in growth measurements of summer-grown plants suggesting differences between experiments are seasonal in nature. Frequent irrigation resulted in poor plant pelformance under winter growing conditions of lower evapotranspiration (ET); however under summer growing conditions, frequent irrigation did not significantly affect plant growth.
Decreased irrigation frequency significantly increased total water-use for winter-grown plants due to increased plant performance. No significant differences in water-use due to frequency in summer-grown plants was found.
Time of Transplanting Liners and Initial Growing Location Affects Growth of Woody Nursery Plants
Authors: Laiche Adolph J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Liners of four cultivars were planted in larger containers and subjected to selected production systems. Objectives were to compare planting liners in September or December and growing these plants can-to-can out-of-doors or in a polyhouse vs planting in April or May of the following year.
Substantially more shoot fresh weight was obtained with three of the four test species by planting liners in larger containers in September before cold weather occurred compared to planting in December, April or May of the following year. In general, planting liners in December compared to planting in April of the following year did not result in an increase in shoot fresh weight. Late planting in May, rather than in April, resulted in less shoot fresh weight and lower root ratings with three of the four species tested. Growing plants in a polyhouse compared to out of doors resulted in more shoot fresh weight only with Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’ and Rhododendron ‘Formosa’ planted in September and with Ilex cornuta ‘Anicet Delcambre’ planted in December.
Kairomone Response, Pesticide Tolerance and Field Efficacy of the Predatory Mite, Neosieulus collegae (De Leon)
Authors: Mizell Russell F. , Schiffhauer Daniel E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Neosieulus (Cydnodromus) collegae (De Leon) (Acari:Phytoseiidae) is a heretofore relatively unknown species of predatory mite. In an olfactometer, female predators were attracted to kairomones produced by Tetranychus urticae Koch, Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor), O. ununguis (Jacobi), Eotetranychus hicoriae (McGregor), and E. sexmaculatus (Riley). Predators were repelled by odors emanating from lima bean leaves treated with Mavrik (fluvalinate) and Ammo (cypermethrin), but unresponsive to those treated with Tame (fenpropathrin) and Talstar (bifenthrin). This predator species was tolerant of residues of Vendex (hexakis), Omite (propargite), Pentac (dienochlor) and Avid (abamectin) but not to residues of Tame (fenpropathrin) and Kelthane (dicofol). Eggs of T. urticae treated with Tame (fenpropathrin) were toxic to the predator when consumed. Female N. collegae would not consume eggs treated with Avid (abamectin); starvation reduced fecundity. Prey eggs treated with Vendex (hexakis) and Omite CR (propargite) were consumed without affecting predator fecundity or mortality. Eggs treated with Pentac (dienochlor) or Kethane (dicofol) were consumed, but significantly reduced predator fecundity. Predators released into plots in a commercial nursery during winter in north Florida reduced field populations of T. urticae within 20–30 days, if released in high numbers. Neosieulus collegae may have significant potential as a biological control agent in nursery crops for control of mite pests.