bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inference in economic experiments
Authors: Hirschauer Norbert , Grüner Sven , Mußhoff Oliver , Becker Claudia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractReplication crisis and debates aboutp-values have raised doubts about what we can statistically infer from research findings, both in experimental and observational studies. With a view to the ongoing debate on inferential errors, this paper systematizes and discusses experimental designs with regard to the inferences that can and – perhaps more important – that cannot be made from particular designs.
The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy of Language
Authors: Graheli Alessandro 
Published: February 2020

The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy of Language introduces the central theories in Indian philosophy and provides an up-to-date research resource to better understanding the history and future direction of the field.
Featuring leading international scholars whose work has come to define Indian philosophy of language, each chapter addresses a particular philosophical problem from the viewpoint of a specific tradition or thinker. Covering traditions including Advaita Vedanta, Visiadvaita Vedanta, Buddhism and Alakarasastra, they tackle questions such as what is the impact of textual structures on the philosophical message and whether it is productive to distinguish between figurative statements and incomplete propositions as well as the relation of the speaker to reality and the use of metalanguage. Chapters conclude with further reading suggestions while an annotated bibliography helps provide further context to all the themes covered.
By focusing on the development of dialogic ideas in Indian philosophy this handbook presents a systematic survey of the philosophy of language in the Indian tradition. Introducing original philosophical research from renowned thinkers, it makes an important contribution to both Eastern and Western contemporary philosophy of language.
ocean
Authors: Mentz Steve 
Published: February 2020

Object Lessons is a series of short, beautifully designed books about the hidden lives of ordinary things.
The ocean comprises the largest object on our planet. Retelling human history from an oceanic rather than terrestrial point of view unsettles our relationship with the natural environment. Our engagement with the world's oceans can be destructive, as with today’s deluge of plastic trash and acidification, but the mismatch between small bodies and vast seas also emphasizes the frailty and resilience of human experience.
From ancient stories of shipwrecked sailors to the containerized future of 21st-century commerce, Ocean splashes the histories we thought we knew into salty and unfamiliar places.
Object Lessons is published in partnership with an essay series in the The Atlantic.
Pathos and Pathology: Margherita Spagnuolo Lobb and a Message Out of Europe
Authors: Tropianskaia Jay 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This response examines the impact on the North American Gestalt community of Margherita Spagnuolo Lobb's extension of the field approach to include a “worldwide” suffering. I reflect on cultural variants in the understanding of suffering in Europe and North America and inquire what can be learned from the European model. Gestalt therapy's shift of attention from the rising figure to attention to the ground itself has enabled work with deeper forms of suffering such as psychopathology, depression, panic disorder, and trauma, as well as a diagnostic approach that describes the cocreated space between client and therapist. How much can this shift allow the Gestalt therapist to include the sense of an insecure world: changing boundaries, terrorism, inability to trust one's neighbor, lack of grounding? Although it may be difficult for the North American therapist to identify strongly with such matters, Spagnuolo Lobb asks us consider our youth's issues of desensitization, suicide, addictions, lack of containment and identity, to alert us to the need for change.
In the Face of Trauma: Relationship, Ethics, and the Possibility of Presence
Authors: Taylor Miriam 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUsing Lévinas's ethical “commandment” as a starting point, this paper outlines some of the personal and relational dynamics in facing the extreme suffering of trauma. The polarities of alienation and identification illustrate some of the tensions and risks involved in becoming more present in the face of trauma. The therapist's personal relationship to trauma is positioned as a key factor in determining our ability to meet people who are traumatized, and the argument is presented that “therapeutic vulnerability” can be one of our resources.
Effectiveness of Course Portfolio in Improving Course Quality at Higher Education
Authors: Akleh Aamal , A.Wahab Rabab Asgher 
Published: February 2020

To fulfill the demand of teaching and learning quality in Higher Education, different means of evaluating, assessing, and accrediting academic programs have evolved. The need arises on finding scientific tools to measure and assess quality at different stages of educational processes. In Higher Education, course portfolio is considered one of essential quality assurance tools used. It is used to monitor and develop activities, to help students construct knowledge, and to improve the academic activities. This paper tackles the effectiveness of such tool for improving learning and teaching processes College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain. The results of this study showed that the college faculty have a positive perceptions towards the use of course portfolio. They also, positively perceive the usefulness of audit results of the course portfolio and show good intention towards using electronic course portfolio; however, they need more training and support to use it effectively. In this study, the benefits of course portfolio as an independent variable was found to be a significant predictor of e-portfolio acceptance. College of Health and Sport Sciences need to improve the implementation of e-portfolio system through continuous faculty feedback and improvement plans.
SpeciesPrimer: a bioinformatics pipeline dedicated to the design of qPCR primers for the quantification of bacterial species
Authors: Dreier Matthias , Berthoud Hélène , Shani Noam , Wechsler Daniel , Junier Pilar 
Published: February 2020

Background
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is a well-established method for detecting and quantifying bacteria, and it is progressively replacing culture-based diagnostic methods in food microbiology. High-throughput qPCR using microfluidics brings further advantages by providing faster results, decreasing the costs per sample and reducing errors due to automatic distribution of samples and reagents. In order to develop a high-throughput qPCR approach for the rapid and cost-efficient quantification of microbial species in complex systems such as fermented foods (for instance, cheese), the preliminary setup of qPCR assays working efficiently under identical PCR conditions is required. Identification of target-specific nucleotide sequences and design of specific primers are the most challenging steps in this process. To date, most available tools for primer design require either laborious manual manipulation or high-performance computing systems.

Results
We developed the SpeciesPrimer pipeline for automated high-throughput screening of species-specific target regions and the design of dedicated primers. Using SpeciesPrimer, specific primers were designed for four bacterial species of importance in cheese quality control, namely Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Pediococcus acidilactici and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Selected primers were first evaluated in silico and subsequently in vitro using DNA from pure cultures of a variety of strains found in dairy products. Specific qPCR assays were developed and validated, satisfying the criteria of inclusivity, exclusivity and amplification efficiencies.

Conclusion
In this work, we present the SpeciesPrimer pipeline, a tool to design species-specific primers for the detection and quantification of bacterial species. We use SpeciesPrimer to design qPCR assays for four bacterial species and describe a workflow to evaluate the designed primers. SpeciesPrimer facilitates efficient primer design for species-specific quantification, paving the way for a fast and accurate quantitative investigation of microbial communities.
Genetic structure is stronger across human-impacted habitats than among islands in the coralPorites lobata
Authors: Tisthammer Kaho H. , Forsman Zac H. , Toonen Robert J. , Richmond Robert H. 
Published: February 2020

We examined genetic structure in the lobe coralPorites lobataamong pairs of highly variable and high-stress nearshore sites and adjacent less variable and less impacted offshore sites on the islands of Oahu and Maui, Hawaii. Using an analysis of molecular variance framework, we tested whether populations were more structured by geographic distance or environmental extremes. The genetic patterns we observed followed isolation by environment, where nearshore and adjacent offshore populations showed significant genetic structure at both locations (AMOVAFST= 0.04∼0.19,P < 0.001), but no significant isolation by distance between islands. Strikingly, corals from the two nearshore sites with higher levels of environmental stressors on different islands over 100 km apart with similar environmentally stressful conditions were genetically closer (FST= 0.0,P= 0.73) than those within a single location less than 2 km apart (FST= 0.04∼0.08,P < 0.01). In contrast, a third site with a less impacted nearshore site (i.e., less pronounced environmental gradient) showed no significant structure from the offshore comparison. Our results show much stronger support for environment than distance separating these populations. Our finding suggests that ecological boundaries from human impacts may play a role in forming genetic structure in the coastal environment, and that genetic divergence in the absence of geographical barriers to gene flow might be explained by selective pressure across contrasting habitats.
Use of Signed Permutations in Cryptography
Authors: Raharinirina Iharantsoa Vero 
Published: February 2020

In this paper we consider cryptographic applications of the arithmetic on the hyperoctahedral group. On an appropriate subgroup of the latter, we particularly propose to construct public key cryptosystems based on the discrete logarithm. The fact that the group of signed permutations has rich properties provides fast and easy implementation and makes these systems resistant to attacks like the Pohlig-Hellman algorithm. The only negative point is that storing and transmitting permutations need large memory. Using together the hyperoctahedral enumeration system and what is called subexceedant functions, we define a one-to-one correspondence between natural numbers and signed permutations with which we label the message units.
Antioxidants: Science, Technology, and Applications
Authors: Senanayake S.P.J. Namal , Wanasundara P.K. Janitha P.D. , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAntioxidants are compounds that are used to enhance shelf life and preserve the quality of fats and oils and lipid‐containing foods by suppressing oxidation reactions of their unsaturated components. These compounds could be naturally present, deliberately added, or generated during processing. Antioxidants are needed in small quantities to participate or interfere in the lipid autoxidation reaction cascade via various mechanisms. They should be easy to handle and use, cost‐effective, and readily available. Antioxidants should not impart any undesirable flavor, odor, or color to the food; they should be stable and safe for use in food. Application of these antioxidants differs depending on the nature of the food, conditions of intended processing, desired shelf life, and storage. However, antioxidants that are deliberately added to foods are thoroughly scrutinized for their safety and toxicology aspects. Their usage in food is regulated under different legislatures in various countries. This article examines the purpose of antioxidant use, chemistry of antioxidant activity, and naturally derived and synthetic compounds that exert antioxidative activity in foods, as well as the relevant technological, toxicological, and regulatory considerations.
Rice Bran Oil
Authors: Orthoefer Frank T. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The market for rice bran oil is expected to grow significantly due to its popularity in foods, food supplements, cosmetics, and health care. The advantages of rice bran oil are certainly its unique properties and nutritional benefits. The presence of a unique antioxidant called oryzanol contributes maximum antioxidant activity to rice bran oil. This article explains the composition, milling, refining, specifications, processing, and utilization of rice oil production.
Gamma Linolenic Acid: Sources and Functions
Authors: Kapoor Rakesh , Nair Harikumar 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGamma‐linolenic acid (GLA,cis6,cis9,cis12‐octadecatrienoic acid) is a conditionally essential fatty acid of the n‐6 family. It is produced in the mammalian body from enzymatic desaturation of linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid that must be supplied by the diet. It is widely distributed in plant kingdom in trace amounts, and is not present in major commercial vegetable seed oils. It is present in seeds of many species belonging to families Aceraceae, Boraginaceae, Cannabinaceae, Liliaceae, Onagraceae, Ranunculaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. A very limited number of plant sources have been commercialized in last 30 years as a source of GLA, mainly in the health food industry and to a limited extent in pharmaceutical, pet food, and cosmetic industries. These include oils of borage, black currant, evening primrose, and recently hemp. The total market for GLA‐containing oils is about $60–$70 million per year.Research on GLA in last three decades has focused on the physiological and pharmacological effects, including its effects on second messenger system in the body. On the production side, research focus is on identification of new sources and yield optimization. This article reviews the current state of knowledge about sources, and nutritional and health benefits of GLA and attempts to identify areas for future research that will help develop markets for GLA.
Animal Fats
Authors: Richards Mark P. , Olson Jake M. , Haas Michael J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe depot lipids of land animals have long been used by humans in edible and industrial applications and as ingredients for animal feeds. They differ from the lipids of temperate region plants in that they are solid at room temperature (and are therefore termed fats). This solidity is largely a result of their relatively higher content of saturated fatty acids and reduced content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid contents and the arrangement of these constituent fatty acids within the acylglycerols of animal fats confer distinctive properties that lend these lipids to various applications. The major industrial animal fats are tallow, which is obtained from cattle (Bos taurus) and sheep (Ovis aries), lard, which is produced by pigs (Sus scrofa), and poultry fat, obtained primarily from chickens (Gallus gallus). Greases are often a blend of different animal fats and used primarily in animal feeds. Greases are also derived from spent deep fat fryers that can be a mixture of vegetable oils and animal fats. This article provides an overview of the structures, properties, types and classes, and industrial processing technologies of animal fats. Contemporary issues impacting animal fat usage include (i) concerns for their contribution to coronary disease when consumed as a dietary lipid, (ii) the effects of alternative feed ingredients on animal fat composition and quality, (iii) their use as feedstocks for the production of diesel engine fuels (biodiesel), and (iv) the discovery of the health‐promoting effects of the consumption of specific animal fatty acids.
Soaps
Authors: Solaiman Daniel K.Y. , Ashby Richard D. , Erhan Sevim Z. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSoap is a general term that refers to materials that serve to remove undesirable soils from clothing, body/skin, and other articles. Archeological discoveries described the making and the use of a soap‐like substance as far back as ca. 5000 years ago. Throughout the ages, the soap‐like substance having a cleaning function has evolved into many physical forms, starting with the most familiar bar soaps to the more recent liquid soaps and the washing gels. Along with the evolution of the physical form of soap, the scientific basis of its washing ability had also been studied which lead to the invention of new chemicals to suit various applications and formulations. In this article, a brief history of the discovery of soap is presented, together with the theoretical basis of its cleaning activity. A few commonly employed production processes for making the soap products is also discussed. The key materials used in the manufacturing process of soap are highlighted. Finally, the commercial and economic aspects of the present days soap manufacturing were analyzed. It is the goal of this contribution to provide a broad view of the arts, science, and economics of soapmaking.
Shortenings: Types and Formulations
Authors: O'Brien Richard D. , Oswell Natalie J. , Pegg Ronald B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Shortening has historically been referred to a solid fat that is added to a dough to prevent the development of long strands of gluten in a baked product. This results in crumbly, dense doughs that are required in the production of various confections. Today, the term “shortening” typically describes a vegetable oil‐based ingredient; while in baking applications, either vegetable shortening or the more traditional lard can be used somewhat interchangeably. The composition of shortening has evolved significantly, and today's shortenings may contain mixtures of solid and liquid fats as well as additives like emulsifiers, and antioxidants, among others.
Specific topics discussed in this article are source oils, shortening attributes, a base stock system that uses a limited number of hydrogenated stocks for blending, formulations, crystallization, plasticized shortening consistency, liquid opaque shortenings, and shortening chips and flakes.
Margarine Processing Plants and Equipment
Authors: Alexandersen Klaus A. , Ghazani Saeed M. , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
When designing margarine processing plants and choosing the equipment to be installed, a wide range of considerations have to be made with regard to issues like actual processing, hygiene, sanitation, and efficiency. In margarine production, oils and fats usually are considered to be the most important raw materials used, as oils and fats are significant in relation to the characteristics of the finished margarine. The type of oils or fats used has a considerable influence on the crystallization characteristics during the margarine processing, which has to be considered when choosing the equipment involved in the processing line. The criteria involved in choosing this equipment are to a certain extent based on the knowledge about product characteristics, polymorphism, and crystal structure of the margarine and related products. In this article, crystallization of oil and fat products, margarine processing equipment and packaging methods, processing methods, and specific process flows are discussed. Various oil types exhibiting interesting crystallization habits are reviewed along with certain specialized margarine or fat products and new processing methods such as interesterification and oleogelation. Storage of the finished products, as well as production quality control and hygiene, are also covered.
Toxicity and Safety of Fats and Oils
Authors: Feng Shi , Wang Yu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have become a global health issue in the last century. To prevent and reduce the risk of chronic diseases, healthy eating patterns are believed to be essential. In the dietary guideline, limiting the consumption of saturated fats and
trans
fats has been proposed due to their associations with multiple health concerns. In this article, the updated information referring to the safety and toxicity of saturated fats,
trans
fats, and fat‐related food contaminants is reviewed. This article includes the corresponding formation pathways, safety issues as well as regulations. Better understanding and improved awareness by the consumer as well as the food industry regarding the safety of fat consumption will help to promote the healthy eating pattern among customers, and therefore improve the public health.
Hydrogenation: Processing Technologies
Authors: Farr Walter E. , Ghazani Saeed M. , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Although there is a continued need for hydrogenation of oils and fats for food industry, in recent years the final hydrogenated products mainly switched to fully hydrogenated fats instead of partially hydrogenated oils. With the increasing consumer awareness about the deleterious effects of
trans
fatty acids, the consumption of industrially hydrogenated oils and fats has decreased. However, demand for substitution of hydrogenated fats with oils naturally high in saturated fatty acids, such as palm oil and its derivatives, is increasing. The current research on the elimination of
trans
‐fatty acids in food products through innovations and developments in hydrogenation process, novel catalysts and supports, and using novel oils and fats sources could be promising solutions to eliminate or dramatically decrease
trans
fatty acids; however, these findings need to be practically confirmed in industrial scale production plants.
Quality Assurance of Fats and Oils
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon , Ambigaipalan Priyatharini 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The quality of fats and oils is dictated by several physical and chemical parameters that are dependent on the source of oil: geographic, climatic, and agronomic variables of growth in the case of plant oils as well as processing and storage conditions. Thus, quality assurance criteria may depend partly on the type of oil under investigation as well as on other factors that may vary depending on the intended use and regulations that vary in different countries.
A Primer on Oils Processing Technology
Authors: Anderson Dan , Hossain Abul , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the last couple of decades, the emphasis has been placed from stand‐alone operations toward the integrated manufacturing facility, producing a more complete range of value‐added products from the raw seed to the dinner table. During this transition, operations have become more dependent on each other, as the individual functions involved must now consider the impact of their actions on the total process. At the same time, the scope of knowledge each operation must have of other functions has expanded, and it is important that at least a basic understanding of the “big overall picture” be available to the decision‐maker. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the typical processes and interrelations associated with a total integrated facility.