bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The city as forest - integrating living infrastructure, climate conditioning and urban forestry in Canberra, Australia
Authors: Alexandra Jason , Norman Barbara 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Around the world cities are responding to environmental imperatives, including climate change, with diverse programs of ecologically inspired design, water re-engineering, habitat restoration and urban reafforestation. These are collectively known as living infrastructure. This paper is based on a review undertaken to identify suitable options for the use of living infrastructure in Australia’s capital city, Canberra. Known as the ‘bush’ capital, Canberra is a medium sized city ringed with forested hills and grassy woodlands and has one of the highest rates of planted trees in the world, on a per capita basis. This paper summarises the lessons from investigating the opportunities for urban forests, and other living infrastructure being used to further enhance Canberra’s amenity and climate adaptation strategies.

Results
Canberra is a planned city with a history of afforestation since its inception, but still has many opportunities to build on its status as an urban forest. Trees offer more than a backdrop to the city housing Australia’s parliamentary democracy and national cultural institutions – they form a key part of the city’s infrastructure. Planted forests, surrounding bushland and constructed lakes have cultural, practical and ecological values and provide multiple benefits, including climate conditioning. However, they face a range of pressures including from urban redevelopment and a changing climate, raising questions about how to sustain and enhance Canberra’s living infrastructure, whilst meeting other urban policy goals. Using the case of Canberra, this paper outlines how living infrastructure – including urban forests - can contribute to meeting the twenty-first century’s urban challenges.

Conclusions
The experience in Canberra demonstrate that investing in active programs of urban reafforestation and more water sensitive design provide significant opportunities to enhance cities, making them both more liveable and climate responsive. For this to occur at scale, integrated planning is needed that brings together the physical, social and ecological elements of urban systems, including through the integration of different theoretical and practical traditions including from urban planning, energy, transport and water engineering and conservation ecology. At a broader level, this involves reconceptualising the nature of the city and its socio-ecological relationships.
Effect of biofertilizer and organic fertilization on growth, nutrient contents and fresh yield of dill (Anethum graveolens)
Authors: Elsayed Shaimaa I. M. , Glala A. A. , Abdalla Aboelfetoh M. , El-Sayed Abd El Ghafour A. , Darwish Mona A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Two cultivars (Balady and Dukat) of dill plants were grown in the Experimental Farm Station of Agriculture Faculty, Cairo University, during two seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. This investigation aims to determine the response of two dill cultivars to seven fertilizer treatments, i.e., control, 100% mineral fertilizer, 100% biofertilizer, 100% organic fertilizer, 50% organic fertilizer, 100% organic fertilizer with biofertilizer, and 50% organic fertilizer with biofertilizer. Data on plant height, leaf number, and some chemical composition such as antioxidant and nitrate accumulation were recorded in the vegetative growth stage.

Results
The results demonstrated that dill cv. Dukat gave the highest plants (cm), maximum leaf number per plant, pigment content (mg/g), total carbohydrates (%), nitrogen, and phosphorus percentages in the vegetative growth stage. Meanwhile, dill cv. Balady recorded the maximum potassium percentage and low content of nitrate accumulation (mg/kg) in the vegetative growth stage. Both dill cultivars contained antioxidants without significant differences between them. The best fertilization treatments were 100% organic fertilization with biofertilizer and 100% chemical fertilizer for plant height (cm), leaf number per plant, pigment content, antioxidant percentage, total carbohydrate percentage, and N and P percentages of two dill genotypes. On the other hand, 50% organic fertilization with biofertilizers was recorded as the best treatment for nitrate accumulation and K percentage with two dill cultivars.

Conclusion
These results prove that chemical fertilizers could be completely replaced by organic sources supplemented by NPK Symbion without any negative effect on dill vegetative growth and or nutrient contents.
The qualitative and quantitative high-resolution computed tomography in the evaluation of interstitial lung diseases
Authors: Hasan Dalia , Imam Hisham , Megally Hasan , Makhlouf Hoda , ElKady Reem 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the most accepted imaging tool for the detection, characterization, and monitoring of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). The correct interpretation of HRCT findings still represents often a problem for the radiologists since there is wide interobserver variability. Therefore, a quantitative and noninvasive imaging method able to permit an accurate assessment of ILD is highly desirable. The purpose of this study is to compare the visual method and quantitative CT histogram in the evaluation of ILDs and to identify the best quantitative parameter in the prediction of severity of ILDs.

Results
There is a correlation between the HRCT score by the qualitative method and CT histogram parameters by the quantitative method in the evaluation of ILDs. Total lung volume inspiratory, mean lung density expiratory, and high attenuation area expiratory showed a significant correlation with the HRCT score.

Conclusion
The single best predictor of fibrosis severity in interstitial lung disease is HAAs % expiratory.
Competence in Decision Making: Setting Performance Standards for Critical Care
Authors: Murray David J. , Boulet John R. , Boyle Walter A. , Beyatte Mary Beth , Woodhouse Julie 
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND:
Health care professionals must be able to make frequent and timely decisions that can alter the illness trajectory of intensive care patients. A competence standard for this ability is difficult to establish yet assuring practitioners can make appropriate judgments is an important step in advancing patient safety. We hypothesized that simulation can be used effectively to assess decision-making competence. To test our hypothesis, we used a “standard-setting” method to derive cut scores (standards) for 16 simulated ICU scenarios targeted at decision-making skills and applied them to a cohort of critical care trainees.

METHODS:
Panelists (critical care experts) reviewed digital audio-video performances of critical care trainees managing simulated critical care scenarios. Based on their collectively agreed-upon definition of “readiness” to make decisions in an ICU setting, each panelist made an independent judgment (ready, not ready) for a large number of recorded performances. The association between the panelists’ judgments and the assessment scores was used to derive scenario-specific performance standards.

RESULTS:
For all 16 scenarios, the aggregate panelists’ ratings (ready/not ready for independent decision making) were positively associated with the performance scores, permitting derivation of performance standards for each scenario.

CONCLUSIONS:
Minimum competence standards for high-stakes decision making can be established through standard-setting techniques. We effectively identified “front-line” providers who are, or are not, ready to make independent decisions in an ICU setting. Our approach may be used to assure stakeholders that clinicians are competent to make appropriate judgments. Further work is needed to determine whether our approach is effective in simulation-based assessments in other domains.
Frequency and pattern of Paediatric Heart Diseases: Five years experience at The Children’s Hospital, Multan
Authors: Arshad Muhammad Sohail , Anwar-ul-Haq Hafiz Muhammad , Adnan Mudasser , Zulqarnain Arif 
Published: July 2020

Background & Objectives: Heart diseases in paediatric population are considered to be significant contributors to mortality and morbidity. Congenital heart disease (CHD) as well as acquired heart disease (AHD) are frequent causes of hospital admission among children. This study was aimed at finding out frequency and pattern of heart diseases in admitted patients at The Children’s Hospital, Multan.
Methods: This study is a retrospective chart review of five years at Paediatric Cardiology Department of The Children’s Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan, from January 2015 to December 2019. Children aged one month to 15 years, admitted as a diagnosed case of heart disease on the basis of echocardiography were included.
Results: Out of a total of 4115 confirmed cases of heart disease admitted during the study period, 3250 (79.0%) were CHD while 865 (21.0%) were AHD. Overall, 2861 (69.5%) patients were aged less than one year. VSD followed by ASD were the commonest acyanotic heart lesion seen among 927 (28.5%) and 644 (19.8%) cases while TOF was the commonest cyanotic type heart lesion found in 396 (12.2%). Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) was the commonest type of AHD, seen in 330 (38.2%) cases followed by acute myocarditis found in 230 (26.6%) cases.
Conclusion: Burden of heart diseases is rising in our region. VSD, ASD and TOF were the most common types of CHDs while RHD and acute myocarditis were the most frequent types of AHDs.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2312
How to cite this:Arshad MS , Anwar-ul-Haq HM, Adnan M, Zulqarnain A. Frequency and pattern of Paediatric Heart Diseases: Five years experience at The Children’s Hospital, Multan. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(6):1308-1312. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2312
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Association of Serum Omentin-1, Chemerin, and Leptin with Acute Myocardial Infarction and its Risk Factors
Authors: Baig Mukhtiar , Alghalayini Kamal Waheeb , Gazzaz Zohair Jamil , Atta Hazem 
Published: July 2020

Objective: To determine the association of serum omentin-1, chemerin, and leptin with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its risk factors among individuals admitted with AMI to the coronary care unit (CCU).
Methods: The current case-control study was conducted at the CCU of King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), in 2016-2018. A total of 122 AMI patients admitted to CCU, and 52 BMI and age-matched healthy subjects, between 30 and 65 years of age, were included.
Results: Chemerin and omentin-1 are independent predictors of the incidence of MI. Furthermore, serum omentin-1 was significantly lowered while chemerin and hsCRP levels were found to be significantly raised among the individuals with AMI compared to the healthy subjects, and no notable change was found in the serum leptin level. Serum omentin-1, chemerin, and leptin were significantly correlated with weight, BMI, waist circumference in patients, and control subjects. Binary logistic regression analysis displayed that the occurrence of MI is positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), TC, TG, LDL-C, hsCRP, and chemerin and in a negative manner with HDL-C, and omentin. The chemerin and omentin-1 were also linked with the MI in multiple logistic regression analysis.
Conclusions: The present results indicated that the serum omentin levels were significantly lowered while chemerin and hsCRP levels were found to be markedly raised among patients. No change was found in serum leptin levels. Serum chemerin and omentin-1 levels were independently associated with the MI. It appears that these parameters may be used to assess the risk spectrum of CAD.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2372
How to cite this:Baig M, Alghalayini KW, Gazzaz ZJ, Atta H. Association of Serum Omentin-1, Chemerin, and Leptin with Acute Myocardial Infarction and its Risk Factors. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(6):1183-1188. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2372
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Oral Nifidepine versus IV labetalol in severe preeclampsia: A randomized control trial
Authors: Wasim Tayyiba , Agha Shazia , Saeed Kanwal , Riaz Anam 
Published: July 2020

Objective: To compare oral Nifidepine and IV labetalol in terms of rapidity of BP control in severe preeclampsia.
Methods: All patients coming to Services Hospital from March 2017 to February 2019 with diagnosis of severe preeclampsia ≥ 24 weeks gestation were randomized to either receive Nifidepine or Labetalol. Primary outcome measure was time taken to control BP and number of doses required. Secondary outcome measures were side effects of drugs, APGAR score, NICU admission and perinatal mortality.
Results: Two hundred four patients were included in trial with 102 patients in each group. Labetalol took 22.6± 13.5minutes and Nifidepine took 22.09± 11.7 minutes to achieve target BP (p>0.05). Labetalol required 2.3± 1.58 doses and Nifidepine 2.2± 1.58 doses to control BP ( p>0.05). No maternal side effects were seen in 86 (84.31%) and 92(90.19%) patients in both groups (p>0.05). Mean gestational age at birth was 34.8 ±2.73weeks in Labetalol and 35.2±2.48 weeks in Nifidepine group (p>0.05). In labetalol group, 43 (42.15%) babies had APGAR Score < 7/10 and 23(22.54%) babies required admission to NICU while in Nifidepine group 42 (41.17%) babies had Apgar score < 7/10 & 30(29.4%) babies were admitted to NICU(p>0.05). There were 21(20.5%) perinatal deaths in labetalol Group-And 19(18.6%) in Nifidepine group (p>0.05)
Conclusion: Oral Nifidepine and IV labetalol are equally efficacious in controlling BP in patients with severe pre eclampsia without any significant side effects.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2591
How to cite this:Wasim T, Agha S, Saeed K, Riaz A. Oral Nifidepine versus IV labetalol in severe preeclampsia: A randomized control trial. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(6):1147-1152. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2591
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Large CRISPR-Cas-induced deletions in the oxamniquine resistance locus of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Geetha , Coghlan Avril , Driguez Patrick , Lotkowska Magda E. , Sanders Mandy , Holroyd Nancy , Tracey Alan , Berriman Matthew , Rinaldi Gabriel 
Published: July 2020

Background. At least 250 million people worldwide suffer from schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma worms. Genome sequences for several Schistosoma species are available, including a high-quality annotated reference for Schistosoma mansoni. There is a pressing need to develop a reliable functional toolkit to translate these data into new biological insights and targets for intervention. CRISPR-Cas9 was recently demonstrated for the first time in S. mansoni, to produce somatic mutations in the omega-1 (ω1) gene. Methods. We employed CRISPR-Cas9 to introduce somatic mutations in a second gene, SULT-OR, a sulfotransferase expressed in the parasitic stages of S. mansoni, in which mutations confer resistance to the drug oxamniquine. A 262-bp PCR product spanning the region targeted by the gRNA against SULT-OR was amplified, and mutations identified in it by high-throughput sequencing. Results. We found that 0.3-2.0% of aligned reads from CRISPR-Cas9-treated adult worms showed deletions spanning the predicted Cas9 cut site, compared to 0.1-0.2% for sporocysts, while deletions were extremely rare in eggs. The most common deletion observed in adults and sporocysts was a 34 bp-deletion directly upstream of the predicted cut site, but rarer deletions reaching as far as 102 bp upstream of the cut site were also detected. The CRISPR-Cas9-induced deletions, if homozygous, are predicted to cause resistance to oxamniquine by producing frameshifts, ablating SULT-OR transcription, or leading to mRNA degradation via the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. However, no SULT-OR knock down at the mRNA level was observed, presumably because the cells in which CRISPR-Cas9 did induce mutations represented a small fraction of all cells expressing SULT-OR. Conclusions. Further optimisation of CRISPR-Cas protocols for different developmental stages and particular cell types, including germline cells, will contribute to the generation of a homozygous knock-out in any gene of interest, and in particular the SULT-OR gene to derive an oxamniquine-resistant stable transgenic line.
Counter-intuitive strength of electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH) signals at the rear side of thin silicon membranes
Authors: Ndebeka Wilfrid I. , Neethling Pieter H. , Rohwer Erich G. , Steenkamp Christine M. , Stafast Herbert 
Published: July 2020

Electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH) generation typically increases with laser intensity. Therefore, EFISH signals generated at the rear

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interface by a laser beam transmitted through a thin silicon membrane should be much weaker than the signals generated in reflection at the front surface. The counter-intuitive finding that the signal generated at the rear surface is stronger than the front surface signal [Appl. Phys. B 104, 735 (2011)APBOEM0946-217110.1007/s00340-011-4682-1] is now confirmed by detailed experiments applying 10 to 30 µm thin membranes. Using, in addition, the local laser beam intensity [Appl. Phys. B 123, 253 (2017)APBOEM0946-217110.1007/s00340-017-6824-6] leads to the hypothesis that the quasi-static electric field at the rear interface consists of two counteracting components.
O horror passado permanece vivo: acerca de Setenta, de Henrique Schneider
Authors: Pandolfo Alexandre 
Published: July 2020

Este ensaio procura trazer à tona os elementos contemporâneos do romance Setenta, de Henrique Schneider, publicado em 2019, tratando de apontar algumas das principais imagens que o livro expõe. O romance desconstrói a consciência apaziguada de um estado de coisas conduzido a sua repetição no Brasil em que vivemos, país ao mesmo tempo oligárquico e paupérrimo. Este ensaio trata de abordar a construção narrativa do romance e os problemas filosóficos e históricos subjacentes a ele, dialogando com algumas referências nacionais e internacionais sobre o tema da memória ética e do testemunho desde a perspectiva literária. Foca no caráter fragmentário do romance para lidar com o horror vivido no passado recente no Brasil e na América Latina, desde uma consciência crítica a respeito do tema, apontando para a necessidade estética de lidar com os traumas provocados na sociedade brasileira nesse período.
Leptomeningeal Spread in Glioblastoma: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges
Authors: Birzu Cristina , Tran Suzanne , Bielle Franck , Touat Mehdi , Mokhtari Karima , Younan Nadia , Psimaras Dimitri , Hoang-Xuan Khe , Sanson Marc , Delattre Jean-Yves , Idbaih Ahmed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. Leptomeningeal spread (LMS) is a severe complication of GBM, raising diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in clinical routine.MethodsWe performed a review of the literature focused on LMS in GBM. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were queried from 1989 to 2019 for articles describing diagnosis and therapeutic options in GBM LMS, as well as risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms.ResultsWe retrieved 155 articles, including retrospective series, case reports, and early phase clinical trials, as well as preclinical studies. These articles confirmed that LMS in GBM remains (a) a diagnostic challenge with cytological proof of LMS obtained in only 35% of cases and (b) a therapeutic challenge with a median overall survival below 2 months with best supportive care alone. For patients faced with suggestive clinical symptoms, whole neuroaxis magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis are both recommended. Liquid biopsies are under investigation and may help prompt a reliable diagnosis. Based on the literature, a multimodal and personalized therapeutic approach of LMS, including surgery, radiotherapy, systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy, and intrathecal chemotherapies, may provide benefits to selected patients. Interestingly, molecular targeted therapies appear promising in case of actionable molecular target and should be considered.ConclusionAs the prognosis of glioblastoma is improving over time, LMS becomes a more common complication. Our review highlights the need for translational studies and clinical trials dedicated to this challenging condition in order to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.Implications for PracticeThis review summarizes the diagnostic tools and applied treatments for leptomeningeal spread, a complication of glioblastoma, as well as their outcomes. The importance of exhaustive molecular testing for molecular targeted therapies is discussed. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are outlined, and the need for translational studies and clinical trials dedicated to this challenging condition is highlighted.
Burden, clinical manifestation and outcome of severe malaria in children at a tertiary hospital in Northeast, Nigeria
Authors: I. Jalo , Warnow Isaac E. , R. Aliu , Shina Hassan K. 
Published: July 2020

Background: Severe malaria is a life-threatening medical emergency and requires prompt and effective treatment to prevent death. The presentation of severe malaria varies depending on such factors as country, age, immunity, socioeconomic factors, drug resistance and type of intervention measures used. The aim of this study is to document the burden and forms of severe malaria in children in this region. Objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical manifestation and outcome of children with severe malaria in Federal Teaching Hospital, GombeMethods: Case notes of patients admitted to the emergency Paediatric Unit and paediatric medical ward of Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe with severe malaria from January 2014 to December 2018 (5years) were reviewed. Information sought included age, gender, use of ITN, parents’ education and occupation, criteria for diagnosis, treatment and outcome.Results: A total of 2,808 children were admitted during the period of study, out of these 237 (8.4%) had severe malaria. There were 140 (59.1%) male and 97 (40.9%) female with M: F of 1.4:1. Majority 129 (54.4%) of patients were aged more than 5 years. The most frequent modes of presentation were multiple convulsions 124 (52.3%), cerebral malaria 97 (40.9%) and severe anaemia 61 (25.7%). Some 45 (19.0%) of the subjects presented with multiple diagnostic criteria. Multiple convulsions, cerebral malaria and severe anaemia were significantly related to likelihood of mortality.Conclusions: The prevalence of severe malaria is high and multiple convulsions, cerebral malaria and severe anaemia are significantly associated with risk of mortality.