bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
mInscuteable regulates meiotic spindle organization during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation
Authors: Xiao Zhuoni , Peng Jiali , Xie Meiting , Yang Jing , Xu Wangming 
Published: November 2019

SummaryEstablishment of cellular polarity is one of the key events during oocyte maturation. Inscuteable (Insc) has been identified as a key regulator of cell polarity during asymmetric division in Drosophila. However, the function of its evolutionarily conserved mammalian homologue, mInscuteable (mInsc), in mouse meiotic maturation is not clear. In this study, we investigated the roles of mInsc in mouse oocyte maturation. mInsc was detected at all stages of oocyte maturation. The protein level of mInsc was slightly higher at the germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) stage and remained constant during mouse oocyte maturation. The subcellular localization of mInsc overlapped with spindle microtubules. Disruption of microtubules and microfilaments caused changes in the localization of mInsc. Depletion or overexpression of mInsc significantly decreased the maturation rates of mouse oocytes. Depletion of mInsc significantly affected asymmetric division, spindle assembly, alignments of chromosomes and actin cap formation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that mInsc regulates meiotic spindle organization during mouse meiotic maturation.
Long-term effects of a maternal high-fat: high-fructose diet on offspring growth and metabolism and impact of maternal taurine supplementation
Authors: Li M. , Reynolds C. M. , Gray C. , Patel R. , Sloboda D. M. , Vickers M. H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjective:Maternal obesity is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders in offspring. However, there remains a paucity of data on strategies to reverse the effects of maternal obesity on maternal and offspring health. With maternal undernutrition, taurine supplementation improves outcomes in offspring mediated in part via improved glucose–insulin homeostasis. The efficacy of taurine supplementation in the setting of maternal obesity on health and well-being of offspring is unknown. We examined the effects of taurine supplementation on outcomes related to growth and metabolism in offspring in a rat model of maternal obesity.Design:Wistar rats were randomised to: 1) control diet during pregnancy and lactation (CON); 2) CON with 1.5% taurine in drinking water (CT); 3) maternal obesogenic diet (MO); or 4) MO with taurine (MOT). Offspring were weaned onto the control diet for the remainder of the study.Results:At day 150, offspring body weights and adipose tissue weights were increased in MO groups compared to CON. Adipose tissue weights were reduced in MOT versus MO males but not females. Plasma fasting leptin and insulin were increased in MO offspring groups but were not altered by maternal taurine supplementation. Plasma homocysteine concentrations were reduced in all maternal taurine-supplemented offspring groups. There were significant interactions across maternal diet, taurine supplementation and sex for response to an oral glucose tolerance test , a high-fat dietary preference test and pubertal onset in offspring.Conclusions:These results demonstrate that maternal taurine supplementation can partially ameliorate adverse developmental programming effects in offspring in a sex-specific manner.
Micro‐CT Scanning of Tests of Three Planktic Foraminiferal Species to Clarify DissolutionProcess and Progress
Authors: Iwasaki S. , Kimoto K. , Okazaki Y. , Ikehara M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEvaluation of foraminiferal test dissolution in deep‐sea sediments facilitates reconstruction of seawater chemistry. Here we observed test dissolution processes of the planktic foraminifera Trilobatus sacculifer, Globigerinoides ruber, and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei from midlatitudes of the western North Pacific; in these three species, we tested the ability of a new dissolution index using data from X‐ray micro‐computed tomography scanning. Although the dissolution process of foraminiferal tests differed slightly among species, dissolution of all species was equally assessed by the calcite density distribution (%Low‐CT‐number calcite volume) calculated from the CT number histogram. In T. sacculifer and G. ruber, the test area density, a conventional proxy for assessing test condition based on weight measurement, is affected by variations in the thickness of the outermost chamber wall; thus, this conventional proxy can be affected by sea surface conditions during test calcification. In contrast, the relationship between the %Low‐CT‐number calcite volume of tests and the deep seawater calcite saturation state suggests that X‐ray micro‐computed tomography scanning is applicable for evaluating the intensity of foraminiferal test dissolution at the undersaturated deep seafloor in this area and is an invaluable proxy for detecting deep seawater carbonate ion concentration changes on glacial‐interglacial timescales.
Detrital Zircon Geochronologic Constraints on Patterns and Drivers of Continental‐Scale Sediment Dispersal in the Late Mississippian
Authors: Wang Wei , Bidgoli Tandis S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Late Mississippian was a critical time interval in Laurentia's history, marking the transition from carbonate deposition on a stable platform, during the Early to Middle Mississippian, to extensive clastic deposition in the Pennsylvanian to Permian associated with the Laurentia‐Gondwana collision. In the U.S. midcontinent, Chesterian incised valley fill (IVF) systems that developed within a carbonate‐dominated platform provide new insights on the patterns and drivers of continental‐scale sediment dispersal during this transitional period. Here we report 1,037 new concordant detrital zircon U‐Pb ages from nine samples of Uppper Mississippian sandstone collected from cores in southwestern Kansas and from outcrops in northwestern Arkansas. The sandstones are characterized by major age clusters corresponding to the Grenville (900–1,300 Ma) and Taconic‐Acadian (350–500 Ma) orogenies and minor older age groups, suggesting derivation from the Appalachian region. A compilation of published detrital zircon ages from Early Paleozoic sandstones as well as from temporally equivalent units across North America, including from the Appalachian Foreland Basin, Illinois Basin, Arkoma Shelf, Ozark Dome, Black Warrior Basin, and Grand Canyon, suggests Chesterian sandstone age distributions are distinct from those of older sandstones and are consistent with a change to a dominantly Appalachian age signature that was roughly synchronous across the continent. Together, the new and compiled ages support development of a generally E‐W transcontinental sediment dispersal system in the Late Mississippian that was likely controlled by orogenesis on the eastern Laurentian margin, while local variations in the age signatures appear to be controlled by N‐S drainage networks, influenced by glacioeustatic fluctuations and local structures.
Quiet Time Structured Pc1 Waves Generated During Transient Foreshock
Authors: Suvorova A. V. , Dmitriev A. V. , Parkhomov V. A. , Tsegmed B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe study two events of structured Pc1 waves (pearls) observed by CARISMA magnetometers during a period of quiet magnetic (Kp ~1) and solar wind conditions on 1 August 2008. Bursts of proton precipitations and electromagnetic ion‐cyclotron waves were simultaneously observed by NOAA/POES and GOES satellites at dayside. Apparent correspondence was found between ground pearl pulsations and magnetospheric compressions observed by GOES and THEMIS satellites. We have found the Pc1 wave splitting into very close subfrequencies (within 0.1 Hz) that can be explained by weak magnetospheric compressions. The compressions are caused by pressure pulses originated from transient foreshock and interplanetary magnetic field discontinuities observed upstream of the bow shock by the THEMIS‐C probe. Thus, the observed pearls are compression‐related Pc1 waves generated under transient foreshock conditions.
Electron‐Scale Magnetic Structure Observed Adjacent to an Electron Diffusion Region at the Dayside Magnetopause
Authors: Hoilijoki S. , Ergun R. E. , Schwartz S. J. , Eriksson S. , Wilder F. D. , Webster J. M. , Ahmadi N. , Le Contel O. , Burch J. L. , Torbert R. B. , Strangeway R. J. , Giles B. L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we present observations made by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission of a small‐scale magnetic structure adjacent to a reconnecting current sheet at the dayside magnetopause. While MMS crosses the current sheet, it observes signatures of an electron diffusion region (EDR), including crescent shaped electron velocity distribution functions. Right after the EDR crossing, all spacecraft encounter an electron‐scale magnetic structure that can roughly be divided into two parts: a force‐free flux rope‐like part and a nonforce‐free magnetic enhancement. Within the leading force‐free part of the structure, the magnetic field component normal to the current sheet exhibits a bipolar signature, suggesting that the structure is flux rope‐like. In the trailing edge of the bipolar signature, three spacecraft observe a magnetic enhancement that has an amplitude almost twice the ambient magnetic field. The magnetic peak adjacent to an EDR can be associated with an electron vortex, where the perpendicular current is carried by E×B drifting electrons. The structure is advected tailward along the magnetopause while in the plasma frame, it propagates upstream suggesting that this reconnection event is highly three‐dimensional. Fluctuations in the plasma density and magnetic field and large peaks in the parallel electric field observed on the magnetospheric side of the EDR suggest that the current sheet is corrugated due to an electromagnetic drift instability. This or another instability of a thin reconnecting current sheet (e.g., tearing) is a likely cause of the formation of the observed magnetic structure.
Influence of Upper Plate Structure on Flat‐Slab Depth: Numerical Modeling of Subduction Dynamics
Authors: Liu Xiaowen , Currie Claire A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWestern North and South America have been affected by flat‐slab subduction where a segment of the subducting plate becomes horizontal below the overlying continent. Modern observations and constraints on past geometries show that the depth of the flat‐slab varies from just below the continental Moho to >100 km depth. Thus, in some areas, there is little to no continental mantle lithosphere (CML) above the flat‐slab, whereas other flat‐slab areas are overlain by CML thicknesses >50 km. The mechanisms causing different slab depths are unclear. We examine flat‐slab subduction dynamics and slab depth through 2‐D thermal‐mechanical modeling. The models investigate plate structures and velocities similar to those of the Cretaceous western United States and present‐day South America. Models show that flat‐slab depth is primarily determined by continental structure. A deep flat‐slab occurs if the continent is initially thick, as its mantle lithosphere is cool and thus too strong to be displaced by the flat‐slab. The CML rheology plays a secondary role. A weak, hydrated lithosphere is easily displaced, leading to a shallower slab. The flat‐slab can displace up to 50% of the thickness of the CML, and no model exhibits displacement of the full CML thickness. This suggests that shallow flat‐slabs below Mexico and Peru require a thin continent prior to slab flattening. The models also show that a flat‐slab is deflected downward when it encounters thick craton lithosphere, with a larger depth for a chemically depleted craton. This has implications for modification of the Wyoming craton during Farallon flat‐slab subduction.
A 2000 Year Saharan Dust Event Proxy Record from an Ice Core in the European Alps
Authors: Clifford Heather M. , Spaulding Nicole E. , Kurbatov Andrei V. , More Alexander , Korotkikh Elena V. , Sneed Sharon B. , Handley Mike , Maasch Kirk A. , Loveluck Christopher P. , Chaplin Joyce , McCormick Michael , Mayewski Paul A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDust events originating from the Saharan desert have far‐reaching environmental impacts, but the causal mechanism of magnitude and occurrence of Saharan dust events (SDEs) during the preinstrumental era requires further research, particularly as a potential analog for future climate. Using an ultrahigh resolution glacio‐chemical record from the 2013 Colle Gnifetti ice core drilled in the Swiss‐Italian Alps, we reconstructed a 2000‐year‐long summer Saharan dust record. We analyzed both modern (1780–2006) and premodern Common Era (CE) major and trace element records to determine air mass source regions to the Colle Gnifetti glacier and assess similarities to modern and reconstructed climate trends in the Northern Hemisphere. This new proxy SDE reconstruction, produced using measurements from a novel, continuous ultrahigh‐resolution (120‐μm) ice core analysis method (laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometer) is comprised of 316,000 data points per element covering the period 1–1820 CE. We found that the Colle Gnifetti ice core captures an anomalous increase in Saharan dust transport during the onset of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (870–1000 CE) and records other prominent shorter events (CE, 140–170, 370–450, 1320–1370, and 1910–2000), offering a framework for new insights into the implications of Saharan dust variability.
Spatiotemporal Changes in China's Terrestrial Water Storage From GRACE Satellites and Its Possible Drivers
Authors: Xu Lei , Chen Nengcheng , Zhang Xiang , Chen Zeqiang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTerrestrial water storage (TWS) changes are driven by internal climate variability, external natural climate change, external human‐caused climate change, and human water management. Spatiotemporal patterns of TWS change and attribution can help understand the water cycle process and refine water management in a region. Here, the spatiotemporal changes in the TWS in China between 2003 and 2016 are analyzed based on three monthly mass concentration (mascon) data products from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites, and the possible drivers are investigated using multiple precipitation products, land surface models, and multisource remote sensing and socioeconomic data. Six major TWS change regions are detected, including negative trends in northwestern China, the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, and northern China and positive trends in western China, southern China, and northeastern China. Two global hydrological models, WaterGAP and PCR‐GLOBWB, substantially underestimate the TWS changes relative to GRACE. Four land surface models (CLM 2.0, VIC, MOSAIC, and NOAH 3.3) from the Global Land Data Assimilation System version 2.1 show large model uncertainties in simulating the TWS trend. A statistical attribution indicates that ice melting under human‐caused climate change is a driver of decreasing TWS in northwestern China and the southeastern Tibetan Plateau that cannot be ignored, while human water use is largely responsible for groundwater depletion in northern China. The increasing TWS in southern China and northeastern China is likely caused by precipitation increases, and the increasing TWS in western China is probably a result of precipitation increases and water supplementation from ice melting.
Chemical Versus Mechanical Denudation in Meta‐Clastic and Carbonate Bedrock Catchments on Crete, Greece, and Mechanisms for Steep and High Carbonate Topography
Authors: Ott Richard F. , Gallen Sean F. , Caves Rugenstein Jeremy K. , Ivy‐Ochs Susan , Helman David , Fassoulas Charalampos , Vockenhuber Christof , Christl Marcus , Willett Sean D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOn Crete—as is common elsewhere in the Mediterranean—carbonate massifs form high mountain ranges whereas topography is lower in areas with meta‐clastic rocks. This observation suggests that differences in denudational processes between carbonate‐rich rocks and quartzofeldspathic units impart a fundamental control on landscape evolution. Here we present new cosmogenic basin‐average denudation rate measurements from both 10Be and 36Cl in meta‐clastic and carbonate bedrock catchments, respectively, to assess relationships between denudation rates, processes, and topographic form. We compare total denudation rates to dissolution rates calculated from 49 new and previously published water samples. Basin‐average denudation rates of meta‐clastic and carbonate catchments are similar, with mean values of ~0.10 mm/a and ~0.13 mm/a, respectively. The contribution of dissolution to total denudation rate was <10% in the one measured meta‐clastic catchment, and ~40% for carbonate catchments (~0.05 mm/a), suggesting the dominance of physical over chemical weathering at the catchment scale in both rock types. Water mass‐balance calculations for three carbonate catchments suggests 40–90% of surface runoff is lost to groundwater. To explore the impact of dissolution and infiltration to groundwater on relief, we develop a numerical model for carbonate denudation. We find that dissolution modifies the river profile channel steepness, and infiltration changes the fluvial response time to external forcing. Furthermore, we show that infiltration of surface runoff to groundwater in karst regions is an efficient way to steepen topography and generate the dramatic relief in carbonates observed throughout Crete and the Mediterranean.
Inhibition of food craving is a metabolically active process in the brain in obese men
Authors: Wang Gene-Jack , Shokri Kojori Ehsan , Yuan Kai , Wiers Corinde E. , Manza Peter , Wong Christopher T. , Fowler Joanna S. , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Objective
Obesity is associated with impaired inhibitory control over food intake. We hypothesized that the neural circuitry underlying inhibition of food craving would be impaired in obesity. Here we assessed whether obese men show altered brain responses during attempted cognitive inhibition of craving when exposed to food cues.

Methods
Sixteen obese men (32 ± 8.7 years old, BMI = 38.6 ± 7.2) were compared with 11 age-matched non-obese men (BMI 24.2 ± 2.5) using PET and FDG. Brain glucose metabolism was evaluated in a food deprived state: no food stimulation, food stimulation with no inhibition (NI), and food stimulation with attempted inhibition (AI), each on a separate day. Individualized favorite food items were presented prior to and after FDG injection for 40 min. For AI, participants were asked to attempt to inhibit their desire for the food presented. Self-reports for hunger and food desire were recorded.

Results
Food stimulation compared with no stimulation increased glucose metabolism in inferior and superior frontal gyrus, default mode network and cerebellum, in both groups. For both groups, AI compared with NI-suppressed metabolism in right subgenual anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal areas, bilateral insula, and temporal gyri. There was a stimulation-by-group interaction effect in obese (but not in non-obese) men showing increased metabolism in pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) and caudate during AI relative to NI. Changes in the food desire from NI to AI correlated negatively with changes in metabolism in pgACC/caudate in obese but not in non-obese men.

Conclusions
Obese men showed higher activation in pgACC/caudate, which are regions involved with self-regulation and emotion/reward during AI. Behavioral associations suggest that successful AI is an active process requiring more energy in obese but not in non-obese men. The additional required effort to increase cognitive control in response to food stimulation in obese compared with non-obese men may contribute to their uncontrolled eating behavior.
Glassy carbon microelectrodes minimize induced voltages, mechanical vibrations, and artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Nimbalkar Surabhi , Fuhrer Erwin , Silva Pedro , Nguyen Tri , Sereno Martin , Kassegne Sam , Korvink Jan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe recent introduction of glassy carbon (GC) microstructures supported on flexible polymeric substrates has motivated the adoption of GC in a variety of implantable and wearable devices. Neural probes such as electrocorticography and penetrating shanks with GC microelectrode arrays used for neural signal recording and electrical stimulation are among the first beneficiaries of this technology. With the expected proliferation of these neural probes and potential clinical adoption, the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility of GC microstructures needs to be established to help validate this potential in clinical settings. Here, we present GC microelectrodes and microstructures—fabricated through the carbon micro-electro-mechanical systems process and supported on flexible polymeric substrates—and carry out experimental measurements of induced vibrations, eddy currents, and artifacts. Through induced vibration, induced voltage, and MRI experiments and finite element modeling, we compared the performances of these GC microelectrodes against those of conventional thin-film platinum (Pt) microelectrodes and established that GC microelectrodes demonstrate superior magnetic resonance compatibility over standard metal thin-film microelectrodes. Specifically, we demonstrated that GC microelectrodes experienced no considerable vibration deflection amplitudes and minimal induced currents, while Pt microelectrodes had significantly larger currents. We also showed that because of their low magnetic susceptibility and lower conductivity, the GC microelectrodes caused almost no susceptibility shift artifacts and no eddy-current-induced artifacts compared to Pt microelectrodes. Taken together, the experimental, theoretical, and finite element modeling establish that GC microelectrodes exhibit significant MRI compatibility, hence demonstrating clear clinical advantages over current conventional thin-film materials, further opening avenues for wider adoption of GC microelectrodes in chronic clinical applications.