bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrathin Single Layer Metasurfaces with Ultra‐Wideband Operation for Both Transmission and Reflection
Authors: Akram Muhammad Rizwan , Ding Guowen , Chen Ke , Feng Yijun , Zhu Weiren 
Published: February 2020

AbstractArtificially engineered metasurfaces provide extraordinary wave control at the subwavelength scale. However, metasurfaces proposed so far suffer due to limited bandwidths. In this paper, extremely thin metasurfaces made of single metallic layer is experimentally presented for ultra‐wideband operation from 9.3 to 32.5 GHz (with a fractional band of 112%), working at both transmission and reflection modes simultaneously. The phase control is achieved by azimuthally rotating the scatterer based on Pancharatnam–Berry phase principle. Nearly uniform efficiency (≈25%), approaching the theoretical limit of the infinitely thin metasurface, is achieved throughout the operation band. Finally, the proposed design is implemented for applications, e.g., the generation of electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentums as well as anomalous reflections and refractions. The metasurfaces are characterized numerically and experimentally and the results are in good agreements.
Amyloid Fibrils Aerogel for Sustainable Removal of Organic Contaminants from Water
Authors: Peydayesh Mohammad , Suter Meret Kim , Bolisetty Sreenath , Boulos Samy , Handschin Stephan , Nyström Laura , Mezzenga Raffaele 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWater contamination by organic pollutants is ubiquitous and hence a global concern due to detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Here, it is demonstrated that amyloid fibrils aerogels are ideal adsorbers for removing organic pollutants from water. To this end, amyloid fibrils prepared from β‑lactoglobulin, the major constituent of milk whey protein, are used as building blocks for the fabrication of the aerogels. The adsorption of Bentazone, Bisphenol A, and Ibuprofen, as model pollutants, is evaluated under quasi‐static conditions, without use of energy or pressure. Through adsorption by amyloid fibrils aerogel, excellent removal efficiencies of 92%, 78%, and 98% are demonstrated for Bentazone, Bisphenol A, and Ibuprofen, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of amyloid fibrils aerogel for Bentazone, Bisphenol A, and Ibuprofen is 54.2, 50.6, and 69.6 mg g−1, respectively. To shed light on the adsorption equilibrium process, adsorption isotherms, binding constants, saturation limits, and the effect of pH are evaluated. Finally, the regeneration of the aerogel over three consecutive cycles is studied, exhibiting high reusability with no significant changes in its removal performance. These results point at amyloid fibrils aerogels as a sustainable, efficient, and inexpensive technology for alleviating the ubiquitous water contamination by organic pollutants.
Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indoles via Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Annulation of Propargylic Alcohols with 2‐Ethynylanilines
Authors: Du Li‐Juan , Han Ya‐Ping , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Zhang Yuecheng , Zhao Jiquan , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA novel highly efficient, environmentally benign Lewis acid‐catalyzed, and protection‐free protocol for the construction of valuable polycyclic products bearing a 1H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole scaffold is described, starting from readily available propargylic alcohols and 2‐ethynylanilines. The one‐pot transformation entails the cleavage of one C−O bond, and the construction of two C−N bonds and one C−C double bond. This unique operationally simple method is performed under mild conditions and in air, producing water as the only byproduct; it is scalable and demonstrates good functional group compatibility and broad scope.magnified image
Transition Metal‐Free Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphine Oxides through C(sp3)−P Coupling of 2‐Azaallyls
Authors: Wang Jing , Deng Guogang , Liu Chunxiang , Chen Zhuo , Yu Kaili , Chen Wen , Zhang Hongbin , Yang Xiaodong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRadical reactions have been widely applied in C−P bond‐forming strategies. Most of these strategies require initiators, transition metal catalysts, or organometallic reagents. Herein, a transition metal‐free C(sp3)−P bond formation to prepare α‐aminophosphine oxides via deprotonative radical coupling processes of 2‐azaallyls with chlorodiphenylphosphine oxides was presented. Deprotonation of N‐benzyl imines may generate super‐electron‐donor (SED) 2‐azaallyl anions that reduced chlorodiphenylphosphine oxides to phosphine oxide radicals. Single‐electron transfer (SET) process transformed the 2‐azaallyl anions into 2‐azaallyl radicals, which may couple with phosphine oxide radicals to construct C−P bonds. The deprotonative radical coupling approach enables the synthesis of α‐aminophosphine oxides bearing various functional groups under mild conditions and without precious transition metal catalysts or oxidants.magnified image
Simultaneous Optimization of Drug Combination Dose‐Ratio Sequence with Innovative Design and Active Learning
Authors: Wang Aiting , Xu Hongquan , Ding Xianting 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStrategies for identifying potential drug combinations provide great benefits for the clinical treatment of complex diseases. However, existing approaches primarily focus on optimization of drug combinations and doses without comprehensive joint consideration of drug sequence, which compresses the therapeutic space. Herein, a novel combinatorial drug screening technique is proposed, named innovative design and active learning (IDEAL). This approach integrates innovative design, experimentation, and active learning. IDEAL allows for accurate predictions on the most efficacious drug combination, drug doses, and drug sequence with minimal amount of experimental effort. In this study, IDEAL is applied to lymphoma treatment, which successfully identifies the best drug‐dose sequence combination of chemotherapeutics on Raji cells. The IDEAL optimized regimen indicates that both drug dose and sequence are critical to ensure the optimal phenotype efficacy. This research offers an efficient methodology to identify the optimal drug administration setups in combination therapy.
Regulation of cGAS‐Mediated Immune Responses and Immunotherapy
Authors: Saeed Abdullah F. U. H. , Ruan Xinglin , Guan Hongxin , Su Jingqian , Ouyang Songying 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEarly detection of infectious nucleic acids released from invading pathogens by the innate immune system is critical for immune defense. Detection of these nucleic acids by host immune sensors and regulation of DNA sensing pathways have been significant interests in the past years. Here, current understandings of evolutionarily conserved DNA sensing cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) are highlighted. Precise activation and tight regulation of cGAS are vital in appropriate innate immune responses, senescence, tumorigenesis and immunotherapy, and autoimmunity. Hence, substantial insights into cytosolic DNA sensing and immunotherapy of indispensable cytosolic sensors have been detailed to extend limited knowledge available thus far. This Review offers a critical, in‐depth understanding of cGAS regulation, cytosolic DNA sensing, and currently established therapeutic approaches of essential cytosolic immune agents for improved human health.
Limits to Profit Maximization as a Guide to Behavior Change
Authors: Weersink Alfons , Fulton Murray 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEconomists have long been interested in why farmers decide to adopt new technologies. Modeling decision making requires modeling behavior; the key behavioral assumption is profit maximization. In addition, most empirical studies assume a binary decision—adopt or not. This paper argues that adoption should be understood as a process with multiple stages in which the final decision to use the new technology only occurs if the previous stages are completed. While profit considerations are clearly important, particularly in the later stages of the process, they need to be supplemented with other social and cognitive considerations, particularly in the early stages. Understood this way, profit maximization assumptions can provide predictions for the upper or lower bounds of adoption. The adoption rate suggested by profit maximization will be an upper bound if noneconomic factors are expected to either slow down or deter adoption, while that rate will be a lower bound if noneconomic factors are expected to encourage adoption. To capture these elements, econometric models need to pay attention to the timing of decisions and use techniques that condition later‐stage decisions on previous stage outcomes. In addition, the paper suggests the use of expert systems that have economic, learning and social aspects explicitly built into them would be valuable.
Understanding Adoption of Innovations and Behavior Change to Improve Agricultural Policy
Authors: Pannell David , Zilberman David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResearch on the adoption of new practices and new behaviors in agriculture continues to grow and evolve, and its relevance to policy remains high. This special issue presents 10 papers that provide overviews of important aspects of the recent adoption literature, or identify gaps and opportunities in the literature. Adoption research has been innovative in a number of ways, including its recognition of adoption decision making as a process, not an event; its emphases on heterogeneity and learning; and its strong multidisciplinary flavor. There is scope for further innovation through efforts to enhance predictions of adoption, better understanding the balance between profit and non‐profit motivations, and better recognizing the influence on adoption of characteristics of the innovations, not just characteristics of the potential adopters and their contexts. Opportunities for policy include effort to support women farmers' adoption of beneficial innovations in developing countries, and use of tools and approaches from marketing in public extension programs
Corn response to banded phosphorus fertilizers with or without manure application in Eastern Canada
Authors: Parent Serge‐Étienne , Dossou‐Yovo Wilfried , Ziadi Noura , Leblanc Michael , Tremblay Gilles , Pellerin Annie , Parent Léon‐Etienne 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLegacy phosphorus (P), corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids, weather conditions, and regulation on land‐applied manure affect site‐specific mineral P requirements. Mineral P fertilizers are still banded at corn seeding as insurance policy even where manure P is applied in compliance with regulation in Eastern Canada. Our objective was to measure the effects of site‐specific factors on the response of corn hybrids of the “new” era (1991+) to mineral and manure P fertilization under regulatory constraints. A dataset of 370 corn P fertilizer trials conducted between 1998 and 2004 in Quebec, Canada, comprised trials using mineral P alone (229 trials) or in combination with manure (141 trials). Linear mixed statistical models tested the effect of P fertilization on seedling biomass, grain yield, grain bulk density, and grain moisture content as affected by weather and soil indices. Early plant growth proved to be a poor indicator of final crop performance. Where no manure was applied, grain yield and quality were affected primarily by soil pH, texture, and genesis. There were responses to P additions only where the saturation index (P/Al)M3 was less than 5%. Mineral P fertilizers showed no significant effect on crop performance where manure was applied, but manured soil generally showed (P/Al)M3 percentages exceeding 5%. Banding mineral P at corn seeding where manure was applied at rates complying with the regulation and the (P/Al)M3 percentage exceeded 5% appeared to be a waste of resource under the soil and climate conditions in Eastern Canada.
Effect of slow‐release nitrogen on the nitrogen availability in an andisol and the critical nitrogen concentration in wheat
Authors: Clunes John , Pinochet Dante 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe use of coated fertilizers and the concept of the critical N dilution curve are alternatives capable of improving the production efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in agro‐ecosystems. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of a slow release urea‐coated fertilizer on (i) the production of wheat's shoot biomass at the anthesis stage, (ii) the concentration of N in the shoot biomass, and (iii) the N availability in the Andisol. Two fertilizers: urea and urea‐coated were evaluated using four increasing N rates and a control treatment (without fertilization), in three application strategies, during two growing seasons (late sowing [S1] and early sowing [S2]). Samples of shoot biomass and soil (0–20‐cm depths) were collected at five wheat growth stages (Z21, Z31, Z39, Z45, Z69 on the Zadoks scale). The average production of shoot biomass was 10.3 t dry matter (DM) ha–1 for S2 and 7.9 t DM ha–1 for S1 and N concentrations was between 1.0–3.0%. When using a coated urea fertilizer in this Valdivian agro‐ecosystem, no statistical differences (P < .05) in shoot biomass or wheat N concentrations were found at anthesis (Z69). Differences were principally between seasons. We therefore proposed a new adjustment to the dilution N curve, with a value concentration critical, Nc start of 3.80%, and 4.15%, for S1 and S2, respectively. Use demand parameters such as Nc adjusted to the agro‐ecosystem for wheat crop, allows to rationalize the fertilization according to inorganic N available from the soil.
Tolerance to Fusarium verticillioides infection and fumonisin accumulation in maize F1 hybrids and subsequent F2 populations
Authors: Ouko Abigael , Okoth Sheila , Netshifhefhe Nakisani E. l. , Viljoen Altus , Rose Lindy Joy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFusarium verticillioides causes Fusarium ear rot (FER) in maize (Zea mays L.), thus reducing grain quality, yield, and contaminates grains with fumonisins. Grain infection by these fungi occurs before harvest and selection of parental lines resistant to fumonisin accumulation for breeding purposes is the most effective and environmentally friendly control strategy for F. verticillioides. This study intended to evaluate F1 hybrids and F2 breeding populations in Kenya for improved resistance to FER and fumonisin contamination. Trials were artificially inoculated and FER severity, F. verticillioides accumulation, and fumonisin contamination were determined. Inheritance of resistance was also determined in the F1 hybrids. CML444 × MIRTC5, R119W × CKL05015, and CML444 × CKL05015 exhibited little to no FER and had the least fungal and fumonisin contamination, respectively. Inbred lines CML495, CKL05015, and P502 had negative, significant general combining ability (GCA) estimates for F. verticillioides colonization and fumonisin contamination, but positive, significant GCA estimates for 1,000‐kernel weight, respectively. The genotype × environment interaction was the main source of variation observed in the F2 populations with R119W × CKL05015 and CML444 × CKL05015 being the most tolerant to fungal and fumonisin contamination in Kiboko and MIRTC5 × CML495 the most tolerant in Katumani.
Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)2]− und [CN(HCN)3]−
Authors: Bläsing Kevin , Harloff Jörg , Schulz Axel , Stoffers Alrik , Stoer Philip , Villinger Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObwohl reiner Cyanwasserstoff spontan polymerisieren oder sogar explodieren kann, was durch geringe Mengen an Basen (z. B. CN−) ausgelöst wird, wurde die Reaktion von flüssigem HCN mit [WCC]CN (WCC=schwach koordinierendes Kation=Ph4P, Ph3PNPPh3=PNP) untersucht. Abhängig vom Kation konnten aus flüssigem HCN Salze, welche die formalen Dihydrogentricyanid‐ [CN(HCN)2]− und Trihydrogentetracyanid‐Ionen [CN(HCN)3]− enthalten, isoliert werden, wenn die Kristallisation schnell und bei niedrigen Temperaturen durchgeführt wurde. Die Röntgenstrukturaufklärung ergab wasserstoffverbrückte lineare [CN(HCN)2]− und Y‐förmige [CN(HCN)3]− Molekülionen im Kristall. Beide Anionen können als Vertreter hochlabiler Cyanid‐HCN‐Solvate vom Typ [CN(HCN)n]− (n=1, 2, 3…) sowie als formale Polypseudohalogenidionen betrachtet werden.
Metal Alkyls with Alkylidynic Metal‐Carbon Bond Character: Key Electronic Structures in Alkane Metathesis Precatalysts
Authors: Gordon Christopher P. , Copéret Christophe 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe homologation of alkanes via alkane metathesis is catalyzed at low temperatures (150 °C) by the silica‐supported species (≡SiO)WMe5 and (≡SiO)TaMe4, while (≡SiO)TaMe3Cp* is inactive. The contrasting reactivity is paralleled by differences in the 13C NMR signature; the former display significantly more deshielded isotropic chemical shifts (δiso) and almost axially symmetric chemical shift tensors, similar to what is observed in their molecular precursors TaMe5 and WMe6. Analysis of the chemical shift tensors reveals the presence of a triple‐bond character in their metal‐carbon (formally single) bond. This electronic structure is reflected in their propensity to generate alkylidynes and to participate in alkane metathesis, further supporting the role of alkylidynes as key reaction intermediates. This study establishes chemical shift as a descriptor to identify potential alkane metathesis catalysts.
Total Synthesis of Pyrolaside B: Phenol Trimerization through Sequenced Oxidative C−C and C−O Coupling
Authors: Neuhaus William C. , Kozlowski Marisa C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA facile method to oxidatively trimerize phenols using a catalytic aerobic copper system is described. The mechanism of this transformation was probed, yielding insight that enabled cross‐coupling trimerizations. With this method, the natural product pyrolaside B was synthesized for the first time. The key strategy used for this novel synthesis is the facile one‐step construction of a spiroketal trimer intermediate, which can be selectively reduced to give the natural product framework without recourse to stepwise Ullmann‐ and Suzuki‐type couplings. As a result, pyrolaside B can be obtained expeditiously in five steps and 16 % overall yield. Three other analogues were synthesized, thus highlighting the utility of the method, which provides new accessibility to this area of chemical space. A novel xanthene was also synthesized through controlled Lewis acid promoted rearrangement of a spiroketal trimer.
Autokatalytische Carbonylarylierung mittels lokaler Freisetzung von Arylnukleophilen ausgehend von N‐Aryl‐N′‐silyldiazenen
Authors: Chauvier Clément , Finck Lucie , Irran Elisabeth , Oestreich Martin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEs wird über eine Methode zur katalytischen Erzeugung von funktionalisierten Arylalkalimetallverbindungen berichtet. Diese hochreaktiven Intermediate werden aus silylgeschützten, arylsubstituierten Diazenen durch Einwirkung von Lewis‐basischen Alkalimetallsilanolaten freigesetzt, wobei Desilylierung und Verlust von N2 eintreten. Katalytische Mengen jener Lewis‐Basen leiten die Übertragung des Arylnukleophils vom Diazen auf Carbonyl‐ und Carboxyverbindungen mit hervorragender Toleranz gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen ein. Die Arylalkalimetallverbindungen können elektrophile Substituenten wie Methoxycarbonyl‐ oder Cyangruppen sowie Halogene tragen. Die Synthese eines bislang nicht bekannten cyclophanartigen [4]Arenmakrocyclus ausgehend von einem 1,3‐Bisdiazen in Verbindung mit einem 1,4‐Dialdehyd unterstreicht das Leistungsvermögen des Ansatzes.
CsVO2F(IO3): An Excellent SHG Material Featuring an Unprecedented 3D [VO2F(IO3)]− Anionic Framework
Authors: Chen Jin , Hu Chun‐Li , Zhang Xiao‐Han , Li Bing‐Xuan , Yang Bing‐Ping , Mao Jiang‐Gao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe first alkali‐metal vanadium iodate fluoride, CsVO2F(IO3), with a novel 3D anionic framework, has been rationally designed and hydrothermally synthesized. The 3D [VO2F(IO3)]− framework in CsVO2F(IO3) is built from 0D Λ‐shaped cis‐[VO3F(IO3)2]4− polyanions via corner‐sharing of oxo anions and bridging of the iodate groups. CsVO2F(IO3) displays both a strong second‐harmonic generation (SHG) 1.1 times as strong as KTiOPO4 (KTP) under 2.05 μm laser radiation and high laser‐induced damage threshold (LIDT) of 107.9 MW cm−2. This work provides a new route to design SHG crystals with stable 3D anionic structures from low‐dimensional structural building units.
A P/N‐containing flame retardant constructed by phosphaphenanthrene, phosphonate, and triazole and its flame retardant mechanism in reducing fire hazards of epoxy resin
Authors: Cheng Jianwen , Duan Huajun , Yang Shuang , Wang Jun , Zhang Qianqian , Ding Guoping , Hu Yefa , Huo Siqi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA P/N‐containing flame retardant (PPT) constructed by phosphaphenanthrene, phosphonate, and triazole groups was successfully synthesized and used as a reactive co‐curing agent for epoxy resin (EP). The curing behavior, thermal property, combustion behavior, and flame retardant mechanism of EP thermosets were comprehensively investigated. According to the analysis of DSC and TGA, PPT accelerated the crosslinking reaction and enhanced the charring ability for EP thermosets at high temperature. The results of combustion test indicated that PPT endowed epoxy thermoset with outstanding flame retardancy. When the phosphorus content was 0.71 wt%, EP/DDS/PPT‐2 achieved a LOI value of 33.2% and passed V‐0 rating in UL‐94 test, and its peak heat release rate and total heat release were decreased by 63.7 and 30.5%, respectively, relative to EP/DDS. Moreover, the FIGRA of EP/DDS/PPT‐2 was reduced from 9.7 to 3.5 kW m−2 s−1, manifesting the significantly improved fire safety of EP thermoset. The flame retardant mechanism was summarized as two parts: (a) the barrier effect of continuous phosphorus‐rich char layers in condensed phase, (b) the quenching effect of phosphorous radicals and diluting effect of nonflammable gases in gaseous phase.
Targeted gene disruption by CRISPR/xCas9 system in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ni Xu‐yang , Zhou Zhen‐dong , Huang Jia , Qiao Xiaomu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAlthough the Cas9 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) is the most widely used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) variant in genome engineering experiments, it does have certain limitations. First, the stringent requirement for the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence limits the target DNA that can be manipulated using this method in insects. Second, its complementarity specifications are not very stringent, meaning that it can sometimes cause off‐target effects at the target site. A recent study reported that an evolved SpCas9 variant, xCas9(3.7), with preference for various 5′‐NG‐3′ PAM sequences not only has the broadest PAM compatibility but also has much greater DNA specificity and lower genome‐wide off‐target activity than SpCas9 in mammalian cells. Here we applied the CRISPR/xCas9 system to target the white gene in Drosophila melanogaster, testing the genome‐editing efficiency of xCas9 at different PAM sites. On the GGG PAM site, xCas9 showed less activity than SpCas9. For the non‐NGG PAM site TGA, xCas9 could produce DNA cleavage and indel‐mediated disruption on the target gene. However, for other non‐NGG PAM sites, xCas9 showed no activity. These findings show that the evolved Cas9 variant with broad PAM compatibility is functional in Drosophila to induce heritable gene alterations, increasing the targeting range for the applications of genome editing in insects.