bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced pulmonary vascular reserve during stress echocardiography in confirmed pulmonary hypertension and patients at risk of overt pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Wierzbowska-Drabik Karina , Kasprzak Jarosław D. , D′Alto Michele , Ágoston Gergely , Varga Albert , Ferrara Francesco , Amor Miguel , Ciampi Quirino , Bossone Eduardo , Picano Eugenio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNoninvasive estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) during exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is recommended for pulmonary hemodynamics evaluation but remains flow-dependent. Our aim was to assess the feasibility of pulmonary vascular reserve index (PVRI) estimation during ESE combining SPAP with cardiac output (CO) or exercise-time and compare its value in three group of patients: with invasively confirmed pulmonary hypertension (PH), at risk of PH development (PH risk) mainly with systemic sclerosis and in controls (C) without clinical risk factors for PH, age-matched with PH risk patients. We performed semisupine ESE in 171 subjects: 31 PH, 61 PH at risk and 50 controls as well as in 29 young, healthy normals. Rest and stress assessment included: tricuspid regurgitant flow velocity (TRV), pulmonary acceleration time (ACT), CO (Doppler-estimated). SPAP was calculated from TRV or ACT when TRV was not available. We estimated PVRI based on CO (peak CO/SPAP*0.1) or exercise-time (ESE time/SPAP*0.1). During stress, TRV was measurable in 44% patients ACT in 77%, either one in 95%. PVRI was feasible in 65% subjects with CO and 95% with exercise-time (p < 0.0001). PVRI was lower in PH compared to controls both for CO-based PVRI (group 1 = 1.0 ± 0.95 vs group 3 = 4.28 ± 2.3, p < 0.0001) or time-based PVRI estimation (0.66 ± 0.39 vs 3.95 ± 2.26, p < 0.0001). The proposed criteria for PH detection were for CO-based PVRI ≤ 1.29 and ESE-time based PVRI ≤ 1.0 and for PH risk ≤ 1.9 and ≤ 1.7 respectively. Noninvasive estimation of PVRI can be obtained in near all patients during ESE, without contrast administration, integrating TRV with ACT for SPAP assessment and using exercise time as a proxy of CO. These indices allow for comparison of pulmonary vascular dynamics in patients with varied exercise tolerance and clinical status.
Framing the constructive alignment of design within technology subjects in general education
Authors: Buckley Jeffrey , Seery Niall , Gumaelius Lena , Canty Donal , Doyle Andrew , Pears Arnold 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDesign is core element of general technology education internationally. While there is a degree of contention with regards to its treatment, there is general consensus that the inclusion of design in some form is important, if not characteristic, of the subject area. Acknowledging that design is important, there are many questions which need to be considered in order to guide policy and practice, such as whether a singular general design ability can be explicitly defined empirically beyond an implicit verbal definition, and whether it can be taught and assessed. In order to address these questions in a systematic fashion, a framework is needed in order to guide relevant investigations. Having such a framework would allow for theory to be generated, hypotheses to be tested, and assumptions to be challenged. In response to this apparent need, this article presents a theoretical discussion pertaining to the constructive alignment of learning to design, wherein theories of knowledge, variation theory, knowledge transfer, and assessment validity and reliability are reflected upon.
Numerical estimation of lattice strain, bending and generation of misfit dislocations in CdHgTe heterostructures grown on GaAs substrate
Authors: Jóźwikowska Alina , Markowska Olga , Jóźwikowski Krzysztof 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUsing our own computer program, we determined the spatial distribution of lattice strains in the HgCdTe heterostructure grown on a GaAs substrate. Lattice stress resulting from lattice mismatch between the substrate and the epitaxial layer and bending of the heterostructure is almost completely relaxed by misfit dislocations forming matrixes in the interfaces’ areas. The average distances between dislocation lines in individual interfaces were calculated based on the minimum energy, i.e. elastic energy condition resulting from the interaction of stress fields and deformations caused by lattice misfit, bending and the presence of dislocation plus electrical energy of dislocations.
Changes in leaf stomatal traits of different aged temperate forest stands
Authors: Li Qian , Hou Jihua , He Nianpeng , Xu Li , Zhang Zihao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStomata control carbon and water vapor exchange between the leaves and the atmosphere, thus influencing photosynthesis and transpiration. Combinations of forest patches with different stand ages are common in nature, however, information of which stomatal traits vary among these stands and how, remains limited. Here, seven different aged forest stands (6, 14, 25, 36, 45, 55, and 100 years) were selected in typical temperate, mixed broadleaf-conifer forests of northeast China. Stomatal density, size and relative area of 624 species, including the same species in stands of different ages were selected. Stomatal density, size and relative area were distributed log-normally, differing across all species and plant functional groups. Stomatal density ranged from 4.2 to 1276.7 stomata mm–2, stomatal size ranged from 66.6 to 8315.7 μm2, and stomatal relative area 0.1–93.3%. There was a significant negative relationship between density and size at the species and functional group levels, while the relative stomatal area was positively correlated with density and size. Stomatal traits of dominant species were relatively stable across different stand ages but were significantly different for herbs. The results suggest that stomatal traits remain relatively stable for dominant species in natural forests and therefore, spatial variation in stomatal traits across forest patches does not need to be incorporated in future ecological models.
Nunalleq, Stories from the Village of Our Ancestors: Co-designing a Multi-vocal Educational Resource Based on an Archaeological Excavation
Authors: Watterson Alice , Hillerdal Charlotta 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn 2017, the Nunalleq Project initiated the co-design of a digital educational resource for schoolchildren in the Yukon-Kuskokwim region that curates the story of the archaeological excavations in a way which engages with Yup’ik ways of knowing and traditional oral storytelling. Here, we present an account of an archaeological outreach project which creatively unites science and history with traditional knowledge and contemporary engagements. Co-creation of the Nunalleq educational resource revealed the diverse ways in which people connect to the past, sometimes expected, sometimes surprising. In particular, the project made space for a younger generation of Yup’ik who are forging new relationships with their heritage inspired by the archaeology from Nunalleq through traditional dance, art and shared experience. Ultimately, this article explores co-design as a means to illuminate the processes of interpretation from varied perspectives and worldviews with the aim of better understanding how the methods we use frame the knowledge we create.
Contusion Progression Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Clinical and Radiological Predictors, and Influence on Outcome
Authors: Adatia Krishma , Newcombe Virginia F. J. , Menon David K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSecondary injuries remain an important cause of the morbidity and mortality associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Progression of cerebral contusions occurs in up to 75% of patients with TBI, and this contributes to subsequent clinical deterioration and requirement for surgical intervention. Despite this, the role of early clinical and radiological factors in predicting contusion progression remains relatively poorly defined due to studies investigating progression of all types of hemorrhagic injuries as a combined cohort. In this review, we summarize data from recent studies on factors which predict contusion progression, and the effect of contusion progression on clinical outcomes.
Flexibilität im Umgang mit mathematischen Situationsstrukturen – Eine Vorstudie für die Entwicklung eines Förderkonzepts zum Lösen additiver Textaufgaben
Authors: Gabler Laura , Ufer Stefan 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungSprachliche Kompetenzen haben einen deutlichen Einfluss auf den mathematischen Kompetenzerwerb. Als Wirkmechanismus wird unter anderem auch die kognitive Nutzung von Sprache für die mathematische Wissenskonstruktion diskutiert. Vor allem bei Textaufgaben wird als wesentliches Schwierigkeitsmerkmal die sprachliche Umsetzung mathematischer Strukturen im Aufgabentext genannt. Frühere Studien zeigen, dass additive Textaufgaben, denen eine Vergleichssituation zugrunde liegt, eine besondere Herausforderung für Lernende darstellen. Um den Einfluss der sprachlichen Komplexität bei der Bearbeitung von Vergleichsaufgaben zu verringern, wurde in der Literatur bereits die Umdeutung in leichter zugängliche Situationsstrukturen als eine mögliche Bearbeitungsstrategie vorgeschlagen. Dies könnte Basis für ein Förderkonzept sein, welches Lernenden Strategien zur Umdeutung schwierigerer Textaufgaben in leichtere (z. B. Veränderungs- oder Ausgleichsaufgaben) vermittelt. In einer Vorstudie für die Entwicklung eines solchen Förderkonzepts wurde untersucht, ob Lernende Textaufgaben-Paare mit gleicher mathematischer Struktur, jedoch unterschiedlichen Situationsstrukturen identifizieren und dies zur Lösung von Vergleichsaufgaben nutzen. Umgesetzt wurde dies in einer Querschnittsstudie mit Paper-Pencil-Tests in acht Klassen der Jahrgangsstufe 2 (N = 139). Ein Ziel der Studie war es, bereits vorliegende Ergebnisse zur Schwierigkeit von Textaufgaben zu replizieren und zu systematisieren. Weiterhin war von Interesse, ob das vorherige Lösen einer Veränderungs- bzw. Ausgleichsaufgabe das darauffolgende Lösen einer als Vergleichssituation formulierten Aufgabe mit derselben mathematischen Struktur erleichtert. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Lernende ohne explizite Instruktion unterschiedliche Beschreibungen derselben mathematischen Struktur nicht zum Lösen von Textaufgaben nutzen und werfen damit die Frage auf, inwiefern explizites Training in der Umdeutung von additiven Situationen die Lernenden bei der Bearbeitung derartiger Textaufgaben unterstützt.
The characteristic of the synonymous codon usage and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Qi Xiaoming , Wei Chaojun , Li Yonghong , Wu Yu , Xu Hui , Guo Rui , Jia Yanjuan , Li Zhenhao , Wei Zhenhong , Wang Wanxia , Jia Jing , Li Yuanting , Wang Anqi , Gao Xiaoling 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a crucial medical issue worldwide. The dependence of HBV replication on host cell machineries and their co-evolutionary interactions prompt the codon usage pattern of viral genes to translation selection and mutation pressure.

Objective
The evolutionary characteristics of HBV and the natural selection effects of the human genome on the codon usage characteristics were analyzed to provide a basis for medication development for HBV infection.

Methods
The codon usage pattern of sequences from different HBV genotypes of our isolates and reference HBV genome sequences downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database were analyzed by computing the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), nucleotide content, codon adaptation index (CAI) and the effective number of codons (ENC).

Results
The highest ENC values were observed in the C genotypes, followed by the B genotypes. The ENC values indicated a weak codon usage bias (CUB) in HBV genome. The number of codons differentially used between the three genotypes was markedly higher than that of similarly used codons. High CAI values indicated a good adaptability of HBV to its host. The ENC plot indicated the occurrence of mutational pressure in the three genotypes. The mean Ka/Ks ratios in the three genotypes were lower than 1, which indicated a negative selection pressure. The CAI and GC3% plot indicated the existence of CUB in the HBV genome.

Conclusions
Nucleotide composition, mutation bias, negative selection and mutational pressure are key factors influencing the CUB and phylogenetic diversity in HBV genotypes. The data provided here could be useful for developing drugs for HBV infection.
A review of the day-ahead natural gas consumption in Denmark: starting point towards forecasting accuracy improvement
Authors: Karabiber Orhan Altuğ , Xydis George 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNatural gas consumption forecasting is crucial for transmission system operators, distribution system operators, traders, and other players in the market. This work collects natural gas forecasting scientific works in accordance with the forecasting tool used by Energinet, the Danish transmission system operator. The work provides an analytical description on the long-term stability and security of the natural gas transmission system in Denmark. This work offers a detailed scientific directory on natural gas forecasting, presenting the so far vaguely described market in a more structured manner. The paper was focused on presenting the latest findings on identifying the selection each time of the appropriate prognostic model for each application based on: ① the option for supporting double seasonality, ② various exogenous variables, ③ suitability for day-ahead forecasting, and ④ ease of use and all these versus Energinet’s current model.
Predicting regime shifts in social systems modelled with agent-based methods
Authors: Füllsack Manfred , Plakolb Simon , Jäger Georg 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe investigate the possibility to apply a method of calculus analytics developed for predicting critical transitions in complex systems to social systems modelled with agent-based methods (ABMs). We introduce this method on the example of an equation-based modelled system and subsequently test it—to our knowledge for the first time—on ABMs. Our experiments show that the method may have wide applicability in the analysis of social systems. The method can help to approximate abrupt and thus unpredictable regime shifts, even though it may be constrained by stochastics and require a bit more experimentation in selecting suitable variables for making it work in ABMs.
Stress testing the skills gap
Authors: Jones Melanie 
Published: May 2020

Cyber security expertise is still not sufficiently distributed, pushing up salaries and causing over-demand and stress among cyber security professionals. Yet cyber security is critical to every organisation. Skills gaps aren't going away on their own. They must be attacked head-on with the appropriate training to bridge the skills gap from within. There's no time to wait and see how things play out before resolving the risks. People are behind the problem and they are also the biggest part of the solution, reckons Melanie Jones at Global Knowledge. Do you feel like there aren't enough hours in the day? Or that quantum physics needs to hurry up and figure out a way for your staff to be in at least two places at once? You're not the only one. Network security has a manpower problem. The annual ‘IT Skills and Salary Report’, a study of 12,200 IT professionals from 159 countries, has found for the fifth year running that cyber security expertise is still not sufficiently distributed within the sector, pushing up salaries and causing over-demand and stress among cyber security professionals. 1
A multi-cloud world requires a multi-cloud security approach
Authors: Duncan Rory 
Published: May 2020

More than a third of global organisations store data in shared or public cloud environments. And around the same proportion store data in a private cloud. As organisations move to multi-cloud architectures, malicious actors are looking to capitalise on any new attack vectors that this opens up, such as data and application sprawl and possible misconfiguration of cloud infrastructure. A holistic cyber security strategy will help to mitigate the risks inherent in a multi-cloud environment, while enabling the organisation to reap the business and technology rewards associated with it, explains Rory Duncan of NTT UK. We are increasingly living in a multi-cloud world. According to the ‘2019 Risk:Value Report’, over a third of respondents in global organisations say their company currently stores its data in a shared or public cloud environment, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure or Google. Around the same proportion stores data in a private cloud. These numbers are set to go up as more and more businesses transition their processes and applications to the cloud.
Strengthening of columnar-grained freshwater ice through cyclic flexural loading
Authors: Murdza Andrii , Schulson Erland M. , Renshaw Carl E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSystematic experiments reveal that the flexural strength of freshwater S2 columnar-grained ice loaded normal to the columns increases upon cyclic loading. Specifically, over the range of stress amplitudes 0.1–2.6 MPa the flexural strength increases linearly with increasing stress amplitude. The experiments were conducted upon both reversed and non-reversed cyclic loading over ranges of frequencies from 0.03 to 2 Hz and temperatures from −25 to −3°C. Strengthening can also be imparted through bending-induced creep. The fundamental requirement for strengthening is that the surface that undergoes maximum tensile stress during failure must have been pre-stressed in tension. Flexural strength is governed by crack nucleation. We suggest that the process is resisted by an internal back-stress that opposes the applied stress and builds up through either crystal dislocations piling up or grain boundaries sliding.
On ex situOphiomorphaand other burrow fragments from the Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain, Brazil: paleobiological and taphonomic remarks
Authors: Pedrol de Freitas Giovana , Francischini Heitor , Tapajós de Souza Tâmega Frederico , Spotorno-Oliveira Paula , Dentzien-Dias Paula 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (southern Brazil) is composed of extensive marine and continental deposits related to at least four lagoon-barrier systems of Pleistocene−Holocene age. Part of these deposits is currently submerged and passing through erosion processes by waves. Vertebrate and invertebrate body and trace fossils are constantly exhumed from these deposits and redeposited on the modern beach face. Among them, a total of 253 fragments of crustacean burrows were collected for this study. Two ichnospecies ofOphiomorphaLundgren, 1891 were recognized (O. nodosaLundgren, 1891 andO. puerilisGibert et al., 2006), but most of the materials can only be assigned to the ‘SOT’ group (Spongeliomorphade Saporta, 1887,Ophiomorpha, andThalassinoidesEhrenberg, 1944), mainly because of the lack of a pelleted lining. The absence of pellets and, as a consequence, the ichnotaxonomy of these specimens, is related to taphonomical processes (exhumation, reworking, and transportation) that acted during formation of the ex situ assemblage. The paleoenvironmental dynamics and a taphonomical model are presented to demonstrate how these processes affected the trace fossils since their construction, through exhumation until deposition. Neoichnological observations led us to infer larger producers in comparison to the extant ghost shrimpSergio mirim(Rodrigues, 1971).
Comparative Ethnic Territorially Based Autonomy in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Yakutia of Russia: An Analytical Framework
Authors: Tsakhirmaa Sansar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article proposes an analytical framework to address why implemented autonomy outcomes may differ across ethnic republics in the Russian Federation. Composed of a long-range factor, inter-ethnic boundary making, and a short-term factor, titular elites’ representation in the ethno-regional state, the framework is applied to a synchronic comparison of three republics of Russia with differing autonomy outcomes for the 2010s, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Yakutia, reliant upon state-generated data and fieldwork. Titular elites’ representation in the ethnoregional state is used as a proxy for titular elites’ bargaining capacity with the central state. It is argued that an “integration–distinction balance,” or rather, higher inter-ethnic integration combined with robust consciousness of inter-ethnic distinction, can contribute to titular elites’ bargaining capacity with the center, which can lead to greater autonomy outcome for the ethnic republic.
Myanmar Traditional Medicine: The making of a national heritage
Authors: CODEREY CÉLINE 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the aftermath of independence, obtained in 1948, the Burmese government launched a project to valorize and promote traditional medicine which comprised the institutionalization and standardization of the teaching, practice, and production of medicines. The government justified this project by asserting the importance of protecting and improving—in terms of both quality and accessibility—this precious national heritage. Having contributed to the maintenance of people's health for centuries, it was nevertheless under threat of vanishing because of the dominance of biomedicine and because traditionally it had been passed down through a plurality of lineages using an esoteric language. Although recognizing the official motivation behind this project, this article suggests that it was also motivated by the need to unify and ‘Burmanize’ the country in the name of nation-building. Indeed, constructing a medicine that could compete with biomedicine, if not overtake it, would help in marking the country's distance and autonomy vis-a-vis the West. Spreading a standardized medicine, largely based on the Burman tradition, across the country would help eliminate inter-ethnic differences as well as the esoteric elements inherent in traditional medicine that were perceived as a potential threat to the state's authority. While claiming to protect a national heritage, the state was in fact crafting a new heritage that complied with a specific image of the nation—a unified modern Buddhist nation—in order to help it attain its political goals. The article also discusses to what extent this project has been successful by examining the limits of its implementations and the response of healers and manufacturers.