bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of ageing on presentation, management and outcomes in degenerative cervical myelopathy: a systematic review
Authors: Grodzinski Ben , Durham Rory , Mowforth Oliver , Stubbs Daniel , Kotter Mark R N , Davies Benjamin M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a disabling neurological condition. The underlying degenerative changes are known to be more common with age, but the impact of age on clinical aspects of DCM has never been synthesised. The objective of this study is to determine whether age is a significant predictor in three domains—clinical presentation, surgical management and post-operative outcomes of DCM.

Methods
a systematic review of the Medline and Embase databases (inception to 12 December 2019), registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019162077) and reported in accordance with preferred reporting items of systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, was conducted. The inclusion criteria were full text articles in English, evaluating the impact of age on clinical aspects of DCM.

Results
the initial search yielded 2,420 citations, of which 206 articles were eventually included. Age was found to be a significant predictor in a variety of measures. Within the presentation domain, older patients have a worse pre-operative functional status. Within the management domain, older patients are more likely to undergo posterior surgery, with more levels decompressed. Within the outcomes domain, older patients have a worse post-operative functional status, but a similar amount of improvement in functional status. Because of heterogenous data reporting, meta-analysis was not possible.

Conclusion
the current evidence demonstrates that age significantly influences the presentation, management and outcomes of DCM. Although older patients have worse health at all individual timepoints, they experience the same absolute benefit from surgery as younger patients. This finding is of particular relevance when considering the eligibility of older patients for surgery.
Using drug descriptions and molecular structures for drug–drug interaction extraction from literature
Authors: Asada Masaki , Miwa Makoto , Sasaki Yutaka 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Motivation
Neural methods to extract drug–drug interactions (DDIs) from literature require a large number of annotations. In this study, we propose a novel method to effectively utilize external drug database information as well as information from large-scale plain text for DDI extraction. Specifically, we focus on drug description and molecular structure information as the drug database information.

Results
We evaluated our approach on the DDIExtraction 2013 shared task dataset. We obtained the following results. First, large-scale raw text information can greatly improve the performance of extracting DDIs when combined with the existing model and it shows the state-of-the-art performance. Second, each of drug description and molecular structure information is helpful to further improve the DDI performance for some specific DDI types. Finally, the simultaneous use of the drug description and molecular structure information can significantly improve the performance on all the DDI types. We showed that the plain text, the drug description information and molecular structure information are complementary and their effective combination is essential for the improvement.

Availability and implementation
Our code is available at https://github.com/tticoin/DESC_MOL-DDIE.
Role of glucosamine in development of diabetic neuropathy independent of the aldose reductase pathway
Authors: Mizukami Hiroki , Osonoi Sho , Takaku Shizuka , Yamagishi Shin-Ichiro , Ogasawara Saori , Sango Kazunori , Chung Sookja , Yagihashi Soroku 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Long-term metabolic aberrations contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathy but the precise mechanism or mechanisms remains elusive. We have previously shown that aldose reductase-deficient mice exhibit delayed onset and progression of neuropathy following induction of diabetes, suggesting a role both for downstream metabolites of this enzyme and also for other unrelated pathways. In this study, we have utilized comprehensive metabolomics analyses to identify potential neurotoxic metabolites in nerve of diabetic mice and explored the mechanism of peripheral nerve injury. Aldose reductase knockout and control C57Bl/6J mice were made diabetic by injection of streptozotocin and followed for 8–16 weeks. Diabetic aldose reductase knockout mice exhibited delayed onset of nerve conduction slowing compared to diabetic wild-type mice. The sciatic nerves from aldose reductase knockout mice exposed to 12 weeks of diabetes were used for metabolomics analysis and compared with analyses of nerves from age-matched diabetic wild-type mice as well as non-diabetic aldose reductase knockout and wild-type mice. Neurotoxicity of candidate metabolites was evaluated using cultured Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons, and further confirmed in vivo. Metabolomics analysis identified elevated glucosamine levels in both diabetic aldose reductase knockout and diabetic wild mice. Exposure to glucosamine reduced survival of cultured Schwann cells and neurons accompanied by increased expression of cleaved caspase 3, CCAT-enhancer-binding homologous protein and mitochondrial hexokinase-I, along with ATP depletion. These changes were suppressed by siRNA to hexokinase-I or the ATP donor, inosine, but not by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine or the endoplasmic reticulum-stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate. The O-GlcNAcylation enhancer, O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene) amino N-phenylcarbamate, did not augment glucosamine neurotoxicity. Single dose glucosamine injection into mice caused a reduction of sciatic nerve Na, K-ATPase activity, ATP content and augmented expression of hexokinase-I, which were suppressed by pretreatment with inosine but not with 4-phenylbutyrate. Mice implanted with a subcutaneous pump to infuse glucosamine for 12 weeks developed nerve conduction slowing and intraepidermal nerve fibre loss, recapitulating prominent indices of diabetic neuropathy. While acute glucosamine neurotoxicity is unlikely to contribute substantially to the slowly developing neuropathy phenotype in humans, sustained energy deprivation induced by glucosamine may well contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Our data thus identifies a novel pathway for diabetic neuropathy that may offer a potential new therapeutic target.
Origin and Evolutionary Dynamics of the miR2119 and ADH1 Regulatory Module in Legumes
Authors: De la Rosa Carlos , Lozano Luis , Castillo-Ramírez Santiago , Covarrubias Alejandra A , Reyes José L 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes. Previously, we reported that in Phaseolus vulgaris, the precursor for miR2119 is located in the same gene as miR398a, conceiving a dicistronic MIR gene. Both miRNA precursors are transcribed and processed from a single transcript resulting in two mature microRNAs that regulate the mRNAs encoding ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (ADH1) and COPPER-ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 1 (CSD1). Genes for miR398 are distributed throughout the spermatophytes; however, miR2119 is only found in Leguminosae species, indicating its recent emergence. Here, we used public databases to explore the presence of the miR2119 sequence in several plant species. We found that miR2119 is present only in specific clades within the Papilionoideae subfamily, including important crops used for human consumption and forage. Within this subfamily, MIR2119 and MIR398a are found together as a single gene in the genomes of the Millettioids and Hologalegina. In contrast, in the Dalbergioids MIR2119 is located in a different locus from MIR398a, suggesting this as the ancestral genomic organization. To our knowledge, this is a unique example where two separate MIRNA genes have merged to generate a single polycistronic gene. Phylogenetic analysis of ADH1 gene sequences in the Papilionoideae subfamily revealed duplication events resulting in up to four ADH1 genes in certain species. Notably, the presence of MIR2119 correlates with the conservation of target sites in particular ADH1 genes in each clade. Our results suggest that post-transcriptional regulation of ADH1 genes by miR2119 has contributed to shaping the expansion and divergence of this gene family in the Papilionoideae. Future experimental work on ADH1 regulation by miR2119 in more legume species will help to further understand the evolutionary history of the ADH1 gene family and the relevance of miRNA regulation in this process.
ΦX174 Attenuation by Whole-Genome Codon Deoptimization
Authors: Van Leuven James T , Ederer Martina M , Burleigh Katelyn , Scott LuAnn , Hughes Randall A , Codrea Vlad , Ellington Andrew D , Wichman Holly A , Miller Craig R 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNatural selection acting on synonymous mutations in protein-coding genes influences genome composition and evolution. In viruses, introducing synonymous mutations in genes encoding structural proteins can drastically reduce viral growth, providing a means to generate potent, live-attenuated vaccine candidates. However, an improved understanding of what compositional features are under selection and how combinations of synonymous mutations affect viral growth is needed to predictably attenuate viruses and make them resistant to reversion. We systematically recoded all nonoverlapping genes of the bacteriophage ΦX174 with codons rarely used in its Escherichia coli host. The fitness of recombinant viruses decreases as additional deoptimizing mutations are made to the genome, although not always linearly, and not consistently across genes. Combining deoptimizing mutations may reduce viral fitness more or less than expected from the effect size of the constituent mutations and we point out difficulties in untangling correlated compositional features. We test our model by optimizing the same genes and find that the relationship between codon usage and fitness does not hold for optimization, suggesting that wild-type ΦX174 is at a fitness optimum. This work highlights the need to better understand how selection acts on patterns of synonymous codon usage across the genome and provides a convenient system to investigate the genetic determinants of virulence.
Learning Retention Mechanisms and Evolutionary Parameters of Duplicate Genes from Their Expression Data
Authors: DeGiorgio Michael , Assis Raquel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLearning about the roles that duplicate genes play in the origins of novel phenotypes requires an understanding of how their functions evolve. A previous method for achieving this goal, CDROM, employs gene expression distances as proxies for functional divergence and then classifies the evolutionary mechanisms retaining duplicate genes from comparisons of these distances in a decision tree framework. However, CDROM does not account for stochastic shifts in gene expression or leverage advances in contemporary statistical learning for performing classification, nor is it capable of predicting the parameters driving duplicate gene evolution. Thus, here we develop CLOUD, a multi-layer neural network built on a model of gene expression evolution that can both classify duplicate gene retention mechanisms and predict their underlying evolutionary parameters. We show that not only is the CLOUD classifier substantially more powerful and accurate than CDROM, but that it also yields accurate parameter predictions, enabling a better understanding of the specific forces driving the evolution and long-term retention of duplicate genes. Further, application of the CLOUD classifier and predictor to empirical data from Drosophila recapitulates many previous findings about gene duplication in this lineage, showing that new functions often emerge rapidly and asymmetrically in younger duplicate gene copies, and that functional divergence is driven by strong natural selection. Hence, CLOUD represents a major advancement in classifying retention mechanisms and predicting evolutionary parameters of duplicate genes, thereby highlighting the utility of incorporating sophisticated statistical learning techniques to address long-standing questions about evolution after gene duplication.
Robot-Assisted Stereotaxy Reduces Target Error: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of 6056 Trajectories
Authors: Philipp Lucas R , Matias Caio M , Thalheimer Sara , Mehta Shyle H , Sharan Ashwini , Wu Chengyuan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The pursuit of improved accuracy for localization and electrode implantation in deep brain stimulation (DBS) and stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) has fostered an abundance of disparate surgical/stereotactic practices. Specific practices/technologies directly modify implantation accuracy; however, no study has described their respective influence in multivariable context.

OBJECTIVE
To synthesize the known literature to statistically quantify factors affecting implantation accuracy.

METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the inverse-variance weighted pooled mean target error (MTE) of implanted electrodes among patients undergoing DBS or sEEG. MTE was defined as Euclidean distance between planned and final electrode tip. Meta-regression identified moderators of MTE in a multivariable-adjusted model.

RESULTS
A total of 37 eligible studies were identified from a search return of 2,901 potential articles (2002-2018) – 27 DBS and 10 sEEG. Random-effects pooled MTE = 1.91 mm (95% CI: 1.7-2.1) for DBS and 2.34 mm (95% CI: 2.1-2.6) for sEEG. Meta-regression identified study year, robot use, frame/frameless technique, and intraoperative electrophysiologic testing (iEPT) as significant multivariable-adjusted moderators of MTE (P < .0001, R2 = 0.63). Study year was associated with a 0.92-mm MTE reduction over the 16-yr study period (P = .0035), and robot use with a 0.79-mm decrease (P = .0019). Frameless technique was associated with a mean 0.50-mm (95% CI: 0.17-0.84) increase, and iEPT use with a 0.45-mm (95% CI: 0.10-0.80) increase in MTE. Registration method, imaging type, intraoperative imaging, target, and demographics were not significantly associated with MTE on multivariable analysis.

CONCLUSION
Robot assistance for stereotactic electrode implantation is independently associated with improved accuracy and reduced target error. This remains true regardless of other procedural factors, including frame-based vs frameless technique.
Bilateral “Rescue Strip” Technique for Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Clivus
Authors: Kim Matthew , Otten Marc , Overdevest Jonathan B , Gudis David A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The vascularized nasoseptal flap (NSF) is a pillar of contemporary endoscopic skull base reconstruction. The pedicle for the NSF is supplied by the posterior septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery, which courses along the arch of the choana and sphenoid rostrum before entering the nasal septum. Resection or mobilization of this region is necessary for surgical access to the clivus.

OBJECTIVE
To describe a technique for preserving bilateral NSF pedicles during endoscopic endonasal resection of the clivus, thereby safeguarding availability of the flaps for future skull base repair needs.

METHODS
Report of operative technique with video demonstration.

RESULTS
This technique for NSF preservation allows for wide access to the clivus while saving the future option for vascularized flap repairs of skull base defects. The patient in whom we demonstrate this technique underwent complete resection of her clivus without cerebrospinal fluid leak and with preservation of both NSF pedicles.

CONCLUSION
The “rescue strip” technique for endonasal endoscopic clival surgery preserves the bilateral NSF pedicles for future use without compromising surgical access to the clivus.
Transconjunctival Extirpation of a Voluminous Orbital Cavernoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: May Adrien T , Guatta Ramona , Meling Torstein R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purely intraorbital cavernomas remain rare, but still are the most common benign orbital tumors.
1
These expansive lesions are now rapidly detected and adequately treated. Surgical resection is the gold standard and a definitive solution. The choice of approach varies between different possibilities, including orbitotomies, trans-sinusal routes, and transconjunctival accesses.
2-4
Because the last technique is less known to the neurosurgeon, we describe here a step-by-step guide to perform it.
The technique is illustrated with the case of a 62-yr-old male with a voluminous right retroocular cavernoma. He presented a progressive right exophthalmia without visual acuity or campimetric deterioration. Because the cavernoma was purely medial from the optic nerve in the intraconal space, no osteotomy was deemed necessary to extirpate the lesion. The video shows the conjunctival dissection, followed by the medial rectus muscle being dissected, allowing us to attain the retrobulbar space in the orbit. The cavernoma is then dissected from the surroundings and reduced in volume by coagulation so its removal does not apply hyperpressure on the adjacent fragile structures. We then pursue with the closure by stitching the medial rectus muscle to the eyeball. Finally, the conjunctiva is sutured.
Postoperatively, there was no complication. A transient mydriasis due to ciliary nerve manipulation spontaneously resolved. Extirpation of the lesion was total. The patient's exophthalmia normalized over the next months. No visual or campimetric deterioration was noted at follow-up. A slight horizontal diplopia was noted after surgery, which normalized at 1 yr. The patient's consent was obtained for the procedure.
Justice After Atrocity
Authors: Wilson Richard Ashby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAnthropologists have been critical of the global asymmetries of knowledge and power embedded in justice institutions established in the aftermath of violence. Truth commissions and mediation processes may be coopted by states seeking to nation-build and extend their coercive and normative capacity in local communities. International criminal courts may impose an alien version of justice that disrupts national politics and a peace process, and they often misapprehend the causes of mass crimes because they employ a form of legal inquiry that is far removed from local historical contexts. Litigation against companies for complicity in crimes against humanity may raise survivors’ expectations, only to dash them when states refuse to recognize universal jurisdiction. Even when legal recourse is not successful, new social movements focused on accountability, reparations, and legal remedy can emerge that engender new forms of sociality and political subjectivity. Anthropological investigations into transitional justice reveal a complex process in which survivors can recover an emancipatory political agency, and anthropologists testifying as experts often influence outcomes more than anticipated.
Humanitarian Interventions
Authors: Bornstein Erica 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the anthropology of humanitarianism in relation to regulation, governance, and law. Humanitarian agencies and individuals navigate multiple intersecting social-legal fields of international and domestic law in their efforts to address human need and suffering. Building on rich ethnographic studies of humanitarian practitioners, the chapter surveys different regional contexts for humanitarian work as well as varied approaches, including: bureaucratic and charismatic modes of humanitarian authority, military intervention through ‘humanitarian wars’, reconciliation in post-conflict settings, judicial advocacy, religious philanthropy, and vernacular aid. While some humanitarian interventions are highly regulated, other types exist outside regulatory frames, and some others use the logic of humanitarian intervention to change law itself.
Transnational Agrarian Movements, Food Sovereignty, and Legal Mobilization
Authors: Claeys Priscilla , Peschard Karine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we analyse a diversity of legal mobilizations by contemporary agrarian movements, from the creation of new human rights to direct participation in global food governance, the institutionalization of food sovereignty, civil disobedience, and peoples’ tribunals. Our main argument is that there is a need to expand the scope and methods of research in law and anthropology to account for the diversity of actors and alliances, their innovative legal strategies, the different scales, and the multiplicity of institutional and extra-institutional arenas in which transnational agrarian movements engage with the law in their struggles against capitalism and neoliberalism. To document and analyse social movement innovations, lawyers and anthropologists must engage with transnational, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary approaches, and critically reflect on their methods, roles, and positionalities as social actors involved in social justice struggles.
The Juridification of Politics
Authors: Sieder Rachel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews the principle debates on the juridification of politics, discussing anthropological analysis of the juridification of Indigenous politics. While much of the broader debate refers principally to the diffusion and vernacularization of state and international law, and the subjectivities generated by engagements with dominant norms and institutions, here I turn the lens on the complex dialectics involved in Indigenous Peoples’ juridification of their own forms of law or what in Spanish is referred to as derecho propio. Drawing on my ethnographic work in Guatemala, I trace the different ways in which Mayan rights activists and their allies have analysed, systematized, and defended their own forms of law in the context of battles for state recognition of legal pluralism in the post-war period. I point to the potentialities inherent in the juridification and auto-juridification of Mayan law, arguing that different legal engagements can be read as exchanges that also contain and transmit a politics of what Audra Simpson (2015) has termed ‘indigenous refusal’. By articulating claims and narratives that assert the sovereignty of their specific time-space over territories, peoples, and practices in the past, present, and future, Indigenous Peoples reject the sovereign jurisdictional claims and specific temporalities and ontologies of state legality and international human rights law, envisioning alternative futures. I also reflect on the challenges for anthropologists involved in the juridification and auto-juridification of Indigenous law, advocating critical engagement that furthers an intercultural epistemological dialogue aimed at radically transforming racialized structures of dispossession.