bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of luminosity outbursts on protoplanetary disk dynamics
Authors: Vorobyov Eduard I. , Elbakyan Vardan G. , Takami Michihiro , Liu Hauyu B. 
Published: September 2020

Aims. The response of a protoplanetary disk to luminosity bursts of various durations is studied with the purpose to determine the effect of the bursts on the strength and sustainability of gravitational instability in the disk. A special emphasis is paid to the spatial distribution of gas and grown dust (from 1 mm to a few centimetres) during and after the burst.
Methods. Numerical hydrodynamics simulations were employed to study the dynamics of gas and dust in the thin-disk limit. Dust-to-gas friction, including back reaction and dust growth, were also considered. Bursts of various durations (from 100 yr to 500 yr) were initiated in accordance with a thermally ignited magnetorotational instability. Luminosity curves for constant- and declining-magnitude bursts were adopted to represent two typical limiting cases for FU Orionis-type eruptions.
Results. The short-term effect of the burst is to reduce the strength of gravitational instability by heating and expanding the disk. The longest bursts with durations comparable to the revolution period of the spiral can completely dissolve the original two-armed spiral pattern in the gas disk by the end of the burst, while the shortest bursts only weaken the spiral pattern. The reaction of grown dust to the burst is somewhat different. The spiral-like initial distribution with deep cavities in the inter-armed regions transforms into a ring-like distribution with deep gaps. This transformation is mostly expressed for the longest-duration bursts. The long-term effect of the burst depends on the initial disk conditions at the onset of the burst. In some cases, vigorous disk fragmentation sets in several thousands of years after the burst, which was absent in the model without the burst. Several clumps with masses in the giant-planet mass range form in the outer disk regions. After the disk fragmentation phase, the spatial distribution of grown dust is characterized by multiple sharp rings located from tens to hundreds of astronomical units. The arrangement and sharpness of the rings depends on the strength of dust turbulent diffusion. The wide-orbit rings are likely formed as the result of dust-rich clump dispersal in the preceding gravitationally unstable phase.
Conclusions. Luminosity bursts similar in magnitude to FU Orionis-type eruptions can have a profound effect on the dynamics of gas and dust in protoplanetary disks if the burst duration is comparable to, or longer than, the dynamical timescales. In this context, the spatial morphology of the gas-dust disk of V883 Ori, a FU Orionis-like object that is thought to be in the outburst phase for more than a century with an unknown onset date, may be used as test case for the burst models considered in this work. The potential relation of the obtained ring structures to a variety of gaps and rings observed in T Tauri disks remains to be established.
Management der Primären Ciliären Dyskinesie
Authors: Raidt J. , Brillault J. , Brinkmann F. , Jung A. , Koerner-Rettberg C. , Koitschev A. , Linz-Keul H. , Nüßlein T. , Ringshausen F. C. , Röhmel J. , Rosewich M. , Werner C. , Omran H. 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Primäre Ciliäre Dyskinesie (PCD, MIM 242650) ist eine seltene hereditäre Multisystemerkrankung mit klinisch heterogenem Phänotyp. Leitsymptom ist eine chronische Sekretretention der oberen und unteren Atemwege, welche durch die Dysfunktion motiler respiratorischer Zilien entsteht. In der Folge kommt es zur Ausbildung von Bronchiektasen, häufig zu einer Infektion durch Pseudomonas aeruginosa sowie einer abnehmenden Lungenfunktion bis hin zum Lungenversagen.Bislang gibt es kaum evidenzbasierte Therapieempfehlungen, da randomisierte Langzeitstudien zur Behandlung der PCD fehlten. In diesem Jahr wurden die Daten einer ersten placebokontrollierten Medikamentenstudie bei PCD veröffentlicht. Anlässlich dieses Meilensteins im Management der PCD wurde der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel als Konsens von Patientenvertretern sowie Klinikern, die langjährige Erfahrung in der Behandlung der PCD haben, verfasst. Diese Arbeit bietet eine Zusammenfassung aktuell eingesetzter Behandlungsverfahren, die überwiegend auf persönlichen Erfahrungen und Expertenmeinungen beruhen oder von anderen Atemwegserkrankungen wie der Cystischen Fibrose (CF), COPD oder Bronchiektasen-Erkrankung abgeleitet werden. Da es derzeit keine kurative Therapie für PCD gibt, stehen symptomatische Maßnahmen wie die regelmäßige Reinigung der Atemwege und die Behandlung von rezidivierenden Atemwegsinfektionen im Fokus. Nicht respiratorische Manifestationen werden organspezifisch behandelt. Um neben der ersten Medikamentenstudie mehr evidenzbasiertes Wissen zu generieren, werden weitere Projekte etabliert, u. a. ein internationales PCD-Register. Hierüber wird Patienten der Zugang zu klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Studien erleichtert und die Vernetzung behandelnder Zentren gefördert. Des Weiteren können Erkenntnisse über eine Genotyp-spezifische Erkrankungsschwere erlangt werden, um folglich die therapeutische Versorgung der Patienten zu verbessern und somit zu individualisieren.
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor: A Rare Brain Tumor with Excellent Seizure Control after Surgical Resection
Authors: Arora Rajnish Kumar , Bhargava Pranshu , Arora Poonam , Joshi Prashant , Basu Garga , Mittal Radhey Shyam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Introduction Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a rare cause of intractable epilepsy, which has excellent results in terms of seizure control after surgical resection. We present one such case, because of its rarity, to highlight the effect of tumor removal on seizure control, particularly DNET.
Materials and Methods/Case Summary A 9-year-old male patient presented with sudden onset of partial seizures for the past 6 months. There were five episodes. In each episode, the patient engaged in irrelevant talk, followed by deviation of mouth to left and twitching movements. The episode lasted 5 minutes and there was no loss of consciousness. There was no aura or tongue bite, and in one of the episodes, the patient lost consciousness. There was no other significant positive history. On examination, the child was consciously alert, without focal neurological deficit or features of meningitis. There was no papilledema. The patient was on phenytoin sodium, phenobarbitone and clobazam. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain was done with and without contrast. MRI revealed a lesion approximately 4.1 × 3.6 × 3.2 cm in the right medial temporal lobe. It was hypointense to brain on T1 and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Diffusion restriction was present and there was minimal contrast uptake. There was no evidence of mass effect or midline shift After discussing the risks and benefits with parents, the patient underwent preanesthetic checkup, and was taken up for craniotomy and excision of tumor. Gross total excision was done. The child was started orally on day 1 postoperatively and ambulated. There were no further seizure episodes. The patient was continued on phenytoin and clobazam, and phenobarbitone was tapered gradually. At 6 months, the child was seizure-free.
Conclusions DNET are rare tumors occurring early in life and presenting with intractable seizures. Surgical resection offers a good and safe chance for long-term seizure control.
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Functional Impairments among Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors: Impact on Caregiver Burden
Authors: Devi Yashodha , Khan Sahiba , Rana Priyanka , Deepak  , Dhandapani Manju , Ghai Sandhya , Gopichandran Lakshmanan , Dhandapani Sivashanmugam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background The burden of cognitive, behavioral, and functional impairments after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still not highlighted much, but its impact on caregivers is socio-economically relevant. The objectives of the study were to assess cognitive, behavioral, and functional impairments in patients of TBI and its impact on caregiver burden.

Materials and Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a total enumeration sampling technique. Mini-mental status examination, neuropsychiatric inventory and Rappaport’s disability rating scale were used to assess patients’ cognitive, behavioral, and functional impairments, respectively. Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale was executed to quantify the caregiver burden.

Results Fifty patients of TBI and their caregivers were enrolled. Among these, 24% had moderate cognitive impairments. Among behavioral symptoms, 40% had agitation, 24% had depression, 18% had anxiety, and 16% had irritability. Moderate functional disability was reported by 18% of the patients, while 2% reported severe functional disability. Moderate to severe caregiver burden was reported by 8% of caregivers. Patients’ behavioral (r = 0.507, p < 0.001), functional (r = 0.473, p = 0.001), and cognitive (r = –0.438, p = 0.001) impairments had significant correlations with caregiver burden.

Conclusion Patients develop cognitive, behavioral, and functional disability after TBI. The caregiver burden increases significantly with cognitive dysfunction, behavioral symptoms, and impaired functional status of patients. Therefore, appropriate support is to be provided to caregivers as well as patients.
Metabolic tuning of inhibition regulates hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult brain
Authors: Wang Xinxing , Liu Hanxiao , Morstein Johannes , Novak Alexander J. E. , Trauner Dirk , Xiong Qiaojie , Yu Yuguo , Ge Shaoyu 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Our the brain actively responds to changes in the environment by remodeling neural circuits. One important aspect of neuroplasticity is adult neurogenesis, which involves the generation, survival, and incorporation of new neurons into existing circuits and is unique to two discrete areas of the mammalian brain. The hippocampus, critical for learning and memory, is one such area that exhibits ongoing neurogenesis throughout an individual’s lifetime. Although recent studies have confirmed that hippocampal behaviors regulate neurogenesis, the mechanistic pathways governing that regulatory activity remain poorly understood. In this work, we found that hippocampal behaviors increase inhibitory circuit activity through a metabolic pathway, and established a computational model to quantitively model the relationship between circuit activity and control of hippocampal neurogenesis.
Deep profiling of protease substrate specificity enabled by dual random and scanned human proteome substrate phage libraries
Authors: Zhou Jie , Li Shantao , Leung Kevin K. , O’Donovan Brian , Zou James Y. , DeRisi Joseph L. , Wells James A. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Over 600 proteases work together to maintain the normal functions and homeostasis of cells in the human body. Determining protease specificity and their natural substrates is critical to understanding their biology. We present a facile, inexpensive, general, and global means to profile the natural specificity of human proteases at unprecedented depth. Using two genetically encoded substrate phage libraries, we deeply profile the substrate specificities of two important protease families, caspases involved in cell death and ADAMs family proteases that shed membrane proteins. We validated our results by recapitulating and expanding on known consensus substrates with up to 1,000-fold greater coverage.
Speech can produce jet-like transport relevant to asymptomatic spreading of virus
Authors: Abkarian Manouk , Mendez Simon , Xue Nan , Yang Fan , Stone Howard A. 
Published: September 2020

SignificanceMedical reports and news sources raise the possibility that flows created during breathing, speaking, laughing, singing, or exercise could be the means by which asymptomatic individuals contribute to spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We use experiments and simulations to quantify how exhaled air is transported in speech. Phonetic characteristics introduce complexity to the airflow dynamics and plosive sounds, such as “P,” produce intense vortical structures that behave like “puffs” and rapidly reach 1 m. However, speech, corresponding to a train of such puffs, creates a conical, turbulent, jet-like flow and easily produces directed transport over 2 m in 30 s of conversation. This work should inform public health guidance for risk reduction and mitigation strategies of airborne pathogen transmission.
A relativistic paradox and its resolution or who drives the entropy current between two bodies in relative motion?
Authors: Herrmann Friedrich , Pohlig Michael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We discuss a paradox from the field of relativistic thermodynamics: two heat reservoirs of the same proper temperature move against each other. One is at rest in the inertial reference frame S
A, the other in S
B. For an observer, no matter in which of the two reference frames he is at rest, the temperatures of the two reservoirs are different. One might, therefore, conclude that a thermal engine can be operated between the reservoirs. However, the observers in S
A and S
B do not agree upon the direction of the entropy flow: from S
A to S
B, or from S
B to S
A. The resolution of the paradox is obtained by taking into account that the ‘drive’ of an entropy current is not simply a temperature difference, but the difference of a quantity that depends on both temperature and velocity.
Particle recirculating orbits within microvortices using microfluidics
Authors: Shen Feng , Li Zonghe , Xue Sen , Li Mengqi , Liu Zhaomiao 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Particle/cell separation from a mixture using a hydrodynamic vortex has been attracting much interest for the isolation of circulating tumor cells in basic biological studies and clinical applications. However, some issues regarding the particle recirculating orbits within the vortex in microcavities remain unclear. In this work, using micro-particle image velocimetry and a high-speed microscopy system, we quantitatively investigate the effects of inlet Reynolds numbers (Re) on the microcavity flow characteristics and particle recirculating behavior. The results show that due to the evolution of microcavity flow patterns (Re = 15–313), the particle orbit topology expands gradually, developing from a single small orbit (Re = 39–79) to a single semicircular orbit (98–117), then to alternating double orbits (Re = 136–215), and at last to a single large orbit (Re = 254–352). The alternating double orbits are observed for the first time. The particle orbit periods and topologies (lengths and area) have also been characterized. Moreover, the variations of the recirculating particle velocity are also quantitatively measured. The results deepen the fundamental understanding of particle recirculating behavior and could provide useful guidance for vortex-based microfluidics.
A mixed-valent metal–organic ladder linked by pyrazine
Authors: Otake Ken-ichi , Otsubo Kazuya , Kitagawa Hiroshi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and electronic state of a novel mixed-valent metal–organic ladder (MOL) linked by pyrazine (pz). Single-crystal x-ray studies revealed that the MOL has a two-legged ladder-shaped framework, which is composed of a pz-connected Pt dimer with bridging Br ions. The electronic state of the MOL was investigated using x-ray and spectroscopic techniques; the MOL was found to have an electronic state that corresponds to the mixed-valence state of PtII and PtIV. Furthermore, the intervalence charge transfer energy of the MOL has lower than that expected from the tendency of a similar halogen-bridged mixed-valence MOL owing to its unique ‘zig-zag’-shaped legs. These results provide a new insight into the physical and electronic properties of MOL systems.
C60 self-orientation on hexagonal boron nitride induced by intermolecular coupling
Authors: Guo Haojie , Martínez-Galera Antonio J , Gómez-Rodríguez Jose M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A deep grasp of the properties of the interface between organic molecules and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is essential for the full implementation of these two building blocks in the next generation of electronic devices. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), we report on the geometric and electronic features of C60 evaporated on a single layer of h-BN grown on a Rh(110) surface under ultra-high vacuum. Two different molecular assemblies of C60 on the h-BN/Rh(110) surface were observed. The first STM study at room temperature (RT) and at low temperatures (40 K) looked at the molecular orientation of C60 on a two-dimensional layered material. Intramolecular-resolution images demonstrate the existence of a phase transition of C60 over the h-BN/Rh(110) surface similar to that found on bulk solid C60. At RT molecules exhibit random orientations, while at 40 K such rotational disorder vanishes and they adopt a common orientation over the h-BN/Rh(110) surface. The decrease in thermal energy allows recognition between C60 molecules, and they become equally oriented in the configuration at which the van der Waals intermolecular interactions are optimized. Bias-dependent submolecular features obtained by means of high-resolution STM images are interpreted as the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals. STS data showed that fullerenes are electronically decoupled from the substrate, with a negligible charge transfer effect if any. Finally, the very early stages of multilayer growth were also investigated.
High frequency sheath modulation and higher harmonic generation in a low pressure very high frequency capacitively coupled plasma excited by sawtooth waveform
Authors: Sharma Sarveshwar , Sirse Nishant , Turner Miles M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A particle-in-cell simulation study is performed to investigate the discharge asymmetry, higher harmonic generations and electron heating mechanism in a low pressure capacitively coupled plasma excited by a saw-tooth like current waveform for different driving frequencies; 13.56 MHz, 27.12 MHz, and 54.24 MHz. Two current densities, 50 A m−2 and 100 A m−2 are chosen for a constant gas pressure of 5 mTorr in argon plasma. At a lower driving frequency, high frequency modulations on the instantaneous sheath electric field near to the grounded electrode are observed. These high frequency oscillations create multiple ionization beam like structures near to the sheath edge that drives the plasma density in the discharge and responsible for discharge/ionization asymmetry at lower driving frequency. Conversely, the electrode voltage shows higher harmonics generation at higher driving frequencies and corresponding electric field transients are observed into the bulk plasma. At lower driving frequency, the electron heating is maximum near to the sheath edge followed by electron cooling within plasma bulk, however, alternate heating and cooling i.e. burst like structures are obtained at higher driving frequencies. These results suggest that electron heating in these discharges will not be described accurately by simple analytical models.
Importance of shallow hydrogenic dopants and material purity of ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors for vertical power electron devices
Authors: Zhang Yuewei , Speck James S 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors are attracting increasing research interest for power device applications. While promising results have been reported for various materials, it remains unclear which material and technology will succeed. Many figure of merits (FOMs) were derived for power device applications to guide material choices, including the widely used Baliga’s FOM (BFOM) to describe the resistive loss of power devices, and Baliga’s high-frequency FOM (BHFFOM) to further consider the switching loss. However, key underlying assumptions for those widely cited FOMs, including the assumption of shallow hydrogenic dopants, tend to fail for UWBG semiconductors. In this work, we revisit several important FOMs in describing vertical power electronics to properly account for both incomplete ionization and background compensation effects. We suggest that it is necessary to include the dopant ionization term (for example n/Nd
in an n-drift layer) for both BFOM and BHFFOM to fully capture the potential of the UWBG semiconductors for power device applications. Incomplete dopant ionization in materials like diamond and AlN substantially lowers their FOMs for power switching, leading to high conductive and switching losses. Due to the availability of shallow donors, low background impurity compensation, and bulk substrates, β-Ga2O3 promises the best performance among the investigated materials. The modified FOMs offer a valuable guidance in material choices for power device applications.
Boosting spatial resolution by incorporating periodic boundary conditions into single-distance hard-x-ray phase retrieval
Authors: Paganin David M , Favre-Nicolin Vincent , Mirone Alessandro , Rack Alexander , Villanova Julie , Olbinado Margie P , Fernandez Vincent , da Silva Julio C , Pelliccia Daniele 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A simple coherent-imaging method due to Paganin et al is widely employed for phase–amplitude reconstruction of samples using a single paraxial x-ray propagation-based phase-contrast image. The method assumes that the sample-to-detector distance is sufficiently small for the associated Fresnel number to be large compared to unity. The algorithm is particularly effective when employed in a tomographic setting, using a single propagation-based phase-contrast image for each projection. Here we develop a simple extension of the method, which improves the reconstructed contrast of very fine sample features. This provides first-principles motivation for boosting fine spatial detail associated with high Fourier frequencies, relative to the original method, and was inspired by several recent works employing empirically-obtained Fourier filters to a similar end.
Evaluation of the compression behavior of recycled marine plastic waste-reinforced concrete
Authors: Lee Dong-Ha , Kim Hee-Tae , Kim Jeong-Dae , Kim Jeong-Hyeon , Kim Seul-Kee , Lee Jae-Myung 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Marine debris is a serious and worldwide environmental problem. In particular, most marine debris is comprised of plastics, which decompose in natural conditions for decades to hundreds of years. They have been distributed across the ocean since the 1970s. Marine plastics have a very low recycling rate due to concerns associated seawater and attachment of microorganisms. Collected plastics are subjected to a pre-treatment process that is not efficient due to the heat generated during grinding. For this reason, cryogenic grinding using liquid nitrogen has been developed. In this study, they were applied to concrete as a marine waste treatment method. In particular, the waste existing in bulk was subjected to cryogenic grinding to evaluate the strength of the concrete according to the particle size. Two types of fiber and two types of bulk plastics that account for a significant portion of marine plastics were tested to evaluate the resulting performance of the concrete. The experimental results confirmed that the strength and ductility increased when adding plastic particles to cement via cryogenic grinding and that the strength increased by 30% or more for a specific plastic.