bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Same Progress for All? Inclusive Education, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities and Students With Intellectual Disability in European Countries
Authors: Buchner Tobias , Shevlin Michael , Donovan Mary‐Ann , Gercke Magdalena , Goll Harald , Šiška Jan , Janyšková Kristýna , Smogorzewska Joanna , Szumski Grzegorz , Vlachou Anastasia , Demo Heidrun , Feyerer Ewald , Corby Deirdre 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOver the course of the last 30 years, inclusive education has emerged as a key aim of education policies around the world. Also in Europe, most countries took efforts to make their education systems more inclusive—which led to growing numbers of children and young persons with disabilities in general education in Europe. The implementation processes of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) fuelled these efforts. However, as some authors have argued, not all students with disabilities seem to have benefited in the same way from these developments—such as children and young persons with intellectual disability (ID). This paper aims to explore this phenomenon in more depth by comparing some measures in relation to the implementation processes of the UNCRPD of seven European countries. Doing so, we analyze trends in placements (mainstream and special schools) of students with Special Educational Needs (SEN) in general and of students with intellectual disability specifically. As we show, an increase of students identified as having SEN in mainstream schools can be observed in all countries during the implementation process of the UNCRPD. However, in comparison to this rather broad group of learners, the percentage of students with intellectual disability in mainstream settings did not increase as much. Furthermore, the calculation of the “exclusion rate” revealed that this group of learners remains a key population of special schools. These results need to be understood as effects of specific shortcomings in the implementation of the UNCRPD, as we discuss in a further section. We conclude our paper with recommendations on future research and policies on inclusive education regarding students with intellectual disability.
Relationship between polypharmacy, xerostomia, gustatory sensitivity, and swallowing complaints in the elderly: A multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Fernandes Mariana S. , Castelo Paula M. , Chaves Giovanna N. , Fernandes João P. S. , Fonseca Fernando L. A. , Zanato Luciana E. , Gavião Maria B. D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOral dysfunctions are common in the elderly but the literature lacks a multidisciplinary approach on the relationship between polypharmacy, saliva flow, xerostomia, taste, and swallowing complaints. This cross‐sectional study included 204 non‐institutionalized elderly (>60 years; 123 women/81 men), free of severe disabilities and non‐alcohol/tobacco consumers, from whom specific pharmacological therapies were evaluated, as well xerostomia (Xerostomia Inventory‐XI) and swallowing complaints (EAT‐10 questionnaire), salivary flow rate and gustatory sensitivity. Statistical analysis included Chi‐square, Mann–Whitney, Two‐way ANCOVA, and linear multiple regression. Polypharmacy (≥5 drugs daily), hyposalivation, and severe taste dysfunction were found in 18, 46, and 10% of the participants, respectively. Polypharmacy was related with xerostomia (p = .041) and swallowing complaints (p < .001; power = 94%), but not with taste dysfunction. Dry mouth complaint and higher risk of swallowing disorders were found in 50 and 12% of the elderly, respectively, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors users (n = 36) showed higher EAT‐10 scores (p = .038). Regression models showed that stimulated salivary flow rate was dependent on gender and diuretic use, while xerostomia scores were dependent on the number of medications and unstimulated saliva flow (p < .001). In conclusion, the results draw attention to the high frequency of oral and maxillofacial dysfunctions found in non‐institutionalized elderly, especially polypharmacy, xerostomia and swallowing complaints, and the side effects of drugs that can disturb the oral functions, the acceptance of food, and the adherence to oral therapies.
Hidden below‐ground plant diversity buffers against species loss during land‐use change in species‐rich grasslands
Authors: Hiiesalu Inga , Klimešová Jitka , Doležal Jiři , Mudrák Ondřej , Götzenberger Lars , Horník Jan , de Bello Francesco 
Published: November 2020

AbstractQuestionsTheory suggests that while plant diversity of grasslands decreases in response to increased competition for light, many plant species persist below‐ground even in the temporary absence of shoots. Thus, we hypothesized that below‐ground, diversity is less affected by increased competition during land‐use change compared to above‐ground.LocationSpecies‐rich, oligotrophic grasslands in the Železné hory Mts, eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic.MethodsWe quantified above‐ and below‐ground plant richness (roots and rhizomes, seed and bud bank) in grasslands subjected to seven years of experimental abandonment and fertilization. We used conventional species identification to measure richness above‐ground and 454 sequencing of the chloroplast trnL (UAA) gene to measure richness of roots and rhizomes; additionally, we used the shoot emergence method to measure soil seed and bud bank richness.ResultsWhile above‐ground richness decreased with abandonment and fertilization, below‐ground richness remained less affected or even increased compared to the control (traditional mowing). Overall, compared to above‐ground the proportion of plant species found only below‐ground as roots and rhizomes increased, particularly in the abandonment with fertilization treatment.ConclusionsBelow‐ground plant diversity could potentially buffer against biodiversity losses during short‐term land‐use change. Our findings highlight that measuring the complete plant species diversity improves our understanding of processes that underlie plant diversity and coexistence and refine predictions of vegetation responses to biodiversity threats.
Second Language Learners’ Attitudes Toward French Varieties: The Roles of Learning Experience and Social Networks
Authors: LINDBERG RACHAEL , TROFIMOVICH PAVEL 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPeople often believe that some language varieties are more prestigious than others, which can trigger speech‐centered biases and inform social judgments of the speaker. However, it is largely unknown what types of language experience and exposure might mitigate language biases, especially for second language (L2) learners. The goal of this study was to investigate this issue by focusing on L2 French learners’ attitudes toward European and Quebec varieties of French. L2 French learners in Montreal (N = 106) rated 2 audios recorded by native speakers from France in a listening comprehension task, with 1 of the 2 speakers introduced as a speaker of Quebec French. The learners described their language learning experience, filled out a French social network questionnaire, and completed a French proficiency test. Results revealed some evidence of reverse linguistic stereotyping, with learners preferring to speak like one speaker significantly more than the other, based on the speaker's assumed identity, not actual speech. Four of the 6 speaker ratings were also associated with participants’ oral proficiency scores, social network density, and positive experiences in Quebec. Findings have implications for the use of speech models in L2 teaching and for the mitigation of language‐centered biases in L2 classrooms.
The effects of intensive oral care before surgery for gastric cancer patients
Authors: Nishikawa Mao , Honda Michitaka , Kimura Ryosuke , Kobayashi Ayaka , Yamaguchi Yuji , Hori Soshi , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Kawamura Hidetaka , Nakayama Yujiro , Todate Yukitoshi , Takano Yoshinao , Yamaguchi Hisashi , Hamada Koichi , Iketani Susumu , Seto Ichiro , Izumi Yuichi , Seto Kanichi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesOral function management has been recognized as important strategy for preventing postoperative complications. In this historical cohort study, we focused on the patients who planed gastrectomy, and investigated the appropriate duration and frequency of preoperative oral care to prevent complications after surgery.MethodsPatients who planed surgery for gastric cancer between 2012 and 2018 were enrolled. We defined intensive oral care (IOC) as initial intervention at least three weeks before surgery and follow‐up intervention within a week before surgery. As the primary outcome, the incidence of postoperative infectious complications was compared between the IOC and non‐intensive oral care groups.ResultsA total of 576 patients were enrolled, including 66 with IOC. The incidence of infectious complications was 2/66 (3.0%) in the IOC group and 64/510 (12.5%) in the non‐intensive oral care group. After adjusting for confounding factors, patients with IOC exposure had a lower chance of developing postoperative infectious complications (odds ratio; 0.217, 0.051–0.927).ConclusionsIntensive oral care can help prevent postoperative infectious complications after gastrectomy. These findings suggest that appropriate preoperative oral care includes at least two interventions: three weeks or more before and within one week before surgery.
Facial expression recognition in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: is the preservation of happiness recognition hypothesis true?
Authors: Hayashi Satoshi , Terada Seishi , Takenoshita Shintaro , Kawano Yoshiko , Yabe Mayumi , Imai Nao , Horiuchi Makiko , Miki Tomoko , Yokota Osamu , Yamada Norihito 
Published: November 2020

AimSocial cognition encompasses facial expression recognition (FER), theory of mind, and empathy. Although studies examining FER in large numbers of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia are rare, relative preservation of happiness recognition in dementia was reported in some studies. In this study, we examined performance on FER tests and its relationship to clinical demographics and other cognitive function test scores in patients with cognitive decline.MethodsThe present study administered an FER test and several cognitive tests to outpatients at a memory clinic. The FER test presents four facial expressions (happiness, surprise, anger, and sadness). A total of 187 patients were placed in one of the three groups based on their cognitive status: dementia group (n = 63), MCI group (n = 92), and normal cognition group (n = 32).ResultsThe total scores on the FER test significantly differed among the three groups (normal > MCI > dementia). In the recognition of happiness and surprise, the dementia group had significantly lower scores than the normal cognition group. There were no significant differences in the recognition of anger and sadness scores among the three groups. The FER scores for happiness and surprise were primarily related to executive function scores, but the FER scores for anger and sadness were primarily related to age.ConclusionsWe note the difference in recognition of causative factors among the four emotions (happiness, surprise, anger, sadness). Our study raises serious doubts about the preservation of happiness recognition hypothesis in dementia based on FER tests.
A stratigraphic example of the architecture and evolution of shallow water mouth bars
Authors: Cole Grant , Jerrett Rhodri , Watkinson Matthew P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractImproved understanding of mouth bar morphodynamics, and the resulting stratigraphic architectures, is important for predicting the loci of deposition of different sediment fractions, coastal geomorphic change and heterogeneity in mouth bar reservoirs. Facies and architectural analysis of exceptionally well‐exposed shallow water (ca 5 m depth) mouth bars and associated distributaries, from the Xert Formation (Lower Cretaceous), of the Maestrat Basin (east‐central Spain), reveal that they grew via a succession of repeated autogenic cycles. An initial mouth bar accretion element forms after avulsion of a distributary into shallow standing water. Turbulent expansion of the fluvial jet and high bed friction results in rapid flow deceleration, and deposition of sediment in an aggradational to expansional bar‐form. Vertical bar growth causes flattening and acceleration of the jet. The accelerated flow scours channels on the bar top, which focuses further expansion of the mouth bar at individual loci where the channels break through the front of the mouth bar. Here, new mouth bar accretion elements form, downlapping and onlapping against a readily recognizable surface of mouth bar reorganization. Vertical growth of the new mouth bar accretion elements causes flattening and re‐acceleration of the jet, leading to channelization, and initiation of the next generation of mouth bar accretion elements. Thus the mouth bar grows, until bed‐friction effects cause backwater deceleration and super‐elevation of flow in the feeding distributary. Within‐channel sedimentation, choking and upstream avulsion of the feeding channel, results in mouth bar abandonment. In this study, mouth bars are formed of at least two to three accretion elements, before abandonment happened. The results of this study contrast with the notion that mouth bars form by simple vertical aggradation and radial expansion. However the architecture and facies distributions of shallow water mouth bars are a predictable product of intrinsic processes that operate to deposit them.
Microbial signatures from speleothems: A petrographic and scanning electron microscopy study of coralloids from the Koněprusy Caves (the Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic)
Authors: Suchý Václav , Borecká Lenka , Pachnerová Brabcová Kateřina , Havelcová Martina , Svetlik Ivo , Machovič Vladimír , Lapčák Ladislav , Ovšonková Zuzana Aurélia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExotic carbonate – siliceous coralloid speleothems of the Koněprusy Caves, which consist of dominant aggregates of feather‐like, radial fibrous, dogtooth and gothic‐arch calcite crystals, contain a diversity of petrified fossil microbes entombed in siliceous parts of the speleothems. Although a complete diagenetic continuum of SiO2 polymorphs, ranging from opal‐A, through opal‐CT, to moganite and crystalline quartz, was identified to form thin irregular laminae and the infills of secondary pores throughout the speleothems, the microbes have been preserved only in opal aggregates concentrated in younger growth zones of the speleothems. The identified biomorphic bodies included ovoid and spheroidal forms, interpreted as coccoid microbes, and tubular, bent and elongated forms believed to represent putative silicified filamentous microbes of unknown taxonomic affinity. Other biomorphic microstructures resembling biofilms, and plastic deformations and binary fissions of individual coccoid microbes have also been recognized. The silicified microbes, most of which have been heavily encrusted in situ, still reveal the presence of organic carbon and other biogenic elements detectable beneath their opal coats. Micro‐cavities beneath and around coccoid microbes, interpreted as micro‐borings, suggest that the microbes were able to remove the opal substrate by chemical etching. The morphology and mineralization styles of the microbes, the age of which was estimated to be in the range of 100 to 102 ka, exhibit similarities to silicified microbes from present‐day siliceous hot‐spring geysers and travertines. In contrast to the siliceous parts of the coralloids, the calcite crystals forming the matrix of the speleothems do not contain any calcified microfossils. However, deeply etched calcite crystals, spiky calcite sub‐crystals, needle‐fibre calcite and sparmicrite grains indicate that the processes of calcite dissolution–precipitation mediated by the microbes may have also affected the speleothem exteriors.
A new, minimally invasive procedure for dogs with encapsulated Ahmed drainage implants and elevated intraocular pressures: A case series
Authors: Berkowski William , Michau Tammy , Stine Jessica , Plummer Caryn , Sherwood Mark B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a novel, minimally invasive method for re‐establishing aqueous humor outflow in dogs with refractory glaucoma after fibrous encapsulation of their Ahmed drainage implants.ProcedureThree dogs (4 eyes) underwent trans‐capsular implantation of an Alcon EX‐PRESS® glaucoma filtration device under sedation (2 dogs) or general anesthesia (1 dog). After rotating the eye downwards, a 2 mm incision was made in the conjunctiva/Tenon's capsule overlying the encapsulated Ahmed plate, and later closed with absorbable suture. All eyes received subconjunctival mitomycin‐C 0.02 mg.ResultsMean post‐operative follow‐up was 341 days (range: 77‐530). All eyes were hypertensive pre‐operatively (mean IOP: 31.25 ± 7.14 mmHg) despite receiving topical latanoprost (4/4), timolol (4/4), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (4/4), and demecarium bromide (2/4). Two eyes (dogs 1 and 2) were visual pre‐operatively, while 2 eyes (dog 3) displayed equivocal or no vision. Post‐operatively, all eyes received timolol and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Other anti‐hypertensive medications were discontinued. Immediately following surgery, all eyes were mildly hypotensive (mean IOP: 5.75 ± 1.71 mm Hg). Two of 4 eyes were normotensive and visual until days 90 (dog 2) and 530 (dog 1) (IOP range: 10‐16 mm Hg). One eye (dog 3) was normotensive for approximately 150 days, and then hypertension returned. One eye (dog 3) from the start displayed severe uveitis, hypertensive episodes, and was phthisical by the end of follow‐up.ConclusionsTrans‐capsular EX‐PRESS® implantation is a minimally invasive procedure for treatment of refractory glaucoma in dogs with encapsulated Ahmed drainage implants, and further investigation is warranted.
Bubble CPAP splitting: innovative strategy in resource-limited settings
Authors: Verma Akanksha , Jaiswal Rahul , Naranje Kirti M , Gupta Girish , Singh Anita 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundNon-invasive respiratory support for neonates using bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) delivery systems is now widespread owing to its safety, cost effectiveness and easy applicability. Many innovative solutions have been suggested to deal with the possible shortage in desperate situations like disasters, pandemics and resource-limited settings. Although splitting of invasive ventilation has been reported previously, no attempts to split non-invasive respiratory support have been reported.ObjectiveThe primary objective was to test the feasibility of splitting the bCPAP assembly using a T-piece splitter in a simulation model.MethodsA pilot simulation-based study was done to split a single bCPAP assembly using a T-piece. Other materials consisted of a heated humidification system, an air oxygen blender, corrugated inspiratory and expiratory tubing, nasal interfaces and two intercostal chest tube drainage bags. Two pressure manometers were used simultaneously to measure delivered pressures at different levels of set bCPAPs at the expiratory limb of nasal interfaces.ResultsPressures measured at the expiratory end of two nasal interfaces were 5.1 and 5.2 cm H2O, respectively, at a flow of 6 L/min and a water level of 5 cm H2O in both chest bags. When tested across different levels of set continuous positive airway pressure (3–8 cmH2O) and fractional inspired oxygen concentration (0.30–1.0), measured parameters corresponded to set parameters.ConclusionbCPAP splitting using a T-piece splitter is a technically simple, feasible and reliable strategy tested in a simulation model. Further testing is needed in a simulated lung model.
Empiricism in non-communicable disease mortality measurement for the Asia-Pacific: lost in translation
Authors: Rao Chalapati , Kelly Matthew 
Published: November 2020

Control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a key target for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. Available information indicates that countries in the Asia-Pacific Region accounted for 63% of the global NCD mortality burden in 2016. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for the Asia Pacific (UNESCAP) Regional SDG progress report for 2020 included estimates of trends in NCD mortality rates from 2000 to 2016, which showed considerable variation in national NCD mortality by sex and location.However, while the UNESCAP report states that there was sufficient primary data to derive these NCD mortality estimates for all countries, the critical gaps in availability of national data on causes of death in the Asia-Pacific region are well known. A closer review identified that the UNESCAP obtained these estimates from the United Nations Statistics Division, which in turn obtained the same estimates from WHO. Further analysis revealed that these organisations used varying and often inconsistent terms to describe estimation methodology as well as primary data availability for different countries, with substantial potential for misinterpretation.The analysis also found that for countries without primary data, WHO reported NCD mortality estimates were based on complex epidemiological models developed for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study, and this contradicts the UNESCAP rating of primary data sufficiency. The GBD Study also derives modelled cause of death estimates for countries with national data, but these were different from WHO estimates for these countries. This article discusses prevailing international practices in using modelled estimates as a substitute for empirical data, and the implications of these practices for health policy. In conclusion, a strategic approach to strengthen national mortality statistics programmes in data deficient countries is presented, to improve NCD mortality measurement in the Asia-Pacific Region.