bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐technical skills curriculum incorporating simulation‐based training improves performance in colonoscopy among novice endoscopists: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Walsh Catharine M. , Scaffidi Michael A. , Khan Rishad , Arora Anuj , Gimpaya Nikko , Lin Peter , Satchwell Joshua , Al‐Mazroui Ahmed , Zarghom Omid , Sharma Suraj , Kamani Alya , Genis Shai , Kalaichandran Ruben , Grover Samir C. 
Published: January 2020

Background and AimsNon‐technical skills (NTS), involving cognitive, social and interpersonal skills that complement technical skills, are important for the completion of safe and efficient procedures. We investigated the impact of a simulation‐based curriculum with dedicated NTS training on novice endoscopists’ performance of clinical colonoscopies.MethodsA single‐blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at a single center. Novice endoscopists were randomized to a control curriculum or a NTS curriculum. The control curriculum involved a didactic session, virtual reality (VR) simulator colonoscopy training, and integrated scenario practice using a VR simulator, a standardized patient, and endoscopy nurse. Feedback and training were provided by experienced endoscopists. The NTS curriculum group received similar training that included a small‐group session on NTS, feedback targeting NTS, and access to a self‐reflective NTS checklist. The primary outcome was performance during two clinical colonoscopies, assessed using the Joint Advisory Group Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (JAG DOPS) tool.ResultsThirty‐nine participants completed the study. The NTS group (n = 21) had superior clinical performance during their first (P < 0.001) and second clinical colonoscopies (P < .0.001), compared to the control group (n = 18). The NTS group performed significantly better on the VR simulator (P < 0.05) and in the integrated scenario (P < 0.05).ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that dedicated NTS training led to improved performance of clinical colonoscopies among novices.
Individual differences in executive function partially explain the socioeconomic gradient in middle‐school academic achievement
Authors: Albert W. Dustin , Hanson Jamie L. , Skinner Ann T. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Steinberg Laurence , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Bornstein Marc H. , Lansford Jennifer E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChildren from families with low socioeconomic status (SES) earn lower grades, perform worse on achievement tests, and attain less education on average than their peers from higher‐SES families. We evaluated neurocognitive mediators of SES disparities in achievement in a diverse sample of youth whose data were linked to administrative records of performance on school‐administered tests of 7th grade reading and math proficiency (N = 203). We used structural equation modeling to evaluate whether associations between SES (measured at ages 8–9) and achievement (measured at age 13) are mediated by verbal ability and executive function (measured at age 10), a suite of top‐down mental processes that facilitate control of thinking and behavior. Children from relatively higher‐SES families performed better than their lower‐SES peers on all neurocognitive and achievement measures, and SES disparities in both reading and math achievement were partially mediated by variation in executive function, but not verbal ability. SES disparities in executive function explained approximately 37% of the SES gap in math achievement and 17% of the SES gap in reading achievement. Exploratory modeling suggests that SES‐related variation in working memory may play a particularly prominent role in mediation. We discuss potential implications of these findings for research, intervention programming, and classroom practice.
Predictors of remission from the ultra‐high risk state for psychosis
Authors: Glenthøj Louise B. , Kristensen Tina D. , Wenneberg Christina , Hjorthøj Carsten , Nordentoft Merete 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimA significant proportion of individuals at Ultra‐High Risk (UHR) for psychosis do not transition to manifest psychosis. Many non‐transitioning UHR individuals do, however, display poor long‐term outcomes such as persistence of attenuated psychotic symptoms. Evidence is scarce on which variables may predict a better clinical and functional prognosis such as remission from the UHR state.MethodsA total of 146 UHR individuals were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial (RCT), with this being analyses secondary to the RCT. Participants were assessed on multiple domains of symptoms, functioning, neuro‐ and social cognition. Regression analyses elucidated on the predictive power of these measures to remission from the UHR status (ie, not meeting UHR criteria) at 12‐month follow‐up.ResultsOf the 91 UHR individuals attending 12‐month follow‐up, 33 (36%) exhibited remission from the UHR state. Regression analyses revealed baseline functioning to be a significant predictor of risk remission, and this was maintained when controlling for the effect of antipsychotic medication, gender and estimated IQ. The individuals with remission from the UHR state showed lower attenuated psychotic‐ and depressive symptoms along with better functioning at 12‐month follow‐up.ConclusionOur findings indicate functioning to be a contributor to the symptomatic recovery of UHR individuals, but a large amount of the variance on risk remission is, however, explained by other factors. Additionally, our findings suggest that UHR individuals with better functioning at ascertainment may present with a better clinical and functional prognosis, which may inform on the need for monitoring and intervention in this subgroup.
A subset of taste receptor cells express biocytin‐permeable channels activated by reducing extracellular Ca2+ concentration
Authors: Iwamoto Masafumi , Takashima Madoka , Ohtubo Yoshitaka 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTaste receptor cells (type II cells) transmit taste information to taste nerve fibres via ATP‐permeable channels, including calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM), connexin and/or pannexin1 channels, via the paracrine release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a predominant transmitter. In the present study, we demonstrate that extracellular Ca2+‐dependent biocytin‐permeable channels are present in a subset of type II cells in mouse fungiform taste buds using biocytin uptake, immunohistochemistry and in situ whole‐cell recordings. Type II cells were labelled with biocytin in an extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]out)‐sensitive manner. We found that the ratio of biocytin‐labelled type II cells to type II cells per taste bud was approximately 20% in 2 mM Ca2+ saline, and this ratio increased to approximately 50% in nominally Ca2+‐free saline. The addition of 300 µM GdCl3, which inhibits various channels including CALHM1 channels, significantly inhibited biocytin labelling in nominally Ca2+‐free saline, whereas the addition of 20 µM ruthenium red did not. Moreover, Cs+‐insensitive currents increased in nominally Ca2+‐free saline in approximately 40% of type II cells. These increased currents appeared at a potential of above −35 mV, reversed at approximately +10 mV and increased with depolarization. These results suggest that biocytin labels type II cells via ion channels activated by [Ca2+]out reduction, probably “CALHM‐like” channels, on the basolateral membrane and that taste receptor cells can be categorized into two groups based on differences in the expression levels of [Ca2+]out‐dependent biocytin‐permeable channels. These data indicate electrophysiological and pharmacologically relevant properties of biocytin‐permeable channels and suggest their contributions to taste signal transduction.
Examining the neural and cognitive processes that underlie reading through naming speed tasks
Authors: Al Dahhan Noor Z. , Kirby John R. , Chen Ying , Brien Donald C. , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe combined fMRI with eye tracking and speech recording to examine the neural and cognitive mechanisms that underlie reading. To simplify the study of the complex processes involved during reading, we used naming speed (NS) tasks (also known as rapid automatized naming or RAN) as a focus for this study, in which average reading right‐handed adults named sets of stimuli (letters or objects) as quickly and accurately as possible. Due to the possibility of spoken output during fMRI studies creating motion artifacts, we employed both an overt session and a covert session. When comparing the two sessions, there were no significant differences in behavioral performance, sensorimotor activation (except for regions involved in the motor aspects of speech production) or activation in regions within the left‐hemisphere‐dominant neural reading network. This established that differences found between the tasks within the reading network were not attributed to speech production motion artifacts or sensorimotor processes. Both behavioral and neuroimaging measures showed that letter naming was a more automatic and efficient task than object naming. Furthermore, specific manipulations to the NS tasks to make the stimuli more visually and/or phonologically similar differentially activated the reading network in the left hemisphere associated with phonological, orthographic and orthographic‐to‐phonological processing, but not articulatory/motor processing related to speech production. These findings further our understanding of the underlying neural processes that support reading by examining how activation within the reading network differs with both task performance and task characteristics.
The effect of climate change on the resilience of ecosystems with adaptive spatial pattern formation
Authors: Bastiaansen Robbin , Doelman Arjen , Eppinga Maarten B. , Rietkerk Max 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn a rapidly changing world, quantifying ecosystem resilience is an important challenge. Historically, resilience has been defined via models that do not take spatial effects into account. These systems can only adapt via uniform adjustments. In reality, however, the response is not necessarily uniform, and can lead to the formation of (self‐organised) spatial patterns – typically localised vegetation patches. Classical measures of resilience cannot capture the emerging dynamics in spatially self‐organised systems, including transitions between patterned states that have limited impact on ecosystem structure and productivity. We present a framework of interlinked phase portraits that appropriately quantifies the resilience of patterned states, which depends on the number of patches, the distances between them and environmental conditions. We show how classical resilience concepts fail to distinguish between small and large pattern transitions, and find that the variance in interpatch distances provides a suitable indicator for the type of imminent transition. Subsequently, we describe the dependency of ecosystem degradation based on the rate of climatic change: slow change leads to sporadic, large transitions, whereas fast change causes a rapid sequence of smaller transitions. Finally, we discuss how pre‐emptive removal of patches can minimise productivity losses during pattern transitions, constituting a viable conservation strategy.
Benchmarking Community‐Based Couple Therapy: Considering Measurement Reactivity
Authors: Quirk Kelley , Owen Jesse , Reese Robert J. , Babins‐Wagner Robbie , Berzins Sandy 
Published: January 2020

Couple therapy has been shown to be effective in randomized clinical trials; however, results from naturalistic couple therapy have been less consistent. This study utilized a benchmarking approach to compare the effectiveness of couple therapy in a community‐based setting with findings from efficacy treatments, such as treatment within randomized clinical trials. The current study is the largest couple therapy sample published to date (N = 3,347 couples). Clients in couple therapy were asked to provide initial and weekly ratings of symptomology on the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ‐45.2). We found that treatment effect sizes found at community clinics were smaller than efficacy studies (i.e., the benchmark). However, when taking into account measurement reactivity, the effect sizes were comparable. This is the first benchmarking study for community‐based couple therapy, allowing for meaningful comparisons and understanding of outcomes in real‐world couple therapy. Implications for the field are offered in terms of evaluating community‐based psychotherapy studies with benchmarking for couple therapy. Results of this study provide clinicians and researchers a way to meaningfully compare couple therapy outcomes, accounting for differences in community‐based practices and randomized clinical trials. This benchmark also underscores the impact of measurement sensitivity, an issue commonly overlooked in psychotherapy research and practice.
Evidence Regarding Medication Overuse Headache in Children and Adolescents: Protocol for a Systematic Review
Authors: VanderPluym Juliana , Gautreaux Jessica , Burch Rebecca , Whitaker Evans , Roberts Jason , Turner Dana P. , Gelfand Amy A. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesThis proposed systematic review will identify the existing evidence on medication‐overuse headache in children and adolescents.BackgroundA number of medications have been shown to be effective for acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents. However, patients may find they need to use their acute medications more frequently when migraine frequency is high. This has led to concern about their potential to develop medication‐overuse headache.MethodsWe will search PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases from their inception to present time. We will also search conference proceedings of the last 4 scientific meetings of relevant societies and scan the reference lists of studies identified through the search. Study designs will include case series, cross‐sectional, cohort, case‐control, and interventional studies. Participants will include children and adolescents under 18 years of age with primary headache disorders. We aim to determine whether frequency of acute medication use is associated with headache frequency in children and adolescents. Outcomes of interest include: (1) headache frequency; (2) change in headache frequency, with time and in relationship to use of acute medications; and (3) headache‐related disability. We will also review data addressing treatment/management of medication overuse or medication‐overuse headache in children and adolescents. Relevant comparators will be withdrawal vs reduction of acute medication, initiation of preventive therapy vs no initiation with or without withdrawal of acute medication, and initiation of preventive therapy early vs late. Outcomes of interest include (1) days of acute medication use; (2) headache frequency; (3) change in headache frequency; and (4) headache‐related disability. After screening for inclusion, 2 team members will independently review and extract relevant data, and any discrepancies will be resolved through discussion and arbitration. We will assess risk of bias using appropriate tools (Cochrane Risk of Bias for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and Newcastle‐Ottawa Score for observational studies). Data will be summarized descriptively in text and tables.ResultsThis systematic review will provide an overview of the available evidence on medication‐overuse headache in children and adolescents.ConclusionsFindings from this review will aid clinicians by clarifying for them the current state of the evidence base, and will inform design of future research on this topic.
The protective potential of Fc‐mediated antibody functions against influenza virus and other viral pathogens
Authors: Vanderven Hillary A , Kent Stephen J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a renewed interest in utilizing antibody fragment crystallizable (Fc) functions to prevent and control viral infections. The protective and therapeutic potential of Fc‐mediated antibody functions have been assessed for some clinically important human viruses, including HIV, hemorrhagic fever viruses and influenza virus. There is mounting evidence that influenza‐specific antibodies with Fc‐mediated functions, such as antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody‐dependent phagocytosis, can aid in the clearance of influenza virus infection. Recent influenza challenge studies and intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy studies in humans suggest a protective role for Fc effector functions in vivo. Broadly reactive influenza antibodies with Fc‐mediated functions are prevalent in the human population and could inform the development of a universally protective influenza vaccine or therapy. In this review, we explore the utility of antibodies with Fc‐mediated effector functions against viral infections with a focus on influenza virus.
Introducing the EC Hotspot Approach: A Framing Analysis of EU’s Most Authoritative Crisis Policy Response
Authors: Bousiou Alexandra , Papada Evie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOut of the policy initiatives that emerged in the aftermath of the “Refugee Crisis”, none is more elusive that the hotspot approach. Our aim in this article is to shed light upon what kind of policy output the hotspot approach entails, by conducting a framing analysis of key European Commission (EC) documents. We draw on discursive institutionalist approaches which focus on the policy process. Within the policy process, we focus particularly on identifying policy frames as organizing principles and key ideas, in order to trace the representation of the problem and solutions to it. Our findings show how the hotspot approach, in incarnating both the problem and the solution to migration as primarily a concern for management, represents another string in the long‐standing tensions of the harmonisation of the EU asylum and migration policies.
Structure and lithium‐ion mobility in Li1.5M0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (M = Ga, Sc, Y) NASICON glass‐ceramics
Authors: d'Anciães Almeida Silva Igor , Nieto‐Muñoz Adriana M. , Rodrigues Ana Candida M. , Eckert Hellmut 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis work reports structural and lithium‐ion mobility studies in NASICON single‐ or multiple phase Li1+xMxGe2−x(PO4)3 (M = Ga3+, Sc3+, Y3+) glass‐ceramics using solid‐state NMR techniques, X‐ray powder diffraction, and impedance spectroscopy. X‐ray powder diffraction data show the successful incorporation of Ga3+ and Sc3+ into the Ge4+ octahedral sites of the NASICON structure at the levels of x = 0.5 and 0.4, respectively. The glass‐to‐crystal transition was further characterized by multinuclear NMR and electrical conductivity measurements. Among the studied samples, the gallium‐containing glass‐ceramic presented the highest DC conductivity, 1.1 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature, whereas for the Sc‐containing samples, the maximum room temperature conductivity that could be reached was 4.8 × 10−6 S/cm. No indications of any substitution of Ge4+ by Y3+ could be found.
Fused silica contamination layer removal using magnetic field‐assisted finishing
Authors: Long Julian , Ross Daniel , Tastepe Erik , Lamb Mikayla , Funamoto Yusuke , Shima Daichi , Kamimura Tomosumi , Yamaguchi Hitomi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFused silica optics used in lasing systems requires a high laser‐induced damage resistance. Processes typically used to polish fused silica lenses induce subsurface and surface damage that collect ceria abrasive, creating a layer of contamination. The contamination can be a precursor to laser damage during use. A preliminary study showed the feasibility of magnetic field‐assisted finishing (MAF) for polishing fused silica and suggested possible beneficial effects of the MAF‐polished surface on the laser‐induced damage threshold (LIDT). This paper proposes a method to examine the fundamental polishing characteristics of MAF for fused silica. Using the proposed method, this paper explores the material removal characteristics of the MAF process and improves the understanding of the MAF polishing mechanism. The 45% improvement of LIDT shows the efficacy of MAF for removing the contamination layer of fused silica surfaces with minimal changes in the surface roughness.
Degradation mechanism of Cr2O3‐Al2O3‐ZrO2 refractories in a coal‐water slurry gasifier: Role of stress cracks
Authors: Chen Junfeng , Xiao Junli , Zhang Yu , Wei Yaowu , Li Youqi , Zhang Shaowei , Li Nan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDurability and corrosion behavior of refractory lining, a core part of a commercial water‐coal slurry gasifier, largely determine its gas yield rate and carbon conversion rate. In this work, corrosion behavior of high chromite‐containing refractory served for 4200 hours in a water‐coal slurry gasifier was studied, and the role of generated stress cracks on its degradation behavior was elucidated. The results demonstrated that the depth of penetration under the assistance of the cracks was up to 2.60 cm, which was much deeper than that in the case free from stress crack. The sub‐surface, accompanied by cracking, provided a pathway for slag penetration and resulted in more severe corrosion. Furthermore, the isolation layer of (Cr, Fe, Al)2O3 solid solution on the refractory’ surface trapped most of the iron oxides. As a result, a further attack from other main corrosive species was controlled by their diffusion through it.
Class 1C antiarrhythmic drugs in atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease
Authors: Pantlin Peter G. , Bober Robert M. , Bernard Michael L. , Khatib Sammy , Polin Glenn M. , Rogers Paul A. , Morin Daniel P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundClass 1C antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) are effective first‐line agents for atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment. However, these agents commonly are avoided in patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD), due to known increased risk in the postmyocardial infarction population. Whether 1C AADs are safe in patients with CAD but without clinical ischemia or infarct is unknown. Reduced coronary flow capacity (CFC) on positron emission tomography (PET) reliably identifies myocardial regions supplied by vessels with CAD causing flow limitation.ObjectiveTo assess whether treatment with 1C AADs increases mortality in patients without known CAD but with CFC indicating significantly reduced coronary blood flow.MethodsIn this pilot study, we compared patients with AF and left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% who were treated with 1C AADs to age‐matched AF patients without 1C AAD treatment. No patient had clinically evident CAD (ie, reversible perfusion defect, known ≥70% epicardial lesion, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, or myocardial infarction). All patients had PET‐based quantification of stress myocardial blood flow and CFC. Death was assessed by clinical follow‐up and social security death index search.ResultsA total of 78 patients with 1C AAD exposure were matched to 78 controls. Over a mean follow‐up of 2.0 years, the groups had similar survival (P = .54). Among patients with CFC indicating the presence of occult CAD (ie, reduced CFC involving ≥50% of myocardium), 1C‐treated patients had survival similar to (P = .44) those not treated with 1C agents.ConclusionsIn a limited population of AF patients with preserved left ventricle function and PET‐CFC indicating occult CAD, treatment with 1C AADs appears not to increase mortality. A larger study would be required to confidently assess the safety of these drugs in this context.