bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training Primary Care Physicians in Dermoscopy for Skin Cancer Detection: a Scoping Review
Authors: Fee Jonathan A. , McGrady Finbar P. , Rosendahl Cliff , Hart Nigel D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn many countries, patients with concerning skin lesions will first consult a primary care physician (PCP). Dermoscopy has an evidence base supporting its use in primary care for skin cancer detection, but need for training has been cited as a key barrier to its use. How PCPs train to use dermoscopy is unclear. A scoping literature review was carried out to examine what is known from the published literature about PCP training in dermoscopy. The methodological steps taken in this review followed those described by Arksey and O’Malley, as revised by Levac et al. Four electronic databases were searched for evidence published up to June 2018. Sixteen articles were identified for analysis, all published since 2000. Ten training programs were identified all of which addressed dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions, among other topics. Ten articles reported on a range of outcomes measured after training and showed generally positive results in terms of improved diagnostic performance, although no meta-analysis was conducted. However, it was unclear whether trained PCPs continued to use dermoscopy after training. Observational questionnaire data revealed that many PCPs use dermoscopy in practice without any formal training. The literature generally supports the use of dermoscopy by PCPs, but it is unclear whether current training leads to long-term change in PCPs’ use of dermoscopy in clinical practice. Understanding this problem, as well as exploring PCPs’ training needs, is essential to develop training programs that will facilitate the uptake and use of dermoscopy in primary care.
Effect of various parameters during degradation of toxic p-anisidine by Fenton’s oxidation
Authors: Chaturvedi Naveen Kumar , Katoch Surjit Singh 
Published: December 2019

Abstractp-Anisidine being a component of wastewater generated through dye and pharmaceutical industries is highly toxic and carcinogenic in nature. Therefore, its presence in wastewater requires prior treatment before its disposal from the point of safety of human and aquatic life. Fenton’s oxidation is a type of advanced oxidation processes which is efficient, ecofriendly and reliable, and this was not studied for the removal of p-anisidine from wastewater. In this study, the effect of influent pH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and ferrous ion (Fe2+) concentration on the removal of p-anisidine by Fenton’s reagent was carried out on a laboratory scale. All samples were examined for initial and final concentrations of p-anisidine using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and also initial and final COD was analyzed. p-Anisidine shows maximum absorbance at 296 nm. At pH 2.5 and [H2O2]/[Fe2+] of 70:1 for the initial p-anisidine concentration of 0.5 mM and for 24 h reaction time, the maximum removal of p-anisidine was found to be 88.95% and maximum COD removal was 76.43%.
Survival and probability of transmission of plant pathogenic fungi through the digestive tract of honey bee workers
Authors: Parish Jorgiane B. , Scott Eileen S. , Correll Raymond , Hogendoorn Katja 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHoney bees,Apis mellifera, have been implicated as vectors of plant pathogens. However, the survival of spores of plant pathogenic fungi through the digestive tract of workers has not been investigated. As workers defecate outside the hive, transport of hives could give rise to biosecurity concerns if fungal spores remain viable following passage through the digestive tract. To determine the likelihood that honey bees serve as vectors, this study investigated the viability of spores ofBotrytis cinereaandColletotrichum acutatumafter passing through the digestive tract of summer and autumn worker bees. For both fungi, the mean viability of spores in faeces suspensions was less than one percent of the initial dose fed to the bees. Although survival was low, the large number of workers per hive implies a high probability of transmission of viable spores through honey bee faeces. Hence, in the case of economically important fungal diseases, transported hives could be a source of inoculum and quarantine restrictions should be considered.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the 10-Item Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measurement in a Community-Based Sample in Southwest China
Authors: Cui Ke , Han Ziqiang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCommunity resilience has received growing attention in disaster risk management policies and practices, especially in China. However, few applicable instruments are available as a baseline for profiling and estimating a community’s resiliency in the face of disasters. The purpose of this study is to cross-culturally adapt and validate the original version of the 10-Item Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measurement (CCRAM-10) in China. Our study further investigates if and to what extent community members translate their participation in disaster risk reduction (DRR) activities into perceived community resilience. A Chinese version of CCRAM-10 was generated and applied to 369 participants from a rural and an urban community in southwest China affected by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. Internal consistency reliability and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the assessment instrument’s applicability. The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit Assessment Survey was used to establish the convergent validity for the Chinese version of CCRAM-10. Multiple linear regression models were used to explore the correlations between respondents’ participation in activities and their perception of community resilience, while controlling for basic socio-demographic variables. Analysis results demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.85) and satisfactory convergent validity for the Chinese version of the CCRAM-10. Construct validity was also confirmed (χ2/df = 2.161; CFI = 0.977; GFI = 0.971; NFI = 0.958; RMSEA = 0.056; SRMR = 0.030). The regression analysis results indicated that respondents’ participation in DRR activities was positively correlated with their perception of community resilience. This study contributes to the wider collection of disaster studies by providing a tested tool for assessing community resilience in the context of China. Community workers and practice researchers may be interested in applying CCRAM-10 to evaluate the effect of specific DRR programmatic activities for improving community resilience.
Opportunities for Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Precision Medicine
Authors: Filipp Fabian V. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose of Review
We critically evaluate the future potential of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and artificial intelligence (AI) in precision medicine. The goal of this work is to show progress in ML in digital health, to exemplify future needs and trends, and to identify any essential prerequisites of AI and ML for precision health.

Recent Findings
High-throughput technologies are delivering growing volumes of biomedical data, such as large-scale genome-wide sequencing assays; libraries of medical images; or drug perturbation screens of healthy, developing, and diseased tissue. Multi-omics data in biomedicine is deep and complex, offering an opportunity for data-driven insights and automated disease classification. Learning from these data will open our understanding and definition of healthy baselines and disease signatures. State-of-the-art applications of deep neural networks include digital image recognition, single-cell clustering, and virtual drug screens, demonstrating breadths and power of ML in biomedicine.

Summary
Significantly, AI and systems biology have embraced big data challenges and may enable novel biotechnology-derived therapies to facilitate the implementation of precision medicine approaches.
Application of Genomics to Clinical Practice in Haematological Malignancy
Authors: Veenstra Coen , Bruce David , Timbs Adele , Hamblin Angela 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The usual abundance of fresh cells and high-quality DNA derived from bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood mean haematological malignancies are at the forefront of the application of genomics to malignancy. This review evaluates where genomics is routinely used in clinical care and where opportunities for further application exist.

Recent Findings
The 2016 revision of the WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues increased the number of disease entities defined by, or whose diagnosis was strongly supported by, a specific genetic change. Increasingly combinations of mutations rather than individual lesions are being used to genomically classify heterogeneous disorders to inform prognosis and direct treatment. Furthermore, the role of different genetic aberrations as markers of measurable residual disease is being evaluated in clinical trials to allow intensification/de-intensification of treatment as appropriate and early detection of relapse.

Summary
Implementation of broader sequencing technologies such as whole exome/genome sequencing coupled with continuing developments in genomic technology to improve turn-around-times are likely to further reinforce the centrality of genomics in the management of haematological malignancies.
Nonlinear waves and nearshore currents over variable bathymetry in curve-shaped coastal areas
Authors: Gallerano Francesco , Cannata Giovanni , Palleschi Federica 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIrregular coastlines and variable bathymetry produce nonlinear effects on wave propagation which play a significant role on the formation of nearshore currents. To protect the coastline from the erosional action of nearshore currents, it is usual to adopt coastal defence works such as submerged breakwaters. If properly designed, they give rise to circulation patterns capable to induce sedimentation of suspended material at the nearshore region. To numerically simulate the hydrodynamic effects of submerged breakwaters in irregular coastal areas, we use a numerical model which is based on an integral contravariant formulation of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in a time-dependent coordinate system. These equations are numerically solved by a non-hydrostatic shock-capturing numerical scheme which is able to simulate the wave propagation from deep water to the shoreline, including the surf zone and swash zone.
Canonical and log canonical thresholds of multiple projective spaces
Authors: Pukhlikov Aleksandr V. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe show that the global (log) canonical threshold of d-sheeted covers of the M-dimensional projective space of index 1, where $$d\geqslant 4$$

d
⩾
4

, is equal to 1 for almost all families (except for a finite set). The varieties are assumed to have at most quadratic singularities, the rank of which is bounded from below, and to satisfy the regularity conditions. This implies birational rigidity of new large classes of Fano–Mori fibre spaces over a base, the dimension of which is bounded from above by a constant that depends (quadratically) on the dimension of the fibre only.
Towards Big data Governance in Cybersecurity
Authors: Yang Longzhi , Li Jie , Elisa Noe , Prickett Tom , Chao Fei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBig data refers to large complex structured or unstructured data sets. Big data technologies enable organisations to generate, collect, manage, analyse, and visualise big data sets, and provide insights to inform diagnosis, prediction, or other decision-making tasks. One of the critical concerns in handling big data is the adoption of appropriate big data governance frameworks to (1) curate big data in a required manner to support quality data access for effective machine learning and (2) ensure the framework regulates the storage and processing of the data from providers and users in a trustworthy way within the related regulatory frameworks (both legally and ethically). This paper proposes a framework of big data governance that guides organisations to make better data-informed business decisions within the related regularity framework, with close attention paid to data security, privacy, and accessibility. In order to demonstrate this process, the work also presents an example implementation of the framework based on the case study of big data governance in cybersecurity. This framework has the potential to guide the management of big data in different organisations for information sharing and cooperative decision-making.
Measures of Neural Similarity
Authors: Bobadilla-Suarez S. , Ahlheim C. , Mehrotra A. , Panos A. , Love B. C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOne fundamental question is what makes two brain states similar. For example, what makes the activity in visual cortex elicited from viewing a robin similar to a sparrow? One common assumption in fMRI analysis is that neural similarity is described by Pearson correlation. However, there are a host of other possibilities, including Minkowski and Mahalanobis measures, with each differing in its mathematical, theoretical, and neural computational assumptions. Moreover, the operable measures may vary across brain regions and tasks. Here, we evaluated which of several competing similarity measures best captured neural similarity. Our technique uses a decoding approach to assess the information present in a brain region, and the similarity measures that best correspond to the classifier’s confusion matrix are preferred. Across two published fMRI datasets, we found the preferred neural similarity measures were common across brain regions but differed across tasks. Moreover, Pearson correlation was consistently surpassed by alternatives.
How Big Data and High-Performance Computing Drive Brain Science
Authors: Chen Shanyu , He Zhipeng , Han Xinyin , He Xiaoyu , Li Ruilin , Zhu Haidong , Zhao Dan , Dai Chuangchuang , Zhang Yu , Lu Zhonghua , Chi Xuebin , Niu Beifang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Brain science accelerates the study of intelligence and behavior, contributes fundamental insights into human cognition, and offers prospective treatments for brain disease. Faced with the challenges posed by imaging technologies and deep learning computational models, big data and high-performance computing (HPC) play essential roles in studying brain function, brain diseases, and large-scale brain models or connectomes. We review the driving forces behind big data and HPC methods applied to brain science, including deep learning, powerful data analysis capabilities, and computational performance solutions, each of which can be used to improve diagnostic accuracy and research output. This work reinforces predictions that big data and HPC will continue to improve brain science by making ultrahigh-performance analysis possible, by improving data standardization and sharing, and by providing new neuromorphic insights.
Surgical outcomes in HIV positive patients following major surgery at two tertiary institutions in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Runodada Peter Munyaradzi , Chihaka Onesai Blessing , Muguti Godfery I. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Background:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) traditionally has been associated with poorer outcomes among the critically ill. Recent evidence suggests that the outcomes of surgical patients have improved with increased use of antiretroviral regimens. We set out to find if this is true for major surgical procedures in Zimbabwe.

Methods:
A prospective cohort study was done on 215 patients who underwent major surgical procedures at the two main tertiary hospitals in Harare between June 2015 and April 2016. Dependent variables considered were surgical outcomes and length of hospital stay (LOS). Independent parameters which were studied included patient's demographics, HIV status, clinical features, diagnosis, investigations, and procedures carried out. The data was analysed using STATA statistical package version (STATA 13).

Results:
The mean age was 47.1years (SD = 18.1) and 43% were males. The HIV prevalence was 28%. Of the HIV positive patients, 16% had CD4 count <200 cells/mm3, 42% with CD4 counts between 200 and 400 cells/mm3 and 42% with CD4 counts >500 cells/mm. In HIV positive patients the common major operations performed were total abdominal hysterectomies (19%), amputations (16%) and perforated viscus (8%). The length of hospital stay in HIV positive patients was 14.4 days (SD = 10.8) compared to 10.9 days (SD = 6.7) in HIV negative patients. Surgical site infections and pneumonia were the most common postoperative complications seen. There was no difference in LOS in HIV positive patients on HAART (LOS = 15.2 days) and those not on HAART (LOS = 14.2 days) and the post operative complications were comparable between the two groups. Mortality was 3%.

Conclusion:
Surgical site infections (25%) and pneumonia (32%) are the most common short term postoperative complications in HIV positive patients. Low CD4 count was associated with higher rates of surgical site infections (64%) and pneumonia (72%) in HIV positive patients. There was high prevalence (28%) of HIV positivity in patients undergoing major operations at the two tertiary hospitals compared to HIV prevalence in the general adult population in Zimbabwe.

Highlights:
Impact of surgery and its complications in ulcerative colitis patients in clinical practice: A systematic literature review of real-world evidence in Europe
Authors: Fradet C. , Kern J. , Atanasov P. , Wirth D. , Borsi A. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Background:
Surgery plays an important role in the management of ulcerative colitis. Despite its curative intent, complications of the procedure are common and can have significant consequences to patients and care providers. We reviewed outcomes and rates of colectomy and its complications in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in clinical practice.

Materials and methods:
MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for observational studies (January 2006–May 2017) reporting outcomes of surgery in moderate to severe UC in European countries. Studies were included if they reported colectomy rates, complications rate, predictors of colectomy and change in diagnosis in ulcerative colitis at the time of surgery.

Results:
114 publications reporting either colectomy rates, postoperative complications or predictors of colectomy were identified. The overall rate of surgery from treatment initiation was reported in 20 articles and varied from 6% to 56% (follow-up time from 0.5 to 9 years). Early complications (≤30 days post-operatively) occurred in 0%–53% of patients undergoing surgery and late complications (>30 days post-operatively) occurred in 3.20%–58%. The common complications reported after colectomy (proctocolectomy or ileal pouch-anal anastomosis) were bowel obstruction, infectious complications and pouch-related complications (pouchitis, pouch failure). Three factors were found to be significant predictors of colectomy: a severe disease at baseline, being resistant to steroids and being frequently hospitalised.

Conclusion:
Colectomy rates vary widely among ulcerative colitis patients depending on type of patients (moderate, severe, refractory) and to patient's previous medical therapies. Surgery is still associated with a range of short and long term complications which might represent a source of burden in terms of cost and quality of life.

Highlights:
Cervical Cancer Screening: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Bedell Sarah L. , Goldstein Lena S. , Goldstein Amelia R. , Goldstein Andrew T. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionCervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the developing world. New technologies have been developed to allow for more rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive cervical cancer screening and treatment.AimThe aim of this study was to describe methods for detection and treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical dysplasia (CD), and cervical cancer. New technologies and updated screening strategies will be emphasized.MethodsA literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify publications relevant to the subject.Main Outcome MeasureSensitivity and cost-effectiveness of new cervical cancer screening methods were the main outcome measures.ResultsHPV and cervical cancer have a significant global impact. Research and innovations related to detection and treatment are key in reducing their burden worldwide.ConclusionScreening a woman for HPV and CD can dramatically decrease her risk of dying from cervical cancer. New, rapid, low-cost, HPV testing can allow for high-volume screening for the approximately 1.5 billion women who have never been screened. HPV screening can then be combined with high resolution digital colposcopy to detect CD. In the near future, these colposcopic images will be interpreted by artificial intelligence software. Detected lesions can then be treated easily and effectively with thermocoagulation. This see-and-treat model is a sensitive, efficient, and low-cost vision for the future.
Short Form of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-L9) in the US,	Germany, and Russia
Authors: Lin Muyu , Bieda Angela , Margraf Jürgen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Validation of a 9-item version of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-L9) and testing its cross-national measurement invariance and latent mean differences in representative samples from the United States of America (US), Germany, and Russia. The psychometric properties of the SOC-L9 were tested with representative samples aged 18–100 years from the US ( N = 2,972), Germany ( N = 2,005), and Russia ( N = 2,726). Both a model with a general factor and method effect of items with negative wording and a unidimensional model were tested for structure validity. Measurement equivalence and latent mean comparisons were conducted across the samples. The SOC-L9 showed good reliability and validity in all countries. Rather than the unidimensional model, the model with additional method effect showed excellent fit across countries. Cross-national measurement invariance testing found partial strong measurement invariance across the three samples. The latent means of the SOC-L9 in the US sample were higher than those in German and Russian samples. The SOC-L9 has proved to be economic, valid, reliable, and cross-nationally applicable in the US, Germany, and Russia. Meaningful differences across countries were found, suggesting the importance of taking cultural background into account in SOC-related research.