bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O6E.4 Metabolome and exposome profiling: new opportunities to study risk factors for parkinson’s disease
Authors: Peters Susan , Walker Douglas , Miller Gary , Chadeau-Hyam Marc , Vineis Paolo , Gallo Valentina , Vermeulen Roel 
Published: May 2020

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease and is imposing an increasing social and economic burden in ageing populations. Although the role of environmental factors has been recognised, few established risk factors have been consistently identified. Evidence that exposure to pesticides, herbicides and metals increase PD risk is suggestive, but further research is needed to identify specific compounds that may play a causal role.Large established prospective population studies offer an important opportunity for investigating risk factors in relatively rare diseases such as PD. Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, 734 incident PD cases have been ascertained, for whom pre-diagnostic blood has been stored. A nested case-control study will be conducted, where one control per case will be selected by incidence density sampling matched by age at recruitment, sex and study centre.Untargeted metabolomics can simultaneously characterize thousands of endogenous and exogenous compounds within a biological sample: the metabolome. Metabolome wide association studies (MWAS) have identified significant differences in the metabolomic profile of older adults with and without PD. We will employ an innovative approach combining liquid and gas phase chromatography with ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/GC-UHRMS), to identify exogenous chemical exposures (e.g. pollutants, pesticides and medications), the exposome, in addition to the metabolome.Disease specific variability in blood metabolite compositions may signify the presence of mechanistic aberrations contributing to PD pathogenesis. The combination of metabolome and exposome profiling provides a measure of the continuum from exposure to disease. Allowing previously unavailable richness and depth for characterizing the metabolome and exposome upon which novel discoveries in PD can be made.The EPIC cohort allows us to perform a to study the metabolome and exposome well before disease onset, to eliminate possible effects of levodopa medication or disease-related processes.
O6E.5 Occupation and risk of amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) in denmark
Authors: Dickerson Aisha , Hansen Johnni , Kiumourzoglou Marianthi-Anna , Specht Aron , Gredal Ole , Weisskopf Marc 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare and complex neurodegenerative disease, which is highly fatal. It is known that 5%–10% of ALS cases are hereditary, but apart from this the causes for sporadic of ALS are unknown. Some evidence, however, suggests that manifestation and progression may be associated with certain occupational exposures, e.g. exposure to formaldehyde, lead and military service. The aim of this study is to survey the occupational risk of ALS in Denmark based on nationwide registries.MethodsWe identified 1826 ALS cases who were 25 years old or less in 1964 and diagnosed from 1982 to 2013 from the Danish National Patient Registry, which cover all hospitals in Denmark. We matched 100 ALS free population controls to each case based on birth year and sex. Information on demographic data were obtained from the national Population Register and linked by the unique personal indentifier, assigned to all residents, to the Danish Pension Fund (DPF) to determine individual employment history from 1964. All employees in Denmark are compulsory members of DPF. Conditional logistic regression models were uses for estimation of odds ratios OR and their 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for socioeconomic status, marital status and residential location.ResultsWe observed increased OR of ALS among men who worked in e.g. agriculture, hunting, forestry or fishing (OR=1.2; 1.0–1.5). There was also a positive association for men employed in construction (OR=1.2; 1.1–1.4). In women, no significant increases were observed, but a protective association was seen with employment in the cleaning industry (OR=0.7; 0.5–0.9).ConclusionsOur study shows various occupations with exposure to toxicants, such as diesel exhaust and lead, and strenuous physical activity associated with increased odds of ALS in men. Future studies should have a particular focus on gathering detailed information on physical exertion and exposure to specific chemicals.
O7A.3 Creating safer workplaces: learning from work-related fatal injury in new zealand
Authors: Lilley Rebbecca , McNoe Bronwen , Davie Gabrielle , Graaf Brandon de , Horsburgh Simon , Maclennan Brett , Driscoll Tim 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundNZ’s workplace fatality record is high compared to similar countries, with a rate twice that of Australia and four times that of the UK. The reasons for NZ’s substandard performance are highly debated, and in-depth analysis to inform this debate is limited by a dearth of detailed fatality data. This study aims to inform work-related injury prevention efforts for NZ by: i) enumerating the fatal injury burden; and ii) identifying high risk groups and circumstances to prioritise and target preventive action.MethodsA dataset spanning forty-years of Coronial records was created by collecting data for the period 1995–2014 and appending this to existing data for 1975–1994. Data collection involved: 1) identifying possible cases aged 0–84 years from mortality records using injury external cause codes, 2) linking these to Coronial records 3) retrieving and reviewing records for work-relatedness, and 4) coding work-related cases. Work-related cases were classified as workers, bystanders, commuters or students. Work-related injury frequencies and rates per 1 00 000 workers for the most recent 20 year period were calculated by age, sex, employment status, occupation and industry.ResultsOf 17 658 injury fatalities reviewed for the period 1995–2014, 3766 (23%) were work-related, of which 1762 were workers. This corresponds to an overall rate of fatal injury of 4.7 (95% CI 4.5, 5.0) per 1 00 000 workers. Rates of fatal injury were highest for older workers aged 70–84 years (18.1, 95% CI 14.8, 21.8) and males (8.1, 95% CI 7.7, 8.5). The two industry groups with the highest burden of fatal injury were the Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries and Transport, Postal and Warehouse.ConclusionsThis research demonstrates an innovative use of coronial data, and provides a rare example of the establishment of a continuous and comprehensive long-term coronial dataset. It will be used to generate knowledge for informing workplace preventive strategies in NZ.
O1B.6 Maternal cumulative exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, prematurity and bith weight: a pooled analysis of two birth cohorts
Authors: Migault Lucile , Garlantezec Ronan , Piel Clément , Marchand-Martin Laetitia , Orazio Sébastien , Cheminat Marie , Zaros Cécile , Carles Camille , Cardis Elisabeth , Ancel Pierre-Yves , Charles Marie-Aline , Seze René de , Baldi Isabelle , Bouvier Ghislaine 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundData on the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on pregnancy outcomes are inconclusive.ObjectivesTo study the relation between maternal cumulative exposure to ELF-EMF during pregnancy and the risk of prematurity or small for gestational age in a pooled analysis of two French birth cohorts.MethodsElfe and Epipage2 are both population-based birth cohorts initiated in 2011 and included 18 329 and 8400 births respectively. Health data and household, mother and child characteristics were obtained from medical records, by face-to-face interview at maternity, and completed during follow-up. A recently updated job-exposure-matrix (JEM) was used to assess cumulative exposure to ELF-EMF during three periods: 1) until 15, 2) until 28 and 3) until 32 weeks of gestation. Analyses were restricted to single live births in mainland France and to mothers with documented jobs (n=19,894). Differences in selection frame between the two cohorts were controlled using a propensity score weighting method. We used multiple imputation method to deal with missing data. Logistic regression models adjusted for the main potential confounders were used.ResultsAccording to the period studied, 3.2% to 4% of mothers were classified as highly exposed to ELF-EMF. An increased risk of spontaneous prematurity was observed among the most exposed groups in period 2 and period 3. Overall, no consistent association with small for gestational age was found.ConclusionThis study, with substantial statistical power provides evidence of a possible association between cumulative exposure to ELF-EMF during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous prematurity.
O1C.1 Key features of the new preamble to IARC monographs
Authors: Straif Kurt , Guyton KZ , Schubauer-Berigan MK , Hall AL , Grosse Yann , Wild CP ,   on behalf of the IARC Preamble AG and IARC Secretariat
Published: May 2020

BackgroundThe Preamble to the IARC Monographs describes the objective and scope of the programme, general principles and procedures, and scientific review and evaluations. Since 1971, the Preamble has been updated periodically. In 2018 IARC convened an Advisory Group (AG) to Recommend an Update to the Preamble.MethodsIn advance of the meeting IARC engaged with Governing Council members, WHO and senior IARC staff. In order to take into account scientific input from all stakeholders in a comprehensive and transparent way, IARC solicited online submission of scientific comments and presentations at a scientific webinar. Starting in September, the Advisory Group began to discuss the public comments and draft updates to the Preamble, working in subgroups. The AG then participated in a 3 day meeting held on 12–14 November 2018 in Lyon, France.ResultsThe updated Preamble confirms additional commitments to principles of scientific rigour, impartial evaluation, transparency, and consistency. Advancements in methods of systematic review provide a basis for enhancing transparency through more specific guidance to Working Group members. Specifically, reviews of exposure assessment quality will be integrated with human cancer studies and mechanistic data. The critical role of informed judgement by experts is an integral component of the Monograph evaluation process and reliance on standardized checklists would be counterproductive; the informativeness of each study will be explicitly considered in future Monographs. The key characteristics of carcinogens provide a framework for organizing mechanistic evidence and assessing its strength. The overall evaluation draws on the mechanistic, animal bioassay, and human evidence in a more integrated fashion. The AG recommended clarification regarding the distinction between Group 2A and Group 2B.ConclusionsThis new Preamble will enable IARC to take advantage of the scientific and procedural advances and strengthens the transparent method for the identification of carcinogenic hazards, the first step in cancer prevention.
O7D.4 Health inequalities among working population of latin america and the caribbean
Authors: Silva-Peñaherrera Michael , Lopez-Ruiz María , Merino-Salazar Pamela , Goméz-García Antonio , Benavides Fernando 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundWorking and employment conditions are weighty health determinants. Low-income countries are frequently exposed to occupational risks, employment agreements are poorly regulated and a high proportion of the working population are in the informal sector. Studies in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) have been hampered by the lack of reliable data available.ObjectiveTo describe and compare the health inequality gap among workers of 20 countries of LAC.MethodsData have been taken from the last available Working Conditions Survey, National Health Surveys and from official records and national statistical institutes of each country. Three indicators were calculated to estimate health status of the working population (poor-self-perceived health, fatal and non-fatal injuries at work and general mortality within the working-age population), stratified by sex, age, level of study and occupation. Disparity was measured using Keppel index of disparity (ID) and Kuznets relative. Absolute and relative differences were calculated using the best health status country as reference category.ResultsMortality among the working-age population was higher in men and varied from 87.4 deaths per 1000 inhabitants in Chile to over 182.2 in Bolivia. Keppel ID between countries was 0.5, indicating medium-high disparity. The prevalence of poor self-perceived health was higher in women and revealed a gradient by age, education level and occupation, in which young people in qualified non-manual occupations and high levels of study had lower prevalence. The ID was 0.7 between countries demonstrating high disparity and the range varied from 12.2 in Uruguay to 50.9 in Nicaragua.ConclusionsThis study reveals the existence of wide gaps in health among workers in LAC, both within and between countries. The limitations of cross-country comparative data should considered. However, this analysis increases our understanding of the causes of inequalities and provides evidence to establish better public policies.
O8A.2 Breast cancer and persistent night shift work starting at an early age that causes circadian disruption
Authors: Schwingl Pamela , Mehta Suril , Lunn Ruth 
Published: May 2020

Over 10 million U.S. adults and ∼15%–20% worldwide work night shifts. Shift work, a complex exposure scenario, can cause circadian disruption (CD) and possible adverse health effects such as breast cancer. Although there have been a plethora of meta-analysis on shift work and breast cancer, these are not very informative because of inconsistent definition of shift work across studies.The U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a systematic review (SR) to determine whether night shift work should be listed in the Report on Carcinogens (RoC). The SR included a review of cancer epidemiology studies and mechanistic studies of CD and cancer. NTP developed a protocol, based on scientific input gathered during a public workshop, which identified key issues for conducting the SR: definition of surrogates of night work related to CD, inclusion of multiple metrics of night work, information on early age at exposure when breast tissue is most susceptible, cancer subtypes, effect modifiers and confounders, and cohort truncation. Up to three reviewers evaluated the potential for bias and study sensitivity of each of the 26 cohort and case-control studies considered in the assessment, with five excluded due to exposure assessment concerns. To reach an overall conclusion, findings were integrated across studies, considering factors listed above and confidence in the evidence from each study.11 of 13 most informative studies and 6 of 8 less informative night shift work studies found increased risks of breast cancer related to night shift work. Excess risks were found mainly among women working frequent nights for long durations starting at an early age (e.g., persistent night shift work). Mechanistic data provided evidence that night shift work causes CD, which plays a major role in its carcinogenicity.In conclusion, NTP recommends that persistent night shift work that causes CD be listed in the RoC.
O8A.5 Total energy expenditure and risk of lymphoma subtypes: results from the european epilymph case-control study
Authors: Cocco Pierluigi 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionPhysical activity is known to convey protection against several cancers, but results on risk of lymphoma and its subtypes have been inconsistent. A possible reason might be confounding by workplace exposures associated with occupational energy expenditure, which was not considered in studies of recreational physical activity. It is also unclear whether energy expenditure acts directly, or through preventing obesity.ObjectivesTo investigate the role of energy expenditure, including occupational and recreational physical activity, on risk of lymphoma subtypes.Materials and methodsBased on questionnaire information on lifetime recreational physical activity and lifetime occupational history available for all participants to the multicenter EpiLymph case-control study, we estimated energy expenditure at work by occupational ISCO68 code, and we applied it to the work histories of study subjects. We also categorized hours of lifetime recreational physical activity into quartiles. We calculated risk of lymphoma subtypes with unconditional polytomous regression analysis, associated with increasing categories of lifetime energy expenditure at work (EEW), increasing categories of recreational physical activity (RPA), and their interaction term (total energy expenditure, TEE), adjusting by age, gender, education, body mass index (BMI), and history of farm work and solvents use.ResultsRisk of lymphoma overall, diffuse large B cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma was not associated with EEW, RPA and TEE. Risk of follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated were elevated with medium and high EEW (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.5–6.1; (OR 2.5 95% CI 1.2–5.1, respectively), but there was not a significant upward trend.ConclusionsFurther epidemiologic and mechanistic research is warranted to assess the role of physical activity in the etiology of lymphoma subtypes. New standardized energy expenditure assessment methods, as the ones herein developed, might contribute to a better understanding of the nature of the observed inconsistent findings.
O8B.3 Heat and injury in the workplace: perspectives from health and safety representatives
Authors: Varghese Blesson , Hansen Alana , Williams Susan , Bi Peng , Pisaniello Dino 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionHot weather poses occupational health and safety concerns for outdoor workers or those in non-cooled indoor environments. The risk of occupational injuries increases during hot weather, however limited understanding exists on underlying factors associated with this increase in risk. While recommendations and guidelines for preventing heat-related health impacts include hydration, cooling practices, adequate ventilation and rescheduling work, the extent to which these recommendations are adopted in workplaces is currently unknown.MethodsA national online survey was conducted among health and safety representatives (HSRs) to better understand the nature of heat-related injuries. Responses relating to risk factors and preventive measures associated with reported injuries in workplaces were identified using log-poisson regression models.ResultsIn total, 222 HSRs completed the survey. Overall, more than a third (43%) of HSRs reported that injuries or incidents caused by hot/very humid weather occur sometimes/often in their workplace.Factors found to be positively associated with reported injuries included ‘the wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE)’, ‘inadequate resources and facilities’ and ‘new workers’.For outdoor workers, the most frequently adopted preventive measures were provision of PPE, sunscreen and access to cool drinking water. HSRs reported more injuries if certain preventive measures (rescheduling work to cooler times and shaded rest/work areas) were adopted never/rarely/sometimes compared to often/always.Access to cool drinking water and provision of PPE were the most frequently adopted preventive measures for indoor workers. For this group, HSRs reported more injuries if certain preventive measures (self-pacing, shielding of heat sources and adequate ventilation) were adopted never/rarely/sometimes.ConclusionFindings indicate that organisational issues, workplace hazards, personal factors and preventive measures, are all determinants of heat-related injuries in Australian workplaces. Wider adoption of prevention measures such as work rescheduling, self-pacing, provision of shade and adequate ventilation could reduce incidence of heat-related injuries in outdoor and indoor workplaces.
O1C.4 Cancer incidence among lead-exposed workers in two countries
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Barry Vaughn , Antilla Ahti , Sallmen Markku , McElvenny Damien , Miller Will , Ritchie Peter , Straif Kurt 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionInorganic lead is considered a probable carcinogen by IARC (brain, lung, and stomach).MethodsWe conducted internal analyses via Cox regression of cancer incidence in two cohorts of lead-exposed workers with blood lead data (Finland, UK ), including almost 30 000 workers (20 752 in Finland and 9122 in the UK) and over 10 000 incident cancers. Our exposure metric was maximum annual blood lead (BL) test.ResultsThe combined cohort had a median maximum blood lead of 29 ug/dl, a mean first year BL test of 1977, and was 87% male. Forty-seven percent had more than 1 BL test. Significant (p<0.05) positive trends, using the log of each worker’s maximum BL, were found for brain cancer (malignant and benign combined), Hodgkins’s lymphoma, lung cancer, and rectal cancer, while significant negative trends were found for colon cancer and melanoma. A borderline significant positive trend (0.05≤p≤0.10) was found for esophageal cancer. Significant interactions by country were found only for lung cancer, with Finland showing a strong positive trend and the UK showing only a modest trend. However, in general trends were marked in Finland and weak or inconsistent in the UK.ConclusionsWe found strong positive incidence trends with increasing blood lead level, for several outcomes in internal analysis. Two of these, lung and brain cancer, were a priori suspected sites. Two of these outcomes are associated with smoking (lung and esophageal cancer), for which we had no data; however, we had no a priori reason to believe smoking differed between workers with different BL levels.
O8D.8 Severity of carpal tunnel syndrome and manual work: findings from a case-control study
Authors: Mondelli Mauro , Curti Stefania , Farioli Andrea , Aretini Alessandro , Ginanneschi Federica , Greco Giuseppe , Argentino Antonio , Salce Caterina , Mattioli Stefano 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveCarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a socially relevant condition. This case-control study aims to investigate the association between CTS severity and manual work considering personal anthropometric risk factors as well.MethodsWe consecutively enrolled one CTS case for two controls (subjects without clinical and electrophysiological CTS signs) regardless of age and gender who were admitted to the same three outpatient electromyography labs.CTS cases were grouped in three classes of progressive clinical and electrophysiological severity according to two validated five-stage scales. Anthropometric measures and occupational history were collected. Job titles were coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 88) by two occupational physicians who were blind to case/control status. Job titles were grouped in two main occupational categories: manual workers and non-manual workers.To assess the association between CTS severity and manual work, ordered logistic regression models (adjusted for age, sex, wrist-palm ratio and waist-stature ratio) were performed. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated.ResultsThis case-control study enrolled 370 cases and 747 controls. After the exclusion of retired subjects, subjects older than 65 years and subjects with no information about occupational history, we included 183 cases and 445 controls in the main analysis.For manual workers with respect to non-manual workers, the OR for the electrophysiological severity scale was 2.4 (95%CI 1.5–3.7). Regarding the clinical severity scale, the OR for manual workers compared to non-manual workers were 2.3 (95%CI 1.5–3.7).ConclusionThis study confirms that manual work is an important risk factor for CTS. The association between manual work and CTS severity tends to increase from mild to severe stage of both electrophysiological and clinical scale.