bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why change party finance transparency? Political competition and evidence from the ‘deviant’ case of Norway
Authors: TONHÄUSER VALERIA , STAVENES TORILL 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article focuses on the development of a key type of regulation ensuring public surveillance of political finance: party finance transparency rules. It makes two contributions to the emerging theory on the evolution of political finance regulation. First, using previous research, it conceptualises the underlying causal mechanisms that explain when and why party finance transparency regulation changes. Second, it presents the first detailed study of party finance transparency reforms in Norway, which is a deviant case for the introduction of such reforms. It is found that, in the absence of major scandals, an intense political discourse on corruption and political competition are sufficient factors to launch transparency reforms. Whether reforms are enacted depends on the interaction of several factors. Parties that predominantly rely on state funding and grassroots support push for and adopt more constraining transparency regulation, while parties that are close to business oppose it. Experience of regulation in similar contexts and intense discourse on corruption – stimulated by domestic or international events – are necessary for the reform to succeed. Norwegian cooperation with the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) further demonstrates that the success of party finance transparency reforms initiated by a foreign actor is a function of the existing tradition of party regulation, the policy position of a governing party and the international reputational costs of non‐compliance.
Unexpected Serotonin Syndrome, Epileptic Seizures, and Cerebral Edema Following 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐bromophenethylamine Ingestion
Authors: Spoelder Antoinette S. , Louwerens Jan K. G. , Krens Stefanie D. , Jager Nynke , LeCouffe Natalie E. , de Ruijter Wouter , Brunt Tibor M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B) is a designer drug. In Europe, 2C‐B is easily obtained and used for recreational purposes. It is known for its stimulating effects similar to those of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, although in higher doses it has more hallucinogenic effects. Here, we report a case of 2C‐B ingestion, confirmed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, in an 18‐year‐old man. The neurological consequences were severe, including the development of serotonin syndrome and severe brain edema. Supportive therapy resulted in a stable condition, although, after several months, the patient still suffered from severe neurological impairment due to the drug‐induced toxicity. This case showed that 2C‐B could not be identified with the drugs of abuse screening routinely used in Dutch hospitals. The use of 2C‐B carries many risks, with potentially profound neurological damage, that both consumers and healthcare physicians are unaware of.
Distal Humerus Morphological Variation and Sex Estimation in Modern Thai Individuals,
Authors: Tallman Sean D. , Blanton Amelia I. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDue to differential preservation, it is necessary to develop sex estimation methods on varied anatomical regions, including the distal humerus. Sexually dimorphic differences of the medial epicondyle angle, olecranon fossa shape, trochlear extension, and trochlear constriction have been documented in several non‐Asian groups. This study examines distal humerus morphological variation in 616 modern Thai individuals (f = 198; m = 418) 18–96 years old and tests the methods on a hold‐out sample of 152 individuals (f = 91; m = 61). The results indicate that population‐specific binary probit regression performs the best (74.1–100%), followed by composite scoring (77.0–90.1%), binary logistic regression (63.3–92.2%), and univariate sectioning points (37.7–90.1%). Age minimally effects the expression of the medial epicondyle angle in males, and trait scoring is susceptible to high intra‐ and interobserver error. While demonstrating relatively high sex biases, distal humerus morphology can be used to estimate the sex of Thai individuals when more sexually dimorphic regions are absent.
Chemometric Authentication of Brazilian Coffees Based on Chemical Profiling
Authors: Monteiro Pablo Inocêncio , Santos Jânio Sousa , Rodionova Oxana Ye , Pomerantsev Alexey , Chaves Eduardo Sidinei , Rosso Neiva Deliberali , Granato Daniel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this work, different chemometric tools were compared to classify n = 26 conventional (CONV) and n = 19 organic (ORG) coffees from the main Brazilian producing regions based on the chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis separated ORG and CONV coffees but the distinction among the producing regions of Brazilian coffee was not possible. Partial least squares discriminant analysis classified all ORG and CONV coffees in the external validation. Similarly, linear discriminant analysis was able to discriminate 100% and 81% of ORG and CONV coffees in the external validation, respectively, in which total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant activity, and caffeic acid were the main discriminant variables. Overall 100% of samples from Paraná, Minas Gerais, and blended samples were correctly classified, where TPC, flavonoids, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, caffeic acid, pH, and soluble solids were the main discriminant variables. Support vector machines classified 95% ORG and 88% CONV, 100% Coffea arabica, and 88% and 78% coffees produced in São Paulo and Minas Gerais. k‐Nearest neighbors was effective in distinguishing 100% CONV, 89% ORG, 100% coffees from São Paulo, and 100% C. arabica coffees. Overall, HPLC data and simple physicochemical parameters allied to chemometrics were effective in authenticating the cultivation system and the botanical origin of Brazilian coffees.Practical ApplicationCoffee adulteration is a serious problem in the food chain as some fraudsters replace coffee powder by other cheaper products. In the case of organic coffee, this scenario is even worse as still there is not a universal method to differentiate conventionally grown coffee from its organic counterpart. In addition, Brazilian coffee is produced in different regions and the commercial value varies. Therefore, we analyzed some physicochemical, chemical, and antioxidant properties of Brazilian coffees from distinct origins and classified the samples using chemometrics. Our approach seems to be interesting for quality control purposes.
Assessing different anthropometric indices and their optimal cutoffs for prediction of type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Asians: The Jinchang Cohort Study
Authors: Ding Jie , Chen Xiaoliang , Bao Kaifang , Yang Jingli , Liu Nian , Huang Wenya , Huang Peiyao , Huang Junjun , Jiang Nan , Cao Jianing , Cheng Ning , Wang Minzhen , Hu Xiaobin , Zheng Shan , Bai Yana 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo study the association between anthropometric measurements and the risk of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) to determine the best indicator and its optimal cutoffs for predicting type 2 diabetes and IFG.MethodsA Chinese prospective (2011‐2019) cohort named the Jingchang cohort that included 48 001 participants was studied. Using Cox proportional hazard models, hazard ratios (HRs) for incident type 2 diabetes or IFG per 1 SD change in BMI, WC, and WHtR were calculated. Area under the curve (AUC) was compared to identify the best anthropometric variable and its optimal cutoff for predicting diabetes.ResultsThe association of BMI, WC, and WHtR with type 2 diabetes or IFG risk was positive in the univariate and multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Of all three indexes, the AUC of BMI was largest and that of WC was smallest. The derived cutoff values for BMI, WC, and WHtR were 24.6 kg/m2, 89.5 cm, and 0.52 in men and 23.4 kg/m2, 76.5 cm, and 0.47 in women for predicting diabetes, respectively. The derived cutoff values for BMI, WC, and WHtR were 23.4 kg/m2, 87.5 cm, and 0.50 in men and 22.5 kg/m2, 76.5 cm, and 0.47 in women for predicting IFG, respectively. [Correction added on 14 April 2020, after first online publication: ‘0’ has been deleted from ‘WC,0’ in the first sentence.].ConclusionsOur derived cutoff points were lower than the values specified in the most current Asian diabetes guidelines. We recommend a cutoff point for BMI in Asians of 23 kg/m2 and for WC a cutoff point of 89 cm in men and 77 cm in women to define high‐risk groups for type 2 diabetes; screening should be considered for these populations.
Association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese female never smokers: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Huang Chunyan , Chen Gang , Zhang Mingzhi , Lu Yan , Hua Yujie , Hu Yihe , Jin Jianrong , Zhou Jinyi , Bian Zheng , Guo Yu , Li Liming , Chen Zhengming , Zhang Jun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundEvidence for the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate this association in female never smokers.MethodsWe analyzed 28 177 female participants of the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) in the Suzhou area, who were never smokers and had no diabetes. ETS exposure was defined as being exposed to other people's tobacco smoke either at home, workplace, or in public places at least 1 d/wk. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the association between ETS exposure and incident T2DM according to the frequency and duration of ETS exposure.ResultsA total of 774 incident cases of T2DM were identified during a median 7.3‐year follow‐up. Compared with no ETS exposure, hazard ratios (95% CIs) for all ETS exposure, daily, and ≥14 h/wk ETS exposure were 1.17 (1.00‐1.37), 1.23 (1.04‐1.46), and 1.25 (1.03‐1.53), respectively. Moreover, a positive dose‐response relationship was observed between ETS exposure level and T2DM (all P <.05 for trend).ConclusionsThis prospective study suggests that ETS exposure increases the risk of T2DM incidence with dose‐response relationship in female never smokers. Thus, reducing ETS exposure may help decrease the burden of T2DM in Chinese females.
Efficacy of endoscopy in assessing the local disease response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Ng Joyce T. Y. , Yu K. S. , Poon Darren M. C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimThe optimal local disease assessment after intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the efficacy of post‐IMRT endoscopies.MethodsThe medical record of NPC patients with IMRT treatments during 2013 to 2015 was reviewed. Endoscopies and nasopharyngeal biopsies were performed at 6 weeks post‐IMRT. Second biopsies were performed 4 weeks later for patients with abnormal first biopsies. Results of endoscopic assessments were correlated with histology using standard descriptive statistics.ResultsA total of 262 patients were reviewed. Endoscopy showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 71%, 90%, 41% and 97%, respectively. Disease remission at 6 weeks was observed in 234 patients (89.3%). Sixteen patients (6.1%) had ultimate disease remission (late responders) and 12 (4.6%) had persistent local disease.ConclusionEndoscopy had high specificity and NPV; therefore, invasive biopsy could be exempted in case of normal endoscopy.
CD4+CADM1+ cell percentage predicts disease progression in HTLV‐1 carriers and indolent adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: Makiyama Junya , Kobayashi Seiichiro , Watanabe Eri , Ishigaki Tomohiro , Kawamata Toyotaka , Nakashima Makoto , Yamagishi Makoto , Nakano Kazumi , Tojo Arinobu , Watanabe Toshiki , Uchimaru Kaoru 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe recently took advantage of the universal expression of cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) by CD4+ cells infected with HTLV‐1 and the downregulation of CD7 expression that corresponds with the oncogenic stage of HTLV‐1‐infected cells to develop a flow cytometric system using CADM1 versus CD7 plotting of CD4+ cells. We risk‐stratified HTLV‐1 asymptomatic carriers (AC) and indolent adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cases based on the CADM1+ percentage, in which HTLV‐1‐infected clones are efficiently enriched. AC and indolent ATL cases were initially classified according to their CADM1+ cell percentage. Follow‐up clinical and flow cytometric data were obtained for 71 cases. In G1 (CADM1+ ≤ 10%) and G2 (10% < CADM1+ ≤ 25%) cases, no apparent clinical disease progression was observed. In G3 (25% < CADM1+ ≤ 50%) cases, five out of nine (55.5%) cases progressed from AC to smoldering‐type ATL. In G4 (50% < CADM1+) cases, the cumulative incidence of receiving systemic chemotherapy at 3 years was 28.4%. Our results indicate that the percentage of the CD4+CADM1+ population predicts clinical disease progression: G1 and G2 cases, including AC cases, are stable and considered to be at low risk; G3 cases, including advanced AC cases and smoldering‐type ATL cases based on the Shimoyama criteria, are considered to have intermediate risk; and G4 cases, which are mainly indolent ATL cases, are unstable and at high risk of acute transformation.
Failure analysis of high performance polymers and new generation cubic zirconia used for implant‐supported fixed, cantilevered prostheses
Authors: Yilmaz Burak , Batak Burcu , Seghi Robert R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe load‐to‐failure performance of computer‐assisted design and computer‐assisted manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) high performance polymers (HPP) and new generation cubic zirconia (Zir) material when used with titanium (Ti) bases for implant‐supported fixed prostheses with cantilevers is unknown.PurposeTo evaluate the load‐to‐failure performance of different CAD‐CAM fabricated HPP and a new generation cubic Zir in a cantilevered situation when used with Ti bases.Materials and MethodsFive specimens with a Ti base and five specimens without Ti bases were fabricated from seven different CAD‐CAM HPPs (100% PEEK [J and CP], 80% PEEK with 20% filler [BRE], 80% PEKK with 20% filler [PK], ceramic reinforced PEEK [ZZ], interlaced fiberglass and resin [TR], fiber‐composite material [T]). Five specimens with Ti base and two specimens without Ti base were prepared from a new generation cubic Zir (DD) and a 3Y‐TZP Zir (FZR) as the control group (N = 84). All specimens (8 × 7 × 30 mm) were stabilized using a clamp attached to the first 20 mm of each specimen for a 10 mm cantilever. Static loading was applied vertically on the cantilever and the maximum load‐to‐failure values (N) were analyzed using a two‐way ANOVA and t‐test (alpha = .05).ResultsHPP and Zir specimens without Ti bases had significantly higher load‐to‐failure values than Ti based ones in all groups (P < .05). PK with Ti base had significantly lower load‐to‐failure values than other materials (P < .001). FZR showed significantly higher load‐to‐failure values than all HPPs and DD (P < .001).ConclusionsLoad‐to‐failure values of HPPs and Zir were lower when Ti bases were used. New generation cubic Zir and all HPPs had lower load‐to‐failure values than FZR. HPPs performance varied among tested materials. PEKK with Ti base had the lowest load‐to‐failure value.
Does flap opening or not influence the accuracy of semi‐guided implant placement in partially edentulous sites?
Authors: Li Junying , Chen Zhaozhao , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Sinjab Khaled , Yu Haiyang , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of open‐flap or flapless approaches on the accuracy of implant placement partially guided by tooth‐supported surgical templates.Materials and MethodsA total of 36 edentulous sites were selected from seven human cadaver heads. Following the preoperative implant planning using Blue Sky Plan, surgical guides were fabricated by an in‐office desktop 3D printer. All the sites were randomly divided into two groups: flapless approach (n = 18), and open‐flap approach (n = 18). After guided osteotomy preparation with subsequent freehand implant placement, digital intraoral scanning was performed to obtain post‐operative implant positions. Based on the image registration, the deviations between the planned and actual implant position were measured and compared.ResultsStatistically significant variance differences between the two approaches were found in the global coronal (open‐flap: 0.86 ± 0.23 mm; flapless: 1.3 ± 0.62 mm; P < .001), global apical (open‐flap: 1.38 ± 0.37 mm; flapless: 1.9 ± 0.78 mm; P = .002), and depth (open‐flap: 0.59 ± 0.34 mm; flapless 0.89 ± 0.78 mm; P < .001) deviations. The differences were not significant regarding lateral (coronal and apical) and angular deviations.ConclusionsIn semi‐guided implant surgery, the open‐flap and flapless approaches demonstrate similar lateral and angular deviations. The open‐flap group shows better depth control when manually inserting the implant.
Dyes based on the 2(1H)‐quinolone skeleton as potential colorimetric and fluorescent sensors for cyanide anions
Authors: Kolińska Jolanta , Grzelakowska Aleksandra , Sokołowska Jolanta 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe sensing properties of dyes based on 2(1H) quinolones containing dicyanoethylene groups towards selected anions such as CN−, F−, I−, Cl−, SCN−, CH3COO−, and were evaluated. The spectroscopic responses of these compounds were investigated in a solution of acetonitrile/water (1:9, v/v) and phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.4. These dyes were found to act as efficient colorimetric and high turn–off fluorescent sensors to cyanide anions. The fluorescence intensity was linearly related to the concentration of CN− from 1 to 10 µmol/L, and the detection limits reached a micromolar level of 6.7, 11.1, 3.8 and 7.2 µmol/L for 1‐4, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of the dyes against human neuroblastoma cells (SH‐SY5Y) was also determined by MTT assay. The examined compounds exhibited slight cytotoxicity against cells under experimental conditions.
Physical health assistance in early recovery of psychosis: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: O'Donoghue Brian , Mifsud Nathan G. , Tindall Rachel M. , Foote Lauren , Hartmann Jessica A. , Obst Kate , Simmons Magenta B. , McGorry Patrick D. , Killackey Eoin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimYoung people with psychotic disorders have poorer physical health compared to their healthy peers, a state compounded by the metabolic side‐effects of antipsychotic medications. To address this, Orygen Youth Health has introduced physical health services including exercise physiologists and dieticians. These services are typically coordinated by the case manager and doctor. It is not yet known whether a treating team member dedicated to physical health will improve engagement, adherence and outcomes with these services. Hence, the protocol is presented here for a trial to evaluate the effect of including a physical health nurse in the care of young people with first‐episode psychosis.MethodsThis will be a single‐blind randomized controlled trial that includes 15‐ to 24‐year‐olds with first‐episode psychosis who have just commenced (within 30 days) antipsychotic medication. The primary outcome will be the event of clinically significant weight gain (≥7% body weight). Participants will be assigned either a physical health nurse in their treating team (in addition to the case manager and doctor) for a 12‐week period, or treatment as usual (case manager and doctor). Research assessments will be conducted at baseline, 12 and 26 weeks. Activity trackers worn by participants for the study's duration will measure sleep and physical activity.ConclusionThe present study will determine whether a physical health nurse will facilitate participants in attending and engaging in physical health interventions and whether this will be associated with physical health improvements or the prevention of worsening physical health.
Sources de résistance d'Opuntia spp. contre la cochenille à carmin, Dactylopius opuntiae, au Maroc
Authors: Sbaghi M. , Bouharroud R. , Boujghagh M. , Bouhssini M. EL 
Published: October 2019

Sources of resistance of Opuntia spp. against the prickly pear cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae, in MoroccoThis article describes the screening of 248 genotypes of different species of Opuntia spp. for resistance to Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae). This cactus germplasm came from a collection maintained at the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Morocco. The objective of this research was to identify ecotypes or clones resistant to this cochineal in order to reconstitute the cactus orchards that have been totally devastated in several regions of the kingdom. Natural and artificial infestations from surrounding hedgerows were monitored on a one‐hectare plot planted with 744 cactus plants belonging to these 248 genotypes of Opuntia spp. The design of the experiment was a randomized complete block with three replicates. Data on the evolution of the vegetative state of the cactus plants, as well as their level of infestation with the cochineal, was collected regularly. The results show that only seven ecotypes (Marjana, Belara, Karama, Ghalia, Angad, Cherratia and Melk Zhar) proved to be resistant to the soft scale pest, compared to the rest of the 241 clones that were infested. The seven resistant ecotypes have been registered in the national cactus catalogue and a parcel of mother plants with this identified plant material resistant to D. opuntiae was established. These resistant ecotypes will be the subject of later studies of resistance mechansims (antibiosis and antixenosis) for the cochineal and also for research on genetic improvement of the cactus in Morocco.
Hydroxyacetophenone defenses in white spruce against spruce budworm
Authors: Parent Geneviève J. , Méndez‐Espinoza Claudia , Giguère Isabelle , Mageroy Melissa H. , Charest Martin , Bauce Éric , Bohlmann Joerg , MacKay John J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe review a recently discovered white spruce (Picea glauca) chemical defense against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) involving hydroxyacetophenones. These defense metabolites detected in the foliage accumulate variably as the aglycons, piceol and pungenol, or the corresponding glucosides, picein and pungenin. We summarize current knowledge of the genetic, genomic, molecular, and biochemical underpinnings of this defense and its effects on C. fumiferana. We present an update with new results on the ontogenic variation and the phenological window of this defense, including analysis of transcript responses in P. glauca to C. fumiferana herbivory. We also discuss this chemical defense from an evolutionary and a breeding context.