bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nudge Versus Boost: Agency Dynamics Under Libertarian Paternalism
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Ryall Michael D 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThaler and Sunstein (2008) advance the concept of ‘nudge’ policies—non-regulatory and non-fiscal mechanisms designed to enlist people's cognitive biases or motivational deficits so as to guide their behaviour in a desired direction. A core assumption of this approach is that policymakers make artful use of people's cognitive biases and motivational deficits in ways that serve the ultimate interests of the nudged individual. We analyse a model of dynamic policymaking in which the policymaker's preferences are not always aligned with those of the individual. One novelty of our set-up is that the policymaker has the option to implement a ‘boost’ policy, equipping the individual with the competence to overcome the nudge-enabling bias once and for all. Our main result identifies conditions under which the policymaker chooses not to boost in order to preserve the option of using the nudge (and its associated bias) in the future—even though boosting is in the immediate best interests of both the policymaker and the individual. We extend our analysis to situations in which the policymaker can be removed (e.g., through an election) and in which the policymaker is similarly prone to bias. We conclude with a discussion of some policy implications of these findings.
Comparison of skeletal anchorage and tooth-borne maxillary protraction followed by fixed appliance in Class III malocclusion
Authors: Lee Sang-Hoon , Koh Sang-Duck , Chung Dong-Hwa , Lee Jin-Woo , Lee Sang-Min 
Published: October 2019

SummaryObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare the results of skeletal anchorage (SAMP) and tooth- borne (TBMP) maxillary protraction followed by fixed appliance in growing skeletal Class III patients.Materials and methodsPatients treated with maxillary protraction were selected and classified into two groups (SAMP: n = 19, mean age = 11.19 years; TBMP: n = 27, mean age = 11.21 years). Lateral cephalograms taken before treatment (T0), after the maxillary protraction (T1), and after the fixed appliance treatment (T2) were analysed and all variables were statistically tested to find difference between the two groups.ResultsCompared to the TBMP, the SAMP showed significant forward growth of maxilla (Co-A point and SN-Orbitale) and improvement in intermaxillary relationship (ANB, AB to mandible plane, and APDI) after the overall treatment (T0–T2), with no significant sagittal changes in maxilla or mandible throughout the fixed appliance treatment (T1–T2).LimitationsIn maxillary protraction, effects of skeletal anchorage were retrospectively compared with those of dental anchorage, not with Class I or III control.Conclusions and implicationsAfter maxillary protraction, skeletal and tooth-borne anchorage did not cause significant differences in the residual growth of maxilla throughout the phase II treatment. Orthopaedic effects with skeletal anchorage showed appropriate stability in maxilla and intermaxillary relationship even after fixed appliance treatment.
Patterns, local grammars, and the design of English teaching materials1
Authors: Su Hang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the applications of pattern grammar and local grammar in English language teaching, focusing specifically on the design of teaching materials. It shows that grammar patterns can be systematically analysed from a local grammar perspective, and further argues that the practice of local grammar analyses helps to raise language learners’ awareness of the patterned nature of language in use and the close association between patterns and meanings. These in turn offer insights into materials writing. A sample coursebook unit is then offered to exemplify how pattern grammar and local grammar can be applied to derive pedagogical materials for English language teaching.
The fall of the Constitution’s political insurance: How the Morales regime eliminated the insurance of the 2009 Bolivian Constitution
Authors: Verdugo Sergio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some scholars argue that constitutions may include an insurance that aims to protect the political rights of prospective electoral losers and prevents a dominant ruling coalition from undermining the competitiveness of the political system. Although some insurance scholars have recently paid more attention to the conditions that make an insurance more likely to be effective, the scholarship seeking to identify the limits of the insurance is still scarce. The literature on courts and democratization may help us to understand those limits by exploring successful and failed experiences. In this article, I argue that after constitution-makers agree to including an insurance, the incumbent regime may delay its implementation or, if the insurance is implemented, the regime may employ different political and legal strategies to eliminate it. I identify some of these strategies using examples from the Bolivian constitutional system. I argue that the Bolivian 2009 Constitution included an insurance and that the Evo Morales regime eliminated it with the help of the Constitutional Court. Although insurance theory expects constitutional courts to guarantee key institutional arrangements, the Bolivian experience shows that constitutional courts may in fact execute the opposite task, and that after constitution makers negotiate and approve an insurance, the challenge is to secure its implementation and survival.
In Lieu of a Travaux Préparatoires: A Commentary on the Kampala Convention for IDPs
Authors: Okello J O Moses 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Kampala Convention was adopted on 23 October 2009 and came into force on 4 January 2013. The first binding international instrument for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons, it occupies an important space among the body of African regional humanitarian and human rights law. The Convention addresses all stages of internal displacement and provides a framework for coordinating activities by governments and humanitarian actors aimed at preventing and addressing internal displacement. The Kampala Convention is the result of many years of work, although no formal records of its drafting and negotiation were kept. This article contributes towards addressing this gap. Based on the author’s personal involvement in the Convention’s drafting, and supplementing earlier research, this article shares information previously unavailable in the public domain and provides a commentary on some of the Convention’s provisions.
Spread of Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses and Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States During the 2018–2019 Season
Authors: Flannery Brendan , Kondor Rebecca J Garten , Chung Jessie R , Gaglani Manjusha , Reis Michael , Zimmerman Richard K , Nowalk Mary Patricia , Jackson Michael L , Jackson Lisa A , Monto Arnold S , Martin Emily T , Belongia Edward A , McLean Huong Q , Kim Sara S , Blanton Lenee , Kniss Krista , Budd Alicia P , Brammer Lynnette , Stark Thomas J , Barnes John R , Wentworth David E , Fry Alicia M , Patel Manish 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Increased illness due to antigenically drifted A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a influenza viruses prompted concerns about vaccine effectiveness (VE) and vaccine strain selection. We used US virologic surveillance and US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (Flu VE) Network data to evaluate consequences of this clade.

Methods
Distribution of influenza viruses was described using virologic surveillance data. The Flu VE Network enrolled ambulatory care patients aged ≥6 months with acute respiratory illness at 5 sites. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by means of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and were sequenced. Using a test-negative design, we estimated VE, comparing the odds of influenza among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants.

Results
During the 2018–2019 influenza season, A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses caused an increasing proportion of influenza cases. Among 2763 Flu VE Network case patients, 1325 (48%) were infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 and 1350 (49%) with A(H3N2); clade 3C.3a accounted for 977 (93%) of 1054 sequenced A(H3N2) viruses. VE was 44% (95% confidence interval, 37%–51%) against A(H1N1)pdm09 and 9% (−4% to 20%) against A(H3N2); VE was 5% (−10% to 19%) against A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses.

Conclusions
The predominance of A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses during the latter part of the 2018–2019 season was associated with decreased VE, supporting the A(H3N2) vaccine component update for 2019–2020 northern hemisphere influenza vaccines.
Facebook Live: A Mixed-Methods Approach to Explore Individual Live Streaming Practices and Motivations on Facebook
Authors: Skjuve Marita , Brandtzaeg Petter Bae 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

In April 2016, Facebook launched Facebook Live. Yet, how and why people stream on Facebook Live is poorly understood. Guided by the uses and gratifications theory, we analyzed public, individual live stream videos on Facebook Live (N = 1118) from the USA, Europe and Asia and applied a questionnaire to Facebook Live users (N = 246) in the USA. We found 14 different live streaming practices, the two most common of which were chatting with random people (seen in 48% of the videos) and demonstrations of skills (seen in 10% of the videos). We also identified live streaming sessions that were problematic and challenged Facebook guidelines. From the questionnaire, we revealed that the most important motivations are (i) socializing with family and friends (reported by 38%), (ii) sharing opinions and experiences (reported by 16%) and (iii) entertainment/fun (reported by 15%). Our findings offer insight into the various personal incentives that drive people to stream on Facebook Live and thus contribute to an understanding of the social implications of a new mode of mediated interaction.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Our findings contribute novel insights into how social media usage among individual streamers is moving towards more immediate forms of interaction in a live streaming environment. Some streaming practices challenge both the Facebook community guidelines and users’ privacy. The basic motivations for streaming on Facebook Live are consistent with previous research on the uses and gratifications relating to Facebook in general. However, Facebook Live streaming practices differ with respect to how user-generated content is presented and experienced. Live streaming gives users a greater sense of presence than more traditional social media; however, Facebook Live is used by relatively few and might not represent a major shift in how we communicate.
The relative rate of kill of the MMV Malaria Box compounds provides links to the mode of antimalarial action and highlights scaffolds of medicinal chemistry interest
Authors: Ullah Imran , Sharma Raman , Mete Antonio , Biagini Giancarlo A , Wetzel Dawn M , Horrocks Paul D 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Rapid rate-of-kill (RoK) is a key parameter in the target candidate profile 1 (TCP1) for the next-generation antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated malaria, termed Single Encounter Radical Cure and Prophylaxis (SERCaP). TCP1 aims to rapidly eliminate the initial parasite burden, ideally as fast as artesunate, but minimally as fast as chloroquine. Here we explore whether the relative RoK of the Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) Malaria Box compounds is linked to their mode of action (MoA) and identify scaffolds of medicinal chemistry interest.

Methods
We used a bioluminescence relative RoK (BRRoK) assay over 6 and 48 h, with exposure to equipotent IC50 concentrations, to compare the cytocidal effects of Malaria Box compounds with those of benchmark antimalarials.

Results
BRRoK assay data demonstrate the following relative RoKs, from fast to slow: inhibitors of PfATP4&gt;parasite haemoglobin catabolism&gt;dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS)&gt;dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH)&gt;bc1 complex. Core-scaffold clustering analyses revealed intrinsic rapid cytocidal action for diamino-glycerols and 2-(aminomethyl)phenol, but slow action for 2-phenylbenz-imidazoles, 8-hydroxyquinolines and triazolopyrimidines.

Conclusions
This study provides proof of principle that a compound’s RoK is related to its MoA and that the target’s intrinsic RoK is also modified by factors affecting a drug’s access to it. Our findings highlight that as we use medicinal chemistry to improve potency, we can also improve the RoK for some scaffolds. Our BRRoK assay provides the necessary throughput for drug discovery and a critical decision-making tool to support development campaigns. Finally, two scaffolds, diamino-glycerols and 2-phenylbenzimidazoles, exhibit fast cytocidal action, inviting medicinal chemistry improvements towards TCP1 candidates.
At the Vanishing Point of Law: Rebalancing, Non-Violation Claims, and the Role of the Multilateral Trade Regime in the Trade Wars
Authors: Lamp Nicolas 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
What role can the multilateral trade regime play in the trade wars triggered by the USA under the Trump administration? This article argues that the traditional goal of dispute settlement in the WTO—the positive resolution of disputes—has become largely unattainable in the circumstances of the trade wars, but that the regime can still play a valuable role by providing a framework for the rebalancing of obligations among the participants. Using the regime in this way would defuse tensions among the participants, would ensure that any new equilibrium that they achieve is integrated into the legal structure of the trade regime, and would provide the participants the opportunity to use the trade regime’s tools for solving disagreements at the margins, thereby lowering the risk that trade retaliation will spiral out of control. The article uses the example of non-violation claims in the context of national security measures to illustrate the potential for and benefits of re-integrating the trade wars into the multilateral trade regime. The article provides a detailed discussion of the legal justification for non-violation complaints in response to national security measures and argues that such claims provide an alternative course of action that is less confrontational than unilateral retaliation or violation claims, and faster to adjudicate than violation claims.
Minimal abductive solutions with explicit justification
Authors: Medina-Vega Rodrigo , Hernández-Quiroz Francisco , Velázquez-Quesada Fernando R 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAbductive problems and their solutions are presented by means of justification logic. We introduce additional meta-constructions in order to generate and compare different solutions to the same abductive problem. Our approach has three advantages: (i) it makes structurally explicit the solution to an abductive problem (as it has a syntactic nature); (ii) it gives a precise meaning to the notion of evidence; (iii) it provides clear definitions and procedures for the comparison of solutions that can be adapted to different needs.
Bootstrap Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing for Market Information Shares
Authors: Schweikert Karsten 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMarket information shares are widely used in empirical finance to measure one market’s contributions to price discovery. In contrast to common factor components, the literature on market information shares only provides rudimentary tools to test general hypotheses. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that bootstrap confidence bands proposed by Sapp (2002) perform well if markets have similar information shares but are too narrow if one market dominates price discovery. We design a new bootstrap-based method to test the “one-central-market” hypothesis and show that our tests have correct size and substantial power against the null hypothesis. Empirical results in the context of CDS and bonds markets complement the theoretical analysis.
Passive and Active Surveillance for Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Chilton Neil B , Curry Philip S , Lindsay L Robbin , Rochon Kateryn , Lysyk Timothy J , Dergousoff Shaun J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Passive and active surveillance for the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan was conducted over a 9-yr period (2009–2017). More than 26,000 ixodid ticks, representing 10 species, were submitted through passive surveillance. Most (97%) of these were the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). Of the 65 I. scapularis adults submitted, 75% were collected from dogs. Infection rates of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti in I. scapularis were 12%, 8%, and 0%, respectively. Although the I. scapularis submitted by passive surveillance were collected from five of seven ecoregions in central and southern Saskatchewan, they were most frequent in the Moist Mixed Grassland and Aspen Parklands. In contrast, no I. scapularis were collected from the extensive field sampling conducted at multiple sites in different ecoregions across the province. Hence, there is no evidence of I. scapularis having established a breeding population in Saskatchewan. Nonetheless, continued surveillance for blacklegged ticks is warranted given their important role as a vector of medically and veterinary important pathogens, and because they have recently become established across much of the southern portions of the neighboring province of Manitoba.
Unilateral permanent sudden sensorineural hearing loss after spina-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a case report
Authors: Alwan Mostafa , Hurtado Guillermo 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) after spinal-epidural anaesthesia is a very rare complication. The patient is a 25-year-old female who developed right-sided hearing loss, unbalance, a sensation of aural fullness and tinnitus 2 days post uncomplicated spinal-epidural anaesthesia for an emergency caesarean section. Initial management by her primary care physician for suspected eustachian tube dysfunction did not relieve symptoms, and 2 weeks subsequently, audiological assessment demonstrated right Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Specialist consultation was sought, and the patient was commenced on systemic corticosteroids. Microscope otoscopy and posterior fossa magnetic resonance imaging were normal. High-resolution computed tomography scan demonstrated an enlarged right cochlear aqueduct. Repeat audiology after 2 weeks revealed unchanged hearing levels and improved speech discrimination scores in the right ear (from 53 to 90%). Repeat audiogram at 4 months and at 10 months showed no further improvement. Possible physiopathology of this complication, diagnostic dilemma and review of treatment options are discussed.
Cardiology
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Jafar Anisa J. N. , Mukherjee Angshuman , Solomonides Christian , Witt Erik 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter on cardiology contains 16 clinical Short Answer Questions (SAQs) with explanations and sources for further reading. Possible causes and accompanying symptoms of heart problems that may present in the emergency department include acute coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation, palpitations, bradycardia, chest pain, dyspnoea, and syncope. The emergency doctor has to assess, diagnose, and decide upon a treatment path for each patient. The cases described in this chapter are all situations any emergency doctor is likely to encounter at some point in his or her career. Material in this chapter will greatly aid revision for the Final FRCEM examination.
Critical Care and Anaesthesia
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Jafar Anisa J. N. , Mukherjee Angshuman , Solomonides Christian , Witt Erik 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter on critical care including anaesthesia contains five clinical Short Answer Questions (SAQs) with explanations and sources for further reading. Whether local or general, anaesthetics are used in a huge number of hospital procedures, and which type is best for the patient can depend on many different factors. Rapid sequence induction and intubation, the use of anaesthetics for conscious sedation (including propofol), nerve blocks (such as fascia iliaca block), intraosseous needle use, and procedural sedation are all covered in this chapter. The cases described here are all situations any emergency doctor is likely to encounter at some point in his or her career. Material in this chapter will greatly aid revision for the Final FRCEM examination.
Environmental Medicine and Toxicology
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Jafar Anisa J. N. , Mukherjee Angshuman , Solomonides Christian , Witt Erik 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter environmental/toxicology contains 19 clinical Short Answer Questions (SAQs) with explanations and sources for further reading. Possible disorders and accompanying symptoms of environmental or toxic origin that may present in the emergency department include poisoning, serotonin syndrome, burns, drug overdose, heat stroke, and alcohol withdrawal, among many others. It will be up to the emergency doctor to assess, diagnose, and decide upon a treatment path for each patient. The cases described in this chapter are all situations any emergency doctor is likely to encounter at some point in his or her career. The material in this chapter will greatly aid revision for the Final FRCEM examination.
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Jafar Anisa J. N. , Mukherjee Angshuman , Solomonides Christian , Witt Erik 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter on infectious diseases contains 16 clinical Short Answer Questions (SAQs) with explanations and sources for further reading. Possible disorders and accompanying symptoms of infectious origin that may present in the emergency department include acute epiglottitis, meningitis, Ebola virus, meningococcal septicaemia, and pneumonia, among many others. It will be up to the emergency doctor to assess, diagnose, and decide upon a treatment path for each patient. The cases described in this chapter are all situations any emergency doctor is likely to encounter at some point in his or her career. The material in this chapter will greatly aid revision for the Final FRCEM examination.
Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Jafar Anisa J. N. , Mukherjee Angshuman , Solomonides Christian , Witt Erik 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter on maxillofacial emergency contains five clinical Short Answer Questions (SAQs) with explanations and sources for further reading. Possible emergencies of maxillofacial origin that may present in the emergency department include fractured mandible, orbital fracture, and parotid trauma, among many others. It will be up to the emergency doctor to assess, diagnose, and decide upon a treatment path for each patient. The cases described in this chapter are all situations any emergency doctor is likely to encounter at some point in his or her career. The material in this chapter will greatly aid revision for the Final FRCEM examination.
Trauma
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Jafar Anisa J. N. , Mukherjee Angshuman , Solomonides Christian , Witt Erik 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter on trauma contains ten clinical Short Answer Questions (SAQs) with explanations and sources for further reading. Possible presentations and accompanying factors relating to trauma that may present in the emergency department include major trauma, head injuries, fractures, burns, and smoke inhalation. It will be up to the emergency doctor to assess, diagnose, and decide upon a treatment path for each patient. The cases described in this chapter are all situations any emergency doctor is likely to encounter at some point in his or her career. The material in this chapter will greatly aid revision for the Final FRCEM examination.