bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time to Peak Concentration of Amikacin in the Antebrachiocarpal Joint Following Cephalic Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses
Authors: Gustafsson Kajsa , Tatz Amos J. , Dahan Roee , Britzi Malka , Soback Stefan , Sutton Gila A. , Kelmer Gal 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective The aim of this study was to determine the time (Tmax) to the maximum concentration (Cmax) of amikacin sulphate in synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) following cephalic intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) using 2 g of amikacin sulphate.Methods Cephalic IVRLP was performed with 2 g of amikacin sulphate diluted in 0.9% NaCl to a total volume of 100 mL in six healthy adult mixed breed mares. An Esmarch's rubber tourniquet was applied for 30 minutes and the antibiotic solution was infused through a 23-gauge butterfly catheter. Synovial fluid was collected from the RCJ prior to the infusion and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes after completion of IVRLP. The tourniquet was removed after the last arthrocentesis. Synovial fluid amikacin sulphate concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.Results The calculated mean Tmax occurred at 15 minutes (range: 10–20 minutes) post-perfusion. The highest synovial fluid amikacin sulphate concentration was noted at 10 minutes in 2 horses, 15 minutes in 2 horses and 20 minutes in 2 horses. The highest mean concentration was 1023 µg/mL and was noted at 20 minutes. Synovial mean concentrations were significantly different between 15 and 30 minutes.Clinical Significance In this study no Tmax occurred after 20 minutes; thus, 30 minutes of tourniquet application time appear to be excessive. The 20 minutes duration of tourniquet application appears sufficient for the treatment of the RCJ in cephalic IVRLP using 2 g amikacin sulphate in a total volume of 100 mL.
The problematic pursuit of defining advancedness
Authors: Menke Mandy R. , Malovrh Paul A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introductory chapter establishes the need for the
present volume by providing an overview of the main foci of previous
research in SLA examining advanced proficiency, and by identifying various
lacunae in the data base of what we know. We provide a description of the
volume’s structure, explaining the rationale for each of the four sections,
and we introduce the main topics and aims of each chapter.
The (limited) contributions of proficiency assessments in
defining advancedness
Authors: Menke Mandy R. , Malovrh Paul A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Standardized proficiency tests are the primary
means of determining advancedness in educational settings and have
effectively established a common language for describing language
proficiency. Emerging evidence additionally identifies specific
linguistic features that correlate with each level; nonetheless, we
argue that the ability of such assessments to contribute to our
evolving understandings of advancedness are limited given their
conflation of cognition and language and inability to capture
contextually-dependent language use. In this chapter, we discuss the
contributions, challenges, and future of proficiency assessment.
Advanced users of Spanish
Authors: Soneson Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines a three-year large-scale
project assessing postsecondary Spanish learners’ proficiency in
speaking, reading, and listening using instruments from the American
Council of Teachers of Foreign Language (ACTFL). Nearly 400 students
from the second curricular year on demonstrated proficiency at
Advanced Low on the ACTFL scale in at least one modality. This
chapter examines the ratings of these students and outlines
relationships among the three modalities at curricular stages as
well as at each proficiency sub-level. Both cross-sectional and
longitudinal data show primacy of reading proficiency at the
advanced level, followed by listening and then speaking. Among
Advanced learners of Spanish at the university, the Advanced level
in the receptive modalities appears to be corequisite with Advanced
speaking proficiency.
The role of late-acquired structures in advanced oral
proficiency
Authors: Malovrh Paul A. , Menke Mandy R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The present chapter focuses on one aspect of
Byrnes & Ortega’s
(2008) description of advancedness; it considers the
notion of structural command, not merely in terms of accuracy, but
also the multifunctional use of late-acquired complex structures,
which we assert provides another window through which we should
observe interlanguage (IL) development and advanced oral production.
It defines late-acquired structures as those that consist of complex
(multiple) form-meaning associations and are only learned once IL
development has reached a stage in which L2 learners are able to
notice, process, and produce target language on a multifunctional
level involving multiple linguistic systems. This definition allows
us to problematize advanced grammar in terms of how we identify it
and how we understand advancedness.
What does advanced L2 pronunciation look like?
Authors: Face Timothy L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study investigates ultimate attainment in
second language (L2) Spanish pronunciation by examining the
production of L2 Spanish stops, approximants, and rhotics by first
language (L1) speakers of American English who immigrated to central
Spain and have lived there for a large portion of their lives. As a
group, the learners’ pronunciations were much closer to the native
speaker norms than those of less advanced learners in previous
studies, yet no learner achieved native-like pronunciation for any
of the consonant groups. Nonetheless, the results of the present
study show that advanced learners are characterized by considerable
development beyond the pronunciation of less advanced learners and
that they do acquire some native-like aspects in their
pronunciation.
An exploration of advanced-level learners’ verb choices in
variable mood-distinction contexts
Authors: Gudmestad Aarnes 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The current study builds on research on
advanced-level Spanish and variable mood distinction (the
subjunctive-indicative contrast) by exploring learners’ willingness
to use both verbal moods in specific linguistic contexts that have
been shown to be variable for a group of native speakers of Spanish.
Namely, when presented with multiple verb forms that native speakers
use in particular linguistic contexts, this investigation examines
the extent to which graduate-level learners report that they are
willing to use both subjunctive and indicative forms in these
variable mood-distinction contexts. The results suggest that
learners are more open to using both verbal moods when the
linguistic context includes a lexical trigger of uncertainty and
when they have lived in more than one Spanish-speaking country.
L2 proficiency and L2 dialect processing during study
abroad
Authors: Shea Christine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine how proficiency and
L2 dialect processing interact over the course of a three-month
study abroad program in Buenos Aires, Argentina in L1 English/L2
Spanish learners. To measure dialect processing changes,
participants completed an auditory form-priming task in which primes
and targets were taken from Mexican and Buenos Aires Spanish. The
pretest results show differences within and across proficiency
levels for dialect processing, as do the posttests. This study adds
to the literature on advancedness and language acquisition by
highlighting how dialect-specific knowledge develops over the course
of study abroad and how advanced learners (vs. less-advanced)
develop dialect-specific representations.
Sophisticated language use in context
Authors: Geeslin Kimberly L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the contributions of
variationist approaches to the study of advancedness in second
language (L2) Spanish. We offer a brief overview of the variationist
perspective on language and language use, reviewing how variationist
approaches have been applied to the study of L2 Spanish. We then
explore the application of variationist approaches to the study of
advanced L2 learners of Spanish. Specifically, we highlight three
key contributions of these approaches to the study of advancedness
related to (1) characterizing advanced L2 Spanish production in
context, (2) measuring interpretive abilities in advanced L2
Spanish, and (3) understanding the relationship between advancedness
and the L2 Spanish classroom. For each contribution, we highlight
existing work and discuss directions for future research areas.
Advancing notions of advancedness
Authors: Serafini Ellen Johnson 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The variable process and outcomes of language
learning in adulthood has motivated decades of research seeking to
explain this variability via learner individual differences (IDs).
However, the impact of learner IDs across the proficiency spectrum
remains unclear, particularly the involvement of cognitive resources
at advanced second language (L2) proficiency. This chapter provides
an overview of learner ID research with a focus on the role of
working memory capacity (WMC) in relation to L2 Spanish, revealing a
lack of research probing the effects of WMC both between and within
learners at varying proficiency. The chapter concludes by calling
for more longitudinal research that investigates how cognitive
ability interacts with socioculturally-grounded, rather than
psycholinguistically-oriented, notions of advancedness and considers
potential pedagogical implications.
Individual characteristics in advanced Spanish
proficiency
Authors: Winke Paula , Heidrich Uebel Emily , Gass Susan M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this article we investigated the learner
characteristics of 127 Spanish language learners who achieved
“advanced” in at least one tested skill (speaking, reading, or
listening). We compared their profiles with case-control-matched
non-advanced peers. All students took a background survey on their
abroad experience, heritage status, use of Spanish-language
resources outside of class, and learning interest. We performed a
cluster analysis to map the learners’ profiles and found four
clusters, one that achieved advanced in at least one skill, and
three clusters that did not. An important factor that predicted
overall cluster membership was outside-of-class use of
Spanish-language resources, with the advanced Spanish learners using
authentic Spanish-language resources significantly more. We discuss
ways that programs can foster diverse advancedness profiles.
The effects of study abroad on interlanguage development
Authors: Malovrh Paul A. , Lee James F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The present study provides a concept-oriented
analysis of direct object expression among advanced-level learners
in classroom-only versus classroom+study abroad contexts. In doing
so, it compares linguistic analysis at a morphological stage of
development in different learning contexts using quantitative
analysis across three levels of study abroad exposure. Results show
that, while all learners are considered institutionally advanced,
only those with the greatest level of study abroad exposure show
evidence of morphological analysis and multifunctionality of forms
in oral production. Such findings highlight limitations of
traditional definitions of advanced performance by identifying
specific individual differences based on learning context, and also
challenge the pedagogical expectations of L2 learners reaching a
morphological stage of linguistic analysis through classroom
exposure alone.
The role of language anxiety and enjoyment in advanced
proficiency
Authors: Donate Ángela 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The current chapter examines the subjective
experiences of 14 Spanish advanced learners and 10 low-proficiency
learners in relation to their L2 anxiety and enjoyment while
performing two oral narrative tasks varying in cognitive demands.
Results showed advanced participants experienced more enjoyment than
their low-proficiency counterparts during complex tasks, although
anxiety was still present as part of learners’ experiences.
Importantly, task factors affecting learners’ anxiety in the
advanced group differed from those perceived as more
anxiety-inducing in the novice group. The study raises awareness of
the importance of positive and negative emotions when manipulating
cognitive task demands. It further emphasizes the complexity of
emotional processes involved in learners’ performance and how their
dynamic interactions with tasks differ as proficiency increases.
Law and tech collide: foreseeability, reasonableness and advanced driver assistance systems
Authors: Leiman Tania 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Recently, many scholars have explored the legal challenges likely to be posed by introduction of automated and autonomous vehicles. Minimal attention has focused on the legal implications of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in vehicles already currently available. These can warn of external dangers, monitor driver behavior and control how a vehicle brakes, accelerates, maintains speed or position on the road. The dynamic driving task is no longer reliant simply on the physical interaction of human driver with that vehicle. Instead, the vehicle may act apart from human direction as it senses other objects in the immediate environment or monitors the human driver’s behavior or biometrics. These technological tools, which reduce the opportunity for human error, can be described as augmenting human driving capacity. Increases in safety promised by ADAS, arguably already evidenced by data, may require a reassessment of the risks posed by ‘un-augmented’ human drivers, what is now foreseeable given the data generated by ADAS and wearable driver-monitoring technology, and whether ‘un-augmented’ driving is any longer a reasonable response to that risk.
The Influences of Public Transport on Parking Space: A Study on Travel Choice Behaviour between Private Cars and Public Transport
Authors: Widiyani  
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For the last decade when travelling the majority of people rely on cars. To this extent, every public building has the obligation to provide parking area. In transport studies, a long-standing debate has been arguing about in what ways the role of travel mode choices contributes to the association between built environment and travel behaviour. In regard to the presence of the new MRT system in Jakarta, this paper is to review the literature for a theoretical exploration study about how people make their travel mode decision from private cars to public transport. Focusing on travel-to-work behaviour, the study identifies comfort, awareness, location, time management, cost, regulation, and pre-planned activities as attributes which influence travel mode choice. In addition, socio-demographics characteristics and pre-condition habits on using public transport describe how individuals view the attributes. This paper proposes awareness of public transport strategy for the stakeholders.
TOD Tourism Heritage District Livability: User Satisfaction in Kali Besar Corridor in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Nagari Bramanti Kusuma , Suryani Sri , Pratiwi Wiwik Dwi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Kota Tua is one of the most popular Transit-Oriented Development heritage areas in Jakarta. Kali Besar Corridor, as part of Kota Tua, was revitalized to improve the visitors’ experiences. Due to its proximity to other historical sites, Jakarta Kota station, and availability of Transjakarta bus stops, tourist and visitors expect easy access. However, some buildings are unoccupied and slowly deteriorated, despite the possibility to enhance its functionality. Accordingly, this paper examines to what extent Kali Besar Revitalisation Project meets the visitors’ and tourists’ cumulative satisfaction regarding connectivity and accessibility aspects, for possibility in future intensification in this area. It takes mixed methods between qualitative and quantitative methods, including direct observation and online surveys. The results suggest that 57 percent of visitors were commuting by public transport, and 66 percent pleased by the accessibility of public transport. Despite this moderate satisfaction rate of passengers in public transport services for accessibility and interconnection between public transport hub with pedestrian ways and tourist spots along the Kali Besar corridor, the simple cross-tabulation analysis concluded that respondents’ satisfaction has less impact in their future visit on loyalty. In conclusion, the connectivity and accessibility factors along the Kali Besar Corridor and its nearby area are supporting the idea of TOD and opening the potential sustainable urban development in the future, especially in the tourism heritage area. However, some improvements need to be done to ensure the basic aspects of pedestrian ways, such as safety, security, and comfort level of visitors are well-achieved.
Comparative Study of Soft-scape Element Significance in Improving the Walkability of Urban Corridor
Authors: Aisyah Fitrie , Rahmah Nadiya 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The walkability of urban corridors determines the success of a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) area. Aside from affecting people’s propensity to walk, the walkability of urban corridors affects decision making in choosing a walking route(s). Variables of the walkability score of a route are the path profile, the route anatomy, building(s) development along the route(s), hardscape, and soft-scape elements. This study is focused on soft-scape elements. Studies showed that soft-scape elements can humanize the scale of the outdoor space, add attractiveness to the urban corridor, and control the micro-climate by creating ample shades and reducing exterior temperature. Soft-scape elements are applied differently depends on how it interacts with other natural and existing environmental elements such as the climate, building height, and traffic volume. Countries with hot-humid climate have the benefit of solar radiation and rainwater, the key elements which made the hot-humid climate uniquely differs from other climate zones. Previous researches are collected to gather the essential information about soft-scape elements and walkability of the urban corridor. The collected information is compared, analysed, and synthesized, to seek certain soft-scape design recommendation which could be applied for the walkability of urban corridors near the equator.
Social Sustainability of Kampongs in the Transit-Oriented Development Area of Yogyakarta
Authors: Nareswari Ardhya , Utari Sekar Ari 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In many cities in South East Asian developing countries, informal settlements (also known as kampongs) exist in accordance with the development of the city centre. Support and mutual relations between the facilities and settlements have been studied by many researchers. At present, these relations have been brought into alignment with the rationale of transit oriented development (TOD), which emphasises the effectiveness of urban functions in optimising urban mobility in the surrounding area of a railway or bus station. The application of TOD started to be implemented in Tugu Railway Station of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The current investigation presents case studies of three kampongs, namely, Badran, Gandekan and Jogoyudan, all of which are within walking distance of the station. This study examines the relation between the inhabitants of the kampong and the Tugu Railway Station. The results show that most of the inhabitants who worked in informal sectors remain working in the surrounding areas although a new regulation and management system to formalise all the activities at the Tugu Railway Station based on the national policy established. It is found that the changes merely shifted the type of job, but not the location of the job, or even the area of living. The social engagement within the settlement is found to be an influential factor for this condition. This strong engagement could guarantee the sustainability of social relationships in each kampong and also support towards the success of TOD.
Ecotourism in Seafront Resorts for Future TOD Development in Small Island (Case Study: Gili Air, NTB)
Authors: Bachtiar Jasmine C U 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has been thought to encourage tourism development in targeted areas. There are small islands that have many potentials as a tourism destination; however, they do not have TOD on their transportation system. In the future, TOD development may focus on tourism development that required eco-resort to prevent environmental issues. This study was conducted to compare two seafront resorts based on tourists’ perceptions to encourage the architects to design more eco-resorts in Gili Air. Data on ecological contexts of cottages unit (CU), building position and circulation (PC), landscape elements (LE), and waste management (WM) were collected in situ through measurements and observations. Data on tourist perceptions were collected using a questionnaire with a Lickert scale (N1=53; N2=62). The results showed that the two resorts have a different quality in three indicators, i.e., Local character on building style, night lighting on the terrace, and attractiveness in building positioning. Besides, six crucial points should be considered for seafront resorts to achieve ecotourism goals at Gili Air. The seafront-resorts are expected to have an essential role in TOD and ecotourism development to what extent their significant presence can reduce their impacts on people and the environment.
Studies on Visual Environment Phenomena of Urban Areas: A Systematic Review
Authors: Achsani Rizky Amalia , Wonorahardjo Surjamanto 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The visual environment in the development of urban areas plays an essential role, especially in the case of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). The development of TOD facilitates many human activities, so it requires a high-quality visual environment. This study aims to identify and map visual environment phenomena that occur in TOD using a keyword from eight TOD principles and analyze through a systematic review method. Two hundred sixty articles are selected from scopus.com and go through the analysis process, and only 31 articles used in this review. The results arranged based on its importance at TOD: visual performance, visual comfort, and visual experience. Based on the phenomena in visual performance, stakeholders must consider the fulfilment of users activities, namely cyclist, elderly, and pedestrian. Based on phenomena in visual comfort, stakeholders must consider all places in the urban area, namely neighbourhood, building, and street. Lastly, based on phenomena in visual experience, stakeholders must consider the effect on the health, social life and safety of users and also the face of the city. The purpose of this mapping is to raise awareness of its importance and drive more research in the field of the visual environment in urban areas. The stakeholders can consider this mapping to determine the TOD development policy.