bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relational Cosmology
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explicates the relational cosmology perspective, specifying its core conceptual and philosophical commitments. The chapter argues that relational cosmology proposes an important set of moves around relational nature of being, the processual nature of ‘things’ and around the inevitably situated nature of knowledge in a relational cosmos. It re-reads the role and significance of laws and maths asking us to think on cosmology as a historical science. Relational cosmology challenges how we think, conceptually, about scientific discoveries and about ourselves as knowers in a processual relational universe. At the same time this perspective also asks us to think on the social sciences and their methods, as well as about the interaction of cosmological and social and political thought.
Relations, Human and Non-human
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues for an extension of how we think relationally via relational cosmology. It places relational cosmology in a conversation with varied relational perspectives in critical social theory and argues that specific kinds of extensions and dialogues emerge from this perspective. In particular, a conversation on how to think relationality without fixing its meaning is advanced. This chapter also discusses in detail how to extend beyond discussion of ‘human’ relationalities towards comprehending the wider ‘mesh’ of relations that matter but are hard to capture for situated knowers in the social sciences and IR. This key chapter seeks to provide the basis for a translation between relational cosmology, critical social theory, critical humanism and International Relations theory.
Blood and Soil
Authors: Pecora Vincent P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Otto Brunner was a follower of Carl Schmitt’s notions of political theology. He became a supporter of Hitler and a proponent of the Anschluss. His major work, Land and Lordship, is perhaps one of the most remarkable German embodiments of my argument’s contours. Brunner re-writes German history, so that the emergence of the Third Reich can be understood as a return to the pre-monarchy, pre-nation-state relationship of early medieval Germans to German land. Like other Blut und Boden writers, such as Knut Hamsun and Friedrich Griese, Brunner embodies populist nativism on a decentralized model of right and law, one that is compatible with a multi-territorial Reich, but not with the centralized state that arose with Bismarck.
Ezekiel Chastises His People
Authors: Pecora Vincent P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In 1864, Fustel de Coulanges argued that burial rites were the basis of the ancient city-state, a claim that harmonized well with late nineteenth-century anthropology. Like the Cambridge anthropologists who drew on Fustel, Jesse Weston held similar views about burial rites, and those views had a strong impact on T. S. Eliot. Drawing from Weston, Paul Deussen’s translations of the Upanishads, and other sources, Eliot presented the neglect of burial rites as equally central to the decline of modern culture, a perspective that dominates The Waste Land. Eliot connects the neglect of the burial of the dead—metaphorically, of the past of one’s civilization and hence the trigger of cultural decay—to a specific alteration in England’s own theological politics: the Reformation’s break with the past, which had haunted England ever since the “dissociation of sensibility” initiated by Cromwell’s and Milton’s era. Eliot’s response is the reimagination of promised land.
Ezekiel Reclaims the Promised Land
Authors: Pecora Vincent P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the 1930s, T. S. Eliot examines what it means to be attached to native, sacred land. Eliot melds Tory politics, religious orthodoxy, classicism, and authoritarianism in a series of essays and poems. In Four Quartets, Eliot returns to what he calls “the life of significant soil,” that is, his ancestral village at East Coker and his spiritual home at Little Gidding. At Little Gidding, Eliot invokes W. B. Yeats’s failed paganism as if it were in fact the consequence of the Reformation’s rupture with the past. The poem holds out the memory of pious community in a rural village as the promise of Christian redemption in a time of war. Aligned with essays like After Strange Gods, it represents Eliot’s belief, like that of Brunner and Nandy, that no civilization can survive unless it is composed of one spiritually united people, rooted in one land.
Preliminaries
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 puts forth some preliminary considerations about our actual (that is, not fictional) use of language. In particular, it motivates the relevance of singular terms for the Radical Fictionalist approach to fiction, it sketches a picture of the semantics of proper names, and it discusses the ideas of empty names and gappy propositions. This chapter also explains some of the terminology employed in what follows, in particular the distinction between fully-fledged expressions (such as proper names) and expression-types (such as mere name-types). The final section focuses on the contentful effects achieved by the use of language and introduces the idea of impartation, one of the central concepts in the Radical Fictionalist approach to fiction.
Emma
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 extends and amends the Radical Fictionalist approach from Chapter 2, taking as its starting point the case of heterodiegetic narrative. In particular, this chapter introduces the distinction between storyworlds and narrative peripheries, and it studies its semantic repercussions. The central sections of the chapter are devoted to the study of fictional names in heterodiegetic fiction. They introduce the ideas of referential permeability and of peripheral launching, and they continue the discussion of the role of fictional tellers. The final section of this chapter applies some aspects of the Radical Fictionalist distinction between storyworlds and peripheries to the issue of narrative time, and it defends an understanding of narrative time as fictional.
Collaborative Home-Visit Program for Young Children With Motor Delays in Rural Taiwan: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hsieh Yu-Hsin , Liao Hua-Fang , Jeng Suh-Fang , Tseng Mei-Hui , Schiariti Veronica , Tsai Mei-Yan , Sun Sheh-Chia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundCaregiver engagement and collaborative team early childhood intervention (ECI) services are international trends; however, relevant evidence of collaborative home-visiting ECI in rural areas is as yet undetermined.ObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a collaborative ECI program in a rural area of Taiwan.DesignThe study was a pilot randomized control led trial.MethodsChildren aged 6 to 33 months experiencing motor delays and their caregivers were enrolled in Taitung, Taiwan. Using stratified randomization, 24 participants were allocated to either experimental or control groups, and both received 5 home visits within 3 months. The experimental group received ECI services based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework and family-centered approaches. The control group received regular home visits by local social workers. Child outcomes included Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Chinese Version and Peabody Developmental Motor Scale, 2nd edition. Family outcomes included the Disability-Adapted Infant–Toddler version of Home Observation for Measurement, and Chinese versions of the Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory and Parental Stress Index-Short Form. A tester blinded to the study conducted assessments at baseline, postintervention, and 3-month follow-up. Two-way mixed analysis of variance was used with α = .05 (2-tailed).ResultsThe experimental group improved scores on the Disability-Adapted Infant–Toddler version of Home Observation for Measurement significantly more than the control group with an effect size of 0.64 at follow-up. In other outcomes, both groups showed no significant differences. The follow-up rate was 69%, and adherence to the ECI program was acceptable.LimitationsA limitation of the study was the heterogeneity of the sample.ConclusionsThis pilot study revealed possible effectiveness in implementing collaborative ECI programs based on family-centered approaches and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in rural areas. Larger field studies are needed to confirm our findings.
‘They only smoke in the house when I’m not in’: understanding the limited effectiveness of a smoke-free homes intervention
Authors: O’Donnell R , Amos A , Turner S W , Adams L , Henderson T , Lyttle S , Mitchell S , Semple S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Children’s second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in the home is highest in socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Personalized household air-quality measurements can promote changes in smoking that reduce SHS exposure. The ‘First Steps 2 Smoke-free’ (FS2SF) intervention is the first to trial this approach delivered as part of health professionals’ routine work. This paper reports the findings of qualitative interviews with participants that explored their experiences of the intervention and why outcomes varied.

Methods
120 women were recruited from the NHS First Steps Programme, which supports disadvantaged mothers. They received either personalized feedback on their home air quality and advice on reducing SHS or standard SHS advice. Qualitative interviews with 15 mothers were analyzed thematically using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour (COM-B) model.

Results
The intervention increased women’s capability to change home-smoking behaviour, through increasing awareness and salience of SHS risks to their children, and motivation to act. However, taking effective action was constrained by their limited social and environmental opportunities, including others’ smoking in the home.

Conclusions
The FS2SF intervention was ineffective as it was unable to fully address the precarious, complex life circumstances that make creating a smoke-free home particularly difficult for women experiencing intersecting dimensions of disadvantage.
Determinants of the Recognition of Foreign Certificates in Flanders
Authors: Stoffelen Karen , Salman Mohammad 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article explores the assessment of foreign academic certificates in Flanders between January 2014 and February 2019. It examines data NARIC (National Academic and Professional Recognition and Information Centre) Flanders gathered on its applicants, their applications, and its subsequent decisions. As professional recognitions, providing access to regularised professions in Flanders, are given by the designated authorities in their field, it would go beyond the scope of this article.
In the descriptive result part, graphs illustrate the distribution of several characteristics of the applicants, their applications, and the decisions. In the explanatory result part, logistic regression analyses explore the influence of these characteristics on the decision of NARIC Flanders. The goal of this article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to contribute to the scarce literature on the procedures for the recognition of foreign certificates in Flanders; on the other hand, it aims to contribute to the public debate on the integration of migrants in the labour market.
Phylogenomics, Biogeography, and Morphometrics Reveal Rapid Phenotypic Evolution in Pythons After Crossing Wallace’s Line
Authors: Esquerré Damien , Donnellan Stephen , Brennan Ian G , Lemmon Alan R , Moriarty Lemmon Emily , Zaher Hussam , Grazziotin Felipe G , Keogh J Scott 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Ecological opportunities can be provided to organisms that cross stringent biogeographic barriers towards environments with new ecological niches. Wallace’s and Lyddeker’s lines are arguably the most famous biogeographic barriers, separating the Asian and Australo-Papuan biotas. One of the most ecomorphologically diverse groups of reptiles, the pythons, is distributed across these lines, and are remarkably more diverse in phenotype and ecology east of Lydekker’s line in Australo-Papua. We used an anchored hybrid enrichment approach, with near complete taxon sampling, to extract mitochondrial genomes and 376 nuclear loci to resolve and date their phylogenetic history. Biogeographic reconstruction demonstrates that they originated in Asia around 38-45 Ma and then invaded Australo-Papua around 23 Ma. Australo-Papuan pythons display a sizeable expansion in morphological space, with shifts towards numerous new adaptive optima in head and body shape, coupled with the evolution of new micro-habitat preferences. We provide an updated taxonomy of pythons and our study also demonstrates how ecological opportunity following colonization of novel environments can promote morphological diversification in a formerly ecomorphologically conservative group. [Adaptive radiation; anchored hybrid enrichment; biogeography; morphometrics; snakes.]
Distinct physiological and transcriptional responses of leaves of paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki × B. papyrifera) under different nitrogen supply levels
Authors: Ni Jianwei , Su Shang , Li Hui , Geng Yonghang , Zhou Houjun , Feng Yanzhi , Xu Xinqiao 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Paper mulberry, a vigorous pioneer species used for ecological reclamation and a high-protein forage plant for economic development, has been widely planted in China. To further develop its potential value, it is necessary to explore the regulatory mechanism of nitrogen metabolism for rational nitrogen utilization. In this study, we investigated the morphology, physiology and transcriptome of a paper mulberry hybrid (Broussonetia kazinoki × B. papyrifera) in response to different nitrogen concentrations. Moderate nitrogen promoted plant growth and biomass accumulation. Photosynthetic characteristics, concentration of nitrogenous compounds and activities of enzymes were stimulated under nitrogen treatment. However, these enhancements were slightly or severely inhibited under excessive nitrogen supply. Nitrite reductase and glutamate synthase were more sensitive than nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase and more likely to be inhibited under high nitrogen concentrations. Transcriptome analysis of the leaf transcriptome identified 161,961 unigenes. The differentially expressed genes associated with metabolism of nitrogen, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and glycerophospholipid showed high transcript abundances after nitrogen application, whereas those associated with glycerophospholipid, glycerolipid, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism were down-regulated. Combined with weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we uncovered 16 modules according to similarity in expression patterns. Asparagine synthetase and inorganic pyrophosphatase were considered two hub genes in two modules, which were associated with nitrogen metabolism and phosphorus metabolism, respectively. The expression characteristics of these genes may explain the regulation of morphological, physiological and other related metabolic strategies harmoniously. This multifaceted study provides valuable insights to further understand the mechanism of nitrogen metabolism and to guide utilization of paper mulberry.
Evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF as a diagnostic tool in patients with sputum smear-negative TB in a high HIV burden region in Nigeria
Authors: Tiamiyu Abdulwasiu Bolaji , Iliyasu Garba , Dayyab Farouq Muhammad , Habib Zaiyad Garba , Tambuwal Sirajo Haliru , Galadanci Habibu , Bwala Sunday A , Lawson Lovett , Habib Abdulrazaq Garba 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
There are challenges in the diagnosis of TB in people with smear-negative pulmonary TB (SNPTB) in resource-limited settings. We evaluated the diagnostic usefulness of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with TB culture among SNPTB.

Methods
The study was a cross-sectional study among patients with SNPTB. The Xpert MTB/RIF tests and sputum culture (using Lowenstein-Jensen medium) were performed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated.

Results
Of 150 patients studied, the sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert MTB/RIF were 81.8 and 97.4%, respectively.

Conclusion
The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay was comparative with culture in SNPTB patients.
The dynamics of molecular evolution of emerging avian reoviruses through accumulation of point mutations and genetic re-assortment
Authors: Ayalew Lisanework E , Ahmed Khawaja Ashfaque , Mekuria Zelalem H , Lockerbie Betty , Popowich Shelly , Tikoo Suresh K , Ojkic Davor , Gomis Susantha 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the last decade, the emergence of variant strains of avian reovirus (ARV) has caused enormous economic impact in the poultry industry across Canada and USA. ARVs are non-enveloped viruses with ten segments of double-stranded RNA genome. So far, only six genotyping cluster groups are identified worldwide based on sequence analysis of the σC protein encoded by the S1 segment. In this study, we performed deep next generation whole-genome sequencing and analysis of twelve purified ARVs isolated from Saskatchewan, Canada. The viruses represent different genotyping cluster. A genome-wide sequence divergence of up to 25 per cent was observed between the virus isolates with a comparable and contrasting evolutionary history. The proportion of synonymous single-nucleotide variations (sSNVs) was higher than the non-synonymous (ns) SNVs across all the genomic segments. Genomic segment S1 was the most variable as compared with the other genes followed by segment M2. Evidence of positive episodic/diversifying selection was observed at different codon positions in the σC protein sequence, which is the genetic marker for the classification of ARV genotypes. In addition, the N-terminus of σC protein had a persuasive diversifying selection, which was not detected in other genomic segments. We identified only four ARV genotypes based on the most variable σC gene sequence. However, a different pattern of phylogenetic clustering was observed with concatenated whole-genome sequences. Together with the accumulation of point mutations, multiple re-assortment events appeared as mechanisms of ARV evolution. For the first time, we determined the mean rate of molecular evolution of ARVs, which was computed as 2.3 × 10−3 substitution/site/year. In addition, widespread geographic intermixing of ARVs was observed between Canada and USA, and between different countries of the world. In conclusion, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the complete genome of different genotyping clusters of ARVs including their molecular rate of evolution and spatial distribution. The new findings in this study can be utilized for the development of effective vaccines and other control strategies against ARV-induced arthritis/tenosynovitis in the poultry industry worldwide.
Foundation Species Across a Latitudinal Gradient in China
Authors: Qiao Xiujuan , Zhang Jiaxin , Xu Yaozhan , Mi Xiangcheng , Cao Min , Ye Wanhui , Jin Guangze , Hao Zhanqing , Wang Xugao , Wang Xihua , Tian Songyan , Li Xiankun , Xiang Wusheng , Liu Yankun , Shao Yingnan , Xu Kun , Sang Weiguo , Zeng Fuping , Jiang Mingxi , Ren Haibao , Ellison Aaron M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFoundation species play important roles in structuring forest communities and ecosystems. Foundation species are difficult to identify without long-term observations or experiments and their foundational roles rarely are identified before they are declining or threatened. We used new statistical criteria based on size-frequency distributions, species diversity, and spatial codispersion among woody plants to identify potential (“candidate”) foundation species in 12 large forest dynamics plots spanning 26 degrees of latitude in China. We used these data to identify a suite of candidate foundation species in Chinese forests; test the hypothesis that foundation woody plant species are more frequent in the temperate zone than in the tropics; and compare these results with comparable data from the Americas to suggest candidate foundation genera in Northern Hemisphere forests. We identified more candidate foundation species in temperate plots than in subtropical or tropical plots, and this relationship was independent of the latitudinal gradient in overall species richness. Two species ofAcer, the canopy treeAcer ukurunduenseand the shrubby treeletAcer barbinervewere the only two species that met both criteria in full to be considered as candidate foundation species. When we relaxed the diversity criteria,Acer, Tilia, andJuglansspp., andCorlyus mandshuricawere frequently identified as candidate foundation species. In tropical plots, the treeMezzettiopsis creaghiiand the shrubs or treeletsAporusa yunnanensisandFicus hispidahad some characteristics associated with foundation species. Species diversity of co-occurring woody species was negatively associated with basal area of candidate foundation species more frequently at 5- and 10-m spatial grains (scale) than at a 20-m grain. Conversely, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was positively associated with basal area of candidate foundation species more frequently at 5-m than at 10- or 20-m grains. Our data support the hypothesis that foundation species should be more common in temperate than in tropical or boreal forests, and suggest that in the Northern Hemisphere thatAcerbe investigated further as a foundation tree genus.
Sustained Release of IL-2 Using an Injectable Hydrogel Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Nagy Nadine , Kaber Gernot , Kratochvil Michael J. , Kuipers Hedwich F. , Ruppert Shannon M. , Yadava Koshika , Yang Jason , Heilshorn Sarah C. , Long S. Alice , Pugliese Alberto , Bollyky Paul L. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTInterleukin 2 (IL-2) is a promising therapy for autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the short half-lifein vivo(less than 6 minutes) limits effective tissue exposure to IL-2. Tissue exposure is required for the tolerogenic effects of IL-2. We have developed an injectable hydrogel that incorporates heparin polymers to enable the sustained release of IL-2. This platform uses clinical grade and commercially available materials, including collagen, hyaluronan, and heparin, to deliver IL-2 by slowly degrading and releasing IL-2 over a two-week periodin vivo. We find that heparin potentiates the activity of IL-2 and IL-2-mediated expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg). Hydrogel-mediated IL-2 release showed a reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and an increase of FoxP3+ Treg in the lymph nodes of injected mice. Moreover, in the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D once-weekly administration of IL-2 hydrogels prevented diabetes onset as efficiently as 3x weekly repeated injections of soluble IL-2. Together these data suggest that heparin-containing hydrogels may have benefit in delivering low-dose IL-2 and promoting immune tolerance in autoimmune diabetes.