bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ATRIPLEX HALIMUS L. AGAINST BENZENE-INDUCED DAMAGE ON RENAL FUNCTION AND GLOMERULAR CELLS IN RATS
Authors: ZEGHIB KHAOULA , BOUTLELIS DJAHRA ALI 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Benzene (BZ) is an important pollutant compound, present in both occupational and general environment that has been linked to adverse health effect. The aim of the current study was to investigate the curative and preventive effect of Atriplex halimus L. (Ah) extract against BZ-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Methods: A total of 30 male albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6): Control, Ah, BZ, AhP+BZ, and BZ+AhC. BZ (100 mg/kg b.w) was added in their drinking water for 15 weeks. Ah (Aqueous Extract of aerial parts) was given by gavage during the past 30 days of BZ-exposed for curative treatment (AhC) and all the duration of BZ exposure in the animals for preventive treatment (AhP). Some biochemical, oxidative stress parameters, and histopathology of kidney tissue were studied.
Results: Obtained results revealed that BZ exposure to rats caused a significant elevation in urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde levels. Then, it led to reducing the glutathione level, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities when compared to the control animals. Histopathological studies showed a massive damage in kidneys of the BZ-exposed rat. Our results showed that curative treatment of aqueous extract of Ah has a partial correction of the biochemical, oxidative stress parameters, and kidney morphology, but preventive treatment has a dramatic effect on the previous parameters.
Conclusion: Results demonstrated the beneficial effects of Ah preventive treatment against stress oxidative and kidney damage induced by BZ.
VITEX NEGUNDO EXTRACTS PROTECT HUMAN CORNEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM ULTRAVIOLET C-INDUCED PHOTOTOXICITY
Authors: K DEEKSHA , ARUNACHALAM CYNTHIA 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the protective effects of Vitex negundo (VN) extracts against ultraviolet (UV) light C-induced oxidative stress in human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) in vitro.
Methods: The VN extracts were checked for their antioxidant activities by biochemical tests. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was done to check the presence of secondary metabolites. To trigger oxidative stress, the HCEC were exposed to UVC irradiation (200 J/m2). Then, different concentration of VN extracts was administered after 1 h of UVC irradiation. The effects of UVC irradiation and the extracts on the HCEC viability, morphology, cell migration by scratch assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by dichlorofluorescein diacetate method were measured.
Results: VN ethanol (VNE) extract showed the highest antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract. Phytochemical screening shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics, and tannins. The extracts showed no cytotoxicity on the HCEC and also the VNE extract did not alter the morphology of the cells. Results suggest that the VNE extract enhanced the proliferation and migration of HCEC. The VNE extract significantly decreased UVC-induced oxidative toxicity by inhibiting the intracellular ROS production and maintained cell viability.
Conclusion: VN extracts with its strong antioxidant potential protects HCEC from UVC-induced oxidative stress. The results suggest that these extracts can be used as prophylactic agents or as a therapeutic agent in overcoming UV light-induced damage in various ocular surface diseases such as pterygium and photokeratitis.
EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTICS USED IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN A HOSPITAL
Authors: GINTING PRICELLA AQWILLA , NASUTION AZIZAH , KHAIRUNNISA KHAIRUNNISA 
Published: October 2019

Objective: This study evaluated the use of antibiotics in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the outpatients installation in Bunda Thamrin General Hospital, Medan.
Methods: This prospective descriptive cohort study analyzed the use of antibiotics provided to patients with ARI using Indonesian universal health coverage known as Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial claims (n=130) in outpatients installations from March to May 2018. The characteristics of the patients were organized and descriptively analyzed in Excel and SPSS programs. The antibiotics provided were grouped according to the Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical code and class; then, the dosage form, defined daily dose (DDD) units, was converted into milligrams. DDD calculation was done by dividing the total DDD usage with the total number of patients.
Results: Mean age of the patients was 32.12±10.579 years. The highest quantity of antibiotic use in DDD/1000 patients-day units was cefixime reaching 1,897.435 mg DDD KPRJ.
Conclusions: Cefixime was the most widely available antibiotic for the treatment of ARI patients.
POMEGRANATE ATTENUATES ACUTE GENTAMICIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS: THE POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS
Authors: AL-KURAISHY HAYDER M , AL-GAREEB ALI I , SADEK AL-NAIMI MARWA SALIH 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Nephrotoxicity is a renal-specific situation in which the excretion of toxic metabolites is reduced due to toxic agents and drugs. Gentamicin is an antibiotic belongs to aminoglycoside group which may induce nephrotoxicity due to induction of oxidative stress. Pomegranate is a component of the traditional medicine called Punica granatum with significant nephron-protective effect. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the nephronprotective effect of pomegranate in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Methods: A total of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used which divided into Group 1 (n=10): Rats treated with distilled water 5 ml/kg plus normal saline 5 ml/kg for 12 days, Group 2 (n=10): Rats treated with distilled water 5 ml/kg plus gentamicin 100 mg/kg for 12 days, and Group 3 (n=10): Rats treated with pomegranate 100 mg/kg plus gentamicin 100 mg/kg for 12 days. Blood urea, serum creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), and cystatin-C were measured in both control and experimental groups.
Results: Rats treated with gentamicin showed nephrotoxicity as evident by significant elevation in serum creatinine, blood urea, serum creatinine, KIM-1, MDA, and cystatin-C sera levels. Pomegranate leads to significant reduction of blood urea and serum creatinine compared to gentamicin group, p<0.05. Pomegranate also reduced MDA, KIM-1, and cystatin-C sera levels significantly compared to gentamicin group, p<0.01.
Conclusion: Pomegranate produced significant nephroprotective effect on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers.
WET CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MOLYBDENUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS AND ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: POONAM SANGWAN  , HARISH KUMAR  , RANI RENU 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to synthesize the molybdenum oxide nanoparticles (NPs) by employing wet chemical method and investigation of their antibacterial properties against pathogenic bacteria.
Methods: Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) NPs were synthesized using an eco-friendly wet chemical sol–gel technique. The synthesized MoO3 NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic techniques to confirm the obtained product, size shape, morphology, functional groups, and absorption spectra, respectively. The size of the MoO3 NPs was found to be 41 nm. The antibacterial activity of these metal NPs was investigated on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterobacter aerogenes by measuring the zone of inhibition and colony-forming units on solid medium and by measuring the optical density of the culture solution. Antibacterial activity of MoO3 NPs was also compared with well-known standard antibiotics.
Results: The antibacterial activities of molybdenum oxide NPs possessing size 41 nm were compared with standard antibiotics such as oxacillin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. It was found that all of these antibiotics were effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis while Enterobacter aerogenes was resistant to oxacillin, co-trimoxazole and clindamycin, whereas the MoO3 nanoparticles were found to be effective against both of these bacterial pathogens.
Conclusion: Inorganic antimicrobial agents have advantages over organic antimicrobial agents due to their stability, preparation methods, and their ability to prevent bacteria to develop multidrug resistant. It was observed that MoO3 nanoparticles (NPs) possess good antibacterial properties; therefore, these can be used in pharmaceutical industries and provide a path for further research regarding the toxicity study for its use in human being.
FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN LEAVES AND STEM OF EMBELIA RIBES BURM. F
Authors: VIDYA V. KAMBLE  , NIKHIL B. GAIKWAD  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study is to carry out fluorescence analysis, phytochemical, and antioxidant activities using different solvent extract in leaves and stem of Embelia ribes.
Methods: In the present study, fluorescence analysis, phytochemical, and antioxidant activities of leaves and stem of E. ribes are carried out using standard procedures.
Result: The fluorescence analysis under visible and ultraviolet light for leaves and stem powder of E. ribes treated with various chemical reagents shown different fluorescence effect. In the phytochemical analysis, the methanolic extract of leaves has shown the highest total alkaloid content (19.05±0.42 mg CE/g DW), followed by the stem. The methanolic extract of stem exhibited highest total phenolic content (59.82±2.98 mg GAE/g DW), and ethanolic extract showed highest total flavonoid content (10.05±0.36 mg RE/g DW), followed by leaves. The ethanolic extract of stem possesses highest antioxidant activity toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (84.86±0.11%), whereas methanolic extract of stem reported highest FRAP activity (72.22±0.31 mg Fe+2E/g DW), followed by leaves. Antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) were significantly correlated with TPC.
Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that the fluorescence analysis of leaves and stem of E. ribes can be helpful for the standardization and quality control of indigenous drug. Both leaves and stem serve as the good source of secondary metabolite and antioxidant agents.
GREEN SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE
Authors: C M NOORJAHAN  
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their antimicrobial, UV blocking, and high catalytic and photochemical activities. Hence, an investigation has been carried out to synthesize the ZnO nanoparticle using aqueous Phyllanthus niruri (Keezhanelli) leaf extract. Aims and objectives of the present study are to synthesize using Keezhanelli (P. niruri) leaf extract, to study its characterization, and to determine its antibacterial activity.
Methods: Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticle was carried out using agar well diffusion method.
Results: The result of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticle using Keezhanelli (P. niruri) leaf extract showed the change of color from pale white to brown color. The result of FTIR analysis of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle revealed the presence of biomolecules such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharide, amino acid, and proteins. The result of the SEM studies showed that the green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was spherical and cylindrical in shape. The size of the ZnO nanoparticle was recorded to be 5 μm. The result of TEM studies of ZnO nanoparticle showed that majority of the particles were spherical in shape with the size of 2 μm. The result of antibacterial activity against four bacterial species showed that green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was found to be efficient in inhibiting the growth of the bacterial isolates. Maximum zone formation was exhibited against Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Conclusion: Thus, from the results of the present study, it can be concluded that synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle using leaf extract of Keezhanelli (P. niruri) has several advantages such as simple, cost-effective, time consuming, safe, and eco-friendly compared to other methods of nanoparticle synthesis as evidenced in the present study.
IN VIVO AMELIORATIVE POTENTIAL OF CAFFEIC ACID AGAINST HEPATOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY INDUCED BY MERCURIC CHLORIDE IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS
Authors: MANJU MANOGARAN , GANESAN JAGADEESAN  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The current experimental study is designed to scrutinize the possible defensive effect of caffeic acid (CA) against mercury-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats.
Methods: During the treatment periods, a sub-lethal dose of HgCl2 (1.29 mg/kg body weight) was given to rats for 15 days through oral administration and the CA was administrated for 15 days, on mercuric intoxicated rats were observed. After completing the programmed period of experimental work, the blood was drawn through a micro glass tube in the ocular region and separated the serum by centrifuge.
Results: The subsequent serum enzymes were analyzed as the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Further, the bilirubin, albumin, total cholesterol, urea, and creatinine levels were also noticed in the blood serum of both normal and treated rats. CA is one of the well-known phenolic compounds, and a strong antioxidant helps to prevent oxidative damage and reducing oxidative stress. The biological action of liver biomarker enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH was significantly enhanced and at the same time the drastic increased in the level of albumin was all together decreased. The level of bilirubin, total cholesterol, urea, and creatinine was significantly increased in HgCl2 intoxicated rats. When the treatment of CA on mercury intoxicated rats for 15 days (5 mg/kg body weight), in the serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH) also declined to near normal level. The level of bilirubin, total cholesterol, urea, and creatinine activities was also significantly declined to near normal level when compared to mercury-treated group. The level of albumin was significantly enhanced. The CA alone treatment showed the enhanced antioxidant levels and not any alteration in the levels of biochemical parameters when compared to control.
Conclusion: These observations of the present experimental work demonstrated the detoxify effects and defensive effect of CA against HgCl2 toxicity in liver tissue.
PHYTOCHEMICALS SCREENING AND ACTIVITIES OF BINAHONG (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA [TEN.] STEENIS) LEAVES AND BEETROOTS (BETA VULGARIS L.) IN INCREASING SWIMMING ENDURANCE IN MICE
Authors: MASNIAH  , JAMIDIN MANURUNG  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of this research was to the identification of bioactive compounds and comparison of binahong (Anredera cordifolia [Ten.] Steenis) leaves and beetroots (Beta vulgaris L.) ethanol extract in swimming endurance activity in mice.
Methods: The type of research that has been carried out is experimental laboratory which includes identification of bioactive content quality and testing of swimming endurance effect by comparing the difference between before and after treatment by binahong leaves and beetroots ethanol extract.
Results: The results of bioactive compounds identification of binahong leaves and beetroots are alkaloids, glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins. Steroid compounds are only found in binahong leaves. The results of swimming resistance are significantly different (p<0.05) in all groups. Animals group given 20% binahong leaves extract increased swimming resistance for 36,392 min, followed by caffeine for 33,440 minutes, then 10% binahong leaves extract for 29,142 min.
Conclusion: Binahong leaves and beetroots have almost the same bioactive content except in the steroid content. The binahong leaves swimming endurance activity is higher than the bit bulbs.
DEVELOPMENT OF FROVATRIPTAN SUCCINATE MICROEMULSION FOR NASAL DELIVERY: OPTIMIZATION, IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION
Authors: UPENDRA C GALGATTE  , PRAVIN D CHAUDHARI  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The main objective of the present research work was to develop, optimize, and characterize microemulsion (ME) of frovatriptan succinate to improve brain transport.
Methods: The pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed for ME formulations composed of Capmul MCM, Cremophor EL, and propylene glycol. Frovatriptan succinate-loaded ME was optimized by simplex lattice design having the concentration of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant representing three apex points on the triangle. These were taken as independent variables and percentage drug release as a response variable. All developed batches of ME were characterized for in vitro tests, histopathology study, and pharmacokinetics in Swiss albino rats.
Results: Clear MEs were obtained. F5 having particle size – 142.0 nm, zeta potential – 17.7–−7.8 mv, refractive index – 1.38±0.20, drug content – 98.24±0.20%, and drug diffused through dialysis membrane – 85% was the optimized batch. Drug permeation through the nasal mucosa of F5 in the ex vivo study was found to be 82.32%. Histopathology microscopic study has shown that F5 does not cause any irritation and structural changes in sheep nasal mucosa. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after nasal and oral administration of F5. For brain tissue, after nasal administration were Cmax181±1.51 ng/ml, Tmax – 2±1.01, area under curve (AUC)0−6 – 390.0±2.08 ng.h/ml. The AUC0−6 attained by nasal ME was 3.29 times greater than oral solution. Drug targeting index of frovatriptan succinate was 2.06. This was found satisfactory.
Conclusion: Microemulsion of said composition was found to be enhancing delivery of frovatriptan succinate to brain tissues through nasal route.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM USING HERBAL MEDICINE TO TREAT ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Authors: RAMA RAO NADENDLA  , LAKSHMI SWAPNA SAI  , NIHITHA SANKA  , SANTHI PRIYA NAGAM  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present study was focused to design an herbal formulation for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to develop the formulation using various techniques such as spray drying, centrifugation, and lyophilization and to conduct behavioral studies to evaluate the activity of the herbal formulation.
Methods: Formulation contains herbal extracts such as curcumin, guggul, and ashwagandha. To develop this formulation, various techniques such as spray drying, centrifugation, and lyophilization were employed along with a natural polymer chitosan in various combinations of excipient. Preformulation studies such as solubility of herbal extracts and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies for compatibility of the natural polymer with herbal extracts were studied. The formulation was characterized by tests such as particle size determination using optical microscopy, surface morphological evaluation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and behavioral testing by Morris water maze test using diazepam-induced amnesia method.
Results: The particle size varied from 12.27 μ for normal chitosan to 3.59 μ for spray-dried chitosan. In the same way, the particle of normal formulation (12.9 μ) was about 4–5 times larger than that of spray-dried formulation (2.7 μ). The SEM images showed no proper morphology for chitosan, round surface with wrinkles for spray-dried chitosan, improper structures for normal formulation, and rounded smooth surface for spray-dried formulation. Significant p value was shown when the spray-dried test formulation was tested using diazepam-induced amnesia method. The transfer latency was noted on the 8th day and after 24 h of intraperitoneal administration of diazepam for the test group.
Conclusion: In the present research study, an attempt was made to design and develop a novel drug delivery system using herbal medicine to treat AD. FT-IR compatibility study was carried out using the selected polymer and the herbal extracts using novel spray-drying techniques; behavioral studies were also done.
MELOXICAM-PECTIN-β-CYCLODEXTRIN TERNARY COMPLEX BY KNEADING FOR ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE
Authors: RAJESH JAGTAP  , SHRINIVAS MOHITE  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drug meloxicam by its ternary inclusion complexation with natural polymers and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) by kneading.
Methods: Equimolar physical mixture (1:1) was prepared by homogeneously kneading drug and β-CD using a solution of agar and pectin in water to get a paste, then paste was dried overnight to get inclusion complex. Inclusion complex was evaluated for drug content, the yield of the adsorption process, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dissolution, and stability studies.
Results: The phase solubility diagrams exhibit AL showing a linear increase of drug solubility and indicating the formation of soluble complexes. The FTIR and DSC show compatibility between meloxicam and β-CD, while slight broadening in the peak with a reduction in intensity and early onset indicates the reduction in drug crystallinity which confirms in PXRD pattern. The SEM of binary, as well as ternary, showed no aggregation, and there was a gap between the particles also indicating good redispersibility. The dissolution rate of the drug from the kneaded ternary complex with pectin was significantly rapid compared with the pure drug. The maximum drug release was observed at 85.21±1.84% at the end of 60 min. The ternary complex was found stable after 3 months stability studies.
Conclusion: The results indicated that ternary inclusion complexation with natural polymers and β-CD was most useful for enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly soluble drug like meloxicam.