bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of high-titer alka(e)nes in Yarrowia lipolytica is enabled by a discovered mechanism
Authors: Li Jingbo , Ma Yongshuo , Liu Nian , Eser Bekir E. , Guo Zheng , Jensen Peter Ruhdal , Stephanopoulos Gregory 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlka(e)nes are ideal fuel components for aviation, long-distance transport, and shipping. They are typically derived from fossil fuels and accounting for 24% of difficult-to-eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. The synthesis of alka(e)nes in Yarrowia lipolytica from CO2-neutral feedstocks represents an attractive alternative. Here we report that the high-titer synthesis of alka(e)nes in Yarrowia lipolytica harboring a fatty acid photodecarboxylase (CvFAP) is enabled by a discovered pathway. We find that acyl-CoAs, rather than free fatty acids (FFAs), are the preferred substrate for CvFAP. This finding allows us to debottleneck the pathway and optimize fermentation conditions so that we are able to redirect 89% of acyl-CoAs from the synthesis of neutral lipids to alka(e)nes and reach titers of 1.47 g/L from glucose. Two other CO2-derived substrates, wheat straw and acetate, are also demonstrated to be effective in producing alka(e)nes. Overall, our technology could advance net-zero emissions by providing CO2-neutral and energy-dense liquid biofuels.
Structure of voltage-modulated sodium-selective NALCN-FAM155A channel complex
Authors: Kang Yunlu , Wu Jing-Xiang , Chen Lei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResting membrane potential determines the excitability of the cell and is essential for the cellular electrical activities. The NALCN channel mediates sodium leak currents, which positively adjust resting membrane potential towards depolarization. The NALCN channel is involved in several neurological processes and has been implicated in a spectrum of neurodevelopmental diseases. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of rat NALCN and mouse FAM155A complex to 2.7 Å resolution. The structure reveals detailed interactions between NALCN and the extracellular cysteine-rich domain of FAM155A. We find that the non-canonical architecture of NALCN selectivity filter dictates its sodium selectivity and calcium block, and that the asymmetric arrangement of two functional voltage sensors confers the modulation by membrane potential. Moreover, mutations associated with human diseases map to the domain-domain interfaces or the pore domain of NALCN, intuitively suggesting their pathological mechanisms.
Promoting CO2 methanation via ligand-stabilized metal oxide clusters as hydrogen-donating motifs
Authors: Li Yuhang , Xu Aoni , Lum Yanwei , Wang Xue , Hung Sung-Fu , Chen Bin , Wang Ziyun , Xu Yi , Li Fengwang , Abed Jehad , Huang Jianan Erick , Rasouli Armin Sedighian , Wicks Joshua , Sagar Laxmi Kishore , Peng Tao , Ip Alexander H. , Sinton David , Jiang Hao , Li Chunzhong , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectroreduction uses renewable energy to upgrade carbon dioxide to value-added chemicals and fuels. Renewable methane synthesized using such a route stands to be readily deployed using existing infrastructure for the distribution and utilization of natural gas. Here we design a suite of ligand-stabilized metal oxide clusters and find that these modulate carbon dioxide reduction pathways on a copper catalyst, enabling thereby a record activity for methane electroproduction. Density functional theory calculations show adsorbed hydrogen donation from clusters to copper active sites for the *CO hydrogenation pathway towards *CHO. We promote this effect via control over cluster size and composition and demonstrate the effect on metal oxides including cobalt(II), molybdenum(VI), tungsten(VI), nickel(II) and palladium(II) oxides. We report a carbon dioxide-to-methane faradaic efficiency of 60% at a partial current density to methane of 135 milliampere per square centimetre. We showcase operation over 18 h that retains a faradaic efficiency exceeding 55%.
Rationally patterned electrode of direct-current triboelectric nanogenerators for ultrahigh effective surface charge density
Authors: Zhao Zhihao , Dai Yejing , Liu Di , Zhou Linglin , Li Shaoxin , Wang Zhong Lin , Wang Jie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs a new-era of energy harvesting technology, the enhancement of triboelectric charge density of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is always crucial for its large-scale application on Internet of Things (IoTs) and artificial intelligence (AI). Here, a microstructure-designed direct-current TENG (MDC-TENG) with rationally patterned electrode structure is presented to enhance its effective surface charge density by increasing the efficiency of contact electrification. Thus, the MDC-TENG achieves a record high charge density of ~5.4 mC m−2, which is over 2-fold the state-of-art of AC-TENGs and over 10-fold compared to previous DC-TENGs. The MDC-TENG realizes both the miniaturized device and high output performance. Meanwhile, its effective charge density can be further improved as the device size increases. Our work not only provides a miniaturization strategy of TENG for the application in IoTs and AI as energy supply or self-powered sensor, but also presents a paradigm shift for large-scale energy harvesting by TENGs.
Palaeolithic voyage for invisible islands beyond the horizon
Authors: Kaifu Yousuke , Kuo Tien-Hsia , Kubota Yoshimi , Jan Sen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHow Palaeolithic maritime transportation originated and developed is one of the key questions to understand the world-wide dispersal of modern humans that began 70,000–50,000 years ago. However, although the earliest evidence of maritime migration to Sahul (Australia and New Guinea) has been intensively studied, succeeding development of Paleolithic maritime activity is poorly understood. Here, we show evidence of deliberate crossing of challenging ocean that occurred 35,000–30,000 years ago in another region of the western Pacific, the Ryukyu Islands of southwestern Japan. Our analysis of satellite-tracked buoys drifting in the actual ocean demonstrated that accidental drift does not explain maritime migration to this 1200 km-long chain of islands, where the local ocean flows have kept the same since the late Pleistocene. Migration to the Ryukyus is difficult because it requires navigation across one of the world’s strongest current, the Kuroshio, toward an island that lay invisible beyond the horizon. This suggests that the Palaeolithic island colonization occurred in a wide area of the western Pacific was a result of human’s active and continued exploration, backed up by technological advancement.
In vivo O2 imaging in hepatic tissues by phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy using Ir(III) complexes as intracellular probes
Authors: Mizukami Kiichi , Katano Ayaka , Shiozaki Shuichi , Yoshihara Toshitada , Goda Nobuhito , Tobita Seiji 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPhosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM) combined with an oxygen (O2)-sensitive luminescent probe allows for high-resolution O2 imaging of living tissues. Herein, we present phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes, (btp)2Ir(acac-DM) (Ir-1) and (btp-OH)3Ir (Ir-2), as useful O2 probes for PLIM measurement. These small-molecule probes were efficiently taken up into cultured cells and accumulated in specific organelles. Their excellent cell-permeable properties allowed for efficient staining of three-dimensional cell spheroids, and thereby phosphorescence lifetime measurements enabled the evaluation of the O2 level and distribution in spheroids, including the detection of alterations in O2 levels by metabolic stimulation with an effector. We took PLIM images of hepatic tissues of living mice by intravenously administrating these probes. The PLIM images clearly visualized the O2 gradient in hepatic lobules with cellular-level resolution, and the O2 levels were derived based on calibration using cultured cells; the phosphorescence lifetime of Ir-1 gave reasonable O2 levels, whereas Ir-2 exhibited much lower O2 levels. Intravenous administration of NH4Cl to mice caused the hepatic tissues to experience hypoxia, presumably due to O2 consumption to produce ATP required for ammonia detoxification, suggesting that the metabolism of the probe molecule might affect liver O2 levels.
Identifications and classifications of human locomotion using Rayleigh-enhanced distributed fiber acoustic sensors with deep neural networks
Authors: Peng Zhaoqiang , Wen Hongqiao , Jian Jianan , Gribok Andrei , Wang Mohan , Huang Sheng , Liu Hu , Mao Zhi-Hong , Chen Kevin P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper reports on the use of machine learning to delineate data harnessed by fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensors (DAS) using fiber with enhanced Rayleigh backscattering to recognize vibration events induced by human locomotion. The DAS used in this work is based on homodyne phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the DAS was enhanced using femtosecond laser-induced artificial Rayleigh scattering centers in single-mode fiber cores. Both supervised and unsupervised machine-learning algorithms were explored to identify people and specific events that produce acoustic signals. Using convolutional deep neural networks, the supervised machine learning scheme achieved over 76.25% accuracy in recognizing human identities. Conversely, the unsupervised machine learning scheme achieved over 77.65% accuracy in recognizing events and human identities through acoustic signals. Through integrated efforts on both sensor device innovation and machine learning data analytics, this paper shows that the DAS technique can be an effective security technology to detect and to identify highly similar acoustic events with high spatial resolution and high accuracies.
Improving CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis efficiency by delaying the early development of zebrafish embryos
Authors: Terzioglu M. , Saralahti A. , Piippo H. , Rämet M. , Andressoo J.-O. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCRISPR/Cas9 driven mutagenesis in zygotes is a popular tool for introducing targeted mutations in model organisms. Compared to mouse, mutagenesis in zebrafish is relatively inefficient and results in somatic mosaicism most likely due to a short single-cell stage of about 40 min. Here we explored two options to improve CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in zebrafish—extending the single-cell stage and defining conditions for carrying out mutagenesis in oocytes prior to in vitro fertilization. Previous work has shown that ovarian fluid from North American salmon species (coho and chinook salmon) prolong oocyte survival ex vivo so that they are viable for hours instead of dying within minutes if left untreated. We found that commonly farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ovarian fluid (RTOF) has similar effect on zebrafish oocyte viability. In order to prolong single-cell stage, we incubated zebrafish zygotes in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and RTOF but failed to see any effect. However, the reduction of temperature from standard 28 to 12 °C postponed the first cell division by about an hour. In addition, the reduction in temperature was associated with increased CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis rate. These results suggest that the easily applicable reduction in temperature facilitates CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in zebrafish.
Pan-genome analysis and ancestral state reconstruction of class halobacteria: probability of a new super-order
Authors: Gaba Sonam , Kumari Abha , Medema Marnix , Kaushik Rajeev 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHalobacteria, a class of Euryarchaeota are extremely halophilic archaea that can adapt to a wide range of salt concentration generally from 10% NaCl to saturated salt concentration of 32% NaCl. It consists of the orders: Halobacteriales, Haloferaciales and Natriabales. Pan-genome analysis of class Halobacteria was done to explore the core (300) and variable components (Softcore: 998, Cloud:36531, Shell:11784). The core component revealed genes of replication, transcription, translation and repair, whereas the variable component had a major portion of environmental information processing. The pan-gene matrix was mapped onto the core-gene tree to find the ancestral (44.8%) and derived genes (55.1%) of the Last Common Ancestor of Halobacteria. A High percentage of derived genes along with presence of transformation and conjugation genes indicate the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer during the evolution of Halobacteria. A Core and pan-gene tree were also constructed to infer a phylogeny which implicated on the new super-order comprising of Natrialbales and Halobacteriales.
Preferred oriented cation configurations in high pressure phases IV and V of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite
Authors: Sukmas Wiwittawin , Sakulsupich Vichawan , Tsuppayakorn-aek Prutthipong , Pinsook Udomsilp , Pakornchote Teerachote , Klinkla Rakchat , Bovornratanaraks Thiti 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA microscopic viewpoint of structure and dipolar configurations in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites is crucial to understanding their stability and phase transitions. The necessity of incorporating dispersion interactions in the state-of-the-art density functional theory for the $$CH_3NH_3PbI_3$$

C

H
3

N

H
3

P
b

I
3

perovskite (MAPI) is demonstrated in this work. Some of the vdW methods were selected to evaluate the corresponding energetics properties of the cubic MAPI with various azimuthally rotated MA organic cation orientations. The highest energy barrier obtained from PBEsol reaches 18.6 meV/MA-ion, which is equivalent to 216 K, the temperature above which the MA cations randomly reorient. Energy profiles calculated by vdW incorporated functionals, on the other hand, exhibit various distinct patterns. The well-developed vdW-DF-cx functional was selected, thanks to its competence, to evaluate the total energies of different MA dipolar configurations in $$2\times 2\times 2$$

2
×
2
×
2

cubic supercell of MAPI under pressures. The centrosymmetric arrangement of the MA cations that provide zero total dipole moment configuration results in the lowest energy state profiles under pressure, while the non-centrosymmetric scheme displays a unique behaviour. Despite being overall unpolarised, the latter calculated with PBEsol leads to a rigid shift of energy from the profile obtained from the dispersive vdW-DF-cx functional. It is noteworthy that the energy profile responsible for the maximum polarised configuration nevertheless takes the second place in total energy under pressure.
Dynamics of grain boundary premelting
Authors: Torabi Rad M. , Boussinot G. , Apel M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe mechanical strength of a polycrystalline material can be drastically weakened by a phenomenon known as grain boundary (GB) premelting that takes place, owing to the so-called disjoining potential, when the dry GB free energy $$\sigma _{gb}$$

σ

gb

exceeds twice the free energy of the solid–liquid interface $$\sigma _{sl}$$

σ

sl

. While previous studies of GB premelting are all limited to equilibrium conditions, we use a multi-phase field model to analyze premelting dynamics by simulating the steady-state growth of a liquid layer along a dry GB in an insulated channel and the evolution of a pre-melted polycrystalline microstructure. In both cases, our results reveal the crucial influence of the disjoining potential. A dry GB transforms into a pre-melted state for a grain-size-dependent temperature interval around $$T_m$$

T
m

, such that a critical overheating of the dry GBs over $$T_m$$

T
m

should be exceeded for the classical melting process to take place, the liquid layer to achieve a macroscopic width, and the disjoining potential to vanish. Our simulations suggest a steady-state velocity for this transformation proportional to $$\sigma _{gb} -2 \sigma _{sl}$$

σ

gb

-
2

σ

sl

. Concerning the poly-crystalline evolution, we find unusual grain morphologies and dynamics, deriving from the existence of a pre-melted polycrystalline equilibrium that we evidence. We are then able to identify the regime in which, due to the separation of the involved length scales, the dynamics corresponds to the same curvature-driven dynamics as for dry GBs, but with enhanced mobility.
Marine protected areas do not prevent marine heatwave-induced fish community structure changes in a temperate transition zone
Authors: Freedman R. M. , Brown J. A. , Caldow C. , Caselle J. E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAcute climate events like marine heatwaves have the potential to temporarily or permanently alter community structure with effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. We aimed to quantify the magnitude and consistency of climate driven community shifts inside and outside Marine Protected Areas before and after a marine heatwave using a kelp forest fish community dataset in southern California, USA. Abundance, biomass, diversity and recruitment of warm-water affinity species during the marine heatwave were significantly greater compared with prior years yet cool-water affinity species did not show commensurate declines. Fish communities inside MPAs were not buffered from these community shifts. This result is likely because the particular species most responsible for the community response to environmental drivers, were not fisheries targets. Resource managers working to preserve biodiversity in a changing climate will need to consider additional management tools and strategies in combination with protected areas to mitigate the effect of warming on marine communities.
Metabolic reprogramming of osteoclasts represents a therapeutic target during the treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Taubmann Jule , Krishnacoumar Brenda , Böhm Christina , Faas Maria , Müller Dorothea I. H. , Adam Susanne , Stoll Cornelia , Böttcher Martin , Mougiakakos Dimitrios , Sonnewald Uwe , Hofmann Jörg , Schett Georg , Krönke Gerhard , Scholtysek Carina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOsteoclasts are specialised bone resorbing cells that control both physiological and pathological bone turnover. Functional changes in the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts are accompanied by active metabolic reprogramming. However, the biological significance and the in vivo relevance of these events has remained unclear. Here we show that bone resorption of differentiated osteoclasts heavily relies on increased aerobic glycolysis and glycolysis-derived lactate production. While pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis did not affect osteoclast differentiation or viability, it efficiently blocked bone resorption in vitro and in vivo and consequently ameliorated ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Our experiments thus highlight the therapeutic potential of interfering with osteoclast-intrinsic metabolic pathways as possible strategy for the treatment of diseases characterized by accelerated bone loss.
SHROOM3, the gene associated with chronic kidney disease, affects the podocyte structure
Authors: Matsuura Ryo , Hiraishi Atsuko , Holzman Lawrence B. , Hanayama Hiroki , Harano Koji , Nakamura Eiichi , Hamasaki Yoshifumi , Doi Kent , Nangaku Masaomi , Noiri Eisei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChronic kidney disease is a public health burden and it remains unknown which genetic loci are associated with kidney function in the Japanese population, our genome-wide association study using the Biobank Japan dataset (excluding secondary kidney diseases, such as diabetes mellitus) clearly revealed that almost half of the top 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate are located in the SHROOM3 gene, suggesting that SHROOM3 will be responsible for kidney function. Thus, to confirm this finding, supportive functional analyses were performed on Shroom3 in mice using fullerene-based siRNA delivery, which demonstrated that Shroom3 knockdown led to albuminuria and podocyte foot process effacement. The in vitro experiment shows that knockdown of Shroom3 caused defective formation of lamellipodia in podocyte, which would lead to the disruption of slit diaphragm. These results from the GWAS, in vivo and in vitro experiment were consistent with recent studies reporting that albuminuria leads to impairment of kidney function.
Characterizing the type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemic in Jordan up to 2050
Authors: Awad Susanne F. , Huangfu Peijue , Dargham Soha R. , Ajlouni Kamel , Batieha Anwar , Khader Yousef S. , Critchley Julia A. , Abu-Raddad Laith J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe aimed to characterize the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemic and the role of key risk factors in Jordan between 1990–2050, and to forecast the T2DM-related costs. A recently-developed population-level T2DM mathematical model was adapted and applied to Jordan. The model was fitted to six population-based survey data collected between 1990 and 2017. T2DM prevalence was 14.0% in 1990, and projected to be 16.0% in 2020, and 20.6% in 2050. The total predicted number of T2DM cases were 218,326 (12,313 were new cases) in 1990, 702,326 (36,941 were new cases) in 2020, and 1.9 million (79,419 were new cases) in 2050. Out of Jordan’s total health expenditure, 19.0% in 1990, 21.1% in 2020, and 25.2% in 2050 was forecasted to be spent on T2DM. The proportion of T2DM incident cases attributed to obesity was 55.6% in 1990, 59.5% in 2020, and 62.6% in 2050. Meanwhile, the combined contribution of smoking and physical inactivity hovered around 5% between 1990 and 2050. Jordan’s T2DM epidemic is predicted to grow sizably in the next three decades, driven by population ageing and high and increasing obesity levels. The national strategy to prevent T2DM needs to be strengthened by focusing it on preventive interventions targeting T2DM and key risk factors.
Distinct roles for the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α in human osteoclast formation and function
Authors: Knowles Helen J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBone homeostasis is maintained by a balance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-driven bone resorption. Hypoxia modulates this relationship partially via direct and indirect effects of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) transcription factor on osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Little data is available on the role(s) of the HIF-2α isoform of HIF in osteoclast biology. Here we describe induction of HIF-1α and HIF-2α during the differentiation of human CD14+ monocytes into osteoclasts. Knockdown ofHIF-1αdid not affect osteoclast differentiation but prevented the increase in bone resorption that occurs under hypoxic conditions.HIF-2αknockdown did not affect bone resorption but moderately inhibited osteoclast formation. Growth of osteoclasts in 3D gels reversed the effect ofHIF-2αknockdown;HIF-2αsiRNA increasing osteoclast formation in 3D. Glycolysis is the main HIF-regulated pathway that drives bone resorption.HIFknockdown only affected glucose uptake and bone resorption in hypoxic conditions. Inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) reduced osteoclast formation and activity under both basal and hypoxic conditions, emphasising the importance of glycolytic metabolism in osteoclast biology. In summary, HIF-1α and HIF-2α play different but overlapping roles in osteoclast biology, highlighting the importance of the HIF pathway as a potential therapeutic target in osteolytic disease.