bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interior and Atmosphere of the Habitable-zone Exoplanet K2-18b
Authors: Madhusudhan Nikku , Nixon Matthew C. , Welbanks Luis , Piette Anjali A. A. , Booth Richard A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Exoplanets orbiting M-dwarfs present a valuable opportunity for their detection and atmospheric characterization. This is evident from recent inferences of H2O in such atmospheres, including that of the habitable-zone exoplanet K2-18b. With a bulk density between Earth and Neptune, K2-18b may be expected to possess a H/He envelope. However, the extent of such an envelope and the thermodynamic conditions of the interior remain unexplored. In the present work, we investigate the atmospheric and interior properties of K2-18b based on its bulk properties and its atmospheric transmission spectrum. We constrain the atmosphere to be H2-rich with a H2O volume mixing ratio of 0.02%–14.8%, consistent with previous studies, and find a depletion of CH4 and NH3, indicating chemical disequilibrium. We do not conclusively detect clouds/hazes in the observable atmosphere. We use the bulk parameters and retrieved atmospheric properties to constrain the internal structure and thermodynamic conditions in the planet. The constraints on the interior allow multiple scenarios between rocky worlds with massive H/He envelopes and water worlds with thin envelopes. We constrain the mass fraction of the H/He envelope to be ≲6%; spanning ≲10−5 for a predominantly water world to ∼6% for a pure iron interior. The thermodynamic conditions at the surface of the H2O layer range from the supercritical to liquid phases, with a range of solutions allowing for habitable conditions on K2-18b. Our results demonstrate that the potential for habitable conditions is not necessarily restricted to Earth-like rocky exoplanets.
Onset of Cosmic Reionization: Evidence of an Ionized Bubble Merely 680 Myr after the Big Bang
Authors: Tilvi V. , Malhotra S. , Rhoads J. E. , Coughlin A. , Zheng Z. , Finkelstein S. L. , Veilleux S. , Mobasher B. , Wang J. , Probst R. , Swaters R. , Hibon P. , Joshi B. , Zabl J. , Jiang T. , Pharo J. , Yang H. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
While most of the intergalactic medium (IGM) today is permeated by ionized hydrogen, it was largely filled with neutral hydrogen for the first 700 million years after the big bang. The process that ionized the IGM (cosmic reionization) is expected to be spatially inhomogeneous, with fainter galaxies likely playing a significant role. However, we still have only a few direct constraints on the reionization process. Here we report spectroscopic confirmation of two galaxies and very likely a third galaxy in a group (hereafter EGS77) at redshift z = 7.7, merely 680 Myr after the big bang. The physical separation among the three members is <0.7 Mpc. We estimate the radius of ionized bubble of the brightest galaxy to be about 1.02 Mpc, and show that the individual ionized bubbles formed by all three galaxies likely overlap significantly, forming a large yet localized ionized region, indicative of inhomogeneity in the reionization process. It is striking that two of three galaxies in EGS77 are quite faint in the continuum, thanks to our selection using their Lyα line emission in the narrowband filter. Indeed, one is the faintest spectroscopically confirmed galaxy yet discovered at such high redshifts. Our observations provide direct constraints on the process of cosmic reionization, and allow us to investigate the properties of sources responsible for reionizing the universe.
Laboratory Observations of Ultra-low-frequency Analog Waves Driven by the Right-hand Resonant Ion Beam Instability
Authors: Heuer Peter V. , Weidl Martin. S. , Dorst Robert S. , Schaeffer Derek B. , Tripathi Shreekrishna K. P. , Vincena Stephen , Constantin Carmen G. , Niemann Christoph , Wilson III Lynn B. , Winske Dan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The right-hand resonant instability (RHI) is one of several electromagnetic ion/ion beam instabilities responsible for the formation of parallel magnetized collisionless shocks and the generation of ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves in their foreshocks. This instability has been observed for the first time under foreshock-relevant conditions in the laboratory through the repeatable interaction of a pre-formed magnetized background plasma and a super-Alfvénic laser-produced plasma. This platform has enabled unprecedented volumetric measurements of waves generated by the RHI, revealing filamentary current structures in the transverse plane. These measurements are made in the plasma rest frame with both high spatial and temporal resolution, providing a perspective that is complementary to spacecraft observations. Direct comparison of data from both the experiment and the Wind spacecraft to 2D hybrid simulations demonstrates that the waves produced are analogous to the ULF waves observed upstream of the terrestrial bow shock.
Innovative Approaches to Inservice Education
Authors: Seigel Harriet 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
The many challenges facing nursing educators today include meeting the regulatory agency education standards while reaching staff on a variety of shifts/ schedules. This article describes a model for the development, implementation, and evaluation of required inservice education that meets this challenge. Creative teaching strategies are discussed that facilitate learning at the individual level, encourage staff participation at the unit level, and contain costs at the department level.
Quality of brown-shelled eggs marketed in different commercial establishments
Authors: Souza Thiago , Lopes Claudia da Costa , Vieira Rita Brito , Santos Gabriela Coelho , Silva Rodrigo Ferreira , Calixto Ediane Santos , Azevedo Jaine Alves 
Published: February 2020

This study aimed at evaluating the internal and external quality of brown-shelled eggs commercialized in the municipality of Parintins-AM. A total of 540 eggs were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized design, which consisted of three treatments and six replications of 30 eggs each. The treatments were: eggs sold in supermarkets; in grocery stores; and eggs sold directly at the farm. The age of the eggs from supermarkets and grocery stores was unknown, however, the eggs bought at the farm were marketed as being from the day of laying. The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability. There were no differences (p > 0.05) of treatments in the percentage of dirty eggs, however, grocery and farm eggs presented higher (p < 0.05) crack percentage. The eggs at the farm presented higher incidence (p < 0.05) of internal stains of blood. The weight of the egg and albumen presented no differences (p > 0.05). However, the albumen percentage of the farm eggs was higher than the other treatments (p < 0.05). The percentages for yolk and eggshell weight from the farm eggs were lower than the supermarket and grocery eggs (p < 0.05). For the variables albumen height, Haugh unit, albumen index, yolk and albumen pH, the best results were observed for the farm eggs, however, regarding these variables, eggs sold in supermarkets and grocery stores did not differ from each other. The brown shell eggs sold in the city of Parintins/AM have high rates of external defects, and the eggs bought directly from the farm presented better internal quality, when compared to eggs sold in different establishments.
Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and soybean (Glycine max) oils in Egyptian lactating buffalo and cow diets on the milk and soft cheese quality
Authors: Hassan Laila Khaled , Shazly Ahmed Behdal , Kholif Abd El-Kader Mahmoud , Sayed Ahmed Farouk , El-Aziz Mahmoud Abd 
Published: February 2020

Produce and compare soft cheese with potential benefits of human health from Egyptian buffalo's and cow's milk was studied. Eight Egyptian lactating buffalos and cows were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (CD), 2% flaxseed oil (DFO), 2% soybean oil (DSO), or 2% of their mixture (1:1, DFSO) according to a double 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Milk yield was similar between buffalo's diets but was higher in cows fed a DFO, DSO or DFSO resulting in 11.15, 8.21% or 8.97% increases compared with the control diet, respectively. Milk composition was not significantly affected in both buffalos and cows fed diets. The DFO, DSO or DFSO displayed decreased short-chain fatty acids, especially DSO and DFSO (3.73 and 3.33%, respectively) when compared to CD for buffalo milk (6.32%). The DSO and DFSO were more effective for increasing unsaturated fatty acids followed by the DFSO in buffalo's milk fat (42.31 and 41.90 %), whereas DFO and DFSO were more effective in cow's milk fat (39.67 and 39.84%), respectively. DFO, DSO or DFSO had no significant effect on the yield, composition and sensory properties of resultant soft cheese compared to the CD for both lactating cows and buffalos. During storage, a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids enhances protein proteolysis and antioxidant activity of soft cheese during storage compared to the CD especially for soft cheese produced from buffalo's milk.
Desenvolvimento de material instrucional (folder) para Educação não formal da Paleontologia em um Museu de Ciências do Sul do Brasil
Authors: Alves Everton Fernando , Guizellini Vinícius Silva , Vidotti Ana Paula 
Published: February 2020

O desenvolvimento de material instrucional impresso a ser disponibilizado no ambiente museológico não pode ser entendido fora do contexto da educação científica. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o processo de construção de um folder e suas principais características para a difusão do conhecimento paleontológico e ampliação do potencial de alfabetização científica do Museu Dinâmico Interdisciplinar da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (MUDI/UEM). Utilizou-se a pesquisa-ação como método de pesquisa, e essa foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas: escolha do conteúdo, com base nas necessidades do público-alvo; escolha de ilustrações; fotografias das principais amostras fósseis da coleção; e preparação do conteúdo, baseado na literatura científica. Acredita-se que, da forma como o folder foi desenvolvido, sua utilização como ferramenta de educação aumentará a conscientização acerca da importância da Paleontologia, sua ocorrência na região e o consequente geoturismo urbano.
IMPLEMENTASI CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) DI HOTEL DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP CITRA MEREK DAN KESETIAAN PELANGGAN
Authors: Livia Astrid , Gladys Gladys , Wijaya Serli 
Published: February 2020

Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, tuntutan bahwa kehadiran entitas bisnis tidak hanya untuk mengejar keuntungan semata namun harus dapat berdampak positif bagi lingkungan dan masyarakat lokal menjadi semakin tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa apakah CSR yang dilakukan sebuah hotel berpengaruh terhadap citra merek dan kesetiaan pelanggannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif kausal dengan melaksanakan survei lapangan berbasis kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada 200 responden yang pernah menginap di salah satu dari properti Pop! Hotels di Indonesia. Menggunakan teknik analisa statistik Partial Least Square (PLS), hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CSR berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap citra merek dan kesetiaan pelanggan. Selain itu, citra pelanggan terhadap merek hotel terbukti menjadi mediator bagi pengaruh tidak langsung CSR terhadap kesetiaan pelanggan
Robert Boyle: a Freudian perspective on an eminent scientist
Authors: KAHR BRETT 
Published: July 2002

On 31 May 1936 Professor Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, wrote a letter
to the Austrian littérateur Arnold Zweig, warning him about the dangers of undertaking
biographical research. Freud intoned that ‘anyone turning biographer commits himself to
lies, to concealment, to hypocrisy, to flattery, and even to hiding his own lack of
understanding, for biographical truth is not to be had, and even if it were it couldn't be
used’.As a psychoanalyst, Freud knew only too well how readily each individual person
employs the ubiquitous mechanisms of defence such as repression, projection, splitting and
idealization, all of which operate to conceal our deepest, innermost affective states; and he
questioned therefore how accurately someone could write a life history. Freud harboured
other anxieties about the craft of biography. In his classic monograph on Leonardo da
Vinci, published in 1910, the great Viennese analyst not only lamented ‘the uncertainty and
fragmentary nature of the material relating to him which tradition makes available’, but
also questioned the very enterprise of psychologically informed biographical work itself.
FINITELY GENERATED COTORSION MODULES
Authors: Enochs Edgar E. , García Rozas J. R. , Oyonarte Luis 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe describe the structure of finitely generated cotorsion modules over commutative noetherian rings. Also we characterize the so-called covering morphisms between finitely generated modules over these rings.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 16D10. Secondary 13C11
DUALITY FOR SOME LARGE SPACES OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: Jarchow H. , Montesinos V. , Wirths K. J. , Xiao J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe characterize the duals and biduals of the $L^p$-analogues $\mathcal{N}_\alpha^p$ of the standard Nevanlinna classes $\mathcal{N}_\alpha$, $\alpha\ge-1$ and $1\le p\lt \infty$. We adopt the convention to take $\mathcal{N}_{-1}^p$ to be the classical Smirnov class $\mathcal{N}^+$ for $p=1$, and the Hardy–Orlicz space $LH^p$ $(=(\text{Log}^+H)^p)$ for $1\lt p\lt\infty$. Our results generalize and unify earlier characterizations obtained by Eoff for $\alpha=0$ and $\alpha=-1$, and by Yanigahara for the Smirnov class.Each $\mathcal{N}_\alpha^p$ is a complete metrizable topological vector space (in fact, even an algebra); it fails to be locally bounded and locally convex but admits a separating dual. Its bidual will be identified with a specific nuclear power series space of finite type; this turns out to be the ‘Fréchet envelope’ of $\mathcal{N}_\alpha^p$ as well.The generating sequence of this power series space is of the form $(n^\theta)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ for some $0\lt\theta\lt1$. For example, the $\theta$s in the interval $(\smfr12,1)$ correspond in a bijective fashion to the Nevanlinna classes $\mathcal{N}_\alpha$, $\alpha\gt-1$, whereas the $\theta$s in the interval $(0,\smfr12)$ correspond bijectively to the Hardy–Orlicz spaces $LH^p$, $1\lt p\lt \infty$. By the work of Yanagihara, $\theta=\smfr12$ corresponds to $\mathcal{N}^+$.As in the work by Yanagihara, we derive our results from characterizations of coefficient multipliers from $\mathcal{N}_\alpha^p$ into various smaller classical spaces of analytic functions on $\Delta$.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46E10; 46A11; 47B38. Secondary 30D55; 46A45; 46E15\vskip-3pt
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR AND ITS ANTECEDENTS: A SURVEY OF RECENT

LITERATURE
Authors: STOREY MARGARET M. 
Published: July 2002

Lincoln and his party in the secession crisis. By David M.
Potter.

Baton Rouge: Louisiana

State University Press [reissue], 1996. Pp. vii+408. £15.95.Slavery, capitalism, and politics in the antebellum republic.

Volume I: Commerce and compromise,

1820–1850. By John Ashworth. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press,

1996. Pp. vii+520. £40.00.In the master's eye. Representations of women, blacks, and
poor

whites in antebellum southern

literature. By Susan J. Tracy. Amherst: University of Massachusetts

Press, 1996. Pp. vii+307. £40.00.April '65. Confederate covert action in the American Civil
War.

By William A. Tidwell. Kent,

Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1995. Pp. vii+264. $30.00.The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic rim. By R. E.

May, ed. West Lafayette,

Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1995. Pp. ix+169. £11.95.
FRANCE AND MODERNITY
Authors: BAYCROFT T. P. 
Published: July 2002

The French Republic, 1879–1992. By Maurice Agulhon.

Translated by Antonia Nevill.

Oxford: Blackwell, 1993. Pp. 500. £45.00.The republic of De Gaulle, 1958–1969. By Serge

Berstein. Translated by Peter Morris.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pp. 281. £30.00.Louis Loucheur and the shaping of modern France, 1916–1931.

By Stephen D. Carls. Baton

Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1993. Pp. 416. £42.75.The French secret services. By Martyn Cornick and Peter

Morris. New Brunswick and

London: Transaction Publishers, 1993. Pp. 136. £31.50.De Gaulle and twentieth-century France. Edited by Hugh

Gough and John Horne. London:

Edward Arnold, 1994. Pp. 192. £13.99 pbk.
THE ROAD OF THE MAN CALLED LOVE AND THE
SACK OF SERO: THE HERERO–GERMAN WAR AND
THE EXPORT OF HERERO LABOUR TO THE SOUTH
AFRICAN RAND
Authors: GEWALD JAN-BART 
Published: July 2002

ON the morning of 12 January 1904, shooting started in Okahandja,
a small
town in German South West Africa, present-day Namibia. When the
Herero–German war finally ended four years later, Herero society,
as it had
existed prior to 1904, had been completely destroyed. In the genocidal
war
which developed, the Herero were either killed in battle, lynched, shot
or
beaten to death upon capture, or driven to death in the waterless wastes
that
make up much of Namibia. Within Namibia, the surviving Herero were
deprived of their chiefs, prohibited from owing land and cattle, and
prevented from practising their own religion. Herero survivors, the majority

of whom were women and children, were incarcerated in prison camps and

put to work as forced labourers for the German military and settlers.Over the years there have been a fair number of works dealing with the

causes and effects of the Herero–German war of 1904–8. It has
been argued
that the loss of land, water, cattle and liberty, coupled with the activities
of
unscrupulous traders and German colonial officials, steered the Herero
into
launching a carefully planned, countrywide insurrection against German

colonial rule. In brief, ‘in 1904, the Herero, feeling the cumulative
and
bitter effects of colonial rule in South West Africa, took advantage of
the
withdrawal of German troops from central Hereroland…and revolted’.
W. H. Auden, Benjamin Britten, and Paul Bunyan
Authors: BROGAN HUGH 
Published: July 2002

Somewhat to the surprise of the critics and the public, the exiled
company of the
Royal Opera House had a great success with their production of Benjamin

Britten's “operetta,” Paul Bunyan, just before Christmas,
1997. Everyone knew
the difficulties in advance – for instance, the piece has absolutely
no dramatic
momentum – but no one seems to have foreseen that the splendid music
would
carry all before it in a theatre, or that a highly accomplished cast would
find so
many moments of real comedy and pathos in performance. Even now it is hard

to imagine the piece entering the regular repertory, but it is easy to
foresee
frequent revivals, and still more frequent concert performances.To an Americanist, however, the work presented as many unexpected
problems as pleasures. The fault was entirely W. H. Auden's. His libretto
is in
many respects as brilliant and beautiful as the music (though at times
it sinks to
doggerel) but the theme he expounds sticks in my craw. Once upon a time
the
New World, he says, was nothing but virgin forest. Then Paul Bunyan, the
giant,
was born, and dreamed of felling trees – of being the greatest logger
in history.
And such he became. When the forests had all been cleared, “America”
had
emerged – the America of the farmer, the clerk, the hotel manager,
and
Hollywood. Paul Bunyan therefore moved on, leaving his followers with the

message, “America is what you make it.”The difficulty is not simply that this myth of America seems ecologically
and
historically unsound to anyone who knows something of the pollution and

despoliation inflicted by American logging companies; nor even that the
total
elimination of the natives from the story (except for one reference to
fighting
Indians) is a grave falsification; nor even that the accumulation of these
and many
other simplifications produce an effect that in today's terms is politically
incorrect
and in 1941 seems to have been thought patronizing. It is that to anyone
with
actual knowledge, however slight, of American history, Auden's myth
is so
inaccurate as to make any suspension of disbelief largely impossible. To
take but
one detail: as Auden said himself, Paul Bunyan is a post-industrial-revolution

myth: he is a product of the nineteenth-century frontier, in the tall-tale
tradition.
The loggers, like the mountain men, the boatmen, the cowboys, and the slaves,

were at the mercy of large economic forces; they consoled themselves for
their
impotence by developing the legend of the giant lumberjack who was invincible

and omnipotent. The forests were far from virgin: if they were silent it
was
because first the game and then the original inhabitants had been driven
off by the
process of European settlement. Even in 1939, when the influence of F.
J. Turner
was at its height, Auden could have discovered these points – probably
did
discover them. But he chose to ignore them.
Race, Region, and Gender in American History
Authors: KLEINBERG S. J. 
Published: July 2002

Catherine Clinton and Michele Gillespie, The Devil's Lane: Sex and Race in the
Early South (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1997,
£28.50). Pp. 274. ISBN 0 19 511242 3.Tera Hunter, To ‘Joy My Freedom’: Southern
Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997,
£19.95). Pp. 311. ISBN 0 674 893 9 3.Theda Perdue, Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700–1835
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, £38.00). Pp. 252.
ISBN 0 8032 3716 2.Vicki L. Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century
America (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998, £24.99). Pp. 240.
ISBN 0 19 5114833.The historical study of women has evolved from a consideration of elite women,
the quest for suffrage, and women in organized groups to encompass different
classes, ethnic groups, and social settings. Writing women back into the
historical record has led to a more creative use of data sources, a greater depth
of understanding about how societies work on both formal and informal levels,
and the exploration of gendered patterns of most aspects of the economy, social
structure, and politics. However, the conceptual frameworks of women's history
have not kept pace with the expansion of scholarship to encompass a more
diverse population.These four books highlight two trends in contemporary historical practice: the
inclusion of gender as an essential aspect of our understanding of the past and the
use of comparative frameworks to investigate the significance of socially
constructed sex roles for society. By contrasting women's lives in different
settings and racial groups, the authors illustrate how communities shape gender
roles and how those roles influence a wide range of social, political, economic,
and cultural events. Gender thus takes its place as a fundamental category of
historical analysis without which it is difficult to understand American (or any
other) history; women's work, family relationships, voluntary, social, and
political activities are as central to understanding society as men's.