bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
270 Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (BioPlus2B®) on sow lactation performance, litter growth, nursery performance and health of pigs challenged with PRRS virus post-wean
Authors: Lerner Steve P , Becker Sage R , Dee Scott A , Kitt Steve J , Bertram Mark J , Williams Todd E , Pepin Brent J , Hanson Dan B , Little Erin A , Frahm Paul F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Probiotics have been shown to support normal growth and immune function in pigs in challenging environments. A commercial probiotic (BioPlus2B®) containing two microbial species (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) was tested to determine its effect on lactation of sows, pre-weaning performance of litters, and post-weaning performance of pigs challenged with PRRS virus. Sows (n = 120) were fed to meet or exceed NRC 2018 requirements and divided into two treatment groups: control and BioPlus2B®. BioPlus2B® was fed daily at an equivalent of 1.6 x 109CFU/kg and daily feed intake was recorded. Production practices were closely monitored in order to reduce the risk of bacteria cross-contamination between treatment groups and to maintain responsible animal welfare practices. By 24 hours post-farrow, piglets were cross-fostered within treatment group and subsequently weighed. They were weighed again on day 17. Upon weaning at approximately 21 days, piglets from each treatment group were separated into one of three BSL2 rooms and allocated to one of 36 pens per treatment for a 28-day growth study. The treatment group was fed BioPlus2B® daily at 1.1 x 109CFU/kg. At seven days post-wean, pigs were infected IM with 2 x 103.5 TCID 50 of the PRRS virus. Sow, litter, or pen was considered the experimental unit except for birth and wean weights. Sows that consumed BioPlus2B® daily birthed heavier piglets, consumed more feed throughout lactation, and tended to wean heavier pigs than Control sows. Pigs that consumed BioPlus2B® post-wean resulted in greater ADG, ADG:ADFI, and reduced mortality after PRRS infection. Data is expressed as least square means ±SEM. Values at P&lt; 0.05 are considered significantly different while values between 0.05&lt; P≤0.10 are considered a trend. In summary, feeding a defined probiotic supports optimal performance of sows and litters and effective immune responses of pigs challenged with respiratory disease.
280 Effects of metabolizable energy and standardized ileal digestible lysine levels on lactating sow and litter performance
Authors: Silva Gustavo , Thompson Robyn , Knopf Brandon , Greiner Laura L , Soto Jose A , Vier Carine , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on lactating sows and litter performance. A total of 600 sows (Camborough; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by parity (P1, P2, P3+) on d 112 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 6 treatments arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial with the main effect of ME (3.2 and 3.4 Mcal/kg) and SID Lys (0.70, 0.85, and 1.00 %). Corn-soybean meal-based diets were fed from farrowing until weaning (d 21±2.3). Litters were cross-fostered until 48-h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Sows were weighed at d 112 of gestation and at weaning. Litter size and weight were collected at 24-h post-farrow and weaning. Daily feed intake was recorded from 48-h post-farrow until weaning. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with sow as the experimental unit. There was no evidence of interaction between ME and SID Lys for any response criteria. There was no evidence for an ME effect on sow performance. There was a quadratic effect (P&lt; 0.05) of SID Lys on sow average daily feed intake, with the greatest intake at 0.85% SID Lys. Increasing SID Lys levels increased sow BW change (linear, P&lt; 0.05). Litters from sows fed 3.4 Mcal of ME/kg had greater (P&lt; 0.05) daily gain compared to those from sows fed 3.2 Mcal of ME/kg. Increasing SID Lys levels increased (linear, P&lt; 0.05) litter weight at weaning and piglet daily gain. Wean-to-estrus interval, percentage of sows bred after weaning, total born on the subsequent parity, litter size at weaning, and percent of piglet removals were not influenced by dietary treatments. In summary, increasing ME levels did not affect sow performance, but improved litter and piglet daily gain. Increasing SID Lys levels improved both litter and sow performance.
25 The effects of closely meeting estimated daily lysine and energy requirements for pregnant sows across two pregnancies on sow body weight change and litter characteristics at birth
Authors: Stewart Victoria , Hansen Lauren , Mandell Ira , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Gestating sows experience varying nutrient and energy requirements throughout gestation and across parities. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of precisely meeting estimated (daily) energy and Lys requirements for gestating sows over two pregnancies on sow body weight (BW) change and litter characteristics at birth. One hundred and seven sows (average parity 1.4±0.5) were randomly assigned to a precision (PF ; n=52) or control (CON ; n=55) feeding program between day 2 and 9 of gestation and housed in group-pens equipped with electronic sow feeders capable of blending two diets. The PF sows received unique daily blends of two isocaloric diets (2518 kcal/kg NE; 0.80 and 0.20% SID Lys, respectively) while the CON sows received 2.2 kg of a static blend of the dietsto achieve 0.56% SID Lys throughout gestation. After weaning, sows were re-bred and entered the same feeding program as in the previous pregnancy (PF: n=37; CON: n=37; average parity 2.4±0.5). During the first pregnancy, CON sows had greater BW gain in the first trimester (15.1 vs 10.2±1.2kg; P &lt; 0.05), but BW at the end of gestation did not differ. In the second pregnancy, PF sows had a greater BW gain in the second (21.4 vs 14.1±1.7kg; P &lt; 0.05) and third trimesters (32.6 vs 24.7±3.1 kg; P &lt; 0.05), along with heavier BW and greater loin depths at the end of gestation (249.1 vs 232.9±5.6kg and 73.1 vs 70.4±1.1mm, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). The number of piglets born alive, stillborn, and mummified, and litter birth weights did not differ in either pregnancy. Precision feeding of gestating sows reduced BW gain in the first trimester of the first pregnancy and increased BW gain and maternal protein stores (i.e. loin depth) in the subsequent pregnancy, without affecting litter characteristics at birth.
278 Feeding a whole-cell inactivated Pichia guilliermondi yeast to gestating and lactating sows over two consecutive parities
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Asmus Matthew D , Gourley Gene , Bruder Emily , Jones Daniel B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 535 sows and their progeny (PIC 359×1050) were used to determine the effect of feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product (WCY; CitriStim, ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL) on sow and litter performance in a commercial production system. Within 24 hours of breeding, sows were allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Parity distribution was equalized across treatments. Sows were fed either a basal gestation control (CON) diet or CON fortified with 0.1% (0.91 kg/ton) of the WCY at the expense of corn throughout gestation. Sow dietary treatments were also maintained through lactation. Of the 535 sows that completed the initial reproductive cycle (cycle 1), 358 sows were maintained on dietary treatment and followed through a second gestation and lactation (cycle 2). The direction and magnitude of the differences in total born and born alive pigs in cycle 1 and cycle 2 was similar between treatments. Supplementing sows with WCY in cycle 1 increased the number of total born pigs by 0.59 pigs/litter (P=0.038) and tended to increase the number of pigs born alive by 0.52 pigs/litter (P=0.064) compared to CON fed sows. For cycle 2, the total number of born and born alive pigs numerically increased by 0.44 pigs/litter (P=0.180) and 0.43 pigs/litter (P=0.179) respectively for sows fed WCY. The distribution of pig birth weights was not different between treatments in cycle 1 (P=0.536) nor cycle 2 (P=0.256). Also, the litter growth rate on a weight gain per pig per day basis was not different between treatments in cycle 1 (P=0.103) nor cycle 2 (P=0.379). In conclusion, feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product significantly increased the number of total born pigs during cycle 1.
282 Effect of formulating diets based on a ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P and the inclusion of phytase on the calcium and phosphorus balance of growing pigs
Authors: Lagos Vanessa , Bedford Mike R , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that formulating diets for pigs based on a ratio between standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca and STTD P instead of total Ca and STTD P increases the efficiency of Ca and P utilization. Forty barrows (59.4 ± 3.8 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to 4 corn-soybean meal diets and 2 periods of 11 d in a randomized complete block design. Diets were formulated using a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 Ca requirement estimates (total Ca or STTD Ca) and 2 inclusion levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 units/kg). Phytase was assumed to release 0.11% STTD P and 0.16% total Ca. Diets were formulated based on requirements for total Ca and STTD P and the ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P was 1.25:1 in diets formulated based on STTD Ca. Fecal and urine samples were collected from feed provided from d 6 to 9. Data for Ca and P balance were analyzed using a model that included the main effects of diet formulation and phytase level, the interaction between main effects, and the random effect of period. Interactions (P &lt; 0.05) between diet formulation and phytase level were observed for Ca intake, Ca in feces, Ca digestibility, Ca retained as a percentage of intake, P digestibility, P absorbed, and P in urine (Table 1). Despite being provided less (P &lt; 0.05) Ca, pigs fed diets formulated based on STTD Ca did not absorb or retain less Ca than pigs fed total Ca diets, but they absorbed more (P &lt; 0.05) P than pigs fed diets formulated based on total Ca. In conclusion, by formulating diets based on values for STTD Ca, P absorption was increased confirming detrimental effects of oversupplying Ca.
224 Epimural microbiota and rumen epithelial gene expression in healthy and liver-abscessed animals
Authors: Abbas Waseem , Lindholm-Perry Amanda K , Keel Brittney N , Wells James E , Hales Kristin , Knoell Allison , Paz Henry A , Fernando Samodha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Different dietary and feed additive strategies have been developed to reduce the liver abscess in feedlot cattle, but liver abscesses are still a major problem in beef production. We have limited knowledge about how rumen microbial communities interact with host epithelial gene expression in healthy and liver-abscessed animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between the rumen content associated and rumen epimural microbiome and epithelial gene expression in liver-abscessed and healthy animals. To this end, we collected the ruminal contents and tissue samples from healthy (N=30; score=0, steers n=19 and heifers n=11) and liver-abscessed (N=30; score=A+, steers n=21 and heifers n=9) feedlot cattle at harvest. The bacterial community compositions in the ruminal contents and papillae were evaluated via 16S rDNA sequencing of the V4 region using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Additionally, total RNA was extracted from rumen epithelial tissues and sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq platform. The permutational analysis (PERMANOVA) on Bray Curtis distances matrices showed the microbial community in the ruminal contents was significantly different (P&lt; 0.001) from the bacterial community observed in rumen papillae. The ruminal contents contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria while papillae contained higher abundance of Firmicutes. The epimural microbiota was different (P&lt; 0.01) between healthy and liver abscessed animals while ruminal contents microbiome was not different between the two groups. The DeSeq2 algorithm identified differentially expressed genes (221) related to MAPK, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, immune and inflammatory response in liver-abscessed animals. Additionally, a wide range of epimural bacterial taxa were correlated (-0.52 to 0.67) with differentially expressed genes. These data demonstrate the interaction between epimural microbiota and the host and its effect on liver abscesses, and indicate the need to study the epimural microbiome for its impact on liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
248 Evaluation of RUP Content of NexPro Dried Distillers Grains plus Solubles in Corn Silage Based Growing Calf Diets
Authors: Wiseman Aksel , Carslon Zachary , McPhillips Levi , Tilton Scott , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An 85 d growing study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing NexPro, a high-protein dried distillers grains plus solubles from the FluidQuip MSC post-fermentation separation process, in a corn-silage based diet and to determine the RUP content of NexPro and performance of growing cattle fed this feedstuff. Crossbred steers (n = 120, initial BW = 250 ± 24kg) were individually fed using the Calan gate system and assigned randomly to treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 3×4 + 1 factorial with test protein type (Soybean meal [SBM]; non-enzymatically browned soybean meal [SoyPass]; high-protein DDGS [NexPro]) and supplemental protein concentration (4.5, 9.0, 13.5, or 18.0% diet DM) as factors. Crude protein content of NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 51.4, 48.8, and 52.4%, respectively. All treatments were compared to a control with 0.0% inclusion of test protein and a corn-based, urea-containing RDP supplement. Diets contained 80% corn silage with test protein replacing RDP supplement as inclusion increased. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure as a completely randomized design with individual animal as experimental unit. By design, RUP intake increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) across all treatments. Ending BW responded linearly (P &lt; 0.01) for all treatments. Steers fed SoyPass or NexPro had no change (P &gt; 0.18) in DMI, while SBM had a tendency for a quadratic increase (P = 0.07). Gains increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) for SoyPass and increased quadratically (P = 0.01) for SBM and NexPro. This resulted in linear increases (P &lt; 0.01) in feed efficiency with increasing inclusions of test proteins. In situ mobile bag technique was used to determine RUP content of the supplemental proteins. The RUP content as a % of CP for NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 50, 74, and 22%, respectively. Feeding DDGS from the FluidQuip process improved calf performance by increasing DMI, ADG, and efficiency in growing diets.
141 Mineral Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Emphasis on organic minerals
Authors: Weiss Bill 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Requirements for most minerals are expressed on an absorbed basis. The true absorption of minerals can vary widely because of source, presence of antagonists, dietary concentrations, and animal mineral status; therefore, expressing mineral requirements on an absorbed basis is theoretically sound. Unfortunately measuring true absorption of minerals is exceedingly difficult; available data is limited which means that often we are using constants. Requirements for lactation, growth, and conceptus growth are known with reasonable certainty; however establishing maintenance requirements is plagued with methodological difficulties, and the classical definition of maintenance (i.e., replenishment of inevitable fecal and urinary losses) ignores effects on water balance, acid-base balance in the rumen, and the ruminal and intestinal microbiome. For Na, Cl- and K, absorption is essentially 100% regardless of source. Lab methods are available to estimate absorption of P. Source of Ca accounts for the majority of the variation in Ca absorption and constants are available for feedstuffs and supplements. We have good data on absorption of Mg from basal diets and are able to estimate antagonism of Mg absorption caused by K. We are less able to estimate absorption of the various Mg supplements, some of which are highly variable. Except for the electrolytes (which affect water balance), requirements are known with reasonable certainty for macrominerals. Absorption coefficients for trace minerals (TM) are known with much less certainty. Source of supplemental TM (e.g., organic vs sulfates) can affect absorption but the effect depends on the mineral TM (e.g., source affects absorption of Cu more than that of Mn) and on interactions with basal diet. Maintenance requirements are generally poorly defined for TM and because of ‘non-factorial’ requirements such as effects on microbiome, source of TM likely affects requirements. This means that for some TM, the factorial approach to requirements may not be adequate.
138 Analytical Methods for Organometallic Chelation Testing
Authors: Walker Edward 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chelated minerals have increasingly captured the attention of scientists, manufacturers, and consumers in nutritional markets during the past five decades, due to their enhanced bioavailability compared to traditional ionic metal compounds. A wide variety of organic ligands bind to metal ions to form complexes that are generally referred to as chelates, including amino acids, peptides, proteins and carboxylic acids. Chemical reactions used to synthesize mineral chelates are affected by a number of factors that can alter the extent of chelation in manufactured products, such as pH, temperature, concentration, solvation, competing ions and ligands, and other variables. Qualitative and quantitative determination of chelation can be a daunting challenge, especially for dilute micronutrient minerals in complex matrices. Measuring chelation between metals and their ligands specifically focuses on the attractive forces between them. Analytical methods to determine the extent of chelation rely on a wide array of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Very few standard methods of analysis exist to quantitatively measure the extent of chelation in nutritional products. A variety of these methods will be reviewed and compared for their potential use as standard methods of analysis.
PSIV-17 Effects of zinc level and calcium source on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Zn level and Ca source on nursery performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of added Zn (100 or 3,000 mg/kg) and Ca source (limestone or Ca citrate). The basal level of Zn (100 mg/kg) was from organic source, whereas the 3,000 mg/kg was created with the inclusion of 2,900 mg/kg Zn oxide. A total of 3,701 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.4 kg, were used with 18 replicates per treatment. Experimental diets were fed for 19 d, followed by a common diet from d 19 to 49. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There were interactions (P &lt; 0.05) between Zn and Ca for G:F from d 10 to 19 and 0 to 19. From d 10 to 19, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved G:F with both Ca sources, but the magnitude of improvement was greater when diets contained Ca citrate. From d 0 to 19, only pigs fed Ca citrate presented improvement in G:F when fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. For main effects, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F from d 0 to 10. From d 10 to 19 and 0 to 19, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI. During the common period (d 19 to 49), pigs previously fed 100 mg/kg added Zn had improved (P &lt; 0.01) G:F. Overall (d 0 to 49), no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in performance were observed. In conclusion, there were no major differences in performance between Ca sources. Pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn presented improved growth performance from d 10 to 19 but not overall.
PSIV-16 Effects of a functional protein on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L , Ratliff Brent W , Gaines Aaron M , Usry James 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a functional protein (FXP; Ani-Tek Group, LLC, Shelbina, MO) on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 840 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.5 kg, were used with 28 pigs per pen and a total of 15 replicates per treatment. There were two treatments, which consisted of a control diet and the control diet with added FXP. The experimental diets were corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. The inclusion of FXP was 0.3% of the diet. Experimental diets were fed for 23 d, followed by a common corn and soybean meal-based diet from d 23 to 48. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for treatment × experiment interactions, thus data was combined for statistical analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS. From d 0 to 23, pigs fed diets containing FXP had higher (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and BW and a tendency (P = 0.053) for improved G:F. During the common period (d 23 to 48), pigs previously fed FXP had a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for higher ADG and ADFI. Overall (d 0 to 48), pigs that received FXP had higher (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, BW, and a tendency (P = 0.055) for improved G:F. In conclusion, the inclusion of the functional protein improved growth performance of nursery pigs.