bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rural–urban income divide among farm households: the role of off-farm work and farm size
Authors: El-Osta Hisham S. 
Published: March 2020

PurposeThe determinants of income of rural and urban farm households, with emphasis on the role of off-farm employment by farm household members and of farm size, are examined using data from the 2016 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and quantile regression procedure. The implemented quantile regression technique is extended to allow for the decomposition of the income gap between the two groups of farm households. Findings indicate, regardless of the location of the farm, a positive and significant impact of a previous year's participation in off-farm work by household members on the distribution of current household income. Having operated a larger-sized farm in the previous year is shown with a similar effect in the upper range of the income distribution for urban households and with a comparable impact but across the whole income distribution for rural farm households.Design/methodology/approachData from the 2016 ARMS are used in conjunction with quantile regression in order for decomposition of the income gap between the two groups of farm households.FindingsFindings show that urban farm households who in a previous year have participated in off-farm work and operated larger-sized farms tend to earn higher incomes. Results further indicate higher rates of return to education for “urban” farm households in comparison to “rural” farm households, particularly for those with a college education and beyond who are at the lower portion of the income distribution.Research limitations/implicationsTo the extent that the ARMS is an annual cross-sectional data, the temporal impacts of factors that potentially may influence the incomes of farm households in urban and rural areas cannot be measured.Practical implicationsFindings from this research indirectly support previous published research where higher earnings by urban US population were documented in comparison to rural population and where earnings tend to rise as a result of participation in off-farm work and in expanding the size of the farming operation; this is in addition to the procurement of higher education.Social implicationsThe results of a higher rate of return to education for “urban” farm households in comparison to “rural” farm households have important policy implications for policymakers.Originality/valueThis is the first paper in the agricultural economic literature that implements a method of assessing the rural–urban divide across all of the quantiles of income distribution.
An urban composite development index based on China's five development concepts
Authors: Tan Khee Giap , Zhang Xuyao , Song Lin 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
Shandong is a thriving economic centre, being the third largest province by land area in China. It also has the second largest resident population of 99,470,000 and the third largest gross regional domestic product of RMB 6.8tn in 2016. The urbanisation rate of Shandong has been quickly expanding from 45 per cent in 2005 to 58 per cent in 2016. This paper aims to examine the urban development, performance and liveability of 17 Shandong cities through areas such as infrastructure, public services, education and environmental protection.

Design/methodology/approach
Building upon the theoretical underpinnings of China’s five development concepts – innovation, coordination, green development, opening up and sharing, this paper has constructed the inaugural urban composite development for 17 cities based on 131 indicators across six environments, namely, scale and quality of economic activities, financial capacity, labour market flexibility and economic vibrancy, good governance, effective leadership and social stability, technological advancement and innovation capability, public service standards and quality of life improvement and resource conditions and environmental protection.

Findings
The empirical results show that Qingdao, Weihai and Yantai perform well in urban development, while the capital city Jinan only rank in the fourth position.

Originality/value
By identifying the relative strengths and weaknesses of each city based on the perspective of ordinary city dwellers, this paper provides appropriate policy recommendations for policymakers to develop and optimise their economies and urban spaces.
Adiwiyata-program-based school management model can create environment-oriented school
Authors: Roswita Wan 
Published: March 2020

PurposeTo analyze and find a model design of Adiwiyata environment-based management for schools built on wetlands.Design/methodology/approachThe research approach used is qualitative descriptive research, which provides complex details about a phenomenon or situation that has not been expressed through direct observation. The research was conducted at State Senior High School in Dumai city, which has participated in Adiwiyata program. Objects in the study are school communities including educators, education personnel, learners, cleaning personnel, and canteen management. Sampling was done randomly (simple random sampling). Students sample taken were from X, XI, and XII grades for both schools. Number of the population in SMA Negeri 2 (Public Senior High School 2) were 1,006 people. SMA Negeri Binaan Khusus (Binaan Khusus Public Senior High School) were 594 people. The number of samples eligible in the study was 30–500 people. Data collection techniques were conducted by using observation, interview, questionnaire, and documentation performed in both schools. Data analysis used qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis with a simple statistical approach in the form percentage.FindingsPublic Senior High School 2 and Binaan Khusus Public Senior High School have school plans on activities related to environment-oriented education school management. Planning is outlined in school programs and school development planning programs by fulfilling infrastructure facilities supporting school activities with environmental insight. Programs are made by both schools, some are carried out in accordance with the plan. Nevertheless, some of the programs are not yet realized. For example, Public Senior High School 2 planning in building a greenhouse. Binaan Khusus Public Senior High School's fishpond plan was abandoned.Originality/valueThe originality of this research appears in the novelty of the use of built models that involve all school communities to be able to change and instill caring behavior and attitudes toward the environment in order to realize Adiwiyata-program-based environment-oriented education school management. But, there is no Adiwiyata program implementation model; therefore, the model in this study does not include the components of Environment–Based Curriculum Implementation
Impact of improvement tools on standardization and stability goal practices
Authors: EL-Khalil Raed , Leffakis Zachary Moran , Hong Paul C. 
Published: March 2020

PurposeThis paper empirically examines the implementation pattern of different types of lean management (LM) techniques on the shop-floor. Based on the socio-technical systems framework, LM techniques are classified as social improvement tools and technical process standardization and stability practices. This categorization facilitates investigating their implementation relationship in a complex production system.Design/methodology/approachBased on the survey data from managers of the three major US auto-manufacturers and their suppliers (n = 137), measurement scales are developed using confirmatory factor analysis for the LM process improvement, stability, and standardization constructs. Hypotheses are tested by applying the Sobel test technique for mediating regression.FindingsStatistical results confirm the mediation role of LM improvement tools between standardization and stability goal practices, indicating that technical process-oriented practices are not directly related and that their association is impacted by the corresponding implementation of social tools on the shop-floor.Practical implicationsThe results indicate that LM practices should not be randomly implemented on the shop-floor but rather adopted and executed based on a systematic pattern. In LM systems, the implementation of process stability, standardization, and improvement practices on the shop-floor are more tightly integrated than traditionally assumed.Originality/valueThis study establishes a new categorization of specific LM tools based on social and technical characteristics. The conclusions highlight the importance of adopting a social emphasize of continuous improvement to establish a technical focus of process standardization and stability for LM implementation success.
Social innovation and the university
Authors: Cockshut Ladan , Brown Alistair , Hardey Mariann 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the university as a nexus of socially innovative support and engagement with micro- and small-sized (mSME) creative businesses in rural and semi-rural regions. This paper argues that universities can play a socially innovative role in and around their regions.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors used an action research approach to shape university-led interventions for creative mSMEs in a predominantly rural/semi-rural deprived area in the North East of England. A series of additional interviews were conducted with a sample to further explore issues raised during the action research phase.

Findings
The research found that the university is seen by these mSMEs as a trusted source of socially innovative support, though the expectation is for long-term and meaningful interventions that facilitate impactful change. University-based knowledge exchange and innovation can be oriented toward these tiny businesses for mutual benefit and as an enabler of societal change in a transitional economy.

Research limitations/implications
As this study focused on a small, geographically similar cohort of creative mSMEs, the further application of these findings may be limited in dissimilar settings. More research is encouraged to further explore and test the conceptual points this paper raises.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the social innovation field and creative economies policy research by presenting how a university can enable and shape authentic forms of engagement and impact in the mSME creative economy across the rural/semi-urban landscape.
Performance improvement of resonant multi-loop controller with odd harmonic injection for standalone three-phase inverter
Authors: Karimi Mohsen , Pichan Mohammad , Sadri Mehdi , Seyedjafari Seyed Morteza 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate an improved control method and digital signal processor-based (DSP-based) digital implementation of three-phase standalone inverter. The proposed method is performance developed of the proportional-resonant controller (PRC) with harmonic injection technique, aiming to improve load voltages quality under different loads, especially nonlinear loads. The advanced proposed multi-loop controller is consisted of current harmonic loops for suppressing odd harmonic, which are analyzed in discrete-time domain. Besides, the voltage loop is also used to compensate the output capacitor voltage.

Design/methodology/approach
The proposed method can effectively enlarge output voltage stability with low total harmonics distortion and improve the dynamic transient response. The other advantage of the proposed PRC is the injection of the selective harmonic without any additional calculation compensator.

Findings
The method is given the opportunity to be controlled exactly all harmful outputs with high-quality voltage referenced of the standalone inverter. The proposed method is implemented using a DSP processor (TMS320F28335) and is verified on the 10 kVA three-phase standalone inverter prototype.

Originality/value
The proposed method is performance developed of the PRC with harmonic injection technique, aiming to improve load voltages quality under different loads, especially nonlinear loads.
Temporal dynamics and drivers of landscape‐level spread by emerald ash borer
Authors: Ward Samuel F. , Fei Songlin , Liebhold Andrew M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNon‐native insects pose threats to forest health and often spread via stratified dispersal in which long‐distance jumps cause elevated rates of range expansion. Quantifying patterns and developing models of spread are central to understanding drivers of invasion and forecasting future invasions.We investigated the utility of models for characterizing and predicting spread of emerald ash borer (EAB), quantified temporal dynamics of spread and identified correlates of county‐level invasion risk.We estimated rates and frequency of EAB spread and length of long‐distance jumps throughout the contiguous USA from 1997 to 2018 and compared observed patterns with model predictions. A time‐to‐event model was then developed at the county level to assess the influence of habitat characteristics and propagule pressure on invasion risk. The final model was used to forecast invasion risk across the contiguous USA.Range expansion by EAB accorded well with model predictions. Following the initial establishment phase, range expansion rates were biphasic, shifting to a faster, linear pattern around 2002 and then declining from 2015 onwards. From 2003 onwards, EAB invaded 6–134 new counties per year, including a mean of 14 discrete jumps per year averaging 93 ± 7SEkm.Risk of spread was positively associated with proximity to previously invaded areas, human population density and densities of ash and non‐ash trees in rural forests but negatively associated with temperature.Synthesis and applications. At the regional level, the invasion by emerald ash borer appears to be entering the saturation phase, indicating that most high‐risk counties in the eastern USA have been invaded. Even though spread has recently slowed, counties in close proximity to invaded areas and that have high densities of humans and trees are at the greatest risk of becoming invaded. Taken together, our findings provide insight into historical and future dynamics of range expansion by emerald ash borer, which can be used to guide risk assessments for potential invaders capable of frequent long‐distance dispersal.
Understanding occupational engagement for individuals with bariatric needs: The perspectives of Australian Occupational Therapists
Authors: Ellison Narelle , Keesing Sharon , Harris Courtenay 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionOver the last 20 years, the number of individuals affected by obesity in Australia has increased by 56%. The impact of excessive weight gain results in a wide range of physical, psychological and social difficulties, with resultant changes to occupational performance and engagement. For some people within this population, a further consequence of this increasing weight gain contributes to additional difficulties, with the individual being considered to be “bariatric”. For these people, resultant changes include decreased capacity to engage in self‐care activities, leisure occupations and productive roles, creating significant difficulties in undertaking important life roles. This phenomenological study aimed to understand the occupational engagement of individuals with bariatric needs, and to identify potential opportunities to support the engagement and participation of these individuals from the perspectives of Australian occupational therapists.MethodsQualitative data were collected from 11 semi‐structured interviews with occupational therapists from a variety of practice settings.ResultsThematic analysis identified four central themes (a) Occupational engagement was significantly impacted by a lack of suitable resources and availability of daily living equipment; (b) Health and well‐being were impacted by a disruption in meaningful occupational engagement; (c) Occupational roles were limited due to poor occupational identity and perceptions of not belonging within the community; (d) Occupational therapists do have a varied role when working with individuals with bariatric needs.ConclusionOccupational therapists engaged in this study indicated that people with bariatric needs were significantly impacted by many complex issues as a result of their health condition, often contributing to poor health and decreased well‐being. Occupational therapists are well‐placed to engage with individuals with bariatric needs across many care contexts and must take up potential opportunities to provide services targeted towards the increased engagement and participation of these individuals, with resultant improvements to health and well‐being.
A molecular mechanism for how sigma factor AlgT and transcriptional regulator AmrZ inhibit twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Xu Anming , Zhang Miaokun , Du Weili , Wang Di , Ma Luyan Z. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryPseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients are often mucoid (due to the overexpression of exopolysaccharide alginate) yet lost motility. It remains unclear about how P. aeruginosa coordinately regulates alginate production and the type IV pili‐driven twitching motility. Here we showed that sigma 22 factor (AlgT/U), an activator of alginate biosynthesis, repressed twitching motility by inhibiting the expression of pilin (PilA) through the intermediate transcriptional regulator AmrZ, which directly bound to the promoter region of pilA in both mucoid strain FRD1 and non‐mucoid strain PAO1. Four conserved AmrZ‐binding sites were found in pilA promoters among 10 P. aeruginosa strains although their entire pilA promoters had low identity. AmrZ has been reported to be essential for twitching in PAO1. We found that AmrZ was also required for twitching in mucoid FRD1, yet a high level of AmrZ inhibited twitching motility. This result was consistent with the phenomenon that twitching is frequently repressed in mucoid strains, in which the expression of AmrZ was highly activated by AlgT. Additionally, AlgT also inhibited the transcription of pilMNOP operon, which is involved in efficient pilus assembly. Our data elucidated a mechanism for how AlgT and AmrZ coordinately controlled twitching motility in P. aeruginosa.
A model of malignant risk prediction for solitary pulmonary nodules on 18F‐FDG PET/CT: Building and estimating
Authors: Yu MingMing , Wang ZhenGuang , Yang GuangJie , Cheng Yuan 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundTo develop a model of malignant risk prediction of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) using metabolic characteristics of lesions.MethodsA total of 362 patients who underwent PET/CT imaging from January 2013 to July 2017 were analyzed. Differences in the clinical and imaging characteristics were analyzed between patients with benign SPNs and those with malignant SPNs. Risk factors were screened by multivariate nonconditional logistic regression analysis. The self‐verification of the model was performed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and out‐of‐group verification was performed by k‐fold cross‐validation.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in age, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), size, lobulation, spiculation, pleural traction, vessel connection, calcification, presence of vacuoles, and emphysema between patients with benign nodules and those with malignant nodules (all P < 0.05). The risk factors for malignant nodules included age, SUVmax, size, lobulation, calcification and vacuoles. The logistic regression model was as follows: P = l/(1 + e‐x), x = − 5.583 + 0.039 × age + 0.477 × SUVmax + 0.139 × size + 1.537 × lobulation – 1.532 × calcification + 1.113 × vacuole. The estimated area under the curve (AUC) for the model was 0.915 (95% CI: 0.883–0.947), the sensitivity was 89.7%, and the specificity was 78.9%. K‐fold cross‐validation showed that the training accuracy was 0.899 ± 0.011, and the predictive accuracy was 0.873 ± 0.053.ConclusionsThe risk factors for malignant nodules included age, SUVmax, size, lobulation, calcification and vacuoles. After verification, the model has satisfactory accuracy, and it may assist clinics make appropriate treatment decisions.
The clinical significance of CXCL16 in the treatment of advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Shibata Yuji , Kobayashi Nobuaki , Sato Takashi , Nakashima Kentaro , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundBevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A, has shown efficacy in patients with advanced nonsquamous non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are no identified or clinically validated biomarkers to determine the efficacy of bevacizumab. In this study, we assessed the adequacy of chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) as a biomarker for patients treated with bevacizumab‐containing chemotherapy regimen.MethodsPatients diagnosed histologically with NSCLC were enrolled. Serial serum CXCL16 levels during treatment were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The relationship between serum CXCL16 levels before and after treatment, progression‐free survival, and overall survival were analyzed. CXCL16 and VEGF‐A expressions in lung cancer tissue were also evaluated by immunohistochemical tests.ResultsThe median serum level of CXCL16 in these patients was 3.4 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that in age‐matched healthy adults (2.2 ng/mL). Immunohistochemistry results showed that CXCL16 was predominantly localized in the tumor stroma, whereas VEGF was expressed in tumor cells. Including bevacizumab with chemotherapy led to lower CXCL16 levels post‐chemotherapy, which correlated with better response rates. In addition, evaluation of differences in serum CXCL16 levels before and after the first‐line chemotherapy showed that longer overall survival was achieved in patients who showed a larger decrease in serum CXCL16 levels.ConclusionsAccording to our findings, serum CXCL16 level was identified as a potential biomarker for the efficacy of therapy, including anti‐VEGF.Key pointsSignificant findings of the studyPatients with NSCLC whose serum CXCL16 levels decreased below 0.07 ng/mL after chemotherapy, showed longer overall survival than those without this decrease. Moreover, low CXCL16 levels corresponded to better response rates among patients with advanced NSCLC treated with bevacizumab‐containing chemotherapy.What this study addsPreviously there were no identifiable predictive biomarkers to determine the efficacy of bevacizumab. Data from our findings identified serum CXCL16 level as a potential biomarker for the efficacy of bevacizumab‐containing chemotherapy.
Utility of an index metacarpal cortical thickness application as an osteoporosis screen in distal radius fracture patients aged over 50
Authors: Hymer Isobel , Sivakumar Brahman , Bindra Randipsingh , Awal Wasim , Robinson Ann 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundFollowing wrist fracture, it is desirable to identify patients with osteoporosis. A smartphone‐based application (BoneGauge) that uses second metacarpal cortical thickness ratio (2MCP) measured on X‐ray has been proposed. This study aims to validate this application using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan in a cohort of patients with distal radius fractures.MethodsThirty subjects aged 50 and over who sustained low‐energy fractures of the radius were recruited and measurements were completed by two independent observers using the application.ResultsThe interrater reliability as a screening tool was insufficient (κ = 0.61). Using the 2MCP threshold of 60% for detection of osteopaenia or osteoporosis, we found insufficient correlation between the dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan and the two sets of readings using the application (κ = 0.28 and 0.35, respectively).ConclusionOn the basis of these results, 2MCP of 60% is not sensitive enough to be used as a screening tool via a smartphone application for assessment of osteoporosis risk.