bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholera outbreak investigation, Bhadola, Delhi, India, April–May 2018
Authors: Singh Akhileshwar , Gupta Rakesh , Dikid Tanzin , Saroha Ekta , Sharma Naresh Chand , Sagar Sanjay , Gupta Sudha , Bindra Suneet , Khasnobis Pradeep , Jain Sudhir Kumar , Singh Sujeet 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the Gangetic plains of India, including Delhi, cholera is endemic. On 10 May 2018, staff at the north Delhi district surveillance unit identified a laboratory-confirmed cholera outbreak when five people tested positive for Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa serotype in Bhadola. We investigated to identify risk factors and recommend prevention measures.MethodsWe defined a case as ≥3 loose stools within 24 h in a Bhadola resident during 1 April–29 May 2018. We searched for cases house-to-house. In a 1 : 1 unmatched case control study, a control was defined as an absence of loose stools in a Bhadola resident during 1 April–29 May 2018. We selected cases and controls randomly. We tested stool samples for Vibrio cholerae by culture. We tested drinking water for fecal contamination. Using multivariable logistic regression we calculated adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% CIs.ResultsWe identified 129 cases; the median age was 14.5 y, 52% were females, 27% were hospitalized and there were no deaths. Symptoms were abdominal pain (54%), vomiting (44%) and fever (29%). Among 90 cases and controls, the odds of illness were higher for drinking untreated municipal water (aOR=2.3; 95% CI 1.0 to 6.2) and not knowing about diarrhea transmission (aOR=4.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 21.1). Of 12 stool samples, 6 (50%) tested positive for Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa serotype. Of 15 water samples, 8 (53%) showed growth of fecal coliforms.ConclusionsThis laboratory-confirmed cholera outbreak associated with drinking untreated municipal water and lack of knowledge of diarrhea transmission triggered public health action in Bhadola, Delhi.
Evaluation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity Using Urine Biomarkers
Authors: Katagiri Daisuke , Ishikane Masahiro , Asai Yusuke , Kinoshita Noriko , Ota Masayuki , Moriyama Yuki , Ide Satoshi , Nakamura Keiji , Nakamoto Takato , Nomoto Hidetoshi , Akiyama Yutaro , Miyazato Yusuke , Suzuki Tetsuya , Okuhama Ayako , Kanda Kohei , Wakimoto Yuji , Morioka Shinichiro , Saito Sho , Yamamoto Kei , Ujiie Mugen , Hayakawa Kayoko , Kustuna Satoshi , Yanagawa Yasuaki , Terada Junko , Takasaki Jin , Izumi Shinyu , Hojo Masayuki , Hinoshita Fumihiko , Sugiyama Masaya , Noiri Eisei , Mizokami Masashi , Ohmagari Norio , Sugiyama Haruhito 
Published: August 2020

Subjects:
Early detection of coronavirus disease 2019 in patients likely to develop severe manifestations enables appropriate interventions, including rapid ICU admission. This study was conducted to determine whether noninvasive urine biomarkers can predict the clinical severity of coronavirus disease 2019.

Interventions:
Not applicable.

Measurements and Main Results:
This is single-center study, national center hospital designated for infectious disease. Fifty-eight patients who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in respiratory specimens through real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were retrospectively studied. Urinary β2-microglobulin, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein were serially measured. Serum interferon-γ and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were also evaluated. The 58 patients were assigned into three groups. Patients requiring intensive care were assigned to the severe group (n = 12). Patients treated with oxygen were assigned to the moderate group (n = 13). Other patients were assigned to the mild group (n = 33). Urine tests revealed that low β2-microglobulin and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein levels were associated with mild disease, whereas high levels were associated with severe disease. In severe cases, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein tended to be persistently high. The resulting cutoff values were β2-microglobulin; severe versus moderate + mild: 2,457 μg/dL (specificity 76.9% and sensitivity 90.0%, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 85.9%), liver-type fatty acid-binding protein; severe versus moderate + mild: 22.0 μg/gCre (specificity 84.6% and sensitivity 90%, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 91.8%). Urinary β2-microglobulin and serum interferon-γ/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 showed a similar trend.

Conclusions:
Evaluating urinary biomarkers such as β2-microglobulin and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein may allow determination of coronavirus disease 2019 patients with active cytokines and recognition of patients likely to become critically ill and requiring careful observation and early intervention.
Preparedness and Reorganization of Care for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients in a Swiss ICU: Characteristics and Outcomes of 129 Patients
Authors: Primmaz Steve , Le Terrier Christophe , Suh Noémie , Ventura François , Boroli Filippo , Bendjelid Karim , Cereghetti Sara , Giraud Raphaël , Heidegger Claudia , Pugin Deborah , Siegenthaler Nils , Tassaux Didier , Cabrol Jean-Clément , Dolet Nathan , Ellenberger Christoph , Keli Barcelos Gleicy , Licker Marc-Joseph , Savoldelli Georges , Schiffer Eduardo , Gayet-Ageron Angèle , Kaiser Laurent , Tramèr Martin R. , Pugin Jérôme 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
In many countries, large numbers of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 are admitted to the ICUs within a short period of time, overwhelming usual care capacities. Preparedness and reorganization ahead of the wave to increase ICU surge capacity may be associated with favorable outcome. The purpose of this study was to report our experience in terms of ICU organization and anticipation, as well as reporting patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes.

Design:
A prospective observational study.

Setting:
The division of intensive care at the Geneva University Hospitals (Geneva, Switzerland).

Patients:
All consecutive adult patients with acute respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019 admitted in the ICU between March 9, 2020, and May 19, 2020, were enrolled. Patients’ demographic data, comorbidities, laboratory values, treatments, and clinical outcomes were collected.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The ICU was reorganized into cells of six to eight patients under the care of three physicians and five nurses. Its capacity increased from 30 to 110 beds, fully equipped and staffed, transforming the surgical intermediate care unit, the postoperative care facility, and operating theaters into ICUs. Surge capacity has always exceeded the number of patients hospitalized. Among 129 critically ill patients with severe acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, 96% required invasive mechanical ventilation. A total of 105 patients (81%) were discharged alive and 24 died, corresponding to a mortality of 19%. Patients who died were significantly older, with higher severity scores at admission, had higher levels of d-dimers, plasma creatinine, high-sensitive troponin T, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin, and required more frequent prone sessions.

Conclusions:
A rapid increase in ICU bed capacity, including adequate equipment and staffing, allowed for a large number of critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients to be taken care of within a short period of time. Anticipation and preparedness ahead of the wave may account for the low mortality observed in our center. These results highlight the importance of resources management strategy in the context of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Comparison of Flexible 3D Printed Stenotic Airway Model Versus Standard Model for Therapeutic Bronchoscopy Training a Proof of Concept
Authors: Chee Alex , Sierra-Ruiz Melibea , Parikh Mihir S. , Majid Adnan 
Published: July 2020

Aim:
This study aimed to determine operator impressions of an airway obstruction procedure using a custom silicone model of low cost and high accuracy.

Background:
Current procedural education for therapeutic bronchoscopy relies on animal models, supervised in-patient training, and inanimate artificial models. Model manufacturing via lost-wax casting allows for the flexibility of the material selection and reproduction of complex airway shapes.

Methods:
A patient computed tomography scan was anonymized and segmented into a stereolithographic (STL) file. The water dissolvable interior airway mold was 3-dimensional (D) printed using polyvinyl alcohol and the exterior mold was printed with polylactic acid. Flexible silicone was injected into the mold. During advanced bronchoscopy courses (2017-2018) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, participants were asked to evaluate both standard bronchoscopy manikin and the manikin with 3D customization.

Results:
We evaluated 17 participants with different levels in training in the pulmonary field. All of them reported that they previously have performed >100 bronchoscopies, 88% having treated patients with airway stenosis. In total, 77% of participants thought the 3D model was better or much better for airway inspection when compared with Broncho-Boy. Overall, 94% of participants reported the 3D model was accurate or very accurate for realism. In total, 69% of trainees reported the overall experience as excellent. All of them reported 3D model would improve their skills on stent placement.

Conclusion:
3D printing with silicone lost wax casting can be used to reproduce airway abnormalities for tactile simulation bronchoscopy. Reproducible custom airway models can be created for a relatively low cost.
Quality of Life in Parents of Children With Biliary Atresia
Authors: Rodijk Lyan H. , Schins Eke M.W. , Witvliet Marieke J. , Alizadeh Behrooz Z. , Verkade Henkjan J. , de Kleine Ruben H. , Hulscher Jan B.F. , Bruggink Janneke L.M. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
The aim of the study was to determine quality of life (QoL), stress, and anxiety levels in parents of children with biliary atresia (BA), and to assess factors associated with parental QoL.

Methods:
Parents of children (6–16 years) with BA were included in this cross-sectional study. We used validated questionnaires to assess parental QoL, stress, and anxiety levels. We compared the results with reference data from the general population and determined associated factors using generalized linear mixed model analysis. Results are given as mean ± SD or median [min-max].

Results:
We included 61 parents of 39 children (aged 11 ± 3 years). Thirty-one children (79%) had undergone a liver transplantation (LTx). Parents reported reduced family activities (88 [8–100] vs 95 [30–100], P = 0.002) and more emotional worry (83 [17–100] vs 92 [95–100], P < 0.001) compared with reference data, but a stronger family cohesion (85 [30–100] vs 60 [30–100], P = 0.05). Scores on parental QoL, anxiety and stress were similar to reference data. Fathers (16.0 [11–19]) and mothers (15.4 ± 1.4) scored higher on the psychological domain compared with reference data (vs 14.7 ± 2.2, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in QoL of parents with children with native liver or those who had undergone LTx. Older age and high anxiety trait in parents were adversely associated with physical QoL. Household income below €35 000/year and high anxiety trait were adversely associated with environmental QoL.

Conclusions:
QoL in parents of school-aged children with BA appears to be unaffected. Parents with high-anxiety personality trait, older age, and low household income are at increased risk of impaired QoL.
Case Report: Presumed Optic Neuropathy after Amiodarone and then Dronedarone for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Maharshak Idit , Paul Michael , Steiner Hillel 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Amiodarone and dronedarone have recognized ophthalmological adverse effects including optic neuropathy. The recognition of optic neuropathy as a complication of amiodarone and dronedarone treatment may enable withdrawing the drug and accordingly preventing permanent vision loss.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to describe a case of optic neuropathy after substitution of amiodarone with dronedarone for treatment of atrial fibrillation.

CASE REPORT
An 81-year-old man treated with dronedarone for atrial fibrillation after amiodarone had caused tremor developed sequential permanent vision loss in both eyes.

CONCLUSIONS
The importance of timely recognition of optic neuropathy as a complication of amiodarone and dronedarone treatment may enable discontinuing the drug, thus preventing permanent vision loss.
Geographic Distribution of HIV Transmission Networks in the United States
Authors: Board Amy R. , Oster Alexandra M. , Song Ruiguang , Gant Zanetta , Linley Laurie , Watson Meg , Zhang Tianchi , France Anne Marie 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Understanding geographic patterns of HIV transmission is critical to designing effective interventions. We characterized geographic proximity by transmission risk and urban–rural characteristics among people with closely related HIV strains suggestive of potential transmission relationships.

Methods:
We analyzed US National HIV Surveillance System data of people diagnosed between 2010 and 2016 with a reported HIV-1 partial polymerase nucleotide sequence. We used HIV TRAnsmission Cluster Engine (HIV-TRACE) to identify sequences linked at a genetic distance of ≤0.5%. For each linked person, we assessed median distances between counties of residence at diagnosis by transmission category and urban–rural classification, weighting observations to account for persons with multiple linked sequences.

Results:
There were 24,743 persons with viral sequence linkages to at least one other person included in this analysis. Overall, half (50.9%) of persons with linked viral sequences resided in different counties, and the median distance from persons with linked viruses was 11 km/7 miles [interquartile range (IQR), 0–145 km/90 miles]. Median distances were highest for men who have sex with men (MSM: 14 km/9 miles; IQR, 0–179 km/111 miles) and MSM who inject drugs, and median distances increased with increasing rurality (large central metro: 0 km/miles; IQR, 0–83 km/52 miles; nonmetro: 103 km/64 miles; IQR, 40 km/25 miles–316 km/196 miles).

Conclusion:
Transmission networks in the United States involving MSM, MSM who inject drugs, or persons living in small metro and nonmetro counties may be more geographically dispersed, highlighting the importance of coordinated health department efforts for comprehensive follow-up and linkage to care.
Course Review
Authors: Challoner Tom 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Hand and Wrist Sculpture Course, organized by the Surgical Sculpture Workshops and badged by the British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (BAPRAS), is a 2-day innovative course aimed at trainees in plastic and orthopedic surgery, as well as therapists, teaching about the bony and soft tissue anatomy through a hands-on sculpting workshop for application in clinical work. The course is delivered by an expert faculty of hand surgeons with a keen interest in art and sculpture, and costs £300. The following review details the course and provides a detailed evaluation of the course.
Modified Use of Costal Cartilage in Asians for the Correction of Nostril Asymmetry in Unilateral Secondary Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Huang Tony Chieh-Ting , He Yinhai , Li Shang , Li Zhengyong , Chen Junjie , Cen Ying , Qing Yong 
Published: July 2020

Background
Weak alar cartilage and lack of soft tissue on the cleft side are considered to be the main critical factors leading to the asymmetry of bilateral nostrils. The costal cartilage can provide strong structural support and can be used to maintain long-term stability of nostril shape after surgical correction. With the advancement in rhinoplasty techniques, the application and understanding of costal cartilage in cleft lip nasal deformity is still on going. Herein, we present our technique of applying costal cartilage to provide nostril support and correct asymmetry in Asian patients with unilateral secondary cleft lip nasal deformity.

Methods
Ninety-seven patients who underwent nostril asymmetry correction from January 1, 2013, to October 31, 2018, were analyzed retrospectively. Modified integrative alar cartilage strut and diced nostril augmentation with costal cartilage were implemented to improve the collapsed and flat cleft-side nostril. The release and restoration of muscle and bone were also performed when required. Surgical outcomes were analyzed based on the comparison of nostril parameters, the shape and contour, and symmetry of bilateral nostrils after surgery. During postoperative follow-up, the patients' satisfactions with the corrective outcomes were also investigated.

Results
All patients received the corrective operations with complete survival of all implanted cartilages. The nostril width was narrower in postoperative group (P < 0.05). The nostril height and long axis angle were higher postoperatively (P < 0.05). After correction, the proportion of moderate type increased from 13.4% to 80.4%, whereas the proportion of horizontal type decreased from 86.6% to 17.5%. The symmetry score on the nostril parameters manifested the rate of high score (AS >3) in postoperative groups were 84.5%, 93.8%, and 87.6% for width, height, and angle of the long axis, respectively. They were higher compared with those of preoperative group (0%). More than 95% of the patients were satisfied with the overall aesthetic outcome of the surgery.

Conclusions
Through ameliorating its constructive technology and optimizing its filling form, the modified use of costal cartilage displayed excellent correction effects in the width, height, and long axis angle asymmetry of Asian patients' nostril. Precise and comprehensive rhinoplasty technique is the cornerstone for achieving satisfactory long-term aesthetic outcomes, especially in severe cases, such as secondary cleft lip nasal deformity.
A note on the Stokes phenomenon in flow under an elastic sheet
Authors: Lustri Christopher J. , Koens Lyndon , Pethiyagoda Ravindra 
Published: August 2020

The Stokes phenomenon is a class of asymptotic behaviour that was first discovered by Stokes in his study of the Airy function. It has since been shown that the Stokes phenomenon plays a significant role in the behaviour of surface waves on flows past submerged obstacles. A detailed review of recent research in this area is presented, which outlines the role that the Stokes phenomenon plays in a wide range of free surface flow geometries. The problem of inviscid, irrotational, incompressible flow past a submerged step under a thin elastic sheet is then considered. It is shown that the method for computing this wave behaviour is extremely similar to previous work on computing the behaviour of capillary waves. Exponential asymptotics are used to show that free-surface waves appear on the surface of the flow, caused by singular fluid behaviour in the neighbourhood of the base and top of the step. The amplitude of these waves is computed and compared to numerical simulations, showing excellent agreements between the asymptotic theory and computational solutions.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.
George Gabriel Stokes as a biologist
Authors: Ceredig Rhodri 
Published: August 2020

It is universally acknowledged that George Gabriel Stokes (1819–1903) was a polymath who made major contributions to the fields of mathematics, chemistry, physics, fluidics and optics. However, his contributions to biology have received far less attention and this brief communication examines two of Stokes' major biological contributions, namely his description of the phenomenon of fluorescence and his studies on the changes in the colour of blood following oxidation and reduction. The paper on fluorescence is discussed because in it, Stokes demonstrates his wide-ranging biological knowledge and because the use of fluorescence is an invaluable experimental tool in biology. It was by developing the experimental approaches and equipment used to investigate fluorescence that Stokes then applied these to other investigations, including that of blood. From what we now know, what Stokes was describing in his paper on blood were the changes in the configuration of the haemoglobin molecule upon the acquisition and release of oxygen.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)'.
Developing Small Molecules that Inhibit K-Ras/GTP Binding Based on New Affinity Measurements
Authors: Carta Luca , Hutcheson Rebecca , Davis Simon A. , Rudolph Michael J. , Reynolds Charles H. , Quick Matthias , Williams Theresa M. , Schmertzler Michael , Hadari Yaron R. 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYRASgenes encode small GTPases essential for proliferation, differentiation, and survival of mammalian cells.RASgene mutations are associated with approximately 30% of all human cancers. However, based on measurements reported three decades ago of Ras protein affinities to GTP in the 10-20 picomolar range, it has been accepted in the scientific and medical communities that Ras proteins are undruggable targets. Here, we report MicroScale Thermophoresis and scintillation proximity assay measurements of the affinity of K-Ras and several K-Ras mutants for GTP in the range of 200 nanomolar, a 10,000-fold difference from that previously reported, and the identification of over 400 small molecules that block GTP binding to K-Ras. Focusing on two of those molecules, we report small molecule inhibition of Ras downstream signaling and cellular proliferation in human pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancer cells expressing wild type and K-Ras G12C, G12D and G12S, and N-Ras Q61K mutants.