bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Conjugates of Toluidine Blue O as Amphiphilic Photosensitizers: Synthesis, Solubility, Photophysics and Photochemical Properties†
Authors: Robinson‐Duggon José , Pizarro Nancy , Gunther Germán , Zúñiga‐Núñez Daniel , Edwards Ana María , Greer Alexander , Fuentealba Denis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractToluidine blue O (TBO) is a water‐soluble photosensitizer that has been used in photodynamic antimicrobial and anticancer treatments, but suffers from limited solubility in hydrophobic media. In an effort to incrementally increase TBO’s hydrophobicity, we describe the synthesis of hexanoic (TBOC6) and myristic (TBOC14) fatty acid derivatives of TBO formed in low to moderate percent yields by condensation with the free amine site. Covalently linking 6 and 14 carbon chains led to modifications of not only TBO’s solubility, but also its photophysical and photochemical properties. TBOC6 and TBOC14 derivatives were more soluble in organic solvents and showed hypsochromic shifts in their absorption and emission bands. The solubility in phosphate buffer solution was low for both TBOC6 and TBOC14, but unexpectedly slightly greater in the latter. Both TBOC6 and TBOC14 showed decreased triplet excited‐state lifetimes and singlet oxygen quantum yields in acetonitrile, which was attributed to heightened aggregation of these conjugates particularly at high concentrations due to the hydrophobic “tails.” While in diluted aqueous buffer solution, indirect measurements showed similar efficiency in singlet oxygen generation for TBOC14 compared to TBO. This work demonstrates a facile synthesis of fatty acid TBO derivatives leading to amphiphilic compounds with a delocalized cationic “head” group and hydrophobic “tails” for potential to accumulate into biological membranes or membrane/aqueous interfaces in PDT applications.
Reclassification of Chlamydomonas monticola as Heterochlamydomonas (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Watanabe Shin 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYA unicellular flagellate described as Chlamydomonas monticola NIES‐157 was known to have two unequal flagella and informally stored as Heterochlamydomonas sp. in the culture collection. In this study, the strain NIES‐157 was revisited for clarifying its taxonomic status. In the 18S rDNA tree, this organism was resolved in a distinct position in the clade of Heterochlamydomonas (Reinhardtinia). In this strain, the two basal bodies were arranged in parallel as in H. inaequalis, and naked motile cells (putative gametes) were additionally observed. NIES‐157 was morphologically distinguished from other members of the genus in the nuclear position in motile cells. Based on these data, a transfer of C. monticola NIES‐157 to Heterochlamydomonas as H. monticola comb. nov. is proposed.
The Nature of Law and Potential Coercion
Authors: Woodbury‐Smith Kara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper argues for a novel understanding of the relationship between law and coercion. It firstly refutes Kenneth Himma’s claim that the authorisation of coercive enforcement mechanisms is a conceptually necessary feature of law. It then claims that the best way to understand the law is as coercion‐apt. The “coercion‐aptness” of law is clarified, in part, by appealing to an essential distinction between law and morality: Whereas it can be reasonable for the law to appeal to coercive means in order to motivate compliance, it seems decidedly unreasonable for morality to do so.
Regulatory reform in the era of new technological development: The role of organizational factors in the public sector
Authors: Park Soonae , Lee Don S. , Son Jieun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhat is the role of organizational factors in fostering regulatory reform in response to new technological development? Existing studies provide useful frameworks to understand regulatory reform in rapidly changing circumstances but still lack a systematic analysis of how organizational factors affect regulatory reform in the public sector. To fill this gap, we examine the impact of several institutional elements that are central to defining organizational characteristics, such as job tasks, bureaucratic autonomy, and organizational culture. We theorize that regulatory reform is more likely when public sector organizations are more receptive to external changes, which are determined by these characteristics. We leverage original surveys from over 1,000 civil servants in Korea, one of the front runners in new technological development, and find support for our prediction. We find that the implementation of regulatory reforms is more likely when (i) organizational tasks are relevant to scientific and technological development, (ii) higher levels of bureaucratic autonomy are granted, (iii) agency heads demonstrate stronger leadership, and (iv) organizational culture is less authoritarian. Our study makes clear contributions to the literature on public management and regulation theory, and has important implications for regulatory reform in the face of new technological development.
Who gets referred for knee or hip replacement? A theoretical model of the potential impact of evidence-based referral thresholds using data from a retrospective review of clinic records from an English musculoskeletal referral hub
Authors: Dakin Helen A , Eibich Peter , Gray Alastair , Smith James , Barker Karen L , Beard David , Price Andrew J 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo estimate the relationship between patient characteristics and referral decisions made by musculoskeletal hubs, and to assess the possible impact of an evidence-based referral tool.DesignRetrospective analysis of medical records and decision tree model evaluating policy changes using local and national data.SettingOne musculoskeletal interface clinic (hub) in England.Participants922 adults aged ≥50 years referred by general practitioners with symptoms of knee or hip osteoarthritis.InterventionsWe assessed the current frequency and determinants of referrals from one hub and the change in referrals that would occur at this centre and nationally if evidence-based thresholds for referral (Oxford Knee and Hip Scores, OKS/OHS) were introduced.Main outcome measureOKS/OHS, referrals for surgical assessment, referrals for arthroplasty, costs and quality-adjusted life years.ResultsOf 110 patients with knee symptoms attending face-to-face hub consultations, 49 (45%) were referred for surgical assessment; the mean OKS for these 49 patients was 18 (range: 1–41). Of 101 hip patients, 36 (36%) were referred for surgical assessment (mean OHS: 21, range: 5–44). No patients referred for surgical assessment were above previously reported economic thresholds for OKS (43) or OHS (45). Setting thresholds of OKS ≤31 and OHS ≤35 might have resulted in an additional 22 knee referrals and 26 hip referrals in our cohort. Extrapolating hub results across England suggests a possible increase in referrals nationally, of around 13 000 additional knee replacements and 4500 additional hip replacements each year.ConclusionsMusculoskeletal hubs currently consider OKS/OHS and other factors when making decisions about referral to secondary care for joint replacement. Those referred typically have low OHS/OKS, and introducing evidence-based OKS/OHS thresholds would prevent few inappropriate (high-functioning, low-pain) referrals. However, our findings suggest that some patients not currently referred could benefit from arthroplasty based on OKS/OHS. More research is required to explore other important patient characteristics currently influencing hub decisions.
Chronic diseases and multimorbidity among unemployed and employed persons in the Netherlands: a register-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Yildiz Berivan , Schuring Merel , Knoef Marike G , Burdorf Alex 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesThe first objective of this study was to describe the age-specific prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity among unemployed and employed persons. The second objective was to examine associations of employment status and sociodemographic characteristics with chronic diseases and multimorbidity.DesignData linkage of cross-sectional nationwide registries on employment status, medication use and sociodemographic characteristics in 2016 was applied.SettingRegister-based data covering residents in the Netherlands.Participants5 074 227 persons aged 18–65 years were selected with information on employment status, medication use and sociodemographic characteristics.Outcome measuresMultiple logistic regression analysis and descriptive statistics were performed to examine associations of employment and sociodemographic characteristics with the prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity. The age-specific prevalence of six common chronic diseases was described, and Venn diagrams were applied for multimorbidity among unemployed and employed persons.ResultsUnemployed persons had a higher prevalence of psychological disorders (18.3% vs 5.4%), cardiovascular diseases (20.1% vs 8.9%), inflammatory diseases (24.5% vs 15.8%) and respiratory diseases (11.7% vs 6.5%) than employed persons. Unemployed persons were more likely to have one (OR 1.30 (1.29–1.31)), two (OR 1.74 (1.73–1.76)) and at least three chronic diseases (OR 2.59 (2.56–2.61)) than employed persons. Among unemployed persons, psychological disorders and inflammatory conditions increased with age but declined from middle age onwards, whereas a slight increase was observed among employed persons. Older persons, women, lower educated persons and migrants were more likely to have chronic diseases.ConclusionLarge differences exist in the prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity among unemployed and employed persons. The age-specific prevalence follows a different pattern among employed and unemployed persons, with a relatively high prevalence of psychological disorders and inflammatory conditions among middle-aged unemployed persons. Policy measures should focus more on promoting employment among unemployed persons with chronic diseases.
Impact of a nutritional supplement (Impryl) on male fertility: study protocol of a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (SUppleMent Male fERtility, SUMMER trial)
Authors: Smits Roos , D'Hauwers Kathleen , IntHout Joanna , Braat Didi , Fleischer Kathrin 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionInfertility is a worldwide problem and about 10%–15% of all couples will be affected by the inability to have children. In approximately 50% of infertile couples, a male factor is involved. Most of the male infertile cases are characterised as ‘idiopathic’, except for a small percentage of cases which are causative by a genetic aetiology. In the past decade, the role of oxidative stress related to sperm quality has been researched thoroughly and estimated to be the problem in 25%–87% of male infertility cases. Impryl is a nutritional supplement which works on the metabolic system and the regulation of oxidative stress by activating the 1-carbon cycle and therefore recycling of homocysteine. We hypothesise that the nutritional supplement Impryl in men of infertile couples might improve the ongoing pregnancy rate.Methods and analysisWe designed a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. We aimed to include 1200 male adults aged 18–50 years, part of a couple that is diagnosed with infertility. The couple will either start or has already been started with fertility treatment, that is, expectative management (duration of 6 months), intrauterine insemination (IUI) with or without mild ovarian stimulation or ovulation induction, either in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment. Male participants will be randomised in either the Impryl or the placebo group, with identical appearance of the tablets to be distributed (doses: one tablet each day), for a total duration of maximal 6 months. Patients can start directly with fertility treatment and/or natural conception. The primary outcome is the number of ongoing pregnancies confirmed by ultrasound at ≥10 to 12 weeks, and conceived in the time window between randomisation up to and including month 6 of intervention use. Secondary outcomes are change in semen parameters between baseline and after 3 months of intervention in the IUI/IVF/ICSI group, based on (prewash) total motile sperm count. Furthermore the number of pregnancies conceived in the optimal intervention time window (after full spermatogenesis of 72 days), overall number of pregnancies, time to pregnancy, embryo fertilisation rate in IVF/ICSI, embryo-utilisation rate in IVF/ICSI, number of miscarriages, live birth rate and adverse events are documented within the study period of 15 months.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol is approved by the local medical ethical review committee at the Radboud University Medical Centre and by the national Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects. Findings will be shared with the academic and medical community, funding and patient organisations in order to contribute to optimisation of medical care and quality of life for patients with infertility.Trial registration numbersNCT03337360 and NTR6551.
Comparison of quadriceps setting strength and knee extension strength tests to evaluate lower limb muscle strength based on health-related physical fitness values in elderly people
Authors: Ito Yuki , Aoki Takumi , Sato Takeru , Oishi Kan , Ishii Kojiro 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveConventionally, knee extension strength is often used as the indicator for lower limb muscle strength; however, several recent studies have also used quadriceps setting strength. This study aimed to investigate and compare the association of quadriceps setting and knee extension strength with health-related physical fitness.MethodsWe evaluated quadriceps setting strength and isometric knee extension strength in 75 elderly subjects (mean age, 76.8±5.3 years) to determine their lower limb muscle strength. Health-related physical fitness was evaluated using the physical fitness test advocated by the Ministry of Education and Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan. The test consists of the following components: grip strength, sit-up, sit and reach, one leg standing with eyes open, 10 m obstacle walk and 6 min walk.ResultsWhen adjusted for age, sex and body mass index, quadriceps setting strength was significantly correlated with grip strength, number of sit-ups, sit and reach distance, 10 m obstacle walking time and 6 min walking distance. In contrast, knee extension strength was associated only with grip strength and number of sit-ups.ConclusionMore health-related physical fitness parameters with quadriceps setting strength than knee extension strength. Quadriceps setting strength may be superior to knee extension strength as a predictor of health-related physical fitness.
Continuous electrocardiography for detecting atrial fibrillation beyond 1 year after stroke in primary care
Authors: Lyckhage Louise Feldborg , Hansen Morten Lock , Toft Jens Christian , Larsen Susanne Lis , Brendorp Bente , Ali Ari Mohammad , Wienecke Troels 
Published: July 2020

Background and purposeThe diagnostic benefit of using continuous ECG (cECG) for poststroke atrial fibrillation (AF) screening in a primary care setting is unclear. We aimed to assess the diagnostic yield from screening patients who previously had a stroke with a 7-day Holter monitor.MethodsPatients older than 49 years, naive to AF, with an ischaemic stroke over 1 year before enrolment were included. In a primary care setting, all patients were screened for AF using pulse palpation, 12-lead ECG and 7-day Holter monitoring. Further, NT-proBNP was determined at baseline.Results7-day Holter monitoring uncovered AF in 17 of 366 patients (4.6% (95% CI 2.7 to 7.3)). The number needed to screen was 22 patients (14–37). 12-lead ECG uncovered AF in 3 patients (0.82% (95% CI 0.17 to 2.4)), and 122 patients had irregular pulse during pulse palpation (33.5% (95% CI 28.7 to 38.2)). When using 7-day Holter monitoring as reference standard, the sensitivity of pulse palpation and 12-lead ECG was 47% (95% CI 23% to 72%) and 18% (95% CI 4% to 43%). High levels (≥400 pg/mL) of NT-proBNP versus low levels (≤200 pg/mL) were not associated with AF in the univariate analysis nor when adjusted for age (OR 2.4 (95% CI 0.5 to 8.4) and 1.6 (95% CI 0.3 to 6.0)).ConclusionsA relevant proportion of patients with stroke more than 1 year before inclusion were diagnosed with AF through 7-day Holter monitoring. Given the low sensitivities of pulse palpation and 12-lead ECG, additional cECG may be considered during poststroke primary care follow-up.
Fibroblast activation protein-targeted-4-1BB ligand agonist amplifies effector functions of intratumoral T cells in human cancer
Authors: Trüb Marta , Uhlenbrock Franziska , Claus Christina , Herzig Petra , Thelen Martin , Karanikas Vaios , Bacac Marina , Amann Maria , Albrecht Rosemarie , Ferrara-Koller Claudia , Thommen Daniela , Rothschield Sacha , Savic Prince Spasenija , Mertz Kirsten D , Cathomas Gieri , Rosenberg Robert , Heinzelmann-Schwarz Viola , Wiese Mark , Lardinois Didier , Umana Pablo , Klein Christian , Laubli Heinz , Kashyap Abhishek S , Zippelius Alfred 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThe costimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9) plays an important role in sustaining effective T cell immune responses and is investigated as target for cancer therapy. Systemic 4-1BB directed therapies elicit toxicity or low efficacy, which significantly hampered advancement of 4-1BB-based immunotherapy. Therefore, targeted delivery of 4-1BB agonist to the tumor side is needed for eliciting antitumor efficacy while avoiding systemic toxicity.MethodsWe analyzed the immunostimulatory properties of a fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeted 4-1BB agonist (FAP-4-1BBL) by assessing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes’ (TIL) activity from patients with non-small cell lung cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer.ResultsCombination treatment with FAP-4-1BBL and T cell receptor stimulation by either anti-CD3 or T cell bispecific antibodies significantly enhanced TIL activation and effector functions, including T cell proliferation, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity. Notably, costimulation with FAP-4-1BBL led to de novo secretion of interleukin (IL)−13. This was associated with cytokine-mediated tumor cell apoptosis, which was partially dependent on IL-13 alpha 1/2 receptors and STAT6 phosphorylation.ConclusionsOur study provides mechanistic insights into T cell stimulation induced by FAP-4-1BBL in primary human tumors and supports the investigation of FAP-4-1BBL compound in early clinical trials.
Professional Ethics, Provenance, and Policies
Authors: Bonnie Rick , Goff Matthew , Jokiranta Jutta , Thomas Suzie , Tzoref Shani 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article presents and discusses the results of an online survey undertaken in 2018, which targeted scholars of the Dead Sea Scrolls and associated research fields. Respondents were asked questions on the state of knowledge in the field regarding provenance issues and related ethics and policies. The goal of the survey was to establish the levels of awareness within Qumran and related studies concerning the role of the antiquities market, the potential accountability (or not) of scholars as perceived by respondents, as well as their general awareness of relevant policies and codes of conduct. The article discusses the key points that the survey raised, with the aim of offering textual scholars tools to assess their role in provenance issues.
The Hidden Body as Literary Strategy in 4QWiles of the Wicked Woman (4Q184)
Authors: Quick Laura 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The short sapiential poem known as 4QWiles of the Wicked Woman (4Q184) describes the body of an unnamed female who ensnares the righteous into sin and ultimately death. This poetic description of a body has sometimes been compared to the Waṣf, a type of poem which provides a thick description of the body, listing and describing body parts in a movement descending from head to toe. In this essay, I explore the description of the woman’s body in 4Q184 in light of the genre of the Waṣf. By playing with the characteristic structure of the Waṣf, 4Q184 highlights certain aspects of the woman’s body in order to say something specific about her role and activities. In so doing, I uncover an image of the woman which is more erotic than commentators have previously allowed.
Seasonal variation and vertical distribution of nematode communities and their relation to soil chemical property and rice productivity under triple rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Sinh Van , Nguyen Phuong Kim Thi , Araki Masaaki , Perry Roland N. , Tran Linh Ba , Chau Khoi Minh , Min Yu Yu , Toyota Koki 
Published: July 2020

Summary
Rice is an important agricultural crop in Vietnam. Nematodes are diverse in soil agroecosystems. However, little is known about their seasonal variation in extremely intensive rice cultivation in tropical regions. The objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of the nematode community, and to assess its relationship with the soil chemical property and rice yield. Soils (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm deep) were collected at harvest in spring-summer (S-S), summer-autumn (S-A), and winter-spring (W-S) cultivation in 2017 and 2018. Plant-parasitic nematodes were the largest group and accounted for 47-80 and 79-92% of total nematode abundance in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively. Hirschmanniella was the most dominant taxon whose abundance in topsoil varied from 275-739 in W-S to 1010-1270 indiv. (100 g soil)−1 in the S-S season. Nematode assemblages differed between topsoil and subsoil, and those of topsoil had clear seasonal distribution patterns. Bacterivore nematodes were the predominant group of free-living nematodes, with increasing relative abundance in the topsoil of S-S (average 23.2% of total free-living nematodes) < S-A (average 41.9%) < W-S (average 57.3%). Furthermore, soil in the W-S season had the highest microbial activity in 2018. Soil pH, EC and abundance of Hirschmanniella spp. were significantly negatively related with rice yield. The present results suggest that the presence of Hirschmanniella spp. in soil may be involved in a reduction of rice yield in the triple rice system.
The Epistemology of the “Great Invisibles”
Authors: Nenzén Niklas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The central collective myth of surrealism, Les grands transparents, was designed by André Breton in 1947 as a means for imagining a desirable society through effecting a vitalizing sense of the unknown and a “decentering of man”. As a contribution to the recent re-examination of surrealism in view of theoretical developments in the field of Western esotericism, this article argues that Breton utilizes his mythic narrative to articulate a transformative knowledge, a surreality, that in certain ways correspond to the concepts of gnosis and clairvoyance in esoteric discourse. To substantiate this, similar mythic narratives about great imperceptible entities in texts of Anthroposophy (Rudolf Steiner) and Rosicrucianism (Lectorium Rosicrucianum) are examined. A comparativist model for describing popular approaches (or mythemes) to ineffable experience is applied. An underlying “gnostic” approach of considering such experiences as incomplete and as being co-created is discerned, highlighting each actor’s endeavours to validate imaginative perception.