bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse Events of Intense Pulsed Light Combined With Meibomian Gland Expression Versus Meibomian Gland Expression in the Treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Authors: Qiao Chen , Li Liping , Wang Haoyu , Zhao Cong , Ke Lan , Sen Dan , Qi Mengying , Li Shaowei , Wang Mingwu , Zeng Qingyan 
Published: November 2020

Background and ObjectiveTo analyze the occurrence and causes of adverse events (AEs) in intense pulsed light (IPL) combined with meibomian gland expression (MGX) and MGX treatment alone for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).Study Design/Materials and MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on MGD patients treated in Wuhan Aier Hankou Eye Hospital from February 2018 to October 2019 to compare the AEs between IPL‐MGX and MGX groups. Relevant AEs that occurred during the treatment and within 1 month after the patients' last treatment were recorded and the causes of the AEs were analyzed.ResultsA total of 2,282 patients received IPL‐MGX and 1,407 received MGX treatment. No serious AEs occurred in both groups. There were 74 AEs in the IPL‐MGX group, with an incidence of 3.24%, including 14 significant AEs (2 cases of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, 1 recurrent herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), 9 new onsets of floaters, 1 recurrent glaucomatocyclitic crises, and 1 recurrent iridocyclitis). There were 27 AEs in the MGX group with a rate of 1.92%, including 4 significant AEs (2 cases of keratoconjunctivitis epidemic, 2 new cases of floaters). Compared with the IPL‐MGX group, the incidence of AEs in the MGX group was lower (P = 0.017).ConclusionsBoth IPL‐MGX and MGX treatment are safe therapies with low risk for AEs. IPL treatment is not recommended for young children (age 10 or less) as well as patients with anterior uveitis or glaucomatocyclitic crises. The previous history of HSK and eyes with high myopia are advised to exercise caution in IPL treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Demineralization Inhibition by High‐Speed Scanning of 9.3 µm CO2 Single Laser Pulses Over Enamel
Authors: Badreddine Ali H. , Couitt Stephen , Donovan Julia , Cantor‐Balan Roni , Kerbage Charles , Rechmann Peter 
Published: November 2020

Background and ObjectiveIn vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the use of an automated system for high‐speed scanning of single 9.3 µm CO2 laser pulses in the inhibition of caries‐like lesion formation in the enamel of extracted human molars. The effect of the laser in generating an acid‐resistant layer and the effect of the layer on inhibiting surface mineral loss during pH cycling was explored.Study Design/Materials and MethodsLaser irradiation was performed with fluences of 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 J/cm2 for single pulses of 1 mm diameter (1/e2), with pulse durations of 17, 22, and 27 microseconds, respectively. The laser was scanned at a 750 Hz pulse repetition rate in an automated pattern covering an area of 7 mm2 in 0.3 sec. Six treatment groups were investigated: three groups for each fluence for laser‐only and three for laser irradiation with additional fluoride from a toothpaste slurry (sodium fluoride at 1100 ppm). Each group used non‐irradiated areas, which included untreated controls for the laser‐only groups and a fluoride‐only treatment for the groups with additional fluoride. pH cycling was performed on both groups, followed by microhardness testing to determine the relative mineral loss (∆Z) from a caries‐like formation and surface mineral loss (∆S).ResultsLaser irradiation with the 9.3 µm CO2 laser generated an acid‐resistant layer of about 15 µm in depth. For the laser‐irradiated samples with additional fluoride application, the relative mineral loss (∆Z) was 113 ± 63 vol%‐µm, while for those with only fluoride application ∆Z was 572 ± 172 vol%‐µm. At the highest fluence (1.0 J/cm2) used, an 80.2% inhibition of caries‐like lesion was measured by ∆Z. Using only laser irradiation at the highest fluence resulted in an inhibition of caries‐like lesion of 79.5% for the irradiated samples (∆Z = 374 ± 149 vol%‐µm) relative to the control (∆Z = 1826 ± 325 vol%‐µm).Surface microhardness tests resulted in an inhibition of surface softening, as measured by the Knoop Hardness Value (KHN) (108 ± 33 KHN for laser irradiated with additional fluoride, for non‐irradiated controls with fluoride only 52 ± 16 KHN). Inhibition of surface loss was observed for all laser fluences, but the maximum surface loss for the untreated control group was only 2.2 ± 0.49 µm.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate a significant benefit of the 9.3 µm CO2 laser at fluences of 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 J/cm2 in caries‐like lesion inhibition as measured by the relative mineral loss in depth and surface mineral loss, without significant damage to the enamel. Additionally, inhibition of surface softening and surface loss during pH cycling was observed. The surface loss was small compared with the overall lesion depth and thickness of the generated acid‐resistant layer. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Combinatory Effect of ALA‐PDT and Itraconazole Treatment for Trichosporon asahii
Authors: Lan Yu , Lu Sha , Zheng Bowen , Tang Zengqi , Li Jiahao , Zhang Junmin 
Published: November 2020

Background and ObjectivesTrichosporiosis is an opportunistic infection that includes superficial infections, white piedra, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and invasive trichosporonosis. The effect of antifungal agents against these infections is largely weakened by drug resistance and biofilms‐related virulence. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new therapeutic approach developed not only to combat cancerous lesions but also to treat infectious diseases such as fungal infections. However, there are few studies on the antimicrobial mechanism of 5‐aminolevulinic acid PDT (ALA‐PDT) in treating Trichosporon. In this work, we explored the possibility of combining ALA‐PDT with an antifungal agent to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Trichosporon asahii (T. asahii) in a clinical setting and in vitro.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe biofilms of T. asahii were constructed by a 96‐well plate‐based method in vitro. The planktonic and adherent T. asahii were exposed to different concentrations of photosensitizers and different light doses. After PDT treatment, counting colony‐forming units and tetrazolium (XTT) reduction assay were used to estimate the antifungal efficacy. The minimal inhibitory concentration of itraconazole before and after PDT treatment was determined by the broth dilution method, and XTT viability assay was used to detect and evaluate the synergistic potential of ALA‐PDT and itraconazole combinations in inhibiting biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to assess the disruption of biofilms.ResultsUsing combination therapy, we have successfully treated a patient who had a T. asahii skin infection. Further in vitro studies showed that the antifungal effect of ALA‐PDT on planktonic and adherent T. asahii was dependent on the concentration of ALA and light dosages used. We also found that the sensitivity of both planktonic and biofilm cells to itraconazole were increased after ALA‐PDT. Synergistic effect were observed for biofilms in ALA‐PDT and itraconazole‐combined treatment. The disruption of biofilms was confirmed by SEM, suggesting that ALA‐PDT effectively damaged the biofilms and the destruction was further enhanced by ALA‐PDT combination of antifungal agents.ConclusionsIn conclusion, these data suggest that ALA‐PDT could be an alternative strategy for controlling infections caused by Trichosporon. The combination therapy of ALA‐PDT with itraconazole could result in increased elimination of planktonic cells and biofilms compared with single therapy. All these findings indicate that it could be a promising treatment against trichosporonosis. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
A Comparison of Human and Porcine Skin in Laser‐Assisted Drug Delivery of Chemotherapeutics
Authors: Rosenberg Lukas K. , Bagger Charlotte , Janfelt Christian , Haedersdal Merete , Olesen Uffe H. , Lerche Catharina M. 
Published: November 2020

Background and ObjectivesPorcine skin is a widely used model in diffusion studies, but its usefulness for laser‐assisted drug delivery (LADD) has not been evaluated in comparison with human skin. This study compared porcine and human skin in ex vivo LADD diffusion studies.Study Design/Materials and MethodsEx vivo ablative fractional laser (AFL) treatments (5, 20, and 80 mJ/mb) were applied to skin samples from three sources: human, normal pig (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire breed), and a hyperkeratotic pig phenotype. Samples were stained using hematoxylin and eosin, photo‐documented, and measured digitally. Samples (20 mJ/mb) were exposed to bleomycin or 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) for 19 hours in Franz diffusion cells. Drug uptake was quantified at three skin depths (100, 500, and 1,500 µm) by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Drug biodistribution and endogenous lipids were visualized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry imaging.ResultsEpidermal and dermal thicknesses of human and normal pig skin were similar (76–87 µm and 1,668–1,886 µm, respectively; P = 0.082–0.494). Endogenous lipids were investigated, and 116 compounds were identified. Of these compounds, 100 were found in all three skin types, while six were present exclusively in human skin. Laser channel depths (20 mJ/mb) in human and normal pig skin were similar (1,081 vs. 1,126 µm; P = 0.588). Bleomycin uptake was similar in all skin types at all depths (101.4–175.6 µg/cm3; P = 0.132–0.699). 5‐FU uptake in human and normal pig skin was similar at 100 and 500 µm (80.5 vs. 140.3 µg/cm3 and 131.2 vs. 208.1 µg/cm3, respectively; P = 0.065–0.093). At 1500 µm, 5‐FU concentrations in the porcine skin types differed from those in human skin (104.7 vs. 196.7–344.8 µg/cm3; P = 0.002–0.026). Drug biodistribution was similar among skin types, but differences between bleomycin and 5‐FU biodistribution were observed.ConclusionsNormal porcine and human skin showed similar morphology, the composition of endogenous lipids, and AFL‐assisted cutaneous uptake, and biodistribution of chemotherapeutics. Therefore, normal porcine skin, but not hyperkeratotic pig phenotype skin, is a practical and reliable model for healthy human skin in ex vivo LADD diffusion studies. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Dynamic Optical Coherence Tomography of Cutaneous Blood Vessels in Melasma and Vessel Response to Oral Tranexamic Acid
Authors: Pomerantz Hyemin , Christman Mitalee P. , Bloom Bradley S. , Lederhandler Margo , Feng Hao , Holmes Jon , Geronemus Roy G. 
Published: November 2020

Background and ObjectivesMelasma may be related to aberrant blood vessels, but there has been no report on the utility of dynamic optical coherence tomography (D‐OCT) in studying vessel characteristics in melasma. We studied the characteristics of cutaneous blood vessels in melasma and the effects of oral tranexamic acid (TXA) with D‐OCT.Study Design/Materials and MethodsSix patients with moderate to severe melasma had a D‐OCT scanning of the areas on the face affected by melasma and not affected by it. Three of them had scans within 3 months after starting oral TXA and at a follow‐up visit. Blood flow at different depths of the skin and vessel diameter were compared between the melasma and normal skin. For those taking oral TXA, we compared the percent change of blood flow and diameter between the melasma and normal skin.ResultsDermal blood flow and vessel diameter were greater in the melasma skin than in the normal skin. Oral TXA reduced dermal blood flow in both the melasma and normal skin, but the reduction was more dramatic in the lesional melasma skin.ConclusionsD‐OCT findings that (i) dermal blood vessels in melasma are increased in size and flow and (ii) oral TXA reduced the vessel size and flow, providing evidence supporting the relationship between melasma and cutaneous blood vessels. D‐OCT may be utilized in measuring response to treatments targeting melasma. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
The Impact of Color Fidelity on Evaluation of Patients in the Outpatient Dermatologic Setting
Authors: Juhasz Margit , Pham Christine , Allen Ryan , Harper Andrew , Siminovitch Michael , Brase Wendell , Linden Kenneth , Zachary Christopher , Atanaskova Mesinkovska Natasha 
Published: November 2020

Background and ObjectivesTo demonstrate that high color fidelity light‐emitting diode (LED) sources are preferred by dermatologists for the evaluation of patients during standard‐of‐care, outpatient visits when compared to low color fidelity LED sources similar to fluorescent lighting.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThree different LED sources were installed in exam rooms at a single, academic, medical institution (low color fidelity [82 color rendering index (CRI)] similar to fluorescent lighting, and high color fidelity [97 CRI and 96+red CRI]). A cross‐sectional survey study was conducted in three parts. Naturalness (i.e. ability to reproduce natural, daylight conditions), effectiveness, color contrast, comfort, and overall performance of each LED source were rated on a 5‐point scale from 0 to 4 with 0 being the worse, and 4 being the best. The first part included a survey of board‐certified dermatologists (n = 3) assessing their visual experience while clinically evaluating a subset of patients during standard‐of‐care outpatient visits. The second survey was completed by dermatologic medical providers (n = 55) at three separate monthly departmental Grand Rounds sessions in which standardized patients were evaluated with the LED sources. Lastly, patients (n = 75) finished a survey assessing the comfort level of the LED sources.ResultsIn the first part of the study, all dermatologists significantly preferred the high color fidelity sources over low color fidelity sources based on all five evaluation criteria, with two preferring the 97 CRI LED source overall, while the third dermatologist favored 96+red CRI. Assessments provided by the 55 participants at Grand Rounds demonstrated that the 97 CRI was most “liked.” Patients also preferred the high color fidelity LED source, reporting the 96+red CRI source was the “most comfortable.”ConclusionDermatologists, dermatologists‐in‐training and mid‐level providers significantly prefer high color fidelity LED sources for outpatient evaluation of dermatologist patients in enclosed spaces, rating them the more natural, effective, comfortable, and providing superior color contrast than low color sources. Patients also favor high color fidelity LED sources as being the most comfortable in the clinic room. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
THE START OF TIME SMART LEADERSHIP
Authors: Whillans Ashley 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe author discusses the concept of “time poverty,” which she defines as “having too many things to do and not enough time to do them.” It is a problem because it undermines happiness and productivity and increases stress. For instance, in 2012, 50 percent of working Americans reported that they were “always rushed” and 70 percent “never had enough time.” In 2015, more than 80% didn’t have all the time they needed. Solutions are offered for leaders to help their organizations become more time affluent. The first step to developing “time smart” leadership is to recognize whether and how your workplace is making you, your team, and your workforce time poor. Companies that let workers decide where and when to do their jobs have workers who are happier, more productive, and less likely to quit. Where possible, a shift away from performance incentives and billing hours would be a massive boon for employees’ well‐being. Workplaces can help employees become time affluent by rewarding them with it. The best data show that employees who take the most time off, ask for extensions when needed, and uptake time‐saving rewards are the happiest, most productive, and least likely to quit.
Gene expression changes occurring at bolting time are associated with leaf senescence in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hinckley Will E. , Brusslan Judy A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn plants, the vegetative to reproductive phase transition (termed bolting in Arabidopsis) generally precedes age‐dependent leaf senescence (LS). Many studies describe a temporal link between bolting time and LS, as plants that bolt early, senesce early, and plants that bolt late, senesce late. The molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship are unknown and are potentially agriculturally important, as they may allow for the development of crops that can overcome early LS caused by stress‐related early‐phase transition. We hypothesized that leaf gene expression changes occurring in synchrony with bolting were regulating LS. ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX (ATX) enzymes are general methyltransferases that regulate the adult vegetative to reproductive phase transition. We generated an atx1, atx3, and atx4 (atx1,3,4) triple T‐DNA insertion mutant that displays both early bolting and early LS. This mutant was used in an RNA‐seq time‐series experiment to identify gene expression changes in rosette leaves that are likely associated with bolting. By comparing the early bolting mutant to vegetative WT plants of the same age, we were able to generate a list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that change expression with bolting as the plants age. We trimmed the list by intersection with publicly available WT datasets, which removed genes from our DEG list that were atx1,3,4 specific. The resulting 398 bolting‐associated genes (BAGs) are differentially expressed in a mature rosette leaf at bolting. The BAG list contains many well‐characterized LS regulators (ORE1, WRKY45, NAP, WRKY28), and GO analysis revealed enrichment for LS and LS‐related processes. These bolting‐associated LS regulators may contribute to the temporal coupling of bolting time to LS.
Advanced energy materials for flexible batteries in energy storage: A review
Authors: Kong Long , Tang Cheng , Peng Hong‐Jie , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSmart energy storage has revolutionized portable electronics and electrical vehicles. The current smart energy storage devices have penetrated into flexible electronic markets at an unprecedented rate. Flexible batteries are key power sources to enable vast flexible devices, which put forward additional requirements, such as bendable, twistable, stretchable, and ultrathin, to adapt mechanical deformation under the working conditions. This review summarizes the recent advances in construction and configuration of flexible batteries and discusses the general metrics to benchmark various flexible batteries with different materials and chemistries. Moreover, we present advanced prototype flexible batteries developed by some companies to afford general envision of the technological status. Lastly, the critical points are summarized in the development of flexible batteries and remaining challenges are also presented for the future design of flexible batteries in practical perspectives.
Organic photodetectors based on supramolecular nanostructures
Authors: Yao Yifan , Chen Yusheng , Wang Hanlin , Samorì Paolo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSelf‐assembly of semiconducting (macro)molecules enables the development of materials with tailored‐made properties which could be used as active components for optoelectronics applications. Supramolecular nanostructures combine the merits of soft matter and crystalline materials: They are flexible yet highly crystalline, and they can be processed with low‐cost solution methods. Photodetectors are devices capable to convert a light input into an electrical signal. To achieve high photoresponse, the photogenerated charge carriers should be transported efficiently through the self‐assembled nanostructures to reach the electrodes; this can be guaranteed via optimal π–electron overlapping between adjacent conjugated molecules. Moreover, because of the high surface‐to‐bulk ratio, supramolecular nanostructures are prone to enhance exciton dissociation. These qualities make supramolecular nanostructures perfect platforms for photoelectric conversion. This review highlights the most enlightening recent strategies developed for the fabrication of high‐performance photodetectors based on supramolecular nanostructures. We introduce the key figure‐of‐merit parameters and working mechanisms of organic photodetectors based on single components and p–n heterojunctions. In particular, we describe new methods to devise unprecedented planar and vertical devices to ultimately realize highly integrated and flexible photodetectors. The incorporation of ordered mesoscopic supramolecular nanostructures into macroscopic optoelectronic devices will offer great promise for the next generation of multifunctional and multiresponsive devices.
How do open source app developers perceive API changes related to Android battery optimization? An empirical study
Authors: C Marimuthu , Chimalakonda Sridhar , K Chandrasekaran 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere is an increasing interest shown by researchers and developers in reducing the battery consumption of Android applications. Recently, the battery optimization features such as doze mode, app standby, background execution limits, and background location limits were introduced in the form of API changes. According to the API changes, application developers have to change their source code to manage the behavioral changes caused by operating system limitations. These battery optimization features are evolving rapidly, and the apps show unexpected behaviors until updating the source code. Also, developers find it difficult to cope with the changes. Therefore, there is a need to understand the behavioral changes, application developer's perceptions, and response patterns on the API changes to plan upcoming battery optimization features. In this article, we have collected the relevant GitHub issues from 225 open‐source Android repositories and performed a thematic analysis of collected data. This study analyzes the 391 related issues to answer three research questions. This study's important finding is that developers often post issues related to delayed app notifications, inconsistent background location updates, and suspended background tasks, and so on. We found that library developers are showing a quick response to API changes compared with application developers.
First case report on the occurrence of Trypanosoma evansi in a Siam B Mare in Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Mohd Rajdi Nur Zul Izzati , Mohamad Mimi Armiladiana , Tan Li Peng , Choong Siew Shean , Reduan Mohd Farhan Hanif , Hamdan Ruhil Hayati , C. W. Zalati C. W. Salma 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis is the first case report for the positive Trypanosoma evansi incident in Kelantan, Malaysia confirmed through protozoa detection in a Siam B mare. The horse was presented with complaints of lethargy and inappetence and it collapsed on the day of visit. Normal saline and dextrose solution were administered intravenously, while multivitamins and nerve supplements were given intramuscularly to stabilise the horse before further treatment. Haematological findings showed normocytic hypochromic anaemia and are suggestive of regenerative anaemia. Thin blood smear and examination revealed the presence of Trypanosoma sp., and it was confirmed as T. evansi through molecular identification. The horse was found dead 2 days after and post‐mortem was conducted. Histopathology revealed that the horse had developed a neurological form of the disease, besides the detection of the protozoa in heart, spleen and kidney tissue. This first positive Surra case in Kelantan, Malaysia, that is bordering Thailand confirms the increasing concern of transboundary infections. In conclusion, Surra is a potential emerging disease and should be considered as differential diagnosis in horses with pale mucous membrane. This condition is particularly imperative in horses found in these regions as Surra is endemic.