bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are We Ready for Electric Cars?
Authors: Karczewski Mirosław , Szczęch Leszek , Polak Filip 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cars with electric drive are becoming more fashionable. More and more of them appear on the roads, especially in the centres of big cities. However, electric cars must be charged, preferably from high-power energy sources. In domestic environment, (if somebody owns a house) power available is usually of 10-16 kW. Users have to increase the level of household power or charge the car for several hours, because car charger is not the only home energy receiver. Some of the users are installing energy storage systems solution based on energy storage systems but this require additional expenses for batteries, inverter, circuit breakers and additional equipment. Other disadvantages of such solution are that they are mostly dedicated for stand-alone houses. What could be done by electric cars owners who live on the 10th floor in a block of flats? What would happen if everyone in the same time decided to buy an electric car? What will happen if everyone at the same time charges his or her cars? Do we have an adequate supply of energy potential? On the other hand, do we need to build new energy power plants? Will the electric grid cope with such a load or will have to build new transmission lines, transformer stations, and charging stations?
Models of the Reference Departure and Arrival IFR Procedures for the Purpose of Research in RPAS Integration in Controlled Airspace
Authors: Lichoń Daniel , Orkisz Marek 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The air operations in controlled airspace performed according to Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) are composed of three main flight phases, i.e. departure, cruise, arrival. Controlled airspace is divided into the terminal area and en-route airspace. The terminal area encloses the departure and arrival phases while the en-route airspace encloses the cruise phase. The IFR procedures are designed for manned aviation to ensure the safety of air operations. Development of the aviation concerns among others the increase in the number of unmanned aviation operations. Currently, on the European level, there is an on-going, long-term program of integration of the unmanned aviation in the uniform (non-segregated) airspace. This work concerns the research in the integration of the Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) in the IFR procedures of the controlled airports. The objective was to build the reference models of Standard Instrument Departure and Arrival Procedures (SID and STAR). Basing on the procedure design guidelines the models of procedural nominal track, tolerance area, obstacle clearance area, climb or descend gradient, manoeuvres in SID and STAR were done. The guidelines describe the operational minima thus the statistics of existing procedures was done to select the suitable procedure parameters such as a number of navigational points, segments lengths, altitudes, climb or descent gradients. Reference models of SID include straight departure and turning departure procedures. Reference models of STAR include non-precision approach procedures according to used navigational aids, i.e. GNSS, VOR. The reference procedures were numerically implemented which will be used in the further works on RPAS integration problem by simulations of the RPAS ability to execute of the SID and STAR.
The Full or Partial Replacement of Commercial Marine Engine Oil with Bio Oil, on the Example of Linseed Oil
Authors: Malinowska Małgorzata 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The bio-oils are considered to sustainable, alternative and environmentally friendly source of lubricants compared to commercial engine oils, on the base a mineral, synthetic or semi-synthetic. They are obtained from natural raw material (vegetable or animal oils), which are renewable and non-toxic to humans, living organisms and environment. The vegetable oils called green oils, natural oils, bio-oils or natural esters. They can be obtained from plant seeds, that may be consumed – edible oils (for instance: rapeseed oil) or which cannot be consumed – inedible (for example: linseed oil).
The conducted research into linseed oil and its different quantity additives (25% and 50%) to commercial marine mineral oil intended for a medium-speed 4-stroke, trunk marine engine (i.e. Marinol RG 1240). The flash point and dependence of viscosity and temperature were compared and assess. It has been proven that vegetable oils have a high ignition temperature and very small viscosity change in the range of temperatures presented, i.e. high viscosity index.
According to the results, it can be recommended the addition of 25% linseed oil in the base lubricant is the relevant for lubricating a medium speed 4-stroke marine engine. The vegetable additives can improve a viscosity index a lube oil, and they will be positively affected environmental protection.
Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide and Product Water Exhausts in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell with Serpentine Channels
Authors: Nakashima Kohei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study utilized a transparent direct methanol fuel cell, with serpentine channels with a width of 2 mm and an initial depth of 2 mm, and investigated the relationship between the behaviours of carbon dioxide (CO2) slugs, product water accumulations, and voltage fluctuation. It examined the exhaust volumes of CO2 slugs and product water accumulations from the channels over time, comparing an anode channel with a depth of 1.2 mm to one with a depth of 2 mm (without changing the cathode depth of 2 mm, nor the width of 2 mm in both the anode and the cathode). Results indicated that cell voltage fluctuated, rising while CO2 slugs were ejected, and falling between ejections. In the case of an anode channel depth of 2 mm and a lower methanol-water solution flow rate, CO2 slugs were ejected less frequently, so cell voltage fluctuated widely. (Product water accumulations in the cathode had a minimum effect on this cell voltage fluctuation.) In the case of a higher methanol-water solution flow rate, CO2 slugs were ejected more frequently, with less exhaust volume per CO2 slug, reducing the fluctuation in cell voltage. Finally, with an anode channel depth of 1.2 mm, the exhaust volume per CO2 slug became even smaller, and these small CO2 slugs were rapidly ejected. With this shallow depth, the cell voltage increased with a lower methanol-water solution flow rate, but decreased with a higher methanol-water solution flow rate by crossover.
Analysis of Ratios of Propulsion Energy Demand for Transport by Bulk Carriers
Authors: Polanowski Stanisław 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The article presents the results of calculations and analysis of the eM ratio of the propulsion energy consumption per the nautical mile and the eMt ratio of the propulsion energy demand for the transport of 1-ton cargo per the nautical mile for bulk carriers. The relationship between eM and eMt indicators with the EIV (Estimated Index Value) ratio is shown. The output data for the determination of eM and eMt indicators was taken from the quoted MAN publication, reading (reproducing) the values of power, velocity v and DWT tonnage from the charts included in this publication. Calculations and analyses were made for velocity v between 11-15 knots and for DWT from 5-400 kt (kilo tonnes). The graphs of eM and eMt ratios in the function of speed v and load capacity DWT are presented. Using the stepwise method of least squares, models of statistical dependence of indicators on velocity v and load capacity of bulk carriers were developed. They were based on generalized polynomials with integer exponents. Derivatives deM / dv and deMt / dv and derivatives deM / dDWT and deMt / dDWT were determined. The main observations resulting from the conducted analyses are observed with the increase of DWT (within the range of 80-100 kt) a significant decrease in the value of the eM index. For DWT values> 100 kt, the decrease in eMt is slow − eMt asymptotically tends to a constant value. The results of the analyses carried out can be used at the stage of designing the transport capacity (tonnage) and nominal speed of the ship as well as selection of ship tonnage and travel speed in a given transport situation.
Strength Analysis of Polymer Conical Gear Wheel Made with 3D Printing Technique
Authors: Śpiewak Szczepan , Awrejcewicz Jan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The article deals with the problem of designing conical gears with a curved line contour. The contour of the tooth flank is described by means of a helix and involutions. In the work, a conical gear designed to drive of the lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton has analysed. Parameters of the conical gearbox have been adapted to design requirements of the exoskeleton. Gear wheels were made with ABS material using 3D printing technique. The article presents the results of strength calculations obtained using the method classical design of the gear wheals described in the norm ISO 6336-1996. In the strength calculations, bending and contact stresses were taken into account. Creating the contour of gears was aided through the gearbox wizard available in Inventor program. The work contains the results of a static tensile test of the material from which the gear wheels were made. In experimental and numerical studies, the orthotropy of the material used was taken into account. The orthogonal values of the Young’s modulus, the Poisson’s ratio and the Kirchhoff’s modulus were determined. The publication also includes partial results of fatigue tests in the area of normal stresses. In the research used to finite element method (FEM), determine of internal loads in the gear. A structure of the FEM model is described in detail. Maximum values of contact pressures determined by use to FEM models have been compared with the results obtained on the basis of Hertz’s formulas. The article presents basic geometrical and strength parameters of the designed gear. The work demonstrates the validity of the material models used. Limitations in the application of the classic method of calculating conical gears made of orthotropic materials have been indicated. The results of analytical and numerical calculations are presented in tabular and graphical form.
The Process of Regenerative Heat Treatment of the Valve Chamber of the Steam Turbine
Authors: Wieczorska Agata 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Steel castings are often used in the construction of valve chambers of steam turbines. Stringent requirements are set due to the continuous operation of the material at elevated temperatures, in the order of 300°C to 600°C. The material of the valve chamber must be resistant to fatigue-creep changes as well as corrosion. This material must be also resistant to dynamic damage which occures when the turbine is starting and stopping. Dynamic damage is induced by a short-lasting but intense accumulation of localized stresses. The castings of the valve chambers of the steam turbine are usually made from the “three-component” type CrMoV-cast steel. Mentioned castings of the valve chamber are continuously subjected to high temperatures, either constant and periodically variable stresses. Due to this, the degradation process of material of the castings is taking place. It is caused by physicochemical processes such as: creep, relaxation, thermal fatigue, corrosion, erosion and changes in material properties, e.g. displacement of the critical point of brittleness. Finally, first cracks and deformations can be observed in the material during the operation. The art presents the process of revitalization technology of the steam turbine valve chamber which was subjected to long-term operation at high temperatures. The revitalization process is aimed at improving the plastic properties of the material and, as the result, extending its service life. The research presented in the article show that impact strength of the chamber material after revitalization is very high. Also the strength properties of the valve chamber, after revitalization, are high and in line with the requirements. The study show that the revitalization of the valve chamber was carried out correctly and restored the material to plastic deformation.
Gyroplane Rotor Hubs Strength Tests
Authors: Wojtas Małgorzata , Sobieszek Agnieszka 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this article a review of rotor, hub constructions were presented. Discussed rotor’s hub is made of composite or aluminum alloys materials. Two types of rotor hub were presented (four-blades and two-blades teetering rotor hub), each of them are dedicated to gyroplanes. Typical gyroplane main rotors are characterized by simple design, especially in case of rotors for light gyroplanes. In the following part of the article the type of strength tests required by certification process were shown. The test programs based on legal aspects of admission to the flight tests taking into account legislation such as CS 27 (Subpart C – Strength Requirements), CAP 643 British Civil Airworthiness requirements Section T Light gyroplanes, ASTM F2972. Furthermore, this article discusses strength tests of gyroplane rotor hub such as measured parameters, methodology of measurement, types of sensors, course of test, test stands, and limit loads. The loads during “pull-up from level flight” manoeuvre are limit loads during tests. Required additional processes, like a verification the same parameters by two types of method were shown i.e. deformation of structure were tested by strain gauges and reverse engineering. Strength tests had to be made before flight test, based on results of them aircrafts are flight authorized. In conclusion, the results of tests were presented and fulfilment of legal assumptions and requirements were shown.
Turbulent Triggers and the Model Quality Influence on Aerodynamic Characteristics of the Laminar Aerofoil in Transonic Flow Regime
Authors: Placek Robert , Ruchała Paweł 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The test with a roughness application on the laminar aerofoil has been conducted in the N-3 trisonic wind tunnel of the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. The main goal of tests was to investigate the influence of the boundary layer transition triggers on a laminar profile aerodynamic characteristic. For baseline configuration, the natural transition was applied. As a local roughness on the upper model surface, the carborundum strips with different heights were applied. These were positioned on the upper model surface in the front of the shock position occurrence. The Mach number during test was equal Ma = 0.7 and Reynolds number was about 2.85·106. Tests have been conducted for different model incidence in range 0°-7°. Current article refers partially to the previous study, where aerofoil model with lower quality of surface had been tested. Investigation results from previous work indicated that some of transition positions improved an aerodynamic characteristic by reducing the drag coefficient value and decreasing shock wave unsteadiness in the transonic regime. However, current article indicates that beneficial effects in respect to the baseline configuration are also strictly dependent on the model quality and turbulent triggers size. Improved surface quality of the laminar aerofoil model affected on aerodynamic characteristics with and without turbulent triggers. Resultant aerodynamic coefficients of all tested cases i.e. drag, lift and lift to drag ratio were compared.
Influence of Honeycomb Core Stabilization on Composite Sandwich Structure Geometry
Authors: Michalski Mateusz , Krauze Wojciech 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Authors showed the influence of stabilization of the honeycomb core on shape of the composite sandwich test panel. Adhesive film laid on core ramps and cured with suitable cure cycle served as core stabilizer. Test panel geometry included different ramp angles (20° and 30°). To verify stabilization process a technology trial was performed. Three test panels were manufactured (3-stage, 1-stage and 1-stage with stabilized core). All test panels were manufactured in OoA process (Out of Autoclave). Panel surfaces were scanned with 3D scanner and compared with the reference CAD model. Both outer skin and inner skin were manufactured in Automated Fiber Placement Laboratory of Warsaw Institute of Aviation.
Mathematical Models and Computer Simulations of Aerial Spraying and Droplets Distribution in a Target Site
Authors: Rowiński Robert S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mathematical models describing aerial spraying and the distribution of liquid droplets on a target were presented. Relationships based on “free models” with Gaussian distribution of droplet concentrations and “bound models” that account for the impact of disturbances in the velocity field behind agricultural aircraft were expanded, and the hybrid model too. The results of experimental studies were presented and compared with theoretical calculations. The “bound model” was found to be the most effective solution for describing the physical phenomena that accompany the aerial spraying process.
Intermittent penile erection in lumbar spinal stenosis: Report of four new cases and review
Authors: Rahimizadeh Abolfazl , Soufiani Housain , Williamson Walter L. , Rahimizadeh Shaghayegh , Amirzadeh Mahan , Karimi Mona 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) classically presents with intermittent neurogenic claudication. Rarely, however, it may cause unanticipated, unpleasant, involuntary, and transient penile erections without sexual stimulation along with urinary urgency and claudication.

Case Description:
The authors present four males with LSS whose principal symptoms were intermittent neurogenic claudication and unanticipated erections while walking, accompanied by urinary urgency.

Conclusion:
There is scant literature on the topic of LSS presenting with unanticipated penile erections, urinary urgency, and neurogenic claudication.
Fragment Pose Prediction Using Non-Equilibrium Candidate Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Lim Nathan M. , Osato Meghan , Warren Gregory L. , Mobley David L. 
Published: October 2019

Part of early stage drug discovery involves determining how molecules may bind to the target protein. Through understanding where and how molecules bind, chemists can begin to build ideas on how to design improvements to increase binding affinities. In this retrospective study, we compare how computational approaches like docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and a non-equilibrium candidate Monte Carlo (NCMC) based method (NCMC+MD) perform in predicting binding modes for a set of 12 fragment-like molecules which bind to soluble epoxide hydrolase. We evaluate each method's effectiveness in identifying the dominant binding mode and finding any additional binding modes (if any). Then, we compare our predicted binding modes to experimentally obtained X-ray crystal structures.We dock each of the 12 small molecules into the apo-protein crystal structure and then run simulations up to 1 microsecond each. Small and fragment-like molecules likely have smaller energy barriers separating different binding modes by virtue of relatively fewer and weaker interactions relative to drug-like molecules, and thus likely undergo more rapid binding mode transitions. We expect, thus, to see more rapid transitions betweeen binding modes in our study. Following this, we build Markov State Models (MSM) to define our stable ligand binding modes. We investigate if adequate sampling of ligand binding modes and transitions between them can occur at the microsecond timescale using traditional MD or a hybrid NCMC+MD simulation approach. Our findings suggest that even with small fragment-like molecules, we fail to sample all the crystallographic binding modes using microsecond MD simulations, but using NCMC+MD we have better success in sampling the crystal structure while obtaining the correct populations.
Strategies of Ideological and Political Education Transformation for Vocational College Students in the Internet Micromedia Era
Authors: Yang Bin 
Published: October 2019

Due to the continuous development of science and technology, Chinahas stepped into the stage of rapid development of network information technology. Internet technology products come out in an unending ﬂow, such as tablets and mobile phones, which are representative. In order to meet the needs of economic and social development, “micromedia” has become the mainstream of current social development, including: QQ, WeChat, Tik Tok and Weibo, which have become indispensable platforms for people to get information and communicate with each other in daily life. We have ushered in the “micromedia era”. On the one hand, it has injected new impetus into China’s social economy; on the other hand, it has opened up a new horizon for China’s education. The focus and diffculty of this paper is how to effectively combine the teaching ideas of vocational colleges with “micromedia” and elaborate its transformation strategy and policy.
A IDENTIDADE DO PROFESSOR TUTOR
Authors: Muniz Anne Caroline Campos , Oliveira Antônio Heribaldo 
Published: October 2019

Este estudo objetiva destacar a ação tutorial do professor quando desempenhando suas funções na Educação a Distância - EAD, explicitando as competências e atribuições que lhes são necessárias. Aqui citaremos parte de estudos teóricos já existentes delineando embasamentos teóricos sobre a profissão de tutor, inserido num plano de educação continuada, destacando as habilidades e formação dos tutores, analisando suas particularidades e implicações, apontando possibilidades, no desenvolvimento dos acadêmicos de um modo geral e com bastante ênfase frente a estes que iniciam sua vida acadêmica nas diversas instituições de ensino superior à distância. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho utilizou-se o método bibliográfico do tipo explicativo, fazendo uso do estudo empírico, com abordagem qualitativa. O estudo demonstra a importância de pesquisar a identidade do professor tutor na modalidade EAD, a fim de destacar a formação intelectual e social desse profissional atuante no cenário educacional em constante crescimento no país. Palavras-chave: Professor-Tutor. Identidade. Competências
ENSINAR E APRENDER A DISTÂNCIA: QUE MAIS IMPORTA?
Authors: Romão Eliana Sampaio , Nunes Cesar Aparecido 
Published: October 2019

Ensinar para que o outro aprenda não é em nada simples. Muitos são os desafios. Em ambientes não convencionais de educação os desafios se multiplicam. Se já é difícil manter uma relação de ensino e aprendizagem numa dimensão de proximidade, o que se dirá de longe, à distância. Nesse contexto, promover a comunicação e envolver aluno(a) continua a inquietar os protagonistas desse processo. Indaga-se, então, o que mais importa para que a distância não seja um fardo e para que o encontro seja um diálogo orgânico e possível? Nesse cenário, o presente artigo objetiva, a partir de estudo bibliográfico, mostrar o que mais importa para que a comunicação seja assegurada e a educação prevaleça. Fazer bom uso das tecnologias digitais importa, e muito. Mas se valer desta prática não basta para revigorar uma didática cansada, alunos desinteressados e fazer prevalecer a educação. Palavras chave: Educação a distância. Professor. Comunicação. Tecnologias educativas.