bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of cellulose nanocrystals: extraction, physicochemical properties and applications
Authors: Lim W L , Gunny A A N , Kasim F H 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The development of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has attracted significant attention over the past few decades owing to its unique and superior properties. To date, acid hydrolysis process is still the most frequently used method to treat cellulosic material for the production of CNC. The main reason being that acid hydrolysis method is highly effective in removing the amorphous regions within the cellulose microfibrils while retaining the crystalline domains, thereby yielding CNC. CNC exhibits various outstanding characteristics such as large specific surface area, high aspect ratio, good thermal and mechanical properties, lightweight, high stiffness and high tensile strength. Owing to this, CNC has been subjected into a wide array of research, including implementation as reinforcing agent in nanocomposites and sustainable bio-materials to be utilized in various potential areas of industrial application. Overall, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the isolation, physicochemical properties and applications of CNC.
Enhancement of MODENAS CT115’S motorcycle muffler performance by optimization of backpressure
Authors: Rojan M A , Alias Z , Bakar S A , Hashim S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A research study on the enhancement of motorcycle muffler to improve MODENAS CT115’s engine performance was conducted. To obtain the optimum value of backpressure, velocity, and temperature, the hole diameter of perforated tube has been modified. The modifications made for each design by increasing the hole diameter to the front and back of the perforated tube. Both the original muffler and modified designs were tested to obtain optimum pressure values through the ANSYS Fluent simulation. According to the theory, the value of the hole diameter will affect the backpressure value in the muffler, hence enable design optimization for achieving the best engine performance. The largest hole diameter for perforated tube on the front shows the lowest backpressure from the results obtained. The percentage improvement for design 4 is 10.3% higher than design 1, design 2 and design 3.
Study on deformation characteristics of tailored blanks having thickness distribution by successive forging process
Authors: Romzi N H , Tajul L , Jaafar H , Sulaiman M H , Ridzuan M J M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Tailored blanks are used in car body-in-white parts for the purpose of reducing weight and improving safety. The reduction of weight in a car decreases the fuel consumption and global emissions. In this study, the deformation characteristics of tailored blanks having thicknesses distribution produced by successive forging were analysed using finite element method. The successive forging produced tailored blanks without joining similar to tailor rolling by means of presses. The blank was locally and repeatedly compressed using upper and lower punches hence compression load is small. The punch geometry was varied to understand the deformation behaviour of the blanks for feeding interval of 10 mm. Waving was observed on the sides of the tailored blanks. The width of the blanks after successive forging increases as the punch width increases and when using an inclined punch.
Fracture toughness of railway for higher speed rail corridors in Malaysia
Authors: Rojan M A , Azmi M S M , Majid M S Abdul , Daud R , Basaruddin K S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
When Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) introduced the High Speed Electrical Train System (ETS) in 2013, the fracture toughness of the railway rail remains relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture toughness of rail steel. The rail steel specimen was prepared according to ASTM E1820 and cut using electrical discharge machining (EDM) wire cut process. The specimen was pre-cracked using Biss Fatigue Machine to obtain a relatively accurate results followed by three point bend testing under Universal Testing Machine (UTM), in accordance to the standard of ASTM E1820. The fractured crack tip was then observed using an optical microscope. From the three point bend test, the fracture toughness was calculated and the behaviour of the steel failing was then studied and compared to previous studies. The fracture toughness of the steel was found to be 44.009 MPa√m, which is within the range of the various rail steels used around the world..
Printing temperature, printing speed and raster angle variation effect in fused filament fabrication
Authors: Zakaria H , Khan S F , Fee M F C , Ibrahim M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing becomes most widely uses in prototyping and production applications since 3D printer becomes as open-source. However, there are not provide standard value of printing process parameters to give best performance of mechanical properties of the printed parts. In additional, printed parts produced can be affected by the various parameters used, this nature of phenomena very complex. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects printing process parameters respond to its mechanical properties in tensile strength and flexural strength from Fused Filament Fabrication by using Polylactic Acid (PLA) with printing parameters, namely printing temperature, printing speed and raster angle. The specimens were printed by using Monoprice Maker Select 3D printer. Tensile test and three-point bending test were carried out. Taguchi Method involves in identification of proper control factors to obtain the optimum results of the process. Orthogonal Arrays (OA) are used to conduct a set of experiments. Results of these experiments analyze by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to predict the quality of components produced and find influence of printing temperature, printing speed and raster angle on mechanical properties. The results show that raster angle have most influence on both mechanical properties with 68.72% contribution, printing speed 18.88% and temperature 1.49% contribution in tensile test while for bending test raster angle obtain 94.02% contribution, printing speed give 2.28% and temperature only 1.67% contribution. Optimum value obtain for tensile test in this study shows temperature = 180ºC, printing speed = 40 mm/s, and raster angle = 60º. In bending test gives temperature = 185ºC, printing speed = 30 mm/s, and raster angle = 60º.
Evaluating water resource sustainability of paddy for one planting schedule in Perlis
Authors: Fang K L , Kamarrudin N S , Hashim M S M , Manap A A A , Ramli M R , Azmi M S M , Rojan MA , Shahriman A B , Razlan Z M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The increase industrial and agricultural development, caused by the population growth on the one hand and the limited water resources available on the other hand has caused the groundwaters to be considered as a valuable water supply more than ever. Optimal operating policies are very much essential for sustainable management of reservoir as poor operating policies may lead to over or underuse of water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the water availability of Timah Tasoh Reservoir, water demand for minor scheme paddy, and hence balance the water inflow and outflow from Timah Tasoh Reservoir. The study area for agriculture is the minor scheme for whole Perlis state, and inflow areas are Lubok Sireh, Padang Besar at Titi Keretapi, Wang Kelian and Kaki Bukit. The result shows that the water inflow to Timah Tasoh Reservoirs is sufficient to supply for the needs of minor scheme agriculture. The highest water balance among the first planting season is in May. Total inflows calculated are much more significant than the total outflows; therefore, it concludes that the water available in Timah Tasoh Reservoir is enough to supply for minor scheme paddy in Perlis for a whole year.
Determination of blind spot zone for motorcycles
Authors: Hashim M S M , Hamati A A Al , Mohd Hafzi M I , Shahriman A B , Ismail A H , Azmi M S Muhamad , Zuradzman M R , Harun A , Kamarrudin N S , Ibrahim I , Faizi M K , Saad M A M , Rojan M A 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe problem of the blind spot zone (BSZ) for motorcycles is common, as it causes many accidents that occur between motorcycles and cars, or motorcycles with other vehicles. The problem of BSZ is occurring for many reasons, such as if the motorcyclist wants to change the lane or manoeuvre or turn without realizing the presence of other vehicle which may cause a terrible collision and leads to casualties, either because of darkness, the full dependence on side mirrors that give a limited scope of vision, or due to a malfunction in the front lights of the car that prevented the motorcyclists from recognizing it. However there were limited research on identifation of BSZ for motorcycle, even though most vehicle accidents in Malaysia involved motorcycles. This paper discusses the initial works on the identification of BSZ for motorcyles. Three types of motorcycles were used to determine the BSZ using grid-based technique. From the data collected, the BSZ was identified for the motorcycles.
Pre-forming evaluation of dissimilar aluminium alloys blank fabricated using friction stir welding technique.
Authors: Pauzi A F , Abdullah A B , Jamaludin M F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding that is using to weld the relatively difficult to weld materials such as aluminium alloy. FSW also can weld different material type and thickness to produce tailor welded blanks (TWBs). Although FSW capable to join dissimilar material or similar material hence from different grades, the properties of welded blanks may affect as compared to base material. In this study, performance of three aluminium alloy grades i.e. AA6061, AA5052, and AA1100 blanks that were combined among them and evaluated. Furthermore, the effect rolling direction was also considered. The welding was performed at constant speed, welding speed and tool angle using flat pin tool on a conventional milling machine. The performance is based on few mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. In addition, crack pattern on the welded blank was also observed using three-point bending test. Based on the result, the hardness reduced at the stir zone (SZ) as compared to the base material, even though from different rolling direction. As expected, for tensile behaviour, the maximum load can be found on combination of similar material i.e. AA6061-T6 compared than other combinations. While based on the crack pattern, there are unsuitable combinations because of inappropriate welding parameters, and it is complying with the previous observation on tensile properties.
A Review on Service Robots: Mechanical Design and Localization System
Authors: Bakri M. Q. , Ismail A. H. , Hashim M.S.M. , Safar M. J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Service robot is becoming more popular in recent study. It has opened up various opportunity to solve problems as well as the challenges need to be studied. While there are many successfully developed service robot out there, the general design principle with respect to the application need a description with solid justification. This review paper seeks and compare the design principle, specification, and hardware selection of several successfully developed service robot such as Sacarino and Blackbot. Based on the study, the most important design principles include simple mobile platform, modular structure, and aesthetic design.
Cellular Network and its Relevance for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Application in Malaysia
Authors: Mohd Kamal N. L. , Sahwee Z. , Abdul Hamid S. , Norhashim N. , Lott N. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Range of operation is one of the main limitation in the operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The ability to exploit currently deployed data-based cellular network for UAV application enables better utilization of UAV for various applications. Understanding the requirements of UAV application allows the identification of challenges to obtain coverage offered by terrestrial-based cellular networks. This paper outlines the challenges and identifies the relevance of cellular based UAV application in the context of Malaysia as well as its potential application. The main challenges highlighted include the design of cellular network which is optimized for terrestrial users. Additionally, in the context of Malaysia, the tropical weather imposes a further challenge to the reception of reliable radio signals. It has been identified that provided that these challenges can be overcome, the cellular based UAV can benefit the agriculture, security and utility sector in Malaysia.
Assessment of Muscles Fatigue Based on Surface EMG Signals Using Machine Learning and Statistical Approaches: A Review
Authors: Yousif Hayder A. , Zakaria Ammar , Rahim Norasmadi Abdul , Salleh Ahmad Faizal Bin , Mahmood Mustafa , Alfarhan Khudhur A. , Kamarudin Latifah Munirah , Mamduh Syed Muhammad , Hasan Ali Majid , Hussain Moaid K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMuscle fatigue is described by the decline in muscle maximum force during contraction. The fatigue occurs in the nervous or muscle fibre cells. The nerves produce a high-frequency signal to gain the maximum contraction, but it cannot sustain the high frequency signal for a long time, and that leads to a decline in muscle force. The surface Electromyography (EMG) is the dominant method to detect muscle fatigue because the EMG signals give more information about the muscle’s activities. This review discussed the EMG signal processing and the methods of detection muscles fatigue with three domains (time domain, frequency domain, and time-frequency domain) based on EMG signals that are collected from the muscles during dynamic and static movements.
Analysis on LoRa RSSI in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Area for Handover Signal Strength-Based Algorithm.
Authors: Tan Z A , Rahman M T A , Rahman A , Hamid A F A , Amin N A M , Munir H A , Zabidi M M M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper focus on analysis on Long Range (LoRa) handover session was conducted in urban, suburban, and rural area in Perlis state, Malaysia. The experiment will consists of observation and analyzed on three area using LoRa communication modules. These three areas were collected on its Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) to know the signal strength over the distance from base station and the differences physical object appear in Line of Sight (LoS) during the transmitting and receiving its signal from LoRa Transmitter to LoRa Receiver. The result at three area of different location have shown various pattern in term of RSSI where the each of the location give the distance that signal of LoRa could reach whilst the motion of vehicle is constant. From this experiment, certain level of RSSI value will be chosen to set as minimum boundary switcher for handover process state indicator and be used handover process algorithm in network switcher.
A Review on Remote Sensing-based Method for Tree Detection and Delineation
Authors: Syed Hanapi S N H , Shukor S A A , Johari J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Tree detection and delineation has become one of the important factors that contribute to precision agriculture specifically in plantation industry and efficient forestry management. However, this requires tools and technology that would give reliable information and high accuracy data processing. Recent researches aimed at providing this goal by utilizing the advancement of available remote sensing technology and integrate various algorithms. This article reviews these researches with a focus on algorithms applied to remote-sensing imagery for the purpose of tree detection and delineation. It categorizes and evaluates those methods with the respective types of remote sensing imagery used in the area to evaluate the influence of these factors on the method. Finally, it summarizes the finding of the current algorithms, and suggests on the new development that can be expected in the future.
Image reconstruction for liquid-gas regime identification based on multiple excitation sources in electrical resistance tomography system
Authors: Wahab Y A , Fuad M F , Ghani N M A , Zain Z M , Noh M M , Zawawi M A , Najib M S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) reconstructs internal resistance images of the field from electrical measurements on the surface. The objective of this paper is to obtain the tomogram of the liquid-gas regime of ERT system by using multiple excitation sources. A linear back projection algorithm was implemented as a basic algorithm. Then, it was modified to suit the implementation of multiple excitation sources. A liquid-gas regime in the steel pipe was used as a tested medium. The analysis and performance of the image reconstructed which applies multiple excitation sources were compared with the single excitation technique. As a common strategy applied a single excitation source and produce problem especially at the center of the pipe, this paper mainly focuses on image reconstruction of multiple excitation sources. As a conclusion, 50% of the excitation source cannot produce the image as expected. Tomograms that produced by using the single excitation source were much better than the images obtained by using 50% of the excitation source.
Arabic Fonts Representation in Cubic Bézier Curve using Different Soft Computing Algorithm
Authors: Amat N F I C , Yahya Z R , Rusdi N A , Helmee N A , Muhamadd W Z A W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study presents the comparison between two meta-heuristic algorithms for curve reconstruction of Arabic fonts. The two algorithms namely Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) are used for comparison purposes. These algorithms have been applied to optimize the solution of curve fitting problem by using cubic Bezier curve. There are several pre-processing steps involve before curve fitting process has been done. Firstly, extract the boundary. Then, detect the corner of outline fonts and the third step is chord length parameterization. The aim of this study is to find the best curve that fit the data. Sum Square Errors (SSE) has been used to calculate the error given by original image and parametric curve. The finding of this study shows that, WOA gives better curve approximation based on the errors result than SCA. This algorithm significantly improves the shape of the corner of the outline Arabic fonts.
Orientation Correction of Kinect’s 3D Depth Data for Mapping
Authors: Mosed A A A , Kamarudin K , Puveneswari S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is considered to be one of the primary tasks for autonomous robot navigation process. The first element required by the robot to start the navigation process is to create and assemble an accurate map of the surroundings or ground plane to envision its location. Mobile robots that use 1D or 2D sensors such as laser range finder, ultrasonic or sonar for the mapping process cannot provide enough information on the obstacle locations while 3D sensors like Kinect can. However, if the 3D sensor is not mounted correctly, the orientation of the 3D image obtained will also be affected and thus producing inaccurate maps. In this project, Microsoft Kinect was used to scan the environment. RANSAC algorithm was implemented to detect the ground plane. The orientation of the ground plane was corrected, and the depth data acquired by Kinect was then converted into 2D map. It was found that the methods applied have successfully mapped the obstacles detected.
Preliminary Analysis of Organic Wireless Positioning System in an Indoor Environment
Authors: Ismail A H , Ngo J S , Taib M I , Hashim M S M , Azmi M S M , Safar M J A , Marhaban M H 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The massive deployment of wireless infrastructure especially in the trending 4th Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) has opened the opportunity for wireless-based positioning and localization. The works on wireless positioning system revolves on two techniques, the geometrical technique employing either triangulation or trilateration, and mapping technique employing signal fingerprint method. The later is more favoured since the accuracy was superior to geometrical technique. However, the signal fingerprint method required enormous efforts in order to record and stored the signal fingerprint. This paper investigates the new approach in constructing the signal fingerprint using organic approach. The signal is recorded using the developed apps, and then the user sends the signal data into the cloud. The organic fingerprinting data were compared to the conventional fingerprinting. The preliminary results show promising accuracy in the experimented indoor environment.
Analysis the Awkward Posture Ergonomic Risk and Workstation Improvement Simulation in Mechanical Assembly Manufacturing Industry using DelmiaV5
Authors: Hambali Ruzy Haryati , Rahim Siti Aishah Abdul , Azizan Noorain , Zali Zainuddin , Akmal Suriati , Zin Muhammad Hanafee 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ergonomics knowledge is crucial in any industries, without knowledge applied, one easily exposed towards the risks of the working environment. Based on the survey conducted showed awkward posture and heavy lifting were the most highlighted issues occurred. Aim of this study is to analyse the working posture in mechanical assembly manufacturing industry and analyse the effect of the improvement workstation. The use of Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) in order to analyse the most level of risk of workers during working, develop human manikin following the anthropometric data collected from industry real population, as well to replicate the posture of the workers, simulate the working process via simulation using DELMIA V5. Results reported one of the highest ergonomic risk occurred in this department is drilling activity. The manikin successfully developed with 105 measurements for 685 male workers. Simulations effectively simulated using DELMIA V5 in virtual environment. Step ladder suggested as virtual and this improved the value of RULA score. In conclusion, the software and method used were powerful tool in designing the virtual improvement and this research expected to create a design guideline for the industry that help workers with an ergonomic way at the workstation before and during working.
A tailor-made learning environment workspace for generation y graduates using product service system concept
Authors: Akmal S , Hambali R H , Maidin S , Shahmir M R , Abdul Shukor S A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a workspace design of a tailor-made learning environment for students using the product-service systems (PSS) concept. Existing research regarding workspace design focuses on the design of the interior of classrooms to ensure that the learning process proceeds with minimum stress and maximum effectiveness. None of the current research had discussed the workspace outside of the classroom. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to propose a learning environment workspace in which students can gather, study, relax, socialize, eat, and work during class gaps. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed to identify the behavior of the users to generate a list of requirements in the development of the learning workspace. This paper focused on students at the Engineering Faculty and the learning environment workspace was called the OneForAll Center. Out of 10 functions of the proposed OneForAll Center, only four functions had the highest priority: a space to use a laptop and internet connection, a television, a vending machine and a printing section. The OneForAll Center has been illustrated in a 3D model and shown to the students, in which most of them agreed with the proposed services and facilities such as a space to use the laptop and internet connection and a printing section with a printing service. The OneForAll Center has been identified as a solution to improve learning outside the classroom, specifically to the provision of services to students.