bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Russian Media Control, Manipulate, and Leverage Public Discontent
Authors: Lankina Tomila , Watanabe Kohei , Netesova Yulia 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The chapter analyzes how state media in authoritarian states manipulate information on protest. The authors develop a Russian-language dictionary and leverage the Latent Semantic Scaling (LSS) electronic content analysis technique to identify periods during which the media are more likely to portray protests as contributing to public disorder and those during which the media employ a frame that highlights citizens’ democratic right to freedom of assembly. Employing supervised machine learning, the authors analyze protest coverage in thousands of news stories that appeared in Russia’s state-controlled media during the 2011–2013 protest cycle and contrast it with coverage of protests in non-state-controlled media. Following the reelection of Vladimir Putin to his third presidential term in March 2012, a significant shift toward the disorder framing of anti-regime street activism was observed. This trend contrasts sharply with coverage of the October 2013 nationalist rallies in Moscow, which targeted migrants. The findings have implications for theorizing how autocrats manipulate protest.
The Logic of Vladimir Putin’s Popular Appeal
Authors: Matovski Aleksandar 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the roots of the popularity of Vladimir Putin—arguably the most important, controversial, and perplexing aspect of his reign. Based on his image of an indispensable strongman, reversing Russia’s catastrophic post-Soviet decline, Putin’s popularity allowed him to consolidate an authoritarian regime largely through the ballot box and with minimal resort to coercion. But this strongman appeal faded as Russia began to stagnate under his reign. The chapter analyzes how Putin resuscitated his decaying brand with the interventions in Ukraine and Syria, and why he cannot back down from his dangerous crusade to “make Russia great again.”
Steeped in the Blood of Racism
Authors: Bristow Nancy K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book recounts the death of two young African Americans, Phillip Gibbs and James Earl Green and the wounding of twelve others when white police and highway patrolmen opened fire on students in front of a dormitory at Jackson State College, a historically black college (HBCU) in May 1970. It situates this story in the broader events of the civil rights and black power eras, emphasizing the role white supremacy played in causing police violence and shaping the aftermath. A state school controlled by an all-white Board of Trustees, Jackson State had a reputation as a conservative campus where students faced expulsion for activism. By 1970, students were pushing back, responding to the evolving movement for African American freedom. Law enforcement attacked this changing campus, reflecting both traditional patterns of repression and the new logic and racially coded rhetoric of “law and order.” After, the victims and their survivors struggled unsuccessfully to find justice or a place in the nation’s public memory. Despite multiple investigations, two grand juries, and a civil suit, no officers were charged, no restitution was paid, and no apologies were offered. Overshadowed by the shooting of white students at Kent State University ten days earlier, the violence was routinely misunderstood as similar in cause, a story that evaded the essential role of race in causing it. Few besides the local African American community proved willing to remember. This book provides crucial context for situating the ongoing crisis of state violence against people of color in its long history.
“A well conceived scheme to maintain racial segregation”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 situates Jackson State College in the racial history of Mississippi, emphasizing the struggle it faced against white supremacy and the balancing act its leadership performed. Determined to preserve the school, its presidents, both white and black, were forced to accept elements of racial containment. When protests emerged in Jackson in the 1960s, the Board of Trustees ensured that Jackson State’s president, Jacob Reddix, controlled student activism. When students joined Jacksonians to protest segregation in the city, he expelled them. When students voiced their political opinions, he dissolved the Student Government Association. During Freedom Summer, the Board of Trustees tightened restrictions on students. The smallest protest or rumor prompted white Jacksonians to condemn the campus as a breeding ground of criminals. In 1967 a new president, John A. Peoples, relaxed some restrictions on student life, even as the increasing influence of Black Power began to be felt on campus.
“Buckshot, rifle slugs, a submachine gun”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 details the events culminating in the shooting deaths of two young African Americans and the wounding of twelve others. On May 13, 1970, police responded to students throwing rocks at the vehicles of white motorists. Trouble resumed the next evening. Although, law enforcement later claimed there was a sniper, the shootings were entirely unwarranted, and resulted from their mistakes and failures as they rushed through their protocols, skipped important steps, and substituted a hyper-militarized response for careful planning. Their inability to distinguish between a handful of people engaging in property destruction and the majority of peaceful students as well as their abrogation of the basic rules of crowd control heightened the risk of violence. But it was their racism, and their false belief that the students posed a dangerous threat, which made it possible for these heavily armed officers to pull the trigger on unarmed African American students.
“The law says they can do it, and they did it”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In 1972 the families of Phillip Gibbs, James Earl Green, and three students injured in the Jackson State shootings, filed suit against Mississippi, its former governor, the city of Jackson and its mayor, leadership of both the highway patrol and city police, and the patrolmen and policemen who had fired their weapons. White defense attorneys worked to recast the police and Jackson’s white citizens as the shooting’s victims and coupled presumed black criminality with accusations about civil rights activism. Jackson’s black community was not surprised when the all-white jury found for the defendants. A federal appeals court disagreed, finding law enforcement officers had overreacted in an “excessive and unjustifiable use of force” but maintained no damages could be paid because the state and its officers were protected by “sovereign immunity.” When the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case, the last legal recourse of the Jackson State victims ended.
The God of Rome
Authors: Hejduk Julia 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Inspiring reverence and blasphemy, combining paternal benignity with sexual violence, transcendent universality with tribal chauvinism, Jupiter represents both the best and the worst of ancient religion. Though often assimilated to Zeus, Jupiter differs from his Greek counterpart as much as Rome differs from Greece; “the god of Rome” conveys both Jupiter’s sovereignty over Rome and his symbolic encapsulation of what Rome represents. Understanding this dizzyingly complex figure is crucial not only to the study of Roman religion, but to the whole of literary, intellectual, and religious history. This book examines Jupiter in Latin poetry’s most formative and fruitful period, the reign of the emperor Augustus. As Roman society was transformed from a republic or oligarchy to a de facto monarchy, Jupiter came to play a unique role as the celestial counterpart of the first earthly princeps. While studies of Augustan poetry may glance at Jupiter as an Augustus figure, or Augustus as a Jupiter figure, they rarely explore the poets’ richly nuanced treatment of the god as a character in his own right. This book fills that gap, demonstrating how Jupiter attracts thoughts about politics, power, sex, fatherhood, religion, poetry, and almost everything else of importance to poets and other humans. It explores the god’s manifestations in the five major Augustan poets (Virgil, Horace, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid), providing a fascinating window on a transformative period of history, as well as a comprehensive view of the poets’ individual personalities and shifting concerns.
The backend of news as a juxtaposition of data and human costs
Authors: Dowd Cate 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Indexing and semantic code in news draw on a base of well-defined vocabulary from classification systems used by news editors for search tags, but journalism also uses leaked data, mobile metadata logs, and datasets for visualisations. The tagging systems in news, like NewsCode, are embedded in CMS and help to bind data for cross-referencing purposes. The defined concepts have an ontological base that relate to “news” and they are structured in hierarchical and logical ways. For many years social media tags were unstructured, but folksonomy approaches do not exclude semantic methods, and vice versa. Media cloud tools can also be used by journalists to generate lightly interactive graphic visualisations or to integrate data onto maps. However, data and metadata should also be used to develop new semantic systems to better protect journalists in conflict zones and to embed the values and ethics of journalism into algorithms for journalism training systems.
Language in data processing and ontology engineering for journalism
Authors: Dowd Cate 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Trigonometry in algorithms with NLP (Natural Language Processing) can sort word connotations. The Triple structure of grammar in the RDF also extends to semantics in machine learning and big-data processing, but ontologies and a metamodel are essential for meaningful relations across data. They should inform the design of new journalism systems. Major processing platforms used by Facebook and Yahoo are distributed systems, like Hadoop, with resource negotiation features and computations applied to text. NLP used by Google also uses cosine vectors for connotations of words. Data processing already works across structured data for online news tags and unstructured data, like social media tags, with folksonomy characteristics, but social media also uses structured data. However, journalism is yet to come up with semantic systems, from an ontological base. For that end, ontologies across journalism, social media, and public relations and a little OWL to reason about resources can inform AI sub-systems and wider system perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of U.S. criminal enforcement actions against global banks, including aggregate statistics about their targets and the penalties levied. It then examines the characteristics and motives of the principal actors involved: the global banks themselves, the regulatory agencies that supervise them, and the prosecutors who brought criminal cases against them. The chapter develops the book’s three central arguments, which structure the case studies examined in the following chapters. First, it argues that prosecutors bring to global bank oversight a set of priorities, incentives, and tools that differ fundamentally from those of the specialized agencies and transnational networks that traditionally occupied that field. Second, it contends that the U.S. government’s ability to impose its will on global banks stems from its control over vital hubs of the international financial infrastructure, such as the U.S. dollar and U.S.-based payment systems. Third, it argues that although U.S. enforcement actions have triggered complaints of unilateralism and can in some cases be self-interested, they can also unlock obstacles to international cooperation and lead to widespread benefits.
“An Extortion and an Act of Piracy”
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the efforts by Argentine bondholders that refused to consent to the country’s debt restructuring to use U.S. court proceedings to enforce their claims. It shows how, despite the theoretical availability of legal remedies against defaulting sovereigns, debt holders historically faced severe practical limitations of their ability to identify and attach assets to satisfy their claims. The chapter then relates how NML Capital, a U.S.-based investment fund, convinced a U.S. federal judge to accept a controversial interpretation of the bonds’ pari passu clause and to issue an injunction prohibiting Argentina from paying its other bondholders unless it also paid the holdouts. By extending the injunction to global banks and other central elements of the international financial infrastructure, the U.S. court effectively imposed financial sanctions on Argentina to enforce a private debt claim. This strategy proved successful, compelling Argentina to repay the holdout bondholders. The decision threatened to disrupt the sovereign debt restructuring process and led the IMF and other multilateral actors to initiate reforms to strengthen the legal basis for future restructurings.
Conclusion
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the findings of the case studies examined in the previous chapters and discusses their implications. The cases support the conjectures proposed in the introduction. Consistent with the differences in incentives and capabilities between regulators and prosecutors, the latter repeatedly provided robust enforcement against harmful practices by global banks that had not been effectively addressed by the former. Their ability to do so was buttressed by U.S. control over the international financial infrastructure, such as access to U.S. dollar payments, and the country’s leverage over global banks that rely on that infrastructure. Although banks and foreign governments often complained of U.S. unilateralism, in two cases—benchmark manipulation and tax evasion—U.S. enforcement actions led to substantial and widely beneficial international reforms. These conclusions challenge the widespread notion that U.S. enforcement actions against global banks are ineffective due to the “too big to jail” problem. They also qualify arguments to the effect that explicit deployment of U.S. structural power over international finance to achieve policy goals necessarily threatens to erode U.S. centrality in international finance.
The Transnational Formation of Latin American Musicology
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter tells the history of the German-born Uruguayan musicologist Francisco Curt Lange and the Latin-American Music Bulletin he created, a musicological project intended as a forum for musicians and music-related figures from all over Latin America, and the United States, interested in creating a regional field of musicological studies and musical promotion. It examines policies about disc collection, score printing and distribution, musical ethnographies, folklore, musical analysis, conferences, concerts, and regional institutions promoted by the Bulletin, and traces relevant aspects of Lange’s professional journey between Germany, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, among other places. The chapter also highlights the changing place of the United States, both as a subject of musicological study and as a site of music-related hemispheric initiatives, in the history of this Latin Americanist project.
Latin/Pan-American Music
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the pan-American absorption of Latin Americanism during World War II and the inception of the “world music” discourse that led to the creation of UNESCO. It focuses on the work of Charles Seeger as director of the Pan American Union’s Music Division from the years leading to the United States entry into the war to the immediate postwar years. The chapter analyzes a host of actors and initiatives, by the Pan American Union and other music-related associations, that influenced the consolidation of Latin American music and inter-Americanism as fields of musicological and educational practice. It illuminates the place of Latin American music in the convergence of nationalist traditions, hemispheric rhetoric, and global horizons among musicological and diplomatic actors as World War II came to an end.
Home Free
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book is about building credible science to address the challenge of criminal recidivism. It does so by drawing upon a unique natural experiment that presented an opportunity to witness an alternate reality. More than 625,000 individuals are released from prison in the United States each year, and roughly half of these individuals will be back in prison within just three years. A likely contributor to the churning of the same individuals in and out of prison is the fact that many released prisoners return home to the same environment with the same criminal opportunities and criminal peers that proved so detrimental to their behavior prior to incarceration. This study uses Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment for examining the question of whether residential relocation away from an old neighborhood can lead to desistance from crime. Many prisoners released soon after Katrina could not go back to their old neighborhoods, as they normally would have done. Their neighborhoods were devastated by a once-in-a-generation storm that damaged the vast majority of housing units in New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina provided a rare opportunity to investigate what happens when individuals move not just a short distance, but to entirely different cities, counties, and social worlds. This study draws upon both quantitative and qualitative evidence to reveal where newly released prisoners resided in the wake of the Katrina, the effect of residential relocation on the likelihood of reincarceration through eight years post-release, and the mechanisms revealing why residential change is so important after release from prison.
Introduction
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to analyze why criminal recidivism rates remain persistently high and to reorient the search for solutions to recidivism by focusing on the importance of place of residence. This chapter situates the study by describing the facts about mass incarceration and prisoner reentry in the United States, including the fact that half of exiting prisoners are reincarcerated within three years of prison release. Many social critics have claimed that “nothing works” to rehabilitate prisoners. However, this book argues that residential change is an overlooked solution to chronic recidivism. This chapter introduces Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment for examining the question of whether residential relocation away from an old neighborhood can lead to desistance from crime. Katrina provided an alternate reality for examining the relationship between where people live and their behavior.
The Wrath of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The chapter describes the devastation to New Orleans and the Louisiana Gulf Coast inflicted by Hurricane Katrina. In Orleans Parish, 71.5 percent of housing units suffered some damage following Hurricane Katrina, with 42 percent severely damaged. The extent of housing destruction was similar in adjacent parishes of the wider New Orleans metropolitan area. Consequently, many prisoners released soon after Katrina could not go back to their old neighborhoods, as they normally would have done. Typically, 75 percent of individuals released from prison return to their former parish of residence. In the first six months after Katrina, just 50 percent returned to their home parish. Thus, this chapter shows that Hurricane Katrina fundamentally altered prevailing geographic patterns of prisoner reentry in Louisiana, affecting residential change and residential mobility for this population.
Residential Relocation as a Remedy to Recidivism
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Relying upon Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment, Chapter 4 provides quantitative evidence on the extent to which residential change lessens the likelihood of criminal recidivism during the first eight years following prison release. Analyses reveal that formerly incarcerated individuals who moved away from their old parish after release had substantially lower rates of reincarceration than those who returned to their previous parish of residence. An estimated 59 percent of parolees who returned to their home parish were reincarcerated within eight years of release. In contrast, an estimated 46 percent of parolees who moved to a new parish were reincarcerated. Findings presented in the chapter also reveal that short-distance moves are insufficient to separate someone from his or her criminal past. Moving from one metropolitan area to another can provide the type of separation from one’s past that can be crucial to desistance from crime. The chapter also considers evidence on the effects of residential change from government-funded housing mobility programs, including the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration. These programs offer important lessons about how residential mobility programs for the formerly incarcerated might be designed.
Considering Negative Cases
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
While the weight of the evidence presented thus far in the book suggests that residential change is an important contributor to desistance from crime, it is not always sufficient to bring about a change in behavior. Chapter 8 presents negative cases, including individuals who managed to move away from their old parishes following Hurricane Katrina, but who nevertheless still persisted in their criminal behavior, partly due to their addiction to drugs. If residential relocation has the potential to lower the likelihood of recidivism, it is important to understand under what conditions it can promote desistance from crime and under what conditions it does not appear to be sufficient. Conversely, this chapter also examines the case of an individual named Darnell who desisted from crime despite returning to the familiar setting of New Orleans, partly due to strong social bonds. Consideration of negative cases is critical for refining our understanding about the role of residential change in curtailing recidivism.
Play the Way You Feel
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book—both a narrative and a film directory—surveys and analyzes English-language feature films (and a few shorts and TV shows/movies) made between 1927 and 2019 that tell stories about jazz music, its musicians, its history and culture. Play the Way You Feel looks at jazz movies as a narrative tradition with recurring plot points and story tropes, whose roots and development are traced. It also demonstrates how jazz stories cut across diverse genres—biopic, romance, musical, comedy and science fiction, horror, crime and comeback stories, “race movies” and modernized Shakespeare—even as they constitute a genre of their own. The book is also a directory/checklist of such films, 67 of them with extensive credits, plus dozens more shorter/capsule discussions. Where jazz films are based on literary sources, they are examined, and the nature of their adaptation explored: what gets retained, removed, or invented? What do historical films get right and wrong? How does a film’s music, and the style of the filmmaking itself, reinforce or undercut the story?