bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leptin promotes the fat preference associated with low-temperature acclimation in mice
Authors: Nagasaka Reiko , Nakachi Hazuki , Onodera Yuka , Ishikawa Yuki , Ohshima Toshiaki 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTAlthough fluctuations in energy metabolism are known to influence intake as well as nutrient selection, there are no definitive reports on how food preferences change with changes in habitat temperature. We investigated the effects of habitat temperature on appetite and food preference and elucidated the underlying mechanism by conducting a feeding experiment and a leptin administration test on mice reared at low temperatures. Our results showed that the increased food intake and HFD preference observed in the 10°C group were induced by decrease in plasma leptin concentration. Then, a leptin administration experiment was conducted to clarify the relationship between leptin and food preference with low-temperature acclimation. The control group reared in 10°C significantly preferred the HFD, but the leptin-administered group did not. These results show that the peripheral system appetite-regulating hormone leptin not only acts to suppress appetite but also might inhibit preference for lipids in low-temperature acclimation.
Teukolsky formalism for nonlinear Kerr perturbations
Authors: Green Stephen R , Hollands Stefan , Zimmerman Peter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We develop a formalism to treat higher order (nonlinear) metric perturbations of the Kerr spacetime in a Teukolsky framework. We first show that solutions to the linearized Einstein equation with nonvanishing stress tensor can be decomposed into a pure gauge part plus a zero mode (infinitesimal perturbation of the mass and spin) plus a perturbation arising from a certain scalar (‘Debye–Hertz’) potential, plus a so-called ‘corrector tensor’. The scalar potential is a solution to the spin  −2 Teukolsky equation with a source. This source, as well as the tetrad components of the corrector tensor, are obtained by solving certain decoupled ordinary differential equations involving the stress tensor. As we show, solving these ordinary differential equations reduces simply to integrations in the coordinate r in outgoing Kerr–Newman coordinates, so in this sense, the problem is reduced to the Teukolsky equation with source, which can be treated by a separation of variables ansatz. Since higher order perturbations are subject to a linearized Einstein equation with a stress tensor obtained from the lower order perturbations, our method also applies iteratively to the higher order metric perturbations, and could thus be used to analyze the nonlinear coupling of perturbations in the near-extremal Kerr spacetime, where weakly turbulent behavior has been conjectured to occur. Our method could also be applied to the study of perturbations generated by a pointlike body traveling on a timelike geodesic in Kerr, which is relevant to the extreme mass ratio inspiral problem.
Accelerating the formation of the conjugated ladder structure of Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate) by cross-linked poplar lignin doped with boron phosphate
Authors: Shi Hui , Ouyang Qin , Wang Jing-yu , Zhu Pin-lei , Hao Jian-wei , Huang Xian-bo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Utilizing renewable resources and accelerating thermal stabilization have been two main effective technical means to reduce the cost of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) based carbon fibre (CF). In this work, cross-linked poplar lignin (CPPL) with higher carbon content and 15 times the weight-average molecular weight of poplar lignin (PPL) was formed by doping boron phosphate (BP) in situ composites, which was blended with poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate) (PANVA) to prepare a low-cost partially bio-based composite PANVA/CPPL-BP. During thermal stabilization, the C1s curve-fitting of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra showed that the conjugated ladder structure of PANVA/CPPL-BP started to form at 230 °C, which was 20 °C lower than PANVA. And the acceleration in forming conjugated ladder structures was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric (TG), and TG-FTIR. During simulated low-temperature carbonization for composites stabilized at 230 °C in advance, the addition of CPPL-BP greatly improved the order of graphitic structure for PANVA. The mechanical property of CF mats has also been obviously improved by CPPL-BP. The possible mechanism that CPPL-BP accelerating the formation of conjugated ladder structures for PANVA/CPPL-BP during thermal stabilization was proposed. With such improvement on accelerating thermal stabilization and utilizing cheap bio-material at the same time, this PANVA/CPPL-BP composite has a great potential in developing low-cost CF.
Surviving the Nakba: On Palestinians’ Political Possibilities and Limitations in 1948
Authors: Dallasheh Leena 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Adel Manna’s Nakba and Survival: The Story of the Palestinians Who Remained in Haifa and the Galilee, 1948–1956 appeared in Arabic and Hebrew in 2016–2017. Manna’s book gives voice to the experience of the first generation of Palestinians living within the State of Israel. Here, four scholars of Palestinian and Israeli history review Nakba and Survival and weigh its importance for reckoning with the entangled history of the creation of Israel and the related dispossession of Palestinians during and after 1948.
Hierarchy of Connectivity–Function Relationship of the Human Cortex Revealed through Predicting Activity across Functional Domains
Authors: Wu Dongya , Fan Lingzhong , Song Ming , Wang Haiyan , Chu Congying , Yu Shan , Jiang Tianzi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Many studies showed that anatomical connectivity supports both anatomical and functional hierarchies that span across the primary and association cortices in the cerebral cortex. Even though a structure–function relationship has been indicated to uncouple in the association cortex, it is still unknown whether anatomical connectivity can predict functional activations to the same degree throughout the cortex, and it remains unclear whether a hierarchy of this connectivity–function relationship (CFR) exists across the human cortex. We first addressed whether anatomical connectivity could be used to predict functional activations across different functional domains using multilinear regression models. Then, we characterized the CFR by predicting activity from anatomical connectivity throughout the cortex. We found that there is a hierarchy of CFR between sensory–motor and association cortices. Moreover, this CFR hierarchy was correlated to the functional and anatomical hierarchies, respectively, reflected in functional flexibility and the myelin map. Our results suggest a shared hierarchical mechanism in the cortex, a finding which provides important insights into the anatomical and functional organizations of the human brain.
A Two-Step Optimization Approach: Validated RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Gatifloxacin and Dexamethasone in Ophthalmic Formulation
Authors: Saad Martin N , Essam Hebatallah M , Elzanfaly Eman S , Amer Sawsan M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The growing technology of stationary phase chemistry has a great impact on the chromatographic system performance and analysis economics. In this context, a simple rapid reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography method development is presented for the analysis of gatifloxacin (GFN) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) in their ophthalmic formulation. A two-step optimization approach has been conducted using optimum chromatographic conditions as well as proper selection of stationary phase. The chromatographic separation was carried out using sodium phosphate buffer pH 3.0 ± 0.1 and acetonitrile 72:28 v/v, respectively, with flow rate 1 mL min−1 and simultaneous detection at 243 nm. Three different column technologies were investigated at the optimum set of the chromatographic conditions: Xbridge® bridged ethylene hybrid silica, Kinetex™ Core-Shell and the Onyx™ Monolithic stationary phase. The monolithic column has shown better chromatographic separation, based on system suitability testing as well as shorter analysis time and sensitivity. The proposed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The linearity was achieved for GFN and DSP in the range 0.58–120 μg mL−1 and 0.50–120 μg mL−1, respectively, with acceptable accuracy, precision and selectivity.
Risk Factors for Weight Gain Following Switch to Integrase Inhibitor–Based Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Lake Jordan E , Wu Kunling , Bares Sara H , Debroy Paula , Godfrey Catherine , Koethe John R , McComsey Grace A , Palella Frank J , Tassiopoulos Katherine , Erlandson Kristine M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Treatment initiation with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) has been associated with excess weight gain. Whether similar gains are seen after switch to INSTIs among virologically suppressed persons is less clear. We assessed pre/post-INSTI weight changes from AIDS Clinical Trials Group participants (A5001 and A5322).

Methods
Participants who were in follow-up from 1997–2017 and switched to INSTI-based antiretroviral regimens were included. Piecewise linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, baseline BMI, nadir and current CD4+ T-cell count, smoking, diabetes and follow-up time with suppressed HIV-1 RNA examined weight and waist circumference change before and after first switch to INSTIs. Linear spline models with a single knot at time of switch accounted for nonlinear trends.

Results
The 972 participants who switched to INSTIs were 81% male and 50% nonwhite with a median age at switch of 50 years, CD4+ T-cell count 512 cells/μL, and BMI 26.4 kg/m2. Restricting to persons with suppressed HIV-1 RNA at switch (n = 691), women, blacks, and persons ≥60 years experienced greater weight gain in the 2 years after versus before switch. In adjusted models, white or black race, age ≥60, and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 at switch were associated with greater weight gain following switch among women; age ≥60 was the greatest risk factor among men. Trends for waist circumference were similar.

Conclusions
Yearly weight gain increased following switch to INSTIs, particularly for women, blacks, and persons aged ≥60. Concomitant increases in waist circumference suggest that this weight gain is associated with an increase in fat mass.
Risk Factors for Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase–Producing Enterobacterales Bloodstream Infection Among Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Anesi Judith A , Lautenbach Ebbing , Tamma Pranita D , Thom Kerri A , Blumberg Emily A , Alby Kevin , Bilker Warren B , Werzen Alissa , Tolomeo Pam , Omorogbe Jacqueline , Pineles Lisa , Han Jennifer H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately 40% of all Enterobacterales (EB) bloodstream infections (BSIs) among solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms, but risk factors for such infections remain ill defined in this population. We sought to determine the risk factors for ESBL-EB BSIs among SOTRs.

Methods
A multicenter case-control study was performed. All SOTRs with an EB BSI at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and University of Maryland Medical Center between 1 January 2007 and 30 June 2018 and at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2015 were included. Cases were those with an ESBL-EB BSI. Controls were those with a non–ESBL-EB BSI. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors for ESBL-EB BSI.

Results
There were 988 episodes of EB BSI, of which 395 (40%) were due to an ESBL-EB. On multivariable analysis, the independent risk factors for ESBL-EB BSI included: ESBL-EB on prior culture (aOR, 12.75; 95% CI, 3.23–50.33; P &lt; .001), a corticosteroid-containing immunosuppression regimen (aOR 1.30; 95% CI 1.03–1.65; P = .030), acute rejection treated with corticosteroids (aOR 1.18; 95% CI 1.16–1.19; P &lt; .001), and exposure to third-generation cephalosporins (aOR 1.95; 95% CI 1.48–2.57; P &lt; .001), echinocandins (aOR 1.61; 95% CI 1.08–2.40; P = .020), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.10–1.64; P = .003).

Conclusions
We identified several novel risk factors that are uniquely important to the SOTR population, including exposure to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroid-containing immunosuppressive regimens. Further studies exploring these associations and testing interventions aimed at these modifiable risk factors among SOTRs are needed.
Concomitant Bacteremia in Adults With Severe Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Phu Nguyen Hoan , Day Nicholas P J , Tuan Phung Quoc , Mai Nguyen Thi Hoang , Chau Tran Thi Hong , Van Chuong Ly , Vinh Ha , Loc Pham Phu , Sinh Dinh Xuan , Hoa Nguyen Thi Tuyet , Waller Deborah J , Wain John , Jeyapant Atthanee , Watson James A , Farrar Jeremy J , Hien Tran Tinh , Parry Christopher M , White Nicholas J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately 6% of children hospitalized with severe falciparum malaria in Africa are also bacteremic. It is therefore recommended that all children with severe malaria should receive broad-spectrum antibiotics in addition to parenteral artesunate. Empirical antibiotics are not recommended currently for adults with severe malaria.

Methods
Blood cultures were performed on sequential prospectively studied adult patients with strictly defined severe falciparum malaria admitted to a single referral center in Vietnam between 1991 and 2003.

Results
In 845 Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria admission blood cultures were positive in 9 (1.07%: 95% confidence interval [CI], .37–1.76%); Staphylococcus aureus in 2, Streptococcus pyogenes in 1, Salmonella Typhi in 3, Non-typhoid Salmonella in 1, Klebsiella pneumoniae in 1, and Haemophilus influenzae type b in 1. Bacteremic patients presented usually with a combination of jaundice, acute renal failure, and high malaria parasitemia. Four bacteremic patients died compared with 108 (12.9%) of 836 nonbacteremic severe malaria patients (risk ratio, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.62–7.29). In patients with &gt;20% parasitemia the prevalence of concomitant bacteremia was 5.2% (4/76; 95% CI, .2–10.3%) compared with 0.65% (5/769; 0.08–1.2%) in patients with &lt;20% parasitemia, a risk ratio of 8.1 (2.2–29.5).

Conclusions
In contrast to children, the prevalence of concomitant bacteremia in adults with severe malaria is low. Administration of empirical antibiotics, in addition to artesunate, is warranted in the small subgroup of patients with very high parasitemias, emphasizing the importance of quantitative blood smear microscopy assessment, but it is not indicated in most adults with severe falciparum malaria.
Clinical outcomes of prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary drug-eluting stent implantation in dialysis patients
Authors: Park Seokwoo , Kim Yaerim , Jo Hyung Ah , Lee Soojin , Kim Mi-Sook , Yang Bo Ram , Lee Joongyub , Han Seung Seok , Lee Hajeong , Lee Jung Pyo , Joo Kwon Wook , Lim Chun Soo , Kim Yon Su , Kim Dong Ki 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
End-stage renal disease yields susceptibility to both ischemia and bleeding. The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation is not established in dialysis patients, who are usually excluded from randomized studies. Since recent studies implied the benefits of prolonged DAPT &gt;12 months in chronic kidney disease, we investigated the effectiveness and safety of prolonged DAPT in dialysis patients with higher cardiovascular risks.

Methods
In this nationwide population-based study, we analyzed dialysis patients who underwent DES implantation from 2008 to 2015. Continued DAPT was compared with discontinued DAPT using landmark analyses, including free-of-event participants at 12 (n = 2246), 15 (n = 1925) and 18 months (n = 1692) after DES implantation. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs): a composite of mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization and stroke. Major bleeding was a safety outcome. Inverse probability of treatment weighting Cox regression was performed.

Results
Mean follow-up periods were 278.3–292.4 days, depending on landmarks. Overall, incidences of major bleeding were far lower than those of MACE. Continued DAPT groups showed lower incidences of MACE and higher incidences of major bleeding, compared with discontinued DAPT groups. In Cox analyses, continued DAPT reduced the hazards of MACE at the 12- [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61–0.90; P = 0.003], 15- (HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.64–0.96; P = 0.019) and 18-month landmarks (HR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.63–0.99; P = 0.041), but without a significant increase in major bleeding at 12 (HR = 1.39, 95% CI 0.90–2.16; P = 0.14), 15 (HR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.75–1.70; P = 0.55) or 18 months (HR = 1.27, 95% CI 0.83–1.95; P = 0.27).

Conclusions
Prolonged DAPT reduced MACE without significantly increasing major bleeding in patients who were event-free at 12 months after DES implantation. In deciding on DAPT duration, prolonged DAPT should be considered in dialysis patients.
SMART: security model adversarial risk-based tool for systems security design evaluation
Authors: Wortman Paul A , Chandy John A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
As development and deployment of secure systems continue to grow at scale, there is an equal need to evaluate these systems for vulnerabilities and other problems. However, the process of evaluating these designs is complicated and mainly proprietary to the group performing the evaluation. Generally, one follows the generic risk equation of probability and impact. In addition, one should examine the costs related to the adversary and the defender of a system. Without accounting for all of these different aspects, one cannot expect to properly assess the security of a system model or design. This work presents a security model adversarial risk-based tool (SMART) for systems security design evaluation. Our tool reads in a systems security model an attack graph and collects the necessary information for the purpose of determining the best solution based on a calculated security risk represented as a monetary amount. The advantage of the tool is the level of automation provided in the evaluation of security attack trees while providing meaningful metrics that are effortless to compare and contrast.
A structured approach to native mitral valve infective endocarditis: Is repair better than replacement?
Authors: Defauw Rufin J , Tomšič Anton , van Brakel Thomas J , Marsan Nina Ajmone , Klautz Robert J M , Palmen Meindert 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Mitral valve repair in native active infective endocarditis is technically challenging. The survival benefit over valve replacement is poorly established and possibly absent because of the high risk of repair failure and reoperation. In this study, we explore the results of our structured approach in these patients.

METHODS
Between January 2000 and January 2017, 149 patients underwent surgery for native mitral infective endocarditis. Among them, 97 (66%) patients underwent valve repair and 52 (34%) underwent valve replacement. Our structured approach consisted of early surgery, radical resection of infected tissue, liberal use of prosthetic materials and ‘patch’ repair techniques. A critical assessment of expected repair durability was made intraoperatively and repair was not performed if concerns of long-term durability existed. To study the effects of valve repair on overall survival, landmark analysis was performed.

RESULTS
In-hospital mortality was 15.4% (14 repair vs 9 replacement patients; P = 0.642). There were no residual infective endocarditis cases or early reoperations. On Cox proportional hazards analysis, valve replacement was not inferior to repair within 1-year post-surgery [hazard ratio (HR) 1.134, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.504–2.540; P = 0.76]. Beyond 1 year post-surgery, replacement was associated with decreased survival (HR 2.534, 95% CI 1.002–6.406; P = 0.049). There were no differences in freedom from recurrent infective endocarditis (P = 0.47) and mitral valve reintervention (P = 0.52).

CONCLUSIONS
Active mitral valve endocarditis remains a complex disease with significant early and late morbidity and mortality. A structured approach allows valve repair in two-thirds of patients. Clinical results could be improved by focussing on early surgery, prior to extensive valve destruction, to enable durable repairs and improve late outcomes.
Current challenges in three-dimensional bioprinting heart tissues for cardiac surgery
Authors: Roche Christopher D , Brereton Russell J L , Ashton Anthony W , Jackson Christopher , Gentile Carmine 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Summary
Previous attempts in cardiac bioengineering have failed to provide tissues for cardiac regeneration. Recent advances in 3-dimensional bioprinting technology using prevascularized myocardial microtissues as ‘bioink’ have provided a promising way forward. This review guides the reader to understand why myocardial tissue engineering is difficult to achieve and how revascularization and contractile function could be restored in 3-dimensional bioprinted heart tissue using patient-derived stem cells.
Benefits of Freewriting in an EFL Academic Writing Classroom
Authors: Park Jeongyeon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study explores possible benefits of freewriting for EFL students’ writing anxiety and fluency. Thirty university students who were enrolled in an academic writing class participated in the study. Pre- and post-writing anxiety surveys, freewritings, pre- and post-essays, and student reflections were collected as data. The study found that EFL students experience varying degrees of writing anxiety, and anxious students tended to perform poorly on the writing test. Analysis of 540 freewritings revealed that all students’ fluency improved as the semester progressed, showing a similar trend. Students generally reported positive attitudes toward the freewriting activity. They largely agreed that it improved their confidence, lessened their fear of evaluation, and deepened their thinking skills, but they disliked the absence of feedback, the topic selection, and the activity’s time limits. Benefits, possible adaptations, and the pedagogic value of freewriting were also discussed in the study.
A Truly Pathological Case: Kropotkin, War and Anarchist Remembrance
Authors: Adams Matthew S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This article examines anarchist responses across three generations to the split in the anarchist movement at the outbreak of the First World War. Focusing on appreciations of Peter Kropotkin’s role in that division, it demonstrates how shifting contextual circumstances and a developing memory of the war subsequently reshaped the narrative of these events in ways that reflected the broader memory of the war. Arguing that curation of a political tradition’s history is central to the self-identity of that tradition, the article investigates this process as successive generations of anarchists tried to make sense of the anarchist split in 1914, and, in turn, define their own political projects.