bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do cognitive processes influence script concordance test responses?
Authors: Gawad Nada , Wood Timothy J. , Cowley Lindsay , Raiche Isabelle 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe script concordance test (SCT) is a test of clinical decision‐making (CDM) that compares the thought process of learners to that of experts to determine to what extent their cognitive ‘scripts’ align. Without understanding test‐takers’ cognitive process, however, it is unclear what influences their responses. The objective of this study was to gather response process validity evidence by studying the cognitive process of test‐takers to determine whether the SCT tests CDM and what cognitive processes may influence SCT responses.MethodsCases from an SCT used in a national validation study were administered and semi‐structured cognitive interviews were conducted with ten residents and five staff surgeons. A retrospective verbal probing technique was used. Data was independently analysed and coded by two analysts. Themes were identified as factors that influence SCT responses during the cognitive interview.ResultsCognitive interviews demonstrated variability in CDM among test‐takers. Consistent with dual process theory, test‐takers relied on scripts formed through past experiences, when available, to make decisions and used conscious deliberation in the absence of experience. However, test‐takers’ response process was also influenced by their comprehension of specific terms, desire for additional information, disagreement with the planned management, underlying knowledge gaps and desire to demonstrate confidence or humility.ConclusionThe rationale behind SCT answers may be influenced by comprehension, underlying knowledge and social desirability in addition to formed scripts and/or conscious deliberation. Having test‐takers verbalise their rationale for responses provides a depth of assessment that is otherwise lost in the SCT’s current format. With the improved ability to standardise CDM assessment using the SCT, consideration of test‐makers improving the SCT construction process and combining the SCT question format with verbal responses may improve the use of the SCT for CDM assessment.
A role for calcium‐dependent protein kinases in differential CO2‐ and ABA‐controlled stomatal closing and low CO2‐induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis
Authors: Schulze Sebastian , Dubeaux Guillaume , Ceciliato Paulo H. O. , Munemasa Shintaro , Nuhkat Maris , Yarmolinsky Dmitry , Aguilar Jaimee , Diaz Renee , Azoulay‐Shemer Tamar , Steinhorst Leonie , Offenborn Jan Niklas , Kudla Jörg , Kollist Hannes , Schroeder Julian I. 
Published: November 2020

Summary

Low concentrations of CO2 cause stomatal opening, whereas [CO2] elevation leads to stomatal closure. Classical studies have suggested a role for Ca2+ and protein phosphorylation in CO2‐induced stomatal closing. Calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CPKs) and calcineurin‐B‐like proteins (CBLs) can sense and translate cytosolic elevation of the second messenger Ca2+ into specific phosphorylation events. However, Ca2+‐binding proteins that function in the stomatal CO2 response remain unknown.

Time‐resolved stomatal conductance measurements using intact plants, and guard cell patch‐clamp experiments were performed.

We isolated cpk quintuple mutants and analyzed stomatal movements in response to CO2, light and abscisic acid (ABA). Interestingly, we found that cpk3/5/6/11/23 quintuple mutant plants, but not other analyzed cpk quadruple/quintuple mutants, were defective in high CO2‐induced stomatal closure and, unexpectedly, also in low CO2‐induced stomatal opening. Furthermore, K+‐uptake‐channel activities were reduced in cpk3/5/6/11/23 quintuple mutants, in correlation with the stomatal opening phenotype. However, light‐mediated stomatal opening remained unaffected, and ABA responses showed slowing in some experiments. By contrast, CO2‐regulated stomatal movement kinetics were not clearly affected in plasma membrane‐targeted cbl1/4/5/8/9 quintuple mutant plants.

Our findings describe combinatorial cpk mutants that function in CO2 control of stomatal movements and support the results of classical studies showing a role for Ca2+ in this response.
One‐Stage Total Hip Arthroplasty with Modular S‐ROM Stem for Patients with Bilateral Crowe Type IV Developmental Dysplasia
Authors: Ma Hai‐yang , Lu Qiang , Sun Jing‐yang , Du Yin‐qiao , Shen Jun‐min , Gao Zhi‐sen , Lu Shi‐bi , Zhou Yong‐gang 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveThe aim of the present paper was to evaluate the results of one‐stage total hip arthroplasty (THA) for patients with bilateral Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).MethodsData for 58 patients (116 hips) with bilateral Crowe type IV DDH who had one‐stage THA performed by the same surgeon during the period of April 2008 to February 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 37.3 years; 5 were men and 53 were women. All patients underwent THA through the posterolateral approach using the Pinnacle acetabular cup, a ceramic‐on‐ceramic bearing, and the modular S‐ROM stem. Subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy was performed on 86/116 hips. Intraoperative conditions were recorded. Radiographic and functional outcomes were evaluated, and complications were recorded.ResultsAll patients were followed up for an average of 71.3 ± 37.6 months (range, 12–140). The mean operative time was 276.5 ± 57.9 min (range, 175–540). The mean intraoperative blood loss was 933.6 ± 400.8 mL (range, 300–2000). The mean transfusion requirement was 1778 ± 798.0 mL (range, 575–4550). The mean length of hospital stay was 8.6 ± 3.7 days (range, 5–22). At the final follow‐up, no loosening of acetabular and femoral components was observed. No osteolysis and heterotopic ossification occurred. The mean Harris hip scores were improved from 55.4 ± 14.3 preoperatively to 91.3 ± 4.2 postoperatively (P < 0.001) In terms of complications, no perioperative deaths were recorded. Deep vein thrombosis occurred in 1 hip, with no pulmonary embolism. Intraoperative femur fracture occurred in 3 hips, nerve injury in 1 hip, and leg length discrepancy in 1 patient. Postoperative dislocation occurred in 5 hips and nonunion in 1 hip.ConclusionOur data demonstrated that one‐stage bilateral THA for bilateral Crowe type IV DDH is feasible and can effectively restore hip function.
Caring for the caregiver following an adverse event
Authors: Tanabe Kenji , Janosy Norah , Vogeli Jo , Brainard Alison , Whitney Gina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this article, we review the potential for adverse impacts on the clinician following a medical error or poor clinical outcome. Second victim syndrome, its symptoms, risk factors, natural history, and possible outcomes are described. We also discuss the important role of organizational leadership and culture and highlight possible programmatic interventions designed to support clinicians following an adverse event.
Efficacy and safety of 0.0584% hydrocortisone aceponate topical spray and systemic oclacitinib combination therapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Takahashi Junko , Kanda Satoko , Imanishi Ichiro , Hisano Tadashi , Fukamachi Teruyasu , Taguchi Norihito , Momiyama Shoko , Nishiyama Satoshi , Motegi Tomoki , Iyori Keita 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundOclacitinib is an effective systemic therapy for dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). Few studies have evaluated concurrent topical treatment with oclacitinib in dogs.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of oclacitinib and 0.0584% hydrocortisone aceponate (HCA) spray in dogs with AD.AnimalsEighteen dogs with AD.Methods and materialsThis study was a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial. All dogs were treated with oclacitinib (0.4–0.6 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days, then once daily for 14 days) and randomized to receive either HCA spray or placebo spray, applied once daily for seven days then every other day through to Day (D)28. Clinical assessments included the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐4) and the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) every seven days, and blood and urine tests every 14 days.ResultsThe mean CADESI‐4 and PVAS scores were significantly reduced on D7 and D14 compared to D0 in both groups (P < 0.05). From D14 to D21, CADESI‐4 and PVAS scores were significantly increased in the placebo group (P < 0.005), and not in the HCA‐treated group. The mean reduction from baseline of the HCA‐treated group was significantly higher than that of the placebo group for the PVAS and CADESI‐4 on D21 (59.9% versus 27.6%, P = 0.0216) and D28 (56.0% versus 30.5%, P = 0.0109), respectively. One dog in the HCA‐treated group was withdrawn as a consequence of developing diarrhoea.ConclusionTopical application of 0.0584% HCA spray may be useful for preventing exacerbation of pruritus and clinical lesions when tapering oclacitinib therapy in dogs with AD.
Modeling the Hydrogen Effect on the Constitutive Response of a Low Carbon Steel in Cyclic Loading
Authors: Hosseini Zahra S. , Dadfarnia Mohsen , Nagao Akihide , Kubota Masanobu , Somerday Brian P. , Ritchie Robert O. , Sofronis Petros 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hydrogen-accelerated fatigue crack growth is a most severe manifestation of hydrogen embrittlement. A mechanistic and predictive model is still lacking partly due to the lack of a descriptive constitutive model of the hydrogen/material interaction at the macroscale under cyclic loading. Such a model could be used to assess the nature of the stress and strain fields in the neighborhood of a crack, a development that could potentially lead to the association of these fields with proper macroscopic parameters. Toward this goal, a constitutive model for cyclic response should be capable of capturing hardening or softening under cyclic straining or ratcheting under stress-controlled testing. In this work, we attempt a constitutive description by using data from uniaxial strain-controlled cyclic loading and stress-controlled ratcheting tests with a low carbon steel, Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) SM490YB, conducted in air and 1 MPa H2 gas environment at room temperature. We explore the Chaboche constitutive model which is a nonlinear kinematic hardening model that was developed as an extension to the Frederick and Armstrong model, and propose an approach to calibrate the parameters involved. From the combined experimental data and the calibrated Chaboche model, we may conclude that hydrogen decreases the yield stress and the amount of cyclic hardening. On the other hand, hydrogen increases ratcheting, the rate of cyclic hardening, and promotes stronger recovery.
Electromagnetic Forming and Perforation of Tubes: Modeling, Simulation, and Validation
Authors: Pawar Sagar , Ray Dinesh , Kore Sachin D. , Nandy Arup 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Electromagnetic forming and perforation (EMFP) is an innovative practice where magnetic forces are used for simultaneous forming and perforation operation. This method is complex, which involves a high strain rate as well as high transformation velocities. It is carried out in a short duration of time, and it includes multiple operations, which increases the complexity in understanding the shearing and forming behavior of the material. To understand this behavior, coupled and non-coupled simulation models have been developed and compared with experimental results. Material and failure models are used for simulating the material behavior at a high strain rate. At lower discharge energy, the coupled model failed to capture the initiation of perforation, but numerical results are found 96% in agreement with experimental results. While on the other hand, on the same discharge energy, non-coupled simulation shows 94% agreement and it succeeded in capturing the initiation of perforation. The von-Mises stresses found in all cases are more than 4e+08 Pa which is found higher than the ultimate strength of the material which is resulting in shearing. The failure patterns obtained in finite element analysis (FEA) simulation for both pointed and concave punch perforation show good agreement with general finding in experiments which shows the prediction capability of developed models.
Scaling Considerations for Thermal and Pressure-Sensitive Paint Methods Used to Determine Adiabatic Effectiveness
Authors: McNamara Luke J. , Fischer Jacob P. , Rutledge James L. , Polanka Marc D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To be representative of engine conditions, a measurement of film cooling behavior with an experiment must involve matching certain nondimensional parameters, such as freestream Reynolds number. However, the coolant flowrate must also be scaled between the experiments and engine conditions to accurately predict film cooling effectiveness. This process is complicated by gas property variation with temperature. Additionally, selection of the appropriate coolant flowrate parameter to scale from low to high temperatures is a topic of continued uncertainty. Furthermore, experiments are commonly conducted using thermal measurement techniques with infrared thermography (IR), but the use of pressure-sensitive paints (PSPs) implementing the heat-mass transfer analogy is also common. Thus, the question arises of how the adiabatic effectiveness distributions compare between mass transfer experimental methods and thermal experimental methods and whether these two methods are sensitive to coolant flowrate parameters in different ways. In this study, a thermal technique with IR was compared with a heat-mass transfer method with a PSP on a flat plate model with a 7-7-7 film cooling hole. While adiabatic effectiveness is best scaled by accounting for specific heats with the advective capacity ratio (ACR) using thermal techniques, results revealed that PSP measurements are scaled best with the mass flux ratio (M). The difference in these methods has significant implications for engine designers that rely on PSP experimental data to predict engine thermal behavior as PSP is fundamentally not sensitive to the same relevant physical mechanisms to which thermal methods are sensitive.
An Investigation on Forced Convection in Clearance of Corotating Disks With Diverging Laminar Flow
Authors: Singh Achhaibar , Singh D. K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work, forced convection in the laminar outflow between two disks is predicted. The disks can be corotating or contrarotating with equal or with different angular velocities. A published closed form solution is used to model the forced convection. The simplified energy equation is discretized using a finite difference method. The discretized equation is solved using the tridiagnal matrix algorithm (TDMA). Results are obtained for a heat flux as well as a specified temperature boundary condition and are presented for various flow parameters such as throughflow Reynolds number, rotational Reynolds number, gap ratio and speed ratio. The parameters except the speed ratio affect the temperature field strongly. The computed Nusselt number is in good agreement with the published experimental data. The coupling of closed form solution and energy equation predicts temperature field accurately. Additionally, the solution procedure is simplified considerably and the solution is obtained with lesser computational resources.
Design of a Pulsing Flow Driven Turbine
Authors: Fernelius Mark H. , Gorrell Steven E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is widespread interest in using pressure gain combustion in gas turbine engines to increase gas turbine engine efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. However, the fluctuating turbine inlet conditions inherent with pressure gain combustion cause a decrease in turbine efficiency. Designing a turbine for pulsing flow would counteract these losses. An optimization of turbine geometry for pulsing flow was conducted with entropy generation as the objective function. A surrogate model was used for the optimizations based on data extracted from two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. Optimizations run for different pulsing amplitudes informed a revised turbine design. The new turbine geometry was validated with a periodic, time-accurate simulation, and a decrease in entropy generation of 35% was demonstrated. The design recommendations were to weight the design of the turbine toward the peak of the pressure pulse, to consider the range of inlet angles and decrease the camber near the leading edge, and to reduce the blade turning.
Prediction of Ultra-Lean Spark Ignition Engine Performances by Quasi-Dimensional Combustion Model With a Refined Laminar Flame Speed Correlation
Authors: Sok Ratnak , Yamaguchi Kyohei , Kusaka Jin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe turbulent combustion in gasoline engines is highly dependent on laminar flame speed SL. A major issue of the quasi-dimensional (QD) combustion model is an accurate prediction of the SL, which is unstable under low engine speeds and ultra-lean mixture. This work investigates the applicability of the combustion model with a refined SL correlation for evaluating the combustion characteristics of a high-tumble port gasoline engine operated under ultra-lean mixtures. The SL correlation is modified and validated for a five-component gasoline surrogate. Predicted SL values from the conventional and refined functions are compared with measurements taken from a constant-volume chamber under micro-gravity conditions. The SL data are measured at reference and elevated conditions. The results show that the conventional SL overpredicts the flame speeds under all conditions. Moreover, the conventional model predicts negative SL at equivalence ratio ϕ ≤ 0.3 and ϕ ≥ 1.9, while the revised SL is well validated against the measurements. The improved SL correlation is incorporated into the QD combustion model by a user-defined function. The engine data are measured at 1000–2000 rpm under engine load net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPn) = 0.4–0.8 MPa and ϕ = 0.5. The predicted engine performances and combustions are well validated with the measured data, and the model sensitivity analysis also shows a good agreement with the engine experiments under cycle-by-cycle variations.
Recognising and dealing with illthrift in ewes
Authors: Busin Valentina 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundUnfortunately, illthrift in ewes is a problem that vets are faced with very often. Illthrift represents both a health and a welfare concern – under‐conditioned sheep do not receive enough food (which is against the freedom from hunger and thirst under the Animal Welfare Act 2006), and/or are affected by disease (which is against the freedom from pain, injury and disease under the Animal Welfare Act 2006). Illthrift in ewes also represents a significant barrier to profitability – to be profitable, a flock must be optimising the efficiency of conversion of the primary feeding source into marketable products (ie, meat, milk or wool). Therefore, it is key that all of these implications of illthrift are addressed as soon as possible to achieve the best outcome for the animals and the farmers.Aim of the articleThis article provides an overview on the importance of illthrift in flock profitability, how to recognise an illthrift problem, what the main causes of illthrift are, and how to intervene for a successful outcome for the clients, their animals and the vet. The emphasis of this article will be on flock medicine; the principles of investigations and causes of disease will vary in individual animals. Subsequently, a modified list of differentials should be considered on a case‐by‐case basis.
Endovascular thrombectomy in patients with large core ischemic stroke: a cost-effectiveness analysis from the SELECT study
Authors: Sarraj Amrou , Pizzo Elena , Lobotesis Kyriakos , Grotta James C , Hassan Ameer E , Abraham Michael G , Blackburn Spiros , Day Arthur L , Dannenbaum Mark J , Hicks William , Vora Nirav A , Budzik Ronald F , Sharrief Anjail Z , Martin-Schild Sheryl , Sitton Clark W , Pujara Deep Kiritbhai , Lansberg Maarten G , Gupta Rishi , Albers Gregory W , Kunz Wolfgang G 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundIt is unknown whether endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is cost effective in large ischemic core infarcts.MethodsIn the prospective, multicenter, cohort study of imaging selection study (SELECT), large core was defined as computed tomography (CT) ASPECTS<6 or computed tomography perfusion (CTP) ischemic core volume (rCBF<30%) ≥50 cc. A Markov model estimated costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of EVT compared with medical management (MM) over lifetime. The willingness to pay (WTP) per QALY was set at $50 000 and $100 000 and the net monetary benefits (NMB) were calculated. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEAC) for EVT were assessed in SELECT and other pivotal trials.ResultsFrom 361 patients enrolled in SELECT, 105 had large core on CT or CTP (EVT 62, MM 43). 19 (31%) EVT vs 6 (14%) MM patients achieved modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–2 (OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.11 to 9.62, P=0.03) with a shift towards better mRS (cOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.05 to 4.31, P=0.04). Over the projected lifetime of patients presenting with large core, EVT led to incremental costs of $33 094 and a gain of 1.34 QALYs per patient, resulting in ICER of $24 665 per QALY. EVT has a higher NMB compared with MM at lower (EVT -$42 747, MM -$76 740) and upper (EVT $155 041, MM $57 134) WTP thresholds. PSA confirmed the results and CEAC showed 77% and 92% acceptability of EVT at the WTP of $50 000 and $100 000, respectively. EVT was associated with an increment of $29 225 in societal costs. The pivotal EVT trials (HERMES, DAWN, DEFUSE 3) were dominant in a sensitivity analysis at the same inputs, with societal cost-savings of $37 901, $86 164 and $22 501 and a gain of 1.62, 2.36 and 2.21 QALYs, respectively.ConclusionsIn a non-randomized prospective cohort study, EVT resulted in better outcomes in large core patients with higher QALYs, NMB and high cost-effectiveness acceptability rates at current WTP thresholds. Randomized trials are needed to confirm these results.Clinical trial registrationNCT02446587
Verbal Projection of Comparable Translations of a Detective Story
Authors: Wang Yan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Based on the systemic functional framework, this paper attempts to compare verbal projection in two comparable translated texts of a detective story entitled A Scandal in Bohemia, one from the early 20th century (henceforth TT1) and the other from the early 21st century (henceforth TT2). Approximately one hundred years apart, these two translations are strikingly different in their language use, with classical Chinese being used in TT1 and plain (colloquial) Chinese being used in TT2. By analysing and comparing the lexicogrammatical features of the verbal clauses in the two translated texts, this paper summarises the choices made by the translators in these two different historical moments: when translating the source text, TT1 translators show more flexibility by incorporating more addition and omission into their translation than TT2 translators.