bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutamatergic projections from homeostatic to hedonic brain nuclei regulate intake of highly palatable food
Authors: Smith Ashley E. , Ogunseye Kehinde O. , DeBenedictis Julia N. , Peris Joanna , Kasper James M. , Hommel Jonathan D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFood intake is a complex behavior regulated by discrete brain nuclei that integrate homeostatic nutritional requirements with the hedonic properties of food. Homeostatic feeding (i.e. titration of caloric intake), is typically associated with hypothalamic brain nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Hedonic feeding is driven, in part, by the reinforcing properties of highly palatable food (HPF), which is mediated by the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Dysregulation of homeostatic and hedonic brain nuclei can lead to pathological feeding behaviors, namely overconsumption of highly palatable food (HPF), that may drive obesity. Both homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms of food intake have been attributed to several brain regions, but the integration of homeostatic and hedonic signaling to drive food intake is less clear, therefore we aimed to identify the neuroanatomical, functional, and behavioral features of a novel PVN → NAc circuit. Using viral tracing techniques, we determined that PVN → NAc has origins in the parvocellular PVN, and that PVN → NAc neurons express VGLUT1, a marker of glutamatergic signaling. Next, we pharmacogenetically stimulated PVN → NAc neurons and quantified both gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate release and phospho-cFos expression in the NAc and observed a robust and significant increase in extracellular glutamate and phospho-cFos expression. Finally, we pharmacogenetically stimulated PVN → NAc which decreased intake of highly palatable food, demonstrating that this glutamatergic circuitry regulates aspects of feeding.
Reduced lifespan of erythrocytes in Dahl/Salt sensitive rats is the cause of the renal proximal tubule damage
Authors: Manabe Eri , Ito Satoyasu , Ohno Yoshiya , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Naito Yoshiro , Sasaki Naoko , Asakura Masanori , Masuyama Tohru , Ishihara Masaharu , Tsujino Takeshi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe studied the mechanisms of anemia and the influence of anemia on renal pathology in Dahl/Salt Sensitive (Dahl/SS) rat, a model of cardio-renal-anemia syndrome. Erythrocyte lifespan was shortened and associated with decreased hemoglobin level in the Dahl/SS rats given high-salt diet. Serum haptoglobin decreased, reticulocytes increased, and erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen was markedly stimulated by increased serum erythropoietin in them. As a mechanism of hemolysis, we investigated the incidence of eryptosis, suicidal death of erythrocytes. Eryptosis was increased, and red blood cell-derived microparticles, small particle which are generated in hemolytic disease, were also increased in Dahl/SS rats fed with high-salt diet. Deposition of hemosiderin and mitochondrial morphologic abnormality, a sign of ferroptosis, in proximal renal tubules was associated with intravascular hemolysis. Treatment with deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, reduced the renal proximal tubular injury and the glomerular sclerosis in Dahl/SS rats fed with high-salt diet. In conclusion, reduced half-life of erythrocytes induced by hemolysis is the major cause of anemia in Dahl/SS rat. Iron accumulation induced by hemolysis causes renal proximal tubule injury and accelerates renal damage in this model.
National burden of cancer in Italy, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017
Authors: Bosetti Cristina , Traini Eugenio , Alam Tahiya , Allen Christine A. , Carreras Giulia , Compton Kelly , Fitzmaurice Christina , Force Lisa M. , Gallus Silvano , Gorini Giuseppe , Harvey James D. , Kocarnik Jonathan M. , La Vecchia Carlo , Lugo Alessandra , Naghavi Mohsen , Pennini Alyssa , Piccinelli Cristiano , Ronfani Luca , Xu Rixing , Monasta Lorenzo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe monitored the burden of cancer in Italy and its trends over the last three decades, providing estimates of cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), for cancer overall and 30 cancer sites using data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. An overview of mortality trends between 1990 and 2017 was also provided. In 2017, there were 254,336 new cancer cases in men and 214,994 in women, corresponding to an age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 438 and 330/100,000, respectively. Between 1990 and 2017, incident cancer cases, and, to a lesser extent, ASIRs significantly increased overall and for almost all cancer sites, but ASIRs significantly declined for lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms. In 2017, there were 101,659 cancer deaths in men (age-standardized death rate, ASDR, 158.5/100,000) and 78,918 in women (ASDR 93.9/100,000). Cancer deaths significantly increased between 1990 and 2017 (+ 18%), but ASDR significantly decreased (− 28%). Deaths significantly increased for many cancer sites, but decreased for stomach, esophageal, laryngeal, Hodgkin lymphoma, and testicular cancer. ASDRs significantly decreased for most neoplasms, with the main exceptions of cancer of the pancreas and uterus, and multiple myeloma. In 2017, cancer caused 3,204,000 DALYs. Between 1990 and 2017, DALYs and age-standardized DALY rates significantly declined (-3.4% and -33%, respectively). Age-standardized mortality rates in Italy showed favorable patterns over the last few decades. However, the absolute number of cancer cases and, to a lower extent, of cancer deaths increased likely due to the progressive ageing of the population, this calling for a continuous effort in cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment.
Midterm surgical results of the lamina with spinous process in treating one-level thoracic or lumbar tuberculosis: a retrospective study
Authors: Zhong Weiyang , Liang Xinjie , Tang Ke , Huang Tianji , Luo Xiaoji , Quan Zhengxue 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA retrospective study investigated the results of the lamina with spinous process (LSP) as a bone graft in one-level thoracic or lumbar spinal tuberculosis with the one-stage posterior approach of debridement, fusion and internal instrumentation. Data from 35 patients from January 2013 to December 2015 were analysed. Surgery time, blood loss, hospitalization time, drainage volume, and follow-up (FU) duration were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade, segmental angle, and bone fusion were compared between preoperative and final FU. All of the patients were followed up for a mean 43.90 ± 10.39 months. The mean age, surgery time, blood loss, hospitalization time, hospital cost and drainage volume were 33.65 ± 11.06 years, 182.40 ± 23.82 min, 280.80 ± 76.82 mL, 14.05 ± 3.58 days, 74,382.00 ± 11,938.00 yuan, and 340.00 ± 167.20 mL, respectively. VAS and ODI were significantly improved at the final FU. The ESR and CRP recovered to normal. The mean angle of 24.35 ± 5.74°preoperatively showed a significant difference between 1 week, postoperatively and final FU. Although there were the loss of angle at final FU comparing with the 1 week postoperatively, it still maintain the good alignment and the segmental stability. All patients achieved bony fusion with a mean time of 12.90 ± 3.91 months. In conclusion, the LSP as a structural bone graft is reliable, safe and effective for segmental stability reconstruction, which could be one choice for surgical management of thoracic or lumbar spinal TB.
Dominance style only partially predicts differences in neophobia and social tolerance over food in four macaque species
Authors: Amici Federica , Widdig Anja , MacIntosh Andrew J. J. , Francés Victor Beltrán , Castellano-Navarro Alba , Caicoya Alvaro Lopez , Karimullah Karimullah , Maulany Risma Illa , Ngakan Putu Oka , Hamzah Andi Siady , Majolo Bonaventura 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrimates live in complex social systems with social structures ranging from more to less despotic. In less despotic species, dominance might impose fewer constraints on social choices, tolerance is greater than in despotic species and subordinates may have little need to include novel food items in the diet (i.e. neophilia), as contest food competition is lower and resources more equally distributed across group members. Here, we used macaques as a model to assess whether different dominance styles predict differences in neophilia and social tolerance over food. We provided familiar and novel food to 4 groups of wild macaques (N = 131) with different dominance styles (Macaca fuscata,M. fascicularis,M. sylvanus,M. maura). Our study revealed inter- and intra-specific differences in individuals’ access to food, which only partially reflected the dominance styles of the study subjects. Contrary to our prediction, social tolerance over food was higher in more despotic species than in less despotic species. Individuals with a higher dominance rank and being better socially integrated (i.e. higher Eigenvector centrality) were more likely to retrieve food in all species, regardless of their dominance style. Partially in line with our predictions, less integrated individuals more likely overcame neophobia (as compared to more integrated ones), but only in species with more tolerance over food. Our study suggests that individual characteristics (e.g. social integration or personality) other than dominance rank may have a stronger effect on an individual’s access to resources.
Le Square Kilometre Array (SKA) : un radiotélescope géant pour étudier l’aube et l’évolution du cosmos
Authors: Ferrari Chiara 
Published: December 2020

La radioastronomie à basse fréquence vit aujourd’hui sa renaissance à travers la construction du Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Deux réseaux de milliers d’antennes, opérant dans les domaines de longueur d’onde métriques et centimétriques, permettront de cartographier les différentes phases de l’histoire de l’Univers, de l’apparition des premières sources lumineuses jusqu’aux systèmes d’astres évolués que nous observons aujourd’hui.
Mais SKA n’est pas seulement un grand observatoire astronomique : il s’agit d’un projet international qui fait face à des défis considérables, en bénéficiant de la plus grande variété de cultures et de compétences du monde entier.
Den Mangel überleben: Natürliche Anpassungen bei Neugeborenen
Authors: Singer Dominique 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungNeugeborene sind mit einer Reihe natürlicher Anpassungsmechanismen ausgestattet, die sie trotz ihres (körpergrößenabhängig) hohen Energiebedarfs vor Mangelversorgung schützen. Hierzu gehört der aus einer bradykarden Kreislaufzentralisation mit begleitender Apnoe bestehende, von wasserlebenden Säugetieren bekannte Tauchreflex, der einen sparsamen Umgang mit den O2-Reserven gewährleistet und sich in einer nachlaufenden Laktateinschwemmung aus der Körperperipherie äußert. Metabolisch verhalten sich Säugetierfeten „wie ein Organ der Mutter“ und zeigen damit eine Winterschlaf-artige Abweichung von der üblichen Körpergröße-Energieumsatz-Beziehung, durch die sie an das limitierte intrauterine O2-/Substratangebot angepasst sind. Im Falle einer Mangelversorgung können sie ihren Energiebedarf weiter drosseln, indem sie auf Wachstum verzichten, wobei der Plazenta eine Gatekeeper-Funktion zukommt. Ein postnataler O2-Mangel hat nicht nur eine Suppression der zitterfreien Thermogenese, sondern auch einen hypoxischen Hypometabolismus zur Folge, wie er sonst nur von poikilothermen Tierarten bekannt ist. Nach prolongierter Apnoe setzen Schnappatemzüge ein, die durch kurze pO2-Anstiege eine rudimentäre Herzaktion aufrechterhalten (Selbstwiederbelebung). Insgesamt verzögern diese Mechanismen ein kritisches O2-Defizit und bedingen so eher eine „Resistenz“ als eine „Toleranz“ gegenüber einer Hypoxie. Da sie auf einer (aktiven) Drosselung des Energiebedarfs beruhen, sind sie nicht leicht von dem (passiven) Zusammenbruch des Stoffwechsels aufgrund einer Hypoxie zu unterscheiden.
Nicht nur Slapstick: Stummfilme als unterschätzte Zeugen der Medizingeschichte
Authors: Henkel Dennis , Wijdicks Eelco M. , Karenberg Axel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMedicine in silent film has a long history. Although the silent era in cinema was dominated by burlesques (using escaped “lunatics”) a number of themes emerged after systematic review. The cinematic representation of medicine coincided with the discovery of X-rays. During this “roentgenomania”, short films were produced showing groundbreaking X-ray images, which fitted perfectly into needs of dramatic cinema. But soon the “cinema of narration” evolved: Starting just after the turn of the century, the short film “The Country Doctor” was able to address complex interplay between duties and limitations of the medical profession. This was followed by numerous feature films on infectious diseases, which often used tuberculosis as a centerpiece of its story. Directors often took advantage of the well-known stereotype of the omnipotent physician. But in certain medical fields, such as psychiatry or surgery, a more ambivalent figure of the doctor was portrayed, f. e. in “Hands of Orlac” (1924). Silent cinema also offered interesting ideas on the healing powers of the medium itself: in “The Mystery of the Kador Cliffs” (1912) a film screening could cure the patient of fears after reenactment. Finally, a closer look at the early era of film echoes how social conflicts where dramatized, especially in the case of nationwide birth control. How illegal abortion kept the society on its edge, was most clearly shown in the adaption of the scandalous play “Cyankali” (1930).In addition to discussing various topics in the cinematic representation of medicine, this brief overview shows that silent movies were a new and true art form, representing an exceptional resource for historians of film and medicine.
Rhythmus im Blut
Authors: d’Albert Yan 
Published: December 2020

SummaryRhythmusaktivitäten können das Leben, das Bewusstsein und die Gesundheit der praktizierenden Person positiv verändern. Die pädagogischen und therapeutischen Wirkungen von Rhythmusaktivitäten werden mittlerweile an Universitäten erforscht und in Kliniken gezielt eingesetzt. Zu den beliebten Rhythmusaktivitäten gehören Trommeln, Schlagzeugspielen, TaKeTina und Trommel-Fitness. Für den Einstieg eignen sich bestimmte Instrumente besonders.
Die Komplexität der Therapie bei CRPS – ein Fallbeispiel und Interview
Authors: Dopfer Barbara 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung„Ungeheilt ist nicht unheilbar.“ Dieses Zitat von Walter Ludin, einem Theologen, Journalisten und Autor aus der Schweiz, stellt Barbara Dopfer ihrem Artikel voran. Anhand eines Fallbeispiels aus der eigenen Praxis und eines Interviews gibt sie Einblicke in die Therapie von zwei Frauen, die an dem komplexen regionalen Schmerzsyndrom (CRPS) erkrankt sind. Beide setzen mit therapeutischer Unterstützung ihre ganze Energie ein, mit der Krankheit möglichst gut umzugehen. Die eine entdeckt dabei die italienische Sprache, die andere fokussiert sich darauf, ihrer Leidenschaft, dem Klettern, weiterhin nachzugehen. Vielleicht bedeutet dies dann Heilung – bestmögliches Leben mit oder trotz CRPS.
CRPS – ein Syndrom mit Forschungsbedarf
Authors: Allgöwer Kathrin 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungMit den Budapester Diagnosekriterien ist zwar ein klares Diagnosewerkzeug für das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom (CRPS) vorgegeben, aber welche Therapie welchen Patienten tatsächlich hilft, ist immer noch nicht vollständig erforscht. Wichtig scheint in jedem Fall zu sein, interdisziplinär zusammenzuarbeiten, um den Betroffenen die beste Therapie zu bieten.
The development of weak normativity in Solomon Islands Pijin
Authors: Jourdan Christine , Angeli Johanne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPijin, the lingua franca of Solomon Islands, has acquired the functions of a creole in the capital city of Honiara. Yet, though Pijin is the common language of the urban culture of Honiara, it lacks linguistic legitimacy. Speakers of Pijin did not, until recently, consider it a true language in the same way that English and local vernaculars, with which it co-exists, are deemed to be. Specters of inauthenticity and illegitimacy were part of that assessment. In this paper, we consider that the nascent legitimacy ascribed to Pijin by some urban speakers is informed by the affirmation of their own legitimacy as a new socio-cultural group, that of the Pijin-speaking urbanite. This contributes to the complexification of the sociolinguistic scene. We show that while different ways of speaking Pijin are progressively becoming associated with various sociolinguistic groups and seem to constitute emergent social varieties, the question of a Pijin norm is also emerging.
Variable subject pronoun expression in Cabo-Verdean Creole
Authors: Rodríguez-Riccelli Adrián 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Cabo-Verdean Creole (CVC) subject domain has clitic and tonic pronouns that often amalgamate in double subject pronoun constructions; the possibility of a zero-subject and the formal category underlying subject clitics are disputed (Baptista 1995,2002;Pratas 2004). This article discusses five variable constraints that condition subject expression across three descriptive and inferential analyses of a corpus of speech collected from 33 speakers from Santiago and Maio. Double subject pronoun constructions and zero-subjects were promoted by a persistence effect, though for the former this applied across nonadjacent clauses since double subject pronoun constructions are switch reference and contrastive devices resembling the doubling of agreement suffixes by independent pronouns in languages traditionally classified aspro-drop. Zero-subjects were favored in third-person contexts as previously observed byBaptista and Bayer (2013), and when a semantically referentially deficient (Duarte & Soares da Silva 2016) DP antecedent was in an Intonational Unit that was prosodically and syntactically linked to the Intonational Unit containing the target anaphor (Torres Cacoullos & Travis 2019). Results support reclassification of CVC subject clitics as ambiguous person agreement markers (Siewierska 2004) and suggest that CVC is developing a split-paradigm for person marking and subject expression (Wratil 2009;Baptista & Bayer 2013).
Does location matter? Investigating the spatial and socio-economic drivers of residential energy use in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Luo Chibulu , Posen I Daniel , MacLean Heather L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Africa is set to become a key contributor to global energy demand. Urban growth and the energy use of city residents will drive much of the region’s changing energy picture. However, few studies have assessed residential energy use among African cities, and the heterogeneity in energy use at the sub-city scale. We use the case of Dar es Salaam, which is among Africa’s fastest-growing cities, and to our knowledge, present the first disaggregated estimates of residential energy use at the ward level. We show three main findings. First, we find a statistically significant difference in mean residential energy use among the surveyed wards, which group into four clusters representing distinct levels of household and transport-related energy use. These results show that mean residential energy use (the sum of household and transport-related energy use) is not always correlated with the socio-economic or spatial characteristics of wards—e.g. Msasani (high-income, formal ward) showed similar residential energy use as Keko (low-income, informal ward). Second, we show differences in energy use and fuel switching that occur between low-income and high-income wards: wood fuel (i.e. charcoal) is a majority contributor to residential energy use in low-income wards (Buguruni, Keko and Manzese), compared to gas, electricity and transport oils in high-income wards (Msasani and Kawe). Finally, regression models indicate that ward density has a statistically significant effect on transport-related energy use, while fuel stacking and proxies for household wealth have a statistically significant effect on household-related energy use. To conclude, we recommend that policymakers account for ward level differences in residential energy use when crafting energy sector strategies for Dar es Salaam (e.g. electrification, energy-efficient cooking, or public transportation initiatives). Policymakers may also anticipate possible convergence towards higher levels of energy use and a shift towards modern fuels, as wards develop socio-economically over time.
Exact first-passage time distributions for three random diffusivity models
Authors: Grebenkov Denis S , Sposini Vittoria , Metzler Ralf , Oshanin Gleb , Seno Flavio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We study the extremal properties of a stochastic process x

t
defined by a Langevin equation

x

̇

t

=

2

D

0

V

(

B

t

)

ξ

t

, where ξ

t
is a Gaussian white noise with zero mean, D
0 is a constant scale factor, and V(B

t
) is a stochastic ‘diffusivity’ (noise strength), which itself is a functional of independent Brownian motion B

t
. We derive exact, compact expressions in one and three dimensions for the probability density functions (PDFs) of the first passage time (FPT) t from a fixed location x
0 to the origin for three different realisations of the stochastic diffusivity: a cut-off case V(B

t
) = Θ(B

t
) (model I), where Θ(z) is the Heaviside theta function; a geometric Brownian motion V(B

t
) = exp(B

t
) (model II); and a case with

V

(

B

t

)

=

B

t

2

(model III). We realise that, rather surprisingly, the FPT PDF has exactly the Lévy–Smirnov form (specific for standard Brownian motion) for model II, which concurrently exhibits a strongly anomalous diffusion. For models I and III either the left or right tails (or both) have a different functional dependence on time as compared to the Lévy–Smirnov density. In all cases, the PDFs are broad such that already the first moment does not exist. Similar results are obtained in three dimensions for the FPT PDF to an absorbing spherical target.
An investigation on improving the homogeneity of plasma generated by linear microwave plasma source with a length of 1550 mm
Authors: ZHOU Jicheng , XU Wei , CHEN Techao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To develop a larger in-line plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) device, the length of the linear microwave plasma source needs to be increased to 1550 mm. This paper proposes a solution to the problem of plasma inhomogeneity caused by increasing device length. Based on the COMSOL Multiphysics, a multi-physics field coupling model for in-line PECVD device is developed and validated. The effects of microwave power, chamber pressure, and magnetic flux density on the plasma distribution are investigated, respectively, and their corresponding optimized values are obtained. This paper also presents a new strategy to optimize the wafer position to achieve the balance between deposition rate and film quality. Numerical results have indicated that increasing microwave power and magnetic flux density or decreasing chamber pressure all play positive roles in improving plasma homogeneity, and among them, the microwave power is the most decisive influencing factor. It is found that the plasma homogeneity is optimal under the condition of microwave power at 2000 W, chamber pressure at 15 Pa, and magnetic field strength at 45 mT. The relative deviation is within −3.7% to 3.9%, which fully satisfies the process requirements of the equipment. The best position for the wafer is 88 mm from the copper antenna. The results are very valuable for improving the quality of the in-line PECVD device.