bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visually and olfactorily enhanced attractive devices for thrips management
Authors: van Tol Robert W. H. M. , Davidson Melanie M. , Butler Ruth C. , Teulon David A. J. , de Kogel Willem Jan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract‘Lure‐and‐infect’ is an insect pest management strategy with high potential but so far there are few examples of its application. Using traps as surrogates for auto‐dissemination devices, we tested the attractiveness to naturally occurring thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of three trap types differing in colour and structure, with and without the thrips lure methyl isonicotinate (MI), and sticky plate traps as a control. The aim was to find more effective traps that could be further developed into devices for auto‐dissemination and lure‐and‐infect of thrips. The number of thrips captured varied substantially with trap type and the presence of the MI lure. We found a high visual response to a sticky ‘white ruffle’ trap (i.e., a 30‐cm‐long cylindrical outline of folded fabric), compared to a commonly used blue sticky plate trap (Bug‐scan) as the control. This effect was seen both in a greenhouse with roses (Rosa spp.), where we encountered western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and in a grass field, where we encountered onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and New Zealand flower thrips, Thrips obscuratus (Crawford). In the absence of MI, the white ruffle trap caught 7–22× more thrips than the control Bug‐scan trap. A similarly designed blue ruffle trap and a modified Lynfield trap caught lower thrips numbers than the white ruffle and the control Bug‐scan traps. Presence of MI substantially increased the captures of T. tabaci in all three trap types in the field (2.5–18×). In the greenhouse, without MI the white ruffle trap caught 3.5–14× more thrips than the Bug‐scan, blue ruffle, or modified Lynfield traps. Presence of MI increased the captures of F. occidentalis males and females in the Lynfield and blue ruffle traps (1.4–2.8×), but not in the white ruffle trap in the greenhouse (ca. 1.1×). The importance of visual and olfactory factors for the design of effective auto‐dissemination and lure‐and‐infect strategies for thrips management is discussed.
Kant and the concept of an object
Authors: Stang Nicholas F. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract“Object” is one of the most important concepts in Kant's philosophy. I argue that Kant's concept of an object involves a hitherto neglected distinction, between what I call the “quantificational” concept of an object (q‐object) and what I call the “representational” concept of an object (r‐object). I examine the relation between these two concepts and argue that there is a close connection, even in the case of q‐objects we cannot sensibly intuit (negative noumena) and the r‐objects of non‐sensible intuition (positive noumena). Even in the non‐sensible case, our only way of representing a concept as having non‐sensible instances (q‐objects) is by conceiving of a kind of intellect that would intuit those objects. We cannot know that such intuition or such objects are possible, but it is only by thinking of such intuition that we can think of such objects as instances of concepts (e.g., the concept “negative noumena”).
Ecological and conceptual consequences of Arctic pollution
Authors: Kirdyanov Alexander V. , Krusic Paul J. , Shishov Vladimir V. , Vaganov Eugene A. , Fertikov Alexey I. , Myglan Vladimir S. , Barinov Valentin V. , Browse Jo , Esper Jan , Ilyin Viktor A. , Knorre Anastasia A. , Korets Mikhail A. , Kukarskikh Vladimir V. , Mashukov Dmitry A. , Onuchin Alexander A. , Piermattei Alma , Pimenov Alexander V. , Prokushkin Anatoly S. , Ryzhkova Vera A. , Shishikin Alexander S. , Smith Kevin T. , Taynik Anna V. , Wild Martin , Zorita Eduardo , Büntgen Ulf 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough the effect of pollution on forest health and decline received much attention in the 1980s, it has not been considered to explain the ‘Divergence Problem’ in dendroclimatology; a decoupling of tree growth from rising air temperatures since the 1970s. Here we use physical and biogeochemical measurements of hundreds of living and dead conifers to reconstruct the impact of heavy industrialisation around Norilsk in northern Siberia. Moreover, we develop a forward model with surface irradiance forcing to quantify long‐distance effects of anthropogenic emissions on the functioning and productivity of Siberia’s taiga. Downwind from the world’s most polluted Arctic region, tree mortality rates of up to 100% have destroyed 24,000 km2 boreal forest since the 1960s, coincident with dramatic increases in atmospheric sulphur, copper, and nickel concentrations. In addition to regional ecosystem devastation, we demonstrate how ‘Arctic Dimming’ can explain the circumpolar ‘Divergence Problem’, and discuss implications on the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Increased risk of acute stroke among patients with severe COVID‐19: a multicenter study and meta‐analysis
Authors: Siepmann T. , Sedghi A. , Simon E. , Winzer S. , Barlinn J. , de With K. , Mirow L. , Wolz M. , Gruenewald T. , Schroettner P. , von Bonin S. , Pallesen L.‐P. , Rosengarten B. , Schubert J. , Lohmann T. , Machetanz J. , Spieth P. , Koch T. , Bornstein S. , Reichmann H. , Puetz V. , Barlinn K. 
Published: September 2020

Background and purposeRecent observations linked coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) to thromboembolic complications possibly mediated by increased blood coagulability and inflammatory endothelial impairment. We aimed to define the risk of acute stroke in patients with severe and non‐severe COVID‐19.MethodsWe performed an observational, multicenter cohort study in four participating hospitals in Saxony, Germany to characterize consecutive patients with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 who experienced acute stroke during hospitalization. Furthermore, we conducted a systematic review using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and bibliographies of identified papers following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines including data from observational studies of acute stroke in COVID‐19 patients. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and pooled with multicenter data to calculate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for acute stroke related to COVID‐19 severity using a random‐effects model. Between‐study heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics. International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews registration number: CRD42020187194.ResultsOf 165 patients hospitalized for COVID‐19 (49.1% males, median age = 67 years [57–79 years], 72.1% severe or critical) included in the multicenter study, overall stroke rate was 4.2% (95% CI: 1.9–8.7). Systematic literature search identified two observational studies involving 576 patients that were eligible for meta‐analysis. Amongst 741 pooled COVID‐19 patients, overall stroke rate was 2.9% (95% CI: 1.9–4.5). Risk of acute stroke was increased for patients with severe compared to non‐severe COVID‐19 (RR = 4.18, 95% CI: 1.7–10.25; P = 0.002) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.82).ConclusionsSynthesized analysis of data from our multicenter study and previously published cohorts indicates that severity of COVID‐19 is associated with an increased risk of acute stroke.
Fama–French factor timing: The long‐only integrated approach
Authors: Leippold Markus , Rueegg Roger 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere is ample evidence that factor momentum exists in the standard long–short mixed approach to factor investing. However, the excess returns are put under scrutiny due to the high implementation costs. We present a novel real‐life approach that relies on the long‐only integrated approach to factor investing. Instead of exploiting the potential momentum in factor portfolios, our strategy builds on the momentum of the optimal factor score weights in the integrated approach, which allows us to additionally profit from the serial dependence in the factors' interaction effects. One limitation of short‐term timing strategies is their high turnover. By including the information of the covariance matrix and minimising the strategy's risk to the market portfolio, we can substantially reduce turnover. The resulting timing alpha remains significant even after transaction costs in a robust statistical test framework across the major stock markets.
The evolving relation between dividends and flexible payouts: A different evolution
Authors: Armitage Seth , Gallagher Ronan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe study payout by UK listed companies during 1993–2018. Regular dividends remain the dominant channel, but flexible payouts (special dividends and repurchases) have grown, and they make total payout more responsive to earnings. Flexible payouts are used to augment regular dividends: few companies pay out by flexible means only, and tests indicate that they augment rather than replace regular dividends. Comparison with US evidence shows that UK companies make greater use of dividends (including specials) in relation to repurchases, and have a greater willingness to change regular dividend per share.
Schrems II, from Snowden to China: Toward a new alignment on transatlantic data protection
Authors: Rotenberg Marc 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhen the Court of Justice announced the judgment in Schrems I, commentators described the outcome as an "earthquake" that tossed aside the fragile legal framework for transatlantic data flows known as the “Safe Harbor”. The judgment of the Court in Schrems II has now toppled the second framework, the “Privacy Shield”. In this article, I restate recommendations to the US Congress following the first Schrems judgment: (1) enact a comprehensive privacy law, (2) establish an independent data protection agency, and (3) ratify Council of Europe Convention 108. But I also explain that the United States and Europe are more aligned today in the common enterprise of data protection than they were five years ago, as the backdrop has shifted from the disclosures of Edward Snowden to the surveillance ambitions of the Chinese government. A common approach is therefore in the interests of these two key trading partners. There is also today shared urgency in strengthening the foundations of democratic institutions.
Incomplete bioinformatic filtering and inadequate age and growth analysis lead to an incorrect inference of harvested‐induced changes
Authors: Larson Wesley A. , Isermann Daniel A. , Feiner Zachary S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the evolutionary impacts of harvest on fish populations is important for informing fisheries management and conservation and has become a growing research topic over the last decade. However, the dynamics of fish populations are highly complex, and phenotypes can be influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, it is vital to collect robust data and explore multiple alternative hypotheses before concluding that fish populations are influenced by harvest. In their recently published manuscript, Bowles et al, Evolutionary Applications, 13(6):1128 conducted age/growth and genomic analysis of walleye (Sander vitreus) populations sampled 13–15 years (1–2.5 generations) apart and hypothesized that observed phenotypic and genomic changes in this time period were likely due to harvest. Specifically, Bowles et al. (2020) documented differential declines in size‐at‐age in three exploited walleye populations compared to a separate, but presumably less‐exploited, reference population. Additionally, they documented population genetic differentiation in one population pair, homogenization in another, and outlier loci putatively under selection across time points. Based on their phenotypic and genetic results, they hypothesized that selective harvest had led to fisheries‐induced evolution (referred to as nascent changes) in the exploited populations in as little as 1–2.5 generations. We re‐analyzed their data and found that (a) sizes declined across both exploited and reference populations during the time period studied and (b) observed genomic differentiation in their study was the result of inadequate data filtering, including retaining individuals with high amounts of missing data and retaining potentially undersplit and oversplit loci that created false signals of differentiation between time points. This re‐analysis did not provide evidence for phenotypic or genetic changes attributable to harvest in any of the study populations, contrasting the hypotheses presented by Bowles et al. (2020). Our comment highlights the potential pitfalls associated with conducting age/growth analyses with low sample sizes and inadequately filtering genomic datasets.
Sero‐molecular survey and risk factors of equine piroplasmosis in horses in Spain
Authors: Camino Eliazar , Buendia Aranzazu , Dorrego Abel , Pozo Pilar , de Juan Lucía , Dominguez Lucas , Cruz‐Lopez Fatima 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundTheileria equi and Babesia caballi cause equine piroplasmosis (EP), one of the most important tick‐borne diseases of horses due to its high negative impact to the equine industry. Although infections with these parasites have been reported for decades in Spain, epidemiological studies have only been carried out in certain regions.ObjectivesTo determine the (sero)prevalence of these parasites in asymptomatic horses nationwide in Spain and to identify potential individual and environmental factors associated with seropositivity to EP.Study designSample size was calculated according to the horses registered in Spain in 2013 and by autonomous community using a random stratified sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data on factors associated with EP seropositivity.MethodsSerological (cELISA and complement fixation test) and molecular (real‐time PCR) analyses were carried out in 740 horses. Risk factors were identified computing two independent logistic regression models with the collated data.ResultsAntibodies against EP were detected in 42.9% (95% CI 39.4‐46.5) of horses, whereas 30.3% (95% CI 27.0‐33.6) were EP positive by PCR. A substantial strength of agreement (k = 0.721) was estimated between serological tests. Exposure to T. equi was significantly higher than to B. caballi and the highest (sero)prevalence was detected in the northern communities. Increasing horse age, presence of ticks and contact with cows were factors related to EP seropositivity in the horses, whereas tetanus vaccination and fairs attendance were associated with lower seropositivity.ConclusionsAlmost half of the horses residing in Spain had antibodies against EP or circulating parasitaemia. Appropriate prevention measures and implementation of a EP surveillance programme should be considered in order to reduce and control the infection.
Comparison of working equid welfare across three regions of Mexico
Authors: Haddy Emily , Burden Faith , Prado‐Ortiz Omar , Zappi Humberto , Raw Zoe , Proops Leanne 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundFactors affecting working equid welfare are wide‐ranging and reflect cultural, economic and climatic conditions, the type of work equids are used for, and individual differences in the practices of their handlers. In Mexico working equids are widely used for facilitating agricultural activities, however, welfare issues are common.ObjectivesTo assess working equids across three communities in Mexico, identify predominant welfare problems and document how these problems vary across locations, associated working roles and species type.Study designCross‐sectional survey.MethodsThe study combined the administration of a wide‐ranging questionnaire to equid handlers/owners and a welfare assessment of their animal. 120 equid owners were asked about their equid management practices, the working conditions and health status of their animal. The welfare of their equids (56 donkeys, 7 mules, 57 horses) was assessed by evaluating body condition, signs of illness or injury and behavioural indicators.ResultsWelfare varied by species, working role, sex and location. The poorest welfare was seen in one of the two arid regions (the third location having a tropical climate). Donkeys had poorer welfare than horses, and equids used for packing had poorer welfare than those used for riding and agroforestry. Overall poor body condition and wounds were the most common problems seen.Main limitationsWork type, species type and location strongly co‐varied, thus the impact of each factor could not be assessed in isolation. The sample size was relatively small.ConclusionsResults showed significant regional variations in welfare, suggesting that environmental and/or cultural variations are producing a major effect on welfare.
Biomass limit reference points are sensitive to estimation method, time‐series length and stock development
Authors: van Deurs Mikael , Brooks Mollie E. , Lindegren Martin , Henriksen Ole , Rindorf Anna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBiomass limit reference points are widely used in fisheries management and define the biomass threshold (BT) below which stock productivity (i.e. recruitment) is likely to be impaired. Scientifically sound and transparent methods for estimating BTs are therefore needed together with ways of quantifying uncertainties. The main focus of the study was placed on two methods currently applied to several small‐bodied pelagic species in the Northeast Atlantic. These methods have not formerly been described in the scientific literature and are in the present study being compared with some already described methods, of which one is broadly applied outside the Northeast Atlantic. Using a combination of data simulations and data from 51 small‐bodied pelagic fish stocks, we analysed the sensitivity of estimated BTs to (a) the choice of method, (b) time‐series length and (c) stock development (e.g. rebuilding or declining). It was demonstrated that estimated BTs are associated with considerable uncertainty not previously quantified. Furthermore, the level of the estimated threshold and the amount of uncertainty depended on choice of method, time‐series length and stock development trends. Hence, this study contributes to improving the quality of future biomass limit reference points by providing guidance regarding choice of method and how to demonstrate stock‐specific uncertainties.
TADs enriched in histone H1.2 strongly overlap with the B compartment, inaccessible chromatin, and AT‐rich Giemsa bands
Authors: Serna‐Pujol Núria , Salinas‐Pena Mónica , Mugianesi Francesca , Lopez‐Anguita Natalia , Torrent‐Llagostera Francesc , Izquierdo‐Bouldstridge Andrea , Marti‐Renom Marc A. , Jordan Albert 
Published: September 2020

Giemsa staining of metaphase chromosomes results in a characteristic banding useful for identification of chromosomes and its alterations. We have investigated in silico whether Giemsa bands (G bands) correlate with epigenetic and topological features of the interphase genome. Staining of G‐positive bands decreases with GC content; nonetheless, G‐negative bands are GC heterogeneous. High GC bands are enriched in active histone marks, RNA polymerase II, and SINEs and associate with gene richness, gene expression, and early replication. Low GC bands are enriched in repressive marks, lamina‐associated domains, and LINEs. Histone H1 variants distribute heterogeneously among G bands: H1X is enriched at high GC bands and H1.2 is abundant at low GC, compacted bands. According to epigenetic features and H1 content, G bands can be organized in clusters useful to compartmentalize the genome. Indeed, we have obtained Hi‐C chromosome interaction maps and compared topologically associating domains (TADs) and A/B compartments to G banding. TADs with high H1.2/H1X ratio strongly overlap with B compartment, late replicating, and inaccessible chromatin and low GC bands. We propose that GC content is a strong driver of chromatin compaction and 3D genome organization, that Giemsa staining recapitulates this organization denoted by high‐throughput techniques, and that H1 variants distribute at distinct chromatin domains.DatabasesHi‐C data on T47D breast cancer cells have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE147627.
Effects of thermal and mechanical cyclic loads on polyurethane pre‐insulated pipes
Authors: Doyle Lucía , Weidlich Ingo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDistrict heating (DH) pre‐insulated pipes are a sandwich assembly composed by a steel heat service pipe, polyurethane (PU) foam and polyethylene casing. The foam acts as bond between the steel pipe and casing. The application has high constraints for the foam, as it is subjected to cyclic multiaxial stresses, high cyclic temperatures and long expected service life. In this study, we evaluate if and how cyclic loads affect the shear strength, shear modulus, toughness and failure behaviour of the PU foam in DH pipes sandwich assembly compared with unaged reference samples. We have found that the simultaneous application of mechanical and thermal loads weakens the strength and increases the stiffness of the foam and that this change is not caused by degradation of the molecular structure. Crack initiation and propagation along the pipe samples follow a very consistent pattern between samples, with cracks initiating in Mode II and propagating in Mode I. The consistent axial displacement of approximately 2 cm from each other suggests the formation of strain localizations.
An extended maximum tangential strain energy density criterion considering T‐stress for combined mode I–III brittle fracture
Authors: Hua Wen , Huang Jiuzhou , Pan Xin , Li Jianxiong , Dong Shiming 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe maximum tangential strain energy density (MTSED) criterion was modified by taking the influences of stress intensity factors and T‐stress into consideration for combined mode I–III brittle fracture. Furthermore, the Poisson's ratio and T‐stress influencing the fracture characteristics of cracked components were discussed by using the extended MTSED criterion. Moreover, the predicted values of this extended MTSED criterion and some testing results were comparatively analysed. The results indicate that the Poisson's ratio and T‐stress have no impact on the out‐of‐plane initiation angle; however, their effects on fracture resistance ratios are significant especially for pure mode III. A positive T‐stress increases the fracture resistance ratio, and it is opposite for a negative T‐stress. The predicted values calculated by the extended MTSED criterion agree very well with the testing data obtained with edge‐notched disc bend samples especially for pure mode III case.