bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not All Experience is Created Equal: MP Career Typologies and Ministerial Appointments in the Canadian House of Commons, 1968–2015
Authors: Kerby Matthew , Snagovsky Feodor 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhile there is widespread agreement in the ministerial promotion and resignation literature that experience matters, experience has typically been defined as the length of time a legislator has worked in politics or served in a legislature. This approach fails to account for the different kinds of experience legislators accumulate as they progress through their political careers prior to appointment to cabinet. We demonstrate how researchers can use sequence and cluster analysis to obtain a more complete understanding of ministerial appointment. We identify four data-driven archetypes of political careers in Canada for the period 1968–2015. We find that MPs with diverse political careers are more likely to be appointed to cabinet, while MPs with opposition experience are more successful than MPs with government experience. We also find that parliamentary secretary is not necessarily a stepping stone to a full cabinet position, calling into question traditional conceptions of parliamentary politics as a ‘ladder’.
Bringing planktonic crinoids back to the bottom: Reassessment of the functional role of scyphocrinoid loboliths
Authors: Gorzelak Przemysław , Kołbuk Dorota , Salamon Mariusz A. , Łukowiak Magdalena , Ausich William I. , Baumiller Tomasz K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLiving crinoids are exclusively passive suspension feeders and benthic as adults. However, in the past they adapted to a broad range of ecological niches. For instance, the stratigraphically important middle Paleozoic scyphocrinoids are hypothesized to have been planktonic, employing their inferred gas-filled globular, chambered structure at the distal end of the stem, the so-called lobolith, as a buoyancy device with the crinoid calyx suspended below it. Here, we evaluate this hypothesis using evidence from skeletal micromorphology and theoretical biomechanical modeling. Lobolith walls are typically composed of ossicles, which are exclusively composed of constructional labyrinthic stereom. In plates from the distal side of the lobolith, this stereom extends into microperforate stereom layer, forming wavy ridges and spines. No microscale adaptations for preventing gas leaks and/or ingress of water (such as internal and external imperforate stereom layers) are known. Furthermore, theoretical calculations suggest that the scyphocrinoid tow-net mode of feeding would have resulted in small relative velocities between the towed filter and the ambient water, thus making it an ineffective passive filter feeder. We suggest that the lobolith of these crinoids acted as a modified holdfast rather than as a floating buoy. Its globular shape and distally positioned microspines served as adaptations for living in unconsolidated sediments, analogous to iceberg- and snowshoe-like strategies used by some mollusks and brachiopods. Like modern isocrinids, scyphocrinoids could have maintained an upright feeding posture by extending the distal portion of the stalk along the bottom. In this recumbent posture, the distal part of the stalk with the lobolith might have functioned as a drag anchor. As a consequence of the ~3-m-long stem, even with this posture, the benthic scyphocrinoids could have risen to the highest epifaunal tier in the Paleozoic.
The EHU12/24 cohort: survey design, instruments and participants
Authors: Telleria-Aramburu N. , Rocandio A. M. , Rebato E. , Arroyo-Izaga M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe EHU12/24 (code of a survey from the University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU) study was designed to investigate the risk factors of overweight/obesity-related lifestyles, particularly those associated with diet, their psychosocial influences and the interactions among these factors. This observational cohort study was carried out according to a standardised protocol and involved a representative sample of the UPV/EHU student population. Anthropometric measurements, direct behavioural determinants, such as physical activity and diet, and indirect determinants, such as social/psychological factors, are considered. In this paper, we present the survey design, instruments, measurements and related quality management. We describe the study sample in terms of its socio-economic and demographic factors and knowledge area and summarise the methodology used to collect the data and obtain the anthropometric measurements. The participants were 603 students (59·5 % female) aged 18–28 years. The crude participation proportion was 53·5 %. Regarding the knowledge area, the lowest response proportions were obtained from the Health Sciences (38·6 %) compared with the Non-Health Sciences (48·3 %) (P = 0·003). The mean age was 20·9 years, and 83·1 % of the sample were from Basque Country. Regarding the socio-economic characteristics, there were significant differences by sex and knowledge area in most studied variables. Moreover, the Health Sciences students were more likely younger, from outside Basque Country, to have parents with university degrees and to have a higher social status. In conclusion, the EHU12/24 cohort provides valuable data for analysing the complexity and multidimensionality of obesity in university students.
Is there anything natural about the polar?
Authors: Dahl Justiina , Roberts Peder , van der Watt Lize-Marié 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAre similarities of temperature, snow and ice cover, and (certain) marine mammals sufficient to warrant both polar regions being considered a single object of study or governance? We argue that their treatment as a unit is an invitation to examine the motivations behind the choice to be polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic. For individuals such as James Clerk Ross or Roald Amundsen, logistical requirements and analogous goals facilitated careers spanning both the Arctic and the Antarctic. This trend continued through the 20th century as individual scientists studying phenomena such as glaciers, sea ice, or aurora defined their research as “polar” in nature. Organisations such as the Scott Polar Research Institute and Norwegian Polar Institute could draw on traditions of national exploration in both polar regions, while the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg gained its southern mandate with the importance of the International Geophysical Year. By comparison, neither the Arctic Institute in Copenhagen nor the Argentine Antarctic Institute felt any need to become polar. The creation of polar identity is ultimately a matter of geopolitics, of the value states see in instruments and symbols that speak to polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic interests. In cases such as Finland’s icebreaker industry, a technological capability justified Antarctic interest even without any national research tradition. We conclude by asking whether there is anything more natural about the polar regions than there is about the concept of a “tripolar” world in which the high alpine regions form a natural unit along with the Arctic and Antarctic.
Nonlinear propagation of ion acoustic waves in quantum plasma in the presence of an ion beam
Authors: Paul Indrani , Chatterjee Arkojyothi , Paul Sailendra Nath 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNonlinear propagation of ion acoustic waves has been studied in unmagnetized quantum (degenerate) plasma in the presence of an ion beam using the one-dimensional quantum hydrodynamic model. The Korteweg–de Vries (K–dV) equation has been derived by using the reductive perturbation technique. The solution of ion acoustic solitary waves is obtained from the K–dV equation. The theoretical results have been analyzed numerically for different values of plasma parameters and the results are presented graphically. It is seen that the formation and structure of solitary waves are significantly affected by the ion beam in quantum plasma. The solitary waves will be compressive or rarefactive depending upon the values of velocity, concentration, and temperature of the ion beam. The critical value of ion beam density for the nonexistence of solitary wave has been numerically estimated, and its variation with velocity and temperature of ion beam has been discussed graphically. The results are new and would be very useful for understanding the beam–plasma interactions and the formation of nonlinear wave structures in dense quantum plasma.
Lower levels of human disturbance correspond with longer-term persistence of Endangered Green Peafowl Pavo muticus populations
Authors: SUKUMAL NITI , GRAINGER MATTHEW J. , SAVINI TOMMASO 
Published: November 2019

SummaryGalliformes are one of the most threatened groups of birds in South-East Asia, with 27% of the species threatened with extinction. Long term population viability and extinction probability studies, at different levels of threat and management, are lacking due to weak life history data. This study aimed to define the long-term viability and extinction risk of two populations of the endangered Green Peafowl Pavo muticus, facing different threat and protection levels, using Bayesian Population Viability Analysis (BPVA), which requires less data than traditional methods. The results showed an increasing trend in the Green Peafowl population in HuaiKhaKhaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (western Thailand), with a high protection level and low disturbance and high probability of assuring persistence for the next 100 years. By contrast, the population in YokDon National Park (south-central Vietnam), with a high habitat disturbance level and significant hunting pressure, is predicted to decline and has a high probability (99%) of extinction by 2097. Also, the BPVA showed minimum viable population (MVP) estimates of 250 and 450 calling males for the HuaiKhaKhaeng and YokDon populations respectively, assuring high probabilities of long-term persistence if the minimum numbers of males are available. The population size of 219 calling males at YokDon during the 2013 survey is lower than the MVP threshold of 450 calling males, which suggests the species has a low probability of long-term persistence in the area. Despite limited life history and population data, BPVA predicted the future of this population under site-specific conditions, and the results could be used to promote better management and population restoration.
Diversity and the Post-Colonial Law Library
Authors: Watson Margaret 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCurrent debates about decolonisation and diversification raise practical issues for librarians. The Bodleian Law Library is engaging with these challenges, in co-operation with the Oxford Law Faculty, the wider Bodleian Library and the collegiate university. This article by Margaret Watson describes how the Library is taking a fresh look at its collections and their organisation, with a view to acquiring, revealing and collocating material that might otherwise by overlooked.
Bridging the Gap Between University and Practice: Findings from a Study on Legal Research Education
Authors: Hand David , Terrell Matthew 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLegal research is an important aspect of the legal profession and is something that students will learn how to conduct during their education. David Hand and Matthew Terrell describe a research project, conducted by Justis, a vLex company, which has identified that the teaching of legal research is highly variable across universities, who broadly adopt one of three models. At individual universities, students are not always aware of the legal research platforms to which their university may subscribe. These are factors which can have an impact on student confidence in conducting legal research and may contribute to the level of additional support that students seek. To address these issues, this research suggests the possibility of a standardised approach to legal research teaching.
Researching Customary International Law
Authors: Swift Hester 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article written by Hester Swift is based on the online course entitled, ‘Customary International Law’, which was created by the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) Library for the Postgraduate Online Research Training (PORT) platform and is available to all at <https://port.sas.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=120>. The PORT service is provided by the University of London's School of Advanced Study.
Wildy & Sons Ltd: the Benchmark for Law Bookselling and Publishing since 1830
Authors: Sinkins John 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this article, John Sinkins, Chairman of Wildy & Sons Ltd, outlines a brief history of the company and how his family have been involved since 1895. It describes how the company has evolved, particularly since the turn of the millennium. He describes his personal journey and that of the company since he joined in 1968, more than 50 years ago.
Accessing SDG Information in Nigeria: the Place of Collaboration
Authors: Dapo-Asaju Harriet Seun , Bamgbose Oludayo John 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWith the adoption of the new 17 SMART Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), access to government information becomes essential for these goals to be realised. This view was corroborated by IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) at its 2015 Cape Town Declaration. In Nigeria, the drastic reduction in the revenue accruable to the government following the sharp decline in the price of crude oil and the subsequent impact on the nation's economy have made it imperative for citizens of the country to insist on transparency and accountability regarding the activities of the government. Otherwise, the SDGs could end up like the much-talked-about MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) whose records were unimpressive despite the oil boom of that era. Public libraries could serve as useful channels for providing government information to citizens. However, their managers lack the necessary technical skills. This article considers how public libraries in Nigeria could provide access to government information for its users. This study is based on existing literature, international binding documents and observations, as well as drawing on the wealth of experience of the researchers themselves and their interactions with public librarians. It is recommended that the scope of the curricula of library schools in Nigeria be broadened to include the mandatory teaching of management of government information to budding librarians. Also, there should be collaboration between public librarians and law librarians. Such collaboration would help provide more access to government information for the citizens of Nigeria. Law librarians could also benefit from the collaboration and devise better skills to help improve their services to users.
Legal Oral Histories in the Cambridge ESA: Some Examples of Researching Personal, Institutional and Social Developments
Authors: Dingle Lesley 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Eminent Scholars Archive (ESA) was established to record aspects of the history of the Faculty of Law at Cambridge University. It is based on 28 interviews with scholars and, currently, has 66 hours of audio recordings and transcripts, but also includes over 800 photographs and numerous associated items including biographies, bibliographies, obituaries and eulogies. Entries for faculty members cover the period from WWII to the present, while 13 entries focus on the incumbent Goodhart Visiting Professor of Legal Science. The archive is a rich source of information for researching aspects of legal communities, and in this contribution I focus on three aspects: personal histories of scholars, faculty history, and more socially-broad topics. In the first category I seek to show how the ESA identifies crossroads in the personal legal journeys of professors Higgins, Baker, Smith and Crawford, while I use their common remembrances to record an institutional landmark. For the latter, I selected the 1995 Faculty move from the Old Schools to the Foster building on the Sidgwick site. Finally, I show how ESA illustrates components of legal life writing in a broader societal context. Here I compare the experiences of curators of family histories at the British Library, and ‘group biographies’ of court officials as researched at LSE, with aspects of documenting careers of senior legal academics at Cambridge.
The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Distress: A Within and Between Twin Study
Authors: Lam Janine R. , Tyler Jessica , Scurrah Katrina J. , Reavley Nicola J. , Dite Gillian S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLow socioeconomic status (SES) has been established as a risk factor for poor mental health; however, the relationship between SES and mental health problems can be confounded by genetic and environmental factors in standard regression analyses and observational studies of unrelated individuals. In this study, we used a within-pair twin design to control for unmeasured genetic and environmental confounders in investigating the association between SES and psychological distress. We also employed within–between pair regression analysis to assess whether the association was consistent with causality. SES was measured using the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD), income and the Australian Socioeconomic Index 2006 (AUSEI06); psychological distress was measured using the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data were obtained from Twins Research Australia’s Health and Lifestyle Questionnaire (2014–2017), providing a maximum sample size of 1395 pairs. Twins with higher AUSEI06 scores had significantly lower K6 scores than their co-twins after controlling for shared genetic and environmental traits (βW [within-pair regression coefficient] = −0.012 units, p = .006). Twins with higher income had significantly lower K6 scores than their co-twins after controlling for familial confounders (βW = −0.182 units, p = .002). There was no evidence of an association between the IRSD and K6 scores within pairs (βW, p = .6). Using a twin design to eliminate the effect of potential confounders, these findings further support the association between low SES and poor mental health, reinforcing the need to address social determinants of poor mental health, in addition to interventions targeted to individuals.
Precipitation δ18O Recorded by the α‐Cellulose δ18O of Plant Residues in Surface Soils: Evidence From a Broad Environmental Gradient in Inland China
Authors: Shi Fuxi , Rao Zhiguo , Li Yunxia , Cao Jiantao , Shi Xiaoyi , Li Chaozhu , Sun Weizhen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn order to determine the potential of α‐cellulose δ18O (δ18Ocell) data from multiple terrestrial plant species on an ecosystem level to record the δ18O data of precipitation (δ18Op), especially in relatively cold and arid environments, we collected samples of terrestrial plant residues from 104 surface soils covering a large environmental gradient (~29 to 51°N in latitude, ~81 to 124°E in longitude, ~200 to 5,100 m in elevation) in inland China. Despite the diverse vegetation types, wide range of climatic conditions and potentially complex biogeochemical processes operating within the vast study region, the δ18Ocell data show a similar spatial pattern to that of δ18Op. The results demonstrate that the measured values of δ18Ocell data have the potential to record variations in δ18Op. Further analysis indicated that the δ18Ocell data from the Tibetan Plateau were primarily controlled by the moisture sources. Interestingly, there are significant negative correlations between δ18Ocell/δ18Op and altitude on the Tibetan Plateau, implying the potential of δ18Ocell for paleoaltimetry in this region. The δ18Ocell data from the northern region of China (including the East Asian monsoon‐margin and arid central Asia) were mainly controlled by temperature, although the influence of relative humidity in the region is not negligible. Our results provide a fundamental reference for related δ18Ocell studies aimed to improve our understanding of environmental, hydrological, and climatic changes in inland China and elsewhere.
The Impact of Ship Emission Controls Recorded by Cloud Properties
Authors: Gryspeerdt Edward , Smith Tristan W. P. , O'Keeffe Eoin , Christensen Matthew W. , Goldsworth Fraser W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe impact of aerosols on cloud properties is one of the leading uncertainties in the human forcing of the climate. Ships are large, isolated sources of aerosol creating linear cloud formations known as shiptracks. These are an ideal opportunity to identify and measure aerosol‐cloud interactions. This work uses over 17,000 shiptracks during the implementation of fuel sulfur content regulations to demonstrate the central role of sulfate aerosol in ship exhaust for modifying clouds. By connecting individual shiptracks to transponder data, it is shown that almost half of shiptracks are likely undetected, masking a significant contribution to the climate impact of shipping. A pathway to retrieving ship sulfate emissions is demonstrated, showing how cloud observations could be used to monitor air pollution.
Biologically‐Relevant Trends in Springtime Temperatures Across the United States
Authors: Crimmins Theresa M. , Crimmins Michael A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLong‐term trends in temperature—a primary driver of phenology—are typically evaluated using monthly or seasonal averages. However, accumulated warmth, rather than average temperature, cues phenological events; further, the amount of heat necessary to trigger activity is species‐specific. We evaluated trends in the timing of three heat accumulation thresholds encompassing spring‐season biological activity in the conterminous United States over a 70‐year period to document changes from a biologically relevant perspective. The Southwest, Northeast, and Northwest regions exhibit the strongest advancements. Rates of change vary among thresholds within many regions, resulting in temporal compression and lengthening within the season. Further, in the Eastern United States, the days between when a single threshold is met in the south and north are decreasing; in the West, the opposite pattern is occurring. These trends generally match long‐term observations of species' phenology, underscoring the value of this approach for documenting biologically relevant changes in temperature.