bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active hydrodynamic imaging of a rigid spherical particle
Authors: Takagi Daisuke , Strickler J. Rudi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA body with mechanical sensors may remotely detect particles suspended in the surrounding fluid via controlled agitation. Here we propose a sensory mode that relies on generating unsteady flow and sensing particle-induced distortions in the flow field. We demonstrate the basic physical principle in a simple analytical model, which consists of a small spherical particle at some distance from a plate undergoing impulsive or oscillatory motion. The model shows that changes in pressure or shear on the plate can be used to infer the location and size of the sphere. The key ingredient is to produce strong shear or strain around the sphere, which requires careful tuning of the viscous boundary layer on the moving plate. This elucidates how some organisms and devices may control their unsteady dynamics to enhance their range of perception.
Extended-range statistical ENSO prediction through operator-theoretic techniques for nonlinear dynamics
Authors: Wang Xinyang , Slawinska Joanna , Giannakis Dimitrios 
Published: February 2020

AbstractForecasting the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been a subject of vigorous research due to the important role of the phenomenon in climate dynamics and its worldwide socioeconomic impacts. Over the past decades, numerous models for ENSO prediction have been developed, among which statistical models approximating ENSO evolution by linear dynamics have received significant attention owing to their simplicity and comparable forecast skill to first-principles models at short lead times. Yet, due to highly nonlinear and chaotic dynamics (particularly during ENSO initiation), such models have limited skill for longer-term forecasts beyond half a year. To resolve this limitation, here we employ a new nonparametric statistical approach based on analog forecasting, called kernel analog forecasting (KAF), which avoids assumptions on the underlying dynamics through the use of nonlinear kernel methods for machine learning and dimension reduction of high-dimensional datasets. Through a rigorous connection with Koopman operator theory for dynamical systems, KAF yields statistically optimal predictions of future ENSO states as conditional expectations, given noisy and potentially incomplete data at forecast initialization. Here, using industrial-era Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) as training data, the method is shown to successfully predict the Niño 3.4 index in a 1998–2017 verification period out to a 10-month lead, which corresponds to an increase of 3–8 months (depending on the decade) over a benchmark linear inverse model (LIM), while significantly improving upon the ENSO predictability “spring barrier”. In particular, KAF successfully predicts the historic 2015/16 El Niño at initialization times as early as June 2015, which is comparable to the skill of current dynamical models. An analysis of a 1300-yr control integration of a comprehensive climate model (CCSM4) further demonstrates that the enhanced predictability afforded by KAF holds over potentially much longer leads, extending to 24 months versus 18 months in the benchmark LIM. Probabilistic forecasts for the occurrence of El Niño/La Niña events are also performed and assessed via information-theoretic metrics, showing an improvement of skill over LIM approaches, thus opening an avenue for environmental risk assessment relevant in a variety of contexts.
Assessing Changes in Characteristics of Hot Extremes Over India in a Warming Environment and their Driving Mechanisms
Authors: Joshi Manish K. , Rai Archana , Kulkarni Ashwini , Kucharski Fred 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChange in hot extremes is one of the accepted evidence and also a global indicator of an anthropogenic climate change, which has serious environmental and economic impacts. In the present study, the India Meteorological Department gridded temperature data is used to characterize hot extremes over India in terms of frequency and intensity. Results provide compelling evidence that large parts of India, except the Indo-Gangetic plains, have experienced more occurrences of hot days (upsurge by 24.7%) having higher temperatures in the recent period (1976–2018), compared to the past (1951–1975), which suggests a shift in climate. Strong positive geopotential height anomalies at 500 hPa over the northern parts of India, which dynamically produces subsidence and clear sky conditions along with reduced precipitable water and depleted soil moisture are identified to be the crucial factors responsible for an increase of hot extremes in recent decades. Furthermore, the preceding December-February Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are strongly connected with hot days frequency and the mechanism for the lag of several months is related to 3–4 months delayed response of Indian Ocean SSTs to El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Thus, post-Niño hot extremes over India can be potentially anticipated in advance and this will help society to prepare for such extremes.
Short- and long-term impacts of variable hypoxia exposures on kelp forest sea urchins
Authors: Low Natalie H. N. , Micheli Fiorenza 
Published: February 2020

AbstractClimate change is altering the intensity and variability of environmental stress that organisms and ecosystems experience, but effects of changing stress regimes are not well understood. We examined impacts of constant and variable sublethal hypoxia exposures on multiple biological processes in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a key grazer in California Current kelp forests, which experience high variability in physical conditions. We quantified metabolic rates, grazing, growth, calcification, spine regeneration, and gonad production under constant, 3-hour variable, and 6-hour variable exposures to sublethal hypoxia, and compared responses for each hypoxia regime to normoxic conditions. Sea urchins in constant hypoxia maintained baseline metabolic rates, but had lower grazing, gonad development, and calcification rates than those in ambient conditions. The sublethal impacts of variable hypoxia differed among biological processes. Spine regrowth was reduced under all hypoxia treatments, calcification rates under variable hypoxia were intermediate between normoxia and constant hypoxia, and gonad production correlated negatively with continuous time under hypoxia. Therefore, exposure variability can differentially modulate the impacts of sublethal hypoxia, and may impact sea urchin populations and ecosystems via reduced feeding and reproduction. Addressing realistic, multifaceted stressor exposures and multiple biological responses is crucial for understanding climate change impacts on species and ecosystems.
Intraocular Lens power calculation after laser refractive surgery: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Hui , Chen Xinyi , Wang Hanle , Fang Zhi , Yao Ke 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere are an increasing number of people who have had refractive surgery now developing cataract. To compare the accuracy of different intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas after laser refractive surgery (photorefractive keratectomy or laser in situ keratomileusis), a comprehensive literature search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted to identify comparative cohort studies and case series comparing different formulas: Haigis-L, Shammas-PL, SRK/T, Holladay 1 and Hoffer Q. Seven cohort studies and three observational studies including 260 eyes were identified. There were significant differences when Hoffer Q formula compared with SRK/T, Holladay 1. Holladay 1 formula produced less prediction error than SRK/T formula in double-K method. Hoffer Q formula performed best among SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas in total and single-K method. In eyes with previous data, it is recommended to choose double-K formula except SRK/T formula. In eyes with no previous data, Haigis-L formula is recommended if available, if the fourth formula is unavailable, single-k Hoffer Q is a good choice.
Little if any role of male gonadal androgens in ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in body size and cranial casque in chameleons
Authors: Bauerová Anna , Kratochvíl Lukáš , Kubička Lukáš 
Published: February 2020

AbstractProximate control of the development of sexual dimorphism is still hotly debated in reptiles. In some squamates, many male-typical exaggerated traits including body size were assumed to be controlled by masculinization by male gonadal androgens. We performed a manipulative experiment to test the importance of this mechanism in the development of pronounced sexual differences in body size and size of head casque in the chameleonChamaeleo calyptratus. Castrated males attained male-typical body size highly deviating from the body size of control females. Ontogenetic allometries of casque size on head length revealed that sexes depart considerably in casque growth later in the ontogeny; however, castrated males still follow male-typical casque growth. Paradoxically, exogenous testosterone led in females to slight increase of casque size, which might reflect interference with the feminizing effects of female gonadal hormones. The results in males strongly suggest that masculinization by male gonadal androgens during growth is not required for the development of sexual dimorphism in body size and casque size in the chameleon. The ontogeny of sexually dimorphic body size and exaggerated traits in at least some squamates is likely controlled by other proximate mechanism, possibly by feminization by ovarian hormones.
Identifying vital nodes in complex networks by adjacency information entropy
Authors: Xu Xiang , Zhu Cheng , Wang Qingyong , Zhu Xianqiang , Zhou Yun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIdentifying the vital nodes in networks is of great significance for understanding the function of nodes and the nature of networks. Many centrality indices, such as betweenness centrality (BC), eccentricity centrality (EC), closeness centricity (CC), structural holes (SH), degree centrality (DC), PageRank (PR) and eigenvector centrality (VC), have been proposed to identify the influential nodes of networks. However, some of these indices have limited application scopes. EC and CC are generally only applicable to undirected networks, while PR and VC are generally used for directed networks. To design a more applicable centrality measure, two vital node identification algorithms based on node adjacency information entropy are proposed in this paper. To validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed algorithms, contrast experiments are conducted with the BC, EC, CC, SH, DC, PR and VC indices in different kinds of networks. The results show that the index in this paper has a high correlation with the local metric DC, and it also has a certain correlation with the PR and VC indices for directed networks. In addition, the experimental results indicate that our algorithms can effectively identify the vital nodes in different networks.
Interethnic differences in neuroimaging markers and cognition in Asians, a population-based study
Authors: Wong Louis Choon Kit , Wong Mark Yu Zheng , Tan Chuen Seng , Vrooman Henri , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Cheng Ching-Yu , Chen Christopher , Hilal Saima 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe examined interethnic differences in the prevalence of neuroimaging markers of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease in 3 major Asian ethnicities (Chinese, Malays, and Indians), as well as their role in cognitive impairment. 3T MRI brain scans were acquired from 792 subjects (mean age: 70.0 ± 6.5years, 52.1% women) in the multi-ethnic Epidemiology of Dementia In Singapore study. Markers of cerebrovascular disease and neurodegeneration were identified. Cognitive performance was evaluated using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and a neuropsychological assessment. Compared to Chinese, Malays had a higher burden of intracranial stenosis (OR: 2.28. 95%CI: 1.23–4.20) and cortical atrophy (β: −0.60. 95%CI: −0.78, −0.41), while Indians had a higher burden of subcortical atrophy (β: −0.23. 95%CI: −0.40, −0.06). Moreover, Malay and Indian ethnicities were likely to be cognitively impaired (OR for Malays: 3.79. 95%CI: 2.29–6.26; OR for Indians: 2.87. 95%CI: 1.74–4.74) and showed worse performance in global cognition (β for Malays: −0.51. 95%CI: −0.66, −0.37; and Indians: −0.32. 95%CI: −0.47, −0.17). A higher burden of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative markers were found in Malays and Indians when compared to Chinese. Further research is required to fully elucidate the factors and pathways that contribute to these observed differences.
Microwave Irradiation Process for Al–Sc Alloy Production
Authors: Fujii Satoshi , Suzuki Eiichi , Inazu Naomi , Tsubaki Shuntaro , Fukushima Jun , Takizawa Hirotsugu , Wada Yuji 
Published: February 2020

AbstractScandium is being explored as an alloying element for aluminium alloys, which are gaining importance as high-performance lightweight structural alloys in the transportation industry. Sc-rich ScAlN thin films show strong piezoelectricity and can be fabricated on a hard substrate for use as wideband surface acoustic wave filters in next-generation wireless mobile communication systems. However, the use of ScAlN thin films in microelectromechanical system devices is limited by the high cost of metallic Sc, which is due to the difficulty in smelting of this material. Here, we propose a novel microwave irradiation process for producing Al-Sc alloys, with Mg ions as a reducing agent. Although scandium oxide is thermodynamically stable, intermetallic Al3Sc is obtained in high yield (69.8%) via a low-temperature (660 °C) reduction reaction under microwave irradiation. Optical spectroscopy results and thermodynamic considerations suggest a non-thermal equilibrium reaction with the univalent magnesium ions excited by microwave irradiation.
Real-time detection of neural oscillation bursts allows behaviourally relevant neurofeedback
Authors: Karvat Golan , Schneider Artur , Alyahyay Mansour , Steenbergen Florian , Tangermann Michael , Diester Ilka 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNeural oscillations as important information carrier in the brain, are increasingly interpreted as transient bursts rather than as sustained oscillations. Short (<150 ms) bursts of beta-waves (15–30 Hz) have been documented in humans, monkeys and mice. These events were correlated with memory, movement and perception, and were even suggested as the primary ingredient of all beta-band activity. However, a method to measure these short-lived events in real-time and to investigate their impact on behaviour is missing. Here we present a real-time data analysis system, capable to detect short narrowband bursts, and demonstrate its usefulness to increase the beta-band burst-rate in rats. This neurofeedback training induced changes in overall oscillatory power, and bursts could be decoded from the movement of the rats, thus enabling future investigation of the role of oscillatory bursts.
Few-nm tracking of current-driven magnetic vortex orbits using ultrafast Lorentz microscopy
Authors: Möller Marcel , Gaida John H. , Schäfer Sascha , Ropers Claus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy is one of the most powerful techniques to characterize nanoscale magnetic structures. In light of the importance of fast control schemes of magnetic states, time-resolved microscopy techniques are highly sought after in fundamental and applied research. Here, we implement time-resolved Lorentz imaging in combination with synchronous radio-frequency excitation using an ultrafast transmission electron microscope. As a model system, we examine the current-driven gyration of a vortex core in a 2 μm-sized magnetic nanoisland. We record the trajectory of the vortex core for continuous-wave excitation, achieving a localization precision of ±2 nm with few-minute integration times. Furthermore, by tracking the core position after rapidly switching off the current, we find a transient increase of the free oscillation frequency and the orbital decay rate, both attributed to local disorder in the vortex potential.
Coptisine, a protoberberine alkaloid, relaxes mouse airway smooth muscle via blockade of VDLCCs and NSCCs
Authors: Wen Nana , Xue Lu , Yang Yongle , Shi Shunbo , Liu Qing-Hua , Cai Congli , Shen Jinhua 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background/Aims: Recently, effective and purified ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were extracted to play crucial roles in the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Our previous research focused on TCM drug screening aimed at abnormal airway muscle contraction during respiratory diseases. Coptisine, an effective ingredient extracted from bitter herbs has shown a series of antioxidant, antibacterial, cardioprotective and neuroprotective pharmacological properties. In the current study, we questioned whether coptisine could also participate in asthma treatment through relaxing abnormal contracted mouse airway smooth muscle (ASM). The present study aimed to characterize the relaxant effects of coptisine on mouse ASM and uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: To investigate the role of coptisine on pre-contracted mouse ASM, a series of biological techniques, including force measurement and patch-clamp experiments were employed. Results: Coptisine was found to inhibit high K+ or acetylcholine chloride (ACh)-induced pre-contracted mouse tracheal rings in a dose-dependent manner. Further research demonstrated that the coptisine-induced mouse ASM relaxation was mediated by alteration of calcium mobilization via voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels (VDLCCs) and non-selective cation channels (NSCCs). Conclusion: Our data showed that mouse ASM could be relaxed by coptisine via altering the intracellular Ca2+ concentration through blocking VDLCCs and NSCCs, which suggested that this pharmacological active constituent might be classified as a potential new drug for the treatment of abnormal airway muscle contraction.
Whole genome survey analysis and microsatellite motif identification of Sebastiscus marmoratus
Authors: Xu Sheng-yong , Song Na , Xiao Shi-jun , Gao Tian-xiang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The marbled rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus is an ecologically and economically important marine fish species distributed along the northwestern Pacific coast from Japan to the Philippines. Here, next-generation sequencing was used to generate a whole genome survey dataset to provide fundamental information of its genome and develop genome-wide microsatellite markers for S. marmoratus. The genome size of S. marmoratus was estimated as approximate 800 Mb by using K-mer analyses, and its heterozygosity ratio and repeat sequence ratio were 0.17% and 39.65%, respectively. The preliminary assembled genome was nearly 609 Mb with GC content of 41.3%, and the data were used to develop microsatellite markers. A total of 191,592 microsatellite motifs were identified. The most frequent repeat motif was dinucleotide with a frequency of 76.10%, followed by 19.63% trinucleotide, 3.91% tetranucleotide, and 0.36% pentanucleotide motifs. The AC, GAG, and ATAG repeats were the most abundant motifs of dinucleotide, trinucleotide, and tetranucleotide motifs, respectively. In summary, a wide range of candidate microsatellite markers were identified and characterized in the present study using genome survey analysis. High-quality whole genome sequence based on the “Illumina+PacBio+Hi-C” strategy is warranted for further comparative genomics and evolutionary biology studies in this species.
The Training Experiences of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Practitioners in One Midwestern State
Authors: Douglas Sarah N. , West Patricia , Kammes Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
Services for children with complex communication needs require well-trained practitioners. Yet, research shows that augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) practitioners often receive insufficient preservice training for direct services to these children. Therefore, we explored the preservice and in-service training experiences of AAC practitioners to inform improvements in practitioner training and ultimately improve services for individuals with complex communication needs.

Method
A focus group study was conducted with AAC practitioners (three focus groups with 13 AAC practitioners in total) in one midwestern U.S. state to explore preservice and in-service training experiences and gain knowledge to inform future training efforts. Constant comparative analysis was used to analyze data gathered from the focus groups.

Results
This study highlighted important gaps in preservice and in-service training for AAC practitioners, barriers related to AAC training, and suggestions for improving AAC training.

Conclusions
This study provides important insights into ways AAC practitioner training might improve. We provide clinical implications and future research directions to continue improving AAC practitioner preparation and subsequent services for individuals with complex communication needs.
What Do I Do Now? Resolving School-Based Ethical Challenges
Authors: Power-deFur Lissa A. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to present a commonly used ethical decision-making approach and apply it to ethical situations commonly encountered by school-based clinicians. The application of a multistep model enables the individual to explore ethical dilemmas through fully understanding the situation and analysis of resources. These steps, followed by brainstorming, facilitate the speech-language pathologist's ability to arrive at a positive solution.

Conclusion
School-based speech-language pathologists deal with a variety of ethical dilemmas. Resolution can take many forms, including application of federal and state policies; professional development; and, perhaps most importantly, conversations with colleagues and administrators. The more positive solutions stem from a thorough review of the issue and policies influencing the issue followed by brainstorming a variety of potential approaches.
Method for extracting current envelope for broken rotor bar fault detection of induction motors at time‐varying loads
Authors: Wang Panpan , Lu Junjie , Shi Liping , Zhang Yang , Tong Zhigang , Wang Nanding 
Published: February 2020

When the broken rotor bar (BRB) fault occurs in induction motors, the amplitude of stator fundamental current is modulated by fault components, forming the current envelope with a particular frequency, which can be considered as a powerful criterion for BRB detection. However, it is relatively difficult to extract especially at time‐varying loads due to the non‐stationary characteristics. Thus, a novel envelope extraction method (EEM) combining fast Fourier transform and sliding overlapping window is proposed and the overall performance is tested by simulation. The results show that the method is capable to effectively extract the current envelope, but the extraction accuracy is unsatisfied due to the spectrum leakage in the case of non‐integer periodic truncation. The technique of discrete spectrum correction is then introduced into EEM to improve its extraction accuracy, and then, an improved EEM (IEEM) is proposed and then tested by simulation. The results show that the IEEM is able to eliminate the impact of non‐integer periodic truncation, effectively and accurately extract the current envelope. Finally, the two methods are applied in BRB fault online detection of 1.1 and 2.2 kW induction motors at time‐varying loads. The corresponding experimental results demonstrate its validity and universality again.