bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politicians, the Representativeness Heuristic and Decision-Making Biases
Authors: Stolwijk Sjoerd , Vis Barbara 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDo politicians use the representativeness heuristic when making judgements, that is, when they appraise the likelihood or frequency of an outcome that is unknown or unknowable? Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that facilitate judgements and decision making. Oftentimes, heuristics are useful, but they may also lead to systematic biases that can be detrimental for decision making in a representative democracy. Thus far, we lack experimental evidence on whether politicians use the representativeness heuristic. To contribute to and extend the existing literature, we develop and conduct a survey experiment with as main participants Dutch elected local politicians from the larger municipalities (n = 211). This survey experiment examines whether politician participants display two decision-making biases related to the representativeness heuristic: the conjunction error and scope neglect. We also run the experiment with a student sample (n = 260), mainly to validate the experimental design. Our findings show that politician participants neglect scope in one scenario and that they display the conjunction error in two of three scenarios. These results suggest that politician participants use the representativeness heuristic. Conversely, our third conjunction error scenario does not find evidence for politician participants displaying this bias. As we discuss in the article, the latter may be an artifact of our experimental design. Overall, our findings contribute fundamentally to our understanding of how politicians process information and how this influences their judgements and decision making.
“For a Younger Crowd”: Place, Belonging, and Exclusion among Older Adults Facing Neighborhood Change
Authors: Torres Stacy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCities are gentrifying, yet we know little about the experience of older adults aging in gentrifying areas. Most research has focused on a shortage of affordable housing and threat of eviction for low-income residents but has paid less attention to age. This trend neglects a fuller understanding of place’s heightened significance for older people and how commercial gentrification threatens their possibilities to connect in non-institutional, intergenerational spaces. Drawing on five years of ethnographic fieldwork among older adults in a gentrified New York City neighborhood, this paper examines the significance of “third places” for longtime residents. I find that features of establishments such as proximity (distance from study participants’ residences), cost, physical design and layout, and surveillance shaped how different neighborhood places facilitated face-to-face interaction and a sense of ownership that supported participants’ independence as they aged in place. This paper contributes to limited scholarly knowledge about older people’s experiences of gentrification and neighborhood change, an understudied area of growing concern as population aging converges with the increasing desirability and cost of living in urban areas.
Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects
Authors: Tomczyk Agnieszka , Sokołowska Zofia , Boguta Patrycja 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBiochar is a pyrogenous, organic material synthesized through pyrolysis of different biomass (plant or animal waste). The potential biochar applications include: (1) pollution remediation due to high CEC and specific surface area; (2) soil fertility improvement on the way of liming effect, enrichment in volatile matter and increase of pore volume, (3) carbon sequestration due to carbon and ash content, etc. Biochar properties are affected by several technological parameters, mainly pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind, which differentiation can lead to products with a wide range of values of pH, specific surface area, pore volume, CEC, volatile matter, ash and carbon content. High pyrolysis temperature promotes the production of biochar with a strongly developed specific surface area, high porosity, pH as well as content of ash and carbon, but with low values of CEC and content of volatile matter. This is most likely due to significant degree of organic matter decomposition. Biochars produced from animal litter and solid waste feedstocks exhibit lower surface areas, carbon content, volatile matter and high CEC compared to biochars produced from crop residue and wood biomass, even at higher pyrolysis temperatures. The reason for this difference is considerable variation in lignin and cellulose content as well as in moisture content of biomass. The physicochemical properties of biochar determine application of this biomaterial as an additive to improve soil quality. This review succinctly presents the impact of pyrolysis temperature and the type of biomass on the physicochemical characteristics of biochar and its impact on soil fertility.
Cancer-Related Fatigue: Causes and Current Treatment Options
Authors: Thong Melissa S.Y. , van Noorden Cornelis J. F. , Steindorf Karen , Arndt Volker 
Published: February 2020

Opinion statementCancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a problem for a significant proportion of cancer survivors during and after active cancer treatment. However, CRF is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Interventions are available for CRF although there is no gold standard. Based on current level of evidence, exercise seems to be most effective in preventing or ameliorating CRF during the active- and posttreatment phases.
Revolution of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Therapy: the Chemo-Free Treatment Paradigm
Authors: Scheffold Annika , Stilgenbauer Stephan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewOver the last years, targeted anticancer therapy with small molecule inhibitors and antibodies has much replaced chemoimmunotherapy, which has been the gold standard of care for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Here we give an overview of novel targeted agents used in therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as well as efforts to overcome resistance development, focusing on approved drugs since they gained high relevance in clinical practice.Recent FindingsNovel agents moved to the forefront as a treatment strategy of CLL due to their outstanding efficacy, almost irrespectively of the underlying genetic features. Inhibition of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), a key molecule in the B cell receptor pathway, achieved dramatic efficacy even in poor-risk and chemo-refractory patients. Further success was accomplished with venetoclax, which specifically inhibits anti-apoptotic BCL2 and induces apoptosis of CLL cells.SummaryInhibition of BTK or BCL2 is very effective and induces prolongation of progression-free and overall survival. Approved combination treatments such as venetoclax or ibrutinib with obinutuzumab show high responses rates and long remission durations. However, evolution and selection of subclones with continuous treatment leads to resistance towards these novel drugs and disease relapse. Hence, comparison of sequential treatment with combinations and discontinuation of therapy are important aspects which need to be investigated.
Services for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systems Perspective
Authors: Shattuck Paul T. , Garfield Tamara , Roux Anne M. , Rast Jessica E. , Anderson Kristy , Hassrick Elizabeth McGhee , Kuo Alice 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
We review original research about services for adults on the autism spectrum published from January 2013 through December 2018. The main aim is to characterize the topical and methodological aspects of research about services. We review research on services related to employment, living in the community, and social participation. We compare our results with those from a similar review published in 2012 to assess progress and identify where new directions in research about services for adults with autism are needed.

Recent Findings
We found the evidence base about services for adults on the autism spectrum remains very small and highly variable in aims and methods. There is wide variability in methods used to define sampling frames and recruit participants. Most studies focus on employment. Almost no studies examine the overall ecosystem of services serving autistic adults. Few studies use a conceptual framework for understanding access to, or improvement of, services.

Summary
The small size of the extant research coupled with inconsistent quality prevents the accumulation of new knowledge in ways that would significantly inform the improvement of systems of care for the growing population of adults on the autism spectrum.
2D MXene-Based Materials for Electrocatalysis
Authors: Liu Jiapeng , Peng Wenchao , Li Yang , Zhang Fengbao , Fan Xiaobin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMXenes, as an emerging 2D material, are expected to exert a great influence on future energy storage and conversion technologies. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in MXene-based materials in electrocatalysis, particularly in the hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, oxygen reduction, nitrogen reduction, and CO2reduction reactions. Crucial factors influencing the properties of these materials, such as functional groups, conductivity, and interface, are discussed, and challenges to the future development of MXene-based electrocatalysts are presented.
All of me? Users’ preferences for privacy-preserving data markets and the importance of anonymity
Authors: Schomakers Eva-Maria , Lidynia Chantal , Ziefle Martina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrivacy-preserving data markets are one approach to restore users’ online privacy and informational self-determination and to build reliable data markets for companies and research. We empirically analyze internet users’ preferences for privacy in data sharing, combining qualitative and quantitative empirical methods. Study I aimed at uncovering users’ mental models of privacy and preferences for data sharing. Study II quantified and confirmed motives, barriers, and conditions for privacy in data markets. Finally, in a conjoint study, trade-offs between decisive attributes that shape the decision to share data are analyzed. Additionally, differences between user groups with high and with low privacy concerns are observed. The results show that the anonymization level has the greatest impact on the willingness to share data, followed by the type of data. Users with higher privacy concerns are less willing to share data in data markets and want more privacy protection. The results contribute to an understanding of how privacy-preserving data markets could be designed to suit users’ preferences.
Utility and constraints of PocketQubes
Authors: Bouwmeester J. , Radu S. , Uludag M. S. , Chronas N. , Speretta S. , Menicucci A. , Gill E. K. A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPocketQubes are a form factor of highly miniaturized satellites with a body of one or more cubic units of 5 cm. In this paper, the characteristics of PocketQubes in terms of their constraints and their (potential) utility are treated. To avoid space debris and limit collision risk, the orbits of PocketQubes need to be constraint. An analysis of orbital decay characteristics has been carried out which, considering existing space regulations and a pro-active attitude, PocketQubes should preferably be launched in low Earth orbits below 400 km altitude. Due to technical constraints, such as form factor, power and attitude control, the domain of applications for single PocketQube missions is limited. Still, they can act as low-cost training and technology demonstration platforms. To make PocketQubes an attractive platform for other types of missions, not only the launch cost, but also the development, production and operations cost should be significantly lower than CubeSats. When the PocketQube platform matures and produced in high numbers, networks of PocketQubes can enable new applications. Applications considered feasible are in the field of (but not limited to) continuous surveillance using optical instruments, gravity field monitoring using precise orbit determination, in-situ measurements of the space environment, low data rate or bandwidth communication services and inexpensive probes around other celestial bodies.
Experimental study of moist air flow in the gap between the aircraft’s fuselage and its cabin wall
Authors: Westhoff Andreas , Wagner Claus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe carried out an experimental study on the moisture transfer and the heat transport in warm and humid air flows between the cabin lining and the fuselage skin. The measurements were performed in a rectangular gap channel, representing the space between fuselage and cabin wall. Long-term measurements were performed for three configurations: without insulation, with fibreglass blanket and with melamine resin foam blanket. To simulate realistic flight conditions in a laboratory setup, we applied a concept of scaling. This concept is intended to guarantee similitude between the real flight conditions and the laboratory experiment. The results reveal that without insulation, the moisture transfer rate is much higher compared to the configurations with insulation blankets. With insulation, most of the water evaporates during ground conditions and just a small amount is entrapped in the insulation. Without insulation, just a small part of the frozen water evaporates on the ground. When comparing the two insulation blankets, it is found that they both have a similar heat transmittance coefficient. However, the condensation rate of the water and the resulting accumulation of water are significant, higher for the fibreglass blanket.
On the two-dimensional hyperbolic stochastic sine-Gordon equation
Authors: Oh Tadahiro , Robert Tristan , Sosoe Philippe , Wang Yuzhao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe study the two-dimensional stochastic sine-Gordon equation (SSG) in the hyperbolic setting. In particular, by introducing a suitable time-dependent renormalization for the relevant imaginary Gaussian multiplicative chaos, we prove local well-posedness of SSG foranyvalue of a parameter$$\beta ^2 > 0$$β2>0in the nonlinearity. This exhibits sharp contrast with the parabolic case studied by Hairer and Shen (Commun Math Phys 341(3):933–989, 2016) and Chandra et al. (The dynamical sine-Gordon model in the full subcritical regime,arXiv:1808.02594[math.PR], 2018), where the parameter is restricted to the subcritical range:$$0< \beta ^2 < 8 \pi $$0<β2<8π. We also present a triviality result for the unrenormalized SSG.
Sol-gel derived porous ultra-high temperature ceramics
Authors: Li Fei , Huang Xiao , Liu Ji-Xuan , Zhang Guo-Jun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUltra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are considered as a family of nonmetallic and inorganic materials that have melting point over 3000 °C. Chemically, nearly all UHTCs are borides, carbides, and nitrides of early transition metals (e.g., Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta). Within the last two decades, except for the great achievements in the densification, microstructure tailoring, and mechanical property improvements of UHTCs, many methods have been established for the preparation of porous UHTCs, aiming to develop high-temperature resistant, sintering resistant, and lightweight materials that will withstand temperatures as high as 2000 °C for long periods of time. Amongst the synthesis methods for porous UHTCs, sol-gel methods enable the preparation of porous UHTCs with pore sizes from 1 to 500 urn and porosity within the range of 60%-95% at relatively low temperature. In this article, we review the currently available sol-gel methods for the preparation of porous UHTCs. Templating, foaming, and solvent evaporation methods are described and compared in terms of processing-microstructure relations. The properties and high temperature resistance of sol-gel derived porous UHTCs are discussed. Finally, directions to future investigations on the processing and applications of porous UHTCs are proposed.
Nanowires-assembled WO3 nanomesh for fast detection of ppb-level NO2 at low temperature
Authors: Liu Di , Ren Xiaowei , Li Yesheng , Tang Zilong , Zhang Zhongtai 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHierarchical WO3 nanomesh, assembled from single-crystalline WO3 nanowires, is prepared via a hydrothermal method using thiourea (Tu) as the morphology-controlling agent. Formation of the hierarchical architecture comprising of WO3 nanowires takes place via Ostwald ripening mechanism with the growth orientation. The sensor based on WO3 nanomesh has good electrical conductivity and is therefore suitable as NO2 sensing material. The WO3 nanomesh sensor exhibited high response, short response and recovery time, and excellent selectivity towards ppb-level NO2 at low temperature of 160 ℃. The superior gas performance of the sensor was attributed to the high-purity hexagonal WO3 with high specific surface area, which gives rise to enhanced surface adsorption sites for gas adsorption. The electron depletion theory was used for explaining the NO2-sensing mechanism by the gas adsorption/desorption and charge transfer happened on the surface of WO3 nanomesh.
NiWO4 powders prepared via polymeric precursor method for application as ceramic luminescent pigments
Authors: Lima Naiara A. , Alencar Lorena D. S. , Siu-Li Máximo , Feitosa Carlos A. C. , Mesquita Alexandre , M’peko Jean-Claude , Bernardi Maria I. B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNiWO4 was prepared using the polymeric precursor method and studied in terms of physical and chemical properties to verify its stability for industrial applications as pigments. The characterization was accomplished using thermal analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and UV–Vis spectroscopies, colorimetric coordinates, and Raman spectra. Increasing the temperature, successive exothermic reactions were observed and they are related with thermal decomposition of the organic compound. The stability was reached at ~700 °C. The material is verified to become completely free of second phase at ~800 °C. The end NiWO4 powders showed an intense charge transfer (CT)-related tail centered in the ultraviolet region, resulting in a yellow product. In addition, the powders exhibited broad excitation band and broad deep blue–green emission band, which were enhanced with increasing powders’ crystallinity.
Photocatalytic degradation evaluation of N-Fe codoped aligned TiO2 nanorods based on the effect of annealing temperature
Authors: Sadeghzadeh-Attar Abbas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a comparative study on the photocatalytic degradation of the Rhodamine B (RhB) dye as a model compound using N-Fe codoped TiO2 nanorods under UV and visible-light (λ ≥420 nm) irradiations has been performed. TiO2 photocatalysts were fabricated as aligned nanorod arrays by liquid-phase deposition process, annealed at different temperatures from 400 to 800 °C. The effects of annealing temperature on the phase structure, crystallinity, BET surface area, and resulting photocatalytic activity of N-Fe codoped TiO2 nanorods were also investigated. The degradation studies confirmed that the nanorods annealed at 600 °C composed of both anatase (79%) and rutile phases (21%) and offered the highest activity and stability among the series of nanorods, as it degraded 94.8% and 87.2% RhB in 120 min irradiation under UV and visible-light, respectively. Above 600 °C, the photocatalytic performance of nanorods decreased owning to a phase change, decreased surface area and bandgap, and growth of TiO2 crystallites induced by the annealing temperature. It is hoped that this work could provide precious information on the design of ID catalyst materials with more superior photodegradation properties especially under visible-light for the further industrial applications.
Machine Learning for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine: A Narrative Review
Authors: Mlodzinski Eric , Stone David J. , Celi Leo A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMachine learning (ML) is a discipline of computer science in which statistical methods are applied to data in order to classify, predict, or optimize, based on previously observed data. Pulmonary and critical care medicine have seen a surge in the application of this methodology, potentially delivering improvements in our ability to diagnose, treat, and better understand a multitude of disease states. Here we review the literature and provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ML as applied to these areas of medicine. In addition, we discuss both the significant benefits of this work as well as the challenges in the implementation and acceptance of this non-traditional methodology for clinical purposes.
Considering Rationality of Realist International Relations Theories
Authors: Więcławski Jacek 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe article refers to debates inside realism on rationality of international processes. It reveals that even a basic assumption of states calculating their interests and choosing optimal political strategies provoked contradictions among realist theories. Both prominent Cold War realists, Morgenthau and Waltz, differed in their views on the role of leaders, the impact of the international system and states’ rational response to systemic constraints. The hegemonic rivalry stream of realism took the “middle ground” in this debate. Yet, the complex international reality after the fall of the bipolar order makes the realist considerations even more difficult. It encourages a wider openness to domestic nuances of foreign policymaking but reduces a chance for more general and rational schemes of states’ international behavior. Post-Cold War realists declare a need of systemic and rational frames of their analysis but differ in their views on how much of the domestic context should be absorbed to comprehend contemporary international processes. The integration of miscalculations and misperceptions in leaders’ political decisions and the rational frames of a state’s foreign policy is a clear problem for realism.
„Nun sag, wie hast du’s mit den Geisteswissenschaften?“ Ein Review wissenschaftstheoretischer Grundlagen deutschsprachiger Lehrbücher der Allgemeinen Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Authors: Julmi Christian 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungObwohl die Wissenschaftspraxis in der Betriebswirtschaftslehre heute von einer methodologischen Offenheit geprägt ist, die quantitative und qualitative Forschung gleichermaßen für legitim erachtet, scheint die Allgemeine Betriebswirtschaftslehre immer noch einem einseitig-naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungsideal anzuhängen. Da die Allgemeine Betriebswirtschaftslehre die einheitliche Fundierung ihrer Disziplin anstrebt, stünde eine solche wissenschaftstheoretische Verengung im Widerspruch zu ihrer wissenschaftspraktischen Offenheit. In Bezug auf eine flächendeckende Verengung der Allgemeinen Betriebswirtschaftslehre auf ein naturwissenschaftliches Forschungsideal liegen bislang allerdings keine systematischen Untersuchungen vor. Das Ziel des Beitrags besteht daher in einem Review der wissenschaftstheoretischen Grundlagen der Allgemeinen Betriebswirtschaftslehre. Gegenstand des Reviews sind alle aktuellen, seit 2005 erschienenen deutschsprachigen Lehrbücher der Allgemeinen Betriebswirtschaftslehre. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich übereinstimmend, dass sich die Betriebswirtschaftslehre als anwendungsorientierte Geisteswissenschaft mit naturwissenschaftlichem Forschungsideal versteht und eine Verengung damit tatsächlich nachgewiesen werden kann. Im Anschluss an das Review stellt der Beitrag schließlich Überlegungen zu einer wissenschaftstheoretischen Revision der Allgemeinen Betriebswirtschaftslehre an, die dem praktizierten Methodenpluralismus entspricht und die praktische Relevanz verstehender Forschung würdigt.