bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potentially Accommodating Intraocular Lenses - An In Vitro and In Vivo Study Using Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasound
Authors: Stachs Oliver , Schneider Hanka , Stave Joachim , Guthoff Rudolf 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the accommodative performance of new intraocular lenses (IOLs) using the advantages of three-dimensional ultrasound biomicroscopy.
METHODS: An in vitro simulation device was designed to study IOL performance using an artificial capsular bag and a stretching device. The haptic region of the Akkommodative 1CU (HumanOptics AG) and CrystaLens AT-45 (Eyeonics Inc) was visualized in vitro in three dimensions, using an in-house developed three-dimensional ultrasound biomicroscope. The in vitro results were used to describe the in vivo situation in four patients with accommodative implants.
RESULTS: The haptic position and angulation in consideration of the accommodation state was distinguished and analyzed. In the simulation model, a maximal angulation change of 4.5° and 4.3° and a maximal forward shift of 0.33 mm and 0.28 mm was observed for the AT-45 and 1CU, respectively. In vivo, a change in haptic angulation <10° and a maximal forward shift of 0.50 mm was observed For the 1CU. These changes correspond to a theoretical approximate value of 0.50 diopters.
CONCLUSIONS: The in vitro simulation device examined with three-dimensional ultrasound biomicroscopy provided information on the accommodative performance of these potentially accommodative IOL designs. Using three-dimensional ultrasound biomicroscopy, corresponding changes in haptic angulation during pharmacological-induced accommodation were observed. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:37-45.]
Triptans and the Incidence of Epithelial Defects During Laser in situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Hardten David R , Hira Neelu K , Lombardo Anthony J 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate whether the incidence of epithelial defects during laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) was different in patients who were taking sumatriptan (Imitrex, Glaxo Smith Kline, Pittsburgh, Pa) for migraine headaches than in those who were not.
METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on 54 eyes of 28 patients who had been identified as taking sumatriptan and had undergone LASIK at Minnesota Eye Consultants between 1999 and 2001. These patients were compared with 54 gender- and age-matched control eyes operated on with the same microkeratome at the same location during the same period of time. The incidence of epithelial defects during LASIK was compared between the two groups.
RESULTS: In the sumatriptan group, 11.1% (6 of 54) of eyes developed epithelial defects as compared to 9.3% (5 of 54) of eyes in the non-triptan group (P=.75, chi square). More recent sumatriptan exposure did not increase the incidence of epithelial defect (P=.47). In patients in whom sumatriptan was stopped >1 month prior to LASIK, 6.3% (1 of 16 eyes) had epithelial defects; in patients in whom sumatriptan was stopped <1 month prior to LASIK, 14.3% (4 of 28 eyes) developed epithelial defects; and 9.3% (5 of 54 eyes) of patients in whom no triptans had ever been used had epithelial defects (P=.70).
CONCLUSIONS: There is no correlation between the use of sumatriptan for relief of migraine headaches and the generation of epithelial defects during LASIK. There appears to be no reason to stop triptans before proceeding with LASIK. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:72-76.]
CD13/Aminopeptidase N Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Disorders
Authors: Lu Chenyang , Amin Mohammad A. , Fox David A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
CD13/aminopeptidase N is a widely expressed ectoenzyme with multiple functions. As an enzyme, CD13 regulates activities of numerous cytokines by cleaving their N-terminals and is involved in Ag processing by trimming the peptides bound to MHC class II. Independent of its enzymatic activity, cell membrane CD13 functions by cross-linking–induced signal transduction, regulation of receptor recycling, enhancement of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, and acting as a receptor for cytokines. Moreover, soluble CD13 has multiple proinflammatory roles mediated by binding to G-protein–coupled receptors. CD13 not only modulates development and activities of immune-related cells, but also regulates functions of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, CD13 is important in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. Inhibitors of CD13 have shown impressive anti-inflammatory effects, but none of them has yet been used for clinical therapy of human inflammatory diseases. We reevaluate CD13’s regulatory role in inflammation and suggest that CD13 could be a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders.
End of life – The nurses’ perspective
Authors: Boby Saumya 
Published: December 2019

Intensive Care Unit (ICU) support is provided with the aim of maintaining the vital functions, reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with a severe critical illness. Despite having newly developed technologies and improvement in care, the death rate in the intensive care unit remains high, ranging between 20-35%. The care that people receive at the end of their lives has a profound impact not only upon them but also upon their families and carers.
End of life (EOL) in the ICU is a challenge. Nature and spirituality have been superseded by all that medical science has to offer by way of technology and life support, prolonging the dying process and dictating the time of death.
Death as it occurs in the ICU is neither simple nor natural. Caring for dying patients and their families is thought to be most stressful and painful to the nurses who constantly attend to the patients whereas other healthcare providers can visit and then walk away. There are only limited studies from the perspective of critical care nurses on obstacles and/or supportive behaviors that either restrict or promote good care for dying patients even though there are adequate documentation of the difficulties and inadequacies of providing EOL care to patients.
It is well identified that the nurses have a decision making role as they act as a link between families and physicians in decisions at the end of life while interpreting and explaining information.
It has been noted that the nursing paradigm of enhancing communication, reducing symptom burden, and supporting families are aligned with the common domains of EOL care. The study using the grounded theory approach to formulate a conceptual framework of the nursing role in EOL decision making in an ICU setting concluded that the core concept, supporting the journey, became evident in four major themes: Being There, A Voice to Speak Up, Enable Coming to Terms, and Helping to Let Go. Nurses describe being present with patients and families to validate feelings and give emotional support, nursing work, while bridging the journey between life and death, imparting strength and resilience and helping overcome barriers to ensure that patients receive holistic care. The conceptual framework challenges nurses to be present with patients and families at the end of life, clarify and interpret information, and help families come to terms with end-of-life decisions and release their loved ones. Thus involving the nurses in the multidisciplinary decision making of EOL care will be beneficial.
Nurses play a very important role in EOL care by providing family care and collaborating with the rest of the medical team. Working as a nurse within the wider ICU team requires good collaborative and communication skills and few studies have focused on how we foster these skills to enhance EOL care in the ICU. Little is known about the role of nurses in end of life in the critical care setting, and therefore a grounded theory study in this area is needed to further understand this important role.
Rousseau e a botânica: uma promenade entre observação científica e contemplação
Authors: Tredanaro Emanuele 
Published: December 2019

Resumo: Neste trabalho pretende-se apresentar algumas reflexões sobre a trajetória que leva Rousseau não apenas a aproximar-se à botânica, mas, sobretudo, a definir seu estatuto epistemológico, bem como metodológico. Nesse sentido, propõe-se mostrar em que termos – no interior do amplo panorama intelectual rousseauniano oriundo dos escritos e das cartas dos últimos três lustros da vida do filosofo genebrino – a botânica assume, para Rousseau, uma peculiar autônoma fisionomia e, ao mesmo tempo, torna-se paradigma para a própria filosofia. Rousseau and botany: a promenade between scientific observation and contemplationAbstract: This paper aims to present some reflections about the trajectory that leads Rousseau not only to approach botany, but, above all, to define its epistemological as well as methodological status. In this sense, we propose to show in what terms – in the broad Rousseauan intellectual panorama related to writings and letters of the last sixteen years of the Genevan philosopher’s life – botany assumes for Rousseau a peculiar autonomous physiognomy and, at the same time, becomes a paradigm for philosophy itself.Keywords: Rousseau; botany; epistemology; promenade; observation; herborization.
Capacitação de profissionais para intervenção em comportamentos aberrantes: Elaboração de material didático e validação social
Authors: Yazawa Thaís , Fornazari Sílvia Aparecida 
Published: December 2019

Pessoas com deficiência intelectual severa, muitas vezes continuam a margem dos serviços de atendimento especializado, apesar das políticas de inclusão escolar e social para essas pessoas. Esses indivíduos podem apresentar comportamentos aberrantes, um conjunto de comportamentos mal adaptativos que podem ser fonte de estigmatização dessas pessoas, dificultando a inclusão e o acesso ao tratamento especializado. O presente artigo versa sobre a elaboração e validação social de um material didático sobre princípios básicos da Análise do Comportamento, Análise funcional, e os procedimentos de Reforçamento diferencial de comportamentos alternativos e Reforçamento diferencial de comportamento incompatível, que podem ser utilizados para diminuir a emissão dos comportamentos aberrantes e aumentar a frequência de comportamentos adequados, aumentando o repertório comportamental das pessoas com deficiência intelectual severa. O material didático foi entregue aos 11 profissionais da saúde participantes, que realizaram as atividades propostas pelo mesmo. Foi aplicado nos participantes o Therapy Attitude Inventory (TAI) adaptado para realizar uma validação social do material desenvolvido, com relatos positivos sobre a necessidade de haver um material como esse para os profissionais compreenderem os comportamentos aberrantes. Tais resultados também puderam ser demonstrados na correlação do TAI e na entrevista final.
Seleção de Culturantes por dois tipos de metacontingências
Authors: Baia Fábio Henrique , Lemes Isabella Guimarães , Da Silva Poliana Ferreira , Dos Santos Baia Rogerio Guaita , Cabral Biano Alina Barboza 
Published: December 2019

Metacontingência do tipo 1 descreve relações condicionais entre culturantes – contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs), consequência individual (CI), e produto agregado (PA) – e consequências culturais (CC). O tipo 2 envolve programações nas quais CC selecionam tanto respostas quanto culturantes. Portanto, não há CI. Este estudo verificou se a programação de diferentes tipos de metacontingências produziria diferentes padrões de respostas ou culturantes. Participaram duas tríades de universitários. Na condição A vigoraram metacontingências do tipo 1. Na condição B, metacontingências do tipo 2. A Tríade 1 foi exposta ao delineamento ABAB. Já a Tríade 2 ao delineamento BABA. Na condição A, participantes emitiram respostas e engajaram em culturantes que produziam consequências. Na condição B houve queda na frequência de respostas e manutenção dos culturantes. Conclui-se que a programação de diferentes tipos de metacontingências produz diferentes efeitos sobre comportamentos. Não foram observados efeitos de ordem de exposição as condições. Discute-se ainda a interação entre operantes e culturantes tanto na aquisição quanto na manutenção do comportamento em grupo.
Cellulose Nanocrystals: From Classical Hydrolysis to the Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Le Gars Manon , Douard Loreleï , Belgacem Naceur , Bras Julien 
Published: December 2019

During the last two decades, interest in cellulosic nanomaterials has greatly increased. Among these nanocelluloses, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) exhibit outstanding properties. Indeed, besides their high crystallinity, cellulose nanocrystals are interesting in terms of morphology with high aspect ratio (length 100–1000 nm, width 2–15 nm), high specific area, and high mechanical properties. Moreover, they can be used as rheological modifier, emulsifier, or for barrier properties, and their surface chemistry opens the door to numerous feasible chemical modifications, leading to a large panel of applications in medical, electronic, composites, or packaging, for example. Traditionally, their extraction is performed via monitored sulfuric acid hydrolysis, leading to well-dispersed aqueous CNC suspensions; these last bearing negative charges (half-sulfate ester groups) at their surface. More recently, natural chemicals called deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been used for the production of CNC in a way of green chemistry, and characterization of recovered CNC is encouraging.
Expression of extraocular opsin genes and light-dependent basal activity of blind cavefish
Authors: Simon Noah , Fujita Suguru , Porter Megan , Yoshizawa Masato 
Published: December 2019

Background
Animals living in well-lit environments utilize optical stimuli for detecting visual information, regulating the homeostatic pacemaker, and controlling patterns of body pigmentation. In contrast, many subterranean animal species without optical stimuli have evolved regressed binocular eyes and body pigmentation. Interestingly, some fossorial and cave-dwelling animals with regressed eyes still respond to light. These light-dependent responses may be simply evolutionary residuals or they may be adaptive, where negative phototaxis provides avoidance of predator-rich surface environments. However, the relationship between these non-ocular light responses and the underlying light-sensing Opsin proteins has not been fully elucidated.

Methods
To highlight the potential functions of opsins in a blind subterranean animal, we used the Mexican cave tetra to investigate opsin gene expression in the eyes and several brain regions of both surface and cave-dwelling adults. We performed database surveys, expression analyses by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), and light-dependent locomotor activity analysis using pinealectomized fish, one of the high-opsin expressing organs of cavefish.

Results
Based on conservative criteria, we identified 33 opsin genes in the cavefish genome. Surveys of available RNAseq data found 26 of these expressed in the surface fish eye as compared to 24 expressed in cavefish extraocular tissues, 20 of which were expressed in the brain. RT-qPCR of 26 opsins in surface and cavefish eye and brain tissues showed the highest opsin-expressing tissue in cavefish was the pineal organ, which expressed exo-rhodopsin at 72.7% of the expression levels in surface fish pineal. However, a pinealectomy resulted in no change to the light-dependent locomotor activity in juvenile cavefish and surface fish. Therefore, we conclude that, after 20,000 or more years of evolution in darkness, cavefish light-dependent basal activity is regulated by a non-pineal extraocular organ.
Resolution-agnostic tissue segmentation in whole-slide histopathology images with convolutional neural networks
Authors: Bándi Péter , Balkenhol Maschenka , van Ginneken Bram , van der Laak Jeroen , Litjens Geert 
Published: December 2019

Modern pathology diagnostics is being driven toward large scale digitization of microscopic tissue sections. A prerequisite for its safe implementation is the guarantee that all tissue present on a glass slide can also be found back in the digital image. Whole-slide scanners perform a tissue segmentation in a low resolution overview image to prevent inefficient high-resolution scanning of empty background areas. However, currently applied algorithms can fail in detecting all tissue regions.
In this study, we developed convolutional neural networks to distinguish tissue from background. We collected 100 whole-slide images of 10 tissue samples—staining categories from five medical centers for development and testing. Additionally, eight more images of eight unfamiliar categories were collected for testing only. We compared our fully-convolutional neural networks to three traditional methods on a range of resolution levels using Dice score and sensitivity.
We also tested whether a single neural network can perform equivalently to multiple networks, each specialized in a single resolution. Overall, our solutions outperformed the traditional methods on all the tested resolutions. The resolution-agnostic network achieved average Dice scores between 0.97 and 0.98 across the tested resolution levels, only 0.0069 less than the resolution-specific networks. Finally, its excellent generalization performance was demonstrated by achieving averages of 0.98 Dice score and 0.97 sensitivity on the eight unfamiliar images. A future study should test this network prospectively.
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils and Ethanol Extract of Psidium guajava Leaf
Authors: Emmanuel Andrew , Kubmarawa Dimas , Sara Galo Yahaya , Wahu Akurenda 
Published: December 2019

Objective: To investigate the Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and ethanol extract of Psidium guajava.
Methods: The leaf of Psidium guajavabelongs to the myrtle family (Myrtacease) which is used as herbal remedies for the cure of many ailments by natives in northern part of Nigeria, was collected in June, 2018 from the Professor’s Quarters of Modibbo Adama University of Technology (MAUTECH) Yola. The leaf was air dried, pulverized and extracted by simple overnight maceration technique and then analyzed. Fresh leaf of the aforementioned was extracted using modified steam distillation. The phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract was carried out using standard method.
Results: The result revealed the present of Tannin, Flavanoid, Alkaloid, Volatile oil, Triterpene, Saponin, Glycoside while phenolic compound was absent in the ethanol extract of Psidium guajava. The result of the antioxidant activity of the essential oil was screened using DPPH method and the IC25 values of ascorbic acid (standard drug) was 57.92 µl/m and Psidium guajava of the essential oil was 46.55 µl/ml respectively. Antibacterial activity was carried out using dics diffusion method and the results showed reasonable zone of inhibition against tasted organisms, with Staphylococcus epidemidis being the most inhibited (23 mm) and Proteus vulgari being the least inhibited (2 mm) with the ethanol extract of Psidium guajava. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus was the most inhibited (13 mm) and Salmonella typhi showed the least inhibition (9mm) in the essential oil of Psidium guajava.
Conclusion: The result, thus support the use of the plants traditionally to treat chronic diarrhea, fever, diabetes, malaria and suggest its usage in the formulation of new antioxidant and antibacterial drugs.
Study of Antioxidant Activity of Stalk and Fruit of Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae)
Authors: Diatta Kady , Diatta William , Fall Alioune Dior , Dieng Serigne Ibra Mbacké , Mbaye Amadou Ibrahima , Sarr Abdou , Bidjo Corinne Lisette 
Published: December 2019

Background : Nowadays with the appearance of diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, free radicals are often singled out. What motivates scientific research in natural antioxidants.
Aim/Objective : The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of the stalks and the fruit of Solanum melongena L.
Study Duration : The period of the study was done on 25th July, 2015 at the Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medecine, Pharmacy and Odontology, University of Dakar, Senegal.
Methodology : Antioxidant activity was evaluated through two methods (DPPH and FRAP).
Results : For the FRAP test, at the highest concentration (83.3 µg/ml) the aqueous extract of the fruit (0.90±0.08) has a higher reducing power compared to those of ethanol extracts from the fruit (0.77±0.41) and the stalk (0.85±0.004). These results remain inferior to that of tannic acid (0.95± 0.0005). The DPPH test reveals that the ethanolic extract of the fruit is more effective in reducing the free radical DPPH with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC 50) equal to 3.37±0.03 μg / ml, followed by the ethanolic extract of the stalks (IC 50 = 4.46±0.24 μg / ml) and finally the aqueous extract of the fruit (IC50 = 9.6±0.026 μg / ml).
Conclusion : These results make it possible to confirm the in vitro activity of the parts studied, but in vivo studies are necessary in order to know the acute and chronic toxicities. Finally, perform a bio-guided fractionation to determine the molecules responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Perceived Indigenous Perspectives of Maternal Health Care Services among Women of Marakwet, Kenya
Authors: Cheboi Solomon Kemoi , Kimeu Anastasiah Nyamilu , Rucha Kenneth Kibaara 
Published: December 2019

Background: Recognition of the vulnerabilities and differentials in maternal indicator is a pressing concern throughout safe motherhood literature. Uptake of skilled delivery by women in Marakwet remain 44%, compared to the national rate of 68%. Accountability for improving maternal indicators calls for interrogation of indigenous practices to amend complex social causes.
Methods: This was a qualitative study conducted in the thirteen patrilineal clans of Marakwet. Discussants were women of reproductive age while key informants included cultural anthropologist, traditionalist and gatekeepers. The data was analyzed manually through a process of data reduction, organization and emerging patterns interpretation then sub categories.
Results: Pregnancy and delivery are not just biomedical process but culturally biosocial practice. Discipline and socialization are critical elements. Adequate self, family and community care lead to noble pregnancy outcome. The community and midwife uses knowledge to jumpstart childbirth practices for expectant women for healthy prenatal period, delivery and postnatal running. Holiness and hygiene, controlled sex and sexual relationships, artefacts and dressing, food ways and diet, social interaction, livelihoods and lifestyle are key pregnancy and childbirth social aetiology.
Conclusion: cultural stimuli and remedies inform maternal health seeking behaviour and practices of women. Continued care, hygiene, geophagy, controlled food ways and social interaction as well as avoiding heavy duties and events that trigger emotions and pressure are sound indigenous ways of improving maternal and child health. However, norms such as visiting a midwife for pregnancy confirmation and massage as well as folk activities such as the use of charms and repertoires for protection and cleansing ceremonies provide false protection.
Recommendation: the results suggest the relative value for indigenous maternal health care services in enhancing client centered delivery health services. Review of policies and programs to integrate harmless indigenous practices into maternity care services may promote quality, satisfaction and uptake of facility based childbirth services.