bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surplus or surrender? Afterword to the Foreword by Neil Walker
Authors: Roughan Nicole 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This Afterword argues that Neil Walker’s powerful and expansive “sovereignty frame” renders sovereignty with an air of inevitability that risks misrecognizing justifiable claims against sovereignty itself. The frame wraps sovereignty in constitutionalism in ways that gloss over critical attention to both sovereignty’s coercive element and its groundedness in physical space. I argue that the effect of an expansively constitutionalized sovereignty frame reduces, absorbs, or crowds out articulations of other ways to conceptualize relations among and between people in polities and the places in which they are grounded, most notably those examined in Indigenous legal and political theory. The framing of sovereignty may also serve to foreclose its claiming, so that an apparent surplus of sovereignty masks deep and justifiable incompatibilities, tensions, and genuine contestations that cannot be explained as an excess or surfeit.
Surgery for mediastinal neurogenic tumours: a 25-year single-centre retrospective study
Authors: Lacquet Mathieu , Moons Johnny , Ceulemans Laurens J , De Leyn Paul , Van Raemdonck Dirk 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Mediastinal neurogenic tumours are uncommon and often benign neoplasms mostly located in the posterior mediastinum and usually diagnosed incidentally. We reviewed our results after surgical resection. We compared patient characteristics and tumour nature between children and adults. Differences between thoracoscopic and open approach were analysed.

METHODS
Departmental thoracic surgical database was queried for primary mediastinal neurogenic tumours resected between 1992 and 2017. Data included demographics, pathology, tumour nature, symptoms, surgical approach and postoperative morbidity/mortality.

RESULTS
Fifty-one patients (8 children and 43 adults) underwent tumour resection. Pathology revealed nerve sheath tumour in 1 child (12.5%) versus 36 adults (83.7%; P &lt; 0.001) and ganglion cell tumour in 7 (87.5%) versus 5 (11.6%; P &lt; 0.001). Two adults had a paraganglioma. Malignancy was present in 2 children (25%) versus 2 adults (4.6%; P = 0.049). All malignant tumours caused symptoms while most patients with benign tumours (38/47) were asymptomatic (P &lt; 0.001). Surgical approach included thoracotomy, thoracoscopy and cervicotomy (n = 19/31/1) of which 2 were combined neurosurgical approach. All malignant tumours were approached via thoracotomy while the majority of patients with benign tumours (31/47) underwent thoracoscopy (P = 0.007). No significant difference was noted in overall morbidity between thoracoscopic versus open approach (45.2% vs 42.1%; P = 0.83). Hospital stay was significantly shorter following thoracoscopy (7.4 ± 3.3 vs 13.1 ± 9.8 days; P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Children carry a higher incidence to present with a malignant tumour originating from ganglion cells while most tumours in adults are benign, originating from the nerve sheath. The majority of patients with mediastinal neurogenic tumours are asymptomatic. Most tumours are amenable for thoracoscopic resection.
Contribution of facility level factors to variation in antibiotic use in long-term care facilities: a national cohort study
Authors: Sluggett Janet K , Moldovan Max , Lang Catherine , Lynn David J , Papanicolas Lito E , Crotty Maria , Whitehead Craig , Rogers Geraint B , Wesselingh Steve L , Inacio Maria C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To examine national variation in systemic antibiotic use in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and identify facility characteristics associated with antibiotic utilization.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 312 375 residents of 2536 Australian LTCFs between 2011 and 2016. LTCFs were categorized as low, medium or high antibiotic use facilities according to tertiles of DDDs of systemic antibiotics dispensed per 1000 resident-days. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the associations between facility characteristics (ownership, size, location, medication quality indicator performance, prevalence of after-hours medical practitioner services) and antibiotic use (low versus high).

Results
LTCFs in the lowest and highest antibiotic use categories received a median of 54.3 (IQR 46.5–60.5) and 106.1 (IQR 95.9–122.3) DDDs/1000 resident-days, respectively. Compared with not-for-profit LTCFs in major cities, government-owned non-metropolitan LTCFs were less likely to experience high antibiotic use [adjusted OR (aOR) 0.47, 95% CI 0.24–0.91]. LTCFs with 69–99 residents were less likely to experience high antibiotic use (aOR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49–0.97) than those with 25–47 residents annually. Greater prevalence of medical practitioner services accessed after-hours was associated with high antibiotic use [aOR 1.10 (per 10% increase in after-hours services), 95% CI 1.01–1.21]. South Australian LTCFs (aOR 2.17, 95% CI 1.38–3.39) were more likely, while Queensland (0.43, 95% CI 0.30–0.62) and Western Australian (aOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21–0.57) LTCFs were less likely to experience high antibiotic use than New South Wales LTCFs.

Conclusions
Considerable facility level variation in systemic antibiotic use was observed across Australian LTCFs. Identification of facility characteristics associated with antibiotic use provides a basis for targeted stewardship initiatives.
Trade-Offs Between Harms and Benefits of Different Breast Cancer Screening Intervals Among Low-Risk Women
Authors: van Ravesteyn Nicolien T , Schechter Clyde B , Hampton John M , Alagoz Oguzhan , van den Broek Jeroen J , Kerlikowske Karla , Mandelblatt Jeanne S , Miglioretti Diana L , Sprague Brian L , Stout Natasha K , de Koning Harry J , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Tosteson Anna N A ,   the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium and the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
A paucity of research addresses breast cancer screening strategies for women at lower-than-average breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to examine screening harms and benefits among women aged 50-74 years at lower-than-average breast cancer risk by breast density.

Methods
Three well-established, validated Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Network models were used to estimate the lifetime benefits and harms of different screening scenarios, varying by screening interval (biennial, triennial). Breast cancer deaths averted, life-years and quality-adjusted life-years gained, false-positives, benign biopsies, and overdiagnosis were assessed by relative risk (RR) level (0.6, 0.7, 0.85, 1 [average risk]) and breast density category, for US women born in 1970.

Results
Screening benefits decreased proportionally with decreasing risk and with lower breast density. False-positives, unnecessary biopsies, and the percentage overdiagnosis also varied substantially by breast density category; false-positives and unnecessary biopsies were highest in the heterogeneously dense category. For women with fatty or scattered fibroglandular breast density and a relative risk of no more than 0.85, the additional deaths averted and life-years gained were small with biennial vs triennial screening. For these groups, undergoing 4 additional screens (screening biennially [13 screens] vs triennially [9 screens]) averted no more than 1 additional breast cancer death and gained no more than 16 life-years and no more than 10 quality-adjusted life-years per 1000 women but resulted in up to 232 more false-positives per 1000 women.

Conclusion
Triennial screening from age 50 to 74 years may be a reasonable screening strategy for women with lower-than-average breast cancer risk and fatty or scattered fibroglandular breast density.
CYP51A polymorphisms ofAspergillus fumigatusin lung transplant recipients: Prevalence, correlation with phenotype, and impact on outcomes
Authors: Henry Benoît , Guenette Alexis , Cheema Faiqa , Pérez-Cortés Armelle , McTaggart Lisa , Mazzulli Tony , Singer Lianne , Keshavjee Shaf , Kus Julianne V , Husain Shahid 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAzole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is increasing worldwide and can affect prognosis. It is mostly mediated by cytochrome P51 (CYP51) mutations. In lung transplant recipients (LTR), little is known regarding the prevalence and clinical impact of CYP51 mutations. One hundred thirty-one consecutive A. fumigatus isolates from 103 patients were subjected to CYP51A genotyping through PCR and sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the Sensititre YeastOne YO-9© broth microdilution technique. Correlations between genotype, phenotype, clinical manifestations of Aspergillus infection, and clinical outcomes were made. Thirty-four (26%) isolates harbored mutations of CYP51A; N248K (n = 14) and A9T (n = 12) were the most frequent. Three isolates displayed multiple point mutations. No significant influences of mutational status were identified regarding azole MICs, the clinical presentation of Aspergillus disease, 1-year all-cause mortality, and clinical outcomes of invasive forms. In the specific context of lung transplant recipients, non-hotspot CYP51A-mutated isolates are regularly encountered; this does not result in major clinical consequences or therapeutic challenges.Lay SummaryIn 131 isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates originating from 103 lung transplant recipients, the CYP51A polymorphism rate was 26%, mostly represented by N248K and A9T mutations. These mutations, however, did not significantly impact azoles minimal inhibitory concentrations or clinical outcomes.
Impact of mass transfer schemes on mass–orbital period relation
Authors: Zhang Yangyang , Chen Hailiang , Chen Xuefei , Han Zhanwen 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Binaries that evolved from red giant (RG) binaries through stable Roche lobe overflow follow the mass–orbital period relation if the donor’s core is degenerate. This relation is important for the studies of long orbital period blue stragglers, subdwarf B stars, and millisecond pulsars. To examine the influence of mass transfer schemes on this relation, we model the evolution of RG binaries at metallicity Z = 0.02 and Z = 0.001 with two different mass transfer schemes. In one of the scheme, it is assumed that mass transfer only occurs when the donor star’s radius is just larger than its Roche lobe radius (‘classical’ scheme). In another mass transfer scheme, the mass transfer can also occur when the donor’s radius is smaller than its Roche lobe radius as proposed by Ritter (1988) and further studied by Kolb & Ritter (1990; ‘Kolb’ scheme). We find that the mass transfer scheme has a significant influence on the evolution of RG binaries. In these RG binaries initiating mass transfer on the upper part of the RG branch, the final donor masses are smaller and orbital periods are larger in the models with the ‘Kolb’ scheme, compared with the models with the ‘classical’ scheme. The difference between orbital periods (donor masses) at the end of mass transfer under two different mass transfer schemes can be up to 500 d (0.04 M⊙) for the same donor mass (orbital period). The mass–orbital period relation from these models with the ‘Kolb’ scheme is above the relation from models with the ‘classical’ scheme. Additionally, similar to previous studies, we find that the final orbital period at metallicity Z = 0.02 is larger than that at metallicity Z = 0.001 for a given donor mass.
Evolutionary map of the Universe (EMU): Compact radio sources in the scorpio field towards the galactic plane
Authors: Riggi S , Umana G , Trigilio C , Cavallaro F , Ingallinera A , Leto P , Bufano F , Norris R P , Hopkins A M , Filipović M D , Andernach H , van Loon J Th , Michałowski M J , Bordiu C , An T , Buemi C , Carretti E , Collier J D , Joseph T , Koribalski B S , Kothes R , Loru S , McConnell D , Pommier M , Sciacca E , Schillirò F , Vitello F , Warhurst K , Whiting M 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We present observations of a region of the Galactic plane taken during the Early Science Program of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). In this context, we observed the scorpio field at 912 MHz with an uncompleted array consisting of 15 commissioned antennas. The resulting map covers a square region of ∼40 deg2, centred on (l, b) = (343.5°, 0.75°), with a synthesized beam of 24 × 21 arcsec2 and a background rms noise of 150–200 μJy beam−1, increasing to 500–600 μJy beam−1 close to the Galactic plane. A total of 3963 radio sources were detected and characterized in the field using the caesar source finder. We obtained differential source counts in agreement with previously published data after correction for source extraction and characterization uncertainties, estimated from simulated data. The ASKAP positional and flux density scale accuracy were also investigated through comparison with previous surveys (MGPS, NVSS) and additional observations of the scorpio field, carried out with ATCA at 2.1 GHz and 10 arcsec spatial resolution. These allowed us to obtain a measurement of the spectral index for a subset of the catalogued sources and an estimated fraction of (at least) 8 per cent of resolved sources in the reported catalogue. We cross-matched our catalogued sources with different astronomical data bases to search for possible counterparts, finding ∼150 associations to known Galactic objects. Finally, we explored a multiparametric approach for classifying previously unreported Galactic sources based on their radio-infrared colours.
Non-thermal neutrinos created by shock acceleration in successful and failed core-collapse supernova
Authors: Nagakura Hiroki , Hotokezaka Kenta 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive study of neutrino shock acceleration in core-collapse supernova (CCSN). The leading players are heavy leptonic neutrinos, νμ and ντ; the former and latter potentially gain the energy up to ∼100 and ∼200 MeV, respectively, through the shock acceleration. Demonstrating the neutrino shock acceleration by Monte Carlo neutrino transport, we make a statement that it commonly occurs in the early post-bounce phase (≲50 ms after bounce) for all massive stellar collapse experiencing nuclear bounce and would reoccur in the late phase (≳100 ms) for failed CCSNe. This opens up a new possibility to detect high energy neutrinos by terrestrial detectors from Galactic CCSNe; hence, we estimate the event counts for Hyper(Super)-Kamiokande, DUNE, and JUNO. We find that the event count with the energy of ≳80 MeV is a few orders of magnitude higher than that of the thermal neutrinos regardless of the detectors, and muon production may also happen in these detectors by νμ with the energy of ≳100 MeV. The neutrino signals provide a precious information on deciphering the inner dynamics of CCSN and placing a constraint on the physics of neutrino oscillation; indeed, the detection of the high energy neutrinos through charged current reaction channels will be a smoking gun evidence of neutrino flavour conversion.
Functional Diversification, Redundancy, and Epistasis among Paralogs of the Drosophila melanogaster Obp50a–d Gene Cluster
Authors: Johnstun Joel A , Shankar Vijay , Mokashi Sneha S , Sunkara Lakshmi T , Ihearahu Ugonna E , Lyman Roberta L , Mackay Trudy F C , Anholt Robert R H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Large multigene families, such as the insect odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), are thought to arise through functional diversification after repeated gene duplications. Whereas many OBPs function in chemoreception, members of this family are also expressed in tissues outside chemosensory organs. Paralogs of the Obp50 gene cluster are expressed in metabolic and male reproductive tissues, but their functions and interrelationships remain unknown. Here, we report the genetic dissection of four members of the Obp50 cluster, which are in close physical proximity without intervening genes. We used CRISPR technology to excise the entire cluster while introducing a PhiC31 reintegration site to reinsert constructs in which different combinations of the constituent Obp genes were either intact or rendered inactive. We performed whole transcriptome sequencing and assessed sexually dimorphic changes in transcript abundances (transcriptional niches) associated with each gene-edited genotype. Using this approach, we were able to estimate redundancy, additivity, diversification, and epistasis among Obp50 paralogs. We analyzed the effects of gene editing of this cluster on organismal phenotypes and found a significant skewing of sex ratios attributable to Obp50a, and sex-specific effects on starvation stress resistance attributable to Obp50d. Thus, there is functional diversification within the Obp50 cluster with Obp50a contributing to development and Obp50d to stress resistance. The deletion–reinsertion approach we applied to the Obp50 cluster provides a general paradigm for the genetic dissection of paralogs of multigene families.
A non-radioactive, improved PAR-CLIP and small RNA cDNA library preparation protocol
Authors: Anastasakis Dimitrios G , Jacob Alexis , Konstantinidou Parthena , Meguro Kazuyuki , Claypool Duncan , Cekan Pavol , Haase Astrid D , Hafner Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) methods are powerful techniques to interrogate direct protein-RNA interactions and dissect posttranscriptional gene regulatory networks. One widely used CLIP variant is photoactivatable ribonucleoside enhanced CLIP (PAR-CLIP) that involves in vivo labeling of nascent RNAs with the photoreactive nucleosides 4-thiouridine (4SU) or 6-thioguanosine (6SG), which can efficiently crosslink to interacting proteins using UVA and UVB light. Crosslinking of 4SU or 6SG to interacting amino acids changes their base-pairing properties and results in characteristic mutations in cDNA libraries prepared for high-throughput sequencing, which can be computationally exploited to remove abundant background from non-crosslinked sequences and help pinpoint RNA binding protein binding sites at nucleotide resolution on a transcriptome-wide scale. Here we present a streamlined protocol for fluorescence-based PAR-CLIP (fPAR-CLIP) that eliminates the need to use radioactivity. It is based on direct ligation of a fluorescently labeled adapter to the 3′end of crosslinked RNA on immobilized ribonucleoproteins, followed by isolation of the adapter-ligated RNA and efficient conversion into cDNA without the previously needed size fractionation on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. These improvements cut the experimentation by half to 2 days and increases sensitivity by 10–100-fold.
Using datasets to ascertain the generalizability of clinical cohorts: the example of the European QUALity study on the treatment of advanced chronic kidney disease
Authors: Rao Anirudh , MacNeill Stephanie J , van de Luijtgaarden Moniek W M , Chesnaye Nicholas C , Drechsler Christiane , Wanner Chistoph , Torino Claudia , Postorino Maurizio , Szymczak Maciej , Evans Marie , Dekker Friedo W , Jager Kitty J , Ben-Shlomo Yoav , Caskey Fergus J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundCohort studies are among the most robust of observational studies but have issues with external validity. This study assesses threats to external validity (generalizability) in the European QUALity (EQUAL) study, a cohort study of people &gt;65 years of age with Stage 4/5 chronic kidney disease.MethodsPatients meeting the EQUAL inclusion criteria were identified in The Health Improvement Network database and stratified into those attending renal units, a secondary care cohort (SCC) and a not primary care cohort (PCC). Survival, progression to renal replacement therapy (RRT) and hospitalization were compared.ResultsThe analysis included 250, 633 and 2464 patients in EQUAL, PCC and SCC. EQUAL had a higher proportion of men compared with PCC and SCC (60.0% versus 34.8% versus 51.4%). Increasing age ≥85 years {odds ratio [OR] 0.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15–0.40]} and comorbidity [Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥4, OR 0.69 (95% CI 0.52–0.91)] were associated with non-participation in EQUAL. EQUAL had a higher proportion of patients starting RRT at 1 year compared with SCC (8.1% versus 2.1%; P &lt; 0.001). Patients in the PCC and SCC had increased risk of hospitalization [incidence rate ratio 1.76 (95% CI 1.27–2.47) and 2.13 (95% CI 1.59–2.86)] and mortality at 1 year [hazard ratio 3.48 (95% CI 2.1–5.7) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.1–2.7)] compared with EQUAL.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of how participants in a cohort study can differ from the broader population of patients, which is essential when considering external validity and application to local practice.
The Shifting Life Course Patterns of Wage Inequality
Authors: Cheng Siwei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPrior inequality literature has mainly focused on the period trends of inequality. This paper advances this literature by adopting a cohort approach to examine the age and cohort patterns of wage inequality. Employing a trajectory-based analytic framework to analyze almost 50 years of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I found that the life course patterns of inequality among American men have shifted across cohorts on both aggregate level and microlevel. The cumulative wage advantage associated with higher educational attainment has become more important across cohorts. Wage volatility has increased from earlier to later cohorts and the trend varies by age. The increase in volatility occurred first among mid-career workers and then among early-career workers. Additional analysis suggests that these cohort shifts differ by educational and occupational groups. The findings highlight the value of a cohort and life course approach for studying the process of social stratification.
The Value of Obtaining Colonic Mucosal Biopsies of Grossly Normal Tissue in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Glass Joshua , Alcalá Héctor E. , Tobin Michelle 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
Current practice during pediatric colonoscopy is to obtain random colonic biopsies, even from normal appearing tissue. The majority of literature published on colonic biopsy practice analyzes adults; however, limited data examines the pediatric population. The lack of standardization regarding tissue sampling during pediatric colonoscopy reinforces the necessity to study this question objectively. The aim of the present study was to assess the value of obtaining mucosal biopsies from grossly normal colonic tissue.

Methods:
A retrospective study was performed to examine the utility of obtaining colonic biopsies from normal appearing tissue. Subjects included patients who underwent colonoscopy during a 2-year period. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models were used to determine endoscopic and histologic agreement and to characterize predictors of agreement.

Results:
The predictive value of agreement between normal appearing colonoscopies (n = 237) and histopathology was 81%. Excluding patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) increased the predictive value to 85%. Two and a half percent of grossly normal colonoscopies had histological findings consistent with newly diagnosed IBD. Predictors of normal histology included abdominal pain (odds ratio [OR] 3.68, 95% CI 1.84–7.37), whereas a known diagnosis of IBD was predictive of abnormal histology (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08–0.67). Among the full sample, elevated inflammatory markers (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.06–3.86) or fatigue (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.13–5.94) were predictive of abnormal histology.

Conclusions:
Results suggest that colonic biopsies may not need to be routinely obtained from all pediatric colonoscopies, particularly in those patients with complaints of abdominal pain. Biopsies should continue to be obtained from patients with a known diagnosis of IBD, elevated inflammatory markers, or fatigue. Further studies are needed to standardize protocols for biopsy practice in pediatric colonoscopy.