bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Recruitment Strategies for a Sickle Cell Patient Registry Across Sites from the Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium (SCDIC)
Authors: Masese Rita V. , DeMartino Terri , Bonnabeau Emily , Burns Ebony N. , Preiss Liliana , Varughese Taniya , Nocek Judith M. , Lasley Patricia , Chen Yumei , Davila Caroline , Nwosu Chinonyelum , Scott Samantha , Bowman Latanya , Gordon Lauren , Clesca Cindy , Peters-Lawrence Marlene , Melvin Cathy , Shah Nirmish , Tanabe Paula ,   SCD Implementation Consortium
Published: October 2020

AbstractSickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder predominantly affecting people of African descent and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To improve SCD outcomes, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute funded eight centers to participate in the SCD Implementation Consortium. Sites were required to each recruit 300 individuals with SCD, over 20 months. We aim to describe recruitment strategies and challenges encountered. Participants aged 15–45 years with confirmed diagnosis of SCD were eligible. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the effectiveness of each recruitment strategy. A total of 2432 participants were recruited. Majority (95.3%) were African American. Successful strategies were recruitment from clinics (68.1%) and affiliated sites (15.6%). Recruitment at community events, emergency departments and pain centers had the lowest yield. Challenges included saturation of strategies and time constraints. Effective recruitment of participants in multi-site studies requires multiple strategies to achieve adequate sample sizes.
Betreuungsbedürfnisse von Patienten mit Übergewicht und Adipositas in der Hausarztpraxis – Ergebnisse einer Interviewstudie
Authors: Wangler Julian , Jansky Michael 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundHausärzten wird große Bedeutung zugeschrieben, wenn es darum geht, übergewichtige und adipöse Patienten zu beraten und zu managen. Auf Basis eines langfristigen Arzt-Patient-Verhältnisses bieten sich Allgemeinmedizinern vielfältige Handlungsmöglichkeiten, um Übergewichtsproblematiken zu behandeln.Ziel der ArbeitDie Studie geht der Frage nach, welche Erfahrungen übergewichtige und Adipositaspatienten mit der hausärztlichen Betreuung gemacht haben und welche Bedürfnisse sie an Hausärzte herantragen. Mithilfe der Ergebnisse werden Ansatzpunkte für eine Optimierung des primärärztlichen Settings bestimmt.Material und MethodenÜber 12 Online-Gesundheitsforen wurden insgesamt 16 von Übergewicht betroffene Personen rekrutiert, mit denen zwischen September 2019 und April 2020 qualitative Interviews geführt wurden.ErgebnisseDie Interviewten sehen den Hausarzt als zentralen Ansprechpartner zur Beratung und Unterstützung bei Gewichtsproblemen an. Der Rat des Hausarztes wird mit einer erhöhten Bereitschaft verbunden, sich mit der Verringerung des eigenen Gewichts zu befassen. Dennoch zeigen sich aus Sicht der Befragten verbreitete Schwachpunkte: 1) beiläufige oder verzögerte Feststellung von Übergewicht, 2) Ausbleiben einer kontinuierlichen Gewichtsberatung, 3) keine Vereinbarung von konkreten Zielen, 4) fehlende Verweise auf Hilfsangebote, 5) unsensible Gesprächsführung. Nur ein Teil der Interviewten, die ihr Gewicht nachhaltig verringern konnten, führt diese Erfolge auf die hausärztliche Unterstützung zurück.DiskussionHausärzte sollten bestärkt werden, Übergewicht konsequent zu thematisieren. Zudem sollten konkrete, realistische Empfehlungen zur Gewichtsabnahme formuliert werden. Dabei ist eine kontinuierliche, motivierende Gesprächsführung entscheidend. Anzuregen wäre zudem eine fokussierte Ernährungs- und Bewegungsberatung in der Hausarztpraxis. Hausärzte sollten Patienten je nach Bedarf in ein Netzwerk weiterer Hilfen einbinden. Die Entwicklung hausarztkonformer Versorgungsstrukturen zum Adipositasmanagement sollte vorangetrieben werden.
Legitimacy challenges to the liberal world order: Evidence from United Nations speeches, 1970–2018
Authors: Kentikelenis Alexander , Voeten Erik 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe liberal international economic order has been facing high-profile legitimacy challenges in recent years. This article puts these challenges in historical context through a systematic analysis of rhetorical challenges towards both the order per se and specific global economic institutions. Drawing on Albert Hirschman’s classic typology of exit, voice and loyalty, we coded leaders’ speeches in the General Debate at the UN General Assembly between 1970 and 2018 as articulating intentions to abandon elements of the order, challenges or calls for reform, unequivocal support, or factual mentions of cooperation. Surprisingly, we find that explicit criticisms towards the liberal order are at an all-time low and that exit threats remain rare. An analysis of the historical evolution of criticisms to global economic institutions reveals a move away from the Cold War insider-outsider conflict towards insider contestation. For example, we find that as countries’ economies become more open, their leaders expressed more support for global economic institutions during the Cold War but less support since. Finally, we demonstrate consistency between the public policy positions leaders announce in UNGA General Debate speeches and their government positions on consequential reform debates on debt relief.
Establishment of long-term ostracod epidermal culture
Authors: Morgan Siân R. , Paletto Laura , Rumney Benjamin , Malik Farhana T. , White Nick , Lewis Philip N. , Parker Andrew R. , Holden Simon , Meek Keith M. , Albon Julie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrimary crustacean cell culture was introduced in the 1960s, but to date limited cell lines have been established. Skogsbergia lerneri is a myodocopid ostracod, which has a body enclosed within a thin, durable, transparent bivalved carapace, through which the eye can see. The epidermal layer lines the inner surface of the carapace and is responsible for carapace synthesis. The purpose of the present study was to develop an in vitro epidermal tissue and cell culture method for S. lerneri. First, an optimal environment for the viability of this epidermal tissue was ascertained, while maintaining its cell proliferative capacity. Next, a microdissection technique to remove the epidermal layer for explant culture was established and finally, a cell dissociation method for epidermal cell culture was determined. Maintenance of sterility, cell viability and proliferation were key throughout these processes. This novel approach for viable S. lerneri epidermal tissue and cell culture augments our understanding of crustacean cell biology and the complex biosynthesis of the ostracod carapace. In addition, these techniques have great potential in the fields of biomaterial manufacture, the military and fisheries, for example, in vitro toxicity testing.
Synthesis and Characterization of 12CaO·7Al2O3 Slags: The Effects of Impurities and Atmospheres on the Phase Relations
Authors: Azof Fabian Imanasa , Tang Kai , You Jinglin , Safarian Jafar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Synthesis of crystalline slags of 12CaO·7Al2O3 phase from the corresponding melt compositions in different atmospheric conditions and different purities is investigated. Observations using a thermogravimetry coupled with differential thermal analysis showed that the dehydration of a zeolitic 12CaO·7Al2O3 phase occur at 770 °C to 1390 °C before it congruently melts at 1450 °C. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the slag showed that a single 12CaO·7Al2O3 phase is produced from a mixture, which has small SiO2 impurity with a 49:51 mass ratio of CaO to Al2O3. A scanning electron microscope and electron probe micro-analyzer showed that a minor Ca-Al-Si-O-containing phase is in equilibrium with a grain-less 12CaO·7Al2O3 phase. Moreover, 12CaO·7Al2O3 is unstable at room temperature when the high-purity molten slag is solidified under oxidizing conditions contained in an alumina crucible. On the other hand, a high-temperature in-situ Raman spectroscopy of a slag that was made of a higher purity CaO-Al2O3 mixture showed that 5CaO·3Al2O3 phase is an unstable/intermediate phase in the the CaO-Al2O3 system, which is decomposed to 12CaO·7Al2O3 above 1100 °C upon heating in oxidizing conditions. It was found that 5CaO·3Al2O3 is present at room temperature when the 12CaO·7Al2O3 dissociates to a mixture of 5CaO·3Al2O3, 3CaO·Al2O3, and CaO·Al2O3 phases during the cooling of the slag at 1180 °C ± 20 °C in reducing atmosphere. It is proposed that low concentrations of Si stabilize 12CaO·7Al2O3 (mayenite), in which Si is a solid solution in its lattice, which is named Si-mayenite. Regarding the calculated CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 diagram in this study, this phase may contain a maximum of 4.7 wt pct SiO2, which depends on the total SiO2 in the system and the Ca/Al ratio.
Radial head fractures in young, active patients
Authors: Larsen Christopher G. , Fitzgerald Michael J. , Greenberg Andrew S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe radial head is an important stabilizer of the elbow joint. Radial head fractures are commonly associated with additional injuries to the ligamentous structures of the elbow and can significantly compromise elbow stability. Young patients with radial head fractures are more likely to be male and present after a high-energy mechanism of injury. While not perfect, the Mason classification is the most commonly used classification system and can help to guide the management of radial head fractures. Type I fractures are nondisplaced or minimally displaced (less than 2 mm) and are treated nonoperatively with early mobilization. Type II fractures, which are displaced 2–5 mm, can be treated nonoperatively or with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Type III fractures are comminuted and are most often treated with ORIF or with radial head arthroplasty (RHA). Treatment of fractures with an associated elbow dislocation (Mason type IV) is also with ORIF or RHA depending on the degree of comminution. For all of these injuries, assessment and treatment of associated ligamentous injuries are necessary in conjunction with treatment of the bony injury. Despite a significant body of literature available on radial head fractures, there is controversy regarding the optimal management of type II, III, and IV fractures, especially in young, active patients. Common complications following radial head fractures include stiffness, instability, and posttraumatic osteoarthritis; as such, these injuries can lead to significant disability in young, active patients if not managed appropriately.
Predictors of avascular necrosis of the trochlea after pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures
Authors: Ott N. , Hackl M. , Leschinger T. , Wegmann K. , Müller L. P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are the most common type of elbow fractures in childhood. Due to the potential risk of severe complications, trauma surgeons should address them with caution. Avascular necrosis of the trochlea presents a rare but oftentimes disabling complication and should not be underestimated. The aim of the present study was to identify possible predictors of avascular necrosis of the trochlea following pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures.

Methods
We reviewed the available body of literature reporting clinical outcomes, complications, and possible predictors of avascular necrosis of the trochlea after supracondylar humerus fractures in childhood. Data on patient age, sex, the affected side, fracture classification, treatment, the number of K‑wires, time to surgery, complications, and the time from injury to diagnosis of avascular necrosis were obtained. This study was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results
Eight clinical studies were included, comprising 30 patients with avascular necrosis after supracondylar fractures in childhood. The mean age at the time of injury was 5 years (min. 2; max. 10; SD: 2.8 years). In all, 18 patients (60.0%) were male, 11 (36.7%) were female, and one was unknown (3.3%). Five patients (16.7%) had a Gartland type I, three (10.0%) a type II, and 22 (73.3%) a type III fracture of the distal humerus. Six patients (20.0%) were treated conservatively, whereas 24 patients (80.0%) underwent operative treatment. The mean time from injury to diagnosis of avascular necrosis was 33 months (min. 4; max. 84; SD: 24.5 months).

Conclusion
The available literature on avascular necrosis of the trochlea following pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures is limited. While it can occur in any supracondylar fracture, fracture displacement may be considered a risk factor.
Localized Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Risk Factors of Post-surgical Relapse and Role of Postoperative Radiotherapy
Authors: Caparrotti Francesca , Troussier Idriss , Ali Abdirahman , Zilli Thomas 
Published: October 2020

Opinion statementThe mainstay treatment of localized non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is surgical excision or Mohs surgery. However, approximately 5% of patients with NMSC harbor high-risk clinicopathologic features for loco-regional recurrence, and distant metastasis. Prognostic factors such as close or positive margins, tumor size ≥ 2 cm, poor tumor differentiation, perineural invasion, depth of invasion, and immunosuppression have all been associated with increased loco-regional recurrence and impaired survival rates. In these patients more aggressive treatments are needed and radiotherapy (RT) is often discussed as adjuvant therapy after surgical resection. Due to the retrospective setting and the heterogeneity of the available studies, indications for adjuvant RT in patients with localized resected NMSC harboring high-risk features remain debated. Studies highlighting the limitations of our current understanding of the independent prognosis of each risk factor are needed to better define the role of adjuvant RT on outcome of localized NMSC and standardize its indications in the clinical setting.
Do Women with Diabetes Need More Intensive Action for Cardiovascular Reduction than Men with Diabetes?
Authors: Harreiter Jürgen , Fadl Helena , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Simmons David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis narrative review makes the case for greater efforts to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women with diabetes.Recent FindingsIn a recent meta-analysis including five CVOTs of diabetes medications with 46,606 subjects, women (vs men) with type 2 diabetes had a higher relative risk for stroke (RR 1.28; 95% CI 1.09, 1.50) and heart failure (1.30; 1.21, 1.40). Prior studies found higher “within-gender” RR for CVD mortality in women with diabetes although men have an absolute higher risk. Women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a 2-fold higher CVD risk than the background population. Worse CVD and CVD risk factor management in women, as well as lower female therapy adherence, contribute further to these disparities.SummaryThe mechanism behind this excess risk includes biological, hormonal, socioeconomic, clinical, and behavioral factors that still require further investigation. The need for more intensive CVD reduction in women now includes more attention to screening for both incident diabetes and CVD risk factors among high-risk women.
Hypothetical Pathway for Formation of Cholesterol Microcrystals Initiating the Atherosclerotic Process
Authors: Subczynski Witold K. , Pasenkiewicz-Gierula Marta 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMajor factors leading to the development of atherosclerosis are a high cholesterol (Chol) level in the blood and oxidative stress. Both promote the formation of Chol microcrystals in blood vessel walls. Deposition of Chol microcrystals in arterial intima causes inflammation, which initiates and accompanies the atherosclerotic process in all its phases. One of the possible sources of Chol in the blood vessel walls is oxidized low-density lipoproteins—this atherosclerotic plaque formation pathway has already been described in the literature. Here, we hypothesize that initiation of the atherosclerotic process may involve Chol domains in the plasma membranes of arterial cells. Increased Chol content and the presence of polyunsaturated phospholipids in these membranes together with oxidative stress (phospholipid peroxidation) may lead to the formation of pure Chol bilayer domains that, with further peroxidation and increased Chol content, may collapse in the form of Chol seed crystals. Independent of their origin, Chol microcrystals activate inflammasomes, thereby stimulate immune responses, and initiate inflammation that may lead to the development of atherosclerosis. This new, hypothetical pathway has not yet been investigated in depth; however, data from the literature and our own results support its feasibility.
1HN, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments of the Clostridioides difficile receptor binding domain 2 (CDTb, residues 757–876)
Authors: Cook Mary E. , Varney Kristen M. , Godoy-Ruiz Raquel , Weber David J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractClostridioides difficile is a bacterial pathogen responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections in the developed world. C. difficile infection (CDI) is difficult to treat in many cases because hypervirulent strains have evolved that contain a third toxin, termed the C. difficile toxin (CDT), in addition to the two enterotoxins TcdA and TcdB. CDT is a binary toxin comprised of an enzymatic, ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) toxin component, CDTa, and a pore-forming or delivery subunit, CDTb. In the absence of CDTa, CDTb assembles into two distinct di-heptameric states, a symmetric and an asymmetric form with both states having two surface-accessible host cell receptor-binding domains, termed RBD1 and RBD2. RBD1 has a unique amino acid sequence, when aligned to other well-studied binary toxins (i.e., anthrax), and it contains a novel Ca2+-binding site important for CDTb stability. The other receptor binding domain, RBD2, is critically important for CDT toxicity, and a domain such as this is missing altogether in other binary toxins and shows further that CDT is unique when compared to other binary toxins. In this study, the 1H, 13C, and 15N backbone and sidechain resonances of the 120 amino acid RBD2 domain of CDTb (residues 757–876) were assigned sequence-specifically and provide a framework for future NMR-based drug discovery studies directed towards targeting the most virulent strains of CDI.
Multidimensional Child Poverty in Ghana: Measurements, Determinants, and Inequalities
Authors: Agyire-Tettey Frank , Asuman Derek , Ackah Charles Godfred , Tsiboe-Darko Antoinette 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEarly childhood deprivations and inequalities have social and economic implications in adulthood and thus, their elimination is essential for child development. However, child-level estimates of poverty are rare in low income countries. Using data from two recent rounds of the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, we measure the extent and sources of childhood deprivations in Ghana and examine subgroup differentials in child poverty. In addition, we examine the child quality-quantity by estimating the causal relationship between number of children and child poverty. Finally, we assess the sources of rural-urban inequalities in child poverty. We find that despite declining incidence and intensity of multidimensional child poverty, significant subgroup differentials persist in Ghana. The findings of the paper reveal that living standards is the main contributor to multidimensional poverty in early childhood in Ghana. Our findings also confirm a significant causal relationship between child quality and quantity in Ghana, there exist a positive relationship between the number of children and the intensity of child poverty in Ghana. Finally, we find that rural-urban inequalities in child multidimensional poverty in Ghana are attributable to differences in observed maternal and household characteristics between rural and urban areas. The persistence of subgroup disparities in child poverty may be detrimental to achieving equitable and inclusive growth in the country. There is the need for considerations of equity, fairness and social justice in the distribution and development of social services and economic infrastructure to ensure even distribution of social and economic opportunities and promote social mobility across groups.
Degenerate Elastic Networks
Authors: Del Nin Giacomo , Pluda Alessandra , Pozzetta Marco 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe minimize a linear combination of the length and the $$L^2$$

L
2

-norm of the curvature among networks in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$

R

d

belonging to a given class determined by the number of curves, the order of the junctions, and the angles between curves at the junctions. Since this class lacks compactness, we characterize the set of limits of sequences of networks bounded in energy, providing an explicit representation of the relaxed problem. This is expressed in terms of the new notion of degenerate elastic networks that, rather surprisingly, involves only the properties of the given class, without reference to the curvature. In the case of $$d=2$$

d
=
2

we also give an equivalent description of degenerate elastic networks by means of a combinatorial definition easy to validate by a finite algorithm. Moreover we provide examples, counterexamples, and additional results that motivate our study and show the sharpness of our characterization.
Lipid-rich Plaques Detected by Near-infrared Spectroscopy Are More Frequently Exposed to High Shear Stress
Authors: Hartman Eline M. J. , De Nisco Giuseppe , Kok Annette M. , Hoogendoorn Ayla , Coenen Adriaan , Mastik Frits , Korteland Suze-Anne , Nieman Koen , Gijsen Frank J. H. , van der Steen Anton F. W. , Daemen Joost , Wentzel Jolanda J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHigh wall shear stress (WSS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) detected lipid-rich plaque (LRP) are both known to be associated with plaque destabilization and future adverse cardiovascular events. However, knowledge of spatial co-localization of LRP and high WSS is lacking. This study investigated the co-localization of LRP based on NIRS and high WSS. Fifty-three patients presenting acute coronary syndrome underwent NIRS-intravascular-ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS) imaging of a non-culprit coronary artery. WSS was obtained using WSS profiling in 3D-reconstructions of the coronary arteries based on fusion of IVUS-segmented lumen and CT-derived 3D-centerline. Thirty-eight vessels were available for final analysis and divided into 0.5 mm/45° sectors. LRP sectors, as identified by NIRS, were more often colocalized with high WSS than sectors without LRP. Moreover, there was a dose-dependent relationship between lipid content and high WSS exposure. This study is a first step in understanding the evolution of LRPs to vulnerable plaques.