bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Energetics in Patients With Aortic Stenosis and Preserved Versus Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Peterzan Mark A. , Clarke William T. , Lygate Craig A. , Lake Hannah A. , Lau Justin Y.C. , Miller Jack J. , Johnson Errin , Rayner Jennifer J. , Hundertmark Moritz J. , Sayeed Rana , Petrou Mario , Krasopoulos George , Srivastava Vivek , Neubauer Stefan , Rodgers Christopher T. , Rider Oliver J. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Why some but not all patients with severe aortic stenosis (SevAS) develop otherwise unexplained reduced systolic function is unclear. We investigate the hypothesis that reduced creatine kinase (CK) capacity and flux is associated with this transition.

Methods:

We recruited 102 participants to 5 groups: moderate aortic stenosis (ModAS) (n=13), SevAS, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction ≥55% (SevAS-preserved ejection fraction, n=37), SevAS, LV ejection fraction <55% (SevAS-reduced ejection fraction, n=15), healthy volunteers with nonhypertrophied hearts with normal systolic function (normal healthy volunteer, n=30), and patients with nonhypertrophied, non–pressure-loaded hearts with normal systolic function undergoing cardiac surgery and donating LV biopsy (non–pressure-loaded heart biopsy, n=7). All underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and
31
P magnetic resonance spectroscopy for myocardial energetics. LV biopsies (AS and non–pressure-loaded heart biopsy) were analyzed for CK total activity, CK isoforms, citrate synthase activity, and total creatine. Mitochondria-sarcomere diffusion distances were calculated by using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy.

Results:

In the absence of failure, CK flux was lower in the presence of AS (by 32%,
P
=0.04), driven primarily by reduction in phosphocreatine/ATP (by 17%,
P
<0.001), with CK
k

f

unchanged (
P
=0.46). Although lowest in the SevAS-reduced ejection fraction group, CK flux was not different from the SevAS-preserved ejection fraction group (
P
>0.99). Accompanying the fall in CK flux, total CK and citrate synthase activities and the absolute activities of mitochondrial-type CK and CK-MM isoforms were also lower (
P
<0.02, all analyses). Median mitochondria-sarcomere diffusion distances correlated well with CK total activity (
r
=0.86,
P
=0.003).

Conclusions:
Total CK capacity is reduced in SevAS, with median values lowest in those with systolic failure, consistent with reduced energy supply reserve. Despite this, in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of resting CK flux suggest that ATP delivery is reduced earlier, at the moderate AS stage, where LV function remains preserved. These findings show that significant energetic impairment is already established in moderate AS and suggest that a fall in CK flux is not by itself a necessary cause of transition to systolic failure. However, because ATP demands increase with AS severity, this could increase susceptibility to systolic failure. As such, targeting CK capacity and flux may be a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat systolic failure in AS.
Early Administration of Adrenaline for Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ran Liyu , Liu Jinglun , Tanaka Hideharu , Hubble Michael W. , Hiroshi Takyu , Huang Wei 
Published: May 2020

Background
The use of adrenaline in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients is still controversial. This study aimed to determine the effects of early pre‐hospital adrenaline administration in OHCA patients.

Methods and Results

PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library database were searched from study inception to February 2019 to identify studies that reported OHCA patients who received adrenaline. The primary outcome was survival to discharge, and the secondary outcomes were return of spontaneous circulation, favorable neurological outcome, and survival to hospital admission. A total of 574 392 patients were included from 24 studies. The use of early pre‐hospital adrenaline administration in OHCA patients was associated with a significant increase in survival to discharge (risk ratio [RR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.45–1.83;
P
<0.001) and return of spontaneous circulation (RR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.36–1.67;
P
<0.001), as well as a favorable neurological outcome (RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.73–2.52;
P
<0.001). Patients with shockable rhythm cardiac arrest had a significantly higher rate of survival to discharge (RR, 5.86; 95% CI, 4.25–8.07;
P
<0.001) and more favorable neurological outcomes (RR, 5.10; 95% CI, 2.90–8.97;
P
<0.001) than non‐shockable rhythm cardiac arrest patients.

Conclusions
Early pre‐hospital administration of adrenaline to OHCA patients might increase the survival to discharge, return of spontaneous circulation, and favorable neurological outcomes.

Registration

URL:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO
; Unique identifier: CRD42019130542.
The Body as Place in Time(s): Concepts of the Female Body in Medieval Japan
Authors: Tan Daniela 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The body reflects the various timescales of human existence, such as physical processes and cosmological patterns.
This paper seeks to demonstrate conceptualizations of the female body in medieval Japan, using source texts specifically concerned with menstruation. Its investigative use of medical, religious and literary sources serves to address a variety of the dimensions of human existence. Medical writings such as the 14th century Man‘anpō and the Toni‘shō, both compiled by the monk physician Kajiwara Shōzen, deal with the female cycle as a physical phenomenon in correlation with natural cyclical patterns. The female cycle is not only connected to questions of reproduction and sexuality, but also to larger scale cosmological time frames, such as the cycle of the moon or the tides. Instructions given for the treatment of irregularities, along with preventive measures, take into consideration the large-scale time frame in resonance with the micro-level of the body.
Medical knowledge is complemented by religious texts, such as the Blood Bowl Sutra (Ketsubonkyō), that contextualize the perception of the female body within a religious dimension. The Buddhist worldview that permeates medical and literary texts of this era is also reflected in ideas about the female body. The varying physical, cosmological and religious chronomorphologies of the body reflect a multiplicity of time frames in medieval Japan.
Time and the Hydroelectric Dam
Authors: Murphy Kieran M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The hydroelectric dam is an interface in which contrasting temporalities converge and undergo transformation. Its massive wall sits at the center of operations where age-old ecosystems clash with rapid modernization, white water turns into a placid lake, and dynamos convert the lake’s gravitational pull into high-voltage electrical current. The hydroelectric dam exploits and exacerbates differences among the temporalities distinguishing these operations to generate power. In doing so, it has rendered the variance of time more perceptible. To support this claim I focus on the iconic Hoover Dam and on the works of Oskar J. W. Hansen, Joan Didion, Allen Tupper True, Francis Ponge and Fabrice Gobert. The main themes I examine in their works pertain to the notion of temporal interface and to the conceptions of deep, nested and haunted time.
On the Performance of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme Driven by the ERA5 Reanalysis over the Canadian Boreal Forest
Authors: Alves M. , Nadeau D. F. , Music B. , Anctil F. , Parajuli A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) has been applied over the years in coupled and uncoupled (offline) modes at local, regional, and global scales using various forcing datasets. In this study, CLASS is applied at a local scale in the offline configuration to evaluate its performance when driven by the ERA5 reanalysis. Simulated surface energy fluxes, as well as several other water balance components, are investigated at four sites across the Canadian boreal biome. The results from CLASS driven by ERA5 (CLASS-RNL) are compared with available in situ measurements, as well as with results from CLASS driven by observations (CLASS-CTL). Additional simulations are conducted to evaluate the effects of biases in the ERA5 precipitation, where CLASS is forced by ERA5 data, but with ERA5 precipitation being replaced by observed precipitation (CLASS-RNL-ObsP). The results show that simulated surface variables in CLASS-RNL are in good agreement with observations as well as with those simulated in CLASS-CTL. The CLASS-RNL captures well the observed annual cycles of the surface energy and water fluxes, as well as the year-to-year variation of snow depth, soil temperature, and soil moisture. A strong correlation is found between the observed and CLASS-RNL simulated snow depth and soil temperature. Biases in the ERA5 precipitation did not affect the simulation of soil state variables, whereas the simulated surface heat and water fluxes, as well as the snow depth, were significantly affected. For instance, the simulated runoff in CLASS-RNL is much higher than in CLASS-RNL-ObsP and CLASS-CTL at the most humid sites due to significant positive bias in ERA5 precipitation.
Computed tomography manifestations in super early stage 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia
Authors: Hu Shan , Li Zhen , Chen Xu , Liang Chang-Hong 
Published: May 2020

Background The recent outbreak of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, PR China, was caused by a novel beta coronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Purpose To summarize chest computed tomography (CT) manifestations of the early stage of COVID-19 infection and provide a piece of reliable imaging evidence for initial screening and diagnosis. Material and Methods From 10 January 2020 to 10 February 2020, we continuously observed chest CT imaging of 14 patients with clinically suspected new coronavirus infection in the two weeks after onset of symptoms. Ground-glass opacity (GGO), consolidation, reticular pattern, and ground-glass mimic nodules in each patient’s chest CT image were recorded. Results We enrolled 14 patients, of which nine patients had the infection confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Five patients were highly suspected of infection. All cases had epidemiological evidence. GGO was a dominant imaging manifestation in the initial days of infection. GGO performance accounts for 40% in 1– 2 days, 90% in 3– 6 days, and 85% in 7– 10 days. With disease progression, consolidation appeared on follow-up CT. Consolidation performance accounts for 0% in 1– 2 days, 40% in 3– 6 days, and 71% in 7– 10 days. The lesions are mostly near the pleura. The number of lesions and the extent of the lesions increased as the disease progressed. Conclusion Patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia have characteristic CT features in the initial stage of infection, which can be used as an essential supplement for nucleic acid examination.
The effect of using fecal testing after a negative sigmoidoscopy on the risk of death from colorectal cancer
Authors: Doubeni Chyke A , Corley Douglas A , Jensen Christopher D , Schottinger Joanne E , Lee Jeffery K , Ghai Nirupa R , Levin Theodore R , Zhao Wei K , Saia Chelsea A , Wainwright Jocelyn V , Mehta Shivan J , Selby Kevin , Doria-Rose V. Paul , Zauber Ann G , Fletcher Robert H , Weiss Noel S 
Published: May 2020

Objective To examine whether receiving a fecal occult blood test after a negative sigmoidoscopy reduced mortality from colorectal cancer. Methods We used a nested case–control design with incidence-density matching in historical cohorts of 1,877,740 50–90-year-old persons during 2006–2012, in an integrated health-system setting. We selected 1758 average risk patients who died from colorectal cancer and 3503 matched colorectal cancer-free persons. Colorectal cancer-specific death was ascertained from cancer and mortality registries. Screening histories were determined from electronic and chart–audit clinical data in the 5- to 10-year period prior to the reference date. We evaluated receipt of subsequent fecal occult blood test within five years of the reference date among patients with negative sigmoidoscopy two to six years before the reference date. Results Of the 5261 patients, 831 patients (204 colorectal cancer deaths/627 controls) had either negative sigmoidoscopy only ( n = 592) or negative sigmoidoscopy with subsequent screening fecal occult blood test ( n = 239). Fifty-six (27.5%) of the 204 patients dying of colorectal cancer and 183 (29.2%) of the 627 colorectal cancer-free patients received fecal occult blood test following a negative sigmoidoscopy. Conditional regressions found no significant association between fecal occult blood test receipt and colorectal cancer death risk, overall (adjusted odds ratio = 0.93, confidence interval: 0.65–1.33), or for right (odds ratio = 1.02, confidence interval: 0.65–1.60) or left-colon/rectum (odds ratio = 0.77, confidence interval: 0.39–1.52) cancers. Similar results were obtained in sensitivity analyses with alternative exposure ascertainment windows or timing of fecal occult blood test. Conclusions Our results suggest that receipt of at least one fecal occult blood test during the several years after a negative sigmoidoscopy did not substantially reduce mortality from colorectal cancer.
Student evaluations of teaching (SET): implications for medical education in psychiatry and an approach to evaluating SET and student performance
Authors: Looi Jeffrey C L , Anderson Katrina , Bonner Daniel , Maguire Paul , Reay Rebecca 
Published: May 2020

Objective: We present reflections on student evaluation of teaching (SET) in the context of recent higher educational research that assesses SET, as well as concurrent and/or subsequent student performance. Conclusions: In a sense, there is in-built cynicism in SET, with more favourable SET for easier assessment. There is emerging evidence that SET is inversely proportional to the performance of students in subsequent courses, i.e. the higher the ratings, the poorer the students perform in subsequent studies. It is proposed that SET should be combined with contemporaneous formative and summative assessments of student performance in medical school settings, especially in psychiatry education.
Deep learning segmentation of gadolinium-enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Coronado Ivan , Gabr Refaat E , Narayana Ponnada A 
Published: May 2020

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the performance of deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in segmenting gadolinium-enhancing lesions using a large cohort of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods: A three-dimensional (3D) CNN model was trained for segmentation of gadolinium-enhancing lesions using multispectral magnetic resonance imaging data (MRI) from 1006 relapsing–remitting MS patients. The network performance was evaluated for three combinations of multispectral MRI used as input: (U5) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2-weighted, proton density-weighted, and pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted images; (U2) pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted images; and (U1) only post-contrast T1-weighted images. Segmentation performance was evaluated using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and lesion-wise true-positive (TPR) and false-positive (FPR) rates. Performance was also evaluated as a function of enhancing lesion volume. Results: The DSC/TPR/FPR values averaged over all the enhancing lesion sizes were 0.77/0.90/0.23 using the U5 model. These values for the largest enhancement volumes (>500 mm3) were 0.81/0.97/0.04. For U2, the average DSC/TPR/FPR values were 0.72/0.86/0.31. Comparable performance was observed with U1. For all types of input, the network performance degraded with decreased enhancement size. Conclusion: Excellent segmentation of enhancing lesions was observed for enhancement volume ⩾70 mm3. The best performance was achieved when the input included all five multispectral image sets.
Adjudication of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: SUMMIT trial
Authors: Wise Robert A , Anderson Julie A , Amarenco Pierre , Cowans Nicholas J , Crim Courtney , Denvir Martin A , Gomez Camilo R , Jones Matthew PA , Morris Andrea , Niewoehner Dennis , Yates Julie C 
Published: May 2020

Background: Adjudicated cause-specific mortality has been used in major trials of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, there is less experience with adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events as a key efficacy outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trials. The Study to Understand Mortality and Morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trial required a Clinical Endpoint Committee to adjudicate the outcomes of modified major adverse cardiovascular events and cause-specific mortality. Methods and results: A six-member Clinical Endpoint Committee reviewed adverse event and serious adverse event reports included in a list of 204 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terms. Adverse events were triaged by one Clinical Endpoint Committee member, and then reviewed by three reviewers (round 1). If these three disagreed on the adjudication, the event was discussed by the full committee to reach a consensus (round 2). Among 16,485 participants, 48,105 adverse events were reported, among which 3314 were reviewed by the Clinical Endpoint Committee. After triage, 1827 were adjudicated in round 1; 338 required committee consensus in round 2, yielding 450 myocardial infarctions, strokes, unstable anginas or transient ischaemic attacks. Only 20/1627 (1%) non-serious adverse events were adjudicated as cardiovascular events. Only 45/204 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terms reviewed yielded cardiovascular events. A total of 430 deaths were adjudicated in round 1 and 631 in round 2, yielding 459 cardiovascular deaths. Adjudication of chest pain and sudden death often required additional information from site investigators. Site assessment of cardiovascular death was moderately specific (501/602 = 83%) but not sensitive (256/459 = 56%). Conclusion: A Clinical Endpoint Committee is useful for adjudication of major adverse cardiovascular events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trials but requires considerable resources and effort by investigators. This process can be streamlined by reviewing only serious adverse events and filtering by selected Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terms.
Tracking momentary experience in the evaluation of arts-on-prescription services: using mood changes during art workshops to predict global wellbeing change
Authors: Holt Nicola J 
Published: May 2020

Aims: To measure the immediate impact of participating in arts-on-prescription workshops on multiple dimensions of mood and to evaluate whether improvement in mood is a mechanism for change, predicting improvements in global wellbeing before and after participation in arts-on-prescription programmes. Methods: The evaluation drew upon the experience sampling method, asking participants to complete a six-item mood questionnaire at the beginning and end of each workshop in a 12-week-long arts-on-prescription programme. Participants also completed a measure of global wellbeing at the beginning and end of the programme. Results: Multilevel modelling was used to test hypotheses since the data were hierarchical (with 1491 mood reports nested within 66 participants). There was a significant improvement in global wellbeing across participation in the arts-on-prescription programme. After each art workshop there was a significant increase on all dimensions of mood: hedonic tone (contentment); tense arousal (calmness); and energetic arousal (alertness). There was also a significant improvement in these dimensions of mood, over time, upon arrival at the art workshops each week. Furthermore, reduction in tense arousal after art workshops significantly predicted changes in global wellbeing. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a reduction in tense arousal (feeling less nervous, anxious and stressed) is a crucial component of arts-on-prescription services and make a direct link between experiences during art workshops and changes in global wellbeing for the first time. This strengthens the evidence base for arts-on-prescription and suggests that tracking experience across interventions is a useful evaluation tool, with much potential.
Veteran-Centered Investigation of Architectural and Space Design Considerations for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Authors: Nuamah Joseph , Rodriguez-Paras Carolina , Sasangohar Farzan 
Published: May 2020

Aim: This study sought to investigate architectural and space design considerations for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Background: Anecdotal evidence suggests that urban design features could have a positive impact on the mental well-being of individuals suffering from PTSD. However, evidence-based architectural and space design guidelines for PTSD are largely absent. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 veterans diagnosed with PTSD to gain insights into their personal experiences with physical indoor and outdoor spaces, and to inquire about their needs and expectations for future architectural design. Transcripts were analyzed thematically. Results: Architectural design features including windows, entrances and exits, walkways and hallways, open space, defensible space, and green space; interior design features including furnishings and color; and ambient features including light, air quality, and noise levels were identified as most influential design features. Conclusions: Our results underscore the first important step to developing comprehensive architectural and space design guidelines for veterans with PTSD. Work is in progress to solicit more feedback from veterans.
Partial compliance with long-acting paliperidone palmitate and impact on hospitalization: a 6-year mirror-image study
Authors: Pappa Sofia , Mason Katy 
Published: May 2020

Background: Previous studies showed a linear correlation between partial compliance with an oral antipsychotic medication and hospitalisation risk among patients with schizophrenia. Long-acting injections (LAIs) may significantly improve adherence and reduce relapse in patients with psychosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the level of compliance with 1-monthly paliperidone palmitate (PP1M) and hospitalisation rates. Methods: This was a naturalistic, mirror-image study examining retention, compliance and hospitalisation rates 3 years pre- and 3 years post-PP1M initiation. Compliance was divided in three groups: full (no missed dose/year), good (6–11injections/year), poor (<6 injections/year). Results: A total of 173 patients suffering from a severe mental illness (70% with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 30% with other diagnoses) were included; 77% of patients continued PP1M for 1 year, 66% for 2 years and 55% for 3 years. Of the 95 patients who remained on PP1 throughout the 3 years of follow up, 81% showed full, 13% good, and only 6% poor compliance. In the patients who were fully compliant, the mean number of hospital admissions decreased from 1.34 to 0.43, and the mean number of bed days from 82 to 19 days per patient 3 years before and 3 years after PP1M initiation ( p < 0.001). It is noteworthy that the reductions in hospital stay were statistically significant for the group of patients with full compliance but not for the other two groups. In fact, patients with poor compliance demonstrated higher hospitalisation rates both before and after PPM1 initiation. These findings were similar in the subgroup of patients with schizophrenia who continued treatment for 3 years ( n = 68). Conclusion: There was a direct association between partial compliance and re-hospitalisation; fully compliant patients maintained the best outcomes in terms of reduced bed use following PPM1 initiation.