bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking Up and Ahead
Authors: Suls Jerry , Wheeler Ladd 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how integrating attribution processes with social comparison theory resolves some long-standing ambiguities about the role of similarity and motives in Festinger’s original theory. The Goethals and Darley attributional reformulation, which clarified some of these ambiguities, is first described, along with a brief survey of empirical evidence. Then, the proxy model of ability comparison and the triadic model of opinion comparison, which expand on the attributional reformulation, are reviewed. A major focus of proxy and the triadic theories is identifying the specific questions social comparisons can answer: “Can I do X?”, “Am I correct about X?”, “Do I like or agree with X?”, and “Will I like X?” A central theme is that the tendency to compare to those who perform better or ahead of us (i.e., tried “X” before we did) is adaptive. This approach leads us to the conclusion that motives for self-knowledge and for self-enhancement, which have long been considered to be opposing motives, are intertwined.
Envy and Social Comparison
Authors: de Ven Niels van , Zeelenberg Marcel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Upward social comparison can give rise to the emotion of envy: the pain caused by the good fortune of others. This chapter explains what envy is and what the possible function of envy is to an organism experiencing it. The authors provide an overview of past work on envy, the distinction between two subtypes (benign and malicious envy), possible antecedents of envy, possible consequences of envy, and the responses to being envied by others. In each of these areas, there are clear links to research on social comparison and research on envy has greatly benefited from insights from the social comparison literature. Given the surge in research on envy in the last decade, the authors hope that the findings on envy inspires those investigating social comparisons.
Approaches to Comparison and Their Influence on Social Comparison
Authors: Markman Arthur B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Cognitive psychology identifies different assumptions about the mental representations that form the basis of theories of comparison. Each representation requires a different process to generate a comparison, and both the computational complexity and the output of the different processes differ. Spatial models require a low-complexity process but only reveal the distance between points representing individuals. Featural models are more intensive than spatial comparisons but provide access to particular commonalities and differences. Structural models are more computationally intensive but support a distinction between alignable and nonalignable differences. Social comparison theories make assumptions about how knowledge is represented, but they are rarely explicit about the type of comparison process that is likely to be involved. The merging of work on social comparison with more explicit cognitive science theories of comparison science has the potential to both identify gaps in the literature and expand our knowledge about how comparison operates in social settings. This chapter first discusses the concept of mental representation and then addresses spatial models of comparison, featured models of comparison, structural models of comparison, transformation models. The chapter concludes with a discussion of similarity models and social comparison.
Beyond Broadway
Authors: Wolf Stacy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
As a ubiquitous national performance form, musical theatre—an utterly American, unapologetically commercial, earnestly popular, middlebrow genre of art and entertainment—has astonishing staying power. Local productions cross economic, racial, and geographic divides, assuming the status of a national folk practice. Shows are handed down across generations, remarkable in a country with so few common cultural experiences. Artists and audiences learn the Broadway canon, absorb the musical’s conventions, and have a lot of fun in the process. “Broadway,” as a globally recognizable brand, maintains its status as musical theatre’s birthplace, but the form persists in American culture thanks to amateur productions at high schools, community theatres, afterschool programs, summer camps, and dinner theatres. Beyond Broadway illustrates the widespread presence and persistence of musical theatre in US culture and examines it as a social practice: a live, visceral experience of creating, watching, and listening. Why does local musical theatre flourish in America? Why do people continue to find it pleasurable? Why do they passionately engage in an old-fashioned, slow artistic practice that requires intense, person-to-person collaboration? Why do audiences still flock to musicals in their hometowns? What does local musical theatre do? Beyond Broadway answers these questions by traveling across America, stopping at elementary schools, a middle school performance festival, afterschool programs, high schools, summer camps, state park outdoor theatres, community theatres, and dinner theatres. This expedition illustrates the musical’s abundance and longevity as a thriving social activity that touches millions of lives.
The Junior Theatre Festival and Broadway Junior
Authors: Wolf Stacy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Since 2003, more than four thousand middle school–aged children and their teachers and directors have gathered in Atlanta, Georgia, each January during Martin Luther King Jr. weekend to celebrate musical theatre at the Junior Theatre Festival (JTF). Produced by iTheatrics (the company that adapts Broadway musicals for kids), Playbill, and Music Theatre International, the convention features ninety school or community groups who present a fifteen-minute segment from a show that they rehearsed or performed at home for professional artist adjudicators’ immediate feedback. The weekend also includes performance workshops for kids and producing workshops for adults, a showcase of musical numbers from new shows, and an elaborate distribution of awards, during which almost every group is publicly recognized. Fueled by progressive language and democratic affirmations, JTF is unabashedly profit-driven, since MTI licenses the very repertoire of musicals that the children perform. The kids who attend JTF find affirmation and community in an intense, emotion-filled weekend that celebrates musical theatre. JTF combines crass commercialism and heartfelt outreach in a seamless, exuberant event.
Backstage Divas
Authors: Wolf Stacy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Many towns in the United States play host to afterschool musical theatre programs for children. Typically, these programs are directed by women who become well known in their communities and powerful figures in the lives of the children they teach. This chapter calls this figure a “backstage diva.” She is the female musical theatre director who runs afterschool and summer pay-to-play programs, teaching kids dance and theatre by directing them in several shows a year. This familiar figure is a disciplined leader and powerful mentor who, though invisible in theatre history, teaches musical theatre–obsessed kids to sing and dance and act and shapes them into triple-threat performers. This chapter begin with a brief biography of a backstage diva, including how she built her business. It then offers a history of musical theatre studios in the United States. The bulk of the chapter follows the working process of a backstage diva in northern California from auditions through rehearsals and performance. Finally, it explains her legacy and what kids say they learned from her.
Introduction
Authors: Oksanish John 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe introduction gives the reader some sense of De architectura’s complex reception as literature and establishes the scope of the work to follow. Recent interest in technical literature has rightly stressed the need to embrace the entirety of technical works, not just “more literary” portions, such as prefaces. At the same time, the paratextual portions of works, including but not limited to their prefaces, are privileged places of transaction between author and reader. That technical authors are sometimes thought to have only dabbled in literature, moreover, means that paratextual elements—albeit not lacking scholarly attention altogether—have not been fully integrated into wider conversations about (Latin) literature. This book, as the introduction emphasizes, aims to do just that. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamism of Vitruvius’s didactic expert-persona and his characterization of De architectura as a munus.
History from the ground up
Authors: Oksanish John 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVitruvius’s suggestion that De architectura will allow Augustus to comprehend buildings already built almost certainly points to the Augustan program of renovating buildings. But it also introduces the notion that buildings “already built” could represent the Augustan present for the future. History can be “built” just as it can be written, and its monuments can also be repurposed, whether through spoliation in the concrete sense or by recharacterizing what celebrated architectural signifiers mean, or both. Vitruvius’s phraseology in the preface (memorias posteris tradere) reflects a well-known Augustan concern for posterity’s reception in a general sense, but it also recalls historiography, especially Livy and (later) Tacitus. Vitruvius returns to this same language in his discussion of historia—one of the disciplines in which the architectus is supposed to be trained—in his aetiology of caryatids. Just as Augustus co-opted the forms of the Erechtheum korai for his forum, so does Vitruvius invent (here in the rhetorical sense) a new “history” of the caryatids that is useful for the Romans. The key to understanding Vitruvius’s approach here is textuality: his description of caryatids and their meaning is couched entirely in the language of rhetorical narratio, which suggests again that Vitruvius envisions architecture as a kind of ornamental persuasion, with a scope that rivals historiography in its ability not only to tell future generations about the present, but also to recharacterize the past in terms that suit the present’s needs.
Research Program
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents the authors’ methods and discusses some challenges encountered. Data were collected from 103 educators of children (ages 6 to 12 years in first through sixth grades) at 43 public elementary schools in seven cities in four countries: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and the U.S. The authors purposely selected research sites and participants to yield data on a range of cultural understandings and responses to disabilities. Semi-structured, audio-recorded individual interviews lasting 20 to 60 minutes were conducted in participants’ native languages in private spaces such as conference rooms, offices, and classrooms after school. Interviews were inductively coded within each cultural group, and then common issues and their cultural nuances were identified in cross cultural analyses.
Preventing and Repairing Harm to Children’s Cultural Self
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In responding to the impact of stigmatization on children with disabilities, educators from Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. typically considered children’s individual self, for example, their academic progress, as well as socialization practices to help them function better in their classrooms (socially embedded self). Their responses, however, were culturally nuanced. Educators in Japan described supporting children’s sense of belonging to their classroom peer groups, while educators in South Korea described helping children become contributing members of mutually supportive classroom peer groups. Educators in Taiwan helped children to regulate their intense emotions resulting from frustration and failure to meet expectations, and educators in the U.S. worked to support children’s self-esteem. Chapter 7 also presents educators’ similar and culturally nuanced discussions of socialization practices to reduce the effect of peers’ disability and stigmatization on typically developing children’s cultural selves.
Parent–Educator Relationships
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 describes educators’ perceptions of how stigmatization affects their relationships with parents whose children have disabilities and how they respond to these challenges in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Educators from all four cultural groups characterized the development of collaborative relationships with parents as critical to supporting the school success of children with disabilities. They also described challenges posed by stigmatization to those relationships and solutions to those challenges. The perspectives of educators from diverse contexts can help identify cultural blind spots and provide insights into the development of effective culture- and stigma-sensitive strategies to build relationships with parents to better support their children.
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Kit 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The introduction describes television’s use as an instrument of orientation engaged in cultural and logistical management in three interrelated senses: (1) shaping viewers’ understanding of their world and their place within it, (2) enabling action in space, and (3) offering a site for groups and institutions to engage the “problem” of electronic workplace communication. Arguing that industrial television sought to acclimate workers to the conditions of post-Fordism, it describes this transition in the US, focusing on one vector of the move to post-Fordism that was a favored target of television: the diminishing boundaries between work and nonwork. It also provides an overview of three bodies of literature: (1) media studies understandings of the conjuncture between labor and audiences (e.g., the audience commodity), (2) the cultural and political interventions of useful cinema, nontheatrical film, and institutional media research, and (3) methodologies for historical studies of emergent technologies. It ends with a chapter overview.
To Extend Vision Beyond the Horizon, to See the Unseen: Industrial Television in the Post-War Era
Authors: Hughes Kit 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“Industrial television” (closed-circuit television referred to as ITV) was the first initiative to recognize the potential of television tailored specifically to the needs of industry. This chapter shows how ITV was positioned as a mechanism to extend bodies, adapting workers to match increased physical demands of post-war (1940s–1950s) industrial and informational architectures. ITV as prosthesis made working bodies stronger, bigger, and more tightly bound into automated information systems. Faster than a speeding assembly line, more powerful than a six-story furnace, able to retrieve dispersed data with a single command, these supermen appealed to industries seeking production and workforce efficiencies. In the mediated office, television transformed humans into nodes within complex human-machine hybrid information networks that anticipated networked computing. This chapter (keyword: flow) contributes to studies of how “work systems” produce people, socializing them to the conditions and expectations of capitalism.
The People’s Network: Soft Management with Satellite Business Television
Authors: Hughes Kit 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 (keyword: narrowcasting) explores the development of private satellite networks to manage distributed workforces in the context of globalization and a “cultural turn” in popular management theories. The late 1980s saw the proliferation of industry-focused subscription channels (e.g., geared toward insurers) and internal “networks” housed by a single company (e.g., Hewlett Packard). Two case studies (Johnson Controls and Steelcase) show how businesses used television to target worker identity in a bid to usurp other modes of affiliation (the nation, class) within the unstable employment environment of the 1980s and 1990s. This is the other side of the multichannel era: the creative deployment of employees as niche audiences. At the same time that post-national consumer identities became lucrative as a means of gathering and selling audiences on the diverse products of flexible specialization, proper cultural management of worker identity supported companies’ profit-maximization strategies (often based in cuts to employees’ material welfare).
Reciprocity, the Undocumented, and Jeb Bush
Authors: Blake Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the morality of an individual person choosing to break the law excluding him. It asks, first, how we might understand the nature of the obligation facing such a person. It defends a particular vision of obligation, on which laws precluding the entry of outsiders do have some presumptive moral force for those outsiders. Nevertheless, the chapter argues, the link between the obligation to obey, and the right to morally condemn the individual who fails in this obligation, cannot always be made out. The chapter therefore defends the thought that Jeb Bush was not inconsistent in demanding both security at the border and compassion for those who evaded that security.
On Mercy in Politics
Authors: Blake Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a provisional account of the virtue of mercy and defends its potential utility for public discourse about migration. It defends, first, the thought that mercy is the proper name for the virtue under consideration. It defends, further, the thought that the appeal to mercy is neither sectarian nor perverse. It offers some reasons, finally, to think that the practice of justice is supported by the practice of mercy; a society in which the virtue of mercy is ignored loses one site at which the moral value of human beings might be reasserted.
Introduction
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the existing disconnect between global health funding and needs, how to prioritize allocation of resources in response to such needs, and the ways in which stakeholders should make funding decisions. It lays the groundwork for a book that seeks to advance discussion delineating the questions that must be addressed, identify approaches that are clearly unjustifiable, narrow the range of disagreement to make the process of developing a shared framework more tractable, and offer specific recommendations that should be incorporated into a shared framework. The book focuses on four fundamental and related concerns in allocating health resources: (1) the role of cost-effectiveness analysis, (2) inequalities and distributional concerns, (3) what outcomes should be considered, and (4) what the actual practice of allocating resources should look like.
A Developing Country Perspective
Authors: Woldemariam Addis Tamire 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Governments and development partners have increasingly invested in health over the last two decades with considerable success in many countries. The global community is now transitioning from the Millennium Development Goals to the even more ambitious Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) agenda. Achieving the SDG targets will require additional resources. However, levels of foreign aid are flat or declining, even as the need for domestic resources is on the rise. In consequence, we need more and better priority-setting in global health based on good evidence. This chapter argues that responsible priority-setting by international donors should involve greater focus on improving the quality of aid and on country ownership of development programs. Ultimately, governments should be the major financiers of their own health programs. This means that countries should gradually take increasing responsibilities over their own health systems, and development partners need to make sure that there is seamless transition of funding from aid dependency to self-reliance. Development partners should support countries to (1) acquire the necessary capacity to do their own priority-setting based on quality evidence, and (2) develop and effectively implement their health care financing strategies.
Benefit-Cost Analysis
Authors: Robinson Lisa A. , Hammitt James K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Decisions on investing in health as well as other policies require deciding how to best allocate available resources—recognizing that using labor, materials, and other resources for one purpose means that they cannot be used for other purposes. The analytic approaches discussed in this volume have in common the overarching goal of providing information on policy impacts, so as to provide an evidence base for decisions. What distinguishes benefit-cost analysis is its emphasis on explicitly accounting for all significant outcomes (both health and non-health) and on valuing them in monetary units to facilitate comparison. Benefit-cost analysis makes the relative values of different outcomes explicit. As conventionally implemented, benefit-cost analysis does not address the distribution of impacts within a population, but it can be supplemented to do so.
The Case for Valuing Non-Health and Indirect Benefits
Authors: Persad Govind , Toit Jessica du 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Health policy is only one part of social policy. Although spending administered by the health sector constitutes a sizeable fraction of total state spending in most countries, other sectors such as education and transportation also represent major portions of national budgets. Additionally, though health is one important aspect of economic and social activity, people pursue many other goals in their social and economic lives. Similarly, direct benefits—those that are immediate results of health policy choices—are only a small portion of the overall impact of health policy. This chapter considers what weight health policy should give to its “spillover effects,” namely non-health and indirect benefits. This chapter defends the view that indirect and non-health benefits should not be given lower priority than direct health benefits in the context of priority-setting in global health.
The Role of Public Engagement in Priority-Setting
Authors: McCoy Matthew S. , Schmidt Harald , Ruger Jennifer Prah , Danis Marion 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Recent years have seen growing enthusiasm for public engagement in priority-setting. But despite this widespread support, there remains uncertainty both about the precise benefits of public engagement in priority-setting and about how public engagement activities should be structured in order to realize those benefits. The authors aim to move beyond generalizations about the value of public engagement by presenting several distinct rationales for engaging the public in priority-setting. The authors illustrate how these rationales can be achieved in practice using the case study of directly observed therapy for tuberculosis. They then highlight a number of practical challenges involved in implementing engagement activities and offer advice for addressing them. The chapter pays particular attention to challenges that arise in low- and middle-income countries, where efforts to engage the public face unique structural barriers.