bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fewer Mistakes and Presumed Consent
Authors: Zambrano Alexander 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
“Opt-out” organ procurement policies based on presumed consent are typically advertised as being superior to “opt-in” policies based on explicit consent at securing organs for transplantation. However, Michael Gill (2004) has argued that presumed consent policies are also better than opt-in policies at respecting patient autonomy. According to Gill’s Fewer Mistakes Argument, we ought to implement the procurement policy that results in the fewest frustrated wishes regarding organ donation. Given that the majority of Americans wish to donate their organs, it is plausible that a presumed consent policy would result in fewer frustrated wishes compared to the current opt-in policy. It follows that we ought to implement a policy of presumed consent. In this paper, I first consider and find wanting an objection to the Fewer Mistakes Argument developed recently by Douglas MacKay (2015). I also consider an objection put forth by James Taylor (2012) but argue that there is a methodological reason to prefer my own argument to Taylor’s. Finally, I argue for two theses: first, that Gill’s major argument in favor of the crucial premise of the Fewer Mistakes Argument is flawed, and second, that the major premise of the Fewer Mistakes Argument is false.
Longitudinal Examination of COVID-19 Public Health Measures on Mental Health for Rural Patients With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Riblet Natalie B , Stevens Susan P , Shiner Brian , Cornelius Sarah , Forehand Jenna , Scott Robert C , Watts Bradley V 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionThere is emerging evidence to support that the COVID-19 pandemic and related public health measures may be associated with negative mental health sequelae. Rural populations in particular may fair worse because they share many unique characteristics that may put them at higher risk for adverse outcomes with the pandemic. Yet, rural populations may also be more resilient due to increased sense of community. Little is known about the impact of the pandemic on the mental health and well-being of a rural population pre- and post-pandemic, especially those with serious mental illness.Material and MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal, mixed-methods study with assessments preceding the pandemic (between October 2019 and March 2020) and during the stay-at-home orders (between April 23, 2020, and May 4, 2020). Changes in hopelessness, suicidal ideation, connectedness, and treatment engagement were assessed using a repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman test.ResultsAmong 17 eligible participants, 11 people were interviewed. Overall, there were no notable changes in any symptom scale in the first 3-5 months before the pandemic or during the stay-at-home orders. The few patients who reported worse symptoms were significantly older (mean age: 71.7 years, SD: 4.0). Most patients denied disruptions to treatment, and some perceived telepsychiatry as beneficial.ConclusionsRural patients with serious mental illness may be fairly resilient in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic when they have access to treatment and supports. Longer-term outcomes are needed in rural patients with serious mental illness to better understand the impact of the pandemic on this population.
Demonstration of Microsurgical Technique and Nuances for the Resection of a Midbrain Tectal Glioma via the Transcollicular Approach: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Sayyahmelli Sima , Ruan Jian , Avci Emel , Başkaya Mustafa K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Tectal gliomas are a rare subset of intrinsic brainstem lesions. The microsurgical resection of these lesions remains a major challenge.
1,2
Transcollicular approaches on one side, via the superior or inferior colliculi or both, are neurologically well tolerated without obvious or major auditory or oculomotor consequences. However, any postoperative acute visually triggered saccadic abnormalities caused by iatrogenic superior colliculus damage generally resolve during the postoperative period, as other oculomotor structures compensate for these functions in unilateral lesions.
In this surgical video, we present a 37-yr-old man with long-standing seizures, new onset headaches, progressive ataxic gait, and imbalance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a circumscribed nonenhancing dorsal midbrain cystic mass with compression on the aqueduct causing hydrocephalus. The lesion had a low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and a high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The patient first underwent an endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Although his headaches greatly improved after the third ventriculostomy, he remained quite symptomatic in terms of gait imbalance and ataxia. The patient underwent a supracerebellar, infratentorial, transcollicular approach for resection of the tectal tumor. Simultaneously, motor and somatosensory evoked potentials were monitored.
Both the surgery and the postoperative course were uneventful, with postoperative MRI showing gross total resection of the mass, and histopathology indicating a WHO (World Health Organization) grade I pilocytic astrocytoma. The patient continued to do well without recurrence at 2-yr follow-up.
In this video, we demonstrate step-by-step microsurgical techniques for resecting these challenging tectal gliomas via the infratentorial-supracerebellar-transcollicular approach.
The patient consented to the procedure and publication of his images.
Magnetic Resonance-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Palliative Rhizotomy: A Novel Technical Application
Authors: Ravindra Vijay M , Karas Patrick J , Hartnett Sara , Patino Ilana , North Robert , Tatsui Claudio E , Gonda David , Schwabe Aloysia , Curry Daniel J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by an insult to the developing brain. Various medical and surgical procedures are used to reduce tone.

OBJECTIVE
To describe a novel method of magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal ablation for palliative rhizotomy.

METHODS
Patients treated at a single institution with percutaneous rhizotomy using magnetic resonance–guided laser interstitial thermal therapy were identified. Preoperative and postoperative Modified Ashworth Scale scores were collected as well as procedural information.

RESULTS
Two male children (7.8 and 19 yr, respectively) with spastic quadriparesis were treated using this technique. Neither patient experienced surgical or perioperative complications, and both were discharged from the hospital within 48 h. Each of them demonstrated improvement in his Modified Ashworth Scale score with no need for retreatment for spasticity at last follow-up.

CONCLUSION
These 2 cases illustrate a novel technique for treating spasticity in the setting of cerebral palsy. Further study of this technique in additional patients, and comparison with traditional methods of surgical tone reduction, are warranted.
Role of Surgical Intervention for Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas With Cortical Venous Drainage in an Endovascular Era: A Case Series
Authors: Akamatsu Yosuke , Gomez-Paz Santiago , Vergara-Garcia David , Moholkar Viraj M , Kuhn Anna Luisa , Chida Kohei , Singh Jasmeet , Rodrigues Katyucia de Macedo , Massari Francesco , Moore Justin M , Puri Ajit S , Ogilvy Christopher S , Thomas Ajith J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVFs) with cortical venous drainage (CVD) require treatment because of their aggressive clinical presentation and natural history. Although endovascular treatment is effective for the majority of these lesions in the current endovascular era, surgical management has been required if the lesions are not amenable to or fail endovascular treatments.

OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the angioarchitecture that may necessitate surgical intervention.

METHODS
A retrospective review of the patients with intracranial dAVFs with CVD treated at 2 academic institutions between January 1, 2009, and July 31, 2019 was performed. Patients who required surgical intervention were selected in this study, and angiographic findings were analyzed.

RESULTS
A total of 81 dAVFs in 80 patients were treated during the study period. Endovascular treatments were attempted for 72 (88.9%) dAVFs, resulting in complete obliteration in 55 (76.4%). Surgical interventions were performed in 18 (22.2%) dAVFs, resulting in complete obliteration in all lesions. Overall, complete obliteration was achieved in 74 (93.7%) of 79 dAVFs with follow-up. In the surgically treated dAVFs, curative transarterial embolization was deterred by the angioarchitecture, which included dominant feeding vessels from the ophthalmic artery, meningohypophyseal trunk, posterior meningeal artery, pial artery, or ascending pharyngeal artery. Drainage through tortuous cortical vein, deep venous system, or isolated sinus made transvenous approach challenging.

CONCLUSION
Despite continued improvement in endovascular technology, surgical approaches to dAVFs are still of great value as initial and salvage treatment of dAVFs with angioarchitecture hampering endovascular treatment.
Epidemiology of non-IgE-mediated food allergies: what can we learn from that?
Authors: Barni Simona , Giovannini Mattia , Mori Francesca 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
To underline the main characteristics of the non-Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergies (food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis food protein-induced enteropathy and food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome ), which are common diseases in primary care and in allergy and gastroenterology specialty practices evaluating children.

Recent findings
Non-IgE-mediated food allergies comprise a spectrum of diseases with peculiar features affecting infants and young children. The most prominent features of these diseases are symptoms that affect mainly the gastrointestinal tract.

Summary
It is of paramount importance to provide the clinicians with the tools for non-IgE-mediated food allergy recognition in clinical practice to avoid the misdiagnosis with unnecessary laboratory tests and detrimental treatments.
Spatiotemporal Trends in Opioid Overdose Deaths by Race for Counties in Ohio
Authors: Kline David , Pan Yuhan , Hepler Staci A. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
The opioid epidemic continues to be an ongoing public health crisis in the United States. Initially, large increases in overdose death rates were observed in largely rural, White communities, leading to the initial perception that the opioid epidemic was primarily a problem for the White population. Recent findings have shown increasing rates of overdose death among Blacks. We compare overdose rates between Blacks and Whites and explore county-level spatiotemporal heterogeneity in Ohio.

Methods:
We obtained county-level opioid overdose death counts for Whites and Blacks from 2007 to 2018 in Ohio. We fit a Bayesian multivariate spatial rates model to estimate annual standardized mortality ratios for Whites and Blacks for each county. We accounted for correlation between racial groups in the same county and across space and time. We also estimated differences in the mean trends between urban and rural counties for each racial group.

Results:
The overall overdose death rate in the state was increasing until 2018. County-level death rates for Whites were higher than Blacks throughout the state early in the study period. Death rates for Blacks increased throughout the study period and were comparable to the rates for Whites by the end of the study in many counties.

Conclusions:
County-level opioid overdose death rates increased faster for Blacks than Whites during the study. By 2018, death rates were comparable for Blacks and Whites in many counties. The opioid epidemic spans racial groups in Ohio and trends indicate that overdose is a growing problem among Blacks.
Incidence of Dementia in Patients With Open-angle Glaucoma: A Population-based Study
Authors: Belamkar Aditya V. , Mansukhani Sasha A. , Savica Rodolfo , Spiegel Matthew R. , Hodge David O. , Sit Arthur J. 
Published: December 2020

Precis:
In this population-based study of 509 open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients over a 36-year period, we identified a decreased rate of developing dementia compared with the rate in the general population.

Purpose:
The aim was to determine the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD) among patients with OAG.

Patients and Methods:
Retrospective, population-based cohort study. All residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota (≥40 y) who were diagnosed with OAG between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 2000, were eligible for inclusion in this study. A total of 509 patients were included over the 36-year period. The cumulative probability of developing dementia was calculated and compared with the population risk of dementia.

Results:
Of the 509 patients included, 300 (58.9%) were female, the median age was 67.5 years, and 278 patients (54.6%) had primary OAG. Other subgroups were pseudoexfoliation in 15.1%, treated ocular hypertension in 14.1%, normal tension glaucoma in 10.6%, and pigmentary glaucoma in 5.5% of the patients. Respectively, 118 (23.0%) and 99 (19.4%) patients developed dementia and AD. The 10-year cumulative probability of developing dementia and AD was 12.0% and 9.9%, with a 95% confidence interval of 9.3%-15.3% and 7.5%-13%, respectively. The observed 10-year incidence of dementia and AD were significantly lower than the expected population incidence (19.0% and 19.0%; P<0.001). Older age at diagnosis of glaucoma was a strong predictor for the development of dementia by multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 3.31, 95% confidence interval: 2.61-4.20, P<0.001).

Conclusion:
The risk of developing dementia or AD was decreased in OAG patients compared with the general population. OAG with onset at a later age may present as a different etiopathogenetic entity compared with onset at a younger age, and represent the optic nerve findings of generalized neurodegenerative processes.
Kahook Dual Blade Ab-interno Trabeculectomy Compared With Conventional Goniotomy in the Treatment of Primary Congenital Glaucoma: 1-Year Results
Authors: Elhilali Hala M. , El Sayed Yasmine M. , Elhusseiny Abdelrahman M. , Gawdat Ghada I. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction:
Kahook dual blade (KDB) removes a strip of the trabecular meshwork from the angle, which may make it superior to simple goniotomy in treating the angle anomaly in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). This prospective study compares KDB ab-interno trabeculectomy to conventional goniotomy in PCG.

Methods:
Forty-two eyes of 29 patients with PCG underwent ab-interno trabeculectomy using a KDB or conventional goniotomy using a 25-G irrigating needle, targeting 100 to 120 degrees of the nasal iridocorneal angle. Patients were seen at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Success was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤21 mm Hg at 1-year follow-up visit, with no evidence of glaucoma progression.

Results:
The KDB group included 21 eyes of patients with a median age of 6 months (interquartile range: 4 to 8.5 mo) and the goniotomy group included 21 eyes of patients with a median age of 5 months (interquartile range: 3 to 9.5 mo). There was a significant reduction in IOP in both groups at all follow-up visits. The reduction in the number of glaucoma medications was significant at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively in the KDB group, and at 1 month in the goniotomy group. There was no significant difference in IOP or glaucoma medications between both groups at any follow-up visit. Success was achieved in 12 eyes (57.1%) in each group, with no eyes developing any serious complications.

Conclusion:
One-year results show that KDB ab-interno trabeculectomy is at least as effective as goniotomy in the treatment of PCG. Eyes with bilateral glaucoma had a tendency to fail both procedures.
The association of impaired lung function and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review
Authors: Wu Yi Chia , Chuang Philip M. , Pinotti Rachel , Nagirimadugu Ankita , Valentin Nelson , Dinani Amreen 
Published: December 2020

Background and aims
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and impaired lung function share similar risk factors and phenotypes, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The study is an updated meta-analysis to evaluate the association between NAFLD and impaired lung function.

Methods
A total of 696 articles were identified with mention of NAFLD and lung function (or pulmonary function testing) in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus. After de-duplication, 455 articles were screened, 18 underwent full-text review. Five studies met our review and inclusion criteria with an interrater reliability kappa score of 1.

Results
Five studies with a total of 118 118 subjects (28.4% with NAFLD) were included. The cross-sectional studies supported a statistically significant relationship between decreased pulmonary function tests and NAFLD. There was no association observed with obstructive lung pattern. One of the longitudinal studies revealed an association with increased rate of decline in forced vital capacity in patients with NAFLD and FIB4 score ≥1.30 (−21.7 vs. −27.4 mL/year, P = 0.001 in males, −22.4 vs. −27.9 mL/year, P = 0.016 in females). The second longitudinal study revealed that patients with impaired pulmonary function had an increased hazard ratio of developing NAFLD dependent on the severity of pulmonary impairment.

Conclusions
This is the first systematic review that supports an association of NAFLD with decreased (restrictive) lung function. The estimated severity of liver fibrosis correlates with the rate of progression of restrictive lung function. There are also data showing that patients with impaired lung function have a higher risk of developing NAFLD.
Maternal HIV, antiretroviral timing, and spontaneous preterm birth in an urban Zambian cohort: the role of local and systemic inflammation
Authors: Rittenhouse Katelyn J. , Mwape Humphrey , Nelson Julie A.E. , Mwale John , Chipili Gabriel , Price Joan T. , Hudgens Michael , Stringer Elizabeth M. , De Paris Kristina , Vwalika Bellington , Stringer Jeffrey S.A. 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
To assess plasma and vaginal inflammation in three antenatal groups (HIV-uninfected women, HIV-infected women entering care on preconceptional ART, and HIV-infected women not on preconceptional ART) and whether these measures are associated with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB).

Design:
Case--control study nested within a pregnancy cohort in Lusaka, Zambia.

Methods:
We analyzed 11 pro-inflammatory and two anti-inflammatory markers in 207 women with paired plasma and vaginal specimens collected between 16 and 20 gestational weeks. Among 51 HIV-infected women, we repeated the assays in 24–34-week samples. We used confirmatory factor analysis to create inflammation scores and compared them among the three groups.

Results:
At baseline, HIV-infected women not on ART had higher vaginal pro-inflammatory scores than HIV-uninfected women [mean 0.37 (95% CI −0.06 to 0.80) vs. −0.02 (−0.32 to 0.27), P = 0.02]. In repeat testing, women not on preconceptional ART had an increase in vaginal inflammation between the baseline and 24–34-week visits compared with those continuing preconceptional ART [mean 0.62 (95% CI −0.80 to 4.20) vs. −0.07 (−2.78 to 2.11), P = 0.04]. In multivariate analyses, baseline vaginal inflammation predicted sPTB (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.0–2.3; P = 0.02). Plasma inflammation did not differ by HIV or ART exposure and was not associated with sPTB.

Conclusion:
Women not receiving ART at entry into pregnancy care had more vaginal inflammation than women entering on treatment. They also experienced an increase in vaginal inflammation between the two sampling timepoints, possibly as a consequence of ART initiation. Vaginal (but not systemic) inflammation was associated with sPTB and offers a potential mechanistic insight into this important adverse birth outcome.
A Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Management Options of COVID-19 Associated Coagulopathy
Authors: Goswami Julie , MacArthur Taleen A. , Sridharan Meera , Pruthi Rajiv K. , McBane Robert D. , Witzig Thomas E. , Park Myung S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There is increasing evidence that novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leads to a significant coagulopathy, a phenomenon termed “COVID-19 associated coagulopathy.” COVID-19 has been associated with increased rates of both venous and arterial thromboembolic events, a source of significant morbidity and mortality in this disease. Further evidence suggests a link between the inflammatory response and coagulopathy associated with COVID-19. This presents a unique set of challenges for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of thrombotic complications. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current literature on laboratory coagulation disruptions associated with COVID-19 and the clinical effects of thromboembolic events including pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, peripheral arterial thrombosis, and acute ischemic stroke in COVID-19. Endothelial injury and augmented innate immune response are implicated in the development of diffuse macro- and microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 associated coagulopathy is an important determinant of appropriate treatment and monitoring of these complications. We highlight the importance of diagnosis and management of dysregulated coagulation in COVID-19 to improve outcomes in COVID-19 patients with thromboembolic complications.
The energetic basis for smooth human arm movements
Authors: Wong Jeremy D , Cluff Tyler , Kuo Arthur D 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe central nervous system plans human reaching movements with stereotypically smooth kinematic trajectories and fairly consistent durations. Smoothness seems to be explained by accuracy as a primary movement objective, whereas duration seems to economize energy expenditure. But the current understanding of energy expenditure does not explain smoothness, so that two aspects of the same movement are governed by seemingly incompatible objectives. Here we show that smoothness is actually economical, because humans expend more metabolic energy for jerkier motions. The proposed mechanism is an underappreciated cost proportional to the rate of muscle force production, for calcium transport to activate muscle. We experimentally tested that energy cost in humans (N=10) performing bimanual reaches cyclically. The empirical cost was then demonstrated to predict smooth, discrete reaches, previously attributed to accuracy alone. A mechanistic, physiologically measurable, energy cost may therefore explain both smoothness and duration in terms of economy, and help resolve motor redundancy in reaching movements.