bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning in the prediction of medical inpatient length of stay
Authors: Bacchi Stephen , Tan Yiran , Oakden‐Rayner Luke , Jannes Jim , Kleinig Timothy , Koblar Simon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLength of stay (LOS) estimates are important for patients, doctors and hospital administrators. However, making accurate estimates of LOS can be difficult for medical patients. This review was conducted with the aim of identifying and assessing previous studies on the application of machine learning to the prediction of total hospital inpatient LOS for medical patients. A review of machine learning in the prediction of total hospital LOS for medical inpatients was conducted using the databases PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Of the 673 publications returned by the initial search, 21 articles met inclusion criteria. Of these articles the most commonly represented medical specialty was cardiology. Studies were also identified that had specifically evaluated machine learning LOS prediction in patients with diabetes and tuberculosis. The performance of the machine learning models in the identified studies varied significantly depending on factors including differing input datasets and different LOS thresholds and outcome metrics. Common methodological shortcomings included a lack of reporting of patient demographics and lack of reporting of clinical details of included patients. The variable performance reported by the studies identified in this review supports the need for further research of the utility of machine learning in the prediction of total inpatient LOS in medical patients. Future studies should follow and report a more standardised methodology to better assess performance and to allow replication and validation. In particular, prospective validation studies and studies assessing the clinical impact of such machine learning models would be beneficial.
First comparative assessment of the reproductive cycle of three species of Chiton on a temperate rocky shore of the southeastern Pacific
Authors: Brito María J. , Camus Patricio A. , Torres Felipe I. , Sellanes Javier , Ibáñez Christian M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe present study provides the first assessment of the reproductive cycle of three common and widespread species of the genus Chiton, sympatric in rocky shores of Coquimbo, northern Chile (~30°S): C. granosus, C. cumingsii, and C. magnificus. From specimens seasonally sampled during a 2‐year period, a histological study was performed in order to describe the gonad structure and stages of gonadal development for each species. The morphological structure of the gonad was similar in the three species, with sexual cells developing from the gonad wall towards its center. The three species were gonochoric and iteroparous, with asynchronous gamete maturation at population level; in all seasons, sexual maturity was evident in small to large individuals of each species (≥25 mm in total length for C. cumingsii and C. granosus, and ≥47 mm for C. magnificus).
Pre‐release evaluation of Heikertingerella sp. as a potential biocontrol agent for Tecoma stans in South Africa
Authors: Madire Lulama , Simelane David , Olckers Terence 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNative to Central America, Tecoma stans (L.) Juss ex Kunth var. stans (Bignoniaceae) is a small tree that is invasive in South Africa and neighbouring countries. The plant was targeted for biological control in South Africa in 2003, with two insect agents released and established so far. The root‐feeding flea beetle, Heikertingerella sp. (Coleoptera: Galerucinae: Alticini), was imported from Mexico as an additional biocontrol agent and its biology and host specificity was assessed under quarantine conditions. The beetle displayed a generation time (i.e. from adult to adult) of 49 to 67 days, ensuring four annual generations under laboratory conditions. The beetle's larval and adult stages inflicted high levels of damage on the root system and the leaves of T. stans, respectively. No‐choice tests with 40 test‐plant species revealed adult feeding on only two non‐target species, Tecoma × alata and T. capensis (Thunb.) Spach, with feeding four times higher on T. stans. Larvae developed to adulthood on T. stans only. Multi‐choice tests involving the three Tecoma species confirmed these trends, demonstrating that Heikertingerella sp. is host specific. Since T. × alata is a hybrid of T. stans with invasive tendencies, any unlikely attacks by Heikertingerella sp. would be inconsequential in South Africa. The native T. capensis, which suffered little leaf damage and produced no F1 adults, is also at minimal risk of attack. We conclude that Heikertingerella sp. is a suitable biocontrol agent for T. stans and that permission for its release in South Africa be sought.
Glycan expression as a tool for a deeper understanding of a reproductive gland in a skate of economic importance
Authors: Moya Ana Carolina , Acuña Francisco , Díaz Andrade María Constanza , Barbeito Claudio Gustavo , Galíndez Elena Juana 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAtlantoraja platana is an oviparous skate endemic to the south‐west Atlantic Ocean, and is one of the skate species most exploited by local industrial bottom trawl fisheries. Oviparous elasmobranchs encapsulate their eggs in complex egg cases produced by the oviductal gland (OG). This organ is exclusively present in these fishes and comprises four distinct zones: club, baffle, papillary and terminal. The relative size and structural complexity of these zones correlate with mode of reproduction. Glycans are known to play major roles in reproduction so their distribution in each zone of the OG could explain the functional multiplicity of the gland in skates, but this topic has not been previously investigated. In this study, morphological, histochemical and lectin‐histochemical analysis revealed various novel aspects of A. platana's OG. The club, papillary and terminal zones positively stained for periodic acid Schiff's reagent (PAS) and Alcian Blue (AB), indicating the presence of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides. However, the buffle zone was negative for PAS and AB stains, but was positive for all the lectins used. Each zone of the OG had a characteristic pattern of glycan expression. Finally, we confirmed the presence of sperm but not sperm storage. This is the first lectin‐histochemical study of the OG in chondrichtyan fish and it has proven to be an important tool to understand some of the mechanisms of fertility and reproductive success in economic important species such as A. platana.
The B‐mode sonographic evaluation of the post‐caesarean uterine wall and its methodology: A study protocol
Authors: Al Naimi Ammar , Mouzakiti Niki , Hondrich Marie , Louwen Frank , Bahlmann Franz 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to utilize the niche measurement guidelines outlined by Jordans et al. in order to establish normal values and accurate description of caesarean section scars in a normal population. After defining the normal distribution, abnormal pregestational scar characteristics will be identified for predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes.MethodsThis is a prospective observational multicenter clinical study where women with a history of only one caesarean section and yet open family planning are enrolled. The uterine length, cervical length, niche length, niche depth, niche width, residual myometrial thickness, endometrial thickness, scar to internal os distance, anterior myometrial thickness superior and inferior to the scar and the posterior myometrial thickness opposite the scar, superior and inferior to it are measured in a pregestational uterus. The lower uterine segment is measured over a length of 3 cm during subsequent pregnancy and followed up until delivery.ResultsData from 500 patients will yield normal distribution curves for all predefined measurements. Establishing a correlation between deviations from the normal measures and adverse events would be instrumental for counseling women regarding subsequent pregnancy and mode of delivery.ConclusionThis study will demonstrate the changes of the post‐caesarean scar from a non‐pregnant uterus until delivery and can confirm the importance of the scar characteristics in predicting pregnancy outcome.
The Lived Experience of Managerialization: Understanding Values Conflict in Non‐profits through a Pragmatic Institutionalism
Authors: Beaton Erynn E. , DeJordy Rich , Foster Pacey 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNon‐profit organizations are increasingly adopting business practices, an institutional phenomenon called managerialization. Sometimes those business practices cause conflict with, or drift from, the non‐profit’s mission. We investigate the micro‐foundations of this phenomenon by focusing attention on the lived experiences of organization members and advancing a pragmatic institutionalism. Empirically, we explore how managerialization is experienced in a contemporary non‐profit, the Promenade Conservancy. We find that staff primarily experience managerialization through the interplay of a shared set of values. Consistent with existing research, we find conflict between the social and business values of the organization, which we refer to as inter‐domain conflict. Surprisingly, however, staff experienced more salient intra‐domain conflict among values associated with the social mission, which complicates traditional macro theories of intuitional conflict. Our pragmatic approach to institutions reveals the importance of shared values in people’s inhabited institutional experiences. We suggest that a pragmatic institutionalism provides a necessary lens to explore questions of moral agency in institutional research and increases its practical relevance.
Analysis of Different Illuminance of the Room Lighting Condition on the Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of An Intraoral Scanner
Authors: Revilla‐León Marta , Subramanian Sai Ganesh , Att Wael , Krishnamurthy Vinayak R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeTo measure the influence of illuminance of the ambient light between 1000 lux (room light) and 10 000 lux (chair light) on the accuracy of an intraoral scanner (IOS).Material and methodsA typodont was digitized using an extraoral scanner to obtain a reference standard tessellation language (STL) file. Ten groups were created based on the different illuminance of the ambient light conditions tested starting from 1000 lux (no chair light) to 10000 lux (chair light) in increments of 1000 lux by increasing the distance between the chair light and the mannequin, with the room light turned on. Ten digital scans per group were obtained (n = 10) using an IOS (Trios 3; 3Shape). The accuracy of the digital scans was evaluated with respect to the reference mesh of the typodont using a 3D mesh processing software. Kruskal‐Wallis and pair‐wise comparison tests were used to analyze the data (α = 0.05).ResultsSignificant difference for trueness and precision values were found among the groups (p < 0.001). The 1000‐lux group exhibited the lowest discrepancy values with a median of 26.33 μm and an interquartile range (IQR) of 40.04 μm (11.97‐52.00) (p < 0.001); while the 5000‐lux group obtained the highest discrepancy values with a median of 46.38 μm and an IQR of 99.94 μm (19.05‐118.98) (p < 0.001). The pair‐wise multi‐comparison showed no difference between the 8000‐ and 4000‐lux groups (p = 0.287). In all groups, the IQR was higher than the mean errors from the control mesh, suggesting that the relative precision was low.ConclusionsA 1000‐lux illumination lighting condition is recommended to maximize the scanning accuracy of the IOS tested; the chair light should be avoided. Furthermore, the scanning accuracy response under the illuminance range tested presented a lack of monotonicity.
Utility of the Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale (BITSS) and Bristol Stool Scale in non‐toilet‐trained children: A large comparative study
Authors: Velasco‐Benitez Carlos A. , Llanos‐Chea Alejandro , Saps Miguel 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundOne of the criteria for functional constipation (FC) in Rome IV criteria is the presence of hard or painful bowel movements. In adults and children, the Rome IV criteria recommend the use of the Bristol Stool Scale (BSS). This scale is thought not to be appropriate for evaluation of stool consistency in young children. The Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale (BITSS) was developed as a scale for children wearing diapers. There are no prior studies comparing BITSS with BSS in a clinical setting. Our main aim was that BITSS behaves differently than the BSS as it reflects better stool characterization by parents.MethodsSurveys were provided to parents of participants in two cities from Colombia which included the Rome IV‐validated questionnaire and stool consistency assessment using pictures for BSS and BITSS.Key ResultsA total of 666 responses were obtained for non‐toilet‐trained children, mean age was 16.6 months. Detection for normal stools was higher using BSS (58.6%) when compared to BITSS (13.6%), and conversely was more likely to be abnormal through BITSS (86.4%) than BSS (41.4%) (p < 0.0001). BITSS (57.4%) was better than BSS (25.3%) identifying hard stools in FC (p = 0.000). For hard stools per parental classification, BITSS’ definition was better than BSS (75.8% vs 44%, respectively, p = 0.000).ConclusionsThe BITSS and BSS behave differently. The BITSS seems to be more sensitive to detect hard stools and FC than BSS. More studies are needed to better define whether BITSS is appropriate to replace BSS in non‐toilet‐trained infants and toddlers.
The celery genome sequence reveals sequential paleo‐polyploidizations, karyotype evolution and resistance gene reduction in apiales
Authors: Song Xiaoming , Sun Pengchuan , Yuan Jiaqing , Gong Ke , Li Nan , Meng Fanbo , Zhang Zhikang , Li Xinyu , Hu Jingjing , Wang Jinpeng , Yang Qihang , Jiao Beibei , Nie Fulei , Liu Tao , Chen Wei , Feng Shuyan , Pei Qiaoying , Yu Tong , Kang Xi , Zhao Wei , Cui Chunlin , Yu Ying , Wu Tong , Shan Lanxing , Liu Man , Qin Zhiji , Lin Hao , Varshney Rajeev K. , Li Xiu‐Qing , Paterson Andrew H. , Wang Xiyin 
Published: October 2020

SummaryCelery (Apium graveolens L. 2n = 2x = 22), a member of the Apiaceae family, is among the most important and globally grown vegetables. Here, we report a high‐quality genome sequence assembly, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 3.33 Gb and N50 scaffold length of 289.78 Mb. Most (92.91%) of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences, with 62.12% of 31 326 annotated genes confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes. Simultaneous bursts of shared long‐terminal repeats (LTRs) in different Apiaceae plants suggest inter‐specific exchanges. Two ancestral polyploidizations were inferred, one shared by Apiales taxa and the other confined to Apiaceae. We reconstructed 8 Apiales proto‐chromosomes, inferring their evolutionary trajectories from the eudicot common ancestor to extant plants. Transcriptome sequencing in three tissues (roots, leaves and petioles), and varieties with different‐coloured petioles, revealed 4 and 2 key genes in pathways regulating anthocyanin and coumarin biosynthesis, respectively. A remarkable paucity of NBS disease‐resistant genes in celery (62) and other Apiales was explained by extensive loss and limited production of these genes during the last ~10 million years, raising questions about their biotic defence mechanisms and motivating research into effects of chemicals, for example coumarins, that give off distinctive odours. Celery genome sequencing and annotation facilitates further research into important gene functions and breeding, and comparative genomic analyses in Apiales.
The soybean plasma membrane‐localized cation/H+ exchanger GmCHX20a plays a negative role under salt stress
Authors: Jia Qi , Li Man‐Wah , Zheng Chengwen , Xu Yiyue , Sun Song , Li Zhong , Wong Fuk‐Ling , Song Junliang , Lin Wei‐Wei , Li Qinghua , Zhu Yebao , Liang Kangjing , Lin Wenxiong , Lam Hon‐Ming 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCation/H+‐exchanger (CHX) perform diverse functions in plants, including being a part of the protective mechanisms to cope with salt stress. GmCHX1 has been previously identified as the causal gene in a major salt‐tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) in soybean, but little is known about another close paralog, GmCHX20a, found in the same QTL. In this study, GmCHX20a was characterized along with GmCHX1. The expression patterns of the two genes and the direction of Na+ flux directed by overexpression of these two transporters are different, suggesting that they are functionally distinct. The ectopic expression of GmCHX20a led to an increase in salt sensitivity and osmotic tolerance, which was consistent with its role in increasing Na+ uptake into the root. Although this seems counter‐intuitive, it may in fact be part of the mechanism by which soybean could counter act the effects of osmotic stress, which is commonly manifested in the initial stage of salinity stress. On the other hand, GmCHX1 from salt‐tolerant soybean was shown to protect plants via Na+ exclusion under salt stress. Taken together these results suggest that GmCHX20a and GmCHX1 might work complementally through a concerted effort to address both osmotic stress and ionic stress as a result of elevated salinity.
A prosopographical study of early modern English schoolmasters, c.1480–c.1650
Authors: Hansen Emily 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe late fifteenth to the mid‐seventeenth centuries marked an important time in the development of education in England, as new grammar schools were founded and existing ones re‐founded: teaching in these schools was, in theory, an important job. Yet in practice, teaching was not generally well paid or highly regarded, its qualifications and training being loosely defined and non‐standard. Previous studies of schoolmasters have focussed on this gap between theory and practice, evident in many aspects of early modern English education. This article intends to expand upon this appraisal of early modern teaching, by approaching the schoolmasters themselves as a prosopographical category. Who were these grammar school masters? What was their education level and social standing? What did their career patterns look like, and how did they become schoolmasters? Grammar school foundation documents and rules, outlining the hiring and conduct of the schoolmaster, as well as schoolmasters’ wills, are some of our most important sources, as are the schoolmasters’ biographies found in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Approaching schoolmasters in this way will broaden our understanding not just of early modern schoolmasters and their work specifically, but also of wider educational developments during the early modern period.
Species delimitation and invasion history of the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges (Dreyfusia) piceae (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Adelgidae), species complex
Authors: Havill Nathan P. , Griffin Brian P. , Andersen Jeremy C. , Foottit Robert G. , Justesen Mathias J. , Caccone Adalgisa , D'Amico Vincent , Elkinton Joseph S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Adelges (Dreyfusia) piceae (Ratzeburg) species complex is a taxonomically unstable group of six species. Three of the species are cyclically parthenogenetic [Ad. nordmannianae (Eckstein), Ad. prelli (Grossmann), and Ad. merkeri (Eichhorn)] and three are obligately asexual [Ad. piceae, Ad. schneideri (Börner), and Ad. nebrodensis (Binazzi & Covassi)]. Some species are high‐impact pests of fir (Abies) trees, so stable species names are needed to communicate effectively about management. Therefore, to refine species delimitation, guided by a reconstruction of their biogeographic history, we genotyped adelgids from Europe, North America, and the Caucasus Mountains region with 19 microsatellite loci, sequenced the COI DNA barcoding region, and compared morphology. Discriminant analysis of principal components of microsatellite genotypes revealed four distinct genetic clusters. Two clusters were morphologically consistent with Ad. nordmannianae. One of these clusters consisted of samples from the Caucasus Mountains and northern Turkey, and the other included samples from this region as well as from Europe and North America, where Ad. nordmannianae is invasive. A third cluster was morphologically consistent with Ad. piceae, and included individuals from Europe, where it is native, and North America, where it is invasive. In North America, the majority of Ad. piceae individuals were assigned to two geographically widespread clones, suggesting multiple introductions. The fourth cluster included individuals morphologically consistent with Ad. prelli or Ad. merkeri. However, based on genetic assignments, hybrid simulations, and approximate Bayesian computation, we find it likely that these are contemporary hybrids between Ad. nordmannianae and Ad. piceae that arose independently in Europe and North America, so we propose that Ad. prelli and Ad. merkeri are invalid. Finally, we synonymise Ad. schneideri (syn.n.) with Ad. nordmannianae and designate Ad. nebrodensis as subspecies Ad. piceae nebrodensis (stat.n.). Our revised taxonomy therefore recognises two species: Ad. nordmannianae and Ad. piceae, which we estimate to have diverged recently, during one of the last two interglacial periods. Finally, we comment on this species complex being in the midst of transition between sexual and asexual reproduction, a pattern that is probably common in Adelgidae.
Complications and outcomes of swine that underwent cesarean section for resolution of dystocia: 110 cases (2013‐2018)
Authors: Lozier Joseph W. , VanHoy Grace M. , Jordan Brianna A. , Muir Andrew J. T. , Lakritz Jeffrey , Hinds C. Austin , Niehaus Andrew J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo report the surgical survival of dams and piglets and follow‐up survival and future breeding potential of swine that underwent cesarean section for correction of dystocia.Study designRetrospective study.AnimalsOne hundred ten client‐owned, female swine. All swine included in this study were breeding stock for market pigs to be used for exhibition purposes.MethodsMedical records of swine that underwent cesarean section at The Ohio State University Hospital for Farm Animals for resolution of dystocia between January of 2013 and July of 2018 were reviewed. Signalment, history, number of piglets per litter, treatments, and surgical procedure were recorded. Follow‐up information (survival, complications, and additional pregnancies) was obtained via telephone interview.ResultsA fetus was not palpable in 77 of 110 (70%) cases at presentation. The median litter size was eight piglets (range, 1‐14), with medians of five (range, 0‐13) live and one dead (range, 0‐11) piglets per litter. Follow‐up was available for 52 dams, of which 39 (75%) survived. Complications were recorded in 20 of 52 (38.46%) cases and included incisional seroma formation, lethargy, and anorexia. Twenty‐three dams became pregnant and farrowed after the cesarean section, with no reported complication in 13 of these.ConclusionCesarean section in swine is associated with a good prognosis for recovery from the procedure and a fair to guarded prognosis for future breeding.Clinical significanceCesarean section may be considered for resolution of dystocia in swine. However, owners should be advised that nearly half of sows require assistance in subsequent deliveries.