bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Good Governance to Governance for Good: Blockchain for Social Impact
Authors: Seyedsayamdost Elham , Vanderwal Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAgenda 2030 has triggered a phalanx of initiatives to expand the scale and scope of activities and actors addressing global challenges. One increasingly scrutinized area is the use of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) in the fields of development and humanitarian aid. This paper examines three projects that have piloted DLT use cases, including cash‐based transfers to Syrian refugees by the World Food Programme; illegal child trafficking in Moldova by the United Nations Office for Project Services; and microlending to social enterprises in Brazil by Moeda. The paper explores the use of blockchain technology with a view to understanding its implications for governance. It argues that the decentralization and disintermediation associated with the blockchain are not a given outcome in the cases explored for this paper. Rather, the DLT projects under examination have centralizing tendencies that empower the state while replacing traditional intermediaries with new ones that have expertise in code and blockchain. The paper identifies limitations associated with DLT solutions and offers policy recommendations to enhance the use of DLTs to accelerate the achievement of the sustainable development goals. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of acid and alkali stress on extracellular metabolite profile of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917
Authors: Wu Lingyi , Wang Wenwen , Wu Zhen , Pan Daodong , Zeng Xiaoqun , Guo Yuxing , Lian Liwei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs a multifunctional lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum has been proved to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract, and it can also colonize this tract. In this study, the effects of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 metabolic profile caused by initial acid–base (pH 5.5 and 8.5) stress were investigated using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. The results showed that the metabolome mainly consisted of 14 metabolites, including the components like amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and alkaloids. According to the nontargeted principal component analysis, there was a decrease in most of the metabolites in the alkali‐treated group (mainly change in PC1) except acetate, whereas the production of lactate and glycine was increased in the acid‐treated group (mainly change in PC2). Furthermore, the initial alkali stress inhibits the secretion of lactic acid, as a decrease was observed in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and acetic dehydrogenase of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 in the alkali group. All these findings revealed that alkali stress could limit the acid environment formation of L. plantarum 14917 in the fermentation process; however, low acid pH is more suitable for the growth of L. plantarum.
Environmental drivers of population variability in colony‐forming marine diatoms
Authors: Kenitz Kasia M. , Orenstein Eric C. , Roberts Paul L. D. , Franks Peter J. S. , Jaffe Jules S. , Carter Melissa L. , Barton Andrew D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany aquatic microbes form colonies, yet little is known about their abundance and fitness relative to single‐celled taxa. The formation of diatom chains, in particular, has implications for diatom growth, survival, and carbon transfer. Here, we utilize an autonomous underwater microscope, combined with traditional microscopy, to develop a novel, multiyear record of the abundance of single‐cell and colony‐forming diatoms at Scripps Pier, a coastal location in the Southern California Bight. The total abundance of diatoms was lower during the warmer and more stratified conditions from 2015 to early 2016, but increased in cooler and less stratified conditions in mid‐2016 to late 2017. Diatom blooms were dominated by chain‐forming taxa, whereas solitary diatoms prevailed during low‐biomass conditions. The abundance of dinoflagellates, some of which are important diatom predators, is highest when colonies (chains) are most abundant. These observations of the diatom assemblage are consistent with a trade‐off between resource acquisition and predator defenses. Solitary diatom cells dominated during conditions with weak nutrient supply because they have a greater diffusive catchment area per cell in comparison to cells living in colonies. In contrast, during bloom conditions when nutrient supply is high and predators are abundant, forming a colony may reduce predation losses to quickly growing microzooplankton predators, and afford chains a higher fitness despite the costs of sharing resources with neighboring cells. These results highlight the contrasting ecology of single‐cell and chain‐forming diatoms, and the need to differentiate them in monitoring campaigns and ecological models.
Feasibility of proton FLASH irradiation using a synchrocyclotron for preclinical studies
Authors: Darafsheh Arash , Hao Yao , Zwart Townsend , Wagner Miles , Catanzano Daniel , Williamson Jeffrey F. , Knutson Nels , Sun Baozhou , Mutic Sasa , Zhao Tianyu 
Published: May 2020

PurposeIt has been recently shown that radiotherapy at ultrahigh dose rates (>40 Gy/s, FLASH) has a potential advantage in sparing healthy organs compared to that at conventional dose rates. The purpose of this work is to show the feasibility of proton FLASH irradiation using a gantry‐mounted synchrocyclotron as a first step toward implementing an experimental setup for preclinical studies.MethodsA clinical Mevion HYPERSCAN®synchrocyclotron was modified to deliver ultrahigh dose rates. Pulse widths of protons with 230 MeV energy were manipulated from 1 to 20 μs to deliver in conventional and ultrahigh dose rate. A boron carbide absorber was placed in the beam for range modulation. A Faraday cup was used to determine the number of protons per pulse at various dose rates. Dose rate was determined by the dose measured with a plane‐parallel ionization chamber with respect to the actual delivery time. The integral depth dose (IDD) was measured with a Bragg ionization chamber. Monte Carlo simulation was performed in TOPAS as the secondary check for the measurements.ResultsMaximum protons charge per pulse, measured with the Faraday cup, was 54.6 pC at 20 μs pulse width. The measured IDD agreed well with the Monte Carlo simulation. The average dose rate measured using the ionization chamber showed 101 Gy/s at the entrance and 216 Gy/s at the Bragg peak with a full width at half maximum field size of 1.2 cm.ConclusionsIt is feasible to deliver protons at 100 and 200 Gy/s average dose rate at the plateau and the Bragg peak, respectively, in a small ~1 cm2field using a gantry‐mounted synchrocyclotron.
Void region restriction for additive manufacturing via a diffusion physics approach
Authors: Sabiston Graeme , Kim Il Yong 
Published: May 2020

SummaryA longstanding challenge in additive manufacturing (AM), the presence of void regions in additively manufactured components, causes two main issues: the enclosing of build material powder in powder bed fusion techniques and limiting tool access in critical post‐processing operations to remove sacrificial support structures. As topology optimization has embraced and overcome many of the obstacles of incorporating AM constraints into the underlying numerical optimization statement, there exist few solutions that directly address this fundamental void region issue. By developing computationally efficient and effective solutions to this problem, the integration of these two advanced technologies can be fully realized. Drawing on inspiration from the principles of diffusion physics, a particle diffusion void restriction (PDVR) method is presented in this work that is capable of encouraging the optimization scheme to generate final designs that are fully accessible. Additionally, this method empowers the user to choose the type of post‐processing method to clear support material (eg, three‐axis or five‐axis milling operations, number and orientation of part set‐ups) and, therefore, quantify the level of costs associated with the post‐processing operation. The PDVR optimization framework is demonstrated on multiple two‐ and three‐dimensional test problems, with physically manufactured examples depicting the real‐world benefits this method admits.
Types of motivation and eudemonic well‐being as predictors of academic outcomes in first‐year students: A self‐determination theory approach
Authors: Breva Alicia , Galindo María Paz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGrounded in self‐determination theory (SDT), the purpose of this study is to analyze how academic outcomes, such as hedonic well‐being and achievement, are affected by the students’ reasons for attending university. Additionally, the extent to which eudemonic well‐being predicts academic outcomes beyond the types of motivation is also explored. In an initial sample of 3,392 first‐year students, the motivation and well‐being variables were measured at the beginning of the course (Time 1); and after the end of the academic year (Time 2) the academic achievement variables were collected from 366 participants belonging to the initial sample. Hierarchical regression analyses reveal that the types of motivation and eudemonic well‐being differentially predicted hedonic well‐being; the results related to academic achievement show the predictive power of intrinsic motivation and amotivation although these remain less conclusive. The implications for both research and practice are included.
SARS‐CoV‐2 in the context of past coronaviruses epidemics: Consideration for prenatal care
Authors: Lambelet Valentine , Vouga Manon , Pomar Léo , Favre Guillaume , Gerbier Eva , Panchaud Alice , Baud David 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSince December 2019, the novel SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak has resulted in millions of cases and more than 200 000 deaths worldwide. The clinical course among nonpregnant women has been described, but data about potential risks for women and their fetus remain scarce. The SARS and MERS epidemics were responsible for miscarriages, adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes, and maternal deaths. For COVID‐19 infection, only nine cases of maternal death have been reported as of 22 April 2020, and pregnant women seem to develop the same clinical presentation as the general population. However, severe maternal cases, as well as prematurity, fetal distress, and stillbirth among newborns have been reported. The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic greatly impacts prenatal management and surveillance and raise the need for clear unanimous guidelines. In this narrative review, we describe the current knowledge about coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, and SARS‐CoV‐2) risks and consequences on pregnancies, and we summarize available current candidate therapeutic options for pregnant women. Finally, we compare current guidance proposed by The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the World Health Organization to give an overview of prenatal management which should be utilized until future data appear.
Advanced anticorrosion coatings prepared from polybenzoxazine/siloxane‐containing epoxy resin
Authors: Sili He , Yuntao Li , Chunxia Zhao , Jiaojiao Wu , Hui Li , Dong Xiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this study, a new type of coating comprising benzoxazine and siloxane‐containing epoxy (SiEP) resin was prepared by the thermal curing method. The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) analysis not only confirmed the complete reaction between polybenzoxaine and SiEP resin after heat curing, but also found the hydrogen‐bonding interactions between them. The addition of SiEP resin significantly enhanced the hydrophobicity and adhesion ability of the coating and greatly improved the water contact angles of the blend coatings (>108°), compared to that of the pristine PBa coating, which attributed to the introduction of a SiOSi network structure in the matrix. In addition, the corrosion resistance of the coating was tested though a series of electrochemical experiment. According to the results, the corrosion current values of the blend coatings decreased by about four orders of magnitude compared to that of the pristine carbon steel, and the corrosion protection efficiency of the blend coatings were >99%, indicating good application prospect of these blend coatings.
A concise overview on plasma treatment for application on textile and leather materials
Authors: Tudoran Cristian , Roşu Marcela‐Corina , Coroş Maria 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPlasma technology used for textile and leather materials treatment is a dry, environmental friendly, and easy to operate method by which surface modification is obtained without altering the bulk properties of the materials. Particularly, nonthermal plasmas are very appropriate due to the fact that most textiles, and especially leathers, are usually heat sensitive. The major objective of this review is to provide a critical update on the present state‐of‐art relating to plasma and its effects on different textiles and leathers. We believe that the discussed subjects are helpful and may be used as an instruction guide for the future developments in the field of plasma‐activated textiles and leathers.
Method to Determine the Impact Strength of Triple‐Base Gun Propellant Based on Strain Energy Density
Authors: Liu Ji‐Hua , Zhao Hong‐Li , He Chang‐Hui , Jin Jian‐Wei , Zhao Bao‐Ming , Wang Qiong‐Lin , Zhang Zou‐Zou 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA method to obtain the impact strength of triple‐base gun propellant is proposed according to strain energy density. Using a drop‐weight impact testing machine, the impact strengths of DAGR125‐21/19 gun propellant at room temperature (20 °C) and low temperature (−40 °C) were studied. In the experiments, there were different impact energies via changing the drop weight or height. The surface images of gun propellants during the impact process were captured using a high‐speed camera. The deformation of DAGR125‐21/19 gun propellant was calculated through digital image correlation method (DICM). After analyzing the surface images and deformation, it was found that there was a good agreement between the maximum of axial nominal strain energy density (ANSED) and initial fracture point. Finally, the impact strength of DAGR125‐21/19 gun propellant was obtained through calculating the strain energy density during the plastic stage between the yield and initial fracture points. Moreover, successive parallel and replication experiment results proved the rationality and feasibility of the proposed method to determine the impact strengths of DAGR125‐21/19 gun propellant at room temperature (20 °C) and low temperature (−40 °C).
Comparative metabolism of gelsenicine in liver microsomes from humans, pigs, goats and rats
Authors: Wang Zi‐Yuan , Zuo Ming‐Ting , Zhao Xue‐Jiao , Li Yu‐Juan , Sun Zhi‐Liang , Liu Zhao‐Ying 
Published: May 2020

RationaleGelsemium elegans (G. elegans) is highly toxic to humans and rats but has insecticidal and growth‐promoting effects on pigs and goats. However, the mechanisms behind the toxicity differences of G. elegans are unclear. Gelsenicine, isolated from G. elegans, has been reported to be a toxic alkaloid.MethodsIn this study, the in vitro metabolism of gelsenicine was investigated and compared for the first time using human (HLM), pig (PLM), goat (GLM) and rat (RLM) liver microsomes and high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS).ResultsIn total, eight metabolites (M1–M8) were identified by using high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/QqTOF‐MS). Two main metabolic pathways were found in the liver microsomes of the four species: demethylation at the methoxy group on the indole nitrogen (M1) and oxidation at different positions (M2–M8). M8 was identified only in the GLM. The degradation ratio of gelsenicine and the relative percentage of metabolites produced during metabolism were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/QqQ‐MS/MS). The degradation ratio of gelsenicine in liver microsomes decreased in the following order: PLM ≥ GLM > HLM > RLM. The production of M1 decreased in the order of GLM > PLM > RLM > HLM, the production of M2 was similar among the four species, and the production of M3 was higher in the HLM than in the liver microsomes of the other three species.ConclusionsBased on these results, demethylation was speculated to be the main gelsenicine detoxification pathway, providing vital information to better understand the metabolism and toxicity differences of G. elegans among different species.
GRATIS: GeneRAting TIme Series with diverse and controllable characteristics
Authors: Kang Yanfei , Hyndman Rob J. , Li Feng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe explosion of time series data in recent years has brought a flourish of new time series analysis methods, for forecasting, clustering, classification and other tasks. The evaluation of these new methods requires either collecting or simulating a diverse set of time series benchmarking data to enable reliable comparisons against alternative approaches. We propose GeneRAting TIme Series with diverse and controllable characteristics, named GRATIS, with the use of mixture autoregressive (MAR) models. We simulate sets of time series using MAR models and investigate the diversity and coverage of the generated time series in a time series feature space. By tuning the parameters of the MAR models, GRATIS is also able to efficiently generate new time series with controllable features. In general, as a costless surrogate to the traditional data collection approach, GRATIS can be used as an evaluation tool for tasks such as time series forecasting and classification. We illustrate the usefulness of our time series generation process through a time series forecasting application.
Design, Synthesis and Characterization of N‐Substituted Heteroaromatics: DFT‐Studies and Organic Light Emitting Device Application
Authors: Mohan Makesh , John Raganjali , Nagarajan Satyanarayan M. , Trivedi Darshak R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSchiff's base condensation of 4,5‐Dimethyl‐1,2‐phenylenediamine with various aldehydes namely fluorene‐2‐carboxaldehyde (MBF), N‐ethyl‐3‐carboxaldehyde (MBE), 8‐hydroxyjulolidine‐9‐carboxaldehyde (MBJ) and N‐(4‐formylphenyl) carbazole (MBB) functioning as light emitters have been synthesized. Solid‐state emission reveals the exhibition of variant fluorescent color achieved by mere variation in the peripheral group attached to the core. Amongst the designed system, MBB showed a solid‐state blue light emission with its emission peak centered at 453 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield of MBB displayed value of 44.82% in the solution state. Electrochemical studies on MBB estimated a HOMO energy level at −5.7 eV and LUMO at −3.2 eV. OLED realized with MBB as an active emitter material was successful in the generation of bluish‐green emission with a maximum brightness of 280 cd/m2. Current efficiency of 2 cd/A and a power efficiency of 0.18 lm/W was observed for the fabricated device.
Host‐Guest Complexation Affects Perylene‐Based Dye Aggregation
Authors: Nilam Mohamed , Huang Chusen , Karmacharya Shreya , Aryal Gyan H. , Huang Liming , Nau Werner M. , Assaf Khaleel I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA fluorescent perylene‐based dye (PDI) was designed with two aromatic moieties at the imide position of the perylene core. The dye displayed contrasting behavior with water‐soluble macrocycles. Cucurbit[n]urils (CB7 and CB8) reduced the self‐aggregation of the dye molecules, while sulfonatocalixarenes (SCX4 and SCX5) and sulfonato‐β‐cyclodextrin (S‐β‐CD) resulted in a complexation‐enhanced aggregation. In regard to potential applications, the CB8•PDI complex served as an excellent reporter pair inside cells to detect the uptake of neurotransmitters by fluorescence.
Catalytic Performances of NiCuP@rGO and NiCuN@rGO for Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions in Alkaline Electrolyte
Authors: Dinesh M. Mayilvel , Liang Dong , Zhang Haizhou , Ma Xiaochun , Zhou Xiaoming , Huang Taizhong , Mao Shun , Mao Jianfeng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported nickel‐copper phosphide (NiCuP@rGO) nanotube and nickel‐copper nitride (NiCuN@rGO) nano‐rods were synthesized and the catalytic performances of them for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in alkaline electrolyte were reported. Structure investigations show that the NiCuP@rGO has a nanotube structure, whereas NiCuN@rGO has aggregated nanorods structure. The catalytic performance of NiCuP@rGO and NiCuN@rGO for ORR and OER were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Tafel, rotating disc electrode (RDE) and rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) tests and other methodologies. Results showed that both NiCuP@rGO and NiCuN@rGO had good catalytic performance for ORR, which major happened through 4‐electron pathway. Thus, the catalytic performance of NiCuP@rGO for OER was much higher than that of NiCuN@rGO. The great difference in the catalytic performance should be attributed to the different electronegativity of nitrogen and phosphorus. The higher negativity of nitrogen facilitates the electron transfer from catalyst to oxygen molecules but inhibits the acceptance of electron from hydroxide ions in the alkaline electrolyte. On the other hand, the nanotube structure of NiCuP@rGO with superior electron conductivity facilitates the OER reaction on the catalyst surface. This paper provides a reference for the design of novel catalysts for ORR and OER.
Evolution of Bio‐Inspired Artificial Synapses: Materials, Structures, and Mechanisms
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Wei Huanhuan , Gong Jiangdong , Han Hong , Ma Mingxue , Wang Yongfei , Xu Wentao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractArtificial synapses (ASs) are electronic devices emulating important functions of biological synapses, which are essential building blocks of artificial neuromorphic networks for brain‐inspired computing. A human brain consists of several quadrillion synapses for information storage and processing, and massively parallel computation. Neuromorphic systems require ASs to mimic biological synaptic functions, such as paired‐pulse facilitation, short‐term potentiation, long‐term potentiation, spatiotemporally‐correlated signal processing, and spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity, etc. Feature size and energy consumption of ASs need to be minimized for high‐density energy‐efficient integration. This work reviews recent progress on ASs. First, synaptic plasticity and functional emulation are introduced, and then synaptic electronic devices for neuromorphic computing systems are discussed. Recent advances in flexible artificial synapses for artificial sensory nerves are also briefly introduced. Finally, challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed.