bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The origin and composition of carbonatite-derived carbonate-bearing fluorapatite deposits
Authors: Broom-Fendley Sam , Siegfried Pete R. , Wall Frances , O’Neill Mary , Brooker Richard A. , Fallon Emily K. , Pickles Jonathan R. , Banks David A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCarbonate-bearing fluorapatite rocks occur at over 30 globally distributed carbonatite complexes and represent a substantial potential supply of phosphorus for the fertiliser industry. However, the process(es) involved in forming carbonate-bearing fluorapatite at some carbonatites remain equivocal, with both hydrothermal and weathering mechanisms inferred. In this contribution, we compare the paragenesis and trace element contents of carbonate-bearing fluorapatite rocks from the Kovdor, Sokli, Bukusu, Catalão I and Glenover carbonatites in order to further understand their origin, as well as to comment upon the concentration of elements that may be deleterious to fertiliser production. The paragenesis of apatite from each deposit is broadly equivalent, comprising residual magmatic grains overgrown by several different stages of carbonate-bearing fluorapatite. The first forms epitactic overgrowths on residual magmatic grains, followed by the formation of massive apatite which, in turn, is cross-cut by late euhedral and colloform apatite generations. Compositionally, the paragenetic sequence corresponds to a substantial decrease in the concentration of rare earth elements (REE), Sr, Na and Th, with an increase in U and Cd. The carbonate-bearing fluorapatite exhibits a negative Ce anomaly, attributed to oxic conditions in a surficial environment and, in combination with the textural and compositional commonality, supports a weathering origin for these rocks. Carbonate-bearing fluorapatite has Th contents which are several orders of magnitude lower than magmatic apatite grains, potentially making such apatite a more environmentally attractive feedstock for the fertiliser industry. Uranium and cadmium contents are higher in carbonate-bearing fluorapatite than magmatic carbonatite apatite, but are much lower than most marine phosphorites.
Mensch-Computer-Interaktion als zentrales Gebiet der Informatik – Bestandsaufnahme, Trends und Herausforderungen
Authors: Koch Michael , Ziegler Jürgen , Reuter Christian , Schlegel Thomas , Prilla Michael 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungMensch-Computer-Interaktion (MCI) beschäftigt sich mit Fragen rund um die benutzer- und kontextegerechte Gestaltung von IT-Systemen. Ohne MCI ist die vielbeschworene digitale Transformation nicht möglich, da Systeme, die nicht benutzbar (gebrauchstauglich) sind, für ihre Nutzer wertlos oder sogar gefährlich sind – erst Nutzbarkeit schafft Nutzen! In diesem Beitrag sammeln wir einige Beispiele dafür, wo und wie MCI in der Entwicklung zukünftiger IT-Systeme relevant ist – von nutzerzentrierter künstlicher Intelligenz über benutzbare Sicherheit, cyberphysische Systeme und digital Arbeit hin zu Augmented Reality und Virtual Reality.
Patient anxiety of verticalization on day 0 after a Cesarean section
Authors: Prokopowicz Anna , Korzeniewska Aleksandra , Byrka Katarzyna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The ERAS protocol recommends fast mobilization of a patient along with providing psychological comfort; however, early verticalization can generate mental discomfort. In the post-operative period after Caesarean section (CC), a patient may experience pain, anxiety and negative affect. The main aim of the study was to investigate levels of patient anxiety concerning verticalization on day 0 after CC using. Also, the dependence between anxiety of verticalization and the following: pain, anxiety as a permanent disposition, resistance to pain, negative and positive emotions, and positive orientation was described.

Methods
The study included 150 women on day 0 after their CC. The measurement of anxiety concerning verticalization, pain, and also negative and positive emotions was conducted twice. During the first measurement, variables such as anxiety levels as a constant disposition, level of pain resistance and positive orientation were also monitored.

Results
Patients upon arrival at the post-operative room declared a higher level of anxiety of verticalization (p < 0.05) (Median = 4; IQR = 5) when compared to 6 h after surgery (Median = 3; IQR = 4). A weak correlation of anxiety and pain was noted (r = 0.264; p < 0.01) in the second measurement. In both measurements, negative emotions and pain resistance proved to be the strongest variables explaining anxiety concerning verticalization.

Conclusions
Low levels of pain experienced by a patient after CC do not explain the variance in anxiety of verticalization. The use of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of anxiety allows care givers to gain patients' psychological perspective in different moments after CC.
Seizures at the onset of aneurysmal SAH: epiphenomenon or valuable predictor?
Authors: Darkwah Oppong Marvin , Bastias Marcela Jara , Pierscianek Daniela , Droste Leonie , Dinger Thiemo F. , Ahmadipour Yahya , Rauschenbach Laurèl , Quesada Carlos , Chihi Mehdi , Dammann Philipp , Forsting Michael , Wrede Karsten H. , Sure Ulrich , Jabbarli Ramazan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective
Seizures at the onset (SAO) of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) occur in up to one of every five cases. To date, there is no consensus on causal background and clinical value of these early bleeding-related seizures. This study aimed to analyze the predictors and the impact of SAO in aSAH.

Methods
All aSAH patients from the institutional observational cohort (01/2003–06/2016) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients’ charts and emergency protocols from first responders were screened for the occurrence of seizures in the first 24 h after aSAH. Patients’ baseline characteristics and occurrence of post-hemorrhagic complications were analyzed. Outcome endpoints included in-hospital mortality and poor outcome at 6-month follow-up (modified Rankin Scale > 3).

Results
Of 984 patients included in the final analysis, SAO occurred in 93 cases (9.5%) and were independently associated with younger age (< 51 years, p < 0.001), WFNS grade ≥ 4 (p < 0.001), aneurysm characteristics (location at the proximal branch of the anterior cerebral artery [p = 0.037] and irregular sac [p = 0.019]) and admission body temperature > 38.3 ℃ (p = 0.008). There was an association between SAO and early complications (early infarcts [p = 0.004] and primary decompressive craniectomy [p = 0.024]). Only in the subgroup analysis restricted to the younger individuals, SAO independently predicted poor outcome of aSAH (p = 0.002).

Significance
Onset seizures following aSAH are rare and most likely related to the severity of early brain injury. Particularly, younger individuals are not only at higher risk for SAO, but are also prone to poor outcome in case of aSAH accompanied with SAO.

Trial registration number
German clinical trial registry (DRKS, unique identifier: DRKS00008749, 06/09/2015)
Effects of emixustat hydrochloride in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study
Authors: Kubota Ryo , Jhaveri Chirag , Koester John M. , Gregory Jeffrey K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of oral emixustat hydrochloride on pro-angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor, as well as other ophthalmic parameters, in subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods
Twenty-three patients with PDR, with or without diabetic macular edema (DME), were assigned to emixustat or placebo in daily oral doses ranging from 5 to 40 mg over a step-up titration period, for 84 days. The main outcome measures included levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TGFβ-1, and VEGF in the aqueous humor.

Results
Seven of 12 subjects (58%) who were randomized to emixustat and 11 of 12 subjects (92%) who were randomized to placebo completed the study. No statistically significant differences between treatment groups were observed for changes in any of the aqueous humor cytokines tested. However, median VEGF levels were slightly reduced in the emixustat but not the placebo group (− 70.0 pg/mL versus + 42.7 pg/mL, or − 11.8% versus + 6.7%). In a post hoc analysis of all subjects (with or without DME), statistically significant differences between treatment arms in mean changes from baseline in central subfield thickness (CST; emixustat − 11.9 μm, placebo + 36.2 μm; P = 0.076) and total macular volume (TMV; emixustat − 0.13 mm3, placebo + 0.23 mm3; P = 0.026) were observed, both favoring emixustat. Emixustat’s safety profile was consistent with prior studies (i.e., the adverse events of delayed dark adaptation and visual impairment were more common in subjects treated with emixustat).

Conclusion
Although this pilot study did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in changes in aqueous humor cytokine levels between the emixustat and placebo groups, VEGF levels were slightly reduced in the emixustat but not in the placebo group. In addition, statistically significant differences favoring the emixustat group were observed in CST and TMV among all subjects. These data warrant further investigation of emixustat’s potential therapeutic effects in diabetic retinopathy.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02753400 (April 2016)
A study on flow decomposition methods for scheduling of electric buses in public transport based on aggregated time–space network models
Authors: Olsen Nils , Kliewer Natalia , Wolbeck Lena 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOver the past few years, many public transport companies have launched pilot projects testing the operation of electric buses. The basic objective of these projects is to substitute diesel buses with electric buses within the companies’ daily operations. Despite an extensive media coverage, the share of electric buses deployed still remains very small in practice. In this context, new challenges arise for a company’s planning process due to the considerably shorter ranges of electric buses compared to traditional combustion engine buses and to the necessity to recharge their batteries at charging stations. Vehicle scheduling, an essential planning task within the planning process, is especially affected by these additional challenges. In this paper, we define the mixed fleet vehicle scheduling problem with electric vehicles. We extend the traditional vehicle scheduling problem by considering a mixed fleet consisting of electric buses with limited driving ranges and rechargeable batteries as well as traditional diesel buses without such range limitations. To solve the problem, we introduce a three-phase solution approach based on an aggregated time–space network consisting of an exact solution method for the vehicle scheduling problem without range limitations, innovative flow decomposition methods, and a novel algorithm for the consideration of charging procedures. Through a computational study using real-world bus timetables, we show that our solution approach meets the requirements of a first application of electric buses in practice. Since the employment of electric buses is mainly influenced by the availability of charging infrastructure, which is determined by the distribution of charging stations within the route network, we particularly focus on the influence of the charging infrastructure.
Definition of 3D rainfall thresholds to increase operative landslide early warning system performances
Authors: Rosi Ascanio , Segoni Samuele , Canavesi Vanessa , Monni Antonio , Gallucci Angela , Casagli Nicola 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntensity–duration rainfall thresholds are commonly used in regional-scale landslide warning systems. In this manuscript, 3D thresholds are defined also considering the mean rainfall amount fallen in each alert zone (MeAR, mean areal rainfall) in Emilia Romagna region (Northern Italy). In the proposed 3D approach, thresholds are represented by a plane instead of a line, and the third dimension allows to indirectly account for the influence of complex rainfall patterns. MeAR values are calculated according to different time periods ranging from 7 to 30 days, and all threshold parameters are calibrated independently for the 8 alert zones in which the region is divided. The approach was validated and compared with classical intensity–duration thresholds, finding that the 3D threshold may be used to get better performances, especially in terms of a consistent reduction of false alarms:− 20 to − 86%, depending on the alert zone and the selected MeAR duration. These results open new encouraging perspectives for the development of the regional warning system that is operated in the study area.
Impact of cultivation strategy, freeze-drying process, and storage conditions on survival, membrane integrity, and inactivation kinetics of Bifidobacterium longum
Authors: Haindl Regina , Neumayr Alexandra , Frey Anika , Kulozik Ulrich 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBifidobacterium longum, one of the main microorganisms in the human gut, is used as an adjunct to lactic acid starter cultures or sold as a probiotic product. Therefore, Bifidobacterium longum cell suspensions get freeze-dried with protective additives to prevent activity losses. To date, investigations covering growth and inactivation kinetics of Bifidobacterium longum during the whole process (cultivation, drying, and storage) have been lacking. In this study, the effect of cultivation conditions and shelf temperature as well as the influence of protectants (maltodextrin, glucitol, trehalose) at various concentrations on cell survival during freeze-drying was assessed. Drying was followed by a storage at + 4 °C and + 20 °C for 70 days to evaluate inactivation kinetics. The impact of the different factors was assessed by measuring surival rate and residual moisture content at various points of time over the whole process. In parallel cell membrane integrity and glass transition were determined to reveal inactivation effects. Cultivation strategy had a strong influence on survival with a huge potential for process improvement. A pH of 6.0 at the growth optimum of the strain provides better conditions regarding cell survival after drying than free acidification (non-regulated pH conditions). During the drying step, membrane leakage due to the removal of water is the main reason for the inactivation in this process step. In this study, the highest survival of 49% was obtained with cells dried at + 35 °C shelf temperature with an addition of maltodextrin (75% bacterial dry matter, w/w). The results show that Bifidobacterium longum cells are mostly inactivated during drying, whereas storage conditions at + 4 °C with an addition of 75% BDM maltodextrin relative to bacterial dry mass prevent cell loss completely.
Impact of Land Rental Market Participation on Smallholder Farmers’ Commercialization: Panel Data Evidence from Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Tesfay Menasbo Gebru 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to assess the impact of participation in the land rental market on smallholder farmers’ commercialization using farm household panel data in Tigrai, Ethiopia. Regression results reveal that 1 hectare increase in area rented in by tenant households leads to a 60% increase in the likelihood of participation in the output market as a crop seller and increases the marketed output sold by tenant households by US$ 200/year. The results appear to indicate that land rental market in the land scarcity economy to some extent contributes positively in the facilitation of transformation toward smallholders’ commercialization.
Utilization of cumulative antibiograms for public health surveillance: Trends in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae susceptibility, Massachusetts, 2008–2018
Authors: Vo Quynh T. , Klevens R. Monina , Bolstorff Barbara , Barton Kerri , Cumming Melissa , Blumenthal Jennifer A. , Troppy T. Scott , Gerth Joseph M. , DeMaria Alfred 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground:Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent public health threat. Identifying trends in antimicrobial susceptibility can inform public health policy at the state and local levels.Objective:To determine the ability of statewide antibiogram aggregation for public health surveillance to identify changes in antimicrobial resistance trends.Design:Facility-level trend analysis.Methods:Crude and adjusted trend analyses of the susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to particular antibiotics, as reported by aggregated antibiograms, were examined from 2008 through 2018. Multivariable regression analyses via generalized linear mixed models were used to examine associations between hospital characteristics and trends of E. coli and K. pneumoniae susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.Results:E. coli and K. pneumoniae showed inverse trends in drug susceptibility over time. K. pneumoniae susceptibility to fluoroquinolones increased by 5% between 2008 and 2018 (P < .05). In contrast, E. coli susceptibility declined during the same period to ceftriaxone (6%), gentamicin (4%), and fluoroquinolones (4%) (P < .05). When compared to Boston hospitals, E. coli isolates from hospitals in other regions had a >4% higher proportion of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and a >3% higher proportion of susceptibility to ceftriaxone (P < .05). Isolates of K. pneumoniae had higher susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (>3%) and ceftriaxone (>1.5%) in all regions when compared to Boston hospitals (P < .05).Conclusions:Cumulative antibiograms can be used to monitor antimicrobial resistance, to discern regional and facility differences, and to detect changes in trends. Furthermore, because the number of years that hospitals contributed reports to the state-level aggregate had no significant influence on susceptibility trends, other states should not be discouraged by incomplete hospital compliance.
Introduction: Burdens and Beginnings: Rebuilding East and West Germany after Nazism
Authors: Hagemann Karen , Jarausch Konrad H. , Hof Tobias 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe introduction discusses the state of the current research on the post-1945 history of East and West Germany, explains the agenda of the special issue and discusses its main topics. The focus is the politics of survival in the chaos of collapse and the controversial debates about the agenda of the reconstruction. In these discussions different visions competed, from the restoration of traditions to efforts of a post-fascist modernization. The introduction questions the postwar success narrative by discussing the “burdens” of the Nazi past, such as Nazi perpetrators, displaced people, expellees and refugees, including the returning German-Jewish survivors. It also engages with the problems of the Cold War division by exploring the “new beginnings”, which were debated in relation to the past of Nazi, Weimar, and Imperial Germany, among them: cultural diplomacy, welfare policy and eldercare, family policy and gender roles, and popular culture. The essay calls for more comparative and transnational research of the postwar era, especially in the areas of the integration into the Cold War blocs, the postwar shifting of borders and peoples, narratives of victimhood, and memory tropes about the war and postwar.
Representing a “Better Germany”: Competing Images of State and Society in the Early Cultural Diplomacy of the FRG and GDR
Authors: Hillaker Lorn 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the early years of the FRG and GDR, cultural diplomacy was largely defined by each country's need to establish a role for itself within its respective Cold War bloc. In the sphere of foreign policy, competition between East and West Germany to achieve recognition both from Western states and the so-called Third World was heightened by the FRG's Hallstein Doctrine (1955–1970). Cultural diplomacy offered a route outside traditional channels of diplomacy to convince foreign politicians to support or at least have favorable views of either German state. The cultural diplomatic media of this early period focused on each state's rebuilding and adherence to international treaties as well as on countering the legacy of the Second World War. As division continued into the 1950s, cultural diplomacy on each side of the iron curtain worked to cultivate an image of a peaceful, friendly state superior both to its Nazi predecessor and to its rival across the German-German border, setting the terms for an image-building contest that would continue throughout the Cold War.
Returning to Stay? Jews in East and West Germany after the Holocaust
Authors: Sinn Andrea A. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTTo better understand the position of Jews within Germany after the end of World War II, this article analyzes the rebuilding of Jewish communities in East and West Germany from a Jewish perspective. This approach highlights the peculiarities and sometimes sharply contrasting developments within the Jewish communities in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, from the immediate postwar months to the official East-West separation of these increasingly politically divided communities in the early 1960s. Central to the study are the policies of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, which exemplify the process of gradual divergence in the relations between East and West German Jewish communities, that, as this article demonstrates, paralleled and mirrored the relations between non-Jewish Germans in the two countries.
Checking trust: observing social capital at the individual level
Authors: Banerjee Vasabjit , Holmes Carolyn E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSocial capital research has measured the concept in two distinct ways: through direct reporting by participants in cross-national surveys and the presence of associative organisations. Both strategies raise difficulties: the former restricts comparability and assumes group stability; the latter relies on literal translation and uses direct questioning. We problematise these approaches and argue that the ratio of ‘check-points’ where individuals are asked to demonstrate adherence to rules, and ‘trust-points’ where such proofs are not required, can better measure social capital. Moreover, the unevenness of social capital between groups is perceptible by ‘fast-lanes’ that differentially treat individuals based on identity. Evidence from a field survey and observational evidence in South Africa is presented.
Student activism and channels of political communication in 1126
Authors: Ming-kin Chu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHow did students at the Imperial University (taixue 太學) in the late Northern Song comment on politics in response to political crises caused by the Jurchen invasion and what enabled them to do so? Through a comparison of 14 memorials submitted by university students and personnel to Emperor Qinzong, this paper examines the ways in which students submitted their petitions, the responsiveness of the court towards their appeals, students’ political sensitivities as well as the channels by which they accessed political information. A close examination of the memorials reveals that students were highly responsive to the rapidly changing political circumstances. Such responsiveness, I would argue, owes much to the presence of different communication channels that facilitated the circulation of political information within literati circles.