bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-time assessment of the behaviour of the bladder neck and proximal urethra during urine leaking in the cough stress test (CST) in supine and standing positions using transperineal ultrasound
Authors: Wen Lieming , Zhao Baihua , Chen Wenjie , Qing Zhenzhen , Liu Minghui 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
The objective was to describe the behaviour of the bladder neck and proximal urethra during urine leaking in the cough stress test (CST) in supine and standing positions using transperineal ultrasound (TPUS).

Method
We carried out prospective data collection and a retrospective data analysis of 102 women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) who had a positive CST with TPUS in the supine and/or standing position. On TPUS, the behaviour of the bladder neck and proximal urethra was described by the urethral length, urethral funnelling, bladder neck descent (BND), retrovesical angle (RVA) and urethral rotation angle (URA). Differences between the ultrasound findings in the two positions were evaluated.

Results
In the 102 women, the mean age was 48 years and mean BMI was 23.8 kg/m2. On TPUS, urine leakage was detected in the supine or standing position in 102 women and in both positions in 81. Between the two positions, significant differences were found in the URA and RVA. In the standing position, the median RVA of 166° was significantly larger than that of 133° in the supine position (p < 0.001), and the median URA of 35° was significantly smaller than that of 64° in the supine position (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
TPUS in both positions can be used to detect the real-time behaviour of the bladder neck and urethra in the CST. In the standing position, less rotation and more straightening of the bladder neck and proximal urethra occurred during urine leakage.
Insight into indentation-induced plastic flow in austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Xia Wenzhen , Dehm Gerhard , Brinckmann Steffen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe indentation-induced plasticity and roughness have been investigated intensively by experiments and simulations during the last decades. However, the precise mechanisms of how dislocation flow leads to pile-up formation are still not completely understood, although this is one of the initial steps causing surface roughening in tribological contacts at low loads. In this work, $$\{001\}$${001}-, $$\{101\}$${101}- and $$\{111\}$${111}-grain orientations in an austenite stainless steel [(face-centered cubic (FCC) phase]) are indented with varying load forces. By using scanning electron-based methods and slip plane analysis, we reveal: (1) how slip-steps show the change of pile-up formation, (2) how the slip-plane inclination determines the dislocation flow and (3) how slip-plane interactions result in the final pile-up shape during indentation. We find that the flow direction transforms from the forward flow to the sideway at a transition angle of $$55^\circ{-}58^\circ $$55∘-58∘ between the slip-plane and the surface. We use large displacement finite element method simulations to validate an inversion of the resolved shear stress at this transition angle. We provide insights into the evolution of plasticity in dislocation-mediated FCC metal indentations, with the potential application of this information for indentation simulations and for understanding the initial stage of scratching during tribology in the future.
The generalisation of a multi-reaction model for polynomial ramping of temperature
Authors: Dhaundiyal Alok , Singh Suraj B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with the numerical solution of a multi-reaction model for the complex thermal history. The effect of thermal and kinetic parameters is investigated in this analytical study. The concept of moving maximum with time and the approximation of complex integral form of reactivity are introduced with the help of an advance integral methodology. The sigmoidal reactions of biomass pyrolysis are explained through the transmuted density function. Thermogravimetry of biomass sample is performed with the help of thermogravimetric analyser at different heating rates (5 °C min−1, 10 °C min−1and 15 °C min−1). The solutions of the integral form are obtained at different degrees of the nonlinear equation and to generalise the proposed methodology for the industrial application. The main objective of the paper is to identify the correlation of temperature history with the kinetics of biomass pyrolysis.
Symbol of Wealth and Prestige: A Social History of Chinese-made Enamelware in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Liu Shaonan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBetween the 1950s and the 1990s, Chinese enamelware products dominated kitchens, living rooms, and bedrooms in the northern part of Nigeria. These were initially imported from China by European trading firms but later manufactured in Nigeria by Chinese-owned factories. Liu concludes that it was not only the immediately obvious “modern” advantages of the enamelware that enabled it to dominate northern Nigeria’s market, but it was also its integration into local, socio-cultural networks of meaning that granted it a significance far beyond its practical use. Such processes of integration further enabled enamelware to become an important component of local marriage customs and an essential possession for Hausa women.
Emergent Causal Laws and Physical Laws
Authors: Dosanjh Ranpal 
Published: April 2020

AbstractContrasting accounts of physicalism and strong emergentism face two problems. According to the neutrality problem, contrasting supervenience-based formulations of these positions cannot be neutral with respect to certain unrelated metaphysical commitments. According to the collapse problem, emergent properties can be accounted for using an appropriately expansive physical ontology, rendering strong emergentism metaphysically suspect. I argue that both these problems can be solved with a principled distinction between emergent causal laws and physical laws. I propose such a distinction based on a finite discontinuity in the behavior of fundamental physical constituents as a function of complexity.
Comparison of turbulent structures and energy fluxes over exposed and debris-covered glacier ice
Authors: Nicholson Lindsey , Stiperski Ivana 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe present the first direct comparison of turbulence conditions measured simultaneously over exposed ice and a 0.08 m thick supraglacial debris cover on Suldenferner, a small glacier in the Italian Alps. Surface roughness, sensible heat fluxes (~20–50 W m−2), latent heat fluxes (~2–10 W m−2), topology and scale of turbulence are similar over both glacier surface types during katabatic and synoptically disturbed conditions. Exceptions are sunny days when buoyant convection becomes significant over debris-covered ice (sensible heat flux ~ −100 W m−2; latent heat flux ~ −30 W m−2) and prevailing katabatic conditions are rapidly broken down even over this thin debris cover. The similarity in turbulent properties implies that both surface types can be treated the same in terms of boundary layer similarity theory. The differences in turbulence between the two surface types on this glacier are dominated by the radiative and thermal contrasts, thus during sunny days debris cover alters both the local surface turbulent energy fluxes and the glacier component of valley circulation. These variations under different flow conditions should be accounted for when distributing temperature fields for modeling applications over partially debris-covered glaciers.
Homophily in the formation and development of learning networks among university students
Authors: Weber Hannes , Schwenzer Marc , Hillmert Steffen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStudents’ personal learning networks can be a valuable resource of success in higher education: they offer opportunities for academic and personal support and provide sources of information related to exams or homework. We study the determinants of learning networks using a panel study among university students in their first and second year of study. A long-standing question in social network analysis has been whether the tendency of individuals with similar characteristics to form ties is a result of preferences “choice homophily” or rather selective opportunities “induced homophily”. We expect a latent preference for homophilic learning partnerships with regard to attributes, such as gender, ability, and social origin. We estimate recently developed temporal exponential random graph models to control for previous network structure and study changes in learning ties among students. The results show that especially for males, same-gender partnerships are preferred over heterogeneous ties, while chances for tie formation decrease with the difference in academic ability among students. Social origin is a significant factor in the crosssectional exploration but does appear to be less important in the formation of new (strong) partnerships during the course of studies.
A method to the madness: Ontogenetic changes in the hydrostatic properties of Didymoceras (Nostoceratidae: Ammonoidea)
Authors: Peterman David J. , Yacobucci Margaret M. , Larson Neal L. , Ciampaglio Charles , Linn Tom 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe seemingly aberrant coiling of heteromorphic ammonoids suggests that they underwent more significant changes in hydrostatic properties throughout ontogeny than their planispiral counterparts. Such changes may have been responses to different selective pressures at different life stages. The hydrostatic properties of three species of Didymoceras (D. stevensoni, D. nebrascense, and D. cheyennense) were investigated by creating virtual 3D models at several stages during growth. These models were used to compute the conditions for neutral buoyancy, hydrostatic stability, orientation during life, and thrust angles (efficiency of directional movement). These properties suggest that Didymoceras and similar heteromorphs lived low-energy lifestyles with the ability to hover above the seafloor. The resultant static orientations yielded a downward-facing aperture in the hatchling and a horizontally facing aperture throughout most of the juvenile stage, before terminating in an upward direction at maturity. Relatively high hydrostatic stabilities would not have permitted the orientation of Didymoceras to be considerably modified with active locomotion. During the helical phase, Didymoceras would have been poorly suited for horizontal movement, yet equipped to pirouette about the vertical axis. Two stages throughout growth, however, would have enhanced lateral mobility: a juvenile stage just after the formation of the first bend in the shell and the terminal stage after completion of the U-shaped hook. These two more mobile phases in ontogeny may have improved juvenile dispersal potential and mate acquisition during adulthood, respectively. In general, life orientation and hydrostatic stability change more wildly for these aberrantly coiled ammonoids than their planispiral counterparts.
A detailed exploration of early infant milk feeding in a prospective birth cohort study in Ireland: combination feeding of breast milk and infant formula and early breast-feeding cessation
Authors: Hemmingway Andrea , Fisher Dawn , Berkery Teresa , Dempsey Eugene , Murray Deirdre M. , Kiely Mairead E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBreast-feeding initiation and continuation rates in the UK and Ireland are low relative to many European countries. As a core outcome of the prospective Cork Nutrition and Development Maternal-Infant Cohort (COMBINE) study (Cork, Ireland), we aimed to describe infant milk feeding practices in detail and examine the prevalence and impact of combination feeding of breast milk and infant formula on breast-feeding duration. COMBINE recruited 456 nulliparous mothers (2015–2017) for maternal–infant follow-up via interview at hospital discharge (median 3 (interquartile range (IQR) 2, 4) d (n 453)), 1 (n 418), 2 (n 392), 4 (n 366), 6 (n 362) and 9 (n 345) months of age. Median maternal age was 32 (IQR 29, 34) years, 97 % of mothers were of white ethnicity, 79 % were Irish-born and 75 % were college-educated. Overall, 75 % breastfed to any extent at discharge and 44 % breastfed solely. At 1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 months, respectively, 40, 36, 33, 24 and 19 % breastfed solely. Combination feeding of breast milk and infant formula was common at discharge (31 %) and 1 month (20 %). Reasons for combination feeding at 1 month included perceived/actual hunger (30 %), healthcare professional advice (31 %) and breast-feeding difficulties (13 %). Of mothers who breastfed to any extent at discharge, 45 % stopped within 4 months. Mothers who combination fed were more likely to cease breast-feeding than those who breastfed solely (relative risk 2·3 by 1 month and 12·0 by 2 months). These granular data provide valuable insight to early milk feeding practices and indicate that supporting early breast-feeding without formula use may be key to the successful continuation of breast-feeding.
Rival Carceralities: Legitimising Discourses of Prison Regime Formations in Bolivarian Venezuela
Authors: Fischer-Hoffman Cory 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVenezuela has two types of prisons: a prison regime ruled by a hierarchical organisation of armed inmates and the securitised ‘New Regime’ system under the control of the Ministry of Penitentiary Services. This article uses a comparative approach to examine how legitimacy is constructed in these competing yet co-existing prison regime formations in Venezuela. Both the Venezuelan state and the prisons under ‘carceral self-rule’ legitimate their respective carceral orders through discourses of left-wing emancipation that correspond with different phases of the Bolivarian project. Yet contradictions emerge from these legitimising discourses and neither regime conforms to its respective discourse of participation or socialism. In the state-abandoned, violent and hierarchical prisons under carceral self-rule, prisoners are only partially empowered, while in the New Regime prison types predation at the hands of one's fellow inmates is replaced by the violence of the ‘humanising’ state.
Rationalization enables cooperation and cultural evolution
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCushman argues that the function of rationalization is to attribute mental representations to ourselves, thereby making these representations available for future planning. I argue that such attribution is often not necessary and sometimes maladaptive. I suggest a different explanation of rationalization: making representations available to other agents, to facilitate cooperation, transmission, and the ratchet effect that underlies cumulative cultural evolution.
The impact of physical activity modification on the well-being of a cohort of children with an inherited arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy
Authors: Christian Susan , Somerville Martin , Taylor Sherry , Spence John C. , Giuffre Michael , Atallah Joseph 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground:We evaluated a cohort of 35 children diagnosed with long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with regard to physical and psychosocial well-being.Material and Methods:Patients wore an accelerometer to record their time involved in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity and completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and the Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory. Parents were also asked to describe if their child had changed their physical activity because of their diagnosis and how difficult and upsetting it was for the child to adapt to the physical activity recommendations.Results:Patients were involved in less moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per day (35 min/day versus 55 min/day) and had lower Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory total health scores (79 versus 84) compared to normative data. Overall, 51% of the cohort modified their physical activity in some way because of their diagnosis and changing physical activity was associated with lower Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory scores.Conclusion:Our cohort was involved in less moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity and had lower Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory total health scores compared to normative paediatric data. Modifying one’s physical activity was associated with worse health-related quality of life scores, highlighting a vulnerable sub-group of children. These findings are useful for families and healthcare professionals caring for children who are adjusting to a new cardiac diagnosis of an inherited arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy.
Environmental pollution and mental health: a narrative review of literature
Authors: Ventriglio Antonio , Bellomo Antonello , di Gioia Ilaria , Di Sabatino Dario , Favale Donato , De Berardis Domenico , Cianconi Paolo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPollutant agents are exponentially increasing in modern society since industrialization processes and technology are being developed worldwide. Impact of pollution on public health is well known but little has been described on the association between environmental pollutants and mental health. A literature search on PubMed and EMBASE has been conducted and 134 articles published on the issue of pollution and mental health have been included, cited, reviewed, and summarized. Emerging evidences have been collected on association between major environmental pollutants (air pollutants,heavy metals,ionizing radiation [IR],organophosphate pesticides,light pollution,noise pollution,environmental catastrophes) and various mental health disorders including anxiety, mood, and psychotic syndromes. Underlying pathogenesis includesdirectandindirecteffects of these agents on brain, respectively, due to their biological effect on human Central Nervous System or related to some levels of stress generated by the exposure to the pollutant agents over the time. Most of emerging evidences are still nonconclusive. Further studies should clarify how industrial production, the exploitation of certain resources, the proximity to waste and energy residues, noise, and the change in lifestyles are connected with psychological distress and mental health problems for the affected populations.
The value of quantitative pentavalent 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan in predicting progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Saad Ehab , Badawy Ahmed , Abougabal Mahasen , Kandeel Ahmed 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAim:Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the commonest and the most aggressive primary brain tumour. Pentavalent 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc (V)-DMSA) has been found to be a tumour-seeking agent. Pre-radiotherapy 99mTc (V)-DMSA positive scan was found to be significantly correlated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). This study aims at evaluating the impact of quantitative 99mTc (V)-DMSA tumour uptake before and after radiotherapy on PFS and OS in patients with GBM.Methods:A prospective study included 40 patients with GBM. Single-photon emission computed tomography studies were done before and after adjuvant radiotherapy and were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. The retention index (RI) of the viable tumour was correlated with PFS and OS.Results:The qualitative enhancement of 99mTc (V)-DMSA uptake either positive or negative was significantly correlated with PFS at both early and late images (p-values 0·04 and 0·026, respectively) and OS only in the late image (p-value 0·036). The calculated ion/non-lesion ratios at late images were statistically correlated with PFS and OS (p-values 0·021 and 0·025, respectively). The baseline RI had significant correlation with PFS only (p-value 0·01).Conclusion:The degree of 99mTc (V)-DMSA scan positivity is a poor prognostic factor for PFS and OS in GBM patients.
Propagating and Dynamic Properties of Magnetic Dips in the Dayside Magnetosheath: MMS Observations
Authors: Yao S. T. , Hamrin M. , Shi Q. Q. , Yao Z. H. , Degeling A. W. , Zong Q.‐G. , Liu H. , Tian A. M. , Liu J. , Hu H. Q. , Li B. , Bai S. C. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe magnetosheath is inherently complex and rich, exhibiting various kinds of structures and perturbations. It is important to understand how these structures propagate and evolve and how they relate to the perturbations. Here we investigate a kind of magnetosheath structure known as a magnetic dip (MD). As far as we are aware, there have been no previous studies concerning the evolution (contracting or expanding) of these types of structures, and their propagation properties cannot be unambiguously determined. In this study, using Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) high‐temporal resolution data and multispacecraft analysis methods, we obtain the propagation and dynamic features of a set of MDs. Four different types of MDs are identified: “frozen‐in,” “expanding,” “contracting,” and “stable‐propagating.” Significantly, a stable‐propagation event is observed with a sunward propagation component. This indicates that the source of the structure in this case is closely associated with the magnetopause, which provides strong support to the contention in earlier research. We further reveal the mechanism leading to the MD contraction or expansion. The motion of the MDs boundary is found closely related with the dynamic pressure. The scale of the contracting and expanding events are typically ~5–20 ρi (ion gyroradius), significantly smaller than that of frozen‐in events (~40 ρi). The observations could relate large‐scale (more than several tens of ρi) and kinetic‐scale (less than ρi) MDs, by revealing an evolution that spans these different scales, and help us better understand the variation and dynamics of magnetosheath structures and plasmas.
Measurement of Volume Change and Mass Transfer During Serpentinization: Insights From the Oman Drilling Project
Authors: Malvoisin Benjamin , Zhang Chang , Müntener Othmar , Baumgartner Lukas P. , Kelemen Peter B. ,   Oman Drilling Project Science Party
Published: April 2020

AbstractSerpentinization plays a key role on the evolution of the physicochemical properties of the mantle lithosphere. The rate of serpentinization reactions is controlled by the transport of fluid, which itself depends on volume change during reaction. Element transfer can strongly modify the magnitude and sign of volume change. Here, we measure solid volume change and element transport perpendicular to a serpentine vein in a serpentinized dunite collected at depth during the Oman Drilling Project. The sample is extensively replaced (extent of reaction > 80%) by a serpentine/brucite mixture parallel to a main serpentine vein network. The Mg content of serpentine and brucite indicates reaction with a small amount of fluid at temperatures below 100°C. Concentrations of fluid‐mobile trace elements (Na, Ca, Sr, Rb, and Ba) decrease perpendicular to the main vein. Primary olivine contains parallel platelets of a clinopyroxene/magnetite symplectite. Tomography at the nanoscale reveals that these inclusions do not react during serpentinization but are cracked and displaced. We use these inert markers to measure a 59% to 74% positive volume change that is close to the 52% expected for reaction in a closed system. Chemical data indicate no change in major element composition during reaction except for the addition of water. The initial olivine zoning in Al, Ti, V, Sc, and Cr is still preserved in serpentine and brucite. Serpentinization can thus be a local replacement process during which the solid volume homogeneously increases at the micrometer scale and the transport of aqueous species is limited.