bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consular Crisis Management Operations: Special Considerations and Challenges
Authors: Hugelius Karin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAssisting the increasing number of tourists and foreign nationals exposed to crises situations in third countries—many of them far from home and extremely vulnerable—presents significant challenges. Despite the need to explore consular crisis management from an operational perspective, there are few studies that address the issue. This paper aims to describe the characteristics and context of consular crisis management operations based on personal experiences, scientific papers, grey literature, and key informant interviews.Consular crisis management operations are conducted in a context where the stakeholders and the legal environment may differ from humanitarian or civil protection operations. The physical distance causes logistical challenges and demands specific considerations for both civilian and medical evacuation. Consular crisis management operations often include medical care, psychosocial support activities, and disaster victim identification (DVI) activities. Political and media interest may also add significant challenges to such operations. Therefore, specific knowledge, skills, and preparations are needed for both diplomatic crisis management professionals and health professionals. Further research on consular crisis management activities—as well as the concept of consular crisis management itself—is strongly needed.
Spinal Immobilization in Disasters: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cuthbertson Joseph L. , Weinstein Eric S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn response to the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR; Niel, Belgium) release of an updated recommendation related to out-of-hospital spinal immobilization (SI) practice in 2015, a systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist of English-language studies published from January 2000 through July 2019 on the use of SI in resource-scarce environments (RSEs). Studies meeting the following criteria were included in the analysis: peer-reviewed statistical studies or reports detailing management of potential traumatic spinal injury in RSE, civilian, and military environments; as well as consensus clinical guidelines, academic center, or professional association protocols or policy statements detailing management of potential traumatic spinal injury in RSE, civilian, and military environments; statistical analysis; and subsequent management of spinal injuries after mass-casualty incidents, in complex humanitarian events or conflict zones, low-to middle-income countries, or prolonged transport times published by government and non-government organizations. Studies excluded from consideration were those not related to a patient with a potential traumatic spinal injury after a mass-casualty incident, in complex humanitarian event or conflict zones, in low-to middle-income countries, or with prolonged transport times.There were one thousand twenty-nine (1029) studies initially identified. After removal of duplicates, nine hundred-nineteen (919) were screened with eight hundred sixty-three (863) excluded. The remaining fifty-six (56) received further review with fourteen (14) selected studies achieving inclusion. The reviewed articles comprised six (6) types of studies and represented research from institutions in seven (7) different countries (Israel, United States, Haiti, Wales, Pakistan, China, and Iran). Thirteen (13) references were case reports/narrative reviews, policy statements, retrospective observational studies, narrative literature reviews, scoping reviews, and one systematic review. The majority of literature describing spinal cord injury was predominantly associated with earthquakes and blast-related disasters. There were no SI evidence-based clinical guidelines (EBG) in RSE. Information was obtained that could be used to formulate statements in a modified Delphi study to present to experts to obtain consensus SI EBG in RSE.
Older adults with obesity have higher risks of some micronutrient inadequacies and lower overall dietary quality compared to peers with a healthy weight, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2011–2014
Authors: Jun Shinyoung , Cowan Alexandra E , Bhadra Anindya , Dodd Kevin W , Dwyer Johanna T , Eicher-Miller Heather A , Gahche Jaime J , Guenther Patricia M , Potischman Nancy , Tooze Janet A , Bailey Regan L 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:To evaluate total usual intakes and biomarkers of micronutrients, overall dietary quality and related health characteristics of US older adults who were overweight or obese compared with a healthy weight.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Two 24-h dietary recalls, nutritional biomarkers and objective and subjective health characteristic data were analysed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014. We used the National Cancer Institute method to estimate distributions of total usual intakes from foods and dietary supplements for eleven micronutrients of potential concern and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 score.Participants:Older adults aged ≥60 years (n2969) were categorised by sex and body weight status, using standard BMI categories. Underweight individuals (n47) were excluded due to small sample size.Results:A greater percentage of obese older adults compared with their healthy-weight counterparts was at risk of inadequate Mg (both sexes), Ca, vitamin B6and vitamin D (women only) intakes. The proportion of those with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 40 nmol/l was higher in obese (12 %) than in healthy-weight older women (6 %). Mean overall HEI-2015 scores were 8·6 (men) and 7·1 (women) points lower in obese than in healthy-weight older adults. In addition, compared with healthy-weight counterparts, obese older adults were more likely to self-report fair/poor health, use ≥ 5 medications and have limitations in activities of daily living and cardio-metabolic risk factors; and obese older women were more likely to be food-insecure and have depression.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that obesity may coexist with micronutrient inadequacy in older adults, especially among women.
Ultra-processed food and beverage advertising on Brazilian television by International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support benchmark
Authors: Soares Guimarães Julia , Mais Laís Amaral , Marrocos Leite Fernanda Helena , Horta Paula Martins , Oliveira Santana Marina , Martins Ana Paula Bortoletto , Claro Rafael Moreira 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:To analyse the extent and nature of food and beverage advertising on the three major Brazilian free-to-air television (TV) channels.Design:Cross-sectional study. A protocol developed for the International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support was applied for data collection. A total of 432 h of TV programming was recorded from 06.00 to 24.00 hours, for eight non-consecutive and randomly selected days, in April 2018. All TV advertisements (ads) were analysed, and food-related ads were classified according to the NOVA classification system. Descriptive analyses were used to describe the number and type of ads, food categories and the distribution of ads throughout the day and time of the day.Setting:The three most popular free-to-air channels on Brazilian TV.Participants:The study did not involve human subjects.Results:In total, 14·2 % (n 1156 out of 7991) of ads were food related (858 were specific food items). Approximately 91 % of food items ads included ultra-processed food (UPF) products. The top three most promoted products were soft drinks, alcoholic beverages and fast-food meals. Alcoholic beverage ads were more frequently broadcast in the evening.Conclusion:The high risk of exposure of the Brazilian population to UPF ads should be considered a public health concern given the impact of unhealthy food advertising on people’s food choices and health.
Annual Cycles of Sea Ice Motion and Deformation Derived From Buoy Measurements in the Western Arctic Ocean Over Two Ice Seasons
Authors: Lei Ruibo , Gui Dawei , Hutchings Jennifer K. , Heil Petra , Li Na 
Published: May 2020

AbstractData collected by two buoy arrays that operated during the ice seasons of 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 were used to characterize annual cycles of ice motion and deformation in the western Arctic Ocean. An anomalously strong and weak Beaufort Gyre in 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 induced generally anticyclonic and cyclonic sea ice drift during 2014/2015 and 2016/2017, respectively. Cyclonic ice motion resulted in higher contributions of ice divergence to total ice deformation in 2016/2017 than in 2014/2015. In 2014, the autumn ice concentration and multiyear ice coverage were higher than in 2016; consequently, the response of ice motion to wind forcing was weak, and less ice deformation was observed in autumn 2014. During the autumn‐winter transition, the ice‐wind speed ratio, ice deformation rate and its spatial and temporal scaling exponents, and localization of ice deformation decreased markedly in both 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 as a result of freeze‐up and consolidation of ice floes. Such dynamic behavior was maintained through to spring with the further thickening of ice cover. Ice deformation increased due to weakened ice strength as summer approached. The amplitude of the annual cycle of ice deformation rate in the western Arctic Ocean in 2014/2015 and especially in 2016/2017 was larger than that observed during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) program in 1997/1998. We attribute this phenomenon to ice loss during the recent summers, especially of thick multiyear ice.
Estimating Geometric Properties of Coral Reef Topography Using Obstacle‐ and Surface‐Based Approaches
Authors: Duvall Melissa S. , Rosman Johanna H. , Hench James L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn shallow water systems like coral reefs, bottom friction is an important term in the momentum balance. Parameterizations of bottom friction require a representation of canopy geometry, which can be conceptualized as an array of discrete obstacles or a continuous surface. Here, we assess the implications of using obstacle‐ and surface‐based representations to estimate geometric properties needed to parameterize drag. We collected high‐resolution reef topography data using a scanning multibeam sonar that resolved individual coral colonies within a set of 100‐m2 reef patches primarily composed of mounding Porites corals. The topography measurements yielded 1‐cm resolution continuous surfaces consisting of a single elevation value for each position in a regular horizontal grid. These surfaces were analyzed by (1) defining discrete obstacles and quantifying their properties (dimensions, shapes), and (2) computing properties of the elevation field (root mean square (rms) elevations, rms slopes, spectra). We then computed the roughness density (i.e., frontal area per unit plan area) using both analysis approaches. The obstacle and surface‐based estimates of roughness density did not agree, largely because small‐scale topographic variations contributed significantly to total frontal area. These results challenge the common conceptualization of shallow‐water canopies as obstacle arrays, which may not capture significant contributions of high‐wavenumber roughness to total frontal area. In contrast, the full range of roughness length scales present in natural reefs is captured by the continuous surface representation. Parameterizations of bottom friction over reef topography could potentially be improved by representing the contributions of all length scales to total frontal area and drag.
ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing
Authors: Schmaal Lianne , Pozzi Elena , C. Ho Tiffany , van Velzen Laura S. , Veer Ilya M. , Opel Nils , Van Someren Eus J. W. , Han Laura K. M. , Aftanas Lybomir , Aleman André , Baune Bernhard T. , Berger Klaus , Blanken Tessa F. , Capitão Liliana , Couvy-Duchesne Baptiste , R. Cullen Kathryn , Dannlowski Udo , Davey Christopher , Erwin-Grabner Tracy , Evans Jennifer , Frodl Thomas , Fu Cynthia H. Y. , Godlewska Beata , Gotlib Ian H. , Goya-Maldonado Roberto , Grabe Hans J. , Groenewold Nynke A. , Grotegerd Dominik , Gruber Oliver , Gutman Boris A. , Hall Geoffrey B. , Harrison Ben J. , Hatton Sean N. , Hermesdorf Marco , Hickie Ian B. , Hilland Eva , Irungu Benson , Jonassen Rune , Kelly Sinead , Kircher Tilo , Klimes-Dougan Bonnie , Krug Axel , Landrø Nils Inge , Lagopoulos Jim , Leerssen Jeanne , Li Meng , Linden David E. J. , MacMaster Frank P. , M. McIntosh Andrew , Mehler David M. A. , Nenadić Igor , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. , Portella Maria J. , Reneman Liesbeth , Rentería Miguel E. , Sacchet Matthew D. , G. Sämann Philipp , Schrantee Anouk , Sim Kang , Soares Jair C. , Stein Dan J. , Tozzi Leonardo , van Der Wee Nic J. A. , van Tol Marie-José , Vermeiren Robert , Vives-Gilabert Yolanda , Walter Henrik , Walter Martin , Whalley Heather C. , Wittfeld Katharina , Whittle Sarah , Wright Margaret J. , Yang Tony T. , Zarate Carlos , Thomopoulos Sophia I. , Jahanshad Neda , Thompson Paul M. , Veltman Dick J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA key objective in the field of translational psychiatry over the past few decades has been to identify the brain correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identifying measurable indicators of brain processes associated with MDD could facilitate the detection of individuals at risk, and the development of novel treatments, the monitoring of treatment effects, and predicting who might benefit most from treatments that target specific brain mechanisms. However, despite intensive neuroimaging research towards this effort, underpowered studies and a lack of reproducible findings have hindered progress. Here, we discuss the work of the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Consortium, which was established to address issues of poor replication, unreliable results, and overestimation of effect sizes in previous studies. The ENIGMA MDD Consortium currently includes data from 45 MDD study cohorts from 14 countries across six continents. The primary aim of ENIGMA MDD is to identify structural and functional brain alterations associated with MDD that can be reliably detected and replicated across cohorts worldwide. A secondary goal is to investigate how demographic, genetic, clinical, psychological, and environmental factors affect these associations. In this review, we summarize findings of the ENIGMA MDD disease working group to date and discuss future directions. We also highlight the challenges and benefits of large-scale data sharing for mental health research.
Crosstalk between androgen and Wnt/β-catenin leads to changes of wool density in FGF5-knockout sheep
Authors: Zhang Rui , Li Yan , Jia Kun , Xu Xueling , Li Yao , Zhao Yue , Zhang Xiaosheng , Zhang Jinlong , Liu Guoshi , Deng Shoulong , Lian Zhengxing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is a famous dominant inhibitor of anagen phase of hair cycle. Mutations of FGF5 gene result in a longer wool in mice, donkeys, dogs, cats, and even in human eyelashes. Sheep is an important source of wool production. How to improve the production of wool quickly and effectively is an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, we generated five FGF5-knockout Dorper sheep by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The expression level of FGF5 mRNA in knockout (KO) sheep decreased significantly, and all FGF5 proteins were dysfunctional. The KO sheep displayed a significant increase in fine-wool and active hair-follicle density. The crosstalk between androgen and Wnt/β-catenin signaling downstream of FGF5 gene plays a key role. We established downstream signaling cascades for the first time, including FGF5, FGFR1, androgen, AR, Wnt/β-catenin, Shh/Gli2, c-MYC, and KRTs. These findings further improved the function of FGF5 gene, and provided therapeutic ideas for androgen alopecia.
Polo-like kinase 4 and Stromal antigen 3 are not associated with recurrent pregnancy loss caused by embryonic aneuploidy
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroyuki , Sugiura-Ogasawara Mayumi , Ozawa Fumiko , Kitaori Tamao , Ozaki Yasuhiko , Aoki Koji , Shibata Yasuhiro , Ugawa Shinya , Nishiyama Takeshi , Omae Yosuke , Tokunaga Katsushi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNo genetic association with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) caused by embryonic aneuploidy has been found. Recent studies have indicated that the common genetic variant rs2305957, surrounding the PLK4 gene, contributes to mitotic-origin aneuploidy risk during human early embryo development. The decrease in meiosis-specific cohesin causes predivision of sister chromatids in the centromere and chromosome segregation errors. STAG3 is a component of cohesin and is a meiosis-specific gene. Our case-control study included 184 patients with RPL whose previous products of conception (POC) exhibited aneuploidy and 190 fertile control women without a history of miscarriage. We performed a genetic association study to examine the genotype distribution at PLK4 (rs2305957) and STAG3 in patients with RPL caused by aneuploidy compared with controls. Regarding STAG3, SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) threshold > 0.05 that were predicted to be binding sites of transcription factors and that showed significant associations in expression quantitative trait locus (e-QTL) analysis were selected. No significant differences in the MAF or distribution in any model of PLK4 (rs2305957) and 5 selected tag SNPs in STAG3 were found between the patients and controls. A further genome-wide association study is needed since a combination of genetic risk alleles might be useful in predicting future age-dependent RPL caused by aneuploidy.
Characterization of glycosyl dioxolenium ions and their role in glycosylation reactions
Authors: Hansen Thomas , Elferink Hidde , van Hengst Jacob M. A. , Houthuijs Kas J. , Remmerswaal Wouter A. , Kromm Alexandra , Berden Giel , van der Vorm Stefan , Rijs Anouk M. , Overkleeft Hermen S. , Filippov Dmitri V. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Martens Jonathan , Oomens Jos , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Boltje Thomas J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractControlling the chemical glycosylation reaction remains the major challenge in the synthesis of oligosaccharides. Though 1,2-trans glycosidic linkages can be installed using neighboring group participation, the construction of 1,2-cis linkages is difficult and has no general solution. Long-range participation (LRP) by distal acyl groups may steer the stereoselectivity, but contradictory results have been reported on the role and strength of this stereoelectronic effect. It has been exceedingly difficult to study the bridging dioxolenium ion intermediates because of their high reactivity and fleeting nature. Here we report an integrated approach, using infrared ion spectroscopy, DFT computations, and a systematic series of glycosylation reactions to probe these ions in detail. Our study reveals how distal acyl groups can play a decisive role in shaping the stereochemical outcome of a glycosylation reaction, and opens new avenues to exploit these species in the assembly of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates to fuel biological research.
Achieving micron-scale plasticity and theoretical strength in Silicon
Authors: Chen Ming , Pethö Laszlo , Sologubenko Alla S. , Ma Huan , Michler Johann , Spolenak Ralph , Wheeler Jeffrey M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs the backbone material of the information age, silicon is extensively used as a functional semiconductor and structural material in microelectronics and microsystems. At ambient temperature, the brittleness of Si limits its mechanical application in devices. Here, we demonstrate that Si processed by modern lithography procedures exhibits an ultrahigh elastic strain limit, near ideal strength (shear strength ~4 GPa) and plastic deformation at the micron-scale, one order of magnitude larger than samples made using focused ion beams, due to superior surface quality. This extended elastic regime enables enhanced functional properties by allowing higher elastic strains to modify the band structure. Further, the micron-scale plasticity of Si allows the investigation of the intrinsic size effects and dislocation behavior in diamond-structured materials. This reveals a transition in deformation mechanisms from full to partial dislocations upon increasing specimen size at ambient temperature. This study demonstrates a surface engineering pathway for fabrication of more robust Si-based structures.
The impact of agency on time and risk preferences
Authors: Gneezy Ayelet , Imas Alex , Jaroszewicz Ania 
Published: May 2020

AbstractScholars have long argued for the central role of agency—the size of one’s choice set—in the human experience. We demonstrate the importance of agency in shaping people’s preferences. We first examine the effects of resource scarcity—which has been associated with both impatience and a lack of agency—on patience and risk tolerance, successfully replicating the decrease in patience among those exposed to scarcity. Critically, however, we show that endowing individuals with agency over scarcity fully moderates this effect, increasing patience substantially. We further demonstrate that agency’s impact on patience is partly driven by greater risk tolerance. These results hold even though nearly all individuals with greater agency do not exercise it, suggesting that merely knowing that one could alleviate scarcity is sufficient to change behavior. We then demonstrate that the effects of agency generalize to other adverse states, highlighting the potential for agency-based policy and institutional design.
The critical current of disordered superconductors near 0 K
Authors: Doron A. , Levinson T. , Gorniaczyk F. , Tamir I. , Shahar D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn increasing current through a superconductor can result in a discontinuous increase in the differential resistance at the critical current. This critical current is typically associated either with breaking of Cooper-pairs or with the onset of collective motion of vortices. Here we measure the current–voltage characteristics of superconducting films at low temperatures and high magnetic fields. Using heat-balance considerations we demonstrate that the current–voltage characteristics are well explained by electron overheating enhanced by the thermal decoupling of the electrons from the host phonons. By solving the heat-balance equation we are able to accurately predict the critical currents in a variety of experimental conditions. The heat-balance approach is universal and applies to diverse situations from critical currents to climate change. One disadvantage of the universality of this approach is its insensitivity to the details of the system, which limits our ability to draw conclusions regarding the initial departure from equilibrium.