bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second generation of the 1993 birth cohort, Pelotas (Brazil): Aims, design, preliminary results
Authors: Gonçalves Helen , Wehrmeister Fernando C. , Assunção Maria C. F. , Tovo‐Rodrigues Luciana , de Oliveira Isabel O. , Murray Joseph , Anselmi Luciana , Barros Fernando C. , Menezes Ana M. B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsLongitudinal cohort studies examining different generations can explain how health problems can be transmitted through genetic and environmental mechanisms and their effects on the health of offspring. This study aimed to present the design and to describe the characteristics of the baseline sample of a second generation cohort.MethodsThe 93Cohort‐II is a dynamic prospective cohort composed of a second generation from the original 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort (offspring), whose parents had their last follow‐up at 22 years old. Biological parents were asked to answer questions addressing the type of birth, general health status, family composition, dietary habits, breastfeeding habits, and child‐caregiver(s), among others, and the children's anthropometric measurements were evaluated.ResultsOf 1650 children identified, 1212 were evaluated (response rate, 73.4%), and 21 died before the baseline assessment. The age of the offspring ranged from 0 to 10 years (mean [±SD], 2.9 ± 2.1 years); most children (65.6%) lived with both parents and were born to young mothers and poor families. One‐third of the children were breastfed until 6 months of age, one‐half were born by cesarean section, 63.9% had used medication in the previous 15 days, 26.4% experienced hospitalization at least once since birth, and 14% had no updated vaccination; asthma/bronchitis (20.4%) and bronchiolitis (13.4%) were the most frequently reported diseases. More than 60% consumed ultra‐processed foods, and the prevalence of overweight among those <5 and ≥6 years of age was 10.2% and 18.9%, respectively. The mean total Child Behavior Checklist score was 44.1 ± 23.61 (≥16 months), and the mean intellectual quotient score in children ≥6 years of age was 97.9 ± 15.4.ConclusionDespite the difficulties in conducting intergenerational cohort studies, the results of the present investigation provide evidence supporting the feasibility of performing these types of studies in middle‐income countries.
An overview of palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of seven‐membered heterocycles
Authors: Saranya Padinjare Veetil , Neetha Mohan , Radhika Sankaran , Anilkumar Gopinathan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHeterocyclic compounds are the ones that have always remained in the limelight owing to their superior contributions toward various disciplines such as biology, medicine, material science, pharmaceutical science, industry and so on. They form the building blocks of DNA and RNA macromolecules. Suitable tuning of these heterocyclic compounds can result in chemotherapeutic moieties with superlative efficiency. Seven‐membered heterocyclic compounds are an important class of heterocyclic chemistry. Some of them are azepine, oxepine, thiepine, diazepine, thiazepine and so on. Transition metal‐catalyzed synthesis of heterocycles has been the most explored in the recent past. Palladium is known as the best suitable catalyst for the same and that is the result of its excellent functional group tolerance and catalytic potency. Here, we intend to summarize the various investigations made on the palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of seven‐membered heterocycles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review in this topic and covers literature up to 2020.
Spatial and temporal characteristics of atmospheric water vapour content and its relationship with precipitation conversion in China during 1980–2016
Authors: Ayantobo Olusola O. , Wei Jiahua , Kang Beiming , Li Tiejian , Wang Guangqian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAtmospheric precipitable water (PW) is the basis of precipitation (P) formation, and the spatial difference between them is one of the focus of water resources research. Based on daily P from 552 meteorological stations and four reanalysis datasets during 1980–2016, the spatial–temporal pattern of PW and precipitation conversion rate (PWCR) in China are investigated using the whole layer atmospheric PW calculation formula, univariate linear regression, and inverse distance weighting. Results showed that ERA‐Interim reanalysis seems to match the magnitude and pattern of P over China with small regional differences. At daily scale, an increase (decrease) in P was connected with an increase (decrease) of PW in most regions, and the temporal change showed that PW was highest in summer and lowest in winter. Across China, the mean daily PW for CFSR, ERA‐Interim, JRA 55, and NCEP‐1 varied between 41.18–48.43 mm, 39.02–43.13 mm, 37.41–41.79 mm, and 43.06–48.33 mm, respectively in summer and between 11.67–13.79 mm, 10.21–11.87 mm, 9.96–11.83 mm, 11.92–13.73 mm in winter. The spatial pattern of PW showed increased moisture over the southwest, with a maximum positive trend of about 0.25 mm per day, particularly over the Tibet Plateau. Moreover, summer and autumn had the highest and lowest PWCR, respectively. During summer, PWCR for CFSR, ERA‐Interim, JRA 55 and NCEP‐1 ranged between 8.3–11.9%, 8.1–9.7%, 10.3–11.7% and 9.4–14.1%, while in autumn, 6.4–9.8%, 5.9–7.7%, 7.1–9.5%, and 8.1–12.3% were reported, respectively. Therefore, the potential of P arising from PW was great in summer. The PWCR had a declining trend from east to west and from south to north in space and the regional fluctuation was large, making the regional development potential of atmospheric water resources obvious. These results that lead to a better understanding of water vapour conversion over China will help to rationally develop and utilize atmospheric water resources.
Effects of water deficit on growth and performance of drip irrigated sweet potato varieties
Authors: Karakas Mehmet Can , Kurunc Ahmet , Dincer Cuneyt 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere are many scientific studies on performance of different sweet potato varieties under water deficits, however, no study on Koganesengan and Beniazuma varieties has been found in the literature. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of water deficit levels (control‐WD0, low‐WD25, medium‐WD50 and high‐WD75 water deficit levels) on growth, yield and quality parameters, water use efficiency and water‐yield response factor values of these sweet potato varieties under drip irrigation.RESULTSThe seasonal water consumptions of varieties were calculated as 808 and 826 mm, respectively, under no water deficit. All of the growth (except average tuber length for Koganesengan) and yield parameters of both varieties were significantly affected by water deficit treatments. However, most of the quality parameters including total dry mater, starch, ß‐carotene, ascorbic acid, protein, saccharose and glucose contents for both varieties; total ash, crude fiber and phenolic matter content for Beniazuma; and fructose content and antioxidant activity for Koganesengan variety had no response to water deficits at any level. Under high deficit and control, fresh and dry vine, tuber and total yields ranged from 4.80 to 14.54, 0.85 to 2.35, 1.59 to 10.97 and 6.40 to 25.52 t ha−1 for Koganesengan and 6.05 to 27.88, 0.99 to 4.09, 2.17 to 22.91 and 8.22 to 50.79 t ha−1 for Beniazuma, respectively.CONCLUSIONThe results showed that Beniazuma variety is proportionally more sensitive to water deficit than Koganesengan. It can be concluded that both varieties can be grown in Mediterranean conditions by providing optimum irrigation applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Eliminating light depolarization from metal microstructure in liquid crystal displays
Authors: Chen Lixuan , Lin Xulin , Zhao Jinyang , Guo Li , Liu Jing , Zhang Xin , Zhang Shengdong , Sun Xiao Wei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA structure of copper/molybdenum/titanium conductive layer with a very long tail of titanium under copper is introduced to eliminate the depolarization problem from metal microstructures for the first time. The electric field of light is blocked by the 20‐nm thin titanium tail (200 nm) layer, and the depolarization of light at the corner of the conductive line disappears in the liquid crystal display (LCD). As a result, the contrast ratio of the LCD is increased by 18%.
Tumor necrosis is significantly associated with reduced recurrence‐free survival after curative resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Tyler Robert , Davies Emma , Tan Dominic , Hodson James , Taniere Phillipe , Thway Khin , Jafri Mariam , Almond Max , Ford Samuel , Strauss Dirk , Hayes Andrew , Smith Myles , Desai Anant 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground ObjectivesThe impact of tumor necrosis as a prognostic factor in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GISTs) is still debated. The objective was to determine whether tumor necrosis is an independent risk factor for survival in patients with GISTs.MethodsPatients undergoing surgery for primary GIST from March 2003 to October 2018 at two sarcoma referral centers were retrospectively identified. Patients who received neoadjuvant imatinib were excluded. Multivariable Cox regression models were produced, to assess whether tumor necrosis was an independent predictor of either overall or recurrence‐free survival.ResultsForty‐one out of 195 (21.0%) patients had tumor necrosis. Tumor necrosis was associated with a significantly higher modified National Institute of Health risk score, with 29 out of 41 (70.7%) patients with necrosis classified as high risk, compared to 52 out of 153 (34.0%) without (p < .001). Tumor necrosis was found to be independently predictive of recurrence‐free survival (hazard ratio: 5.26, 95% CI: 2.62–10.56, p < .001) on multivariable analysis. At 5 years, 44.3% of patients with necrosis had either died or developed recurrence, compared to 9.9% of those without.ConclusionTumor necrosis is an independent predictor of recurrence‐free survival in patients with operable GISTs. It should be routinely reported by pathologists, and used by clinicians when counseling patients and deciding on adjuvant therapy.
Downregulation of the long noncoding RNA SNHG1 inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion by sponging miR‐195 through targeting Cdc42 in oesophageal cancer
Authors: Chen Yu , Sheng Hong‐Guang , Deng Fu‐Mou , Cai Li‐Ly 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite the poor prognosis of oesophageal cancer (EC), the molecular mechanisms of EC are still unclear. In recent years, role of lncRNA in cancer development attracted much attention. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the long noncoding RNA SNHG1 on the migration and invasion of EC cells and the possible mechanisms involved. The effects of SNHG1 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined and its relationship with miR‐195/Cdc42 axis was investigated. It was found SNHG1 and Cdc42 were significantly upregulated, and miR‐195 was significantly downregulated in both EC tissues and cell lines. In addition, the inhibition of either SNHG1 or Cdc42 resulted in suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while inhibition of miR‐195 led to opposite results and reversed the effects of si‐SNHG1. We also observed that higher SNHG1 predicted poorer prognosis of EC patients. In summary, inhibition of SNHG1 can suppress the cell migration and invasion of EC cells by sponging miR‐195 through targeting Cdc42. This study might provide deeper insights into the SNHG1/miR‐195/Cdc42 axis in EC.
Nonrigid 3D motion estimation at high temporal resolution from prospectively undersampled k‐space data using low‐rank MR‐MOTUS
Authors: Huttinga Niek R. F. , Bruijnen Tom , van den Berg Cornelis A. T. , Sbrizzi Alessandro 
Published: November 2020

PurposeWith the recent introduction of the MR‐LINAC, an MR‐scanner combined with a radiotherapy LINAC, MR‐based motion estimation has become of increasing interest to (retrospectively) characterize tumor and organs‐at‐risk motion during radiotherapy. To this extent, we introduce low‐rank MR‐MOTUS, a framework to retrospectively reconstruct time‐resolved nonrigid 3D+t motion fields from a single low‐resolution reference image and prospectively undersampled k‐space data acquired during motion.TheoryLow‐rank MR‐MOTUS exploits spatiotemporal correlations in internal body motion with a low‐rank motion model, and inverts a signal model that relates motion fields directly to a reference image and k‐space data. The low‐rank model reduces the degrees‐of‐freedom, memory consumption, and reconstruction times by assuming a factorization of space‐time motion fields in spatial and temporal components.MethodsLow‐rank MR‐MOTUS was employed to estimate motion in 2D/3D abdominothoracic scans and 3D head scans. Data were acquired using golden‐ratio radial readouts. Reconstructed 2D and 3D respiratory motion fields were, respectively, validated against time‐resolved and respiratory‐resolved image reconstructions, and the head motion against static image reconstructions from fully sampled data acquired right before and right after the motion.ResultsResults show that 2D+t respiratory motion can be estimated retrospectively at 40.8 motion fields per second, 3D+t respiratory motion at 7.6 motion fields per second and 3D+t head‐neck motion at 9.3 motion fields per second. The validations show good consistency with image reconstructions.ConclusionsThe proposed framework can estimate time‐resolved nonrigid 3D motion fields, which allows to characterize drifts and intra and inter‐cycle patterns in breathing motion during radiotherapy, and could form the basis for real‐time MR‐guided radiotherapy.
Three‐dimensional anisotropic plasticity model for sand subjected to principal stress value change and axes rotation
Authors: Xue Long , Yu Jia‐Ke , Pan Jin‐Hong , Wang Rui , Zhang Jian‐Min 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3D) anisotropic plasticity model for sand is formulated in this study to provide a constitutive description for both radial and principal stress axes rotation (PSAR) loading‐induced behavior under various conditions with a single set of model parameters. The model has zero elastic range, with plastic loading and flow direction dependent on both current stress and stress rate direction. Fabric tensor is introduced along with its evolution to achieve anisotropic plastic modulus, dilatancy, and flow rule formulations. Increase in plastic modulus under continuous PSAR achieves eventual convergence of strain accumulation. A unique decomposition of dilatancy controls the overall contraction and periodic dilatancy oscillation under PSAR. The performance of the model is first thoroughly evaluated based on drained/undrained, monotonic shear/PSAR tests on Toyoura sand, showing its effectiveness in reproducing the behavior of real sand. Discrete element method numerical test results are then adopted for comprehensive calibration of the model parameters, and then for validation of the model under 3D PSAR in any arbitrary direction. These comparisons highlight the model's capability in simulating the behavior of granular soil under 3D stress paths.
Regulatory post‐market drug safety advisories on cardiac harm: A comparison of four national regulatory agencies
Authors: Hooimeyer Ashleigh , Bhasale Alice , Perry Lucy , Fabbri Alice , Mohammad Annim , McEwin Eliza , Mintzes Barbara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInformation on rare adverse effects is often limited when a medication is initially approved for marketing. Medicines regulators use safety advisories to warn health professionals and consumers about emerging harms. This study aimed to identify characteristics and advice provided in cardiac safety advisories released by regulators in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This was a retrospective study of safety advisories about cardiac‐related adverse events issued by these four international medicines regulators between 2010 and 2016. A descriptive overview was followed by a more detailed content analysis, focusing on recommended actions for health professionals, including monitoring advice. For the latter, we applied the systematic information for monitoring (SIM) scale to assess adequacy. Over this period, 164 safety advisories about cardiac harms were issued by the four regulators. There were 61 drugs with advisories of cardiac risk, only 9 (14.7%) of which had advisories from all regulators in countries where the drug was approved. The most common adverse events were cardiac arrhythmias (n = 97, 59.1%) and coronary artery disorders (n = 39, 23.8%). The most frequent advice to prescribers was to monitor patients (n = 74, 45.1%), although only 41.2% of these advisories provided detailed advice on how monitoring should occur. We found many differences in the decision to warn and the advice provided. Patient monitoring was most often recommended, but key information such as frequency or thresholds for action was often lacking. Healthcare professionals and consumers need consistent information about rare serious harms so that they can make informed decisions.
Bayesian latent factor on image regression with nonignorable missing data
Authors: Wang Xiaoqing , Song Xinyuan , Zhu Hongtu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMedical imaging data have been widely used in modern health care, particularly in the prognosis, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases. In this study, we consider a latent factor‐on‐image (LoI) regression model that regresses a latent factor on ultrahigh dimensional imaging covariates. The latent factor is characterized by multiple manifest variables through a factor analysis model, while the manifest variables are subject to nonignorable missingness. We propose a two‐stage approach for statistical inference. At the first stage, an efficient functional principal component analysis method is applied to reduce the dimension and extract useful features/eigenimages. At the second stage, a factor analysis mode is proposed to characterize the latent response variable. Moreover, an LoI model is used to detect influential risk factors, and an exponential tiling model applied to accommodate nonignoreable nonresponses. A fully Bayesian method with an adjust spike‐and‐slab absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) procedure is developed for the estimation and selection of influential features/eigenimages. Simulation studies show the proposed method exhibits satisfactory performance. The proposed methodology is applied to a study on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data set.
What Works for Underrepresented Groups? Identifying Effective Measures for Enhancing Access to Higher Education in Europe
Authors: Torotcoi Simona , Gologan Delia , Kurysheva Anastasia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOver the last three decades, policy-makers have developed numerous measures, policies, projects and programs with the intention to increase the enrolment and participation of underrepresented groups, however, little is known about the ways in which such initiatives shape opportunities for potential students. Knowing which of these initiatives work and whether they are achieving their intended goals is of utmost importance for policy-makers across Europe. This paper aims to collect, document, scrutinize and critically analyze the current research literature which assesses the effectiveness of different public initiatives at Higher Education Institutions’ (HEIs) level for widening access for underrepresented groups and, at the same time, to identify gaps and make recommendations for potential further research. The 17 identified studies can be categorized based on the access measures they analyze: (1) outreach, counselling and mentoring of prospective students; (2) financial aid measures, and (3) preparatory courses and programs. The findings show that there are little research and information about the actual outcomes of most measures to increase access to HE. We found a lack of adequate, reliable and consistently collected data about the policy instruments already put to practice. Since there is no excuse for the lack of effective action towards more equitable educational systems, more evidence-based approaches will be necessary to learn from these specific access measures and move forward towards more efficient equity policies.
Which Person Is Presumed to Fit the Institution? How Refugee Students’ and Practitioners’ Discursive Representations of Successful Applicants and Students Highlight Transition Barriers to German Higher Education
Authors: Berg Jana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDuring recent years, German higher education institutions implemented a variety of support programs for refugees on their way to higher education. This newly highlighted questions of widening participation and informal as well as formal access barriers to higher education. This paper looks into discourses on successful students as a form of knowledge that implicitly highlights transition barriers to higher education. The qualitative study is based on expert interviews with teachers, program coordinators and student counsellors as well as interviews with prospective refugee students in a case study of a preparatory college (‘Studienkolleg’) and a university in a case study of one city in Germany. They are analysed using Keller’s (Forum qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum Qualitative Social Research 8(2), Art. 19:1–32, 2007) approach to discourse analysis. The paper describes personal, institutional and structural characteristics of ideal higher education transitions. Institutional presuppositions and assumptions about individual characteristics, the social organisation of time, academic practices and knowledges as well as discursively represented norms are discussed as crucial factors influencing higher education transitions. The paper ends with a working hypothesis on the influence of discourses on transitions and recommends that institutional settings should develop more awareness of and adapt to diverse applicants and students in order to widen access to higher education.
Networked in or Networked Out? What Can We Learn from Diverse Learners’ Experiences of Progressing with and Completing Doctoral Studies?
Authors: O’Regan Maeve 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSocialisation of the doctoral candidate into a community of researchers has been identified as an important aspect of the doctoral process and key to the production of original and innovative research. Yet, access to research communities and learning networks can be difficult for non-traditional students, for example part-time, international and non-science-based doctoral candidates, compared to their full-time and science-based peers. Drawing on Actor-Network Theory and Psychosocial theories of Agency, the current Ph.D. research proposes a methodology (questionnaire and interview) to explore doctoral candidates’ experiences of interacting with the academic institution (face-to-face and online) and developing support networks as influencing doctoral progression and completion. This article will discuss the preliminary findings from the study, drawing on the experiences of a diverse body of participants (e.g. full-time, part-time and international students) within the university sector in Ireland. The findings from this study can provide insights to policymakers and practitioners on supporting learners within Higher Education in Europe, not just within the doctoral process, but at different stages within the Bologna Qualifications Framework.