bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filosofia da ciência e evolução: uma contribuição ao ensino. Parte 2. O que é uma teoria?
Authors: De Figueiredo Francisco José , De Oliveira Levy Aquino 
Published: July 2020

A falta de conhecimento básico em filosofia da ciência por parte de professores e alunos tem proporcionado, em diversos níveis, impedimentos quanto à assimilação de conceitos fundamentais da investigação científica, notadamente hipótese, lei, fato e teoria. Consequentemente, o ambiente social subjacente torna-se propício para a disseminação de informações falsas e a instalação de propostas pseudocientíficas. Como pré-requisito para a compreensão do metafenômeno evolutivo, conceitos básicos e outros correlatos são analisados e discutidos, com exemplos aplicados ao evolucionismo moderno. A estrutura interna de uma teoria científica é discutida à luz de diferentes correntes de pensamento da filosofia da ciência contemporânea e a legitimidade da teoria evolutiva é avaliada. Categorizações das ciências são apresentadas e discutidas com ênfase na questão da historicidade. Assume-se que o conflito entre ciência e religião pode ser atribuído à falta de distinção explícita entre linguagens literal e simbólica; as duas formas de aquisição de conhecimento possuem caminhos e objetivos diferentes e podem conviver em regime de iluminação recíproca em sociedades com reduzida disfunção social. Apesar das controvérsias e debates quanto a mecanismos e processos envolvidos, a teoria evolutiva gera predições, mostra elevado acúmulo de evidências empíricas e resiliência ao acomodar novos dados. Acrescida de influxos recentes, permanece como a melhor explicação para a história da biodiversidade em nosso planeta. A proposta alternativa de “criacionismo científico” não se sustenta pela total falta de evidências empíricas, baseando-se em argumentos tautológicos, falaciosos ou intestáveis.
Vocational Business Students’ Conceptions and Misconceptions of Taxes as an Input for Instruction and Curriculum Development
Authors: Cechovsky Nora 
Published: July 2020

Context: Tax evasion and tax compliance are important topics on a European level. Next to regulations and fines, the understanding of tax-related issues impacts a tax compliance decision. Vocational business students already pay taxes and are potential future entrepreneurs who will increasingly have to deal with tax-related issues in the future. Tax-related content is, therefore, integrated in the curriculum of business colleges in Austria. Information on business students’ conceptions and misconceptions concerning taxes can serve as valuable input for instruction and curriculum development. Approach: In order to explore the conceptions and misconceptions of taxes among potential future entrepreneurs, students aged between 17 and 18 from business colleges in Austria were interviewed. Therefore, the technique of problem-centred interviews was chosen. The material was then analysed by using Mayring’s content analytic method of structuring. Findings: The students’ conceptions and misconceptions of taxes, the difference to scientific knowledge as well as possible reasons for the misconceptions are analysed and discussed. The results show that misconceptions concerning basic principles of taxes exist, that students only have vague conceptions and little experience when it comes to income tax. They do not perceive themselves as taxpayers even though many of them have work experience and they regularly act as consumers and pay value added tax. Even though the students are more familiar with value added tax rates, misconceptions concerning the reasons behind the differences in rates exist. Finally, most of the students only fragmentally remember the last fundamental tax reform in Austria.Conclusion: The findings as well as an analysis of the curriculum suggest that the students are missing basic knowledge on taxes as for example the on the difference between fees and taxes. On a curricular level, knowledge important for the individual taxpayer should build the ground for further business-related content. Finally, background knowledge on why different forms of taxes exist and on tax reforms should foster a deeper understanding and complement the factual knowledge most students already possess.
Currency Uncertainty, Interest Guarantee, and Risk-Based Premiums in Life Insurance Guaranty Schemes
Authors: Chang Shih-Chieh Bill , Lee Yen-Kuan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates risk-based premiums in ex-ante insurance guaranty schemes. Exchange rate risk is incorporated into the asset portfolio to reflect the growing practice of life insurers taking offshore risks for yield enhancement. The closed-form solutions of the risk-based premium charged by the insurance guaranty fund are derived. Our premium rating includes currency mismatches between assets and liabilities, and the effects of early closure, capital forbearance, and grace periods are fully explored. First, we discover that the insurance guaranty fund premium is underestimated if currency fluctuation uncertainty is overlooked. Second, the premium is higher under regulatory forbearance than it is under the Merton stock put option, which implies that the cost is substantial. Finally, we note that the premium increases with higher financial leverage and greater foreign exposure in the asset portfolio. The results of our analysis provide further insight for regulators to implement regulatory policies and insurance guaranty schemes.
Utopische Potenziale des Idyllischen in der Narration: Ivan Gončarovs Oblomovka und Jan Nerudas Kleinseite
Authors: Wutsdorff Irina 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The relationship between the idyll and narration has a paradoxical nature: In its state of complete harmony, the idyll is beyond any change or development. In terms of narration, however, this poses a fundamental difficulty. This was a problem already recognized in Schiller’s reflections on the idyll in the context of the philosophy of history, expounded in his essay On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry (Über naive und sentimentale Dichtung). By depicting a golden age, i. e., a state that can only ever be appreciated in retrospect, the idyll, according to Schiller, inspires, above all, the pursuit of such a state of harmony in the present. In identification of the idyllic consciousness, representation can only take the form of endangerment by external threats, and in certain cases, the successful overcoming of these threats. Conversely, it is only possible to show the idyll as a state not yet realized, still to be pursued from a perspective outside of the idyllic consciousness. Consequently, the device of a distant, masterful narrator is instrumental to the nuanced depiction of both Prague’s Lesser Quarter (Malá Strana or Kleinseite) in Jan Neruda’s eponymous tales and the Oblomovka country estate in Ivan Gončarov’s novel Oblomov. In both instances, the narrative allows for a critique of the premature realization of pseudo-idyll. Furthermore, the idyll is put into perspective so that beyond signifying loss, its potential to inspire visions of the future is summoned.
Full Employment, Unconditional Basic Income and the Keynesian Critique of Rentier Capitalism
Authors: Thomas Alan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper compares and contrasts the basic income proposal with the alternative policy proposal of the state acting as employer of last resort. Two versions of the UBI proposal are distinguished: one is hard to differentiate from expanded welfare state provision. Van Parijs’s proposal is radical enough to qualify as major egalitarian revision to capitalism. However, while it removes from a capitalist class the power to determine the terms on which others labour, it leaves this class in place and able to exert other powers that distort the macro-economy. These include pecuniary emulation, demand pull inflation, and political resistance to full employment so that the rentier class does not have to contend with entrepreneurs *and* the working class over the distribution of the productive surplus. The state as employer of last resort proposal addresses these deeper issues while also claiming that inflationary pressure will undermine the UBI alternative.
Integrating artificial neural network and scoring systems to increase the prediction accuracy of patient mortality and organ dysfunction
Authors: Noorbakhsh Seyed Ayoob , Mahmoodi-Eshkaftaki Mahmood , Mokhtari Zahra 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and compare techniques to increase the prediction accuracy of patient mortality and organ dysfunction in the Intensive Care Units (hereinafter ICU) of hospitals. Patient mortality was estimated with two models of artificial neural network (ANN)-backpropagation (BP) and simplified acute physiology score (SAPS). Organ dysfunction was predicted by coupled ANN self-organizing map (SOM) and logistic organ dysfunction score (LODS) method on the basis of patient conditions. Input dataset consisted of 36 features recorded for 4,000 patients in the ICU. An integrated response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) was developed to achieve the best topology of the ANN-BP model. Although mortality prediction of the best ANN-BP (MSE = 0.0036, AUC = 0.83, R2 = 0.81) was more accurate than that of the SAPS score model (MSE = 0.0056, AUC = 0.82, R2 = 0.78), the execution time of the former (=45 min) was longer than that of the latter (=20 min). Therefore, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the input feature dimensions, which, in turn, reduced the execution time up to 50%. Data reduction also helped to increase the network accuracy up to 90%. The likelihood of organ dysfunction determined by coupled ANN and scoring method technique can be much more efficient than the LODS model alone because the SOM could successfully classify the patients in 64 classes. The primary patient classification plays a major role in increasing the efficiency of an estimator.
Insertion torque/time integral as a measure of primary implant stability
Authors: Grobecker-Karl Tanja , Karl Matthias , Steiner Constanze 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The goal of this in vitro study was to determine the insertion torque/time integral for three implant systems. Bone level implants (n = 10; BLT – Straumann Bone Level Tapered 4.1 mm × 12 mm, V3 – MIS V3 3.9 mm × 11.5 mm, ASTRA – Dentsply-Sirona ASTRA TX 4.0 mm × 13 mm) were placed in polyurethane foam material consisting of a trabecular and a cortical layer applying protocols for medium quality bone. Besides measuring maximum insertion torque and primary implant stability using resonance frequency analysis (RFA), torque time curves recorded during insertion were used for calculating insertion torque/time integrals. Statistical analysis was based on ANOVA, Tukey’s honest differences test and Pearson product moment correlation (α = 0.05). Significantly greater mean maximum insertion torque (59.9 ± 4.94 Ncm) and mean maximum insertion torque/time integral (961.64 ± 54.07 Ncm∗s) were recorded for BLT implants (p < 0.01). V3 showed significantly higher mean maximum insertion torque as compared to ASTRA (p < 0.01), but significantly lower insertion torque/time integral (p < 0.01). Primary implant stability did not differ significantly among groups. Only a single weak (r = 0.61) but significant correlation could be established between maximum insertion torque and insertion torque/time integral (p < 0.01) when all data from all three implant groups were pooled. Implant design (length, thread pitch) seems to affect insertion torque/time integral more than maximum insertion torque.
Short- and long-term biological variation of cardiac troponin I in healthy individuals, and patients with end-stage renal failure requiring haemodialysis or cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lan Nick S. R. , Nguyen Lan T. , Vasikaran Samuel D. , Wilson Catherine , Jonsson Jacqueline , Rankin James M. , Bell Damon A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives
High-sensitivity (hs) cardiac troponin (cTn) assays can quantitate small fluctuations in cTn concentration. Determining biological variation allows calculation of reference change values (RCV), to define significant changes. We assessed the short- and long-term biological variation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in healthy individuals and patients with renal failure requiring haemodialysis or cardiomyopathy.

Methods
Plasma samples were collected hourly for 4 h and weekly for seven further weeks from 20 healthy individuals, 9 renal failure patients and 20 cardiomyopathy patients. Pre- and post-haemodialysis samples were collected weekly for 7 weeks. Samples were analysed using a hs-cTnI assay (Abbott Alinity ci-series). Within-subject biological variation (CVI), analytical variation (CVA) and between-subject biological variation (CVG) was used to calculate RCVs and index of individuality (II).

Results
For healthy individuals, CVI, CVA, CVG, RCV and II values were 8.8, 14.0, 43.1, 45.8% and 0.38 respectively for short-term, and 41.4, 14.0, 25.8, 121.0% and 1.69 for long-term. For renal failure patients, these were 2.6, 5.8, 50.5, 17.6% and 0.30 respectively for short-term, and 19.1, 5.8, 11.2, 55.2% and 1.78 for long-term. For cardiomyopathy patients, these were 4.2, 10.0, 65.9, 30.0% and 0.16 respectively for short-term, and 17.5, 10.0, 63.1, 55.8% and 0.32 for long-term. Mean cTnI concentration was lower post-haemodialysis (15.2 vs. 17.8 ng/L, p < 0.0001), with a 16.9% mean relative change.

Conclusions
The biological variation of cTnI is similar between end-stage renal failure and cardiomyopathy patients, but proportionately greater in well-selected healthy individuals with very low baseline cTnI concentrations.
Resistance of plug & play N type RHS truss connections
Authors: Szlendak Jerzy K. , Szpyrka Adrian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The article presents concept of II generation N type RHS plug & play truss connection made in non-welded technology. Three connections of the representative truss are analyzed. Resistance calculations of these truss joints, using the component method, are shown. Test results and the theoretical resistance of these connections are compared.
An innovative learning approach for solar power forecasting using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network
Authors: Pattanaik Debasish , Mishra Sanhita , Khuntia Ganesh Prasad , Dash Ritesh , Swain Sarat Chandra 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Analysing the Output Power of a Solar Photo-voltaic System at the design stage and at the same time predicting the performance of solar PV System under different weather condition is a primary work i.e. to be carried out before any installation. Due to large penetration of solar Photovoltaic system into the traditional grid and increase in the construction of smart grid, now it is required to inject a very clean and economic power into the grid so that grid disturbance can be avoided. The level of solar Power that can be generated by a solar photovoltaic system depends upon the environment in which it is operated and two other important factor like the amount of solar insolation and temperature. As these two factors are intermittent in nature hence forecasting the output of solar photovoltaic system is the most difficult work. In this paper a comparative analysis of different solar photovoltaic forecasting method were presented. A MATLAB Simulink model based on Real time data which were collected from Odisha (20.9517∘N, 85.0985∘E), India. were used in the model for forecasting performance of solar photovoltaic system.
What Inspires Social Entrepreneurship? The Role of Prosocial Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, and Gender in Forming Social Entrepreneurial Intention
Authors: Yamini Reza , Soloveva Daria , Peng Xiaobao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper applies the assumptions of self-determination theory to study social entrepreneurial intention. We suggest that motivational forces, identified as autonomous and controlled, affect an individual’s intention to start a social venture. The study extends the social entrepreneurial intention research by examining the effect of prosocial and intrinsic motivations on an individual’s inclination to become a social entrepreneur and by testing the role of gender. Prosocial and intrinsic motivations are found to positively affect social entrepreneurial intention of individuals. Furthermore, females have demonstrated to be more influenced by the combination of motivational factors compared to males.
„The Boy and the Snake“
Authors: Rölleke Heinz 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungGrimms Märchen von der Unke(KHM 105) wurde 1813 nach mündlicher Tradition in Hessen aufgezeichnet. Erst in der fünften KHM-Auflage von 1843 erhielt es seine endgültige allbekannte Gestalt. Die Textzusätze betonen die totemistischen Züge der Erzählung. Die erste Aufzeichnung macht durch einen Vergleich mit einem entlegenen Zeugnis aus dem Jahr 1626 deutlich, dass die alte Geschichte in der deutschen Tradition bis auf den Kern der Handlung geschrumpft war, so dass das Märchenwunder des gemeinsamen Mahls von Kind und Schlange inzwischen in Form eines realen Ereignisses erzählt wurde. Davon dürfte auch eine jüngst erschienene Parallelfassung ausgegangen sein, die auf eigenständiger, nicht durch die KHM beeinflusster schottischer Tradition basiert. Hier ist die Handlung realistisch und genau lokalisiert, die Figuren tragen individuelle Namen, der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Tod der Schlange und dem des Kindes wird nicht totemistisch, sondern kinderpsychologisch erklärt. Eine Synopse der Fassung Grimms und Williamsons gibt weitere interessante Aufschlüsse.
Zitierkartelle und Lobbyisten Vergleichende Perspektiven auf die Klimawandelleugner
Authors: Haupt Sebastian 
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung
Der Zweifel am Klimawandel reicht bis in hohe politische Ämter, wie die Beispiele USA und Brasilien zeigen. Doch auch in Deutschland versuchen Organisationen, Publizisten und Interessenvertreter, die Öffentlichkeit davon zu überzeugen, dass die Klimaforschung irrt. Wie erfolgreich sind sie damit? Ein Vergleich zwischen den Klimaskeptikern bzw. Klima(wandel)leugnern in den USA und Deutschland zeigt erhebliche Unterschiede auf – etwa im Hinblick auf Finanzen, Organisationsgrad und mediale Reichweite. Andererseits bestehen teils enge ideelle, organisatorische und mitunter finanzielle Verbindungen. Die Darstellung einiger Strategien dieser Akteure verdeutlicht: Der Zweifel an den Erkenntnissen der Klimaforschung hat oft weniger eine wissenschaftliche, sondern vor allem gesellschaftliche, politische und ökonomische Dimensionen. Das stellt Klimaforschung und Medien vor Herausforderungen.
Sozial-ökologisch-demokratisch: Das Primat des Politischen
Authors: Meinhardt Uwe , Würdinger Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung
Das vergangene Jahr stand ganz im Zeichen der globalen Klimadebatte. Dabei deutete sich eine fast schon unverhoffte Rückkehr an: 40 Jahre neoliberalen Mainstreams könnten endlich ein Ende finden, das Primat der Politik die Oberhand gewinnen. Nicht als Stunde des Staates oder der Exekutive, sondern als Maxime für ein Zukunftsprojekt zur demokratischen Gestaltung der Transformation von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Die IG Metall fordert das Primat des Politischen, verfolgt dabei ein klares Zielbild: Sozial. Ökologisch. Demokratisch. Das gilt gerade in der Corona-Krise. Die Pandemie hält neue Fallstricke bereit, eröffnet aber auch ungeahnte Möglichkeiten – für den Weg in eine klimaneutrale Industriegesellschaft.
Natural and human-induced factors controlling the phreatic groundwater geochemistry of the Longgang River basin, South China
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Xiaohong , Xie Linshen , Cheng Gong , Liu Zhao , Yi Shuping 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Groundwater chemical evolution is the key to ensuring the sustainability of local society and economy development. In this study, four river sections and 59 groundwater wells are investigated in the Longgang River (L.R.) basin in South China. Comprehensive hydrochemical analysis methods are adopted to determine the dominant factors controlling the chemical evolution of the local phreatic groundwater and the potential impact of human activities on groundwater quality. The results indicate that the ionic composition of the local phreatic groundwater is dominated by Ca2+ (0.9–93.8 mg/L), HCO3
− (4.4–280.0 mg/L), and SO4
2− (1.0–91.0 mg/L). Ca–Mg–HCO3, Ca–Na–HCO3, and Na–Ca–HCO3 are the major groundwater hydrochemical facies. Water–rock interactions, such as the dissolution of calcite and dolomite, are the primary source of the major ions in the local groundwater. Cation-exchange reaction has its effects on the contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+. Ammonia concentration of the sampling sections in the L.R. increases from 0.03 to 2.01 mg/L along the flow direction. Groundwater nitrate in the regions of the farmland is attributed to the lowest level of the groundwater quality standards of China, while the same test results are obtained for heavy metals in the industrial park and landfill, suggesting a negative impact of the anthropogenic activities on the local phreatic groundwater quality.
Will Blockchain Technologies Strengthen or Undermine the Effectiveness of Global Trade Control Regulations and Financial Sanctions?
Authors: Cozzi Fabio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Financial sanctions and trade control regulations are becoming increasingly relevant in the current global situation, characterized by multiple ongoing conflicts, sophisticated terrorist organizations, and serious tensions between international economic actors. The United Nations, under Article 41 of the UN Charter, the United States and Europe, in particular, regularly introduce and enforce a number of tools (e. g., financial restrictions, trade restrictions, arms embargoes, travel bans). Such tools can range from comprehensive, “territory-wide” sanctions against States to targeted sanctions on entities, including individuals, to obtain a change in policy or activity by the target country, part of the country, governments, entities, and individuals, with the ultimate aim of pursuing peace, human rights, democracy, and respect for the rule of law. Recent history proves that companies and financial institutions have adopted complex solutions to conceal transactions with sanctioned countries and entities.
Blockchain technology, through the use of distributed digitalized ledgers, grants a high level of transparency, for instance providing real-time updates on the development of an export transaction, and the use of smart contracts can automatize payments, or the triggering of guarantees, etc. While blockchain technology continues to be an area of enormous promise, it is also one of risk, if not managed properly, especially in a transnational, multi-jurisdictional context. Not only might the use of blockchain-based solutions prove challenging for the enforcement of current international sanctions programs by competent authorities, but blockchain technologies developers will also need to set up solutions suitable to comply with the requirements imposed by the various sanctions in place. At the same time, businesses will need to determine which measures and due diligence practices are needed to protect against the risks of a sanctions violation, which can result in significant fines and even criminal penalties. This paper explores how blockchain solutions that may be implemented in the context of international financial and commercial transactions can interrelate (or interfere) with sanctions enforcement and sanctions compliance, highlighting the multiple legal issues that may arise in connection thereto.