bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LIBERTARIANISM WITHOUT SELF-OWNERSHIP
Authors: Kukathas Chandran 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:Libertarianism is a political philosophy whose defenders have set its foundations in the principle of self-ownership. But self-ownership supplies an uncertain basis for such a theory as it is prone to a number of serious difficulties, some of which have been addressed by libertarians but none of which can ultimately be overcome. For libertarianism to be a plausible way of looking at the world, it must look elsewhere for its basic principles. In particular, it needs to rethink the way it understands property and its foundations.
Acquired systemic-to-pulmonary shunts in a 6-month-old child: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Werner Oscar , Ovaert Caroline , Amedro Pascal 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe incidence of paediatric venous thromboembolism has steadily increased in the past decade, by nearly 10% per year. Deep venous thrombosis may remain completely asymptomatic during the acute phase and symptoms may occur later, due to complications. We related the case of a 9-month-old child with increasing cyanosis. A computed tomography (CT) angiography showed a thrombosis of the superior vena cava (SVC) with the development of collateral flow from the systemic to the pulmonary veins. Transcatheter shunt occlusion after SVC recanalization was successfully performed. We discussed the characteristics of these cases and the consequence on our practice in term of treatment (anticoagulation, transcatheter, intervention) and screening.
Kant on Welfare: Five Unsuccessful Defences
Authors: Davies Luke J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article discusses five attempts at justifying the provision of welfare on Kantian grounds. I argue that none of the five proposals is satisfactory. Each faces a serious challenge on textual or systematic grounds. The conclusion to draw from this is not that a Kantian cannot defend the provision of welfare. Rather, the conclusion to draw is that the task of defending the provision of welfare on Kantian grounds is a difficult one whose success we should not take for granted.
Kant’s Better-than-Terrible Argument in the Anticipations of Perception
Authors: Landy David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractScholars working on Kant’s Anticipations of Perception generally attribute to him an argument that invalidly infers that objects have degrees of intensive magnitude from the premise that sensations do. I argue that this rests on an incorrect disambiguation of Kant’s use ofEmpfindung(sensation) as referring to the mental states that are our sensings, rather than the objects that are thereby sensed. Kant’s real argument runs as follows. The difference between a representation of an empty region of space and/or time and a representation of that same region as occupied by an object entails that, in addition to their extensive magnitude, objects must be represented as having a matter variable in intensive magnitude. Since it is the presence of sensation (sensing) in a cognition that marks the difference between representing only the extensive magnitude of the object and the object as a whole, it is sensation that represents its intensive magnitude.
Filamentous versus Spherical Morphology: A Case Study of the Recombinant A/WSN/33 (H1N1) Virus
Authors: Kordyukova Larisa V. , Mintaev Ramil R. , Rtishchev Artyom A. , Kunda Marina S. , Ryzhova Natalia N. , Abramchuk Sergei S. , Serebryakova Marina V. , Khrustalev Vladislav V. , Khrustaleva Tatyana A. , Poboinev Victor V. , Markushin Stanislav G. , Voronina Olga L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInfluenza A virus is a serious human pathogen that assembles enveloped virions on the plasma membrane of the host cell. The pleiomorphic morphology of influenza A virus, represented by spherical, elongated, or filamentous particles, is important for the spread of the virus in nature. Using fixative protocols for sample preparation and negative staining electron microscopy, we found that the recombinant A/WSN/33 (H1N1) (rWSN) virus, a strain considered to be strictly spherical, may produce filamentous particles when amplified in the allantoic cavity of chicken embryos. In contrast, the laboratory WSN strain and the rWSN virus amplified in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells exhibited a spherical morphology. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) suggested a rare Ser126Cys substitution in the M1 protein of rWSN, which was confirmed by the mass spectrometric analysis. No structurally relevant substitutions were found by NGS in other proteins of rWSN. Bioinformatics algorithms predicted a neutral structural effect of the Ser126Cys mutation. The mrWSN_M1_126S virus generated after the introduction of the reverse Cys126Ser substitution exhibited a similar host-dependent partially filamentous phenotype. We hypothesize that a shortage of some as-yet-undefined cellular components involved in virion budding and membrane scission may result in the appearance of filamentous particles in the case of usually “nonfilamentous” virus strains.
Relative Contributions of Ion Convection and Particle Precipitation to Exciting Large‐Scale Traveling Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances
Authors: Sheng Cheng , Deng Yue , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Lyons Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDuring geomagnetically active times, the enhanced ion convection and particle precipitation at high latitudes cause substantial disturbances in the ionosphere and thermosphere. Large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) were identified from Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) measurements from 06:30 to 08:30 UT on 26 March 2014 as a result of southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz and enhanced particle precipitation during a substorm. The comparison of LSTIDs from the global ionosphere‐thermosphere model (GITM) simulations with GPS TEC measurements shows a general agreement. Further theoretical analyses with GITM were conducted to sperate the influence of ion convection and particle precipitation on the total Joule heating as well as on the resulting large‐scale traveling atmospheric disturbances (LSTADs) and LSTIDs. It was found that ion convection and particle precipitation have comparable contributions to the total Joule heating, although the changes of height‐integrated Joule heating due to these two forcing terms may display different distributions. In addition, the magnitudes of neutral density and TEC perturbations due to these two forcing terms were found to be comparable. Using the total energy flux versus time derived from all‐sky imager measurements for this event to drive GITM improves the data‐model comparison of LSTIDs. However, data‐model discrepancies still exist in the timing of LSTIDs and the magnitude of TEC perturbations, which calls for further investigation and realistic event‐specific specifications.
Vertical Displacements of the Amazon Basin From GRACE and GPS
Authors: Knowles L. A. , Bennett R. A. , Harig C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe extent to which Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)‐recovered gravity anomalies can improve our understanding of Global Positioning System (GPS)‐measured vertical displacements is currently uncertain. To address this issue, we compared vertical displacements measured by 23 GPS stations in the Amazon basin with displacements estimated from GRACE geopotential fields. We show that despite poor correlation (
) between rate estimates in GPS and GRACE‐derived displacement time series, further analyses reveal low bias between annual amplitude estimates and a scaling near 1. There is higher correlation (
) between annual periodic motions, with near 1 to 1 agreement, but there is poor correlation (
) and little agreement between semiannual amplitude estimates. Subtracting GRACE displacements from the GPS time series flattens the GPS power spectra, reducing the spectral index magnitude, on average, from
(“fractional Brownian motion”) to
(“fractional Gaussian noise”), suggesting that some fraction of the apparent GPS error correlation derives from mass loading signals that are not completely characterized by secular trends or seasonal periodic motions. From March 2011 to November 2016, we find a GPS and GRACE‐derived displacement combined average uplift of the Amazon basin of
mm/yr and combined average annual periodic motion of
mm. Deviations from a standard trajectory model for site motion are apparent in both data sets and appear to coincide with various flooding and drought events between 2011 and 2016, which suggests that the GPS coordinate time series record displacements driven by large‐scale climate oscillations.
Influence of Coriolis Force Upon Bottom Boundary Layers in a Large‐Scale Gravity Current Experiment: Implications for Evolution of Sinuous Deep‐Water Channel Systems
Authors: Davarpanah Jazi S. , Wells M. G. , Peakall J. , Dorrell R. M. , Thomas R. E. , Keevil G. M. , Darby S. E. , Sommeria J. , Viboud S. , Valran T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOceanic density currents in many deep‐water channels are strongly influenced by the Coriolis force. The dynamics of the bottom boundary layer in large geostrophic flows and low Rossby number turbidity currents are very important for determining the erosion and deposition of sediment in channelized contourite currents and many large‐scale turbidity currents. However, these bottom boundary layers are notoriously difficult to resolve with oceanic field measurements or in previous small‐scale rotating laboratory experiments. We present results from a large, 13‐m diameter, rotating laboratory platform that is able to achieve both stratified and highly turbulent flows in regimes where the rotation is sufficiently rapid that the Coriolis force can potentially dominate. By resolving the dynamics of the turbulent bottom boundary in straight and sinuous channel sections, we find that the Coriolis force can overcome centrifugal force to switch the direction of near‐bed flows in channel bends. This occurs for positive Rossby numbers less than +0.8, defined as RoR =
/Rf, where
is the depth and time‐averaged velocity, R is the radius of channel curvature, and f is the Coriolis parameter. Density and velocity fields decoupled in channel bends, with the densest fluid of the gravity current being deflected to the outer bend of the channel by the centrifugal force, while the location of velocity maximum shifted with the Coriolis force, leading to asymmetries between left‐ and right‐turning bends. These observations of Coriolis effects on gravity currents are synthesized into a model of how sedimentary structures might evolve in sinuous turbidity current channels at various latitudes.
Sea Ice and Atmospheric Parameter Retrieval From Satellite Microwave Radiometers: Synergy of AMSR2 and SMOS Compared With the CIMR Candidate Mission
Authors: Scarlat Raul Cristian , Spreen Gunnar , Heygster Georg , Huntemann Marcus , Paţilea Cătălin , Pedersen Leif Toudal , Saldo Roberto 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResearch on improving the prediction skill of climate models requires refining the quality of observational data used for initializing and tuning the models. This is especially true in the polar regions where uncertainties about the interactions between sea ice, ocean, and atmosphere are driving ongoing monitoring efforts. The Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) is an European Space Agency (ESA) candidate mission which promises to offer high resolution, low uncertainty observation capabilities at the 1.4, 6.9, 10.65, 18.7, and 36.5 GHz frequencies. To assess the potential impact of CIMR for sea ice parameter retrieval, a comparison is made between retrievals based on present AMSR2 observations and a retrieval using future CIMR equivalent observations over a data set of validated sea ice concentration (SIC) values. An optimal estimation retrieval method (OEM) is used which can use input from different channel combinations to retrieve seven geophysical parameters (sea ice concentration, multi‐year ice fraction, ice surface temperature, columnar water vapor, liquid water path, over ocean wind speed, and sea surface temperature). An advantage of CIMR over existing radiometers is that it would provide higher spatial resolution observations at the lower frequency channels (6.9, 10.65, and 18.7 GHz) which are less sensitive to atmospheric influence. This enables the passive microwave based retrieval of SIC and other surface parameters with higher resolution and lower uncertainty than is currently possible. An information content analysis expands the comparison between AMSR2 and CIMR to all retrievable surface and atmospheric parameters. This analysis quantifies the contributions to the observed signal and highlights the differences between different input channel combinations. The higher resolution of the low frequency CIMR channels allow for unprecedented detail to be achieved in Arctic passive microwave sea ice retrievals. The presence of 1.4 GHz channels on board CIMR opens up the possibility for thin sea ice thickness (SIT) retrieval. A combination of collocated AMSR2 and SMOS observations is used to simulate a full CIMR suite of measurements, and the OEM is modified to include SIT as a retrieval parameter. The output from different retrieval configurations is compared with an operational SIT product. The CIMR instrument can provide increased accuracy for SIC retrieval at very high resolutions with a combination of the 18.7 and 36.5 GHz channels while also maintaining sensitivity for atmospheric water vapor retrieval. In combination with the 1.4 GHz channels, SIT can be added as an eighth retrieval parameter with performance on par with existing operational products.
Impacts of Degrading Ice‐Wedges on Ground Temperatures in a High Arctic Polar Desert System
Authors: Ward Jones Melissa K. , Pollard Wayne H. , Amyot Frances 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIce‐wedge ice is the most widespread type of massive ice found in the continuous permafrost zone. Polygonal networks of ice‐wedges drive environmental changes and feedback that will likely be exacerbated with future climate change. Recent decadal‐scale observations have shown that ice‐wedges are degrading rapidly within the entire Circum‐Arctic Region but observations of feedback associated with ground temperature regimes are still lacking in many areas. We present over a year's worth of field observations from an area with cold (−16.5°C), thick (>500 m) continuous permafrost and a mean annual air temperature of −19.7°C in the Canadian high Arctic. Topographic surveys, thaw depths, vegetation cover, soil moisture, and annual shallow (12 cm) ground temperature measurements were collected for seven ice‐wedge troughs and two polygon centers in a high‐centered polygon system. We show that geomorphic changes caused by ice‐wedge degradation generate new responses in soil moisture, vegetation cover, and snow distribution that create a mosaic of ground temperatures that range by 5.1°C for mean annual, 2.5°C in summer, and 15.2°C in winter between polygon‐centers and ice‐wedge troughs. Our results show that snow redistribution due to wind induces the cooling of polygon centers, thus promoting new thermal contraction cracking and ice‐wedge formation. We provide an example based on high‐resolution remote sensing data on how these ice‐wedge trough densities vary spatially in our study area. Capturing these fine scale geomorphic differences and resulting ground temperatures will be critical to accurately assess future changes of these common Arctic landscapes.
Carbon Cycling in the World's Deepest Blue Hole
Authors: Yao P. , Wang X. C. , Bianchi T. S. , Yang Z. S. , Fu L. , Zhang X. H. , Chen L. , Zhao B. , Morrison E. S. , Shields M. R. , Liu Y. N. , Bi N. S. , Qi Y. Z. , Zhou S. , Liu J. W. , Zhang H. H. , Zhu C. J. , Yu Z. G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBlue holes are unique geomorphological features with steep biogeochemical gradients and distinctive microbial communities. Carbon cycling in blue holes, however, remains poorly understood. Here we describe potential mechanisms of dissolved carbon cycling in the world's deepest blue hole, the Yongle Blue Hole (YBH), which was recently discovered in the South China Sea. In the YBH, we found some of the lowest concentrations (e.g., 22 μM) and oldest ages (e.g., 6,810 years before present) of dissolved organic carbon, as well as the highest concentrations (e.g., 3,090 μM) and the oldest ages (e.g., 8,270 years before present) of dissolved inorganic carbon observed in oceanic waters. Sharp gradients of dissolved oxygen, H2S, and CH4 and changes in bacterially mediated sulfur cycling with depth indicated that sulfur‐ and/or methane‐based metabolisms are closely linked to carbon cycling in the YBH. Our results showed that the YBH is a unique and easily accessible natural laboratory for examining carbon cycling in anoxic systems, which has potential for understanding carbon dynamics in both paleo and modern oceans—particularly in the context of global change.
How Variations in Constructed Wetlands Geography Affect Nutrient Discharge
Authors: Xia Yongqiu , Yan Xiaoyuan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractConstructed wetland geography, including size and location, plays a key role in nutrient retention; it remains a challenge to isolate and quantify the contributions of wetland size and spatial location. We constructed a clear conceptual model and modeled the effects of variations in wetland size (represented as cells width in each flow path of a grid of cells) and location on the mean nutrient discharge (MD) and standard deviation of nutrient discharge (SdD). A basic comparison between a broadly and mathematically tractable Poisson distribution and a conventionally hypothesized uniform distribution showed that wetlands with a Poisson width or Poisson location distribution exhibit much greater effects on SdD than wetlands with a uniform distribution. We then compared and summarized the effects of 10,000 variations in wetlands on MD and SdD. For all kinds of wetlands, the MD was largely determined by the mean size, mean location, and evenness of location, while the SdD was closely related to the evenness and standard deviation (Sd) of both wetland size and location. Incorporating these factors into landscape models could greatly simplify the model structure and improve precision. Location was more important than size for both MD and SdD, regardless of the retention of the wetlands, which suggested that optimizing wetland location should be a high priority for water quality management and will yield greater benefits than widening wetlands elsewhere.
Forecasting Megaelectron‐Volt Electrons Inside Earth's Outer Radiation Belt: PreMevE 2.0 Based on Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Pires de Lima Rafael , Chen Yue , Lin Youzuo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe present the recent progress in upgrading a predictive model for megaelectron‐volt (MeV) electrons inside the Earth's outer Van Allen belt. This updated model, called PreMevE 2.0, provides improved forecasts, particularly at outer L‐shells, by adding upstream solar wind speeds to the model's input parameter list that originally includes precipitating electrons observed at low Earth orbits and MeV electron fluxes in situ measured by a geosynchronous satellite. Furthermore, based on several kinds of linear and artificial neural networks algorithms, a list of models was constructed, trained, validated, and tested with 42‐month MeV electron observations from Van Allen Probes. Out‐of‐sample test results from these models show that, with optimized model hyperparameters and input parameter combinations, the top performer from each category of models has the similar capability of making reliable 1‐day (2‐day) forecasts of 1‐MeV electron flux distributions with performance efficiency values ~0.87 (~0.82) averaged over the L‐shell range of 2.8–6.6, significantly outperforming the previous version of PreMevE particularly at L‐shells > ~4.5. Interestingly, the linear regression model is often the most successful when compared to other models, which suggests the relationship between dynamics of trapped 1‐MeV electrons and precipitating electrons is dominated by linear components. Results also show that PreMevE 2.0 can reasonably well predict the onsets of MeV electron events in 2‐day forecasts. PreMevE 2.0 is designed to be driven by observations from longstanding space infrastructure to make high‐fidelity forecasts for MeV electrons, thus can be an invaluable space weather forecasting tool for the future.
Partially Locked Low‐Angle Normal Faults in Cohesive Upper Crust
Authors: Yuan X. P. , Olive J.‐A. , Braun J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt is well established that slip on a frictionally weak low‐angle normal fault (LANF) can be more favorable than breaking a steep fault in strong crust. Very few studies, however, have considered the specific effect of crust and fault cohesion on LANF viability. We do so using Limit Analysis, a methodology for predicting the optimal orientation of faults with varying strength subjected to a specific set of boundary conditions. Accounting for crustal cohesion in our models reduces the lowest admissible LANF dip and even allows slip on high‐friction LANFs if the contrast between crust and fault cohesion is large. Fault cohesion, however, increases the lowest admissible LANF dip and introduces a locking depth above which LANF slip is not mechanically feasible. This is consistent with observations of steep splay faults rooting onto LANFs in a variety of settings. We further demonstrate that locking depth can help constrain LANF cohesion, friction, and fluid pressure on the Alto Tiberina (Italy) and western Corinth (Greece) LANFs. Specifically, assuming a measured fault friction of 0.2–0.3, we find that the shallow locking depth of the Alto Tiberina fault requires either (1) moderate fluid overpressure (57% of lithostatic) with cohesion of 8–12 MPa or (2) strong overpressure (77% of lithostatic) with cohesion of 13–20 MPa along the fault. By contrast, the larger locking depth characterizing the western Corinth LANF can reflect greater fault cohesion.
Eocene to Miocene Subduction Initiation Recorded in Stratigraphy of Reinga Basin, Northwest New Zealand
Authors: Orr D. , Sutherland R. , Stratford W.R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractReinga Basin, northwest of New Zealand, contains deformed Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata, flat unconformities interpreted as sea level‐modulated erosion surfaces, and volcanics. Marine conditions since the Late Cretaceous resulted in deposition of thick sequences of fossil‐rich sediments. We present a seismic stratigraphic analysis that is tied to dredged rock samples and International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1508. The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Reinga Basin comprises four phases. (1) Folding was accompanied by uplift from lower bathyal water depths at 56–43 Ma along West Norfolk Ridge, where wave ravinement surfaces were cut. (2) Basin‐wide compression and reverse faulting at 39–34 Ma exposed Eocene and older strata along the northeastern basin margin and farther south in western New Zealand. (3) Emplacement of South Maria Allochthon at 34–28 Ma along the northeast margin postdated thick‐skinned reverse faulting and folding, was broadly synchronous with the onset of basin volcanism, and immediately predated wave ravinement of nearby ridges. Normal faulting disrupted the western basin margin at this time. (4) During the final phase of the Reinga Basin deformation, South Maria Ridge subsided ∼1,000–2,000 m from the middle shelf to bathyal depths after 23–19 Ma, and the deformation migrated southeastwards. The Northland Allochthon was emplaced at 23–20 Ma, and Northland volcanism with confirmed arc character occurred at 23–12 Ma. The early Eocene onset of tectonic activity recorded by deformation in Reinga Basin is shown to be older than previously recognized and broadly synchronous with other events related to subduction initiation and plate motion change elsewhere in the western Pacific.