bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Observation Tools in Emergency Medicine: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Jordan Jaime , Siegelman Jeffrey N. , Cooney Robert , Stehman Christine , Chan Teresa M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesDirect observation is important for assessing the competency of medical learners. Multiple tools have been described in other fields, although the degree of emergency medicine–specific literature is unclear. This review sought to summarize the current literature on direct observation tools in the emergency department (ED) setting.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ERIC, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar from 2012 to 2020 for publications on direct observation tools in the ED setting. Data were dual extracted into a predefined worksheet, and quality analysis was performed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument.ResultsWe identified 38 publications, comprising 2,977 learners. Fifteen different tools were described. The most commonly assessed tools included the Milestones (nine studies), Observed Structured Clinical Exercises (seven studies), the McMaster Modular Assessment Program (six studies), Queen’s Simulation Assessment Test (five studies), and the mini‐Clinical Evaluation Exercise (four studies). Most of the studies were performed in a single institution, and there were limited validity or reliability assessments reported.ConclusionsThe number of publications on direct observation tools for the ED setting has markedly increased. However, there remains a need for stronger internal and external validity data.
Selenium biofortification of green spinach with optimum phosphorus fertilization and selenium application timing
Authors: Nayan Dayang Safinah , Zainol Rozlaily , Abdul Sukor Arina Shairah , Mohammad Yusoff Martini , Ishak Che Fauziah 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA selenium (Se) biofortification program for vegetables has never been attempted in Malaysia. This study was performed to determine the optimum Se fertilization rates for high yield and Se uptake by green spinach (Amaranthus spp.) through a glasshouse experiment and to evaluate the effect of Se application timing on dry matter, growth, and Se accumulation in green spinach through field experiments. Glasshouse experiment conducted with factorial randomized complete block design showed that applying P fertilizer as recommended for green spinach increased yield and Se uptake by the leaves and stems of green spinach. Selenium application in the form of Se(IV) solution at 120 g ha–1 to sandy clay soil was determined to be the optimum application rate, as higher rates reduced plant yield and decreased Se uptake by green spinach. Three cycles of field experiments showed that a single application of 120 g ha–1 Se at 14 d after planting (DAP) produced the optimum results in terms of green spinach growth and dry matter. Although the highest Se accumulation in leaves was observed when Se was applied at 7 DAP (26.04–29.20 μg 10 plants–1), its detrimental effect on yield caused it to be considered an inappropriate time of application. Therefore, with optimum Se accumulation in leaves (21.16–22.38 μg 10 plants–1) and stems (5.89–5.98 μg 10 plants–1), application of Se as Se(IV) solution at 14 DAP at a rate of 120 g ha–1 has been identified as an effective Se fertilization management strategy for producing Se‐biofortified green spinach.
Das Konformationsgleichgewicht des Neuropeptid‐Y2‐Rezeptors in Lipidmembranen
Authors: Krug Ulrike , Gloge Anika , Schmidt Peter , Becker‐Baldus Johanna , Bernhard Frank , Kaiser Anette , Montag Cindy , Gauglitz Marcel , Vishnivetskiy Sergey A. , Gurevich Vsevolod V. , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G. , Glaubitz Clemens , Huster Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDynamische Strukturübergänge innerhalb des Sieben‐Transmembran‐Bündels stellen den Mechanismus dar, durch den G‐Protein‐gekoppelte Rezeptoren ein extrazelluläres chemisches Signal in eine intrazelluläre biologische Antwort umwandeln. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Konformationsdynamik des Neuropeptid‐Y‐Rezeptors Typ 2 (Y2R) während des Aktivierungsprozesses untersucht. Es wurden der apo‐Zustand, der Zustand des gebundenen vollen Agonisten und der Arrestin‐gebundene Zustand durch zellfreie Expression, funktionelle Faltung und Rekonstitution in Lipidmembranen präpariert. Um die konformationellen Übergänge zwischen den Zuständen zu untersuchen, wurden alle sechs Tryptophane des Y2R 13C‐markiert. Die NMR‐Signale wurden zugeordnet und die funktionalen Zustände des Rezeptors charakterisiert. Die Y2R‐Aktivierung wird durch molekulare Schalter wie das hoch konservierte Trp2816.48 und Trp3277.55 vermittelt. Trp11623.50 bildet mit einer Disulfidbrücke ein konformationell konserviertes cysteine‐lock‐Motiv.
Experimentally Observed Reverse Intersystem Crossing‐Boosted Lasing
Authors: Zhou Zhonghao , Qiao Chan , Wang Kang , Wang Lu , Liang Jie , Peng Qian , Wei Zhiyou , Dong Haiyun , Zhang Chuang , Shuai Zhigang , Yan Yongli , Zhao Yong Sheng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThermally activated delayed‐fluorescent (TADF) materials are anticipated to overcome triplet‐related losses towards electrically driven organic lasers. Thus far, contributions from triplets to lasing have not yet been experimentally demonstrated owing to the limited knowledge about the excited‐state processes. Herein, we experimentally achieve reverse intersystem crossing (RISC)‐boosted lasing in organic microspheres with uniformly dispersed TADF emitters. In these materials, triplets are continuously converted to radiative singlets through RISC, giving rise to reduced losses in stimulated emission. The involvement of regenerated singlets in population inversion results in a thermally activated lasing; that is, the lasing intensity increases with increasing temperature, accompanied by accelerated depletion of the excited‐state population. Benefiting from the suppression of triplet accumulations by RISC processes, a high‐repetition‐rate microlaser was achieved.
Photoorganocatalyzed Divergent Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization towards Linear and Branched Fluoropolymers
Authors: Zhao Yucheng , Ma Mingyu , Lin Xinrong , Chen Mao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTopology influences the properties and applications of polymers. Consequently, considerable efforts have been made to control topological structures. In this work, we have developed a photoorganocatalyzed divergent synthetic approach based on reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) that enables the preparation of both linear and branched fluoropolymers of low dispersity (Ð), a tunable degree of branching and high chain‐end fidelity by exposure to LED light irradiation under metal‐free conditions. This method promotes the generation of complicated structures (e.g., necklace‐like and mop‐like fluoropolymers) via chain‐extension photo‐RDRP, and provides a novel and versatile platform to access fluoropolymer electrolytes with high Li‐ion transference number and good ionic conductivity, which should create improved opportunities for advanced material engineering.
Versatile Nickel(II) Scaffolds as Coordination‐Induced Spin‐State Switches for 19F Magnetic Resonance‐Based Detection
Authors: Xie Da , Yu Meng , Xie Zhu‐Lin , Kadakia Rahul T. , Chung Chris , Ohman Lauren E. , Javanmardi Kamyab , Que Emily L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract19F magnetic resonance (MR) based detection coupled with well‐designed inorganic systems shows promise in biological investigations. Two proof‐of‐concept inorganic probes that exploit a novel mechanism for 19F MR sensing based on converting from low‐spin (S=0) to high‐spin (S=1) Ni2+ are reported. Activation of diamagnetic NiL1 and NiL2 by light or β‐galactosidase, respectively, converts them into paramagnetic NiL0, which displays a single 19F NMR peak shifted by >35 ppm with accelerated relaxation rates. This spin‐state switch is effective for sensing light or enzyme expression in live cells using 19F MR spectroscopy and imaging that differentiate signals based on chemical shift and relaxation times. This general inorganic scaffold has potential for developing agents that can sense analytes ranging from ions to enzymes, opening up diverse possibilities for 19F MR based biosensing.
The Conformational Equilibrium of the Neuropeptide Y2 Receptor in Bilayer Membranes
Authors: Krug Ulrike , Gloge Anika , Schmidt Peter , Becker‐Baldus Johanna , Bernhard Frank , Kaiser Anette , Montag Cindy , Gauglitz Marcel , Vishnivetskiy Sergey A. , Gurevich Vsevolod V. , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G. , Glaubitz Clemens , Huster Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDynamic structural transitions within the seven‐transmembrane bundle represent the mechanism by which G‐protein‐coupled receptors convert an extracellular chemical signal into an intracellular biological function. Here, the conformational dynamics of the neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (Y2R) during activation was investigated. The apo, full agonist‐, and arrestin‐bound states of Y2R were prepared by cell‐free expression, functional refolding, and reconstitution into lipid membranes. To study conformational transitions between these states, all six tryptophans of Y2R were 13C‐labeled. NMR‐signal assignment was achieved by dynamic‐nuclear‐polarization enhancement and the individual functional states of the receptor were characterized by monitoring 13C NMR chemical shifts. Activation of Y2R is mediated by molecular switches involving the toggle switch residue Trp2816.48 of the highly conserved SWLP motif and Trp3277.55 adjacent to the NPxxY motif. Furthermore, a conformationally preserved “cysteine lock”‐Trp11623.50 was identified.
Dynamic, 3D Schiff base networks for medical applications
Authors: Modak Piyush , Hammond Willis , Jaffe Michael , Nadig Malavika , Russo Richard 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this study, we utilized the reversible property of aqueous Schiff bases to design a dynamic three‐dimensional (3D) network. Two derivatized polysaccharides—acrylated chitosan (aCHN) and oxidized dextran (oDEX)—form a 3D network rapidly (<10 s) in situ without the use of external crosslinking agents. Reversible Schiff base (NC) pairs are formed between the amines of aCHN and aldehydes of oDEX. These bonds are mobile and reversible, allowing the network to form additional bonds, leading to lower energy state and densification. In the presence of a primary organic amine, the network dissolves completely, demonstrating network reversibility. The network has strong cohesion (85 ± 7 mmHg) and adhesion (0.017 ± 0.003 MPa) strengths. Rheological examination of the network demonstrates that both elastic storage (G') and viscous loss (G") moduli do not plateau but keep increasing over time. The network shrinks continuously over time, expelling fluid even when completely immersed in physiological solution, in contrast with conventional crosslinked networks that imbibe water and swell. Both rheology and shrinkage demonstrate the dynamic nature of the aCHN–oDEX networks. The dynamic nature of these networks is tunable and the properties of gelation, rheology, cohesion, adhesion, and densification can be modulated depending on the application of interest.
High pressure semibatch emulsion and miniemulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and ethylene
Authors: Narayanan Manu , Choi Kyu Yong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study presents the experimental study of semibatch emulsion and miniemulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and ethylene to vinyl acetate‐ethylene (VAE) copolymer at 60°C and 80–300 psig. In the miniemulsion copolymerization, a water‐soluble initiator (K2S2O8) is used and VAc miniemulsion is prepared in presence of surfactant and cosurfactant using a sonicator or a high‐shear homogenizer. Then, ethylene gas is supplied to the reactor at constant partial pressure. In a miniemulsion process, the mass transfer limitations of VAc from monomer droplets to the aqueous phase, and to micelles or polymer latex particles that are present in conventional macro‐emulsion polymerization can be eliminated and the transfer of ethylene dissolved in the aqueous phase to the miniemulsion droplets is the major ethylene transport process for the polymerization. The experimental data show that the amount of ethylene incorporation into the copolymer is higher in miniemulsion polymerization than in emulsion polymerization. The ethylene pressure has been found to have a strong impact on the ethylene incorporation into the copolymer phase in both emulsion and miniemulsion copolymerizations but the increase is more pronounced in miniemulsion case. The VAE copolymer latex particles prepared by miniemulsion polymerization exhibited higher storage stability than those prepared by macro‐emulsion polymerization.
Assessment of the physical characteristics and fishing performance of gillnets using biodegradable resin (PBS/PBAT and PBSAT) to reduce ghost fishing
Authors: Seonghun Kim , Pyungkwan Kim , Seongjae Jeong , Kyounghoon Lee 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Ghost fishing is caused by derelict synthetic‐fibre nets that have been lost at sea. Thus, biodegradable nets have been developed with the aim of protecting marine ecosystems.

The performance of biodegradable nets and their ability to replace conventional gillnets was assessed. Two types of biodegradable nets were used in the experiment: one made from a blended resin containing 90 wt% polybutylene succinate (PBS) and 10 wt% polybutylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate (PBAT) (Bio‐1), and the other made from a polybutylene succinate co‐adipate‐co‐terephthalate (PBSAT) resin (Bio‐2) with improved flexibility and physical homogeneity.

For No. 3 monofilaments (standard diameter, Ø, 0.284 mm), Bio‐1 and Bio‐2 both showed a wet straight‐line breaking strength of around 99% that of polyamide (PA). For No. 2 monofilaments (Ø 0.200 mm), the wet straight‐line breaking strengths of Bio‐1 and Bio‐2 were 84.9 and 93.0% that of PA, respectively, indicating worse physical properties for Bio‐1 at No. 2 thickness.

The wet knotted breaking strengths of No. 3 thickness Bio‐1 and Bio‐2 were 92.9 and 82.7% that of PA, respectively. The straight‐line breaking strength of Bio‐2 was 1.1 times that of Bio‐1. The wet knotted breaking strengths of Bio‐1 and Bio‐2 were 80.2 and 93.4% that of PA, respectively, and the knotted breaking strength of Bio‐2 was around 1.2 times that of Bio‐1.

Regarding flexibility, for No. 3 thickness monofilaments, the mean wet stiffness values of PA, Bio‐1, and Bio‐2 were 9.50, 15.23, and 9.68 g, respectively, indicating that Bio‐2 was similar to PA and around 1.6 times softer than Bio‐1.

The fishing performance, by weight, was PA > Bio‐2 > Bio‐1; however, the difference between PA and Bio‐2 was not statistically significant. Biodegradable nets may not be a perfect solution, but we believe that they can contribute greatly to reducing ghost fishing and protecting marine ecosystems.
Dynamics of the use of magnetocardiography in the study of the cardiac conduction system of the chick embryo
Authors: Schellpfeffer Michael A. , Strasburger Janette F. , Baffa Oswaldo , Strand Sarah A , Lutter William , Phan Tan , Wakai Ronald T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionHuman fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) has been done for several decades to evaluate fetal arrhythmias using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, but there is little work in embryonic/fetal animal models. This study uses an optically‐pumped magnetometer (OPM) to obtain an fMCG in the chick embryo.MethodsWhite Leghorn chick embryos were examined from incubation Day #10–19. Different examination chambers were tested to optimize embryonic thermal stability and magnetic signal acquisition. All examinations were done with magnetic shielding. The OPM sensors were placed next to the egg shell. The embryo's position was localized by transilluminating the intact egg or ultrasound imaging the egg with an open air cell to optimize sensor placement. The raw data for each embryo was postprocessed to obtain a fMCG composite waveform.ResultsfMCG's were obtained in embryos from Day #12 to 19. The best success with intact eggs was obtained using five sensors; one at the bottom and four around the lower perimeter of the egg at 90° intervals with the egg oriented vertically and the air cell up. Using ultrasound imaging with the air cell open only two sensors were necessary, one at the bottom and one laterally next to the embryo. fMCGs were analyzed for heart rate and rhythm, each portion of the PQRST waveform, and the PR interval, QRS complex, RR interval, and QT interval.ConclusionsThis study validates the chick embryo as an animal model to study in a longitudinal and noninvasive fashion the fetal cardiac conduction system by using OPM magnetocardiography.
Selective Covalent Targeting of Anti‐apoptotic BFL‐1 by a Sulfonium‐Tethered Peptide
Authors: Liu Na , Wang Dongyuan , Lian Chenshan , Zhao Rongtong , Tu Licheng , Zhang Yichi , Liu Jianbo , Zhu Huilin , Yu Mengying , Wan Chuan , Li Di , Li Shuiming , Yin Feng , Li Zigang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAnti‐apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2) family proteins are proven targets for human cancers. Targeting the BH3‐binding pockets of these anti‐apoptotic proteins could reactivate apoptosis in BCL‐2‐depedent cancers. BFL‐1 is a BCL‐2 family protein overexpressed in various chemoresistant cancers. A unique cysteine at the binding interface of the BH3 and BFL‐1 was previously proven to be an intriguing targeting site to irreversibly inhibit BFL‐1 functions with stabilized cyclic peptide bearing a covalent warhead. Recently, we developed a sulfonium‐tethered peptide cyclization strategy to construct peptide ligands that could selectively and efficiently react with the cysteine(s) of target proteins near the interacting interface. Using this method, we constructed a BFL‐1 peptide inhibitor, B4‐MC, that could selectively conjugate with BFL‐1 both in vitro and in cell. B4‐MC showed good cellular uptake, colocalized with BFL‐1 on mitochondria, and showed obvious growth inhibition of BFL‐1 over‐expressed cancer cell lines.
Exploring How Institutional Partners Vary in Outcomes for Transfer Students of Color
Authors: Meza Elizabeth Apple , Blume Grant 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInstitutional pairs of community college‐sending institutions and university‐receiving institutions are associated with significant variation in college completion outcomes, with such variation being especially pronounced for underserved transfer students of color. Higher performing institutional pairs tend to enroll a predominantly White student body, which highlights how inequities in transfer continue to manifest as a baccalaureate completion gap for transfer students of color.
Infusion of Equity‐Mindedness across Transfer Pathways in Washington State
Authors: Wellington‐Baker Kristi , Hammer Joyce 
Published: August 2020

AbstractToo many Washingtonians, especially low‐income persons of color, are not completing postsecondary education credentials that lead to meaningful labor market returns. This chapter provides an evidence‐based, student‐centered transfer framework that reinforces transparency, equity‐mindedness, and the adaptive leadership necessary to transform higher education systems to support the success of all students.
Going Beyond Transfer Agreements: The Best Choices Program and a Web of Connections
Authors: DuVal Chris , Artis Wayne 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes a long‐term successful transfer partnership between Pikes Peak Community College (PPCC) and the University of Colorado‐Colorado Springs (UCCS). The Best Choices program provides clearly defined pathways for students planning on transferring from PPCC to UCCS, including overall transfer plans that extend from start to finish.
Catalysis in Confined Spaces of Metal Organic Frameworks
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Asiri Abdullah M. , Garcia Hermenegildo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCompared to homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis can achieve product selectivity due to spatial constraints and differences in molecular dimensions of substrates and products by performing the reaction in a confined space. Shape selectivity for substrates, products or transition states is a well‐established phenomenon observed in porous inorganic solids like zeolites with considerable impact in petrochemistry. More recently, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as heterogeneous solid catalysts for a broad range of organic reactions due to their unique properties of large surface area, tuneable pore volume and high density of sites. The present mini‐review aims to describe the current evidences showing MOFs as shape‐selective catalysts. After a brief introduction on the concept, types and examples of shape‐selectivity, the available data on MOFs as shape‐selective catalysts have been organized according the nature of active sites promoting the reaction, starting from metal nodes as Lewis acid sites and commenting examples of encapsulated metal nanoparticles (NPs) and molecular guests as centers in various reactions such as addition to carbonyl compounds, hydrogenations, oxidations and oxidative dehydrogenations. The final section provides our view on the current achievements and prospective for future developments in the field.
Assessment of Five Electron‐Shuttling Molecules in the Extracellular Electron Transfer of Electromethanogenesis by using Methanosarcina barkeri
Authors: Liang Tian‐Tian , Zhou Lei , Irfan Muhammad , Bai Yang , Liu Xue‐Zhi , Zhang Ji‐Liang , Wu Zong‐Yang , Wang Wen‐Zhuo , Liu Jin‐Feng , Cheng Lei , Yang Shi‐Zhong , Ye Ru‐Qiang , Gu Ji‐Dong , Mu Bo‐Zhong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractElectron‐shuttling molecules (ESMs), natural or synthetic, are utilized by microorganisms as electron acceptors or donors to facilitate electron transfer. In this study, five ESMs, namely anthraquinone‐2‐carboxylic acid (AQC), 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2‐sulfonicacid (AQS), 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonic acid (AQDS), Neutral red, and Thionin, were selected to assess their effects on electromethanogenesis under different electrochemical potentials and concentrations. Results showed that the rate of methanogenesis achieved in the presence of AQC was 7.4 times higher than that of the control (without ESMs) at −850 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). The effectiveness on methanogenesis followed AQC, Neutral Red, AQS, AQDS, and Thionin in a decreasing order. Compared with the control, the addition of ESMs did not affect the biomass of methanogens significantly. Meanwhile, qPCR analysis of the ccdA gene indicated that the abundance of the Cytochrome c gene and the extent of CO2 reduction to methane correlated positively. The promoting effect of the selective ESMs on methanogenesis was mainly related to their electron transfer capabilities.
Nachhaltige Unterrichtsvorschläge zur Stickstoffproblematik
Authors: Lüsse Mientje , Brockhage Frauke , Pietzner Verena , Beeken Marco 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungEine Vielzahl politischer Entschlüsse legen sowohl international als auch in Deutschland fest, Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung in den schulischen Kontext zu integrieren. Viele Initiativen wie Fridays For Future verdeutlichen darüber hinaus die Relevanz einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung in der heutigen Zeit. Um diesen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, werden verschiedene Unterrichtsinhalte zum Thema Nachhaltigkeit in der Reihe „Fridays For Future und Schule?“ dargestellt und durch Experimente und entsprechendes Unterrichtsmaterial ergänzt. Dieser Beitrag behandelt Hintergründe und Auswirkungen der Stickstoffproblematik. Konkrete Unterrichtsvorschläge anhand ausgewählter Experimente und Diskussionsleitfäden sollen den Lernenden zu einem tieferen Verständnis vor dem Hintergrund einer nachhaltigen Lebensweise befähigen.