bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Rheological and Dimensional Properties of Polypropylene on End-Of-Life Vehicles
Authors: Bin Abdul Hamid Mohd Hafiz Izzuden , Mohd Salleh Noor Azlina Binti , Mohamad Nor Nor Hafiez , Bin Ismail Muhammad Hussain , Bin Yahya Muhammad Firdaus , Bin Saari Mat Isa , Mohd Pisal Siti Maisarah 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As the global population increased, the production of vehicles also has increased. It is estimated that the population of vehicles in the world has exceeded 1.32 billion units at the end of 2016. The increased vehicle production brings a lot of negative impact to the environment such as noise pollution and the increase of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). This study aims on the potential of recycled polypropylene that has been used in ELVs. The recycled materials are obtained from vehicles dismantling center at DRB-HICOM Environmental Services Sdn Bhd. The materials were then cleaned and crushed into the pellet before undergoing rheological test at the heat treatment laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Uitm Shah Alam. The purpose of rheological test is to study the melt flow behavior of recycled polypropylene in order to obtain the optimum temperature to be applied in plastic injection molding process. The graph of shear viscosity vs. shear rate represents the behavior of both materials at 190°C, 200°C and 210°C. Then materials are produced as a new product. The process of plastic injection molding is carried out at Sheikh Brothers Industries Sdn Bhd in Pelabuhan Klang.
Competitive Molecular Interaction between Zinc Dialkydithiophosphate (ZDDP) and Methyl Oleate along Boundary Lubrication Regime
Authors: Hamdan S. H. , Lee M. B. , Chong W. W. F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) possesses good lubricity properties, prompting numerous research work to explore their potential as lubricant additives. However, fully formulated lubricants consist of additive packages, which includes essential anti-wear agents, such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). Adding FAME into a lubricant could lead to adverse tribological effects if the competitive molecular interaction between different additives are not well understood. Therefore, the present study determines the tribological impact of molecular interaction between ZDDP and methyl oleate along boundary lubrication regime. Lateral force microscopy, coupled with fluid imaging approach, is adopted, allowing for the analysis to focus on asperity level interaction. A silicon nitride tip is used to slide against a mirror-polished steel substrate while being fully submerged in the tested fluids. The tested fluids are mixtures of ZDDP and methyl oleate, blended at different volumetric percentages. It is observed that the lowest friction force is measured for ZDDP-methyl oleate mixture containing 70-vol% of methyl oleate. Interestingly, the friction force measured for such mixture is found to be lower than that of neat methyl oleate. This finding indicates that an optimum blending ratio between FAME and ZDDP is essential in achieving better boundary lubrication performance for tribological conjunctions.
T6 Solutionizing Heat Treatment Parameter of A356 Alloy by Investment Casting
Authors: Bazilah N. F. , Kamal M. R. M. , Maidin N. A. , Marjom Z. , Ali M. A. M. , Ahmad U. H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The heat treatment process is important to conduct on A356 Aluminum Alloy that broadly used in an automotive application. Analysis of the effect grain refinement, eutectic silicon modification of T6 solutionizing heat treatment parameter on strength development of A356 Aluminum Alloy were performed to become an important prospect of controlling the behaviour of materials as well as duration and temperature. In this study, there are three parameters condition were conducted which is duration Time (Hour) and Temperature (°C) which is 465°C in 8 hours, 500°C in 7 hours and 535°C in 6 hours, respectively. The study generated three responses that are tensile, hardness test and microstructure analysis of the different temperature and duration time, respectively following by water-quenching. The result showed that the modification of duration time and high temperature of solutionizing heat treatment have superior mechanical properties while the microstructure analysis showed the clear formation of refinement α-Al dendrite and eutectic silicon particle.
Grain Growth Prediction of Bead-on-Plate with Filler Wire SS316L using FEM
Authors: Mat Muhd Faiz , Manurung Yupiter H. P. , Muhammad Norasiah , Ditler Anton , Abd Ghani Mohd Syakir , Leitner Martin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This fundamental investigation presents the study on the grain growth prediction for bead-on-plate of stainless steel SS316L. At first, the numerical model is developed by using basic equation with ordinary differential equation for calculating the grain growth with the presence of growing precipitates. The modified kinetic constant (M
o
*) is defined based on experimental investigation using quench and deformation dilatometer for peak temperature of 1200°C and holding time of 30 seconds. The FEM simulation is conducted based on temperature dependant materials properties using MSC Marc/Mentat. As the outcome various temperature ranges for calculating the grain growth are presented. These results are to be used for further investigation using experimental bead-on-plate.
Distortion Analysis of SLM Product of SS316L using Inherent Strain Method
Authors: Taufek Thoufeili , Manurung Yupiter HP , Lüder Stephan , Graf Marcel , Salleh Farrahshaida Mohd. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As one of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, selective laser melting (SLM) which uses higher energy input enabling fully molten powder bed materials is nowadays increasingly applied to build full dense components without post processing. In the present work, specimens made of stainless steel powder SS 316L were to be processed using SLM Solutions 280 HL, characterized and compared to the simulation from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Software. The powders have been melted to produce cantilever specimens with different build orientation by using fixed major process parameters such as laser power, hatching distance and layer thickness as well as scan speed. The experiment starts with the FEA simulation which focused on Inherent Strain Method (ISM) and followed by experimental process. While the distortion of the specimens after the process to be the main concern and to be discussed based on the build orientation of the specimens. The measurement distortion of the specimens was conducted by using KEYENCE 3D scanner. It is found out that the build orientation play a big role on distortion of the specimens made from SLM. Meanwhile, result of distortion from the experiment and FEA simulation are close to each other. It is expected that this basic FEA study will provide basic information and estimation towards the distortion and computational time by simulating product prior to commencement of real product manufacturing. Thus, by using ISM will reduce the computational time and reduce the waste material by simulating the process before the experiment have been held.
Investigation of Tensile Properties of the Eco-Board of Hybrid Composite that Consist Of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Fiber Added with Rice Husk
Authors: Abdul Karim M. H. , Mohd Shah M. K. , Jundam M. F. , Abdullah S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This project focuses on the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre that be added with rice husk (RH) as an alternative raw material to replace wood in a several types of industries. ASTM D3039 standard for tensile test was used to design and compose a composite of EFB fiber reinforced rice husk. In this study, the specimen were be created by the compression method based on the numerous ratio that be chosen which is specimen A, pure EFB, specimen B (93.3g EFB: 6.7g RH), Specimen C (86.6g EFB: 13.4g RH) and specimen D (66.7g EFB: 33.3g RH). The objective of this research is to identify the tensile properties of the Eco-board of hybrid composite and to determine the best properties to be introduced to the industry. The failure pattern and fractography failure mode were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The tensile test was performed to characterize the hybrid composite properties using a GOTECH/AI-7000M Electronic Mechanical Testing Machine. Result showed that the higher the rice husk added to the EFB fiber, the higher its tensile strength up to certain ratio. As the conclusion, the rice husk help the EFB fiber to increase strength however at the optimum value ratio where the best properties of hybrid composite is specimen C with 9.685 MPa and suitable for many application.
The Significant Study of using Vegetable Oil as a Cutting Lubricant on Conventional Lathe Machine
Authors: Ahmad U. H. , Azman A. H. M. , Maidin N. A. , Abdul Wakhi Anuar N. F. B. , Abd Rahman M. H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The occurrence of tool wear in machining is a natural phenomenon that cause failure. The deformation during cutting at the interface between the tool face and workpiece tends to generate high cutting temperature. The application of flood coolant to reduce the friction at the tool-work piece may create several environmental problems. The introduction of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) as an alternative technique which is the process of pulverizing a very small amount of oil (< 30ml/h) can be regarded as replacement of dry machining while it may also be considered as an alternative to flood cooling. The effect of vegetable oil lubricant and cutting speed on tool wear and surface integrity were the research scope. Three machine speed; 120, 141, and 174 m/min were used in the experimental setup on mild steel and carbon steel on work material using cemented carbide tools. The result of surface roughness and tool wear using canola oil mixing with 2 weight percent (wt%) of Zinc-dialkyl-dithio-phosphate (ZDDP) were compared against synthetic oil coolant. Comparison results show that canola oil mix can perform better compare to the synthetic oil coolant in term of surface finish. From tool wear perspective, canola oil mix show 26.5% smaller area compare to the synthetic oil coolant.
Recent Advances in Metal Forming Simulation Technology for Automobile Parts by AFDEX
Authors: Joun Mansoo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this presentation, hot issues of metal forming simulation are presented, including intelligent remeshing, flow stress modelling and material identification, friction, material model, complete analysis, quality quantification and optimal process design, multi-body forming simulation technology, sheet and plate forging by bulk finite element, etc. Some selected success stories for recent two decades are also introduced with a lot of industrial applications, especially to automobile industries. Finally, some futuristic research works are introduced for weight reduction and maximized life-span of auto-parts to save the global environments and some suggestion of international cooperation for the common pursuit is stated in conclusion.
Cycle Time Reduction for Coating Process in Manual Assembly Manufacturing Towards Economic Sustainability
Authors: Janasekaran Shamini , Vijayasree Vijaya Prakash , Chong Marcus K H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Lean manufacturing has been one of the techniques to eliminate waste in production to increase productivity. Improper usage of cycle time can extend lead-time of delivery for the production and incur more cost than needed. Determining sufficient cycle time is important to ensure the productivity of the each assembly line is within the delivery time span. Improvement of productivity contributes in maintaining sustainable environment that attracts customer and government supports. In this paper, a case study in a manufacturing assembly line was conducted to identify the operator’s motion waste as non-value added activity. As a result, the cycle time was reduced from 60 seconds to 50 seconds in a multiple engaging production activities besides improving the ergonomic posture of the operators. A double four stages rack was designed to reduce the cycle time by 16.7%, which leads to increment of 1000 units of products per month. The rack was built-in together within the assembly process and reduced movement of operators.
The effect of urban obstacles on the flow distribution at pedestrian area
Authors: Zainol M A , Razak A A , Mohamad M F , Pahroraji H F , Sobri A , Kasim H A , Khalid A H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The pedestrian level is an important area where most of the human activities occur in this area such as walking, reading, and cycling. Along with the pedestrian activities, there are small street shops are builds and presences of the vehicle at the street canyon where people park their cars in this area. This study aims to investigate the effect of the presence of obstacles such as vehicles at the street canyon on wind flow structure and ventilation performance. A computational simulation study is carried out to analyze the contribution of obstacles to pedestrian ventilation performance. A steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation with the realizable standard k-ε model is used as a turbulence solver. The result showed presences of obstacle at a pedestrian level will effect on wind flow structure where the flow becomes more chaotic compared with no presences of obstacles at a pedestrian level. Furthermore, the air change rate (ACH) is reducing as the number of obstacles increase thus will affect the ventilation performance at the pedestrian area. The presences of an obstacle such as vehicle and street shops will contribute to the wind flow structure and ventilation performable at pedestrians’ level.
Evaluation of TiO2 nanoparticles as viscosity modifier in palm oil bio-lubricant
Authors: Nik Roselina N R , Mohamad Nor Syahirah , Kasolang S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
TiO2 nanoparticles is one of the most studied nanomaterials as an additive in oil lubricant due to its outstanding chemical and physical properties as well as low toxicity. This study aims to investigate the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles, as additive in renewable palm oil lubricant on the change of viscosity. Viscosity is one of the most vital physical parameters for assessing the performance of lubricant oil. The method for preparation of all samples involved adding of TiO2 nanoparticles at concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 weight percentage in lubricants, followed by mixing using ultrasonication method for 30 minutes. Investigation on the viscosity showed that the viscosity of palm oil bio-lubricants is comparable to SAE 0W20 grade lubricant. The viscosity index tends to increase with the concentration of TiO2 additive.
Assessment of Level-of-Service for On-Ramp Expressway using MHCM 2011 and Microsimulation Vissim
Authors: Bin Abu Bakar Muhammad Azim Muiz , Adnan Muhammad Akram , Sulaiman Norliana , Tuan Besar Tuan Badrol Hisham 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The traffic congestion during peak hour in Malaysia is becoming worst from year to year due to the increase of traffic demand volume. At the year 2018, the total accumulated vehicles in Malaysia are 14,415,978 vehicles in 2018 based on 16-hours traffic volume [4]. Based on this figure, the normal growth of the vehicle has increased by 0.74% per year. It is crucial for traffic engineer in Malaysia to follow an appropriate standard and manual to determine the performance of highway facilities that will provide accurate result reflecting the existing operation of the highway. Thus, this paper provides the comparative study in evaluating the performance of the on-ramp segment between Malaysia Highway Capacity Manual 2011 (MHCM 2011) and microsimulation Vissim. The evaluation of performance measure for on-ramp expressway is based on the traffic density at merge influence area. Both performances measured using MHCM 2011 and Vissim was statistically compared with collected empirical data and the difference in the level of service (LOS) is also compared. The result from this study will determine which tools will be able to replicate the empirical data and the difference of grade of LOS between MHCM 2011 and Vissim.
CFD analysis on velocity and temperature distribution of airflow inside model building with windcatcher
Authors: Ali Nor Merlisa , Mohd Yatim Muyassarah Syahirah , Bahsan Rosnadiah 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Windcatchers are ventilation instruments used for obtaining the characteristic of cooling. They have been utilized in the buildings for a long time ago in countries with hot dry atmospheres especially in the Middle East. Natural ventilation is progressively utilized in the modern building to limit the use of non- sustainable supply. This study describes another alternative for adopting clean energy in buildings by applying windcatcher on buildings. This present study analyses between two types of windcatcher (one-sided and two-sided windcatcher) by varying the inlet velocity of airflow. This study aims to investigate wind velocity and temperature distribution in a model building with one outlet opening position using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. Reynolds-Average Navier Stokes (RANS) approach with the turbulence model of standard k-ε was used to perform the simulation. It is shown that the two-sided windcatcher is more effective than the one-sided windcatcher. Two-sided windcatcher induces a high volume of airflow inside the building compared to the one-sided windcatcher.
Experimental analysis on the effects of pigmentation in the defects formation of the polypropylene plastic injection moulding
Authors: Kausalyah V , Nik Maisara E N M , Shasthri S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Pigment levels are known to have an effect on defect formation of the plastic injection moulding parts. Warpage, Shrinkage and Flash are common defects that were found during plastic injection moulding process. It was found that the pigment does play a role in the formation of defects on the plastic injection moulding parts. The main finding of this case study is to analyse and study the warpage, shrinkage and flash defects that were found in the Plastic Injection Moulding (PIM) parts which are moulded with different pigmentation percentages. It is also to identify the effects of the different pigments colours on the moulding quality of the parts when the pigment percentage is made constant. In this research, the dog bone design was used as the experimental specimen. The material used in this study is Polypropylene (PP). The other parameters such as injection pressure, melting temperature and cooling time were set to constant. The only parameter that varies is percentage of pigmentation. Warpage, Shrinkage and Flash defects are measured and calculated to obtain the value of defects. The pigmentation gives a huge effect on Warpage and Flash deformation. The warping and flash increase as the percentage of pigmentation increase. The highest value for warpage and flash are 3.0732 and 1.45304 respectively. Moreover, blue pigment gives the lowest value for Warpage and Flash defect. While yellow has the highest warping and flash defects. However, it was found that shrinkage is not affected by the pigmentation. The shrinkage result is less than 1%.
Data Characterization of 4 Axis Shadow Robot Arm Integrated with Flex Sensor Mechanism
Authors: Amari M. D. , Abdullah Sukarnur Che , Aik Lee Yong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Robotic arms have seen widespread use in various industries in the recent years. However, most robotic arms are controlled to move in a predetermined path. The goal of this study is to develop a wirelessly controlled robotic arm which is able to mimic the user’s movements. The arm enables easier programming of robotic arms and increases ease of use of such arms. Methods of collecting the anthropometric measurements of the human body to be translated to digital data have been investigated. Integration of flex sensor for the fingertips move-ments were used to mimic by detecting the bending moment from the user. As for elbow detection, variable resistor was used to detect the changes by converting the changes of angle at the elbow structure to resistance value. Both of the data were mapped accordingly to the exoskeleton arm receiver by using wireless Bluetooth to ensure all structure move accurately with even slight changes done by the user. The optimization and filtering of the recorded data was also conducted in the study to develop a robotic arm that is able to mimic the human arm motion to the highest accuracy possible.
Microstructural Characterization and Microhardness of Leucite Glass-Ceramics Synthesized from Sarawak Sand Reserves.
Authors: Qamaruzzaman J. , Ismail M. H. , Muchtar A. , Selamat M. , Ahmad R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying the sintering temperature and holding time on the crystallization and microhardness of the SiO2 – Al2O3 –K2O glass system using SiO2 from Sarawak sand reserves. A starting glass composition of SiO2 (from Sarawak sand), Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, CaO, LiO and TiO2 was prepared by conventional melt quenching technique followed by ball milling. The glass powder was pressed under pressure into disk-shaped compacts with 2 mm thicknesses and 14 mm diameters. The samples were then subjected to differing heat treatment schedules of 750°C, 800°C and 850°C with 1, 3 and 6 hours holding times. They were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Vickers microhardness. XRD showed the crystallization of tetragonal leucite with minor secondary sanidine phases. SEM showed the formation irregular shaped and non-uniformly dispersed crystals. The hardness values showed an increasing trend with longer holding time at temperatures of 750°C and 800°C. This pattern was inversed for sintering temperature 850°C. In conclusion, sintering temperatures and holding time combinations influenced the crystallization and microhardness values of leucite glass ceramics produced from Sarawak sand silica.
Effect of Additives on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel
Authors: Rahim Asiah Ab. , Sharudin Hazim , Quhairy Sapri Mohd Aflah , Jalaludin Helmisyah Ahmad , Abdullah Nik Rosli 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution are two major crises that are currently faced by mankind. As the solution for the crises, an additive liquid like Tripmexx is introduced into automotive industries to increase performance of internal combustion engine, hence reducing bad emission to the environment. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of various Tripmexx mixed into 80% diesel and 20% biodiesel (B20) with an amount of 0.1 ml (B20-0.1), 0.2ml (B20-0.2), and 0.3ml (B20-0.3) compared to conventional pure diesel. The experiment was carried out by using single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine, and conducted with constant speed at range of 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm with various load range from 2Nm to 6Nm. For constant speed 2000 rpm, the B20-0.3 is in lower brake specific fuel consumption value compared to the diesel fuel by 40% on average. The blend B20-0.3 produce higher brake thermal efficiency reading compared to diesel fuel by 5%. Besides, the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon product of B20-0.3 is lower than diesel fuel by 92% and 0.002% respectively. However, the nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide produced by B20-0.3 is higher than diesel fuel by 68% and 50% respectively. In overall, the B20-0.3 shows the best results for all measured parameters at all engine test due to consideration of green fuel.