bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing the sensitivity of hyperpolarized [15N2]urea detection by serial transfer of polarization to spin‐coupled protons
Authors: Kreis Felix , Wright Alan J. , Somai Vencel , Katz‐Brull Rachel , Brindle Kevin M. 
Published: March 2020

PurposeHyperpolarized 15N‐labeled molecules have been proposed as imaging agents for investigating tissue perfusion and pH. However, the sensitivity of direct 15N detection is limited by the isotope's low gyromagnetic ratio. Sensitivity can be increased by transferring 15N hyperpolarization to spin‐coupled protons provided that there is not significant polarization loss during transfer. However, complete polarization transfer would limit the temporal window for imaging to the order of the proton T1 (2‐3 s). To exploit the long T1 offered by storing polarization in 15N and the higher sensitivity of 1H detection, we have developed a pulse sequence for partial polarization transfer.MethodsA polarization transfer pulse sequence was modified to allow partial polarization transfer, as is required for dynamic measurements, and that can be implemented with inhomogeneous B1 fields, as is often the case in vivo. The sequence was demonstrated with dynamic spectroscopy and imaging measurements with [15N2]urea.ResultsWhen compared to direct 15N detection, the sequence increased the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) by a factor of 1.72 ± 0.25, where both experiments depleted ~20% of the hyperpolarization (>10‐fold when 100% of the hyperpolarization is used). Simulations with measured cross relaxation rates showed that this sequence gave up to a 50‐fold increase in urea proton polarization when compared to spontaneous polarization transfer via cross relaxation.ConclusionThe sequence gave an SNR increase that was close to the theoretical limit and can give a significant SNR benefit when compared to direct 13C detection of hyperpolarized [13C]urea.
Sustaining hope: A narrative inquiry into the experiences of hope for nurses who work alongside people living with HIV in Ghana
Authors: Puplampu Gideon L. , Caine Vera , Clandinin Jean D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimIn this research, we explored how nurses working in HIV care in Ghana live and work with hope.BackgroundNurses who work with people living with HIV have concerns about their well‐being and quality of life. They also complain of stress‐related workload due to high nurse–patient ratio. The study sought to examine the experiences of nurses in Ghana and the ways that hope is intertwined with their experiences in working with people living with HIV.DesignThis study was a narrative inquiry study. Narrative inquiry is a collaborative way to inquire into participants' experiences in the three‐dimensional spaces of temporality, sociality and place.MethodsWe engaged with five nurses who work in an acute care setting where their primary focus is to provide care to people living with HIV. We engaged in six to eight conversations with each participant over several months. We asked participants to describe memories of significant experiences in their past and present lives, and share experiences that they would describe hopeful in their HIV nursing practice.ResultsIn this narrative inquiry study, four resonant threads emerged and included: (a) becoming a nurse for people living with HIV took time; (b) experiences of practising with hope were important; (c) faith in God, allowed them to gain strength, which was connected to hope; and (d) learning to live with hope was shaped by childhood experiences.
Macroscopic fiber orientation model evaluation for concentrated short fiber reinforced polymers in comparison to experimental data
Authors: Kugler Susanne K. , Lambert Gregory M. , Cruz Camilo , Kech Armin , Osswald Tim A. , Baird Donald G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAdvanced macroscopic fiber orientation models depend on a variety of phenomenological parameters. The aim of this work is to identify a fiber orientation model for concentrated short fiber reinforced polymers, which depends on a minimum number of parameters. A sliding plate experiment with repeatable initial conditions and a couette experiment, to cover high strains, are used to define an experimental validation curve. The major fiber orientation models (Folgar and Tucker, nematic, reduced strain closure [RSC], anisotropic rotary diffusion, ARD‐RSC) are fitted to the validation curve. Since a slow evolution can be observed, the RSC model is necessary to fit the measured fiber orientation evolution. The dependency of the RSC model on the initial fiber orientation state and the influence of closure approximations are evaluated. Two validation cases show that the obtained parameters give good results in shear dominant parts, but are not able to predict fiber orientation in other flow regimes accurately.
Comparison of long‐term use of prolonged‐release ropinirole and immediate‐release dopamine agonists in an observational study in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Gungabissoon Usha , Kirichek Oksana , El Baou Céline , Galwey Nicholas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeTo estimate the risk of dyskinesia and impulse control disorders (ICDs) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) prescribed ropinirole prolonged‐release (R‐PR) compared to those prescribed immediate‐release dopamine agonists (IR‐DA) as monotherapy.MethodsPD patients initiating R‐PR or IR‐DA as monotherapy between 2008 and 2013 were identified on the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. The cohorts were propensity score matched on a 1:1 basis. The incidence of dyskinesia and ICD in each treatment cohort and the incidence rate ratios were calculated. Adherence to medication and time to levodopa initiation were also evaluated.ResultsWe identified 341 patients in each treatment cohort after propensity score matching. The baseline characteristics were generally comparable. Dyskinesia incidence in R‐PR and IR‐DA cohorts was 2.98 (95% CI: 0.74‐11.9) and 3.93 (95% CI: 0.98‐15.7) per 1000 person‐years, respectively (incidence rate ratio of R‐PR vs ID‐DA: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.11‐5.38). Less than five cases of ICD were identified and all occurred in the IR‐DA cohort. The patients in the R‐PR cohort remained on treatment for a significantly longer duration than those in the IR‐DA cohort (682 days vs 444 days; P < .0001) and had greater adherence to the medication. The median time to levodopa initiation was 417 days (IQR: 205‐736) in R‐PR vs 297 days (IQR: 111‐552) in IR‐DA cohort.ConclusionsThe number of dyskinesia and ICD events was lower than expected, resulting in an underpowered study. A significantly longer persistence and greater adherence to medication was observed in patients receiving R‐PR compared to IR‐DA.
Drivers for the cracking of multilayer polyamide‐based backsheets in field photovoltaic modules: In‐depth degradation mapping analysis
Authors: Lyu Yadong , Fairbrother Andrew , Gong Mengyan , Kim Jae Hyun , Hauser Adam , O'Brien Greg , Gu Xiaohong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThere is a lack of understanding on the root cause of cracking of photovoltaic (PV) backsheets due to the challenge of multilayer characterization and the complicated failure modes at the submodule level. In this work, the in‐depth degradation mapping of field‐exposed polyamide‐based (PA‐based) PV module backsheets was studied, with the major focus on the identification of underlying drivers for the through cracking (in between the solar cells). PV modules were retrieved from five different locations, comprising a variety of climates, including humid subtropical, hot‐summer Mediterranean, tropical savanna climate, and hot arid. A suite of microscale cross‐sectional characterizations, including chemical changes, fluorescence intensity, and modulus as a function of distance from the air surface of the backsheet, was performed. Results showed more advanced signs of degradation of the inner layer than the outer layer in the cracking region. Increases in the modulus were identified as the major indicator for the cracking. Moreover, a rudimentary test by immersion in acetic acid, which forms during photodegradation of the ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) encapsulant, showed the first‐time direct evidence that acetic acid can largely accelerate the chemical degradation and facilitate the cracking of PA inner layer. This study suggests that the field cracking of PA‐based backsheet can be attributed to the combined effects of chemical degradation and physical reorganization (chemi‐crystallization) under cyclic thermomechanical stresses. Therefore, it is important to consider effects of local microclimates and interlayer infection to understand the heterogeneous nature of backsheet failures.
Identification of genes involved in male sterility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which could be used in a genic hybrid breeding system
Authors: Milner Matthew J. , Craze Melanie , Bowden Sarah , Bates Ruth , Wallington Emma J. , Keeling Anthony 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWheat is grown on more land than any other crop in the world. Current estimates suggest that yields will have to increase sixty percent by 2050 to meet the demand of an ever‐increasing human population; however, recent wheat yield gains have lagged behind other major crops such as rice and maize. One of the reasons suggested for the lag in yield potential is the lack of a robust hybrid system to harness the potential yield gains associated with heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. Here, we set out to identify candidate genes for a genic hybrid system in wheat and characterize their function in wheat using RNASeq on stamens and carpels undergoing meiosis. Twelve genes were identified as potentially playing a role in pollen viability. CalS5‐ and RPG1‐like genes were identified as pre‐ and post‐meiotic genes for further characterization and to determine their role in pollen viability. It appears that all three homoeologues of both CalS5 and RPG1 are functional in wheat as all three homoeologues need to be knocked out in order to cause male sterility. However, one functional homoeologue is sufficient to maintain male fertility in wheat.
Population pharmacokinetic and exposure‐response analysis of eptinezumab in the treatment of episodic and chronic migraine
Authors: Baker Brian , Schaeffler Barbara , Beliveau Martin , Rubets Igor , Pederson Susan , Trinh MyMy , Smith Jeff , Latham John 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEptinezumab is a humanized mAb that targets calcitonin gene‐related peptide and is under regulatory review for the prevention of episodic and chronic migraine (EM, CM). It is important to determine whether exposures achieved with intravenous (IV) administration of eptinezumab achieve desired pharmacologic effects. Population pharmacokinetics, including dose‐ and exposure‐response analyses, were performed using patient‐level data from the eptinezumab clinical trial program with IV doses ranging from 10 to 1000 mg in pharmacokinetic analyses or 10 to 300 mg in phase 2/3 clinical studies in patients with EM or CM. Exposure‐response analysis explored the relationship between eptinezumab exposure metrics and efficacy parameters including monthly migraine days. The pharmacokinetic profile of eptinezumab was characterized by rapid attainment of maximum plasma concentration (ie, end of IV administration) and a terminal half‐life of 27 days. Covariate analysis found that patient characteristics had no clinically significant effects on pharmacokinetic parameters and were insufficient to influence dosing. Dose‐ and exposure‐response analyses found exposure with single doses ≥100 mg was associated with greater efficacy compared with doses ≤30 mg and a plateau of effect between 100 and 300 mg. A saturable inhibitoryEmaxmodel found the exposure over 12 weeks produced by single‐dose eptinezumab 100 and 300 mg exceeded the exposure estimates required to achieve 90% of the maximal efficacy (EC90). This pharmacokinetic analysis of eptinezumab supports dosing every 12 weeks with no adjustment for patient characteristics, including exposures associated with 100‐ or 300‐mg doses producing optimal efficacy effects. The similar efficacy profiles support 100 mg as the lowest effective dose of eptinezumab.
The approach of Indian corporates towards sustainable development: An exploration using sustainable development goals based model
Authors: Jha Milind Kumar , Rangarajan K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the contribution of the Indian corporate world towards sustainable development. We propose a framework of Corporate Sustainability Performance derived from factors suggested by Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a component of a global agenda for sustainability. This framework is further applied to evaluate the sustainability performance of Indian firms to identify potential gaps in their sustainability efforts. The impact of factors like firm‐size, ownership structure, and environmental sensitivity of firms has been statistically tested for these firms. The paper uses a mixed‐method where content analysis has been applied to generate the data by analyzing disclosure reports of the top 100 Indian firms for the year 2016–2017, and a mathematical model is used to arrive at sustainability performance factors at various levels. Statistical tools like descriptive analytics, t test, and analysis of variance are used to test various hypotheses. The findings suggest a significant gap in the full potential and current status of sustainability investments by Indian corporates and hence confirm a huge improvement potential. “Cement” is the best performing sector, whereas “Media” is at the bottom of the performance stack. The Indian corporate world aligns its maximum effort along the “Education and Learning” dimension, whereas minimum effort is made for “Oceans, Sea, and Marine.” A significant difference was found for the performance based on environment sensitivity and firm‐size. Differences across firms based on ownership identity and concentration could not be established. The study highlights the implications for the regulatory mechanism that needs to change if the contribution from the private sector is required for SDGs.
X‐ray scattering and polarization in wavelength‐dispersive spectrometers
Authors: Zhalsaraev Batobolot Zhalsaraevich 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground suppression is discussed in wavelength‐dispersive polarization X‐ray spectrometer (WDPXRS), in which the goniometer scans in plane perpendicular to primary and secondary beams. Background suppression coefficients in WDPXRS and energy‐dispersive polarization X‐ray spectrometer are determined by different expressions (in “The scattering suppression of X‐rays with energy of 20–200 keV in spectrometers with Barkla polarizers,” doi: 10.1002/xrs.3046). It is proposed to install silicon drift detectors in WDPXRS and implement energy‐dispersive and wavelength‐dispersive modes in one channel.
What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking
Authors: Kröger Jacob Leon , Lutz Otto Hans-Martin , Müller Florian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Technologies to measure gaze direction and pupil reactivity have become efficient, cheap, and compact and are finding increasing use in many fields, including gaming, marketing, driver safety, military, and healthcare. Besides offering numerous useful applications, the rapidly expanding technology raises serious privacy concerns. Through the lens of advanced data analytics, gaze patterns can reveal much more information than a user wishes and expects to give away. Drawing from a broad range of scientific disciplines, this paper provides a structured overview of personal data that can be inferred from recorded eye activities. Our analysis of the literature shows that eye tracking data may implicitly contain information about a user’s biometric identity, gender, age, ethnicity, body weight, personality traits, drug consumption habits, emotional state, skills and abilities, fears, interests, and sexual preferences. Certain eye tracking measures may even reveal specific cognitive processes and can be used to diagnose various physical and mental health conditions. By portraying the richness and sensitivity of gaze data, this paper provides an important basis for consumer education, privacy impact assessments, and further research into the societal implications of eye tracking.
Di-Higgs production in the 4b channel and gravitational wave complementarity
Authors: Alves Alexandre , Gonçalves Dorival , Ghosh Tathagata , Guo Huai-Ke , Sinha Kuver 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We present a complementarity study of gravitational waves and double Higgs production in the 4b channel, exploring the gauge singlet scalar extension of the SM. This new physics extension serves as a simplified benchmark model that realizes a strongly first-order electroweak phase transition necessary to generate the observed baryon asymmetry in the universe. In calculating the signal-to-noise ratio of the gravitational waves, we incorporate the effect of the recently discovered significant suppression of the gravitational wave signals from sound waves for strong phase transitions, make sure that supercooled phase transitions do complete and adopt a bubble wall velocity that is consistent with a successful electroweak baryogenesis by solving the velocity profiles of the plasma. The high-luminosity LHC sensitivity to the singlet scalar extension of the SM is estimated using a shape-based analysis of the invariant 4b mass distribution. We find that while the region of parameter space giving detectable gravitational waves is shrunk due to the new gravitational wave simulations, the qualitative complementary role of gravitational waves and collider searches remain unchanged.
Surgical Training Throughout Africa: A Review of Operative Case Volumes at Multiple Training Centers
Authors: Parker Robert K. , Topazian Hillary M. , Ndegwa Wairimu , Chesang Patricia , Strain Shinji , Thelander Keir , Parker Andrea S. , Riviello Robert 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdequate surgical training is paramount to produce competent surgeons to address the global burden of surgical disease. The Pan‐African Academy of Christian Surgeons (PAACS) has general surgery training programs in eight countries. Operative case volumes have been positively associated with improved trainee performance and patient outcomes. For certification in the USA, 850 total operations are required from defined case categories. Yet, little is known about the operative experience of surgical trainees throughout Africa.MethodsOperative procedures were reviewed, categorized, and validated from a cohort of PAACS graduates and compared to graduates from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) programs. The primary and secondary outcomes were total case volumes and cases within ACGME‐defined categories. Regional variations were explored.ResultsTwenty PAACS trainees, from five programs in four countries, performed 38,267 unique procedures. ACGME reports on 1211 residents from 251 programs. PAACS graduates logged more major cases (median 1448) than ACGME graduates (median 993) (p value = 0·0001). PAACS graduates performed more gynecology and obstetrics, orthopedics, head and neck, urology, endocrine, operative trauma, pediatric surgery, plastic surgery, and skin and soft tissue cases. US graduates performed more cases in abdomen, alimentary tract, breast, thoracic, and vascular categories. Comparison between regions demonstrated volume and category variations between Kenya and Gabon, Ethiopia, and Cameroon.ConclusionPAACS trainees perform more operations than ACGME trainees with differences in distribution. This experience can serve as a model for regional educational programs seeking to address the broad and largely unmet burden of surgical disease.
Clinical, procedural and long-term outcome of ischemic VT ablation in patients with previous anterior versus inferior myocardial infarction
Authors: Wasmer Kristina , Reinecke Holger , Heitmann Marius , Dechering Dirk G. , Reinke Florian , Lange Philipp S. , Frommeyer Gerrit , Kochhäuser Simon , Leitz Patrick , Eckardt Lars , Köbe Julia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Outcome of ischemic VT ablation may differ between patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) in relation to infarct localization.

Methods
We analyzed procedural data, acute and long-term outcomes of 152 consecutive patients (139 men, mean age 67 ± 9 years) with previous anterior or inferior MI who underwent ischemic VT ablation at our institution between January 2010 and October 2015.

Results
More patients had a history of inferior MI (58%). Mean ejection fraction was significantly lower in anterior MI patients (28 ± 10% vs. 34 ± 10%, p < 0.001). NYHA class and presence of comorbidities were not different between the groups. Indication for the procedure was electrical storm in 43% of patients, and frequent implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapies in 57%, and did not differ significantly between anterior and inferior MI patients. A mean of 3 ± 2 VT morphologies were inducible, with a trend towards more VT in the anterior MI group (3.1 ± 2.2 vs. 2.6 ± 1.9, p = 0.18). Procedural parameters and acute success did not differ between the groups. During a mean follow-up of 3 ± 2 years, more anterior MI patients had undergone a re-ablation (49% vs. 33%, p = 0.09, Chi-square test). There was a trend towards more ICD shocks in patients with previous anterior MI (46% vs. 34%). After adjusting for risk factors and ejection fraction, multivariable Cox regression analyses showed no significant difference in mortality (p = 0.78) and cardiovascular mortality between infarct localizations (p = 0.6).

Conclusion
Clinical characteristics of patients with anterior and inferior MI are similar except for ejection fraction. Patients with inferior MI appear to have better outcome regarding survival, ICD shocks and re-ablation, but this appears to be related to better ejection fraction when compared with anterior MI.
Principles of temporal association cortex organisation as revealed by connectivity gradients
Authors: Blazquez Freches Guilherme , Haak Koen V. , Bryant Katherine L. , Schurz Matthias , Beckmann Christian F. , Mars Rogier B. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTo establish the link between structure and function of any large area of the neocortex, it is helpful to identify its principles of organisation. One way to establish such principles is to investigate how differences in whole-brain connectivity are structured across the area. Here, we use Laplacian eigenmaps on diffusion MRI tractography data to investigate the organisational principles of the human temporal association cortex. We identify three overlapping gradients of connectivity that are, for the most part, consistent across hemispheres. The first gradient reveals an inferior–superior organisation of predominantly longitudinal tracts and separates visual and auditory unimodal and multimodal cortices. The second gradient radiates outward from the posterior middle temporal cortex with the arcuate fascicle as a distinguishing feature; the third gradient is concentrated in the anterior temporal lobe and emanates towards its posterior end. We describe the functional relevance of each of these gradients through the meta-analysis of data from the neuroimaging literature. Together, these results unravel the overlapping dimensions of structural organization of the human temporal cortex and provide a framework underlying its functional multiplicity.