bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of calcitonin on post‐orthodontic relapse in rats
Authors: Alnajar Hussein Abid Ali Muhsin , Al Groosh Dheaa H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the effects of systematic calcitonin administration on post‐orthodontic relapse in rat model.Material and methodsThis experimental animal model involved 36 male Wister rats. The maxillary right first molars were moved mesially, using a modified orthodontic appliance delivered 50 gm, for 14 days, retained for 4 days and left to relapse for 10 days. The study group was divided into three subgroups in which a single injection of calcitonin (20 IU/Kg), three injections of calcitonin (20 IU/Kg), each every other day, and normal saline were administered subcutaneously after orthodontic tooth movement has finished. The relapse ratio, histomorphometric analysis including osteoblasts, osteoclasts numbers and bone area and immunohistochemical analysis including the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa Β (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa Β ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were measured and assessed.ResultsThe relapse ratio was significantly reduced in the three‐dose calcitonin group (28%) compared to the single dose calcitonin group (34%) and the control group (46%). This was accompanied by a nonsignificant increase in osteoblasts number and bone area in three‐dose calcitonin group and a nonsignificant reduction in osteoclast number. However, the immune histochemical expression of RANK, RANKL and OPG did not show statistically significant difference at the end of relapse period.ConclusionsSystemic administration of three doses of calcitonin may minimize the relapse ratio in experimentally moved rat molars.
Large seasonal variation of soil respiration in a secondary tropical moist forest in Puerto Rico
Authors: Gutiérrez del Arroyo Omar , Wood Tana E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTropical forests are the largest contributors to global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere via soil respiration (Rs). As such, identifying the main controls on Rs in tropical forests is essential for accurately projecting the consequences of ongoing and future global environmental changes to the global C cycle. We measured hourly Rs in a secondary tropical moist forest in Puerto Rico over a 3‐year period to (a) quantify the magnitude of Rs and (b) identify the role of climatic, substrate, and nutrient controls on the seasonality of Rs. Across 3 years of measurements, mean Rs was 7.16 ± 0.02 μmol CO2 m‐2 s‐1 (or 2,710 g C m‐2 year‐1) and showed significant seasonal variation. Despite small month‐to‐month variation in temperature (~4°C), we found significant positive relationships between daily and monthly Rs with both air and soil temperature, highlighting the importance of temperature as a driver of Rs even in warm ecosystems, such as tropical forests. We also found a significant parabolic relationship between mean daily volumetric soil moisture and mean daily Rs, with an optimal moisture value of 0.34 m3 m‐3. Given the relatively consistent climate at this site, the large range in mean monthly Rs (~7 μmol CO2 m‐2 s‐1) was surprising and suggests that even small changes in climate can have large implications for ecosystem respiration. The strong positive relationship of Rs with temperature at monthly timescales particularly stands out, as moisture is usually considered a stronger control of Rs in tropical forests that already experience warm temperatures year‐round. Moreover, our results revealed the strong seasonality of Rs in tropical moist forests, which given its high magnitude, can represent a significant contribution to the seasonal patterns of atmospheric (CO2) globally.
Stocktaking the environmental coverage of a continental ecosystem observation network
Authors: Guerin Greg R. , Williams Kristen J. , Sparrow Ben , Lowe Andrew J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractField‐based sampling of terrestrial habitats at continental scales is required to build ecosystem observation networks. A key challenge for detecting change in ecosystem composition, structure, and function within these observatories is to obtain a representative sample of habitats. Representative sampling across a continent contributes to ecological validity when analyzing spatially distributed data. However, field resources are limited, and actual representativeness may differ markedly from theoretical expectations. Here, we report a post hoc evaluation of the coverage of environmental gradients as a surrogate for ecological representativeness by a continental‐scale survey undertaken by the Australian Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN). TERN’s surveillance program maintains a network of ecosystem observation plots initially established in the rangelands through a stratification method (clustering of bioregions by environment) and application of the Ausplots survey methodology. Subsequent site selection comprised gap‐filling and opportunistic sampling. We confirmed that environmental coverage was a good surrogate for ecological representativeness. The cumulative sampling of environments and plant species composition over time were strongly correlated (based on mean multivariate dispersion; r = 0.93). We compared environmental sampling of Ausplots to 100,000 background points and a set of retrospective (virtual) sampling schemes: systematic grid, simple random, stratified random, and generalized random‐tessellation stratified (GRTS). Differences were assessed according to sampling densities along environmental gradients, and multivariate dispersion. Ausplots outperformed systematic grid, simple random, and GRTS in coverage of environmental space (Tukey HSD of mean dispersion, P < 0.001). GRTS site selection obtained similar coverage to Ausplots when employing the same bioregional stratification. Stratification by climatic zones generated the highest environmental coverage (P < 0.001), although resulting sampling densities over‐represented mesic coastal habitats. The Ausplots bioregional stratification implemented under practical constraints represented complex environments well, compared to statistically oriented or spatially even samples. Potential statistical power also depends on replication, unbiased site selection, and accuracy of field measurements relative to the magnitude of change. Consistent with previous studies, our stocktake analysis confirmed that environmental, rather than spatial, stratification is required to maximize ecological coverage across continental ecosystem observation networks, and the approach to establishing TERN Ausplots was robust. We recommend targeted gap‐filling to complete sampling.
Ultra Compact Nanoporous Platinum Coating Improves Neural Recording
Authors: Bae Je Hyun , Kim Kayeon , Han Donghoon , Chung Taek Dong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNeural electrodes are key tools for achieving a successful brain‐computer interface and the electrodes should be small to minimize damage to neural tissue and obtain good spatial selectivity such as single unit recording. Here we show conventional platinum/tungsten neural probes can be coated with nanoporous Pt. Thanks to nanoporous Pt with the extremely small and uniform pores, L2‐ePt, the electrode impedance could be reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude while the apparent area was almost the same. L2‐ePt coating enhanced neuronal recording of local field potential in monkeys, leading to facilitating implanted electrical devices in the nervous system.
Implementing a digital infrastructure for the lab using a central laboratory server and the SiLA2 communication standard
Authors: Porr Marc , Lange Ferdinand , Marquard Daniel , Niemeyer Laura , Lindner Patrick , Scheper Thomas , Beutel Sascha 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this report, a fully integrated solution for laboratory digitization is presented. The approach presents a flexible and complete integration method for the digitally assisted workflow. The worker in the laboratory performs procedures in direct interaction with the digitized infrastructure that guides through the process and aids while performing tasks. The digital transformation of the laboratory starts with standardized integration of both new and “smart” lab devices, as well as legacy devices through a hardware gateway module. The open source Standardization in Lab Automation 2 standard is used for device communication. A central lab server channels all device communication and keeps a database record of every measurement, task and result generated or used in the lab. It acts as a central entry point for process management. This backbone enables a process control system to guide the worker through the lab process and provide additional assistance, like results of automated calculations or safety information. The description of the infrastructure and architecture is followed by a practical example on how to implement a digitized workflow. This approach is highly useful for – but not limited to – the biotechnological laboratory and has the potential to increase productivity in both industry and research for example by enabling automated documentation.
Chemical composition tuning induced variable and enhanced dielectric properties of polycrystalline Ga2‐2xWxO3 ceramics
Authors: Zade Vishal B. , Rajkumar Mohan R. , Broner Ron , Ramana Chintalapalle V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe report on the tunable and enhanced dielectric properties of tungsten (W) incorporated gallium oxide (Ga2O3) polycrystalline electroceramics for energy and power electronic device applications. The W‐incorporated Ga2O3 (Ga2−2xWxO3, 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.20; GWO) compounds were synthesized by the high‐temperature solid‐state chemical reaction method by varying the W‐content. The fundamental aspects of the dielectric properties in correlation with the crystal structure, phase, and microstructure of the GWO polycrystalline compounds has been investigated in detail. A detailed study performed ascertains the W‐induced changes in the dielectric constant, loss tangent (tan δ) and ac conductivity. It was found that the dielectric constant increases with addition of W in the system as a function of temperature (25°C‐500°C). Frequency dependence (102‐106 Hz) of the dielectric constant follows the modified Debye model with a relaxation time of ∼20 to 90 μs and a spreading factor of 0.39 to 0.65. The dielectric constant of GWO is temperature independent almost until ∼300°C, and then increases rapidly in the range of 300°C to 500°C. W‐induced enhancement in the dielectric constant of GWO is fully evident in the frequency and temperature dependent dielectric studies. The frequency and temperature dependent tan δ reveals the typical behavior of relaxation loses in GWO. Small polaron hopping mechanism is evident in the frequency dependent electrical transport properties of GWO. The remarkable effect of W‐incorporation on the dielectric and electrical transport properties of Ga2O3 is explained by a two‐layer heterogeneous model consisting of thick grains separated by very thin grain boundaries along with the formation of a Ga2O3‐WO3 composite was able to account for the observed temperature and frequency dependent electrical properties in GWO. The results demonstrate that the structure, electrical and dielectric properties can be tailored by tuning W‐content in the GWO compounds.
Designing the future atomic electrocatalyst for efficient energy systems
Authors: Sun Mingzi , Wu Tong , Huang Bolong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFollowing the fast development of electrocatalysts, atomic catalysts have surely become the most frontier research topic in energy supply systems. In varied electrochemical reactions, they have displayed untapped potential for practical applications due to the exceptional performances in both electroactivity and selectivity, ultra‐high metal utilization, and flexible substrates. Besides the conventional experimental synthesis strategies and characterization techniques, advanced theoretical calculations and even machine learning algorithms have been introduced to understand and predict the electrocatalysis performances of novel atomic catalysts, supplying the insightful knowledge for the future rational design and synthesis of the atomic catalyst with the desired properties. Therefore, this review will highlight the recent advance achievements in atomic catalysts regarding the atomic catalyst synthesis and applications, covering the mainstream electrochemical process in energy applications. Meanwhile, we also summarize the application of advanced theoretical explorations as valuable references for future electrocatalyst design. Moreover, we will summarize the existing challenges for the practical applications and the prospects of present atomic catalysts.
Structural characterization of LaCoO3 perovskite nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel autocombustion method
Authors: Sadabadi Hamed , Allahkaram Saeed Reza , Kordijazi Amir , Akbarzadeh Omid , Rohatgi Pradeep K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNanostructure perovskites such as LaMO3 (where M = transition metal such as Mn, Co, Ni, and Fe) have captured attention in materials science fields due to their promising catalytic properties. In this study, the LaCoO3 perovskite nanoparticles were synthesized by a two‐step route via the sol–gel autocombustion method. In this method, lanthanum nitrate and cobalt nitrate were used as metals sources, after dissolving in distilled water. PVP was used as a surfactant, while urea and glycine were applied as fuel. The sol was formed at the stirring stage at 60°C, and then continued to gelation through water evaporation at 90°C, to end up in the autocombustion state. The product of combustion was washed, centrifuged three times, and heat‐treated at 600°C for 2 h. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), and particle size analyzer. Characterization results show that nanoparticles were synthesized in a narrow size range, below 100 nm, with perovskite structure using sol–gel autocombustion method; these particles were spherical in shape and without visible porosity on the surface. The purity and crystalline size of nanoparticles were studied through XRD analysis indicating that variation in these parameters depends on the fuel and fuel‐to‐oxidizer ratio, as impurities decreased by increasing the fuel ratio, for both glycine and urea. In addition, using glycine is demonstrated to result in better purity as compared with urea as fuel.
Influence of microalloying elements (Ti, Nb) and nitrogen concentrations on precipitation of pipeline steels—A thermodynamic approach
Authors: Aminorroaya Yamini Sima 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA CALculation of PHase Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach was used to study the precipitation of nitrides and carbonitrides in pipeline steels, aligned with new developments of complex chemical compositions and thermomechanical processing of High Strength Low Alloyed (HSLA) Steels. This is in response to growing demand for improved mechanical and chemical properties, manufacturing flexibility and reduced production cost. The calculated results indicated that the precipitation temperatures of nitrides in Ti‐Nb microalloyed steels increased by titanium concentration, while the niobium concentration significantly increased the precipitation temperature of niobium carbonitrides. Carbonitride precipitates formed at much lower temperatures (∼100 K) in low carbon steels (<0.03 wt%) than the high carbon steels (>0.1 wt%), suggesting precipitates larger in size. This is in good agreement with independent experimental data from the literatures, where austenite grain growth was studied in similar steel compositions. Although the dissolution and growth of precipitates are controlled kinetically, these results proved that the thermodynamic calculation can efficiently predict compositions and sequence of precipitation in chemically complex systems, guiding more accurate designs of experiments to identify critical temperatures of grain coarsening during reheating, recrystallisation during hot rolling, and transformation during cooling. This can minimize the number of tests required to obtain optimum chemical compositions and heat treatment procedures.
Effects of conditioning criteria for ground motion selection on the probabilistic seismic responses of reinforced concrete buildings
Authors: Ghotbi Abdoul R. , Taciroglu Ertugrul 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGround motion selection is arguably the most crucial step in performance‐based seismic design and risk assessment, as it bears the highest level of uncertainty that needs to be propagated through the calculations. The presently typical approach to capture this uncertainty in predicted structural responses is to use a suite of ground motions that match a uniform‐hazard response spectrum. This study examines the downstream effects of ground motion selection made through a variety of conditioning criteria based on one, two, or average of more‐than‐two intensity measures, and also with respect to different earthquake characteristics. Ductile and nonductile reinforced concrete moment frames with varying heights are used as model problems in detailed parametric studies. A risk‐based approach is adopted to develop a point‐of‐comparison reference demand. Seismic responses obtained using different ground motion suites compiled using three different conditioning criteria are then compared against this reference to determine the extent to which the selected ground motion suites can capture various critical structural responses.
Dying neurons conduct repair processes in the injured brain through osteopontin expression in cooperation with infiltrated blood monocytes
Authors: An Jiawei , Yang Haijie , Yang Esther , Chung Sooyoung , Kim Dae‐Yong , Jou Ilo , Park Sang Myun , Kim Byung Gon , Chwae Yong‐Joon , Joe Eun‐Hye 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe brain has an intrinsic capacity to repair injury, but the specific mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we found that, despite their incipient death, damaged neurons play a key repair role with the help of monocytes infiltrated from blood. Monocytes phagocytosed damaged and/or dying neurons that expressed osteopontin (OPN), with possible subsequent activation of their inflammasome pathway, resulting in pyroptosis. During this process, monocytes released CD63‐positive exosome‐like vesicles containing OPN. Importantly, following the exosome‐like vesicles, neuron and astrocyte processes elongated toward the injury core. In addition, exosomes prepared from the injured brain contained OPN, and enhanced neurite outgrowth of cultured neurons in an OPN‐dependent manner. Thus, our results introduce the concept that neurons in the injured brain that are destined to die perceive the stressful condition and begin the regeneration processes through induction of OPN, ultimately executing the repair process with the help of monocytes recruited from the circulation.
The effects of postmortem delay on mouse and human microglia gene expression
Authors: Heng Yang , Dubbelaar Marissa L. , Marie Suely K. N. , Boddeke Erik W. G. M. , Eggen Bart J. L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMicroglia are specialized macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and first to react to pathogens or injury. Over the last decade, transcriptional profiling of microglia significantly contributed to our understanding of their functions. In the case of human CNS samples, either potential CNS pathology in the case of surgery samples, or a postmortem delay (PMD) due to the time needed for tissue access and collection, are potential factors that affect gene expression profiles. To determine the effect of PMD on the microglia transcriptome, we first analyzed mouse microglia, where genotype, antemortem conditions and PMD can be controlled. Microglia were isolated from mice after different PMDs (0, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hr) using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS). The number of viable microglia significantly decreased with increasing PMD, but even after a 12 hr PMD, high‐quality RNA could be obtained. PMD had very limited effect on mouse microglia gene expression, only 50 genes were differentially expressed between different PMDs. These genes were related to mitochondrial, ribosomal, and protein binding functions. In human microglia transcriptomes we previously generated, 31 of the 50 PMD‐associated mouse genes had human homologs, and their relative expression was also affected by PMD. This study provides a set of genes that shows relative expression changes in relation to PMD, both in mouse and human microglia. Although the gene expression changes detected are subtle, these genes need to be accounted for when analyzing microglia transcriptomes generated from samples with variable PMDs.
Are cryptocurrencies connected to gold? A wavelet‐based quantile‐in‐quantile approach
Authors: Kumah Seyram Pearl , Mensah Jones Odei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAccurate measurement of relationship between assets is sensitive to different market conditions in different horizons and has implications for portfolio optimization. Cryptocurrencies are new category of assets that can reduce the risk of well‐diversified portfolio including gold. The paper explores the connections between seven cryptocurrencies and gold at bear (bull) markets across time to uncover the hedging properties of cryptocurrencies for gold investors. Wavelet technique was used to decompose the daily return series of the assets into short‐, medium‐ and long‐term frequencies. Quantile regression (QR) and quantile‐in‐quantile regression (QQR) were applied on the decomposed series to establish the association between the assets over 19 quantiles (τ = 0.05 to 0.95). QR results show all cryptocurrencies as hedges for gold regardless of market regime in the medium to long‐terms. QQR results depict inverse association at bear market but positive association at bull market across time suggesting hedging possibilities at bear markets. Our study provides precise information to investors, regulators and policy makers on risk mitigating strategies for extreme gold market fluctuations across time and market states.
The Janus view: Do market participants looking into the past impact foreign exchange volatility?
Authors: Roy Trivedi Smita 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDo market participants look into the past whilst framing the trading decisions today? Microstructure theory shows that participants increase bid‐ask spreads in response to macroeconomic news to account for asymmetric information and inventory costs. However, the role of perceptions or biases of the market participants in influencing the bid‐ask spread has been largely overlooked. This paper incorporates the role of ‘Recurrence bias’ in influencing trading decisions and therefore market volatility. Empirically, the model is tested using high‐frequency exchange rate data and time‐stamped news data on Indian rupee, which has seen sharp volatility in the period under study. Logit and GARCH analysis shows that volatility is positively linked to ‘Recurrence Bias’, which arises from the ‘availability of mental models’ to traders, created by past response of exchange rate to unexpected component of news.