bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A different technique in gasless, laparoendoscopic, single-site myomectomy
Authors: Jin Guixiu , Zhao Xiumin , Zhu Danyang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to introduce a novel technique for gasless, laparoendoscopic, single-site (GLESS) myomectomy and to evaluate its feasibility and safety.

Methods
A retrospective observational study was performed at a hospital from Sep 2017 to Nov 2018. 15 patients with symptomatic subserosal or intramural myomas underwent GLESS myomectomy.

Results
The mean age and body mass index were 41.73 ± 8.58 years and 22.72 ± 2.27 kg/m2, respectively. 5 patients had a history of abdominal surgery, including four caesarean deliveries and one myomectomy. The mean operative duration, blood loss volume, time to specimen removal, time of bowel activity and postoperative hospitalization duration were 156.47 ± 62.19 min, 57.33 ± 72.35 ml, 29.87 ± 13.6 min, 27.67 ± 10.06 h, and 3.4 ± 0.74 days, respectively. The operation was successful in all patients, there were no surgical or wound complications in any patient, and the histopathological result was leiomyoma in all 15 patients.

Conclusion
The procedure is feasible and safe in selected patients with symptomatic myomas.
Effect of frenotomy on breastfeeding and reflux: results from the BRIEF prospective longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Slagter Kirsten W. , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Hamming Inge , Meijer Jiska , Vissink Arjan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To assess the Efficacy of Frenotomy with regard to Breastfeeding and Reflux Improvement (BRIEF) in infants with breastfeeding problems.

Materials and methods
A cohort of 175 consecutive breastfeeding women with breastfeeding and reflux problems related to a tongue-tie or lip-tie fulfilling the inclusion criteria was longitudinally followed for 6 months. The effect of frenotomy on these problems was studied by a standardized oral assessment and completing the validated Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Short Form (BSES-SF), nipple pain score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), and Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire Revised (I-GERQ-R) questionnaires pre-frenotomy and at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months’ post frenotomy.

Results
All 175 women completed the 1-month follow-up and 146 women the 6 months’ follow-up. Frenotomy resulted in a significant improvement of BSES-SF, nipple pain score, and I-GERQ-R after 1 week, which improvement maintained to be significant after 1 month for BSES-SF and I-GERQ-R, and after 6 months for I-GERQ-R. The improvements were irrespective of the type lip-tie or tongue-tie underlying the breast feeding and reflux problems. No post-operative complications were observed. About 60.7% of infants still was breastfed 6 months after treatment.

Conclusions
Frenotomy is a safe procedure with no post-operative complications and resulting in significant improvement of breastfeeding self-efficacy, nipple pain, and gastro-oesophageal reflux problems.

Clinical relevance
Frenotomy of a tongue-tie and or lip-tie can lead to improvement of breastfeeding and reflux problems irrespective of the type of tongue-tie or lip-tie and should be considered by clinicians as a proper tool to resolve these problems if non-interventional support did not help.

International trial register
ISRCTN64428423
Do bleaching gels affect the stability of the masking and caries-arresting effects of caries infiltration—in vitro
Authors: Jansen Ellen Elisabeth , Meyer-Lueckel Hendrik , Esteves-Oliveira Marcella , Wierichs Richard Johannes 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different bleaching gels on the masking and caries-arresting effects of infiltrated and non-infiltrated stained artificial enamel caries lesions.

Materials and methods
Bovine enamel specimens (n = 240) with each two sound areas (SI and SC) and each two lesions (DI and DC) were infiltrated (DI and SI), stained (1:1 red wine-coffee mixture,70 days), and randomly distributed in six groups to be bleached with the following materials: 6%HP (HP-6), 16%CP (CP-16), 35%HP (HP-35), 40%HP (HP-40), and no bleaching (NBl,NBl-NBr). Subsequently, specimens were pH-cycled (28 days, 6 × 60 min demineralization/day) and all groups except NBl-NBr were brushed with toothpaste slurry (1.100 ppm, 2×/day, 10 s). Differences in colorimetric values (ΔL, ΔE) and integrated mineral loss (ΔΔZ) between baseline, infiltration, staining, bleaching, and pH cycling were calculated using photographic and transversal microradiographic images.

Results
At baseline, significant visible color differences between DI and SC were observed (ΔEbaseline = 12.2; p < 0.001; ANCOVA). After infiltration, these differences decreased significantly (ΔEinfiltration = 3.8; p < 0.001). Staining decreased and bleaching increased ΔL values significantly (p ≤ 0.001). No significant difference in ΔΔE was observed between before staining and after bleaching (ΔEbleaching = 4.3; p = 0.308) and between the bleaching agents (p = 1.000; ANCOVA). pH-cycling did not affect colorimetric values (ΔEpH-cycling = 4.0; p = 1.000). For DI, no significant change in ΔZ during in vitro period was observed (p ≥ 0.063; paired t test).

Conclusions
Under the conditions chosen, the tested materials could satisfactorily bleach infiltrated and non-infiltrated stained enamel. Furthermore, bleaching did not affect the caries-arresting effect of the infiltration.

Clinical relevance
The present study indicates that bleaching is a viable way to satisfactorily recover the appearance of discolored sound enamel and infiltrated lesions.
Glucocorticoids, state-dependent reproductive investment and success in the face of danger in a long-lived bird
Authors: Noreikienė Kristina , Jaatinen Kim , Steele Benjamin B. , Öst Markus 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGlucocorticoid hormones may mediate trade-offs between current and future reproduction. However, understanding their role is complicated by predation risk, which simultaneously affects the value of the current reproductive investment and elevates glucocorticoid levels. Here, we shed light on these issues in long-lived female Eiders (Somateria mollissima) by investigating how current reproductive investment (clutch size) and hatching success relate to faecal glucocorticoid metabolite [fGCM] level and residual reproductive value (minimum years of breeding experience, body condition, relative telomere length) under spatially variable predation risk. Our results showed a positive relationship between colony-specific predation risk and mean colony-specific fGCM levels. Clutch size and female fGCM were negatively correlated only under high nest predation and in females in good body condition, previously shown to have a longer life expectancy. We also found that younger females with longer telomeres had smaller clutches. The drop in hatching success with increasing fGCM levels was least pronounced under high nest predation risk, suggesting that elevated fGCM levels may allow females to ensure some reproductive success under such conditions. Hatching success was positively associated with female body condition, with relative telomere length, particularly in younger females, and with female minimum age, particularly under low predation risk, showing the utility of these metrics as indicators of individual quality. In line with a trade-off between current and future reproduction, our results show that high potential for future breeding prospects and increased predation risk shift the balance toward investment in future reproduction, with glucocorticoids playing a role in the resolution of this trade-off.
Teachers’ perceptions of autonomy in the tensions between a subject focus and a cross-curricular school profile: A case study of a Finnish upper secondary school
Authors: Elo Janne , Nygren-Landgärds Christina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent research has indicated global trends of decreasing teacher autonomy and increasing teacher accountability. Standardised national tests have been identified as one of many factors constraining teacher autonomy. Another trend influencing teachers’ scope of action is the profiling and branding of schools that compete for students. This qualitative case study concerns the general upper secondary level in Finland, the only level of education in the country with a high-stakes final examination—the matriculation exam. The upper secondary level is generally regarded as Finland’s most subject-focused level of education. In contrast to this subject-focused tradition, the case school for this research has developed a cross-curricular profile emphasising creativity, boundary crossing and an outward orientated approach. The study explores the teachers’ perceptions of how their autonomy is constrained in this context characterised by tensions between the cross-curricular school profile on one hand, and the subject-focused tradition and student evaluations on the other. Although one might expect these tensions to constrain teacher autonomy, the results show that the teachers, in fact, experience the cross-curricular school profile as increasing their individual autonomy. The study demonstrates that upper secondary teachers can experience extensive autonomy despite global trends of increasing teacher accountability and diminishing teacher autonomy.
Peptide Isolation via Spray Drying: Particle Formation, Process Design and Implementation for the Production of Spray Dried Glucagon
Authors: Doerr Frederik J. S. , Burns Lee J. , Lee Becky , Hinds Jeremy , Davis-Harrison Rebecca L. , Frank Scott A. , Florence Alastair J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Spray drying plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry for product development of sensitive bio-pharmaceutical formulations. Process design, implementation and optimisation require in-depth knowledge of process-product interactions. Here, an integrated approach for the rapid, early-stage spray drying process development of trehalose and glucagon on lab-scale is presented.

Methods
Single droplet drying experiments were used to investigate the particle formation process. Process implementation was supported using in-line process analytical technology within a data acquisition framework recording temperature, humidity, pressure and feed rate. During process implementation, off-line product characterisation provided additional information on key product properties related to residual moisture, solid state structure, particle size/morphology and peptide fibrillation/degradation.

Results
A psychrometric process model allowed the identification of feasible operating conditions for spray drying trehalose, achieving high yields of up to 84.67%, and significantly reduced levels of residual moisture and particle agglomeration compared to product obtained during non-optimal drying. The process was further translated to produce powders of glucagon and glucagon-trehalose formulations with yields of >83.24%. Extensive peptide aggregation or degradation was not observed.

Conclusions
The presented data-driven process development concept can be applied to address future isolation problems on lab-scale and facilitate a systematic implementation of spray drying for the manufacturing of sensitive bio-pharmaceutical formulations.
Improving Covariance Matrices Derived from Tiny Training Datasets for the Classification of Event-Related Potentials with Linear Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Sosulski Jan , Kemmer Jan-Philipp , Tangermann Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectroencephalogram data used in the domain of brain–computer interfaces typically has subpar signal-to-noise ratio and data acquisition is expensive. An effective and commonly used classifier to discriminate event-related potentials is the linear discriminant analysis which, however, requires an estimate of the feature distribution. While this information is provided by the feature covariance matrix its large number of free parameters calls for regularization approaches like Ledoit–Wolf shrinkage. Assuming that the noise of event-related potential recordings is not time-locked, we propose to decouple the time component from the covariance matrix of event-related potential data in order to further improve the estimates of the covariance matrix for linear discriminant analysis. We compare three regularized variants thereof and a feature representation based on Riemannian geometry against our proposed novel linear discriminant analysis with time-decoupled covariance estimates. Extensive evaluations on 14 electroencephalogram datasets reveal, that the novel approach increases the classification performance by up to four percentage points for small training datasets, and gracefully converges to the performance of standard shrinkage-regularized LDA for large training datasets. Given these results, practitioners in this field should consider using our proposed time-decoupled covariance estimation when they apply linear discriminant analysis to classify event-related potentials, especially when few training data points are available.
Reflexionen von Multiplikatorinnen und Multiplikatoren zum Gestaltungsprinzip der Teilnehmendenorientierung – Fachspezifische Professionalisierung beim Design von Fortbildungen
Authors: Scherer Petra , Nührenbörger Marcus , Ratte Leonie 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Beitrag werden erste Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie vorgestellt, die Reflexionen von Multiplikatorinnen und Multiplikatoren zur allgemeinen Konzeption und zur konkreten Durchführung eines Fortbildungskurses mit dem Thema „Inklusiver Mathematikunterricht“ für fachfremde, aber im inklusiven Mathematikunterricht der Grundschule tätige Sonderpädagoginnen und Sonderpädagogen untersucht. Dazu hospitierten vier Multiplikatorinnen einerseits bei einem existierenden Kurs, andererseits reflektierten sie diesen mit Blick auf eine zukünftig eigenständige Durchführung des Kurses. Im Beitrag werden die Reflexionen der Multiplikatorinnen zum Gestaltungsprinzip der Teilnehmendenorientierung näher analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Analysen von schriftlichen Beobachtungsprotokollen und moderierten Reflexionsgesprächen weisen auf normative und prospektive Reflexionen von Multiplikatorinnen und Multiplikatoren hin.
Damage tolerance of fractured rails on continuous welded rail track for high-speed railways
Authors: Gao Yuan , Wang Ping , Wang Kai , Xu Jingmang , Dong Zhiguo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBroken gap is an extremely dangerous state in the service of high-speed rails, and the violent wheel–rail impact forces will be intensified when a vehicle passes the gap at high speeds, which may cause a secondary fracture to rail and threaten the running safety of the vehicle. To recognize the damage tolerance of rail fracture length, the implicit–explicit sequential approach is adopted to simulate the wheel–rail high-frequency impact, which considers the factors such as the coupling effect between frictional contact and structural vibration, nonlinear material and real geometric profile. The results demonstrate that the plastic deformation and stress are distributed in crescent shape during the impact at the back rail end, increasing with the rail fracture length. The axle box acceleration in the frequency domain displays two characteristic modes with frequencies around 1,637 and 404 Hz. The limit of the rail fracture length is 60 mm for high-speed railway at a speed of 250 km/h.
The new generation PFAS C6O4 does not produce adverse effects on thyroid cells in vitro
Authors: Coperchini F. , Croce L. , Pignatti P. , Ricci G. , Gangemi D. , Magri F. , Imbriani M. , Rotondi M. , Chiovato L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl-substances (PFASs) are synthetic compounds that raised concern due to their potential adverse effects on human health. Long-chain PFAS were banned by government rules in many states, and thus, new emerging PFAS were recently introduced as substitutes. Among these, Perfluoro{acetic acid, 2-[(5-methoxy-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy]}, ammonium salt (C6O4) was recently introduced to produce a range of food contact articles and literature data about this compound are scanty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of exposure to C6O4, compared with PFOA and PFOS on thyroid cells.

Methods
FRTL5 rat-thyroid cell lines and normal human thyroid cells (NHT) were incubated with increasing concentrations of C6O4 for 24, 48, 72, and 144 h to assess cell viability by WST-1. Cell viability was confirmed by AnnexinV/PI staining. Long-chain PFAS (PFOA and PFOS) were used at same concentrations as positive controls. The proliferation of cells exposed to C6O4, PFOA, and PFOS was measured by staining with crystal violet and evaluation of optical density after incubation with SDS. Changes in ROS production by FRTL5 and NHT after exposure to C6O4 at short (10, 20, and 30 min) and long-time points (24 h) were evaluated by cytofluorimetry.

Results
C6O4 exposure did not modify FRTL5 and NHT cell viability at any concentration and/or time points with no induction of necrosis/apoptosis. At difference, PFOS exposure reduced cell viability of FRTL5 while and NHT, while PFOA only in FRTL5. FRTL5 and NHT cell proliferation was reduced by incubation with by PFOA and PFOS, but not with C6O4. ROS production by NHT and FRTL5 cells was not modified after C6O4 exposure, at any time/concentration tested.

Conclusions
The present in vitro study constitutes the first evaluation of the potential adverse effects of the new emerging PFAS C6O4 in cultured rat and human thyroid cells, suggesting its safety for thyroid cells in vitro.
Bending-Dominated Auxetic Materials for Wearable Protective Devices Against Impact
Authors: Faraci D. , Driemeier L. , Comi C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAuxetic metamaterials have high energy absorption capacity and indentation resistance, due to their significant densification mechanism during compression. This study investigates the performance of structured materials in layered thin plates, with potential applications in wearable protective devices for sport activities. Two different 3D lattices, conventional and re-entrant honeycomb, are studied in detail and their dynamic behaviour is compared with that of a 2D auxetic lattice. Initially, the equivalent elastic properties of the proposed geometries are investigated at varying equivalent densities. Then a new lightweight solution of a sandwich structure with an auxetic metamaterial core is proposed for possible application to facial protective masks. Numerical impact analyses of the problem show the potential benefit of the present proposal with respect to traditional mask geometries.
Random Assignment with a Smile: How to Love “TheRandomiser”
Authors: Linton Benedict , Ariel Barak 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This note describes a free online portal (www.therandomiser.co.uk) that allows researchers to design randomised controlled trials and then delegate the random assignment process to pracademics delivering the experiment.

Methods
Observation of the use of this tool in repeated randomised trials in police agencies.

Findings
Researchers are able to design RCTs using the online portal, which offers many ways to customise the experimental design. Results are downloadable in excel or plain text format. Researchers can grant access to treatment providers, enabling them to log in securely, enter identifiers for cases, and assign different treatments to each case. Email notifications of assignment can be sent to designated list of recipients who can track the allocation of treatments. This tool delivers this functionality at zero cost and at the time of writing is being used by 78 researchers, who have set up 70 experiments that have processed 5778 randomisations.

Conclusions
TheRandomiser has been used in multiple experiments with feedback suggesting it is a powerful and user-friendly tool. The ability to deliver trickle-flow randomisation with high degrees of researcher control are attractive, as is the ability to edit an unlimited number of qualification questions prior to randomisation.
Achieving selectivity in porphyrin bromination through a DoE-driven optimization under continuous flow conditions
Authors: Zardi Paolo , Maggini Michele , Carofiglio Tommaso 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe post-functionalization of porphyrins through the bromination in β position of the pyrrolic rings is a relevant transformation because the resulting bromoderivatives are useful synthons to covalently link a variety of chemical architectures to a porphyrin ring. However, single bromination of porphyrins is a challenging reaction for the abundancy of reactive β-pyrrolic positions in the aromatic macrocycle. We herein report a synthetic procedure for the efficient preparation of 2-bromo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (1) under continuous flow conditions. The use of flow technology allows to reach an accurate control over critical reaction parameters such as temperature and reaction time. Furthermore, by performing the optimization process through a statistical DoE (Design of Experiment) approach, these parameters could be properly adjusted with a limited number of experiments. This process led us to a better understanding of the relevant factors that govern porphyrins monobromination and to obtain compound 1 with an unprecedent 80% yield.
Electric Field Stress in a Three Phase Common Enclosure Gas Insulated Busduct with FGM Post Type Spacer and Reduction with Metal Inserts
Authors: Sobhan Polamraju V. S. , Pakalapati Janaki , Gundavarapu Venkata Nagesh Kumar , Duvvada Deepak Chowdary , Bali Sravana Kumar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe establishment of supporting insulators plays a vital role in the continuous operation of the three-phase Gas Insulated Busduct (GIB), which primarily depends on the distribution of electric field stress on the spacer surface. Shape control is a technique used along the spacer surface to achieve uniform field intensity, but this technique can also lead to very irregular shapes. The Triple Junction (TJ) is the region where the field stress has to be reduced. Over a period, high field stresses along the spacer surface will result in a surface flashover and thus de-energize the complete GIB, leading to enormous losses economically. In this paper, a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) spacer for a three-phase GIB has been designed with more number of gradings and further field stress at TJ is minimized by inserting and reshaping the metal inserts (MI) at the end of the enclosure. By doping them with different permittivity values, functionally graded materials are spatially distributed with multiple filler materials to achieve uniform stress on the electric field. Simulation is carried out with the FGM and epoxy (post type) Spacers for different voltages and FGM gradings. With MI, the stress is minimized and an enhanced uniform field allocation along the surface is obtained.