bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrogenesis of Scheelite-Bearing Albitite as an Indicator for the Formation of a World-Class Scheelite Skarn Deposit: A Case Study of the Zhuxi Tungsten Deposit
Authors: Song Shiwei , Mao Jingwen , Xie Guiqing , Jian Wei , Chen Guohua , Rao Jianfeng , Ouyang Yongpeng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Scheelite-bearing albitite is present in the form of rare, highly fractionated felsic dikes in the world-class Zhuxi tungsten deposit. Morphologically, the Zhuxi albitite forms individual dikes with thicknesses from 0.01 to 5.1 m in the orebodies. Additionally, the Zhuxi albitite is characterized by high sodium concentrations (Na2O = 6.08–8.04 wt %), low silicon (SiO2 = 56.81–62.56 wt %) and potassium concentrations (K2O = 1.44–2.62 wt %), and increasing P2O5 (0.1–0.7 wt %), Y (2.72–8.62 ppm), and rare earth element (8.28–28.89 ppm) concentrations from the tops to the bottoms of the dikes, which are controlled by the heterogeneous distribution of apatite grains in the albitite.
The trace element geochemical characteristics and Sr-Nd isotope compositions of the albitite and the geochemistry of plagioclase, muscovite, apatite, and scheelite that formed in both the albitite and ore-related (altered) granites strongly suggest a genetic relationship between the two rocks. Given our new data and previous experimental data, as well as natural examples from around the world, we propose that the Zhuxi albitite is the product of a silicate-poor, H2O-rich melt that formed by melt–melt-liquid immiscibility processes in an extremely fractionated residual magma. A deep-seated (&gt;3 kbar) granitic magma reservoir was directly related to the formation of these rare scheelite-bearing albitite dikes.
Albitite dikes are the product of extreme fractionation of a granitic magma, and W is highly incompatible during magma evolution regardless of oxygen fugacity; therefore, intense tungsten mineralization development within albitite dikes should serve as an important criterion for judging the tungsten metallogenic potential.
Mineral Chemistry and Sulfur Isotope Geochemistry from Tonalite-Hosted, Gold-Bearing Quartz Veins at Hog Mountain, Southwestern Appalachians: Implications for Gold Precipitation Mechanism, Sulfur Source, and Genesis
Authors: Brueckner Stefanie M. , Kline Anabelle K. , Bilenker Laura D. , Poole Josh , Whitney Mark S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Mineralized quartz veins within Phanerozoic orogenic belts provide important insights into fluid source and transport, source(s) of S, and genetic implications for ore deposit formation. Here, investigations on mineralized veins hosted by the Hog Mountain tonalite, southernmost Appalachians, were performed using scanned electron microscopy, microprobe analysis, and secondary ion mass spectrometry.
The small, reduced Hog Mountain tonalite hosts three different mineralized vein types dominated by Au-bearing quartz veins with a simple base metal sulfide assemblage and spatially associated Au phases (electrum &gt; native gold &gt; maldonite) with Bi phases (native bismuth &gt; unnamed Bi3Te ≈ hedleyite &gt; bismuthinite). In contrast, barren to low-grade arsenopyrite and sphalerite-pyrite-arsenopyrite-galena-chalcopyrite (Zn-Fe-As-Pb-Cu) veinlets are rare. Base metal sulfides are stoichiometrically homogeneous with the exception of sphalerite and galena that have noticeable enrichments in Fe and Cd, and Bi and Ag, respectively. Trace element concentrations (Au, Ag, Bi, Te, Se, and transition metals) in major and minor base metal sulfides are generally low. In situ sulfur isotope analyses on base metal sulfides from different vein types show two distinct populations: (1) δ34Ssulfide = 12.9 ± 1.4‰ in low-grade arsenopyrite and Zn-Fe-As-Pb-Cu veinlets and (2) δ34Ssulfide = 7.7 ± 0.9‰ in mineralized quartz veins.
Based on mineral chemistry, two fluid phases were responsible for metal deposition at Hog Mountain. Fluid phase I with low-soluble Au formed rare, barren to low-grade arsenopyrite and Zn-Fe-As-Pb-Cu veinlets from highly acidic, relatively high temperature fluid with moderate ƒS2 and variable ƒO2. In contrast, a reduced, near-neutral, low ƒS2 fluid phase II had higher soluble Au concentrations and created the dominant Au-bearing quartz veins in which Au was deposited via scavenging by Bi melts syngenetic at lower temperatures. Isotopic modeling shows that both fluid phases sourced their S from the metasedimentary rocks hosting the tonalite and adjacent, coeval gold deposits, with the tonalite contributing some S to fluid phase II, resulting in lower δ34S values. Our results are consistent with mineral assemblage, mineral chemistry, and sulfur source(s) from other intrusion-hosted Phanerozoic orogenic gold deposits and support the syngenetic Au scavenging model by Bi melts as a viable Au deposition process in orogenic gold deposits.
Due Diligence and Supply Chain Responsibilities in Specific Instances
Authors: van ’t Foort Sander 
Published: December 2020

Due Diligence and Supply Chain Responsibilities in Specific Instances. The Compatibility of the Dutch National Contact Point’s Decisions With the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in the Light of Decisions Made by the UK, German, Danish and Norwegian National Contact Points
Since the introduction of a human rights chapter in the 2011 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, National Contact Points (NCPs) have been increasingly dealing with specific instances referring to human rights violations by companies. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the human rights provisions are the most cited provisions of the Guidelines. Specific instances include allegations such as a company’s failure to implement human rights due diligence, to apply the principles of free, prior and informed consent, to take supply chain responsibility, and/or to comply with the right to cultural heritage. Of all topics, human rights due diligence and human rights supply chain responsibilities are most commonly referred to in complaints based on the Guidelines. This article focuses on how NCPs have handled these topics of human rights due diligence and supply chain responsibility in specific instances. The Dutch NCP has been selected because it is celebrated in literature as the ‘gold standard’ because of its composition including independent members, its forward-looking approach, and because it is one of the most active NCPs in the world. All decisions of the Dutch NCP concerning these two topics are analysed in the light of the decisions of four other NCPs (UK, Denmark, Germany and Norway). A doctrinal methodology is used to analyse similarities and differences between the argumentations of the five NCPs.
De Europese Toegankelijkheidsrichtlijn voor mensen met een handicap: grondrechtenbevordering binnen de Europese interne markt
Authors: de Vries S. , de Sterke T. 
Published: December 2020

De Europese Toegankelijkheidsrichtlijn voor mensen met een handicap: grondrechtenbevordering binnen de Europese interne markt
Met de in april 2019 aangenomen Europese Toegankelijkheidsrichtlijn wordt gepoogd de toegankelijkheid van producten en diensten voor personen met een beperking te verbeteren. De richtlijn geeft hiermee uitvoering aan het VN-verdrag inzake de rechten van personen met een handicap. Dit artikel beschrijft de totstandkomingsgeschiedenis van de richtlijn, de belangrijkste kenmerken ervan en wat de te verwachten toegevoegde waarde van de richtlijn zal zijn.Richtlijn (EU) 2019/882 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 17 april 2019 betreffende de toegankelijkheidsvoorschriften voor producten en diensten, PbEU 2019, L 151/70.
A Meta-Analysis of Modifications of Root System Traits of Crop Plants to Potassium (K) Deprivation
Authors: Oscar Yawson David , Kusi Amoah Kwadwo , Agu Asare Paul , Techie-Menson Josiah , Afutu Emmanuel , Atiah Kofi , Kwabena Sanleri Azure , Asare-Larbi Samuel , Osei Adu Michael 
Published: December 2020

Unlike nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), morphological responses of root systems of crop plants to potassium (K) dynamics in soils or growth media are only gaining currency. This is due to the realization of the instrumental role of K in several cellular and tissue level processes crucial for the growth, stress tolerance, metabolic functions, and yield of crop plants, and ultimately, food security and sustainable agriculture. This chapter used meta-analysis to synthesize the pooled evidence for modifications in several root system traits of different crop plants under conditions of K starvation in different growth media. In all, 37 studies that passed inclusion/exclusion criteria, from 1969 to 2019, were analyzed in aggregate and then disaggregated for root biomass, root length, and the number of roots. Three moderators were analyzed: type of soil or growth medium, crop, and K fertilizer applied in the included studies. The aggregated results show that the cumulative effect of K deprivation was a significant and large reduction (about 25.5 ± 15.0%) in the bulk of root system traits considered, which was slightly lower than the reduction in shoot- or yield-related traits. Reductions of approximately 38 ± 38.0% in root biomass and 23.2 ± 18.6% in root length were observed, and the magnitudes of reduction were comparable to those observed from the disaggregated data. Though reductions in root system traits due to K starvation occurred under both greenhouse/lab and field conditions, the cumulative reduction in the former was significantly larger than that of the latter. Among the moderators, the effect of type of soil (or growth media) and crop on the scale of modification of root system traits to K deprivation are stronger compared to the effect of type of K fertilizer applied. It is concluded that, overall, K deprivation leads to significant reductions in root system traits, especially root biomass and length in soils and perlite regardless of the type of K fertilizer applied. Attention should be given to K management in cropping systems to avoid K starvation, especially at the early and vegetative stages, and to improve K reserves in soils. Further attention should be given to the responses of root system traits to K supply when matching crops to soils.
Immunophenotypic Characterization of Germ Cell Tumor–Derived Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors: Evidence for Frequent Neuronal and/or Glial Differentiation
Authors: Magers Martin J. , Perrino Carmen M. , Ulbright Thomas M. , Idrees Muhammad T. 
Published: December 2020

Context.—
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) may arise as a somatic-type malignancy in germ cell tumors. In this setting, most PNETs resemble those of the central nervous system and lack chromosome 22 translocations. However, description of the morphologic and differentiation spectrum of PNETs arising from germ cell tumors is lacking.

Objective.—
To investigate the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of these tumors, concentrating on neuronal and glial features.

Design.—
We selected cases based on a morphologically identifiable glial and/or differentiated neuronal component in association with the undifferentiated PNET. Immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100 protein, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and SOX11 was performed on tumors with available material, with the scoring of both staining intensity (0–3) and extent (0–3). Thirteen qualifying PNETs of testicular origin with available immunohistochemical stains or stainable material were identified. The complete stain panel was performed in 10 tumors.

Results.—
SOX11 demonstrated positive staining in the undifferentiated PNET component of all tumors (10 of 10) and was rarely positive in the differentiated (ie, neuronal/glial) component (1 of 10; focal and weak); synaptophysin was slightly less sensitive in the undifferentiated component (12 of 13; often focal and weak) and also showed positivity in the neuronal/glial component (5 of 13). Glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 were more frequently positive in the differentiated areas (83% and 77%, respectively) compared with undifferentiated areas (25% and 17%, respectively).

Conclusions.—
SOX11 is a sensitive immunohistochemical marker for testicular PNET, particularly those lacking differentiation. Testicular PNETs often demonstrate glial and/or neuronal differentiation. Differentiation is marked by the acquisition of S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and SOX11 loss.
Changing Trends in Dermatopathology Case Complexity: A 9-Year Academic Center Experience
Authors: Stagner Anna M. , Tahan Steven R. , Nazarian Rosalynn M. 
Published: December 2020

Context.—
Pathology case volume and complexity impact clinical service burden, staffing, and reimbursement, particularly in an academic setting.

Objective.—
To investigate dermatopathology case complexity by using indicators of challenging cases, which require increased clinical service effort.

Design.—
A retrospective review was performed of dermatopathology cases during a 9-year period at a tertiary care academic center. A subset of cases was analyzed for which extractable data were available. Cases requiring the following metrics of complexity were identified: rush processing, consensus agreement, performance of immunohistochemistry, use of special histochemical stains, use of immunofluorescence, examination of additional tissue levels, review of a prior case, addition of an explanatory note, presence of multiple specimen parts, and use of intradepartmental consultation.

Results.—
A total of 8173 cases were reviewed. During the same 3-month period of the year, there was a statistically significant increase in use of rush processing/interpretation, consensus review, number of cases requiring immunostains, special stains, levels, and an explanatory note, and cases reviewed by other subspecialists in the department from 2010 to 2019.

Conclusions.—
This study shows an increasing trend in dermatopathology case complexity, suggesting that overall clinical service efforts have increased. These findings may inform clinical service staffing and reimbursement.
Los desórdenes informativos en un sistema de comunicación democrático
Authors: Aba-Catoira Ana 
Published: December 2020

La desinformación constituye un asunto de relevancia pública que pone el foco de atención sobre la circulación de contenidos en redes digitales, su conexión con la defensa del sistema democrático y los efectos lesivos que produce en los derechos de la ciudadanía. No se trata de un problema nuevo, pero, ahora, se utilizan las redes para difundir bulos que responden a intereses de distinta naturaleza, pero siempre con el objetivo de impactar en la confianza en las instituciones y, en definitiva, en el orden social establecido. El análisis de nuestro marco normativo nos ofrece suficientes instrumentos para luchar contra estos desórdenes desechando la tentación de defender una regulación restrictiva de las libertades informativas on line o una intervención más intensa en Internet. Las políticas públicas de fortalecimiento democrático pueden ser un instrumento adecuado incidiendo en la colaboración público-privado para defender nuestro sistema democrático frente a los innumerables retos y amenazas que nos acechan.
Del juramento o promesa de acatar la Constitución en el ámbito parlamentario
Authors: Anguita Susi Alberto 
Published: December 2020

La introducción, en el ámbito legal y reglamentario, del requisito del juramento o promesa para adquirir la plena condición de parlamentario ha suscitado en los últimos años una interesante polémica dado que este trámite, cuya trascendencia jurídica y política es discutible, ha sido utilizado por los parlamentarios para llevar a cabo proclamas y reivindicaciones de todo tipo, desvirtuándose de esta forma los límites constitucionales marcados por el Tribunal Constitucional en cuanto al cumplimiento de este requisito.
Engineered Sortases in Peptide and Protein Chemistry
Authors: Freund Christian , Schwarzer Dirk 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe transpeptidase sortase A of Staphylococcus aureus (Sa‐SrtA) is a valuable tool in protein chemistry. The native enzyme anchors surface proteins containing a highly conserved LPxTG sorting motif to a terminal glycine residue of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram‐positive bacteria. This reaction is exploited for sortase‐mediated ligation (SML), allowing the site‐specific linkage of synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins by a native peptide bond. However, the moderate catalytic efficiency and specificity of Sa‐SrtA fueled the development of new biocatalysts for SML, including the screening of sortase A variants form microorganisms other than S. aureus and the directed protein evolution of the Sa‐SrtA enzyme itself. Novel display platforms and screening formats were developed to isolate sortases with altered properties from mutant libraries. This yielded sortases with strongly enhanced catalytic activity and enzymes recognizing new sorting motifs as substrates. This minireview focuses on recent advances in the field of directed sortase evolution and applications of these tailor‐made enzymes in biochemistry.
Role of cancer survivor health and health service use in spouses' use of mental health–related care
Authors: Litzelman Kristin , Choi Hyojin , Maher Molly E. , Harnish Autumn 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundSpouses of cancer survivors are at an increased risk of poor mental health outcomes but are known to underuse supportive services. The objective of the current study was to determine how the health and health care use of cancer survivors were associated with depression and anxiety‐related health care use in their spouses.MethodsThe current observational study used data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to identify married individuals with a cancer‐related medical event or disability (“cancer survivors”), and linked health and health care use data across spousal dyads. Spouses reporting a prescription for an antidepressant or antianxiety medication or any psychotherapy were flagged as having used mental health care. Correlates of use were assessed, with a focus on the health and health care use of the cancer survivor.ResultsGreater than 25% of the spouses of cancer survivors used mental health care over the approximately 2.5 years of follow‐up. Controlling for their own predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics, spouses were found to be less likely to use mental health care if the cancer survivor reported more health conditions or elevated depressed mood compared with dyads in which the survivor reported low distress and depression. Spouses were nearly 3 times more likely to use mental health care if the cancer survivor themselves had used mental health care (odds ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 2.17‐4.09).ConclusionsThe findings of the current study enhance understanding of how health outcomes are intertwined in families with cancer, and reinforce the importance of a family‐centered approach to cancer care that facilitates psychosocial care.LAY SUMMARY

The health and well‐being of cancer survivors and their spouses are intertwined. The results of the current study demonstrated that this interrelationship extends to mental health care related to depression and anxiety.

Spouses of cancer survivors were found to be less likely to receive mental health care when the survivor had more health care needs. Spouses were nearly 3 times more likely to receive care if the survivor also was receiving mental health care.

Caregiving spouses may face more challenges finding the time, money, or energy to engage in their own self‐care. However, providing supportive care to one partner may help the other partner access care as well.
Phase 2 study of copanlisib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancers
Authors: Tan Elaine S. , Cao Biwei , Kim Jongphil , Al‐Toubah Taymeyah E. , Mehta Rutika , Centeno Barbara A. , Kim Richard D. 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundBiliary tract cancer (BTC) has a poor prognosis despite treatment with first‐line gemcitabine and cisplatin. In BTC, PI3K/AKT pathway activation has been shown to increase resistance to chemotherapy, which may be overcome with PI3K inhibition. This phase 2 study evaluated the safety and efficacy of copanlisib, a PI3K inhibitor, with gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced BTCs. The role of PTEN expression in outcomes was also explored.MethodsPatients with advanced/unresectable BTC received gemcitabine, cisplatin, and copanlisib as their first‐line treatment. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS) at 6 months. Secondary endpoints were the response rate (RR), median overall survival (OS)/PFS, and safety profile. An assessment of PTEN expression by immunohistochemistry was also performed along with molecular profiling.ResultsTwenty‐four patients received at least 1 dose of the study drug. The PFS rate at 6 months was 51%; the median OS was 13.7 months (95% CI, 6.8‐18.0 months), and the median PFS was 6.2 months (95% CI, 2.9‐10.1 months). Nineteen patients were evaluable for RR: 6 patients achieved a partial response (31.6%), and 11 (57.9%) had stable disease. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were a decreased neutrophil count (45.83%), anemia (25%), increased lipase (25%), and hypertension (20.8%). Twenty patients had tissue evaluable for the PTEN status. The PFS for low (n = 9) and high PTEN expression (n = 11) was 8.5 and 4.6 months, respectively (P = .19). The median OS for low and high PTEN expression groups was 17.9 and 7.0 months, respectively (P = .19).ConclusionsThe addition of copanlisib to gemcitabine and cisplatin does not improve PFS at 6 months. However, future studies using PTEN as a potential biomarker should be considered.Lay Summary

The addition of copanlisib, a PI3K inhibitor, to standard chemotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancers was assessed for efficacy and safety. Twenty‐four patients with advanced biliary tract cancer received treatment in this study.

There was no difference in survival with the addition of copanlisib in comparison with standard chemotherapy.

Copanlisib may be more effective and increase survival in patients with low PTEN expression levels. Further studies are needed to confirm this. No unexpected adverse events occurred.
Is restorative justice punishment?
Authors: Gade Christian B. N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article has two objectives, both of which are new. First, it presents a new framework of punishment in nine dimensions, which makes it possible to distinguish systematically between different conceptualizations of the nature of punishment. Second, using the framework, it discusses the relationship between restorative justice and punishment, showing that some cases of restorative justice constitute punishment from the perspectives of some of the punishment positions in the framework but not for others. Thus, according to some positions, restorative justice (mediation, conferences, circles, etc.) is punishment.