bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Only a unified ontology can remedy disunification
Authors: Styrman Avril 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Contemporary theoretical physics is divided into diversified theories of different phenomena. These are characteristically frameworks for giving mathematical descriptions of perceptions, in the absence of understandable explanations or a unified worldview. This is not an optimal state of affairs, for people by nature desire to understand; this sets a major obstacle for an optimal progress rate of physics, for understandable explanations are more prolific of new predictions and applications than non-understandable explanations. Disunification in physics can be remedied only by discovering an understandable ontology and applying it as the basis of unifying explanations of phenomena that were earlier explained by different theories. Due to disunified physics and the nature of traditional analysis in philosophy, there is no consensus about central concepts such as time, possibility and truth. It is suggested that philosophical analysis would be more prolific of understandable and applicable concepts, were it complemented by a method of unification.
Dynamic Universe – natural science and philosophy in unison
Authors: Kallio-Tamminen Tarja 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In a coherent conception of reality, physics and metaphysics should both come together to create a comprehensible worldview. This was the case in the Newtonian picture of reality which turned out to be limited at the beginning of the 20th century. The quest for a new synthesis, a more reliable picture of reality incorporating current theories and observations, has not been fulfilled in spite of a hundred years of interpretive discussions. The claim of this paper is that the missed unison can be found in Tuomo Suntola’s Dynamic Universe (DU). This exceptional theory covers the domains of the theory of relativity and quantum phenomena and fairly exceeds their level in philosophical virtues. DU is studied here from the perspective of natural philosophy concentrating on the basic principles of the theory, and the prominent metaphysical features that in addition to the mathematical structure can be found in a proper physical theory. Relying on the zero-energy principle, DU opens up a new kind of holistic framework where the Newtonian furnishings for reality are left behind. By transforming the Newtonian clockwork into a pendulating, spherically closed 4D-sphere, DU discloses a seamless connection between mass, space, motion, and energy. In this representation all the seemingly separated objects are parts of a single totality and ultimately constructed of waves. Their interrelations can be universally formulated as their state of motion does not depend on the time or the site of observation. In addition to its importance for physics, the framework provides justified answers to many age-old disputes in natural philosophy starting from the basic substance of being, the origin and reference of movement, and the possibility of empty space – the most basic questions pondered by giants like Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz, and Newton. Most importantly, in DU mental properties can be neatly incorporated into the physical world, and conscious activity of human beings can be befitted into the overall evolutionary scheme.
A New Gravitational Paradigm for Relativity and Dynamics, and its Philosophical Scope
Authors: Unnikrishnan C. S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The present framework of dynamics and relativity is based on Albert Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity. However, the empty featureless space and its time that are assumed in constructing these theories are in direct conflict with the reality of the vast universe with enormous quantity of matter-energy and its gravity. Gravitational interaction affects spatio-temporal intervals and dynamics in general. Since all the physical phenomena as well as the theories that attempt to describe them are operative in this single real universe, really existing as given, the factual gravitational background of cosmic matter should be the inseparable basis of our theories of relativity and dynamics. After proving the need for a new paradigm of relativity and dynamics based on cosmic gravity, I will outline the empirically consistent theory and its crucial experimental support. I will show that the factual results on the one-way propagation of light and relativistic motional corrections of clocks contradict the current theoretical framework. The gravitational paradigm, called Cosmic Relativity, is Galilean and Machian, and includes all relativistic physical effects, with the universe as the determining master frame. It accords a physical measure of real motion and also, a universal time. Most importantly, Cosmic Relativity is in perfect agreement with all known experimental results. These remarkable developments in physics support and vindicate Henri Bergson’s criticism of Einstein’s theory and his philosophical stand on the notions of universal time and absolute simultaneity.
The world’s growing municipal solid waste: trends and impacts
Authors: Chen David Meng-Chuen , Bodirsky Benjamin Leon , Krueger Tobias , Mishra Abhijeet , Popp Alexander 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Global municipal waste production causes multiple environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions, ocean plastic accumulation, and nitrogen pollution. However, estimates of both past and future development of waste and pollution are scarce. We apply compositional Bayesian regression to produce the first estimates of past and future (1965–2100) waste generation disaggregated by composition and treatment, along with resultant environmental impacts, for every country. We find that total wastes grow at declining speed with economic development, and that global waste generation has increased from 635 Mt in 1965 to 1999 Mt in 2015 and reaches 3539 Mt by 2050 (median values, middle-of-the-road scenario). From 2015 to 2050, the global share of organic waste declines from 47% to 39%, while all other waste type shares increase, especially paper. The share of waste treated in dumps declines from 28% to 18%, and more sustainable recycling, composting, and energy recovery treatments increase. Despite these increases, we estimate environmental loads to continue increasing in the future, although yearly plastic waste input into the oceans has reached a peak. Waste production does not appear to follow the environmental Kuznets curve, and current projections do not meet UN SDGs for waste reduction. Our study shows that a continuation of current trends and improvements is insufficient to reduce pressures on natural systems and achieve a circular economy. Relative to 2015, the amount of recycled waste would need to increase from 363 Mt to 740 Mt by 2030 to begin reducing unsustainable waste generation, compared to 519 Mt currently projected.
Multi-year data-model evaluation reveals the importance of nutrient availability over climate in arctic ecosystem C dynamics
Authors: López-Blanco Efrén , Jackowicz-Korczynski Marcin , Mastepanov Mikhail , Skov Kirstine , Westergaard-Nielsen Andreas , Williams Mathew , Christensen Torben R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Arctic tundra is a globally important store for carbon (C). However, there is a lack of reference sites characterising C exchange dynamics across annual cycles. Based on the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (GEM) programme, here we present 9–11 years of flux and ecosystem data across the period 2008–2018 from two wetland sites in Greenland: Zackenberg (74°N) and Kobbefjord (64°N). The Zackenberg fen was a strong C sink despite its higher latitude and shorter growing seasons compared to the Kobbefjord fen. On average the ecosystem in Zackenberg took up ∼−50 g C m−2 yr−1 (range of +21 to −90 g C m−2 yr−1), more than twice that of Kobbefjord (mean ∼−18 g C m−2 yr−1, and range of +41 to − 41 g C m−2 yr−1). The larger net carbon sequestration in Zackenberg fen was associated with higher leaf nitrogen (71%), leaf area index (140%), and plant quality (i.e. C:N ratio; 36%). Additional evidence from in-situ measurements includes 3 times higher levels of dissolved organic carbon in soils and 5 times more available plant nutrients, including dissolved organic nitrogen (N) and nitrates, in Zackenberg. Simulations using the soil-plant-atmosphere ecosystem model showed that Zackenberg’s stronger CO2 sink could be related to measured differences in plant nutrients, and their effects on photosynthesis and respiration. The model explained 69% of the variability of net ecosystem exchange of CO2, 80% for photosynthesis and 71% for respiration over 11 years at Zackenberg, similar to previous results at Kobbefjord (73%, 73%, and 50%, respectively, over 8 years). We conclude that growing season limitations of plant phenology on net C uptake have been more than counterbalanced by the increased leaf nutrient content at the Zackenberg site.
A note on the stability of nonsurjective 𝜖-isometries of Banach spaces
Authors: Cheng Lixin , Dong Yunbai 
Published: April 2020

Let

X
,
Y

X, Y

be Banach spaces, and let

f
:
X
→
Y

f: X\rightarrow Y

be an

ε
\varepsilon

-isometry with

f
(
0
)
=
0

f(0)=0

for some

ε
≥
0

\varepsilon \geq 0

. In this paper, we show that for every

x
∗

∈

X
∗

x^*\in X^*

, there exists

φ
∈

Y
∗

\varphi \in Y^*

with

‖
φ
‖
=
‖

x
∗

‖
≡
r

\|\varphi \|=\|x^*\|\equiv r

such that

|

⟨

x
∗

,
x
⟩
−
⟨
φ
,
f
(
x
)
⟩

|

≤
3
r
ε
,

∀

x
∈
X
.

\begin{equation} \big |\langle x^*,x\rangle -\langle \varphi ,f(x)\rangle \big |\leq 3r\varepsilon ,\;\;\forall \;x\in X.\nonumber \end{equation}

Moreover, the constant “3” is the best one in general.
Quinine exposure and the risk of acute kidney injury: a population-based observational study of older people
Authors: Duncan Andrew D S , Hapca Simona , De Souza Nicosha , Morales Daniel , Bell Samira 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
to establish and quantify any observable association between the exposure to community prescriptions for quinine and acute kidney injury (AKI) events in a population of older adults.

Design
two observational studies using the same dataset, a retrospective longitudinal cohort study and a self-controlled case series (SCCS).

Setting
NHS health board in Scotland.

Participants
older adults (60+ years) who received quinine prescriptions in Tayside, Scotland, between January 2004 and December 2015. The first study included 12,744 individuals. The SCCS cohort included 5,907 people with quinine exposure and more than or equal to one AKI event.

Main outcome measured
in the first study, multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for AKI comparing between episodes with and without recent quinine exposure after adjustment for demographics, comorbidities and concomitant medications. The SCCS study divided follow-up for each individual into periods ‘on’ and ‘off’ quinine, calculating incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for AKI adjusting for age.

Results
during the study period, 273,596 prescriptions for quinine were dispensed in Tayside. A total of 13,616 AKI events occurred during follow-up (crude incidence 12.5 per 100 person-years). In the first study, exposure to quinine before an episode of care was significantly associated with an increased probability of AKI (adjusted OR = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–1.33). In the SCCS study, exposure to quinine was associated with an increased relative incidence of AKI compared to unexposed periods (IRR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.15–1.26), with the greatest risk observed within 30 days following quinine initiation (IRR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.35–1.61).

Conclusion
community prescriptions for quinine in an older adult population are associated with an increased risk of AKI.
Bilateral facial palsy in an older person
Authors: Méreaux Jean-Loup , Hébant Benjamin , Magne Nicolas , Quesney Gérald , Lefaucheur Romain 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes and other related species that are transmitted through an infected tick bite. We report the case of an older patient presenting with bilateral facial palsy due to Lyme disease. Multiple non-specific clinical signs preceded facial palsy with falls, fatigue and pain of both legs especially during the night. Our case illustrates the difficulty to diagnose this infectious disease, especially in older patients who have rare outdoor activities and a low risk of tick exposure.
Systematic evaluation of machine learning methods for identifying human–pathogen protein–protein interactions
Authors: Chen Huaming , Li Fuyi , Wang Lei , Jin Yaochu , Chi Chi-Hung , Kurgan Lukasz , Song Jiangning , Shen Jun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn recent years, high-throughput experimental techniques have significantly enhanced the accuracy and coverage of protein–protein interaction identification, including human–pathogen protein–protein interactions (HP-PPIs). Despite this progress, experimental methods are, in general, expensive in terms of both time and labour costs, especially considering that there are enormous amounts of potential protein-interacting partners. Developing computational methods to predict interactions between human and bacteria pathogen has thus become critical and meaningful, in both facilitating the detection of interactions and mining incomplete interaction maps. In this paper, we present a systematic evaluation of machine learning-based computational methods for human–bacterium protein–protein interactions (HB-PPIs). We first reviewed a vast number of publicly available databases of HP-PPIs and then critically evaluate the availability of these databases. Benefitting from its well-structured nature, we subsequently preprocess the data and identified six bacterium pathogens that could be used to study bacterium subjects in which a human was the host. Additionally, we thoroughly reviewed the literature on ‘host–pathogen interactions’ whereby existing models were summarized that we used to jointly study the impact of different feature representation algorithms and evaluate the performance of existing machine learning computational models. Owing to the abundance of sequence information and the limited scale of other protein-related information, we adopted the primary protocol from the literature and dedicated our analysis to a comprehensive assessment of sequence information and machine learning models. A systematic evaluation of machine learning models and a wide range of feature representation algorithms based on sequence information are presented as a comparison survey towards the prediction performance evaluation of HB-PPIs.
Health indicators of the National Roma Integration Strategy in Spain in the years 2006 and 2014
Authors: La Parra-Casado Daniel , Arza-Porras Javier , Estévez Jesús Francisco 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
In 2011, the European Commission adopted the European framework for the National Roma Integration Strategies (NRISs) 2020, which focussed on four areas: education, employment, health and housing. In 2012 Spain approved its Strategy 2012–20, one of the central aims of which is to reduce social inequalities in health that affect the Roma population. Our objective was to analyze changes in health inequalities between the Roma population and the general population in Spain in the years 2006 and 2014.

Methods
The Spanish National Health Surveys (NHSs) 2006 (n = 29 478) and 2012 (n = 20 884) and the NHS of the Spanish Roma Population 2006 (n = 933) and 2014 (n = 1155) were compared. This study considered the variables included in NRIS 2012–20: self-perceived health, tobacco use in men, traffic accidents in men and women, obesity in women and gynaecological visits.

Results
Despite the adoption of the NRIS 2012–20, there were no observed improvements in health between 2006 and 2014 in the Roma population. Nor was there a reduction in inequalities in health concerning the general population in Spain. Also, there was no reduction in the health inequalities by gender for the two populations.

Conclusions
Health is determined in part by social factors including education, employment, housing and also by anti-Roma discourses and discrimination. Improving the health of the Roma population requires a multi-sectoral approach with a gender perspective.
Antibodies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Cure Strategies
Authors: Rossignol Evan , Alter Galit , Julg Boris 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to the establishment of a long-lived latent cellular reservoir. One strategy to eliminate quiescent reservoir cells is to reactivate virus replication to induce HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) expression on the cell surface exposing them to subsequent antibody targeting. Via the interactions between the antibody Fc domain and Fc-γ receptors (FcγRs) that are expressed on innate effector cells, such as natural killer cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, antibodies can mediate the elimination of infected cells. Over the last decade, a multitude of human monoclonal antibodies that are broadly neutralizing across many HIV-1 subtypes have been identified and are currently being explored for HIV eradication strategies. Antibody development also includes novel Fc engineering approaches to increase engagement of effector cells and optimize antireservoir efficacy. In this review, we discuss the usefulness of antibodies for HIV eradication approaches specifically focusing on antibody-mediated strategies to target latently infected cells and options to increase antibody efficacy.
A Technique for Dissecting the Salivary Glands From the Abdomens of Deer Keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena Nitzsch, 1818 and Neolipoptena Bequaert, 1942)
Authors: Skvarla Michael J , Poh Karen C , Evans Jesse R , Machtinger Erika 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Deer keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena Nitzsch, 1818 and Neolipoptena Bequaert, 1942) are hematophagous ectoparasites of cervids that occasionally bite other mammals, including humans. In recent years, a number of arthropod-borne pathogens have been sequenced from deer keds. However, it is unclear if the pathogens are just present in host blood in the gut or if the pathogens are present in other organs (e.g., salivary glands) that would suggest that keds are competent vectors. Like other hippoboscoid flies, deer keds have extensive salivary glands that extend through the thorax and into the abdomen, so simply disarticulating and sequencing the thorax and abdomen separately does not circumvent the issues surrounding whole-body sequencing. Herein, we describe a technique for dissecting the terminal portion of the salivary glands from the abdomen in order to screen the thorax and salivary glands separately from the abdomen for arthropod-borne pathogens.
Forced Migration Magnitude and violence in international crises: 1945–2015
Authors: Ben-Yehuda Hemda , Goldstein Rami 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study focuses on forced migration and interstate violence during international crises, as a major security concern with salient implications for international relations stability. The empirical data consists of 229 crises designated as Forced Migration Crises (FMC), identified within the 374 crises of the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project. The study outlines a framework for analyzing FMC compared with Non-Forced Migration Crises (NFMC), presents an index of Forced Migration Magnitude (FMM), and probes three hypotheses. It points to transformations in forced migration since WWII, compares crises with and without forced migration, and explores patterns of FMM and violence. Results lead to rejection of hypothesis 1 on similarities between FMC and NFMC, supporting hypothesis 2 on considerable diversity between them. Findings on extended scope, strategic locale, enduring forced migration problems and increased violence support hypothesis 3, challenging the placement of forced migration merely as a social or humanitarian domestic concern. Instead, results show a salient increase in FMM, coupled with more severe interstate violence and war, dangerously destabilizing regions worldwide. These patterns require the integration of forced migration within crisis frameworks, as a new research agenda, to understand the nature of forced migration in the 21st century and its impact.
CDPK6 phosphorylates and stabilizes MYB30 to promote hyperoside biosynthesis that prolongs the duration of full-blooming in okra
Authors: Yang Qing , Dong Biying , Wang Litao , Song Zhihua , Niu Lili , Li Hanghang , Cao Hongyan , Meng Dong , Fu Yujie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The flowers of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) open and wilt within only a few hours, and this is accompanied by accumulation of hyperoside, a secondary metabolite in the flavonoid pathway. However, little is known about the relationship between flavonoids and flowering. Here, we found that exogenous application of hyperoside extended the duration of the full-blooming period by more than 3-fold, and this was accompanied by a 14.7-fold increase in the expression of CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE6 (AeCDPK6). Gene expression profiling indicated that the transcription factor AeMYB30 was co-expressed with AeCDPK6, and detailed protein interaction and phosphorylation experiments together with yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated an interaction between AeMYB30 and AeCDPK6. AeCDPK6 specifically phosphorylated AeMYB30S191, leading to increased protein stability and prevention of degradation. Furthermore, AeMYB30 directly bound to the promoter of AeUF3GaT1, a key enzyme in the hyperoside biosynthesis pathway. Analysis of transgenic plants showed that AeCDPK6 was required for the hyperoside-induced phosphorylation of AeMYB30 to enhance its stability and transcriptional activity. Ectopic expression of AeCDPK6 promoted hyperoside accumulation and prolonged the full-blooming period in an AeMYB30-dependent manner. Our results indicate the role of AeCDPK6–AeMYB30 in the molecular mechanism by which hyperoside regulates the period of full blooming in okra, a plant with a short duration of flowering.
Mutations Upstream of the TBX5 and PITX1 Transcription Factor Genes Are Associated with Feathered Legs in the Domestic Chicken
Authors: Li Jingyi , Lee MiOk , Davis Brian W , Lamichhaney Sangeet , Dorshorst Ben J , Siegel Paul B , Andersson* Leif 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFeathered leg is a trait in domestic chickens that has undergone intense selection by fancy breeders. Previous studies have shown that two major loci controlling feathered leg are located on chromosomes 13 and 15. Here, we present genetic evidence for the identification of candidate causal mutations at these loci. This was accomplished by combining classical linkage mapping using an experimental cross segregating for feathered leg and high-resolution identical-by-descent mapping using whole-genome sequence data from 167 samples of chicken with or without feathered legs. The first predicted causal mutation is a single-base change located 25 kb upstream of the gene for the forelimb-specific transcription factor TBX5 on chromosome 15. The second is a 17.7-kb deletion located ∼200 kb upstream of the gene for the hindlimb-specific transcription factor PITX1 on chromosome 13. These mutations are predicted to activate TBX5 and repress PITX1 expression, respectively. The study reveals a remarkable convergence in the evolution of the feathered-leg phenotype in domestic chickens and domestic pigeons, as this phenotype is caused by noncoding mutations upstream of the same two genes. Furthermore, the PITX1 causal variants are large overlapping deletions, 17.7 kb in chicken and 44 kb in pigeons. The results of the present study are consistent with the previously proposed model for pigeon that feathered leg is caused by reduced PITX1 expression and ectopic expression of TBX5 in hindlimb buds resulting in a shift of limb identity from hindlimb to more forelimb-like identity.