bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory of Visual Attention (TVA) in Action: Assessing Premotor Attention in Simultaneous Eye-Hand Movements
Authors: Kreyenmeier Philipp , Deubel Heiner , Hanning Nina M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAttention shifts that precede goal-directed eye and hand movements are regarded as markers of motor target selection. Whether effectors compete for a single, shared attentional resource during simultaneous eye-hand movements or whether attentional resources can be allocated independently towards multiple target locations is controversially debated. Independent, effector-specific target selection mechanisms underlying parallel allocation of visuospatial attention to saccade and reach targets would predict an increase of the overall attention capacity with the number of active effectors. We test this hypothesis in a modified Theory of Visual Attention (TVA; Bundesen, 1990) paradigm. Participants reported briefly presented letters during eye, hand, or combined eye-hand movement preparation to centrally cued locations. Modeling the data according to TVA allowed us to assess both the overall attention capacity and the deployment of visual attention to individual locations in the visual work space. In two experiments, we show that attention is predominantly allocated to the motor targets – without pronounced competition between effectors. The parallel benefits at eye and hand targets, however, have concomitant costs at non-motor locations, and the overall attention capacity does not increase by the simultaneous recruitment of both effector systems. Moreover, premotor shifts of attention dominate over voluntary deployment of processing resources, yielding severe impairments of voluntary attention allocation. We conclude that attention shifts to multiple effector targets without mutual competition given that sufficient processing resources can be withdrawn from movement-irrelevant locations.
Semecarpus anacardiumLinn. leaf extract exhibits activities against breast cancer and prolongs the survival of tumor-bearing mice
Authors: Singh Rajesh Kumar , Mallik Bhagaban , Ranjan Amit , Tripathi Ruchita , Verma Sumit Singh , Sharma Vinamra , Gupta Subash Chandra , Singh Anil Kumar 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSemecarpus anacardiumLinn. is commonly used in various traditional medicines from ancient times. The nuts have been described in Ayurveda medication systems to treat numerous clinical ailments. However, isolating phytochemical constituents from nuts remains challenging and exhibits cytotoxic effects on other cells. In this study, we have standardized procedures for isolating phytochemicals from the leaf extract. The ethyl acetate leaf extract selectively affects cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner (IC50: 0.57 μg/ml in MCF-7 cells) in various cancer cell lines.Next, we examined if the extract incubation could induce cell cycle arrest and suppress cell migration in the cell culture model. Consistent with this idea, the leaf extract could potentially affect the aggressive migration nature of cancer cells. Moreover, oral administration of extract significantly restored tumor growth in mice. Together, these observations suggest the anti-cancer activities ofS. anacardiumleaf potential for both in vitro and in vivo models.Graphical Abstract
A hybrid optimal contribution approach to drive short-term gains while maintaining long-term sustainability in a modern plant breeding program
Authors: Santantonio Nicholas , Robbins Kelly 
Published: January 2020

1AbstractPlant breeding programs must adapt genomic selection to an already complex system. Inbred or hybrid plant breeding programs must make crosses, produce inbred individuals, and phenotype inbred lines or their hybrid test-crosses to select and validate superior material for product release. These products are few, and while it is clear that population improvement is necessary for continued genetic gain, it may not be sufficient to generate superior products. Rapid-cycle recurrent truncation genomic selection has been proposed to increase genetic gain by reducing generation time. This strategy has been shown to increase short-term gains, but can quickly lead to loss of genetic variance through inbreeding as relationships drive prediction. The optimal contribution of each individual can be determined to maximize gain in the following generation while limiting inbreeding. While optimal contribution strategies can maintain genetic variance in later generations, they suffer from a lack of short-term gains in doing so. We present a hybrid approach that branches out yearly to push the genetic value of potential varietal materials while maintaining genetic variance in the recurrent population, such that a breeding program can achieve short-term success without exhausting long-term potential. Because branching increases the genetic distance between the phenotyping pipeline and the recurrent population, this method requires sacrificing some trial plots to phenotype materials directly out of the recurrent population. We envision the phenotypic pipeline not only for selection and validation, but as an information generator to build predictive models and develop new products.
The small protein RmpD drives hypermucoviscosity inKlebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Walker Kimberly A. , Treat Logan P. , Miller Virginia L. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTKlebsiella pneumoniaehas a remarkable ability to cause a wide range of human diseases. It is divided into two broad classes: Classical strains that are a notable problem in healthcare settings due to multidrug resistance, and hypervirulent (hv) strains that are drug sensitive, but able to establish disease in immunocompetent hosts. Alarmingly, there has been an increased frequency of clinical isolates that have both drug resistance andhv-associated genes. One such gene isrmpAthat encodes a transcriptional regulator required for maximal capsule (cps) gene expression and confers hypermucoviscosity (HMV). This link has resulted in the assumption that HMV is caused by elevated capsule production. However, we recently reported a newcpsregulator, RmpC, and ΔrmpCmutants have reducedcpsexpression but remain HMV, suggesting that capsule and HMV may be separable traits. Here, we report the identification of a small protein, RmpD, that is essential for HMV, but does not impact capsule. RmpD is 58 residues with a putative N-terminal transmembrane domain and highly positively charged C-terminal half, and it is conserved among otherhv K. pneumoniaestrains. Expression ofrmpD in transcomplements both ΔrmpDand ΔrmpAmutants for HMV, suggesting that RmpD is the key driver of this phenotype. ThermpDgene is located betweenrmpAandrmpC, within an operon regulated by RmpA. This data, combined with our previous work, suggests a model in which the RmpA-associated phenotypes are largely due to RmpA activating the expression ofrmpDto produce HMV andrmpCto stimulatecpsexpression.SIGNIFICANCECapsule is a critical virulence factor inKlebsiella pneumoniae, in both antibiotic-resistant classical strains and hypervirulent strains. Hypervirulent strains usually have a hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype that contributes to their heightened virulence capacity, but the production of HMV is not understood. The transcriptional regulator RmpA is required for HMV and also activates capsule gene expression, leading to the assumption that HMV is caused by hyperproduction of capsule. We have identified a new gene (rmpD) required for HMV but does not contribute to capsule production. This distinction between HMV and capsule production will promote a better understanding of the mechanisms of hypervirulence, which is in great need given the alarming increase in clinical isolates with both drug resistance and hypervirulence traits.
Cryo-EM structures reveal two distinct conformational states in a picornavirus cell entry intermediate
Authors: Shah Pranav N.M. , Filman David J. , Karunatilaka Krishanthi S. , Hesketh Emma L. , Groppelli Elisabetta , Strauss Mike , Hogle James M. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTThe virions of enteroviruses such as poliovirus undergo a global conformational change after binding to the cellular receptor, characterized by a 4% expansion, and opening of holes at the two and quasi-three-fold symmetry axes of the capsid. The resultant particle is called a 135S particle or A-particle and is thought to be on the pathway to a productive infection. Previously published studies have concluded that the membrane interactive peptides, namely VP4 and the N-terminus of VP1, are irreversibly externalized in the 135S particle. However, using established protocols to produce the 135S particle, and single particle cryo-electron microscopy methods, we have identified at least two unique states that we call the early and late 135S particle. Surprisingly, only in the “late” 135S particles have detectable levels of the VP1 N-terminus trapped outside the capsid. Moreover, we observe a distinct density inside the capsid that can be accounted for by VP4 that remains associated with the genome. Taken together our results conclusively demonstrate that the 135S particle is not a unique conformation, but rather a family of conformations that could exist simultaneously.AUTHOR SUMMARYNonenveloped viruses need to provide mechanisms that allow their genomes to be delivered across membrane. This process remains poorly understood. For enterovirus such as poliovirus, genome delivery involves a program of conformational changes that include expansion of the particle and externalization of two normal internal peptides, VP4 and the VP1 N-terminus, which then insert into the cell membrane, triggering endocytosis and the creation of pores that facilitate the transfer of the viral RNA genome across the endosomal membrane. This manuscript describes five high-resolution cryo-EM structures of altered poliovirus particles that represent a number of intermediates along this pathway. The structures reveal several surprising findings, including the discovery of a new intermediate that is expanded but has not yet externalized the membrane interactive peptides, the clear identification of a unique exit site VP1 N-terminus, the demonstration that the externalized VP1 N-terminus partitions between two different sites in a temperature-dependent fashion, direct visualization of an amphipathic helix at the N-terminus of VP1 in an ideal position for interaction with cellular membranes, and the observation that a significant portion of VP4 remains inside the particle and accounts for a feature that had been previously ascribed to part of the viral RNA. These findings represent significant additions to our understanding of the cell entry process of an important class of human pathogens.
Short-term changes in polysaccharide utilization mechanisms of marine bacterioplankton during a spring phytoplankton bloom
Authors: Reintjes Greta , Fuchs Bernhard M. , Scharfe Mirco , Wiltshire Karen H. , Amann Rudolf , Arnosti Carol 
Published: January 2020

SummarySpring phytoplankton blooms in temperate environments contribute disproportionately to global marine productivity. Bloom-derived organic matter, much of it occurring as polysaccharides, fuels biogeochemical cycles driven by interacting autotrophic and heterotrophic communities. We tracked changes in the mode of polysaccharide utilization by heterotrophic bacteria during the course of a diatom-dominated bloom in the German Bight, North Sea. Polysaccharides can be taken up in a ‘selfish’ mode, where initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport into the periplasm, such that little to no low molecular weight (LMW) products are externally released to the environment. Alternatively, polysaccharides hydrolyzed by cell-surface attached or free extracellular enzymes (external hydrolysis) yield LMW products available to the wider bacterioplankton community. In the early bloom phase, selfish activity was accompanied by low extracellular hydrolysis rates of a few polysaccharides. As the bloom progressed, selfish uptake increased markedly, and external hydrolysis rates increased, but only for a limited range of substrates. The late bloom phase was characterized by high external hydrolysis rates of a broad range of polysaccharides, and reduced selfish uptake of polysaccharides, except for laminarin. Substrate utilization mode is related both to substrate structural complexity and to the bloom-stage dependent composition of the heterotrophic bacterial community.Originality statementThe means by which heterotrophic bacteria cooperate and compete to obtain substrates is a key factor determining the rate and location at which organic matter is cycled in the ocean. Much of this organic matter is high molecular weight (HMW), and must be enzymatically hydrolyzed to smaller pieces to be processed by bacterial communities. Some of these enzyme-producing bacteria are ‘selfish’, processing HMW organic matter without releasing low molecular weight (LMW) products to the environment. Other bacteria hydrolyze HMW substrates in a manner that releases LMW products to the wider bacterial community. How these mechanisms of substrate hydrolysis work against a changing background of organic matter supply is unclear. Here, we measured changing rates and mechanisms of substrate processing during the course of a natural phytoplankton bloom in the North Sea. Selfish bacteria generally dominate in the initial bloom stages, but a greater supply of increasingly complex substrates in later bloom stages leads to external hydrolysis of a wider range of substrates, increasing the supply of LMW hydrolysis products to the wider bacterial community.
A silent disco: Differential effects of beat-based and pattern-based temporal expectations on persistent entrainment of low-frequency neural oscillations
Authors: Bouwer Fleur L. , Fahrenfort Johannes J. , Millard Samantha K. , Kloosterman Niels A. , Slagter Heleen A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe brain uses temporal structure in the environment, like rhythm in music and speech, to predict the timing of events, thereby optimizing their processing and perception. Temporal expectations can be grounded in different aspects of the input structure, such as a regular beat or a predictable pattern. One influential account posits that a generic mechanism underlies beat-based and pattern-based expectations, namely entrainment of low frequency neural oscillations to rhythmic input, while other accounts assume different underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we addressed this outstanding issue by examining EEG activity and behavioral responses during silent periods following rhythmic auditory sequences. We measured responses outlasting the rhythms both to avoid confounding the EEG analyses with evoked responses, and to directly test whether beat-based and pattern-based expectations persist beyond stimulation, as predicted by entrainment theories. To properly disentangle beat-based and pattern-based expectations, which often occur simultaneously, we used non-isochronous rhythms with a beat, a predictable pattern, or random timing. In Experiment 1 (N = 32), beat-based expectations affected behavioral ratings of probe events for two beat-cycles after the end of the rhythm. The effects of pattern-based expectations reflected expectations for one interval. In Experiment 2 (N = 27), using EEG, we found enhanced spectral power at the beat frequency for beat-based sequences both during listening and silence. For pattern-based sequences, enhanced power at a pattern-specific frequency was present during listening, but not silence. Moreover, we found a difference in the evoked signal following pattern-based and beat-based sequences. Finally, we show how multivariate pattern decoding and multi scale entropy – measures sensitive to non-oscillatory components of the signal – can be used to probe temporal expectations. Together, our results suggest that the input structure used to form temporal expectations may affect the associated neural mechanisms. We suggest climbing activity and low-frequency oscillations may be differentially associated with pattern-based and beat-based expectations.
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase Ugd inE. coliis activated by Gmd and RffD, is inhibited by CheY, and regulates swarming
Authors: Rodionova Irina A. , Zhang Zhongge , Aboulwafa Mohammad , Saier Milton H. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTThe two most common mechanisms of polymyxin resistance in bacteria involve glycosylation of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and production of the exocapsular polysaccharide, colanic acid (CA). UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, Ugd, is required for both CA biosynthesis and LPS modification. We here show that Ugd is activated by the GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (Gmd, YefA, YefN), UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase (RffD, WecC), and ribonuclease HII (RnhB). The former two enzymes are involved in Lipid A and colanic acid biosyntheses, respectively, while RnhB cleaves RNA in RNA:DNA hybrids. Moreover, CheY inhibits the phosphorylated, activated form of Ugd (Ugd-P). Finally, Ugd is involved in the regulation of swarming, since augdmutant has an increased swarming rate, while Ugd overproduction inhibits swarming. Two-hybrid bacterial assays reveal direct interaction of Ugd with RssB (an anti-RpoS factor) and CheY in vivo.
Exploring the functional meaning of head shape disparity in aquatic snakes
Authors: Segall Marion , Cornette Raphaël , Godoy-Diana Ramiro , Herrel Anthony 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPhenotypic diversity, or disparity, can be explained by simple genetic drift or, if functional constraints are strong, by selection for ecologically relevant phenotypes. We here studied phenotypic disparity in head shape in aquatic snakes. We investigated whether conflicting selective pressures related to different functions have driven shape diversity and explore whether similar phenotypes may give rise to the same functional output (i.e. many-to-one mapping of form to function). We focused on the head shape of aquatically foraging snakes as they fulfil several fitness-relevant functions and show a large amount of morphological variability. We used 3D surface scanning and 3D geometric-morphometrics to compare the head shape of 62 species in a phylogenetic context. We first tested whether diet specialization and size are drivers of head shape diversification. Next, we tested for many-to-one mapping by comparing the hydrodynamic efficiency of head shapes characteristic of the main axis of variation in the dataset. We 3D printed these shapes and measured the forces at play during a frontal strike. Our results show that diet and size explain only a small amount of shape variation. Shapes did not functionally converge as more specialized aquatic species evolved a more efficient head shape than others. The shape disparity observed could thus reflect a process of niche specialization under a stabilizing selective regime.
ALeptosphaeria maculansset of isolates characterised on all available differentials and used as control to identify virulence frequencies in a current French population
Authors: Bousset L. , Ermel M. , Delourme R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe characterization of virulence frequencies has to be regularly updated to identify which genes are currently efficient and use this information to advise gene deployment by choosing varieties depending on the current composition of local pathogen population. InL. maculansonBrassica napus, because different genes were characterized by different teams, because new interactions are continuously identified and seed of differentials are difficult to obtain, we today still lack isolates characterized on all current resistance genes. On the one hand, we assembled a set of 12 isolates characterized on 13 of the 17 described resistance genes, having clearly compatible and clearly incompatible isolates for each interaction. This set can be used to characterize theL. maculans–B. napusinteraction at cotyledon stage. Expanding the set of isolates with clearly virulent ones allowed us to detect inconsistent behaviour or intermediate (avirulent) phenotypes. On the other hand, we used this set of isolates as controls to identify virulence frequencies in a current FrenchL. maculanspopulation sampled in 2018 at Le Rheu. We provide the current status for 13 avirulence frequencies, includingLepR1,LepR2andLepR3available in near isogenic lines of spring canola but not yet documented in France. Avirulence frequencies on the genesRlm1,Rlm2,Rlm3,Rlm4,Rlm7,Rlm9andLepR3were low, indicating the lack of efficacy of these genes against the current population. In the opposite, all or most of isolates were avirulent for the genesRlm5,Rlm6,Rlm10,Rlm11,LepR1andLepR2. An optimistic point of view could conclude that there are ample resources for oilseed rape breeding. However, as compared to previous studies, so far all the resistance genes used on significant acreage without additional management practices have lost efficacy and only avirulences corresponding to resistance genes not deployed in France retain efficacy. While the call to wisely manage the available host resistance genes is not recent, it is still relevant. Adding, management practices to the deployment of resistance genes in order to reduce inoculum carry-over from one growing season to the next and to lower population sizes is key to maintain their efficacy over time.
Reverse mentoring: a review of extant literature and recent trends
Authors: Garg Neha , Singh Pankaj 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
Reverse mentoring though widely discussed and adopted in practice, scholarly research on the same is scarce. This paper thus attempts to provide an overview of the extant literature and highlights the developments taking place in the practical arena so as to reveal the research-practice gap and identify new avenues with respect to the expanding role of reverse mentoring.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is based on the review of important developments in research and practice related to reverse mentoring.

Findings
Despite the multi-faceted benefits of reverse mentoring observed by practitioners, the academic literature is not only scarce but also confined to its vignettes and anecdotes. This review highlights how reverse mentoring has much more to offer than being just a tech-savvy tool.

Research limitations/implications
This review calls for abandoning the single-faceted outlook (of a tech-savvy tool) towards reverse mentoring by exploring the concept from a broader lens.

Originality/value
The insights covered in the review highlight the expanding scope of reverse mentoring and present future pathways both for researchers and practitioners. It inspires the readers to re-visit the concept and explore how it can deliver valuable outcomes especially with regards to the multi-generational workforce.
The role of curiosity in workplace automation
Authors: Horstmeyer Alison 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
This paper describes the ways automation and artificial intelligence are shifting the business landscape and how learning professionals can use curiosity to enhance their own and their organizations' success.

Design/methodology/approach
A review of theory and research on automation and artificial intelligence, curiosity, and learning and development challenges was conducted.

Findings
Although technological advancements are already transforming the workplace, the optimal benefits of these technologies will be realized only in collaboration with human capital. In particular, as certain manual and technical skills are replaced by automation, the jobs that remain will require more highly developed social and cognitive skills such as creative problem solving, interpersonal skills and empathy, and adaptability and continuous learning.

Practical implications
Learning professionals are encouraged to use strategies that leverage the power of curiosity to cultivate the soft skills critical for success in technologically advanced workplaces.

Originality/value
Technological advancement creates an ever-changing organizational and learning landscape for employees and development professionals. Cost-effective strategies are needed to close the growing skill gaps that result. Curiosity is a helpful tool for growing needed competencies.