bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parkinson’s disease: etiopathogenesis and treatment
Authors: Jankovic Joseph , Tan Eng King 
Published: June 2020

The concept of ‘idiopathic’ Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a single entity has been challenged with the identification of several clinical subtypes, pathogenic genes and putative causative environmental agents. In addition to classic motor symptoms, non-motor manifestations (such as rapid eye movement sleep disorder, anosmia, constipation and depression) appear at prodromic/premotor stage and evolve, along with cognitive impairment and dysautonomia, as the disease progresses, often dominating the advanced stages of the disease. The key molecular pathogenic mechanisms include α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of protein clearance (associated with deficient ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems), neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The involvement of dopaminergic as well as noradrenergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic and adenosine pathways provide insights into the rich and variable clinical phenomenology associated with PD and the possibility of alternative therapeutic approaches beyond traditional dopamine replacement therapies.One of the biggest challenges in the development of potential neuroprotective therapies has been the lack of reliable and sensitive biomarkers of progression. Immunotherapies such as the use of vaccination or monoclonal antibodies directed against aggregated, toxic α-synuclein.as well as anti-aggregation or protein clearance strategies are currently investigated in clinical trials. The application of glucagon-like peptide one receptor agonists, specific PD gene target agents (such as GBA or LRRK2 modifiers) and other potential disease modifying drugs provide cautious optimism that more effective therapies are on the horizon. Emerging therapies, such as new symptomatic drugs, innovative drug delivery systems and novel surgical interventions give hope to patients with PD about their future outcomes and prognosis.
Prognostic value of weight loss in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study
Authors: Janse van Mantgem Mark R , van Eijk Ruben P A , van der Burgh Hannelore K , Tan Harold H G , Westeneng Henk-Jan , van Es Michael A , Veldink Jan H , van den Berg Leonard H 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and prognostic value of weight loss (WL) prior to diagnosis in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsWe enrolled patients diagnosed with ALS between 2010 and 2018 in a population-based setting. At diagnosis, detailed information was obtained regarding the patient’s disease characteristics, anthropological changes, ALS-related genotypes and cognitive functioning. Complete survival data were obtained. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between WL and the risk of death during follow-up.ResultsThe data set comprised 2420 patients of whom 67.5% reported WL at diagnosis. WL occurred in 71.8% of the bulbar-onset and in 64.2% of the spinal-onset patients; the mean loss of body weight was 6.9% (95% CI 6.8 to 6.9) and 5.5% (95% CI 5.5 to 5.6), respectively (p<0.001). WL occurred in 35.1% of the patients without any symptom of dysphagia. WL is a strong independent predictor of survival, with a dose response relationship between the amount of WL and the risk of death: the risk of death during follow-up increased by 23% for every 10% increase in WL relative to body weight (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.51, p<0.001).ConclusionsThis population-based study shows that two-thirds of the patients with ALS have WL at diagnosis, which also occurs independent of dysphagia, and is related to survival. Our results suggest that WL is a multifactorial process that may differ from patient to patient. Gaining further insight in its underlying factors could prove essential for future therapeutic measures.
Finsler geometries from topological electromagnetism
Authors: Crişan Adina V. , Vancea Ion V. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe analyse the Finsler geometries of the kinematic space of spinless and spinning electrically charged particles in an external Rañada field. We consider the most general actions that are invariant under the Lorentz, electromagnetic gauge and reparametrization transformations. The Finsler geometries form a set parametrized by the gauge fields in each case. We give a simple method to calculate the fundamental objects of the Finsler geometry of the kinematic space of a particle in a generic electromagnetic field. Then we apply this method to calculate the geodesic equations of the spinless and spinning particles. Also, we show that the electromagnetic duality in the Rañada background induces a simple dual map in the set of Finsler geometries. The duality map has a simple interpretation in terms of an electrically charged particle that interacts with the electromagnetic potential and a magnetically charged particle that interacts with the dual magnetoelectric potential. We exemplify the action of the duality map by calculating the dual geodesic equation.
PECULIARITIES OF CREATING INTERACTIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN VOCATIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE MEDICAL SPECIALISTS
Authors: Melnychuk І. М. 
Published: June 2020

The article deals with the actuality of creating interactive educational environment in vocational training of future specialists of medical field. The interactive study is considered in a context of pedagogical dialogue and cooperation. It has been generalized that interactive learning dialogue gives an opportunity for lecturers to establish the level of understanding theoretical material by future specialists, to identify the formation of students’ abilities and skills. Students can explain the essence, specific, direction and purpose of performing certain professional actions that is of particular importance in the vocational training of future medical specialists.
The use of interactions in medical institutions of higher education contributes to the creation of interactive learning environment and is directed to stimulation of mental, emotional, social activity and independence in the practical activities of students. The main features of interactive learning environment have been specified: high level of communication intensity of its participants; dynamic and variety of types, forms and methods of communicative interaction; purposeful reflection of lecturers and students of their actions and organized interaction. It has been generalized that interactive technologies are technologies of cooperation of the subjects of pedagogical interaction. Therefore, interactive learning is considered a pedagogical process, which is a set of regular, consistent active interactions between a lecturer and students in order to develop them. Such as development is internal, personal process, which is, first of all, regulated by the student (self-development), the main function of the lecturer, in the process of interactive learning, is creating optimal conditions for student’s self-development, development of his/her individuality, subjectivity and adjustment of this process.
The basis of interactive learning is dialogue interrelations. Dialogue in the interactive learning is considered as communicative process of real or imaginary partners, during which information is exchanged, identifying points of view, meaningful positions, value orientations and personal meanings of the participants of interactive cooperation are revealed.
LATIN SAYINGS AS AN EDUCATIONAL ASPECT FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS
Authors: Prokop I. A. , Savaryn T. V. , Navolska H. I. 
Published: June 2020

The research is aimed at deepening and extending the knowledge regarding interpretation of Latin sayings and their role in the formation of future doctors’ professional culture. The use of Latin idioms for healthy lifestyle promotion since antiquity has been analysed. The aphorisms, one way or another characterizing human physical health, are divided into four theme groups depending on the meaningful context.
The first group is represented by the phrases, in which human health is directly related to food and hygiene. The second group of aphorisms calls for constant work both physical and mental, since it is regular and unceasing work on oneself that can lead to physical and spiritual health. The third group is aimed at human physiological health and formation of decision-making capacity with regard to enhancing one’s health, as well as developing habits and, further, need for keeping to hygienic rules and maintaining neatness of one’s body. The fourth group symbolizes hard work and patience for the sake of victory over one’s own nature.
Upon the analysis of the meaning of the word “health” in the Latin phraseology, it has been determined that organism integrity and strength are the main health characteristics. Peace of mind, good sleep, healthy food, moderate eating and drinking, as well as hardening, ignoring worries, cheerful disposition, loyal friends, physical exercises, etc. are needed for maintaining healthy lifestyle.
DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE ACTIVITY
Authors: Protsyk H. M. 
Published: June 2020

It has been investigated different approaches to the definition of the concepts of “cognitive activity”, “cognitive functioning” and “cognitive autonomy”. Their comparisons have also been made. As a result we have found that cognitive function as a form of mental activity is aimed at cognition, perception and thinking of the learning subject. Cognitive activity is characterized as a personality trait that manifests itself in its relation to the process of cognition, readiness and desire for cognitive activity. It is proved that cognitive autonomy is a quality of the personality, which is inherent in the desire and ability without the help (independently) to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills, to solve tasks.
The means, methods and conditions for improvement of students’ cognitive activity are determined i.e. a game as a way of activating cognitive functioning, project method, cognitive tasks, modeling, independent work, vocabulary work, web quest technology, project activity. It is concluded that all of them are focused on the students’ creative work, on the avoiding of the standard form of conducting classes and changing of thinking and participation of both the student and the teacher. It is noted the essential role of the teacher in the process of using such activities while working with students. The contemplative and guiding functions of the teacher in the learning process are distinguished. The importance of creating a work atmosphere comfortable for all participants is emphasized.
Emphasis is placed on the fact that cognitive activity begins with activity, independence, initiative, desire to know more, go beyond what is already known. It is noted that the relationship between the student and the teacher has moved to the subject-subjective level, which enables the student to independently plan his/her activity, predict the results, be responsible for the final result of learning i.e. knowledge acquisition, comprehensive development and ability to work.
CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE PRACTICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Authors: Synyshyna V. M. 
Published: June 2020

The scientific achievements of leading scientists on the selected theme are analyzed and leading ideas, concepts, and main definitions of the research are identified in the article.
The creation of proper psycho-didactic conditions in institutions of higher education, which serve as a basis for the formation of professionally significant competences, the development of personal creative potential and active public position in future practical psychologists, is updated. It is argumented that the educational system built on the conceptual foundations of professional training makes it possible to effectively content the educational disciplines, and therefore effective fundamental knowledge, professional-oriented skills, advanced skills, professional norms and values, which have the highest degree of generalization of social phenomena and processes.
It is proved that the concept of the study of practical psychology combines professional methodological, philosophical and general scientific principles and scientific-methodological approaches, which are directed at the revealing future professional activity. The outlined conceptual foundations of professional training allow us to modify the educational process in higher education according to the individual needs of future practical psychologists.
The methodological analysis of educational phenomenon of practical psychology in institutions of higher education on four basic levels is offered: philosophical-theoretical (evolutionary-theoretical formation of the specialist and his or her effective functioning), methodological (formation of the system of world-view and semantic individual formations for realization of individual’s educational skills and abilities), specific-scientific (acquisition of fundamental knowledge about professional activities) and technological (effective use of methods and techniques of research for acquisition of true empirical knowledge).
The conclusion about the importance of outlining of conceptual foundations in the system of professional training of future practical psychologists is made.
Preservation and Changes in Oscillatory Dynamics across the Cortical Hierarchy
Authors: Lundqvist Mikael , Bastos André M. , Miller Earl K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Theta (2–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (12–35 Hz), and gamma (&gt;35 Hz) rhythms are ubiquitous in the cortex. However, there is little understanding of whether they have similar properties and functions in different cortical areas because they have rarely been compared across them. We record neuronal spikes and local field potentials simultaneously at several levels of the cortical hierarchy in monkeys. Theta, alpha, beta, and gamma oscillations had similar relationships to spiking activity in visual, parietal, and prefrontal cortices. However, the frequencies in all bands increased up the cortical hierarchy. These results suggest that these rhythms have similar inhibitory and excitatory functions across the cortex. We discuss how the increase in frequencies up the cortical hierarchy may help sculpt cortical flow and processing.
Adverse weather reduces the spatial use of an opportunistic gull
Authors: Zorrozua Nere , Delgado Sergio , Aldalur Asier , Arizaga Juan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Studying the individual or population response of species to variations in weather is gaining impetus due to increased interest in quantifying the effect of global change on biodiversity. Our goal here was to test the role of meteorological conditions (particularly extreme weather) on the activity budget of a generalist seabird species during its breeding season. To this end we used data from GPS-tracked adult yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis). Precipitation and wind had a significant impact on spatial use, reducing foraging distances and forcing gulls to spend a longer period within the colony and promoting a change in habitat use. The results suggest that rainfall and wind forced breeding gulls to desist from the area and habitats used under favourable weather, which might affect chicks’ food provisioning. In a future with increasing rainfall and a higher number of extreme bad weather events, investigation should be conducted to establish the extent to which reduction in spatial use may negatively impact reproduction and, hence, demography.
“this little people of searchers”
Authors: Kiryushina Galina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This essay revisits Samuel Beckett’s prose text The Lost Ones by situating it within the broader contexts of anthropology and documentary cinema. The period of its composition (1965–1970) coincides with Beckett’s concentrated work for, and direct involvement in, film and television, an experience that was also reflected in his drama and prose fiction. Reading the text’s narrative voice as adopting the technique of extradiegetic voice-over—the ‘voice of God,’ a common feature of classical documentaries—the essay explores Beckett’s critique of such a representational strategy.
Controversies in the Workup and Surgical Management of Parotid Neoplasms
Authors: Moore Michael G. , Yueh Bevan , Lin Derrick T. , Bradford Carol R. , Smith Richard V. , Khariwala Samir S. 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveParotid neoplasms are a rare heterogeneous group of tumors with varied clinical presentation and behavior. Here we provide an evidence‐based review of the contemporary approach to evaluation and surgical management of parotid tumors.Data SourcePubMed and Web of Science Databases.Review MethodsSearches of the PubMed and Web of Science databases were performed on subjects related to the diagnosis and surgical management of parotid neoplasms. Particular emphasis was placed on the following areas: evaluation of parotid tumors, including imaging workup and the utility of fine‐needle aspiration; extent of surgery of the primary lesion, including the extent of parotidectomy as well as oncologic management of the facial nerve; the extent of surgery of involved and at‐risk cervical lymphatics; and parotid bed reconstruction. Articles published from 2014 to the present were prioritized, supplementing with information from prior studies in areas where data are lacking.ConclusionA summary of the literature in these areas is outlined to provide an evidence‐based approach to evaluation and management of parotid neoplasms.Implications for PracticeWhile data are available to help guide many aspects of workup and management of parotid neoplasms, further research is needed to refine protocols for this heterogeneous group of diseases.
Documentation of normal shape and measurements of the uterine fundus at reproductive age
Authors: Aouad Pascale , Serhal Ali , Dion Elisabeth , Buy Jean-Noël 
Published: June 2020

Background The diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies and the differentiation between different subtypes is based on various sets of measurements that are difficult to implement during daily workflow. Purpose To describe the shape and range of measurements of the normal uterus at the fundus in women of reproductive age. Material and Methods This retrospective study was conducted on 200 pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of female patients of reproductive age with normal uteri divided into three age groups (15–24 years, 25–34 years, 35–45 years). The shape of the endometrium and serosa were documented. The thickness from the external to the internal fundic contour and the intercornual distance were measured. Results The shape of endometrium is most commonly concave or flat but is not uncommonly convex. The shape of the serosa is convex in most cases but can be flat or concave. There is a progressive increase in thickness at the fundus with increased age with mean values of 10.8, 12.3, and 13.6 mm and ranges of 5.6–15.8 mm, 7–18.7 mm, and 7.3–19.8 mm, respectively, in the first, second, and third age groups. There is a progressive increase in intercornual distance with age with mean values of 41.4, 44.5, 47.2 mm and ranges of 30.6–50.7 mm, 31.5–57.3 mm, and 35.2–61 mm, respectively, in the first, second, and third age groups. Conclusion Our study reports the range of normality in shape and measurement of the uterine fundus to aid in the detection of congenital uterine abnormalities.
External validation of Risk of Malignancy Index compared to IOTA Simple Rules
Authors: Mulder Esmee E , Gelderblom Malou E , Schoot Dick , Vergeldt Tineke FM , Nijssen Donna L , Piek Jurgen MJ 
Published: June 2020

Background Mathematical predictive models for ovarian tumors have an advantage over subjective assessment due to their relative simplicity, and therefore usefulness for less experienced sonographers. It is currently unclear which predictive model is best at predicting the nature of an ovarian tumor. Purpose To compare the diagnostic predictive accuracy of the International Ovarian Tumour Analysis Simple Rules (IOTA SR) with Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI), to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Material and Methods A total of 202 women diagnosed with ovarian tumor(s) were included. Preoperatively, patients were examined through transvaginal ultrasonography and CA-125 (U/mL) levels were measured. RMI and IOTA SR were determined, and where possible compared to definitive histopathological diagnosis. Results Of the 202 women with ovarian tumors, 168 women were included in this cohort study. Of these tumors, 118 (70.2%) were benign, 17 (10.1%) were borderline, and 33 (19.7%) were malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the RMI were 72.0%, 90.7%, and 0.896, respectively. For the IOTA SR, these were 90.0%, 68.6%, and 0.793, respectively. Conclusion This cohort study shows that the RMI is a relatively useful diagnostic model in characterizing ovarian tumors, compared to the IOTA SR. However, due to the relatively low sensitivity of the RMI and high rate of inconclusive results of the IOTA SR, both diagnostic tests do not seem discriminative enough. Therefore, alternative diagnostic models are necessary.
Endovascular treatment of the vertebral artery origin stenosis by using the closed-cell, self-expandable Carotid Wallstent
Authors: Ko Jun-Kyeung , Choi Chang-Hwa , Hwangbo Lee , Suh Hie-Bum , Lee Tae-Hong , Cho Han-Jin , Sung Sang-Min 
Published: June 2020

Background Endovascular treatment has been considered a good alternative to surgery for symptomatic vertebral artery origin stenosis (VAOS) due to the high risk of morbidity associated with surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of insertion of the closed-cell, self-expandable Carotid Wallstent for the treatment of VAOS. Methods The records of 72 patients with VAOS refractory to adequate medication who were treated by endovascular treatment with the Carotid Wallstent from December 2006 to November 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Results Of the 72 patients, 43 presented with transient ischemic attacks. Forty-seven patients (65.3%) manifested other brachiocephalic stenoses; of these, 40 patients had occlusion, hypoplasia, or stenosis of the contralateral vertebral artery. Overall technical success (defined as 20% or less residual stenosis) was 100%. Procedure-related complications ( n = 8, 11.1%) included sudden asystole ( n = 1), acute in-stent thrombosis ( n = 3), minor stroke ( n = 3), and stent shortening ( n = 1). All complications were resolved without permanent neurological deficit. Angiographic follow-up (mean, 13.0 months) was achieved in 49 patients and revealed in-stent restenosis in 1 patient (2.0%) and stent malposition by shortening in 2 patients (4.1%). Follow-up records were available in 57 patients (mean 15.6 months). Three of the 57 patients ( n = 3, 5.3%) had recurrent symptoms of vertebrobasilar ischemia and none was retreated. Conclusions Endovascular treatment of symptomatic VAOS using the closed-cell, self-expandable Carotid Wallstent is technically feasible and effective in alleviating patient symptoms and for improving vertebrobasilar blood flow.