bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New management approaches to tuberculosis in people living with HIV
Authors: Mhango David V. , Mzinza David T. , Jambo Kondwani C. , Mwandumba Henry C. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
People living with HIV (PLWH) are commonly coinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, particularly in high-transmission resource-limited regions. Despite expanded access to antiretroviral therapy and tuberculosis (TB) treatment, TB remains the leading cause of death among PLWH. This review discusses recent advances in the management of TB in PLWH and examines emerging therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes of HIV-associated TB.

Recent findings
Three recent key developments have transformed the management of HIV-associated TB. First, the scaling-up of rapid point-of-care urine-based tests for screening and diagnosis of TB in PLWH has facilitated early case detection and treatment. Second, increasing the availability of potent new and repurposed drugs to treat drug-resistant TB has generated optimism about the treatment and outcome of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB. Third, expanded access to the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir to treat HIV in resource-limited regions has simplified the management of TB/HIV coinfected patients and minimized serious adverse events.

Summary
While it is unequivocal that substantial progress has been made in early detection and treatment of HIV-associated TB, significant therapeutic challenges persist. To optimize the management and outcomes of TB in HIV, therapeutic approaches that target the pathogen as well as enhance the host response should be explored.
18F-Fluoromisonidazole PET in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease Presenting With Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesion
Authors: Mitamura Katsuya , Norikane Takashi , Takata Tadayuki , Yamamoto Yuka , Nishiyama Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Tumefactive demyelinating lesions have been appreciated as part of the clinical and radiological spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated disease. A 63-year-old woman was followed up for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated disease. Two years later, she presented with right facial paralysis. T2-weighted MRI scan demonstrated a high-signal-intensity area with edematous change in the right frontal lobe, and partial enhancement was shown on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image. This contrast-enhanced area showed increased 18F-fluoromisonidazole uptake.
Solitary Femoral Nodal Metastasis Identified With 68Ga–Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT
Authors: Hilliar Luke , Yip Joshua Wei Liang , Wong Veronica Chi Ken , Le Ken , Mansberg Robert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A 66-year-old man was referred for a 68Ga–prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT scan for primary staging of Gleason 8 prostatic adenocarcinoma. The PET/CT images confirmed PSMA activity in the bilateral prostatic apex in keeping with the known malignancy. An intensely PSMA-avid focus was also noted in a nonenlarged right femoral lymph node with no evidence of PSMA-avid metastatic disease elsewhere. Subsequent core biopsy and histopathology confirmed a solitary metastatic focus of prostatic adenocarcinoma in a right femoral lymph node.
Parathyroid Carcinoma With Marked Uptake of 99mTcO4 −
Authors: Pirayesh Elahe , Tavakoli Mehrdad 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A 51-year-old man with a palpable neck mass and elevated parathyroid hormone was referred to our department for parathyroid scintigraphy. After injection of 740 MBq 99mTc-MIBI, a dual-phase scan was obtained, which revealed a persistent and intense focal hyperactivity in the left side of the neck (compatible with the neck mass). Thyroid scan with 99mTcO4
− also showed increased uptake of the mass, similar to a hot thyroid nodule. After surgery, parathyroid carcinoma was confirmed pathologically. This case demonstrates a rare presentation of parathyroid carcinoma as a hot nodule in thyroid scan, which has been attributed to hypervascularity of the lesion.
Attention driven phantom vision: measuring the sensory strength of attentional templates and their relation to visual mental imagery and aphantasia
Authors: Keogh Rebecca , Pearson Joel 
Published: December 2020

When we search for an object in an array or anticipate attending to a future object, we create an ‘attentional template' of the object. The definitions of attentional templates and visual imagery share many similarities as well as many of the same neural characteristics. However, the phenomenology of these attentional templates and their neural similarities to visual imagery and perception are rarely, if ever discussed. Here, we investigate the relationship between these two forms of non-retinal phantom vision through the use of the binocular rivalry technique, which allows us to measure the sensory strength of attentional templates in the absence of concurrent perceptual stimuli. We find that attentional templates correlate with both feature-based attention and visual imagery. Attentional templates, like imagery, were significantly disrupted by the presence of irrelevant visual stimuli, while feature-based attention was not. We also found that a special population who lack the ability to visualize (aphantasia), showed evidence of feature-based attention when measured using the binocular rivalry paradigm, but not attentional templates. Taken together, these data suggest functional similarities between attentional templates and visual imagery, advancing the theory of visual imagery as a general simulation tool used across cognition.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.
Comparing the phenomenological qualities of stimulus-independent thought, stimulus-dependent thought and dreams using experience sampling
Authors: Gross M. E. , Smith A. P. , Graveline Y. M. , Beaty R. E. , Schooler J. W. , Seli P. 
Published: December 2020

Humans spend a considerable portion of their lives engaged in ‘stimulus-independent thoughts' (SIT), or mental activity that occurs independently of input from the immediate external environment. Although such SITs are, by definition, different from thoughts that are driven by stimuli in one's external environment (i.e. stimulus-dependent thoughts; SDTs), at times, the phenomenology of these two types of thought appears to be deceptively similar. But how similar are they? We address this question by comparing the content of two types of SIT (dreaming and waking SITs) with the content of SDTs. In this 7 day, smartphone-based experience-sampling procedure, participants were intermittently probed during the day and night to indicate whether their current thoughts were stimulus dependent or stimulus independent. They then responded to content-based items indexing the qualitative aspects of their experience (e.g. My thoughts were jumping from topic to topic). Results indicate substantial distinctiveness between these three types of thought: significant differences between at least two of the three mental states were found across every measured variable. Implications are discussed.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.
Neuromodulation of the mind-wandering brain state: the interaction between neuromodulatory tone, sharp wave-ripples and spontaneous thought
Authors: O'Callaghan Claire , Walpola Ishan C. , Shine James M. 
Published: December 2020

Mind-wandering has become a captivating topic for cognitive neuroscientists. By now, it is reasonably well described in terms of its phenomenology and the large-scale neural networks that support it. However, we know very little about what neurobiological mechanisms trigger a mind-wandering episode and sustain the mind-wandering brain state. Here, we focus on the role of ascending neuromodulatory systems (i.e. acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine) in shaping mind-wandering. We advance the hypothesis that the hippocampal sharp wave-ripple (SWR) is a compelling candidate for a brain state that can trigger mind-wandering episodes. This hippocampal rhythm, which occurs spontaneously in quiescent behavioural states, is capable of propagating widespread activity in the default network and is functionally associated with recollective, associative, imagination and simulation processes. The occurrence of the SWR is heavily dependent on hippocampal neuromodulatory tone. We describe how the interplay of neuromodulators may promote the hippocampal SWR and trigger mind-wandering episodes. We then identify the global neuromodulatory signatures that shape the evolution of the mind-wandering brain state. Under our proposed framework, mind-wandering emerges due to the interplay between neuromodulatory systems that influence the transitions between brain states, which either facilitate, or impede, a wandering mind.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation'.
The morphogenetic protein CotE drives exosporium formation by positioning CotY and ExsY during sporulation ofBacillus cereus
Authors: Lablaine Armand , Serrano Monica , Chamot Stéphanie , Bornard Isabelle , Carlin Frédéric , Henriques Adriano O. , Broussolle Véronique 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTThe exosporium is the outermost spore layer of someBacillusandClostridiumspecies and related organisms. It mediates interactions of spores with their environment, modulates spore adhesion and germination and could be implicated in pathogenesis. The exosporium is composed of a crystalline basal layer, formed mainly by the two cysteine-rich proteins CotY and ExsY, and surrounded by a glycoprotein hairy nap. The morphogenetic protein CotE is necessary forBacillus cereusexosporium integrity, but how CotE directs exosporium assembly remains unknown. Here, we followed the localization of SNAP-tagged CotE, -CotY and -ExsY duringB. cereussporulation, using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and evidenced interactions among these proteins. CotE, CotY and ExsY are present as complexes at all sporulation stages and follow a similar localization pattern during endospore formation that is reminiscent of the localization ofBacillus subtilisCotE. We show thatB. cereusCotE drives the formation of one cap at both forespore poles by positioning CotY and then guides forespore encasement by ExsY, thereby promoting exosporium elongation. By these two actions, CotE ensures the formation of a complete exosporium. Importantly, we demonstrate that the assembly of the exosporium is not a unidirectional process as previously proposed but it is performed through the formation of two caps, as observed duringB. subtiliscoat morphogenesis. It appears that a general principle governs the assembly of the spore surface layers ofBacillaceae.IMPORTANCESpores ofBacillaceaeare enveloped in a glycoprotein outermost layer. In theB. cereusgroup, encompassing theB. anthracisandB. cereuspathogens, this layer is easily recognizable by a characteristic balloon-like appearance separated from the underlying coat by an interspace. In spite of its importance for the environmental interactions of spores, including those with host cells, the mechanism of assembly of the exosporium is poorly understood. We used super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to directly visualize formation of the exosporium during sporulation ofB. cereusand we studied the localization and interactions of proteins essential for exosporium morphogenesis. We discovered that these proteins form a morphogenetic scaf-fold, before a complete exosporium or coat are detectable. We describe how the different proteins localize to the scaffold and how they subsequently assemble around the spore and we present a model for the assembly of the exosporium.
Computable EarlyC. elegansEmbryo with a Data-driven Phase Field Model
Authors: Kuang Xiangyu , Guan Guoye , Wong Ming-Kin , Chan Lu-Yan , Zhao Zhongying , Tang Chao , Zhang Lei 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYMorphogenesis is a precise and robust dynamic process during metazoan embryogenesis, consisting of both cell proliferation and cell migration. Despite the fact that much is known about specific regulations at the molecular level, how cell proliferation and migration together drive the morphogenesis at the cellular and organismic levels is not well understood. Here, usingCaenorhabditis elegansas the model animal, we present a data-driven phase field model to compute the early embryonic morphogenesis within a confined eggshell. By using three-dimensional time-lapse cellular morphological information generated by imaging experiments to set the model parameters, we can not only reproduce the precise evolution of cell location, cell shape and cell-cell contact relationshipin vivo, but also reveal the critical roles of cell division and cellcell attraction in governing the early development ofC. elegansembryo. In brief, we provide a generic approach to compute the embryonic morphogenesis and decipher the underlying mechanisms.
Revisiting the phosphorite deposit of Fontanarejo (central Spain): new window into the early Cambrian evolution of sponges and into the microbial origin of phosphorites
Authors: Reitner Joachim , Luo Cui , Suarez-Gonzales Pablo , Duda Jan-Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFossils within early Cambrian phosphorites worldwide are often well preserved due to early diagenetic permineralization. Here, we examine the fossil record contained within phosphorites of the Lower Cambrian Pusa Formation (late Fortunian to Cambrian Stage 2) in Fontanarejo, central Spain. The sedimentology and age of these phosphorites have been controversial and are here reviewed and discussed, providing also a updated geological map. The Pusa Formation is composed of fine clastic sediments that are partly turbiditic, with channels of quartz-rich conglomerates and abundant phosphorites in the upper part of the succession. The microfacies and mineralogy of these channel deposits are studied here for the first time in detail, showing that they are mainly composed of subspherical apatite clasts, with minor mudstone intraclasts, quartzite and mica grains. Numerous sponge spicules, as well as entirely preserved hexactinellid sponges and demosponges, were collected within these phosphorites and likely represent stem groups. In addition to sponges, other fossils, such as small shelly fossils (SSF) of the molluskAnabarellasp., were found. The phosphorites exhibit multiple evidence of intense microbial activity, including diverse fabrics (phosphatic oncoidal-like microbialites, thrombolites, stromatolites, and cements) and abundant fossils of filamentous microbes that strongly resemble sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Our findings strongly suggest that microbial processes mediated the rapid formation of most of the Fontanarejo apatite, probably accounting for the exceptional preservation of fragile fossils such as sponge skeletons. The apparent presence of taxonomically diverse hexactinellid and demosponge communities by the lowermost Cambrian further corroborates a Precambrian origin of the phylum Porifera.
The landscape of driver mutations in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chang Darwin , Shain A. Hunter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a form of skin cancer originating from keratinocytes in the skin. It is the second most common type of cancer and is responsible for an estimated 8000 deaths per year in the United States. Compared to other cancer subtypes with similar incidences and death tolls, our understanding of the somatic mutations driving cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is limited. The main challenge is that these tumors have high mutation burdens, primarily a consequence of UV-radiation-induced DNA damage from sunlight, making it difficult to distinguish driver mutations from passenger mutations. We overcame this challenge by performing a meta-analysis of publicly available sequencing data covering 105 tumors from 10 different studies. Moreover, we eliminated tumors with issues, such as low neoplastic cell content, and from the tumors that passed quality control, we utilized multiple strategies to reveal genes under selection. In total, we nominated 30 cancer genes. Among the more novel genes, mutations frequently affectedEP300,PBRM1,USP28, andCHUK. Collectively, mutations in the NOTCH and p53 pathways were ubiquitous, and to a lesser extent, mutations affected genes in the Hippo pathway, genes in the Ras/MAPK/PI3K pathway, genes critical for cell-cycle checkpoint control, and genes encoding chromatin remodeling factors. Taken together, our study provides a catalogue of driver genes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, offering points of therapeutic intervention and insights into the biology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
A fit for purpose pedagogy: Online learning designing and teaching
Authors: Cohen Jay Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
As online learning becomes more ubiquitous and particularly in consideration of the current need to move classroom based teaching online given Covid-19, it seems opportune to address the pedagogical differences between online and face-to-face teaching, so that online delivery moves beyond the paradigms of its face-to-face counterpart, such as the lecture. This paper explores the need for a fit for purpose pedagogical approach for online learning, as opposed to one in which a classroom based pedagogy is applied, often rather clumsily to an online learning environment.

Design/methodology/approach
The engagement of students in an online learning environment is closely associated with student success. The argument is that students who are actively engaged are more likely to learn and to achieve greater success. Student engagement is facilitated through the design and arrangement of the learning material, and by the presence, attitude and the facilitation of learning by the online teacher or trainer.

Findings
Rather than presenting any research findings this paper simply explores concepts relating to online learning design and online teaching.

Practical implications
The practical implication of this paper are better alignment between teaching/training interventions and learning design.

Originality/value
This paper is a viewpoint paper and is original. This paper has not been submitted elsewhere. 10; 10;This paper would be a valuable resource for those new to online learning or those looking to establish a fit for purpose approach to online learning.
The influence of country of origin and espoused national culture on whistleblowing behavior
Authors: Brody Richard G. , Gupta Gaurav , Turner Michael 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine factors motivating an individual to report a whistleblowing scenario to various stakeholders within a company. This paper examines how four factors (country of origin and the espoused national cultures of masculinity, collectivism and uncertainty avoidance) influence the level of responsibility toward three stakeholders at different levels of hierarchy in an organization.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a case-based approach, this study collects data from 432 accounting students from two different countries. Using regression analysis on the pooled data, this paper provides evidence on how accounting students would behave when facing a whistleblowing situation involving their immediate supervisor.

Findings
This study finds that country of origin and espoused national cultural values influence the individual’s decision regarding whom to blow the whistle.

Originality/value
The study has improved upon the methodological deficiencies of previous studies that rely on Hofstede’s (1980) cultural values in that the paper focuses on the espoused national culture at the individual level.
Using social media photos as a proxy to estimate the recreational value of (im)movable heritage: the Rubjerg Knude (Denmark) lighthouse
Authors: Azevedo António 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
On October 2019, the Rubjerg Knude lighthouse (Denmark) was moved 70 metres from the cliff edge. The Danish Government spent €700,000 on the rescue operation. Using the zonal travel cost method (ZTCM), this paper aims to estimate the recreational value of this (im)movable maritime heritage building, to assess whether it was worthwhile to incur that public expenditure. This valuation is complemented by a digital reputation analysis.

Design/methodology/approach
A Flickr application programming interface search method extracted 795 public photos with the “Rubjerg and Knude” tags, taken between 2004 and 2019. The ZTCM analysis included 148 photographers who provided information about their residence location.

Findings
Depending on the regression models and assumptions made, the estimated economic value of the lighthouse (measured by the consumer surplus) varies between 5.5m and 133m euros. That means that the operation’s cost is only a small percentage of the expected economic recreational value.

Research limitations/implications
The sample of Flickr photographers is a proxy to estimate the zonal visitation rate for a specific destination. Zonal travel cost calculations are always based on some assumptions defined by researchers.

Practical implications
The paper frames the role of lighthouses as an (im)movable heritage element, which provides several cultural ecosystem services – in particular aesthetic, recreational, cultural/educational, bequest and sense of place values/benefits for tourists and residents.

Social implications
This study supports the political decision of preserving an identity symbol of a specific place, based solely on its recreational value.

Originality/value
This paper combines a monetary approach (ZTCM) with a digital reputation analysis of this iconic attraction.
Gaining customer centric understanding of retail displays for future innovations
Authors: Madsen Signe Mørk 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe aim of this research is to provide insights for future display design through understanding the processes of sensemaking of retail displays in digitised retail.Design/methodology/approachThe research applies media elicited interviews and engages thematic analysis to understand agency and advance mental models of retail display. Actor Network Theory (ANT) is engaged to flatten the ontology to traverse digital and physical realms as well as more semiotic sources.FindingsThe article presents a system comprising sensemaking processes of displays in digitised retail and traces the blending traits of physical and digital displays labelling an emerging display terminology applicable across realms.Research limitations/implicationsThe participating retail concepts' limited resources for technological innovations plus the customers all being local and recruited through the physical store represent this study's limitations.Practical implicationsThe developed system reveals a process for abandoning the familiar but obsolete understanding of retail displays to replace it with new insights to support the judgement and decision process for designing innovative future displays with a customer centric logic.Originality/valueThe article is novel in flattening the ontology of retail displays to fit an organisational interface perception of the link between customer and retailer.