bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Rules and Time Budgets in Legislatures
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of the alleged acceleration of social life on legislatures. Theoretically, acceleration can be regarded as a constraint or an opportunity. Conceptually, a number of time rules granting various subgroups of legislators different time budgets are used to cope with acceleration. The most important of these rules are those regarding agenda control and committee power. Different time rules and time budgets culminate in two procedural ideal types, talking and working legislatures. Empirically, both ideal types are clearly identifiable and have distinct consequences for public policies. A tentative long-term analysis shows no evidence for an ever-increasing acceleration of lawmaking in five lower chambers.
Michael Oakeshott,On Human Conduct
Authors: Boyd Richard 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter surveys some of the main themes of Michael Oakeshott’s On Human Conduct (1975). Despite Oakeshott’s reputation as a conservative thinker, an examination of his theory of civil association reveals how extensively the book anticipated subsequent developments in contemporary liberal political philosophy. On Human Conduct offers many insights into questions of liberal neutrality, civility, agonistic pluralism, and radical individuality that have come to dominate the writings of leading contemporary exponents of liberalism. Notwithstanding these enduring influences, however, the book proves much less helpful in clarifying thorny questions about the distribution of membership in bounded political communities.
Love and Caring
Authors: Jaworska Agnieszka , Wonderly Monique 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Is there a principled framework for understanding the distinction between mere caring and love? This chapter critically assesses extant accounts, showing that the distinctive requirements for love that they propose are either insufficient or unnecessary. After identifying and exploring views that describe types of intimacy that suffice, but are too demanding to deem necessary, for love, this chapter develops a more ecumenical proposal for love’s distinctive character that unifies a central insight in the preceding views. On this proposal, the feature that is necessary and sufficient to distinguish love from mere caring is conceived in terms of love’s intimacy as reflected in a specific form of vulnerability. The lover, but not the mere carer, is subject to damage in her sense of herself as an agent leading a meaningful life directly in virtue of being permanently separated from the relevant object or in virtue of that object faring poorly.
Greek
Authors: Morales Helen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article offers an overview of Greek literature of the Roman Empire. The first section discusses ways in which Greek writing responds to Roman rule. This section ranges widely and takes snapshots from six writers—Artemidorus, Plutarch, Lucian, Basil of Caesarea, Galen, and Josephus—from which to show the complexities involved in thinking about Greek literature and its attendant critical issues, including how we might read ‘resistance’ and how Hellenisms relate to Christianities, and Jewish and other identities. The second section focuses more closely on Greek poetry and pantomime, and the third section on the romance novels and Greek prose fiction, including a brief look at a couple of texts that possibly show Egyptian influences.
Scraping the Web for Public Health Gains: Ethical Considerations from a ‘Big Data’ Research Project on HIV and Incarceration
Authors: Rennie Stuart , Buchbinder Mara , Juengst Eric , Brinkley-Rubinstein Lauren , Blue Colleen , Rosen David L 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWeb scraping involves using computer programs for automated extraction and organization of data from the Web for the purpose of further data analysis and use. It is frequently used by commercial companies, but also has become a valuable tool in epidemiological research and public health planning. In this paper, we explore ethical issues in a project that “scrapes” public websites of U.S. county jails as part of an effort to develop a comprehensive database (including individual-level jail incarcerations, court records and confidential HIV records) to enhance HIV surveillance and improve continuity of care for incarcerated populations. We argue that the well-known framework of Emanuel et al. (2000) provides only partial ethical guidance for the activities we describe, which lie at a complex intersection of public health research and public health practice. We suggest some ethical considerations from the ethics of public health practice to help fill gaps in this relatively unexplored area.
Patient-Reported Opioid Pill Consumption After an ED Visit: How Many Pills Are People Using?
Authors: McCarthy Danielle M , Kim Howard S , Hur Scott I , Lank Patrick M , Arroyo Christine , Opsasnick Lauren A , Piserchia Katherine , Curtis Laura M , Wolf Michael S , Courtney D Mark 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Recent guidelines advise limiting opioid prescriptions for acute pain to a three-day supply; however, scant literature quantifies opioid use patterns after an emergency department (ED) visit. We sought to describe opioid consumption patterns after an ED visit for acute pain.

Design
Descriptive study with data derived from a larger interventional study promoting safe opioid use after ED discharge.

Setting
Urban academic emergency department (&gt;88,000 annual visits).

Subjects
Patients were eligible if age &gt;17 years, not chronically using opioids, and newly prescribed hydrocodone-acetaminophen and were included in the analysis if they returned the completed 10-day medication diary.

Methods
Patient demographics and opioid consumption are reported. Opioid use is described in daily number of pills and daily morphine milligram equivalents (MME) both for the sample overall and by diagnosis.

Results
Two hundred sixty patients returned completed medication diaries (45 [17%] back pain, 52 [20%] renal colic, 54 [21%] fracture/dislocation, 40 [15%] musculoskeletal injury [nonfracture], and 69 [27%] “other”). The mean age (SD) was 45 (15) years, and 59% of the sample was female. A median of 12 pills were prescribed. Patients with renal colic used the least opioids (total pills: median [interquartile range {IQR}] = 3 [1–7]; total MME: median [IQR] = 20 [10–50]); patients with back pain used the most (total pills: median [IQR] = 12 [7–16]; total MME: median [IQR] = 65 [47.5–100]); 92.5% of patients had leftover pills.

Conclusions
In this sample, pill consumption varied by illness category; however, overall, patients were consuming low quantities of pills, and the majority had unused pills 10 days after their ED visit.
Assessing the use and understanding of the Portuguese heat–health warning system (ÍCARO)
Authors: Leite A , Santos A J , Silva S , Nunes B , Mexia R , Rodrigues A P 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Heatwaves can lead to increased mortality. In the Portuguese heat–health warning system (HHWS), ÍCARO, a daily report with heat-related mortality prediction is sent to heat–health action plan (HHAP) practitioners. HHAP practitioners assess risk and implement measures to prevent heatwave-related impact, but ÍCARO’s use and understanding are unknown. We assessed ÍCARO’s use and understanding by key HHAP practitioners.

Methods
We conducted semi-structured interviews with national/regional HHAP practitioners. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. To maximize credibility a validation process was implemented through researcher triangulation; a sample of 30 segments was recorded by independent researchers.

Results
We conducted six interviews with nine professionals (mean time 52 min) from five regions. We identified four categories: report’s content and presentation, report’s reception and communication, ÍCARO and risk assessment and other issues. Practitioners use ÍCARO and perceived it as relevant; they raised issues on its interpretation and felt these were not fully addressed, given researchers’ use of statistical/epidemiological terms. We identified the need for improved communication and report’s clarity.

Conclusions
Our study stresses the need for collaboration between experts within HHWS/HHAP. Despite ÍCARO’s understanding being challenging, practitioners consider it a relevant tool. Researchers should use less statistical language and clarify ÍCARO’s interpretation. Practitioners’ needs should be considered when developing/revising tools.
Scrutinizing surface glycoproteins and poxin-schlafen protein to design a heterologous recombinant vaccine against monkeypox virus
Authors: Hoque Syeda Farjana , Bappy Md. Nazmul Islam , Chowdhury Anjum Taiebah , Parvez Md. Sorwer Alam , Ahmed Foeaz , Imran Md. Abdus Shukur , Azim Kazi Faizul , Hasan Mahmudul 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMonkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus with noteworthy mortality and morbidity. Several recent outbreaks and the need of dependable reconnaissance have raised the level of concern for this developing zoonosis. In the present study, a reverse vaccinology strategy was developed to construct a peptide vaccine against monkeypox virus by exploring cell surface binding protein, Poxin-Schlafen andenvelope protein. Both humoral and cell mediated immunity induction were the main concerned properties for the designed peptide vaccine. Therefore, both T cell and B cell immunity against monkeypox virus were analyzed from the conserver region of the selected protein. Antigenicity testing, transmembrane topology screening, allergenicity and toxicity assessment, population coverage analysis and molecular docking approach were used to create the superior epitopes of moneypox virus. The subunit vaccine was constructed using highly immunogenic epitopes with appropriate adjuvant and linkers. Molecular docking examination of the refined vaccine with various MHCs and human immune receptor illustrated higher binding interaction. The designed construct was reverse transcribed and adjusted forE. colistrain K12 earlier to inclusion inside pET28a(+) vector for its heterologous cloning and expression. The study could start in vitro and in vivo studies concerning effective vaccine development against monkeypox virus.
Machine intelligence design of 2019-nCoV drugs
Authors: Gao Kaifu , Nguyen Duc Duy , Wang Rui , Wei Guo-Wei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWuhan coronavirus, called 2019-nCoV, is a newly emerged virus that infected more than 9692 people and leads to more than 213 fatalities by January 30, 2020. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this epidemic. However, the viral protease of a coronavirus is well-known to be essential for its replication and thus is an effective drug target. Fortunately, the sequence identity of the 2019-nCoV protease and that of severe-acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV) is as high as 96.1%. We show that the protease inhibitor binding sites of 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV are almost identical, which means all potential anti-SARS-CoV chemotherapies are also potential 2019-nCoV drugs. Here, we report a family of potential 2019-nCoV drugs generated by a machine intelligence-based generative network complex (GNC). The potential effectiveness of treating 2019-nCoV by using some existing HIV drugs is also analyzed.
Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis Provides Insight into the Molecular Mechanisms of 2019-nCoV
Authors: He Xiang , Zhang Lei , Ran Qin , Wang Junyi , Xiong Anying , Wu Dehong , Chen Feng , Li Guoping 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe 2019-nCoV is reported to share the same entry (ACE2) as SARS-CoV according to the updated findings. Analyzing the distribution and expression level of the route of coronavirus may help reveal underlying mechanisms of viral susceptibility and post-infection modulation. In this study, we found that the expression of ACE2 in healthy populations and patients with underlying diseases was not significantly different, suggesting relatively similar susceptibility. Besides, based on the expression of ACE2 in smoking individuals, we inferred that long-term smoking might be a risk factor for 2019-nCoV. Analyzing the ACE2 in SARS-CoV infected cells suggested that ACE2 was more than just a receptor but also participated in post-infection regulation, including immune response, cytokine secretion, and viral genome replication. Moreover, we also constructed Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and identified hub genes in viral activity and cytokine secretion. Our findings may explain the clinical symptoms so far and help clinicians and researchers understand the pathogenesis and design therapeutic strategies for 2019-nCoV.
Getting to zero quickly in the 2019-nCov epidemic with vaccines or rapid testing
Authors: Chowell Gerardo , Dhillon Ranu , Srikrishna Devabhaktuni 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAny plan for stopping the ongoing 2019-nCov epidemic must be based on a quantitative understanding of the proportion of the at-risk population that needs to be protected by effective control measures in order for transmission to decline sufficiently and quickly enough for the epidemic to end. Using an SEIR-type transmission model, we contrasted two alternate strategies by modeling the proportion of the population that needs to be protected from infection by one-time vaccination (assuming 100% effectiveness) or by testing with isolation and treatment of individuals within six, 24, or 48 hours of symptom onset. If R is currently 2.2, vaccination at the herd immunity coverage of 55% would drive R just below 1, but transmission could persist for years. Over 80% of coverage is required to end the epidemic in 6 months with population-wide vaccination. The epidemic could be ended in just under a year if testing with isolation and treatment reached 80% of symptomatically infected patients within 24 hours of symptom onset (assuming 10% asymptomatic transmission). The epidemic could be ended in six months if testing with isolation and treatment reached 90% of symptomatic patients. If 90% of symptomatic patients could be tested within six hours of symptoms appearing, the epidemic could be ended in under four months.
Comparative analysis based on transcriptomics and metabolomics data reveal differences between emmer and durum wheat in response to nitrogen starvation
Authors: Beleggia Romina , Omranian Nooshin , Holtz Yan , Gioia Tania , Fiorani Fabio , Nigro Franca M. , Pecchioni Nicola , De Vita Pasquale , Schurr Urlich , David Jaques , Nikoloski Zoran , Papa Roberto 
Published: February 2020

SummaryMounting evidence indicates the key role of Nitrogen (N) on diverse processes in plant, including not only yield but also development and defense. Using a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approach, we studied the response of seedlings to N starvation of two different tetraploid wheat genotypes from the two main domesticated subspecies, emmer (Triticum turgidumssp.dicoccum) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidumssp.durum). We found that durum wheat exhibits broader and stronger response in comparison to emmer as evidenced by the analysis of the differential expression pattern of both genes and metabolites and gene enrichment analysis. Emmer and durum wheat showed major differences in the responses to N starvation for transcription factor families. While emmer showed differential reduction in the levels of primary metabolites to N starvation, durum wheat exhibited increased levels of most metabolites, including GABA as an indicator of metabolic imbalance. The correlation-based networks including the differentially expressed genes and metabolites revealed tighter regulation of metabolism in durum wheat in comparison to emmer, as evidenced by the larger number of significant correlations. We also found that glutamate and GABA had highest values of centrality in the metabolic correlation network, suggesting their critical role in the genotype-specific response to N starvation of emmer and durum wheat, respectively. Moreover, this finding indicates that there might be contrasting strategies associated to GABA and Glutamate signaling modulating shootvsroot growth in the two different wheat subspecies.
Aridity drives coordinated trait shifts but not decreased trait variance across the geographic range of eight Australian trees
Authors: Anderegg Leander DL , Loy Xingwen , Markham Ian P. , Elmer Christina M , Hovenden Mark J , Lambers Janneke Hille Ris , Mayfield Margaret M 
Published: February 2020

AbstractContextLarge intraspecific functional trait variation strongly impacts many aspects of natural communities and ecosystems, yet is inconsistent across traits and species.ApproachWe measured within-species variation in leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), branch wood density (WD), and allocation to stem area vs. leaf area in branches (branch Huber value, HV) across the aridity range of seven Australian eucalypts and anAcaciaspecies to explore how traits and their variances change with aridity.Results and ConclusionsWithin-species, we found consistent increases in LMA, LDMC and WD, and HV with increasing aridity, resulting in consistent trait coordination across tissues. However, this coordination only emerged across sites with large climate differences. Unlike trait means, patterns of trait variance with aridity were mixed across populations and species and showed limited support for constrained trait variation in dryer populations or more xeric species.SynthesisOur results highlight that climate can drive consistent within-species trait patterns, but that these patterns might often be obscured by the complex nature of morphological traits and sampling incomplete species ranges or sampling confounded stress gradients.
Oral Pretreatment with Galantamine Effectively Mitigates the Acute Toxicity of a Supra-Lethal Dose of Soman in Cynomolgus Monkeys Post-treated with Conventional Antidotes
Authors: Lane Malcolm , Carter D’Arice , Pescrille Joseph D. , Aracava Yasco , Fawcett William P. , Basinger G.W. , Pereira Edna F.R. , Albuquerque Edson X. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of galantamine administered orally as a pre-treatment to mitigate the acute toxicity of 4.0xLD50 soman in Cynomolgus monkeys post-treated with atropine, 2-PAM, and midazolam. Pharmacokinetic experiments revealed that the oral doses of 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg galantamine HBr were quickly absorbed and produced plasma concentrations of galantamine that generated approximately 20% to 40% reversible inhibition of blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. This degree of reversible AChE inhibition has been shown to be safe and sufficient to protect AChE from the irreversible inhibition by nerve agents, and, thereby, suppress the acute toxicity of these agents. Thus, in subsequent experiments, adult male Cynomolgus monkeys were pretreated orally with 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg galantamine, challenged intramuscularly with 4.0xLD50, and post-treated with intramuscular injections of 0.4 mg/kg atropine, 30 mg/kg 2-PAM, and 0.32 mg/kg midazolam. All animals subjected to these treatments survived the soman. By contrast, none of the animals that were pretreated with saline and only 40% of the animals that were pretreated with pyridostigmine survived the soman challenge when post-treated with the same conventional antidotal therapy as that delivered to the galantamine-pretreated, soman-challenged monkeys. In addition, large numbers of degenerating neurons were visualized in the hippocampi of soman-challenged monkeys that had been pretreated with pyridostigmine or saline, but not in the hippocampi of animals that had been pretreated with galantamine. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the effectiveness of clinically relevant oral doses of galantamine to prevent the acute toxicity of supra-lethal doses of soman in non-human primates.
Morphological description of the male genital organs ofPontoporia blainvillei(Gervais & d’Orbigny, 1844)
Authors: Randi Caroline Bizarre , Spinelli Lucas Guedes , de Britto Mari Renata , de Souza Ramos Angrimani Daniel , Bertozzi Carolina Pacheco , Plácido Guimarães Juliana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPontoporia blainvilleior Franciscana is a small cetacean endemic of South Atlantic Ocean and its highlighted as the most endangered species. Despite the necessity to development conservation strategies forPontoporia blainvilleistudies aiming to feature the reproductive biology and morphological characteristics of the genital organs are still scarce. In this context, the aim of this study was describe the morphological aspects of the genital organs ofPontoporia blainvillei. For this purpose, six male specimens ofP. blainvilleistranded on the southeast region of Brazil, were used. Initially animals were measured, and the genital organs were collected, dissected and photodocumented. Then, fragments of all collected organs were submitted to microscopic analysis. The male genital organs ofP. blainvilleishowed similar results described for other cetaceans, such as, topography in abdominal cavity, presence of two testicles with epididymis, fibroelastic penis with sigmoid shape and presence of deferent duct. Moreover, a male uterus non-functional, two vestigial bones that support the penis, one retractor penis muscle and presence of associated muscles that support the entire reproductive apparatus were observed. However, some differences were present, such as, a simple cubic epithelium in the light of the epididymis, a small testicle even in sexually mature animals and absence of prostate, not previously observed in other cetaceans. Therefore, the animals analyzed showed similar features to other cetaceans, however some peculiarities were observed.