bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women and Other Islamizers
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 uncovers the premiership of Siti Wan Kembang, the ruler of the state of Kelantan in the early seventeenth century. Her rise to power and successful reign provides an illustrative sample of the varied roles Muslim women played in the Islamization of the Malays. In addition to powerful women such as Siti Wan Kembang, this chapter also delves into the creative missionizing methods and links formed by Muslim scholars and emissaries. Networks of Islamic scholars in Malaysia who studied in Patani, the Hijaz, Cairo, and Hadramaut and the movement of Muslims along the hajj routes aided in the diffusion of Islam among the locals in mosques, suraus (prayer) places, and other religious institutions. Among the scholars prominent in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was Tok Pulau Manis. Drawing from the flourishing literary world of kingdoms in Pasai and Perlak, these scholars introduced the Jawi script into Malaysia, which soon replaced the old Pallava script from India. Finally, the chapter highlights the part played by foreigners such as the Chinese Muslims in Malaysia, who acted as emissaries of non-Muslim kingdoms cum missionaries of Islam. The efforts of Admiral Cheng Ho will be analyzed here, most notably the impact of his diplomatic trips in furthering the preaching of Islam in Melaka and other Malay states.
Repertoires of Muslim Resistance
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 is centered on various forms of resistance against colonial rule. It begins with the outbreaks of rebellions, which were stirred by a sense of disenfranchisement, and Muslim perceptions that the colonial powers were working against Islam. Although largely failed campaigns, these violent episodes awakened the Malay Muslims regarding the need to reform themselves. It examines, among others, the reform efforts of To’ Kenali and his modernized pondok (traditional Islamic schools) as well as the growth of Islamic modernist ideas championed by the Al-Imam group in Singapore and students returning from the Al-Azhar University in Cairo. Revivalists in the Arab World, Turkey, and South Asia influenced these local reformists. At the same time, they promulgated new ideas that laid bare the problems of taqlid (blind obedience) in Malaysia. Islamic modernism developed in conjunction with the revival of traditionalism, both of which had their own unique visions of how Muslims ought to reform themselves. The rapid growth of political movements and parties demonstrate the effervescence of anti-colonial Islamization in Malaysia that eventually led to the country’s independence.
Sexual Assault on College Campuses in the United States
Authors: Brammer Audrey , Zaleski Kristen , Klemmer Cary 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sexual assault on college campuses is a global issue, with women’s victimization rates ranging from 13.8% in Nigeria to 77.6% in Turkey. Although the vast majority of studies on this particular form of violence against women have been conducted in the United States, studies from throughout the world have revealed the epidemic of sexual violence on college campuses. This chapter surveys the prominence of sexual victimization on college campus and discusses college subcultures, diversity considerations, endorsement of rape culture, prevention programming, and current political policy debates that impact a solution for college sexual assault predation. Global incidence is discussed, but this discussion is framed within the US college culture. The chapter concludes with a discussion of current advocacy efforts and some recommendations for change within prevention programming.
Non-Consensual Image Sharing
Authors: Klein Jessica , Zaleski Kristen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Non-consensual image sharing is a 21st-century concern at the intersection of some of the most difficult challenges of our time: sexual trauma, victims’ rights, internet privacy, and free speech. Also known as non-consensual pornography, technology-facilitated violence, and revenge pornography, the phenomenon occurs when sexually explicit, nude or semi-nude photos are distributed without the consent of the individual pictured. This chapter explores non-consensual image sharing research and discusses trends as well as future questions that have yet to be answered about the pervasiveness of this problem. It is asserted that research on the impact of cyber sexual exploitation on victims is needed, as are initiatives that integrate victim resources, tools for law enforcement, and technical resources to identify and remove content.
Benjamin Libet’s Big Experiment
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes Benjamin Libet’s finding that electrical activity in the brain precedes conscious awareness. Libet’s work had shown that, no matter how brief it was, a sensory stimulus evoked responses in the cortex that lasted hundreds of milliseconds. He also suggested that, just as the somatosensory cortex was able to refer sensations to a particular point on the opposite side of the body (“spatial reference”) so it could refer sensations to an earlier moment—the time when impulse activity had first been initiated in the cortex following the stimulus (“temporal reference”). These were important conclusions and inevitably became the subjects of debate following their publication. But Libet was soon to deliver a greater surprise when he discovered that a decision only entered consciousness when the underlying neural activity was already far advanced. Rather than the mind controlling the brain—thought by thought—it was the other way round and “free will,” seemingly so self-evident, was an illusion.
Saving Abstraction
Authors: Dohoney Ryan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Saving Abstraction takes up the conflicted history of Morton Feldman’s most important collaboration—his work with Dominique and John de Menil on music for the Rothko Chapel in Houston. These collaborators struggled over fundamental questions about the emotional efficacy of artistic practice and its potential translation into religious feeling. At the center of this study is the question of ecumenism—that is, in what terms can religious encounters be staged for fruitful dialog to take place? And how might abstraction (both visual and musical) be useful to achieving it? This was a dilemma for Feldman, whose music sought to produce sublime “abstract experience,” as well as for the de Menils, who envisioned the Rothko Chapel as a space for spiritual intervention into late modernity. Saving Abstraction develops two central concepts: “abstract ecumenism” and “agonistic universalism.” The former characterizes a broad spiritual orientation within postwar musical modernism and experimentalism that aspired to altered states of ego-loss. This emerged as a renewed religious sensibility in late modernist experimentalism. The latter concept describes the particular religious form that Feldman’s music achieves within Rothko Chapel—an ascetic mode of existence that endures hopefully the aporia of postwar modernization’s destructiveness and modernism’s failure to effectively counter it.
International Adjudication on Trial
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Is the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) effective? How exactly is the effectiveness of this adjudicative system to be defined and measured? Is its effectiveness all about compliance? If not, what goals—beyond compliance—is the WTO DSS expected to achieve? Has it fulfilled these objectives so far, and how can their achievement and the system’s effectiveness be enhanced in the future? Building on a theoretical model borrowed from social science, this book lays down the analytical framework required to answer these questions, while crafting a revealing insider’s account of the WTO DSS—one of the most important and debated sites of the evolving international judiciary. Drawing on interviews with WTO adjudicators, WTO Secretariat staff, ambassadors, trade delegates, and trade lawyers, the book offers an elaborate analysis of the various goals steering the DSS’s work, the diverse roles it plays, the challenges it confronts, and the outcomes it produces. Through this insider look at the WTO DSS and detailed examination of landmark trade disputes, the book uncovers the oft-hidden dynamics of WTO adjudication and provides a fresh perspective on the DSS’s operation and the undercurrents affecting its effectiveness. Given the pivotal role the WTO DSS has assumed in the multilateral trading regime since its inception in 1995 and the systemic pressures it has recently come to face, this book makes an important contribution towards understanding and measuring the benefits (as well as the costs) this adjudicative body generates, while providing valuable insights into current debates on its reform.
Rights’ Elusive Relation to Powers
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the relation between rights and the powers typically borne by right-holders: powers to waive duties, demand their fulfilment, enforce them, resent them, forgive them. It argues that there are impersonal parallels, performable by third parties, for all the powers that one might think can only be performed by the person to whom a duty is owed. We therefore cannot identify to whom a duty is owed by asking who can exercise the relevant powers. Instead we need to ask, circularly, who can exercise these powers as right-holder to whom the duty is owed. This reasoning is used to criticize the Will Theory of Rights (as found in Hart and Steiner), and other problems are found with Sreenivasan’s Hybrid Theory and Feinberg’s demand-based approach.
The Individual’s Place in the Grounding of her Rights
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 develops a taxonomy of the differing degrees and manner in which a right might be grounded on its holder’s good—and, in the author’s terms, exist ‘for its holder’s sake’. This is a taxonomy of the extent to which a right’s status as a right, and a duty’s status as a directed duty whose violation wrongs someone, are pre-institutional or ‘natural’. The chapter explores the important question of whether non-individualistic, communitarian moral views can accommodate this idea of ‘natural’ rights grounded by their holder’s good. It turns out that while many communitarian approaches are compatible with the idea, it is inconsistent with those communitarians who deny the very possibility of distinguishing one party’s good from the wider good. The chapter ends by sketching the appeal of taking human rights as grounded ultimately on ‘natural’ rights that exist for the right-holder’s sake.
Conclusion
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
How defensible is our use of the concept of a right? The book has offered a partial vindication of the rights concept. Part I showed that rights constitute a formally connected, non-alienated form of normativity: a distinctive form that speaks to the agent in her guise as ‘acting-on-others-conceived-second-personally’. Part II showed that use of this concept is appropriate in human rights contexts; but Part III showed that it is misleading in many cases of property. The difference turns on the differing roles of the individual’s good in generating duties. Part III implies that we should avoid fixating on the right-holder’s own good when judging the relative importance of most property or the rights protecting duties of office; but Part II tells us such a focus of attention is not out of place—despite conservatives’ protestations to the contrary—when judging the importance of our basic human rights.
The Problem of Other Minds; Some Preliminaries
Authors: Snowdon Paul F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to develop some thoughts about the nature of the problem of other minds, rather than offer a solution. In section 1, the character of the problem of other minds is contrasted with the character of the problem of self-knowledge. Both concern knowledge of psychological states, but the major difference is that worries about scepticism have dominated consideration of other minds, though have been ignored when considering self-knowledge. In section 2, three candidate ways to formulate the problem are articulated and compared. It is argued that we should not be asking whether we know about other minds, nor asking the completely general question how is it possible to know, but rather be asking how we know about other minds. In section 3, P. F. Strawson’s famous conception of the problem is expounded and criticized as resting on dubious assumptions about meaning. In section 4, it is argued that psychological states involve something being a certain way in the interior of subjects, but paradoxically inspecting the interior of subjects does not, arguably, reveal the presence of the psychological state. It is suggested that knowledge of the presence of these interior features is generated by perception of the subjects from outside when they are viewed as organisms in an environment. Finally, in section 6, an as yet unsolved component in the problem is claimed to be that we lack any understanding of how to generate knowledge as to whether artificial objects, such as robots, can possess psychological states or not.
Knowledge, Belief, and the Asymmetry Thesis
Authors: Wikforss Åsa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the thesis that there is a deep-lying asymmetry between first- and third-person knowledge, by examining the idea that first-person knowledge is direct. The focus is on the propositional attitudes, in particular that of belief. Whereas philosophers generally take self-knowledge of belief to be direct and essentially different from knowledge of the beliefs of others, experimental psychologists have long challenged the idea that there is an important epistemic asymmetry between first- and third-person knowledge of belief. By drawing on some of the psychological literature, I argue that the psychologists are more nearly right. Although there are some interesting epistemic differences between first- and third-person knowledge of belief, the assumption of a deep-lying epistemic asymmetry is mistaken. In particular, I suggest, inference plays an important role both in the first- and in the third-person case.
Challenging the Two-systems Model of Mindreading
Authors: Jacob Pierre 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The two-systems model of mindreading advocated by Ian Apperly and Steve Butterfill seeks to find a middle ground between full-blown mindreading and either behaviour-reading or so-called ‘sub-mentalizing’. Minimal mindreading is taken to be efficient, automatic, and to emerge early in human ontogenetic development. Full-blown mindreading is taken to be flexible, less efficient, and to develop later. This chapter raises three challenges for this model. First, it challenges its claim to resolve the developmental puzzle. Secondly, it challenges the claim that the representation of the aspectuality of beliefs falls outside the scope of minimal mindreading. Finally, examination of the contrast between Level-1 and Level-2 visual perspective-taking undermines the sharp dichotomy between automatic and flexible cognitive processes. The alternative picture supported by this chapter is of a single mindreading system that can be used in ways that are more or less effortful as a result of interacting with other cognitive systems, such as working memory and executive control.
Perception, Evidence, and Our Expressive Knowledge of Others’ Minds
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
‘How, then, she had asked herself, did one know one thing or another thing about people, sealed as they were?’ So asks Lily Briscoe in To the Lighthouse. It is this question, rather than any concern about pretence or deception, which forms the basis for the philosophical problem of other minds. Responses to this problem have tended to cluster around two solutions: either we know others’ minds through perception; or we know others’ minds through a form of inference. In the first part of this chapter I argue that this debate is best understood as concerning the question of whether our knowledge of others’ minds is based on perception or based on evidence. In the second part of the chapter I suggest that our ordinary ways of thinking take our knowledge of others’ minds to be both non-evidential and non-perceptual. A satisfactory resolution to the philosophical problem of other minds thus requires us to take seriously the idea that we have a way of knowing about others’ minds which is both non-evidential and non-perceptual. I suggest that our knowledge of others’ minds which is based on their expressions—our expressive knowledge—may fit this bill.
Expressions, Looks, and Others’ Minds
Authors: McNeill William E. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We can know some things about each others’ mental lives. The view that some of this knowledge is genuinely perceptual is getting traction. But the idea that we can see any of each other’s mental states themselves—the Simple Perceptual Hypothesis—remains unpopular. Very often the view that we can perceptually know, for example, that James is angry, is thought to depend either on our awareness of James’s expression or on the way James appears—versions of what I call the Expressive Hypothesis. The Expressive Hypothesis is intuitive. But in this chapter I argue that it does not allow us to do away with the thought that we sometimes perceive people’s mental states. I take my arguments to provide some tentative support for the Simple Perceptual Hypothesis.
Bridging Worlds
Authors: Campoy Leonardo Carbonieri 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter reports on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a child neurologist’s project for autistic children and their families in a large Brazilian city. The interactional dynamics of the consultations made the presence of the researcher, an anthropologist, become an active participation. Both families and the neuropediatrician requested the anthropologist’s opinion on the situations addressed in their conversations, and the anthopologist interacted frequently with the children. These demands necessitated a response, not only in an ethical sense, but also because they were fundamentally of communicational nature. The participation of the anthropologist helped translate medical, familial, and autistic languages, and thus helped communication between the three diverse actors present at the consultations: doctor, family, and child. The anthropologist became a reference in the consultations because a kind of anthropological therapy was performed. This chapter presents reflections on this experience, exploring the possibilities and risks of a sort of anthropological therapy applied to such interactions.
Are Patients with Psychiatric Disorders “Uniquely” Vulnerable in the Context of DBS Research?
Authors: Dunn Laura B. , Holtzheimer Paul E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As investigators look to “next-generation” deep brain stimulation (DBS) approaches, renewed enthusiasm is emerging for DBS for psychiatric disorders. This commentary on Chapter 13 (“Informed Consent for Next-Generation Deep Brain Stimulation Psychiatric Research: Engaging End Users to Understand Risks and Improve Practice”) provides additional insight into the challenges related to informed consent described by Klein. We argue that the sorts of vulnerability described by Klein warrant further attention, in particular, to help address the question of whether patients with psychiatric disorders are uniquely vulnerable, in ways that patients with other illnesses are not. Ethics research, such as that conducted by Klein, in which end users of brain-based devices are interviewed, is critical. It will also be important to compare brain-based intervention research with other forms of research; we do not want to end up engaging in ethics “exceptionalism” as a result of failure to conduct rigorous studies on ethics-related questions.
The Economic Integration of Italy
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses economic change in Italy. It investigates economic activities carried out by the Italians independently from Roman interference. Many Italians were quick to take advantage of the possibilities offered by their association with Rome, such as the opening up of new markets for Italian products and safer sailing because of Roman control of the Mediterranean. These economic activities had important consequences for economic developments in Italy itself: many far-reaching changes took place in the third to first centuries, such as changes in settlement patterns and an increase in the scale of agricultural production. Nevertheless, not every change that occurred after the Roman conquest should be ascribed to the conquest itself. The second part of chapter 3 investigates the economic and cultural developments that occurred in four sample areas, in order to trace the level of economic integration as a result of macroeconomic developments in Italy.
A Voice of the Nonconformist Conscience, 1849–80
Authors: Brown Stewart J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The son of a Congregational minister in the north of England, W. T. Stead was largely taught at home by his father, and experienced conversion during the religious revival of 1859–62. In 1870, at the age of 22, he was appointed editor of the Darlington Northern Echo, and over the next decade he made the newspaper a powerful voice of the Nonconformist Conscience in the north of England. For Stead, the editor’s desk was a ‘pulpit’ from which to preach to a congregation of thousands. He played a leading role in the ‘Bulgarian atrocities’ agitation of 1876–8, calling for British intervention to end the massacres of Christians in the Ottoman Empire and becoming a fervent supporter of the Liberal politician, William Ewart Gladstone. Through the enigmatic Russian, Madame Novikoff, Stead was introduced into London cultural circles and embraced what would be a lifelong love of Russian cultures and peoples.
Christina Rossetti’s Chronometrical Eternal
Authors: Lysack Krista 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes up one of The Christian Year’s most provocative interpolators, Christina Rossetti. Examining her devotional books, it makes a particular study of Time Flies: A Reading Diary, a miscellany of daily reading that combines lyric poetry and prose meditations. In Time Flies: A Reading Diary, Rossetti embraces the apparent synchronizations of liturgical and clock time that Keble’s volume implies. Among the time signatures that Rossetti tries on, in addition to the more familiar ones of liturgical time, are ones shaped through the possibilities of the quotidian. Time Flies playfully reveals how heterotopic or “eternal” time is produced through a material relation with the book as diurnal reading/writing object.
Family Prayers
Authors: Lysack Krista 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes up the Victorian fashion for family prayers and a host of devotional manuals—guides that were widely referred to as “forms”—whose purpose was to instrumentalize this practice for families as a regular, household routine. Although family prayers could do the work of maintaining normative gender and class boundaries in the increasingly time-scheduled middle-class home, the recommendation of these books to conduct devotions with efficiency betrays an anxiety over the disruptive prospect of the household audience’s boredom. Along with these manuals, novelistic treatments of family prayers show that domestic devotions were equally an everyday duration in which daydream and reverie might offer household members a provisional reprieve from the labours of attention that family prayers demanded.