bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in and drivers of healthcare expenditure in the English NHS: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Rodriguez Santana Idaira , Aragón María José , Rice Nigel , Mason Anne Rosemary 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
In England, rises in healthcare expenditure consistently outpace growth in both GDP and total public expenditure. To ensure the National Health Service (NHS) remains financially sustainable, relevant data on healthcare expenditure are needed to inform decisions about which services should be delivered, by whom and in which settings.

Methods
We analyse routine data on NHS expenditure in England over 9 years (2008/09 to 2016/17). To quantify the relative contribution of the different care settings to overall healthcare expenditure, we analyse trends in 14 healthcare settings under three broad categories: Hospital Based Care (HBC), Diagnostics and Therapeutics (D&T) and Community Care (CC). We exclude primary care and community mental health services settings due to a lack of consistent data. We employ a set of indices to aggregate diverse outputs and to disentangle growth in healthcare expenditure that is driven by activity from that due to cost pressures. We identify potential drivers of the observed trends from published studies.

Results
Over the 9-year study period, combined NHS expenditure on HBC, D&T and CC rose by 50.2%. Expenditure on HBC rose by 54.1%, corresponding to increases in both activity (29.2%) and cost (15.7%). Rises in expenditure in inpatient (38.5%), outpatient (57.2%), and A&E (59.5%) settings were driven predominately by higher activity. Emergency admissions rose for both short-stay (45.6%) and long-stay cases (26.2%). There was a switch away from inpatient elective care (which fell by 5.1%) and towards day case care (34.8% rise), likely reflecting financial incentives for same-day discharges. Growth in expenditure on D&T (155.2%) was driven by rises in the volume of high cost drugs (270.5%) and chemotherapy (110.2%). Community prescribing grew by 45.2%, with costs falling by 24.4%. Evidence on the relationship between new technologies and healthcare expenditure is mixed, but the fall in drug costs could reflect low generic prices, and the use of health technology assessment or commercial arrangements to inform pricing of new medicines.

Conclusions
Aggregate trends in HCE mask enormous variation across healthcare settings. Understanding variation in activity and cost across settings is an important initial step towards ensuring the long-term sustainability of the NHS.
Impact of Michaelis–Menten type harvesting in a Lotka–Volterra predator–prey system incorporating fear effect
Authors: Lai Liyun , Yu Xiangqin , He Mengxin , Li Zhong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe propose and study a Lotka–Volterra predator–prey system incorporating both Michaelis–Menten-type prey harvesting and fear effect. By qualitative analysis of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix we study the stability of equilibrium states. By applying the differential inequality theory we obtain sufficient conditions that ensure the global attractivity of the trivial equilibrium. By applying Dulac criterion we obtain sufficient conditions that ensure the global asymptotic stability of the positive equilibrium. Our study indicates that the catchability coefficient plays a crucial role on the dynamic behavior of the system; for example, the catchability coefficient is the Hopf bifurcation parameter. Furthermore, for our model in which harvesting is of Michaelis–Menten type, the catchability coefficient is within a certain range; increasing the capture rate does not change the final number of prey population, but reduces the predator population. Meanwhile, the fear effect of the prey species has no influence on the dynamic behavior of the system, but it can affect the time when the number of prey species reaches stability. Numeric simulations support our findings.
Modeling the Allee effect and fear effect in predator–prey system incorporating a prey refuge
Authors: Huang Ying , Zhu Zhenliang , Li Zhong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a predator–prey model with Allee effect, fear effect and prey refuge. By considering the prey refuge as a parameter, we give the threshold condition for the stability of the system, and prove that the system undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. We show that increasing the prey refuge or Allee effect can make the dynamical behavior of the system more complicated; the fear effect or Allee effect has no influence on the prey density, but can lead to a decrease of the predator population at positive equilibrium.
On monotone nonexpansive mappings in $\operatorname{CAT}_{p}(0)$ spaces
Authors: Shukri Sami 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, based on some geometrical properties of $\operatorname{CAT}_{p}(0)$CATp(0) spaces, for $p \geq 2$p≥2, we obtain two fixed point results for monotone multivalued nonexpansive mappings and proximally monotone nonexpansive mappings. Which under some assumptions, reduce to coincide and generalize a fixed point result for monotone nonexpansive mappings. This work is a continuity of the previous work of Ran and Reurings, Nieto and Rodríguez-López done for monotone contraction mappings.
Effects of using inquiry-based learning on EFL students’ critical thinking skills
Authors: Wale Bantalem Derseh , Bishaw Kassie Shifere 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of using inquiry-based learning on students’ critical thinking skills. A quasi-experimental design which employed time series design with single group participants was used. A total of 20 EFL undergraduate students who took advanced writing skills course were selected using comprehensive sampling method. Tests, focus group discussion, and student-reflective journal were used to gather data on the students’ critical thinking skills. The participants were given a series of three argumentative essay writing pretests both before and after the intervention, inquiry-based argumentative essay writing instruction. While the quantitative data were analyzed using One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA, the qualitative data were analyzed through narration. The findings of the study revealed that using inquiry-based argumentative writing instruction enhances students’ critical thinking skills. Therefore, inquiry-based instruction is suggested as a means to improve students’ critical thinking skills because the method enhances students' interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, explanation, and self-regulation skills which are the core critical thinking skills.
Aedes mosquito surveillance and the use of a larvicide for vector control in a rural area of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Authors: Lamaningao Pheophet , Kanda Seiji , Shimono Takaki , Inthavongsack Somchit , Xaypangna Thonelakhanh , Nishiyama Toshimasa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundRefillable water containers are commonly used in rural areas of Lao PDR, and they act asAedesmosquito breeding sites.Aedes aegyptiandAe. albopictusmosquitos are transmission vectors for the dengue virus, which causes dengue fever.MethodsTwo isolated rural villages in the central part of Lao PDR were selected as study sites. In the intervention village, domestic water containers were continuously treated with a long-lasting matrix release formulation, containing pyriproxyfen, named SumiLarv®2MR. In the control village, entomological activity was monitored, but no intervention was performed. Baseline data were collected in both villages during the late rainy season (October 2017) then distributed SumiLarv®2MR disks in intervention village. This data was compared with data collected during the intervention periods in the dry season (February 2018), rainy season (July 2018 and 2019), and late rainy season (September 2018) in the region.ResultsCompared with the baseline data (20.24%), the percentage of water containers infested withAe. aegyptilarvae was significantly decreased in the treated village, especially in the rainy seasons in July 2018 (4.11%;P< 0.001) and July 2019 (2.46%;P< 0.001), while the percentage of water containers infested withAe. albopictuslarvae did not decrease significantly in prevalence. No reduction in the frequency ofAedesspecies was seen in the control village. TheAe. albopictusliked to breed in small habitats (the median water volume of its habitats was 5 L and 10 L in the control and treated village, respectively, while the equivalent values forAe. aegyptiwere 30 L and 50 L, respectively).ConclusionThe treatment of refillable water storage containers in a rural village with SumiLarv®2MR disks led to significant reductions in theAe. aegyptipopulation. However, theAe. albopictuspopulation did not decrease in either the control or treated village. This discrepancy was due to differences in habitat-seeking behaviors and preferred breeding sites such as types of water, water container, and water volume, then led to the differences in results of mosquito prevalence after SumiLarv®2MR disk treatments. The SumiLarv®2MR disk treatment was proven to be effective against the primary dengue-virus vector mosquitoes,Ae. aegypti.
Cultural Self-Definition of Southwest Chieftains during the Ming-Qing Transition
Authors: Hu Siao-chen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article explores how chieftains on the southwest periphery during the Ming-Qing transition conducted long-term plans to formulate cultural and literary heritages that had an affinity with Han Chinese mainstream culture but also retained indigenous qualities. The author demonstrates that the boundaries between Han and non-Han peoples became more negotiable with the enterprising efforts of chieftains to “perform” civilization by way of literary activities. The discussion centers on Rongmei jiyou (My Travel to Rongmei), a travelogue in diary form by early Qing scholar and playwright Gu Cai.
Cold War as Method
Authors: Liu Petrus 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This essay proposes a reconceptualization of the Cold War as a critical methodology for the study of contemporary Chinese-language cultures and literatures. Arguing that the Cold War is not over but simply transformed, the author redefines it as an enduring “problematic of the present,” an emotional structure that continues to shape the contours of literature, academic discourse, and identity formations in ways of which we are not always fully conscious. Hence the Cold War is best understood as a “cultural palimpsest” where the old dilemma of communism versus anticommunism is rewritten into a contemporary idiom of colonialism versus self-determination. After developing the concept of Cold War as method, the second part of the essay offers a concrete example through a critical reading of Swordsman II, a 1992 martial arts film adapted from Jin Yong's 1967 novel. While the film has generally been analyzed for its representation of (queer) sexuality, the essay shows that it is the Cultural Revolution and its Cold War legacies that explain the emergence of its main character.
High vaccination coverage, inadequate knowledge and high vector density: Findings from a community-based cross-sectional study on Japanese Encephalitis in Yangon, Myanmar
Authors: Kyaw Pyae Phyo , Shewade Hemant Deepak , Kyaw Nang Thu Thu , Hnin Phyo Khaing , Lin Htar Htar , Kyaw Aye Mon Mon , Mya Mg Mg , Thaung Sein , Maung Maung Yan Naung 
Published: June 2020

Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease with high case fatality and no specific treatment. Little is known about the community’s (especially parents/guardians of children) awareness regarding JE and its vaccine in Yangon region, which bears the highest JE burden in Myanmar. Methods: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in Yangon region (2019) to explore the knowledge and perception of parents/guardians of 1-15 year-old children about JE disease, its vaccination and to describe JE vaccine coverage among 1-15 year-old children. We followed multi-stage random sampling (three stages) to select the 600 households with 1-15 year-old children from 30 clusters in nine townships. Analyses were weighted (inverse probability sampling) for the multi-stage sampling design. Results: Of 600 parents/guardians, 38% exhibited good knowledge of JE, 55% perceived JE as serious in children younger than 15 years and 59% perceived the vaccine to be effective. Among all the children in the 600 households, the vaccination coverage was 97% (831/855). Conclusion: In order to reduce JE incidence in the community, focus on an intensified education program is necessary to sustain the high vaccine coverage in the community.
Competition for Attention in Online Social Networks: Implications for Seeding Strategies
Authors: Gelper Sarah , van der Lans Ralf , van Bruggen Gerrit 
Published: June 2020

Many firms try to leverage consumers’ interactions on social platforms as part of their communication strategies. However, information on online social networks only propagates if it receives consumers’ attention. This paper proposes a seeding strategy to maximize information propagation while accounting for competition for attention. The theory of exchange networks serves as the framework for identifying the optimal seeding strategy and recommends seeding people that have many friends, who, in turn, have only a few friends. There is little competition for the attention of those seeds’ friends, and these friends are therefore responsive to the messages they receive. Using a game-theoretic model, we show that it is optimal to seed people with the highest Bonacich centrality. Importantly, in contrast to previous seeding literature that assumed a fixed and nonnegative connectivity parameter of the Bonacich measure, we demonstrate that this connectivity parameter is negative and needs to be estimated. Two independent empirical validations using a total of 34 social media campaigns on two different large online social networks show that the proposed seeding strategy can substantially increase a campaign’s reach. The second study uses the activity network of messages exchanged to confirm that the effects are driven by competition for attention. This paper was accepted by Anandhi Bharadwaj, information systems.
Diagnosis of dorsal screw penetration after volar plating of a distal radial fracture
Authors: Langerhuizen David W. G. , Bergsma Minke , Selles Caroline A. , Jaarsma Ruurd L. , Goslings J. Carel , Schep Niels W. L. , Doornberg Job N. 
Published: June 2020

Aims The aim of this study was to investigate whether intraoperative 3D fluoroscopic imaging outperforms dorsal tangential views in the detection of dorsal cortex screw penetration after volar plating of an intra-articular distal radial fracture, as identified on postoperative CT imaging. Methods A total of 165 prospectively enrolled patients who underwent volar plating for an intra-articular distal radial fracture were retrospectively evaluated to study three intraoperative imaging protocols: 1) standard 2D fluoroscopic imaging with anteroposterior (AP) and elevated lateral images (n = 55); 2) 2D fluoroscopic imaging with AP, lateral, and dorsal tangential views images (n = 50); and 3) 3D fluoroscopy (n = 60). Multiplanar reconstructions of postoperative CT scans served as the reference standard. Results In order to detect dorsal screw penetration, the sensitivity of dorsal tangential views was 39% with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 91% and an accuracy of 91%; compared with a sensitivity of 25% for 3D fluoroscopy with a NPV of 93% and an accuracy of 93%. On the postoperative CT scans, we found penetrating screws in: 1) 40% of patients in the 2D fluoroscopy group; 2) in 32% of those in the 2D fluoroscopy group with AP, lateral, and dorsal tangential views; and 3) in 25% of patients in the 3D fluoroscopy group. In all three groups, the second compartment was prone to penetration, while the postoperative incidence decreased when more advanced imaging was used. There were no penetrating screws in the third compartment (extensor pollicis longus groove) in the 3D fluoroscopy groups, and one in the dorsal tangential views group. Conclusion Advanced intraoperative imaging helps to identify screws which have penetrated the dorsal compartments of the wrist. However, based on diagnostic performance characteristics, one cannot conclude that 3D fluoroscopy outperforms dorsal tangential views when used for this purpose. Dorsal tangential views are sufficiently accurate to detect dorsal screw penetration, and arguably more efficacious than 3D fluoroscopy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(7):874–880.
2020 John Charnley Award: The antimicrobial potential of bacteriophage-derived lysin in a murine debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention model of prosthetic joint infection
Authors: Sosa Branden R. , Niu YingZhen , Turajane Kathleen , Staats Kevin , Suhardi Vincentius , Carli Alberto , Fischetti Vincent , Bostrom Mathias , Yang Xu 
Published: June 2020

Aims Current treatments of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) are minimally effective against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. A murine PJI model of debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) was used to test the hypothesis that PlySs2, a bacteriophage-derived lysin, can target S. aureus biofilm and address the unique challenges presented in this periprosthetic environment. Methods The ability of PlySs2 and vancomycin to kill biofilm and colony-forming units (CFUs) on orthopaedic implants were compared using in vitro models. An in vivo murine PJI model of DAIR was used to assess the efficacy of a combination of PlySs2 and vancomycin on periprosthetic bacterial load. Results PlySs2 treatment reduced 99% more CFUs and 75% more biofilm compared with vancomycin in vitro. A combination of PlySs2 and vancomycin in vivo reduced the number of CFUs on the surface of implants by 92% and in the periprosthetic tissue by 88%. Conclusion PlySs2 lysin was able to reduce biofilm, target planktonic bacteria, and work synergistically with vancomycin in our in vitro models. A combination of PlySs2 and vancomycin also reduced bacterial load in periprosthetic tissue and on the surface of implants in a murine model of DAIR treatment for established PJI. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(7 Supple B):3–10.
Suppressing the amplified spontaneous emission in the high-power 1018-nm monolithic fiber laser by decreasing the feedback from the inner reflections
Authors: Tian Jiading , Xiao Qirong , Li Dan , Liu Zhoutian , Yu Weilong , Yan Ping , Gong Mali 
Published: June 2020

We showed that decreasing the feedback that comes from the inner reflections of counter-propagating light could suppress the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the output of 1018-nm fiber lasers. With a simulation model to solve the power spectrum of multiple signals, we calculated the values of the feedback required for aimed power scaling. We realized low feedback by modifying the counter-propagating side of the setup, which included a home-made cladding light stripper on a no-core fiber that was angle-cleaved. With that, we demonstrated a 1018-nm monolithic fiber laser producing 506.4 W with

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beam quality, 84.9% optical–optical efficiency, and 148-pm linewidth. The maximum intensity of the ASE noises was

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lower than that of the 1018-nm signal, which could allow further power scaling with safety and stability.
Fast Brillouin optical time-domain analysis using frequency-agile and compressed sensing
Authors: Chu Qi , Wang Benzhang , Wang Henan , Ba Dexin , Dong Yongkang 
Published: June 2020

A fast Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensor has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on the frequency-agile and compressed-sensing technique. The proposed scheme employs a data-adaptive sparse base obtained by the principle component analysis algorithm, enabling the sparse representation of Brillouin spectrum. Then, it can be reconstructed successfully with random frequency sampling and orthogonal matching-pursuit algorithms. In the experiment, the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is mapped by the conventional fast BOTDA, where the frequency step and span are 4 MHz and 500 MHz, respectively. By using compressed-sensing technology, the BGS is successfully recovered with 37 random frequency samples, the number of which is only 30% of the full data. With fewer sampling frequencies, the compressed-sensing technology is able to improve the sensing performance of the conventional fast BOTDA, including a 3.3-time increase in sampling rate and 70% reduction in data storage.
Anemia pada Sindrom Nefrotik Anak: Patogenesis dan Tata Laksana
Authors: Pardede Sudung O. 
Published: June 2020

Sindrom nefrotik merupakan penyakit ginjal yang sering pada anak, ditandai dengan proteinuria masif, hipo­albuminemia, edema, dan hiperkolesterolemia. Sindrom nefrotik dapat menyebabkan komplikasi hipovolemia, renjatan, gangguan ginjal akut, infeksi, tromboembolisme, gangguan elektrolit, gangguan endokrin, dan anemia. Komplikasi ini disebabkan hilangnya protein melalui urin, seperti albumin, faktor koagulasi, imunoglobulin, hormone-binding protein, transferin, dan eritropoietin. Anemia pada sindrom nefrotik dapat disebabkan perubahan homeostasis besi dan transferin, pengeluaran eritropoietin melalui urin, defisiensi vitamin B12, serta peran obat dan logam. Ekskresi besi dan transferin melalui urin menyebabkan kadar transferin plasma menurun yang mengakibatkan penurunan kadar besi plasma dan anemia mikrositik hipokrom. Kehilangan erItropoietin melalui urin menyebabkan anemia defisiensi eritropoietin. Kehilangan transkobalamin dan vitamin B12 melalui urin menurunkan kadar vitamin B12 plasma. Kehilangan seruloplasmin melalui urin dapat menyebabkan defisiensi tembaga yang mengakibatkan anemia. Obat angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) dapat menyebabkan anemia dengan mekanisme inhibisi eritropoiesis dengan menurunkan kadar eritropoietin sirkulasi. Keberhasilan terapi anemia pada sinrom nefrotik bergantung pada penyebab anemia. Anemia defisiensi besi diterapi dengan suplementasi besi. Pemberian eritropoietin rekombinan efektif dan aman dalam tata laksana anemia pada sindrom nefrotik. Defisiensi vitamin B12 diterapi dengan vitamin B12 dan anemia defisiensi tembaga diterapi dengan suplementasi tembaga glukonat.
Predicting Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus from Left Atrial Volume and Confirmation by Computed Tomography with Delayed Enhancement
Authors: Osawa Kazuhiro , Nakanishi Rine , Ceponiene Indre , Nezarat Negin , French William J. , Budoff Matthew J. 
Published: June 2020

Assessing thromboembolic risk is crucial for proper management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Left atrial volume is a promising predictor of cardiac thrombosis. To determine whether left atrial volume can predict left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation, we conducted a prospective study of 73 patients. Left atrial and ventricular volumes were evaluated by cardiac computed tomography with retrospective electrocardiographic gating and then indexed to body surface area. Left atrial appendage thrombus was confirmed or excluded by cardiac computed tomography with delayed enhancement.
Seven patients (9.6%) had left atrial appendage thrombus; 66 (90.4%) did not. Those with thrombus had a significantly higher mean left atrial end-systolic volume index (139 ± 55 vs 101 ± 35 mL/m2; P =0.0097) and mean left atrial end-diastolic volume index (122 ± 45 vs 84 ± 34 mL/m2; P =0.0077). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, left atrial end-systolic volume index (per 10 mL/m2 increase) was significantly associated with left atrial appendage thrombus (odds ratio [OR]=1.24; 95% CI, 1.03–1.50; P =0.02); so too was the left atrial end-diastolic volume index (per 10 mL/m2 increase) (OR=1.29; 95% CI, 1.05–1.60; P =0.02).
These findings suggest that increased left atrial volume increases the risk of left atrial appendage thrombus. Therefore, patients with atrial fibrillation and an enlarged left atrium should be considered for cardiac computed tomography with delayed enhancement to confirm whether thrombus is present.