bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Marina Bay Sands Complex in Singapore: A Modern Marvel of Structure and Technology
Authors: Szolomicki Jerzy , Golasz-Szolomicka Hanna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper presents architectural and structural analysis of the Marina Bay Sands complex in Singapore, which consists of a hotel, an exhibition and convention centre with shopping centers, two theatres and Art-Science museum. The Moshe Safdie Architects architectural studio created an unusual complex that shows Singapore as a center of innovation, culture and entertainment. This complex fits perfectly into the architecture of Singapore, which is full of ecological solutions and surrounded by vegetation that is dominated by orchids (the national flower of Singapore). Hotel Marina Bay Sands is the main building of the complex. The hotel complex consists of three 55-storey towers and is situated on the axes of two streets. The spectacular design, which is now the island’s hallmark, required many complicated structural solutions that can be considered as a modern marvel of structure and technology. The design of the hotel building, the co-contractor of which was Arup Company, due to its geometry and location on the reclaimed land of Marina Bay was recognized as the most difficult architectural task in the world. The important aim in the design of the whole complex was to ensure perfect sound and thermal insulation inside the buildings while using natural elements. In the Art-Science Museum, as well as in the two theatres, a façade cladding system consisting of blocks of mineral wool was used, which significantly increases the evacuation time in the event of a fire. The complex, which is characterized by high strength buildings, good acoustics and high fire safety, was created thanks to multi-sector cooperation. Marina Bay Sands complex have played important role in development of technological and structural solutions for such type of structures.
Selected Modern Public Culture and Educational Buildings in Countries of the Persian Gulf
Authors: Golasz-Szolomicka Hanna , Szolomicki Jerzy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Over the past few decades Persian Gulf countries have been strategically working towards diversification of their economies by transforming their natural resources exploitation incomes into other areas of investment and infrastructure. Economic transformation have always affected on urban development. New urban identity of the leading countries of the Persian Gulf creates a new paradigm by constructing a new tradition as alternative contemporary heritage. Analyzing the development strategy of the Gulf cities, which main goal was to achieve the global city statute, three directions of this transformation can be distinguished. The first one is to transform the city into a replica of global metropolises such as New York, Chicago or Hong Kong. The second is the implementation of international projects related to the construction of cultural and educational buildings of global importance. The third direction is related to the concept of organizing global events. In this paper, the authors focused on the architectural and structural analysis of selected public culture and educational buildings in Doha (Qatar) and Dubai (United Arab Emirates). These countries have developed their vision for the future by giving unprecedented importance to the cultural and educational sector and have invested in economically powerful and rapidly growing regional cultural and educational hubs, what has provided domestic and international benefits of both the financial and reputational nature. At the beginning of the XXI century, Dubai and Doha introduced a new model of urbanism. As a result, Doha was designated as the “Arab Capital of Culture” by UNESCO in 2010. Doha’s and Dubai’s plan for world class of cultural and educational buildings include, among others, buildings such as the National Museum of Qatar, the Museum of Islamic Art, the Qatar National Congress Center, the Dubai Opera House and the Dubai Future Museum.
Recycling of Wood-Polymer Composites in Relation to Substrates and Finished Products
Authors: Stanaszek-Tomal Elżbieta 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, the aim is to minimize the impact of a product or service on the environment in all phases of its life cycle. In particular, this applies to those in which the impact is greatest. One of the techniques that allow comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact of manufactured products is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). With this method, an environmental declaration is made for the products obtained. WPC composites can be made in a sustainable way, without wasting any material and without altering. WPC composites can be made in a sustainable way, without wasting any material and without altering. Composites with wood fillers may be competitive to materials with inorganic fillers. Wood-polymer composites can be produced from original natural raw materials. They can also be obtained as a result of recycling, where either wood or polymers come from the recyclate. It is also possible to use both components from recovery. Another way is to use WPC as a future raw material. Research on the utilization of waste from such materials is also conducted in a number of research centres, taking material recycling as the basic direction, and technical products are manufactured from the obtained recyclate.
The Technologies Optimization for the Treatment of Underground Water with Iron and Arsenic Content – A Case Study
Authors: Dumitru Petre-Pavel , Florescu Constantin , Girbaciu Alina , Vâju Dumitru 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Generally, in Romania, the water treatment aimed at removing the classic compounds of iron, manganese, ammonium, nitrates / nitrites, etc. by the known classical technologies (chemical coagulation, precipitation, decantation, slow / fast filtration with free / under pressure, disinfection). When in the raw water, besides the classical compounds, heavy metals semi-metals are also found, together with the classical treatment technologies, advanced technologies are required combined, known as hybrid processes (Electro-coagulation / EC, oxidation, adsorption / exchange ions, membrane filtration -UF / NF / RO), which can lead to the desired results. Along with iron, manganese, ammonium, nitrites / nitrates, arsenic is a naturally occurring element in the Earth’s crust. Arsenic in drinking water is a global problem affecting the population worldwide because the arsenic and its components have carcinogenic properties. Regarding the elimination of arsenic (As) found in the water especially collected from the underground, the studies and researches applied were much more restricted and the applications completely isolated, at present the subject being more intensely approached. This situation is also caused by the fact that the Water Framework Directive no.98_83_CEE, transposed into national legislation, lowered the Arsenic (As) chemical indicator limit to 10 μg As / L (from 50 μg As / L). An alternative / complementary technology with low maintenance costs for underground treatment is Electro-oxidation/coagulation (EC), which has been of increasing interest in the last decade. The use of pilot stations / equipment for studying potential treatment technologies is essential for optimizing the treatment schemes and in order to avoid the implementation of costly technologies that cannot work for various reasons. In this case study, it was analysed comparatively from the efficiency point of view combining and optimizing oxidation-coagulation-filtration technologies in a pilot station for water treatment with iron, manganese and arsenic content, coming from the medium depth underground source (western Romania). In the initially provided technological flow (oxidation with ozone, multimedia filtration and disinfection with hypochlorite for the remanence), an electro-coagulation / oxidation (EC) cell was introduced upstream of the multimedia filter. This process aimed at eliminating the use of chemicals (ferric chloride) from the coagulation process that would have caused the rapid alteration of the multimedia filter and consequently increased operating costs. The results showed that compared to conventional technologies, the EC advantage includes high disposal efficiency, a compact treatment plant and the possibility of complete automation.
Remediation and Monitoring of Unstable Slope of Railway Cut
Authors: Kopecký Miloslav , Ondrášik Martin , Brček Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As part of the railway tracks modernization in Slovakia, a cut with a maximum depth of approximately 11 meters and a length of approximately 200 meters was built in the vicinity of the capital Bratislava. During the realization of the cut, in complicated engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions, several instabilities and landslides occurred. This resulted in several remediation measures on a 200-meter long cut which were not considered in the original design proposal. After construction, geotechnical monitoring is carried out on the slope. The geotechnical monitoring aims to verify and control the effectiveness of remediation measures to maintain the safe operation of the rail transportation. This paper evaluates the results of 3-year geotechnical monitoring and analyses its relationship to the given warning level.
MOC Cement-Based Composites with Silica Filler and Wood Chips Ash Admixture
Authors: Pivák Adam , Pavlíková Milena , Záleská Martina , Jankovský Ondřej , Lojka Michal , Pavlík Zbyšek 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As Portland cement and cement-based materials are the most widespread materials in construction industry, there is a concern to develop and search cement alternative materials with similar or better functional properties and a lower negative environmental impact. Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) is considered as low-energy and low-carbon binder possessing some advantageous properties superior to Portland cement. Therefore, lightweight MOC-based composites were designed and tested in the presented study. As filler, silica sand was used in composition of control composite mix. Later, it was partially replaced with wood chips ash coming from bioenergy production from biomass. The chemical composition and morphology of wood chips ash were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. For the hardened composites, bulk density, specific density, and total open porosity were measured. Among mechanical parameters, flexural and mechanical strengths were tested. The thermal performance of composites was studied using a transient hot disk method and the assessed parameters were thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity. The use of fly ash led to the great decrease in porosity compared to the control materials with silica sand as only filler. The mechanical strength of all developed materials was high. Both the compressive strength and flexural strength decreased the dosage of wood chips ash in composite mix. However, the decrease in mechanical resistance was lower than the send replacement ratio. It clearly proved assumption of filler function of fly ash, whereas its assumed reactivity with MOC cement components was not proven. The heat transport was partially mitigated by wood chips use, similarly as heat storage. Based on the obtained data, the developed composites were considered as alternative low-carbon materials possessing interesting functional properties for construction practice. Moreover, the reuse of by-product from biomass bioenergy treatment can be considered as an environmentally friendly solution for production of sustainable advanced building materials.
Contradiction of Methodical and Technological Points of Views on Moisture Fighting Technologies On Walls of Architectural Heritage Buildings
Authors: Makýš Oto , Gašparík Jozef , Šťastný Patrik 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The moisture affects all materials on the earth surface, but we have developed a specific sensitivity toward moistening of architectural heritage buildings. Water in construction materials and on their surface influences partially their technical state like their stability, but usually not that much as people can think. Unwanted moisture is usually dangerous at very soft construction materials, like clay bricks. But especially the water soluble salts, the water transports through the masonry, can act as a very dangerous destructive material, influencing destructively especially surface plasters. And in the case of historical wall paintings are the losses on cultural heritage invaluable. To deal with moisture effectively we can use some specific technologies, but the most effective ones have a specific destructive influence on the historical construction material. And this is the point of conflict between technical and methodical points of view. So the basic scientific questions in this field can be such ones: are the destructive technologies for fighting moisture in historic masonry really effective? And are they to be accepted also methodically?
Architecture of Defensive Gates of Western Ukraine Castles in the 16th – 17th Centuries
Authors: Okonchenko Olha , Kramarchuk Khrystyna , Milchevych Serhii 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
On the territory of Ukraine there have been preserved a number of castles which as relics of cultural heritage are attractive tourist landmarks. In modern information sphere, alongside great number of historical-descriptive sources on the castles of Ukraine, there is a market lack for the results of comparative and typological analysis of their defensive structures. In particular, investigation of the architecture of the castle entrance junctions as predominant structures of the castle complexes reflecting its representative and defensive functions is topical. The objectives of the investigation are: to determine the state of preservation of entrance gates in the castles of the 16th − 17th centuries in Western Ukraine; to define forming preconditions and factors in the period of their military functioning and after it; to identify and describe types of volumetric-spatial characteristics of the castle gates on the basis of the patterns of the systems of defensive structures organization formed in the history of military art; to characterize elements of entrance junctions (structures in front of the gates, external fortifications, lifting bridges) and external decoration of gate structures. As a result of the investigation, the degree of entrance gates preservation has been found. We have discovered that out of the whole range of castles functioning as defensive structures in the mid – 16th − 17th centuries in the western region of Ukraine only in the 9 of them there are gates with the integral volumetric-spatial structure operating as part of museum complexes and other public buildings; 8 gates are in ruins, still they have preserved volumetric-spatial structure; other 7 castle gates have preserved only separate fragments as part of the later structures or as ruins. Five variants of volumetric-spatial structure of the gates have been defined and analyzed. Relying on the structural analysis of the preserved gates and historical sources, we have found out that within the period of the 16th − 17th centuries when application of the firearms on the investigated territory was widespread, in the castles along with the prevailing number of structures characteristic of the bastion DS (defence system) there continued to function separate earlier structures peculiar to the tower and bastei DS. This is explained by the fact that some castles were laid down before the investigated period, which offers possibility of further investigation with the aim of going into the constructional history of the examined castles.
The Dome in Contemporary Monuments of the UAE between Tradition and Postmodernity
Authors: Amrousi Mohamed El , Elhakeem Mohamed 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recently constructed cultural and religious complexes in Abu Dhabi display the clear references to Islamic ornament and the ‘dome’ as a symbolic element. Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque best manifests this through its cascade of domes and ornament. The Grand Mosque has become one of the most visited spaces in the city, which necessitated the creation of a processional underground route to organize its visitation process. Another example is Qasr Al Watan, which recently, in 2019, opened to the public, its white domes and Islamic ornament render it a popular site of visitation. The palatial complex has been equipped with a tourist center, gift shop and buses that transport its visitors. Qasr Al Watan’s domes, arches and ornaments are constructed with to reflect on known historical precedents. Taken together with Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque and the Emirates Palace, they reflect a comeback of postmodernism in Abu Dhabi. This paper focuses on cultural/religious buildings that exhibit ‘Domes’ and Islamic ornament with clear references to the historical precedents.
Modern Church Architecture in East Galicia as a Search for New Forms and National Style
Authors: Cherkes Bohdan , Diachok Oksana , Myroniuk Sofiia , Matsyshyna Zoia , Volska Svitlana , Kolodrubska Oleksandra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article highlights some of the results of the scientific work on the study of sacral architecture in Western Ukraine, conducted by the Institute of Architecture and Design of Lviv Polytechnic National University in conjunction with the Department of Fine Arts and Design of Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil National Pedagogical University. The purpose of the article is to investigate the process of revival of sacral construction in the territory of East Galicia and to determine the role of the leading Ternopil architects in this process. It has been established that due to the long-term ban of temple construction by communist regime, sacral construction skills have been lost in Ukraine, as in other post-Soviet countries. The task was complicated by the low technological level of the construction industry. Architects and builders often had to experimentally revive construction techniques to create vaults, domes, sails and other architectural elements that were widely used in the creation of temples. Therefore, the first sacral buildings on the territory of the region were marked by a tendency to reproduce forms and images that historically took place at the end of 19-th – beginning of 20-th centuries. The process of transition from the tendency of reproduction of historical forms and images of Ukrainian sacral architecture of the late 19-th - early 20-th centuries to modern experiments in the construction of temples is traced. An analysis of the creativity of the leading Ternopil architects showed that many of them were involved in this process. Using national heritage in architecture, architects have become actively involved in the world’s processes of cultural development and in the search for Ukrainian identity in temple architecture. Usually, using traditional plans in the form of an elongated cross at the request of parish customers, architects after 1995 design modern buildings, the image of which is in harmony with the new trends in world sacral architecture. For the first time, data about some modern architects of Ternopil and new major temples in the territory of the region, created by their projects, have been introduced into the scientific circulation. Thus, the architecture of Ukrainian temples reflects ancient national traditions in combination with contemporary world trends in temple building.
A Hybrid Construction Method for Shallow Buried Urban Tunnel with Ultra-Small Clear Distance
Authors: Xu Qianen , Xu Weimin , Li Panshan , Liu Yang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
During the construction process, it is difficult to ensure the structural safety of shallow buried tunnel with the ultra-small clear distance since the tunnel is prone to instability and the surrounding rock and soil are in an adverse stress condition. To address this issue, a hybrid construction method is proposed to enhance tunnel stability and reinforce the surrounding rocks and soil. First, aiming at an actual tunnel, numerical analysis are provided to compare the effectiveness of different construction methods such as the bench method, advanced reinforcement method, and grouting reinforcement method. Second, the performance of the combination of advanced reinforcement and grouting reinforcement are discussed, and, on the basis of this discussion, the hybrid construction method, combining the advanced small pipes reinforcement, middle rock wall reinforcement, and grouting reinforcement, is proposed. And the characteristics of proposed method is compared with the traditional CRD construction method. The results reflect that using the hybrid construction method can enhance the stability of the tunnel and its effect is similar to that of the CRD method. Finally, the effectiveness of proposed hybrid construction method is verified by using the measured data obtained during the construction of an actual tunnel with the ultra-small clear distance. The results shown that the proposed method can enhance the stability of the tunnel and improve the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and soil.
Outdoor Climate Parameters and Heat Energy Consumption for the Needs of Heating the Building
Authors: Nowoświat Artur , Pokorska-Silva Iwona 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, meteorological data were analyzed for the needs of heating the building. For this purpose, data from a typical meteorological year were used, which allow determining the general characteristics of the building. Temperature analyses were carried out, modeling its changes over time. To this end, time series theory was used. In this analysis, the decomposition of the original time series was used. As a result, the obtained results were used for computer simulation for the test object.
The Future for Conventional Resources of Romania Used in Energy Production
Authors: Lucut Marinela , Girbaciu Alina , Stefanescu Camelia , Girbaciu Cristian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Humanity, as we know it, has always had a growing need for energy. The industrial revolution generated an excess in the exploitation of the Earth’s natural resources. As a result, global warming, climate change and CO2 emissions have become topics frequently addressed in various political, economic and in today’s press debates. Romania is no exception to this trend. Although the industrial revolution began a few decades later than in the developed countries such as England, France and the USA, environmental consequences follow the same path. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness of the direction and implications of using the so-called conventional resources in energy production. Energy resources are the material bases of a country’s energy policy, the premise of energy development studies. It is advisable to promote all energy sources and practices that are positive for the environment and to intensify efforts to manage the pollutant emissions generated by energy production. Even though some renewable energy sources have been exploited for a long time (for example, hydropower), it is essential to draw the attention of producers, consumers, governors and investors and other unconventional energy sources so that the electricity produced from renewable sources can grow in the near future. Governments will need to take measures in the area of taxation, subsidies and regulations, which will not only help them achieve their energy security and environmental goals, but also contribute to promoting technical progress and economic development. What it intends to present is the real state and trends of the conventional resources used in energy production in Romania