bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the friendship networks of older Black and Minority Ethnic people living in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hayanga Brenda , Kneale Dylan , Phoenix Ann 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOlder Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) people living in the United Kingdom (UK) are vulnerable to the experiences of social isolation and loneliness. Despite this, it is widely assumed that they adhere to traditional family practices and living arrangements that protect them from social isolation and loneliness. Such assumptions are problematic and can reify family networks as the main area of research for older BME people to the detriment of friendship networks which are also crucial. However, few researchers have explored this area. With the older BME population increasing at a faster rate than the older white population, further research is needed. Utilising data from Wave 6 of Understanding Society (N = 7,499, 4.3% of whom self-identified as BME), this study explores the ways in which the friendship networks of older BME people differ compared to older white people using logistic regression analyses. After controlling for potential confounding socio-demographic characteristics, older BME people were more likely to report having fewer close friends and fewer friends who live locally, suggesting that their friendship networks may be restricted in quantity and accessibility. Not only do these findings raise important questions about the varying needs of older minority ethnic people who have been largely overlooked in recent government policy, but they also highlight the continuing challenges of using large-scale surveys to research older BME people in the UK.
CONSUMPTION BASKETS AND COST OF LIVING IN SOUTHERN LATE COLONIAL BRAZIL: RIO GRANDE, 1772-1823
Authors: Djenderedjian Julio , Martirén Juan Luis 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the cost of living and evolution of welfare ratios among urban workers in Rio Grande's vila, the main commercial enclave of the southern Portuguese dominions in America. From diverse sources (military and hospital expenditure accounts, merchant credit bills from probate inventories), we build different consumption baskets to calculate their cost in seven benchmark years: 1772, 1792, 1802, 1809, 1816, 1819 and 1823. The evolution of cost of living shows a consistent upward trend during the period, which, however, does not substantially affect welfare ratios. In order to build regional comparisons, we follow Allen's methodology (2001) to estimate welfare ratios of skilled and unskilled workers in Rio Grande, Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The results of using this approach could be useful to adjust the methodology for further international comparisons.
RACHS-1 score as predictive factor for postoperative ventilation time in children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Geier Luisa , Menzel Christoph , Germund Ingo , Trieschmann Uwe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground:Congenital heart disease is the most frequent malformation in newborns. The postoperative mortality of these patients can be assessed with the Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery-1 (RACHS-1) score. This study evaluates whether the RACHS-1 score can also be used as a predictor for the length of postoperative ventilation and what is the influence of age.Material and Methods:In a retrospective study over the period from 2007 to 2013, all patient records were evaluated: 598 children with congenital heart disease and cardiac surgery were identified and 39 patients have been excluded because of additional comorbidities. For evaluation of mortality, 559 patients could be analysed, after exclusion of 39 deceased patients, 520 cases remained for analysis of postoperative ventilation.Results:Overall mortality was 7% with a dependency on RACHS-1 categories. The median length of postoperative ventilation rose according to the RACHS-1 categories: RACHS-1 category 1: 9 hours (interquartile range (IQR) 7–13 hours), category 2: 30 hours (IQR 12–85 hours), category 4: 58 hours (IQR 13–135 hours), category 4: 71 hours (IQR 29–165 hours), and category 6: 189 hours (IQR 127–277 hours). Some of the RACHS-1 subgroups differed significantly from the categories, especially the repair of tetralogy of Fallot with a longer ventilation time and strong variability. Younger age was an independent factor for longer postoperative ventilation.Conclusion:RACHS-1 is a good predictor for the length of postoperative ventilation after cardiac surgery with the exception of some subgroups. Younger age is another independent factor for longer postoperative ventilation. These data provide better insight into ventilation times and allow better planning of operations in terms of available intensive care beds.
Social Cognition in Individuals with Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study Using TASIT-S
Authors: Genova Helen M. , McDonald Skye 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) can have difficulty on tasks requiring social cognition, including Theory of Mind (ToM) and facial affect recognition. However, most research on social cognition in MS has focused on Relapsing–Remitting MS; less is known about deficits in individuals with progressive MS. This pilot study examined the social cognitive abilities of individuals with progressive MS on a dynamic social cognition task: The Awareness of Social Inference Test – Short Form (TASIT-S).Methods:Fifteen individuals with progressive MS and 17 healthy controls performed TASIT-S, which includes 3 subtests assessing facial affect recognition and ToM.Results:The MS group was impaired on all subtests of TASIT-S, including Emotion Evaluation, Social Inference – Minimal, and Social Inference – Enriched, which examine facial affect recognition and ToM. Deficits on TASIT-S were significantly correlated with several cognitive abilities including working memory, learning memory, and verbal IQ.Conclusions:Our findings suggest individuals with progressive MS were impaired across multiple social cognition domains as assessed by the TASIT-S. Furthermore, social cognitive abilities were related to cognitive abilities such as visuospatial memory and executive abilities. Results are discussed in terms of social cognition deficits in MS and how they relate to cognitive abilities.
Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Analysis of Granule Neurons of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Following Cortical Injury
Authors: Pantic Igor , Jeremic Rada , Dacic Sanja , Pekovic Sanja , Pantic Senka , Djelic Marina , Vitic Zagorka , Brkic Predrag , Brodski Claude 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a main cause of death and disabilities in young adults. Although learning and memory impairments are a major clinical manifestation of TBI, the consequences of TBI on the hippocampus are still not well understood. In particular, how lesions to the sensorimotor cortex damage the hippocampus, to which it is not directly connected, is still elusive. Here, we study the effects of sensorimotor cortex ablation (SCA) on the hippocampal dentate gyrus, by applying a highly sensitive gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis. Using GLCM analysis of granule neurons, we discovered, in our TBI paradigm, subtle changes in granule cell (GC) morphology, including textual uniformity, contrast, and variance, which is not detected by conventional microscopy. We conclude that sensorimotor cortex trauma leads to specific changes in the hippocampus that advance our understanding of the cellular underpinnings of cognitive impairments in TBI. Moreover, we identified GLCM analysis as a highly sensitive method to detect subtle changes in the GC layers that is expected to significantly improve further studies investigating the impact of TBI on hippocampal neuropathology.
Growing Up in a Steel Town: Early-Life Pollution Exposure and Later-Life Mortality
Authors: Taylor Sarah 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTAn important hypothesis about the disease burden of air pollution is that high levels of exposure in childhood can result in a lifetime of health problems, leading to increased mortality rates at older ages. I evaluate this hypothesis using a proprietary data set—Medicare records matched to Social Security records that identify birthplace. I analyze old-age mortality among 390,000 individuals born in small cities and towns in Pennsylvania during the years 1916 through 1927. Some of these individuals were born in places with steel production, and thus likely had exposure to high levels of air pollution in childhood. These individuals have significantly higher rates of mortality post–age 65 than those born in comparable towns that did not have steel production facilities. There are three notable features of the excess mortality among those born in steel towns: (1) the relationship holds for comparisons within counties, (2) the excess mortality is higher in towns that had relatively higher levels of steel production, and (3) old-age mortality is especially high for individuals born in locations with relatively high levels of steel production and relatively low elevation—a finding consistent with the possibility that low-elevation locations were subject to atmospheric inversions that trapped air pollution. By matching the SSA/Medicare data with death certificate data, I am able to establish that the excess mortality associated with childhood exposure to air pollution is due primarily to elevated levels of cancer.
Current Deformation in the Tibetan Plateau: A Stress Gauge in the India‐Asia Collision Tectonics
Authors: Capitanio Fabio A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGeodetic velocities and mantle seismic anisotropy provide relevant constraints to the dynamics of the Asian continent. Here, these are compared to numerical models of subduction, collision, and upper plate deformation, developing features similar to the present‐day India‐Asia region. Varying buoyancy and far‐field forces, the models provide coupled surface and mantle motions and deformation allowing a first‐order agreement to the observables in the Tibetan area. Observed trends are reproduced when the pull from the Indian slab vanishes and the neighboring southeast Asian slab drives extrusion in eastern Tibet, matching GPS rotation and convergence‐perpendicular component, and a far‐field force acts to increase the GPS convergence‐parallel component and lithospheric thickening observed in the Tian Shan‐Tibetan domain. The net force exerted on the Tibetan lithosphere is ~2.6 × 1012 N/m, mostly due to neighboring southeast Asian subduction, and raises to ~2.8 × 1012 N/m, when additional far‐field forces apply. Largest suction force exerted on the Sunda margin is ~2.4 × 1012 N/m, whereas the comparison to seismic anisotropy supports the idea that the mantle is passive. These are interpreted in the context of the differential along‐strike dynamics of the Indian‐southeast Asian subduction: The coupled indentation‐suction along the plate margin drives large‐scale extrusion, while the excess stress along the Indian margin is accommodated by Tibetan lithospheric thickening. The models constrain the boundary forces and lithospheric processes of the Asian tectonics and emphasize the role of large‐scale coupling of the Indian margin and the southeast Asian subduction.
Sea Level Budgets Should Account for Ocean Bottom Deformation
Authors: Vishwakarma B. D. , Royston S. , Riva R. E. M. , Westaway R. M. , Bamber J. L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe conventional sea level budget (SLB) equates changes in sea surface height with the sum of ocean mass and steric change, where solid‐Earth movements are included as corrections but limited to the impact of glacial isostatic adjustment. However, changes in ocean mass load also deform the ocean bottom elastically. Until the early 2000s, ocean mass change was relatively small, translating into negligible elastic ocean bottom deformation (OBD), hence neglected in the SLB equation. However, recently ocean mass has increased rapidly; hence, OBD is no longer negligible and likely of similar magnitude to the deep steric sea level contribution. Here, we use a mass‐volume framework, which allows the ocean bottom to respond to mass load, to derive a SLB equation that includes OBD. We discuss the theoretical appearance of OBD in the SLB equation and its implications for the global SLB.
Inter‐episodic Tremor and Slip Event Episodes of Quasi‐spatiotemporally Discrete Tremor and Very Low Frequency Earthquakes in Cascadia Suggestive of a Connective Underlying, Heterogeneous Process
Authors: Hutchison Alexandra A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExploring relationships between different types of slow earthquakes is essential for determining their source properties and controlling parameters. Studies show that very low frequency earthquakes (VLFEs) and tremor are discrete events that necessitate a further comprehensive study with respect to each other. Spatiotemporal analyses of VLFE and tremor catalogs from three interepisodic tremor and slip (inter‐ETS) events in Cascadia show that seemingly uncorrelated events have more nuanced quasi‐spatiotemporal relationships. Some of these events are either only related spatially, where tremor and VLFEs occur in the same location at different times, or related temporally, occurring at a distance but during the same time period. Including quasi‐related events, nearly all VLFEs and tremor that do not exhibit immediate spatiotemporal relationships become correlated. I interpret this to mean they are related by a connective process that either is itself heterogenous or has heterogenous expressions based on other physical characteristics.
On the Fourier Contribution of Strong Current Sheets to the High‐Frequency Magnetic Power SpectralDensity of the Solar Wind
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Burkholder Brandon L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe hypothesis is explored that the high‐frequency magnetic spectral power of the solar wind is associated with the spatial profiles of strong current sheets (directional discontinuities) in the solar wind plasma. This hypothesis is based on previous findings about current sheets and the solar wind's magnetic power spectra (1) that the amplitude distribution and waiting time distribution of strong current sheets determines the amplituic composition and the electron strade and spectral slope of the “inertial range” of frequencies and (2) that the thicknesses of strong current sheets in the solar wind determine the breakpoint frequency that ends the inertial range. Solar wind current sheets are collected from the WIND 0.09375‐s and MMS 7.8 × 10−3‐s magnetic data sets, and the current sheets are individually Fourier transformed. At frequencies above the solar wind breakpoint (1) the shape of the magnetic power spectra of the current sheets resembles the shape of the magnetic power spectra of the solar wind and (2) the current sheets occur frequently enough to account for the magnetic power of the solar wind above the breakpoint. This has implications for the physics underlying the high‐frequency magnetic power spectral density of the solar wind, supplementing the energy‐cascade description of the high‐frequency spectrum.
On the Motion of the Heliospheric Magnetic Structure Through the Solar Wind Plasma
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA reference frame in the solar wind can often be found wherein the flow vectorvis everywhere approximately parallel to the magnetic field vectorB. This is the frame of the heliospheric magnetic structure moving relative to the plasma. Since v⊥is very small in this reference frame, the magnetic structure appears to have little temporal evolution. The structure moves outward away from the Sun faster than the plasma flow. Even for highly Alfvénic plasma, the structure does not move at the Alfvén speed relative to the proton plasma, rather it moves at ~0.7vA. This may be caused by the spread in the vector directions of the local magnetic field. The degree of inhomogeneity of the plasma is hypothesized to control the motion of the magnetic structure through the plasma. If so, non‐Alfvénicity may be owed to an inability of Alfvénic perturbations to coherently propagate from Alfvénic injections at the Sun. Schemes that mathematically advect magnetic and plasma structure from upstream solar wind monitors to the Earth may be improved by calculating and including the motion of the structure relative to the solar wind velocity vector.
Axial Wind Effects on Stratification and Longitudinal Sediment Transport in a Convergent Estuary During Wet Season
Authors: Chen Lianghong , Gong Wenping , Scully Malcom E. , Zhang Heng , Cheng Weicong , Li Wei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Wave‐Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system was used to examine axial wind effects on vertical stratification and sediment transport in a convergent estuary. The model demonstrated that stratification dynamics in the upper estuary (Kelvin number <1;
) are dominated by longitudinal wind straining, whereas the dominant mechanism governing estuarine stratification in the lower estuary (Kelvin number ~1) is lateral wind straining. Barotropic advection contributes to seaward sediment transport and peaks during spring tides, whereas estuarine circulation causes landward sediment transport with a maximum during neap tides. Down‐estuary winds impose no obvious effects on longitudinal sediment flux, whereas up‐estuary winds contribute to enhanced seaward sediment flux by increasing the tidal oscillatory flux. The model also demonstrates that bottom friction is significantly influenced by vertical stratification over channel regions, which is indirectly affected by axial winds.
Seasonal Upper Shelf Circulation Along the Central Western Gulf of Mexico: A Preferential Upcoast Flow Reinforced by the Recurrent Arrival of Loop Current Eddies
Authors: Gómez‐Valdivia Felipe , Parés‐Sierra Alejandro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe shelf circulation along the central western Gulf of Mexico has been traditionally attributed to a local alongshore wind stress component (AWSC) that heads upcoast during spring‐summer and turns downcoast to reach long‐term monthly averages larger than
0.05 Pa during fall‐winter. Modern wind databases exhibit, however, a local seasonal downcoast AWSC more than 10 times weaker. A realistic numerical model implementation revealed that the effect of the downcoast AWSC is recurrently overwhelmed by the upcoast geostrophic shelf circulation induced by the anticyclonic Loop Current Eddies arrival. Sporadic energetic downcoast shelf flows were generated by erratic cyclonic eddies next to the shelf and by the propagation of coastally trapped waves; nonetheless, the upcoast AWSC and the recurrent presence of Loop Current Eddies induced a preferential upcoast shelf circulation throughout the year. The upcoast shelf flow reached long‐term bimonthly averages up to
50 cm/s during spring and summer. Although weaker, the shelf current remained preferentially upcoast during fall and winter with long‐term bimonthly averages less than
10 cm/s. The long‐term seasonal variability of the reproduced shelf dynamics represented the long‐term annual cycle of the directly observed local shelf circulation. Direct observations and a second numerical experiment revealed that the previously reported seasonal alongshore inversion of the central western Gulf of Mexico shelf circulation, with downcoast flows that reach long‐term monthly averages larger than
40 cm/s, can be attributed to both an exaggerated wind forcing during fall‐winter and an inadequate representation of the local mesoscale dynamics.
The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)
Authors: Danabasoglu G. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Bacmeister J. , Bailey D. A. , DuVivier A. K.  , Edwards J. , Emmons L. K. , Fasullo J. , Garcia R. , Gettelman A. , Hannay C. , Holland M. M. , Large W. G. , Lauritzen P. H. , Lawrence D. M. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Lindsay K. , Lipscomb W. H. , Mills M. J. , Neale R. , Oleson K. W. , Otto‐Bliesner B. , Phillips A. S. , Sacks W. , Tilmes S. , van Kampenhout L. , Vertenstein M. , Bertini A. , Dennis J. , Deser C. , Fischer C. , Fox‐Kemper B. , Kay J. E. , Kinnison D. , Kushner P. J. , Larson V. E. , Long M. C. , Mickelson S. , Moore J. K. , Nienhouse E. , Polvani L. , Rasch P. J. , Strand W. G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAn overview of the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) is provided, including a discussion of the challenges encountered during its development and how they were addressed. In addition, an evaluation of a pair of CESM2 long preindustrial control and historical ensemble simulations is presented. These simulations were performed using the nominal 1° horizontal resolution configuration of the coupled model with both the “low‐top” (40 km, with limited chemistry) and “high‐top” (130 km, with comprehensive chemistry) versions of the atmospheric component. CESM2 contains many substantial science and infrastructure improvements and new capabilities since its previous major release, CESM1, resulting in improved historical simulations in comparison to CESM1 and available observations. These include major reductions in low‐latitude precipitation and shortwave cloud forcing biases; better representation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation; better El Niño‐Southern Oscillation‐related teleconnections; and a global land carbon accumulation trend that agrees well with observationally based estimates. Most tropospheric and surface features of the low‐ and high‐top simulations are very similar to each other, so these improvements are present in both configurations. CESM2 has an equilibrium climate sensitivity of 5.1–5.3 °C, larger than in CESM1, primarily due to a combination of relatively small changes to cloud microphysics and boundary layer parameters. In contrast, CESM2's transient climate response of 1.9–2.0 °C is comparable to that of CESM1. The model outputs from these and many other simulations are available to the research community, and they represent CESM2's contributions to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6.