bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Introduction sets out the immediate historical and cultural context in which twentieth-century Russian religious philosophers began to write about deification. The inter-revolutionary period (1905–17), characterized by unprecedented political instability and violence, created an atmosphere of apocalyptic foreboding and prompted religious philosophers creatively to assimilate the Orthodox concept of deification in their attempts to conceptualize human overcoming of the end, of mortality itself. These attempts are presented as fundamentally modernist: more or less free interpretations of the deification theme that arise out of the engagement of the authors under consideration with the modernist discourses of Marxism, Symbolism, and Nietzsche. It is argued that the primary leitmotifs, common to these three, that shape the way deification was received in the early twentieth century, are praxis and transformation, specifically the transformation of matter. The four works to be analysed present a spectrum of deification reception, from least to most Orthodox.
Taking Asides
Authors: Morgan Oliver 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the curious dialogical status of the Shakespearean aside. The first step is to recognize that when a play-text ascribes words to a character, it does not necessarily follow that those words are a fully-fledged contribution to the conversation. There is a distinction, that is, between the typographical turn and the conversational turn. An ‘aside’ is what happens when these two things are at variance. The chapter works through a series of examples—from Hamlet, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Richard III, Othello, and 2 Henry VI—to explore the many ways in which this can occur. Identifying and interpreting asides, it argues, is primarily a matter of conversational structure—of understanding how different utterances are related to one another, plotting their trajectories, and charting how these relationships develop over time. It is a matter, that is, of turn-taking.
Extracurricular Economy
Authors: Gallagher John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the vibrant economy of language teaching and learning in early modern England. The period witnessed a boom in both autodidacticism and private educational provision. Language teaching was central to a vibrant urban ‘extracurricular economy’. New spaces, schools, and teachers reshaped the educational landscape. Working within an economy of reputation, skill, and prestige, language teachers advertised their services and attracted students through a mixture of their presence in print, networks of contacts, and claims of pedagogical skill and linguistic prestige. In doing so, these teachers—particularly teachers of French—contributed to new ways of thinking about the English language itself. New perspectives on the places, people, and practices of this extracurricular economy ultimately demand that we rethink the concept of an early modern ‘educational revolution’.
‘A Conversable Knowledge’
Authors: Gallagher John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers language-learning in educational travel. Early modern English elites placed great emphasis on the educational value of travel, and saw the study and practice of vernacular languages—most commonly French and Italian—as central to educational travel. This chapter uses a rich set of manuscript source materials (including travellers’ polyglot diaries, letters, and notebooks) to show how travellers learnt foreign languages while abroad. It aims to put the education back into educational travel, showing the importance of everyday pedagogies to early modern travel practices. It argues that linguistic concerns helped to shape everything from the routes that travellers followed to the company they kept and the notes they wrote. While the focus of this chapter is on the unusually well-documented travels of mostly male and mostly wealthy English-speakers, it offers reflections on language-learning practices that are relevant to other kinds of traveller, from merchants to servants.
Conclusion
Authors: Gallagher John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The conclusion brings together the arguments made in the book’s four central chapters, in order to show the unique contribution the book makes. As the first full-length book on the topic, it opens up a number of questions for future research, and the conclusion points towards rich areas of work which can build on the findings of the book and further enrich our understanding of a multilingual English history. It asks how the polyglot perspective might enrich and challenge areas of English history in this period: given the pervasiveness of multilingualism in the urban, diplomatic, religious, and mercantile spheres—and considering the existence of many individuals whose multilingualism left little written record—how can we write a history of this transformative period that is alive to the polyglot forces that shaped both England and English?
Machine Decisions and Human Consequences
Authors: Scantamburlo Teresa , Charlesworth Andrew , Cristianini Nello 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how machine learning works and, as a result, how decisions are made by modern intelligent algorithms or ‘classifiers’. It critically evaluates a real-world ‘classifier’, the Harm Assessment Risk Tool (HART)—an algorithmic decision-making tool employed by the Durham police force to inform custody decisions concerning individuals who have been arrested for suspected criminal offences. It evaluates the tool by reference to four normative benchmarks: prediction accuracy, fairness and equality before the law, transparency and accountability, and informational privacy and freedom of expression. It argues that systems which utilize decision-making (or decision-supporting) algorithms, and have the potential to detrimentally affect individual or collective human rights, deserve significantly greater regulatory scrutiny than those systems that use decision-making algorithms to process objects.
Demanding the Demanding
Authors: Sachs Ben 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Several authors have worried, or anyway assumed, that confronting people with highly demanding moral requirements would be counterproductive, in the sense of causing people to turn away from morality, and thus actually decreasing (for instance) amounts donated. In this chapter, Ben Sachs notes that whether or not such behaviour would be counterproductive is a non-obvious empirical matter. After reviewing the available evidence, Sachs concludes that we should not be at all confident that “demanding the demanding” would be counterproductive. Sachs argues that more empirical studies are needed, but tentatively defends a theory of moral psychology according to which, when people are confronted with a demanding ethical theory (like act-consequentialism) they will, if they accept the theory, respond by coming close to conforming to it.
The Hidden Zero Problem
Authors: Budolfson Mark , Spears Dean 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Mark Budolfson and Dean Spears analyse the marginal effect of philanthropic donations. The core of their analysis is the observation that marginal good done per dollar donated is a product (in the mathematical sense) of several factors: change in good done per change in activity level of the charity in question, change in activity per change in the charity’s budget size, and change in budget size per change in the individual’s donation to the charity in question. They then discuss the “hidden zero problem” that some of the terms in the equation (in particular, the last term) might be “hidden zeros” that prevent donations from doing any good—or worse, imply that they do harm—even if the charity is at the top of effective altruism rankings based on the other factors.
Beyond Individualism
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Stephanie Collins examines the idea that individuals can acquire ‘membership duties’ as a result of being members of a group that itself bears duties. In particular, powerful and wealthy states are duty-bearing groups, and their citizens have derivative membership duties (for example, to contribute to putting right wrongs that have been done in the past by the group in question, and to increase the extent to which the group fulfils its duties). In addition, she argues, individuals have duties to signal their willingness to coordinate with others so as to do more good than the sum of what each could do on their own. Putting these two things together, Collins suggests, individuals’ duties in (for instance) matters of global poverty might be largely driven by such group-based considerations, leaving little room for the duties that would follow from more individualistic reasoning.
Ole Roemer, Who Started It All
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The story of the first measurement of the speed of light by Ole Roemer in 1676. Galileo had discovered the moons of Jupiter with his new telescope, and proposed using observations of their eclipse every forty-two hours as a universal clock for our planet, since they could be seen from practically anywhere. This would keep track of the time at home, and so give a traveller his or her local longitude. (The King of Spain had offered a prize for longitude determination to avoid disasterous shipwrecks.) Roemer noticed that the eclipses were sometimes a little late, which he concluded was due to the time it took light to get from Saturn to Earth and the movement of the Earth between eclipses. His estimate of the time for light to travel from the Sun to Earth was quite accurate. Roemer’s remarkable life story and many other achievements are told.
The Nineteenth CenturyLight Beams Across the Rooftops of Paris
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The history of the discovery that light is a wave by the remarkable scientists Fresnel, Young, and Huygens, and their eventful lives. The discovery of optical interference, and the influence of Newton, who mostly treated light as a particle. Wheatston’s measurement of the speed of electricity, the first use of rotating mirrors. Paris in the nineteenth century, the Siege of Paris and the Commune, and the extraordinarily adventurous life of Francois Arago and his achievements. The first non-astronomical measurements of the speed of light on Earth by Fizeau, Foucault, and Cornu, using spinning toothed wheels and rotating mirrors at the Paris Observatory.
Faraday and Maxwell
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The story of Michael Faraday and the development of field theory in the early nineteenth century and his discovery of the magneto-optical effect, which linked the study of optics and light to electromagnetism for the first time, and led to the discovery of the displacement current. The integration of electrostatics and electromagnetism by James Clerk Maxwell and others. How Maxwell discovered his great equations, which predict a constant speed of light and show that light is an electromagnetic wave. How the symmetry which resulted from his displacement current provided an important clue for Einstein’s theory. Maxwell’s current-charge balance apparatus, which allowed him to measure the speed of light by purely electrical means. How Maxwell’s equations were later used in the discovery of radio waves. Maxwell’s life and interests, from poetry to horse riding and guitar. Kelvin and the laying of the Atlantic cable.
Introduction
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book tells the human story of one of mankind’s greatest intellectual adventures - how we understood that light travels at a finite speed, so that when we look up at the stars we are looking back in time. And how the search for an absolute frame of reference in the universe led inexorably to Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 for the energy released by nuclear weapons, which also powers our sun and the stars. From the ancient Greeks measuring the distance to the sun, to today’s satellite navigation and Einstein’s theories, the book takes the reader on a gripping historical journey. How Galileo with his telescope discovered the moons of Jupiter and used their eclipses as a global clock, allowing travellers to find their Longitude. How Roemer, noticing that the eclipses were sometimes late, used this delay to obtain the first measurement of the speed of light, which takes eight minutes to get to us from the Sun. From the international collaborations to observe the Transits of Venus, including Cook’s voyage to Australia, to the extraordinary achievements of Young and Fresnel, whose discoveries eventually taught us that light travels as a wave but arrives as a particle, and the quantum weirdness which follows. In the nineteenth century we find Faraday and Maxwell, struggling to understand how light can propagate through the vacuum of space unless it is filled with a ghostly vortex Aether foam. We follow the brilliantly gifted experimentalists Hertz, discoverer of radio, Michelson with his search for the Aether wind, and Foucault and Fizeau with their spinning mirrors and lightbeams across the rooftops of Paris, competing to be the first to measure the speed of light on earth. The difficulty of sending messages faster than light using quantum entanglement, and the reality of the quantum world conclude this saga.
Introduction
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Introduction places the book in conversation with the scholarly literature that views post-disaster politics using the lens of democratization. It interrogates the ethical and political value of democracy in the most trying of times and reimagines how democracy can be experienced in the context of widespread suffering. It makes a case for contextualizing normative assumptions about inclusiveness, voice, and accountability in relation to the material, social, and affective consequences of communities surviving a spectacular tragedy. These theoretical arguments are contextualized using the case of the Philippines in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan—one of the strongest storms that made landfall in recent history—which resulted to over 6000 deaths and widespread displacement. It concludes by providing a summary of the book’s theoretical and empirical chapters.
Responding to the Unspeakable
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter makes a case for a multimodal account of discursive participation. In the context of tragedies where collective suffering is unspeakable, deliberative democratic theory should be sensitive to political claim-making that go beyond linguistic forms of expression. The chapter puts forward some examples of claim-making that go beyond voice, as well as practices of responsiveness that act on these political claims. To recognize that there are many forms of claim-making, however, is not enough. For deliberative democratic theory to maintain its critical bite, pluralizing norms of discursive participation must remain anchored on clear ethical commitments. The chapter draws on normative media theory’s concept of agonistic solidarity as a guidepost to assess democratic practice amidst spectacular tragedies.
Collaborative Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Collaborative publics view misery as a disposition that needs to be overcome by hope. They are collaborative as far as they view post-disaster rehabilitation as a ‘deliberative project’—one that is made coherent by a shared storyline of collaboration rather than that of contestation, linked together by democratic professionals, and sustained by processes of community-level deliberations. The chapter draws on the case study of a ‘model community’ which effectively mobilized displaced communities to become political actors who take charge of their own recovery. The chapter concludes by distinguishing collaborative from contestatory publics and examining collaborative publics’ contributions in post-disaster politics.
The Invention of the System
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a deep critique of a commonly held view that the Stoic system of philosophy consists in the tripartition of philosophy into logic, physics, and ethics. The teaching of philosophy is distinguished from the transmission of doctrine, showing that whilst tripartition might be useful for the former, the latter is concerned with the transmission of an interrelated whole which the Stoics call, for the first time in the history of philosophy, a ‘systēma’, whose internal regimentation is not dependent on tripartition. Views of successive generations of Stoics are analysed, including a vindication of the orthodoxy of Zeno of Tarsus and Posidonius, which leads to a broader reappraisal of the ancient historiography on these matters, sifting through the agendas of the first generation of Platonists and the later classifications of Sextus Empiricus; a critique of modern historiography is also broached, targeting in particular the work of Pierre Hadot. The Stoic notion of a systēma is examined in detail from different perspectives as the basis for the Stoic definitions of knowledge, science, and the constitution of an argument, as also, at the macro-level, for the structure of the cosmos, describing thus the foundations of the unity of the cosmic city, supported by cosmic sympathy, so as ultimately to identify lekta as the keystones of this structure.
Causation
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Stoic theory of causation. The Stoics say that a cause is the cause of an incorporeal katēgorēma, a kind of lekton, thereby giving an idiosyncratic account of a cause, and setting out the reality conditions for its incorporeal effect. The debates between the Peripatetics and the Stoics on the cause as a ‘because of which’ frame the analysis in a critical appraisal of the ancient historiography on the question, amongst both the generations of Stoics, and the Peripatetics, Platonists, and Early Christians. Though a consensus gathers around the necessary activity of the cause, the particular contribution of the Stoics is to posit the unicity of the active cause, which gives each body a unique causal signature, determining both the range of its capacities and what katēgorēmata it can or must actualize to be the thing it is. Causation confirms the independent reality of katēgorēmata and lekta in general, since a cause validates the actuality of the lekton it has caused. This also implies that the lekton is there ready to be actualized, and remains there once the cause, no longer active, no longer actualizes it: it thus sometimes obtains (when actualized) and otherwise subsists. The view that lekta cannot therefore depend on bodies for their susbsistence is defended against an interpretation dominant since the ancients which is shown not to have taken into account the role of lekta in causation.
‘The Demands of Justice Must be Stated before the Words of Peace Find a Receptive Ground, 1972–1976’
Authors: Scull Margaret M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
These years mark the bloodiest of the conflict with the highest number of deaths. Priests, women religious, and the Irish Catholic hierarchy continued to find their voice in condemning violence and, in private moments, acted as mediators between the British government and republican paramilitary groups. However, ecumenical efforts between Protestant and Catholic Church leaders at this time remained limited. The English Catholic Church hierarchy began to publicly condemn republican paramilitaries as the IRA started to bomb England. The death of IRA member James McDade, after a bomb he planted in Coventry exploded prematurely, marked the first major schism between English and Irish Catholic Church doctrine and practice. This set a course of confusion over the Church stance on issues of suicide and excommunication that continued for the rest of the conflict.
Brazil’s Bolsa Família Programme
Authors: Paiva Luis Henrique , Cotta Tereza Cristina , Barrientos Armando 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The first experiences with conditional cash transfers (CCTs) took place in the mid-1990s in Brazil, at the local level. They were later adopted at the national level in Mexico (in 1997, with the Prospera programme), in Brazil (by 2001, with several CCTs), as well as in other Latin American countries. In 2003, the Bolsa Família programme unified previous national CCTs and massively expanded their number of beneficiaries. It managed to reach almost a quarter of the Brazilian population and became the most progressive cash transfer made by the state. Over time, numerous evaluations measured the programme’s impacts on the reduction of poverty and inequality and the improvement of education and health indicators. Domestically, these impacts, together with strong support by researchers and multilateral organizations, eventually translated this ‘good policy’ (quality design and implementation) into ‘good politics’ (political support from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries alike, and public commitment to the programme’s maintenance by all relevant political forces). The Bolsa Família ‘model’ is now adopted in sixty-seven different countries according to the World Bank in 2017.
Household Songs
Authors: Larson Katherine R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter illuminates the affective significance of music and song within household drama, a genre that early modern scholarship has found difficult to detach from the page and that continues to be undervalued in performance terms. Drawing on the notion of the closet, understood both as an architectural and acoustic space within the early modern household and as a generic marker for women’s dramatic productions, it explores the range of musical practices encompassed under the broad category of “household plays.” Focusing on Jane Lumley’s Iphigenia at Aulis, Margaret Cavendish’s The Convent of Pleasure, and Mary Wroth’s Love’s Victory, it then considers how recent staging experiments help to illuminate textual markers of music and song that have too often been silenced.
Prologue
Authors: Larson Katherine R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Prologue confronts the volatility and airy capriciousness of song as a performance medium and considers the methodological challenges of locating song’s musical and performance-based traces. Nuancing Carolyn Abbate’s influential notion of the “drastic” nature of musical performance, it argues for the necessity of factoring the embodied experience of song into literary analysis. The Prologue devotes particular attention to women’s engagement with song as a performance-based—and performative—genre in early modern England, a history whose richness is reflected in the companion recording. Even as the recording process exemplifies the impossibility of pinpointing the “drastic” in definitive terms, this acoustic archive—as well as the performers’ reflections on their experience of inhabiting the featured pieces—underscores the importance of tuning our ears to the musical matter of early modern literary texts, many of which were the products of embodied and musical processes of circulation.