bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From horticulture to psychonautics: an analysis of online communities discussing and trading plants with psychotropic properties
Authors: Lavorgna Anita , Rekha Gopala Sasie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study is a spinoff of the cross-disciplinary project “FloraGuard: Tackling the Illegal Trade in Endangered Plants”, and focuses on the analysis of online forums dedicated to the discussion and the trades of plant species, often highly endangered in nature, that are sought after for their psychotropic properties. The study sheds light on the interesting but overlooked area of the intersection of environmental crimes, illegal online trades, and drug use. Some species of conservation concern have known psychoactive/analgesic properties; as these properties are now openly and broadly discussed in specialised online communities, attention is required both as regards the potential for health-related harms suffered by reckless users, and for environmental-related harms for the species in question.
Running-related demands and vigor in long-distance runners: The moderating role of resources and recovery
Authors: van Iperen Luuk P. , de Jonge Jan , Gevers Josette M. P. , Vos Steven B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLong-distance running is a demanding sport and runners use a variety of coping strategies to deal with these demands. In this study, we investigated running-related demands, resources, and recovery and, as an indicator of well-being, vigor. Specifically, following the Demand-Induced Strain Compensation Recovery Model, we tested to what degree the relation between running-related demands and vigor was moderated by two coping strategies available in running: running-related resources (e.g., training control, running mate/coach support) and running-related recovery (i.e., detachment from running). Demands, resources, recovery, and vigor were all surveyed across three separate dimensions (i.e., physical, cognitive, emotional) in a cross-sectional sample of 623 recreational long-distance runners. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine to what degree the demands-vigor relation was moderated by resources and recovery. Evidence for moderations was found for the cognitive and emotional dimensions of vigor, revealing four significant moderating effects of resources or recovery on the demands-vigor relation. Three of these effects involved emotional resources or recovery. Contrary to expectations, results also showed that in two cases higher recovery was associated with lower vigor, rather than higher, when runners experienced high demands. In all, we found modest support for the role of resources and recovery in altering the nature of the demands-vigor relation in recreational long-distance runners. This study highlights the importance of the emotional dimension of demands, resources, and recovery, as those facets were most important in predicting vigor in runners. Practical implications are addressed with regard to emotional resources and recovery for long-distance runners.
Active feature acquisition on data streams under feature drift
Authors: Beyer Christian , Büttner Maik , Unnikrishnan Vishnu , Schleicher Miro , Ntoutsi Eirini , Spiliopoulou Myra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTraditional active learning tries to identify instances for which the acquisition of the label increases model performance under budget constraints. Less research has been devoted to the task of actively acquiring feature values, whereupon both the instance and the feature must be selected intelligently and even less to a scenario where the instances arrive in a stream with feature drift. We propose an active feature acquisition strategy for data streams with feature drift, as well as an active feature acquisition evaluation framework. We also implement a baseline that chooses features randomly and compare the random approach against eight different methods in a scenario where we can acquire at most one feature at the time per instance and where all features are considered to cost the same. Our initial experiments on 9 different data sets, with 7 different degrees of missing features and 8 different budgets show that our developed methods outperform the random acquisition on 7 data sets and have a comparable performance on the remaining two.
Influence of pressure and CO2 in fluidized bed gasification of waste biomasses
Authors: Szul Mateusz , Głód Krzysztof , Iluk Tomasz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn autothermal fluidized bed reactor was used to research the influence of pressure (0–2 barg) on the gasification process of different types of biomasses. The tested feedstocks were bark and lignin while softwood pellet was used as a reference fuel. A mixture of O2/CO2/H2O was used as a gasification agent. The impact of the application of CO2 on the yield of H2 in product gas was determined. Resulting product gas was characterized by a high content of CO which makes its use for applications based on chemical synthesis very difficult without extensive upgrading or supply of H2 from external sources. CO2 proved to improve carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) of the gasification process and to be an option for its chemical sequestration (negative carbon footprint). A slight modification of conventional indices used to evaluate efficiencies of gasification systems (CCE and water/carbon ratio) was proposed, to take into account the impact of the additional source of carbon fed into the reactor. The increase of system pressure led to changes in the composition of the product gas in line with predictions of Le Chatelier’s principle. The influence was predominantly visible in higher yields of CH4 and lower overall production of product gas. For higher hydrocarbons (CxHy), the trend was unclear. A set of stable gasification parameters were achieved for each pressure level and a standard gasification temperature of 850 °C, except for gasification of lignin performed at 2 barg. A proposed explanation for the problem is the combined effect of the increasing concentration of ash in the fluidized bed and its low characteristic melting temperatures. Due to the obtained experimental findings, a new ash agglomeration index was formulated.
Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumors (ATRT)
Authors: Mousa Amr , Al-Kofide Amani , Siddiqui Khawar , Alhindi Hindi , Alshaikh Nada , Alshail Essam 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor is an uncommon aggressive central nervous system tumor. All retrospective series have shown a short mean overall survival rate. Considering the rarity of the disease, few prospective clinical trials addressed treatment recommendations for such aggressive tumors, and consequently no definitive treatment guidelines have been established. In this study, we are reviewing our experience in treating atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor patients.

Methods:
We reviewed the medical charts of 43 patients with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor who were treated in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between 1996 and 2013. We evaluated the overall survival rate and the influence of different clinical features and treatment protocols on survival.

Results:
The median overall survival time was 16.9 months (95% Confidence Interval, 5.2–32.9 months) with an estimated 2- and 5-year overall survival of 41.9% ± 9.6 and 27.9% ± 9.2, respectively. Patients receiving trimodal treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) exhibited significantly better median overall survival time compared to their counterparts (P value < .001).

Conclusions:
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor is rare and aggressive central nervous system tumor. Despite the limitations of the study, our results support several of clinical practice development. Utilization of postoperative radiotherapy and the adoption of trimodal therapy are associated with significant improvement of median survival. Prompt management with aggressive trimodal therapy should be the standard for future treatment protocols.
Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response in Poland: Prevention, Surveillance, and Mitigation Planning
Authors: Goniewicz Krzysztof , Osiak Beata , Pawłowski Witold , Czerski Robert , Burkle Frederick M. , Lasota Dorota , Goniewicz Mariusz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectives:Biological weapons are one of the oldest weapons of mass destruction used by man. Their use has not only determined the outcome of battles, but also influenced the fate of entire civilizations. Although the use of biological weapons agents in a terrorist attack is currently unlikely, all services responsible for the surveillance and removal of epidemiological threats must have clear guidelines and emergency response plans.Methods:In the face of the numerous threats appearing in the world, it has become necessary to put the main emphasis on modernizing, securing, and maintaining structures in the field of medicine which are prepared for unforeseen crises and situations related to the use of biological agents.Results:This article presents Poland’s current preparation to take action in the event of a bioterrorist threat. The study presents both the military aspect and procedures for dealing with contamination.Conclusions:In Poland, as in other European Union countries fighting terrorism, preparations should be made to defend against biological attacks, improve the flow of information on the European security system, strengthen research centers, train staff, create observation units and vaccination centers, as well as prepare hospitals for the hospitalization of patients—potential victims of bioterrorist attacks.
Tethered unitary recordings suggest a spike-timing electrosensory code in the electrosensory lobe of Gymnotus omarorum
Authors: Rodríguez-Cattáneo Alejo , Pereira Ana-Carolina , Aguilera Pedro A. , Caputi Ángel A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEvaluation of neural activity during natural behaviours is essential for understanding how the brain works. Here we show that neuron-specific self-evoked firing patterns are modulated by an object’s presence, at the electrosensory lobe neurons of tethered-moving Gymnotus omarorum. This novel preparation shows that electrosensory signals in these pulse-type weakly electric fish are not only encoded in the number of spikes per electric organ discharge (EOD), as is the case in wave-type electric fish, but also in the spike timing pattern after each EOD, as found in pulse-type Mormyroidea. Present data suggest that pulsant electrogenesis and spike timing coding of electrosensory signals developed concomitantly in the same species, and evolved convergently in African and American electric fish.
Born-digital sources for the history of the Libyan revolution and its aftermath
Authors: Pennell C.R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractArchival material on the Libyan revolution and the civil war that followed is very scarce. This article discusses two born digital collections – the Libya Uprising Archive of tweets collected during the rising against Qaddafi, and the collections of asylum appeal tribunals in several English-speaking liberal democracies. Neither collection has been extensively used. It describes how the collections were formed, and the difficulties of using them and, for each, provides a short case study to illustrate these points. For the Libya Uprising Archive the case study is of tweets put out on the day Qaddafi was killed (20 October 2011), for the asylum tribunals the case study is of evidence provided by claimants about the importance or otherwise of tribalism as a factor that put individuals in danger.
Sociocultural and economic determinants of stunting and thinness among adolescent boys and girls in Nepal
Authors: van Tuijl Charlotte J. W. , Madjdian Dónya S. , Bras Hilde , Chalise Binaya 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite the increasing interest in the determinants of adolescent undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries, a comprehensive multi-level overview at the country level is missing. Using the nationally representative 2014 Nepal Adolescent Nutrition Survey, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the sociocultural and economic determinants of stunting and thinness of adolescent boys and girls in Nepal. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between multiple individual, household and community determinants and stunting and thinness among 3773 adolescents aged 10–19 years (1888 boys and 1885 girls). The prevalence rates of stunting and thinness indicated suboptimal nutritional status and an inadequate growth environment in Nepali adolescents. The results highlighted an association of paternal occupation and education, household income, number of earning household members, geographical place of residence, caste/ethnicity and nutritional knowledge with stunting, with higher odds for males and older adolescents. Paternal occupation, education, household income, geographical region, caste/ethnicity and nutrition knowledge were associated with thinness, with higher odds for males and younger adolescents. The findings underscore the importance of involving adolescents, their parents and their communities in interventions. Such interventions should not only be aimed at improving adolescent nutrition but also at optimizing adolescents’ growth environment for better health and development. Future research should focus on context-specific causal pathways and mechanisms through which sociocultural and economic determinants influence nutritional outcomes within broader societal, cultural and political settings. A longitudinal approach, including a range of dietary and nutrition indicators would allow understanding how and when the relative importance of these factors change during adolescence.
Progress on the small modular stellarator SCR-1: new diagnostics and heating scenarios
Authors: Coto-Vílchez F. , Vargas V. I. , Solano-Piedra R. , Rojas-Quesada M. A. , Araya-Solano L. A. , Ramírez A. A. , Hernández-Cisneros M. , Pérez-Hidalgo J. E. , Köhn-Seemann A. , Cerdas F. , Vílchez-Coto F. , Jiménez D. , Campos-Duarte L. , Meneses E. , González-Vega M. , Arias S. 
Published: July 2020

This work presents updates in the diagnostics systems, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) calculations and simulations of microwave heating scenarios of the small modular Stellarator of Costa Rica 1 (SCR-1). Similarly, the design of a flexible bolometer and magnetic diagnostics (a set of Mirnov coils, Rogowski coils and two diamagnetic loops) are introduced. Furthermore, new MHD equilibrium calculations for the plasma of the SCR-1 device were performed using the VMEC code including the poloidal cross-section of the magnetic flux surfaces at different toroidal positions, profiles of the rotational transform, magnetic well, magnetic shear and total magnetic field norm. Charged particle orbits in vacuum magnetic field were computed by the magnetic field solver BS-SOLCTRA (Vargas et al. In 27th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference (FEC 2018), 2018. IAEA). A visualization framework was implemented using Paraview (Solano-Piedra et al. In 23rd IAEA Technical Meeting on the Research Using Small Fusion Devices (23rd TM RUSFD), 2017) and compared with magnetic mapping results (Coto-Vílchez et al. In 16th Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics (LAWPP), 2017, pp. 43–46). Additionally, simulations of microwave heating scenarios were performed by the IPF-FDMC full-wave code. These simulations calculate the conversion of the ordinary waves to extraordinary waves and allow us to identify the location where the conversion takes place. Finally, the microwave heating scenarios for the

$330^{\circ }$

toroidal position are presented. The microwave heating scenarios showed that the O–X–B mode conversion is around 12–14 %. It was possible to identify the spatial zone where the conversion takes place (upper hybrid frequency).
Wading Knee-Deep into the Rubicon: Escalation and the Morality of Limited Strikes
Authors: Brunstetter Daniel R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLimited strikes are arguably different from war insofar as they are more circumscribed, less destructive, and cost less in blood and treasure to employ. However, what they can achieve is also considerably more circumscribed than what is set out by the goals of war. How do we morally evaluate limited strikes? As part of the roundtable, “The Ethics of Limited Strikes,” this essay argues that we need to turn to the ethics of limited of force, orjus ad vim, to do so. Two moral assumptions that are the keystone tojus ad vimcan shed light on the moral imperatives and ethical dilemmas of undertaking limited strikes. First, such strikes should be seen as an alternative to war, and not part of thejus ad bellumlast resort process. What I call the “Rubicon assessment” determines at what level force should be used: at the level of war, with all its costs and unpredictability, or at that of the more predictable and less costly limited force. Second, limited strikes should adhere to a “presumption against escalation”; that is, a moral commitment not to escalate to war. This essay highlights these moral principles in five different limited strike scenarios: “hot pursuit,” “red line,” “the last straw,” “the point of no return,” and “the right of retaliation.” The conclusion explores the notion of justice after limited strikes, or what I calljus post vim, to show that while what can be accomplished by limited strikes is inherently constrained, they can, if used morally and in tune with diplomacy, be of service in the quest for peace.
Syrian Views on Obama's Red Line: The Ethical Case for Strikes against Assad
Authors: Pearlman Wendy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMuch ink has been spilled on the pros and cons of U.S. president Barack Obama's decision not to strike the regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad after that regime launched a deadly chemical weapons attack in 2013. Often missing from those debates, however, are the perspectives of Syrians themselves. While not all Syrians oppose Assad, and not all opponents endorsed intervention, many Syrian oppositionists resolutely called for Obama to uphold his “red line” militarily. As part of the roundtable “The Ethics of Limited Strikes,” this essay analyzes diverse expressions of such opinion and finds that they highlight three dimensions of the ethical case for limited strikes against Assad. First, they remind us that the ethical context of the red line question was many Syrians’ sense of abandonment by the international community. Second, they emphasize the ethical stakes of the limited strikes; namely an opportunity to hold the Syrian regime accountable, weaken it from within, and thus change the equation of the war. Third, they make sense of the ethical consequences of the nonintervention outcome, and especially its effect in deepening civilians’ despair, accelerating extremism, and convincing Assad and his allies that they could kill with impunity. These views controvert both legalistic arguments precluding military intervention and assumptions that U.S. intervention is always imperialist and warmongering. In this case, consideration of the case for military intervention from the viewpoint of those on whose behalf the intervention would have taken place challenges us to think deeply about circumstances in which limited strikes might be not only ethically justified but also imperative.
Transhepatic atrial septal defect closure: simple way to achieve haemostasis in a patient with important co-morbidities
Authors: Haddad Raymond N. , Maleux Geert , Bonnet Damien , Malekzadeh-Milani Sophie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPercutaneous closure is the gold standard treatment for atrial septal defects, but the procedure can be complex in case of femoral thrombosis. Although unusual for congenital interventionists, transhepatic atrial septal defect closure is an attractive alternative to the internal jugular vein, especially when approaching the interatrial septum. Herein, we report the case of an adult patient with significant co-morbidities who had successful transhepatic atrial septal defect closure after a failed transjugular attempt. We describe the use of an absorbable haemostatic gelatin sponge to efficiently and safely achieve haemostasis after the use of a large vascular sheath with combined anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy.
Quantitative assessment of the production of radioactive materials by the Mevion S250i Hyperscan proton therapy system: a year-long survey
Authors: Chiang Bing-Hao , Chen Yong , MacDurmon George , Ahmad Salahuddin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroduction:This technical note describes a quantitative assessment of the production of radioactive materials during a year-long clinical operation of a Mevion S250i Hyperscan proton therapy system. The production of accumulated radioactive materials plays an important role in determining radiation safety in and around the proton therapy facilities.Methods:We have conducted a weekly room survey, every week for a year, during normal clinical operation.Results and conclusions:We estimated the accumulated activity from secondary neutron activation on aluminium structures at 3 m away from isocentre in the beamline to be less than 300 μCi.
Genetics and Not Shared Environment Explains Familial Resemblance in Adult Metabolomics Data
Authors: Pool René , Hagenbeek Fiona A. , Hendriks Anne M. , van Dongen Jenny , Willemsen Gonneke , de Geus Eco ,   BBMRI Metabolomics Consortium, Willems van Dijk Ko , Verhoeven Aswin , Suchiman H. Eka , Beekman Marian , Slagboom P. Eline , Harms Amy C. , Hankemeier Thomas , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMetabolites are small molecules involved in cellular metabolism where they act as reaction substrates or products. The term ‘metabolomics’ refers to the comprehensive study of these molecules. The concentrations of metabolites in biological tissues are under genetic control, but this is limited by environmental factors such as diet. In adult mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, we estimated the contribution of genetic and shared environmental influences on metabolite levels by structural equation modeling and tested whether the familial resemblance for metabolite levels is mainly explained by genetic or by environmental factors that are shared by family members. Metabolites were measured across three platforms: two based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and one employing mass spectrometry. These three platforms comprised 237 single metabolic traits of several chemical classes. For the three platforms, metabolites were assessed in 1407, 1037 and 1116 twin pairs, respectively. We carried out power calculations to establish what percentage of shared environmental variance could be detected given these sample sizes. Our study did not find evidence for a systematic contribution of shared environment, defined as the influence of growing up together in the same household, on metabolites assessed in adulthood. Significant heritability was observed for nearly all 237 metabolites; significant contribution of the shared environment was limited to 6 metabolites. The top quartile of the heritability distribution was populated by 5 of the 11 investigated chemical classes. In this quartile, metabolites of the class lipoprotein were significantly overrepresented, whereas metabolites of classes glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids were significantly underrepresented.