bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiments on Annular Liquid Jet Breakup
Authors: Li Xianguo , Shen Jihua 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Experimental investigations have been carried out for the breakup process of an annular water jet exposed to an inner air stream by videographic and photographic techniques. Three flow regimes for the jet breakup process have been identified, i.e., bubble formation, annular jet formation and atomization. Within the bubble formation regime, the jet breakup characteristics measured from the photographs taken under various liquid and gas velocities indicate that nearly uniform bubbles are observed for various air-to-water velocity ratios; both the jet breakup length and the wavelength for bubble formation decrease as the air-to-water velocity ratio is increased. The measurements are compared with the predictions by the linear instability analysis, and fair agreement is obtained.
Abnormal Release of Toxic Gases From Natural Gas Processing Plants
Authors: Badr O. , Al-Kuwari R. , Abdel-Sattar A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Qatar, one of the Arabian Gulf States, possesses one of the world’s largest non-associated gas fields. Most of the country’s development plans are based on the preparation of natural gas for export and local use.
Under normal operation of gas processing plants, the residual, H2S-rich Acid Gas is treated in a sulfur recovery unit to produce pure sulfur. However, under abnormal situations, the acid gas is burned in incinerators or flares releasing SO2–rich combustion products. Under severe weather conditions, such a flare may get extinguished and the acid gas is released unignited into the atmosphere.
This paper studies the environmental hazards due to the release of such dangerous gases. Dispersion models developed by the US EPA have been used to determine the size and map location of the dangerous zones.
For ignited acid gas, the results indicated the possible formation of SO2-toxic clouds extending to 110 km from the flare location in the downwind direction and 210 m above ground level. For the less common case of releasing unignited acid gas, the H2S-toxic cloud may extend to 20 km and 110 m in the downwind and vertical directions, respectively. A parametric study has been conducted to consider the effects of some meteorological conditions (wind speed and atmospheric stability) as well as the number of operating trains in a typical gas processing plant.
Analysis of Grid Stiffened Cylinders
Authors: Helms Jack E. , Li Guoqiang , Smith Brett H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Advanced Grid Stiffened composite structures are desirable building components for space flight vehicles because they provide enhanced stiffness yet are relatively low-cost, long-lasting, and light-weight. Analysis of a grid stiffened structure presents significant challenges. The stiffener design is discrete and involves a set of stiffener orientations which complicates the solution process. Most optimization algorithms only provide a single global optimum, while a designer would want to obtain all of the local minima that have performance close to the global optimum. As a preliminary to the optimization analysis, the bending stiffness of grid stiffened cylinders will be modeled analytically with in-plane loads. The model developed in this paper will be used in further research with a hybrid optimization algorithm to conduct the optimization analysis.
Joining Composite Pipes Using Hybrid Heat-Activated Coupling and Adhesive Bonding
Authors: Li Guoqiang , Pang Su-Seng , Jones Randy J. , Helms Jack E. , Woldesenbet Eyassu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Deepwater activities are the future of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Huge reserves have been located in the Gulf of Mexico as well as off the Coast of West Africa and Brazil. The development of floating production platforms and vessels offers challenges to the facilities engineer who must consider new materials to meet stringent topsides weight limitations. A critical technology for facilities piping in offshore platforms is joining technique. This paper discusses the development of a hybrid joining approach by using heat-activated coupling and adhesive bonding. The technique procedure is presented via specimen fabrication. A total of eleven coupled specimens are prepared and evaluated using standardized internal pressure tests. The feasibility of this new joining technique in offshore piping is discussed based on the internal pressure test results.
Diamond Enhanced Shear Cutting Elements on Roller Cone Bits
Authors: Scott Dan E. , Skeem Marc R. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutters and drag bit designs have been substantially improved since their 1972 introduction, and PCD drill bits now are approaching the rolling cone tungsten carbide insert (TCI) market is terms of revenue size and have surpassed it in terms of economic impact on the drilling industry.1,2 These performance improvements have lead to a significant encroachment into the drill bit market built upon the breakthrough invention of the rolling cone bit by Howard Hughes Sr. Material and design improvements in the last decade, however, have now led to the successful application of patented shear cutting PCD elements as well as conventional diamond enhanced crushing style inserts on rolling cone bits. Diamond enhanced rolling cone bits are also a growth market for diamond elements in drilling.
Failing rock in shear is a more efficient process than by crushing, but most cutting materials can not stand up to the forces generated in the shearing process as rock strength increases. To take advantage of the unique ability of the PCD cutter to shear rock efficiently, a concerted R&D effort supported by laboratory and field-testing led to the application of diamond as a shear cutting element on roller cone bits. A variety of rolling cone shear cutting elements have been developed and successfully commercialized in the last decade.
This paper will discuss laboratory results and increased field performance achieved relative to conventional crushing style diamond and tungsten carbide inserts. The authors will document through case studies increases in rate of penetration (ROP), footage, overall durability, and gauge holding ability in addition to bearing/seal effectiveness that have further reduced drilling costs and served to increase usage of polycrystalline diamond elements on roller cone bits. These applications range from such diverse markets as high cost offshore North Sea, to low cost North American land operations.
Rate Dependent Gradient Theory for Shear Band Analysis in Clayey Soils
Authors: Voyiadjis George Z. , Song Chung R. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A rate dependent, non local approach is developed in this work for geo-materials. A multi-scale gradient theory is addressed for non local approach. Visco-plasticity is also incorporated for an additional regularization of the local behavior. The plastic spin is incorporated to separate the effect of micro-structural rotation from the gradient effect. The flow characteristics of the soil is also incorporated in order to separate the viscosity effect from the flow effect.
Strength Analysis of Adhesive-Bonded Single-Lap Composite Joints
Authors: Huang Hai , Yang C. Charles 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An analytical model was developed to determine the stress and strain distributions of adhesive-bonded composite single-lap joints under tension. Laminated anisotropic plate theory was applied in the derivation of the governing equations of the two bonded laminates. The adhesive was assumed elastic-perfectly plastic and follows von Mises yield criterion. The entire coupled system was determined through the kinematics and force equilibrium of the adhesive and the adherends. The overall system of governing equations was solved by directly solving the differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions. Computer software Maple was used as the calculation tool in solving these equations. Results from the analytical model were verified with finite element analysis using ABAQUS and also compared with experimental results using specimens defined in ASTM D 3165 “Strength Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading of Single-Lap-Joint Laminated Assemblies.” Although all three failure modes of bonded joints, substrate failure, cohesive, and adhesive failure, were present as the test results, only cohesive failure mode was analyzed.
Superior History of Pipeline Remediation
Authors: Crawford Jaime , Crawford James R. , Baugh Benton F. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A presentation of field trial information on extended reach pipeline blockage remediation of several jobs in the Gulf of Mexico using technology developed thru the DeepStar CTR 3202 Pipeline Blockage Remediation Project. Projects include Unocal, Vastar, Tana Exploration, Comstock Exploration, Stone Energy, Texaco, and Devon Energy pipelines.
Modeling of Slug Dissipation and Generation in a Hilly-Terrain Pipeline
Authors: Zhang Hong-Quan , Al-Safran Eissa M. , Jayawardena Subash S. , Redus Clifford L. , Brill James P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Hilly-terrain pipelines consist of interconnected horizontal, uphill and downhill sections. Slug flow experiences a transition from one state to another as the pipe inclination angle changes. Normally, slugs dissipate if the upward inclination becomes smaller or the downward inclination becomes larger, and slug generation occurs vice versa. Appropriate prediction of the slug characteristics is crucial for the design of pipeline and downstream facilities. In this study, slug dissipation and generation in a valley pipeline configuration (horizontal-downhill-uphill-horizontal) were modeled by use of the method proposed by Zhang et al. [1]. The method was developed from the unsteady continuity and momentum equations for slug flow by considering the entire film zone as the control volume. Computed results are compared with experimental measurements at different gas-liquid flow rate combinations. Good agreement is observed for the change of slug body length to slug unit length ratio.
JOVA: Java Object Viewing Aid
Authors: Kartaltepe Doğan , Subramaniam Venkat 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Both the object paradigm and the Java programming language have gained immense popularity over the years. In the recent past the Unified Modeling Language has come to be the standard for the representation of classes and their relationships. Exceptional mechanisms are available to develop html-based documentation from Java source code. However, these documentations are largely text based.
As more developers get involved in developing large-scale systems using Java, it would be of significant benefit to represent classes and relationships between classes using UML. Of course, asking all vendors of Java software libraries to provide UML diagrams for their products/libraries is impractical.
Java Object Viewing Aid uses the feature of reflection to extract the details of classes and relationships from the existing binaries. It then presents this information in a form that is intuitive to software developers. In this paper we present the details and features of JOVA.
Orimulsion® Spill Behavior in Soil
Authors: De Aguiar Jose , Masciangioli Pánfilo , Abreu Enrique 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This work shows the results of a series of tests conducted at laboratory scale, on spills of Orimulsion® on different types of soils. Several physical procesess such as spreading, infiltration, evaporation, adherence, and capillarity were analyzed. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical results obtained from a formulation based on the viscous fluids spreading equations developed by Huppert [1]. Based on the knowledge gained on the behavior of Orimulsion® spills on soil, it will be possible to select the most suitable techniques to remove the product. In the tests conducted on the behavior of confined Orimulsion® spills on soil, equations for spills both in horizontal and inclined surfaces were validated and calibrated. Such equations provide an excellent adjustment and are a good representation of the phenomenon.
Waste Disposal by Injection Into Deep Wells
Authors: Omrcen Bozidar , Loncaric Bozidar , Brkic Vladislav 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
There has been a long tradition of process waste disposal into existing deep wells in Croatia. Previously, liquids were separated from solids and injected into geologically appropriate formations. Solids were left in the existing mud pits or transferred into selected deposits. An essential disadvantage of such a procedure was the settlement of heavy metals and their penetration into sediments containing fresh water. The authors of this project have elaborated a new technology that presumes joint injection of liquids and solids into deep wells properly designed, so that the slurry may penetrate through geologically adequate formations. Wells have been classified into three groups upon which the following requirements are imposed: (1) reservoir pressure of a selected geological formation is lower than the hydrostatic one; (2) reservoir pressure is higher than the hydrostatic one, but lower than the fracturing pressure of that formation; and (3) possibility of obtaining an injection pressure that creates fractures and thus enables waste disposal. With regard to the fact that a relatively large number of dry exploration wells and depleted production wells exist in Croatia, the study illustrates that a number of wells can be classified into these three groups.
Currently, the technological waste created during drilling, workover, oil and gas production and refining processes is permanently disposed by applying a specific procedure developed in Croatia. Besides, there has been a serious debate over the possibility of a permanent low and middle radioactivity waste disposal created in health services, pharmacy and food industry, following the referred procedure. For that purpose, an adequate law regulation to enable the application of the referred procedure is under preparation.
Stabilisation of Gaslift Production Using a Dynamic Simulator
Authors: Roberts Yvonne V. , Nicol Matt 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A common problem with gas lifted wells is the development, over time, of instabilities in the injection/production behaviour. The question raised is initially that of “probable cause and effect”; the understanding of which is essential to the determination of possible remedial action.
The major causes of unstable behaviour fall into three broad categories:
• Design related - the original design is inappropriate or inflexible.
• Mechanical - damage to, and/or failure of, valves and equipment.
• Dynamic flow behaviour - changes in fluid composition and/or phase changes.
Commonly, the instability incorporates elements from more than one category.
This paper discusses one case in which a horizontal well in the North Sea, which had a gas lift completion designed for operation at a water cut of around 20%, exhibited unstable production after a rapid rise in water cut to approximately 80%.
The paper shows how a new and unique dynamic gas lift simulator was used to reproduce the observed well behaviour, and how the model was then used to recommend remedial action to stabilise production. The impact of these remedial actions is discussed in the context of the overall production management. Finally, the implementation of the recommendations and the subsequent well behaviour are presented.
Applying High Power Laser Technology in Well Completion
Authors: Batarseh Samih I. , Graves Ramona M. , Batzle Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Shaped charge jet guns are used in perforation operations to create communication between the formation and the wellbore. The efficiency of this technique is very important for flow performance and production. Over the years, using shaped charge guns has shown that this method caused reduction in production and caused damaged zones in the formation around the perforated tunnel. The damage is a result of the high impact from releasing the bullet into the formation. The bullet produces very fine grain particles that plug or reduce the pore throat size and therefore, causes permeability reduction. This process leaves the perforated tunnel with broken rocks, jet metal and explosive products (mostly carbon).
Laser perforating, a new technology, has the potential to eliminate this damage and actually increase the permeability. Experiments and studies show that lasers improve permeabilities and porosities of the perforated tunnel as well as the adjacent zone. Lasers can be delivered through fiber optics down hole to the target, which eliminates much of the cleaning process and dealing with equipment management.
Application of Systems Analysis to the Flowing and Artificially Lifted Oil Wells in a Selected Oil Field
Authors: Bagci Suat , Odabasi Ali Onursal 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
System analysis is required to produce a development program for an oil and gas field which is a system formed of reservoir, production string, flow restrictions, flow lines and surface facilities. System analysis technique was applied to an oil field in Kazakstan in order to determine the efficient system for the field and to produce a development program. To model the components of the systems commercial softwares were used. The study was commenced with the analysis of data on the reservoir and production as input to the models. The models were tuned through history matching by modifying fluid properties of oil, and basic reservoir description parameters. Following the history match, performances of production strings of different sizes, with and without artificial lifting were compared to determine the most efficient production string for the field.
The analysis verifies that considering the components of an oil and gas production system individually may result in performances lower than optimum. To search for the best development scheme, the production system must considered as a whole. It was determined that all the wells of SSTA, first reservoir unit, should be produced by making use of 2 7/8 in. tubing size, 100 stage D-12 pumps for wells W-77, W-95 and W-110, and 100 stage D-20 pumps for W-79 and W-111. For the other reservoir unit, SST5, use of 2 3/8 in. tubing with 100 stage D-20 pump was advantageous for W-98 and W-Y3, while use of 3 1/2 in. tubing with 200 stage D-12 pump was advantageous for W-116 and W-117.
Finally in the study, development program was formed for the field using the mentioned string-artificial lift combinations. In the end, 517,068 m3 oil was produced from SSTA which corresponds to 42.7% of OOIP with no injection and new production wells. 738,956 m3 of oil was produced from SST5 which corresponds to 27.1% of the OOIP by injecting 1,375,000 m3 water and operating two new production wells.
Possible Detection of Multiple Blockages Using Transients
Authors: Adewumi Michael A. , Eltohami E. S. , Solaja A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This work explores the possibility of utilizing the interaction between a pressure pulse propagating in a pipe with the blockages therein, as a means of blockage detection and characterization. Whereas an earlier work focused on a single blockage, the present work attempts to extend the strategy to multiple blockages. A one-dimensional isothermal non-compositional single-phase Eulerian model was used to describe the propagation of a pressure pulse through a pipe with multiple blockages. Pressure variations at the inlet caused by reflections of the propagating transient are monitored and analyzed. This analysis is used to make deductions about the internal configuration of the pipe. The results demonstrate that the technique is feasible and that accurate characterization of multiple blockages is possible.
An Analytical Approach for Below the Bubble Point, Black-Oil System Production Analysis and Optimization
Authors: Huffman Clark 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The ability to predict well inflow performance for varying well and reservoir conditions is important when optimizing production. Many methods exist to estimate a well’s current productive capacity (IPR curve) and extensions to the methods are available for predicting future well performance. The extensions to predict future inflow performance behavior account for changes in relative permeability and assume an average reservoir pressure. The applicability and accuracy of the methods depends on knowledge of reservoir parameters which may be difficult to obtain in low permeability reservoirs.
Several authors have presented methods of analyzing and history matching well performance. These methods typically yield reservoir parameters which may be used in the well inflow performance methods in order to investigate the results of varying well production parameters. These methods are particularly useful in low permeability settings where interpretable welltest data may be difficult to obtain or prohibitively expensive.
Currently, the analytical history matching approach is most accurate when applied to single-phase systems. Predictions of black oil reservoir performance below the bubble point can exhibit large error since depletion of the total reservoir energy is not accounted for using the constant gas-oil ratio approach typical for these methods.
This paper presents a method to analyze well performance of black oil systems below the bubble point. The method incorporates a material balance approach to account for changing gas-oil ratios as the reservoir is depleted. Prediction of future well performance is also presented. Along with reservoir characterization, another benefit of the method is the ability to construct IPR curves at any point in order to optimize production. The proposed method uses a pseudo pressure transform to account for changes in fluid properties as the reservoir pressure is depleted. Relative permeability changes can be incorporated in the pseudo pressure transform.
Comparisons to finite difference simulation results and actual productio data are presented. Comparisons of future IPR curves generated by other methods are also presented.
Friction Factor Directly From Roughness Measurements
Authors: Sletfjerding Elling , Gudmundsson Jon Steinar 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pressure drop experiments on natural gas flow in 150 mm pipes at 80 to 120 bar pressure and high Reynolds number were carried out for pipes smooth to rough surfaces. The roughness was measured with an accurate stylus instrument and analyzed using fractal methods. Using a similar approach to that of Nikuradse the measured friction factor was related to the measured roughness values. Taking the value of the relative roughness and dividing it by the slope of the power spectrum of the measured roughness, a greatly improved fit with the measured friction factor was obtained. Indeed, a new friction factor correlation was obtained, but now formulated in terms of direct measurement of roughness.