bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravity Drainage Concepts in a Steeply Dipping Reservoir
Authors: Essley P.L. , Hancock G.L. , Jones K.E. 
Published: February 2020

Petroleum Conference on Production and Reservoir Engineering, 20–21 March, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Abstract
The only additional recovery resulting from gravity drainage will be that oil which is displaced by gas from within an expanding gas cap volume. Much of the confusion concerning gravity drainage results from not understanding the difference between drainage from within the gas cap and total drainage. Drainage from within the gas cap is directly related to time, while total drainage, which includes oil displaced at the gas-oil contact, is independent of time. Dissimilar movement of the oil and gas phases causes certain difficulties when attempting performance calculations during pressure decline. To date these problems have not been completely solved. A simplified method is presented for calculating future performance when the reservoir pressure is maintained. Results from calculations indicate that the ultimate recovery, to any assumed economic limit, is essentially independent of variations in producing rate. The only factors affecting recovery, which can be controlled, are the reservoir fluid properties.

Introduction
Gravity drainage is the least understood of all the basic producing mechanisms. Much of the presently published literature pertaining to gravity drainage appears contradictory and a review of the literature often leaves a reader confused. This paper presents certain basic concepts which the authors found extremely helpful in understanding the phenomenon of gravity drainage and its effect on ultimate recovery from a reservoir. It is hoped, that by presenting these concepts, and by pointing out some of the unsolved problems encountered in performance calculations, that an interest in gravity drainage will be stimulated that will lead to the solution of many of these problems.
When the reservoir pressure is maintained by gas injection in a steeply dipping reservoir, the effect of gravity drainage can be readily calculated, under certain conditions, from existing theory. A simplified method is presented which can be used to predict future reservoir performance in a steeply dipping reservoir during pressure maintenance. The calculations can be readily performed using data normally required in the analysis of most reservoir engineering problems.
In a "solution gas drive" reservoir the energy necessary for producing the oil is derived from expansion of the reservoir fluids, which occurs with reduction in the reservoir pressure. Since liquids are only slightly compressible, most of the reservoir energy is obtained from expansion of the gas released from solution in the oil. However, as the reservoir pressure declines and the reservoir gas saturation increases, gas production increases rapidly due to the increasing permeability to gas. This results in the removal of much of the gas from the reservoir, so that most of the potential energy of the reservoir fluids is dissipated.
Review of High Pressure Gas Injection Neale Field, Beauregard Parish, La.
Authors: Shivers L.G. 
Published: February 2020

Evangeline Section Meeting on Drilling and Production Practices on the Gulf Coast, 24 April, Lafayette, Louisiana

Introduction
The advantages or secondary recovery of oil by high pressure gas injection have be an recognized by the Petroleum Industry for a number or years. In 1951,Atlantic initiated the first high pressure gas injection project in the Block 31 Field or West Texas. Although the Neale Project was started some rive years later, due to its smaller size is now nearer completion than the Block 31project.
The 10,400' Sand originally contained an estimated 3.7 million stock tank barrels or oil. At initiation or Gas Injection 290,000 barrels or oil had been recovered by primary production. Estimated ultimate recovery by primary was 600,000 barrels or 16% of original in place oil. The balance or the primary reserve has now been recovered and the project is well into the secondary phase.

Field Geology and Location
Neale Field is located in Beauregard Parish in extreme west central Louisiana. The structure is an east-west trending anticline on the down thrown side or a down-to-the-south regional fault as shown in Figure 1. The only other fault recognized in the vicinity or the field is a small one on the south flank which parallels the regional fault. This fault is beyond the productive limits or the field but may effect water movement from the south. Dip rates within the productive limits are approximately 20'/1000' or 1. An oil-water contact at 10,250' subsea in the 10,400' Sand limits production in all directions with a maximum 30' oil column. The productive area or the 10,400' Sand is about 2000acres with an average eight feet of net sand.
There are eleven producing Wilcox Sands in the field ranging in depth from 8300–11600'. The first Wilcox Sand at 8300' is the only one with a strong waterdrive and it has had by far the best primary history. The other ten oil and gas producing sands are all below 10,000' and are Middle Wilcox. The 10,400' Sand is the third Sand of the Middle Wilcox Series and might be considered typical. It is a tight, shaly, fine to medium grain band stone, having a low permeability, high irreducible water saturation and contains a highly volatile oil. Table No. 1 is a summary of reservoir data for the 10,400' Sand.
R&D Grand Challenges - JPT Article Series
Authors: Judzis Arnis , Felder Richard , Curry David , Seiller Bernard , Pope Gary A. , Burnett David , Torp Tore A. , Neal Jack , Krohn Chris , Karanikas John M. , Arscott R. Lyn , Fairhurst Charles , Lake Larry , Liroff Richard A. , Poddar Anoop 
Published: February 2020

The R&D Grand Challenges series was published in the Journal of Petroleum Technology beginning in May, 2011. The SPE R&D Committee shared the results of a committee effort to identify the oil and gas industry's major R&D challenges. The R&D challenges comprise five broad upstream business needs:
Increasing recovery factors
In-situ molecular manipulation
Carbon capture and sequestration
Produced water management
Higher resolution subsurface imaging of hydrocarbons.
May 2011
The Five R&D Grand Challenges Plus One
Arnis Judzis, SPE, Schlumberger; Richard Felder, SPE, consultant; David Curry, SPE, Baker Hughes; and Bernard Seiller, SPE, Total
July 2011
Recent Developments and Remaining Challenges of Enhanced Oil Recovery
Gary A. Pope, University of Texas at Austin
October 2011
Brine Management: Produced Water and Frac Flowback Brine
David Burnett, Texas A&M University
December 2011
Can Geoscientists Resolve the CCS Paradox?
Tore A. Torp, Statoil
March 2012
Higher Resolution Subsurface Imaging
Jack Neal and Chris Krohn, ExxonMobil Upstream Research
May 2012
Unconventional Resources: Cracking the Hydrocarbon Molecules In Situ
John M. Karanikas, Royal Dutch Shell
June 2012
Grand Challenges for Earth Resources Engineering
R. Lyn Arscott, Charles Fairhurst, and Larry Lake
July 2012
A Roadmap for Addressing Environmental and Social Issues Associated With Horizontal Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing
Richard A. Liroff, Executive Director, Investor Environmental Health Network
September 2012
Reviewing the Five R&D Grand Challenges Plus One
Arnis Judzis, SPE, Schlumberger, and Anoop Poddar, SPE, Energy Ventures
Liquid Cyclone Treatment of Weighted Muds
Authors: Mathis Harry D. , O'Shields R.L. 
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Southern California Petroleum Section of AIME, 17–18 October, Los Angeles, California

Abstract
Laboratory tests and field operations have proved that a system of 50 mm liquid cyclones is an effective means of removing undesirable low-gravity solids and reclaiming barites from weighted muds. Field operation has confirmed laboratory tests which indicate that routine cyclone treatment of weighted mud reduces barite requirements from 45 to 80 per cent. The amount of chemicals required is reduced as a large portion of drilled solids, which necessitate chemical treatment, are mechanically removed. Cyclones have also proved very useful for reclaiming barites from jetted mud which would otherwise be discarded.
Proper cyclone treatment provides effective control of mud viscosity, mud weight and clay to barite balance in the mud. Dilution requirements are greatly reduced with corresponding reduction in mud additive requirements.
Due to its simplicity the liquid cyclone provides a versatile treating unit which is readily adapted to drilling operations. Cyclone treatment coupled with sound mud engineering results in maintenance of optimum fluid properties at a minimum expense of mud additives.

Introduction
Because of increased deep drilling requiring high mud weights, considerable attention is being focused on mechanical treatment of weighted muds. Mechanical mud treatment refers to any process wherein drilled solids are physically removed from mud. Until recently, mechanical mud treatment primarily consisted of a shale shaker to continuously remove coarse cuttings and pit jetting followed by dilution to reduce the concentration of fine drilled solids which pass through the shaker screen. Pit jetting and dilution is quite expensive as mud materials are discarded and new materials added to compensate for the added dilution fluid. This process is especially expensive with weighted muds as their costs usually range from $15.00 to $20/bbl.
Drilled solids and other low-gravity solids must be periodically removed from the system as an excessive build-up in solids will adversely affect the fluid properties of the mud. The solid components of weighted mud generally consist of commercial clays, drilled solids, water loss additives, and barites. The barites which are used for weighting-up purposes have a specific gravity of about 4.2 whereas the clays and drilled solids have a specific gravity of about 2.5, and are usually referred to as low-gravity solids.
A Laboratory Study of Wettability Effects on Basic Core Parameters
Authors: Rust C.F. 
Published: February 2020

Venezuelan Annual Meeting, 6–9 November, Caracas, Venezuela
One of the first steps in treating physical quantities or entities in technical discussions is to define them. The technologist prides himself on his insistence to precisely state what he means, when he employs certain terms. If one takes, however, the trouble to search the literature for a clear-cut definition of wettability one is apt to search in vain. The truth Of the matter is that some or the leading authorities in the field flatly declare that a definition Of absolute wettability is impossible to state. They resort to a term called "relative wettability" which connotes the preference of a given liquid to spread over a solid surface in the presence of a second liquid. Others state that wettability is a manifestation of the interaction between liquids and solid surfaces, which is a broad and general statement indeed. Still others define wettability strictly in terms or contact angles for the solid-water system. Considering the indefinite character of the wettability term one expects some difficulties in measuring some of its effects on various core parameters. Nevertheless, even at the risk or embarking on what may appear to be a naive approach, attempts to study the effects or wettability on various core parameters are apt to result in some worthwhile contributions to our understanding of rock properties. Perhaps one of the most important facts to realize in the beginning is that most investigations show that there is really no such thing as an oil-wet or water-wet reservoir rock.
A Re-evaluation of the Accuracy of Determinations of Rm, Rmf, and Rmc
Authors: Johnson Hamilton M. 
Published: February 2020

Venezuelan Annual Meeting, 6–9 November, Caracas, Venezuela

Abstract
Resistivities related to the drilling fluid, i.e., Rm, Rmf, and Rmc, are fundamental in quantitative analysis of electric logs. However, these values are usually assumed to be "known" and analysis carried on from there. It is the authors opinion, thought to be substantiated by the field data presented, that serious errors are being introduced through inaccurate determination of these resistivity values.
He concludes that the Rmf/Rm relationship usually applied in fresh-water clay-base muds is too low and that the ratio 0.87 is more realistic. Also, that the Rmc/Rm relationship usually applied to these same muds is too high and that the ratio 1.11 is more accurate. However, as shown by scattering on the graphs, use of these average values may still admit large errors.
The conclusion is reached that similar errors exist in the determinations made in oil-emulsion muds and that more nearly correct ratios would again be 0.87 and 1.11, respectively. Scattering is even greater here, which indicates that these properties should be measured for each individual well at the time of logging rather than placing dependence upon their relationship to Rm.
Laboratory measurements as currently made in oil-emulsion muds do not represent true mud conditions, possibly due to a difference in degree of emulsification and/or further chemical changes in the mud with time.
Comparison of mud-cell measurements with collapsed Micro Sonde measurements may indicate introduction of an error through use of the standard NaCl temperature-resistivity chart in the case of oil-emulsion muds.
Using ProteoCombiner to integrate bottom-up and top-down proteomics data to improve proteoform identification
Authors: Lima Diogo Borges , Dupré Mathieu , Duchateau Magalie , Gianetto Quentin Giai , Rey Martial , Matondo Mariette , Chamot-Rooke Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Here we present a high-performance software for proteome analysis that combines different mass spectrometric approaches, such as, top-down for intact protein analyses and bottom-up, for proteolytic fragment characterization. ProteoCombiner capitalizes on the data arising from different experiments and proteomics search engines and presents the results in a user-friendly manner. Our tool also provides a rapid and easy visualization, manual validation and comparison of the identified proteoform sequences, including post-translational modifications (PTM) characterization. Thus, ProteoCombiner is recommended for studies dealing with different proteomics strategies, in order to increase confidence in proteoform identification including PTMs.
Low-energy electronic intraoperative radiotherapy for pT3 locally advanced colon cancer: a single-institution retrospective analysis
Authors: Ma Li , Qiang Junhao , Yin Heliang , Lin Lin , Jiao Yan , Ma Changying , Li Xinwei , Dong Li , Cui Jinglin , Wei Dongmei , Sharma Ankur M , Schwartz David L , Chen Hong , Gu Weikuan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Patients with locally advanced colon cancer (LACC) treated with surgery had a high risk of local recurrence. The outcomes can vary significantly among patients with pT3 disease. This study was undertaken to assess whether low-energy electronic intraoperative radiotherapy (eIORT) can achieve promising results comparing with electron beam IORT (IOERT) and whether specific subgroups of patients with pT3 colon cancer may benefit from eIORT. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 44 patients with pT3 LACC treated with eIORT. Clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed to identify patients that could potentially benefit from eIORT. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). The log-rank test was used for the subgroup comparison. Results The median follow-up of patients was 20.5 months (range, 6.1–38.8 months). At the time of analysis, 38 (86%) were alive and 6 (14%) had died of their disease. The 3-year Kaplan-Meier of PFS and OS for the entire cohort were 82.8% and 82.1%, respectively. At median follow-up, no in-field failure within the eIORT field had occurred. Locoregional and distant failure had occurred in 2 (5%) patients each. The rate of perioperative 30-day mortality was 0% and morbidity rate was 11%. Five patients experienced 7 complications, including 4 early complications (30-d) and three late complications (>30 days) leading early and late morbidity rates of 9% and 7%, respectively. Conclusion Low-energy eIORT can be considered as part of management in pT3 LACC.
Preoperative N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for prediction of acute kidney injury after non-cardiac surgery: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zhao Bingcheng , Zhuang Pei-Pei , Lei Shao-Hui , Qiu Shi-Da , Yang Xiao , Li Cai , Liu Wei-Feng , Liu Ke-xuan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with poor outcomes after non-cardiac surgery. Whether preoperative N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) predicts AKI after non-cardiac surgery is unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on patients whose NT-proBNP concentrations were measured before non-cardiac surgery at a tertiary academic hospital between 2008 and 2018. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the predictive role of preoperative NT-proBNP on postoperative AKI defined by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes creatinine criteria. Results Some 6.1% (444 of 7248) of patients developed AKI within 1 week after surgery. Preoperative NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of AKI after adjustment for clinical variables (odd ratio comparing top to bottom quintiles 2.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47-3.65, p<0.001 for trend; odd ratio per 1-unit increment in natural log transformed NT-proBNP 1.27, 95% CI 1.16-1.39). Compared with clinical variables alone, the addition of NT-proBNP modestly improved the discrimination (change in area under the curve from 0.764 to 0.773, p=0.005) and reclassification (continuous net reclassification improvement 0.210, 95% CI 0.111-0.308; integrated discrimination improvement 0.0044, 95% CI 0.0016-0.0072) of AKI and non-AKI cases. Conclusions Preoperative NT-proBNP concentrations provided predictive information for AKI in a cohort of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, independent of and incremental to conventional risk factors. Prospective studies are required to confirm this finding and examine its clinical impact.
The impact of internet Addiction and predictor factors on medical students: a cross-sectional study in western Iran
Authors: Kianipour Neda , Toghroli Razie , Abbas Jaffar , Sharma Manoj , Azizi Seyyed Amar , lebni Javad Yoosefi , Salahshoor Mohammad Reza , Mahaki Behzad , Chaboksavar Fakhreddin , Ziapour Arash 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: In recent years, Internet and social media technology use have emerged as an integral tool of human society, and the evolution of technological integration, cyberspace, and web-technology has become a common practice in educational institutions. Internet usage among students has played an indispensable role in learning behavior; however, the excessive usage of the internet and social media leads to internet addiction. This original study has performed a focalized scrutiny on revealing relationships between internet addiction and associated factors among the students of medicine, dentistry, and pharmaceutical departments.Methods: This descriptive and analytical study recruited medical students from the Self-governing Education Incubator of Kermanshah. This survey distributed 753 questionnaires among the respondents’ three departments, and this statistical data reported on 420 valid responses of the respondents. They represent first and second-semester medical students of the academic year 2017-2018. The study selected medical students by applying Cochran's Sample Size Formula through Stratified Random Sampling and cross-sectional research design. The survey has utilized a demographic questionnaire of Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) for the data collection. The study analyzed received data by using SPSS version 24 and performed the descriptive statistics, and analytical statistics (t-test and ANOVA).Results: The results of the present study established that the majority of subjects were female students (53.3%), and the average age was 23.84±2.14, including the students of all departments. Besides, findings specified that the overall mean and standard deviation scores were 3.34 and ±0.88. Internet addiction revealed mean and the standard deviation score measured for all students 3.29±0.73, 3.17±0.92, and 3.57±0.64 correspondingly. The survey results illustrated that medical students’ internet addiction substantially correlated with demographic variables, such as age, marital status, the field of study, academic term, significant time of consuming the internet, the key reason of utilizing the internet, and daily usage of the internet (p<0.05).Conclusions: The results of the study specified that 25% of medical students showed internet addiction. The students are increasingly using the internet, and it has penetrated among students. The design and implementation of adequate educational programs and the application of internet-based efficiency interventions are essential for both knowledge acquisition and medical students’ healthy behavior.
Knowledge and Attitude towards Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights and Associated Factors among High School Students in Machakel District,Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Ashebir Wassachew , Tadesse Mengistu , Yimer Belete 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Young people have the right to make choices regarding their own sexuality, as far as they respect the rights of others. To do this, the knowledge of those rights and positive attitude in exercising these rights is critical to youth’s ability to protect them from unwanted reproductive outcomes. However, many young people do not have the information or means to protect themselves from these problems. Therefore, this study aimed to assess knowledge and attitude towards Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) rights and associated factors among high school students in Machakel District. Methods: School based cross sectional study was employed among 421 high school adolescents in Machakel District from March16-20/2019. Stratified sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data was collected through structured self-administered questionnaires. Data processing was done using Epi Data version 3.1then transferred to SPSS version 20 software. Bivariate & multivariate logistic regression was done to assess the association of factors with student’s knowledge and attitude towards SRH rights by calculating odds ratios, their 95% confidence limits and P-value less than 5% were taken as statistically significant. Results: Overall, more than half (55.9%) of students were found to be knowledgeable and 46% had favorable attitude towards SRH rights. Knowledge among high school students was significantly associated with being female (AOR=0.52, 95% CI= 0.33, 0.81), urban resident (AOR=3.43,95%CI=1.99, 5.93), being in grade ten (AOR=1.67,95%CI=1.08,2.58), participation in RH clubs (AOR=2.18, 95%CI=1.37, 3.47), discussion of SRH issues with parents (AOR=2.62, 95%CI=1.58, 4.33) and with friends (AOR=1.77, 95%CI=1.15, 2.74) while getting information on SRH(TV/Radio) (AOR=1.61, 95%CI=1.02, 2.54) and had access to reproductive health services (AOR=3.00, 95%CI=1.30, 6.90) were significantly associated factors with favorable attitude towards SRH rights. Conclusions: The level of student’s knowledge and attitude towards SRH rights were found to be low. Being female, urban resident, being in grade ten, participation in RH clubs, and discussion of SRH issues with parents and friends had significant association with knowledge while getting information on reproductive health and had access to reproductive health services with favorable attitude towards SRH rights. Hence, encouraging discussions with parents and participation in RH clubs may improve the knowledge and attitude of students on SRH rights.