bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing lightning observations of the ground-based EUCLID network and the space-based ISS-LIS
Authors: Poelman Dieter R. , Schulz Wolfgang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the International Space Station (ISS) detects lightning from space by capturing the optical scattered light emitted from the top of the clouds. On the other hand, the ground-based European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID) makes use of the low-frequency electromagnetic signals generated by lightning discharges to locate those accordingly. The objective of this work is to quantify the similarities and contrasts between the latter two distinct lightning detection technologies by comparing the EUCLID cloud-to-ground strokes and intracloud pulses to the ISS-LIS groups, in addition to the correlation at the flash level. The analysis is based on the observations made during March 01, 2017 and March 31, 2019 within the EUCLID network and limited to 54° north. A Bayesian approach is adopted to determine the relative and absolute detection efficiencies (DE) of each system. It is found that the EUCLID relative and absolute flash DE improves by approximately 10 % towards the center of the EUCLID network up to a value of 50.3 % and 69.4 %, respectively, compared to the averaged value over the full domain, inherent to the network geometry and sensor technology. On the other hand, the relative and absolute ISS-LIS flash DE over the full domain is 49 % and 68.9 %, respectively, and is somewhat higher than the values obtained in the centre of the EUCLID network. The behavior of the relative DE of each system in terms of the flash characteristics of the other reveals that the greater the value the more likely the other system detects the flash. For instance, when the ISS-LIS flash duration is smaller or equal to 200 ms, the EUCLID relative flash DE drops below 50 %, whereas this increases up to 80 % for ISS-LIS flashes with a duration longer than 750 ms. Finally, the distribution of the diurnal DE indicates higher (lower) ISS-LIS (EUCLID) DE at night, related to an increased ISS-LIS:EUCLID flash ratio at night.
Diurnal variation in the isotope composition of plant xylem water biases the depth of root-water uptake estimates
Authors: De Deurwaerder Hannes P. T. , Visser Marco D. , Detto Matteo , Boeckx Pascal , Meunier Félicien , Zhao Liangju , Wang Lixin , Verbeeck Hans 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. 1.	Stable isotopologues of water are a widely used tool to derive the depth of root water uptake (RWU) in lignified plants. Uniform isotope composition of plant xylem water (i-H2O-xyl) along the stem length is a central assumption, which has never been properly evaluated. 2.	We studied the effects of diurnal variation in RWU, sap flux density and various other soil and plant parameters on i-H2O-xyl within a plant using a mechanistic plant hydraulic model and empirical field observations from French Guiana and northwestern China. 3.	Our model predicts significant i-H2O-xyl variation arising from diurnal RWU fluctuations and vertical soil water heterogeneity. Moreover, significant differences in i-H2O-xyl emerge between individuals with different sap flux densities. In line with model predictions, field data show excessive i-H2O-xyl variation during the day or along stem length ranging up to 25.2 ‰ in δ2H and 6.8 ‰ in δ18O, largely exceeding the measurement error range. 4.	Our work show that the fundamental assumption of uniform i-H2O-xyl is violated both theoretically and empirically and therefore a real danger exists of significant biases when using stable water isotopologues to assess RWU. We propose to include monitoring of sap flow and soil water potential for more robust RWU depth estimates.
Photoproduction of nitric oxide in seawater
Authors: Tian Ye , Yang Gui-Peng , Liu Chun-Ying , Li Pei-Feng , Chen Hong-Tao , Bange Hermann W. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived intermediate of the
oceanic nitrogen cycle. However, our knowledge about its production and
consumption pathways in oceanic environments is rudimentary. In order to
decipher the major factors affecting NO photochemical production, we
irradiated several artificial seawater samples as well as 31 natural surface
seawater samples in laboratory experiments. The seawater samples were
collected during a cruise to the western tropical North Pacific Ocean (WTNP,
a N–S section from 36 to 2∘ N along 146 to 143∘ E with 6 and 12 stations, respectively, and a W–E section
from 137 to 161∘ E along the Equator with 13 stations)
from November 2015 to January 2016. NO photoproduction rates from dissolved
nitrite in artificial seawater showed increasing trends with decreasing pH,
increasing temperature, and increasing salinity. In contrast, NO
photoproduction rates (average: 0.5±0.2×10-12 mol L−1 s−1) in the natural seawater samples from the WTNP did not
show any correlations with pH, water temperature, salinity, or
dissolved inorganic nitrite concentrations. The flux induced by NO
photoproduction in the WTNP (average: 13×10-12 mol m−2 s−1) was significantly larger than the NO air–sea flux density
(average: 1.8×10-12 mol m−2 s−1), indicating a
further NO loss process in the surface layer.
From Risorgimento and Reform to Wesley and Revival: Methodist Strategies in Post-Unitary Italy, 1861–1890
Authors: Annese Andrea 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The first officially appointed Methodist missionaries arrived in Italy in the context of Risorgimento's completion, from 1861. Their strategies developed from the attempt to support the cause for a unified Italian Protestant Church to the ‘denominational turn’, which resulted in the establishment of two Italian Methodist Churches. Publications played a pivotal role: both the Wesleyans and the Episcopal Methodists spread information about Methodist history and doctrines through specific books, translations of John Wesley's works, the Doctrines and Discipline, and magazines. Contrary to what has often been argued, nineteenth-century Italian Methodism—far from dealing just with practical issues and social work—had a significant interest for Wesley's theology and the Evangelical Revival.
The Singapore International Commercial Court: The Future of Litigation?
Authors: Yip Man 
Published: January 2020

The Singapore International Commercial Court: The Future of Litigation?
The Singapore International Commercial Court (‘SICC’) was launched on 5 January 2015, at the Opening of Legal Year held at the Singapore Supreme Court. What prompted the creation of SICC? How is the SICC model of litigation different from litigation in the Singapore High Court? What is the SICC’s track record and what does it tell us about its future? This article seeks to answer these questions at greater depth than existing literature. Importantly, it examines these questions from the angle of reimagining access of justice for litigants embroiled in international commercial disputes. It argues that the SICC’s enduring contribution to improving access to justice is that it helps to change our frame of reference for international commercial litigation. Hybridisation, internationalisation, and party autonomy, the underpinning values of the SICC, are likely to be the values of the future of dispute resolution. International commercial dispute resolution frameworks – typically litigation frameworks – that unduly emphasise national boundaries and formalities need not and should not be the norm. Crucially, the SICC co-opts a refreshing public-private perspective to the resolution of international commercial disputes. It illuminates on the public interest element of the resolution of such disputes which have for some time fallen into the domain of international commercial arbitration; at the same time, it introduces greater scope for self-determination in international commercial litigation.
Chambers for International Commercial Disputes in Germany: The State of Affairs
Authors: Hess Burkhard , Boerner Timon 
Published: January 2020

Chambers for International Commercial Disputes in Germany: The State of Affairs
The prospect of attracting foreign commercial litigants to German courts in the wake of Brexit has led to a renaissance of English-language commercial litigation in Germany. Leading the way is the Frankfurt District Court, where – as part of the ‘Justizinitiative Frankfurt’ – a new specialised Chamber for International Commercial Disputes has been established. Frankfurt’s prominent position in the financial sector and its internationally oriented bar support this decision. Borrowing best practices from patent litigation and arbitration, the Chamber offers streamlined and litigant-focused proceedings, with English-language oral hearings, within the current legal framework of the German Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO).Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO).However, to enable the complete litigation process – including the judgment – to proceed in English requires changes to the German Courts Constitution ActGerichtsverfassungsgesetz (GVG). (GVG). A legislative initiative in the Bundesrat aims to establish a suitable legal framework by abolishing the mandatory use of German as the language of proceedings. Whereas previous attempts at such comprehensive amendments achieved only limited success, support by several major federal states indicates that this time the proposal will succeed.With other English-language commercial court initiatives already established or planned in both other EU Member States and Germany, it is difficult to anticipate whether – and how soon – Frankfurt will succeed in attracting English-speaking foreign litigants. Finally, developments such as the 2018 Initiative for Expedited B2B Procedures of the European Parliament or the ELI–UNIDROIT project on Transnational Principles of Civil Procedure may also shape the long-term playing field.
The Court of the Astana International Financial Center in the Wake of Its Predecessors
Authors: Zambrana-Tévar Nicolás 
Published: January 2020

The Court of the Astana International Financial Center in the Wake of Its Predecessors
The Court of the Astana International Financial Center is a new dispute resolution initiative meant to attract investors in much the same way as it has been done in the case of the courts and arbitration mechanisms of similar financial centers in the Persian Gulf. This paper examines such initiatives from a comparative perspective, focusing on their Private International Law aspects such as jurisdiction, applicable law and recognition and enforcement of judgments and arbitration awards. The paper concludes that their success, especially in the case of the younger courts, will depend on the ability to build harmonious relationships with the domestic courts of each host country.
TUTELA DE LAS CONDICIONES LABORALES Y REFORMAS PENALES: ¿EL OCASO DEL DERECHO PENAL DEL TRABAJO?
Authors: Hortal Ibarra Juan Carlos 
Published: January 2020

Dos décadas después de la aplaudida reunificación de los delitos laborales en la modificación operada en 1995, se ha procedido a su parcial demolición. El Derecho penal del trabajo nació con la finalidad de garantizar un plus de protección a los empleados por cuenta ajena en tanto parte débil de la relación laboral establecida con el empresario. Sin embargo, esta disciplina ha sido objeto de un proceso de adulteración mediante la asunción de unos intereses tangenciales cuando no opuestos a su auténtico fundamento. Sirva esta contribución para denunciar este preocupante proceder y ofrecer al inflacionista legislador alguna receta político-criminal con la que combatir la irracionalidad que le aqueja. Two decades after the applauded reunification of labor crimes that came about as a result of the modification carried out in 1995, it has been partially «demolished». Criminal labour law was created with the purpose of guaranteeing an extra protection for self-employed as the weak party in the employment relationship established with the employer. However, this discipline has been subject to a process of adulteration through the assumption of tangential interests when not opposed to its true basis. This contribution serves to denounce this worrying practice and offer the inflationist legislator some kind of political-criminal récipe with which to combat the irrationality that afflicts him.
Middle Eocene calcareous nannofossils in the Jaca transect (South-central Pyrenees Eocene Basin, Aragón river valley, Huesca)
Authors: González-Lanchas Alba , Remacha Eduard , Oms Oriol , Sierro Francisco J. , Flores Jose Abel 
Published: January 2020

The calcareous nanoplankton is studied from the base of the turbidite systems of the Upper Hecho Group (Jaca Basin, middle Eocene of the South-central Pyrenean Basin) up to the Gracionepel instabilities, within the Larrés slope Marls. This new chronostratigraphic contribution is of crucial importance for the improvement of the detailed temporal and spatial correlation framework of the genetically related depositional systems at basin scale. The calcareous nanofossil assemblage is largely dominated by Coccolithus pelagicus, C. formous as well as different species of Reticulofenestra, accompanied by occasional specimens of several species of Sphenolithus and Chiasmolithus. The results obtained, based on the detailed biostratigraphic study of a composite succession 2,500 m thick, allow us to characterize the main biohorizons of the middle Eocene on the basis of global biostratigraphic standards. The studied succession was deposited during the CNE11-CNE15 or NP15-NP16 biozones, within a time span of ~3.45 Myr, between 43.96 and 40.51 Ma (Lutetian/Bartonian). This age range is compatible with the existing scheme for the South-central Pyrenean Basin. The Upper Hecho Group, between the Roncal-Fiscal megaturbidite (MT-5) and the instability facies of Gracionepel, starts in the uppermost part of Zone NP15 continues into Zone NP16. The proposed biozonation provides new data for a correlation between stratigraphic events of other regional sections and facilitates the understanding of the lateral and temporal evolution of the studied systems, as well as the improvement of the general palaeogeographic framework of the basin.
Gliridae from the late Oligocene of the province of Teruel (Spain)
Authors: Freudenthal Matthijs , Martín-Suárez Elvira 
Published: January 2020

The Calatayud-Teruel Basin is one of the richest areas of Spain, when fossil mammals are concerned. Around the village of Montalbán many lower Oligocene fossil mammal localities are known and several upper Oligocene localities with rich micromammal faunas are present between the villages of Vivel del Río Martín and Martín del Río. Previous papers on these upper Oligocene localities were dedicated to the Cricetidae and to the zapodid Plesiosminthus, in this work we describe the fauna of Gliridae, composed of the genera Gliravus,Butseloglis, Peridyromys, Microdyromysand Paraglis. Among these the latter genus is very poorly represented. Microdyromysis of special importance because its presence in our material permits a new concept of the phylogeny of the genus.
Analysis and prediction of vegetation dynamics under the background of climate change in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Zhuang Qingwei , Wu Shixin , Feng Xiaoyu , Niu Yaxuan 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundVegetation dynamics is defined as a significant indictor in regulating terrestrial carbon balance and climate change, and this issue is important for the evaluation of climate change. Though much work has been done concerning the correlations among vegetation dynamics, precipitation and temperature, the related questions about relationships between vegetation dynamics and other climatic factors (e.g., specific humidity, net radiation, soil moisture) have not been thoroughly considered. Understanding these questions is of primary importance in developing policies to address climate change.MethodsIn this study, the least squares regression analysis method was used to simulate the trend of vegetation dynamics based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 1981 to 2018. A partial correlation analysis method was used to explore the relationship between vegetation dynamics and climate change; and further,the revised greyscale model was applied to predict the future growth trend of natural vegetation.ResultsThe Mann-Kendall test results showed that th e air temperature rose sharply in 1997 and had been in a state of high fluctuations since then. Strong changes in hydrothermal conditions had major impact on vegetation dynamics in the area. Specifically, the NDVI value of natural vegetation showed an increasing trend from 1981 to 2018, and the same changes occurred in the precipitation. From 1981 to 1997, the values of natural vegetation increased at a rate of 0.0016 per year. From 1999 to 2009, the NDVI value decreased by an average rate of 0.0025 per year. From 2010 to 2018, the values began an increasing trend and reached a peak in 2017, with an average annual rate of 0.0033. The high vegetation dynamics areas were mainly concentrated in the north and south slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, the Ili River Valley and the Altay area. The greyscale prediction results showed that the annual average NDVI values of natural vegetation may present a fluctuating increasing trend. The NDVI value in 2030 is 0.0196 higher than that in 2018, with an increase of 6.18%.ConclusionsOur results indicate that: (i) the variations of climatic factors have caused a huge change in the hydrothermal conditions in Xinjiang; (ii) the vegetation dynamics in Xinjiang showed obvious volatility, and then in the end stage of the study were higher than the initial stage the vegetation dynamics in Xinjiang showed a staged increasing trend; (iii) the vegetation dynamics were affected by many factors,of which precipitation was the main reason; (iv) in the next decade, the vegetation dynamics in Xinjiang will show an increasing trend.
PINK1‐Dependent Mitophagy Regulates the Migration and Homing of Multiple Myeloma Cells via the MOB1B‐Mediated Hippo‐YAP/TAZ Pathway
Authors: Fan Shengjun , Price Trevor , Huang Wei , Plue Michelle , Warren Jonathan , Sundaramoorthy Pasupathi , Paul Barry , Feinberg Daniel , MacIver Nancie , Chao Nelson , Sipkins Dorothy , Kang Yubin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in carcinogenesis remain largely unknown. The effects of PTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)‐dependent mitophagy on the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) are determined. The levels of the PINK1‐dependent mitophagy markers PINK1 and parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARK2) in CD138+ plasma cells are reduced in patients with MM and correlate with clinical outcomes in myeloma patients. Moreover, the induction of PINK1‐dependent mitophagy with carbonylcyanide‐m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or salinomycin, or overexpression of PINK1 leads to inhibition of transwell migration, suppression of myeloma cell homing to calvarium, and decreased osteolytic bone lesions. Furthermore, genetic deletion of pink1 accelerates myeloma development in a spontaneous X‐box binding protein‐1 spliced isoform (XBP‐1s) transgenic myeloma mouse model and in VK*MYC transplantable myeloma recipient mice. Additionally, treatment with salinomycin shows significant antimyeloma activities in vivo in murine myeloma xenograft models. Finally, the effects of PINK1‐dependent mitophagy on myeloma pathogenesis are driven by the activation of the Mps one binder kinase activator (MOB1B)‐mediated Hippo pathway and the subsequent downregulation of Yes‐associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co‐activator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ) expression. These data provide direct evidence that PINK1‐dependent mitophagy plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of MM and is a potential therapeutic target.
Benchmarking β‐Ga2O3 Schottky Diodes by Nanoscale Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy
Authors: Buzio Renato , Gerbi Andrea , He Qiming , Qin Yuan , Mu Wenxiang , Jia Zhitai , Tao Xutang , Xu Guangwei , Long Shibing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMonoclinic beta‐phase gallium oxide (β‐Ga2O3) is an ultrawide‐bandgap semiconductor, intensively studied as a viable candidate for next‐generation power electronics, optoelectronics, and extreme environment electronics. Schottky contacts to β‐Ga2O3 are of paramount importance to this end; however, they are not yet fundamentally understood. Intrinsic sources of interfacial disorder, including oxygen‐related defects and extrinsic fabrication factors, are thought to greatly determine the properties of such contacts, for example by originating Fermi level pinning and causing patches with different Schottky barrier heights (SBHs). Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) is used to probe band bending and interfacial inhomogeneity at the nanoscale for prototypical Au/ and Pt/(100)β‐Ga2O3 single crystal Schottky barrier diodes. It is shown that SBH fluctuations amount to 40–60 meV under vacuum, occurring over length scales of tens of nanometers. Furthermore, a remarkable SBH modulation of ≈0.2 eV takes place upon exposure of devices from vacuum to ambient air. Such findings—better obtained by BEEM than by macroscale approaches—point to the existence of an ubiquitous inhomogeneous interfacial layer, controlling band bending and ambient sensitivity via oxygen ionosorption and interface redox chemistry. This study ascribes a key role to interfacial oxygen vacancies, and has practical implications for transport modelling and interface engineering.
Large Polarization and Susceptibilities in Artificial Morphotropic Phase Boundary PbZr1−xTixO3 Superlattices
Authors: Lupi Eduardo , Ghosh Anirban , Saremi Sahar , Hsu Shang‐Lin , Pandya Shishir , Velarde Gabriel , Fernandez Abel , Ramesh Ramamoorthy , Martin Lane W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe ability to produce atomically precise, artificial oxide heterostructures allows for the possibility of producing exotic phases and enhanced susceptibilities not found in parent materials. Typical ferroelectric materials either exhibit large saturation polarization away from a phase boundary or large dielectric susceptibility near a phase boundary. Both large ferroelectric polarization and dielectric permittivity are attained wherein fully epitaxial (PbZr0.8Ti0.2O3)n/(PbZr0.4Ti0.6O3)2n (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 unit cells) superlattices are produced such that the overall film chemistry is at the morphotropic phase boundary, but constitutive layers are not. Long‐ (n ≥ 6) and short‐period (n = 2) superlattices reveal large ferroelectric saturation polarization (Ps = 64 µC cm−2) and small dielectric permittivity (εr ≈ 400 at 10 kHz). Intermediate‐period (n = 4) superlattices, however, exhibit both large ferroelectric saturation polarization (Ps = 64 µC cm−2) and dielectric permittivity (εr = 776 at 10 kHz). First‐order reversal curve analysis reveals the presence of switching distributions for each parent layer and a third, interfacial layer wherein superlattice periodicity modulates the volume fraction of each switching distribution and thus the overall material response. This reveals that deterministic creation of artificial superlattices is an effective pathway for designing materials with enhanced responses to applied bias.