bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recapturing Regime Type in International Relations: Leaders, Institutions, and Agency Space
Authors: Hyde Susan D. , Saunders Elizabeth N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA wave of recent research challenges the role of regime type in international relations. One striking takeaway is that democratic and autocratic leaders can often achieve similar levels of domestic constraint, which in many issue areas results in similar international outcomes—leading many to question traditional views of democracies as distinctive in their international relations. In this review essay, we use recent contributions in the field to build what we call a “malleable constraints” framework, in which all governments have an institutionally defined default level of domestic audience constraint that is generally higher in democracies, but leaders maintain some agency within these institutions and can strategically increase their exposure to or insulation from this constraint. Using this framework, we argue that regime type is still a crucial differentiator in international affairs even if, as recent studies suggest, democratic and autocratic leaders can sometimes be similarly constrained by domestic audiences and thus achieve similar international outcomes. This framework helps reconcile many competing claims in recent scholarship, including the puzzle of why autocracies do not strategically increase domestic audience constraint more often. Just because autocracies can engage audience constraints and democracies can escape them does not mean that they can do so with equal ease, frequency, or risk.
First record of vertical movements of the totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) as evidenced by pop-up satellite tags in the Upper Gulf of California
Authors: Hernández-Tlapale Cristina , De-Anda-Montañez Juan Antonio , Trasviña-Castro Armando , Valenzuela-Quiñonez Fausto , Ketchum James T. , Muhlia-Melo Arturo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe description of the movements and habitat preference of marine fishes is essential to understand their biology and in the evaluation of commercially exploited species and the conservation of endangered ones. In this regard, little is known about the movements of the totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi), despite its being listed as critically endangered and having been a relevant fishery resource in the past century in Mexico. Totoaba is a fish species endemic to the Gulf of California characterized by late maturation, prolonged life and annual reproduction. Totoaba has maintained its known historical distribution range, although its movements and habitat occupancy in the water column have remained poorly understood. The present study describes, for the first time and at a daily fine scale, the vertical movements and habitat preferences of the totoaba in the Upper Gulf of California. Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were used to record depth and temperature at 4-minute intervals. Ten individuals were caught and tagged in May 2016 in the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve. All PSATs were either prematurely released or lost. Data derived from two recovered tags that saved data for 43 and 75 tracking days, respectively, were analysed. The results showed that tagged fishes moved southward to the vicinity of Angel de la Guarda Island; these are consistent with spatial displacement patterns reported in the literature, with a linear displacement of 223 km from deployment to pop-up sites. Fish spent 47% of the time within a depth range of 25–35 m. Depth increased to 70 m for one fish in early summer (late June). The preferred temperature of fishes ranged between 21–23°C. A generalized linear model revealed that vertical movement was influenced by temperature. The vertical displacement of the totoaba shows a diurnal variation that may be associated with the distribution of its prey. Further work is needed to test this hypothesis with a larger number of organisms.
25-year follow-up of treated and not-treated adolescents after the Spitak earthquake: course and predictors of PTSD and depression
Authors: Goenjian Armen K. , Steinberg Alan M. , Walling David , Bishop Sheryl , Karayan Ida , Pynoos Robert 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is a paucity of long-term prospective disaster studies of the psychological sequelae among survivors.MethodsAt 1½ and 25 years after the Spitak earthquake, 142 early adolescents from two cities were assessed: Gumri (moderate–severe exposure) and Spitak (very severe exposure). The Gumri group included treated and not-treated subjects, while the Spitak group included not-treated subjects. Instruments included: DSM-III-R PTSD-Reaction Index (PTSD-RI); DSM-5 PTSD-Checklist (PCL); Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS); and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D).Results(1) Between 1½ and 25 years, PTSD rates and mean scores decreased significantly in the three groups (over 50%). However, at 25 years 9.1–22.4% met DSM-5 PTSD criteria. (2) At 1½ years, the Spitak group had higher PTSD-RI (p < 0.001) and DSRS scores (p < 0.001) compared to the Gumri-not-treated group. At 25 years, the Spitak group that had experienced fewer post-earthquake adversities (p < 0.03), had a greater decrease in PTSD-RI scores (p < 0.02), and lower CES-D scores (p < 0.01). (3) Before treatment, PTSD-RI and DSRS scores did not differ between the Gumri-treated and not-treated groups. At 25-years, the Gumri-treated group showed a greater decrease in PTSD-RI scores (p < 0.03), and lower mean PTSD-RI (p < 0.02), PCL (p < 0.02), and CES-D (p < 0.01) scores. (4) Predictors of PTSD symptom severity at 25-years included: home destruction, treatment, social support, post-earthquake adversities, and chronic medical illnesses.ConclusionPost-disaster PTSD and depressive symptoms can persist for decades. Trauma-focused treatment, alleviation of post-disaster adversities, improving the social ecology, and monitoring for chronic medical illnesses are essential components of recovery programs.
Redressing international problems: North Korean nuclear politics
Authors: Choi Shine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMarysia Zalewski's Feminist International Relations: Exquisite Corpse on feminism and global politics directly addresses matters of style, that is, questions of language and representation that foreground the invisible yet so palpable aspect of how meanings circulate. This article puts Zalewski's work in conversation with Trinh Minh-ha's D-Passage: The Digital Way and Lynda Barry's What It Is that similarly push the limits of how we craft feminist arguments. These feminists show how styles of writing and thinking, and how ideas gain shape to circulate matter in academic sites of knowledge as much as in art and culture. Building on these works, I put forward the thesis: to theorise is to feel out boundaries and question the questions we encounter that perennially relegate women as taint and malaise. I further explore this thesis by highlighting the visual dimensions of writing and thinking, in particular, what drawing, and drawing lines that shape ideas do. I focus on caricatures from the currently evolving North Korean nuclear crisis to loosen up the ways we go about thinking about war and politics wherein thinking is recognised not so much as a craft to be perfected but a democratic form of being in the world.
A case of urban integration: Vienna's port area and the Ottoman merchants in the eighteenth century
Authors: Do Paço David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractStudying the Ottoman subjects in eighteenth-century Vienna helps to understand better the process of integration of the different districts of the city in a fast-changing context, especially around its Danube port area. Despite the withdrawal of the Ottoman empire from central Europe after 1683, Ottomans were fully a part of the history of Vienna and their presence has to be explored within the specific urban dynamics of a city: the reconfiguration of its economic sectors and social places, the tensions at play between the socio-economic groups by which a city was made and the evolution of its urban planning. Focusing on the Ottoman merchants operating in Vienna allows us to identify and to analyse the workings of the port area of the fourth largest city in Europe and to explore the social spaces of Viennese markets, streets, courtyards and coffeehouses.
Restraint stress of male mice triggers apoptosis in spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells via activating the TNF-α system
Authors: Zhang Jie , Kong De-Ling , Xiao Bin , Yuan Hong-Jie , Kong Qiao-Qiao , Han Xiao , Luo Ming-Jiu , Tan Jing-He 
Published: January 2020

SummaryStudies have indicated that psychological stress impairs human fertility and that various stressors can induce apoptosis of testicular cells. However, the mechanisms by which psychological stress on males reduces semen quality and stressors induce apoptosis in testicular cells are largely unclear. Using a psychological (restraint) stress mouse model, we tested whether male psychological stress triggers apoptosis of spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells through activating tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α signalling. Wild-type or TNF-α−/−male mice were restrained for 48 h before examination for apoptosis and expression of TNF-α and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) in spermatozoa, epididymis, seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells. The results showed that male restraint significantly decreased fertilization rate and mitochondrial membrane potential, while increasing levels of malondialdehyde, active caspase-3, TNF-α and TNFR1 in spermatozoa. Male restraint also increased apoptosis and expression of TNF-α and TNFR1 in caudae epididymides, seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells. Sperm quality was also significantly impaired when spermatozoa were recovered 35 days after male restraint. The restraint-induced damage to spermatozoa, epididymis and seminiferous tubules was significantly ameliorated in TNF-α−/−mice. Furthermore, incubation with soluble TNF-α significantly reduced sperm motility and fertilizing potential. Taken together, the results demonstrated that male psychological stress induces apoptosis in spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells through activating the TNF-α system and that the stress-induced apoptosis in spermatogenic cells can be translated into impaired quality in future spermatozoa.
Truncus arteriosus with retrograde aortic flow: a unique case
Authors: Solomon Matthew A. , Thattaliyath Bijoy , Ashwath Ravi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTruncus arteriosus is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect that involves septation failure of the heart’s main arterial outflow tract. Varying morphologies of the truncal valve and aorta have been reported; however, the ascending aorta is typically supplied via anterograde blood flow through the truncal valve. We present the first reported case of neonatal truncus arteriosus with the ascending aorta being supplied entirely by retrograde flow.
Development and usability testing of a very brief intervention for personalised cancer risk assessment to promote behaviour change in primary care using normalisation process theory
Authors: Mills Katie , Griffin Simon J. , Sutton Stephen , Usher-Smith Juliet A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background:
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Lifestyle choices play an important role in the aetiology of cancer with up to 4 in 10 cases potentially preventable. Interventions delivered by healthcare professionals (HCPs) that incorporate risk information have the potential to promote behaviour change. Our aim was to develop a very brief intervention incorporating cancer risk, which could be implemented within primary care.

Methods:
Guided by normalisation process theory (NPT), we developed a prototype intervention using literature reviews, consultation with patient and public representatives and pilot work with patients and HCPs. We conducted focus groups and interviews with 65 HCPs involved in delivering prevention activities. Findings were used to refine the intervention before 22 HCPs completed an online usability test and provided further feedback via a questionnaire incorporating a modified version of the NoMAD checklist.

Results:
The intervention included a website where individuals could provide information on lifestyle risk factors view their estimated 10-year risk of developing one or more of the five most common preventable cancers and access lifestyle advice incorporating behaviour change techniques. Changes incorporated from feedback from the focus groups and interviews included signposting to local services and websites, simplified wording and labelling of risk information. In the usability testing, all participants felt it would be easy to collect the risk information. Ninety-one percent felt the intervention would enable discussion about cancer risk and believed it had potential to be easily integrated into National Health Service (NHS) Health Checks. However, only 36% agreed it could be delivered within 5 min.

Conclusions:
With the use of NPT, we developed a very brief intervention that is acceptable to HCPs in primary care and could be potentially integrated into NHS Health Checks. However, further work is needed to assess its feasibility and potential effectiveness.
Affective neuroscience, emotional regulation, and international relations
Authors: Gammon Earl 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInternational relations (IR) has witnessed an emerging interest in neuroscience, particularly for its relevance to a now widespread scholarship on emotions. Contributing to this scholarship, this paper draws on the subfields of affective neuroscience and neuropsychology, which remain largely unexplored in IR. Firstly, the paper draws on affective neuroscience in illuminating affect's defining role in consciousness and omnipresence in social behavior, challenging the continuing elision of emotions in mainstream approaches. Secondly, it applies theories of depth neuropsychology, which suggest a neural predisposition originating in the brain's higher cortical regions to attenuate emotional arousal and limit affective consciousness. This predisposition works to preserve individuals’ self-coherence, countering implicit assumptions about rationality and motivation within IR theory. Thirdly, it outlines three key implications for IR theory. It argues that affective neuroscience and neuropsychology offer a route toward deep theorizing of ontologies and motivations. It also leads to a reassessment of the social regulation of emotions, particularly as observed in institutions, including the state. It also suggests a productive engagement with constructivist and poststructuralist approaches by addressing the agency of the body in social relations. The paper concludes by sketching the potential for a therapeutically-attuned approach to IR.
Why Do Evangelicals Support Israel?
Authors: Inbari Motti , Bumin Kirill M. , Byrd M. Gordon 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study considers the sources of evangelical support for Israel, utilizing an original survey of 1,000 evangelical and born-again respondents. The results show that the three strongest predictors of evangelical and born-again Christian support for Israel are (1) age (older respondents are more supportive); (2) opinion of Jews; and (3) socialization (frequency of hearing other evangelicals talking about Israel). Our results also show that evangelical support for Israel is driven by respondents' beliefs rooted in evangelical Christian theology on eschatology and Biblical literalism. Thus, the most significant ideological statements that were found in the research were that the “State of Israel is proof of the fulfillment of prophesy regarding the nearing of Jesus' Second Coming” and that “Jews are God's chosen people.” Another important finding is that there is less support toward Israel among young evangelicals (ages 18–29).
Comprehensive Observations of Substorm‐Enhanced Plasmaspheric Hiss Generation, Propagation, and Dissipation
Authors: Liu Nigang , Su Zhenpeng , Gao Zhonglei , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Shinohara Iku , Kasahara Yoshiya , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Kumamoto Atsushi , Matsuda Shoya , Shoji Masafumi , Mitani Takefumi , Takashima Takeshi , Kazama Yoichi , Wang Bo‐Jhou , Wang Shiang‐Yu , Jun Chae‐Woo , Chang Tzu‐Fang , Tam Sunny W. Y. , Kasahara Satoshi , Yokota Shoichiro , Keika Kunihiro , Hori Tomoaki , Matsuoka Ayako 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss is an important whistler‐mode emission shaping the Van Allen radiation belt environment. How the plasmaspheric hiss waves are generated, propagate, and dissipate remains under intense debate. With the five spacecraft of Van Allen Probes, Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace (Arase), and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites missions at widely spaced locations, we present here the first comprehensive observations of hiss waves growing from the substorm‐injected electron instability, spreading within the plasmasphere, and dissipating over a large spatial scale. During substorms, hot electrons were injected energy‐dispersively into the plasmasphere near the dawnside and, probably through a combination of linear and nonlinear cyclotron resonances, generated whistler‐mode waves with globally drifting frequencies. These waves were able to propagate from the dawnside to the noonside, with the frequency‐drifting feature retained. Approximately 5 hr of magnetic local time away from the source region in the dayside sector, the wave power was dissipated to
of its original level.
The dimension and morphology of alveolar bone at maxillary anterior teeth in periodontitis: a retrospective analysis—using CBCT
Authors: Zhang Xue , Li Yuchao , Ge Ziming , Zhao Haijiao , Miao Lei , Pan Yaping 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe morphology of the alveolar bone at the maxillary anterior teeth in periodontitis patients was evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to investigate the distribution of alveolar defects and provide guidance for clinical practice. Ninety periodontitis patients and 30 periodontally healthy individuals were selected to determine the morphology of the alveolar bone at the maxillary anterior teeth according to the degree of bone loss, tooth type, sex and age. The differences in the dimensions between periodontitis patients and healthy individuals were compared, and the distribution of alveolar bone defects was analyzed. A classification system was established regarding the sagittal positions and angulations of the teeth. The buccal residual bone was thicker and the lingual bone was thinner in the periodontitis patients than in the periodontally healthy individuals, and there were differences between the different tooth types, sexes and age subgroups. The buccal undercut was close to the alveolar ridge, while fenestration was reduced and the apical bone height was higher in periodontitis patients than in periodontally healthy individuals. The apical bone height increased with the aggravation of bone loss and age. The proportions of different sagittal positions changed with the aggravation of bone loss. Moreover, the teeth moved more buccally regarding the positions of the maxillary anterior teeth. The morphology of the alveolar bone at the maxillary anterior teeth differed between periodontitis patients and healthy individuals, and the differences were related to the degree of bone loss, tooth type, sex and age.
Fibroblasts in urothelial bladder cancer define stroma phenotypes that are associated with clinical outcome
Authors: Mezheyeuski Artur , Segersten Ulrika , Leiss Lina Wik , Malmström Per-Uno , Hatina Jiri , Östman Arne , Strell Carina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLittle attention was given to the interaction between tumor and stromal cells in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC). While recent studies point towards the existence of different fibroblast subsets, no comprehensive analyses linking different fibroblast markers to UBC patient survival have been performed so far. Through immunohistochemical analysis of five selected fibroblast markers, namely alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA), CD90/Thy-1, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha and -beta (PDGFRa,-b), this study investigates their association with survival and histopathological characteristics in a cohort of 344 UBC patients, involving both, muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive cases. The data indicates that combinations of stromal markers are more suited to identify prognostic patient subgroups than single marker analysis. Refined stroma-marker-based patient stratification was achieved through cluster analysis and identified a FAP-dominant patient cluster as independent marker for shorter 5-year-survival (HR(95% CI)2.25(1.08–4.67), p = 0.030). Analyses of interactions between fibroblast and CD8a-status identified a potential minority of cases with CD90-defined stroma and high CD8a infiltration showing a good prognosis of more than 80% 5-year-survival. Presented analyses point towards the existence of different stroma-cell subgroups with distinct tumor-modulatory properties and motivate further studies aiming to better understand the molecular tumor–stroma crosstalk in UBC.
Interaction of the hydrogen molecule with the environment: stability of the system and the $${\mathscr{PT}}$$ symmetry breaking
Authors: Wrona I. A. , Jarosik M. W. , Szczȩśniak R. , Szewczyk K. A. , Stala M. K. , Leoński W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe stability of the hydrogen molecule interacting with the environment according to the balanced gain and loss energy scheme was studied. We determined the properties of the molecule taking into account all electronic interactions, the parameters of the Hamiltonian being computed by the variational method. The interaction of the hydrogen molecule with the environment was modeled parametrically (γ) by means of the non-Hermitian, $${\mathscr{PT}}$$
P
T
-symmetric Hamiltonian. We showed that the hydrogen molecule is dynamically unstable. Its dissociation time (TD) decreases if the γ parameter increases (for γ → 0 we got TD → + ∞). The dynamic instability of the hydrogen molecule is superimposed on the decrease in its static stability as γ increases. Then we can observe the decrease in the dissociation energy value and the existence of the metastable state of the molecule as γMS reaches 0.659374 Ry. The hydrogen molecule is statically unstable when γ > γD = 1.024638 Ry. Moreover, we can also observe the $${\mathscr{PT}}$$
P
T
symmetry breaking effect for the electronic Hamiltonian when $${\gamma }_{{\mathscr{PT}}}$$

γ

P
T

= 0.520873 Ry. This effect does not affect such properties of the hydrogen molecule as: the electronic Hamiltonian parameters, the phonon and the rotational energies, and the values of the electron-phonon coupling constants neither it disturbs the dynamics of the electronic subsystem. However, the number of available quantum states goes down to four.