bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequent Carbohydrate Ingestion Reduces Muscle Glycogen Depletion and Postpones Fatigue Relative to a Single Bolus
Authors: Menzies Campbell , Wood Michael , Thomas Joel , Hengist Aaron , Walhin Jean-Philippe , Jones Robbie , Tsintzas Kostas , Gonzalez Javier T. , Betts James A. 
Published: February 2020

The timing of carbohydrate ingestion and how this influences net muscle glycogen utilization and fatigue has only been investigated in prolonged cycling. Past findings may not translate to running because each exercise mode is distinct both in the metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion and in the practicalities of carbohydrate ingestion. To this end, a randomized, cross-over design was employed to contrast ingestion of the same sucrose dose either at frequent intervals (15 × 5 g every 5 min) or at a late bolus (1 × 75 g after 75 min) during prolonged treadmill running to exhaustion in six well-trained runners ( 61 ± 4 ml·kg−1·min−1). The muscle glycogen utilization rate was lower in every participant over the first 75 min of running (Δ 0.51 mmol·kg dm−1·min−1; 95% confidence interval [−0.02, 1.04] mmol·kg dm−1·min−1) and, subsequently, all were able to run for longer when carbohydrate had been ingested frequently from the start of exercise compared with when carbohydrate was ingested as a single bolus toward the end of exercise (105.6 ± 3.0 vs. 96.4 ± 5.0 min, respectively; Δ 9.3 min, 95% confidence interval [2.8, 15.8] min). A moderate positive correlation was apparent between the magnitude of glycogen sparing over the first 75 min and the improvement in running capacity (r = .58), with no significant difference in muscle glycogen concentrations at the point of exhaustion. This study indicates that failure to ingest carbohydrates from the outset of prolonged running increases reliance on limited endogenous muscle glycogen stores—the ergolytic effects of which cannot be rectified by subsequent carbohydrate ingestion late in exercise.
Systematic approach to delivering prolonged field care in a prehospital care environment
Authors: Smith Michael , Johnston K , Withnall R 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundThis article describes a novel patient care algorithm which provides a Role 1 (R1) medic with a structured approach to delivering prolonged field care (PFC) in a resource-limited environment. PFC is a vital component of the operational patient care pathway providing the continuum of care from completion of a primary survey to the delivery to hospital care. Future operational environments are likely to have more fragile or extended lines of communication, potentially delaying evacuation to hospital care. This delay may lead to increases in patient morbidity and mortality. Effective PFC offers an opportunity to improve patient outcomes and help mitigate against this risk.MethodsAn initial prototype model of a PFC care process was developed using existing hospital-based guidance. A series of medical and trauma vignettes and best available evidence were used to refine the algorithm.ResultsThe algorithm has been designed be used in conjunction with patient specific clinical guidance making the approach generalisable for all patient groups. For UK military, clinical guidance is provided by clinical guidelines for operations. The algorithm can be downloaded into a convenient format to be used on mobile devices or printed as an aide memoire.
Childhood adversities in UK treatment-seeking military veterans
Authors: Ross Jana , Armour C , Murphy D 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionThe long-term consequences of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on adult physical and mental health are well documented in the literature. The current study sought to examine this relationship in a sample of UK treatment-seeking military veterans.MethodsThe data were collected through a cross-sectional self-report survey from military veterans who have sought help for mental health difficulties from a veteran-specific UK-based charity. The response rate was 67.2% (n=403) and the effective sample for this study consisted of 386 male veterans. Participants’ history of ACEs and current mental/physical health difficulties were assessed. A latent class analysis was conducted to categorise participants into subgroups based on their ACEs and the relationship of these to the mental and physical health outcomes was examined.ResultsFive classes of veterans with different combinations of ACEs were identified. A total of 97% reported at least one ACE. There were minimal differences between the classes on mental and physical health outcomes, but the total number of ACEs was related to aggression, common mental health problems and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).ConclusionsNo combination of ACEs was specifically predictive of adverse mental/physical health difficulties in our sample. Instead, those with a higher number of ACEs may be more prone to developing problems with aggression, common mental health problems and PTSD. Assessing the history of childhood adversities in military veterans is therefore important when veterans are seeking help for mental health difficulties, as some of these may be related to childhood adversities and may need to be addressed in treatment.
Light trapping enhancement via structure design
Authors: Bai Minyu , Liu Huan , Xie Fei , Zhao Jijie , Liu Weiguo , Xie Huikai 
Published: February 2020

Light trapping is of great importance in many applications including photodetectors and solar cells. Silicon-based structures and hybrid devices were designed and studied to reduce reflection, thus enhance light trapping. The typical pillar array was analyzed concerning the pillar radius and distance between pillars first. The result showed that light reflection could be reduced from the range of 0.35–0.45 to the range of 0–0.3 with wavelength from 400 to 700 nm. What should be noted is that optimal size for light trapping changed when wavelength varied. Furthermore, hybrid structure was designed to increase light trapping. The results showed that the structure with random quantum dots (QDs) covering pillar array coated with two-dimensional (2D) material is an effective way to confine the light reflection under 0.1, thus promoting light trapping.
All-dielectric high saturation structural colors with Si3N4 metasurface
Authors: Hong Yunfan , Lei Yufang , Fang Xiaoming , Li Xingyi , Wen Wenlong , Zhang Lingxuan , Ge Suyang , Li Siqi 
Published: February 2020

Structural colors engineering as a promising research area provides a high-resolution and environmental-friendly sustainable colors implementation. Here, metasurface-based concept was used to design waveguides and gratings of Si3N4 material on silicon dioxide substrates. The shift of reflection peaks can be controlled by structural parameters and efficiencies exceeded 90% with half height and width less than 10 nm. This induced structural color with superior saturation. Moreover, such nanostructures showed good sensitivity to polarization angle and incident angle of incident light. The proposed coloring devices look promising for applications in active color displays, imaging devices, and anti-counterfeiting and so on.
Association of Paraoxonase 1 Gene Polymorphisms and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jiang Xuejuan , Ding Caifei , Wang Chenye , Yu Jia , Hua Zhoujia , Chen Xiaofei , Ma Jianxiong , Chen Wangqiang 
Published: February 2020

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The goal of this study was to review relevant case-control trials in order to determine the association of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms (–108C/T, 55L/M, 192Q/R) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) susceptibility. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Using appropriate keywords, we identified relevant studies using PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, CNKI, VANFUN, and VIP. Key pertinent sources in the literature were also reviewed, and all articles published through April 2019 were considered for inclusion. Based on the qualified studies, we performed a meta-analysis of associations between –108C/T, 55L/M and 192Q/R polymorphisms in PON1 and risk of PCOS. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We included 13 case-control studies with 3,660 total patients in the PCOS group and 2,835 in the control group. These studies found that the population with –108C/T locus T were associated with lower PCOS susceptibility by heterozygote model (OR 0.442, 95% CI 0.259–0.754); the Caucasian population with –108C/T locus T were associated with higher PCOS susceptibility by regressive model (OR 2.087, 95% CI 1.242–3.504). The population with 55L/M locus M were associated with higher PCOS susceptibility by regressive model (OR 1.518, 95% CI 1.067–2.160); the Asian population with 55L/M locus M were associated with lower PCOS susceptibility by dominant model and heterozygote model. The population with 192Q/R locus R were associated with higher PCOS susceptibility by the 5 gene models. The Asian population with 192Q/R locus R were associated with higher PCOS susceptibility: allelic model (OR 1.271, 95% CI 1.139–1.417); homozygote model (OR 1.575, 95% CI 1.244–1.995); dominant model (OR 1.299, 95% CI 1.069–1.580); regressive model (OR 1.421, 95% CI 1.207–1.673). The Caucasian population with 192Q/R locus R were associated with higher PCOS susceptibility: heterozygote model (OR 2.113, 95% CI 1.266–3.526). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our meta-analysis suggested that 192Q/R locus R were associated with higher PCOS susceptibility in both the Asian and Caucasian population.
Does Incident Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Lower Blood Pressure?
Authors: Weller Richard B. , Wang Yuedong , He Jingyi , Maddux Franklin W. , Usvyat Len , Zhang Hanjie , Feelisch Martin , Kotanko Peter 
Published: February 2020

Background

Hypertension remains a leading global cause for premature death and disease. Most treatment guidelines emphasize the importance of risk factors, but not all are known, modifiable, or easily avoided. Population blood pressure correlates with latitude and is lower in summer than winter. Seasonal variations in sunlight exposure account for these differences, with temperature believed to be the main contributor. Recent research indicates that
UV
light enhances nitric oxide availability by mobilizing storage forms in the skin, suggesting incident solar
UV
radiation may lower blood pressure. We tested this hypothesis by exploring the association between environmental
UV
exposure and systolic blood pressure (
SBP
) in a large cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients in whom
SBP
is determined regularly.

Methods and Results

We studied 342 457 patients (36% black, 64% white) at 2178 US dialysis centers over 3 years. Incident
UV
radiation and temperature data for each clinic location were retrieved from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration database. Linear mixed effects models with adjustment for ambient temperature, sex/age, body mass index, serum Na
+
/K
+
and other covariates were fitted to each location and combined estimates of associations calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird procedure. Pre‐dialysis
SBP
varied by season and was ≈4 mm Hg higher in black patients. Temperature,
UVA
and
UVB
were all linearly and inversely associated with
SBP
. This relationship remained statistically significant after correcting for temperature.

Conclusions

In hemodialysis patients, in addition to environmental temperature, incident solar
UV
radiation is associated with lower
SBP
. This raises the possibility that insufficient sunlight is a new risk factor for hypertension, perhaps even in the general population.
Remembering Indian Ocean Slavery through Film
Authors: de Silva Jayasuriya Shihan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Due to assimilation, the diversity of the region, and the problems of identification, the presence of Asians with African ancestry in some parts of the Indian Ocean goes largely unnoticed. Whilst Ethiopians came to Sri Lanka voluntarily during the sixth century, the largest known Afro-Sri Lankan community’s history dates back to the island’s colonial era, which began in the sixteenth century. Oral traditions and archival records demonstrate that the Indian Ocean slave trade carried on even after abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. Although their numbers have dwindled due to out-marriage and assimilation, this community’s presence is marked out through its strong cultural memories. This article highlights the significance of film as a medium for making Sri Lankans of African ancestry visible and giving them a space to reflect about their ancestors, cultural traditions and sociolinguistic transformations.
Documenting the History of Slavery on Film in Kayes, Mali
Authors: Rodet Marie 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 2010 I filmed descendants of formerly enslaved populations in Kayes narrating the history of their ancestors and the realities of internal slavery in West Africa. The result was a 23-minute documentary film entitled “The Diambourou: Slavery and Emancipation in Kayes—Mali,” which was released in 2014. The film was as much responding to specific historiographical questions in the field as a tool of research action to raise awareness among younger generations and to fight legacies of social discrimination today. With the exactions perpetuated against descendants of formerly enslaved populations in the Kayes region since 2018, the film, via its access-free online version, has experienced a second life as an anti-slavery activist medium, helping to bridge the gap between endogenous historical fighting against slavery and contemporary anti-slavery activism in the Soninke diaspora.
Canada’s top public servants meet agency theory in the Harper years (2006–2015)
Authors: Bourgault Jacques , Gow James Iain 
Published: February 2020

A survey of Canada’s top public servants was used to test the effects on them of the agency version of the public service bargain held by the Conservative government of Stephen Harper (2006–2015). Most results were as expected: increasing politicization and prime ministerial influence added much complexity to the deputy minister’s job; and ministers’ political staffers acted as guardians of the agency bargain. However, the survey led to the observation of a decline in ministers’ powers and to the surprising increase of the parliamentary accountability of deputy ministers, as well as to some challenge to the concept of public service bargains. Points for practitioners It is a good idea to consider what the main components of the public service bargain are in any public workplace, that is, what expectations exist about duties, competencies, criteria of evaluation, rewards, and discipline for permanent employees and political staffers. Too strong an agency bargain creates confusion about responsibilities, accountability, and a culture of risk avoidance. Staffers should not disrupt the chain of command and should treat public servants with respect and courtesy.
Development Undone: Weber, Kafka and the Organisation of Supply-Side Vested Interests
Authors: Blunt Peter 
Published: February 2020

Based on primary empirical evidence from six Asian countries at different stages of development, it is argued, first, that at the national point of delivery supply-side development assistance, organisations routinely behave in a manner that is antithetical to development, contradict their stated intentions and the principles of good governance that they claim to uphold (bureaucratic misrepresentation and anomie) and waste resources on technical ‘remedies’ that they know to be ineffective (bureaucratic misdirection); second, that these things are done to serve national and/or personal vested interests on the supply-side; third, that this can lead to internal conflict and alienation in supply-side organisations; fourth, that contrary to conventional wisdom, in many ways, supply-side behaviour mirrors the behaviour of vested interests on the demand-side and that they are mutually reinforcing; fifth, that Kafka’s notion of organisation explains such supply-side and demand-side behaviour much better than Weber’s does and sixth, that the dominance of neoliberal and Weberian thinking in our political and educational institutions and the Kafkaesque nature of development agencies at the national level make it likely that development in the interests of poor people by well-intentioned and well-informed technocrats will continue to be severely curtailed. JEL: F35, F51, F54, F55 O19, O57, P48
Cardiopulmonary bypass management and acute kidney injury in 118 Jehovah’s Witness patients: a retrospective propensity-matched multicentre cohort from 30,942 patients
Authors: Willcox Timothy W , Newland Richard F , Baker Robert A 
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Patients refusing blood products in cardiac surgery present challenges for cardiopulmonary bypass. Accurate detail of the modifiable factors of cardiopulmonary bypass relating to acute kidney injury is previously unreported in this patient population. Methods: A total of 118 adult Jehovah’s Witness patients refusing transfusion were propensity matched to 118 adult patients accepting transfusion from the 30,942 patients in the Australian and New Zealand Collaborative Perfusion Registry. The primary endpoint was acute kidney injury. Intraoperative and bypass management characteristics were also compared between early (2007-2012) and late (2013-2018) cohorts along with the acceptance or refusal of transfusion. Results: In patients accepting transfusion, 49% received a blood product. In patients refusing transfusion, acute kidney injury was lower (8% vs. 22%; p = 0.003) cell salvage use was higher (70% vs. 22%; p < 0.001), as was use of haemofiltration (8% vs. 4%; p = 0.03) and tranexamic acid in the early period (87% vs. 62%, p = 0.004) but not late (100% vs. 97%; p = 0.15). There was no difference in modifiable cardiopulmonary bypass factors (mean arterial pressure, minimum oxygen delivery (DO2i), retrograde autologous prime, circuit prime volume) between the two groups; however, prime volume decreased and DO2i increased over time for both. Patients refusing transfusion had lower postoperative blood loss (p = 0.02) and shorter postoperative length of stay (p < 0.001) with no difference in morbidity (p = 0.46) or mortality (p = 0.68). Conclusion: Refusal of transfusion in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with reduced acute kidney injury, hospital stay and postoperative blood loss, while not impacting mortality.
Magnetic resonance radiomics for prediction of extraprostatic extension in non-favorable intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer patients
Authors: Losnegård Are , Reisæter Lars A. R. , Halvorsen Ole J. , Jurek Jakub , Assmus Jörg , Arnes Jarle B. , Honoré Alfred , Monssen Jan A. , Andersen Erling , Haldorsen Ingfrid S. , Lundervold Arvid , Beisland Christian 
Published: February 2020

Background To investigate whether magnetic resonance (MR) radiomic features combined with machine learning may aid in predicting extraprostatic extension (EPE) in high- and non-favorable intermediate-risk patients with prostate cancer. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic performance of radiomics to detect EPE. Material and Methods MR radiomic features were extracted from 228 patients, of whom 86 were diagnosed with EPE, using prostate and lesion segmentations. Prediction models were built using Random Forest. Further, EPE was also predicted using a clinical nomogram and routine radiological interpretation and diagnostic performance was assessed for individual and combined models. Results The MR radiomic model with features extracted from the manually delineated lesions performed best among the radiomic models with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.74. Radiology interpretation yielded an AUC of 0.75 and the clinical nomogram (MSKCC) an AUC of 0.67. A combination of the three prediction models gave the highest AUC of 0.79. Conclusion Radiomic analysis combined with radiology interpretation aid the MSKCC nomogram in predicting EPE in high- and non-favorable intermediate-risk patients.
Diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in discriminating between metastatic and non-metastatic pelvic lymph nodes in endometrial cancer
Authors: Arian Arvin , Easa Ahmed Mohamedbaqer , Arab-Ahmadi Mehran 
Published: February 2020

Background Researchers have recently focused on assessing the accuracy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in predicting pelvic lymph node metastases in gynecological malignancies. Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic value of DW-MRI in discriminating between metastatic and non-metastatic pelvic lymph nodes in endometrial cancer patients. Material and Methods This retrospective database study was conducted with 33 women aged 30–84 years with pathologically proven endometrial cancer that had been assessed by DW-MRI before their first treatment initiation at our referral hospital from March 2016 to April 2019. The diffusion technique (b = 50, 400, and 1000 mm2/s) was used in the imaging, and continuous apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) metrics (ADCmin, ADCmax, ADCmean, ADCSD, and rADC) were compared between the metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes. Results In total, 48 lymph nodes from 33 patients were assessed. All metastatic lymph nodes were restricted, while among the non-metastatic lymph nodes, only 19.3% were restricted. Considering pathological reports of metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes as the gold standard, DWI-related restricted and non-restricted features had a sensitivity of 80.6%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 87.5% to discriminate between a metastatic and non-metastatic pattern. ADC metrics of ADCmin, ADCmax, ADCmean, ADCSD, and rADC showed high values enabling differentiation between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes. The best cut-off values were 0.7 × 10−3, 1.2 × 10−3, 1.01 × 10−3, 123, and 0.78, respectively. Conclusion DW-MRI is a useful quantitative tool for differentiating between metastatic and benign lymph nodes in endometrial cancer patients.
Transitioning to Life in a Nursing Home: The Potential Role of Palliative Care
Authors: Halifax Elizabeth , Bui Nhat Minh , Hunt Lauren J. , Stephens Caroline E. 
Published: February 2020

Background and Objectives: Transitioning to a nursing home (NH) is a major life event for 1.4 million NH residents in the United States. Most post-acute NH admissions plan for rehabilitation and discharge home, but with nearly 70% of NH residents being palliative care (PC) eligible, many evolve into long-term placements secondary to poor health and associated decline in function and/or cognition. This article describes the perceptions of NH PC-eligible residents and families transitioning to life in a NH. Methods: Residents at 3 NHs in Northern California (N = 228) were screened for PC eligibility. A convenience sample of PC-eligible residents and their family members (n = 28) participated in qualitative interviews that explored the experience of living as a NH resident with serious illness. Data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Results: Our study provides insights into the experiences of transitioning to a NH from the perspectives of PC-eligible residents and their families. These data describe how PC-eligible residents and their families experienced disempowerment as they perceived being left out of decisions to go to a NH, loss of autonomy once at the NH, dealt with the realization that they would not be going home, and described perceived barriers to going home. Discussion and Implications: The inclusive and person-centered model of care that PC provides naturally empowers residents and family members. Adequate provision of PC services, together with changes in policy related to NH culture and benefit management, could improve the experience of transitioning to a nursing home.