bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Use of ALD by SLRR for the Growth of Layered Bi-Metallic Structures and Alloy Thin Films with Specific Functionality
Authors: Dimitrov Nikolay 
Published: February 2020

The ingenious idea of surface limited deposition is among the brightest achievements of Radoslav Adzic. The proposed by his group in the beginning of this century approach of surface limited redox replacement (SLRR) for realization of monolayer thick coatings with catalytically active metals and alloys was used as foundation from others for the development of epitaxial thin film growth methods. Central stage in this direction takes the use of SLRR approach for coating nanoparticles and continuous nanoporous metal layers with ultrathin films of metal, layered bi-metallic structures, and/or alloys with specific functionality. Successful outcome of this coating renders the final product remarkably active and durable catalyst.
In this talk, the direct use of SLRR based protocols for the growth of layered bi-metallic films and alloys with targeted functionality. Specific consideration will be given to co- deposition modes in the systems Ag-Cu and Au-Cu. Factors controlling the quality of the deposited films in terms of morphology, orientation and composition will be comparatively considered. Emphasis will be placed on the thermodynamic miscibility of the metals participating in the deposition process as a factor controlling the final growth outcome in both cases; layered structures with sharp interface boundary in the Ag-Cu system and a single phase alloy in the Au-Cu system upon application of identical growth protocols. Results of electrochemical and SEM / STM characterization of the morphology, structure and/or orientation of the deposited films will be presented and critically discussed. Also, the parting behavior of both components upon anodic polarization scans will be considered in detail and studied with emphasis of post-anodization morphological characteristics of the remaining structures.
The discussion on the catalyst processing component based on coating of above described bi-metallic structures with ultra thin Pt and/or Pd layers will be the conclusion of this talk. It will be garnered by the demonstration of results of activity and durability testing of accordingly developed catalysts for organic fuel oxidation and/or nitrogen electrochemistry. Finally, a glimpse into the future of this rapidly developing field catalyst design at the atomic scale will be also provided.
(Invited) Controlled Synthesis of the Ultra-Low-Platinum Electrocatalysts for High-Performance Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Cathode
Authors: Zhang Junliang , Luo Liuxuan , Tian Renxiu , Wang Chao , Cheng Xiaojing , Wei Guanghua , Shen Shuiyun 
Published: February 2020

Controlled synthesis of the ultra-low-platinum electrocatalysts for high-performance polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathode Junliang Zhang*, Liuxuan Luo, Renxiu Tian, Chao Wang, Xiaojing Chen, Guanghua Wei, Shuiyun Shen
Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Abstract: A drastic reduction in the Pt loading of cathodes is urgently desired for the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The application of ultra-low Pt loading (≦0.1 gPt/kW) cathode comes up with two challenging research topics, one deals with the exploration on the local mass transport surrounding Pt particles in the catalyst layer, and the other involves in controlled synthesis of ultra-low Pt electrocatalysts. Herein, effective strategies have been developed to synthesize a series of ultra-low Pt electrocatalysts with both controlled compositions and structures, and investigated as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst. The corresponding synthetic mechanisms and key influences on the catalytic activity, electrochemical stability as well as utilization toward the ORR are comprehensively elucidated. It is believed that the discussion will provide a solid scientific guideline for the development of ultra-low Pt PEMFCs.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21533005 and 21373135) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFB0101201 and 2016YFB0101312).
*Corresponding author. Tel.: (+86) 213420 7439; fax: (+86) 21 3420 6249.
E-mail: junliang.zhang@sjtu.edu.cn
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO or Ethylene: Status of Electrocatalysis and Technoeconomic Insights
Authors: Kenis Paul J.A. 
Published: February 2020

One strategy to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions is the use of CO2 as a feedstock for the production of useful chemicals such as formic acid, carbon monoxide, ethylene, ethanol, or methanol via the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in the development of electrocatalysts for the efficient and selective conversion of CO2 to some of the aforementioned products. Scale up and commercialization activities are already ongoing for the conversion of CO2 to formic acid or CO. These electrolysis processes have the promise to be executed in a cost effective and sustainable manner, especially if otherwise-wasted renewable energy (produced in excess of grid demand) is used.
This presentation will summarize our efforts to perform electrolysis of CO2 to CO at high efficiency and selectivity using Ag, Au, and N-doped carbon based catalysts. Furthermore it will cover our recent advances in developing ever more active and especially selective catalysts for the production of ethylene and ethanol. Many researchers are pursuing Cu-based catalysts for this task. While reasonable conversion rates can be achieved (overall current densities exceeding 100 mA/cm2), the main challenge has been achieving selectivity for the desired products of ethylene and ethanol. We have developed Cu-based catalysts that produce 70-80% ethylene and ethanol, at a combined rate exceeding 170 mA/cm2. The presentation will also include an analysis of economic feasibility for the production of ethylene and ethanol from CO2, which highlights the importance of low electrical energy cost (as expected) as well as the need for high energy efficiency (low cell potential, low overpotentials) in the electrolysis process itself. This insight has led us to explore alternative reactions to the oxygen evolution reaction on the anode which typically represents >85% of the energy needs to drive a CO2 electrolysis process. For example performing the electro-oxidation of glycerol, a large byproduct of biomass conversion, can reduce the overall energy needs by 50%.
A Cost-Effective Lithium-Ion Battery Direct Recycling Process
Authors: Li Zheng 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries have dominated the power source market for consumer electronics (W⋅h scale) and are becoming the dominant battery technology for electrified vehicles (EV, kW⋅h scale) and grid-scale electrochemical energy storage systems (MW⋅h scale) [1,2]. The growing ubiquity of lithium-ion batteries also brings a rapid growth in hazardous battery waste from manufacturing processes and end-of-life (EOL) disposal [3,4]. In the EV sector alone, approximately 50-100 million lithium-ion cells in the US and China will reach their EOL by 2020, thus generating large amounts of hazardous waste [5]. However, conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical battery recycling processes require high temperature, strong acid leaching and extensive gas treatment, which lead to prohibitive cost, high energy consumption, water contamination and recycled materials with low resale value [6,7]. Since the cathode materials account for 30-40% of the overall battery cost, a cost-effective and eco-friendly
direct recycling

process
that yields reusable battery-grade cathode materials can lower the energy consumption and battery materials cost. In this talk, we will demonstrate a scalable and cost-effective direct recycling process for EOL lithium-ion batteries to yield battery-grade cathodes. The recycled cathodes retain the microstructure and show equivalent electrochemical performance compared to the pristine cathode materials. We will also present life cycle analysis for several cathode materials widely used in current state-of-the-art electrified vehicles and compare the energy consumptions of different recycling approaches.

Reference

[1] M.S. Whittingham, Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials, Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4271–4302. doi:10.1021/cr020731c.
[2] M.S. Whittingham, Ultimate Limits to Intercalation Reactions for Lithium Batteries, Chem. Rev. 114 (2014) 11414–11443. doi:10.1021/cr5003003.
[3] E. Gies, Recycling: Lazarus batteries, Nature. 526 (2015) 526S100a. doi:10.1038/526S100a.
[4] L. Gaines, To recycle, or not to recycle, that is the question: Insights from life-cycle analysis, MRS Bull. 37 (2012) 333–338. doi:10.1557/mrs.2012.40.
[5] Estimated based on the EV sales volume of US and China from 2011-2015, n.d.
[6] J.B. Dunn, L. Gaines, J.C. Kelly, K.G. Gallagher, Life Cycle Analysis Summary for Automotive Lithiumion Battery Production and Recycling, in: Rewas 2016 Mater. Resour. Sustain., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016: pp. 73–79. doi:10.1002/9781119275039.ch11.
[7] L. Gaines, The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: Charting a sustainable course, Sustain. Mater. Technol. 1–2 (2014) 2–7. doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2014.10.001.
Electrolytic Recycling of Primary Alkaline Batteries
Authors: Mustain William E , Soucie Hanna , Nguyen Christiane , Petracca Paul , Nguon Helen , Zhang Fan , Wangstrom Abbey 
Published: February 2020

Approximately 4 billion alkaline batteries are sold annually in the United States, which amounts to nearly 150,000 tons of alkaline batteries. Alkaline batteries are not considered hazardous materials and are therefore safe to be landfilled; however, nearly $100 million of metals from the spent alkaline batteries are being wasted per year in the United States instead of being recycled (Battery Care and Disposal). Therefore, it would be beneficial to establish a viable alkaline battery recycling process to reuse materials and to reduce the tonnage of alkaline batteries that are landfilled. This problem represents a significant financial opportunity as well as the opportunity for the major alkaline battery manufacturers to reduce their environmental footprint.
Black mass, the powder product of crushing discharged alkaline batteries, consists of a mix of over twelve components and metals. The metals can be recycled, recovered individually, and resold. Currently, a very small percentage of black mass is used as fertilization for crop fields. Not reusing the remaining material wastes millions of dollars of metals per year. In this presentation, we will discuss one method to process and separate this black mass into two particularly useful components, electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) and zinc (Zn), which respectively make up the cathode and anode active material in their alkaline batteries – with an overall goal of designing an engineered system that can achieve > 95% purity of ingot zinc and EMD. In this talk, we will outline not only the overall process, but also discuss industrially-relevant parameters including scale and cost.
(Invited) Functionalization of Low Dimensional Carbons for Highly Efficient Energy Storage
Authors: Wang Hsing-Lin 
Published: February 2020

Herein, we report synthesis of a series of 2D and 3D nanographenes with various functional groups attached to the edge of the nanographene basil planes. Among other potential applications, these high-surface area nanographenes have an excellent cyclic durability and a much enhanced charge capacity (> 1000 mAh/g) as novel anode materials for LIBs. Moreover, theoretical charge capacity of these nanographenes exceeds 2000 mAh/g due to an increased edge to surface ratio and oxygen containing functional groups. These exceptional performance characteristics are primarily due to the robust structure along and optimal d-spacing between nanographene layers which allowing for facilitated Li adsorpiton/desorption and diffusion.
Our study reveals insights on how control synthesis of nanographenes and their self-assemblies with optimized electronic structure and facilitated electron transfer has led to superior energy storage properties, there time the capacity of graphite, suggesting that the optimal design of conjugated nanographenes are promising for next generation LIBs.
Facile Synthesis of Highly-Graphitic Carbon By the Reaction of Calcium Carbide with Sulfur and the Application in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li T. , Bai X. , Gulzar U. , Zaccaria R. P. 
Published: February 2020

The design and preparation of new carbon materials (CMs) has long been of interest in the field of materials science. Various novel nanostructured CMs with unique structure and morphology usually exhibit a variety of potential applications owing to their outstanding chemical and physical properties.1
−
3

Recently, CMs were synthesized through the chemical reactions between calcium carbide (CaC2) and halogenated hydrocarbons or chlorine gas, which demonstrated promising applications for energy storage like supercapacitors.4 The as-prepared porous CMs with low degree of graphitization and high specific surface area are somehow different from the highly-graphitic carbon nanospheres prepared by the reaction of CaC2 with aluminum chloride hexahydrate or copper dichloride hydrate in sealed stainless steel autoclaves.5,6 The onion-like carbon nanospheres exhibited good cycling performance as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), delivering a high reversible capacity of 391 mAh/g after 60 cycles at a current density of 37.2 mA/g.6

In this work, we report, for the first time, a new one-step approach to prepare CMs by selective thermo-chemical etching the calcium from CaC2 by sulfur at 550 oC. By the comprehensive analysis on structure and morphology by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption−desorption isotherm analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the prepared CMs reveal a mesoporous structure with high graphitization degree and a specific surface area of 159.5 m2/g. Most of the carbon product displays micron-scale mesoporous frameworks (4–20 um) with distinct layered structure, and the others are the agglomerates of highly-graphitic carbon nanosheets with thickness about 10 nm and lateral size of 1–10 μm (Figure 1a). When tested as anode materials for LIBs, the as-prepared CMs exhibit an excellent cycling performance and rate capabilities, delivering a high reversible capacity of 561.3 mAh/g at 0.1C (1C = 372 mA/g) after 120 cycles (Figure 1b), thus demonstrating intensive potential in electrochemical energy storage. The present study provides a perspective approach to fabricate CMs by the simple, cost-effective, and efficient synthetic route using CaC2 and sulfur as reactants.
References:

Georgakilas,J.A. Perman, J. Tucek, R. Zboril, Chem. Rev., 2015, 115, 4744–4822.

Gogotsi, V. Presser, eds., Carbon nanomaterials, CRC press, 2013.

Gu, G. Yushin, WIREs Energy Environ.,2014, 3, 424–473.

Li, Q. Liu, W. Li, H. Meng, Y. Lu, C. Li, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9, 3895–3901.

L. Zhu, Y.J. Bai, Y.X. Qi, N. Lun, Y. Zhu, Carbon, 2012, 50, 1871–1878.

D. Han, B. Yao, Y.J. Bai, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115, 8923–8927.

Figure 1
(Invited) Nanoscale Imaging of Brain Tissue Features with Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Cognet Laurent 
Published: February 2020

Sub-wavelength localization of single molecules allows super-resolution imaging and a subtle probing of spatio temporal nano-environments [1]. Recently, we demonstrated that by using super-localization imaging of luminescent biocompatible single wall carbon nanotubes in the near-IR [2,3], we can unravel the local structure and rheology of the extracellular space in live brain slices. Because of the interplay between the nanotube geometry and the extracellular space local environment, we can indeed extract information about the extracellular space dimension and local viscosity [4]. In this presentation, I will show our recent results about the extracellular space properties near identified brain structures [5] (e.g synapses) and in neurodegenerative disease animal models [6].

References

[1] Godin et al , Biophys. J, (2014).
[2] Gao, et al, Biomater. Sci. (2016).
[3] Danné et al Nanomaterials (2017).
[4] Godin et al Nat. Nanotechnol. (2016).
[5] Paviolo et al
[6] Soria et al
(Invited) Redox-Active Carbon Positive Electrodes for High-Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Tianyuan , Lee Byeongyong , Lee Michael J , Lee Seung Woo 
Published: February 2020

Hybrid supercapacitors combine the advantages of lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors to achieve both high energy density and power density. However, the overall energy density is limited by the low capacity of the carbon-based positive electrodes. We have been trying to improve the energy density of the carbon-based positive electrodes by incorporating surface reactions into nanocarbon materials, including carbon nanotube and graphene. Recently, we have demonstrated the redox-active carbon positive electrodes by coating functional polymers on the surface of carbon nanotubes.1
,2 This presentation introduces shape-controlled carbon materials with significantly enhanced charge storage performance. We also demonstrate high-performance hybrid supercapacitors by combining the redox-active carbon positive electrode with the battery-type negative electrode.
References

J. C. Bachman, R. Kavian, D. J. Graham, D. Y. Kim, S. Noda, D. G. Nocera, Y. Shao-Horn and S. W. Lee, Nature Communications, 6:7040 (2015).

T. Liu, K. C. Kim, B. Lee, Z. Chen, S. Noda, S. S. Jang and S. W. Lee, Energy & Environmental Science, 10, 205 (2017).
(Invited) Structures and Properties of Saturn-like Complexes Composed of Oligothiophene Macrocycle with Methano[60]Fullerene and [70]Fullerene
Authors: Aoyagi Shinobu , Iyoda Masahiko , Shimizu Hideyuki , Okada Hiroshi , Zhou Biao , Matsuo Yutaka 
Published: February 2020

π-Expanded oligothienylene macrocycle with a large inner cavity incorporates fullerenes such as methano[60]fullerene (C61H2) and [70]fullerene (C70) inside to form Saturn-like complexes.[1] Although the oligothiophene macrocycle weakly interacts with fullerenes in solution, it forms stable Saturn-like fullerene complexes in the solid state. X-ray analysis of the Saturn-like complexes exhibited short contacts between the sulfur atoms of the oligothiophene macrocycle and fullerene carbons, which hinder the rotation of fullerenes. As a result, the non-covalent interaction between the oligothiophene macrocycle and fullerenes was employed in crystal structure determination of fullerenes. UV–vis–NIR spectra of the Saturn-like complexes showed weak donor–acceptor interaction between the oligothiophene macrocycle and fullerenes.
[1] M. Iyoda, H. Shimizu, S. Aoyagi, H. Okada, B. Zhou, Y. Matsuo, Can. J. Chem.
95 (2017) 315-319.
(Invited) Synthesis and Properties of Open-Cage Fullerene Derivatives
Authors: Murata Yasujiro 
Published: February 2020

Endohedral fullerenes represent caged-clusters of carbon encapsulating metal ions, metal clusters, atoms, and molecules. Although their syntheses mainly rely on physical methods under harsh conditions, organic synthesis has been attracting interests to realize molecule-encapsulating fullerenes owing to high selectivity of fullerene cages and high yields of desired products. The "molecular surgery" was able to be applied to fullerene C70 in spite of difficulties in characterization of products due to the low symmetry compared with C60. Importantly, reflecting the larger inner space than C60, two small molecules were introduced inside open-cage C70 derivatives to afford the corresponding doubly-encapsulating C70 such as (H2O)2@C70[1] and (H2O-HF)@C70[2] in addition to mono-encapsulating H2O@C70 and HF@C70. On the other hand, applying combination of the molecular surgery and ion implantation, doubly-encapsulating (H2-N)@C70 was able to be generated, in which the atomic nitrogen interacts with the hydrogen molecule, without forming covalent bonds.[3]
References
1. Zhang, R.; Murata, M.; Aharen, T.; Wakamiya, A.; Shimoaka, T.; Hasegawa, T.; Murata, Y. Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 435-441.
2. Zhang, R.; Murata, M.; Wakamiya, A.; Shimoaka, T.; Hasegawa, T.; Murata, Y. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1602833 (6 pages).
3. Morinaka, Y.; Zhang, R.; Sato, S.; Nikawa, H.; Kato, T.; Furukawa, K.; Yamada, M.; Maeda, Y.; Murata, M.; Wakamiya, A.; Nagase, S.; Akasaka, T.; Murata, Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 6488-6491.
(Invited) Changing the Conformation of Paramagnetic Endohedral Fullerenes with Magnetic Fields
Authors: Greber Thomas 
Published: February 2020

The torque that is exerted by a magnetic field on a magnetic moment may lead to a change of the atomic conformation in a molecule. This effect has been demonstrated recently for a single Ho magnetic moment in the endohedral Fullerene HoLu2@C80 [1].
From the statistical model that describes the equilibrium orientation of a magnetic moment in an external magnetic field with the ratio between the Zeeman energy and the thermal energy kBT, for a given saturation magnetisation a freezing temperature may be determined. Below this freezing temperature the conformation does not change. For an applied field of 7 T and a cooling rate of 5 mK/s the freezing temperature is 55 K. For fields below 7 T the extra magnetisation due to the molecular orientation depends on the cooling rate, and quadratically on the external magnetic field during cool down. From the corresponding kinetics of the freezing temperature vs. cooling rate data we may infer an activation energy and the corresponding attempt frequency for the endohedral rotation. Since the magnetisation measurements are accurate, variations in the percent range of this activation energy can be detected for different endohedral units. With this molecular dynamics potentials may be tested and steric effects of the endohedral unit can be inferred. On a longer perspective this effect, mimicking the smallest compass, also opens avenues to orient endohedral units on surfaces by help of magnetic fields.
[1] Switching Molecular Conformation with the Torque on a Single Magnetic Moment, Kostanyan et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. accepted for publication.
A Stable 3 V All-Solid-State Sodium–Ion Battery Based on a Closo-Borate Electrolyte
Authors: Duchêne Léo , Remhof Arndt , Kühnel Ruben-Simon , Battaglia Corsin 
Published: February 2020

We report on a particularly stable 3 V all-solid-state sodium–ion battery built using a closo-borate based electrolyte, namely Na4(B12H12)(B10H10). The battery employs a sodium metal anode and a NaCrO2 cathode. Battery performance is enhanced through the creation of an intimate cathode–electrolyte interface resulting in reversible and stable cycling with a capacity of 85 mAh/g at C/20 and 80 mAh/g at C/5 with more than 90% capacity retention after 20 cycles at C/20 and 85% after 250 cycles at C/5. We also discuss the effect of cycling outside the electrochemical stability window and show that electrolyte decomposition leads to faster though not critical capacity fading. Our results demonstrate that owing to their high stability and conductivity closo-borate based electrolytes could play a significant role in the development of a competitive all-solid-state sodium–ion battery technology.
L. Duchêne, R.-S. Kühnel, D. Rentsch, A. Remhof, H. Hagemann, C. Battaglia, Chem. Comm. 2017, 53, 4195
L. Duchêne, R.-S. Kühnel, E. Stilp, E. Cuervo Reyes, A. Remhof, H. Hagemann, C. Battaglia, Energy & Environmental Science 2017, 10, 2609