bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An unusual compound object in Yamato 793408 (H3.2‐an): The missing link between compound chondrules and macrochondrules?
Authors: Barosch Jens , Hezel Dominik C. , Marrocchi Yves , Gurenko Andrey , Lenting Christoph 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe found a large (~2 mm) compound object in the primitive Yamato 793408 (H3.2‐an) chondrite. It consists mostly of microcrystalline material, similar to chondrule mesostasis, that hosts an intact barred olivine (BO) chondrule. The object contains euhedral pyroxene and large individual olivine grains. Some olivine cores are indicative of refractory forsterites with very low Fe‐ and high Ca, Al‐concentrations, although no 16O enrichment. The entire object is most likely a new and unique type, as no similar compound object has been described so far. We propose that it represents an intermediate stage between compound chondrules and macrochondrules, and formed from the collision between chondrules at low velocities (below 1 m s−1) at high temperatures (around 1550 °C). The macrochondrule also trapped and preserved a smaller BO chondrule. This object appears to be the first direct evidence for a genetic link between compound chondrules and macrochondrules. In accordance with previous suggestions and studies, compound chondrules and macrochondrules likely formed by the same mechanism of chondrule collisions, and each represents different formation conditions, such as ambient temperature and collision speed.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity decreases in Mediterranean pine forests adapted to recurrent fires
Authors: Pérez‐Izquierdo Leticia , Zabal‐Aguirre Mario , Verdú Miguel , Buée Marc , Rincón Ana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFire is a major disturbance linked to the evolutionary history and climate of Mediterranean ecosystems, where the vegetation has evolved fire‐adaptive traits (e.g., serotiny in pines). In Mediterranean forests, mutualistic feedbacks between trees and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, essential for ecosystem dynamics, might be shaped by recurrent fires. We tested how the structure and function of ECM fungal communities of Pinus pinaster and Pinus halepensis vary among populations subjected to high and low fire recurrence in Mediterranean ecosystems, and analysed the relative contribution of environmental (climate, soil properties) and tree‐mediated (serotiny) factors. For both pines, local and regional ECM fungal diversity were lower in areas of high than low fire recurrence, although certain fungal species were favoured in the former. A general decline of ECM root‐tip enzymatic activity for P. pinaster was associated with high fire recurrence, but not for P. halepensis. Fire recurrence and fire‐related factors such as climate, soil properties or tree phenotype explained these results. In addition to the main influence of climate, the tree fire‐adaptive trait serotiny recovered a great portion of the variation in structure and function of ECM fungal communities associated with fire recurrence. Edaphic conditions (especially pH, tightly linked to bedrock type) were an important driver shaping ECM fungal communities, but mainly at the local scale and probably independently of the fire recurrence. Our results show that ECM fungal community shifts are associated with fire recurrence in fire‐prone dry Mediterranean forests, and reveal complex feedbacks among trees, mutualistic fungi and the surrounding environment in these ecosystems.
Advances in the development of gene therapy, noncoding RNA, and exosome‐based treatments for tendinopathy
Authors: Ilaltdinov Angela Wang , Gong Yubao , Leong Daniel J. , Gruson Konrad I. , Zheng Deyou , Fung David T. , Sun Li , Sun Hui B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by chronic low‐grade inflammation and tissue degeneration. Tendons have poor innate healing ability and there is currently no cure for tendinopathy. Studies elucidating mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and mechanisms mediating the genesis of tendons during development have provided novel targets and strategies to enhance tendon healing and repair. This review summarizes the current understanding and treatments for tendinopathy. The review also highlights recent advances in gene therapy, the potential of noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs, and exosomes, which are nanometer‐sized extracellular vesicles secreted from cells, for the treatment of tendinopathy.
The Impact of a Billing System on Healthcare Utilization: Evidence from the Thai Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme
Authors: Wasi Nada , Panpiemras Jirawat , Manachotphong Wanwiphang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study examines how a new billing process of the Thai Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme affects outpatient care utilization. Unlike policy changes considered in most existing studies, there is no change in cost‐sharing for the scheme considered here. Previously, the beneficiaries had to pay out of pocket and receive their reimbursement later. The new billing system allows hospitals to charge the government directly. Using patient‐level data from a large hospital, we find that the change affects outpatient utilization through both visiting rates and treatment intensity. These positive impacts are moderate, but persistent. The estimates are not sensitive to our choice of a time window, but their magnitudes can be sensitive to model specifications. Our analysis also suggests that patients with lower utilization rates (conditional on illnesses) prior to the change in the billing process increase their healthcare utilization more proportionally.
Sit‐to‐stand activity to improve mobility in older people: A scoping review
Authors: Duarte Wisnesky Uirá , Olson Joanne , Paul Pauline , Dahlke Sherry , Slaughter Susan E. , de Figueiredo Lopes Vinicius 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo identify the current state of knowledge about the use of the sit‐to‐stand intervention with older people and to identify implications for further research.BackgroundMany older people experience mobility challenges which can negatively affect their well‐being. Physical activities are vital to improving or maintaining mobility. Although there is evidence that mobility challenged older people benefit from the sit‐to‐stand intervention, there is a need to systematically examine the state of knowledge about this intervention.DesignScoping review using Arksey and O’Malley's methodological framework.MethodsA systematic search of three databases was completed. Abstracts were evaluated for relevance using predetermined inclusion criteria. Studies that met the inclusion criteria had data extracted and were appraised for internal and external validity. Narrative synthesis was based on methods described by Popay and colleagues.ResultsOf 3,041 papers, six studies met the inclusion criteria. Publications provided a range of sit‐to‐stand interventions with durations varying from four weeks to six months. The frequency of each intervention fluctuated from three to seven times/week with a duration of 15–45 min. Different professionals prompted the activity. Three themes were identified the following: (a) sit‐to‐stand activity as an intervention; (b) generalisability of findings; and (c) sustainability.ConclusionsMost of the studies reviewed indicated improvements in performance of the sit‐to‐stand activity and in motor function. However, issues with studies rigour do not allow us to make generalisations. Further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of the intervention.Implications for practiceHealthcare providers are expected to offer evidence‐based patient care. This review details current knowledge about the sit‐to‐stand intervention with older people.
Pediatric procedural sedation in Japan: A single‐facility study of 1,436 cases
Authors: Kuga Shuji , Maeda Tomoki , Ihara Kenji 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundPediatric procedural sedation (PPS) has been established worldwide as standard practice for several decades. However, there are no comprehensive guidelines or multi‐facility databases of PPS in Japan, and the current status of PPS and PPS‐related adverse events is unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the status of PPS in Japan and clarify the adverse events and risk factors.MethodsThis study was a single‐facility, database survey performed at Oita University Hospital from September 2016 to March 2019. Children under 18 years of age who had been kept sedated for medical procedures with intravenous sedatives were enrolled in this study. Adverse events were recorded and defined according to the Quebec Guideline.ResultsDuring the study period, PPS was performed for 1,436 consecutive cases. The majority (94%) of the sedatives used were thiamylal alone or thiamylal combined with ketamine. There were a total of 253 adverse events in 233 cases (16.2%), including oxygen desaturation, airway hypersensitivity, and vomiting. Patients recovered from respiratory‐related adverse events immediately with simple intervention. No patient required endotracheal intubation and no severe adverse event occurred. Four risk factors (a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, longer procedure time, non‐compliance ofnil per osstatus, and no Pediatric Advanced Life Support certification for sedation personnel) were associated with the occurrence of adverse events.ConclusionsAdverse events occurred in 16.2% of all PPS cases. Further studies are needed to analyze the serious adverse events and risk factors for PPS in Japan.
Committed to succeed: Commitment determines reactions to upward relationship comparisons
Authors: Thai Sabrina , Lockwood Penelope , Boksh Rashan J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIndividuals encounter numerous examples of happy relationships in their social networks and through the media; however, it is unclear how comparisons to superior couples affect one's own relationship. We examined individuals' responses to upward relationship comparisons by exposing dating and married participants to highly successful relationships drawn from their own lives (Study 1) and an exemplar given to them (Studies 2–3). We predicted that moderately committed individuals would evaluate their relationship against the superior relationship, and consequently be less motivated to engage in relationship‐maintenance behaviors. In contrast, highly committed individuals would be inspired by the superior relationship and view their relationship more positively. Across all studies, higher commitment yielded more positive responses to upward relationship comparisons than did lower commitment.
Structural competency: A pilot study
Authors: Woolsey Colleen , Narruhn Robin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study is the use of structural competency (SC) as a tool to broaden the view of nursing students beyond individual, behavioral, biological, and cultural frameworks to encompass the structural determinants of health.DesignThis mixed‐methods pilot study consists of a concurrent nested strategy in which close‐ended, forced‐choice questions are the drivers while open‐ended questions are embedded therein.SampleThe sample consists of second‐year doctor of nursing practice students.MeasuresThe short‐term impact is measured through the use of a survey tool.InterventionThe 3‐hr SC educational module focuses on six learning objectives: knowledge of structural terms, identifying SC effects on population and patient health; strategizing responses to these influences, student readiness to create change at the individual, organizational, and systems‐level, identifying needed tools, and assessing empowerment and burnout.ResultsStudents understand structural terms and are willing to create systemic change but lack necessary tools which may result in burnout.ConclusionsCareful thought about curricula incorporating SC and skills to offset the potential impact of burnout is needed.
Estimated Inactivation of Coronaviruses by Solar Radiation With Special Reference to COVID‐19
Authors: Sagripanti Jose‐Luis , Lytle C. David 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUsing a model developed for estimating solar inactivation of viruses of biodefense concerns, we calculated the expected inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, cause of COVID‐19 pandemic, by artificial UVC and by solar ultraviolet radiation in several cities of the world during different times of the year. The UV sensitivity estimated here for SARS‐CoV‐2 is compared with those reported for other ssRNA viruses, including influenza A virus. The results indicate that SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosolized from infected patients and deposited on surfaces could remain infectious outdoors for considerable time during the winter in many temperate‐zone cities, with continued risk for re‐aerosolization and human infection. Conversely, the presented data indicate that SARS‐CoV‐2 should be inactivated relatively fast (faster than influenza A) during summer in many populous cities of the world, indicating that sunlight should have a role in the occurrence, spread rate and duration of coronavirus pandemics.
Time in a one‐instant world
Authors: Latham Andrew J. , Miller Kristie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany philosophers hold that ‘one‐instant worlds’—worlds that contain a single instant—fail to contain time. We experimentally investigate whether these worlds satisfy thefolkconcept of time. We found that ~50% of participants hold that there is time in such worlds. We argue that this suggests one of two possibilities. First, the population disagree about whether at least one of the A‐, B‐, or C‐series is necessary for time, with there being a substantial sub‐population for whom the presence of neither an A‐, B‐, nor C‐series, is necessary for time, and hence those folk have a radically more minimal concept of time than has been attributed to them by philosophers. Or, second, the population do not disagree about whether at least one of the A‐, B‐, or C‐series is necessary for time, but disagree about what it takes for a world to fail to contain even a C‐series.
Oral health status and barriers to care in a multiethnic mixed disability center: Rethinking disability community dental services
Authors: Teo Cher Hwei Kalinda , Mahesh Michelle Nisha , Lim Guang Xu David 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsThere are currently neither onsite services nor any known studies that addresses oral health of persons with special care needs (PSCN) within disability activity centers in Singapore. This study aims to report on the oral health status, disability‐related barriers, and assess how these barriers limit care pathways.Methods and Results29 PSCN from a multiethnic mixed disability day activity center were screened over two days. Their ages ranged from 18‐59 years old (mean: 31.3). Proportion of Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity was 69.6%, 26.7% and 10.3% respectively. 11 were female. Only three PSCN were dentally fit, the average required almost four treatments each. 65.5% had “poor” to “very poor” oral hygiene. The mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.3‐4.1), 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2‐3.1), and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2‐3.1), respectively. DMFT had a moderate positive (Pearson's) correlation with age (rp = 0.4549, P < .05). The average British Dental Association (BDA) total banded score was 16.97, categorized as “moderate complexity.” 51.7% were wheelchair users, while 41.3% needed support. Pharmacological behavioral management had to be considered for 17.2%. The odds ratio was 10 and relative risk 5.26 for requiring additional behavioral modifications and requiring more than average treatment.ConclusionThis multiethnic cohort of mixed disabilities displayed considerable unmet dental needs and a conflux of barriers to care. Pathways to care and study limitations are discussed.
Internal sedimentary structure of linear dunes modelled with a cellular automaton
Authors: Liu Yukun , Baas Andreas C. W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLinear dunes are the most common type of dune found on Earth and exist on several extra‐terrestrial bodies, but despite this abundance their internal stratigraphy has not been commonly agreed. A cellular automaton is deployed to simulate the development of linear dunes, starting from a flat bed, under bi‐modal oblique wind regimes of varying degrees of asymmetry. The internal stratigraphy of the linear dunes is monitored by keeping track of (buried) erosion surfaces, avalanche deposits and vertical accumulation, as well as the age of last subaerial exposure of the sediments. The simulations show the initial pattern‐coarsening of a network of small dunes into fewer larger longitudinal ridges via bedform interactions and Y‐junction dynamics. Three newly recognized types of bedform interaction are identified that relate to initial Y‐junction dynamics: longitudinal crest‐splitting, which creates free dune tips that can interact with adjacent dunes, and laterally oscillating interactions that lead to ephemeral Y‐junctions (normal or reverse). The results show that these three bedform interactions leave no persistent signatures in the stratigraphic record. However, a further three bedform interactions involving the superposition of one dune onto another – merging, cannibalizing and repulsion (known from transverse dune field dynamics) – do leave specific evidence in the internal stratigraphy of the remaining dune, a buried interaction surface at a specific inclination. The preservation potential of this interaction surface varies between the three types. After the initial pattern‐coarsening phase, the linear dunes become larger and more independent and their crest orientation follows the net resultant transport direction. The stratigraphies of mature dunes under wind regimes of differing asymmetry show that under (nearly) symmetrical winds the dune accumulates mainly vertically, with strata dipping parallel to the flanks, while under more asymmetrical wind regimes the internal stratigraphy resembles that of transverse dunes.
Incidence, risk factors and clinical characteristics of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a ten‐year study in the North of Iran
Authors: Shirzad‐Aski Hesamaddin , Hamidi Niloofar , Sohrabi Ahmad , Abbasi Abdollah , Golsha Roghieh , Movahedi Jamileh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the incidence of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and examine the risk factors and the clinical features of the disease over a ten‐year period.MethodsRetrospective study of records of patients who were followed and registered in the TB registry programme in the health district of Gorgan, Iran from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2017.ResultsAmong 2280 TB records, 609 (26.71%) were EPTB. They were mostly female patients (53.7%) and residents in rural areas (56.5%) with a mean age of 40.55 years [±16]. The average age of female patients (37.55 years [±16.99]) was lower than of male patients (44.07 years [±20.59]). The median of the incidence rate was 7.5 per 100 000 inhabitants for EPTB; biopsy and pathology were the best methods for the detection of EPTB. The most frequent forms of EPTB were lymphatic TB (193/609 = 31.7%) and pleural TB (158/609 = 25.9%). In most cases (245/609 = 40.2%), one to three months elapsed between occurrence of symptoms and final confirmation of EPTB. The outcome of EPTB was weaker than of pulmonary TB (PTB).ConclusionOur most important finding was the increasing incidence of EPTB, which shows the importance of attention to this disease. Lymph node and pleural tissue were the most commonly infected tissues. Skeletal TB presents a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of EPTB.
The Cassava Source–Sink project: opportunities and challenges for crop improvement by metabolic engineering
Authors: Sonnewald Uwe , Fernie Alisdair R. , Gruissem Wilhelm , Schläpfer Pascal , Anjanappa Ravi B. , Chang Shu‐Heng , Ludewig Frank , Rascher Uwe , Muller Onno , van Doorn Anna M. , Rabbi Ismail Y. , Zierer Wolfgang 
Published: June 2020

SummaryCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the important staple foods in Sub‐Saharan Africa. It produces starchy storage roots that provide food and income for several hundred million people, mainly in tropical agriculture zones. Increasing cassava storage root and starch yield is one of the major breeding targets with respect to securing the future food supply for the growing population of Sub‐Saharan Africa. The Cassava Source–Sink (CASS) project aims to increase cassava storage root and starch yield by strategically integrating approaches from different disciplines. We present our perspective and progress on cassava as an applied research organism and provide insight into the CASS strategy, which can serve as a blueprint for the improvement of other root and tuber crops. Extensive profiling of different field‐grown cassava genotypes generates information for leaf, phloem, and root metabolic and physiological processes that are relevant for biotechnological improvements. A multi‐national pipeline for genetic engineering of cassava plants covers all steps from gene discovery, cloning, transformation, molecular and biochemical characterization, confined field trials, and phenotyping of the seasonal dynamics of shoot traits under field conditions. Together, the CASS project generates comprehensive data to facilitate conventional breeding strategies for high‐yielding cassava genotypes. It also builds the foundation for genome‐scale metabolic modelling aiming to predict targets and bottlenecks in metabolic pathways. This information is used to engineer cassava genotypes with improved source–sink relations and increased yield potential.
How bad are e‐cigarettes? What can we learn from animal exposure models?
Authors: Marczylo Tim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractElectronic cigarettes divide opinions. Some consider them key to reducing smoking incidence while others are concerned over potential for detrimental health consequences. It will take many years to identify the health consequences of e‐cigarette use if we rely only upon human data. However, there is a growing body of work using rodent models that inform on these potential toxicities. These studies have focused upon the pulmonary, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Observations include perturbations of pro‐inflammatory, pro‐fibrotic and oxidative stress markers, sometimes together with DNA damage and downregulation of DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes. However, the markers affected are often different between studies. A more consistent observation has been the increase in airway hyperresponsiveness, a characteristic of asthma, on exposure to electronic cigarettes, across mouse strains, sex and ages. Detrimental effects in this and other susceptible animal models such as the apolipoprotein E knock‐out mouse model of atherosclerosis, suggest greater risk where there is an existing predisposition. Other adverse reactions, including weight loss, oxidative stress and angiogenesis, are reported in animal studies with nicotine‐containing devices. These effects remain less severe than cigarette smoke, where investigated. Animal studies have identified therefore that e‐cigarettes are potentially hazardous, especially in susceptible populations, nicotine is integral to risk of health effects, but overall e‐cigarettes are much less hazardous than cigarettes.
image