bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A catastrophic tropical drought kills hydraulically vulnerable tree species
Authors: Powers Jennifer S. , Vargas G. German , Brodribb Timothy J. , Schwartz Naomi B. , Pérez‐Aviles Daniel , Smith‐Martin Chris M. , Becknell Justin M. , Aureli Filippo , Blanco Roger , Calderón‐Morales Erick , Calvo‐Alvarado Julio C. , Calvo‐Obando Ana Julieta , Chavarría María Marta , Carvajal‐Vanegas Dorian , Jiménez‐Rodríguez César D. , Murillo Chacon Evin , Schaffner Colleen M. , Werden Leland K. , Xu Xiangtao , Medvigy David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDrought‐related tree mortality is now a widespread phenomenon predicted to increase in magnitude with climate change. However, the patterns of which species and trees are most vulnerable to drought, and the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive, in part due to the lack of relevant data and difficulty of predicting the location of catastrophic drought years in advance. We used long‐term demographic records and extensive databases of functional traits and distribution patterns to understand the responses of 20–53 species to an extreme drought in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Costa Rica, which occurred during the 2015 El Niño Southern Oscillation event. Overall, species‐specific mortality rates during the drought ranged from 0% to 34%, and varied little as a function of tree size. By contrast, hydraulic safety margins correlated well with probability of mortality among species, while morphological or leaf economics spectrum traits did not. This firmly suggests hydraulic traits as targets for future research.
Intravascular volumes evaluated by a carbon monoxide rebreathing method in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis
Authors: Bomholt Tobias , Larsson Sara , Rix Marianne , Rytter Sarah , Feldt‐Rasmussen Bo , Hornum Mads , Lundby Carsten 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionTreatment of fluid overload and anemia remains a challenge in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Hypervolemia can be evaluated using a carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing method by which blood volume (BV), plasma volume (PV), and red blood cell volumes (RBCV) can be determined. We hypothesized that recurrent hypervolemia would cause hemoglobin (Hb) levels to be in the anemic range without a concurrent reduction in RBCV in patients undergoing hemodialysis.MethodsBV, PV, and RBCV were determined by a CO rebreathing test in 19 patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The tests were performed 20 minutes before initiating dialysis, and the measured intravascular volumes were compared with predicted normal intravascular volumes according to Nadler's equation. Before initiating dialysis, Hb and blood pressure were measured, and edema severity was graded.FindingsMeasured BV was higher in 17 out of the 19 patients with a median of 71.1 (62.4–76.9) mL/kg and higher than the predicted BV of 58.3 (53.5–59.9) mL/kg (P < 0.001). The measured PV was found to be higher in all patients. RBCV was measured as 25.2 (23.4–28.2) mL/kg with a predicted volume of 25.9 (22.4–26.7) mL/kg (P = 0.56). Eighteen patients were anemic as determined by Hb concentrations (defined as Hb < 13 g/dL for men and <12 g/dL for women), and nine were anemic according to RBCV.DiscussionThe CO rebreathing test is a new approach to measuring intravascular volumes in hemodialysis patients. Compared with predicted intravascular volumes, the predialysis BV was expanded in the majority with elevated PV as the main cause. No overall difference in RBCV was found between the measured and predicted volumes. According to predialysis Hb levels, all but one patient was anemic, but according to the measured RBCV, only nine were in the anemic range, indicating dilution of Hb.
Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation of the C2 Dorsal Root Ganglion Using a Posterior Approach for Treating Cervicogenic Headache: A Retrospective Chart Review
Authors: Lee Ho‐Jin , Cho Hyun Hoo , Nahm Francis Sahngun , Lee Pyung‐Bok , Choi Eunjoo 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and complications of C2 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) pulsed radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for cervicogenic headache (CEH) and to identify factors related to the outcome of the procedure in this retrospective analysis.BackgroundAlthough conventional high‐temperature C2 DRG RFA was effective in patients with CEH in previous studies, the effect of pulsed RFA on C2 DRG in cases of CEH has not yet been evaluated.MethodsWe examined the electronic medical records of consecutive patients who underwent C2 DRG block for CEH from January 2012 to May 2018 at a pain center. Consequent C2 DRG pulsed RFA was performed for patients in whom the headache recurred after an initial period of relief 24 hours after the C2 DRG block. A successful outcome was defined as at least 50% pain relief at 6 months after C2 DRG pulsed RFA. We also examined variables associated with the outcome and prognostic factors of CEH.ResultsFluoroscopy‐guided C2 DRG block was performed in 114 patients with CEH. Forty‐five patients received C2 DRG pulsed RFA and 40.0% among them (18/45, success group) had ≥50% pain relief after 6 months. There were no post‐procedure complications throughout the study period. Significantly more patients in the success group than in the failure group had a definite positive response (≥50% pain relief) to a previous C2 DRG block (P < .001).ConclusionC2 DRG pulsed RFA may be an effective treatment for patients with CEH, particularly for patients who have previously experienced definite pain reduction after C2 DRG block. However, the limitations of our study design and small number of patients preclude firm conclusions.
Self‐regulation in oral hygiene behaviours in adults with gingivitis: The mediating role of coping planning and action control
Authors: Araújo Mário‐Rui , Alvarez Maria‐João , Godinho Cristina A. , Almeida Tânia , Pereira Cícero R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimThis study investigates the joint role of volitional predictors of oral hygiene behaviours of flossing and brushing in adults with gingivitis, framed by the Health Action Process Approach model (HAPA).Materials and MethodsIn a longitudinal online survey, 201 participants aged 18‐75, of which 56.7% were women, completed assessments at baseline(T1), 2 weeks(T2) and 4 months(T3). Oral hygiene behaviours(OH) (brushing and flossing) and social cognitive determinants of behaviour in the HAPA: action and maintenance self‐efficacy(ASE & MSE), intention(INT), coping planning(CP) and action control(AC) were evaluated. Structural equation modelling was used to test a series of three nested models. In Model 1, action self‐efficacy would determine MSE and INT, and INT would determine OH; in Model 2, INT would determine both CP and AC and the two OH behaviours; and in Model 3, CP and AC would be sequential mediators between INT and OH.ResultsModel 3, predicting a mediating process from intention to behaviour via coping planning and action control, showed the best fit according to the fit indices and explained more of the variance in dental hygiene. The mediating role of coping planning and action control between intention and oral hygiene behaviours was thus confirmed. Importantly, coping planning did not mediate between intention and oral hygiene behaviours, which means that oral hygiene intention influences action control through coping planning, and both sequentially mediate this influence on behaviour.ConclusionsFor individuals who are not yet following the recommendations for specific oral hygiene behaviours, coping planning and action control represent psychological mechanisms by which intentions are put into practice.
The antibiofilm and collagen‐stabilizing effects of proanthocyanidin as an auxiliary endodontic irrigant
Authors: Yang S. Y. , Liu Y. , Mao J. , Wu Y. B. , Deng Y. L. , Qi S. C. , Zhou Y. C. , Gong S. Q. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate the antibiofilm effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) solution as an irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and its influence on the mechanical properties and biodegradation resistance of demineralized root dentine.MethodologyEnterococcus faecalis were introduced into human root dentine tubules by a serial centrifugation method and grown for 1 week. Dentine blocks infected with 1‐week‐old E. faecalis biofilms were treated with the following irrigants: sterile water (control), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 2% PA, 5% PA and 10% PA. After treatment, the live and dead bacteria proportions within E. faecalis biofilms were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. To evaluate the biostability of fully demineralized dentine treated by the aforementioned irrigants, the elastic modulus and hydroxyproline release of human dentine incubated in collagenase solution were tested at baseline, after irrigant treatment and after biodegradation, respectively. Furthermore, the surface chemical bond of demineralized dentine collagen treated by various irrigants was characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Statistical analysis was performed using one‐way anova and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons with the significance level at 5%.ResultsThe proportion of dead E. faecalis volume was significantly higher in the PA and CHX groups than that in the control group (P < 0.05). PA irrigation significantly increased the mechanical properties of demineralized dentine (P < 0.05), and the effect was enhanced with increasing PA concentration. CHX and PA groups had significantly less elasticity loss and hydroxyproline release (P < 0.05). The biomodification of dentine collagen by PA was verified by increased C‐O/C‐N peak percentage under C1s and C‐O peak percentage under O1s narrow‐scan XPS spectra.ConclusionsProanthocyanidin killed E. faecalis within biofilms and enhanced the biostability of the collagen matrix of demineralized root dentine. It might be used as an auxiliary endodontic irrigant with antibiofilm and collagen‐stabilizing effects.
HIV infection suppresses TLR3 activation‐mediated antiviral immunity in microglia and macrophages
Authors: Liu Hang , Zhou Run‐Hong , Liu Yu , Guo Le , Wang Xu , Hu Wen‐Hui , Ho Wen‐Zhe 
Published: February 2020

SummaryMonocytic‐lineage cells in the central nervous system (CNS), including microglia and brain resident macrophages, are the key players in the CNS innate immunity against viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, these cells also serve as the major targets and reservoirs for HIV in the CNS. To address the question of how HIV can establish persistent infection in the target cells in the CNS, we examined whether HIV has the ability to counteract Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation‐mediated antiviral immunity in microglia and macrophages. We observed that HIV latently infected microglial cells (HC69·5) expressed reduced levels of TLR3 and TLR3 activation‐mediated interferons (IFN‐α/β and IFN‐λ) as compared with the uninfected control cells (C20). In addition, HIV infection of primary human macrophages suppressed the expression of TLR3 and the IFNs. HIV infection also inhibited the expression of the antiviral IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) and the HIV‐restriction miRNAs. Mechanistically, HIV infection inhibited the phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factors (IRF3 and IRF7) and signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT1 and STAT3) in both HIV latently infected microglia and acutely infected macrophages. These findings provide previously unrecognized and sound mechanisms for HIV infection and persistence in the primary target and reservoir cells in the brain.
The role of WNT5A and Ror2 in peritoneal membrane injury
Authors: Padwal Manreet , Liu Limin , Margetts Peter J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPatients on peritoneal dialysis are at risk of developing peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis, which can lead to dysfunction of the peritoneal membrane. Recent evidence has identified cross‐talk between transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) and the WNT/β‐catenin pathway to induce fibrosis and angiogenesis. Limited evidence exists describing the role of non‐canonical WNT signalling in peritoneal membrane injury. Non‐canonical WNT5A is suggested to have different effects depending on the receptor environment. WNT5A has been implicated in antagonizing canonical WNT/β‐catenin signalling in the presence of receptor tyrosine kinase‐like orphan receptor (Ror2). We co‐expressed TGFB and WNT5A using adenovirus and examined its role in the development of peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis. Treatment of mouse peritoneum with AdWNT5A decreased the submesothelial thickening and angiogenesis induced by AdTGFB. WNT5A appeared to block WNT/β‐catenin signalling by inhibiting phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B) and reducing levels of total β‐catenin and target proteins. To examine the function of Ror2, we silenced Ror2 in a human mesothelial cell line. We treated cells with AdWNT5A and observed a significant increase in fibronectin compared with AdWNT5A alone. We also analysed fibronectin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a TGFB model of mesothelial cell injury. Both fibronectin and VEGF were significantly increased in response to Ror2 silencing when cells were exposed to TGFB. Our results suggest that WNT5A inhibits peritoneal injury and this is associated with a decrease in WNT/β‐catenin signalling. In human mesothelial cells, Ror2 is involved in regulating levels of fibronectin and VEGF.
Interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes confer sex‐specific effects on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Vaught Rebecca C. , Voigt Susanne , Dobler Ralph , Clancy David J. , Reinhardt Klaus , Dowling Damian K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGenetic variation outside of the cell nucleus can affect the phenotype. The cytoplasm is home to the mitochondria, and in arthropods often hosts intracellular bacteria such as Wolbachia. Although numerous studies have implicated epistatic interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear genetic variation as mediators of phenotypic expression, two questions remain. Firstly, it remains unclear whether outcomes of cyto‐nuclear interactions will manifest differently across the sexes, as might be predicted given that cytoplasmic genomes are screened by natural selection only through females as a consequence of their maternal inheritance. Secondly, the relative contribution of mitochondrial genetic variation to other cytoplasmic sources of variation, such as Wolbachia infection, in shaping phenotypic outcomes of cyto‐nuclear interactions remains unknown. Here, we address these questions, creating a fully crossed set of replicated cyto‐nuclear populations derived from three geographically distinct populations of Drosophila melanogaster, measuring the lifespan of males and females from each population. We observed that cyto‐nuclear interactions shape lifespan and that the outcomes of these interactions differ across the sexes. Yet, we found no evidence that placing the cytoplasms from one population alongside the nuclear background of others (generating putative cyto‐nuclear mismatches) leads to decreased lifespan in either sex. Although it was difficult to partition mitochondrial from Wolbachia effects, our results suggest at least some of the cytoplasmic genotypic contribution to lifespan was directly mediated by an effect of sequence variation in the mtDNA. Future work should explore the degree to which cyto‐nuclear interactions result in sex differences in the expression of other components of organismal life history.
Dual‐frequency ultrasound‐assisted alcohol/salt aqueous two‐phase extraction and purification of Astragalus polysaccharides
Authors: Chikari Fadzai , Han Juan , Wang Yun , Luo Peng , He Xingcheng , Kwaw Emmanuel , Otu Phyllis 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe study investigated the effect of dual‐frequency ultrasound‐assisted alcohol/salt aqueous two‐phase extraction and desalination on the yield, microstructure and antioxidant properties of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS). Extracts were desalinated for 10 (APS10), 20 (APS20), and 30 (APS30) minutes. A 28.40% experimental yield, well correlated to the response surface methodology predicted model was achieved. Thermodynamic parameters were non‐spontaneous, irreversible and endothermic. Moreover, ultrasound enhanced the desalination rate and did not alter the chemical structure in the APS. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy showed a similar spectrum in all the APS samples. High‐performance gel chromatography and scanning electron microscopy, respectively presented reduced molecular weights and altered microstructures in the samples. Monosaccharide analysis revealed the existence of xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, and ribose in the APS samples. Moreover, the APS20 showed strong hydroxyl and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities, thus showing its potency in reducing oxidative stress. Hence, this study demonstrates that coupled ultrasound and alcohol/salt ATPS is a sustainable technique, which generates high yields of simultaneously extracted products.Practical applicationsAstragalus root has been used as an effective complementary treatment to conventional medicine owing to its rich nutraceutical composition and its numerous health attributes. Commercialization of Astragalus supplements into functional foods and nutraceuticals requires continuous exploration of novel, low cost and reproducible methods that retain their bioactivity. In this work, a synergized and bio‐compatible dual‐frequency ultrasound‐assisted alcohol/salt aqueous two‐phase system was used to extract and purify Astragalus polysaccharides. Application of this technique in the nutraceutical industry reduces treatment time, lowers bulk energy consumption hence reducing energy costs. It promotes the use of low‐cost, non‐hazardous bio‐based solvents in treatment processes thus considerably reducing extraction costs and environmental degradation. Findings from this study exhibit the practicability of this technique in industrial application. It equips biotechnologists with information on improved, sustainable and safer ways of extracting and enriching the quality of nutraceutical compounds.
Clinical outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Park Sunmin , Jung Jinhong , Cho Byungchul , Kim So Yeon , Yun Sung‐Cheol , Lim Young‐Suk , Lee Han Chu , Park Jongmoo , Park Jin‐hong , Kim Jong Hoon , Yoon Sang Min 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the long‐term oncologic outcomes after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsA total of 290 patients with HCC were registered between March 2007 and July 2013. A dose of 10–15 Gy per fraction was given over three to four consecutive days, resulting in a total dose of 30–60 Gy. Overall and recurrence‐free survivals were estimated from the date of the start of SBRT to the date of death, the last follow‐up examination, or to the date of tumor recurrence.ResultsThe median follow‐up period of all patients was 38.2 months, and the median tumor size was 1.7 cm. Overall survival (OS) rate at 5 years was 44.9%. Multivariate analyses revealed that age, Child–Pugh class, tumor size, and albumin levels were significant factors for OS. The 5‐year local control rate was 91.3%. In multivariate analysis, tumor size and albumin were significantly associated with local tumor control. However, there was a negative correlation between total dose and tumor size in Pearson's correlation analysis (r = −0.111, P = 0.046).ConclusionsStereotactic body radiation therapy was an excellent ablative treatment option for patients with small HCC. Tumor size was a significant factor for local tumor control after SBRT, although the total dose was negatively correlated with tumor size. Considering the low OS rates and the high local tumor control rates, the combined SBRT and systemic therapies may be beneficial for improving survival outcomes.
Assessing the Quality of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care in Nursing Homes
Authors: Olivieri‐Mui Brianne , McGuire Jean , Griffith John , Cahill Sean , Briesacher Becky 
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUNDQuality of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care in nursing homes (NHs) has never been measured.DESIGNA cross‐sectional study.SETTINGNHs.PARTICIPANTSA total of 203 NHs and 1375 persons living with HIV.MEASUREMENTSMedicare claims from 2011 to 2013 were linked to assessments of resident health, prescription dispensing data, and national reports of NH characteristics. Five nationally validated HIV care quality measures (prescription of antiretroviral therapy; CD4/viral load monitoring; frequency of medical visits; gaps in medical visits; and Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis) were adapted and applied to NHs. Logistic regression predicted compliance by organizational factors. Random intercept logistic regression predicted if persons living with HIV received care by person and organizational factors.RESULTSCompliance ranged from 43.3% (SD = 31.1%) for CD4/viral load monitoring to 92.4% (SD = 13.6%) for gaps in medical visits. More substantiated complaints against an NH decreased the likelihood of high compliance with CD4/viral load monitoring (odds ratio [OR] = 0.846; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.726‐0.986), while NH‐reported incidents increased the likelihood of high compliance with pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis (OR = 1.173; 95% CI = 1.044‐1.317). Differences between NHs explained 21.2% or less of variability in receipt of care.CONCLUSIONSSince 2013, the population with HIV and NH HIV care quality has inevitably evolved; however, this study provides previously unknown baseline metrics on NH HIV care quality and highlights significant challenges when measuring HIV care in NHs. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1226–1234, 2020.
Uterine epithelial remodelling during pregnancy in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae): Implications for mammalian placental evolution
Authors: Laird Melanie K. , Hansen Victoria L. , McAllan Bronwyn M. , Murphy Christopher R. , Thompson Michael B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMammalian pregnancy involves remodelling of the uterine epithelium to enable placentation. In marsupials, such remodelling has probably played a key role in the transition from ancestral invasive placentation to non‐invasive placentation. Identifying uterine alterations that are unique to marsupials with non‐invasive placentation can thus elucidate mechanisms of marsupial placental evolution. We identified apical alterations to uterine epithelial cells prior to implantation in Monodelphis domestica, a member of the least derived living marsupial clade (Didelphidae) with invasive (endotheliochorial) placentation. We then compared these traits with those of Macropus eugenii (Macropodidae) and Trichosurus vulpecula (Phalangeridae), both with non‐invasive placentation, to identify which alterations to the uterine epithelium are ancestral and which facilitate secondarily evolved non‐invasive placentation. In M. domestica, remodelling of the uterine epithelium involves reduced cellular heterogeneity and development of uterodome‐like cells, suggesting that similar alterations may also have occurred in the marsupial common ancestor. These alterations also overlap with those of both T. vulpecula and Ma. eugenii, suggesting that the placental shift from invasive to non‐invasive placentation in marsupials involves essential, conserved characteristics, irrespective of placental mode. However, unique apical alterations of both T. vulpecula and Ma. eugenii, relative to M. domestica, imply that lineage‐specific alterations underpin the evolutionary shift to non‐invasive placentation in marsupials.