bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Pedestrianization in Cities- Assessment of Pedestrianized Streets in Nicosia Walled City
Authors: Uzunoğlu Kozan , Uzunoğlu Semra Sema 
Published: June 2020

approach in recent years. One of these cities which is the last divided capital city and one of the most important cultural heritages of the Mediterranean region in the island of Cyprus is the Nicosia Walled City. Within this study, the existing situation of pedestrianized areas in the Walled City in north Nicosia were examined. In literature review part, the importance of pedestrianization, reasons and benefits of pedestrianization, examples of pedestrianized areas/streets around the world are reviewed. The pedestrianized streets/areas in the north Nicosia Walled City were examined on-site, photographed, their current status was revealed and evaluated according to determined criteria. Each street/area was evaluated in terms of functions in the street, mobility, accessibility by car or public transportation, social/community activities, economic development and quality of physical environment. When the old city of Nicosia is analyzed in the context of these criteria, it has been observed that the pedestrianized areas have an increasing social, cultural and economical contribution to the city. In addition to its historical features, the places and activities that attract the people especially young population and tourists, bring life to this region. In terms of environmental aspects, visual incompatibilities were observed even in the streets where pedestrianization studies have been carried out recently. There are also problems about vehicle and pedestrian traffic that affect users. The study was completed by making suggestions at the end of the study. Keywords: pedestrianized streets, pedestrianized squares, Nicosia Walled City, Cyprus
Do Nontechnical Skills Affect Legal Outcomes After Endoscopic Perforations?
Authors: Hernandez Lyndon V. , Klyve Dominic , Feld Lauren , Nalini Guda , Feld Andrew 
Published: June 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Health systems often emphasize technical skills to reduce iatrogenic injuries. Nontechnical skills such as clinical and communication skills are mostly overlooked or not readily retrievable from medical records. Our aim was to estimate the association of technical and nontechnical skills of endoscopists with indemnity payments to patients after endoscopic perforations.

METHODS:
This is an observational registry-based study of closed claims against gastroenterologists involved in endoscopic perforations.

RESULTS:
We analyzed 175 closed claims related to perforations, all of which involved allegations of improper performance of the endoscopic procedure. Inadequate communication (n = 71, 41%) and clinical judgment (n = 60, 34%) on the part of the endoscopists were observed. Inadequate communication and clinical judgment were associated with over 3-fold odds of indemnity payment (odds ratio [OR] 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46–7.48, and OR 3.18; 95% CI, 1.44–7.01, respectively). However, if there were no communication breakdown or clinical judgment issues and the only allegation was poor technical skill, the odds of indemnity payments were less than half of those cases (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.15–0.80). There was no evidence of a statistically significant interaction among age, procedure type, trainee involvement, clinical severity, need for surgery, and procedure-related death.

DISCUSSION:
We observed that inadequate communication and clinical judgment were associated with indemnity payment, independent of the severity of clinical outcomes. On the other hand, cases wherein there was an allegation of poor technical skills alone, without communication breakdown or clinical judgment issues, were associated with favorable legal outcomes for the defendant. (See the Visual Abstract at http://links.lww.com/AJG/B568.)
Der Hamburger Weg eines dialogischen Religionsunterrichts für alle. Partizipation aller?
Authors: Knauth Thorsten , Weiße Wolfram 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Hamburg way of a dialogical religious education for all, in which students with different religious and secular or non-religious positions take part, is presented in its emergence and development. The dynamic for such a singular approach in Germany, which has been in evidence since the mid-1990s, is characterised by innovative cooperation between religious communities, specialist institutes, the university, the Association of Religious Teachers and the school authorities. This approach was underpinned conceptually, consolidated by empirical social science research, concretized in curricula and supported in Hamburg's society and politics. For about 6 years now, work has been underway on further developing the curriculum, with advantages standing alongside problems.
Medical Doctors in Torture Program. The Need for Virtue Ethics in Medical Conscience Formation
Authors: Alichniewicz Anna , Michałowska Monika 
Published: June 2020

In December 2014, Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) released their analysis of the summary of the Committee Report of the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program. PHR focused on the involvement of health care professionals in the CIA torture program, concluding that the health professionals’ commissions and omissions violated the prescriptions of many fundamental bioethical documents, including international declarations of bioethics and medical research ethics. The medical doctors’ involvement evokes some thoughts concerning bioethical education. It seems that instead of developing virtues through practicing morally good habits, the experience of clinical training undermines the moral ideals that medical students identified themselves with at the commencement of their medical education. The hostile response they sometimes get from their mentors when trying to question morally troubling situations may shape the habit of ‘turning a blind eye’ to unethical behaviour, since the students do not want to jeopardize their grades and future medical career. Maybe it was the development of this habit and the failure to develop the habit of moral courage instead that prevented the medical doctors participating in torture programs from defending moral ideals of their profession more effectively.
Czy istnieje charakter moralny? Dyskusja z Johna Dorisa sytuacjonistyczną krytyką etyki cnót
Authors: Szutta Natasza 
Published: June 2020

Etyka cnót jest jedną z najważniejszych obecnie koncepcji etycznych. Postuluje konieczność pracy nad moralnym charakterem, utrwalaniem jego właściwych cech i dyspozycji (cnót etycznych). Taki postulat zakłada, że głównym determinantem działania jest charakter jego sprawcy. Tymczasem liczne eksperymenty przeprowadzone na gruncie psychologii społecznej dowodzą, że o sposobie ludzkiego działania decydują zmienne sytuacyjne, a nie dyspozycjonalne. John Doris w swojej książce pt. Luck of Character poddaje radykalnej krytyce psychologię moralności, na której ufundowana została etyka cnót: kwestionuje istnienie charakteru moralnego i globalnie rozumianych jego cech, a w konsekwencji także edukację moralnego charakteru. Mój artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na krytykę Dorisa.
LA TRAGEDIA FRAGMENTARIA GRIEGA Y LAS VERSIONES DEL MITO DE ALCMEÓN
Authors: Gambón Lidia 
Published: June 2020

Partiendo de la vitalidad del estudio de la tragedia griega fragmentaria en los últimos decenios, el presente artículo remarca su valor con relación a los textossupérstites del pasado, y se detiene en el análisis del tratamiento trágico del mito de Alcmeón. Su profusa presencia en la escena del período clásico contrasta con el hecho de que no ha sobrevivido, sin embargo, ninguna obra completa. Pese a la escasez de los fragmentos y los problemas textuales y contextuales que se plantean, el relevamiento lexical de las versiones sofocleas y euripideas permite dar cuenta de los hitos fundamentales de la biografía trágica de Alcmeón. Revela, asimismo, la necesidad de una mirada inquisidora en torno a la memoria de las historias conservadas, y de aquellas que se han perdido.
PERSPECTIVAS EN TORNO AL USO DE CONTINGENTES BÁRBAROS REDUCIDOS EN EL EJÉRCITO ROMANO TARDÍO
Authors: Ruchesi Fernando C. 
Published: June 2020

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la utilización de grupos bárbaros reducidos, por parte de las autoridades imperiales, desde fines del siglo IV hasta comienzos del siglo V. En primer lugar, abordaremos cuestiones tales como el modo en que estos tipos de contingentes eran empleados en el ejército romano tardío. En segundo término, la cuestión de su integración en las estructuras imperiales en relación a los citados modos de empleo. Finalmente, analizaremos las representaciones de dichos contingentes por parte de los autores de la época.
Impact of Overfishing on Density and Test-Diameter Size of the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla at Wakatobi Archipelago, South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Nane La , Paramata Arfiani Rizki 
Published: May 2020

Sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla is one of an economically important fisheries resource product for localities at Wakatobi archipelago. High demands for sea urchin gonad have intensified high fishing activity. The hypothesis of this study is that sea urchins in Wakatobi have been overfished. To answer that hypothesis, the density and its test diameter size were measured at two different sites. Those two sites are Pulau Tomia (resident area) and Pulau Sawa (nonresident area and very distant from the localities). The results show that sea urchin density and its test diameter are significantly different. The densities (mean±SE) T. gratilla at Pulau Sawa and Pulau Tomia were 10±0.6 (ind.m-2) and 2.7±0.9 ind.m-2, respectively. Moreover, the test diameter at Pulau Sawa and Pulau Tomia were 69.7±2.1 mm and 58.5±1.7 mm (mean±SE), respectively. These results have shown that overfishing has occurred. Therefore, sea urchin with test diameter 66–75 mm, 76–85 mm, and 86–95 mm have disappeared at Pulau Tomia. The Conclusion reveals that fishing of sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla at Pulau Tomia has been overfished.
Genome-Wide Characterization and Comparative Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors in Ganoderma Species
Authors: Wang Lining , Huang Qinghua , Zhang Liulian , Wang Qingfu , Liang Lei , Liao Baosheng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Numerous studies in plants have shown the vital roles of MYB transcription factors in signal transduction, developmental regulation, biotic/abiotic stress responses and secondary metabolism regulation. However, less is known about the functions of MYBs in Ganoderma. In this study, five medicinal macrofungi of genus Ganoderma were subjected to a genome-wide comparative analysis of MYB genes. A total of 75 MYB genes were identified and classified into four types: 1R-MYBs (52), 2R-MYBs (19), 3R-MYBs (2) and 4R-MYBs (2). Gene structure analysis revealed varying exon numbers (3-14) and intron lengths (7-1058 bp), and noncanonical GC-AG introns were detected in G. lucidum and G. sinense. In a phylogenetic analysis, 69 out of 75 MYB genes were clustered into 15 subgroups, and both single-copy orthologous genes and duplicated genes were identified. The promoters of the MYB genes harbored multiple cis-elements, and specific genes were co-expressed with the G. lucidum MYB genes, indicating the potential roles of these MYB genes in stress response, development and metabolism. This comprehensive and systematic study of MYB family members provides a reference and solid foundation for further functional analysis of MYB genes in Ganoderma species.
Technology-Dependent Pediatric Inpatients at Children’s Versus Nonchildren’s Hospitals
Authors: Ahuja Namrata , Mack Wendy J. , Russell Christopher J. 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Technology-dependent children (TDC) are admitted to both children’s hospitals (CHs) and nonchildren’s hospitals (NCHs), where there may be fewer pediatric-specific specialists or resources. Our objective was to compare the characteristics of TDC admitted to CHs versus NCHs.METHODS:This was a multicenter, retrospective study using the 2012 Kids’ Inpatient Database. We included patients aged 0 to 18 years with a tracheostomy, gastrostomy, and/or ventricular shunt. We excluded those who died, were transferred into or out of the hospital, had a length of stay (LOS) that was an extreme outlier, or had missing data for key variables. We compared patient and hospital characteristics across CH versus NCH using χ2 tests and LOS and cost using generalized linear models.RESULTS:In the final sample of 64 521 discharges, 55% of discharges of TDC were from NCHs. A larger proportion of those from CHs had higher disease severity (55% vs 49%; P &lt; .001) and a major surgical procedure during hospitalization (28% vs 24%; P &lt; .001). In an adjusted generalized linear model, the mean LOS was 4 days at both hospital types, but discharge from a CH was associated with a higher adjusted mean cost ($16 754 vs $12 023; P &lt; .001).CONCLUSIONS:Because the majority of TDC are hospitalized at NCHs, future research on TDC should incorporate NCH settings. Further studies should investigate if some may benefit from regionalization of care or earlier transfer to a CH.
Health Risk Assessment Related to Total Mercury (THg) Concentration in Clam (Periglypta crispata) from Kepulauan Seribu Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Purbonegoro Triyoni , Suratno Suratno 
Published: May 2020

Mercury (Hg) contaminated seafood can cause severe health problems if it is consumed regularly. Mercury is very dangerous for humans because it can damage or reduce the function of the central nervous system, blood composition, lungs, kidneys, and other vital organs. This metal can also cause birth defects in newly born babies. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of total mercury (THg) in clams (Periglypta crispata) collected from Kepulauan Seribu Regency and the safe amount per week for consuming them. The safe amount (kg per week) to consume this clam was calculated by the Maximum Tolerable Intake (MTI) method. Our results showed that the average concentration of THg in the clams was 0.18±0.07 mg/kg wet weight. Among the analyzed organs, THg accumulation was highest in the digestive tract tissues. The clams were still safe to be consumed by humans since the THg concentration in these clams has not exceeded the maximum limit of heavy metal in seafood (0.5 mg/kg) set by the government of Indonesia. The safe amount to consume these clams was 0.53 kg per week, to avoid the adverse effect of Hg to human health.
Growth Rate and Histamine Production of Klebsiella sp. CK02 Isolated from Skipjack Tuna Compared with Morganella morganii ATCC 25830 at Various Incubation Temperatures
Authors: Dityanawarman Aldino , Dewi Indun Puspita , Ratnawati Susana Endah , Ekantari Nurfitri , Tamplin Mark 
Published: May 2020

One of an important quality parameter in tuna is the level of histamine content. The contamination of histamine in tuna is mainly due to the activity of histidine decarboxylase produced by the bacteria. A rapid growth of histamine producing bacteria is correlated with the practice of temperature abuse during handling. This study aimed to develop predictive growth modeling of two histamine-producing bacteria in the function of temperature. The growth and histamine production of Klebsiella sp. CK02 and Morganella morganii ATCC 25830 at various temperatures were measured in tryptic soy broth histidine (TSBH) and tuna fish infusion broth (TFIB) growth media. Broths were incubated at 4°C and 15°C for 7 days, and at 30°C and 40°C for 24 hours. The Baranyi and Roberts model was used with DMFit to determine primary growth kinectics, and the Ratkowsky square root model to describe bacterial growth rate as a function of temperature. Histamine production was enumerated by the apparent yield factor (pYhis/CFU) value. Growth rate increased with temperature, with a maximum rate at 40°C for Klebsiella sp. CK02 (0.740 log CFU/h) and M. morganii (0.578 log CFU/h). The Tmin for Klebsiella sp. CK02 in TFIB was -8.9°C, indicating better survival in low storage temperature, compare to M. morganii ATCC 25830. In addition, Klebsiella sp. CK02 produced a lower pYhis/CFU at 15 and 30°C compared to M. morganii ATCC 25830.
The Problem of the Beginning of the World in the Interpretation of Saint Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Pabjan Tadeusz 
Published: June 2020

This paper deals with Saint Thomas’s view of the problem of the world’s beginning, which consists in an alleged contradiction between religious truth about the creation of the world by God and Aristotle’s concept of the eternal existence of the world. According to Aquinas, such a contradiction is apparent, because the idea of creation is fundamentally different from the idea of beginning. The discussion of this issue is divided into three parts. At first, the historical background of the whole problem is presented. Then, Saint Thomas’s solution of the difficulty – included in his book De aeternitate mundi – is briefly discussed. Finally, it is argued that this solution can be inspiring for ­contemporary ­theologians.
Caring for the Person and the Human Family as a Priority for the State and the Church
Authors: Borutka Tadeusz 
Published: June 2020

Caring for the person and the human family is one of the most important tasks for the State and the Church. In contrast to the activities of the civil society, the work of the Church in this area is called a specific work, because it requires the use of so-called poor means, i.e. peaceful means. From the very beginning, the teaching of the Church has stood and stands on the ground of Christian personalism. The Church looks at marriage and family in the same spirit. It views the family as the basic and irreplaceable community. It is the family that offers the most effective tools for the humanization and personalization of society. Any social and family policy should serve this end. The Church should follow a similar policy. However, the pastoral concern of the Church is not limited only to Christian families. It should manifest itself in relation to all families and especially those who face difficult or abnormal situations.
Early and Late Recurrence of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Ming-Da , Li Chao , Liang Lei , Xing Hao , Sun Li-Yang , Quan Bing , Wu Han , Xu Xin-Fei , Wu Meng-Chao , Pawlik Timothy M. , Lau Wan Yee , Shen Feng , Yang Tian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Survival after liver resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor because of a high incidence of recurrence. We sought to investigate risk factors, patterns, and long-term prognosis among patients with early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatitis B virus (HBV)–associated HCC.

Methods
Data of consecutive patients undergoing curative resection for HBV-associated HCC were analyzed. According to the time to recurrence after surgery, recurrence was divided into early (≤2 years) and late recurrence (&gt;2 years). Characteristics, patterns of initial recurrence, and postrecurrence survival (PRS) were compared between patients with early and late recurrence. Risk factors of early and late recurrence and predictors of PRS were identified by univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses.

Results
Among 894 patients, 322 (36.0%) and 282 (31.5%) developed early and late recurrence, respectively. On multivariable analyses, preoperative HBV-DNA &gt;104 copies/mL was associated with both early and late recurrence, whereas postoperative no/irregular antiviral therapy was associated with late recurrence. Compared with patients with late recurrence, patients with early recurrence had a lower proportion of intrahepatic-only recurrence (72.0% vs. 91.1%, p &lt; .001), as well as a lower chance of receiving potentially curative treatments for recurrence (33.9% vs. 50.7%, p &lt; .001) and a worse median PRS (19.1 vs. 37.5 months, p &lt; .001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that early recurrence was independently associated with worse PRS (hazard ratio, 1.361; 95% confidence interval, 1.094–1.692; p = .006).

Conclusion
Although risk factors associated with early recurrence and late recurrence were different, a high preoperative HBV-DNA load was an independent hepatitis-related risk for both early and late recurrence. Early recurrence was associated with worse postrecurrence survival among patients with recurrence.
Motivasi Siswa Sekolah Dasar dalam Mengikuti Program Pembelajaran Luar Kelas dengan Menggunakan Aplikasi Pokemon Go
Authors: Fauzi Rizal Ahmad 
Published: June 2020

In the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, technology has developed very rapidly. This is felt by every element of society, from parents, adults to children. A positive impact will be felt if its use is in accordance with needs. But, it is different from children who play gadgets based on fun or just play games all the time. It will have an impact on the growth of children and their social and social life which will be hampered. The purpose of this study is to find out how Pokemon GO can increase children's motivation in outdoor education activities in physical education programs. The experiment was conducted in one treatment for 50 elementary school students. They are grade 3 elementary school students from one of the schools in West Java-Indonesia. All respondents were given permission by their parents and school teachers to take part in this study. The results obtained, 86% of students liked and motivated to do outdoor activities using Pokemon GO and 14% did not like for various reasons, including: (1) 2 students felt tired to do physical activities, (2) 5 students did not allowed to play games on smartphones so they don't like to play games. AbstrakDi era revolusi industri 4.0, teknologi telah berkembang sangat pesat. Hal ini dirasakan oleh setiap elemen masyarakat, baik dari orang tua, dewasa hingga anak-anak. Dampak positif akan terasa jika penggunaannya sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Tapi, berbeda dengan anak-anak yang bermain gadget berdasarkan kesenangan atau hanya bermain game setiap saat. Hal itu akan berdampak pada pertumbuhan anak-anak dan kehidupan sosial-sosial mereka yang akan terhambat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana Pokemon GO dapat meningkatkan motivasi anak-anak pada aktivitas outdoor education pada program pendidikan jasmani. Percobaan dilakukan dalam satu perlakuan untuk 50 siswa sekolah dasar. Mereka adalah siswa sekolah dasar kelas 3 dari salah satu sekolah di Jawa Barat-Indonesia. Semua responden telah diberikan izin oleh orang tua dan guru sekolah mereka untuk mengambil bagian dalam penelitian ini. Hasil yang diperoleh, 86% siswa menyukai dan termotivasi untuk melakukan kegiatan di luar ruangan dengan menggunakan Pokemon GO dan 14% tidak seperti karena berbagai alasan, di antaranya: (1) 2 siswa merasa lelah untuk melakukan aktivitas fisik, (2) 5 siswa tidak diizinkan untuk bermain game di smartphone sehingga mereka tidak suka bermain game.