bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of multidrug-resistance plasmid maintenance using a high-throughput screening approach
Authors: Zulauf Katelyn E. , Kirby James E. 
Published: November 2020

Significance
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens designated as urgent threats by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resistance to carbapenems and other antibiotics is usually carried on diverse large, low-copy-number plasmids. Interfering with the replication of such resistance plasmids could potentially restore antibiotic susceptibility. Therefore, we designed a high-throughput screen to identify compounds with anti-CRE plasmid activity. We identified several compounds which by blocking plasmid replication and/or evicting a representative IncFIA CRE plasmid potentiated carbapenem activity, thereby providing proof of principle for our approach. Our findings underscore the potential of antiplasmid therapeutics to restore treatment options for highly drug-resistant pathogens and validate a high-throughput screening approach to identify these agents.
Lipoteichoic acid polymer length is determined by competition between free starter units
Authors: Hesser Anthony R. , Schaefer Kaitlin , Lee Wonsik , Walker Suzanne 
Published: November 2020

Significance
Carbohydrate polymers are found in all domains of life, and their biological activities can change depending on their length. Gram-positive bacteria decorate their cell membrane with lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), which are important for essential processes such as cell division, osmotic stability, and antimicrobial resistance. The length of LTA polymers affects fitness, pathogenicity, and susceptibility to beta-lactams. Using in vitro reconstitution, we have identified a unique mechanism that controls polymer length. In addition to providing fundamental mechanistic insight into carbohydrate polymerases, our results provide a platform for studying this conserved cell envelope enzyme and should facilitate the development of antibiotics targeting it.
Increasing risk of another Cape Town “Day Zero” drought in the 21st century
Authors: Pascale Salvatore , Kapnick Sarah B. , Delworth Thomas L. , Cooke William F. 
Published: November 2020

Significance
The Cape Town “Day Zero” drought was caused by an exceptional 3-y rainfall deficit. Through the use of a higher-resolution climate model, our analysis further constrains previous work showing that anthropogenic climate change made this event five to six times more likely relative to the early 20th century. Furthermore, we provide a clear and well-supported mechanism for the increase in drought risk in SSA through a dedicated analysis of the circulation response, which highlights how—as in 2015–2017—a reduction in precipitation during the shoulder seasons is likely to be the cause of drought risk in southwestern South Africa in the 21st century. Overall, this study greatly increases our confidence in the projections of a drying SSA.
The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections
Authors: Baker Rachel E. , Park Sang Woo , Yang Wenchang , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Metcalf C. Jessica E. , Grenfell Bryan T. 
Published: November 2020

Significance
Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as social distancing, reduce not only COVID-19 cases but also other circulating infections such as influenza and RSV. The susceptible population for these infections will increase while NPIs are in place. Using models fit to historic cases of RSV and influenza, we project large future outbreaks of both diseases may occur following a period of extended NPIs. These outbreaks, which may reach peak numbers in the winter, could increase the burden to healthcare systems.
REV1 inhibitor JH-RE-06 enhances tumor cell response to chemotherapy by triggering senescence hallmarks
Authors: Chatterjee Nimrat , Whitman Matthew A. , Harris Cynthia A. , Min Sophia M. , Jonas Oliver , Lien Evan C. , Luengo Alba , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Hong Jiyong , Zhou Pei , Hemann Michael T. , Walker Graham C. 
Published: November 2020

Significance
Mutagenic translesion synthesis (TLS) increases cell survival after DNA damage by bypassing lesions that normally block DNA replication but introduces mutations. In cancer cells, REV1/POLζ-dependent mutagenic TLS can contribute to intrinsic chemoresistance, while the mutations it introduces can underlie acquired chemoresistance. Interfering with this TLS pathway genetically or with the small molecule inhibitor JH-RE-06 has been shown to improve cisplatin chemotherapy by suppressing tumor growth and enhancing survival in mouse xenograft tumor models. Cisplatin chemotherapy commonly exerts its antitumor effects via DNA damage-mediated apoptosis. However, in two mouse xenograft models and four mammalian cell lines, the JH-RE-06 unexpectedly profoundly alters the biological response to cisplatin. Apoptosis is suppressed and surprisingly numerous hallmarks of senescence are induced prior to cell death.
Master curve of boosted diffusion for 10 catalytic enzymes
Authors: Jee Ah-Young , Tlusty Tsvi , Granick Steve 
Published: November 2020

Significance
The literature is inconsistent regarding evidence for boosted molecular mobility during enzyme catalysis, a phenomenon that challenges the common tenet that enzyme mobility is governed solely by Brownian motion. This paper surveys 10 different catalytic enzymes and shows that magnitude of enhanced diffusion scales with energy release rate, the Gibbs free energy of reaction multiplied by the Michaelis–Menten reaction rate. A practical implication is that boosted effective diffusivity can be used to determine the energetics associated with enzyme action, since effective enzyme diffusivity is simply proportional to the change in free energy associated with the biochemical conversion. This master curve to predict the magnitude of boosted molecular mobility may be useful for estimating the effect in as-yet untested enzymes.
Controlling magnetic domain wall velocity by femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Prabhakara K H , Shapaeva T B , Davydova M D , Zvezdin K A , Zvezdin A K , Davies C S , Kirilyuk A , Rasing Th , Kimel A V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Using the technique of double high-speed photography, we find that a femtosecond laser pulse is able to change the velocity of a moving domain wall in an yttrium iron garnet. The change depends on the light intensity and the domain wall velocity itself. To explain the results we propose a model in which the domain wall velocity is controlled by photo-induced generation of vertical Bloch lines.
Comparison of intelligent 4D CT sequence scanning and conventional spiral 4D CT: a first comprehensive phantom study
Authors: Werner René , Szkitsak Juliane , Sentker Thilo , Madesta Frederic , Schwarz Annette , Fernolendt Susanne , Vornehm Marc , Gauer Tobias , Bert Christoph , Hofmann Christian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
4D CT imaging is a cornerstone of 4D radiotherapy treatment. Clinical 4D CT data are, however, often affected by severe artifacts. The artifacts are mainly caused by breathing irregularity and retrospective correlation of breathing phase information and acquired projection data, which leads to insufficient projection data coverage to allow for proper reconstruction of 4D CT phase images. The recently introduced 4D CT approach i4DCT (intelligent 4D CT sequence scanning) aims to overcome this problem by breathing signal-driven tube control. The present motion phantom study describes the first in-depth evaluation of i4DCT in a real-world scenario. Twenty-eight 4D CT breathing curves of lung and liver tumor patients with pronounced breathing irregularity were selected to program the motion phantom. For every motion pattern, 4D CT imaging was performed with i4DCT and a conventional spiral 4D CT mode. For qualitative evaluation, the reconstructed 4D CT images were presented to clinical experts, who scored image quality. Further quantitative evaluation was based on established image intensity-based artifact metrics to measure (dis)similarity of neighboring image slices. In addition, beam-on and scan times of the scan modes were analyzed. The expert rating revealed a significantly higher image quality for the i4DCT data. The quantitative evaluation further supported the qualitative: While 20% of the slices of the conventional spiral 4D CT images were found to be artifact-affected, the corresponding fraction was only 4% for i4DCT. The beam-on time (surrogate of imaging dose) did not significantly differ between i4DCT and spiral 4D CT. Overall i4DCT scan times (time between first beam-on and last beam-on event, including scan breaks to compensate for breathing irregularity) were, on average, 53% longer compared to spiral CT. Thus, the results underline that i4DCT significantly improves 4D CT image quality compared to standard spiral CT scanning in the case of breathing irregularity during scanning.
Modeling the effect of oxygen on the chemical stage of water radiolysis using GPU-based microscopic Monte Carlo simulations, with an application in FLASH radiotherapy
Authors: Lai Youfang , Jia Xun , Chi Yujie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Oxygen plays a critical role in determining the initial DNA damages induced by ionizing radiation. It is important to mechanistically model the oxygen effect in the water radiolysis process. However, due to the computational costs from the many body interaction problem, oxygen is often ignored or treated as a constant continuum radiolysis-scavenger background in the simulations using common microscopic Monte Carlo tools. In this work, we reported our recent progress on the modeling of the chemical stage of the water radiolysis with an explicit consideration of the oxygen effect, based upon our initial development of an open-source graphical processing unit (GPU)-based MC simulation tool, gMicroMC. The inclusion of oxygen mainly reduces the yields of

e

h

and

H

.

chemical radicals, turning them into highly toxic

O
2

.
−

and

H
O

2
.

species. To demonstrate the practical value of gMicroMC in large scale simulation problems, we applied the oxygen-simulation-enabled gMicroMC to compute the yields of chemical radicals under a high instantaneous dose rate

D
˙

i

to study the oxygen depletion hypothesis in FLASH radiotherapy. A decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was found associated with a reduced initial oxygen concentration level due to reduced probabilities of reactions. With respect to dose rate, for the oxygen concentration of 21% and electron energy of 4.5

k
e
V

, OCR remained approximately constant (∼0.22

μ

M

G

y

−
1

) for

D
˙

i

’s of

10
6

,

10
7

G
y

s

−
1

and reduced to 0.19

μ

M

G

y

−
1

at

10
8

G
y

s

−
1

, because the increased dose rate improved the mutual reaction frequencies among radicals, hence reducing their reactions with oxygen. We computed the time evolution of oxygen concentration under the FLASH irradiation setups. At the dose rate of

10
7

G
y

s

−
1

and initial oxygen concentrations from 0.01% to 21%, the oxygen is unlikely to be fully depleted with an accumulative dose of 30 Gy, which is a typical dose used in FLASH experiments. The computational efficiency of gMicroMC when considering oxygen molecules in the chemical stage was evaluated through benchmark work to GEANT4-DNA with simulating an equivalent number of radicals. With an initial oxygen concentration of 3% (∼105 molecules), a speedup factor of 1228 was achieved for gMicroMC on a single GPU card when comparing with GEANT4-DNA on a single CPU.
Improved theoretical minimum of the specific on-resistance of a superjunction
Authors: Akshay K , Karmalkar Shreepad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We derive simple closed-form solutions for the optimum pillar parameters—length L
opt, width 2W
opt and doping N
opt of a superjunction. The parameters yield the minimum specific on-resistance, R
ONSP, for a target breakdown voltage, V
BR,target, thereby solving a long standing design problem. The minimum R
ONSP occurs for zero charge imbalance. Our estimates of N
opt are higher and hence the R
ONSP lower than in prior works by >30%. We show that, N
opt depends on W
opt alone, since for this doping, the p and n pillars are just fully depleted when the reverse bias equals the V
BR of the one-dimensional p+n junction. Further, our derivation reveals that L
opt depends on V
BR,target alone since the field distribution associated with V
BR,target is approximately uniform over L
opt. In contrast, prior design solutions require numerical or iterative calculations, and are either physically opaque or give a distorted insight that L
opt depends on W
opt and N
opt on L
opt. Moreover, our solutions have a generic form that permits quick calculations across different materials. They are validated by technology computer-aided design simulation for low and wide band gap materials—Si and 4H-SiC. Their results for GaN and diamond are given to reveal the wide 100 V–30 kV application range of devices in these materials. The solutions are also used to reveal the scope for reducing the R
ONSP of several fabricated devices reported in literature by process improvement.
Effect of laser linewidth on the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy system
Authors: Rui Zhang , Fang Wang , Yan Wang , Bo Yan , Hong-Fei Guo , Feng-Jiang Xi , Xin-Bo Li 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a theoretical investigation of the influence of laser linewidth on the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy system is presented. The theoretical analysis and formula discussion of laser line shape are carried out by frequency noise spectrum density. Taking Lorentz line shape of laser line width as an example, the interaction principle of laser line width and gas absorption spectral line is analyzed. The relation curve of laser linewidth and maximum amplitude is simulated by MATLAB platform with self-defined simulation parameters. These results can provide theoretical basis for guiding the selection of laser and gas absorption spectral line and improving the detection accuracy of gas concentration.
A survey on deep learning-based non-invasive brain signals: recent advances and new frontiers
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Yao Lina , Wang Xianzhi , Monaghan Jessica , McAlpine David , Zhang Yu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Brain signals refer to the biometric information collected from the human brain. The research on brain signals aims to discover the underlying neurological or physical status of the individuals by signal decoding. The emerging deep learning techniques have improved the study of brain signals significantly in recent years. In this work, we first present a taxonomy of non-invasive brain signals and the basics of deep learning algorithms. Then, we provide the frontiers of applying deep learning for non-invasive brain signals analysis, by summarizing a large number of recent publications. Moreover, upon the deep learning-powered brain signal studies, we report the potential real-world applications which benefit not only disabled people but also normal individuals. Finally, we discuss the opening challenges and future directions.
Waste expectations of fusion steels under current waste repository criteria
Authors: Bailey G.W. , Vilkhivskaya O.V. , Gilbert M.R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During operation fusion reactor components will be exposed to long periods of neutron irradiation. As such, a reactor’s structural steels will become activated and need to be disposed of as radioactive waste. Previous studies have shown that such wastes can struggle to meet low level waste (LLW) requirements meaning that costly geological disposal may be required. In order to explore the waste expectations of steels from European DEMO-like fusion reactors, several radioactive waste management systems have been investigated. This includes their LLW criteria, currently available disposal sites and planned future developments. This information was used to analyse the results of DEMO-like inventory simulations of potential reactor steels. The simulations were performed with the inventory code FISPACT-II and the TENDL2017 nuclear data library. The results suggest that when steels are exposed to near plasma neutron fluxes they will struggle to meet the majority of LLW requirements. For lower neutron fluxes, typical of reactor containment vessels, the waste expectations can be more positive, with several steels able to meet some low level criteria. It can be concluded that steels should not be expected to be consistently internationally classified as LLW 100 years after reactor shut down. As all activated fusion waste cannot be disposed of in a single location, it is recommended that waste disposal strategies are included in any fusion reactor proposal before construction begins. These strategies need to align with the radioactive waste regulations the proposed reactor will be subject to.
External RMP effect on locked-mode-like instability in helical plasmas
Authors: Takemura Y. , Watanabe K.Y. , Sakakibara S. , Ohdachi S. , Narushima Y. , Ida K. , Yoshinuma M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The slowing-down mechanism of the locked-mode-like instabilities with and without an island structure is investigated through the effects of an external RMP (resonant magnetic perturbation) on the instabilities. For both instabilities, the slowing-down duration decreases with the increase in the external RMP, and the RMP dependence is consistent with the braking model of the j × B force due to the interaction between the instabilities and the external RMP. Moreover, the relationship between the amplitude and the frequency of both locked-mode-like instabilities during the slowing down is consistent with the force balance model between the j × B force due to the external RMP and a viscous force. These results suggest that the slowing down of both locked-mode-like instabilities with finite external RMP occurs due to the j × B force driven by the external RMP.
Research on the Negative Resistance Characteristics of Silicon-based Trench MOS Barrier Schottky Diodes
Authors: Chen Huanwen , Wang Yijun , Zhang Hang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The negative resistance characteristics of Trench MOS Barrier Schottky (TMBS) diodes were studied by simulation and theoretical calculation. A reasonable simulation model was established according to the experimental results of Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBD), which were utilized to simulate the TMBS diodes. A theoretical calculation model of TMBS diodes under forward bias was constructed based on existing SBD theoretical analysis to systematically understand the simulation results. Both simulation and theoretical calculation demonstrate that the negative resistance characteristics of TMBS diodes under forward bias are caused by the accumulation of minority carriers at the epitaxial region and the accumulation of majority carriers at the epitaxial region and oxide layer.
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of the Growth and Departure of Vapor Bubble in Flow Boiling
Authors: Guan Geng , Shan Xiaopeng , Nie Deming 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work the liquid-vapor transition in flow boiling was numerically studied through a two-phase lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The benchmark test of the nucleate boiling with a single nucleate site was adopted to validate our computational code. Then the focus moves to the behavior of the bubble growth and departure induced by a heated plate in shear flow. The effects of the shear flow were examined by varying its magnitude. In addition, the wettability of the heated plate was also taken into account. It has been shown that the shear flow has negligible effect on the period of bubble release for the neutral and hydrophilic surfaces, which, however, is not the case for the hydrophobic surface.
Influences Analysis of Seismic Intensity on Dynamic Response of Slope Supported by Frame Structure with Pre-stressed Anchors
Authors: Wang Jun , Ye Shuaihua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The mountainous area is wide in the western region of China, and there are many seismic zones. Due to the two factors, there are more and more slope projects in the western region, and the influence of earthquake also need to be considered into the relevant researches on anchored slope. The damage to the slope under the earthquake has attracted the attention of researchers, Therefore, there are many studies on slope support under the seismic action. However, there is little research on the influence of seismic intensity on the slopes supported with pre-stressed anchored-frame structures. This paper based on an engineering example in the northwest loess area, taking into account the synergy of the frame-anchor-soil, a three-dimensional finite element model of the slope system with pre-stressed anchored-frame structure under the seismic action was established. The dynamic response of the supported slope was calculated by the finite element software ADINA, and the impact of different seismic intensities on the slope displacement, acceleration, axial force of anchor, and earth pressure are analyzed
Effect of the Rotor Blades Part Span Shrouds on the Transonic Axial Compressor Operation Map
Authors: Sebelev A.A. , Schengals A.A. , Aleksenskiy V.A. , Tamm A. Yu. , Klyavin O.I. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the results of the investigation of the part span shroud effect on the transonic axial compressor operational map. The objective of the paper is a 4.5-stage transonic low-pressure compressor of the aero-derivative gas turbine engine. The study was performed with using 3D RANS calculations via Ansys CFX commercial solver. The numerical model was validated with experimental data for 4 speedlines. The standard k-ɛ turbulence model demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data while SST model unexpectedly overpredicted mass flow rate. The strong effect of the mesh aspect ratio in the radial direction was observed. A significant decrease of the mass flow rate and the compressor efficiency was shown for the rotation speed range 85% – 95%. The maximum mass flow rate decreasing was estimated as 3.5%, maximum efficiency deterioration – 1.5%.
The Boundedness of the Solution of a Class of Biological Population Models
Authors: Zhao Jing , Kong Xiangming , Wang Chunxiao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In biological models, the equilibrium solution is a bounded positive solution, which has very important practical significance. In this paper, a class of nonlinear delay difference equations is proposed, which is applicable to a variety of common biological population models, such as Nicholson’s blowflies and hematopoietic stem cell models. This article is to discuss this kind of nonlinear delay difference equation boundedness of the solution of the equilibrium, in the existing literature, this paper studies the nonlinear delay difference equation of the existence of bounded positive solutions of thought method, using structure function method and reduction to absurdity proved the existence of positive solutions of the equation, a class of nonlinear delay difference equation is obtained sufficient conditions for the existence of bounded positive solutions of, and proof is given. It is proved that the equilibrium solution of the nonlinear delay difference equation is always a bounded positive solution if the function f(x) is monotonically decreasing function or unimodal function and the function g(x) is monotonically increasing function. The relevant results of the existing literature are generalized and improved to make the results more general.