bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeographical spatial diffusion analysis reveals the journey of Geoffroy’s cat through the Quaternary glaciations of South America
Authors: Gómez Fernández María Jimena , Fameli Alberto , Rojo Gómez Julio , Pereira Javier A , Mirol Patricia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLeopardus geoffroyi is a small feline with a widespread distribution in a broad array of habitats. Here we investigate its evolutionary history to characterize the phylogeographical patterns that led to its present distribution using mitochondrial DNA from 72 individuals collected throughout its entire range. All haplotypes conformed to a monophyletic group, including two clades with a central/marginal disposition that is incongruent to the proposed subspecies. Spatial diffusion analysis showed the origin of the species within the oldest and more diverse central clade. A Bayesian Skyline Plot combined with a dispersal through time plot revealed two population increases at 190 000–170 000 and 45 000–35 000 years ago, the latter period accompanied by an increase in the dispersal rate. Species distribution models showed similar patterns between the present and Last Interglacial Period, and a reduction of high-probability areas during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Molecular evidence confirms L. geoffroyi as a monotypic species whose origin is located in Central Argentina. The last glaciation had little effect on the pattern of distribution of the species: the population and range expansion that started before the LGM, although probably being halted, continued after the glaciation and resulted in the presence of this felid in the far south of Patagonia.
Topologically Guided Prioritization of Candidate Gene Transcripts Coexpressed with the 5-HT1A Receptor by Combining In Vivo PET and Allen Human Brain Atlas Data
Authors: Unterholzner Jakob , Gryglewski Gregor , Philippe Cecile , Seiger Rene , Pichler Verena , Godbersen Godber M , Berroterán-Infante Neydher , Murgaš Matej , Hahn Andreas , Wadsak Wolfgang , Mitterhauser Markus , Kasper Siegfried , Lanzenberger Rupert 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe serotonin-1A receptor (5-HT1AR) represents a viable target in the treatment of disorders of the brain. However, development of psychiatric drugs continues to be hindered by the relative inaccessibility of brain tissue. Although the efficacy of drugs selective for the 5-HT1AR has not been proven, research continues to focus on drugs that influence this receptor subtype. To further knowledge on this topic, we investigated the topological coexpression patterns of the 5-HT1AR. We calculated Spearman’s rho for the correlation of positron emission tomography-binding potentials (BPND) of the 5-HT1AR assessed in 30 healthy subjects using the tracer [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635 and predicted whole-brain mRNA expression of 18 686 genes. After applying a threshold of r &gt; 0.3 in a leave-one-out cross-validation of the prediction of mRNA expression, genes with ρ ≥ 0.7 were considered to be relevant. In cortical regions, 199 genes showed high correlation with the BPND of the 5-HT1AR, in subcortical regions 194 genes. Using our approach, we could consolidate the role of BDNF and implicate new genes (AnxA8, NeuroD2) in serotonergic functioning. Despite its explorative nature, the analysis can be seen as a gene prioritization approach to reduce the number of genes potentially connected to 5-HT1AR functioning and guide future in vitro studies.
Artificial Intelligence ante portas: The End of Comparative Law?
Authors: Wolff Lutz-Christian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) can do many things that were not thought of some years ago and that are unimaginable for non-AI experts even today. In contrast, it is relatively easy to understand that AI can be used to compare contents and structures of laws and legal documents. In fact, the comparative abilities of AI are the reason why AI is now playing an increasing role—for example, in due diligence exercises where contracts, documents as well as other materials and legal data of target companies are benchmarked against standard patterns. If the ‘ability to compare’ is one of the core features of AI it is only natural to assume that AI is an ideal tool to conduct comparative law work. This article explores if this assumption is correct. This article first highlights key features of the comparative law work process, which, for some strange reason, is hardly ever discussed in the legal literature. This article describes and analyses the different stages and investigates which parts can (or cannot) be conducted by AI. It also asks if AI will—within the scope of its comparative abilities—in fact, ‘take over’ from human comparatists. On the basis of the findings, this article concludes that it is more likely than not that comparative law work will, in the future, be AI based.
‘These Common Woes I Feel’: The Elegist and the Reader in Wordsworth and Shelley
Authors: Westwood Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article argues that Shelley’s approach to the elegy owes a significant debt to Wordsworth’s ‘Lucy’ poems, particularly Wordsworth’s examination of the relationship between the elegist and the reader. While the elegy often extols the value of communal bonds and shared experiences in responding effectively to grief, the ‘Lucy’ poems use reticence and obfuscation to qualify the reader’s engagement with the emotional experiences that constitute an elegy. Through this, Wordsworth questions the possibility of the elegist and the reader experiencing a unified response to loss. Identifying the importance of these techniques to Wordsworthian elegy, Shelley’s sonnet ‘To Wordsworth’ shows him inheriting Wordsworth’s belief that any elegy must negotiate between ‘common woes’ and individual feeling. The later Adonais represents Shelley’s fullest reimagining of Wordsworth’s methods. By presenting the poet as a solitary and inscrutable figure, Shelley highlights a disjunction between the universal resonance of death and the elegist’s irrevocably personal perspective on grief. Magnifying the tensions implicit in all elegies, both poets open up a distance between the elegist and the reader to explore broader distinctions between individual and communal experiences of loss.
Are there specific antibodies against Neu5Gc epitopes in the blood of healthy individuals?
Authors: Obukhova Polina , Tsygankova Svetlana , Chinarev Alexander , Shilova Nadezhda , Nokel Alexey , Kosma Paul , Bovin Nicolai 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStrong discrepancies in published data on the levels and epitope specificities of antibodies against the xenogenic N-glycolyl forms of sialoglycans (Hanganutziu-Deicher Neu5Gcɑ2-3Galβ1-4Glc and related antigens) in healthy donors prompted us to carry out a systematic study in this area using the printed glycan array and other methods. This article summarizes and discusses our published and previously unpublished data, as well as publicly available data from the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. As a result, we conclude that (1) the level of antibodies referred to as anti-Neu5Gc in healthy individuals is low; (2) there are antibodies that seem to interact with Neu5Gc-containing epitopes, but in fact they recognize internal fragments of Neu5Gc-containing glycans (without sialic acids), which served as antigens in the assays used and; (3) a population capable of interacting specifically with Neu5Gc (it does not bind the corresponding NAc analogs) does exist, but it binds the monosaccharide Neu5Gc better than the entire glycans containing it. In other words, in healthy donors, there are populations of antibodies capable of binding the Neu5Gc monosaccharide or the inner core -Galβ1-4Glc, but very few true anti-Neu5Gcɑ2-3Galβ1-4Glc antibodies, i.e., antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the entire trisaccharide.
Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures
Authors: Dastyari Azadeh , Ghezelbash Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Austria and Italy have recently proposed that processing the protection claims of asylum seekers attempting to cross the Mediterranean should take place aboard government vessels at sea. Shipboard processing of asylum claims is not a novel idea. The policy has been used for many years by the governments of the United States and Australia. This article examines the relevant international law, as well as State practice and domestic jurisprudence in the United States and Australia, to explore whether shipboard processing complies with international refugee and human rights law. It concludes that, while it may be theoretically possible for shipboard processing to comply with international law, there are significant practical impediments to carrying out shipboard processing in a manner that is compliant with the international obligations of States. Current practices in the United States and Australia fall short of what is required. Nor is there any indication that the Austrian/Italian proposal would contain the required safeguards. It is argued that this is by design. The appeal of shipboard processing for governments is that it allows them to dispense with the safeguards that asylum seekers would be entitled to if processed on land. Best practice is for all persons interdicted or rescued at sea to be transferred to a location on land where they have access to effective status determination procedures and are protected from refoulement and unlawful detention.
On Helmholtz Equations and Counterexamples to Strichartz Estimates in Hyperbolic Space
Authors: Casteras Jean-Baptiste , Mandel Rainer 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we study nonlinear Helmholtz equations (NLH)$$ \begin{equation} \tag{(NLH)} -\Delta_{\mathbb{H}^N} u - \frac{(N-1)^2}{4} u -\lambda^2 u = \Gamma|u|^{p-2}u \quad\text{in}\ \mathbb{H}^N, \;N\geq 2, \end{equation}$$where $\Delta _{\mathbb {H}^N}$ denotes the Laplace–Beltrami operator in the hyperbolic space $\mathbb {H}^N$ and $\Gamma \in L^\infty (\mathbb {H}^N)$ is chosen suitably. Using fixed point and variational techniques, we find nontrivial solutions to (NLH) for all $\lambda&gt;0$ and $p&gt;2$. The oscillatory behaviour and decay rate of radial solutions is analyzed, with extensions to Cartan–Hadamard manifolds and Damek–Ricci spaces. Our results rely on a new limiting absorption principle for the Helmholtz operator in $\mathbb {H}^N$. As a byproduct, we obtain simple counterexamples to certain Strichartz estimates.
‘When you welcome well, you vaccinate well’: a qualitative study on improving vaccination coverage in urban settings in Conakry, Republic of Guinea
Authors: Gil Cuesta Julita , Whitehouse Katherine , Kaba Salimou , Nanan-N’Zeth Kassi , Haba Benoit , Bachy Catherine , Panunzi Isabella , Venables Emilie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Recurrent measles outbreaks followed by mass vaccination campaigns (MVCs) occur in urban settings in sub-Saharan countries. An understanding of the reasons for this is needed to improve future vaccination strategies. The 2017 measles outbreak in Guinea provided an opportunity to qualitatively explore suboptimal vaccination coverage within an MVC among participants through their perceptions, experiences and challenges.

Methods
We conducted focus group discussions with caregivers (n=68) and key informant interviews (n=13) with health professionals and religious and community leaders in Conakry. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim from Susu and French, coded and thematically analysed.

Results
Vaccinations were widely regarded positively and their preventive benefits noted. Vaccine side effects and the subsequent cost of treatment were commonly reported concerns, with further knowledge requested. Community health workers (CHWs) play a pivotal role in MVCs. Caregivers suggested recruiting CHWs from local neighbourhoods and improving their attitude, knowledge and skills to provide information about vaccinations. Lack of trust in vaccines, CHWs and the healthcare system, particularly after the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic, were also reported.

Conclusions
Improving caregivers’ knowledge of vaccines, potential side effects and their management are essential to increase MVC coverage in urban settings. Strengthening CHWs’ capacities and appropriate recruitment are key to improving trust through a community involvement approach.
Genomic dynamics of species and mobile genetic elements in a prolonged blaIMP-4-associated carbapenemase outbreak in an Australian hospital
Authors: Kizny Gordon A , Phan H T T , Lipworth S I , Cheong E , Gottlieb T , George S , Peto T E A , Mathers A J , Walker A S , Crook D W , Stoesser N 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Hospital outbreaks of carbapenemase-producing organisms, such as blaIMP-4-containing organisms, are an increasing threat to patient safety.

Objectives
To investigate the genomic dynamics of a 10 year (2006–15) outbreak of blaIMP-4-containing organisms in a burns unit in a hospital in Sydney, Australia.

Methods
All carbapenem-non-susceptible or MDR clinical isolates (2006–15) and a random selection of equivalent or ESBL-producing environmental isolates (2012–15) were sequenced [short-read (Illumina), long-read (Oxford Nanopore Technology)]. Sequence data were used to assess genetic relatedness of isolates (Mash; mapping and recombination-adjusted phylogenies), perform in silico typing (MLST, resistance genes and plasmid replicons) and reconstruct a subset of blaIMP plasmids for comparative plasmid genomics.

Results
A total of 46/58 clinical and 67/96 environmental isolates contained blaIMP-4. All blaIMP-4-positive organisms contained five or more other resistance genes. Enterobacter cloacae was the predominant organism, with 12 other species mainly found in either the environment or patients, some persisting despite several cleaning methods. On phylogenetic analysis there were three genetic clusters of E. cloacae containing both clinical and environmental isolates, and an additional four clusters restricted to either reservoir. blaIMP-4 was mostly found as part of a cassette array (blaIMP-4-qacG2-aacA4-catB3) in a class 1 integron within a previously described IncM2 plasmid (pEl1573), with almost complete conservation of this cassette across the species over the 10 years. Several other plasmids were also implicated, including an IncF plasmid backbone not previously widely described in association with blaIMP-4.

Conclusions
Genetic backgrounds disseminating blaIMP-4 can persist, diversify and evolve amongst both human and environmental reservoirs during a prolonged outbreak despite intensive prevention efforts.
Prevalence of viral load suppression, predictors of virological failure and patterns of HIV drug resistance after 12 and 48 months on first-line antiretroviral therapy: a national cross-sectional survey in Uganda
Authors: Ssemwanga Deogratius , Asio Juliet , Watera Christine , Nannyonjo Maria , Nassolo Faridah , Lunkuse Sandra , Salazar-Gonzalez Jesus F , Salazar Maria G , Sanyu Grace , Lutalo Tom , Kabuga Usher , Ssewanyana Isaac , Namatovu Faridah , Namayanja Grace , Namale Alice , Raizes Elliot , Kaggwa Mugagga , Namuwenge Norah , Kirungi Wilford , Katongole-Mbidde Edward , Kaleebu Pontiano ,   The Uganda HIV Drug Resistance Technical Working Group, Kaleebu Pontiano , Kirungi Wilford , Munderi Paula , Ssali Francis , Lutalo Tom , Etukoit Bernard , Namayanja Grace , Watera Christine , Byomire Helen , Kambugu Andrew , Kityo Cissy , Namuwenge Norah , Namagala Elizabeth 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesWe implemented the WHO cross-sectional survey protocol to determine rates of HIV viral load (VL) suppression (VLS), and weighted prevalence, predictors and patterns of acquired drug resistance (ADR) in individuals with virological failure (VF) defined as VL ≥1000 copies/mL.MethodsWe enrolled 547 and 1064 adult participants on first-line ART for 12 (±3) months (ADR12) and ≥48 months (ADR48), respectively. Dried blood spots and plasma specimens were collected for VL testing and genotyping among the VFs.ResultsVLS was 95.0% (95% CI 93.4%–96.5%) in the ADR12 group and 87.9% (95% CI 85.0%–90.9%) in the ADR48 group. The weighted prevalence of ADR was 96.1% (95% CI 72.9%–99.6%) in the ADR12 and 90.4% (95% CI 73.6–96.8%) in the ADR48 group, out of the 30 and 95 successful genotypes in the respective groups. Initiation on a zidovudine-based regimen compared with a tenofovir-based regimen was significantly associated with VF in the ADR48 group; adjusted OR (AOR) 1.96 (95% CI 1.13–3.39). Independent predictors of ADR in the ADR48 group were initiation on a zidovudine-based regimen compared with tenofovir-based regimens, AOR 3.16 (95% CI 1.34–7.46) and ART duration of ≥82 months compared with &lt;82 months, AOR 1.92 (95% CI 1.03–3.59).ConclusionsWhile good VLS was observed, the high prevalence of ADR among the VFs before they underwent the recommended three intensive adherence counselling (IAC) sessions followed by repeat VL testing implies that IAC prior to treatment switching may be of limited benefit in improving VLS.
Methionyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor has potent in vivo activity in a novel Giardia lamblia luciferase murine infection model
Authors: Michaels Samantha A , Shih Han-Wei , Zhang Bailin , Navaluna Edelmar D , Zhang Zhongsheng , Ranade Ranae M , Gillespie J Robert , Merritt Ethan A , Fan Erkang , Buckner Frederick S , Paredez Alexander R , Ojo Kayode K 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) inhibitors are under investigation for the treatment of intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia.

Objectives
To properly analyse the therapeutic potential of the MetRS inhibitor 1717, experimental tools including a robust cell-based assay and a murine model of infection were developed based on novel strains of G. lamblia that employ luciferase reporter systems to quantify viable parasites.

Methods
Systematic screening of Giardia-specific promoters and luciferase variants led to the development of a strain expressing the click beetle green luciferase. Further modifying this strain to express NanoLuc created a dual reporter strain capable of quantifying parasites in both the trophozoite and cyst stages. These strains were used to develop a high-throughput cell assay and a mouse infection model. A library of MetRS inhibitors was screened in the cell assay and Compound-1717 was tested for efficacy in the mouse infection model.

Results
Cell viability in in vitro compound screens was quantified via bioluminescence readouts while infection loads in mice were monitored with non-invasive whole-animal imaging and faecal analysis. Compound-1717 was effective in clearing mice of Giardia infection in 3 days at varying doses, which was supported by data from enzymatic and phenotypic cell assays.

Conclusions
The new in vitro and in vivo assays based on luciferase expression by engineered G. lamblia strains are useful for the discovery and development of new therapeutics for giardiasis. MetRS inhibitors, as validated by Compound-1717, have promising anti-giardiasis properties that merit further study as alternative therapeutics.
Emphysematous cystitis: a cause of hematuria post angioplasty
Authors: Parker Sidney , Bouayyad Sarah , Tam Jonathan , Kansal Nisheeth , Bhattacharya Vish 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Emphysematous cystitis (EC) is a rare, severe, urinary tract infection caused by gas-producing bacteria. It is characterized by the accumulation of air inside the bladder wall and/or lumen and is common among elderly diabetic females. This case of a 90-year-old female, who underwent bilateral iliac angioplasty and stenting, is the first published correlation between iliac angioplasty and the development of EC. The endovascular procedure performed was a success, but later on, she was confused and developed frank haematuria with a fall in haemoglobin levels. CT revealed severe EC with abundant gas tracking outside of urinary bladder into the extraperitoneal space. She was catheterized and empirical antibiotics were started and converted based on the culture sensitivities. Frequent follow-up ensured the resolution of a conservatively managed case. It is essential to increase the awareness of EC associated with angioplasties among the healthcare staff, particularly those undertaking vascular procedures.
Diverse regulation of plasmodesmal architecture facilitates adaptation to phloem translocation
Authors: Yan Dawei , Liu Yao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The long-distance translocation of nutrients and mobile molecules between different terminals is necessary for plant growth and development. Plasmodesmata-mediated symplastic trafficking plays an important role in accomplishing this task. To facilitate intercellular transport, plants have evolved diverse plasmodesmata with distinct internal architecture at different cell–cell interfaces along the trafficking route. Correspondingly, different underlying mechanisms for regulating plasmodesmal structures have been gradually revealed. In this review, we highlight recent studies on various plasmodesmal architectures, as well as relevant regulators of their de novo formation and transition, responsible for phloem loading, transport, and unloading specifically. We also discuss the interesting but unaddressed questions relating to, and potential studies on, the adaptation of functional plasmodesmal structures.
Identification of opportunistic and nonopportunistic Exophiala species using high resolution melting analysis
Authors: Bahadori Tanaz , Didehdar Mojtaba , Khansarinezhad Behzad , Shokohi Tahereh 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Exophiala is a genus comprising several species of opportunistic black yeasts. Exophiala species identification by morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics is challenging because of the low degree of phenotypic differences between species and its polyphyletic nature. We aimed to develop a high-resolution melting (HRM) assay based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to differentiate between pairs of clinical and environmental Exophiala species. HRM primers were designed based on the conserved ITS region of five Exophiala species (E. dermatitidis, E. phaeomuriformis, E. heteromorpha, E. xenobiotica, and E. crusticola). Environmental and clinical Exophiala isolates representing these five species (n = 109) were analyzed. The HRM assay was optimized using clinical and environmental reference isolates (n = 22), and then the results were compared with those obtained with nonreference isolates of Exophiala (n = 87) using two designed primer sets. The designed HRM assay was based on the normalized melting peak approach and two primer sets, and successfully distinguished between the five Exophiala species. The HRM1 primer set provided sufficient resolution, with a melting temperature (Tm) difference of approximately 2.5°C among the analyzed species and of approximately 1°C between E. dermatitidis and E. phaeomuriformis. HRM typing results were in agreement with those of ITS-sequence typing (100% sensitivity and specificity). The developed HRM assay can be used to ascertain the identity of Exophiala species, which may differ in clinical significance, with high accuracy. Its application to identify species directly in clinical samples and/or environmental niches may be possible in the future.