bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular RNAs: Varied Roles
Authors: Gu Jian , Xu Yifan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

About 85% of the human genome is transcribed into RNA. RNAs play essential roles in numerous cellular processes. Less than 2% of all transcripts are coding RNAs (messenger RNA). The remaining vast majority of RNAs do not encode protein and are collectively referred as noncoding RNA (ncRNA). Based on their biological functions, ncRNAs can be grouped into two categories: infrastructural and regulatory ncRNAs. Infrastructural ncRNAs mainly include ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and telomerase RNAs. The best‐characterised regulatory ncRNAs are microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Other regulatory ncRNAs include small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNA). This article will summarise the structure and function of major RNA categories.

Three RNA types are essential for protein synthesis: mRNA carries genetic code; tRNA transfers protein codon; and rRNA makes up the ribosomes in which translation takes place.

About 85% of the human genome is transcribed into RNA. Only <2% of RNAs are coding RNAs (mRNAs) and the remaining RNAs are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs).

Noncoding RNAs can be grouped into two categories: infrastructural and regulatory ncRNAs. Infrastructural ncRNAs mainly include rRNAs, tRNAs, snRNAs, and snoRNAs. The major regulatory ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs).

SnRNAs are often rich in uridylic acid and a group of U‐snRNAs and associated proteins form spliceosome and are responsible for pre‐mRNA splicing.

SnoRNAs can be classified into two large subfamilies: C/D‐box (SNORA) and H/ACA‐box (SNORD). The main functions of snoRNAs are in the processing and maturation of pre‐rRNAs and posttranscriptional modification (methylation and pseudouridylation) of rRNA.

Three small ncRNAs, siRNA, miRNA and piRNA, form RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC) to exert posttranscriptional gene regulation by binding to 3′ UTR of target mRNAs and either inducing mRNA degradation (perfect match) or impeding translation (imperfect match).

miRNAs are the major type of small ncRNAs. The biogenesis of miRNAs is a multistep process, from long primary miRNA transcripts (pri‐miRNAs) to pre‐miRNAs of ∼70 nucleotides long and to mature miRNA of ∼22 nucleotides.

piRNAs mainly function in the germ line of animals to silence transposons and other repetitive elements and maintain genomic stability.

lncRNAs are >200 nucleotides long. There are thousands of lncRNAs and the majority have not been functionally characterised. But many have been shown to posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression through various mechanisms.

Unlike the better‐known linear RNA, circRNAs is a type of single‐stranded RNA that are covalently closed with no 5′ end caps or 3′ poly(A) tails. Some circRNAs can serve as miRNA and protein sponges to sequester miRNA/protein and regulate gene expression.
Validation of differentially expressed brain‐enriched microRNAs in the plasma of PD patients
Authors: Ravanidis Stylianos , Bougea Anastasia , Papagiannakis Nikolaos , Koros Christos , Simitsi Athina Maria , Pachi Ioanna , Breza Marianthi , Stefanis Leonidas , Doxakis Epaminondas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThere is a pressing need to identify and validate, minimally invasive, molecular biomarkers that will complement current practices and increase the diagnostic accuracy in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Brain‐enriched miRNAs regulate all aspects of neuron development and function; importantly, they are secreted by neurons in amounts that can be readily detected in the plasma. Τhe aim of the present study was to validate a set of previously identified brain‐enriched miRNAs with diagnostic potential for idiopathic PD and recognize the molecular pathways affected by these deregulated miRNAs.MethodsRT‐qPCR was performed in the plasma of 92 healthy controls and 108 idiopathic PD subjects. Statistical and in silico analyses were used to validate deregulated miRNAs and pathways in PD, respectively.ResultsmiR‐22‐3p, miR‐124‐3p, miR‐136‐3p, miR‐154‐5p, and miR‐323a‐3p levels were found to be differentially expressed between healthy controls and PD patients. miR‐330‐5p, miR‐433‐3p, and miR‐495‐3p levels were overall higher in male subjects. Most of these miRNAs are clustered at Chr14q32 displaying CREB1, CEBPB, and MAZ transcription factor binding sites. Gene Ontology annotation analysis of deregulated miRNA targets revealed that “Protein modification,” “Transcription factor activity,” and “Cell death” terms were over‐represented. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome analysis revealed that “Long‐term depression,” “TGF‐beta signaling,” and “FoxO signaling” pathways were significantly affected.InterpretationWe validated a panel of brain‐enriched miRNAs that can be used along with other measures for the detection of PD, revealed molecular pathways targeted by these deregulated miRNAs, and identified upstream transcription factors that may be directly implicated in PD pathogenesis.
Measurement of Minimal Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis Using the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System–Physical Function or the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index
Authors: Chew Erin , Perin Jamie , Grader‐Beck Thomas , Orbai Ana‐Maria 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the interchangeability of the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (HAQ DI) with the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System–Physical Function (PROMIS‐PF) in the calculation of minimal disease activity (MDA) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA).MethodsComprehensive PsA disease activity was collected concomitantly with the HAQ DI and the PROMIS‐PF measures in a PsA cohort. The PROMIS‐PF–based MDA definitions were built using the existing cross‐walk between the scores: HAQ DI ≤0.5 equivalent to a PROMIS‐PF T score of ≥41.3. We assessed agreement between MDA (MDA HAQ DI) and the PROMIS‐PF MDA definitions (MDA PROMIS‐PF short form 4a and MDA PROMIS‐PF bank) at each visit and longitudinally (MDA state changes between consecutive visits) through the kappa statistic. The predictive value of the MDA PROMIS‐PF for the MDA HAQ DI was assessed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsA total of 100 participants contributed 352 observations with up to 5 visits. The mean ± SD age was 52 ± 12 years, 60% were female, and 43% were in MDA at baseline. The kappa statistic for the PROMIS‐PF–based MDA reflected excellent agreement with the HAQ DI MDA: κ = 0.94 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.90–0.97) for MDA PROMIS‐PF bank, and κ = 0.90 (95% CI 0.80–0.95) for MDA PROMIS‐PF4a. Higher longitudinal agreement was seen between the MDA HAQ DI and the MDA PROMIS‐PF bank versus the MDA PROMIS‐PF4a between consecutive visits: κ values ranged between 0.81 and 0.94 versus a range between 0.72 and 0.84, respectively. The area under the ROC curve for predicting the MDA HAQ DI was 0.97 for the MDA PROMIS‐PF bank and 0.95 for the MDA PROMIS‐PF4a.ConclusionExcellent agreement was seen between the HAQ DI and the PROMIS‐based MDA definitions both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. The PROMIS‐PF bank and PROMIS‐PF4a are accurate replacements for the HAQ DI in calculating MDA state in PsA.
Quality Improvement Intervention to Reduce Thirty‐Day Hospital Readmission Rates Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Bowers Emily , Griffith Melissa , Kolfenbach Jason , Pearson Duane , Hammes Andrew , Weinstein Elena 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has one of the highest 30‐day hospital readmission rates among chronic diseases in the US. This quality improvement initiative developed and assessed the feasibility of a multidisciplinary postdischarge intervention to reduce 30‐day readmission rates among SLE patients.MethodsA retrospective study was performed using electronic health records of patients with SLE admitted to a university hospital prior to (nonintervention group) and after initiation of the study intervention (intervention group). The study population included patients with a diagnosis of SLE who were admitted to the hospital for any reason during an 8‐month time period. The intervention involved sending a templated message at the time of discharge to the rheumatology clinic nurses, which prompted the nurses to call the patient to coordinate future visits and provide education. The primary outcome was the 30‐day hospital readmission rate. Data were analyzed using a multivariate mixed binomial regression model.ResultsThere were 59 hospitalizations in the nonintervention group and 73 hospitalizations in the intervention group during the 8‐month study period. The 30‐day readmission rate was 29% in the nonintervention group and 19% in the intervention group. The difference in readmission rates between the 2 groups was not statistically significant based on the multivariate model.ConclusionOur study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing a multidisciplinary postdischarge intervention to reduce readmission rates for patients with SLE in a large academic medical center. Further investigation is warranted to determine if this approach reduces the unacceptably high hospital readmission rates among SLE patients.
Weed management strategies effect on glyphosate‐tolerant maize and soybean yields and quality
Authors: Smedbol Élise , Lucotte Marc , Tremblay Gilles , Moingt Matthieu , Paquet Serge , Bernier Brillon Jérôme , Samson‐Brais Émile 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWeed management (WM) is necessary to prevent crop losses through competition with weeds and maintain high yields. However, in the case of glyphosate‐tolerant (GT) crops, phytotoxic effects can occur after glyphosate‐based herbicide (GBH) applications, which could impact yields and quality. In order to assess the agronomic performance of six WM strategies on GT soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize (Zea mays L.), field experiments were conducted in randomized blocks replicated four times (T1: Mechanical weeding; T2: Other herbicide application [Soybean: Chlorimuron ethyl + Imazethapyr] [Corn: Saflufenacil + Dimethenamid‐P]; T3: One GBH application; T4: One GBH + other herbicide application [Soybean: Imazethapyr] [Corn: S‐metolachlor + Mesotrione]; T5: Two GBH applications; T6: Two GBH applications + other herbicide application [Soybean: Chlorimuron ethyl + Imazethapyr] [Corn: S‐metolachlor + Mesotrione]). In soybean, T1 was the least productive treatment with an average yield of 2,652 kg ha−1, while T4, T5, and T6 produced significantly higher yields (4,315, 4,646, and 4,248 kg ha−1 respectively). However, the protein content was higher in T1 (42%) than in T3‐6 (40.85, 40.55, 40.68, and 40.65%), as well as the linolenic acid content whereas the total oil content was significantly lower. For maize, there were no significant differences in yields nor in nutritional content for all treatments. These findings question the systemic usage of GBHs in GT crops. If unnecessary, GBH applications could be reduced, which would relieve the selection pressure for glyphosate‐resistant weeds, especially in the case of GT soybean and maize crop rotation.
The advantage of one‐step nucleic acid amplification for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Akiyoshi Takashi , Fukunaga Yosuke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGenerally, the postoperative examination of lymph nodes (LNs) is based on a microscopic examination of one hematoxylin and eosin (HE)‐stained slide; however, an examination of only one part of the LN might lead to incorrect staging of the tumor due to tissue allocation bias. Although multilevel sectioning and the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) have improved the detection of micrometastases in LNs, this approach is laborious, time‐consuming, and costly. A novel molecular technique for the detection of LN metastases of tumors, called one‐step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA), is a rapid and semi‐quantitative examination quantifying the number of cytokeratin 19 (CK‐19) mRNA copies derived from a tumor. OSNA is already in clinical use for the diagnosis of LN metastasis in breast cancer patients; however, the use of OSNA is under investigation with promising results for colorectal cancer (CRC). The present review assessed recent studies on OSNA vs a histopathological examination and its implications for CRC staging and treatment. A total of 16 studies of OSNA in CRC yielded by a PubMed search were reviewed. Among them, seven studies evaluating the diagnostic performance revealed that OSNA had a high specificity (96.8%), high concordance rate (96.0%), and negative predictive value (98.6%) in a pooled assessment. In addition, four studies examining the utility of OSNA in sentinel LNs (SLNs) and two studies focusing on upstaging in pathologically node‐negative CRC patients were also reviewed. Multicenter prospective studies with a large cohort of CRC patients are warranted to reveal the benefits of OSNA in the future.
Bisegmentectomy and venous reconstruction after portal vein embolization for the remnant hemiliver in a patient with recurrent colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Matsuki Ryota , Momose Hirokazu , Kogure Masaharu , Suzuki Yutaka , Sakamoto Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRepeat hepatectomy for recurrent colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) for the remnant hemiliver is sometimes challenging due to the insufficient future liver remnant (FLR) volume. We present an aggressive strategy for resection of the recurrent CRLM involving bisegmentectomy of the remnant right hemiliver with the aid of portal vein embolization (PVE) and venous reconstruction. The patient was a 50‐year‐old woman who had undergone left hemihepatectomy for a CRLM 10 months ago. Three metastatic tumors were found in the remnant segments 7 and 8 (S7&8) of the liver, and one of them involved the right hepatic vein (RHV). Conducting bisegmentectomy of S7&8 with resection of the RHV, the non‐congestive FLR volume was calculated as 34.9% of the remnant total liver volume, which was deemed insufficient considering the mild liver damage after repeated chemotherapy. After trans‐ileocecal PVE of the portal branches in S7&8 in a hybrid angio room, the non‐congestive FLR volume increased to 42.3%, which could be further advanced to 58.0% if the RHV was reconstructed. Segmentectomies of S7&8 with resection and reconstruction of the RHV using the right superficial femoral vein graft was performed. The patient was discharged without any complications, and the postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan showed the good patency of the reconstructed venous graft. Aggressive segmentectomies and venous reconstruction of the remnant hemiliver after PVE might be a new strategy to overcome the insufficient FLR volume.
Photocatalytic Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment: Recent Advances and Perspective
Authors: Liu Hang , Wang Chengyin , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNowadays, an ever‐increasing variety of organic contaminants in water has caused hazards to the ecological environment and human health. Many of them are persistent and non‐biodegradable. Various techniques have been studied for sewage treatment, including biological, physical and chemical methods. Photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have received increasing attention due to their fast reaction rates and strong oxidation capability, low cost compared with the non‐photolytic AOPs. This review is dedicated to summarizing up‐to‐date research progress in photocatalytic AOPs, such as Fenton or Fenton‐like reaction, ozonation and sulfate radical‐based advanced oxidation processes. Mechanisms and activation processes are discussed. Then, the paper summarizes photocatalytic materials and modification strategies, including defect chemistry, morphology control, heterostructure design, noble metal deposition. The future perspectives and challenges are also discussed.
Biomarkers in previous histologically negative prostate biopsies can be helpful in repeat biopsy decision‐making processes
Authors: Long Xingbo , Wu Longxiang , Zeng Xiting , Wu Zhijian , Hu Xiheng , Jiang Huichuan , Lv Zhengtong , Yang Changzhao , Cai Yi , Yang Keda , Li Yuan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo evaluate whether the addition of biomarkers to traditional clinicopathological parameters may help to increase the accurate prediction of prostate re‐biopsy outcome. A training cohort with 98 patients and a validation cohort with 72 patients were retrospectively recruited into our study. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to evaluate the immunoreactivity of a group of biomarkers in the initial negative biopsy normal‐looking tissues of the training and validation cohorts. p‐STAT3, Mcm2, and/or MSR1 were selected out of 10 biomarkers to construct a biomarker index for predicting cancer and high‐grade prostate cancer (HGPCa) in the training cohort based on the stepwise logistic regression analysis; these biomarkers were then validated in the validation cohort. In the training cohort study, we found that the biomarker index was independently associated with the re‐biopsy outcomes of cancer and HGPCa. Moreover supplementing the biomarker index with traditional clinical‐pathological parameters can improve the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model from 0.722 to 0.842 and from 0.735 to 0.842, respectively, for predicting cancer and HGPCa at re‐biopsy. In the decision‐making analysis, we found the model supplemented with the biomarker index can improve patients’ net benefit. The application of the model to clinical practice, at a 10% risk threshold, would reduce the number of biopsies by 34.7% while delaying the diagnosis of 7.8% cancers and would reduce the number of biopsies by 73.5% while delaying the diagnosis of 17.8% HGPCas. Taken together, supplementing the biomarker index with clinicopathological parameters may help urologists in re‐biopsy decision‐making processes.
What is considered to be emotional suffering by psychotherapy patients and their therapists in Eastern versus Western Germany? A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Singer Susanne , Dietsch Lisa , Janke Julia , Linn Lisa‐Marie , Sievers Luisa , Negwer Verena 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeThis study examined what aspects of life in Eastern and Western Germany are considered by patients, therapists and society to cause (or indicate) emotional suffering so that outpatient psychotherapy is sought and warranted.MethodsIn Germany, psychotherapy is covered by health insurance after patients submit an application accompanied by a written report from the therapist. We took a random sample of such applications and performed a qualitative text analysis of the reports, identifying all text units where some form of emotional suffering, distress or handicap was described. A coding system was developed based on the units, and all units were subsequently coded. The proportion of units per category was compared between reports from Western and Eastern Germany using chi‐square tests.ResultsOut of 500 randomly selected reports, 25 were from Eastern Germany. An age‐ and sex‐matched sample from Western Germany was added. From these 50 reports, a total of 716 text units describing some form of emotional suffering were extracted (359 units from reports from Eastern Germany and 357 from Western Germany). Thirteen categories of emotional suffering emerged. In Eastern Germany, emotional suffering was considerably more frequently described in terms of somatic symptoms and in feeling nervous and tense. Patients from Western Germany were more often described as feeling depressed and hopeless, helpless, anxious and without drive (ϕ = 0.19, p = .02).ConclusionThere is evidence that there are differences between Eastern and Western Germany in how emotional suffering is expressed and/or described.
Short‐term outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement for pure native aortic regurgitation in the United States
Authors: Isogai Toshiaki , Saad Anas M. , Ahuja Keerat R. , Shekhar Shashank , Abdelfattah Omar M. , Gad Mohamed M. , Svensson Lars G. , Krishnaswamy Amar , Kapadia Samir R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to compare short‐term outcomes between transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for pure aortic regurgitation (AR) and TAVR for aortic stenosis (AS).BackgroundIn patients with severe pure AR for whom surgical valve replacement is infeasible, TAVR is sometimes used off‐label.MethodsUsing the Nationwide Readmissions Database 2016–2017, we retrospectively identified patients without prior valve surgery who underwent endovascular TAVR. We compared in‐hospital and 30‐day outcomes according to the type of aortic valve disease.ResultsA total of 81,542 eligible patients were divided into the pure AR (n = 1,222, 1.50%), pure AS (n = 72,690, 89.1%), and AS + AR (n = 7,630, 9.36%) groups. In unadjusted analyses, the pure AR group, compared with the pure AS and AS + AR groups, showed a higher incidence of acute kidney injury (16.8% vs. 9.8% vs. 12.1%, respectively; p < .001) and need of surgical bailout (1.4% vs. 0.4% vs. 0.6%; p < .01). The pure AR group also showed higher in‐hospital mortality than the pure AS group (2.4% vs. 1.4%; p = .005). After multivariable adjustment, TAVR for pure AR was significantly associated with a higher risk of acute kidney injury (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.33–2.02; p < .001), cardiac tamponade (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.00–3.92; p = .0498), and prolonged hospital stay (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.29–1.95; p < .001) compared with TAVR for pure AS, whereas it was not significantly associated with in‐hospital mortality (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 0.99–2.45; p = .058) and other outcomes.ConclusionsTAVR may be a reasonable treatment option for selected patients with pure AR with regard to short‐term outcomes. However, additional techniques or devices may be necessary to reduce periprocedural risk.
A Promising Hard Carbon−Soft Carbon Composite Anode with Boosting Sodium Storage Performance
Authors: Xue Yanchun , Gao Mingyue , Wu Mengrong , Su Dongqin , Guo Xingmei , Shi Jing , Duan Mengting , Chen Jiale , Zhang Junhao , Kong Qinghong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHard carbon anodes are the most promising candidates for sodium‐ion batteries due to lower sodium‐embedded platform and higher specific capacity. However, pure hard carbon carbons usually show very low initial coulombic efficiency, low electronic conductance, et al. Herein, hard carbon‐soft carbon (HC‐SC) composites composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) blooming on porous hard carbon, which were synthesized through thermal decomposition of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite. This unique structure could greatly promote the sodium‐ion diffusion and electron transport due to the increased electrode/electrolyte contact area and enlarged pores. As expected, the HC‐SC delivers a high capacity (306.8 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1), impressive cycling stability (256.8 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles) and enhanced rate performance (144.9 mAh g−1 at 20 C), which are far superior to those of both individual hard carbon and soft carbon. This encouraging performance may benefit from the synergistic effect of the modified defect concentration and interlayer distance in hard carbon by soft carbon, as well as the unique hierarchical structure. This work provides an exemplary strategy to develop optimized carbon materials for sodium‐ion batteries.