bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pronouns and Gender in Language
Authors: Conrod Kirby 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Pronouns are a grammatical element that take the place of full noun phrases, and in many of the world’s languages, pronouns also convey social information such as the gender of a referent. This chapter surveys the literature on the linguistics of pronouns from a broad array of disciplinary perspectives, focusing on the way social categories of gender interact with linguistic factors. The first section reviews gendered pronouns through the lens of performativity and speech act theory, discussing how pronouns and misgendering can be used for impoliteness and politeness. The second section surveys some semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic analyses of pronouns, including debates on the semantic and syntactic category of pronouns in the grammar. While the bulk of this chapter focuses on gendered pronouns in English, the third section provides a cross-linguistic perspective of gendered pronouns and inflectional morphology, and more interactional data is discussed.
Evoking Issues of Race and Ethnicity in Research on Physiology and Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Davis Shardé M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Investigating the role of physiology in communication research is a burgeoning area of study that has gained considerable attention by relational scholars in the past decade. Unfortunately, very few published studies on this topic have evoked important questions about the role of race and ethnicity. Exploring issues of ethnicity and race provides a more holistic and inclusive view of interpersonal communication across diverse groups and communities. This chapter addresses the gap in literature by considering the ways in which race and ethnicity matter in work on physiology and interpersonal interactions. More specifically, this chapter will first discuss the conceptual underpinnings of race, ethnicity, and other relevant concepts and then review extant research within and beyond the field of communication on race, ethnicity, interpersonal interactions, and physiology. These discussions set the foundation for this chapter to propose new lines of research that pointedly connect these four concepts and advance key principles that scholars should consider in future work.
Selected Physiological Dimensions of Communication Apprehension
Authors: Beatty Michael J. , Martinez Gonzalez Andrea 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Communication apprehension (CA) is generally defined as a predisposition to avoid communication, if possible, or experience anxiety symptoms when forced to communicate with others. CA was conceptualized as a trait-like tendency to respond, meaning that the inclination to avoid communication or experience anxiety during social interaction was fairly stable across time. State anxiety, on the other hand, is transitory in nature, and while it often represents the manifestation of CA, it can be triggered by situational factors even in communicators low in the trait. Although the construct was initially conceptualized as a cognitively experienced trait, the psychological literature on anxiety symptoms usually includes physiological symptoms. Indeed, studies published since the initial development of the CA construct have indicated that state anxiety experienced during communication is correlated with physiological measures. More recent work indicates that trait CA, while not typically correlated with measures such as heart rate, is correlated with stable, individual differences in brain activity. This chapter focuses on the complex theoretical and empirical relationships among physiological responses, trait CA, and communication state anxiety.
Role of CPEB-Family Proteins in Memory
Authors: Si Kausik 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A synapse-based mechanism of formation and persistence of long-term memory (LTM) entails some unique mechanistic challenges. It requires experience-dependent changes in synapse composition, function, and number. These changes must be specific to the synapse of interest, although all synapses in a neuron rely on the same genome. Finally, these changes must persist over time in the face of constant synaptic protein turnover. It has long been known that translation at the synapse is one of the fundamental requirements for LTM, and multiple mechanisms of synaptic translation have been characterized. Among these translation regulatory mechanisms, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) family members fulfill some of the unique needs of LTM and can even be considered as contributing to the biochemical substrates of memory. These proteins orchestrate a “synaptic mark” and regulate translation of specific mRNAs required for changes in synaptic composition, function, and number. Some CPEB family members also self-assemble and alter their function to maintain the altered synaptic state over time, contributing to persistence of memory. This chapter summarizes the known function of different CPEB family members in memory, their underlying molecular mechanisms, and important issues that remain to be resolved.
Revolution and the Cristeros
Authors: Young Julia G. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
During Mexico’s Cristero War (1926–1929), when Mexican Catholic rebels took up arms to overthrow the anticlerical government of President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928). After almost three years of fighting, the war formally ended with peace accords between the Catholic hierarchy and the State in June 1929. To understand the Cristero War, however, it is necessary to focus on more than just the three-year period during which the war was fought. Indeed, it was a conflict with deep historical antecedents. Furthermore, after the peace accords it did not completely disappear, but rather persisted and mutated. Additionally, it became a transnational conflict by attracting the attention and participation of migrants; and finally, it has recently been revived as a contemporary issue for Catholics across the globe.
Colonial Community Life
Authors: Bristol Joan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Between the early sixteenth and late eighteenth centuries Spanish colonial life was undergirded by a general theory, not always realized in practice, that social and political order would come from imposed categories of identity and community. Spanish colonizers’ ideas about community formation in Mexico were expressed in the two-republic system, ideas about purity of blood, and the caste system. These imperial ideas were put into practice in many ways: through formally created Catholic communities such as female convents and confraternities and through informal communities such as those formed by African-descent people, crypto-Jews, and previously enslaved people known as maroons. Ideas about race, gender, and class, as well as factors such as occupation, neighborhood, membership in religious groups, and family ties all shaped these formal and informal communal groupings which at times supported viceregal objectives of maintaining order and at other times weakened viceregal rule.
Focus Group Research: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Kamberelis George , Dimitriadis Greg 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter is both historical and conceptual, first highlighting the origins, tensions, and continuities/discontinuities of focus group research and then arguing for how such research embodies three primary, related functions: inquiry, pedagogy, and political. The quasiunique potentials or affordances of focus group work are explored, including mitigating the researcher’s authority; disclosing the constitutive power of discourse; approximating the natural; filling in knowledge gaps and saturating understanding; drawing out complexity, nuance, and contradiction; disclosing eclipsed connections; and creating opportunities for political activism. Contemporary threats to focus group work are described and new research frontiers are proposed, especially in relation to new information technologies. The chapter integrates historical, conceptual, and practical perspectives to fully explain the potentials of focus group research, with the goal of advancing a set of understandings about focus group work that attends to its relatively unique potentials for conducting qualitative inquiry across a wide range of topics and disciplinary contexts.
Arts-Based Research: Merging Social Research and the Creative Arts
Authors: Chilton Gioia , Leavy Patricia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Arts-based research (ABR) is a rapidly growing methodological genre. Arts-based research adapts the tenets of the creative arts in social research to make that research publicly accessible, evocative, and engaged. This chapter provides a retrospective and prospective overview of the field, including a review of some of the pioneers of arts-based research, methodological principles, and robust examples of arts-based research in different artistic genres. We include literary forms such as poetic inquiry and fiction, performative forms such as playbuilding, ethnodrama, ethnotheater and film, and visual forms such as photography, collage, art journaling, and mixed media. We note researches also use multiple art forms, and evolving and innovative forms of art. We provide suggestions for (contested) assessment criteria, such as utility, aesthetics, authenticity and valuing participatory and transformative approaches. The chapter closes with our thoughts regarding the future of the field, which includes ABR’s potential to improve public scholarship.
Interpretation In Qualitative Research: What, Why, How
Authors: Trent Allen , Cho Jeasik 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses a wide range of concepts related to interpretation in qualitative research, examines the meaning and importance of interpretation in qualitative inquiry, and explores the ways methodology, data, and the self/researcher as instrument interact and impact interpretive processes. Additionally, the chapter presents a series of strategies for qualitative researchers engaged in the process of interpretation and closes by presenting a framework for qualitative researchers designed to inform their interpretations. The framework includes attention to the key qualitative research concepts transparency, reflexivity, analysis, validity, evidence, and literature. Four questions frame the chapter: What is interpretation, and why are interpretive strategies important in qualitative research? How do methodology, data, and the researcher/self impact interpretation in qualitative research? How do qualitative researchers engage in the process of interpretation? And, in what ways can a framework for interpretation strategies support qualitative researchers across multiple methodologies and paradigms?
The Politics of Research
Authors: Giardina Michael D. , Newman Joshua I. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter critically interrogates the politics of research currently dominating U.S. higher education, a politics shaped as much by theoretical and methodological questions and debates as it is by prevailing social, cultural, political, and economic forces. The arguments are guided by four primary questions: (a) How and to what extent do the cultural and political priorities of the free-marketized, corporate university impact, direct, or confound the conduct of research?; (b) How and to what extent does politics situate methodologies?; (3) How and to what extent is the research act impinged on by such particularities as institutional review boards, national funding councils, scholarly journals, and the promotion and tenure process?; and (4) How and where do academics fit into this new research climate? The authors also forward a series of practical recommendations for professors and students alike who seek to actively confront and challenge the academic–industrial complex.
A Changing Terrain: Qualitative Research in the Age of Transdisciplinarity and Public Scholarship
Authors: Leavy Patricia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers some final comments from Patricia Leavy, editor of The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, second edition, about the future of qualitative research. The chapter suggests there is a widespread move from a disciplinary to a transdisciplinary research structure in which problems of import are at the center of research practices. Within this context, qualitative researchers are well positioned to advance because of their ability to develop responsive and flexible research designs and present their work in multiple formats. Furthermore, the chapter notes how the broader move toward public scholarship is propelling both the practice of qualitative research and the teaching of qualitative methods.
Superheroes and Superpowers: Contemplative, Creative, and De/Colonial Approaches to Teaching Qualitative Research
Authors: Bhattacharya Kakali 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTeaching qualitative research brings with it some unique challenges, because students are often underexposed or unexposed to the ideas about inquiry that inform qualitative research. Additionally, teaching qualitative research classes online may lead to the perception of sacrificing quality and complexity. Educators and researchers charged with creating such classes face the task of learning a new medium of instruction in addition to the challenges inherent in teaching the subject matter. I share a conceptual framework that I created using superheroes and superpowers, to teach graduate-level introductory qualitative research online. I discuss the potential and the challenges of conceptualizing, creating, and integrating content using the superheroes and superpowers framework.
Introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, Second Edition
Authors: Leavy Patricia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter serves as the introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, second edition. The first half of the chapter responds to two questions. First, the chapter addresses the question, What is qualitative research? In answering the question, the chapter reviews the major elements of research: paradigm, ontology, epistemology (which together form the philosophical basis of research), genre, methods, theory, methodology (which operate at the level of praxis), ethics, values, and reflexivity (which merge the philosophical and praxis dimensions of research). Second, the chapter addresses the question, Who are qualitative researchers? The chapter explains qualitative research as a form of bricolage and qualitative researchers as bricoleurs. The remainder of the chapter reviews the contents of the handbook, providing a chapter-by-chapter summary.
Governance Beyond Governments: The Effort to Slow Climate Change
Authors: Stern Paul C. , Vandenbergh Michael P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Limiting anthropogenic climate change is a commons or public goods problem, typically addressed with top-down approaches such as international treaties and national regulations or taxes. However, research shows that bottom-up institutions developed by resource users can prevent resource depletion over long periods, and it identifies design principles for such governance. This chapter explores the potential to slow climate change with nonstate institutions—what the authors call private environmental governance. The authors address such questions as: Why would private actors voluntarily create regimes that restrict their options? What kinds of organizations join these regimes, and with what motives and roles? How can informal, nongovernmental entities exercise real influence, absent the force of law? What are the strengths and limitations of private governance? Does private governance supplement or impede governmental and intergovernmental governance? How can private governance function at sufficiently large scale to meaningfully affect global greenhouse gas emissions? How can its effectiveness be increased?
Privacy and Confidentiality in Psychotherapy
Authors: Maatz Anke , Schneller Lena E. , Hoff Paul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter situates privacy and confidentiality as central ethical, legal, and anthropological concepts for psychotherapeutic practice. It first provides some conceptual background and clarification of the concepts before considering their specific relevance in the context of psychotherapy. In particular, it explores a unique significance that, it is argued, privacy and confidentiality acquire in the therapeutic process to do with the anthropological dimension of privacy, its psychological function, and the specific dynamics of the therapeutic relationship. Based on four case vignettes, potential ethical conflicts about privacy and confidentiality are then discussed. Finally, principles that can guide practitioners in responding to ethical conflicts about privacy and confidentiality in clinical practice are provided.
Social Media Ethics for the Professional Psychotherapist
Authors: Pikiewicz Kristi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the ethical considerations that can guide a therapist’s personal and professional use of social media. The incredible pace of change in the social media landscape has led many institutions to delay the development and distribution of specific guidelines or recommendations; however, the literature establishing the boundaries and best practices for the patient–therapist relationship, along with privacy concerns in both directions, and the termination of this relationship, offer a context in which to develop personal competency in the use of social media, both to avoid detrimental entanglements and to enhance progress toward therapeutic goals. While social media platforms and the uses of these platforms change, the basic ethical considerations framing the patient–therapist relationship do not. By using established ethics to guide the use of evolving technologies, a therapist can ensure their use of these technologies remains consistent with long-held best practices.
Ethical Processes in Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Authors: Drozek Robert P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the foundational role of ethical experience in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy, from the perspective of theory as well as technique. The author reviews seminal ethical constructs across the range of analytic perspectives, including classical psychoanalysis, object relations theory, self-psychology, and contemporary relational/intersubjective thought. While all forms of psychotherapy recognize the importance of ethically grounded principles of care, psychoanalysis is unique in its theorizing about the relevance of ethics to fundamental aspects of the clinical process itself, including therapeutic goals, therapeutic outcomes, and “how change happens” in psychotherapy. These areas of theory are surveyed, along with some basic ethical tensions generated by defining aspects of psychodynamic praxis: the ethics of unconscious exploration, the ethics of “working in the transference,” the ethics of exploratory technique, and the ethics of treatment intensity.
Ethical Issues in Psychotherapy of Other Therapists: Description, Considerations, and Ways of Coping
Authors: Shefler Gaby , Lederman Shai , Yonatan-Leus Refael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
What are the specific ethical aspects of psychotherapy with patients who are themselves therapists (patient-therapists)? This chapter argues that the main difference between psychotherapy with patient-therapists and non-therapist patients is that in the former, the therapist is both the patient’s therapist and colleague. Potential multiple relationships may arise in such cases since the therapist and the patient are both members of the same professional community. In addition, therapists are faced with the challenges of maintaining boundaries between the therapeutic and other professional roles. The most complex dilemma in this situation concerns the therapist’s duty to report patient-therapists’ professional impairment, incompetency, ethical violations, or suspected illegal behavior. The authors suggest that the therapist’s primary ethical duty in this case is to the patient and that reporting should only be as a last resort. The chapter concludes with a call to professional organizations and other regulating bodies for establishing guidelines for managing such dilemmas.
The Metaethics of Psychotherapy Codes of Ethics and Conduct
Authors: Snelling Paul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Codes of ethics and conduct are important documents in healthcare practice, and must be evaluated alongside an understanding of the role of the organizations that write and publish them. In the UK, established professions like medicine and nursing are subject to statutory regulation and codes that articulate minimum conduct. However, the regulation of psychotherapists in the UK has been the subject of changes in government policy during the last decade, resulting in a fragmented regulatory environment where a number of organizations function both as regulator and professional body. There are about forty codes of ethic and/or conduct in the UK relating to the various professions of psychotherapy. This chapter details the regulatory framework in the UK, and the places of codes within it. The codes’ regulatory role in establishing minimum practice is difficult to assess because so few cases of malpractice are brought, and their role in guiding practice is questioned by using disclosure of confidential information as an example. Psychotherapists are invited to assess whether the codes and associated guidance are sufficiently detailed to guide practice.
The Study of Eye Movements in Empirical Aesthetics
Authors: Locher Paul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractKnowledge obtained using eye-tracking techniques has for many years contributed in a major way to the development of contemporary information processing-based models that detail the mechanisms and processes underlying the perception of visual art. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the findings of recent eye movement studies designed to expand the body of knowledge concerning the complex dynamic interaction among contemporary person–artifact–context relational models and the interplay between top-down and bottom-up influences across the time course of an aesthetic experience with art. Huge leaps in our knowledge of the interaction of these components have occurred in recent years as a consequence of the development of new methods for the visualization and analyses of eye movement data and the use of mobile eye-tracking techniques described in this chapter.
Historiometric Methods
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHistoriometrics is a quantitative and nomothetic method for the study of aesthetic masterpieces, artistic geniuses, and the sociocultural context in which those masterpieces emerge and their creators operate. The technique specifically depends on the scientific analysis of biographical and historical data, including the (often computerized) content analysis of actual works. The units of analysis can range from products to creators to whole eras or periods. Historiometric research can sometimes rely on standard statistical methods, such as factor analysis and multiple regression, but often more advanced techniques are required, such as hierarchical linear modeling. Although historiometric research on the arts has been carried out since 1835, the practice remains less common than other methods used in empirical aesthetics. Even so, it provides the investigator with the unique opportunity to examine the psychological and sociocultural foundations of genuine masterworks in literature, music, the visual arts, and cinema.