bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of heat treatment on properties of SD251-PH1 composite produced by additive SLM technology
Authors: Bricín David , Jansa Zdeněk , Somr Josef , Elmanová Andrea , Kříž Antonín 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study evaluates how heat treatment affects the structure and properties of the engineered composite material SD251-PH1. This material was formed by mixing two powder blends in a weight ratio of 90 wt. % WC-Co powder SD251 with 10 wt. % of a PH1 precipitation hardening powder of the stainless steel. Samples were prepared from this mixture on an SLM additive device. The printed samples were then divided into groups. Some of them were left in the initial state and the rest were used for heat treatment based on the standard AMS 5659. Light and electron microscopy metallographic analysis together with X-ray diffraction analysis were then used to evaluate structural and phase changes in the prototype samples. The main attention was paid to changes in the phase composition of the samples. In addition, changes in the size and shape of the pores and tungsten carbide (WC) grains were studied. The metallographic analysis was supplemented by an evaluation of the changes in their mechanical properties and wear resistance. Vickers hardness measurements and the ball on disc test were used for this purpose. The experiments showed that the selected heat treatment processes precipitated new structural phases which differed from the original sample structure in terms of shape, size, chemical composition, and mechanical properties.
Why the moral equality account of the hypocrite’s lack of standing to blame fails
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
It is commonly believed that blamees can dismiss hypocritical blame on the ground that the hypocrite has no standing to blame their target. Many believe that the feature of hypocritical blame that undermines standing to blame is that it involves an implicit denial of the moral equality of persons. After all, the hypocrite treats herself better than her blamee for no good reason. In the light of the complement to hypocrites and a comparison of hypocritical and non-hypocritical blamers subscribing to hierarchical moral norms, I show why we must reject the moral equality account of the hypocrite’s lack of standing to blame.
Global Needs-Assessment for a Postgraduate Program on Nonsurgical Facial Aesthetics
Authors: Kumar Narendra , Rahman Eqram 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Standardizing training and education in nonsurgical facial aesthetic procedures during residency training has long been challenging because majority of the procedures are performed outside the usual teaching hospital settings. Several areas of refinement have been suggested and an increased need for more hands-on training identified in the available literature. Despite the growing demand for nonsurgical facial aesthetics (NSFA), it is yet to be fully integrated into standard postgraduate medical or surgical curriculum.

Objectives
The objective of this study was to explore the current state and the need for medical education and training of aesthetic clinicians across specialties in a formal postgraduate curriculum.

Methods
A mixed-method, cross-sectional, online research was conducted among physicians involved in training and practicing NSFA between July 2018 and December 2018. Focus group discussion was conducted to ensure the face and content validity of the survey items.

Results
The total responses collected in the trainer’s group was 179 and 496 in the trainee’s group. The majority of trainers (95%) and trainees (93.8%) across specialties expressed their opinion for the need of a standard postgraduate course in NSFA. Moreover, more than 55% of them felt that 12 months, with a work-based, blended learning approach, would be most suitable for training and education.

Conclusions
The survey results have underlined the need for specialized training in NSFA to enable clinicians to pursue independent practice with confidence. The authors recommend the inclusion of evidence-based postgraduate programs on NSFA in higher academic institutions as per their educational curriculum.
Weather stochasticity and alternative reproductive tactics in Northern chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra
Authors: Corlatti Luca , Bassano Bruno , Lovari Sandro 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In polygynous ungulates, male breeding success is often achieved through alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). The maintenance of ARTs in this taxon is largely explained by condition-dependent selection, a decision rule in which individuals switch their breeding behaviour on the basis of internal factors such as ageing (status-dependent selection), or external factors such as weather conditions during the rut (environment-dependent selection). In some species, however, ARTs are fixed during the mating season, and other forms of selective pressures rather than environment-dependent selection may contribute to the evolutionary maintenance of male types within populations. Assuming female vicinity as a proxy of mating opportunity, we explored the effect of snow depth variations on the elevational overlap between females, and territorial and non-territorial male chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra, in three consecutive rutting seasons. In snow-free periods, females overlapped with non-territorial males, but not with territorial ones. With increasing snow depth, females and territorial males progressively occupied similar elevations. Our results suggest that snow cover variations may impose changes in the spatial distribution of males and females. In turn, weather stochasticity over multiple ruts, rather than within-rut environment-dependent selection, may impose variations in mating opportunities of ARTs, possibly contributing to the coexistence of different phenotypes within populations.
Stock assessment and management of cephalopods: advances and challenges for short-lived fishery resources
Authors: Arkhipkin Alexander I , Hendrickson Lisa C , Payá Ignacio , Pierce Graham J , Roa-Ureta Ruben H , Robin Jean-Paul , Winter Andreas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cephalopods have become an important global food source, but their sustainable management is challenged by unique life history characteristics associated with short lifespans and semelparous reproduction, high natural mortality rates, rapid and often nonasymptotic growth, and complex population structures. Weak stock-recruitment relationships together with the time-consuming work required for age validation and high-volume annual age determinations make traditional age-based modelling impractical. We propose that the best method for cephalopod assessment involves innovative depletion models, fitted with in-season data on catch numbers and fishing effort, to produce realistic estimates of stock biomass. A “fast lane” assessment approach is suggested that includes high-frequency data collection for separate, in-season stock assessments of each cohort to ensure sustainable exploitation of these short-lived resources. However, most cephalopod fisheries are data-poor and/or lack the infrastructure and resources needed to apply depletion methods; therefore, we also present alternative assessment methods that have been recently applied worldwide. We also offer suggestions for further research on the remaining challenges of cephalopod stock assessment and management.
Reduced growth in Baltic Sea cod may be due to mild hypoxia
Authors: Brander Keith 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Daily food consumption by small Baltic Sea cod has declined in recent decades, resulting in reduced growth and biomass. Declining oxygen may cause lower production of benthic prey for small cod, but an alternative explanation presented here is that the mildly hypoxic conditions that small cod experience reduces their rate of digestion and hence food consumption. Better information about the distribution and behaviour of small cod and their metabolic response to low oxygen levels is required.
A second-order asymptotic model for Rayleigh waves on a linearly elastic half plane
Authors: Wootton Peter T , Kaplunov Julius , Prikazchikov Danila 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We derive a second-order correction to an existing leading-order model for surface waves in linear elasticity. The same hyperbolic–elliptic equation form is obtained with a correction term added to the surface boundary condition. The validity of the correction term is shown by re-examining problems which the leading-order model has been applied to previously, namely a harmonic forcing, a moving point load and a periodic array of compressional resonators.
Characterization of viral rebounds on dual etravirine/raltegravir maintenance therapy (ANRS-163 ETRAL trial)
Authors: Soulie Cathia , Assoumou Lambert , Abdi Basma , Sayon Sophie , Nguyen Thuy , Valantin Marc-Antoine , Beniguel Lydie , Ferre Virginie , Alloui Chakib , Montes Brigitte , Avettand-Fenoel Véronique , Delaugerre Constance , Descamps Diane , Martinez Esteban , Reynes Jacques , Peytavin Gilles , Costagliola Dominique , Katlama Christine , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève ,   the ANRS-163 ETRAL study group, Bernard Louis , Bottero Julie , Bouchaud Olivier , Chidiac Christian , Duvivier Claudine , Goujard Cécile , del Mar Gutiérrez Maria , Martinez Esteban , Molina Jean-Michel , Morlat Philippe , Naqvi Alissa , Podzamczer Daniel , Poizot-Martin Isabelle , Raffi François , Reynes Jacques , Salmon-Céron Dominique , Simon Anne , Valantin Marc-Antoine , Weiss Laurence , Yazdanpanah Yazdan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The ANRS-163 ETRAL trial, a switch study to an etravirine 200 mg/raltegravir 400 mg twice-daily regimen in 165 patients with HIV-1 infection, showed durable efficacy until Week 96. The aim of this work was to investigate in detail the virological rebounds (VRs), defined as at least one plasma HIV viral load (VL) &gt;50 copies/mL.

Methods
Quantification of HIV-DNA level was assessed at baseline, Week 48 and Week 96 (n = 157). VLs were measured in seminal plasma at Week 48 (n = 26). Genotypic resistance testing by ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) for reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase regions was performed at baseline and at the time of VR.

Results
In this study, 19 patients experienced VR, with 2 patients having virological failure (VF; two consecutive VLs &gt;50 copies/mL). For the first patient with VF, UDS detected minority resistant variants only in RT (K103N, 9.6%; Y181C, 4.9%) at baseline. Some RT variants became dominant at VF (K101E, 86.3%; Y181C, 100.0%; G190A, 100.0%) and others emerged in integrase (Y143C, 2.4%; Q148R, 6.2%; N155H, 18.8%). For the second patient with VF, neither RT nor integrase mutations were detected at baseline and VF. Median HIV-DNA level was similar at baseline, Week 48 and Week 96 (2.17, 2.06 and 2.11 log10 copies/106 cells, respectively). Only one patient had a detectable seminal HIV VL (505 copies/mL).

Conclusions
The dual etravirine/raltegravir regimen as maintenance therapy was effective and the emergence of mutations in cases of VF was similar to that seen in other dual-regimen studies. No HIV-DNA level modification was evidenced by Week 96.
Ethopabate in Feeds
Authors: Szalkowski C P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Collaborative study was made of a method for determining ethopabate, a coccidiostat used in conjunction with amprolium. The method involves: (a) complete extraction of ethopabate from the feed by chloroform; (b) removal of most interfering substances from the chloroform extract by washing with diluted hydrochloric acid; (c) conversion of the extracted ethopabate to free amine by controlled acid hydrolysis; (d) diazotization and coupling of the free amine; (e) extraction of colored complex with ra-butanol and measurment at 555 mμ. Unmedicated commercial poultry feeds assayed by this method showed an apparent ethopabate content of 0.2—0.4 ppm. These same feeds were blended with a premix of ethopabate at levels of 4 ppm and 125 ppm amprolium. The recoveries obtained ranged from 96 to 105%. This assay method is suitable for the determination of ethopabate down to levels of 2 ppm, and is recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Determination of Nicotine in Feeds
Authors: Root David E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nicotine, used in medicated animal feed in combination with phenothiazine, dibutyl tin dilaurate, and 2,2'-dihydroxy-5,5’-dichlorophenyl methane, has been successfully isolated from these compounds and the feed interferences and cleaned up by extraction with 0.5% NaOH, steam distillation f r om this basic solution, and extraction from the aqueous phase with chloroform. The nicotine is then partitioned into 0.05iV HC1, and determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. A collaborative study yielded 9 0% over-all recoveries, and the method is recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Collaborative Study of the Infrared Method for DDVP in Pesticide Formulations
Authors: Mitchell L E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate an infrared method for determining the DDVP content of four commercially available formulations: 0.5% sugar bait, 4 1b/gallon emulsible concentrate, 0.5% spray solution, and 1.0% cattle spray. A chloroform extraction procedure and a chloroform dilution procedure gave reproducible results for sugar bait and emulsible concentrate samples, respectively. Two procedures, acetonitrile and solvent compensation, were tried for the lowconcentration hydrocarbon solutions. Neither procedure gave completely satisfactory results and further study is needed.
Rapid Method for MCP in Soil by Electron Affinity Determination of 2-Chloroethyl Ester
Authors: Gutermann Walter H , Lisk Doxald J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In developing a rapid method for MCP in soil, it was found that MCP had to be esterified with 2-chloroethanol to increase its response to electron affinity detection. The method is sensitive to about 0.5 ppm MCP; recoveries of 1 and 2 ppm from soil were 79 and 83% and 103 and 107%, respectively. MCP could not be detected in MCPB-treated soil.
Dextrose Determination in Honey: A Rapid Photometric Determination
Authors: White Jonathan W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The granulating tendency of honey may be predicted by the dextrose-water ratio. The reducing disaccharides in honey complicate the determination of dextrose by routine procedures. True glucose can be determined in honey with a glucose oxidase reagent in which the contaminant alpha-glucosidase activity is inhibited. Accuracy and precision of the method are comparable with those of the selective adsorption procedure, and it is more suitable for routine control use.
Total Solids in Processed Vegetables
Authors: Lamb Frank C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method was developed for total solids in processed vegetable products, involving diluting with diatomaceous earth, predrying by any of three procedures, and final drying in vacuo for 2 hours at 69-71°. The new method was found to give lower results than the official method on all products tested except pork and beans and baked beans. In a collaborative study by 17 analysts in 9 laboratories, the new method was slightly more precise than the official method, but its main advantage was in providing greater flexibility in sample size and predrying conditions, and in requiring less time for an analysis. The major sources of error in both methods appeared to be deficiencies in the vacuum ovens used and lack of skill of the individual analysts.
Revision of the AOAC Sediment Test for Milk
Authors: Joiner Curtis R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A modified procedure, 36.009 (e), for sifting materials used to prepare fine sediment standards was adopted in 1959 to promote uniformity. Later work showed that the appearance of the standards was altered by the change. The more rigid conditions of sifting produced more uniform particle size, with fewer particles in a given weight of sediment. Sifting freshly dried, still warm materials in 25— 50 g batches gave uniform results. When these materials were sifted for a double 5 minute period on a nested No. 140 over a No. 230 sieve, the "on 230" fractions satisfactorily matched standards prepared and presented in 1953. However, the new standards were improved by adding to the sediment mixture 10% of materials passing a No. 120 but retained on a No. 140 sieve. Sediment tests of bulk tank milk are commonly made by filtering 1-pint mixed samples through a 0.40" diameter area instead of the usual 1⅛" diameter area. Standards 0.40" in diameter are used to judge these tests. Two methods are commonly used to grade both sizes of standards: "to the line," and to the nearest standard disk. It is recommended that a collaborative study be made of the procedure, with these changes incorporated for more uniformity.
A Chemically Defined Medium for Disinfectant Testing
Authors: Pelczar Michael J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A synthetic broth has been developed as a culture medium for use in disinfectant testing procedures, 5.001— 5.005. Collaborative testing of the Wright- Mundy medium revealed satisfactory performance, and the medium is recommended for adoption as official, first action, as an alternative medium for disinfectant testing.
Chromatographic Detection of Flavor Additives in Vanilla Extract
Authors: Kahan S , Fitelson J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two chromatographic methods, one a thin-layer technique and the other paper chromatography, were developed for five flavoring additives and submitted to collaborative study. The thinlayer method gave good results and proved to be a rapid and sensitive test. However, some of the features of the method required further study to improve the identification of the separated spots. A better test for coumarin and another solvent giving greater separation between the ethyl vanillin and veratraldehyde spots were developed. The modified method has been recommended for adoption as official, first action. Some analysts attained good results with the paper chromatographic test; others, even experienced analysts, got poor results. Some of the difficulty was traced to variations in composition of reagents, but the method needs further study to standardize conditions. This method was not recommended for adoption. The proposed chromatographic thin-layer method offers a rapid means of detecting ethyl vanillin, veratraldehyde (methyl vanillin), coumarin, piperonal (heliotropin), and vanitrope (propenyl guaethol).
Organic Acids in Vanilla Extract
Authors: Fitelson J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Further collaborative studies were made of the gradient elution and paper chromatographic methods for organic acids in vanilla extract, both adopted as official, first action in 1962. The gradient elution method was studied by six collaborators on three samples. All six detected the presence of added foreign acid. The paper chromatographic method was studied by 16 collaborators on four unknown samples and one reference standard vanilla. Results were very good. It is recommended that both methods be made official, final action.
Hydrocarbon Propellants in Self-Pressurized Containers
Authors: Keppel George E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A study was undertaken to determine whether the present official flammability tests for self-pressurized containers or aerosols are suitable for those containing hydrocarbon propellants. Fifty aerosols, five containing hydrocarbon propellants, were examined by the official methods for flammability (flame projection and flash point tests), and by other tests. Official tests detected the extremely flammable component in only one of the five highly flammable samples, a paint preparation. Of 24 samples examined for propellant identity, 5 contained hydrocarbon propellants, 10 contained hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon mixtures, and the remaining 9 contained fluorocarbons only. The present official flammability tests are not entirely suitable for self-pressurized containers with flammable propellants, and studies on flammable substances in pressurized containers should be continued.
Free Water in Fertilizers by Karl Fischer Titration
Authors: Caro Joseph H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is proposed for free water in fertilizer, which involves extraction with p-dioxane and titration of the extract with Karl Fischer reagent. Preliminary tests established the most suitable experimental conditions and showed p-dioxane to be the most feasible extractant for fertilizers. In comparison with the official vacuum desiccation method, Karl Fischer extraction-titration gave results for water averaging 0.22% lower on 11 test materials. Because of the inherent positive error of weight loss methods, the lower values are considered to be reasonable.
The Metabolism and Persistence of Systox, Diazinon, and Phosdrin on Field-Sprayed Lettuce
Authors: Coffin D E , Mckinley W P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Three organophosphate pesticides (Systox, Diazinon, and Phosdrin) were applied individually to field plots of lettuce. Samples were removed at various times after spraying and examined for residues and metabolites of the pesticides
The two isomers of Systox rapidly disappeared from the lettuce, but two toxic metabolites were formed and persisted up to 2 weeks after spraying. No metabolites were discovered on lettuce which had been sprayed with Phosdrin or Diazinon. Residues of Phosdrin had decreased to less than 0.1 ppm 3 days after spraying. Residues of Diazinon were less than 0.1 ppm at 10 days and were present at detectable levels 14 days after spraying.
Cleanup Method for Electron Capture Determination of Endrin in Fatty Vegetables
Authors: Albert Richard A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method has been developed in which a KOH-Celite column is used instead of the longer saponification method for cleanup of vegetables, reducing the time of analysis by about 2 hours. The method involves fewer sample transfers, thereby increasing the per cent recovery. Good results were obtained with samples of carrots, onions, collards, and broccoli.
Artificial Flavors in Blended Oils: Detection of Ethyl Butyrate by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Ratay A F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure is described for detecting ethyl butyrate in olive oil and other vegetable oils. Volatiles are isolated from the oil by steam distillation, and the distillate is extracted with methylene chloride. The ethyl butyrate in the solution is determined by gas chromatography at a column temperature of 100 °C in a thermal conductivity cell on a 6’ × 1/4” i.d. stainless steel column, packed with 2 0% diethylene glycol succinate polyester on 60—80 mesh, acidwashed Chromosorb W. The method detects 0.001% or less of ethyl butyrate in olive oil and other vegetable oils. Recoveries from known olive oil blends were 66–100%.
A Comparison of the Quinoline Molybdate and the Volumetric Method for Total Phosphorus in Food and Food Products
Authors: Whitley Voyce P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The quinoline molybdate method for total phosphorus in food and food products was compared with the volumetric method for total phosphorus, 2.020. Values obtained by both methods were in good agreement. Small amounts of tin interfered with the phosphorus de-termination in fruits and juices; HBr added to the ash prior to HC1 extraction yielded a tin-bromine compound that could easily be removed at low temperatures. Studies will be continued to determine the effect of acid concentration on the phosphorus recovery.