bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and Mortality of Dogwood Cultivars in Alabama
Authors: Hardin B. R. , Eakes D. J. , Gilliam C. H. , Keever G. J. , Williams J. D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An open-field evaluation of 38 dogwood (Cornus) cultivars was conducted in central Alabama from May 1996 to March 1998. Mortality increased dramatically in giant dogwood (C. controversa Hemsl.), kousa dogwood cultivars (C. kousa Hance), and kousa x flowering dogwood hybrids (C. kousa x florida) from August 1996 to August 1997. Little mortality was observed for the flowering dogwood selections (C. florida L.) during this same period. Further characterization, based on height and stem diameter increases, was conducted on 23 flowering dogwood cultivars. Greatest average annual height and stem diameter increases for cultivars with white bracts and green foliage were observed in ‘Cloud 9’, ‘Fragrant Cloud’, ‘Ozark Spring’, ‘Springtime’, ‘Weaver’, ‘Welch Bay Beauty’, and ‘World's Fair’. Lowest average annual height and stem diameter increases occurred with ‘Autumn Gold’ and Wonderberry®. Among the selections with red or pink bracts and green foliage, ‘Stoke's Pink’ and ‘Welch's Junior Miss’ had greater annual average increases in height and stem diameter than ‘Purple Glory’. Annual average increases in height and final heights were similar among all cultivars with variegated foliage, with ‘First lady’ showing the greatest annual average increase in stem diameter and final stem diameter.
Susceptibility of Eight Herbs to Common Root-Knot Nematodes
Authors: Walker Jerry T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eight herb species were inoculated with two common species of root-knot nematode and grown for 2 months in a greenhouse. Root systems were examined for galls and egg mass production. All herb species were susceptible but developed fewer galls and had lower gall indices than Rutgers tomato. Burnet, chives, valerian and winter savory had few galls or low gall indices. Eggs were produced on all. Chamomile had a high gall index. Chicory, parsley, and sorrel had intermediate indices. Herbs were equally susceptible to the southern (Meloidogyne incognita) and peanut root-knot nematodes (M. arenaria), particularly at the highest inoculum densities. Mean dry weights of inoculated herbs were not always significantly less than the non-inoculated plants, suggesting that some herbs may be tolerant to root-knot nematodes.
Rapid Determination of Nitrogen Status in Annual Vinca
Authors: Altland James E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Edwards James H. , Keever Gary J. , Fare Donna C. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to develop a method for rapid determination of nitrogen (N) status in ‘Pacifica White’ vinca (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don). In experiment 1, N was applied to potted vinca at 40, 80, 120, or 160 ppm N to produce plants ranging from N deficient to N sufficient. Data were collected 14, 28, and 42 days after treatment (DAT) and included flower number, growth index [(height + width + width) ÷ 3], and from recently matured foliage the following parameters: SPAD-502 readings, petiole sap nitrate (SN) concentration, and total-N (percent of dry weight) (FN). Experiment 2 was similar with the exception that N rates applied were 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 ppm N, and data were collected 14, 29, and 42 DAT. In experiment 3, N was applied at 0, 90, or 180 ppm N and data were collected 0, 4, 7, 10, and 14 DAT. In experiments 1 and 2, SPAD readings were poorly correlated to FN (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.35 to 0.88) and the relationship between FN and SPAD readings changed at different collection dates. Petiole sap nitrate concentration determined by a Cardy nitrate meter was highly correlated throughout the three experiments. Above 380 ppm SN, the relationship between FN and SN was determined to be: SN/1000 = 2.3 × FN-4.8 (r2 = 0.73, n = 104). In experiment 3, FN and SN readings were able to detect N deficiency in vinca by 4 DAT, despite lack of visual symptoms until 14 DAT. SPAD readings were not suitable for predicting FN and plant N status. SN was a reliable predictor of FN and thus could be used to rapidly determine plant N status.
Plant Susceptibility to and Seasonal Occurrence of Phaedon desotonis Balsbaugh, a Leaf Beetle Attacking Coreopsis
Authors: Kris Braman S. , Pendley Andrew , Corley Will 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Phaedon desototonis Balsbaugh, a leaf beetle, occurred in large numbers in plantings of wildflowers in central Georgia. Although the species was previously considered rare, large populations of the beetle were associated with Coreopsis spp. Peak larval abundance occurred in April, while greatest numbers of adults were observed in May. One generation was observed. Thirty-eight plant taxa in 11 families were evaluated for susceptibility to feeding and injury by the beetle. The composits Coreopsis lanceolata (L.), Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall, C. verticillata (L.), and Bidens aristosa (L.) were consistently fed on by adults and larvae of P. desotonis. Of those plants, B. aristosa was the least preferred and least damaged.
Ethephon Suppresses Flowering and Improves the Aesthetic Value of Purple Passion Plant (Gynura aurantiaca)
Authors: Chen Jianjun , Henny Richard J. , Caldwell Russell D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Gynura aurantiaca is a colorful foliage plant with velvety purple hairs that cover the green leaves and stems. However, its malodorous flowers and tendency towards a leggy appearance have been key limitations to its production and use for interiorscaping. This study was undertaken to determine if plant growth regulators could suppress its flowering and excessive growth, while improving its overall quality. A-Rest (ancymidol), B-Nine (daminozide), Bonzi (paclobutrazol), Cycocel (chlormequat chloride), and Florel (ethephon) were applied as foliar sprays in two applications in March at a two-week interval. Florel completely inhibited flowering but A-Rest, B-Nine, Bonzi, and Cycocel were ineffective in suppressing flowering. Florel-treated plants also produced more lateral shoots resulting in a compact and dense bush-like appearance, which improved and prolonged the aesthetic value of Gynura as a container-grown or hanging-basket interior plant. Whereas, plants treated by A-Rest, B-Nine, Bonzi, or Cycocel exhibited little improvement in their appearance compared to the control; some treatments were even detrimental. Regardless of application concentrations, subsequent growth of plants after pruning or rooting of cuttings was not affected by previous treatments of growth regulators.
Irrigating Landscape Bedding Plants and Cut Flowers With Recycled Nursery Runoff and Constructed Wetland Treated Water
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Lesikar Bruce J. , McDonald Garry V. , Bryan Donita L. , Gross Amit 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Direct nursery runoff (runoff), wetland treated recycled nursery runoff (recycled), and a municipal water source (tap) with and without elevated salt (NaCl targeted injection to 3.0 dS·m−1) levels were tested as potential drip irrigation sources for production of in-ground cut flower crops and landscape bedding plants. Two species of cut flowers, Helianthus annuus L. ‘Mammoth’ (sunflower) and Gladiolus hortulanus L. ‘Tout A Toi’ (gladiolus), and two bedding plants, Catharanthus roseus G. Don ‘Pacifica Red’ (vinca) and Zinnia elegans N.J. von Jacquin ‘Lilliput Mixed Colors’ (zinnia), were established in trial beds irrigated with the four water treatments during the summer of 2001 as a warm season experiment. A second experiment was conducted from November 2001 to May 2002 to investigate growth and flowering responses of two species of cut flower crops [Consolida ambigua (L.) P Ball & V Heywood (larkspur) and Narcissus tazetta L. ‘Galilea’ (paperwhite narcissus)] and two bedding plants [Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Montego Mix’ (snapdragons) and Viola × wittrockiana H. Gams ‘Crown Mix’ (pansies)]. Marketable crops of sunflower, paperwhite narcissus, and larkspur were produced with all four water treatments. Direct nursery runoff, recycled wetland treated water, and NaCl spiked water that were high in soluble salts during the heat of summer reduced yield and inflorescence diameter with sunflowers, but only slightly reduced inflorescence quality and had no effect on yield of paperwhite narcissus. These three treatments also affected stand density, but not yield of cut larkspur inflorescences in the cool season. Irrigation with water containing elevated NaCl levels reduced flower counts on pansies and growth indices on pansies and snapdragons over much of the growing season, but reduced snapdragon flowering only in spring. Vinca was unaffected by the irrigation treatments. Zinnia survival and flowering were reduced or delayed by irrigation with recycled or elevated NaCl water.
The Use of Suction Cup Lysimeters for Monitoring the Nutritional Status of Container Substrate for Optimum Growth of Willow Oak
Authors: Stanley Mary , Harris Roger , Scoggins Holly , Wright Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As container size and subsequent weight increase, extracting substrate solution for mineral nutrient analysis becomes difficult. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine, using suction cup lysimeters (SCLs) to obtain the substrate solution, the electrical conductivity (EC) level associated with optimal growth of containerized willow oak (Quercus phellos L.). Two-year-old trees were grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers and fertilized with either 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 g (0, 1.8, 3.5, 5.3, 7.0, 8.8, or 10.5 oz) Osmocote Plus Northern 15N–3.9P–9.8K per container. Plant height and trunk diameter were measured at the beginning and end of the growing season. Leaf samples were taken at the conclusion of the study for mineral nutrient analysis. Growth was optimal at 200 g (7 oz) Osmocote per container and corresponded with a seasonal mean EC level of 0.5 dS/m. SCLs were an effective method of extracting solution for EC monitoring from large containers.
Seed Production and Germination of Eight Cultivars and the Wild Type of Ruellia tweediana: A Potentially Invasive Ornamental
Authors: Wilson Sandra B. , Mecca Laurie K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seed production and the influence of light and temperature on germination were determined for eight cultivars and the wild type form of Mexican petunia (Ruellia tweediana Griseb). The wild type form of R. tweediana has been ranked by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council as a Category I invasive plant, meaning it has invaded and is disrupting native plant communities in Florida. The cultivar ‘Purple Showers’ did not set any seed. Peak flowering and seed production for other cultivars generally occurred in August with ‘Morado Chi’, ‘Chi Chi’, and the wild type plants producing approximately three times the amount of seed produced by ‘Katie Pink’, ‘Katie Purple’, ‘Katie White’, and ‘Snow White’. For seed germination, significant cultivar x light interactions occurred for each temperature treatment. Some germination was observed at each temperature except for ‘Katie Purple’, ‘Katie Variegated’, and ‘Katie White’ at 33C (91.4F) without light. Regardless of cultivar or provision of light, 94-100% germination occurred at 30/20C (86/68F), with the exception of ‘Katie Purple’ (65%), ‘Katie Variegated’ (54%), and ‘Katie White’ (83%) without light. At 15, 24 or 33C (59, 75.2, and 91.4F), germination was generally greatest for ‘Chi Chi’ (with or without light) and ‘Morado Chi’ (with light). In parallel greenhouse studies, where seeds were germinated in pots containing a soilless medium, highest germination was achieved by ‘Chi Chi’, ‘Katie Pink’, ‘Katie Variegated’ and ‘Morado Chi’, while significantly lower germination was achieved by wild type plants (55%) by day 14. Storage studies demonstrated that germination of seed collected from the wild type and ‘Chi Chi’ plants began to decrease between 6 and 12 months when maintained at 24C (75.2F) but had equal (‘Chi Chi’) or higher (wild type) germination when maintained at 4C (39.2F) for 12 months.
Effects of Chilling Duration on Time to Shoot Emergence and Subsequent Growth of Hosta
Authors: Warr Jennifer , Keever Gary , Amling Jay , Findley Doug , Kessler Raymond 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eight hosta species or cultivars, Hosta plantaginea, H. ventricosa ‘Aureo Marginata’, H. ‘Tokudama’, H. ‘Francee’, H. ‘Sum and Substance’, H. ‘Fragrant Bouquet’, H. ‘Frances Williams’, and H. sieboldiana ‘Elegans’, were chilled in a walk-in cooler in two-week increments from 2 to 10 weeks at 4C (39F), prior to forcing in a heated greenhouse. More than 80% of all cultivars in all treatments emerged, except for H. ‘Tokudama’. For all cultivars tested, days to shoot emergence and days to first leaf unfurled decreased quadratically as chilling duration increased. Most rapid decreases occurred between 0 and 6 weeks of chilling. In the absence of chilling, H. plantaginea was the first cultivar to emerge, between 34 and 79 days before other cultivars. H. plantaginea was followed by H. ventricosa ‘Aureo Marginata’, H. ‘Sum and Substance’, and H. ‘Fragrant Bouquet’, all of which emerged before H. ‘Frances Williams’. Leaf area index, an indicator of plant vigor, increased linearly as chilling duration increased. Shoot dry weight increased in H. ‘Fragrant Bouquet’, H. ‘ Frances Williams’ and H. ‘Francee’, decreased slightly in H. plantaginea, and did not change in H. ventricosa ‘Aureo Marginata’, H. ‘Tokudama’, H. ‘Sum and Substance’, or H. sieboldiana ‘Elegans’ as chilling duration increased. This study indicates that there is no absolute chilling requirement for shoot emergence or subsequent growth of hosta tested. All cultivars benefited from chilling with quicker shoot emergence and fewer days to first leaf unfurled, with the greatest benefits occurring between 0 and 6 weeks. However, the benefits of chilling, as exemplified by growth and vigor, varied widely among species and cultivars.
Effect of Fertilizer Placement on Prostrate Spurge Growth in Container Production
Authors: Fain Glenn B. , Knight Patricia R. , Gilliam Charles H. , Olive John W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of fertilizer placement on prostrate spurge growth (Chamaesyce prostrata) in container production. In experiment one, Polyon 17N–2.TP–9.2K (17–5–11) was topdressed or dibbled at 45 g (1.6 oz) or 90 g (3.2 oz) per 11.3 liter (#3) container and either 90 g (3.2 oz) or 180 g (6.3 oz) per 26.3 liter (#7) container. In experiments two and three, 180 g (6.3 oz) of Polyon 17N–2.1P–9.2K (17–5–11) was topdressed or dibbled per 26.3 liter (#7) container. In all experiments 20 prostrate spurge seed were applied to the container surface 30 days after potting. In all experiments, weed count and weight were less in dibbled containers compared to topdressed. Across all experiments, weed shoot weights at or beyond 90 days after potting were from 31 to 888% greater in topdressed containers, compared to dibbled containers. Overall, dibbling fertilizer greatly reduced weed growth while producing no visible difference in ornamental plant growth.
Micropropagation of Virginia Sweetspire (Itea virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’)
Authors: Lindstrom Jon T. , Pelto Matthew C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The woody shrub, Itea virginica L., Virginia sweetspire, has recently increased in popularity due to its multiple seasons of interest in the landscape. In this study, we investigated micropropagation as a means to produce this plant. Combinations of BA (1, 4, and 10 μM) and NAA (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 μM) were evaluated for in vitro shoot induction in Itea virginica L. ‘Henry's Garnet’ on a Murashige and Skoog medium. The best combination of BA and NAA (4 μM and 0.1 μM) yielded an average of 7.9 microshoots per explant for ‘Henry's Garnet’. When dipped in a common auxin-containing, commercial rooting formulation, microshoots rooted ex vitro within four weeks. Tissue-culture produced plantlets of I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ flowered one year after removal from culture.
Trifluralin (Preen) Dissipation from the Surface Layer of a Soilless Plant Growth Substrate
Authors: Judge Caren A. , Neal Joseph C. , Leidy Ross B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Southeastern U.S. container nursery crop production relies upon frequent applications of preemergence herbicides for broad-spectrum weed control. An experiment was conducted to determine the length of residual control and the sensitivity of two grass species to Preen (trifluralin) applied to the surface of a pine bark:sand (7:1 by vol) potting substrate. The experiment was conducted twice at each of two locations during 2001. Samples of the potting substrate were taken 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after treatment (DAT) for laboratory analysis. Trifluralin was extracted from the potting substrate and quantified using gas chromatographic techniques. Large crabgrass and perennial ryegrass were seeded 0, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 DAT to bioassay for herbicide residues. Shoot and root length were measured two weeks after each seeding date. Preen residues in the surface of the potting substrate decreased rapidly after application and leveled off approximately 21 DAT. Based on the bioassay, March applications of Preen controlled large crabgrass and perennial ryegrass for 37 days or greater while May and June applications of Preen controlled the two species for only 3 to 21 days. These results suggest that trifluralin reapplication should be more frequent than the common interval of 56 to 70 days in the southeastern United States.
Florida Nursery Sales and Economic Impacts of 14 Potentially Invasive Landscape Plant Species
Authors: Wirth Ferdinand F. , Davis Kathy J. , Wilson Sandra B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association (FNGA) and the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC) recently asked nurserymen to stop production of 45 potentially invasive plant species that are relatively insignificant in the ornamental horticulture market. Controversies surround 14 additional species designated as invasive by the FLEPPC, but which are highly ornamental, widely used in landscaping, or have high economic value according to the FNGA. A mail survey of Florida ornamental nursery growers identified sales volume and value for each of these species. Economic output and employment impacts were calculated to determine the effect phasing-out these species may have on Florida's nursery industry. Total statewide sales of the 14 species were estimated at $45 million in 2001, with $34 million in-state and $11 million out-of-state. These sales translate into combined economic output impacts of $59 million and employment impacts of 800 jobs for Florida's economy, accounting for about 3% of total statewide output and employment impacts created by the ornamental nursery industry. These estimated impacts should not be interpreted as the expected industry loss from a phase-out of these species. If a species is not available for purchase, consumers will probably substitute alternative species, reducing the effect of any phase-out.
Survey of the Monitoring and Control Practices for Arthropod Pests by the Nursery Industry in Pennsylvania
Authors: Hoover Kelli , Sellmer James C. , Ostiguy Nancy 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effort to encourage the nursery industry to adopt IPM practices has met with varied success. In 2000, a survey was conducted to assess the monitoring and control practices for arthropod pests by the nursery industry in Pennsylvania, a state that ranks fourth in the nation in the number of certified nursery and greenhouse producers. Most respondents were the owner or partner of the operation and were responsible for the monitoring and pest management decisions for the firm. Most respondents reported that they identify the specific insect or mite when monitoring, but their ability to do this increased with their level of formal education. Most respondents did not keep permanent records of pest problems, although record keeping increased as total sales increased. Commonly reported cultural control practices included isolation of plants with pest problems for treatment, planting and selling plants hardy to the area, and selling resistant cultivars, although the use of these practices increased with more formal education. Over half of the respondents indicated that they often use cultural practices and select pesticides that conserve beneficial insects, yet 62% never release beneficials. Respondents that earned less than $50,000 in 1998 were least likely to spray whether pests were present or not or to characterize their use of chemical pesticides as ‘ often. ’ However, a majority of respondents reported that they ‘often’ use chemical pesticides (61 %) and ‘rarely’ or ‘never’ use less toxic alternatives such as horticultural oils, insecticidal soaps, or natural products, with some exceptions; 55% of landscape nurseries and 47% of garden centers reported often using oils and natural products, respectively. Although the nursery industry in Pennsylvania has adopted several cultural practices that are important components of IPM, results from the survey indicate that demonstrations of and education about the use, cost-benefits, and efficacy of less toxic alternatives to chemical pesticides and release of beneficials for the control of insects and mites are needed to convince the nursery industry to increase their adoption of these IPM tactics.
Auxin Application to Stem Cuttings of Selected Woody Landscape Plants by Incorporation Into a Stabilized Organic Rooting Substrate
Authors: Blythe Eugene K. , Sibley Jeff L. , Tilt Ken M. , Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Buxus sinica var. insularis ‘Wintergreen’, Elaeagnus x ebbingei, Ficus benjamina, Gardenia augusta ‘Radicans’, Ilex glabra ‘Nigra’, Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’, Juniperus conferta ‘Blue Pacific’, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, and Trachelospermum asiaticum were inserted into a stabilized organic rooting substrate (plugs comprised of peat and a polymer binder) that had been soaked in water, aqueous solutions of K-IBA (15 to 75 ppm), or K-IBA + K-NAA (15 ppm + 7.5 ppm to 60 ppm + 30 ppm). Rooting and initial shoot growth responses were compared with cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip in K-IBA (1000 ppm) or K-IBA + K-NAA (1000 ppm + 500 ppm). Rooting percentage, number of roots per rooted cutting, and total root length per rooted cutting for cuttings rooted in auxin-treated plugs were similar to or greater than cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip; lesser results were obtained in a few cases with K-IBA + K-NAA. Percent of rooted cuttings with new shoots and shoot length per rooted cutting for cuttings rooted in plugs treated with K-IBA were mostly similar to cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip in K-IBA, while cuttings rooted in plugs treated with K-IBA + K-NAA exhibited similar or lesser results compared to cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip in K-IBA + K-NAA.