bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflation without a trace of lambda
Authors: Barrow John D. , Cotsakis Spiros 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe generalise Einstein’s formulation of the traceless Einstein equations tof(R) gravity theories. In the case of the vacuum traceless Einstein equations, we show that a non-constant Weyl tensor leads via a conformal transformation to a dimensionally homogeneous (‘no-scale’) theory in the conformal frame with a scalar field source that has an exponential potential. We then formulate the traceless version off(R) gravity, and we find that a conformal transformation leads to a no-scale theory conformally equivalent to general relativity and a scalar field$$\phi $$ϕwith a potential given by the scale-invariant form:$$V(\phi )=\frac{D-2}{4D}Re^{-\phi }$$V(ϕ)=D-24DRe-ϕ, where$$\phi =[2/(D-2)]\ln f^{\prime }(R)$$ϕ=[2/(D-2)]lnf′(R). In this theory, the cosmological constant is a mere integration constant, statistically distributed in a multiverse of independent causal domains, the vacuum energy is another unrelated arbitrary constant, and the same is true of the height of the inflationary plateau present in a huge variety of potentials. Unlike in the conformal equivalent of full general relativity, flat potentials are found to be possible in all spacetime dimensions for polynomial lagrangians of all orders. Hence, we are led to a novel interpretation of the cosmological constant vacuum energy problem and have accelerated inflationary expansion in the very early universe with a very small cosmological constant at late times for a wide range of no-scale theories. Fine-tunings required in traceless general relativity or standard non-tracelessf(R) theories of gravity are avoided. We show that the predictions of the scale-invariant conformal potential are completely consistent with microwave background observational data concerning the primordial tilt and the tensor-to-scalar ratio.
A DNA-Launched Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicits CD8+ T-cell Immunity to Promote In Vivo Tumor Control
Authors: Xu Ziyang , Chokkalingam Neethu , Tello-Ruiz Edgar , Wise Megan C. , Bah Mamadou A. , Walker Susanne , Tursi Nicholas J. , Fisher Paul D. , Schultheis Katherine , Broderick Kate E. , Humeau Laurent , Kulp Daniel W. , Weiner David B. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Cytolytic T cells (CTL) play a pivotal role in surveillance against tumors. Induction of CTL responses by vaccination may be challenging, as it requires direct transduction of target cells or special adjuvants to promote cross-presentation. Here, we observed induction of robust CTL responses through electroporation-facilitated, DNA-launched nanoparticle vaccination (DLnano-vaccines). Electroporation was observed to mediate transient tissue apoptosis and macrophage infiltration, which were deemed essential to the induction of CTLs by DLnano-vaccines through a systemic macrophage depletion study. Bolus delivery of protein nano-vaccines followed by electroporation, however, failed to induce CTLs, suggesting direct in vivo production of nano-vaccines may be required. Following these observations, new DLnano-vaccines scaffolding immunodominant melanoma Gp100 and Trp2 epitopes were designed and shown to induce more potent and consistent epitope-specific CTL responses than the corresponding DNA monomeric vaccines or CpG-adjuvanted peptide vaccines. DNA, but not recombinant protein, nano-vaccinations induced CTL responses to these epitopes and suppressed melanoma tumor growth in mouse models in a CD8+ T-cell–dependent fashion. Further studies to explore the use of DLnano-vaccines against other cancer targets and the biology with which they induce CTLs are important.
PRPS-ST: A Protocol-Agnostic Self-training Method for Gene Expression–Based Classification of Blood Cancers
Authors: Jiang Aixiang , Hilton Laura K. , Tang Jeffrey , Rushton Christopher K. , Grande Bruno M. , Scott David W. , Morin Ryan D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Gene expression classifiers are gaining increasing popularity for stratifying tumors into subgroups with distinct biological features. A fundamental limitation shared by current classifiers is the requirement for comparable training and testing datasets. Here, we describe a self-training implementation of our probability ratio-based classification prediction score method (PRPS-ST), which facilitates the porting of existing classification models to other gene expression datasets. In comparison with gold standards, we demonstrate favorable performance of PRPS-ST in gene expression–based classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) using a diverse variety of gene expression data types and preprocessing methods, including in classifications with a high degree of class imbalance. Tumors classified by our method were significantly enriched for prototypical genetic features of their respective subgroups. Interestingly, this included cases that were unclassifiable by established methods, implying the potential enhanced sensitivity of PRPS-ST.

Significance:
The adoption of binary classifiers such as cell of origin (COO) has been thwarted, in part, by the challenges imposed by batch effects and continual evolution of gene expression technologies. PRPS-ST resolves this by enabling classifiers to be ported across platforms while retaining high accuracy.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 215
A corrente da “educação popular” e as lutas pela hegemonia na história cultural da educação na nossa América
Authors: Hasrun Jessica Anahí Visotsky 
Published: September 2020

Este trabalho visa contribuir para o estudo da história da pedagogia e dos educadores que, nos períodos anteriores e posteriores às ditaduras do Cone Sul, desenvolveram uma práxis baseada no acúmulo de experiências educacionais desenvolvidas no calor dos processos emancipatórios. Estamos interessados ​​em aprofundar essa contribuição na perspectiva da história social e cultural.
Entendemos que cada trabalho desta linha que resgata tradições, visões e saberes a respeito do saber pedagógico e da experiência acumulada na prática educacional no contexto de projetos políticos enmancipatórios em nossa América, é uma contribuição relevante que ainda precisa ser aprofundada. Há um campo de saberes, saberes, experiências educacionais em nosso continente que continuam a resgatar e a tornar visíveis desde o presente, entendendo que ditos saberes e experiências deram origem a uma corrente de pensamento e ação educativa situada em nossa América, nascida do genuíno. desses territórios, daquele húmus gerado desde a revolução haitiana, as lutas indígenas, as lutas pela primeira independência e as das décadas de 1960 e 1970, todas elas lutas incansáveis ​​dos povos de um continente que não para de resistir ao colonialismo há mais de 500 anos e que criou uma tendência pedagógica no calor dessas resistências.
Antithrombotic Effects of Combined PAR (Protease-Activated Receptor)-4 Antagonism and Factor Xa Inhibition
Authors: Meah Mohammed N. , Raftis Jennifer , Wilson Simon J. , Perera Vidya , Garonzik Samira M. , Murthy Bindu , Everlof J. Gerry , Aronson Ronald , Luettgen Joseph , Newby David E. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
PAR (protease-activated receptor)-4 antagonism has antiplatelet effects under conditions of high shear stress. We aimed to establish whether PAR4 antagonism had additive antithrombotic activity in the presence of factor Xa inhibition in an ex vivo model of acute arterial injury.

Approach and Results:

Fifteen healthy volunteers (29±6 years, 7 women) completed a phase zero double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial. Ex vivo platelet activation, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation were measured following blood perfusion of low shear and high shear stress chambers. Upstream of the chambers, extracorporeal blood was admixed with (1) vehicle, (2) low-dose apixaban (20 ng/mL), (3) high-dose apixaban (80 ng/mL), (4) BMS-986141 (400 ng/mL), (5) BMS-968141 and low-dose apixaban, or (6) BMS-968141 and high-dose apixaban in 6 sequential studies performed in random order. Compared with vehicle, BMS-986141 demonstrated selective inhibition of PAR4-AP (agonist peptide)–stimulated platelet aggregation, platelet-monocyte aggregates, and P-selectin expression (
P
≤0.01 for all). Total thrombus area was reduced under both low shear and high shear stress conditions for all drug infusions (
P
<0.0001 for all versus vehicle). BMS-968141 reduced total (≤44.4%) and platelet-rich (≤39.3%) thrombus area, whereas apixaban reduced total (≤42.9%) and fibrin-rich (≤31.6%) thrombus area. Combination of BMS-986141 with apixaban caused a further modest reduction in total thrombus area (9.6%–12.4%), especially under conditions of high shear stress (
P
≤0.027).

Conclusions:
In the presence of factor Xa inhibition, PAR4 antagonism with BMS-986141 further reduces thrombus formation, especially under conditions of high shear stress. This suggests the potential for additive efficacy of combination PAR4 antagonism and factor Xa inhibition in the prevention of atherothrombotic events.
A Dipole Mode of Spring Precipitation between Southern China and Southeast Asia Associated with the Eastern and Central Pacific Types of ENSO
Authors: Park Chang-Kyun , Park Doo-Sun R. , Ho Chang-Hoi , Park Tae-Won , Kim Jinwon , Jeong Sujong , Kim Baek-Min 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBecause spring precipitation in East Asia is critical for recharging water resources after dry winters, its spatiotemporal variations and related mechanisms need in-depth research. This study analyzed a leading spatiotemporal variability of precipitation over East Asia for boreal spring (March–May) during 1979 to 2017. We found that a dipole mode dominates the anomalous spring precipitation between southern China and Southeast Asia with significant interannual and decadal variations. The interannual dipole mode is attributable to the eastern Pacific (EP)-type El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) while the decadal dipole mode is related to the decadal variation of the central Pacific (CP)-type ENSO. In the El Niño phases of both time scales, the anticyclonic anomaly over the South China Sea and Philippines causes moisture convergence (divergence) over southern China (Southeast Asia), resulting in positive (negative) precipitation anomalies therein; the opposite occurs in the La Niña phases. The ensemble experiments using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.1 confirmed that the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) in the EP- and CP-type ENSO can be the major drivers of the interannual and decadal dipole modes, respectively. About half of 15 climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) showed that the El Niño phase of dipole mode will become dominant in the future. The individual models’ future projections however considerably vary, implying that there is still large uncertainty.
New Allometric Equations for Arctic Shrubs and Their Application for Calculating the Albedo of Surfaces with Snow and Protruding Branches
Authors: Belke-Brea M. , Domine F. , Boudreau S. , Picard G. , Barrere M. , Arnaud L. , Paradis M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractArctic shrubs reduce surface albedo in winter when branches protrude above the snow. To calculate the albedo of those mixed surfaces, the branch area index (BAI) of Arctic shrubs needs to be known. Moreover, an exposed-vegetation function is required to determine the BAI for protruding branches only. This study used a structural analysis of 30Betula glandulosashrubs, sampled near Umiujaq, northern Quebec, to (i) establish an allometric relationship between shrub height and BAI and (ii) determine a specific exposed-vegetation function for Arctic shrubs. The spectral albedo (400–1080 nm) of mixed surfaces was then simulated with the equations derived from this study and validated with in situ measured spectra. Shrubs were sampled from two sites, one along the coast and the other in a nearby valley. The shrub height–BAI relationship varied between both sites. BAI values of shrubs growing in the wind-sheltered valley were 30%–50% lower. The exposed-vegetation function obtained here differed from the linear functions found in the literature. The linear functions strongly overestimated the BAI of exposed branches. Albedo was well simulated with an accuracy of 3% when using an allometric relationship adapted to the environmental conditions of our study site. However, simulated albedo values were consistently higher than field measurements, probably because radiation absorbed by impurities and buried branches was neglected in the model. We conclude that specific exposed-vegetation and allometric equations need to be implemented in models to accurately simulate the albedo of mixed snow–shrub surfaces.
An Objective Method for Probabilistic Forecasting of Multimodal Kuroshio States using Ensemble Simulation and Machine Learning
Authors: Aoki Kunihiro , Miyazawa Yasumasa , Hihara Tsutomu , Miyama Toru 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a method for detecting the ensemble means, spreads, and occurrence probabilities for each of the multiple Kuroshio states. This is accomplished by classifying the forecasts of the ensemble members with a Gaussian mixture distribution model, a machine learning method. Ensemble simulations with 80 members are conducted to reproduce possible occurrences of the multiple Kuroshio states, targeting the large meander event in 2017. To test its performance, first, the method is applied for the southernmost latitude, a conventional index that represents meander intensity. The results show that the Kuroshio initially taking the nearshore nonlarge meander state bifurcates into the large meander and offshore nonlarge meander states, which occur with similar probabilities. Both developments are accompanied by positive potential energy extraction rates, consistent with baroclinic instability. As a more objective approach, the method is then applied for the dominant modes derived from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the sea surface height field in the entire Kuroshio region. Importantly, almost identical results can be achieved. In particular, the bimodality between the large meander and nonlarge meander is shown to appear on the axis of the first EOF mode. From a mathematical perspective, this mode can be interpreted as the singular vector which grows most rapidly following the time-evolution operator. Finally, the multimodality of the Kuroshio is reinterpreted as a phase transition phenomenon where the nearshore nonlarge meander constitutes the basic state.
Safe but isolated – an interview study with Iraqi refugees in Sweden about social networks, social support, and mental health
Authors: Sundvall Maria , Titelman David , DeMarinis Valerie , Borisova Liubov , Çetrez Önver 
Published: September 2020

Background: Problems with social networks and social support are known to be associated with mental ill-health in refugees. Social support after migration promotes resilience. Aim: To study how Iraqi refugees who arrived in Sweden after the year 2000 perceived their social networks and social support, and to relate the observed network characteristics and changes to the refugees’ mental health and well-being. Method: Semi-structured interviews with 31 refugees, including questions on background and migration experiences, a biographical network map, and three health assessment scales. The findings were analysed with descriptive statistics and content thematic analysis. Results: The respondents’ networks were diminished. Social support was continued to be provided mainly by family members and supplemented by support from authorities. The main themes of the refugee experience of post-migration challenges were weakened social networks, barriers to integration and challenges to cultural and religious belonging. Failed reunion and worrying about relatives was described as particularly painful. Negative contacts with authority persons were often seen as humiliating or discriminating. Acquiring a new cultural belonging was described as challenging. At the same time, changing family and gender roles made it more difficult to preserve and develop the culture of origin. Traumatic experiences and mental health problems were common in this group. Family issues were more often than integration difficulties associated with mental health problems. Conclusion: In order to strengthen post-migration well-being and adaptation, authorities should support the refugees’ social networks. Clinicians need to address post-migration problems and challenges, including the meaning and function of social networks.
Depression literacy and the related factors among a group of hospitals’ staff in Iran
Authors: kheirabadi Dorna , Kheirabadi Gholam Reza , Tarrahi Mohammad Javad 
Published: September 2020

Background: Having a proper approach to depression requires having sufficient depressive literacy in the affected person. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the level of depression literacy among hospital staff affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) and to reveal the risk factors and knowledge gaps. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 760 participants from university hospital staff at IUMS who were selected by a census method from April 2018 to December 2018. The data regarding depression signs and symptoms, anti-depressant drugs safety, non-medical treatment efficacy, etc. were collected using the Depression Literacy Questionnaire (D-Lit-22) and were analysed by SPSS-20, using the Pearson correlation coefficient, independent Samples t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) ( p ⩽ .05). Results: The mean age of participants was 35.33 ± 8.00 years old and 77.6% of them were female. The mean of the total score of depression literacy was 11.62 ± 3.53. Depression Literacy score was significantly higher in those with higher education levels, female gender and clinical staff ( p < .001). The inability to distinguish depression from other mental disorders as well as having wrong beliefs about suitable treatment approaches were the most considerable gaps in depression literacy. Conclusion: Male gender, low level of academic education and working in non-medical wards are the main factors associated with lower depression literacy in our studied sample. The poor differentiation of depression and wrong beliefs in depression treatment modalities were the largest gaps which require more educational programmes.
Irreversible electroporation ablation against subcutaneously implanted VX2 tumors in rabbits: findings of shearwave ultrasound elastography
Authors: Chen Rui , Li Sheng , Wu Limei , Qiao Xueyan , Luo Yanhua , Zhou Xiaohua , Qiu Shaodong , Chen Fei 
Published: September 2020

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate stiffness changes of rabbit subcutaneous VX2 tumors before and after irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablationby shearwave ultrasound elastography (SWE). Methods IRE was performed on 20 subcutaneously implanted VX2 tumors in rabbits (R-SIVX2). Tumor stiffness was measured by SWE at different time points (before IRE,120minutes after IRE,7 days after IRE and 14 days after IRE). Results Before IRE, the mean stiffness (Emean) of tumors was (10.45 ± 1.07) KPa. 120 minutes after I RE, the Emean of tumors obviously rose to (70.53 ± 9.87) KPa. 7 days after IRE, the Emean of tumors decreased to (40.22 ± 9.01) KPa. 14 days after IRE, the Emean of tumors was (15.17 ± 1.00) KPa. A clear boundary was observed between the ablation area and the normal tissues in the pathological results. Conclusions The stiffness of the VX2 tumors experienced a first rise process and tend to be normal in the procedure of IRE. SWE could provide tissue stiffness information of different IRE ablation period as a non-invasive method.
The Pervasive Constitution: The Constitution Outside of the Courts
Authors: Appleby Gabrielle , MacDonnell Vanessa , Synot Eddie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe constitution pervades the governance practices of a state, far beyond its application and interpretation in the courts. This Special Issue draws together a field of scholarship that considers these extrajudicial dimensions of constitutional practice to reveal a very different constitution to the juridified version. It is a more complex, dynamic and pervasive vision of the constitution, focused on the ongoing relationships of a broader set of constitutional institutions and actors. These relationships are mediated by the legal and political dimensions of the constitution and by the narratives and symbolism that grow up around it. In this introduction, we explore three themes of the pervasive constitution: the importance of constitutional narratives and symbols, the multiplicity of constitutional actors and the relational nature of constitutionalism. This recalibrated understanding of the constitution reveals constitutional actors and power dynamics that are often invisible in more traditional accounts of constitutionalism. This recalibration is particularly important in addressing contemporary constitutional challenges. In settler systems hoping to decolonise, courts have proven important but insufficient sites of constitutional change, and it is in political spaces that new constitutional stories can be told, stories which acknowledge the full sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and their claim to territory. In countries experiencing democratic backsliding, extrajudicial actors have been championed as the backstops to democracy and human rights. We argue that only by understanding the space outside the courts will we appreciate the breadth of new constitutional possibilities.
Indigenous Constitutionalism and Dispute Resolution Outside the Courts: An Invitation
Authors: Drake Karen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Supreme Court of Canada’s jurisprudence on constitutionally protected Aboriginal rights filters Indigenous laws through the lens of liberal constitutionalism, resulting in distortions of Indigenous law. To overcome this constitutional capture, this article advocates for an institution that facilitates dispute resolution between Canadian governments and Indigenous peoples grounded in Indigenous constitutionalism. To avoid a pan-Indigenous approach, this article focuses on Anishinaabe constitutionalism as one example of Indigenous constitutionalism. It highlights points of contrast between Anishinaabe constitutionalism’s and liberalism’s foundational norms and dispute resolution procedures. This article argues that a hybrid institution—combining features of both liberalism and Indigenous constitutionalism—would merely reproduce the constitutional capture of Aboriginal rights jurisprudence. It also illustrates how the procedures of talking circles—which are one means of giving effect to persuasive compliance—promote the voice of all involved. Finally, this article argues that from the perspective of Anishinaabe constitutionalism, the non-binding nature of the processes offered by the new institution would be a strength, not a drawback.