bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Johannes Pedersen, Encyclopaedia of Islam og den muslimske verden
Authors: Simonsen Jørgen Bæk 
Published: March 2020

Jørgen Bæk Simonsen: Johannes Pedersen, Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim World. The manuscript collection at the Royal Library consists of a very large collection of papers by the Danish Orientalist Johannes Pedersen (1883–1977). Pedersen’s works were of great importance to the study of Islam and Muslim culture and, in 1949, he was therefore appointed by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters to represent Danish Orientalist research in a joint European initiative to publish a new edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, which had first been published between 1910 and 1934, with a supplementary volume in German, English and French in 1930. Pedersen was the host of an editorial meeting held in Copenhagen in September, 1955. Pedersen’s papers illustrate how the group of European Orientalists at the meeting was required to deal with criticism from Muslim groups. In the summer of 1955, a small pamphlet was published in Pakistan with the title No Muslim Participation??? that criticised the manner in which the editorial board behind the new publication of the Encyclopaedia of Islam was established. The pamphlet was followed up by protests directed against the editorial board that, at its meeting in Copenhagen, was obliged to address the issue. Pedersen’s papers also show that individual German Orientalists felt left out of the joint European initiative to prepare a new edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, and it is concluded that letters sent to Pedersen are evidence of the fact that it was German Orientalists who mobilised groups in Pakistan to criticise the composition of the editorial board.
Den første ‘grænseredder’: Ejnar Vaaben og den berlinske linie
Authors: Lauridsen John T. 
Published: March 2020

John T. Lauridsen: The first “border saver”. Ejnar Vaaben and the Berlin Line. Ejnar Vaaben was a Danish Nazi at a relatively early point in time and established contacts with the prototype of the NSDAP (the National Socialist German Workers’ Party) and some of its leaders in Germany before Hitler took power in January 1933. These contacts were of such significance at the time, and later, that Vaaben attributed to himself the honour of having led the German Nazis to maintain the Danish-German border as it was. According to him, he also attempted to work for a change of the border in Denmark’s favour. The article examines the limited material on Vaaben’s presumed border-change activities and alleged close contact with, and influence on, the Nazi leaders, just as his later efforts during the German occupation are viewed in this light, since his memoirs, written later, are compared with material from the same period. The conclusion drawn is that this was a self-centred, self-aggrandising assessment on the part of Vaaben, masking the attempt of an insignificant political fantasist and traitor to earn a place in Danish history.
Menneskerettighedspolitik fra neden? Sakharovhøringen i København oktober 1975
Authors: Boel Bent 
Published: March 2020

Bent Boel: Human Rights Policy From Below? The International Sakharov Hearing, Copenhagen, October 1975. The International Sakharov Hearings (1975–1985), have been hailed as “one of the most established tools for informing the West” about the human rights situation in the USSR, and yet very little has been written about them. This article tries to shed light on the origins of the process, i.e., the First International Sakharov Hearing, which was held in response to Andrei Sakharov’s “Moscow Appeal” (February 1974). The hearing was originally suggested in June 1974, but it only took place after a lengthy process in Copenhagen, October 1975. The existing, rather sparse, literature focuses on the travails of the hearing, and, in particular, Soviet counter-measures. It also tends to highlight the relative success of such policies in the short term: the KGB managed to influence the Danish media coverage and Soviet pressure may have been instrumental in ensuring that the Danish Social Democratic government kept a low profile during the hearing. Such a narrative, however, needs to be amended. Firstly, the International Sakharov Hearing was an amazing success story: a tiny, obscure, and allegedly rather dubious group (the “Common Committee of East Exiles in Denmark”), initially without any parliamentary support, managed to gather significant establishment support and to obtain the privilege of holding a hearing in Christiansborg, the Danish Parliament building, about a theme likely to cause trouble in Denmark’s relationship with the Soviet Union. Secondly, while Anker Jørgensens government kept a low profile, his party was actually first among the major Danish parties to accept the proposal to hold the meeting. Thirdly, the hearing’s key opponent was the Liberal Party (“Venstre”), which was hostile both while it was in government and after it lost power in the January 1975 elections. Fourthly, while the hearing, certainly, was harshly criticized in the media, such coverage is most likely better explained by what happened at the gathering than by KGB manipulation or political bias in the press. Finally, a number of issues are in need of further investigation, including the concrete impact of real (KGB) or alleged (CIA) actions taken by foreign secret services on the Sakharov Hearing and the role of transnational Eastern European exile networks.
Basedow på dansk. En 200-årig misforståelse i pædagogikkens historie
Authors: Fink-Jensen Morten 
Published: March 2020

The educational ideas of the Enlightenment gained marked acceptance in Denmark towards the end of the 18th century in the form of the so-called philanthropic movement.The dominant figure in this movement was the German educational theorist Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724–90), and since the 19th century it has been generally believed that Basedow’s book entitled Effective guidelines for the optimal education of children was a telling expression of the movement’s influence in Denmark. This work has in reality nothing to do with Basedow, but is rather a translation of a 17th century French educational handbook. Contrary to what has hitherto been believed, a Danish translation of Baselow could not therefore be helpful in raising interest in philanthropism.
Paul von Klenau og hans niende symfoni. Kilderne, værket, receptionen
Authors: Krabbe Niels 
Published: March 2020

Niels Krabbe: Paul von Klenau and his ninth Symphony – the sources, the work, the reception
In 2001, the Royal Library learned about a comprehensive private collection in Vienna that contained music, letters and lecture manuscripts, photographs and other archive materials of the Danish composer Paul von Klenau (1883–1946). A preliminary survey of the collection revealed that the contents included a number of music manuscripts (symphonies, chamber music concerts and more), which were not known from the rest of the library’s major collection of Klenau works. The collection’s greatest and most interesting work was a major complete “Ninth Symphony” for orchestra, choir and four soloists in eight movements, for a Latin text with a mix of liturgical texts from the Catholic requiem and texts of unknown provenance.In 2005, the library succeeded in acquiring the collection and it was transferred to the Royal Library. Subsequently, the Danish Centre for Music Publication (DCM) organised a philological adaptation and published Symphony No. 9 for the purpose of the premier performance of the work, which duly took place 70 years after it was written, performed as a Thursday Concert in March 2014 and conducted by Michael Schønwandt.Klenau had worked in Germany as a composer and conductor in the 1920s and 1930s. He returned to Denmark in 1939 where he stayed for the rest of his life. Because of his extensive German background he did not receive high recognition in Danish music, despite the range and nature of his musical output. This was mainly because of his relationship with the Third Reich and Nazism, which affected his last years and his posthumous reputation.Symphony No. 9 was composed in the years 1944–45, and is a mix of requiem and a symphony, each in four movements. Due to the text, the work is both a traditional requiem and a requiem about the war. Both in its expression and in its length, it is probably the greatest symphony ever written by a Danish composer.The premier in 2014 received mixed reviews, and Klenau’s attitude to Nazism was discussed once again. The work was criticised for its eclectic character with its mix of late romantic forms of expression on the one side and its accomplished dodecaphonic passages on the other.The newly available Klenau collection from Vienna, including the treated Symphony No. 9, has nuanced and problematised Klenau’s position in Danish music history.
“Da bedstefar var dreng og Danmark var i krig”. Almindelige danskeres erindringer og selvbiografier om Besættelsen 1940-45
Authors: Eklund-Jürgensen Lene 
Published: March 2020

Lene Eklund-Jürgensen: “Da bedstefar var dreng og Danmark var i krig” (When grandfather was a boy and Denmark was at war). Memories and autobiographies of ordinary Danish people concerning the Occupation 1940–45
In the last few years, the Dansk Historisk Bibliografi (Danish Historical Bibliography) database has included a number of autobiographies covering the period 1940–45. These collections of accounts provide a voice for ordinary Danes, describing how they as children experienced the occupation and how since then, they have reflected over that period of their lives. The authors’ autobiographies build up a narrative about the occupation, drawing on both personal experiences and memories and events the authors have been witness to, as well as the memories and experiences of other people that they have heard about or read about. It can often be difficult to separate the memories of these personal experiences from more general reported experiences that many Danes experienced. Autobiographies’ memories from periods other than 1940–45, are strongly egocentric and focus on private experiences, in contrast to the memories about the occupation which focus on the period as a collective experience. This narrative provides a personal angle, where the author’s own experiences are added as a supplement to the overall Danish experience. Most often what is described is the how the authors’ families lived during the war and especially, what their parents did during the war and what they experienced during the war. Often, the authors were too young to remember more than voices and scattered dramatic episodes from the occupation. In general, many of the authors personally remember the military planes that flew overhead and episodes relating to the air battles above Denmark. In addition, the authors describe everyday life, the Germans and the first and last day of the occupation. The episodes, experiences and events that the authors draw on in their autobiographies have been described many times before, but the autobiographies provide a double perspective of the occupation, where the authors both recount their childhood memories and at the same time reflect upon these memories many years later. The autobiographies are excellent source material to study the culture of reminiscing and the use of history.
Devotion, Remembrance, and Identity. The Hagiographic Entries and Obituaries in a Parisian Thirteenth-Century Illuminated Psalter Made for Jakob Sunesen
Authors: Vidas Marina 
Published: March 2020

Marina Vidas: Devotion, Remembrance, and Identity: The Hagiographic Entries and Obituaries in a Parisian Thirteenth-Century Illuminated Psalter Made for Jakob Sunesen
The focus of the article is a handsomely illuminated Parisian thirteenth-century Psalter (London, British Library, MS Egerton 2652), which includes in the Calendar feasts of saints venerated in Denmark and, more specifically, in the diocese of Roskilde. A brief description of the manuscript is provided and the scholarly literature about the Psalter is discussed. Then a fresh look is taken at the significance of the hagiographic entries and obituaries in the Calendar. New reasons are provided for identifying the patron of MS Egerton 2652 as the Danish nobleman Jakob Sunesen (d. 1246) who had major landholdings on the island of Sjælland, and had family ties to Roskilde and Paris. The reception of the work after its completion is addressed and it is argued that the Parisian illuminated devotional manuscript might be understood as a symbol of Jakob Sunesen’s high status. It is suggested that Jakob Sunesen’s only surviving child, Ingerd, Countess of Regenstein (c.1200–1258), might have inherited the Psalter and had the obituaries added to the Calendar after her father’s death. The article also seeks to show that the obituaries may not only have served a commemorative purpose but they may have demonstrated and celebrated the manuscript owner’s noble lineage and connections.
J.S. Bach og Danmark. En studie i den danske præsentation og musikfaglige behandling af Bachs værker indtil 1950
Authors: Røllum-Larsen Claus 
Published: March 2020

Claus Røllum-Larsen: J.S. Bach and Denmark
The dissemination and pursuit of Bach’s music in the first decades of the 1800s was characterized by the circle surrounding Peter Grønland, not least C.E.F. Weyse. The dissemination of Bach’s printed works seems to increase around the year 1800, but does not reach a high level until 1850. During the 19th century, there were strongly committed performers, who scheduled Bach’s music: the earliest was Hans Matthison-Hansen (organ works), later — from 1875 — Niels W. Gade (including The St. Matthew Passion), Gottfred Matthison-Hansen (organ works) and Frederik Rung (The St. John Passion and Mass in B minor). Then the Cæcilia Society safeguarded Bach’s greater chorale works all the way up to its discontinuation in 1934, whereupon the Symphony Orchestra of the Danish State Broadcasting Service and the Copenhagen Royal Chapel Choir took over. With the Bach Society, Niels Otto Raasted displayed great activity with regards to exposing Bach’s music in many genres, and in this context presented a number of prominent musicians with backgrounds in the milieu of practicing historical performances in Berlin. From the beginning of the 1930s, Finn Viderø was also heavily engaged in Bach’s music, particularly from the perspective of performance practice. By end of the Second World War, the Bach Society came to an end, while Wöldike together with the Copenhagen Royal Chapel Choir and various orchestras maintained extensive concert activity with Bach’s works. The commemoration in 1950, over which Mogens Wöldike presided, cemented the central position of the Copenhagen Royal Chapel Choir and Wöldike in the dissemination of Bach. The historically- and scientifically-founded approach to the music and the performance of it by these musicians and the music teacher Gunnar Heerup had thereby replaced a more subjective cultivation of Bach, and based on this had established an objective, critical approach to the handling of Bach’s music. This development has not changed the assessment of Bach as a composer; his extraordinary endeavour and “by virtue of Bach’s genius, Bach’s [cantatas and passions] … has become something that is unparalleled anywhere else in the world.” (J.P. Larsen).
Freden i Kiel, Grønland og Nordatlanten 1814-2014
Authors: Kjærgaard Thorkild 
Published: March 2020

Thorkild Kjærgaard: The Peace in Kiel, Greenland, and the North Atlantic, 1814–2014
At the peace conference in Kiel (North Germany) in January 1814, the Danish-Norwegian North Atlantic Empire that controlled an enormous area of land and water, including not only Denmark (with Schleswig-Holstein) and Norway but also Iceland, the Faroe Islands and the huge, thinly populated ice-covered island of Greenland, was dissolved by the victorious powers of the Napoleonic wars. Norway was given to Sweden as compensation for Finland, which Sweden — now in the victorious coalition — had lost to Russia in 1809. Rather surprisingly, the Kingdom of Denmark — now, without Norway, Europe’s smallest independent country — was entrusted with Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, although these three North Atlantic areas since early medieval times had been a part of the Kingdom of Norway. Without question, this was a major historical injustice. For Denmark, the outcome of the 1814 conference in Kiel was twofold: it was reduced to a very small country and it became — and still is — a polar nation, which it had not been before. The article discusses three aspects of this complex. Firstly: What happened in Kiel? Why were the three North Atlantic territories taken from Norway and given to Denmark? Was it, as it has been claimed by a majority of historians, the merit of sly Danish diplomats or was it — as the author believes — the will of the United Kingdom that was imposed on two small countries, Sweden and Denmark? Secondly, it is discussed how Denmark dealt with its new role as a polar nation. It turns out that Denmark initially was a rather hesitant, not to say, unwilling polar nation. Gradually, however, the extraordinary qualities of the North Atlantic islands, especially Greenland, were recognized. Since the end of the 19th century, Greenland has been a major subject of Danish art and literature, just as it has been a decisive dimension of Danish scientific research. The last section of the article deals with the significance of Greenland for Danish security and foreign policy. It is shown how the suffocating dependency on Great Britain after 1814 gradually was reduced thanks to a rapprochement to the new world power, the United States, which very early on showed interest in Greenland, which is, geographically, a part of the North American continent. The close alliance with the United States has saved Greenland for Denmark, just as it has been extremely helpful for Denmark in number of critical situations since 1814, but it also has its price. The price is that Denmark always follows US and never questions US actions. Relatively, Denmark, one of President Bush’s “willing nations,” has had more casualties on the American battlefields in Iraq and Afghanistan than any other of the United States’ allied nations. The Danish soldiers who have been killed on Middle East or Central Asiatic battlefields since 2001 have died for Greenland.
Alex Walter – “… den tyske embedsmand, der overhovedet har gjort Danmark de største tjenester under krigen”
Authors: Nissen Mogens Rostgaard 
Published: March 2020

Mogens Rostgård Nissen: Alex Walter, — “… the German official who rendered the largest services of all to Denmark during the war.”
Alex Walter was head of the German government committee, which during the occupation of Denmark negotiated trade agreements with the corresponding Danish government committee. That is why he had great influence on the economic side of occupation policy, which the German occupying power carried out in Denmark during the war. Walter had a broad knowledge of Danish economy and Danish conditions in general, because since 1932 he had negotiated trade agreements with top Danish officials. At the same time, he was well-known and respected in Denmark, and that was important for the agreements he assisted in concluding during the occupation. Under his leadership, the German occupying power followed a traditional trade policy, which was focused on practical issues and concrete results. It was a policy, which objectively was for the common good of Denmark and Germany. Walter was a very high-level official in the thoroughly Nazified Ministry of Nutrition and Agriculture. His immediate superior, Herbert Backe, was responsible for German food planning, and he had a decisive influence on the Nazi occupation policy for all of Europe, including the exploitation policy, which took place in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. But Denmark followed an entirely different economic track, which was characterized by negotiations and cooperation, and it was very much Walter, who became responsible for planning and implementing this economic policy. Among his negotiation partners in Denmark, Walter was perceived as a reasonable and sensible man, with whom one could negotiate and rely on. There was a clear understanding that Walter had intervened several times during political crises — among other things when the Danish government stood down in August 1943; during the general strike in the summer of 1944 and in connection with the deportation of the police in the autumn of 1944. But he also had a dark Nazi side to him, precisely because he was linked to Backe and the Ministry of Nutrition and Agriculture. After the war, he was interned due to the fact that as a senior official, he had been a member of the Nazi party and held the rank of SS Sturmbannführer. That is why he was only finally acquitted and stripped of his Nazi status in October 1948, a few months before he died.
Composer, Translator and Educator. Kapellmeister Scheibe and the Emerging Liberal Market during the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Hauge Peter 
Published: March 2020

Peter Hauge: Komponist, oversætter og pædagog: Kapelmester Scheibe og det spirende frie marked i anden halvdel af det 18. århundrede
Kapelmesteren Johann Adolph Scheibe (1708-1776), virkede det meste af sit liv i Danmark i en periode, hvor store sociale ændringer fandt sted blandt andet med hensyn til musikeres ansættelsesmuligheder. I nærværende artikel forklares Scheibes forskellige valg med hensyn til arbejde ud fra de muligheder, der bød sig i løbet af de 36 år han var i Danmark: Fra en fast stilling ved hoffet som kapelmester i få år pensioneredes Scheibe i 1748 og flyttede med familien til Sønderborg, hvor han oprettede en musikskole for børn og supplerede sin pension med blandt andet at oversætte bøger fra dansk til tysk; samtidig var han meget aktiv i de forskellige musikalske selskaber i København, hvortil han ofte rejste. Sandsynligvis på grund af de usikre forhold under Syvårskrigen (1756-1763), der også påvirkede Sønderjylland og de danske hertugdømmer, besluttede han sig for at flytte tilbage til København, hvor han nedsatte sig som underviser i komposition og generalbas. Samtidig fik han ofte bestillinger fra hoffet om at komponere større musikalske værker til fejring af officielle begivenheder. Scheibe virkede altså som ‘freelance’ komponist og underviser – en ansættelsesform som i forbindelse med Christian 6.s død i 1766 skabte problemer, idet hoffet ikke ville anerkende, at Scheibe skulle betales for arbejdet. Man mente, at Scheibes pension, som han stadig fik, betød, at han stadig stod til rådighed for hoffet. Scheibes position i dansk musikliv er exceptionel og viser den grynende udvikling af andre mere liberale ansættelsesformer.