bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illicit Tramadol Tablets Traded in Kuwait during 2016 – 2017; Their Analysis by GC/MS and Classification
Authors: Al-Abkal N. A. , Kh Metwally E. , Alezzbawy S. R. , OrabiKh Y. , Alshammari Sh. H. 
Published: June 2020

Aim: To determine the quality and quantity of tramadol traded in the State of Kuwait and its classification.
Study Design: Collected samples of tramadol tablets seized in Kuwait during 2016 & 2017 and a pure tramadol standard, all have been analyzed in the Forensic Laboratories.
Place and Duration of Study: All analyses were conducted during 2016–2017 in the Forensic Laboratories of the General Department of Criminal Evidences – Ministry of Interior – State of Kuwait.
Methodology: A total of fifty samples of non-pure tramadol tablets seized in Kuwait during the year 2016 & 2017 and one pure standard, all have been analyzed by using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).
Results: The fifty collected samples of tramadol could be classified into three groups: The first (Red) group is recorded in 42 samples (84 % of samples) with concentration range between 0.1 mg/ml and 1.1 mg/ml; it has a red color known as (strawberry) which is a street name; it is mixed with carboxylic and silicic acids, the second (White)group is detected in 3 samples, with two different concentrations: One sample has 0.3 mg/ml and the other two samples have 0.4 mg/ml; it is mixed with acidic substances and newly identified venlafaxine and the third (Medical) group is recorded in 5 samples as a pharmaceutical drug with different colors and shapes, one of them was detected as acetaminophen, and hence deleted, while the concentrations recorded for all four tablets are 0.2 mg/ml; it is mixed with acidic substances and venlafaxine.
Conclusion: The main types of tramadol frequently traded in the State of Kuwait, can be divided into the following three groups: First Red Group includes red tablets which represent the most common type traded from Egypt, India and China according to the statistics of United Nations 2013(18), with purity range from 60% to 201%. The Second White Group includes all white tablets which are much less traded than the red tablets, with purity range from 58% to 123% and the Third Medical Group includes adulterated medical tablets which have purity range as 26%.
Pathogenesis and Possible Drug Targets for Covid-19
Authors: Kumar N. Ramesh , Chitra S. 
Published: June 2020

Coronavirus (CoVs) is a large family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of vertebrates. They are extensively found in bats and also in many other birds and mammals including humans. SARS-CoV-2 is a global pandemic and originated from Wuhan States of China. The SARS-CoV-2 is more genetically similar to zoonotic SARS-CoV and less similar to MERS-CoV. The viral surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor of Type II alveolar cells of the lungs and it appears to be the major portal of entry by this virus. The subsequent activation of the spike protein by transmembrane protease-2 and in addition to lung, ACE-2 is highly expressed in heart followed by kidney and intestinal epithelium. SARS-CoV-2 infects more men than women due to ACE-2 receptor on the cells increased with age and generally it was higher in men than in women. The incubation period for this virus varies from place to place and asystematic symptoms are also commonly seen in infected patients. There are a number of pharmaceuticals already being tried and are in different phase levels of testing, but a better understanding of the underlying pathobiology is required. In this circumstance, this article will briefly review the underlying principle for ACE-2 receptor as a specific target. Despite ACE-2 serving as the portal for infection, the role of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers requires further investigation.
Prevalence of Underweight and Associated Factors among Lactating Women in Ethiopia: A Mini-review
Authors: Sserwanja Quraish , Kawuki Joseph 
Published: June 2020

Nutritional status is considered as one of the key indicators of the overall wellbeing of a population. Lactating women and children are among the most vulnerable groups due to their higher nutritional needs and detrimental effects of poor nutrition on their health. Lactating women have increased nutritional needs and if not well met, breast milk quality and quantity are negatively affected, which leads to increased risk for child morbidity and mortality. Studies have been done in the different regions of Ethiopia to assess the nutritional status among lactating women and have reported various prevalence and different associated factors. Despite the different efforts to improve nutrition in Ethiopia, the prevalence of underweight is still high, with most regions having a higher prevalence than the documented 5-20% of African women.
We aimed to review the prevalence and associated factors of underweight among lactating women in Ethiopia. We used literature searched from key databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, among others, to collect relevant information about the prevalence of underweight among pregnant women in Ethiopia.
The mini-review identified the highest prevalence at 50.6% in the Northern parts and the lowest at 17.4% in the Southern parts of Ethiopia. Several factors were identified to be associated with underweight among lactating women in Ethiopia including; dietary diversity score, household food security, family income, place of delivery, nutritional education programs and antenatal care attendance. This implies the need for targeted programs/policies to promote household food security and family income, community nutritional education, and nutritional counselling during antenatal care attendance. Besides, there is a need to conduct national and regional studies to inform policy further since there were more studies done in the Southern parts of the Country with less information from other regions.
Homophobic bullying victimization trajectories: The roles of perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality
Authors: Hatchel Tyler , Ingram Katherine M. , Huang Yuanhong , Espelage Dorothy L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is a paucity of research on developmental trajectories of bias‐based aggression. We examined homophobic bullying victimization trajectories among high school students (N = 3,064; M age = 13.67; Girls = 50.2%) and how these developmental pathways vary as a function of factors like homophobic bullying perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality. Using data from a 3‐wave longitudinal investigation over a 2‐year period, we utilized latent growth mixture modeling to explore the aforementioned trajectories. Findings suggested that there were three distinct classes characterized by high initial rates and declines over time, low initial rates, and increases over time, and low, stable, rate across time. Furthermore, results indicated that homophobic bullying perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality all predicted class membership.
Parallelized Impedance‐Based Platform for Continuous Dose‐Response Characterization of Antischistosomal Drugs
Authors: Ravaynia Paolo S. , Lombardo Flavio C. , Biendl Stefan , Dupuch Matthias A. , Keiser Jennifer , Hierlemann Andreas , Modena Mario M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSchistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by tropical parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma, which parasitizes annually over 200 million people worldwide. Screening of antischistosomal compounds is hampered by the low throughput and potential subjectivity of the visual evaluation of the parasite phenotypes, which affects the current drug assays. Here, an impedance‐based platform, capable of assessing the viability of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula exposed to drugs, is presented. This automated and parallelized platform enables unbiased and continuous measurements of dose–response relationships for more than 48 h. The platform performance is established by exposure of schistosomula to three test compounds, praziquantel, oxethazaine, and mefloquine, which are known to affect the larvae phenotypes. The system is thereafter used to investigate the response of schistosomula to methiothepine, an antipsychotic compound, which causes complex drug‐induced effects. Continuous monitoring of the parasites reveals transient behavioral phenotypes and allows for extracting temporal characteristics of dose–response curves, which are essential for selecting drugs that feature high activity and fast kinetics of action. These measurements demonstrate that impedance‐based detection provides a wealth of information for the in vitro characterization of candidate antischistosomals and, represents a promising tool for the identification of new lead compounds.
Translational Neuroelectronics
Authors: Jastrzebska‐Perfect Patricia , Chowdhury Shilpika , Spyropoulos George D. , Zhao Zifang , Cea Claudia , Gelinas Jennifer N. , Khodagholy Dion 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNeuroelectronic devices are critical for the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions, and are hypothesized to have many more applications. A wide variety of materials and approaches have been utilized to create innovative neuroelectronic device components, from the tissue interface and acquisition electronics to interconnects and encapsulation. Although traditional materials have a strong track record of stability and safety within a narrow range of use, many of their properties are suboptimal for chronic implantation in body tissue. Material advances harnessed to form all the components required for fully integrated neuroelectronic devices hold promise for improving the long‐term efficacy and biocompatibility of these devices within physiological environments. Here, it is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of materials and devices used in translational neuroelectronics, from acquisition and stimulation interfaces to methods for power delivery and real time processing of neural signals.
Controlled Apoptosis of Stromal Cells to Engineer Human Microlivers
Authors: Chen Amanda X. , Chhabra Arnav , Song Hyun‐Ho Greco , Fleming Heather E. , Chen Christopher S. , Bhatia Sangeeta N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEngineered tissue models comprise a variety of multiplexed ensembles in which combinations of epithelial, stromal, and immune cells give rise to physiologic functions. Engineering spatiotemporal control of cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions within these 3D multicellular tissues would represent a significant advance for tissue engineering. In this work, a new method, entitled CAMEO (Controlled Apoptosis in Multicellular tissues for Engineered Organogenesis) enables the noninvasive triggering of controlled apoptosis to eliminate genetically engineered cells from a pre‐established culture. Using this approach, the contribution of stromal cells to the phenotypic stability of primary human hepatocytes is examined. 3D hepatic microtissues, in which fibroblasts can enhance phenotypic stability and accelerate aggregation into spheroids, are found to rely only transiently on fibroblast interaction to support multiple axes of liver function, such as protein secretion and drug detoxification. Due to its modularity, CAMEO has the promise to be readily extendable to other applications that are tied to the complexity of 3D tissue biology, from understanding in vitro organoid models to building artificial tissue grafts.
Controlling the Thermoelectric Properties of Organometallic Coordination Polymers via Ligand Design
Authors: Liu Zilu , Liu Tianjun , Savory Christopher N. , Jurado José P. , Reparaz Juan Sebastián , Li Jianwei , Pan Long , Faul Charl F. J. , Parkin Ivan P. , Sankar Gopinathan , Matsuishi Satoru , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano , Scanlon David O. , Zwijnenburg Martijn A. , Fenwick Oliver , Schroeder Bob C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOrganometallic coordination polymers (OMCPs) are a promising class of thermoelectric materials with high electrical conductivities and thermal resistivities. The design criteria for these materials, however, remain elusive and so far material modifications have been focused primarily on the nature of the metal cation to tune the thermoelectric properties. Herein, an alternative approach is described by synthesizing new organic ligands for OMCPs, allowing modulation of the thermoelectric properties of the novel OMCP materials over several orders of magnitude, as well as controlling the polarity of the Seebeck coefficient. Extensive material purification combined with spectroscopy experiments and calculations furthermore reveal the charge‐neutral character of the polymer backbones. In the absence of counter‐cations, the OMCP backbones are composed of air‐stable, ligand‐centered radicals. The findings open up new synthetic possibilities for OMCPs by removing structural constraints and putting significant emphasis on the molecular structure of the organic ligands in OMCP materials to tune their thermoelectric properties.
Precisely Determined Water Permeabilities of Sub‐100 nm Nanochannels
Authors: Xu Fang‐Fang , Liu Zhi‐Wei , Huang Ran , Zhang Jia‐Ming , Liu Jie , Hu Zheng‐Guo , Ma Jie , Yao Hui‐Jun , Sun You‐Mei , Chen Yong‐Hui , Zhang Sheng‐Xia , Mo Dan , Duan Jing‐Lai 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMembrane ultrafiltration is an extensively used technique for water purification and hence understanding the water flow confined in nanochannels is of vital importance. As a key parameter, water permeability has been the focus of fundamental researches and technical applications. However, water permeability in sub‐100 nm regime is not yet well understood as evidenced by the previously published data which are divergent from theory. Here, the precise determination of water permeabilities of sub‐100 nm nanochannels is reported. This is achieved by the proposed innovative pore diameter‐calibration method with excellent accuracy through replicating the pore geometry, and using the nanoporous ion track‐etched membrane as a model system which features well‐defined, cylindrical, straight, and equally sized nanochannels. Thanks to this accurate calibration method, the measured permeabilities show a remarkably improved precision as compared to the previously reported data. In addition, the measured permeabilities of the ultrafiltration channels are lower than the theoretical predictions. The discrepancy is explained under the framework of the wettability effect. It is expected that the work will shed light on a controversy over a decrease or increase in water permeability of ultrafiltration membranes and also guide the design of ultrafiltration membranes for water purification and separation applications.
Binding Affinity and Conformational Preferences Influence Kinetic Stability of Short Oligonucleotides on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Alizadehmojarad Ali A. , Zhou Xingcheng , Beyene Abraham G. , Chacon Kevin E. , Sung Younghun , Pinals Rebecca L. , Landry Markita P. , Vuković Lela 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDNA polymer‐wrapped single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) finds a widespread use in a variety of nanotechnology applications. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments are used to explore the relationship between structural conformation, binding affinity, and kinetic stability for short single‐stranded oligonucleotides adsorbed on SWNTs. The conformation of 36 oligonucleotide sequences on (9,4) SWNT is computationally screened, where the polymer lengths are selected so the polymers can, to a first approximation, wrap once around the SWNT circumference. The identified conformations can be broadly classified into “rings” and “non‐rings.” Then, 2D conformational free energy landscapes for selected sequences are obtained by temperature replica exchange calculations. Propensity for “ring” conformations are driven primarily by sequence chemistry and the ability of the polymer to form compact structures. However, ring‐formation probability is found to be uncorrelated with free energy of oligonucleotide binding to SWNTs (∆Gbind). Conformational analyses of oligonucleotides, computed free energy of binding of oligonucleotides to SWNTs, and experimentally determined kinetic stability measurements show that ∆Gbind is the primary correlate for kinetic stability. The probability of the sequence to adopt a compact, ring‐like conformation is shown to play a secondary role that still contributes measurably and positively to kinetic stability.
Quasi‐2D Crystalline γ‐Alumina Grown by Graphene‐Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kheirandish Elaheh , Schofield Marvin , Gajdardziska‐Josifovska Marija , Kouklin Nikolai 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study presents a facile high‐yield bottom‐up fabrication and morphology‐structure investigations of a free‐standing network of multi‐layer quasi‐2D flakes consisting of intrinsically nonlayered γ‐Al2O3. The synthesis comprises a multi‐cycle atomic layer deposition (ALD) of amorphous alumina that uses an interconnected graphene network as a growth scaffold followed by ≈800 °C air anneal. The structures are studied by X‐ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, while electric properties are assessed with the help of two‐terminal dc‐transport measurements. The individual flakes comprise nanocrystalline phase cubic spinel γ‐Al2O3 with a close‐packed cubic texture in the 〈111〉cubic ALD‐induced growth direction. The charge transport is confirmed to be Ohmic with the room temperature electrical conductivity approaching ≈10−8 S m−1. This work opens a door to a low‐cost highly scalable synthesis of a variety of quasi‐2D metal oxides for widespread uses ranging from support material, sensing to environmental remediation.
Interface Engineering and Epitaxial Growth of Single‐Crystalline Aluminum Films on Semiconductors
Authors: Zhang Kedong , Xia Shunji , Li Chen , Pan Jiahui , Ding Yuanfeng , Lu Ming‐Hui , Lu Hong , Chen Yan‐Feng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSingle crystalline aluminum (Al) films are grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The high crystalline quality and sharp interfaces of the epitaxial Al films are confirmed by high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Semi‐metallic ErAs is inserted to the Al/GaAs interface to modify the band structure and reduce the optical loss of Al without degrading the crystalline quality. The optical dielectric properties of the Al films are measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry and the optical loss (ε2) is reduced in a broad spectral region from ultraviolet (UV) to near‐infrared compared to the widely quoted Palik's values. In particular, the loss in the visible region is reduced by a factor of three, indicating the effective energy band engineering by ErAs.
Roll‐to‐Roll Production of Novel Large‐Area Piezoelectric Films for Transparent, Flexible, and Wearable Fabric Loudspeakers
Authors: Yildirim Armen , Grant Jesse C. , Song Guochenhao , Yook SungHo , Mutlu Zeynep , Peana Samuel , Dhanabal Aginiprakash , Sinha Sneh K. , Daniels Robert , Bellisario Kristen M. , Sotzing Gregory A. , Huston Davin H. , Pijanowksi Bryan C. , Rahimi Rahim , Liu Yangfan , Cakmak Mukerrem 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigh‐performance flexible loudspeakers have the potential to revolutionize the future of flexible/wearable electronics by providing this long‐sought function. Here, a novel method is developed to produce large‐area, flexible, and transparent piezoelectric loudspeakers, where both piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticles and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are simultaneously aligned in the thickness direction forming dense “nanocolumn forests.” The preferential alignment of the particles not only reduces filler concentration and improves the piezoelectric performance, but also provides transparency to the film by enabling light to travel with little scattering or absorption in the thickness direction. Its potential applications, such as wearable and portable personal audio systems, along with a 9‐ft‐tall immersive walk‐through soundscape structure, are also demonstrated. The performance and the directivity of each loudspeaker are characterized through sound pressure level (SPL) versus frequency measurements over human audio spectrum (20 Hz–20 kHz) in an anechoic chamber. Furthermore, scalability of this unique roll‐to‐roll process is demonstrated on a 44‐ft‐long custom designed roll‐to‐roll (R2R) manufacturing line that can produce these six‐inch‐wide multifunctional films continuously.
Functionalized Tetrapodal Diazatriptycenes for Electrostatic Dipole Engineering in n‐Type Organic Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Rohnacher Valentina , Benneckendorf Frank S. , Münch Maybritt , Sauter Eric , Asyuda Andika , Barf Marc‐Michael , Tisserant Jean‐Nicolas , Hillebrandt Sabina , Rominger Frank , Jänsch Daniel , Freudenberg Jan , Kowalsky Wolfgang , Jaegermann Wolfram , Bunz Uwe H. F. , Pucci Annemarie , Zharnikov Michael , Müllen Klaus 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA diazatriptycene‐based tetrapodal scaffold with thiol anchors enforces a nearly upright orientation of functional groups, introduced to its quinoxaline subunit, with respect to the substrate upon formation of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). Substitution with electron‐withdrawing fluorine and cyano as well as electron‐rich dimethylamino substituents allows tuning of the molecular dipole and, consequently, of the work function of gold over a range of 1.0 eV (from 3.9 to 4.9 eV). The properties of the SAMs are comprehensively investigated by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As prototypical examples for the high potential of the presented SAMs in devices, organic thin‐film transistors are fabricated.
Clarification of the Relationship between the Magnetic and Conductive Properties of Infinite Chains in Trioxotriangulene Radical Crystals by Spin‐Projected DFT/Plane‐Wave Calculations
Authors: Tada Kohei , Kawakami Takashi , Tanaka Shingo , Okumura Mitsutaka , Yamaguchi Kizashi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractApproximate spin projection method and density functional theory with plane‐wave‐based calculations are combined to uncover and clarify the relationship between the magnetism and electronic conductivity of trioxotriangulene (TOT) radical crystals. The presented scheme exhibits an exceptionally high accuracy. It is clearly different from other techniques that have been conventionally used to calculate the magnitude of the effective exchange interaction (J) and the band structure of organic radicals. This enhanced performance is explained by these facts: i) the proposed scheme allows one to estimate band structures with electronic correlation between whole molecules in the crystal, ii) no crystal cutting‐induced artifacts and errors are introduced, and iii) both spin polarization and spin contamination are treated correctly. Consequently, the discrepancy between the experimental J value and the estimated value by the scheme equals 11.1 cm−1. The scheme can be applied to the DFT‐D method, which is mostly considered for dispersion force. The collaboration allows discussions on the relationship between the magnetic and electronic properties, and the geometric structures. Moreover, it gives useful insights for the design of new functional organic materials. For example, the results of Br3‐TOT revealed by the approach better explains the previously reported but nonclarified properties of these species.