bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the cause of thermal droop in GaInN-based LEDs by carrier- and thermo-dynamics analysis
Authors: Han Dong-Pyo , Lee Gyeong Won , Min Sangjin , Shin Dong-Soo , Shim Jong-In , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study aims to elucidate the carrier dynamics behind thermal droop in GaInN-based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by separating multiple physical factors. To this end, first, we study the differential carrier lifetimes (DCLs) by measuring the impedance of a sample LED under given driving-current conditions over a very wide operating temperature range of 300 K–500 K. The measured DCLs are decoupled into radiative carrier lifetime (τR) and nonradiative carrier lifetime (τNR), via utilization of the experimental DCL data, and then very carefully investigated as a function of driving current over a wide range of operating temperatures. Next, to understand the measurement results of temperature-dependent τR and τNR characteristics, thermodynamic analysis is conducted, which enables to look deeply into the temperature-dependent behavior of the carriers. On the basis of the results, we reveal that thermal droop is originated by the complex dynamics of multiple closely interrelated physical factors instead of a single physical factor. In particular, we discuss the inherent cause of accelerated thermal droop with elevated temperature.
Disordered metabolism in mice lacking irisin
Authors: Luo Yunyao , Qiao Xiaoyong , Ma Yaxian , Deng Hongxia , Xu Charles C. , Xu Liangzhi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIrisin is a product of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein (Fndc5) and is involved in the regulation of adipokine secretion and the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In this study, we aimed to determine whether irisin lacking affects glucose/lipid and bone metabolism. We knocked out the Fndc5 gene to generate irisin-lacking mice. Remarkable, irisin lacking was related to poor ‘browning response’, with a bigger size of the intraperitoneal white adipose cell and decreased a number of brown adipose cells in brown adipose of interscapular tissue. The irisin lacking mice had hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, reduced HDL-cholesterol level, increased LDL-cholesterol level, and decreased insulin sensitivity. The lacking of irisin was associated with reduced bone strength and bone mass in mice. The increased number of osteoclasts and higher expression of RANKL indicated increased bone resorption in irisin lacking mice. The level of IL-6 and TNF-α also increased in irisin lacking mice. The results showed that irisin lacking was related to decreased ‘browning response’, glucose/lipid metabolic derangement, and reduced bone mass with increased bone resorption. Further studies are needed to confirm these initial observations and explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of irisin on glucose/lipid and bone metabolism.
Optical observation of needles in upward lightning flashes
Authors: Saba Marcelo M. F. , de Paiva Amanda R. , Concollato Luke C. , Warner Tom A. , Schumann Carina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhy lightning sometimes has multiple discharges to ground is an unanswered question. Recently, the observation of small plasma structures on positive leaders re-ignited the search. These small plasma structures were observed as pulsing radio sources along the positive leader length and were named “needles”. Needles may be the missing link in explaining why lightning flickers with multiple discharges, but this requires further confirmation. In this work we present the first optical observations of these intriguing plasma structures. Our high-speed videos show needles blinking in slow motion in a sequential mode. We show that they are formed at unsuccessful leader branches, are as bright as the lightning leaders, and report several other optical characteristics.
Rapid genomic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 viruses from clinical specimens using nanopore sequencing
Authors: Li Jun , Wang Haoqiu , Mao Lingfeng , Yu Hua , Yu Xinfen , Sun Zhou , Qian Xin , Cheng Shi , Chen Shuchang , Chen Junfang , Pan Jingcao , Shi Jueliang , Wang Xuchu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe novel SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has swiftly spread worldwide. The rapid genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 strains has become a helpful tool for better understanding the genomic characteristics and origin of the virus. To obtain virus whole-genome sequences directly from clinical specimens, we performed nanopore sequencing using a modified ARTIC protocol in a portable nanopore sequencer and validated a routine 8-h workflow and a 5-h rapid pipeline. We conducted some optimization to improve the genome sequencing workflow. The sensitivity of the workflow was also tested by serially diluting RNA from clinical samples. The optimized pipeline was finally applied to obtain the whole genomes of 29 clinical specimens collected in Hangzhou from January to March 2020. In the 29 obtained complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2, 33 variations were identified and analyzed. The genomic variations and phylogenetic analysis hinted at multiple sources and different transmission patterns during the COVID-19 epidemic in Hangzhou, China. In conclusion, the genomic characteristics and origin of the virus can be quickly determined by nanopore sequencing following our workflows.
Power balance and efficiency of metasurface antennas
Authors: Bodehou Modeste , González-Ovejero David , Craeye Christophe , Maci Stefano , Huynen Isabelle , Martini Enrica 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper presents two methods for the efficient evaluation of the power balance in circular metasurface (MTS) antennas implementing arbitrary modulated surface impedances on a grounded dielectric slab. Both methods assume the surface current in the homogenized MTS to be known. The first technique relies on the surface current expansion with Fourier-Bessel basis functions (FBBF) and proceeds by integration of the Poynting vector on a closed surface. The second method is based on the evaluation of the residue of the electric field spectrum at the surface-wave (SW) pole, and is demonstrated by using a current expansion in Gaussian ring basis functions (GRBF). The surface current expansions can be directly obtained either by analyzing the antenna with a Method of Moments (MoM) tool for homogenized MTSs based on FBBF or GRBF, or derived by a projection process. From there, the power contributions, namely the total power delivered by the feed, the radiated power, the SW power, and the Ohmic power losses in the dielectric are computed. Several efficiency metrics are presented and discussed: tapering efficiency, conversion efficiency, loss factor, and diffraction factor. Since the MTS apertures at hand are leaky-wave (LW) antennas, the designer must find a compromise between the aperture efficiency and the conversion efficiency. This requires accurate and fast computational techniques for the efficiency. The present paper demonstrates for the first time that the efficiency of MTS antenna devices can be accurately evaluated in a few minutes. The compromise that should be made during the design process between the tapering efficiency and the conversion efficiency is highlighted. The impact on the efficiency of isotropic versus anisotropic MTS, uniform versus non-uniform modulation index, is analyzed. An excellent agreement is obtained between both approaches, commercial software, and experimental data.
Integrated nano-architectured photocatalysts for photochemical CO2 reduction
Authors: Shit Subhash Chandra , Shown Indrajit , Paul Ratul , Chen Kuei-Hsien , Mondal John , Chen Li-Chyong 
Published: October 2020

Recent advances in nanotechnology, especially the development of integrated nanostructured materials, have offered unprecedented opportunities for photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Development of the English Listening and Reading Computerized Revised Token Test Into Cantonese: Validity, Reliability, and Sensitivity/Specificity in People With Aphasia and Healthy Controls
Authors: Bakhtiar Mehdi , Wong Min Ney , Tsui Emily Ka Yin , McNeil Malcolm R. 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThis study reports the psychometric development of the Cantonese versions of the English Computerized Revised Token Test (CRTT) for persons with aphasia (PWAs) and healthy controls (HCs).MethodThe English CRTT was translated into standard Chinese for the Reading–Word Fade version (CRTT-R-WF-Cantonese) and into formal Cantonese for the Listening version (CRTT-L-Cantonese). Thirty-two adult native Cantonese PWAs and 42 HCs were tested on both versions of CRTT-Cantonese tests and on the Cantonese Aphasia Battery to measure the construct and concurrent validity of CRTT-Cantonese tests. The HCs were retested on both versions of the CRTT-Cantonese tests, whereas the PWAs were randomly assigned for retesting on either version to measure the test–retest reliability.ResultsA two-way, Group × Modality, repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significantly lower scores for the PWA group than the HC group for both reading and listening. Other comparisons were not significant. A high and significant correlation was found between the CRTT-R-WF-Cantonese and the CRTT-L-Cantonese in PWAs, and 87% of the PWAs showed nonsignificantly different performance across the CRTT-Cantonese tests based on the Revised Standardized Difference Test. The CRTT-R-WF-Cantonese provided better aphasia diagnostic sensitivity (100%) and specificity (83.30%) values than the CRTT-L-Cantonese. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed significant moderate correlations between the Cantonese Aphasia Battery scores and the CRTT-Cantonese tests in PWAs, supporting adequate concurrent validity. Intraclass correlation coefficient showed high test–retest reliability (between .82 and .96,p< .001) for both CRTT-Cantonese tests for both groups.ConclusionsResults support that the validly translated CRTT-R-WF-Cantonese and CRTT-L-Cantonese tests significantly differentiate the reading and listening comprehension of PWAs from HCs and provides acceptable concurrent validity and high test–retest reliability for both tests. Furthermore, favorable PWA versus HC sensitivity and specificity cutoff scores are presented for both CRTT-Cantonese listening and reading tests.
Turbulence mitigation in a 28 GHz radio‐over‐free‐space optics link using an integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometer and a diversity combining receiver
Authors: Nguyen Dong‐Nhat , Bohata Jan , Zvanovec Stanislav , Nguyen Lim , Ghassemlooy Zabih 
Published: October 2020

The authors propose an integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometer and diversity combining receiver to mitigate the atmospheric turbulence‐induced fading in a millimetre‐wave (mmW) radio‐over‐free‐space optics (RoFSO) link. They use a carrier frequency of 28 GHz as recommended for the fifth‐generation wireless access networks and consider two optical mmW signal generation schemes, namely double‐sideband (DSB) and single‐sideband (SSB). In direct detection (DD)‐based RoFSO, the link performance is limited by atmospheric turbulence. They show that the proposed Rx can overcome this detrimental effect, which is verified by investigation of a 10 Gb/s 16‐quadrature amplitude modulation orthogonal frequency‐division‐multiplexing signal at 28 GHz over a 1 km free‐space optics link under weak and strong turbulence regimes. For the DSB scenario, the proposed Rx offers improved error vector magnitudes of about 0.8 and 5.7%, and modulation error ratios of 1.3 and 4.9 dB under weak and strong turbulence regimes, respectively, compared with the DD receiver (DD Rx). For the SSB scenario under weak turbulence, the proposed Rx achieves a 4 dB improvement in the receiver sensitivity and four orders of magnitude enhancement in the bit error rate over the DD Rx. The proposed Rx can be integrated on a single chip for further cost reduction.
Laser Pointer: A Possible Risk for the Retina
Authors: Birtel Johannes , Hildebrand G. Darius , Charbel Issa Peter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn recent years, an increasing incidence of laser pointer-associated retinal injuries has been observed, likely due to easy access to incorrectly classified laser pointers, their labelling as toys, and lack of awareness concerning the associated risk. Laser pointer exposure can lead to irreversible retinal damage and associated vision loss, depending on the wavelength, radiation power, duration of exposure, localization, and spot size. Pronounced retinal laser damage is especially seen in children and teenagers. The structural appearance of retinal laser pointer damage varies and, in some cases, may be a diagnostic challenge. Besides often subtle findings on optical coherence tomography examination, characteristic alterations on near-infrared autofluorescence imaging may be valuable for the diagnosis of retinal laser pointer injuries and for differentiating other retinal lesions with similar appearance. The increase in laser pointer injuries indicates that regulatory actions and increased public awareness are required regarding the dangers of laser pointers.
The Effect of Asthma Severity on Perinatal Outcomes: A Tertiary
Hospital Experience
Authors: Tanacan Atakan , Fadiloglu Erdem , Celebioglu Ebru Damadoglu , Orhan Nazli , Unal Canan , Celik Tolga , Kalyoncu Ali Fuat , Beksac Mehmet Sinan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of asthma severity and disease
exacerbation on pregnancy outcomes.
Materials and Methods Pregnancies were classified into 3 groups as
mild (n=195), moderate (n=63), and severe (n=26)
according to preconceptional asthma severity. Demographic features, clinical
characteristics, and perinatal outcomes were compared between the groups.
Delivery characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were also compared between
the pregnancies with or without asthma exacerbation (43 and 241 pregnancies,
respectively).
Results Worsening of symptoms during pregnancy was higher in moderate
and severe asthma groups (p<0.001). Rates of spontaneous abortion,
fetal structural anomaly, preterm delivery, preeclampsia, fetal growth
restriction (FGR), oligohydramnios, gestational diabetes, and intrauterine
fetal demise were higher in moderate and severe asthma groups (p-values were
< 0.001, 0.01, 0.008, 0.02, 0.01, < 0.001,
< 0.001, and 0.007, respectively). Admissions to neonatal
intensive care units and neonatal complication rates were higher among
moderate and severe asthma groups (p=0.035 and
< 0.001). Spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery,
preeclampsia, FGR, oligohydramnios, and neonatal complication rates were
higher (p<0.001) in the group with exacerbated symptoms.
Conclusion Moderate to severe asthma before pregnancy and the
exacerbation of asthma symptoms during pregnancy may lead to increased rates
of perinatal complications.
Facile and Mild Access to Fluorescent Ladder-Type Indolo[3,2-a]carbazoles via Cascade Annulation
Authors: Chen Wenteng , Yu Yongping , Liu Shuangrong , Wu You , Ying Zhimin , Luo Feng , Chen En 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA set of fluorescent ladder-type indolo[3,2-a]carbazoles were rationally developed via cascade annulation of indoles and nitroolefins under mild reaction conditions. Diverse functional groups were tolerated. Moreover, structure–photophysical properties relationships (SPPR) of indolo[3,2-a]carbazoles were observed to be simply tuned by changing the electronic nature of the peripheral substituents.
Easy Access to Novel Tetrahydro-1-benzazepine-2-carboxylic Acids and Tetrahydro-1-benzazepines Carrying [a]-Fused Heterocyclic Units from 2-(Allylaryl)glycinates
Authors: Palma Alirio , Guerrero Sergio Andrés , Ramírez Juan E. , Sanabria Carlos M. , Acosta Lina M. , Cobo Justo , Nogueras Manuel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA concise, efficient, and versatile approach to access novel tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-2-carboxylic acids and tricyclic tetra­hydro-1-benzazepines carrying [a]-fused heterocyclic units is reported. The easily accessible 2-(allylaryl)glycinates were used as starting material to synthesize, via the corresponding 1,4-epoxycycloadducts, the required key intermediate benzo[b]azepine-2-carboxylates. Hydrolysis of the latter afforded the targeted benzo[b]azepine-2-carboxylic acids. The key intermediate was also converted into N-2-chloroacetyl derivatives which, in turn, were transformed into the corresponding tricyclic target hexahydrobenzo[f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine-1,4-diones by reaction with benzylamine or aminoethanol. The reaction of the common intermediate with hydrazine gave the corresponding intermediate carbohydrazides, which, by reaction with trimethoxymethane, were transformed into another tricyclic target tetrahydrobenzo[f][1,2,4]tri­azino[4,5-a]azepin-4(3H)-ones. Full spectroscopic characterization (IR, HRMS, and 1H and 13C NMR) is also reported for each compound.
Using an Office-Based, Dedicated Extremity MRI Scanner for Depicting Important Structures in Common Wrist Pathologies: A Pilot Comparison with a Conventional MRI Scanner
Authors: Yin Qi , Manoliu Radu A. , Kichari Jayant R. , Ritt Marco J. P. F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground Compared with the conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dedicated MRI scanners are more accessible. Images of a dedicated 1.0-T MRI specifically developed for the hand and wrist were compared with images of a conventional 1.5-T MRI.Methods Paired images of the right wrist were randomized and separately graded by two experienced radiologists for the quality of anatomical details, including the triangular fibrocartilage complex, carpal ligaments, intercarpal cartilage, median and ulnar nerves, overall image quality, and artifacts. Interrater reliability was measured with the percentage of exact agreement and agreement within a range of ± 1 score point. Participant experience of undergoing the examination in both MRI scanners was evaluated using a questionnaire.Results The overall image quality of all sequences was considered to be moderate to high. In 25 of 38 paired images, no statistically significant difference was found between the MRI scanners. Ten scores were found to be in favor of the dedicated extremity MRI. Within a range of ± 1 score point, the extremity MRI and the conventional MRI demonstrated an interrater agreement of 67 to 100% and 70 to 100%, respectively. Among the respondents of the questionnaire, the extremity MRI scored better for participant satisfaction when compared with the conventional MRI.Conclusions In healthy volunteers, the dedicated extremity MRI generally is similar or superior to the conventional MRI in the depiction of anatomical structures of the wrists, image quality, and artifacts, and significantly scored better on participant satisfaction. Future clinical studies should focus on defining the diagnostic value of the extremity MRI in wrist pathologies.
Proximal Horizontal Flap Tears of TFCC Diagnosed by Computed Tomography Arthrography: Six Case Series
Authors: Arimitsu Sayuri , Masatomi Takashi , Shigi Atsuo , Yukioka Chikako , Moritomo Hisao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background Proximal horizontal tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) represent the tears at the proximal surface of the articular disk with a normal appearance of the distal surface. Preoperative diagnosis of TFCC flap tears is challenging.
Objectives This report aims to present a diagnostic method using computed tomography (CT) arthrography for the proximal horizontal flap tears of the TFCC and to report our clinical outcomes.
Patients and Methods Six patients were included who were preoperatively suspected to have proximal horizontal flap tears of the TFCC via CT arthrography. Arthrography was conducted by injecting dye into the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), and CT images were obtained immediately following arthrography. We performed arthroscopic or direct flap debridement with concomitant surgeries: ulnar shortening with positive ulnar variance and corrective osteotomy with the malunion following distal radius fracture.
Results Preoperative CT arthrography clearly revealed the flaps to be flipped over toward the radiopalmar side of the DRUJ in four cases and a teardrop-shaped dye defect in two. We were able to identify the dislocated flap by arthroscopy avulsed from the proximal aspect of the articular disk within the DRUJ in all six cases. The mean pain level decreased from 10 preoperatively to 0.3 postoperatively on the visual analog scale. The mean patient-rated wrist evaluation score decreased from 43.5 preoperatively to 11.2 postoperatively.
Conclusions Our study shows that CT arthrography can be a promising method for diagnosing proximal horizontal flap tears of the TFCC. Debridement of the flaps and concomitant surgeries showed satisfactory clinical results.
Level of Evidence This is a Level 4, diagnostic study.
When is the Critical Time for Soft Tissue Reconstruction of Open Tibia Fracture Patients?
Authors: Lee Seung Yeol , Seong Ik Hyun , Park Bo Young 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground The timing of soft tissue reconstruction for soft-tissue defect in patients with open fractures in the lower extremity is known to be critical for successful outcomes. However, medical advances, including development of dressing materials and refinement in the microsurgical techniques, might have undergone modifications in this “critical period.” There have been no studies on the role of timing on reconstructive outcomes. Thus, we have analyzed the effect of reconstruction timing on optimal surgical outcomes and complication rates in a single type of lower extremity injury.Methods Data of patients who underwent microvascular free tissue transfer with an open fracture in the lower extremity from 2014 through 2016 were retrospectively reviewed (n = 103). Surgical outcomes, including flap complication rate, flap revision rate, and long-term bony complications, were analyzed serially in accordance with time interval until coverage using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Significant factors with a p < 0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors.Results A total of 46 patients (33 males and 13 females) were finally included in the study. Based on the association between surgical timing and flap-related complication rate, the best cutoff period for surgery was 33 days, with an area under the curve of 0.658 (p = 0.040). Further, in the revision rate, the cutoff period was identified as 10 days (p = 0.016). Regarding the incidence of bony complications, ROC curve showed that the maximal period until operation was 91 days with no influence on the occurrence of bony complications (p = 0.029).Conclusion Although the best method is an early reconstruction, many modalities such as negative pressure wound therapy play a role as a temporary measure. Our study suggests that the acute or early period for successful reconstruction might be extended compared with previous studies.