bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presentation, stabilisation and contrast‐enhanced computed tomographic (CT) diagnosis of a left gastrocaval portosystemic shunt in a pony foal
Authors: Terpstra M. , Gough S. L. , Parry A. T. , Loomes K. , Harkness A. , Rendle D. I. , Dixon J. J. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryA 2‐week‐old pony foal was presented for recurrence of neurological dysfunction, obtunded‐comatose mentation and collapse. Signalment, history, haematological and clinical chemical measurements and response to treatment prompted a presumptive diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy secondary to a portosystemic shunt. This case differs from previous reported cases of congenital portosystemic shunts in horses due to the early onset of clinical signs, which usually occur at 2–6 months of age. In addition, in comparison with previously reported cases, this foal stabilised rapidly with minimal intervention. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) confirmed a left gastrocaval extrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Surgical intervention was not attempted due to financial constraints, so the foal was subjected to euthanasia, and on post‐mortem examination, the anomalous vascular connection could clearly be identified.
Megafauna biogeography explains plant functional trait variability in the tropics
Authors: Dantas Vinicius L. , Pausas Juli G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimBiomes can diverge substantially in plant functional traits and disturbance regimens among regions. Given that Neotropical and Afrotropical regions have contrasting histories of the megafauna (because of the Holocene megafaunal extinction in the Neotropics), we hypothesize that they should harbour plants with different traits in relationship to herbivory and fire, especially in savannas. We predicted that herbivory resistance traits should be more prominent in Afrotropical savanna plants and fire resistance in Neotropical savanna plants.LocationTropics.Time periodNot applicable.Major taxa studiedAngiosperms (woody).MethodsWe compiled data for five key plant functional traits (wood density, specific leaf area, maximum tree height, spinescence and proportion of geoxyles) for forest and savanna woody species from the two distant regions (Afrotropics and Neotropics). We related these data to climate, soil and fire variables and tested predictions for megafauna selection.ResultsSpines and high wood density were more common among Afrotropical than Neotropical savanna species and species from the two forests. Moreover, the Neotropical savanna region contained more geoxyles than the Afrotropical savanna region. Finally, Afrotropical species were taller than Neotropical species. These differences were consistent with our predictions for trait selection by the megafauna, and these patterns did not change when considering climate, soil and fire regimens in the models.Main conclusionsOur results highlight the great potential of these traits for summarizing disturbance strategy axes in tropical woody species and suggest that global variation in plant traits is unlikely to be understood fully without consideration of historical factors, especially the direct and indirect impacts of megafauna.
Advancing spray granulation by ultrasound atomization
Authors: Höhne Patrick , Mieller Bjoern , Rabe Torsten 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe influence of the atomization technique on the suitability of granules for dry pressing is the focus of the presented investigations. Therefore, destabilized alumina, zirconia, and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) slurries were spray dried and the obtained granules were used to fabricate green and finally sintered bodies for evaluation. Granules made in a laboratory spray dryer with a two‐fluid nozzle served as a reference. An ultrasonic atomizer was integrated into the same spray dryer and the influence on the granule properties was evaluated. Untapped bulk density, granule size distribution, and flowability are among the evaluated granule‐related properties as well as the granule yield which is used as an indicator of the process efficiency. Yield and flowability as most important granule properties are clearly improved when atomization is realized with ultrasound. The investigated sinter body properties include porosity, sinter body density, and biaxial strength and are as well positively affected by switching the atomization technique to ultrasound. Therefore, the approach to improve the compressibility of granules by ultrasonic atomization, which leads to an improved microstructure, density, and strength of sintered bodies, has proven to be successful for single‐component ceramics (alumina and zirconia) as well as for the multicomponent ceramic ZTA.
Highly effective inactivation of anti‐nutritional factors (lipoxygenase, urease and trypsin inhibitor) in soybean by radio frequency treatment
Authors: Jiang Yiming , Li Li , He Fang , Yan Wenxu , Tang Yali , Yang Ruijin , Zhao Wei 
Published: April 2020

SummaryRadio frequency (RF) treatment at 27.12 MHz was employed to inactivate the anti‐nutritional factors (ANFs), including lipoxygenase (LOX), urease and trypsin inhibitor to minimise deleterious effects caused by conventional hot‐air heating. The effects of RF heating on the ANF activities, physicochemical properties and processing quality of intact soybean were investigated. The results revealed that ANF activities were effectively inactivated within 300 s by RF heating and inactivation rates of LOX, urease and trypsin inhibitor were 95.2% (270 s), 93.4% (285 s) and 89.4% (300 s), respectively. In addition, RF heating improved physicochemical properties and processing quality of soybean products when the trypsin inhibitor was inactivated. On the contrast, conventional thermal treatment significantly decreased functional properties and led to the formation of greater aggregates. Our results may provide a novel method to inactivate endogenous enzyme in crops without negative impact on processing quality.
Corporate carbon performance data: Quo vadis?
Authors: Busch Timo , Johnson Matthew , Pioch Thomas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCorporate carbon performance (CCP) has become a central topic in political, financial, and academic domains. At the same time, several characteristics of CCP data, including comparability and consistency, remain unresolved. The literature has extensively covered issues regarding the comparability of CCP data from a firm‐internal perspective. However, it has not yet examined the consistency of CCP data between third‐party data providers. This article investigates the degree of CCP data consistency between third‐party providers according to three dimensions: scope (i.e., direct and indirect emissions), scheme (i.e., mandatory and voluntary reporting schemes), and source (i.e., data stemming from corporate reports and from third‐party estimation methods). The results reveal that data on direct emissions are more consistent than data on indirect emissions, and they are especially inconsistent for Scope 3. Second, mandatory and voluntary reporting schemes do not substantially improve the consistency of CCP data, which is surprising. Third, third‐party estimations are less consistent as compared to data stemming directly from corporate reports; however, the combination of Scopes 1 and 2 third‐party estimated data raises consistency levels. On the basis of these results, we conclude the following key implications: academic researchers must be mindful of the consistency of CCP data, because it can significantly affect empirical results, corporate management should avoid situations where different CCP data are communicated externally, investors should engage firms to follow a standardized approach, data providers should increase the transparency about their estimation methods, and policy makers need to be aware of the importance of a sound and standardized methodology to determine CCP.
Societal cost of childhood intellectual disability in Australia
Authors: Arora S. , Goodall S. , Viney R. , Einfeld S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is limited research quantifying the direct and indirect economic costs associated with intellectual disability (ID) in Australia. Costs incurred by families, governments and broader society include time spent providing care, absenteeism and increased healthcare utilisation. The purpose of this research is to quantify the costs associated with ID in childhood using a range of methods to collect cost data.MethodsCosts included healthcare service utilisation, pharmaceutical use, caregiver productivity losses and time spent providing care because of the child's disability. The sample comprised caregivers with a child with ID aged between 2 and 10 years old recruited in Australia. Healthcare service utilisation and pharmaceutical use were obtained from routinely collected administrative claims data. Healthcare utilisation not captured in the routinely collected administrative data and absenteeism data were obtained from a retrospective recall‐based questionnaire. Time spent providing care because of the child's disability was obtained using a time‐use diary.ResultsThe total cost of ID in Australia was estimated to be AUD 72 027 per year per child, and the total cost of ID in childhood was estimated to be AUD 12.5 billion per year. The cost to governments of ID in childhood was estimated to be AUD 6385 per child per year, resulting in a total cost to government of AUD 1.1 billion per year.ConclusionsThis is the first study to estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with ID in childhood. The results of this research demonstrate the considerable economic impact of ID in childhood on families, governments and broader society in terms of both direct and indirect costs. An understanding of the cost implications of any intervention are critical in assisting policymakers in planning and prioritising of health services.
A novel non‐bile acid FXR agonist EDP‐305 potently suppresses liver injury and fibrosis without worsening of ductular reaction
Authors: An Ping , Wei Guangyan , Huang Pinzhu , Li Wenda , Qi Xiaolong , Lin Yi , Vaid Kahini A. , Wang Jun , Zhang Shucha , Li Yang , Or Yat Sun , Jiang Li‐Juan , Popov Yury V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundEDP‐305 is a novel and potent farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, with no/minimal cross‐reactivity to TGR5 or other nuclear receptors. Herein we report therapeutic efficacy of EDP‐305, in direct comparison with the first‐in‐class FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA), in mouse models of liver disease.MethodsEDP‐305 (10 and 30 mg/kg/day) or OCA (30mg/kg/day) was tested in mouse models of pre‐established biliary fibrosis (BALBc.Mdr2‐/‐, n = 9‐12/group) and steatohepatitis induced by methionine/choline‐deficient diet (MCD, n = 7‐12/group). Effects on biliary epithelium were evaluated in vivo and in primary EpCAM + hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) cultures.ResultsIn a BALBc.Mdr2‐/‐ model, EDP‐305 reduced serum transaminases by up to 53% and decreased portal pressure, compared to untreated controls. Periportal bridging fibrosis was suppressed by EDP‐305 at both doses, with up to a 39% decrease in collagen deposition in high‐dose EDP‐305. In MCD‐fed mice, EDP‐305 treatment reduced serum ALT by 62% compared to controls, and profoundly inhibited perisinusoidal ‘chicken wire’ fibrosis, with over 80% reduction in collagen deposition. In both models, treatment with 30mg/kg OCA reduced serum transaminases up to 30%, but did not improve fibrosis. The limited impact on fibrosis was mediated by cholestasis‐independent worsening of ductular reaction by OCA in both disease models; OCA but not EDP‐305 at therapeutic doses promoted ductular proliferation in healthy mice and favoured differentiation of primary HPC towards cholangiocyte lineage in vitro.ConclusionsEDP‐305 potently improved pre‐established liver injury and hepatic fibrosis in murine biliary and metabolic models of liver disease, supporting the clinical evaluation of EDP‐305 in fibrotic liver diseases including cholangiopathies and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Many roads lead to Rome: Self‐regulatory strategies and their effects on self‐control
Authors: Hennecke Marie , Bürgler Sebastian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn a self‐control conflict, people face a dilemma between a current goal (e.g., to exercise regularly) and competing impulses, habits, or desires (e.g., to stay on the couch and continue watching TV). To resolve such conflicts in favor of their goals, individuals may capitalize on a variety of self‐regulatory strategies. In this article, we review recent research on the self‐regulatory strategies people use in their daily lives, research on the effectiveness of these strategies, and research on the consequences of self‐regulatory strategy use on well‐being. We furthermore take both an individual‐differences and a situational perspective by linking strategy use to individual differences between people (e.g., in self‐control) and by emphasizing that strategy effectiveness likely depends on situational context (e.g., on current demands). Finally, we introduce ideas and potential future research questions revolving around the role of individual differences in regulatory flexibility (including context‐sensitivity) for determining a person's self‐regulatory success.
Recent advances, misconceptions, untested assumptions, and future research agenda for identity fusion theory
Authors: Gómez Ángel , Chinchilla Juana , Vázquez Alexandra , López‐Rodríguez Lucía , Paredes Borja , Martínez Mercedes 
Published: April 2020

AbstractJust a decade ago, two psychologists, Swann, and Gómez, developed a new theoretical framework to explain extreme pro‐group behaviors: identity fusion theory. Identity fusion refers to a visceral feeling of oneness with a group that motivates individuals to do extraordinary self‐sacrifices on behalf of the group or each of its members. Since the formulation of the theory, interdisciplinary researchers of the five continents have conducted dozens of studies on identity fusion, both in laboratory and field settings. Research has deepened into the causes, consequences, underlying mechanisms, and applications of identity fusion. The development of fusion‐based research has been steadfast and very prolific. Hence, the first section of the current manuscript includes an updated overview of this fast growing literature. This increasing interest for the theory has, however, been accompanied by a series of misconceptions and untested research assumptions, which we address in the second and third sections of the paper, concluding with a final section suggesting a future research agenda. Our aim is to help those interested in knowing more about identity fusion or about the causal mechanisms that lead individuals to risk their life and personal well‐being for a group discarding common misconceptions as well as formulating more precise and nuanced hypotheses for future research.
The Kinetic of Dissolution of Irradiated UO2 Fuel Under Oxidising Conditions in Flow Experiments
Authors: Cobos J. , Serrano J. A. , Glatz J. P. , Sätmark-Christiansen B. , de Pablo J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
These leaching experiments report the effects of four important parameters (redox potential, pH, carbonate concentration and temperature) on the dissolution kinetics of the spent fuel matrix phase. The kinetic of dissolution of irradiated UO2 fuel has been studied in deionized water and synthetic granite groundwater under oxidising conditions at room temperature.
Characterisations and Measurements for Free Release: An Overview of the Studsvik Experiences
Authors: Lindberg Maria , Johnsson Börje 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Studsvik site was originally a research facility with many different activities going on. During the years some of the work was ended and the buildings and facilities were free released and some of them torn down.
Three research reactors, one in Stockholm and two in Studsvik, have been decommissioned and their sites have been released for unrestricted use. The waste produced was included in the Studsvik waste management system.
There are today ongoing decommissioning projects in Studsvik. One is the dismantling and free release of the old Active Central Laboratory, ACL, together with its ventilation building, ACF, another project is the decommissioning of the old evaporator facility.
A recently completed project is the decommissioning of the Van de Graaff accelerator building in Studsvik. The Van de Graaff accelerator was in use from 1962 to 1989. During 1990–1997 work was performed in the building with the aim to clean-up the building and to radiologically map the building including sampling and decontamination for free release. In 1998 a permit for decommissioning of the free released building was given from SSI and during 1999 the building itself was demolished.
Free release of metals have been carried out at Studsvik since 1987 and up to date 5700 tonnes have been melted of which 5000 tonnes have been free released. The aim of melting low-level scrap metals from the nuclear industry is to safely determine the radioactive content of the metals before the material is released for unrestricted reuse. Melting services are performed as a part of the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant Würgassen in Germany.
Decontamination for decommissioning, melting and free release of the material has been performed on two steam generators from the shutdown Ågesta PHWR. The project was performed in 1992–93 and has been reported earlier.
Studsvik has worked with decommissioning and free release since the 1980’ies. This paper gives some examples on different projects performed during these years. The paper also describes the procedures on how to release both buildings and material from regulatory control as well as pre-treatment method introduced in order to minimise the waste needed to be put into final storage.
Radiological Characterization of Steel Scrap Recycling by Melting
Authors: Quade Ulrich 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Recycling of slightly radioactively contaminated steel scrap from nuclear installations to waste containers, shieldings or any other components for the nuclear cycle is practice in Germany since the early 90ies.
To qualify the process, characterization of the radiological inventories in metal, slag and filter dust as well as metallurgical analysis is necessary. Therefore samples from the melt, slag and filter dust are taken to be analyzed by gammaspectroscopy. Alpha and beta emitting radionuclide inventories are calculated based on the typical nuclide ratio of the nuclear facility where the scrap results from. Activity distribution factors for each radio element are empirical values based on the melting of about 10,000 t of steel scrap with various nuclide ratios. High decontamination of the metal can be achieved for uranium, thorium, plutonium, cesium and strontium, which allows free release of the metal in most cases. For Co60 — the main radionuclide in reactor scrap — the decontamination by melting is limited and in most cases the strong criteria for free release can not be yielded. Such metal can be used for manufacturing cast iron components like containers or shieldings.
To manage the expected large amount of metallic waste resulting from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities recycling is well developed and accepted in Germany. By the high cost of intermediate and final storage of nuclear waste recycling is a very economical alternative (3, 4).
Treatment of Low Radioactive Combustible Solid Wastes at Incineration Facility of Tokai Reprocessing Plant
Authors: Nakajima Masayoshi , Koshino Katsuhiko , Akutsu Shigeru , Nakanishi Masahiro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Our Incineration Facility (IF) of second generation of Tokai Reprocessing Plant (TRP) has started operation in April 1992. About 530 tons of low radioactive combustible solid waste has been treated in IF until the end of 2000. This paper describes the outline of incineration system in IF and reports the operational experience.
Analysis of Waste Arisings From the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
Authors: Gerchikov Mark Y. , Mark L. , Dutton C. , Kennett Elizabeth J. , Bugai Dmitry A. , Proskura Nikolay I. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The paper reviews the findings of a recent international study to characterise the waste arising from the decommissioning of dumps in the Industrial Zone of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and the Exclusion Zone. Studied sites included the Industrial Zone outside the Sarcophagus, three engineered disposal sites (the so-called PZRO), non-engineered near surface trench dumps (PVLRO), contaminated soil and sites of ‘unauthorised’ disposal within the Exclusion Zone.
The paper summarises the inventory of wastes, the management options, which have been considered for various dumps, and the resulting estimates of the volumes of waste streams, as well as the approach that was used in the decision-making process.
Latest Developments About Spent Fuel Management in Belgium
Authors: De Valkeneer Michel , Detilleux Michel , Nuyt Guy , Fabry Jean-Pierre , Demazy Guy , Janssen Luc 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In Belgium 57% of the electricity is presently generated by 7 nuclear units of the PWR type located in Doel and Tihange. Their total output amounts to 5632 MWe. Part of the spent fuel unloaded from the first three units has been sent till 2000 for reprocessing in the Cogema facility at La Hague. As the reprocessing of the spent fuel produced by the last four units is not covered by the contracts concluded with Cogema, Synatom, the Belgian utilities’ subsidiary in charge of the front- and back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle for all PWR reactors in Belgium, decided to study the possible solutions for a temporary storage of this spent fuel.
End of 1993, the Belgian government decided that reprocessing (closed cycle) and direct disposal (open cycle) of spent fuel had to be considered as equal options in the back-end policy for nuclear fuel in Belgium. The resolution further allowed continued execution of a running reprocessing contract (from 1978) and use of the corresponding Pu for MOX in Belgian NPP’s, but requested a reprocessing contract concluded in 1990 (for reprocessing services after 2000) not to be executed during a five-year period. During this period priority was to be given to studies on the once-through cycle as an option for spent fuel management. Figure 1 is a chart showing the two alternatives for the spent fuel cycle in Belgium.
In this context, Synatom entrusted Belgatom to develop a dedicated flask (called “bottle”) for direct disposal of spent fuel, to perform a design study of an appropriate encapsulation process and to prepare a preliminary feasibility study of a complete spent fuel conditioning plant. Meanwhile preparation works were made for the construction of an interim storage facility on both NPP sites of Doel and Tihange in order to meet increasing storage capacity needs.
For selecting the type of interim storage facility, Belgatom performed a technical-economical analysis. Considerations of design and safety criteria as well as flexibility, reversibility, technical constraints, global economical aspects and construction time led to adopt dry storage with dual purpose casks (in operation since end 1995) for the Doel site and wet storage in a modular pool for the Tihange site (in operation since 1997).
In parallel, ONRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for the management of radioactive waste and enriched fissile materials and the Belgian nuclear research centre, SCK•CEN, conduct underground investigations in view of geological disposal. The paper describes the methodology that Belgatom has developed to provide the utilities with appropriate solutions (reracking, dry storage in casks, wet storage in ponds, etc.) and how Belgatom demonstrated also the feasibility of spent fuel conditioning with a view to direct disposal in clay layers.
The spent fuel storage facilities in operation in Belgium, designed and built by Belgatom, are then briefly presented.