bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimized Determination of Iron in Grape Juice, Wines, and Other Alcoholic Beverages by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Olalla Manuel , González Maria Cruz , Cabrera Carmen , López Maria Carmen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper describes a study of the different methods of sample preparation for the determination of iron in grape juice, wines, and other alcoholic beverages by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization; results are also reported for the practical application of these methods to the analysis of commercial samples produced in Spain. The methods examined include dealcoholization and dry and wet mineralization treatment using different acids and/or mixtures of them, both with and without heating. The sensitivity, detection limit, accuracy, precision, and selectivity of each method were established. The best results were obtained for wet mineralization with heated acid (HNO3–H2SO4); the results for table wines had an accuracy of 97.5–101.6%, a relative standard deviation of 3.51%, a detection limit of 19.2 μg/L, and a determination limit of 32.0 μg/L. The method was also sufficiently sensitive and selective. It was applied to the determination of iron in grape juice, different types of wines, and beverages with high alcoholic content, all of which are produced and widely consumed in Spain. The values obtained ranged from 3.394 ± 2.15 mg/L for the juice, 2.938 ± 1.47 mg/L for the white wines, 19.470 ± 5.43 mg/L for the sweet wines, 0.311 ± 0.07 mg/L for the brandies, and 0.564 ± 0.12 mg/L for the anisettes. Thus, the method is useful for routine analysis in the quality control of these beverages.
Pesticide Residues on Fruits and Vegetables from Ontario, Canada, 1991–1995
Authors: Ripley Brian D , Lissemore Linda I , Leishman Pamela D , Denommé Mary Anne , Ritter Leonard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
For the 5-year period 1991 to 1995, 1536 vegetable and 802 fruit samples were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to determine if pesticides were present on Ontario-produced fruits and vegetables, and if so, to determine if residues violated maximum residue limits (MRLs). Overall, 31.5% of the samples had no detectable pesticide residues, whereas 68.5% contained one or more residues. Most of the residues were present at very low concentrations; 48% of the detections were &lt;0.1 parts per million (ppm), and 86% were &lt;1 ppm. However, violations of MRL were observed in only 3.2% of the vegetable samples and 3.1% of the fruit samples. In addition, 4.8% of the samples contained a “technical” violation, that is, there was no specified MRL for the pesticide–commodity combination and the residues exceeded 0.1 ppm. Of the detectable residues, 63% were &lt;10% of the MRL, whereas 89% were &lt;50% of the MRL. More fruit samples (91.4%) had a detectable residue, compared with vegetable samples (56.6%). Fruit is often treated close to harvest or post harvest to ensure that wholesome produce reaches the consumer. Forty-six percent of the samples contained 2 or more residues, and 2% of all samples had more than 5 different pesticides detected; fruit samples tended to have more multiple residues. The most frequently found pesticides were captan, the dithiocarbamate fungicides, endosulfan, azinphos-methyl, phosmet, parathion, and iprodione. These pesticides were also used in the greatest quantity for crop production. Overall, the data agree fairly closely with those reported for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Pesticide Data Program because the 2 programs have similar analytical goals and objectives.
Determination of Amoxicillin Residues in Animal Tissues by Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Luo Wenhong , Ang Catharina Y W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Trace levels of amoxicillin residues were determined in animal tissues by liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection. An improved solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure requiring less flammable solvent (diethyl ether) was developed for sample preparation. Muscle samples of beef, pork, chicken, and tilapia were extracted with a phosphate buffer followed by the modified SPE procedure for cleanup and concentration prior to the LC–fluorescence analysis. Average recoveries of fortified amoxicillin at 5, 10, and 20 μg/kg ranged from 83.9 to 85.8% in beef, 86.1 to 88.1% in pork, 81.7 to 82.9% in chicken, and 92.5 to 95.4% in tilapia. Relative standard deviations were &lt;4%.
Selective Determination of Chromium (VI) in Powdered Milk Infant Formulas by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Ion Exchange
Authors: Soares Maria E , Bastos Maria L , Ferreira Margarida 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A previously developed method was adapted to the selective determination of hexavalent chromium in powdered milk infant formulas. The species in reconstituted milk was separated on an ion-exchange column, Chromabond NH2, and measured by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limit was 1.8 μg/L, and the linearity range under optimized conditions was 1.8–50.0 μg/L. The precision values were 4.1 and 6.5% for the analytical and overall procedures, respectively. The procedure was validated by the method of standard additions (5.0, 10.0, and 25.0 μg/L), and the recoveries were all &gt; 93%. The developed method is sensitive, accurate, and precise for determination of Cr(VI) in powdered milks. It was applied to the determination of Cr(VI) in 20 commercial brands, i.e., 7 infant formulas, 5 follow-up milks, and 8 dietetic milks. The values found ranged from &lt; 10 to 75 ng/g.
Simultaneous Determination of Eprinomectin, Moxidectin, Abamectin, Doramectin, and Ivermectin in Beef Liver by LC with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Ali M Sher , Sun Tung , McLeroy Gina E , Phillippo Evan T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin are drugs used to control parasitic infections in both meat-producing and nonmeat-producing animals. A number of analytical methods are available to analyze these anthelmintic drugs individually. A multiresidue screening method was developed for these drugs; however, the initial attempt to derivatize eprinomectin following the method published by Merck scientists was unsuccessful because the eprinomectin derivatization reaction was temperature- and time-dependent. The optimum time and temperature for the completion of eprinomectin derivatization were 90 min and 65°C, respectively, without appreciable effect on the remaining 4 drugs. Beef liver samples were fortified with 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppb mixed standards of eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin. Each set of 4 levels of recoveries was repeated 10 times with all 5 compounds. The average of 10 recoveries of 5 compounds at all 4 levels of fortification was &gt; 70%; the coefficient of variation was &lt; 20%.
Confirmation of Eprinomectin, Moxidectin, Abamectin, Doramectin, and Ivermectin in Beef Liver by Liquid Chromatography/Positive Ion Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ali M Sher , Sun Tung , McLeroy Gina E , Phillippo Evan T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) multiresidue screening procedure was developed for determination of eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin in beef liver at 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppb levels. A procedure using low resolution LC/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) was developed with further purification steps added to the quantitative LC method to confirm residues. Acetonitrile extracts of liver, prior to derivatization for LC analysis, were further purified by using a C8 solid-phase extraction cartridge and an alumina-B cartridge. The purified extract was analyzed by injection into an LC/positive ion APCI MS. Identity of the compound was confirmed by comparison of its retention time and relative intensity data with those of a standard or recovery from a fortified control liver sample. Anthelmintic drugs in acetonitrile extracts of liver containing eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin at 25 ppb, the lowest level of fortification used in the LC determinative method, were successfully confirmed.
Determination of Histidine and Related Compounds in Rumen Fluid by Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Wadud Shaila , Onodera Ryoji , Or-Rashid Mamun M , Amin Mohammad R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for quantitative determination of histidine (His), histidinol (HDL), histamine (HTM), urocanic acid (URA), imidazolepyruvic acid (ImPA), imidazoleacetic acid (ImAA), and imidazolelactic acid (ImLA) in rumen fluid. The method is based on direct injection analysis by UV absorbance detection at 220 nm. The separation was performed under 2 different chromatographic conditions on a LiChrospher 100 NH2 column. In the first chromatographic system, the mobile phase used for isocratic elution was 67 mM potassium phosphate buffer (monobasic and dibasic) pH 6.45–90% acetonitrile in water (21 + 79); in the second system, an acetonitrile gradient in 63 mM potassium phosphate buffer (monobasic) pH 3.0, obtained by addition of 60 mM phosphoric acid, was used. Analyses of both systems were completed within 32 and 25 min, respectively. The limits of detection of these compounds were (μM): His, 2.8; HDL, 3.7; HTM, 4.0; URA, 0.75; ImPA, 4.7; ImAA, 1.2; and ImLA, 1.3. Recovery of these compounds added to rumen fluid was 97.4–103.0% within a 1-day study and 95.4–99.0% on different day studies. Detectable levels of His were found in the deproteinized rumen fluid of goats, with average concentrations of 16.10, 10.43, 11.14, and 13.62 μM in the rumen fluid collected before the morning feeding and 2, 4, and 6 h after feeding, respectively. HDL, HTM, URA, ImPA, ImAA, and ImLA were not detected in the rumen fluid before and after feeding. Trp, Phe, and Tyr were also identified in the rumen fluid, with average concentrations of 8.25, 29.04, and 12.6 μM, respectively, before the morning feeding.
Short-Stability Study of Rifaximin-Based Samples
Authors: Kogawa Ana Carolina , Peltonen Leena , Salgado Hérida Regina Nunes , Chorilli Marlus 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Rifaximin is an oral antimicrobial with a daily dose ranging from 600 to 800 mg. It is classified as Class IV in the Biopharmaceutic Classification System. Thus, rifaximin-based samples were developed by complexation to β-cyclodextrin using a phase solubility diagram, and malaxation and decreasing particle size using wet milling.

Objective
Concomitant to the pharmaceutical technology, a stability studywas undertaken with the objective of verifying the integrity of the drug.

Methods
The stability of the new samples were studied for 6 months, without interruption, under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity in a climatic chamber. They were analyzed simultaneously by HPLC and microbiological turbidimetry at zero, 3, and 6 months.

Results
Two of the samples follow second reaction order and one follows zero reaction order. Microbiological analysis proved to be important in assessing the potency of rifaximin in one of the samples, and its results were more consistent than the results by HPLC.

Conclusions
The rifaximin-based samples were stable under controlled temperature and humidity conditions and the physical-chemical and microbiological methods were able to evaluate their behavior during the 6-month study.

Highlights
It is worth considering the development of these products, since the design process of formulation and pharmaceutical technology is financially more attractive than the development of new drugs that require high levels of investment in research and development, innovation of public policies, and regulatory actions.
Illicium verum extracts and probiotics with added glucose oxidase promote antioxidant capacity through upregulating hepatic and jejunal Nrf2/Keap1 of weaned piglets
Authors: Zhang Jian , Liu Yanjun , Yang Zaibin , Yang Weiren , Huang Libo , Xu Chang , Liu Mei , Ge Jinshan , Wang Yuxi , Jiang Shuzhen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Accumulating evidences indicate that plant extracts and probiotics are effective antioxidant substitutes which play important roles in animal production. However, the comparative study of the mechanism underlying the antioxidant property of Illicium verum extracts (IVE) and probiotics with added glucose oxidase (PGO) on piglets remains to be explored. This study evaluated the difference and the interaction effect of IVE and PGO on serum, liver, and jejunum antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets. A total of 32 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) at the age of 28 d with an average body weight of 14.96 ± 0.32 kg were randomly divided into four treatments with eight replicates per treatment in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments included basal diet (IVE−PGO−), basal diet + 1,000 mg/kg PGO (IVE−PGO+), basal diet + 500 mg/kg IVE (IVE+PGO−), and basal diet + 500 mg/kg IVE + 1,000 mg/kg PGO (IVE+PGO+). All the piglets were housed individually for the 42-d trial period after 7-d adaptation. The piglets were euthanized at the end of the experiment and the liver and jejunum samples were taken and subjected to immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, as well as antioxidant and qRT-PCR analysis. Significant interactions were observed between IVE and PGO for total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum (42 d), liver, and jejunum; malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum (21 d); and mRNA and protein expression of kelch sample related protein-1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor (Nrf2)/Keap1 in the liver and jejunum (P &lt; 0.05). Both IVE and PGO improved (P &lt; 0.05) T-SOD and GSH-Px in the serum (42 d), liver, and jejunum, and the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 and Nrf2/Keap1 in the liver and jejunum, but decreased (P &lt; 0.05) MDA in the serum (21 d) and the mRNA and protein expression of Keap1 in the liver and jejunum. Immunohistochemical results confirmed that IVE and PGO enhanced the positive reactions of Nrf2 but weakened Keap1 in both the liver and jejunum. In conclusion, the results confirmed that IVE (500 mg/kg) and PGO (1,000 mg/kg) can improve the antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets and that the interaction effect between IVE and PGO is significant. At the same time, the fact that IVE and PGO activate the Nrf2/Keap1 in the liver and jejunum signaling pathway suggests that they play an important role in the ameliorative antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets. Therefore, the combination of IVE and PGO could be recommended as a new potential alternative to antibiotics in piglets’ diets.
Factors Influencing Length of Hospital Stay and Predictors Affecting Probability of Requiring Surgery in Severely Pediatric Burn Patients
Authors: Zhang Chuankai , Chang Mengling , Zhou Zengding , Yi Lei , Huang Xiaoqin , Gao Chengjin , Guo Feng , Huan Jingning 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Although many researches have explored the prognostic factors associated with length of hospital stay (LOS) of adult burn patients, fewer reports concerning pediatric burn patients have been conducted. The present study employed pediatric burn data to identify factors related to LOS and developed a novel model to assess the possibility of requiring surgery. A total of 750 children admitted for burns met the criteria for enrollment. We have analyzed the medical records using multivariable linear regression and logistic regression. The pediatric patients were stratified into medical (nonsurgical) and surgical groups, respectively. The median LOS was 27.11 ± 17.91 days (range: 6–107 days). Following multiple linear regression, surgery (P &lt; .001; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.485, 11.918), percent total BSA (%TBSA) (P &lt; .001; 95% CI: 0.271, 0.459), days to surgery (P &lt; .001; 95% CI: 0.349, 0.648), etiology (P &lt; .001; 95% CI: −15.801, −9.422), infection (P &lt; .001; 95% CI: 4.163, 8.329), and erythrocyte loss (P &lt; .001; 95% CI: 1.923, 4.017) were significantly associated with LOS. After logistic regression, the percent full thickness (%FT) (P &lt; .001; odds ratio [OR]: 2.358; 95% CI: 1.680, 3.311), infection (P &lt; .001; OR: 2.935; 95% CI: 2.014, 4.278), and erythrocyte loss (P &lt; .001; OR: 0.572; 95% CI: 0.470, 0.696) within 5 days postadmission were independently related to the probability of requiring surgery. In conclusion, in pediatric patients admitted with burn size of TBSA ≥20%, factors independently influencing LOS were surgery, %TBSA, days to surgery, etiology, erythrocyte loss, and infection. Furthermore, the pivotal predictors of probability requiring surgery were %FT, infection, and erythrocyte loss.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Wheat Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Brazilian Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Correa Leia de Jesus , Maciel Orlando Vilas Boas , Bücker-Neto Lauro , Pilati Laura , Morozini Ana Maria , Faria Marcos Ventura , Da-Silva Paulo Roberto 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Rhopalosiphum padi L. is one of the predominant aphids affecting wheat crops worldwide. Therefore, the identification of resistant genotypes and the understanding of molecular response mechanisms involved in wheat resistance to this aphid may contribute to the development of new breeding strategies. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of 15 wheat cultivars to R. padi and performed morpho-histological and gene expression analyses of two wheat cultivars (BRS Timbaúva, resistant and Embrapa 16, susceptible) challenged and unchallenged by R. padi. The main findings of our work are as follows: 1) most Brazilian wheat cultivars recently released are resistant to R. padi; 2) Green leaf volatiles are probably involved in the resistance of the BRS Timbaúva cultivar to the aphid; 3) trichomes were more abundant and larger in the resistant cultivar; 4) the internal morphology did not show differences between cultivars; 5) the lipoxygenase-encoding gene was downregulated in the susceptible cultivar and basal expression remained level in the resistant cultivar; and 6) the expression of resistance-related proteins was induced in the resistant but not in the susceptible cultivar. Lipoxygenase is the first enzyme in the octadecanoic pathway, a well-known route for the synthesis of signaling molecules involved in the activation of plant defense. The overall analyses suggest that the key steps in BRS Timbaúva resistance to R. padi may be presence or absence of green leaf volatiles decreasing the aphid preference and the action of nonglandular trichome as a physical barrier, which allows continuous lipoxygenase-encoding gene expression.
Accounting for the Rise of Health Spending and Longevity
Authors: Fonseca Raquel , Michaud Pierre-Carl , Galama Titus , Kapteyn Arie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We estimate a stochastic life-cycle model of endogenous health spending, asset accumulation, and retirement to investigate the causes behind the increase in health spending and longevity in the United States over the period 1965–2005. Accounting for changes over time in taxes, transfers, Social Security, income, health insurance, smoking and obesity, and technological progress, we estimate that technological progress is responsible for half of the increase in life expectancy over the period. Substantial growth in health spending over the period is largely the result of growth in economic resources and the generosity of health insurance, with a modest role for medical technological progress. The growth in spending does not come from changes in a single source, but sources jointly interacted to increase spending: complementarity effects explain up to 26.3% of the increase in health spending. Overall, for those born in 1940, the combined changes in resources and health insurance that occurred over the period are valued at 35.7% of lifetime consumption.
Social organization in a North African ground squirrel
Authors: van der Marel Annemarie , Waterman Jane M , López-Darias Marta 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch on sociality in temperate ground-dwelling squirrels has focused on female philopatry and other life history trade-offs, which are influenced by constraints in the duration of the active growing season. Temperate ground-dwelling squirrels that experience high predation pressure, are large in body size, and have a short active season, show a more complex social organization. In contrast, African ground squirrels are active year-round, suggesting that instead of a short active season, distinct selective pressures influence their social organization. We examined the social organization of Barbary ground squirrels, Atlantoxerus getulus, and compared the social organization of temperate and African ground-dwelling sciurids. Anecdotal accounts on Barbary ground squirrels’ social organization suggested that they were either solitary or gregarious, or live in small family groups. We recorded the group size, composition, cohesion, and genetic relatedness, of the population on the arid island of Fuerteventura, Spain. Our data indicate that females live in small (1–8) all-female kin groups separate from adult males, and that unrelated adult males share sleeping burrows with immature individuals of either sex. We observed sex-biased dispersal with males primarily the dispersing sex and females primarily philopatric. Females sleep solitarily during gestation and lactation and nest either communally or singly after juvenile emergence. During the day, males and females can be active in the same area. Barbary ground squirrels are social because the squirrels share sleeping burrows and show spatiotemporal overlap. Barbary ground squirrels’ social organization resembles that of the closely related Cape ground squirrel rather than that of the temperate ground-dwelling sciurids, although the former are more temperate, seasonal breeders. In addition to describing the social organization of a previously unstudied species, this paper sheds light on the ecological drivers of sociality, and the evolution of distinct social organizations in ground-dwelling sciurids.
Container Type Affects Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Oviposition Choice
Authors: Parker Allison T , McGill Kelsey , Allan Brian F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Larvae of container-breeding mosquitoes develop in a wide range of container habitats found in residential neighborhoods. Different mosquito species may exhibit preference for different container types and sizes. Due to phenological differences, species composition in container habitats may change over time. We first conducted weekly neighborhood container surveys to determine the types of container habitats found in residential neighborhoods, and to determine mosquito species composition over time within these habitats. We then conducted an oviposition choice field assay to determine whether female mosquitoes of different species preferentially oviposit in different container types commonly found in neighborhoods. Halfway through the experiment, the largest container was removed at half the sites to test the hypothesis that incomplete source reduction alters oviposition preference among the remaining containers. In the neighborhood surveys, large containers had the greatest mosquito densities and the highest species richness. Aedes albopictus (Skuse), the most commonly collected mosquito, was found in all container types. The oviposition experiment indicated that Culex spp. females preferentially oviposit in large containers. When the largest container was removed, the total number of egg rafts decreased. Aedes spp. females preferred to oviposit in large- and medium-sized containers, but the total number of eggs laid did not change when the large container was removed. These results confirm that understanding habitat preferences of container-breeding mosquitoes is important to control efforts targeting vector species and that incomplete removal of container habitats may have unpredictable consequences for the distribution of juveniles among remaining habitats.