bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hirschl Ran 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter illustrates that, in many settings worldwide, hardwired constitutional arrangements reflect outdated concepts of spatial governance featuring constitutional division of competences adopted in a pre-megacity era and increasingly detached from twenty-first-century realities. Consequently, cities do not exist constitutionally. And with few exceptions, cities remain subjugated by a Westphalian constitutional order and by the state’s innate inclination to maintain jurisdictional primacy over its territory. National constitutions’ entrenched nature and innately statist outlook render the city systemically weak and to a large degree underrepresented. As extensive urbanization marches on, an ever-widening gap emerges between what is expected of a modern metropolis, and what cities can actually deliver in the absence of adequate standing, representation, taxation powers, or robust policy-making authority.
The Sound of Constitutional Silence
Authors: Hirschl Ran 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines four introductory dimensions of the political and constitutional discourse around cities. The first is the tremendous interest in cities throughout much of the human sciences as contrasted with the silence of public law in general, and of comparative constitutional law in particular. Next, the chapter takes a look at the dominant statist stance embedded in constitutional law, in particular as it addresses sovereignty and spatial governance of the polity. A brief account of what national constitutions actually say about cities, and more significantly what they do not is then given. Finally, the chapter turns to the tendency in political discourse on collective identity to understand the “local” almost exclusively at the national or regional levels, rather than distinguishing urban interests from those of the state. Taken together, the four angles of city constitutional (non)status examined here highlight the bewildering silence of contemporary constitutional discourse with respect to cities and urbanization, as well as the strong statist outlook embedded in national constitutional orders, effectively rendering the metropolis a constitutionally non-tenable entity.
Introduction
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Introduction identifies what is required for a detailed theoretical framework for analyzing the language and ethics of untruthfulness in situated text. First, the scope of untruthfulness needs to be broad enough to cover perceived actual cases of discursive untruthfulness in the current social and political world without being so broad that it ceases to have analytical purpose. Second, a means of judging the ethical value of the act of untruthfulness and the speaker’s degree of culpability is needed. Finally, one needs to be able to judge acts of untruthfulness in the full complexity of their situated context. Untruthfulness necessarily involves complex relations between word, mind, and world that are not easily accessible to the analytical observer and that necessitate an interdisciplinary approach. The chapter concludes by setting out the central theoretical propositions of the TRUST framework that derive from these needs and that are explored in subsequent chapters.
Trust, Cooperation, and Insincerity
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter teases out some key theoretical issues relating to the scope, ethics, and situated analysis of insincerity, as one of the two faces of untruthfulness. It begins by grounding sincerity in an indispensable human need for trust and cooperation and notes how insincerity can breach trust. It then gives arguments for why the TRUST framework does not focus on deception. Grice’s implicature is considered fundamental to understanding insincerity within a framework of communicative cooperation, but his sincerity maxim unnecessarily narrows its scope. Instead, insincerity is viewed as the disruption of inquiry. By drawing on a psychological account of how untruthfulness works in situated discursive practice, the chapter argues that the concept of insincerity needs to be extended to cases of “editing out” where there is no textual clue to omission. This broadened conception of insincerity, which subsumes misleading and lying under withholding, is termed discursive insincerity.
Bullshit, Inquiry, and Irresponsibility
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter teases out some key theoretical issues relating to the extension of the concept of untruthfulness from sincerity to epistemic irresponsibility, or a lack of care with which speakers act in forming, retaining, and conveying their beliefs. It argues that subjective responsibility is already embedded within the nature of assertion, but that epistemic responsibility is also both an intellectual virtue and a moral commitment. The growing work on bullshitting and bullshit enrichens our understanding of epistemically irresponsible discourse, but the focus on relating bullshitting to lying and insincerity prevents us from seeing bullshit as deriving from a distinct aspect of untruthfulness. Instead, taking dogma rather than bullshit as a point of departure opens up this aspect of untruthfulness to broader epistemic concerns. The chapter closes by comparing the recent notion of “negligent false assertion” to the account of epistemic irresponsibility in the TRUST framework.
Claims of and Evidence for Untruthfulness
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the first two steps of the TRUST untruthfulness heuristic: claim and evidence. It begins by noting four principal rational motives for calling out lies and bullshit (confession, detection, self-contradiction, and falsification), but stresses that in the majority of cases one relies primarily on falsification. This is problematic because Chapters 1 and 2 stress that both discursive insincerity and epistemic irresponsibility are subjective rather than objective notions. The reliance on falsification as a starting point for analysis restricts the application of the framework primarily to “factually significant” and “falsifiable” claims. A distinction is made between “salty-type” statements that invite further investigation and “tasty-type” statements that invite agreement or disagreement but not further investigation. Only “salty-type” claims are open to a TRUST analysis. Finally, the challenge of anti-realism is taken up, and it is argued that there is more consensus about evidence than the “truth wars” would suggest.
Justified Untruthfulness
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines a systematic framework for analyzing the many discursive circumstances in which speakers may justifiably suspend their commitment to truthfulness. Other approaches to ethical justifiability, such as the overtness of the communication and the epistemic categorization of conventional speech settings, are considered but rejected. The framework of suspensions set out here provides for a more flexible and nuanced analysis that does not prejudge the epistemic status of a given discursive context. Three main types of suspension—conventional, consequential, and condonable—are identified through application of the Golden Rule, and the chapter considers the conditions under which they are both justifiable in principle and justified in practice. While breach of trust is the primary determinant of whether or not a speaker’s suspension of commitment to truthfulness is justifiable in principle, there is no necessary correlation between discourse context and trust.
Epistemically Irresponsible Discourse Pathologies
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out a systematic but exploratory framework for analyzing epistemically irresponsible discourse pathologies. It begins with the bridge category of bullshitting, which is both insincere and irresponsible. It then explores in turn the three main discourse pathologies: dogma, distortion, and bullshit. Dogma, or closed-minded discourse that disregards counter-evidence, underlies both distortion and bullshit. Distortion (e.g. overstatement) misrepresents the evidence and/or the epistemic confidence we can justifiably have in it. Finally, bullshit is a form of radical distortion that misrepresents the evidence by appearing to ignore altogether the need for evidential grounding. Given our susceptibility to being epistemically irresponsible, the bar is set high for moral culpability. For speakers to commit epistemic negligence, they must (a) be performing a role requiring a duty of epistemic care; (b) fail to investigate sufficiently in accordance with that duty; and (c) fail to hedge their claims in proportion to the evidence.
Poisoning and Partisanship
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates an alternative “holistic” method of TRUST analysis in which the focus is not on individual claims or short sections of text with a few related claims, but on the general manifestation of untruthfulness with respect to a particular case. The chapter provides an extensive analysis of multiple claims regarding the poisoning of the Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in Salisbury, England, in March 2018. It opens with the prime minister’s short statement to Parliament just after the attack, which superficially but confusingly reminds us of Blair’s Preface, but this is used as a springboard for exploring various types of untruthful discourse that have emerged in relation to this international crisis. The framework thus becomes a way of structuring a much broader analysis of untruthfulness in international discourse. The study also demonstrates very clearly the role of social media in promoting epistemic partisanship.
Religion
Authors: Smith Leslie Dorrough 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many argue that religious people are hypocritical when they support an adulterous politician. This chapter examines the religious and moralistic rhetoric often featured in sex scandals to show that such rhetoric is more about creating a particular type of society than about embracing exceptional, transcendent, moral ideals. To do this, the chapter first shows how a functionalist perspective on religion and morality lets us better see their tangible social impact. Second, it discusses how “hypocrisy” is a common feature of all social groups, religions included. Finally, it explores how much of the legacy of religious (and specifically evangelical) rhetoric in American public speech is read by the public as a seemingly “neutral” moral position, but one that endorses specific types of power. To exemplify the impact of religious speech in a sex scandal, a case study compares the scandals of Mark Foley and Roy Moore.
One True Cause
Authors: Platt Andrew R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The French philosopher Nicolas Malebranche popularized the doctrine of occasionalism in the late seventeenth century. Occasionalism is the thesis that God alone is the true cause of everything that happens in the world, and created substances are merely “occasional causes.” This doctrine was originally developed in medieval Islamic theology, and was widely rejected in the works of Christian authors in medieval Europe. Yet despite its heterodoxy, occasionalism was revived starting in the 1660s by French and Dutch followers of the philosophy of René Descartes. Since the 1970s, there has been a growing body of literature on Malebranche and occasionalism. There has also been new work on the Cartesian occasionalists before Malebranche—including Arnold Geulincx, Gerauld de Cordemoy, and Louis de la Forge. But to date there has not been a systematic, book-length study of the reasoning that led Cartesian thinkers to adopt occasionalism, and the relationship of their arguments to Descartes’s own views. This book expands on recent scholarship, to provide the first comprehensive account of seventeenth-century occasionalism. Part I contrasts occasionalism with a theory of divine providence developed by Thomas Aquinas, in response to medieval occasionalists; it shows that Descartes’ philosophy is compatible with Aquinas’ theory, on which God “concurs” in all the actions of created beings. Part II reconstructs the arguments of Cartesians—such as Cordemoy and La Forge—who used Cartesian physics to argue for occasionalism. Finally, it shows how Malebranche’s case for occasionalism combines philosophical theology with Cartesian metaphysics and mechanistic science.
Introduction
Authors: Dubler Joshua , Lloyd Vincent W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Contemporary American culture is infused with carceral logics that foreground punishment. However, the United States also has a rich tradition of abolitionism, which catalyzes social movements against entrenched injustice. Just as American prison culture is imbued with religion, American abolition culture is also imbued with religion. For this reason, the authors ask what role religion played in underwriting the explosive growth of prisons over the last five decades, as well as what role religion plays in sustaining mass incarceration today. In doing so, the authors weave religion into stories about economics, race, and politics that are told to explain the explosive growth of prisons in the United States. For the movement to “end mass incarceration” to win, this book argues, it must embrace abolitionism, not just reform. Religious ideas and rituals have much to contribute to this process, resourcing a social movement to end the carceral state and its attendant injustices.
Prison Religion and Prison Justice
Authors: Dubler Joshua , Lloyd Vincent W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using trial records, court decisions, and ethnographic fieldwork, this chapter tracks how the disruptive religious practices of the prisoners’ rights era, including prison strikes, became the accommodating religious practices of America’s prisons today. In other words, it tells the story of the rise and fall of the collectivist prisoners’ religion of the 1960s and the subsequent ascendency of the depoliticized, accommodationist religious forms better suited to the controlled conditions of mass incarceration. Touching on a range of incarcerated people’s writings and rituals, including Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and his conversion to Islam, the Church of the New Song, and the black naturalist sect MOVE, the chapter explores how highlighting the politicizing force of prison and reclaiming the political-theological voices of prisoners might allow us to see new possibilities for justice beyond the prison. With an eye toward what has been repressed, the chapter concludes with the abolitionist promise of the new surge in prisoners’ political organizing.
Linking Solar Energy Systems to Sustainable Development Goals in Africa
Authors: Adenle Ademola A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Energy was not stated as one of the millennium development goals (MDGs) but played an indirect role in helping meet the MDGs especially in the areas of housing, health, education, and poverty reduction in Africa. In contrast, the United Nations’ 2030 agenda includes 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), one of which is devoted to energy. SDG7 seeks to ensure “access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all,” thereby creating a vital role for the energy sector to join in the task of achieving SDGs. Renewable energy including solar energy will play a significant role in improving energy security in Africa and diversifying the energy mix by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This chapter examines the advantages of solar technologies in the context of social, economic, and environment benefits using case studies from Kenya and South Africa. This chapter also examines some of the key challenges that are associated with the application of solar energy technologies in these countries. Finally, the chapter discusses how solar energy technologies can help meet SDGs and summarizes policy and programs targeting the promotion of solar energy technologies for the implementation of SDGs.
Comparing Renewable Energy Micro-Grids in Cambodia, Indonesia, and Laos
Authors: Schmidt Tobias S. , Blum Nicola U. , Bening Catharina R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Sustainable development goal 7.1 aims to ensure access to electricity for approximately 800 million people who currently live without electricity. Despite its advantages over other electrification approaches, global diffusion of renewable energy-based micro-grids (RE-MG) is rather low. Typically, diffusion bottlenecks are thought to be related to issues of technological reliability; however, recent research suggests diffusion is highly related to socioeconomic factors, as well as the governance of the innovation, installation and operation of the technology. While global initiatives support many countries in their electrification strategies, often targeting RE-MG along with addressing sociopolitical and governance issues, it remains unclear to what extent and how such support should be tailored to individual country circumstances. There is little comparative research to address this question, as studies tend to focus on individual country case studies in isolation. To address this literature gap, this chapter conducts a comparative study of RE-MG innovation and diffusion in Cambodia, Indonesia, and Laos. The authors analyze each case at the international, national, and local level by using the Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) approach. The data is obtained through both desk research and fieldwork. The chapter finds that several issues exist to comparable extents in all three analyzed countries. At the global level, initiatives can address challenges similarly and facilitate best practice sharing among countries. At the national and local levels, however, important socioeconomic and cultural differences require approaches to RE-MG policy to be tailored to the national and local contexts.
Fostering Sustainable Development Goals Through an Integrated Approach
Authors: Kemp René , Never Babette , Türkeli Serdar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the potential role of science, technology, and innovation (STI) in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), and what governments in developing countries can do to phase in STI-based solutions, especially green energy technologies, for achieving SDGs. For this purpose, the authors examined three successful phase-in experiences in solar energy and energy efficiency in two emerging economies (China and India). This is being done with the help of an integrated framework that merges political economy elements of interests, ideas, and institutions with capabilities and policy delivery. The experiences in dealing with observed difficulties (having to do with power, lock-in, weak institutions of governance, and information asymmetries) are used to outline what governments in developing countries can do to phase in green STI-based transitions by utilizing the opportunities already present that coincide with development objectives. Proposed solutions include proactive planning, rent management, use of adaptive policy mixes (informed by policy learning), and tailored implementation mechanisms.
Digital Health
Authors: Poon Simon K. , Liu Yiren , Guo Ruihua , Li Mu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Digital health is the intersection of information, computer, and medical science and healthcare, which focusses on adopting information technology (IT) within clinical and healthcare processes. In this chapter, a maturity measurement framework of digital health in China is developed. The framework is applied to contextualize different aspects of the recent progress, opportunities, and challenges of digital health in China; more specifically, to identify its potential in improving the quality and delivery of healthcare (SDG3) and the way health information is shared through new value chains in the health system. The demand of quality education, digital health literacy, and expansion of complementary skills among health professionals, patients, and the general population will become more important to ensure inclusive and equitable education and to promote lifelong learning (SDG4). Transforming health service supply through digitization (automating processes) as well as digitalization (changing to new model of care deliveries) will enable better access in rural regions and help prevent the urban–rural divide faced by many people. Progress in digital health can facilitate equality between populations and reduce inequality among different groups of population by location, health, or economic status (SDG10). This chapter discusses the recent establishment of the Chinese National Health Information Platform, also known as the 4631-2 project, and then takes a system perspective to assess the impacts by covering four dimensions: translation, education, transformation, and technology. Finally, the chapter provides future projections on the basis of the literature synthesis, including opportunities and challenges for a sustainable digital health system in China.
Responsive and Responsible Science, Technology, and Innovation for Global Health
Authors: Engel Nora , Meershoek Agnes , Krumeich Anja 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In contrast to the millennium development goals (MDGs), the sustainable development goals (SDGs) entail a universal and equitable approach to global health by defining health problems as multidimensional issues. SDG3, which aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote well‐being for all at all ages,” targets a broad range of communicable diseases, mother and child health, noncommunicable diseases, mental health, substance abuse, traffic accidents, and health threats from hazardous environmental pollution, and to that end suggests supporting research and development of appropriate technology. This chapter will review how science, technology and innovation (STI) are conceptualized in the SDGs and how they are assumed to tackle health inequalities. Inspired by insights from science and technology studies, and using examples from the authors’ ethnographic studies on development and implementation of point-of-care diagnostics and development of cookstoves, it will discuss what the challenges are with the way in which STI is conceptualized in SDG policies. Based on these analyses, the authors propose a responsive and responsible approach to STI that is based on a thick description of the different stakeholder settings involved and of their perceptions and needs; takes the coproduction of knowledge, innovation, and society into consideration; and continuously reflects on the (un-)intended consequences.