bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible mechanisms of cancer prevention by nicotinamide
Authors: Buqué Aitziber , Bloy Norma , Kroemer Guido , Galluzzi Lorenzo 
Published: May 2020

Nicotinamide (NAM) is a precursor of vitamin B3 commonly sold over the counter as a nutritional supplement with anti‐aging properties. Accumulating preclinical evidence indicates that NAM also mediates oncopreventive effects against a variety of neoplasms. Supporting the translational relevance of dietary NAM supplementation, results from a Phase 3 randomized clinical trial have demonstrated that oral NAM was safe and efficiently reduced the incidence of new non‐melanoma skin cancers and actinic keratosis amongst high‐risk individuals. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie this ability of NAM to delay carcinogenesis remain to be clarified, as discussed in this short review.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Cellular metabolism and diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.10/issuetoc
The role of the microbiome in the neurobiology of social behaviour
Authors: Sarkar Amar , Harty Siobhán , Johnson Katerina V.‐A. , Moeller Andrew H. , Carmody Rachel N. , Lehto Soili M. , Erdman Susan E. , Dunbar Robin I. M. , Burnet Philip W. J. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTMicrobes colonise all multicellular life, and the gut microbiome has been shown to influence a range of host physiological and behavioural phenotypes. One of the most intriguing and least understood of these influences lies in the domain of the microbiome's interactions with host social behaviour, with new evidence revealing that the gut microbiome makes important contributions to animal sociality. However, little is known about the biological processes through which the microbiome might influence host social behaviour. Here, we synthesise evidence of the gut microbiome's interactions with various aspects of host sociality, including sociability, social cognition, social stress, and autism. We discuss evidence of microbial associations with the most likely physiological mediators of animal social interaction. These include the structure and function of regions of the ‘social' brain (the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus) and the regulation of ‘social’ signalling molecules (glucocorticoids including corticosterone and cortisol, sex hormones including testosterone, oestrogens, and progestogens, neuropeptide hormones such as oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, and monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine). We also discuss microbiome‐associated host genetic and epigenetic processes relevant to social behaviour. We then review research on microbial interactions with olfaction in insects and mammals, which contribute to social signalling and communication. Following these discussions, we examine evidence of microbial associations with emotion and social behaviour in humans, focussing on psychobiotic studies, microbe–depression correlations, early human development, autism, and issues of statistical power, replication, and causality. We analyse how the putative physiological mediators of the microbiome–sociality connection may be investigated, and discuss issues relating to the interpretation of results. We also suggest that other candidate molecules should be studied, insofar as they exert effects on social behaviour and are known to interact with the microbiome. Finally, we consider different models of the sequence of microbial effects on host physiological development, and how these may contribute to host social behaviour.
Global application of oral disease prevention and health promotion as measured 10 years after the 2007 World Health Assembly statement on oral health
Authors: Petersen Poul Erik , Baez Ramon J , Ogawa Hiroshi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe WHO World Health Assembly established in 2007 a Resolution (WHA60.17) on oral health, which called upon countries to ensure that public health actions for disease prevention and health promotion are established. The objective of the present survey undertaken 10 years later (2017‐2018) was to measure the application of such programmes for key population age groups in low‐, middle‐ and high‐income countries.MethodsOral health focal points of ministries of health worldwide (n = 101) answered a structured questionnaire on existing national oral health systems and the actual public health activities. The response rate was 58.4%. The questionnaire was used to collect information about structural factors, country workforce, financial models, provision of preventive services and promotion for oral health, school health programmes, administration of fluoride, national oral health targets and oral health surveillance. The countries were classified by national income for analysis of data.ResultsCoverage of population groups by primary oral health care and emergency care varied by national income. The gap between countries in delivery of preventive care was strong since low‐income countries less often reported preventive activities than middle‐income countries and particularly when compared to high‐income countries. School oral health programmes were less frequent in low‐income than other countries. Moreover, population methods of fluoridation and use of fluoridated toothpaste were unusual in low‐income countries. Health education, mass communication and community events were often essential elements in health promotion. In disease prevention, many countries considered the link between oral health and general health conditions and intervention towards shared risk factors of NCDs. The health concern for the consumption of tobacco, unhealthy diet and sugars was particularly emphasized by high‐income countries but less highlighted by low‐income countries. Finally, while national oral health targets for children and surveillance systems were frequently reported by countries, similar systems for adolescents, adults and older people were rare.ConclusionsThe inequities between countries in oral disease prevention and health promotion were substantial. Limited financial resources for preventive care and health promotion; inadequate workforce for oral health, and insufficient coverage in primary health care were observed in low‐resource countries. The results of the survey demonstrate the need for building effective oral health systems oriented towards oral disease prevention and health promotion.
Expertise Shapes Multimodal Imagery for Wine
Authors: Croijmans Ilja , Speed Laura J. , Arshamian Artin , Majid Asifa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough taste and smell seem hard to imagine, some people nevertheless report vivid imagery in these sensory modalities. We investigate whether experts are better able to imagine smells and tastes because they have learned the ability, or whether they are better imaginers in the first place, and so become experts. To test this, we first compared a group of wine experts to yoked novices using a battery of questionnaires. We show for the first time that experts report greater vividness of wine imagery, with no difference in vividness across sensory modalities. In contrast, novices had more vivid color imagery than taste or odor imagery for wines. Experts and novices did not differ on other vividness of imagery measures, suggesting a domain‐specific effect of expertise. Critically, in a second study, we followed a group of students commencing a wine course and a group of matched control participants. Students and controls did not differ before the course, but after the wine course students reported more vivid wine imagery. We provide evidence that expertise improves imagery, exemplifying the extent of plasticity of cognition underlying the chemical senses.
The Interaction Effect of Goal Misalignment and Metaknowledge Distribution on Team Decision Making in Operations and Supply Chain Management
Authors: Franke Henrik , Foerstl Kai , Heese H. Sebastian 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTMany strategic decisions concerning firms’ operations and supply chain management (OSCM) are executed in teams of multiple functional specialists, to reap the proven benefits of internal integration. However, specialists bring with them not only diverse expertise, but also diverse goals and incentive structures. We examine how functional goal misalignment and the distribution of knowledge of who knows what (metaknowledge) affect self‐serving politics and the performance of cross‐functional teams. To test our model, we develop a vignette‐based social team experiment and analyze data from 468 participants grouped in 156 sourcing teams. Our results provide evidence for both catalyst and inverse‐catalyst effects of the distribution of metaknowledge. Specifically, under goal alignment, centralized metaknowledge leads to the catalyzation of cross‐functional expertise, reducing team politics and enhancing team performance. However, under goal misalignment, centralized metaknowledge significantly amplifies team politics and reduces performance via mediation. We contribute to the growing body of research on behavioral OSCM at the team level of analysis by offering theoretical and practical implications for the design of team integration processes from the perspective of organizational politics and group cognition. We also provide management with clear design recommendations regarding how to govern cross‐functional OSCM teams in terms of functional goals and the distribution of metaknowledge.
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors and the risk of urosepsis: A multi‐site, prevalent new‐user cohort study
Authors: Fisher Anat , Fralick Michael , Filion Kristian B. , Dell'Aniello Sophie , Douros Antonios , Tremblay Éric , Shah Baiju R. , Ronksley Paul E. , Alessi‐Severini Silvia , Hu Nianping , Bugden Shawn C. , Ernst Pierre , Lix Lisa M. ,   for the Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies (CNODES) Investigators
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimTo compare urosepsis rates in patients with type 2 diabetes treated using sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) with dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4i) in a real‐world setting.MethodsWe conducted a matched cohort study using a prevalent new‐user design with time‐conditional propensity scores. New users of SGLT2i from seven Canadian provinces and the UK were matched to DPP4i users. The primary outcome was hospitalization with a diagnosis of urosepsis and the secondary outcome was Fournier's gangrene. Site‐specific hazard ratios for urosepsis comparing SGLT2i with DPP4i were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models and pooled using a random effects meta‐analysis.ResultsWe included 208 244 users of SGLT2i and 208 244 users of DPP4i. Among SGLT2i users, 42% initiated canagliflozin, 31% dapagliflozin and 27% empagliflozin. During a mean follow‐up of 0.9 years, patients initiating SGLT2i had a lower rate of urosepsis compared with those receiving DPP4i. The pooled adjusted hazard ratio was 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42‐0.80). The incidence rates of Fournier's gangrene were numerically similar in SGLT2i (0.08 per 1000 person‐years; 95% CI: 0.05‐0.13) and DPP4i users (0.14; 95% CI: 0.09‐0.21).ConclusionsIn this large, multi‐site study, we did not observe an increased risk for urosepsis associated with SGLT2i compared with DPP4i among patients with type 2 diabetes in a real‐world setting.
Uncertainties associated with trophic discrimination factor and body size complicate calculation of δ15N‐derived trophic positions in Arapaima sp.
Authors: Jacobi Cristina Mariana , Villamarín Francisco , Jardine Timothy D. , Magnusson William Ernest 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) have been used to estimate trophic position (TP) of organisms due to the predictable enrichment of nitrogen‐15 in consumer tissues relative to their diet. We explored estimates of trophic position using liver and muscle δ15N and stomach content analysis in a broad size range of Arapaima sp. from Amazonian floodplain lakes. Estimates of TP based on liver δ15N were more closely related to the stomach content data than estimates based on muscle δ15N, possibly because of the higher turnover of nitrogen in liver. Total length and season explained most of the variation in TP values estimated from δ15N, showing that they have more effect than prey trophic position on δ15N values. The TP estimated by identification of stomach content was 3.6 and was unrelated to the size of the arapaima. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the factors that affect values of δ15N and stomach content analysis is still needed to unravel the trophic ecology of predatory fishes.
Sex differences in acute ischaemic stroke patients: clinical presentation, causes and outcomes
Authors: Medlin F. , Amiguet M. , Eskandari A. , Michel P. 
Published: May 2020

Background and purposeThe aim was to investigate sex differences in the causes, clinical presentation, outcome and stroke recurrences in a large cohort of consecutive acute ischaemic stroke patients.MethodsPatients from the Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne were included from March 2003 to April 2016. Multivariate analysis of clinical, pathophysiological and biological variables was conducted. The 12‐month functional outcome using modified Rankin Scale shift analysis, 12‐month mortality and cerebrovascular recurrences were compared after adjustment for potential confounders.ResultsFrom 3993 patients, 44% were female, were older and had more pre‐stroke handicap than male patients. In the multivariate analysis, higher frequencies of several comorbidities were observed in women (migraine, hypothyroidism, depression/psychotic disorders) and of risk factors in men (more past cerebrovascular events, coronary artery disease, low cardiac ejection fraction, alcohol abuse and active cancer). Women had a lower body mass index and more pretreatment with antihypertensive drugs but less with antidiabetic/lipid‐lowering or antiplatelet drugs. Stroke severity was higher in women, but men had more cerebellar signs. Stroke due to atherosclerosis, small vessel disease or multiple origins was less frequent in women. In the adjusted 12‐month modified Rankin Scale shift analysis, female sex was associated with less favourable functional outcome (odds ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.35), whilst 12‐month mortality (hazard ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.86–1.19) and cerebrovascular recurrences (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 0.9–1.45) were similar.ConclusionsIn this retrospective analysis of consecutive acute ischaemic stroke patients, women had higher age, more pre‐stroke handicap and less atherosclerotic, lacunar or multiple stroke mechanisms. Female sex was associated with higher levels of long‐term disability than men, but mortality and cerebrovascular recurrences were not significantly different.
Cancer therapy: Attempt cure or manage drug resistance?
Authors: Hansen Elsa , Read Andrew F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCancer treatment is often aimed at achieving rapid, large, and sustained reductions in tumor burden. Even when these strong responses are achieved, treatment frequently fails due to the emergence of drug‐resistant cell lineages. Over the last decade, a variety of authors have suggested that treatment should instead be aimed at containing resistance rather than curing the patient. That new philosophy poses a dilemma: how to choose between treatment regimens that can sometimes cure the patient and regimens that can delay progression but not cure the patient? Here, we investigate that choice. We define aspects of the evolution and ecology of tumor dynamics that determine whether it is better to attempt cure or to manage resistance. Even when it is possible to manage resistance and delay progression, this may not be the best treatment option. We show that the best option depends on how “cure” and “delaying progression” are prioritized, and how those priorities will vary among patients. We also discuss the difficulties of comparing in clinical trials traditional strategies that can sometimes successfully cure to alternative approaches where cure is not possible. More generally, where resistance management is possible, there are new challenges in communicating options to patients, setting treatment guidelines, and evaluating data from clinical trials.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of cocaine and its metabolites in behaviorally divergent inbred mouse strains
Authors: Zhu Jing , Beechinor Ryan J. , Thompson Trey , Schorzman Allison N. , Zamboni William , Crona Daniel J. , Weiner Daniel L. , Tarantino Lisa M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCocaine (COC) is a psychostimulant with a high potential for abuse and addiction. Risk for COC use disorder is driven, in part, by genetic factors. Animal models of addiction‐relevant behaviors have proven useful for studying both genetic and nongenetic contributions to drug response. In a previous study, we examined initial locomotor sensitivity to COC in genetically diverse inbred mouse strains. That work highlighted the relevance of pharmacokinetics (PK) in initial locomotor response to COC but was limited by a single dose and two sampling points. The objective of the present study was to characterize the PK and pharmacodynamics of COC and its metabolites (norcocaine and benzoylecgonine) in six inbred mouse strains (I/LnJ, C57BL/6J, FVB/NJ, BTBR T+ tf/J, LG/J and LP/J) that exhibit extreme locomotor responses to cocaine. Mice were administered COC at one of four doses and concentrations of cocaine, norcocaine and benzoylecgonine were analyzed in both plasma and brain tissue at 5 different time points. Initial locomotor sensitivity to COC was used as a pharmacodynamic endpoint. We developed an empirical population PK model that simultaneously characterizes cocaine, norcocaine and benzoylecgonine in plasma and brain tissues. We observed interstrain variability occurring in the brain compartment that may contribute to pharmacodynamic differences among select strains. Our current work paves the way for future studies to explore strain‐specific pharmacokinetic differences and identify factors other than PK that are responsible for the diverse behavioral response to COC across these inbred mouse strains.
Photocatalytic plate‐like La2Ti2O7 nanoparticles synthesized via liquid‐feed flame spray pyrolysis (LF‐FSP) of metallo‐organic precursors
Authors: Abe Yoshiyuki , Laine Richard M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) of a perovskite‐slab‐type oxide, La2Ti2O7, were synthesized using LF‐FSP coupled with subsequent heat treatments, and their photocatalytic activity was evaluated using decolorization of methyl orange solution under Uv irradiation. The LF‐FSP process used metallo‐organic precursors to produce NPs with very low agglomeration with average particle sizes (APSs) of 26 nm (LF‐FSP NP). Optimized heat treatment of these NPs at 1000°C/3 h/air gave small, plate‐like NPs with high crystallinity, and BET specific surface areas (SSAs) of 14 m2/g, that exhibited the best observed photocatalytic activity. High‐angle annular dark‐field scanning TEM showed that heat‐treating eliminates microstructural defects in these NPs, improving photocatalytic activity by ≈30%. The current approach to perovskite‐slab‐type NPs using LF‐FSP provides a simple route to materials with superior photocatalytic activity and offers the advantage of good productivity, 30 g/h.
A high‐performance solid oxide fuel cell with a layered electrolyte for reduced temperatures
Authors: Liu Mingfei , Uba Franklin , Liu Ying 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe application of conventional zirconia‐based electrolytes is limited to relatively high temperatures (ie > 750°C) due to their poor conductivities at low temperatures. Doped ceria has much higher conductivities; however, when exposed to fuel, electronic current develops within the material, which impairs cell performance and efficiency. Herein, we report a novel layered electrolyte structure consisting of a 10 µm samaria‐doped ceria primary layer and a 2 µm scandia‐ceria‐stabilized zirconia protection layer on the fuel side. The cell had five layers and was fabricated using a tape casting and ultrasonic spraying technique. By carefully selecting the raw materials, the bilyer electrolyte was sintered to full density at a low temperature of 1250°C. The adverse interdiffusion and undesirable reactions between the two layers were largely avoided. A fuel cell with the layered electrolyte structure, operated on hydrogen fuel, produced a high open circuit voltage 1.07 V and a power density of 321 mW/cm2 at 0.8 V and 600°C, 76% improvement compared to the fuel cell with a scandia‐stabilized zirconia/samaria‐doped ceria bilayer electrolyte reported in literature.
The role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, NO and H2S in ischaemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection
Authors: Andreadou Ioanna , Schulz Rainer , Papapetropoulos Andreas , Turan Belma , Ytrehus Kirsti , Ferdinandy Peter , Daiber Andreas , Di Lisa Fabio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRedox signalling in mitochondria plays an important role in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and in cardioprotection. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) modify cellular structures and functions by means of covalent changes in proteins including among others S‐nitros(yl)ation by nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives, and S‐sulphydration by hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Many enzymes are involved in the mitochondrial formation and handling of ROS, NO and H2S under physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, the balance between formation and removal of reactive species is impaired during I/R favouring their accumulation. Therefore, various interventions aimed at decreasing mitochondrial ROS accumulation have been developed and have shown cardioprotective effects in experimental settings. However, ROS, NO and H2S play also a role in endogenous cardioprotection, as in the case of ischaemic pre‐conditioning, so that preventing their increase might hamper self‐defence mechanisms. The aim of the present review was to provide a critical analysis of formation and role of reactive species, NO and H2S in mitochondria, with a special emphasis on mechanisms of injury and protection that determine the fate of hearts subjected to I/R. The elucidation of the signalling pathways of ROS, NO and H2S is likely to reveal novel molecular targets for cardioprotection that could be modulated by pharmacological agents to prevent I/R injury.