bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSV-8 Glucocorticoid receptor agonist (GRA): what is the best delivery method to newly weaned pigs?
Authors: Wooten Hailey , Kim Hwanhee , Rakhshandeh Amanda , Rakhshandeh Anoosh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We previously found that i.m. injection of GRA, similar to in-feed antibiotics, improves measures of intestinal integrity, nutrient digestibility, and overall growth performance in nursery pigs. In addition, we have demonstrated that the mitigating effects of GRA on the stress of weaning is predominantly done by subsiding the inflammatory response that often accompanies early weaning. The objective of the current study was to explore the most practical methods for delivering GRA to newly weaned pigs. One-hundred and sixty-seven PIC pigs were weaned at 25 ±1.0 days of age (BW 7 ±1.2 kg), and assigned to fourteen treatments (3-4 pigs /pen; 3 pens/treatment). Seven treatments were tested within two sexes (gilts vs. barrows). The treatments were: 1) i.m. injection of GRA (two injections, 0.2 mg/kg BW at -1 and 3 d post-weaning), 2) two levels of in-water GRA (0.8 and 1.6 ppm), 3) in-feed GRA (2.5 and 5.0 ppm), 4) in-feed antibiotic (ANT, 100 ppm tylosin), and 5) control. Dexamethasone was used as GRA. Pigs had free access to in-feed or in-water GRA or ANT during the 1st-week post-weaning. Parameters of growth performance were measured weekly until the end of the nursery phase. A completely randomized design and repeated measurement ANOVA (PROC MIXED) in SAS were used for statistical analyses. In-water, in-feed, and i.m. GRA treatments resulted in growth performance outcomes comparable to that of in-feed ANT. Relative to CON pigs, both ANT and GRA improved ADG and G: F during the nursery phase (P &lt; 0.05). Among the delivery methods tested, 2.5 ppm of in-feed GRA resulted in superior ADG (GRA vs. CON; 0.29 vs. 0.20 kg/d) and G: F (0.63 vs. 0.40 ± 0.05), compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.02). Collectively, these results suggested that in-feed treatment is the best method for delivering GRA to newly weaned pigs.
PSV-18 The role of leptin in feed efficiency and behavior attributes of commercial beef heifers
Authors: Bhowmik Nayan , Ringwall Kris A , Dahlen Carl R , Swanson Kendall C , Clapper Jeffrey A , Ward Alison K , Hulsman Hanna Lauren L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Leptin is a 16-kDa-peptide hormone product of the leptin gene (LEP) that is predominantly synthesized by adipose tissues and has known involvement in regulation of feed intake, energy expenditure, reproduction, and immune functions. The objective was to determine the association of leptin genotype (LEP c.73C &gt;T), leptin diplotype (LEPD) and plasma leptin hormone (LEPH) concentration with growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, and behavior characteristics in developing beef heifers. A total of 336 commercial beef heifers were genotyped for the LEP c.73C &gt;T marker. Four single nucleotide polymorphism markers including LEP c.73C &gt;T, ARS-BFGL-NGS-59298 (intron 1), BovineHD0400026029 (upstream) and BovineHD0400026063 (downstream) of LEP were considered for haplotype analysis. Eleven LEPD were identified for this study using parsimony-based analyses. Circulating levels of LEPH were measured on 333 heifers prior to their first breeding season and used to assign low or high concentration group based on population median. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS for repeated measures, fixed effects of ancestral breed group (n = 4), dam age category (n = 4), frame size group (n = 4), project cycle nested within birth year (n = 6), week of feed trial × year, LEP (n = 3) or LEPD (n = 11) or LEPH (n = 2), as well as week × LEPH (only for LEPH). There were no significant differences between LEP genotypes (P ≥ 0.11) or LEPD (P ≥ 0.33) for any of the studied traits. Heifers with low LEPH ate fewer meals per day (P = 0.02) and had more DMI per meal (P = 0.04) compared to those with high plasma leptin. Further research is needed to better understand plasma LEPH concentration and its role in feeding behavior attributes. However, circulatory LEPH before the breeding season may serve as a predictor for feeding behavior.
PSVI-12 Phosphorous digestibility of corn ethanol co-products, from Brazil and USA, in growing pigs
Authors: Paula Vinicius R C , Milani Natália C , Azevedo Cândida P F , Casarotti Gabriel A G , Granja Leonardo A , Mike Brian , Shurson Gerald C , Ruiz Urbano S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P, and their respective digestible values, of two high protein (HP) corn dried distillers’ grains (DDG) and of two corn DDG with solubles (DDGS), from Brazil and USA, in pigs. Fifty crossbred barrows (38.3±5.2kg BW) were fed a semi-purified P-free basal diet (BD), used to determine endogenous P losses, or four diets composed of 40% of each ingredient, as the only source of P, substituting for starch in BD: Brazilian HP DDG (BHP); USA HP DDG (UHP); Brazilian DDGS (BDG) and USA DDGS (UDG). Animals were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (110 kcal of DE per kg of BW0.75) for 9 d (7 d adaptation and 2 d of partial feces collection). Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker (0.3%) for digestibility calculations. A randomized block design was used, with 10 replicates, using the pig as the experimental unit. Results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (P&lt; 0.05). The ATTD of P of UHP and UDG were 47% greater (P&lt; 0.05) than those verified in BHP and BDG. The STTD of P of UHP and UDG were 45% higher (P &lt; 0.05) than that of BDG. The STTD of BHP was similar (P &gt;0.05) to the values of BDG and UDG. The total and standardized digestible P of UDG (0.40-0.44%, respectively) were greater (P&lt; 0.05) than those of BDG (0.33-0.38 %, respectively) and of UHP (0.28-0.32%, respectively), which were similar (P &gt; 0.05), and higher than that of BHP (0.22-0.27%, respectively). In conclusion, corn distiller’s co-products from Brazil and USA presented different ATTD and STTD P values, and USA DDGS (UDG) showed the highest apparent total tract and standardized digestible P among all corn coproducts evaluated.
PSVIII-15 Phytogenics reduces medical treatment in nursery pigs affected by post-weaning diarrhea
Authors: Moran Kory , Aumiller Tobias , Manner Klaus , Zentek Jurgen , van der Klis Jan Dirk , Muller Andreas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of phytogenics on performance, stool firmness, mortality and morbidity of weaned pigs housed in a commercial farm with historic incidence of post-weaning diarrhea associated with pathogenic E. coli. A total of 540 pigs (BW 7.34±0.9kg;) were used in a 42-day trial. Pigs were allotted by BW and sex into 30 pens (18pigs/pen). Pigs were fed a 2-phase feeding program, with each period being 14 and 28-d, respectively. Dietary treatments were: 1) Control and 2) Phytogenics (1,000 ppm Fresta®Protect, Delacon Biotechnik GmbH). Fecal score was determined daily by pen during the first 14-days (1=liquid diarrhea; 2=pasty feces; 3=formed feces; 4=well-formed feces; 5=hard feces). At day 42, fecal samples (n=15) were analyzed for copy numbers of the virulence factor genes fae (F-4 fimbria) and est-II (heat-stable toxin) by qPCR. Growth performance was not affected by treatments during phase 1. The ADG during phase 2 and overall period increased for pigs supplemented with phytogenics compared to control treatment (531 vs 501 g, P=0.015; 394 vs 375 g, P=0.025; respectively). Consequently, phytogenics tended to improve feed conversion during phase 2 and overall period compared to control treatment (1.48 vs 1.52, P=0.08; 1.46 vs 1.50, P=0.10). Phytogenics improved fecal score (3.8 vs 3.6, P&lt; 0.001), livability (97.4% vs 96%) and decreased the percentage of pigs that required medicine to control post-weaning diarrhea (1.8% vs 2.9%) compared to the control treatment. E. coli virulence factors in feces of animals supplemented with phytogenics were numerically lower than those fed the control treatment (8.5 vs 8.9 log10/g fae gene, P=0.32; 6.8 vs 7.2 log10/g est-II gene, P=0.50). Results suggest that the phytogenics used in this experiment is beneficial during post-weaning diarrhea outbreaks by improving performance and livability and by reducing the cost associated with medical treatments in weaned pigs
PSVIII-7 Effects of Bacillus subtilis on colon digesta metabolomic profiles in weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that supplementation of Bacillus subtilis enhanced growth rate, improved gut barrier function, and modified colon microbiome of weaned pigs infected with pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis on colon digesta metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with F18 E. coli. Forty-eight pigs (6.73 ± 0.77 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of the four treatments (12 pigs/treatment). Four treatments included negative control (NC), positive control (PC), low-dose (1.28 × 109 CFU Bacillus subtilis/kg feed), and high-dose (2.56 × 109 CFU Bacillus subtilis/kg feed). The experiment lasted 18 d [7 d before and 11 d after first inoculation (d 0)]. The F18 E. coli inoculum was orally provided to all pigs with the dose of 1010 cfu/3 mL for 3 consecutive days, except NC. Twenty-four pigs (6 pigs/treatment) were euthanized on d 5 post-inoculation (PI) and the remained pigs were euthanized on d 11 PI to collect colon digesta for the analysis of metabolomic profiles by gas chromatography time of flight-mass spectrometer (GCTOF-MS). All processed data were statistically analyzed and evaluated by online MetaboAnalyst tool. No significant differences were observed in the metabolites between NC and PC on d 5 and 11 PI. Compared with PC, low- and high-dose Bacillus subtilis reduced (Fold change &gt; 1.5; FDR &lt; 0.20) four metabolites (proline, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, lysine, and glutamic acid) and two metabolites (ribose, and D-xylulose) in colon digesta on d 5 PI, respectively. These metabolites were related to aminoacyl-tRNA-biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, and lysine degradation. In conclusion, supplementation of Bacillus subtilis modified the levels of microbial metabolites associated with amino acid metabolism in colon digesta of pigs.
PSVIII-1 Determination of in vitro DM, N and NDF digestibility and fermentability in novel corn co-products for swine
Authors: Palowski Amanda , Yang Zhaohui , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
New process technologies are being implemented in the ethanol industry resulting in new high protein corn co-products (HPCP) containing more gross energy and amino acids than conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Thus, estimates of nutrient digestibility for HPCP are needed to assess potential feeding value for swine. Furthermore, yellow dent corn is the predominant grain source in U.S. ethanol and co-product production whereas flint corn is used in Brazil. This study determined and compared in vitro dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and fermentability of U.S. and Brazil corn DDGS and new HPCP. In vitro methods evaluated DM, N, and NDF digestibility and fermentability of 2 corn DDGS samples from U.S. (POET and ICM), 2 DDGS samples from Brazil (BR1 and BR2), 1 corn fiber and solubles sample (CF+S), 3 high protein distillers grains (HP-DDG) samples (BR-HP, US-HP, US-HPG1.5), and 2 HP-DDG samples containing high yeast (Ultramax; UM) and StillPro (SP). Digestibility of DM from hydrolysis varied and was greatest for UM (87.13%; P &lt; 0.001) compared with all other co-products. Fermentability of DM was greater (P &lt; 0.001), and similar for UM (85.6%), SP (76.8%), and US-HP-DDG (72.8%) compared with other co-products. Digestibility of N was greater for UM (91.2%; P &lt; 0.001) compared with all other co-products. NDF digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for UM (62.5%) and SP (60.5%) compared with all other co-products. POET and ICM DDGS had greater (P &lt; 0.001) DM hydrolysis (78.7% and 68.2%, respectively), than BR1 (37.2%) and BR2 (35.0%) and N digestibility (POET = 65.0%; ICM = 58.9%) compared with BR1 (54.4%) and BR2 (43.4%). These results suggest greater nutritional value for Ultramax and StillPro than conventional DDGS and HP-DDG sources (U.S. and Brazilian) due to greater DM, N, and NDF digestibility.
PSVIII-11 Effects of feeding diets containing corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance in broilers: a meta-analysis
Authors: Jang Jae-Cheol , Zeng Zhikai , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Published studies involving different feeding strategies and diet inclusion rates of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) for broilers have resulted in variable growth performance responses. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the impact of feeding diets containing cDDGS on growth performance of broilers using a total of 16 publications with 56 observations in the database. The mean difference (MD) of BWG, FI, and G/F ratio were expressed as percentage between feeding corn-soybean meal-based (CSB) diet and addition of cDDGS into CSB diet of broilers. Individual observations were analyzed using a multivariable model (Proc GLIMMIX, SAS) to evaluate growth performance responses based on feeding phase, inclusion level of cDDGS, and oil content of cDDGS as a fixed effect. Broilers fed cDDGS diet had decreased BWG (-0.1 %, P &lt; 0.01) and increased FI (0.3 %, P &lt; 0.01) compared with broilers fed CSB diet. Moreover, every percentage unit increase in the inclusion level of cDDGS in CSB diet was associated with a decrease in BWG (0.30 %, P &lt; 0.01) and FI (2.64 %, P &lt; 0.01). The MD of BWG was greater for broilers fed cDDGS in the starter (4.70 %, P &lt; 0.01) and entire (3.00 %, P &lt; 0.01) period compared with the finisher feeding period. However, entire feeding period showed greater MD of G/F ratio (2.11 %, P &lt; 0.01) compared with starter and finisher periods. The MD of BWG (-1.02 %, P &lt; 0.01) and FI (-2.48%, P &lt; 0.01) were decreased for broilers fed more than 20 % in the diet. In conclusion, including more than 20 % cDDGS into the broiler diet decreased BWG and FI. The recommended inclusion level of cDDGS into the broiler diet is 10 to 20 % during the entire period.
PSVII-16 Effects of genetic selection for early puberty on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in gilts
Authors: Harlow KaLynn , Renwick Allison , Shuping Sydney , Sommer Jeff , Knauer Mark , Nestor Casey 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Puberty onset in gilts is an awakening of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that is the result of reduced estradiol-negative feedback at the level of the hypothalamus which yields elevated gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary. Given the importance of hypothalamic kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) signaling for the onset of puberty in other species, the objective of this study was to determine if gilts selected for early pubertal onset (SELECT) would display measurable differences within the hypothalamus (i.e. increased expression of kisspeptin and NKB) and within the ovary (i.e. increased ovarian mass) compared to age-matched and weight-matched gilts (CONTROL) that achieve puberty 20 days later than SELECT gilts. Gilts were sacrificed at three timepoints: Timepoint A, both groups were determined to be prepubertal (n=6/group), Timepoint B, SELECT gilts were determined to be pubertal and CONTROL gilts were determined to be prepubertal (n=6/group), and Timepoint C, both groups were determined to be pubertal (n=6/group). All animals were euthanized, heads were perfused with 8 L of 4% paraformaldehyde, and ovaries were harvested. Brain tissue was removed post-fixation, submerged in fixative for 24 hrs followed by 20% sucrose until sectioned for immunohistochemistry. Ovarian mass tended (p≤0.10) to be greater for SELECT gilts on the right ovary (4.34 vs. 3.67 g) and the left ovary (4.49 vs. 3.68 g) when compared to CONTROL (Timepoints A and C), and at Timepoint B right ovary mass from SELECT gilts was heavier than CONTROL gilts (p&lt; 0.05; 7.22 vs. 4.65 g). Hypothalamic immunohistochemistry for kisspeptin and NKB revealed differences in neuronal fiber density between both groups at various timepoints. Therefore, we conclude that gilts genetically selected for early puberty do so via changes within the hypothalamus that increase gonadotropin secretion and, in turn, stimulate ovarian growth to ultimately advance the timing of puberty onset.
PSVII-22 Trichostatin A as an aging agent in an oocyte
Authors: Arena Haley A , Hicks Emma C , Whitaker Brian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As oocytes experience prolonged aging, reactive oxygen species (ROS) typically accumulate, the mitochondrial electrochemical potential gradient dissipates, and cumulus cells undergo expansion. Trichostatin A (TSA), used to stimulate aging, delays oocyte maturation by inhibiting germinal vesicle breakdown during meiosis. The objective of this study was to study the effects of aging during in vitro oocyte maturation in pigs. Oocytes (n=881) were matured with or without TSA (100 ng/mL) for 24 or 48 h followed by an additional 16 h of maturation without TSA. At the end of maturation, oocytes (n=446) were evaluated for cumulus cell expansion (CCE). A portion of the oocytes were stained to determine the relative levels of ROS (n=476) or mitochondrial electrochemical potential gradient dissipation (n=405). Fluorescent images of the oocytes were acquired, images were analyzed using ImageJ, and statistical analysis of the data was performed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Oocytes matured with or without TSA for 48 h had significantly less (P &lt; 0.05) CCE compared to oocytes matured without TSA for 24 h. Oocytes matured without TSA for 24 h generated significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) levels of ROS compared to oocytes matured with TSA for 48 h. Oocytes matured without TSA for 48 h had significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) mitochondrial membrane potential compared to the all other treatments. Results indicate that oocytes experiencing prolonged aging have less CCE and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential but no consistent or predictable trends in ROS formation. The use of TSA to stimulate aging in pig oocytes remains a valid and a reliable option.
PSVIII-21 Parasite prevalence and fecal egg counts on organic pig farms
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Hernandez Alexander , Carr Rick , Dukes Shelby , Lou Maria , DeWitte Diane 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Swine parasites present challenges for organic pig farmers and represent suboptimal animal health because the use of synthetic anthelmintics is not allowed. The objective of this study was to investigate prevalence and fecal egg counts (FEC) of three intestinal parasites (Ascaris, Trichuris, and Oesophagostomum) on organic pig farms in the United States. Nine farms across 4 states were investigated. Pigs on all farms were raised within no-confinement facilities, had access to the outdoors or pasture except for one farm that housed sows in a hoop barn, and no use of synthetic anthelmintics from birth to market weight for growing/finishing pigs and from the third trimester of gestation for sows. Herd size varied from 12 to 416 (median=50) pigs. Four to 16 fecal samples were collected in each pen or pasture. A total of 186 samples were analyzed for FEC using the concentrated McMaster technique to yield eggs per gram (epg) of fecal samples. Pigs were categorized as breeders (gestating sows of all parity and boars), growing pigs (2 to 5 months old), or finishing pigs (5 months old to market weight). Results indicate that 56%, 89%, and 44% farms were infected with Oesophagostomum, Ascaris, and Trichuris, respectively. Overall, breeders on infected farms had higher (P=0.01) FEC of Oesophagostomum (1,115 epg ± 1,647 SD) than growing (60 epg ± 9.5 SD) and finishing pigs (237 epg ± 234 SD). Growing and finishing pigs had higher (P&lt; 0.001) FEC of Ascaris (1,733 epg ± 1,208 SD for growing pigs; 1,162 epg ± 630 SD for finishing pigs) than breeders (5 epg ± 2.5 SD). Trichuris FEC was relatively low (&lt; 80 epg for pigs in all production stages) compared to other parasites. Results suggest that swine parasite infection is common on organic/alternative farms and strategies to control parasites need to be developed.
PSI-1 Effects of choline on immune cell function in growing cattle supplemented with guanidinoacetic acid and creatine
Authors: Aufdemberge Hope D , Grant Madeline S , Bradford Barry J , Mamedova Laman K , Titgemeyer Evan C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Methyl sources that affect immune function/inflammation potentially have value in the beef industry, notably with receiving cattle. In newly received beef cattle, an active immune response with appropriately controlled inflammation is critical to optimize both biological and economic efficiency, due to the high cost of disease and its treatment. Our objective was to determine how modulation of methyl group status would affect polymorphonuclear cell (PMN; primarily neutrophils) function. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (200 kg) were used in a 6×6 Latin square design with 10-d periods. Factorial treatments included 3 methyl group modulators (MGM: control; 15 g/d guanidinoacetic acid, which consumes methyl groups; or 16.8 g/d creatine, which spares methyl groups) and 2 levels of choline (0 or 5 g/d). Steers received 4 kg/d of a corn-based diet. Treatments were continuously infused abomasally. On d 10 of each period, jugular blood was collected, and PMN were isolated. Cells were challenged with or without LPS (1 μg/mL) for 30 min followed by addition of dihydrorhodamine (100 μM) for 10 min and E. coli covalently labeled with Texas Red at a ratio of 20:1 for an additional 40 min. PMN activity (phagocytosis and oxidative burst) was assessed using a capillary ﬂow cytometer. Oxidative burst, with or without LPS challenge, was not affected by choline (P &gt;0.42) or MGM (P &gt;0.75). Phagocytosis without LPS was not affected by choline (P=0.29) or MGM (P=0.30). When PMN were challenged with LPS, phagocytosis tended to be reduced by choline (P=0.09) but was not affected by MGM (P=0.35). Choline tended to reduce phagocytosis by PMN challenged with LPS, suggesting that it may reduce inflammatory responses. A more robust understanding of methyl group metabolism may allow nutritionists to supply these nutrients to optimize immune function.