bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Policy in Power Sector: Feed-in Tariff and Carbon Pricing
Authors: Kurakawa Yukihide 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the effects of some mainstream policy schemes in the power sector on the reduction of CO2 emissions. The first part of this chapter is the analysis on the effects of promoting generation (fuel) efficiency of fossil-fuel power generation, specifically assuming more efficient coal-fired power plants that recently indicates increased presence in the Japanese power sector. Improvement in generation efficiency of fossil-fuel power plants is expected to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide mainly from a technological aspect. However, overall effects on carbon reduction in the whole industry would be ambiguous since it also depends on market structure. The increased efficiency in generation leads to an improvement in cost conditions of fossil-fuel power producers relative to their rivals. It enables them to expand their generation and market share. Analyzing the Cournot oligopoly model, it is shown that an improvement in fossil-fuel power generations produces two effects: the ‘saving effect’ and the ‘rebound effect’. The total CO2 emission in the whole industry decrease if the former effect exceeds the other, and vice versa. In addition, it is indicated that a rise in the generation efficiency would increase a difficulty of implementing carbon tax. In the second part of this chapter, I study the combination of feed-in tariff and carbon tax; that would be worthy to investigate since they could possibly complement each other. FIT policy could be financed by the revenue of carbon tax, and a reduction in electricity supply by the carbon tax would be lessen by supporting renewable power generations under FIT. It is demonstrated that FIT had the combined effects: it fosters a competitive environment in addition to indirectly reduces CO2 emissions. The result indicates that the combination of these policies would produce potential welfare gains.
Energy Consumption in Transition: Evidence from Facility-Level Data
Authors: Yajima Naonari , Arimura Toshi H. , Sadayuki Taisuke 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter estimated the impact of the Tokyo emissions trading scheme (ETS) and Saitama ETS on energy consumption in the manufacturing sector using a facility-level panel data set compiled from the Current Survey of Energy Consumption, a nationwide survey on energy consumption conducted by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in Japan. To our knowledge, no study has used this rich data set to perform sophisticated econometric analyses. We found that the Tokyo ETS reduced electricity consumption by 16%. On the other hand, we did not find evidences of switching from dirty fossil fuel to cleaner fuel associated with the introduction of the Tokyo ETS. The impact of the Saitama ETS on energy consumption was not statistically confirmed based on our samples. Additional studies are needed to identify the different impacts of the ETSs between Tokyo and Saitama. We also found that Japan has been experiencing long-term decreasing trends in the number of manufacturing facilities and the volume of fossil fuel consumption, which may reduce Japanese CO2 emissions in the long run.
One-loop matching for spin-dependent quasi-TMDs
Authors: Ebert Markus A. , Schindler Stella T. , Stewart Iain W. , Zhao Yong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTransverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDPDFs) provide a unique probe of the three-dimensional spin structure of hadrons. We construct spin-dependent quasi-TMDPDFs that are amenable to lattice QCD calculations and that can be used to determine spin-dependent TMDPDFs. We calculate the short-distance coefficients connecting spin-dependent TMDPDFs and quasi-TMDPDFs at one-loop order. We find that the helicity and transversity distributions have the same coefficient as the unpolarized TMDPDF. We also argue that the same is true for pretzelosity and that this spin universality of the matching will hold to all orders inαs. Thus, it is possible to calculate ratios of these distributions as a function of longitudinal momentum and transverse position utilizing simpler Wilson line paths than have previously been considered.
Warping wormholes with dust: a metric construction of the Python’s Lunch
Authors: Bao Ning , Chatwin-Davies Aidan , Remmen Grant N. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We show how wormholes in three spacetime dimensions can be customizably warped using pressureless matter. In particular, we exhibit a large new class of solutions in (2 + 1)-dimensional general relativity with energy-momentum tensor describing a negative cosmological constant and positive-energy dust. From this class of solutions, we construct wormhole geometries and study their geometric and holographic properties, including Ryu- Takayanagi surfaces, entanglement wedge cross sections, mutual information, and outer entropy. Finally, we construct a Python’s Lunch geometry: a wormhole in asymptotically anti-de Sitter space with a local maximum in size near its middle.
Quantum integrable systems from supergroup gauge theories
Authors: Chen Heng-Yu , Kimura Taro , Lee Norton 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this note, we establish several interesting connections between the super- group gauge theories and the super integrable systems, i.e. gauge theories with supergroups as their gauge groups and integrable systems defined on superalgebras. In particular, we construct the super-characteristic polynomials of super-Toda lattice and elliptic double Calogero-Moser system by considering certain orbifolded instanton partition functions of their corresponding supergroup gauge theories. We also derive an exotic generalization of 𝔰𝔩(2) XXX spin chain arising from the instanton partition function of SQCD with super- gauge group, and study its Bethe ansatz equation.
Horizon symmetries and hairy black holes in AdS
Authors: Donnay Laura , Giribet Gaston , Oliva Julio 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We investigate whether supertranslation symmetry may appear in a scenario that involves black holes in AdS space. The framework we consider is massive 3D gravity, which admits a rich black hole phase space, including stationary AdS black holes with softly decaying hair. We consider a set of asymptotic conditions that permits such decaying near the boundary, and which, in addition to the local conformal symmetry, is preserved by an extra local current. The corresponding algebra of diffeomorphisms consists of two copies of Virasoro algebra in semi-direct sum with an infinite-dimensional Abelian ideal. We then reorient the analysis to the near horizon region, where infinite-dimensional symmetries also appear. The supertranslation symmetry at the horizon yields an infinite set of non-trivial charges, which we explicitly compute. The zero-mode of these charges correctly reproduces the black hole entropy. In contrast to Einstein gravity, in the higher-derivative theory subleading terms in the near horizon expansion contribute to the near horizon charges. Such terms happen to capture the higher-curvature corrections to the Bekenstein area law.
Massive islands
Authors: Geng Hao , Karch Andreas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We comment on the role of the graviton mass in recent calculations of the Page curve using holographic ideas. All reliable calculations of the Page curve in more than 2+1 spacetime dimensions have been performed in systems with massive gravitons. A crucial ingredient in these calculations is the formation of islands, regions that contribute to the entropy of degrees of freedom located elsewhere. While most often simply ignored, it is indeed true that mass of the graviton does not appear to significantly affect the calculations that appeared in the literature. We use the freedom to change the graviton mass to give an extremely simple model of analytically tractable island formation in general dimensions. We do however note that if one attempts to take the limit of zero graviton mass, any contribution from the islands disappears. This raises the question to what extent entanglement islands can play a role in standard massless gravity.
Comparison of prevalence and characteristics of fractures in term and preterm infants in the first 3 years of life
Authors: Tong Liting , Pooranawattanakul Sarita , Gopal-Kothandapani Jaya Sujatha , Offiah Amaka C. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Preterm infants may be more vulnerable to fractures due to various factors, including metabolic bone disease, but an increased risk of fractures up to the age of 2 is unproven.

Objective
To compare fracture patterns in premature and full-term children in the first 3 years of life.

Materials and methods
A retrospective study was conducted. We excluded any child who returned with the same injury, with known metabolic bone disease, with any disease or condition known to reduce bone density, who received any medication known to affect Vitamin D metabolism within 3 months of enrollment or who had fractures post-surgery/resuscitation. Variables such as the number of fractures sustained each year, age of presentation to the Emergency Department and mechanism of injury were compared between the preterm and term groups using statistical analysis (χ2 and Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Student’s t-test for continuous variables). Simple linear regression was performed on the total number of fractures sustained by age 3.

Results
Forty-four children with fractures were included. Of these, none were born extremely preterm, 24 (55%) were preterm, and 20 (45%) were born at term. Mean gestational ages of the preterm and term groups were 32 weeks 3 days and 39 weeks 6 days, respectively. There were no extremely low birth weight or very low birth weight children. There was no significant difference in the number of fractures sustained yearly, the age of presentation to the Emergency Department or the site of fracture between preterm and term groups. Linear regression showed that the total number of fractures sustained by age 3 years was unrelated to prematurity status, gender or birth weight category.

Conclusion
No significant difference in fracture number or pattern was identified.
Self-compression at 1 µm wavelength in all-bulk multi-pass geometry
Authors: Gröbmeyer Sebastian , Fritsch Kilian , Schneider Benedikt , Poetzlberger Markus , Pervak Vladimir , Brons Jonathan , Pronin Oleg 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present directly oscillator-driven self-compression inside an all-bulk Herriott-type multi-pass cell in the near-infrared spectral range. By utilizing precise dispersion management of the multi-pass cell mirrors, we achieve pulse compression from 300 fs down to 31 fs at 11 µJ pulse energy and 119 W average power with a total efficiency exceeding 85%. This corresponds to an increase in peak power by more than a factor of three and a temporal compression by almost a factor of ten in a single broadening stage without necessitating subsequent dispersive optics for temporal compression. The concept is scalable towards millijoule pulse energies and can be implemented in visible, near-infrared and infrared spectral ranges. Importantly, it paves a way towards exploiting Raman soliton self-frequency shifting, supercontinuum generation and other highly nonlinear effects at unprecedented high peak power and pulse energy levels.
Evaluation of secondary dentin formation for forensic age assessment by means of semi-automatic segmented ultrahigh field 9.4 T UTE MRI datasets
Authors: Timme Maximilian , Borkert Jens , Nagelmann Nina , Schmeling Andreas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDental methods are an important element of forensic age assessment of living persons. After the development of all the teeth, including third molars, is completed, degenerative characteristics can be used to assess age. The radiologically detectable reduction of the dental pulp cavity has been described as such a feature. We investigated the suitability of ultrahigh field 9.4 T ultrashort time echo (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of pulp cavity volume in relation to the total tooth volume in 4 extracted human teeth. The volume calculations were performed after semi-automatic segmentation by software AMIRA using the different intensities of the structures in the MRI dataset. The automatically selected intensity range was adjusted manually to the structures. The visual distinction of pulp and tooth structure was possible in all cases with in-plane resolution < 70 μm. Ratios of tooth/pulp volume were calculated, which could be suitable for age estimation procedures. Intensity shifts within the pulp were not always correctly assigned by the software in the course of segmentation. 9.4 T UTE-MRI technology is a forward-looking, radiation-free procedure that allows the volume of the dental pulp to be determined at high spatial resolution and is thus potentially a valuable instrument for the age assessment of living persons.
Best constants in Sobolev and Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequalities on graded groups and ground states for higher order nonlinear subelliptic equations
Authors: Ruzhansky Michael , Tokmagambetov Niyaz , Yessirkegenov Nurgissa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper the dependence of the best constants in Sobolev and Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequalities on the precise form of the Sobolev space norm is investigated. The analysis is carried out on general graded Lie groups, thus including the cases of$$\mathbb {R}^n$$Rn, Heisenberg, and general stratified Lie groups, in all these cases the results being new. The Sobolev norms may be defined in terms of Rockland operators, i.e. the hypoelliptic homogeneous left-invariant differential operators on the group. The best constants are expressed in the variational form as well as in terms of the ground state solutions of the corresponding nonlinear subelliptic equations. The orders of these equations can be high depending on the Sobolev space order in the Sobolev or Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequalities, or may be fractional. Applications are obtained also to equations with lower order terms given by different hypoelliptic operators. Already in the case of$${\mathbb {R}}^n$$Rn, the obtained results extend the classical relations by Weinstein (Commun Math Phys 87(4):567–576 (1982/1983)) to a wide range of nonlinear elliptic equations of high orders with elliptic low order terms and a wide range of interpolation inequalities of Gagliardo–Nirenberg type. However, the proofs are different from those in Weinstein (Commun Math Phys 87(4):567–576 (1982/1983)) because of the impossibility of using the rearrangement inequalities already in the setting of the Heisenberg group. The considered class of graded groups is the most general class of nilpotent Lie groups where one can still consider hypoelliptic homogeneous invariant differential operators and the corresponding subelliptic differential equations.
Cortical threaded pedicle screw improves fatigue strength in decreased bone quality
Authors: Weiser Lukas , Sellenschloh Kay , Püschel Klaus , Morlock Michael M. , Viezens Lennart , Lehmann Wolfgang , Huber Gerd 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Inadequate anchoring of pedicle screws in vertebrae with poor bone quality is a major problem in spine surgery. The aim was to evaluate whether a modified thread in the area of the pedicle could significantly improve the pedicle screw fatigue strength.

Methods
Fourteen human cadaveric vertebral bodies (L2 and L3) were used for in vitro testing. Bone density (BMD) was determined by quantitative computed tomography. Vertebral bodies were instrumented by standard pedicle screws with a constant double thread on the right pedicle and a partial doubling of the threads–quad thread–(cortical thread) in the area of the pedicle on the left pedicle. Pulsating sinusoidal, cyclic load (0.5 Hz) with increasing peak force (100 N + 0.1 N/cycles) was applied orthogonal to the screw axis. The baseline force remained constant (50 N). Fatigue test was terminated after exceeding 5.4-mm head displacement (~ 20° screw tilting).

Results
The mean fatigue load at failure was 264.9 N (1682 cycles) for the standard screws and was increased significantly to 324.7 N (2285 cycles) by the use of cortical threaded screws (p = 0.014). This effect is particularly evident in reduced BMD (standard thread 241.2 N vs. cortical thread 328.4 N; p = 0.016), whereas in the group of vertebrae with normal BMD no significant difference could be detected (standard thread 296.5 N vs. cortical thread 319.8 N; p = 0.463).

Conclusions
Compared to a conventional pedicle screw, the use of a cortical threaded pedicle screw promises superior fatigue load in vertebrae with reduced bone quality.
Reciprocal relationships between paternal psychological distress and child internalising and externalising difficulties from 3 to 14 years: a cross-lagged analysis
Authors: Sifaki Maria , Midouhas Emily , Papachristou Efstathios , Flouri Eirini 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch shows that paternal psychological distress is associated with child emotional and behavioural difficulties. However, little is known about the direction of this association including whether it is bidirectional. The aim of this study was to explore the reciprocal relationships between paternal psychological distress and child emotional and behavioural problems longitudinally (at ages 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 years) in a sample of 13,105 children (49% girls) who participated in the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), a large-scale, nationally representative, longitudinal survey. Four domains of child problems (emotional symptoms, peer relations, conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention) were measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and paternal psychological distress was measured with the Kessler K-6 scale. Data were analysed using cross-lagged path models. At all ages, paternal psychological distress predicted both subsequent child emotional symptoms as well as peer problems. Paternal psychological distress at child’s age 3 was related to more hyperactivity at age 5 and, at age 5, paternal psychological distress was associated with more conduct problems at age 7. At age 11, paternal distress was also related to age 14 conduct problems and hyperactivity. Child effects were fewer and were found mainly for behavioural problems. Notably, we found bidirectional links between paternal psychological distress and child peer difficulties, from 11 to 14 years. Paternal psychological distress appears to influence child behaviour more consistently than the converse. However, in early adolescence, there appears to be a reciprocal relationship between fathers’ mental health problems and children’s peer problems.
Clinical potential of hemodynamic ramp test by simultaneous echocardiography and right heart catheterization for aortic insufficiency in a patient with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device
Authors: Sujino Yasumori , Kuroda Kensuke , Yoshitake Koichi , Yagi Nobuichiro , Anegawa Eiji , Mochizuki Hiroki , Iwasaki Keiichiro , Nakajima Seiko , Watanabe Takuya , Yanase Masanobu , Fukushima Satsuki , Fujita Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Junjiro , Fukushima Norihide 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAortic insufficiency (AI) is an important adverse event in patients with continuous-flow (CF) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. AI is often progressive, resulting in elevated 2-year morbidity and mortality. The effectiveness of echocardiographic ramp studies in patients with AI has been unclear. Here, we describe a patient with a CF-LVAD implant who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR), following assessment of AI using a hemodynamic ramp test with simultaneous echocardiography and right heart catheterization (RHC). The patient was a 21-year-old man with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocarditis, who underwent HeartWare CF-LVAD (HVAD) implantation. Heart failure persisted despite increased doses of diuretics and inotrope, as well as an increased HVAD pump rate. HVAD monitoring revealed a correlation between increased HVAD pump rate and flow at each speed step. A hemodynamic ramp test with simultaneous transthoracic echocardiography and RHC revealed a significant discrepancy between HVAD pump flow and cardiac output (CO) at each speed step; moreover, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure remained high. Therefore, the patient underwent AVR. Subsequently, his low CO symptoms disappeared and inotropes were successfully discontinued. A postoperative hemodynamic ramp test revealed that AVR had successfully closed the loop of blood flow and reduced the discrepancy between HVAD pump flow and CO, thereby increasing CO. The patient was then discharged uneventfully. In conclusion, a hemodynamic ramp test with simultaneous echocardiography and RHC was useful for the evaluation of the causal relationship between AI and low CO, and for selection of surgical treatment for AI in a patient with CF-LVAD.
Southern sustainability initiatives in agricultural value chains: a question of enhanced inclusiveness? The case of Trustea in India
Authors: Bitzer Verena , Marazzi Alessia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecent studies have shed light on the emergence of Southern sustainability initiatives in commodity-based value chains. These initiatives position themselves as countering the exclusionary nature of many global multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs), as critically analysed by previous studies. However, a common theoretical perspective on the inclusiveness of MSIs is still lacking. By drawing on the theory of regimes of engagement, we develop a theoretical framework which helps understanding the overt and subtle practices of including or excluding different stakeholders in MSIs. We apply this framework to ‘Trustea’, an Indian MSI for sustainable tea production, to further investigate the ‘inclusiveness paradigm’ of Southern sustainability initiatives. Our findings highlight the complexity of stakeholder engagement across the different phases of Trustea’s development, from initiation and code development to formal launch and roll-out. We find that different types of engagement can exist in parallel. Justifiable engagement is expressed in the participating organisations’ reference to a shared common goal of Trustea, whereas familiar engagement is linked to the rootedness of the individuals involved in the Indian tea industry. Strategic engagement, in turn, comes to the fore through the strong emphasis on developing an Indian code for sustainable tea production and promoting adoption among tea growers. The importance of reaching this objective has led to the replication of exclusionary patterns also noted for global MSIs, as small-scale producers and other weak actors have been largely excluded from decision-making processes, despite informal efforts aimed at substitution of representation.