bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventive use of non‐invasive ventilation is associated with reduced risk of extubation failure in patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days: a propensity‐matched cohort study
Authors: Jiang Jinyue , Pan Jianxin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundExtubation failure (EF) is high in patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days. However, strategies to prevent EF in this population are lacking.AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of preventive use of noninvasive ventilation in patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital. We enrolled patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days and successfully completed a weaning trial. After extubation, patients who immediately received non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) were classified as the NIV group, and those who received conventional oxygenation therapy only were classified as the usual care group.ResultsWe enrolled 95 patients in the NIV group and 61 patients in the usual care group. NIV is associated with reduced risk of EF compared to usual care both 72 h following extubation (11.6% vs 32.8%, P < 0.01, for the overall cohort; 8.6% vs 42.9%, P < 0.01, for the propensity‐matched cohort) and 7 days following extubation (25.3% vs 45.9%, P < 0.01, for the overall cohort; 28.6% vs 51.4%, P = 0.09, for the propensity‐matched cohort). Within 7 days of extubation, the NIV group had a lower proportion of EF than the controls (log rank test: P < 0.01 and P = 0.02 for the overall and propensity‐matched cohorts, respectively).ConclusionsIn patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days, preventive use of NIV is associated with a reduction in EF.
Comparison of the quick Sepsis‐related Organ Failure Assessment and adult sepsis pathway in predicting adverse outcomes among adult patients in general wards: a retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Li Ling , Rathnayake Kasun , Green Malcolm , Shetty Amith , Fullick Mary , Walter Scott , Middleton‐Rennie Catriona , Meller Michael , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Lander Harvey , Westbrook Johanna I. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundQuick Sepsis‐related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) is recommended for use by the most recent international sepsis definition taskforce to identify suspected sepsis in patients outside the intensive care unit (ICU) at risk of adverse outcomes. Evidence of its comparative effectiveness with existing sepsis recognition tools is important to guide decisions about its widespread implementation.AimTo compare the performance of qSOFA with the adult sepsis pathway (ASP), a current sepsis recognition tool widely used in NSW hospitals and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in predicting adverse outcomes in adult patients on general wards.MethodsA retrospective observational cohort study was conducted which included all adults with suspected infections admitted to a Sydney teaching hospital between December 2014 and June 2016. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality with two secondary composite outcomes.ResultsAmong 2940 patients with suspected infection, 217 (7.38%) died in‐hospital and 702 (23.88%) were subsequently admitted to ICU. The ASP showed the greatest ability to correctly discriminate in‐hospital mortality and secondary outcomes. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve for mortality was 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74–0.78), compared to 0.64 for the qSOFA tool (95% CI: 0.61–0.67, P < 0.0001). Median time from the first ASP sepsis warning to death was 8.21 days (interquartile range (IQR): 2.29–16.75) while it was 0 days for qSOFA (IQR: 0–2.58).ConclusionsThe ASP demonstrated both greater prognostic accuracy and earlier warning for in‐hospital mortality for adults on hospital wards compared to qSOFA. Hospitals already using ASP may not benefit from switching to the qSOFA tool.
Transvenous management of cardiac implantable electronic device late lead perforation
Authors: Jessel Peter M. , Yadava Mrinal , Nazer Babak , Dewland Thomas A. , Miller Jared , Stecker Eric C. , Bhamidipati Castigliano M. , Song Howard K. , Henrikson Charles A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionLate lead perforation (LLP), defined as perforation ≥30 days from cardiac implantable electronic device implant, is a rare diagnosis and little data exist regarding management practices and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence, safety, and efficacy of transvenous management of clinically significant LLP.MethodsThe electronic medical records of a single‐center tertiary hospital were reviewed for all patients who were referred for LLP or its sequelae.ResultsEleven consecutive patients were identified from October 2011 to December 2018 with clinically significant LLP. Patients most often presented with pericardial symptoms with the exception of one asymptomatic patient. The median time from lead implant to intervention for LLP was 246 days. Nine patients were managed with an initial transvenous approach, with one requiring sternotomy (lead 6.3 years old). Two patients had a surgical approach, one performed at an outside hospital with subsequent death and another had a mini‐thoracotomy, but the lead was removed percutaneously with no surgical repair. In this small cohort, there was no association between the lead extending beyond the parietal pericardium and surgical repair (P = .99).ConclusionOur single‐center experience suggests that LLP can be initially managed with a cautious transvenous approach in most patients, but intraprocedural ultrasound for pericardial monitoring and a rescue plan with immediate surgical back up is mandatory.
Clinical and genetic evaluation after sudden cardiac arrest
Authors: Harris Stephanie L. , Lubitz Steven A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) can be attributed to cardiac, respiratory, metabolic, and toxicologic etiologies. Most cases of SCD are caused by coronary artery disease and approximately 40% of cardiac arrests are unexplained. Inherited arrythmias and cardiomyopathies are important contributors to SCA and SCD. Identifying an inherited condition after such an event not only has important ramifications for the individual, but also for relatives who may be at risk for the familial condition. This review will provide an overview of inherited cardiovascular disorders than can predispose to SCA/SCD, review the diagnostic evaluation for an individual and/or family after an SCA/SCD, and discuss the role of genetic testing.
Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons modifies the effects of early life stress on attention and Thought Problems in late childhood
Authors: Pagliaccio David , Herbstman Julie B. , Perera Frederica , Tang Deliang , Goldsmith Jeff , Peterson Bradley S. , Rauh Virginia , Margolis Amy E. 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundRisk for childhood psychopathology is complex and multifactorial, implicating direct and interacting effects of familial and environmental factors. The role of environmental neurotoxicants in psychiatric risk is of growing concern, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), common in air pollution. Prenatal PAH exposure is linked to adverse physical, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes as well as increasing psychiatric risk. It is unclear whether environmental exposures, like PAH, magnify the effects of exposure to early life stress (ELS), a critical risk factor for psychopathology. The current work aimed to test potential interactions between prenatal PAH exposure and psychosocial/socioeconomic stress on psychiatric symptoms in school‐age children.MethodsData were from the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health Mothers and Newborns longitudinal birth cohort study. Prenatal PAH exposure was ascertained though air monitoring during pregnancy and maternal PAH‐DNA adducts at delivery. Mothers reported on ELS (child age 5) and on child psychiatric symptoms across childhood (child age 5, 7, 9, and 11) using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).ResultsSignificant prenatal airborne PAH × ELS interactions (FDR‐corrected) predicted CBCL Attention (β = 0.22, t(307) = 3.47, p < .001, pfdr = .003) and Thought Problems T‐scores (β = 0.21, t(307) = 3.29, p = .001, pfdr = .004) at age 11 (n = 319). Relative to those with lower exposure, children with higher prenatal PAH exposure exhibited stronger positive associations between ELS and CBCL Attention and Thought Problem T‐scores. This interaction was also significant examining convergent ADHD measures (Conners, DuPaul) and examining maternal PAH‐DNA adducts (β = 0.29, t(261) = 2.48, p = .01; n = 273). A three‐way interaction with assessment wave indicated that the PAH × ELS interaction on Attention Problems was stronger later in development (β = 0.03, t(1,601) = 2.19, p = .03; n = 477).ConclusionsPrenatal exposure to PAH, a common neurotoxicant in air pollution, may magnify or sustain the effects of early life psychosocial/socioeconomic stress on psychiatric outcomes later in child development. This work highlights the critical role of air pollution exposure on child mental health.
Biodegradable sodium alginate films incorporated with norbixin salts
Authors: de Farias Yuri B. , Coutinho Anderson K. , Assis Renato Q. , Rios Alessandro de Oliveira 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPlastic packaging derived from petroleum may have a negative impact on the environment when it is not properly recycled. Some studies present the use of biodegradable packages developed from natural polymers as a sustainable alternative; thus, the present work aimed to develop biodegradable sodium alginate films with antioxidant properties by the incorporation of carotenoid norbixin. Norbixin salts at the concentration of 0.01–0.05% were added to the sodium alginate films complexed with calcium ions. Carotenoid incorporation did not significantly impacted with the moisture content and the swelling capacity of the films. The thickness, water activity, and solubility were higher in the films with 0.05% addition of norbixin salts. The presence of the carotenoid improved the thermal stability of the films, as well as the water vapor barrier properties and lower ultraviolet–visible light transmission. However, the incorporation of 0.03% norbixin salts showed the best result for the analysis of antioxidant activity, with lower formation of oxidation products during sunflower oil storage and potential application for high fat foods.Practical ApplicationsResearchers aim to replace synthetic packaging by eco‐friendly packaging. The use of alternative materials such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids has been studied for the production of packaging susceptible to degradation under environmental conditions. Thus, the present work developed sodium alginate films complexed with calcium and incorporated with norbixin salts able to decrease sunflower oil oxidation.
School Gun Violence in the United States
Authors: Kolbe Lloyd J. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAlthough less than 2% of all homicides among young people are school‐associated, since 1970 1373 K‐12 school gun violence incidents have injured 1403 people and killed another 728. These incidents have changed the education landscape. Informed stakeholders must work together to prevent school gun violence.METHODSWe reviewed the nature of school gun violence in the United States and efforts to prevent it.RESULTSWe briefly outline a public health approach to prevent school gun violence, major actions the nation has taken, current school gun violence surveillance systems, the effects of school gun violence nationwide, the extent to which our schools are implementing various interventions to prevent it, and a national strategy to move forward.CONCLUSIONSOur young people and our schools deserve a more organized national effort.
Antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects of extracts from Orthosiphon stamineus in hyperuricemic mice
Authors: Xu Wen-hao , Wang Han-tao , Sun Ying , Xue Zhen-cheng , Liang Ming-li , Su Wei-ke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the antihyperuricemia and nephroprotective effects of Orthosiphon stamineus extracts on hyperuricemia (HUA) mice and explore the potential mechanisms.

Methods
Orthosiphon stamineus extracts were extracted using 50% ethanol and enriched using ethyl acetate, and characterised utilising UPLC/ESI-MS. A potassium oxonate (PO) induced hyperuricemic mouse model was used to evaluate antihyperuricemia and nephroprotective effects of O. stamineus ethyl acetate extracts (OSE).

Key findings
Eight constituents from OSE were identified and OSE treatment ameliorated HUA by regulating key indicators of kidney dysfunction and xanthine oxidase, adenosine deaminase activity and urate transporters in hyperuricemic mice. Moreover, in renal histopathology analysis, OSE significantly alleviated kidney injury.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that OSE has antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects on PO-induced HUA mice and those results indicate that OSE could be a safe and effective agent or functional ingredient for treating HUA.
Poor sleep quality associates with self‐reported psychiatric and cardiometabolic symptoms independently of sleep timing patterns in a large sample of rural and urban workers
Authors: Carvalho Felipe Gutiérrez , Cunha Ana Maria Delgado , Tonon André Comiran , Pereira Fernanda dos Santos , Matte Ursula , Callegari‐Jacques Sidia Maria , Hidalgo Maria Paz 
Published: January 2020

SummaryPoor sleep associates with mental and cardiometabolic pathological outcomes. The participation of sleep timing features in the pathways by which this relationship occurs is not clear. This study aims to evaluate the interrelationship between sleep quality and self‐reported psychiatric/cardiometabolic symptoms, considering mediation and moderation effects of sleep timing patterns, and urban versus rural work environment, respectively; and to verify the association between sleep quality and polymorphisms of AANAT, RORA and TIMELESS genes. An epidemiological survey was performed in a rural area in southern Brazil. Eight‐hundred and twenty‐nine subjects were evaluated for sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and sleep timing patterns using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Work characteristics and psychiatric/cardiometabolic symptoms were assessed using a structured self‐report questionnaire. Three polymorphisms of AANAT, RORA and TIMELESS (rs3760138, rs782931 and rs774045, respectively) were genotyped in blood samples. We found statistically significant associations of poor sleep quality with self‐reported psychiatric symptoms (B = 0.382; 95% CI 0.289–0.476; adjusted p‐value <.001), and with self‐reported cardiometabolic symptoms (B = 0.079; 95% CI 0.013–0.151; adjusted p‐value = .048). The genetic analysis showed that RORA GA/AA genotype was associated to poor sleep quality (B = 0.146, 95% CI 0.054–0.239; adjusted p‐value = .004). No moderated mediation effects were observed in the conditional analysis. TIMELESS polymorphism was not included in the analysis due to the low frequency of risk genotypes. These results yield new insights regarding the interrelationship between sleep characteristics and psychiatric/cardiometabolic self‐reported symptoms, taking into account genes related to the biological clocks and melatonin pathways.
On the Development of a Light Dosimetry Planning Tool for Photodynamic Therapy in Arbitrary Shaped Cavities: Initial Results
Authors: van Doeveren Thérèse E. M. , Bouwmans Rens , Wassenaar Nienke P. M. , Schreuder Willem H. , van Alphen Maarten J. A. , van der Heijden Ferdinand , Tan I. Bing , Karakullukçu M. Barıs , van Veen Robert L. P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPrevious dosimetric studies during photodynamic therapy (PDT) of superficial lesions within a cavity such as the nasopharynx, demonstrated significant intra‐ and interpatient variations in fluence rate build‐up as a result of tissue surface re‐emitted and reflected photons, which depends on the optical properties. This scattering effect affects the response to PDT. Recently, a meta‐tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin‐mediated PDT study of malignancies in the paranasal sinuses after salvage surgery was initiated. These geometries are complex in shape, with spatially varying optical properties. Therefore, preplanning and in vivo dosimetry is required to ensure an effective fluence delivered to the tumor. For this purpose, two 3D light distribution models were developed: first, a simple empirical model that directly calculates the fluence rate at the cavity surface using a simple linear function that includes the scatter contribution as function of the light source to surface distance. And second, an analytical model based on Lambert’s cosine law assuming a global diffuse reflectance constant. The models were evaluated by means of three 3D printed optical phantoms and one porcine tissue phantom. Predictive fluence rate distributions of both models are within ± 20% accurate and have the potential to determine the optimal source location and light source output power settings.
Histological and ultrastructural characterization of the leaf infection events of Colletotrichum fructicola on Malus domestica ‘Gala’
Authors: Shang Shengping , Liang Xiaofei , Liu Guangli , Zhang Song , Lu Zhongxin , Zhang Rong , Gleason Mark L. , Sun Guangyu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGlomerella leaf spot (GLS), characterized by black necrotic spots and severe defoliation, is a destructive foliar disease of apple. Widely grown cultivars such as Gala and Golden Delicious are highly susceptible to GLS. Currently, the infection biology of the causal pathogen, Colletotrichum fructicola, on apple leaves is unclear. In the present study, the penetration and colonization processes of C. fructicola were characterized on apple (cv. Gala) leaves using light and transmission electron microscopy. C. fructicola conidia produced germ tubes 4 hours post‐inoculation (hpi) and appressoria at 8 hpi. In melanized appressoria, funnel‐shaped appressorial cones formed around the penetration pore. At 12 hpi, C. fructicola produced secondary conidia. After penetration, C. fructicola began to develop infection vesicles at 36 hpi. At 48 hpi, the primary hyphae of C. fructicola were produced from infection vesicles within host epidermal cells; the host epidermal cell plasma membrane remained intact, indicating a biotrophic association. Subsequently, secondary hyphae penetrated epidermal cells and destroyed cell components, initiating necrotrophic colonization. C. fructicola also produced biotrophic subcuticular infection vesicles and hyphae. Together, these results demonstrate that C. fructicola forms special infection structures and colonizes apple leaves in a hemibiotrophic manner, involving intracellular as well as subcuticular colonization strategies. Detailed characterization of the infection process of C. fructicola on apple leaves will assist in the development of disease management strategies and provide a foundation for studies of the molecular mechanism of the C. fructicola–apple leaf interaction.
Frontline managers' perceptions and justifications of behavioural conditionality
Authors: Sadeghi Talieh , Terum Lars Inge 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe debate on behavioural conditionality is characterised by abundant controversies. Frontline managers have a particularly important role in implementing these policies because their interpretation of the welfare policies regulates the frameworks of street‐level bureaucrat's discretionary powers. A nationwide survey among frontline managers in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration revealed that 86% of the managers expressed strong normative support towards welfare conditionality. With this as a backdrop, this paper develops a better understanding of managers' perceptions and justifications of the Norwegian type of behavioural conditionality. Analysis of focus group interview data showed that the managers adopted a broad definition of conditionality, meaning promotion of an overall (re)integration of the client into the society as opposed to the narrow definition focusing solely on labour market integration. Furthermore, the implementation of welfare conditionality primarily was perceived as mild and client sensitive. The managers mainly justified welfare conditionality in terms of care and paternalistic defences, arguing that requirement of work and activities are in the client's best interest, understood in terms of social democratic values.
Photorespiration in the context of Rubisco biochemistry, CO2 diffusion and metabolism
Authors: Busch Florian A. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryPhotorespiratory metabolism is essential for plants to maintain functional photosynthesis in an oxygen‐containing environment. Because the oxygenation reaction of Rubisco is followed by the loss of previously fixed carbon, photorespiration is often considered a wasteful process and considerable efforts are aimed at minimizing the negative impact of photorespiration on the plant’s carbon uptake. However, the photorespiratory pathway has also many positive aspects, as it is well integrated within other metabolic processes, such as nitrogen assimilation and C1 metabolism, and it is important for maintaining the redox balance of the plant. The overall effect of photorespiratory carbon loss on the net CO2 fixation of the plant is also strongly influenced by the physiology of the leaf related to CO2 diffusion. This review outlines the distinction between Rubisco oxygenation and photorespiratory CO2 release as a basis to evaluate the costs and benefits of photorespiration.
Numerical Computation of Signal Stimulation from Ligand-EGFR Binding During Invadopodia Formation
Authors: Yaacob Noorehan , Noor Azhuan Nur Azura , Shafie Sharidan , Admon Mohd Ariff 
Published: January 2020

Invadopodia are finger-like protrusions located at subcellular membrane which can lead to cancer cell invasion. The formation of invadopodia involves several steps such as actin polymerizations, degradation of extracellular matrix which produce ligand and signal stimulation that is occurred from the binding of ligand with epidermal growth factor receptor. In this paper, a mathematical model of signal transduction is investigated. Both signal and ligand are represented by Laplace equation with Dirichlet boundary condition for each region. The cell membrane is treated as free boundary surface to separate any activity that occurred in intracellular and extracellular regions. The motion of the interface is taken as gradient of nterior signal and the cell membrane is set as zero level set function. The problem is solved numerically using finite difference scheme of upwind, interpolation and extrapolation methods. The results showed that the formation of invadopodia is formed when protrusions exist on the cell membrane.