bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic Conceptual Engineering for Epistemic and Social Aims
Authors: Brigandt Ingo , Rosario Esther 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter advocates strategic conceptual engineering, that is, the employment of a (possibly novel) concept for specific epistemic or social aims, concomitant with the openness to use a different concept for other contexts. We illustrate this approach by sketching three distinct concepts of gender and arguing that all of them are needed, as they answer to different social aims. The first concept serves the aim of identifying and explaining gender-based discrimination. It is similar to Haslanger’s account, except that rather than offering a definition of ‘woman’ we focus on ‘gender’ as one among several axes of discrimination. The second concept of gender is to assign legal rights and social recognitions, and is to be trans-inclusive. We argue that this cannot be achieved by previously suggested concepts (including Jenkins’s) that include substantial gender-related psychological features or awareness of social expectations. The third concept of gender serves the aim of personal empowerment through gender identity. This chapter points to contexts where a concept’s role in explanation and moral reasoning can be more important than determining the extensions of concepts.
Preliminary Scouting Reports from the Outer Limits of Conceptual Engineering
Authors: Dever Josh 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
If we distinguish between the conceptual engineering task of determining what concepts can be built and the conceptual ethics task of determining what concepts ought to be used once built, we make clear the possibility of a conceptual maximalist position that avoids conceptual ethics by holding that the norms of theorizing require a big theory including all truths expressible using any concepts. But the conceptual maximalist then assumes the burden of saying what the range of possible concepts (equivalently, possible languages) is. Despite the attractions of conceptual maximalism, we lack even the beginnings of an answer to the question of what concepts there could be.
Descriptive vs. Ameliorative Projects
Authors: León E. Díaz 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Feminist philosophers have famously argued that contextual factors play a role in the justification and assessment of scientific theories. A similar question might arise regarding inquiries in metaphysics. Contemporary metaphysicians often assume that contextual factors do not belong in metaphysics. The main aim of this chapter is to argue that normative considerations such as moral and political considerations are relevant in metaphysics. In particular, this chapter explores the nature of descriptive projects seeking to reveal the operative concept associated with a term (as opposed to ameliorative projects seeking to reveal the target concept that we should associate with the term), and argues that moral and political considerations are relevant not only with respect to ameliorative projects but also with respect to descriptive projects.
Going On, Not in the Same Way
Authors: Haslanger Sally 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers, within an externalist semantics, several ways we might understand the project of improving our concepts to promote greater justice. The tools that culture provides us with—such as language, concepts, and inferential patterns—provide frames for coordination and shape our interaction. There are multiple ways these tools can fail us, for example by the limited structure of options they make intelligible. However, we can sometimes reconfigure the resources so that our practical orientations are more responsive to what is good and coordinate in ways that are just. Such reconfiguration often happens in law; it also occurs in social movements, counter-publics, subaltern communities, and in fascist propaganda. Contestation over meaning is not “mere semantics” for—together with political and material change—it can shape our agency and our lives together.
Philosophy as the Study of Defective Concepts
Authors: Scharp Kevin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
From familiar concepts like tall and table to exotic ones like gravity and genocide, they guide our lives and are the basis for how we represent the world. However, there is good reason to think that many of our most cherished concepts, like truth, freedom, knowledge, and rationality, are defective in the sense that the rules for using them are inconsistent. This defect leads those who possess these concepts into paradoxes and absurdities. Indeed, I argue that many of the central problems of contemporary philosophy should be thought of as having their source in philosophical concepts that are defective in this way. If that is right, then we should take a more active role in crafting and sculpting our conceptual repertoire. We need to explore various ways of replacing these defective concepts with ones that will still do the work we need them to do without leading us into contradictions.
Linguistic Intervention and Transformative Communicative Disruptions
Authors: Sterken Rachel Katharine 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
What words we use, and what meanings they have, is important. We shouldn’t use slurs; we should use ‘rape’ to include spousal rape (for centuries we didn’t); we should have a word which picks out the sexual harassment suffered by people in the workplace and elsewhere (for centuries we didn’t). Sometimes we need to change the word-meaning pairs in circulation, either by getting rid of the pair completely (slurs), changing the meaning (as we did with ‘rape’), or adding brand new word-meaning pairs (as with ‘sexual harassment’). A problem, though, is how to do this. One might worry that any attempt to change language in this way will lead to widespread miscommunication and confusion. I argue that this is indeed so, but that’s a feature, not a bug, of attempting to change word-meaning pairs. The miscommunications and confusion such changes cause can lead us, via a process I call transformative communicative disruption, to reflect on our language and its use, and this can further, rather than hinder, our goal of improving language.
Can Evolution Inform Insights into Normal and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Ultimately Improve Maternal and Fetal Care?
Authors: Aungst Heide , Rossi Robert , Brockway Heather , Mesiano Sam , Muglia Louis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Human survival, like all mammals’, is dependent upon successful pregnancy, the characteristics of which have been subjected to strong evolutionary pressures. This selection process for optimizing reproductive outcomes is unique in that two individuals are affected at the same time, the mother and fetus, and their respective interests may be either congruent or divergent. In this chapter, we provide an overview for considering evolutionary influences on pregnancy, general physiology of human pregnancy, and interactions of the mother and fetus that can either shape a healthy pregnancy or result in complications of pregnancy. Moreover, in considering research into mechanisms of pregnancy maintenance and parturition, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of differing reproductive strategies between species, altering selection in distinct ways, and making pregnancy in women unique amongst mammals.
The Revolution in Time
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This book explores the idea that people in Western Europe changed the way they thought about time over the early modern period; and it does so by examining their reactions to the 1688–9 revolution in England. It examines how those who lived through the extraordinary collapse of James II’s regime perceived this event as it unfolded and how they set it within their understanding of history. It questions whether a new understanding of chronology—one which allowed fundamental and human-directed change—had been widely adopted by this point in the past; and whether this might have allowed witnesses of the revolution to see it as the start of a new era or as an opportunity to shape a novel, ‘modern’, future for England. It argues that, with important exceptions, the people of the era rejected dynamic views of time to retain a ‘static’ chronology that failed to fully conceptualize evolution in history. Bewildered by the rapid events of the revolution itself, people forced these into familiar scripts. Interpreting 1688–9 later, they saw it as a reiteration of timeless principles of politics, or as a stage in an eternal and predetermined struggle for true religion. Only slowly did they see come to see it as part of an evolving and modernizing process—and then mainly in response to opponents of the revolution, who had theorized change in order to oppose it. The book thus argues for a far more complex and ambiguous model of changes in chronological conception than many accounts have suggested and questions whether 1688–9 could be the leap toward modernity that recent interpretations have argued.
Time and the Constitutional Legitimacy of the Revolution
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter two examines the legal and constitutional arguments around the revolution. It argues that contemporaries who defended William’s coming to power—although using a variety of arguments, broadly divided into ‘Whig’ and ‘Tory’—were united in developing a ‘static chronology’ that effectively denied fundamentals of politics could change, and so were happy to cite precedents from long-distance periods as binding. The chapter considers the version of the ‘ancient constitution’ used after 1688–9, showing that it was more resistant to the possibilities of historical development than versions of the concept that had been used earlier in the seventeenth century.
Time and History in Opposition Rhetoric
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter four first traces the chronological perceptions of the Jacobites who refused to accept the revolution and continued to support the claims of James II to be king. It demonstrates that whilst they used precedent, and so static chronology, to some extent, the core of their case was a theory of degeneration since 1688–9: an argument that created a dynamic and human-driven sense of time, quite unlike their Williamite opponents. The chapter then shows how these ideas were taken up by the country-Tory opposition of the late 1690s, particularly in the standing army debates, and the convocation controversy. It stresses the paradox of dynamic chronologies emerging most strongly among the most conservative forces in late Stuart England
Introduction
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the theoretical and empirical puzzles that inform the book, its objectives, overall argument, and structure. It sets out to explain the changing preferences and influence of the UK in shaping multi-level financial regulation. In particular, the book addresses two empirical questions. Why has the UK favoured increasingly stringent regulation in certain financial sectors since the crisis, but not in others? Why has the UK led international and EU-level regulatory reforms in some areas, but has resisted these initiatives in other areas? The chapter also outlines the book’s ambition to undertake a preliminary assessment of the impact of Brexit on the future of UK financial regulation, focused on two questions. Why has the UK decided to withdraw from the EU single market in services, including finance? How is Brexit likely to impact on the UK’s regulatory preferences and ability to shape multi-level financial regulation?
Controversies Over Clearing: Regulation of Derivatives
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
UK regulators supported more stringent rules regarding the clearing of over-the-counter derivatives through Central Counterparties (CCPs) on financial stability grounds. Minimal resistance to this came either from elected officials, who paid little attention to the issue, or from the derivatives industry, as many viewed reform as desirable. UK regulators were therefore able to pursue the trading-up of OTCD rules and greater harmonization to manage the cross-border externalities generated by derivatives clearing. At the international level, UK regulators acted as pace-setters to secure more prescriptive standards, leveraging their significant market power and regulatory capacity, based on London’s prominent position. But at the EU level, UK negotiators pursued a strategy of foot-dragging in opposition to European Markets Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) provisions on the scope, access, and location of CCPs. The UK also used legal challenges to block attempts to relocate the clearing of euro-denominated derivatives to the euro area.
Brexit and the Future UK–EU Relationship
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses the domestic political economy framework to consider the implications of Brexit for UK financial regulation. It outlines the likely future UK–EU relationship by analysing the preferences, role, and influence of key domestic groups on Brexit, and by assessing the EU’s framework for managing relations with third countries. We argue that elected officials pursued a ‘hard’ Brexit position in response to parliamentary constraints and pressure from financial regulators to avoid becoming rule-takers. The City of London authorities pushed strongly for a bespoke deal based on mutual recognition, although this masked significant intra-industry divisions. The EU’s insistence that the future relationship be based on the existing third-country regime reflected a desire to defend the single market, but also Franco-German incentives to compete for post-Brexit business. However, the coverage of third-country equivalence rules in finance, and the inclusion of financial services in trade agreements, remains limited.
Discourse on Metaphysics
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This is a critical commentary, section by section, of Leibniz’s Discourse. The purpose of the commentary is not to explain Leibniz’s philosophy in general, nor is it to relate the Discourse to the rest of his philosophy, but to elucidate and explain how Leibniz is arguing in the Discourse. The commentary does refer to what Leibniz says in other places, but only in order to help illuminate and elucidate the Discourse. The commentary is not organised thematically; instead, each section of the Discourse gets its own commentary. This organisation makes intelligible how Leibniz was arguing in the Discourse and the different positions he adopted therein. Because each section of the Discourse bears on many others, many topics are discussed in several sections of the commentary.
Introduction
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Introduction motivates the main theme of the book: that proponents of theories of ideal rationality must give an account of why, on their views, it is beneficial for non-ideal thinkers to approximate ideal rationality. These theories need to explain what it means to be more or less irrational, and also why reducing irrationality is epistemically valuable. A survey of the content of each chapter is provided, as well as an overview of basic assumptions and modeling choices. A Bayesian theory of epistemic rationality is presupposed, and credences are represented as precise numbers between 0 and 1. Yet, the main arguments also extend to other frameworks and modeling choices.
De-Idealizing Bayesianism
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 is concerned with the question of how we should develop a comprehensive normative theory of the epistemic rationality of credences. Its aim is twofold: (i) to familiarize readers with the basics of the Bayesian framework that are essential for understanding the arguments in subsequent chapters, and (ii) to offer an interpretation of the goals and methods of the Bayesian framework that reveals its shortcomings when applied to non-ideal thinkers. It is argued that the Bayesian view of ideal norms that is currently being developed lacks the capacity to distinguish between better and worse ways of being imperfectly epistemically rational. Moreover, it lacks the resources to substantiate a central Bayesian claim, namely that ideal epistemic norms apply to the beliefs of non-ideal thinkers as aims that should be approximated.
Why Approximate Coherence?
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 continues to answer the question of how Bayesians can justify the claim that approximating probabilistic coherence is beneficial for non-ideal thinkers. Another popular argument for why coherence is rationally required is the accuracy dominance argument for probabilism. If we use an appropriate measure of distance to coherence, reducing incoherence leads to improved accuracy in every possible world. We can show, moreover, that for any incoherent credence function, it is always possible to measure distance from coherence in such a way that there is a series of less incoherent credence functions that are both more accurate in every possible world and less Dutch book-vulnerable.
Doubtful Readers
Authors: McCarthy Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Doubtful Readers: Print, Poetry, and the Reading Public in Early Modern England focuses on early modern publishers’ efforts to identify and accommodate new readers of verse that had previously been restricted to particular social networks in manuscript. Focusing on the period between the maturing of the market for printed English literature in the 1590s and the emergence of the professional poet following the Restoration, this study shows that poetry was shaped by—and itself shaped—strong print publication traditions. By reading printed editions of poems by William Shakespeare, Aemilia Lanyer, John Donne, and others, this book shows how publishers negotiated genre, gender, social access, reputation, literary knowledge, and the value of English literature itself. It uses literary, historical, bibliographical, and quantitative evidence to show how publishers’ strategies changed over time. Ultimately, Doubtful Readers argues that although—or perhaps because—publishers’ interpretive and editorial efforts are often elided in studies of early modern poetry, their interventions have had an enduring impact on our canons, texts, and literary histories.
Reading Printed Poetry in Early Modern England
Authors: McCarthy Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces poetry’s reach in early modern England by introducing the imagined reading public and the documented audience for printed poetry books. It surveys poets’ and publishers’ speculations about the reading public for early modern poetry and their efforts to accommodate readers as described in paratexts, treatises on vernacular poetics, and metapoetic works. Quantitative studies of the print publication of poetry understate its cultural importance; while some genres moved to print or stayed in manuscript, poetry continued to be circulated in both manuscript and print. Printed poetry books reached audiences who did not leave traces in the books they read, as well as readers whom we can identify using evidence of book ownership in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Authors, printers, and publishers involved in the publication of poetry developed a set of conventions to appeal to new readers, even as the cultural status of poetry remained in flux.
A Commerce of Knowledge
Authors: Mills Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A Commerce of Knowledge: Trade, Religion, and Scholarship between England and the Ottoman Empire, c.1600–1760 tells the story of three generations of Church of England chaplains who served the English Levant Company in Aleppo, Syria, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The book reconstructs the careers of its protagonists in the cosmopolitan city of Ottoman Aleppo, and brings to light the links between English commercial and diplomatic expansion and English scholarly and missionary interests: the study of Middle-Eastern languages; the exploration of biblical and Greco-Roman antiquities; and the early dissemination of Protestant literature in Arabic. Early modern Orientalism is usually conceived as an episode in the history of scholarship. By shifting the focus to Aleppo, A Commerce of Knowledge draws attention to connections between the seemingly aloof world of the early modern university and spheres of commercial and diplomatic life, tracing the emergence of new kinds of philological and archaeological enquiry in England back to a series of real-world encounters between the chaplains and the scribes, booksellers, priests, rabbis, and sheikhs whom they encountered in the Ottoman Empire. Setting the careers of its protagonists against a background of broader developments across Protestant and Catholic Europe, the book shows how the institutionalization of English scholarship, and the later English attempt to influence the Eastern Christian churches, were bound up with the international struggle to establish a commercial foothold in the Levant. It then argues that these connections would endure until the shift of British commercial and imperial interests to the Indian subcontinent in the second half of the eighteenth century fostered new currents of intellectual life at home.
‘A Rich Treasure of Manuscripts’: Robert Huntington in Syria
Authors: Mills Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 follows Robert Huntington during the decade he spent in Syria (1671–81), piecing together one of the most extensive collections of oriental manuscripts to come into Europe before the nineteenth century. It describes the changed circumstances in Aleppo since Edward Pococke’s years in the city: the more extensive presence of European (particularly French) collectors. It then surveys Huntington’s work on behalf of a community of English scholars, reconstructing a network of correspondents – from Syria, to Cyprus, to Iraq – which Huntington exploited in his quest for books. This section develops the theme of the working relationships between European collectors and local scholars, charting Huntington’s epistolary exchanges with the Maronite patriarch of Antioch, Isṭifān al-Duwayhī, and the Samaritan scribe, Marhib ben Jacob. It also points to English scholars’ reliance on the longer-established Roman Catholic missions, here exemplified by Huntington’s attempts to secure books and information on the Mandaeans through Carmelite missionaries in Basra. Following Huntington and his books back to England, a concluding discussion describes the sale of Huntington’s library and Huntington’s own career prospects after ten years’ service to English scholarship in Syria. It ends with an assessment of English collectors’ achievements by the end of the seventeenth century.