bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bringing Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics Tools for HVAC&R Into the Mainstream
Authors: Albayati Mohammed , Gorthala Ravi , Thompson Amy , Patil Prathamesh , Hacker Annika 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume over 5 quads of energy annually, representing 30% of energy consumption in the U.S. commercial buildings. Additionally, commercial refrigeration (R) systems add about 1 quad to commercial buildings energy consumption. Most HVAC systems operate with one or more faults that result in increased energy consumption. Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) tools have been developed to address this national issue, and many tools are commercially available. FDD tools have the potential to save considerable energy for an existing commercial rooftop unit (RTU) and refrigeration systems. These devices can be used for both retro commissioning and, when faults are addressed, continuous commissioning. However, there appears to be multiple market barriers for this technology. Although there are efforts to develop FDD tool standards, currently there are no standards and methods to define functions, capabilities, accuracy, and reliability of FDD tools in the field. Moreover, most of the commercial FDD tools have not been verified in the field independently. This paper presents a comprehensive approach for bringing HVAC FDD tools into the mainstream. The approach involves demonstrating ten commercially available FDD tools installed at ten different sites, independent testing and evaluation of the FDD tools, communication with various stakeholders, identifying and assessing market barriers, creating a process evaluation methodology, and assisting utility companies in developing incentive programs. The preliminary baseline results from the case study demonstrate how the use of an independent monitoring system (IMS) can be used for ground-truth in evaluating FDD tools in the field.
Local Communication in Populations of Thermostatically Controlled Loads
Authors: Kuwada Jason , Schwartz Ryan , Gardner John F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) have shown great potential for demand response (DR) in electric grid operations. However, it has been commonly seen that DR events using TCLs may cause load synchronization and unwanted oscillatory effects, especially in homogeneous populations. In an attempt to mitigate the negative impacts of DR events, a decentralized method is proposed that modifies each thermostat behavior based on the activity of a small number of nearby TCLs. This feedback introduces the possibility of instability in the aggregate behavior. A stability analysis is performed on a linearized model of the aggregate system and the results of that analysis compared to simulation results. The proposed modification of thermostat behavior results in fourfold reduction in the post-DR peak while suppressing ensuing oscillations at the expense of a modest increase in compressor cycling. The linearized model also provides insight into the aggregate behavior of the population.
Fracture Behavior of Heavily Cross-Linked Epoxy: Testing, Fractography, and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Elruby A. Y. , Handrigan Stephen M. , Nakhla Sam 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Heavily cross-linked epoxy was characterized under different types of loading. The scope of work involves detailed testing procedures utilizing high-precision digital image correlation (DIC) system for all strain measurements. Fractographic analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also provided. Besides, computed tomography (CT) scans were employed to characterize existing manufacturing imperfections, i.e., voids. Numerical modeling using extended finite element method (XFEM) utilizing the actual microstructure is conducted. Testing results and fractographic analyses showed that microvoids led to failure initiation at micro lengths. An unstable fracture behavior dominated the final failure under different types of loading. Global plastic deformation was observed in the case of uniaxial tension, while local plasticity was observed in specimens under three-point loading. It can be concluded that epoxies failure under a combined state of stresses is sophisticated, and straightforward stress/strain-based failure criteria are not well-suited for failure predictions.
Aerodynamic Rotor Performance of a 3300-kW Modern Commercial Large-Scale Wind Turbine Installed in a Wind Farm
Authors: Bilgili Mehmet , Tontu Mehmet , Sahin Besir 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Wind turbine technology in the world has been developed by continuously improving turbine performance, design, and efficiency. Over the last 40 years, the rated capacity and dimension of the commercial wind turbines have increased dramatically, so the energy cost has declined significantly, and the industry has moved from an idealistic position to an acknowledged component of the power generation industry. For this reason, a thorough examination of the aerodynamic rotor performance of a modern large-scale wind turbine working on existing onshore wind farms is critically important to monitor and control the turbine performance and also for forecasting turbine power. This study focuses on the aerodynamic rotor performance of a 3300-kW modern commercial large-scale wind turbine operating on an existing onshore wind farm based on the measurement data. First, frequency distributions of wind speeds and directions were obtained using measurements over one year. Then, wind turbine parameters such as free-stream wind speed (U∞), far wake wind speed (UW), axial flow induction factor (a), wind turbine power coefficient (CP), tangential flow induction factor (a′), thrust force coefficient (CT), thrust force (T), tip-speed ratio (λ), and flow angle (ϕ) were calculated using the measured rotor disc wind speed (UD), atmospheric air temperature (Tatm), turbine rotational speed (Ω), and turbine power output (P) parameters. According to the results obtained, the maximum P, CP, CT, T, and Ω were calculated as approximately 3.3 MW, 0.45, 0.6, 330 kN, and 12.9 rpm, respectively, while the optimum λ, ϕ, U∞, and Ω for the maximum CP were determined as 7.5–8.5, 6–6.3°, 5–10 m/s, and 6–10 rpm, respectively. These calculated results can contribute to assessing the economic and technical feasibility of modern commercial large-scale wind turbines and supporting future developments in wind energy and turbine technology.
Finite Element Model of a Melting Terminal Debris Bed in a CANDU Calandria
Authors: David R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Melting of the terminal debris bed at the bottom of a Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU) 6 calandria vessel during a severe accident is studied using a three-dimensional transient finite element analysis. Settling of the debris is modeled, as are the effects of changing temperature and porosity on debris material properties. The time and magnitude of maximum heat rejection from the debris bed, and the maximum mass of molten debris, are calculated as functions of the accident timing. The results are compared with those from the modular accident analysis program (MAAP)-CANDU severe accident code.
The tyranny of distance: The social effects and practice adaptations resulting from Covid-19 lockdown rules
Authors: Keddell Emily , Beddoe Liz 
Published: August 2020

This reflective commentary identifies and discusses the effects of the social distancing rules required by the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowni. The rules required rapid adaptation that many found challenging, creating new norms for behaviour that were governed by both the state and many citizens. These rules changed patterns of social interaction, attitudes towards others and how families and communities were defined. Existing inequities relating to class were exacerbated, and inequities relating to gender and childcare made more visible. Those with more resources and secure jobs that could be undertaken “from home” were less exposed to the economic fallout and the virus itself. Attitudes towards the body and its physicality were heightened as the body became the target for intervention and isolation. Place-based communities of the neighbourhood were strengthened while other types of physical communities diminished.All these changes created new opportunities for accelerating the morphing of people with the digital world, intensifying the use of online technologies to mediate the self, and shape employment practices, social work provision, and personal relationships. While some experienced this rapid transition online as a barrier to relationships, others, especially those already proficient in online technologies, experienced areas of improved functionality and efficiencies. Social work practice also adapted to this environment, finding new ways to meet the practice, support and ethical commitments of the profession.
He waka eke noa!
Authors: Perkinson Eliza 
Published: August 2020

Out of the response to Covid-19 emerged a message: he waka eke noa. This whakatauki, which directly translates to mean, “we are all in this together”, was used to unite Aotearoa New Zealand in our efforts against the virus. It refers to a waka of collective consciousness guiding us on the same journey. But were we united? Were we truly in this waka (canoe), of five million together?
Letters of an antifascist. Marianne Angermann to her parents, antifascists in Germany from 7 / 5 / 1936 to 14 / 7 / 1936.
Authors: Angermann Marianne 
Published: August 2020

Marianne Angermann was a German biochemist who emigrated to New Zealand in 1948 when her husband, the German-Jewish physician Franz David Bielschowsky, took up a position in Dunedin as director of research for the British Empire Cancer Research Fund (today, the New Zealand Cancer Society). This publication focuses on copies of her letters from 1936 which are held in the Hocken Collections at the University of Otago. The letters were written to her parents in Germany (Langenberg and Berlin) from Spain where Marianne had moved to take up a position at the Instituto de investigaciones médicas (Institute of Medical Research) at the invitation of Professor Carlos Jiménez Díaz. Her colleagues were drawn from the elite of Spanish scientific researchers and included future Nobel laureate Severo Ochoa de Albornoz. Angermann describes daily life in Madrid and makes references to the country's political tensions as the nation headed towards the Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939). She also discusses the work undertaken to establish Jiménez Díaz's institute based at the medical faculty on the new Madrid University campus (the Ciudad Universitaria). In November 1936 this facility would become the site of bitter fighting between Republicans and Franco's Nationalist forces. The introduction provides biographical information on Marianne Angermann: her upbringing in the Rhineland, her father's position as mayor of Langenberg, the political turmoil of the 1920s (inflation, French occupation of the Rhineland), her study at the universities of Greifswald and Freiburg, the difficulties faced by women in the field of chemistry, and the fates of her Jewish colleagues and friends when the Nazis seized power in 1933. Keywords: Angermann, Bielschowsky, medical, research, Dunedin, Jews, migration, New Zealand, National Socialism, anti-Semitism, Spain, Spanish Civil War, Madrid, university, Carlos Jiménez Díaz, Germany, Instituto de investigaciones médicas, Spanish Republic, Nationalists
Briefe einer Antifaschistin. Marianne Angermann an ihre Eltern, Antifaschisten in Deutschland vom 7. 5. 1936 bis 14. 7. 1936.
Authors: Angermann Marianne 
Published: August 2020

Marianne Angermann war eine deutsche Biochemikerin, die, zusammen mit ihrem Ehemann, dem deutsch-jüdischen Arzt Franz David Bielschowsky, 1948 nach Neuseeland auswanderte. Bielschowsky war kurz zuvor als Leiter des British Empire Cancer Research Fund (heute: New Zealand Cancer Society) in Dunedin angestellt worden. Die vorliegende Publikation beschäftigt sich mit Kopien der an ihre Eltern gerichteten Korrespondenz von Marianne Angermann aus dem Jahre 1936, die sich in den Sammlungen der der Universität Otago angeschlossenen Hocken Collections befindet. Angermann hielt sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt in Spanien auf, wohin sie Ende 1935 auf Einladung des renommierten spanischen Mediziners Professor Carlos Jiménez Díaz übersiedelte. In ihren Briefen beschreibt Angermann das alltägliche Leben in Madrid und bezieht sich dabei öfter auf die politischen Spannungen in der Zweiten Spanischen Republik, die sich immer schneller auf den verheerenden Bürgerkrieg der Jahre 1936 - 1939 zu bewegte. Sie beschreibt auch ihren Beitrag zu den Vorarbeiten am Institut von Jiménez Díaz, das der medizinischen Fakultät der Madrid Universität (Ciudad Universitaria) angegliedert war und erst Mitte 1936 eröffnet wurde. Im November 1936 wurde die Fakultät zu einem Kriegsschauplatz als dort bittere Kämpfe zwischen Republikanern und in die Hauptstadt eindringenden Nationalisten ausgetragen wurden. In der Einleitung umreißen wir Kindheit, Jugend und Studienjahre von Marianne Angermann: ihren familiären Hintergrund in Sachsen und im Rheinland, die Stellung ihres Vaters als Bürgermeister von Langenberg, den politischen Tumult der 1920er Jahre (Hyperinflation, Besetzung des Rheinlandes), ihr Studium an den Universitäten von Greifswald und Freiburg, ihre beruflichen Schwierigkeiten als promovierte Frau, und das Schicksal ihrer jüdischen Kollegen und Freunde nach der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten 1933. Keywords: Angermann, Bielschowsky, Medizin, Forschung, Dunedin, Neuseeland, Spanien, Bürgerkried, Madrid, Universität, Carlos Jiménez Díaz, Deutschland, Langenberg, Instituto de investigaciones médicas, Spanische Republik, Nationalisten
Tectonic origin of the Bainaimiao arc terrane in the southern Central Asian orogenic belt: Evidence from sedimentary and magmatic rocks in the Damao region
Authors: Zhou Hai , Zhao Guochun , Han Yigui , Wang Bo , Pei Xianzhi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As a main part of the North China craton collage system, the tectonic origin of the Bainaimiao arc terrane is still hotly debated, especially its relationship with the North China craton. Thus, we report on a field-based petrological and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic study of (meta-)sedimentary and volcanic rocks from the Bainaimiao arc terrane and northern margin of the North China craton in the Damao region. The lower and middle successions of the Bayan Obo Group from the northern North China craton, including the Dulahala, Jianshan, Halahuogete, and Bilute Formations, were deposited ca. 1.81–1.35 Ga and show age peaks at 1.85, 1.90, 2.0, and 2.5 Ga. This age pattern is in accordance with the coeval and extensively outcropped metamorphosed basement rocks of the northern North China craton. The upper succession, including the Bayinbaolage and Hujiertu Formations, deposited ca. 1.19–0.92 Ga, shows age peaks at ca. 1.35, 1.57, and 1.69 Ga, and sediments were derived from coeval rift-related magmatism characterized by a significant increase in positive εHf(t) values in detrital zircons. Thus, the Bayan Obo Group can be subdivided into North China craton basement–derived sediments and Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic rift-derived sediments, and the change of the provenance was probably caused by the ca. 1.35–1.30 Ga rifting event related to the breakup of the Nuna supercontinent. In the Bainaimiao arc terrane, zircon U-Pb geochronological results of (meta-)sedimentary rocks indicate they were formed in the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic and have mainly late Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic ages (ca. 0.6–0.9, 1.1–1.2, 1.4–1.7, and 1.8–2.0 Ga) with peaks at ca. 0.86, 0.96, 1.15, 1.47, 1.66, 1.75, 1.80–1.87, and 1.94 Ga. The abundant Neoproterozoic ages for the Bainaimiao arc terrane detrital zircons are distinct from the scarcity of these ages in the northern North China craton, southern Siberia (age peaks at ca. 1.87, 1.92, and 2.0 Ga), and Mongolia (age peak at ca. 0.62, 0.83, 0.93, 1.84, and 2.0 Ga), but they are similar to the features of the Tarim craton (age peaks at ca. 0.62, 0.85, 1.15, 1.47, 1.66, 1.75–1.80, 1.85, and 1.94 Ga). Together with the recognition of a possible preexisting Proterozoic basement (ca. 0.7–2.0 Ga) in the Bainaimiao arc terrane, as evidenced by the Hf model ages of continental arc magmatism in the Bainaimiao arc terrane, this late Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic detritus probably resulted from local recycled sedimentation, and the preexisting Bainaimiao arc terrane basement rifted away from a continent with Tarim craton affinity. The rifting probably occurred between ca. 0.6 and 0.52 Ga, because the reworking of the Precambrian rocks in the North China collage system occurred between ca. 520 and 230 Ma.
Remote training for combat medics during the COVID-19 era: lessons learnt for future crises?
Authors: Hodgetts James Michael , Claireaux H A , Naumann D N 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundIn response to COVID-19, the UK government ordered strict social distancing measures. The UK Armed Forces followed these to protect the force and ensure readiness to respond to various tasking requests. Clinical training has adapted to ensure geographically dispersed medical personnel are trained while social distancing is maintained. This study aimed to evaluate remote training for Combat Medical Technicians, Medical Assistants and Royal Air Force Medics (CMTs/MAs/RAFMs) during the COVID-19 pandemic and the views of trainers on how this should be delivered now and in the future.MethodsA mixed quantitative and qualitative survey study was conducted to determine the experiences of a sample of Defence Medical Services personnel with remote training during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical and nursing officers involved in teaching CMTs/MAs/RAFMs were eligible to participate.ResultsThere were 52 survey respondents. 78% delivered remote training to CMTs/MAs/RAFMs, predominantly using teleconferencing and small-group webinars. 70% of respondents report CMTs/MAs/RAFMs received more training during the COVID-19 pandemic than before. 94% of respondents felt webinar-based remote training should continue after COVID-19. The perceived benefits of webinar-based training included reduced travel time, more training continuity and greater clinical development of learners.ConclusionsThe challenge of continuing education of medical personnel while maintaining readiness for deployment and adhering to the Government’s social distancing measures was perceived to have been met within our study sample. This suggests that such an approach, along with clear training objectives and teleconferencing, may enable personnel to deliver high-quality training in an innovative and secure way.
FIRST-line support for assistance in breathing in children (FIRST-ABC): a master protocol of two randomised trials to evaluate the non-inferiority of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) versus continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for non-invasive respiratory support in paediatric critical care
Authors: Richards-Belle Alvin , Davis Peter , Drikite Laura , Feltbower Richard , Grieve Richard , Harrison David A , Lester Julie , Morris Kevin P , Mouncey Paul R , Peters Mark J , Rowan Kathryn M , Sadique Zia , Tume Lyvonne N , Ramnarayan Padmanabhan 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionEven though respiratory support is a common intervention in paediatric critical care, there is no randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence regarding the effectiveness of two commonly used modes of non-invasive respiratory support (NRS), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and high-flow nasal cannula therapy (HFNC). FIRST-line support for assistance in breathing in children is a master protocol of two pragmatic non-inferiority RCTs to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of HFNC (compared with CPAP) as the first-line mode of support in critically ill children.Methods and analysisWe will recruit participants over a 30-month period at 25 UK paediatric critical care units (paediatric intensive care units/high-dependency units). Patients are eligible if admitted/accepted for admission, aged >36 weeks corrected gestational age and <16 years, and assessed by the treating clinician to require NRS for an acute illness (step-up RCT) or within 72 hours of extubation following a period of invasive ventilation (step-down RCT). Due to the emergency nature of the treatment, written informed consent will be deferred to after randomisation. Randomisation will occur 1:1 to CPAP or HFNC, stratified by site and age (<12 vs ≥12 months). The primary outcome is time to liberation from respiratory support for a continuous period of 48 hours. A total sample size of 600 patients in each RCT will provide 90% power with a type I error rate of 2.5% (one sided) to exclude the prespecified non-inferiority margin of HR of 0.75. Primary analyses will be undertaken separately in each RCT in both the intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations.Ethics and disseminationThis master protocol received favourable ethical opinion from National Health Service East of England—Cambridge South Research Ethics Committee (reference: 19/EE/0185) and approval from the Health Research Authority (reference: 260536). Results will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed medical journals and presentations at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberISRCTN60048867
Reprocessing filtering facepiece respirators in primary care using medical autoclave: prospective, bench-to-bedside, single-centre study
Authors: Harskamp Ralf E , van Straten Bart , Bouman Jonathan , van Maltha-van Santvoort Bernadette , van den Dobbelsteen John J , van der Sijp Joost RM , Horeman Tim 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveThere are widespread shortages of personal protective equipment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reprocessing filtering facepiece particle (FFP)-type respirators may provide an alternative solution in keeping healthcare professionals safe.DesignProspective, bench-to-bedside.SettingA primary care-based study using FFP-2 respirators without exhalation valve (3M Aura 1862+ (20 samples), Maco Pharma ZZM002 (14 samples)), FFP-2 respirators with valve (3M Aura 9322+ (six samples) and San Huei 2920V (16 samples)) and valved FFP type 3 respirators (Safe Worker 1016 (10 samples)).InterventionsAll masks were reprocessed using a medical autoclave (17 min at 121°C with 34 min total cycle time) and subsequently tested up to three times whether these respirators retained their integrity (seal check and pressure drop) and ability to filter small particles (0.3–5.0 µm) in the laboratory using a particle penetration test.ResultsWe tested 33 respirators and 66 samples for filter capacity. All FFP-2 respirators retained their shape, whereas half of the decontaminated FFP-3 respirators showed deformities and failed the seal check. The filtering capacity of the 3M Aura 1862 was best retained after one, two and three decontamination cycles (0.3 µm: 99.3%±0.3% (new) vs 97.0±1.3, 94.2±1.3% or 94.4±1.6; p<0.001). Of the other FFP-2 respirators, the San Huei 2920 V had 95.5%±0.7% at baseline vs 92.3%±1.7% vs 90.0±0.7 after one-time and two-time decontaminations, respectively (p<0.001). The tested FFP-3 respirator (Safe Worker 1016) had a filter capacity of 96.5%±0.7% at baseline and 60.3%±5.7% after one-time decontamination (p<0.001). Breathing and pressure resistance tests indicated no relevant pressure changes between respirators that were used once, twice or thrice.ConclusionThis small single-centre study shows that selected FFP-2 respirators may be reprocessed for use in primary care, as the tested masks retain their shape, ability to retain particles and breathing comfort after decontamination using a medical autoclave.