bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between mortality and serum uric acid levels in non-diabetes-related chronic kidney disease: An analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA, 1999–2010
Authors: Lee Chia-Lin , Tsai Shang-Feng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been described as either a J- or U-shaped function. However, its effect in non-diabetic CKD (and varying severities of CKD) remains unclear. We analyzed the database of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA, from the years 1999 to 2010. We then grouped the subjects into 4 categories according to their SUA levels: (a) < 5 mg/dl, (b) 5–7 mg/dl, (c) 7–9 mg/dl and (d) ≥ 9 mg/dl. For mortality comparison purposes (CV related, cancer related and all-cause mortality), we set the SUA group of 5–7 mg/dl as the reference. We also separated this population into moderate (stage 3) and severe (stages 4 and 5) CKD. A total of 1860 participants were included in this study. Results showed that the group with the lowest SUA levels (< 5 mg/dl), were the least male gender (19.25%), had the lowest body mass index (26.41(95% CI = 25.66–27.16) kg/m2), highest systolic blood pressure (139.02 (95% CI 135.72–142.32) mmHg), highest high-density cholesterol (59.55 (95% CI 57.37–61.74) mg/dl), lowest blood glucose (95.46 (95% CI 93.16–97.76) mg/dl), highest total cholesterol (210.31 (95% CI 203.36–217.25) mg/dl), lowest serum albumin (4.09 (95% CI 4.04–4.14) g/dl), highest estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (47.91 (95% CI 45.45–50.49) ml/min/1.732m2), least history of hypertension (54.4%), and least total energy intake (1643.7 (95% CI 1536.13–1751.27) kcal/day). In the group with SUA ≥ 9 mg/dl, patients had higher all-cause mortality (HR = 2.15) whatever their baseline CVD status. In non-DM CKD patients with a CVD history, the group with SUA ≥ 9 mg/dl had the highest all-cause mortality (HR = 5.39), CVD mortality (HR = 8.18) and CVD or cancer (HR = 8.25) related mortality. In non-DM patients with severe CKD (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.732m2), the group with SUA < 5 had a significantly increased all-cause mortality. On the contrary, in non-DM patients with moderate CKD (eGFR = 30–60 ml/min/1.832m2), the group with SUA ≥ 9 had a significantly increased all-cause mortality. In moderate non-DM CKD, SUA ≥ 9 mg/dl is associated with higher all-cause mortality. However, once progressing to severe non-DM CKD, SUA < 5 mg/dl is associated with higher all-cause mortality (even though it has the least risk factors for metabolic syndrome).
Study of vitamin D status and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in a cohort of Italian patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Marini Francesca , Falcini Fernanda , Stagi Stefano , Fabbri Sergio , Ciuffi Simone , Rigante Donato , Cerinic Marco Matucci , Brandi Maria Luisa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic arthritis of children and adolescents. Autoimmune mechanisms are suspected to have a central role in its development. Vitamin D is an immuno-modulator in a variety of conditions, including autoimmune diseases. Low levels of vitamin D have commonly been found in JIA patients, but the influence of this hormone insufficiency in JIA pathogenesis is still unclear. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates a great majority of vitamin D biological activities; specific polymorphisms of the VDR gene have been associated with different biologic responses to vitamin D. In this study, we analysed clinical characteristics of a cohort of 103 Italian JIA patients. The distribution of VDR polymorphisms in affected patients versus healthy controls was evaluated, as well as if and how these polymorphic variants associate with different disease presentations (active disease vs non-active disease), different JIA subtypes, serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH), and lumbar spine Z-score values (osteopenia vs normal bone mineral density). A great majority of our JIA patients (84.5%) showed a suboptimal vitamin D status, in many cases (84.1%) not solved by vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D status resulted to be independent of VDR genotypes. ApaI genotypes showed a highly significant different distribution between JIA patients and unaffected controls, with both the TT genotype and the T allele significantly more frequent in patient group.
Endogenous hydrogen sulfide maintains eupnea in an in situ arterially perfused preparation of rats
Authors: Okazaki Minako , Uozu Saori , Sato Yuma , Matsumoto Masayuki , Koganezawa Tadachika 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is constitutively generated in the human body and works as a gasotransmitter in synaptic transmission. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the roles of endogenous H2S in generating eupnea at the respiratory center. We employed an in situ arterially perfused preparation of decerebrated rats and recorded the central respiratory outputs. When the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) was inhibited, respiration switched from the 3-phase eupneic pattern, which consists of inspiration, postinspiration, and expiration, to gasping-like respiration, which consists of inspiration only. On the other hand, when H2S synthesis was inhibited via cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) or when H2S synthesis was activated via CBS, eupnea remained unchanged. These results suggest that H2S produced by CBS has crucial roles in maintaining the neuronal network to generate eupnea. The mechanism of respiratory pattern generation might be switched from a network-based system to a pacemaker cell-based system in low H2S conditions.
Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch
Authors: Syvitski Jaia , Waters Colin N. , Day John , Milliman John D. , Summerhayes Colin , Steffen Will , Zalasiewicz Jan , Cearreta Alejandro , Gałuszka Agnieszka , Hajdas Irka , Head Martin J. , Leinfelder Reinhold , McNeill J. R. , Poirier Clément , Rose Neil L. , Shotyk William , Wagreich Michael , Williams Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGrowth in fundamental drivers—energy use, economic productivity and population—can provide quantitative indications of the proposed boundary between the Holocene Epoch and the Anthropocene. Human energy expenditure in the Anthropocene, ~22 zetajoules (ZJ), exceeds that across the prior 11,700 years of the Holocene (~14.6 ZJ), largely through combustion of fossil fuels. The global warming effect during the Anthropocene is more than an order of magnitude greater still. Global human population, their productivity and energy consumption, and most changes impacting the global environment, are highly correlated. This extraordinary outburst of consumption and productivity demonstrates how the Earth System has departed from its Holocene state since ~1950 CE, forcing abrupt physical, chemical and biological changes to the Earth’s stratigraphic record that can be used to justify the proposal for naming a new epoch—the Anthropocene.
Effect of reduction on the molecular structure and optical and magnetic properties of fluorinated copper(ii) phthalocyanines
Authors: Konarev Dmitri V. , Faraonov Maxim A. , Batov Mikhail S. , Andronov Mikhail G. , Kuzmin Alexey V. , Khasanov Salavat S. , Otsuka Akihiro , Yamochi Hideki , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Lyubovskaya Rimma N. 
Published: October 2020

New salts based on reduced fluorinated copper(ii) phthalocyanines were obtained. The effect of reduction on the molecular structure and properties of the [CuII(FxPc)]n− (x = 8 and 16) species in reduced states (n = 1 and 2) was studied.
Immunotherapy of COVID-19 with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: starting with nicotinamide
Authors: Badawy Abdulla A.-B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCOVID-19 induces a proinflammatory environment that is stronger in patients requiring intensive care. The cytokine components of this environment may determine efficacy or otherwise of glucocorticoid therapy. The immunity modulators, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the nuclear NAD+-consuming enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP 1) may play a critical role in COVID-19 pathophysiology. The AhR is overexpressed in coronaviruses, including COVID-19 and, as it regulates PARP gene expression, the latter is likely to be activated in COVID-19. PARP 1 activation leads to cell death mainly by depletion of NAD+ and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), especially when availability of these energy mediators is compromised. PARP expression is enhanced in other lung conditions: the pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). I propose that PARP 1 activation is the terminal point in a sequence of events culminating in patient mortality and should be the focus of COVID-19 immunotherapy. Potent PARP 1 inhibitors are undergoing trials in cancer, but a readily available inhibitor, nicotinamide (NAM), which possesses a highly desirable biochemical and activity profile, merits exploration. It conserves NAD+ and prevents ATP depletion by PARP 1 and Sirtuin 1 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1) inhibition, enhances NAD+ synthesis, and hence that of NADP+ which is a stronger PARP inhibitor, reverses lung injury caused by ischaemia/reperfusion, inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and is effective against HIV infection. These properties qualify NAM for therapeutic use initially in conjunction with standard clinical care or combined with other agents, and subsequently as an adjunct to stronger PARP 1 inhibitors or other drugs.
Exploring Sentence Diversity at the Boundary of Typical and Impaired Language Abilities
Authors: Hadley Pamela A. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
This review article summarizes programmatic research on sentence diversity in toddlers developing language typically and explores developmental patterns of sentence diversity in toddlers at risk for specific language impairment.

Method
The first half of this review article presents a sentence-focused approach to language assessment and intervention and reviews findings from empirical studies of sentence diversity. In the second half, subject and verb diversity in three simple sentence types are explored in an archival database of toddlers with varying levels of grammatical outcomes at 36 months of age: low average, mild/moderate delay, and severe delay.

Results

Descriptive findings from the archival database replicated previous developmental patterns. All toddlers with low-average language abilities produced diverse simple sentences by 30 months of age and exhibited greater sentence diversity with first-person
I
-subjects before third-person subjects. Third-person subject diversity emerged in a developmental sequence, increasing in one-argument copula contexts and one-argument subject–verb sentences before two-argument subject–verb–object sentences. This developmental pattern held across all three outcome groups. Third-person subjects were least diverse for children with severe grammatical delays and were absent in all sentence contexts for two children with severe delays at 36 months.

Conclusions
Sentence diversity increases gradually and expands in predictable patterns. Understanding these developmental patterns may help identify and treat children who display unexpected difficulty combining different subjects and verbs in flexible ways.

Supplemental Material and Presentation Video

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12915320
Causal Pathways for Specific Language Impairment: Lessons From Studies of Twins
Authors: Rice Mabel L. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
This review article summarizes a program of longitudinal investigation of twins' language acquisition with a focus on causal pathways for specific language impairment (SLI) and nonspecific language impairment in children at 4 and 6 years with known history at 2 years.

Method
The context of the overview is established by legacy scientific papers in genetics, language, and SLI. Five recent studies of twins are summarized, from 2 to 16 years of age, with a longitudinal perspective of heritability over multiple speech, language, and cognitive phenotypes.

Results
Replicated moderate-to-high heritability is reported across ages, phenotypes, full population estimates, and estimates for clinical groups. Key outcomes are documentation of a twinning effect of risk for late language acquisition in twins that persists through 6 years of age, greater for monozygotic than dizygotic twins (although zygosity effects disappear at 6 years); heritability is greater for grammar and morphosyntax than other linguistic dimensions, from age 2 years through age 16 years, replicated within twin samples at subsequent age levels and across twin samples at age 16 years.

Conclusion
There is consistent support for legacy models of genetic influences on language acquisition, updated with a more precise growth signaling disruption model supported by twin data, as well as singleton data of children with SLI and nonspecific language impairment.

Presentation Video

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13063727
Eosinophile Fasziitis – eine seltene Differenzialdiagnose bei venösen Symptomen
Authors: Dietze Lena , Metze Dieter , Goerge Tobias 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungEin 26-jähriger Sportler stellte sich in unserer phlebologischen Ambulanz zur Diagnostik und Therapie bei sichtbarer Varikosis am linken Bein vor. Sonografisch stellte sich eine insuffiziente Vena saphena magna links dar. Es wurde eine VNUS-Closure der VSM links komplikationslos durchgeführt. Trotz sonografisch unauffälligen Kontrollen berichtet der Patient im weiteren Verlauf über ein zunehmendes Schweregefühl und eine Verhärtung der Haut. In der Histologie konnte eine eosinophile Fasziitis nachgewiesen werden. Bisher gibt es keine Berichte zum Zusammenhang von chronisch-venöser Insuffizienz, der endoluminalen Behandlung und eosionphiler Fasziitis. Der Fallbericht stellt eine seltene, aber in diesem Fall wichtige Differenzialdiagnose bei postinterventionellen venösen Beschwerden dar.
Statine und neue Therapieoptionen zur Behandlung der LDL-Hypercholesterinämie
Authors: Katzmann Julius L. , Laufs Ulrich 
Published: October 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGLDL-Cholesterin ist ein etablierter kausaler Risikofaktor für atherosklerotische kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen. In aktuellen Leitlinien wird eine Senkung des LDL-Cholesterins auf Zielwerte abhängig vom kardiovaskulären Risiko empfohlen. Um die Zielwerte zu erreichen, wird eine Stufentherapie aus Lebensstil, Statinen, Ezetimib und den PCSK9-Inhibitoren angeraten. Zukünftige Therapieoptionen zur Senkung des LDL-Cholesterins bestehen u.a. in Bempedoinsäure, welche den Metabolismus ähnlich beeinflusst wie Statine, ohne jedoch im Muskel verstoffwechselt zu werden, und in Inclisiran, welches die Produktion von PCSK9 intrazellulär blockiert und nur alle 6 Monate gespritzt werden muss. Die Ergebnisse der laufenden Endpunktstudien zu beiden Substanzen stehen noch aus. Diese neuen Wirkstoffe könnten insbesondere bei Patienten mit Muskelschmerzen oder schlechter Therapieadhärenz zukünftig eine Ergänzung der therapeutischen Möglichkeiten darstellen.
Stellenwert komplementärer Supportivtherapie bei immunsupprimierten onkologischen Patienten – Eine Kasuistik
Authors: Holzhauer Peter , Gröber Uwe , Kisters Klaus 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDie hochdosierte parenterale Applikation von Vitamin C ist eine von zahlreichen komplementärmedizinischen Methoden, die häufig zur Behandlung von tumorassoziierter Fatigue-Symptomatik und als komplementäre Supportivtherapie – auch jetzt in der Phase der COVID-19-Pandemie – zur Immunstimulation und als antivirale Option eingesetzt wird. Die hier vorgestellte Kasuistik beschreibt neben einer folgenreichen Wechselwirkung dieser medikamentösen supportiven Therapie mit einem Hightech-Medizinprodukt auch moderne konventionelle Therapieoptionen beim triple-negativen Mammakarzinom. Dabei kommen verschiedene immunrelevante Mikronährstoffe zum Einsatz, die einerseits die moderne Checkpoint-Inhibition mit Atezolizumab unterstützen und andererseits eine möglichst optimale Abwehrlage in der Phase der Pandemie gewährleisten sollen. Aktuelle Daten wurden zu dieser Thematik gerade für Selen und Vitamin D publiziert.
Simultaneous Application of Ultrasound and Sialendoscopy and its Value in the Management of Sialolithiasis
Authors: Koch Michael , Schapher Mirco Lothar , Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Goncalves Miguel , Iro Heinrich 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objective Ultrasound (US) and sialendoscopy (SE) are routinely used in patients presenting with sialolithiasis in the submandibular (SMG) and parotid gland (PG). The objective was to assess the value of the simultaneous application of US and SE in the management of sialolithiasis.
Study Design Retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary referral center for salivary gland diseases. Participants: Patients in whom US and SE as single investigation tools were neither conclusive nor useful in the management of sialolithiasis were investigated using both methods simultaneously (simUS + SE). Main outcome measures: Establishment of the final diagnosis and/or contribution to the planning/performing of treatment in sialolithiasis.
Results 74 patients were examined by simUS + SE (58.1 % SMG and 41.9 % PG). In all patients (unclear) hyperechoic reflexes were assessed and/or localized by SE-controlled US navigation. 68.9 % of the patients were investigated for diagnostic or differential-diagnostic reasons including distinguishing extraductal from intraductal calcifications and/or to exclude residual stones after therapy. In 52.7 % simUS + SE was used to plan and/or perform further treatment, in 20.3 % to enable performing a combined approach (all PG) and in 29.7 % to evaluate and plan the most adequate therapy (mainly intraductal vs. extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, 68.2 % of these SMG). In two cases SE-controlled and US-guided stone extraction was performed.
Conclusion SimUS + SE is an innovative approach which proved to be very useful in managing sialolithiasis. It added valuable information regarding the establishment of a diagnosis or differential diagnosis, planning and performing the most adequate treatment, intraoperative control of therapy and postoperative follow-up.
Cerebral Autoregulation and Neurovascular Coupling after Craniospinal Irradiation in Long-Term Survivors of Malignant Pediatric Brain Tumors of the Posterior Fossa
Authors: Janzarik Wibke G. , Sander Milena , Rößler Jochen , Sommerlade Linda , Allignol Arthur , Reinhard Matthias 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Introduction Long-term survivors of craniospinal irradiation have an increased risk for stroke which increases with radiation dose and follow-up time. Radiotherapy induces structural changes of the cerebral vasculature, affecting both, large, and small vessels. It is unknown how these structural changes affect functional mechanisms of cerebral blood flow regulation such as cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling.
Methods Using the transcranial Doppler, we compared dynamic cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling of 12 patients after long-term survival of craniospinal irradiation due to a malignant pediatric brain tumor of the posterior fossa and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy patients. Mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocities in the middle and posterior cerebral artery were recorded at rest during normal breathing to assess cerebral autoregulation (transfer function parameters phase and gain, as well as the correlation coefficient indices Mx, Sx, and Dx), and during 10 cycles of a visual task to assess neurovascular coupling (parameters time delay, natural frequency, gain, attenuation, and rate time).
Results Parameters of cerebral autoregulation showed a consistent trend toward reduced cerebral autoregulation in patients that did not reach statistical significance. Neurovascular coupling was not altered after craniospinal irradiation.
Conclusion In this pilot study, we demonstrated a trend toward reduced cerebral autoregulation, and no alteration of neurovascular coupling after irradiation in long-term survivors of malignant pediatric brain tumors of the posterior fossa.
Effect of Screw Insertion Torque on Mechanical Properties of a Hybrid Polyaxial Locking System
Authors: Jung Hye-Jin , Jang Aram , Yim Hyeong-Jun , Han Chang-Hoon , Lee Jae-Hoon 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of insertion torque and angulation on the push-out strength of screws in Atraumatic Rigid Fixation (ARIX) system.
Materials and Methods In vitro mechanical tests of the ARIX system were conducted. Screw plate constructs (n = 120) were tested using five different insertion torques at four different angles relative to the perpendicular axis of the plate. Before the push-out test, screws were locked into the plates, and the push-out force of the screw was measured by applying a load parallel to the screw axis.
Results Implant failure was observed at 0.8 Nm at an insertion angle of 15 degrees, and at 1 Nm at 0 degree, 5 degrees and 10 degrees. Two types of failures were observed: cold welding and plate deformation. An insertion torque of 0.8 Nm produced a significantly higher push-out force compared with 0.2 Nm. Non-angled specimens with 0.8 Nm insertion torque exhibited significantly higher screw push-out forces compared with other tested specimens and insertion angles. Insertion angle did not affect screw push-out force at insertion torques of 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 Nm.
Conclusion The ARIX locking system is much more sensitive to insertion torque than angle. An effect of insertion angle was observed only at an insertion torque of 0.8 Nm, under which all angles significantly decreased push-out force relative to zero degrees of angulation. In addition, low insertion torques can result in screws loosening over time, while greater insertion torques than 1 Nm can result in screw head stripping and plate hole deformation.
Pain Relief after Surgical Decompression of the Distal Brachial Plexus
Authors: Morgan Richard , Elliot Iain , Banala Vibhu , Dy Christopher , Harris Briana , Ouellette Elizabeth Anne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground Brachial plexopathy causes pain and loss of function in the affected extremity. Entrapment of the brachial plexus terminal branches within the surrounding connective tissue, or medial brachial fascial compartment, may manifest in debilitating symptoms. Open fasciotomy and external neurolysis of the neurovascular bundle in the medial brachial fascial compartment were performed as a surgical treatment for pain and functional decline in the upper extremity. The aim of this study was to evaluate pain outcomes after surgery in patients diagnosed with brachial plexopathy.Methods We identified 21 patients who met inclusion criteria. Documents dated between 2005 and 2019 were reviewed from electronic medical records. Chart review was conducted to collect data on visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT), and Medical Research Council (MRC) scale for muscle strength. Pre- and postoperative data was obtained. A paired sample t-test was used to determine statistical significance of pain outcomes.Results Pain severity in the affected arm was significantly reduced after surgery (pre: 6.4 ± 2.5; post: 2.0 ± 2.5; p < 0.01). Additionally, there was an increased response to SWMT after the procedure. More patients achieved an MRC rating score ≥3 and ≥4 in elbow flexion after surgery. This may be indicative of improved sensory and motor function.Conclusion Open fasciotomy and external neurolysis at the medial brachial fascial compartment is an effective treatment for pain when nerve continuity is preserved. These benefits were evident in patients with a prolonged duration elapsed since injury onset.