bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-stability of the noise HVSR at sites near or on topographic heights
Authors: La Rocca M , Chiappetta G D , Gervasi A , Festa R L 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYThe horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) of seismic noise is often used to investigate site effects, and it is usually assumed to be a stable feature of the site considered. Here we show that such an assumption is not always justified, and may lead to incorrect conclusions. The HVSR analysis was performed on ambient seismic noise recordings lasting from weeks to months at many sites in Calabria, Italy. Results show a variety of site effects, from the resonance of a shallow sedimentary layer to the polarized amplification of horizontal ground motion associated with topographic effects. We describe the results of seven sites whose HVSR is characterized by dual content: one that is persistent, and another appearing only occasionally. Two sites very near the coast of the Tyrrhenian sea and five sites in the Calabrian Arc mountains show the most remarkable results. The shape of the HVSR changes significantly at these sites when the amplitude of background noise increases in a broad frequency band during periods of bad weather. The occasional contribution to the HVSR consists of one or more peaks, depending on the site, that appear only when the amplitude of ambient noise is higher than usual. The seven sites where we observe the HVSR variability are all located in complex geological environments, on mountains, ridges or foothills. A variation of the HVSR correlated with the day–night cycle is also observed at some of these sites.
A New Perspective on Female-to-Male Communication in Salamander Courtship
Authors: Staub Nancy L , Stiller Alexandrea B , Kiemnec-Tyburczy Karen M 
Published: June 2020

Synopsis
Courtship behavior in salamanders is often complex and involves well-documented communication from males to females in multiple sensory modalities. Historically, behaviors exhibited during the major stages of courtship have been predominately framed as a male acting and signaling to “persuade” a passive female to participate in courtship and remain with him until sperm release is completed. In this review, we use courtship descriptions for lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae) as a case study to illustrate this historical bias of a male-centered perspective. We then re-examine the literature and summarize the many ways females are active participants during plethodontid courtships. We also relate female behaviors to the types of female-to-male communication that may occur. For example, females have been documented to approach a male and initiate courtship, participate in mutual head rubbing, and step astride the male’s tail to begin the tail-straddling walk (a key courtship behavior observed in all plethodontids). Additionally, females have glands that may produce chemical signals that males respond to during courtship. We conclude that communication during courtship is more accurately described as a two-way interaction where each partner’s behavior is coordinated with the other’s via multi-modal signaling. Shifting the lens through which we view courtship and behavior provides insight into which female behaviors and anatomical features are most likely to be used for communication with males.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) information management: addressing national health-care and public health needs for standardized data definitions and codified vocabulary for data exchange
Authors: Garcia Macarena , Lipskiy Nikolay , Tyson James , Watkins Roniqua , Esser E Stein , Kinley Teresa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak progressed rapidly from a public health (PH) emergency of international concern (World Health Organization [WHO], 30 January 2020) to a pandemic (WHO, 11 March 2020). The declaration of a national emergency in the United States (13 March 2020) necessitated the addition and modification of terminology related to COVID-19 and development of the disease’s case definition. During this period, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and standard development organizations released guidance on data standards for reporting COVID-19 clinical encounters, laboratory results, cause-of-death certifications, and other surveillance processes for COVID-19 PH emergency operations. The CDC COVID-19 Information Management Repository was created to address the need for PH and health-care stakeholders at local and national levels to easily obtain access to comprehensive and up-to-date information management resources.

Materials and Methods
We introduce the clinical and health-care informatics community to the CDC COVID-19 Information Management Repository: a new, national COVID-19 information management tool. We provide a description of COVID-19 informatics resources, including data requirements for COVID-19 data reporting.

Results
We demonstrate the CDC COVID-19 Information Management Repository’s categorization and management of critical COVID-19 informatics documentation and standards. We also describe COVID-19 data exchange standards, forms, and specifications.

Conclusions
This information will be valuable to clinical and PH informaticians, epidemiologists, data analysts, standards developers and implementers, and information technology managers involved in the development of COVID-19 situational awareness and response reporting and analytics.
Fulvic acid increases forage legume growth inducing preferential up-regulation of nodulation and signalling-related genes
Authors: Capstaff Nicola M , Morrison Freddie , Cheema Jitender , Brett Paul , Hill Lionel , Muñoz-García Juan C , Khimyak Yaroslav Z , Domoney Claire , Miller Anthony J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The use of potential biostimulants is of broad interest in plant science for improving yields. The application of a humic derivative called fulvic acid (FA) may improve forage crop production. FA is an uncharacterized mixture of chemicals and, although it has been reported to increase growth parameters in many species including legumes, its mode of action remains unclear. Previous studies of the action of FA have lacked appropriate controls, and few have included field trials. Here we report yield increases due to FA application in three European Medicago sativa cultivars, in studies which include the appropriate nutritional controls which hitherto have not been used. No significant growth stimulation was seen after FA treatment in grass species in this study at the treatment rate tested. Direct application to bacteria increased Rhizobium growth and, in M. sativa trials, root nodulation was stimulated. RNA transcriptional analysis of FA-treated plants revealed up-regulation of many important early nodulation signalling genes after only 3 d. Experiments in plate, glasshouse, and field environments showed yield increases, providing substantial evidence for the use of FA to benefit M. sativa forage production.
Comparison of Nucleic Acid Amplification and IgM Tests for the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection in Children During a Recent Korean Outbreak
Authors: Lee Hye-Young , Sul Seunghwan , Lee Jeong Young , Kim Mi-Na , Yu Jinho , Sung Heungsup 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
In the absence of standardized methods for Mycoplasma pneumoniae detection, we evaluated the diagnostic value of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgM assays for detecting M. pneumoniae infection in children during a recent Korean outbreak.

Methods
The diagnostic performances of PCR and IgM assays for M. pneumoniae in 1,109 clinical specimens were evaluated by the Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) scoring system as an interim reference standard.

Results
The level of agreement between both tests was fair. As analyzed by the JRS scoring system, the sensitivity of PCR was 45.2% in the group aged &lt;5 years, 86.8% in the group aged 5 years to 10 years group, and 72.2% in the group aged 10 years to 18 years; the sensitivity of the IgM assay was 66.8%, 71.4%, and 55.6% in each group, respectively.

Conclusion
The sensitivity of PCR is relatively low but is superior to that of IgM assays such that diagnostic performance can be improved by both test methods in patients aged &lt;5 years.
Scatter in Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect scaling relations explained by inter-cluster variance in mass accretion histories
Authors: Green Sheridan B , Aung Han , Nagai Daisuke , van den Bosch Frank C 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
X-ray and microwave cluster scaling relations are immensely valuable for cosmological analysis. However, their power is limited by astrophysical systematics that bias mass estimates and introduce additional scatter. Turbulence injected into the intracluster medium via mass assembly contributes substantially to cluster non-thermal pressure support, a significant source of such uncertainties. We use an analytical model to compute the assembly-driven non-thermal pressure profiles of haloes based on Monte Carlo-generated accretion histories. We introduce a fitting function for the average non-thermal pressure fraction profile, which exhibits minimal dependence on redshift at fixed peak height. Using the model, we predict deviations from self-similarity and the intrinsic scatter in the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect observable-mass scaling relation (YSZ − M) due solely to inter-cluster variation in mass accretion histories. We study the dependence of YSZ − M on aperture radius, cosmology, redshift, and mass limit. The model predicts $5-9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ scatter in YSZ − M at z = 0, increasing as the aperture used to compute YSZ increases from R500c to 5R500c. The predicted scatter lies slightly below that of studies based on non-radiative hydro-simulations, illustrating that assembly history variance is likely responsible for a substantial fraction of scatter in YSZ − M. This should be regarded as a lower bound, which will likely increase with the use of an updated gas density model that incorporates a more realistic response to halo assembly. As redshift increases, YSZ − M deviates more from self-similarity and scatter increases. We show that the YSZ − M residuals correlate strongly with the recent halo mass accretion rate, potentially providing an opportunity to infer the latter.
Origin of star-forming rings around massive centres in massive galaxies at z &lt; 4
Authors: Dekel Avishai , Lapiner Sharon , Ginzburg Omri , Freundlich Jonathan , Jiang Fangzhou , Finish Bar , Kretschmer Michael , Lin Doug , Ceverino Daniel , Primack Joel , Giavalisco Mauro , Ji Zhiyuan 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Using analytic modelling and simulations, we address the origin of an abundance of star-forming clumpy extended gas rings about massive central bodies in massive galaxies at z &lt; 4. Rings form by high-angular-momentum streams and survive in galaxies of Mstar &gt; 109.5–10 M⊙ where merger-driven spin flips and supernova feedback are ineffective. The rings survive after events of compaction to central nuggets. Ring longevity was unexpected based on inward mass transport driven by torques from violent disc instability. However, evaluating the torques from a tightly wound spiral structure, we find that the time-scale for transport per orbital time is long and $\propto \! \delta _{\rm d}^{-3}$, with δd the cold-to-total mass ratio interior to the ring. A long-lived ring forms when the ring transport is slower than its replenishment by accretion and the interior depletion by star formation rate, both valid for δd &lt; 0.3. The central mass that lowers δd is a compaction-driven bulge and/or dark matter, aided by the lower gas fraction at z &lt; 4, provided that it is not too low. The ring is Toomre unstable for clump and star formation. The high-z dynamic rings are not likely to arise form secular resonances or collisions. Active galactic nucleus feedback is not expected to affect the rings. Mock images of simulated rings through dust indicate qualitative consistency with observed rings about bulges in massive z ∼ 0.5–3 galaxies, in H α and deep HST imaging. ALMA mock images indicate that z ∼ 0.5–1 rings should be detectable. We quote expected observable properties of rings and their central nuggets.
Radio afterglows of very high-energy gamma-ray bursts 190829A and 180720B
Authors: Rhodes L , van der Horst A J , Fender R , Monageng I M , Anderson G E , Antoniadis J , Bietenholz M F , Böttcher M , Bright J S , Green D A , Kouveliotou C , Kramer M , Motta S E , Wijers R A M J , Williams D R A , Woudt P A 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present high-cadence multifrequency radio observations of the long gamma-ray burst (GRB) 190829A, which was detected at photon energies above 100 GeV by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). Observations with the Meer Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT, 1.3 GHz) and Arcminute Microkelvin Imager – Large Array (AMI-LA, 15.5 GHz) began one day post-burst and lasted nearly 200 d. We used complementary data from Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT), which ran to 100 d post-burst. We detected a likely forward shock component with both MeerKAT and XRT up to over 100 d post-burst. Conversely, the AMI-LA light curve appears to be dominated by reverse shock emission until around 70 d post-burst when the afterglow flux drops below the level of the host galaxy. We also present previously unpublished observations of the other H.E.S.S.-detected GRB, GRB 180720B from AMI-LA, which shows likely forward shock emission that fades in less than 10 d. We present a comparison between the radio emission from the three GRBs with detected very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission and a sensitivity-limited radio afterglow sample. GRB 190829A has the lowest isotropic radio luminosity of any GRB in our sample, but the distribution of luminosities is otherwise consistent, as expected, with the VHE GRBs being drawn from the same parent distribution as the other radio-detected long GRBs.
Fe iii emission in quasars: evidence for a dense turbulent medium
Authors: Temple Matthew J , Ferland Gary J , Rankine Amy L , Hewett Paul C , Badnell N R , Ballance Connor P , Del Zanna Giulio , Dufresne Roger P 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent improvements to atomic energy-level data allow, for the first time, accurate predictions to be made for the Fe iii line emission strengths in the spectra of luminous, $L_\text{bol}\simeq 10^{46}\!-\!10^{48}\mbox{${\rm \, erg}{\rm \, s}^{-1}\, $}$, active galactic nuclei. The Fe iii emitting gas must be primarily photoionized, consistent with observations of line reverberation. We use cloudy models exploring a wide range of parameter space, together with ≃26 000 rest-frame ultraviolet spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, to constrain the physical conditions of the line emitting gas. The observed Fe iii emission is best accounted for by dense (nH ≃ 1014 cm−3) gas which is microturbulent, leading to smaller line optical depths and fluorescent excitation. Such high density gas appears to be present in the central regions of the majority of luminous quasars. Using our favoured model, we present theoretical predictions for the relative strengths of the Fe iii UV34 λλ1895, 1914, 1926 multiplet. This multiplet is blended with the Si iii] λ1892 and C iii] λ1909 emission lines and an accurate subtraction of UV34 is essential when using these lines to infer information about the physics of the broad line region in quasars.
Using a generic definition of cachexia in patients with kidney disease receiving haemodialysis: a longitudinal (pilot) study
Authors: McKeaveney Clare , Slee Adrian , Adamson Gary , Davenport Andrew , Farrington Ken , Fouque Denis , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Mallett John , Maxwell Alexander P , Mullan Robert , Noble Helen , O’Donoghue Donal , Porter Sam , Seres David S , Shields Joanne , Witham Miles , Reid Joanne 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Research indicates that cachexia is common among persons with chronic illnesses and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, there continues to be an absence of a uniformed disease-specific definition for cachexia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient populations.

Objective
The primary objective was to identify cachexia in patients receiving haemodialysis (HD) using a generic definition and then follow up on these patients for 12 months.

Method
This was a longitudinal study of adult chronic HD patients attending two hospital HD units in the UK. Multiple measures relevant to cachexia, including body mass index (BMI), muscle mass [mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC)], handgrip strength (HGS), fatigue [Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)], appetite [Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy (FAACT)] and biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, haemoglobin and erythropoietin resistance index (ERI)] were recorded. Baseline analysis included group differences analysed using an independent t-test, dichotomized values using the χ2 test and prevalence were reported using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 24 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Longitudinal analysis was conducted using repeated measures analysis.

Results
A total of 106 patients (30 females and 76 males) were recruited with a mean age of 67.6 years [standard deviation (SD) 13.18] and dialysis vintage of 4.92 years (SD 6.12). At baseline, 17 patients were identified as cachectic, having had reported weight loss (e.g. &gt;5% for &gt;6 months) or BMI &lt;20 kg/m2 and three or more clinical characteristics of cachexia. Seventy patients were available for analysis at 12 months (11 cachectic versus 59 not cachectic). FAACT and urea reduction ratio statistically distinguished cachectic patients (P = 0.001). However, measures of weight, BMI, MUAMC, HGS, CRP, ERI and FACIT tended to worsen in cachectic patients.

Conclusion
Globally, cachexia is a severe but frequently underrecognized problem. This is the first study to apply the defined characteristics of cachexia to a representative sample of patients receiving HD. Further, more extensive studies are required to establish a phenotype of cachexia in advanced CKD.
Trichomes at the Base of the Petal Are Regulated by the Same Transcription Factors as Cotton Seed Fibers
Authors: Tan Jiafu , Walford Sally-Anne , Dennis Elizabeth S , Llewellyn Danny J 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany polypetalous plants have a constriction at the base of the petal that leaves a small gap that can provide entry into the young flower bud before the reproductive organs are fully developed. In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), this gap is occluded by tufts of short unicellular trichomes superficially resembling the fibers found on cotton seeds. We are just beginning to understand the developmental regulation of the seed fibers and have previously characterized several MIXTA-like MYB transcription factors (TFs) that are critical for correct seed fiber development but know little about the molecular regulation of other types of cotton trichomes. Here, using RNAi or dominant suppression transgenic cotton lines and natural fiber mutants, we investigated the development and regulation of the petal base trichomes. Petal base trichomes and seed trichomes were also examined across several different species within and outside of the Malvoideae. We found that the petal base trichomes are regulated by the same MYB TFs as cotton seed fibers and, since they are more widely distributed across different taxa than the seed fibers, could have preceded them in the evolution of these important textile fibers produced by some cotton species.
The use of an impact framework to evaluate the impact of research on policy and practice: Screening questionnaires for intellectual disability
Authors: McKenzie Karen , Murray Aja , Murray George , Martin Rachel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
There is an increasing emphasis on the importance of research having an impact on policy and practice. This can be more difficult to evidence in intellectual disability services because of the wide range of stakeholders involved. We evaluated whether an impact questionnaire covering: knowledge production, capacity building, informing policy and practice, social and economic benefits could successfully be used to evaluate the impact of research into and use of two screening questionnaires: the Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire (LDSQ) and Child and Adolescent Intellectual Disability Screening Questionnaire (CAIDS-Q). We conducted an online search for published peer reviewed and grey literature, and Internet resources that referenced LDSQ and/or CAIDS-Q. The resultant literature and resources were assessed for relevance and organized according to the categories outlined in the impact questionnaire. Evidence was found for all the areas of impact, with the largest body of evidence being in relation to informing policy and practice and social benefits and the least for economic benefits. The impact questionnaire provided the basis for a comprehensive and useful evaluative framework to assess impact, although there was some overlap between the different categories. The process of using it highlighted some wider issues to consider when attempting to evaluate impact. The results indicated that the research underpinning the LDSQ and CAIDS-Q had resulted in significant, generally positive, and wide-reaching impact on policy and practice in intellectual disability and other services, resulting in a number of positive outcomes.
Decreased activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in monocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Sakata Komei , Yasuoka Hidekata , Yoshimoto Keiko , Takeuchi Tsutomu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The regulation system for oxidative stress in systemic sclerosis (SSc) remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the possible involvement of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which plays a key role in DNA repair and redox balance, in the pathogenesis of SSc.

Methods
Thirty patients with SSc and 15 healthy controls were enrolled. Expression of ATM and phosphorylated ATM (pATM), an activated form of ATM, in phagocytes in whole blood samples was analysed by FACS. Correlations between expression levels of ATM/pATM and clinical parameters of SSc patients were statistically analysed. Peripheral monocytes were cultured with an ATM-specific inhibitor (KU55933), and reactive oxygen species production in the cells was measured.

Results
Expression level of pATM in peripheral monocytes and neutrophils from SSc patients was significantly lower than those in healthy controls (P = 0.04 and P &lt; 0.001, respectively), while no significant difference in total ATM expression was observed between SSc and healthy controls. In addition, pATM expression in monocytes of SSc patients with interstitial lung disease or digital pitting scar was remarkably lower than in the patients without these clinical features (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03), respectively. Moreover, pATM expression in monocytes positively correlated with forced vital capacity and negatively correlated with the serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 level. Notably, KU55933, an ATM-specific inhibitor, enhanced reactive oxygen species production by monocytes under oxidative stress.

Conclusion
Our data revealed that decreased ATM activation in monocytes was associated with SSc-interstitial lung disease and that impaired ATM activation in monocytes may contribute to the disease process of SSc via uncontrolled reactive oxygen species production.