bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
$$\tau \rightarrow \mu \mu \mu $$ at a rate of one out of $$10^{14}$$ tau decays?
Authors: Blackstone Patrick , Fael Matteo , Passemar Emilie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe present in a full analytic form the partial widths for the lepton flavour violating decays $$\mu ^{\pm } \rightarrow e^{\pm } e^+ e^-$$μ±→e±e+e- and $$\tau ^{\pm } \rightarrow \ell ^{\pm } \ell '^{+} \ell '^{-}$$τ±→ℓ±ℓ′+ℓ′-, with $$\ell ,\ell '=\mu ,e$$ℓ,ℓ′=μ,e, mediated by neutrino oscillations in the one-loop diagrams. Compared to the first result by Petcov (Sov J Nucl Phys 25:340, 1977), obtained in the zero momentum limit $${\mathcal {P}}\ll m_{\nu } \ll M_W$$P≪mν≪MW, we retain full dependence on $${\mathcal {P}}$$P, the momenta and masses of external particles, and we determine the branching ratios in the physical limit $$m_\nu \ll {\mathcal {P}} \ll M_W$$mν≪P≪MW. We show that the claim presented in Pham (Eur Phys J C8:513, 1999) that the $$\tau \rightarrow \ell \ell ' \ell '$$τ→ℓℓ′ℓ′ branching ratios could be as large as $$10^{-14}$$10-14, as a consequence of keeping the $${\mathcal {P}}$$P dependence, is flawed. We find rates of order $$10^{-55}$$10-55, even smaller than those obtained in the zero momentum limit, as the latter prediction contains an unphysical logarithmic enhancement.
Feasibility study of TPC tracker detector for the circular collider
Authors: Yuan Zhiyang , Qi Huirong , Wang Haiyun , Dai Hongliang , Chen Yuanbo , Ouyang Qun , Zhang Jian , Cai Yiming , Li Yulan 
Published: June 2020

The discovery of a SM Higgs boson at the LHC brought about great opportunity to investigate the feasibility of a Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) operating at center-of-mass energy of 240 GeV, as a Higgs factory, with designed luminosity of about [Formula: see text]. The CEPC provides a much cleaner collision environment than the LHC, it is ideally suited for studying the properties of Higgs boson with greater precision. Another advantage of the CEPC over the LHC is that the Higgs boson can be detected through the recoil mass method by only reconstructing [Formula: see text] boson decay without examining the Higgs decays. In Concept Design Report (CDR), the circumference of CEPC is 100 km, with two interaction points available for exploring different detector design scenarios and technologies. The baseline design of CEPC detector is an ILD-like concept, with a superconducting solenoid of 3.0 Tesla surrounding the inner silicon detector, TPC tracker detector and the calorimetry system. Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) have been extensively studied and used in many fields, especially in particle physics experiments, including STAR and ALICE. The TPC detector will operate in continuous mode on the circular machine. To fulfill the physics goals of the future circular collider and meet Higgs/[Formula: see text] run, a TPC with excellent performance is required. We have proposed and investigated the ions controlling performance of a novel configuration detector module. The aim of this study is to suppress ion backflow (IBF) continually. In this paper, some update results of the feasibility and limitation on TPC detector technology R&D will be given using the hybrid gaseous detector module.
Immunity and Stress Responses Are Induced During Ex Situ Heart Perfusion
Authors: Hatami Sanaz , White Christopher W. , Qi Xiao , Buchko Max , Ondrus Martin , Kinnear Alexandra , Himmat Sayed , Sergi Consolato , Nagendran Jayan , Freed Darren H. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Ex situ heart perfusion (ESHP) preserves the donated heart in a perfused, beating condition preventing cold storage–related ischemia and provides a platform to evaluate myocardial viability during preservation. However, myocardial function declines gradually during ESHP. Extracorporeal circulation systems are associated with the induction of systemic inflammatory and stress responses. Our aim was to evaluate the incidence of inflammation and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress responses during an extended period of ESHP.

Methods:
Cardiac function, myocardial tissue injury, markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress were assessed in healthy pig hearts, perfused for 12 hours either in nonworking mode (non-WM=7) or working mode (WM, n=6).

Results:

Cardiac function declined during ESHP but was significantly better preserved in the hearts perfused in WM (median 11-hour cardiac index/1-hour cardiac index: WM=27% versus non-WM=9.5%,
P
=0.022). Myocardial markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress were expressed higher in ESHP hearts compared with in vivo samples. The proinflammatory cytokines and oxidized low-density lipoprotein significantly increased in the perfusate throughout the perfusion in both perfusion groups. The left ventricular expression of the cytokines and malondialdehyde was induced in non-WM, whereas it was not different between WM and in vivo.

Conclusions:
Myocardial function declines during ESHP regardless of perfusion mode. However, ESHP in WM may lead to superior preservation of myocardial function and viability. Both inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses are significantly induced during ESHP and may contribute to the myocardial functional decline, representing a potential therapeutic target to improve the clinical donor heart preservation.
Enhanced Generation of Induced Cardiomyocytes Using a Small‐Molecule Cocktail to Overcome Barriers to Cardiac Cellular Reprogramming
Authors: Singh Vivek P. , Pinnamaneni Jaya Pratap , Pugazenthi Aarthi , Sanagasetti Deepthi , Mathison Megumi , Wang Kai , Yang Jianchang , Rosengart Todd K. 
Published: June 2020

Background

Given known inefficiencies in reprogramming of fibroblasts into mature induced cardiomyocytes (
iCM
s), we sought to identify small molecules that would overcome these barriers to cardiac cell transdifferentiation.

Methods and Results

We screened alternative combinations of compounds known to impact cell reprogramming using morphologic and functional cell differentiation assays in vitro. After screening 6 putative reprogramming factors, we found that a combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate, the
WNT
inhibitor
ICG
‐001, and the cardiac growth regulator retinoic acid (RA) maximally enhanced
iCM
generation from primary rat cardiac fibroblasts when combined with administration of the cardiodifferentiating transcription factors Gata4, Mef2C, and Tbx5 (
GMT
) compared with
GMT
administration alone (23±1.5% versus 3.3±0.2%;
P
<0.0001). Expression of the cardiac markers cardiac troponin T, Myh6, and Nkx2.5 was upregulated as early as 10 days after
GMT
–sodium butyrate, ICG‐001, and RA treatment. Human
iCM
generation was likewise enhanced when administration of the human cardiac reprogramming factors
GMT
, Hand2, and Myocardin plus miR‐590 was combined with sodium butyrate, ICG‐001, and RA compared with
GMT
, Hand2, and Myocardin plus miR‐590 treatment alone (25±1.3% versus 5.7±0.4%;
P
<0.0001). Rat and human
iCM
s also more frequently demonstrated spontaneous beating in coculture with neonatal cardiomyocytes with the addition of sodium butyrate, ICG‐001, and RA to transcription factor cocktails compared with transcription factor treatment alone.

Conclusions

The combined administration of histone deacetylase and
WNT
inhibitors with RA enhances rat and human
iCM
generation induced by transcription factor administration alone. These findings suggest opportunities for improved translational approaches for cardiac regeneration.
A Disagreeable Text
Authors: Leigh Devin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Bryan Edwards’s The History of the British West Indies is a text well known to historians of the Caribbean and the early modern Atlantic World. First published in 1793, the work is widely considered to be a classic of British Caribbean literature. This article introduces an unpublished first draft of Edwards’s preface to that work. Housed in the archives of the West India Committee in Westminster, England, this preface has never been published or fully analyzed by scholars in print. It offers valuable insight into the production of West Indian history at the end of the eighteenth century. In particular, it shows how colonial planters confronted the challenges of their day by attempting to wrest the practice of writing West Indian history from their critics in Great Britain. Unlike these metropolitan writers, Edwards had lived in the West Indian colonies for many years. He positioned his personal experience as being a primary source of his historical legitimacy.
The impact of natural and artificial weathering on the anatomy of selected tropical hardwoods
Authors: Mamoňová Miroslava , Reinprecht Ladislav 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The effect of natural and artificial weathering on the anatomy of seven tropical hardwoods: Bangkirai (Shorea obtusa Wall.), Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Wild.), Cumaru Rosa (Dipteryx magnifica (Ducke) Ducke), Ipé (Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols.), Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.), Kusia (Nauclea diderrichii Merill) and Massaranduba (Manilkara bidentata A. Chev.), was studied. As a result of weathering some characteristic anatomical changes occurred: the weakening of connections between cell elements related to the degradation of the middle lamella; micro-cracks in cell walls; total degradation of parenchyma cells in xylem rays, or significant thinning of parenchyma cell walls and their extreme shrinkage; micro-cracks in the vicinity of xylem rays; significant transversal disruptions in libriform fibres; ablation of pit membranes in vessels and parenchyma cells; changes in the secondary wall of libriform fibres, for example, their defibrillation and weathering-degradation of the S1 layer; and spherical formations on the S3 layer of cell walls produced from condensing compounds of degraded lignin and hemicelluloses as well as thermo-mechanical wrinkling. The highest incidence of micro-cracks after both modes of weathering was found in the densest species; Cumaru, Ipé, and Massaranduba.
Dynamics of the Diurnal Warm Layer: Surface Jet, High-Frequency Internal Waves, and Mixing
Authors: Wijesekera Hemantha W. , Wang David W. , Jarosz Ewa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEvolution of a thermally stratified diurnal warm layer (DWL), including the formation and decay of a daytime surface-layer jet, high-frequency internal waves, and mixing were examined from observations collected during July 2016, near 93.75°W, 28°N, on the outer Louisiana–Texas continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico, when the ocean surface was experiencing a weak sea breeze (<5 m s−1) and strong solar insolation. While winds and surface waves were weak, the DWL was formed with stratification strengthening and stability frequency reaching 14 cycles per hour at 2-m depth, while inhibiting turbulence below the DWL. A surface-intensified jet developed during afternoon hours. The jet, oriented to the right of the wind stress with a speed of about 10 cm s−1 at 2 m, veered and decreased with depth. The magnitude of the diurnal jet was correlated with the heat content anomaly in the DWL. Internal waves with periods ranging from 5 min to 4 h were observed in the upper 4 m. Temperature fluctuations were ~ ±0.2°C, and the corresponding vertical displacements varied from 0.5 to 1 m. These fluctuations appeared during afternoon hours when the Richardson number dropped below the critical value of 0.25 followed by energetic mixing. The daytime jet and the high-frequency fluctuations disappeared a few hours after sunset. Internal waves were likely excited by Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities and by surface wave and internal wave interactions. Mixing resulting from the dissipation of daytime internal waves is an important factor in regulating sea surface temperature in the DWL.
Who, What, Where, When, and How? A Typology of Drought Decision-Making on Public and Tribal Lands in the North-Central United States
Authors: Beeton Tyler A. , McNeeley Shannon M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough drought is a natural part of climate across the north-central United States, how drought is experienced and responded to is the result of complex biophysical and social processes. Climate change assessments indicate drought impacts will likely worsen in the future, which will further challenge decision-making. Here, a drought management decision typology is empirically developed from synthesis of three in-depth case studies using a modified grounded-theory approach. The typology highlights 1) the entity or entities involved, 2) management sectors, 3) decision types, 4) spatial and temporal scale(s) of decision-making, and 5) barriers that inhibit decision-making. Findings indicate similarities in decision types and barriers across cases. Changes in operations, practices, or behaviors; information and technology; and legal or policy changes were the most common decision types, while commonly cited barriers were institutional constraints, fragmented decision-making, and limited personnel and financial resources. Yet barriers and responses also differed within and between sectors and jurisdictions. Several barriers inhibited anticipatory, regional, and interagency drought response, such as limited institutional support, competing mandates, limited resources, lack of usable information, limits to interagency fund transfers, and historical context and distrust among entities. Findings underscore the importance of documenting nuanced decision-making in local places and broader generalizations in decision-making across scales. This contributes to the goal of developing drought science that is actionable for decision-making.
Genetics of migraine aura: an update
Authors: de Boer Irene , Terwindt Gisela M. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMigraine is a common brain disorder with a large genetic component. Of the two main migraine types, migraine with aura and migraine without aura, the genetic underpinning in the former is least understood. Given the evidence from epidemiological studies in cohorts and families that the genetic contribution is highest in migraine with aura, this seems paradoxical. Various genetic approaches have been applied to identify genetic factors that confer risk for migraine. Initially, so-called candidate gene associations studies (CGAS) have been performed that test DNA variants in genes prioritized based on presumed a priori knowledge of migraine pathophysiology. More recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) tested variants in any gene in an hypothesis-free manner. Whereas GWAS in migraine without aura, or the more general diagnosis migraine have already identified dozens of gene variants, the specific hunt for gene variants in migraine with aura has been disappointing. The only GWAS specifically investigating migraine with aura yielded only one single associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), near MTDH and PGCP, with genome-wide significance. However, interrogation of all genotyped SNPs, so beyond this one significant hit, was more successful and led to the notion that migraine with aura and migraine without aura are genetically more alike than different. Until now, most relevant genetic discoveries related to migraine with aura came from investigating monogenetic syndromes with migraine aura as a prominent phenotype (i.e. FHM, CADASIL and FASPS). This review will highlight the genetic findings relevant to migraine with aura.
Improving the Energy Conversion Efficiency of a Laser-Driven Flyer by an In Situ-Fabricated Nano-absorption Layer
Authors: Wang Liang , Yan Yichao , Ji Xiangbo , Zhang Wanli , Jiang Hongchuan , Qin Wenzhi , Wang Yao , Tang Duo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThree kinds of Al flyer plates with different nanostructured absorption layers were in situ prepared by a direct laser writing technology to improve the energy conversion efficiency in a laser-driven flyer assembly. Microstructures, light absorption, and flyer velocity in the acceleration chamber were investigated. The reflectance for the flyers at 1064-nm wavelength can be reduced from 81.3 to 9.8% by the nanostructured absorption layer. The terminal velocity of a 50-μm-thick Al flyer irradiated by a 60-mJ laser pulse is 831 m/s, while the velocity of the flyer with an in situ-fabricated nano-absorption layer reaches up to 1113 m/s at the same condition. Resultantly, the energy conversion efficiency of the flyer with a nanostructure absorption layer can reach as high as 1.99 times that of the Al flyer. Therefore, the nanostructured absorption layer in situ prepared on the surface of a flyer provides a new method to significantly improve the energy conversion efficiency of a laser-driven flyer.
A single mutation in the ACTR8 gene associated with lineage-specific expression in primates
Authors: Choe Se-Hee , Park Sang-Je , Cho Hyeon-Mu , Park Hye-Ri , Lee Ja-Rang , Kim Young-Hyun , Huh Jae-Won 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Alternative splicing (AS) generates various transcripts from a single gene and thus plays a significant role in transcriptomic diversity and proteomic complexity. Alu elements are primate-specific transposable elements (TEs) and can provide a donor or acceptor site for AS. In a study on TE-mediated AS, we recently identified a novel AluSz6-exonized ACTR8 transcript of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis). In the present study, we sought to determine the molecular mechanism of AluSz6 exonization of the ACTR8 gene and investigate its evolutionary and functional consequences in the crab-eating monkey.

Results
We performed RT-PCR and genomic PCR to analyze AluSz6 exonization in the ACTR8 gene and the expression of the AluSz6-exonized transcript in nine primate samples, including prosimians, New world monkeys, Old world monkeys, and hominoids. AluSz6 integration was estimated to have occurred before the divergence of simians and prosimians. The Alu-exonized transcript obtained by AS was lineage-specific and expressed only in Old world monkeys and apes, and humans. This lineage-specific expression was caused by a single G duplication in AluSz6, which provides a new canonical 5′ splicing site. We further identified other alternative transcripts that were unaffected by the AluSz6 insertion. Finally, we observed that the alternative transcripts were transcribed into new isoforms with C-terminus deletion, and in silico analysis showed that these isoforms do not have a destructive function.

Conclusions
The single G duplication in the TE sequence is the source of TE exonization and AS, and this mutation may suffer a different fate of ACTR8 gene expression during primate evolution.
Paternal weight of ducks may have an influence on offspring’ small intestinal function and cecal microorganisms
Authors: Ran Mingxia , Hu Bo , Cheng Lumin , Hu Shenqiang , Liu Hehe , Li Liang , Hu Jiwei , Wang Jiwen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
In animals, many factors affect the small intestinal function and cecal microorganisms, including body weight and genetic background. However, whether paternal weight impacts the small intestinal function and cecal microorganisms remains unknown to date. The current study used Nonghua sheldrake to estimate the effect of paternal weight on the intestine of the offspring by evaluating differences in small intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, and cecal microorganisms between the offspring of male parents with high body weight (group H) and that of male parents with low body weight (group L).

Results
The results of the analysis of small intestinal morphology showed that the villus height of the jejunum of group H ducks was higher than that of group L ducks, and the difference was significant for ducks at 10 weeks of age. Moreover, the villus height/crypt depth of the duodenum in group H significantly exceeded that of group L at a duck age of 2 weeks. The amylase activity in the jejunum content of group H exceeded that of group L at 5 and 10 weeks of age. Furthermore, the proportion of the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was significantly higher in group H (duck age of 2 weeks). Among the genera with a relative abundance exceeding 1%, the relative abundances of genera Desulfovibrio, Megamonas, Alistipes, Faecalibacterium, and Streptococcus observed in group H were significantly different between group H and group L.

Conclusions
For the first time, this study identifies the effect of paternal weight on offspring small intestinal function and cecal microorganisms. Consequently, this lays a foundation for further research on the relationship between male parents and offspring intestinal function.
β1 adrenoceptor antibodies induce myocardial apoptosis via inhibiting PGC-1α-related pathway
Authors: Shi Linying , Liu Jia , Zhang Yuan , Chen Mulei , Liu Jiamei 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is life-threatening heart disease. However, the causes and pathogenesis of PPCM remain unclear. Previous studies found that β1 adrenoceptor antibodies (β1AA) had possible involvement in the development of PPCM. In the present study, we determined the potential relationship between PPCM and β1AA, including the mechanism of β1AA leading to PPCM.

Methods
We extracted the β1AA from the postpartum Wistar rats that were injected by the antigen peptide segment of the β1 adrenoceptor to produce PPCM. We tested the effects of β1AA on H9C2 cell line by CCK-8, LDH, TUNEL, SA-ELISA, qRT-PCR, and western blot methods. Furthermore, PGC-1α was overexpressed to rescue the effect of β1AA on H9C2 cells.

Results
We found that the extracted β1AA induced apoptosis of cardiac myocytes of H9C2 cell line. Moreover, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), which is a master regulator of mitochondrial metabolism, and its downstream transcript vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) got decreased in H9C2 cells after β1AA treatment. In addition, the effect of β1AA could be inhibited by atenolol, the antagonist of β1 adrenoceptors (β1AR) and imitated by isoprenaline, the agonist of β1AR. Furthermore, overexpression of PGC-1α in the H9C2 cells rescued the apoptosis of cells and inhibitory expression of VEGF induced by β1AA.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that the symptoms of PPCM due to myocardial cell apoptosis induced by β1AA inhibiting the PGC-1α-related pathway impairs mitochondrial energy metabolism. Therefore, our results uncover a previously unknown role of the β1AA pathway in the etiology of PPCM and provide a novel potential target for the treatment of PPCM.