bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time-variable Radio Recombination Line Emission in W49A
Authors: De Pree C. G. , Wilner D. J. , Kristensen L. E. , Galván-Madrid R. , Goss W. M. , Klessen R. S. , Low M.-M. Mac , Peters T. , Robinson A. , Sloman S. , Rao M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present new Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) images of the central region of the W49A star-forming region at 3.6 cm and at 7 mm at resolutions of 015 (1650 au) and 004 (440 au), respectively. The 3.6 cm data reveal new morphological detail in the ultracompact H ii region population, as well as several previously unknown and unresolved sources. In particular, source A shows elongated, edge-brightened bipolar lobes, indicative of a collimated outflow, and source E is resolved into three spherical components. We also present VLA observations of radio recombination lines at 3.6 cm and 7 mm, and IRAM Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) observations at 1.2 mm. Three of the smallest ultracompact H ii regions (sources A, B2, and G2) all show broad kinematic linewidths, with ΔV
FWHM ≳ 40 km s−1. A multi-line analysis indicates that broad linewidths remain after correcting for pressure broadening effects, suggesting the presence of supersonic flows. Substantial changes in linewidth over the 21 yr time baseline at both 3.6 cm and 7 mm are found for source G2. At 3.6 cm, the linewidth of G2 changed from 31.7 ± 1.8 km s−1 to 55.6 ± 2.7 km s−1, an increase of +23.9 ± 3.4 km s−1. The G2 source was previously reported to have shown a 3.6 cm continuum flux density decrease of 40% between 1994 and 2015. This source sits near the center of a very young bipolar outflow whose variability may have produced these changes.
Three-dimensional Modeling of the Magnetothermal Evolution of Neutron Stars: Method and Test Cases
Authors: Grandis Davide De , Turolla Roberto , Wood Toby S. , Zane Silvia , Taverna Roberto , Gourgouliatos Konstantinos N. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Neutron stars harbor extremely strong magnetic fields within their solid outer crust. The topology of this field strongly influences the surface temperature distribution and, hence, the star’s observational properties. In this work, we present the first realistic simulations of the coupled crustal magnetothermal evolution of isolated neutron stars in three dimensions accounting for neutrino emission, obtained with the pseudo-spectral code parody. We investigate both the secular evolution, especially in connection with the onset of instabilities during the Hall phase, and the short-term evolution following episodes of localized energy injection. Simulations show that a resistive tearing instability develops in about a Hall time if the initial toroidal field exceeds

G. This leads to crustal failures because of the huge magnetic stresses coupled with the local temperature enhancement produced by dissipation. Localized heat deposition in the crust results in the appearance of hot spots on the star surface, which can exhibit a variety of patterns. Because the transport properties are strongly influenced by the magnetic field, the hot regions tend to drift away and get deformed following the magnetic field lines while cooling. The shapes obtained with our simulations are reminiscent of those recently derived from NICER X-ray observations of the millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+0451.
The Depth and the Vertical Extent of the Energy Deposition Layer in a Medium-class Solar Flare
Authors: Radziszewski Krzysztof , Falewicz Robert , Rudawy Paweł 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We analyze here variations of the position and the vertical extent of the energy deposition layer (EDL) in the C1.6 GOES-class solar flare observed at 10:20 UT on 2012 September 10. The variations of the EDL are contrasted with the variations of the spectra and emission intensities recorded in the Hα line with very high time resolution using the MSDP spectrograph at Białków Observatory. The flare radiated hard X-rays (HXR) detectable up to a energy of 70 keV. A numerical model of the flare used in the analysis assumes that the nonthermal electrons (NTEs) carried the external energy to the flare. The energy flux of the NTEs was derived from a nonthermal component seen in RHESSI spectra. The main geometrical parameters of the flare were derived using restored RHESSI imaging data. We found that the variations of the X-ray fluxes recorded in various energy bands and the variations of the Hα intensities were well-correlated in time during the pre-impulsive and impulsive phases of the flare, and they agreed with the variations of the calculated position and vertical extent of the EDL. The variations of the emission noticed in various parts of the Hα line profile were caused by individual episodes of energy deposition by the beams of NTEs of various energy spectra on various depths in the chromospheric plasma. These results supplement our previous findings for the solar flare on 2013 June 21, having nearly the same GOES class of C1.1 but HXR emission below 34 keV only.
Dynamics of Companion Galaxies of Early-type Galaxies
Authors: Chen Cheng-Yu , Hwang Chorng-Yuan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We estimated the dynamical masses of 115 early-type galaxies (ETGs) by analyzing the dynamics of satellite and companion galaxies of these ETGs. We selected galaxies with absolute magnitudes between −22 and −25 in the K

s
-band from the Extragalactic Distance Database. We also selected 216 spiral galaxies for comparison. We employed a simple model to simulate the observed dynamical mass from satellite galaxies at various distances. Our simulations showed that the dynamical masses derived from satellite galaxies with elliptical orbits would be smaller than those with circular orbits even though they contain the same dark mass halos. Therefore, relationships between the observed M
dyn/M
b distributions and distances would depend on orbital shapes. From the relationships between our observed M
dyn/M
b distributions and distances, we suggest that the satellite galaxies of the ETGs have relatively more elliptical orbits than those of the spiral galaxies and the M
dyn/M
b of the ETGs are greater than those of the spiral galaxies.
Application and Interpretation of Deep Learning for Identifying Pre-emergence Magnetic Field Patterns
Authors: Dhuri Dattaraj B. , Hanasoge Shravan M. , Birch Aaron C. , Schunker Hannah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Magnetic flux generated within the solar interior emerges to the surface, forming active regions (ARs) and sunspots. Flux emergence may trigger explosive events—such as flares and coronal mass ejections, and therefore understanding emergence is useful for space-weather forecasting. Evidence of any pre-emergence signatures will also shed light on subsurface processes responsible for emergence. In this paper, we present a first analysis of EARs from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic Emerging Active Regions dataset using deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to characterize pre-emergence surface magnetic field properties. The trained CNN classifies between pre-emergence line-of-sight magnetograms and a control set of nonemergence magnetograms with a true skill statistic (TSS) score of approximately 85% about 3 hr prior to emergence and approximately 40% about 24 hr prior to emergence. Our results are better than a baseline classification TSS obtained using discriminant analysis (DA) of only the unsigned magnetic flux, although a multivariable DA produces TSS values consistent with the CNN. We develop a network-pruning algorithm to interpret the trained CNN and show that the CNN incorporates filters that respond positively as well as negatively to the unsigned magnetic flux of the magnetograms. Using synthetic magnetograms, we demonstrate that the CNN output is sensitive to the length scale of the magnetic regions, with small-scale and intense fields producing maximum CNN output and possibly a characteristic pre-emergence pattern. Given increasing popularity of deep learning, the techniques developed here to interpret the trained CNN—using network pruning and synthetic data—are relevant for future applications in solar and astrophysical data analysis.
A Wideband Polarization Study of Cygnus A with the Jansky Very Large Array. I. The Observations and Data
Authors: Sebokolodi M. Lerato L , Perley Richard , Eilek Jean , Carilli Chris , Smirnov Oleg , Laing Robert , Greisen Eric W. , Wise Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present results from deep, wideband, high spatial and spectral resolution observations of the nearby luminous radio galaxy Cygnus A with the Jansky Very Large Array. The high surface brightness of this source enables detailed polarimetric imaging, providing images at

, spanning 2–18 GHz, and at 0.″30 (6–18 GHz). The fractional polarization from 2000 independent lines of sight across the lobes decreases strongly with decreasing frequency, with the eastern lobe depolarizing at higher frequencies than the western lobe. The depolarization shows a considerable structure, varying from monotonic to strongly oscillatory. The fractional polarization in general increases with increasing resolution at a given frequency, as expected. However, there are numerous lines of sight with more complicated behavior. We have fitted the

images with a simple model incorporating random, unresolved fluctuations in the cluster magnetic field to determine the high-resolution, high-frequency properties of the source and the cluster. From these derived properties, we generated predicted polarization images of the source at lower frequencies, convolved to 0.″75. These predictions are remarkably consistent with the observed emission. The observations are consistent with the lower-frequency depolarization being due to unresolved fluctuations on scales ≳ 300–700 pc in the magnetic field and/or electron density superposed on a partially ordered field component. There is no indication in our data of the location of the depolarizing screen or the large-scale field, either or both of which could be located throughout the cluster or in a boundary region between the lobes and the cluster.
A 60 kpc Galactic Wind Cone in NGC 3079
Authors: Hodges-Kluck Edmund J. , Yukita Mihoko , Tanner Ryan , Ptak Andrew F. , Bregman Joel N. , Li Jiang-tao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Galactic winds are associated with intense star formation and active galactic nuclei. Depending on their formation mechanism and velocity, they may remove a significant fraction of gas from their host galaxies, thus suppressing star formation, enriching the intergalactic medium, and shaping the circumgalactic gas. However, the long-term evolution of these winds remains mostly unknown. We report the detection of a wind from NGC 3079 to at least 60 kpc from the galaxy. We detect the wind in far-ultraviolet (FUV) line emission to 60 kpc (as inferred from the broad FUV filter in the Galaxy Evolution Explorer) and X-rays to at least 30 kpc. The morphology, luminosities, temperatures, and densities indicate that the emission comes from shocked material, and the O/Fe ratio implies that the X-ray-emitting gas is enriched by Type II supernovae. If so, the speed inferred from simple shock models is about 500 km s−1, which is sufficient to escape the galaxy. However, the inferred kinetic energy in the wind from visible components is substantially smaller than canonical hot superwind models.
Probing the Nature of High-redshift Weak Emission Line Quasars: A Young Quasar with a Starburst Host Galaxy
Authors: Andika Irham Taufik , Jahnke Knud , Onoue Masafusa , Bañados Eduardo , Mazzucchelli Chiara , Novak Mladen , Eilers Anna-Christina , Venemans Bram P. , Schindler Jan-Torge , Walter Fabian , Neeleman Marcel , Simcoe Robert A. , Decarli Roberto , Farina Emanuele Paolo , Marian Victor , Pensabene Antonio , Cooper Thomas M. , Rojas Alejandra F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present the discovery of PSO J083.8371+11.8482, a weak emission line quasar with extreme star formation rate at z = 6.3401. This quasar was selected from Pan-STARRS1, UHS, and unWISE photometric data. Gemini/GNIRS spectroscopy follow-up indicates a Mg ii-based black hole mass of

M
⊙ and an Eddington ratio of

, in line with an actively accreting supermassive black hole (SMBH) at z ≳ 6. Hubble Space Telescope imaging sets strong constraint on lens boosting, showing no relevant effect on the apparent emission. The quasar is also observed as a pure point source with no additional emission component. The broad-line region (BLR) emission is intrinsically weak and not likely caused by an intervening absorber. We found rest-frame equivalent widths of EW

, EW

Å (3σ upper limit), and EW

. A small proximity zone size (

pMpc) indicates a lifetime of only

years from the last quasar phase ignition. ALMA shows extended [C ii] emission with a mild velocity gradient. The inferred far-infrared luminosity (

) is one of the highest among all known quasar hosts at z ≳ 6. Dust and [C ii] emissions put a constraint on the star formation rate of SFR = 900–

, similar to that of a hyperluminous infrared galaxy. Considering the observed quasar lifetime and BLR formation timescale, the weak-line profile in the quasar spectrum is most likely caused by a BLR that is not yet fully formed rather than by continuum boosting by gravitational lensing or a soft continuum due to super-Eddington accretion.
First Results from SMAUG: Uncovering the Origin of the Multiphase Circumgalactic Medium with a Comparative Analysis of Idealized and Cosmological Simulations
Authors: Fielding Drummond B. , Tonnesen Stephanie , DeFelippis Daniel , Li Miao , Su Kung-Yi , Bryan Greg L. , Kim Chang-Goo , Forbes John C. , Somerville Rachel S. , Battaglia Nicholas , Schneider Evan E. , Li Yuan , Choi Ena , Hayward Christopher C. , Hernquist Lars 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We examine the properties of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) at low redshift in a range of simulated Milky Way mass halos. The sample is comprised of seven idealized simulations, an adaptive mesh refinement cosmological zoom-in simulation, and two groups of 50 halos with star-forming or quiescent galaxies taken from the TNG100 simulation. The simulations have very different setups, resolution, and feedback models, but are analyzed in a uniform manner. By comparing median radial profiles and mass distributions of CGM properties, we isolate key similarities and differences. In doing so, we advance the efforts of the Simulating Multiscale Astrophysics to Understand Galaxies project that aims to understand the inherently multiscale galaxy formation process. In the cosmological simulations, the CGM exhibits nearly flat temperature distributions, and broad pressure and radial velocity distributions. In the idealized simulations, similar distributions are found in the inner CGM (

) when strong galactic feedback models are employed, but the outer CGM (

) has a much less prominent cold phase, and narrower pressure and velocity distributions even in models with strong feedback. This comparative analysis demonstrates the dominant role feedback plays in shaping the inner CGM and the increased importance of cosmological effects, such as nonspherical accretion and satellite galaxies, in the outer CGM. Furthermore, our findings highlight that, while cosmological simulations are required to capture the multiphase structure of the CGM at large radii, idealized simulations provide a robust framework to study how galactic feedback interacts with the inner CGM, and thereby provide a reliable avenue to constrain feedback prescriptions.
Abundant Atmospheric Methane from Volcanism on Terrestrial Planets Is Unlikely and Strengthens the Case for Methane as a Biosignature
Authors: Wogan Nicholas , Krissansen-Totton Joshua , Catling David C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The disequilibrium combination of abundant methane and carbon dioxide has been proposed as a promising exoplanet biosignature that is readily detectable with upcoming telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope. However, few studies have explored the possibility of nonbiological CH4 and CO2 and related contextual clues. Here we investigate whether magmatic volcanic outgassing on terrestrial planets can produce atmospheric CH4 and CO2 with a thermodynamic model. Our model suggests that volcanoes are unlikely to produce CH4 fluxes comparable to biological fluxes. Improbable cases where volcanoes produce biological amounts of CH4 also produce ample carbon monoxide. We show, using a photochemical model, that high abiotic CH4 abundances produced by volcanoes would be accompanied by high CO abundances, which could be a detectable false-positive diagnostic. Overall, when considering known mechanisms for generating abiotic CH4 on terrestrial planets, we conclude that observations of atmospheric CH4 with CO2 are difficult to explain without the presence of biology when the CH4 abundance implies a surface flux comparable to modern Earth’s biological CH4 flux. A small or negligible CO abundance strengthens the CH4+CO2 biosignature because life readily consumes atmospheric CO, while reducing volcanic gases likely cause CO to build up in a planet’s atmosphere. Furthermore, the difficulty of volcanically generated CH4-rich atmospheres suitable for an origin of life may favor alternatives such as impact-induced reducing atmospheres.
Le rapport à la vérité dans une perspective transactionnelle participative : l’expérience contre la production de l’ignorance
Authors: Charmillot Maryvonne 
Published: October 2020

Et si la pensée moderne, en produisant de nouvelles connaissances, devenait à certains égards plus ignorante ? L’objectif de l’article est de questionner ce paradoxe en partant du postulat selon lequel l’impératif de neutralité, en excluant l’expérience vécue des chercheurs et des chercheuses dans la recherche de la vérité, reproduit des savoirs hégémoniques et empêche les actrices sociales et les acteurs sociaux de penser par eux-mêmes et elles-mêmes. Ce questionnement est travaillé à travers l’examen de la production de l’ignorance. Il s’agit de saisir comment le cadre conventionnel scientifique dominant participe à la fabrication de l’ignorance. En contre-point aux critiques formulées à l’égard de l’hégémonisme épistémologique occidental, l’article présente des alternatives qui incarnent une manière de produire de la connaissance à partir des interactions sociales, des groupes d’appartenance ou des ancrages institutionnels : « épistémologie sociale », « épistémologie de la résistance », « épistémologies libératrices », « épistémologies du Sud », « épistémologie du lien ».
Vérité, neutralité et conflits de valeurs : les dilemmes de l’éducation civique aujourd’hui
Authors: Bozec Géraldine 
Published: October 2020

Cette contribution examine l'éducation civique en France, son évolution et ses différentes formes, dont le récent « enseignement moral et civique ». Étroitement associée à l'histoire enseignée, l’éducation civique est marquée par un souci de vérité et de rigueur, mais aussi par la volonté de transmettre des valeurs politiques et morales. En examinant les controverses publiques qui ont porté sur cet enseignement ces dernières décennies, le texte interroge la possibilité d'une neutralité et la place des valeurs. À partir de données collectées dans des classes, il examine ensuite les postures, les représentations et les pratiques d’enseignant.e.s du primaire et du secondaire autour de ces valeurs.
Mythistoires et contre-vérités dans l’histoire et les mémoires : quelle histoire apprendre et enseigner ?
Authors: Heimberg Charles , Meboma Sosthène , Panagiotounakos Alexia 
Published: October 2020

Quel est notre rapport à l’histoire et à son enseignement du point de vue de la quête de vérité ? Nous évoquerons une série d’exemples dans lesquels la connaissance historique est soumise à des pressions, manipulations ou déformations dans l’espace public. Les biais sociaux qui les provoquent sont nombreux, notamment dans le domaine de la mémoire. En même temps, la notion de vérité dans une science sociale, si elle est nécessaire, demeure complexe, doit rester ouverte et ne pas mener à des injonctions prescriptives. Dans une seconde partie, ces questions seront analysées à partie d’observations en classe d’histoire.
Le rapport à la vérité dans l’enseignement. Deux cas spécifiques : histoire et littérature
Authors: Muller Alain , Opériol Valérie , Védrines Bruno 
Published: October 2020

Deux risques majeurs guettent la question de la vérité dans un enseignement qui porte des valeurs démocratiques : le relativisme et le dogmatisme. Pour les éviter, notre réflexion essaie de montrer comment le concept de pluralisme des vérités peut ouvrir des perspectives didactiques à la fois fructueuses et rigoureuses. Pour cela nous avons choisi de nous pencher plus spécifiquement sur deux disciplines : l’histoire et le français dans sa dimension d’enseignement de la littérature ; toutes deux, mais de manière différente, ne peuvent se dispenser d’une réflexion sur la relation des connaissances qu’elles dispensent avec la vérité.
Du rapport à l’erreur et à la vérité dans l’enseignement/apprentissage de l’improvisation au clavier : le cas de la séance initiale d’une master class
Authors: Grivet Bonzon Catherine 
Published: October 2020

Cette contribution s’intéresse à la prise en compte des erreurs des élèves dans l’enseignement de l’improvisation idiomatique au vibraphone. Par l’analyse didactique d’une séquence d’enseignement, nous nous demanderons si la transmission des compétences et savoirs musicaux spécifiques à cette pratique sociale de référence induit un rapport à l’erreur particulier de la part des acteurs dans leur relation, entre autres, à la « vérité de l’œuvre ».
Stone Soup: A Metaphor to Create an Inclusive Learning Environment Within Nursing Education
Authors: Woodley Lisa 
Published: October 2020

Background:
This article describes the design of an inclusive learning environment for undergraduate nursing students in a pediatric nursing course.

Method:
A metaphor of Stone Soup and visual cues representing the collective class diversity was introduced in week one, along with a voiced faculty commitment to learn individual student names. These strategies were incorporated throughout the semester.

Results:
Student feedback gathered through an anonymous online survey near the end of the semester was positive. Students reported an enhanced understanding of culturally responsive nursing care, a strong sense of belonging in the class, and placed a high value on their own as well as their classmates' input into class discussions.

Conclusion:

This educational innovation shows promise in yielding high classroom participation, a sense of belonging across diverse groups of students, rich classroom discussions, and heightened student awareness and understanding of culturally responsive nursing care.

[J Nurs Educ.
2020; 59(11):651–654.]
Escape Tasks: An Innovative Approach in Nursing Education
Authors: Haley Brandy , Palmer Jamie 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Innovative teaching strategies that incorporate active learning could be beneficial to the nursing student's performance not only in the classroom but also in the clinical setting. The article provides implementation steps for integrating escape room tasks into a baccalaureate nursing program.

Method:
Thirteen escape room tasks were developed by faculty and a dean to facilitate Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competencies. The tasks challenged seven senior students to think critically outside of the normal classroom and clinical setting.

Results:
Students reported the tasks empowered them to think critically, collaborate, and ultimately enhanced their knowledge. They enjoyed the group work and hands-on challenges.

Conclusion:

Escape room tasks can be active learning teaching strategies that facilitate learning QSEN competencies. Nurse educators can easily implement the 13 escape room tasks outlined in this article. The positive outcome of this activity revealed future opportunities for nurse educators to design easy escape room tasks centered around curriculum learning objectives.

[
J Nurs Educ.
2020;59(11):655–657.]