bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patronage, cultural politics and the marginalization of astrology in seventeenth-century France: the case of J.-B. Morin and of his polemics with Pierre Gassendi and his circle
Authors: Garau Rodolfo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
During the transition from the early to the modern era, the marginalization of astrology from the learned world marked a significant shift. The causes of this phenomenon are complex and still partially obscure. For instance, some sociological interpretations have linked it to a broader shift in mentality among the gentry and bourgeoisie, while other scholars attributed the decline to the emergence of the ‘new science’. Focusing on the case of Jean-Baptiste Morin (1583–1656), this paper examines the changing dynamics of patronage for what has been termed ‘the last official astrologer’. It demonstrates that Morin's appointment as professor of mathematics at the Collège royal and his prominence within the French court were expressions of a cultural politics in which his patrons were deeply invested. Conversely, Morin's efforts to restore astrology lent validation to the belief systems of his patrons. The paper further analyses Morin's fall from grace during his polemics with Gassendi and his circle, highlighting the political context of the Fronde and a growing public weariness regarding the relationship between politics and astrology. Ultimately, this case study reveals that in the French context, the marginalization of astrology was not solely determined within the ‘learned jurisdiction’. Instead, the shifting cultural and political investments of the ruling classes played a significant role.
Kirby diagrams of 4-dimensional open books
Authors: Hsueh Chun-Sheng 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We provide an algorithm for constructing a Kirby diagram of a 4-dimensional open book given a Heegaard diagram of the page. As an application, we show that any open book with trivial monodromy is diffeomorphic to an open book constructed with a punctured handlebody as page and a composition of torus twists and sphere twists as monodromy.
Adherence to healthy dietary scores and risk of dementia: findings from the UK Biobank prospective study
Authors: Carrasco-Marín F. , Araya-Bastias C. , Mathers J. , Livingstone K. , CelisMorales C. 
Published: December 2024

While adherence to a healthy diet is known to reduce dementia risk, the impact varies by diet type. This study examines the association between six dietary scores and dementia incidence.In this prospective analysis, 210,269 participants aged 60 and above (mean age 64.1 years, 52.7% women) from the UK Biobank were included. Dietary adherence was assessed using six scores: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Index (MEDAS-14), Recommended Food Score (RFS), Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), and a meat consumption index (MCI). Dementia incidence (allcause, Alzheimer’s, vascular, and non-vascular) was the primary outcome, analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. The lowest quintile (low adherence) was used as reference group. Analyses were conducted using a 2-years landmark and adjusted for sociodemographic (age, sex, ethnicity and deprivation), lifestyle (physical activity, alcohol and smoking) and health-related factors (multimorbidity and BMI).Among the participants, 4,151 developed dementia during the 8.9 years follow up. Those with the highest adherence to dietary patterns (Quintile 5) showed a reduced risk of all-cause dementia: 49% with MDS (HR: 0.51, CI: 0.42−0.62), 38% with MIND (HR: 0.77, CI: 0.60−0.99), and 19% with MEDAS-14 (HR: 0.81, CI: 0.64-1.00). No significant associations were found with HDI. Individuals reporting low meat consumption (<5 times a week) exhibited a 15% lower dementia risk compared to high meat eaters (≥5 times a week, HR: 0.85, CI: 0.77−0.94). No associations were observed with pescatarian or vegetarian diets. These patterns were consistent across both vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.Our findings suggest that higher adherence to certain healthy dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean and MIND diets, is associated with substantially lower risk of dementia. These findings emphasise the potential for achieving better brain health among older people by improving overall dietary pattern.
POWER Study: Functional characteristics and dietary intake of adults aged 70+ at risk of sarcopenia with supportive home care
Authors: Fallon C. , Malinauskaite I. , Cunningham C. , Horner K. , Corish C. A. 
Published: December 2024

The POWER study (NCT05688956) is a 12-week randomised controlled trial (ongoing) investigating the effectiveness of a novel protein-based oral nutritional supplement combined with an online resistance training programme for community-dwelling adults aged 70+ who require home care and are at risk of sarcopenia. Older adults reliant on home care are an understudied cohort acknowledged as vulnerable to sarcopenia(1) and malnutrition(2). This study aims to report the preintervention (baseline) functional status and dietary intake of older adults recruited to the POWER study.Community-dwelling adults (≥70 y) living in Ireland receiving supportive home care and at risk of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was screened for using the Strength, Assistance walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs, and Falls (SARC-F) questionnaire with a cut-off score of ≥1(3) (out of 10). Participants were recruited into the POWER study between July 2023 and January 2024. Data on participant demographic, nutritional status (anthropometric measures and 24-hour multiple-pass dietary recall) and muscle strength (handgrip strength (Jamar® dynamometer) and five times sit-tostand) were obtained during pre-intervention home visits. Dietary intake was analysed using NutriticsTM software (version 5.96). Intakes of protein and kilocalories were calculated as grams per kilogram body weight (g/kgBW) and as kilocalorie per kilogram body weight (kcal/kgBW) respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio (2023.06.2).Seventeen adults aged 70+ were recruited over a 7-month period (12F, 5M; age range 71-87 years). Ten participants were receiving informal home care (i.e., from a relative) with seven receiving professional home care. All participants had a SARC-F score over 4, with a mean score of 5 ± 1.3. Median BMI was 28.7 (range 17.1-36.2) kg/m2. One participant was underweight (BMI 17.1 kg/m2), five were overweight (BMI ≥24.9 kg/m2) and six were living with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Using the Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Full Form (MNA-FF), nine participants were at risk of malnutrition (MNA-FF 17–23.5), and one was malnourished (MNA-FF = 16.5). Mean intake of protein was 0.84 ± 0.23 g/kgBW/day, with only two participants consuming ≥1.0 g/kgBW/day. Mean daily energy intake was 1,488 kcal or 17.0 kcal/kgBW. Time taken for five times sit-to-stand was 21 ± 8 seconds (>15 seconds for five rises(4)) and handgrip strength was 15 ± 6 kg (<16 kg for females(4)) and 21 ± 12 kg (<27 for males(4)) for females and males, respectively.Analysis of the pre-intervention data from the POWER study indicates that older adults at risk of sarcopenia are not meeting recommended daily protein intakes of 1-1.2 g/kgBW(5). Participants also demonstrated poor muscle strength. This highlights the need for a multi-component approach to support dietary intake and muscle strength in older adults reliant on home care.
The associations of n-3 fatty acid intake with handgrip strength and muscle mass indices in older adults: a cross-sectional study from UK Biobank
Authors: Alsowail A. , Celis-Morales C. , Guerrero-Wyss M. , Ho F. , Gray S. 
Published: December 2024

There is strong evidence that low muscle strength and muscle mass are associated with an increased the risk of mortality and morbidity.⟨1⟩ Muscle mass and strength progressively decline from around the fourth decade⟨2⟩, a process known as sarcopenia, for which there is no effective pharmacological treatment.⟨3⟩ Current literature indicates that resistance exercise and/or supplementation with n-3 fatty acids can be beneficial for muscle strength and mass in older adults.⟨4⟩ However, the sample sizes in these studies are relatively small and are restricted to only resistance exercise. The relationship between dietary n-3 fatty acid intake, rather than supplements, and general physical activity, rather than resistance exercise, and muscle strength and mass remain unknown. The aim of the current study, therefore, was to investigate the associations of n-3 fatty acid intake with handgrip strength and muscle mass indices in older adults. A secondary aim was to investigate whether these associations differed by physical activity status.Analyses included 53,994 participants from the UK biobank study (25,773 men and 28,221 women). Participants were aged 60 years or older with complete data for outcome, predictor and covariate variables. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to explore the associations between n-3 fatty acid intake and grip strength index (kg/m²) and muscle mass index (kg/m²) in three separate models. All analysis were performed stratified by sex and physical activity status (active/inactive). Model 1 was adjusted for age, ethnicity, deprivation index and month of assessment. Model 2 was also adjusted for total energy intake and model 3 was also adjusted for multimorbidity count.In model 3 there were positive associations between n-3 fatty acid intake and grip strength index in women with a 0.03 kg/m² (95% CI 0.00 to 0.06 kg/m²) higher grip strength index seen in those who were active and a 0.04 kg/m² (95% CI 0.00 to 0.08 kg/m²) higher grip strength index in those who were inactive for each additional gram of n-3 fatty consumed per day, with no associations in active (p = 0.355) or inactive (p = 0.186) men. In model 3, no association between n-3 fatty acid and muscle mass index were seen in men who were active (p = 0.981) or inactive (p = 0.331) and in women who were active (p = 0.843) or inactive (p = 0.058).Although n-3 fatty acid intake was significantly associated with grip strength index in older women, regardless of their activity status, the magnitude of this association was very small and unlikely to be clinically relevant. Additionally, n-3 fatty acid was not associated with muscle mass index. Therefore, manipulation of n-3 fatty acid intake within the normal dietary range is unlikely to be an effective strategy to prevent and/or treat sarcopenia and n-3 fatty acid supplements are likely required.
The effects of different portion sizes on child food consumption and satiety: an exploratory study
Authors: Acolatse L. , Logue C. , Pourshahidi L. K. , McCann M.T. , Kerr M.A. 
Published: December 2024

The consumption of larger food portion size(s) (PS) can result in overconsumption and a reduced ability to self-regulate appetite, which has been implicated in the rising prevalence of childhood obesity globally(1). Larger PS of food have sustained effects on energy intake in children(2–4), which has been attributed to the ‘portion size effect’, where more food is consumed when larger quantities are offered(4). This study aimed to explore 3 different PS of a breakfast meal on consumption and satiety levels of children aged 7-10 years.Parents with their children (n 25) were invited to participate in a within-subject, repeated measures, randomised cross-over study, to compare the PS of a typically consumed breakfast meal (ready-to-eat breakfast cereal [flakes, puffed rice or hoops] with milk) consumed by children under three different PS conditions: self-serve (SS) of typical PS; <25% than SS, and; >25% than SS, with at least 3 days between each experimental PS condition. The children were provided with a 10cm visual analogue scale to rate satiety post-consumption. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess differences between the PS consumed and satiety ratings, with paired samples ttests used to compare differences between PS conditions.Total PS of the breakfast meal consumed was greatest in the SS condition, followed by the >25% than SS with the least PS consumed in the <25% than SS (165.0 ± 72.0g, 138.2 ± 83.3g and 126.0 ± 77.9g respectively, p = 0.011). A significantly higher proportion of the breakfast meal was also consumed in the SS condition compared to both manipulated conditions - SS vs <25% than SS (84.2 ± 19.9% vs 77.2 ± 24.7%, p = 0.030), SS vs >25% than SS (84.2 ± 19.9% vs68.9 ± 28.9%, p<0.001), with a significantly higher proportion consumed in the <25% vs >25% than SS(77.2 ± 24.7% vs 68.9 ± 28.9%, p = 0.027). Post-consumption, children reported feeling ‘least satisfied’ in the SS condition compared to both other conditions (6.2 ± 2.5cm in SS, 7.5 ± 2.1cm in <25% than SS condition, 7.9 ± 2.1cm in the >25% than SS condition, p = 0.011).In this exploratory study, children aged 7 to 10 years did not consume a larger amount of food in response to exposure to larger PS. Results suggest that the presentation of smaller PS resulted in higher satiety ratings post-consumption, highlighting the potential of downsizing as a strategy for portion control in children of this age, where needed.
Associations between socio-economic status in childhood and cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood
Authors: Molloy E. , Corish C. , Douglass A. , Kelleher C. 
Published: December 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major national and international public health problem(1). Many factors contribute to the development of CVD including low socioeconomic status (SES), poor diet and obesity. Previous studies indicate that childhood SES may influence the development of CVD risk factors in adulthood(2). Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore associations between SES, as measured by area of residence, occupation group and population dietary quality during childhood, and CVD risk in older adults in Ireland, and to illustrate how the mapping of data from previous studies based on SES information can offer insights into health outcomes.The most recent clinical grandparent data from the Lifeways Cross-Generational Cohort Study (2001-2013)(3) were used. SES (area of residence and occupation group) data from the Lifeways grandparent data were mapped to population dietary quality from the 1948 National Nutrition Survey (NNS)(4), using the assumption that the grandparent’s current area of residence was the same as in 1948. The 1948 NNS included the assessment of individual nutritional status by a trained clinician. Clinical signs related to inadequate nutrition were recorded. Dietary quality, based on the assessment of dietary signs by the clinician, was categorised into poor, fair or good and was presented as the percentage of the population with poor, fair or good dietary quality for a given combination of occupation group and geographical area. The CVD risk variables [BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)] in the Lifeways data were categorised based on World Health Organisation cut-offs. Blood pressure (BP) was categorised based on European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Relationships between the percentage of the population with poor, fair or good dietary quality in childhood and CVD risk factors were explored using Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation as determined by the normality of data distribution. Chi-squared tests were used to investigate associations between age group, occupation group, area of residence and CVD risk factors. Binary logistic regression was used to test the predictive value of occupation group and area of residence independently on CVD risk factors.Some CVD risk factors (elevated or raised BP, a diagnosis of diabetes and/or being prescribed diabetes medications) were significantly associated with area of residence (p = <0.05).Grandparents in the Lifeways cohort from an unskilled manual background in childhood were more likely to be overweight/obese in adulthood (OR 4.67, 95% CI 1.41-15.54, p = 0.012). Inverse associations were observed between good population dietary quality in childhood and all CVD risk factors in adulthood (p <0.05).This secondary analysis of Lifeways grandparent data mapped to the 1948 NNS highlights the role childhood SES and dietary quality play in the development of CVD risk factors in adulthood and older age.
Using artificial intelligence to estimate the nutritional content of meal photos: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4
Authors: O’Hara C. , Kent G. , Flynn A.C. , Gibney E.R. , Timon C.M. 
Published: December 2024

Dietary intake assessment is an essential part of nutrition research and practice, with the use of digital technology now well established(1) and artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of image recognition readily available in research and commercial settings(2). Recent advances in large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, allow computers to converse in a human-like way providing text responses to typed queries. No studies, however, have utilised both the LLM and image recognition components of ChatGPT-4 to evaluate its accuracy to estimate nutritional content of meals.The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the ChatGPT-4 LLM and image recognition model in estimating the nutritional content of meals.Thirty-eight meal photographs with known nutritional content (from McCance and Widdowson’s Composition of Foods) were uploaded to ChatGPT, and it was asked to provide point estimates for each of the meals for each of the following: energy (kcal), protein (g), total carbohydrate (g), dietary fibre (g), total sugar (g), total fat (g), saturated fat (g), monounsaturated fat (g), polyunsaturated fat (g), calcium (mg), iron (mg), sodium (mg), potassium (mg), vitamin D (mcg), folate (mcg), and vitamin C (mg). Comparisons were made between ChatGPT estimates and those from McCance and Widdowson using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, percent difference, Spearman’s correlation, and cross-classification of quartiles. Interpretation of statistical measures was based on Lombard et al.(3).For estimating the content of meals, differences (p < 0.05) existed between the methods for 11 of the 16 nutrients, and 12 nutrients had a percent difference of >10%, indicating poor agreement for most nutrients. ChatGPT underestimated 15 of the 16 nutrients. Conversely, when considering the ranking of meals, all nutrients had correlation coefficients which indicated good (rs ≥ 0.50)(11 of 16) or acceptable (0.20 < rs < 0.49)(5 of 16) agreement. In the cross-classification of quartiles, ≥50% of meals were classified into the same quartile by both methods for 9 nutrients and 10% of meals were classified into opposite quartiles for 14 nutrients, indicating good agreement. ChatGPT also provided caveats regarding its estimations such as “the caloric estimate assumes the butter is spread thinly” and “cornflakes can often be fortified with vitamins and minerals […] and exact content could also vary based on the brand of cornflakes”.ChatGPT showed poor agreement for estimating the nutritional composition of meal photographs for most nutrients, but the correlation and cross-classification of quartiles indicate good ability to rank meal photographs according to nutritional composition. Further research is required with a wider range of meals and in real-world settings. Future work should consider the training of language models using high-quality nutrition data to improve accuracy and maximise the potential for their use in dietary assessment.
Comparison of online food composition databases including those in nutritional assessment tools
Authors: Williams G. , Hamilton A. , Cade J.E. 
Published: December 2024

Measuring dietary intake accurately is essential in establishing relationships between food consumption patterns and non-communicable diseases. Researchers are now using online tools to replace traditional methods1. New technologies provide a more flexible approach and are generally preferred by study participants. However, it is not known whether the underlying databases are reliable. Weight loss app energy calculations vary considerably compared to weighed food records2. The aim of this work was to review the quality and compare the content of online food composition tables including those linked to assessment tools.We undertook a Google search supplemented by expert knowledge to identify online food composition tables in the English language. Databases were either stand-alone online food and drink databases or associated with dietary assessment tools. Databases found were accessed; and we conducted a review of their features. Information on numbers and types of foods, their origin, nutrients and completeness of datasets were extracted using a standardised approach.Twenty-two online food composition databases were reviewed from around the world. 12 (55%) of the databases were associated with dietary assessment software and 9 (41%) solely used an API to link with other systems. Numbers of food items included in the databases ranged from 18 million (‘myfitnesspal’) to 600 (‘FoodDB’). The largest databases generally used crowd sourced data.‘myfood24’ had the largest total number of variables (n = 326) and ‘Carbs and Cals’ and ‘Nutracheck’ only had 8 nutrient variables. The source of food composition data is not clear for all of the datasets. 7 of the databases explicitly include the UK and 3 the US generic food tables, often in addition to branded data. Most databases do not state how they are checked for accuracy or completeness. Where databases state how missing data is infilled only ‘myfood24’ considers both macro and micronutrients. Eight of the databases were only relevant for one country, and 13 tools reported having food data for a range of countries. In addition to nutrients some databases also include non-nutrient phytochemicals, allergens or sustainability metrics. Food images were often used to assist with portion size estimation, although some tools only used general pictures or pictures that did not reflect the food. Searching for food items varied in accuracy and some systems allowed barcode scanning.Online food composition databases allow for much greater differentiation of foods, including branded items compared to traditional tables. They range considerably in size and quality. Care should be taken to ensure databases underlying online assessment tools are reliable with limited missing data to ensure the application of such databases to research does not produce misleading results.