bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct and Indirect Relationships Between the Built Environment and Individual-Level Perceptions of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rhodes Ryan E , Zhang Ru , Zhang Chun-Qing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundSocioecological models highlight the potential direct and indirect effects of multiple levels of influence in explaining physical activity (PA). Social cognitive theories, however, position individual cognitions as the mediator of external factors such as the built environment when explaining PA.PurposeTo appraise the evidence for direct and indirect associations between the built environment and social cognition to predict PA.MethodsLiterature searches were concluded in February 2019 using five common databases. Eligible studies were in the English language that included any direct and indirect tests of individual perceptions and the built environment with PA.ResultsThe initial search yielded 18,521 hits, which was reduced to 46 independent studies of primarily medium quality after screening for eligibility criteria. Findings were grouped by type of PA then grouped by the type of individual and built environment constructs within the model, and subdivided by adult and youth samples. There was evidence that self-efficacy/perceived control accounted for the covariance between environmental accessibility/convenience and total PA, while habit accounted for the covariance in this relationship for transport PA, particularly in adult samples. There was no evidence that the built environment had a direct association with PA after controlling for individual-level factors.ConclusionsThe results provide initial support for the mediation tenet in social cognition models for the relationship between individual, built environment, and PA. In practice, these findings highlight the need for coordinated interventions of individual and environmental change.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Presenting With Hypertensive Urgency in the Office Setting: The Campania Salute Network
Authors: Mancusi Costantino , Losi Maria Angela , Albano Giovanni , De Stefano Giuliano , Morisco Carmine , Barbato Emanuele , Trimarco Bruno , De Luca Nicola , de Simone Giovanni , Izzo Raffaele 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDHypertensive urgencies (HypUrg) are defined as severe elevation in blood pressure (BP) without acute target organ damage. In the office setting, treated asymptomatic patients, with severe BP elevation meeting criteria for urgency are often seen. We evaluate incident Cardiovascular (CV) events (n = 311) during follow-up (FU) in patients with HypUrg at first outpatient visit.METHODSHypUrg was defined by systolic BP ≥180 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg. Patients were &gt;18 years old, with available ultrasound data, without prevalent CV disease, and no more than stage III Chronic Kidney Disease. BP control was defined as the average BP during FU &lt;140/90 mm Hg.RESULTSFour hundred and sixty-nine of 6,929 patients presented with HypUrg at first visit. Patients with HypUrg were more likely to be women, obese and diabetic and with higher prevalence of left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy and carotid plaque (all P &lt;  0.05). During FU patients with HypUrg had 5-fold higher risk of uncontrolled BP (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.1–6.8, P &lt; 0.0001). In Cox regression presenting with HypUrg was not associated with increased CV risk after adjusting for significant covariates, including age, sex, BP control, LV hypertrophy, and carotid plaque (hazard ratio (HR) 1.42, 95% CI (0.96–2.11), P = 0.08).CONCLUSIONSPatients with HypUrg have worst CV risk profile, reduced probability of BP control during FU and greater prevalence of target organ damage, but the excess CV event risk appears to be mediated through BP control, non-BP cardio-vascular disease risk factors, and demographic attributes.CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIERNCT02211365.
Serious Adverse Events Cluster in Participants Experiencing the Primary Composite Cardiovascular Endpoint: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SPRINT Trial
Authors: Botchway Albert , Buhnerkempe Michael G , Prakash Vivek , Al-Akchar Mohammad , Adekola Bemi , Flack John M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Intensively treated participants in the SPRINT study experienced fewer primary cardiovascular composite study endpoints (CVD events) and lower mortality, although 38% of participants experienced a serious adverse event (SAE). The relationship of SAEs with CVD events is unknown.

METHODS
CVD events were defined as either myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, decompensated heart failure, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes. Cox models were utilized to understand the occurrence of SAEs with CVD events according to baseline atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk.

RESULTS
SAEs occurred in 96% of those experiencing a CVD event but only in 34% (P &lt; 0.001) of those not experiencing a CVD event. Occurrence of SAEs monotonically increased across the range of baseline ASCVD risk being approximately twice as great in the highest compared with the lowest risk category. SAE occurrence was strongly associated with ASCVD risk but was similar within risk groups across treatment arms. In adjusted Cox models, experiencing a CVD event was the strongest predictor of SAEs in all risk groups. By the end of year 1, the hazard ratios for the low, middle, and high ASCVD risk tertiles, and baseline clinical CVD group were 2.56 (95% CI = 1.39–4.71); 2.52 (1.63–3.89); 3.61 (2.79–4.68); 1.86 (1.37–2.54), respectively—a trend observed in subsequent years until study end. Intensive treatment independently predicted SAEs only in the second ASVCD risk tertile.

CONCLUSIONS
The occurrence of SAEs is multifactorial and mostly related to prerandomization patient characteristics, most prominently ASCVD risk, which, in turn, relates to in-study CVD events.
Mass concentration and activity concentration of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB compared in serum after acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Delanghe J R , De Mol A M , De Buyzere M L , De Scheerder I K , Wieme R J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We compared three current methods (immunoinhibition, "Isomune-CK" immunoprecipitation, and the Tandem-E CKMB II immunoenzymometric assay) for determination of creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme MB in serum. Although results inter-correlated well, the immunoinhibition assay gave higher activity values. Atypical CK forms did not interfere with the immunoprecipitation and immunoenzymometric methods. In acute myocardial infarction the catalytic properties of CK decreased with the enzyme's age, as reflected by a steady increase in activation energy of the catalyzed reaction. In septicemia patients with very low CK and CK-MB catalytic activity, mean CK-MB mass concentration exceeded the upper reference limit, suggesting an increased rate of loss of activity concentration in these patients' sera. Because of the assay's lesser susceptibility to conformational changes at the active site of the enzyme, we suggest that measurement of CK-MB mass concentration is better suited for infarct sizing than measurement of catalytic activity.
Monoclonal antibody inhibiting creatine kinase MM3 but not isoform MM1
Authors: Suzuki T , Shiraishi T , Tomita K , Totani M , Murachi T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Monoclonal antibody CKM-G01 inhibited greater than 99% of the activity of porcine and human creatine kinase(CK)-MM isoenzyme purified from muscle. However, it inhibited only 54% of CK-MM in human serum. Chromatofocusing of serum CK-MM showed that CKM-G01 inhibited 100% of MM3 but not isoform MM1. CKM-G01 inhibited CK-MM2 by 57%. CKM-G01 specifically inhibited only the original CK-M subunit and not the subunit modified by removal of C-terminal lysine by carboxypeptidase N. CKM-G01 can be used for assay of CK isoforms. We devised a new diagnostic reagent involving it, which requires no analytical separation of isoforms, based on the immunoinhibition method, and applied it to early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The "inhibition index," (inhibited CK activity/total CK activity) x 100, increased more rapidly than did total CK and CK-MB. Evidently this diagnostic reagent can be used for easy, early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
Rapid enzymatic analysis of plasma for tyrosine
Authors: Shimizu H , Taniguchi K , Sugiyama M , Kanno T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this rapid, simple, and convenient enzymatic method for measurement of tyrosine in plasma, tyrosine is converted to tyramine by action of tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) and the tyramine produced is oxidized to p-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide by action of tyramine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.9). The hydrogen peroxide is reacted with 4-aminoantipyrine and N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-m-toluidine in the presence of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) to obtain quinoneimine dye, the absorbance of which is measured at 570 nm. Thus tyrosine is measured in the visible range. The CV was 4.6% or less, and the measurement was unaffected by other amino acids, except for phenylalanine. The values obtained (y) correlated well with those obtained with an amino acid analyzer (x): y = 0.902x + 3.92 mumol/L (Syx = 12.3; r = 0.985; n = 54).
Quantitative immunoenzymatic assay of human lutropin, with use of a bi-specific monoclonal antibody
Authors: Bugari G , Poiesi C , Beretta A , Ghielmi S , Albertini A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this immunoenzymatic assay for human lutropin (hLH) we used bi-specific antibodies (BiAbs) obtained from the fusion of two hybridomas producing antibodies to beta-D-galactosidase and hLh. The BiAb complexed with the enzyme beta-D-galactosidase was used as tracer in a double-determinant assay. We compared the assay involving the BiAb (Bi-EIA) with an immunoenzymatic assay (EIA) in which the same capture antibody was used but the tracer was an enzyme-conjugated hLH-specific monoclonal antibody produced by the same parental cell line used to produce the BiAb. The coefficient of correlation (r) between the two assays was 0.979 but the Bi-EIA was more sensitive (detection limits: 0.8 int. units/L for the Bi-EIA, 2.0 int. units/L for the EIA) and more specific (less than 0.04% vs less than 1.2% cross-reactions with human choriogonadotropin). Mean intra- and interassay CVs for the Bi-EIA were 2.9% and 5.9%, respectively. Correlation (r) with an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA, Serono kit) was 0.960, with radioimmunoassay (RIA, Biodata kit) 0.909, and with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA kit, Specialty Medical Industries Inc.) 0.888, (n = 25). Evidently, bi-specific antibodies can be used successfully in immunoenzymatic assays, and with potentially greater sensitivity and specificity than assay with a traditional antibody-enzyme conjugate.
1990 Medicare/CLIA final rules for proficiency testing: minimum intralaboratory performance characteristics (CV and bias) needed to pass
Authors: Ehrmeyer S S , Laessig R H , Leinweber J E , Oryall J J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
On March 14, 1990, the Centers for Disease Control and the Health Care Financing Administration published criteria for defining minimum performance in proficiency testing (PT). Using our previously described computer modeling technique, we determined the likelihood of passing PT under the new rules. The model relates combinations of intralaboratory CV and bias to PT performance criteria. For example, a laboratory with a bias of zero and an internal CV of 5% will pass a 10% fixed-limit PT criterion (i.e., the criterion for glucose analyses) 98% of the time when five samples are used. The model provides similar analyses for all PT criteria and all relevant combinations of CV and bias. The probability of passing PT decreases as the number of analytes tested increases, i.e., from 98% to 37% as the number of analytes increases from 1 to 20. A laboratory's internal CV has a greater effect on the outcome of PT than do the corresponding bias values. We conclude that a laboratory that operates with methods that have internal CVs less than or equal to 33% and biases less than or equal to 20% of the PT criteria will have a greater than 99% chance of passing PT.
Mass concentration of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 in diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary bypass surgery
Authors: Gulbis B , Unger P , Lenaers A , Desmet J M , Ooms H A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Recent advances in methodology allow the mass concentration of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (LD1) to be determined quickly and easily as routine, emergency tests. We evaluated these tests as diagnostic criteria of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) after coronary bypass surgery. These tests were compared with the usual measurements of CK-MB activity by immunoinhibition and LD1 by electrophoresis and with other biological markers of myocardial infarction such as total CK, total LD, and aspartate aminotransferase. Sixty-one patients who underwent coronary bypass grafting were followed pre- and postoperatively by enzyme determinations and electrocardiography; a subgroup was monitored by myocardial scintigraphy. CK-MB mass appeared to be the best marker of PMI during the first 48 h, although LD1 was the marker of choice from days 2 to 4.
Automated fructosamine assay with improved accuracy used to quantify nonenzymatic glycation of serum proteins in diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure
Authors: Taş S , Zein el Din R R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We optimally solubilized the diformazan that forms during the fructosamine reaction with a nonionic detergent; we then automated the assay. After optimal solubilization of diformazan, we found that serum urate contributed significantly to the color formation in fructosamine reaction. When the error introduced by urate was corrected mathematically by use of an experimental determined factor, the serum fructosamine concentrations obtained were comparable with those of a more specific test of the nonenzymatic glycation (HPLC of hydrolyzed proteins). We found that concentrations of fructosamine in serum increased with increasing age of subjects. In diabetic patients the average concentration of fructosamine in serum exceeded that in nondiabetic subjects and correlated with the preprandial serum glucose and with other measures of deteriorating glycemic control (e.g., increased need for insulin therapy). Serum fructosamine normalized for albumin content was also increased in patients with chronic renal failure. Multiple mechanisms (including exposure of patients to hypertonic glucose during dialysis) appear to be involved in the increase of serum fructosamine in patients with chronic renal failure.
Anomalous serum thyroxin measurements with the Abbott TDx procedure
Authors: Levine S , Noth R , Loo A , Chopra I J , Klee G G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a patient whose serum gave consistently low results for thyroxin as measured with the Abbott TDx but normal results by radioimmunoassay. Further clinical and laboratory studies did not support the low TDx results. Anti-thyroxin antibodies did not explain the discordant results, and we found no evidence of heterophilic antibodies in the patient's serum. We were unable to identify the cause of the problem.
Quantitative and functional assays compared for determination of zymogen and activated human protein C
Authors: Richards S M , Olson T , Keyes L D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We evaluated quantitative and functional assays for protein C, using either purified protein C samples or pooled normal plasma as assay standards. The purified protein C samples were examined as the zymogen form and after activation by thrombin. Mass concentrations of protein C were determined by amino acid analysis and confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Functional activity was assessed in both standard clot inhibition and amidolytic assays. The accuracy and precision of the ELISA was acceptable, with all three preparations of protein C having similar linear curves. The clot inhibition assay demonstrated marked variability when used according to the manufacturer's instructions; however, modifications to the protocol significantly decreased the CV, to less than 10%. Both activated protein C and the zymogen gave linear standard curves. Pooled normal human plasma gave a nonlinear curve, which contributed to inaccurate sample recoveries. We obtained the most nearly accurate recoveries when we used activated protein C as the assay standard. Amidolytic assays provided no insights into the appropriateness of the preparations for that assay format. A uniform, consistent source of protein C, e.g., recombinant activated protein C, would be useful for standardizing all assays of protein C.
Diet-related reference values for plasma amino acids in newborns measured by reversed-phase HPLC
Authors: Scott P H , Sandham S , Balmer S E , Wharton B A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We have measured by reversed-phase HPLC concentrations of amino acids in plasma in groups of 80 normal appropriate-weight term babies fed from birth either a casein formula (WhiteCap SMA, n = 26), a whey formula (Gold Cap SMA, n = 26), or breast milk (n = 28). They were studied from day 11 to week 15 postpartum. The trend was towards an increase in amino acid concentrations in plasma with age, more marked in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants. Reference values were derived for each group. Both formula-fed groups showed several differences from the breast-fed group. Detailed examination indicated that tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine concentrations were increased in the casein-fed group greater than 20% of the time, but only threonine was similarly increased in the whey-fed group. Other amino acids, different ones for each formula group, were increased less frequently. There were no consistent correlations with any aspect of infant growth. Appropriate reference values are important for interpreting amino acid concentrations in plasma from newborns and for evaluating the effects of any future dietary modifications to infant formulas. HPLC analysis provides a suitable highly sensitive method for undertaking such studies.
Ultrasensitive two-site immunometric assay of human lutropin by time-resolved fluorometry
Authors: Pettersson K S , Söderholm J R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A rapid, sensitive two-site immunometric assay for human lutropin (LH), with two monoclonal antibodies directed against the beta subunit, has been developed with time-resolved fluorescence as the detection principle. The cross-reactivities with human thyrotropin and human follitropin are negligible and that with human choriogonadotropin is 1% in the standard two-step protocol. Free beta subunits of LH are also detected. Besides the standard procedure (45 + 15 min), more rapid alternative protocols (15 + 15 min or 30 min in one step) have also been evaluated. The minimum detectable dose per well is approximately 1 amol (10(-18) mol), corresponding to less than 0.01 int. unit/L, for a sample volume of 25 microL and less than 0.001 int. unit/L for 200-microL samples. The intra- and interassay CV is less than 6% for LH concentrations from 0.2 to 250 int. units/L. With 200-microL sample volumes, intra-assay variation is less than 6% at 0.04 int. unit/L and interassay variation is 7% at 0.05 int. unit/L. The very high sensitivity and reproducibility of the presented method enables assay of low prepubertal and of suppressed LH concentrations, and represents a clear improvement over currently available immunoassays.
Particulate (high-molecular-mass) and soluble alkaline phosphatase in urine determined by high-performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Schoenau E , Herzog K H , Michalk D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We detected in urine by HPLC two enzyme fractions of alkaline phosphatase (AP, EC 3.1.3.1), soluble and particulate, analogous to those in serum. The second fraction was eluted with high-salt-content eluent at the same elution time as high-molecular-mass, or particulate, AP in serum. AP characterization in urine from a patient with acute rejection crisis showed a greater sensitivity of the particulate form to treatment with L-phenylalanine, which suggests a higher content of intestinal-type AP in the particulate form. The soluble fraction showed a more liver-type AP behavior. Changes in the chromatograms after the sample was treated with 1-butanol and Triton X-100 support a membrane origin of the particulate AP. Urinalyses from patients with acute renal disease showed increased activity of soluble and particulate AP, with a relatively greater increase of particulate AP.
Enzymatic method for selective determination of 4-aminobenzoic acid in urine
Authors: Bando N , Ogawa T , Tsuji H , Sasaoka K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We developed a method for the selective determination of 4-aminobenzoic acid by use of 4-aminobenzoate hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.27) to convert 4-aminobenzoic acid to 4-hydroxyaniline. The subsequent conversion of 4-hydroxyaniline to indophenol dye was quantified colorimetrically. The method is reproducible, and the assay response is linear up to 40 mumol/L. Selectivity exceeding that of the current colorimetric assays was demonstrated for these enzymatic determinations of 4-aminobenzoic acid concentrations in urine samples from patients undergoing tests of pancreatic function with bentiromide. This method effectively minimizes interferences from drugs and diet, a problem in current colorimetric methods.
Candidate reference method for determining creatinine in serum: method development and interlaboratory validation
Authors: Rosano T G , Ambrose R T , Wu A H , Swift T A , Yadegari P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a "high-performance" liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for accurately determining creatinine in serum. After prechromatographic precipitation of protein, we performed isocratic ion-exchange chromatography with ultraviolet detection (234 nm). Analytical results showed linearity up to 1770 mumol/L, a detection limit of 22 mumol/L, an average analytical recovery of 101%, and a CV ranging from 3% to 11%. We used certified human serum (National Institute of Standards and Technology), and additional lyophilized serum pools also assayed by definitive isotope-dilution mass spectrometry, to validate the accuracy of the HPLC method. In addition, the isocratic HPLC results showed close agreement with those obtained with a step-gradient HPLC method. We also compared the isocratic HPLC method with alkaline picrate and enzymatic methods. Our findings with samples from nonuremic, uremic, and diabetic ketoacidotic patients confirmed the positive bias previously reported with the alkaline picrate method. Interlaboratory transferability of the method was demonstrated with various commercial instruments and analytical columns. We evaluated column stability and possible interference from endogenous or exogenous compounds. On the basis of our analytical findings, we recommend the isocratic HPLC method as a candidate Reference Method for determining creatinine in serum.
Simple screening tests for the emergency identification of methanol and ethylene glycol in poisoned patients
Authors: Jarvie D R , Simpson D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We have developed simple and rapid screening tests for methanol and ethylene glycol in plasma of poisoned patients, based on the Toxi-Lab alcohol screening test. The compounds are first converted to formaldehyde, which diffuses from the patient's sample into a glass-fiber test sheet impregnated with Schiff's formaldehyde detection reagent. Subsequent exposure of the test sheet to acid and heat distinguishes formaldehyde from acetaldehyde. We recommend that samples giving positive results be analyzed by another technique to confirm the identity and concentration of the poison for use in prognosis and treatment.