bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges in estimating HIV prevalence trends and geographical variation in HIV prevalence using antenatal data: Insights from mathematical modelling
Authors: Johnson Leigh F. , Kubjane Mmamapudi , Eaton Jeffrey W. 
Published: November 2020

Background
HIV prevalence data among pregnant women have been critical to estimating HIV trends and geographical patterns of HIV in many African countries. Although antenatal HIV prevalence data are known to be biased representations of HIV prevalence in the general population, mathematical models have made various adjustments to control for known sources of bias, including the effect of HIV on fertility, the age profile of pregnant women and sexual experience.

Methods and findings
We assessed whether assumptions about antenatal bias affect conclusions about trends and geographical variation in HIV prevalence, using simulated datasets generated by an agent-based model of HIV and fertility in South Africa. Results suggest that even when controlling for age and other previously-considered sources of bias, antenatal bias in South Africa has not been constant over time, and trends in bias differ substantially by age. Differences in the average duration of infection explain much of this variation. We propose an HIV duration-adjusted measure of antenatal bias that is more stable, which yields higher estimates of HIV incidence in recent years and at older ages. Simpler measures of antenatal bias, which are not age-adjusted, yield estimates of HIV prevalence and incidence that are too high in the early stages of the HIV epidemic, and that are less precise. Antenatal bias in South Africa is substantially greater in urban areas than in rural areas.

Conclusions
Age-standardized approaches to defining antenatal bias are likely to improve precision in model-based estimates, and further recency adjustments increase estimates of HIV incidence in recent years and at older ages. Incompletely adjusting for changing antenatal bias may explain why previous model estimates overstated the early HIV burden in South Africa. New assays to estimate the fraction of HIV-positive pregnant women who are recently infected could play an important role in better estimating antenatal bias.
Autores e modos de entrada no discurso: um exame a partir da psicologia do desenvolvimento.
Authors: Lima Ana Laura Godinho de 
Published: November 2020

O artigo recorre aos escritos de Michel Foucault sobre a análise do discurso, para caracterizar as exigências que se impõem aos intelectuais ao adentrarem uma formação discursiva. Examinam-se as condições requeridas para se ocupar a posição de sujeito do enunciado, bem como as regras subjacentes à formação dos objetos, dos conceitos e à escolha dos temas e teorias, os quais tanto permitem como restringem as possibilidades de formação dos enunciados. A análise incide especificamente sobre os discursos da psicologia destinados aos professores em formação, investigando a hipótese de que, na primeira metade do século XX, o tema do desenvolvimento tratado no âmbito da teoria da recapitulação constituiu uma estratégia recorrente para a formulação de enunciados reconhecidos como verdadeiros.
Palavras-chave: Análise do discurso. Formação de professores, psicologia educacional. Estudos foucaultianos. Manuais de ensino.
Prior Cocaine Use Alters the Normal Evolution of Information Coding in Striatal Ensembles during Value-Guided Decision-Making
Authors: Mueller Lauren E. , Sharpe Melissa J. , Stalnaker Thomas A. , Wikenheiser Andrew M. , Schoenbaum Geoffrey 
Published: November 2020

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by maladaptive behavior. The ability to properly adjust behavior according to changes in environmental contingencies necessitates the interlacing of existing memories with updated information. This can be achieved by assigning learning in different contexts to compartmentalized “states.” Though not often framed this way, the maladaptive behavior observed in individuals with SUDs may result from a failure to properly encode states because of drug-induced neural alterations. Previous studies found that the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) is important for behavioral flexibility and state encoding, suggesting the DMS may be an important substrate for these effects. Here, we recorded DMS neural activity in cocaine-experienced male rats during a decision-making task where blocks of trials represented distinct states to probe whether the encoding of state and state-related information is affected by prior drug exposure. We found that DMS medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) encoded such information and that prior cocaine experience disrupted the evolution of representations both within trials and across recording sessions. Specifically, DMS MSNs and FSIs from cocaine-experienced rats demonstrated higher classification accuracy of trial-specific rules, defined by response direction and value, compared with those drawn from sucrose-experienced rats, and these overly strengthened trial-type representations were related to slower switching behavior and reaction times. These data show that prior cocaine experience paradoxically increases the encoding of state-specific information and rules in the DMS and suggest a model in which abnormally specific and persistent representation of rules throughout trials in DMS slows value-based decision-making in well trained subjects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSubstance use disorders (SUDs) may result from a failure to properly encode rules guiding situationally appropriate behavior. The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) is thought to be important for such behavioral flexibility and encoding that defines the situation or “state.” This suggests that the DMS may be an important substrate for the maladaptive behavior observed in SUDs. In the current study, we show that prior cocaine experience results in over-encoding of state-specific information and rules in the DMS, which may impair normal adaptive decision-making in the task, akin to what is observed in SUDs.
Chronic Pharmacological Increase of Neuronal Activity Improves Sensory-Motor Dysfunction in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice
Authors: Simon Christian M. , Blanco-Redondo Beatriz , Buettner Jannik M. , Pagiazitis John G. , Fletcher Emily V. , Sime Longang Josiane K. , Mentis George Z. 
Published: November 2020

Dysfunction of neuronal circuits is an important determinant of neurodegenerative diseases. Synaptic dysfunction, death, and intrinsic activity of neurons are thought to contribute to the demise of normal behavior in the disease state. However, the interplay between these major pathogenic events during disease progression is poorly understood. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a deficiency in the ubiquitously expressed protein SMN and is characterized by motor neuron death, skeletal muscle atrophy, as well as dysfunction and loss of both central and peripheral excitatory synapses. These disease hallmarks result in an overall reduction of neuronal activity in the spinal sensory-motor circuit. Here, we show that increasing neuronal activity by chronic treatment with the FDA-approved potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) improves motor behavior in both sexes of a severe mouse model of SMA. 4-AP restores neurotransmission and number of proprioceptive synapses and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), while having no effects on motor neuron death. In addition, 4-AP treatment with pharmacological inhibition of p53-dependent motor neuron death results in additive effects, leading to full correction of sensory-motor circuit pathology and enhanced phenotypic benefit in SMA mice. Ourin vivostudy reveals that 4-AP-induced increase of neuronal activity restores synaptic connectivity and function in the sensory-motor circuit to improve the SMA motor phenotype.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by synaptic loss, motor neuron death, and reduced neuronal activity in spinal sensory-motor circuits. However, whether these are parallel or dependent events is unclear. We show here that long-term increase of neuronal activity by the FDA-approved drug 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) rescues the number and function of central and peripheral synapses in a SMA mouse model, resulting in an improvement of the sensory-motor circuit and motor behavior. Combinatorial treatment of pharmacological inhibition of p53, which is responsible for motor neuron death and 4-AP, results in additive beneficial effects on the sensory-motor circuit in SMA. Thus, neuronal activity restores synaptic connections and improves significantly the severe SMA phenotype.
La Línea Negra como reconocimiento de territorios ancestrales de las comunidades indígenas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Authors: López Rozo Leandro Alberto 
Published: November 2020

El respeto por los territorios ancestrales de las comunidades étnicas en Colombia ha representado un punto histórico de fricción social y violencia constante entre los distintos protagonistas de la violencia de nuestro país. El presente documento se próxima y aborda el plexo normativo y jurisprudencial relacionados con la protección de los espacios sagrados de los pueblos arhuaco, kogui, wiwa y kankuamo de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, consignados o delimitados en lo que dichas comunidades étnicas han denominado como la “Línea Negra” (Séshizha, en la lengua kággaba del pueblo kogui; Shetana Zhiwa, en la lengua damana del pueblo wiwa; o Seykutukunumaku, en la lengua iku del pueblo kankuamo), concepto espiritual, cultural y físico de la Ley de Origen.
El reconocimiento del Estado colombiano a las comunidades indígenas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, de sus sitios sagrados y ancestrales a través de varias manifestaciones de las ramas de poder público —actos administrativos y sentencias—, constituye un gran paso para entender la importancia de las minorías étnicas que propende por el respeto y conservación de los recursos naturales y la relevancia tanto en sus vidas materiales como espirituales, por tal razón es apropiado estudiar si el andamiaje normativo es suficiente y adecuado para que se conserve y mantenga los sitios sagrados que delimitan la “Línea Negra” y que se encuentra en la memoria ancestral de las autoridades espirituales de nuestros hermanos mayores.
Pancasila Tidak Bertentangan Dengan Agama
Authors: Maggalatung A Salman 
Published: November 2020

Pendiri negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia, founding father bangsa telah mencetuskan lima sila sebagai dasar pijakan bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Lima sila tersebut kemudian disebut dengan nama Pancasila. Pancasila lahir pada tanggal 1 juni 1945 dicetuskan oleh Soekarno. Meskipun masih dalam perdebatan dan perselisihan akan waktu yang tepat menyatakan tanggal kelahirannya, tetapi dengan disahkan melalui Perpres di masa presiden Jokowi, maka tanggal 1 Juni patut diakui sebagai tanggal lahirnya Pancasila.
Kebebasan Beragama Bagi kaum Muslimin Di Negeri Jerman
Authors: Zahrotunnimah Zahrotunnimah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:Freedom of religion and worship is a basic right for every human being. So is the German Muslim community, which is the third largest religion in Germany after Catholicism and Protestantism. The German government has guaranteed the same freedom and equality for citizens and immigrants who are Muslim to carry out religious activities, even given the right to enter the Islamic curriculum in teaching in schools. Freedom which tends to be hard to find in the plains of Europe is now starting to open up. This paper wants to conduct elaborative research on the extent of religious freedom in Germany, especially for Muslims.Keywords: Freedom, Islam, Germany Abstrak:Kebebasan beragama dan menjalankan ibadah merupakan hak asasi bagi setiap manusia. Begitu pula dengan komunitas muslim Jerman yang merupakan agama terbesar ketiga di Jerman setelah Katolik dan Protestan, Pemerintah Jerman telah memberikan jaminan kebebasan dan kesetaraan yang sama bagi warga negara dan pendatang yang beragama Islam untuk melakukan kegiatan keagamaan, bahkan diberikan hak untuk memasukkan kurikulum agama Islam dalam pengajaran di sekolah-sekolah. Kebebasan yang cenderung susah didapatkan di dataran eropa saat ini sudah mulai terbuka. Tulisan ini ingin melakukan riset elaboratif sejauhmana kebebasan beragama di Jerman, khususnya bagi umat Islam.Kata Kunci: Kebebasan, Islam, Jerman
Pengaturan Larangan Hoaks Dalam Al-Quran dan Hukum Positif
Authors: Rohmah Siti Ngainnur 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInformation and communication technology is developing very rapidly. The community is directed to use communication channels that are personal, effective and efficient. This condition leads to the allure of communication via the internet. The allure of internet communication is because the internet frees information and users to move without restrictions. Ignorance of internet users to access news from healthy sources, and spontaneity to share news without checking and rechecking, resulting in hoaks easily spread in the community.Keyword: Hoaks, Internet, Social Media AbstrakTeknologi informasi dan komunikasi berkembang sangat pesat. Masyarakat terarah untuk menggunakan saluran komunikasi yang bersifat pribadi, efektif dan efisien. Kondisi ini mengarah kepada daya pikat komunikasi melalui internet. Daya pikat komunikasi internet disebabkan karena internet membebaskan informasi dan penggunanya untuk bergerak tanpa batasan. Ketidaktahuan pengguna internet untuk mengakses berita dari sumber yang sehat, dan spontanitas berbagi berita tanpa check dan recheck, mengakibatkan hoaks mudah tersebar dalam masyarakat.Keyword: Hoaks, Internet, Media Sosial
Mempertanyakan Komunikasi Menteri Komunikasi
Authors: Habibi Andrian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:Communication ability is something that must be owned by everyone, especially a state official. Logical and rational thinking, then expressing it in wise words is the stage that should be done. Communication in its application does involve all procedures through one's mind so that it can influence others. In this short article, the author wants to criticize the communication pattern of a minister of communication and information when responding to arguments that conflict with his opinion. Because some people experience legal problems when giving arguments that are considered wrong.Keywords: Communication, Minister of Communication and Information Abstrak:Kemampuan komunikasi merupakan suatu hal yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap orang, khususnya seorang pejabat negara. Berpikir logis dan rasional, kemudian menuangkannya dalam kata-kata bijak merupakan tahapan yang seharusnya dilakukan. Komunikasi dalam aplikasinya memang menyangkut semua prosedur melalui pikiran seseorang sehingga dapat mempengaruhi orang lainnya. Dalam artikel singkat ini, penulis ingin mengkritisi pola komunikasi seorang menteri komunikasi dan informasi pada saat menanggapi argumentasi yang bertentangan dengan pendapatnya. Karena sebagian kalangan mengalami permasalahan hukum pada saat memberikan argumentasi yang dianggap salah.Kata Kunci: Komunikasi, Menteri Komunikasi dan Informasi
Partisipasi Politik Organisasi Massa Dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah
Authors: Rohmah Siti Ngainnur 
Published: November 2020

Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pemilihan Gubenur, Bupati, dan Walikota, memberikan kebebasan kepada masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam dunia politik. Hal ini memberikan dampak pada sistem Pilkada. Masyarakat diberikan kesempatan untuk menentukan secara langsung siapa pemimpin daerah yang sesuai dengan keinginan masyarakat. Partisipasi politik masyarakat di tingkat daerah merupakan partisipasi yang bertujuan mempengaruhi proses kebijakan mayoritas, menyalurkan aspirasinya melalui Organisasi Masa (Ormas) yang sudah terbentuk. Kata Kunci: Partisipasi Politik, Organisasi Masa, Pilkada
Reformasi Di Indonesia dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Politik Islam
Authors: Putra Gilang Rizki Aji 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:Reform 98 was a turning point in history, where the national agenda had replaced a New Order era that seemed totalitarian and full of militaristic elements, towards a more democratic system of state life. Democratization is based on the interests of many people who are considered to have experienced a lot of moral and material oppression, so that not a few citizens' rights are not fulfilled or even eroded. Not a few Muslim thinkers who are involved in the succession of this reform, given that the teachings that exist in Islam also contain high praise for human dignity. So that the momentum of Reform 98 is a quite appropriate time for the process of implementation, transformation, internalization, and revitalization of Islamic values through political struggle.Keywords: Reform 98, Democracy and Islamic PoliticsAbstrak:Reformasi 98 merupakan sebuah titik balik sejarah, dimana agenda nasional tersebut telah menggantikan sebuah era Orde Baru yang terkesan totaliter dan penuh unsur militeristik, ke arah sistem tatanan kehidupan bernegara yang lebih demokratis. Demokratisasi itu dilandaskan atas kepentingan rakyat banyak yang dirasa mengalami banyak penindasan secara moril maupun materil, sehingga tidak sedikit pula hak-hak warga negara yang tidak terpenuhi bahkan terkikis. Tidak sedikit pula para pemikir muslim yang berkecimpung dalam suksesi reformasi ini, mengingat bahwa ajaran-ajaran yang ada dalam Islam pun berisikan penjujungan tinggi terhadap harkat dan martabat manusia. Sehingga momentum Reformasi 98 merupakan saat yang cukup tepat untuk proses implementasi, transformasi, internalisasi, serta revitalisasi nilai-nilai islam melalui perjuangan politik. Kata Kunci Reformasi 98, Demokrasi dan Politik Islam
Mengkaji Ulang Isi Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2016 tentang Pemilukada
Authors: Danial Achmad 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe appearance of 'Empty Box' in the dictionary of democracy initially connotes well, because it is considered to provide room for other options if a contest is decided by only one candidate. However, in the empirical fact, there are policies in the technical realm that are far from the essence of democracy, the mistake is in one of the articles in Law Number 10 of 2016. Supposedly, from concept to theory must remain consistent with the normative values that have been contained in democracy itself.Keywords: Democracy, Empty Box, Law No.10 of 2016 AbstrakKemunculan ‘Kotak Kosong” dalam kamus demokrasi awalnya dikonotasikan secara baik, karena dianggap memberikan ruang bagi opsi lain jika suatu kontestasi diputuskan hanya satu calon. Akan tetapi, dalam fakta empiriknya terdapat kebijakan di ranah teknis yang ternyata jauh dari nilai esensi demokrasi, kekeliruan itu ada pada salah satu pasal dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2016. Seharusnya, mulai dari konsep sampai teori harus tetap konsisten pada nilai normatif yang telah terkandung dalam demokrasi itu sendiri.Kata Kunci: Demokrasi, Kotak Kosong, UU No.10 Tahun 2016
Implications of the Space Agreement; A Critique of the Statement of the American President to Exploit Space Resources
Authors: Farhani Athari 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:As the world’s population grows increasing demand for the planet’s limited resources, developed countries begin to explore outer space. One of them is the United States through its president statement Donald Trump who will explore and exploit space resources. While the law of space including natural resources contained therein is a shared heritage of mankind. And whether said activities comply with the current provisions of internaional space law?Keyword: Outerspace, natural resources, mining, heritage of mankind
Upaya Preventif Terhadap Perilaku Percobaan Bunuh Diri dalam Tinjauan Hak Asasi Manusia
Authors: Rohmah Siti Ngainnur 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:Every Indonesian citizen has human rights. Among those basic rights is the right to life. Nowadays frequent suicide attempts occur. Suicide becomes a trend to end life, because it is felt no longer able to face the tough problems of life. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia has taken preventive measures to protect citizens from attempted suicide by issuing regulations contained in KUHP article 345. Thus, human rights, especially the right to life of Indonesian citizens can be maintained.Keywords: Suicide, Preventive, Human Rights Abstrak:Setiap warga Negara Indonesia memiliki hak asasi manusia. Di antara hak asasi itu adalah hak untuk hidup. Dewasa ini sering terjadi tindakan percobaan bunuh diri. Bunuh diri menjadi trend untuk mengakhiri kehidupan dikarenakan merasa tidak sanggup lagi menghadapi permasalahan hidup yang sangat berat. Pemerintah Negara Republik Indonesia telah melakukan tindakan preventif untuk melindungi warganya dari tindakan percobaan bunuh diri dengan mengeluarkan peraturan yang tertuang pada KUHP pasal 345. Dengan demikian hak asasi manusia, terutama hak untuk hidup warga Negara Indonesia dapat terjaga.Kata Kunci: Bunuh Diri, Preventif, Hak Asasi Manusia
Menjaga Kualitas Air Tanah di Perkotaan
Authors: Elvira Ade Irma 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:Without realizing that the water consumed by urban communities is of poor quality water, even water that has been contaminated by waste, both factory industrial waste, and human waste. Water sources originating from the land in particular must be maintained by the community with full awareness and sense of responsibility. Especially when building a septic tank for human waste disposal. If not done properly, it will result in groundwater pollution, and can contain bacteria that damage the health of the human body.Keywords: Groundwater, Septic Tank, Urban Abstrak:Tanpa disadari bahwa air yang dikonsumsi masyarakat perkotaan merupakan air berkualitas buruk, bahkan merupakan air yang telah terkontaminasi oleh limbah, baik limbah industri pabrik, maupun limbah manusia. Sumber air yang berasal dari tanah khususnya harus dapat dijaga oleh masyarakat dengan penuh kesadaran dan rasa tanggung jawab. Khususnya pada saat membangun septic tank tempat pembuangan limbah manusia. Bila tidak dilakukan dengan baik, maka akan berakibat pencemaran air tanah, dan dapat mengandung bakteri yang merusak kesehatan tubuh manusia.Kata Kunci: Air Tanah, Septic Tank, Perkotaan
Antara Otoritas Agama dengan Kebebasan Berpikir Galileo Galilei
Authors: Zahra Yulia 
Published: November 2020

AbstrakSetiap manusia yang terlahir di dunia memiliki hak untuk berpikir dan mengutarakannya. Namun, kebebasan untuk mengutarakan suatu konsep keilmuan tertentu terkadang mengalami banyak kendala. Hal tersebut dikarenakan setiap kelompok masyarakat memiliki aturan dan kepercayaan yang berbeda. Hal tersebut membuat konsep hasil penemuan suatu ilmuan yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah mereka yakini menjadi suatu boomerang baginya. Keyakinan Galileo terhadap teori heliosentris Copernicus membuatnya harus menghabiskan sisa hidupnya sebagai tahanan rumah. Kepercayaan terhadap konsep matahari sebagai pusat tata surya, yang tetap teguh terus dipertahankannya berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dan penelitiannya, membuahkan pengakuan oleh gereja setelah kematiannya.Kata kunci: Galileo, heliosentris, pusat tata surya AbstractEvery human being born in the world has the right to think and express it. However, the freedom to express a particular scientific concept sometimes experiences many obstacles. That is because every community group has different rules and beliefs. This makes the concept of the findings of a scientist contrary to what they believe to be a boomerang for him. Galileo's belief in the Copernicus heliocentric theory left him with the rest of his life under house arrest. His belief in the concept of the sun as the center of the solar system, which he continued to maintain on the basis of his observations and research, led to the recognition of the church after his death.Keywords: Galileo, heliocentric, the center of the solar system