bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public-Private Concord through Divided Sovereignty: Reframing societas for International Law
Authors: Blom Hans , Somos Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Grotius is the father of modern international law. The indivisibility of sovereignty was the sine qua non of early-modern conceptual innovation in law. Both statements are axiomatic in the mainstream literature of the last two centuries. Both are profoundly and interestingly wrong. This article shows that Grotius’ systematisation of public and international law involved defining corporations as potentially (and the VOC actually) integral to reason of state, and able to bear and exercise marks of sovereignty under certain conditions. For Grotius, some corporations were not subsumed under the state’s legal authority, nor were they hybrid ‘company-states’. Instead, states and such corporations, able and forced to cooperate, fell under dovetailing natural, international, and municipal systems of law. The article reexamines Grotius’ notion of international trade, public debt, private corporation, and public and private war through the reassembled prism of these dovetailing laws and the category of societas that underpins Grotian associations. It is argued that although formulated around the new East India trade, the actual reality of legal pluralism was available to Grotius in the Dutch trade experience of the sixteenth century.
World War I and the Italian International Law Scholars
Authors: Bartolini Giulio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The centennial anniversary of World War I has generated renewed interest in the complex relationship between this event, international law and its community of scholars. In this regard the largely unexplored Italian context may represent a stimulating source of material from the point of view of both contemporary scholarly debate and current research, as Italy was one of the leading states involved in the conflict and boasts a vibrant and influential community of scholars of international law. As a result this article will focus on the shifting and active role played by Italian scholars in relation to the conflict, not only in their traditional academic and scientific activities, but also through their involvement in public debate, propaganda activities, contributions to newspapers and non-specialized journals, as well as their support to the Government.
Is it Possible to Introduce Efficient Breach Theory to a Civil Law Country? The Case of Qatar
Authors: Al-Kaabi Mohammed Hassan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The economic goal of the doctrine of efficient breach is to ensure that the rules and remedies of contract law are expected to be value maximising and that contracts are breached only if a breach is value maximising. The theory originated in the United States, and it has not been adopted in Qatar or any civil law countries. This article makes an initial attempt to understand the legal hurdles in civilian traditions that lead to rejection of the theory. Before analysing the hurdles to the theory of efficient breach, a proper appreciation for how and when efficient breach arises is necessary. One might worry about the tendency of efficient breach theory to escape its proper bounds. Therefore, analysis of efficient breach should fully consider all possible consequences and remedies available to the non-breaching party when the contract is breached.
An Analysis of the Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards in Palestine: Realities, Drawbacks, and Prospects
Authors: Abu Shehab Mohammad Adeb 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article highlights the gaps and difficulties that face the enforcement of foreign arbitration awards in Palestinian courts. In addition, it constructs recommendations for legal and judicial approaches that the Palestinian Authority should adopt to create a ‘pro-arbitration’ system. The article first provides a general analysis of the regulatory deficiencies in the enforcement of foreign arbitration awards, which include the inapplicability of the New York Convention, the existence of the reciprocity principle as a condition of enforcement, and the lack of presumptive obligation of recognising the validity of arbitration awards in Palestine. Afterward, the article focuses on the procedural level of enforcing foreign arbitration awards. It addresses difficulties that face the award-creditor when attempting to enforce the award through the competent court, as well as the Palestinian courts’ approach when reviewing the exequatur, and how this attitude affects the granting enforcement.
Impact and Cost Effectiveness of Videonystagmography
Authors: Ni Garrett , Kim Christine , Nair Lakshmi , Bien Alexander G. , Yu Daohai , Foyt David 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Videonystagmography (VNG) is a commonly ordered test to evaluate patients with vestibular complaints. To date, there are no evidence-based guidelines for evaluating patients presenting with vestibular symptoms. This study evaluates the cost effectiveness of VNG and the impact of VNG findings on patient management. Methods: Patient charts were reviewed from 3 institutions to collect the pre- and post-VNG ICD-9/10 diagnosis and treatment plan. VNG findings were recorded to calculate the incidence of abnormal findings and the incidence of change in diagnosis and/or treatment plan. The cost effectiveness of VNG was estimated based on these calculations. Results: A total of 120 patient charts were reviewed. 69/120 (57.5%; 95% CI: 48.2%-66.5%) patients had abnormal findings on their VNG. A change in diagnosis was noted in 24/120 (20.0%; 95% CI: 13.3%-28.3%) patients. A change in treatment plan was noted in 62/120 (51.7%; 95% CI: 42.4%-60.9%) patients, and 11/120 (9.2%; 95% CI: 4.7%-15.8%) had a change in diagnosis that led to change in treatment plan. Using the average Medicare reimbursement for VNG, the cost effectiveness analysis showed a cost of $869.57 per VNG with abnormal findings and a cost of $5454.55 per VNG that lead to a change in diagnosis and treatment plan. Conclusions: VNG findings may not result in changes in clinical diagnosis. However, VNG is impactful at influencing treatment plan changes. VNG results are beneficial for counseling patients, guiding treatment plans, and managing patient expectations. When there is a clear indication, VNG testing can be cost effective in managing patients presenting with vestibular symptoms.
Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica: A Case Report
Authors: Zhang Yi-Wen , Zhu Wen-Fang , Shi Qing-Ming 
Published: October 2020

Background: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare idiopathic disease with a stable course that involves the mucous membrane of the tracheobronchial tree. Most cases present no specific symptoms, and there are currently no established guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. In this report, we discuss a single case of a patient with TO who was diagnosed based on clinical imaging and histopathology. Case Summary: A patient with a history of smoking and alcohol consumption, but no specific clinical symptoms, was diagnosed with TO after undergoing fiber-optic bronchoscopy. Nodular processes with smooth surface mucosa and detached bronchial mucosa were observed. The presence of TO was confirmed by pathological examination. Conclusion: The diagnosis of TO is difficult, and early fiber-optic bronchoscopy and pathological examination should be performed to facilitate the diagnosis.
Comparative Study Between the Auditory and Vestibular Functions in Ménière’s Disease
Authors: Maihoub Stefani , Molnár András , Gáborján Anita , Tamás László , Szirmai Ágnes 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between the loss of the cochleovestibular functions in Ménière’s disease (MD). Methods: Forty-three patients with definite MD underwent pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and caloric test. Canal paresis (CP%), dPTA (interaural difference), and average PTA results were contrasted. IBM SPSS V24 was used for statistical analysis. Results: According to PTA, most patients were in stage C, and caloric weakness was found in 29 patients. Linear ( R2 = 0.06) and nonlinear correlation tests (rho = 0.245, P = .113) between canal paresis (CP%) and dPTA showed no correlation, as well as between CP% and PTA analysis ( R2 = 0.007, rho = 0.11, P = .481). As per the categorial analysis, no correlation was detected between the groups either (κ = 0.174, 95% CI: 0.0883 - 0.431). Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that a more advanced stage determined by audiometry does not indicate increasing values in the CP% parameter. Conclusions: Audiometric changes do not directly correspond with the vestibular ones; therefore, no specific correlation exists between them. Thus, for therapy planning and diagnosis, both tests are necessary.
Low-Energy Multiligament Knee Injuries Are Associated With Higher Postoperative Activity Scores Compared With High-Energy Multiligament Knee Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Literature
Authors: Dean Robert S. , DePhillipo Nicholas N. , Kahat David H. , Graden Nathan R. , Larson Christopher M. , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) can result from high-energy injury mechanisms such as motor vehicle accidents or low-energy injury mechanisms such as activities of daily living or sports. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to conduct a systematic review on postoperative patient-reported outcomes after MLKIs and to conduct a meta-analysis of comparable outcome variables based upon high- versus low-energy injury mechanisms. It was hypothesized that MLKIs with low-energy injury mechanisms would demonstrate significantly improved subjective clinical outcome scores compared with high-energy injuries. Study design: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was performed with the inclusion criteria of postoperative MLKI outcomes based upon high-versus low-energy mechanisms of injury with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Outcome scores included were the Lysholm knee scoring scale, Tegner activity scale, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. High-energy mechanisms included motor vehicle accidents or falls from a height >5 feet; low-energy mechanisms included sports-related injuries, activities of daily living, or falls from <5 feet. A meta-analysis was performed comparing the outcome scores of high- versus low-energy mechanisms of MLKIs. Results: Overall, 1214 studies were identified, 15 of which were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Thirteen studies included surgical reconstructions of all injured ligaments. A total of 641 patients with 275 high-energy and 366 low-energy injuries were grouped for comparison in the meta-analysis. No significant differences in Lysholm scale (78.6 vs 78.0) or IKDC scores (69.0 vs 68.4) were found between high- and low-energy groups at a minimum of 2 years (range, 2-10 years) postoperatively ( P > .05). The low-energy injury group demonstrated significantly higher Tegner activity scale scores (5.0 vs 3.9; P = .03). There was no significant difference in failure rates between groups (3.5% vs 2.0%; P = .23). Conclusion: We found in this systematic review and meta-analysis that patients with low-energy mechanisms of MLKI surgery had improved postoperative Tegner activity scores compared with those patients with high-energy mechanisms after MLKI surgery. However, there were no differences in Lysholm score, IKDC score, or failure rates between high- and low-energy MLKI patients at an average of 5.3 years postoperatively.
Managing contacts of chlamydia: should clinics implement a test and wait process?
Authors: Frackelton Rachel , Jones Kathy , Hamer Beth , Jones Sian , Hitchings Elizabeth , Harrison Joanne , Hughes-McGreal Catherine , Clarke Emily 
Published: October 2020

British guidelines recommend epidemiological treatment for all chlamydia contacts during the look back period. Some UK sexual health clinics follow a test and wait process for chlamydia contacts presenting after 14 days of exposure. The aim of this retrospective service evaluation was to determine the potential impact of implementing such a process for chlamydia contacts at our clinic. We reviewed the patient records of 548 chlamydia contacts over a 1-year period, and 588 patients with chlamydia over a 5-month period. Demographic and clinical characteristics data were collected. Chlamydia prevalence was 46% (254/548) in contacts, with prevalence varying by age (p=.008) and sexual risk (p=.04), but not by time since exposure (p=.29). For patients with chlamydia, there was a mean of 1.9 days between results notification and attending for treatment; a mean of 2.2 attempts were required to contact patients to return for treatment. Chlamydia prevalence in contacts is high. Not giving empirical treatment to contacts presenting after 14 days of exposure would result in 13.1% of the cohort needing to return for treatment. Patients found to have chlamydia returned promptly once informed of positive results.
Impact of embedded medication assistance program specialists on medication access in outpatient oncology clinics
Authors: Fudzie Seyram S , Luong Brandon , Jean Stephanie J , Francart Suzanne J 
Published: October 2020

Introduction Medication prior authorizations (PA) required by insurance payers can be time-consuming to complete and may lead to delays in treatment for cancer patients. The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of Medication Assistance Program (MAP) specialists embedded in adult hematology and oncology clinics on the PA and financial assistance process. Methods This was a retrospective chart review study performed at a large academic medical center that examined medication referrals completed by MAP specialists in four hematology and oncology clinics. The primary outcome was the median PA turnaround time, defined as time from initial referral creation to final referral completion. Secondary outcomes assessed median turnaround time for financial assistance programs and total patient savings. Results A total of 176 prior authorization, 92 manufacturer patient assistance program (PAP), and 37 copay assistance referrals were completed. The median turnaround times were 24, 154, and 19 hours for PA, manufacturer PAP, and copay assistance program referrals, respectively. Total cost savings amounted to over $1.8 million for patients approved to receive medications through manufacturer PAPs. Conclusions Embedding MAP specialists in adult hematology/oncology clinics supports an efficient and timely process for PA approvals while also providing patient cost-savings.
Intravitreal bevacizumab in cystoid macular edema associated to maternally inherited diabetes and deafness’s macular dystrophy
Authors: Marco-Campmany Amelia , Pacheco-Cervera Jana , Navarrete-Sanchis Javier , Tomás-Torrent Juan Miguel , García-Canet Sara , Cuadrado-Gómez Teresa 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) is a rare and infradiagnosed cause of diabetes which can, in a high number of cases, associate a macular dystrophy. Case presentation: We report the case of a 49- year-old man affected of this syndrome, with proven m3243G>A mitochondrial mutation, who developed macular cysts 20 years after the initial presentation of his macular dystrophy. The fluorescein angiography showed no leakage, ruling out a diabetic macular edema. A treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab led to cystic changes resolution and visual acuity recovery. Conclusion: Intravitreal bevacizumab can be successfully employed for this complication of MIDD’s macular dystrophy.
Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis long term outcomes in late adolescence
Authors: Alió del Barrio Jorge L , Canto-Cerdán Mario , Bo María , Subirana Nuria , Alió Jorge L 
Published: October 2020

Purpose: Evaluate the long term outcomes of myopic-LASIK in a late adolescent population (age ⩾17 and <20 at the time of surgery). Methods: Monocentric retrospective case series study. Eyes with at least 3 years of follow-up time were included. Primary outcome measures were long term efficacy, safety and stability of the refractive error. Secondary outcome measure was the evaluation of the relation between the postoperative spherical aberration and the long term stability of the refractive error. Results: Forty-seven eyes of 25 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 9.23 ± 3.16 years. Mean age at the time of surgery was 18.74 ± 0.44 years. With time, postoperative UDVA showed a mild but significant deterioration of 1–2 Snellen lines ( p = 0.012), in connection with a mild but significant myopization of the SE (mean increase of −0.43 D; p < 0.001), sphere (mean increase of −0.29 D; p = 0.004) and cylinder (mean increase of −0.16 D; p = 0.013). CDVA remained stable over time ( p > 0.05). Efficacy index decreased from 1.01 to 0.87 in the long term (77% UDVA ⩾ 20/32). Safety remained at 1.06. 66% and 74% of eyes presented a SE within ±0.50 D and ±1.00 D respectively. SE changed over 0.50D in 33% of eyes. No correlation could be detected between the SE and the postoperative spherical aberration. No cases of corneal ectasia were detected. Conclusions: Myopic-LASIK in late adolescence is safe and effective, but a mild myopic progression occurs. Despite presence of refractive stability is preferable, if necessary, myopic LASIK provides relatively good outcomes in the long term in this young population.
BEST-MS: A prospective head-to-head comparative study of natalizumab and fingolimod in active relapsing MS
Authors: Cohen Mikael , Mondot Lydiane , Bucciarelli Florence , Pignolet Béatrice , Laplaud David-Axel , Wiertlewski Sandrine , Brochet Bruno , Ruet Aurélie , Defer Gilles , Derache Nathalie , Vermersch Patrick , Zephir Hélène , Debouverie Marc , Mathey Guillaume , Berger Eric , Cappé Chrystelle , Labauge Pierre , Carra Clarisse , De Seze Jérôme , Bigaut Kevin , Brassat David , Lebrun-Frenay Christine 
Published: October 2020

Background: There are few head-to-head studies to compare highly active treatments in multiple sclerosis (MS) Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness between natalizumab (NTZ) and fingolimod (FTY) in active relapsing–remitting MS Method: Best Escalation STrategy in Multiple Sclerosis (BEST-MS) is a multicentric, prospective study with a 12-month follow-up including patients with active MS. Treatment choice was at the discretion of physician. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were collected at baseline and at 12 months. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients reaching no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included annualized relapse rate and MRI activity. Results: A total of 223 patients were included (NTZ: 109 and FTY: 114). Treatment groups were well balanced at baseline. Proportion of NEDA patients was 47.8% in NTZ group versus 30.4% in FTY group ( p = 0.015). This superiority was driven by annualized relapse rate and MRI activity. In the multivariate analysis, treatment group was the only factor associated with NEDA at 12 months with a lower probability in FTY group (odds ratio (OR) = 0.49, p = 0.029). Conclusion: BEST-MS is a prospective study that compared head-to-head the effectiveness of NTZ and FTY in active relapsing–remitting MS. Our results suggest a superiority of NTZ over FTY.
Utility of Suprasternal Transinnominate Artery for Alternate Access in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Wudel James H. , Damle Sagar , Petty Joseph V. , Tunuguntla Anuradha , Martin Steven L. , Rooney Shari 
Published: October 2020

Objective Despite advancements in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) technology, alternate access strategies are still required when transfemoral access is unsuitable. In these often anatomically complex group of patients, we sought to evaluate the safety and feasibility of suprasternal transinnominate (TI) artery access for TAVR. Methods At our institution, 652 patients underwent TAVR from November 2011 through February 2020. Of these, 23 patients underwent TI TAVR via a 5-cm suprasternal incision without special instrumentation. Outcomes of interest were technical considerations, postoperative complications, and perioperative recovery in relation to established access strategies. Results The mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score was 8.6 ± 4.2 and the average age was 75 ± 8. All patients underwent TI TAVR using a self-expanding (12), or balloon-expandable (11) transcatheter heart valve. Average postoperative stay was 2 ± 0.7 days (range 2 to 4) with most 20/23 (87%) being discharged to home. There was no 30-day mortality or readmission. There was 1 access-site complication and 1 cerebrovascular accident within 30 days, both intraoperative, with excellent recovery. All patients had either trivial (19) or mild (4) aortic regurgitation on 30-day echocardiography. Conclusions TAVR via suprasternal TI access is feasible, safe, provides satisfactory perioperative recovery and adds to the options when patients require alternate access. Further data would be optimal to validate this single-center experience.
Complete Abolition of Opioid Prescribing in an Upper Extremity Surgical Practice
Authors: Henry Mark 
Published: October 2020

Background Prescription opioids threaten potential addiction, diversion, and death. Nonopioid regimens have demonstrated similar efficacy for select upper extremity postoperative patients. Methods After adopting a practice policy completely abolishing opioid prescriptions, data were collected on all consecutive surgical cases for the next 6 months, without exclusion. There were 800 cases, 61% male and 39% female, with a mean age of 45. Seventy patients (9%) reported already using prescription medications employed in multimodality regimens; no instruction was given to alter consumption. Patients were divided into 5 groups based on the type of surgery: elective soft tissue (24%), trauma wound management (19%), soft tissue structural repairs (9%), hand fracture/bone procedures (34%), and wrist to elbow fracture/bone procedures (14%). Each group was compared directly to each other group with a 2-tailed t-test, P < .05. Results Patients reported achieving pain control without the need for further medication assistance by a mean of postoperative day 2.7. Times to pain control by group were as follows: 1.5, 3.1, 2.7, 2.9, and 3.6 days respectively. Mean postoperative daily pain scores (using a 10-point visual analog scale) for days 1 to 5 were as follows: 2.8, 2.1, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.6, respectively, with a sum of 8.0. During the 6-month tracking period, the practice only received 4 calls from patients with questions about pain control (0.5% of cases). Conclusions Patients achieved good immediate pain control without opioids and reported rapidly declining pain levels over the next several days to the point of no longer requiring medication. Type of Study/Level of Evidence Prospective cohort case series, therapeutic; Level IV.