bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain gyrification in wild and domestic canids: Has domestication changed the gyrification index in domestic dogs?
Authors: Grewal Jagmeet S. , Gloe Tyler , Hegedus Joseph , Bitterman Kathleen , Billings Brendon K. , Chengetanai Samson , Bentil Sarah , Wang Victoria X. , Ng Johnny C. , Tang Cheuk Y. , Geletta Simon , Wicinski Bridget , Bertelson Mads , Tendler Benjamin C. , Mars Rogier B. , Aguirre Geoffrey K. , Rusbridge Clare , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C. , Manger Paul R. , Spocter Muhammad A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOver the last 15 years, research on canid cognition has revealed that domestic dogs possess a surprising array of complex sociocognitive skills pointing to the possibility that the domestication process might have uniquely altered their brains; however, we know very little about how evolutionary processes (natural or artificial) might have modified underlying neural structure to support species‐specific behaviors. Evaluating the degree of cortical folding (i.e., gyrification) within canids may prove useful, as this parameter is linked to functional variation of the cerebral cortex. Using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the impact of domestication on the canine cortical surface, we compared the gyrification index (GI) in 19 carnivore species, including six wild canid and 13 domestic dog individuals. We also explored correlations between global and local GI with brain mass, cortical thickness, white and gray matter volume and surface area. Our results indicated that GI values for domestic dogs are largely consistent with what would be expected for a canid of their given brain mass, although more variable than that observed in wild canids. We also found that GI in canids is positively correlated with cortical surface area, cortical thickness and total cortical gray matter volumes. While we found no evidence of global differences in GI between domestic and wild canids, certain regional differences in gyrification were observed.
Theoretical Study on Singlet Fission Dynamics in Pentacene Ring‐Shaped Aggregate Models with Different Configurations
Authors: Miyamoto Hajime , Nakano Masayoshi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUsing the quantum master equation method, we investigate size and monomer configuration dependences of singlet fission (SF) in pentacene J‐ and H‐type ring‐shaped aggregate (N‐mer) models. Interestingly, it is found that SF rates in the J‐aggregate models monotonically decrease with increasing N, while those in the H‐aggregate models show different variation behaviors depending on the parity of N, where the H‐type pentamer model exhibits the maximum SF rate. It is also found that correlated triplet‐pair yields in the J‐aggregate models rapidly increase from ∼0.45 toward 1, while those in the H‐aggregate gradually decrease from ∼0.96 toward 0. These features are explained by relative relaxation factor analysis between adiabatic states and by the point group symmetry of the ring‐shaped aggregate models. The present results contribute to a deeper understanding of the correlation between the aggregate size, monomer configuration and SF dynamics, and thus to constructing new design guidelines for highly efficient SF ring‐shaped aggregates.
Treatment of oral lichen planus with mucoadhesive mycophenolate mofetil patch: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Samiee Negin , Taghavi Zenuz Ali , Mehdipour Masumeh , Shokri Javad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesOral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology which is known as a premalignant disease. A complete cure has not been found for this condition. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a new drug that seems to be effective in improving OLP lesions. But there are no studies on the efficacy of mucoadhesive form of MMF in ulcerative OLP. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the therapeutic effect of MMF mucoadhesive on OLP lesions.Material and methodsTwenty‐seven patients with OLP, were enrolled in two groups. All the patients were instructed to place the MMF 2% mucoadhesive on the lesion twice daily for 4 weeks. Lesion size was measured by a sterile digital caulis (mm) and the severity of burning sensation and pain by visual analogue scale (VAS; cm) at baseline and weekly follow‐ups.ResultsThere was no significant difference in burning sensation and lesion size at Weeks 1, 2, and 3 in both groups. In Group A, at Week 4, there was significant reduction in pain and burning sensation and lesion size on both sides (p = .048, .012). The difference in lesion size on control sides was not significant. In Group B, at Week 4, there was significant reduction in pain and burning sensation and lesion size (p = .004). No side effects were reported by the patients.ConclusionsBased on the results, 2% MMF mucoadhesive was effective in decreasing burning sensation and pain severity and ulcer size of ulcerative OLP and the effect was time‐dependent.
The oral health and periodontal diseases awareness and knowledge in the Iraqi population: Online‐based survey
Authors: Abdulbaqi Hayder R. , Abdulkareem Ali A. , Alshami Muhanad L. , Milward Mike R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate oral health (OH) and periodontal diseases (PD) awareness in the Iraqi population.Material and methodsThis study was a questionnaire‐based online survey of two weeks duration. The questionnaire was built using a Google platform and was distributed randomly via social media (Facebook and Telegram). The questionnaire consisted of a demographic data section and two other main sections for the evaluation of OH and PD awareness. Each response was marked with “1” for a positive answer and “0” for the other answers. For each respondent, answers were summed to give an overall score. The frequency of positive responses was used to determine the association of awareness with demographic data and the level of awareness into low, moderate, and high levels.ResultsA total of 1,465 were included in the final analysis after application of exclusion criteria. The respondents showed significantly higher levels of awareness about PD (mean ± SD = 3.66 ± 1.42) than OH awareness (mean ± SD = 2.19 ± 1.29). Analysis of data showed that OH awareness was mainly associated with high degree holders (OR 1.851) and age > 45 years (OR 1.730). However, PD awareness did not show any evident association with demographic variables investigated. In general, the respondents exhibited low levels of OH knowledge and low to moderate level of PD knowledge.ConclusionsDespite limitations, this study revealed inappropriate levels of OH and PD awareness and knowledge in the Iraqi population and provided the baseline data necessary for the development of Governmental educational programs and health awareness campaigns which are highly suggested particularly focusing on the primary and high schools, in an attempt to improve the levels of awareness.
Obesity and diabetes as high‐risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19)
Authors: Zhou Yue , Chi Jingwei , Lv Wenshan , Wang Yangang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) has become an evolving worldwide health crisis. With the rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes has come an increasing awareness of their impacts on infectious diseases, including increased risk for various infections, post‐infection complications and mortality from critical infections. Although epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Covid‐19 have been constantly reported, no article has systematically illustrated the role of obesity and diabetes in Covid‐19, or how Covid‐19 affects obesity and diabetes, or special treatment in these at‐risk populations. Here, we present a synthesis of the recent advances in our understanding of the relationships between obesity, diabetes and Covid‐19 along with the underlying mechanisms, and provide special treatment guidance for these at‐risk populations.
Compared with conventional PCR assay, qPCR assay greatly improves the detection efficiency of predation
Authors: Yang Ting‐bang , Liu Jie , Chen Jian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStudies of predation can contribute greatly to understanding predator–prey relationships and can also provide integral knowledge concerning food webs and multi‐trophic level interactions. Both conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) have been employed to detect predation in the field because of their sensitivity and reproducibility. However, to date, few studies have been used to comprehensively demonstrate which method is more sensitive and reproducible in studies of predation. We used a Drosophila melanogaster‐specific DNA fragment (99 bp) to construct a tenfold gradient dilution of standards. Additionally, we obtained DNA samples from Pardosa pseudoannulata individuals that fed on D. melanogaster at various time since feeding. Finally, we compared the sensitivity and reproducibility between cPCR and qPCR assays for detecting DNA samples from feeding trials and standards. The results showed that the cPCR and qPCR assays could detect as few as 1.62 × 103 and 1.62 × 101 copies of the target DNA fragment, respectively. The cPCR assay could detect as few as 48 hr post‐feeding of the target DNA fragment. But the qPCR assay showed that all spiders were positive after consuming prey at various time intervals (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr). A smaller proportion of the technical replicates were positive using cPCR, and some bands on the agarose gel were absent or gray, while some were white and bright for the same DNA samples after amplification by cPCR. By contrast, a larger proportion of the technical replicates were positive using qPCR and the coefficients of variation of the Ct value for the three technical replicates of each DNA sample were less than 5%. These data showed that qPCR was more sensitive and highly reproducible in detecting such degraded DNA from predator's gut. The present study provides an example of the use of cPCR and qPCR to detect the target DNA fragment of prey remains in predator's gut.
An estimation method of photovoltaics power output using satellite images and power flow
Authors: Yasunami Kazuhiro , Yatsubo Osamu , Washio Takashi , Takada Nozomu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is a growing need to use photovoltaic (PV) technology to mitigate global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels. However, the high network penetration of PVs potentially lessen the stability and the reliability of electrical power systems in various ways. Under its high network penetration, monitoring of the unmeasurable power outputs of PVs is needed for the proper operations of an electrical power system. To suffice this need, a novel method was proposed to estimate the PV power output of the system using the measured power flow and solar radiation intensity estimated from satellite image in our previous work. However, it occasionally causes large estimation errors of the PV power output based on the wrong estimation of parameters induced by a large data sampling interval. To address this issue, in this paper, we improved our proposed method by introducing a parameter estimation procedure to exclude outliers of estimated values and increase the number of data used for estimation. We confirmed its enhanced accuracy using data observed from The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.
Compensatory recruitment, dynamic habitat, and selective gear present challenges to large‐scale invasive species control
Authors: Walsworth Timothy E. , Landom Kevin , Gaeta Jereme W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractControl of long‐established invasive species to aid threatened native species presents major logistic and economic challenges. Invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) recently accounted for over 90% of the fish biomass in Utah Lake (Utah, USA), driving many undesired changes to ecosystem structure. Carp control efforts have removed >12,000 tons of carp from the system over 10 yr. However, the impact of recent removal efforts on carp population structure and dynamics remains unclear. We develop an integrated age‐structured population model incorporating carp harvest data with independent standardized monitoring data to evaluate population‐level consequences of the removal effort and evaluate future removal scenarios. Specifically, we estimate the age structure, biomass, and population dynamics of carp in Utah Lake and simulate carp population responses to potential future management strategies. The model estimates carp population biomass has decreased to approximately 27.6% of pre‐removal biomass and 23.4% of the greatest estimated biomass. However, carp removal gear is highly selective of older, larger individuals, and current removal efforts have had little impact on young age‐classes. Evidence of recent strong juvenile cohorts of carp suggests a compensatory response to removal efforts that may increase total biomass as these age‐classes mature. Simulations of carp population response to potential alternative harvest approaches demonstrate that the current gear is unlikely to maintain carp biomass below target thresholds even at substantially increased levels of effort due to gear selectivity, compensatory recruitment, and periodic large recruitment events resulting from lake level increases. A hypothetical gear selecting for juvenile carp is predicted to have a meaningful chance of maintaining low carp biomass, particularly if effort is at least tripled over current levels. These simulations illustrate the value of analytically exploring multiple management approaches when conducting adaptive management. Even when historically used methods have been successful at approaching management objectives, their suitability may change as ecosystem state changes. Periodic re‐assessment of ecosystem state and willingness to explore potential alternative approaches is critical to the long‐term success of any management program as socio‐ecological systems and knowledge change.
Habitat affinity and density‐dependent movement as indicators of fish habitat restoration efficacy
Authors: Polivka Carlos M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractConceptual and methodological tools from behavioral ecology can inform studies of habitat quality, and their potential for evaluating habitat restoration in conservation efforts is explored here. Such approaches provide mechanistic detail in understanding the relationship between organisms and their habitats and are thus more informative than correlations between density and habitat characteristics. Several Pacific salmon species have been the target of habitat restoration efforts for the past 2–3 decades, but most post‐restoration effectiveness studies have been limited to correlative data described above. In mark–recapture assays from four different study years, the affinity of sub‐yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) for stream pools restored with or created by engineered log structures was greater than that for pools without restoration, though with high interannual variability. From corresponding distribution and density data, it was clear that habitat affinity data are not always concordant with single observations of density. The same was true of the correlation between either affinity or density and physical characteristics of pools, although depth and current velocity had some explanatory power for both responses in Chinook. Movement into pools by Chinook during the assays indicated that restored pools can support more immigrants at a given density than can unrestored pools; however, no such pattern emerged for steelhead. Variation among individuals in body condition has implications for population‐wide fitness, and such low variation was correlated with stronger affinity for pools in Chinook regardless of restoration status. This suggests that pools may mediate habitat‐related trade‐offs and that restoring them might have a positive effect on fitness. Thus affinity, immigration, and condition data give much‐needed mechanistic indication of habitat selection for restored habitat via an apparent capacity increase and those potential fitness benefits. This is stronger support for restoration effectiveness than density differences alone because density data (1) may simply indicate redistribution of fish from poor to good habitats and (2) are not adequate to show correlations between restoration and positive change in traits correlated with fitness.
Application of Saponin for Cholesterol Removal from Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Lipid
Authors: Raju Navaneethan , Benjakul Soottawat 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe removal of cholesterol from lipid obtained from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cephalothorax using saponin in conjunction with celite under various conditions is investigated. Various lipid:saponin ratios (1:2, 1:4, and 1:6, W/W) with different lipid:solvent ratios (1:20, 1:40, and 1:80, W/V) are employed with a treatment time of 4 h. The highest cholesterol removal (88.77 ± 0.18%) is obtained with a lipid:saponin ratio of 1:6 and 20 volumes of 50% ethanol. As the treatment time is increased from 1 to 4 h, higher cholesterol removal is achieved. Lipid peroxides and conjugated dienes are higher in the lipid after cholesterol removal compared to untreated lipid, while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, the ρ‐anisidine value and free fatty acids are reduced. However, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in the saponin‐treated lipid (18.06 ± 0.37 g/100 g−1) is higher than that of untreated lipid (15.80 ± 0.17 g/100 g−1). FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of hydroperoxides, with lower aldehyde, phospholipid and free fatty acid contents in the cholesterol‐removed lipid. The process developed employing saponin is able to produce crude shrimp lipid with a pronounced decrease in cholesterol, but augmented PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).Practical Applications: Shrimp lipid is a vital byproduct capable of extraction from cephalothorax. Due to the presence of astaxanthin, EPA and DHA, shrimp lipid is considered to be a highly useful nutraceutical product. However, the cholesterol content of shrimp lipid is a major constraint on its human consumption. The negative impact of cholesterol content can be overcome by lowering the cholesterol content. Saponin treatment of shrimp lipid is able to reduce the cholesterol level and increase the PUFA, thus solving the high cholesterol problem and also gaining augmented health benefits.
Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome (Glut1DS): State of the art in 2020 and recommendations of the international Glut1DS study group
Authors: Klepper Joerg , Akman Cigdem , Armeno Marisa , Auvin Stéphane , Cervenka Mackenzie , Cross Helen J. , De Giorgis Valentina , Della Marina Adela , Engelstad Kristin , Heussinger Nicole , Kossoff Eric H. , Leen Wilhelmina G. , Leiendecker Baerbel , Monani Umrao R. , Oguni Hirokazu , Neal Elizabeth , Pascual Juan M. , Pearson Toni S. , Pons Roser , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Veggiotti Pierangelo , Willemsen Michél , Zuberi Sameer M. , De Vivo Darryl C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1DS) is a brain energy failure syndrome caused by impaired glucose transport across brain tissue barriers. Glucose diffusion across tissue barriers is facilitated by a family of proteins including glucose transporter type 1 (Glut1). Patients are treated effectively with ketogenic diet therapies (KDT) that provide a supplemental fuel, namely ketone bodies, for brain energy metabolism. The increasing complexity of Glut1DS, since its original description in 1991, now demands an international consensus statement regarding diagnosis and treatment. International experts (n = 23) developed a consensus statement utilizing their collective professional experience, responses to a standardized questionnaire, and serial discussions of wide‐ranging issues related to Glut1DS. Key clinical features signaling the onset of Glut1DS are eye‐head movement abnormalities, seizures, neurodevelopmental impairment, deceleration of head growth, and movement disorders. Diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of these clinical signs, hypoglycorrhachia documented by lumbar puncture, and genetic analysis showing pathogenic SLC2A1 variants. KDT represent standard choices with Glut1DS‐specific recommendations regarding duration, composition, and management. Ongoing research has identified future interventions to restore Glut1 protein content and function. Clinical manifestations are influenced by patient age, genetic complexity, and novel therapeutic interventions. All clinical phenotypes will benefit from a better understanding of Glut1DS natural history throughout the life cycle and from improved guidelines facilitating early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Often, the presenting seizures are treated initially with antiseizure drugs before the cause of the epilepsy is ascertained and appropriate KDT are initiated. Initial drug treatment fails to treat the underlying metabolic disturbance during early brain development, contributing to the long‐term disease burden. Impaired development of the brain microvasculature is one such complication of delayed Glut1DS treatment in the postnatal period. This international consensus statement should facilitate prompt diagnosis and guide best standard of care for Glut1DS throughout the life cycle.
Morphological evolution of a barchan dune migrating past an offshore wind farm foundation
Authors: Couldrey Amelia J. , Benson Thomas , Knaapen Michiel A.F. , Marten Kerry V. , Whitehouse Richard J.S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs the number of manmade structures installed on the seafloor is increasing rapidly, we seek to understand the impact of these immobile obstacles on marine geomorphological processes, such as the evolution of bedforms. A 5.8 m diameter monopile foundation was installed at the case study offshore windfarm approximately 30 m ahead of an approaching barchan (crescent‐shaped) dune. The impact of the monopile on the dune's evolution was analysed using six multibeam bathymetry surveys spanning 20 years. To substantiate this analysis, coupled three‐dimensional numerical modelling of flows and sediment was conducted in which the scour inducing bed shear stresses were calculated from the modelled turbulent kinetic energy. Following the installation of the monopile, the mid‐section of the dune accelerated and stretched in the direction of the wake of the monopile. Four years after the monopile's installation the rest of the dune had caught up, flattening out the slip face within half the dune's length downstream of the monopile. Due to the modified flow field, the dune was scoured deeply at the base of the monopile to a depth of 6.8 m (supported by the model results that predicted a scour depth exceeding 2 m over a period of just a few days). The surveyed volume of material scoured amounted to 8% of the total dune volume. Whilst the process of scouring occurs at a timescale of days to weeks, the dune migrated on average by 25 m/yr. The difference in the timescale of the two processes allowed the scouring to occur through the full thickness of the dune. The scoured dune profile recovered rapidly once the dune migrated downstream of the monopile. This article demonstrates how large geomorphological features can intercept and migrate past a monopile foundation without long‐lasting impacts on the integrity of the feature or the foundation. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.