bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centrifugal Equator in Jupiter’s Plasma Sheet
Authors: Phipps Phillip , Bagenal Fran 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn Jupiter’s magnetosphere, the structure of the plasma sheet depends on the magnetic field geometry and the centrifugal forces on the plasma. We present a simple formulation for the centrifugal equator, the farthest point along a magnetic flux tube from the planetary spin axis, for Jupiter’s torus to plasma sheet region (5–30 jovian radii). The formulation is based on a dipole magnetic field and azimuthally symmetric current sheet, both tilted by 9.5° toward System III west longitude of 201°. We find a good fit to such a model with a hyperbolic tangent function varying sinusoidally with longitude. The latitudinal angle of the derived centrifugal equator relative to the jovigraphic equator changes from the dipolar value (2/3 of the dipole tilt) around 5 jovian radii to close to the full dipole tilt at 25 jovian radii.
Methyl Chloroform Continues to Constrain the Hydroxyl (OH) Variability in the Troposphere
Authors: Patra P. K. , Krol M. C. , Prinn R. G. , Takigawa M. , Mühle J. , Montzka S. A. , Lal S. , Yamashita Y. , Naus S. , Chandra N. , Weiss R. F. , Krummel P. B. , Fraser P. J. , O'Doherty S. , Elkins J. W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTrends and variability in tropospheric hydroxyl (OH) radicals influence budgets of many greenhouse gases, air pollutant species, and ozone depleting substances. Estimations of tropospheric OH trends and variability based on budget analysis of methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) and process‐based chemistry transport models often produce conflicting results. Here we use a previously tested transport model to simulate atmospheric CH3CCl3 for the period 1985–2018. Based on mismatches between model output and observations, we derive consistent anomalies in the inverse lifetime of CH3CCl3 (KG) using measurements from two independent observational networks (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment). Our method allows a separation between “physical” (transport, temperature) and “chemical” (i.e., abundance) influences on OH + CH3CCl3 reaction rate in the atmosphere. Small increases in KG due to “physical” influences are mostly driven by increases in the temperature‐dependent reaction between OH and CH3CCl3 and resulted in a smoothly varying increase of 0.80% decade−1. Chemical effects on KG, linked to global changes in OH sources and sinks, show larger year‐to‐year variations (∼2%–3%), and have a negative correlation with the El Niño Southern Oscillation. A significant positive trend in KG can be derived after 2001, but it persists only through 2015 and only if we assume that CH3CCl3 emissions decayed more slowly over time than our best estimate suggests. If global CH3CCl3 emissions dropped below 3 Gg year−1 after 2015, recent CH3CCl3 measurements indicate that the 2015–2018 loss rate of CH3CCl3 due to reaction with OH is comparable to its value 2 decades ago.
Lignin provides mechanical support to herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) stems
Authors: Zhao Daqiu , Luan Yuting , Xia Xing , Shi Wenbo , Tang Yuhan , Tao Jun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStem bending caused by mechanical failure is a major constraint for high-quality herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) cut flowers, but little is known about the underlying factors. In this study, two P. lactiflora cultivars, Xixia Yingxue (bending) and Hong Feng (upright), were used to investigate differences in stem bending. The results showed that the stem mechanical strength of Hong Feng was significantly higher than that of Xixia Yingxue, and the thickening of the secondary cell wall and the number of thickened secondary cell wall layers in Hong Feng were significantly higher than those in Xixia Yingxue. Moreover, compared with Xixia Yingxue, Hong Feng showed greater lignification of the cell wall and lignin deposition in the cell walls of the sclerenchyma, vascular bundle sheath and duct. All three types of lignin monomers were detected. The S-lignin, G-lignin, and total lignin contents and the activities of several lignin biosynthesis-related enzymes were higher in Hong Feng than in the other cultivar, and the S-lignin content was closely correlated with stem mechanical strength. In addition, 113,974 full-length isoforms with an average read length of 2106 bp were obtained from the full-length transcriptome of P. lactiflora stems, and differential expression analysis was performed based on the comparative transcriptomes of these two cultivars. Ten lignin biosynthesis-related genes, including 26 members that were closely associated with lignin content, were identified, and multiple upregulated and downregulated transcription factors were found to positively or negatively regulate lignin biosynthesis. Consequently, lignin was shown to provide mechanical support to P. lactiflora stems, providing useful information for understanding the formation of P. lactiflora stem strength.
Resource prioritization and balancing for the quantum internet
Authors: Gyongyosi Laszlo , Imre Sandor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe quantum Internet enables networking based on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. Here, methods and procedures of resource prioritization and resource balancing are defined for the quantum Internet. We define a model for resource consumption optimization in quantum repeaters, and a strongly-entangled network structure for resource balancing. We study the resource-balancing efficiency of the strongly-entangled structure. We prove that a strongly-entangled quantum network is two times more efficient in a resource balancing problem than a full-mesh network of the traditional Internet.
Sheath losses correction factor for cross‐bonded cable systems with unknown minor section lengths: Analytical expressions
Authors: Noufal Sameh M. , Anders George J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe IEC Standard 60287‐1‐1 contains the formulae for the calculation of the sheath and armour loss factors of a three‐phase cable circuit where sheath circulating current losses are computed for single‐, multiple‐ or cross‐bonded systems. For cross‐bonded systems, the standard gives a formula allowing calculation of the circulating current losses when the lengths of the minor sections are known. When the lengths of the minor sections are not known, the standard suggests using a correction factor of 0.004, which multiplies the circulating current loss factor computed for a multi‐point bonded system. Previous studies by the authors have shown that this assumption may lead to a significant error in the evaluation of the sheath loss factor for some combinations of the minor section lengths. This paper provides analytical formulae for the correction factor in the cross‐bonded system with unknown section lengths with the aim of improving the accuracy of the IEC 60287‐1‐1. Several numerical examples illustrate the applicability and accuracy of the proposed approach.
Optimal planning and utilisation of existing infrastructure with electric vehicle charging stations
Authors: Moupuri Satish Kumar Reddy , K Selvajyothi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn order to address the increased demand for utility with the adoption of electrification in the transport sector, infrastructure development plays an important role. This research helps in planning the optimum utilisation of the existing infrastructure. The planning of electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure is analysed by considering various loads such as (1) static (2) dynamic and (3) heuristic on balanced radial distribution system (BRDS). The introduction of electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) into BRDS increases the total losses. The optimised reconfiguration helps in reducing the losses and ensures increased reliability of the system. The major objective of this process is to minimise both the real power loss and the reliability index energy not supplied of the radial distribution system (RDS) with the placement of charging stations. The planning is accomplished with a single‐step process in which the optimum location of the EVCS along with reconfiguration of BRDS is done using the multiple objective particle swarm optimisation (MOPSO). The performance of the BRDS with the proposed method is elaborated under three scenarios with three internal cases. The proposed methodology is validated through simulation for a three feeder IEEE 16 bus BRDS considering various load scenarios using MATLAB.
Analysis on segmentation and biomarker‐based approaches for liver cancer detection: A survey
Authors: Gunasekhar P. , Vijayalakshmi S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLiver cancer is the major reason for death in this entire world. Manual detection of cancer tissue is found time consuming and difficult. Therefore, the development of an automatic detection approach with high accuracy for liver cancer is considered as the main aim of this work. The image processing approach can use the CAD for the classification of liver cancer in order to assist the physician in the decision‐making process. An automated approach to effective classification of the liver tumour using effective features is conveyed in terms of the CAD system. Traditionally, radiologists delineate the liver and liver lesion on a slice‐by‐slice basis, which is time consuming and susceptible to inter‐ and intra‐rater variations. Automatic methods for the segmentation of liver and liver tumours are, thus, highly demanded in clinical practice. A systematic review is being carried out to detect reported liver cancer from 2013 to 2020. Finally, a more precise technical direction is provided for all researchers in this review. Research gaps for earlier detection and its potential future aspects are also discussed.
Unsupervised change detection method in SAR images based on deep belief network using an improved fuzzy C‐means clustering algorithm
Authors: Attioui Sanae , Najah Said 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDeep learning methods have recently displayed ground‐breaking results for synthetic aperture radar image change detection problem. However, they still face the challenges of intrinsic noise and the difficulty of acquiring labeled data. To sort out these issues, we aim to develop a change detection approach specifically designed for analyzing synthetic aperture radar images based on Deep Belief Network as the deep architecture which includes unsupervised feature learning and supervised network fine‐tuning. The deep neural networks can reach the final change maps directly from the two original images. A pre‐classification based on Morphological Reconstruction and Membership Filtering is employed in order to minimize the effect of noise. Appropriate diversity samples are provided by a virtual sample generation method in order to mitigate overfitting raised by limited synthetic aperture radar data. Visual and quantitative analysis as well as comparisons with advanced algorithms show that our algorithm not only achieves better results but also requires less implementation time.
Straightforward Functionalization of Sulfur-Containing Peptides via 5- and 6-endo-dig Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Arsenyan Pavel , Lapcinska Sindija 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe present a simple and convenient method for the generation of sulfenyl electrophiles from peptides containing S–S or S–H bonds by employing N-chlorosuccinimide. The corresponding sulfenyl electrophiles are further utilized in 5- and 6-endo-dig cyclization reactions yielding indolizinium salts, indoles, benzo[b]furans, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and isocoumarins, as well as quinolinones bearing a glutathione moiety. PAH derivatives can be used as selective fluorescent dyes for the visualization of lipid droplets in living cells.
PACAP is a pathogen-inducible resident antimicrobial neuropeptide affording rapid and contextual molecular host defense of the brain
Authors: Lee Ernest Y. , Chan Liana C. , Wang Huiyuan , Lieng Juelline , Hung Mandy , Srinivasan Yashes , Wang Jennifer , Waschek James A. , Ferguson Andrew L. , Lee Kuo-Fen , Yount Nannette Y. , Yeaman Michael R. , Wong Gerard C. L. 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Neuropeptides of the central nervous system regulate neurodevelopment, metabolism, emotion, and stress responses. However, despite previously established recognition of antimicrobial activity in vitro, their precise role(s) in host defense of the brain and other contexts in vivo have been poorly understood. Here, we discovered that the neuropeptide PACAP is an evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial peptide induced in the brain in response to bacterial and fungal infection. Tissue-specific PACAP induction coincided with minimal immune cell infiltration or neuroinflammation. These findings support an emerging paradigm wherein coevolution of the immune and nervous systems is linked through ancient, multifunctional peptides having neurological and immunomodulatory functions that protect the brain. We predict that PACAP is a prototypical example of a general class of endogenous, infection-inducible host-defense neuropeptides and serves as a model template to design next-generation antiinfectives with neurohomeostatic and immunomodulatory capabilities.
The early-stage growth and reversibility of Li electrodeposition in Br-rich electrolytes
Authors: Biswal Prayag , Kludze Atsu , Rodrigues Joshua , Deng Yue , Moon Taylor , Stalin Sanjuna , Zhao Qing , Yin Jiefu , Kourkoutis Lena F. , Archer Lynden A. 
Published: December 2020

SignificanceSpatial variations in chemical composition and transport properties of the material phases (interphases) formed on reactive metals in liquid electrolytes are thought to be responsible for the propensity of metal battery electrodes to electrodeposit in irregular, nonplanar morphologies. Equilibrium theoretical calculations using joint density functional analysis in vacuum and generic liquid media indicate that in-plane transport at such interphases is enhanced substantially if LiX (X = Br > Cl > F) species predominate. This study employs optical visualization experiments and nucleation theory to experimentally investigate nucleation and early-stage growth dynamics of metallic lithium in electrolytes enriched with LiBr. It is shown that the Li-Br–rich interphases formed profoundly alter the morphology of Li electrodeposits by enhancing Li-ion surface diffusion.
Two populations of self-maintaining monocyte-independent macrophages exist in adult epididymis and testis
Authors: Wang Ming , Yang Yalong , Cansever Dilay , Wang Yiming , Kantores Crystal , Messiaen Sébastien , Moison Delphine , Livera Gabriel , Chakarov Svetoslav , Weinberger Tobias , Stremmel Christopher , Fijak Monika , Klein Britta , Pleuger Christiane , Lian Zhexiong , Ma Wentao , Liu Qingzhi , Klee Kathrin , Händler Kristian , Ulas Thomas , Schlitzer Andreas , Schultze Joachim L. , Becher Burkhard , Greter Melanie , Liu Zhaoyuan , Ginhoux Florent , Epelman Slava , Schulz Christian , Meinhardt Andreas , Bhushan Sudhanshu 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Infection/inflammation is a major contributor to male infertility, and macrophages are likely to be key players in both pathological progression and resolution of the inflammation. We report that macrophage populations in the epididymis and testis are derived from fetal and neonatal monocytes, which are self-maintaining during adulthood. Furthermore, during inflammation, circulating monocytes recruited to the epididymis and testis give rise to inflammatory macrophages that promote tissue damage. These data are significant for our understanding of the origins and maintenance of macrophage subpopulations in both organs; our results point to a fundamental mechanism underpinning male infertility by infection and inflammation, and pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutics to treat this important and common condition.
Gene expression regulates metabolite homeostasis during the Crabtree effect: Implications for the adaptation and evolution of Metabolism
Authors: Rothman Douglas L. , Stearns Stephen C. , Shulman Robert G. 
Published: December 2020

Significance
The dominant view in both molecular and evolutionary biology is that genotype controls the adaptation to new environments. We propose an alternate hypothesis, in which the phenotype and genotype both play important roles in metabolic adaptation in the lifetime of the organism and in the evolutionary selection of adaptive metabolic traits. When studying the Crabtree effect in yeast, we found that homeostatic mechanisms in the starting phenotype, primarily the glycogen/trehalose shunt, allow adaptation to high glucose. Subsequent gene expression, rather than creating a new phenotype, optimizes the initial adaptation by expression of new homeostatic mechanisms. Metabolic homeostatic mechanisms, by allowing increased phenotypic plasticity, could also have played an important role in guiding the evolution of the Crabtree phenotype.
Quantifying and visualizing weak interactions between anions and proteins
Authors: Yu Binhan , Pletka Channing C. , Iwahara Junji 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Living systems require ions in cellular fluids. These ions electrostatically interact with biological macromolecules and influence their functions. Some ions are attracted to charged protein surfaces, whereas other ions are excluded. Because ion–protein interactions are generally weak and ions dynamically change their locations with respect to proteins, investigations of ion–protein interactions are challenging. It is not well understood how ions behave around proteins and affect their properties. In this work, using unique spectroscopic approaches, we quantified and visualized the weak anion–protein interactions. New knowledge about weak ion–protein interactions may lead to new strategies for protein engineering and drug development.
Distinct roles of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in the catabolism of triacylglycerol estolides
Authors: Brejchova Kristyna , Radner Franz Peter Walter , Balas Laurence , Paluchova Veronika , Cajka Tomas , Chodounska Hana , Kudova Eva , Schratter Margarita , Schreiber Renate , Durand Thierry , Zechner Rudolf , Kuda Ondrej 
Published: December 2020

SignificanceFat mass is controlled by the balance of triacylglycerol (TAG) degradation and synthesis. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) are key players in TAG catabolism providing fatty acids (FAs) as energy substrates and metabolic intermediates. Here, we show that ATGL and HSL metabolize TAGs containing antidiabetic lipid mediators (FA esters of hydroxy FAs), distinctly controlling the release of bioactive lipids. Our paper connects lipolysis-mediated TAG metabolism with the regulation of antidiabetic signaling lipids.
Evolution toward beta common chain receptor usage links the matrix proteins of HIV-1 and its ancestors to human erythropoietin
Authors: Caccuri Francesca , D’Ursi Pasqualina , Uggeri Matteo , Bugatti Antonella , Mazzuca Pietro , Zani Alberto , Filippini Federica , Salmona Mario , Ribatti Domenico , Slevin Mark , Orro Alessandro , Lu Wuyuan , Liò Pietro , Gallo Robert C. , Caruso Arnaldo 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Immune activation and inflammation are predictors of serious non-AIDS events even in virally suppressed HIV-1−infected individuals. This does not apply to HIV-2−infected patients, who experience a form of attenuated HIV-1 disease. Here, we show that the HIV-1 matrix protein 17 (p17) binds to and activates the common beta chain receptor (βCR). The βCR-activating epitope on p17 is expressed on the matrix protein of HIV-1 ancestors but not on that of HIV-2 and its ancestors. Our finding highlights this epitope as a signature tracing the HIV-1 evolutionary trajectory that may have represented a critical step to enhance the HIV-1 ancestors aggressiveness and early human-to-human transmission. Whether this functional epitope actually marks the pathogenic difference between HIV-1 and HIV-2 needs further investigation.
Stable p-type chemical doping of graphene with reduced contact resistance by single-layer perfluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid
Authors: Zhang Xiao-rui , Yao Yao , Peng Song-ang , Zhu Chao-yi , Huang Xin-nan , Yan Yun-peng , Zhang Da-yong , Shi Jing-yuan , Jin Zhi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recently, graphene has led to unprecedented progress in device performance at the atom limit. A high performance of field-effect transistors requires a low graphene–metal contact resistance. However, the chemical doping methods used to tailor or improve the properties of graphene are sensitive to ambient conditions. Here, we fabricate a single-layer perfluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid (PFSA), also known as Nafion, between the graphene and the substrate as a p-type dopant. The PFSA doping method, without inducing any additional structural defects, reduces the contact resistance of graphene by ∼28.8%, which has a significant impact on practical applications. This reduction can be maintained for at least 67 days due to the extreme stability of PFSA. Effective, uniform and stable, the PFSA doping method provides an efficient way to reduce the contact resistance of graphene applications.
SARS-CoV-2 3D database: understanding the coronavirus proteome and evaluating possible drug targets
Authors: Alsulami Ali F , Thomas Sherine E , Jamasb Arian R , Beaudoin Christopher A , Moghul Ismail , Bannerman Bridget , Copoiu Liviu , Vedithi Sundeep Chaitanya , Torres Pedro , Blundell Tom L 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a rapidly growing infectious disease, widely spread with high mortality rates. Since the release of the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence in March 2020, there has been an international focus on developing target-based drug discovery, which also requires knowledge of the 3D structure of the proteome. Where there are no experimentally solved structures, our group has created 3D models with coverage of 97.5% and characterized them using state-of-the-art computational approaches. Models of protomers and oligomers, together with predictions of substrate and allosteric binding sites, protein-ligand docking, SARS-CoV-2 protein interactions with human proteins, impacts of mutations, and mapped solved experimental structures are freely available for download. These are implemented in SARS CoV-2 3D, a comprehensive and user-friendly database, available at https://sars3d.com/. This provides essential information for drug discovery, both to evaluate targets and design new potential therapeutics.