bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What's so critical about it? An analysis of critique within different strands of critical gerontology
Authors: Doheny Shane , Jones Ian Rees 
Published: March 2020

AbstractShortly after emerging in the 1980s, critical gerontology became a recognised part of mainstream gerontology. Under the umbrella of ‘critical gerontology’ sits a number of orientations that draw attention to how ageing is socially located, while foregrounding the importance of values in ageing research. Nevertheless, as critical gerontology is not a clearly defined field or orientation, inconsistencies in the use of ‘critique’ among critical gerontologists has been fermenting internal tensions. In this paper we draw on recent debates on critique as a form of discourse that aims to criticise a deficient social order with the aim of helping to bring about a good society, to identify four discourses of critique. These include the discourses of immanent critique and of transcendent critique, critique that focuses on tensions between these two, and critique that builds on constructive combinations of immanence and transcendence. We add to these an extra level of depth by distinguishing how critical discourse is applied in each case. We use this framework to identify the discourses of critique deployed in variants of critical gerontology. Here, we distinguish political economic, lifecourse, humanistic and culturalist approaches within critical gerontology and assess how each of these applies a discourse of critique. We find that these gerontological perspectives draw on a variety of discourses of critique and make use of varying degrees of engagement with critical discourse. The paper concludes by discussing how critical gerontology may develop as a reflective forum commenting on and integrating insights offered by its own varieties of critique and connecting these with macro-social analyses.
The Presence of the Colonial Past: Equatorial Guinean Women in Spain
Authors: Aixelà-Cabré Yolanda 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article analyses the causes and consequences of the sociocultural discrimination and exclusion of Equatoguinean women in Spain. The starting premise is that a notable familiarity with Spanish culture (language and religion) as a former African colony and a long period of settlement in Spain that dates back to the 1940s should have favoured greater social advancement of this group. However, the fieldwork shows that they have been held back by the marginalised position of Equatorial Guinea in Spain's current collective imaginary of its colonial past, as well as by the socio-laboural precariousness they have experienced since their arrival. Based on the body of thought of postcolonial theory, and from a predominantly anthropological and historical standpoint, this article analyses the heavy burden of social invisibility and unequal economic opportunities that these women carry. The paper concludes that migrant memories must be incorporated into the Hispano-African narrative to create a more trustworthy account of the shared Spanish and Equatorial Guinean past, and that there is an urgent need to implement policies in Spain that promote equality regardless of ethnicity, race, and gender.
Tracking the growth of government securities investing in early modern England and Wales
Authors: Shammas Carole 
Published: March 2020

Interest in the growth of tradeable securities in early modern Britain, especially its relationship to economic development and the funding of government debt, has centered mainly on the borrower – whether it be trading company, industrial enterprise, or the state. This article directs attention to the investor, using Charity Commission Reports for England and Wales that document a dramatic mid-eighteenth-century shift by donors and trustees from investments in real estate and rent charges to perpetual government annuities, mainly 3 percent Consols. The heavy investment in this public debt product is what ultimately prompted the creation of the London Stock Exchange in 1801.In analyzing this shift, which occurred among the propertied in all regions of the nation, not just the metropolis or among corporate entities and the mercantile community, I consider both what made the annuities increasingly attractive for charitable trusts and the alternatives – real estate and private loans secured by mortgage or other means – more problematic. Legal changes, I argue, played a role in the transformation, especially the Charitable Uses Act of 1736, which made charitable devises of real estate very difficult and probably resulted in reduced investment in human capital and less wealth redistribution. Regions varied, however, in the degree to which they switched from real estate in the latter part of the eighteenth century; they also differed in the extent to which the switch resulted in more gifts of interest-bearing loans as well.Admittedly, the changes documented in this article concern only one type of depository for assets, charitable trusts. The appeal of these annuities, however, could extend to investments needed for other purposes such as postmortem payments to dependents. Moreover, the fall-off in demand for real estate in trusts correlates with GDP estimates showing a steady decline in income from real assets after 1755 and what some have noted in this period as a puzzle – the lack of an increased rate of return on rents and private loans at a time of robust investment in government debt. Most importantly, though, the transition demonstrates the ability of the government to induce a broad spectrum of the propertied population to invest in securities, if the vehicle they offered had the right characteristics, which were not necessarily highest yield or liquidity without loss in value.
Eating and physical activity behaviours among ethnic groups in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Gallegos Danielle , Do Hong , Gia To Quyen , Vo Brenda , Goris Janny , Alraman Hana 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine differences in eating and physical activity behaviours among ethnic groups in Queensland, Australia, and differences in those behaviours due to the duration of residency in Australia.Design:Cross-sectional study using baseline data collected for the Living Well Multicultural–Lifestyle Modification Program between October 2014 and June 2017.Setting:Culturally and linguistically diverse communities (CALD), including Afghani, Somali, Burmese, Pacific and South Sea Islander, Sri Lankan, Sudanese and Vietnamese, living in Queensland, Australia.Participants:People were recruited if they were ≥18 years old and living in the targeted CALD communities.Results:Burmese/Vietnamese, on average, had better eating scores in line with Australian dietary guidelines, compared with Afghani/Arabic-speaking (difference = 2·05 points, 95 % CI 1·39, 2·72), Somali/Sudanese (difference = 1·53 points, 95 % CI 0·79, 2·28) and Pacific Islander (difference = 1·46 points, 95 % CI 0·79, 2·13). Association between ethnicity and meeting the physical activity guideline was not significant. Those who stayed in Australia longer than a year were less likely to meet the physical activity guideline than those staying <1 year (OR = 0·51, 95 % CI 0·31, 0·84). There was no significant association between duration of residency in Australia and eating scores.Conclusions:Eating behaviours were significantly different among the ethnic groups in Queensland with Burmese/Vietnamese and Sri Lankan/Bhutanese having the healthiest diets. All ethnic groups were less likely to meet the physical activity guideline compared with the general Australian population. People with duration of residency of at least 1 year in Australia were less likely to meet the physical activity guideline compared with those who had shorter stays.
Magnetic Reconnection Inside a Flux Rope Induced by Kelvin‐Helmholtz Vortices
Authors: Hwang K.‐J. , Dokgo K. , Choi E. , Burch J. L. , Sibeck D. G. , Giles B. L. , Hasegawa H. , Fu H. S. , Liu Y. , Wang Z. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Ma X. , Fear R. C. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Graham D. B. , Shi Q. Q. , Escoubet C. P. , Gershman D. J. , Paterson W. R. , Pollock C. J. , Ergun R. E. , Torbert R. B. , Dorelli J. C. , Avanov L. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOn 5 May 2017, MMS observed a crater‐type flux rope on the dawnside tailward magnetopause with fluctuations. The boundary‐normal analysis shows that the fluctuations can be attributed to nonlinear Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) waves. Reconnection signatures such as flow reversals and Joule dissipation were identified at the leading and trailing edges of the flux rope. In particular, strong northward electron jets observed at the trailing edge indicated midlatitude reconnection associated with the 3‐D structure of the KH vortex. The scale size of the flux rope, together with reconnection signatures, strongly supports the interpretation that the flux rope was generated locally by KH vortex‐induced reconnection. The center of the flux rope also displayed signatures of guide‐field reconnection (out‐of‐plane electron jets, parallel electron heating, and Joule dissipation). These signatures indicate that an interface between two interlinked flux tubes was undergoing interaction, causing a local magnetic depression, resulting in an M‐shaped crater flux rope, as supported by reconstruction.
Constraining Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions From Urban Area Using OCO‐2 Observations of Total Column CO2
Authors: Ye Xinxin , Lauvaux Thomas , Kort Eric A. , Oda Tomohiro , Feng Sha , Lin John C. , Yang Emily G. , Wu Dien 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSatellite observations of the total column dry‐air CO2 (XCO2) are expected to support the quantification and monitoring of fossil fuel CO2 (ffCO2) emissions from urban areas. We evaluate the utility of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) XCO2 retrievals to optimize whole‐city emissions, using a Bayesian inversion system and high‐resolution transport modeling. The uncertainties of constrained emissions related to transport model, satellite measurements, and local biospheric fluxes are quantified. For the first two uncertainty sources, we examine cities of different landscapes: “plume city” located in relatively flat terrain, represented by Riyadh and Cairo; and “basin city” located in basin terrain, represented by Los Angeles (LA). The retrieved scaling factors of emissions and their uncertainties show prominent variabilities from track to track, due to the varying meteorological conditions and relative locations of the tracks transecting plumes. To explore the performance of multiple tracks in retrieving emissions, pseudo data experiments are carried out. The estimated least numbers of tracks required to constrain the total emissions for Riyadh (<10% uncertainty), Cairo (<10%), and LA (<5%) are 8, 5, and 7, respectively. Additionally, to evaluate the impact of biospheric fluxes on derivation of the ffXCO2 enhancements, we conduct simulations for Pearl River Delta metropolitan area. Significant fractions of local XCO2 enhancements associated with local biospheric XCO2 variations are shown, which potentially lead to biased estimates of ffCO2 emissions. We demonstrate that satellite measurements can be used to improve urban ffCO2 emissions with a sufficient amount of measurements and appropriate representations of the uncertainty components.
Climatology and Detection of Overshooting Convection From 4 Years of GPM Precipitation Radar and Passive Microwave Observations
Authors: Liu Nana , Liu Chuntao , Hayden Lindsey 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA 4‐year Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Precipitation Feature (PF) data set is used to quantify the frequency and global distribution of overshooting convection. In this study, overshooting convection is defined as PFs with maximum 20 dBZ echo top height (MAXHT20) greater than the height of the lapse rate tropopause, derived from ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. The geographical distribution of overshooting convection exhibits a strong preference for specific land regions, such as over the central United States, Argentina, Central Africa, and Colombia. Larger areas and greater occurrence of 20 dBZ radar reflectivity at the tropopause are found in northern middle to high latitudes than in the tropics. The occurrence of 20 dBZ radar reflectivity reaching above the level of 380 K potential temperature (Z380K) in middle and high latitudes is found to be comparable to that in the tropics. Furthermore, a methodology is developed to detect overshooting convection using the GPM Microwave Imager measured brightness temperature at 183.31 ± 3 and 183.31 ± 7 GHz, and Polarization Corrected Temperature at 89 GHz. The geographical distribution of overshooting convection can be closely reproduced using the combinations of these brightness temperatures with an average Heidke skill score of 0.4 and probability of 0.38. This shows the possibility of identifying overshooting convection from microwave observations at high‐frequency channels near the water vapor absorption line centered at 183.31 GHz from other satellite missions.
The Chemistry Mechanism in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)
Authors: Emmons Louisa K. , Schwantes Rebecca H. , Orlando John J. , Tyndall Geoff , Kinnison Douglas , Lamarque Jean‐François , Marsh Daniel , Mills Michael J. , Tilmes Simone , Bardeen Charles , Buchholz Rebecca R. , Conley Andrew , Gettelman Andrew , Garcia Rolando , Simpson Isobel , Blake Donald R. , Meinardi Simone , Pétron Gabrielle 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) includes a detailed representation of chemistry throughout the atmosphere in the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model configurations. These model configurations use the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers (MOZART) family of chemical mechanisms, covering the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. The new MOZART tropospheric chemistry scheme (T1) has a number of updates over the previous version (MOZART‐4) in CESM, including improvements to the oxidation of isoprene and terpenes, organic nitrate speciation, and aromatic speciation and oxidation and thus improved representation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol precursors. An evaluation of the present‐day simulations of CESM2 being provided for Climate Model Intercomparison Project round 6 (CMIP6) is presented. These simulations, using the anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions from the inventories specified for CMIP6, as well as online calculation of emissions of biogenic compounds, lightning NO, dust, and sea salt, indicate an underestimate of anthropogenic emissions of a variety of compounds, including carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The simulation of surface ozone in the southeast United States is improved over previous model versions, largely due to the improved representation of reactive nitrogen and organic nitrate compounds resulting in a lower ozone production rate than in CESM1 but still overestimates observations in summer. The simulation of tropospheric ozone agrees well with ozonesonde observations in many parts of the globe. The comparison of NOxand PAN to aircraft observations indicates the model simulates the nitrogen budget well.
Riparian Lowlands in Clay Till Landscapes: Part I—Heterogeneity of Flow Paths and Water Balances
Authors: Petersen R. J. , Prinds C. , Iversen B. V. , Engesgaard P. , Jessen S. , Kjaergaard C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRiparian lowlands act as interfaces between the streams and upland areas. This study identified and quantified local flow paths in four transects of a 26 ha Danish riparian lowland in a glacial till landscape. The riparian lowland was fed by drain water from the upland agricultural drainage catchments. Precipitation, stream stage, and drainage discharge into the riparian lowland were measured continuously, while groundwater hydraulic heads were measured in piezometer pipes twice per month. A water balance model was developed to quantify water fluxes leaving the riparian lowland area via evapotranspiration, leakage to a deeper aquifer, and via groundwater flow, drain flow, and overland flow to the adjacent stream. Overland flow originating from the tile drains was the main flow path in all four transects, and also fluxes to the stream via groundwater or lowland tile drains were significant in some subareas. The presence of a secondary tile drainage network within parts of the riparian lowland reduced overland flow and increased interaction with the riparian lowland soils. Area‐normalized fluxes varied greatly between transects, largely reflecting variations in hydraulic loading rate (ratio of water input rate to the area of the receiving riparian lowland). This, combined with the significance of groundwater flow and riparian lowland tile drain flow in some of the investigated transects, revealed a heterogeneous distribution of flow paths within the small headwater lowland. The rate of overland flow was highly correlated to the hydraulic loading rate, which in turn was dominated by the drainage discharge rate at the hillslope boundary.
Impairment of carbonic anhydrase IX ectodomain cleavage reinforces tumorigenic and metastatic phenotype of cancer cells
Authors: Kajanova Ivana , Zatovicova Miriam , Jelenska Lenka , Sedlakova Olga , Barathova Monika , Csaderova Lucia , Debreova Michaela , Lukacikova Lubomira , Grossmannova Katarina , Labudova Martina , Golias Tereza , Svastova Eliska , Ludwig Andreas , Muller Petr , Vojtesek Borivoj , Pastorek Jaromir , Pastorekova Silvia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-induced enzyme regulating tumour pH and facilitating cell migration/invasion. It is primarily expressed as a transmembrane cell-surface protein, but its ectodomain can be shed by ADAM17 to extracellular space. This study aims to elucidate the impact of CA IX shedding on cancer cells.

Methods
We generated a non-shed CA IX mutant by deletion of amino acids 393–402 from the stalk region and studied its phenotypic effects compared to full-length, shedding-competent CA IX using a range of assays based on immunodetection, confocal microscopy, in vitro real-time cell monitoring and in vivo tumour cell inoculation using xenografted NMRI and C57BL/6J female mice.

Results
We demonstrated that the impairment of shedding does not alter the ability of CA IX to bind ADAM17, internalise, form oligomers and regulate pH, but induces cancer-promoting changes in extracellular proteome. Moreover, it affects intrinsic properties of cells expressing the non-shed variant, in terms of their increased ability to migrate, generate primary tumours and form metastatic lesions in lungs.

Conclusions
Our results show that the ectodomain shedding controls pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic roles of the cell-associated CA IX and suggest that this phenomenon should be considered when developing CA IX-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Prognostic and clinical impact of PD-L2 and PD-L1 expression in a cohort of 437 oesophageal cancers
Authors: Okadome Kazuo , Baba Yoshifumi , Nomoto Daichi , Yagi Taisuke , Kalikawe Rebecca , Harada Kazuto , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Nagai Yohei , Ishimoto Takatsugu , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Iwagami Shiro , Miyamoto Yuji , Yoshida Naoya , Watanabe Masayuki , Komohara Yoshihiro , Shono Takashi , Sasaki Yutaka , Baba Hideo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway plays critical roles in tumour immunology, and serves as an immune-based therapeutic target. Less is known regarding PD-L2, another ligand of PD-1, and its relation to clinical outcome in human cancers.

Methods
We used a database of 437 surgically and 100 endoscopically resected oesophageal cancers (squamous cell carcinoma, n = 483; adenocarcinoma, n = 36; others, n = 18) to evaluate PD-L2 and PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry.

Results
Compared with PD-L2-negative cases (n = 366, 83.8%), PD-L2-positive cases (n = 71, 16.2%) had worse overall survival (P = 0.011, log-rank test). There was not a significant correlation between PD-L2 and PD-L1 expression. Multiplex immunofluorescence revealed that there was variability in the expression pattern of PD-L2 and PD-L1. In early-stage tumours, PD-L2 expression was more frequently observed compared with PD-L1.

Conclusions
PD-L2 as well as PD-L1 were associated with an unfavourable prognosis in oesophageal cancer, supporting the role of PD-L2 as a prognostic biomarker. Considering that PD-L2 and PD-L1 had different features in terms of expression timing and responses to chemotherapeutic drugs, evaluation of both PD-L2 and PD-L1 expression may be clinically important.
Human activity recognition using magnetic induction-based motion signals and deep recurrent neural networks
Authors: Golestani Negar , Moghaddam Mahta 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecognizing human physical activities using wireless sensor networks has attracted significant research interest due to its broad range of applications, such as healthcare, rehabilitation, athletics, and senior monitoring. There are critical challenges inherent in designing a sensor-based activity recognition system operating in and around a lossy medium such as the human body to gain a trade-off among power consumption, cost, computational complexity, and accuracy. We introduce an innovative wireless system based on magnetic induction for human activity recognition to tackle these challenges and constraints. The magnetic induction system is integrated with machine learning techniques to detect a wide range of human motions. This approach is successfully evaluated using synthesized datasets, laboratory measurements, and deep recurrent neural networks.
δ and φ back-donation in AnIV metallacycles
Authors: Kelley Morgan P. , Popov Ivan A. , Jung Julie , Batista Enrique R. , Yang Ping 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn all known examples of metal–ligand (M–L) δ and φ bonds, the metal orbitals are aligned to the ligand orbitals in a “head-to-head” or “side-to-head” fashion. Here, we report two fundamentally new types of M–L δ and φ interactions; “head-to-side” δ and “side-to-side” φ back-bonding, found in complexes of metallacyclopropenes and metallacyclocumulenes of actinides (Pa–Pu) that makes them distinct from their corresponding Group 4 analogues. In addition to the known Th and U complexes, our calculations include complexes of Pa, Np, and Pu. In contrast with conventional An–C bond decreasing, due to the actinide contraction, the An–C distance increases from Pa to Pu. We demonstrate that the direct L–An σ and π donations combined with the An–L δ or φ back-donations are crucial in explaining this non-classical trend of the An–L bond lengths in both series, underscoring the significance of these δ/φ back-donation interactions, and their importance for complexes of Pa and U in particular.
Housing temperature influences exercise training adaptations in mice
Authors: Raun Steffen H. , Henriquez-Olguín Carlos , Karavaeva Iuliia , Ali Mona , Møller Lisbeth L. V. , Kot Witold , Castro-Mejía Josué L. , Nielsen Dennis Sandris , Gerhart-Hines Zachary , Richter Erik A. , Sylow Lykke 
Published: March 2020

AbstractExercise training is a powerful means to combat metabolic diseases. Mice are extensively used to investigate the benefits of exercise, but mild cold stress induced by ambient housing temperatures may confound translation to humans. Thermoneutral housing is a strategy to make mice more metabolically similar to humans but its effects on exercise adaptations are unknown. Here we show that thermoneutral housing blunts exercise-induced improvements in insulin action in muscle and adipose tissue and reduces the effects of training on energy expenditure, body composition, and muscle and adipose tissue protein expressions. Thus, many reported effects of exercise training in mice are likely secondary to metabolic stress of ambient housing temperature, making it challenging to translate to humans. We conclude that adaptations to exercise training in mice critically depend upon housing temperature. Our findings underscore housing temperature as a critical parameter in the design and interpretation of murine exercise training studies.