bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerobic swimming in intensive finfish aquaculture: applications for production, mitigation and selection
Authors: McKenzie David J. , Palstra Arjan P. , Planas Josep , MacKenzie Simon , Bégout Marie‐Laure , Thorarensen Helgi , Vandeputte Marc , Mes Daan , Rey Sonia , De Boeck Gudrun , Domenici Paolo , Skov Peter V. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe review knowledge on applications of sustained aerobic swimming as a tool to promote productivity and welfare of farmed fish species. There has been extensive interest in whether providing active species with a current to swim against can promote growth. The results are not conclusive but the studies have varied in species, life stage, swimming speed applied, feeding regime, stocking density and other factors. Therefore, much remains to be understood about mechanisms underlying findings of ‘swimming‐enhanced growth’, in particular to demonstrate that swimming can improve feed conversion ratio and dietary protein retention under true aquaculture conditions. There has also been research into whether swimming can alleviate chronic stress, once again on a range of species and life stages. The evidence is mixed but swimming does improve recovery from acute stresses such as handling or confinement. Research into issues such as whether swimming can improve immune function and promote cognitive function is still at an early stage and should be encouraged. There is promising evidence that swimming can inhibit precocious sexual maturation in some species, so studies should be broadened to other species where precocious maturation is a problem. Swimming performance is a heritable trait and may prove a useful selection tool, especially if it is related to overall robustness. More research is required to better understand the advantages that swimming may provide to the fish farmer, in terms of production, mitigation and selection.
Nursing professional practice environment and its relationship with nursing outcomes in intensive care units: a test of the structural equation model
Authors: Rivaz Mozhgan , Tavakolinia Mahboobeh , Momennasab Marzieh 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionBurnout, intention to leave and ultimately shortage of skilled nurses are associated with poor practice environments; however, in Iran comprehensive data are unavailable. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the nursing professional practice environment with nurses’ burnout and intention to leave in intensive care units, using structural equation modelling analysis.MethodsThis cross‐sectional, multi‐centred study was conducted among 320 nurses in twenty ICUs of five teaching hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from September 2018 to June 2019. Valid measurement instruments including Nursing Professional Practice Environment Questionnaire (NPPEQ), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Anticipated Turnover Scale (ATS) were used for data collection.ResultsGoodness‐of‐fit statistics confirmed a model with burnout dimensions in mediating positions between nursing professional practice environment dimensions and intention to leave, explaining 86.4% of the variation.ConclusionThe results confirmed a theoretical model with structural the relationships among the nursing professional practice environment, burnout and intention to leave in nurses working in ICUs. In this model, burnout had a strong direct positive effect on intention to leave. The results can provide guidance for various stakeholders, such as health policymakers and nurse managers attempting to improve the quality of nurses’ workplace, by drawing their attention to various factors influencing the retention of technically trained nurses in the critical care units.
Bedforms and sedimentary structures related to supercritical flows in glacigenic settings
Authors: Lang Jörg , Le Heron Daniel P. , Van den Berg Jan H. , Winsemann Jutta 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUpper‐flow‐regime bedforms, including upper‐stage‐plane beds, antidunes, chutes‐and‐pools and cyclic steps, are ubiquitous in glacigenic depositional environments characterized by abundant meltwater discharge and sediment supply. In this study, the depositional record of Froude near‐critical and supercritical flows in glacigenic settings is reviewed, and similarities and differences between different depositional environments are discussed. Upper‐flow‐regime bedforms may occur in subglacial, subaerial and subaqueous environments, recording deposition by free‐surface flows and submerged density flows. Although individual bedform types are generally not indicative of any specific depositional environment, some observed trends are similar to those documented in non‐glacigenic settings. Important parameters for bedform evolution that differ between depositional environments include flow confinement, bed slope, aggradation rate and grain size. Cyclic‐step deposits are more common in confined settings, like channels or incised valleys, or steep slopes of coarse‐grained deltas. Antidune deposits prevail in unconfined settings and on more gentle slopes, like glacifluvial fans, sand‐rich delta slopes or subaqueous (ice‐contact) fans. At low aggradation rates, only the basal portions of bedforms are preserved, such as scour fills related to the hydraulic‐jump zone of cyclic steps or antidune‐wave breaking, which are common in glacifluvial systems and during glacial lake‐outburst floods and (related) lake‐level falls. Higher aggradation rates result in increased preservation potential, possibly leading to the preservation of complete bedforms. Such conditions are met in sediment‐laden jökulhlaups and subaqueous proglacial environments characterized by expanding density flows. Coarser‐grained sediment leads to steeper bedform profiles and highly scoured facies architectures, while finer‐grained deposits display less steep bedform architectures. Such differences are in part related to stronger flows, faster settling of coarse clasts, and more rapid breaking of antidune waves or hydraulic‐jump formation over hydraulically rough beds.
Clinical characteristics and pathological depths of syringomas in 94 Korean patients
Authors: Lim Youngkyoung , Lee Jongeun , Jang Donghwi , Abudureyimu Gulimila , Lee Jong‐Hee 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundSyringoma is a common benign tumor with eccrine origin that typically occurs on the face of middle‐aged women. Laser ablation with CO2 laser or Er:YAG laser has been widely used in the clinical field, often leading to scars due to its deep location. This study aimed to investigate clinical characteristics and pathological depths of the lesions in syringoma patients.Materials and methodsSyringoma patients, pathologically confirmed at Samsung medical center (Seoul, Korea) from January 1996 to March 2019, were analyzed. Clinical characteristics such as the location of lesion, age, and sex, and pathological depths of the lesions were investigated, and univariable and multivariable analyses were done for these factors.ResultsOf total 94 syringomas, 17.0% were located on periocular area, 10.6% on forehead, 34.0% on head and neck areas excluding periocular area and forehead, and 38.3% on trunk and extremities. The mean depth of syringoma from the surface including stratum corneum to the deepest stromal location was 1174.14 ± 1142.95 μm for periocular area, 1055.93 ± 247.76 μm for forehead, 1488.06 ± 1217.36 μm for other areas of head and neck including scalp, and 1169.53 ± 349.2 for the lesions located at trunk and extremities including external genitalia. No significant correlation was observed from univariable analysis and multivariable analysis by age, sex, and site of lesion.ConclusionOur findings offer valuable information of the mean depth of syringoma at different sites, which can be taken into consideration for successful treatment without adverse events such as scarring.
Effect of impact velocity and impact angle on residual stress fields caused by foreign object damage
Authors: Matsunaga Hisao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn order to study the residual stress induced by foreign object damage (FOD), the distribution of residual stress caused by the impact of a hard spherical body was measured via the sin2ψ technique, using synchrotron X‐ray. A steel sphere was impacted onto a flat surface of a Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy from an angle of either 90° or 45°, at a velocity of 180 m/s. The same sphere was also quasi‐statically pressed into the surface. In the cases of right‐angled impact and quasi‐static indentation, a compressive residual stress was extensively distributed inside the generated crater. No remarkable difference in residual stress distribution was noted between the dynamic case and the quasi‐static case. However, at an impact angle of 45°, a tensile residual stress that is more detrimental to fatigue strength was widely distributed inside the crater. Outside of the craters, tensile stress was generally observed in all cases.
Machine learning–based prediction of transfusion
Authors: Mitterecker Andreas , Hofmann Axel , Trentino Kevin M. , Lloyd Adam , Leahy Michael F. , Schwarzbauer Karin , Tschoellitsch Thomas , Böck Carl , Hochreiter Sepp , Meier Jens 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe ability to predict transfusions arising during hospital admission might enable economized blood supply management and might furthermore increase patient safety by ensuring a sufficient stock of red blood cells (RBCs) for a specific patient. We therefore investigated the precision of four different machine learning–based prediction algorithms to predict transfusion, massive transfusion, and the number of transfusions in patients admitted to a hospital.Study Design and MethodsThis was a retrospective, observational study in three adult tertiary care hospitals in Western Australia between January 2008 and June 2017. Primary outcome measures for the classification tasks were the area under the curve for the receiver operating characteristics curve, the F1 score, and the average precision of the four machine learning algorithms used: neural networks (NNs), logistic regression (LR), random forests (RFs), and gradient boosting (GB) trees.ResultsUsing our four predictive models, transfusion of at least 1 unit of RBCs could be predicted rather accurately (sensitivity for NN, LR, RF, and GB: 0.898, 0.894, 0.584, and 0.872, respectively; specificity: 0.958, 0.966, 0.964, 0.965). Using the four methods for prediction of massive transfusion was less successful (sensitivity for NN, LR, RF, and GB: 0.780, 0.721, 0.002, and 0.797, respectively; specificity: 0.994, 0.995, 0.993, 0.995). As a consequence, prediction of the total number of packed RBCs transfused was also rather inaccurate.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the necessity for intrahospital transfusion can be forecasted reliably, however the amount of RBC units transfused during a hospital stay is more difficult to predict.
Effect of Blade Trailing Edge Cutting Angle on Unstable Flow and Vibration in a Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Cui Baoling , Li Wenqing , Zhang Chenliang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The vibration induced by the unsteady fluid exciting force in a centrifugal pump is one of the important factors affecting the reliable operation of the pump. In this study, the cutting of the blade trailing edge of a straight blade is presented to improve the unstable flow and vibration in a centrifugal pump. Based on the large eddy simulation (LES) and fluid–solid coupling method, the transient pressure pulsation, unstable flow structure, and vibration displacement of a centrifugal pump were investigated with different cutting angles of the trailing edge under the design flow rate. The external characteristics of the centrifugal pumps were calculated and compared using the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω turbulence model. The results show that the heads and efficiencies of the pumps with 30 deg and 45 deg cutting angles of the trailing edge slightly improved. The pressure pulsation on the volute evaluated by dominant frequency–amplitude and pressure pulsation energy was reduced due to the lesser average vorticity intensity and trailing vortex area in the centrifugal pump. Therefore, the vibration displacement and the vibration energy at the low frequency of the impeller decreased.
Comparative Study on Power Module Architectures for Modularity and Scalability
Authors: Lu Mei-Chien 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) wide bandgap power electronics are being applied in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electrical vehicles (EV). The Department of Energy (DOE) has set target performance goals for 2025 to promote EV and HEV as a means of carbon emission reduction and long-term sustainability. Challenges include higher expectations on power density, performance, efficiency, thermal management, compactness, cost, and reliability. This study will benchmark state of the art silicon and SiC technologies. Power modules used in commercial traction inverters are analyzed for their within-package first-level interconnect methods, module architecture, and integration with cooling structure. A few power module package architectures from both industry-adopted standards and proposed patented technologies are compared in modularity and scalability for integration into inverters. The current trends of power module architectures and their integration into inverter are also discussed. The development of an eco-system to support the wide bandgap semiconductors-based power electronics is highlighted as an ongoing challenge.
Generation Mechanism and Quality of Milling Surface Profile for Variable Pitch Tools Considering Runout
Authors: Niu Jinbo , Jia Jinjie , Sun Yuwen , Guo Dongming 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Surface profile is one of the foremost aspects to evaluate milling performance. Its generation mechanism is affected by a variety of factors such as tool geometry, runout values, and process parameters and thus still deserves further investigation. This paper aims to propose a unified method to study the surface generation mechanism and to predict the machining quality for variable pitch tools considering runout. First, a Floquet theory based algorithm is extended to analyze the machining stability and output the dynamic responses of the machining system. The resultant trajectories of cutting edges are obtained by kinematic synthesis of system vibrations, tool rotations, and machining feed. Next, both the surface location error (SLE) and the surface roughness are simultaneously extracted from the edge trajectories. A series of cutting tests are performed to validate the prediction results. Some new characteristics of the machined surface profile in terms of form errors and teeth marks are discovered and theoretically explained. Finally, the joint influences of tool geometry, runout values, and process parameters on the surface generation mechanism and quality are analyzed in detail with the proposed method.
Thermal Optimization of Air Foil Thrust Bearings Using Different Foil Materials
Authors: Rieken Markus , Mahner Marcel , Schweizer Bernhard 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Air foil bearings are used in turbomachinery applications with high speeds and in oil-free environments. Their numerical analysis has to account for the multiphysicality of the problem. This work features a detailed thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic model of an air foil thrust bearing with bump-type foil-structure. The bearing geometry is designed to produce a high load capacity while maintaining thermally stable conditions. The presented model considers foil deformations using a Reissner–Mindlin-type shell theory. Dry friction (stick-slip approach) between the top foil, the bump foil, and the base plate is taken into account in the model. Reynolds equation from the lubrication theory is used to study the hydrodynamic behavior of the air film. A thermal model of the lubricating gap, the foil sandwich, and the rotor disk including heat fluxes into the rotor and the periphery as well as a cooling flow on the backside of the rotor disk are presented. Elastic deformations of the rotor disk due to centrifugal effects are calculated; deformations caused by temperature gradients are investigated as well. In air foil thrust bearings, very high temperatures are often observed and a forced cooling flow through the foil sandwich has to be applied. Using a cooling flow by applying a pressure difference between the inner and outer radius of the thrust bearing has several drawbacks: the additional cooling flow reduces the overall efficiency of the machine and requires additional constructive measures. In this work, a passive cooling concept is analyzed, where the typical steel foils are replaced with other materials, which have a significantly higher thermal conductivity. The simulation results show that the bearing temperatures can be reduced markedly (up to 70 °C in the considered test case) by this approach.
The Effect of an Upstream Dune-Shaped Shells on Forward and Backward Injection Hole Film Cooling
Authors: Ben Ali Kouchih Fatima , Boualem Khadidja , Grine Mustapha , Azzi Abbes 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article presents the numerical results of a new film cooling design that combines the backward injection hole with Barchan-dune-shaped shells (BH-BDS).The performance of this novel design in improving the film cooling effectiveness is compared to other configurations, forward injection hole (FH), backward injection hole (BH), and the configuration that combines the forward injection with Barchan-dune-shaped shells (FH-BDS). Three blowing ratios are considered in this article, M = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. The air coolant was injected through holes inclined at 35 and 155 deg for forward and backward cases, respectively. The lateral-averaged film cooling effectiveness and the distribution of adiabatic film cooling efficiency are studied using commercial software ansys-cfx. Three turbulence models, including the k–ω shear stress transport model, standard k–ε, and renormalization group theory (RNG) k–ε are examined in this investigation. The RNG k–ε model is adopted for the present simulation. The main result of this study reveals that the presence of upstream dune-shaped shells with backward hole yield a better film cooling effectiveness especially at higher blowing ratios (M ≥ 1). At M = 1.5, the FH-BDS and BH-BS cases provide an improvement in the area weighted average film cooling approximately about 24.79% and 10.56%, respectively. The BH-BDS design reduces the pressure loss as compared to BH.
Formation, Characterization, and Wear Behavior of Aluminide Coating on Mirrax® ESR Steel by Low-Temperature Aluminizing Process
Authors: Yener Tuba , Erdogan Azmi , Gök Mustafa Sabri , Zeytin Sakin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-temperature aluminizing process on the microstructure and dry sliding wear properties of Mirrax steel. Low-temperature aluminizing process was applied on Mirrax steel at 600, 650, and 700 °C for 2, 4, and 6 h. The packs for the process were prepared using pure aluminum powder as aluminum deposition source. Ammonium chloride NH4Cl and Seydisehir Al2O3 powder were used as the activator and the inert filler, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were applied for characterization of the coating surfaces. The through-thickness variation in the layer microstructure was determined and it was found to vary between 1 µm and 45 µm which increased with higher process temperature and time. After the deposition process, the coating layer hardness increased to 1000 HVN, whereas the hardness of the matrix was 250 HVN. The wear tests were performed using a ball-on-disc tribometer under 5 N load at room temperature and 500 °C on aluminized and untreated Mirrax steel. In both room temperature and high-temperature wear tests, it was determined that the aluminizing process increased the wear resistance of Mirrax steel. Increasing aluminizing time and temperature also increased the wear resistance. The uncoated and thin-coated samples generally exhibited wear in the form of plastic deformation and adhesion related ruptures. A high degree of tribological layer was observed on the wear trace on samples with high coating thickness, especially in high-temperature tests. Therefore, the volume losses in these samples were induced by fatigue crack formation and delamination.
Exposure to impacts across a competitive rugby season impairs balance and neuromuscular function in female rugby athletes
Authors: Black Stephanie E , Follmer Bruno , Mezzarane Rinaldo André , Pearcey Gregory E P , Sun Yao , Zehr E Paul 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesWe used objective assessment tools to detect subtle neurological deficits that accompany repetitive and mild head impacts in contact sport across a season.MethodsFemale participants (n=13, 21±1.8 years old; 167.6±6.7 cm; 72.8±6.1 kg) completed assessments pre and post the varsity rugby season. A commercial balance board was used to assess static balance and response to dynamic postural challenge. Spinal cord excitability via the soleus H-reflex was assessed in both legs. Video analysis was used to identify head impact exposures.ResultsA total of 172 potential concussive events were verified across 11 athletes (15.6±11; 95% CI: 6.5 to 19.8). Balance performance was worse at post-season for total centre of pressure which increased by 26% in the double stance on a stable surface (t(12)=-2.33; p=0.03;d=0.6) and by 140% in the tandem stance on a foam surface (t(12)=-3.43; p<0.01;d=0.9). Despite that, dynamic postural performance was improved after the season (p<0.01). Spinal cord excitability in rugby athletes did not change across the season but deviated from normative values at baseline.ConclusionQuantitative measures revealed that exposure to impacts across a competitive rugby season impair balance in two specific stances in female rugby athletes. Tandem-leg stance on an unstable surface and double-leg stance on firm surface are useful assessment conditions when performed over a low-cost balance board, even without clinically diagnosed concussion.
10% lidocaine spray for pain control during intrauterine device insertion: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Panichyawat Nalinee , Mongkornthong Theethat , Wongwananuruk Thanyarat , Sirimai Korakot 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundVarious medications have been investigated for their efficacy in pain reduction during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion, but there is currently no standard recommendation. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of 10% lidocaine spray in reducing pain during copper-containing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) insertion.MethodsThis study was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Reproductive-age women were randomised at a 1:1 ratio into 10% lidocaine spray or placebo spray group. A 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate pain during several steps of the IUD insertion procedure, and after the procedure.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-four women were included and 62 women were randomised in each group. Baseline characteristics between groups were similar. The 10% lidocaine spray group demonstrated significantly lower median VAS immediately after IUD insertion than the placebo group (2.95 (IQR=1.00–5.63) vs 5.00 (IQR=3.35–7.00), respectively; p=0.002). Similarly, women receiving 10% lidocaine spray reported significantly lower median VAS than those receiving placebo during tenaculum use and uterine sounding. The maximum median VAS occurred immediately after Cu-IUD insertion. The proportion of women who reported VAS≥4 during uterine sounding and after IUD placement was significantly lower in the 10% lidocaine group than in the placebo group (p<0.05). Median change in VAS from baseline to IUD placement was significantly different between 10% lidocaine spray group and placebo group (1.85 (IQR=0.08–4.03) vs 3.6 (IQR=2.40–5.80), respectively; p=0.004).Conclusion10% lidocaine spray was found to be an effective local anaesthetic method for reducing pain during insertion of Cu-IUD.Trial registration numberClinicaltrials.govNCT03870711