bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new genetic locus for self-compatibility in the outcrossing grass species perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Authors: Slatter Lucy M , Barth Susanne , Manzanares Chloe , Velmurugan Janaki , Place Iain , Thorogood Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundSelf-incompatibility (SI) is a physiological mechanism that many flowering plants employ to prevent self-fertilization and maintain heterozygosity. In the grass family this is known to be controlled by a two locus (S-Z) system; however, the SI system is intrinsically leaky. Modifier genes of both the S and Z loci and a further locus, T, are known to override SI leading to self-fertilization and self-seed production. This has implications for the ecological and evolutionary success as well as the commercial breeding of grasses. Here we report a study where the genetic control of self-compatibility (SC) was determined from the results of self-pollinating an F2 population of perennial ryegrass from two independently derived inbred lines produced by single-seed descent.MethodsIn vitro self-pollinations of 73 fertile plants were analysed. A genetic association analysis was made with a panel of 1863 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, generated through genotype-by-sequencing methodology. Markers were placed on a recombination map of seven linkage groups (LGs) created using Joinmap v.5. The seed set on self- and open-pollinated inflorescences was determined on 143 plants, including the 73 plants analysed for self-pollination response.Key ResultsSelf-pollinations revealed a bimodal distribution of percentage SC with peaks at 50 and 100 %. A single quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified with peak association for marker 6S14665z17875_11873 that mapped to LG 6. Peak position was associated with maximum marker segregation distortion. The self-compatible plants were equally fecund after self- and open pollination.ConclusionsThis is the first report in the Poaceae family of an SC locus located on LG 6. This new SC QTL discovery, as well as indicating the complex nature of the pollen–stigma recognition process and its evolutionary significance, provides an additional source of SC for breeding perennial ryegrass.
Evaluating Trophic Status as a Proxy of Aquatic Ecosystem Service Provisioning on the Basis of Guidelines
Authors: ST-Gelais Nicolas F , Lapierre Jean-François , Siron Robert , Maranger Roxane 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ecologists typically associate water quality with trophic status, where oligotrophic is considered excellent and presumably provides more aquatic ecosystem services. However, water quality is perceived differently among observers with different worldviews. For example, agriculture and public health sectors quantify the provisioning of aquatic ecosystem services on the basis of different guidelines, but are their guidelines breached more frequently with increasing productivity? We developed an integrative ecosystem service framework using Canadian guidelines as thresholds for drinking, swimming, irrigation, suitability for livestock and aquatic wildlife in rivers. Drinkability was the most sensitive ecosystem service, met in 23% of the sampling events, whereas livestock was provided in 99%. Trophic status is a fair proxy for ecosystem services limited by fecal contamination, because nutrients are related to human and animal populations but not to those limited by metals. Using guideline thresholds to assess the safe provisioning of multiple aquatic ecosystem services across diverse worldviews could facilitate understanding among different perspectives.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Americans Aboard theDiamond PrincessCruise Ship
Authors: Plucinski Mateusz M , Wallace Megan , Uehara Anna , Kurbatova Ekaterina V , Tobolowsky Farrell A , Schneider Zachary D , Ishizumi Atsuyoshi , Bozio Catherine H , Kobayashi Miwako , Toda Mitsuru , Stewart Andrea , Wagner Riley L , Moriarty Leah F , Murray Rachel , Queen Krista , Tao Ying , Paden Clinton , Mauldin Matthew R , Zhang Jing , Li Yan , Elkins Christopher A , Lu Xiaoyan , Herzig Carolyn T A , Novak Ryan , Bower William , Medley Alexandra M , Acosta Anna M , Knust Barbara , Cantey Paul T , Pesik Nicki T , Halsey Eric S , Cetron Martin S , Tong Suxiang , Marston Barbara J , Friedman Cindy R 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Diamond Princess cruise ship was the site of a large outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Of 437 Americans and their travel companions on the ship, 114 (26%) tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).MethodsWe interviewed 229 American passengers and crew after disembarkation following a ship-based quarantine to identify risk factors for infection and characterize transmission onboard the ship.ResultsThe attack rate for passengers in single-person cabins or without infected cabinmates was 18% (58/329), compared with 63% (27/43) for those sharing a cabin with an asymptomatic infected cabinmate, and 81% (25/31) for those with a symptomatic infected cabinmate. Whole genome sequences from specimens from passengers who shared cabins clustered together. Of 66 SARS-CoV-2-positive American travelers with complete symptom information, 14 (21%) were asymptomatic while on the ship. Among SARS-CoV-2-positive Americans, 10 (9%) required intensive care, of whom 7 were ≥70 years.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the high risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission on cruise ships. High rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in cabinmates of individuals with asymptomatic infections suggest that triage by symptom status in shared quarters is insufficient to halt transmission. A high rate of intensive care unit admission among older individuals complicates the prospect of future cruise travel during the pandemic, given typical cruise passenger demographics. The magnitude and severe outcomes of this outbreak were major factors contributing to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s decision to halt cruise ship travel in US waters in March 2020.
Modern Senicide in the Face of a Pandemic: An Examination of Public Discourse and Sentiment About Older Adults and COVID-19 Using Machine Learning
Authors: Xiang Xiaoling , Lu Xuan , Halavanau Alex , Xue Jia , Sun Yihang , Lai Patrick Ho Lam , Wu Zhenke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study examined public discourse and sentiment regarding older adults and COVID-19 on social media and assessed the extent of ageism in public discourse.MethodsTwitter data (N = 82,893) related to both older adults and COVID-19 and dated from January 23 to May 20, 2020, were analyzed. We used a combination of data science methods (including supervised machine learning, topic modeling, and sentiment analysis), qualitative thematic analysis, and conventional statistics.ResultsThe most common category in the coded tweets was “personal opinions” (66.2%), followed by “informative” (24.7%), “jokes/ridicule” (4.8%), and “personal experiences” (4.3%). The daily average of ageist content was 18%, with the highest of 52.8% on March 11, 2020. Specifically, more than 1 in 10 (11.5%) tweets implied that the life of older adults is less valuable or downplayed the pandemic because it mostly harms older adults. A small proportion (4.6%) explicitly supported the idea of just isolating older adults. Almost three-quarters (72.9%) within “jokes/ridicule” targeted older adults, half of which were “death jokes.” Also, 14 themes were extracted, such as perceptions of lockdown and risk. A bivariate Granger causality test suggested that informative tweets regarding at-risk populations increased the prevalence of tweets that downplayed the pandemic.DiscussionAgeist content in the context of COVID-19 was prevalent on Twitter. Information about COVID-19 on Twitter influenced public perceptions of risk and acceptable ways of controlling the pandemic. Public education on the risk of severe illness is needed to correct misperceptions.
Glycoxidation of LDL Generates Cytotoxic Adducts and Elicits Humoral Response in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Abidi Minhal , Mir Abdul Rouf , Khan Farzana , Ali Asif , Uddin Moin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study elucidates the immunological implications of methylglyoxal (MGO) modified LDL in diabetes type 2 patients (T2DM). Under in-vitro modifications, MGO altered the tertiary structure of LDL. TNBS and phenanthrenequinone assays confirmed lysine and arginine residues as main targets of MGO in LDL. HPLC and LCMS studies confirmed the generation of Nϵ-(carboxymethyl) lysine in the modified protein. Comet assay showing increased tail length of DNA in lymphocytes inferred the cytotoxicity of MGO-LDL. The easy penetration of MGO-LDL into the nucleus is possibly a consequence of its reduced size, post-modification, as observed from the studies on hydrodynamic radii studies in DLS experiments. MGO-LDL was found to be more immunogenic, as compared to native LDL, in immunological studies conducted on experimental rabbits. Our results reflect the presence of neo-antigenic determinants on modified LDL. Competitive inhibition ELISA suggested the presence of neo-epitopes with marked immunogenicity eliciting specific immune response. Binding studies on purified IgG confirmed the enhanced and specific immunogenicity of MGO-LDL. Studies on interaction of MGO-LDL with the circulating auto-antibodies from T2DM patients showed high affinity of serum-antibodies towards MGO-LDL. This study suggests a potent role of glycoxidatively modified LDL in the generation of auto-immune response in T2DM patients.
Associations of Cytomegalovirus Infection With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Multiple Observational Cohort Studies of Older Adults
Authors: Chen Sijia , Pawelec Graham , Trompet Stella , Goldeck David , Mortensen Laust H , Slagboom P Eline , Christensen Kaare , Gussekloo Jacobijn , Kearney Patricia , Buckley Brendan M , Ford Ian , Jukema J Wouter , Westendorp Rudi G J , Maier Andrea B 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Whether latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in older adults has any substantial health consequences is unclear. Here, we sought associations between CMV-seropositivity and IgG titer with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in 5 longitudinal cohorts.

Methods
Leiden Longevity Study, Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk, Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins, and Leiden 85-plus Study were assessed at median (2.8–11.4 years) follow-up . Cox regression and random effects meta-analysis were used to estimate mortality risk dependent on CMV serostatus and/or IgG antibody titer, in quartiles after adjusting for confounders.

Results
CMV-seropositivity was seen in 47%–79% of 10 122 white community-dwelling adults aged 59–93 years. Of these, 3519 had died on follow-up (579 from cardiovascular disease). CMV seropositivity was not associated with all-cause (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], .97–1.14) or cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, .83–1.13). Subjects in the highest CMV IgG quartile group had increased all-cause mortality relative to CMV-seronegatives (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04–1.29) but this association lost significance after adjustment for confounders (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, .99–1.29). The lack of increased mortality risk was confirmed in subanalyses.

Conclusions
CMV infection is not associated with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in white community-dwelling older adults.
Plasma From Recovered COVID-19 Patients Inhibits Spike Protein Binding to ACE2 in a Microsphere-Based Inhibition Assay
Authors: Gniffke Edward P , Harrington Whitney E , Dambrauskas Nicholas , Jiang Yonghou , Trakhimets Olesya , Vigdorovich Vladimir , Frenkel Lisa , Sather D Noah , Smith Stephen E P 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present a microsphere-based flow cytometry assay that quantifies the ability of plasma to inhibit the binding of spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Plasma from 22 patients who had recovered from mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and expressed anti–spike protein trimer immunoglobulin G inhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme 2–spike protein binding to a greater degree than controls. The degree of inhibition was correlated with anti–spike protein immunoglobulin G levels, neutralizing titers in a pseudotyped lentiviral assay, and the presence of fever during illness. This inhibition assay may be broadly useful to quantify the functional antibody response of patients recovered from COVID-19 or vaccine recipients in a cell-free assay system.
Technical Note: Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to evaluate humoral responses to vaccination against respiratory viruses in beef cattle
Authors: Cooke Reinaldo F , Paiva Rafael , Pohler K G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This experiment evaluated humoral responses in beef calves vaccinated against parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) using serum neutralization (SN) tests or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Blood samples were collected from 50 overtly healthy Angus-influenced steers (183 ± 3 kg of body weight, 212 ± 2 d of age) on days 0, 21, 35, and 49 of the experiment. Steers were vaccinated against respiratory viruses on days 0 and 21. Blood was processed for serum collection and frozen in duplicates. One of the duplicates was analyzed for antibodies against BRSV, PI3, and BHV-1 using commercially available ELISA (IDEXX Switzerland AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland), and results reported as sample:positive control (S/P, %) ratio. The other duplicate was analyzed for antibodies against the same vaccine antigens via SN. This method reports results as titers, the greatest dilution that provides complete protection of the cells, which were transformed with base 2 log for statistical analyses. Samples were classified as positive for the presence of antibodies by SN if log-transformed titer ≥ 2 for all viruses, and by ELISA if S/P ratio ≥ 50% for BHV-1 or ≥ 20% for PI3 and BRSV. Day effects were detected (P &lt; 0.01) for SN and ELISA across all vaccine antigens, as antibody levels increased after vaccine administration. Linear fits were detected (P &lt; 0.01) across all vaccine antigens when regressing the SN and ELISA results; as SN titer increased, the ELISA S/P ratio linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01). Kendall (τ) and Spearman’s rank (ρ) correlations were also detected (P &lt; 0.01) between SN and ELISA results across all vaccine antigens. The SN and ELISA were very strongly correlated (ρ ≥ 0.83) for BHV-1 and PI3 and strongly correlated (ρ = 0.66) for BRSV. Cohen’s kappa coefficient for diagnosis agreement between methods was strong for BHV-1 and PI3 (κ ≥ 0.88), but weak (κ = 0.47) for BRSV. The sensitivity of the ELISA in yielding true positive results approached 100% across all antigens. The specificity of the ELISA in yielding negative results was satisfactory for BHV-1 and PI3 assays (84.0% and 88.5%, respectively) but not for BRSV (34.4%). Despite limitations in detecting true BRSV negatives, results from this experiment indicate that the commercial ELISAs tested herein can be used as surrogate for SN tests in quantifying humoral responses to vaccination against BHV-1, PI3, and BRSV in beef cattle.
Verbenone Inhibits Attraction of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Pheromone-Baited Traps in Northern Arizona
Authors: Gaylord Monica L , McKelvey Stephen R , Fettig Christopher J , McMillin Joel D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Recent outbreaks of engraver beetles, Ips spp. De Geer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Scolytinae), in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm. (Pinales: Pinaceae), forests of northern Arizona have resulted in widespread tree mortality. Current treatment options, such as spraying individual P. ponderosa with insecticides or deep watering of P. ponderosa in urban and periurban settings, are limited in applicability and scale. Thinning stands to increase tree vigor is also recommended, but appropriate timing is crucial. Antiaggregation pheromones, widely used to protect high-value trees or areas against attacks by several species of Dendroctonus Erichson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Scolytinae), would provide a feasible alternative with less environmental impacts than current treatments. We evaluated the efficacy of the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) in reducing attraction of pine engraver, I. pini (Say), to funnel traps baited with their aggregation pheromone in two trapping assays. Treatments included 1) unbaited control, 2) aggregation pheromone (bait), 3) bait with verbenone deployed from a pouch, and 4) bait with verbenone deployed from a flowable and biodegradable formulation (SPLAT Verb, ISCA Technologies Inc., Riverside, CA). Unbaited traps caught no beetles. In both assays, baited traps caught significantly more I. pini than traps with either formulation of verbenone, and no significant difference was observed between the verbenone pouch and SPLAT Verb. In the second assay, we also examined responses of Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), a common bark beetle predator. Traps containing verbenone pouches caught significantly fewer T. chlorodia than the baited control and SPLAT Verb treatments. We conclude that verbenone shows promise for reducing tree mortality from I. pini.
Hip arthroscopy for lateral cam morphology: how important are the vessels?
Authors: Wininger Austin E , Barter Lindsay E , Boutris Nickolas , Pulido Luis F , Ellis Thomas J , Nho Shane J , Harris Joshua D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to identify the anatomy and relevant blood supply to the femoral head as it pertains to hip arthroscopy and lateral cam morphology. The primary blood supply to the femoral head is the lateral ascending superior retinacular vessels, which are terminal branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery. These vessels penetrate the femoral head at the posterolateral head–neck junction. Surgeons performing posterolateral femoral osteoplasty must respect this vasculature to avoid iatrogenic avascular necrosis (AVN). Avoidance of excessive traction, avoidance of distal posterolateral capsulotomy and avoidance of disruption of the superior retinacular vessels should keep the risk for AVN low. Hip extension, internal rotation and distraction are useful in hip arthroscopy to better visualize lateral/posterolateral cam morphology to facilitate an accurate comprehensive cam correction and avoid vascular disruption.
Compensating atmospheric turbulence with CNNs for defocused pupil image wavefront sensors
Authors: Gómez Sergio Luis Suárez , González-Gutiérrez Carlos , Suárez Juan Díaz , Valdivia Juan José Fernández , Ramos José Manuel Rodríguez , Ramos Luis Fernando Rodríguez , Rodríguez Jesús Daniel Santos 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor (TPI-WFS), which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements (root mean square error, mean structural similarity and Strehl ratio). The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values.
A hybrid fuzzy clustering approach for diagnosing primary headache disorder
Authors: Simić Svetlana , Banković Zorana , Villar José R , Simić Dragan , Simić Svetislav D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Clustering is one of the most fundamental and essential data analysis tasks with broad applications. It has been studied in various research fields: data mining, machine learning, pattern recognition and in engineering, economics and biomedical data analysis. Headache is not a disease that typically shortens one’s life, but it can be a serious social as well as a health problem. Approximately 27 billion euros per year are lost through reduced work productivity in the European community. This paper is focused on a new strategy based on a hybrid model for combining fuzzy partition method and maximum likelihood estimation clustering algorithm for diagnosing primary headache disorder. The proposed hybrid system is tested on two data sets for diagnosing headache disorder collected from Clinical Centre of Vojvodina in Serbia.
Laparoscopic resectional oesophago-gastroplasty: a novel technique for minimally invasive treatment of large high gastric lesser curve GIST involving gastroesophageal junction
Authors: Foo Mang Yik , Yeung Baldwin P M , Tan Jeremy T H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A paramount factor in selecting the operative approach for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) is tumour location. Tumours located high along the lesser curve of the stomach pose a challenge in laparoscopic resection. A 56-year-old lady presented with per rectal bleeding and loss of weight. Endoscopic and radiological investigations revealed a large gastric GIST located over the lesser curve with proximal margin &lt;1 cm from the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). We present the steps of a novel technique for laparoscopic resectional oesophago-gastroplasty to resect large high gastric lesser curve GIST involving the GEJ.
The Commonwealth Caribbean and the Westminster Model
Authors: O’Brien Derek 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by exploring the different constitutional stages that the independent countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean passed through on their journey from colonial rule to independence, the imprint of which is still visible in the post-independence constitutional landscape. It then examines the main features of the region’s independence constitutions that conform to the traditional Westminster model that each country inherited upon independence. It also examines the ways in which the model that was ‘exported’ to the Caribbean differed from the traditional British version. This will be followed by a critique of the operation of the Westminster model, which has survived virtually untouched in the post-independence era. This critique will highlight the key problems that have emerged upon the transplantation of the Westminster model to Caribbean soil and the challenges these present to the maintenance of the rule of law and representative democracy in the region.