bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Block Wise Spatial Distribution and Mapping of Cationic Micronutrients in Soils of Jhargram District of West Bengal
Authors: Das Shreya , Bag Animesh Ghosh , Chatterjee Nitin , Pal Biplab , Ghosh Debashis , Hazra Gora Chand 
Published: October 2020

Aims: This investigation is aimed to conduct a delineation study to know the spatial distribution of available cationic micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in red and lateritic soils of Jhargram district of West Bengal and their relationship with soil chemical properties.
Study Design: Spatial distribution.
Place and Duration of Study: Geo-referenced 253 surface soil (0-15 cm depth) samples were collected from eight blocks (Gopiballavpur- 1, Gopiballavpur- 2, Nayagram, Jhargram, Sankrail, Jambani, Binpur- 2 and Binpur- 1) of Jhargram district of West Bengal, India during 2017- 2018.
Methodology: Grid based detailed block wise soil sampling has been carried out in long term crop growing fields of Jhargram district of West Bengal.The collected soil samples were analyzed and their cationic micronutrient status were depicted through nutrient index and fertility maps. Geographical information system (GIS) is an important tool to identify the risk areas. In our study Arc Info GIS has been used to prepare the spatial distribution maps of available cationic micronutrients and soil chemical properties (pH and organic carbon) of different blocks of this district.
Results: The pH, organic carbon content, available Zinc, Copper, Iron and Manganese content in soils were in the range of 3.68-7.6, 0.15-2.01 (%), 0.56-5.52, 2.4-11.76, 31.6-208.4 and 6.32-99.74 mg kg-1, respectively, with the mean value of 4.97,0.64 (%),2.21, 5.75, 114.68 and 41.87 mg kg-1 respectively. The lowest zinc content has been recorded from the soils of Gopiballavpur- 2 block.
Conclusion: The calculated NIV and spatial distribution maps clearly indicated that there is no deficiency of Iron, Manganese and Copper in this region. Zinc status did not resemble with other cationic micronutrient status which was mostly low to medium with some patches of deficiencies. Soil pH has significant positive relation with Iron. Copper has significant positive relation with soil organic carbon.
The Fornberg-Whitham Equation Solved by the Differential Transform Method
Authors: Nayar Helena , Phiri Patrick Azere 
Published: October 2020

The Differential Transform Method is a powerful analytical method that can solve nonlinear partial differential equations. Yet, the method cannot be used to solve time-dependent partial differential equations that involve more than one partial derivative with respect to the temporal variable t when they are of the same order, as in the case of the Fornberg-Whitham type equations. In this paper, a new theorem is devised to overcome the aforementioned problem ofthe method, and it has been successfully applied to solve the Fornberg-Whitham equation. The other equations belonging to this group of equations, such as the Camassa-Holm equation and the Degasperi-Procesi equation, may also be solved by this approach.
High‐Detectivity Green‐Selective All‐Polymer p–n Junction Photodetectors
Authors: Kang Jinhyeon , Kim Junho , Ham Hyobin , Ahn Hyungju , Lim Soo Yeong , Kim Hyung Min , Kang In‐Nam , Jung In Hwan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCurrently available wavelength‐selective p–n junction organic photodetectors (OPDs) nearly exclusively use small molecules. In this study, green (G) selective all‐polymer p–n junction OPDs are developed by engineering the π‐conjugation networks and insulating properties of p‐ and n‐type polymers. Enhanced intermolecular ordering of p–n junction blend films compared to pristine polymer films results in superior hole/electron mobilities and low bimolecular recombination in the devices. Notably, similar G absorption ranges and the huge difference in their absorption coefficients between p‐ and n‐type polymers make excellent G selectivity in the p–n junction OPDs. Thus, narrow selectivity with a full width at half maximum of 155 nm toward green light and high detectivity of ≈1013 Jones are achieved in the all‐polymer p–n junction OPDs.
Impacts of global warming on the cropping systems of China under technical improvements from 1961 to 2016
Authors: Jiang Yulin , Yin Xiaogang , Wang Xiaohui , Zhang Li , Lu Zhou , Lei Yongdeng , Chu Qingquan , Chen Fu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe multiple cropping systems (MCS) have been crucial for China's food security due to its limited arable land and the increased population for hundreds of years. Global warming has significantly affected MCS in China during recent decades. However, whether global warming has influenced the MCS in China under technical improvement is still uncertain and has received great attention. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the impacts of global warming within the improvements of crop cultivars on MCS in China and analyze the changes in cropland and actual cropping area during the past five decades. Our results showed that the cumulative temperature above 0 °C for the double‐cropping system (DCS) and triple‐cropping system (TCS), respectively, increased by 400 and 100 °C compared to the values in the 1980s. The northern limit of the DCS shifted Southward, while the northern limit of the TCS moved Northward. The cropland of the single‐cropping system (SCS) and TCS increased while the cropland of the DCS decreased. Specifically, the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) area, which represents the DCS in northern China, decreased during the past decades. Similarly, the double‐rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping system area, which represents the TCS in southern China, decreased as it was partly replaced by single‐rice cropping system. Our study indicated that the cropping intensity in China decreased during past decades, and the full use of MCS will lead to high grain production potential in the transition area. The results will be beneficial for optimizing the cropping distribution across China and enhance the food security.
Randomized control trial of oral arginine therapy for children with sickle cell anemia hospitalized for pain in Nigeria
Authors: Onalo Richard , Cooper Peter , Cilliers Antoinette , Vorster Barend C. , Uche Nnebe‐Agumadu , Oluseyi Oniyangi O. , Onalo Victoria D. , Zubairu Yunusa , Ayodele‐Kehinde Alice U. , Damilare Oladimeji M. , Figueroa Janet , Morris Claudia R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLow arginine bioavailability is associated with vaso‐occlusive painful crisis (VOC) severity in sickle cell anemia (SCA) and predicts need for pediatric hospitalization. Intravenous arginine therapy has opioid‐sparing effects and was found to significantly decrease pain scores in children hospitalized with SCA‐VOC in a phase‐two randomized placebo‐controlled trial (RCT). Efficacy of oral arginine is unknown. Our objective was to determine the safety and efficacy of oral arginine therapy in Nigerian children with SCA. A double‐blind RCT of oral L‐arginine‐hydrochloride (100 mg/kg TID) was conducted in children with SCA‐VOC, aged 5‐17 years, hospitalized at two Nigerian sites. The primary outcome measure was analgesic usage, quantified by difference in the mean Analgesic Medication Quantification Scale (MQS). Secondary outcomes included daily pain scores, time‐to‐crisis‐resolution and length‐of‐hospital‐stay. An intention‐to‐treat analysis was performed. Sixty‐eight children (age 5‐17 years, mean 10.6 ± 0.4 years; 56% male), were randomized to receive L‐arginine (35 patients) or placebo (33 patients). The mean total MQS for the arginine group was 73.4 (95% CI, 62.4‐84.3) vs 120.0 (96.7‐143.3) for placebo (P < .001). The mean rate of decline in worst pain scores was faster in the arginine arm vs placebo (1.50 [1.23‐1.77] vs 1.09 [0.94‐1.24] point/d, P = .009). Children receiving arginine had a shorter time‐to‐crisis‐resolution (P = .02), shorter hospital‐stay (P = .002) and experienced no serious adverse event. Pain control was more rapid, total analgesic requirement was significantly reduced, and most notably, time‐to‐crisis‐resolution and length‐of‐hospital‐stay were shorter in children with SCA‐VOC receiving arginine vs placebo. Given the established safety and low cost, oral arginine is a promising adjuvant therapy for SCA‐VOC management.
Risk factors for occupational heat‐related illness among California workers, 2000–2017
Authors: Heinzerling Amy , Laws Rebecca L. , Frederick Matt , Jackson Rebecca , Windham Gayle , Materna Barbara , Harrison Robert 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAs climate change increases global temperatures, heat‐related morbidity and mortality are projected to rise. Outdoor workers and those who perform exertional tasks are particularly susceptible to heat‐related illness (HRI). Using workers' compensation data, we aimed to describe rates of occupational HRI in California and identify demographic and occupational risk factors to inform prevention efforts.MethodsWe identified HRI cases during 2000–2017 in the California Workers' Compensation Information System (WCIS) using International Classification of Diseases Ninth and Tenth Revision codes, WCIS nature and cause of injury codes, and HRI keywords. We assigned industry and occupation codes using the NIOSH Industry and Occupation Computerized Coding System (NIOCCS). We calculated HRI rates by sex, age group, year, county, industry, and occupation, and estimated confidence intervals using generalized linear models.ResultsWe identified 15,996 HRI cases during 2000–2017 (6.0 cases/100,000 workers). Workers aged 16–24 years had the highest HRI rate (7.6) among age groups, and men (8.1) had a higher rate than women (3.5). Industry sectors with the highest HRI rates were Agriculture, Farming, Fishing, and Forestry (38.6), and Public Administration (35.3). Occupational groups with the highest HRI rates were Protective Services (56.6) and Farming, Fishing, and Forestry (36.6). Firefighters had the highest HRI rate (389.6) among individual occupations.ConclusionsWorkers in certain demographic and occupational groups are particularly susceptible to HRI. Additional prevention efforts, including outreach and enforcement targeting high‐risk groups, are needed to reduce occupational HRI. Workers' compensation data can provide timely information about temporal trends and risk factors for HRI.
Mechanistic Investigations for the Formation of Active Hexafluoroisopropyl Benzoates Involving Aza‐Oxyallyl Cation and Anthranils
Authors: Mukherjee Anirban , Ansari Arshad J. , Rajagopala Reddy S. , Kanti Das Gourab , Singh Ritesh 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHerein, we report a multicomponent approach to access hexafluoroisopropyl activated esters using anthranil and aza‐oxyallyl cation with hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol (HFIP) under mild reaction conditions. Activated (HFIP) esters synthesized via this approach serve as an important intermediate to obtain coveted 1,4‐benzodiazepine‐3,5‐dione derivatives. The mechanism of the reaction was studied quantum mechanically using density functional theory (DFT) with functional M06‐2X and 6–31G (d, p) basis set. Different pathways were investigated. Calculated results reveal probable involvement of two mechanisms in current transformation.
Color‐ and Dimension‐Tunable Light‐Harvesting Organic Charge‐Transfer Alloys for Controllable Photon‐Transport Photonics
Authors: Han Xixi , Lei Yilong , Liao Qing , Fu Hongbing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn electron donor/acceptor pair comprising perylene (Pe) and 9,10‐dicyanoanthracene (DCA) was specifically designed to construct organic charge‐transfer (CT) alloys via weak CT interaction through a solution co‐assembly route. By adjusting the molar ratio between Pe and DCA, we achieve color‐ and dimension‐tunable CT alloy assemblies involving one‐dimensional (1D) (DCA)1−x(Pe)x (0 ≤ x ≤10 %) microribbons and two‐dimensional (2D) (Pe)1−y(DCA)y (0 ≤ y ≤5 %) nanosheets as a consequence of energy transfer from DCA or α‐Pe to Pe‐DCA CT complex. Importantly, dimension‐related optical waveguiding performances are also revealed: continuously adjustable optical loss in 1D (DCA)1−x(Pe)x microribbons and successive conversion from isotropic waveguide to anisotropic waveguide in 2D (Pe)1−y(DCA)y nanosheets. The present work provides a desired platform for in‐depth investigation of light‐harvesting organic CT alloy assemblies, which show promising applications in miniaturized optoelectronic devices.
The Triplet Hydroxyl Radical Complex of Phosphorus Monoxide
Authors: Chu Xianxu , Qian Weiyu , Lu Bo , Wang Lina , Qin Jie , Li Jun , Rauhut Guntram , Trabelsi Tarek , Francisco Joseph S. , Zeng Xiaoqing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhosphorus monoxide (.PO) is a key intermediate in phosphorus chemistry, and its association with the hydroxyl radical (.OH) to yield metaphosphorous acid (cis‐HOPO) contributes to the chemiluminescence in the combustion of phosphines. When photolyzing cis‐HOPO in an Ar‐matrix at 2.8 K, the simplest dioxophosphorane HPO2 and an elusive hydroxyl radical complex (HRC) of .PO form. This prototypical radical‐radical complex reforms into cis‐HOPO at above 12.0 K by overcoming a barrier of 0.28±0.02 kcal mol−1. The vibrational spectra of this HRC and its D‐ and 18O‐isotopologues suggest a structure of .OH⋅⋅⋅OP., for which a triplet spin multiplicity with a binding energy of −3.20 kcal mol−1 has been computed at the UCCSD(T)‐F12a/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level.
Bifunctional Effects of Cation Additive on Na‐O2Batteries
Authors: Zhao Shuo , Wang Chenchen , Du Dongfeng , Li Lin , Chou Shulei , Li Fujun , Chen Jun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAprotic Na‐O2batteries have attracted growing interest owing to their low overpotentials and high energy density. Their cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency are limited, however, by Na dendrite formation and superoxide (O2−) degradation. Here, we present a bifunctional cation additive, the tetrabutylammonium cation (TBA+), to simultaneously protect the Na anode and stabilize the superoxide. The adsorption of TBA+on the Na anode suppresses the dendrite formation in the Na plating and ensures stable anode cycling at high current density in both Ar and oxygen atmospheres. Aprotic Na‐O2batteries with TBA+show increased Coulombic efficiency as well as good rate capability. These are rewarded by the fast desolvation kinetics of O2−and suppression of the disproportionation reaction of O2−with TBA+, as confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation and DFT calculations. This bifunctional effect of this cation additive paves a new avenue for the development of Na‐O2batteries.
In Situ Exploration of the Structural Transition during Morphology‐ and Efficiency‐Conserving Halide Exchange on a Single Perovskite Nanocrystal
Authors: Karimata Izuru , Tachikawa Takashi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractControlled fabrication of semiconductor nanostructures with unique physicochemical properties is vital for future technologies. In this study, transformation from red‐emitting metal halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 nanocrystals (NCs) to green‐emitting CH3NH3PbBr3 NCs was achieved without significant morphological changes and loss of photoluminescence (PL) efficiency via a controlled halide exchange reaction. In situ single‐particle PL imaging along with detailed structural and elemental characterizations revealed that sudden cooperative transitions between two light‐emitting states via intermediate dark states with >100 s durations during halide exchange originate from two distinct defect‐mediated reconstruction processes with different activation energies (0.072 and 0.40 eV), leading to an isokinetic temperature of ca. 314 K, across a solid‐state miscibility gap between the I‐ and Br‐rich phases inside a single NC.
Molecular Recognition Mediated by Hydrogen Bonding in Aqueous Media
Authors: Dong Jinqiao , Davis Anthony P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHydrogen bonding is a key governing force in molecular recognition, notably in biological systems. While it has been studied and exploited by supramolecular chemists for many years, most of this work has been conducted in organic solvents. Investigations in water, the biological solvent, have proceeded more slowly, largely because the interaction is weakened by solvation and less easy to detect. Recently it has become appreciated that the problems should be addressed, and work towards the deployment of H‐bonding in water has accelerated. This Minireview discusses a range of synthetic receptors designed to bind organic molecules in aqueous media by combining hydrogen bonding with hydrophobic interactions. Some of these systems are capable of high affinities and selectivities, raising the hope of biomedical applications in the near future.
The effect of 3D structure design on fire behavior of polyethylene terephthalate glycol containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate
Authors: Zárybnická Lucie , Mácová Petra , Machová Dita , Rychlý Jozef , Viani Alberto 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEffect of the shape of 3D printed samples on fire behavior of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET‐G) and PET‐G additivated with a mix of aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) and melamine cyanurate as flame retardant, was investigated. The additives improved fire performance (e.g., maximum average rate of heat emission, total oxygen consumption, heat release rate indices) irrespective of structural complexity, favoring carbonaceous char formation. However, at increasing structural complexity, they promoted higher release of smoke, compared to neat PET‐G, because of a change in the prevalent retardation mechanism, which became dominated by the flame inhibition action of AHP. Consequently, the synergistic effect obtained combining the two additives, was hindered. Impact of product design on mechanisms of fire retardation helps in devising engineering solutions aimed at meeting required level of fire‐safety performance, which should be tailored to the specific product.
Phase equilibria and surface tension in castor oil‐based polyols‐water–methanol mixture: Thermodynamic basis
Authors: Moon Junho , Yang Han Earl , Lee Chan Hee , Choi Ji Su , Oh Jeong Seok 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConsidering the current environmental issues with petro‐polymers, castor oil is a promising green alternative to the polyols to be used as the main raw material for polyurethane. However, the basic information regarding the processability of castor oil‐based polyol (CP) such as its miscibility in different solvents is still elusive. Herein we have investigated the phase equilibria and surface tension of various CP solutions using thermo‐optical analysis and pendent drop method, respectively. The modified double lattice (MDL) model was employed to theoretically describe those phase equilibria and surface behaviors. The phase diagrams of CPs/methanol binary systems represent upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behaviors, and CPs/methanol/water ternary systems show Treybal Type 2 behaviors. The surface tension results exhibit preferential solvent adsorption, which means affinity of the solvent to be present in surface is higher than that of the polymer. The calculated results showed good agreement with the experimental observations.
Age‐Related Effects on Social Cognition in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Possible Protective Effect on Theory of Mind
Authors: Zıvralı Yarar Esra , Howlin Patricia , Charlton Rebecca , Happé Francesca 
Published: October 2020

Impaired social cognition has been suggested to underlie the social communication difficulties that define autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In typical development, social cognition may deteriorate in older age, but age effects in ASD adults have been little explored. In the present study, we compared groups of younger and older adults with and without ASD (n = 97), who completed a set of social cognition tasks assessing theory of mind (ToM), and self‐report measures of empathy and alexithymia. While typically developing (TD) younger adults outperformed elderly TD and younger ASD participants, younger and older ASD adults did not differ in their ToM performance, and the elderly ASD and TD groups performed equivalently. By contrast, ASD adults reported lower empathy scores and higher levels of alexithymia symptoms compared to TD adults regardless of age. The difference between ASD and TD groups in self‐reported empathy scores was no longer significant when alexithymia was covaried (with the exception of the Perspective Taking subscore). Results suggest a possible age‐protective effect on ToM in the ASD group. In addition, empathy difficulties appear to be associated with alexithymia rather than ASD per se. Possible interpretations are discussed, and future directions for autism aging research are proposed.Lay SummaryPeople with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties with social understanding. Some age‐related studies in typical development have shown a decline in social understanding in older age. We investigated whether a similar pattern is present in adults with ASD. We found that understanding what someone is thinking was not worse in older versus younger autistic adults. Also, we reported further evidence suggesting that emotional empathy difficulties were related to difficulties with understanding one's own emotions rather than with autism itself. Autism Res 2021, 14: 911–920. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Interaction between Maternal Immune Activation and Antibiotic Use during Pregnancy and Child Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Holingue Calliope , Brucato Martha , Ladd‐Acosta Christine , Hong Xiumei , Volk Heather , Mueller Noel T. , Wang Xiaobin , Fallin M. Daniele 
Published: October 2020

Prenatal exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), though the conditions under which this elevated risk occurs are unclear. Animal literature demonstrates that antibiotic use, which affects the composition of the maternal gut microbiota, modifies the effect of MIA on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring. The aim of this study was to assess whether antibiotic use during pregnancy modifies the association between MIA and subsequent risk of ASD, in a prospective birth cohort with 116 ASD cases and 860 typically developing (TD) child controls. There was no evidence of interaction between fever or genitourinary infection and antibiotic use on the odds of ASD in unadjusted or adjusted analyzes. However, we found evidence of an interaction between flu, specifically in second trimester, and antibiotic use at any point during pregnancy on the odds of ASD in the child. Among women who received an antibiotic during pregnancy, flu in trimester two was not associated with ASD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.99 [0.43–2.28]). Among women who were not exposed to an antibiotic at any point during pregnancy, flu in second trimester was significantly associated with increased odds of ASD (aOR = 4.05 [1.14–14.38], P = .03), after adjustment for child sex, child birth year, maternal age, gestational age, C‐section delivery, and low birthweight. These findings should be treated as hypothesis‐generating and suggest that antibiotic use may modify the influence that MIA has on autism risk in the child.Lay SummaryWe looked at whether the association between activation of the immune system during pregnancy and risk of the child developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) differed among women who did or did not take an antibiotic at any point during pregnancy. We examined 116 children with ASD and 860 without ASD and found that flu in second trimester was associated with increased ASD, but only among women who did not take an antibiotic during pregnancy. No other immune activation exposures seemed to interact with antibiotic use.