bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Present at the destruction? Grand strategy imperatives of US foreign policy experts during the Trump presidency
Authors: Kurthen Hermann 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article discusses the grand strategy imperatives of 37 foreign policy experts in Washington, DC in response to President Donald Trump's nationalist challenge to the post-Second World War international order concept. Using an abductive reconstructivist methodology to analyse in-depth interviews, five grand strategy imperatives, or rules for action, shared by all actors were identified: safeguarding US global leadership, maintaining alliances, securing US prosperity, orienting at values, and believing in a mission. Based on the interpretation of these rules for action, four types of foreign policy experts were distinguished: nationalists, realists, pragmatic liberals, and liberals. The latter three expert types, altogether labelled globalists, were united in their opposition to the nationalists’ demolition of the international order but divided along partisan and ideological lines about the meaning and implementation of the rules for action. Realists, pragmatic liberals, and liberals were also unsure of how to explain and respond to Trump's nationalism beyond a defensive or wishful hope to save the vestiges of an US-centric international order. The findings demonstrate the value of in-depth qualitative interviews for explaining elite beliefs and illustrate the rich insights for policy analysis that can be gained through this methodology.
Psychiatrist experience of remote consultations by telephone in an outpatient psychiatric department during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Olwill C. , Mc Nally D. , Douglas L. 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a shift globally from face-to-face consultations to remote consultations. In our department, remote consultations have taken in the form of telephone consultations. In this paper, we set out to study a group of Irish psychiatrists’ experience of these consultations.MethodsWe identified recurrent themes in the existing literature on doctors’ experience of telephone consultations with a view to determining the applicability of these themes to a group of Irish psychiatrists. A questionnaire was developed based on themes in the literature. This was sent to all psychiatrists working in a busy psychiatric service in Dublin.ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 72% (n = 26/35). Diagnostic challenges, the effect of phone consultation on the therapeutic alliance, challenges associated with the use of technology and ethical concerns were identified as issues. Flexibility in the working day and convenience were identified as possible benefits to telephone consultations.ConclusionsThe group that participated in this research study identified a number of challenges to carrying out successful phone consultations. This study highlights the need at our clinical site for interventions to address the issues identified by staff. The findings also highlight the requirement for larger studies with stronger methodologies to determine the generalisability of our results.
Discerning the diets of sweep-feeding eurypterids: assessing the importance of prey size to survivorship across the Late Devonian mass extinction in a phylogenetic context
Authors: Hughes Emily S. , Lamsdell James C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEurypterids are generally considered to comprise a mixture of active nektonic to nektobenthic predators and benthic scavenger-predators exhibiting a mode of life similar to modern horseshoe crabs. However, two groups of benthic stylonurine eurypterids, the Stylonuroidea and Mycteropoidea, independently evolved modifications to the armature of their anterior appendages that have been considered adaptations toward a sweep-feeding life habit, and it has been suggested the evolution toward sweep-feeding may have permitted stylonurines to capture smaller prey species and may have been critical for the survival of mycteropoids during the Late Devonian mass extinction. There is a linear correlation between the average spacing of feeding structures and prey sizes among extant suspension feeders. Here, we extrapolate this relationship to sweep-feeding eurypterids in order to estimate the range of prey sizes that they could capture and examine prey size in a phylogenetic context to determine what role prey size played in determining survivorship during the Late Devonian. The mycteropoidCyrtoctenuswas the most specialized sweep-feeder, with comblike appendage armature capable of capturing mesoplankton out of suspension, while the majority of stylonurines possess armature corresponding to a prey size range of 1.6–52 mm, suggesting they were suited for capturing small benthic macroinvertebrates such as crustaceans, mollusks, and wormlike organisms. There is no clear phylogenetic signal to prey size distribution and no evolutionary trend toward decreasing prey sizes among Stylonurina. Rather than prey size, species survivorship during the Late Devonian was likely mediated by geographic distribution and ability to capitalize on the expanding freshwater benthos.
Methane consumption potential of soybean-wheat, maize-wheat and maize-gram cropping systems under conventional and no-tillage agriculture in a tropical vertisol
Authors: Kollah Bharati , Bakoriya Mahendra , Dubey Garima , Parmar Rakesh , Somasundaram J. , Shirale Abhay , Gupta S. C. , Patra A. K. , Mohanty Santosh Ranjan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMethane (CH4) consumption in agricultural soil is imperative for the mitigation of climate change. However, the effect of tillage and cropping systems on CH4consumption is less studied. Experiments were carried out in Madhya Pradesh, India with soybean-wheat (SW), maize-wheat (MW) and maize-gram (MG) cropping systems under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT). Soybean/maize was cultivated during thekharifseason (July–October) and wheat/chickpea in therabiseason (October–March) for 9 years consecutively. Soil samples were collected during vegetative growth stages of soybean and maize from different cropping systems. Methane consumption, the abundance of methanotrophs as particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) gene copies, soil and crop parameters were estimated. Methane consumption rate was higher in NT and upper soil layer (0–5 cm) than CT and 5–15 cm depth. Methane consumption rate k ranged from 0.35 to 0.56 μg CH4consumed/g soil/d in the order of MW>SW>MG in 0–5 cm. The abundance ofpmoAgene copies ranged from 43 × 104/g soil to 13 × 104/g soil and was highest in MW-NT and lowest in MG-CT. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were higher in 0–5 cm than in 5–15 cm depth. Soil and plant parameters and abundance ofpmoAgenes correlated significantly and positively with CH4consumption rate. No-tillage stimulated CH4consumption compared to CT irrespective of cropping system and CH4consumption potential was highest in MW and lowest in MG. However, the magnitude of the positive effect of NT towards CH4consumption was higher in SW and MG than MW.
Indexed type theories
Authors: Isaev Valery 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we define indexed type theories which are related to indexed (∞-)categories in the same way as (homotopy) type theories are related to (∞-)categories. We define several standard constructions for such theories including finite (co)limits, arbitrary (co)products, exponents, object classifiers, and orthogonal factorization systems. We also prove that these constructions are equivalent to their type theoretic counterparts such as Σ-types, unit types, identity types, finite higher inductive types, Π-types, univalent universes, and higher modalities.
On the phantom-like appearance of bilingualism effects on neurocognition: (How) should we proceed?
Authors: Leivada Evelina , Westergaard Marit , Duñabeitia Jon Andoni , Rothman Jason 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNumerous studies have argued that bilingualism has effects on cognitive functions. Recently, in light of increasingly mixed empirical results, this claim has been challenged. One might ponder if there is enough evidence to justify a cessation to future research on the topic or, alternatively, how the field could proceed to better understand the phantom-like appearance of bilingual effects. Herein, we attempt to frame this appearance at the crossroads of several factors such as the heterogeneity of the term ‘bilingual’, sample size effects, task effects, and the complex dynamics between an early publication bias that favours positive results and the subsequent Proteus phenomenon. We conclude that any definitive claim on the topic is premature and that research must continue, albeit in a modified way. To this effect, we offer a path forward for future multi-lab work that should provide clearer answers to whether bilingualism has neurocognitive effects, and if so, under what conditions.
Dosimetric comparison of helical tomotherapy and hybrid (3DCRT-VMAT) technique for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Temelli Öztun , Demirtas Mehmet , Ugurlu Berat Tugrul 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAim:The purpose of the present study is to compare hybrid [three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy-volumetric-modulated arc therapy (3DCRT-VMAT)] and helical tomotherapy (HT) techniques in terms of both planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) in the plans we made in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patientsMaterial and methods:Radiotherapy was planned for 15 locally advanced NSCLC patients with 2 different techniques. Large tumours with positive mediastinal lymph nodes were preferred. The prescription dose was determined as 60 Gy at 30 fractions.Results:Mean PTV volume was 602·5 cc (range: 265–1461). Mean total lung volume was 4264 cc (range: 1885–6803). Homogeneity index, Dmean, Dmax, D2 and V105 were found to be lower in HT, V100, total monitor units (MU) and total beam on time were found to be lower in the hybrid plan. Total lung Dmean was found to be 17 Gy in both techniques. V10 value was 42·85 in the hybrid plan and 48·67 in HT (p = 0·037). Heart Dmean was 14·5 Gy in the hybrid plan and 18·7 in HT (p < 0·001), and V30 values were 18·1 and 22·9, respectively (p = 0·009).Conclusion:Suitable dose coverage and OAR doses can be provided with both techniques. Especially the opposite lung, heart and oesophagus doses can be kept lower with the hybrid plan, and lower MU and shorter beam on time can be provided.
Quantifying Bore‐Bore Capture on Natural Beaches
Authors: Stringari C. E. , Power H. E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBore‐bore capture occurs when a faster moving bore captures a slower moving bore or the shoreline while both are propagating shoreward in the surf or swash zones and is quantified here for the first time using wave tracking methods applied to data collected at seven sandy Australian beaches. The results showed that, for the locations where bore‐bore capture occurred, there was a high probability (≈40%) of bore‐bore capture occurring in the surf or swash zones. Of these ≈45% consisted of a bore capturing the instantaneous shoreline (i.e., they occurred in the swash zone). The landward‐most 10% of the nearshore region (i.e., the time‐varying surf‐swash extent) was found to be the most likely location for a capture event. Infragravity wave energy (Eig) at the shoreline, number of bore‐bore capture events, and beach morphodynamic state are shown to be correlated: more dissipative beaches had higher levels of Eig at the shoreline which directly correlated with higher rates of bore‐bore capture. Approximately 20% of the capture events led to extreme horizontal shoreline maxima; however, >97% of extreme shoreline maxima were directly driven by bore‐bore capture events. There was a clear relation between the probability of bore‐bore capture driving an extreme shoreline maxima and beach morphodynamic state: The more dissipative the beach, the lower the probability of a bore‐bore capture event causing an extreme shoreline maxima event. Such correlation has direct importance for the future development of predictive runup models, which do not currently account for this phenomenon.
Biases in Structure Functions from Observations of Submesoscale Flows
Authors: Pearson Jenna , Fox‐Kemper Baylor , Pearson Brodie , Chang Henry , Haus Brian K. , Horstmann Jochen , Huntley Helga S. , Kirwan A. D. , Lund Björn , Poje Andrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSurface drifter observations from the LAgrangian Submesoscale ExpeRiment (LASER) campaign in the Gulf of Mexico are paired with Eulerian (ship‐borne X‐band radar) data to demonstrate that velocity structure functions from drifters differ systematically from Eulerian structure functions over scales from 0.4 to 7 km. These differences result from drifters oversampling surface convergences and regions of intense vorticity. The first‐, second‐, and third‐order structure functions are calculated using quasi‐Lagrangian (drifter) and Eulerian data from approximately the same location and time. Differences between quasi‐Lagrangian and Eulerian structure functions are attributed to two forms of bias. The first bias results from the mean divergence or vorticity of the background flow creating nonzero first‐order structure functions. This background bias affects both quasi‐Lagrangian and Eulerian data when insufficiently time‐averaged. It severely biases the drifter third‐order structure functions but is smaller in Eulerian structure functions at both second and third order. This bias can be corrected for using lower‐order structure functions. The second form of bias results from drifters accumulating in regions with flow statistics that differ from undersampled regions. This accumulation bias is diagnosed by identifying the dependence of the Eulerian structure functions on divergence and vorticity as well as scale. Together, both biases suggest that caution is needed when interpreting second‐order drifter statistics and that linking raw third‐order drifter statistics to energy fluxes is often erroneous in ocean data: Even with background correction and sufficient time‐averaging, drifters overestimate the Eulerian estimate of the third‐order structure function by up to a factor of 5 when signs are consistent.
High‐Resolution Measurement of Soil Thermal Properties and Moisture Content Using a Novel Heated Fiber Optics Approach
Authors: Shehata Mahmoud , Heitman Joshua , Ishak Joseph , Sayde Chadi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHydrological parameters are scale dependent. Efficient monitoring techniques capable of measuring hydrological parameters, such as soil moisture content (θ), over a wide range of spatial scales are essential for understanding the complexity of water and energy movement across the landscape. Techniques to measure θ over spatial scales in the range from centimeters to thousands of meters, however, are sorely lacking. Recent improvements in the distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology supported the development of novel techniques to fill that gap. However, improvements in the accuracy and applicability of DTS techniques are still needed. This study investigates the possibility of improving the accuracy of the fiber optics dual‐probe heat‐pulse (FO‐DPHP) DTS technique by using a new design to maintain the spacing between the FO‐DPHP probes and by introducing a novel data interpretation approach. The accuracy of the novel FO‐DPHP design was tested at different θ in a sand column experiment. The FO‐DPHP measurements obtained using traditional and novel data interpretation approaches were compared against independent measurements from several calibrated soil water content (EC5) sensors. Monte‐Carlo analyses were also performed to assess the impact of DTS measurement errors on the accuracy achieved using the data interpretation approaches. The novel design and data interpretation approach allowed for accurate measurements of soil thermal properties and θ without the need to perform a hard‐to‐achieve soil‐specific calibration. Measured θ had mean errors and standard deviations <0.03 and <0.01 m3 m−3, respectively, for moisture conditions ranging from dry to near saturation. The standard deviation in the measured heat capacity was <0.01 MJ m−3 K−1.
The FBW7-MCL-1 axis is key in M1 and M2 macrophage-related colon cancer cell progression: validating the immunotherapeutic value of targeting PI3Kγ
Authors: Lee Yeo Song , Song Su Jeong , Hong Hye Kyung , Oh Bo Young , Lee Woo Yong , Cho Yong Beom 
Published: May 2020

AbstractColorectal cancer is a devastating disease with a low 5-year survival rate. Recently, many researchers have studied the mechanisms of tumor progression related to the tumor microenvironment. Here, we addressed the prognostic value of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) using a total of 232 CRC patient tissue samples and investigated the mechanisms underlying TAM-related colon cancer progression with respect to PI3Kγ regulation using in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo approaches. Patients with M2/M1 < 3 had significantly improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared with patients with M2/M1 > 3. M1 and M2 macrophages elicited opposite effects on colon cancer progression via the FBW7-MCL-1 axis. Blocking macrophage PI3Kγ had cytotoxic effects on colon cancer cells and inhibited epithelial–mesenchymal transition features by regulating the FBW7-MCL-1 axis. The results of this study suggest that macrophage PI3Kγ may be a promising target for immunotherapy in colon cancer.
Linked patterns of biological and environmental covariation with brain structure in adolescence: a population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Modabbernia Amirhossein , Reichenberg Abraham , Ing Alex , Moser Dominik A. , Doucet Gaelle E. , Artiges Eric , Banaschewski Tobias , Barker Gareth J. , Becker Andreas , Bokde Arun L. W. , Quinlan Erin Burke , Desrivières Sylvane , Flor Herta , Fröhner Juliane H. , Garavan Hugh , Gowland Penny , Grigis Antoine , Grimmer Yvonne , Heinz Andreas , Insensee Corinna , Ittermann Bernd , Martinot Jean-Luc , Martinot Marie-Laure Paillère , Millenet Sabina , Nees Frauke , Orfanos Dimitri Papadopoulos , Paus Tomáš , Penttilä Jani , Poustka Luise , Smolka Michael N. , Stringaris Argyris , van Noort Betteke M. , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Schumann Gunter , Frangou Sophia ,   IMAGEN Consortium
Published: May 2020

AbstractAdolescence is a period of major brain reorganization shaped by biologically timed and by environmental factors. We sought to discover linked patterns of covariation between brain structural development and a wide array of these factors by leveraging data from the IMAGEN study, a longitudinal population-based cohort of adolescents. Brain structural measures and a comprehensive array of non-imaging features (relating to demographic, anthropometric, and psychosocial characteristics) were available on 1476 IMAGEN participants aged 14 years and from a subsample reassessed at age 19 years (n = 714). We applied sparse canonical correlation analyses (sCCA) to the cross-sectional and longitudinal data to extract modes with maximum covariation between neuroimaging and non-imaging measures. Separate sCCAs for cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volumes confirmed that each imaging phenotype was correlated with non-imaging features (sCCA r range: 0.30–0.65, all PFDR < 0.001). Total intracranial volume and global measures of cortical thickness and surface area had the highest canonical cross-loadings (|ρ| = 0.31−0.61). Age, physical growth and sex had the highest association with adolescent brain structure (|ρ| = 0.24−0.62); at baseline, further significant positive associations were noted for cognitive measures while negative associations were observed at both time points for prenatal parental smoking, life events, and negative affect and substance use in youth (|ρ| = 0.10−0.23). Sex, physical growth and age are the dominant influences on adolescent brain development. We highlight the persistent negative influences of prenatal parental smoking and youth substance use as they are modifiable and of relevance for public health initiatives.
Linking perturbations to temporal changes in diversity, stability, and compositions of neonatal calf gut microbiota: prediction of diarrhea
Authors: Ma Tao , Villot Clothilde , Renaud David , Skidmore Andrew , Chevaux Eric , Steele Michael , Guan Le Luo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPerturbations in early life gut microbiota can have long-term impacts on host health. In this study, we investigated antimicrobial-induced temporal changes in diversity, stability, and compositions of gut microbiota in neonatal veal calves, with the objective of identifying microbial markers that predict diarrhea. A total of 220 samples from 63 calves in first 8 weeks of life were used in this study. The results suggest that increase in diversity and stability of gut microbiota over time was a feature of “healthy” (non-diarrheic) calves during early life. Therapeutic antimicrobials delayed the temporal development of diversity and taxa–function robustness (a measure of microbial stability). In addition, predicted genes associated with beta lactam and cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance were more abundant in gut microbiota of calves treated with therapeutic antimicrobials. Random forest machine learning algorithm revealed that Trueperella, Streptococcus, Dorea, uncultured Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus 2, and Erysipelatoclostridium may be key microbial markers that can differentiate “healthy” and “unhealthy” (diarrheic) gut microbiota, as they predicted early life diarrhea with an accuracy of 84.3%. Our findings suggest that diarrhea in veal calves may be predicted by the shift in early life gut microbiota, which may provide an opportunity for early intervention (e.g., prebiotics or probiotics) to improve calf health with reduced usage of antimicrobials.
Comparison of skeletal and soft tissue pericytes identifies CXCR4+ bone forming mural cells in human tissues
Authors: Xu Jiajia , Li Dongqing , Hsu Ching-Yun , Tian Ye , Zhang Leititia , Wang Yiyun , Tower Robert J. , Chang Leslie , Meyers Carolyn A. , Gao Yongxing , Broderick Kristen , Morris Carol , Hooper Jody E. , Nimmagadda Sridhar , Péault Bruno , James Aaron W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHuman osteogenic progenitors are not precisely defined, being primarily studied as heterogeneous multipotent cell populations and termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Notably, select human pericytes can develop into bone-forming osteoblasts. Here, we sought to define the differentiation potential of CD146+ human pericytes from skeletal and soft tissue sources, with the underlying goal of defining cell surface markers that typify an osteoblastogenic pericyte. CD146+CD31−CD45− pericytes were derived by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from human periosteum, adipose, or dermal tissue. Periosteal CD146+CD31−CD45− cells retained canonical features of pericytes/MSC. Periosteal pericytes demonstrated a striking tendency to undergo osteoblastogenesis in vitro and skeletogenesis in vivo, while soft tissue pericytes did not readily. Transcriptome analysis revealed higher CXCR4 signaling among periosteal pericytes in comparison to their soft tissue counterparts, and CXCR4 chemical inhibition abrogated ectopic ossification by periosteal pericytes. Conversely, enrichment of CXCR4+ pericytes or stromal cells identified an osteoblastic/non-adipocytic precursor cell. In sum, human skeletal and soft tissue pericytes differ in their basal abilities to form bone. Diversity exists in soft tissue pericytes, however, and CXCR4+ pericytes represent an osteoblastogenic, non-adipocytic cell precursor. Indeed, enrichment for CXCR4-expressing stromal cells is a potential new tactic for skeletal tissue engineering.