bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Support on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt–Ni Nanoframe
Authors: Nakahoshiba Ryota , Li Tianchi , Ogura Kazuya , Kato Masaru , Yagi Ichizo 
Published: February 2020

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are clean, sustainable devices and can produce electricity without the emission of CO2 gas. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts are required for the cathode in PEFCs because the ORR is sluggish. Pt shows the highest ORR activity in the metals. The ORR activity of Pt has been improved by alloying with 3d transition metals such as Ni,1) and Pt–Ni alloys have been used for the cathode in PEFCs. The ORR activity was also improved by using nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) as supports for PGM nanoparticles.2) This is because platinum–nitrogen interaction finely tunes the electronic structure of catalyst surface.
Herein, we studied Pt–Ni nanoframe3) supported on NC (Pt–Ni NF/NC) or non-doped carbon black (Pt–Ni NF/C) for the ORR.4) In order to clarify support effects on the Pt–Ni NF, we performed in situ Pt L3-edege X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements of Pt–Ni NF/NC and Pt–Ni NF/C. The ORR activity of Pt­–Ni NF/NC was higher than that of Pt­–Ni NF/C. In situ Pt L3-edge XAFS spectroscopy of Pt­–Ni NF/NC showed almost no potential dependence of the intensity of the white line region, whereas Pt­–Ni NF/C showed some changes. This result suggests that the formation of Pt surface oxide was suppressed for Pt­–Ni NF/NC under electrochemical conditions, leading to the improvement of the ORR activity.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NEDO.
References
1) V. Stamenkovic et al., Angew. Chem., 118, 2963-2967 (2006)
2) Y. Zhou et al., Energy Environ
Sci., 3, 1437 (2010)
3) C. Chen et al., Science,
343, 1339-1343 (2014).
4) M. Kato et al., ACS Omega, 3, 9052‒9059 (2018).
Growth of Metal Nanoparticles on Electrostatically-Charged Polymers
Authors: Zhang Jinyang 
Published: February 2020

Growth of Metal Nanoparticles on Electrostatically-Charged Polymers

Jinyang Zhang and Simone Ciampi*

School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
Static electrification of insulators is a familiar topic: hair attracted by a party balloon or ink or laser printers transferred to a toner1. Contact electrification develops on the surface of insulators which are brought in and out of. Statically charged surfaces has been known to mediate redox work, but the scope in electrochemistry of charged dielectrics remains poorly understood. In 2008, Liu and Bard demonstrated that metal ions can be reduced to elemental metal on a charged polytetrafluoroethylene surface and they proposed that charge carries are electrons2. However, in 2011, Bartosz A. Grzybowski demonstrated a random “mosaic” of each polymer surface after contact and separated, suggesting that polymer fragments are responsible of the electrification process3. Here we report that the magnitude of electrochemical work on electrostatically-charged polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) samples is material-dependent. We show that the magnitude of redox work mediated by a charge insulator is governed by a trade-off between its ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA)4. Using XPS, AFM and TEM we have quantified metal deposition on electrostatically-charged PDMS, PTFE and PVC samples. Quantum chemical methods are used to show that anions are the effector of the redox work and polymer, with plastics of the largest negative value of EA (making negative charges unstable) but that at the same time it will ionize into cationic fragments with relative ease, leads to surfaces able to mediate redox work to the largest extent. This work extends our understanding of the molecular nature of static electricity and may find applications in single-electrode electrochemistry and in the study of electrostatic catalysis on chemical reactivity.
References

Childress, C. O.; Kabell, L. J., Electrostatic Printing System. US Patent No. 3,081,698, 163: 1963.

Liu, C.-Y.; Bard, A. J., Electrostatic Electrochemistry at Insulators. Nat. Mater.
2008,
7 (6), 505–509.

Baytekin, H.; Patashinski, A.; Branicki, M.; Baytekin, B.; Soh, S.; Grzybowski, B. A., The Mosaic of Surface Charge in Contact Electrification. Science
2011,
333 (6040), 308–312.

Zhang, J.; Rogers, F.; Darwish, N.; Gonçales, V. R.; Vogel, Y. B.; Wang, F.; Gooding, J. J.; Peiris, M. C.; Jia, G.; Veder, J.-P., Electrochemistry on tribocharged polymers is governed by the stability of surface charges rather than charging magnitude. Journal of the American Chemical Society
2019.

Figure 1
Energy Storage Technology in AIST; The Background of the Diversity
Authors: Sakaebe Hikari 
Published: February 2020

Efficient energy network system is required and in Department of Energy and Environment (EE), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) is responsible for realizing it by R&D of energy technologies. Our mission is implementation of Japanese policy for technology. For this purpose, 5 Research Institutes and 3 Centers concerning energy conservation, environmental management, science for safety and sustainability, energy storage, renewable energy are organized in EE.
One of the most important subjects of AIST, and EE is battery technology. Our Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy (RIECEN) is responsible for this issue and plays a central role in AIST and Japan. For example, Research and Development Initiative for Scientific Innovation of New Generation Batteries 2 (RISING2) is Japanese largest national project for R&D of the batteries, and RIECEN, AIST forms research base with Kyoto University for open innovation of the new battery systems. In this project and previous RISING, author has been engaged as one of the group leaders for 5 years. Educational background might be the basis for the reason for me to be in this position.
EE department includes c.a. 8% female researchers and 4% foreign researchers. RIECEN in EE keeps 12% female researchers and this is more than the average of AIST total (10%). In the battery technology, we need a wide variety of the academic field of the study. This could act in good direction for diversity. We hope this properties could be the source for flexible activities in constructing the energy systems by best-mix.
(Invited) Four Decades of Diversification and Progress at ECS
Authors: Calvo Roque 
Published: February 2020

Since its founding on April 1902, The Electrochemical Society has supported a diverse community of scientists and engineers who have participated in the meetings, published in the journals and who have been recognized for their achievements through the ECS awards program. ECS is a global community with members, authors and meeting attendees residing in 80 countries. The ECS community is a broad association of researchers with experience ranging from students to world-recognized scientists whose affiliations represent a healthy mix of government, academia and industry research institutions. The ECS community is multidisciplinary with participants from an extensive scope of technical interests connected to the field of electrochemical and solid-state science and technology. Finally, after four decades of progress, the ECS Community is diverse with significant female achievement through participation in the programs and leadership of the organization.
Female diversity in ECS essentially began with the election of the first female Vice President Joan Berkowitz in 1976. After her service as Vice President, she was elected as the first female President and Board Chair leading ECS in that role from 1979-80. Former ECS Executive Director Roque Calvo, began working at ECS when Dr. Berkowitz was finishing her service on the Board. During his 38-year career he had the opportunity to work with the six distinguished female ECS Presidents including: Kathryn Bullock (1995-96), Jan Talbot (2001-02), Robin Susko (2004-05), Esther Takeuchi (2011-12), and Johna Leddy (2017-18). Additionally, he worked with five female leaders who were elected to the Office of ECS Secretary or Treasurer; all of which provided him with the opportunity to collaborate with these dynamic women leaders as they influenced change and progress in ECS.
Based on his experience as an ECS staff member during this era of change, Roque Calvo will reflect on the unique contributions of these female leaders and those of several others like Geraldine Schwartz from the 1st Class of ECS Fellows, who worked behind the scenes to advance the Society’s mission. Their collective influence has led to significant growth and development of ECS programs and further stimulated diversity and inclusion in the organization. From the beginning, it was evident that the ECS community placed great importance on inclusiveness and diversity. These values are reflected in the ECS objectives, activities, governance, staff and culture of the organization and are critical components of the Society’s success and accomplishments. Since Joan Berkowitz’s pioneering role as the first female President, women leaders have had a major impact on the Society’s success in achieving its’ primary mission…to advance electrochemical and solid-state science and technology.
(Invited) Electrochemical Processes for in Situ Resource Utilization
Authors: Hintze Paul 
Published: February 2020

In situ resource utilization (ISRU) is the practice of generating resources when humans are away from Earth. The goals of ISRU include the generation of rocket propellants, building materials, and life sustaining commodities from such resources as the Mars atmosphere, lunar regolith, and even trash.
There are many technology options that are currently at different technology readiness levels. This talk will review some of the more mature ISRU technologies and show were electrochemical processes have the potential to be a better option. The generation of oxygen from lunar regolith has been demonstrated using hydrogen and carbothermal reduction processes. Electrolysis of regolith when it is molten or dissolved has the potential for increased yields.
Propellant production on Mars can be achieved through capture of carbon dioxide from the Mars atmosphere and water from the Mars soil. The water is split to oxygen and hydrogen, which is used to reduce carbon dioxide to methane, resulting in production of methane and oxygen. The co-electrolysis of carbon dioxide and water can produce methane and oxygen in a single process vessel, reducing the complexity of the overall system. Recent work has shown that this can be done when carbon dioxide is dissolved in an ionic liquid. The same ionic liquid shows a high capacity for carbon dioxide uptake and can be used to collect carbon dioxide.
Because ISRU systems are extremely mass constrained, there is a need for gas and water cleanup methods that do not use consumables. Some of the ISRU cleanup challenges and potential solutions, such as electro-dialysis to clean water, will be discussed.
Nitrous Oxide As an Oxidizer for Dual Use Fuel Cell / Thrust Systems in Space Applications
Authors: Tsui Lok-kun , Plumley John Bryan , Peng Thomas , Garzon Fernando H 
Published: February 2020

Nitrous oxide (N2O), a non-toxic chemical which can be stored in a liquefied state under moderate pressures
(52 bar) without cryogenic storage, is a reactant which can be used to generate electricity or propel a
spacecraft. It has been investigated as a cold gas propellant, monopropellant, and bipropellant; particularly
in the field of small satellites.[1,2] Nitrous oxide can also be used to generate electricity by acting as the
oxidizer in a fuel cell where N2O reduction occurs at the cathode and a fuel such as H2 is oxidized at the
anode.[3] Although the equilibrium potential in standard state aqueous electrolytes is 1.76 V vs SHE,
[3] large overpotentials in aqueous electrolytes make it difficult to efficiently extract power from this reaction. The
electrochemical reduction can be more readily achieved in a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with an oxygen
ion conductor for an electrolyte following the reactions in equations 1 and 2.[4] SOFCs also enable the use
of alternative fuels such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NH3. Additionally, the reaction product N2 is expected
to be usable as a cold gas propellant.
Cathode: 𝑁2𝑂 + 2𝑒− → 𝑁2 + 𝑂2− (1)
Anode: 𝐻2 + 𝑂2− → 𝐻2𝑂 + 2𝑒− (2)
We report on a SOFC device consisting of a Ni anode, a LaSrMnO3 cathode, and a Sc-doped ZrO2

electrolyte substrate. The maximum operating power which can be extracted from this system using N2O
as an oxidizer and H2 as a fuel, the conversion efficiency of N2O to N2, and a comparison of the performance
of N2O with air and O2 are all evaluated under a range of operating temperatures and flow rates.

References

1. V. Zakirov, M. Sweeting, T. Lawrence, and J. Sellers, Acta Astronautica., 48, 353–362 (2001).
2. V. Tarantini, B. Risi, R. Spina, N. G. Orr, and R. E. Zee, in Small Satellites Systems and Services
Symposium, p. 1–12 (2016).
3. A. Aziznia, A. Bonakdarpour, E. L. Gyenge, and C. W. Oloman, Electrochim. Acta, 56, 5238–5244
(2011).
4. T. Li, M. F. Rabuni, L. Kleiminger, G. H. Kelsall, U. W. Hartley, K. Lim, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 3682–3686 (2016).
Electrochemistry and the Origin of Life
Authors: Jones John-Paul , Barge Laura M , Krause Frederick C. , Hermis Ninos Y , Billings Keith J. , Perl Scott M 
Published: February 2020

There is considerable international interest in the origin of life, both on Earth and icy worlds such as Europa, Enceladus, Ceres, and Titan. These ocean worlds may contain hydrothermal vents at the interfaces between their salty oceans and rocky cores and have been prioritized by NASA in the search for evidence of life in our solar system.1 Hydrothermal vents on Earth have been shown to produce voltage and current in the field2,3 and may be related to the origin of life.4 Electrochemistry certainly plays a role here, with hot reductants flowing from the crust and interacting with oceans through porous, partially conductive minerals. Understanding the natural systems that exist on Earth and may have contributed to the emergence of life, and determining similarities to hydrothermal vents on ocean worlds, is a critical step in exploring these unknown environments.
We have attempted to model these systems using both cyclic voltammetry and fuel cell experiments,5 with results presented here. While there is a plethora of potential redox couples which could be exploited in nature at hydrothermal vents, one of the most active reductants is H2S, which is produced at many black smoker chimneys and reacts with various metals to generate compounds such as FeS and FeS2, both of which are known electroactive materials. Studies on these materials indicate that they may produce energy which could be directly used by simple organisms on the outside of the chimneys and in turn feed larger organisms. This chain of energy utilization exists without solar irradiation, thus giving credence to the hypothesis that life may exist at the bottom of the ocean on the icy moons around Jupiter and Saturn.6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) supported by JPL’s Research and Technology Development program.
References:

A. R. Hendrix et al., Astrobiology, 19 (2019).

R. Nakamura et al., Angew. Chemie Int. Ed., 49, 7692–7694 (2010).

M. Yamamoto et al., Angew. Chemie Int. Ed., 56, 5944 (2017).

G. Macleod, C. McKeown, A. J. Hall, and M. J. Russell, Orig. life Evol. Biosph., 24, 19–41 (1994).

L. M. Barge, F. C. Krause, J.-P. Jones, K. Billings, and P. Sobron, Astrobiology, 18, 1147–1158 (2018).

K. P. Hand, R. W. Carlson, and C. F. Chyba, Astrobiology, 7, 1006–1022 (2007).

Figure 1
Measuring Soluble Properties of Planetary Science Samples: Sensor and System Development Since the Wet Chemistry Laboratory
Authors: Noell Aaron C , Jaramillo Elizabeth A , Quinn Richard C. , Ricco Antonio , Kounaves Samuel P , Hecht Michael H 
Published: February 2020

The measurement of the soluble properties (pH, eH, conductivity, specific ion concentrations, etc.) of planetary science samples provides important information on the habitability of a location, the bulk components of a sample, the potential for undesired effects on analysis protocols, and the history/preservation of the sample (e.g., geologic weathering, radiation processing, etc.). Electrochemical sensors are an ideal means to measure soluble properties because they excel at detecting ionic species in solution. The Wet Chemistry Lab (WCL) on the 2007 Mars Phoenix Lander was the first planetary science instrument to focus on soluble inorganic ion measurements and used an array of electrochemical sensors. WCL’s discovery of significant quantities of perchlorate salts in the Martian regolith helped reshape our understanding of Martian chemistry and the search for past or present life there.
As NASA starts on a new chapter of exploration with potential missions to further out locations like the Ocean Worlds of Europa and Enceladus, it is a natural fit to adapt the successful WCL instrument for operation on bodies where the samples could be ice or liquid. Since the successful operation of WCL on Mars there have been a number of projects to improve sensor capabilities, develop microfluidic implementations, and prepare for Ocean World mission scenarios. This work has led to a number of developments, including: 1. Production of Ag/AgCl reference electrodes that are stable for use during flight missions. 2. Cyclic voltammetry methods for the specific detection of SO4
2- and NO3
-. 3. Adaptation of hydrogel-based ion-sensitive electrodes (ISEs) for use in microfluidic arrays. 4. The development of solid-contact ISEs for use during flight missions. 5. Radiation testing of ISE ionophores. 6. The development of microfluidic infrastructure based on successful small satellite payloads.
The combination of all this work has led to a significant increase in sensor/system performance and robustness in preparation for potential missions to Ocean Worlds.
Pulsed Electrodeposition of Carbon Dioxide Reduction Electrocatalysts for Space Applications
Authors: Skinn Brian , Sen Sujat , Leonard McLain Evan , Wang Dan , Brushett Fikile R. , Taylor E. J. 
Published: February 2020

Space programs around the globe have begun to consider the logistical demands of missions beyond the orbital neighborhood of Earth. Unlike local installations such as the International Space Station, long-range missions will not have the option to resupply critical materials from Earth. Thus, the development of capabilities for what is often termed "In-Situ Resource Utilization" (ISRU) have been a continuing focus of research through NASA and other agencies. One particular long-range mission of interest is to place human astronauts on Mars; the major component of the thin Martian atmosphere is carbon dioxide, making CO2 a natural input to ISRU technologies for production of carbon-containing materials. Production of mission consumables from in-situ Mars resources will be critical to enabling human exploration of Mars, in part by minimizing the number and size of descent/ascent vehicles. Potential ISRU products from CO2 include that seem likely to provide significant mission benefits with minimal infrastructure required are propellants (e.g., hydrocarbons), fuel cell reactants (e.g., formic acid, methanol, carbon monoxide), and life support consumables (e.g., oxygen).
The first portion of this talk will comprise a high-level overview of the chemical transformations that can be imparted to CO2 via electrocatalysis on gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs), in the form of a summary of literature reports on the catalytic performance of various single-metal and metal-alloy systems. The remainder will encompass an exposition of the electrocatalytic performance of tin and copper single-metal GDE electrocatalysts prepared by pulsed electrodeposition. These metals are well known for their ability to reduce carbon dioxide to formic acid and hydrocarbons/carbon monoxide, respectively, and are under active development to this end in numerous academic research groups and industrial entities. These experimental results clearly demonstrate the power and flexibility of the pulse/pulse-reverse electrodeposition approach to catalyst fabrication, as evidenced by the appreciable effects of the pulsed-waveform electrodeposition parameters on CO2 electroreduction product distribution and total current density.
(Invited) Electrolyte Design and Solution Mediation Processes in Metal-Oxygen and Metal-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Lu Yi-Chun 
Published: February 2020

Energy storage system is a critical enabling factor for deploying unstable and intermittent renewable power sources such as solar and wind power sources. Energy storage devices including metal-oxygen and metal-sulfur batteries have received extraordinary attentions owing to their high energy density. In this presentation, we will discuss fundamental redox processes and design strategies in these battery systems. We exploit various spectroscopic techniques coupled with single-cell electrochemical characterizations to probe the sulfur and oxygen reactions. In addition, we will discuss new redox chemistries as alternative anode materials to metals and synergistic interplay between solvent and redox-active materials at solid and liquid interfaces that commonly exist in these high-energy-density energy storage systems.
Acknowledgement:
This work was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HK SAR), China, T23-601/17-R and a grant from the Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. ITS/063/18).