bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sedentariness and Back Health in Western Cape Primary School Students: Protocol for a Pragmatic Stepped-Wedge Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fisher Dominic , Louw Quinette , Thabane Lehana 
Published: September 2020

Background
Despite growing evidence of deleterious health outcomes associated with sedentary behavior, prolonged static sitting in classrooms remains ubiquitous in primary schools. Sedentary behavior is associated with the development of cardio-metabolic conditions and poor back health. Preventative strategies to reduce sedentary behavior and its negative health effects may be required in a resource-constrained environment such as South Africa.

Objective
The primary objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of conducting a full trial to evaluate the effects of a multifaceted intervention comprising novel multifunctional classroom furniture and a video-based curriculum versus usual care on sedentary behavior among students aged 10-11 years in primary schools. The secondary objective is to assess the preliminary effects of the intervention on sedentary behavior and postural dynamism.

Methods
Eighty grade 5 or 6 students, aged 10 and 11 years, in mixed-gender schools within the Western Cape metropolitan urban area in Cape Town, South Africa are eligible to participate in this pilot cluster stepped-wedge trial design with classroom as the unit of randomization. Data will be collected at the schools. The intervention will comprise multifunctional classroom furniture that allows for sitting and standing as well as a video-based curriculum on sedentary behavior. Usual practice is the absence of the intervention. The primary outcomes assessed will be (1) adherence to the intervention and (2) project pragmatics. The secondary outcomes will be (1) sedentariness measured using activPAL3 microsensors and (2) postural dynamism measured using Noraxon Myomotion inertial measurement units. We randomized the school to the first or second start of the intervention. This is an open-label trial and therefore blinding will not be possible for any group. Descriptive analysis of the feasibility and physiological outcomes will be presented. We will report the preliminary estimates of the effects of the intervention on sedentariness and postural dynamism using the mean difference and 95% CI.

Results
At the time of submission, two classrooms have been recruited into the study. Baseline physical activity and postural dynamism data have been collected from 10 participants from each class.

Conclusions
The results of this feasibility stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial will be useful in informing the design of the main trial to assess whether this multifaceted intervention of multifunctional classroom furniture that allows for sitting and standing as well as a video-based curriculum versus usual care has any effect on sedentary behavior in low-resource-setting primary schools.

Trial Registration
Pan African Trials Registry PACTR201811799476016; https://tinyurl.com/y4upoys8

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
RR1-10.2196/18522
Problematika Penerapan Tanda Baca dan Pola Kalimat dalam Produk Peraturan Daerah
Authors: Hartini Lilis , Sudana Dadang 
Published: September 2020

Struktur bahasa Indonesia memusatkan perhatiannya pada tata bahasa yang sesuai dengan standardisasi bahasa. Struktur bahasa yang sudah memenuhi syarat kaidah bahasa Indonesia yang berlaku menerapkan pola kalimat yang sempurna. Pola kalimat akan sempurna apabila ditunjang oleh tanda baca yang sesuai dengan makna sintaksiknya. Struktur bahasa seperi ini dikategorikan sebagai bahasa yang baik dan benar. Permasalahan inti dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana problematika tanda baca dan pola kalimat yang diterapkan dalam produk peraturan daerah dan bagaimana kekeliruan bahasa dapat terjadi pada produk Peraturan Daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan pola kalimat dan kekeliruan bahasa dalam produk peraturan daerah.
Melalui metode deskriptif dengan mengambil pendekatan kualitatif interpretatif berdasarkan kepustakaan ditemukan bahwa terdapat beberapa aturan hukum yang tidak menerapkan tanda baca dan pola kalimat yang sesuai dengan strandardisasi bahasa, sehingga komunikasi hukum menjadi kurang baik. Ini berimbas pada kekeliruan penggunaan bahasa pada teks-teks hukum. Hasil data yang dianalisis tersebut disajikan melalui contoh yang relevan dengan keadaan hukum dewasa ini.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat dua problematika dalam produk hukum. Pertama, problematika penerapan tanda baca dan pola kalimat pada teks hukum terdapat pada kebiasaan masyarakat hukum yang tidak mau beranjak dari budaya untuk menyalin kembali istilah-istilah hukum atau teks-teks hukum dari wacana hukum sebelumnya Kedua, berhubungan dengan kekeliruan berbahasa yang sering menyimpang dari strukturtata bahasa sehingga terkesan penulisan aturan terlampau jauh dari kepraktisan berbahasa. Hal ini mengakibatkan kekeliruan struktur bahasa dalam produk hukum karena kaidah bahasa Indonesia yang baku telah dilanggar.
Treatment of maxillary canine transposition
Authors: Pedalino Aldo , Matias Murilo , Gaziri Daniel , Vieira Bruno , Alves Luiza , Ursi Weber 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Transposition of maxillary teeth is an eruptive disturbance occurring in approximately 1 of every 300 orthodontic patients. Such cases are frequently very challenging in terms of treatment planning and orthodontic management. The canine is one of the most commonly transposed teeth, ectopically positioned with either the lateral incisor or the first premolar. This case report illustrates unique orthodontic treatment, describes treatment procedures, and presents the final outcome of bilateral maxillary canine-lateral incisor complete transpositions in which the involved teeth were moved to their clinically normal position in the dental arch without extracting premolars.
The Pathological Evolution of Glucose Response Curves During the Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study
Authors: Ismail Heba M. , Cleves Mario A. , Xu Ping , Libman Ingrid M. , Becker Dorothy J. , Marks Jennifer B. , Skyler Jay S. , Palmer Jerry P. , Sosenko Jay M. ,   the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group
Published: September 2020

OBJECTIVE
Glucose response curves (GRCs) during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) are predictive of type 1 diabetes. We performed a longitudinal analysis in pancreatic autoantibody-positive individuals to assess 1) characteristic GRC changes during progression to type 1 diabetes and 2) GRC changes in relation to β-cell function changes and to combined glucose and C-peptide response curve (GCRC) changes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Among antibody-positive individuals with serial OGTTs in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study, GRC changes from first to last OGTTs were compared between progressors (n = 298) to type 1 diabetes and nonprogressors (n = 2,216). GRC changes from last OGTT before diagnosis to diagnostic OGTTs were studied in progressors.

RESULTS
GRCs changed more frequently from biphasic (two peaks) to monophasic (one peak) GRCs between first and last OGTTs in progressors than in nonprogressors (75.4% vs. 51.0%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). In contrast, GRCs of progressors changed less frequently from monophasic to biphasic than those of nonprogressors (12.6% vs. 30.6%; P &lt; 0.001). Monotonic (continuous increase) GRCs were present in 47.7% of progressors at diagnosis. The early (30–0 min) C-peptide response decreased in progressors with GRCs changing from biphasic to monophasic between first and last OGTTs (P &lt; 0.001) and from monophasic to monotonic between last and diagnostic OGTTs (P &lt; 0.001). Conversely, the early C-peptide response increased among nonprogressors with GRCs changing from monophasic to biphasic (P &lt; 0.001). Changes in GRCs were related to changes in GCRCs.

CONCLUSIONS
Characteristic GRC changes, biphasic to monophasic to monotonic, occur during the progression to type 1 diabetes. These GRC changes correspond to decreasing β-cell function.
Nettverk-signalisering: en dynamisk modell for taktikkskifter i grensetvister
Authors: Schram Jakob 
Published: September 2020

Når og hvorfor velger stater å bruke militærmakt i grensetvister? Artikkelen argumenterer for at kvantitative studier av grensetvister i internasjonale relasjoner (IR) i for stor grad har fokusert på statiske forklaringsvariabler. For å forstå taktikkskifter må vi isolere hendelsesdynamikker, ikke konstante egenskaper. Paul Huths innflytelsesrike «nettverksmodell» åpner for nettopp dette, men jeg finner at dens logikk er ustø og dens empiriske støtte tvilsom. I stedet foreslår jeg en alternativ mekanisme, inspirert av Barbara Walters borgerkrigteori: En truet stat har et akutt behov for å signalisere kampvilje, og grensetvister er ideelle «scener» for slike signaler. Dermed kan vi forvente aggressive taktikkskifter innad i tvister like etter at eksterne trusler inntreffer – stikk i strid med Huths modell. Jeg tester de to hypotesene på et datamateriale om Kinas konfliktnettverk mellom 1954 og 2005. Mer omfattende tester er nødvendig for å fastslå modellens forklaringskraft, men dette materialet gir ettertrykkelig støtte til mitt argument. Sannsynligheten for at Kina ville militarisere en grensetvist mer enn tredoblet seg i ukene etter at Beijing ble utfordret militært av en eller flere utenforstående stater. Resultatet er uforenlig med litteraturens dominerende tese og styrker dermed oppfatningen av statiske forklaringsvariabler som utilstrekkelige for å kartlegge rykk og napp mellom fred og aggresjon i internasjonale grensetvister.
Abstract in EnglishFrom Peace to Fury: Reframing Tactical Shifts in Territorial DisputesWhen and why do states violently contend their territorial claims? I argue that the quantitative literature in IR stands ill-prepared to solve this puzzle due to an endemic appetite for static variables. Territorial disputes escalate because states’ tactics shift; to grasp the dynamic sequences spurring those shifts is therefore critical. Paul K. Huth’s network approach provides a powerful starting point, and I interrogate his hypothesis that threatened states acquiesce in disputes. The inference is both theoretically misplaced and empirically dubious, I find. Yet by injecting the Schellingian logic of ‘commitment-signalling’, drawing on Barbara Walter’s theory of civil wars, I recast Huth’s model: tactical shifts are aggressive, not conciliatory, when states perceive outside threats. I test this antithesis using a sequence-sensitive logistic regression model, employing China’s territorial-dispute history between 1954 and 2005 as a crucial-case experiment. Strong evidence favours this paper’s argument. That has implications for further research. My Network-Signalling model has promise and should be tested more extensively.
Optical characterization of ethane droplets in the vicinity of critical pressure
Authors: Kanjanasakul Chanisa , Grisch Frédéric , Saengkaew Sawitree , Gréhan Gérard 
Published: September 2020

The characterization of the properties of fuel droplets around the critical pressure is an experimental challenge. The aim of this study is to measure the size and the refractive index of droplets in high pressure conditions, close to the ones of the critical point. For this purpose, an experimental facility of injection of quasi-monodispersed droplets at high pressure has been developed. Rainbow refractometry has been used to probe droplets in the pressure range 1–50 bar. For water and ethanol droplets, evolutions of their index of refraction with pressure were obtained. For measurements with a liquid fluid near its critical point, ethane was selected because its critical point is 48.7 bar and 32.2 °C. Refractive index measurements on ethane droplets were carried out in the range of pressure and temperature 40–46 bar and 18–25 °C respectively. These unique results show that the rainbow refractometry diagnosis offers undeniable potentials for studying fuel injection under transcritical thermodynamic conditions.
How vocabulary is learned
Authors: Nation Paul 
Published: September 2020

Vocabulary learning requires two basic conditions – repetition (quantity of meetings with words) and good quality mental processing of the meetings. Other factors also affect vocabulary learning. For example, learners may differ greatly in their motivation to engage in learning, and words may differ greatly in their learning burden. However, without quantity and quality of processing, learning cannot occur. The greater the number of repetitions, the more likely learning is to occur. The deeper and more thoughtful the quality of processing, the more likely learning is to occur. This paper explains quantity and quality, and shows how teachers and learners can increase the quantity and quality of their processing of vocabulary, thus increasing their vocabulary size.
Assessment of mismatch repair protein expression by immunohistochemistry in endometrial carcinomas with clinicopathological correlation: A study from Indian Tertiary Cancer Care Centre
Authors: Sharma Anila , Kamboj Meenakshi , Panaych Ajit , Gupta Gurudutt , Pasricha Sunil , Jain Vandana , Mehta Anurag 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
Endometrial carcinomas (EC) are known to be histologically and biologically heterogeneous, and their recent molecular characterization has highlighted their etiologic heterogeneity. The aim of the present study was to analyze mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in ECs by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and correlates the data with their pathological parameters.

Material and Methods:
The expression of MMR proteins was analyzed using IHC in VENTANA BENCHMARK XT system, on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. The study population included 102 newly diagnosed cases of ECs over a duration of 2 years.

Results:
On histopathologic subtyping, 85.1% of cases were of Type 1 EC, 9.8% were Type 2 EC, and 4.9% were malignant mixed Mullerian tumors. On IHC for MMR protein expression, 22 of 102 cases (21.6%) showed loss of one or more protein, and mean age of patients with deficient MMR (dMMR) was 59.6 years. All of these dMMR cases were of endometrioid subtype, forming 25.3% of EEC. The combined loss of MLH1 and PMS2 was the most common abnormality detected (50% of dMMR). On pathological correlation, 54.5% of dMMR cases were found to be of higher grade (grade 2/3; P = 0.002) and 68.2% were higher stage tumors (T1b and above; P < 0.0001). The lymph-vascular invasion was seen in 50% of dMMR cases (4 of 8 cases).

Conclusion:
Detecting MMR protein loss in ECs by IHC is an efficient, relatively simple, and economical method. It needs to be routinely performed in all cases of ECs. Studies are still underway to utilize it as a therapeutic modality using immunotherapy.
Study on mRNA expression of Cajal body – Gemini of coiled body proteins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Thavarajah Rooban , Imaneul Jospeh , Joshua Elizabeth , Rao Umadevi Krishnamohan , Ranganathan Kannan 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
The role of proteins of Cajal bodies (CB) and its identical twin, Gemini of coiled bodies (GEMs) in maintaining genomic integrity and its influence on the initiation, progression, and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is gaining attention. We attempted to identify the CB and GEM-associated proteins (CB-GEMs) expression in HNSCC patients and study the influence of gender, TP53 mutation, age, and tobacco use on such expression.

Material and Methods:
TP53 mutation, tobacco use, gender, and mRNA levels of CB-GEM proteins of 520 HNSCC cases were collected and subjected to differential expression (DE) analysis. The resultant DE genes were used to create a transcriptional factor gene network using encode chip sequential data. Pathway analysis of the network was performed and presented. P ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant.

Results:
For smoking, the genes GEMIN8, FMR1, TRIM22, and FBL emerged as significantly DE genes. For gender, EAF1, GEMIN8, ZC3H8, TRIM22, FBL, LSG1, ZNF473, GMNC, GEMIN2, ISG20, Opa interacting protein 5, GMNN, and CDK2 were DE gene with statistical significance. For TP53, 15 genes were DE with statistical significance. Transcriptional misregulation in cancer was the frequently affected pathway. The CB-GEM bodies are effective highly conserved, splicesomal organelles that are needed for proper mRNA assembly. Certain mRNA of proteins of the CB-GEM bodies is influenced by TP53 status, gender, and tobacco use.

Conclusion:
The DE of CB-GEM bodies related protein in HNSCC patients are presented. Furthermore, we identified certain critical pathways, where the DE genes of CB-GEM bodies exert critical influence on HNSCC characteristics. This could potentially alter the HNSCC progression, treatment response, and prognosis.
Konstantin Somov’s Painting “Non-Existent Porcelain”: Its Conception and Sources
Authors: Zavyalova Anna E. 
Published: September 2020

The article discusses the history and existence of Konstantin Somov’s painting “Non-Existent Porcelain”: The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that the “Non-Existent Porcelain” for the first time becomes an object of study as a painting and a collectible. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it attempts to identify the artistic sources of this work (Titian, engravings from his painting “Venus with a Mirror”) and examines the attitude of K.A. Somov to this master artist. The author uses the method of complex analysis, combining a source analysis of K.A. Somov’s diaries and letters, and a traditional formal analysis of his painting “Non-Existent Porcelain” in comparison with the painting of Titian and engravings from it. The article traces the painting’s creation, identifies the sources from the creative heritage of the artist and European art. There are analyzed the artistic features of the painting, the period when it was in V.N. Gordin’s ownership and in the collection of E.A. Gunst. This study allows to expand the existing ideas about the artist’s visual sources of creativity.The article reveals that Titian’s painting “Venus with a Mirror” served as a source of the figure of a naked bather in the painting “Non-Existent Porcelain”. A hypothesis has also been put forward on the artist’s likely appeal to contre-épreuve reproductions of European masters of the 18th — 19th centuries from this painting, primarily the engravings of Johann Friedrich Leybold. The author concludes that K.A. Somov’s working over the painting “Non-Existent Porcelain” was in line with his working with a variety of sources from the heritage of European art, including his search for sources for depiction of nudity.
Paradoxes of Soviet Film Directing (By the Example of R.A. Bykov’s and K.G. Muratova’s Films)
Authors: Kuimova Vladislava M. 
Published: September 2020

The article aims to analyze the film directing experience of R.A. Bykov and K.G. Muratova, who embody the principles of alternative Soviet cinema. As our research shows, they are united not only by the epoch, but also by archetypal representativeness and personal marginality. This is embodied in the paradoxes of film directing, which are the subject of this research. Both R.A. Bykov and K.G. Muratova were somehow disavowed by the totalitarian regime, and their works were censored. In R.A. Bykov’s case, we also mean his acting work, not just directing. This research is relevant because of the problems of analyzing the narrative content of Russian cinema, and the characteristics of the complex and ambiguous Soviet and post-Soviet period of Russian culture.The article deals with a psychoanalytic discourse of the creators, reveals the common and specific in their lives and works. Its use is justified due to the paradoxes of the creative personality. According to the author, R.A. Bykov’s inferiority complex is associated with his desire to be the best and to realize his potential in all participation areas: not only as a director and actor but also as an organizer and public figure. K.G. Muratova was forced to constantly prove her existence in film directing due to the specifics of this “non- feminine” kind of activity, and therefore she was creating films that did not correspond to gender stereotypes.The article substantiates that the determining factor of creativity is, first, the psychological characteristics of the creator’s personality, and secondly, the social context. The author’s task is to test the psychoanalytic discursive method adapted to the main purpose of cultural analysis.This is explained by the fact that for both the authors, a grotesque theatricalization was a way to comprehend reality and figuratively express their ideas about it, an opportunity to preserve viability in socially and morally intolerant conditions. Archetypal images are the basis for building the drama of a cinematic work. In this article, in the context of R.A. Bykov’s works, the archetypal approach is applied to the film “Aybolit-66” (1967), in the context of K.G. Muratova’s works — to the film “Three Stories” (1997). This allows us to present an in-depth analysis of the main elements of their works, since a single frame or episode is typical for representation of great artists’ works. The author analyzes the male and female archetype, as well as the prototypes of the Child and the Elder implemented in the films. The directors’ appeal to them is dictated by logic, since, according to C. Jung, patterns, being part of the collective unconscious, are universal at the same time when creating and reading a work.
Japón: la Era Reiwa ante el déficit de lo social
Authors: Uscanga Prieto Carlos , Romero Ortiz María Elena 
Published: September 2020

El inicio de la nueva Era Reiwa en Japón plantea desafíos, ante un escenario con ausencia de un mayor crecimiento de la economía, el escalamiento de problemas internacionales que impactan directamente y una sociedad resiliente, pero con crecientes problemas no son desafíos de hoy sino constantes del pasado. El tema social cobra relevancia por su impacto en los ámbitos señalados. Los procesos de envejecimiento se han profundizado, la disparidad en el ingreso, la precariedad laboral, la desesperanza en los jóvenes son características de la sociedad japonesa actual.
Event Study and Impulse Indicator Saturation Analysis to Assess Reaction of Terrorist and Political Events: Evidence from Oil and Gas Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Javid Attiya Yasmin , Ahmad Bilal 
Published: September 2020

The objective of this study is twofold, first, to assess the impact ofterrorist attacks and political events on returns and volatility oil and gassector of Karachi Stock Exchange from the period of 2004 to 2014.Second, to compare the results of these events applying event studymethodology, event dummy analysis and impulse indicator saturation.Results indicate that the oil and gas sector reacts on the occurrence ofterrorism and political events and the results of two methodologiesevent study and event dummy analysis are almost similar. However,impulse indicator saturation is able to provide better results incomparison to event study and event dummy analysis because as itcaptures all breaks and co-breaks within a sample period,moreover it clearly helps in defining rebounding period of the market.
JEL Classification Codes: G12, G14