bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐cell RNA expression profiling of SARS‐CoV‐2‐related ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human trophectoderm and placenta
Authors: Cui D. , Liu Y. , Jiang X. , Ding C. , Poon L. C. , Wang H. , Yang H. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo examine the characteristics and distribution of possible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) target cells in the human trophectoderm (TE) and placenta.MethodsBioinformatics analysis was performed based on published single‐cell transcriptomic datasets of early TE and first‐ and second‐trimester human placentae. We conducted the transcriptomic analysis of 4198 early TE cells, 1260 first‐trimester placental cells and 189 extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) from 24‐week placentae (EVT_24W) using the SMART‐Seq2 method. In addition, to confirm the bioinformatic results, we performed immunohistochemical staining of three first‐trimester, three second‐trimester and three third‐trimester placentae from nine women recruited prospectively to this study. We evaluated the expression of the SARS‐CoV‐2‐related molecules angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2).ResultsVia bioinformatic analysis, we identified the existence of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in human TE as well as in first‐ and second‐trimester placentae. In the human TE, 54.4% of TE1 cells, 9.0% of cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), 3.2% of EVTs and 29.5% of syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) were ACE2‐positive. In addition, 90.7% of TE1 cells, 31.5% of CTBs, 22.1% of EVTs and 70.8% of STBs were TMPRSS2‐positive. In placental cells, 20.4% of CTBs, 44.1% of STBs, 3.4% of EVTs from 8‐week placentae (EVT_8W) and 63% of EVT_24W were ACE2‐positive, while 1.6% of CTBs, 26.5% of STBs, 1.9% of EVT_8W and 20.1% of EVT_24W were TMPRSS2‐positive. Pathway analysis revealed that EVT_24W cells that were positive for both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 (ACE2 + TMPRSS2‐positive) were associated with morphogenesis of branching structure, extracellular matrix interaction, oxygen binding and antioxidant activity. The ACE2 + TMPRSS2‐positive TE1 cells were correlated with an increased capacity for viral invasion, epithelial‐cell proliferation and cell adhesion. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was observed on immunohistochemical staining in first‐, second‐ and third‐trimester placentae.ConclusionsACE2‐ and TMPRSS2‐positive cells are present in the human TE and placenta in all three trimesters of pregnancy, which indicates the possibility that SARS‐CoV‐2 could spread via the placenta and cause intrauterine fetal infection. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Reduction of stillbirths in England from 2008 to 2017 according to uptake of the Growth Assessment Protocol: 10‐year population‐based cohort study
Authors: Hugh O. , Williams M. , Turner S. , Gardosi J. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectiveAntenatal detection of small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) can reduce significantly the risk of stillbirth. The Growth Assessment Protocol (GAP) was developed to address the problem that most SGA fetuses are missed antenatally. We set out to analyze the effect that the GAP program has had on stillbirth rates in England.MethodsWe analyzed data from 2008 (the year before roll‐out of the GAP program) to 2017 (latest available Office for National Statistics (ONS) unit‐based data). The program consists of five elements: training, evidence‐based guidelines for risk assessment and surveillance of fetal growth, customized charts, recording of process and outcome indicators, and audit of missed SGA cases. All maternity units in England were categorized into one of three groups according to their GAP status in 2017: (1) not in the GAP program; (2) GAP implemented partially (incomplete adoption of protocol, no monitoring and audit); and (3) GAP implemented completely. A subset of the complete‐implementation group comprised the 20 units with the highest SGA detection rates. Unit‐level live‐birth and stillbirth data were obtained from the ONS for each of these groups.ResultsStillbirth rates declined across all groups from 2008 to 2017, and significantly more in units in which GAP was implemented completely than in the non‐GAP units (P < 0.05). The steepest decline in stillbirth rate was observed in the 20 units with the highest SGA detection rates, which had a 24% lower stillbirth rate compared with the units not using GAP (P < 0.01) in 2017. This difference remained significant after mixed‐effects logistic regression analysis of potential confounding, including social deprivation (odds ratio, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.64–0.90)). Assessment of the nine Bradford Hill causality criteria and associated characteristics suggested that the association between implementation of the GAP program and reduction in stillbirth rate was causal.ConclusionsThere has been an overall reduction in stillbirth rates in England that is likely to be a result of increased awareness of the importance of antenatal detection of SGA as a key risk factor for stillbirth. The decline in stillbirth rates was significantly greater in maternity units that had fully implemented the GAP program, and was most pronounced in the units with the highest antenatal SGA detection rates. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Creative Aspiration and the Betrayal of Promise? The Experience of New Creative Workers
Authors: Taylor Stephanie , Luckman Susan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe promise of ‘doing what you love’ continues to attract new aspirants to creative work, yet most creative industries are so characterised by low investment, shifting foci and ongoing technological innovation that all promises must be unreliable. Some would-be creative workers negotiate their own pathways from the outset, ‘following their dream’ as they attempt to convert personal enthusiasms and amateur activities into income-earning careers. Others look to the proliferation of available training and education options, including higher education courses, as possible pathways into creative work. This chapter reviews recent research from the USA, Australia and the UK on the effectiveness—or otherwise—of higher education as preparation for a creative career. The chapter discusses the obstacles that many creative workers, including graduates, encounter on their creative pathways, for instance, as a result of informal work practices and self-employment. The chapter also looks at sources of advantage and disadvantage, such as those associated with particular geographic locations or personal identities. The chapter concludes by introducing the subsequent chapters in the collection. These critically explore the experience of new creative workers in a wide range of national contexts including Australia, Belgium, China, Ireland, Italy, Finland, the Netherlands, Russia and the UK.
The critical transition of Coulomb impurities in gapped graphene
Authors: Asorey M. , Santagata A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe effect of supercritical charge impurities in graphene is very similar to the supercritical atomic collapses in QED for Z > 137, but with a much lower critical charge. In this sense graphene can be considered as a natural testing ground for the analysis of quantum field theory vacuum instabilities. We analyze the quantum transition from subcritical to supercritical charge regimes in gapped graphene in a common framework that preserves unitarity for any value of charge impurities. In the supercritical regime it is possible to introduce boundary conditions which control the singular behavior at the impurity. We show that for subcritical charges there are also non-trivial boundary conditions which are similar to those that appear in QED for nuclei in the intermediate regime 118 < Z < 137. We analyze the behavior of the energy levels associated to the different boundary conditions. In particular, we point out the existence of new bound states in the subcritical regime which include a negative energy bound state in the attractive Coulomb regime. A remarkable property is the continuity of the energy spectral flow under variation of the impurity charge even when jumping across the critical charge transition. We also remark that the energy levels of hydrogenoid bound states at critical values of charge impurities act as focal points of the spectral flow.
Exploring the VISTA of microglia: immune checkpoints in CNS inflammation
Authors: Borggrewe Malte , Kooistra Susanne M. , Noelle Randolph J. , Eggen Bart J. L. , Laman Jon D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNegative checkpoint regulators (NCR) are intensely pursued as targets to modulate the immune response in cancer and autoimmunity. A large variety of NCR is expressed by central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell types and is associated with CNS homeostasis, interactions with peripheral immunity and CNS inflammation and disease. Immunotherapy blocking NCR affects the CNS as patients can develop neurological issues including encephalitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). How these treatments affect the CNS is incompletely understood, since expression and function of NCR in the CNS are only beginning to be unravelled. V-type immunoglobulin-like suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an NCR that is expressed primarily in the haematopoietic system by myeloid and T cells. VISTA regulates T cell quiescence and activation and has a variety of functions in myeloid cells including efferocytosis, cytokine response and chemotaxis. In the CNS, VISTA is predominantly expressed by microglia and macrophages of the CNS. In this review, we summarize the role of NCR in the CNS during health and disease. We highlight expression of VISTA across cell types and CNS diseases and discuss the function of VISTA in microglia and during CNS ageing, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding the role of VISTA and other NCR in the CNS is important considering the adverse effects of immunotherapy on the CNS, and in view of their therapeutic potential in CNS disease.
Young shoots of red cabbage are a better source of selected nutrients and glucosinolates in comparison to the vegetable at full maturity
Authors: Drozdowska Mariola , Leszczyńska Teresa , Koronowicz Aneta , Piasna-Słupecka Ewelina , Domagała Dominik , Kusznierewicz Barbara 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCruciferous vegetables are a valuable source of ingredients with health benefits. The most characteristic compounds of cruciferous vegetables with identified anticancer properties are glucosinolates. Young shoots and sprouts of red cabbage are becoming a popular fresh food rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. The objective of this research was to determine, for the first time in a comprehensive approach, whether young shoots of red headed cabbage are a better source of selected nutrients and glucosinolates in the human diet in comparison to the vegetable at full maturity. The proximate composition (protein, fat, digestible carbohydrates, fiber), fatty acids profile, minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper), as well as glucosinolates were examined. The red headed cabbage was characterized by a significantly larger amount of dry matter, and total and digestible carbohydrates in comparison to young shoots. The ready-to-eat young shoots, which are in the phase of intensive growth, are a better source of protein, selected minerals, and especially glucosinolates. The level of some nutrients can be enhanced and the intake of pro-healthy glucosinolates can be significantly increased by including young shoots of red cabbage into the diet.
Factors affecting outcome in the treatment of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infections: results from a single-centre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Andronic Octavian , Achermann Yvonne , Jentzsch Thorsten , Bearth Flurin , Schweizer Andreas , Wieser Karl , Fucentese Sandro F. , Rahm Stefan , Zinkernagel Annelies S. , Zingg Patrick O. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To report and analyse factors affecting the outcome of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs).

Methods
A retrospective analysis of consecutive streptococcal PJIs was performed. Musculoskeletal Infection Society 2013 criteria were used. Outcome was compared with a prospective PJI cohort from the same institution.

Results
The most common isolated streptococcal species was Streptococcus dysgalactiae (9/22, 41%) among 22 patients included. Surgical treatment consisted of DAIR (debridement, antibiotics, irrigation and retention) in 12 (55%), one-stage revision arthroplasty in one (4%), two-stage revision arthroplasty in eight (37%) and implant removal in one (4%) patient. An infection free-outcome was achieved in 15 cases (68%), whilst seven (32%) patients failed initial revision and relapsed with the same pathogen, from which six were treated with DAIR and one with one-stage revision arthroplasty. No failures were observed in patients who received a two-stage revision. Failure rates did not differ in the cases treated with rifampin (1/5) from those without 6/17 (p = 0.55). There was no correlation between the length of antibiotic treatment and relapse (p = 0.723). In all failures, a persistent distant infection focus was identified at the time of relapse. Compared with our prospective PJI cohort, relapse rates were significantly higher 32% vs 12% (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
No correlation with the use of rifampin or length of antibiotic treatment was found. No failures were observed in patients who received a two-stage revision, which may be the surgical treatment of choice. A distant persisting infection focus could be the reason for PJI relapse with recurrent hematogenous seeding in the joint.
Evaluation of patient-reported severity of hand–foot syndrome under capecitabine using a Markov modeling approach
Authors: Schmulenson Eduard , Krolop Linda , Simons Sven , Ringsdorf Susanne , Ko Yon-Dschun , Jaehde Ulrich 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The inclusion of the patient’s perspective has become increasingly important when reporting adverse events and may assist in management of toxicity. The relationship between drug exposure and toxicity can be quantified by combining Markov elements with pharmacometric models. A minimal continuous-time Markov model (mCTMM) was applied to patient-reported outcomes using hand–foot syndrome (HFS) induced by capecitabine anti-cancer therapy as an example.

Methods
Patient-reported HFS grades over time of 150 patients from two observational studies treated with oral capecitabine were analyzed using a mCTMM approach. Grading of HFS severity was based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. The model was evaluated by visual predictive checks (VPC). Furthermore, a simulation study of the probability of HFS severity over time was performed in which the standard dosing regimen and dose adjustments according to HFS severity were investigated.

Results
The VPC of the developed dose–toxicity model indicated an accurate description of HFS severity over time. Individual absolute daily dose was found to be a predictor for HFS. The simulation study demonstrated a reduction of severe HFS using the recommended dose adjustment strategy.

Conclusion
A minimal continuous-time Markov model was developed based on patient-reported severity of hand–foot syndrome under capecitabine. Thus, a modeling framework for patient-reported outcomes was created which may assist in the optimization of dosage regimens and adjustment strategies aiming at minimizing symptom burden during anti-cancer drug therapy.
Improved differentiation between primary lung cancer and pulmonary metastasis by combining dual-energy CT–derived biomarkers with conventional CT attenuation
Authors: Deniffel Dominik , Sauter Andreas , Fingerle Alexander , Rummeny Ernst J. , Makowski Marcus R. , Pfeiffer Daniela 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To assess the clinical utility of dual-energy CT (DE-CT)–derived iodine concentration (IC) and effective Z (Zeff) in addition to conventional CT attenuation (HU) for the discrimination between primary lung cancer (LC) and pulmonary metastases (PM) from different primary malignancies.

Methods
DE-CT scans of 79 patients with LC (3 histopathologic subgroups) and 89 patients with PM (5 histopathologic subgroups) were evaluated. Quantitative IC, Zeff, and conventional HU values were extracted and normalized to the thoracic aorta. Differences between groups were assessed by pairwise Welch’s t test. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship of imaging parameters in LC and PM. Diagnostic accuracy was measured by the area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) and validated based on resampling methods.

Results
Significant differences between subgroups of LC and PMs were noted for all imaging parameters, with the highest number of significant pairs for IC. In univariate analysis, only IC was a significant diagnostic feature for discriminating LC from PM (p = 0.03). All quantitative imaging parameters correlated significantly (p < 0.0001, respectively), with the highest correlation between IC and Zeff (r = 0.91), followed by IC and HU (r = 0.76) and Zeff and HU (r = 0.73). Diagnostic models combining IC or Zeff with HU (IC+HU: AUC = 0.73; Zeff+HU: AUC = 0.69; IC+Zeff+HU: AUC = 0.73) were not significantly different and outperformed individual parameters (IC: AUC = 0.57; Zeff: AUC = 0.57; HU: AUC = 0.55) in diagnostic accuracy (p < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion
DE-CT-derived IC or Zeff and conventional HU represent complementary imaging parameters, which, if used in combination, may improve the differentiation between LC and PM.

Key Points
• Individual quantitative imaging parameters derived from DE-CT (iodine concentration, effective Z) and conventional CT (HU) provide complementary diagnostic information for the differentiation of primary lung cancer and pulmonary metastases.
• A combination of conventional HU and DE-CT parameters enhances the diagnostic utility of individual parameters.
Evaluation of efficacy of oxygen-enriched oil-based gel dressing in patients who underwent surgical repair of distal hypospadias: a prospective randomised clinical trial
Authors: Esposito Ciro , Del Conte Fulvia , Cerulo Mariapina , Coppola Vincenzo , Esposito Giovanni , Ricciardi Elisabetta , Crocetto Felice , Castagnetti Marco , Calignano Antonio , Escolino Maria 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oxygen-enriched oil-based gel dressing on wound healing and postoperative outcome in children who underwent distal hypospadias repair.

Methods
We included all patients with distal hypospadias, who underwent Snodgrass urethroplasty and preputioplasty over an 18-months period. The patients were randomized in two groups according to the type of medication: oxygen-enriched oil-based gel (G1) and hyaluronic acid cream (G2). After discharge, parents changed the dressing twice a day for 2–3 weeks postoperatively. The patients were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 180 postoperative days and thereafter annually.

Results
One-hundred and fourteen patients (median age 18 months) were included in the study and randomized in two groups, each of 57 patients. The wound healing was significantly faster in G1 compared with G2 (p = 0.001). G1 reported significantly higher SWAS and modified HOPE scores compared with G2 (p = 0.001) at all steps of follow-up. No adverse skin reactions occurred. Foreskin dehiscence and re-operations rates were significantly lower in G1 compared with G2 (p = 0.001). Postoperative foreskin retractability was better in G1, with a significantly higher incidence of secondary phimosis in G2 (p = 0.001). The median treatment costs were significantly lower in G1 compared with G2 (p = 0.001).

Conclusion
Postoperative dressing using oxygen-enriched oil-based gel was highly effective, promoting a faster wound healing in patients who underwent distal hypospadias repair. It reported a lower incidence of foreskin dehiscence and better foreskin retractability compared with the control group. It was cost-effective and clinically safe without allergy or intolerance to the product.
COVID-19: dealing with a potential risk factor for chronic neurological disorders
Authors: Schirinzi Tommaso , Landi Doriana , Liguori Claudio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSARS-CoV2 infection is responsible for a complex clinical syndrome, named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), whose main consequences are severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Occurrence of acute and subacute neurological manifestations (encephalitis, stroke, headache, seizures, Guillain–Barrè syndrome) is increasingly reported in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, SARS-CoV2 immunopathology and tissue colonization in the gut and the central nervous system, and the systemic inflammatory response during COVID-19 may potentially trigger chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Specifically, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and narcolepsy present several pathogenic mechanisms that can be hypothetically initiated by SARS-CoV2 infection in susceptible individuals. In this short narrative review, we summarize the clinical evidence supporting the rationale for investigating SARS-CoV2 infection as risk factor for these neurological disorders, and suggest the opportunity to perform in the future SARS-CoV2 serology when diagnosing these disorders.
Primary or secondary chronic functional dizziness: does it make a difference? A DizzyReg study in 356 patients
Authors: Habs Maximilian , Strobl Ralf , Grill Eva , Dieterich Marianne , Becker-Bense Sandra 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn 2017, the term “persistent postural-perceptual dizziness” (PPPD) was coined by the Bárány Society, which provided explicit criteria for diagnosis of functional vertigo and dizziness disorders. PPPD can originate secondarily after an organic disorder (s-PPPD) or primarily on its own, in the absence of somatic triggers (p-PPPD). The aim of this database-driven study in 356 patients from a tertiary vertigo center was to describe typical demographic and clinical features in p-PPPD and s-PPPD patients. Patients underwent detailed vestibular testing with neurological and neuro-orthoptic examinations, video-oculography during water caloric stimulation, video head-impulse test, assessment of the subjective visual vertical, and static posturography. All patients answered standardized questionnaires (Dizziness Handicap Inventory, DHI; Vestibular Activities and Participation, VAP; and Euro-Qol-5D-3L). One hundred and ninety-five patients (55%) were categorized as p-PPPD and 162 (45%) as s-PPPD, with female gender slightly predominating (♀:♂ = 56%:44%), particularly in the s-PPPD subgroup (64%). The most common somatic triggers for s-PPPD were benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (27%), and vestibular migraine (24%). Overall, p-PPPD patients were younger than s-PPPD patients (44 vs. 48 years) and showed a bimodal age distribution with an additional early peak in young adults (about 30 years of age) beside a common peak at the age of 50–55. The most sensitive diagnostic tool was posturography, revealing a phobic sway pattern in 50% of cases. s-PPPD patients showed higher handicap and functional impairment in DHI (47 vs. 42) and VAP (9.7 vs. 8.9). There was no difference between both groups in EQ-5D-3L. In p-PPPD, anxiety (20% vs. 10%) and depressive disorders (25% vs. 9%) were more frequent. This retrospective study in a large cohort showed relevant differences between p- and s-PPPD patients in terms of demographic and clinical features, thereby underlining the need for careful syndrome subdivision for further prospective studies.