bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial inoculation methods for testing microorganisms as control agents of seed- and soil-borne Fusarium-seedling blight of maize
Authors: Koch Eckhard , Zink Petra , Pfeiffer Tobias , von Galen Astrid , Linkies Ada , Drechsel Jannika , Birr Tim 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The study describes the development and employment of plant tests based on artificial inoculation of seeds or the potting substrate for evaluating the potential of microorganisms to control seedling blight of maize caused by seed- and soil-borne fusaria. Nine strains of Fusarium were isolated from maize kernels and identified morphologically and by molecular methods as belonging to the species Fusarium verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. cerealis, F. poae and F. proliferatum. In order to determine pathogenicity, maize kernels were inoculated by immersion in suspensions of conidia of these isolates and sown in a pasteurized substrate in seed trays. Based on plant dry weight, the isolates of F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans were more pathogenic than the other isolates. Using an isolate of F. subglutinans, the efficacy of a set of 25 potential fungal and bacterial antagonists was assessed using inoculation of maize kernels by placement in mixtures of the pathogen and the antagonists. The results obtained with this methodology indicate the potential of a number of different microorganisms applied as seed treatments, including some reported previously as biocontrol agents, to control seed-borne seedling blight of maize. In order to develop a method for the testing of biocontrol agents against soil-borne attack, isolates of F. subglutinans, F. cerealis and F poae from maize kernels together with isolates of F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum originating from maize silage and wheat were used to artificially inoculate the potting substrate. The results showed large differences in pathogenicity, with the most aggressive isolates belonging to F. culmorum and F. graminearum.
Lit from Within: First-Person Thought and Illusions of Transcendence
Authors: Salje Léa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPhilosophical treatments of the self in a range of different traditions have positioned it outside the realm of ordinary worldly objects. This paper argues that part of the explanation for this seemingly widespread and persistent temptation to mystify the self is that the epistemic properties ofI-thought are apt to give rise to an illusion of transcendence about their objects—that is, about ourselves.
Children in hoarded homes: A call for protection, prevention, intervention and compassionate care
Authors: Chabaud Suzanne 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis is a call for action to protect and assist children of hoarding parents. Action that minimises harm to children living in hoarded homes also promotes family safety and health. Optimal care involves the whole family system, both children and parents. Prevention of harm through early identification and intervention for hoarding can reduce the burden of a disorder that often increases in severity over a lifetime and deprives humans of a full and safe life. Helping children and their parents severely affected by hoarding disorder is for the public good. Public policy and funded programmes can reduce long-term and immense costs to children, families and the many systems hoarding affects. Specifically, public policy can facilitate and fund outreach, education, coordination of providers of health, social and public services, and research-driven methods for assessment and intervention on behalf of children, individuals and families. Releasing people from the grips of hoarding disorder can enable them to devote generative resources to themselves, their families and their communities. Ultimately, prevention of hoarding through early assessment and intervention for minors and young adults is the most efficient, long-term and cost-effective method for minimising harm. When unidentified, hoarding disorder intensifies, people go into hiding, risk increases and opportunity for detection and intervention decreases. Informing the public about hoarding disorder must be followed with sufficient resources to address it, otherwise, helplessness ensues, and people will likely remain in the hidden world it governs.
Using three-dimensional geometric morphometric and dental topographic analyses to infer the systematics and paleoecology of fossil treeshrews (Mammalia, Scandentia)
Authors: Selig Keegan R. , Sargis Eric J. , Chester Stephen G.B. , Silcox Mary T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTreeshrews are small, Indomalayan mammals closely related to primates. Previously, three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses were used to assess patterns of treeshrew lower second molar morphology, which showed that the positions of molar landmarks covary with intraordinal systematics. Another analysis used dental topographic metrics to test patterns of functional dental morphology and found that molar curvature, complexity, and relief were an effective means for examining patterns of variation in treeshrew dietary ecology. Here, we build on these analyses by adding two fossil taxa,Prodendrogale yunnanicaQiu, 1986 from the Miocene of China andPtilocercus kylinLi and Ni, 2016 from the Oligocene of China. Our results show thatPr. yunnanicahad a dental bauplan more like that of a tupaiid than that of a ptilocercid, but that the extant tupaiids, includingTupaiaandDendrogale, are more similar to one another in this regard than any are toProdendrogale.This is contrary to our expectations asProdendrogaleis hypothesized to be most closely related toDendrogale. Ptilocercus kylin,which has been proposed to be the sister taxon ofPt. lowiiGray, 1848, is characterized by dental morphology like that ofPt. lowiiin crest and cuspal position but is interpreted to have been more frugivorous. It has been claimed thatPtilocercushas undergone little morphological change through time. Our results suggest thatPt. kylinwas more ecologically distinct fromPt. lowiithan previously proposed, providing a glimpse into a more complex evolutionary history of the group than had been inferred.
Why Semmelweis's doctrine was rejected: evidence from the first publication of his results by Friedrich Wieger, and an editorial commenting on the results
Authors: KADAR NICHOLAS , CROFT RUSSELL D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe present English translations of two French documents to show that the main reason for the rejection of Semmelweis's theory of the cause of childbed (puerperal) fever was because his proof relied on the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, and not because Joseph Skoda referred only to cadaveric particles as the cause in his lecture to the Academy of Science on Semmelweis's discovery. Friedrich Wieger (1821–1890), an obstetrician from Strasbourg, published an accurate account of Semmelweis's theory six months before Skoda's lecture, and reported a case in which the causative agent originated from a source other than cadavers. Wieger also presented data showing that chlorine hand disinfection reduced the annual maternal mortality rate from childbed fever (MMR) from more than 7 per cent for the years 1840–1846 to 1.27 per cent in 1848, the first full year in which chlorine hand disinfection was practised. But an editorial in the Gazette médicale de Paris rejected the data as proof of the effectiveness of chlorine hand disinfection, stating that the fact that the MMR fell after chlorine hand disinfection was implemented did not mean that this innovation had caused the MMR to fall. This previously unrecognized objection to Semmelweis's proof was also the reason why Semmelweis's chief rejected Semmelweis's evidence.
An early-life diet containing large phospholipid-coated lipid globules programmes later-life postabsorptive lipid trafficking in high-fat diet- but not in low-fat diet-fed mice
Authors: Ronda Onne A. H. O. , van de Heijning Bert J. M. , Martini Ingrid A. , Koehorst Martijn , Havinga Rick , Jurdzinski Angelika , Bloks Vincent W. , van Dijk Theo H. , van der Beek Eline M. , Kuipers Folkert , Verkade Henkjan J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFeeding mice in early life a diet containing an experimental infant milk formula (Nuturis®; eIMF), with a lipid structure similar to human milk, transiently lowered body weight (BW) and fat mass gain upon Western-style diet later in life, when compared with mice fed diets based on control IMF (cIMF). We tested the hypothesis that early-life eIMF feeding alters the absorption or the postabsorptive trafficking of dietary lipids in later life. Male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice were fed eIMF/cIMF from postnatal day 16–42, followed by low- (LFD, American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93 G, 7 wt% fat) or high-fat diet (HFD, D12451, 24 wt% fat) until day 63–70. Lipid absorption rate and tissue concentrations were determined after intragastric administration of stable isotope (2H or 13C) labelled lipids in separate groups. Lipid enrichments in plasma and tissues were analysed using GC-MS. The rate of triolein absorption was similar between eIMF and cIMF fed LFD: 3·2 (sd 1·8) and 3·9 (sd 2·1) and HFD: 2·6 (sd 1·7) and 3·8 (sd 3·0) % dose/ml per h. Postabsorptive lipid trafficking, that is, concentrations of absorbed lipids in tissues, was similar in the eIMF and cIMF groups after LFD. Tissue levels of absorbed TAG after HFD feeding were lower in heart (–42 %) and liver (–46 %), and higher in muscle (+81 %, all P < 0·05) in eIMF-fed mice. In conclusion, early-life IMF diet affected postabsorptive trafficking of absorbed lipids after HFD, but not LFD. Changes in postabsorptive lipid trafficking could underlie the observed lower BW and body fat accumulation in later life upon a persistent long-term obesogenic challenge.
A systematic review of the use of the Satiety Quotient
Authors: Fillon A. , Beaulieu K. , Mathieu M. E. , Tremblay A. , Boirie Y. , Drapeau V. , Thivel D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe satiating efficiency of food has been increasingly quantified using the Satiety Quotient (SQ). The SQ integrates both the energy content of food ingested during a meal and the associated change in appetite sensations. This systematic review examines the available evidence regarding its methodological use and clinical utility. A literature search was conducted in six databases considering studies from 1900 to April 2020 that used SQ in adults, adolescents and children. All study designs were included. From the initial 495 references found, fifty-two were included. Of the studies included, thirty-three were acute studies (twenty-nine in adults and four in adolescents) and nineteen were longitudinal studies in adults. A high methodological heterogeneity in the application of the SQ was observed between studies. Five main utilisations of the SQ were identified: its association with (i) energy intake; (ii) anthropometric variables; (iii) energy expenditure/physical activity; (iv) sleep quality and quantity and (v) to classify individuals by their satiety responsiveness (i.e. low and high satiety phenotypes). Altogether, the studies suggest the SQ as an interesting clinical tool regarding the satiety responsiveness to a meal and its changes in responses to weight loss in adults. The SQ might be a reliable clinical indicator in adults when it comes to both obesity prevention and treatment. There is a need for more standardised use of the SQ in addition to further studies to investigate its validity in different contexts and populations, especially among children and adolescents.
CLOSED IDEALS AND LIE IDEALS OF MINIMAL TENSOR PRODUCT OF CERTAIN C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: TALWAR BHARAT , JAIN RANJANA 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFor a locally compact Hausdorff spaceXand aC*-algebraAwith only finitely many closed ideals, we discuss a characterization of closed ideals ofC0(X,A) in terms of closed ideals ofAand a class of closed subspaces ofX. We further use this result to prove that a closed ideal ofC0(X)⊗minAis a finite sum of product ideals. We also establish that for a unitalC*-algebraA,C0(X,A) has the centre-quotient property if and only ifAhas the centre-quotient property. As an application, we characterize the closed Lie ideals ofC0(X,A) and identify all the closed Lie ideals ofHC0(X)⊗minB(H),Hbeing a separable Hilbert space.
PERMISSION TO ACT: THE LEGAL CHARACTER OF GENERAL AND SECURITY EXCEPTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT LAW
Authors: Henckels Caroline 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe dyadic rule–exception structure common to many legal systems has posed particular interpretive difficulties in international trade and investment law. Adjudicators have interpreted general and security exceptions in GATT, GATS and cognate provisions of investment treaties in divergent ways, and the analytic character of these provisions is under-theorised in the literature. This article argues that we should understand exceptions from a deontological perspective as permissions that affirm governmental regulatory capacity and thus limit the scope of the commands set out in the treaty. This characterisation of exceptions has both symbolic and practical implications, of which this article discusses two: determining the exception's applicability as a preliminary matter rather than as a defence, which would in turn permit consideration of regulatory purpose at the point of obligation; and whether the applicability of an exception is properly a question of merits or jurisdiction.
THE NEGOTIATIONS FOR A NEW IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT UNDER THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA CONCERNING MARINE BIODIVERSITY
Authors: Papastavridis Efthymios 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article discusses the current negotiations for an Implementing Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. It discusses, in particular, the issue of the relationship of the new agreement with existing and future relevant regional instruments and bodies and the need for cooperation and coordination amongst them, the guiding principles of the new agreement, and the question of implementation and enforcement of the new agreement. These issues and the choices that delegations will make respectively highlight the controversy on the underpinning tenet of the agreement, ie between the ‘freedom of the high seas’ and the common heritage of mankind. The article concludes with a pessimistic prognosis that, in general, the agreement will fall short of the expectations that many States and international community have had at the early days of the negotiation.
Selective amplification of the chirped attosecond pulses produced from relativistic electron mirrors
Authors: Tan F. , Wang S. Y. , Zhang B. , Zhang Z. M. , Zhu B. , Wu Y. C. , Yu M. H. , Yang Y. , Li G. , Zhang T. K. , Yan Y. H. , Lu F. , Fan W. , Zhou W. M. , Gu Y. Q. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the generation of relativistic electron mirrors (REM) and the reflection of an ultra-short laser off the mirrors are discussed, applying two-dimension particle-in-cell simulations. REMs with ultra-high acceleration and expanding velocity can be produced from a solid nanofoil illuminated normally by an ultra-intense femtosecond laser pulse with a sharp rising edge. Chirped attosecond pulse can be produced through the reflection of a counter-propagating probe laser off the accelerating REM. In the electron moving frame, the plasma frequency of the REM keeps decreasing due to its rapid expansion. The laser frequency, on the contrary, keeps increasing due to the acceleration of REM and the relativistic Doppler shift from the lab frame to the electron moving frame. Within an ultra-short time interval, the two frequencies will be equal in the electron moving frame, which leads to the resonance between laser and REM. The reflected radiation near this interval and corresponding spectra will be amplified due to the resonance. Through adjusting the arriving time of the probe laser, a certain part of the reflected field could be selectively amplified or depressed, leading to the selective adjustment of the corresponding spectra.
Optimal cut-off points for waist circumference in the definition of metabolic syndrome in Chile
Authors: Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Martínez-Sanguinetti María Adela , Ho Frederick K , Celis-Morales Carlos , Pizarro Alonso 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To identify sex-specific cut-off points for waist circumference (WC) in the definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) for the Chilean adult population.Design:MetS was defined as the presence of at least two out of four of the following criteria: TAG ≥1·7 mmol/l; HDL-cholesterol: <1·3 mmol/l in women and <1·0 mmol/l in men; systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg; and fasting glucose ≥ 5·6 mmol/l or current treatment for diabetes. The receiver operating characteristics curve and the AUC were computed to derive the specificity and sensitivity using bootstrapping (10 000 iterations restricted to have at least between 40 and 60 % of the original population). The optimal cut-off point for the Chilean population was computed by sex.Setting:A representative sample of the Chilean population aged ≥15 years.Participants:8182 participants (60 % women) from the three available Chilean National Health Surveys conducted in 2003, 2009–2010 and 2016–2017.Results:WC had a good predictive ability for MetS (AUC for men 0·74 (95 % CI 0·72, 0·76); AUC for women 0·71 (95 % CI 0·68, 0·73)). The optimal cut-off points for WC, in the definition of MetS, were 92·3 cm (95 % CI 90·5, 94·4) and 87·6 cm (95 % CI 85·8, 92·1) for men and women, respectively.Conclusions:The mentioned cut-off points should be used for WC in the definition of MetS in Chile. As a result, the current recommendation (WHO/International Diabetes Federation) for WC, in the identification of MetS, is not supported by these findings in a representative sample of the Chilean adult population.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Characterisation of the Sp2 Bonding Fraction Within Carbon Thin Films.
Authors: Papworth AJ , Kiely CJ , Silva SRP , Amaratunga GAJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electron energy loss spectroscopy is the only direct technique that can semi-quantitatively determine the nature of the bonding in carbon thin films. To quantify the sp2/sp3 bonding fraction, the spectrum taken from the film must be compared to that of a suitable known standard. The bonding fraction can be analysed by studying the K ionisation edge in the electron energy loss spectrum. A method for quantifying the sp2 bonding fraction in an amorphous carbon film has been described by Berger et al (1988), where the area of peak of the film is compared with that of graphite. The principle of quantifying the edge structure is to obtain a ratio of the two peak areas using the following formula, (1), where fπis the ratio between the two π* peaks, Iπ. is the integral of the transition, and ΔE is the integrated counts for the normalising energy window. The superscripts s and u denote the standard and unknown spectra respectively.
SHIFTED COISOTROPIC CORRESPONDENCES
Authors: Haugseng Rune , Melani Valerio , Safronov Pavel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe define (iterated) coisotropic correspondences between derived Poisson stacks, and construct symmetric monoidal higher categories of derived Poisson stacks, where the$i$-morphisms are given by$i$-fold coisotropic correspondences. Assuming an expected equivalence of different models of higher Morita categories, we prove that all derived Poisson stacks are fully dualizable and so determine framed extended TQFTs by the Cobordism Hypothesis. Along the way, we also prove that the higher Morita category of$E_{n}$-algebras with respect to coproducts is equivalent to the higher category of iterated cospans.
Demography of Anglicans in Sub-Saharan Africa: Estimating the Population of Anglicans in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: McKinnon Andrew 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere is an emerging debate about the growth of Anglicanism in sub-Saharan Africa. With this debate in mind, this paper uses four statistically representative surveys of sub-Saharan Africa to estimate the relative and absolute number who identify as Anglican in five countries: Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. The results for Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania are broadly consistent with previous scholarly assessments. The findings on Nigeria and Uganda, the two largest provinces, are likely to be more controversial. The evidence from statistically representative surveys finds that the claims often made of the Church of Nigeria consisting of ‘over 18 million’ exceedingly unlikely; the best statistical estimate is that under 8 million Nigerians identify as Anglican. The evidence presented here shows that Uganda (rather than Nigeria) has the strongest claim to being the largest province in Africa in terms of those who identify as Anglican, and is larger than is usually assumed. Evidence from the Ugandan Census of Populations and Households, however, also suggests the proportion of Ugandans that identify as Anglican is in decline, even if absolute numbers have been growing, driven by population growth.
Prolonged avoidance training exacerbates OCD-like behaviors in a rodent model
Authors: Martínez-Rivera Freddyson J. , Sánchez-Navarro Marcos J. , Huertas-Pérez Carlos I. , Greenberg Benjamin D. , Rasmussen Steven A. , Quirk Gregory J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by compulsive behaviors that often resemble avoidance of perceived danger. OCD can be treated with exposure-with-response prevention (ERP) therapy in which patients are exposed to triggers but are encouraged to refrain from compulsions, to extinguish compulsive responses. The compulsions of OCD are strengthened by many repeated exposures to triggers, but little is known about the effects of extended repetition of avoidance behaviors on extinction. Here we assessed the extent to which overtraining of active avoidance affects subsequent extinction-with-response prevention (Ext-RP) as a rodent model of ERP, in which rats are extinguished to triggers, while the avoidance option is prevented. Male rats conditioned for 8d or 20d produced similar avoidance behavior to a tone paired with a shock, however, the 20d group showed a severe impairment of extinction during Ext-RP, as well as heightened anxiety. Furthermore, the majority of overtrained (20d) rats (75%) exhibited persistent avoidance following Ext-RP. In the 8d group, only a minority of rats (37%) exhibited persistent avoidance, and this was associated with elevated activity (c-Fos) in the prelimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens. In the 20d group, the minority of non-persistent rats (25%) showed elevated activity in the insular-orbital cortex and paraventricular thalamus. Lastly, extending the duration of Ext-RP prevented the deleterious effects of overtraining on extinction and avoidance. These rodent findings suggest that repeated expression of compulsion-like behaviors biases individuals toward persistent avoidance and alters avoidance circuits, thereby reducing the effectiveness of current extinction-based therapies.