bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Odorant Binding Proteins and Chemosensory Proteins in Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae): Molecular Cloning, Expression Profiling, and Gene Evolution
Authors: Jia Hui-Ru , Niu Lin-Lin , Sun Yu-Feng , Liu Yong-Qiang , Wu Kong-Ming 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAphidophagous syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) are important insects in agroecosystems for pollination and biological control. Insect chemoreception is essential for these processes and for insect survival and reproduction; however, molecular determinants is not well understood for these beneficial insects. Here, we used recent transcriptome data for the common hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus, to characterize key molecular components of chemoreception: odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Six EbalCSPs and 44 EbalOBPs were cloned from this species, and sequence analysis showed that most share the characteristic hallmarks of their protein family, including a signal peptide and conserved cysteine signature. Some regular patterns and key conserved motifs of OBPs and CSPs in Diptera were identified using the online tool MEME. Motifs were also compared among the three OBP subgroups. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that most of these chemosensory genes were expressed in chemosensory organs, suggesting these genes have chemoreceptive functions. An overall comparison of the Ka/Ks values of orthologous genes in E. balteatus and another predatory hoverfly species to analyze the evolution of these olfactory genes showed that OBPs and CSPs are under strong purifying selection. Overall, our results provide a molecular basis for further exploring the chemosensory mechanisms of E. balteatus, and consequently, may help us to understand the tritrophic interactions among plants, herbivorous insects, and natural enemies.
Randomized controlled Phase III trial to evaluate omentum preserving gastrectomy for patients with advanced gastric cancer (JCOG1711, ROAD-GC)
Authors: Sato Yuya , Yamada Takanobu , Yoshikawa Takaki , Machida Ryunosuke , Mizusawa Junki , Katayama Hiroshi , Tokunaga Masanori , Boku Narikazu , Terashima Masanori ,   Stomach Cancer Study Group/Japan Clinical Oncology Group
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Gastrectomy with omentectomy and D2 lymph node dissection is the current standard procedure for locally advanced gastric cancer. However, some retrospective studies have reported that omentectomy increased post-operative abdominal complications but provided no survival advantage over omentum preservation. Therefore, we plan a randomized controlled phase III trial to confirm the non-inferiority of omentum preservation compared with omentectomy in patients with cT3 (SS) or cT4a (SE) gastric cancer. A total of 1050 patients will be enrolled from 62 institutions over a period of 6.5 years. The primary end point is relapse-free survival, and the secondary end points are overall survival, blood loss, operation time and adverse events. This trial has been registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000036253.
Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Young Children Receiving Consecutive Versus Nonconsecutive Vaccination During Influenza A(H3N2)-Predominant Seasons
Authors: Rao Suchitra , Moss Angela , Lamb Molly M , Asturias Edwin J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

A test-negative case-control analysis of 1478 children aged 6 months to 8 years of age seeking care at an emergency/urgent care setting with influenza like illness during the 2016-17 and 2018-19 (H3N2 predominant) influenza seasons demonstrated that influenza vaccine effectiveness did not vary significantly by the prior seasons’ vaccination status.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02979626.
Shapes and alignments of dark matter haloes and their brightest cluster galaxies in 39 strong lensing clusters
Authors: Okabe Taizo , Oguri Masamune , Peirani Sébastien , Suto Yasushi , Dubois Yohan , Pichon Christophe , Kitayama Tetsu , Sasaki Shin , Nishimichi Takahiro 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We study shapes and alignments of 45 dark matter (DM) haloes and their brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) using a sample of 39 massive clusters from Hubble Frontier Field (HFF), Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH), and Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS). We measure shapes of the DM haloes by strong gravitational lensing, whereas BCG shapes are derived from their light profiles in Hubble Space Telescope images. Our measurements from a large sample of massive clusters presented here provide new constraints on DM and cluster astrophysics. We find that DM haloes are on average highly elongated with the mean ellipticity of 0.482 ± 0.028, and position angles of major axes of DM haloes and their BCGs tend to be aligned well with the mean value of alignment angles of 22.2 ± 3.9 deg. We find that DM haloes in our sample are on average more elongated than their BCGs with the mean difference of their ellipticities of 0.11 ± 0.03. In contrast, the Horizon-AGN cosmological hydrodynamical simulation predicts on average similar ellipticities between DM haloes and their central galaxies. While such a difference between the observations and the simulation may well be explained by the difference of their halo mass scales, other possibilities include the bias inherent to strong lensing measurements, limited knowledge of baryon physics, or a limitation of cold DM.
Relativistic, axisymmetric, viscous, radiation hydrodynamic simulations of geometrically thin discs. II. Disc variability
Authors: Mishra Bhupendra , Kluźniak Wlodek , Fragile P Chris 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
An analysis of two-dimensional viscous, radiation hydrodynamic numerical simulations of thin α-discs around a stellar mass black hole reveals multiple robust, coherent oscillations. Our disc models are initialized on both the gas- and radiation-pressure-dominated branches of the thermal equilibrium curve, with mass accretion rates between $\dot{M} = 0.01 L_\mathrm{Edd}/c^2$ and $10\, L_\mathrm{Edd}/c^2$. In the initially radiation-pressure-dominated disc, we confirm the presence of global inertial–acoustic oscillations of frequency slightly above the maximum radial epicyclic one. In the gas-pressure-dominated Schwarzschild-metric models, we find a velocity oscillation occurring at the maximum value of the radial epicyclic frequency, $3.5\times 10^{-3}\, t_\mathrm{g}^{-1}$, which is most likely a trapped fundamental g-mode. For the Kerr-metric, gas-pressure-dominated disc with dimensionless black hole spin parameter a* = 0.5, the mode frequency is well below the epicyclic frequency maximum, thus confirming that this oscillation is a trapped g-mode. Additionally, the total pressure fluctuations in the discs strongly suggest standing-wave p-modes with frequencies below the apparent g-mode frequency, some trapped in the inner disc close to the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO), others present in the middle/outer parts of the disc. The strongest oscillations occur at the breathing oscillation frequency and are present in all the numerical models we report here, as are weaker velocity oscillations at the vertical epicyclic frequencies. The vertical oscillations show a 3:2 frequency ratio with oscillations occurring approximately at the radial epicyclic frequency, which could be of astrophysical importance in systems with observed twin peak, high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations.
Where Did SARS-CoV-2 Come From?
Authors: Leitner Thomas , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Identifying the origin of SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, may help us to avoid future epidemics of coronavirus and other zoonoses. Several theories about the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2 have recently been proposed. Although Betacoronavirus found in Rhinolophus bats from China have been broadly implicated, their genetic dissimilarity to SARS-CoV-2 is so high that they are highly unlikely to be its direct ancestors. Thus, an intermediary host is suspected to link bat to human coronaviruses. Based on genomic CpG dinucleotide patterns in different coronaviruses from different hosts, it was suggested that SARS-CoV-2 might have evolved in a canid gastrointestinal tract prior to transmission to humans. However, similar CpG patterns are now reported in coronaviruses from other hosts, including bats themselves and pangolins. Therefore, reduced genomic CpG alone is not a highly predictive biomarker, suggesting a need for additional biomarkers to reveal intermediate hosts or tissues. The hunt for the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2 continues.
Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (Hermetia illucens) fed to growing pigs
Authors: Crosbie Michelina , Zhu Cuilan , Shoveller Anna K , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and net energy (Exp. 2) in two black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) samples [full fat (FF; 42.5% crude protein (CP), as-fed) and defatted (DF; 40.8% CP; as-fed)] for growing pigs. Two cornstarch-based diets were formulated with FF and DF BSFLM as the sole sources of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used, and the corn starch:sucrose:oil ratio was kept constant among diets to calculate digestible energy (DE) by difference method. In each experiment, pigs were fed 2.8 × estimated maintenance energy requirement. In Exp. 1, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (25.1 ± 0.41 kg initial body weight) were used in a replicated 2 × 2 Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 5 d followed by 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 2, eight barrows [23.4 ± 0.54 kg initial body weight (BW)] were used in a partially replicated Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d, followed by 5 d of total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. The SID of CP (80.6 ± 1.1%) and Lys (88.0 ± 1.4%) were not different between FF and DF BSFLM. The SID of Arg, Val, Ala, and Pro tended to be less, and the SID of Met tended to be greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P = 0.034, 0.090, 0.053, 0.065, 0.074, respectively). Digestible energy (4,927 vs. 3,941 ± 75 kcal/kg), metabolizable energy (4,569 vs. 3,396 ± 102 kcal/kg), and predicted net energy (3,477 vs. 2,640 ± 30 kcal/kg, using equations from Noblet; 3,479 vs. 2,287 ± 28 kcal/kg, using equations from Blok, respectively) were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P ≤ 0.05). Both FF and DF BSFLM had high SID for most AA; however, FF BSFLM was a better source of net energy for growing pigs. Therefore, both FF and DF BSFLM could be used as protein alternatives in growing pig diets.
Overexpression of MdATG18a enhances alkaline tolerance and GABA shunt in apple through increased autophagy under alkaline conditions
Authors: Li Yuxing , Liu Chenlu , Sun Xun , Liu Boyang , Zhang Xiuzhi , Liang Wei , Huo Liuqing , Wang Peng , Ma Fengwang , Li Cuiying 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Soil alkalization affects apple production in northwest China. Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative protein pathway in eukaryotes. Autophagy in plants can be activated by various abiotic factors. We previously identified the positive role of the autophagy-related gene MdATG18a in drought, nitrogen deficiency and resistance to Diplocarpon mali infection in apple. However, it is still unclear whether ATG18a is related to alkaline stress. In this study, we used hydroponic culture to simulate alkaline stress and found that the overexpression of MdATG18a significantly improved the tolerance of apple to alkaline stress. The overexpression of MdATG18a increased biomass, photosynthetic rate and antioxidant capacity of transgenic plants compared with wild-type plants under alkaline stress. The overexpression of MdATG18a promoted γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt via an increase in glutamate (GABA precursor) and GABA contents and upregulation of GABA shunt-related genes. In addition, the overexpression of MdATG18a significantly upregulated the expression of other core ATG genes and increased the formation of autophagosomes under alkaline stress. In conclusion, these results suggest that the overexpression of MdATG18a in apple enhances alkaline tolerance and the GABA shunt, which may be owing to the increase in autophagic activity.
Ritual explained: interdisciplinary answers to Tinbergen's four questions
Authors: Legare Cristine H. , Nielsen Mark 
Published: June 2020

Convergent developments across social scientific disciplines provide evidence that rituals are a psychologically prepared and culturally inherited behavioural hallmark of our species. The dramatic diversity of ritual practices ranges from simple greetings to elaborate religious ceremonies, from the benign to life-threatening. Yet our scientific understanding of this core human trait remains limited. Explaining the universality, functionality and diversity of ritual requires insight from multiple disciplines. This special issue integrates research from anthropology, archaeology, biology, primatology, cognitive science, psychology, religious studies and demography to build an interdisciplinary account of ritual. The objective is to contribute to an integrative explanation of ritual by addressing Tinbergen's four key questions. These include answering ultimate questions about the (i) phylogeny and (ii) adaptive functions of ritual; and proximate questions about the (iii) mechanisms and (iv) ontogeny of ritual. The intersection of these four complementary lines of inquiry yields new avenues for theory and research into this fundamental aspect of the human condition, and in so doing, into the coevolution of cognition and culture.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.
On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals
Authors: Dal Pesco Federica , Fischer Julia 
Published: June 2020

To balance the trade-offs of male co-residence, males living in multi-male groups may exchange ritualized greetings. Although these non-aggressive signals are widespread in the animal kingdom, the repertoire described in the genusPapiois exceptional, involving potentially harmful behaviours such as genital fondling. Such greetings are among the most striking male baboon social interactions, yet their function remains disputed. Drawing on the comprehensive analysis from our own research on wild Guinea baboons, combined with a survey of the literature into other baboon species, we review the form and function of male–male ritualized greetings and their relation to the various social systems present in this genus. These ritualized signals differ between species in their occurrence, form and function. While ritualized greetings are rare in species with the most intense contest competition, the complexity of and risk involved in greeting rituals increase with the degree of male–male tolerance and cooperation. The variety of societies found in this genus, combined with its role as a model for human socioecological evolution, sheds light on the evolution of ritualized behaviour in non-human primates and rituals in humans.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.
Capuchin monkey rituals: an interdisciplinary study of form and function
Authors: Perry Susan , Smolla Marco 
Published: June 2020

Many white-faced capuchin monkey dyads in Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rica, practise idiosyncratic interaction sequences that are not part of the species-typical behavioural repertoire. These interactions often include uncomfortable or risky elements. These interactions exhibit the following characteristics commonly featured in definitions of rituals in humans: (i) they involve an unusual intensity of focus on the partner, (ii) the behaviours have no immediate utilitarian purpose, (iii) they sometimes involve ‘sacred objects’, (iv) the distribution of these behaviours suggests that they are invented and spread via social learning, and (v) many behaviours in these rituals are repurposed from other behavioural domains (e.g. extractive foraging). However, in contrast with some definitions of ritual, capuchin rituals are not overly rigid in their form, nor do the sequences have specific opening and closing actions. In our 9260 h of observation, ritual performance rate was uncorrelated with amount of time dyads spent in proximity but (modestly) associated with higher relationship quality and rate of coalition formation across dyads. Our results suggest that capuchin rituals serve a bond-testing rather than a bond-strengthening function. Ritual interactions are exclusively dyadic, and between-dyad consistency in form is low, casting doubt on the alternative hypothesis that they enhance group-wide solidarity.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.
Spontaneous (minimal) ritual in non-human great apes?
Authors: Tennie Claudio , van Schaik Carel P. 
Published: June 2020

The potential for rituals in non-human great apes (apes) is an understudied topic. We derive a minimal definition of ritual and then examine the currently available evidence for it in untrained and non-enculturated apes. First, we examine whether such apes show evidence for the two main components of our minimal definition of ritual: symbolism and copying. Second, we examine if there are actual cases already identifiable today that may fit all aspects of our minimal definition of ritual—or whether there are at least cases that fit some aspects (proto-ritual). We find that apes are not likely to spontaneously practise minimal ritual, but we claim that the highest expected likelihood of occurrence is in the results-copying domain. Yet, we did not find actual cases of minimal ritual in apes—including those involving environmental results. We did, however, find some cases that may match at least part of our minimal ritual definition—which we termed proto-ritual. At least two out of three potential cases of such proto-rituals that we identified (rain dance, object-in-ear and surplus nest-making procedures) do revolve around results. Overall, apes do not show much, or very clear, evidence for even minimal ritual, but may sometimes show proto-ritual. However, dedicated ape ritual studies are currently lacking, and future work may identify ape ritual (or clearer cases of proto-ritual). We discuss the implications of our preliminary finding for inferences of ritual in the last common ancestor of humans and apes.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.
Homo neanderthalensis and the evolutionary origins of ritual inHomo sapiens
Authors: Nielsen Mark , Langley Michelle C. , Shipton Ceri , Kapitány Rohan 
Published: June 2020

There is a large, if disparate, body of archaeological literature discussing specific instantiations of symbolic material culture and the possibility of ritual practices in Neanderthal populations. Despite this attention, however, no single synthesis exists that draws upon cognitive, psychological and cultural evolutionary theories of ritual. Here, we review the evidence for ritual-practice among now-extinctHomo neanderthalensis, as well as the necessary cognitive pre-conditions for such behaviour, in order to explore the evolution of ritual inHomo sapiens. We suggest that the currently available archaeological evidence indicates that Neanderthals may have used ‘ritualization’ to increase the successful transmission of technical knowledge across generations—providing an explanation for the technological stability of the Middle Palaeolithic and attesting to a survival strategy differing from near-contemporaryH. sapiens.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.
The last Talmudic demon? The role of ritual in cultural transmission
Authors: Sosis Richard 
Published: June 2020

Recent work on the evolution of religion has approached religions as adaptive complexes of traits consisting of cognitive, neurological, affective, behavioural and developmental features that are organized into a self-regulating feedback system. Religious systems, it has been argued, derive from ancestral ritual systems and continue to be fuelled by ritual performances. One key prediction that emerges from this systemic approach is that the success of religious beliefs will be related to how well they are connected to rituals and integrated with other elements of the religious system. Here, I examine this prediction by exploring the rich world of Jewish demonology. As a case study, I briefly survey the historical trajectory of demonic beliefs across Jewish communities and focus on one demon, aruach ra'ah, that has survived the vicissitudes of Jewish history and maintained its relevance in contemporary Jewish communities. I argue that it has done so because of its linkage with a morning handwashing ritual and its effective integration into the core elements of Jewish religious systems.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.
Ritual as resource management
Authors: Rossano Matt J. 
Published: June 2020

This paper argues that rituals are mechanisms of resource management. The argument is based on four observations: (i) over the course of hominin evolution, fitness became contingent on psychological states; (ii) these psychological states can be understood as ‘resources’, not unlike material resources such as energy, food or fuel; (iii) ritual ‘manages’ these psychological resources—meaning that it cultivates, builds and directs them; and (iv) ritual management can be analytically decomposed, providing a new descriptive tool for understanding rituals and predictions about ritual survival.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.
Time investments in rituals are associated with social bonding, affect and subjective health: a longitudinal study of Diwali in two Indian communities
Authors: Singh Purnima , Tewari Shruti , Kesberg Rebekka , Karl Johannes Alfons , Bulbulia Joseph , Fischer Ronald 
Published: June 2020

Rituals are performed within specific socio-ecological niches, yet the different effects of the same ritual form across different niches (community contexts) remains unclear. Here, using longitudinal measures over a two-week period during Diwali (the Indian festival of light), we investigate the relationship between ritual time allocation and social cohesion in two Indian communities. First, the positive effects of ritual on social bonding, perceived health and affect were highest on the focal day of the festival. Second, we observed anticipatory effects of ritualistic commitment on affect prior to the main day of the festival. Third, social bonding patterns were similar in the two Indian settings, indicating that Diwali fosters social cohesion across diverse social ecologies (cultural niches). However, individually focused emotional benefits appear to dampened in more cosmopolitan environments. Finally, time investments reveal diminishing marginal utilities for ritual activities on social cognition. Ritual time investments were linked to greater affect and family cohesion up to a certain limit. We argue that attention to the diminishing returns of ritual time investments on social cohesion across diverse human ecologies is an important horizon for future cross-cultural investigations.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.