bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Studies of Plastic Gears Without Lubrication
Authors: Rösler Jan , Tegel Oliver 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Combinations of different plastic materials for use in gears have been studied experimentally. Both plastic/plastic and plastic/steel combinations of wheel and pinion have been analysed. Characteristic properties have been determined, and the material combinations have been evaluated and compared. This paper discusses the results of the experimental research and gives and outlook over further promising activities which could lead to new application areas for plastic gears.
Optimal Machine Tool Setting for Hypoid Gears Improving Load Distribution
Authors: Simon Vilmos V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A method for the determination of optimal machine tool setting for manufacturing modified (mismatched) hypoid gears based on improved load distribution and reduced transmission errors is presented. The applied load distribution calculation is based on the conditions that the total angular position errors of the gear teeth being instantaneously in contact under load must be the same, and along the contact line of every tooth pair instantaneously in contact, the composite displacements of tooth surface points — as the sums of tooth deformations, geometrical surface separations, gear body bending and torsion, deflections of the supporting shafts, misalignments, and composite tooth errors — should correspond to the angular position of the gear. The tooth defonnations consists of the bending and shearing deflections of gear teeth and of the local contact deformations of the mating surfaces. The tooth deflections are calculated by the finite element method. As the equations governing the load sharing and load distribution are nonlinear, an approximate and iterative technique is used to solve this system of equations. The method is implemented by a computer program.
Using the program that was developed the influence of machine tool setting parameters for pinion manufacture on maximum tooth contact pressure, load distribution factor, and transmission errors is investigated. By successively choosing the optimal value for every machine tool setting parameter, and by applying the optimal set of these parameters, the maximum tooth contact pressure is reduced by 5.8%, the load distribution factor by 5.9%, and the angular position error of the driven gear by 65.4%, in regard to the hypoid gear pair manufactured by the machine tool setting determined by the commonly used method.
Feature Based Numerical Bearing Pattern Development and Optimization for Spiral-Bevel and Hypoid Gears
Authors: Gosselin Claude 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A novel approach to the development of the bearing pattern for spiral-bevel and hypoid gears is presented. The numerical method uses the concept of “potential point of contact” to determine the shape of the separation between the meshing tooth surfaces in the vicinity of the Mean Point.
Machine settings are used as control parameters in the numerical solution to modify the shape and location of the bearing pattern.
The presented method, which has been used in the automobile industry for several years, allows substantial freedom in the development of spiral bevel and hypoid gear sets, even on conventional generators.
How to Obtain the Formal Tooth Bearing Pattern Between Hypoid Gear and the Conjugate Pinion
Authors: Ito Norio , Takahashi Koichi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the relationships between the conjugate tooth surfaces of hypoid gears and the formal tooth bearing pattern are presented. First, we introduce the tooth surface elements necessary for the tooth bearing. Next, the tooth bearing pattern, which changes according to the generating condition of the pinion, is introduced. The hypoid gear pair is a formate gear and the pinion generated to run with such a gear. The conventional method for analyzing the tooth bearing pattern has been developed by the motion of generation between second-order tooth surfaces. In this paper, the tooth surface is expressed by the original third-order tooth surface, and the tooth bearing pattern is analyzed by the meshing motion of the tooth surface. The tooth bearing pattern obtained from such an analytical method becomes the formal tooth bearing. Therefore, the machine settings for accurate gear cutting become possible, and the desired tooth bearing pattern can be obtained beforehand without a trial cutting.
Simulation of Traction Drive Ratio Changes
Authors: Zou Z. , Zhang Y. , Zhang X. , Tobler W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the simulation model presented in this paper, the kinematic characteristics of traction drives are formulated using classical Hertzian contact theory and elasto-hydrodynamic theory. The roller swing motion is governed by an equation derived based on Newton’s Second Law and is coupled to the side slip, torque input and output, as well as ratio variations. A control strategy with feedbacks for both the roller swing and the piston displacement is applied for ratio control based on stability and responsiveness considerations. The model has been implemented systematically in Matlab/Simulink environment. The effectiveness of the ratio control system in terms of stability and accuracy is illustrated by the simulation results included in this paper.
Experimental Validation of a Dynamic Numerical Model for Timing Belt Drives Behavior Simulation
Authors: Manin Lionel , Play Daniel , Soleilhac Patrick 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The behavior of timing belts used in automotive applications have to be defined and predicted at the preliminary design phases. Numerical simulations replace progressively experimental determinations that are time and money consuming.
The object of the work was to qualify from experimental results a timing belt drive numerical model. The model simulates the dynamic behavior versus time of any kind of tooth belt power transmissions. The model architecture, originalities and capabilities have been already presented, and the purpose is now to compare in details numerical and experimental results.
The experimental qualification has been carried out on a laboratory test bench with a medium size engine valve controlled distribution made of 3 pulleys and a tensioner. Tensions, camshaft torque, pulleys speeds and angular acylisms, dynamic transmission error between camshaft and crankshaft pulleys have been measured. Numerous tests have been made for different running conditions by changing : speed, angular acyclism, camshaft torque, setting tension. Several phenomena and influence of parameters have been identified, as the pulley eccentricity effect on camshaft torque, span tensions, and transmission error. Part of the experimental results are used as entries of the model : camshaft torque, crankshaft instantaneous speed, transmission error due to pulley eccentricities. Further, comparisons with the numerical results were made. Experimental and numerical results of tension, angular acyclism, dynamic transmission error, versus operation time are compared for the different tests performed. The agreement is good and shows that the model developed allows to simulate dynamic behavior of timing belt with high degree of confidence.
Probability of Load-Carrying Ability of Two-Profile Chain Drives
Authors: Kryvyy Petro D. , Bey Ihor M. , Shymanska Oksana I. , Kryvyy Petro P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The analysis of the available calculation methods of chain-drives load-carrying ability is given according to the criterion of the tolerance unit pressure in a single profile chain joint [p]0. It is shown, that the values of [p]0 were determined according to the deterministic ideas without consideration of the distribution law of both random varieties of contact step of inner and outer rings and lengths of drive strands of the first and second profile of the chain drive.
Probability task of determination of the tolerance unit pressure in two profile chain joints [p0]q is solved, when the structural, technological and physical-mechanical characteristic of the chain, that is, the lengths of drive strand of a chain-drive, accuracy of contact steps and stiffness of a drive roller chain are considered.
The measurement procedure and the empirical dependencies for determination of drive roller chains deformation and stiffness are presented.
As a result, the dependencies for the determination of [p0]q as the basic criterion according to which selection of a chain dimension-type, as well as characteristics used for the comparative estimation of a drive chain quality of different manufacturers when certain probability estimations are taken into consideration, were obtained.
Finishing of Tooth Flanks of Pinion Cutter With Profiled Grinding Wheel in Consideration of Accuracy of Cutting Edge After Regrinding
Authors: Yoshino Hidehiro , Ohshima Fumihiro , Shao Ming 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Two kinds of relief grinding methods for pinion cutters with profiled grinding wheels are proposed. One method finishes an involute pinion cutter with almost no regrinding error by giving the helical motion smaller or larger than that corresponding to the helix angle of the pinion cutter. Another is for a pinion cutter with an arbitrary profile, including the involute pinion cutter with a modified profile or protuberance. The tooth flank is finished by giving the three motions, i.e., the helical and approaching motions between the grinding wheel and work pinion cutter and the shifting motion of the grinding wheel. The profile calculation was conducted by using the element removal method. It was shown that the regrinding errors of the pinion cutters being finished by the proposed methods become smaller than that of pinion cutters finished by giving only the approaching motion (conventional method). The finishing tests of the involute helical pinion cutters were carried out on the CNC gear form-grinding machine with the four controlled axes. The profiles of cutting edges of the finished pinion cutters almost agreed with the calculated ones.
Influence of Design Parameters and Tooth Profile Modification for Reducing Gear Transmission Error
Authors: Guingand Michèle , de Vaujany Jean-Pierre , Cheval Cédric , Play Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The subject of this paper is to propose a method for designing spur external cylindrical gears. The goal is to optimize global and local design parameters in order to minimize meshing noise. Amplitude of the loaded transmission error has been chosen as a criteria. An optimization process is then proposed. It uses equations from systematic statistical analysis.
Friction Forces As a Dynamic Excitation Source in Involute Spur and Helical Gearing
Authors: Hochmann David , Houser Donald R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Current thought is that the main sources of dynamic excitation in spur and helical gearing occur along the line-of-action and are due to time varying tooth stiffness and static transmission error. This paper examines friction forces as a potential dynamic excitation source in the gear mesh of involute parallel axis spur and helical gearing. The friction forces act in a direction perpendicular to the line-of-action, defined as the off line-of-action direction.
To support the claim that friction force is a potential dynamic excitation source, experimental evidence is presented in the form of shaft motions measured near the support bearings in the line-of-action and off line-of-action directions. These experimental results show that the off line-of-action motion is of the same order of magnitude as the line-of-action motion and at times the off line-of-action motion at gear mesh frequency is several times larger than the line-of-action motion. The motions are related to the forces through the bearing stiffness matrix. Other potential explanations of the large off line-of-action shaft motion such as bearing cross coupling phenomena, reduced bearing stiffness, bearing clearances, and system dynamics are examined.
The results suggest that through a combination of a small friction force excitation at the gear mesh, and the force transmissibility properties of the gear-bearing system, the friction force can produce forces at the bearing comparable to those generated by transmission error excitations, particularly at low to medium speeds.
Dynamics of Hypoid Gear Transmission With Non-Linear Time-Varying Mesh
Authors: Cheng Yuping , Lim Teik C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A new generalized 14 degrees-of-freedom dynamic model with coupled translation-rotation effect is developed for simulating the nonlinear vibratory response of hypoid geared rotor systems. The model incorporates the load-dependant time-varying mesh characteristic vectors due to tooth load sharing and profile modifications, backlash non-linearity, and off line-of-action friction forces. Based on the 3-dimensional tooth contact analysis results, the quasi-static mesh characteristics that describe the translation-rotation and rotation-rotation force couplings are obtained for use in the dynamic formulation. The three-dimensional representations of the mesh vectors, normal and friction forces, and moments generated at the mesh interface are also included in the proposed study. Tooth separation and the occurrence of jump phenomenon observed in the predicted frequency response functions are analyzed.
Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Vibration and Noise of Planetary Gears
Authors: Shoda Katsuhiko , Furukawa Toyoaki , Iwanaga Youichi , Matsunami Yuji 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents experimental study and numerical simulation of vibration and noise of a speed increaser, which consist of a star type planetary gears and a planetary type epicyclic gear train. The ring mode vibration of internal gear in the star type planetary gears and torsional vibration of planetary gear in the planetary type epicyclic gear train are measured by use of telemetry system. The influence of tooth profile error for the vibration and the noise is clarified. The numerical simulation is also carried out to evaluate the exciting force and it’s associated vibration. In this method, the coupled vibration of shaft bending, torsional and ring mode vibration of the internal gear are taken into account employing modal synthesis method. The simulation results shows a good agreement with the experimental ones. And it is found that the ring mode vibration magnifies the higher order component of gear mating frequency.
Lubrication System Failure Baseline Testing on an Aerospace Quality Gear Mesh
Authors: Handschuh Robert F. , Morales Wilfredo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Aerospace drive systems are required to survive a loss-of-lubrication test for qualification. In many cases emergency lubrication systems need to be designed and utilized to permit the drive system to pass this difficult requirement. The weight of emergency systems can adversely affect the mission capabilities of the aircraft. The possibility to reduce the emergency system weight through the use of mist lubrication will be described. Mist lubrication involves the delivery of a minute amount of a lubricant as a vapor or fine mist in flowing compressed air to rubbing surfaces. At the rubbing surface, the vapor or mist reacts to form a solid lubricating film. The aim of this study was to establish a baseline for gear behavior under oil depleted conditions. A reactive vapor-mist lubrication method is described and proposed as a candidate emergency lubrication system.
Fundamental Characteristics of a New Variable Torque Clutch With Skewed Rollers
Authors: Feng Ming , Ono Kyosuke , Mimura Kenji 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a new variable torque clutch with skewed rollers, in which the cylinder rollers and the inner and outer races are assembled like a conical roller bearing except that each roller axis inclines with an equal angle to the races axis, was introduced and then investigated theoretically and experimentally. The geometry of the race surface was analyzed and the parametric equations of contact line etc. were derived. A roller-wedge model, based on the motion relationship between the skewed rollers and the two races, was proposed for this clutch. From the static equilibrium condition of the roller, the transmitted torque capacity and kinematics characteristics are evaluated properly. Several prototypes of this clutch were manufactured and measured to show the validity of this design idea and the theoretical results. The computation results were found to in good agreement with the experimental data. In addition, the influences of design parameters on the fundamental characteristics of the variable torque clutch are discussed in detail.
The Evolution of Gear Spindles
Authors: Mancuso Jon R. , Zilberman Joe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gear spindles were first applied to rolling mills in the early 1950’s. Over this time the basic design has remained constant except for the material used and the hardening process. And today they are still the most commonly used drive for rolling mills. This is because they are power dense (handle the highest torque for a given Outside Diameter), easy to maintain and economical. New processes have been developed for grinding carburized gear spindles to optimize tooth contact thereby increasing spindle capacity and life by 30–100%. This process allows for a more compact design (usually one size smaller) along with improved life.
Fatigue Life Extension by Surface Enhancement
Authors: Manesh Ali , Doubts Thomas L. , Mallett Edward J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To increase predictable life of precision gears, requires a process which simultaneously produces the required geometry accuracy and surface finish, as well as the desired state of compressive residual stress at the part surface. The goal is to increase power throughput by optimizing the surface properties of the gears, without compromising tooth scoring resistance. In this experiment, four different surface enhancement processes were selected, implemented, and tested. Rolling Sliding Contact Fatigue tests were used to qualify the percentage of improvement. A set of test specimens were also made without any of the surface enhancements above. These specimens were used as the baseline for comparison.
9310 steel was used as the material to prepare the test specimens. All specimens were carburized, hardened and ground to the aerospace specification. Gear Research Institute conducted testing on all samples. The baseline specimens were all run in high-load, short-cycle tests and they failed in the predicted manner with expected scatter. The performance of some surface-enhanced specimens exceeded the performance of the baseline specimens. Improved life-to-failure rates were as high as 10%.
This paper will discuss the test specimen preparation processes, testing process and results of this project. It also includes recommendations for future work in surface enhancement.
An Investigation Into the Design of Hollow Accumulator Rolls Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Viviano Anthony V. , Suchora Daniel H. , Pierson Hazel M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Accumulator systems consist of a series of accumulator rolls, arranged either vertically or horizontally, used in many sheet processing lines for the purpose of storing up strip. Literature on roll design for this particular type of roll is scarce. Much of the present design theory is based on a static analysis assuming the entire contact load from the strip is uniformly distributed over the roll. A previous paper done on this subject focused on modeling the roll using finite element analysis (FEA) assuming this uniform pressure load on the roll.
The purpose of this work was to incorporate non-linear contact elements between the strip and the roll body in a finite element analysis. This would allow the software to distribute the load from the strip to the roll, taking into account friction and contact losses. Once accomplished, this load was placed on various roll design configurations, of which included variation in the number of roll stiffeners and the thickness of the roll body and the end plates. These results were also compared to the previous uniform pressure FEA in order to assess the validity of the uniform pressure assumption. Based on these results, a roll design methodology is presented.
Development of Impact Resistant Optical Pick-Up for Portable Disk Products
Authors: Iwata Yukihiro , Inoue Hiroto , Tsuji Kenji , Hosokawa Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Concerning the development of portable optical disk products, higher impact resistant of the optical pick-up is required. Conventionally, cut and try measures, mainly based on experiment were applied to these problems, and it took much time and cost.
Therefore, we developed this drop impact analysis of the optical pick-up based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and clarified the failure mechanism of the suspension wire breaking with drop impact. With this analysis method, we also developed a new optical pick-up with a curved suspension wire, and realized much higher impact resistance.
A Model for Probabilistic Growth of Complex Fatigue Crack Shapes
Authors: Riddell William T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A model for probabilistic growth of complex fatigue crack shapes that will be used to perform sensitivity studies and to optimize inspection intervals for railroad tank cars is presented. In this model, crack growth is based on results from a deterministic crack growth analysis with additional terms to introduce stochastic behavior. The family of complex shapes that cracks grow through is parameterized by a single degree of freedom, which simplifies the probabilistic model. Comparisons between experimental and numerical results suggest that the probabilistic model is capable of representing realistic crack growth using reasonable crack growth parameters, which will enable the sensitivity and optimization studies for which the model is intended.
More Reliable Evaluation of Train’s Vibration on Human Body
Authors: Drakatos P. A. , Karakassis K. , Kallaras M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
At the present research, we analyze the vibration levels, which take place during the operation of trains. Through this analysis via fuzzy logic theory, it is achieved the approximation of a model which will guide to a more reliable evaluation of the mechanical systems in order to ensure a comfort and safe trip. The train vibrations are usually low frequency, but for high doses they can have a harmful impact.
A Study on Contact Stress Analysis in Boundary Element Method
Authors: Çelik Mehmet 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A numerical approach for the solution of the contact mechanics problems has been presented using the Boundary Element Method. An automatic load distribution technique is implemented in a contacting element using isoparametric quadratic elements. This type of element is shown to be excellent in modeling regions of rapidly varying stresses in the contact areas. The superposition method is applied to interference contact problems mostly used in engineering design of the systems. The work is focused on the analysis of the loading in a roller bearing housing.
Modeling the Ratcheting Phenomenon in an Austenitic Steel at Room Temperature
Authors: Zaki A. S. , Ghonem H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the cyclic accumulative plastic strain in a polycrystalline material when subjected to loading conditions promoting ratcheting behavior. For this purpose, a unified viscoplastic constitutive model based on non-linear kinematic hardening formulation is implemented. Identification of the model parameters was carried out using an experimental program that included monotonic, cyclic and relaxation testing. Simulation of the material response using the proposed model is compared with experimental results for the same loading. This comparison is used to evaluate the model validity.