bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of a critical nitrogen dilution curve for maize in Southwest China
Authors: Du Lunjing , Li Qiang , Li Lan , Wu Yawei , Zhou Fang , Liu Binxiang , Zhao Bo , Li Xiaolong , Liu Qinlin , Kong Fanlei , Yuan Jichao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is an urgent need for suitable nitrogen nutrition models for Southwest China, which take into account nutritional differences at the cultivar level, to provide scientific guidance for cultivar-specific fertilizer applications during maize production. In this study, the nitrogen-efficient maize cultivar Zhenghong 311 and the nitrogen-inefficient maize cultivar Xianyu 508 were used in a three-year field experiment and a 2-year field pot experiment with nitrogen application rates ranging from 0 to 450 kg·hm−2 to construct a critical nitrogen dilution curve model for each maize cultivar. The usefulness of this model to diagnose nitrogen status and evaluate maize fertilization needs was subsequently analyzed. We found that the critical nitrogen concentration in maize aboveground tissues was a power function of the biomass, described by the equations Nc = 26.126 W−0.292 and Nc = 25.826 W−0.302 for ZH 311 and XY 508 cultivars, respectively. The fitting degree of these equations was significant or highly significant, demonstrating the suitability of these models to diagnose N deficiency and fertilization needs in maize plants grown in the hilly areas of central Sichuan. A very significant linear positive correlation between the nitrogen nutrient index (NNI) and nitrogen concentration in the aboveground tissues was detected. Based on this, we calculated the nitrogen concentration (Nt) for an NNI equal to 1 at different maize growth stages in both cultivars and observed that the Nt value can be used as a reference index for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis. Additionally, we found a highly significant quadratic convex function relationship between the NNI (y) and the nitrogen fertilizer level (x). The following regression equations were derived for these maize cultivars with the data obtained from each growth period along five consecutive years (2011–2015): yZH 311 = − 0.000005x2 + 0.003074x + 0.553206 (R2 = 0.5432**) and yXY 508 = − 0.000004x2 + 0.002914x + 0.512555 (R2 = 0.6279**). For an NNI value equal to 1, the nitrogen application level required was 224.07 kg·hm−2 for ZH 311 and 283.01 kg·hm−2 for XY 508, indicating that the suitable application rate for the nitrogen-efficient cultivar is lower than that for the nitrogen-inefficient cultivar. Our experimental data reinforce the concept that selecting nitrogen-efficient maize cultivars is an effective technical measure to reduce nitrogen input needs and increase nitrogen use efficiency during maize production.
Vocabulary and Phonological Abilities Affect Dual Language Learners' Consonant Production Accuracy Within and Across Languages: A Large-Scale Study of 3- to 6-Year-Old Spanish–English Dual Language Learners
Authors: Keffala Bethany , Scarpino Shelley , Hammer Carol Scheffner , Rodriguez Barbara , Lopez Lisa , Goldstein Brian 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
This study examined factors of language ability that predict consonant production accuracy in young Spanish–English dual language learners (DLLs).

Method
Participants were 695 Latino DLLs, ages 3;0–6;5 (years;months). Single-word productions were elicited using the Bilingual Phonological Assessment (Miccio & Hammer, 2006). Children's consonant productions were assessed using Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (PCC-R; Shriberg et al., 1997a). Vocabulary abilities were assessed using the Woodcock–Muñoz Language Survey–Revised (Woodcock et al., 2005). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the effects of vocabulary abilities and cross-language consonant production abilities on children's consonant production accuracy in each language.

Results

Large amounts of the variance in PCC-R scores for English (
R
2
= .65) and Spanish (
R
2
= .43) were predicted by children's age, vocabulary scores within the same language, and PCC-R scores across languages.

Conclusion
Spanish–English DLLs' consonant production abilities in both languages improve with age between 3;0 and 6;5. DLLs' accuracy in each language is also affected by vocabulary abilities within the same language and by their consonant production abilities in the other language. In particular, children's consonant production abilities in each language were highly predictive of their consonant production abilities in the other language, which suggests that shared phonological skills support their development across languages.
Patterns of Development in Spanish–English Conceptually Scored Vocabulary Among Elementary-Age Dual Language Learners
Authors: Mancilla-Martinez Jeannette , Hwang Jin Kyoung , Oh Min Hyun , Pokowitz Elena Lauren 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
Elementary-age dual language learners (DLLs) from Spanish-speaking homes in the United States are often characterized as at risk for low vocabulary in both Spanish and English. This longitudinal study examined conceptually scored receptive and expressive vocabulary development among DLLs from Spanish-speaking, low-income homes and investigated patterns of language responses on the conceptually scored measures.

Method

DLLs in kindergarten and second grade (
N
= 118) attending school in the Southeast region of the United States were followed for three consecutive academic years and assessed on measures of receptive and expressive conceptually scored vocabulary.

Results

Individual growth modeling, using raw scores, revealed positive vocabulary growth over time, with
above average
performance relative to national norms. However, initial conceptually scored receptive vocabulary scores were higher than conceptually scored expressive vocabulary scores. Furthermore, DLLs' conceptually scored receptive—but not expressive—vocabulary rate of growth was more rapid compared to national norms. Finally, DLLs' patterns of language responses revealed a shift toward more English over time, but Spanish continued to be used through fourth grade.

Conclusion
Results contradict deficit-driven views about DLLs' vocabulary skills and underscore the utility of conceptually scored vocabulary measures to assess vocabulary development among elementary-age DLLs to more comprehensively account for the linguistic assets they bring to learning.
Glottal Aerodynamics Estimated From Neck-Surface Vibration in Women With Phonotraumatic and Nonphonotraumatic Vocal Hyperfunction
Authors: Espinoza Víctor M. , Mehta Daryush D. , Van Stan Jarrad H. , Hillman Robert E. , Zañartu Matías 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine whether estimates of glottal aerodynamic measures based on neck-surface vibration are comparable to those previously obtained using oral airflow and air pressure signals (Espinoza et al., 2017) in terms of discriminating patients with phonotraumatic and nonphonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction (PVH and NPVH) from vocally healthy controls.

Method
Consecutive /pae/ syllables at comfortable and loud level were produced by 16 women with PVH (organic vocal fold lesions), 16 women with NPVH (primary muscle tension dysphonia), and 32 vocally healthy women who were each matched to a patient according to age and occupation. Subglottal impedance-based inverse filtering of the anterior neck-surface accelerometer (ACC) signal yielded estimates of peak-to-peak glottal airflow, open quotient, and maximum flow declination rate. Average subglottal pressure and microphone-based sound pressure level (SPL) were also estimated from the ACC signal using subject-specific linear regression models. The ACC-based measures of glottal aerodynamics were normalized for SPL and statistically compared between each patient and matched-control group.

Results

Patients with PVH and NPVH exhibited lower SPL-normalized glottal aerodynamics values than their respective control subjects (
p
values ranging from < .01 to .07) with very large effect sizes (1.04–2.16), regardless of loudness condition or measurement method (i.e., ACC-based values maintained discriminatory power).

Conclusions
The results of this study demonstrate that ACC-based estimates of most glottal aerodynamic measures are comparable to those previously obtained from oral airflow and air pressure (Espinoza et al., 2017) in terms of differentiating between hyperfunctional (PVH and NPVH) and normal vocal function. ACC-based estimates of glottal aerodynamic measures may be used to assess vocal function during continuous speech and enables this assessment of daily voice use during ambulatory monitoring to provide better insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with vocal hyperfunction.
Coevolution of black hole accretion and star formation in galaxies up to z = 3.5
Authors: Carraro R. , Rodighiero G. , Cassata P. , Brusa M. , Shankar F. , Baronchelli I. , Daddi E. , Delvecchio I. , Franceschini A. , Griffiths R. , Gruppioni C. , López-Navas E. , Mancini C. , Marchesi S. , Negrello M. , Puglisi A. , Sani E. , Suh H. 
Published: August 2020

Aims. We study the coevolution between the black hole accretion rate (BHAR) and the star formation rate (SFR) in different phases of galaxy life: main-sequence star-forming galaxies, quiescent galaxies, and starburst galaxies at different cosmic epochs.
Methods. We exploited the unique combination of depth and area in the COSMOS field and took advantage of the X-ray data from the Chandra COSMOS-Legacy survey and the extensive multiwavelength ancillary data presented in the COSMOS2015 catalog, including in particular the UVista Ultra-deep observations. These large datasets allowed us to perform an X-ray stacking analysis and combine it with detected sources in a broad redshift interval (0.1 <  z <  3.5) with unprecedented statistics for normal star-forming, quiescent, and starburst galaxies. The X-ray luminosity was used to predict the black holeAR, and a similar stacking analysis on far-infrared Herschel maps was used to measure the corresponding obscured SFR for statistical samples of sources in different redshifts and stellar mass bins.
Results. We focus on the evolution of the average SFR-stellar mass (M*) relation and compare it with the BHAR-M* relation. This extends previous works that pointed toward the existence of almost linear correlations in both cases. We find that the ratio between BHAR and SFR does not evolve with redshift, although it depends on stellar mass. For the star-forming populations, this dependence on M* has a logarithmic slope of ∼0.6 and for the starburst sample, the slope is ∼0.4. These slopes are both at odds with quiescent sources, where the dependence remains constant (log(BHAR/SFR) ∼ −3.4). By studying the specific BHAR and specific SFR, we find signs of downsizing for M* and black hole mass (MBH) in galaxies in all evolutionary phases. The increase in black hole mass-doubling timescale was particularly fast for quiescents, whose super-massive black holes grew at very early times, while accretion in star-forming and starburst galaxies continued until more recent times.
Conclusions. Our results support the idea that the same physical processes feed and sustain star formation and black hole accretion in star-forming galaxies while the starburst phase plays a lesser role in driving the growth of the supermassive black holes, especially at high redshift. Our integrated estimates of the M* − MBH relation at all redshifts are consistent with independent determinations of the local M* − MBH relation for samples of active galactic nuclei. This adds key evidence that the evolution in the BHAR/SFR is weak and its normalization is relatively lower than that of local dynamical M* − MBH relations.
Tracers of the ionization fraction in dense and translucent gas
Authors: Bron Emeric , Roueff Evelyne , Gerin Maryvonne , Pety Jérôme , Gratier Pierre , Le Petit Franck , Guzman Viviana , Orkisz Jan H. , de Souza Magalhaes Victor , Gaudel Mathilde , Vono Maxime , Bardeau Sébastien , Chainais Pierre , Goicoechea Javier R. , Hughes Annie , Kainulainen Jouni , Languignon David , Le Bourlot Jacques , Levrier François , Liszt Harvey , Öberg Karin , Peretto Nicolas , Roueff Antoine , Sievers Albrecht 
Published: August 2020

Context.The ionization fraction in the neutral interstellar medium (ISM) plays a key role in the physics and chemistry of the ISM, from controlling the coupling of the gas to the magnetic field to allowing fast ion-neutral reactions that drive interstellar chemistry. Most estimations of the ionization fraction have relied on deuterated species such as DCO+, whose detection is limited to dense cores representing an extremely small fraction of the volume of the giant molecular clouds that they are part of. As large field-of-view hyperspectral maps become available, new tracers may be found. The growth of observational datasets is paralleled by the growth of massive modeling datasets and new methods need to be devised to exploit the wealth of information they contain.Aims.We search for the best observable tracers of the ionization fraction based on a grid of astrochemical models, with the broader aim of finding a general automated method applicable to searching for tracers of any unobservable quantity based on grids of models.Methods.We built grids of models that randomly sample a large range of physical conditions (unobservable quantities such as gas density, temperature, elemental abundances, etc.) and computed the corresponding observables (line intensities, column densities) and the ionization fraction. We estimated the predictive power of each potential tracer by training a random forest model to predict the ionization fraction from that tracer, based on these model grids.Results.In both translucent medium and cold dense medium conditions, we found several observable tracers with very good predictive power for the ionization fraction. Many tracers in cold dense medium conditions are found to be better and more widely applicable than the traditional DCO+/HCO+ratio. We also provide simpler analytical fits for estimating the ionization fraction from the best tracers, and for estimating the associated uncertainties. We discuss the limitations of the present study and select a few recommended tracers in both types of conditions.Conclusions.The method presented here is very general and can be applied to the measurement of any other quantity of interest (cosmic ray flux, elemental abundances, etc.) from any type of model (PDR models, time-dependent chemical models, etc.).
The surprisingly carbon-rich environment of the S-type star W Aql,
Authors: De Beck E. , Olofsson H. 
Published: August 2020

Context. W Aql is an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star with an atmospheric elemental abundance ratio C/O ≈ 0.98. It has previously been reported to have circumstellar molecular abundances intermediate between those of M-type and C-type AGB stars, which respectively have C/O < 1 and C/O > 1. This intermediate status is considered typical for S-type stars, although our understanding of the chemical content of their circumstellar envelopes is currently rather limited.
Aims. We aim to assess the reported intermediate status of W Aql by analysing the line emission of molecules that have never before been observed towards this star.
Methods. We performed observations in the frequency range 159−268 GHz with the SEPIA/B5 and PI230 instruments on the APEX telescope. We made abundance estimates through direct comparison to available spectra towards a number of well-studied AGB stars and based on rotational diagram analysis in the case of one molecule.
Results. From a compilation of our abundance estimates and those found in the literature for two M-type (R Dor, IK Tau), two S-type (χ Cyg, W Aql), and two C-type stars (V Aql, IRC +10 216), we conclude that the circumstellar environment of W Aql appears considerably closer to that of a C-type AGB star than to that of an M-type AGB star. In particular, we detect emission from C2H, SiC2, SiN, and HC3N, molecules previously only detected towards the circumstellar environment of C-type stars. This conclusion, based on the chemistry of the gaseous component of the circumstellar environment, is further supported by reports in the literature on the presence of atmospheric molecular bands and spectral features of dust species which are typical for C-type AGB stars. Although our observations mainly trace species in the outer regions of the circumstellar environment, our conclusion matches closely that based on recent chemical equilibrium models for the inner wind of S-type stars: the atmospheric and circumstellar chemistry of S-type stars likely resembles that of C-type AGB stars much more closely than that of M-type AGB stars.
Conclusions. Further observational investigation of the gaseous circumstellar chemistry of S-type stars is required to characterise its dependence on the atmospheric C/O. Non-equilibrium chemical models of the circumstellar environment of AGB stars need to address the particular class of S-type stars and the chemical variety that is induced by the range in atmospheric C/O.
Frauen in der Medizin
Authors: Golsabahi-Broclawski Solmaz , Groß Christiane 
Published: August 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Medizin wird weiblich, so titelte das Ärzteblatt vor 20 Jahren. Seit Jahrzehnten studieren zwar immer mehr Frauen Medizin, wie die Daten des statistischen Bundesamtes zeigen, doch weiter oben auf der Karriereleiter wird die Luft dünn. Bessere Vereinbarkeit von Privatleben und Beruf, mehr Augenmerk für die Ärztegesundheit sowie Maßnahmen gegen die Ausbeutung der Ärzteschaft waren und sind Forderungen von Ärztinnen aus dem Deutschen Ärztinnenbund, die sich, zusammen mit Frauen aus anderen Verbänden, in den Kammerversammlungen und auf Deutschen Ärztetagen für diese Themen einsetzen.
3D Evaluation of the Relationship between Different Vertical Growth Patterns and Cranial Base Angulations
Authors: Ugurlu Mehmet , Oksayan Rıdvan , Bayrakdar Ibrahim Sevki , Kahraman Fatih , Dagsuyu Ilhan Metin , Aydın Mehmet , Orhan Kaan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to compare cranial base angulations in subjects with high-angle, low-angle, and normal-angle vertical growth patterns using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Design This study is a retrospective clinical research.
Settings This study was carried out at the Dentistry Faculty of Eskisehir Osmangazi University.
Participants According to skeletal vertical face growth patterns, 78 subjects (48 females and 30 males, average age: 13.19 ± 1.73 years) were divided equally into three groups: high angle, low angle, and normal angle groups.
Main Outcome Measures Cephalometric images were derived from CBCT, and patients were classified according to the SN-GoGn angle (sella-nasion, gonion gnathion angle). Sagittal, axial, and coronal cranial base angulations were measured in three-dimensional (3D) CBCT images. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests.
Results There were statistically significant differences between the low-angle and high-angle groups according to sagittal cranial base angulation parameters (p = 0.01). Conversely, there were no statistically significant differences between vertical facial growth patterns according to coronal and axial cranial angle variables (p > 0.05).
Conclusion According to the study results, there were no effects of cranial base angulations in two planes (coronal and axial) on different vertical skeletal growth patterns. In the sagittal cranial base angulation parameter, the high-angle group showed greater angulation values than the low-angle group. CBCT may be helpful for evaluating, diagnosing, and predicting 3D cranial base differences.
Multifactorial Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Children: Clinical, Laboratory, and Neuroimaging Findings
Authors: Morana Giovanni , Bagnasco Francesca , Leoni Massimiliano , Pasquini Luca , Gueli Ilaria , Tortora Domenico , Severino Mariasavina , Giardino Stefano , Pierri Filomena , Micalizzi Concetta , Verrina Enrico , Ravelli Angelo , Mancardi Maria Margherita , Rossi Andrea , Faraci Maura 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the association of neuroimaging, clinical, and laboratory findings in children with different underlying diseases who developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). All consecutive pediatric patients referred to our institute between 2000 and 2017 were retrospectively evaluated for newly diagnosed PRES. Clinical data, medical history, and therapies administered at the time of PRES and laboratory findings were reviewed as the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained at PRES presentation and during follow-up. Statistics included Mann–Whitney U, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. A total of 39 pediatric patients (25 males, median age = 8.8 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of PRES were included. The patients were divided into four groups based on the underlying disease: (1) patients with hemato-oncological diseases not transplanted (n = 15, 38.5%), (2) who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; n = 12, 30.8%), (3) affected by renal (n = 8, 20.5%), and (4) by autoimmune diseases (n = 4, 10.2%). Hemato-oncological patients and those undergoing HSCT presented a higher incidence of involvement of deep gray matter structures and hemorrhagic lesions when compared with patients with renal and autoimmune disorders (p = 0.036 and p = 0.036, respectively). No differences emerged among different groups of patients regarding presenting PRES symptoms, arterial blood pressure, laboratory findings, and extent of MRI abnormalities and these parameters did not show association with outcome.In conclusion, in pediatric patients with different diseases who develop PRES, involvement of deep gray matter structures and hemorrhagic lesions are more common in hemato-oncological patients and those undergoing HSCT. Clinical and radiologic outcome is favorable independently of clinical data and extent of MRI abnormalities.
Blood Markers of Portal Hypertension Are Associated with Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirements during Orthotopic Liver Transplantation
Authors: Arshad Freeha , Lisman Ton , Porte Robert J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that portal hypertension plays a major role in bleeding risk during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). We investigated the association between preoperative blood levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and soluble CD163 (sCD163), which are established markers of portal hypertension, and blood loss and transfusion requirements during OLT. We measured levels of VWF and sCD163 in preoperative serum samples of 168 adult patients undergoing a primary OLT between 1998 and 2012. Preoperative levels of VWF and sCD163 correlated with the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (r = 0.414, p < 0.001 and r = 0.382, p < 0.001, respectively). Patients with high VWF or sCD163 levels (VWF and sCD163 levels above the median) had a substantially increased risk of needing red blood cell transfusion compared with patients with low VWF or sCD163 levels (VWF and sCD163 levels below the median) (odds ratio 3.5 [95% confidence interval, CI 1.7–7.0] and 2.3 [95% CI 1.1–4.5], respectively). Blood loss was highest in patients with both high VWF or sCD163 levels and a high preoperative international normalized ratio. Elevated blood levels of markers of portal hypertension are associated with increased blood loss and transfusion requirements during OLT and support the notion that portal hypertension is an important contributor to perioperative blood loss.