bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Artifacts in Shell-Based Image Inpainting: Why They Occur and How to Eliminate Them
Authors: Hocking L. Robert , Holding Thomas , Schönlieb Carola-Bibiane 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper we study a class of fast geometric image inpainting methods based on the idea of filling the inpainting domain in successive shells from its boundary inwards. Image pixels are filled by assigning them a color equal to a weighted average of their already filled neighbors. However, there is flexibility in terms of the order in which pixels are filled, the weights used for averaging, and the neighborhood that is averaged over. Varying these degrees of freedom leads to different algorithms, and indeed the literature contains several methods falling into this general class. All of them are very fast, but at the same time all of them leave undesirable artifacts such as “kinking” (bending) or blurring of extrapolated isophotes. Our objective in this paper is to build a theoretical model in order to understand why these artifacts occur and what, if anything, can be done about them. Our model is based on two distinct limits: a continuum limit in which the pixel width$$h \rightarrow 0$$h→0and an asymptotic limit in which$$h > 0$$h>0but$$h \ll 1$$h≪1. The former will allow us to explain “kinking” artifacts (and what to do about them) while the latter will allow us to understand blur. Both limits are derived based on a connection between the class of algorithms under consideration and stopped random walks. At the same time, we consider a semi-implicit extension in which pixels in a given shell are solved for simultaneously by solving a linear system. We prove (within the continuum limit) that this extension is able to completely eliminate kinking artifacts, which we also prove must always be present in the direct method. Finally, we show that although our results are derived in the context of inpainting, they are in fact abstract results that apply more generally. As an example, we show how our theory can also be applied to a problem in numerical linear algebra.
Investigating professed and enacted epistemic beliefs about the uncertainty of scientific knowledge when students evaluate scientific controversies
Authors: Lang Fabian , Kammerer Yvonne , Stürmer Kathleen , Gerjets Peter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrior research on epistemic beliefs, that is, individuals’ views about knowledge and knowing, has mainly focused either on individuals’ professed beliefs (as reported in questionnaires) or on their enacted beliefs (as indicated during task processing). However, little is known about the relation between professed and enacted epistemic beliefs. The present study focused on beliefs about the uncertainty of scientific knowledge and investigated both professed and enacted beliefs in the context of evaluations of scientific controversies. Participants were N = 79 university students who first completed a questionnaire that targeted their professed uncertainty beliefs about scientific knowledge. Then, approximately 1 week later, they completed a standardized test in which they evaluated five scientific controversies. Cued retrospective verbal reports were used to measure their enacted uncertainty beliefs while taking the test. Results revealed that professed and enacted uncertainty beliefs were interrelated and that both variables predicted individuals’ performance with regard to the evaluation of scientific controversies. Furthermore, the effect of professed uncertainty beliefs on controversy-evaluation performance was partly mediated by enacted uncertainty beliefs. The findings of the present study point toward novel theoretical insights and educational implications regarding the relations between professed and enacted beliefs about the uncertainty of scientific knowledge and their role in individuals’ evaluation of scientific controversies.
Comparison of Metal Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions on Coal and Char Remaining After In-situ Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
Authors: Strugała-Wilczek Aleksandra , Stańczyk Krzysztof , Bebek Krzysztof 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aim of the study was to describe the sorption interactions between potentially toxic metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Pb) and materials from an underground coal gasification (UCG) experimental zone. These interactions seem to be significant in terms of the impact of in situ UCG on the groundwater environment. Sorption parameters were determined for two different sample types: subbituminous coal mined from the coal-bed and then subjected to gasification and coal char from the cavity formed by the UCG process. Laboratory-scale tests were carried out using deionized water and aqueous solutions of metals with increasing concentrations. The Freundlich isotherm model was applied to describe sorption phenomena due to nonlinear mass distribution of adsorbed metal ions as a function of equilibrium concentration and assuming physical interactions only. In addition, the efficiency of the tested sorbents for metal removal was calculated. In the case of subbituminous coal, the percent removal ranged from a minimum of 3.6–9.8% (for cobalt) to a maximum of 43.4–79.8% (for lead). Char removed metals more efficiently (min. 26.6–94.8% for cadmium; max. 98.5–99.9% for lead). Furthermore, the sorbates can be ranked according to the metal ion binding efficiency to sorbents in the following order: Co < Cd < Cu < Pb. The sorption characteristics of materials obtained from the post-UCG cavity may be used to evaluate the retardation parameters of inorganic pollutant migration in the environment around a georeactor.
De-escalation of axillary surgery in breast cancer patients treated in the neoadjuvant setting: a Dutch population-based study
Authors: Simons J. M. , Koppert L. B. , Luiten E. J. T. , van der Pol C. C. , Samiei S. , de Wilt J. H. W. , Siesling S. , Smidt M. L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
An overall trend is observed towards de-escalation of axillary surgery in patients with breast cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate this trend in patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST).

Methods
Patients with cT1-4N0-3 breast cancer treated with NST (2006–2016) were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Patients were classified by clinical node status (cN) and type of axillary surgery. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the clinicopathological factors associated with performing ALND in cN+ patients.

Results
A total of 12,461 patients treated with NST were identified [5830 cN0 patients (46.8%), 6631 cN+ patients (53.2%)]. In cN0 patients, an overall increase in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) only (not followed by ALND) was seen from 11% in 2006 to 94% in 2016 (p < 0.001). SLNB performed post-NST increased from 33 to 62% (p < 0.001). In cN+ patients, an overall decrease in ALND was seen from 99% in 2006 to 53% in 2016 (p < 0.001). Age (OR 1.01, CI 1.00–1.02), year of diagnosis (OR 0.47, CI 0.44–0.50), HER2-positive disease (OR 0.62, CI 0.52–0.75), clinical tumor stage (T2 vs. T1 OR 1.32, CI 1.06–1.65, T3 vs. T1 OR 2.04, CI 1.58–2.63, T4 vs. T1 OR 6.37, CI 4.26–9.50), and clinical nodal stage (N3 vs. N1 OR 1.65, CI 1.28–2.12) were correlated with performing ALND in cN+ patients.

Conclusions
ALND decreased substantially over the past decade in patients treated with NST. Assessment of long-term prognosis of patients in whom ALND is omitted after NST is urgently needed.
ptype: probabilistic type inference
Authors: Ceritli Taha , Williams Christopher K. I. , Geddes James 
Published: March 2020

AbstractType inference refers to the task of inferring the data type of a given column of data. Current approaches often fail when data contains missing data and anomalies, which are found commonly in real-world data sets. In this paper, we propose ptype, a probabilistic robust type inference method that allows us to detect such entries, and infer data types. We further show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods.
Recursion relations for gravitational lensing
Authors: Normann Ben David , Clarkson Chris 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe weak gravitational lensing formalism can be extended to the strong lensing regime by integrating a nonlinear version of the geodesic deviation equation. The resulting ‘roulette’ expansion generalises the notion of convergence, shear and flexion to arbitrary order. The independent coefficients of this expansion are screen space gradients of the optical tidal tensor which approximates to the usual lensing potential in the weak field limit. From lensed images, knowledge of the roulette coefficients can in principle be inverted to reconstruct the mass distribution of a lens. In this paper, we simplify the roulette expansion and derive a family of recursion relations between the various coefficients, generalising the Kaiser–Squires relations beyond the weak-lensing regime.
Vivaldi End-Fire Antenna for THz Photomixers
Authors: Abdullah Mohammad Faraz , Mukherjee Amlan K. , Kumar Rajesh , Preu Sascha 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe propose a broadband end-fire antenna for continuous-wave terahertz (THz) photomixing–based devices working in the frequency range of 0.5–1 THz. A compact Vivaldi antenna is presented that does not require any hyper-hemispherical silicon lens to collect and collimate THz radiation unlike the conventionally used broadside antennas. The antenna is tailored to radiate THz into or receive radiation from a dielectric waveguide placed in close vicinity of it. The antenna is fabricated on an indium phosphide (InP) substrate. A silicon (Si) superstrate is used to improve the directionality of the radiated beam. THz power coupled into Si waveguides is measured using two different techniques between 0.1 and 1.15 THz. Firstly, the waveguide is placed in the optical path of a 1550 nm based continuous-wave THz setup with a commercial broadside emitter, focusing optics, and a detector fabricated on the InP substrate with log-periodic broadside antenna. Secondly, the waveguide is placed in direct contact with the designed Vivaldi antenna–based THz receiver and using the commercial broadside emitter as a source. It is observed that the direct coupling technique using the Vivaldi end-fire antenna outperforms the optically coupled approach at frequencies higher than 668 GHz. Efficient THz photoconductive sources and receivers based on the designed compact Vivaldi end-fire antenna will be suitable for launching THz power into on-chip THz circuitry and for compact THz systems.
Evaluation of the Peng–Robinson and the Cubic-Plus-Association Equations of State in Modeling VLE of Carboxylic Acids with Water
Authors: Román-Ramírez Luis A. , Leeke Gary A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe performance of the classic Peng–Robinson (PR) and the modern Cubic-Plus-Association (CPA) equations of state were evaluated in modeling isobaric and isothermal vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) of binary mixtures of carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, propanoic or butanoic) + water. Two functionalities of the alpha term were tested in PR, the original term proposed by Soave and the Matthias–Copeman term specially developed for modeling polar compounds. Within the Soave functionality, two generalized forms of the acentric factor were studied, the original general form and the Robinson and Peng modification for values of the acentric factor larger than 0.491. In addition, the case of PR with fitted parameters from saturated properties (as commonly obtained for modern equations of state) was also evaluated. VLE calculations without the use of a binary interaction parameter are in general more accurate with the modern CPA due to the association term; however, when a binary interaction parameter is used, the performance of the PR versions studied here are on average similar to those of CPA, and in some cases even superior. The original alpha function used in the PR equation and the original generalized form of the acentric factor are the best options for modeling organic acids + water systems when the binary interaction parameter is available. Temperature-dependent binary interaction parameters are provided as a database in modeling these complex systems.
Two modes of dative and genitive case assignment: Evidence from two stages of Greek
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena , Sevdali Christina 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we compare the properties of dative and genitive objects in Classical vs. Modern Greek. Based on the difference in behavior of dative/genitive objects of ditransitives and monadic transitives in the two periods of Greek which correlates with a range of systematic alternations in the case realization of Modern Greek IO arguments depending on the presence and category (DP vs. PP) of lower theme arguments, we argue that there are two distinct modes of dative and genitive objective case assignment: they are eitherprepositionalordependent(structural) cases, as also proposed by Baker and Vinokurova (2010), and Baker (2015) on the basis of cross-linguistic evidence. If we adopt this proposal a number of important implications follow both for the syntax of Modern Greek genitive indirect objects and for the understanding of the change from Classical to Standard Modern Greek which must be seen as a development from a grammatical system where dative and genitive were lexical/inherent/prepositional cases to a system where genitive is a dependent case assigned to DPs in the sense of Marantz (1991). Interestingly, the development from Classical Greek (CG) to Modern Greek (MG) affected the availability of dative/genitive-nominative alternations in passivization, in the opposite direction of what might be expected, i.e. such alternations were possible in CG and are no longer possible in MG. Our paper addresses this puzzle and argues that the availability of such alternations is not always a diagnostic tool for detecting whether an indirect object DP bears lexically specified or structural/dependent Case, contra standard practice in the literature.
Additive multi-effort contests
Authors: Hausken Kjell 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article analyzes rent seeking with multiple additive efforts for each of two players. Impact on rent seeking occurs even when a player exerts only one effort. This contrasts with models of multiplicative efforts with impact on rent seeking only when a player exerts all its available efforts. An analytical solution is developed when the contest intensities are below one, and equal to one for one effort. Then, additional efforts causing interior solutions give players higher expected utilities and lower rent dissipation, which contrasts with earlier findings for multiplicative efforts. Players cut back on the effort with contest intensity equal to one, and exert alternative efforts instead. Accounting for solutions which have to be determined numerically, a Nash equilibrium selection method is provided. For illustration, an example with maximum two efforts for each player is provided. Equilibria are shown where both players choose both efforts, or one player withdraws from its most costly effort. Both players may collectively prefer to exclude one of their efforts, though in equilibrium, they may prefer both efforts. When all contest intensities are equal to one or larger than one, only the one most cost-effective effort is exerted, due to the logic of linear or convex production. Rent dissipation increases in the contest intensity, and is maximum when the players are equally advantaged determined by unit effort cost divided by impact.
Analysis of spatial planning documents and strategic environmental assessment reports with regard to hazards of major industrial accidents: a case study involving six Polish cities
Authors: Markiewicz Maria Teresa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the event of an accident in an industrial plant, the damage caused by it can be enormous. There may be environmental contamination in a large area. Injured persons may be both employees of the plant staying on its premises and local residents. The control of major accidents is realised by implementing the procedures regarding: safety analysis, emergency and operational planning, effective land-use planning (LUP), strategic environmental assessment (SEA), environmental impact assessment (EIA) and public consultation. The paper presents findings of a case study aiming to analyse selected spatial planning documents prepared at the municipality and SEA reports accompanying them, with regard to hazards of major industrial accidents in six Polish cities. In addition, changes of relevant Polish legislation taking place from 1995 till now are explained referring to European Union (EU) law. This article is the very first to present the situation concerning LUP around hazardous plants in Poland based on such extensive data. The assessment shows that the way of recording the major accident hazards is varied, but legal norms, binding at the time when the documents were drawn up, were met in each of the analysed documents. Changes of relevant Poland legislation were not the only reason for differences in the ways of recording the hazards of major industrial accidents in these documents. The case study has revealed that relevant Polish regulations can be still improved. The results of the study have useful implications for the control of major accidents, spatial policy-making and environmental management.
Is There a Crisis of Democracy in Europe?
Authors: Kriesi Hanspeter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses the current prospects of democracy in Europe from four perspectives: the birdʼs-eye view of long-term trends; the perspective of citizens’ support of democratic principles and their dissatisfaction with the way democracy works in their own countries; the voters’ perspective, which points to the rise of populist challengers in reaction to rising democratic dissatisfaction; and the elites’ perspective of populists in power. Overall, there is reason for concern, but no reason to dramatize. The long-term trends point to the expansion of democracy; the citizens’ support for democracy is still massive in Europe. At the same time, democratic dissatisfaction is widespread, giving rise to the surge of populist challengers from the left and the right. However, even if they gain power, populists meet with a large number of constraints that stabilize democracy.
Fluid Dynamics Effects on Microstructure Prediction in Single-Laser Tracks for Additive Manufacturing of IN625
Authors: Sabau Adrian S. , Yuan Lang , Raghavan Narendran , Bement Matthew , Simunovic Srdjan , Turner John A. , Gupta Vipul K. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Single-track laser fusion were simulated using a heat-transfer-solidification-only (HTS) model and its extension with fluid dynamics (HTS_FD) model using a parallel open-source code, which included laminar fluid dynamics, flat-free surface of the molten alloy, heat transfer, phase-change, evaporation, and surface tension phenomena. The results illustrate that the fluid dynamics affects the solidification and ensuing microstructure. For the HTS_FD simulations, thermal gradient, G was found to exhibit a maximum at the extremity of the solidified pool (i.e., at the free surface), while for HTS simulations, G exhibited a maximum around the entire edge of the solidified pool. HTS_FD simulations predicted a wider range of cooling rates than the HTS simulations, exhibited an increased spread in the solidification speed, V variation within the melt-pool with respect to the HTS model results. Primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) were evaluated based on power law correlations and marginal stability theory models using the (G, V) from HTS and HTS_FD simulations to quantify the effect of the fluid dynamics on the microstructure. At low-laser powers and low-scan speeds, the PDAS obtained with the fluid dynamics model (HTS_FD) was larger by more than 30 pct with respect to the PDAS calculated with the simple HTS model. A new PDAS correlation, i.e.,

$$ \lambda_{1} \left[ {\mu {\text{m}}} \right] = 832\;G\left[ {\text{K/m}} \right]^{ - 0.5} V\left[ {\text{m/s}} \right]^{ - 0.25} $$

λ
1

μ
m

=
832

G

K/m

-
0.5

V

m/s

-
0.25

, which uses the (G, V) results from the HTS_FD model was developed and validated against experimental results.
Technological Frames and Care Robots in Eldercare
Authors: Frennert Susanne , Aminoff Hedvig , Östlund Britt 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCare robots are often portrayed as an exciting new technology for improving care practices. Whether these robots will be accepted and integrated into care work or not, is likely to be affected by the assumptions, expectations and understandings held by potential end users, such as frontline staff and the people that are cared for. This paper describes how the conceptual framework of technological frames was used to identifythe nature of care robots,care robots in useandcare robot strategyas shared group level assumptions, expectations and understandings of care robots among care staff and potential care receivers. Focus groups were conducted with 94 participants. These groups consisted of line managers, frontline care staff, older people and students training to become carers. The technological frame ofthe nature of care robotsrevealed two complementary components: care robots as a threat to the quality of care, and care robots as substitute for humans and human care, held together by imaginaries of care robots. The technological frame ofcare robots in userevealed aspects of prospective end-users’ uncertainty of their ability to handle care robots, and their own perceived lack of competence and knowledge about care robots. In addition, the following potential criteria for successful use of care robots were identified: adequate training, incentives for usage (needs and motives), usability, accessibility and finances. The technological frame ofcare robot strategywas revealed as believed cost savings and staff reduction. The novelty of the results, and their relevance for science and practice, is derived from the theoretical framework which indicates that adoption of care robots will be dependent on how well societies succeed in collectively shaping congruent technological frames among different stakeholders and aligning technological development accordingly.
Welche Entwicklungszusammenhänge zwischen Sprache, Mathematik und Arbeitsgedächtnis modulieren den Einfluss sprachlicher Kompetenzen auf mathematisches Lernen im (Vor‑)Schulalter?
Authors: Viesel-Nordmeyer Nurit , Ritterfeld Ute , Bos Wilfried 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Entwicklungszusammenhang zwischen sprachlichen und mathematischen Fähigkeiten ist hoch komplex und noch nicht gut verstanden. Deshalb wurden Kompetenzdaten von sprachlich unauffälligen Kindern aus dem Nationalen Bildungspanel (NEPS) genutzt, um interdependente Einflüsse von sprachlichen Kompetenzen (Grammatik und Wortschatz) sowie kognitiven Fähigkeiten (zentrale Exekutive, phonologische Schleife, indirekte Maße des Arbeitsgedächtnisses) und mathematischem Lernen in der Altersspanne zwischen 4 und 8 Jahren zu untersuchen (n = 354). Dabei zeigte sich, dass langfristig insbesondere die grammatikalischen Fähigkeiten das mathematische Lernen beeinflussen. Zudem wurde deutlich, dass Sprache innerhalb des Zusammenspiels zwischen kognitiven Fähigkeiten und mathematischen Kompetenzen unterschiedliche Funktionen einnehmen kann: So stellt sie einerseits im Vorschulalter eine Voraussetzung für die Leistungsfähigkeit einzelner mit mathematischen Kompetenzen in Zusammenhang stehender kognitiver Fähigkeiten (zentrale Exekutive, phonologische Schleife) dar. Andererseits mediiert Sprache sowohl im Vorschul- wie auch im Grundschulalter den Einfluss der kognitiven Fähigkeiten auf das mathematische Lernen. Zudem weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass sprachliche Kompetenzen insbesondere im Vorschulalter eine Voraussetzung zur Speicherung mathematischer Informationen bilden.