bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secular trend of global drought since 1950
Authors: Song Xiaodong , Song Yu , Chen Yuanyuan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Drought is a recurring extreme climate event over most parts of the world featured by long duration and low predictability. The secular trend of drought is of particular interest for investigators in agriculture, climate change and sustainability domains. In this study, we applied the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method and analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of the secular trends of meteorological drought over global land surface during the period 1950–2015 using a self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) product. We found that there were 25.98% PDSI samples had turning point, namely the shift of trend, in the corresponding secular trend series; the probability distribution of the turning points position (period) extracted by EEMD closely follows a normal distribution with mean value at Nov. 1981. We showed that there is large discrepancy in the secular trend types extracted by EEMD and Mann–Kendall test, and exemplified the risk of using a monotonic trend to capture the changes of the intrinsic secular trend of PDSI series. We suggested that there was an accelerated drying trend over global land surface as a whole, but large areas with wetting trend existed in the meantime, especially at the high latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Additionally, we found that the PDSI secular trend change rate exhibits a multidecadal variability of about 50 years or so and it implies a potential relationship with periodic variations of the oceanic and atmospheric current. We showed that the secular trend of PDSI series extracted by EEMD could provide more detailed spatio-temporal characteristics, featured by the shifts of trend and nonlinear property of the secular trend, of global drought than that of the non-parametric or linear regression methods. The secular trend of PDSI could present more insights about the transition and progress of wetting/drying trend over global land surface at multidecadal scale.
Wigner–Smith matrix, exponential functional of the matrix Brownian motion and matrix Dufresne identity
Authors: Grabsch Aurélien , Texier Christophe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We consider a multichannel wire with a disordered region of length L and a reflecting boundary. The reflection of a wave of frequency ω is described by the scattering matrix

S

(

ω

)

, encoding the probability amplitudes to be scattered from one channel to another. The Wigner–Smith time delay matrix

Q
=
−
i

S

†

∂

ω

S

is another important matrix, which encodes temporal aspects of the scattering process. In order to study its statistical properties, we split the scattering matrix in terms of two unitary matrices,

S
=

e

2
i
k
L

U

L

U

R

(with

U

L

=

U

R

T

in the presence of time reversal symmetry), and introduce a novel symmetrisation procedure for the Wigner–Smith matrix:

Q

̃

=

U

R

Q

U

R

†

=

(

2
L
/
v

)

1

N

−
i

U

L

†

∂

ω

U

L

U

R

U

R

†

, where k is the wave vector and v the group velocity. We demonstrate that

Q

̃

can be expressed under the form of an exponential functional of a matrix Brownian motion. For semi-infinite wires, L → ∞, using a matricial extension of the Dufresne identity, we recover straightforwardly the joint distribution for

Q

’s eigenvalues of Brouwer and Beenakker (2001 Physica E 9 463). For finite length L, the exponential functional representation is used to calculate the first moments

⟨

t
r

(

Q

)

⟩

,

⟨

t
r

(

Q

2

)

⟩

and

⟨

t
r

(

Q

)

2

⟩

. Finally we derive a partial differential equation for the resolvent

g

(

z
;
L

)

=

lim

N
→
∞

(

1
/
N

)

t
r

z

1

N

−
N

Q

−
1

in the large N limit.
Substantiation of convergent technology data for the Ilets rock salt mining
Authors: Eremenko VA , Galchenko YuP , Vysotin NG , Kosyreva MA , Yakusheva ED 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Using the applied theory of honeycomb structures, the authors propose and evaluate mining system alternates based on the structure of honeycombs for a rock salt deposit. The new-developed nature-like convergent geotechnology enables the loss of the useful mineral to be reduced from 40–60% to 15% at the preserved geodynamic safety of mining. The scope of the discussion embraces the variants of ore extraction from vertical stopes bottom-up using assemblies of mechanized equipment and top-down with a mechanical device reaming a pilot hole for useful mineral to be by-passed to an accumulation horizon.
Transesterification Condition of Crude Palm Oil to Biodiesel Using Solid Catalyst Zeolite/NaOH
Authors: Kurniasih E , Pardi P , Adriana  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The use of NaOH as a catalyst for biodiesel production has long been used and provides high conversion conversions. Homogeneous NaOH phase during the transesterification reaction causes soap to form at the end of the process. Soap is diseparasi from biodiesel by washing and decantation techniques. The presence of soap can reduce the quality of biodiesel, especially at the flash point of biodiesel. Heterogeneous catalyst zeolite / NaOH is synthesized from natural zeolite and NaOH through the impregnation method. Natural zeolite is contained in natural rock obtained from Ujong Pancu, Aceh Besar. The synthesis of natural zeolite catalyst was initiated by activating zeolite powder with 4 M HCl for 10 hours at 90oC. Activated zeolite was impregnated using 2.5% NaOH at a ratio of 1: 2 (w / v) at 90oC for 2 hours. Application of zeolite / NaOH in transesterification reaction using crude palm oil off grade. The results showed that the use of zeolite / NaOH can prevent the formation of soap with characteristics that have met SNI 04-7182-2006 standards.
Reliability Analysis of 20 KV Electric Power Distribution System
Authors: Nazaruddin  , Mahalla  , Fauzi  , Maimun  , Subhan  , Abubakar Said , Aiyub Sayed 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The reliability of the distribution system is the ability of a system to supply electrical energy continuously without causing failure to consumers. The reliability of the distribution system can be analyzed based on the SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index), SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index), and CAIDI (Customer Average Interruption Duration Index) indices. The SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI values are determined by simulating using ETAP 12.0.6 software, which is by running reliability assessment analysis. The simulation process was carried out an IEEE 9 bus network distribution system. The simulation results show a SAIFI value of 1.113 frequency/customer.yr, a SAIDI value of 17.306 hours / customer.yr and a CAIDI value of 15,549 hours / customer interruption. For normal operating conditions, the total demand for loads supplied from secondary substations to the 20 KV distribution network is 12,955 MW and 5,234 MVAR, with losses of 8.06%
Development of Castor Oil as Local Demulsifier to Overcome Water-Oil Emulsion
Authors: Erfando Tomi , Handoko Devin Theo , Khalid Idham 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Crude oil is generally mixed with water at the time of production. The oil and water mixture at the time of production is known as an emulsion. In addressing the problem of emulsions requires the addition of a chemical compound, commonly referred to as demulsifier to be able to separate water and oil. This research aims to make the formulation of demulsifier locally based on castor oil. This castor oil will be processed into a surfactant compound because it has a very high saturated fat content of 33% of the total weight of the seeds. The manufacture of this demulsifier using saponification method is to heat the castor oil and add the KOH dissolved in aquades, as well as the added glycerin to taste. Then, the process of testing demulsification with a sample of the emulsion of crude oil that has been prepared using the bottle test method. From the test results of several temperature conditions, different concentration and time obtained the best test results by demulsifier in the separation of water and oil at a temperature of 80 °C and concentrations of 5 ml. In sample 1 demulsifier soap and the soap demulsifier added lemon separates the water by as much as 38 ml and 39 ml, meanwhile, the commercial demulsifier separates the water by 32 ml. Thus, it can be concluded that the demulsifier made from castor oil has a better ability than commercial demulsifier.
Waste Mud in Oil and Gas CEPU PPSDM Using Bioremediation
Authors: Maryanty Yanty , Hadiantoro Sigit , Takwanto Anang , Kamilia  , Ardhanariswari Linga 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Bioremediation is one method of treating hazardous waste environmentally friendly. This method of waste treatment Utilizes a microbial activity to treat hazardous waste. Oil sludge from the processing of petroleum in PPSDM Migas Cepu is one of the dangerous wastes, so it must be processed first before being discharged into the environment. The bioremediation process of oxygen and nutrients is needed by microbes to decompose harmful compounds in the oil sludge so that the addition of a bulking agent in the form of rice husk and sawdust is needed. Bacteria that help the bioremediation process are heterophilic bacteria, heterophilic bacteria used in this study are aeruginous Pseudomonas, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus spheres. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of bulking agents on bioremediation and Determine the performance of heterophilic petroleum degrading bacteria in waste. The results of this study indicate the addition of a bulking agent Gives a fairly good result in bioremediation in the reduction in TPH and TCLP values Compared to bioremediation reactors without the addition of a bulking agent. Petrophilic Also bacteria play an important role in the bioremediation process as evidenced in the decline in TPH and TCLP values. The addition of a bulking agent, in a variable one (25; 75) there was a decrease in the value of% TPH namely 56.22%, variable 2 (40:60) there was a decline in the value of% TPH 55.95 and in variable 3 there was a decrease in the value of% TPH by 49, 73%. During the bioremediation process, the increase is in the pH value from 3. 6 to 6.5 indicates the presence of bacterial activity in degrading oil sludge waste. Percent of Percent Nitrogen and Carbon in bioremediation Decreased by 80 and 56%. The success of the bioremediation process was demonstrated by the results of FT-IR analysis, with peaks of 3418.39 cm-1, 2924.65 cm-1, and 1746.22 cm-1.
Effect of H2O2 as the Foaming Agent on the Geopolymer Mortar using Curing of Room Temperature
Authors: Rizal Faisal , Pratama Ari Putra , Khamistan  , Fauzi Amir , Syarwan  , Azka Ahyari 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Road construction on the peat has been an issue in the world. Yet, due to the reason of topography and alignment through a peat environment, this work remains to be done. The issue in this study was the bearing capacity of soil due to high water content, creep, deformation high acid, so that was required to find the alternative material to support the base of the road with the light material. This study used fly ash as the alternative material in the foam geopolymer mortar that utilized hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with the percentage of 1%, 2%, and 3% fly ash, respectively, as the blowing foaming agent in fresh geopolymer mortar. The alkaline solution was prepared using the solution of Na2SiO3 and NaOH with a ratio of 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. The room temperature was used as the curing for 14 days. The results showed that the optimum compressive strength was obtained about 3.53 MPa with a Na2SiO3/NaOH of 2.5 and the percentage of H2O2 as 1% fly ash. Furthermore, optimum density was obtained about 0.61 gr/cm3 with a Na2SiO3/NaOH of 2.5 and the percentage of H2O2 as 3% fly ash.
The Impact of Anthropometry on Terasi Packaging
Authors: Andriani Meri , Syntia Rita 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The packaging is a protective material for the product to last longer. The purpose of this research is to design an ergonomic packaging using anthropometric methods for terasi products. Terasi is a spice that has special characteristics for Acehnese food. The results obtained in designing packaging with the anthropometric method using the dimensions of the width of the palm. The percentile used is 5% percentile with a mean value of boys and girls of 7.11 centimeters.
Separation of Oleoresin from Nutmeg Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction and Hexane as Solvent
Authors: Ananingsih Victoria Kristina , Soedarini Bernadeta , Karina Emerentiana 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Indonesia has many herbs and spices that function as ingredients for making herbal medicine or for cooking. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is an Indonesia’s origin plant that has many health benefits. It produces specific flavors come from its bioactive compounds, namely oleoresin. Oleoresin can be extracted from nutmeg to get the concentrated compounds; hence it can be applied easily as the ingredient of food and beverage products. Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) is applied in this research since it has higher yield compared to other extraction methods. This research is aimed to optimize the process condition of ultrasonic assisted extraction of nutmeg to get the good qualities of oleoresin. Solvent used in this research was hexane with extraction temperatures of 39, 45, 52 °C, and extraction times of 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Ratio between nutmeg and solvent were 5:100, 10:100 and 15:100. Frequency used was 45 kHz. The results showed that the optimum process condition to separate oleoresin from nutmeg were at extraction temperature of 52 °C, extraction time of 60 minutes and ratio between nutmeg and hexane of 5:100. This optimized process condition produced yield 62% of extracted oleoresin. Antioxidant activity and phenol content of this optimized oleoresin were 44,78% and 0,11 ppm respectively.
Bioethanol Production from Alkali Steam Explosion of Oil Palm of Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber
Authors: Sudiyani Yanni , Wahyuni Eka Tri , Muryanto Muryanto , Marno Sephtian , Putri Nelizza 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Bioethanol is the most promising biofuels and can be generated from lignocellulosic biomasses. The study of bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) pretreated by alkali steam explosion was carried out employing separate enzymatic hydrolysis (SHF) and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) approaches. Alkaline extraction after steam explosion pretreatment of OPEFB led to the partial removal of lignin, hemicellulose and other degradation products from fiber surface. The pretreatment process is of great importance to ethanol yield. In the present study, the pretreatment was processed using a steam explosion reactor at 150°C, 4 bars for 30 minute with alkaline concentrations of NaOH 10% (kg/L). After pretreatment, the OPEFB substrates 10% and 15% (w/v) was saccharification using 30 FPU of Ctec2 and Htec2 enzyme and fermentation using yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 72 hours. The glucose obtained after 72 hours was 137.80 g/L (subtrate 15%) and 97.90 g/L (subtrate 10%). Bioethanol production in SSF mode faster and slightly more efficient process than SHF.
Durability and Taste of Tofu with “Ie Asam Sunti” Coagulant
Authors: Salmyah  , Fachraniah  , Fajri  , Maulizar  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the special spices in the Province of Aceh that is not available except “Pliek U” is “Asam Sunti”. “Asam Sunti” is made from star fruit wuluh by means of drying in the sun and fermentation at night until the 4-5 days. Waste “Ie Asam Sunti” which can be used as a coagulating of soy protein and tofu preservatives because it contains some that are not contained in starfruit, among others: acids, citric, calcium citrate, flavonoids and anti-bacterial. The results showed that the “Ie Asam Sunti” can coagulating of soy protein into tofu, based on statistical analysis, Minitab software 14 optimal caking process at 5 hours immersion, 25 minutes coagulating time and volume of 250 ml “Ie Asam Sunti” get 120 - 140 % yield, content protein with the Kjedall tool obtained 6.89 – 10.54 %, the results of the microbial test showed the number of microbes <3APM / Gr and the test of the taste was very delicious.
Characteristics of Wafer Originated from Coffee Waste as Ruminant Animal Feed
Authors: Milawarni  , Arskadius  , Elfiana E. , Yassir  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Coffee waste is a by-product from processing coffee beans which has the potential to be used as a reinforcing feed material (concentrate) for ruminants. The waste of coffee fruit is physically quite large in composition, that is 48% of the pulp and the rest is waste. The disadvantages of this coffee waste to be used as feed are its high fiber content (21%), caffeine and tannin and its voluminous physical form. But all this can be overcome by fermentation using Aspergius Niger so as to increase its nutritional value. This research was carried out by making a feed composition including: P0 = 0% coffee husk waste (control) and 98.75% rice bran, P1 = 30% coffee husk waste and 68.75% rice bran, P2 = 60% coffee husk waste and 38.75 rice bran and P3 = 90% coffee husk waste and 8.75% rice bran. The variables observed were the physical characteristics of the feed wafer including: aroma, color and density and palability. Data was collected and analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan Range Test. The results showed the use of coffee husk waste should be used at a level of 30%, because it has a high palability value and low density and crumbs so it is easier for ruminant animals to consume.
Window Cleaning Robot by using Arduino as Microcontroller
Authors: Markom Arni Munira , Arriffinjee Muhammad Asyraffuddeen Bin , Haironi Muhammad Fikri Bin , Yusoff Zakiah Mohd 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Stunning and modern houses nowadays have been constructed with increasing number of curtain window glass walls and corresponds to the requirement of its maintenance, repair and care from dust and pollution. This window produces a lot of difficulties such as the window height and the exposure to the risk of hurt or injury during the cleaning process. A window cleaning robot by using Arduino Mega as microcontroller is developed with neodymium magnet, ultrasonic sensors, DC motor, servo motor, motor driver and buzzer. Neodymium magnet is used to attach the window robot vertically on the surface of glass wall whereas servomotor will move the robot accordingly. To detect an obstacle or the robot reached at the edge of panel at about 3 cm, an ultrasonic sensors are used to notify and enable the DC motor to change its current path. When all four sides of the edge of panel window is detected, the robot will turn on a buzzer continuously to notify user that glass window cleaning process is completed successfully.
Static Analysis of Functionally Graded Coated Plate on Elastic Foundation Based on Levy Method
Authors: Toudehdehghan Abdolreza 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Levy method for bending analysis of composite plate resting on a Winkler elastic foundation hypothesis is presented based on classical plate theory. Two models were considered for a composite coated plate. These two models were named conventional composite model and functionally graded coated model. The conventional composite model was consisting of a ceramic Homogeneous Coated (HC) layer and metal layer. The Functionally Graded Coated (FGC) model was consisting of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) as a composition of ceramic and metal on a metal layer. The material properties of FGM composite are assumed varying exponentially along the thickness direction. Also, the material properties of the nan-FGM layers are assumed homogeneous. Finally, the effect of the FGC layer, as well as, the elastic stiffness of the foundation is presented and compared with the results of the HC model.
Nanosecond Pulse Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser based on Evanescent Field Interaction with Lutetium Oxide
Authors: Jafry A A A , Yusoff R A M , Kasim N , Rifin S N M , Muhammad A R , Harun S W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The mechanism of evanescent field interaction is established between lutetium oxide (Lu2O3) and light on the surface of D-shaped optical fiber. The D-shaped optical fiber was prepared using rotating wheel technique with the improved two times polishing method. The side-polished fiber sample owns a remaining fiber diameter of 70 μm and polishing length of 1400 μm. Lutetium oxide was deposited onto the D-shaped optical fiber as a pulse initiator inside an erbium-doped fiber laser cavity. A Q-switched with operating wavelength of 1565 nm was generated. Stable pulses were recorded as the pump power raised from 146 to 162 mW with pulse width as short as 450 ns and repetition rate of 0.967 MHz. As the pump power varied, output power of 120 to 160 μW which corresponds to pulse energy of 124 to 166 pJ were obtained.
Geographic Information System for Waste Management for the Development of Smart City Governance
Authors: Saptadi N Tri Suswanto , Chyan Phie , Pratama Andrew Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 has been able to change the paradigm of government towards the contribution of Information Technology in providing fast, precise and accurate services to the public for better information service needs. Trends in Smart City Governance will also increase public and government participation in utilizing application data so that they can provide suggestions and criticisms quickly, easily and accurately. Makassar has a population of 1,469,601 people and is the highest compared to other regions in South Sulawesi. Makassar has produced around 1,200 tons of waste per day that goes to Tamanagappa landfills. Waste generated by each district is different from other districts, so it is necessary to do integrated waste management. To overcome this problem, Makassar City Government applies the Smart City concept that focuses on Smart Environment. This concept aims to reduce and utilize waste and create better energy sources. The research objective is to develop a system that can provide information to the public so that the performance of the Makassar City Sanitation Office becomes effective and integrated. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, organize and display all types of geographic data. GIS components consist of data, software, hardware, users, and applications. Research using the Spiral method with tools or applications used by implementing ArcView, ArcGis, and Map Info. GIS tools used are based on Open Source such as Google Maps by providing various types of libraries that can be directly used. The results showed 90% of respondents agreed that this application could be used.
Characterization of Lombok Earthquakes on July-August 2018 using Focal Mechanism Analysis
Authors: Karima T , Wijaya S K , Rosid M S , Rohadi S , Perdana Y H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Focal mechanism study was carried out on 5 major earthquakes that occurred in Lombok on July-August 2018. The KIWI program was applied here to compare the parameters of the 5 earthquake sources. The principle of the KIWI program is inversion of wave components at various stations to obtain the moment tensor. Green’s Function is also implemented to create synthetic waves representing the observation waves. Source parameters are taken from the synthetic waves from the five recorded events, and it was found that the 5 earthquakes on July 29th, 2018, August 5th, 2018, August 9th, 2018, and two earthquakes on August 19th, 2018 have strike values varying between 61°-74°, dip values between 18°-36°, and rake values between 75°-93°. These five earthquakes have similar source parameters, and have focal balls which state that the type of fault in these earthquakes are thrust faults. The similar source parameters, close range of time of occurrence, and hypocenter distances indicate that the earthquake events were most likely caused by the same fault.