bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of the Element “Passion” Applied to Microscopy
Authors: Smith N Crise 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Of all the meanings and definitions of the word passion, the two that are applied here are “a pursuit to which one is devoted” and “excitement of the mind.” These are the emotional feelings that drive artists, musicians, writers, and scientists to fervently apply their skills. Within the field of microscopy, scientists and technologists display their zeal when they pursue the development of new techniques and methodologies, when they invite the world into their laboratories through telepresence microscopy, and when they use only the highest of standards to execute their studies. It is the ardor that drives retired microscopists to deliver microscopes to school children, and the joy that makes teachers of us all, as we are so desirous to share our knowledge. Passion is the deep feeling that can motivate a microscopist to produce imaginative IMAX movies and films for public television series.
Microscopy Milestones: Field Ion Microscopy, Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy and Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Miller M K , Panitz J A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Two of the most significant microscopy milestones that were achieved in the last century were the imaging of individual atoms and the identification of individual atoms. Both these remarkable achievements were due to Prof. E. W. Miiller and members of his group at Pennsylvania State University. Almost fifty years ago, Miiller introduced a new type of microscope in which a sharp needle-shaped specimen was pointed at a fluorescent screen, Fig. 1. By applying an appropriately high positive voltage to the specimen, image gas atoms near the apex of the specimen could be ionized and radially projected towards the screen where they produced highly magnified images of the specimen surface, Fig. 2. By cryogenically cooling the specimen and using helium as the image gas, the first images of individual atoms were obtained in a field ion microscope by Bahadur and Müller on October 11th, 1955.
Implications of Peat Soil Conceptualization for Groundwater Exfiltration in Numerical Modeling: A Study on a Hypothetical Peatland Hillslope
Authors: Autio Anna , Ala‐Aho Pertti , Ronkanen Anna‐Kaisa , Rossi Pekka M. , Kløve Bjørn 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFully integrated physically based hydrological modeling is an essential method for increasing hydrological understanding of groundwater‐surface water (GW‐SW) interactions in peatlands and for predicting anthropogenic impacts on these unique ecosystems. Modeling studies represent peat soil in a simplistic manner, as a homogeneous layer of uniform thickness, but field measurements consistently show pronounced spatial variability in peatlands. This study evaluated uncertainty in groundwater levels and exfiltration fluxes associated with the simplified representation of the peat soil layer. For transferability of the results, impacts of selected topographical and hydrogeological conceptual models on GW‐SW exchange fluxes were simulated in a hypothetical hillslope representing a typical aquifer‐mire transect. The results showed that peat soil layer geometry defined the simulated spatial GW‐SW exchange patterns and groundwater flow paths, whereas total groundwater exfiltration flux to the hillslope and groundwater level in the peatland were only subtly altered by different conceptual peat soil geometry models. GW‐SW interactions were further explored using different scenarios and dimensionless parameters for peat hydraulic conductivity and hillslope‐peatland system slope. The results indicated that accurate representation of physical peat soil properties and landscape topography is important when the main objective is to model spatial GW‐SW exchange. Groundwater level in virtual peatland was not greatly affected by groundwater drawdown in an adjacent aquifer, but the magnitude and spatial distribution of GW‐SW interactions was significantly altered. This means that commonly used groundwater depth observations near peat‐mineral soil interfaces and within peatlands may not be a suitable indicator for monitoring the hydrological state of groundwater‐dependent peatland ecosystems.
Developmental effects on sleep–wake patterns in infants receiving a cow’s milk-based infant formula with an added prebiotic blend: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Colombo John , Carlson Susan E. , Algarín Cecilia , Reyes Sussanne , Chichlowski Maciej , Harris Cheryl L. , Wampler Jennifer L. , Peirano Patricio , Berseth Carol Lynn 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have evaluated nutritive effects of prebiotics on infant behavior state, physiology, or metabolic status.MethodsIn this double-blind randomized study, infants (n = 161) received cow’s milk-based infant formula (Control) or similar formula with an added prebiotic blend (polydextrose and galactooligosaccharides [PDX/GOS]) from 14–35 to 112 days of age. Infant wake behavior (crying/fussing, awake/content) and 24-h sleep–wake actograms were analyzed (Baseline, Days 70 and 112). Salivary cortisol was immunoassayed (Days 70 and 112). In a subset, exploratory stool 16S ribosomal RNA-sequencing was analyzed (Baseline, Day 112).ResultsOne hundred and thirty-one infants completed the study. Average duration of crying/fussing episodes was similar at Baseline, significantly shorter for PDX/GOS vs. Control at Day 70, and the trajectory continued at Day 112. Latency to first and second nap was significantly longer for PDX/GOS vs. Control at Day 112. Cortisol awakening response was demonstrated at Days 70 and 112. Significant stool microbiome beta-diversity and individual taxa abundance differences were observed in the PDX/GOS group.ConclusionsResults indicate faster consolidation of daytime waking state in infants receiving prebiotics and support home-based actigraphy to assess early sleep–wake patterns. A prebiotic effect on wake organization is consistent with influence on the gut–brain axis and warrants further investigation.ImpactFew studies have evaluated nutritive effects of prebiotics on infant behavior state, cortisol awakening response, sleep–wake entrainment, and gut microbiome.Faster consolidation of daytime waking state was demonstrated in infants receiving a prebiotic blend in infant formula through ~4 months of age.Shorter episodes of crying were demonstrated at ~2 months of age (time point corresponding to age/developmental range associated with peak crying) in infants receiving formula with added prebiotics.Results support home-based actigraphy as a suitable method to assess early sleep–wake patterns.Prebiotic effect on wake organization is consistent with influence on the gut–brain axis and warrants further investigation.
Pathogen-associated selection on innate immunity genes (TLR4, TLR7) in a neotropical rodent in landscapes differing in anthropogenic disturbance
Authors: Heni Alexander Christoph , Schmid Julian , Rasche Andrea , Corman Victor Max , Drosten Christian , Sommer Simone 
Published: July 2020

AbstractToll-like receptors (TLRs) form part of the innate immune system and can recognize structurally conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules. Their functional importance in the resistance to pathogens has been documented in laboratory experimental settings and in humans. TLR diversity, however, has been rarely investigated in wildlife species. How the genetic diversity of TLRs is associated with various pathogens and how it is shaped by habitat disturbance are understudied. Therefore, we investigated the role of genetic diversity in the functionally important parts of TLR4 and TLR7 genes in resistance towards gastrointestinal nematodes andHepacivirusinfection. We chose a generalist study species, the rodentProechimys semispinosus, because it is highly abundant in three Panamanian landscapes that differ in their degree of anthropogenic modification. We detected only two TLR7 haplotypes that differed by one synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) position. The TLR4 variability was higher, and we detected four TLR4 haplotypes that differed at one synonymous SNP and at three amino acid positions within the leucine-rich repeat region. Only TLR4 haplotypes had different frequencies in each landscape. Using generalized linear models, we found evidence that nematode loads and virus prevalence were influenced by both specific TLR4 haplotypes and landscape. Here, the variable “landscape” served as a surrogate for the important influential ecological factors distinguishing landscapes in our study, i.e. species diversity and host population density. Individuals carrying the common TLR4_Ht1 haplotype were less intensely infected by the most abundant strongyle nematode. Individuals carrying the rare TLR4_Ht3 haplotype were allHepacivirus-positive, where those carrying the rare haplotype TLR4_Ht4 were less often infected byHepacivirusthan individuals with other haplotypes. Our study highlights the role of TLR diversity in pathogen resistance and the importance of considering immune genetic as well as ecological factors in order to understand the effects of anthropogenic changes on wildlife health.
Synergistic reduction in albuminuria in type 2 diabetic mice by esaxerenone (CS-3150), a novel nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, combined with an angiotensin II receptor blocker
Authors: Arai Kiyoshi , Morikawa Yuka , Ubukata Naoko , Sugimoto Kotaro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEsaxerenone is a novel selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker that was recently approved in Japan to treat hypertension. In phase II and III studies, esaxerenone plus a renin–angiotensin system inhibitor markedly reduced the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in hypertensive patients with diabetic nephropathy. To evaluate a direct renoprotective effect by MR blockade independent of an antihypertensive effect in the context of diabetic nephropathy, esaxerenone (3 mg/kg), olmesartan (an angiotensin II receptor blocker; 1 mg/kg), or both were orally administered to KK-Ay mice, a type 2 diabetes model, once daily for 56 days. Urinary albumin (Ualb), UACR, and markers, such as podocalyxin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), were measured, along with systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting blood glucose, and serum K+ levels. Prior to the initiation of drug administration, KK-Ay mice showed higher blood glucose, insulin, Ualb excretion, and UACR levels than C57BL/6 J mice, a nondiabetic control, indicating the development of diabetic renal injury. Combined treatment with esaxerenone and olmesartan significantly reduced the change in UACR from baseline compared with the change associated with vehicle at week 8 (−1.750 vs. 0.339 g/gCre; P < 0.002) and significantly inhibited the change in Ualb from baseline compared with the change associated with vehicle at week 8 (P < 0.002). The combination treatment also reduced urinary excretion of podocalyxin and MCP-1, but did not influence 8-OHdG excretion, SBP, blood glucose, or serum K+ levels. Overall, esaxerenone plus olmesartan treatment ameliorated diabetic nephropathy in KK-Ay mice without affecting SBP, suggesting that the renoprotective effects of esaxerenone could be exerted independently of its antihypertensive effect.
The influence of postural threat on strategy selection in a stepping-down paradigm
Authors: Kluft Nick , Bruijn Sjoerd M. , Luu M. John , Dieën Jaap H. van , Carpenter Mark G. , Pijnappels Mirjam 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo walk safely in their environment, people need to select adequate movement strategies during gait. In situations that are perceived as more threatening, older adults adopt more cautious strategies. For individuals with excessive fear, selecting adequate strategies might be troubling. We investigated how a postural threat affects the selection of strategies within and between older adults by using a stepping-down paradigm. In twenty-four older adults we determined the height at which they switched in stepping-down strategies from a less demanding but more balance threatening heel landing to a more demanding yet safer toe landing. We expected that this switching height would be lower in the high (0.78 m elevation) compared to low threat (floor level) condition. Furthermore, we investigated if older adults, for which the postural threat evoked an increase in the perceived fear, presented a different stepping down strategy due to the postural threat. Our results indicated that the postural threat changed older adults’ strategies selection towards a more conservative toe landing. Hence, despite the additional effort, older adults prefer more cautious strategies during a postural threat. No effects of perceived fear on strategy selection between individuals were observed, potentially due to relatively small differences in fear among participants.
Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of the YUCCA gene family in Malus domestica
Authors: Song Chunhui , Zhang Dong , Zheng Liwei , Shen Yawen , Zuo Xiya , Mao Jiangping , Meng Yuan , Wu Haiqin , Zhang Yike , Liu Xiaoyuan , Qian Ming , Zhang Jie , Li Gaochao , Zhao Caiping , Xing Libo , Ma Juanjuan , Han Mingyu , An Na 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe plant hormone auxin is essential for plant growth and development. YUCCA proteins catalyse the rate-limiting step for endogenous auxin biosynthesis. In this study, we isolated 20 MdYUCCA genes from apple genome. MdYUCCA6a, MdYUCCA8a, and MdYUCCA10a were expressed in most organs and could support whole plant basal auxin synthesis. MdYUCCA4a, MdYUCCA10b, and MdYUCCA11a expression indicated roles for these genes in auxin biosynthesis in vegetative organs. MdYUCCA2b, MdYUCCA11b, and MdYUCCA11d were mainly expressed in flower organs. High temperature induced the expression of MdYUCCA4a, MdYUCCA6a, MdYUCCA8a, and MdYUCCA10a, and down-regulated the expression of MdYUCCA2b and MdYUCCA6b. Dual-luciferase assay indicated that MdPIF4 could trans-activate the MdYUCCA8a promoter. Overexpression of MdYUCCA8a increased IAA content, increased stem height, enhanced apical dominance, and led to silique malformation. These results provide a foundation for further investigation of the biological functions of apple MdYUCCAs.
Forest fragmentation modifies the composition of bumblebee communities and modulates their trophic and competitive interactions for pollination
Authors: Gómez-Martínez Carmelo , Aase Anne Lene T. O. , Totland Ørjan , Rodríguez-Pérez Javier , Birkemoe Tone , Sverdrup-Thygeson Anne , Lázaro Amparo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the effects of landscape fragmentation on global bumblebee declines requires going beyond estimates of abundance and richness and evaluating changes in community composition and trophic and competitive interactions. We studied the effects of forest fragmentation in a Scandinavian landscape that combines temperate forests and croplands. For that, we evaluated how forest fragmentation features (patch size, isolation and shape complexity, percentage of forest in the surroundings) as well as local flowering communities influenced bumblebee abundance, richness and community composition in 24 forest patches along a fragmentation gradient. In addition, we assessed the effect of fragmentation on bumblebee–plant network specialization (H2′), and potential inter- and intraspecific competition via shared plants. Patch isolation was associated with lower bumblebee abundance, whereas flower density was positively related to both bumblebee abundance and richness. Overall, forest fragmentation reduced the abundance of forest-specialists while increasing the abundance of open-habitat species. Patches with complex shapes and few flowers showed more generalized bumblebee–plant networks (i.e., fewer specific interactions). Patch shape complexity and the percentage of forest also modified inter- and intraspecific competitive interactions, with habitat generalists outcompeting forest specialists in fragmented areas. Understanding these mechanisms is necessary to anticipate to the impact of forest fragmentation on bumblebee decline.
Explosive Fibonacci-sequence growth into unusual sector-face morphology in poly(l-lactic acid) crystallized with polymeric diluents
Authors: Lugito Graecia , Nagarajan Selvaraj , Woo Eamor M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLamellar assembly in unusual sector-face PLLA spherulites from crystallization of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) diluted with amorphous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The growth and morphology of the crystalline structures is studied using polarized optical microscopy (POM), atomic-force and scanning electron microscopies (AFM, SEM). Crystals are also analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The two alternate sectored faces differ dramatically in their optical birefringence and top-surface and interior lamellar assembly. By originating from the nucleus center, an explosive fan-like sector of high-birefringence lamellae is packed by fractal growth from an initial single stalk into hundreds of branches upon reaching the periphery, with the number of stalks increasing roughly by the Fibonacci sequence along the radial distance. The exploded pattern resembles a cross-hatch grating structure, and displays a cauliflower-like fractal-branching of optical birefringence blue/orange stripes. This finding suggests that growth with periodic branching is one of the main mechanisms to fill the ever-expanding space in the spherulitic 3D aggregates.
Hepatic regeneration following radiation-induced liver injury is associated with increased hepatobiliary secretion measured by PET in Göttingen minipigs
Authors: Kjærgaard Kristoffer , Weber Britta , Alstrup Aage Kristian Olsen , Petersen Jørgen Breede Baltzer , Hansen Rune , Hamilton-Dutoit Stephen Jacques , Mortensen Frank Viborg , Sørensen Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNormal liver tissue is highly vulnerable towards irradiation, which remains a challenge in radiotherapy of hepatic tumours. Here, we examined the effects of radiation-induced liver injury on two specific liver functions and hepatocellular regeneration in a minipig model. Five Göttingen minipigs were exposed to whole-liver stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in one fraction (14 Gy) and examined 4–5 weeks after; five pigs were used as controls. All pigs underwent in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the liver using the conjugated bile acid tracer [N-methyl-11C]cholylsarcosine ([11C]CSar) and the galactose-analogue tracer [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-galactose ([18F]FDGal). Liver tissue samples were evaluated histopathologically and by immunohistochemical assessment of hepatocellular mitosis, proliferation and apoptosis. Compared with controls, both the rate constant for secretion of [11C]CSar from hepatocytes into intrahepatic bile ducts as well as back into blood were doubled in irradiated pigs, which resulted in reduced residence time of [11C]CSar inside the hepatocytes. Also, the hepatic systemic clearance of [18F]FDGal in irradiated pigs was slightly increased, and hepatocellular regeneration was increased by a threefold. In conclusion, parenchymal injury and increased regeneration after whole-liver irradiation was associated with enhanced hepatobiliary secretion of bile acids. Whole-liver SBRT in minipigs ultimately represents a potential large animal model of radiation-induced liver injury and for testing of normal tissue protection methods.
Quantification of muco-obstructive lung disease variability in mice via laboratory X-ray velocimetry
Authors: Werdiger Freda , Donnelley Martin , Dubsky Stephen , Murrie Rhiannon P. , Carnibella Richard P. , Samarage Chaminda R. , How Ying Y. , Zosky Graeme R. , Fouras Andreas , Parsons David W. , Morgan Kaye S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo effectively diagnose, monitor and treat respiratory disease clinicians should be able to accurately assess the spatial distribution of airflow across the fine structure of lung. This capability would enable any decline or improvement in health to be located and measured, allowing improved treatment options to be designed. Current lung function assessment methods have many limitations, including the inability to accurately localise the origin of global changes within the lung. However, X-ray velocimetry (XV) has recently been demonstrated to be a sophisticated and non-invasive lung function measurement tool that is able to display the full dynamics of airflow throughout the lung over the natural breathing cycle. In this study we present two developments in XV analysis. Firstly, we show the ability of laboratory-based XV to detect the patchy nature of cystic fibrosis (CF)-like disease in β-ENaC mice. Secondly, we present a technique for numerical quantification of CF-like disease in mice that can delineate between two major modes of disease symptoms. We propose this analytical model as a simple, easy-to-interpret approach, and one capable of being readily applied to large quantities of data generated in XV imaging. Together these advances show the power of XV for assessing local airflow changes. We propose that XV should be considered as a novel lung function measurement tool for lung therapeutics development in small animal models, for CF and for other muco-obstructive diseases.
Light-driven complex 3D shape morphing of glassy polymers by resolving spatio-temporal stress confliction
Authors: Lee Jong Hyeok , Choi Jun-Chan , Won Sukyoung , Lee Jae-Won , Lee Jae Gyeong , Kim Hak-Rin , Wie Jeong Jae 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProgrammable 3D shape morphing of hot-drawn polymeric sheets has been demonstrated using photothermal local shrinkage of patterned hinges. However, the hinge designs have been limited to simple linear hinges used to generate in-plane local folding or global curvature. Herein, we report an unprecedented design strategy to realize localized curvature engineering in 3D structures employing radial hinges and stress-releasing facets on 2D polymeric sheets. The shape and height of the 3D structures are readily controlled by varying the number of radial patterns. Moreover, they are numerically predictable by finite elemental modeling simulation with consideration of the spatio-temporal stress distribution, as well as of stress competition effects. Localized curvature engineering provides programming capabilities for various designs including soft-turtle-shell, sea-shell shapes, and saddle architectures with the desired chirality. The results of local curvilinear actuation with quantifiable stress implies options to advance the applicability of self-folded architectures embodying coexisting curved and linear geometric surfaces.