bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rattlesnake colouration affects detection by predators
Authors: Harmel M. V. , Crowell H. L. , Whelan J. M. , Taylor E. N. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCrypsis, or the ability of an animal to avoid detection by other animals, is strongly impacted by an animal’s colouration and pattern. Crypsis may be especially important for ambush foragers, which spend much of their time above ground and therefore benefit from being inconspicuous to predators and prey. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rattlesnake skin colouration on the likelihood of it being detected and attacked by a predator, on the latency (time) to attack, and on the attack frequency on each physical body section of the models. Clay models representing four commonly observed rattlesnake colour morphs (light, dark and two intermediate colour patterns) were deployed in two different habitat types (wooded area and open field), and the marks made on the models by predators were quantified over time. We found that light snake models, which have little contrast with substrate, were less likely to be attacked and were attacked later than darker model types, which have higher contrast with substrate. Predators attacked the various body segments of the models at similar frequencies. Our data suggest dark‐coloured rattlesnakes, which have the most contrast with the golden‐coloured grasses and therefore have the lowest crypsis, are most at risk from predation.
Adult tinea capitis in China: A retrospective analysis from 2000 to 2019
Authors: Liang Guanzhao , Zheng Xiaoli , Song Ge , Zhang Meijie , Liu Jia , Zang Xiaohui , Fu Meihua , Liu Weida 
Published: May 2020

SummaryBackgroundTinea capitis (TC) is an infection of the scalp hair due to dermatophytes. Most commonly seen in prepubescent children, but data of adults tinea capitis (ATC) in China mainland are limited.ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate epidemiological, clinical and mycological characteristics of ATC in China from 2000 to 2019.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed all ATC reported cases in China mainland, confirmed by mycological examination, by searching PubMed, Wanfang, Weipu and CNKI database.ResultsIn sum, 40 papers involving 269 clinical cases were included. The average morbidity of ATC was calculated as 9.04% after standardisation. The sex ratio is 1:5.2 (31 male, 163 female); 76 people between 18 and 44 age level and 137 people between 45 and 89 age level were diagnosed as ATC. Culture or ITS sequencing identified Trichophyton violaceum in 70 cases (35.2%), Microsporum canis in 42 cases (21.1%), Trichophyton mentagrophyte in 32 cases (16.1%), Trichophyton rubrum in 23 cases (11.5%), Microsporum gypseum in 18 cases (9.0%), Trichophyton tonsurans in 6 cases (3.0%), Trichophyton schoenleini in 4 cases (2.0%), Epidermophyton floccosum in 2 cases (1.0%), Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum ferrugineum in one case (0.5%). ATC was easily to be diagnosed as furfur, seborrhoeic dermatitis (13%) or pustular and dermatocellulitis (11.15%).Six immunocompromised persons were recorded (2.2%).ConclusionsATC mainly involves postmenopausal women. Trichophyton violaceum, M canis, T mentagrophyte remain the most common aetiological agent of ATC in China. Trichophyton rubrum own the much higher frequency in ATC than in children. For diversified clinical manifestations, recognising ATC profiles will help clinicians avoid misdiagnosis.
A dimensional analysis of inner strength in people ageing with serious illness
Authors: Morgan Brianna E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNursing models of care show promise in addressing the needs of older adults facing serious illness through supporting inner strength. However, previous conceptual and theoretical models of inner strength are limited. This concept analysis used dimensional analysis methods to explore inner strength in people ageing with serious illness to address limitations by defining a pragmatic, data‐driven model. This study analyzed published literature of adults with serious illness that describes inner strength. Thirty articles were selected after review. The result was an explanatory matrix that describes inner strength from the perspective of where have I been, where am I going? within the context of being a person who is living and dies and you have a serious illness. The conditions spotlighting by actors around me and taking stock of others and ideas lead to processes of looking in/looking out and seeing me as I’m seen. The final consequence of this process is meeting me. This updated concept analysis of inner strength improves upon previous models by providing a clinically relevant situation‐specific model of inner strength for people with serious illness. Implications for nursing scholarship and practice are described including exploration of person‐centered care, relational practice, and health communication.
Ineffective esophageal motility and bolus clearance. A study with combined high‐resolution manometry and impedance in asymptomatic controls and patients
Authors: Zerbib Frank , Marin Ingrid , Cisternas Daniel , Abrahao Luiz , Hani Albis , Leguizamo Ana M. , Remes‐Troche José M. , Perez de la Serna Julio , Ruiz de Leon Antonio , Serra Jordi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe definition and relevance of ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) remains debated. Our aim was to determine motility patterns and symptoms associated with IEM defined as impaired bolus clearance.MethodsTo define altered bolus clearance, normal range of swallows with complete bolus transit (CBT) on high‐resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) was determined in 44 asymptomatic controls. The results were then applied to a cohort of 81 patients with esophageal symptoms to determine the motility patterns which best predicted altered bolus clearance. Subsequently, in a cohort of 281 consecutive patients the identified motility patterns were compared with patients’ customary symptoms.Key ResultsIn asymptomatic controls, the normal range of swallows with CBT was 50%‐100%. In patients, altered bolus transit (<50% CBT) was only associated with 30% or more failed contractions (P < .001). Neither weak peristalsis nor absence of contraction reserve (CR) was associated with altered bolus clearance. The patterns which best predicted altered bolus clearance were failed contractions ≥30% (specificity 88.2% and sensitivity of 84.6%), and ≥70% ineffective (failed + weak) contractions (sensitivity 84.6% and specificity 80.9%). No motility pattern was correlated to symptom scores.Conclusions and InferencesBased on bolus clearance assessed by HRIM, ≥30% failed contractions and ≥70% ineffective contractions have the best sensitivity and specificity to predict altered bolus clearance. Weak contractions and absence of CR are not relevant with respect to bolus clearance.
Exploring food security and nutrition among young women in the formally regulated garment sector of Myanmar
Authors: Goudet Sophie , Hlaing Lwin Mar , Griffiths Paula L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMalnutrition can adversely influence women's overall health and development and that of their children. In the Yangon region of Myanmar, young women aged 15–19 years can be excessively thin, overweight, or anemic. A significant proportion of these young women working within the formal sector are employed in the garment industry. This study used a mixed‐method approach to generate robust evidence on food security and nutrition in young female garment workers. The research revealed that women have poor quality of nutrition, restricted their food intake, and ate less preferred food. The risk factors for not meeting the minimum dietary diversity were related to migration patterns, employment, food security level, and living conditions. This study offers recommendations and identifies areas for interventions that are either wanted by consulted stakeholders and/or for which there is an evidence basis for their recommendation: (1) promote food‐ and nutrition‐specific programming, (2) increase healthy food access, and (3) improve employment conditions. These future interventions should generate comprehensive research, data, and benefits to fill in the evidence gaps identified and provide guidance on how to promote nutrition in the workplace for this vulnerable group of workers.
Accuracy and Safety of Robot‐Assisted Drilling Decompression for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
Authors: Luo Jin , Yan Ya‐jing , Wang Xiao‐dong , Long Xu‐dong , Lan Hai , Li Kai‐nan 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and superiority of robot‐assisted femoral head drilling decompression in the treatment of femoral head necrosis.MethodsA total of 63 patients who underwent borehole decompression of the femoral head in our hospital from January 2016 to March 2019 were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups for comparison according to surgical methods. In the robot‐assisted surgery group, there were 30 cases with 41 femoral heads. The conventional group had 33 cases and 46 femoral heads. All patients signed the consent form before the operation. The follow‐up time was 6 months. The incision lengths, operation times, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluoroscopies, guide needle punctures, postoperative Harris scores, and postoperative complications of the two groups were compared.ResultsThe incision length of the robot surgery group was 5.16 ± 0.41 cm, while that of the traditional surgery group was 7.42 ± 0.50 cm. The operation time of the robot surgery group was 46.99 ± 4.94 min, while that of the traditional surgery group was 55.01 ± 6.19 min. The fluoroscopy frequency of the robot surgery group was 10.50 ± 1.78 times, while that of the traditional surgery group was 17.91 ± 2.20 times. The intraoperative blood loss in the robotic surgery group was 20.62 ± 2.52 mL, while that in the conventional surgery group was 52.72 ± 3.39 mL. In the robot operation group, each femoral head guide needle was punctured three times, and the puncture was successful one time. The number of guided needle punctures in the traditional group was 8.02 ± 1.73. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The Harris score was 69.53 ± 7.51 in the robot surgery group and 68.38 ± 7.26 in the traditional surgery group one month after surgery, 78.52 ± 6.49 in the robot surgery group and 76.41 ± 7.95 in the traditional surgery group three months after surgery, and 83.32 ± 8.62 in the robot surgery group and 81.74 ± 6.20 in the traditional surgery group six months after surgery. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the traditional group, there was one case of incision infection and one case of femoral head collapse during follow‐up. In the robot group, there were no complications, such as incision infection and deep vein thrombosis. No collapse of the femoral head was found in the robot group during follow‐up.ConclusionThe positioning system of the orthopaedic robot is an ideal method for the treatment of femoral head necrosis. This method has the advantages of simple operation, accurate drilling, a short operation time, less surgical trauma, less radioactivity, and good recovery of hip joint function.
Clustered cases of acral perniosis: Clinical features, histopathology, and relationship to COVID‐19
Authors: Cordoro Kelly M. , Reynolds Sean D. , Wattier Rachel , McCalmont Timothy H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesA recent marked increase in pediatric and adult patients presenting with purpuric acral lesions concerning for ischemia, thrombosis and necrosis has been observed in COVID‐19 prevalent regions worldwide. The clinical and histopathological features and relationship to COVID‐19 have not been well described. The objective of this case series is to describe the clinical features and determine the histopathologic findings and clinical implications of the clusters of acral perniosis cases identified in pediatric patients.MethodsWe describe six otherwise healthy adolescents—three siblings per family from two unrelated families—presented within a 48‐hour period in April, 2020, with acral perniosis‐like lesions in the context of over 30 similar patients who were evaluated within the same week.ResultsAffected patients had mild symptoms of viral upper respiratory infection (URI) or contact with symptomatic persons 1‐2 weeks preceding the rash. They all presented with red to violaceous macules and dusky, purpuric plaques scattered on the mid and distal aspects of the toes. Skin biopsies performed on each of the six patients demonstrated near identical histopathologic findings to those of idiopathic perniosis, with a lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate without evidence of thromboembolism or immune complex vasculitis. While SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction was negative, testing was performed 1‐2 weeks after URI symptoms or sick contact exposure.ConclusionWe offer a clinical approach to evaluation of patients with this presentation and discuss the possibility that these skin findings represent a convalescent‐phase cutaneous reaction to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Do vertical spillovers differ by investors’ productivity? Theory and evidence from Vietnam
Authors: Ni Bin , Kato Hayato 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDeveloping countries are eager to host foreign direct investment to receive positive technology spillovers to their local firms. However, what types of foreign firms are desirable for the host country to achieve spillovers best? We address this question using firm‐level panel data from Vietnam to investigate whether foreign Asian investors in downstream sectors with different productivity affect the productivity of local Vietnamese firms in upstream sectors differently. Using endogenous structural breaks, we divide Asian investors into low‐, middle‐, and high‐productivity groups. The results suggest that the presence of the middle group has the strongest positive spillover effect. The differential spillover effects can be explained by a simple model with vertical linkages and productivity‐enhancing investment by local suppliers. The theoretical mechanism is also empirically confirmed.
Examining preservice teachers' responses to area conservation tasks
Authors: Hong Dae S. , Runnalls Cristina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to explore how elementary preservice teachers responded to area conservation tasks. We administered written pre‐assessments, followed by semi‐structured interviews with 23 preservice teachers, asking them to respond to and reason with area conservation tasks. Findings highlighted several interesting preservice teachers' struggles when assessing area conservation tasks. In many cases, preservice teachers exhibited struggles similar to students, especially with regards to the justification of their area conservation claims. We provide recommendations to assist preservice teachers in their development of mathematical content knowledge in their teacher education programs, so that in the future they may better plan area lessons that promote procedural fluency from conceptual understanding in area measurement.
Functional redundancy between flavodiiron proteins and NDH‐1 in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Nikkanen Lauri , Santana Sánchez Anita , Ermakova Maria , Rögner Matthias , Cournac Laurent , Allahverdiyeva Yagut 
Published: May 2020

SummaryIn oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, excluding angiosperms, flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) catalyze light‐dependent reduction of O2 to H2O. This alleviates electron pressure on the photosynthetic apparatus and protects it from photodamage. In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, four FDP isoforms function as hetero‐oligomers of Flv1 and Flv3 and/or Flv2 and Flv4. An alternative electron transport pathway mediated by the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase‐like complex (NDH‐1) also contributes to redox hemostasis and the photoprotection of photosynthesis. Four NDH‐1 types have been characterized in cyanobacteria: NDH‐11 and NDH‐12, which function in respiration; and NDH‐13 and NDH‐14, which function in CO2 uptake. All four types are involved in cyclic electron transport. Along with single FDP mutants (∆flv1 and Δflv3) and the double NDH‐1 mutants (∆d1d2, which is deficient in NDH‐11,2 and ∆d3d4, which is deficient in NDH‐13,4), we studied triple mutants lacking one of Flv1 or Flv3, and NDH‐11,2 or NDH‐13,4. We show that the presence of either Flv1/3 or NDH‐11,2, but not NDH‐13,4, is indispensable for survival during changes in growth conditions from high CO2/moderate light to low CO2/high light. Our results show functional redundancy between FDPs and NDH‐11,2 under the studied conditions. We suggest that ferredoxin probably functions as a primary electron donor to both Flv1/3 and NDH‐11,2, allowing their functions to be dynamically coordinated for efficient oxidation of photosystem I and for photoprotection under variable CO2 and light availability.
CaMKII activity contributes to homeometric autoregulation of the heart: A novel mechanism for the Anrep effect
Authors: Reil Jan‐Christian , Reil Gert‐Hinrich , Kovács Árpád , Sequeira Vasco , Waddingham Mark T. , Lodi Maria , Herwig Melissa , Ghaderi Shahrooz , Kreusser Michael M. , Papp Zoltán , Voigt Niels , Dobrev Dobromir , Meyhöfer Svenja , Langer Harald F. , Maier Lars S. , Linz Dominik , Mügge Andreas , Hohl Mathias , Steendijk Paul , Hamdani Nazha 
Published: May 2020

Key points
The Anrep effect represents the alteration of left ventricular (LV) contractility to acutely enhanced afterload in a few seconds, thereby preserving stroke volume (SV) at constant preload. As a result of the missing preload stretch in our model, the Anrep effect differs from the slow force response and has a different mechanism.
The Anrep effect demonstrated two different phases. First, the sudden increased afterload was momentary equilibrated by the enhanced LV contractility as a result of higher power strokes of strongly‐bound myosin cross‐bridges. Second, the slightly delayed recovery of SV is perhaps dependent on Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II activation caused by oxidation and myofilament phosphorylation (cardiac myosin‐binding protein‐C, myosin light chain 2), maximizing the recruitment of available strongly‐bound myosin cross‐bridges.
Short‐lived oxidative stress might present a new facet of subcellular signalling with respect to cardiovascular regulation.
Relevance for human physiology was demonstrated by echocardiography disclosing the Anrep effect in humans during handgrip exercise.

AbstractThe present study investigated whether oxidative stress and Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity are involved in triggering the Anrep effect. LV pressure–volume (PV) analyses of isolated, preload controlled working hearts were performed at two afterload levels (60 and 100 mmHg) in C57BL/6N wild‐type (WT) and CaMKII‐double knockout mice (DKOCaMKII). In snap‐frozen WT hearts, force–pCa relationship, H2O2 generation, CaMKII oxidation and phosphorylation of myofilament and Ca2+ handling proteins were assessed. Acutely raised afterload showed significantly increased wall stress, H2O2 generation and LV contractility in the PV diagram with an initial decrease and recovery of stroke volume, whereas end‐diastolic pressure and volume, as well as heart rate, remained constant. Afterload induced increase in LV contractility was blunted in DKOCaMKII‐hearts. Force development of single WT cardiomyocytes was greater with elevated afterload at submaximal Ca2+ concentration and associated with increases in CaMKII oxidation and phosphorylation of cardiac‐myosin binding protein‐C, myosin light chain and Ca2+ handling proteins. CaMKII activity is involved in the regulation of the Anrep effect and associates with stimulation of oxidative stress, presumably starting a cascade of CaMKII oxidation with downstream phosphorylation of myofilament and Ca2+ handling proteins. These mechanisms improve LV inotropy and preserve stroke volume within few seconds.
Framing Social Comparison Feedback With Financial Incentives for Physical Activity Promotion: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Patel Mitesh S. , Asch David A. , Rosin Roy , Small Dylan S. , Bellamy Scarlett L. , Hoffer Karen , Shuttleworth David , Hilbert Victoria , Zhu Jingsan , Yang Lin , Wang Xingmei , Volpp Kevin G. 
Published: May 2020

Background: Social comparison feedback is often used in physical activity interventions but the optimal design of feedback is unknown.Methods: This 4-arm, randomized trial consisted of a 13-week intervention period and 13-week follow-up period. During the intervention, 4-person teams were entered into a weekly lottery valued at about $1.40/day and contingent on the team averaging ≥7000 steps per day. Social comparison feedback on performance was delivered weekly for 26 weeks, and varied by reference point (50th vs 75th percentile) and forgiveness in use of activity data (all 7 d or best 5 of 7 d). The primary outcome was the mean proportion of participant-days achieving the 7000-step goal.Results: During the intervention period, the unadjusted mean proportion of participant-days that the goal was achieved was 0.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38 to 0.56) in the 50th percentile arm, 0.38 (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.37) in the 75th percentile arm, 0.40 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.49) in the 50th percentile with forgiveness arm, and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.55) in the 75th percentile with forgiveness arm. In adjusted models during the intervention and follow-up periods, there were no significant differences between arms.Conclusions: Changing social comparison feedback did not impact physical activity.
The genesis of a giant mud canopy by catastrophic failure of a thick evaporite sealing layer
Authors: Kirkham Chris , Cartwright Joe , Bertoni Claudia , Van Rensbergen Pieter 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Three-dimensional seismic imaging and well calibration reveal a large allochthonous mud edifice that is composed of several mud extrusions and covers an area &gt;740 km2 on the outer shelf slope of the Nile Delta. The allochthonous material was sourced from beneath the ∼1-km-thick Messinian evaporites in the Eastern Mediterranean and extruded synchronously as eight large mud volcanoes directly on top of the Messinian evaporites in a catastrophic remobilization event at the end of the Messinian salinity crisis. These large extrusive flows coalesced to form a single edifice with an exceptional volume of ∼292 km3 that is connected to eight widely spaced conduits. We argue that this large mud body represents a new morphological type and scale of mud extrusion. We propose that mud extrusions that coalesce on a surface forming a multi-conduit-fed edifice be referred to as mud canopies, by analogy with salt canopies, with implications for basin reconstruction, paleo–overpressure release events, and fluid migration.
Could acceleration of a pulsar affect braking index?
Authors: Chang Zhe , Zhu Qing-Hua 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the coming era of multi-messenger astrophysics, pulsars might be one of the most possible electromagnetic counterparts of the gravitational wave. The braking indices, which are related closely to the electromagnetic radiation of pulsars, are shown to be larger for the pulsars with companion. It motivates us to set up a modified spin-down equation for accelerated pulsars. In this model, we attempt to figure out whether acceleration of a pulsar can cause a larger braking index.