bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critique of Some Appeals to Science in Animal Ethics
Authors: Lepeltier Thomas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
To reinforce their positions, animal advocates often rely on scientific arguments. They have the impression that evolutionary theory and ethological studies, in showing that animals are related to us and that they are more intelligent than one used to think, strengthen their arguments. This article shows that, on the contrary, in most cases scientific discoveries of this kind are not useful for animal ethics. Indeed, the fact that animals are close to us is not the reason one should not exploit them. The simple knowledge that they are sentient, which predates modern science, should be sufficient. So making reference to science is often an inappropriate strategy for animal advocates.
Keeping Companion Animals: Dilemmas of Domestication
Authors: Finsen Susan M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An overview and critical discussion of Christine Overall’s Pets and People: The Ethics of Our Relationships With Companion Animals (Oxford University Press, 2017). Argues that the book contains important contributions to many of the major ethical issues associated with the keeping of “pets” but is lacking in discussion of the most fundamental issue—namely, whether it is ethical to keep “pets” at all.
Animals, Misanthropy, and Humanity
Authors: Kidd Ian James 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
David E. Cooper argues that honest reflection on the ways human beings treat and compare with animals encourages a doctrine of misanthropy—a negative, critical verdict or judgment on humankind or human culture, motivated by a perception that our practices and forms of life are infused with a variety of vices and failings that are both ubiquitous and entrenched. Animals and Misanthropy develops two strategies of argumentation in support of a doctrine of misanthropy, focused on criticism of our treatment of animals and on morally unfavorable comparisons between us and them. Cooper contrasts a vice-based analysis with more familiar theories and approaches in mainstream animal ethics and then surveys a range of possible responses to misanthropy, which he labels “optimism,” “pessimism,” and “quietism.” I identify two omissions from the book’s discussion, namely, veganism and a set of vices not mentioned by Cooper, consideration of which can amplify the case for misanthropy.
e
Portfolios
Authors: Arispe Kelly 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Electronic portfolios (ePortfolios) are generally defined as an electronic showcase of the learner's process and product for any given learning objective, course, or both. Cummins and Davesne call it the “learner empowering alternative to computer‐based testing.” Portfolios—in the traditional sense as a collection of student learning outcomes—are not new to K‐16 environments, however, ePortfolios have come forth at an opportune time to align with educational shifts from teacher‐centered to learner‐centered, constructivist pedagogies. Furthermore, the expanse of Web 2.0 tools used for learning have been essential in encouraging this shift from paper to online. Specifically, ePortfolios encourage holistic, personalized ways to evaluate and reflect learning, however, this change requires careful implementation as well as teacher and learner training. While ePortfolios can be of benefit for any educational context, they offer unique affordances for language learners to continue working on second language (L2) development and intercultural competence.
Move Analysis
Authors: Cotos Elena 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMove analysis is an approach to discourse analysis used in the research and teaching of genres within the area of language for specific purposes (LSP). Grounded in Swales's genre theory, this approach focuses on communicative purposes referred to as moves and rhetorical strategies called steps. Moves and steps are used to describe and study the rhetorical composition of texts within a genre and the linguistic means used within discourse communities to accomplish rhetorical actions. This entry presents move analysis from the perspectives of research and pedagogy, also addressing its potential value outside of LSP.
Translanguaging
Authors: García Ofelia , Wei Li 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
As a critical sociolinguistic theory, translanguaging has had the most application in language education, especially in the education of language‐minoritized students and in bilingual education and increasingly in what are considered foreign language programs. It has been seen to have the capacity and potential to transform the way we see, use, and teach language, literacy, and other subjects. This entry first discusses the meanings of translanguaging theory and its implications for a theory of language. It focuses on how translanguaging transforms our understandings of bilingual/multilingual people as well as the familiar concepts that have been used to study them. The second part then turns to how translanguaging has impacted language education, transforming how we teach students for bilingualism as well as how bilingual students learn. The focus then shifts to how translanguaging informs and can transform language policies in classrooms as well as pedagogies.
Engineered Microneedles for Interstitial Fluid Cell‐Free DNA Capture and Sensing Using Iontophoretic Dual‐Extraction Wearable Patch
Authors: Yang Bin , Fang Xueen , Kong Jilie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractInterstitial fluid (ISF), as an emerging source of biomarkers, is unmistakably significant for disease diagnosis. Microneedles (MNs) provide a minimally invasive approach for extracting the desired molecules from ISF. However, existing MNs are limited by their capture efficiency and sensitivity, which impedes early disease diagnosis. Herein, an engineered wearable epidermal system is presented with a combination of reverse iontophoresis and MNs for rapid capture and sensing of Epstein‐Barr virus cell‐free DNA (an important biomarker of nasopharyngeal carcinoma). Owing to a dual‐extraction effect demonstrated by reverse iontophoresis and MNs, the engineered wearable platform successfully isolates the cell‐free DNA target from ISF within 10 min, with a threshold of 5 copies per µL and a maximum capture efficiency of 95.4%. The captured cell‐free DNA is also directly used in a recombinase polymerase amplification electrochemical microfluidic biosensor with a detection limit of 1.1 copies per µL (or a single copy). The experimental data from immunodeficient mouse models rationalizes the feasibility and practicality of the wearable system. Collectively, the developed method opens an innovative route for minimally invasive sampling of ISF for cell‐free DNA‐related cancer screening and prognosis.
Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
Authors: Battistel Alberto , Palagonia Maria Sofia , Brogioli Doriano , La Mantia Fabio , Trócoli Rafael 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDue to the ubiquitous presence of lithium‐ion batteries in portable applications, and their implementation in the transportation and large‐scale energy sectors, the future cost and availability of lithium is currently under debate. Lithium demand is expected to grow in the near future, up to 900 ktons per year in 2025. Lithium utilization would depend on a strong increase in production. However, the currently most extended lithium extraction method, the lime‐soda evaporation process, requires a period of time in the range of 1–2 years and depends on weather conditions. The actual global production of lithium by this technology will soon be far exceeded by market demand. Alternative production methods have recently attracted great attention. Among them, electrochemical lithium recovery, based on electrochemical ion‐pumping technology, offers higher capacity production, it does not require the use of chemicals for the regeneration of the materials, reduces the consumption of water and the production of chemical wastes, and allows the production rate to be controlled, attending to the market demand. Here, this technology is analyzed with a special focus on the methodology, materials employed, and reactor designs. The state‐of‐the‐art is reevaluated from a critical perspective and the viability of the different proposed methodologies analyzed.
Morphology and Magneto‐Transport in Exfoliated Graphene on Ultrathin Crystalline β‐Si3N4(0001)/Si(111)
Authors: Salimian Sedighe , Xiang Shaohua , Colonna Stefano , Ronci Fabio , Fosca Marco , Rossella Francesco , Beltram Fabio , Flammini Roberto , Heun Stefan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis work reports the first experimental study of graphene transferred on β‐Si3N4(0001)/Si(111). A comprehensive quantitative understanding of the physics of ultrathin Si3N4 as a gate dielectric for graphene‐based devices is provided. The Si3N4 film is grown on Si(111) under ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) conditions and investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Subsequently, a graphene flake is deposited on top of it by a polymer‐based transfer technique, and a Hall bar device is fabricated from the graphene flake. STM is employed again to study the graphene flake under UHV conditions after device fabrication and shows that the surface quality is preserved. Electrical transport measurements, carried out at low temperature in magnetic field, reveal back gate modulation of carrier density in the graphene channel and show the occurrence of weak localization. Under these experimental conditions, no leakage current between back gate and graphene channel is detected.
Mie Resonator Color Inks of Monodispersed and Perfectly Spherical Crystalline Silicon Nanoparticles
Authors: Sugimoto Hiroshi , Okazaki Takuma , Fujii Minoru 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA crystalline silicon (Si) nanoparticle (NP) of 100–200 nm in diameter exhibits a highly saturated color owing to Mie resonance, and can be a component to realize angle‐insensitive structural color covering the entire visible range. However, to date, coloring a substrate by Si nanostructures has only been achieved in a very small area by using electron beam lithography and dry etching processes. In this work, a Si NP color ink capable of coloring a flexible substrate by a painting process is developed. The sphericity of Si NPs is very high; the circularity factor obtained from a transmission electron microscope image reaches 0.97. The average diameter of Si nanospheres is controlled from 95 to 200 nm, and the polydispersity defined by the standard deviation divided by the average diameter is as small as 6%. Because of the high sphericity, high crystallinity, high size purity, and perfect dispersion in solution, the Si nanosphere solutions exhibit vivid colors recognizable by naked eye in a range of blue to orange. The Si nanosphere color inks combined with a polymer binder are capable of coloring flexible substrates by a painting process.
High Efficiency Up‐Conversion Random Lasing from Formamidinium Lead Bromide/Amino‐Mediated Silica Spheres Composites
Authors: Yang Jie , Liu Zhengzheng , Pi Mingyu , Lin Hao , Zeng Fanju , Bian Yao , Shi Tongchao , Du Juan , Leng Yuxin , Tang Xiaosheng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFormamidinium (HC(NH2)+; FA) lead halide perovskites have emerged as potential candidates for solar cells, light‐emitting diodes, and lasing applications. However, the severely poor photostability of this material under UV irradiation seriously restricts the application on optoelectronic devices. In this paper, formamidinium lead halide (FAPbX3) quantum dots (QDs) adhered uniformly on the surface of amino‐mediated silica (A‐SiO2) spheres are successfully synthesized using a facile ligand‐assisted reprecipitation (LARP) method. Amazingly, the FAPbBr3/A‐SiO2 composites demonstrate excellent photostability after continuous illumination under UV lamps due to the effective suppression of the interactions and mutual contact between FAPbBr3 particles. In addition, the up‐conversion random lasing with a high quality (Q) factor of 1307 and low threshold of 413.7 µJ cm‐2 is successfully achieved from the FAPbBr3/A‐SiO2 composites at room‐temperature, which originates from the multiple random scattering of light and photon recycling provided by the silica spheres and the high gain characteristic of FAPbBr3 QDs. Moreover, different from regular lasers, random lasing does not rely on a laser cavity, which is promising in angle‐unlimited optical performance and easy/low‐cost fabrication. This work will open the window of high‐performance random lasers for digital light projector, high speed imaging, and speckle‐free full‐field imaging application.
Cellulose‐Conducting Polymer Aerogels for Efficient Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Han Shaobo , Ruoko Tero‐Petri , Gladisch Johannes , Erlandsson Johan , Wågberg Lars , Crispin Xavier , Fabiano Simone 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSeawater desalination and wastewater purification technologies are the main strategies against the global fresh water shortage. Among these technologies, solar‐driven evaporation is effective in extracting fresh water by efficiently exploiting solar energy. However, building a sustainable and low‐cost solar steam generator with high conversion efficiency is still a challenge. Here, pure organic aerogels comprising a cellulose scaffold decorated with an organic conducting polymer absorbing in the infrared are employed to establish a high performance solar steam generator. The low density of the aerogel ensures minimal material requirements, while simultaneously satisfying efficient water transport. To localize the absorbed solar energy and make the system floatable, a porous floating and thermal‐insulating foam is placed between the water and the aerogel. Thanks to the high absorbance of the aerogel and the thermal‐localization performance of the foam, the system exhibits a high water evaporation rate of 1.61 kg m−2 h−1 at 1 kW m−2 under 1 sun irradiation, which is higher than most reported solar steam generation devices.
Hyperthermia‐Triggered On‐Demand Biomimetic Nanocarriers for Synergetic Photothermal and Chemotherapy
Authors: Gao Junbin , Wang Fei , Wang Shuanghu , Liu Lu , Liu Kun , Ye Yicheng , Wang Zhen , Wang Hong , Chen Bin , Jiang Jiamiao , Ou Juanfeng , van Hest Jan C. M. , Peng Fei , Tu Yingfeng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNanoparticle‐based drug delivery systems with low side effects and enhanced efficacy hold great potential in the treatment of various malignancies, in particular cancer; however, they are still challenging to attain. Herein, an anticancer drug delivery system based on a cisplatin (CDDP) containing nanogel, functionalized with photothermal gold nanorods (GNRs) which are electrostatically decorated with doxorubicin (DOX) is reported. The nanoparticles are formed via the crosslinking reaction of hyaluronic acid with the ancillary anticarcinogen CDDP in the presence of DOX‐decorated GNRs. The nanogel is furthermore cloaked with a cancer cell membrane, and the resulting biomimetic nanocarrier (4T1‐HANG‐GNR‐DC) shows efficient accumulation by homologous tumor targeting and possesses long‐time retention in the tumor microenvironment. Upon near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, in situ photothermal therapy is conducted which further induces hyperthermia‐triggered on‐demand drug release from the nanogel reservoir to achieve a synergistic photothermal/chemo‐therapy. The as‐developed biomimetic nanocarriers, with their dual‐drug delivery features, homotypic tumor targeting and synergetic photothermal/chemo‐therapy, show much promise as a potential platform for cancer treatment.
A Precise Microfluidic Assay in Single‐Cell Profile for Screening of Transient Receptor Potential Channel Modulators
Authors: Ai Xiaoni , Wu Yang , Lu Wenbo , Zhang Xinran , Zhao Lin , Tu Pengfei , Wang KeWei , Jiang Yong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTransient receptor potential (TRP) channels are emerging drug targets, and TRP channel modulators possess therapeutic potential for many indications. However, there is a lack of intellectual and robust screening assays against TRP channels utilizing the least amount of compounds. Here, a precise microfluidic assay in single‐cell profile is developed for the screening of TRP channel modulators. The geometrically optimized microchip is designed for both trapping single cells and utilizing passive pumping for sequential media replacement with low shear stress. The microfluidic chip exhibits superior performance in screening, repeatable compound administration, and improved reproducibility. Using this screening platform, the false‐positive and negative rate of the commonly used Ca2+ imaging is reduced from 76.2% to 4.8% and four coumarin derivatives isolated from Murraya species that inhibit TRP channels are identified. One coumarin derivative B‐304 reverses TRPA1‐mediated inflammatory pain in vivo. Taken together, the data demonstrate that the established microfluidic assay in single‐cell profile could be used for the screening of TRP channel modulators that may have therapeutic potential for the channelopathies.
Enhanced Potassium Ion Battery by Inducing Interlayer Anionic Ligands in MoS1.5Se0.5 Nanosheets with Exploration of the Mechanism
Authors: Fan Hai‐Ning , Wang Xing‐Yong , Yu Hai‐Bo , Gu Qin‐Fen , Chen Shan‐Liang , Liu Zheng , Chen Xiao‐Hua , Luo Wen‐Bin , Liu Hua‐Kun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe strategy of inducing interlayer anionic ligands in 2D MoS1.5Se0.5 nanosheets is employed to consolidate the interlayer band gap and optimize the electronic structure for the potassium ion battery. It combines complementary advantages from two kinds of anionic ligands with high conductivity and good affinity with potassium ions. The potassium ion diffusion rate is accelerated as well by an optimized lower energy barrier for ion diffusion pathways, with the formation of highly reversible KMo3Se3 crystal other than K0.4MoS2/K2MoS4, which encounters a much slower electro/ion diffusion rate upon discharging. These advances deliver enhanced potassium storage properties with excellent cycling stability, with retained specific capacity of 531.6 mAh g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1 even after 1000 cycles, and high rate capability with specific capacity of 270.1 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1. The insertion and conversion mechanism are also elucidated by a combination of density functional theory computations and in situ synchrotron measurements.
Warm‐season forage options in Northern Dryland Regions
Authors: Carr Patrick M. , Boss Darrin L. , Chen Chengci , Dafoe Julia M. , Eberly Jed O. , Fordyce Simon , Hydner Roger M. , Fryer Heather K. , Lachowiec Jennifer A. , Lamb Peggy F. , McVay Kent A. , Khan Qasim A. , Miller Perry R. , Miller Zachariah J. , Torrion Jessica A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRotating summer fallow with wheat (Triticum spp.) is done in dryland grain farming at upper latitudes to stabilize yields over time and to prevent crop failure. However, summer fallow is costly since weeds must be controlled and crops are not grown. Replacing summer fallow with grain crops can generate low economic returns. Previous research indicated that annual cool‐season forages can be substituted for summer fallow in dryland cropping systems. Our objective was to determine if annual warm‐season species were suited for forage production in monocultures and polycultures in the U.S. northern Great Plains. Dry matter (DM) production by 20 warm‐ and cool‐season crop monocultures and 4 polycultures was determined across six environments during 2016, and by 25 warm‐ and cool‐season crop monocultures and polycultures across four environments from 2016 through 2018. Maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture produced forage DM in amounts equal to, or greater than, those produced by other warm‐ and cool‐season crop treatments (P < 0.05). Maize DM production averaged 2.5 to 5.7 Mg ha−1, depending on the study and environment. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) also produced relatively large amounts of forage DM. Polycultures failed to produce more DM than monocultures consistently (P > 0.40). These results indicate that maize and other warm‐season crops are adapted for dryland forage production in cool regions at upper latitudes. Additional research is needed to determine the impacts of annual warm‐season forages on grain yield in a forage‐wheat crop sequence.
A multi‐institutional comparison of mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine vs high‐dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Christian Sonia , Arain Saad , Patel Pritesh , Khan Irum , Calip Gregory S. , Agrawal Vaibhav , Sweiss Karen , Griffin Shawn , Cahill Kirk , Konig Heiko , Esen Aysenur , Shergill Ardaman , Odenike Olatoyosi , Stock Wendy , Quigley John G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRelapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) has a poor prognosis and is best treated with salvage chemotherapy as a bridge to allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT). However, the optimal salvage therapy remains unknown. Here we compared two salvage regimens; mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine (MEC) and mitoxantrone and high‐dose Ara‐C (Ara‐C couplets). We analyzed 155 patients treated at three academic institutions between 1998 and 2017; 87 patients received MEC and 68 received Ara‐C couplets. The primary endpoint was overall response (OR). Secondary endpoints included progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), duration of hospitalization, hematologic and nonhematologic toxicities, and success in proceeding to alloSCT. Baseline characteristics of the cohorts were well matched, though patients receiving Ara‐C couplets had more co‐morbidities (48.5% vs 33%; P = .07). OR was achieved in 43.7% of MEC and 54.4% of Ara‐C couplets patients (P = .10). Ara‐C couplets patients also trended towards a longer OS and PFS, more frequently proceeded to alloSCT (31% vs 54.4%; P = .003), and experienced less febrile neutropenia (94% vs 72%; P < .001) and grade 3/4 gastrointestinal toxicities (17.2% vs 2.94%; P = .005). No significant differences in other toxicities or median duration of hospitalization were noted. This is the first multi‐institutional study directly comparing these regimens in a racially diverse population of R/R AML patients. Although these regimens have equivalent efficacy in terms of achieving OR, Ara‐C couplets use is associated with significant reductions in toxicities, suggesting it should be used more frequently in these patients.