bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Karlsruhe verdient Anerkennung — Zum PSPP-Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 5. Mai 2020
Authors: Höpner Martin 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungAm 5. Mai 2020 verkündete das Bundesverfassungsgericht sein Urteil zur deutschen Beteiligung am Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) der Europäischen Zentralbank. Dieses Urteil ist vielfach kritisiert worden. Der Autor stellt dem eine alternative Deutung entgegen. So sieht er es als wichtige Aufgabe des Bundesverfassungsgerichts an, darüber zu wachen, ob die europäischen Organe die Grenzen ihrer Ermächtigung durch die Mitgliedstaaten achten. In praktischer Hinsicht erkennt er eine weit geöffnete Schere zwischen den Vertragsgrundlagen und den Abläufen im Euroraum. Er hält das Urteil für vorsichtig und schonend.
Virtual Description of Non-Crimp Fabrics at the Scale of Filaments Including Orientation Variability in the Fibrous Layers
Authors: Colin David , Bel Sylvain , Hans Thorsten , Hartmann Mathias , Drechsler Klaus 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA numerical description of dry non-crimp fabrics is proposed at the scale of the filaments using a commercially available finite element software package. Deviations in the filament orientation of the fibrous layer is a dominant factor in the occurrence of local defects, which influences the mechanical response of the textile. Therefore, the introduction of variability in the orientation distribution is proposed in this paper. This approach enables to capture the entanglement of the filaments and models all interaction mechanisms. A stepwise generation of the numerical non-crimp fabric is proposed considering the main manufacturing steps to reproduce the local defects in the fibrous mat appropriately. Averaged periodic boundary conditions are developed ensuring an overall periodicity of the model while allowing reorientation at the scale of the filaments. Two various non-crimp fabrics are investigated and modelled. The distribution of the filaments in the simulation results correlate well with measurements of the filament orientation performed on the textiles. Moreover, a detailed comparison of the local defects shows a good agreement with measurements on the specimens. The presented approach can be used to generate geometries for subsequent virtual characterization.
Versatile application of a modern scanning electron microscope for materials characterization
Authors: Sun Cheng , Lux Stefan , Müller Erich , Meffert Matthias , Gerthsen Dagmar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractScanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an indispensable characterization technique for materials science. More recently, scanning electron microscopes can be equipped with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detectors, which considerably extend their capabilities. It is demonstrated in this work that the correlative application of SEM and STEM imaging techniques provides comprehensive sample information on nanomaterials. This is highlighted by the use of a modern scanning electron microscope, which is equipped with in-lens and in-column detectors, a double-tilt holder for electron transparent specimens and a CCD camera for the acquisition of on-axis diffraction patterns. Using multi-walled carbon nanotubes and Pt/Al2O3 powder samples we will show that a complete characterization can be achieved by combining STEM (mass-thickness and diffraction) contrast and SEM (topography and materials) contrast. This is not possible in a standard transmission electron microscope where topography information cannot be routinely obtained. We also exploit the large tilt angle range of the specimen holder to perform 180 degrees STEM tomography on multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which avoids the missing wedge artifacts.
Fluid flow through 3D-printed particle beds: a new technique for understanding, validating, and improving predictability of permeability from empirical equations
Authors: Gjengedal Sondre , Brøtan Vegard , Buset Ole T. , Larsen Erik , Berg Olav Å. , Torsæter Ole , Ramstad Randi K. , Hilmo Bernt O. , Frengstad Bjørn S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe application of 3D technology for fabrication of artificial porous media samples improves porous media flow studies. The geometrical characteristics of a porous media pore channel: the channel shape, size, porosity, specific surface, expansion ratio, contraction ratio, and the tortuous pathway of the channel can be controlled through advanced additive manufacturing techniques (3D printing), computed tomography imagery (CT imaging) and image analysis methods. These 3D technologies have here been applied to construct and analyze four homogeneous porous media samples with predefined geometrical properties that are otherwise impossible to construct with conventional methods. Uncertainties regarding the geometrical properties are minimized because the 3D-printed porous media samples can be evaluated with CT imaging after fabrication. It is this combination of 3D technology that improves the data acquisition and data interpretation and contributes to new insight into the phenomenon of fluid flow through porous media. The effects of the individual geometrical properties on the fluid flow are then accounted for in permeability experiments in a Hassler flow cell. The results of the experimental work are used to test the theoretical foundation of the Kozeny–Carman equation and the extended version known as the Ergun equation. These equations are developed from analogies to the Hagen–Poiseuille flow equation. Based on the results from the laboratory experiments in this study, an analytical equation based on the analytical Navier–Stokes equations is presented as an alternative to the Hagen–Poiseuille analogy for porous media channels with non-uniform channel geometries. The agreement between experiment and the new equation reveals that the dissipating losses of mechanical energy in porous media flows are not a result of frictional shear alone. The mechanical losses are also a result of pressure dissipation that arise due to the non-uniformity of the channel geometry, which induced spatial variations to the strain rate field and induce acceleration of the velocity field in the flow through the porous medium. It is this acceleration that causes a divergence from linear flow conditions as the Stokes flow criterion (Re ≪ 1) is breached and causes the convective acceleration term to affect the flow behavior. The suggested modifications of theory and the presented experiments prove that the effects of surface roughness (1) do not alter the flow behavior in the Darcy flow regime or (2) in the Forchheimer flow regime. This implies that the flow is still laminar for the Forchheimer flow velocities tested.
Effect of the Al2O3 Content in the Slag on the Chemical Reactions and Nonmetallic Inclusions during Electroslag Remelting
Authors: Schneider Reinhold S. E. , Molnar Manuel , Klösch Gerald , Schüller Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The service life of roller bearings is extremely sensitive to large and hard nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs), requesting the highest standards in their production. To determine the metallurgical possibilities, the effect of Al2O3 contents between 0 and 33 pct in the remelting slag was investigated by remelting a roller bearing steel in an experimental electroslag remelting (ESR) plant. Thereby, changes in the chemical composition of the materials (electrode vs ingots) and in the remelting slag during remelting, as well as the amount and composition of the NMIs prior to and after remelting, were investigated. Changes in the chemical composition can largely be explained by equilibrium reactions between the slag and the metal, thereby low Al contents in the remelted materials could only be achieved with the lowest Al2O3 contents in the slag. Furthermore, higher Al2O3 contents in the slag also lead to higher oxygen and sulfur contents in the steel as well as higher amounts of NMIs after remelting. The composition of the NMIs changed from alumina type for high Al2O3 contents to spinel type and other mixed MgO-SiO2 oxides for low Al2O3 contents. The results indicate solutions for the production of bearing steels with the lowest amounts of undesired large and hard NMIs.
Influence of Ceramic Foam Filters with Al2O3 Nanocoating on the Aluminum Filtration Behavior Tested With and Without Grain Refiner
Authors: Voigt Claudia , Fankhänel Beate , Dietrich Björn , Storti Enrico , Badowski Mark , Gorshunova Margarita , Wolf Gotthard , Stelter Michael , Aneziris Christos G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In industrial applications, filter materials are often chosen according to cost as well as their processing and thermomechanical properties, but rarely in terms of their behavior during filtration, which is largely due to there being insufficient information available on the influence of filter materials and surface quality on filtration behavior. In this study, the manufacture of functionalized Al2O3 nanofilters was investigated, along with their filtration performance in short- and long-term filtration trials. In addition, sessile drop tests were performed to measure the contact angle of the nanofunctionalized materials, and yielded an approximately 10 deg (11 pct) higher contact angle for nanocoated materials sintered at 800 °C and 1250 °C than for those sintered at 1600 °C and an approximately 23 deg (23 pct) higher contact angle compared to surfaces without a nanocoating. The filtration mechanism was assessed by means of Porous Disk Filtration Analysis (PoDFA) and Liquid Metal Cleanliness Analyzer (LiMCA) monitoring systems, as well as by analysis of the used and infiltrated filters using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) technology. Both short-term and long-term filtration trials showed that the filtration behaviors of the reference and nanocoated filters were comparable. It was therefore determined that nanocoating of such filters with Al2O3 does not provide any improvement with regard to filtration performance.
Effect of Selenium on the Growth and Lipid Accumulation of Yarrowia lipolytica Yeast
Authors: Kieliszek Marek , Dourou Marianna 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNowadays, there is an increase attention on the effect of selenium (Se) on metabolic processes of microorganisms. Strains belonging to the genus of Yarrowia are of great biotechnological interest for various industries. In this study, we evaluated the effect of 10 mg/L of Se on the growth and lipid production of two Yarrowia lipolytica strains: the ACA DC 50109 and one more with increased oleagenicity, derived after ALE methodology (referred here as Y. lipolytica ALE_70). The presence of Se in the growth medium negatively affected both cell mass production and total lipid accumulation, for both Y. lipolytica strains. Fractionation of total lipids showed an inhibition on neutral lipid (NL) synthesis and consequently, an increase of polar lipids (glycolipids plus sphingolipids, and phospholipids) on the lipids of the Se-enriched ACA DC 50109 strain; however, the NL/polar ratio of the Se-enriched ALE_70 indicated that Se, apart from the inhibition of NL synthesis, provoked also the accumulation of polar lipids in this strain. In addition, the fatty acid (FA) composition was differently affected by Se. Se-enriched total lipids of the ALE_70 strain were enriched in linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), which resulted in increase of the unsaturated index. On the other hand, Se-enriched lipids of the ACA DC 50109 strain were more saturated, as the percentage of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids increased in the total FAs. Moreover, it seems that Se influenced the activity or the expression of desaturases and elongase in both strains. Finally, the supplementation of growth medium with Se affected cell morphology, as well as the size and distribution of lipid droplets inside the yeast cells. According to our opinion, Se caused stress conditions and the consequence of that was the occurrence of metabolic disorders that affected cell mass, lipid content, and/or morphological structures. The results of the present study suggest that further research should be carried out to understand the background of the lipogenesis process in yeast cells cultured under stress conditions.
Novel Thunderstorm Alert System (NOTHAS)
Authors: Spiridonov Vlado , Curic Mladjen , Sladic Nedim , Jakimovski Boro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA “Novel Thunderstorm Alert System” (NOTHAS) has been developed and extensively tested for forecast and warnings of mid-latitude and tropical convective events. The design of the system showed some potential advantages compared to earlier alert systems, mainly in reducing uncertainties in predictions by taking the given maximum hourly local-scale signal. It represents a dynamic tool which allows the use of the probability concept of multivariate distribution and integrating it into general function by taking all convective parameters. It utilizes the latest developed microphysical parameterization scheme using a scale and aerosol awareness convective scheme and the sharpest criteria for mid-latitude storms. NOTHAS shows consistency and some kind of flexibility in post-processing applications, regardless of different parameterizations used in the ensemble or deterministic forecasts. The scientific verification shows a high level of accuracy in all significant scores which indicates that severe weather outlooks produced by NOTHAS for several hours ahead are in good alignment with observed thunderstorm activity. This novel tool shows a good performance which has sufficient merit for further additional testing and system evaluation of different severe mid-latitude and tropical storms, tropical cyclones and other severe weather cases across regions.
The prognostic impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on lymph node sampling in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer
Authors: Li Destri Giovanni , Maugeri Andrea , Ramistella Alice , La Greca Gaetano , Conti Pietro , Trombatore Giovanni , Vecchio Giada Maria , Magro Gaetano Giuseppe , Barchitta Martina , Agodi Antonella 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccording to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, at least 12 lymph nodes are required to accurately stage locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NACRT) reduces the number of lymph nodes retrieved during surgery. In this study, we evaluated the effect of NACRT on lymph node retrieval and prognosis in patients with LARC. We performed an observational study of 142 patients with LARC. Although our analysis was retrospective, data were collected prospectively. Half the patients were treated with NACRT and total mesorectal excision (TME) and the other half underwent TME only. The number of lymph nodes retrieved and the number of metastatic lymph nodes were significantly reduced in the NACRT group (P > 0.001). In the univariate and multivariate analyses, only NACRT and patient age were significantly associated with reduced lymph node retrieval. The number of metastatic lymph nodes and the lymph node ratio (LNR) both had a significant effect on prognosis when the patient population was examined as a whole (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively). However, the LNR was the only significant, independent prognostic factor in both treatment groups (P = 0.007 for the NACRT group; P = 0.04 for the no-NACRT group). NACRT improves patient prognosis only when the number of metastatic lymph nodes is reduced. The number of metastatic lymph nodes and the LNR are important prognostic factors. Lymph node retrieval remains an indispensable tool for staging and prognostic assessment of patients with rectal carcinoma treated with NACRT.
Crystal Structures, Stability, and Solubility Evaluation of a 2:1 Diosgenin–Piperazine Cocrystal
Authors: Gong Ningbo , Yu Hongmei , Wang Ying , Xing Cheng , Hu Kun , Du Guanhua , Lu Yang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A cocrystal of diosgenin with piperazine in 2:1 stoichiometry was successfully synthesized. The solid form was prepared by liquid assisted grinding, slurry and crystallization methods. The cocrystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and structure determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, the hydrogen bonds formed into fish bone structure along the [010] direction and all the molecules packed into 3D layer structure along a axis. After formation of cocrystal, the solubility of diosgenin was improved, and the solubility value in 0.2% SDS solution was approximately 1.5 times as large as that of the parent material.

Graphic Abstract
Application of numerical simulation to determine ability of air used in MQL method to clean grinding wheel active surface during sharpening of hob cutters
Authors: Stachurski Wojciech , Sawicki Jacek , Krupanek Krzysztof , Nadolny Krzysztof 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article presents the results of experiments concerning a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/numerical analysis of the flow of air in the grinding zone during the sharpening of the face surface of hob cutters while using the MQL method. The carrying out of a simulation allows one to determine the influence of various settings of the angle of the spray nozzle on the amount of air directly reaching the zone of contact of the grinding wheel with the workpiece, as well as the grinding wheel active surface (GWAS). In the numerical analysis, the ‘SST k-ω’ model available in the Ansys CFX program was used, and to which the Kato and Lander’s modification was applied. With the aim of verifying the results obtained from the basis of the numerical simulations, experimental testing was conducted. As a verification parameter, the percentage rate of grinding wheel clogging was used. The measurement of clogging was conducted by the optical method taking microscopic images of the grinding wheel active surface (GWAS) and then analysing it which the use of digital processing and image analysis. As a result of the numerical simulations, it was confirmed that the greatest effectiveness in delivering air to the contact zone of the grinding wheel with the workpiece being machined was achieved by setting the nozzle at the lowest of the angles tested (90°). At the same time, the greatest efficiency in delivering air to the grinding wheel active surface was achieved by setting the nozzle at the largest of the angles tested (90°). The experimental tests allowed one to state that the change in the inclination of the spray nozzle does not significantly influence the effectiveness of chip removal from the surface of the inter-granular spaces of the grinding wheel. By setting the nozzle at a 90° angle, wall shear stresses τw have a decisive influence on cleaning the GWAS, while at an angle of 30° the cleaning function is taken on by air being delivered directly into the contact zone of the grinding wheel with the face surface of the hob cutter being sharpened. A comparison of the percentage rates of grinding wheel clogging obtained from using the flood method (WET), as well as the MQL method, indicates the insufficient cleaning ability of the MQL method. A solution to this problem may be the application of additional cleaning nozzles employing streams of compressed air (CA) or cold compressed air (CCA).
Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Health and Disease—Insights from Single-Cell Multi-omic Approaches
Authors: Haas Simon 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewHematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the lifelong production of blood and immune cells. This review provides an overview of how single-cell (multi)-omic approaches have recently advanced our understanding of healthy hematopoiesis, hematological malignancies, and the stem cell niche.Recent FindingsSingle-cell technologies have revealed tremendous heterogeneity of the HSC compartment, conflicting with the classical view of hematopoiesis. Large-scale single-cell approaches mapping the entire hematopoietic system have enabled an ordering of the observed heterogeneity along meaningful differentiation and cell-state trajectories. These studies provided novel insights into lineage commitment pathways and led to the suggestion of advanced models of hematopoiesis. Single-cell multi-omic technologies, where several entities of individual cells are measured in parallel, have permitted the fine mapping of clonal and developmental differentiation hierarchies, and revealed the molecular consequences of clonal diversification.SummaryRecent single-cell approaches have changed our perception of healthy hematopoiesis, provided an understanding of hematological malignancies at unprecedented depth, and revealed new insights into the stem cell niche.
High-Temperature, Resistant, Argillite-Based, Alkali-Activated Materials with Improved Post-Thermal Treatment Mechanical Strength
Authors: Tognonvi Tohoue Monique , Petlitckaia Svetlana , Gharzouni Ameni , Fricheteau Myriam , Texier-Mandoki Nathalie , Bourbon Xavier , Rossignol Sylvie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFire resistance performance is one of the most important requirements in geological storage conditions in order to improve the resistance of storage packages to high thermal constraints (in the case of a fire for example). With the need to develop new fire-resistant materials, the aim of the present study was to develop fire-resistant geopolymer binders based on Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) argillite. Two types of kaolin with different degrees of purity were mixed with argillite in various proportions. These mixtures were calcined at 600 or 750°C. In order to assess the fire resistance of activated materials, thermal treatment at 1000°C was performed. The compressive strength and mineralogical composition of the samples were investigated before and after heat treatment. The results showed that the addition of argillite improved significantly the thermomechanical properties of kaolin-based geopolymers containing impurities, especially the mixture containing 67% argillite and calcined at 750°C. This phenomenon was not observed for the pure-kaolin geopolymer. Improvement of fire resistance was due to the formation in situ of leucite and zeolite-type phases (KAlSi2O6 and KAlSiO4) and of wollastonite (CaSiO3) at high temperature, which is linked to the Ca available in the raw materials.
Protective effect of nicotinamide and l-arginine against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats: gender dependence
Authors: Sztormowska-Achranowicz Katarzyna , Jankowski Zbigniew , Kocić Ivan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The purpose of this paper was to examine the effects of nicotinamide (ND) and l-arginine (l-ARG) on pulmonary vascular and heart changes induced by pulmonary hypertension in rats in a gender-dependent way.

Methods
Experiments were performed on male (M) and female (F) rats. PAH was induced via monocrotaline injection (sc, 60/kg B.W.) on day one of the 23-day observational period. After that, the animals were sacrificed, hearts removed and weighed and the papillary muscles isolated to measure force of contraction (Fc). Morphological changes of pulmonary vessels were also examined.

Results
Mixed diet supplementation with l-ARG + ND prevented highly significant right ventricle enlargement induced by PAH in both, male and female rats. Weight ratios between the right ventricle (RV) on one side and the left ventricle with septum on the other (LV + S) decreased from 0.46 ± 0.016 g to 0.29 ± 0.006 g in males and from 0.63 ± 0.03 g to 0.24 ± 0.008 g in females, n = 6, p < 0.001. Additionally, PAH increased basal contractility in female groups, and each of the diet allocations (l-ARG, ND, and mixed) were found to restore contractility to control values. All diet protocols in male and female restored decreased responsiveness of the myocardium to norepinephrine in hearts obtained from rats with PAH and prevented vascular changes observed in pulmonary hypertension (thickness of blood vessels and cell infiltration).

Conclusion
Our study suggests that l-arginine, nicotinamide or both play a positive role in right ventricle function or the process reducing pulmonary vascular remodeling especially in a gender-independent way.