bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the political feasibility of climate change mitigation pathways: Is it too late to keep warming below 1.5°C?
Authors: Jewell Jessica , Cherp Aleh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractKeeping global warming below 1.5°C is technically possible but is it politically feasible? Understanding political feasibility requires answering three questions: (a) “Feasibility of what?,” (b) “Feasibility when and where?,” and (c) “Feasibility for whom?.” In relation to the 1.5°C target, these questions translate into (a) identifying specific actions comprising the 1.5°C pathways; (b) assessing the economic and political costs of these actions in different socioeconomic and political contexts; and (c) assessing the economic and institutional capacity of relevant social actors to bear these costs. This view of political feasibility stresses costs and capacities in contrast to the prevailing focus on benefits and motivations which mistakes desirability for feasibility. The evidence on the political feasibility of required climate actions is not systematic, but clearly indicates that the costs of required actions are too high in relation to capacities to bear these costs in relevant contexts. In the future, costs may decline and capacities may increase which would reduce political constraints for at least some solutions. However, this is unlikely to happen in time to avoid a temperature overshoot. Further research should focus on exploring the “dynamic political feasibility space” constrained by costs and capacities in order to find more feasible pathways to climate stabilization.This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Decarbonizing Energy and/or Reducing Demand
An introduction to algorithmic differentiation
Authors: Gebremedhin Assefaw H. , Walther Andrea 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlgorithmic differentiation (AD), also known as automatic differentiation, is a technology for accurate and efficient evaluation of derivatives of a function given as a computer model. The evaluations of such models are essential building blocks in numerous scientific computing and data analysis applications, including optimization, parameter identification, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, nonlinear equation solving, and integration of differential equations. We provide an introduction to AD and present its basic ideas and techniques, some of its most important results, the implementation paradigms it relies on, the connection it has to other domains including machine learning and parallel computing, and a few of the major open problems in the area. Topics we discuss include: forward mode and reverse mode of AD, higher‐order derivatives, operator overloading and source transformation, sparsity exploitation, checkpointing, cross‐country mode, and differentiating iterative processes.This article is categorized under:Algorithmic Development > Scalable Statistical MethodsTechnologies > Data Preprocessing
Is density enough to predict the rheology of natural sediments?
Authors: Shakeel Ahmad , Kirichek Alex , Chassagne Claire 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mud is a cohesive material which contains predominantly clay minerals, water, organic matter and some amounts of silt and sand. Mud samples can have complex rheological behaviour, displaying viscoelasticity, shear-thinning, thixotropy and yield stress. In this study, influence of organic matter on the rheological behaviour of different mud samples having similar densities is investigated. Four samples, collected from different locations and depths of Port of Hamburg (Germany) were selected. Two samples with the density of about 1210 kg/m3 and two samples with the density of about 1090 kg/m3 were analysed by different rheological tests, including stress ramp-up tests, flow curves, thixotropic tests, oscillatory amplitude and frequency sweep tests. Two yield stress regions (with two yield stress values stated as “static” and “fluidic” yield stresses) were identified for all the samples, and these regions, corresponding to a structural change of the samples were significantly different from sample to sample due to the differences in organic matter content. For lower density samples, the ratio of fluidic to static yield stress increased from 3 to 4.4 while it increased from 4.4 to 5.2 in case of higher density samples, by increasing the organic matter content. The thixotropic studies showed that the mud samples having lowest organic matter content (VH and KBZ) exhibit a combination of thixotropic and anti-thixotropic behaviours. The results of frequency sweep tests revealed the solid-like character of the mud within the linear viscoelastic regime. Mud samples having higher organic matter content (RV and RT) had a higher complex modulus (417 Pa and 7909 Pa) than the ones with lower organic matter content (13 Pa and 1774 Pa), for a given density. This study demonstrated that the density only is not a sufficient criterion to predict the rheology of different mud. Furthermore, even small amounts of organic matter content change significantly the mud rheological behaviour.
Amyloid pathology‐produced unexpected modifications of calcium homeostasis in hippocampal subicular dendrites
Authors: Angulo Sergio L. , Henzi Thomas , Neymotin Samuel A. , Suarez Manuel D. , Lytton William W. , Schwaller Beat , Moreno Herman 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to neuronal calcium dyshomeostasis, which is associated with network hyperexcitability. Decreased expression of the calcium‐binding protein cal‐ bindin‐D28K (CB) might be a susceptibility factor for AD. The subiculum is affected early in AD, for unknown reasons.MethodsIn AD, CB knock‐out and control mice fluorescence Ca2+ imaging combined with patch clamp were used to characterize Ca2+ dynamics, resting Ca2+, and Ca2+‐buffering capacity in subicular neurons. CB expression levels in wild‐type and AD mice were also analyzed.ResultsThe subiculum and dentate gyrus of wild‐type mice showed age‐related decline in CB expression not observed in AD mice. Resting Ca2+ and Ca2+‐buffering capacity was increased in aged AD mice subicular dendrites. Modeling suggests that AD calcium changes can be explained by alterations of Ca2+ extrusion pumps rather than by buffers.DiscussionOverall, abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis in AD has an age dependency that comprises multiple mechanisms, including compensatory processes.
Role of Serum High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Therapeutic Response to Tadalafil in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Jamaluddin  , Bansal Manish , Srivastava Gauraw Kumar , Gupta Narmada Prasad 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of inflammation, is known to be elevated in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). However, its role in predicting therapeutic response to phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors is incompletely understood.

Aim
The aim of this study was to understand the relationship among hs-CRP, mechanism of ED, and therapeutic response of ED to tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor.

Methods
A total of 282 men (mean age 36.6 ± 12.0 years) with ED were included. All subjects underwent detailed evaluation, including estimation of a 6-item abbreviated version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-6) score, penile Doppler studies, and measurement of hs-CRP. IIEF-6 scoring and hs-CRP measurement were repeated after 6 weeks of tadalafil therapy (10 mg/day). The patients were categorized into vasculogenic and nonvasculogenic ED groups based on penile Doppler findings.

Main Outcome Measure
The main outcome measure was the therapeutic response to tadalafil, in relation to the mechanism of ED and hs-CRP levels.

Results
Vasculogenic ED was much less common (23.8% of the subjects) than non-vasculogenic ED. Subjects with vasculogenic ED were older, had higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, had more severe (mean IIEF-6 score 9.2 ± 4.6 vs 14.8 ± 4.7; P &lt; .001) and longer duration ED, and responded less favorably to therapy (response rate 10.4% vs 75.0%; P &lt; .001). Those showing improvement with tadalafil had lower hs-CRP at baseline (median 1.5 mg/L [interquartile range 0.9−2.3] vs 2.0 mg/L [interquartile range 1.1−3.1; P = .034]) and had proportionately greater reduction in its level. However, on multivariate analysis, only shorter duration of ED (P = .008), non-vasculogenic origin (P = .025), and higher IIEF-6 score at baseline (P = .013) were independent predictors of response to treatment.

Clinical Implications
Serum hs-CRP is elevated in patients who are less likely to respond to vasodilator therapy but does not have an independent predictive value for this purpose.

Strengths & Limitations
This is the largest study to evaluate the relationship among the mechanism of ED, serum hs-CRP level, and therapeutic response of ED to tadalafil. All patients underwent a penile Doppler study to characterize the type of ED. The limitations were nonrandomized nature of the study and nearly 22% dropout rate.

Conclusion
Serum hs-CRP level is higher in vasculogenic ED compared with non-vasculogenic ED, and is associated with poorer response to tadalafil therapy. However, this association is not independent of underlying risk factors and mechanism of ED.
Colic-Based Transplant in Sexual Reassignment Surgery: Functional Outcomes and Complications in 43 Consecutive Patients
Authors: di Summa Pietro G. , Watfa William , Krähenbühl Swenn , Schaffer Clara , Raffoul Wassim , Bauquis Olivier 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
The “traditional” method to perform vaginoplasty in male-to-female transgender surgery consists in inverting the penoscrotal skin into a surgically created cavity in the perineum between the rectum and the bladder creating a neovagina. To overcome the noteworthy disadvantage of lack of depth, the use of a rectosigmoid graft can be preferred over the penile skin inversion.

Aim
The aim of this study was to compare 2 methods for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transgender surgery in regard of the functional and cosmetic long-term result. Additionally this study aims to understand key factors leading to secondary sigmoid vaginoplasty in patients with previous penile skin inversion.

Methods
This is a retrospective survey of outcomes and complications of 43 patients who underwent neovaginoplasty by the same senior surgeon, between 2007 and 2017. 13 patients underwent a secondary rectosigmoid neovagina later (30.2%). Moreover, we performed an aesthetic and functional evaluation on 28 patients (65%) at long-term follow-up. Mean follow-up was 32.6 ± 3.5 months (average ± SEM). Patients were also evaluated by a questionnaire to assess both aesthetic and functional (penetration, orgasm, and pain) outcomes. Statistical analysis was used to compare results between groups.

Main Outcome Measure
Patient satisfaction was assessed by a questionnaire sent to all 43 patients and was made of 5 questions (Q1 to Q5) designed in a way to evaluate patient outcomes in terms of both functionality and cosmesis of the neovagina.

Results
Our findings showed that the use of a rectosigmoid graft in secondary cases significantly decreased sexual pain during intercourse. Both techniques had similar aesthetic and functional outcomes with mostly satisfied patients (no statistical significance).

Clinical Implications
The use of sigmoid vaginoplasty could improve functional outcomes when compared to penile skin inversion vaginoplasty.

Strength & Limitations
This study strength is its retrospective nature conducted on a prospectively-maintained database limiting biases with 43 consecutive vaginoplasties, performed by the same surgeon. Relative limitation was that not all patients returned our questionnaire and, thus, only 65% of our patients were evaluated for satisfaction.

Conclusion
This study reports long-term outcomes in transgender surgery using 2 different techniques for neovagina creation. The use of sigmoid vaginoplasty showed better functional outcomes than penile skin inversion, whereas cosmetic results were similar.
Evaluation of Rock Climbing Related Injuries in Older Athletes
Authors: Lutter Christoph , Hotfiel Thilo , Tischer Thomas , Lenz Robert , Schöffl Volker 
Published: October 2019

Introduction With the growing enthusiasm from people of all ages about rock climbing and bouldering, adaptions and medical conditions of the older athlete have become increasingly important. We aimed to analyze injury demographics, distribution, and severity for the older rock-climbing athlete. Methods During a 3-y period, we performed a single-center injury surveillance in athletes ≥ 35 y of age presenting with rock climbing–related injuries or complaints. A standard questionnaire and examination protocol were conducted. Results A total of 198 patients (age 44.2 ± 7.1 [35–77] y) (mean±SD, with range) with 275 independent injuries were recorded. Ninety percent of all injuries affected the upper extremity, 6% the lower extremity, and 4% other body regions. The Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme injury scores were 2.0 ± 0.3 (1–4), and no fatalities occurred. Acute injuries were observed in 32% and overuse injuries in 68% of all injuries. Among the overuse injuries, 47% were classified as degenerative overuse conditions. Athlete age did not significantly correlate with the development of overuse injuries and UIAA injury score, but subgroup analysis showed a weak correlation of the climber age with the development of degenerative conditions ( P < 0.05). The leading diagnosis of degenerative conditions was subacromial impingement syndrome of the shoulder. Conclusions Compared to younger athletes, older rock climbers demonstrate a higher proportion of overuse injuries, especially degenerative conditions. Profound knowledge of climbing injuries patterns and conditions in older rock climbers is crucial to prevent injuries among all age groups and to decrease the number of degenerative injuries.
Sustainable Land Management Practices and Technical and Environmental Efficiency among Smallholder Farmers in Ghana
Authors: Issahaku Gazali , Abdulai Awudu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe study examines the effects of adoption of sustainable land management practices on farm households’ technical efficiency (TE) and environmental efficiency, using household-level data from Ghana. We employ selectivity biased-corrected stochastic production frontier to account for potential bias from both observed and unobserved factors. The empirical results show that adopters exhibit higher levels of TE and output, compared with the nonadopters. However, the results reveal that adopters are found to use excess herbicides that could have adverse environmental consequences. The results also reveal that extension services and access to credit positively and significantly correlate with TE.
Kantian Self-Conceit and the Two Guises of Authority
Authors: Russell Francey 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThere is a debate in the literature as to whether Kantian self-conceit is intrapsychic or interpersonal. I argue that self-conceit is both. I argue that, for Kant, self-conceit is fundamentally an illusion about authority, one’s own and any authority one stands in relation to. Self-conceit refuses to recognize the authority of the law. But the law “shows up” for us in two guises: one’s own reason and other persons. Thus, self-conceit refuses to recognize both guises of the law. Hence self-conceit is essentially double-sided, at once intrapsychic and interpersonal.
Remembering France's glory, securing Europe in the age of Trump
Authors: Gheciu Alexandra 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThese days, when we hear the slogan ‘let's make our country great again’ we almost automatically assume the state concerned is the US, and the leader uttering the slogan is President Trump. This article invites readers to explore the discourse and practices through which another national leader is seeking to restore his country's ‘greatness’ and promote national and international security. The leader concerned is France's Emmanuel Macron. Why focus on the French president? Because since his election he has become the most dynamic European leader, on a mission to enhance France's international stature, and to do so via a broader process of protecting and empowering the EU. More broadly, France stands out as a country whose political leadership has long been committed to the goal of playing a global role. As Pernille Rieker reminds us, ‘Since 1945, French foreign policy has been dominated by the explicit ambition of restoring the country's greatness [la grandeur de la France], justified in terms of French exceptionalism’.1Macron has cast his vision of national/European greatness, security, and international order in opposition to the isolationist, rigidly nationalist visions articulated by his domestic opponents and, internationally, by President Trump. In his view, France and Europe can only be secure if they defeat the illiberal ideas advocated by the increasingly vocal political forces, particularly far-right movements, seeking to undermine the core values and multilateral principles of the post-1945 international order. Under these circumstances, an analysis of Macron's policies and practices of grandeur can help us gain a better understanding of the competition between liberal and illiberal worldviews – a competition that is increasingly pronounced within the Western world.
A Piece of the Puzzle: Women and the Law as Viewed from the Late Medieval Court of Chancery
Authors: Beattie Cordelia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article uses fifteenth-century Chancery court bills to demonstrate how women negotiated solutions to social and legal disputes not just in Chancery but through a variety of legal jurisdictions. This approach sheds light on women's actions in courts where the records have not survived, and it also adds nuance to the long-running debate about whether equity was a more favorable jurisdiction for women than the common law. By bringing into view other jurisdictions—such as manorial, borough, and ecclesiastical ones—it demonstrates how litigants might pursue justice in a number of arenas, consecutively or concurrently. Some women approached Chancery because they did not think they would get justice in a lower court, while others were keen that their cases be sent back down so that they could be fully recompensed for the offences against them. A fuller understanding of the disputes to which Chancery bills refer complicates our understanding of why women “chose” Chancery. Chancery is only one piece of the puzzle of how women negotiated justice in late medieval England, but its records can also shed light on some of the missing pieces.
A framework for the integrated analysis of the magnitude, selectivity, and biotic effects of extinction and origination
Authors: Bush Andrew M. , Wang Steve C. , Payne Jonathan L. , Heim Noel A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe taxonomic and ecologic composition of Earth's biota has shifted dramatically through geologic time, with some clades going extinct while others diversified. Here, we derive a metric that quantifies the change in biotic composition due to extinction or origination and show that it equals the product of extinction/origination magnitude and selectivity (variation in magnitude among groups). We also define metrics that describe the extent to which a recovery (1) reinforced or reversed the effects of extinction on biotic composition and (2) changed composition in ways uncorrelated with the extinction. To demonstrate the approach, we analyzed an updated compilation of stratigraphic ranges of marine animal genera. We show that mass extinctions were not more selective than background intervals at the phylum level; rather, they tended to drive greater taxonomic change due to their higher magnitudes. Mass extinctions did not represent a separate class of events with respect to either strength of selectivity or effect. Similar observations apply to origination during recoveries from mass extinctions, and on average, extinction and origination were similarly selective and drove similar amounts of biotic change. Elevated origination during recoveries drove bursts of compositional change that varied considerably in effect. In some cases, origination partially reversed the effects of extinction, returning the biota toward the pre-extinction composition; in others, it reinforced the effects of the extinction, magnifying biotic change. Recoveries were as important as extinction events in shaping the marine biota, and their selectivity deserves systematic study alongside that of extinction.
ARMS AND ARMOUR: AN EMENDATION TO STATIUS, SILVAE 4.4.66
Authors: Magnavacca Adalberto 
Published: October 2019

In Silv. 4.4 Statius pays homage to Vitorius Marcellus, the young dedicatee of the poem (for this small but meaningful detail, see Stat. Silv. 4.4.45 iuuenes … annos; 4.4.74 iuuenemque … parentem), praising his skills as an orator (4.4.39–45) and foreseeing a brilliant military career for him (4.4.61–4). The last point is highlighted in a brief portrait of Marcellus as a perfect foot soldier and horseman (4.4.64–9):… nec enim tibi sola potentiseloquii uirtus: sunt membra accommoda bellis 65quique grauem tarde subeant thoraca lacerti.seu campo pedes ire pares, est agmina supranutaturus apex, seu frena sonantia flectes,seruiet asper equus.
Use of a Digital Storytelling Workshop to Foster Development of Intergenerational Relationships and Preserve Culture with the Nak’azdli First Nation: Findings from the Nak’azdli Lha’hutit’en Project
Authors: Freeman Shannon , Martin Jenny , Nash Carrie , Hausknecht Simone , Skinner Kelly 
Published: October 2019

RÉSUMÉLa communauté autochtone Nak’azdli Whut’en du nord de la Colombie-Britannique a reconnu l’importance de préserver et de partager entre les générations la sagesse, les connaissances culturelles et les traditions orales des aînés. Nous présentons les résultats d’un atelier intergénérationnel portant sur les récits numériques, dirigé par le Nak’azdli Health Centre, en collaboration avec des organismes communautaires et des partenaires universitaires. Dans le cadre d’un plan d’action participatif conçu conformément aux principes PCAP®, un atelier de 10 séances a été créé et mis à l’essai. La technologie WeVideo a été utilisée pour faciliter le partage des connaissances entre des élèves du primaire et des aînés. Les aînés ont partagé leur expérience et leurs connaissances à travers leurs récits. Les élèves ont enregistré les récits des aînés et y ont ajouté des images et des sons pour transposer la vision des aînés sous une forme numérique. Ainsi, les aînés et les élèves ont œuvré en partenariat pour co-créer des récits numériques constituant un héritage culturel pour les générations futures. Cet atelier était en accord avec le programme scolaire de la Colombie-Britannique. Il a favorisé les relations intergénérationnelles entre les aînés et les jeunes, a contribué à la préservation de l’identité culturelle et à la valorisation du rôle des aînés et des jeunes dans leur communauté.