bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical evaluation of an in-house panfungal real-time PCR assay for the detection of fungal pathogens
Authors: Camp Iris , Manhart Gabriele , Schabereiter-Gurtner Claudia , Spettel Kathrin , Selitsch Brigitte , Willinger Birgit 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Due to an increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections, the availability of reliable diagnostic tools for the fast detection of a wide spectrum of fungal pathogens is of vital importance. In this study, we aimed to conduct an extensive clinical evaluation of a recently published in-house panfungal PCR assay on samples from suspected invasive fungal infections.

Methods
Overall 265 clinical samples from 232 patients with suspected invasive fungal disease (96 deep airway samples, 60 sterile fluids, 50 tissue biopsies, and 59 blood samples) were included. All samples underwent standard culture-based diagnostics and were additionally analyzed with our panfungal PCR assay.

Results
Overall, 55.1% of agreement between culture and the panfungal PCR was observed; in 17% of all samples partial concordance was noted, while results between culture and our PCR assay were not in agreement in 27.9%. Our panfungal assay performed better in samples from normally sterile sites, while samples from the deep airways yielded the highest rate of discordant (39.6%) results. In two tissue and three blood samples an invasive pathogen was only detected by PCR while cultures remained negative.

Conclusion
In combination with routine methods, our panfungal PCR assay is a valuable diagnostic tool. Patients at risk for invasive fungal infections might profit from the reduced time to pathogen identification.
Cannabidiol treatment in an adolescent with multiple substance abuse, social anxiety and depression
Authors: Laczkovics Clarissa , Kothgassner Oswald D. , Felnhofer Anna , Klier Claudia M. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryIn this report, we present a case of a 16,9-year-old patient with multiple substance use disorder (cannabis, MDMA, cocaine, ecstacy), severe depression, social phobia and narcissistic personality disorder.We administered Cannabidiol (CBD) capsules in different dosages (starting dosage 100 mg up to 600 mg over 8 weeks) after unsuccessful treatment with antidepressants.CBD was a safe and well tolerated medication for this patient. Upon treatment with CBD and cessation of the antidepressant medication, the patient improved regarding depressive as well as anxiety symptoms including simple phobias and symptoms of paranoia and dissociation. Furthermore, the patient quit abusing illegal drugs including THC without showing withdrawal symptoms. This is the first report of CBD medication in a patient with multiple substance use disorder with a positive outcome.Until today it is not clear if CBD holds promise as a therapeutic option in substance use disorder as RCTs are lacking, but in this single case the substance seems to work in various domains.
Intra‐individual associations between intentional self‐regulation and prosocial behavior during adolescence: Evidence for bidirectionality
Authors: Memmott‐Elison Madison , Padilla‐Walker Laura M. , Yorgason Jeremy B. , Coyne Sarah M. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionCouched in Positive Youth Development (PYD) theory and relevant empirical work, this study investigated bidirectional associations between intentional self‐regulation and prosocial behavior toward strangers from age 12 to age 18.MethodParticipants included 500 adolescents (52% female, 77% European American; age Time 1 = 12 years, Time 2 = 14 years, Time 3 = 16 years, Time 4 = 18 years) from the Northwestern United States. Adolescents self‐reported on their intentional self‐regulation and prosocial behavior toward strangers across four time points. A random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel model (RICLPM) was estimated in order to assess bidirectionality while avoiding conflating intra‐ and inter‐individual variability.ResultsResults revealed intentional self‐regulation and prosocial behavior toward strangers were bidirectionally related during early adolescence (i.e., from age 12 to 14). During mid‐to‐late adolescence (i.e. age 14 to 18), prosocial behavior toward strangers facilitated intentional selfregulation, whereas intentional self‐regulation did not drive the development of prosocial behavior toward strangers.ConclusionsFindings indicate that early adolescence may be a particularly plastic developmental period in terms of PYD. Findings also suggest that investigations of relations between adolescents' personal assets and contribution factors merit further scholarly attention. Several directions for future research are presented.
Mental health disorders and utilization of mental healthcare services in United Nations personnel
Authors: Brown Adam D. , Schultebraucks Katharina , Qian Meng , Li Meng , Horesh Danny , Siegel Carol , Brody Yosef , Amer Abdalla Mansour , Lev-Ari Rony Kapel , Mas Francis , Marmar Charles R. , Farmer Jillann 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
United Nations (UN) personnel address a diverse range of political, social, and cultural crises throughout the world. Compared with other occupations routinely exposed to traumatic stress, there remains a paucity of research on mental health disorders and access to mental healthcare in this population. To fill this gap, personnel from UN agencies were surveyed for mental health disorders and mental healthcare utilization.

Methods
UN personnel (N = 17 363) from 11 UN entities completed online measures of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma exposure, mental healthcare usage, and socio-demographic information.

Results
Exposure to one or more traumatic events was reported by 36.2% of survey responders. Additionally, 17.9% screened positive for GAD, 22.8% for MDD, and 19.9% for PTSD. Employing multivariable logistic regressions, low job satisfaction, younger age (<35 years of age), greater length of employment, and trauma exposure on or off-duty was significantly associated with all the three disorders. Among individuals screening positive for a mental health disorder, 2.05% sought mental health treatment within and 10.01% outside the UN in the past year.

Conclusions
UN personnel appear to be at high risk for trauma exposure and screening positive for a mental health disorder, yet a small percentage screening positive for mental health disorders sought treatment. Despite the mental health gaps observed in this study, additional research is needed, as these data reflect a large sample of convenience and it cannot be determined if the findings are representative of the UN.
Fitness costs associated with thiamethoxam and imidacloprid resistance in three field populations ofDiaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae) from Florida
Authors: Chen Xue Dong , Ebert Timothy A. , Pelz-Stelinski Kirsten S. , Stelinski Lukasz L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInsecticide resistance is an increasing problem in citrus production. The Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphornia citriKuwayama, is recognized as one of the most important citrus pests worldwide and it has developed resistance in areas where insecticides have been overused. The development of insecticide resistance is often associated with fitness costs that only become apparent in the absence of selection pressure. Here, the fitness costs associated with resistance to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were investigated in three agricultural populations ofD. citrias compared with susceptible laboratory colonies. Results showed that all field populations had greater resistance than laboratory susceptible colonies. For both thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, aCandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus-positive (CLas+) colony was more susceptible than theCLas−colony. Resistance ratios ranged from 7.65–16.11 for imidacloprid and 26.79–49.09 for thiamethoxam in field populations as compared with a susceptible,CLas−laboratory strain. Among three resistant field populations, a significantly reduced net reproductive rate and finite rate of population increase were observed in a population from Lake Wales, FL as compared to both susceptible strains. The fecundity of field populations from Lake Wales, FL was statistically lower than both laboratory susceptible populations. Certain changes in morphological characteristics were observed among resistant, as compared, with susceptible strains. Our data suggest fitness disadvantages associated with insecticide resistance inD. citriare related to both development and reproduction. The lower fitness ofD. citripopulations that exhibit resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides should promote recovery of sensitivity when those populations are no longer exposed to thiamethoxam and/or imidacloprid in the field. The results are congruent with a strategy of insecticide rotation for resistance management.
Columnar-jointed bentonite below a Doleritic Sill, Tideswell Dale, Derbyshire, UK: formation during prograde contact metamorphism
Authors: Mullineux S , Sparks RSJ , Murphy MD , MacNiocaill C , Barfod D , Njorka J , Schumacher JC 
Published: February 2020

AbstractColumnar-jointed tuffs (bentonites) are located below the Lower Carboniferous Tideswell Dale Sill, Derbyshire, in an abandoned quarry. There are three zones of prismatic joints, columnar joints (∼60 cm thick and mean column width of 4.1 cm) and massive, conchoidally fractured rock sequentially from the dolerite contact downwards. The rocks are very fine-grained (1–10 µm) and consist mainly of sanidine, interlayered illite/smectite, and hematite, with minor quartz, apatite, montmorillonite, anatase and detrital minerals. High K2O and Fe2O3, low Na2O and low MgO are interpreted as due to alteration of felsic volcanic ash. The bentonite was contact-metamorphosed by the sill to temperatures of c. 300 °C. The progression of fracture geometries, thermal considerations and application of theories of column formation indicate that columns formed downwards away from the sill, due to prograde contact metamorphism of the originally clay-rich bentonite. The formation of columnar fracture networks by shrinkage due to igneous heating may have implications for the effectiveness of bentonite as a barrier for disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Regional dimensions include documenting widespread felsic explosive volcanism and inferring a Triassic oxidation event from palaeomagnetic data.
Intangible Capital and Leverage
Authors: Horsch Philipp , Longoni Philip , Oesch David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe investigate the causal effect of intangible capital on leverage. To address endogeneity, we exploit patent invalidations by a U.S. court in which judges are randomly assigned to cases. Differences in judge leniency provide exogenous variation in the probability that firms’ patents are invalidated. Using this probability as an instrument for exogenous losses in intangible capital, we find a patent invalidation leads to a 14.1% reduction in leverage, suggesting that intangible capital causally supports leverage. This local average treatment effect is stronger in firms that use patents as loan collateral and in less creditworthy as well as smaller firms.
Infection ofHexametra angusticaecoidesChabaud & Brygoo, 1960 (Nematoda: Ascarididae) in a population of captive crested geckoes,Correlophus ciliatusGuichenot (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae)
Authors: Barton Diane P. , Martelli Paolo , Luk William , Zhu Xiaocheng , Shamsi Shokoofeh 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHere we report on the infection of captive crested geckosCorrelophus ciliatusGuichenot (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae), with adults of the ascaridoid nematode,Hexametra angusticaecoidesChabaud & Brygoo, 1960 (Ascarididae). A population of captive crested geckoes became ill and died within a short period of time. Nematodes were recovered from the crested geckoes examined from within the coelomic cavity, penetrating various organs and migrating through subcutaneous tissues, as well as emerging through the geckos' skin. One gecko was treated with levamisole following surgical excision of nematodes from under the skin; this gecko survived. The potential source of the nematode infection in the captive geckoes is discussed. It is most likely that wild-caught Madagascan mossy geckoes,Uroplatus sikoraeBoettger (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), introduced the infection to the colony. Molecular sequences of the nematodes are the first produced for the members of this genus. A redescription of the species and its genetic characterization based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence data is provided, suggesting some of the morphological criteria that have been used in the past to distinguish betweenHexametraspp. may have been intraspecific morphological variations.
Feeding performance on a novel host: no adaptation over generations and differential patterns in two flea species
Authors: Khokhlova Irina S. , Fielden Laura J. , Warburton Elizabeth M. , van der Mescht Luther , Krasnov Boris R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo model the colonization of a novel host by fleas,Synosternus cleopatraeandXenopsylla ramesis, we established experimental lines maintained for 15 generations on a principal or a novel host (either co-occurring with a flea or not). We compared the blood meal size and the energy expended for digestion by fleas from the 15thgeneration of each line on these hosts between hosts within a line and between lines within a host asking (a) whether fleas adapt to a novel host (increased blood consumption/decreased energy expended for digestion); (b) if yes, whether this adaptation leads to the loss of ability to exploit an original host, and (c) whether the success of adaptation to a novel host depends on its ecological co-occurrence with a flea. The blood consumption and digestion energetics of fleas fed on the principal host differed from those on other hosts. The effect of the principal host on feeding performance differed between fleas, withS. cleopatraeconsuming less blood and expending more energy for digestion on the principal than on any other host, whereas the opposite was true forX. ramesis. No changes in feeding performance on a novel host over generations were found. We propose several explanations for the lack of adaptation to a novel host over time. We explain the poor performance ofS. cleopatraeon its principal hostviaits immune response mounting pattern. We argue that the principal host of a parasite is not necessarily the host on which the parasite demonstrates the best performance.
The Flapping Motion of Mercury's Magnetotail Current Sheet: MESSENGER Observations
Authors: Zhang C. , Rong Z. J. , Gao J. W. , Zhong J. , Chai L. H. , Wei Y. , Shen C. , Wan W. X. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe flapping motion of Mercury's magnetotail current sheet is investigated based on the observations of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER). The typical flapping period in Mercury's magnetotail is much shorter (~13 s), comparing with ~10–20 min at Earth's magnetotail. The magnetic field oscillation amplitude induced by flapping motion is larger near both flanks than that around tail center. Similar to Earth's magnetotail, there are two flapping types existent in Mercury's magnetotail, one is the kink‐like flapping that can propagate as traveling waves, and the other one is the steady flapping that does not propagate. Both flapping types distribute widely in magnetotail. The kink‐like flapping waves propagating either dawnward or duskward can be observed across the entire magnetotail current sheet, which suggests that the energy sources for triggering the kink‐like flapping waves should locate around both tail flanks instead of tail center as is for the Earth's magnetotail.
Distinct Formation and Evolution Characteristics of Outer Radiation Belt Electron Butterfly Pitch Angle Distributions Observed by Van Allen Probes
Authors: Ni Binbin , Yan Ling , Fu Song , Gu Xudong , Cao Xing , Xiang Zheng , Zhang Yuannong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUsing Van Allen Probes pitch angle‐resolved electron flux data, we report intriguing events of electron butterfly pitch angle distributions (PADs) at L > ~5.5 on the nightside with distinct durations, i.e., about 9 hr for the 28–29 April 2013 event and over 2 days for the 2–5 May 2013 event. The formation and evolution of the short‐duration electron butterfly PADs exhibited insignificant dependence on electron energy, probably resulting from a combination of drift shell splitting, magnetopause shadowing, and wave diffusion, but the long‐duration electron butterfly evolution presented strong energy dependence, likely mainly attributed to interactions with MS waves. Both the short‐duration and long‐duration electron butterfly PADs disappeared closely related to enhanced substorm activities, while the responsible waves could be plasmaspheric hiss or chorus waves. Our results demonstrate that radiation belt electron butterfly PADs are naturally complex in both spatial and temporal scales and well connected to solar wind condition, substorm activity, and magnetospheric wave distribution.
Suprathermal Electron Acceleration Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field in the Topside Ionosphere
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Knudsen David J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe present the first direct observations of suprathermal (tens to hundreds of eV) electron acceleration perpendicular to the magnetic field in the topside (900–1,500 km) ionosphere. Based on measurements from the suprathermal electron imager (SEI) onboard the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe satellite over several months, we identify 30 events (28 in the dayside cusp) of enhanced suprathermal electron fluxes peaking at
90° pitch angles, with energies spanning from tens of eV to 325 eV, the upper limit of the SEI measurement. These events take place with a time duration of the order of 0.1 s, corresponding to a spatial scale of less than 1 km across the magnetic field. They are associated with parallel suprathermal electron bursts and upward currents. The correlation between perpendicular and parallel suprathermal electrons suggests a scenario in which downward bursts and the associated Alfvén waves that drive them provide a free energy source to destabilize plasma waves at electron frequencies, which in turn heat electrons in the perpendicular direction. This is a new energy dissipation process for cusp suprathermal electron precipitation in the topside ionosphere.
Inner‐Shelf Vertical and Alongshore temperature Variability in the Subtidal, Diurnal, and Semidiurnal Bands Along the central California coastline with headlands
Authors: Feddersen Falk , MacMahan Jamie H. , Freismuth Thomas M. , Gough Matt K. , Kovatch Michael 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe temporal, vertical, and alongshore variation in inner‐shelf temperature, T, across subtidal (ST), diurnal (DU), and semidiurnal (SD) bands on coastlines with headlands is not understood. Inner‐shelf T was observed with 20 moorings in 9‐ to 16‐m depth with high vertical density during Fall 2017 along 50 km of central California coastline with headlands. The ST‐first empirical orthogonal function is largely barotropic. ST warm water events are associated with northward‐propagating buoyant plumes and onshore advection of offshore water, with headland effects, particularly for stronger events. Previous plume arrival criteria are northward propagation biased. The DU vertical structure was mixed barotropic and linear baroclinic, without surface extrema. Inner‐shelf DU‐band temperature variability was always evident, largest north of and weakest south of two headlands. The DU‐T envelope was not modulated by ST stratification and was not linked to the modeled DU‐wind envelope. North of one headland, the alongshore first complex empirical orthogonal function of DU temperature has a previously unobserved southward 2‐m/s phase propagation, even though DU frequency is subcritical, that is, not wind forced. A frictional subcritical wave mechanism is proposed for the DU propagation. The SD‐T vertical structure varies alongshore, suggesting at different locations linear internal waves and nonlinear cold bores. SD‐T variability was incoherent with barotropic tides and decorrelates alongshore in 7.5 km, contrasting with a few kilometers offshore. The SD depth‐averaged energy varied strongly alongshore particularly north and south of the headlands, and stronger and weaker SD energy was linked to nonlinear and linear baroclinic vertical structures, respectively, which are headland influenced.
Long‐Term Trends of High Aerosol Pollution Events and Their Climatic Impacts in North America Using Multiple Satellite Retrievals and Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2
Authors: Jin Qinjian , Pryor S. C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMean magnitudes and temporal trends in aerosol optical depth (AOD) from satellite observations and an aerosol reanalysis exhibit a negative‐positive east‐northwest dipole across the contiguous United States with large magnitude negative trends over the eastern United States while small magnitude positive trends over the northwestern states. Based on analyses of Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2, the AOD reduction over the eastern United States appears to be largely attributable to reductions in aerosol sulfate, while there have been marked increases in aerosol‐organic and elemental carbon over almost all of the contiguous United States and particularly the northwestern states. Long‐term trends of high aerosol pollution events (HAPEs; days with AOD over the long‐term local 90th daily AOD percentile) during 2000–2017 also indicate that over the eastern United States, both the frequency and spatial scale of summer HAPEs exhibit significant negative trends, while those of moderate aerosol events (days with AOD between the local 30th and 70th AOD percentiles) exhibit weak upward trends. Opposing trends, of smaller magnitude, are derived in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada. Net and shortwave solar radiation show positive trends at the surface and top of atmosphere under clear‐sky conditions over the eastern United States consistent with the reduction in AOD. However, skin temperatures do not indicate significant trends during all days or HAPEs, indicating that the aerosol‐induced radiation trends are not sufficient to manifest trends in surface temperature. Precipitation during HAPEs appears to have increased during 2000–2017 over the eastern and central United States, indicating that the reduction in aerosol may already be enhancing the precipitation through aerosol‐cloud interactions.
Bayesian Update and Method of Distributions: Application to Leak Detection in Transmission Mains
Authors: Alawadhi Abdulrahman , Tartakovsky Daniel M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWater‐hammer equations are used to describe transient flow in pipe networks. Uncertainty in model parameters, initial and boundary conditions, and location and strength of a possible leak renders deterministic predictions of this system untenable. When deployed in conjunction with pressure measurements, probabilistic solutions of the water‐hammer equations serve as a tool for detecting leaks in pipes. We use the method of distributions to obtain a probability density function (PDF) for pressure head, whose dynamics are described by the stochastic water‐hammer equations. This PDF provides a prior distribution for subsequent Bayesian data assimilation, in which data collected by pressure sensors are combined with this prior to obtain a posterior PDF of the leak location and size. We conduct a series of numerical experiments with uncertain initial velocity and measurement noise to ascertain the robustness and accuracy of the proposed approach. The results show the method's ability to identify the leak location and strength in a water transmission main.