bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linear Alkylbenzenes Sulfonation: Design of Film Reactor and its Influence on the Formation of Deactivating components
Authors: Ivanchina Emiliya , Ivashkina Elena , Dolganova Irena , Dolganov Igor , Solopova Anastasiya , Pasyukova Maria 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLinear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) is a valuable product of inorganic chemistry that is used to obtain linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. The current method for industrial production of ABSA includes sulfonation of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) with sulfur trioxide in tubular falling film reactors. In this work, we analyze the dependence of the dynamics of the deactivating components formation (tetralines and sulfones) on the structural parameters for a multi‐tube film sulfonation reactor. To achieve this, we used an unsteady‐state mathematical model that considers the feedstock composition and the change in the reaction medium activity. We determined that the film sulfonation reactor of optimal construction has 40 tubes of diameter of 43 mm. It was revealed that with an increase of the LAB supply to the reactor tube, the mass transfer coefficient also increases. For LAB flows of (95∙10−5) and (2.86∙10−5) m3 s−1 per tube, the mass transfer coefficient is (1.73∙10−2) m s−1 and (2.08∙10−2) m s−1, respectively.
Consumer acceptability and chemical composition of whole‐wheat breads incorporated with brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) or red seaweed (Chondrus crispus)
Authors: Lamont Timothy , McSweeney Matthew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDSeaweeds have been eaten in the diets of coastal cultures for centuries; however, consumption of seaweeds has been limited in Western diets owing to undesirable sensory characteristics and lack of familiarity. Apart from healthful bioactive metabolites, seaweeds are good sources of fibre and minerals. They are nearly a complete protein and have a low fat content (mainly mono‑ or polyunsaturated). The objectives were (i) to investigate if the addition of brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, or red seaweed, Chondrus crispus, altered the chemical composition and sensory properties of whole‐wheat bread; and (ii) to determine what percentage the addition of brown or red seaweed to whole‐wheat bread is acceptable to consumers. The two seaweeds were incorporated into separate batches of whole‐wheat bread by percentage weight flour at 0% (control), 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%.RESULTSThe products containing the highest amounts of A. nodosum and C. crispus had the highest ash and total dietary fibre. A. nodosum and C. crispus breads were acceptable at 4% and 2% levels respectively. The attributes of no aftertaste, soft, and chewy drove consumer liking of the whole‐wheat bread, whereas attributes dry, dense, strong aftertaste, and saltiness detracted from liking.CONCLUSIONThis project's significance is to demonstrate the acceptability of seaweed in a Western population, which may lay the groundwork to encourage and promote the consumption of seaweed or to exemplify seaweed incorporation into foodstuffs. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Tiliacora triandra extract and its major constituent attenuates diabetic kidney and testicular impairment by modulating redox imbalance and pro‐inflammatory responses in rats
Authors: Song Peng , Sun Chen , Li Jinbo , Long Tong , Yan Yixin , Qin Hongping , Makinde Emmanuel Ayobami , Famurewa Ademola C , Jaisi Amit , Nie Ying , Olatunji Opeyemi Joshua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDLiterature has demonstrated that diabetes is associated with renal complication and testicular dysfunctions. The current study explored the potential of Tiliacora triandra extract and its major component against diabetic kidney and testicular damages in rats.METHODSDiabetes was induced by high fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) and treated orally with Tiliacora triandra extract (TTE, 100 and 400 mg kg−1 body weight) and its major component, 5,7‐dihydroxy‐6‐oxoheptadecanoic acid (DHA, 25 mg kg−1 body weight) for 30 consecutive days. Testicular activities of testicular enzymes, serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), sperm parameters and urinalysis for protein and albumin levels were evaluated. Renal and testicular biomarkers of oxidative stress and pro‐inflammation were analysed along with histology.RESULTSThe experimental diabetes induced significant alterations in the levels and activities of indices evaluated compared to non‐diabetic normal rats. The 28‐day treatment of diabetic rats with TTE and DHA markedly improved activities of testicular enzymes, restored levels of testosterone, LH and FSH and sperm parameters compared to untreated diabetic rats. TTE and DHA abrogated proteinuria and reversed urine albumin level. Testicular and renal oxidative stress and pro‐inflammation were attenuated in diabetic rats treated with TTE and DHA. The diabetes‐mediated histopathological damage was alleviated in the kidney and testis.CONCLUSIONThe protective effect of TTE and DHA against diabetes induced kidney and testicular damages may be related to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification and determination of by‐products originating from ozonation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in water by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Yunhee , Kim Yun‐Ji , Khan Muhammad Saiful Islam , Na Yun‐Cheol 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe degradation of two organophosphates, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, in water using microplasma equipment to produce ozone and the identification of their products were studied by using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The organophosphates gradually decreased with time and were completely removed after 10 min, and diazinon was degraded at a relatively fast rate compared to chlorpyrifos. The products formed during the process were identified and determined with accurate mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometry spectra, providing reliable structural determination. Chlorpyrifos oxon was formed through the oxidation of chlorpyrifos, followed by the formation of 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol and diethyl phosphate by hydrolysis. Diazinon formed various products through more complicated degradation processes than those of chlorpyrifos. The major products of diazinon degradation were 2‐isopropyl‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinol and diethyl phosphate by hydrolysis after oxidation, exhibiting diazoxon as an intermediate at trace levels. Direct hydrolysis of diazinon also occurred, producing diethyl thiophosphate, which was observed at a low concentration for a transient time and exhibited a less favorable process than sequential oxidation and hydrolysis. The other products, hydroxy diazinons and hydroxy‐2‐isopropyl‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinols, formed by hydroxylation, were also identified, but they were present in low amounts. Degradation mechanisms of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were proposed with the quantitatively evaluated products.
Recent advances in separation applications of polymerized high internal phase emulsions
Authors: Luo Jinhua , Huang Zhujun , Liu Linqi , Wang Haiyan , Ruan Guihua , Zhao Chenxi , Du Fuyou 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPolymerized high internal phase emulsions as highly porous adsorption materials have received increasing attention and wide applications in separation science in recent years due to their remarkable merits such as highly interconnected porosity, high permeability, good thermal and chemical stability, and tailorable chemistry. In this review, we attempt to introduce some strategies to utilize polymerized high internal phase emulsions for separation science, and highlight the recent advances made in the applications of polymerized high internal phase emulsions for diverse separation of small organic molecules, carbon dioxide, metal ions, proteins, and other interesting targets. Potential challenges and future perspectives for polymerized high internal phase emulsion research in the field of separation science are also speculated at the end of this review.
Quantitative Evaluation of Neonatal Brain Elasticity Using Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Garcés Iñigo Enrique , Llorens Salvador Roberto , Escrig Raquel , Hervás David , Vento Máximo , Martí‐Bonmatí Luis 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo demonstrate the feasibility of 2‐dimensional brain ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) and to define the average elasticity values of the gray and white matter in term neonates.MethodsThis work was a prospective observational single‐center study including 55 healthy term neonates consecutively recruited in the maternity ward between the second and third postnatal days. All were successfully evaluated with a cerebral SWE examination performed with a multifrequency 4–9‐MHz transducer. Bilateral sagittal planes of the thalamus and corona radiata were used to measure stiffness using a quantitative SWE method. Several elastograms with 5 to 15 nonoverlapping areas were obtained from the 2 different anatomic locations. The 5 most central measurements were averaged as representative values.ResultsThe 55 neonates ranged from 37 to 40 weeks' gestation. The estimated mean velocity values of the thalamus (1.17 m/s; 95% confidence interval, 1.13, 1.22 m/s) and corona radiata (1.60 m/s; 95% confidence interval, 1.57, 1.64 m/s) were statistically different (P < .001). There was no significant influence of laterality, gestational age, cephalic perimeter, sex, length, or type of delivery on the stiffness measurements.ConclusionsBrain ultrasound SWE is feasible and allows measurements of neonatal brain elasticity. The elasticity of the thalamus and corona radiata at the frontal white matter in healthy term neonates is different. The knowledge of normal SWE ranges in term neonates allows comparative studies under pathologic conditions.
Semiclassical transition state theory/master equation kinetics of HO + CO: Performance evaluation
Authors: Barker John R. , Stanton John F. , Nguyen Thanh Lam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPreviously, master equation (ME) simulations using semiclassical transition state theory (SCTST) and high‐accuracy extrapolated ab initio thermochemistry (HEAT) predicted rate constants in excellent agreement with published experimental data over a wide range of pressure and temperatures ≳250 K, but the agreement was not as good at lower temperatures. Possible reasons for this reduced performance are investigated by (a) critically evaluating the published experimental data and by investigating; (b) three distinct ME treatments of angular momentum, including one that is exact at the zero‐ and infinite‐pressure limits; (c) a hindered‐rotor model for HOCO that implicitly includes the cis‐ and trans‐conformers; (d) possible empirical adjustments of the thermochemistry; (e) possible empirical adjustments to an imaginary frequency controlling tunneling; (f) including or neglecting the prereaction complex PRC1; and (g) its possible bimolecular reactions. Improvements include better approximations to factors in SCTST and using the Hill and van Vleck treatment of angular momentum coupling. Evaluation of literature data does not reveal any specific shortcomings, but the stated uncertainties may be underestimated. All ME treatments give excellent fits to experimental data at T ≥ 250 K, but the discrepancy at T < 250 K persists. Note that each ME model requires individual empirical energy transfer parameters. Thermochemical adjustments were unable to match the experimental H/D kinetic isotope effects. Adjusting an imaginary frequency can achieve good fits, but the adjustments are unacceptably large. Whether PRC1 and its possible bimolecular reactions are included had little effect. We conclude that none of the adjustments is an improvement over the unadjusted theory. Note that only one set of experimental data exists in the regime of the discrepancy with theory, and data for DO + CO are scanty.
Addition of Wendler Glottoplasty to Voice Therapy Improves Trans Female Voice Outcomes
Authors: Brown Sarah K. , Chang Joseph , Hu Shirley , Sivakumar Ganesh , Sataluri Medha , Goldberg Leanne , Courey Mark S. 
Published: September 2020

Objectives/HypothesisVT is often considered the preferred treatment for vocal feminization in transgender patients. However, Wendler glottoplasty offers a surgical option for increasing fundamental frequency and perception of vocal femininity. We aimed to determine whether the addition of glottoplasty to VT results in greater fundamental frequency elevation and improvement in quality‐of‐life measures.Study DesignRetrospective case series.MethodsForty‐eight trans female patients were treated for vocal feminization. Twenty‐seven patients underwent VT, and 21 patients underwent VT with additional glottoplasty (VTWG). Pre‐ and posttreatment acoustic measures, Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire (TWVQ), and Voice Handicap Index‐10 (VHI‐10) data were compared.ResultsGlottoplasty in combination with VT elevated average speaking fundamental frequency (SF0) to a greater extent than VT alone (P < .0001). The VTWG group achieved a 42‐Hz increase in SF0, whereas the VT group achieved a 15‐Hz increase in SF0. In both the VT and VTWG groups, the lower bound of physiologic range increased by 18 Hz (P = .0008 and P = .016, respectively). The addition of glottoplasty also resulted in greater improvement in voice‐related quality of life. Improvement in TWVQ and VHI‐10 was significantly greater in the VTWG group than the VT group (P = .007 and P = .029, respectively). TWVQ showed statistically significant improvement in the VTWG group only.ConclusionsVT results in SF0 elevation and improvement in VHI‐10. The addition of glottoplasty to VT results in further improvements in SF0 and VHI‐10 and statistically significant improvement in TWVQ.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:1588–1593, 2021
The clinical consequences of the COVID‐19 lockdown: A report from an Italian referral ENT department
Authors: Gallo Oreste , Locatello Luca Giovanni , Orlando Pietro , Martelli Federica , Bruno Chiara , Cilona Maria , Fancello Giuseppe , Mani Riccardo , Vitali Daniele , Bianco Giacomo , Trovati Massimo , Tomaiuolo Matteo , Maggiore Giandomenico 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical effects of health care reorganization because of COVID‐19, in a non‐red zone Italian referral department of Otorhinolaryngology.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the statistics of admissions to the Emergency Department (ED) of the Careggi University Hospital, Florence, from January 1, 2020, to May 17, 2020. Data regarding elective and urgent head and neck disorders were reviewed and the most challenging cases were discussed.ResultsDuring the lockdown period, outpatient otolaryngological consultations and elective procedures decreased by 78% and 75% respectively, while emergency/urgency surgery increased by 128%. The five most emblematic clinical cases were thoroughly analyzed.ConclusionOur analysis shows how the profound rearrangement of clinical and surgical activities, along with the citizens' fear to seek medical care has probably exacerbated the management of many routine head and neck conditions.Level of Evidence4.
Nutrient breakpoints for estuarine phytoplankton communities
Authors: Pinckney James L. , Knotts Eilea R. , Kibler Krystyn J. , Smith Erik M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNutrient breakpoints are the concentration at which there is a fundamental change in phytoplankton responses to further increases in nutrient loading. The ecological implication is that nutrient breakpoints signal a community transition from a relatively stable state to an alternate or transition state with marked changes in structure and, by extension, function. Nutrient breakpoints for the total phytoplankton community and individual phytoplankton groups in response to increases in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations were determined for two contrasting estuarine systems. Phytoplankton were exposed to increasing N addition scenarios (0–100 μmol DIN L−1) under high and low irradiance conditions. Responses of total algal biomass, group diversity, and individual algal groups were determined after 72‐h incubations in experimental bioassays. Phytoplankton from the low‐salinity estuary exhibited higher DIN breakpoints (>double) than the high‐salinity estuary while irradiance (20% vs. 40% of ambient) did not affect breakpoints. DIN additions changed algal group diversity, but community similarities were > 80%. Our results suggest that ambient DIN concentrations should not exceed breakpoint concentrations to prevent possible shifts from a stable to a transitional or alternate state. DIN thresholds should be 25 and 50 μmol L−1 for the high‐ and low‐salinity estuaries, respectively. These levels should mitigate the risk of major alterations in phytoplankton community structure and function in these two estuarine systems.
Kelp deposition changes mineralization pathways and microbial communities in a sandy beach
Authors: van Erk Marit R. , Meier Dimitri V. , Ferdelman Timothy , Harder Jens , Bussmann Ingeborg , de Beer Dirk 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe investigated the impact of kelp deposition on the geochemistry and microbial community composition of beach sands on the island of Helgoland (North Sea). The composition of the microbial community at a beach with regular kelp deposition appeared shaped by this regular input of organic material, as indicated by significantly higher proportions of aerobic degraders, fermenters, and sulfur cycling microorganisms. Rapid degradation of deposited kelp by this community leads to high levels of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon and nutrients, a lower pH and anoxia. Aerobic respiration, fermentation, Fe‐ and SO42− reduction, and methanogenesis were strongly enhanced, with SO42− reduction being the main process in kelp degradation. SO42− reduction rates increased 20‐ to 25‐fold upon addition of kelp. The main route of electrons from kelp to SO42− was not via CO and H2, as expected, but via organic fermentation products. O2 supply by the tides was not sufficient and reduced intermediates escaped from the sediment with tidal water retraction. The resulting extremely high levels of free sulfide (>10 mmol L−1) lead to abundant filamentous growth of sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria largely composed of a rare O2‐adapted Sulfurovum lacking the expected denitrification genes. Our results show that regular kelp deposition strongly enhances the thermodynamic disequilibrium in the beach sand habitat, leading to a dramatic enhancement of the sulfur cycle.
Raman Shifting Induced by Cascaded Quadratic Nonlinearities for Terahertz Generation
Authors: Ravi Koustuban , Kärtner Franz X. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCascaded quadratic optical nonlinearities are well known for producing effective third‐order nonlinear optical effects such as self‐phase modulation or self‐steepening. As a result, they have been extensively applied in areas such as mode‐locking and pulse compression. In this article, a regime of cascaded quadratic nonlinearities involving highly phase‐matched second‐order interactions is introduced, which produce an effective third‐order nonlinearity analogous to Raman shifting rather than the typical case of self‐phase modulation. This results in a continuous red‐shift of the optical pump frequency rather than spectral broadening. This phenomenon is particularly relevant to terahertz generation, where a continuous red‐shift of the pump frequency resolves current issues of dispersion and laser‐induced damage. In the absence of absorption or dispersion, the presented method results in optical‐to‐terahertz energy conversion efficiencies that approach 100%, which is not possible with conventional cascaded difference‐frequency generation. Designs of aperiodically poled lithium niobate structures are presented, which result in energy conversion efficiencies of 35% even in the presence of dispersion and absorption. The presented work thus addresses an important bottleneck in terahertz generation, which paves the way for the development of compact particle accelerators, X‐ray free‐electron lasers, advanced electron‐beam diagnostics, and various experiments in condensed‐matter physics and chemistry.
Understanding the Performance of a Nanocomposite Based on a Conjugated Azo‐Polymer and Reduced Graphene Oxide with Photoelectrically Switchable Properties by Analyzing the Potential Profile during Photocurrent Generation
Authors: Pacheco Jéssica Crivelaro , Olean‐Oliveira André , Teixeira Marcos F. S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis work describes the photoelectrochemical properties of devices coated with poly(azo‐Bismarck Brown R) and the nanocomposite poly(azo‐Bismarck Brown R)/reduced graphene oxide. Chronoamperometric methods with pulsed light are applied to the polymer surfaces of poly(azo‐Bismarck R) and poly(azo‐Bismarck Brown R)/rGO nanocomposites at two applied potentials (corresponding to the reduced and oxidized polymer forms) to obtain information on the photocurrent in a short response time. The results indicate that the photoactivity of the nanomaterial depends on the oxidation state of the azo‐polymer and its chemical structure. The carrier mobility of the material is affected by the applied potential profile and consequently by the isomerism of the polymer backbone. This behavior explains the photoelectrochemical performance of the nanocomposite material. The photoresponsiveness of the semiconducting hybrid material with light‐switchable conductance is promising for applications in photoelectrochemical switches and molecular switching devices.
Lycopene antagonizes lead toxicity by reducing mitochondrial oxidative damage and mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons
Authors: Qu Mingyue , Ni Yanli , Guo Baoshi , Feng Xin , Jiang Zheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLead (Pb) exhibits serious adverse effects on the central nervous system, and the major pathogenic mechanism of Pb toxicity is oxidative stress. As one of the carotenoid family members with potent antioxidant properties, lycopene has shown its protections by inhibiting oxidative stress damage in numerous models of neurotoxicity. The current study was designed to explore the possible protective property in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons challenged with Pb. We observed that 5 μM lycopene pretreatment for 4 h efficiently ameliorated Pb‐caused damage in cell viability, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, lycopene (5 μM) attenuated the 50 μM Pb‐induced mitochondrial ROS production, improved the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and ATP production, and ameliorated the 50 μM Pb‐induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. In addition, 5 μM lycopene restored the imbalance of Bax/Bcl‐2, inhibited translocation of cytochrome c, and reduced caspase‐3 activation. Taken together, these findings indicate that lycopene antagonizes against Pb‐induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanism probably involves reduction of mitochondrial oxidative damage and mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis.