bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence, tech corporate governance and the public interest regulatory response
Authors: Dignam Alan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article attempts to get to the heart of some of the general misunderstanding of artificial intelligence (AI), its existent dangers and its problematic autocratic governance centred on US and Chinese tech dominance of the area. Having considered the extent of each in turn it proposes a regulatory model to place public rather than private interest at the heart of both technical and governance centred AI regulation.
Blood pressure targets in patients with chronic kidney disease: MDRD and AASK now confirming SPRINT
Authors: Sarafidis Pantelis , Loutradis Charalampos , Ortiz Alberto , Ruilope Luis M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Recent American and European hypertension guidelines are not in agreement regarding blood pressure (BP) targets for persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous analyses from the African American Study on Kidney Disease (AASK) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) trials suggested that strict BP control confers nephroprotection for patients with proteinuria, but a mortality benefit was not apparent. In contrast, an analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) subpopulation of CKD patients showed a mortality benefit with the systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt;120 mmHg versus the SBP &lt;140 target. A recent analysis of the combined MDRD and AASK cohorts supports previous evidence on nephroprotection but also findings from the SPRINT trial on all-cause mortality benefits of intensive versus usual BP control in individuals with CKD.
Birds suppress pests in corn but release them in soybean crops within a mixed prairie/agriculture system
Authors: Garfinkel Megan B , Minor Emily S , Whelan Christopher J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBirds provide ecosystem services (pest control) in many agroecosystems and have neutral or negative ecological effects (disservices) in others. Large-scale, conventional row crop agriculture is extremely widespread globally, yet few studies of bird effects take place in these agroecosystems. We studied indirect effects of insectivorous birds on corn and soybean crops in fields adjacent to a prairie in Illinois (USA). We hypothesized that prairie birds would forage for arthropods in adjacent crop fields and that the magnitude of services or disservices would decrease with distance from the prairie. We used bird-excluding cages over crops to examine the net effect of birds on corn and soybean grain yield. We also conducted DNA metabarcoding to identify arthropod prey in fecal samples from captured birds. Our exclosure experiments revealed that birds provided net services in corn and net disservices in soybeans. Distance from prairie was not a significant predictor of exclosure treatment effect in either crop. Many bird fecal samples contained DNA from both beneficial arthropods and known economically significant pests of corn, but few economically significant pests of soybeans. Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), one of our most captured species, most commonly consumed corn rootworms, an economically significant pest of corn crops. We estimated that birds in this system provided a service worth approximately US $275 ha−1 in corn yield gain, and a disservice valued at approximately $348 ha−1 in soybean yield loss. Our study is the first to demonstrate that birds can provide substantial and economically valuable services in field corn, and disservices in soybean crops. The contrasting findings in the 2 crop systems suggest a range of bird impacts within widespread agroecosystems and demonstrate the importance of quantifying net trophic effects.
The Psychology of International Law: An Introduction
Authors: van Aaken Anne , Broude Tomer 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Public international law scholarship opens evermore to social science theories and methodologies, but the implications of cognitive research and behavioural economics have not been systematically explored, even though they have been successfully applied to domestic legal issues and are increasingly used in public policy and regulation. In this symposium, we aim to fill two research gaps: first, international law and economics and international political economy rarely use behavioural insights, while behavioural law and economics lacks international dimensions, and, second, international political psychology sidesteps the importance of international norms. This introduction surveys the main psychological angles employed in the articles of the symposium as well as the difficulties envisioned in this research agenda of applying psychology to international law and using experiments for the study of international law. These difficulties notwithstanding, behavioural studies have generated many insights that have the potential to greatly enrich our understanding of international law.
Taurodontism in the first permanent molars in Van der Woude syndrome compared to isolated cleft palate
Authors: Awadh Wael , Pegelow Marie , Heliövaara Arja , Rice David P 
Published: January 2020

SummaryObjectivesTo analyse prevalence, pattern, and severity of taurodontism in individuals with Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) exhibiting cleft palate and compare with aged-matched non-syndromic cleft palate (NSCP) and non-cleft controls.Materials and methodsOne hundred and seventy-eight dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) (105 girls and 73 boys) consisting of 42 VWS patients (x¯=8.55±1.02 years), 42 NSCP patients (x¯=8.59±1.02 years), and 94 normative non-cleft children (x¯=8.79±1.16 years) were assessed and their first permanent molars evaluated. Measurement 3 of the taurodontism index developed by Shifman and Chanannel with the Tulensalo modification was used. Prevalence, pattern, and severity were compared between groups. Statistical differences were determined by one-way analysis of variance and Fisher test. Repeatability was calculated by Cohens Kappa test.ResultsThe prevalence of taurodontic molars was 59.5% in VWS, 45.2% in NSCP, and 26.6% in non-cleft controls. The prevalence and severity of taurodontism in VWS and NSCP were significantly higher than in non-cleft children in all first permanent molars. There was no significant difference in prevalence and severity between VWS and NSCP. The odds for having taurodontism in the VWS group was approximately double compared to the NSCP group. Most of the taurodontic molars showed hypotaurodontism and taurodontism occurred bilaterally more frequently than unilaterally.ConclusionThis study shows a higher prevalence of taurodontism in VWS and NSCP. Most taurodontic molars are hypotaurodontic and most occur bilaterally.
Selection-Driven Gene Inactivation in Salmonella
Authors: Cherry Joshua L 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBacterial genes are sometimes found to be inactivated by mutation. This inactivation may be observable simply because selection for function is intermittent or too weak to eliminate inactive alleles quickly. Here, I investigate cases in Salmonella enterica where inactivation is instead positively selected. These are identified by a rate of introduction of premature stop codons to a gene that is higher than expected under selective neutrality, as assessed by comparison to the rate of synonymous changes. I identify 84 genes that meet this criterion at a 10% false discovery rate. Many of these genes are involved in virulence, motility and chemotaxis, biofilm formation, and resistance to antibiotics or other toxic substances. It is hypothesized that most of these genes are subject to an ongoing process in which inactivation is favored under rare conditions, but the inactivated allele is deleterious under most other conditions and is subsequently driven to extinction by purifying selection.
Bacterial Origin and Reductive Evolution of the CPR Group
Authors: Bokhari Rijja Hussain , Amirjan Nooreen , Jeong Hyeonsoo , Kim Kyung Mo , Caetano-Anollés Gustavo , Nasir Arshan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The candidate phyla radiation (CPR) is a proposed subdivision within the bacterial domain comprising several candidate phyla. CPR organisms are united by small genome and physical sizes, lack several metabolic enzymes, and populate deep branches within the bacterial subtree of life. These features raise intriguing questions regarding their origin and mode of evolution. In this study, we performed a comparative and phylogenomic analysis to investigate CPR origin and evolution. Unlike previous gene/protein sequence-based reports of CPR evolution, we used protein domain superfamilies classified by protein structure databases to resolve the evolutionary relationships of CPR with non-CPR bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, and viruses. Across all supergroups, CPR shared maximum superfamilies with non-CPR bacteria and were placed as deep branching bacteria in most phylogenomic trees. CPR contributed 1.22% of new superfamilies to bacteria including the ribosomal protein L19e and encoded four core superfamilies that are likely involved in cell-to-cell interaction and establishing episymbiotic lifestyles. Although CPR and non-CPR bacterial proteomes gained common superfamilies over the course of evolution, CPR and Archaea had more common losses. These losses mostly involved metabolic superfamilies. In fact, phylogenies built from only metabolic protein superfamilies separated CPR and non-CPR bacteria. These findings indicate that CPR are bacterial organisms that have probably evolved in an Archaea-like manner via the early loss of metabolic functions. We also discovered that phylogenies built from metabolic and informational superfamilies gave contrasting views of the groupings among Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, which add to the current debate on the evolutionary relationships among superkingdoms.
Does Gender Matter in the Receipt of Informal Care Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults? Evidence from a Cross-National Comparative Study Across the United States, South Korea, and China
Authors: Kwak Minyoung , Kim BoRin , Lee Hyunjoo , Zhang Jiaan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study compares patterns of gender difference in the receipt of informal care among community-dwelling older adults across the United States, Korea, and China where family-oriented systems for providing care to older adults are emphasized.MethodData came from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study, the 2014 Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging, and the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Logistic regression models were used to predict the receipt of informal care by gender. We also examined how the effects of health and living arrangement on the receipt of informal care differ depending on gender.ResultsIn the United States and China, older women were more likely to receive informal care than men. However, older Korean women were less likely to receive informal care than men. The effects of health and living arrangement on the use of informal care were moderated by gender in different ways across countries.DiscussionThis study provides evidence that patterns of gender differences in the receipt of informal care vary across the three countries. More attention needs to be paid to the design and implementation of long-term supports and services to address the unique patterns of gender difference in care arrangement in each country.
Volumetric Microsampling of Capillary Blood Spot vs Whole Blood Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporin A: Accuracy and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Mbughuni Michael M , Stevens Maria A , Langman Loralie J , Kudva Yogish C , Sanchez William , Dean Patrick G , Jannetto Paul J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundImmunosuppressant therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) usually requires outpatient travel to hospitals or phlebotomy sites for venous blood collection; however Mitra® Microsampling Device (MSD) sampling could allow self-collection and shipping of samples to a laboratory for analysis. This study examined the feasibility of using volumetric microsampling by MSD for TDM of tacrolimus (TaC) and cyclosporin A (CsA) in transplant patients, along with their feedback on the process.MethodsMSD was used to collect TaC and CsA from venous (VB) or capillary (CB) blood. The MSDs were rehydrated, extracted, and analyzed using on-line solid phase extraction coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-MS/MS). We report an abbreviated method validation of the MSD including: accuracy, precision, linearity, carry-over, and stability using residual venous whole blood (VB) samples. Subsequent clinical validation compared serially collected MSD + CB against VB (200 µL) from transplant patients.ResultsAccuracy comparing VB vs. MSD+VB showed high clinical concordance (TaC = 89% and CsA = 98%). Inter- and intra-precision was ≤11.5 %CV for TaC and CsA. Samples were stable for up to 7 days at room temperature with an average difference of &lt;10%. Clinical validation with MSD+CB correlated well with VB for CsA (slope = 0.95, r2 = 0.88, n = 47) and TaC (slope = 0.98, r2 = 0.82, n = 49). CB vs. VB gave concordance of 94% for CsA and 79% for TaC. A satisfaction survey showed 82% of patients preferred having the capillary collection option.ConclusionTransplant patients favored having the ability to collect capillary samples at home for TaC/CsA monitoring. Our results demonstrate good concordance between MSD+CB and VB for TaC and CsA TDM, but additional studies are warranted.
Rates of Fentanyl Positivity in Neonatal Urine Following Maternal Analgesia During Labor and Delivery
Authors: Novikov Natasha , Melanson Stacy E F , Ransohoff Jaime R , Petrides Athena K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Fentanyl is commonly given as an analgesic during labor and delivery. The extent of transplacental drug transfer and fetal exposure is not well studied. We analyzed the relationship between neonatal urine fentanyl results and various peripartum factors.

Methods
A total of 96 neonates with urine toxicology screening between January 2017 and September 2018 were included in the study. Medical record review was used to obtain maternal, neonatal, and anesthesia parameters. A subset of 9 specimens were further tested for levels of fentanyl and norfentanyl by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results
In 29% (n = 24) of cases associated with fentanyl-containing labor analgesia, neonatal toxicology screens were positive for the presence of fentanyl. Positive test results strongly correlated with the cumulative dose and duration of labor analgesia (P &lt; 0.001). The odds of positive neonatal fentanyl screen results increased 4-fold for every 5 hours of maternal exposure to labor analgesia. Importantly, however, neonatal outcomes for infants with positive and negative urine fentanyl screens were the same.

Conclusions
Our study establishes that maternal fentanyl analgesia is strongly associated with positive neonatal urine fentanyl screens and suggests that more judicious use of these laboratory tests may be warranted.
The FDA authorization of direct-to-consumer genetic testing for three BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants: a twitter analysis of the public’s response
Authors: Roberts Megan C , Allen Caitlin G , Andersen Brittany L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
In March 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its authorization of a direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic test for three pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants. We sought to determine to whether social media discussion increased following the authorization, who was driving social media conversations, and what topics were discussed.

Methods
Using Crimson Hexagon, we described tweets before, during, and after the FDA announcement authorizing 23andMe to return BRCA1/2 results (3/4/18–3/10/18). We conducted qualitative coding of a subset of 605 tweets to better understand Twitter communication.

Results
We identified 11 055 twitter posts across the week of FDA’s announcement. Twitter discourse about 23andMe and the FDA authorization peaked the day following the FDA’s press release. Most tweets (48.6%) were informational and 26.3% were either expressing opinions (about 23andMe and/or FDA authorization, 14.9%) or testimonials (personal experiences with genetic testing, 11.4%). The types of tweets varied over the week-long period (P &lt;  .001).

Discussion
Twitter discussion about the FDA’s authorization of DTC for three pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants increased immediately following the announcement. As more genetic technologies are brought to the DTC market, social media sites, like Twitter, will play a role in disseminating this information, providing a platform for information exchange, consumer testimonials, opinion pieces, and research.
Mass Spectrometry-Based Rapid Quantitative Bioanalysis of Flibanserin: Pharmacokinetic and Brain Tissue Distribution Study in Female Rats
Authors: Sharma Manish Kumar , Rathod Rajeshwari , Sengupta Pinaki 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Flibanserin (FLB) is the first United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved serotonin modulator recently marketed to treat acquired generalized women hypoactive sexual desire disorder. The scope of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive, selective and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy-based quantification method for FLB in rat plasma as well as brain tissue samples. The method includes a simple liquid–liquid sample extraction procedure. FLB was subjected to chromatographic separation using a poroshell C18 column with the mobile phase comprising a mixture of acetonitrile (ACN), 10 mM ammonium acetate and acetic acid (90:10:0.1, v/v/v). Detection and quantification of FLB after positive electrospray ionization were carried out in selective ion monitoring mode. The fragment ions (m/z) of FLB (parent ion: 391.1741) and IS (parent ion: 448.1550) were monitored at 161.0704 and 285.0917, respectively. A linear response of FLB was observed over a concentration range of 2.5–600 ng/mL in plasma and 5–500 ng/mL in brain tissue homogenate. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy of the method met the acceptable limits specified in the USFDA bioanalytical method validation guideline. The analyte was found to be stable in benchtop, freeze-thaw, auto-injector and dry extract stability studies. The developed method was used to quantitate FLB in the plasma and brain tissue of a single-dose oral pharmacokinetic and brain tissue distribution study in female rats. Maximum FLB concentration in plasma and brain was achieved within an hour; however, the total amount of the drug that reached the brain was significantly less than in plasma. Rate of elimination of FLB from brain was also faster resulting in a lesser half-life in brain compared to the plasma.
Comparison of Serum Concentrations of Ustekinumab Obtained by Three Commercial Assays in Patients with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Verdon Christine , Vande Casteele Niels , Heron Valérie , Germain Pascale , Afif Waqqas 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Data on the association of ustekinumab (UST) drug concentrations and clinical outcomes are conflicting. We assessed serum UST drug and anti-UST antibody concentrations using three commercially available assays.

Methods
Sixty-one blood samples were analyzed for serum UST drug and anti-UST antibody concentrations using three assays: one homogeneous mobility shift assay (HMSA, Prometheus, Assay A), and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA; Progenika, Dynacare, Assay B and Theradiag, Assay C).

Results
The median (IQR) serum UST concentrations for the three assays were: Assay A 7.50 (5.35 to 12.88) µg/mL, Assay B 4.02 (2.46 to 6.95) µg/mL and Assay C 4.35 (2.62 to 7.50) µg/mL. A Kruskal–Wallis test confirmed a statistically significant difference between the different assays, X2(2) = 30.606, p &lt; 0.001. Linear regression showed near twofold increased difference in the absolute drug concentrations between the HMSA and either ELISA. Linear quantitative correlation was observed for all three assays (r = 0.836 for A versus B, r = 0.792 for A versus C, r = 0.936 for B versus C; p &lt; 0.01). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between assay A and B was 0.649 (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.208 to 0.874); assay A and C was 0.671 (95% CI −0.165 to 0.878); and assay B and C was 0.958 (95% CI 0.928 to 0.975); p &lt; 0.001. No anti-UST antibodies were detected.

Conclusion
A good correlation was observed for serum UST drug concentrations and a good agreement was observed between the ELISA tests. However, agreement was poor between the HMSA and each ELISA tests. Clinical recommendations regarding drug concentrations should be based on assay type used.
The Common Approach to Article 1: The Scope of Each State’s Obligation to Ensure Respect for the Geneva Conventions
Authors: Robson Verity 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 is foundational, but not exceptional: the duty to respect and ensure respect for the Conventions must be considered within the framework of public international law as a whole. The Article obliges each High Contracting Party and its organs to respect the Geneva Conventions, and to ensure respect for these Conventions by the population over which it exercises authority and any other persons or groups whose conduct is attributable to it. This scope is demonstrated by the ordinary meaning of the term, subsequent agreements, subsequent practice and other relevant rules of international law, and confirmed by reference to the travaux preparatoires. In particular, erga omnes status does not affect it. As a matter of good faith performance of the Conventions, each High Contracting Party also has a duty not to encourage violations by others. Common Article 1 does not require, as some authors have argued, the prevention or termination of breaches of the Geneva Conventions by other parties to conflict, but High Contracting Parties may choose to take steps toward doing so, as a matter of policy.
Observation and confirmation of nine strong-lensing systems in Dark Energy Survey Year 1 data
Authors: Nord B , Buckley-Geer E , Lin H , Kuropatkin N , Collett T , Tucker D L , Diehl H T , Agnello A , Amara A , Abbott T M C , Allam S , Annis J , Avila S , Bechtol K , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Cunha C E , da Costa L N , Davis C , De Vicente J , Doel P , Eifler T F , Evrard A E , Fernandez E , Flaugher B , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gutierrez G , Hartley W G , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , Hoyle B , James D J , Kuehn K , Lahav O , Lima M , Maia M A G , March M , Marshall J L , Melchior P , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Plazas A A , Romer A K , Roodman A , Rykoff E S , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Schindler R , Schubnell M , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Soares-Santos M , Sobreira F , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , Zhang Y ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We describe the observation and confirmation of nine new strong gravitational lenses discovered in Year 1 data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We created candidate lists based on (i) galaxy group and cluster samples, and (ii) photometrically selected galaxy samples. We selected 46 candidates through visual inspection and then used the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph(GMOS) at the Gemini South telescope to acquire a spectroscopic follow-up of 21 of these candidates. Through an analysis of these spectroscopic follow-up data, we confirmed nine new lensing systems and rejected two candidates, and the analysis was inconclusive on 10 candidates. For each of the confirmed systems, our report measured spectroscopic properties, estimated source image–lens separations, and estimated enclosed masses as well. The sources that we targeted have an i-band surface brightness range of $i_{\rm SB} \sim 22\!-\!24\, {\rm mag}\,{\rm arcsec}^{-2}$ and a spectroscopic redshift range of zspec ∼ 0.8−2.6. The lens galaxies have a photometric redshift range of zlens ∼ 0.3−0.7. The lensing systems range in source image–lens separation from 2 to 9 arcsec and in enclosed mass from 1012 to 1013 M⊙.