bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Erythromycin Resistance Methylase Gene (
ermTR
) in
Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Seppälä Helena , Skurnik Mikael , Soini Hanna , Roberts Marilyn C. , Huovinen Pentti 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Erythromycin resistance among streptococci is commonly due to target site modification by an rRNA-methylating enzyme, which results in coresistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B antibiotics (MLS
B
resistance). Genes belonging to the
ermAM
(
ermB
) gene class are the only erythromycin resistance methylase (
erm
) genes in
Streptococcus pyogenes
with MLS
B
resistance that have been sequenced so far. We identified a novel
erm
gene, designated
ermTR
, from an erythromycin-resistant clinical strain of
S. pyogenes
(strain A200) with an inducible type of MLS
B
resistance. The nucleotide sequence of
ermTR
is 82.5% identical to
ermA
, previously found, for example, in
Staphylococcus aureus
and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Our finding provides the first sequence of an
erm
gene other than
ermAM
that mediates MLS
B
resistance in
S. pyogenes.
Determination of the Chromosomal Relationship between
mecA
and
gyrA
in Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Authors: Fey Paul D. , Climo Michael W. , Archer Gordon L. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

mecA
, the gene that mediates methicillin resistance, and its accompanying
mec
locus DNA, insert near the
gyrA
gene in
Staphylococcus aureus
. To investigate whether there is a similar relationship between
mecA
and
gyrA
in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS),
mecA
- and
gyrA
-specific DNA fragments were used to probe methicillin-resistant isolates of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
(MRSE) (
n
= 11) and
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
(MRSH) (
n
= 11). The
gyrA
probe hybridized to the same
Sma
I DNA fragment as the
mecA
probe in all strains tested. However, since the size of the
Sma
I fragments containing
mecA
and
gyrA
varied from 73 to 600 kb, the distance between the two genes was determined more precisely. Cloned
mecA
or
gyrA
fragments plus vector sequences each containing a
Sma
I site were introduced into the chromosome of three isolates each of MRSE and methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA), and the sizes of the generated
Sma
I fragments were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The distance between
gyrA
and
mecA
was found to be between 38 and 42 kb in both MRSE and MRSA, and the two genes were in the same relative orientation in all strains. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns around the
gyrA
gene in CNS were identical, but species specific, for all 10 MRSE and 10 MRSH isolates examined. In contrast, 8 of 11 methicillin-susceptible
S. epidermidis
isolates and 7 of 7 methicillin-susceptible
S. haemolyticus
isolates had different
gyrA
RFLP patterns. These data show that
mecA
is site and orientation specific, relative to
gyrA
, in both MRSE and MRSA. In addition, the local environment around
gyrA
in methicillin-resistant CNS, in contrast to methicillin-susceptible isolates, is similar, suggesting clonality or the requirement for specific DNA sequences with which the
mec
complex must interact for chromosomal integration to occur.
Concentrations of Pefloxacin in Plasma and Tissue after Administration as Surgical Prophylaxis
Authors: Jacoberger Bernadette , Ubeaud Genevieve , Freys Guy , Pottecher Thierry , Jung Louis , Koffel Jean Claude 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Plasma and epiploic-fat drug concentrations determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and fat penetration of pefloxacin and its metabolite (norfloxacin) given for antimicrobial prophylaxis were studied in patients scheduled for colorectal surgery. Concentrations of pefloxacin in plasma decreased about 40% from the beginning of the operation to closure of the peritoneum, and corresponding levels in epiploic fat stayed stable. The plasma and tissue norfloxacin concentrations were very low. Concentrations of pefloxacin in tissue were greater than MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited for sensitive bacteria (members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
). The penetration of pefloxacin into epiploic fat was about 32%.
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Isolated from an Outbreak in Japan in 1996
Authors: Tsuboi Isami , Ida Hirohisa , Yoshikawa Eiji , Hiyoshi Suehiro , Yamaji Emiko , Nakayama Issei , Nonomiya Tomoko , Shigenobu Fritz , Shimizu Masaki , O’Hara Koji , Sawai Tetsuo , Mizuoka Keiji 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

The antibiotic susceptibilities of 43 strains of
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 identified in the summer of 1996 in Japan were investigated. Growth of 90% of O157 strains was inhibited at a concentration of ≤0.5 μg/ml by several agents including fosfomycin with glucose-6-phosphate.
Antimicrobial Resistance in
Shigella flexneri
and
Shigella sonnei
in Hong Kong, 1986 to 1995
Authors: Chu Yiu-wai , Houang Elizabeth T. S. , Lyon Donald J. , Ling Julia M. , Ng Tak-keung , Cheng Augustine F. B. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Three hundred and thirty-three
Shigella
isolates obtained in 1986 to 1995 were tested for their susceptibilities to 19 antimicrobial agents. Nalidixic acid resistance had emerged in 59.6% of
Shigella flexneri
isolates during 1994 to 1995, with all tested resistant isolates having the mutation in
gyrA
encoding the Ser-83 alteration. Multiresistance (resistance to four or more agents) was more common in
S. flexneri
than in
Shigella sonnei.
Effects of Aluminum Hydroxide and Famotidine on Bioavailability of Tosufloxacin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Minami Rumiko , Nakamura Chizuko , Inotsume Nobuo , Nakano Masahiro 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to determine the influence of aluminum hydroxide and famotidine on the bioavailability of tosufloxacin. Coadministration of aluminum hydroxide reduced the bioavailability of tosufloxacin by 31.6% (
P
< 0.05). Famotidine did not alter tosufloxacin absorption. To avoid potential treatment failures, the concurrent use of tosufloxacin and aluminum hydroxide should be avoided altogether.
In Vitro Antimycobacterial Activity of 5-Chloropyrazinamide
Authors: Cynamon Michael H. , Speirs Robert J. , Welch John T. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

5-Chloropyrazinamide and 5-chloropyrazinoic acid were evaluated for in vitro activity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
,
Mycobacterium bovis
, and several nontuberculous mycobacteria by a broth dilution method. 5-Chloropyrazinamide was more active than pyrazinamide against all organisms tested. It is likely that this agent has a different mechanism of action than pyrazinamide.
Effect of Cholera Toxin on Intestinal Elimination of Ciprofloxacin in Rabbits
Authors: Musafija Albert , Barzilai Asher , Ramon Jacob , Rubinstein Ethan 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The transepithelial intestinal elimination of ciprofloxacin (CPX) was studied in cholera toxin (CT)-challenged and control intestinal loops in the rabbit. CPX concentrations were similar in CT-challenged and control jejunal and ileal loops, while cecal elimination was negligible. The quantities of eliminated CPX per square centimeter of bowel wall were significantly higher in the small intestine CT-challenged loops. The mechanism of elimination of CPX in the small intestine is therefore mainly passive diffusion.
Middle Eocene bentonite in the North Carolina Coastal Plain and its relationship to the volcanic swarm in western Virginia
Authors: Harris W. Burleigh , Thayer* Paul A. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
A local clay lens up to 60 cm thick in the Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone at the abandoned Fussell Quarry, Duplin County, North Carolina, is identified as a bentonite. It is composed of authigenic smectite with sparse euhedral biotite and apatite. Scanning electron microscope examination shows that the bentonite consists of relic bubble-wall shards altered to smectite. Smectitic columnules, rod-shaped casts of elongate pipe vesicles in pumice fragments derived from early dissolution of nearby small glass shards, also occur. This association is considered diagnostic of a silicic air-fall ash. K-Ar and Rb-Sr biotite dates from the bentonite are 46.2 ± 1.8 Ma and 45.7 ± 0.7 Ma, respectively, and a fission-track age of apatite is 51.0 ± 2.0 Ma; this later date is considered to be incorrect.
Biotite compositions determined from electron microprobe analyses on 100 crystals suggest derivation from a single volcanic source no more than 4000 km from the bentonite. Possible sources of the ash include Bermuda; Highland County, Virginia; and the Caribbean; however, because of distance, prevailing wind direction, and similarity in age and composition, the volcanic swarm in Highland County, Virginia, is the suggested source.
Secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the northern margin of the North China Craton: Insights from zoned olivine xenocrysts in Early Cretaceous basalts
Authors: Xu Yao , Zhang Hongfu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Abundant zoned olivine xenocrysts from Early Cretaceous basalts of the Yixian Formation in western Liaoning Province, China, contain critical information about the nature and evolution of the lithospheric mantle of the northern North China Craton. These olivine xenocrysts are large (600–1600 µm), usually rounded and embayed, with well-developed cracks. Their cores have high and uniform forsterite (Fo) contents (88–91), similar to the peridotitic olivine entrained by regional Cenozoic basalts. Their rims have much lower Fo contents (74–82), comparable to phenocrysts (72–81) in the host basalts. These characteristics reveal that the zoned olivine has been disaggregated from mantle xenoliths and thus can be used to trace the underlying lithospheric mantle at the time of basaltic magmatism. The olivine cores have high oxygen isotope compositions (δ18OSMOW = 5.9–7.0‰) relative to the normal mantle value, suggesting that the Early Cretaceous lithospheric mantle was enriched and metasomatized mainly by melts/fluids released from subducted oceanic crust that had experienced low-temperature hydrothermal alteration. Preservation of zoned olivine xenocrysts in the Early Cretaceous basalts indicates that olivine-melt/fluid reaction could have been prevalent in the lithospheric mantle as an important mechanism for the transformation from old refractory (high-Mg) peridotitic mantle to young, fertile (low-Mg), and enriched lithospheric mantle during the early Mesozoic.
Safety and efficacy of the European Society of Cardiology 0/1-hour algorithm for diagnosis of myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chiang Cho-Han , Chiang Cho-Hung , Lee Gin Hoong , Gi Weng-Tein , Wu Yuan-Kun , Huang Sih-Shiang , Yeo Yee Hui , Giannitsis Evangelos , Lee Chien-Chang 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveThe European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 0/1 hour algorithm has been primarily validated in Europe, America and Australasia with less knowledge of its performance outside of these settings. We aim to evaluate the performance of the ESC 0/1 hour algorithm across different contexts.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant studies published between 1 January 2008 and 31 May 2019. The primary outcome was index myocardial infarction and the secondary outcome was major adverse cardiac event or mortality. A bivariate random-effects meta-analysis was used to derive the pooled estimate of each outcome.ResultsA total of 11 014 patients from 10 cohorts were analysed for the primary outcome. The algorithm based on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn)T (Roche), hs-cTnI (Abbott) and hs-cTnI (Siemens) had pooled sensitivity of 98.4% (95% CI=95.1% to 99.5%), 98.1% (95% CI=94.6% to 99.3%) and 98.7% (95% CI=97.3% to 99.3%), respectively. The algorithm based on hs-cTnT (Roche) and hs-cTnI (Siemens) had pooled specificity of 91.2% (95% CI=86.0% to 94.6%) and 95.9% (95% CI=94.1% to 97.2%), respectively. Among patients in the rule-out category, the pooled mortality rate at 30 days and at 1 year was 0.1% (95% CI=0.0% to 0.4%) and 0.8% (95% CI=0.5% to 1.2%), respectively. Among patients in the observation zone, the pooled mortality rate was 0.7% (95% CI=0.3% to 1.2%) at 30 days but increased to 8.1% (95% CI=6.1% to 10.4%) at 1 year, comparable to the mortality rate in the rule-in group.ConclusionThe ESC 0/1 hour algorithm has high diagnostic accuracy but may not be sufficiently safe if the 1% miss-rate for myocardial infarction is desired.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019142280.
Veterinary care of African pygmy hedgehogs
Authors: Wissink‐Argilaga Nathalie 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundAfrican pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) belong to the order Insectivora and the Erinaceidae family. In the wild they can be found in the steppes, grasslands and agricultural fields of central Africa. They are becoming more popular as pets and so clinicians need to be familiar with their general care, husbandry and health issues.Aim of the articleThis article discusses the general husbandry and care requirements of African pygmy hedgehogs, as well as how to deal with sick hedgehogs.
Update on the management of the anovulatory follicle in horses
Authors: Crabtree James 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundAnovulatory follicles are those that reach the correct size but then fail to ovulate. Two pathological forms of anovulatory follicle exist in horses: persistant anovulatory follicles and haemorrhagic anovulatory follicles.Aim of the articleThis article will focus on the most common morphological form, which is the haemorrhagic anovulatory follicle; why it is important, what our knowledge was and what new knowledge we have developed in the past five to 10 years.
Gender distribution and leadership trends in trauma surgery societies
Authors: Foster Shannon Marie , Knight Jennifer , Velopulos Catherine Garrison , Bonne Stephanie , Joseph D'Andrea , Santry Heena , Coleman Jamie Jones , Callcut Rachael A 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionWomen are under-represented in the surgical disciplines and gender bias is believed to play a factor. We aimed to understand the gender distribution of membership, leadership opportunities, and scientific contributions to annual trauma professional meetings as a case study of gender issues in trauma surgery.MethodsRetrospective collection of membership, leadership, presentation and publication data from 2016 to 2018 Trauma/Acute Care Surgery/Surgical Critical Care (TACSCC) Annual Meetings. Gender was assigned based on self-identification in demographic information, established relationships, or public sources.ResultsWomen remain under-represented with only 28.1% of those ascertaining American Board of Surgery certification in critical care self-identifying as female. The proportion of female members in Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) was comparable (29.4%), slightly lower for Western Trauma Association (WTA) (19.0%), and lowest for American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) (12.8%, p<0.05). In contrast, AAST had the highest proportion of female participants in executive leadership (AAST 32.5%, WTA 19.0%, EAST 18.8%) and WTA the highest for committee chairs (WTA 33.3%, AAST 27.8%, EAST 20.5%). AAST had the most significant increase in executive leadership during the last 3 years (AAST 28.6% to 41.6%). Invited lectureships, masters, panelists and senior author scientific contributions demonstrated the largest gap of academic representation of female TACSCC surgeons.ConclusionFewer women than men pursue careers in the trauma field. Continuing to provide mentorship, leadership, and scientific recognition will increase gender diversity in TACSCC. We must continue to promote, sponsor, recognize, invite, and elect ‘her’.Level of evidenceIII, Epidemiology.
Open source development of a safety critical dual redundant (Ada95/C++) signal control program environment (SCOPE)
Authors: Gardinier Mark 
Published: April 2020

Advanced Technologies (ATI) is in the process of developing a dual redundant open source traffic intersection control system for the U.S. Department of Transportation. This system is known as a Signal Control Program Environment (SCOPE). A unique aspect of this effort is that we use all open source non-supported toolsets from requirements though formal qualification testing. This paper will describe our development process, prototype, and current work.
The development of the SCOPE is a two part effort. The first part, already completed, was to build a prototype intersection control system that implemented a subsection of newly developed intersection traffic flow control and preemption concepts. In six months, two ATI engineers performed a complete software development lifecycle. The result was a working Ada95/C++ prototype that executes under Linux and can be easily ported to any hardware architecture .
VMKit
Authors: Geoffray Nicolas , Thomas Gaël , Lawall Julia , Muller Gilles , Folliot Bertil 
Published: April 2020

Managed Runtime Environments (MREs), such as the JVM and the CLI, form an attractive environment for program execution, by providing portability and safety, via the use of a bytecode language and automatic memory management, as well as good performance, via just-in-time (JIT) compilation. Nevertheless, developing a fully featured MRE, including e.g. a garbage collector and JIT compiler, is a herculean task. As a result, new languages cannot easily take advantage of the benefits of MREs, and it is difficult to experiment with extensions of existing MRE based languages.
This paper describes and evaluates VMKit, a first attempt to build a common substrate that eases the development of high-level MREs. We have successfully used VMKit to build two MREs: a Java Virtual Machine and a Common Language Runtime. We provide an extensive study of the lessons learned in developing this infrastructure, and assess the ease of implementing new MREs or MRE extensions and the resulting performance. In particular, it took one of the authors only one month to develop a Common Language Runtime using VMKit. VMKit furthermore has performance comparableto the well established open source MREs Cacao, Apache Harmony and Mono, and is 1.2 to 3 times slower than JikesRVM on most of the Dacapo benchmarks.
Dynamic binary translation specialized for embedded systems
Authors: Kondoh Goh , Komatsu Hideaki 
Published: April 2020

This paper describes the design and implementation of a novel dynamic binary translation technique specialized for embedded systems. Virtual platforms have been widely used to develop embedded software and dynamic binary translation is essential to boost their speed in simulations. However, unlike application simulation, the code generated for systems simulation is still slow because the simulator must replicate all of the functions of the target hardware. Embedded systems, which focus on providing one or a few functions, utilize only a small portion of the processor's features most of the time. For example, they may use a Memory Management Unit (MMU) in a processor to map physical memory to effective addresses, but they may not need paged memory support as in an OS. We can exploit this to specialize the dynamically translated code for more performance.
We built a specialization framework on top of a functional simulator with a dynamic binary translator. Using the framework, we implemented three specializers for an MMU, bi-endianness, and register banks. Experiments with the EEMBC1.1 benchmark showed that the speed of the specialized code was up to 39% faster than the unspecialized code.
Package templates
Authors: Axelsen Eyvind W. , Krogdahl Stein 
Published: April 2020

Package Templates (PT) is a mechanism designed for writing reusable modules, called templates, each consisting of a set of classes that can be adapted to their use in a program through compile-time specialization. A template must be
instantiated
in a program before its classes can be used. The mechanism supports type-safe renaming, merging, type parameterization and refinement in the form of static additions and overrides that are orthogonal to the corresponding concepts of ordinary inheritance.

In this paper, we consider PT as an extension to Java, and a PT program will then consist of a number of Java packages and templates, where templates are instantiated in packages or other templates. Our aim and main contribution is to define the meaning of such a program, and to show that this definition is consistent. We first show this for a core subset of PT, C-PT, and define a set of source-to-source transformations for converting C-PT programs to plain Java programs using semantics we have described informally in previous papers. We can then define the meaning of a C-PT program in terms of the resulting Java program. Thus, we have to verify that the transformations will always convert a legal C-PT program to a legal Java program. Finally, we briefly discuss how this approach can be extended to full PT.
A main challenge is to preserve externally visible names (for classes, methods and fields), and at the same time prevent unwanted subsequent rebindings caused e.g. by over-load resolution in the Java compiler. Names that are bound to declarations in a template should not be rebound to different declarations by subsequent compositions or adaptions.
In addition to defining the runtime semantics of PT constructs in terms of their translation to Java, the transformation rules can also be seen as a high-level approach to how a compiler for this language might be implemented.
HotDrink
Authors: Freeman John , Järvi Jaakko , Foust Gabriel 
Published: April 2020

HotDrink is a JavaScript library for constructing forms, dialogs, and other common user interfaces for Web applications. With HotDrink, instead of writing event handlers, developers declare a "view-model" in JavaScript and a set of "bindings" between the view-model and the HTML elements comprising the view. These specifications tend to be small, but they are enough for HotDrink to provide a fully operational GUI with multi-way dataflows, enabling/disabling of values, activation/deactivation of commands, and data validation. HotDrink implements these rich behaviors, expected of high-quality user interfaces, as generic reusable algorithms. This paper/tool demonstration introduces developers to the HotDrink library by stepping through the construction of an example web application GUI.
The library is a concrete realization of our prior work on the "property models" approach to declarative GUI programming. To encourage adoption among developers, we have packaged the technology following established web programming conventions.
Proof search for propositional abstract separation logics via labelled sequents
Authors: Hóu Zhé , Clouston Ranald , Goré Rajeev , Tiu Alwen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract separation logics are a family of extensions of Hoare logic for reasoning about programs that mutate memory. These logics are "abstract" because they are independent of any particular concrete memory model. Their assertion languages, called propositional abstract separation logics, extend the logic of (Boolean) Bunched Implications (BBI) in various ways.
We develop a modular proof theory for various propositional abstract separation logics using cut-free labelled sequent calculi. We first extend the cut-fee labelled sequent calculus for BBI of Hou et al to handle Calcagno et al's original logic of separation algebras by adding sound rules for partial-determinism and cancellativity, while preserving cut-elimination. We prove the completeness of our calculus via a sound intermediate calculus that enables us to construct counter-models from the failure to find a proof. We then capture other propositional abstract separation logics by adding sound rules for indivisible unit and disjointness, while maintaining completeness and cut-elimination. We present a theorem prover based on our labelled calculus for these logics.