bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations and high‐resolution simulations of convective precipitation organization over the tropical Atlantic
Authors: Brune Sebastian , Buschow Sebastian , Friederichs Petra 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHigh‐resolution simulations (grid spacing 2.5 km) are performed with ICON‐LEM to characterize convective organization in the Tropics during August 2016 over a large domain ranging from northeastern South America, along the tropical Atlantic to Africa (8,000×3,000 km). The degree of organization is measured by a refined version of the wavelet‐based organization index (WOI), which is able to characterize the scale, the intensity and anisotropy of convection based on rain rates alone. Exploiting the localization of wavelets both in space and time, we define a localized version of the convective organization index (LWOI). We compare convection observed in satellite‐derived rain rates with the corresponding processes simulated by ICON‐LEM. Model and observations indicate three regions with different kinds of convective organization. Continental convection over West Africa has a predominantly meridional orientation and is more organized than over South America, because it acts on larger scales and is more intense. Convection over the tropical Atlantic is zonally oriented along the ITCZ and less intense. ICON and observations agree on the number and intensity of the African easterly waves during the simulation period. The waves are associated with strong vorticity anomalies and are clearly visible in a spatiotemporal wavelet analysis. The central speed and the wavelength of the waves is simulated well. Both the scale and intensity components of LWOI in ICON are significantly correlated with environmental variables. The scale of precipitation is related to wind shear, CAPE and its tendency, while the intensity strongly correlates with column‐integrated humidity, upper‐level divergence and maximum vertical wind speed. This demonstrates that the LWOI components capture important characteristics of convective precipitation.
Transoral robotic narrow field oropharyngectomy for tumours of the parapharyngeal space
Authors: Sethi Neeraj , Dale Oliver , Vidhyadharan Sivakumar , Krishnan Suren , Foreman Andrew , Hodge JC 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe advent of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has allowed transoral approaches for parapharyngeal space (PPS) tumours to be re‐evaluated. It provides enhanced visualisation and instrument access for appropriate tumours. We describe a specific technique, TORS narrow‐field oropharyngectomy, that is ideal for benign PPS tumours which have been violated by intra‐oral biopsy or incision and drainage. This allows the contaminated, overlying oropharyngeal mucosa to be resected en‐bloc with the PPS tumour, reducing the risk of local recurrence. This technique provides a window into the PPS, improving visualisation of underlying neurovascular structures as well as the tumour. This reduces the risk of tumour spillage and leads to superior vascular access and haemorrhage control. This technique is only applicable to PPS tumours that are appropriate for transoral approaches and is specifically designed for those selected patients that have been placed at risk of seeding or local scarring by intra‐oral procedures prior to definitive resection. We present two such cases: a 38‐year‐old male with a PPS inflammatory cyst and a 66‐year‐old female with a PSS pre‐styloid Schwannoma.
Reduction of erythromycin resistance gene erm(F) and class 1 integron‐integrase genes in wastewater by Bardenpho treatment
Authors: Schmitz Bradley W. , Innes Gabriel K. , Xue Jia , Gerba Charles P. , Pepper Ian L. , Sherchan Samendra 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWastewaters routinely contain antibiotic‐resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARG) that are removed to a varying degree during wastewater treatment. This study investigated the removal of the erythromycin ribosome methylase class F (erm(F)) and class 1 integron‐integrase (intI1) genes at each stage from two water resource recovery facilities in southern Arizona. Although genes were significantly reduced by Bardenpho treatment, erm(F) and intI1 were still observed in ≥ 9 and 7 out of 12 secondary effluent samples. Primary processes via sedimentation or dissolved air flotation, as well as chlorine disinfection, did not significantly impact erm(F) and intI1 concentrations. Therefore, Bardenpho treatment was critical to reduce erm(F) and intI1. Concentrations of erm(F) and intI1 were compared with each other and other markers for anthropogenic pollution. Results from this study support intI1 as one suitable marker to measure erythromycin resistance genes in wastewater, as intI1 was found at higher concentrations, persisted more throughout treatment, and correlated with erm(F) at nearly every treatment stage.Practitioner points

Bardenpho treatment was the key process responsible for the reduction of intI1 and erm(F) genes during wastewater treatment.

Primary treatment and chlorine disinfection did not impact erm(F) and intI1 gene concentrations.

The intI1 gene is a suitable marker for measuring erm(F) genes in wastewater.
Influence of System Performance on Layer Thickness Determination Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy
Authors: Weber Stefan , Liebelt Lukas , Klier Jens , Pfeiffer Tobias , Molter Daniel , Ellrich Frank , Jonuscheit Joachim , Freymann Georg Von 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe quality of coatings in industrial applications and scientific research with thicknesses in the micrometer range is an important criterion for quality management. Therefore, thickness determination devices are of high interest. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy systems have demonstrated the capability to address thickness determination of dielectric single- and multilayer coatings on different substrates. However, due to the large range of different samples, there are different performance requirements to ensure a high-quality determination result. In this paper, we investigate the influence of system parameters—bandwidth and dynamic range—on thickness determination performance for a single-layer coating on metal substrates with thicknesses from 0.5 to 100 pm, based on measurements and numerical calculations within dynamic ranges from 10 to 90 dB and bandwidths from 1.5 to 10 THz.
A mechanistic insight into defluoridation of simulated wastewater applying bio-inspired sodium alginate bead
Authors: Thakre Prashil N. , Mukherjee Shraboni , Samanta Sucharita , Barman Sanghamitra , Halder Gopinath 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe experiment successfully investigated fluoride (F−) uptake capacity of bio-inspired sodium alginate bead (BISAB) using ZSM-5 as an adsorbent through a series of batch studies. The study conducted to observe impact of individual parameter on F− adsorption reveals pH and adsorbent dose to have dominant effect in BISAB uptake as compared to time and temperature. Adsorbent prepared from ZSM-5 with high surface area and micropore volume can adsorb 92% of fluoride at optimized condition. Langmuir, Freundlich, D–R and Tempkin isotherms have been studied for fluoride adsorption. Among all models, Langmuir isotherm fitted exceptionally well over other models; this can be concluded from the regression coefficient obtained for Langmuir model which was very close to 1. The kinetic study suggests F− adsorption onto prepared BISAB to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics of average rate constant 6.5475×10−4 g/fluoride per min. Thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were found to be 10.167 kJ/mol, 29.35 J/mol and − 4.71 to − 13.4444 kJ/mol, respectively. The fluoride adsorption onto BISAB was endothermic reaction.
Estimation of reservoir porosity using analysis of seismic attributes in an Iranian oil field
Authors: Soleimani Fatemeh , Hosseini Erfan , Hajivand Farzad 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe most commonly used data for reservoir description are well and seismic data. Well data such as logs typically provide sufficient vertical resolution but leave a large space between the wells. Three-dimensional seismic data, on the other hand, can provide more detailed reservoir characterization between wells. However, the vertical resolution of seismic data is poor compared with that of well data. Conventionally, seismic data have been used to delineate reservoir structure; however, seismic data can be used for reservoir characterization such as porosity. Therefore, we can combine these two types of data to obtain reservoir parameters such as porosity and saturation. It is available the desired parameter (such as porosity) of the number of wells in the reservoir and seismic cube. And we are looking for the parameter estimation in the whole reservoir. To do this, there are several methods including multiple linear regression, neural networks, and geostatistical methods. Therefore, by determining the reservoir properties and correctly estimating these parameters, optimization can be performed with fewer wells, and the costs of exploration and production are reduced. In this paper, we apply these methods on the available data for an oil field in southwest Iran to obtain the porosity in a total reservoir cube, and these methods are then compared with one another. The results clearly show the superiority of neural networks compared with the other methods in estimating the reservoir parameter. The results also show that although estimation accuracy is increased significantly with the use of the geostatistical approach, this method requires that a sufficient number of well logs, representing all the fields under investigation, be provided in order to improve the geological model obtained by the multi-attribute and neural network methods.
Population Pyramids Yield Accurate Estimates of Total Fertility Rates
Authors: Hauer Mathew E. , Schmertmann Carl P. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The primary fertility index for a population, the total fertility rate (TFR), cannot be calculated for many areas and periods because it requires disaggregation of births by mother’s age. Here we discuss a flexible framework for estimating TFR using inputs as minimal as a population pyramid. We develop five variants, each with increasing complexity and data requirements. We test accuracy across a diverse set of data sources that comprise more than 2,400 fertility schedules with known TFR values, including the Human Fertility Database, Demographic and Health Surveys, U.S. counties, and nonhuman species. We show that even the simplest and least accurate variant has a median error of only 0.09 births per woman over 2,400 fertility schedules, suggesting accurate TFR estimation over a wide range of demographic conditions. We anticipate that this framework will extend fertility analysis to new subpopulations, periods, geographies, and even species. To demonstrate the framework’s utility in new applications, we produce subnational estimates of African fertility levels, reconstruct historical European TFRs for periods up to 150 years before the collection of detailed birth records, and estimate TFR for the United States conditional on race and household income.
Design and fabrication of runaway probe for studying the behavior of runaway electrons in IR-T1 Tokamak
Authors: Afsari Taher , Ghoranneviss Mahmood , Meshkani Sakineh , Ghanbari Mohammad Reza 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeveral theoretical and experiential studies of runaway electrons in the well-known Tokamaks of the world have been made over the past few decades. In the present study, the measurements of runaway electrons energy were carried out by a new runaway probe in the IR-T1 Tokamak.
In the IR-T1 Tokamak, the hard X-ray diagnostic system is used as a diagnostic global measurement system at the vessel wall of Tokamak. Runaway probe was first designed and fabricated for local measurement near the plasma edge in IR-T1 Tokamak. The new diagnostic has the advantage that the local interaction of runaways with materials can be evaluated, along with the direct measurement of the runaway electrons. The runaway probe consists of 2 LYSO (Lu 1.8Y.2SiO5:Ce) crystals covered by a graphite housing which is shielded by tungsten filter placed in the direction of runaway electrons. The main elements of the runaway probe are LYSO crystals which convert the energy of runaway electrons into visible light which is instructed to silicon photomultipliers. The present study aimed to evaluate a new runaway probe in the IR-T1 Tokamak to detect beta and gamma rays. The results indicated that electron spectrum is between 500 keV and 2 MeV at the plasma edge in the IR-T1 Tokamak.
Dimensionen und Ausprägungen fachinhaltlicher Kompetenz in den Naturwissenschaften – ein Systematisierungsversuch
Authors: Vorholzer Andreas , von Aufschnaiter Claudia 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungIn den letzten ca. 15 Jahren haben die Modellierung und die Erfassung von Kompetenz im deutschen Sprachraum eine wichtige Rolle gespielt. Es wurde eine große Vielfalt von Kompetenzmodellen entwickelt, die auch dann unterschiedliche Dimensionen und Ausprägungen beschreiben, wenn sie auf den gleichen Kompetenzbereich Bezug nehmen. Ein zentrales Anliegen des Beitrages ist es, exemplarisch an einem kleinen Ausschnitt aus dem Forschungsfeld – der Modellierung fachinhaltlicher Kompetenz von Schüler*innen in den Naturwissenschaften – vorliegende Modelle (überwiegend aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum) aufeinander zu beziehen und dabei insbesondere die Varianz in den Dimensionierungen der Modelle herauszuarbeiten. Mithilfe induktiver Kategorienbildung wurden aus der Analyse bestehender Modelle sieben verschiedene Hauptdimensionen rekonstruiert, die im Beitrag erläutert werden: (1) Inhalt, (2) Kontext, (3) Vernetzung, (4) Denkprozess, (5) Abstraktion, (6) Angemessenheit und (7) Eigenständigkeit. Es wird diskutiert, welche Erträge diese systematische Perspektive für die Einordnung von Forschungsarbeiten im Bereich der Modellierung und Messung fachinhaltlicher Kompetenz hat und welche Herausforderungen und Fragestellungen sich aus dieser Perspektive für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten ergeben. Dabei wird u. a. in den Blick genommen, inwiefern sich sowohl das methodische Vorgehen als auch die von uns rekonstruierten Dimensionen auf andere Bereiche naturwissenschaftlicher Kompetenz (z. B. KompetenzbereichErkenntnisgewinnung) und andere Zielgruppen (z. B. Studierende) übertragen lassen.
Network effects in the formation of the financial industry's regulatory preferences in the European Union
Authors: Chalmers Adam William , Young Kevin L 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the determinants of financial industry actors’ regulatory preferences—examining why some financial industry actors prefer less stringent financial regulations while others prefer more stringent regulations. The determination of preferences, we argue, can be understood as mutually dependent. How an organization is connected to other organisations through network ties may help to explain its regulatory preferences. Our empirical point of focus is financial industry lobbying in the context of the European Union (EU). Using data from nearly nine hundred lobbying letters related to legislation on banking, insurance, and securities regulation, we map out a “socialization network” that models connections between financial industry firms, their associations, as well as a broad range of other organisations and actors that are auxiliary to this community of organizations. Using these data we find evidence that organizations’ preferences are informed by their location within this socialization network. Controlling for a range of other plausible factors, we find that 1) those connected via common associational ties, 2) those closer to one another in the network and 3) those more “embedded” in this network are all less likely to diverge in terms of their preferences from one another.
The Distribution and Redox Speciation of Iodine in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Moriyasu Rintaro , Evans Natalya , Bolster Kenneth M. , Hardisty Dalton S. , Moffett James W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe distributions of iodate (IO3−), iodide (I−), nitrite (NO2−), and oxygen (O2) were determined on two zonal transects and one meridional transect in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) in 2018. Iodine is a useful tracer of in situ redox transformations and inputs within the water column from continental margins. In oxygenated waters, iodine is predominantly present as oxidized iodate. In the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) in the ETNP, a substantial fraction is reduced to iodide, with the highest iodide concentrations coincident with the secondary nitrite maxima. These features resemble ODZs in the Arabian Sea and Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP). Maxima in iodide and nitrite were associated with a specific water mass, referred to as the 13 °C Water, the same water mass that contains the highest concentrations of iodide within the ETSP. Physical processes leading to patchiness in the 13 °C Water relative to other water masses could account for the patchiness frequently observed in iodide and nitrite, probably reflecting subsurface mesoscale features such as eddies. Throughout much of the ETNP ODZ, iodine concentrations were higher than the mean oceanic value. This “excess iodine” is attributed to lateral inputs from sedimentary margins. Excess iodine maxima are centered within a potential density of 26.2–26.6 kg/m3, a density range that intersects with reducing shelf sediments and is almost identical to the ETSP. Evidently, margin input processes are significant throughout the basin and can influence the nitrogen and iron cycles as well, as in the ETSP.
Present‐Day Vertical Land Motion of Australia From GPS Observations and Geophysical Models
Authors: Riddell Anna R. , King Matt A. , Watson Christopher S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe secular rate of Australia's vertical surface deformation due to past ice‐ocean loading changes is not consistent with present vertical velocities observed by a previously sparse network of Global Positioning System (GPS) sites. Current understanding of the Earth's rheology suggests that the expected vertical motion of the crust should be close to zero given that Australia is located in the far field of past ice sheet loading. Recent GPS measurements suggest that the vertical motion of the Australian continent at permanent sites is between 0 and −2 mm/year. Here we investigate if vertical deformation due to previous ice sheet loading can be recovered in the time series of Australian GPS sites through enlarging the number of sites compared to previous studies from ~20 to more than 100 and through the application of improved data filtering. We apply forward geophysical models of elastic surface displacement induced by atmospheric, hydrologic, nontidal ocean, and ice loading and use independent component analysis as a spatiotemporal filter that includes multivariate regression to consider temporally correlated noise in GPS. Using this approach, the common mode error is identified, and subsequent multivariate regression leads to an average reduction in trend uncertainty of ~35%. The average vertical subsidence of the Australian continent is substantially different to vertical motion predicted by glacial isostatic adjustment and surface mass transport models.
On the Mantle‐Inner Core Gravitational Oscillation Under the Action of the Electromagnetic Coupling Effects
Authors: Duan Pengshuo , Huang Chengli 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPrevious works indicated that the eigenperiod of the mantle‐inner core gravitational coupling mode can match the observed 6‐year period in length‐of‐day. However, this mode is only an ideal model, since it does not involve the electromagnetic (EM) coupling effects. Here, we further study the mantle‐inner core gravitational mode and its mathematical equation under the action of the EM coupling effects, while the relevant damping oscillation analytical solution is also given. According to this theoretical model, we can constrain the core‐mantle gravitational coupling strength Γ (>6.5 × 1019 Nm) and infer the EM coupling information at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) and the inner core boundary. This work indicates that a partial liquid core is necessarily required to be coupled to the inner core (IC) and axially rotates with the IC as a single body, which supports the recent assumption that only a part fluid core within the so‐called tangent cylinder is locked to the IC. This explanation can greatly weaken the perturbation magnetic field due to the shear oscillation at the inner core boundary and eliminate the relevant EM damping dissipation, otherwise, the predicted 6‐year oscillation will be rapidly decayed with a relaxation time ~9.8 days. In addition, we give the physical expression of the theoretical quality factor Q value of the 6‐year oscillation, which is mainly related to the EM coupling at the CMB. According to the typical EM coupling parameters at the CMB, the theoretical Q value is predicted in the range of 40–75, which coincides with the current observed result (~51.6).
Studying biomolecular folding and binding using temperature-jump mass spectrometry
Authors: Marchand Adrien , Czar Martin F. , Eggel Elija N. , Kaeslin Jérôme , Zenobi Renato 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCharacterizing folding and complex formation of biomolecules provides a view into their thermodynamics, kinetics and folding pathways. Deciphering kinetic intermediates is particularly important because they can often be targeted by drugs. The key advantage of native mass spectrometry over conventional methods that monitor a single observable is its ability to identify and quantify coexisting species. Here, we show the design of a temperature-jump electrospray source for mass spectrometry that allows one to perform fast kinetics experiments (0.16–32 s) at different temperatures (10–90 °C). The setup allows recording of both folding and unfolding kinetics by using temperature jumps from high to low, and low to high, temperatures. Six biological systems, ranging from peptides to proteins to DNA complexes, exemplify the use of this device. Using temperature-dependent experiments, the folding and unfolding of a DNA triplex are studied, providing detailed information on its thermodynamics and kinetics.
Gas-assisted transformation of gold from fcc to the metastable 4H phase
Authors: Han Shaobo , Xia Guang-Jie , Cai Chao , Wang Qi , Wang Yang-Gang , Gu Meng , Li Jun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe metastable hexagonal 4H-phase gold has recently attracted extensive interest due to its exceptional performance in catalysis. However, gold usually crystallizes to its lowest free energy structure called face-centered cubic (fcc). The phase transformation from the stable fcc phase to the metastable 4H phase is thus of great significance in crystal phase engineering. Herein, we report this unusual phenomenon on a 4H gold nanorod template with the aid of CO gas and an electron beam. In situ transmission electron microscopy was used to directly visualize the interface propagation kinetics between the 4H-Au-nanorod and fcc-Au nanoparticle. Epitaxial growth was initiated at the contact interface, and then propagated to convert all parts of these fcc nanoparticles to 4H phase. Density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that the CO molecules can assist the Au diffusion process and promote the flexibility of Au particles during the epitaxial growth. The phase transformation was driven by the reduction of Gibbs free energy by eliminating the interface between fcc and 4H phases.