bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Part to Art: Basis for a Systematic Geometric Design Tool for Surface Micromachined MEMS
Authors: Venkataraman Venkat A. , Sarma Radha , Ananthasuresh Suresh G. K. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Currently most MEMS designers begin the geometric design of a new device by creating the masks that would lead to a geometric model. At the macro level, this is analogous to generating a geometric model from the tool paths, which would be a very difficult task. In contrast to MEMS designers, designers of macro devices have the advantage of starting with a geometric model and being able to directly visualize or manipulate their designs. The geometric model is then queried to generate the process specific data. In the case of MEMS, there is no systematic means to generate the mask data after the geometric model of a MEMS device has been refined through behavioral simulations.
This paper focuses on automatically generating masks, given a geometric model of the MEMS device and the process sequence (referred to here as the inverse problem). This necessitates the systematic solution of the forward problem, which involves automatically generating a geometric model of the MEMS device given the masks. A systematic and implementation-independent framework for the geometric modeling of MEMS is presented in order to solve the forward and inverse problems for general surface-micro-machined devices. However, all implementations and examples are two-dimensional, i.e., they do not deal with complexity in the third dimension.
Development of an Image-Based CAD Using Wavelet Transform
Authors: Yim Soonkyu , Gea Hae Chang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Traditionally, designers describe features of objects from various geometric modeling tools. However, a geometry-based system requires complex mathematical formulations and data structures that make it very cumbersome to manipulate. Furthermore, Layered Manufacturing (LM) has become a prominent manufacturing technology in recent years. To support LM under geometry based CAD systems, users have to slice the model into layers. It is obvious that geometric characteristics of the geometry-based CAD models are destroyed during these conversions, at the same time, additional efforts and costs will be accumulated. To bridge the gap between CAD and LM, an image-based data format instead of a geometry based data format is proposed to serve as the foundation of CAD systems in this paper. A wavelet transform is used to reduce the file size and produce multi-resolution image map. To further increase the computational efficiency of the algorithm, we developed the Reduced Haar Wavelet transform and a bit-remainder index.
A Computational Design Framework for a Rapid Solid Freeform Fabrication Process
Authors: Khandelwal Deepesh , Kesavadas T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) techniques in recent years have shown tremendous promise in reducing the design time of products. This technique enables designers to get three-dimensional physical prototypes from 3D CAD models. Although SFF has gained popularity, the manufacturing time and cost have limited its use to small and medium sized parts. In this paper we have proposed a novel concept for rapidly building SFF parts by inserting prefabricated inserts into the fabricated part. A computational algorithm was developed for determining ideal placement of inserts/cores in the CAD model of the part being prototyped using a heuristic optimization technique called Simulated Annealing.
This approach will also allow the designers to build multi-material prototypes using the Rapid Prototyping (RP) technique. By using cheaper pre-fabricates instead of costly photopolymers, the production cost of the SFFs can be reduced. Additionally it will also reduce build time, resulting in efficient machine utilization.
Design Decision Templates and Their Implementation for Distributed Design and Solid Freeform Fabrication
Authors: Rosen David , Chen Yong , Gerhard Jonathan , Allen Janet , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we describe issues arising in distributed design and fabrication, where fabrication of prototypes is performed by Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technologies. The focus is on a design-manufacture collaboration problem, namely the transfer of design information from the design organization to a manufacturing organization. In other research, this has been called the need for a “clean digital interface.” In the context of designing and fabricating a prototype, we explore two factors: the types of design and product information to be transferred from design to manufacturing, and which types of decisions can be made by the manufacturer regarding the prototype. As a representative product design process, we focus on three main activities, including material and SFF process selection, geometric tailoring (detailed design for manufacture modifications), and process planning. Further we investigate three interfaces between design and manufacturing organizations, one interface before each main activity. We demonstrate that a series of design decision templates can be used to transfer design information between the design and manufacturing organizations in support of the main activities. Furthermore, we demonstrate the implementation of these decision templates in a distributed design and fabrication environment called the Rapid Tooling TestBed. An example scenario is explored to illustrate the usage of two of the decision templates. Results show that, for the decision templates utilized, the templates are sufficient to specify design freedom to the manufacturer, enabling the manufacturer to assume more decision-making responsibility during the development of prototypes.
Determination of Optimum Sensor Positions for Defect Detection on Revolving Machines by a Finite Element Vibration Analysis
Authors: Bogard F. , Debray K. , Guo Y. Q. , Pavan A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The vibration monitoring is largely used to detect the defects in the revolving machines. The determination of the best sensor positions is one of main research goals in the domain of the conditional maintenance. This paper proposes a numerical methodology based on a finite element model and a spectral analysis in order to find optimum sensor positions. The bearing is considered as a key component in vibration propagation from the moving parts to static ones. In this paper, we use an analytical bearing model and its numerical implementation in a FE code. The tangent stiffness matrix of the bearing element is calculated by the Newton-Raphson method and then introduced into the modal and spectral analysis. The technique of “Mode Shape Summation Plot” (MSSP) is adopted to find the most sensitive zones to usual defects. The proposed numerical approach gives good agreements with the experimental results. A real grinder modeling shows its interesting industrial applications.
An Approach to a 2D/3D Geometric Constraint Solver
Authors: Liping Chen , Xiaobo Peng , Boxing Wang , Fanli Zhou 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With the Euler parameter expression in multi-body system, component expressions of constraint relations are presented. Based on directed graph representation of geometry constraint system and decomposition technology of sparse algebraic structure, a modeling method of 2D/3D geometric constraints is advanced. Finally, an optimal decomposition of general underconstrained geometric system which is common especially in primary design phase is realized.
www.wapip.com: A Special-Purpose Search Engine for

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Authors: Huang G. Q. , Shen B. , Mak K. L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There have been widespread interests in the development and application of World Wide Web (WWW) to support decision-making activities in product design and manufacture. An increasing number of web applications are emerging and a large number of practitioners are keen on trying these web-based decision support systems. In the meanwhile, it becomes increasingly difficult to surf for appropriate web applications on the Internet with general-purpose search engines. This paper describes a web site, WAPIP, that has been developed specifically to support new product introduction activities. It provides databases for software vendors and researchers to register their web applications with the “wapip” search engine. It also provides facilities to support practitioners in product design and manufacture to search rapidly for the right web applications suitable for solving their problems. This paper discusses the various issues regarding the design, development and operation of this “wapip” search engine.
Preliminary Design Support System Based on a Generic Under-Constraint Solving Technique
Authors: Sawada Hiroyuki , Yan Xiu-Tian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Engineering design is an intensive decision making process. A designer with an informative and insightful decision making support can usually produce high quality product design solutions with less or no rework. However, with current support designers very often face challenge or even difficulties as more and more design parameters come into design decision making process when a design progresses. This paper proposes a novel approach to providing designers with such a decision support by using under-constraint design problem solver. It is argued that design requirements represented in the form of Product Design Specifications (PDSs) can be converted into a set of related constraint expressions. These PDS constraint sets, which are usually incomplete, i.e., under-constrained, can then be solved by the solver to provide a designer with guided solutions for each design parameter, thus support a designer to make an informative and insightful design decision. A case study is finally presented in the paper to demonstrate how this approach is used to solve a real engineering design problem — a robotic finger system design.
Defence Acquisition Decision Support Through Design Systems Modelling and Exploration
Authors: Smith Warren F. , Hoadley Stephen R. , Moyle Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, two case studies are highlighted that relate to hypothetical decision support in the acquisition of major defence systems through design systems modelling and exploration. With defence acquisition processes becoming more global, the professional experiences of the “detailed systems designer” and the “client specifier / evaluator” are diverging. However, the notion of the client being an informed customer pervades and making right judgements in writing specifications and evaluating tenders relies on reliable design decision modelling and exploration. In providing design decision support to the acquisition organisation, we subscribe to and have applied the paradigm of “decision-based design” using the constructs of the Decision Support Problem Technique (DSPT). The technique offers a holistic systems approach that is flexible, adaptable and able to cope with change.
Modified Sequential Programming for Feasibility Robustness of Constrained Design Optimization
Authors: Yu Jyh-Cheng , Ho Wen-Chung 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Design parameters are subject to variations of manufactures, environments, and applications, which result in output deviations and constraint uncertainties. Quality products must perform to specifications despite these variations. Conventional constrained optimum may not be statistically feasible due to design variations. This paper addresses design variation characteristics and proposes a design procedure to ensure feasibility robustness in design optimization. Product life cycles often affect design variables with characteristic patterns. The Design Variation Hyper Sphere (DVHS) is presented using the concept of statistical joint confidence regions and decoupling techniques to characterize the coupled variations of design variables. The pattern represents the possible design dispersions at a specified probability, which is a hyper sphere for normal variables. The radius of the hyper sphere is determined by the feasibility requirement. The proposed robust optimization algorithm, SROP, introduces DVHS to the sequential quadratic programming, and modifies the feasible region to accommodate the activity uncertainty. The procedure ensures the design feasibility without over sacrificing the performance optimality. The design of a helical spring serves as an illustrative example of the proposed procedure.
A New Method for Cutting Tools Design
Authors: Oancea Nicolae , Oancea Victor G. , Alexandru Epureanu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Most of the existing methods for determining the profiles of cutting tools that work by wrapping are based on the envelope theory. This theory requires cumbersome analytical formulations resulting in sets of equations not always easy to solve. This work presents a new alternative method for studying conjugated surfaces associated with rolling axodes by using a discrete representation of the tool. The new method is based on studying the trajectories of points on the tool relative to the workpiece in order to define the tool’s profile. Several examples are shown for rack, shaper and rotational cutters.
Qualitative Geometric Reasoning for Thermal Design Evaluation of Die Casting
Authors: Ma Yuming , Ragab Adham , Kabiri Khalil , Miller R. Allen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses a qualitative geometric reasoning method which approximately evaluates the equilibrium thermal characteristics of die-castings and dies at the conceptual design stage. The main idea is to apply circuit analog of heat flow on a voxel model and build the heat flow network for the die. An approximate temperature distribution on the die is then obtained by geometric reasoning and thermal resistance computation on voxel model. The resulting temperature field of the die is visualized using volume visualization techniques, and heat converging regions (hot spots) can be identified from the pattern. Thermal control features can then be placed according to the location of the heat converging regions and part thickness. A prototype system has been implemented on Microsoft Windows-NT platform.
Machining: Quality, Cost and Environmental Estimation and Tradeoffs
Authors: Nicolaou Panicos A. , Thurston Deborah L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The machining process affects manufacturing cost, product quality and the environment. This paper presents a method for formulating a mathematical model for first estimating quality, cost and environmental impacts of two machining operations (end milling and drilling), and then for tradeoff decision making. The milling quality estimation model is developed through virtual experimentation on a simulation model and the drilling quality estimation model through physical experimentation. Cost is estimated through an activity based costing approach. Environmental BOD and FOG impacts are estimated through stoichiometric analysis of cutting fluids. Inputs include material choice, feed rate, speed and cutting fluids. A case study of an automotive steering knuckle is presented.
Bayesian Analysis in Engineering Model Assessment
Authors: Doraiswamy Srikanth , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Engineering design decisions often need to be made when complete knowledge of the system is not available. Getting such complete deterministic information may be impossible or impractical as the resources required to get the information may be unaffordable. The challenge then is to identify and construct an information-gathering strategy, one that can be expected to yield most reliable results in an efficient manner during design. In this context, an engineering model can be viewed as an information-gathering strategy, using which predictive information regarding the performance of a design can be acquired by means of mathematical simulation studies. Focusing on this issue, this paper presents the development of a Bayesian analysis based model selection strategy to understand and deal with the uncertainty inherent in engineering models. Specifically, this work offers a basis for assessing engineering models under conditions of uncertainty through a methodical generation of the required probabilities in a Bayesian tree format, and subsequently using it in the selection of the best analysis model from a design decision perspective. The selection of the best model is made under conditions of uncertainty by considering the models’ performance on each design attribute, and based on the payoffs resulting from the design outcomes. The modeling of a windshield-wiper arm is used to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology.
Model-Based Abduction for Synthesis
Authors: Yoshioka Masaharu , Tomiyama Tetsuo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Synthesis plays a major role in design and abduction is regarded a critical element within a creative synthesis process. While there are many research efforts for formalizing abduction within design, most of them can only deal with limited problems and highly depend on designers’ creative thinking. In this paper as a part of an on-going project to model synthesis, we propose model-based abduction that is a new reasoning method within a multiple model-based reasoning system. We also propose an algorithm of this model-based abduction.
Theoretical Underpinnings of Functional Modeling: Preliminary Experimental Studies
Authors: Kurfman Mark A. , Stone Robert B. , Van Wie Mike , Wood Kristin L. , Otto Kevin N. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A model of how a product should function to satisfy customers is an essential element in clarifying, identifying, and establishing product architectures. Such functional models greatly enhance the generation of creative form solutions to a chosen architecture. A wider breadth of solutions is generally possible, implementing new and stable technologies. In turn, using the recent concepts of design repositories, the possibilities exist to archive, retrieve, compute, reconfigure, and reason with the product forms. To realize these benefits to the fullest extent possible, functional modeling needs further theoretical development. A formalism of function classes, vocabulary, topologies, and methodology is a first step towards this goal. Recent research efforts have focused on each of these elements, where great strides toward repeatable formalisms have been made. Yet, across the engineering design field, very little active experimentation has been pursued to test the veracity of these elements, individually and as a whole. We address this issue here through a preliminary set of experiments conducted at three separate universities. Design teams and individuals are asked to create functional models, in the context of product development, with and without the formalisms. The outcomes of the modeling effort are analyzed to determine the repeatability of the process. Early results are quite encouraging. Very repeatable results are obtained for three product evolutions, including a toaster, a power screwdriver, and a toy dart gun. In addition, weaknesses in current formalisms are uncovered, pointing to new directions for advancing the field and for carrying out more advanced experimentation.
Towards a Generic Systematic Problem Solving and Innovative Design Methodology
Authors: Mann Darrell 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Constructed around the findings of over 1500 person years of research, and the systematic extraction of knowledge from nearly 3 million of the world’s strongest patents, the Russian Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, TRIZ, is the most comprehensive systematic innovation and creativity methodology available to mankind. Powerful as it is, however, the method is not as yet comprehensive enough to permit successful use on all types of problem. The paper discusses pioneering work to integrate an upgraded version of TRIZ with other existing and newly derived problem definition and problem solving tools and strategies to create a uniquely powerful, generically applicable methodology. The paper goes on to describe how the new methodology has been successfully validated over a period of several years against a wide variety of real industry-based case study problems.
A 2-Phase Aspiration-Level and Utility Theory Approach to Large Scale Design
Authors: Callaghan Alison R. , Lewis Kemper E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The ability to make rational decisions is one of mankind’s unique attributes. A characteristic of the formal techniques that have been used for decision making is the selection of the best alternative with respect to a certain figure of merit. One of the most critical problems in engineering design is making early decisions on a sound basis. However, the early stages of design are also the most uncertain, and obtaining precise information upon which to base design decisions is usually impossible. The need for a methodology to represent and manipulate imprecision is greatest in the early, preliminary stages of engineering design, where the designer is most unsure of the final dimensions and shape, material properties, and performance of the completed design. Utility Theory provides an analytical way to aid the decisions in engineering design. By exchanging from objective to attribute and expressing these attitudes mathematically, a utility based attribute function (Utility Function) can be set up to describe the attitude of a decision-maker with regard to his/her preference. In this work, the Aspiration-level Interactive Method (AIM), a goal-seeking method based on identifying non-dominated solutions, is used along with Utility Theory to compensate for the limitations of utility theory in forming a meaningful group preference. This work is an initial attempt to integrate two methodologies from the field of decision theory in order to provide rational decision support for design problems where a hierarchy of decision making is required. The hierarchy, in this paper, is characterized by multiple designers at the lower level who report to one manager. The designers each have different preferences and values, while the manager is driven by project goals and specifications. The approach presented generates feasible and preferred design combinations for further analysis in the detailed design phase.
Grammar-Based Designer Assistance Tool for Epicyclic Gear Trains
Authors: Li Xin , Schmidt Linda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a grammar-based designer assistance tool for Epicyclic Gear Trains (EGTs) that helps designers generate concepts of EGT structures. The tool is comprised of three parts. The first is a grammar-based graph generation engine, the second is a functional schematic sketching module and the third is a concept selection module. Here we highlight the implementation of the first two modules. This is an initial exploration of using grammar-based design to build a practical designer assistance tool (DAT).
Quantifying Design Freedom in Decision-Based Conceptual Design
Authors: Wood William H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Formal methods for conceptual design must embrace the uncertainty that pervades the earliest parts of the design process. Operating over this uncertainty, decision-based design measures the value of restricting the design space as well as the impact of refining design evaluation or analysis models. Missing from this framework is the cost in terms of design freedom of restricting the design space. We propose a measure of design freedom based on probabilistic entropy and demonstrate its application to two example conceptual design problems.