bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal Governance and Decision-making Through Multiple Streams
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 develops the analytical framework for the book. It sets out the twin theoretical premises of the book, the first relating to global governance at the level of actor influence and the second applying the multiple streams (MS) framework to the level of decision-making within standards-developing organizations (SDOs). It provides critical discussion of the literature on the influence of different actors in international self-regulatory fora and explains how certain actors can uphold the public interest in fora where states and public actors are largely absent. The multiple streams approach provides an in-depth account of how problems appear on SDO agendas, the nature of the contestation relating to the discussion of standards development, and the extent to which and how standards are translated to final adoption. The chapter identifies mechanisms at the conceptual level which facilitate our understanding of how deliberation of standards development lead to agreement and policy decisions.
802.11ax
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The local wireless environment has been the setting for the co-existence of licensed mobile communications operators and unlicensed WiFi Internet access providers. The IEEE802.11 family of standards, developed for WiFi services in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), has dominated standards-setting. However, the burgeoning demand for mobile access to the Internet has led to competition for space on the spectrum. Left unaddressed, this co-existence has created practical issues of potential territorial incursion, technical interference, and, ultimately, device underperformance and service degradation. The chapter focuses on the IEEE’s efforts to create a co-existence standard in a crowded and highly contested standards-making space. It shows how alternative standards-making organizational contexts, based on licensed spectrum standards traditions, were able to develop and insert co-existence standards for WiFi ahead of the IEEE initiative. The chapter explains how the IEEE developed its 802.11ax co-existence standard in this environment.
Conclusion: SDO Decision-making and the Public Interest
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The conclusion situates the book’s findings in academic debates on democracy and the Internet, global self-regulation, and civil society, and international decision-making processes in unstructured environments. It assesses whether current standards-developing organization (SDO) decision-making is able to bridge historical representation gaps and deficiencies. A nuanced pattern is emerging with increasing inclusion of a wider number of actors within SDO fora. The first part of the chapter returns to the Multiple Streams (MS) framework applied to the case studies on a comparative basis. It identifies key processes under which SDO rules of interaction are established at the international level and explains which interests have come to the fore within decision-making highlighting the occurrence of policy entrepreneurship, forum shopping, and coupling. The final part explores additional frameworks for SDO regulation where spaces for public interest consideration might occur in the future. These are opportunities for inserting public interest considerations into international and national Acts, certification programmes, and the move towards open source solutions for Internet management. The book concludes that, although the literature is expansive on the interaction of corporate sector actors within SDOs, the study of other actors, such as digital rights groups, civil society, academics, policy entrepreneurs and the technical community as a whole, has been underdressed in the literature on international self-regulatory fora to date. In this respect, the book raises important questions of representation of the public interest at the international level by having addressed the actions of actors within SDO fora who promote public interest goals.
Time Travel
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
There are various arguments for the metaphysical impossibility of time travel, e.g. it’s impossible because objects could then be in two places at once, or it’s impossible because some objects could bring about their own existence. This book argues that no such argument is sound and that time travel is metaphysically possible. The main focus is on the Grandfather Paradox: if someone could go back in time, they could (impossibly!) kill their own grandfather before he met their grandmother, thus time travel is impossible. This book argues that, in such a case, the time traveller would have the ability to do the impossible (so they could kill their grandfather) even though those impossibilities will never come about (so they won’t kill their grandfather). The remainder of the book explores the ramifications of this view, discussing issues in probability and decision theory. It ends by laying out the dangers of time travel and why, even though no time machines currently exist, we should pay extra special care to ensure that nothing, no matter how small or microscopic, ever travels in time.
Changing the Past
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Here’s a paradox: time travel is possible; were it possible, you could change the past; it’s impossible to change the past. This chapter argues that we can resolve this paradox in two different ways. One way, the ‘Ludovician’ method, is to accept that changing the past is impossible but deny that time travel requires changing the past (and, as part of the chapter’s discussion, it argues both that Ludovicianism is incompatible with the future being open and that the ‘bilking’ argument isn’t problematic). Another way introduces ‘indexed worlds’—i.e. worlds with extra universes or extra-temporal dimensions—at which the past can be changed. The chapter argues for the metaphysical possibility of both Ludovician and indexed worlds.
Introduction
Authors: Killmister Suzy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter opens by outlining the wide range of uses to which dignity is put, in both philosophical work and public life. These range from postulating dignity as the source of inherent moral worth, on the philosophical side, to accusations that a personal slight violates one’s dignity, on the public side. These various uses are used to motivate three desiderata for a theory of dignity: that it can explain how and why dignity is taken to command respect; that it can explain how and why some people are more dignified than others; and that it can explain how and why dignity can be lost or damaged.
Aristotle on the distinction between substances and relatives
Authors: Duncombe Matthew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Aristotle worries that his first account of relativity in the Categories, relativity1, over-generates relatives. In particular, some relatives might also be substances, which he thinks absurd. Aristotle responds with a second account of relativity (relativity2, at Categories 7, 8a31–2), which he thinks avoids any relatives turning out to be substances. Recent commentators have held that Aristotle intends to solve the over-generation worry by restricting the scope of relatives. That is, relativity2 counts fewer items as relatives than relativity1. This chapter argues that this cannot explain Aristotle’s attitude. Instead, Aristotle distinguishes between two ways to understand a relative, called here the schematic and the specific. Both operate within the framework of constitutive relativity, since in both cases the question is how we understand a relative, rather than a relation, and in both cases the relative is constituted by its relationship to a correlative. With this distinction in play, Aristotle can avoid over-generating relatives.
Relativity in Aristotle’s Metaphysics 5.15
Authors: Duncombe Matthew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Aristotle’s other official discussion of relatives: Metaphysics 5.15. Although commentators have pointed to apparent doctrinal discrepancies, this chapter argues that the conception of relativity found in Metaphysics 5.15 is consistent with that presented in the Categories and Topics. Scholars disagree on how close the treatments of relatives are in Metaphysics 5.15 and the Categories. Some hold that the two texts agree but do not make this case in detail. Others, who you might call developmentalists, hold that there are significant philosophical differences between the two texts and that Aristotle’s view of relativity develops from that of the Categories to that of Metaphysics 5.15. I argue that what we find in Metaphysics 5.15 is consistent with the Categories, by showing that the tensions developmentalists point to are merely apparent.
Relativity and independence in Aristotle’s On Ideas
Authors: Duncombe Matthew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
According to Alexander of Aphrodisias’ report, one of Aristotle’s key criticisms of the theory of Forms revolves around relativity. Traditionally understood, Aristotle’s objection suffers from two problems: it attacks a straw target, and it strains the philosophical lexicon. With the developed understanding of relativity in Plato and Aristotle, this chapter offers a new reading. This reading shows how the criticism involves constitutive relativity and does not suffer from the problems of the traditional reading. The chapter begins by outlining the traditional reading of the Relatives Argument refutation. The chapter then argues that this reading faces two problems: one philosophical, one lexical, outlines my alternative reading, and shows that my reading faces neither problem. The chapter ends by showing how the Relatives Argument should be understood, given Aristotle’s refutation.
Relativity in Stoic physics, metaphysics, and ethics
Authors: Duncombe Matthew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the two Stoic notions of relativity influenced Stoic discussions in physics, metaphysics, and ethics. Differentiated relatives pertain to Stoic physics, especially the basic physics of active and passive principles. Relatively disposed things connect to Stoic metaphysics, especially the Stoic categories. The relatively disposed also clarifies a well-known debate within the Stoa on the unity of the virtues. The chapter goes on to discuss some possible counter-evidence to my claim that Stoic relatives are objects, and compares the Stoic view of relativity with earlier views we found in Plato and Aristotle, especially concerning formal features like reciprocity and symmetry principles.
Making the Automaton Speak
Authors: Park Julie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
What might the eighteenth-century history of automata tell us about the relationships between voice, the human, machines and fiction? Given the rise in our daily lives of voice-operated ‘intelligent assistants’ at this time, the question is especially pertinent. By examining the eighteenth-century case of the speaking doll and the cultural values and desires that its representation in a 1784 pamphlet entitled The Speaking Figure, and the Automaton Chess-Player, Exposed and Detected reveals, this chapter will provide a historical framework for probing how the experiences and possibilities of artificial voice shed light on our deep investments in the notion of voice as a vital sign of being ‘real’ as humans.
Machine Visions
Authors: Slocombe Will 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which representations of AI during the twentieth century, particularly in nonandroid form (what might be termed a ‘distributed system’), dovetail with pre-existing perceptions of society operating as a ‘machine’. The chapter defines and outlines conceptions of ‘machine society’, from Thomas Carlyle’s ‘Signs of the Times’ (1829) to contemporary debates about surveillance and machine society, to contextualize the ways in which representations of AI become imbricated in broader social discourses about the loss of autonomy and individuality. Using as its primary texts four different ‘Machines’—E. M. Forster’s ‘The Machine Stops’ (1909); Paul W. Fairman’s lesser-known I, The Machine (1968); Isaac Asimov’s ‘The Evitable Conflict’ (1950); and the popular recent television serial, Person of Interest (2011–2016) created by Jonathan Nolan—the chapter demonstrates the ways in which modern representations relate to debates about social organization to develop a fundamentally ‘mechanical’ vision of society.
The Measure of a Woman
Authors: Devlin Kate , Belton Olivia 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
While the production of real-life sex robots is currently only at prototype stage, sexualized female artificial intelligences have long been a trope in popular media. By critically analysing a selection of science fiction films and television programmes, we explore the narrative of fictional representations of eroticized female robots and the ways in which their reception feeds real-life expectation. While these media representations are, at times, surprisingly nuanced, they persist in giving their female AIs stable gender identities, even when the AIs are disembodied. Fictional and factual fembots each reflect the same regressive male fantasies: sexual outlets and the promise of emotional validation and companionship. Underpinning this are masculine anxieties regarding powerful women, as well as the fear of technology exceeding our capacities and escaping our control.
Theories as Representations
Authors: French Steven 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The nature of scientific representation has been the subject of considerable discussion recently with frequent comparisons made between theories and depictive artworks. Here it is argued that the Semantic Approach can be understood as a useful means of capturing this representational relationship, in both the scientific and artistic domains. In particular, by deploying the device of partial structures it can capture the manner in which apparently inconsistent theories and pictures can represent, as well as that of certain abstract artworks. Nevertheless, care must be taken in drawing on examples from one domain to support or undermine arguments made about the nature of representation in the other. The comparisons involved highlight crucial differences between theories and artworks that will be drawn upon in subsequent chapters.
Human Greatness
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The ‘greatness’ Pascal discerns in humanity has four aspects. 1. Human nature is not purely physical. Pascal upholds a broadly Cartesian dualist view. He acknowledges the difficulty of this but also insists on the difficulty of any alternative explanation, for instance, in purely physical terms. 2. Humankind is radically distinct from the animals. It is argued that Pascal’s formulation of this claim (reducing animal functioning to mere mechanism) is untenable, but that a modified version of his position might suffice for his apologetic purposes. 3. Pyrrhonist scepticism is not the last word: we are capable of knowledge after all, that is (as initially explained in Chapter 4), we have intuitive knowledge (what he calls knowledge ‘by the heart’) of certain primary principles. 4. That we are aware of our wretchedness shows that we are not wholly wretched, completely locked into our condition, for otherwise we should be unable to detach ourselves sufficiently to pass judgement on it. Our dissatisfaction with our lives is a kind of transcendence of their limits.
Contradictions
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The conflict between the greatness and the wretchedness of human nature is considered on a more philosophical level. The Stoics do justice to our moral ideals but the Pyrrhonists (whom Pascal sees as implicitly putting humankind on a level with non-human animals) seem better to describe human beings in the mass. The quest for an essence of human nature is compromised by an awareness of the power of custom to determine our beliefs and values. Even our belief in fundamental principles may be based on custom. Yet radical scepticism is in practice unacceptable. The clash between dogmatism (the belief that we have knowledge) and scepticism is irreconcilable. Only the Christian doctrine of the Fall can enable us to get out of this impasse.
Stepping Westward
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Stepping Westward is the first book of its kind dedicated to the literature of the Scottish Highland tour 1720-1830, a major cultural phenomenon that attracted writers and artists like Pennant, Johnson and Boswell, William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Coleridge, Scott, Hogg, Keats, Daniell, and Turner, as well as numerous less celebrated travellers and tourists. Addressing more than a century’s worth of literary and visual representations of the Highlands, the book casts new light on how the tour developed a modern literature of place, acting as a catalyst for thinking about improvement, landscape, and the shaping of British, Scottish and Gaelic identities. Attention is paid to the relationship between travellers and the native Gaels, whose world was plunged into crisis by rapid and forced social change. At the book’s core lie the best-selling tours of Pennant and Dr Johnson, associated with attempts to ’improve’ the intractable Gaidhealtachd in the wake of Culloden. Alongside the Ossian craze and Gilpin’s picturesque, their books stimulated a wave of ’home tours’ from the 1770s through the romantic period, including writing by women like Sarah Murray and Dorothy Wordsworth. The incidence of published Highland Tours (many lavishly illustrated), peaked around 1800, but as the genre reached exhaustion, the ’romantic Highlands’ were reinvented in Scott’s poems and novels, coinciding with steam boats and mass tourism, but also rack-renting, sheep clearance and emigration.
Conquering Caledonia
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the influence of two ‘literary’ sources on eighteenth-century Highland travel: Tacitus’s Agricola and Macpherson’s Poems of Ossian. The historical analogy between Agricola’s victory at Mons Graupius and Culloden provided an ideological template for the final defeat of Jacobitism in 1746, explored here in travel accounts written by antiquarians, Hanoverian soldiers fighting in the Forty-Five, and post-war tourists like Bishop Pococke. The second part of the chapter argues that the popularity of Ossian after 1760 remapped Highland topography as a site of Caledonian resistance, stimulating enthusiasm for Gaelic culture which ironically coincided with official attempts to extirpate the language. Macpherson’s English ‘translations’ provided a new incentive for tourists to visit the Highlands, persuading them to collect fragments of ‘authentic’ Ossianic verse, and also inspiring a series of hallmarks sites for tourists in quest of ‘Fingalian topography’ like ‘Fingal’s Cave’ on Staffa and ‘Ossian’s Hall’ at Dunkeld.
British Imperial Internment
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The chapter begins by examining the development of internment as a policy within the Empire, demonstrating that London led the way, in a rather haphazard fashion, with the dominions and colonies following the lead of the metropole. The chapter demonstrates how internment became globalized through the use of transportation which could take people thousands of miles from their homes. The chapter also examines the nature of the internees, demonstrating that they consisted overwhelmingly of Germans, together with some nationals of the other states at war with the Empire. They remained almost entirely males, although some women experienced incarceration, often voluntarily because they wanted to stay close to their husbands with their children. While some Indians and Africans may have experienced incarceration in Germany, people of colour remained largely absent from British internment camps. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the globality of British imperial internment.
Fort Napier
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The main internment camp in South Africa was Fort Napier, a former British garrison fort in Pietermaritzburg. The camp housed approximately 2,500 prisoners throughout the war. This included artisans, merchants, hotel employees and hairdressers, seamen, farmers, miners, engineers, teachers, missionaries, and doctors. The chapter argues that vibrant cultural activities convey a positive impression on the surface but, in fact, were a mere distraction from the suffering that occurred. Written testimony shows that the civilians perceived their captivity as double emasculation, neither being able to support their families nor to fight on the front. German nationalism was displayed and led to a process of re-ethnicization among some inmates. The chapter provides a spatial interpretation of the camp, outlining its impact on the immediate environment and economy of Pietermaritzburg. Prisoner release only occurred from April 1919, with half of the inmates being deported to Germany. The camp was closed in August 1919.
The Nature and Legacy of British Imperial Internment
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by highlighting the main findings of the book, including the globalization of internment by the Empire during the Great War and the consequences for individuals and their families, but also the fact that Britain treated those it had incarcerated in a humane way. The chapter examines the return to Germany, its consequences for individuals, and the way in which the German authorities dealt with the former residents of the British Empire. These people, who may not have seen their homeland for decades, made efforts to preserve the memory of their experiences, along with former civilian and military prisoners who came from other states at war with Germany. While the memory of internment may have survived into the interwar years, it disappeared in the second half of the twentieth century, but came back to life in the early twenty-first century, inspired by the centenary of the Great War.
Introduction
Authors: Mezger Caroline 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s key themes, historiographic framework, and research questions. It situates the book at the confluence of studies on National Socialism from a transnational and comparative perspective, experiences of Axis occupation during World War II, minorities and borderland nationalism in Central and Southeastern Europe, and the history of childhood and youth. Upon providing a brief historic overview of the ethnic Germans (Donauschwaben) in northern Yugoslavia’s Vojvodina and outlining the book’s key historiographic contributions, it reflects on the book’s multiscalar approach of interweaving archival, press, and original oral history sources to juxtapose and intertwine different levels of analysis. The chapter suggests that studying childhood and youth mobilization enables insight into larger historic conundrums, such as the interplay between categories like age, (ascribed) nationality, and gender in shaping historical experiences; the interaction between nationalizing forces “from above” and the lived, subjective experience of nationality “from below”; and questions of individual and collective agency in contexts of occupation and war. It presents the book’s main argument, that children and youth confronted with nationalizing projects themselves became agents of nationalization.