bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetisation transfer ratio combined with magnetic resonance neurography is feasible in the proximal lumbar plexus using healthy volunteers at 3T
Authors: Yiannakas Marios C. , Schneider Torben , Yoneyama Masami , Aforlabi-Logoh Innocent , Prados Ferran , Ciccarelli Olga , Wheeler-Kingshott Claudia A. M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMagnetic resonance neurography (MRN) has been used extensively to study pathological conditions affecting the peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, tissue damage is assessed qualitatively with little information regarding the underlying pathophysiological processes involved. Magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR) is a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging method which is sensitive to tissue macromolecular content and may therefore have an important role in the study of pathologies affecting the PNS. This study explored the feasibility of obtaining reliable MTR measurements in the proximal lumbar plexus of healthy volunteers using MRN to identify and segment each lumbar segment (L2–L5) and regions (preganglionic, ganglionic and postganglionic). Reproducibility of the MTR measurements and of the segmentation method were assessed from repeated measurements (scan-rescan), and from the reanalysis of images (intra- and inter-rater assessment), by calculating the coefficient of variation (COV). In all segments combined (L2–L5), mean (± SD) MTR was 30.5 (± 2.4). Scan-rescan, intra- and inter-rater COV values were 3.2%, 4.4% and 5.3%, respectively. One-way analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant difference in MTR between the preganglionic and postganglionic regions in all lumbar segments. This pilot study in healthy volunteers demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining reliable MTR measurements in the proximal lumbar plexus, opening up the possibility of studying a broad spectrum of neurological conditions in vivo.
Early vertebrate origin of CTCFL, a CTCF paralog, revealed by proximity-guided shark genome scaffolding
Authors: Kadota Mitsutaka , Yamaguchi Kazuaki , Hara Yuichiro , Kuraku Shigehiro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe nuclear protein CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) contributes as an insulator to chromatin organization in diverse animals. The gene encoding this protein has a paralog which was first identified to be expressed exclusively in the testis in mammals and designated as CTCFL (also called BORIS). CTCFL orthologs were reported only among amniotes, and thus CTCFL was once thought to have arisen in the amniote lineage. In this study, we identified elasmobranch CTCFL orthologs, and investigated its origin with the aid of a shark genome assembly improved by proximity-guided scaffolding. Our analysis employing evolutionary interpretation of syntenic gene location suggested an earlier timing of the gene duplication between CTCF and CTCFL than previously thought, that is, around the common ancestor of extant vertebrates. Also, our transcriptomic sequencing revealed a biased expression of the catshark CTCFL in the testis, suggesting the origin of the tissue-specific localization in mammals more than 400 million years ago. To understand the historical process of the functional consolidation of the long-standing chromatin regulator CTCF, its additional paralogs remaining in some of the descendant lineages for spatially restricted transcript distribution should be taken into consideration.
Smartphone-basierte Ersthelferalarmierung – Auswertung der Alarmierungsdaten aus 7 Mobile-Retter-Regionen
Authors: Stroop Ralf , Hensel Mario , Kerner Thoralf 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Mit dem Mobile-Retter-System (MR-System) wurde 2013 bundesweit erstmalig die Smartphone-basierte Alarmierung qualifizierter Ersthelfer zur Optimierung des Outcomes nach präklinischem Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand eingeführt. Hier sollen Unterschiede in MR-Alarmierungen und Rekrutierungen im regionalen Vergleich aufgezeigt werden.
Methodik Retrospektive Auswertung von Effizienzparametern aus 7, zwischen 2013 und 2018 implementierten MR-Regionen. Analyse mit dem Chi-Quadrat-Test nach Pearson.
Ergebnisse Es fanden sich signifikante Unterschiede in der Alarmierungsfrequenz und der Einsatzübernahmequote zwischen den Regionen. MR waren mehrheitlich der Feuerwehr (39,5%) oder dem Rettungsdienst (26,7%) zugehörig. Im Vergleich zu Daten des Statistischen Bundesamtes über bundesweite Qualifikationsgruppen fanden sich Pflegekräfte (7,8%) unterrepräsentiert. Unter den Stichworten, für die eine Mobile-Retter-Alarmierung erfolgte, waren „Bewusstseinsstörung“, „Patient tot“ oder „Reanimation“ führend.
Schlussfolgerung Es zeigten sich z. T. deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den MR-Regionen bezüglich Alarmierungen und Rekrutierungsstrategien. Es existiert noch ein relevantes Rekrutierungspotenzial für die Mobilen Retter.
Pd-Catalyzed Functionalization of Aryl Amines on a Soluble Polymer Support
Authors: Marques M. Manuel B. , Santos A. Sofia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHerein we report the use of a soluble polymer support PEG-2000 on Pd-catalyzed reactions to improve the functionalization of aromatic amines and the synthesis of N-heterocycles. Compatibility of metal-catalyzed reactions for assembling privileged structures such as functionalized anilines were studied. PEG-supported anilines were found to be suitable substrates for Pd-catalyzed N-arylation, Sonogashira and Heck reactions. PEGylated substrates were prepared in yields up to 94%. This work consists on a proof of concept on the use of PEGylated anilines on Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Indole core was attained in 82% and 62% yields, via two different routes.
Umpolung Reactions of α-Tosyloximino Esters in a Flow System
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Hachiya Iwao , Ota Kazuki , Fukumoto Shinya , Iwase Taiki , Mizota Isao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn umpolung reaction of α-tosyloximino esters in a flow system is disclosed. Tandem N,N-dialkylations with two different Grignard reagents gave the desired N,N-dialkylated products in moderate to good yields. In addition, a tandem N,N,C-trialkylation of an α-tosyloximino ester with three different Grignard reagents has been successfully achieved to afford the desired N,N,C-trialkylated product in moderate yield.
COVID-19 and Venous Thromboembolism: A Meta-analysis of Literature Studies
Authors: Di Minno Alessandro , Ambrosino Pasquale , Calcaterra Ilenia , Di Minno Matteo Nicola Dario 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, leading in some cases to a critical condition with poor long-term outcomes and residual disability requiring post-acute rehabilitation. A major concern in severe COVID-19 is represented by a concomitant prothrombotic state. However, contrasting data are available about the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE). A detailed search on the association of COVID-19 with thromboembolic complications was conducted in the main electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The weighted mean prevalence (WMP) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated with the random-effects model. Twenty studies enrolling 1,988 COVID-19 patients were included. The WMP of VTE was 31.3% (95% CI: 24.3–39.2%). The WMP of DVT was 19.8% (95% CI: 10.5–34.0%), whereas the WMP of PE was 18.9% (95% CI: 14.4–24.3%). Similar results were obtained when specifically analyzing studies on patients admitted to intensive care units and those on patients under antithrombotic prophylaxis. Regression models showed that an increasing age was associated with a higher prevalence of VTE (Z-score: 3.11, p = 0.001), DVT (Z-score: 2.33, p = 0.002), and PE (Z-score: 3.03, p = 0.002), while an increasing body mass index was associated with an increasing prevalence of PE (Z-score = 2.01, p = 0.04). Male sex did not impact the evaluated outcomes. The rate of thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients is definitely high. Considering the risk of fatal and disabling complications, adequate screening procedures and antithrombotic strategies should be implemented.
Prevalence of Psychiatric Morbidity and Cognitive Impairment among Patients Attending the Rural Noncommunicable Disease Clinic
Authors: Mehra Aseem , Sangwan Garima , Grover Sandeep , Kathirvel Soundappan , Avasthi Ajit 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cognitive impairment and psychiatric morbidity among the patients attending the rural noncommunicable disease clinic after controlling for various confounders (i.e., psychological morbidity, obesity, gender, level of education, duration of the illness and age).Materials and Methods One-hundred twenty-four patients were evaluated on the Hindi Mental State Examination for the cognitive function, Physical Health Questionnaire-9 for depression, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 for anxiety disorders.Results About one-fourth (26.6%) of the participants had cognitive impairment. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was more among patients with hypertension (35.5%) as compared with the diabetes mellitus (13.6%) and those with comorbid hypertension and diabetes mellitus (26.6%). About one of the participants had depression (35.5%) and 29% of the patients had anxiety disorder. No significant difference was found in the level of cognitive deficits between those with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, when the confounding factors were not taken into account in the analysis. However, after controlling for psychiatric morbidity, obesity, gender, level of education, duration of the illness and age, those with hypertension were found to have significantly higher level of cognitive impairment compared with those with diabetes mellitus. A higher level of dysfunction was seen in the domains of orientation, registration, attention, recall, language, and visuospatial domains.Conclusion Present study suggests that patients of hypertension have higher level of cognitive impairment, when compared with those with diabetes mellitus, even after controlling for various confounders. Lack of difference between the two groups can be accounted by the confounding variables.
Characteristics of Newborns Born to SARS-CoV-2-Positive Mothers: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Farghaly Mohsen A.A. , Kupferman Fernanda , Castillo Fiorella , Kim Roger M. 
Published: September 2020

Objective The novel virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a terrifying pandemic. The range of illness severity among children is variable. This study aims to assess the characteristics of newborns born to SARS-CoV-2-positive women compared with those mothers who tested negative.
Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study performed at Brookdale Hospital Medical Center in New York City from March to May 2020. Electronic medical records of mother–baby dyads were reviewed.
Results Seventy-nine mothers tested for SARS-CoV-2 were included, out of which 18.98% of mothers tested SARS-CoV-2 positive. We found a significant association between symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 status. We observed a significant association between newborns of SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative mothers regarding skin-to-skin contact (p < 0.001). Both groups showed significant differences regarding isolation (p < 0.001). Interestingly, regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborns, only one newborn tested SARS-CoV-2 positive and was unstable in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). With the multivariable logistic regression model, babies of SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers were three times as likely to have desaturations in comparison to newborns from negative mothers. Also, newborns of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers were four times more likely to have poor feeding, compared with newborns of SARS-CoV-2-negative mothers. Finally, babies of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers were ten times more likely to be symptomatic at the 2-week follow-up.
Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 has caused major morbidity and mortality worldwide. Neonates born to mothers with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 are most of the time asymptomatic. However, neonatal critical illness due to SARS-CoV-2 is still a possibility; thus, isolation precautions (such as avoiding skin-to-skin contact and direct breastfeeding) and vertical transmission should be studied thoroughly. In addition, testing these newborns by nasopharyngeal swab at least at 24 hours after birth and monitoring them for the development of symptoms for 14 days after birth is needed.
Key Points
Optimistic vs. pessimistic endings in climate change appeals
Authors: Morris Brandi S. , Chrysochou Polymeros , Karg Simon T. , Mitkidis Panagiotis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe use of emotion in climate change appeals is a hotly debated topic. Warning about the perils of imminent mass extinction, climate change communicators are often accused of being unnecessarily ‘doomsday’ in their attempts to foster a sense of urgency and action among the public. Pessimistic messaging, the thinking goes, undermines engagement efforts, straining credulity and fostering a sense of helplessness, rather than concern. Widespread calls for more optimistic climate change messaging punctuate public discourse. This research puts these claims to the test, investigating how affective endings (optimistic vs. pessimistic vs. fatalistic) of climate change appeals impact individual risk perception and outcome efficacy (i.e., the sense that one’s behavior matters). The findings of three online experiments presented in this paper suggest that climate change appeals with pessimistic affective endings increase risk perception (Studies 1 and 2) and outcome efficacy (Study 3), which is the result of heightened emotional arousal (Studies 1–3). Moreover, the results indicate that the mediating effect of emotional arousal is more prevalent among political moderates and conservatives, as well as those who hold either individualistic or hierarchical world views. Given that these audiences generally exhibit lower risk perception and outcome efficacy in relation to climate change, the results suggest that climate change appeals with pessimistic endings could trigger higher engagement with the issue than optimistic endings. These findings are interpreted in light of recent research findings, which suggest that differences in threat-reactivity and emotional arousal may be attributable to brain functions/anatomy mappable to basic motivations for safety and survival. Implications for scholars and practitioners are discussed.
Used Math
Authors: Swartz Clifford E. 
Published: September 2020

Here is a helpful reference work designed for the college science student needing a quick explanation of the mathematics found in the first two years of the college science curriculum. Rather than giving lengthy explanations of abstract mathematical theory, this useful handbook focuses on math as a scientist’s working tool.
Part reference and part reminder—the volume reinforces the student’s previous knowledge of math and guides the reader through the many unfamiliar mathematical computations that are part of his or her science requirements. Numerous examples throughout the book are drawn from actual situations encountered in science courses. The chapters may be used in any sequence and are extensively cross-indexed for user convenience.
Demonstrating how formal course work in chemistry, physics, astronomy, and the other sciences employ certain vital areas of mathematics, the book covers a broad range of important subjects, including reporting and analyzing uncertainty, units and dimensions, graphs, the simple functions of applied math, statistics, quadratic and high power equations, and simultaneous equations. Other chapters are devoted to determinants, vectors, complex numbers, calculus-differentiation, integration, series and approximations, common differential equations, and differential operators. The book contains many useful reference tables and summaries of formulas and techniques.
A valuable study aid for every science student and an auxiliary reference work certain to be used frequently, USED MATH gives solid explanations and examples of the "old and used" math fundamental to all science courses.
The Simple Functions of Applied Math
Authors: Swartz Clifford E. 
Published: September 2020

Many physical phenomena can be described in terms of a very few simple math functions. Even when the description is not exact, the simple functions are often good approximations over a limited range. It is particularly gratifying to believe that nature is so constructed that these few functions describe essentially all the phenomena of interest in introductory science courses. Alternatively, one would have to believe that introductory science deals only with those topics that can be handled with simple math.
In this section we shall describe these simple functions—naming them, defining them algebraically, graphing them, illustrating their use, and demonstrating special properties, such as their slopes.
Stacking models for nearly optimal link prediction in complex networks
Authors: Ghasemian Amir , Hosseinmardi Homa , Galstyan Aram , Airoldi Edoardo M. , Clauset Aaron 
Published: September 2020

SignificanceNetworks are a powerful tool for modeling complex biological and social systems. However, most networks are incomplete, and missing connections can negatively affect scientific analyses. Today, many algorithms can predict missing connections, but it is unknown how accuracy varies across algorithms and networks and whether link predictability varies across scientific domains. Analyzing 203 link prediction algorithms applied to 550 diverse real-world networks, we show that no predictor is best or worst overall. We then combine these many predictors into a single state-of-the-art algorithm that achieves nearly optimal performance on both synthetic networks with known optimality and real-world networks. Not all networks are equally predictable, however, and we find that social networks are easiest, while biological and technological networks are hardest.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells cross-prime naive CD8 T cells by transferring antigen to conventional dendritic cells through exosomes
Authors: Fu Chunmei , Peng Peng , Loschko Jakob , Feng Li , Pham Phuong , Cui Weiguo , Lee Kelvin P. , Krug Anne B. , Jiang Aimin 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Whether and how pDCs cross-prime CD8 T cells in vivo remain controversial despite extensive studies. Using a vaccine model where antigens were only delivered to pDCs, this report demonstrated that pDCs induced cross-priming and durable CD8 T cell immunity in vivo. However, cross-presenting pDCs required cDCs to achieve cross-priming by transferring antigens to cDCs. cDC1s but not cDC2s played a critical role in pDC-mediated cross-priming, despite both subsets acquiring antigens from pDCs similarly. Antigen transfer from pDCs to bystander cDCs was mediated by pDC-derived exosomes (pDCexos), which were generated under various conditions. Importantly, these pDCexos required cDCs to prime CD8 T cells, similarly to cross-presenting pDCs, thus identifying the pDCexo/cDCs pathway as a mechanism for pDCs to achieve cross-priming.
Interplay between cell-adhesion molecules governs synaptic wiring of cone photoreceptors
Authors: Cao Yan , Wang Yuchen , Dunn Henry A. , Orlandi Cesare , Shultz Nicole , Kamasawa Naomi , Fitzpatrick David , Li Wei , Zeitz Christina , Hauswirth William , Martemyanov Kirill A. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Humans, like most diurnal species, utilize cone photoreceptors to enable daylight vision. They detect color, cover a wide range of light intensities, and sustain fast responsiveness to faithfully sample rapidly changing scenery. All of these features that allow us to accurately see the world depend on the ability of cones to transmit their light-evoked signals to the brain. For this, cones form functional contacts with their downstream neurons—a process known as “synaptic wiring.” The molecular mechanisms that mediate establishment of cone synaptic contacts are largely unknown. Our studies fill this gap by identifying a set of molecules involved in functional wiring of cones.
Deep learning for 2D passive source detection in presence of complex cargo
Authors: Baines W , Kuchment P , Ragusa J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Methods for source detection in high noise environments are important for single-photon emission computed tomography medical imaging and especially crucial for homeland security applications, which is our main interest. In the latter case, one deals with passively detecting the presence of low emission nuclear sources with significant background noise (with signal to noise ratio 1% or less). In passive emission problems, direction sensitive detectors are needed, to match the dimensionalities of the image and the data. Collimation, used for that purpose in standard Anger γ-cameras, is not an option. Instead, Compton γ-cameras (and their analogs for other types of radiation) can be utilized. Backprojection methods suggested before by two of the authors and their collaborators enable detection in the presence of a random uniform background. In most practical applications, however, cargo packing in shipping containers and trucks creates regions of strong absorption and scattering, while leaving some streaming gaps open. In such cases backprojection methods prove ineffective and lose their detection ability. Nonetheless, visual perception of the backprojection pictures suggested that some indications of presence of a source might still be in the data. To learn such features (if they do exist), a deep neural network approach is implemented in 2D, which indeed exhibits higher sensitivity and specificity than the backprojection techniques in a low scattering case and works well when presence of complex cargo makes backprojection fail completely.
Thornber–Feynman carrier-optical-phonon scattering rates in wurtzite crystals
Authors: Singh Ramji , Dutta Mitra , Stroscio Michael A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
It is well known that the carrier-optical-phonon scattering rates dominate the carrier-acoustic-phonon scattering rates in many polar materials of interest in electronic and optoelectronic applications. Furthermore, it is known that the Fröhlich coupling constants for carrier-optical-phonon in many materials is close to or great than unity, calling into question the validity of scattering rates based on the Fermi golden rule. In a celebrated paper by Thornber and Feynman it was shown that that the large Fröhlich coupling constant in polar materials does indeed lead to substantial corrections to the Fermi golden rule scattering rates. These large corrections are due to the fact that for strong coupling constants, the first-order perturbative approach underlying the Fermi golden rule does not take into account the presence of many phonons interacting simultaneous with the carrier. In this paper, the Thornber–Feymnan scattering rates for carrier-optical-phonon interactions are derived for several technologically important wurtzite semiconductors—BN, ZnO, CdS, CdSe, ZnS, InN, and SiC- and it is shown that the commonly used Fermi golden rule scattering rates must be corrected by factors ranging up to an order-of-magnitude. The corrections to the Fermi golden rule reported herein have widespread impact on carrier transport for materials with large Fröhlich coupling constants.