bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a brief introduction to Measuring Social Welfare. The book provides an overview of the social welfare function (SWF) framework for assessing governmental policy. This introductory chapter motivates the framework via some stylized examples of policy choices involving environmental protection, redistributive taxation, infrastructure planning, climate change, and health policy. These examples illustrate recurring features of policy choice: that policies affect multiple dimensions of individual well-being; have “losers” as well as “winners”; produce a range of well-being changes (losses or gains) to individuals starting at a range of well-being levels; and may require a tradeoff between overall well-being and inequality. The SWF framework is able to take account of these recurring features of policy choice, and is applicable to a wide range of policy domains.
The Social Welfare Function
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a synopsis of the social welfare function (SWF) framework. It presents the key components of the framework, which are then developed in greater detail in subsequent chapters: an interpersonally comparable measure of well-being, which converts each outcome into a list (“vector”) of well-being numbers, one for each person in the population; a rule (the SWF) for ranking well-being vectors, such as the utilitarian SWF or a continuous-prioritarian SWF; and a procedure for ranking policies, understood as probability distributions across outcomes. The chapter then discusses the relation between the SWF methodology and ethics. This framework provides an ethical evaluation of governmental policies—an evaluation that is consequentialist and, specifically, welfarist. Finally, the chapter contrasts the SWF framework with cost-benefit analysis (CBA); and explains how the framework succeeds in producing a well-behaved ranking of outcomes and policies, notwithstanding Arrow’s theorem.
The Landscape of SWFs
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
One key component of the SWF framework is a rule (the SWF) for ranking well-being vectors. This chapter presents the major such rules used by SWF scholars or suggested by the philosophical literature: the utilitarian SWF (which adds up well-being numbers); the continuous-prioritarian family of SWFs (which sums well-being numbers plugged into a strictly increasing and concave transformation function); the leximin SWF; the rank-weighted family of SWFs; and the sufficientist family. The chapter then discusses the key axioms that are used in the literature to categorize SWFs: the relatively uncontroversial axioms of Pareto Indifference, Strong Pareto, and Anonymity, and the more contested axioms of Pigou-Dalton, Separability, and Continuity. The landscape of Paretian, anonymous SWFs can be divided into various regions, depending upon these latter axioms; and the utilitarian, continuous-prioritarian, leximin, rank-weighted, and sufficientist SWFs can be placed within this landscape. Axioms for applying an SWF under uncertainty are also discussed.
Implementing the SWF Framework
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The SWF framework is a fully generic methodology for policy assessment. One important application in the economic literature concerns taxation (termed “optimal tax” scholarship); but the framework is applicable to any type of governmental policy choice. This chapter illustrates the implementation of the SWF framework, using the regulation of fatality risks as a case study. Risk regulation is chosen because this is the major application of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in the U.S. government. The chapter focuses on the utilitarian and continuous-prioritarian SWFs. Utilitarianism gives priority to the young in reducing fatality risks and to those with higher income. Continuous prioritarianism intensifies the preference for the young, but mitigates or reverse the preference for those with higher income. CBA is significantly different from both utilitarianism and continuous prioritarianism. It markedly intensifies the utilitarian preference for reducing the risks of those with higher incomes; and, unlike both SWF-based approaches, is insensitive to the distribution of policy cost.
Media Sourcing
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines how the presence of female reporters and gender-balanced newsrooms shaped sourcing patterns in the media’s coverage of the Affordable Care Act’s contraceptive mandate. Drawing on an extensive analysis of newspaper articles between August 1, 2011, and August 1, 2012, this chapter offers strong evidence that gender mattered for the substance of the media’s reporting. Specifically, men and official sources were quoted more frequently than women and unofficial sources. More importantly, this chapter demonstrates that the tendency to rely on men was significantly dampened in reports written by female authors and in reports appearing in newspapers with more gender-balanced staffs. These findings provide support for the increasingly vocal concerns of media watchdog organizations that lobby for increased newsroom diversity and offer a clear answer to the oft-repeated question of whether having more women in the media leads to a qualitatively different kind of reporting on issues affecting women.
Continual Raving
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This book explores the lives and work of scientists who unraveled the mysteries of meningitis and describes the steps (and sometimes missteps) they used to accomplish their splendid achievements. Although symptoms of meningitis were recorded as early as the time of Hippocrates, its origin remained obscure. Then, in 1892, one of the bacteria that cause meningitis in children, Haemophilus influenzae, was discovered when Richard Pfeiffer saw it in material coughed up by a patient with influenza. Pfeiffer mistakenly thought the bacteria caused influenza, and it has carried that unfortunate, erroneous name since that time. Discovery, however, marched forward, and Quincke discovered how to obtain spinal fluid by inserting a needle between two bones in the patient’s back. Pittman discovered the sugar overcoat that protects H. influenzae from being eaten by white blood cells. Flexner managed epidemics of meningitis with serum from a horse. Griffith unknowingly stumbled on DNA, the master of all life. Weech gave the first antibiotic used in America to a little girl with meningitis. Alexander learned why antibiotics sometimes fail in such patients. Smith won the Nobel Prize for showing how DNA invades bacteria, the right conclusion for the wrong reasons. And four scientists, in two teams, vied to be the first to create the best vaccine to prevent meningitis in infants.
Meningitis—What Is It?
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Before the advent of antibiotics, meningitis was a dreadful infection by any standard; many of its victims were young children, and almost all died, succumbing to the disease from days to six weeks, or sometimes longer, after the onset of their illness. Incredibly, patients occasionally survived but were often left with varying degrees of neurologic damage. Before the first spinal tap, the diagnosis of meningitis was based on clinical signs and symptoms and could be confirmed only by pathologic examination of the brains of deceased patients during an autopsy. Since the advent of the spinal tap, the diagnosis of meningitis rests on examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment of meningitis depends on which bacteria cause the infection. Helen Keller may be a famous surviving victim of this disease.
The Flu and Richard Pfeiffer
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
For decades, scientists puzzled over which influenza virus was actually responsible for the Russian pandemic. Finally, in 2014, phylogenetic techniques (examining evolutionary patterns of the virus genes) and seroarcheologic techniques (measuring antibodies likely present in people at various points in time) were applied to the question of which virus caused the Russian flu of 1889–1892. Thus, Pfeiffer’s proclamation that his bacillus caused influenza was finally proven wrong. His identification of Bacillus influenzae in the respiratory tract, however, was a major contribution to the scientific understanding of bacterial infections and moved the field of bacteriology forward in allowing other investigators to unearth its full potential as an important human pathogen. Further, in the course of his studies of B. influenzae, Pfeiffer pioneered the field of nutritional requirements of bacteria. Finally, Pfeiffer’s identification of Haemophilus influenzae launched subsequent studies of the causes of bacterial meningitis and initiated in-depth explorations of bacterial meningitis-causing pathogens that ground our concepts of pathogenesis, and guide our management, of the infection.
Antibiotic Treatment—Much Better than Nothing
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Over the past five decades, many animal experiments as well as clinical trials of antibiotics in humans treated for meningitis have defined the levels of antibiotics that are present in infected meninges and in the blood, thus informing the drug doses necessary to successfully treat the infection. In spite of the different kinds of bacteria that cause meningitis and the availability of various antibiotics to treat it, several basic principles of effective management for all common forms of bacterial meningitis have emerged from the decades of research. As a result of these studies, most children with meningitis in America receive appropriate antibiotic treatment (the correct antibiotic and the correct dose for the correct duration of therapy), and their outcomes are much, much better than the disastrous outcomes of earlier eras.
Antibiotics
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Many scientists can claim one or possibly two very important discoveries in a lifetime. Hattie Alexander’s notable discoveries number many more than that. Further, they emerged from her astute clinical observations and commitment to her patients as well as her deep understanding of microbiology and immunology and bacterial genetics. She pioneered the first medical therapy for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis but didn’t stop when she learned that her immune serum improved the survival rate to nearly 60% because that wasn’t good enough for her patients. She subsequently learned that treating patients with both immune sera and a sulfa drug further improved the patients’ survival rate. Later, she found that streptomycin was even better, and when a patient failed streptomycin therapy, she figured out the mechanism for the resistance of H. influenzae to that antibiotic. Her work in DNA transformation in H. influenzae helped lay the groundwork for all future studies in bacterial molecular genetics.
Engaged Followership and Engaged Fellowship
Authors: Reicher Stephen D. , Haslam S. Alexander 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this chapter the authors argue that the human capacity for harming or else helping others flows from the same basic psychological group processes. They start by reanalyzing Milgram’s classic “obedience studies” in terms of “engaged followership”. This analysis suggests that participants obey toxic instructions to the extent that they see these as necessary in order to advance a worthy cause with which they identify. They argue that such engaged followership explains real-world as well as laboratory examples of harm-doing. They then reanalyze both laboratory and real-world examples of helping as engaged fellowship. This indicates that people aid others to the extent that they are construed as part of a common in-group. The difference between harming and helping, then, depends upon how one draws the boundaries of “us” and “them” and, hence, the extent to which one identifies with either perpetrating authorities or their victims.
The Aftermath of Genocide
Authors: Vollhardt Johanna Ray , Twali Michelle Sinayobye 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on how historical genocide continues to affect victim and perpetrator groups’ beliefs, emotions, and intergroup attitudes in the present. The authors organize their review around four central psychological processes that help in understanding why and how members of victim and perpetrator groups respond in such divergent ways: which psychological needs members of these groups have in light of the events (e.g., needs for meaning, agency, power, acknowledgment), how central the genocide is to their identity and how relevant it is seen to the present, how they perceive the scope of genocide and who is considered a victim, and the various lessons group members draw from the events. The authors also discuss possibilities for bridging these divergent responses and factors that complicate the picture such as when groups were both victims and perpetrators.
The Historical Pattern of State Formation in Upland Southeast Asia
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces the historical background of the upland Southeast Asia borderland area. It analyzes how the upland area and its people were perceived by valley states and attempts made by those states to approach them militarily and politically. It examines existing historiographies coming from the perspectives of the Chinese, Myanmar, and Thai states, paying attention to how those states used a variety of means—military, political, and economic—in their efforts to deal with the mosaic of people living in the upland area. It also considers the perspectives of the upland people themselves in terms of how they viewed their relations with those valley states, if such accounts are available. The purpose of the chapter is to put this borderland area in a historical perspective, while emphasizing the overall lack of state and national consolidation of the territories and people before the modern period.
Dynamics of Transboundary Economic Flows
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses the economic logic of cross-border relations. To illustrate the economic dynamics of borderland state building as a result of economic asymmetry between Myanmar and its two more powerful neighbors, this chapter mainly examines two interrelated processes. The first is cross-border movement of goods and people between China, Myanmar, and Thailand. The chapter specifically examines the phenomenon of labor migration from Myanmar to Thailand, as well as the integrated trade networks across the borderland. It also discusses cross-border resource development dominated by Chinese as well as Thai capital in Myanmar. Here it mainly looks at agribusiness as well as investment in the hydropower, lumber, and mining sectors in Myanmar’s Kachin and Shan states.
Meter and Rhythm in the Sung Poetry of Iranian Khorasan
Authors: Blum Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The rhythmic theory developed by al-Fārābī remains relevant to the analysis of sung poetry in the contemporary Middle East, not least with respect to the question of how duration comes to be determined and the conception of verse as a constituent of melody (Arabic laḥn) in the fullest sense. This chapter reviews some of Fārābī’s concepts in relation to Christopher Hasty’s discussion of projective potential. Analysis of eight examples of sung verse in Persian and Khorasani Turkish focuses on coordination of tunes with rhythmic cycles associated with different types of poetic meter. I argue that the best analytical work on Persian traditional music, notably that of Dariush Talā’i, provides an excellent foundation for studies of Iran’s regional musics.
New Music—New Rhythm
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter undertakes an exploration of rhythmic practices in twentieth and, especially, late twentieth-century European-International modernist music, focusing on attempts to reduce or eliminate durational projection and taking into account the role of notation in crafting experiments with a newly emancipated rhythm. It is suggested that this emancipation of rhythm is at least as significant as the “emancipation of dissonance” and, indeed, far more significant if “rhythm” is given a properly broad scope. Principal examples are taken from Morton Feldman’s De Kooning (1963), Toru Takemitsu’s Rain Tree for percussion (1981), and Salvatore Sciarrino’s Muro d’Orrizonte (1997).
“The Most Beautiful Area”
Authors: Kulezic-Wilson Danijela 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a historical context for exploring core questions about the production of soundtracks in the digital age, focusing on the relationship between score and sound design and the various ways in which their functions can overlap under the influences of technology and the musical approach to soundtrack. The blurring of the line between score and sound design is examined from two different angles: one looks at scoring techniques that move the score towards the realm that is usually covered by the sound department, including ambient sound and sound effects; the other involves the musicalization of sounds that are traditionally tasked with a purely mimetic role and the creation of a “realistic” sound environment.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Kulezic-Wilson Danijela 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 offers concluding thoughts on various methods of blurring the line between score and sound design and their common themes such as integration, inclusion, the erasure of boundaries, and the toppling of hierarchies. The chapter notes the inner dialectics of this trend, epitomized in the forces of change understood as progression and those explained by the cyclical reappearance of certain tendencies. The former are manifested in the use of a contemporary musical language that draws on the whole world of sound and the use of digital technology; the latter include the musical approach to soundtrack, aesthetic trends such as the aesthetics of reticence, and a fascination with the materiality, texture, and hapticity of sound, which all have precedents of some kind in the past. This chapter asserts that the main methods of blurring the line between score and sound design are inspired by music or informed by musical logic.
Latin
Authors: Kraft Robert A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Various “Jewish” texts have survived in Latin, those considered canonical as well as others such as the "Liber antiquitatum biblicarum;" falsely attributed to Philo, and "4 Ezra, 5 Ezra, and 6 Ezra," which are known only or primarily from Latin. Many other Latin texts have also survived in Greek, and it is usually assumed that the Latin versions were translations of Greek originals (e.g., from Septuagintal texts), produced by Christian translators. The possibility that there may have been Jewish translators into Latin (working from Greek, or even from Semitic originals) is seldom explored in any depth, but deserves closer attention. Some of the "Old Latin" scriptural materials, for example, may have been originally Jewish (not Christian) productions.
Slavonic
Authors: Kulik Alexander 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The corpus of Jewish literature of the Second Temple period is represented in the Slavonic tradition by biblical pseudepigrapha (especially of apocalyptic genre) and Josephus. The extant Slavonic manuscripts containing these documents belong to the period spanning the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries. However, in some cases their language enables us to date the earliest of their proto-texts reliably to the tenth to eleventh centuries. Like the majority of early Slavonic writings, all the texts in the corpus under discussion have been translated from Greek, and most of these translations were produced in South Slavia. Some of these texts have been preserved uniquely in Slavonic, while others have parallel versions in non-Slavonic languages. Some texts must be faithful rendering of ancient originals. Other texts in their present form are products of medieval Byzantine or Slavonic reworking. The differentiation between ancient and medieval materials is not always easy to make.
The “Old Testament Pseudepigrapha” as Category and Corpus
Authors: DiTommaso Lorenzo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The recent publication of the first volume of Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures offers scholars an ideal vantage point from which to review the major trends in Pseudepigrapha research since the publication of the last milestone collection, James H. Charlesworth’s Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, thirty years ago. Most significant in this regard is the radical expansion of the corpus in the new collection, which signals a return to the “maximalist” conception of the Pseudepigrapha that defined the category during its early history. This chapter discusses the Pseudepigrapha as category and corpus, their historical relationship and the dynamics of change, and the impact of changes over time on issues regarding early Jewish texts and traditions in Christian transmission.
Parenting and Family
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The parental beliefs that affect children’s development are not limited to beliefs about children; they also include what parents believe about themselves as parents and what they believe about the family as a unit. The first half of this chapter addresses beliefs about parenting of several sorts: knowledge of parenting processes, feelings of self-efficacy as a parent, and attributions for parenting outcomes. Also discussed are effects of the transition to parenthood on how parents think. The second half of the chapter is directed to beliefs about the family. It begins with two topics that are often the source of parent–child conflicts: household responsibilities and decision-making and autonomy. The chapter concludes with beliefs about the value of children, including the beliefs of older parents whose children have grown.
Childhood: Cognitive Development
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter and the next focus on developments during the ages of roughly 2 to 12 years. The present chapter discusses parents’ beliefs and behaviors with respect to aspects of their children’s cognitive development. Seven developments are considered: academic performance, intelligence, Piagetian concepts, theory of mind, memory, executive function, and language. As in Chapter 5, beliefs about general milestones of development are also discussed. And, as in most chapters, parents are of interest both as informants with regard to their children’s development and as contributors to development. Also discussed are the cultural differences that emerge in parents’ expectations, which reflect values and related socialization practices. Culture is both a source of parents’ beliefs and a context for attempting to turn them into reality.
Eyewitness Descriptions and Identifications of Familiar Perpetrators
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of an eyewitness, the importance of eyewitness testimony, and the different identification decisions that an eyewitness can make when the police have apprehended the guilty suspect or an innocent suspect of the crime in question. The chapter then discusses eyewitness recall of strangers, highlighting recent research focusing on an eyewitnesses’ ability to recall details about a perpetrator who is familiar to them. Furthermore, this chapter provides a description of other situations within the legal system in which familiarity recall may be required (e.g., the recall of familiar and unfamiliar events). The chapter also discusses familiarity in relation to how it may impact eyewitness identification accuracy by describing recent research that has utilized an eyewitness paradigm.