bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The story of endurance: Biogeography and the evolutionary history of four Holarctic butterflies with different habitat requirements
Authors: Maresova Jana , Suchackova Bartonova Alena , Konvicka Martin , Høye Toke T. , Gilg Olivier , Kresse Jean‐Claude , Shapoval Nazar A. , Yakovlev Roman V. , Faltynek Fric Zdenek 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimBiogeographical studies on the entire ranges of widely distributed species can change our perception of species’ range dynamics. We studied the effects of Pleistocene glacial cycles on current butterfly species distributions, aiming to uncover complex biogeographic patterns in the Holarctic, a region dramatically affected by Cenozoic climate change.LocationEurasia and North America.TaxonBoloria chariclea, Agriades optilete, Carterocephalus palaemon, Oeneis jutta.MethodsWe reconstructed the biogeographic history of four butterfly species differing in habitat preferences (B. chariclea – tundra, A. optilete – bogs, C. palaemon – temperate grasslands, O. jutta – taiga), using one mitochondrial and two nuclear DNA markers and species distribution modelling.ResultsExcept for B. chariclea, all species originated in Eurasia. The open habitat species A. optilete and C. palaemon formed widely distributed east‐west genetic clusters in continental Asia and clusters separated from them in Europe. Genetic clusters of the taiga species O. jutta were not geographically separated in Eurasia, suggesting Pleistocene fragmentation and recent reconnection. The glaciated North America was recolonized from Beringian and southerly situated refugia by all four species.Main conclusionsThe Pleistocene mammoth steppe allowed a widespread continuous distribution of open habitat butterflies, while in contrast the distribution of a taiga‐specialist species was more limited. In the mostly flat and continental North Asia, the butterflies of various types of open habitats survived ice age in widely distributed east‐west belts. In the mountainous and oceanic regions of Europe, Beringia and west North America, all four species persisted in contracted areas during the glacials. After deglaciation, they expanded their ranges and formed contact zones among populations. To conclude, the harsh climate of the glacials did not represent an obstacle for butterflies. Instead, different habitat specialists selected their own ways to thrive in the dynamic conditions of Quaternary glacial periods.
The role of balancing selection in maintaining human RhD blood group polymorphism: A preregistered cross‐sectional study
Authors: Flegr Jaroslav , Toman Jan , Hůla Martin , Kaňková Šárka 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMaintenance of genetic polymorphism remains one of the big questions of evolutionary biology, which for a long time tended to be explained by balancing selection. This explanation was later criticized, but now is again accepted as an important mechanism in evolution. Human blood group systems seem affected by balancing selection especially strongly. In this preregistered study, we focused on stable coexistence of RhD‐positive and RhD‐negative subjects in a population. This is an evolutionary conundrum, because carriers of the less frequent negative allele suffer from lower fecundity due to haemolytic disease of the newborn affecting RhD‐positive infants born to RhD‐negative women. One explanation of persisting stability of RhD polymorphism points to heterozygote advantage. Over the past decade, numerous studies demonstrated that RhD‐positive subjects score better than RhD‐negative homozygotes in psychomotor tests and physical health‐related variables. Still, evidence of better health and performance of heterozygotes is scarce and merely indirect. We compared the physical and mental health of 2,539 subjects whose RhD genotype was estimated based on their and their parents' RhD phenotype. We confirmed that RhD‐negative homozygotes fare worse in terms of physical and mental health than subjects with RhD‐positive phenotype and that RhD‐positive heterozygotes enjoy better health than both homozygotes. For the first time, we demonstrated that RhD‐positive homozygotes might suffer from worse health than RhD‐negative homozygotes. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that RhD polymorphism is maintained by heterozygote advantage and that balancing selection may have played an important role in human evolution in this context and in general.
Effect of climate change and urbanisation on flood protection decision‐making
Authors: Daksiya Velautham , Mandapaka Pradeep V. , Lo Edmond Y. M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe changing climate and the rapid urbanisation may alter flood severity and influence the decision‐making process for flood management. In this study, a Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework for optimal decision‐making in flood protection is developed and applied to a central flood‐prone basin of Jakarta, Indonesia. Specifically, the decisions are on levees corresponding to protection under different rainfall return periods (RP), considering climate change and associated uncertainties, urbanisation, and evolving socio‐economic features of the flood plain. Three cases were studied to analyse future (year 2050) conditions (i) future rainfall/current urban, (ii) current rainfall/future urban and (iii) future rainfall/future urban. Future climate change projections from the NASA Earth Exchange are used to obtain information about changes in rainfall, whereas Landsat derived imperviousness maps along with the population projections are used for future urban conditions. Annual Expected Loss, Graduality, upgrade Construction cost and Net‐Socio‐Economic Vulnerability Index are the criteria used in the MCDA. It is found that climate change has a higher impact compared to urbanisation on the flood protection decisions. For the basin studied, the extreme future case of increased rainfall and urbanised conditions have the optimal decision in levee protection level corresponding to 250 years RP under current rainfall which corresponds to ~60 years RP under future rainfall.
Delirium in Patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Rebora Paola , Rozzini Renzo , Bianchetti Angelo , Blangiardo Paolo , Marchegiani Alice , Piazzoli Andrea , Mazzeo Francesca , Cesaroni Giulia , Chizzoli Anita , Guerini Fabio , Bonfanti Paolo , Morandi Alessandro , Faraci Bianca , Gentile Simona , Bna Claudio , Savelli Giordano , Citerio Giuseppe , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Mazzola Paolo , Bellelli Giuseppe ,   for the CoViD‐19 Lombardia Team
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesThe aims of this study are to report the prevalence of delirium on admission to the unit in patients hospitalized with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, to identify the factors associated with delirium, and to evaluate the association between delirium and in‐hospital mortality.DesignMulticenter observational cohort study.SettingsAcute medical units in four Italian hospitals.ParticipantsA total of 516 patients (median age 78 years) admitted to the participating centers with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection from February 22 to May 17, 2020.MeasurementsComprehensive medical assessment with detailed history, physical examinations, functional status, laboratory and imaging procedures. On admission, delirium was determined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) criteria, 4AT, m‐Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, or clinical impression depending on the site. The primary outcomes were delirium rates and in‐hospital mortality.ResultsOverall, 73 (14.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.0–17.3%) patients presented delirium on admission. Factors significantly associated with delirium were dementia (odds ratio, OR = 4.66, 95% CI = 2.03–10.69), the number of chronic diseases (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.03; 1.40), and chest X‐ray or CT opacity (OR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.12–9.64 and 3.35, 95% CI = 1.07–10.47, for multiple or bilateral opacities and single opacity vs no opacity, respectively). There were 148 (33.4%) in‐hospital deaths in the no‐delirium group and 43 (58.9%) in the delirium group (P‐value assessed using the Gray test <.001). As assessed by a multivariable Cox model, patients with delirium on admission showed an almost twofold increased hazard ratio for in‐hospital mortality with respect to patients without delirium (hazard ratio = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.25–2.83).ConclusionDelirium is prevalent and associated with in‐hospital mortality among older patients hospitalized with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
To click or not to click – The importance of understanding the layers of the forehead when injecting neuromodulators – A clinical, prospective, interventional, split‐face study
Authors: Davidovic Kristina , Melnikov Dmitry V. , Frank Konstantin , Gavril Diana , Green Jeremy B. , Freytag David L. , Heisinger Stephan , Pavicic Tatjana , Gold Michael H. , Cotofana Sebastian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundDifferences in the effectiveness of neuromodulator treatments for horizontal forehead lines dependent on depth of product administration have been described. However, knowledge in respect to the fascial anatomy of the forehead still remains elusive.AimsTo relate the fascial anatomy of the forehead to the effectiveness of neuromodulator treatments by conducting a clinical, prospective, interventional split‐face study in which injections for the treatment of horizontal forehead lines are performed differently between facial sides.MethodsThis study included a total of n = 14 patients with a mean age of 35.71 (7.8) years and mean body mass index of 21.9 (3.0) kg/m2. One side of the forehead was injected superficially by positioning the product in the superficial fatty layer, whereas the contralateral side was injected deep targeting the supraperiosteal plane (random selection). The treatment outcome was rated by the physician and by two independent observers according to a forehead line severity scale (0‐4) at 14 and at 30 days.ResultsAll three observers agreed in their ratings (ICC: 0.942) that the deep injection technique resulted in a superior outcome: D14 (superficial vs deep) 0.17 (0.4) vs 0.14 (0.4; P = .583) at rest and 1.26 (0.6) vs 0.43 (0.5; P < .001) for frontalis contraction; D30 0.17 (0.4) vs 0.14 (0.3) at rest (P = .583) and 1.21 (0.6) vs 0.43 (0.5; P < .001) for frontalis contraction.ConclusionThe results of this study underscore how detailed anatomic knowledge can enhance results of aesthetic interventions, in this case horizontal forehead line treatment with neuromodulators.
The Declining Scope of Practice of Family Physicians Is Limited to Urban Areas
Authors: Nasim Urooj , Morgan Zachary J. , Peterson Lars E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeScope of practice of family physicians (FPs) has been decreasing overall. Our objective was to determine if the distribution of declining scope occurs across urban and rural settings.MethodsWe used secondary data from practicing FPs collected on the American Board of Family Medicine examination registration demographic questionnaire from 2014 to 2016 on scope of practice merged with county‐level data from the Area Health Resources File. Rurality was assigned using 4 population‐based groupings from the Rural Urban Continuum Codes. Outcome measures were scope of practice score (0‐30, higher score reflecting broader scope) and provision of specific types of care/procedures. Bivariate statistics assessed changes in scope of practice over time. Adjusted regression models tested associations between time, physician, practice, and county characteristics with scope of practice score.FindingsOur sample was 27,343 practicing FPs. Overall, the scope score decreased from 15.5 to 15.0 (Pvalue < .05) but was significant only for urban settings. Regression analysis found that scope decreased each year (β = –0.15), broader scope for rural FPs, and no interaction between year and rural.ConclusionsThe decrease in FP scope of practice is largely an urban phenomenon. FPs in rural areas have a broad scope of practice, which may ensure access to care in rural areas that rely on FPs to provide a large portion of health care services. However, county characteristics like persistent poverty and the presence of nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and other physicians were associated with changes in scope that may modify the gains associated with rurality.
Deploying an Electronic Clinical Decision Support Tool for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumonia Into Rural and Critical Access Hospitals: Utilization, Effect on Processes of Care, and Clinician Satisfaction
Authors: Carr Jason R. , Jones Barbara E. , Collingridge Dave S. , Webb Brandon J. , Vines Caroline , Zobell Blake , Allen Todd L. , Srivastava Rajendu , Rubin Jenna , Dean Nathan C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeElectronic clinical decision support (CDS) for treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia (ePNa) is associated with improved guideline adherence and decreased mortality. How rural providers respond to CDS developed for urban hospitals could shed light on extending CDS to resource‐limited settings.MethodsePNa was deployed into 10 rural and critical access hospital emergency departments (EDs) in Utah and Idaho in 2018. We reviewed pneumonia cases identified through ICD‐10 codes after local deployment to measure ePNa utilization and guideline adherence. ED providers were surveyed to assess quantitative and qualitative aspects of satisfaction.FindingsePNa was used in 109/301 patients with pneumonia (36%, range 0%‐67% across hospitals) and was associated with appropriate antibiotic selection (93% vs 65%, P < .001). Fifty percent of survey recipients responded, 87% were physicians, 87% were men, and the median ED experience was 10 years. Mean satisfaction with ePNa was 3.3 (range 1.7‐4.8) on a 5‐point Likert scale. Providers with a favorable opinion of ePNa were more likely to favor implementation of additional CDS (P = .005). Satisfaction was not associated with provider type, age, years of experience or experience with ePNa. Ninety percent of respondents provided qualitative feedback. The most common theme in high and low utilization hospitals was concern about usability. Compared to high utilization hospitals, low utilization hospitals more frequently identified concerns about adaptation for local needs.ConclusionsePNa deployment to rural and critical access EDs was moderately successful and associated with improved antibiotic use. Concerns about usability and adapting ePNa for local use predominated the qualitative feedback.
We read, we write: reconsidering reading–writing relationships in primary school children
Authors: Taylor Lucy , Clarke Paula 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe extent to which children's reading experiences influence their writing production is not well understood. It is imperative that the connections between these literacy practices are elucidated in order to inform the development of stimulating curricula and to support children's development. This paper presents new data and key findings from a project investigating relationships between children's free choice reading and volitional writing in Key Stage 2 (9–10 years). The data were collected in two primary schools in northern England, using mixed methods. Quantitative data were collected using an online reading survey taken by 170 children, and qualitative data were provided through independent writing journals maintained by 38 participants. Through analysis of the data using a multiliteracies approach, we demonstrate that the writing that children choose to do is influenced by the texts they encounter as readers in terms of content, text type and linguistic style. The child readers in this project encountered texts in different media and created texts in a range of genres. By examining a sample of children's written texts from the data set, we show that children's interactions and transactions with texts as readers and writers are complex and multiple. Children creatively work across media, and in doing so the boundaries of traditional text genres and styles are redeveloped and redesigned. These findings highlight the importance of providing children with opportunities to freely choose and create texts and recognising the wide variety of text experiences that children bring to their classroom learning.
A population genomic unveiling of a new cryptic mosquito taxon within the malaria‐transmitting Anopheles gambiae complex
Authors: Tennessen Jacob A. , Ingham Victoria A. , Toé Kobié Hyacinthe , Guelbéogo Wamdaogo Moussa , Sagnon N’Falé , Kuzma Rebecca , Ranson Hilary , Neafsey Daniel E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Anopheles gambiae complex consists of multiple morphologically indistinguishable mosquito species including the most important vectors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in sub‐Saharan Africa. Nine cryptic species have been described so far within the complex. The ecological, immunological and reproductive differences among these species will critically impact population responses to disease control strategies and environmental changes. Here, we examine whole‐genome sequencing data from a longitudinal study of putative A. coluzzii in western Burkina Faso. Surprisingly, many specimens are genetically divergent from A. coluzzii and all other Anopheles species and represent a new taxon, here designated Anopheles TENGRELA (AT). Population genetic analysis suggests that the cryptic GOUNDRY subgroup, previously collected as larvae in central Burkina Faso, represents an admixed population descended from both A. coluzzii and AT. AT harbours low nucleotide diversity except for the 2La inversion polymorphism which is maintained by overdominance. It shows numerous fixed differences with A. coluzzii concentrated in several regions reflecting selective sweeps, but the two taxa are identical at standard diagnostic loci used for taxon identification, and thus, AT may often go unnoticed. We present an amplicon‐based genotyping assay for identifying AT which could be usefully applied to numerous existing samples. Misidentified cryptic taxa could seriously confound ongoing studies of Anopheles ecology and evolution in western Africa, including phenotypic and genotypic surveys of insecticide resistance. Reproductive barriers between cryptic species may also complicate novel vector control efforts, for example gene drives, and hinder predictions about evolutionary dynamics of Anopheles and Plasmodium.
Efficacy of Arthroscopic Treatment for Concurrent Medial Meniscus Posterior Horn and Lateral Meniscus Anterior Horn Injury: A Retrospective Single Center Study
Authors: Cui Jun‐cheng , Wu Wen‐te , Xin Long , Chen Zhi‐wei , Lei Peng‐fei 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of arthroscopic surgery for combined tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PHMM) and the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus (AHLM).MethodsBetween September 2009 and December 2013, a retrospective investigation was performed on 48 patients (48 knees) with combined tears of PHMM and AHLM who underwent arthroscopic surgery. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis in the outpatient department. After admission, other basic examinations were performed. PHMM was treated with partial meniscectomy and AHLM was treated with external–internal suture or partial meniscectomy. Curative effect was evaluated according to Lysholm score and IKDC score. The differences of the functions as well as Lysholm and IKDC scores pre‐ and postoperatively were compared, while the diagnostic accuracy of MRI and arthroscopy for PHMM and AHLM were compared.ResultsSeven patients with combined tears of PHMM and AHLM were misdiagnosed during MRI examination when arthroscopy was used as the gold standard. All patients were followed up for an average of 34.58 months (range 10–52 months) and all incisions healed by first intention with no obvious complication. The preoperative and postoperative Lysholm scores were 47.22 ± 2.77 and 87.36 ± 5.45, respectively. The IKDC scores are 54.73 ± 4.65 preoperatively and 89.62 ± 3.71 postoperatively. The positive rates of the diagnosis through MRI and arthroscopic surgery is 85.42% and 100%, respectively. At the last follow‐up, the patients had no pain, weakness, and instability, and tenderness in medial and lateral joint space disappeared. Mcmurray test was weakly positive in four patients. Excellent outcome was achieved in 39 cases, and a good outcome was achieved in five cases; the good to excellent rate was 91.67%.ConclusionMRI examination of combined tears of PHMM and AHLM may result in misdiagnosis. Arthroscopic primary repair seemed to be an effective surgical option for treatment of combined tears of PHMM and AHLM.
Admiration Over Time
Authors: Archer Alfred , Matheson Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the diachronic fittingness conditions of admiration – that is, what it takes for a person to continue or cease to be admirable over time. We present a series of cases that elicit judgements that suggest different understandings of admiration over time. In some cases, admirability seems to last forever. In other cases, it seems that it can cease within a person's lifetime if she changes sufficiently. Taken together, these cases highlight what we call the puzzle of admiration over time. We then present a potential solution to this puzzle.
CAM‐physiology and carbon gain of the orchid Phalaenopsis in response to light intensity, light integral and CO2
Authors: Hogewoning Sander W. , van den Boogaart Stefan A.J. , van Tongerlo Evelien , Trouwborst Govert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe regulation of photosynthesis and carbon gain of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants has not yet been disclosed to the extent of C3‐plants. In this study, the tropical epiphyte Phalaenopsis cv. “Sacramento” was subjected to different lighting regimes. Photosynthesis and biochemical measuring techniques were used to address four specific questions: (1) the response of malate decarboxylation to light intensity, (2) the malate carboxylation pathway in phase IV, (3) the response of diel carbon gain to the light integral and (4) the response of diel carbon gain to CO2. The four CAM‐phases were clearly discernable. The length of phase III and the malate decarboxylation rate responded directly to light intensity. In phase IV, CO2 was initially mainly carboxylated via Rubisco. However, at daylength of 16 h, specifically beyond ±12 h, it was mainly phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP‐C) carboxylating CO2. Diel carbon gain appeared to be controlled by the light integral during phase III rather than the total daily light integral. Elevated CO2 further enhanced carbon gain both in phase IV and phase I. This establishes that neither malate storage capacity, nor availability of PEP as substrate for nocturnal CO2 carboxylation were limiting factors for carbon gain enhancement. These results advance our understanding of CAM‐plants and are also of practical importance for growers.