bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of supervised machine learning for atmospheric retrieval of exoplanets
Authors: Nixon Matthew C , Madhusudhan Nikku 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Atmospheric retrieval of exoplanets from spectroscopic observations requires an extensive exploration of a highly degenerate and high-dimensional parameter space to accurately constrain atmospheric parameters. Retrieval methods commonly conduct Bayesian parameter estimation and statistical inference using sampling algorithms such as Markov chain Monte Carlo or Nested Sampling. Recently several attempts have been made to use machine learning algorithms either to complement or to replace fully Bayesian methods. While much progress has been made, these approaches are still at times unable to accurately reproduce results from contemporary Bayesian retrievals. The goal of this work is to investigate the efficacy of machine learning for atmospheric retrieval. As a case study, we use the Random Forest supervised machine learning algorithm which has been applied previously with some success for atmospheric retrieval of the hot Jupiter WASP-12b using its near-infrared transmission spectrum. We reproduce previous results using the same approach and the same semi-analytic models, and subsequently extend this method to develop a new algorithm that results in a closer match to a fully Bayesian retrieval. We combine this new method with a fully numerical atmospheric model and demonstrate excellent agreement with a Bayesian retrieval of the transmission spectrum of another hot Jupiter, HD 209458b. Despite this success, and achieving high computational efficiency, we still find that the machine learning approach is computationally prohibitive for high-dimensional parameter spaces that are routinely explored with Bayesian retrievals with modest computational resources. We discuss the trade-offs and potential avenues for the future.
Asymmetric distributions of H2O and SiO masers towards V627 Cas
Authors: Yang Haneul , Cho Se-Hyung , Yun Youngjoo , Yoon Dong-Hwan , Kim Dong-Jin , Kim Hyosun , Yoon Sung-Chul , Dodson Richard , Rioja María J , Imai Hiroshi 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We performed simultaneous observations of the $\rm H_2O$ 61,6 − 52,3 (22.235080 GHz) and SiO v = 1, 2, J = 1 → 0, SiO v = 1, J = 2 → 1, 3 → 2 (43.122080, 42.820587, 86.243442, and 129.363359 GHz) masers towards the suspected D-type symbiotic star, V627 Cas, using the Korean VLBI Network. Here, we present astrometrically registered maps of the $\rm H_2O$ and SiO v = 1, 2, J = 1 → 0, SiO v = 1, J = 2 → 1 masers for five epochs from January 2016 to June 2018. Distributions of the SiO maser spots do not show clear ring-like structures, and those of the $\rm H_2O$ maser are biased towards the north–north-west to west with respect to the SiO maser features according to observational epochs. These asymmetric distributions of $\rm H_2O$ and SiO masers are discussed based on two scenarios of a bipolar outflow and the presence of the hot companion, a white dwarf, in V627 Cas. We carried out ring fitting of SiO v = 1, and v = 2 masers and estimated the expected position of the cool red giant. The ring radii of the SiO v = 1 maser are slightly larger than those of the SiO v = 2 maser, as previously known. Our assumption for the physical size of the SiO maser ring of V627 Cas to be the typical size of a SiO maser ring radius (∼4 au) of red giants yields the distance of V627 Cas to be ∼1 kpc.
Non-thermal models for infrared flares from Sgr A*
Authors: Petersen Eric , Gammie Charles 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent observations with mm very long baseline interferometry (mm-VLBI) and near-infrared (NIR) interferometry provide mm images and NIR centroid proper motion for Sgr A*. Of particular interest are the NIR flares that have more than an order of magnitude higher flux density than the quiescent state. Here, we model the flares using time-dependent, axisymmetric, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations with an electron distribution function that includes a small, variable, non-thermal component motivated by magnetic reconnection models. The models simultaneously match the observed mm mean flux density, mm image size, NIR quiescent flux density, NIR flare flux density, and NIR spectral slope. They also provide a better fit to the observed NIR flux density probability density function than previously reported models by reproducing the power-law tail at high flux density, though with some discrepancy at low flux density. Further, our modelled NIR image centroid shows very little movement: centroid excursions of more than 10 μas (the resolution of GRAVITY) are rare and uncorrelated with flux.
Relationship Between Preoperative Opioid Use and Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Stand-Alone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Kim Song , Ozpinar Alp , Agarwal Nitin , Hacker Emily , Alan Nima , Okonkwo David O , Kanter Adam S , Hamilton D Kojo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Opioid use in the management of pain secondary to spinal disorders has grown significantly in the United States. However, preoperative opioid use may complicate recovery in patients undergoing surgical procedures.

OBJECTIVE
To test our hypothesis that prolonged preoperative opioid use may lead to poorer patient outcomes following minimally invasive stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) for lumbar degenerative disc disease.

METHODS
A consecutive series of patients from a single institution undergoing LLIF between December 2009 and January 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. Patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of prescribed preoperative opioid use for at least 3 mo. Outcomes included the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS), and Short Form 36 Physical and Mental Summary Scores (SF-36 PCS, SF-36 MCS).

RESULTS
Of 107 patients, 57 (53.1%) were prescribed preoperative opioids. There was no significant difference in preoperative ODI, VAS score, SF-36 PCS, or SF-36 MCS between opioid use groups. Mean postoperative ODI was greater in patients with preoperative opioid use at 41.7 ± 16.9 vs 22.2 ± 16.0 (P = .002). Mean postoperative VAS score was greater in patients prescribed preoperative opioids, while magnitude of decrease in VAS score was greater in opioid-naïve patients (P = .001). Postoperative SF-36 PCS was 33.1 ± 10.6 in the opioid use group compared to 43.7 ± 13.1 in the nonuse group (P = .001).

CONCLUSION
Following LLIF, patients prescribed preoperative opioids had increased postoperative lumbar pain, disability, and subjective pain.
The social brain in female autism: a structural imaging study of twins
Authors: Cauvet Élodie , van’t Westeinde Annelies , Toro Roberto , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Neufeld Janina , Mevel Katell , Bölte Sven 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A female advantage in social cognition (SoC) might contribute to women’s underrepresentation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The latter could be underpinned by sex differences in social brain structure. This study investigated the relationship between structural social brain networks and SoC in females and males in relation to ASD and autistic traits in twins. We used a co-twin design in 77 twin pairs (39 female) aged 12.5 to 31.0 years. Twin pairs were discordant or concordant for ASD or autistic traits, discordant or concordant for other neurodevelopmental disorders or concordant for neurotypical development. They underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and were assessed for SoC using the naturalistic Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition. Autistic traits predicted reduced SoC capacities predominantly in male twins, despite a comparable extent of autistic traits in each sex, although the association between SoC and autistic traits did not differ significantly between the sexes. Consistently, within-pair associations between SoC and social brain structure revealed that lower SoC ability was associated with increased cortical thickness of several brain regions, particularly in males. Our findings confirm the notion that sex differences in SoC in association with ASD are underpinned by sex differences in brain structure.
A Rat Liver Transcriptomic Point of Departure Predicts a Prospective Liver or Non-liver Apical Point of Departure
Authors: Johnson Kamin J , Auerbach Scott S , Costa Eduardo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Identifying a toxicity point of departure (POD) is a required step in human health risk characterization of crop protection molecules, and this POD has historically been derived from apical endpoints across a battery of animal-based toxicology studies. Using rat transcriptome and apical data for 79 molecules obtained from Open TG-GATES (Toxicogenomics Project-Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System) (632 datasets), the hypothesis was tested that a short-term exposure, transcriptome-based liver biological effect POD (BEPOD) could estimate a longer-term exposure “systemic” apical endpoint POD. Apical endpoints considered were body weight, clinical observation, kidney weight and histopathology and liver weight and histopathology. A BMDExpress algorithm using Gene Ontology Biological Process gene sets was optimized to derive a liver BEPOD most predictive of a systemic apical POD. Liver BEPODs were stable from 3 h to 29 days of exposure; the median fold difference of the 29-day BEPOD to BEPODs from earlier time points was approximately 1 (range: 0.7–1.1). Strong positive correlation (Pearson R = 0.86) and predictive accuracy (root mean square difference = 0.41) were observed between a concurrent (29 days) liver BEPOD and the systemic apical POD. Similar Pearson R and root mean square difference values were observed for comparisons between a 29-day systemic apical POD and liver BEPODs derived from 3 h to 15 days of exposure. These data across 79 molecules suggest that a longer-term exposure study apical POD from liver and non-liver compartments can be estimated using a liver BEPOD derived from an acute or subacute exposure study.
Risk Factors for Prolonged Opioid Use and Effects of Opioid Tolerance on Clinical Outcomes After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Surgery
Authors: Reyes Ariana A. , Canseco Jose A. , Mangan John J. , Divi Srikanth N. , Goyal Dhruv K.C. , Bowles Daniel R. , Patel Parthik D. , Salmons Harold I. , Morgenstern Monica , Anderson David Greg , Rihn Jeffrey A. , Kurd Mark F. , Hilibrand Alan S. , Kepler Christopher K. , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Schroeder Gregory D. 
Published: April 2020

Study Design.
Retrospective study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for prolonged opioid use and to investigate whether opioid-tolerance affects patient-reported outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
There is a lack of consensus on risk factors that can affect continued opioid use after cervical spine surgery and the influence of opioid use on patient-reported outcomes.

Methods.
Ninety-two patients who underwent ACDF for degenerative cervical pathologies were retrospectively identified and their opioid usage before surgery was investigated using a state-sponsored prescription drug monitoring registry. Opioid-naïve and opioid tolerant groups were defined using criteria most consistent with the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) definition. Patient-reported outcomes were then collected, including the Short Form-12 (SF-12) Physical Component (PCS-12) and Mental Component (MCS-12), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), the Visual Analogue Scale Neck (VAS neck) and the Visual Analogue Scale Arm (VAS Arm) pain scores. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors for prolonged opioid use following ACDF. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to compare change in outcomes over time between the two groups.

Results.
Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that opioid tolerance was a significant predictor for prolonged opioid use after ACDF (odds ratio [OR]: 18.2 [1.46, 226.4], P = 0.02). Duration of usage was also found to be a significant predictor for continued opioid use after surgery (OR: 1.10 [1.0, 1.03], P = 0.03). No other risk factors were found to be significant predictors. Both groups overall experienced improvements in patient-reported outcomes after surgery. Multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for patient demographics, demonstrated that opioid-tolerant user status positively affected change in outcomes over time for NDI (β = −13.7 [−21.8,−5.55], P = 0.002) and PCS-12 (β = 6.99 [2.59, 11.4], P = 0.003) but no other outcomes measured.

Conclusion.
Opioid tolerance was found to be a significant predictor for prolonged opioid use after ACDF. Additionally, opioid-naïve and opioid-tolerant users experienced overall improvements across PROMs following ACDF. Opioid-tolerance was associated with NDI and PCS-12 improvements over time compared to opioid-naïve users.

Level of Evidence: 4
Reliability and Validity of the English Version of the AOSpine PROST (Patient Reported Outcome Spine Trauma)
Authors: Sadiqi Said , Dvorak Marcel F. , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Schroeder Gregory D. , Post Marcel W. , Benneker Lorin M. , Kandziora Frank , Rajasekaran S. , Schnake Klaus J. , Vialle Emiliano N. , Oner F. Cumhur 
Published: April 2020

Study Design.
Multicenter validation study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the AOSpine PROST (Patient Reported Outcome Spine Trauma) into English, and test its psychometric properties among North-American spine trauma patients.

Summary of Background Data.
In the absence of an outcome instrument specifically designed and validated for traumatic spinal column injury patients, it is difficult to measure the effect size of various treatment options. The AOSpine Knowledge Forum Trauma initiated a project and developed the AOSpine PROST consisting of 19 items.

Methods.
Patients were recruited from two level-1 North-American trauma centers. For concurrent validity, next to AOSpine PROST also 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was filled out by patients. Patient characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Floor and ceiling effects as well as the number of inapplicable and missing questions were analyzed for content validity. Cronbach α and item-total correlation coefficients (ITCCs) were calculated for internal consistency. Spearman correlation tests were performed within AOSpine PROST items and in correlation to SF-36. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Factor analysis was performed to explore any dimensions within AOSpine PROST.

Results.
The AOSpine PROST was translated adapted into English using established guidelines. Of 196 enrolled patients, 162 (82.7%) met the inclusion criteria and provided sufficient data. Content validity showed good results, and no floor and ceiling effects were seen. The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach α = 0.97; ITCC 0.50–0.90) as well as test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.97). Spearman correlations were good (0.29–0.85). The strongest correlations of AOSpine PROST with SF-36 were seen with the physical components (0.69–0.82; P < 0.001). Factor analysis revealed two possible dimensions (Eigen values >1), explaining 75.7% of variance.

Conclusion.
The English version of AOSpine PROST showed very good validity and reliability. It is considered as a valuable tool, and has the potential to contribute to the reduction of ongoing controversies in spine trauma care.

Level of Evidence: 2
The Long-term Reoperation Rate Following Surgery for Lumbar Stenosis
Authors: Jung Jong-myung , Chung Chun Kee , Kim Chi Heon , Choi Yunhee , Kim Min-Jung , Yim Dahae , Yang Seung Heon , Lee Chang Hyun , Hwang Sung Hwan , Kim Dong Hwan , Yoon Joon Ho , Park Sung Bae 
Published: April 2020

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study of a nationwide sample database.

Objective.
The objective of the present study was to compare the long-term incidence of reoperation for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) after anterior fusion, posterior fusion, and decompression.

Summary of Background Data.
Surgical treatment for LSS can be largely divided into 2 categories: decompression only and decompression with fusion. A previous nationwide study reported that fusion surgery was performed in 10% of patients with LSS, and the 10-year reoperation rate was approximately 17%. However, with the development of surgical techniques and changes in surgical trends, these results should be reassessed.

Methods.
The National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort of the Republic of Korea was utilized to establish a cohort of adult patients (N = 1400) who first underwent surgery for LSS during 2005 to 2007. Patients were followed for 8 to 10 years. Considering death before reoperation as a competing event, reoperation hazards were compared among surgical techniques using a Fine and Gray regression model after adjustment for sex, age, diabetes, osteoporosis, Charlson comorbidity index, severity of disability, type of medical coverage, and type of hospital.

Results.
The overall cumulative incidence of reoperation was 6.2% at 2 years, 10.8% at 5 years, and 18.4% at 10 years. The cumulative incidence of reoperation was 20.6%, 12.6%, and 18.6% after anterior fusion, posterior fusion, and decompression, respectively, at 10 years postoperatively (P = 0.44). The first surgical technique did not affect the reoperation type (P = 0.27). Decompression was selected as the surgical technique for reoperation in 83.5% of patients after decompression, in 72.7% of patients after anterior fusion, and in 64.3% of patients after posterior fusion.

Conclusion.
The initial surgical technique did not affect reoperation during the 10-year follow-up period. Decompression was the most commonly used technique for reoperation.

Level of Evidence: 4
Advance Directives in the Neurocritically Ill: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sutter Raoul , Meyer-Zehnder Barbara , Baumann Sira M. , Marsch Stephan , Pargger Hans 
Published: April 2020

Objectives:To determine the frequency of advance directives or directives disclosed by healthcare agents and their influence on decisions to withdraw/withhold life-sustaining care in neurocritically ill adults.Data Sources:PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases.Study Selection:Screening was performed using predefined search terms to identify studies describing directives of neurocritically ill patients from 2000 to 2019. The review was registered prior to the screening process (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews identification number 149185).Data Extraction:Data were collected using standardized forms. Primary outcomes were the frequency of directives and associated withholding/withdrawal of life-sustaining care.Data Synthesis:Out of 721 articles, 25 studies were included representing 35,717 patients. The number of studies and cohort sizes increased over time. A median of 39% (interquartile range, 14–72%) of patients had directives and/or healthcare agents. The presence of directives was described in patients with stroke, status epilepticus, neurodegenerative disorders, neurotrauma, and neoplasms, with stroke patients representing the largest subgroup. Directives were more frequent among patients with neurodegenerative disorders compared with patients with other illnesses (p= 0.043). In reference to directives, care was adapted in 71% of European, 50% of Asian, and 42% of American studies, and was withheld or withdrawn more frequently over time with a median of 58% (interquartile range, 39–89%). Physicians withheld resuscitation in reference to directives in a median of 24% (interquartile range, 22–70%).Conclusions:Studies regarding the use and translation of directives in neurocritically ill patients are increasing. In reference to directives, care was adapted in up to 71%, withheld or withdrawn in 58%, and resuscitation was withheld in every fourth patient, but the quality of evidence regarding their effects on critical care remains weak and the risk of bias high. The limited number of patients having directives is worrisome and studies aiming to increase the use and translation of directives are scarce. Efforts need to be made to increase the perception, use, and translation of directives of the neurocritically ill.
Global Contributions and Trends in Research within the Top-ranked Plastic Surgery Journal
Authors: Esmaeeli Shooka , Xu Thomas Q. , Wiegmann Aaron Lee , Jaraczewski Taylor , Seu Michelle , Akin Jennifer , Dorafshar Amir H. 
Published: April 2020

Background:
We aimed to longitudinally study the relative research contributions of US and international plastic surgeons by evaluating publications within the premier plastic surgery journal over the last 2 decades. We hypothesized that even with an increased pressure to publish in this journal, the relative research contributions from American plastic surgeons will continue to be the largest overall and in all subspecialties.

Methods:
Data for the surgical subspecialty, corresponding author’s country of origin, and region were extracted from all original articles in 2 randomly selected monthly issues of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery (PRS) from the last 2 decades to evaluate longitudinal trends. Data were also extracted from all of the original articles published in PRS for the last 3 years to analyze the recent distribution of research output.

Results:
During the last 2 decades, the relative proportion of total original articles written by US authors has increased. They have published proportionally more articles in the Reconstructive and Breast field while publishing relatively less in the hand/peripheral nerve field. From the first decade of analysis, US authors wrote relatively fewer articles in the hand/peripheral nerve field, whereas in the second decade, the US authors wrote relatively fewer articles in the Experimental field. In the last 3 years, US authors published relatively fewer articles in the Experimental and Cosmetic fields.

Conclusions:
Each country’s scientific productivity in PRS is related to funding, interest, patients’ demand, and healthcare market pressure. In this study, we see that these factors influence trends within research publications over the last 2 decades.
Interferon Alfa-2b for Pigmented Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia: A Report of 8 Lesions
Authors: Kaliki Swathi , Sharma Abhimanyu , Vempuluru Vijitha S. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose:
To study the efficacy of interferon alfa-2b (IFN-a2b) on pigmented ocular surface squamous neoplasia (p-OSSN) and assess the resolution of the pigment to the treatment.

Methods:
A retrospective case series of 8 tumors in 7 patients.

Results:
The mean age at diagnosis of p-OSSN was 65 years (median, 61 years; range, 51–84 years), and all patients were men. The mean duration of symptoms was 2 months (median, 1 month; range, 1–4 months). One patient had 2 distinct lesions in the same eye. Tumor epicenter was located at the limbus (n = 5) or bulbar conjunctiva (n = 2). Complexion-associated melanosis was noted in all eyes. The mean basal dimension of the tumor was 8 mm (median, 7 mm; range, 5–12 mm). The mean % of tumor pigmentation was 47% (median, 30%; range, 10%–100%). The treatment details included topical IFN-a2b (n = 1) or a combination of topical and subconjunctival injection of IFN-a2b (n = 7). All patients with p-OSSN showed excellent response to IFN-a2b with complete tumor regression and resolution of tumor-associated pigment with a mean number of 2 subconjunctival IFN-a2b injections (median, 2; range, 0–3) and topical IFN-a2b for an average of 2 months (median, 2 months; range, 1–3 months). There was no change in the complexion-associated melanosis with IFN-a2b.

Conclusions:
IFN-a2b is very effective in the management of p-OSSN. There is a complete resolution of the pigment along with the tumor.