bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auricular neural stimulation as a new non-invasive treatment for opioid detoxification
Authors: Qureshi Imran S. , Datta-Chaudhuri Timir , Tracey Kevin J. , Pavlov Valentin A. , Chen Andrew C. H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe recent opioid crisis is one of the rising challenges in the history of modern health care. New and effective treatment modalities with less adverse effects to alleviate and manage this modern epidemic are critically needed. The FDA has recently approved two non-invasive electrical nerve stimulators for the adjunct treatment of symptoms of acute opioid withdrawal. These devices, placed behind the ear, stimulate certain cranial nerves with auricular projections. This neural stimulation reportedly generates a prompt effect in terms of alleviation of withdrawal symptoms resulting from acute discontinuation of opioid use. Current experimental evidence indicates that this type of non-invasive neural stimulation has excellent potential to supplement medication assisted treatment in opioid detoxification with lower side effects and increased adherence to treatment. Here, we review current findings supporting the use of non-invasive neural stimulation in detoxification from opioid use. We briefly outline the neurophysiology underlying this approach of auricular electrical neural stimulation and its role in enhancing medication assisted treatment in treating symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Considering the growing deleterious impact of addictive disorders on our society, further studies on this emerging treatment modality are warranted.
Changes in the sugars, amino acids and organic acids of postharvest spermine-treated immature vegetable soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Song Jiangfeng , Wu Gang , Li Tao , Liu Chunquan , Li Dajing 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
1H NMR spectroscopy was adopted to determine compositional changes (mainly sugars, organic acids and amino acids) involved in cold-stored immature soybean grains after exogenous spermine treatment. Significant changes of sugars, including sucrose, galactose, myo-inositol, glucose and fructose were detected in soybean after spermine treatment. As for the organic acids related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, the levels of malic and fumaric acids decreased but the level of citric acid increased. However, no significant changes were observed for amino acids in spermine-treated soybeans. By using metabolic profile analysis, a difference was observed between the aging of soybean grains as such and those treated with spermine. This study provides an insight into the accumulation of metabolites in postharvest immature soybeans after exogenous spermine-treatment.

Graphical abstract
Personality disorders in later life: epidemiology, presentation and management
Authors: Bangash Ayesha 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARYDespite the enormous amount of literature on medical care of older people, personality disorders in late life have been given little attention. Clinicians tend not to assign this diagnosis to older adults in view of limited research into, and therefore limited awareness of, this topic. This article aims to promote better understanding of this subject in view of the growing population of older people and hence an expected increase in the number of personality disorder cases.
Stroke in Women
Authors: Christensen Hanne , Bushnell Cheryl 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEWThis article reviews sex differences in stroke risk and presentation, with a particular emphasis on the unique risk factors women experience throughout the lifespan.RECENT FINDINGSAlthough prior studies suggested women have worse outcomes after stroke, it is now clear that age, prestroke functional status, and comorbidities explain many of the differences between men and women in stroke severity, functional outcomes, and mortality. Several meta-analyses and large cohort studies have evaluated the risk factors for women related to reproductive factors and found that fewer years between menarche and menopause, pregnancy complications (preeclampsia/eclampsia, preterm delivery, and stillbirth), oophorectomy, hormone replacement therapy use, and younger age at menopause all increase the risk of stroke. Although the nonreproductive risks of stroke overlap between men and women, those with greater impact on women include age, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, socioeconomic status, and depression.SUMMARYSignificant sex differences are observed in risk factors of stroke and stroke outcome. Including this information in the clinical assessment of the individual patient may support development of more effective prevention plans.
Surgical Approaches to Stroke Risk Reduction
Authors: Waters Michael F. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Surgical vascular intervention is an important tool in reducing the risk of stroke. This article examines the evidence for using the available options.

RECENT FINDINGS
Carotid endarterectomy is an effective treatment option for reducing the risk of stroke in appropriately selected patients. Patients should be stratified for future stroke risk based on both the degree of stenosis and the presence of symptoms referable to the culprit lesion. Carotid stenting is also useful in reducing stroke risk, again in carefully selected patients. Because of the publication of significant data regarding both carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting in the last several years, selection can be far more personalized and refined for individual patients based on demographics, sex, patient preference, and medical comorbidities. Routine extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery remains unproven as a therapeutic option for large vessel occlusion in reducing the incidence of ischemic stroke although some carefully screened patient populations remaining at high risk may benefit; procedural risks and pathology related to alterations in blood flow dynamics are challenges to overcome. Indirect revascularization remains an appropriate solution for carefully selected patients with cerebral large vessel steno-occlusive disease, and multiple variations of surgical technique are patient specific. Indirect revascularization may benefit from clinical trials with larger patient populations for validation in specific pathologies and offers the advantages of lower surgical complication rates and reduced risk of pathologic responses to altered cerebral flow dynamics.

SUMMARY
Surgical solutions to reduce stroke risk provide important alternatives in appropriately selected patients and should be considered in addition to medical management and lifestyle modification for optimizing patient outcomes.
Medical Management for Secondary Stroke Prevention
Authors: Kim Anthony S. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article reviews the evidence base and recommendations for medical management for secondary stroke prevention.

RECENT FINDINGS
Recent developments for secondary stroke prevention include evidence to support the use of short-term dual antiplatelet therapy after minor stroke and transient ischemic attack, direct oral anticoagulants for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, reversal agents for direct oral anticoagulant–associated hemorrhage, and aspirin rather than presumptive anticoagulation with a direct oral anticoagulant for embolic stroke of undetermined source.

SUMMARY
Most strokes are preventable. The mainstays of medical management for secondary stroke prevention include antihypertensive therapy; antithrombotic therapy, with antiplatelet agents for most stroke subtypes or anticoagulants such as warfarin or a direct oral anticoagulant for cardioembolic stroke specifically; cholesterol-lowering therapy, principally with statins, but with potential roles for ezetimibe or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors in selected patients; and glycemic control to prevent microvascular complications from diabetes mellitus or pioglitazone in selected patients with insulin resistance but not diabetes mellitus.
Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Silva Gisele S. , Nogueira Raul G. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article reviews the actual indications for mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke and how the opportunities for endovascular therapy can be expanded by using the concept of clinical-imaging or perfusion-imaging mismatch (as a surrogate for salvageable tissue) rather than time of ischemia.

RECENT FINDINGS
Six randomized controlled trials undoubtedly confirmed the benefits of using endovascular thrombectomy on the clinical outcome of patients with stroke with large vessel occlusion within 6 hours from symptom onset compared with those receiving only standard medical care. In a meta-analysis of individual patient data, the number needed to treat with endovascular thrombectomy to reduce disability by at least one level on the modified Rankin Scale for one patient was 2.6. Recently, the concept of “tissue window” versus time window has proved useful for selecting patients for mechanical thrombectomy up to 24 hours from symptom onset. The DAWN (DWI or CTP Assessment With Clinical Mismatch in the Triage of Wake-Up and Late Presenting Strokes Undergoing Neurointervention) trial included patients at a median of 12.5 hours from onset and showed the largest effect in functional outcome ever described in any acute stroke treatment trial (35.5% increase in functional independence). In DEFUSE 3 (Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution 3), patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy at a median of 11 hours after onset had a 28% increase in functional independence and an additional 20% absolute reduction in death or severe disability.

SUMMARY
For patients with acute ischemic stroke and a large vessel occlusion in the proximal anterior circulation who can be treated within 6 hours of stroke symptom onset, mechanical thrombectomy with a second-generation stent retriever or a catheter aspiration device should be indicated regardless of whether the patient received treatment with intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in patients with limited signs of early ischemic changes on neuroimaging. Two clinical trials completely disrupted the time window concept in acute ischemic stroke, showing excellent clinical outcomes in patients treated up to 24 hours from symptom onset. Time of ischemia is, on average, a good biomarker for tissue viability; however, the window of opportunity for treatment varies across different individuals because of a range of compensatory mechanisms. Adjusting time to the adequacy of collateral flow leads to the concept of tissue window, a paradigm shift in stroke reperfusion therapy.
What is known about the protective factors that promote LGBTI+ youth wellbeing? A scoping review protocol
Authors: Ceatha Nerilee , Bustillo Marta , Tully Louise , James Oscar , Crowley Des 
Published: March 2020

Background: There is much concern at the substantial vulnerabilities experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI+) youth as a consequence of discrimination, stigmatisation and marginalisation. Recent research highlights the importance of understanding factors that can promote wellbeing for this population. This paper presents a protocol for a scoping review which aims to systematically map and synthesise the extent and nature of the peer-reviewed, published academic literature on the protective factors that promote wellbeing for sexual and gender minority young people. Methods: In accordance with the methodological framework for scoping reviews, the following six stages will be undertaken: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting the data, (5) collating, summarising and reporting results and (6) consultation. The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation will be used throughout the review process. Key inclusion criteria will use the Population, Concept, Context approach, with two reviewers independently conducting the screening and extraction stages across five databases. Identified protective factors will be collated, summarised and categorised iteratively by one reviewer in consultation with the review team. Stakeholder consultation is a key strength of the scoping review process and will be complemented by the public patient involvement of LGBTI+ young people with expertise by experience. Conclusions: The scoping review has the potential to inform policy, practice and future research through enhanced understandings of the complex interplay of factors that promote wellbeing for sexual and gender minority youth. This first stage of the research process will inform the development of a larger research project. The findings will be disseminated through a peer reviewed publication, a conference presentation and by sharing the findings with key stakeholders, including LGBTI+ young people.
Role of food and nutrition and prevention in pathogenesis of the arterial occlusive disease
Authors: Reba Patricia 
Published: March 2020

Admission Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of complex etiopathogenesis. Improper diet, genetic predisposition, lack of physical activity, and smoking are just a few of the major factors contributing to the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Diet in atherosclerosis, treatment is based. Antiatherosclerotic diet is one of many components, which should provide not only the treatment of such a state, but primarily prevention. Accordingly, balanced nutrition regimen can reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Limiting the intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids allows for inhibiting the development of atherosclerotic plaque.AimThe aim of the study is to analyze the role of food and nutrition in the prevention and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis of the lower extremities.Material and methodsA review of available literature.Results Adequate intake of potassium in the diet contributes significantly to reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Potassium determines many important functions in the body.Due to the fact that the monounsaturated fatty acids reduce LDL cholesterol levels, the proportion should be in the diet increased to 15% and for the secondary prevention of up to 20%. In the prevention of atherosclerosis is very important to maintain an appropriate ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 ratio is absolutely should be no more than 4. It is extremely important in the diet because distorted value for the benefit of omega-6 favors the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.respective supply of carbohydrates also has a huge impact on the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The recommended amount of antiatherosclerotic dietary up to 60% provided that the people do not apply to such ailments as hypertension, overweight or obesity, elevated fasting blood sugar levels, decreased HDL cholesterol and elevated triglycerides.ConclusionsGeneral nutritional recommendations play the role of a signpost, which you should use expecting to improve health. It should be noted, however, that is not all. Nutritional prevention is significant, but equally important is lifestyle modification. Atherosclerotic diet is an important part of the treatment of the disease and prevent further growth of atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerosis requires the use of low-fat diet that is necessary to beat high blood cholesterol levels.
Targeted therapy in age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Authors: Szumna Klaudia Daria , Piędel Faustyna , Rocka Agata Agnieszka , Madras Dominika Katarzyna , Jasielski Patryk Piotr 
Published: March 2020

Introduction and purpose: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in highly developed countries, with blindness frequency of 8.7%. This article is a review of the latest therapeutic options for AMD.A brief description of the state of knowledge: AMD is a multifactorial disease which etiology is not completely understood. Its development is affected by disorders at the cellular level, environmental and genetic factors. Intraocular injections of anti-VEGF agents are currently considered as the basis of AMD neovascular treatment. In the search for better and better therapeutic agents, the effects of administration of bevacizumab and ranizumab were tested. Many clinical studies confirm long-term and effective improvement in patients' vision after using the above-mentioned drugs, indicating that the initial response to treatment and the persistence of the therapeutic effect is individually variable and may be associated with genotypic difference. Another promising alternative to AMD treatment is the use of specific viral vectors that transfer substances slowing down the disease into the vitreous. Another method of gene therapy is the use of HIF transcription factors (hypoxia-induced factors), for now, the research is performed on animal models. Patients with dry AMD also have a chance for successful treatment. Examined gene therapy in dry form of AMD, including retinal surgery combined with viral vector injection, is in I/II phase study in Great Britain. Conclusions: Looking at the number of blindness cases in highly developed countries caused by AMD, every effort should be made to introduce effective treatment that at least inhibits disease progression. Undoubtedly, more research is needed to confirm the efficacy and long-term safety of AMD.
Targeted therapy with Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumours
Authors: Piędel Faustyna , Rocka Agata Agnieszka , Szumna Klaudia Daria , Madras Dominika Katarzyna , Jasielski Patryk Piotr 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: According to the National Cancer Register in Poland, the number of cancers including breast cancers has more than doubled in the past three decades. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors lead to the death of cells with a BRCA1/2 mutation. The use of PARP inhibitors has increased significantly over the last 5 years.Objective: This article summarizes the current knowledge about the safety and clinical efficacy of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors.Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: PARP inhibitors have been used in the standard treatment of ovarian cancer. Three of them: Olaparyb, Rucaparyb and Niraparyb have indications for maintenance treatment in recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Olaparib and Weliparib are used to treat breast cancer patients. Research shows that the use of Olaparib in breast cancer patients has reduced tumours size as much as around 60% of women with BRCA mutation. The combination of veloparin with carbolatin and paclitaxel was associated with a longer mean survival period than chemotherapy alone in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).In addition, there are studies showing the benefits of PARP inhibitor therapy in prostate cancer. Olaparyb in combination with abiraterone shows greater clinical efficacy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer compared alone abiraterone.Conclusions: FDA approval of new PARP inhibitors is a promising method for more effective treatment of the most common cancers in the world. In the future further research may lead to a better definition of the patient group benefiting most from PARP inhibitor therapy.
The Guidance and Sports Development Achievements in Sragen Regency Based Local Excellence
Authors: Sulistiyo Sulistiyo , Kristiyanto Agus , Purnama Sapta Kunta 
Published: March 2020

This research attempts to find out the government Sragen Regency on implementing Law No. 3 in 2005 chapter 34 about the district/city government is obliged to manage at least one superior sports national and/or international standard. This research using the methodology descriptive qualitative. Research data sources such as 2 employees DISPORA, 2 employees KONI Sragen Regency, 2 athletes and 2 coach. Data collection techniques using interviews. Data analysis techniques use descriptive analysis. Based on the results of research can be concluded as follows: (1) the district government Sragen not implement Law No. 3 in 2005 Chapter 34, (2) KONI not focus on 1 superior sports, KONI focusing on the main tasks KONI to improve performance, (3) Executive power in increasing the achievement is coach, (4) Funding from KONI 85% directed to the development of sport and DISPORA direct funding for sports competition, (5) Infrastructures in condition enabling, (6) Coaching done through P3B program (Nursery Sustainable Development Program) and Prosukma (Gold Sukowati Program).
Assessing College Students’ Knowledge and Misconceptions Concerning the Ebola Virus
Authors: Miller Michele , Romine William 
Published: March 2020

<p style="text-align:justify">As we have seen from the current COVID-19 pandemic, misconceptions concerning viruses can lead to disease spread and panic. Therefore, it is imperative to determine misconceptions held concerning epidemics and pandemics. One virus that warrants study of misconceptions, albeit given limited attention in the West, is the Ebola virus. An assessment of college students’ knowledge and misconceptions about the Ebola virus was created and validated using data from 203 non-science majors at a Midwestern United States university. The data were analyzed using both classical and Rasch measurement methods to make a case for the validity of the assessment and to explore students’ misconceptions. The assessment was shown to be a valid and useful measure for students’ knowledge and misconceptions concerning Ebola. Integrating a confidence scale into students’ responses made the scale more reliable and assisted in identifying students’ tenacious misconceptions. Students displayed multiple misconceptions about viruses, including confusion between the characteristics of viruses and prokaryotes. Students also displayed misconceptions about Ebola itself, including the overestimation of the number of Ebola strains and the number of patients who experience massive blood loss, misunderstandings about the incubation period, and overestimation of the mortality in comparison to other diseases like Influenza and Anthrax. This assessment can be used as a starting point in future studies to determine what misconceptions people have about Ebola and which types of educational and behavioral interventions need to be undertaken.</p>
Reference-frame-independent, measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution using fewer quantum states
Authors: Lee Donghwa , Hong Seongjin , Cho Young-Wook , Lim Hyang-Tag , Han Sang-Wook , Jung Hojoong , Moon Sung , Lee Kwang Jo , Kim Yong-Su 
Published: March 2020

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution (RFI-QKD) provides a practical way to generate secret keys between two remote parties without sharing common reference frames. On the other hand, measurement-device-independent QKD (MDI-QKD) offers a high level of security, as it is immune to all quantum hacking attempts to measurement devices. The combination of these two QKD protocols, i.e., RFI-MDI-QKD, is one of the most fascinating QKD protocols, since it holds advantages of both practicality and security. For further practicality of RFI-MDI-QKD, it is beneficial to reduce the implementation complexity. Here, we show that RFI-MDI-QKD can be implemented using fewer quantum states than those of its original proposal. We find that, in principle, the number of quantum states for one of the parties can be reduced from six to three without compromising security. Compared to conventional RFI-MDI-QKD where both parties transmit six quantum states, it significantly simplifies the implementation of the QKD protocol. We also verify the feasibility of the scheme with a proof-of-principle experiment.