bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio‐temporal calibration of Hargreaves‐Samani model to estimate reference evapotranspiration across U.S. High Plains
Authors: Kukal M.S. , Irmak S. , Walia H. , Odhiambo L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTemperature‐based grass‐reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation methods (e.g., Hargreaves−Samani [HS] model) present advantages over combination‐based methods that require full‐suite weather data. The U.S. High Plains region has scarce and short‐term full‐suite weather sites. This data scarcity presents challenges for combination‐based ETo estimation. The performance of HS model against the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standardized Penman−Monteith (PM) model was assessed using long‐term data at 124 full‐suite weather sites across nine states in the U.S. High Plains. The HS model underestimated ETo at arid (mean bias error [MBE] = −1.68 mm d−1), semi‐arid (MBE = −0.34 mm d−1), and dry subhumid sites (MBE = −0.16 mm d−1) and overestimated ETo at humid sites (MBE = 0.14 mm d−1). There was a significant relationship (p < .01) between HS model performance and aridity index. The HS model performed better (27% lower root mean squared difference [RMSD]) in summer months than the rest of the year at semi‐arid and dry subhumid sites. The model performance was non‐ideal during the summer months in subhumid climates. Spatio‐temporal annual zonal (climate division), monthly zonal, annual site‐specific, and monthly site‐specific calibration resulted in 12, 16, 20, and 26% reduction in RMSD and 11, 16, 17, and 23% reduction in relative error, respectively. Monthly site‐specific calibration performed the best and was used to quantify annual and growing season ETo across the region. The research characterized performance patterns of the HS model over an important agroecosystem‐dominated region. Practical data‐driven strategies were proposed to better estimate PM ETo using limited weather data at any given site (with similar aridity) and time of the year.
Variation of bony labyrinthine morphology in Mio−Plio−Pleistocene and modern anthropoids
Authors: Morimoto Naoki , Kunimatsu Yutaka , Nakatsukasa Masato , Ponce de León Marcia S. , Zollikofer Christoph P. E. , Ishida Hidemi , Sasaki Tomohiko , Suwa Gen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe bony labyrinth of the inner ear has special relevance when tracking phenotypic evolution because it is often well preserved in fossil and modern primates. Here we track the evolution of the bony labyrinth of anthropoid primates during the Mio−Plio−Pleistocene—the time period that gave rise to the extant great apes and humans.Materials and MethodsWe use geometric morphometrics to analyze labyrinthine morphology in a wide range of extant and fossil anthropoids, including New World and Old World monkeys, apes, and humans; fossil taxa are represented by Aegyptopithecus, Microcolobus, Epipliopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Oreopithecus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Homo.ResultsOur results show that the morphology of the anthropoid bony labyrinth conveys a statistically significant phylogenetic signal especially at the family level. The bony labyrinthine morphology of anthropoids is also in part associated with size, but does not cluster by locomotor adaptations. The Miocene apes examined here, regardless of inferred locomotor behaviors, show labyrinthine morphologies distinct from modern great apes.DiscussionOur results suggest that labyrinthine variation contains mixed signals and alternative explanations need to be explored, such as random genetic drift and neutral phenotypic evolution, as well as developmental constraints. The observed pattern in fossil and extant hominoids also suggests that an additional factor, for example, prenatal brain development, could have potentially had a larger role in the evolutionary modification of the bony labyrinth than hitherto recognized.
Successful treatment with artificial pancreas for a patient who attempted suicide using a high‐dose insulin s.c. injection
Authors: Sakurai Toshihiro , Harada Masahiro , Takahashi Takeshi 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundArtificial pancreas is usually used to manage hyperglycemia. We controlled prolonged hypoglycemia induced by insulin overdose using artificial pancreas.Case PresentationA 56‐year‐old female patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to the emergency department after overdosing on 1,800 units each of insulin aspart and insulin degludec. She had also ingested 2 weeks of anti‐anxiety medication. When the patient arrived at the hospital, her blood glucose level was 30 mg/dL and she was in a coma. Artificial pancreas (STG‐55; Nikkiso, Tokyo, Japan) was used to control blood glucose levels because we were unable to predict the duration or degree of hypoglycemia. Blood glucose levels were safely controlled without the development of hypo‐ or hyperglycemia. Finally, the patient was discharged without any complications on day 7.ConclusionThe STG‐55 artificial pancreas was very useful and convenient for controlling blood glucose levels in our insulin overdose patient.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of a Hypervalent‐Iodine‐Based Nitrooxylating Reagent
Authors: Calvo Roxan , Le Tellier Antoine , Nauser Thomas , Rombach David , Nater Darryl , Katayev Dmitry 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHerein, the synthesis and characterization of a hypervalent‐iodine‐based reagent that enables a direct and selective nitrooxylation of enolizable C−H bonds to access a broad array of organic nitrate esters is reported. This compound is bench stable, easy‐to‐handle, and delivers the nitrooxy (‐ONO2) group under mild reaction conditions. Activation of the reagent by Brønsted and Lewis acids was demonstrated in the synthesis of nitrooxylated β‐keto esters, 1,3‐diketones, and malonates, while its activity under photoredox catalysis was shown in the synthesis of nitrooxylated oxindoles. Detailed mechanistic studies including pulse radiolysis, Stern–Volmer quenching studies, and UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry reveal a unique single‐electron‐transfer (SET)‐induced concerted mechanistic pathway not reliant upon generation of the nitrate radical.
Prognostic values of the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: A SEER database analysis
Authors: Jin Di , Jin Kun , Qiu Shi , Zhou Xianghong , Yuan Qiming , Yang Lu , Wei Qiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeTo study prognostic values of the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) of the urinary bladder.MethodWe used the national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004‐2016) to compare MPUC with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and to investigate prognostic values of clinicopathological characteristics, as well as survival outcomes, in MPUC of the urinary bladder. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, subgroup analyses, and propensity score matching were used.ResultsIn all, 519 patients with MPUC and 154 453 patients with TCC were enrolled. Compared with TCC, patients with MPUC had a higher rate of muscle invasive disease (P < .001), lymph node metastasis (P < .001), and distal metastasis (P < .001), as well as higher tumor grade (P < .001). According to the survival analyses, the MPUC group also had lower survival probability in both cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) (P < .0001) and overall mortality (OM) analyses (P < .0001). Cox proportional hazard regression showed that the MPUC group had a higher risk of OM (hazard ratios [HR] = 1.39, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.22‐1.57, P < .0001), although the CSM (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.00‐1.40, P = .0505) in that group was fair. In the subgroup analysis, only MPUC patients without distal metastasis faced a higher risk of CSM (HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.101.61, P < .0001).ConclusionsMicropapillary urothelial carcinoma prognosis is poorer than that of TCC. Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma is an independent prognostic factor for OM in patients with urinary bladder cancer.
Numerical and Experimental Study on Mixing in Chaotic Micromixers with Crossing Structures
Authors: Fuwad Ahmed , Hossain Shakhawat , Ryu Hyunil , Ansari Mubashshir Ahmad , Khan Muhammad Saiful Islam , Kim Kwang-Yong , Jeon Tae-Joon , Kim Sun Min 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTwo chaotic micromixers (Models A and B) based on the split‐and‐recombine principle using multilayer microchannels are proposed and the mixing performance was analyzed numerically and experimentally for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The fluid flow and mixing performance were numerically analyzed by solving Navier‐Stokes equations. Micromixers were fabricated using a soft‐lithography technique. As working fluids, water and a dye/water mixture were used. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed using confocal scanning microscopy and image processing techniques. The micromixers could enhance the mixing performance by expanding the interfaces between the working fluids to be mixed. The results confirm the superior mixing index of Model B compared to that of Model A.
Chemical Looping Steam Methane Reforming via Ni‐ferrite Supported on Cerium and Zirconium Oxides
Authors: Garai Mohammad Hadi Safari , Khosravi-Nikou Mohammad Reza , Shariati Ahmad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPure hydrogen was produced by means of chemical looping steam methane reforming with novel oxygen carriers. Ni‐ferrite, Ni‐ferrite‐ZrO2, and Ni‐ferrite‐CeO2 were synthesized as oxygen carriers and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and hydrogen temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR). The performances of the as‐synthesized oxygen carriers in the cyclic oxidation‐reduction were investigated in the packed‐bed microreactor at a defined temperature range and under atmospheric pressure. Ni0.39Fe2.61O4‐ZrO2 exhibited the best performance and maximum methane conversion among the other oxygen carriers. In addition, high selectivities for H2 and CO were reached.
Atomization and Mixing Characteristics of Swirl‐Flow Atomizers in the Refining Industry
Authors: Jin Haozhe , Xu Henghui , Yu Chenyang , Liu Xiaofei , Wang Chao , Ou Guofu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSwirl atomizers are commonly used by refining and chemical companies to wash out ammonium chloride deposits. Experiments and numerical simulation were performed to investigate the atomization and mixing characteristics of swirl atomizers. The volume‐of‐fluid Lagrangian method was applied in the simulation, and its results were compared with experimental data to validate its accuracy. Results demonstrated that the entrainment effect of the airflow changed the atomization angle and coverage area of water. Momentum exchanges between water and airflow promoted the fracture of liquid membranes and formed small droplets.
Differential Effects of Nitrogen Substitution in 5‐ and 6‐Membered Aromatic Motifs
Authors: Levandowski Brian J. , Abularrage Nile S. , Raines Ronald T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Ronald T. Raines at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The image depicts the consequence of replacing carbon with nitrogen in aromatic systems, represented by Kekulé’s allegorical snake. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202000825.
Transformation of COUPY Fluorophores into a Novel Class of Visible‐Light‐Cleavable Photolabile Protecting Groups
Authors: López‐Corrales Marta , Rovira Anna , Gandioso Albert , Bosch Manel , Nonell Santi , Marchán Vicente 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) have found widespread applications in several fields of chemistry, biology and materials science, there is a growing interest in expanding the photochemical toolbox to overcome some of the limitations of classical caging groups. In this work, the synthesis of a new class of visible‐light‐sensitive PPGs based on low‐molecular weight COUPY fluorophores with several attractive properties, including long‐wavelength absorption, is reported. Besides being stable to spontaneous hydrolysis in the dark, COUPY‐based PPGs can be efficiently photoactivated with yellow (560 nm) and red light (620 nm) under physiological‐like conditions, thereby offering the possibility of unmasking functional groups from COUPY photocages under irradiation conditions in which other PPGs remain stable. Additionally, COUPY photocages exhibit excellent cellular uptake and accumulate selectively in mitochondria, opening the door to the delivery of caged analogues of biologically active compounds into these organelles.
A multicountry assessment in Eurasia: Alignment of physician perspectives on palliative care integration in pediatric oncology with World Health Organization guidelines
Authors: Ehrlich Bella S. , Movsisyan Narine , Batmunkh Tsetsegsaikhan , Kumirova Ella , Borisevich Marina V. , Kirgizov Kirill , Graetz Dylan E. , McNeil Michael J. , Yakimkova Taisiya , Vinitsky Anna , Ferrara Gia , Li Chen , Lu Zhaohua , Kaye Erica C. , Baker Justin N. , Agulnik Asya ,   for the ADAPT Research Group
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) advocates for early integration of palliative care for all children with life‐threatening illness. Provider awareness and misperceptions, however, can impede this imperative. In the Eurasian region, little is known about physician knowledge and perspectives on palliative care.MethodsThe Assessing Doctors' Attitudes on Palliative Treatment survey was developed as an evidence‐based and culturally relevant assessment of physician perceptions on palliative care integration into childhood cancer care in Eurasia. Iteratively tested by American and Eurasian palliative care experts, the survey was culturally adapted, translated, and piloted in English, Russian, and Mongolian. The survey was distributed to physicians caring for children with cancer. Fifteen statements were scored in accordance with WHO guidelines to evaluate provider knowledge. The statistical analysis was complemented by a qualitative analysis of open‐ended responses.ResultsThis study received 424 responses from 11 countries in Eurasia. The mean alignment between provider perspectives and WHO recommendations was 70% (range, 7%‐100%). Significant independent predictors of higher alignment included country, prior palliative care education, and greater experience with patient death. Respondents primarily described palliative care as end‐of‐life care and symptom management. Two‐thirds of respondents (67%) reported not feeling confident about delivering at least 1 component of palliative care.ConclusionsThis is the first study assessing physician perspectives and knowledge of palliative care in Eurasia and reveals wide variability in alignment with WHO guidelines and limited confidence in providing palliative care. Study findings will inform targeted educational interventions, which must be tailored to the local political, economic, and cultural context.
Insulin resistance and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative
Authors: Pan Kathy , Chlebowski Rowan T. , Mortimer Joanne E. , Gunther Marc J. , Rohan Thomas , Vitolins Mara Z. , Adams‐Campbell Lucile L. , Ho Gloria Y. F. , Cheng Ting‐Yuan David , Nelson Rebecca A. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundInsulin resistance is associated with higher all‐cause and cancer‐specific mortality in postmenopausal women. However, to the authors' knowledge, information regarding insulin resistance and breast cancer mortality risk is limited. Therefore, the authors examined associations between insulin resistance and breast cancer incidence and mortality in a subsample of Women's Health Initiative participants.MethodsA total of 22,837 postmenopausal women with fasting baseline glucose and insulin levels were followed for incident breast cancer and breast cancer mortality. Breast cancers were verified by medical record review and serial National Death Index linkage–enhanced mortality findings. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for quartile comparisons. Outcomes included breast cancer incidence, deaths from breast cancer, and deaths after breast cancer (breast cancer followed by death from any cause).ResultsDuring a median of 19.8 years of follow‐up of 1328 breast cancer cases, there were 512 deaths reported, 151 of which were from breast cancer. Breast cancer incidence was higher in women in the highest HOMA‐IR quartile (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.12‐1.61 [P for trend = .003]). Although HOMA‐IR was not found to be associated with risk of death from breast cancer (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.60‐1.79), women in the highest versus those in the lowest HOMA‐IR quartile were at a higher risk of death after breast cancer (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.32‐2.39 [P for trend <.001]).ConclusionsHigher levels of insulin resistance in postmenopausal women are associated with higher breast cancer incidence and higher all‐cause mortality after breast cancer.
Automated Synthesis and Purification of Guanidine‐Backbone Oligonucleotides
Authors: Skakuj Kacper , Bujold Katherine E. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis protocol describes a method based on iodine and a base as mild coupling reagents to synthetize deoxyribonucleic guanidines (DNGs)—oligodeoxynucleotide analogues with a guanidine backbone. DNGs display unique properties, such as high cellular uptake with low toxicity and increased stability against nuclease degradation, but have been impeded in their development by the requirement for toxic and iterative manual synthesis protocols. The novel synthesis method reported here eliminates the need for the toxic mercuric chloride and pungent thiophenol that were critical to previous DNG synthesis methods and translates their synthesis to a MerMadeTM12 automated oligonucleotide synthesizer. This method can be used to synthesize DNG strands up to 20 bases in length, along with 5′‐DNG‐DNA‐3′ chimeras, at 1‐ to 5‐μmol scales in a fully automated manner. We also present detailed and accessible instructions to adapt the MerMadeTM12 oligonucleotide synthesizer to enable the parallel synthesis of DNG and DNA/RNA oligonucleotides. Because DNG linkages alter the overall charge of the oligonucleotides, we also describe purification strategies to generate oligonucleotides with varying lengths and numbers of DNGs, based on extraction or preparative‐scale gel electrophoresis, along with methods to characterize the final products. Overall, this article provides an overview of the synthesis, purification, and handling of DNGs and mixed‐charge DNG‐DNA oligonucleotides. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of a MerMadeTMsynthesizer for guanidine couplingsBasic Protocol 2: Synthesis of DNG strands on a MerMadeTMsynthesizerBasic Protocol 3: Purification of DNG strands using preparative acetic acid urea (AU) PAGEBasic Protocol 4: Characterization of DNG strands using MALDI‐TOF MSBasic Protocol 5: Characterization of DNG strands using AU PAGESupport Protocol 1: Synthesis of initiator‐functionalized CPGSupport Protocol 2: Synthesis of thiourea monomer
Toward a Consolidated Lignin Biorefinery: Preserving the Lignin Structure through Additive‐Free Protection Strategies
Authors: Karlsson Maria , Giummarella Nicola , Lindén Pär A. , Lawoko Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs part of the continuing efforts in lignin‐first biorefinery concepts, this study concerns a consolidated green processing approach to obtain high yields of hemicelluloses and lignin with a close to native molecular structure, leaving a fiber fraction enriched in crystalline cellulose. This is done by subcritical water extraction of hemicelluloses followed by organosolv lignin extraction. This initial report focuses on a detailed characterization of the lignin component, with the aim of unravelling processing strategies for the preservation of the native linkages while still obtaining good yields and high purity. To this effect, a static cycle process is developed as a physical protection strategy for lignin, and advanced NMR analysis is applied to study structural changes in lignin. Chemical protection mechanisms in the cyclic method are also reported and contrasted with the mechanisms in a reference batch extraction process where the role of homolytic cleavage in subsequent repolymerization reactions is elucidated.
Development of noise correction method of environmental magnetic field with reference magnetic sensor for magnetocardiography
Authors: Ogata Kuniomi , Kandori Akihiko 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn recent years, a magnetocardiography (MCG) with superconducting quantum interference device with noise level of 50 fT/√ Hz is used for arrhythmia diagnosis. The MCG is usually installed in a multilayered magnetically shielded room (MSR). In the MCG close to some magnetic noise sources like direct current (dc)‐electrified railway, the MCG can stably measure the magnetic field by increasing the number of layers of MSR. However, increasing the number of layers in the MSR increases the cost and weight. We developed the method to correct the environmental magnetic field (EMF) in the MCG that considers the reduction response of each EMF reduction technology of the MCG including the MSR by referring to the signal measured by the reference magnetic sensor outside the MSR. The effect of the correction was evaluated for each channel of the MCG by using the EMF signal from the dc‐electrified railway as the magnetic noise source. The average value of the correction effect was 18.1 dB, the standard deviation (SD) was 4.1 dB, and the 2SD range was from 9.8 to 26.4 dB. From these results, it is suggested that the developed method has the possibility to improve the EMF in the MCG by more than 9 dB.
Transcriptional meta‐analysis of regulatory B cells
Authors: Dubois Florian , Limou Sophie , Chesneau Mélanie , Degauque Nicolas , Brouard Sophie , Danger Richard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRegulatory B cells (Bregs) have the ability to regulate inflammation in various pathological situations, making them key players in immune regulation. Several mechanisms have been described and we recently identified a GZMB expressing Breg population in kidney transplanted patients who tolerate a kidney graft. To further investigate their biology and mechanisms, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis by RNAseq of these cells and we performed the first weighted meta‐analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data from published Breg studies both in humans and mice. We identified two distinct and unique transcriptional signatures of 126 and 93 genes, respectively, associated with these Bregs. While we highlighted genes coding for proteins with potent involvement in regulatory functions, proliferation, and coding for transcription factors, the comparison between humans and mice did not allow identifying a common pattern. Thus, our results suggest distinct species‐restricted Breg transcriptional signatures in humans and mice.