bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent and non-solvent selection for the chemical recycling of waste Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) metallized film packaging materials
Authors: Gorre Regino C. , Tumolva Terence P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A solvent and non-solvent selection method for the chemical recycling through selective dissolution and precipitation of multi-component waste metallized film wrapper is studied to recover Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), and the metal film separately. Pre-selection of solvent for dissolution and non-solvent for precipitation is based on the similarity and compatibility of polymer and solvent molecules measured in terms of solubility parameter and calculated using group contribution approach through Hoftyzer and Van Krevelen method. Toxicity, cost, and availability of the solvent are also considered on the selection. A Hansen sphere model is developed for the prediction of polymer solubility in which p-cymene, a low-cost and naturally derived solvent is chosen as solvent and acetone as non-solvent. PE was first recovered through dissolution at a given temperature, followed by precipitation. PP which remained undissolved together with the metal film was extracted through the same technique but with different dissolution temperature. FTIR spectra of the recovered polymers showed similarity compared to virgin PE and PP films. The melting point of the recovered PE and PP using p-cymene determined in the DSC curves were 107.37 °C and 164.55 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the simplicity of the process, high recovery yield obtained, and the application of p-cymene would make the recycling economical and environment-friendly.
A deformation-based approach to the SoH estimation of collided lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Jian , Liu Xiangyang , Simeone Alessandro , Lv Dian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Extensive research work has been carried out mainly focusing on the assessment and prediction of battery cell State of Health (SoH) under operating conditions, however limited contributions focus on SoH following collision impacts. This paper proposes a method for estimating the battery cell SoH from collision deformation features. Experimental tests of collision impact were designed and realized on brand new battery cells to investigate deformation features. Deformed battery cells were subject to a 3D scanning procedure to retrieve the contour data, subsequently a number of geometrical features were extracted from the 3D image instances. The battery cells damage characterization was carried out by characterizing both physical and electrical performances following the collision impact tests. An intelligent assessment was carried out by adopting a neural network-based supervised machine learning paradigm for classification of deformed battery cells into safe, latent danger and unsafe cells respectively. Training and testing results show a clear pattern between geometrical deformation features and battery cells SoH, with classification accuracy up to 96.7% demonstrating the suitability of the proposed method for an effective assessment. Within electric vehicles applications, such method can provide a basis for safety design enhancement of lithium-ion battery system via finite element simulation of collisions impacts.
Application of 3D laser scanning technology for preservation and monitoring of Thai pagoda: A case study of Wat Krachee Ayutthaya
Authors: Sairuamyat Phasu , Mahasuwanchai Peerasit , Athisakul Chainarong , Leelataviwat Sutat , Chucheepsakul Somchai 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
3D laser scanning technology is one of the current technologies for developing a sustainable and smart city. This technology is applied to obtain the three-dimensional information of building in digital format. To preserve the historic structure, the current structural information is required for structural assessment, monitoring, and conservation planning. The data obtained by the 3D laser scanner is normally used to generate the three-dimensional point cloud data of the building surface. The high-density point cloud data represented the dimension, shape, and size of the building in the current state can be acquired in more accurate and faster than another technique. This paper aims to present the application of 3D laser scanning technology for preservation and monitoring of heritage pagoda in Thailand. The pagoda of Wat Krachee located in Ayutthaya province of Thailand was selected as a case study. The results obtained in this study are a part of Wat Krachee conservation project, which is led by UNESCO Bangkok and the Fine Arts Department, Thailand. One of the challenges in Wat Krachee project is how to preserve the masonry pagoda with two intertwined trees growing inside and become a part of pagoda structure. The terrestrial 3D laser scanner was applied to develop the digital data documentation and 3D model of pagoda in the current state. The 3D survey work has been started since February 2018. The analysis of data obtained in February 2018, Mar 2018, July 2018, and July 2019 was carried out. The significant dimensions and deformation of pagoda are monitored. According to the results, it is found that the 3D laser scanning technology is very effective for assessment and monitoring. The 3D point cloud model obtained in this study can be used to develop the assume original model of the Wat Krachee pagoda, which is the inverted bell-shape with a square base.
Modified sugarcane bagasse as effective biosorbent for copper ions removal
Authors: Yam Ken Yip , Chong Woon Chan , Chung Ying Tao 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a cheap and effective biosorbent was used for copper ions (Cu(II)) removal and modification was performed on SCB with HCl chemical washing and mercerization with strong NaOH in order to improve the removal capability of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The effects of three influencing parameters including pH, temperature and initial metal ion concentration on Cu(II) adsorption were investigated for both untreated and modified SCB samples (U-SCB, HCl-SCB and M-SCB). The maximum removal efficiency obtained in the experiments was 98.75% for HCl-SCB while M-SCB was 93.1% at pH 5 with an initial metal ion concentration of 10 mg L−1. Four isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm were used to describe the adsorption process of Cu(II) ions for each SCB sample. Among these four isotherms, the experimental data was best fitted to Langmuir isotherm with R2 above 0.95. Based on the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 0.523, 2.006 and 0.938 for U-SCB, HCl-SCB and M-SCB. It was concluded that the modification performed on SCB with HCl was able to improve the removal efficiency of Cu(II) from 71.6% up to 98.75%.
Development of wireless data acquisition system for soil monitoring
Authors: Tolentino Efren Victor N. , Andaya Vrigitte S. , Cristobal Geanne Andrea G. , Ongtengco Ryle S. , Rosal Angelica A. , Ruzol Erich B. , Sacramento John Carlo A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Agriculture is getting more inclined with modern technology. Automatic dataacquisition of soil condition with the help of a sensor lessens the time and manual work in testing a soil if it is suitable for planting. However, soil characteristic changes periodically. Thus, determining the macronutrients present in the soil is always a challenge for the currently available sensors because most of them can only get and give one or two information from the soil simultaneously. This research focused on the development of a digital single probe sensor to monitor the macronutrient contents of the soil, i.e. nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; and potassium, K. Moreover, the soil’s temperature, moisture, and pH level were also monitored. In order to obtain the N-P-K content, a rod electrode or probe, which produces electrical potential in response to the reading, was utilized. The electrical conductivity of the soil provides the N-P-K values and the electrical resistivity of the soil gives the soil’s pH and moisture content. A canister for storing and releasing the reagents to enhance the sensor’s conductivity is installed and once the probe is injected in the soil, a button can be pressed to release the reagents to the soil. Moreover, a Wi-Fi module was installed in order for the user to monitor the data collected by the device. The calculated percentage error of the device in monitoring soil fertility is 12%.
Energy sustainability and industry 4.0
Authors: Ng Tan Ching , Ghobakhloo Morteza 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The world is witnessing the fourth industrial revolution, as known as Industry 4.0, which integrates advanced manufacturing and operations techniques with the most recent digital and information technologies to create dynamic, interconnected, and smart manufacturing ecosystems. The underlying components of Industry 4.0 such as smart factories and technology trends also need an ever-increasing powering, and energy sustainability has strong ties to Industry 4.0. The Industry 4.0 offer numerous opportunities for energy sustainability, and the present research applies the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) not only to model the Industry 4.0 functions for energy efficiency but also sustainability. With the mentioned methodology, the research performs a systematic review of the literature to first identify the energy efficiency sustainability functions of Industry 4.0. Besides, the research further determined the opinion of a group of experts to map and analysed the interrelationships among the sustainability functions identified. The results in this research indicates that sophisticated precedence relationships exist amongst numerous energy sustainability functions of Industry 4.0. In particular, ‘Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée àun Classement’ (MICMAC) analysis indicates that the digital transformation of energy sector (Energy 4.0) itself, smart grids, and process optimization are the more immediate energy sustainability impacts of Industry 4.0. This research enable Industry 4.0 players including industrialists, academicians, consumers, and even governments to understand better the opportunities that Industry 4.0 may offer for energy sustainability.
Utilization of vegetable oil refinery activated carbon-bleaching earth as an additive to the production of low-density facing bricks
Authors: Carrillo Lorraine , Bilason Loudette , Loveres Shania Faith , Paurillo John Elijah , Sacobo Carl James , Sakay Cherrylyn , Espinosa Khiara , Vergara Jan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Incorporating industrial wastes and recyclable materials as additives and/or alternatives in raw materials of concrete bricks is an approach used by environmentalists to convert wastes to reusable materials. Facing bricks are aesthetic material that can be installed in the internal or external walls of houses or buildings. Spent Activated Carbon-Bleaching Earth (SACBE) is an industrial waste generated from the physical refining process of vegetable oil. SACBE is commonly disposed or buried in dedicated landfills. SACBE has no significant utilization and causes environmental hazards upon disposal. The study is designed to find the most effective and efficient mixture ratio of cement facing bricks with SACBE. The paper also investigates the physical and mechanical properties of the SACBE mixture. Three sets of mixtures with varying amount of SACBE in 800 mL, 900 mL, and 1 L of water were created. The volume of sand in the original ratio was substituted with 0% SACBE up to 30% SACBE in increments of 5%. Cement, sand, SACBE, and water were mixed accordingly to the different ratios and air dried in 7 days. Analysis of the results showed that as the percentage of SACBE increases, the density of the facing bricks decreases while the volume of water has no concrete effect on density. The water absorbed in varying amounts of water with the same percentage of SACBE decreased for most samples while the compressive strength is lower for the 900 mL across all samples. Results showed that the 30% SACBE mixture in 1 L of water is the optimum mixture of SACBE. This mixture exhibits higher compressive strength while having lowest density and minimum water absorption compared to other mixtures.
Recycling of nutrient-loaded biochars produced from agricultural residues as soil promoters for Gomphrena growth
Authors: Wongrod S , Watcharawittaya A , Vinitnantharat S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Biochar has been recognized as a potential media for soil amendment regarding its high surface area and retention capacity to slowly release nutrients to soils. However, the recycling of biochar after domestic water treatment towards agricultural application is still not well known. Therefore, this research studied the role of nutrient-loaded biochars produced from agricultural residues after canal water treatment as soil promoters for Gomphrena growth. Corncob, coconut husk, coconut shell and rice straw derived biochars were separately produced in a kiln (~378 °C) (namely CC, CH, CS and RS, respectively) and a pyrolysis reactor (500 °C) (namely CC-P, CH-P, CS-P and RS-P, respectively). The CH biochar was further modified with chitosan to improve its surface properties (labeled as CHC). The CH and CHC biochars after canal water treatment at lab and pilot scales are labeled as CH-column, CHC-column, CH-pilot and CHC-pilot, respectively. The loaded and unloaded biochars were further added in aquaculture sediment and loamy soil at 0.4, 0.7 and 1% mass ratio for Gomphrena growth. From the results, biochars amended in soil and sediment significantly improved seed germinations of Gomphrena, compared to control treatments. RS 0.4% amended in soil and sediment showed the highest seedling height (~2.5 cm) among all biochars, in accordance with its releases of K+, PO4
3- and NO3
− into solution at high concentrations. Gomphrena growth in sediment amended with CH-column 1.0% biochar was comparable to unloaded biochar, indicating that loaded biochar can provide nutrients without harming the plant. In addition, chitosan modification induced higher plant growth in sediment amended with CHC-column 1.0% than with unmodified biochar. Gomphrena germination was also improved in CH-pilot and CHC-pilot biochars amended in sediments with maximum seedling heights of 3.5 and 4.2 cm, respectively. This is likely due to the abilities of CH-pilot and CHC-pilot biochars to release N (NH4
+, NO3
−) and total P of 0.106 and 0.111 mgN/L, and 0.770 and 0.637 mgP/L, respectively. This study revealed that the nutrient-loaded biochars can be used to sustain soil fertility through gradual releases of nutrients and thus promote the recycling of agricultural residues.
Performance comparison of two eutectic solder based latent heat storage systems during discharging
Authors: Mawire Ashmore , Ekwomadu Chidiebere , Lefenya Tlotlo , Shobo Adedamola 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Latent heat storage systems consisting of phase change materials (PCMs) offer the advantage of a large thermal energy storage density as compared to sensible heat storage systems. Most recent work has focussed on organic and inorganic PCMs which have problems of subcooling and phase segregation. Metallic PCMs are a recent innovation for medium to high temperature applications due to their high thermal conductivities, high volumetric storage capacities and their low degrees of sub-cooling during the release of latent heat. For medium temperature applications like cooking of food, very limited work has been done on metallic PCMs for energy storage. Solder based PCMs have rarely been investigated for medium temperature applications thus it is necessary to carry out an experimental study on the use of a solder as PCM candidate. No work has ever been reported using the eutectic solder (Sn63/Pb37) as a PCM. Its use is justified since it is low cost and locally manufactured solder worldwide. Another recent innovation is cascaded thermal energy storage (TES), whereby two PCMs with different melting temperatures are used in a single storage tank to improve the efficiency of energy storage. No work has also appeared in recent literature involving metallic solders in cascaded systems. In a bid to investigate the suitability of the eutectic solder as a PCM for medium temperature applications, two eutectic solder (Sn63/Pb37) based systems are experimentally evaluated during discharging cycles. The first system is a single PCM system composed of a packed bed of spherically encapsulated eutectic solder capsules. The other system is a two PCM cascaded system comprising of eutectic solder spherical capsules at the top and erythritol spherical capsules at the bottom in a storage ratio of 50 %: 50 %. Discharging experiments are carried with three different discharging flow-rates to investigate the effect of the flow-rate on the thermal performance. The three discharging flow-rates used are 4 ml/s, 6 ml/s and 8 ml/s. For both storage systems, an increase in the discharging flow-rate increases the peak discharging energy and exergy rates. For both storage systems, an increase in the discharging flow-rate increases the peak discharging energy and exergy rates. The single PCM system shows higher energy and exergy rates for most of the discharging duration compared to the cascaded system. An increase in the flow-rate increases the peak energy and exergy discharging rates for the single PCM and the cascaded PCM storage systems. The single PCM system out-performed the cascaded system during the discharging tests possibly due to the lower melting temperature and lower thermal conductivity of the bottom PCM (erythritol) in the cascaded system. However, for the higher flow-rates (6 ml/s, 8 ml/s), the cascaded system shows a slightly better or comparable performance at the start and at end of discharging.
Dynamic behaviours of damaged stability for floating energy storage unit after accidental collision
Authors: Kang Hooi-Siang , Choo Hau-Wei , Khor Wei-Han , Lee Kee-Quen , Tey Wah Yen , Lee Kiat Moon , Liu Yu-Jie , Chong Wen-Tong 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The transient dynamic behaviour of floating energy storage unit (FESU) is a result of coupling between three non-linear effects, which are sloshing of floodwater, wave loading, and FESU dynamics. The coupling of these effects would result in the catastrophic failure of the FESU in extreme conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has shown that it holds great potential in solving the problem in the time domain, which is suitable for the transient stage. In this study, CFD simulation of damaged stability was conducted by using OpenFOAM to determine the dynamic response of FESU under the effects of floodwater and wave in transient flooding. OpenFOAM CFD simulation was conducted for the flooding of barge shaped FESU with different water inlet and air outlet sizes in still water condition followed by damaged stability in Stokes’ fifth-order beam wave and head wave condition. Dynamic responses of FESU, such as roll, pitch, heave, and floodwater volume flow rates were determined using the dynamic meshing solver of OpenFOAM. Simulation results showed similarity to experimental results within the time frame of 16 seconds. Reduction in water inlet area and air outlet area decreased the flooding time and flow rate of flood water. The amplitude of vibration of roll and pitch motion increased as the flood water volume was increased due to the force of floodwater exerted on the wall. Sloshing effects also caused the model to roll and pitch in secondary vibrational motion. Due to the coupling effect of the three non-linear criteria, the inflow and outflow of floodwater changed with time, which concludes that transient effects should not be ignored in the damaged stability assessment of FESU.
Effect of microwave susceptor design on the heating profile of co-pyrolysis between empty fruit bunches and waste truck tire
Authors: Idris R. , Chong W.W.F. , Ali A. , Idris S. , Asik J.A. , Hasan M.F. , Chong C.T. , Ani F.N. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The effect of microwave susceptor design on the heating profiles of co-pyrolysis between waste truck tyre and empty fruit bunch was studied. Carbonaceous susceptor was used to elevate the pyrolysis temperature along with increased heating rate. Different design of microwave susceptor and its effect towards the heating profiles of the studied co-pyrolysis process was examined. The aim is to determine the effect of heating rates on the pyrolytic-oil yield, calorific value and energy recovery. From the study, it was revealed that the microwave susceptor design (D1) with a horizontal-layer single-bed, located at the bottom (SB-HL-B) of the feedstocks, showed higher heating rate (83 °C min−1). Higher heating rates were observed to significantly increase pyrolytic-oil (39.0 wt%) and energy yield (59.0%). Such heating rate also upgraded the pyrolytic-oil properties, producing oil with higher calorific value (42.20 MJkg−1). Thus, the present study demonstrated a viable method to optimise pyrolytic-oil yield in producing diesel-like fuel through the adoption of a microwave-assisted heating method.
Hybrid of photovoltaic and diesel power plant in Celagen Island
Authors: Susanto I , Sunanda W , Gusa R F , Kurniawan R , Tiandho Y 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Celagen Island is one of the outer islands in Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The population of Celagen island is 1234 people and dominated by fishermen. Currently, electricity is supplied from 1 unit of photovoltaic with capacity 80-kWp and coupled with three units of diesel power plant with capacity 100 kW. To meet the electricity needs of 1069 kWh/day, supply from diesel power plant already sufficient. But for the economics of the cost of providing primary fuel, a hybrid from photovoltaic and diesel power plants needs to be done. Hybrid power plants are one of the options to meet the electrical energy needs of geographically difficult areas to connect to the on-grid electricity network. The hybrid system with 72% of electricity from the diesel power plant and 28% of electricity from photovoltaic is very economical. The economic analysis shows that with this modeling, the cost of providing primary fuel is lower by 1228 rupiah/kWh if only using diesel power plant.