bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Preemption of Local Laws: Origins and Modern Trends
Authors: Goodman Christopher B , Hatch Megan E , McDonald Bruce D 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAmerican cities are creatures of their states, with states both granting and limiting the power of their cities. This relationship is characterized by how cooperative or competitive states are with cities in their legislation. Despite the recent attention given to state preemption of local laws, this is not a new phenomenon. Part of the confusion surrounding preemption is that there is no shared definition or understanding of its forms. The purpose of this article is to begin to create that shared conception. In doing so, we define preemption according to its historic origins as the use of coercive methods to substitute state priorities for local policymaking. We argue modern state preemption of local laws can be divided into four phases, each with their own policies and mechanisms. We show how preemption has changed over time, shifting the functional, legal, and political relationship between states and their cities. Together, these phases help assist policymakers and administrators in understanding the nature of state preemption, and thus how to create and implement local policies in an environment where the distribution of power between governments is competitive and changing.
The Impact of Level of Physical Therapist Assistant Involvement on Patient Outcomes Following Stroke
Authors: Biggs Jennifer 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigates if higher utilization of physical therapist assistants adversely affects patient outcomes in the acute rehabilitation setting for patients following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).MethodsParticipants were admitted to 1 of 5 inpatient rehabilitation facilities following a CVA from 2008 to 2010. High physical therapist assistant use was defined as ≥20% of the physical therapist visits being provided by the physical therapist assistant for an episode of care. Multivariable regression techniques examined differences in functional outcome, discharge location, and length of stay between high and low physical therapist assistant use groups. Propensity scoring methods supplemented findings of the regression analyses.ResultsOf the 1561 participants, 496 (32%) had high physical therapist assistant involvement. Baseline participant characteristics such as age, sex, baseline motor function, and comorbidities did not differ between high and low physical therapist assistant use groups. After adjusting for patient characteristics, rehabilitation facility, and year, higher physical therapist assistant use did not adversely affect functional outcome or length of stay. Fewer conclusions can be drawn regarding discharge location, although there was no significant difference in discharge location between groups with high and low physical therapist assistant utilization. Propensity scoring methods supported the findings of the regression analyses.ConclusionsHigher physical therapist assistant involvement in the rehabilitation of patients following CVA did not adversely affect functional outcome, increase length of stay, or reduce the likelihood of discharge to home from an inpatient rehabilitation facility.ImpactThe results demonstrate the value of the physical therapist assistant in the provision of physical therapy for patients with stroke in the inpatient rehabilitation setting. Higher involvement of the physical therapist assistant may provide cost savings while maintaining patient outcomes for this setting and population.
Interferon activation status underlies higher antibody response to viral antigens in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving no or light treatment
Authors: Björk Albin , Da Silva Rodrigues Rui , Richardsdotter Andersson Elina , Ramírez Sepúlveda Jorge I , Mofors Johannes , Kvarnström Marika , Oke Vilija , Svenungsson Elisabet , Gunnarsson Iva , Wahren-Herlenius Marie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Infections have been proposed as an environmental risk factor for autoimmune disease. Responses to microbial antigens may be studied in vivo during vaccination. We therefore followed patients with SLE and controls during split-virion influenza vaccination to quantify antibody responses against viral antigens and associated cellular and proteome parameters.

Methods
Blood samples and clinical data were collected from female patients with SLE with no or HCQ and/or low-dose prednisolone treatment (n = 29) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 17). Vaccine-specific antibody titres were measured by ELISA and IFN-induced gene expression in monocytes by quantitative PCR. Serum proteins were measured by proximity extension assay and disease-associated symptoms were followed by questionnaires.

Results
The vaccine-specific antibody response was significantly higher in patients compared with controls and titres of IgG targeting the viral proteins were higher in patients than controls at both 1 and 3 months after immunization. Clinical disease symptoms and autoantibody titres remained unchanged throughout the study. Notably, a positive pre-vaccination mRNA-based IFN score was associated with a significantly higher vaccine-specific antibody response and with a broader profile of autoantibody specificities. Screening of serum protein biomarkers revealed higher levels of IFN-regulated proteins in patients compared with controls and that levels of such proteins correlated with the vaccine-specific IgG response, with C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 exhibiting the strongest association.

Conclusion
Augmented antibody responses to viral antigens develop in patients with SLE on no or light treatment and associate with markers of type I IFN system activation at the RNA and protein levels.
Facing stereotypes: ERP responses to male and female faces after gender-stereotyped statements
Authors: Rodríguez-Gómez Pablo , Romero-Ferreiro Verónica , Pozo Miguel A , Hinojosa José Antonio , Moreno Eva M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Despite gender is a salient feature in face recognition, the question of whether stereotyping modulates face processing remains unexplored. Event-related potentials from 40 participants (20 female) was recorded as male and female faces matched or mismatched previous gender-stereotyped statements and were compared with those elicited by faces preceded by gender-unbiased statements. We conducted linear mixed-effects models to account for possible random effects from both participants and the strength of the gender bias. The amplitude of the N170 to faces was larger following stereotyped relative to gender-unbiased statements in both male and female participants, although the effect was larger for males. This result reveals that stereotyping exerts an early effect in face processing and that the impact is higher in men. In later time windows, male faces after female-stereotyped statements elicited large late positivity potential (LPP) responses in both men and women, indicating that the violation of male stereotypes induces a post-perceptual reevaluation of a salient or conflicting event. Besides, the largest LPP amplitude in women was elicited when they encountered a female face after a female-stereotyped statement. The later result is discussed from the perspective of recent claims on the evolution of women self-identification with traditionally held female roles.
Racializing Emasculation: An Intersectional Analysis of Queer Men’s Evaluations of Sexual Assault
Authors: Meyer Doug 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article focuses on how 60 queer men perceived emasculation in relation to their experiences of sexual assault, drawing particular attention to racial and ethnic differences. While previous scholarship has focused primarily on gender, the author of this article uses an intersectional approach to explore queer men’s narratives. Results demonstrate that queer men of color with intra-racial experiences of assault typically denied feelings of emasculation, emphasizing instead other emotions that were intimately related to challenges they faced due to their social position. Most White participants with intra-racial experiences felt emasculated after the assault. Racial and ethnic differences appeared even more pronounced with interracial forms of violence, as Black queer men drew attention to racialized concerns, such as fear over being perceived as a “troublemaker” for reporting a White assailant, while White and Latino participants described feeling emasculated, in large part due to masculinizing stereotypes of Black men. The implications of this research suggest that emasculation is a racialized, as well as a gendered, process for queer men – one that does not arise automatically from simply being a man who has been sexually violated but one that springs disproportionately from whiteness and that generally involves particular racialized gender dynamics.
Automatic Segmentation of the Dorsal Claustrum in Humans Using in vivo High-Resolution MRI
Authors: Berman Shai , Schurr Roey , Atlan Gal , Citri Ami , Mezer Aviv A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The claustrum is a thin sheet of neurons enclosed by white matter and situated between the insula and the putamen. It is highly interconnected with sensory, frontal, and subcortical regions. The deep location of the claustrum, with its fine structure, has limited the degree to which it could be studied in vivo. Particularly in humans, identifying the claustrum using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is extremely challenging, even manually. Therefore, automatic segmentation of the claustrum is an invaluable step toward enabling extensive and reproducible research of the anatomy and function of the human claustrum. In this study, we developed an automatic algorithm for segmenting the human dorsal claustrum in vivo using high-resolution MRI. Using this algorithm, we segmented the dorsal claustrum bilaterally in 1068 subjects of the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset, a publicly available high-resolution MRI dataset. We found good agreement between the automatic and manual segmentations performed by 2 observers in 10 subjects. We demonstrate the use of the segmentation in analyzing the covariation of the dorsal claustrum with other brain regions, in terms of macro- and microstructure. We identified several covariance networks associated with the dorsal claustrum. We provide an online repository of 1068 bilateral dorsal claustrum segmentations.
The intervention of valproic acid on the tumorigenesis induced by an environmental carcinogen of PAHs
Authors: Peng Junxuan , Cai Zuchao , Zhao Ruixue , Chen Jiahao , Liu Guochao , Dong Chao , Lim David , Feng Zhihui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study investigated whether valproic acid (VPA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor) can interfere with the carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A typical representative compound of PAHs, 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), was used to induce rat breast cancer. The results showed that therapeutic concentration of VPA (50 and 100 mg/kg) delayed the occurrence of tumors, reduced tumor formation rate and attenuated tumors growth, and have a protective effect on normal tissues. The macrophage-mediated inflammatory response was found to be associated with the observed effect of VPA. In addition, we screened and validated a possible gene, Sema3c, which was involved in DMBA-induced breast cancer development and can be inhibited by VPA.
The Psychological Consequences of the COVID-19 on Residents and Staff in Nursing Homes
Authors: Mo Shenjiang , Shi Junqi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this commentary, we overview the existing research on psychological consequences caused by COVID-19 for both residents and staff in the nursing homes. We identify loneliness and emotional anxiety as main psychological consequences for nursing home residents, whereas uncertainty, hopelessness, work overload, and role conflicts are the most salient psychological challenges for the staff in the nursing homes during the pandemic. We then summarize the existing strategies and interventions responsive to the above challenges. We suggest that this overview may help nursing home managers understand what are the key psychological challenges and how to deal with them during a crisis period. Finally, we also encourage future research to pay more attention to exploring interventions specifically designed for vulnerable older people, understanding the role of the nursing home leader team in managing emotional and ethical challenges in organizations, and developing community-wide collaboration with multiple external stakeholders.
An Assessment of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Competencies Among Bachelors-Prepared Registered Nurses in Graduate-Level Study
Authors: Qureshi Rubab , Zha Peijia , Porter Sallie 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
To assess graduate nursing students’ lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)-specific health competencies.

Method
Using a cross-sectional design, a 13-item multiple response survey, derived from The Joint Commission guidelines and LGBT health competencies proposed by the Association of American Medical Colleges, was administered online to 116 registered nurses enrolled in graduate study. Survey items assessed nurses’ knowledge of LGBT health, professionalism, provision of patient care, communication skills, care environment, gaps in learning, and systems-based practice. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize frequencies and proportions of study variables.

Results
Respondent nurses’ knowledge about health, prevalent conditions, and social factors that influence LGBT health was somewhat limited. Respondents did not rate their knowledge about LGBT health high (µ = 3.11 [1.1], median = 3) and did not feel qualified to educate other colleagues about LGBT health issues (µ = 2.43 [1.26], median = 2). But 58% (n = 65) indicated that they felt comfortable performing prostate exams on transgender female patients (born with male genitalia); 62% (n = 70) felt comfortable doing pap smears for transgender male patients (born with female genitalia). Sixty nurses (52%) stated that they would advocate reforms within existing health care institutions to improve the care of LGBT patients. Cultural competency training was offered in some health care settings and environmental indications of inclusivity were inconsistent.

Conclusions
LGBT health competence among graduate nursing students was limited. There is a need to reevaluate LGBT health–related content in nursing curricula as well as robust assessment of competence in LGBT health.
How Medical Educators Can Foster Equity and Inclusion in Their Teaching: A Faculty Development Workshop Series
Authors: Lupton Katherine L. , O’Sullivan Patricia S. 
Published: September 2020

Problem
Diversity, equity, and inclusion are increasingly highlighted in medical education, but bias continues to disproportionately impact learners from racial and ethnic groups traditionally underrepresented in medicine. Many faculty struggle to engage with these concepts in their teaching and fear making mistakes, but few opportunities exist for faculty to develop their skills.

Approach
To advance the goal of fostering an equitable educational environment, the authors envisioned a series of faculty development workshops to cultivate faculty skills and comfort with incorporating equity and inclusion in their teaching, assessment, and curriculum development work. The authors conducted a needs assessment and followed Kern’s 6-step process for curriculum development to build the workshop series.

Outcomes
Using local resources and expertise, the authors built a workshop series that culminated in a certificate in Teaching for Equity and Inclusion. The development process took 24 months; 22 faculty volunteered to design and teach 7 new workshops. Initial workshop offerings have reached 101 participants, and 120 faculty members have enrolled in the certificate. The workshops have been well received and are rated on par with or more highly than other faculty development offerings at the University of California, San Francisco.

Next Steps
Future directions include assessing the impact of the certificate on participants and workshop faculty, creating opportunities for workshop faculty to share best practices, and exploring alternative models for participation. The authors’ experience demonstrates the feasibility of creating a self-sustaining program that will advance faculty competence in the critical areas of diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Let’s Talk About Racism: Strategies for Building Structural Competency in Nursing
Authors: Davis Sandra , O’Brien Anne-Marie 
Published: September 2020

A major goal of Healthy People 2020 is healthy equity, or the attainment of the highest level of health for all groups of people. Yet, disparities based on race remain the most persistent and difficult to address. Getting at the root causes of disparities, inequities, and injustices is essential for health equity to become a reality. The authors elucidate the urgent need for the nursing profession (and all health care professions) to push beyond cultural humility to structural competency and shift the focus from individuals to institutions, systems, practices, and policies to address racism, bias, and discrimination as root causes of disparities and inequities in health, health care delivery, and health care outcomes.
Through a case study approach, the authors demonstrate the need for faculty to contextualize learning to help integrate the necessary historic and contemporary drivers of racism, bias, and discrimination into health care. They discuss strategies for faculty to develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to teach about the importance of addressing structural racism and discrimination in health care. Through a “no shame, no blame” approach, the authors encourage faculty to develop the courage to engage with students, colleagues, other health care professionals, and communities in conversations about racism, bias, and discrimination.
Cost-effective analysis of infertility treatment in women with anovulatory polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Saad-Naguib Michael H. , Timmons Douglas , Krishnamoorthy Kavitha , Attia George R. 
Published: September 2020

Introduction:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of female infertility. Clomiphene citrate (CC) is a first line treatment for infertility secondary to PCOS, in addition to Letrozole. After unsuccessful cycles using CC and timed intercourse, pregnancy may be achieved using in-vitro fertilization (IVF), bypassing gonadotropins. We explore the most efficient and cost-effective way to obtain at least 70% live-birth rate in PCOS patients who fail first-line treatment.

Materials and methods:
A review of relevant trials using PUBMED was performed to obtain pregnancy rates of women with PCOS undergoing various treatments. Six randomized trials were included in this study. We used 761 cycles from these trials. Four different protocols were structured: protocol 1 consisted of 3 cycles of CC/intrauterine insemination (IUI) followed by 3 cycles of human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation with IUI followed by 2 cycles of IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Protocol 2 involved 3 cycles of CC/IUI followed by 2 cycles of IVF/ICSI. Protocol 3 was comprised of 3 cycles of human menopausal gonadotropin/IUI followed by 2 cycles of IVF/ICSI, and protocol 4 was composed of 2 cycles of IVF/ICSI and 1 cycle of frozen embryo transfer. Each protocol was analyzed for cost per live birth and time to live birth.

Results:
Protocol 1 yielded a live-birth rate of 75%, costing $34,923 per live-birth achieved over a 10-month period. Protocol 2 yielded a pregnancy rate of 71%, costing $32,172 over 7 months. Protocol 3 yielded a pregnancy rate of 73%, costing $39,812 over 7 months. Lastly, protocol 4 yielded a pregnancy rate of 70%, costing $37,884 per pregnancy over a 5-month period.

Conclusion:
Protocol 4 was the most efficient, reaching a 70% live birth rate in a 5-month period. Protocol 2 was the most cost-effective, with a total cost of $32,172 per live birth. These results will assist physicians in counseling PCOS patients with subfertility to determine the optimal treatment method.
Controversies in the Treatment of Peripheral T‐cell Lymphoma
Authors: Bachy Emmanuel , Broccoli Alessandro , Dearden Claire , de Leval Laurence , Gaulard Philippe , Koch Raphael , Morschhauser Franck , Trümper Lorenz , Zinzani Pier Luigi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPeripheral T‐cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. Their classification is complex and still evolving, and several biomolecular markers now help refine the prognosis of specific disease entities, although still have limited impact in tailoring the treatment. First‐line treatment strategies can cure only a minority of patients and relapsed‐refractory disease still represents the major cause of failure. Frontline autologous transplantation may have an impact in the consolidation of response; however, its role is still questioned as far as complete responses obtained after induction chemotherapy are concerned. Newer drugs are now being evaluated in clinical trials, but effective salvage strategies for those who experience treatment failures are lacking. Here we review and discuss the most controversial aspects of diagnosis and treatment of peripheral T‐cell lymphomas.
Greater mechanical temporal summation of pain in Latinx-Americans and the role of adverse life experiences
Authors: Rassu Fenan S. , Luedke Jessica C. , Nanavaty Namrata , Mathur Vani A. , Meagher Mary W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
Adverse life experiences disproportionately impact Latinx-Americans and are related to greater chronic pain rates. However, little is known about how adversities interact with central pain mechanisms for the development of later pain among Latinx-Americans.

Objectives:
The current study examined the relationship between adverse life experiences (eg, trauma and ethnic discrimination) and correlates (eg, social status) with mechanical temporal summation of pain (a proxy measure of central sensitization) between pain-free U.S. native Latinx (n = 65) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) (n = 51) adults.

Methods:
Participants completed self-report adverse life experience and correlational measures regarding childhood and adulthood and a mechanical temporal summation protocol.

Results:
Relative to NHWs, Latinx-Americans reported experiencing significantly greater trauma, discrimination, and lower social status during childhood and adulthood, along with greater temporal summation. Contrary to hypotheses, recent and lifetime experiences of ethnic discrimination significantly correlated with less temporal summation among Latinx-Americans. Decreases in objective and subjective social status across the lifespan (childhood to present day) correlated with greater temporal summation for Latinx-Americans. However, r-to-z transformation analyses confirmed that significant adversity and social status correlations observed among the Latinx group did not significantly differ from NHW participants.

Conclusions:
The present findings highlight the complex association between adverse experiences, adverse experience risk factors, and pain for Latinx-Americans. Given the disproportion of experienced pain and adversity among Latinx-Americans, the current findings suggest that a better understanding of the unique adversities for this sample may help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between adversities, adversity correlates, and pain risk for Latinx-Americans.