bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Perceptions of Landscape Design as a Nursery Industry Service and Quality-of-Life Enhancement Factor
Authors: Rodie Steven N. , Paparozzi Ellen T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using a focus group approach, Midwest homeowners in Lincoln and Omaha, Nebraska, with recent experience and exposure to landscape design services were interviewed to assess their perceptions of the quality of available design services. In general, participants were pleased with their design experience and the quality of service provided to them. Poor communication between participants and landscape designers or landscape architects was commonly voiced as a key service limitation. Lack of homeowner knowledge of the design process was also identified as a limitation to good design, but to a lesser extent. Additionally, participants identified a variety of correlations between their landscapes and the potential for enhanced quality-of-life (QOL). Although not typically perceived as a critical singular QOL enhancement factor such as availability of food or medical care, quality landscape design appears to cumulatively enhance QOL in a significant way due to the wide variety of human needs that well-designed outdoor spaces can address.
Landscape Quality and the Price of Single Family Houses: Further Evidence from Home Sales in Greenville, South Carolina
Authors: Henry Mark S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this study, the contribution of the quality of landscaping to house prices was estimated for a sample of 218 home sales in Greenville, SC, from 1996 to 1997. The estimates were made using regressions of house price on house characteristics, location and landscape quality. The results obtained in this research were similar to an earlier study of Greenville home sales, from 1991 to 1993. For homes with the same square footage and other house characteristics, selling prices were 6% to 7% higher if landscaping quality was judged excellent rather than good. The price premium obtained by upgrading landscaping from average to good was approximately 4% to 5%.
Response of ‘Foxy’ Foxglove to GA3 and Cold Treatment
Authors: Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A single foliar spray of 10–50 ppm GA3 promoted earlier (up to 30 days), more uniform flowering with higher flower counts per infloresence in ‘Foxy’ foxglove. Treated plants were compact with attractive foliage and considered marketable. Plants treated with higher rates of GA3 (75–1,000 ppm) formed excessively elongated inflorescences with malformed flowers and thin, strap-like, light green foliage. Cold treatment at 4.4C (40F) for 4 weeks shortened time to flower 8 and 6 days compared to that of plants cooled for 0 and 2 weeks, respectively. In the absence of GA3, cold treatment increased the number of inflorescences compared to plants not cooled.
Germination of Stewartia pseudocamellia Seeds is Promoted by Desiccation Avoidance, Gibberellic Acid Treatment, and Warm and Cold Stratification
Authors: Oleksak Brian A. , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Japanese Stewartia, Stewartia pseudocamellia (Maxim.), seeds were extracted from immature capsules and handled under nondesiccating conditions. Moisture content of fresh seeds was 82%. After exposing seeds for 48 hrs at room conditions seed moisture content was 56% and after 24 hrs at 80C (176F) it was 49%. Both ambient and 80C (176F) drying conditions resulted in complete loss of viability based on a tetazolium test. Exposing seeds to a 24 hr aerated water soak in 1 mM gibberellic acid (GA3), and a 3 month warm (25C, 77F) stratification period increased seed germination only after 6 months of cold (4C, 40F) stratification compared to seeds given a 24 hr aerated water soak without GA3 and similar warm and cold stratification periods. Best management practices for handling and germination of fresh Japanese Stewartia seeds are: (a) harvest seed capsules when they turn from green to brown, (b) maintain seeds under nondesiccating conditions, (c) treat seeds with a 24 hr aerated water soak in 1 mM GA3 before a 3-month warm stratification, and (d) provide at least 7 months cold stratification.
Survival and Growth of Stewartia pseudocamellia Rooted Cuttings and Seedlings
Authors: Struve Daniel K. , Lagrimini L. Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Japanese Stewartia, Stewartia pseudocamellia (Maxim.), cuttings were rooted and seeds germinated to compare growth and survival of the two plant types. Softwood cuttings collected from 18-month-old, 1 to 1.3 m (3 to 4 ft) tall stock plants were rooted successfully (greater than 64%) at two propagation times by giving severed cuttings a basal quick dip in 0.1 M ascorbic or caffeic acid, before a basal quick dip in 100 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA). Cuttings were overwintered in either a minimum heat (3C, 35F) polyhouse (89% survival), or in a 7C (45F) cooler (97% survival). There was no difference in height following overwintering, but by the end of the first growing season following propagation, seedlings were significantly taller than rooted cuttings, 84 vs 72 cm (33 vs 28 in), respectively. Although growth was vigorous, survival after upcanning was poor; rooted cutting survival was 17%, seedling survival was 48%. This study demonstrates that Japanese Stewartia can be propagated readily by softwood and semi-hardwood stem cuttings dipped in low IBA concentrations if cuttings are pre-treated with either ascorbic or caffeic acid. These cuttings can also be overwintered successfully.
Below Ground Pot-in-Pot Effects on Growth of Two Southwest Landscape Trees was Related to Root Membrane Thermostability
Authors: Martin Chris A. , McDowell L. Brooke , Bhattacharya Shiela 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two southwestern desert landscape trees, Acacia smallii L. (sweet acacia) and Cercidium floridum Benth. ex A. Gray (blue palo verde), were grown outdoors in full sun during Summer 1997 in 19-liter (#5) containers placed either pot-in-pot (PIP) below ground or unshielded in above-ground containers (AGC). Soil moisture sensors wired to electronic solenoid valves regulated occurrence of six cyclic micro-irrigation pulses per day (0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2100 HR) such that container substrate moisture tensions were continuously maintained between −0.005 to −0.01 MPa (90% of water holding capacity) in both PIP and AGC. Mean maximum recorded root-zone temperatures in PIP containers were 19C (34F) lower than for AGC. Micro-irrigation volumes were 40% less for trees grown PIP compared with those in AGC. Growth of sweet acacia was enhanced by PIP placement while in containers and one year after transplanting trees into field plots in 1998. Only caliper growth of blue palo verde was increased by PIP placement while in containers, but had no effect on blue palo verde growth one year after transplanting into field plots. The critical killing temperature (TM) for root tissues of sweet acacia and blue palo verde were 45.3 ± 1.8C (113.5 ± 3.2F) and 49.4 ± 0.8C (120.9 ± 1.4F), respectively, indicating differences in root membrane thermostability. Based on our data, we suggest that sweet acacia trees benefitted from PIP placement more than blue palo verde trees because root-zone temperatures in PIP containers were lower than for AGC in central Arizona, and sweet acacia roots were more susceptible to injury by supraoptimal root zone temperatures.
Chilling Effects on Shoot Emergence and Subsequent Growth in Hosta
Authors: Keever Gary J. , West Mark S. , Kessler J. Raymond 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two hosta cultivars, ‘Francee’ and ‘Frances Williams’, were chilled for 0 to 16 weeks at 4C (39F) prior to forcing in a heated greenhouse. As chilling duration increased, times to shoot emergence and first unfurled leaf and days gained in shoot emergence time per day of chilling decreased at a decreasing rate, leaf area index (length × width) of the first unfurled leaf increased at a decreasing rate and shoot dry weight increased linearly. Shoots of non-chilled plants of ‘Francee’ emerged an average of 32 days before those of ‘Frances Williams’. In ‘Francee’ chilled for 0 and 2 weeks, 30% and 10% of plants, respectively, failed to emerge shoots and 60% and 10% failed to unfurl a leaf. In ‘Frances Williams’ chilled for 0, 2 and 4 weeks, 60%, 30% and 50% of plants, respectively, failed to emerge shoots and 80%, 30% and 50% failed to unfurl a leaf. All plants of both cultivars chilled for longer durations emerged shoots and unfurled at least one leaf.
Two Early Nodulation Genes are not Markers for the Capacity of Leguminous Nursery Crops to Form Root Nodules
Authors: Graves William R. , Foster Carol M. , Rosin Faye M. , Schrader James A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Little is known about mechanisms that permit or prevent formation of root nodules in which nitrogen gas (N2) is fixed by rhizobial bacteria in association with nursery crops in the legume family. We tested the hypothesis that two genes associated with the fixation of N2 could be used as markers of nodulation capacity among legumes because they occur only in species that can form functional nodules. The presence of ENOD2 and ENOD12 was tested in genomic DNA from three non-nodulating legumes [Cercis canadensis L. (eastern redbud), Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. (thornless honeylocust), Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch (Kentucky coffeetree)] and two nodulating legumes [Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (silk-tree), Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. & Presl. (Scotch laburnum)]. Southern analyses indicated that ENOD2 is present in thornless honeylocust, Kentucky coffeetree, and Scotch laburnum, and that ENOD12 is present in eastern redbud, thornless honeylocust, and Scotch laburnum. These results diversify the group of nodulating legumes in which ENOD2 and ENOD12 have been found and show these genes also occur in legumes considered incapable of nodulation. We conclude that neither gene can be used to screen existing or new leguminous nursery crops for the capacity to form N2-fixing nodules.
Low Irradiance During Rooting Improves Propagation of Oak and Maple Taxa
Authors: Zaczek J. J. , Heuser C. W. , Steiner K. C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooting trials were conducted to determine if the duration of exposure to low levels of solar irradiance during root initiation influenced rooting and survival of semihardwood cuttings of six tree species. Cuttings of oak (Quercus imbricaria, Q. nigra, Q. palustris, Q. rubra) and maple (Acer rubrum ‘Bowhall’, and A. truncatum) were treated with IBA and placed in a fog-humidified polyethylene tent rooting chamber for 119 or 117 days (A. rubrum and Q. nigra) under either 82% (control) or 93% (low irradiance) shading of ambient outdoor solar radiation. Cuttings were exposed to either 0, 10, 20, 40, or 119 days of 7% irradiance followed by placement under control conditions (18% irradiance) for the remainder of the treatment. Percentage rooting, the number of roots per cutting, and the number of days to root were significantly influenced by exposure to 7% irradiance during rooting, but responses were dependent on taxa. For most taxa, the highest rooting percentages required at least 10 days of exposure to 7% irradiance. Overwinter survival of rooted cuttings averaged 58.8% and was not affected by treatment. Results of this study demonstrate that low irradiance in the rooting environment can increase the rooting of cuttings of oak and maple taxa.
Characteristics of Horticultural Distribution Centers
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A national survey of Horticultural Distribution Centers (HDCs) resulted in a 32.3% response rate with owners representing 68% of respondents. The greatest number of respondents were from the Northeast and firms have been in business from 3 to 115 years for an average of 26.5 years. About one-fourth of the firms surveyed (27.4%) were engaged only in distribution activity. However, for all firms, distribution activity accounted for over half (54.2%) of their revenue. The average HDC had annual revenue of $3.4M. The mean number of full-time employees was about 33, with an additional 16 part-time hourly. Average hourly compensation rate ranged form $15.67 for manager/supervisor to $10.58 for staff and $8.94 for full-time hourly workers. Data were analyzed by region of the country and regional differences are discussed.
Improvement of Rhododendron and Forsythia Growth with Buffered-Phosphorus Fertilizer
Authors: Brown Kathleen M. , Miller Carter R. , Kuhns Larry , Beattie David J. , Lynch Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rhododendron and forsythia plants were grown in a soilless medium containing one of four phosphorus treatments: soluble P, slow-release P, or 0.5% or 1% solid-phase alumina-buffered P (Al-P). Soluble phosphorus concentrations in the leachate were highest for soluble-P treatment and lowest for the Al-P treatments. Al-P supplied adequate P for plant growth throughout the season while substantially reducing P leaching. Forsythia plants produced more shoot dry mass when grown with 0.5% Al-P than with the other treatments, and larger rhododendron plants were produced when fertilized with 1% Al-P.
Seed Germination of Two Provenances of Atlantic White-Cedar as Influenced by Stratification, Temperature, and Light
Authors: Jull Laura G. , Blazich Frank A. , Hinesley L. Eric 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds from two provenances (Wayne Co., NC, and Escambia Co., AL) of Atlantic white-cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.] were stratified (moist-prechilled) for 0, 30, 60 or 90 days at 4C (39F). Following stratification, seeds were germinated at 25C (77F) or 8/16 hr thermoperiods of 25/15C (77/59F) or 30/20C (86/68F) with daily photoperiods at each temperature of total darkness, ½, 1,2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr. Seed germination of the Alabama provenance was greater than the North Carolina provenance for all treatments. There were no significant differences in percentage germination between 25/15C (77/59F) and 30/20C (86/68F) for any durations of stratification for either provenance. Regardless of stratification, germination was lowest at 25C (77F) for both provenances. When nonstratified seeds from the North Carolina provenance were germinated at photoperiods ≤ 12 hr, total germination never exceeded 5%, indicating an obligate light requirement. On the other hand, an obligate light requirement was not observed for seeds from the Alabama provenance since 15% of the nonstratified seeds germinated in darkness. However, for both provenances, stratification and daily photoperiods ≥ ½ hr greatly increased germination. The North Carolina provenance required 90 days stratification to maximize germination (66%), whereas the Alabama provenance needed only 30 days (80%). High germination percentages were due, in part, to rigorous seed cleaning.
Evaluation of Herbicides for Phytotoxicity to Rose Plants and Efficacy
Authors: Gonzalez Martha P. , Karlik John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Roses frequently occur in gardens and landscapes and may require weed management. Herbicide trials were conducted with 10 herbicides applied at label rates to plots containing a hybrid tea rose cultivar. The primary objective was to evaluate injury to rose plants when herbicides were sprayed over-the-top at two stages of growth: bud break and full leaf. A secondary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicides. The soil residual (pre-emergent) herbicides Devrinol (napropamide), Goal (oxyfluorfen) and the dinitroaniline herbicides Surflan (oryzalin), Treflan (trifluralin) and Prowl (pendimethalin) did not injure roses when applied at bud break. The herbicides Ornamec (fluazifop-p-butyl), Poast (sethoxy dim) and Envoy (clethodim), which have post-emergent activity, also did not injure roses when applied to roses at bud break or when applied in late spring when plants had fully developed leaves. Roses oversprayed at bud break with the herbicides Roundup (glyphosate) and Trimec Classic (2,4-D + MCPA + dicamba) did not show phytotoxicity symptoms immediately after application but had significantly shorter shoots beginning six weeks after treatment (WAT). Roses with fully developed leaves which were oversprayed with Roundup and Trimec Classic did show symptoms of injury one WAT and thereafter.
A Regional Survey of Deer Damage Throughout Northeast Nurseries and Orchards
Authors: Lemieux Nicole , Maynard Brian K. , Johnson William A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In order to quantify the regional perspective on deer damage, a survey was sent to growers throughout nine Northeast states (ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, RI, NY, NJ, and PA). The objective of the survey was to assess the extent of damage, economic impact, plants damaged, control methods used, and efficacy of control methods. After excluding those surveys that were returned as undeliverable mail (n = 103), a total of 341 (30%) responded. Of the respondents, 65% reported that deer damage was a problem at their nursery. Forty-seven (14%) respondents reported $10,000 or more in plant losses during 1996. The majority of the damage was due to browsing by deer (59%), while rubbing (33%) and trampling (8%) were less common. Plants damaged included yews (Taxus spp.), arborvitae (Thuja spp.), and fir (Abies spp.), various shade trees, hosta (Hosta spp.) and English ivy (Hedera helix). Most respondents (66%) with a deer damage problem utilized one or more methods of control. Repellents (66%) and fencing (56%) were the most common methods used to minimize damage. Forty percent of respondents using fencing reported fencing to be ‘very’ or ‘somewhat’ effective.
Evaluation of Commercial Deer Repellents on Ornamentals in Nurseries
Authors: Lemieux Nicole C. , Maynard Brian K. , Johnson William A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The efficacy of several new commercial deer repellents in a nursery setting was evaluated from October through March. Repellents evaluated were Deer-Away™, Tree Guard™, Holly Ridge, Bobbex™, and Deer-Off™. Damage was evaluated on yew (Taxus x media L. ‘Densiformis’, Taxus x media Rehd. ‘Nigra’, Taxus baccata Rehd., and Taxus baccata L. ‘Repandens’), holly (Ilex x meserveae S.Y Hu ‘Blue Princess’ and Ilex x meserveae S.Y Hu ‘China Girl’) and Juniper (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Keteleeri’). Plots received between 0% and 96% deer browse damage. Both Deer Away™ and Holly Ridge significantly reduced browsing. Tree Guard™ and Deer Off™ reduced browsing when feeding intensity was low.
Leaching of Nitrogen from Container Plants Grown under Controlled Fertigation Regimes
Authors: Andersen Lillie , Hansen Conny Wang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One-year-old Weigela and Campanula liners were transplanted into containers and grown outdoors for one season. Nutrient solutions with high conductivity (EC: 2.0 dS/m), intermediate conductivity (EC: 1.25 dS/m) or low conductivity (EC: 0.95 dS/m) were applied at each irrigation. The nitrogen concentrations of the solutions were 220, 110 and 55 g N/m3, respectively. Fertigation frequency was controlled by the use of tensiometers placed in the growing medium. Growth and the amount of N leached from the containers and the N content of the shoot were measured. The respective amounts of N leached from Weigela were 40, 6 or 3 kg N/ha, whereas in Campanula 88, 45 or 17 kg N/ha was leached. The recovery of nitrogen applied was between 53% to 73% in Weigela and 41% to 56% in Campanula. The amount of non-recovered nitrogen was substantially higher in treatments 1.25 dS/m and 0.95 dS/m than in 2.0 dS/m. Fresh and dry weights of both plant species and the number of flowers in Campanula were reduced when the plants were grown at low conductivity.
Micropropagation of Betula platyphylla ‘Fargo’ via Shoot Tip Culture and Regeneration from Leaf Tissues
Authors: Cheng Zong-Ming , Schnurr Jeffrey P. , Dai Wenhao 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A micropropagation system was developed for mass propagation of ‘Fargo’® (Dakota Pinnacle™), a newly released cultivar of Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla). Shoot tips from the mature, 7-year-old tree were established on 75% strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.1 μM thidiazuron. The greatest shoot proliferation occurred on Woody Plant Medium supplemented with 2.2 μM benzyladenine (BA), solidified with 6.5 g/liter agar, and cultured at 24C (75F). Microshoots were rooted in vitro or ex vitro followed by establishment in the greenhouse. A system to regenerate plantlets from leaves of aseptically cultured shoots was also developed. The optimum conditions for shoot regeneration from leaves included a 2-week dark treatment before exposure to a 16/8 hour light/dark photoperiod, use of large and healthy leaf explants, and culture on the Woody Plant Medium containing 20.0 or 30.0 μM BA. The regenerated shoots proliferated on the micropropagation medium and were divided, and the resulting shoots were rooted ex vitro and acclimated in greenhouse conditions.
Changes in Root IAA Content and Growth of Bareroot Conifers Treated with Plant Growth Regulating Substances at Planting
Authors: Scagel C.F. , Linderman R.G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth and survival of bareroot plants after transplanting is partially a function of the plant's capacity to produce new roots. We conducted an experiment to determine whether application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) or moisture retention materials could modify IAA concentration in roots, new root growth, and above ground plant growth. Bareroot western larch, Englemann spruce, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir were treated with Stimroot, ethrel, Hormogel, or Alginate immediately before planting into a raised bed in a greenhouse. All treatments increased IAA content in roots of western larch, Englemann spruce, and Douglas-fir, but only treatments containing IBA increased free IAA in roots of lodgepole pine. Stimroot and Hormogel treatment increased height growth of western larch, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir, but only ethrel treatment increased height growth of Englemann spruce. All treatments increased stem diameter growth of western larch. Stimroot increased stem diameter growth rate of Englemann spruce and Douglas-fir, but stem diameter of lodgepole pine was unaffected by all treatments. Our results indicate that application of PGRs or other root-promoting materials to the roots of bareroot conifers before planting has the potential to be a cost-beneficial method for increasing root growth and decreasing transplant shock.