bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restrictive eating across a spectrum from healthy to unhealthy: behavioral and neural mechanisms
Authors: Foerde Karin , Schebendach Janet E. , Davis Lauren , Daw Nathaniel , Walsh B. Timothy , Shohamy Daphna , Steinglass Joanna E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundRestriction of food intake is a central feature of anorexia nervosa (AN) and other eating disorders, yet also occurs in the absence of psychopathology. The neural mechanisms of restrictive eating in health and disease are unclear.MethodsThis study examined behavioral and neural mechanisms associated with restrictive eating among individuals with and without eating disorders. Dietary restriction was examined in four groups of women (n = 110): healthy controls, dieting healthy controls, patients with subthreshold (non-low weight) AN, and patients with AN. A Food Choice Task was administered during fMRI scanning to examine neural activation associated with food choices, and a laboratory meal was conducted.ResultsBehavioral findings distinguished between healthy and ill participants. Healthy individuals, both dieting and non-dieting, chose significantly more high-fat foods than patients with AN or subthreshold AN. Among healthy individuals, choice was primarily influenced by tastiness, whereas, among both patient groups, healthiness played a larger role. Dorsal striatal activation associated with choice was most pronounced among individuals with AN and was significantly associated with selecting fewer high-fat choices in the task and lower caloric intake in the meal the following day.ConclusionsA continuous spectrum of behavior was suggested by the increasing amount of weight loss across groups. Yet, data from this Food Choice Task with fMRI suggest there is a behavioral distinction between illness and health, and that the neural mechanisms underlying food choice in AN are distinct. These behavioral and neural mechanisms of restrictive eating may be useful targets for treatment development.
The acquisition of noun inflection in Northern Pame (Xi'iuy): Comparing whole word and minimal word accounts
Authors: PYE Clifton , BERTHIAUME Scott , PFEILER Barbara 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe study used naturalistic data on the production of nominal prefixes in the Otopamean language Northern Pame (autonym: Xi'iuy) to test Whole Word (constructivist) and Minimal Word (prosodic) theories for the acquisition of inflection. Whole Word theories assume that children store words in their entirety; Minimal Word theories assume that children produce words as binary feet. Northern Pame uses obligatory portmanteaux prefixes to inflect nouns for class, number, animacy and possessor. Singular nouns constitute 90 percent of the nouns that the children hear and yet all five two-year-old children frequently omitted the singular noun prefixes, but produced the low frequency noun suffixes for dual and animate plural. Neither the children's production of the noun-class prefixes nor their prefix overextensions correlated with the adult type and token frequencies of production. Northern Pame children constructed Minimal Words that contain binary feet and disfavor the production of initial, extrametrical prefixes.
Nightlife clusters of coronavirus disease in Tokyo between March and April 2020
Authors: Takaya S. , Tsuzuki S. , Hayakawa K. , Kawashima A. , Okuhama A. , Kanda K. , Suzuki T. , Akiyama Y. , Miyazato Y. , Ide S. , Nakamura K. , Nomoto H. , Nakamoto T. , Hikida S. , Tanuma J. , Ohara K. , Ito T. , Baba T. , Yamamoto K. , Ujiie M. , Saito S. , Morioka S. , Ishikane M. , Kinoshita N. , Kutsuna S. , Ohmagari N. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We analysed associations between exposure to nightlife businesses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 PCR test results at a tertiary hospital in Tokyo between March and April 2020. A nightlife group was defined as those who had worked at or visited the businesses. We included 1517 individuals; 196 (12.9%) were categorised as the nightlife group. After propensity score matching, the proportion of positive PCR tests in the nightlife group was significantly higher than that in the non-nightlife group (nightlife, 63.8%; non-nightlife, 23.0%; P < 0.001). An inclusive approach to mitigate risks related to the businesses needs to be identified.
Endovascular versus medical treatment of venous compression syndrome of the iliac vein – a systematic review
Authors: Bashar Khalid , Shalan Ahmed , Sharafat Ali Sana , Tang Tjun , Tiwari Alok 
Published: October 2020

Summary: The treatment of non-thrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVL) remains debatable with many advocating conservative treatments, whilst others offering venous stenting. The objective of this review was to systematically assess the treatment options for symptomatic iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) in patients without evidence of thrombotic disease at the time of diagnosis. An online search of published literature looking for randomised controlled trials and observational studies that evaluated the treatment for symptomatic NIVL was performed. Nine studies were included with a total 953 patients of which 782 patients had NIVL. Patency rates ranged between 94.8%–100% in the first month, 88.2%–94.1% in six months and 73.4%–98% in 12 months, in patients with NIVL post stenting. Longer follow-up of up to 5 years shows promising patency rates of 94% in patients with IVCS. Patients with IVCS are likely to benefit from a combination of endovenous treatment at the time of diagnosis including stent placement to maintain lumen patency and prevent recurrent deep venpus thrombosis and/or postthrombotic syndrome.
Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Organic Matter Exported From Greenlandic Glacial and Deglaciated Watersheds
Authors: Pain Andrea J. , Martin Jonathan B. , Martin Ellen E. , Rahman Shaily , Ackermann Philip 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRiverine input of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of the marine carbon cycle and drives net carbon dioxide production in coastal zones. DOM exports to the Arctic Ocean are likely to increase due to melting of permafrost and the Greenland Ice Sheet, but the quantity and quality of DOM exports from deglaciated watersheds in Greenland, as well as expected changes with future melting, are unknown. We compare DOM quantity and quality in Greenland over the melt seasons of 2017–2018 between two rivers directly draining the Greenland Ice Sheet (meltwater rivers) and four streams draining deglaciated catchments that are disconnected from the ice (nonglacial streams). We couple these data with discharge records to compare dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports. DOM sources and quality differ significantly between watershed types: fluorescence characteristics and organic molar C:N ratios suggest that DOM from deglaciated watersheds is derived from terrestrial vegetation and soil organic matter, while that in glacial watersheds contains greater proportions of algal and/or freshly produced biomass and may be more reactive. DOC specific yield is similar for nonglacial streams (0.1–1.2 Mg/km2/year) compared to a glacial meltwater river (0.2–1.1 Mg/km2/year), despite orders of magnitude differences in instantaneous discharge. Upscaling based on land cover leads to an estimate of total DOC contributions from Greenland between 0.2 and 0.5 Tg/year, much of which is derived from deglaciated watersheds. These results suggest that future warming and ice retreat may increase DOC fluxes from Greenland with consequences for the Arctic carbon cycle.
Rates of Olivine Grain Growth During Dynamic Recrystallization and Postdeformation Annealing
Authors: Speciale P. A. , Behr W. M. , Hirth G. , Tokle L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe performed deformation and grain growth experiments on natural olivine aggregates with olivine water contents (COH = 600 ± 300 H/106 Si) similar to upper mantle olivine, at 1000–1200°C and 1,400 ± 100 MPa confining pressure. Our experiments differ from published grain growth studies in that most were (1) conducted on natural olivine cores rather than hot‐pressed aggregates and (2) dynamically recrystallized prior to or during grain growth. We combine our results with similar experiments performed at 1200–1300°C and fit the data to a grain growth relationship, yielding a growth exponent (p) of 3.2, activation energy (EG) 620 ± 145 kJ mol−1 (570 ± 145 kJ mol−1 when accounting for the role of temperature on water content), activation volume (VG) ~5 × 10−6 m3 mol−1, and rate constant (k0) 1.8 × 103 mp s−1. Our EG is within uncertainty of that predicted for dislocation creep of wet olivine (E* = 480 ± 40 kJ mol−1). Grain size in strain rate‐stepping samples adjusted to the olivine piezometer within 1.3–7.9% strain. The active grain boundary migration processes during deformation and dynamic recrystallization affect the kinetics of postdeformation grain growth, as grain boundary migration driven by strain energy density (ρGBM) may delay the onset of grain growth driven by interfacial energy (γGBM). We compared our postdeformation grain growth rates with data from previously published hydrostatic annealing experiments on synthetic olivine. At geologic timescales, the growth rates are much slower than predicted by the existing wet olivine grain growth law.
Life-history strategies of soil microbial communities in an arid ecosystem
Authors: Chen Yongjian , Neilson Julia W , Kushwaha Priyanka , Maier Raina M , Barberán Albert 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe overwhelming taxonomic diversity and metabolic complexity of microorganisms can be simplified by a life-history classification; copiotrophs grow faster and rely on resource availability, whereas oligotrophs efficiently exploit resource at the expense of growth rate. Here, we hypothesize that community-level traits inferred from metagenomic data can distinguish copiotrophic and oligotrophic microbial communities. Moreover, we hypothesize that oligotrophic microbial communities harbor more unannotated genes. To test these hypotheses, we conducted metagenomic analyses of soil samples collected from copiotrophic vegetated areas and from oligotrophic bare ground devoid of vegetation in an arid-hyperarid region of the Sonoran Desert, Arizona, USA. Results supported our hypotheses, as we found that multiple ecologically informed life-history traits including average 16S ribosomal RNA gene copy number, codon usage bias in ribosomal genes and predicted maximum growth rate were higher for microbial communities in vegetated than bare soils, and that oligotrophic microbial communities in bare soils harbored a higher proportion of genes that are unavailable in public reference databases. Collectively, our work demonstrates that life-history traits can distill complex microbial communities into ecologically coherent units and highlights that oligotrophic microbial communities serve as a rich source of novel functions.
Propranolol-induced inhibition of unconditioned stimulus-reactivated fear memory prevents the return of fear in humans
Authors: Deng Jiahui , Shi Le , Yuan Kai , Yao Ping , Chen Sijing , Que Jianyu , Gong Yimiao , Bao Yanping , Shi Jie , Han Ying , Sun Hongqiang , Lu Lin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFear memories can be reactivated by a fear-associated conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US) and then undergo reconsolidation. Propranolol administration during CS retrieval-induced reconsolidation can impair fear memory that is specific to the reactivated CS. However, from a practical perspective, the US is often associated with multiple CSs, and each CS can induce a fear response. The present study sought to develop and test a US-based memory retrieval interference procedure with propranolol to disrupt the original fear memory and eliminate all CS-associated fear responses in humans. We recruited 127 young healthy volunteers and conducted three experiments. All of the subjects acquired fear conditioning, after which they received the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (40 mg) or placebo (vitamin C) and were exposed to the US or CS to reactivate the original fear memory. Fear responses were measured. Oral propranolol administration 1 h before US retrieval significantly decreased subsequent fear responses and disrupted associations between all CSs and the US. However, propranolol administration before CS retrieval only inhibited the fear memory that was related to the reactivated CS. Moreover, the propranolol-induced inhibition of fear memory reconsolidation that was retrieved by the US had a relatively long-lasting effect (at least 2 weeks) and was also effective for remote fear memory. These findings indicate that the US-based memory retrieval interference procedure with propranolol can permanently decrease the fear response and prevent the return of fear for all CSs in humans. This procedure may open new avenues for treating fear-related disorders.
Modeling alcohol-induced neurotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoids
Authors: Arzua Thiago , Yan Yasheng , Jiang Congshan , Logan Sarah , Allison Reilly L. , Wells Clive , Kumar Suresh N. , Schäfer Richard , Bai Xiaowen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMaternal alcohol exposure during pregnancy can substantially impact the development of the fetus, causing a range of symptoms, known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), such as cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders, with the pathophysiology and mechanisms largely unknown. Recently developed human cerebral organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells are similar to fetal brains in the aspects of development and structure. These models allow more relevant in vitro systems to be developed for studying FASDs than animal models. Modeling binge drinking using human cerebral organoids, we sought to quantify the downstream toxic effects of alcohol (ethanol) on neural pathology phenotypes and signaling pathways within the organoids. The results revealed that alcohol exposure resulted in unhealthy organoids at cellular, subcellular, bioenergetic metabolism, and gene expression levels. Alcohol induced apoptosis on organoids. The apoptotic effects of alcohol on the organoids depended on the alcohol concentration and varied between cell types. Specifically, neurons were more vulnerable to alcohol-induced apoptosis than astrocytes. The alcohol-treated organoids exhibit ultrastructural changes such as disruption of mitochondria cristae, decreased intensity of mitochondrial matrix, and disorganized cytoskeleton. Alcohol exposure also resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic stress in the organoids as evidenced by (1) decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates being linked to basal respiration, ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity, and (2) increase of non-mitochondrial respiration in alcohol-treated organoids compared with control groups. Furthermore, we found that alcohol treatment affected the expression of 199 genes out of 17,195 genes analyzed. Bioinformatic analyses showed the association of these dysregulated genes with 37 pathways related to clinically relevant pathologies such as psychiatric disorders, behavior, nervous system development and function, organismal injury and abnormalities, and cellular development. Notably, 187 of these genes are critically involved in neurodevelopment, and/or implicated in nervous system physiology and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the identified genes are key regulators of multiple pathways linked in networks. This study extends for the first time animal models of binge drinking-related FASDs to a human model, allowing in-depth analyses of neurotoxicity at tissue, cellular, subcellular, metabolism, and gene levels. Hereby, we provide novel insights into alcohol-induced pathologic phenotypes, cell type-specific vulnerability, and affected signaling pathways and molecular networks, that can contribute to a better understanding of the developmental neurotoxic effects of binge drinking during pregnancy.
PERK controls bone homeostasis through the regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function
Authors: Guo Jiachao , Ren Ranyue , Sun Kai , Yao Xudong , Lin Jiamin , Wang Genchun , Guo Zhou , Xu Tao , Guo Fengjing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOsteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells with the ability to degrade bone tissue, and are closely related to abnormal bone metabolic diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle responsible for protein modification, quality control, and transportation. The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in ER cavity induces ER stress. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) is an ER stress-sensing protein, which is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. Systemic PERK knockout mice show severe bone loss, suggesting that PERK is of great significance for maintaining the normal growth and development of bone tissue, but the role of PERK in osteoclastogenesis is still unclear. In this study, we found that PERK was significantly activated during RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation; knockdown of PERK by siRNA and inhibition of PERK by GSK2606414, respectively, had significant negative regulatory effects on the formation and bone resorption of osteoclasts. PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 down-regulated the mRNA levels and protein expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes, and inhibited RANKL-induced activation of Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. Treatment with PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 in ovariectomized mouse model significantly suppressed bone loss and osteoclast formation. Thapsigargin activated ER stress to enhance autophagy, while GSK2606414 had a significant inhibitory effect on autophagy flux and autophagosome formation. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could inhibit the expression of PERK phosphorylation, osteoclast-related proteins and autophagy-related proteins, but the use of PERK activator CCT020312 can reverse inhibition effect of NAC. Our findings demonstrate a key role for PERK in osteoclast differentiation and suggest its therapeutic potential.
CB13, a novel PPARγ ligand, overcomes radio-resistance via ROS generation and ER stress in human non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kim Tae Woo , Hong Da-Won , Hong Sung Hee 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a well-known therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes as well as is a potential target for effective anti-cancer drug, since PPARγ ligands such as ciglitazone (Cig) frequently cause cell death in many types of cancer cells and suppress tumor growth. However, many cancer patients acquire chemo-resistance or radio-resistance after chemo or radiotherapy, and it is still unclear. In the difficulty of well-known anti-cancer drugs, we developed a novel PPARγ agonist CB13 (1-benzyl-5-(4-methylphenyl) pyrido [2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione) and investigated the anti-cancer effect and cell death mechanism on human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. With anti-cancer effect of Cig, CB13 also causes inhibition of cell growth by decreasing cell viability, increasing the release of LDH, and increasing caspase-3, and caspase-9 activities. CB13 generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes cell death via ER stress in NSCLC and radio-resistant NSCLC cells (A549R and H460R), and a combination of CB13 and radiation induces greater ER stress and cell death when compared to CB13 alone. Taken together, our results suggest that a combination of CB13 and radiation may overcome radio-resistance caused by radiotherapy.
Unconventional oil and gas development and ambient particle radioactivity
Authors: Li Longxiang , Blomberg Annelise J. , Spengler John D. , Coull Brent A. , Schwartz Joel D. , Koutrakis Petros 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnconventional oil and natural gas development (UOGD) expanded extensively in the United States from the early 2000s. However, the influence of UOGD on the radioactivity of ambient particulate is not well understood. We collected the ambient particle radioactivity (PR) measurements of RadNet, a nationwide environmental radiation monitoring network. We obtained the information of over 1.5 million wells from the Enverus database. We investigated the association between the upwind UOGD well count and the downwind gross-beta radiation with adjustment for environmental factors governing the natural emission and transport of radioactivity. Our statistical analysis found that an additional 100 upwind UOGD wells within 20 km is associated with an increase of 0.024 mBq/m3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.020, 0.028 mBq/m3) in the gross-beta particle radiation downwind. Based on the published health analysis of PR, the widespread UOGD could induce adverse health effects to residents living close to UOGD by elevating PR.
Well-being as a function of person-country fit in human values
Authors: Hanel Paul H. P. , Wolfradt Uwe , Wolf Lukas J. , Coelho Gabriel Lins de Holanda , Maio Gregory R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is often assumed that incongruence between individuals’ values and those of their country is distressing, but the evidence has been mixed. Across 29 countries, the present research investigated whether well-being is higher if people’s values match with those of people living in the same country or region. Using representative samples, we find that person-country and person-region value congruence predict six well-being measures (e.g., emotional well-being, relationship support; N = 54,673). Crucially, however, value type moderates whether person-country fit is positively or negatively associated with well-being. People who value self-direction, stimulation, and hedonism more and live in countries and regions where people on average share these values report lower well-being. In contrast, people who value achievement, power, and security more and live in countries and regions where people on average share these values, report higher well-being. Additionally, we find that people who moderately value stimulation report the highest well-being.
Equatorial mountains on Pluto are covered by methane frosts resulting from a unique atmospheric process
Authors: Bertrand Tanguy , Forget François , Schmitt Bernard , White Oliver L. , Grundy William M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPluto is covered by numerous deposits of methane, either diluted in nitrogen or as methane-rich ice. Within the dark equatorial region of Cthulhu, bright frost containing methane is observed coating crater rims and walls as well as mountain tops, providing spectacular resemblance to terrestrial snow-capped mountain chains. However, the origin of these deposits remained enigmatic. Here we report that they are composed of methane-rich ice. We use high-resolution numerical simulations of Pluto’s climate to show that the processes forming them are likely to be completely different to those forming high-altitude snowpack on Earth. The methane deposits may not result from adiabatic cooling in upwardly moving air like on our planet, but from a circulation-induced enrichment of gaseous methane a few kilometres above Pluto’s plains that favours methane condensation at mountain summits. This process could have shaped other methane reservoirs on Pluto and help explain the appearance of the bladed terrain of Tartarus Dorsa.