bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed loss of bean and maize varieties as a function of temperature and irrigation levels
Authors: Andrade J A , Mateus M , Cadima J F , Abreu F G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Minimizing seed loss is one of the main goals for a successful crop establishment. The main purpose of this research was to model seed loss of tropically relevant crops, measured both at germination and at emergence, as a function of temperature and irrigation level. Four bean varieties (catarina, ervilha, manteiga and sondeyombua) and two maize varieties (matuba and sam3) were studied. Experiments were performed in a controlled environment using a thermogradient plate. Temperatures were monitored with Cu-CuNi thermocouples. Seed loss under optimal hydric conditions was simulated at different temperatures, depending on the variety. Eight irrigation levels (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 and 18 mm) were used to simulate the effects of irrigation on losses under optimal thermal conditions. Temperature ranges suitable to the thermal response of each crop were used. A sandy loam-clay textured soil was used in both germination and emergence experiments whereas filter papers in Petri dishes were used for germination experiments only.
Seed loss was minimal along wide thermal or irrigation ranges and increased toward the lowest and highest temperatures and, in most cases, also towards the extreme irrigation levels. The use of even-degree polynomial models successfully identified thermal [T1, T2] and irrigation [I1, I2] ranges over which losses did not exceed the maximum acceptable losses (m.a.l.). The endpoints and length of those ranges were found to be crop-dependent. Differences between estimated polynomial model parameters, for both germination and emergence (Lmin, Tmin or Imin, and ct or ci), highlighted the role of soil in rising the seedling towards the surface. Germination size as a function of temperature also depended on the substrate used.
Both the range lengths and endpoints can be of interest for decision-making regarding crops or varieties to be used or in identifying sowing times for a given crop or variety. Farm weather forecast and warning systems of different nature and agro-climatic zoning may also benefit with the knowledge of these parameters.
An integrated electrical resistivity and geochemical approach to delineate groundwater contamination due to seawater intrusion in the southern part of Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Authors: Priya K , Jhariya D C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, integration of electrical resistivity survey and chemical analyses of groundwater has been executed in Mangalore’s southern part, Karnataka to delineate seawater intrusion phenomena. About 11 locations representing different hydrogeological and geomorphological setups were selected for the vertical electrical sounding (VES) to identify the subsurface formations and the extent of seawater intrusion. With the VES, the contaminated groundwater zones and the depth to fresh and saline water interface have been demarcated. Overall, 59 groundwater samples were subjected to various geochemical analysis viz; pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, total hardness, alkalinity, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na2+), potassium (K+)and sulfate (SO4
2-) to understand the nature of salinity in the aquifer. The geochemical analyses show that good groundwater conditions characterize the study area except for the southern part. The southern part is under the moderate to high salinity hazard risk, possibly due to its proximity to the sea and hydraulic connection with the seawater through the tidal creek. Two among the VES locations situated in this region show a saline water trend towards the bottom, and in the rest of the VES locations, a freshwater trend is encountered towards the depth.
Geochemical appraisal of fluoride incidences in groundwater from granitic aquifers, parts of Jhansi and Tikamgarh districts (Bundelkhand region), central India: Lineament controls and human health
Authors: Ranjan N 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA geochemical investigation based on the analyses of a total of 41 groundwater samples collected during the pre- and post-monsoon periods from tube/bore-wells points to human health issues due to fluoride levels above and below the tolerance limits specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The study shows that the fluoride (F−) concentration in groundwater in the Bundelkhand granitoid varies from 0.13 to 2.55 mg/l and 0.17 to 2.2 mg/l in pre-monsoon, post-monsoon periods, respectively. The high F−values (>1.5 mg/l) were found in 13 samples (pre-monsoon), and 06 samples (post-monsoon) periods collected from shallow aquifers (120-200 ft) are causing dental fluorosis in the area. The hydro-geochemical processes like ion-exchange reactions, depletion of Ca2+under alkaline medium (high pH) have been found as a favourable environment for the liberation of F−into groundwater. The weathering of rocks containing fluoride-minerals and evapotranspiration processes govern fluoride enrichment in groundwater. The principal F−hosting minerals like apatite, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, sericite, hornblende and kaolinite were the key geogenic sources of F−in the area. The presence of weak/shear zones delineated as lineaments facilitated F- to the groundwater release due to prolonged rock-water interaction. Dental deformities are more ubiquitous in minor and old aged inhabitants than adults.
Chemical Composition of the Mesozoic Alkaline Rocks of the Medvedev Massif (South Yakutia, Aldan-Stanovoy Shield, Leglier Ore Cluster)
Authors: Ivanov Aleksey , Ivanov Michil , Zhuravlev Anatolii 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The study shows chemical composition of the Mesozoic igneous rocks of the Medvedev massif. The massif is a part of the Central Aldan ore region. It is spatially located in the central part of the Nimnyr Block and is a part of the Leglier ore cluster. The massif is a multiphase structure of the most productive stage of the territory development – the Mesozoic tectonic-magmatic activation of the Aldan-Stanovoy shield. According to the materials of previous researchers, the rocks of the massif are represented by the augite hornblende and hornblende syenite porphyry. As a result of field work, we found that the massif has a zonal structure and is represented by three phases of intrusion. The rocks of the selected phases differ in their structural and compositional characteristics. The main objective of the work was to establish compositional characteristics by studying the chemical compositions of potential gold mineralization rocks of the Medvedev massif. In the course of studies and interpretation of chemical analysis of the massif Mesozoic magmatic rocks, we have identified the following characteristics. According to various classification data the following groups of rocks in Medvedev massif are identified – quartz syenites (Phase I), quartz monzodiorites of shoshonite series (Phase II) and monzonites of high-potassium calc-alkaline series (Phase III). The total alkali content (Na2O+K2O)>5% in them corresponds to alkaline rocks. All rocks are characterized by high Al2O3%>14 and low TiO2<1%. The potassium type of alkalinity Na2O/K2O<1 is typical for quartz syenites of the massif, while for quartz monzodiorites this indicator is intermediate, and in monzonites of the massif this parameter Na2O/K2O>1 corresponds to rocks of the alkaline potassium-sodium series. The massif rocks characteristic feature is the decrease of rocks alumina (al’) values from quartz syenites to quartz monzodiorites followed by the increase to monzonites, while the value of the rocks AG coefficient is significantly reduced in the series. Based on these facts, it was suggested that there are two sources of the mantle and mantle-crustal nature. Also, based on the study of the material composition of the Medvedev massif magmatic rocks and the similarity of the geological development with the Mesozoic magmatism of the Samolazovsky and Ryabinovy deposits, it was concluded that gold manifestations can be associated with such multiphase massifs within the Leglier ore cluster.
Natural Amalgam of Gold in Placers of the Ebelyakh Area -Indicator of Tectono-Fluid Activation (North-Eastern Siberian Platform)
Authors: Gerasimov Boris 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The results of studying the typomorphic features of placer gold in the unique diamond-bearing placers of the Ebelakh river basin (Anabar diamond-bearing region) are given. Detailed study of the morphology, micro-relief of the surface and internal structure of the gold and photographing was performed using a scanning electron microscope JEOLJSM-6480LV. The gold fineness was determined using the Camebax-Micro microanalyzer and the JEOL OXFORD INCA-sight energy spectrometer. The internal structure of native gold was studied by etching gold in mounted thin sections using a proven method, using a reagent: HCl + HNO3 + FeCl3 × 6H2O + CrO3 + thiourea + water. It is determined that, modern placer occurrences were formed mainly due to the redeposition of fine high-grade gold from ancient gold-bearing intermediate sources. At the same time, in the placer of the Kamenisty creek a natural amalgam of gold is discovered, which is an aggregate consisting of several cemented rounded gold particles of small size (-0.25 mm) of various morphology. The cement is superimposed medium-grade gold with Hg content of up to 13.3%. Its internal structure is porous, and zoning is noted due to the uneven distribution of Hg. The surface of mercury gold is characterized by a brain-like microsculpture. Along with this, in some placers of the studied area, it was possible to find small (>0.2 mm) gold particles with a specific surface with the thinnest (first microns) fringe of mercury (ртутистого) gold. Obviously, these are single grains of the disintegrated aggregates of auro amalgam. We also found gold particles in an aluminosilicate film of variable Al, Si, K, Fe composition, and the smallest (1-2 microns) mineral phases of gold, sphalerite, galena, zincite and zinc-containing iron are identified on this film. It is assumed that natural amalgamation of placer gold occurred as a result of migration of mercury-containing gold-bearing hydrothermas on fault zones during tectonomagmatic activation. Based on the above-mentioned, it is assumed that there are adjacent sources of supply - low-temperature hydrothermal ore occurrences confined to the faults and formed as a result of tectonomagmatic activation processes. This proposition is confirmed by the identification of hydrothermal-metasomatic formations of K-spar-quartz-pyrite composition with disseminated gold-sulfide mineralization on the studied territory. The similarity of geological conditions of localization and the material composition of apocarbonate hydrothermal-metasomatic formations of the Ebelyakh area with the gold-bearing rocks of the Central Aldan ore district allow to estimate positively the prospects for their further study.
Petrography and Mineralogy of Granitoids of the Elikchan Massif (North-East of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma Orogenic Region)
Authors: Trunilina Vera 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article presents the results of a study of Elikchan granodiorite-granite massif with complex Sn-Au-Ag mineralization. It is shown that the massif localized in the zones of regional fault, where it was preceded and followed by subaerial volcanic outpourings. Considered typomorphic peculiarities of rock-forming, accessory, and restituir minerals of granitoids and petro- and geochemical features of the rocks. A polygenetic nature of the massif is documented, with the origination of parental melts of the amphibole-biotite granodiorites and granites from the lower and upper crustal protoliths, respectively, under the influence of deep heat and fluid fluxes rising from the metasomatized mantle to the magma-generation level. Geochemical specialization of granitoids on a wide range of ore elements characteristic of latite ore-magmatic systems has been established (Bi, As, Sb, Ag, Sn, W). It is shown that the crystallization of the granodiorites took place in conditions close to those of gold-bearing ore-magmatic systems, and the crystallization of the granodiorites took place in conditions close to those of gold-bearing ore-magmatic systems, and the crystallization of granites in the conditions close to those rare-metal ore-magmatic systems, what obyasnyat preformationist associated mineralization. An important criterion for the potential ore content of specific magmatic formations and its possible implementation is the regime of volatile elements.
Assessment the Role of Expanded-Polysterene Block and Grogrid Layer on Behavior of Buried Pipeline
Authors: Khalaj Omid , Darabi Naser Joz , Tafreshi Seyed Naser Moghaddas , Jirková Hana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Geogrid layers and expanded polystyrene blocks have widely been implemented in geotechnical projects, recently. This paper investigates the behaviour of buried pipelines through experimental and numerical analyses by implementing an expanded polystyrene (EPS or geofoam) block and a geogrid layer over the buried pipe rested in a trench and imposed by trench surface loading. In this regard, a 3-D finite element model was created using ABAQUS software which verification and material characteristics have been derived from experimental results. The results indicate that the behaviour of buried pipelines can be ameliorated by employing EPS geofoam blocks; however, the compressible inclusion character of EPS blocks has a side effect of more surface subsidence of buried pipe trenches. In addition, reinforced soil covers with geogrid and geofoam has a considerable impression on amending the maximum surface settlement and maximum pipe crown displacement values.
Geology, Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Gneissic Trondhjemites, Tonalities, Granodiorites and Related Rocks within the Proterozoic Idzhek-Nuiam and Tyrkanda Faults of the Aldan Shield (North Asian Craton)
Authors: Loskutov Evgenii , Kravchenko Alexander , Beryozkin Vasily 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Researched magmatic rocks, which undergone the process of polymetamorphism in granulite, amphibolite and greenschist facies, earlier by some geologist was defined as paragneisses and (or) intrusive rocks. In this paper based on geological and geochemical data argue the magmatic nature of rocks and identity to the calc-alkaline series. The series consists of gabbros, diorites, quartz diorites, granodiorites, tonalites and trondhjemites. Contents of the rock-forming oxides and rare earth elements in these rocks are close to the widely known early Proterozoic gabbro-diorite-tonalite-trondhjemite series of the South-West Finland. These features indicate the probability of formation of the researched rocks with the participation of the subduction. As a results of studies established what in M complex possible inclusion of rocks and bodyes from other sites such as Ust-Timpton, Idzhek-Seym and Upper-Gonam pluton. The features of the MS include the linkage with the long-lived faults and associated dynamometamorphic changes of the bodies, polymetamorphism, superimposed chemical changes in the composition of primary rocks, as well as rarely preserved migmatite veinlets in the host rocks. Geochemical similarity of trondhjemite-, tonalites, granodiorites Mariin series and associated rocks with well-known early Proterozoic differentiated series of southwest Finland typical for the Proterozoic and Paleozoic continental margins suggests that the plutons of the Mariin series formed in an active continental margin setting.
Determination of the sampling size for the reliable identification of organic crops by inducing sublethal effects in beneficial insects
Authors: Gómez-Guzmán J. A. , González-Ruiz R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Among the main innovations in olive growing, the conversion of cultivation practices towards organic agriculture stands out. Since the organic crops are subject to the granting of economic subsidies by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, this has given rise to fraudulent situations, masking the use of conventional pesticides in “fake organic” crops. To investigate alternative methods, complementary to analytical chemists that can provide reliable information to discerning organic crops from those subjects to synthetic pesticides is the aim of this research. A new technique is being developed, based on the induction of sublethal effects on the beneficial insects, through the experimental application of a commercial insecticide on a small scale, in the target crop. The effect triggered by the insecticide can be monitored by means of a yellow sticky trap device, installed for each olive tree, which allows to observe deviations in its capture rate from what occurs in the absence of insecticide (control) and finally verifying if the populations of beneficial insects affected in the olive grove, whether or not they are accustomed to the toxic action of the insecticide. Obviously, in order to maintain environmental integrity in the supposed ecological target olive groves, this induction test should be applied on the smallest scale as possible, thus reducing the application area of the pesticide, which implies adjusting the sample size to a minimum, maintaining an acceptable reliability in the estimates. During the autumn of 2017, six plots of 7x7 configuration were selected in an olive grove in the province of Jaén (southern Spain), three of these were treated with Dimethoate, while the remaining were considered as control. After the treatment application, sticky yellow traps were installed (one in each of the olive trees), thus allowing a maximum of 49 repetitions per plot. Among the identified beneficial insects, the most abundant species was Aeolothrips intermedius. Taking this species as a reference, the results indicate that the differences between treated and control parcel were statistically significant from a minimum sample size of 17 replications onwards. In coincidence with the above, the results have allowed determining that the minimum size of the experimental target plot, to obtain acceptable population estimates (relative error of up to 10%), would require a minimum area of at least 100 m2, representing a minimum number of 17 olive trees. These results provide a reasonable statistical basis for suitably adapting the methodology that allows acceptable estimates, therefore, the application of this methodology of detection of organic crops would require a very small area, equivalent to a practically insignificant number of olive trees, so it would not compromise the ecological quality of the target plantation.
Genetic Forest Typology as a Scientific and Methodological Basis for Environmental Studies and Forest Management
Authors: Fomin Valery , Ivanova Natalya , Mikhailovich Anna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Paper describes key elements of a genetic approach to classification of forest types – one of the original forest typological research directions in Russia summarizes the results of research over the hundred-year period of formation and development of this promising (from the point of view of sustainable management of natural resources) scientific direction. Authors provide a map of current forest type genetic classification use in the Russian Federation, and outline key perspective directions in the development of genetic classifications within a framework of the described approach. Modern genetic forest typology is an interdisciplinary science. It uses forestry, soil science, biogeography, and landscape ecology, allow you to reflect the processes of forest vegetation dynamics in syntaxons and on maps. Therefore, it gives excellent results for systematizing not only primary forests, but also a variety of secondary plant communities with extremely variable composition. Authors believe that there are the following main avenues of genetic approach to forest type classifications development: improvement of forest zoning technologies based upon assessment of environmental factors’ quantitative values, including development of spatial models for estimating factor values; development of new automated quantitative assessment methods for forest site conditions and tree stands’ parameters using high spatial resolution data obtained from aerial drones; development and verification of the rules for combining forest areas with relatively close parameter values, i.e. with similar forest-growing conditions, in one spatial unit; development and verification of the rules for combining spatial units with relatively different forest-growing conditions into larger units according to applied silvicultural practices; Improvement of existing and development of new forest typological schemes reflecting changes in climate conditions that can be applied for zones with high levels of anthropogenic impacts; development of silvicultural practices and logging technologies considering classification schemes of forest type dynamics; Genetic studies of the populations that compose forest communities. Genetic forest type classification is based upon the origin (genesis) and development of forests. Therefore, genesis studies of forest communities based on genetic analysis of the populations will become the core theme of the future fundamental research in this area.
Determination of Spontaneous Ignition Behaviour of Calcium Stearate Dust Accumulation
Authors: Suvar Niculina-Sonia , Prodan Maria , Nalboc Irina , Szollosi-Mota rei , Suvar Marius Cornel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The self-ignition of combustible dusts depends on their chemical composition, on the properties of the substances in the composition, on the granulometry and geometry of the mass of the material and, last but not least, on the ambient temperature. Self-ignition is a complex process that takes place in three successive or simultaneous stages of development. These stages influence each other and are the following: self-heating, evaporation of moisture, and self-ignition itself. The underlying cause of self-heating (or possibly self-ignition) is that molecules on the surface of combustible dust particles are subjected to exothermic reactions with oxygen in the air transported in the free volume between particles, even at normal temperatures. Any amount of heat released will then cause an increase in temperature in the reactive dust-air system, thus accelerating the reaction of other dust molecules with oxygen. Calcium stearate is a carboxylate of calcium, classified as a calcium soap. It is a component of some lubricants, surfactants, as well as many foodstuffs. Due to its large utilization, it was considered important to analyze the flammability properties at bulk depositing to ensure proper safety regulations to avoid unwanted events such as fires or explosions. This paper aims to describe/present the self-ignition behaviour of combustible dust as a function of volume by evaporation tests under constant temperature conditions. The obtained results showed the maximum quantity that can be stored in bulk and the time until an ignition could take place, so that protective measures can be taken to avoid incidents (fires, explosions).