bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for cognitive screening in old age psychiatry: Determining cutoff scores in clinical practice. Avoiding spectrum bias caused by healthy controls
Authors: Dautzenberg Géraud , Lijmer Jeroen , Beekman Aartjan 
Published: October 2019

Objective/methodsThe Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is an increasingly used screening tool for cognitive impairment. While it has been validated in multiple settings and languages, most studies have used a biased case‐control design including healthy controls as comparisons not representing a clinical setting. The purpose of the present cross‐sectional study is to test the criterion validity of the MoCA for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia (MD) in an old age psychiatry cohort (n = 710). The reference standard consists of a multidisciplinary, consensus‐based diagnosis in accordance with international criteria. As a secondary outcome, the use of healthy community older adults as additional comparisons allowed us to underscore the effects of case‐control spectrum‐bias.ResultsThe criterion validity of the MoCA for cognitive impairment (MCI + MD) in a case‐control design, using healthy controls, was satisfactory (area under the curve [AUC] 0.93; specificity of 73% less than 26), but declined in the cross‐sectional design using referred but not cognitive impaired as comparisons (AUC 0.77; specificity of 37% less than 26). In an old age psychiatry setting, the MoCA is valuable for confirming normal cognition (greater than or equal to 26, 95% sensitivity), excluding MD (greater than or equal to 21; negative predictive value [NPV] 98%) and excluding MCI (greater than or equal to 26;NPV 94%); but not for diagnosing MD (less than 21; positive predictive value [PPV] 31%) or MCI (less than 26; PPV 33%).ConclusionsThis study shows that validating the MoCA using healthy controls overestimates specificity. Taking clinical and demographic characteristics into account, the MoCA is a suitable screening tool—in an old age psychiatry setting—for distinguishing between those in need of further diagnostic investigations and those who are not but not for diagnosing cognitive impairment.
Degree of technical difficulty of thyroidectomy for autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: Saadi Robert , Brandt Alyssa , Kim Yesul , Cottrill Elizabeth , Saunders Brian , Schaefer Eric , Goldenberg David 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundOur goal was to elucidate the differences in degree of technical difficulty of thyroidectomy in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases.MethodsCharts of adult patients who had undergone thyroidectomy were reviewed. Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) or Graves' Disease (GD) were individually compared to a control group of patients with early stage malignancy or goiter.ResultsThe HT (n = 65) group was significantly more likely to have friable (P = .001) and fibrotic (P < .001) thyroids, longer operative times (P = .02), and a 22‐modifier (P = .005). The GD (n = 169) group was significantly more likely to have friable (P < .001), vascular (P < .001), fibrotic (P = .038), and heavy (P = .002) thyroids, longer operative times (P = .03), increased length of stay (P = .01) and a 22‐modifier (P = .01).ConclusionOur experience at an institution with a high‐volume thyroid practice demonstrates that patients with autoimmune thyroid disease have consistent qualitative changes of the thyroid and significantly increased operative times and surgical difficulty.
Regulation of the microstructure of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane via incorporation of nano‐ZIF‐7 for improving hydrophobicity and antiwetting performance
Authors: Wang Hai‐Tao , Lu Mei‐Chan , Shi Meng‐Shan , Ao De , Liu Ya‐Pan , Chang Na 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe design and fabrication of a membrane with super hydrophobicity and antiwetting property is of great importance for improving membrane performance in distillation, desalination, gas absorption, and separation. In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were modified by Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐7 (ZIF‐7) nanocrystals to improve the hydrophobic property and antiwetting performance. ZIF‐7/PVDF hybrid membranes were prepared via the nonsolvent‐induced phase separation (NIPS) method. Different concentrations of ZIF‐7 nanocrystals (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt%) were introduced into the PVDF dope solution, and the physical structure of the resulting membranes were systematically characterized. Due to the hydrophobic nature of ZIF‐7 nanocrystals, the solvent–nonsolvent exchange rate had been regulated effectively during phase inversion. The morphology of top and bottom surfaces, together with the inner structures of the hybrid membrane, has been changed obviously, showing a more twisted finger‐like macrovoid layer and a thicker sponge‐like layer compared to pristine PVDF membrane. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity and antiwetting properties of these hybrid membranes improved obviously when the incorporated concentration of ZIF‐7 was higher than 1 wt%. The M(2) membrane, which possessed the highest surface roughness and water contact angles, showed the best antiwetting property and recovered gas permeance ratio (>95%) after being immersed in aqueous solution for 10 hr.
Nanoencapsulation of synergistic antioxidant fruit and vegetable concentrates and their stability during in vitro digestion
Authors: Jeong Su J , Lee Ji‐Soo , Lee Hyeon G 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDNatural antioxidants have received increased attention owing to their safe use without side effects; however, their application has been limited because of lower antioxidant activity and stability during digestion when compared with those of synthetic antioxidants. Although research is ongoing to overcome these problems, it is still challenging to find effective solutions. In this study, we aimed to improve the properties and stability of natural antioxidants during in vitro digestion by synergistic combination and nanoencapsulation.RESULTSTen selected fruit and vegetable concentrates (acai berry, aronia, blackberry, cranberry, wild berry, raspberry, blueberry, red grape, cabbage, and spinach) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity when combined via the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Among the 45 combinations, the highest synergistic ORAC value was noted for the blueberry and cabbage concentrates (BUCA; 0.8 and 1.2 mg mL−1) at an antioxidant ratio of 5:5. Chitosan/carrageenan (CSCR) nanoparticles are physically more stable than chitosan/gum arabic nanoparticles during in vitro digestion and were selected for the oral delivery of BUCA. Under simulated intestinal conditions, BUCA‐loaded CSCR nanoparticles showed significantly more stable antioxidant activity and total phenolic content than non‐nanoencapsulated BUCA. The highest antioxidant stability was observed in the BUCA‐loaded CSCR nanoparticles prepared with 0.2 mg mL−1 carrageenan, which showed two‐times higher ORAC value and ten‐times higher total phenolic content than non‐nanoencapsulated BUCA after 12 h of in vitro digestion.CONCLUSIONCSCR nanoencapsulation of natural antioxidants could be an effective technique for improving antioxidant stability during digestion. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Barriers to care in pediatric cancer: The role of illness uncertainty in relation to parent psychological distress
Authors: Perez Megan N. , Traino Katherine A. , Bakula Dana M. , Sharkey Christina M. , Espeleta Hannah C. , Delozier Alexandria M. , Mayes Sunnye , McNall Rene , Chaney John M. , Mullins Larry L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe current study evaluated perceived barriers to care for parents of children with cancer and the mediating effect of illness uncertainty (IU; uncertainty from the ambiguity or unpredictability of the illness) on the relationship between barriers and parental psychological distress. We hypothesized that greater barriers to care would be related to higher levels of IU and, in turn, higher anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) ratings.MethodsAs part of an ongoing study of family adjustment to pediatric cancer, 145 caregivers of children diagnosed with cancer completed questionnaires assessing barriers to care, parent IU, and anxious symptoms, depressive symptoms, and PTSS. Time since cancer diagnosis ranged from 1 to 12 months.ResultsThree mediation models assessed IU as a mediator between barriers to care and anxious symptoms, depressive symptoms, and PTSS, controlling for annual income. IU significantly mediated the relationship between barriers to care and depressive symptoms (B = ‐.03, SE = .02; 95% CI [‐.08, ‐.01]) and to PTSS (B = ‐.15, SE = .10; 95% CI [‐.38, ‐.03]). The mediation model was not significant for anxious symptoms.ConclusionExperiencing barriers to obtaining treatment for their child with cancer is a significant risk factor for symptoms of depression and PTSS among parents. Specifically, greater barriers to care is significantly associated with IU, a well‐established precursor to distress in this population. Interventions targeting IU may help ameliorate distress within the context of unmodifiable barriers to care.
Empirical study of abnormality in local variables and its application to fault‐prone Java method analysis
Authors: Aman Hirohisa , Amasaki Sousuke , Yokogawa Tomoyuki , Kawahara Minoru 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProgrammers are familiar with local variables, and in many cases, they can freely define the local variables they use. Thus, the properties of these variables are widely diverse, and this may cause variations in the quality of code. Although variables are named in accordance with coding conventions, the following matters have not received much attention from an empirical viewpoint: automatically deciding whether a local variable is “abnormal” and determining the harmful effect of an abnormal variable. This study focuses on the trends in the name, type, and scope of local variables, then proposes the use of the Mahalanobis distance to evaluate their abnormality. The empirical study entailed collecting local variables from eight open‐source software projects, and the paper reports the following findings: (a) the trend in the variation of the names of variables according to their type; (b) the majority of variables have short names with narrow scopes, where a name is often a word or an abbreviation thereof; (c) methods with an abnormal variable are approximately 1.4 times more likely to be fault prone than methods that contain only normal variables; (d) the proposed abnormality metric can be useful in a random forest‐based fault‐prone method analysis model.
Work ability and productivity among dentists: associations with musculoskeletal pain, stress, and sleep
Authors: Marklund Susanna , Mienna Christina S. , Wahlström Jens , Englund Erling , Wiesinger Birgitta 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Purpose
Work ability can be measured by the work ability index (WAI), and work-related questions measuring productivity loss in terms of quality and quantity of work. Dentists have high occupational risk of musculoskeletal pain and the exposure of ergonomic strain is already high during dental education. The aim was to evaluate work ability and productivity among dentists, and to identify gender differences and associations with sleep, stress, and reported frequent pain.

Methods
The study population comprised 187 dentists (123 women and 64 men) who had been working as dentists between 5 and 12 years. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding sleep, stress, presence of pain at different sites, work ability assessed by WAI, and productivity in terms of quality and quantity of work.

Results
Poor sleep quality and high level of stress were reported by 31% and 48.1% of participants, respectively, with no gender differences and no association with age. The prevalence of frequent pain ranged 6.4–46.5% with shoulders being the most prevalent site. Thirty-three percent reported reduced work ability. Poor sleep, high amount of stress, and multi-site pain were associated with decreased work ability.

Conclusions
A high prevalence of pain was shown among dentists. Decreased work ability in terms of productivity loss was associated with poor sleep quality, high amount of stress, and multi-site pain. Preventive actions at the workplace should promote good musculoskeletal health, and measures taken, both individual and organizational, to minimize the risk of high, persistent stress and work-related pain.
Illicit Drug Markets, Consumer Capitalism and the Rise of Social Media: A Toxic Trap for Young People
Authors: Irwin-Rogers Keir 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article explores young people’s involvement in illicit drug markets in England. It focuses in particular on why young people become involved in illicit drug distribution, the extent to which their involvement is predicated on adults’ use of threats and violence, and how young people frame the morality of drug dealing. The article’s findings are based on a unique dataset generated by a six-month period of online social media platform analysis, alongside additional data drawn from periods of observation, focus groups and interviews with young people and professionals. In short, I argue that drug prohibition, consumer capitalism, severe levels of inequality, and emerging problems associated with the rise of online social media are combining to produce a toxic trap that is dragging tens of thousands of young people into street-level drug dealing. Considered in this context, the inadequacy of the UK government’s response to some of the main harms associated with illicit drug markets is clear: children and young people will continue to be coerced and exploited until either drug markets are legalized and regulated, or they have realistic opportunities to pursue lives that offer genuine meaning, decent levels of income, and levels of status and respect that are comparable to those provided by drug distribution.
Retirement Age Preferences: The Role of Social Interactions and Anchoring at the Statutory Retirement Age
Authors: Vermeer Niels , van Rooij Maarten , van Vuuren Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Using a specifically designed survey, we investigate the role of the social network in shaping workers’ retirement preferences. We find that the preferred retirement age is influenced by the advice and retirement decisions of coworkers, family, and friends. Workers value in particular the advice of their spouse and children and take their personal circumstances into consideration. Responses to vignette questions imply that workers increase their preferred retirement age with on average 3 months in response to a 1 year increase in the retirement age of coworkers, family and friends. Workers are particularly willing to postpone retirement if the planned retirement age was below the statutory retirement age. The results suggest that advice of the social environment and factors like ‘social embeddedness’ or social norms likely play a role when it comes to retirement decision-making.
Multiple frames of success: how second-generation immigrants experience educational support and belonging in higher education
Authors: Orupabo Julia , Drange Ida , Abrahamsen Bente 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article explores the impact of cultural resources on success and aspirations among second-generation immigrants in higher education in Norway. We investigate whether and how cultural resources are converted into advantages in higher education. The data consist of cross-sectional survey data and in-depth interviews with Norwegian students of immigrant origin. The quantitative analysis challenges the assumption that minority students receive extra support and encouragement from their social environment to guide them through higher education. However, regarding identity, cultural resources may provide a buffer from the exclusion and risks scholars have described as common among non-immigrant working-class students in higher education. We specify how culture works through two different frames of interpreting educational achievement: (1) adual frame of reference, i.e. comparing their achievements with the poorer conditions in their parents’ home countries fosters optimism and (2) asingle frame of reference, i.e. comparing their achievements with their peers with ethnic majority background in Norway fosters pessimism. Yet, both frames generate high educational commitment. Whilst the first enables the students to view their place in higher education as almost given, the second enables the students to work harder in order to prove themselves and combat under-expectations.
Paternity Uncertainty or Male Dominance? Paternal versus Maternal Grandmothers’ Contribution to Children’s Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Schrijner Sandor , Smits Jeroen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Evolutionary theory predicts grandmothers to invest more in their daughter’s children than in their son’s children, because of the higher likelihood of being genetically related to their daughter’s children. At the same time, most African cultures are characterized by male dominance, which might make it more profitable to invest in sons than in daughters. Here, the relative importance of paternal versus maternal grandmothers for children’s schooling is studied as well as how this grandmother gender effect varies across circumstances.

Methods
The importance of paternal versus maternal grandmothers for children’s schooling is studied using multilevel logistic regression analysis on data for 896,073 children aged 7–15, living in 33 sub-Saharan African countries. We control for demographic and socio-economic factors at household and context level and study the role of circumstances using interaction analysis.

Results
Children living with a paternal grandmother have a higher chance of being in school than children living with a maternal grandmother. This effect is larger for boys, when the father is higher educated and when a grandfather is present. It is reduced when mother’s education level is higher.

Conclusions
Children living with a paternal grandmother have better schooling outcomes relative to those living with a maternal grandmother. This advantage of living with a paternal grandmother is stronger for boys and when the father is higher educated. Male dominance as a cultural factor seems to be more important for grandmother’s investments than certainty about genetic relatedness. Only a higher education level of the mother seems to counterbalance this tendency to a certain extent.
Use of redox mediators for the enhanced degradation of selected nitrophenols
Authors: Yaseen Mohammed , Manu Basavaraju , Kudri Najaruddin , Govardhanaswamy H. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the present study, sequential anaerobic–aerobic treatment was used for the enhanced degradation of selected nitrophenols. Five identical reactors were used to assess the degradation of 2-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Reactor 1 was used as control, and another four reactors were operated in anaerobic phase followed by sequential aerobic treatment. The performance of reactors was studied for nitrophenol concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/l and in next phase effect of redox mediators [lawsone and anthraquinone sulphonic acid (AQSA)], along with kinetics of degradation studied for 40 mg/l of nitrophenols. More than 98% degradation of nitrophenols was achieved at lower concentrations but for 40 mg/l removal percentage was reduced, and also COD inhibition was observed. However, with the addition of redox mediators, both nitrophenols and COD removal percentage were greater than 95% and 85%, respectively. Kinetics of degradation revealed that the rate of degradation was found to increase with the increase in concentration of redox mediators from 10 to 20 mg/l, and it was found that degradation was faster with the use of AQSA in comparison with lawsone solution. It indicates that use of redox mediators is favourable for the enhanced degradation of nitrophenols. Sequential anaerobic–aerobic treatment is possible potential treatment method for treating nitrophenolic wastewaters.
Experimental study of flow pattern and sediment behavior near the intake structures using the spur dike and skimming wall
Authors: Moradinejad Amir , Saneie Mojtaba , Ghaderi Amir , Zamanieh Shahri Seyed Mahyar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Channel junctions and lateral intakes are always caused turbulence in the passing flow. In this research, an experimental study was carried out to explore a possible method for sediment control for a series of skimming walls and a single spur dike, simultaneously. In order to direct the flow into the diversion channel and increase the skimming wall function, a single spur dike was utilized at the opposite side of the intake channel. The flow patterns for three conditions, including (1) without structures, (2) with skimming wall and (3) skimming wall and spur dike, are considered. The results showed that the use of skimming wall and a combination of skimming wall and spur dike makes it possible to direct the thalweg toward the intake port. In addition, by using the skimming wall, a trench is made toward the intake, which in turn increases the impoundment efficiency by 81% in the skimming wall combined with spur dike and up to about 66% for using the skimming wall.
Groundwater vulnerability assessment with using GIS in Hamadan–Bahar plain, Iran
Authors: Oroji Balal 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVulnerability assessment to delineate areas that are more susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic sources has become an important element for sensible resource management and land use planning. It has been recognized for its ability to delineate areas that are more likely than others to become contaminated as a result of anthropogenic activities near the earth’s surface. The main methods of mapping and assessing intrinsic vulnerability in porous media are the following: SI, GOD, SINTACS and DRASTIC. The basic purpose of these maps is to divide an area into more classes, each of which will represent a different dynamic for a specific purpose and use. These models have been used to map groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Hamadan–Bahar aquifer. The results showed in models of DRASTIC, SI, GOD and SINTACS, respectively, 7.1, 44.21, 29.56 and 20.16 percent of the areas are high potential vulnerabilities. According to the model DRASTIC at study area, 33.6% of has a low class of groundwater vulnerability to contamination, whereas a total of 29.4% of the study area has a moderate vulnerability. The final results indicate that the aquifer system in the interested area is relatively protected from contamination on the groundwater surface. The correlation between models shows that DRASTIC model has the highest CI, which is 141, and the GOD model has the highest CI, which is 139. Also, the highest CI for SINTACS and SI is 137 and 136, respectively. Therefore, DRASTIC model is the best model among these models for predicting groundwater vulnerability in Hamadan–Bahar plain aquifer.