bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural diversity of olfactory organs in Osteoglossiformes
Authors: Dymek J. , Kuciel M. , Żuwała K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOsteoglossomorpha, an ancient Teleostei group, exhibits many ancestral structural features. Herein, we describe the diversity in morphology of olfactory organs of air‐breathing Pantodon buchholzi, Arapaima gigas, and Gymnarchus niloticus in terms of adaptations to short ventures out of water and compare the results with the water‐breathing Osteoglossum bicirrhosum. We demonstrate the presence of olfactory rosettes within the olfactory chamber in all studied species and additionally a peculiar cudgel‐shaped structure in P. buchholzi. The typical olfactory rosette with centrally located elongate median raphe and two rows of olfactory lamellae was found only in P. buchholzi. In A. gigas, the olfactory lamellae arranged in semicircular manner were merged to small median raphe. Osteoglossum bicirrhosum and G. niloticus lacked median raphe, while the olfactory lamellae were ordered nearly parallel or circular, respectively. Olfactory epithelium lining the olfactory lamellae was unfolded only in P. buchholzi and G. niloticus. In contrast, in O. bicirrhosum and A. gigas convexities formed by nonsensory cells and concavities made by the sensory component were observed. Among the olfactory sensory neurons, ciliated and microvillus neurons were found in all studied species. Crypt‐like cells were noted only in P. buchholzi, whereas rod‐like cells were unique for A. gigas. The substantial morphological variation of the olfactory organ structure and ultrastructure in the studied osteoglossiforms may be explained by the early division of Osteoglossomorpha within Teleostei and long‐term, independent evolution within the families.
Intraspecific genomic variation and local adaptation in a young hybrid species
Authors: Cuevas Angélica , Ravinet Mark , Sætre Glenn‐Peter , Eroukhmanoff Fabrice 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHybridization increases genetic variation, hence hybrid species may have greater evolutionary potential once their admixed genomes have stabilized and incompatibilities have been purged. Yet, little is known about how such hybrid lineages evolve at the genomic level following their formation, in particular their adaptive potential. Here we investigate how the Italian sparrow (Passer italiae), a homoploid hybrid species, has evolved and locally adapted to its variable environment. Using restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq) on several populations across the Italian peninsula, we evaluate how genomic constraints and novel genetic variation have influenced population divergence and adaptation. We show that population divergence within this hybrid species has evolved in response to climatic variation, suggesting ongoing local adaptation. As found previously in other nonhybrid species, climatic differences appear to increase population differentiation. We also report strong population divergence in a gene known to affect beak morphology. Most of the strongly divergent loci among Italian sparrow populations do not seem to be differentiated between its parent species, the house and Spanish sparrows. Unlike in the hybrid, population divergence within each of the parental taxa has occurred mostly at loci with high allele frequency difference between the parental species, suggesting that novel combinations of parental alleles in the hybrid have not necessarily enhanced its evolutionary potential. Rather, our study suggests that constraints linked to incompatibilities may have restricted the evolution of this admixed genome, both during and after hybrid species formation.
Herbal medicines in functional dyspepsia—Untapped opportunities not without risks
Authors: Gwee Kok‐Ann , Holtmann Gerald , Tack Jan , Suzuki Hidekazu , Liu Jinsong , Xiao Yinglian , Chen Min‐Hu , Hou Xiaohua , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Toh Clarissa , Lu Fang , Tang Xu‐Dong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundContemporary treatments for functional dyspepsia have limitations. Herbal medicine has been suggested as adjunctive treatment. With growing scientific recognition and public interests, an in‐depth review of this is timely.Aims/PurposeTo evaluate the therapeutic potential and problems that may be associated with the adoption of herbal medicines in functional dyspepsia.MethodsWe reviewed the treatment landscape of functional dyspepsia and assessed the scientific community's interest in herbal medicine. Preclinical pharmacological and clinical trial data were reviewed for several herbal medicines available in the market. Challenges associated with adoption of herbal medicine in mainstream medicine were critically evaluated.ResultsWe found that herbal medicines frequently comprise a combination of herbs with multiple reported pharmacological effects on gastrointestinal motility and secretory functions, as well as cytoprotective and psychotropic properties. We identified a number of commercially available herbal products that have undergone rigorous clinical trials, involving large numbers of well‐defined subjects, reporting both efficacy and safety for functional dyspepsia. Persisting concerns include lack of rigorous assessments for majority of products, toxicity, consistency of ingredients, dose standardizations, and quality control. We provide a quality framework for its evaluation.ConclusionsWe commend herbal medicine as a viable future option in managing functional dyspepsia. An attractive appeal of herbal medicine is the prospect to simultaneously target multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Wider adoption and acceptance of herbal medicines in treatment algorithms of functional dyspepsia will require the application of the scientific rigor expected of chemical therapies, to all stages of their development and evaluation.
Gastrointestinal tract metastasis of lung cancer: The PD‐L1 expression and correlated clinicopathological variables
Authors: Ishikawa Eri , Nakaguro Masato , Nakamura Masanao , Yamamura Takeshi , Sawada Tsunaki , Mizutani Yasuyuki , Maeda Keiko , Furukawa Kazuhiro , Shimoyama Yoshie , Kawashima Hiroki , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe gastrointestinal tract is a rare site for metastatic lung cancer. Programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression in lung cancer is a biomarker for the response to anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy. We investigated clinicopathological features and PD‐L1 expression in 25 gastrointestinal metastatic tumors from the lung and primary adenocarcinoma of the small bowel. The small bowel was the most common site (16/25; 64%) of gastrointestinal tract lung cancer metastasis. A total of 19 (76%) of the gastrointestinal metastasis showed PD‐L1 expression in ≥5% of tumor cells, with 14 (56%) showing high expression levels (≥50%). In contrast, 21 (84%) expressed PD‐L1 in ≥5% immune cells, including 4 (16%) showing a high expression levels (≥50%). The PD‐L1 expression on tumor cells and immune cells in primary lung cancer and corresponding gastrointestinal metastasis was concordant in 13 (68%) and 11 (58%) of the 19 paired cases, respectively. Small‐bowel metastasis of lung cancer was characterized by a higher incidence of perforation (31% vs. 0%), ulcerated mass (83% vs. 60%), and neoplastic PD‐L1 expression (75% vs. 0%) compared to primary small‐bowel adenocarcinoma. Gastrointestinal metastasis from lung cancer might be a potential target for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, given its high expression of PD‐L1.
Fusarium rot of melon is caused by severalFusariumspecies
Authors: Medeiros Araújo Maria B. , Moreira Gláucia M. , Nascimento Luan Vítor , Nogueira Geovane de Almeida , Nascimento Selma Rogéria de C. , Pfenning Ludwig H. , Ambrósio Márcia Michelle de Q. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFusarium rot of melon, caused by species of the genusFusarium, has become an important postharvest disease for many Brazilian producers. Due to the delayed onset of symptoms, this disease is often only detected when fruits arrive at the importing country, thus generating economic loss for the exportation of the fruit. This study was developed with the aim of investigating whichFusariumspecies cause fruit rot in melon and to evaluate any differences in aggressiveness and development of symptoms. Species were identified through phylogenetic analysis of two loci and morphological markers. The 28 isolates obtained from diseased melon fruits of different commercial cultivars were identified asFusarium falciforme(FSSC),F.sulawesiense,F. pernambucanum(FIESC), andF. kalimantanense(FOSC). Three isolates belong to a new phylogenetic lineage within theF. fujikuroispecies complex (FFSC). All isolates were tested for pathogenicity, and first symptoms of rot in Canary melon were observed 2 days after inoculation. Isolates ofF. falciformeandF. sulawesiensewere shown to be more aggressive. Our results extend information onFusariumspecies that cause fruit rot in melon and support the development of management strategies, as there is currently no efficient control for this disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of species of the FSSC, FOSC, and FFSC from muskmelon fruits in Brazil.
RAB GTPASE HOMOLOG 8D is required for the maintenance of both the root stem cell niche and the meristem
Authors: Li Pengcheng , Ma Junjie , Sun Xueping , Zhao Chuanzhi , Ma Changle , Wang Xingjun 
Published: December 2020

SummaryPrevious studies have suggested that the plastid translation elongation factor, elongation factor thermo unstable (EF‐Tu), encoded by RAB GTPASE HOMOLOG 8D (RAB8D) is essential for plant growth. Here, through analyzing the root phenotypes of two knock‐down alleles of RAB8D (rab8d‐1 and rab8d‐2), we further revealed a vital role for RAB8D in primary root development through the maintenance of both the stem cell niche (SCN) and the meristem. Our results showed that RAB8D deficiency affects the root auxin response and SCN maintenance signaling. RAB8D interacts with GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1) in vivo. Further analysis revealed that GUN1 is over‐accumulated and is required for both stem cell death and maintenance of root architecture in rab8d Arabidopsis mutants. The ATAXIA‐TELANGIECTASIA‐MUTATED (ATM)–SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1 pathway is involved in the regulation of root meristem size through upregulating SIAMESE‐RELATED 5 expression in the rab8d‐2 allele. Moreover, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 115 is highly expressed in rab8d‐2, which plays a role in further quiescent center division. Our observations not only characterized the role of RAB8D in root development, but also uncovered functions of GUN1 and ATM in response to plastid EF‐Tu deficiency.
L-Arginine Improves Endurance to High-Intensity Interval Exercises in Overweight Men
Authors: Daraei Ali , Ahmadizad Sajad , Rahmani Hiwa , Hackney Anthony C. , Johnson Kelly E. , Laher Ismail , Saeidi Ayoub , Zouhal Hassane 
Published: December 2020

The effects of acute consumption of L-Arginine (L-Arg) in healthy young individuals are not clearly defined, and no studies on the effects of L-Arg in individuals with abnormal body mass index undertaking strenuous exercise exist. Thus, we examined whether supplementation with L-Arg diminishes cardiopulmonary exercise testing responses, such as ventilation (VE), VE/VCO2, oxygen uptake (VO2), and heart rate, in response to an acute session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in overweight men. A double-blind, randomized crossover design was used to study 30 overweight men (age, 26.5 ± 2.2 years; body weight, 88.2 ± 5.3 kilogram; body mass index, 28.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2). Participants first completed a ramped-treadmill exercise protocol to determine VO2max velocity (vVO2max), after which they participated in two sessions of HIIE. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 6 g of L-Arg or placebo supplements. The HIIE treadmill running protocol consisted of 12 trials, including exercise at 100% of vVO2max for 1 min interspersed with recovery intervals of 40% of vVO2max for 2 min. Measurements of VO2 (ml·kg−1·min−1), VE (L/min), heart rate (beat per min), and VE/VCO2 were obtained. Supplementation with L-Arg significantly decreased all cardiorespiratory responses during HIIE (placebo+HIIE vs. L-Arg+HIIE for each measurement: VE [80.9 ± 4.3 L/min vs. 74.6 ± 3.5 L/min, p < .05, ES = 1.61], VE/VCO2 [26.4 ± 1.3 vs. 24.4 ± 1.0, p < .05, ES = 1.8], VO2 [26.4 ± 0.8 ml·kg−1·min−1 vs. 24.4 ± 0.9 ml·kg−1·min−1, p < .05, ES = 2.2], and heart rate [159.7 ± 6.3 beats/min vs. 155.0 ± 3.7 beats/min, p < .05, d = 0.89]). The authors conclude consuming L-Arg before HIIE can alleviate the excessive physiological strain resulting from HIIE and help to increase exercise tolerance in participants with a higher body mass index who may need to exercise on a regular basis for extended periods to improve their health.
Nutrition education in medical school: the case of international medical students in China
Authors: Amakye William Kwame , Bozovic Sladana , Faraque Arafat , Yao Maojin , Ren Jiaoyan 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the knowledge on country-specific nutrition situation, perceptions of the nutrition curricula and factors influencing capacity to offer nutrition guidance among medical students studying internationally in China compared with their home-country counterparts.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingsChina, Ghana, India and Montenegro.ParticipantsInternational medical students in China and medical students studying in their home countries of Ghana, India and Montenegro.Main measureAn online semistructured questionnaire was administered using WeChat for international students and Microsoft Forms for home-country medical students to assess students’ perceived knowledge and significance of nutrition, knowledge of country-specific nutrition situation, perceptions of the nutrition curricula and perceived capacity to offer nutrition counselling.ResultIn all, 190 medical students responded to the survey: 110 international students studying in China and 80 home-country students from Ghana (40), India (20) and Montenegro (20). Home-country students rated the importance of nutrition in health and disease development higher than international students (p<0.05). International students reported not having any specific nutrition courses while home-country students had nutrition courses as part of their curriculum. Only 8.2% of international students and 13.8% of home-country students were able to correctly mention any specific national nutrition guidelines of their home countries. Home-country students were more likely to provide correct nutrition recommendations for infants (χ²(3)=26.349; p=0.001), pregnancy (χ²(3)=9.793; p=0.007), lactating mothers (χ²(3)=9.112; p=0.011), diabetes (χ²(3)=13.619; p=0.001), hypertension (χ²(3)=12.022; p=0.002), overweight/obesity (χ²(3)=8.896; p=0.012) and undernutrition (χ²(3)=7.670; p=0.022) compared with international students. Practical nutrition courses, hours of nutrition education and how often students were asked nutrition-related questions tended to affect and predict the adequacy of nutrition education received and the perceived confidence for nutrition counselling.ConclusionInternational medical students in China are less familiar with the nutrition context in their respective home countries compared with their home-country counterparts. Medical schools in China that train significant numbers of international students need to support these students to become familiar with their respective countries’ nutrition contexts.
Petrogenesis and economic potential of the Obatogamau Formation, Chibougamau area, Abitibi greenstone belt
Authors: Boucher Adrien , Mathieu Lucie , Hamilton Michael A. , Bedeaux Pierre , Daigneault Réal 
Published: December 2020

Unravelling the petrogenesis and stratigraphy of Archean mafic lava flows is essential to our comprehension of the early geodynamic evolution and economic potential of greenstone belts. This study focuses on one of the oldest and thickest sequences of lava flows observed in the Neoarchean Abitibi Subprovince (greenstone belt), that is, the Obatogamau Formation. The undated formation extends for more than 100 km in an E–W direction and consists mostly of aphyric and feldspar megacryst-bearing basaltic-andesite lava flows. These lava flows are tholeiitic, mostly Fe-rich, and have nearly homogeneous chemistry. Petrogenetic modelling carried out using MELTS software points to limited magmatic differentiation as most samples of mafic lava flows did not reach Fe-Ti-oxide saturation. Zircon U-Pb dating establishes a crystallization age of 2726.2 ± 1.6 Ma for a felsic unit located at an intermediate stratigraphic position in the sequence of lava flows. Constraints from stratigraphically overlying volcanic units suggest that the Obatogamau Formation was likely emplaced rapidly, possibly within a few million years and as a consequence of frequent replenishment of shallow magma accumulations. High eruption rates are consistent with short episodes of volcanic quiescence deduced from field observations, indicating non-optimal conditions for volcanogenic massive sulfide systems. The pressure and temperature of peak metamorphism deduced from amphibole chemistry, however, points to favorable conditions for the release of metamorphic fluids. The study area may thus be prospective for orogenic gold mineralization, provided that fluids had access to a source of gold and that structural conduits allowed for the channeling of hydrothermal fluids.
Carboniferous smaller Foraminifera: convergences and divergences
Authors: Vachard Daniel , Le Coze François 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

The Carboniferous Foraminifera are composed of representatives of three classes: Fusulinata, Miliolata and Nodosariata. Despite ample literature on Paleozoic Allogromiata and Textulariata, the real presence of these classes remains questionable during the Carboniferous and they are thus excluded herein. The main biostratigraphical markers belong to the superfamilies Archaediscoidea, Lasiodiscoidea and Bradyinoidea, even if many genera among the archaediscoids still have a controversial nomenclature, as well as do some lasiodiscids and bradyinoids. Secondary biostratigraphical markers belong to Lituotubelloidea (= ‘Tournayelloidea’ of the authors), Endothyroidea and Loeblichioidea (these latter giving rise to the primitive Fusulinida). The Miliolata appear at the Visean/Serpukhovian boundary interval. The typical Carboniferous miliolates are primitive nubeculariins and cornuspirinins. Tubiphytids might be miliolate and cyanobacterium consortia, derived from the nubeculariin
Palaeonubecularia
. The most primitive nodosariates (syzraniids) appeared in the Moscovian; and gave rise, in the latest Carboniferous, to
Protonodosaria
,
Nodosinelloides
and possibly
Polarisella
,
Paravervilleina
and the oldest Geinitzinoidea. Palaeobiological data are mainly provided by the genera
Bradyina
,
Tetrataxis
and
Climacammina
. Palaeobiogeographical distributions of
Pojarkovella
,
Janischewskina, Eosigmoilina
,
Brenckleina
,
Spireitlina
,
Hemigordius
and
Syzrania
testify to the successive foraminiferal migrations between the Palaeotethys, Ural and Panthalassan oceans. Two taxa are created: Eoparastaffellidae and Banffellinae.
Robert C. Merton and the Science of Finance
Authors: Bodie Zvi 
Published: December 2020

Starting with his 1970 doctoral dissertation and continuing to today, Robert C. Merton has revolutionized the theory and practice of finance. In 1997, Merton shared a Nobel Prize in Economics “for a new method to determine the value of derivatives.” His contributions to the science of finance, however, go far beyond that. In this article I describe Merton's main contributions. They include the following: 1.  The introduction of continuous-time stochastic models (the Ito calculus) to the theory of household consumption and investment decisions. Merton's technique of dynamic hedging in continuous time provided a bridge between the theoretical complete-markets equilibrium model of Kenneth Arrow and the real world of personal financial planning and management. 2.  The derivation of the multifactor Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM). The ICAPM generalizes the single-factor CAPM and explains why that model might fail to properly account for observed market excess returns. It also provides a theory to identify potential forward-looking risk premia for use in factor-based investment strategies. It is therefore both a positive and normative theory. 3.  The invention of Contingent Claims Analysis (CCA) as a generalization of option pricing theory. CCA applies the technique of dynamic replication to the valuation and risk management of a wide range of corporate and government liabilities. Merton's CCA model for the valuation and analysis of risky debt is known among scholars and practitioners alike as the Merton Model. 4.  The development of financial engineering, which employs CCA to design and produce new financial products. Merton was the first to apply CCA to analyze government guaranty programs such as deposit insurance, and to suggest improvements in the way those programs are managed. He and his students have applied his insights at both the micro and macro policy levels. 5.  And finally, the development of a theory of financial intermediation that explains and predicts how financial systems differ across countries and change over time. Merton has applied that theory, called functional and structural finance, to guide the design and regulation of financial systems at the levels of the firm, the industry, and the nation. He has also used it to propose reforms in pensions, sovereign wealth funds, and macrostabilization policy. This article is one of a pair of articles published in this volume about Robert C. Merton's contributions to the science of financial economics. This article was originally published in Volume 11 of the Annual Review of Financial Economics. The other article in this pair is “ Robert C. Merton: The First Financial Engineer ” by Andrew W. Lo.
Teleworker Performance in the COVID-19 Era in  Japan
Authors: Okubo Toshihiro , Inoue Atsushi , Sekijima Kozue 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates teleworker efficiency in Japan in the COVID-19 era by using unique survey data on telework. Many Japanese workers started teleworking during the pandemic and found both benefits as well as impediments. Overall, we find that telework experience and the work environment (e.g., having clearly specified tasks and a flexible working system), changes in work–life balance (e.g., working time), and good mental health improves teleworker efficiency.
Is There Even a Standard of Review at the icc?
Authors: Gray Kevin W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Most practitioners of icl thought that that the Appeals Chamber employed three putatively distinct standards of review with respect to questions of facts, law, and the exercise of discretion: respectively correctness, reasonableness, and abuse of discretion. However, the Bemba Appeals Decision turned this all on its head. The Appeals Chamber found (by the narrowest 3–2 vote) that while correctness remained the standard of review with respect to errors of law, errors of fact would no longer be reviewed on a purely reasonableness standard. Although the Bemba decision provoked immediate outrage, this article argues that the jurisprudence of the icc was never clear on the standard of view – pace the view of many scholars. Analysing the decisions of the Appeals Chamber, it shows that the debate between correctness and reasonableness had never been fully resolved. It concludes with a proposal for how the court might simplify its approach.