bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressing the excessive aggregation of nonfullerene acceptor in blade‐coated active layer by using n‐type polymer additive to achieve large‐area printed organic solar cells with efficiency over 15%
Authors: Dong Sheng , Zhang Kai , Jia Tao , Zhong Wenkai , Wang Xiaohui , Huang Fei , Cao Yong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate that high‐efficiency blade‐coated organic solar cells (OSCs) can be obtained by using polymer additive N2200 to suppress the excessive aggregation of nonfullerene acceptor. When using the blade‐coating method, OSCs based on the blends of PM6:IT‐4F and PM6:Y6 show moderate efficiencies of 9.9% and 13.2%, respectively. However, when a small amount of N2200 is added into the binary active layers, the resulting blade‐coated OSCs show much higher efficiencies of 13.0% and 16.0%. Careful investigation reveals that the polymer additive suppresses the excessive aggregation of nonfullerene acceptors in the blade‐coated active layer. This enhances the device performance by ensuring a more favorable morphology with appropriate domain size, improving charge extraction, and suppressing charge recombination. Based on this understanding, large‐area OSC devices (1.0 cm2) are successfully obtained by blade coating, which display encouraging efficiencies of 12.3% and 15.1%.Abstractimage
Internal electric field engineering for steering photogenerated charge separation and enhancing photoactivity
Authors: Guo Yan , Shi Wenxin , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPhotocatalysis as a desirable technology shows great potential in environmental remediation and renewable energy generation, but the recombination of photogenerated carriers is a key limiting factor for efficiency in artificial photosynthesis. Internal electric field (IEF, also known as built‐in electric field) engineering acts an emerging and clearly viable route to increase photocatalytic efficiency by facilitating charge separation and transfer. This review summarizes the basic principles of IEF including the source, the strategies for the enhancement and the measurement of IEF. Highlight is the recent progress in steering photogenerated charge separation of photocatalysts by IEF engineering and related mechanisms. Finally, the challenges in IEF engineering and exciting opportunities to further enhancing charge separation and photocatalytic performance are discussed.Abstractimage
Biomimetic organohydrogel electrolytes for high‐environmental adaptive energy storage devices
Authors: Mo Funian , Liang Guojin , Wang Donghong , Tang Zijie , Li Hongfei , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConventional hydrogel electrolytes suffer from the following notable defects: (a) water molecules inevitably evaporate from hydrogels under ambient conditions, and high temperature accelerates the dehydration process, leading to deterioration of electrochemical performance; (b) at subzero temperatures, the water existed in gel matrix would freeze and inhibit the ion transportation of hydrogel electrolyte; (c) while operating under water, the gel electrolyte absorbs water and swells, resulting in the loss of adhesion between electrodes and electrolyte. The exchange of solutes causes the decrease of ion concentration and depresses the device performance. These environmental effects fundamentally limit the long‐term stability and utilization of aqueous flexible energy storage devices under severe conditions. Hence, inspired by epidermal tissue of mammalian skin, we propose a biomimetic organohydrogel (BM‐gel) electrolyte with extreme temperature tolerance and long‐term moisture lock‐in property, which is synthesized in an ethylene glycol/water solvent system with a chemically elastomeric coating on the surface. The BM‐gel electrolyte exhibits high ionic conductivity when containing different ions, such as Zn2+, Li+, H+, and Na+ ions. A rechargeable Zn‐MnO2 battery is constructed with the BM‐gel electrolyte, which exhibits excellent electrochemical performance over the temperature range from −20°C to 80°C. The specific capacity retains over 70% and coulombic efficiencies approach ~100% in full temperature scale. Even after a prolonged storage of 30 days without package, 84.6% capacity is retained benefiting from the superior antidehydration property bestowed by the thin elastomer coating. Furthermore, another two types of energy storage devices were also fabricated with the novel hydrogel, demonstrating the universal feature of our strategy.Abstractimage
Reaching Underserved Populations through a Fisheries Education Program
Authors: Clark Kalysha , Pender Danielle , Peterson M Nils , Stevenson Kathryn , Lawson Danielle , Szczytko Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Environmentally literate citizens capable of making informed decisions are essential to successfully managed fisheries. Fisheries-focused environmental education programs may help build environmental literacy, but experimental evaluations are needed to determine the effectiveness of fisheries education programs. We begin addressing this need with a study of “Shad in the Classroom.” The program engages students in American Shad Alosa sapidissima restoration through rearing and releasing fry. We used a pre/post, treatment (n = 777)/control (n = 57) evaluation during the 2016–2017 academic year. Participation in the program created large improvements in American Shad knowledge between tests (P &lt; 0.001). All students gained knowledge, but African Americans (P &lt; 0.001) and students identifying as “other” races and ethnicities (P = 0.003) fell behind their peers. Shad in the Classroom is an effective tool for teaching children about fisheries management but, may help ethnic minorities the least, suggesting a need to tailor content for diverse students.
Investigating the flavor compounds in the cocoa powder production process
Authors: Mohamadi Alasti Fariba , Asefi Narmela , Maleki Ramin , SeiiedlouHeris Seiied Sadegh 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFlavor is one of the most important quality properties of cacao beans, playing a key role in the admissibility of cocoa products, such as cocoa powder. This study examined the industrial processes influencing the flavor of cacao beans. The Ivory Coast cacao beans were used after their alkaline treatment with potassium carbonate (up to pH 7.5–8) and being roasted at 115–120°C for 60–70 min. The volatile components were extracted using Likens–Nickerson simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) apparatus. The volatile compound profiles were identified by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), as a result of which several compounds (alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) were recognized. Alkalization and roasting were shown to be two important steps in the cacao beans processing that can affect the final cocoa powder flavor. In addition, pyrazines and esters were two major groups of flavor compounds formed during the roasting stage by the Maillard reaction. The percentage of 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylpyrazine was detected in the cacao beans equal to 0.5%. After the liquor pressing stage, tetramethylpyrazine increased to its highest amount (3%) in cocoa powder. It was found that the cocoa powder contained 2.69% of tetramethylpyrazine, 3.22% isobutyl benzoate, and 1.38% linalool. The highest percentage of increase in the mean amounts of 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylpyrazine, isobutyl benzoate, and linalool were observed in the roasting stage, after which the percentages diminished.
Disrupting insulin signaling in Schwann cells impairs myelination and induces a sensory neuropathy
Authors: Hackett Amber R. , Strickland Amy , Milbrandt Jeffrey 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough diabetic mice have been studied for decades, little is known about the cell type specific contributions to diabetic neuropathy (DN). Schwann cells (SCs) myelinate and provide trophic support to peripheral nervous system axons. Altered SC metabolism leads to myelin defects, which can be seen both in inherited and DNs. How SC metabolism is altered in DN is not fully understood, but it is clear that insulin resistance underlies impaired lipid metabolism in many cell types throughout the body via the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase b (PKB)/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway. Here, we created an insulin resistant SC by deleting both insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin‐like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), to determine the role of this signaling pathway in development and response to injury in order to understand SC defects in DN. We found that myelin is thinner throughout development and adulthood in INSR/IGF1R Schwann cell specific knock out mice. The nerves of these mutant mice had reduced expression of key genes that mediate fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis due to reduced mTOR–sterol regulatory element‐binding protein signaling. In adulthood, these mice show sensory neuropathy phenotypes reminiscent of diabetic mice. Altogether, these data suggest that SCs may play an important role in DN and targeting their metabolism could lead to new therapies for DN.
Predicting escitalopram monotherapy response in depression: The role of anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Tian Shui , Sun Yurong , Shao Junneng , Zhang Siqi , Mo Zhaoqi , Liu Xiaoxue , Wang Qiang , Wang Li , Zhao Peng , Chattun Mohammad Ridwan , Yao Zhijian , Si Tianmei , Lu Qing 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNeuroimaging biomarkers of treatment efficacy can be used to guide personalized treatment in major depressive disorder (MDD). Escitalopram is recommended as first‐line therapy for MDD and severe depression. An interesting hypothesis suggests that the reconfiguration of dynamic brain networks might provide important insights into antidepressant mechanisms. The present study assesses whether the spatiotemporal modulation across functional brain networks could serve as a predictor of effective antidepressant treatment with escitalopram. A total of 106 first‐episode, drug‐naïve patients and 109 healthy controls from three different multicenters underwent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were considered as responders if they had a reduction of at least 50% in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores at endpoint (>2 weeks). Multilayer modularity framework was applied on the whole brain to construct features in relation to network dynamic characters that were used for multivariate pattern analysis. Linear soft‐threshold support vector machine models were used to separate responders from nonresponders. The permutation tests demonstrated the robustness of discrimination performances. The discriminative regions formed a spatially distributed pattern with anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as the hub in the default mode subnetwork. Interestingly, a significantly larger module allegiance of ACC was also found in treatment responders compared to nonresponders, suggesting high interactivities of ACC to other regions may be beneficial for the recovery after treatment. Consistent results across multicenters confirmed that ACC could serve as a predictor of escitalopram monotherapy treatment outcome, implying strong likelihood of replication in the future.
Hyperoxidized Albumin Modulates Platelets and Promotes Inflammation Through CD36 Receptor in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis
Authors: Bhat Adil , Das Sukanta , Yadav Gaurav , Chaudhary Sudrishti , Vyas Ashish , Islam Mojahidul , Gupta Abhishak C. , Bajpai Meenu , Maiwall Rakhi , Maras Jaswinder Singh , Sarin Shiv K. 
Published: November 2019

Hyperoxidized albumin promotes inflammation and modulates several immune cells in severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH). Platelets mediate inflammation by interacting with immune cells, endothelium, and other cells. The role of hyperoxidized albumin in platelet activation and alteration of platelet phenotype/functions is not known. Quantitative platelet proteomics performed in 10 patients with SAH was compared with 10 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and 10 healthy controls, respectively. Dysregulated pathways were identified and validated in a separate cohort (n = 40). Healthy platelets were exposed to patient plasma or purified albumin or ex vivo modified albumin (human‐mercaptalbumin, humannonmercaptalbumin‐1, and human nonmercaptalbumin 2) in the presence or absence of CD36 blockade, and platelet secretome was analyzed. Two hundred and two up‐regulated proteins linked to platelet activation, complement regulation, lipid transportation, and 321 down‐regulated proteins related to platelet hemostasis and coagulation (fold change ± 1.5, P < 0.01) were identified. Blood transcription module enrichment showed an inflammatory phenotype of SAH platelet. Increased level of platelet factor‐4, P‐selectin, and soluble cluster of differentiation‐40 ligand correlated with severity (Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score, r > 0.3, P < 0.05) in SAH. Transcripts linked to platelet activation (increased) and granular secretions (decreased in SAH) correlated with disease severity. SNARE (soluble‐N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive‐factor‐activating‐protein‐receptor) complex proteins (SNAP‐23 [synaptosomal‐associated protein 23] and VAMP‐8 [vesicle‐associated membrane protein 3]) were down‐regulated in SAH platelets (P < 0.05). In vitro stimulation of healthy platelets showed enhanced activation with patient plasma, or purified albumin‐treatment blocking of CD36 blunted this effect (P < 0.05). Ex vivo modified albumin (primarily nonmercaptalbumin–human nonmercaptalbumin 2 [HNA2; 1 mg/mL]) showed high activation and aggregation and intracellular reactive oxygen species production in healthy platelets (P < 0.05), which significantly reduced after CD36 neutralization. Platelet secretome showed reduced inflammatory mediators and increased repair proteins. Conclusion: Hyperoxidized albumin triggers platelet activation (possibly through the CD36 receptor), promotes inflammation and oxidative stress, and contributes to disease severity in patients with SAH.
Spatial variations of valley splitting in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide
Authors: Zou Chenji , Zhang Hongbo , Chen Yu , Feng Shun , Wu Lishu , Zhang Jing , Yu Ting , Shang Jingzhi , Cong Chunxiao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn monolayer group‐VI transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), valley splitting features have received a lot of attention since it can be potentially utilized for information storing and processing. Among the known two‐dimensional (2D) TMDs, monolayer WSe2 or MoSe2 has been mostly selected for excitonic and valleytronic physics studies because of its sharp and well‐resolved excitonic spectral features. Meanwhile, their high optical quality leads to a tremendous desire for developing promising WSe2‐ and MoSe2‐based valleytronic devices. Toward this goal, exploring the uniformity of valley features crossing an entire piece of monolayer becomes necessary and critical. Here, we performed the systematic magneto‐photoluminescence mapping measurements on mechanically exfoliated monolayer WSe2 and observed unconventional spatial variations of valley splitting. The observed nonuniformity is attributed to the modulated doping, which is probably due to the different distributions of unintentional absorbates across the sample. Such an unexpected doping effect shows the nonnegligible influence on the valley Zeeman splitting of the trion emission (XT) while affecting that of the neutral exciton emission (X0) trivially, evidencing for the large valleytronic sensitivity of the charged exciton. This work not only enriches the understanding of the doping effect on valley splitting but also is meaningful for developing 2D valleytronics.image
High body mass index is not associated with increased treatment failure in infliximab treated pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Rodin Isaac , Chan Justin , Meleady Laura , Hii Clare , Lawrence Sally , Jacobson Kevan 
Published: November 2019

Background and AimWhile weight gain during infliximab therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is common, there has been limited research evaluating its impact on infliximab efficacy.MethodsPrimary aims of this study were to determine the frequency of excess weight gain (body mass index [BMI] > 25 kg/m2) in children with IBD on maintenance infliximab and evaluate the impact on infliximab dosing, serum trough levels, and treatment failure. Secondary aims were to determine differences in weight gain, treatment characteristics, and clinical/biochemical variables between patients with therapeutic and subtherapeutic maintenance therapy trough levels. We performed a retrospective study of 253 pediatric IBD (75.1% Crohn's disease, 23.3% ulcerative colitis, 1.6% IBD‐unclassified) patients on infliximab followed at BC Children's Hospital between January 2013 and January 2018.ResultsMedian age at infliximab initiation was 13.9 years, median length of follow up was 56.9 months, and 55.7% were males; 10.3% of the cohort demonstrated excess weight gain (7.5% overweight, 2.8% obese). Average mg/kg dosing was not statistically different between groups (normal, overweight, and obese: 6.7, 6.4, and 6.7 mg/kg, respectively, P = 0.52). Median BMI of patients with therapeutic and subtherapeutic trough levels was similar at 19.9 kg/m2 (interquartile range [IQR], 17.3–23.8) and 19.7 kg/m2 (IQR, 17.4–21.9), respectively. BMI had no effect on secondary loss of response to infliximab, with no significant difference between normal and high BMI subgroups (13.4 vs. 16.7%, P = 0.9).ConclusionsIn a subgroup of pediatric IBD patients on maintenance infliximab, excess weight gain was not associated with higher weight‐based dosing, lower serum trough levels, or increased risk of treatment failure.
GBX2, as a tumor promoter in lung adenocarcinoma, enhances cells viability, invasion and migration by regulating the AKT/ERK signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Yuanchun , Hui Jianping , Li Renting , Fu Qiaoqiao , Yang Pu , Xiao Yingchun , Hui Jianrong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing evidence shows that gastrulation brain homeobox 2 (GBX2) is involved in multiple cancers. However, whether GBX2 has an effect on the lung adenocarcinoma remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the functions of GBX2 on lung adenocarcinoma and explored the underlying mechanism.MethodsPublic data were obtained from the TCGA (https://cancergenome.nih.gov) and Oncomine (http://www.oncomine.org) databases. GBX2 expression and its prognostic value were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Relative mRNA and protein expression levels of GBX2 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines were evaluated via a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Lung adenocarcinoma cell lines LTEP‐a‐2 and A549, respectively, were selected for gain and loss function of GBX2 assays. Cell viability was detected by CCK8 and clone formation experiments. Cell invasion and migration were assessed by Transwell assays. The effect of GBX2 on the AKT/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway was tested by western blotting.ResultsCompared to adjacent tissues, GBX2 expression was up‐regulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. High expression of GBX2 led to a poor survival and could be seen as an independent predictor for lung adenocarcinoma patients. Furthermore, down‐regulation of GBX2 notably restrained the viability, invasion and migration abilities of A549 cells, whereas up‐regulation of GBX2 in LTEP‐a‐2 cells presented the opposite outcomes. Furthermore, western blot indicated that down‐regulation of GBX2 decreases the protein levels of phosphorylated (p)‐AKT and p‐ERK in A549 cells, whereas up‐regulation of GBX2 shows the opposite effects in LTEP‐a‐2 cells.ConclusionsThe results of present study indicate that GBX2 acts a cancer‐promoting role to accelerate cell proliferation, invasion and migration partly by modulation of the AKT/ERK pathway in lung adenocarcinoma.
The Kendrick analysis for polymer mass spectrometry
Authors: Fouquet Thierry N.J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe mass spectrum of a polymer often displays repetitive patterns with peak series spaced by the repeating unit(s) of the polymeric backbones, sometimes complexified with different adducts, chain terminations, or charge states. Exploring the complex mass spectral data or filtering the unwanted signal is tedious whether performed manually or automatically. In contrast, the now 60‐year‐old Kendrick (mass defect) analysis, when adapted to polymer ions, produces visual two‐dimensional maps with intuitive alignments of the repetitive patterns and favourable deconvolution of features overlaid in the one‐dimensional mass spectrum. This special feature article reports on an up‐to‐date and theoretically sound use of Kendrick plots as a data processing tool. The approach requires no prior knowledge of the sample but offers promising dynamic capabilities for visualizing, filtering, and sometimes assigning congested mass spectra. Examples of applications of the approach to polymers are discussed throughout the text, but the same tools can be readily extended to other applications, including the analysis of polymers present as pollutants/contaminants, and to other analytes incorporating a repetitive moiety, for example, oils or lipids. In each of these instances, data processing can benefit from the application of an updated and interactive Kendrick analysis.
Dysfunction of the corticostriatal pathway in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Li Wei , Pozzo‐Miller Lucas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe corticostriatal pathway that carries sensory, motor, and limbic information to the striatum plays a critical role in motor control, action selection, and reward. Dysfunction of this pathway is associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Corticostriatal synapses have unique features in their cortical origins and striatal targets. In this review, we first describe axonal growth and synaptogenesis in the corticostriatal pathway during development, and then summarize the current understanding of the molecular bases of synaptic transmission and plasticity at mature corticostriatal synapses. Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been implicated in axonal growth abnormalities, imbalance of the synaptic excitation/inhibition ratio, and altered long‐term synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway. Here, we review a number of ASD‐associated high‐confidence genes, including FMR1, KMT2A, GRIN2B, SCN2A, NLGN1, NLGN3, MET, CNTNAP2, FOXP2, TSHZ3, SHANK3, PTEN, CHD8, MECP2, DYRK1A, RELN, FOXP1, SYNGAP1, and NRXN, and discuss their relevance to proper corticostriatal function.