bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of routine clinic measurement of serum C‐peptide in people with a clinician‐diagnosis of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Foteinopoulou Evgenia , Clarke Catriona A. L. , Pattenden Rebecca J. , Ritchie Stuart A. , McMurray Emily M. , Reynolds Rebecca M. , Arunagirinathan Ganesan , Gibb Fraser W. , McKnight John A. , Strachan Mark W. J. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTAims/hypothesisThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of the routine use of serum C‐peptide in an out‐patient clinic setting on individuals with a clinician‐diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.MethodsIn this single‐centre study, individuals with type 1 diabetes of at least 3 years duration were offered random serum C‐peptide testing at routine clinic review. A C‐peptide ≥200 pmol/L prompted further evaluation of the individual using a diagnostic algorithm that included measurement of islet cell antibodies and genetic testing. Where appropriate, a trial of anti‐diabetic co‐therapies was considered.ResultsSerum C‐peptide testing was performed in 859 individuals (90% of the eligible cohort), of whom 114 (13.2%) had C‐peptide ≥200 pmol/L. The cause of diabetes was reclassified in 58 individuals (6.8% of the tested cohort). The majority of reclassifications were to type 2 diabetes (44 individuals; 5.1%), with a smaller proportion of monogenic diabetes (14 individuals; 1.6%). Overall, 13 individuals (1.5%) successfully discontinued insulin, while a further 16 individuals (1.9%) had improved glycaemic control following the addition of co‐therapies. The estimated total cost of the testing programme was £23,262 (~€26,053), that is, £27 (~€30) per individual tested. In current terms, the cost of prior insulin therapy in the individuals with monogenic diabetes who successfully stopped insulin was approximately £57,000 (~€64,000).Conclusions/interpretationSerum C‐peptide testing can easily be incorporated into an out‐patient clinic setting and could be a cost‐effective intervention. C‐peptide testing should be strongly considered in individuals with a clinician‐diagnosis of type 1 diabetes of at least 3 years duration.
Cholinergic modulation of Up–Down states in the mouse medial entorhinal cortex in vitro
Authors: Hay Y. Audrey , Jarzebowski Przemyslaw , Zhang Yu , Digby Richard , Brendel Viktoria , Paulsen Ole , Magloire Vincent 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCholinergic tone is high during wake and rapid eye movement sleep and lower during slow wave sleep (SWS). Nevertheless, the low tone of acetylcholine during SWS modulates sharp wave ripple incidence in the hippocampus and slow wave activity in the neocortex. Linking the hippocampus and neocortex, the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) regulates the coupling between these structures during SWS, alternating between silent Down states and active Up states, which outlast neocortical ones. Here, we investigated how low physiological concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh; 100–500 nM) modulate Up and Down states in a mEC slice preparation. We find that ACh has a dual effect on mEC activity: it prolongs apparent Up state duration as recorded in individual cells and decreases the total synaptic charge transfer, without affecting the duration of detectable synaptic activity. The overall outcome of ACh application is excitatory and we show that ACh increases Up state incidence via muscarinic receptor activation. The mean firing rate of principal neurons increased in around half of the cells while the other half showed a decrease in firing rate. Using two‐photon calcium imaging of population activity, we found that population‐wide network events are more frequent and rhythmic during ACh and confirmed that ACh modulates cell participation in these network events, consistent with a role for cholinergic modulation in regulating information flow between the hippocampus and neocortex during SWS.
Nietzsche, Spinoza, and Etiology (On the Example of Free Will)
Authors: Yonover Jason Maurice 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper I clarify a major affinity between Nietzsche and Spinoza that has been neglected in the literature—but that Nietzsche was aware of—namely a tendency to etiology. Etiologies provide follow‐up, second‐order explanations of first‐order matters that have already otherwise been decided. The example I take up here is Nietzsche's and Spinoza's rejections of free will—and especially their etiologies concerning how we wrongly come to think that we may boast of such a capacity. In working through the former (i.e., their rejections of free will) in order to make my central metaphilosophical point regarding the latter (i.e., their accounts of why we generally affirm that we have free will), I shed important new light on Nietzsche's relation to Spinoza. I also further our understanding of what role such second‐order accounts play within each of their larger projects on their own terms.
Recovery disparity between coral cover and the physical functionality of reefs with impaired coral assemblages
Authors: González‐Barrios F. Javier , Cabral‐Tena Rafael A. , Alvarez‐Filip Lorenzo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe ecology and structure of many tropical coral reefs have been markedly altered over the past few decades. Although long‐term recovery has been observed in terms of coral cover, it is not clear how novel species configurations shape reef functionality in impaired reefs. The identities and life‐history strategies of the corals species that recover are essential for understanding reef functional dynamics. We used a species identity approach to quantify the physical functionality outcomes over a 13 year period across 56 sites in the Mexican Caribbean. This region was affected by multiple stressors that converged and drastically damaged reefs in the early 2000s. Since then, the reefs have shown evidence of a modest recovery of coral cover. We used Bayesian linear models and annual rates of change to estimate temporal changes in physical functionality and coral cover. Moreover, a functional diversity framework was used to explore changes in coral composition and the traits of those assemblages. Between 2005 and 2018, physical functionality increased at a markedly lower rate compared to that of coral cover. The disparity between recovery rates depended on the identity of the species that increased (mainly non‐framework and foliose‐digitate corals). No changes in species dominance or functional trait composition were observed, whereas non‐framework building corals consistently dominated most reefs. Although the observed recovery of coral cover and functional potential may provide some ecological benefits, the long‐term effects on reef frameworks remain unclear, as changes in the cover of key reef‐building species were not observed. Our findings are likely to be representative of many reefs across the wider Caribbean basin, as declines in coral cover and rapid increases in the relative abundance of weedy corals have been reported regionally. A coral identity approach to assess species turnover is needed to understand and quantify changes in the functionality of coral reefs.
Weissella cibaria short‐fermented liquid sourdoughs based on quinoa or amaranth flours as fat replacer in focaccia bread formulation
Authors: Bavaro Anna Rita , Di Biase Mariaelena , Conte Amalia , Lonigro Stella Lisa , Caputo Leonardo , Cedola Annamaria , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro , Logrieco Antonio Francesco , Lavermicocca Paola , Valerio Francesca 
Published: November 2020

SummaryProduction of the traditional Italian Focaccia bread (FcBread) requires reformulation to meet the new rules for healthier foods. We tested the applicability of a short‐fermented (15 h) liquid sourdough (LS) (dough yield, DY, 250), obtained using quinoa (Q) or amaranth (Am) flour fermented with a Weissella cibaria strain (C43‐11) producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) as fat replacer in yeast‐leavened FcBread. The LSs were applied during the FcBread‐making process at industrial pilot plant, reducing the added fat amount by 20% (FcBread‐QLS and FcBread‐AmLS) and products were compared with reference samples not containing EPS. All the products were analysed for physico‐chemical properties (pH, TTA, organic acids, protein content and profile, instrumental colour), textural properties, sensory quality and glycemic index. The application of both pseudo‐cereal‐based W. cibaria LSs in FcBread allowed obtaining products with a reduced amount of fat, increased protein amount, mainly due to the albumin and glutenin/glutelin fractions, reduced glycemic index, improved texture and preserved in the traditional sensory profile of ‘focaccia’.
How the Global and Gulf Financial Crises Affected Pakistan: Ten‐year Review0
Authors: Javed Sajid Amin , Shaukat Badiea , Ahmad Iftikhar 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTWe show that the impact of global financial crisis (GFC) on Pakistan's economy mainly transmitted through Gulf Financial Crisis (GCC). In this regard, we assess the effects of both the global and Gulf financial crises on remittances, workers' emigration, return migration, national savings and foreign investment. Applying Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) before (2000–07) and after GFC (2008–18), we demonstrate that Pakistan witnessed remarkably low FDI inflows and labour force emigration along with higher return migration rates after the crises. Investment from the UAE and other Gulf countries declined eightfold immediate after the global financial crisis, contributing considerably to the decline of the country's GDP growth during 2008–10. There was significant curtailment in emigration volumes and spurts in return migration after 2012, because of the Gulf oil price crisis. The positive trend in remittances until 2015 seems to be influenced by post‐9/11 anti‐money laundering legislation and depreciation of the rupee.
Improvement of clinical and immunological parameters after allergen‐specific immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hajdu K. , Kapitány A. , Dajnoki Z. , Soltész L. , Baráth S. , Hendrik Z. , Veres I. , Szegedi A. , Gáspár K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAllergen immunotherapy (AIT) is considered a curative treatment in some atopic diseases, but in AD contradictory clinical results exist and the action of AIT has not been elucidated. In the literature, there is no evidence for parallel investigations of permeability barrier, cutaneous and blood immune responses after AIT in AD.ObjectivesThe objective was to investigate immune parameters in the blood and skin and to detect clinical and barrier changes after AIT in AD.MethodsMild‐to‐moderate AD patients (n = 14) with concomitant allergic rhinitis to house dust mites were selected. All patients received topical treatment, while eight patients were randomly selected for adjuvant AIT also. At baseline and after 6 months, clinical, barrier and immunological investigations (serum and skin tests) were performed. In selected patients, biopsies from atopy patch tests (APTs) were analysed by immunohistochemistry for AD‐relevant immune cells and mediators.ResultsIn the adjuvant AIT group, clinical parameters and barrier functions improved significantly. Blood immune parameters displayed no significant changes. Post‐AIT APT became negative in all patients in the AIT group, but remained positive in the non‐AIT group. Cutaneous dendritic cell and T‐cell recruitment decreased significantly after allergen challenge in the AIT group, but no significant changes in skin or serum immunoglobulin E levels or prick test (SPT) reactivity were detected.ConclusionsAllergen immunotherapy is a beneficial adjuvant treatment for sensitized AD patients. AIT improves not only clinical symptoms, but also permeability barrier functions. The effect of AIT on sensitization should be detected by APT, not by SPT.
Effects of forest canopy gaps on the ground‐layer plant community depend on deer: Evidence from a controlled experiment
Authors: Burton Julia I , Mladenoff David J , Forrester Jodi A , Clayton Murray K 
Published: November 2020

AbstractQuestions: How do deer mediate the response of forest ground‐layer plant communities to canopy gap size?Location: Flambeau River State Forest in north central Wisconsin, USA (47°37.4ʹ N, 90°47.8ʹ W).Method: We examined responses of resources, growth forms and temporal guilds to factorial combinations of canopy gap treatments consisting of a range of gap sizes (80, 200 and 380 m2), and deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exclusion (0.64 ha fenced exclosures) 4 years following gap creation (3 years following deer exclusion). We contrasted responses in central and transition zones.Results: In the absence of deer, forb productivity increased from pre‐treatment levels, particularly where light transmittance and soil moisture were high. In contrast, forb productivity decreased in the presence of deer. These effects were stronger among forbs with early‐ and late‐summer leafing phenology than spring ephemeral, and evergreen species. In contrast, deer amplified increases in graminoid productivity, which were related primarily to light transmittance. Deer did not alter responses of ferns, shrubs, trees seedlings or vines. Canopy gaps increased community heterogeneity among gap sizes and zones, but only in the absence of deer. This was related to the effects of deer on the composition and diversity of gap specialists.Conclusions: The maintenance of biodiversity in northern temperate forest ground‐layer plant communities by canopy gap dynamics appears to hinge on deer herbivory, even at relatively modest populations of deer and a productive site. Conversely, increases in resource availability within gaps may function to mitigate some negative effects of deer on forb productivity. Effects may be transient, as species turnover to shrub‐ and sapling‐dominated communities and canopy closure may cause communities to converge in the future. However, populations of undefended gap specialists remain particularly sensitive.
Evidence for the plant recruitment of beneficial microbes to suppress soil‐borne pathogens
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Li Jiayu , Carvalhais Lilia C. , Percy Cassandra D. , Prakash Verma Jay , Schenk Peer M. , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: November 2020

Summary

An emerging experimental framework suggests that plants under biotic stress may actively seek help from soil microbes, but empirical evidence underlying such a ‘cry for help’ strategy is limited.

We used integrated microbial community profiling, pathogen and plant transcriptive gene quantification and culture‐based methods to systematically investigate a three‐way interaction between the wheat plant, wheat‐associated microbiomes and Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fp).

A clear enrichment of a dominant bacterium, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila (SR80), was observed in both the rhizosphere and root endosphere of Fp‐infected wheat. SR80 reached 3.7 × 107 cells g−1 in the rhizosphere and accounted for up to 11.4% of the microbes in the root endosphere. Its abundance had a positive linear correlation with the pathogen load at base stems and expression of multiple defence genes in top leaves. Upon re‐introduction in soils, SR80 enhanced plant growth, both the below‐ground and above‐ground, and induced strong disease resistance by boosting plant defence in the above‐ground plant parts, but only when the pathogen was present.

Together, the bacterium SR80 seems to have acted as an early warning system for plant defence. This work provides novel evidence for the potential protection of plants against pathogens by an enriched beneficial microbe via modulation of the plant immune system.
Ethylene, not ABA, is closely linked to the recovery of gas exchange after drought in four Caragana species
Authors: Yao Guang‐Qian , Li Feng‐Ping , Nie Zheng‐Fei , Bi Min‐Hui , Jiang Hui , Liu Xu‐Dong , Wei Yang , Fang Xiang‐Wen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDrought is a cyclical phenomenon in natural environments. During dehydration, stomatal closure is mainly regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) dynamics that limit transpiration in seed plants, but following rehydration, the mechanism of gas exchange recovery is still not clear. In this study, leaf water potential (ψleaf), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), foliar ABA level, ethylene emission rate in response to dehydration and rehydration were investigated in four Caragana species with isohydric (Caragana spinosa and C. pruinosa) and anisohydric (C. intermedia and C. microphylla) traits. Two isohydric species with ABA‐induced stomatal closure exhibited more sensitive gs and Kleaf to decreasing ψleaf than two anisohydric species which exhibited a switch from ABA to water potential‐driven stomatal closure during dehydration. Following rehydration, the recovery of gas exchange was not associated with a decrease in ABA level but was strongly limited by the degradation of the ethylene emission rate in all species. Furthermore, two anisohydric species with low drought‐induced ethylene production exhibited more rapid recovery in gas exchange upon rehydration. Our results indicated that ethylene is a key factor regulating the drought‐recovery ability in terms of gas exchange, which may shape species adaptation to drought and potential species distribution.
Exploring the potential for online peer support mentorship: Perspectives of pediatric solid organ transplant patients
Authors: Anthony Samantha J. , Young Katarina , Ghent Emily , Gold Anna , Martin Kathy , Solomon Melinda , Teoh Chia Wei , Stinson Jennifer 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveSelf‐management for patients who have undergone solid organ transplantation is demanding and a challenge for adolescents transitioning into adult‐oriented healthcare systems. This study explores whether adolescent and young adult solid organ transplant patients support the use of online peer support programs that encourage peer mentorship as an approach to improve disease self‐management.MethodsA qualitative descriptive design comprised of semi‐structured interviews with adolescent and young adult transplant patients. Individual interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim, and subject to content analysis. Emergent categories and themes were refined through member checking and team consensus following saturation.ResultsInterviews were conducted across organ groups with 15 participants (60% female) ages 14 to 22 years. Participants expressed unanimous support for an online peer support mentorship program to aid disease self‐management in the pediatric transplant patient population. Three themes emerged from the interviews: (a) self‐management care can be “taxing”; (b) there would be value in peer mentorship for adolescent transplant patients; and (c) online peer mentorship is the “best” option but still requires relationship building. Logistical preferences of an online peer mentorship program were solicited. The preferred peer “match” was someone of the same organ transplant group and gender who was able to have weekly contact via texting.ConclusionsCreating tailored, online peer mentorship programs is gaining evidence to justify further development. Findings from this study will support program modifications for adolescent and young adult solid organ transplant patients. Next steps will involve usability and feasibility testing of an adapted online program for this patient group.
Developing oral nanovaccines for fish: a modern trend to fight infectious diseases
Authors: Angulo Carlos , Tello‐Olea Marlene , Reyes‐Becerril Martha , Monreal‐Escalante Elizabeth , Hernández‐Adame Luis , Angulo Miriam , Mazon‐Suastegui José M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNanovaccines constitute an innovative approach in vaccinology, enabled by the nanotechnology advances on the synthesis, functionalization and application of nanoparticles for immunization. Currently, several organic materials such as chitosan, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid), nanopoliplexes and virus‐like particles (VLPs) have been used for nanovaccine development to fight against fish diseases. The oral route is the most practical and economical for fish vaccination; thus, several oral vaccine candidates have been developed by using NPs in which the antigen is encapsulated, surface exposed or recombinantly ensembled (VLPs), leading to promising results in terms of protection capacity against infectious diseases. In this review, the state of the art on oral nanovaccine prototypes developed for use in fish was analysed and discussed. Oral nanovaccines have showed remarkably possibilities for application in fish aquaculture, which surely will be adopted by the industry in the following years.
Reconfigurable Multi-Stable Helical Lattice
Authors: Carey Seán , McHale Ciarán , Oliveri Vincenzo , Weaver Paul M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As materials and engineering design tools become more complex, engineers are looking to mimic structures and systems, occurring in nature, to design more efficient mechanical structures. One such structure is a morphing composite lattice structure, whose design was inspired by the tail of the bacteriophage T4 virus [1]. To date the morphing behavior of the tail structure of the virus has been simplified by neglecting the intermolecular mechanisms that actuate the bistable behavior of the tail. This behavior has been achieved using prestressed composite flanges that are mechanically joined in alternating clockwise and anti-clockwise chiralities. The composite lattice structure has previously been proposed as an actuator for aerospace structures, replacing more complex and heavier traditional actuator structures. McHale et al. [2] have shown that the composite lattice is capable of greatly improving upon the state-of-the-art in the form of a telescopic boom for CubeSat systems. This utility provides validity in studying further enhancements on the capabilities of the structure to enhance its potential applications in the aerospace industry.
This work proposes a mechanism for replicating the inter-molecular behavior that occurs in the bacteriophage T4 tail. The bonds between the inner and outer tail structures are broken and reformed, thus, driving the actuation process. This method will form a variable topology morphing system. As such, a novel category of morphing structure is presented here for the first time. The morphing topology behavior is proposed by replacing mechanical fasteners in the traditional lattice structure in select locations with a series of permanent magnets. Finite element analysis is used to calculate the difference in energies between the states before and after discrete topology changes occur, allowing the associated change in energy to be converted to a required actuation force. Varying the topology of the lattice structure allows the lattice to transition from a linear morphing actuator system to a bespoke and tunable curved actuator with potential applications in satellite dish actuation, for example.