bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unbiased proteomic screening identifies a novel role for the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4‐2 in translational suppression during ER stress
Authors: Eagleman Daphne E. , Zhu Jiuhe , Liu Dai‐Chi , Seimetz Joseph , Kalsotra Auinash , Tsai Nien‐Pei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when protein folding or maturation is disrupted. A malfunction in the ER stress response can lead to cell death and has been observed in many neurological diseases. However, how the ER stress response is regulated in neuronal cells remains largely unclear. Here, we studied an E3 ubiquitin ligase named neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down‐regulated protein 4‐like (Nedd4‐2). Nedd4‐2 is highly expressed in the brain and has a high affinity toward ubiquitinating membrane‐bound proteins. We first utilized unbiased proteomic profiling with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) of isolated membrane fractions from mouse whole brains to identify novel targets of Nedd4‐2. Through this screen, we found that the expression and ubiquitination of ribosomal proteins are regulated by Nedd4‐2 and we confirmed an association between Nedd4‐2 and ribosomes through ribosome sedimentation and polysome profiling. Further, we utilized immunoprecipitation and western blotting to show that induction of ER stress promotes an association between Nedd4‐2 and ribosomal proteins, which is mediated through dephosphorylation of Nedd4‐2 at serine‐342. This increased interaction between Nedd4‐2 and ribosomal proteins in turn mediates ER stress‐associated translational suppression. In summary, the results of this study demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism underlying the ER stress response and a novel function of Nedd4‐2 in translational control. Our findings may shed light on neurological diseases in which the ER stress response or the function of Nedd4‐2 is dysregulated.
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The Political Mobilization of America's Congregations
Authors: Beyerlein Kraig , Chaves Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe use data from the National Congregations Study (NCS), including data from the fourth wave, to describe congregations’ political activity in 2018–2019, and to examine change in that activity since 1998. Congregations have become more politically mobilized since 1998, with the majority of congregations (56 percent) engaged in at least one of the political activities asked about in 2018–2019. Black Protestant congregations in particular experienced a surge in political activity since 2012, and congregations with politically liberal convictions or in traditions with more immigrant members have substantially increased their advocacy on behalf of immigrants in recent years. Overall, since 2012 and possibly since 1998, the political mobilization of congregations on the left has increased more than political mobilization of congregations on the right. We also find that 4 percent of (overwhelmingly Catholic) congregations have declared themselves sanctuaries for undocumented immigrants, and a surprisingly large minority (17 percent) of congregations would publicly endorse or oppose political candidates if doing so would not put their tax status at risk. Ironically, in light of the support for this tax law change among conservative leaders, African American and politically liberal congregations are by far most likely to publicly endorse a candidate if they could.
Racial Diversity in U.S. Congregations, 1998–2019
Authors: Dougherty Kevin D. , Chaves Mark , Emerson Michael O. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRacially diverse congregations have become an important part of the American religious landscape. We use data from the National Congregations Study (NCS), notably including data from the fourth wave, collected in 2018–2019, to examine 20 years of racial diversity in congregations. We find that racial diversity within congregations has increased substantially between 1998 and 2019. There are more congregations in which no one racial or ethnic group comprises more than 80 percent of the people, congregations’ average diversity level has increased, and the percentage of all‐white congregations has declined. Nearly a quarter of evangelical churches now have no one ethnic group constituting more than 80 percent of the people, a rate comparable to what we observe among Catholic churches. Moreover, congregations that meet this 80‐percent threshold are more likely to be led by black clergy in 2019 than they were in 1998. We end with a note of caution about concluding that diverse congregations necessarily promote racial justice.
Characterization of cannibalism in early paralarvae of Patagonian red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Gould, 1852), grown in a controlled environment
Authors: Espinoza Viviana , Farías Ana , Uriarte Iker 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the experimental mariculture of Patagonian red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, paralarvae rearing showed the highest mortalities. Part of this mortality has been attributed to cannibalism, so we studied the joint effect of paralarvae density and prey availability upon cannibalism in the first 2 weeks after hatching. Three culture densities (1, 5, and 10 paralarvae/L) and three prey availabilities (0, 5, and 10 prey day−1 paralarvae−1) were tested. Two experiments were carried out in early paralarvae: one experiment where the prey consisted of artemia 5 mm in size (Experiment 1) and other experiment where the artemia size was 1 mm (Experiment 2). Results showed, in both experiments, that survival and cannibalism during the first 2 weeks after hatching were independent of the paralarvae density and the prey availability. In experiment 1, with artemia 5 mm in size, the mortality attributed to cannibalism decreased when the prey availability was increased, nor was there any effect of the paralarvae density on cannibalism. In experiment 2, with artemia 1 mm in size, the mortality attributed to cannibalism was independent of both factors. So, the cannibalism in early paralarvae could be reduced by increasing the availability of prey if the prey is of an appropriate size.
Effect of a phytogenic feed additive on the growth performance and immunity of Pacific white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed a low fishmeal diet
Authors: Kesselring Jutta , Gruber Christina , Standen Benedict , Wein Silvia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlant‐derived products have been suggested to partially replace fishmeal in aquafeed; however, often at decreased growth performance, inflammatory responses, and increased susceptibility to diseases. This study assessed the effects of the commercial phytogenic feed additive Digestarom PEP MGE on the growth, nutritional performance, and immune response of L. vannamei. Juvenile shrimp (N = 540) were stocked in 36 tanks (V = 100 L) for 63 days and fed one of the four experimental diets: (i) standard formulation (control, 24% fishmeal), (ii) low fishmeal diet (5%), (iii) low fishmeal diet plus 0.2 g/kg Digestarom PEP MGE, and (iv) low fishmeal diet plus 0.4 g/kg Digestarom PEP MGE. The results obtained after 63 days of feed supplementation suggest that the blend of essential oils tested compensated for the negative performance and health consequences of the low fishmeal diet. Particularly, the survival, FCR, total hemocyte count, and respiratory burst of the shrimp fed a low fishmeal diet supplemented with this phytogenic improved up to the levels recorded for shrimp fed a high fishmeal diet. Overall, results suggest that Digestarom PEP MGE can be incorporated into shrimp low fishmeal diets to compensate for the negative performance and immunological effects of partially replacing fishmeal with plant‐based protein.
Using formative research to design context‐specific animal source food and multiple micronutrient powder interventions to improve the consumption of micronutrients by infants and young children in Tanzania, Kenya, Bangladesh and Pakistan
Authors: Robert Rebecca C. , Bartolini Rosario M. , Creed‐Kanashiro Hilary M. , Verney Sward Allison 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOptimal complementary feeding practices including consumption of multiple micronutrient powders (MNP) are recommended to improve micronutrient intake by infants and young children (IYC) 6–23 months. Formative research was used to design the behaviour change strategy to improve IYC micronutrient intake for the multicountry ENRICH project in rural impoverished areas of Tanzania, Kenya, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Employing a qualitative approach with multiple methods and guided by a social ecological framework, the study was conducted in several phases: data collection in the community, household and health facilities, initial analysis and household trials (HHT). Results found limited use of animal source foods (ASF) for feeding IYC and MNP largely unavailable. Although cost constrained access to ASF, potential more affordable context‐specific ASF options were identified in each setting. Caregivers associated ASF with many positive attributes for IYC, but barriers to feeding them included lack of caregiver time and knowledge of specific preparation techniques, and limited advice from health workers. Feeding practices were identified that used time‐efficient, specific preparations for eggs and other ASF, and demonstrated good initial acceptability and feasibility during HHT. Testing MNP in HHT found good initial feasibility and acceptability and provided an understanding of the facilitators and constraints for preparing, feeding and promoting MNP. In conclusion, formative research led to the design of context‐specific ASF and MNP complementary feeding promotion strategies to improve IYC consumption of micronutrients by identifying the practices, benefits, motivations and alternative actions to overcome the barriers in each setting.
Egg corticosterone can stimulate telomerase activity and promote longer telomeres during embryo development
Authors: Noguera José Carlos , da Silva Alberto , Velando Alberto 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is often assumed that the transfer of maternal glucocorticoids (GCs; e.g., corticosterone or cortisol) to offspring is an inevitable cost associated with adverse or stressful conditions experienced by mothers. However, recent evidence indicates that maternal GCs may adaptively programme particular physiological and molecular pathways during development to enhance offspring fitness. In this context, an important mechanism through which maternal GCs may lastingly affect offspring phenotypic quality and survival is via effects on embryo telomerase activity and so on offspring postnatal telomere length. Here, using a field experimental design for which we manipulated the corticosterone content in yellow‐legged gull (Larus michahellis) eggs, we show that embryos from corticosterone‐injected eggs not only had a higher telomerase activity but also longer telomeres just after hatching. A complementary analysis further revealed that gull hatchlings with longer telomeres had a higher survival probability during the period when most of the chick mortality occurs. Given the important role that telomere length and its restoring mechanisms have on ageing trajectories and disease risk, our findings provide a new mechanistic link by which mothers may presumably shape offspring life‐history trajectories and phenotype.
The presence of diabetes mellitus further impairs structural and functional capillary density in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Schoina Maria , Loutradis Charalampos , Theodorakopoulou Marieta , Dimitroulas Theodoros , Triantafillidou Eva , Doumas Michael , Karagiannis Asterios , Garyfallos Alexandros , Papagianni Aikaterini , Sarafidis Pantelis 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveEndothelial dysfunction has been associated with increased cardiovascular events and overall mortality. Microvascular damage is prevalent both in diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our aim was to compare microcirculatory function parameters in diabetic and non‐diabetic CKD patients via nailfold video‐capillaroscopy.MethodsWe included 48 diabetic and 48 non‐diabetic adult CKD patients. All participants underwent nailfold video‐capillaroscopy, during which capillary density was measured at normal conditions (baseline), after a 4‐minute arterial occlusion (postocclusive reactive hyperemia), and at the end of a 2‐minute venous occlusion (congestion phase).ResultsDiabetic patients presented significantly lower capillary density during reactive hyperemia (36.3 ± 3.8 vs 38.3 ± 4.3 capillaries/mm2, P = .022) and at venous congestion (37.8 ± 4.0 vs 39.8 ± 4.2 capillaries/mm2, P = .015). When stratified according to CKD stages, only in stage 3b capillary density was significantly lower in diabetic compared to non‐diabetic subjects at baseline, during postocclusive hyperemia (36.8 ± 2.7 vs 40.0 ± 4.3 capillaries/mm2, P = .037) and venous congestion (38.3 ± 2.8 vs 41.5 ± 3.5 capillaries/mm2, P = .022).ConclusionsCapillary density during postocclusive hyperemia and after venous congestion is lower in diabetic compared to non‐diabetic CKD patients, a finding indicative that diabetes is an additional factor contributing to microcirculatory structural and functional impairment in CKD. These differences are more prominent in CKD stage 3b.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of excretions and secretions of Calliphora vicina
Authors: Dallavecchia D. L. , Ricardo E. , da Silva A. S. , Rodrigues A. G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAntibiotic‐resistant bacteria pose a major threat to global health in the 21st century, requiring a quick, cheap and effective response from public health officials. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of native excretions/secretions (NES) produced by third instar (3 days old) larvae of Calliphora vicina using a protocol adapted from the Institute of Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI). The microorganisms tested were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus Candida albicans. After the incubation period, the suspensions were diluted and spread on nutrient agar plates to count the colony‐forming units. A turbidimetric test also was carried out to test the action of the NES of C. vicina against S. aureus, a very common bacterial species, with an enormous capacity for adaption and resistance, being one of the bacteria of medical importance that causes the most hospital and community infections in the world. According to our results, the NES of C. vicina exhibits antimicrobial activity at different dilutions, being most effective against the gram‐negative bacteria E. coli and K. pneumoniae.
Purpureocillium roseum sp. nov. A new ocular pathogen for humans and mice resistant to antifungals
Authors: Calvillo‐Medina Rosa Paulina , Ponce‐Angulo Diana Gabriela , Raymundo Tania , Müller‐Morales Carlos Adolfo , Escudero‐Leyva Efraín , Campos Guillén Juan , Bautista‐de Lucio Victor Manuel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundInfectious keratitis is the main cause of preventable blindness worldwide, with about 1.5–2.0 million new cases occurring per year. This inflammatory response may be due to infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites. Fungal keratitis is a poorly studied health problem.ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify a new fungal species by molecular methods and to explore the possible efficacy of the three most common antifungals used in human keratitis in Mexico by performing in vitro analysis. The capacity of this pathogen to cause corneal infection in a murine model was also evaluated.MethodsThe fungal strain was isolated from a patient with a corneal ulcer. To identify the fungus, taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and LSU data set) were performed. An antifungal susceptibility assay for amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole was carried out. The fungal isolate was used to develop a keratitis model in BALB/c mice; entire eyes and ocular tissues were preserved and processed for histopathologic examination.Results and conclusionThis fungal genus has hitherto not been reported with human keratitis in Mexico. We described a new species Purpurecillium roseum isolated from corneal infection. P roseum showed resistance to amphotericin B and itraconazole and was sensitive to voriconazole. In vivo study demonstrated that P roseum had capacity to developed corneal infection and to penetrate deeper corneal tissue. The global change in fungal infections has emphasised the need to develop better diagnostic mycology laboratories and to recognise the group of potential fungal pathogens.
Management of Medial Collateral Ligament Insufficiency During Total Knee Arthroplasty with a Screw and Rectangular Spiked Washer: A Case Series of 14 Patients
Authors: Ni Ming , Sun Jing‐yang , Fu Jun , Du Yin‐qiao , Shen Jun‐min , Yang Xiao‐Xi , Zhou Yong‐gang , Zhang Guo‐qiang , Chen Ji‐ying 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveTo describe the technique of primary repair of medial collateral ligament (MCL) insufficiency using a screw and rectangular spiked washer in a case series of 14 patients.MethodsFourteen patients undergoing MCL repair by a screw and rectangular spiked washer during TKA between March 2018 and March 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, half injuries were avulsion of the femoral origin, and the other half were MCL laxity. There were 12 women and two men included in the study, with an average age of 63.6 years (range, 49–79 years) at the time of surgery. This series were followed up with a focus on range of motion (ROM), coronal alignment, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scores, their subjective sense of joint instability, and related complications. At the last follow‐up, function of the MCL was assessed by manually applying a valgus stress to the knee at both 0° and 30° of knee flexion.ResultsThe mean follow‐up time for all patients was 15.6 months (range, 13–20 months). Repair of the MCL was successful in all patients. ROM improved from a mean of 70.7° ± 35.1° before surgery to 103.9° ± 6.8° at latest follow‐up (P = 0.001). All patients were able to perform a half squat easily, but none were able to do full squatting. The mean preoperative HSS score was 43.6 ± 13.4 and increased to a mean of 85.6 ± 3.8 postoperatively (P < 0.001). The femorotibial angle improved from a mean of −3.22° ± 9.47° before surgery to a mean of 5.16° ± 3.14° at the final follow‐up (P = 0.006). At the time of final follow‐up, no patient required revision and manipulation under anesthesia following the index arthroplasty. No radiolucencies or migration were observed in association with the knee prostheses. No displacement of the screw and rectangular spiked washer was found. There were no clinical complications. No patient reported subjective instability of the knee. Upon physical examination, no patient was found to have laxity in the coronal plane in either 30° of flexion or full extension.ConclusionsThe screw and rectangular spiked washer is a simple and effective method for treating MCL sufficiency in TKA, and a study with a larger cohort and extended follow‐up is requisite to claim its role in preventing coronal instability and component failure.
Physio‐morphological, biochemical, and anatomical traits of drought‐tolerant and susceptible sorghum cultivars under pre‐ and post‐anthesis drought
Authors: Akman Hayati , Zhang Cankui , Ejeta Gebisa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the physiological mechanisms that control drought tolerance in crop plants is vital for effective breeding. In this study, we characterized drought stress responses in four sorghum cultivars exhibiting differential levels of drought tolerance at pre‐ and post‐anthesis. Greenhouse‐grown plants were subjected to two types of drought treatment, water stress (WS) and desiccant‐induced water stress (DA), timed to occur at pre‐ and post‐anthesis. Multiple physiological measurements were then made revealing varying responses among the experimental cultivars. The pre‐ and post‐flowering drought‐tolerant cultivar P898012 showed a significantly higher net photosynthetic rate, higher transpiration rate, and greater stomatal conductance compared to the drought‐susceptible cultivars at both pre‐ and post‐anthesis. A significantly greater stomatal size was also detected in P898012, while the highest stomatal density was found in the drought‐susceptible cultivar P721Q. Meanwhile, the two post‐flowering drought‐tolerant cultivars P898082 and B35 had a higher starch content and exhibited greater osmotic potential under post‐anthesis water stress. Compared to WS and well‐watered control plants, a greater increase in root biomass was observed in P898012 under DA at pre‐anthesis. This finding suggests that plants invested more assimilates into the roots under severe DA at pre‐anthesis. Overall, our results show good conformity between drought tolerance in sorghum and key physiological mechanisms of stomatal conductance, root growth patterns, and starch accumulation, all of which act as coping mechanisms during critical drought‐sensitive growth stages.
The SlWRKY81 transcription factor inhibits stomatal closure by attenuating nitric oxide accumulation in the guard cells of tomato under drought
Authors: Ahammed Golam Jalal , Li Xin , Mao Qi , Wan Hongjian , Zhou Guozhi , Cheng Yuan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play multifaceted roles in plant growth, development, and stress response. Previously, we found that SlWRKY81 negatively regulates tomato tolerance to drought; however, the mechanisms of stomatal regulation in response to drought remain largely unclear. Here, we showed that drought‐induced upregulation in the SlWRKY81 transcripts induced photoinhibition and reduced the net photosynthetic rate in tomato leaves. However, silencing SlWRKY81 alleviated those inhibitions and minimized the drought‐induced damage. A time‐course of water loss showed that SlWRKY81 silencing significantly and consistently reduced leaf water loss, suggesting a role for SlWRKY81 in stomatal movement. Further analysis using light microscopy revealed that SlWRKY81 silencing significantly decreased stomatal aperture and increased the ratio of length to width of stomata under drought. Both biochemical assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that drought‐induced upregulation in SlWRKY81 expression inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in the guard cells, which was attributed to the simultaneous declines in the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and NR expression in tomato leaves. The inspection of 3‐kb sequences upstream of the predicted transcriptional start site of the NR identified three copies of the core W‐box (TTGACC/T) sequence in the promoter region, indicating possible targets of SlWRKY81. Taken together, these data suggest that SlWRKY81 potentially represses NR transcription and thus reduces NO accumulation to attenuate stomatal closure and subsequent drought tolerance. These findings provide an improved understanding of the mechanism of WRKY‐induced regulation of stomatal closure, which can be exploited in the future to enhance drought tolerance in crops.
The Claim to Correctness, Rights, and the Ideal Dimension of Law: A Short Reply
Authors: Alexy Robert 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThese are the answers I gave to Brian Bix, Peter Koller, Ralf Posher, Torben Spaak, Timothy Endicott, and Jan Sieckmann at the end of a splendid conference day in 2018. The critique given to me concerned important aspects of three main themes in my work: the claim to correctness, human and constitutional rights, and the ideal dimension of law. In the last decades I have attempted to connect these themes systematically. The result is the idea of democratic constitutionalism as an institutionalization of practical reason.