bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rumen-protected methionine supplementation during the peripartal period alters the expression of galectin genes associated with inflammation in peripheral neutrophils and secretion in plasma of Holstein cows
Authors: Asiamah Emmanuel K. , Vailati-Riboni Mario , Zhou Zheng , Xu Tianle , Loor Juan J. , Schimmel Keith , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe work described in this research communication aimed to investigate whether rumen-protected methionine (Met) supplementation during the periparturient period would affect the expression of galectins in blood-derived neutrophils, and secretion of galectins, IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-6, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glucose in plasma. Because supplementation of rumen-protected Met would alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress during the peripartal period, we hypothesized that enhancing Met supply would benefit the innate immune response at least in part by altering the expression of galectin genes associated with neutrophil activity and inflammation. Galectins (Gal) have an immuno-modulating effect acting like cell-surface receptors whose activation often results in signaling cascades stimulating cells such as neutrophils. This study revealed an association between Met supplementation and galectin expression and secretion. This implies that galectin expression and secretion can be modulated by Met supplementation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the regulation of galectin gene expression for therapeutic and dietary intervention in the peripartal cow.
Constructing stellarators with quasisymmetry to high order
Authors: Landreman Matt , Sengupta Wrick 
Published: November 2019

A method is given to rapidly compute quasisymmetric stellarator magnetic fields for plasma confinement, without the need to call a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium code inside an optimization iteration. The method is based on direct solution of the equations of magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and quasisymmetry using Garren & Boozer’s expansion about the magnetic axis (Phys Fluids B, vol. 3, 1991, p. 2805), and it is several orders of magnitude faster than the conventional optimization approach. The work here extends the method of Landremanet al. (J. Plasma Phys., vol. 85, 2019, 905850103), which was limited to flux surfaces with elliptical cross-section, to higher order in the aspect-ratio expansion. As a result, configurations can be generated with strong shaping that achieve quasisymmetry to high accuracy. Using this construction, we give the first numerical demonstrations of Garren and Boozer’s ideal scaling of quasisymmetry breaking with the cube of the inverse aspect ratio. We also demonstrate a strongly non-axisymmetric configuration (vacuum rotational transform$\unicode[STIX]{x1D704}>0.4$) in which symmetry-breaking mode amplitudes throughout a finite volume are${<}2\times 10^{-7}$, the smallest ever reported. To generate boundary shapes of finite-minor-radius configurations, a careful analysis is given of the effect of substituting a finite minor radius into the near-axis expansion. The approach here can provide analytic insight into the space of possible quasisymmetric stellarator configurations, and it can be used to generate good initial conditions for conventional stellarator optimization.
Life cycle stages, specific organelles and invasion mechanisms ofEimeriaspecies
Authors: Burrell Alana , Tomley Fiona M. , Vaughan Sue , Marugan-Hernandez Virginia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractApicomplexans, including species ofEimeria, pose a real threat to the health and wellbeing of animals and humans.Eimeriaparasites do not infect humans but cause an important economic impact on livestock, in particular on the poultry industry. Despite its high prevalence and financial costs, little is known about the cell biology of these ‘cosmopolitan’ parasites found all over the world. In this review, we discuss different aspects of the life cycle and stages ofEimeriaspecies, focusing on cellular structures and organelles typical of the coccidian family as well as genus-specific features, complementing some ‘unknowns’ with what is described in the closely related coccidianToxoplasma gondii.
RUSSIAN PHONO-LEXICAL ACQUISITION AND ORTHOGRAPHIC INPUT
Authors: Showalter Catherine E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe investigated how grapheme familiarity and grapheme-phoneme correspondence (GPC) congruence affect adult learners’ ability to make use of orthographic input (OI) during phono-lexical acquisition. Native English speakers, with no Russian experience (naïve) or learners of Russian, heard auditory forms, saw pictured meanings, and saw written input either in a No Orthography condition or an Orthography condition for words that contained unfamiliar Cyrillic graphemes, familiar graphemes and congruent GPCs, and familiar graphemes and incongruent GPCs. Naïve participants evidenced incongruent GPC interference effects. Experienced learners acquired targetlike GPCs, although beginner learners did not. In a separate experiment, naïve learners were exposed to an intervention to mitigate effects of OI; the interventions did not improve test accuracy. Results support previous findings that incongruent GPCs interfere with phono-lexical acquisition. We also found evidence that target language experience mitigates negative effects of OI, but interventions may not sufficiently aid naïve learners’ phono-lexical acquisition.
Long-Term Intellectual and Fine Motor Outcomes in Spina Bifida Are Related to Myelomeningocele Repair and Shunt Intervention History
Authors: Ware Ashley L. , Kulesz Paulina A. , Orkisz Julian S. , Arrington C. N. , Bowman Robin M. , Fletcher Jack M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjective:Lifespan outcomes of simultaneous versus sequential myelomeningocele repair and shunt placement or effects of repeated shunt revisions on specific domains of IQ or fine motor dexterity are largely unknown. The current study addressed these gaps in a large cohort of children and adults with spina bifida myelomeningocele (SBM).Methods:Participants between 7 and 44 years of age with SBM and shunted hydrocephalus were recruited from international clinics at two time points. Each participant completed a standardized neuropsychological evaluation that included estimates of IQ and fine motor dexterity. Simultaneous versus sequential surgical repair and number of shunt revisions were examined in relation to long-term IQ and fine motor scores.Results:Simultaneous myelomeningocele repair and shunting were associated with more frequent shunt revisions, as well as to lower Full Scale and verbal IQ scores, controlling for number of shunt revisions. More shunt revisions across study time points were associated with higher nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) scores. No effects were observed on fine motor dexterity.Conclusions:Findings indicate generally greater influence of surgery type over shunt revision history on outcomes in well-managed hydrocephalus. Findings supported apparent, domain-specific benefits of sequential compared to simultaneous surgery across the lifespan in SBM. Higher NVIQ scores with greater number of additional shunt revisions across surgery type supported positive outcomes with effective surgical management for hydrocephalus.
Visual and Auditory Interference Control of Attention in Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Gabay Yafit , Gabay Shai , Schiff Rachel , Henik Avishai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn accumulating body of evidence highlights the contribution of general cognitive processes, such as attention, to language-related skills.Objective:The purpose of the present study was to explore how interference control (a subcomponent of selective attention) is affected in developmental dyslexia (DD) by means of control over simple stimulus-response mappings. Furthermore, we aimed to examine interference control in adults with DD across sensory modalities.Methods:The performance of 14 dyslexic adults and 14 matched controls was compared on visual/auditory Simon tasks, in which conflict was presented in terms of an incongruent mapping between the location of a visual/auditory stimulus and the appropriate motor response.Results:In the auditory task, dyslexic participants exhibited larger Simon effect costs; namely, they showed disproportionately larger reaction times (RTs)/errors costs when the auditory stimulus and response were incongruent relative to RT/errors costs of non-impaired readers. In the visual Simon task, both groups presented Simon effect costs to the same extent.Conclusion:These results indicate that the ability to control auditory selective attention is carried out less effectively in those with DD compared with visually controlled processing. The implications of this impaired process for the language-related skills of individuals with DD are discussed.
Effect of γ-radiation on adenine dissolved in distilled water, saline solutions and artificial seawater resembling that of 4.0 billion years ago
Authors: Baú João Paulo T. , Villafañe-Barajas Sául A. , Negrón-Mendoza Alicia , Colín-García María , Zaia Dimas A. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this work, the effect of γ-radiation on the decomposition of adenine dissolved in distilled water, saline solutions and artificial seawater was studied. As the composition of the major cations and anions of artificial seawater probably better resembles the composition of seawater on the Earth 4.0 billion years ago, this seawater was named artificial seawater 4.0 Ga. The main finding in this work is that artificial seawater 4.0 Ga demonstrated a better protective effect of adenine against γ-radiation. In addition, artificial seawater 4.0 Ga showed that adenine had no changes in pH after radiation exposure and the minor radiation-chemical yield G. The radiolysis of adenine promoted modifications in Fourier-transform infrared spectra. The deconvolution of some bands demonstrated the formation of a new frequency at 1713 cm−1. High performance liquid chromatography-mass detected a product of decomposition with 151 atomic units. Using the geometry optimization and simulated vibrational spectra it was possible to show that the main species formed are hydroxyl and oxide modified adenine. The data point to the formation of hydroxyl-adenine and adenine Nx-oxide. These products have biological relevance and could be available for chemical evolution.
Factors associated with caregiver burden for mothers of children undergoing Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) treatment
Authors: Arab Mansour , Bernstein Colleen , Haghshenas Aboutaleb , Ranjbar Hadi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined the extent to which social support (SS) availability and satisfaction could predict the extent of caregiver burden (CB) among mothers of children with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL).MethodThe study was a cross-sectional, descriptive-correlative study. It was conducted on a sample of 117 mothers whose children were undergoing treatment in a public hospital in Bam, Iran. The Norbeck Social Support Scale and the Caregiver Burden Scale were used to measuring study variables. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlations, t-tests, ANOVAs, and linear regressions.ResultsSignificant correlations were observed between CB and SS availability (r = −0.499, p < 0.001), SS satisfaction (r = −0.543, p < 0.001), the age of the child with cancer (r = −0.22, p = 0.01), and duration of treatment (r = 0.336, p < 0.001). Married mothers experienced less CB than those that were widowed or divorced. Within the regression equation, SS satisfaction, SS availability, marital status, and duration of treatment were the predictors of CB.Significance of resultsBased on the results of the current study, mothers who have less SS, especially those who are single mothers, with younger children, and who have taken care of their child for an extended duration should be given special attention. Furthermore, it appears that there are distinct cultural variations amongst Iranian mothers which suggest that culture may impact upon SS availability. Results also suggest a need for interventions that enhance nurses' ability to provide support to caregivers and the broader family unit as a whole. Nurses in cancer care need to have psychological competencies to help family members of cancer patients especially mothers and more so those that are single mothers. As integral members of the patient care experience, nurses may be uniquely positioned to provide this needed psychosocial support.
Comparative evaluation ofGossypium arboreumL. andGossypium hirsutumL. genotypes for drought tolerance
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Khan Mueen Alam , Chattha Waqas Shafqat , Abdullah Khalid , Majeed Asif 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDrought stress negatively affects the cotton production all over the world. The negative impact of drought varies for different species due to some morphological and root attributes that help some species to better stand under drought. But the extent of disturbance varies for different cotton species. To find out such variation, two cotton species (Gossypium hirsutumandGossypium arboreum) were studied under normal and drought conditions for 2 years. Two genotypes for each species were included, i.e. PC-1 and COMILLA (G. arboreum) and IUB-13 and IUB-65 (G. hirsutum). The experiment was laid out under a completely randomized design following factorial arrangement. Genotype × treatment × year interaction of cotton genotypes was studied for different root, morphological, physiological and fibre-related traits. Traits such as above ground dry biomass, above ground fresh biomass, chlorophyll contents, leaf area, seed cotton yield, sympodial branches/plant, fibre strength and ginning out-turn were higher inG. hirsutumgenotypes as compared toG. arboreumgenotypes. However less reduction under drought in all above mentioned traits was recorded forG. arboreum, thanG. hirsutum. Furthermore, root traits; primary root length, lateral root numbers, root fresh weight and root dry weight were enriched under drought condition inG. arboreumgenotypes than inG. hirsutumgenotypes, which is a clear manifestation of higher drought tolerance ability inG. arboreumgenotypes transferrable toG. hirsutumgenotypes through interspecific crossing or other means.
Needles and Lightning Leader Dynamics Imaged with 100–200 MHz Broadband VHF Interferometry
Authors: Pu Yunjiao , Cummer Steven A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA new short‐baseline VHF interferometer with 200 MHz bandwidth images lightning with significantly higher spatial resolution than our previous system with a 60 MHz maximum frequency. Needles (Hare et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586‐019‐1086‐6), needle‐associated negative leaders, a nearby bidirectional leader, and their interactions were imaged during an intracloud lightning flash. Six recoil leaders traversing the positive leader channel definitively determined the leader path and verified that needles originate from positive channels. Two negative leaders initiated from the positive channel, either from or close to needles, when another active positive leader passed ~1 km away. While the needles develop continuously with a VHF source density decreasing from the front end to the back end, a bidirectional leader initiated nearby and had strong influence on subsequent needle dynamics. These rarely observed yet perhaps common lightning processes are analyzed comprehensively to give new insight into the origin and impact of needles on positive lightning leaders.
Pc4‐5 Poloidal ULF Wave Observed in the Dawnside Plasmaspheric Plume
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Tian Anmin , Degeling Alexander W. , Shi Quanqi , Wang Mengmeng , Hao Yixin , Ren Jie , Liu Wenlong , Zhou Xuzhi , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Sun Weijie , Rae I. Jonathan , Bai Shichen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA localized Pc4‐5 ultralow‐frequency (ULF) wave event associated with a plasmaspheric plume was observed by THEMIS‐E on the dawnside near L = 6, which was identified as a second harmonic poloidal wave. The plume was identified as a sudden density enhancement during an outbound pass. The charged particle populations in the plume have a variety of periodic modulation characteristics at different energies. First, there is an antiphase relationship between magnetic field Br and particle flux across a wide energy range both for ions and electrons (~50 keV to 1 MeV). Second, there is a 180° phase shift in the modulated ion flux within an energy range of ~2–6 keV, with negative slope dispersions of ion pitch angle distributions at ~2–6 keV and ~50–75 keV, which are characteristic of drift‐bounce resonances. Third, the lower‐energy (<32 eV) ion flux is modulated at double the wave frequency, which are the result of E × B effect. Considering the generation mechanism of this poloidal mode wave within the plume, we find that it is likely generated by drift‐bounce resonance from an unstable population of ions, due to an inward radial phase space density gradient. We suggest that the localization of waves to the plume is because the high plasma density reduces the local poloidal mode eigenfrequency, enabling a match to the drift‐bounce frequencies of these ions, and resonant energy transfer from these particles to the eigenfunction at this location. This generates the Pc4‐5 second harmonic poloidal waves at a much lower L region than would otherwise be expected.
Grain Fragmentation and Frictional Melting During Initial Experimental Deformation and Implications for Seismic Slip at Shallow Depths
Authors: Hung Chien‐Cheng , Kuo Li‐Wei , Spagnuolo Elena , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Di Toro Giulio , Wu Wen‐Jie , Dong Jia‐Jyun , Lin Wayne , Sheu Hwo‐Shuenn , Yeh En‐Chao , Hsieh Pei‐Shan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDuring seismic slip, the elastic strain energy released by the wall rocks drives grain fragmentation and flash heating in the slipping zone, resulting in formation of (nano)powders and melt droplets, which lower the fault resistance. With progressive seismic slip, the frictional melt covers the slip surface and behaves as a lubricant reducing the coseismic fault strength. However, the processes associated to the transition from grain fragmentation to bulk frictional melting remain poorly understood. Here we discuss in situ microanalytical investigations performed on experimentally produced solidified frictional melts from the transition regime between grain fragmentation and frictional melting. The experiments were performed on granitic gneiss at seismic slip rates (1.3 and 5 m/s), normal stresses ranging from 3 to 30 MPa. At normal stresses <12 MPa, the apparent friction coefficient μapp (shear stress versus normal stress) evolves in a complex manner with slip: μapp decreases because of flash weakening, increases up to a peak value μp1 ~0.6–1.0, slightly decreases and increases again to a second peak value μp2 ~0.44–0.83, and eventually decreases with displacement to a steady‐state value μss ~0.3–0.45. In situ synchrotron observations of the solidified frictional melt show abundance of ultrafine quartz grains before μp2 and enrichment in SiO2 at μp2. Because partial melting occurs on the ultrafine quartz grains and, as a consequence, it suggested that the second re‐strengthening (μp2) is induced by the higher viscosity of the melt due to its enrichment in Si from melting of the ultrafine quartz grains derived from grain fragmentation.
Deep proteome profiling of the hippocampus in the 5XFAD mouse model reveals biological process alterations and a novel biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kim Dong Kyu , Han Dohyun , Park Joonho , Choi Hyunjung , Park Jong-Chan , Cha Moon-Yong , Woo Jongmin , Byun Min Soo , Lee Dong Young , Kim Youngsoo , Mook-Jung Inhee 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most common type of dementia, is characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques. To understand the pathophysiology of the AD brain, the assessment of global proteomic dynamics is required. Since the hippocampus is a major region affected in the AD brain, we performed hippocampal analysis and identified proteins that are differentially expressed between wild-type and 5XFAD model mice via LC-MS methods. To reveal the relationship between proteomic changes and the progression of amyloid plaque deposition in the hippocampus, we analyzed the hippocampal proteome at two ages (5 and 10 months). We identified 9,313 total proteins and 1411 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in 5- and 10-month-old wild-type and 5XFAD mice. We designated a group of proteins showing the same pattern of changes as amyloid beta (Aβ) as the Aβ-responsive proteome. In addition, we examined potential biomarkers by investigating secretory proteins from the Aβ-responsive proteome. Consequently, we identified vitamin K-dependent protein S (PROS1) as a novel microglia-derived biomarker candidate in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice. Moreover, we confirmed that the PROS1 level in the serum of 5XFAD mice increases as the disease progresses. An increase in PROS1 is also observed in the sera of AD patients and shows a close correlation with AD neuroimaging markers in humans. Therefore, our quantitative proteome data obtained from 5XFAD model mice successfully predicted AD-related biological alterations and suggested a novel protein biomarker for AD.
Perturbative countersurveillance metaoptics with compound nanosieves
Authors: Xue Jiancai , Zhou Zhang-Kai , Lin Limin , Guo Chao , Sun Shang , Lei Dangyuan , Qiu Cheng-Wei , Wang Xue-Hua 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe progress of metaoptics relies on identifying photonic materials and geometries, the combination of which represents a promising approach to complex and desired optical functionalities. Material candidate options are primarily limited by natural availability. Thus, the search for meta-atom geometries, by either forward or inverse means, plays a pivotal role in achieving more sophisticated phenomena. Past efforts mainly focused on building the geometric library of individual meta-atoms and synthesizing various ones into a design. However, those efforts neglected the powerfulness of perturbative metaoptics due to the perception that perturbations are usually regarded as adverse and in need of being suppressed. Here, we report a perturbation-induced countersurveillance strategy using compound nanosieves mediated by structural and thermal perturbations. Private information can be almost perfectly concealed and camouflaged by the induced thermal-spectral drifts, enabling information storage and exchange in a covert way. This perturbative metaoptics can self-indicate whether the hidden information has been attacked during delivery. Our results establish a perturbative paradigm of securing a safer world of information and internet of things.