bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Managerialism: After the Death of the Corporate Statesperson
Authors: Danley John 
Published: October 2020

Ignited in this and other countries by the rapid rise of the modem corporation to a position of strategic importance, both nationally and internationally, an intense debate continues today unabated. At the heart of the debate is a fundamental question: What role should the modern corporation play in a free society? And, as corporations become increasingly multinational, the fundamental question might more accurately be stated as a question about the role the multinational corporation should play in a free society, indeed, in the world. This question, I believe, should provide the orientation for research inquiries in Business Ethics and Business and Society.Within the business community in the U.S., two dominant responses to the fundamental question emerged quite early in the century, responses which have been characterized as the Classical and Managerial business ideologies. Approaching the 21st century, these remain the two major alternatives, reflecting not merely the competing ideological frameworks of the business community, but of the larger society in the U.S. as well. That these constitute the dominant alternatives is extremely regrettable, even dangerous, for, as I have argued elsewhere, both are seriously inadequate.
Stakeholder and field surveys on weed issues and research needs in rice production in Texas
Authors: Liu Rui , Singh Vijay , Zhou Xin-Gen , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA paper-based survey was conducted from 2015 to 2017 among stakeholders of the Texas rice industry on current weed management challenges and factors influencing management decisions. A total of 108 survey questionnaires were completed by stakeholders at the rice Cooperative Extension meetings conducted in the rice-growing counties of Texas. In addition, late-season field surveys were conducted prior to harvest in 2015 and 2016 across the rice-growing counties to understand dominant weed escapes occurring in rice fields. Results from the questionnaire survey revealed that rice–fallow–rice was the most common rotation practiced in Texas rice production. Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., and Cyperus spp. were the top three problematic weed issues faced by the respondents. Among the Leptochloa species, Nealley’s sprangletop, a relatively new species in rice fields, was indicated as an emerging concern. Clomazone was the most frequently used PRE herbicide, whereas quinclorac, propanil, imazethapyr, and cyhalofop were the popular POST herbicides. Most respondents (72%) made weed-control decisions on the basis of economic thresholds, whereas 63% made decisions on the basis of weed problems from previous years. Most respondents (88%) expressed moderate to high concern for herbicide-resistant weeds in their operations. Strategies to manage herbicide-resistant weeds and economical weed management practices were among the top suggested research needs. The field survey revealed that jungle rice, Nealley’s sprangletop, and hemp sesbania were the top three late-season weed escapes in rice production in Texas, with frequencies of occurrence of 28%, 19%, and 13%, respectively. Furthermore, average field area infested by a species was the greatest for jungle rice (13%), followed by hemp sesbania (11%) and weedy rice (11%). Findings from the stakeholder and field surveys help direct future research and outreach efforts for sustainable weed management in Texas rice.
Eddy‐Induced Acceleration of Argo Floats
Authors: Wang Tianyu , Gille Sarah T. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Zilberman Nathalie V. , Du Yan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFloat trajectories are simulated using Lagrangian particle tracking software and eddy‐permitting ocean model output from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2) project. We find that Argo‐like particles near strong mean flows tend to accelerate while at their parking depth. This effect is pronounced in western boundary current regions and in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system. The acceleration is associated with eddy‐mean flow interactions: Eddies converge particles toward regions with stronger mean currents. Particles do not accelerate when they are advected by the eddy or mean flow alone. During a 9‐day parking period, speed increases induced by the eddy‐mean flow interactions can be as large as 2 cm s−1, representing roughly 10% of the mean velocity. If unaccounted for, this acceleration could bias velocities inferred from observed Argo float trajectories.
Physiographic and Climatic Controls on Regional Groundwater Dynamics
Authors: Haaf Ezra , Giese Markus , Heudorfer Benedikt , Stahl Kerstin , Barthel Roland 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe main goal of this study is to explore whether the ideas established by surface water hydrologists in the context of predictions in ungauged basins can be useful in hydrogeology. The concrete question is whether it is possible to create predictive models for groundwater systems with no or few observations based on knowledge derived from similar groundwater systems which are well observed. To do so, this study analyzes the relationship between temporal dynamics of groundwater levels and climatic and physiographic characteristics. The analysis is based on data from 341 wells in Southern Germany with 10‐year daily groundwater hydrographs. Observation wells are used in confined and unconfined sand and gravel aquifers from narrow mountainous valleys as well as more extensive lowland alluvial aquifers. Groundwater dynamics at each location are summarized with 46 indices describing features of groundwater hydrographs. Besides borehole log‐derived geologic information, local and regional morphologic characteristics as well as topography‐derived boundary and climatic descriptors were derived for each well. Regression relationships were established by mining the data for associations between dynamics and descriptors with forward stepwise regression at a confidence level >95%. The most important predictors are geology and boundary conditions and, secondarily, climate, as well as some topographic features, such as regional convergence. The multiple regression models are in general agreement with process understanding linked to groundwater dynamics in unconfined aquifers. This systematic investigation suggests that statistical regionalization of groundwater dynamics in ungauged aquifers based on map‐derived physiographic and climatic controls may be feasible.
An Early Neogene—Early Quaternary Contourite Drift System on the SW Barents Sea Continental Margin, Norwegian Arctic
Authors: Rydningen T. A. , Høgseth G. V. , Lasabuda A. P. E. , Laberg J. S. , Safronova P. A. , Forwick M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe onset and evolution of the middle to late Cenozoic “icehouse” world was influenced by the development of the global ocean circulation linking the Norwegian–Greenland Sea‐Arctic Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. The evolution of the early Neogene to early Quaternary Bjørnøyrenna Drift, located at the SW Barents Sea continental margin, shed new light on this important hydrological event. By analyzing seismic data and exploration wellbores, it is found that the drift likely started to form in the early/middle Miocene, probably as a result of an ocean circulation reorganization following the opening of the Fram Strait gateway (c. 17 Ma) and subsidence of the Greenland–Scotland Ridge (c. 12 Ma). Thus, the onset of drift growth is considered to have happened close in time to the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum at 16–14 Ma, and was part of a regional onset of large‐scale ocean circulation in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea that influenced the subsequent climate cooling. The drift continued to grow under the influence of early Quaternary glacimarine sedimentation, and later overtopping of the drift mound by downslope transfer of glacigenic sediments during full‐glacial conditions resulted in a submarine failure. For the first time, minimum average sedimentation rates of a Neogene to Quaternary drift in this area is calculated, giving rates of 0.020–0.031 m/Kyr. These values are comparable to average deep‐sea sedimentation rates from modern low‐latitude river systems such as the Amazon and Mississippi, but lower than the Quaternary glacial sedimentation rates from the Barents Sea and Fennoscandian continental margins.
Scratching the Surface: A Marine Sediment Provenance Record From the Continental Slope of Central Wilkes Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Tooze Sian , Halpin Jacqueline A. , Noble Taryn L. , Chase Zanna , O'Brien Philip E. , Armand Leanne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe geology of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, is masked by kilometers of ice and remains largely unexplored. Defining the sediment provenance adjacent to this hidden region is important for distinguishing the proximal subglacial basement terranes and refining the dynamic regional glaciological history. This study presents a detrital sediment provenance record spanning c. 23.5 ka from the continental slope of central Wilkes Land. Sediment provenance was characterized using U‐Pb geochronology and trace element geochemistry from detrital zircon, titanite and apatite, and Pb isotopic signatures from detrital feldspar. These data were compared with new feldspar Pb‐isotopic signatures and existing U‐Pb zircon data sets from rare nearby coastal outcrop. A principally igneous source was revealed with dominant age populations between c. 1,360‐1,100 Ma and c. 1,620‐1,490 Ma, characteristic of rocks of the proximal Wilkes and Banzare provinces, respectively. Minor detritus was additionally sourced from the proximal Nuyina Province (c. 1,450‐1,390 Ma). Temporal variation in the climate and ice sheet configuration are likely responsible for subtle downcore changes observed in detrital sediment provenance. High sedimentation rates during the glacial period suggest reworking of continental shelf sediments and downslope transport in debris flows during ice sheet advance. Glacial meltwater fluxes fed largely by the Totten Glacier were responsible for supplying detritus during deglaciation. During interglacials, detritus was derived from a broad coastal region and delivered to the slope via multiple glacial outlets. These results present the first substantial offshore evidence to support recent interpretations that the subglacial crust of central Wilkes Land has a dominantly Mesoproterozoic history.
Combined Effects of Tidal Mixing in Narrow Straits and the Ekman Transport on the Sea Surface Temperature Cooling in the Southern Indonesian Seas
Authors: Nagai T. , Hibiya T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough the SST cooling events around the Lesser Sunda Islands (LSIs), which contribute to the seasonal variation of SST in the southern Indonesian Seas, are thought to be controlled by tidal mixing, the distribution of tidal mixing was highly idealized in previous studies. This study reinvestigates the mechanisms of such SST cooling events using MITgcm, which incorporates the realistic distribution of tidal mixing. The observed SST variability is well reproduced in the numerical experiment; SST is largely reduced along the northern (or southern) coast of the LSIs during austral summer (or winter). Particle tracking suggests that the narrow tidal straits between the LSIs, where well‐mixed waters are produced by vigorous tidal mixing, play a key role in controlling the SST cooling. During austral summer, the cold SST signal of well‐mixed waters propagates both northward and southward from the narrow straits as baroclinic Kelvin waves. On the northern side of the LSIs, in particular, coastal upwelling caused by the northwest monsoon raises the background thermocline, which affects the propagation of baroclinic Kelvin waves such that the accompanying cold SST signal becomes much enhanced compared with that on the southern side of the LSIs. During austral winter, in contrast, the Ekman transport enhances southward through‐strait flow so that baroclinic Kelvin waves can propagate only southward affecting the SST on the southern side of the LSIs. This demonstrates the importance of the combined effects of tidal mixing in narrow straits and the Ekman transport on the SST cooling in the southern Indonesian Seas.
Climate‐Driven Changes in the Ocean's Ventilation Pathways and Time Scales Diagnosed From Transport Matrices
Authors: Holzer Mark , Chamberlain Matthew A. , Matear Richard J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe diagnose changes in the decadal‐mean ocean transport over the 21st century as simulated by the ACCESS‐1.3 model under RCP8.5 forcing. A matrix formulation of advection‐diffusion is used to quantify transport into the ocean interior and from the interior back to the surface. We compute the ocean volumes last ventilated at the surface, as well as the volumes next reexposed to the atmosphere, per unit area, and the distributions of water in transit between key ventilation regions. We find that for the 2090s circulation, Antarctic Bottom Water formation and Antarctic ventilation have collapsed but are compensated by increased mode water formation and ventilation at the poleward edge of the southern subtropical gyres. Reexposure of deep water back to the atmosphere in the Antarctic Southern Ocean is also reduced but compensated by enhanced reexposure in the subpolar Southern Ocean. Labrador Sea ventilation is suppressed, while there is increased ventilation in the eastern subpolar Atlantic. The 2090s surface‐to‐surface interbasin transport is much more sluggish than that of the 1990s, with 30–40% reduced volume flow rates. For transport from last ventilation in the subpolar North Atlantic to next ventilation in the tropical Eastern Pacific, the 2090s residence‐time distribution has a ∼40% longer mode with much more slowly decaying tails and correspondingly lagged path densities. The 2090s mean times since last ventilation, as well as the mean times to reexposure are older in the Antarctic Southern Ocean and elsewhere progressively with depth, by up to ∼1,000 years in the abyss.
Consistent Theoretical and Empirical Predictions of at‐a‐Station Hydraulic Geometry Exponents in Stream Reaches
Authors: Morel M. , Booker D. J. , Gob F. , Lamouroux N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReach‐scale at‐a‐station hydraulic geometry (AHG) relationships are power laws that describe variations of reach‐averaged water depth, wetted width, and current velocity in stream reaches when discharge varies. Modeling AHG exponents is important, because the variations of hydraulics with discharge in stream networks influence physical habitats of aquatic species, biodiversity, water temperature, nutrient fluxes, and sediment transport. Theoretical approaches indicated that AHG exponents should depend on topographic descriptors of cross sections and roughness elements. Empirical approaches suggested that AHG exponents partly depend on hydraulic characteristics measured at a single discharge. We used a unique data set of AHG observed in 812 stream reaches (obtained from measurements at several discharge rates or from hydrodynamic models) to (1) test the consistency of theoretical and empirical predictions of AHG exponents and (2) test the generality of AHG predictions across rivers of different countries with variable landscape settings. We found that observed AHG depended on topographic predictors (describing cross‐section shape and substrate size) as expected from theory. However, AHG exponents were better predicted by empirical hydraulic characteristics of reaches: the ratio of wetted width to bankfull width and the reach Froude number. The effects of hydraulic variables were consistent with those of topographic predictors. In addition, relations between AHG and hydraulic predictors were significant and with similar direction in different data sets. Despite limited explanatory power, our results help identifying general drivers of AHG exponents. Their application still requires measurements at a single discharge rate but open perspectives of generalized AHG prediction by remote sensing.
Optimal Transport for Assessing Nitrate Source‐Pathway Connectivity
Authors: Husic Admin , Fox James , Mahoney Tyler , Gerlitz Morgan , Pollock Erik , Backus Jason 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExcessive nitrate threatens a wide range of water resources, aquatic habitats, and sensitive infrastructure. Despite this problem, tracing a nutrient from its eventual fate back to its origin remains an elusive challenge due to heterogeneity in how nutrient sources and hydrologic pathways are connected. Typically, this problem is underdetermined (i.e., too many unknowns, not enough equations) and cannot be solved with existing methodologies. The theory of optimal transport allows for the solution of underdetermined systems, and here we construct a novel formulation for its use in water quality modeling. Our objective was to develop an optimal transport modeling framework—coupled to Bayesian source unmixing, loadograph pathway separation, and geospatial connectivity analysis—to apportion nitrate loading from three sources (soil, fertilizer, and manure) across three pathways (quick, intermediate, and slow), resulting in nine possible source‐pathway couplings (soil‐quick, soil‐intermediate, …, manure‐slow). We apply this model to a 30 month elemental (NO3−) and isotopic (δ15N and δ18O) nitrate data set from a karst watershed in Kentucky, USA. Modeling results indicate that—of the nine possible source‐pathway couplings—nearly 60% of nitrate export is facilitated by just three: fertilizer‐quick (16.4%), manure‐intermediate (15.4%), and soil‐slow (27.2%). Further, we reinforce the need to explicitly consider heterogeneity in source‐pathway connectivity as homogeneous assumptions lead to erroneous inferences. The applicability of the model, its input requirements, and transferability to other sites is discussed. Lastly, we simulated two land management scenarios (field buffers and septic repair) and demonstrate how optimal transport can be used to test nutrient reduction strategies.
Phylogeny resolved, metabolism revealed: functional radiation within a widespread and divergent clade of sponge symbionts
Authors: Taylor Jessica A , Palladino Giorgia , Wemheuer Bernd , Steinert Georg , Sipkema Detmer , Williams Timothy J , Thomas Torsten 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The symbiosis between bacteria and sponges has arguably the longest evolutionary history for any extant metazoan lineage, yet little is known about bacterial evolution or adaptation in this process. An example of often dominant and widespread bacterial symbionts of sponges is a clade of uncultured and uncharacterised Proteobacteria. Here we set out to characterise this group using metagenomics, in-depth phylogenetic analyses, metatranscriptomics, and fluorescence in situ hybridisation microscopy. We obtained five metagenome-assembled-genomes (MAGs) from different sponge species that, together with a previously published MAG (AqS2), comprise two families within a new gammaproteobacterial order that we named Ca. Tethybacterales. Members of this order share a heterotrophic lifestyle but vary in their predicted ability to use various carbon, nitrogen and sulfur sources, including taurine, spermidine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate. The deep branching of the Ca. Tethybacterales within the Gammaproteobacteria and their almost exclusive presence in sponges suggests they have entered a symbiosis with their host relatively early in evolutionary time and have subsequently functionally radiated. This is reflected in quite distinct lifestyles of various species of Ca. Tethybacterales, most notably their diverse morphologies, predicted substrate preferences, and localisation within the sponge tissue. This study provides new insight into the evolution of metazoan–bacteria symbiosis.
Phage gene expression and host responses lead to infection-dependent costs of CRISPR immunity
Authors: Meaden Sean , Capria Loris , Alseth Ellinor , Gandon Sylvain , Biswas Ambarish , Lenzi Luca , van Houte Stineke , Westra Edze R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
CRISPR-Cas immune systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea, but not ubiquitous. Previous work has demonstrated that CRISPR immunity is associated with an infection-induced fitness cost, which may help explain the patchy distribution observed. However, the mechanistic basis of this cost has remained unclear. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and its phage DMS3vir as a model, we perform a 30-day evolution experiment under phage mediated selection. We demonstrate that although CRISPR is initially selected for, bacteria carrying mutations in the phage receptor rapidly invade the population following subsequent reinfections. We then test three potential mechanisms for the observed cost of CRISPR: (1) autoimmunity from the acquisition of self-targeting spacers, (2) immunopathology or energetic costs from increased cas gene expression and (3) toxicity caused by phage gene expression prior to CRISPR-mediated cleavage. We find that phages can express genes before the immune system clears the infection and that expression of these genes can have a negative effect on host fitness. While infection does not lead to increased expression of cas genes, it does cause differential expression of multiple other host processes that may further contribute to the cost of CRISPR immunity. In contrast, we found little support for infection-induced autoimmunological and immunopathological effects. Phage gene expression prior to cleavage of the genome by the CRISPR-Cas immune system is therefore the most parsimonious explanation for the observed phage-induced fitness cost.
Genome-wide association study of cardiovascular disease in testicular cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
Authors: Steggink Lars C. , Boer Hink , Meijer Coby , Lefrandt Joop D. , Terstappen Leon W. M. M. , Fehrmann Rudolf S. N. , Gietema Jourik A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGenetic variation may mediate the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chemotherapy-treated testicular cancer (TC) patients compared to the general population. Involved single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might differ from known CVD-associated SNPs in the general population. We performed an explorative genome-wide association study (GWAS) in TC patients. TC patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy between 1977 and 2011, age ≤55 years at diagnosis, and ≥3 years relapse-free follow-up were genotyped. Association between SNPs and CVD occurrence during treatment or follow-up was analyzed. Data-driven Expression Prioritized Integration for Complex Trait (DEPICT) provided insight into enriched gene sets, i.e., biological themes. During a median follow-up of 11 years (range 3–37), CVD occurred in 53 (14%) of 375 genotyped patients. Based on 179 SNPs associated at p ≤ 0.001, 141 independent genomic loci associated with CVD occurrence. Subsequent, DEPICT found ten biological themes, with the RAC2/RAC3 network (linked to endothelial activation) as the most prominent theme. Biology of this network was illustrated in a TC cohort (n = 60) by increased circulating endothelial cells during chemotherapy. In conclusion, the ten observed biological themes highlight possible pathways involved in CVD in chemotherapy-treated TC patients. Insight in the genetic susceptibility to CVD in TC patients can aid future intervention strategies.