bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reformatio or restauratio? The rehabilitation of Pope Gregory VII in Catholic historiography after Trent
Authors: Giuliani Gianmarco 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis essay highlights the role played by Pope Gregory VII (r. 1073–85) in the confessional historiography of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. A pivotal figure in ecclesiastical history, this medieval pope was the subject of lively historical debate. The Lutheran Magdeburg Centuries assessed Gregory as the best example of the increasing dominion of the Antichrist’s spirit in the Latin Church, and this view was generally shared by all Protestant scholars. The eleventh volume of the Annales ecclesiastici (Ecclesiastical Annals, 1605) by Caesar Baronio was the major attempt to rehabilitate Gregory’s status, in particular broadening the richness of contemporary sources. Baronio succeeded in creating a new critical account of Gregory. Contrary to the Protestant apocalyptic view, Gregory was not the symbol of the end of the first Christian millennium; instead, he safeguarded the apostolic purity of the Church. Baronio became a spokesman for the Doctrina Hildebrandina, a doctrine sanctioned by the decrees of the Council of Trent (1545–63) and reinforced by subsequent Catholic theologians. What emerges is, above all, a certain uniformity of historical method in all confessional parties. In addition, the pontificate of Gregory VII represented a crucial turning point in the Catholic interpretation of history as well as in the Protestant one.
A pilot study of parents’ experiences of reflexology treatment for infants with colic in Finland
Authors: Hannula Leena , Puukka Pauli , Asunmaa Marjut , Mäkijärvi Markku 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundMany infants under 4 months suffer from infantile colic. Infants with colic cry a lot, appear to be in pain, and it is difficult to sooth them. Colic is a painful condition for the infant and very stressful to parents. Parents in Finland get advice to try reflexology treatment for their infant, but there are no studies in Finland to support this advice.AimThe aim of the pilot study was to treat infants with reflexology and find out parents’ experiences of the effects of the treatment on colic symptoms and parental stress.MethodA total of 33 parents of 35 infants diagnosed with colic participated to the pilot study. Three certified reflexologists with health care education background and extensive experience in infant reflexology were trained to give the reflexology treatment in a standardised manner. They treated each infant 3–4 times. The whole body reflexology treatment session consisted of gentle pressure treatment of soles and feet, hands, head, face, ears, back, neck and whole stomach area. One treatment session lasted about 20–30 minutes, and treatments were delivered within 8–12 days. The data were collected from the parents with semi‐structured questionnaires.ResultsThe series of the treatments helped reduce the suffering of all the babies with infant colic. The colic symptoms disappeared on 43% of infants and decreased on the remaining 57%. The parents reported having pleasant experiences with the treatment, regardless whether the colic symptoms disappeared or continued. Parents stated that the treatment reduced the most typical colic symptoms; infants’ body tension, colic crying and restless movements, poor sleep quality and irregular bowel movements.ConclusionsReflexology treatment seems to be a safe and effective way to treat infants with colic when conducted by a health care professional with reflexology training and experience.
Measuring cross‐country material wellbeing and inequality using consumer durables
Authors: Grimes Arthur , Hyland Sean 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe measure the mean and inequality in country material wellbeing based on households’ consumer durables, using household‐level data from OECD’s PISA surveys for 40 countries over 2000–2012. Our consumption‐based measures capture aspects of material wellbeing not captured fully by income‐based measures. For 2012, tests show that the consumption‐based metrics are more closely associated with objective mortality‐related outcomes than are income‐based measures; in 2000 (and over 2000–2012) each set of measures adds information relative to the other. The consumption‐based measures may be particularly useful in revealing where income‐based measures provide inaccurate indications of the mean and/or inequality in household living standards.
Importance of a verification test to accurately assess V̇O2max in unfit individuals with obesity
Authors: Moreno‐Cabañas Alfonso , Ortega Juan F. , Morales‐Palomo Felix , Ramirez‐Jimenez Miguel , Mora‐Rodriguez Ricardo 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundTo determine the trustworthiness of graded exercise test to exhaustion (GXT) to assess maximal oxygen uptake () in metabolic syndrome individuals with obesity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness.Methods was assessed in 100 metabolic syndrome adults (57 ± 8 years; 34% women), with obesity (BMI 32 ± 5 kg·m−2) using GXT followed by supramaximal constant‐load verification test (VerT) at 110% of maximal GXT work rate. data from GXT and VerT were compared using paired t test and plotted for Bland‐Altman analysis. GXT sensitivity and specificity to detect were also calculated.ResultsSeventy individuals did not achieve plateau during GXT. GXT underestimated in 40 subjects. In these subjects, the magnitude of underestimation with GXT was 9% (167 mLO2·min−1; P < .001). In the whole sample (n = 100), bias error differences between GXT and VerT was 63 mLO2·min−1 (3% underestimation). This error was constant regardless of differences in fitness levels among individuals (R = −0.07; homoscedasticity). GXT results were unreliable in 62% of the sample with 16% of false‐positive and 46% of false‐negative results. Sensitivity and specificity of GTX to assess were low (ie, 23% and 60%, respectively).ConclusionOur data indicate that the magnitude (3%‐9%) and prevalence (40% of subjects) of underestimation with the use of a GXT alone is high in a large sample of unfit metabolic syndrome individuals with obesity. Our data advocate for the need of using VerT after GXT to avoid significant cardiorespiratory fitness underestimation in metabolic syndrome individuals with obesity and low fitness level.
The Sino‐North Korea international economic relationship and the economic development of North Korea
Authors: Mah Jai S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe North Korean government has tried to promote export and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) since the 1990s. Sino‐North Korea trade values jumped during the 2000s, and China became North Korea's largest trade partner. China's FDI in North Korea began to increase abruptly since the late 2000s. The mining sector led China's investment in and import from North Korea. Although China has dominated any other country in FDI inflows and international trade with North Korea, the former's contribution to the economic development of the latter has not been so substantial in the light of the composition of international trade and FDI inflows. To materialise the potential of Sino‐North Korea trade and Chinese firms' investment in North Korea further, it is essential to improve North Korea's diplomatic relationship with China. In addition, the North Korean government needs to pay attention to upgrading the structure and composition of bilateral trade and FDI inflows from China.
Outer retinal degeneration in two closely related Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii)
Authors: Kosec Goran , Kafarnik Christiane , Sayers Ghislaine , Scurrell Emma Jane , Carter Wallace James 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis case report comprises studies of four Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii) from the same enclosure. Globe samples from two related C goeldii (the female C goeldii and her male offspring) were available for a histopathological evaluation. Both cases presented histopathologically evident outer retinal degeneration with differences in severity. There was marked outer retinal atrophy characterized by loss of the outer and inner photoreceptor segments, and depletion of the outer retinal nuclear layer. Furthermore, we report a reduction in the thickness of the outer retinal plexiform, inner retinal nuclear layer, and inner retinal plexiform layer in these C goeldii monkeys. To the authors’ knowledge, these findings have not yet been reported in wild‐ or captive‐bred population of C goeldii.
Focal/multifocal and geographic retinal dysplasia in the dog—In vivo retinal microanatomy analyses
Authors: Iwabe Simone , Dufour Valerie L. , Guzmán José M. , Holle Dolores M. , Cohen Julie A. , Beltran William A. , Aguirre Gustavo D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeTo examine the in vivo microanatomy of retinal folds and geographic lesions in dogs with acquired or inherited retinal dysplasia.Material and methodsThirteen dogs had retinal microanatomy evaluation under general anesthesia using cSLO/sdOCT; two eyes had noninherited multifocal retinal folds, five had inherited multifocal retinal folds (drd1 or drd2), and 10 geographic retinal dysplasia. Retinas from two drd2 carrier dogs were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) after in vivo imaging.ResultsRetinal folds are the common feature of acquired focal/multifocal or geographic retinal dysplasia, are indistinguishable structurally from those associated with syndromic oculoskeletal dysplasia, and represent outer nuclear layer invaginations and rosettes visible by sdOCT. In dogs heterozygous for oculoskeletal dysplasia, the folds form clusters in a perivascular distribution along superior central vessels. IHC confirmed photoreceptor identity in the retinal folds. The geographic dysplasia plaques are not focally detached, but have inner retinal disorganization and intense autofluorescence in cSLO autofluorescence mode that is mainly limited to the geographic lesion, but is not uniform and in some extends beyond the plaques.ConclusionWe propose that the autofluorescent characteristic of the geographic lesions is associated with an inner retinal disruption associated with perivascular or infiltrating macrophages and phagocytosis of cellular debris. As well, we suggest restructuring the examination forms to distinguish the folds that are sporadically distributed from those that have a perivascular distribution as the latter likely represent carriers for drd. In this latter group, DNA testing would be a helpful tool to provide specific breeding advice.
Numerical study of the surface and subsurface vortices suppression in a rectangular pump basin using anti‐vortex devices
Authors: Safarzadeh Akbar , Talebi Mina , Mohajeri Seyed Hossein 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe present study reports the results of high‐resolution free surface Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulations of the three‐dimensional (3D) flow field in a rectangular pump intake system. The numerical simulations are composed of various scenarios without/with various anti‐vortex devices (AVDs) to suppress the surface and subsurface vortices around the pipe. For this purpose, after performing a comparison between the streamlines of a benchmark test case and the data available in the literature, the 3D vortical structures around the pipe and inside of the basin have been visualized using the Q‐criterion. In addition, the circulation and swirl angle indices inside the pipe are implemented for evaluating the performance of different types of AVDs. The results showed that the surface vortices cause low frequency oscillations in the pump inlet. In this case, the use of a curtain wall controls the surface vortices and eliminates low frequency and high amplitude oscillations in the pump inlet. Examining various cases with AVDs shows that none of the scenarios with AVDs could fully control the surface and submerged vortices. Due to this fact, a novel geometry for the pump basin is introduced which suppresses the entire free surface, submerged and floor vortices.
Design of a Command-Shaping Scheme for Mitigating Residual Vibrations in Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Authors: Sharma Atul Kumar 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are a class of highly deformable electroactive polymers (EAPs) employed for electromechanical transduction technology. When electrostatically actuated dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are subjected to an input signal comprising multiple Heaviside voltage steps, the emerging inherent residual vibrations may limit their motion accuracy in practical applications. In this paper, the systematic development of a command-shaping scheme is proposed for controlling residual vibrations in an electrically driven planar DEA. The proposed scheme relies on invoking the force balance at the point of maximum lateral stretch in an oscillation cycle to bring the actuator to a stagnation state followed by the application of an additional electric input signal of predetermined magnitude at a specific time. The underlying concept of the proposed control scheme is articulated for a single Heaviside step input-driven actuator and further extended to the actuator subjected to the multistep input signal. The equation governing the dynamic motion of the actuator is derived using the principle of virtual work. The devised dynamic model of the actuator incorporates the effects of strain stiffening of elastomer and viscous energy dissipation. The nonlinear dynamic governing equation is solved using matlab ode solver for extracting the dynamic response of the actuator. The applicability of the devised command-shaping control scheme is illustrated by taking a wide range of parameters including variations in the extent of equilibrium state sequences, damping, and polymer chain extensibility. The proposed scheme is found to be adaptable in controlling the vibrations of the actuator for any desired equilibrium state. The results presented in this paper can find its potential application in the design of an open-loop control system for DEAs.
The D-score: a metric for interpreting the early development of infants and toddlers across global settings
Authors: Weber Ann M , Rubio-Codina Marta , Walker Susan P , van Buuren Stef , Eekhout Iris , Grantham-McGregor Sally M , Araujo Maria Caridad , Chang Susan M , Fernald Lia CH , Hamadani Jena Derakhshani , Hanlon Charlotte , Karam Simone M , Lozoff Betsy , Ratsifandrihamanana Lisy , Richter Linda , Black Maureen M 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionEarly childhood development can be described by an underlying latent construct. Global comparisons of children’s development are hindered by the lack of a validated metric that is comparable across cultures and contexts, especially for children under age 3 years. We constructed and validated a new metric, the Developmental Score (D-score), using existing data from 16 longitudinal studies.MethodsStudies had item-level developmental assessment data for children 0–48 months and longitudinal outcomes at ages >4–18 years, including measures of IQ and receptive vocabulary. Existing data from 11 low-income, middle-income and high-income countries were merged for >36 000 children. Item mapping produced 95 ‘equate groups’ of same-skill items across 12 different assessment instruments. A statistical model was built using the Rasch model with item difficulties constrained to be equal in a subset of equate groups, linking instruments to a common scale, the D-score, a continuous metric with interval-scale properties. D-score-for-age z-scores (DAZ) were evaluated for discriminant, concurrent and predictive validity to outcomes in middle childhood to adolescence.ResultsConcurrent validity of DAZ with original instruments was strong (averager=0.71), with few exceptions. In approximately 70% of data rounds collected across studies, DAZ discriminated between children above/below cut-points for low birth weight (<2500 g) and stunting (−2 SD below median height-for-age). DAZ increased significantly with maternal education in 55% of data rounds. Predictive correlations of DAZ with outcomes obtained 2–16 years later were generally between 0.20 and 0.40. Correlations equalled or exceeded those obtained with original instruments despite using an average of 55% fewer items to estimate the D-score.ConclusionThe D-score metric enables quantitative comparisons of early childhood development across ages and sets the stage for creating simple, low-cost, global-use instruments to facilitate valid cross-national comparisons of early childhood development.
Sleeping sound with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): study protocol for an efficacy randomised controlled trial of a tailored brief behavioural sleep intervention for ASD
Authors: Papadopoulos Nicole , Sciberras Emma , Hiscock Harriet , Williams Katrina , McGillivray Jane , Mihalopoulos Cathrine , Engel Lidia , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Bellows Susannah T , Marks Deborah , Howlin Patricia , Rinehart Nicole 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionSleep problems are a characteristic feature of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with 40% to 80% of children experiencing sleep difficulties. Sleep problems have been found to have a pervasive impact on a child’s socio-emotional functioning, as well as on parents’ psychological functioning. TheSleeping Sound ASDproject aims to evaluate the efficacy of a brief behavioural sleep intervention in reducing ASD children’s sleep problems in a fully powered randomised controlled trial (RCT). Intervention impact on child and family functioning is also assessed.Methods and analysisThe RCT aims to recruit 234 children with a diagnosis of ASD, aged 5–13 years, who experience moderate to severe sleep problems. Participants are recruited from paediatrician clinics in Victoria, Australia, and via social media. Families interested in the study are screened for eligibility via phone, and then asked to complete a baseline survey online, assessing child sleep problems, and child and family functioning. Participants are then randomised to the intervention group or treatment as usual comparator group. Families in the intervention group attend two face-to-face sessions and a follow-up phone call with a trained clinician, where families are provided with individually tailored behavioural sleep strategies to help manage the child’s sleep problems. Teacher reports of sleep, behavioural and social functioning are collected, and cognitive ability assessed to provide measures blind to treatment group. The primary outcome is children’s sleep problems as measured by the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire at 3 months post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes include parent and child quality of life; child social, emotional, behavioural and cognitive functioning; and parenting stress and parent mental health. Cost-effectiveness of the intervention is also evaluated.Ethics and disseminationFindings from this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at national and international conferences, local networks and online.Trial registration numberISRCTN14077107(ISRCTN registry dated on 3 March 2017).
Feeling the pressure: a cross-sectional study exploring feasibility of a healthcare Pop-Up for intraocular pressure measurements in shopping centres in England
Authors: Edwards Laura A , Taylor Deanna J , Campbell Peter , Shah Rakhee , Edgar David F , Crabb David P 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that a shopping centre Pop-Up health check combining an intraocular pressure (IOP) check with a general health check (blood pressure (BP)) is more readily accepted by the general public than an IOP check only. We investigate public awareness of IOP compared with BP and the feasibility of measuring IOP in large numbers in a Pop-Up.DesignA cross-sectional study using a tailor-made healthcare Pop-Up.SettingThe ‘Feeling the Pressure’ Pop-Up was sited in eight regionally-different shopping centres in England.ParticipantsAdult members of the public in shopping centres.MethodsOn one day we measured IOP only and on another measured BP and IOP. IOP was measured by Icare IC100 tonometer (Helsinki, Finland). Potential participants were asked about their awareness of IOP and BP and when they last visited their optometrist.ResultsMore people attended the combined BP + IOP days (461; 60%; 95% CI 56% to 64%) than IOP-only days (307; 40%, 95% CI 37% to 43%) over 16 days of testing. We recorded IOP in 652 participants (median (IQR) age and IOP of 54 (42 to 68) years and 13 (11 to 15) mm Hg, respectively). Fewer people reported awareness about IOP (19%, 95% CI 16% to 23%) compared with BP (71%, 95% CI 66% to 75%). Of 768 participants, 60 (8%) reported no previous optometric eye examination and 185 (24%) reported >2 years since their most recent examination.ConclusionsMeasuring IOP in large numbers of the public via a shopping centre Pop-Up is feasible. Public engagement was greater when a BP check was offered alongside an IOP check, suggesting unfamiliar health checks can be promoted by aligning them with a more familiar check. Our findings hint at strategies for public health schemes that engage the public with their eye health.
Adaptation of potentially preventable medication-related hospitalisation indicators for Indigenous populations in Australia using a modified Delphi technique
Authors: Spinks Jean Marie , Kalisch Ellett Lisa M , Spurling Geoffrey , Theodoros Theo , Williamson Daniel , Wheeler Amanda J 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesOne of the outcomes of a medication review service is to identify and manage medication-related problems (MRPs). The most serious MRPs may result in hospitalisation, which could be preventable if appropriate processes of care were adopted. The aim of this study was to update and adapt a previously published set of clinical indicators for use in assessing the effectiveness of a medication review service tailored to meet the needs of Indigenous people, who experience some of the worst health outcomes of all Australians.iDesignA modified Delphi technique was used to: (i) identify additional indicators for consideration, (ii) assess whether the original indicators were relevant in the context of Indigenous health and (iii) reach consensus on a final set of indicators. Three rounds of rating were used via an anonymous online survey, with 70% agreement required for indicator inclusion.SettingThe indicators were designed for use in Indigenous primary care in Australia.ParticipantsThirteen panellists participated including medical specialists, general practice doctors, pharmacists and epidemiologists experienced in working with Indigenous patients.ResultsPanellists rated 101 indicators (45 from the original set and 57 newly identified). Of these, 41 were accepted unchanged, seven were rejected and the remainder were either modified before acceptance or merged with other indicators. A final set of 81 indicators was agreed.ConclusionsThis study provides a set of clinical indicators to be used as a primary outcome measure for medication review services for Indigenous people in Australia and as a prompt for pharmacists and doctors conducting medication reviews.Trial registration numberThe trial registration for the Indigenous Medication Review Service feasibility study is ACTRN12618000188235.