bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructured Electrodes Supported on Serpentines for Stretchable Microbatteries
Authors: Djenizian Thierry 
Published: February 2020

Energy storage microsystems composed of thin-film devices (supercapacitors and batteries) have attracted attention to ensure autonomy of complex devices for wearable microelectronics. Recently, flexible systems have been investigated as deformation and integration of rigid micropower sources cannot be achieved.1-5 The technological challenge is to design energy storage devices showing high electrochemical performance with advanced mechanical properties to prevent crack issues during electrochemical and mechanical tests. But in simple flexible micropower sources, the strains experienced by the active materials during bending usually remain well below the typical levels required leading to multiple fractures and subsequent loss of electrical contact.
In this work, the fabrication of LNMO micropillars supported on Al serpentine interconnects has been achieved by laser patterning technique. Morphological and chemical characterizations confirm the formation of independent micropillars while preserving the underlying Al film. We show that unlike compact and continuous electrode thin-films, vertical micropillar structures supported on serpentines can be stretched up to 70% without structural damaging owing to the presence of empty spaces that can prevent the formation of cracks and the electrode delamination. The present approach based on the fabrication of microstructured electrodes supported on serpentine interconnects can be extended to a wide range of materials, which opens promising perspectives for the conception of truly stretchable devices such as stretchable micro-batteries.6

References

Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, J. Ren, W. Weng , and H. Peng, Advances in Wearable Fiber-Shaped Lithium-Ion Batteries, Adv. Mater., 28, 4524 (2016).

S. Pan, J. Ren, X. Fang, and H. Peng, Integration: An Effective Strategy to Develop Multifunctional Energy Storage Devices, Adv. Energy Mater., 6, 1501867 (2016).

C. Yan and P. S. Lee, Energy Storage and Conversion Devices, Small, 10, 3443 (2014).

K. Jost, G. Dion, and Y. Gogotsi, Textile Energy Storage in Perspective, J. Mat. Chem. A, 2, 10776 (2014).

K.Y. Xie and B. Q. Wei, Materials and Structures for Stretchable Energy Storage and Conversion Devices, Adv. Mater., 26, 3592 (2014).

M. Nasreldin, R. Delattre, B. Marchiori, M. Ramuz, S. Maria, J. L. de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, Microstructured electrodes supported on serpentine interconnects for stretchable electronics, APL Mat., 7, 031507 (2019).

Figure 1. Morphological and chemical characterizations of stretchable electrodes fabricated onto PDMS. (a) Tilted and (b) cross-sectional SEM images of LNMO micropillars supported on Al serpentines. (c) EDS chemical mapping of a region carrying 14 micropillars.

Figure 1
A Three-Dimensional, Interconnected Composite As a Thin Film Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Palmer Max Jared , Chen Xi Chelsea , Kalnaus Sergiy , Westover Andrew S , Dudney Nancy J. 
Published: February 2020

Lithium metal batteries have the potential to enhance the energy and power density of commercial rechargeable batteries. A lithium metal anode may increase the energy density by 30% relative to current lithium-ion battery technologies. The promise of these improvements hinges on a successful solid electrolyte that is thin (< 30 μm).
Inorganic ceramic electrolytes can offer reasonable ionic conductivities but are typically bottlenecked by intensive processing. Solid polymer electrolytes offer the advantages of flexibility, low-cost processing, and a greater adhesion to the electrodes than a ceramic. The biggest drawback to solid polymer electrolytes is their low ionic conductivity. A composite electrolyte consisting of a hard ceramic phase and a processible polymer phase aims to utilize the advantages of each as a solution for solid-state electrolytes.
Here we introduce an approach to fabricate a solid composite electrolyte film that is thin, highly ionically conductive, and mechanically robust with good manufacturability. Without the use of plasticizers, our composite film has an ionic conductivity of approximately 1.0 × 10-4 S/cm at 30°C with an activation energy of ca. 0.44 eV. The high conductivity was achieved by creating a 3D, interconnected structure of the ceramic with greatly reduced interparticle resistance. Ion conduction path in the composite electrolyte is investigated by finite element analysis.
Acknowledgements: This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was primarily sponsored by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy for the Vehicle Technologies Office’s Advanced Battery Materials Research program and partially sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program (LDRD) of ORNL.
(Invited) Dry Process for the Preparation of Porous Composite Electrodes for Battery Application
Authors: El-Khakani Soumia , Verdier Nina , Lepage David , Rynne Olivier , Zohrevand Ahmad , Ciszewski Dorian , Badia Antonella , Rochefort Dominic , Dollé Mickael 
Published: February 2020

The development of advanced Li-ion battery would require innovative approaches to improve the present performances, while lowering the environmental footprint and price of their fabrication. In this scope, we are currently carrying out different projects to consider the electrode materials as well the process to make the batteries. This presentation will focus on the second aspects, which concerns the development of a solvent-free process to make composite electrodes using an owned patented process by Hutchinson [1]. Currently, most of the electrode fabrication involves the use of organic solvent (typically N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP, which is toxic). Life cycle analysis studies of the LiB manufacturing process showed that this type of electrode preparation accounts for a significant portion of their overall environmental imprint [2]. While the use of water, instead of NMP, would be preferable to minimize this impact [3], a solvent-free electrode manufacturing consumes less energy in comparison to solvent-based methods [4].
Different electrode formulations were prepared by the dry process. The mechanical, electrical and electrochemical properties in half cells were assessed and compared to composite electrodes obtained by doctor blade coating using the classical PVdF binder. The different steps of the dry process (mixing, lamination and adhesion to current collectors) were studied and optimized separately to reach the maximum loading, while ensuring good power performances. The Ragone plots for each electrode, tested in half cells, were evaluated and the best formulation was retained for the full cell manufacture. The performances of LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 batteries are comparable to our best electrodes made with PVdF. The different aspects of the process will be discussed in this presentation.
References
[1] Ph. Sonntag, D. Aymé-Perrot, B. Dufour, Arnaud Prébé, N. Garois, Patent WO2015124835A1
[2] G. Majeau-Bettez, T.R. Hawkins, A.H. Stromman, Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45, 4548.
[3] M. Zackrisson, L. Avellan, J. Orlenius, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2010, 18, 1519.
[4] Environmental Protection Agency “Lithium-ion batteries and nanotechnology for electric vehicles: A life cycle assessment,” EPA 744-R-12-001, 2012.
Detrimental Effects of Chemical Cross-Talk in Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Lee Hongkyung , Lim Hyung-Seok , Ren Xiaodi , Engelhard Mark H , Han Kee Sung , Xiao Jie , Liu Jun , Xu Wu , Zhang Ji-Guang 
Published: February 2020

The energy density of conventional Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has eventually reached their theoretical limit. Increasing worldwide efforts have been made towards the next generation of energy storage systems including batteries using Li metal anode in combination with various cathodes, including intercalation compounds (such as NMC) or conversion materials (such as oxygen (O2) and sulfur (S)). For a full demonstration of new battery chemistries, the interfacial stability is essential to long cycle lifespan and battery performance. In general, batteries suffer from “cross-talk” processes upon cycling by the crossover of parasitic chemicals through the electrolyte media [1]. Indeed, "cross-talk" phenomena in Li-ion batteries, such as Mn2+ crossover from the cathode and contaminate graphite anode has been well established [2]. Li-S and Li-O2 batteries also have the shuttle issues of soluble redox-active materials, polysulfides and superoxide radical anions, respectively. However, the similar characteristics in Li metal batteries (LMBs) with conventional Li ion intercalation cathodes have rarely been studied. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how a Li metal anode affects the cathode interface chemistry is critical to ensure the long-term cycling stability of LMBs.
Here, we report the cathode failure triggered by the chemical “cross-talk” between the electrode pair in rechargeable LMBs. In sharp contrast to LIBs, the cathode in LMBs suffers more significant and irreversible capacity fade during cycling, and its capacity cannot be fully recovered in spite of repeated replacement with new Li metal in the successive cycling. In-depth characterizations of the cathode surface reveal severe deterioration of cathode electrolyte interphase related to the significant accumulation of highly resistive polymeric components and lithium fluoride. Extensive salt-anion decomposition at Li metal surface can cause the chemical aging of the electrolyte allowing the migration of soluble byproducts toward the cathode side, resulting in the severe deterioration of cathode and separator surfaces. A selective Li-ion permeable separator with polydopamine coating has been developed to mitigate the detrimental chemical crossover and enhance the cathode stability.
[1] Mikhaylik, Y. V.; Akridge, J. R., Polysulfide Shuttle Study in the Li/S Battery System. J. Electrochem. Soc.
2004,
151 (11), A1969-A1976
[2] Vetter, J.; Novák, P.; Wagner, M. R.; Veit, C.; Möller, K. C.; Besenhard, J. O.; Winter, M.; Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M.; Vogler, C.; Hammouche, A. Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources
2005,
147 (1), 269-281.

Figure 1
Electric Vehicle Battery Degradation Under Electric Grid Operations: Vehicle to Grid Strategies
Authors: Dubarry Matthieu , Baure George 
Published: February 2020

Battery degradation is extremely sensitive to usage and chemistry. Some batteries may be markedly sensitive to temperature, to state of charge, to both, or to some other factors. This raises concerns over battery durability in the rollout of electric vehicles (EVs) in hot climate. Additionally, with the integration of more and more intermittent renewable energy power plants on the grid, there is a push to use EV batteries as energy storage systems which may stress the batteries even more. In most studies on the techno-economical impact of EVs on the grid, the battery is often viewed as a black box and therefore there is no consensus on the actual long term impact of climate and/or vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) charging profiles on batteries. This work aims at assessing such impact.
Daily vehicle usage can be broken down into driving, charging and idling periods. In most cases, car batteries spend most of their time idling and it is therefore essential to understand the degradation associated with time, temperature and state of charge. Specifically, we studied the impact of driving on the cell degradation with or without V2G and G2V episodes. We also investigated the impact of frequency response at different intensities. All the data was analyzed using HNEI’s unique diagnosis and prognosis tools to forecast the degradation over the battery warranty period and beyond.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ion Transport in Poly-Ethylene Oxide
Authors: Maheshwari Shantanu , Thakkar Foram , Balachandran Janakiraman , Sanyal Suchismita , Balsara Nitash P 
Published: February 2020

Solid polymers are becoming a promising alternative option as an electrolyte material in lithium ion batteries [1,2,3]. Solid polymer electrolytes have certain advantages over traditional electrolytes – non-flammability, good electrochemical and mechanical stability, and ability to hinder the growth of dendrites at electrode surfaces [4,5]. Poly-ethylene oxide (PEO) is one such polymer which has been considered a viable option due to its ability to solvate lithium ions and its relatively high ion conductivities. However, the bulk Li-ion conductivities even in PEO at room temperature are at least an order of magnitude less than the traditional liquid electrolytes [2,6].
In this study, we explore the influence of ion concentration and pressure on the Li-ion transport mechanism and in turn on its conductivity in PEO by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a lithium salt (lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide (LiTFSI)) in polymer matrix of poly-ethylene oxide (PEO). We explored the influence of pressure to examine if it has any role in increasing the performance of PEO as an electrolyte. We computed parameters like diffusivity, conductivity and transference numbers that are crucial in determining the performance of PEO as a potential electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. We observe that diffusivity and conductivity decrease with increase in pressure while transference number remain almost independent. The simulation framework can be further used to explore polymers other than PEO as an electrolyte material or to test different block copolymers based on PEO.
[1] F. M. Gray. Solid polymer electrolytes: fundamentals and technological applications (pp. 83-93). New York: VCH (1991).
[2] D. T. Hallinan Jr., & N. P. Balsara. Polymer electrolytes. Annual review of materials research, 43, 503-525 (2013).
[3] S. Mogurampelly, O. Borodin, & V. Ganesan. Computer simulations of ion transport in polymer electrolyte membranes. Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering, 7, 349-371 (2016).
[4] F. M. Gray. Polymer electrolytes. Royal Society of Chemistry (1997).
[5] K. J. Harry, D. T. Hallinan, D. Y. Parkinson, A. A. MacDowell, & N. P. Balsara. Detection of subsurface structures underneath dendrites formed on cycled lithium metal electrodes. Nature materials, 13(1), 69.4 (2014).
[6] A. A. Teran, M. H. Tang, S. A. Mullin, & N. P. Balsara. Effect of molecular weight on conductivity of polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ionics, 203(1), 18-21 (2011).

Figure 1
(Invited) Static and Dynamics View of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase during Charge Transfer Reactions -Modeling and Experiments
Authors: Qi Yue , Liu Zhe , Li Yunsong , Liu Jialin , Zhang Qinglin , Lu Peng , Xiao Xingcheng , Chen Long-Qing 
Published: February 2020

By treating the solid electrolyte interphase as a model layer, the energy landscape of the simplest charge transfer reaction of Li+ + e- --> Li0 was predicted via a new Li/Li2CO3/liquid-EC interface model with density functional theory calculations. The model revealed that if the SEI layer is a perfect crystal, the charge transfer step will occur underneath the SEI layer.
However, it takes time for the SEI to build up into a nanometer-thick layer from the molecular level reduction reactions on negative electrodes. Isotope-assisted time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses revealed a new “bottom-up” SEI growth mechanism. It was discovered that the topmost SEI near the electrolyte formed first and the SEI near the electrode formed later.
The formation rate of the surface SEI layer can be intertwined with the Li morphology change, which imposes a deformation rate on the surface layer. Even for Li-metal in the trace amount of oxidizing gas (O2), the Li morphology was switched from spheres to wires and to spheres again by the oxygen partial pressure, which corresponds to different oxidation rates. There is a fine balance between the ion current density and a growth rate of a thin lithium-oxide shell on the surface of the metallic Li.
While capturing the time evolution of the SEI layer is still very challenging for modeling, the Li-morphology evolution was captured via a multiscale model. This model connected the atomic level charge-transfer physics with the mesoscale morphological evolution based on the phase-field method and transition state theory. It successfully captured the morphological evolution difference between dendritic Li plating and faceted Mg plating and clarified the most efficient method to achieve a smooth plating surface is lowering the exchange current in the charge transfer reactions.
Impact of aerobic exercise, sex, and metabolic syndrome on markers of oxidative stress: results from the Brain in Motion study
Authors: Rytz Chantal L. , Pialoux Vincent , Mura Mathilde , Martin Agnès , Hogan David B. , Hill Michael D. , Poulin Marc J. 
Published: February 2020

Oxidative stress may be involved in disease pathology and dependent on both modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. This study aimed to assess exercise-induced changes in markers of oxidative stress among older, sedentary adults and to determine the effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) status, aerobic capacity, age, sex, and weight on these biomarkers. Two hundred and six participants (means ± SE; 66.8 ± 6.4 yr, 104 women) of the Brain in Motion study underwent a 6-mo aerobic exercise intervention. At three time points, venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for markers of oxidative stress [advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and antioxidant status: catalase, uric acid (UA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)]. AOPP levels significantly decreased after 6 mo of aerobic exercise ( P = 0.003). This decrease was not modified by MetS status ( P = 0.183). Subjects with MetS possessed significantly higher levels of AOPP ( P < 0.001), MDA ( P = 0.004), and FRAP ( P = 0.049) across the intervention ( months 0–6). Men possessed significantly higher levels of FRAP ( P < 0.001), catalase ( P = 0.023), and UA ( P = 0.037) across the intervention ( months 0–6). Sex-MetS status interaction analyses revealed that the effect of MetS is highly sex dependent. These findings are multifaceted because the effect of MetS status seems distinctly different between sexes, pointing to the importance of acknowledging modifiable and nonmodifiable factor differences in individuals who possess conditions where oxidative stress may be part of the etiology. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxidative stress is implicated in a myriad of conditions, namely cardiovascular disease risk factors. This article details the effect of aerobic exercise, sex, and metabolic syndrome on markers of oxidative stress. We conclude that 6 mo of aerobic exercise significantly decreased oxidative stress, and further, that there is an effect of metabolic syndrome status on oxidative stress and antioxidant status levels, which are highly dependent on the sex of the individual.
Returns to Teaching Repetition: The Effect of Short-term Teaching Experience on Student Outcomes
Authors: Cuffe Harold E. , Feld Jan , O'Grady Trevor 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Teachers often deliver the same lesson multiple times in one day. In contrast to year-to-year teaching experience, it is unclear how this teaching repetition affects student outcomes. We examine the effects of teaching repetition in a higher education setting where students are randomly assigned to a university instructor's first, second, third, or fourth lesson on the same day. We find no meaningful effects of repetition on grades, course dropout, or study effort and only suggestive evidence of positive effects on teaching evaluations. These results suggest that teaching repetition is a powerful tool to reduce teachers’ preparation time without negative effects on students.
Art, Censorship and Nuclear Warfare
Authors: Decamous Gabrielle 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The traumas of nuclear warfare, from 1945 to the end of the Cold War, are not merely calamities of the past. They still have contemporary consequences, contaminating the health, lives and memories of the many nuclearized cultures in Japan, Oceania and other places. The author argues that looking at past and present artworks representing the nuclear age helps us to understand nuclear nations’ biopower and its lasting effects.
Accounting for Representativeness in the Verification of Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts
Authors: Ben Bouallegue Zied , Haiden Thomas , Weber Nicholas J. , Hamill Thomas M. , Richardson David S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSpatial variability of precipitation is analyzed to characterize to what extent precipitation observed at a single location is representative of precipitation over a larger area. Characterization of precipitation representativeness is made in probabilistic terms using a parametric approach, namely, by fitting a censored shifted gamma distribution to observation measurements. Parameters are estimated and analyzed for independent precipitation datasets, among which one is based on high-density gauge measurements. The results of this analysis serve as a basis for accounting for representativeness error in an ensemble verification process. Uncertainty associated with the scale mismatch between forecast and observation is accounted for by applying a perturbed-ensemble approach before the computation of scores. Verification results reveal a large impact of representativeness error on precipitation forecast reliability and skill estimates. The parametric model and estimated coefficients presented in this study could be used directly for forecast postprocessing to partly compensate for the limitation of any modeling system in terms of precipitation subgrid-scale variability.
AtlantiCare healthy school edible garden startup grants: A content analysis of post-grant follow-up reports
Authors: Calamidas Elizabeth G , Crowell Tara L , Engelmann Laura , Watkins-Jones Heather 
Published: February 2020

Objective: The purpose of this article was to identify some of the implications, challenges and benefits of edible gardens cultivated at schools located in southern New Jersey, USA. Design and Setting: Over the course of three academic years (between 2014 and 2017), 73 schools received start up monies for school gardens from AtlantiCare Health System. The schools, located in Atlantic, Cape May and Ocean Counties in New Jersey, were required to complete an Edible School Garden Mini-Grant Follow-up Report. Methods: A content analysis was conducted on responses to 12 open-ended questions from these reports in order to highlight some of the implications, challenges and benefits of gardens within these schools. Results: Basic descriptive statistics provided logistical information such as those involved in the school garden, including community partnerships and garden maintenance, along with the harvest and outcomes of those harvests. Results provided valuable insight into the impact of school gardens on curriculum and policy change; benefits to knowledge, attitudes and behaviour change among participants; and areas in need of improvement. Frequency distributions identified any unexpected outcomes schools may have experienced, along with additional needs and schools’ future plans for their gardens. Conclusion: Overall, results indicate that schools were appreciative and excited about the opportunity to create school gardens and plan to continue these efforts. The implications of these results along with suggestions for future grant making, school garden efforts and research are discussed.