bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enacted Example in the Spiritual Life
Authors: Wynn Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses another domain within which hybrid goods may be realized, again seeking to extend the range of such goods beyond what is envisaged in Aquinas’s account. This time, we examine the contribution of bodily demeanour to the spiritual life, distinguishing the phenomenon that is of interest for us from behaviour that is theologically appropriate because morally efficacious. We also explore the idea that the hybrid goods that arise in this context have an aesthetic character. We consider the novelty of this proposal by introducing two other accounts of the aesthetic significance of the body for the spiritual life, here drawing on the work of Jeremy Begbie and George Pattison. The approach developed in this volume occupies a middle ground, by affirming that there are distinctively theological aesthetic goods, while at the same time retaining, and extending, conventional measures of aesthetic excellence.
The Epistemic Significance of Tradition
Authors: Wynn Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the contribution of tradition to the spiritual life. It begins by reviewing the implications of the work of Anselm and Aquinas for our understanding of these matters, before proposing that the notion of hybrid goods offers a further way of thinking about the role of tradition. Notably, traditioned patterns of thought may be important if a community is to be able to test hypotheses about the nature and extent of the relations of congruence that may hold between various theological narratives and our world-directed thought, experience, and behaviour. We contrast this vision of the role of tradition with the much thinner role that is implied in Hadot’s account of the spiritual life, noting how a difference of view about the nature of spiritual goods can drive a difference of view about the place of traditioned forms of enquiry in the spiritual life.
Killing Strangers
Authors: Wilson T. K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A bewildering feature of so much contemporary political violence is its stunning impersonality. Every major city centre becomes a potential shooting gallery; and every metro system a potential bomb alley. Victims just happen, as the saying goes, to ‘be in the wrong place at the wrong time’. Killing Strangers tackles the question of how such violence became ‘unchained’ from inter-personal relationships. It traces the rise of such impersonal violence by examining violence in conjunction with changing social and political realities across Western Europe and North America since the late eighteenth century. In particular, it traces both ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors. On the one hand, the rise of the modern state with its titanic bureaucratic resources of monitoring and coercion forced the violence of opponents into niche forms. On the other hand, social and technological changes offered fresh opportunities to cause mayhem in startlingly new ways. Both forces are necessary for any understanding of why contemporary political violence takes the forms that it does.
Introduction
Authors: Coovadia Imraan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introduction considers the relationship between Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela. It explores Tolstoy’s rejection of violence from the side of the state, as well as the revolutionary. It considers the close connection Tolstoy proposes between changes in the individual self and a radical transformation of society, pointing to the degree to which Gandhi and Mandela pursued the same project of inward and outward transformation of society, pointing to the degree to which Gandhi and Mandela pursued the same project of inward and outward transformation, which involved manual labour and courtesy, the creation of new inward perspectives on death and human dignity, and a realistic understanding of the dynamics of political violence in the context of colony and empire.
Legacies of Nelson Mandela
Authors: Coovadia Imraan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter is an account of Mandela’s character, political imagination, and development which looks at his appropriation of Gandhi, his use of the arts, his transformation on Robben Island, and the various attempts which have been made in recent years to define and dismantle his legacy. The chapter is centred on Mandela’s understanding of political violence and his attempt to see through the fantasy of violence to its real purposes and uses, a project in which he was assisted by a reading of Tolstoy’s War and Peace. It explores the connection between violence and non-violence as Mandela conceived it in connection with Gandhi and Tolstoy. The material covers the defiance campaigns of the 1950s, Mandela’s cultural life in prison, and the tenor of his presidential term.
Confabulated Explanations
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the author argues that the ill-grounded explanations agents sincerely offer for their choices have the potential for epistemic innocence. Such explanations are not based on evidence about the causes of the agents’ behaviour and typically turn out to be inaccurate. That is because agents tend to underestimate the role of priming effects, implicit biases, and basic emotional reactions in their decision making. However, offering explanations for their choices, even when the explanations are ill-grounded, enables them to share information about their choices with peers, facilitating peer feedback and self-reflection. Moreover, by providing plausible explanations for their behaviour—rather than acknowledging the influence of factors that cannot be easily controlled—agents preserve a sense of themselves as competent and largely coherent decision makers, which can improve their decision making.
Elaborated Delusional Beliefs
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the author argues that delusional beliefs that are elaborated—often emerging in people who attract a diagnosis of schizophrenia—have the potential for epistemic innocence. Delusional beliefs are strenuously resistant to counterevidence. However, when they are adopted to explain a puzzling experience that might compromise the agents’ capacity to interact with their environment, delusional beliefs contribute to restoring some aspects of cognitive performance by temporarily reducing anxiety. On the prediction-error theory of delusion formation, it is further believed that the adoption of a delusional explanation helps resume the processes of automated learning compromised by inaccurate prediction-error signalling. Depending on their content, some delusional beliefs may also support an attitude of curiosity and self-efficacy that is more conducive to the acquisition of new information than the previous state of uncertainty and self-doubt.
A Logic for Frege’s Theorem
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIt has been known for a few years that no more than Π11 ∆13 comprehension is needed for the proof of “Frege’s Theorem.” One can at least imagine a view that would regard Pi-1-1 comprehension axioms as logical truths but deny that status to any that are more complex—a view that would, in particular, deny that full second-order logic deserves the name. Such a view would serve the purposes of neo-logicists. It is, in fact, no part of my view that, say, Delta-3-1 comprehension axioms are not logical truths. What I suggest, however, is that there is a special case to be made on behalf of Pi-1-1 comprehension. Making the case involves investigating extensions of first-order logic that do not rely upon the presence of second-order quantifiers. A formal system for so-called “ancestral logic” is developed, and it is then extended to yield what I call “Arché logic.”
Logicism and Logical Consequence
Authors: Edwards Jim 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccording to Crispin Wright’s neo-logicist reconstruction of Frege’s philosophy of arithmetic, the truths of arithmetic are logical consequences, in the semantic sense, of second-order logic, augmented with an analytic axiom (Hume’s Principle). Neo-logicism thus views arithmetic truths as analytic, being the logical consequences of an analytic axiom. This chapter argues that the semantic relation of second-order logical consequence that is most naturally suited to the practice of arithmetic is proof-theoretically complete, and that given this, Gödel’s incompleteness result shows that there are arithmetical truths which are not derivable in Wright’s proof theory augmented by Hume’s Principle. The chapter thus challenges Wright’s programme of neo-Fregean logicism.
Vagueness and Intuitionistic Logic
Authors: Rumfitt Ian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter considers the question: should we employ intuitionistic logic, not classical logic, when reasoning with vague concepts? In his commentary on Michael Dummett’s “Wang’s Paradox,” Crispin Wright presents an apparently powerful argument in favour of an affirmative answer to this question. This chapter advocates a less conclusive answer than Wright’s. It is argued that intuitionistic logic may be the strongest logic we are entitled to use in reasoning with any vague predicate, but there may also be common and central families of vague term where we are entitled to use classical logic.
Wright and Revisionism
Authors: Shieh Sanford 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDo considerations in the theory of meaning pose a challenge to classical logic, and in particular to the law of excluded middle? Michael Dummett suggested an affirmative answer to this question, and advocated a form of logical revisionism. In his 1981 study “Anti-Realism and Revisionism,” Crispin Wright developed a critique of Dummett’s case for logical revisionism, but in more recent work (e.g., his 1992 book Truth and Objectivity), Wright has advanced an argument in favour of logical revisionism. This chapter investigates the nature and limitations of anti-realist revisionism, and offers a critique of Wright’s arguments in favour of logical revisionism. It also develops an alternative proposal about how revisionism might proceed.
Replies to Part III Logical Revisionism
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides a reply to the chapters in Part III of this book. First it considers the arguments of Neil Tennant, who has been a staunch supporter of the harmonic argument throughout his career. The chapter asks: why care about harmony? It looks at other related issues with harmony. It then turns to the ideas and arguments of Sanford Shieh as expressed in Chapter 8. It attempts to undermine Shieh’s scepticism.
Propose But Verify
Authors: Trueswell John C. , Medina Tamara Nicol , Hafri Alon , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We report three eyetracking experiments that examine the learning procedure used by adults as they pair novel words and visually presented referents over a sequence of referentially ambiguous trials. Successful learning under such conditions has been argued to be the product of a learning procedure in which participants provisionally pair each novel word with several possible referents and use a statistical associative learning mechanism to gradually converge on a single mapping across learning instances. We argue here that successful learning in this setting is instead the product of a one-trial procedure in which a single hypothesized word-referent pairing is retained across learning instances, abandoned only if the subsequent instance fails to confirm the pairing. We provide experimental evidence for this propose-but-verify learning procedure via three experiments in which adult participants attempted to learn the meanings of nonce words cross-situationally under varying degrees of referential uncertainty.
The Easy Words
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Trueswell John C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes a series of studies examining the role of extralinguistic context in word learning. Language learners distinguish between “hard” and “easy” words, with “hard” and “easy” pertaining to the facts about acquisition. The authors argue that successful word learning is the product of a one-trial procedure in which a single hypothesized word–referent pairing is retained across learning instances, one abandoned only if the subsequent instance fails to confirm the pairing. The authors discuss what features of the context are supportive of one-trial learning and how pooled data can give the appearance of gradual learning.
Quantum Ising chain with boundary dephasing
Authors: Shibata Naoyuki , Katsura Hosho 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We study the quantum Ising chain with boundary dephasing. By doubling the Hilbert space, the model is mapped to the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model with imaginary chemical potential at the edges. We show analytically and numerically that the Liouvillian gap, i.e. the inverse relaxation time of the model, scales with the system size $ N $ as $ N^{-3} $.
Cortical Oscillations in Cervical Dystonia and Dystonic Tremor
Authors: Hess Christopher W , Gatto Bryan , Chung Jae Woo , Ho Rachel L M , Wang Wei-en , Wagle Shukla Aparna , Vaillancourt David E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDystonia involves sustained or repetitive muscle contractions, affects different skeletal muscles, and may be associated with tremor. Few studies have investigated if cortical pathophysiology is impaired even when dystonic muscles are not directly engaged and during the presence of dystonic tremor (DT). Here, we recorded high-density electroencephalography and time-locked behavioral data in 2 cohorts of patients and controls during the performance of head movements, upper limb movements, and grip force. Patients with cervical dystonia had reduced movement-related desynchronization in the alpha and beta bands in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex during head turning movements, produced by dystonic muscles. Reduced desynchronization in the upper beta band in the ipsilateral motor and bilateral sensorimotor cortex was found during upper limb planar movements, produced by non-dystonic muscles. In a precision grip task, patients with DT had reduced movement-related desynchronization in the alpha and beta bands in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex. We observed a general pattern of abnormal sensorimotor cortical desynchronization that was present across the head and upper limb motor tasks, in patients with and without DT when compared with controls. Our findings suggest that abnormal cortical desynchronization is a general feature of dystonia that should be a target of pharmacological and other therapeutic interventions.
Feel Safe and Money is Less Important! Hypnotic Suggestions of Safety Decrease Brain Responses to Monetary Rewards in a Risk Game
Authors: Schmidt Barbara , Hoffmann Elisa , Rasch Björn 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
When a stimulus is important, the corresponding brain responses increase, especially the P300 brain response. This is true for all kinds of important stimuli, also monetary rewards. In our study, we developed a hypnotic suggestion to reduce the subjective importance of monetary rewards. As successful suggestions do not contain negations, we suggested participants to feel safe during hypnosis instead of suggesting that money is not important anymore. We predicted lower P300 amplitudes when participants feel safe during hypnosis. We tested 24 highly suggestible participants playing a risk game in 2 conditions with monetary rewards while we measured their EEG brain responses. In the safety condition, we induced a hypnotic state and suggested that participants feel safe. In the control condition, participants played the risk game without hypnosis. Here we show that participants felt significantly safer in the safety condition and showed significantly lower P300 amplitudes to monetary rewards. Risk behavior did not differ significantly between conditions. Our results are important for substance use disorders, as decreased P300 responses to substance-related stimuli are associated with less craving and better abstinence. Therefore, we conclude that suggestions to feel safe during hypnosis might work as a treatment for individuals with substance use disorders.
NADPH Oxidase ClNOX2 Regulates Melanin-Mediated Development and Virulence in Curvularia lunata
Authors: Wang Fen , Gao Weida , Sun Jiaying , Mao Xiuwen , Liu Kexin , Xu Jingru , Fu Dandan , Yuan Mingyue , Wang Hongchuan , Chen Nan , Xiao Shuqin , Xue Chunsheng 
Published: August 2020

The role of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) in pathogenesis and development in the Curvularia leaf spot agent Curvularia lunata remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified C. lunata ClNOX2, which localized to the plasma membrane and was responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Scavenging the ROS production inhibited the conidial germination and appressorial formation. The ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 deletion mutants were defective in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin accumulation, appressorial formation, and cellulase synthesis and exhibited lower virulence. However, disruption of the ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 genes facilitated hyphal growth, enhanced stress adaptation to cell-wall-disrupting agents, and promoted developmental processes such as conidiation, conidial germination, and pseudothecium and ascus formation. Interestingly, loss of ClM1, the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase gene in C. lunata, led to morphology and pathogenicity phenotypes similar to ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 deletion mutants such as abnormal conidia, fewer appressoria, less melanin, increased hyphal growth, and enhanced tolerance to Congo red (CR). These results indicated that the ClNOX2 gene plays an important role in C. lunata development and virulence via regulating intracellular DHN melanin biosynthesis. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR revealed that the ClNOX2-related ROS signaling pathway and ClM1-mediated CWI signaling pathway are cross-linked in regulating DHN melanin biosynthesis. Our findings provide new insights into how ClNOX2 participates in pathogenesis and development in hemibiotrophic plant fungal pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Patient management modifications in cataract surgery candidates following incorporation of routine preoperative macular optical coherence tomography
Authors: Weill Yishay , Hanhart Joel , Zadok David , Smadja David , Gelman Evgeny , Abulafia Adi 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
To assess the clinical relevance of routine preoperative spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for identifying macular pathologies in patients scheduled for cataract surgery.

Setting:
Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Methods:
Consecutive patients, 50 years of age and older, scheduled for standard cataract extraction surgery were enrolled from November 2017 to January 2018. All study patients underwent routine SD-OCT scanning before cataract surgery. The scans were reviewed by a retinal specialist for macular pathology and compared with preoperative fundus biomicroscopic examination findings. The incidence of macular pathologies and changes in patient management as a result of the macular SD-OCT findings were assessed.

Results:
Four hundred fifty-three eyes of 453 patients were enrolled in the study; 42 eyes (9.2%) were excluded because of noninterpretable SD-OCT scans attributable to advanced cataract, leaving scans of 411 eyes of 411 patients for study inclusion. Macular pathologies were detected by SD-OCT in 167 eyes (40.6%), including age-related macular degeneration (50%), epiretinal membrane (28.3%), and cystoid macular edema (12.8%). Overall, the management of 107 patients (26.0%) was modified because of macular SD-OCT findings, which were either missed (22.8%) or underestimated (3.2%) by the fundus biomicroscopic examination. Changes in preoperative patient management included altering patient consultation regarding presbyopia correction solutions (73 eyes [17.8%]) and referral to a retinal specialist for consultation (34 eyes [8.3%]).

Conclusions:
Routine macular SD-OCT scans for cataract surgery candidates helped to identify macular pathologies that might be missed or underestimated by standard fundus biomicroscopic examination. The added information could improve patient management.
Complementary, Integrative, and Nondrug Therapy Use for Pain Among US Military Veterans on Long-term Opioids
Authors: Goldsmith Elizabeth S. , MacLehose Richard F. , Jensen Agnes C. , Clothier Barbara , Noorbaloochi Siamak , Martinson Brian C. , Donaldson Melvin T. , Krebs Erin E. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain arose amid limited availability and awareness of other pain therapies. Although many complementary and integrative health (CIH) and nondrug therapies are effective for chronic pain, little is known about CIH/nondrug therapy use patterns among people prescribed opioid analgesics.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to estimate patterns and predictors of self-reported CIH/nondrug therapy use for chronic pain within a representative national sample of US military veterans prescribed long-term opioids for chronic pain.

Research Design:
National two-stage stratified random sample survey combined with electronic medical record data. Data were analyzed using logistic regressions and latent class analysis.

Subjects:
US military veterans in Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care who received ≥6 months of opioid analgesics.

Measures:
Self-reported use of each of 10 CIH/nondrug therapies to treat or cope with chronic pain in the past year: meditation/mindfulness, relaxation, psychotherapy, yoga, t’ai chi, aerobic exercise, stretching/strengthening, acupuncture, chiropractic, massage; Brief Pain Inventory-Interference (BPI-I) scale as a measure of pain-related function.

Results:
In total, 8891 (65%) of 13,660 invitees completed the questionnaire. Eighty percent of veterans reported past-year use of at least 1 nondrug therapy for pain. Younger age and female sex were associated with the use of most nondrug therapies. Higher pain interference was associated with lower use of exercise/movement therapies. Nondrug therapy use patterns reflected functional categories (psychological/behavioral, exercise/movement, manual).

Conclusions:
Use of CIH/nondrug therapies for pain was common among patients receiving long-term opioids. Future analyses will examine nondrug therapy use in relation to pain and quality of life outcomes over time.