bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Campus tobacco control policies and cessation interventions in college students: a commentary calling for research and action to address tobacco-related health disparities
Authors: Berg Carla J , Yang Y Tony , Pratt-Chapman Mandi L , Douglas Evans W , Cupertino Ana-Paula , Horn Kimberly , Bernat Debra H , Abroms Lorien C , Tercyak Kenneth P 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Tobacco-related health disparities (TRHDs) have a significant impact on population health in the USA. Effectively preventing and controlling TRHDs among young adult populations require multiple prevention and cessation points, including within college/university contexts. This commentary addresses current campus tobacco control policies and cessation interventions for U.S. college students, with an emphasis on TRHDs and opportunities for research and research translation to reduce these disparities. This commentary is informed by literature published between 2010 and 2020 regarding (a) prevalence and impact of campus tobacco control policies; and/or (b) behavioral outcomes from cessation interventions for young adults attending colleges. Despite a doubling of college campuses adopting tobacco-free policies from 2012 to 2017, roughly two-thirds continue to operate without such policies. Few policies address alternative tobacco products (e.g., e-cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos, and hookah), and communication about and enforcement of existing policies is extremely limited. A broad range of cessation intervention strategies have targeted individuals in this age group, but with little focus on TRHDs and limited intervention dissemination. Importantly, college students representing populations at risk for TRHDs (e.g., racial/ethnic/sexual/gender minorities, low socioeconomic status) are less likely to be exposed to strong tobacco control policies or supports for cessation. There are untapped opportunities for behavioral medicine approaches to reduce TRHDs in college settings. Research findings regarding multilevel (policy, community-level, and individual-level) interventions must be translated to policy/practice in order to address tobacco use, particularly among vulnerable college student populations.
Population Dynamics and Neuronal Polyploidy in the Developing Neocortex
Authors: Jungas Thomas , Joseph Mathieu , Fawal Mohamad-Ali , Davy Alice 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is composed of different subtypes of projection neurons that are generated sequentially during embryogenesis by differentiation of neural progenitors. While molecular mechanisms that control neuronal production in the developing neocortex have been extensively studied, the dynamics and absolute numbers of the different progenitor and neuronal populations are still poorly characterized. Here, we describe a medium throughput approach based on flow cytometry and well-known identity markers of cortical subpopulations to collect quantitative data over the course of mouse neocortex development. We collected a complete dataset in a physiological developmental context on two progenitor and two neuron populations, including relative proportions and absolute numbers. Our study reveals unexpected total numbers of Tbr2+ progenitors. In addition, we show that polyploid neurons are present throughout neocortex development.
Uncertainty in Aging and Lifespan Research: Covid-19 as Catalyst for Addressing the Elephant in the Room
Authors: Grote Gudela , Pfrombeck Julian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUncertainty is at the center of debates on how to best cope with the Covid-19 pandemic. In our exploration of the role of uncertainty in current aging and lifespan research, we build on an uncertainty regulation framework that includes both reduction and creation of uncertainty as viable self-regulatory processes. In particular, we propose that future time perspective, a key component in models of successful aging, should be reconceptualized in terms of uncertainty regulation. We argue that by proactively regulating the amount of uncertainty one is exposed to, individuals’ future time perspective can be altered. We show how extant research might be (re)interpreted based on these considerations and suggest directions for future research, challenging a number of implicit assumptions about how age and uncertainty are interlinked. We close with some practical implications for individuals and organizations for managing the Covid-19 crisis.
SIRT3 Ablation Deteriorates Obesity-Related Cardiac Remodeling by Modulating ROS-NF-κB-MCP-1 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Guo Xiaobin , Yan Fangying , Li Jingyuan , Zhang Chunmei , Su Hongyan , Bu Peili 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Obesity and the associated complications are a major public health issue as obesity incidence increases yearly, worldwide. Effects of obesity on heart failure have been reported previously. Obesity-related cardiac remodeling includes structural and functional dysfunctions, in which cardiac inflammation and fibrosis play a key role. The main mitochondrial deacetylase, SIRT3 participates in numerous cellular processes; however, its role in obesity-related cardiac remodeling remains unclear. In our study, high-fat diet (HFD) feeding induced downregulation of SIRT3 protein level in mice. SIRT3-KO mice fed on HFD exhibited higher cardiac dysfunction and cardiac remodeling compared with the wild-type controls. Further study revealed increases in collagen accumulation and inflammatory cytokine expression including MCP-1, IL-6, TGF-β, TNF-α in mice fed on HFD compared with chow diet, with higher levels observed in SIRT3-KO mice. Furthermore, significantly high levels of cardiac MCP-1 expression and macrophage infiltration, and ROS generation and activated NF-κB were observed in HFD-fed SIRT3-KO mice. We presumed that SIRT3 ablation-mediated MCP-1 upregulation is attributed to ROS-NF-κB activation. Thus, we concluded that SIRT3 prevents obesity-related cardiac remodeling by attenuating cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, through modulation of ROS-NF-κB-MCP-1 pathway.
Recurrent Vertebrobasilar Strokes Associated With Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Authors: Collía Fernández Alejandra , García Sánchez Juan M. , Rivera-Pérez de Rada Pablo , Fernández-Avellaneda Pedro , Rodrigo Armenteros Patricia , Torre Salaberri Ignacio , Castillo Calvo Beatriz , Gómez Muga Juan J. , Gil Alzueta María d.C. , García-Moncó Juan C. 
Published: September 2020

Introduction:
Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) is an ophthalmologic condition of likely immune origin. Typically, it presents as a chorioretinitis with bilateral visual disturbance and characteristic funduscopic lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium. APMPPE has been associated with several systemic and neurological complications, including cerebrovascular diseases.

Case Report:
A 58-year-old woman presented with sudden right hemiparesis and dysarthria, with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of an acute ischemic lesion in the left pons. Five days later, she developed contralateral hemiparesis and evolved into a locked-in syndrome. A new lesion located at the right pontomedullary junction was detected by magnetic resonance imaging. The patient developed a visual deterioration that had started 1 week before admission. An ophthalmologic evaluation showed visual acuity loss (20/200 in both eyes) and characteristic yellow-white lesions in the posterior pole of both eyes. Laboratory analyses were remarkable for positive antinuclear antibodies, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. The cerebrospinal fluid showed elevated protein levels, lymphocytic pleocytosis, and normal glucose levels. The fundoscopy findings together with recurrent strokes led to the diagnosis of APMPPE and appropriate immunomodulatory treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine was started.

Conclusions:
This case illustrates the importance of careful evaluation and high clinical suspicion for this entity when dealing with patients with new-onset headache or stroke associated with visual impairment. Proper ophthalmologic evaluation is important so that adequate therapy is established.
Prognostic accuracy of emergency department triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19: The PRIEST observational cohort study
Authors: Thomas Ben , Goodacre Steve , Lee Ellen , Sutton Laura , Loban Amanda , Waterhouse Simon , Simmonds Richard , Biggs Katie , Marincowitz Carl , Schutter Jose , Connelly Sarah , Sheldon Elena , Hall Jamie , Young Emma , Bentley Andrew , Challen Kirsty , Fitzimmons Chris , Harris Tim , Lecky Fiona , Lee Andrew , Maconochie Ian , Walter Darren 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe World Health Organisation (WHO) and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommend various triage tools to assist decision-making for patients with suspected COVID-19. We aimed to estimate the accuracy of triage tools for predicting severe illness in adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) with suspected COVID-19 infection.MethodsWe undertook a mixed prospective and retrospective observational cohort study in 70 EDs across the United Kingdom (UK). We collected data from people attending with suspected COVID-19 between 26 March 2020 and 28 May 2020, and used presenting data to determine the results of assessment with the following triage tools: the WHO algorithm, NEWS2, CURB-65, CRB-65, PMEWS and the swine flu adult hospital pathway (SFAHP). We used 30-day outcome data (death or receipt of respiratory, cardiovascular or renal support) to determine prognostic accuracy for adverse outcome.ResultsWe analysed data from 20892 adults, of whom 4672 (22.4%) died or received organ support (primary outcome), with 2058 (9.9%) receiving organ support and 2614 (12.5%) dying without organ support (secondary outcomes). C-statistics for the primary outcome were: CURB-65 0.75; CRB-65 0.70; PMEWS 0.77; NEWS2 (score) 0.77; NEWS2 (rule) 0.69; SFAHP (6-point) 0.70; SFAHP (7-point) 0.68; WHO algorithm 0.61. All triage tools showed worse prediction for receipt of organ support and better prediction for death without organ support.At the recommended threshold, PMEWS and the WHO criteria showed good sensitivity (0.96 and 0.95 respectively), at the expense of specificity (0.31 and 0.27 respectively). NEWS2 showed similar sensitivity (0.96) and specificity (0.28) when a lower threshold than recommended was used.ConclusionCURB-65, PMEWS and NEWS2 provide good but not excellent prediction for adverse outcome in suspected COVID-19, and predicted death without organ support better than receipt of organ support. PMEWS, the WHO criteria and NEWS2 (using a lower threshold than usually recommended) provide good sensitivity at the expense of specificity.RegistrationISRCTN registry, ISRCTN28342533, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN28342533
Parents’ and guardians’ views and experiences of accessing routine childhood vaccinations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: A mixed-methods study in England
Authors: Bell Sadie , Clarke Richard , Paterson Pauline , Mounier-Jack Sandra 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo explore parents’ and guardians’ views and experiences of accessing National Health Service (NHS) general practices for routine childhood vaccinations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in England.DesignMixed methods approach involving an online cross-sectional survey (conducted between 19th April and 11th May 2020) and semi-structured telephone interviews (conducted between 27th April and 27th May 2020).Participants1252 parents and guardians (aged 16+ years) who reported living in England with a child aged 18 months or under completed the survey. Nineteen survey respondents took part in follow-up interviews.ResultsThe majority of survey respondents (85.7%) considered it important for their children to receive routine vaccinations on schedule during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, several barriers to vaccination were identified. These included a lack of clarity around whether vaccination services were operating as usual, particularly amongst respondents from lower income households and those self-reporting as Black, Asian, Chinese, Mixed or Other ethnicity; difficulties in organising vaccination appointments; and fears around contracting COVID-19 while attending general practice.Concerns about catching COVID-19 while accessing general practice were weighed against concerns about children acquiring a vaccine-preventable disease if they did not receive scheduled routine childhood vaccinations. Many parents and guardians felt their child’s risk of acquiring a vaccine-preventable disease was low as the implementation of stringent physical distancing measures (from March 23rd 2020) meant they were not mixing with others.ConclusionTo promote routine childhood vaccination uptake during the current COVID-19 outbreak, further waves of COVID-19 infection, and future pandemics, prompt and sustained national and general practice level communication is needed to raise awareness of vaccination service continuation and the importance of timely vaccination, and invitation-reminder systems for vaccination need to be maintained. To allay concerns about the safety of accessing general practice, practices should communicate the measures being implemented to prevent COVID-19 transmission.
Serological Responses to Human Virome Define Clinical Outcomes of Italian Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Wang Limin , Candia Julián , Ma Lichun , Zhao Yongmei , Imberti Luisa , Sottini Alessandra , Dobbs Kerry ,   NIAID-NCI COVID Consortium, Lisco Andrea , Sereti Irini , Su Helen C. , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Wang Xin Wei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the pandemic respiratory infectious disease COVID-19. However, clinical manifestations and outcomes differ significantly among COVID-19 patients, ranging from asymptomatic to extremely severe, and it remains unclear what drives these disparities. Here, we studied 159 hospitalized Italian patients with pneumonia from the NIAID-NCI COVID-19 Consortium using a phage-display method to characterize circulating antibodies binding to 93,904 viral peptides encoded by 1,276 strains of human viruses. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a marked increase in individual’s immune memory antibody repertoires linked to trajectories of disease severity from the longitudinal analysis also including anti-spike protein antibodies. By applying a machine-learning-based strategy, we developed a viral exposure signature predictive of COVID-19-related disease severity linked to patient survival. These results provide a basis for understanding the roles of memory B-cell repertoires in COVID-19-related symptoms as well as a predictive tool for monitoring its clinical severity.
Computer-aided interpretation of chest radiography reveals the spectrum of tuberculosis in rural South Africa
Authors: Fehr Jana , Konigorski Stefan , Olivier Stephen , Gunda Resign , Surujdeen Ashmika , Gareta Dickman , Smit Theresa , Baisley Kathy , Moodley Sashen , Moosa Yumna , Hanekom Willem , Koole Olivier , Ndung’u Thumbi , Pillay Deenan , Grant Alison D. , Siedner Mark J. , Lippert Christoph , Wong Emily B. ,   the Vukuzazi Team
Published: September 2020

AbstractComputer-aided digital chest radiograph interpretation (CAD) can facilitate high-throughput screening for tuberculosis (TB), but its use in population-based active case finding programs has been limited. In an HIV-endemic area in rural South Africa, we used a CAD-algorithm (CAD4TBv5) to interpret digital chest x-rays (CXR) as part of a mobile health screening effort. Participants with TB symptoms or CAD4TBv5 score above the triaging threshold were referred for microbiological sputum assessment. During an initial pilot phase, a low CAD4TBv5 triaging threshold of 25 was selected to maximize TB case finding. We report the performance of CAD4TBv5 in screening 9,914 participants, 99 (1.0%) of whom were found to have microbiologically proven TB. CAD4TBv5 was able to identify TB cases at the same sensitivity but lower specificity as a blinded radiologist, whereas the next generation of the algorithm (CAD4TBv6) achieved comparable sensitivity and specificity to the radiologist. The CXRs of people with microbiologically-confirmed TB spanned a range of lung field abnormality, including 19 (19.2%) cases deemed normal by the radiologist. HIV-serostatus did not impact CAD4TB’s performance. Notably, 78.8% of the TB cases identified during this population-based survey were asymptomatic and therefore triaged for sputum collection on the basis of CAD4TBv5 score alone. While CAD4TBv6 has the potential to replace radiologists for triaging CXRs in TB prevalence surveys, population-specific piloting is necessary to set the appropriate triaging thresholds. Further work on image analysis strategies is needed to identify radiologically-subtle active TB.
Successful Tracheal Extubation within Eleven Minutes in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit in Children after Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Gupta Deepak , Tukel Matthew Ryan , Mukhija Divya , Kaminski Edward , Markakis Zestos Maria 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundSome pediatric centers prefer to extubate their patients in the operating rooms (ORs) while others prefer post-anesthesia care units (PACUs) for the same.ObjectivesTo share our retrospective experience of 214 pediatric adenotonsillectomy (T&A) patients’ cohort extubated in our pediatric PACU during a seven-month retrospective study-period.Materials and MethodsAfter institutional review board approval for retrospective chart review, institutional electronic surgical database was used to identify patients who underwent T&A and the peri-anesthetic records were obtained from patients’ electronic medical records and/or from hospital paper records.ResultsPatients’ tracheas were extubated in average 11 minutes (standard deviation 8 minutes) after arrival to PACU care and only one patient required tracheal re-intubation. Patients were ready for discharge from PACU in average 56 minutes (standard deviation 20 minutes) thus averaging only 44 minutes (standard deviation 20 minutes) after their tracheas had been extubated.ConclusionSummarily for re-validating or refuting our results, institutions can prospectively create PACU extubation quality improvement projects to discern if tracheal extubation in PACU of all or some pediatric surgical patients is beneficial when their rapid turnover surgeries warrant anesthesia providers to not attempt their tracheal extubation in ORs.
50 policies, 1 pandemic, 500,000 deaths: Associations between state-level COVID-19 testing recommendations, tests per capita, undercounted deaths, vaccination policies, and doses per capita in the United States
Authors: Perniciaro Stephanie R. , Weinberger Daniel M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundState health departments have been responsible for prioritizing and allocating SARS-CoV-2 tests and vaccines. Testing and vaccination recommendations in the United States varied by state and over time, as did vaccine rollouts, COVID-19 cases, and estimates of excess mortality.MethodsWe compiled data about COVID-19 testing, cases, and deaths, and excess pneumonia + influenza + COVID-19 deaths to assess relationships between testing recommendations, per capita tests performed, epidemic intensity, and excess mortality during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. We compiled further data about state-level SARS-CoV-2 vaccination policies and doses administered during the early months of the vaccine rollout.ResultsAs of July 2020, 16 states recommended testing asymptomatic members of the general public. The rate of COVID-19 tests reported in each state correlated with more inclusive testing recommendations and with higher epidemic intensity. Higher per capita testing was associated with more complete reporting of COVID-19 deaths, which is a fundamental requirement for analyzing the pandemic. Testing per capita during the first three months was associated with vaccination per capita in the first three months of rollout. Per capita vaccine doses in each state were not associated with adherence to national guidelines.ConclusionsReported deaths due to COVID-19 likely represent an undercount of the true burden of the pandemic. States that struggled with testing rollout have also frequently struggled with vaccine rollout. Coordinated, consistent guidelines for COVID-19 testing and vaccine administration should be a high priority for state and national health systems.
Modeling COVID-19 dynamics in the sixteen West African countries
Authors: Honfo Sewanou H. , Taboe Hémaho B. , Glèlè Kakaï Romain 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is currently causing several damages to the world, especially in the public health sector. Due to identifiability problems in parameters’ estimation of complex compartmental models, this study considered a simple deterministic susceptible–infectious–recovered (SIR)-type model to characterize and predict the future course of the pandemic in the West African countries. We estimated some specific characteristics of the disease’s dynamics such as its initial conditions, reproduction numbers, true peak and peak of the reported cases, with their corresponding times, final epidemic size and time-varying attack ratio. Our findings revealed a relatively low proportion of susceptible individuals in the region and in the different countries (1.2% across West Africa). The detection rate of the disease was also relatively low (0.9% for West Africa as a whole) and < 2% for most countries, except for Gambia (12.5 %), Cape-Verde (9.5%), Mauritania (5.9%) and Ghana (4.4%). The reproduction number varied between 1.15 (Burkina-Faso) and 4.45 (Niger), and the peak time of the pandemic was between June and July for most countries. Generally, the peak time of the reported cases came a week (7-8 days) after the true peak time. The model predicted 222,100 actual active cases in the region at the peak time, while the final epidemic size accounted for 0.6% of the West African population (2,526,700 individuals). The results obtained showed that COVID-19 has not severely affected West Africa as noticed in other regions of the world. However, current control measures and standard operating procedures should be maintained over time to accelerate a decline in the observed trends of the pandemic.