bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perovskite Emitters as a Platform Material for Down‐Conversion Applications
Authors: Lee Hyeokjae , Park Jinwoo , Kim Sungjin , Lee Seung‐Chul , Kim Young‐Hoon , Lee Tae‐Woo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMethods to overcome the instability of perovskites to moisture, light, and heat in down‐converted displays (DCDs), in which films of perovskite emitters are placed on top of the backlight unit and convert its light to a desired color, are reviewed here. First, the photophysical properties of perovskite emitters as light converters in DCDs are discussed. Second, five strategies to improve stability of perovskite emitting materials (PeMs) mostly in a form of perovskite nanoparticles (PeNPs) are summarized: i) encapsulation in inorganics, ii) encapsulation in polymer, iii) semiconductor shelling, iv) ligand engineering, and v) defect engineering. Third, examples of DCDs that use perovskite emitters are presented. Finally, future perspectives for the commercialization of perovskite emitters as a next‐generation material that can be applied to DCDs are outlined.
Biphasic Regulation of Mesenchymal Genes Controls Fate Switches During Hematopoietic Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Wang Hongtao , Wang Mengge , Wen Yuqi , Xu Changlu , Chen Xiaoyuan , Wu Dan , Su Pei , Zhou Wen , Cheng Tao , Shi Lihong , Zhou Jiaxi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEpithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) or its reverse process mesenchymal‐epithelial transition (MET) occurs in multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, whether an entire EMT–MET process exists and the potential function during human hematopoiesis remain largely elusive. Utilizing human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)‐based systems, it is discovered that while EMT occurs at the onset of human hematopoietic differentiation, MET is not detected subsequently during differentiation. Instead, a biphasic activation of mesenchymal genes during hematopoietic differentiation of hPSCs is observed. The expression of mesenchymal genes is upregulated during the fate switch from pluripotency to the mesoderm, sustained at the hemogenic endothelium (HE) stage, and attenuated during hemogenic endothelial cell (HEP) differentiation to hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). A similar expression pattern of mesenchymal genes is also observed during human and murine hematopoietic development in vivo. Wnt signaling and its downstream gene SNAI1 mediate the up‐regulation of mesenchymal genes and initiation of mesoderm induction from pluripotency. Inhibition of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling and downregulation of HAND1, a downstream gene of TGF‐β, are required for the downregulation of mesenchymal genes and the capacity of HEPs to generate HPCs. These results suggest that the biphasic regulation of mesenchymal genes is an essential mechanism during human hematopoiesis.
Nanoemulsion‐Loaded Capsules for Controlled Delivery of Lipophilic Active Ingredients
Authors: Chen Liang‐Hsun , Cheng Li‐Chiun , Doyle Patrick S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNanoemulsions have become ideal candidates for loading hydrophobic active ingredients and enhancing their bioavailability in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. However, the lack of versatile carrier platforms for nanoemulsions hinders advanced control over their release behavior. In this work, a method is developed to encapsulate nanoemulsions in alginate capsules for the controlled delivery of lipophilic active ingredients. Functional nanoemulsions loaded with active ingredients and calcium ions are first prepared, followed by encapsulation inside alginate shells. The intrinsically high viscosity of the nanoemulsions ensures the formation of spherical capsules and high encapsulation efficiency during the synthesis. Moreover, a facile approach is developed to measure the nanoemulsion release profile from capsules through UV–vis measurement without an additional extraction step. A quantitative analysis of the release profiles shows that the capsule systems possess a tunable, delayed‐burst release. The encapsulation methodology is generalized to other active ingredients, oil phases, nanodroplet sizes, and chemically crosslinked inner hydrogel cores. Overall, the capsule systems provide promising platforms for various functional nanoemulsion formulations.
2D Semiconductor Transistors with Van der Waals Oxide MoO3 as Integrated High‐κ Gate Dielectric
Authors: Holler Brian A. , Crowley Kyle , Berger Marie‐Hélène , Gao Xuan P. A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe search for smaller electronic and optoelectronic devices is a leading research towards atomically thin graphene‐like 2D semiconductor materials. Due to the decreasing size and unique van der Waals (vdW) nature of these 2D semiconductors, there is an imperative need to find compatible gate dielectrics that can enable high gate coupling efficiency and seamless integration with these materials. One possible approach is to identify and utilize 2D vdW oxides with high dielectric constants, κ, similar to the integration of high‐κ dielectrics HfO2 and ZrO2. To this end, MoO3 is an attractive transition metal oxide candidate for gate dielectrics in 2D field effect transistors (FETs) due to its vdW structure in addition to its high dielectric constant measured in the bulk. This study demonstrates that as‐grown MoO3 has a high dielectric constant, κ, of ≈35 at room temperature at low frequencies by fabricating parallel plate capacitors from these thin flakes. Most importantly, mechanically exfoliated MoO3 nanoflakes are used to create heterostructures with WSe2 and a top‐gate WSe2/MoO3 heterostructure FET is demonstrated, showing the potential of MoO3 as a promising high‐κ 2D vdW gate dielectric.
The Effect of Teaching Nontechnical Skills in Advanced Life Support: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dewolf Philippe , Clarebout Geraldine , Wauters Lina , Van Kerkhoven Joke , Verelst Sandra 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nontechnical skills (NTS) training on performance in advanced life support (ALS) simulation. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the ideal frequency of training sessions for an optimal retention and the value of debriefing.MethodsA systematic search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, WoS, ERIC, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library conducted through August 1, 2018. All primary studies mentioning NTS in ALS education were included. Three reviewers independently extracted data on study design and outcome. The MERSQI approach was used to evaluate the overall quality of evidence.ResultsOf the 10,723 identified articles, 40 studies were included with a combined total of 3,041 participants, ranging from students to experts. Depending on the focus of the study, articles were categorized in NTS (n = 25), retention (n = 8), and feedback (n = 10). Incorporating NTS during ALS simulation showed significant improvements in timing for performing critical first steps. Furthermore, good leadership skills had a favorable effect on overall technical performance and teamwork during simulation improved team dynamics and performance. Finally, debriefing also had a beneficial effect on team performance. One particular type of debriefing does not appear to be superior to other types of debriefing.ConclusionTeam simulation training resulted in improved NTS and a reduction in the time required to complete a simulated cardiac arrest. Therefore, a formal NTS program should be introduced into ALS courses. Feedback and repetitive practice are key factors to train NTS. The impact of training on team behaviors can persist for at least 3 to 6 months. In conclusion, understanding and improving NTS may help to create more effective teams. The effect on patient outcome requires further investigation.
Patient with an autosomal‐recessive MBTPS1‐linked phenotype and clinical features of Silver–Russell syndrome
Authors: Meyer Robert , Elbracht Miriam , Opladen Thomas , Eggermann Thomas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPathogenic variants in the MBTPS1 gene encoding the Site 1 protease have been described so far only in one growth retarded patients with skeletal deformities, large ears, a triangular face reminiscent to Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS), and elevated blood lysosomal enzymes. We now report on the identification of a second adult patient homozygous for one of the two published pathogenic MBTPS1 variants (p.Asp365Gly) by Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), and a comparable phenotype. With this case, the association of pathogenic variants in MBTPS1 with a recognizable disorder could be confirmed, and the autosomal recessive inheritance is further established. As the variant was identified after a long diagnostic odyssey of the family, this example illustrates the need to apply WES in the diagnostic workup in case of growth retardation as early as possible. By compiling the clinical data of this new patient with those of the already reported patient, a better prognosis for future patients with MBTPS1 variants can be issued, and clinical management can be adjusted.
Epigenome‐wide analysis uncovers a blood‐based DNA methylation biomarker of lifetime cannabis use
Authors: Markunas Christina A. , Hancock Dana B. , Xu Zongli , Quach Bryan C. , Fang Fang , Sandler Dale P. , Johnson Eric O. , Taylor Jack A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCannabis use is highly prevalent and is associated with adverse and beneficial effects. To better understand the full spectrum of health consequences, biomarkers that accurately classify cannabis use are needed. DNA methylation (DNAm) is an excellent candidate, yet no blood‐based epigenome‐wide association studies (EWAS) in humans exist. We conducted an EWAS of lifetime cannabis use (ever vs. never) using blood‐based DNAm data from a case–cohort study within Sister Study, a prospective cohort of women at risk of developing breast cancer (Discovery N = 1,730 [855 ever users]; Replication N = 853 [392 ever users]). We identified and replicated an association with lifetime cannabis use at cg15973234 (CEMIP): combined p = 3.3 × 10−8. We found no overlap between published blood‐based cis‐meQTLs of cg15973234 and reported lifetime cannabis use‐associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs; p < .05), suggesting that the observed DNAm difference was driven by cannabis exposure. We also developed a multi‐CpG classifier of lifetime cannabis use using penalized regression of top EWAS CpGs. The resulting 50‐CpG classifier produced an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.74 (95% CI [0.72, 0.76], p = 2.00 × 10−5) in the discovery sample and AUC = 0.54 ([0.51, 0.57], p = 2.87 × 10−2) in the replication sample. Our EWAS findings provide evidence that blood‐based DNAm is associated with lifetime cannabis use.
The turn to controls and the refinement of the concept of hereditary burden: The 1895 study of Jenny Koller
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Klee Astrid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThroughout the 19th century, many alienists reported the proportion of their patients who were “hereditarily burdened,” meaning they had a positive family history for mental illness. The rates of such burden differed widely because different authors used divergent definition of illness and investigated different groups of relatives. Most importantly, no authors compared rates of burden with those seen in a nonpatient control group. The first such study in the history of psychiatric genetics was published in 1895, the doctoral dissertation of a Swiss physician Jenny Koller working under Auguste Forel. She obtained histories of a range of mental/neurologic disorders in the parents, aunts/uncles, grandparents and siblings of 370 hospitalized psychiatric patients and 370 controls. Rates of any hereditary burden were only modestly higher in cases (78%) than controls (59%). However, when examining individual syndromes, only major mental illness and eccentricities, but not apoplexy, nervous disorders or dementia, were more common in proband than control families. Furthermore, the rates of mental illness and eccentricities were substantially elevated in the first‐degree relatives of cases versus controls but not in the second‐degree relatives. Koller's study represented a major methodological advance in psychiatric genetics, helping to define which disorders coaggregated with major mental illness.
Distribution of maternal lineages in hunter‐gatherer societies of the southern coast of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Authors: Crespo Cristian M. , Cardozo Darío G. , Tessone Augusto , Vázquez Martín , Kisielinski Caroline , Arencibia Valeria , Tackney Justin , Zangrando A. Francisco , Dejean Cristina B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this work is to explore the maternal genetic diversity of hunter‐gatherers of the southern Tierra del Fuego, specifically the north coast of Beagle Channel, the Península Mitre, and Isla de los Estados through ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis.Materials and MethodsThe hypervariable regions 1 and 2 of the mitochondrial genome of five individuals from the north coast of Beagle Channel, six individuals from Península Mitre, and one individual from Isla de los Estados were analyzed. Through diversity statistics, Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), and Median Joining networks analyses, maternal relationships in the region were evaluated and phylogenetic similarities between ancient and contemporary populations of Tierra del Fuego were determined.ResultsThe mitochondrial DNA lineages from the ancient individuals analyzed reveals the presence of subclades C1b and D1g. Pattern of decreasing genetic diversity toward the South is observed. The AMOVAs performed found no statistically significant differences between individuals of the north coast of Beagle Channel and Península Mitre‐Isla de los Estados, and modern Yámana populations. Median joining network of haplotypes of clades C1 and D1g, show the same results.DiscussionEthnohistoric and ethnographic records of Península Mitre show that this region was occupied during the 19th century by Haush or Manekenk populations, although their biological, cultural, and subsistence characterization is unclear. We explore their maternal lineages and encounter low levels of genetic diversity and the absence of population differentiation with modern Yámana groups. We suggest that Península Mitre‐Isla de los Estado was part of the same hunting and gathering populations as those of the Beagle Channel.
Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence
Authors: Priehodová Edita , Austerlitz Frédéric , Čížková Martina , Nováčková Jana , Ricaut François‐Xavier , Hofmanová Zuzana , Schlebusch Carina M. , Černý Viktor 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesArcheological evidence shows that first nomadic pastoralists came to the African Sahel from northeastern Sahara, where milking is reported by ~7.5 ka. A second wave of pastoralists arrived with the expansion of Arabic tribes in 7th–14th century CE. All Sahelian pastoralists depend on milk production but genetic diversity underlying their lactase persistence (LP) is poorly understood.Materials and methodsWe investigated SNP variants associated with LP in 1,241 individuals from 29 mostly pastoralist populations in the Sahel. Then, we analyzed six SNPs in the neighboring fragment (419 kb) in the Fulani and Tuareg with the −13910*T mutation, reconstructed haplotypes, and calculated expansion age and growth rate of this variant.ResultsOur results reveal a geographic localization of two different LP variants in the Sahel: −13910*T west of Lake Chad (Fulani and Tuareg pastoralists) and −13915*G east of there (mostly Arabic‐speaking pastoralists). We show that −13910*T has a more diversified haplotype background among the Fulani than among the Tuareg and that the age estimate for expansion of this variant among the Fulani (~8.5 ka) corresponds to introduction of cattle to the area.ConclusionsThis is the first study showing that the “Eurasian” LP allele −13910*T is widespread both in northern Europe and in the Sahel; however, it is limited to pastoralists in the Sahel. Since the Fulani haplotype with −13910*T is shared with contemporary Eurasians, its origin could be in a region encompassing the Near East and northeastern Africa in a population ancestral to both Saharan pastoralists and European farmers.
The ontogeny of termite gathering among chimpanzees in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo
Authors: Musgrave Stephanie , Lonsdorf Elizabeth , Morgan David , Sanz Crickette 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesAcquiring tool‐assisted foraging skills can potentially improve dietary quality and increase fitness for wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). In contrast to chimpanzees in East and West Africa, chimpanzees in the Congo Basin use tool sets and brush‐tipped fishing probes to gather termites. We investigated the ontogeny of these tool skills in chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo, and compared it to that for chimpanzees at Gombe, Tanzania. We assessed whether chimpanzees acquired simple tool behaviors and single tool use before more complex actions and sequential use of multiple tool types.Materials and MethodsUsing a longitudinal approach, we scored remote video footage to document the acquisition of termite‐gathering critical elements for 25 immature chimpanzees at Goualougo.ResultsAll chimpanzees termite fished by 2.9 years but did not manufacture brush‐tipped probes until an average of 4.3 years. Acquisition of sequential tool use extended into juvenility and adolescence. While we did not detect significant sex differences, most critical elements except tool manufacture were acquired slightly earlier by females.DiscussionThese findings contrast with Gombe, where chimpanzees learn to both use and make fishing probes between ages 1.5–3.5 and acquire the complete task by age 5.5. Differences between sites could reflect tool material selectivity and design complexity, the challenge of sequential tool behaviors, and strength requirements of puncturing subterranean termite nests at Goualougo. These results illustrate how task complexity may influence the timing and sequence of skill acquisition, improving models of the ontogeny of tool behavior among early hominins who likely used complex, perishable technologies.
APOE and dementia – resequencing and genotyping in 105,597 individuals
Authors: Rasmussen Katrine L. , Tybjærg‐Hansen Anne , Nordestgaard Børge G. , Frikke‐Schmidt Ruth 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe mechanism behind the strong association between the ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease is not well‐characterized. Because low plasma levels of apoE associate with risk of dementia, genetic variants altering apoE levels in general may also associate with dementia.MethodsThe APOE gene was sequenced in 10,369 individuals, and nine amino acid–changing variants with frequencies ≥2/10,000 were further genotyped in 95,228 individuals. Plasma apoE levels were measured directly.ResultsRisk of all dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) increased with decreasing genetically determined apoE levels (P = 5 × 10−4 and P = 1 × 10−4 after APOE ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 adjustment). Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all dementia and AD were 2.76 (1.39 to 5.47) and 4.92 (2.36 to 10.29) for the group with the genetically lowest apoE versus ɛ33.DiscussionWe found that genetically low apoE levels increase and genetically high levels decrease risk, beyond ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4. This underscores that dementia risk more likely relates to variants affecting levels of apoE.
PIK3R2/Pik3r2 Activating Mutations Result in Brain Overgrowth and EEG Changes
Authors: Shi Xiuyu , Lim Youngshin , Myers Abigail K. , Stallings Brenna L. , Mccoy Almedia , Zeiger Jordan , Scheck Joshua , Cho Ginam , Marsh Eric D. , Mirzaa Ghayda M. , Tao Tao , Golden Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveMutations in phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase (PI3K) complex have been associated with a broad spectrum of brain and organ overgrowth syndromes. For example, mutations in phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) have been identified in human patients with megalencephaly polymicrogyria polydactyly hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndrome, which includes brain overgrowth. To better understand the pathogenesis of PIK3R2‐related mutations, we have developed and characterized a murine model.MethodsWe generated a knock‐in mouse model for the most common human PIK3R2 mutation, p.G373R (p.G367R in mice) using CRISPR/Cas9. The mouse phenotypes, including brain size, seizure activity, cortical lamination, cell proliferation/size/density, interneuron migration, and PI3K pathway activation, were analyzed using standard methodologies. For human patients with PIK3R2 mutations, clinical data (occipitofrontal circumference [OFC] and epilepsy) were retrospectively obtained from our clinical records (published / unpublished).ResultsThe PI3K‐AKT pathway was hyperactivated in these mice, confirming the p.G367R mutation is an activating mutation in vivo. Similar to human patients with PIK3R2 mutations, these mice have enlarged brains. We found cell size to be increased but not cell numbers. The embryonic brain showed mild defects in cortical lamination, although not observed in the mature brain. Furthermore, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from mutant mice showed background slowing and rare seizures, again similar to our observations in human patients.InterpretationWe have generated a PIK3R2 mouse model that exhibits megalencephaly and EEG changes, both of which overlap with human patients. Our data provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of the human disease caused by PIK3R2 p.G373R mutation. We anticipate this model will be valuable in testing therapeutic options for human patients with MPPH. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1077–1094
Exotic Compositional Ordering in Manganese–Nickel–Arsenic (Mn‐Ni‐As) Intermetallics
Authors: Gonano Bruno , Fjellvåg Øystein Slagtern , Steciuk Gwladys , Saha Dipankar , Pelloquin Denis , Fjellvåg Helmer 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this work we benefited from recent advances in tools for crystal‐structure analysis that enabled us to describe an exotic nanoscale phenomenon in structural chemistry. The Mn0.60Ni0.40As sample of the Mn1−xNixAs solid solution, exhibits an incommensurate compositional modulation intimately coupled with positional modulations. The average structure is of the simple NiAs type, but in contrast to a normal solid solution, we observe that manganese and nickel segregate periodically at the nano‐level into ordered MnAs and NiAs layers with thickness of 2–4 face‐shared octahedra. The detailed description was obtained by combination of 3D electron diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and neutron diffraction. The distribution of the manganese and nickel layers is perfectly described by a modulation vector q=0.360(3) c*. Displacive modulations are observed for all elements as a consequence of the occupational modulation, and as a means to achieve acceptable Ni–As and Mn–As distances. This modulated evolution of magnetic MnAs and non‐magnetic NiAs‐layers with periodicity at approximately 10 Å level, may provide an avenue for spintronics.