bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haematoprotective and red blood cell membrane stabilizing effects of Justicia carnae leaf extracts in sodium nitrate-treated rats
Authors: Mbanaso Eberechukwu , Nwankwo Azubuike , Ijioma Solomon Nnah , Emmanuel Okezie , Ugbogu Eziuche Amadike , Nwagbara Ngozi , Ugwuanyi Kingsley 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Traditionally, Justicia carnae is used in treatment of anaemia. In this study, the haematoprotective effects of ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of J. carnae were evaluated in sodium nitrate-treated male rats.

Methods
Acute toxicity values, phytochemical, vitamin B12, vitamin C and iron contents of the extracts were analytically determined. Seventy (70) adult rats divided into seven groups of 10 rats each were assigned specific treatments. Group I served as the normal control, while group II was treated with the induction agent (sodium nitrate (NaNO3), 300 mg/kg body weight) only. Group III was pretreated with fesolate before NaNO3 induction, while groups IV to VII received leaf extracts in addition to induction. The daily oral treatments lasted for 28 days and at the end, the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for haematological studies.

Results
Results obtained revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, vitamins C, B12 and iron in both extracts. The LD50 value for each extract was >5,000 mg/kg body weight. There were increased significant co-administration effects (p < 0.05) in red blood cell, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cells and platelet counts in the extract and fesolate treated groups compared to negative control. Bleeding time values were not significantly altered in all test groups (p > 0.05), but the increased clotting time values were lowered to about normal values following treatment with the extracts.

Conclusions
The results showed that J. carnae extract has haematoprotective potential and may be a good candidate for haematopoiesis.
Hypercalcemia from hypervitaminosis A in a child with autism
Authors: O’Neal Shannon , Foster Timothy P. , Bhatt Avni , Lossius Michele N. , Dayton Kristin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Vitamin A is essential for normal cellular physiology and is often taken as a dietary supplement. Hypervitaminosis A can lead to hypercalcemia by increasing osteoclasts and subsequent bone resporption. Dietary supplements including vitamin A are new popular treatment stategies for autism.

Case presentation
We report a five-year old boy with autism spectrum disorder presenting with severe abdominal pain and bilateral lower extremity pain, who was found to have persistent hypercalcemia due to hypervitaminosis A. The patient ingested over 700 times the recommended intake of Vitamin A per day for age. Retention of vitamin A in the liver and adipose tissue causes toxic levels of retinoids and hypercalcemia.

Conclusions
Acute treatment included intravenous rehydration, furosemide, and calcitonin. Pamidronate was the definitive treatment for hypercalcemia from hypervitaminosis A due to its osteoclast inhibition and long biologic half-life. Parents should be counseled on risks of toxicity and absence of evidence showing benefits of vitamin A therapy for autism.
What We Ought to Do: The Decisions and Duties of Non-agential Groups
Authors: Blomberg Olle 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn ordinary discourse, a single duty is often attributed to a plurality of agents. InGroup Duties: Their Existence and Their Implications for Individuals, Stephanie Collins claims that such attributions involve a “category error”. I critically discuss Collins’ argument for this claim and argue that there is a substantive sense in which non-agential groups can have moral duties. A plurality of agents can have a single duty to bring about an outcome by virtue of a capacity of each to practically reason about what they ought to do together. I also argue that Collins’ attempt to give a reductive account of such “we-reasoning” fails.
Electrochemical hydrogen production from humid air using cation-modified graphene oxide membranes
Authors: Hamidah Nur Laila , Shintani Masataka , Ahmad Fauzi Aynul Sakinah , Kitamura Shota , Mission Elaine G. , Hatakeyama Kazuto , Sasaki Mitsuru , Quitain Armando T. , Kida Tetsuya 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Water electrolysis is an environment-friendly process of producing hydrogen with zero-carbon emission. Herein, we studied the water vapor electrolysis using a proton-conducting membrane composed of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets intercalated with cations (Al3+ and Ce3+). We examined the effect of cation introduction on the physical and chemical structures, morphology, thermal and chemical stabilities, and the proton conductivity of stacked GO nanosheet membranes by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Concentration cell measurements revealed that the cation-modified membranes are pure proton conductors at room temperature. The proton conductivity of a GO membrane was much improved by cation modification. The cation-modified GO membranes, sandwiched with Pt/C electrodes as the cathode and anode, electrolyzed humidified air to produce hydrogen at room temperature, indicating the feasibility of this carbon-based electrochemical device.
Optimisation of the preparation of chemotherapy based on 5-fluorouracil by the use of peristaltic pumps
Authors: Villain Alexandre , Sakji Ilyes , Bogart Emilie , Strobbe Geoffrey , Marliot Guillaume , Feutry Frédéric 
Published: July 2020

Abstract ObjectivesPreparation of 5-FU elastomeric pumps is a time-consuming activity inducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Our unit has developed an automated filling system consisting of two peristaltic pumps (one for the diluent, one for the cytotoxic drug). The objective was to validate the accuracy of the assembly and evaluate the impact of automation on the compounding time, occurrence of MSDs and cost of preparation.MethodsAccuracy was determined by calculating the total error on the volumes injected by the pumps. Measurements were made for 2 brands (AMF, Baxter), 3 different volumes; repeated 3 times at 3 times of the day. The time-saving study compared 24 measurements in manual filling and 24 in automated mode. Impact of automation on the occurrence of MSDs was evaluated by a self-assessment questionnaire. Finally, a comparison between the price of a manually prepared elastomeric pump and an automated prepared elastomeric pump was performed.ResultsVolumes administered by the pumps were accurate (total error < 2.5%). Preparation time was divided by 2. Occurrence of MSD decreased (8.7 manual filling vs. 23.5/28 automated filling). Overcost was moderate (14.7% for AMF; 10.3% for Baxter).ConclusionsUsing peristaltic pumps, 5FU preparation was optimized for moderate additional cost.
Orthoamide und Iminiumsalze, IIC. Darstellung von N-(ω-Ammonioalkyl)-N,N′,N′,N″,N″-peralkylierten Guanidiniumsalzen und N-(ω-Aminoalkyl)-N′,N′,N″,N″-tetramethylguanidinen
Authors: Kantlehner Willi , Tiritiris Ioannis , Vettel Markus , Frey Wolfgang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

N,N,N′,N′-Tetraalkylchlorformamidiniumchlorides 1a, b react with ω-dimethylaminoalkylamines 19, 20 to give mixtures of N-(ω-dimethylammonioalkyl)-guanidinium salts 12, 13 and N-(ω-dimethylaminoalkyl)-guanidinium salts 21, 22. These mixtures are transformed to mixtures of the ureas 15, 17 and N-(ω-dimethylaminoalkyl)-guanidines 23, 25 on treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The reaction of N-(3-dimethylammoniopropyl)-guanidin 25a with dimethylsulfate in a molar ratio of 1:1 delivers a mixture of the N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyl-guanidinium salt 29a and the N-(3-dimethylammoniopropyl)-N,N′,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyl-guanidinium-bis (methylsulfate) 33a. The action of dimethylsulfate on the guanidines 23a, 25a in a molar ratio of 2:1 affords the bisquarternary salts 32a, 33a. Alkylating reagents as methyliodide, benzylbromide, allylbromide and chloroacetonitrile attack N-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-N′,N′,N″,N″-tetraethylguanidine (23b) in a molar ratio of 1:1 cleanly at the dimethylaminoethylgroup to give the ammonium salts 30a–d. As a strong base the guanidine 23b dehydrochlorinates β-Chlorpropionitrile and chloroacetone under formation of the guanidinium salt 21c. In contrast to this the reaction of ethyl bromoacetate with the N-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)guanidine 23b occurs at the guanidinogroup giving the guanidinium salt 28c. The methylation of the guanidinium chlorides 21a, 22a with dimethyl sulfate affords the bis-quaternary salts 35b, 36b with mixed anions. From the heterocyclic guanidines 14, 16 and the alkylating reagents benzylbromide and ethyl bromoacetate the heterocyclic guanidinium salts 37a, b, 39a, b can be obtained. The reactions with ethyl chloroformiate proceed in an analogous way giving the guanidinium salts 37c, 39c. The N-alkyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-(3-ureidopropyl)guanidinium salts 41a, b can be prepared from the N′,N′,N″,N″-tetramethyl-N′′-(3-ureidopropyl) guanidine 17a and the alkylating compounds dimethyl sulfate and benzyl bromide. Several compounds obtained that way were transformed to the corresponding tetraphenyloborates and bis(tetraphenylborates), respectively.
Biyoseramik Kanal Patı ile Kontamine Dentinde Farklı Kanal Patı Uzaklaştırma Protokollerinin Adezivin Bağlanma Dayanımı Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: BEK KÜRKLÜ Zeliha , YOLDAŞ Oğuz , ÖZPOLAT Zeynep 
Published: July 2020

Amaç: Adezivlerin
dentine daha iyi bağlanabilmesi için kanal patının diş duvarından tamamen
uzaklaştırılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı kanal patı uzaklaştırma
protokollerinin tek aşama bir adezivin biyoseramik bir kanal patıyla kontamine
dentine push-out bağlanma dayanımı üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler:Alt
2. premolar dişlere 3mm çapında silindirik kök kanal giriş kaviteleri açıldı.
Bütün kanallar NiTi R25 Resiproc eğe (VDW, Almanya) ile şekillendirildi ve
EndoSequence BC kanal patı (Brasseler, Amerika) ve guta-perka ile dolduruldu. Kontrol
gruplarındaki kök kanallarının dolumu yapılmadı bu sebeple koronal dentin yüzeyleri kanal patı ile
kontamine olmadı. Bu kavitelerin G-Premio universal bond (GC Corp., Japonya) ve
G-ænial kompozit(GC Corp., Japonya) ile
restorasyonları yapıldı. Deney gruplarında dentin yüzeyleri EndoSequence BC ile
kontamine edildi ve kuru pamuk pelet, distile su ile doymuş pamuk pelet, 2 ml
distile su veya sulu ultrasonik enerji ile temizlendi. Kanal patının
uzaklaştırılmasından sonra, kavite yüzeyi adeziv ve kompozit rezin ile restore
edildi. Örnekler, push-out bağlanma dayanımının değerlendirmesi için 1.5 mm'lik
bir kalınlıkta yatay olarak kesildi. Her örnekten 2 kesit alındı.Bulgular:En
yüksek bağlanma dayanımı değerleri kontrol grubunda elde edilmiştir, bunu
ultrasonik ile yıkama, su ile yıkama, ıslak pamuk ile silme ve kuru pamuk ile
silme takip etmektedir. Kontrol grubu ile kuru pamuk ile silme grubu (p =
0.038) ve ultrasonik ile yıkama grubu ile kuru pamuklu ile silme grubu (p =
0.041) arasında anlamlı fark vardır.Sonuçlar:Biyoseramik
kanal patlarının bağlanma dayanımı, kullanılan su miktarı ile doğru oranda
artmaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler:Adezyon, kompozit, kök kanal patı
Materyal Kalınlığının Rezin Matriks Seramik Blokların Renk Değişimi Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Caner , ÇELİK Ersan 
Published: July 2020

Amaç:
Estetik olarak başarılı bir restorasyonun doğal diş morfolojisine benzer olmasının
yanında, doğal diş dokusuna benzer renk karakterine sahip olması beklenir. Bu
çalışmanın amacı farklı yapılara sahip rezin matriks seramik materyallerinin
renk parametreleri ve renk değişimi üzerinde materyal kalınlığının etkisini
değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler:
Bu çalışmada 3 farklı yapıya sahip üç farklı kalınlıkta ve 8 mm ± 0,2 mm
çapında toplam 90 adet A2 renginde dairesel rezin matriks seramik örnekler
kullanıldı. Örnekler farklı yapı ve kalınlıklarına göre her grupta 10 ar adet
örnek olacak şekilde 9 alt gruba ayrıldı. Örneklerin renk parametreleri (L*,a*
ve b*) spektrofotometre cihazı kullanılarak tespit edildi ve cihaz restorasyon
moduna getirilerek A2 rengine göre örneklerin renk değişimleri değerleri tespit
edildi. Ayrıca örneklerin hue ve chroma değerleri de elde edilen a* ve b*
değerleri kullanılarak hesaplandı. Elde edilen veriler iki yönlü varyans
analizi (Two-way ANOVA) ve Tukey çoklu karşılaştırma testi ile p˂0,05
anlamlılık düzeyinde değerlendirildi.Bulgular:
İstatistiksel analiz sonuçlarına göre L* değeri için materyal faktörünün etkili
olmadığı, kalınlık faktörü ve kalınlıkXmateryal faktör etkileşiminin anlamlı
olduğu görüldü (p˂0,05). a*, b*, hue,
chroma ve ΔE değerleri için materyal faktörü, kalınlık faktörü ve kalınlıkXmateryal
faktör etkileşiminin anlamlı olduğu görüldü (p˂0,05). Gruplar içerisinde sadece
Grup E 1.5 mm kalınlığındaki örneklerden elde edilen ortalama ΔE değerinin
klinik olarak kabul edilebilir sınırların altında olduğu tespit edildi.

Sonuç:
Materyal tipi ve kalınlığı rezin matriks seramiklerin renk karakteri üzerinde
anlamlı bir etkiye sahiptir. Grupların renk parametre değişimleri için kritik
kalınlık değeri 1mm dir.
The Genomic Landscape of Divergence Across the Speciation Continuum in Island-Colonising Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis)
Authors: Sendell-Price Ashley T , Ruegg Kristen C , Anderson Eric C , Quilodrán Claudio S , Van Doren Benjamin M , Underwood Vinh L , Coulson Tim , Clegg Sonya M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Inferring the evolutionary dynamics at play during the process of speciation by analyzing the genomic landscape of divergence is a major pursuit in population genomics. However, empirical assessments of genomic landscapes under varying evolutionary scenarios that are known a priori are few, thereby limiting our ability to achieve this goal. Here we combine RAD-sequencing and individual-based simulations to evaluate the genomic landscape of divergence in the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis). Using pairwise comparisons that differ in divergence timeframe and the presence or absence of gene flow, we document how genomic patterns accumulate along the speciation continuum. In contrast to previous predictions, our results provide limited support for the idea that divergence accumulates around loci under divergent selection or that genomic islands widen with time. While a small number of genomic islands were found in populations diverging with and without gene flow, in few cases were SNPs putatively under selection tightly associated with genomic islands. The transition from localized to genome-wide levels of divergence was captured using individual-based simulations that considered only neutral processes. Our results challenge the ubiquity of existing verbal models that explain the accumulation of genomic differences across the speciation continuum and instead support the idea that divergence both within and outside of genomic islands is important during the speciation process.
THEORY OF CHANGE AND LOGICAL FRAMEWORK: A COMPARATIVE MEASURE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION PRACTICES
Authors: Hamdy M Kholis 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This article is a brief study of the advantages and disadvantages of Theory of Change (ToC) and the Logical Framework (Log Frame) based on literature; a comparative approach. The later has a long historical stand in the development practices while the former was formed as supposed to answer the shortcomings of the Log Frame. By comparing both strengths and weaknesses, the finding argues that ToC is strongly considered to have a more certain degree of advantages rather than the M&E in view of development agencies especially NGOs in the practice of monitoring and evaluation of development practices. M&E, in particular, gave birth to ToC in pursue of answering the Log Frame’s current shortcoming. ToC has gained positive stand in the realm of international development by addressing at least three main features: participation, flexibility and the dynamic of development deliverance and accountability. Abstrak. Artikel ini adalah studi singkat tentang kelebihan dan kekurangan dari Theory of Change (ToC) dan Logical Framework (Log Frame) berdasarkan literatur; pendekatan komparatif. Yang kedua memiliki pendirian historis yang panjang dalam praktik pembangunan, sementara yang pertama dibentuk untuk menjawab kekurangan Log Frame. Dengan membandingkan kekuatan dan kelemahan, temuan ini berpendapat bahwa ToC secara kuat dianggap memiliki tingkat keuntungan yang lebih pasti daripada M&E dalam pandangan lembaga pembangunan terutama LSM dalam praktik pemantauan dan evaluasi praktik pembangunan. Monitoring & Evaluation secara khusus melahirkan ToC dalam rangka menjawab kekurangan Log Frame saat ini. ToC telah mendapatkan posisi positif di bidang pembangunan internasional dengan mengatasi setidaknya tiga fitur utama: partisipasi, fleksibilitas dan dinamika pembebasan dan akuntabilitas pembangunan.
Transmitted Home Oximetry and Duration of Home Oxygen in Premature Infants
Authors: Rhein Lawrence , White Heather , Simoneau Tregony , Traeger Nadav , Lahiri Thomas , Kremer Ted , Sheils Catherine , Meyer Kathleen , Rosenkrantz Ted , Krishnan Sankaran , Hartman Tyler , Feldman Henry A. , Abu Jawdeh Elie G. 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVES:
To determine if a home oxygen therapy (HOT) management strategy that includes analysis of recorded home oximetry (RHO) data, compared with standard monthly clinic visit assessments, reduces duration of HOT without harm in premature infants.

METHODS:
The RHO trial was an unmasked randomized clinical trial conducted in 9 US medical centers from November 2013 to December 2017, with follow-up to February 2019. Preterm infants with birth gestation ≤37 + 0/7 weeks, discharged on HOT, and attending their first pulmonary visit were enrolled. The intervention was an analysis of transmitted RHO between clinic visits (n = 97); the standard-care group received monthly clinic visits with in-clinic weaning attempts (n = 99). The primary outcomes were the duration of HOT and parent-reported quality of life. There were 2 prespecified secondary safety outcomes: change in weight and adverse events within 6 months of HOT discontinuation.

RESULTS:
Among 196 randomly assigned infants (mean birth gestational age: 26.9 weeks; SD: 2.6 weeks; 37.8% female), 166 (84.7%) completed the trial. In the RHO group, the mean time to discontinue HOT was 78.1 days (SE: 6.4), compared with 100.1 days (SE: 8.0) in the standard-care group (P = .03). The quality-of-life scores improved from baseline to 3 months after discontinuation of HOT in both groups (P = .002), but the degree of improvement did not differ significantly between groups (P = .75).

CONCLUSIONS:
RHO was effective in reducing the duration of HOT in premature infants. Parent quality of life improved after discontinuation. RHO allows physicians to determine which infants can be weaned and which need prolonged oxygen therapy between monthly visits.
Trends in the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in the Sverdlovsk region
Authors: Anufrieva Elena V. , Neupokoeva Lidia Yu. , Kovtun Olga P. 
Published: July 2020

Background. Prevalence of excess body weight and obesity among children and adolescents has been gradually and significantly increasing over the last decades. The obesity detection rate is markedly affected by both low awareness of primary care physicians and the attitude of parents who pay no attention to the child’s excess weight for a long time considering it the manifestation of excellent health and normal development.Objective. The study aimed at comparative evaluation of the prevalence of obesity among children in the Sverdlovsk region.Methods. A comparative analysis of the prevalence of obesity was carried out, based on official statistical information and results of prophylactic medical examinations over the 2005–2019 period. The gender- and age-related particulars of pathologic obesity among children have been analyzed across the following age groups: 0–4, 5–9, 10–14 and 15–17 years.Results. Based on the incidence of office visits, a two-fold increase of morbid obesity was found in children 0–14 years of age (from 8.3‰ in 2005 to 16.3‰ in 2019 ), and a three-fold increase in adolescents 15–17 years of age (from 11.8‰ to 35.5‰, respectively; р < 0.001). The obesity rate registered during prophylactic medical examinations is two-fold higher than that during the office visits. Over 50% of obesity cases fall on the 10–14 age group, whereas the maximum rates of increase were found in children 5–9 years of age. In the age group of 15–17 years obesity is registered more often in boys than in girls.Conclusion. Significant differences in obesity prevalence rates, according to the office visits and prophylactic medical examinations’ data, attest to delayed diagnosis of excess body weight and insufficient effectiveness of pediatricians dealing with obese children at the stage of pediatric primary care. Cons idering the age-related particulars of obesity prevalence, health professionals working in educational institutions should play a leading role in the diagnosis of excess body weight and provision the follow-up care for children who are at risk for obesity.
Prognostic role of brain natriuretic peptide in children of the first year of life with congenital heart defects: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Vakhlova Irina V. , Saperova Ekaterina V. 
Published: July 2020

Background. Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common type of developmental anomalies in children. At present the early diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) and CHF-associated pathologic conditions is becoming increasingly important for optimization of protocols for following up pediatric patients in the primary health care settings.Objective. The study aimed at determining the prognostic role of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a diagnostic marker of CHF progression and development of CHF-associated pathological conditions in babies with CHD during the first year of life.Methods. A prospective cohort study was carried out in a total of 114 children of the first year of life. The main study group was comprised of 61 children with confirmed diagnosis of CHD, and the control group of 53 health status group I–IIA children without CHD.Results. Diagnostic role of BNP elevation > 30 pg/mL was determined. At this BNP level the risk for developing stage 2A CHF increased 7-fold (OR 7.5 [1.8–31.5]), for developing functional class (FC) 2 CHF — nearly 5-fold (OR 4.6 [1.3–16.0]), and for FC 3 CHF such risk increased 9-fold (OR 9.2 [2.3–36.1]). Our results demonstrated that the BNP level measurements can be used in clinical practice to determine the likelihood of persistence of symptoms of perinatal CNS injuries during the first year of life (OR 7.6 [1.7–34.5]) and protein and energy deficit (PED) (OR 9.5 [2.5–35.5]) in children with CHD.