bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Msplit estimates in the context of vertical displacement analysis
Authors: Wyszkowska Patrycja , Duchnowski Robert 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper concerns two types of Msplit estimation: squared Msplit estimation (SMS), which assumes normality of observation errors and absolute Msplit estimation (AMS), which applies

L

1

{\text{L}_{1}}

norm criterion. The main objective of the paper is to assess the accuracy of such estimators in vertical displacement analysis by applying Monte Carlo simulations. Another issue is to compare the accuracy of both estimators with the accuracy of the least squares estimation (LS). The paper shows that the accuracy of both Msplit estimates is like the accuracy of LS estimates. However, if some nonrandom errors occur, then accuracy of AMS estimates might be better than the accuracy of the rest of the estimates considered here. It stems from the fact that AMS estimates are robust against disturbances which have a small magnitude. It is also worth noting that the accuracy of both Msplit estimates might depend on the magnitude of the displacement.
Hermēneis in the Documentary Record from Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: interpreters, translators and mediators in a bilingual society
Authors: Mairs Rachel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEgypt of the Hellenistic and Roman periods remains the most thoroughly documented multilingual society in the ancient world, because of the wealth of texts preserved on papyrus in Egyptian, Greek, Latin and other languages. This makes the scarcity of interpreters in the papyrological record all the more curious. This study reviews all instances in the papyri of individuals referred to as hermēneus in Greek, or references to the process of translation/interpreting. It discusses the terminological ambiguity of hermēneus, which can also mean a commercial mediator; the position of language mediators in legal cases in Egyptian, Greek and Latin; the role of gender in language mediation; and concludes with a survey of interpreting in Egyptian monastic communities in Late Antiquity.
Knowledge and attitude: two fundamental factors that determine patient compliance in antibiotic therapy
Authors: Pristianty Liza , Kurniati Vivi Laily , Hidayati Ika Ratna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
With the development of infectious diseases, the use of antibiotics is increasing. Amoxicillin is a penicillin class of antibiotics that are widely used today. Compliance with amoxicillin can reduce the risk of microbial resistance. Two fundamental factors that determine patient compliance in antibiotic therapy are the patient's knowledge and attitude towards the antibiotic. In this study, we want to know the effect of knowledge and attitudes of patients on their compliance in using amoxicillin antibiotics.

Methods
This study was an observational study with a cross section approach, a purposive sampling method by giving questionnaires to 100 respondents who received amoxicillin in Arjuno Primary Health Care, Klojen District in April 2019. Research variables include knowledge, attitudes, and patient compliance in using amoxicillin antibiotics. Data analysis was performed to determine the effect of knowledge and attitudes of patients on compliance with amoxicillin antibiotic therapy.

Results
The results showed that knowledge significantly influences the complience (sig = 0.00), while attitude does not significantly influence compliance in using amoxicillin antibiotics(sig = 0,136). Knowledge and attitude were known to have a significant effect on compliance with amoxicillin antibiotic therapy (sig = 0.00), the magnitude of the influence of the two variables (R2 = 16.7%).

Conclusions
It can be concluded that the patient's knowledge and attitude influences his compliance to antibiotic therapy.
Oral health status of children with phenylketonuria
Authors: Ballikaya Elif , Yildiz Yilmaz , Sivri Hatice Serap , Tokatli Aysegul , Dursun Ali , Olmez Seval , Coskun Turgay , Uzamis Tekcicek Meryem 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Diet plays an integral role in the maintenance of oral health, but dietary modifications due to medical problems such as phenylketonuria (PKU) can have adverse effects on oral health. This descriptive study was performed to evaluate the oral health status of children with PKU.

Methods
One hundred and ninety-seven patients with PKU aged between 1 and 22 years were evaluated. Clinical evaluations were performed by one experienced dentist regarding dental caries, gingival health and dental erosion. Categorical variables were assessed with descriptive statistics. Differences in feeding frequencies and sociodemographic characteristics were compared regarding dental caries using chi-square (χ2) tests.

Results
One hundred and thirty-two patients (67%) had dental caries. The mean plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) values were 1.37 ± 0.58 and 1.40 ± 0.64, respectively, which shows moderate plaque accumulation and moderate gingival inflammation. Of the patients, 85.3% did not brush their teeth regularly and 90.4% had never visited a dentist before. No statistically significant differences were found in dental caries according to feeding frequencies (p = 0.448).

Conclusions
Despite the high prevalence of caries in patients with PKU, most had never seen a dentist. Physicians must encourage patients with PKU and their parents to have regular dental visits to maintain an optimal general and oral health.
Bestandsaufnahme der Ersatzfreiheitsstrafe in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Authors: Bögelein Nicole , Glaubitz Christoffer , Neumann Merten , Kamieth Josefine 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Die jährliche Anzahl vollstreckter Ersatzfreiheitsstrafen (EFS) wird in keiner offiziellen Statistik erfasst, und damit liegt ein wichtiges kriminalpolitisches Thema im Dunkelfeld. Empirische Studien zeichnen – zumeist auf Basis kleiner Stichproben – von den Gefangenen ein Bild, das sozial schwache Personen mit unterschiedlichen Belastungen in gesundheitlicher, sozialer und finanzieller Hinsicht zeigt. Der vorliegende Text wertet Angaben zu allen Gefangenen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern aus den Jahren 2014–2017 aus. Die Daten erlauben es, für ein Bundesland alle EFS-Verbüßenden zu beschreiben, sie mit Strafgefangenen zu vergleichen und im Rahmen einer Clusteranalyse Gruppen »typischer« EFS-Verbüßender aufzuzeigen.
Crystal structure of dimethylbis(diisopropyldithiocarbamato-κ2
S,S′)tin(IV), C16H34N2S4Sn
Authors: Haezam Farah Natasha , Awang Normah , Kamaludin Nurul Farahana , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
C16H34N2S4Sn, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 10.6234(1) Å, b = 16.0898(1) Å, c = 13.2405(1) Å, β = 92.853(1)°, V = 2260.37(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0197, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0513, T = 100(2) K.
Halogen bonding in crystal structure of bis(1,4,7,10-tetraoxacyclododecane-κ4O,O′,O′′,O′′′)cesium triiodide, C16H32CsI3O8
Authors: Bloukh Samir Haj , Edis Zehra 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
C16H32CsI3O8, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 10.7930(5) Å, b = 11.5610(5) Å, c = 12.4880(5) Å, α = 73.050(10)°, β = 88.870(10)°, γ = 66.060(10)°, V = 1353.62(16) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0578, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1875, T = 293(2) K.
Das Klimaschutzprogramm der Bundesregierung: Eine Wende der deutschen Klimapolitik?
Authors: Edenhofer Ottmar , Kalkuhl Matthias , Ockenfels Axel 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Klimaschutzgesetz hat einen Paradigmenwechsel eingeleitet: den Einstieg in eine CO2-Bepreisung als künftiges Leitinstrument der Klimapolitik. Auf den ersten Blick ist der CO2-Preis unter einer Fülle von Fördermaßnahmen und ordnungsrechtlichen Regelungen verschüttet, deren Wirksamkeit und Kosten höchst unsicher sind. Der CO2-Preis ist aber so angelegt, dass er langfristig das dominante Instrument einer europäisch harmonisierten Klimapolitik werden kann. Der angedeutete Paradigmenwechsel der deutschen Klimapolitik öffnet damit die Tür, die europäische und internationale Kooperation zu stärken. Dazu ist es aber notwendig, neben der europäischen auch die globale Klimapolitik neu auszurichten. Auch dort sollten sich die Verhandlungen statt auf nationale Mengenziele auf CO2-Preise konzentrieren. Die erforderliche Kooperation wird möglich, wenn die Regierungen Transferzahlungen strategisch und reziprok nutzen. So könnte die Effektivität der Klimapolitik erhöht werden und es ließen sich die entstehenden Verteilungskonflikte entschärfen.
Age, gender and season dependent 25(OH)D levels in children and adults living in Istanbul
Authors: Yildiz Zeynep , Hürmeydan Özlem , Madenci Özlem Çakır , Orçun Asuman , Yücel Nihal 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
We evaluated population characteristics of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and determined the influence of age, gender and season in an extensive dataset.

Materials and methods
Laboratory results of 103,509 adults and 19,186 children were retrospectively evaluated. Study group was classified regarding ages as; <40, 40–50, 50–60 and >60 years for adults and 0–1, 1–12 months,1–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12, 13–15 and 16–18 years for children. Seasonal values were also determined. Levels were measured by Architect i1000 SR (Abbott Diagnostics, USA).

Results
The median (2.5–97.5 percentiles) of 25(OH)D levels were 38.75 (9.5–158.25) nmol/L for adults and 43.25 (11.25–125.5) nmol/L for children. There were significant gender differences for both adults and children. Values differed significantly among age subgroups (p’s < 0.01). A total of 63% of adults and 59.5% of children had 25(OH)D levels below 50 nmol/L (p < 0.001). 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the winter compared with summer (p’s < 0.001). Even levels in summer were moderate deficient for all group.

Conclusion
The rate of 25(OH)D deficiency was remarkable during the whole year. This will provide large-scale data about 25(OH)D status in Turkish people and may contribute to the prevention and treatment of this condition for better healthcare outcomes.
Revisiting obligatory relatives in German
Authors: Blümel Andreas , Liu Mingya 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the literature on relative clauses (e. g. Alexiadou et al.2000: 4), it is occasionally observed that the German complex definite determiner d-jenige (roughly ‘the one’) must share company with a restrictive relative clause, in contrast to bare determiners der/die/das (Roehrs2006: 213–215; Gunkel2006; Gunkel2007). Previous works such as Sternefeld (2008: 378–379) and Blümel (2011) treat the relative clause as a complement of D to account for its mandatory occurrence. While such syntactic analyses have intuitive appeal, they pose problems for a compositional semantic analysis.
The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we report on two rating studies providing empirical evidence for the obligatoriness of relative clauses in German DPs introduced by the complex determiner d-jenige. Secondly, following Simonenko (2014, 2015), we provide an analysis of the phenomenon at the syntax-semantics interface that captures familiar (Blümel2011) as well as novel related observations. Particularly, the analysis accounts for the facts that postnominal modifiers can figure in d-jenige-DPs and that the element can have anaphoric demonstrative pronominal uses.
Band Gap Adjustment in Perovskite-type Eu1−xCaxTiO3via Ammonolysis
Authors: Widenmeyer Marc , Kohler Tobias , Samolis Margarita , Denko Alexandra T. De , Xiao Xingxing , Xie Wenjie , Osterloh Frank E. , Weidenkaff Anke 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPerovskite-type oxynitridesAB(O,N)3are potential candidates for photoelectrode materials in solar water splitting. A drawback of these materials is their low sintering tendency resulting in low electrical conductivities. Typically, they are prepared by ammonia treatment of insulating, wide band gap oxides. In this study, we propose an approach starting from small band gap oxides Eu1−xCaxTiO3−δand then widen the band gaps in a controlled way by ammonolysis and partial Ca2+substitution. Both together induced a distortion of the octahedral network and dilution of the Eu4fand N2plevels in the valence band. The effect is the stronger the more Ca2+is present. Within the series of samples, Eu0.4Ca0.6Ti(O,N)3had the most suitable optical band gap (EG≈ 2.2 eV) for water oxidation. However, its higher Eu content compared to Eu0.1Ca0.9Ti(O,N)3slowed down the charge carrier dynamics due to enhanced trapping and recombination as expressed by large accumulation (τon) and decay (τoff) times of the photovoltage of up to 109 s and 486 s, respectively. In contrast, the highly Ca2+-substituted samples (x≥ 0.7) were more prone to formation of TiN and oxygen vacancies also leading to Ti3+donor levels below the conduction band. Therefore, a precise control of the ammonolysis temperature is essential, since even small amounts of TiN can suppress the photovoltage generation by fast recombination processes. Water oxidation tests on Eu0.4Ca0.6Ti(O,N)3revealed a formation of 7.5 μmol O2from 50 mg powder together with significant photocorrosion of the bare material. Combining crystal structure, chemical composition, and optical and electronical band gap data, a first simplified model of the electronical band structure of Eu1−xCaxTi(O,N)3could be proposed.
An Erosion Test to Evaluate Moisture Damage of Cement-Treated Base under Dynamic Water Pressure
Authors: Che Tiankai , Pan Baofeng , Sha Dong , Lu Jiale 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Different kinds of testing methods were used in recent studies to evaluate the moisture damage of a cement-treated base. However, these methods were based on the condition of static water, without considering the effect of dynamic water pressure and stress conditions in the pavement, which could not truly reflect the moisture damage process of the pavement base. This study presents details of a new method of evaluating the moisture damage of a cement-treated macadam under dynamic water pressure. Specimens with different curing times (7 d, 14 d, and 28 d) were scoured by means of a self-designed dynamic water scouring system, and the compressive strength was tested after scouring. The results show that most of the damage caused by scouring occurs in the early stage (less than 10 min), which accounts for more than 80 % of the total damage. Although the scouring damage continues in the later period (10∼40 min), the damage process is relatively slow. The results of the compressive test show that both the strength loss and strength loss rate of specimens at 28 d are much smaller than that of 14 d and 7 d. Results reveal that the curing time of the specimens has an essential influence on the scouring resistance.
An Unexpected Dependence of Cortical Depth in Shaping Neural Responsiveness and Selectivity in Mouse Visual Cortex
Authors: O’Herron Philip , Levy Manuel , Woodward John J. , Kara Prakash 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTwo-photon imaging studies in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) consistently report that around half of the neurons respond to oriented grating stimuli. However, in cats and primates, nearly all neurons respond to such stimuli. Here we show that mouse V1 responsiveness and selectivity strongly depends on neuronal depth. Moving from superficial layer 2 down to layer 4, the percentage of visually responsive neurons nearly doubled, ultimately reaching levels similar to what is seen in other species. Over this span, the amplitude of neuronal responses also doubled. Moreover, stimulus selectivity was also modulated, not only with depth but also with response amplitude. Specifically, we found that orientation and direction selectivity were greater in stronger responding neurons, but orientation selectivity decreased with depth whereas direction selectivity increased. Importantly, these depth-dependent trends were found not just between layer 2/3 and layer 4 but at different depths within layer 2/3 itself. Thus, neuronal depth is an important factor to consider when pooling neurons for population analyses. Furthermore, the inability to drive the majority of cells in superficial layer 2/3 of mouse V1 with grating stimuli indicates that there may be fundamental differences in the micro-circuitry and role of V1 between rodents and other mammals.
The Contribution of AMPA and NMDA Receptors to Persistent Firing in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Working Memory
Authors: van Vugt Bram , van Kerkoerle Timo , Vartak Devavrat , Roelfsema Pieter R. 
Published: February 2020

Many tasks demand that information is kept online for a few seconds before it is used to guide behavior. The information is kept in working memory as the persistent firing of neurons encoding the memorized information. The neural mechanisms responsible for persistent activity are not yet well understood. Theories attribute an important role to ionotropic glutamate receptors, and it has been suggested that NMDARs are particularly important for persistent firing because they exhibit long time constants. Ionotropic AMPARs have shorter time constants and have been suggested to play a smaller role in working memory. Here we compared the contribution of AMPARs and NMDARs to persistent firing in the dlPFC of male macaque monkeys performing a delayed saccade to a memorized spatial location. We used iontophoresis to eject small amounts of glutamate receptor antagonists, aiming to perturb, but not abolish, neuronal activity. We found that both AMPARs and NMDARs contributed to persistent activity. Blockers of the NMDARs decreased persistent firing associated with the memory of the neuron's preferred spatial location but had comparatively little effect on the representation of the antipreferred location. They therefore decreased the information conveyed by persistent firing about the memorized location. In contrast, AMPAR blockers decreased activity elicited by the memory of both the preferred and antipreferred location, with a smaller effect on the information conveyed by persistent activity. Our results provide new insights into the contribution of AMPARs and NMDARs to persistent activity during working memory tasks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWorking memory enables us to hold on to information that is no longer available to the senses. It relies on the persistent activity of neurons that code for the memorized information, but the detailed mechanisms are not yet well understood. Here we investigated the role of NMDARs and AMPARs in working memory using iontophoresis of antagonists in the PFC of monkeys remembering the location of a visual stimulus for an eye movement response. AMPARs and NMDARs both contributed to persistent activity. NMDAR blockers mostly decreased persistent firing associated with the memory of the neuron's preferred spatial location, whereas AMPAR blockers caused a more general suppression. These results provide new insight into the contribution of AMPARs and NMDARs to working memory.
Role of Projections between Piriform Cortex and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Relapse to Fentanyl Seeking after Palatable Food Choice-Induced Voluntary Abstinence
Authors: Reiner David J. , Lofaro Olivia M. , Applebey Sarah V. , Korah Hannah , Venniro Marco , Cifani Carlo , Bossert Jennifer M. , Shaham Yavin 
Published: February 2020

We recently developed a rat model of relapse to drug seeking after food choice-induced voluntary abstinence. Here, we used this model to study the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and its afferent projections in relapse to fentanyl seeking. We trained male and female rats to self-administer palatable food pellets for 6 d (6 h/d) and intravenous fentanyl (2.5 μg/kg/infusion) for 12 d (6 h/d). We assessed relapse to fentanyl seeking after 13–14 voluntary abstinence days, achieved through a discrete choice procedure between fentanyl infusions and palatable food (20 trials/d). In both sexes, relapse after food choice-induced abstinence was associated with increased expression of the activity marker Fos in the OFC. Pharmacological inactivation of the OFC with muscimol plus baclofen (50 + 50 ng/side) decreased relapse to fentanyl seeking. We then determined projection-specific activation of OFC afferents during the relapse test by using Fos plus the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B (injected into the OFC). Relapse to fentanyl seeking was associated with increased Fos expression in the piriform cortex (Pir) neurons projecting to the OFC, but not in projections from the basolateral amygdala and thalamus. Pharmacological inactivation of the Pir with muscimol plus baclofen decreased relapse to fentanyl seeking after voluntary abstinence. Next, we used an anatomical disconnection procedure to determine whether projections between the Pir and OFC are critical for relapse to fentanyl seeking. Unilateral muscimol plus baclofen injections into the Pir in one hemisphere plus unilateral muscimol plus baclofen injections into the OFC in the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, hemisphere decreased relapse. Our results identify Pir–OFC projections as a new motivation-related pathway critical to relapse to opioid seeking after voluntary abstinence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThere are few preclinical studies of fentanyl relapse, and these studies have used experimenter-imposed extinction or forced abstinence procedures. In humans, however, abstinence is often voluntary, with drug available in the drug environment but forgone in favor of nondrug alternative reinforcers. We recently developed a rat model of drug relapse after palatable food choice-induced voluntary abstinence. Here, we used classical pharmacology, immunohistochemistry, and retrograde tracing to demonstrate a critical role of the piriform and orbitofrontal cortices in relapse to opioid seeking after voluntary abstinence.
Endothelin-1 predicts incident diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes: a cohort study
Authors: Pek Sharon Li Ting , Lim Su Chi , Ang Keven , Kwan Pek Yee , Tang Wern Ee , Sum Chee Fang , Tavintharan Subramaniam 
Published: February 2020

Introduction
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common microvascular complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Apart from hyperglycemia, few modifiable risk factors have been identified. Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, implicated in the causal pathway of microangiopathy. We investigated whether baseline plasma endothelin-1 and other metabolic and vascular risk factors predicted the incidence of DPN.

Design
This is a 3-year observational, cohort study.

Methods
In patients with T2D (n = 2057), anthropometric data, fasting blood, and urine were collected for biochemistry and urine albumin/creatinine measurements. Forearm cutaneous endothelial reactivity was assessed by iontophoresis and laser Doppler flowmetry/imaging. Measurements were repeated on follow-up. Incident DPN was considered present if an abnormal finding in monofilament (<8 of 10 points) or neurothesiometer testing was ≥25 volts on either foot at 3-year follow-up, but normal at baseline. Plasma endothelin-1 was assessed by ELISA.

Results
At baseline, mean age of patients was 57.4 ± 10.8 years old and prevalence of DPN was 10.8%. Of the 1767 patients without DPN, 1250 patients returned for follow-up assessment ((2.9 ± 0.7) years), with a 10.7% incidence of DPN. Patients with incident DPN had significantly higher baseline endothelin-1 (1.43 (1.19–1.73) vs 1.30 (1.06–1.63)) pg/mL, P < 0.0001. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards ratio showed a 1-s.d. increase in log endothelin-1 (adjusted HR: 4.345 (1.451–13.009), P = 0.009), systolic blood pressure (per 10-unit) (adjusted HR: 1.107 (1.001–1.223), P = 0.047) and diabetes duration (adjusted HR: 1.025 (1.004–1.047), P = 0.017) predicted incident DPN, after adjustment for glycemic control, eGFR, albuminuria, peripheral arterial disease and retinopathy status.

Conclusion
Higher baseline endothelin-1, blood pressure and diabetes duration were significant and independent predictors for incident DPN. Validation of our findings in independent cohorts and molecular mechanistic studies will help better our understanding on the role of endothelin-1 in DPN.