bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the effect of curves on distance running performance
Authors: Taboga Paolo , Kram Rodger 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundAlthough straight ahead running appears to be faster, distance running races are predominately contested on tracks or roads that involve curves. How much faster could world records be run on straight courses?MethodsHere,we propose a model to explain the slower times observed for races involving curves compared to straight running. For a given running velocity, on a curve, the average axial leg force (${\overline{F}}_{a}$) of a runner is increased due to the need to exert centripetal force. The increased ${\overline{F}}_{a}$ presumably requires a greater rate of metabolic energy expenditure than straight running at the same velocity. We assumed that distance runners maintain a constant metabolic rate and thus slow down on curves accordingly. We combined published equations to estimate the change in the rate of gross metabolic energy expenditure as a function of ${\overline{F}}_{a}$, where ${\overline{F}}_{a}$ depends on curve radius and velocity, with an equation for the gross rate of oxygen uptake as a function of velocity. We compared performances between straight courses and courses with different curve radii and geometries.ResultsThe differences between our model predictions and the actual indoor world records, are between 0.45% in 3,000 m and 1.78% in the 1,500 m for males, and 0.59% in the 5,000 m and 1.76% in the 3,000 m for females. We estimate that a 2:01:39 marathon on a 400 m track, corresponds to 2:01:32 on a straight path and to 2:02:00 on a 200 m track.ConclusionOur model predicts that compared to straight racecourses, the increased time due to curves, is notable for smaller curve radii and for faster velocities. But, for larger radii and slower speeds, the time increase is negligible and the general perception of the magnitude of the effects of curves on road racing performance is not supported by our calculations.
Production and characteristics of fish protein hydrolysate from parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) head
Authors: Prihanto Asep A. , Nurdiani Rahmi , Bagus Annas D. 
Published: December 2019

Background
Fish byproducts are commonly recognized as low-value resources. In order to increase the value, fish byproducts need to be converted into new products with high functionality such as fish protein hydrolysate (FPH). In this study, FPH manufactured from parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) heads using different pH, time and sample ratio was investigated.

Methods
Hydrolysis reactions were conducted under different pHs (5, 7, and 9) and over different durations (12 and 24 h). Control treatment (without pH adjustment (pH 6.4)) and 0 h hydrolsisis duration were applied. Hydrolysates were characterized with respect to proximate composition, amino acid profile, and molecular weight distribution. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysate was also observed.

Results
The pH and duration of hydrolysis significantly affected (p < 0.05) the characteristics of FPH. The highest yield of hydrolysate (49.04 ± 0.90%), with a degree of hydrolysis of 30.65 ± 1.82%, was obtained at pH 9 after 24 h incubation. In addition, the FPH had high antioxidant activity (58.20 ± 0.55%), with a high level of essential amino acids. Results suggested that FPH produced using endogenous enzymes represents a promising additive for food and industrial applications.
Epidermal Cell Sheet Transplantation on an Anastomotic Site of the Small Intestine in an Experimental Animal Model
Authors: Bamba Yoshiko , Kanai Nobuo , Kobayashi Shinichiro , Shindo Hironari , Kameoka Shingo , Yamamoto Masakazu 
Published: December 2019

Objective:
The present study was performed to examine the effects of anastomotic site tissue reconstruction by transplantation of epidermal cell sheets onto the small intestine in an animal model. Cell sheet engineering using cell sheets are used to construct monolayers and bilayers, which are then transplanted into organs. Clinical trials of the application of cell sheets to the cornea, esophagus, lung, and heart muscle are currently underway.

Methods:
The small intestine in female pig (20 kg) was cut 1.5 cm vertically at 6 points at 10-cm intervals, and Gambee sutures were applied at 5-mm intervals. The suture line was covered by epidermal cell sheets. Resection was performed 1 week after the operation.

Results:
Cell sheets applied to sutures in the small intestine survived and differentiated 1 week after transplantation. The small intestine showed marked thickening in the region of cell sheet transplantation, and the amount of connective tissue in the transplanted specimens was 2.54 times that in controls.

Conclusions:
Further studies are necessary to identify the strength of anastomosis and substances that may enhance collagen synthesis and healing at sites of anastomosis.
Bridge Essay: The Ethical Turn
Authors: Clossey Luke 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Since the eighteenth‐century European Enlightenment, scholars have repeatedly identified an “Axial Age” around 500
bce
in which common ethical values had developed across Eurasia. After a survey of the scholarly debates about the Axial Age, this chapter presents an example story that appears both in the TaNaKH (Hebrew scriptures) and the Buddhist
jataka
(
jātaka
) tales, the “Judgement of Mahosadha/Solomon.” Three literary features distinguish Axial Age texts: imagery serving a pedagogical purpose, verbal irony, and a protagonist most essentially identified with ethical concerns.
The Gospel in Ancient Mediterranean Context
Authors: Batten Alicia J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe “gospel” simply meant “good news” in ancient Greek, and it is used by a variety of writers within Mediterranean antiquity. Eventually, some written documents were produced and known as “gospels” within the Christian tradition. These gospels share parallels, both in form and content, with other literatures of the Mediterranean basin. In this respect, we can think of the gospels as ancient world literature. This chapter addresses some of these parallels and provides an introduction to the gospels, especially those found within the New Testament canon. In addition, the chapter points to a couple of areas where the gospels are unusual and differ from those ideas and expectations that were widespread in Mediterranean antiquity.
Augustine'sConfessions: Beyond Aesthetics, Ethics, and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Pollmann Karla 
Published: December 2019

AbstractShortly after his ordination as bishop, Augustine of Hippo (354–430), arguably the most influential early Christian thinker of the Western part of the Roman Empire, wrote theConfessions, a work that narrates his relentless quest for the meaning of life, which for him equates with finding ultimate truth and God. His raw honesty about his own failures that also continue after his final conversion to Christianity, his vivid, passionate style of self‐interrogation within the frame of the cosmic drama of humanity's fall and salvation, and his highly original insights into human psychology, including a psychologized notion of time and memory, have captured the imagination of readers through the centuries. Defying traditional modes of literary categorization, theConfessionshave invited rich responses by philosophers like Jean‐Jacques Rousseau, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jacques Derrida, artists like Giovanni Boccaccio, composers from Johann Adolf Hasse to Louis Andriessen, and film directors like Roberto Rossellini.
Apocalyptic Literature in the Global Imagination
Authors: DiTommaso Lorenzo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractApocalyptic literature is seldom discussed in the context of world literature, and apocalyptic writings are rarely, if ever considered part of its content. This is surprising, since apocalyptic literature is able to cross linguistic, social, and cultural boundaries with ease, while several premodern apocalyptic texts and perhaps twice as many modern ones merit inclusion in the canon. Some apocalyptic works are admitted because of their cultural influence and global readership. Others qualify as world literature by virtue of their literary excellence and ability to speak to the human condition in a way that transcends their original social and cultural contexts.
“Transcending the World” in World Literature: The Upanishads
Authors: Lindquist Steven E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIf “world literature” is a type of literary production that is both novel in form and content and enduring in impact and importance, then the Upanishads (Upaniṣads) qualify as one of the most significant early contributions from the Indian subcontinent. The Upanishads (through exposition, narrative, and verse) are the first texts to introduce and explore key ideas in Hindu religious thought, such as asceticism,moksha(mokṣa, “liberation”), and rebirth within the context of exploring the position of the human being in a hierarchically interlinked cosmos. The Upanishads are key historical and literary documents as well as a living literature.
The Imperial Poetics of Ancient Bucolic
Authors: Reed Jay 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBucolic, a tradition of ancient Greek and Latin poetry deriving from certain works of Theocritus, emerges in a period of literary experimentation and reconsolidation of the Greek cultural past. The period after Theocritus sees a codification of dialogues about idealized herdsmen, modeled on a subset of his poems; a still later Greek tradition expands the thematic repertory under the same linguistic and metrical features. Vergil brings the type into Latin with an emphasis on the political position of poetry in an increasingly autocratic Rome, and later Roman bucolic poets respond in different ways to those concerns.
The Septuagint as World Literature
Authors: Joosten Jan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThree aspects of the Septuagint assign it a place in world literature. First, the Septuagint is arguably the most famous translation in human history; one might say it came to incarnate the idea of translation as such. Second, the Septuagint created a unique form of discourse that proved fruitful into late antiquity and beyond, particularly in Christian literature. Third, some of the non‐translated books in the corpus, such as Judith or Wisdom of Solomon, would on their own justify the label of world literature for the Septuagint.
Sinuhe: A Fugitive from AncientEgypt
Authors: Enmarch Roland 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Tale of Sinuhewas written in the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (c. 1975–1640bce). It is the tale of an Egyptian courtier who, in a moment of abject terror during a political crisis, deserts his Egyptian lord, and abandons Egyptian culture and Egypt itself. He travels into Syria‐Palestine, and builds a new life for himself as a tribal leader among foreign peoples, adopting local culture. The vividly told tale is an exciting story of adventure in foreign climes, but it is also a profound reflection on what it means to be an Egyptian, and an examination of the complex (and often incomprehensible) motivations that drive human action. The ancient Egyptians considered this tale to be one of the “classic” literary works of their culture, and read it over a period of at least 750 years.
Homer'sIliadandOdyssey: Poems of Many Turnings
Authors: Martin Richard P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe complex and varied pathways that brought Homeric epic from its beginnings on the coast of Asia Minor to worldwide appreciation involved changes of media (oral transmission to papyrus scrolls to handwritten manuscripts to printed texts and ultimately paperbacks and digital editions), empires (Athenian, Roman, Byzantine), continents, and languages. This chapter traces key stages in the journey of Homer from the eighth centurybceto the twenty‐first centuryce, and asks what features of theIliadandOdysseymay have prepared the poems for globally broad reception.
Sophocles: Greek Poet, World Classic
Authors: Finglass P.J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines Sophocles, one of the three famous tragic poets from classical Greece, from the perspective of world literature. It gives a brief account of the context of his life and writings, before investigating the process whereby Sophocles' works grew to be appreciated across so many centuries and so many cultures. It begins by looking at the spread of Sophoclean tragedy across the Greek world, something that began in Sophocles' own day. It then considers the Romans' engagement with Sophocles, including at the funeral games for Julius Caesar, before analyzing the place of Sophocles in the Byzantine Empire, as well as noting early Arab contact with his works via an Arabic translation of Aristotle'sPoetics. Finally, the chapter pursues the story past the coming of the printing press down to the modern world, surveying the engagement withAntigoneand the fragmentary playThe Trackersby translators and producers from a variety of different cultures.
Bridge Essay: From Epic to Lyric
Authors: Konstan David 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLyric has been interpreted as the medium or genre in which subjectivity is expressed, in comparison with the objective, third‐person nature of epic, and even as the form in which the modern concept of the “self ” first found expression. It is argued here that the distinctive quality of lyric is that it may be readily performed by almost anyone, whether sung (when set to music) or recited, and allows the performer to become, as it were, the subject of the poem.
Hanshan and the Skillful Means of Buddhist Verse
Authors: Rouzer Paul 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The 300 poems attributed to the Chinese recluse Hanshan (Cold Mountain) have become the most popular representatives of traditional Chinese verse for North American readers since the appearance of Gary Snyder's translations in the 1950s. An investigation into the poems themselves and the history of their reception reveal a complex intermingling of literary and religious factors: a body of poems likely written by a number of poets on Chinese folk themes came to be embraced by Zen monastics and lay believers, who read them allegorically and didactically as the teachings of a bodhisattva. Modern North American enthusiasts, on the other hand, relate his poems to countercultural and environmental movements and continue to see him as a representative of ecopoetic concerns.
“He Has Come, Visible and Hidden”: Jalal al‐Din Rumi's Poetic Presence and Past
Authors: Lynch Matthew B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the life, works, and influence of Jalal al‐Din Rumi (Jalāl al‐Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī), the Persian mystic poet and teacher. Themes of Sufism and mysticism, as well as poetic style and form, are examined alongside sociocultural context. Issues related to hybridity, intertextuality, cultural transfer, and translation are discussed. Rumi is situated within his own community, and alongside other well‐known Persian poets. His collected poems and his main epic work are described on thematic, structural, and formal levels. His reception amongst both Muslim audiences and non‐Muslim European audiences is examined to demonstrate the difference between literary and “spiritual” usage and popularization of his poetry in comparison with the Sufi and courtly audiences where his work was long utilized. Ultimately, a description of the contemporary landscape with regard to Rumi, his writings, and ideas is given.
Meister Eckhart: From Latin Scholasticism toGerman Mysticism
Authors: Dobie Robert J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores the key themes, influences, and subsequent reception of the works and thought of one of the most prominent mystical thinkers and theologians of the High Middle Ages, Meister Eckhart. In particular, it looks at how Eckhart, as a “bilingual thinker” in both the scholarly Latin and vernacular German of his day, translated not only verbally but also conceptually medieval High Scholasticism into the inner life of the soul's union with God. Thus, in his writings, the philosophical and theological insights of Scholasticism become dynamic moments in the soul's journey into its inner ground, which it shares with the very divine Godhead itself.
Bridge Essay: Gender and Representation: New Approaches to Medieval Literature
Authors: McGerr Rosemarie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStudy of the relationship of gender and representation in medieval literature has grown significantly since the 1970s. While current theories, which highlight the socially constructed and unstable nature of gender, subjectivity, and representation, might seem to have few links with medieval cultures, scholars are showing that these approaches are productive tools for analyzing medieval texts. Recent studies have challenged the assumption that medieval texts define gender primarily in binary terms, shown how medieval texts highlight the role of performance in gender and representation, and offered comparative readings that bring attention to the importance of medieval literature in exploring gender and representation in world literature. As a result, we understand that many medieval texts participate in interrogations of gender and representation similar to those in later literatures.
Al‐Khansaʾ: Representing the First‐Person Feminine
Authors: Hammond Marlé 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe seventh‐century Arabic poet al‐Khansaʾ (al‐Khansāʾ) composed lamentations that simultaneously celebrate patriarchal values and endow the female voice with a formidable subjective agency. This chapter contemplates the construction of such an elegiac voice through the analytical lens of grammatical gender and asks what the specificities of Arabic grammar and al‐Khansaʾ's skillful manipulation of its codes can contribute to universal notions of women's writing. It concludes that the complex rules of gender agreement that characterize Arabic, far from entrapping women in a stifling binary system, enable women to choose between marking their voices as decidedly feminine and leaving them conspicuously unmarked.
Hafez of Shiraz, Constantinople, and
Weltliteratur
Authors: Shamel Mir Shafiq 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

This chapter discusses the formal qualities, intellectual tendencies, and the existential conception of being in Hafez's poetry. It further situates the Diwan of Hafez (
Dīvān‐e Hāfez
), the collected poems (ghazals) of the fourteenth‐century Persian poet Hafez (1320– 1389), in relation to classical Persian poetry and poetics. A brief overview of selected critical approaches to Hafez's poetry illustrates some of the major concerns in Hafez scholarship. Furthermore, it explores the relevance of Hafez's poetry for the emergence of the idea of world literature in the context of the translation of Hafez's poetry into European languages, Goethe's
West‐Eastern Divan
, and the cross‐national dimension of Hafez's poetry today.
The Secular Wisdom ofKalila and Dimna
Authors: Mallette Karla 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter surveysKalila and Dimna, a work of wisdom literature which traveled across the Eurasian continent, translated into multiple languages, between late antiquity and the early modern era. It considers the scope, range, and aims of the work, arguing thatKalila and Dimnais a secular work which (like many religious writings of the Middle Ages) aims to summarize and teach ethical truths. The chapter summarizes the transmission history of the narrative, from the Sanskrit original, probably written about 300ce, through Arabic, Greek, Latin, and European vernacular versions, to the Italian versions that brought the book into the era of print.
Bridge Essay: Epic and Community: Heroism, Myth, and Memory across Cultures
Authors: Welch Anthony 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

This brief study of epic literature composed between 600 and 1400
ce
traces several patterns of social and cultural transition that shaped heroic fictions in diverse regions around the globe. Nomadic peoples established fixed settlements and developed complex new perspectives on their migratory ancestors. With the spread of literacy in Europe and Asia, oral heroic narratives were written down and refashioned by literate elites. Local clans and kinship networks were amalgamated into larger political or religious blocs, reshaping older models of identity, shifting the axes of ideological conflict, and redefining heroic warfare. A premodern commercial revolution, characterized by long‐distance travel, trade, and intercultural contact, widened the cultural horizons of the old heroic tales to create new forms of literary expression.
Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe
Authors: Fallon Ann Marie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Robinson Crusoe
is often cited as the first novel in the English language. But Defoe's novel can better be understood as part of an early tradition of world literature that reflects a rapidly changing global economy in the early eighteenth century. In a tradition of long prose fiction, Defoe cites and revises a global literary experience for a local English market. He draws upon a newly emergent London publishing culture that offers new readers translations of stories from around the world. The appeal of the novel quickly outpaces the national and linguistic boundary of England and offers writers and readers across the globe a common experience of both the isolation of modernity and the unexpected connections.
Leo Tolstoy: Toward an Emotionally Infectious World Literature
Authors: Foster John Burt 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

War and Peace
and
Anna Karenina
are often celebrated as world classics; but in
What Is Art?
, where Tolstoy explained his own position on world literature, he rejected both works as “bad art.” This chapter examines both his key criterion of emotional infectiousness and some of the unspoken assumptions behind his self‐critique, as well as the controversy over his failure to receive the first Nobel Prize in Literature. Since Tolstoy exaggerates the weaknesses of his long fictions, this chapter assesses their strengths in light of his own standards and of their affinities with the literature of intimate life, while taking account of genre terms like epic, fable, and the Russian categories of
roman
and
povest'
. Also considered are several of Tolstoy's longer short fictions, like “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” and
Hadji Murat
, and the ways that his view of world literature compares with Goethe's better‐known idea of
Weltliteratur
.
George Eliot's Impact as Novelist and Critic on World Literature
Authors: Rignall John 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWith her knowledge of classical and modern languages, George Eliot ranged widely across European literature as an essayist and critic before she turned to fiction, and, with her translations and her essays on Goethe and Heine, she was an important mediator of German literature and thought to the English‐speaking world. Committed to realism, her fiction focuses mainly on provincial England but reaches out to a wider world through the discourse of the narrator and allusions to foreign literature.Middlemarchharks back to Cervantes and belongs withMadame BovaryandAnna Kareninaas a great realist novel exploring the predicament of woman.Daniel Derondaranges more widely by exploring Jewish life and culture and a cosmopolitan society in the age of imperialism in ways that anticipate modernism. Widely translated, Eliot has attained a world readership and made her mark on later writers such as Proust.