bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovering Rhetoric Agreement between a Request and Response
Authors: Galitsky Boris 
Published: October 2020

To support a natural flow of a conversation between humans and automated agents, rhetoric structures of each message has to be analyzed. We classify a pair of paragraphs of text as appropriate for one to follow another, or inappropriate, based on both topic and communicative discourse considerations. To represent a multi-sentence message with respect to how it should follow a previous message in a conversation or dialogue, we build an extension of a discourse tree for it. Extended discourse tree is based on a discourse tree for RST relations with labels for communicative actions, and also additional arcs for anaphora and ontology-based relations for entities. We refer to such trees as Communicative Discourse Trees (CDTs). We explore syntactic and discourse features that are indicative of correct vs incorrect request-response or question-answer pairs. Two learning frameworks are used to recognize such correct pairs: deterministic, nearest-neighbor learning of CDTs as graphs, and a tree kernel learning of CDTs, where a feature space of all CDT sub-trees is subject to SVM learning. We form the positive training set from the correct pairs obtained from Yahoo Answers, social network, corporate conversations including Enron emails, customer complaints and interviews by journalists. The corresponding negative training set is artificially created by attaching responses for different, inappropriate requests that include relevant keywords. The evaluation showed that it is possible to recognize valid pairs in 70% of cases in the domains of weak request-response agreement and 80% of cases in the domains of strong agreement, which is essential to support automated conversations. These accuracies are comparable with the benchmark task of classification of discourse trees themselves as valid or invalid, and also with classification of multi-sentence answers in factoid question-answering systems. The applicability of proposed machinery to the problem of chatbots, social chats and programming via NL is demonstrated. We conclude that learning rhetoric structures in the form of CDTs is the key source of data to support answering complex questions, chatbots and dialogue management.
Towards Integration of Cognitive Models in Dialogue Management: Designing the Virtual Negotiation Coach Application
Authors: Malchanau Andrei , Petukhova Volha , Bunt Harry 
Published: October 2020

This paper presents an approach to flexible and adaptive dialogue management driven by cognitive modelling of human dialogue behaviour. Artificial intelligent agents, based on the ACT-R cognitive architecture, together with human actors are participating in a (meta)cognitive skills training within a negotiation scenario. The agent employs instance-based learning to decide about its own actions and to reflect on the behaviour of the opponent. We show that task-related actions can be handled by a cognitive agent who is a plausible dialogue partner. Separating task-related and dialogue control actions enables the application of sophisticated models along with a flexible architecture in which various alternative modelling methods can be combined. We evaluated the proposed approach with users assessing the relative contribution of various factors to the overall usability of a dialogue system. Subjective perception of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction were correlated with various objective performance metrics, e.g. number of (in)appropriate system responses, recovery strategies, and interaction pace. It was observed that the dialogue system usability is determined most by the quality of agreements reached in terms of estimated Pareto optimality, by the user's negotiation strategies selected, and by the quality of system recognition, interpretation and responses. We compared human-human and human-agent performance with respect to the number and quality of agreements reached, estimated cooperativeness level, and frequency of accepted negative outcomes. Evaluation experiments showed promising, consistently positive results throughout the range of the relevant scales.
Shards of the Shoah in R. B. Kitaj's Painting If Not, Not (1976)
Authors: Frankel Hazel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article discusses R. B. Kitaj's painting If Not, Not (1976) with reference to issues of aesthetic representation of the Holocaust, in which Kitaj creates a cultural site for bearing witness for the Jewish victims. Striving to depict the unimaginable, Kitaj's method endorses meaning. Juxtaposing ambiguous, discordant images, he evokes a broken modern world and serves traumatic memory.
The Content, Purification Degree, and Molecular Weight of Inulin of Natural Dangshen Roots (Codonopsis javanica) in Highland Lam Vien, Vietnam
Authors: Long Nguyen Thi Thang , Boi Vu Ngoc , Cuong Dang Xuan 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Inulins are a group of natural active polysaccharides found in ginseng and dangshen and mainly used in pharmaceutical preparations and functional food. The purification condition of inulin from dangshen grown in Vietnam did not occur in previous studies. Hence, the study presented on the content, purification degree, molecular weight, and functional group characteristics of inulin extracted from natural dangshen roots (Codonopsis javanica) in other purification conditions.
Methods: Some factors survey impact purification conditions of inulin, for example, the kinds and the concentration of the solvent, the temperature and the times of the precipitation, and the active coal impact. The objects such as the content of inulin, fructan, and crude polysaccharide, purification degree of inulin, and fructan were analyzed. Molecular weight and functional group characteristics of purification inulin extracted from dangshen roots (Codonopsis javanica) grown in highland Lam Vien, Vietnam, were also analyzed.
Results: The purification degree of inulin purified by using ethanol was higher than that using active coal, corresponding to 97.85a ± 0.84 % and 94.05 %, respectively. Inulin content was the large ratio in crude polysaccharide, exhibited via FTIR and the analysis results. Inulin and fructan were the most precipitated in ethanol, for example, 80 % and 90 % ethanol, respectively, compared to another solvent. The kinds and the concentration of the solvent, the temperature and the precipitation times, and active coal impacted the content and the purification degree of inulin and fructan (p < 0.05). The precipitation of inulin and fructan in ethanol solvent was affected by the temperature. The molecular weight of inulin and fructan corresponded to 3,193 Da and 1,112,892 Da, respectively.
Conclusion: Inulin of natural dangshen roots in Lam Vien highland, Vietnam was useful for functional foods and pharmaceutics.
How chromosome topologies get their shape: views from proximity ligation and microscopy methods
Authors: Huang Yike , Neijts Roel , de Laat Wouter 
Published: October 2020

The 3D organization of our genome is an important determinant for the transcriptional output of a gene in (patho)physiological contexts. The spatial organization of linear chromosomes within nucleus is dominantly inferred using two distinct approaches, chromosome conformation capture (3C) and DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (DNA–FISH). While 3C and its derivatives score genomic interaction frequencies based on proximity ligation events, DNA–FISH methods measure physical distances between genomic loci. Despite these approaches probe different characteristics of chromosomal topologies, they provide a coherent picture of how chromosomes are organized in higher‐order structures encompassing chromosome territories, compartments, and topologically associating domains. Yet, at the finer topological level of promoter–enhancer communication, the imaging‐centered and the 3C methods give more divergent and sometimes seemingly paradoxical results. Here, we compare and contrast observations made applying visual DNA–FISH and molecular 3C approaches. We emphasize that the 3C approach, due to its inherently competitive ligation step, measures only ‘relative’ proximities. A 3C interaction enriched between loci, therefore does not necessarily translates into a decrease in absolute spatial distance. Hence, we advocate caution when modeling chromosome conformations.
Effect of Housing Act drafting activity on the formulation process of the “Report of the Housing Measures Committee”: A study on the discussion and research in the process of establishing housing policy during World War II (1)
Authors: Horiuchi Keisuke , Nakae Ken 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDuring World War II, the measures to address housing shortage were drafted by the Housing Measures Committee (HMC). Studying this committee is important because, at that time, the model of Japanese housing policy was formed. At the same time, the Housing Policy Researching Committee of Dojunkai (HPRCD) attempted to draft the Housing Act, including concepts of housing statistics, housing standardization, housing inspection, and housing supply. This paper presents the process of formulating the “Report of the HMC” and its significance in the history of Japanese housing policy by associating the activities of HPRCD with the “Report of the HMC.”
Evaluation of Improvement in Skin and Nail Psoriasis in Bio‐naïve Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis Treated With Golimumab: Results Through Week 52 of the GO‐VIBRANT Study
Authors: Mease Philip , Elaine Husni M. , Chakravarty Soumya D. , Kafka Shelly , Parenti Dennis , Kim Lilianne , Hung Lo Kim , Hsia Elizabeth C. , Kavanaugh Arthur 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether intravenous (IV) golimumab produces improvements in skin and nail symptoms that are concomitant with improvements in quality of life (QoL) and joint symptoms in patients with psoriatic arthritis.MethodsPatients were randomized to either IV golimumab 2 mg/kg at weeks 0, 4, then every 8 weeks (q8w) through week 52 or placebo at weeks 0, 4, then q8w, with crossover to IV golimumab 2 mg/kg at weeks 24, 28, and then q8w through week 52. Assessments included Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) rheumatoid arthritis response criteria.ResultsThrough week 24, achievement of PASI 75/90/100 responses (P ≤ .0098) and mean improvements in mNAPSI (−11.4 vs −3.7; P < .0001) and DLQI (−9.8 vs −2.9; P < .0001) were significantly greater with golimumab versus placebo. Responses were maintained in patients treated with golimumab through week 52. In placebo‐crossover patients, increases in the proportion of patients achieving PASI 75/90/100 responses were observed from weeks 24 to 52, and mean improvements in mNAPSI (from −3.7 to −12.9) and DLQI (from −2.9 to −7.8) increased from weeks 24 to 52. Simultaneous achievement of PASI and DLQI responses, PASI and ACR responses, and mNAPSI and DLQI responses were also observed. Similar responses were observed for all assessments regardless of concomitant methotrexate use.ConclusionImprovements in skin and nail psoriasis symptoms with IV golimumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis were concomitant with improvements in QoL and arthritis disease activity through 1 year.
Predicting Metabolism‐Related Drug–Drug Interactions Using a Microphysiological Multitissue System
Authors: Lohasz Christian , Bonanini Flavio , Hoelting Lisa , Renggli Kasper , Frey Olivier , Hierlemann Andreas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDrug–drug interactions (DDIs) occur when the pharmacological activity of one drug is altered by a second drug. As multimorbidity and polypharmacotherapy are becoming more common due to the increasing age of the population, the risk of DDIs is massively increasing. Therefore, in vitro testing methods are needed to capture such multiorgan events. Here, a scalable, gravity‐driven microfluidic system featuring 3D microtissues (MTs) that represent different organs for the prediction of drug–drug interactions is used. Human liver microtissues (hLiMTs) are combined with tumor microtissues (TuMTs) and treated with drug combinations that are known to cause DDIs in vivo. The testing system is able to capture and quantify DDIs upon co‐administration of the anticancer prodrugs cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide with the antiretroviral drug ritonavir. Dosage of ritonavir inhibits hepatic metabolization of the two prodrugs to different extents and decreases their efficacy in acting on TuMTs. The flexible MT compartment design of the system, the use of polystyrene as chip material, and the assembly of several chips in stackable plates offer the potential to significantly advance preclinical substance testing. The possibility of testing a broad variety of drug combinations to identify possible DDIs will improve the drug development process and increase patient safety.
Ligand Density Controls C‐Type Lectin‐Like Molecule‐1 Receptor–Specific Uptake of Polymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Ackun‐Farmmer Marian A. , Alatise Kharimat L. , Cross Griffin , Benoit Danielle S. W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe newest generation of drug delivery systems (DDSs) exploits ligands to mediate specific targeting of cells and/or tissues. However, studies investigating the link between ligand density and nanoparticle (NP) uptake are limited to a small number of ligand‐receptor systems. C‐type lectin‐like molecule‐1 (CLL1) is uniquely expressed on myeloid cells, which enables the development of receptors specifically targeting treat various diseases. This study aims to investigate how NPs with different CLL1 targeting peptide density impact cellular uptake. To this end, poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride)‐b‐poly(styrene) NPs are functionalized with cyclized CLL1 binding peptides (cCBP) ranging from 240 ± 12 to 31 000 ± 940 peptides per NP. Unexpectedly, the percentage of cells with internalized NPs is decreased for all cCBP‐NP designs regardless of ligand density compared to unmodified NPs. Internalization through CLL1 receptor‐mediated processes is further investigated without confounding the effects of NP size and surface charge. Interestingly, high density cCBP‐NPs (>7000 cCBP per NP) uptake is dominated by CLL1 receptor‐mediated processes while low density cCBP‐NPs (≈200 cCBP per NP) and untargeted NP occurred through non‐specific clathrin and caveolin‐mediated endocytosis. Altogether, these studies show that ligand density and uptake mechanism should be carefully investigated for specific ligand‐receptor systems for the design of targeted DDSs to achieve effective drug delivery.
Hydrothermal and Pyrolytic Conversion of Biomasses into Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Treatments
Authors: He Xi , Zheng Ningchao , Hu Ruiting , Hu Zhuofeng , Yu Jimmy C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBiomasses are very important natural products. Transferring biomass into catalysts for the advanced oxidation process (AOP) via heat treatment has attracted extensive attention. This review systematically introduces and summarizes two kinds of innovative biomass‐based catalysts according to the treating temperature. At low temperature (<300 °C), biomasses are converted into hydrothermal carbonation carbon (HTCC) with semiconductive properties for photocatalysis application. At high temperature (>300 °C), by contrast, the products lose their semiconductive nature and become a conductive carbon‐based conductor (biochar). They usually work as AOP catalysts by activating oxidant of O2, H2O2, and peroxysulfate for environmental treatment. This review summarizes and compares HTCC and biochar according to their formation process, structure, catalytic mechanism, and key points for the activity enhancement. The active units in HTCC are the sp2‐hybridized polyfuran unit while those in biochar are the persistent free radicals, nitrogen‐containing unit, or defects. HTCC converts water into OH radicals by using the photoexcited electron/hole pairs induced by solar illumination, while biochar activates oxidants via the active unit on its surface. More importantly, this review summarizes and demonstrates the key points to obtain high‐efficiency HTCC and biochar catalysts. Finally, conclusions are drawn and the future aspects for biomass‐based catalysis are given.
Nanopore Confinement of Electrocatalysts Optimizing Triple Transport for an Ultrahigh‐Power‐Density Zinc–Air Fuel Cell with Robust Stability
Authors: Zhou Tianpei , Shan Huan , Yu Hao , Zhong Cheng'an , Ge Jiankai , Zhang Nan , Chu Wangsheng , Yan Wensheng , Xu Qian , Wu Heng'an , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMetal–air fuel cells with high energy density, eco‐friendliness, and low cost bring significantly high security to future power systems. However, the impending challenges of low power density and high‐current‐density stability limit their widespread applications. In this study, an ultrahigh‐power‐density Zn–air fuel cell with robust stability is highlighted. Benefiting from the water‐resistance effect of the confined nanopores, the highly active cobalt cluster electrocatalysts reside in specific nanopores and possess stable triple‐phase reaction areas, leading to the synergistic optimization of electron conduction, oxygen gas diffusion, and ion transport for electrocatalysis. As a result, the as‐established Zn–air fuel cell shows the best stability under high‐current‐density discharging (>90 h at 100 mA cm−2) and superior power density (peak power density: >300 mW cm−2, specific power: 500 Wgcat−1) compared to most reported non‐noble‐metal electrocatalysts. The findings will provide new insights in the rational design of electrocatalysts for advanced metal–air fuel cell systems.
Controlled Production of MoS2 Full‐Scale Nanosheets and Their Strong Size Effects
Authors: Liang Cheng , Sui Xinyu , Wang Aocheng , Chang Jinquan , Wang Weibiao , Chen Zhexue , Jiang Wenyu , Ma Yanhong , Zhang Jianqi , Liu Xinfeng , Zhang Yong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe production of 2D nanosheets (2D NSs) with all sizes (1–100 nm) and few (<10) layers is highly desired but remains great challenge. Herein, the top‐down production of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) NSs with wide‐range (161–10 nm) controlled sizes is reported. Considering the recently achieved MoS2 quantum sheets (QSs) with sizes of ≈2 nm, full‐scale NSs of MoS2 are successfully produced. The top‐down method combines silica‐assisted ball‐milling and sonication‐assisted solvent exfoliation. Ball‐milling with controlled time enables the production of multiscale NSs with varying distributions, which are then precisely separated by cascade centrifugation. Multiple spectroscopic techniques reveal the dramatic size dependence, indicating prominent quantum confinement and edge effects of the MoS2 NSs. The NSs‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) hybrid thin films demonstrate strong size effects in nonlinear saturation absorption (NSA). Both (absolute) modulation depths and saturation intensities can be broadly modulated by simple variation of the NS sizes. With the sizes down from 161 to 10 nm, the modulation depths are increased from 27.0% to 51.3% and the saturation intensities are decreased from 33 419 to 21.2 kW cm−2 (3341.9–2.12 nJ cm−2). The work greatly facilitates the mass production and full exploration of 2D NSs with all sizes.
Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Catalysts
Authors: Jeon Jong‐Pil , Kweon Do Hyung , Jang Boo Jae , Ju Myung Jong , Baek Jong‐Beom 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo address energy and environmental problems, innumerable titanium dioxide (TiO2)‐based photocatalysts have been reported over the last four decades. TiO2 has attracted immense interest because it is low‐cost, abundant, and photoresponsive. Sunlight‐driven fuel production is one of the ideal photocatalytic approaches in terms of economics and the environment. However, performance issues with TiO2 photocatalysts remain, including insufficient charge separation due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, and poor utilization of light, because of the material's wide bandgap. To be economically efficient, TiO2 photocatalysts responsive to visible light are essential. Many researchers have investigated effective modification methods for this purpose. Numerous studies have focused on enhancing photocatalytic activity by modifying TiO2. Methods include combining TiO2 with noble metals, incorporating metals or nonmetals, and introducing vacancies by chemical and physical methods. In addition, many studies have also been conducted to comprehensively determine the underlying reaction mechanisms, and thus guide future research directions. This Review aims to understand the basic principles of photolysis, to summarize recent research trends, to envision future research directions, and to help the development of a new type of TiO2‐based photocatalysts for enhanced solar energy conversion efficiency.
Dendritic Fibrous Nanosilica Hybrid Materials with Near‐Infrared Emission as Multifunctional Sensors for Toxic Pollutants
Authors: Chatterjee Sobhan , Lou Xin‐Yue , Wang Yan , Liang Feng , Yang Ying‐Wei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTwo dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS)‐based hybrid materials (DFNS‐PDI‐NR and DFNS‐MDI‐NR) with superior near‐infrared (NIR) emission are developed. Based on the J‐aggregate of neutral red (NR) modified on the surfaces of DFNS, the hybrid materials possess a narrow redshifted emission band at 866 nm compared with the monomeric NR dyes upon excitation in the visible region (575 nm). Significantly, integrating the robust support of DFNS and unique fluorescence properties of the aggregated NR dyes, DFNS‐PDI‐NR and DFNS‐MDI‐NR can serve as a novel type of multifunctional solid‐state chemosensors for the detection of various toxic pollutants including transition‐metal anions (Cr2O72− and MnO4−), nitrophenols, and acetone with turn‐off NIR‐fluorescence signals. The quenching phenomena of DFNS‐PDI‐NR and DFNS‐MDI‐NR toward various toxic pollutants are established by nonlinear bend upward Stern–Volmer fitting. Moreover, these materials can be further used as sensitive probe materials for the determination of Cr2O72− and MnO4− levels in various real water samples.
Label‐Free Near‐Infrared Plasmonic Sensing Technique for DNA Detection at Ultralow Concentrations
Authors: Chen Shimeng , Liu Chuan , Liu Yun , Liu Qiang , Lu Mengdi , Bi Sheng , Jing Zhenguo , Yu Qingxu , Peng Wei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBiomolecular detection at a low concentration is usually the most important criterion for biological measurement and early stage disease diagnosis. In this paper, a highly sensitive nanoplasmonic biosensing approach is demonstrated by achieving near‐infrared plasmonic excitation on a continuous gold‐coated nanotriangular array. Near‐infrared incident light at a small incident angle excites surface plasmon resonance with much higher spectral sensitivity compared with traditional configuration, due to its greater interactive volume and the stronger electric field intensity. By introducing sharp nanotriangular metallic tips, intense localization of plasmonic near‐fields is realized to enhance the molecular perception ability on sensing surface. This approach with an enhanced sensitivity (42103.8 nm per RIU) and a high figure of merit (367.812) achieves a direct assay of ssDNA at nanomolar level, which is a further step in label‐free ultrasensitive sensing technique. Considerable improvement is recorded in the detection limit of ssDNA as 1.2 × 10−18 m based on the coupling effect between nanotriangles and gold nanoparticles. This work combines high bulk‐ and surface‐sensitivities, providing a simple way toward label‐free ultralow‐concentration biomolecular detection.