bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kannada akshara knowledge in primary school children: measurement of accuracy and reaction time using a cross-sectional study design
Authors: Usha Mysore Nanda Kumar , Anakkathil Anil Malavika , Prabhu Shwetha , Bhat Jayashree S. , Haralakatta Shivananjappa Somashekara 
Published: August 2020

Background: Reading acquisition varies between languages, as languages differ in terms of phonology and orthography. Orthographic knowledge is demonstrated to be crucial in literacy acquisition in most orthographies. The literature on acquisition of orthographic knowledge has focused more on alphabetic orthographies and less is understood in alphasyllabary Kannada language. The present study aimed to understand the akshara knowledge acquisition by measuring akshara identification accuracy and reaction time in typically developing Kannada medium primary school children. Methods: The study consisted of 315 typically developing children, 45 each from Grade I through Grade VII between the age range of 5 years 6 months to 12 years 6 months. The children were assessed for akshara identification accuracy and reaction time using a representative sample of 67 akshara selected at four different levels of complexity: vowels in primary form, consonant with inherent vowels, consonant with vowel diacritics, and consonant clusters. The mean performance was compared between the groups using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results: One-way ANOVA revealed significant main effect (p≤0.05) of Grade on akshara identification accuracy and reaction time. The post-hoc Bonferroni test revealed that the mean akshara identification accuracy improved significantly (p≤0.05) from Grade I to Grade V and reached a plateau at Grade VI. The reaction time significantly reduced from Grade I to Grade IV and there was no significant change beyond Grade V. Conclusion: The children learning to read alphasyllabary Kannada gain mastery over the majority of aksharas during the initial years of formal schooling, which develops completely by Grade VI. The automaticity in naming akshara develops gradually and reaches a plateau by Grade IV. The present findings indicate that children acquire automaticity in naming akshara early, while the akshara knowledge continues to develop.
Open Access of COVID-19-related publications in the first quarter of 2020: a preliminary study based in PubMed
Authors: Arrizabalaga Olatz , Otaegui David , Vergara Itziar , Arrizabalaga Julio , Méndez Eva 
Published: August 2020

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has made funders, researchers and publishers agree to have research publications, as well as other research outputs, such as data, become openly available. In this extraordinary research context of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, publishers are announcing that their coronavirus-related articles will be made immediately accessible in appropriate open repositories, like PubMed Central (PMC), agreeing upon funders’ and researchers’ instigation. Methods: This work uses Unpaywall, OpenRefine and PubMed to analyse the level of openness of the papers about COVID-19, published during the first quarter of 2020. It also analyses Open Access (OA) articles published about previous coronavirus (SARS CoV-1 and MERS CoV) as a means of comparison. Results: A total of 5,611 COVID-19-related articles were analysed from PubMed. This is a much higher amount for a period of 4 months compared to those found for SARS CoV-1 and MERS during the first year of their first outbreaks (337 and 125 articles, respectively). Regarding the levels of openness, 97.4% of the SARS CoV-2 papers are freely available; similar rates were found for the other coronaviruses. Deeper analysis showed that (i) 68.3% of articles belong to an undefined Bronze category; (ii) 72.1% of all OA papers don’t carry a specific license and in all cases where there is, half of them do not meet Open Access standards; (iii) there is a large proportion that present a copy in a repository, in most cases in PMC, where this trend is also observed. These patterns were found to be repeated in most frequent publishers: Elsevier, Springer and Wiley. Conclusions: Our results suggest that, although scientific production is much higher than during previous epidemics and is open, there is a caveat to this opening, characterized by the absence of fundamental elements and values ​​on which Open Science is based, such as licensing.
Fraction-order sideband generation in an optomechanical system
Authors: Liu Jun-Hao , He Guangqiang , Wu Qin , Yu Ya-Fei , Wang Jin-Dong , Zhang Zhi-Ming 
Published: August 2020

We propose a scheme for generating a new kind of sideband, i.e., the
fraction-order sideband, in an optomechanical system. In the
conventional scheme of high-order sideband generation [Opt. Lett.
38, 353 (2013)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.38.000353], the
sideband interval has a minimum frequency limitation, which is equal
to the mechanical frequency

ω
b

, and this limits the precision of
the sideband comb. With our proposed fraction-order sidebands, the
sideband interval can break that limitation and reach

ω
b

/

n

(

n

is an integer). The scheme we
propose can be realized by driving the optomechanical system with
three laser fields, including a control field (

ω
c

) and two probe fields
(

ω

p

,

ω

f

), in which the detuning between

ω
c

and

ω

p

is equal to the mechanical frequency

ω
b

, while the detuning between

ω
c

and

ω

f

is equal to

ω
b

/

n

. In this case, we find that not only
the integer-order (high-order) sidebands, but also the fraction-order
sidebands, and the sum and difference sidebands between the integer-
and fraction-order sidebands, will appear in the output spectrum.
Moreover, the sideband interval becomes

ω
b

/

n

, and it can be decreased by
increasing

n

. Our work paves the way to achieve a
tunable optical frequency comb based on the optomechanical system.
Safety, Tolerability, and Physiological Effects of AXA1665, a Novel Composition of Amino Acids, in Subjects With Child–Pugh A and B Cirrhosis
Authors: Chakravarthy Manu V. , Neutel Joel , Confer Scharmen , Zhao Peng , Tatsuta Noriaki , Rebello Sam , Comb William C. , Hamill Michael , Tramontin Tony , Carroll Sean , Afeyan Raffi , Sanyal Arun J. 
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION:
AXA1665 is a novel investigational amino acid (AA) composition specifically designed to impact AA imbalance, ammoniagenesis, and dysregulated anabolic activity associated with cirrhosis.

METHODS:
This 2-part study examined AXA1665 effects on safety, tolerability, and hepatic/muscle physiology in subjects with Child–Pugh A and B cirrhosis. Part 1 established plasma ammonia and AA concentration baselines with a standardized protein supplement. Part 2 included two 15-day domiciled periods separated by a 14-day washout. In period 1, subjects were randomly distributed to 2 groups: AXA1665 14.7 g t.i.d. (group 1) or control t.i.d. (group 2). In period 2, subjects from group 1 crossed over to control and those in group 2 crossed over to AXA1665 4.9 g t.i.d. All subjects were maintained on standard of care (standardized meals; 30-minute daily, supervised, mandatory physical activity; and daily late-evening snack).

RESULTS:
In parts 1 and 2, 23 and 17 participants were enrolled, respectively. Dose-dependent increases were observed in plasma concentrations of AXA1665-constituent AAs. Fasted branched-chain AA-to-aromatic AA and valine-to-phenylalanine ratios were both increased (AXA1665 14.7 g t.i.d. control-adjusted change: 44.3% ± 2.7% and 47.2% ± 3.9%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Despite provision of additional nitrogen, mean fasted plasma ammonia concentration at day 15 numerically decreased (−21.1% in AXA1665 14.7 g t.i.d. vs −3.8% in control; P > 0.05). AXA1665 14.7 g t.i.d. produced a leaner body composition and significantly decreased Liver Frailty Index at day 15 vs control (−0.70 ± 0.15 vs −0.14 ± 0.17; P < 0.05). AXA1665 was safe and well tolerated.

DISCUSSION:
AXA1665 has potential to mitigate core metabolic derangements associated with cirrhosis.
Repeated Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Esophageal Neoplasia Located Close to a Previous Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Scar
Authors: Nagami Yasuaki , Ominami Masaki , Sakai Taishi , Maruyama Hirotsugu , Fukunaga Shusei , Otani Koji , Hosomi Shuhei , Tanaka Fumio , Taira Koichi , Kamata Noriko , Tanigawa Tetsuya , Shiba Masatsugu , Watanabe Toshio , Fujiwara Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) could become a standard treatment for early stage esophageal neoplasia. Recurrence sometimes develops close to a previous ESD scar. These lesions are predictably difficult to treat with ESD because of severe fibrosis. We evaluated the clinical outcomes of ESD for esophageal neoplasia located close to a previous ESD scar.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective observational study in a single institution. A total of 549 consecutive patients with 927 esophageal lesions were treated with ESD. The primary outcomes were resectability and adverse events of esophageal neoplasia located close to previous ESD scars (ESD scar group) than in primary esophageal ESD (primary group). Furthermore, predictive factors of perforation were examined.

RESULTS:
A total of 545 primary and 29 ESD scars in consecutive patients were evaluated. En bloc and complete (R0) resection rates in the ESD scar group were lower than those in the primary group (79.3% vs 98.3%, P < 0.01 and 75.9% vs 93.4%, P < 0.01). Perforations occurred more frequently in the ESD scar group (10.3% vs 2.0%, P = 0.03). The ESD scar group was a predictive factor for perforation (odds ratio = 10.37, 95% confidence interval: 2.15–49.94, P = 0.004). There were similar results for inverse probability of treatment weighting methods (odds ratio = 6.78, 95% confidence interval: 1.40–32.98, P = 0.018).

DISCUSSION:
ESD for esophageal neoplasia located close to a previous ESD scar was difficult to completely resect and increased the likelihood of perforation but could be a treatment option.
Genomic Studies Reveal Substantial Dominant Effects and Improved Genomic Predictions in an Open-Pollinated Breeding Population of Eucalyptus pellita
Authors: Thavamanikumar Saravanan , Arnold Roger J , Luo Jianzhong , Thumma Bala R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Most of the genomic studies in plants and animals have used additive models for studying genetic parameters and prediction accuracies. In this study, we used genomic models with additive and nonadditive effects to analyze the genetic architecture of growth and wood traits in an open-pollinated (OP) population of Eucalyptus pellita. We used two progeny trials consisting of 5742 trees from 244 OP families to estimate genetic parameters and to test genomic prediction accuracies of three growth traits (diameter at breast height - DBH, total height - Ht and tree volume - Vol) and kraft pulp yield (KPY). From 5742 trees, 468 trees from 28 families were genotyped with 2023 pre-selected markers from candidate genes. We used the pedigree-based additive best linear unbiased prediction (ABLUP) model and two marker-based models (single-step genomic BLUP – ssGBLUP and genomic BLUP – GBLUP) to estimate the genetic parameters and compare the prediction accuracies. Analyses with the two genomic models revealed large dominant effects influencing the growth traits but not KPY. Theoretical breeding value accuracies were higher with the dominance effect in ssGBLUP model for the three growth traits. Accuracies of cross-validation with random folding in the genotyped trees have ranged from 0.60 to 0.82 in different models. Accuracies of ABLUP were lower than the genomic models. Accuracies ranging from 0.50 to 0.76 were observed for within family cross-validation predictions with low relationships between training and validation populations indicating part of the functional variation is captured by the markers through short-range linkage disequilibrium (LD). Within-family phenotype predictive abilities and prediction accuracies of genetic values with dominance effects are higher than the additive models for growth traits indicating the importance of dominance effects in predicting phenotypes and genetic values. This study demonstrates the importance of genomic approaches in OP families to study nonadditive effects. To capture the LD between markers and the quantitative trait loci (QTL) it may be important to use informative markers from candidate genes.
Early Feeding in Acute Pancreatitis in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ledder Oren , Duvoisin Giles , Lekar Marina , Lopez Robert N. , Singh Harveen , Dehlsen Kate , Lev-Tzion Raffi , Orlanski-Meyer Esther , Shteyer Eyal , Krishnan Usha , Gupta Nitin , Lemberg Daniel A. , Cohen Shlomi , Ooi Chee Y. 
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND:
Studies have increasingly challenged the traditional management of acute pancreatitis (AP) with bowel rest. However, these studies used a low-fat diet or transgastric feeding and only included adults. Aiming to generate higher-quality prospective pediatric data, we compared the traditional approach of fasting and intravenous fluids and early enteral feeding with standard diet or formula.

METHODS:
Randomized controlled trial of children (2–18 years) with mild-moderate AP. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to initial fasting and intravenous fluids or an immediate, unrestricted diet. Pain scores, blood measures, and cross-sectional imaging were recorded throughout admission and follow-up. The primary outcome was time to discharge, and secondary outcomes were clinical and biochemical resolution and local and systemic complication rates.

RESULTS:
Of 33 patients (17 [52%] boys, mean age of 11.5 [±4.8] years), 18 (55%) were randomly assigned to early feeding and 15 (45%) were randomly assigned to initial fasting. We recorded the median (interquartile range [IQR]) time to discharge (2.6 [IQR 2.0 to 4.0] vs 2.9 [IQR 1.8 to 5.6]; P = .95), reduction in serum lipase levels by day 2 (58% [IQR 2% to 85%] vs 48% [IQR 3% to 71%]; P = .65), and readmission rates (1 of 18 [6%] vs 2 of 15 [13%]; P = .22) between the early feeding and fasting cohorts, respectively. Immediate or delayed complication rates did not differ. Patients randomly assigned to early feeding had weight gain of 1.3 kg (IQR 0.29 to 3.6) at follow-up, compared with weight loss of 0.8 kg (IQR −2.1 to 0.7) in fasted patients (P = .028).

CONCLUSIONS:
This is the first randomized controlled trial in pediatric AP. There was no difference between early commencement of a standard oral diet and initial fast in any of the major outcome measures.
Association of expression of pSTAT3, pAKT1 with the survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Vaneeva E V , Rosin V A , Dyakonov D A , Samarina S V 
Published: August 2020

Aim. To assess the relationship between isolated and combined expression of pSTAT3, pACT1 in tumor cells with the survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
Methods. The study included 100 patients with the first diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, observed in the institute's clinic between 2010 and 2018 who received standard first-line R-CHOP (rituximab + cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) chemotherapy. The relative number of expressing pSTAT3 and pAKT1 tumor cells was determined by using immunohistochemical and morphometric methods. The optimal cut-off level of expression on tumor cells estimated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for pSTAT3 was 68% and for pACT1 70%. Given these values, all patients with DLBCL were divided into groups with a high and low degree of expression of the biomarkers. As a result, 53 patients were enrolled in the pSTAT3 high expression group (68% tumor cells) and 47 patients to the pSTAT3 low expression group (68% tumor cells). Spearmans correlation coefficient was used to examine relationships. Overall survival and event-free survival were estimated by KaplanMeier curves. The log-rank test was used for groups comparison.
Results. The five-year overall survival rate in the pSTAT3 high expression group was 55% versus 87% in the low expression group, p=0.015. A significant difference was found in the assessment of event-free survival: 43% for the group of pSTAT3 high expression, 66% for the group of low expression, p=0.011. A statistically significant value of a high level of pACT1 expression was revealed for 5-year overall and event-free survival (p 0.001 and p=0.003). Overall survival rate was 81% for the pACT1 low expression group and 43% for the high expression group while event-free survival rate was 64 and 41%, respectively. Also, patients with рАКТ1+/рSTAT3+ (high level) co-expression had extremely low rates of overall and event-free survival rates compared with the рАКТ1/рSTAT3 (low level) group (p=0.001; p 0.001).
Conclusion. The pSTAT3 and pAKT1 biomarkers can be used as additional prognosis criteria for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Histomorphological changes in various rat tissues following chronic exposure to copper-zinc-pyrite ore
Authors: Ziyakayeva K R , Kayumova A F , Kayumov F A , Fazlyakhmetova M Ya 
Published: August 2020

Aim. To assess the histomorphological state of lung, gastrointestinal and kidney tissues following exposure to copper-zinc-pyrite ore in the long-term model experiment.
Methods. The study was performed on 60 outbred albino male rats, aged 34 months, weighting 20030 g. The toxic effect of heavy metal salts of copper-zinc-pyrite ore on the animal's body was analyzed by the model of dosed oral injection of water with ore in a dose 600 mg/kg body weight for 120 days. Pieces of the stomach, small and colon, liver, lungs and kidneys were taken from control and experimental rats for histomorphological study on the 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th day of the experiment.
Results. The structural disorders of the stomach lining were observed on the 30th day of the experiment: desquamated and dilapidated epithelial cells appeared in the preparations. On the 120th day, along with signs of epithelial desquamation and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, the preparations contained large lymphoid follicles that occupy the full thickness of the gastric mucosa. The epithelial layer of the small intestine mucosa was disrupted on the 60th day. At day 120 diffuse infiltration and necrotic changes in the lining of the small intestine were recorded. Lymphomacrophagia infiltrations were observed during portal triad and inside the liver wedges of experimental animals on the 30th day of the experiment. By the end of the experiment, toxic hepatocyte dystrophy developed. On the 60th day, signs of bronchopneumonia appeared in the lung tissue. After 3 months, tubulopathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis were observed in the experimental animals.
Conclusion. Prolonged administration of ore has led to pronounced inflammation and degenerative changes in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney and lung tissues, accompanied by lymphocytic tissue reaction.
A RegionalSnMagnitude Scale mb(Sn) and Estimates of Moment Magnitude for Earthquakes along the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Kim Won-Young , Ottemöller Lars , Richards Paul G. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTWe present a regional short-period Sn magnitude scale mb(Sn) for small earthquakes along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Surface-wave magnitudes, teleseismic body-wave magnitudes, and seismic moments cannot be reliably determined for small earthquakes along this and other midocean ridges. Local magnitudes that rely on Lg waves are likewise not generally useful due to the substantial oceanic paths for earthquakes along midocean ridges. In contrast, Pn and Sn arrivals for earthquakes along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge are generally well recorded by the existing seismographic networks, and, in fact, Sn arrivals are larger than Pn arrivals for about one-third of the ridge events. For this reason, we have developed a new regional Sn magnitude scale that is tied to Mw, so that seismic moments can be readily approximated. In our least-squares fit of peak amplitudes from 120 earthquakes having a published moment magnitude, we solved for the attenuation curve for paths in the oceanic mantle lid, for event magnitude adjustments (EMAs) to account for differences between long-period moment magnitude Mw and short-period Sn magnitude, and for station corrections. We find regional EMAs that are well correlated with the style of faulting: they are positive for normal-faulting earthquakes along spreading ridges and negative for strike-slip earthquakes along transform faults. These source-specific EMAs are approximately +0.11 magnitude units for normal-fault earthquakes and −0.26 magnitude units for strike-slip earthquakes on transform faults, and are consistent with previously reported apparent stresses from these regions. The amplitude distance curve determined for Sn for the northern Atlantic Ocean is similar to that determined for Pn in the northern Atlantic out to a distance of about 500 km, but at larger distances is more similar to the western U.S. Pn curve, likely reflective of the warmer temperatures at greater upper-mantle depths.
Spectral Characteristics of Ground Motion from Induced Earthquakes in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas, Using the Generalized Inversion Technique
Authors: Jeong SeongJu , Stump Brian W. , DeShon Heather R. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTA generalized inversion technique (GIT) is applied to local seismic data from 90 induced earthquakes (ML 2.0–3.9) in the Fort Worth Basin (FWB) of north Texas to separate path, site, and source characteristics and to improve local seismic hazard assessment. Seismograms from three earthquake sequences on spatially separated basement faults are recorded on 66 temporary stations. Because of the lack of hard-rock recording sites within the sedimentary basin, we developed a site correction method for the appropriate GIT process. At about 30 km distance from the hypocenters, we observed a change in spectral attenuation and thus focus data analysis within this distance range. The estimated quality factors for S and P waves result in a QS that is larger than QP which we interpret as a result of concentrations of crustal pore fluids or partial fluid-saturated material along the path; an interpretation consistent with fluid-rich sedimentary rocks in the FWB. Strong site amplifications as much as five times on horizontal components reflect the thick sediments in the basin. A limited number of sites exhibit amplification or deamplification on the vertical component that limits the use of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio methods for characterizing the site effect relative to the site effects estimated by GIT. Stress drops for all earthquakes range from 1.18 and 21.73 MPa with a mean of 4.46 MPa, similar to values reported for tectonic intraplate events. The stress-drop values suggest that strong motion and seismic hazard from the injection-induced earthquake in the FWB are comparable to those for tectonic earthquakes. The strong site amplification and fluid effects on propagation attenuation may be crucial factors to take into account for estimating seismic hazards of induced earthquakes in sedimentary basins.