bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noradrenaline Release from Locus Coeruleus Terminals in the Hippocampus Enhances Excitation-Spike Coupling in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Via β-Adrenoceptors
Authors: Bacon Travis J , Pickering Anthony E , Mellor Jack R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Release of the neuromodulator noradrenaline signals salience during wakefulness, flagging novel or important experiences to reconfigure information processing and memory representations in the hippocampus. Noradrenaline is therefore expected to enhance hippocampal responses to synaptic input; however, noradrenergic agonists have been found to have mixed and sometimes contradictory effects on Schaffer collateral synapses and the resulting CA1 output. Here, we examine the effects of endogenous, optogenetically driven noradrenaline release on synaptic transmission and spike output in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We show that endogenous noradrenaline release enhances the probability of CA1 pyramidal neuron spiking without altering feedforward excitatory or inhibitory synaptic inputs in the Schaffer collateral pathway. β-adrenoceptors mediate this enhancement of excitation-spike coupling by reducing the charge required to initiate action potentials, consistent with noradrenergic modulation of voltage-gated potassium channels. Furthermore, we find the likely effective concentration of endogenously released noradrenaline is sub-micromolar. Surprisingly, although comparable concentrations of exogenous noradrenaline cause robust depression of slow afterhyperpolarization currents, endogenous release of noradrenaline does not, indicating that endogenous noradrenaline release is targeted to specific cellular locations. These findings provide a mechanism by which targeted endogenous release of noradrenaline can enhance information transfer in the hippocampus in response to salient events.
Connections of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex and Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Authors: Heather Hsu Chih-Chin , Rolls Edmund T , Huang Chu-Chung , Chong Shin Tai , Zac Lo Chun-Yi , Feng Jianfeng , Lin Ching-Po 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The direct connections of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) were traced with diffusion tractography imaging and statistical analysis in 50 humans, to help understand better its roles in emotion and its disorders. The medial OFC and ventromedial prefrontal cortex have direct connections with the pregenual and subgenual parts of the anterior cingulate cortex; all of which are reward-related areas. The lateral OFC (OFClat) and its closely connected right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) have direct connections with the supracallosal anterior cingulate cortex; all of which are punishment or nonreward-related areas. The OFClat and rIFG also have direct connections with the right supramarginal gyrus and inferior parietal cortex, and with some premotor cortical areas, which may provide outputs for the OFClat and rIFG. Another key finding is that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex shares with the medial OFC especially strong outputs to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, which comprise the ventral striatum, whereas the other regions have more widespread outputs to the striatum. Direct connections of the OFC and IFG were with especially the temporal pole part of the temporal lobe. The left IFG, which includes Broca’s area, has direct connections with the left angular and supramarginal gyri.
Advancing complexity-informed health promotion: a scoping review to link health promotion and co-creation
Authors: Heimburg Dina von , Cluley Victoria 
Published: May 2020

Summary
A complexity-informed approach has recently been proposed as a hopeful revolution for health promotion (HP), requesting appropriate ways of tackling the complexities of health, equity and well-being. In addition, co-creation has gained traction as an approach to tackle complexity. HP and co-creation are established concepts that have long been enacted in practice. Although each concept is premised on similar approaches to value-creation such as participation and collaboration, little has been done to link the two approaches. To advance complexity-informed HP, this scoping review presents findings from peer-reviewed articles, published in English, between 2009 and March 2020. Articles were identified through searches of academic databases. Twenty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria, explicitly linking HP and co-creation. Included articles were charted by descriptive information and main focus, and advanced by a thematic analysis. Four themes suggest a potential avenue for advancing complexity-informed HP: (i) dealing with complexity, (ii) value creation, (iii) the value of the values and (iv) benefits and challenges. While current links between HP and co-creation are scarce they are increasing and promising. Based on the findings from the review, propositions to advance complexity-informed HP is outlined and discussed. Overall it is argued that co-creation and HP are mutually beneficial concepts, providing a framework for participative, collaborative, context-sensitive and knowledge-based practice that reflects the complex nature of health. More research is needed to highlight potential and challenges of integrating co-creation in HP, especially related to health equity and sustainable development.
Temporal Correlation Between Neurological and Gastrointestinal Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Bostancıklıoğlu Mehmet 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SAR-CoV-2) has been shown to invade brain tissue. Based on the evolutionary similarity with SARS-CoV, researchers propose that SARS-CoV-2 can invade the olfactory bulb and gastrointestinal (GI) system through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. However, how SARS-CoV-2 causes neurological or GI symptoms is not clear. Many suggested intestinal and neural inflammations, caused by viral invasion, as the most likely reason for the GI and neurological symptoms; however, the patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) without neurological or GI symptoms indicate that this is not the case. The gut-brain axis could explain the reason for why some with COVID-19 do not have these symptoms. COVID-19 patients mostly show respiratory distress first, then diarrhea, anorexia, stroke, or loss of consciousness comes into view. Obviously, GI invasion is a mechanical process that begins with oral invasion and, therefore, most probably exists before the brain invasion, as indicated in case reports. However, when the GI tract is invaded, the virus may enter the central nervous system through vascular and lymphatic systems or the vagal nerve. SARS-CoV-2 can infect leukocytes and migrate with them into the brain, or the viral particles can be directly transported across the blood-brain barrier to the brain. Also, more recent research has revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can invade the peripheral lymphatic vessels connecting with the glymphatic system of the brain. The temporal correlation between neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms suggests the lymph vessels around the GI tract, the vascular system, or the gut-brain axis (enteric nervous system) as the most likely entry route for SARS-CoV-2 to the brain.
Clinical outcomes of baloxavir versus oseltamivir in patients hospitalized with influenza A
Authors: Shah Sunish , McManus Dayna , Bejou Nika , Tirmizi Samad , Rouse Ginger E , Lemieux Steven M , Gritsenko Diana , Topal Jeffrey E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To date, clinical trials evaluating baloxavir have excluded patients hospitalized with influenza infection and therefore this study sought to evaluate the efficacy of baloxavir in inpatients with influenza A.

Methods
This study was a multicentre, retrospective chart review of adult patients admitted to the hospital within the Yale New Haven Health System who received oseltamivir or baloxavir for the treatment of influenza A. Patients were screened for inclusion between January 2018 and April 2018 in the oseltamivir group, while patients in the baloxavir group were screened for inclusion between January 2019 and April 2019. Influenza A diagnosis was confirmed by RT–PCR using a nasopharyngeal swab specimen.

Results
Of the 2392 patients assessed, 790 met the inclusion criteria. There were 359 patients who received baloxavir and 431 patients who received oseltamivir. Patients who received baloxavir were younger compared with those who received oseltamivir [median = 69 (IQR = 57–81) years versus 77 (IQR = 62–86) years; P &lt; 0.001]. Patients who received baloxavir had no significant difference in hospital length of stay [median = 4 (IQR = 3–6) days versus 5 (IQR = 3–6)  days; P = 0.45] or 30 day all-cause mortality [12 (3.3%) versus 26 (6%); P = 0.079] compared with those who received oseltamivir. However, patients who received baloxavir had a significantly faster time to hypoxia resolution [median = 51.7 (IQR = 25.3–89.3) h versus 72 (IQR = 37.5–123) h; P &lt; 0.001].

Conclusions
The results of this study support the use of baloxavir for the treatment of influenza A in hospitalized patients with the potential benefit of a faster time to resolution of hypoxia.
Mothers’ Adjustment to Autism: Exploring the Roles of Autism Knowledge and Culture
Authors: Gordillo Monica L , Chu Andrea , Long Kristin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) service-use disparities are well-documented among racial/ethnic minorities. Yet the nuanced impact that culture has on barriers to ASD service-use has not been sufficiently explored among these populations. This study explores the interrelatedness of culture and service-use barriers (i.e., parent ASD knowledge and adjustment) among culturally diverse mothers of children with ASD.

Methods
Twenty mothers from the Boston area participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews regarding their experiences with ASD. Applied thematic analysis was used to analyze data stratified by ethnicity (Latina vs. non-Latina) and nativity (immigrant vs. U.S. born).

Results
All mothers had similar gains in ASD knowledge after their children’s ASD diagnoses. Non-Latina mothers (immigrant and U.S. born) felt empowered by their gained ASD knowledge, while Latina mothers struggled to fully accept their child’s diagnosis and were unable to apply their general ASD knowledge to better understand their child’s ASD-related needs. Culturally based stigma against ASD, including rejection from the Latino community and internalized self-blame, appeared to drive Latina mothers’ beliefs that ASD is an invalid diagnosis for their child.

Conclusion
Latina mothers’ desire for community acceptance in the context of ASD stigma was a particularly salient cultural value among Latina mothers in this sample. Findings suggest that parent-focused ASD education programs may not sufficiently address ASD service-use disparities for Latina mothers. Rather, ASD education programs that address informational and cultural needs may better promote ASD adjustment among ethnic minority families.
Black ascitic fluid in a patient with history of alcohol abuse: report of an unusual case and literature review
Authors: Alanís Naranjo José Martín , de Lourdes Alanís Naranjo María 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The differential diagnosis for black ascites include pancreatic ascites (PA). In majority of cases described the ascitic fluid as amber or black-colored. We report the case of a 33-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse who presented with 24 h of epigastric pain and abdominal distension. Laboratory results showed lipase of 1270 U/l, amylase of 442 U/l and albumin of 2 g/dl. A contrast computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed pancreatic necrosis with atrophy and free abdominal fluid. Paracentesis was performed, yielding opaque black ascitic fluid. An ascitic fluid analysis demonstrated amylase of 2769 U/l, albumin of 1.6 g/dl, was negative for malignant cells and tuberculosis. Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient was resulted in 0.4. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was suspected, and he received supportive care with pain medication and bowel rest. He was discharged with symptom free on Day 14 after admission.
The Prospective (Ir)Relevance of Section 3 of the Human Rights Act: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Coxon Benedict 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article suggests that the power conferred on United Kingdom courts by section 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 (UKHRA) is legitimate as a matter of the interpretation of that provision. It sets out a contextual approach to the interpretation of section 3(1) consistent with general principles of statutory interpretation. This differs from most analyses of this provision, whether comparative or jurisdiction-specific, which tend to use constitutional theory as the framework for analysis. The article adopts a comparative perspective, applying the same approach to section 6 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA). It concludes that the approach of New Zealand courts to section 6 is also correct as a matter of the interpretation of that provision. The different approaches of United Kingdom and New Zealand courts to these equivalent provisions is explained by a number of important differences between the UKHRA and NZBORA; including especially the context in which each statute falls to be interpreted. Some implications of this analysis for the development of the principle of legality in the United Kingdom in the event of repeal of section 3(1) of the UKHRA are briefly identified.
Effect of Phosphorylated Tau on Cortical Pyramidal Neuron Morphology during Hibernation
Authors: Regalado-Reyes Mamen , Benavides-Piccione Ruth , Fernaud-Espinosa Isabel , DeFelipe Javier , León-Espinosa Gonzalo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The dendritic spines of pyramidal cells are the main postsynaptic target of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Morphological alterations have been described in hippocampal dendritic spines during hibernation—a state of inactivity and metabolic depression that occurs via a transient neuronal tau hyperphosphorylation. Here, we have used the hibernating Syrian hamster to investigate the effect of hyperphosphorylated tau regarding neocortical neuronal structure. In particular, we examined layer Va pyramidal neurons. Our results indicate that hibernation does not promote significant changes in dendritic spine density. However, tau hyperphosphorylated neurons show a decrease in complexity, an increase in the tortuosity of the apical dendrites, and an increase in the diameter of the basal dendrites. Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and aggregation have been associated with loss or alterations of dendritic spines in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our results may shed light on the correlation between tau hyperphosphorylation and the neuropathological processes in AD. Moreover, we observed changes in the length and area of the apical and basal dendritic spines during hibernation regardless of tau hyperphosphorylation. The morphological changes observed here also suggest region specificity, opening up debate about a possible relationship with the differential brain activity registered in these regions in previous studies.
Case report: recurrence of Plasmodium vivax malaria due to defective cytochrome P450 2D6 function in Pos Lenjang, Pahang, Malaysia
Authors: Mat Salleh Noor Hafizan , Rahman Mohd Faizal Abdul , Samsusah Samsiah , De Silva Jeremy Ryan , Ng David Chun-Ern , Ghozali Azilawati Hanim , Tan Jia Hui , Lai Meng Yee , Amir Amirah , Liew Jonathan Wee Kent , Lau Yee Ling 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Five children in Pos Lenjang, Pahang, Malaysia were PCR-positive for vivax malaria and were admitted to the hospital from 5 to 26 July 2019. One of the patients experienced three episodes of recurrence of vivax malaria. Microsatellite analysis showed that reinfection is unlikely. Drug resistance analysis indicated that Riamet (artemether–lumefantrine) is effective. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) testing showed that this patient has defective CYP2D6 function. Primaquine failure to clear the Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites may be the cause of recurring infections in this patient. This report highlights the need for the development of liver-stage curative antimalarials that do not require metabolism by the CYP2D6 enzyme.
Original Research: The Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Cost-Related Medication Nonadherence in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Caouette Shaunna , Boss Lisa , Lynn Monika 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Food insecurity, which can be defined as having limited access to nutritional and safe foods as a result of a lack of financial resources, is believed to adversely influence health outcomes. Older adults, in particular, face rising health care costs and may be forced to choose between purchasing prescribed medications or using their limited financial resources for basic needs, such as food.

Purpose:
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between food insecurity and cost-related medication nonadherence (CRN) in older adults living in a community setting.

Methods:
A comprehensive electronic review of the literature was performed. Criteria for inclusion were original quantitative or qualitative research, written in English, involving community-dwelling U.S. adults 60 years of age and older.

Results:
Six studies met all criteria and were included for analysis. Two studies reported a significant dose-response relationship between food insecurity and CRN, and a third reported an increased risk of CRN in subjects with persistent food insecurity. Three key predictors of food insecurity and CRN in older adults were identified: low income, health insurance gaps, and higher out-of-pocket prescription costs. Most studies reported that subjects with higher food insecurity and CRN were more likely to be young-old (ages 60 to 84), have lower income, and have relatively more chronic conditions.

Conclusion:
Overall, the findings indicate that older adults who have multiple chronic conditions and only receive Medicare are at increased risk for food insecurity and CRN. Finding ways for health care providers and organizations to help manage these risks is critical to improving health outcomes and reducing use of health care services. Nurses can be pivotal in taking the lead to develop appropriate interventions and programs for patients, and to advocate better government-funded health care and policy reform in order to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population.
CE: Opioid Use Disorder: Pathophysiology, Assessment, and Effective Interventions
Authors: Brown Kate Garland , Capili Bernadette 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT:
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease. Genetic variability, dysregulated stress system response, and history of opioid experimentation or escalating exposure all contribute to the likelihood of developing OUD, which produces complex brain changes that make it difficult to stop opioid use. Understanding the neurobiology of OUD helps nurses anticipate the behaviors of patients with OUD and approach them with empathy. Here, the authors discuss the pathophysiology of OUD, available screening tools, medical treatments, and behavioral interventions that have demonstrated efficacy in reducing substance use.
Acid Suppressants Increase Risk of Colonization with Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: May 2020

According to this study:

Use of acid suppressants is associated with a 75% increase in the risk of intestinal tract colonization with multidrug-resistant microorganisms in both the community and health care settings.More prudent use of acid suppressants may help to reduce the risks of colonization with multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
Abnormal Basic Metabolic Panel Findings: Implications for Nursing
Authors: Bertschi Lydia A. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
In this article, the second in a new series designed to improve acute care nurses' understanding of laboratory abnormalities, the author continues her discussion of important values in the basic metabolic panel (see Back to Basics, January, for a discussion of sodium and fluid balance). Here she addresses the electrolytes potassium and chloride as well as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, four values that are best considered together because they both reflect and impact renal function as well as acid–base homeostasis. Important etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment concerns are also presented. Three case studies are used to integrate select laboratory diagnostic tests with history and physical examination findings, allowing nurses to develop a thorough, focused plan of care for electrolyte abnormalities and kidney disorders commonly encountered in the medical–surgical setting.
Next-Generation Sequencing of the Ocular Surface Microbiome: In Health, Contact Lens Wear, Diabetes, Trachoma, and Dry Eye
Authors: Okonkwo Arthur , Rimmer Victoria , Walkden Andrew , Brahma Arun , Carley Fiona , McBain Andrew J. , Radhakrishnan Hema 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
To assess publications examining the occurrence, composition, and clinical significance of a microbiome at the ocular surface.

Methods:
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched. Reference lists of included articles were also searched for relevant citations. All publications up to June 1, 2019, were analyzed.

Results:
Eleven articles and 1 abstract were included, analyzing 661 patients. Articles generally report bacteria to the genus level. The presence of DNA associated with diverse bacterial species was reported including pathogenic species, such as Pseudomonas and Neisseria. Bacterial DNA that makes up the microbiome, such as Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Aquabacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Corynebacterium, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, in other parts of the body was found. The putative ocular microbiome is consistent between right and left eyes and is affected by contact lens use (higher Pseudomonas levels) and blepharitis (higher Staphylococcus levels).

Conclusions:
There is a significant likelihood that there is at least a transitory ocular surface microbiome, with Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus detected in at least 7 of 11 studies. However, further investigation attempting to control for environmental and methodological contaminants (Aquabacterium and Bradyrhizobium are commonly identified as contaminants in DNA extraction kits) is required. Bacteria, such as Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, capable of causing sight-threatening infections may reside on a healthy ocular surface. With greater understanding, we can establish whether elements of the ocular surface microbiome are harmful or protective (despite their small quantities); furthermore, new therapeutic agents can be identified to treat and prevent ocular surface infection and inflammation.