bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racing Indian Language, Languaging an Indian Race
Authors: Meek Barbra A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter is an exploration of how race and language become entangled in representations and ideas about what it means to be seen and recognized as Native American. Most conceptions of Indianness derive from scholarly European-derived representations and evaluations and from popular narrative media, the one often bootstrapping the other. In tandem, these public manifestations perpetuate the racialization of Indian languages and of Indianness, most ubiquitously in and through a discourse of “blood.” Several ideologies configure the racial logic that determines Indianness: purism (percentage of “Indian blood”), visibility (racialized—and cultural—manifestations of “blood”), continuity (maintenance of a pre-contact “bloodline”), and primitivism (expression of indigenous “blood” in and through language). I argue that this “ideological assemblage” (Kroskrity 2018) undergirds the processes of “racing Indian language(s)” and “languaging an Indian race” (H. Samy Alim 2016) that has resulted in propagating conflicts over and denials of Native American heritage.
Racializing Discourses of Illegality
Authors: Dick Hilary Parsons 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyzes how notions of race, religion, security, and language come together to distribute fear and instill suspicion into everyday life. In raising the question, “What Does a Terrorist Sound Like?” the chapter examines four cases of raciolinguistic profiling that associate specific words and languages with Muslims as security risks specifically within the domains of travel (“Travelling while Muslim”) and education (“Studying while Muslim”). It highlights how “Muslim” becomes a de facto racial classification, particularly when Muslim, or seemingly Muslim, bodies speak languages that appear deviant thereby causing insecurity among those in immediate proximity. The chapter concludes by urging scholars to further interrogate the white listening subjects—whether an individual on a plane, or government surveillance policies—that construct Muslims as illegible and always/already suspect, while they are often presumed innocent and their ignorance is left without scrutiny.
Regulate in Haste, Repent at Leisure: Private and Public Orderings in OTC Derivatives Markets
Authors: Pirrong Craig 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Over-the-counter derivatives were widely blamed for causing or exacerbating the financial crisis. As a result of perceived structural failings in these markets, legislators and regulators mandated substantial changes. The most notable of these changes was a requirement that most derivatives be centrally cleared. Under clearing, a central counterparty becomes a party to all contracts and guarantees performance on them. These mandates were predicated on a defective understanding of the economics of derivatives markets. The proposed reforms were fundamentally flawed because they were rooted in an institutional, rather than functional, approach to regulation.
Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good
Authors: Chappell Richard Yetter 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Consequentialist views have traditionally taken a maximizing form, requiring agents to bring about the very best outcome that they can. But this maximizing function may be questioned. Satisficing views instead allow agents to bring about any outcome that exceeds a satisfactory threshold or qualifies as “good enough.” Scalar consequentialism, by contrast, eschews moral requirements altogether, instead evaluating acts in purely comparative terms, that is, as better or worse than their alternatives. After surveying the main considerations for and against each of these three views, I argue that the core insights of each are not (despite appearances) in conflict. Consequentialists should be deontic pluralists and accept a maximizing account of the ought of most reason, a satisficing account of obligation, and a scalar account of the weight of reasons.
Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Mason Elinor 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter I examine various accounts of the relationship between consequentialism and moral responsibility. The first idea is that the only reason we have for praising and blaming, for holding responsible, is that it will produce good consequences. This view is widely derided, but a descendant, the view that our responsibility practices as a whole can be defended on consequentialist grounds, has been gaining popularity in recent years. I go on to look at the idea of blameless wrongdoing and give an account of how that might fit into to a consequentialist picture. Finally, I discuss the possibility that the direction of influence is the other way: that consequentialist ethical theories are constrained by theories of moral responsibility, and I discuss possible upshots of a responsibility constrained account of consequentialism.
The Alienation Objection to Consequentialism
Authors: Baker Calvin C. , Maguire Barry 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn ethical theory is alienating if accepting the theory inhibits the agent from fitting participation in some normative ideal, such as some ideal of integrity, friendship, or community. Many normative ideals involve nonconsequentialist behavior of some form or another. If such ideals are normatively authoritative, they constitute counterexamples to consequentialism unless their authority can be explained or explained away. We address a range of attempts to avoid such counterexamples and argue that consequentialism cannot by itself account for the normative authority of all plausible such ideals. At best, consequentialism can find a more modest place in an ethical theory that includes nonconsequentialist principles with their own normative authority.
Public Policy, Consequentialism, the Environment, and Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Budolfson Mark , Spears Dean 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is public policy and consequentialism, especially issues that arise in connection with the environment—that is, the natural world, including nonhuman animals. We integrate some of the existing literature on environmental economics, welfare economics, and policy with the literature on environmental values and philosophy. The emphasis on environmental policy is motivated by the fact that it is arguably the most philosophically interesting and challenging application of consequentialism to policy, as it includes all the challenges of valuing the distribution of human wealth and power, and it has the further challenge of putting these consequences on the same scale as consequences for human health, nonhuman animals, and nature. We suggest that standard methods of (economic) policy analysis provide a good approximation of correct welfarist analysis, except that they must be supplemented with methods for valuing animal well-being and tradeoffs with human well-being. We then provide the needed methods.
The Science of Effective Altruism
Authors: Kumar Victor 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter evaluates effective altruism and its link to science. Contrary to much philosophical discussion, effective altruism is not tied essentially to utilitarianism and therefore does not suffer from the criticisms directed against utilitarianism. Prominent criticisms of effective altruism itself are unconvincing, since they identify remediable problems within the surrounding social movement and not problems essential to the theory itself. As a philosophical theory, effective altruism is worthy of allegiance because it strengthens a laudable connection between moral decision making and scientific evidence. Some philosophers and scientists believe that science supports utilitarianism, but their arguments are unpersuasive. Effective altruism is most plausible when it is divorced from utilitarianism. Despite that, effectice altruism can still encourage large and positive changes to our moral practices.
Value Comparability
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Value comparability, either in the form of the kind of quantitative comparability involved in (intrapersonal or interpersonal) aggregation, or in the form of the kind of qualitative comparability involved in comparing putatively different values, has been thought to threaten the theoretical soundness of consequentialist theories. In part 2, I argue that unrestricted axiological aggregation is supported by overwhelmingly plausible assumptions about ordinary value comparisons. In particular, I argue that large numbers of small harms, such as headaches, really can outweigh small numbers of large harms, such as deaths. In part 3, I consider the challenge that qualitatively different values may be incomparable, in the sense that instances of one value may be neither better, worse, nor equal in value with instances of a different value. I argue that all values, no matter how qualitatively distinct, are either thoroughgoingly comparable or not at all (and that the latter is too implausible to take seriously).
Consequentialism and Reasons for Action
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConsequentialist theories often neglect reasons for action. They offer theories of the rightness or the goodness of actions, or of virtue, but they typically do not include theories of reasons. However, consequentialists can give plausible accounts of reasons. This chapter examines some different ways in which such accounts might be developed, focusing on act consequentialism and rule consequentialism and on the relationship between reasons and rightness. It notes that adding claims about reasons to consequentialist theories may introduce a welcome kind of complexity, and in doing so it may help to make consequentialist approaches to ethics more appealing. For example, it may help consequentialists to explain the ideas of moral constraints and moral options.
Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty
Authors: Bykvist Krister 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAct consequentialism provides an answer to the question of what one ought to do, no matter which situation one is in. The problem, however, is that this answer is rarely if ever known by the agent herself. Ordinary agents do not know all the consequences of their actions, nor do they know how to assess all possible consequences. This lack of both empirical and evaluative knowledge means that ordinary agents often, or always, do not know what act consequentialism tells them to do. This “ignorance challenge,” as we might call it, is often seen as one of the main challenges for act consequentialism. This chapter discusses the main responses to this challenge. It also asks whether this challenge is unique to consequentialism.
Ideological Inversion and the (De)legitimation of Neoliberalism in Chile
Authors: Puga Ismael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Using a mixed-methods approach based on discussion focus groups and panel surveys of the Longitudinal Social Study of Chile, this chapter demonstrates that Chilean’s neoliberal economic order is not legitimized by the vast majority of the population. Instead, the author argues that social norms are in serious conflict with the prevailing socioeconomic order. Within Chilean society, both citizens and social analysts are prone to agree with the existence of a “neoliberal consensus” due to the strategic adaptation of social practices that take place within a socioeconomic order that most individuals accept as a given. As a consequence, a “fantasy consensus” emerges in Chilean society in order to stabilize the social economic order, thus avoiding collective mobilization and social change. In this scenario, the protest waves that Chilean society has faced since 2011 offer additional proof that the “fantasy consensus” has experienced serious fissures, thus opening a window of opportunity to delegitimize Chile’s neoliberal order in the country.
Privilege Accumulation Among Upper Middle-Class Youth in Mexico
Authors: Mora-Salas Minor , de Oliveira Orlandina 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how upper middle-class Mexican families mobilize a vast array of social, cultural, and economic resources to expand their children’s opportunities in life and ensure the intergenerational transmission of their social position. The authors analyze salient characteristics of families’ socioeconomic and demographics in the life histories of a group of young Mexicans from an upper middle-class background. Many believe that micro-social processes, especially surrounding education, are key to understanding how upper-class families mobilize their various resources to shape their children’s life trajectories. These families accumulate social advantages over time that accrue to their progeny and benefit them upon their entrance to the labor market.
Arming the Americas
Authors: Aguirre Katherine , Muggah Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
American countries and cities are among the world’s most prone to gun-related violence. In 2017, the regional homicide rate hovered at 17.2 per 100,000 people, as compared to a global average of closer to 6.1 per 100,000. Rates in Central and South America are over 24 per 100,000 population. Just four countries—Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela—accounted for a quarter of all global gun-related deaths. Firearms on their own are not the cause of homicide or violent crime, but their abundance dramatically increases the risk of a lethal outcome. The sheer diversity and scale of arms and ammunition moving into Latin America constitutes a serious policy challenge. This chapter focuses on the normative dimensions of arms control and emphasizes the salient policy angles, including the necessity of additional border and custom controls, oversight of local arms production, and better controls and management of military, police, and private security arsenals. To responsibly control the problem, Latin America needs better enforcement of existing laws.
Differences, Inequalities, and Labor Markets in Latin America
Authors: Pérez Sáinz Juan Pablo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to explain the persistence of inequalities in labor markets in Latin America. The author argues that the causes should be sought not only in class asymmetries, but also in sociocultural factors work. When differences of various types (sex, culture, phenotype, place, etc.) are processed through inferiorization, they become inequalities (gender, ethnic, racial, territorial, etc.). In this way categorical pairs are constituted that match class inequalities by reinforcing them through various mechanisms: primary and secondary segregation and discrimination. Depending on the processing logic in force at the time in a given society, differences can lead to either inequality or equality.
Inequality, Social Mobility, and Racism in Bolivia
Authors: Rea Campos Carmen Rosa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Using Bolivia as a case study, this contribution discusses the relationship between racism and social inequality in Latin America. It establishes the role of ethnic and racial categories in the construction of imaginary borders that hinder social mobility among disadvantaged populations. Poverty in Latin America certainly affects the indigenous, Afro-descendants, and mestizos; indeed, the highest poverty indexes are still disproportionately concentrated among indigenous and Afro-descendant communities. These communities usually occupy manual labor positions with low remuneration and high degrees of informalization, while high-skilled, nonmanual positions with higher remuneration and power are concentrated in different communities. This pattern of poverty concentration has not significantly changed in countries, such as Bolivia, with large indigenous populations. In the past few decades, the social policies of progressive governments in Bolivia have managed to reduce extreme poverty at the macroeconomic level; however, these policies have had little effect on reducing social inequality gaps. Moreover, these progressive policies have yet to significantly reduce the entrenched racism that allows for Bolivian social inequalities to persist.
The Political Economy
Authors: Williams Robert G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Central American history is a tale of two economies: one founded on food security and community; the other on amassing private fortunes. Peasant prosperity depends on access to land, forests, and local markets; business prosperity depends on land, labor, capital, and global markets. State institutions mediate between acquisitive business elites and peasant communities, which defend territory. From 1840 to 1900, elites fought between themselves and peasant communities as they built national governments and a coffee export economy. From 1900 to 1929, the United States formed strategic alliances supporting militaries and big business, including US fruit companies. Global Depression and World War II shocked the system. US Cold War strategies fed militaries and business at the expense of peasant economies, provoking peasant uprisings (1970s) and US intervention (1979–1989). Peace Accords (1990s) reduced militaries, but private security forces increased (1990s–2019), especially in the Northern Triangle, where business expansion produced caravans of migrants fleeing violence.
Youth Life Writing In a Postcolonial World
Authors: De Sarkar Titas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This essay explores how youth identities are constructed in a postcolonial space through life writing. In so doing it challenges conventional understanding of autobiography or testimonio. Using the life writing of Malay Roychoudhury–the founder of the 1960s radical literary Hungry movement–the essay shows how the categories autobiography and testimonio are insufficient to describe life writing of the Global South. The characters portrayed, the treatment of the narrative, and the multiple footings taken to project the author as a subaltern and marginal figure and yet possessing abundant cultural capital, hybridizes the genre of life writing itself whereby newer tools become necessary. This essay thus presents critical youth culture studies, theories of life writing, and subaltern studies, as they relate to postcolonialism, in order to highlight the necessity for seeing the youth of the Global South in ways that cannot be captured by analytical tools that are insufficiently provincialized.
Fair Subject Selection in Clinical and Social Scientific Research
Authors: MacKay Douglas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical overview and interpretation of fair subject selection in clinical and social scientific research. It first provides an analytical framework for thinking about the problem of fair subject selection. It then argues that fair subject selection is best understood as a set of four subprinciples, each with normative force and each with distinct and often conflicting implications for the selection of participants: fair inclusion, fair burden sharing, fair opportunity, and fair distribution of third-party risks. It then defends an approach to navigating the conflicting imperatives of these subprinciples, one which privileges the need to include epistemically distinct groups in research, before concluding by considering the most pressing research questions regarding fair subject selection.
The Overlapping Web of Data, Territoriality, and Sovereignty
Authors: Daskal Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The rise of a globally interconnected internet and, in particular, the ways in which highly mobile data transits and is accessed across state borders pose a particularly profound test to the notion of the sovereign-territoriality link. Data is, after all, both unterritorial and multiterritorial. It can move across territorial boundaries with the speed of light. It can be copied and held in multiple locations at once. It can be remotely accessed and controlled by users who are separated by territorial boundaries from the data that they are accessing. And it can be accessed and manipulated by multiple different people—or governmental entities—simultaneously. This chapter explores these implications for privacy, speech rights, and security—examining the ways in which states are increasingly exercising or seeking to exercise power, via manipulation of data, across territorial borders; the clashes that emerge; and the role and power of private entities in managing competing norms across borders.
Membership and Global Legal Pluralism
Authors: Spiro Peter J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Community is the building block of global legal pluralism. The state has been the dominant normative community in a global perspective. That reflected sociological realities on the ground. Global legal pluralism understands that the state no longer preempts other forms of community. Much of the legal pluralist literature considers the complex dynamic interaction of normative communities, state and nonstate. But it does little to consider from a normative perspective how those communities are constituted. This chapter maps a global legal pluralist approach to membership. It addresses questions relating to entry, exit, and expulsion. It does so with respect to membership in the state as well as membership in nonstate communities. It also considers issues relating to multiple membership. The chapter closes with some speculations on global citizenship, suggesting that membership in a global community has become meaningfully supplemental to membership in other communities. The chapter deploys archetypal cases, some real, some hypothetical, to illustrate membership’s consequence.
Anthropological Roots of Global Legal Pluralism
Authors: von Benda-Beckmann Keebet , Turner Bertram 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Since the turn of the century, the term “legal pluralism” has seen a remarkable rise in interest. It is now widely accepted, although it was long rejected in legal studies. When legal anthropologists began to refer to “legal pluralism” in the 1970s, this marked a crucial change in anthropological thinking about law. Since then, not only have political and economic developments profoundly changed constellations of legal pluralism but also the term itself has followed a variety of trajectories and accrued multiple meanings in the process. In particular, in the trajectory of global legal pluralism, it has acquired a normative meaning that is quite distinct from its use in anthropology as a tool of analysis. This chapter discusses how the anthropological study of law and legal pluralism developed from the study of law in colonial societies toward empirical studies in postcolonial settings and in nation-states around the globe under conditions of ever-increasing global connectedness and complexity. Global legal pluralism is analyzed in relation to topics that include law and development, religion, human rights, minorities, indigeneity, and politics of global legal pluralism. At the end the chapter offers an outlook into future anthropological research on global legal pluralism. Insights were developed not only in response to sociopolitical developments but also to changing theoretical perspectives.