bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association of stroke severity with health-related quality of life in survivors of acute cerebrovascular disease and their informal caregivers during the first year post stroke: a survey study
Authors: Labberton Angela S. , Augestad Liv Ariane , Thommessen Bente , Barra Mathias 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To describe the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of caregivers and survivors of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and stroke during one year post discharge in comparison to age- and sex-matched population norms; and to analyse the association of initial stroke severity, measured by a routinely used stroke-specific scale, on subsequent HRQoL of caregivers and survivors.

Methods
Cohort of hospitalized patients with TIA and stroke discharged alive from a large university hospital in Norway, and their informal caregivers. Questionnaires at 3 and 12 months post discharge were filled out by caregivers (n = 320 and n = 326, respectively) and survivors (n = 368 and n = 383, respectively). Multivariable linear regression analyses tested associations between initial stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS) and HRQoL (EQ-5D-3L) in caregivers and survivors.

Results
Caregivers of survivors with TIA or stroke did not report lower HRQoL than matched norms. There was some evidence of an association of the NIHSS with caregiver HRQoL at 3 months only (age–sex-adjusted coefficient − 0.01, p = 0.008), however, this was attenuated after additional adjustments. Survivors with stroke, but not TIA, reported lower HRQoL than population norms at both time points. There was a negative association between higher NIHSS scores and survivors’ HRQoL; fully adjusted coefficient − 0.01 at both time points (p = 0.001).

Conclusion
The informal caregivers and survivors with TIA did not report lower than expected HRQoL. Increasing stroke severity was associated with decreasing HRQoL among survivors, but had limited predictive value among caregivers. Other factors may therefore be better indicators of ‘at risk’ caregivers.
Effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the life stages of fish
Authors: Alves Ricardo N. , Agustí Susana 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCurrent levels of Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) represent a significant threat to many fish species. The first studies on the effects of UVR on organisms were performed on fish at the beginning of the twentieth century, and the topic has been progressing continuously until the present. Here, we review the reported harmful effects of ultraviolet B (UVB) and A (UVA) radiations in fish at different lifecycle stages, including embryo, larvae, juveniles and adults. The most evident negative effects during the early development stages are an increase in mortality and incidence in developmental malformations, with the skin and gills the most affected tissues in larvae. Growth reduction, a loss in body condition, and behavioral, physiological and metabolic changes in juveniles/adults occur under short- or long-term UVB exposure. The skin in juveniles/adults undergoes profound morphological and functional changes, even after acute exposure to UVR. Impairment of molecular and cellular processes was evidenced in all development stages by increasing the levels of DNA damage, apoptosis and changing tissues’ antioxidant status. The different photo-protective mechanisms to cope with excessive UVR exposure are also revised. Currently, stratospheric ozone dynamics and climate change interact strongly, enhancing the potential exposure of fish to UVR under water. Due to these environmental changes, fish are exposed to new and complex interactions between UVR and environmental stressors, which potentially affects fish growth and survival. Understanding the ability of fish to cope and adapt to these environmental changes will be essential to evaluate the potential impact in fisheries and mitigate ecological problems.
Viruses of endophytic and pathogenic forest fungi
Authors: Siddique Abu Bakar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMycoviruses, just as the fungal endophytes they infect, are ubiquitous biological entities on Earth. Mycoviruses constitute a diverse group of viruses, and metagenomic approaches have—through recent discoveries of been mycoviruses—only recently began to provide evidence of this astonishing diversity. The current review presents (1) various mycoviruses which infect fungal endophytes and forest pathogens, (2) their presumed origins and interactions with fungi, plants and the environment, (3) high-throughput sequencing techniques that can be used to explore the horizontal gene transfer of mycoviruses, and (4) how the hypo- and hypervirulence induced by mycoviral infection is relevant to the biological control of pathogenic fungi.
Evaluating metacognitive self-reports: systematic reviews of the value of self-report in metacognitive research
Authors: Craig Kym , Hale Daniel , Grainger Catherine , Stewart Mary E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMetacognitive skills have been shown to be strongly associated with academic achievement and serve as the basis of many therapeutic treatments for mental health conditions. Thus, it is likely that training metacognitive skills can lead to improved academic skills and health and well-being. Because metacognition is an awareness of one’s own thoughts, and as such is not directly observable, it is often measured by self-report. This study reviews and critiques the use of self-report in evaluating metacognition by conducting systematic reviews and a meta-analysis of studies assessing metacognitive skills. Keyword searches were performed in EbscoHost, ERIC, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Scopus, Web of Science, and WorldWideScience.org to locate all articles evaluating metacognition through self-report. 24,396 articles from 1982 through 2018 were screened for inclusion in the study. Firstly, a systematic review of twenty-two articles was conducted to review the ability of self-report measures to evaluate a proposed taxonomy of metacognition. Secondly, a systematic review and meta-analyses of 37 studies summarizes the ability of self-report to relate to metacognitive behavior and the possible effects of differences in research methods. Results suggest that self-reports provide a useful overview of two factors – metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation. However, metacognitive processes as measured by self-report subscales are unclear. Conversely, the two factors of metacognition do not adequately relate to metacognitive behavior, but subscales strongly correlate across self-reports and metacognitive tasks. Future research should carefully consider the role of self-reports when designing research evaluating metacognition.
Strain-dependent slope stability
Authors: Nitzsche Kornelia , Herle Ivo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe state of equilibrium of a slope is usually interpreted and expressed by safety factors based on calculations with limit equilibrium methods. Different stress states, failure modes and hydraulic conditions in sections along a slip surface affect the development of shear stresses during slope movement. Moreover, a post-peak softening of the shear strength can have a pronounced impact. As a consequence of the latter effect, the mobilization of the shear resistance along the slip surface is non-uniform and the safety of the slope can be overestimated or underestimated. In the presented paper, an algorithm is proposed to capture the strain-dependent slope stability. The approach is illustrated by means of a calculation example for a slope with a planar slip surface where a block sliding is assumed.
Mid-domain effect for food chain length in a colonization–extinction model
Authors: Prillwitz Kai von , Blasius Bernd 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe mid-domain effect states that in a spatially bounded domain species richness tends to decrease from the center towards the boundary, thus producing a peak or plateau of species richness in the middle of the domain even in the absence of any environmental gradient. This effect has been frequently used to describe geographic richness gradients of trophically similar species, but how it scales across different trophic levels is poorly understood. Here, we study the role of geometric constraints for the formation of spatial gradients in trophically structured metacommunities. We model colonization–extinction dynamics of a simple food chain on a network of habitat patches embedded in a one- or two-dimensional domain. In a spatially homogeneous or well-mixed system, we find that the food chain length increases with the square root of the ratio of colonization and extinction rates. In a spatially bounded domain, we find that the patch occupancy decreases towards the edge of the domain for all species of the food web, but this spatial gradient varies with the trophic level. As a consequence, the average food chain length peaks in the center and declines towards the boundaries of the domain, thereby extending the notion of a mid-domain effect from species richness to food chain length. This trophic mid-domain effect already arises in a one-dimensional domain, but it is most pronounced at the headlands in a two-dimensional domain. As the mid-domain effect for food chain length is caused solely by spatial boundaries and requires no other environmental heterogeneity, it can be considered a null expectation for geographic patterns in spatially extended food webs.
Effect of a synthesized anionic fluorinated surfactant on wettability alteration for chemical treatment of near-wellbore zone in carbonate gas condensate reservoirs
Authors: Nowrouzi Iman , Mohammadi Amir H. , Manshad Abbas Khaksar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe pressure drop during production in the near-wellbore zone of gas condensate reservoirs causes condensate formation in this area. Condensate blockage in this area causes an additional pressure drop that weakens the effective parameters of production, such as permeability. Reservoir rock wettability alteration to gas-wet through chemical treatment is one of the solutions to produce these condensates and eliminate condensate blockage in the area. In this study, an anionic fluorinated surfactant was synthesized and used for chemical treatment and carbonate rock wettability alteration. The synthesized surfactant was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Then, using surface tension tests, its critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined. Contact angle experiments on chemically treated sections with surfactant solutions and spontaneous imbibition were performed to investigate the wettability alteration. Surfactant adsorption on porous media was calculated using flooding. Finally, the surfactant foamability was investigated using a Ross–Miles foam generator. According to the results, the synthesized surfactant has suitable thermal stability for use in gas condensate reservoirs. A CMC of 3500 ppm was obtained for the surfactant based on the surface tension experiments. Contact angle experiments show the ability of the surfactant to chemical treatment and wettability alteration of carbonate rocks to gas-wet so that at the constant concentration of CMC and at 373 K, the contact angles at treatment times of 30, 60, 120 and 240 min were obtained 87.94°, 93.50°, 99.79° and 106.03°, respectively. However, this ability varies at different surfactant concentrations and temperatures. The foamability test also shows the suitable stability of the foam generated by the surfactant, and a foam half-life time of 13 min was obtained for the surfactant at CMC.
Cerebellum: What is in a Name? Historical Origins and First Use of This Anatomical Term
Authors: Voogd Jan , De Zeeuw Chris I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we study who first used the Latin anatomical term “cerebellum” for the posterior part of the brain. The suggestion that this term was introduced by Leonardo da Vinci is unlikely. Just before the start of the da Vinci era in the fifteenth century, several authors referred to the cerebellum as “cerebri posteriorus.” Instead, in his translation of Galen’s anatomical textDe utilitare particularumof 1307, Nicolo da Reggio used the Latinized Greek word “parencephalon.” More peculiar was the Latin nautical term “puppi,” referring to the stern of a ship, that was applied to thecerebellumby Constantine the African in his translation of the ArabicLiber regiusin the eleventh century. The first to use the term “cerebellum” appears to be Magnus Hundt in hisAnthropologiafrom 1501. Like many of the anatomists of this period, he was a humanist with an interest in classical literature. They may have encountered the term “cerebellum” in the writings by classical authors such as Celsus, where it was used as the diminutive of “cerebrum” for the small brains of small animals, and, subsequently, applied the term to the posterior part of the brain. In the subsequent decades of the sixteenth century, an increasing number of pre-Vesalian authors of anatomical texts started to use the name “cerebellum,” initially often combined with one or more of the earlier terms, but eventually more frequently in isolation. We found that a woodcut in Dryander’sAnatomia capitis humaniof 1536 is the first realistic picture of the cerebellum.
Pore pressure prediction in front of drill bit based on grey prediction theory
Authors: Sheng Ya-nan , Li Weiting , Guan Zhi-chuan , Jiang Jinbao , Lan Kai , Kong Hua 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAt present, the method of formation pressure is mainly divided into pressure prediction before drilling, pressure monitoring while drilling, and post-drilling pressure detection. The drilling monitoring method and the post-drilling pressure detection method cannot predict the pressure value of the formation in front of the drill bit. The pre-drilling prediction method is used to predict pressure by seismic data, but the accuracy of the result is not high. How to infer the pressure information of complex and unknown drilling strata based on very limited known formation pressure information is the key technical problem to be solved in this paper. In order to solve this problem, a method based on grey theory is proposed to predict the formation pressure in front of the drill. The prediction results of formation pore pressure based on the method in this paper are compared with the monitoring results of formation pore pressure while drilling: the maximum error is 3.408%, and the average relative error is 3.038%, which indicates that the model has high accuracy. It can meet the requirements of field drilling construction. Through the research of this paper, it can provide more accurate pore pressure information of the formation to be drilled under the bit. Based on the pressure prediction results of the formation to be drilled, dynamic engineering risk assessment can be carried out, so as to assist the drilling operators to make quick and accurate decisions and prevent drilling risk caused by inaccurate understanding of pressure information.
A new generalized equation for estimation of sandstone and carbonate permeability from mercury intrusion porosimetry data
Authors: Saki Mohammad , Siahpoush Saman , Khaz’ali Ali Reza 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe reservoir rock cuttings can be characterized using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). MIP tests do not yield the permeability of the sample directly; however, MIP results could be used to estimate permeability using empirical equations. Such effort has been attempted in several researches. Most of them have been performed on sandstones or carbonates solely. Therefore, a comprehensive study accounting for both types of reservoir rocks is missing. In the current research, MIP data of 187 sandstone, limestone, and dolomite samples with a wide range of permeability (from 0.001 to 2000 mD), and porosity (from 1 to 32%) taken from 8 Iranian gas and oil fields were used to develop a new generalized equation for estimating uncorrected gas permeability. We have concluded that in addition to the porosity, pore throat radii corresponding to a mercury saturation of 35% (r35) has the highest correlation with the permeability of the samples. The proposed equation was validated by data from another 21 carbonate and 9 sandstone rock samples. A comparison between our equation and other commonly used similar empirical equations showed the proposed equation has the highest precision in the estimation of permeability of all rock types. The findings of this study can be used to predict reservoir rock permeability from easily accessible and inexpensive drill cutting with acceptable precision. Additionally, the proposed equation is applicable in well-log interpretations and reserve determinations.
Alkaline and co-digestion pretreatments: process optimization for enhancing the methane yield of Jatropha press cake
Authors: Ewunie Gebresilassie Asnake , Morken John , Yigezu Zerihun Demrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOil extraction and biodiesel production process produce a massive amount of by-products like Jatropha press cake (JPC) and crude glycerol (CG), which could be used as a potential substrate for methane production. However, the higher lignocellulosic and nitrogen content in the JPC act as a recalcitrant and inhibitor, respectivly, for microbes that are involved in the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. Therefore, the present study aimed to enhance the methane yield of JPC by optimizing the alkaline pretreatment and co-digestion process conditions. The effects of NaOH concentration, incubation temperature, and retention time on methane and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) yields were evaluated and modeled by employing a response surface methodology coupled with central composite design (RSM-CCD). Moreover, a series of batch experiments with various feedstock concentrations (FCs) were tested to investigate the methane yield of JPC when co-digested with CG at different levels. The methane yields of all pretreated samples were significantly higher when compared with these of the untreated JPC. Pretreating the JPC using 7.32% NaOH at 35.86 °C for 54.05 h was the optimum conditions for maximum methane increment of 40.23% (353.90 mL g−1 VS), while co-digesting 2% CG with JPC at 2 g VS L−1 FC enhanced the methane yield by 28.9% (325.47 mL g−1 VS). Thus, the methane yield of JPC was effectively increased by alkaline pretreatment and co-digesting with CG. However, the alkaline pretreatment was relatively more effective compared with the co-digestion process.
On the distortion and warping of cantilever beams with hollow section
Authors: Björk Timo , Ahola Antti , Skriko Tuomas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with the stress analysis of a cantilever box beam subjected to static or fluctuating torsional moment loading. Such beams may have multiple critical locations from the strength point of view; one interesting detail is the cross section where the loading is imposed. However, such details can be typically designed to possess smooth shapes, resulting in moderate stress concentrations, which mean that fatigue failures can be avoided. However, the distortional deformation of the cross section induces transverse bending stresses, which may be detrimental, particularly in welded box beams. In addition, the fixing location where the beam is typically welded to an end plate may become a critical point. This paper presents an analytical approach for calculating the longitudinal stresses due to the warping of the cross section as well as the distortion-induced transverse and longitudinal stresses in rectangular hollow sections. Finite element analyses (FEAs) are carried out to verify the analytical approach to shed light on the critical points in the end plate details with different degrees of weld penetration using the effective notch stress (ENS) concept and to suggest design proposals for an efficient structural detailing of diaphragm plates to decrease the warping behavior.
Prediction and differential analysis of RNA secondary structure
Authors: Yu Bo , Lu Yao , Zhang Qiangfeng Cliff , Hou Lin 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundRNA structure is the crucial basis for RNA function in various cellular processes. Over the last decade, high throughput structure profiling (SP) experiments have brought enormous insight into RNA secondary structure.ResultsIn this review, we first provide an overview of approaches for RNA secondary structure prediction, including free energy‐based algorithms and comparative sequence analysis. Then we introduce SP technologies, databases to document SP data, and pipelines/algorithms to normalize and interpret SP data. Computational frameworks that incorporate SP data in RNA secondary structure prediction are also presented.ConclusionsWe finally discuss potential directions for improvement in the prediction and differential analysis of RNA secondary structure.
Coming to See Action as Symbol: the Computer as Collaborator
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOur work with young children began as a project and a place that we called The Laboratory for Making Things. Our hypothesis was that deep learning could accrue in an environment where projects were designed that used differing kinds of objects/materials, that utilized differing sensory modalities, that held the potential for differing modes of description, but that shared conceptual underpinnings. This article focuses on the work of one eight-year-child, whom I call Laf, whose most notable quality was integrity – he needed to understand for himself. I trace Laf’s work as an example of a response to the question I had put to myself: Could the computer be a collaborator in helping children effectively make moves between their own body actions in clapping and the necessary numerical–symbolic instructions to make the computer drums play what they had clapped?
Various phases in surface movements linked to deep coal longwall mining: from start-up till the period after closure
Authors: Vervoort André 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper covers the entire lifetime of an underground coal mine, including the start-up of the mining operations and the period after the closure and sealing of the underground workings. Measurements of the vertical surface movement are presented for three neighbouring mines in the Belgian Campine coal basin, where the longwall mining method was applied. First, the monitoring of the initial phase showed that the impact of the first panel was smaller than the impacts of the following two neighbouring panels. When the second panel was mined, a change in the induced surface tilt was observed in the immediate proximity of the panels. Second, data for a transect with a length of about 2.5 km were presented, covering a total time of 54 years, of which the first 31 years were during the active life of the mine. Average subsidence rates of up to − 0.3 m/year were observed. After the mine was closed and the pumping facilities were stopped, the average uplift rate was situated mostly between 4 and 16 mm/year, but a value of 141 mm/year also was measured. Thirty years after closure, the upward movements are still occurring. Third, the phase of uplift is analyzed in more detail over a full north–south transect. A clear narrow maximum was observed for the uplift, corresponding to a total vertical movement of 0.2 m over approximately an 18-year period. All these phases are relevant, for example when analysing damage to buildings and infrastructure. Damage becomes visible when the cumulative movement and loading exceed critical limits and not necessarily when the largest rate of movement is observed, for example.