bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Algorithm Based Design for Gear Trains
Authors: Chong Tae Hyong , Lee Joung Sang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The design of gear train is a kind of mixed problems which have to determine various types of design variables; i.e., continuous, discrete, and integer variables. Therefore, the most common practice of optimum design using the derivative of objective function has difficulty in solving those kinds of problems and the optimum solution also depends on initial guess because there are many sophisticated constraints. In this study, the Genetic Algorithm is introduced for the optimum design of gear trains to solve such problems and we propose a genetic algorithm based gear design system. This system is applied for the geometrical volume (size) minimization problem of the two-stage gear train and the simple planetary gear train to show that genetic algorithm is better than the conventional algorithms for solving the problems that have continuous, discrete, and integer variables. In this system, each design factor such as strength, durability, interference, contact ratio, etc. is considered on the basis of AGMA standards to satisfy the required design specification and the performance with minimizing the geometrical volume (size) of gear trains.
Design Method of Vibrationally Optimum Tooth Flank Form for Involute Helical Gears With Scattering in Pressure Angle and Helix Angle Deviation
Authors: Komori Masaharu , Kubo Aizoh , Kawasaki Yoshiki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The detail in geometrical shape of each tooth flank of a mass-production gear is usually not the same. Even a slight deviation of tooth flank form of several micrometers has a big influence on the running vibration/noise of transmission gear box. The influence of scattering in tooth flank form on the vibrational characteristics of gears must therefore be taken into consideration at the design stage to achieve low vibration gears. In this report, the influence of typical types of scattering, i.e. in pressure angle deviation and helix angle deviation, on the vibrational excitation is clarified in terms of the relationship between vibrational excitation and actual contact ratio. Those types of scattering decrease the actual contact ratio of a gear pair from that value of the tooth flank form designed on a draft. Gears with scattering in tooth flank form can run silenter, when some less amount of tooth flank form modification than the optimum one for gears without scattering is given. The design algorithm for optimum modification of tooth flank form with scattering is proposed.
Influence of Tooth Spacing Error on Gears With and Without Profile Modifications
Authors: Padmasolala Giri , Lin Hsiang H. , Oswald Fred B. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A computer simulation was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of profile modification for reducing dynamic loads in gears with different tooth spacing errors. The simulation examined varying amplitudes of spacing error and differences in the span of teeth over which the error occurs. The modification considered included both linear and parabolic tip relief. The analysis considered spacing error that varies around most of the gear circumference (similar to a typical sinusoidal error pattern) as well as a shorter span of spacing errors that occurs on only a few teeth. The dynamic analysis was performed using a revised version of a NASA gear dynamics code, modified to add tooth spacing errors to the analysis.
Results obtained from the investigation show that linear tip relief is more effective in reducing dynamic loads on gears with small spacing errors but parabolic tip relief becomes more effective as the amplitude of spacing error increases. In addition, the parabolic modification is more effective for the more severe error case where the error is spread over a longer span of teeth. The findings of this study can be used to design robust tooth profile modification for improving dynamic performance of gear sets with different tooth spacing errors.
Introduction of an Economical Diaphragm Coupling for Mid-Range Applications
Authors: Herbstritt William R. , Konopka Donald J. , Slagle Tom L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses the design, development, and testing of the NC diaphragm coupling. It also outlines the advantages of this coupling and its use in various applications.
Non-lubricated couplings have become commonplace in the Power Transmission Industry. There are currently two main types of non-lubricated couplings, disc and diaphragm. Disc couplings are typically applied across the entire range of power transmission applications. Manufacturing costs of existing diaphragm coupling designs typically limit their use to the higher performance applications, such as gas turbines. By combining the flexibility of the multiple convoluted diaphragm design with the simplicity of the single contour diaphragm and the cost effectiveness of the disc, the Power Transmission Industry is now provided with a reliable economic alternative for mid-range applications. The multiple contoured, non-convoluted (NC) diaphragm coupling.
A Revised Matrix FMEA Technique Based on Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Sankar Nune Ravi , Prabhu Bantwal S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A methodology combining the benefits of matrix FMEA and fuzzy logic is presented in this paper. The matrix approach is improved to develop a pictorial representation retaining all relevant qualitative and quantitative information of a several FMEA element relationships, which can be described as many-to-many. For example, one failure mode may result in several effects, and one effect may result from several failure modes. The methodology presented also extends the risk prioritization beyond the conventional Risk Priority Number (RPN) method. Fuzzy logic is used for prioritizing failures for corrective actions in FMEA. In RPN method, the criticality assessment is based on the severity, frequency of occurrence and detectability of failure. However, these parameters are here represented as members of a fuzzy set, combined by matching them against rules in a rule base, evaluated with min-max inferencing, and then defuzzified to assess the riskness of the failure. The fundamental problem with RPN technique is that it attempts to quantify risk without adequately quantifying the factors that contribute to risk. In particular cases, RPNs can be misleading. This deficiency can be eliminated by introducing the new technique to calculate criticality rank based on fuzzy logic. The methodology presented is demonstrated by application to an illustrative example.
Thermal Diffusion Separation of Petroleum Diamondoids and
Protodiamondoids
Authors: Gadzhiev G. A. , Badmaev Ch. M. , Gordadze G. N. , Giruts M. V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Diamondoids were separated from protodiamondoids (precursors of diamondoids)
in a saturated fraction (150–350°C) of crude oil by thermal diffusion. It was
found that in the course of thermal diffusion separation,
C10–C13 adamantanes
(tricyclo[3,3,1,13,7]decanes) and
C14–C16 diamantanes
(pentacyclo[7,3,1,14,12,02,7,06,11]tetradecanes)
are separated from the corresponding protoadamantanes and protodiamantanes and
descend to the lower sections of the thermal diffusion column. In contrast to
adamantanes and diamantanes,
C18–C19 triamantanes
(heptacyclo[7,7,1,13,15,01,12,02,7,04,13,06,11]octadecanes)
are not separated from prototriamantanes and are concentrated in the lower
sections of the thermal diffusion column. Catalytic isomerization of this
thermal diffusion fraction with aluminum bromide was carried out to further
confirm that the numerous compounds that have the same characteristic ions as
triamantanes but elute later are polycyclic (most likely bridged) hydrocarbons,
specifically prototriamantanes. As a result, all these polycyclic compounds were
isomerized into triamantanes. Similarly, in the course of isomerization of
thermal diffusion fractions containing protoadamantanes and protodiamantanes,
all of these turned into adamantanes and diamantanes, respectively.
Domain binding and isotype dictate the activity of anti-human OX40 antibodies
Authors: Griffiths Jordana , Hussain Khiyam , Smith Hannah L , Sanders Theodore , Cox Kerry L , Semmrich Monika , Mårtensson Linda , Kim Jinny , Inzhelevskaya Tatyana , Penfold Chris A , Tutt Alison L , Mockridge C Ian , Chan HT Claude , English Vikki , French Ruth F , Teige Ingrid , Al-Shamkhani Aymen , Glennie Martin J , Frendeus Bjorn L , Willoughby Jane E , Cragg Mark S 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundPrevious data suggests that anti-OX40 mAb can elicit anti-tumor effects in mice through deletion of Tregs. However, OX40 also has powerful costimulatory effects on T cells which could evoke therapeutic responses. Human trials with anti-OX40 antibodies have shown that these entities are well tolerated but to date have delivered disappointing clinical responses, indicating that the rules for the optimal use of anti-human OX40 (hOX40) antibodies is not yet fully understood. Changes to timing and dosages may lead to improved outcomes; however, here we focus on addressing the role of agonism versus depleting activity in determining therapeutic outcomes. We investigated a novel panel of anti-hOX40 mAb to understand how these reagents and mechanisms may be optimized for therapeutic benefit.MethodsThis study examines the binding activity and in vitro activity of a panel of anti-hOX40 antibodies. They were further evaluated in several in vivo models to address how isotype and epitope determine mechanism of action and efficacy of anti-hOX40 mAb.ResultsBinding analysis revealed the antibodies to be high affinity, with epitopes spanning all four cysteine-rich domains of the OX40 extracellular domain. In vivo analysis showed that their activities relate directly to two key properties: (1) isotype—with mIgG1 mAb evoking receptor agonism and CD8+ T-cell expansion and mIgG2a mAb evoking deletion of Treg and (2) epitope—with membrane-proximal mAb delivering more powerful agonism. Intriguingly, both isotypes acted therapeutically in tumor models by engaging these different mechanisms.ConclusionThese findings highlight the significant impact of isotype and epitope on the modulation of anti-hOX40 mAb therapy, and indicate that CD8+ T-cell expansion or Treg depletion might be preferred according to the composition of different tumors. As many of the current clinical trials using OX40 antibodies are now using combination therapies, this understanding of how to manipulate therapeutic activity will be vital in directing new combinations that are more likely to improve efficacy and clinical outcomes.
Hearing the voices of Australian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ananda-Rajah Michelle , Veness Benjamin , Berkovic Danielle , Parker Catriona , Kelly Greg , Ayton Darshini 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundThe statistics of healthcare worker (HCW) COVID-19 infections do not convey the lived experience of HCWs during the pandemic. This study explores the working conditions and issues faced by Australian HCWs.MethodsQualitative analysis of free-text responses from Australian HCWs from 3 August to 26 October 2020 from an open letter calling for better respiratory protection for HCWs, transparent reporting of HCW COVID-19 infections and diversity in national infection control policy development. The open letter was sent to an email list of 23 000 HCWs from a previous campaign and promoted on social media.ResultsAmong 3587 HCWs who signed the open letter during the study period, 569 free-text responses were analysed. Doctors and nurses accounted for 58% and 33% of respondents, respectively. Most respondents came from Victoria (48%), New South Wales (20%), Queensland (12%) or Western Australia (11%). Dominant themes included concerns about: work health and safety standards; guidelines on respiratory protection including the omission of fit-testing of P2/N95 respirators; deficiencies in the availability, quality, appropriateness and training of personal protective equipment; and a command-and-control culture that enabled bullying in response to concerns about safety that culminated a loss of trust in leadership, self-reported COVID-19 infections in some respondents and moral injury.ConclusionDeficiencies in work health and safety, respiratory protection, personal protective equipment and workplace culture have resulted in a loss of psychological and physical safety at work associated with an occupational moral injury. The challenge for healthcare leaders is to repair trust by addressing HCW concerns and fast track solutions in collaboration with them.
Systematic review of clinical guidelines for lipid lowering in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events
Authors: Brown Rosemary Elisabeth , Welsh Paul , Logue Jennifer 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundThe WHO recommends that those with established cardiovascular disease should be treated with lipid-lowering therapy, but there is no specific guidance regarding lipid monitoring. Unnecessary general practitioner visits may be a burden for patients and increase healthcare costs. A systematic review of the current guidelines was performed to reveal gaps in the evidence base for optimal lipid monitoring approaches.MethodsFor this systematic review, a search of Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Turning Research Into Practice databases was conducted for relevant guidelines published in the 10 years prior to 31 December 2019. Recommendations surrounding the frequency of testing, lipid-lowering therapies and target cholesterol values were compared qualitatively. Each guideline was assessed using the 2009 Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool.ResultsTwenty-two guidelines were included. All recommended statins as the primary lipid-lowering therapy, with a high level of supporting evidence. Considerable variation was found in the recommendations for cholesterol targets. Seventeen guidelines provided at least one cholesterol target, which for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ranged between 1.0 and 2.6 mmol/L, although the most frequently recommended was <1.8 mmol/L (n=12). For long-term follow-up, many recommended reviewing patients annually (n=9), although there was some variation in recommendations for the interval of between 3 and 12 months. Supporting evidence for any approach was limited, often being derived from clinical opinion.ConclusionsFurther research is required to provide an evidence base for optimal lipid monitoring of the on-statin secondary prevention population.
Diaphragm pacing decreases hospital charges for patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury
Authors: Kerwin Andrew J , Diaz Zuniga Yohan , Yorkgitis Brian K , Mull Jennifer , Hsu Albert T , Madbak Firas G , Ebler David J , Skarupa David J , Shiber Joseph , Crandall Marie L 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundCervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) is devastating and costly. Previous research has demonstrated that diaphragm pacing (DPS) is safe and improves respiratory mechanics. This may decrease hospital stays, vent days, and costs. We hypothesized DPS implantation would facilitate liberation from ventilation and would impact hospital charges.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of patients with acute CSCI between January 2005 and May 2017. Routine demographics were collected. Patients underwent propensity matching based on age, injury severity score, ventilator days, hospital length of stay, and need for tracheostomy. We then adjusted total hospital charges by year using US Bureau of Labor Statistics annual adjusted Medical Care Prices. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression statistics were performed using STATA V.15.ResultsBetween July 2011 and May 2017, all patients with acute CSCI were evaluated for DPS implantation. 40 patients who had laparoscopic DPS implantation (DPS) were matched to 61 who did not (NO DPS). Following DPS implantation, there was a statistically significant increase in spontaneous Vt compared with NO DPS (+88 mL vs −13 mL; 95% CI 46 to 131 vs −78 to 51 mL, respectively; p=0.004). Median time to liberation after DPS was significantly shorter (10 vs 29 days; 95% CI 6.5 to 13.6 vs 23.1 to 35.3 days; p<0.001). Adjusted hospital charges were significantly lower for DPS on multivariate linear regression models controlling for year of injury, sex, race, injury severity, and age (p=0.003).DiscussionDPS implantation in patients with acute CSCI produces significant improvements in spontaneous Vt and reduces time to liberation, which translated into reduced hospital charges on a risk-adjusted, inflation-adjusted model. DPS implantation for patients with acute CSCI should be considered.Level of evidenceLevel III.
Factors associated with optimal patient outcomes after operative repair of isolated hip fractures in the elderly
Authors: deMeireles Alirio J , Gerhardinger Laura , Oliphant Bryant W , Jenkins Peter C , Cain-Nielsen Anne H , Scott John W , Hemmila Mark R , Sangji Naveen F 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundIncreased time to operative intervention is associated with a greater risk of mortality and complications in adults with a hip fracture. This study sought to determine factors associated with timeliness of operation in elderly patients presenting with an isolated hip fracture and the influence of surgical delay on outcomes.MethodsTrauma quality collaborative data (July 2016 to June 2019) were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were patients ≥65 years with an injury mechanism of fall, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005 diagnosis of hip fracture, and AIS extremity ≤3. Exclusion criteria included AIS in other body regions >1 and non-operative management. We examined the association of demographic, hospital, injury presentation, and comorbidity factors on a surgical delay >48 hours and patient outcomes using multivariable regression analysis.Results10 182 patients fit our study criteria out of 212 620 patients. Mean age was 82.7±8.6 years and 68.7% were female. Delay in operation >48 hours occurred in 965 (9.5%) of patients. Factors that significantly increased mortality or discharge to hospice were increased age, male gender, emergency department hypotension, functionally dependent health status (FDHS), advanced directive, liver disease, angina, and congestive heart failure (CHF). Delay >48 hours was associated with increased mortality or discharge to hospice (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.06; p<0.01). Trauma center verification level, admission service, and hip fracture volume were not associated with mortality or discharge to hospice. Factors associated with operative delay >48 hours were male gender, FDHS, CHF, chronic renal failure, and advanced directive. Admission to the orthopedic surgery service was associated with less incidence of delay >48 hours (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.64; p<0.001).DiscussionHospital verification level, admission service, and patient volume did not impact the outcome of mortality/discharge to hospice. Delay to operation >48 hours was associated with increased mortality. The only measured modifiable characteristic that reduced delay to operative intervention was admission to the orthopedic surgery service.Level of evidenceIII.
Evaluation of a smartphone‐based electrocardiogram device accuracy in field and in hospital conditions in horses
Authors: Alberti Elena , Stucchi Luca , Pesce Valeria , Stancari Giovanni , Ferro Elisabetta , Ferrucci Francesco , Zucca Enrica 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundDue to compactness and cheapness, smartphone ECG (sECG) could be very useful to equine practitioners. However, previous studies have evaluated the accuracy of sECG in hospitalised horses only. Different conditions in the field could influence the accuracy of the device. The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy of sECG in field and in hospital conditions.MethodsThis is a prospective study. Paired standard base‐apex ECG (stECG) and sECG were recorded in hospitalised horses and in subjects examined in field conditions. ECGs were analysed for heart rate and rhythm, presence/type of arrhythmias, presence/duration of artefacts, electrocardiographic waves and interval parameters by a blinded clinician. Statistical analysis evaluated the agreement between stECG and sECG and the differences in the prevalence of artefact in field and hospital conditions.ResultsNineteen (hospital) and 40 (field) paired ECGs were analysed. Agreement between stECG and sECG was found for heart rate and rhythm, evaluation of atrioventricular block and premature complexes, P wave and PQ interval duration, and QRS complex duration and polarity. No differences were found between artefacts recorded in hospital and in field conditions.ConclusionsECG is a feasible tool for evaluation of rhythm in horses and is as accurate in field as in ambulatory conditions.
Prospects of measuring the branching fraction of the Higgs boson decaying into muon pairs at the International Linear Collider
Authors: Kawada Shin-ichi , List Jenny , Berggren Mikael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe prospects for measuring the branching fraction of$$H \rightarrow \mu ^{+} \mu ^{-}$$H→μ+μ-at the International Linear Collider (ILC) have been evaluated based on a full detector simulation of the International Large Detector (ILD) concept, considering centre-of-mass energies ($$\sqrt{s}$$s) of 250 GeV and 500 GeV with two different beam polarisation configurations of$${\mathcal {P}} (e^{-}, e^{+}) = (-\,80{\%}, +\,30{\%})$$P(e-,e+)=(-80%,+30%)and$$(+\,80{\%}, -\,30{\%})$$(+80%,-30%). For both$$\sqrt{s}$$scases, the two final states$$e^{+} e^{-} \rightarrow q\overline{q}H$$e+e-→qq¯Hand$$e^{+} e^{-} \rightarrow \nu \overline{\nu }H$$e+e-→νν¯Hhave been analyzed. For integrated luminosities of 2$$\hbox {ab}^{-1}$$ab-1at$$\sqrt{s} =250$$s=250GeV and 4$$\hbox {ab}^{-1}$$ab-1at$$\sqrt{s} =500$$s=500GeV, the combined precision on the branching fraction of$$H \rightarrow \mu ^{+} \mu ^{-}$$H→μ+μ-is estimated to be 17%. The impact of the transverse momentum resolution for this analysis is also studied.
The Defence of National Identity as a Revolutionary Concept: Gharbzadigī, Islamic Modernisation, and Anticolonialism
Authors: Tortolini Alessia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The framework of Iranian national identity has been the cornerstone of the discourse of different social groups that aimed to establish their hegemony over the ‘imagined community’ of Iranians. The difficulty in determining the territorial delimitation of identity, as well as the process of creation-assimilation of a unitarian paradigm of identity characterised, and still characterises, Iranian politics. Therefore, the interdependence between domestic and foreign affairs and national identity can be explained under the lens of the struggle of hegemony of dominant powers and, specifically, through the theoretical framework of specific traditional or organic social groups that developed their political discourse around the different shades of Iranian ‘nationalism’.