bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission of CJD from nasal brushings but not spinal fluid or RT‐QuIC product
Authors: Raymond Gregory J. , Race Brent , Orrú Christina D. , Raymond Lynne D. , Bongianni Matilde , Fiorini Michele , Groveman Bradley R. , Ferrari Sergio , Sacchetto Luca , Hughson Andrew G. , Monaco Salvatore , Pocchiari Maurizio , Zanusso Gianluigi , Caughey Byron 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe detection of prion seeding activity in CSF and olfactory mucosal brushings using real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assays allows highly accurate clinical diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. To gauge transmission risks associated with these biospecimens and their testing, we have bioassayed prion infectivity levels in patients’ brain tissue, nasal brushings, and CSF, and assessed the pathogenicity of amplified products of real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assays seeded with Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease prions.MethodsWe obtained olfactory mucosal brushings and CSF from patients with a final diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease subtype MM1 (n = 3). Samples were inoculated intracerebrally into Tg66 transgenic mice that overexpress the homologous human 129M prion protein. The mice were evaluated for clinical, neuropathological, and biochemical evidence of prion infection.ResultsPatients’ brain tissue at 102 to 105 fold dilutions affected 47/48 Tg66 mice. In contrast, maximum acutely tolerable doses of insoluble pellets from their olfactory mucosa brushings caused evidence of prion disease in only 4/28 inoculated mice, and no effects were seen with 10‐fold dilutions. No clinical prion disease was observed in mice inoculated with antemortem CSF samples or prion‐seeded real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assay products.InterpretationPellets from patients’ olfactory mucosa brushings had ≥10,000‐fold lower infectivity per unit volume than brain tissue, while CSF lacked detectable infectivity. Nonetheless, the results suggest that appropriate precautions may be warranted in surgical interventions involving the olfactory areas. The lack of pathogenic infectivity in the real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assay products provides evidence that the assay does not replicate biohazardous prions in vitro.
Laterally Heterogeneous 2D Layered Materials as an Artificial Light‐Harvesting Proton Pump
Authors: Quan Di , Ji Danyan , Wen Qi , Du Linhan , Wang Lili , Jia Pan , Liu Dan , Ding Liping , Dong Huanli , Lu Diannan , Jiang Lei , Guo Wei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHeterogeneous structures in nacre‐mimetic 2D layered materials generate novel transport phenomena in angstrom range, and thus provide new possibilities for innovative applications for sustainable energy, a clean environment, and human healthcare. In the two orthogonal transport directions, either vertical or horizontal, heterostructures in horizontal direction have never been reported before. Here, a 2D‐material‐based laterally heterogeneous membrane is fabricated via an unconventional dual‐flow filtration method. Negatively and positively charged graphene oxide multilayers are laterally patterned and interconnected in a planar configuration. Upon visible light illumination on the bipolar nanofluidic heterojunction, protons are able to move uphill against their concentration gradient, functioning as a light‐harvesting proton pump. A maximum proton concentration gradient of about 5.4 pH units mm−2 membrane area can be established at a transport rate up to 14.8 mol h−1 m−2. The transport mechanism can be understood as a light‐triggered asymmetric polarization in surface potential and the consequent change in proton capacity in separate parts. The implementation of photonic–ionic conversion with abiotic materials provides a full‐solid‐state solution for bionic vision and artificial photosynthesis. There is plenty of room to expect the laterally heterogeneous membranes for new functions and better performance in the abundant family of liquid processable colloidal 2D materials.
Plant Nanomaterials and Inspiration from Nature: Water Interactions and Hierarchically Structured Hydrogels
Authors: Ajdary Rubina , Tardy Blaise L. , Mattos Bruno D. , Bai Long , Rojas Orlando J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent developments in the area of plant‐based hydrogels are introduced, especially those derived from wood as a widely available, multiscale, and hierarchical source of nanomaterials, as well as other cell wall elements. With water being fundamental in a hydrogel, water interactions, hydration, and swelling, all critically important in designing, processing, and achieving the desired properties of sustainable and functional hydrogels, are highlighted. A plant, by itself, is a form of a hydrogel, at least at given states of development, and for this reason phenomena such as fluid transport, diffusion, capillarity, and ionic effects are examined. These aspects are highly relevant not only to plants, especially lignified tissues, but also to the porous structures produced after removal of water (foams, sponges, cryogels, xerogels, and aerogels). Thus, a useful source of critical and comprehensive information is provided regarding the synthesis of hydrogels from plant materials (and especially wood nanostructures), and about the role of water, not only for processing but for developing hydrogel properties and uses.
Engineered Cell‐Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles Directly Present Tumor Antigens to Promote Anticancer Immunity
Authors: Jiang Yao , Krishnan Nishta , Zhou Jiarong , Chekuri Sanam , Wei Xiaoli , Kroll Ashley V. , Yu Chun Lai , Duan Yaou , Gao Weiwei , Fang Ronnie H. , Zhang Liangfang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe recent success of immunotherapies has highlighted the power of leveraging the immune system in the fight against cancer. In order for most immune‐based therapies to succeed, T cell subsets with the correct tumor‐targeting specificities must be mobilized. When such specificities are lacking, providing the immune system with tumor antigen material for processing and presentation is a common strategy for stimulating antigen‐specific T cell populations. While straightforward in principle, experience has shown that manipulation of the antigen presentation process can be incredibly complex, necessitating sophisticated strategies that are difficult to translate. Herein, the design of a biomimetic nanoparticle platform is reported that can be used to directly stimulate T cells without the need for professional antigen‐presenting cells. The nanoparticles are fabricated using a cell membrane coating derived from cancer cells engineered to express a co‐stimulatory marker. Combined with the peptide epitopes naturally presented on the membrane surface, the final formulation contains the necessary signals to promote tumor antigen‐specific immune responses, priming T cells that can be used to control tumor growth. The reported approach represents an emerging strategy that can be used to develop multiantigenic, personalized cancer immunotherapies.
Recent Progress in 3D Printing of 2D Material‐Based Macrostructures
Authors: Yang Rui , Zhou Jingzhuo , Yang Chuang , Qiu Ling , Cheng Huiming 
Published: June 2020

Abstract2D materials have a range of unique properties and are promising building blocks for the fabrication of macroscopic materials for many applications ranging from flexible electronics to energy storage devices. The development of effective methods to fabricate 2D material‐based macroscopic materials with designed structures is the key to enabling high performance. Lately, 3D printing has emerged as a new technique to assemble such materials. Compared to conventional fabrication methods, 3D printing techniques have a high degree of customization of the structure with a broad range of domain sizes from nanometers to centimeters, and thereby give the resulting products additional structure‐related functionalities. Recent advances in the fabrication of 2D material‐based macrostructures using 3D printing techniques and their uses in different fields are reviewed. Challenges and opportunities for the future development of the topic are also discussed.
Polarization Detection Using Light's Orbital Angular Momentum
Authors: Ma Aning , Intaravanne Yuttana , Han Jin , Wang Ruoxing , Chen Xianzhong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPolarization detection has been used for a wide variety of applications. A twisted light beam with a helical phase structure carries an orbital angular momentum. The rapid development of optical metasurfaces has enabled practical generation and manipulation of twisted light beams at subwavelength resolution. Herein, a facile metasurface approach is experimentally demonstrated to directly detect the polarization state of light based on the superposition of twisted light beams. The major axis and ellipticity of the polarized light are measured by the interference pattern of two twisted light beams with same topological charges and opposite signs, while the handedness is determined by using topological charges with different values. The subwavelength resolution, ultrathin nature, and compactness render this technology very attractive for diverse applications including optical communications, optical tweezers, and quantum sciences.
Over 17% Efficiency Stand‐Alone Solar Water Splitting Enabled by Perovskite‐Silicon Tandem Absorbers
Authors: Karuturi Siva Krishna , Shen Heping , Sharma Astha , Beck Fiona J. , Varadhan Purushothaman , Duong The , Narangari Parvathala Reddy , Zhang Doudou , Wan Yimao , He Jr‐Hau , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Catchpole Kylie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRealizing solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) efficiencies close to 20% using low‐cost semiconductors remains a major step toward accomplishing the practical viability of photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation technologies. Dual‐absorber tandem cells combining inexpensive semiconductors are a promising strategy to achieve high STH efficiencies at a reasonable cost. Here, a perovskite photovoltaic biased silicon (Si) photoelectrode is demonstrated for highly efficient stand‐alone solar water splitting. A p+nn+ ‐Si/Ti/Pt photocathode is shown to present a remarkable photon‐to‐current efficiency of 14.1% under biased condition and stability over three days under continuous illumination. Upon pairing with a semitransparent mixed perovskite solar cell of an appropriate bandgap with state‐of‐the‐art performance, an unprecedented 17.6% STH efficiency is achieved for self‐driven solar water splitting. Modeling and analysis of the dual‐absorber PEC system reveal that further work into replacing the noble‐metal catalyst materials with earth‐abundant elements and improvement of perovskite fill factor will pave the way for the realization of a low‐cost high‐efficiency PEC system.
An In Situ Formed Surface Coating Layer Enabling LiCoO2 with Stable 4.6 V High‐Voltage Cycle Performances
Authors: Wang Yi , Zhang Qinghua , Xue Zhi‐Chen , Yang Lufeng , Wang Junyang , Meng Fanqi , Li Qinghao , Pan Hongyi , Zhang Jie‐Nan , Jiang Zheng , Yang Wanli , Yu Xiqian , Gu Lin , Li Hong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe development of high‐voltage LiCoO2 is essential for achieving lithium‐ion batteries with high volumetric energy density, however, it faces a great deal of challenges owing to the materials, structure and interfacial instability issues. In this work, a strategy is developed, through heat annealing a precoated surface layer to in situ form a high‐voltage‐stable surface coating layer, which is demonstrated to be highly effective to improve the high‐voltage performance of LiCoO2. It is discovered that LiCoO2 reacts with Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 (LATP) at 700 °C to form exclusively spinel phases in addition to Li3PO4, which are structurally coherent to the layered lattice of LiCoO2. The heat annealing of the precoated thin layer of LATP enables the formation of a high‐quality surface layer. Spinel phases possess high‐voltage‐stable structures with much weaker oxidizing ability of lattice oxygen than layered structure. In addition, the Li3PO4 is a good lithium‐ion conductor with excellent chemical stability at high voltages. All these benefits contribute to the construction of a uniform and conformal high‐voltage‐stable surface layer with favorable lithium conducting kinetics at the LiCoO2 surface. The modified LiCoO2 shows excellent 4.6 V high‐voltage cycle performance at both room temperature and 45 °C. The thermal stability is greatly enhanced as well.
3D Nanostructures for the Next Generation of High‐Performance Nanodevices for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Zhao Huaping , Lei Yong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAmong the different nanostructures that have been demonstrated as promising materials for various applications, 3D nanostructures have attracted significant attention as building blocks for constructing high‐performance nanodevices. Particularly over the last decade, considerable research efforts have been devoted to designing, fabricating, and evaluating 3D nanostructures as electrodes for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Although remarkable progress has been achieved, the performance of electrochemical energy devices based on 3D nanostructures in terms of energy conversion efficiency, energy storage capability, and device reliability still needs to be significantly improved to meet the requirements for practical applications. Rather than simply outlining and comparing different 3D nanostructures, this article systematically summarizes the general advantages as well as the existing and future challenges of 3D nanostructures for electrochemical energy conversion and storage, focusing on photoelectrochemical water splitting, photoelectrocatalytic solar‐to‐fuels conversion from nitrogen and carbon dioxide, rechargeable metal‐ion batteries, and supercapacitors. A comprehensive understanding of these advantages and challenges shall provide valuable guidelines and enlightenments to facilitate the further development of 3D nanostructured materials, and contribute to the achieving more efficient energy conversion and storage technologies toward a sustainable energy future.
Chemical Proteomic Profiling of Protein 4′‐Phosphopantetheinylation in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Chen Nan , Liu Yuan , Li Yuanpei , Wang Chu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractProtein 4′‐phosphopantetheinylation is an essential post‐translational modification (PTM) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. So far, only five protein substrates of this specific PTM have been discovered in mammalian cells. These proteins are known to perform important functions, including fatty acid biosynthesis and folate metabolism, as well as β‐alanine activation. To explore existing and new substrates of 4′‐phosphopantetheinylation in mammalian proteomes, we designed and synthesized a series of new pantetheine analogue probes, enabling effective metabolic labelling of 4′‐phosphopantetheinylated proteins in HepG2 cells. In combination with a quantitative chemical proteomic platform, we enriched and identified all the currently known 4′‐phosphopantetheinylated proteins with high confidence, and unambiguously determined their exact sites of modification. More encouragingly, we discovered, using targeted chemical proteomics, a potential 4′‐phosphopantetheinylation site in the protein of mitochondrial dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 2 (DHRS2).
TMEDA in Iron‐Catalyzed Hydromagnesiation: Formation of Iron(II)‐Alkyl Species for Controlled Reduction to Alkene‐Stabilized Iron(0)
Authors: Neate Peter G. N. , Greenhalgh Mark D. , Brennessel William W. , Thomas Stephen P. , Neidig Michael L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractN,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) has been one of the most prevalent and successful additives used in iron catalysis, finding application in reactions as diverse as cross‐coupling, C−H activation, and borylation. However, the role that TMEDA plays in these reactions remains largely undefined. Herein, studying the iron‐catalyzed hydromagnesiation of styrene derivatives using TMEDA has provided molecular‐level insight into the role of TMEDA in achieving effective catalysis. The key is the initial formation of TMEDA–iron(II)–alkyl species which undergo a controlled reduction to selectively form catalytically active styrene‐stabilized iron(0)–alkyl complexes. While TMEDA is not bound to the catalytically active species, these active iron(0) complexes cannot be accessed in the absence of TMEDA. This mode of action, allowing for controlled reduction and access to iron(0) species, represents a new paradigm for the role of this important reaction additive in iron catalysis.
Study of microwave‐template initiated copolymerization peculiarity and evaluation on the coal floc distinctive behavior and flocculation performance
Authors: Chen Yao , Feng Li , Liu Bingzhi , Peng Junlin , Chen Yuning , Xu Chuang , Ren Jie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) contains a large number of acylamino and positively charged methyl ammonium chloride groups. It has the advantages of good water solubility, strong adsorption bridging ability, enhanced charge neutralization and destabilization performance, excellent flocculation effect, and wide application. Therefore, CPAM can be used in the treatment of coal washing wastewater, and the research and development of a new flocculant with high efficiency is a hot topic in this field. Template copolymer (TPADM) of methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) and acrylamide (AM) was synthesized by microwave‐template initiated polymerization with sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) as template. The microwave‐template initiated polymerization is abbreviated as MW‐TP. By analyzing FTIR, 1H (13C) NMR and TG/DSC of TPADM, it was found that TPADM had obvious cationic fragment structure. In addition, the association constant (KM) and the kinetics of the template reaction showed that the MW‐TP was confirmed to be free radical initiated polymerization and I Zip‐up (ZIP) polymerization mechanism, which demonstrated the formation of the cationic fragment structure again. This new cationic fragment structure greatly enhanced the ability of charge neutralization, electrical patching and adsorption bridging, thus improving the flocculation performance. Compared with cationic P(AM‐DMC) (CPADM), Commercial cationic polypropanamide (CCPAM‐1 and CCPAM‐2), TPADM had better flocculation effect on coal washing wastewater. Under the optimum flocculation conditions (dosage = 16 mg/L, pH = 7.5), suspended solid (SS) concentration and turbidity of coal washing wastewater treated by TPADM reached 14.3 mg/L and 8.7 NTU, respectively. The floc formation, breakage, and regeneration analyses showed that the cationic fragment structure in TPADM could contribute to the formation of large and high density flocculation structure (d50 ≥ 245 μm, Df ≥ 2.05), and these coal flocs can regenerate rapidly after being broken. Finally, these large and compact flocs help to accelerate the flocs sedimentation and reduce the SS concentration and turbidity of coal washing wastewater, and enhance the effect of solid–liquid separation.
When public opinion drives national asylum policymaking: The case of Kurdish asylum seekers in Japan
Authors: Fujibayashi Hirotaka 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHow does public opinion influence national asylum policymaking? This article analyses the change in Japan's asylum policy towards Kurdish asylum seekers from Turkey in the mid‐2000s. Although the conservative government of Japan has maintained a strict asylum policy, the government exceptionally applied an ad hoc and more generous policy to Kurdish asylum seekers. After the deportation of two Kurdish asylum seekers to Turkey was politicised in the mid‐2000s, Japan's stringent asylum policy was continuously attacked by criticisms, expressions of doubt, and requests for reform from the public, media, humanitarian activists, and opposition parties. As a result of mounting public criticism, the government suspended the deportation of Kurdish asylum seekers and expanded the opportunities for them to be pardoned from deportation. In Japan and many other democracies, asylum policymaking is complex, but the study concludes that public opinions can be an important factor in its evolution. Certainly, it has significantly influenced the change in Japan's policy towards Kurdish asylum seekers in the mid‐2000s.
Tunable multicolour S/N co‐doped carbon quantum dots synthesized from waste foam and application to detection of Cr3+ ions
Authors: Wang Congling , Xu Jun , Li Huizhi , Zhao Weilin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, by adjusting sulfuric acid concentrations, tunable multicolour S/N‐carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized from waste foam as the raw material. The S/N‐CQDs presented blue, blue–green, green, green–yellow and yellow emission with an emission peak shifting from 475 to 589 nm and with optimum excitation wavelengths of 385, 405, 440, 450, and 500 nm, respectively. Using transmission electron microscopy, the S/N‐CQDs were seen to be spherical in morphology with a size around 6–8 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectra and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the surface of the S/N‐CQDs was highly oxidized and sulfur doped. The fluorescence mechanism of multicolour S/N‐CQDs emission was mainly related to a band gap change caused by the surface state. Blue‐emitting S/N‐CQDs were used as a fluorescent probe that was highly selective and sensitive to Cr3+ ions, with a low detection limit of 6 μM. The waste foam‐derived S/N‐CQDs exhibited promising potential for ion detection in real water samples due to its excellent fluorescence activity.
Bioassay‐Guided Fractionation, Chemical Compositions and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Rhizomes of Globba schomburgkii Hook.f.
Authors: Suekaew Naruemon , Na Pombejra Sarisa , Kulsing Chadin , Doungchawee Jeerapat , Khotavivattana Tanatorn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBioassay‐guided fractionation was conducted on dichloromethane extract from the rhizomes of Globba schomburgkii Hook.f., which have previously been reported as the part with the highest antibacterial activity. 10 fractions and 20 sub‐fractions were obtained and evaluated for their potency against various strains of bacteria. The most active sub‐fractions were 8 times more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus than the original crude extract. Moreover, two pure compounds, namely petasol and (E)‐15,16‐dinorlabda‐8(17),11‐dien‐13‐one, were successfully isolated and characterized for the first time from this plant species. Untargeted compound analysis of all fractions and sub‐fractions was performed by gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry, leading to positive identification of 167 compounds according to comparison with the mass spectrum and retention index database, 137 of which have never been reported for G. schomburgkii. The correlation between antibacterial activity and composition of each fraction suggests that the bioactive compounds could be 4,8‐β‐epoxycaryophyllene, methyl isocostate, (E)‐labda‐8(17),12‐diene‐15,16‐dial, α‐kessyl acetate, zederone, clovanediol, ledene oxide‐(I), alantolactone, or 8α,11‐elemadiol.
Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Myrtus communis ‘Variegata’ and Their Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Wu Yan , Chen Ming , Wang Wen‐Jing , Li Ni‐Ping , Ye Wen‐Cai , Wang Lei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMyrtucomvalones D–F, three new triketone‐phloroglucinol‐triketone adducts, and three known ones (myrtucommulone E, myrtucommulone D and callistenone D) were obtained from Myrtus communis ‘Variegata’. Myrtucomvalone D is a pair of enantiomers which was further resolved into (+)‐myrtucomvalone D and (−)‐myrtucomvalone D by chiral HPLC. Their structures and complete stereochemistry were established from interpretation of NMR and crystallographic data and chemical calculations. Myrtucomvalone F, myrtucommulone D and callistenone D showed significant antibacterial activities.