bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed company: a framework for understanding the composition and organization of mixed‐species animal groups
Authors: Goodale Eben , Sridhar Hari , Sieving Kathryn E. , Bangal Priti , Colorado Z. Gabriel J. , Farine Damien R. , Heymann Eckhard W. , Jones Harrison H. , Krams Indrikis , Martínez Ari E. , Montaño‐Centellas Flavia , Muñoz Jenny , Srinivasan Umesh , Theo Anne , Shanker Kartik 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTMixed‐species animal groups (MSGs) are widely acknowledged to increase predator avoidance and foraging efficiency, among other benefits, and thereby increase participants' fitness. Diversity in MSG composition ranges from two to 70 species of very similar or completely different phenotypes. Yet consistency in organization is also observable in that one or a few species usually have disproportionate importance for MSG formation and/or maintenance. We propose a two‐dimensional framework for understanding this diversity and consistency, concentrating on the types of interactions possible between two individuals, usually of different species. One axis represents the similarity of benefit types traded between the individuals, while the second axis expresses asymmetry in the relative amount of benefits/costs accrued. Considering benefit types, one extreme represents the case of single‐species groups wherein all individuals obtain the same supplementary, group‐size‐related benefits, and the other extreme comprises associations of very different, but complementary species (e.g. one partner creates access to food while the other provides vigilance). The relevance of social information and the matching of activities (e.g. speed of movement) are highest for relationships on the supplementary side of this axis, but so is competition; relationships between species will occur at points along this gradient where the benefits outweigh the costs. Considering benefit amounts given or received, extreme asymmetry occurs when one species is exclusively a benefit provider and the other a benefit user. Within this parameter space, some MSG systems are constrained to one kind of interaction, such as shoals of fish of similar species or leader–follower interactions in fish and other taxa. Other MSGs, such as terrestrial bird flocks, can simultaneously include a variety of supplementary and complementary interactions. We review the benefits that species obtain across the diversity of MSG types, and argue that the degree and nature of asymmetry between benefit providers and users should be measured and not just assumed. We then discuss evolutionary shifts in MSG types, focusing on drivers towards similarity in group composition, and selection on benefit providers to enhance the benefits they can receive from other species. Finally, we conclude by considering how individual and collective behaviour in MSGs may influence both the structure and processes of communities.
Clinical outcomes and bone‐level alterations around one‐piece mini dental implants retaining mandibular overdentures: 5‐year follow‐up of a prospective cohort study
Authors: Enkling Norbert , Moazzin Rim , Geers Gregor , Kokoschka Stephanie , Abou‐Ayash Samir , Schimmel Martin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo report on the clinical outcomes of one‐piece mini dental implants (MDIs) retaining mandibular implant overdentures (IODs), including marginal bone‐level alterations (ΔMBLs), clinical peri‐implant parameters, and technical‐ and biological complications during a 5‐year follow‐up. The null hypothesis was that ΔMBLs would be equal in subjects older than 65 years relative to younger subjects.Materials and methodsFour 1.8‐mm diameter one‐piece MDIs with ball attachments were placed in the interforaminal region of 20 edentulous subjects. The existing complete dentures were converted to IODs. Standardized radiographs of each implant were taken at implant placement (baseline) and during the five‐year follow‐up. ΔMBLs and potential influencing factors were evaluated, and peri‐implant parameters, and biological and technical complications were recorded.ResultsThe implant and prosthetic survival rates were both 100%. IODs fractured in seven participants. The overall mean ΔMBL after 5 years was −1.18 mm (standard deviation: 0.79 mm). ΔMBLs per month were most pronounced within the first 3 months after implant placement. ΔMBLs were not influenced by the implant location, the presence of keratinized mucosa, or gender. However, ΔMBLs were significantly smaller in subjects older than 65 years (p = .007).ConclusionsOne‐piece MDIs retaining mandibular IODs with O‐ring attachments are a predictable treatment option, providing stable peri‐implant bone and soft tissue conditions over a mid‐term follow‐up. Incorporating a metal reinforcement can prevent denture fracturing when converting a complete denture into an IOD. The presence of keratinized mucosa does not necessarily lead to decreased bone‐level changes. Advanced age might be beneficial in terms of peri‐implant bone stability.
Time spent outside of target glucose range for young children with type 1 diabetes: a continuous glucose monitor study
Authors: DiMeglio L. A. , Kanapka L. G. , DeSalvo D. J. , Anderson B. J. , Harrington K. R. , Hilliard M. E. , Laffel L. M. , Tamborlane W. V. , Van Name M. A. , Wadwa R. P. , Willi S. M. , Woerner S. , Wong J. C. , Miller K. M. ,   for the SENCE Study Group
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimTo assess the associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and sensor glucose metrics in young children with type 1 diabetes, using masked, continuous glucose monitoring data from children aged 2 to < 8 years.Research design and methodsThe analysis included 143 children across 14 sites in the USA, enrolled in a separate clinical trial. Eligibility criteria were: age 2 to <8 years; type 1 diabetes duration ≥3 months; no continuous glucose monitoring use for past 30 days; and HbA1c concentration 53 to <86 mmol/mol (7.0 to <10.0%). All participants wore masked continuous glucose monitors up to 14 days.ResultsOn average, participants spent the majority (13 h) of the day in hyperglycaemia (>10.0 mmol/l) and a median of ~1 h/day in hypoglycaemia (<3.9 mmol/l). Participants with minority race/ethnicity and higher parent education levels spent more time in target range, 3.9–10.0 mmol/l, and less time in hyperglycaemia. More time in hypoglycaemia was associated with minority race/ethnicity and younger age at diagnosis. Continuous glucose monitoring metrics were similar in pump and injection users.ConclusionsGiven that both hypo‐ and hyperglycaemia negatively impact neurocognitive development, strategies to increase time in target glucose range for young children are needed.
Extracellular loops matter – subcellular location and function of the lysine transporter Lyp1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: van‘t Klooster Joury S. , Bianchi Frans , Doorn Ruben B. , Lorenzon Mirco , Lusseveld Jarnick H. , Punter Christiaan M. , Poolman Bert 
Published: February 2020

Yeast amino acid transporters of the APC superfamily are responsible for the proton motive force‐driven uptake of amino acids into the cell, which for most secondary transporters is a reversible process. The l‐lysine proton symporter Lyp1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is special in that the Michaelis constant from out‐to‐in transport (

) is much lower than

, which allows accumulation of l‐lysine to submolar concentration. It has been proposed that high intracellular lysine is part of the antioxidant mechanism of the cell. The molecular basis for the unique kinetic properties of Lyp1 is unknown. We compared the sequence of Lyp1 with APC para‐ and orthologues and find structural features that set Lyp1 apart, including differences in extracellular loop regions. We screened the extracellular loops by alanine mutagenesis and determined Lyp1 localization and activity and find positions that affect either the localization or activity of Lyp1. Half of the affected mutants are located in the extension of extracellular loop 3 or in a predicted α‐helix in extracellular loop 4. Our data indicate that extracellular loops not only connect the transmembrane helices but also serve functionally important roles.
Health sciences libraries in Germany: new directions
Authors: Knüttel Helge , Krause Evamaria , Semmler‐Schmetz Martina , Reimann Iris , Metzendorf Maria‐Inti 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis feature is part of a series about medical library services in various countries. It gives an overview of the state of and selected current developments of medical library services to support research, education and clinical practice in Germany. Findings from an online survey and issues of access to health information are discussed in relation to the German health care system.J.M.
Improvement in electronic conductivity of perovskite electrolyte by variable‐valence element doping
Authors: Cheng Xu , Wang Jinlin , Qiang Wenjiang , Huang Bingxin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe perovskite electrolyte Li0.33La0.557TiO3 (LLTO) exhibits high mechanical stability, high ionic conductivity, and low strain during cycling. The cycle stability has been significantly improved using LLTO as a coating material for cathode particles. However, the electronic conductivity of LLTO is very low, which affects electrochemical performances. In this study, variable‐valence elements (Fe, Ni, Co, and Cr) are added to the perovskite to increase the electronic conductivity. The materials are fabricated using a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction method. The phase compositions are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), while the microstructures are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The electronic conductivity of the doped sample is increased by three orders of magnitude, while the ionic conductivity is slightly reduced. The Cr‐doped sample exhibits the highest electronic conductivity of 9.18 × 10−7 S cm−1. The search for mixed conducting perovskites paves the way for the development of efficient coatings for cathode particles.
Free gingival grafts for implants exhibiting a lack of keratinized mucosa: Extended follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Oh Se‐Lim , Ji Chao , Azad Salar 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study is an extended follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial that evaluated 18‐month outcomes following free gingival grafts (FGGs) around implants with <2 mm keratinized mucosa (KM) compared to implants without KM augmentation.Materials and MethodsFollow‐up data were obtained over 48 months from 18 implants in the FGG group (11 subjects) and 8 implants in the no‐surgery group (7 subjects) within the control group. FGGs were performed after 18 months for 8 implants in the control group; these 8 implants constituted a delayed FGG group (5 subjects). The width of KM, mucosal recession (MR) and crestal bone level (CBL) were obtained.ResultsThe increased width of KM and the reduced MR following FGGs were maintained for 48 months in the FGG group, which exhibited less MR than the no‐surgery group. The amount of crestal bone loss (0.4 ± 0.4 mm) in the no‐surgery group was significantly greater than that in the FGG group (0 ± 0.4 mm) at 48 months. In the delayed FGG group, reduced MR and no significant differences in CBL were observed compared with the pre‐graft measurements.ConclusionsFGGs can be a practical treatment option to maintain CBL around implants with limited KM.
Origin and diversification of Indian Ceropegieae (Apocynaceae) and its possible relation to the Indian monsoon
Authors: Surveswaran Siddharthan , Kambale Sharad S. , Srivastav Mansa , Punekar Sachin A. , Yadav Shrirang R. , Karanth K. Praveen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Indian subcontinent has experienced a major shift in climatic regime from a wet tropical regime to increased seasonal rainfall, since the late Miocene. This shift has been attributed to the intensification of monsoons, which led to opening up of dry habitats in humid forests and formation of deciduous forests. We explored the role of this climatic shift in the origin and diversification of dry‐adapted plant genera Ceropegia and Brachystelma (Ceropegiae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae). We sampled Ceropegia and Brachystelma from across India and used five markers (two nuclear and three plastid regions) to reconstruct a global phylogeny of this group. Indian members of the tribe Ceropegiae were derived from Africa through at least four independent dispersal events. All dispersal events occurred in late Miocene after establishment of a monsoon climate. One of these early dispersing lineages underwent rapid radiation in peninsular India, giving rise to around 50 species. Thus, both dispersal and diversification events coincided with the intensification of monsoons and concomitant aridification. The role of environment in the evolution of floral characteristics and root type in the Indian radiation is also discussed. This is one of the first reports on a dry‐adapted endemic radiation of plants in India.
Rainfall reduction increases insect herbivory in tropical herb communities
Authors: Andrade Janete F. , Alvarado Fredy , Carlos Santos Jean , Santos Bráulio A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractQuestionsClimate change is dramatically altering rainfall patterns and species distribution around the world. However, little is known about how rainfall reduction may affect plant–herbivore interactions that are crucial to the of input energy and nutrients into terrestrial ecosystems. Following Coley’s growth rate hypothesis, we assessed whether rainfall reduction in a seasonally dry tropical forest decreases community‐level herbivory owing to water shortage in drier areas.LocationCatimbau National Park, Northeast Brazil.MethodsWe sampled 16 herb communities along a rainfall gradient (564–917 mm). Using digital photographs, we monitored for 3 weeks the frequency, magnitude and type (feeding guild) of insect damage on young, fully expanded, short‐lived leaves (lifespan <1 month). We related herbivory levels to local rainfall and examined potential confounding effects of herb abundance, richness and floristic composition on such relationships.ResultsWe monitored 290 leaves from 202 plants belonging to 28 species. About one‐third of the leaves and six species escaped from herbivory. Leaf‐chewing insects were the most frequent herbivores, attacking 17 species, 44% ± 15% of the leaves and removing the same amount of foliar tissue as all the other insects combined removed (sap‐sucking, rasping, leaf‐mining and ‘unknown’). Contrary to expectations, foliar damage accumulated more in drier areas following the increase in the frequency of leaf‐chewing damage. In addition, frequency and magnitude of herbivory did not vary with herb abundance and richness and were weakly influenced by floristic composition.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that rainfall underlies community‐level herbivory by mechanisms not related to plant availability, identity and diversity. Based on recent evidence that aridity favours leaf‐chewing proliferation in the study region, we hypothesize that rainfall reduction may weaken the top‐down control of herbivores, increasing folivory pressure on herbs. If prolonged droughts become more frequent in the coming decades, plant–herbivore interactions may be altered permanently.
Below‐ground determinants and ecological implications of shrub species' degree of isohydry in subtropical pine plantations
Authors: Jiang Peipei , Meinzer Frederick C. , Wang Huimin , Kou Liang , Dai Xiaoqin , Fu Xiaoli 
Published: February 2020

Summary

The degree of plant iso/anisohydry is a popular framework for characterising species‐specific drought responses. However, we know little about associations between below‐ground and above‐ground hydraulic traits as well as the broader ecological implications of this framework.

For 24 understory shrub species in seasonally dry subtropical coniferous plantations, we investigated contributions of the degree of isohydry to species' resource economy strategies, abundance, and importance value, and quantified the hydraulic conductance (Kh) of above‐ground and below‐ground organs, magnitude of deep water acquisition (WAdeep), shallow absorptive root traits (diameter, specific root length, tissue density), and resource‐use efficiencies (Amax, maximum photosynthesis rate; PNUE, photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency).

The extreme isohydric understory species had lower wood density (a proxy for higher growth rates) because their higher WAdeep and whole‐plant Kh allowed higher Amax and PNUE, and thus did not necessarily show lower abundance and importance values. Although species' Kh was coordinated with their water foraging capacity in shallow soil, the more acquisitive deep roots were more crucial than shallow roots in shaping species' extreme isohydric behaviour.

Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms through which below‐ground hydraulic traits, especially those of deep roots, determine species' degree of isohydry and economic strategies.
Abducens Nerve Palsy. An uncommon complication of removal of an upper wisdom tooth under local anaesthesia
Authors: Darwish S. , Patel A. , Steed P. , Stagnell S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLocal anaesthetic is a key tool for all dentists in achieving painless treatment. Many complications have been reported secondary to a dental local anaesthetic, however those pertaining to the orbit and ocular muscles have been infrequent. This article describes three incidents when inadvertent abducens nerve palsy secondary to a dental local anaesthetic occurred during removal of an upper wisdom tooth, resulting in paresis of the lateral rectus muscle and diplopia. The patients were reassured and managed conservatively and there were no long‐term complications. The anatomical course of the abducens nerve from its origin to the lateral rectus muscle are discussed as well as potential mechanisms for the dental local anaesthetic to impact upon the nerve. Finally, following input from Opthalmology colleagues, recommendations for appropriate management are made to ensure a good outcome.
A variety of changes, including CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated deletions, in CENH3 lead to haploid induction on outcrossing
Authors: Kuppu Sundaram , Ron Mily , Marimuthu Mohan P.A. , Li Glenda , Huddleson Amy , Siddeek Mohamed Hisham , Terry Joshua , Buchner Ryan , Shabek Nitzan , Comai Luca , Britt Anne B. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryCreating true‐breeding lines is a critical step in plant breeding. Novel, completely homozygous true‐breeding lines can be generated by doubled haploid technology in single generation. Haploid induction through modification of the centromere‐specific histone 3 variant (CENH3), including chimeric proteins, expression of non‐native CENH3 and single amino acid substitutions, has been shown to induce, on outcrossing to wild type, haploid progeny possessing only the genome of the wild‐type parent, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we report the characterization of 31 additional EMS‐inducible amino acid substitutions in CENH3 for their ability to complement a knockout in the endogenous CENH3 gene and induce haploid progeny when pollinated by the wild type. We also tested the effect of double amino acid changes, which might be generated through a second round of EMS mutagenesis. Finally, we report on the effects of CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated in‐frame deletions in the αN helix of the CENH3 histone fold domain. Remarkably, we found that complete deletion of the αN helix, which is conserved throughout angiosperms, results in plants which exhibit normal growth and fertility while acting as excellent haploid inducers when pollinated by wild‐type pollen. Both of these technologies, CRISPR mutagenesis and EMS mutagenesis, represent non‐transgenic approaches to the generation of haploid inducers.
Non‐GMO potato lines, synthesizing increased amylose and resistant starch, are mainly deficient in isoamylase debranching enzyme
Authors: Blennow Andreas , Skryhan Katsiaryna , Tanackovic Vanja , Krunic Susanne L. , Shaik Shahnoor S. , Andersen Mette S. , Kirk Hanne‐Grethe , Nielsen Kåre L. 
Published: February 2020

SummarySolanum tuberosum potato lines with high amylose content were generated by crossing with the wild potato species Solanum sandemanii followed by repeated backcrossing to Solanum tuberosum lines. The trait, termed increased amylose (IAm), was recessive and present after three generations of backcrossing into S. tuberosum lines (6.25% S. sandemanii genes). The tubers of these lines were small, elongated and irregular with small and misshaped starch granules and high sugar content. Additional backcrossing resulted in less irregular tuber morphology, increased starch content (4.3%–9.5%) and increased amylose content (29%–37.9%) but indifferent sugar content. The amylose in the IAm starch granules was mainly located in peripheral spots, and large cavities were found in the granules. Starch pasting was suppressed, and the digestion‐resistant starch (RS) content was increased. Comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) analysis revealed specific alterations of major pectic and glycoprotein cell wall components. This complex phenotype led us to search for candidate IAm genes exploiting its recessive trait. Hence, we sequenced genomic DNA of a pool of IAm lines, identified SNPs genome wide against the draft genome sequence of potato and searched for regions of decreased heterozygosity. Three regions, located on chromosomes 3, 7 and 10, respectively, displayed markedly less heterozygosity than average. The only credible starch metabolism‐related gene found in these regions encoded the isoamylase‐type debranching enzyme Stisa1. Decreased expression of mRNA (>500 fold) and reduced enzyme activity (virtually absent from IAm lines) supported Stisa1 as a candidate gene for IAm.
Polls and Elections: Did Character Count? Candidate Traits and the 2016 Presidential Vote
Authors: Holian David B. , Prysby Charles 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe 2016 presidential election featured two candidates whose personal qualities Americans held in exceptionally low regard. Voters perceived Hillary Clinton to be knowledgeable, but dishonest. Assessments of Donald Trump were historically poor across the board. Because both candidates suffered from voter perceptions of their weak character, campaign attacks and media coverage combined to elevate character to a leading campaign issue. Yet our analysis of American National Election Studies data indicates that while voters were influenced by their perceptions of candidate character, only a small number of votes were changed by these perceptions. This is because candidate traits are more strongly determined by party identification than ever before, and because increasing party polarization has led to there being fewer genuinely persuadable voters than in past elections.
Law: The Continuing Significance of the Legislative Veto
Authors: Brough Christopher 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article describes the three‐branch dynamics of the legislative veto before and after the 1983 Supreme Court case Immigration and Naturalization Services v. Chadha. This congressional authority had been used as a check against executive branch action since the 1850s and became more prevalent and controversial in the twentieth century. Decades after the Supreme Court invalidated the congressional power to use the legislative veto, Congress has found ways to get around the judicial ruling. Yet the Chadha precedent fundamentally changed power between the branches in many ways. In the years following the Supreme Court decision, the precedent was used to invalidate or alter a number of important pieces of legislation designed to oversee executive branch authority. Congress can still slip legislative veto‐like provisions into some bills, but Chadha's effect on presidential war and emergency powers means Congress must somehow muster large supermajorities to get its way.