bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Seals of my ministry”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Before Oliver Hart’s arrival in Charleston, the Southern colonies had produced none of their own indigenous ministers, having always looked to the Northern colonies or to Great Britain to supply their pulpits. One of Hart’s most significant contributions was to address this need. He personally trained in his home many young Baptist men called to gospel ministry and led the Charleston Association to found the minister’s education fund, the first cooperative education effort by Baptists in America. Hart actively recruited young ministers from other regions to fill the empty pulpits of the South and counseled other novice pastors on a variety of issues in his extensive correspondence. This chapter uncovers the greatest crisis of Hart’s pastoral career, the near-usurpation of the Charleston Baptist pulpit by one of his own trainees, Nicholas Bedgegood. It also recounts the story of the conversion and ministerial call of one of Hart’s most significant protégés, Edmund Botsford.
Taking Public Administration Seriously
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a series of examples that illustrate the power wielded by unelected state officials. This power includes not only discretion but also control over the policy process, as well as the ability to bring pressure to bear upon elected officials. The exercise of this administrative power, far from being an imperfection in the system, contributes a great deal to the quality of public decision-making. But it raises a difficult normative question concerning how unelected officials can wield power in a way that is consistent with the commitment to political neutrality of the permanent civil service and to the more general principles of democratic legitimacy that govern liberal-democratic states. A contrast is drawn between this position and the one defended by Pierre Rosanvallon.
A General Framework for the Ethics of Public Administration
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
It is generally understood that civil servants, in carrying out their work, should be committed to promoting the “public interest” or the “common good.” This ideal, however, is too abstract to serve as a practical guide without further institutional specification. This chapter examines three different models of public-sector ethics, based on different ways of institutionalizing this commitment to the public interest: hierarchical, populist, and vocational. A critical survey of the strengths and weaknesses of each model is presented, leading to a qualified endorsement of the vocational model.
Nostalgia for the Empire
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book examines the social and political origins of beleaguered and wistful expressions of nostalgia about the Ottoman Empire for various groups in the region. Rather than focus on how Ottomanism evolved, the book examines how social and political memories of the Ottoman past have been transformed in Turkish society along with reactions from the outside world. This Ottoman past, as remembered now, is grounded in contemporary conservative Islamic values. Thus, the connection between memories of the Ottoman past and these values defines Turkey’s new identity. This new expression of memory portrays Turkey as a victim of the major powers, justifying its position against its imagined internal and external enemies. The book explores why Turkish society has selectively brought the Ottoman Empire back into the public mindset and for what purpose. It traces how memory of the Ottoman period has changed in Turkish literature, mainstream history books, and other cultural products from the 1940s to the 21st century. A key aspect of Turkish literature is its criticism of the Kemalist modernization of Turkey matched by its return to the Ottoman past to articulate an alternative political language. This book responds to several interrelated questions: What is neo-Ottomanism, in general, and what is the significance of various terms using Ottoman as a variant and what purpose do they serve? Who constructed the term and for what purpose? What are the social and political origins of the current nostalgia for the Ottoman past?
Introduction
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets the book’s main issues by defining key concepts including nostalgia, memory, identity, nationalism, Ottomanism, variants of the Ottoman term, neo-Ottomanism, and nationalism versus patriotism. It identifies the most critical factors in the struggle to resurrect the Ottoman ideal and explains the importance of studying the rise of nostalgia for the Ottoman Empire, especially in Turkey’s political environment desiring to restore the country’s greatness as a geopolitical power. The second part examines the connection between nostalgia and contemporary Ottomanism in Turkey. After identifying diverse modes of nostalgia, the chapter focuses on the politics of identity, explaining the set of structural conditions that facilitated the reconstruction of the Ottoman memory.
Conclusion: Implications of Ottoman Nostalgia for Twenty-first Century Turkey
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The multireligious and multinational Ottoman Empire did accommodate diverse identities more adeptly than the modern nation-states, which have converged on the notion of homogenization. In order to understand state-society relations in Turkey, one must realize there are two simultaneous processes in force since the Tanzimat Reform of 1839: the nationalization of the Ottoman Empire and the Ottomanization of Turkish nationalism. This demonstrates how deeply concepts of empire and nation are entangled. The shift from nationalizing the Ottoman Empire to an imperialized Turkish nation has become modern Turkey’s predominant historical narrative. Turkey’s identity is reconstituted from historical memory of the Ottoman Empire, conservative norms and Islamic values, and republican reforms and achievements. In domestic policies, government officials have stressed with greater frequency the Ottoman model of Muslim fraternity to address concerns about Kurdish secessionism.
Rebecca, Foreign Correspondent, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Suspicion
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hitchcock guided the inexperienced Joan Fontaine through his first American film, Rebecca (1940), going to great lengths to get her into the mood she needed to be in, and he also inspired and controlled a major performance by Judith Anderson as the vengeful housekeeper Mrs. Danvers while allowing Laurence Olivier to give a merely external performance as the male lead. In the work of Fontaine, Anderson, and Olivier, Rebecca penetratingly surveys different styles of acting, favoring Fontaine but finally letting Anderson dominate with work where she is “doing nothing well” on the surface but with clearly contrasting emotions battling underneath the mask of her face. The Master was mainly let down by the actors in Foreign Correspondent (1940), but he brought out dark undercurrents in the expert comic performances of Carole Lombard and Robert Montgomery in Mr. and Mrs. Smith (1941). Hitchcock used Cary Grant for the first time in Suspicion (1941) as a sexy, irresponsible playboy who may or may not be murderous, and he reveled in Grant’s ability to do or say one thing ambiguously enough to suggest another thing at the same moment.
Notorious, The Paradine Case, Rope, Under Capricorn, Stage Fright
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Still in Ingrid Bergman’s thrall, Hitchcock made one of his most romantic pictures for her, Notorious (1946), in which she and Cary Grant work out many of the contrasts and tensions in their screen personas. Hitchcock was stymied by casting decisions not his own on The Paradine Case (1947), which was the last film he made for producer David O. Selznick, and then he foundered on miscasting again when James Stewart was given the central role of a queer academic in Rope (1948), his first color picture. Hitchcock made Under Capricorn (1949) as a valentine to Ingrid Bergman, allowing her to dominate an eight minute and forty-seven second take where her character confesses to a crime, a rare instance of acting for its own sake in Hitchcock’s work. Though Marlene Dietrich was superficially in the mode of the liberated women that Hitchcock enjoyed like Carole Lombard and Tallulah Bankhead, the Master was mainly bemused by Dietrich’s demands for special lighting in Stage Fright (1950), and so he lets her have her way as he lets Charles Laughton dominate Jamaica Inn.
Introduction
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study of William Perkins’ thought on grace and free choice places his thought in the variegated tradition of the Reformation as established by writers like Calvin, Vermigli, Bullinger, and Musculus. More specifically, his thought can be placed in the version of that tradition exemplified in the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England and in the Elizabethan Settlement. Closer examination of Perkins’ thought in its context yields a window on the more technical understanding of the relationship of divine grace to human knowing and willing, which demonstrates its eclectic reception of late medieval scholasticism, its elaboration of the work of the Reformers, and its distance from modern theories of compatibilist and libertarian freedom. This work traces Perkins’ views on the nature of free will both as created and in the fallen and regenerate states of humanity, correlating them with the views of Reformed contemporaries, and lining out the issues that they sought to address.
Action
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Actions can be either physical, virtual, or mental and act on either physical, virtual, or mental objects. For instance, Maria Montessori constructed educational materials that enabled students to learn by manipulation. The materials required physical actions on physical objects, such as combining beads to depict operations on numbers. Nintendo’s Wii video game supported physical actions on virtual objects. Gestures are actions that often apply to imaginary objects. Virtual actions involve manipulating computer consoles such as those used in robotic surgery to operate on physical objects. Virtual actions on virtual objects occur in many video games and instructional software. Virtual actions on mental objects occur in computer systems that use audio feedback to help the blind learn to navigate. Mental actions can be captured in brain–computer interfaces to control both physical robots and information on a computer screen. Mental actions on mental objects produce mental simulations. The increasing popularity of augmented reality will require more research on the pairing of physical, virtual, and mental actions and objects.
Abstraction
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The power of abstract thinking is captured by the brilliance of John von Neumann who made many contributions to mathematics, computer science, and game theory. One definition of abstraction is that an instance exists only in the mind (the word truth) rather than in the environment (the word car). An advantage of the latter, concrete examples is they support the formation of visual images to aid recall. A second definition of abstraction is a focus on the most important attributes of an instance. These attributes include those that differentiate one object from another or one category from another. A third definition of abstraction is that an abstract idea applies to many particular instances of a category. Prototypes, rules, and schema are examples.
Networks
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Networks provide organization through nodes that are connected by links. Characteristics of networks that matter include clusters, path lengths, link weights, and hubs. A semantic network displays connections among concepts in which shorter links represent stronger associations between two concepts. A spreading activation model is a theory of how related concepts become activated. Variations of the theory enable predictions, such as spreading activation, is partitioned among the links at a node. This assumption leads to the testable prediction that the strength of activation along each link diminishes as the number of links increases. Brain imaging has revealed that information transfer depends not only on the direct path between nodes but also on the availability of alternative detour paths. This hyperconnectivity following a lesion lowers efficiency and is reduced with recovery from brain injury.
Problems
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A general framework for solving problems begins with constructing a representation of the problem. A familiar problem should activate a schema stored in memory that provides guidance for finding a solution. Schemas are typically helpful but may result in cognitive entrenchment that produces inflexible thinking. An unfamiliar problem requires applying strategies such as forming a subgoal or using analogy. The type of strategy depends on whether the problem is a puzzle, an insight puzzle, or a classroom or a design problem. Well-structured problems differ from ill-structured problems because both the goal and constraints on actions are clearly defined. Many design problems are ill structured but can often be decomposed into well-structure components.
Introduction
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introduction provides some background information about the Yiguandao, focusing on its historical roots, its ideology (spiritual lineages/daotong, syncretism, cosmology, millenarian eschatology), and its history across the twentieth century. The aim is to get a better understanding of what the Yiguandao has now become, that is to say, a transnational religious organization with a global footprint that currently attempts to reestablish itself in Mainland China where its expansion was strong before 1949. Mainland China, precisely, is the spiritual wilderness that the group ambitions to reclaim by promoting its Way of Heaven (Tiandao). The introduction also addresses the issue of fieldwork and more specifically participant observation and its difficulties in the context of new religions.
The Production of Missionary-Adepts
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the notion or ideal-type of a missionary-adept in order to highlight the importance of proselytizing for Yiguandao adepts. The typical itinerary of the adept is detailed, with its different phases: initiation, participation to Dharma seminars (fahui), systematic training, and activities carried out in places of worship (fotang). These different elements illuminate the gradual process of increasing involvement of new adepts in the group up to the point where they ultimately become missionary-adepts. As an ideal-type, the missionary-adept points to an adept who embraces most of Yiguandao’s ideology, has turned vegetarian and has taken progressive commitments and responsibilities in the organization to the point where the religious perspective has become the prevailing driving force in his or her life. The latter is totally dedicated to the promotion of the Dao.
Production of Charisma Within the Yiguandao
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Yiguandao’s Patriarch Zhang Tianran (1889–1947) managed to turn a small sectarian movement into a mass organization with millions of adepts. Although he passed away in 1947, his charisma did not vanish and is still operating today within the group. It is this phenomenon that the current chapter attempts to explore: it first provides some insight into the figure of Zhang Tianran in history before discussing his deification, lasting influence, and charisma. Finally, the chapter shows that the way missionary-adepts relate to their dead Master also provides a model for further dissemination of charismatic authority within the group.
Art
Authors: Desmond Will D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hegel’s Lectures on Fine Art offer a veritable ‘world history of art’, and have led to his being called the real ‘father of art history’, but at their heart is a close identification of beauty with ‘the ideal’ and of art with ‘the classical’—and hence with (Greek) antiquity. With reference to the legacies of Winckelmann and Kantian aesthetic theory, this chapter begins by explicating the main features of Hegel’s aesthetics: the notion of ‘the ideal’ and of art’s vocation to reveal ‘the truth’ sensuously; the classification of artistic styles into Symbolic, Classical, and Romantic; and the division of basic art forms into architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and poetry. The chapter tackles each of these art forms in turn, focusing on Hegel’s sources and understanding of their role in Greek and Roman civilizations. His discussions of the Greek temple, Greek sculpture, epic, lyric, and comedy are relatively neglected, but all contribute as much as tragedy to his Winckelmannian understanding of the Greeks as ‘the people of art’ and of the ‘sculptural’ nature of the Greek mind. Here his Romans play counterpoint, as a derivative and aesthetically uncreative people—except in the genre of satire, which also fills out Hegel’s portrait of Roman ‘prose’, alienation, and increasing self-awareness. Though each of the art-forms peaks in a certain historical period, Hegel tends to associate each peak with the ‘classical’ ideal—an association that may help to illuminate his controversial statements about the ‘end of art’ in the modern, Romantic style.
History, Cosmos, Mind, and (Not Quite) Everything
Authors: Desmond Will D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of History explore the legacies of ancient history and historiography, at the levels of both theory and empirical detail. Their threefold typology of histories into ‘original’, ‘reflective’, and ‘philosophical’ constitutes a concise argument that history has and must, in the course of its development, become theoretical, and that therefore history and philosophy have essentially converged in the modern era—not least in Hegel’s own deeply historical style of thinking. With their vision of a Spirit that develops through four essential stages of the ‘Oriental’, Greek, Roman and ‘Germanic’ worlds, these lectures reveal that, for Hegel, the middle (Greek and Roman) stages are pivotal to the story of progressive human freedom and self-knowledge. The Mediterranean as the ‘middle sea’ (Mittelmeer) is a central historical fact and metaphor for Hegel (long before Braudel), and it was as peoples of the Mediterranean that his Greeks and Romans proved so historically significant—the Greeks with their humanistic art, anthropomorphic religion, philosophical depth, and ‘invention’ of history as a genre; the Romans with their law, inclusive citizenship, universal histories, inclusive empire and pantheon, and ultimately Christianity. This narrative is, in many respects, simply Hegel’s systematization of a long-held consensus. It also looks forward to the even grander narratives of global and ‘big history’, which temporalize the notion of ‘evolution’ and extend it from (human) ‘Spirit’ to all of nature. If so, this serves as a reminder that many facets of Hegel’s antiquity have been revived in new, unexpected forms.
The Etymological Poetry of W. H. Auden, J. H. Prynne, and Paul Muldoon
Authors: Gaudern Mia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book defines, analyses, and theorises a late modern ‘etymological poetry’ that is alive to the past lives of its words, and probes the possible significance of them both explicitly and implicitly. Close readings of poetry and criticism by Auden, Prynne, and Muldoon investigate the implications of their etymological perspectives for the way their language establishes relationships between people, and between people and the world. These twin functions of communication and representation are shown to be central to the critical reception of etymological poetry, which is a category of ‘difficult’ poetry. However resonant poetic etymologising may be, critics warn that it shows the poet’s natural interest in language degenerating into an unhealthy obsession with the dictionary. It is unavoidably pedantic, in the post-Saussurean era, to entertain the idea that a word’s history might have any relevance to its current use. As such, etymological poetry elicits the closest of close readings, thus encouraging readers to reflect not only on its own pedantry, obscurity, and virtuosity, but also on how these qualities function in criticism. As well as presenting a new way of reading three very different late modern poet-critics, this book addresses an understudied aspect of the relationship between poetry and criticism. Its findings are situated in the context of literary debates about difficulty and diction, and in larger cultural conversations about the workings of language as a historical event.
Conscience and Satire in A Play of Love
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the fall of Wolsey and the promotion of More to the chancellorship also inform Heywood’s next major dramatic work, A Play of Love. Evidently designed for performance either at Lincoln’s Inn or on Rastell’s household stage, the play offers a parodic legal moot on the question of happiness and unhappiness in love. But it also offers sharp satire of the judicial methods allegedly characteristic of Wolsey’s conduct in the courts of Chancery and Star Chamber, and offers sober counsel to More as he prepared to take on the responsibility of presiding over the ‘courts of conscience’ in Wolsey’s stead.
Bellicose Verse
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The final poem that Heywood published during the reign of Mary Tudor, and perhaps the last new poetic work he would publish in his lifetime, was a rather more overtly loyalist and patriotic work, the Brief Ballet [Ballad] touching the Traitorous Taking of Scarborough Castle, printed by Thomas Powell in 1557 and known as ‘Scarborough Warning’. This chapter examines this little-known ballad, which condemns the brief, treasonable seizure of Scarborough Castle by Thomas Stafford and a group of English exiles with French support. It sets the poem’s agenda in the complex circumstances of Anglo-French diplomacy in the later Marian years, and demonstrates how it contributed to the campaign to persuade the privy council and City of London to support Queen Mary’s intention to declare war on France in support of her husband, Philip II.
‘At this my extreme age’
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Heywood’s last years in exile in the Netherlands are the subject of this penultimate chapter. It looks at his encounter in Mechelen with the English agent (and fellow author) Thomas Wilson, and the plaintive letters that he wrote to Lord Burghley in its aftermath. It traces Heywood’s struggles for financial security after the confiscation of his lands and revenues following his flight into exile, and charts his harrowing experiences during the religious upheavals in Antwerp where he had sought safe haven with his son Ellis in the house of the Jesuits. His final escape to Louvain and the deaths of Ellis and Heywood himself within months of each other in 1578 bring the story of the playwright’s life to an end. ‘Merry’ to the last, Heywood reputedly jested on his deathbed, once more evoking the example of More, who had gone to the scaffold jesting with his captors.