bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Invisible Empire
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Roman imperial state, and Roman culture more generally, are (for the most part) conspicuous by their absence from the Oneirocritica. The Roman army scarcely makes an appearance, and there is no sign that Artemidorus had any knowledge of or interest in the Roman world west or north of Italy. Aside from stray comments on miscellaneous aspects of Roman culture (dress, the Latin language, one or two short passages on Roman equestrian and senatorial offices), Artemidorus has cause to engage with Rome only when talking about the Roman judicial and penal system in the provinces (remarkably prominent throughout his work) and, to a lesser extent, the emperor himself (although never as an individual). This absence has significant ramifications for our conception of the wider impact of Rome on the culture of the eastern Roman provinces.
Introduction
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A central question in the early history of the common law is how much influence Roman and canon law exerted over the common law in its first century. The debates over Roman- and canon-law influence have largely stalled, however. This chapter introduces a new way forward in those debates. Most scholars who have looked for Roman- and canon-law influence on the common law have looked for similarities in particular rules and have argued that common lawyers adopted those rules from Roman or canon law. Priests of the Law argues that we are more likely to find borrowings in the context of more fundamental questions. The early thirteenth century was a time before the common law was the common law. There was debate over its nature and who should control it. In their attempts to answer these questions, the authors of Bracton turned to Roman and canon law.
Setting the Stage
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a synthesis of the literature on the writing of the Bracton treatise and brief biographies of the justices and clerks who wrote it. A number of scholars have written about Bracton and the process by which it was written and re-written over a period of roughly half a century. There is a great deal of scholarly debate about who wrote Bracton and when it was written. This chapter synthesizes that research into a narrative of the various stages of writing the treatise, and then attempts to connect those stages to the careers of the royal justices who we know or suspect worked on it.
From Classroom to Courtroom
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines another set of texts produced by the authors of Bracton, case collections, and argues that these justices were trying to transform the records of the courts into a type of legal literature. William of Raleigh and Henry of Bratton produced several collections of cases drawn from the plea rolls, one of which, known today as Bracton’s Note Book, survives. It provides a fascinating window into the ways in which these justices were transforming, through the production of certain types of texts, the mundane administrative work of the royal courts into a type of learned discourse. Raleigh and Bratton took plea roll entries out of their original context and remade them in the image of the texts they had encountered in the schools of Roman and canon law.
“I,” Singular and Universal
Authors: Longuenesse Béatrice 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In each instance of its use, “I” refers to just one individual: the individual currently saying the sentence or thinking the proposition in which “I” (or, as the case may be, the first-person inflection of the verb) is in use. At the same time, having available the concept and word “I” is understanding that any other person using “I” thereby refers to herself, the thinker or speaker. Moreover, uses of “I” are not necessarily the expression of an egoistic obsession with our individual person. Some of the sentences in which “I” is in use display a striking combination of the singular character of the word and concept “I” and the universality of the claim we make on others, using the singular term and concept “I.” The chapter explores these contrasting features of “I” in relation to our cognitive and agential access to the world.
“I” in Morality
Authors: Longuenesse Béatrice 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chapter explores the contrasting analyses of the moral standpoint offered by the eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant, on the one hand; and, on the other, the pessimistic observer of human moral frailty, Sigmund Freud. The lecture explores the similarities and contrasts between Freud’s and Kant’s respective conceptions of the structure of mental life and the place in that structure of the categorical imperative of morality. From this confrontation, new lessons emerge concerning the relation between the radically individual nature of the first-person pronoun “I” (considered here in the phrase “I—morally—ought to”) and the claim to universal validity of at least some of the pronouncements we make in our own name or from what we call “the first-person standpoint.”
Economists at War
Authors: Bollard Alan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Economists at War tells the story of a group of remarkable economists, and how they used their skills to help their countries fight their battles during the turbulent period covering the Chinese–Japanese War, World War I, and the Cold War. Politicians and generals cannot win wars if they do not have resources. This book focuses on the lives and achievements of seven finance ministers, advisors, and central bankers from Japan, China, Germany, the UK, the USSR, and the US. They all had connections, and their stories are interlinked. 1935–55 was a time of conflict, confrontation and destruction. It was also the time when the skills of economists were called upon to finance the military, to identify economic vulnerabilities, to help reconstruction. Economics was first used as a policy tool, and economists started to gain importance: macroeconomics, managerial economics, and computing were all born during this time. The reader sees the struggle to raise funds by taxing peasants, controlling banks, working in disrupted debt markets, inflating currencies, and cajoling aid-givers. There is tension between civilian resources and military requirements. There are desperate attempts to control economies wracked with inflation, depression, political argument, and fighting. There are clever schemes to evade sanctions, develop barter trade, and use economic espionage.There are struggles to apply good economic policy in the regimes of despots like Stalin, Hitler, and Chiang Kai-shek.. This book will interest economists, devotees of military history, and interested lay readers alike. It is a book about economics, but it is also a human story.
The Stock Market as a Value-Extracting Institution
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter debunks the conventional wisdom that the primary function of the stock market is to be a value-creating institution, raising cash for corporations by pointing to the fact that the separation of ownership and control in the past occurred because of a managerial constraint, not a capital constraint, as well as the fact that, throughout the twentieth century and continuing in the twenty-first century, the U.S. stock markets have been net extractors of money from the corporate sector. The chapter explains the five general functions of the stock market: Control; Cash; Creation; Combination; and Compensation. It then analyzes how a broad adoption of the MSV view changed the relative importance of those functions and eventually brought about the imbalance between value creation and value extraction.
The Value-Extracting Outsiders
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter exposes a particularly aggressive species of activist shareholder, hedge-fund activists, who are ready to take advantage of changes in proxy-voting and engagement rules to enhance their value-extracting power and to build private “war chests” that serve to enhance their value-extracting power even more. It examines the evolution and the current state of hedge-fund activism. After explaining this phenomenon’s origin and expansion, it investigates in particular Carl Icahn’s transition from the most representative corporate raider to one of the most “successful” hedge-fund activists in order to delineate vividly the characteristics and methods of the new value-extracting outsiders. It also examines how “co-investments” between hedge-fund activists and institutional investors are carried out.
Introduction
Authors: Moody Simon J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the historiography of the post-war British Army. It demonstrates that the Army’s nuclear mission in Germany is underrepresented in the mainstream literature, in spite of this being its most important commitment after 1945. The chapter explains how the Army became a potential agent of nuclear warfare and its role in national and alliance strategy. It argues that the Army was largely successful in overcoming the conceptual difficulties of planning for future war, but that it displayed a cognitive dissonance when faced with uncomfortable realities about the nature of nuclear warfare.
Military Publicists and Theories of Tactical Nuclear War
Authors: Moody Simon J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers some of the first attempts by the Army to imagine nuclear warfare. It provides a survey of the types of articles that appeared in the seven most popular service journals during the 1950s to determine how speculation about the nuclear battlefield shaped organizational thinking about the nuclear battlefield. This body of work, which constituted the emerging theory of tactical nuclear warfare, defined the parameters of the debate about the use of nuclear weapons in the land battle for the remainder of the Cold War. Critical analysis of this text, in addition to that of other published work and unpublished typescripts, suggests an officer corps that possessed the intellectual capacity for organizational innovation. The chapter maintains that the intellectual reference points for thinking about future warfare reflected the culture of an officer corps bloodied in two world wars and struggling to find a role in a changing world.
Body and Tradition in Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The moorlands of Gascony are often considered one of the most dramatic examples of top-down rural modernization in nineteenth-century Europe. From an area of open moors, they were transformed in one generation into the largest man-made forest in Europe. This book explores how these changes were experienced and negotiated by the people who lived there, drawing on the immense ethnographic archive of Félix Arnaudin (1844–1921). The book replaces the songs, stories, and everyday speech that Arnaudin collected, as well as the photographs he took, in the everyday lives of agricultural workers and artisans. It argues that the changes are understood as a gradual revolution in bodily experiences, as men and women forged new working habits, new sexual relations, and new ways of conceiving of their own bodies. Rather than just a story of top-down reform, this is an account of the flexibility and creativity of the cultural traditions of the working population. The book begins with a biographical sketch of the folklorist Arnaudin and an overview of the men and women whose cultural traditions he recorded. The following chapters explore everyday speech about the body, stories of werewolves and shapeshifters, tales of animal cunning and exploitation, and songs about love and courtship. The book focuses on the lives of a handful of the most talented storytellers and singers Arnaudin encountered, showing how their cultural choices reflect wider patterns of behaviour in the region, and across rural Europe.
Arnaudin and the Moorlands
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Félix Arnaudin’s life. Born into a moderately wealthy family in the Landes de Gascogne, Arnaudin struggled with his place in local society. Unwilling and unable to go into working to exploit the business opportunities of forestation, he dedicated most of his life instead to documenting the folk traditions and language of his native region. A meticulous and thorough ethnographer and photographer, he embraced the newer fieldwork methods of the golden generation of French folklorists. Unlike many of his more famous contemporaries, however, Arnaudin published very little of the material he collected during his own lifetime.
Singing Love
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the folk songs Arnaudin collected. It discusses them by drawing attention to two key features: firstly, to the bawdiness of the songs of the moorlands, and secondly, to the dominance of female singers. The chapter argues that women used the shared culture of singing about making love in order to criticize the constraints they felt on their bodily autonomy. Whether or not there had ever been a time of freer romantic relations, the chapter discusses how songs allowed women to complain about things they found painful in the present, such as gossip and a culture of shaming.
The Path Towards the Supreme Good in the Treatise on the Emendation
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on Spinoza’s account of the Supreme Good in the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect. It argues that epistemic means are the only strictly necessary means of achieving the Supreme Good. Section 1.2 presents the central tenets of Spinoza’s early ethical view. Section 1.3 discusses the role that Spinoza attributes to social factors and why they are ultimately inessential for attaining the Supreme Good. Section 1.4 reconstructs Spinoza’s account of the passions and argues that Spinoza treats passions as inadequate ideas and potential obstacles in reaching the Supreme Good. Section 1.5 discusses some interpretative issues entailed by Spinoza’s account of ethical progress towards the Supreme Good. Section 1.6 investigates the epistemological underpinnings of Spinoza’s position in order to clarify why adequate ideas are such that they necessitate the mind to embrace them as true and adequate.
Common Notions in the Ethics
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on Spinoza’s account of reason and common notions introduced in the Ethics, and interprets common notions as an expression of the degree of agreement in nature between the individual and the external causes that determine it. After some preliminaries in Section 4.2, Section 4.3 introduces the conceptual machinery relevant to the notions of parts and wholes, and agreement in nature that Spinoza presents in Letter 32. Section 4.4 argues that this mereological account of parthood and the notion of agreement in nature underpin his discussion of reason in the Ethics. Section 4.5 contends that this reading of reason in terms of agreement in nature leads to a better understanding of his distinction between universal and proper common notions. Section 4.6 presents some alternative readings of his account of reason in the Ethics, and possible objections that might be raised against the interpretation developed in this chapter.
Cultivating Passionate Agreement
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses how Spinoza implements his account of passions and reason, developed in the Ethics, in the context of the political theory presented in the Political Treatise. Section 6.2 reconstructs his account of reason in this work, in which he distinguishes between a descriptive and normative use of the notion of reason. Section 6.3 introduces the interpretative problems that this account raises. These problems can be solved by implementing the cooperative account of reason introduced in Chapters 4 and 5. This requires using Spinoza’s distinction between universal and proper common notions to account for the descriptive and normative uses of reason respectively. Sections 6.4 and 6.5 illustrate how this reading applies to his detailed discussion of monarchy and aristocracy. Section 6.6 develops the implications of this reading of Spinoza’s political science in order to fully address the threat that oppressive societies pose to an individual’s power of developing reason.
Associating Emotions and Internationalism with the Alps
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the forces that led to both the internationalization and the sentimentalization of the Alps in the interwar period. It argues that changes in demography, the appropriation of the mountains on the part of political movements across the political spectrum, the tension between modernity and anti-modernity and also between nationalism and internationalism all played an important role in this context. Moreover, a vast array of cultural productions—ranging from film, to novels (e.g. Heidi), to “typical” alpine products (e.g. fondue), to the news coverage of major events such as the Winter Olympics—contributed to the construction of the Alps as a quintessential site for international cooperation.
International Mountaineering while Talking about Emotions
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
By looking at the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA, or International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation), an international organization created in 1932 “to promote mountaineering and climbing worldwide,” this chapter explores the “moral economy” of internationalism, or the dynamics through which internationalist groups used feelings to attribute moral values to specific beliefs and behaviors. It demonstrates that the UIAA used emotions to promote both its image and its mission. It presented alpinism as a means to engender “friendship” among nations, mimicking the League of Nations’ rhetoric and activities in this period. It also employed emotions as a tool to manage its relationships and as an essential ingredient to stage its events (e.g. international congresses and exhibitions). As such, it inaugurated a set of ideas and practices which would become normative in the subsequent decades.
Background
Authors: Vanaik Anish 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 traces the transformations of Delhi after the Rebellion of 1857. It draws attention to four crucial phenomena between 1857 and 1911: the demolition and reconstruction of the city after the rebellion, the process of building the railways, administering garden lands around Delhi, and the economic activity that developed around these transformations. These phenomena constituted an extended form of primitive accumulation in Delhi over the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite important differences, It incorporated the classic features of such a process: displacement of people, the creation of funds of wealth for future investment, and the employment of force to achieve this. On the eve of the shift of the capital to Delhi in 1911, the railways, commerce, finance, and the actions of the colonial state had between them generated a cityscape in which properties were bought and sold and suburban land was being built over.
Landlords, Tenants, and Real Estate Firms
Authors: Vanaik Anish 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 studies the changing nature of ownership and tenancy in Delhi. It examines the property market at a number of different levels: the poor, the suburban ex-farmer, women, and the wide variety of intermediate groups, from petty traders to the emerging professional middle classes. Patterns of ownership and speculation in the property market were transformed by depression of credit in the 1920s. New actors in the property market emerged from the mid-1930s onwards. Large firms specializing in real estate and cooperative housing societies were two new kinds of entity that made their initial beginnings in this period. While often unsuccessful, these entities reflected a larger structural dilemma: the need to solve the problem of access to easy credit.
Intimacy in Four Registers
Authors: Vanaik Anish 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 outlines the convergence between the state and the property market in Delhi during this period. This convergence can be understood in terms of four registers of intimacy between the state and the market. For one, the state internalized market valuations into its own everyday practice—a kind of ingestion of the property market. A second register might be thought of as affinity—an attraction towards the property market as an opportunity and means to make profits and boost income. A third register resembles something more like symbiosis—a coming together of state and urban property to the point where it becomes impossible to think about the latter except inasmuch as it was mediated by the state. The fourth register is that of the property market as nightmare, thwarting efforts of the state to serve the ‘common good’.
Introduction
Authors: Guy Adam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Introduction begins by detailing the emergence of the nouveau roman in its own place and time, looking at the political and cultural history of postwar France. The publisher Les Éditions de Minuit—the main sponsor of the nouveau roman—is introduced, and the earliest articulations of the nouveau roman are presented. Then, the works and signature styles of six writers are briefly surveyed, namely Michel Butor, Marguerite Duras, Robert Pinget, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute, and Claude Simon. The ends of the nouveau roman and the rise of Tel Quel are considered. Then the particular force of the nouveau roman in the British literary field is introduced, with modernism and the end of empire as key determinants. Finally, each of the book’s chapters is summarized.
Reception
Authors: Guy Adam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In surveying the reception of the nouveau roman in Britain from its initial emergence in the late 1950s, this chapter begins by looking at the various names given to the phenomenon of the nouveau roman, and their significations. The predominance of Alain Robbe-Grillet and his notion of chosisme is considered. Then a number of vituperative conservative critiques are discussed. Existentialism, the nouvelle vague, and modernism are shown to be major points of reference in the reception of the nouveau roman. The chapter concludes with two codas. The first considers the edges of a reception history of the nouveau roman in Britain by looking to creative responses from the cinema (Tony Richardson, Peter Brook), visual media (Martin Vaughn-James, Ian Hamilton Finlay), life-writing (W. G. Sebald), and music (Harrison Birtwistle). The second looks at the adoption of the nouveau roman in British academe, and the rise of Theory.
The ‘tedium of interest’
Authors: Guy Adam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at Michel Butor’s L’Emploi du temps (1956) and Degrés (1960) alongside B. S. Johnson’s Trawl (1966), Alan Sheridan’s Vacation (1972), and Eva Figes’s B (1972). All five works are seen to be novels of the ‘project’, a concept that is introduced at the start of the chapter. In particular, these examples of the project-novel are understood through Sianne Ngai’s notion of the category of the ‘interesting’. As a consequence, Butor, Johnson, Sheridan, and Figes are all shown to challenge conventional periodizations of midcentury innovative prose fiction, specifically by troubling received accounts of the postmodern novel.