bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron screening in Titanium
Authors: Cvetinović Aleksandra , Lipoglavšek Matej 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Electron screening is very important in nuclear astrophysics. For nucleosynthesis calculations precise reaction rates should be known at very low energies, where screening cannot be neglected. Despite its importance, a huge disagreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions is still not explained. Recently, we studied the electron screening effect in deuterium implanted titanium targets by measuring the γ-ray yield produced from the 19F(d,p)20F nuclear reaction in inverse kinematics. Our preliminary results are presented below.
Characterizing r-Process Sites through Actinide Production
Authors: Holmbeck Erika M. , Surman Rebecca , Frebel Anna , McLaughlin G. C. , Mumpower Matthew R. , Sprouse Trevor M. , Kawano Toshihiko , Vassh Nicole , Beers Timothy C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Of the variations in the elemental abundance patterns of stars enhanced with r-process elements, the variation in the relative actinide-to-lanthanide ratio is among the most significant. We investigate the source of these actinide differences in order to determine whether these variations are due to natural differences in astrophysical sites, or due to the uncertain nuclear properties that are accessed in r-process sites. We find that variations between relative stellar actinide abundances is most likely astrophysical in nature, owing to how neutron-rich the ejecta from an r-process event may be. Furthermore, if an r-process site is capable of generating variations in the neutron-richness of its ejected material, then only one type of r-process site is needed to explain all levels of observed relative actinide enhancements.
Nucleosynthesis of “Light” Heavy Nuclei in Neutrino-driven Winds. Role of (α,n) reactions
Authors: Pereira Jorge , Arcones Almudena , Bliss Julia , Montes Fernando 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Neutrino-driven winds following core collapse supernovae have been proposed as a suitable site where the so-called light heavy elements (between Sr to Ag) can be synthetized. For moderately neutron-rich winds, (α,n) reactions play a critical role in the weak r process, becoming the main mechanism to drive nuclear matter towards heavier elements. In this paper we summarize the sensitivity of network-calculated abundances to the astrophysical conditions, and to uncertainties in the (α,n) reaction rates. A list of few (α,n) reactions were identified to dominate the uncertainty in the calculated elemental abundances. Measurements of these reactions will allow to identify the astrophysical conditions of the weak r process by comparing calculated/observed abundances in r-limited stars.
Measurement of radiative α-capture cross sections on 98Ru and 144Sm for γ-process nucleosynthesis
Authors: Scholz P. , Wilsenach H. , Blazhev A. , Becker H.-W. , Heim F. , Fotinou V. , Giesen U. , Körschgen M. , Müller M. , Zell K.O. , Zilges A. , Zuber K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Since p isotopes cannot be produced in neutron-capture reaction networks, a production mechanism via photodisintegration reactions was proposed - the γ process. The specifc path of this reaction network, however, depends strongly on the statistically averaged ratios for proton-, neutron-, and α-decay widths.
It was shown in the past, that the uncertainties in the α-decay widths have an impact on the isotopic abundance of the γ-process ashes. Besides systematic studies of the α+nucleus optical-model potential, direct measurements of (α, γ) reaction are needed to reduce the unpredictability of (γ, α) reaction rates.
We present preliminary results from direct measurements of the 98Ru(α,γ) and 144Sm(α,γ) cross sections via in-beam measurements at the University of Cologne and the Ruhr-Universität Bochum and activation experiments at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig and the Technische Universität Dresden.
The in-beam experiment might help to improve our understanding of the γ-process contribution to the p nuclei in the A ∼ 100 mass region, while the activation experiment is important for the determination of the initial isotopic abundance ratio of the 146Sm/144Sm chronometer.
Towards background-free studies of capture reaction in a heavy-ion storage ring
Authors: Varga László , Davinson Thomas , Glorius Jan , Jurado Beatrix , Langer Christoph , Lederer-Woods Claudia , Litvinov Yuri A. , Reifarth René , Slavkovská Zuzana , Stöhlker Thomas , Woods Phil J. , Xing Yuan Ming 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Stored and cooled, highly-charged ions offer unprecedented capabilities for precision studies in the realm of atomic, nuclear structure and astrophysics[1]. After the successful investigation of the 96Ru(p,7)97Rh reaction cross section in 2009[2], the first measurement of the 124Xe(p,7)125Cs reaction cross section has been performed with decelerated, fully-ionized 124Xe ions in 2016 at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) of GSI[3]. Using a Double Sided Silicon Strip Detector, introduced directly into the ultra-high vacuum environment of a storage ring, the 125Cs proton-capture products have been successfully detected. The cross section has been measured at 5 different energies between 5.5AMeV and 8AMeV, on the high energy tail of the Gamow-window for hot, explosive scenarios such as supernovae and X-ray binaries. The elastic scattering on the H2 gas jet target is the major source of background to count the (p,7) events. Monte Carlo simulations show that an additional slit system in the ESR in combination with the energy information of the Si detector will enable background free measurements of the proton-capture products. The corresponding hardware is being prepared and will increase the sensitivity of the method tremendously.
Energy transmission in the forbidden band-gap of a nonlinear chain with global interactions
Authors: Motcheyo A B Togueu , Macías-Díaz J E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The phenomenon of supratransmission in nonlinear systems with global interactions is predicted analytically for the first time. The model considered is a physically significant extension of the classical β-Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou (β-FPUT) chain, with power-law interaction of degree α ⩾ 0. Using a relatively simple analytical theory, we derive the threshold that triggers the supratransmission process. The threshold for the short-range model is a particular case of our predictions. Our theoretical derivation shows that supratransmission is present for any power α > 1. We confirm numerically the validity of these results. Moreover, the numerical simulations also confirm the presence of supratransmission in the case of long-range interactions, in spite that the theoretical arguments are not valid for that case. It is worth pointing out that the present approach may be applied to other systems with global interactions.
Spectral statistics for the difference of two Wishart matrices
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Sai Charan S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this work, we consider the weighted difference of two independent complex Wishart matrices and derive the joint probability density function of the corresponding eigenvalues in a finite-dimension scenario using two distinct approaches. The first derivation involves the use of unitary group integral, while the second one relies on applying the derivative principle. The latter relates the joint probability density of eigenvalues of a matrix drawn from a unitarily invariant ensemble to the joint probability density of its diagonal elements. Exact closed form expressions for an arbitrary order correlation function are also obtained and spectral densities are contrasted with Monte Carlo simulation results. Analytical results for moments as well as probabilities quantifying positivity aspects of the spectrum are also derived. Additionally, we provide a large-dimension asymptotic result for the spectral density using the Stieltjes transform approach for algebraic random matrices. Finally, we point out the relationship of these results with the corresponding results for difference of two random density matrices and obtain some explicit and closed form expressions for the spectral density and absolute mean.
Microstructure and properties of Cu-2Ag alloy sheet prepared by ‘Upward + Thermomechanical Treatment’
Authors: Ming-Mao Li , Li Zhao-Xin , Ying-Ying Tang , Ming-Biao Zhu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the Cu-2Ag sheet is prepared by the new process of upward method, and the alloy sheet was prepared by continuous cold rolling and thermomechanical treatment of solution aging. Through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, performance testing and other means, the effects of upward, rolling, solid solution, aging and other processes on the forming process of silver-copper alloy is systematically analyzed, so as their microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical properties. The results show that it is feasible to prepare the Cu-2Ag sheet by the upward method, which can meet the requirements of subsequent forming and use performance: Cu-2Ag has a dispersion precipitation effect, and a reasonable heat treatment process that can produce a large number of nano-level spherical silver-rich solid solutions uniformly dispersed in the copper matrix, thereby optimizing the properties of the alloy. After being treated by solution, it has the best performance under 450 °C × 48 h aging, with a hardness of 74.9 HV0.2 and conductivity of 92.7% IACS.
Propagule pressure and the establishment of emergent polyploid populations
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhereas the incidence or rate of polyploid speciation in flowering plants is modest, the production of polyploid individuals within local populations is widespread. Explanations for this disparity primarily have focused on properties or interactions of polyploids that limit their persistence.HypothesisThe emergence of local polyploid populations within diploid populations is similar to the arrival of invasive species at new, suitable sites, with the exception that polyploids suffer interference from their progenitor(s). The most consistent predictor of successful colonization by invasive plants is propagule pressure, i.e. the number of seeds introduced. Therefore, insufficient propagule pressure, i.e. the formation of polyploid seeds within diploid populations, ostensibly is a prime factor limiting the establishment of newly emergent polyploids within local populations. Increasing propagule number reduces the effects of genetic, environmental and demographic stochasticity, which thwart population survival. As with invasive species, insufficient seed production within polyploid populations limits seed export, and thus reduces the chance of polyploid expansion.ConclusionThe extent to which propagule pressure limits the establishment of local polyploid populations remains to be determined, because we know so little. The numbers of auto- or allopolyploid seed in diploid populations rarely have been ascertained, as have the numbers of newly emergent polyploid plants within diploid populations. Moreover, seed production by these polyploids has yet to be assessed.
Claim-Making Processes in Criminal Justice Social Work in India
Authors: Menezes Sharon , Raghavan Vijay 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article discusses approaches and strategies in criminal justice social work that assert the claims of criminal justice clients over welfare and entitlements, in a context where their voices are compromised. It discusses claim-making and the dynamics underlying the process. The article reflects on the field experiences of a social work intervention project that the authors are associated with, that promotes legal rights and social re-entry of marginalised populations in criminal justice. The project’s work highlights the need for claim-making and participatory approaches towards development of policy and programmes in the neoliberal era.
‘Maybe a Maverick, Maybe a Parent, but Definitely Not an Honorary Nurse’: Social Worker Perspectives on the Role and Nature of Social Work in Mental Health Care
Authors: Tucker Laura , Webber Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In many places in the UK, social work is integral to mental health service delivery. Significant role erosion, however, has left the profession unclear about where it fits within modern mental health services. The 2016 Social Work for Better Mental Health initiative outlines five key mental health roles and has been adopted into national policy in England to combat this uncertainty, but the influence of this has not been explored. This study aimed to develop an understanding of how mental health social workers perceive and explain their role. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with seven social workers based within one English National Health Service mental health trust covering a large geographical area and their responses analysed using Ritchie, Spencer and O’Connor’s Framework thematic model. Findings indicated that social workers only superficially engaged with the aspirational policy roles, instead presenting their own framework for what makes mental health social work distinctive. This was constructed around the context and intentions of practice, rather than around proscribed tasks and responsibilities. This study has significance for individual social workers and for organisations providing and planning mental health services in the UK and beyond, given the influence that practitioner perceptions can have on how they undertake their roles.
Deep brain stimulation of the brainstem
Authors: Elias Gavin J B , Loh Aaron , Gwun Dave , Pancholi Aditya , Boutet Alexandre , Neudorfer Clemens , Germann Jürgen , Namasivayam Andrew , Gramer Robert , Paff Michelle , Lozano Andres M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus, pallidum, and thalamus is an established therapy for various movement disorders. Limbic targets have also been increasingly explored for their application to neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders. The brainstem constitutes another DBS substrate, although the existing literature on the indications for and the effects of brainstem stimulation remains comparatively sparse. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the pertinent anatomy, indications, and reported stimulation-induced acute and long-term effects of existing white and grey matter brainstem DBS targets. We systematically searched the published literature, reviewing clinical trial articles pertaining to DBS brainstem targets. Overall, 164 studies describing brainstem DBS were identified. These studies encompassed 10 discrete structures: periaqueductal/periventricular grey (n = 63), pedunculopontine nucleus (n = 48), ventral tegmental area (n = 22), substantia nigra (n = 9), mesencephalic reticular formation (n = 7), medial forebrain bundle (n = 8), superior cerebellar peduncles (n = 3), red nucleus (n = 3), parabrachial complex (n = 2), and locus coeruleus (n = 1). Indications for brainstem DBS varied widely and included central neuropathic pain, axial symptoms of movement disorders, headache, depression, and vegetative state. The most promising results for brainstem DBS have come from targeting the pedunculopontine nucleus for relief of axial motor deficits, periaqueductal/periventricular grey for the management of central neuropathic pain, and ventral tegmental area for treatment of cluster headaches. Brainstem DBS has also acutely elicited numerous motor, limbic, and autonomic effects. Further work involving larger, controlled trials is necessary to better establish the therapeutic potential of DBS in this complex area.
Brain Network Simulations Indicate Effects of Neuregulin-1 Genotype on Excitation-Inhibition Balance in Cortical Dynamics
Authors: Klein Pedro Costa , Ettinger Ulrich , Schirner Michael , Ritter Petra , Rujescu Dan , Falkai Peter , Koutsouleris Nikolaos , Kambeitz-Ilankovic Lana , Kambeitz Joseph 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) represents an important factor for multiple processes including neurodevelopment, brain functioning or cognitive functions. Evidence from animal research suggests an effect of NRG1 on the excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance in cortical circuits. However, direct evidence for the importance of NRG1 in E/I balance in humans is still lacking. In this work, we demonstrate the application of computational, biophysical network models to advance our understanding of the interaction between cortical activity observed in neuroimaging and the underlying neurobiology. We employed a biophysical neuronal model to simulate large-scale brain dynamics and to investigate the role of polymorphisms in the NRG1 gene (rs35753505, rs3924999) in n = 96 healthy adults. Our results show that G/G-carriers (rs3924999) exhibit a significant difference in global coupling (P = 0.048) and multiple parameters determining E/I-balance such as excitatory synaptic coupling (P = 0.047), local excitatory recurrence (P = 0.032) and inhibitory synaptic coupling (P = 0.028). This indicates that NRG1 may be related to excitatory recurrence or excitatory synaptic coupling potentially resulting in altered E/I-balance. Moreover, we suggest that computational modeling is a suitable tool to investigate specific biological mechanisms in health and disease.
De Novo Delimitation Lines: A Constitutive Concept of Delimitation
Authors: Kunoy Bjørn 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The delimitation process has conceptually been considered to reflect preexisting maritime boundaries. This arises as the delimitation has not been seen to result in de novo lines as the delimitation process has been conceived as a declaratory exercise that necessarily arises from the ab initio nature of coastal States’ rights to the continental shelf. The International Court of Justice and Annex VII arbitral tribunals have followed a declarative understanding of delimitation. Accordingly, the extraction of hydrocarbons by a third State in a yet un-delimited area, which, pursuant to a judicial decision, would be recognized to be part of the continental shelf of the neighboring State, should, it is reasonable to assert, constitute an international wrongful act under international law and engage the international responsibility of the relevant State(s), except if authorized expressly by the relevant coastal State. This a priori uncontroversial understanding appears revisited by the Special Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the Ghana/Côte d’Ivoire case. According to the Special Chamber the delimitation consists in giving one entitlement priority over the other and therefore the delimitation of the continental shelf has a constitutive nature rather than declaratory. The approach of the Special Chamber can give rise to numerous intricate legal questions that may arise in future delimitation cases.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Fatality Rate Among Elderly Danes: A Cross-sectional Study on Retired Blood Donors
Authors: Pedersen Ole Birger , Nissen Janna , Dinh Khoa Manh , Schwinn Michael , Kaspersen Kathrine Agergård , Boldsen Jens Kjærgaard , Didriksen Maria , Dowsett Joseph , Sørensen Erik , Thørner Lise Wegner , Larsen Margit Anita Hørup , Grum-Schwensen Birgitte , Sækmose Susanne , Paulsen Isabella Worlewenut , Frisk Nanna Lond Skov , Brodersen Thorsten , Vestergaard Lasse Skafte , Rostgaard Klaus , Mølbak Kåre , Skov Robert Leo , Erikstrup Christian , Ullum Henrik , Hjalgrim Henrik 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Although the vast majority of individuals succumbing to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are elderly, infection fatality rate (IFR) estimates for the age group ≥70 years are still scarce. To this end, we assessed SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among retired blood donors and combined it with national coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survey data to provide reliable population-based IFR estimates for this age group.

Methods
We identified 60 926 retired blood donors aged ≥70 years in the rosters of 3 regionwide Danish blood banks and invited them to fill in a questionnaire on COVID-19–related symptoms and behaviors. Among 24 861 (40.8%) responders, we invited a random sample of 3200 individuals for blood testing. Overall, 1201 (37.5%) individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Wantai) and compared with 1110 active blood donors aged 17–69 years. Seroprevalence 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for assay sensitivity and specificity.

Results
Among retired (aged ≥70 years) and active (aged 17–69 years) blood donors, adjusted seroprevalences were 1.4% (95% CI, .3–2.5%) and 2.5% (95% CI, 1.3–3.8%), respectively. Using available population data on COVID-19–related fatalities, IFRs for patients aged ≥70 years and for 17–69 years were estimated at 5.4% (95% CI, 2.7–6.4%) and .083% (95% CI, .054–.18%), respectively. Only 52.4% of SARS-CoV-2–seropositive retired blood donors reported having been sick since the start of the pandemic.

Conclusions
COVID-19 IFR in the age group &gt;69 years is estimated to be 65 times the IFR for people aged 18–69 years.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Serial Testing Among Hospitalized Patients in a Midwest Tertiary Medical Center, July–September 2020
Authors: Kobayashi Takaaki , Trannel Alexandra , Holley Stephanie A , Alsuhaibani Mohammed A , Abosi Oluchi J , Jenn Kyle E , Meacham Holly , Sheeler Lorinda L , Etienne William , Dains Angelique , Casado Fernando , Kukla Mary E , Ward Emily K , Ford Bradley , Edmond Michael B , Wellington Melanie , Diekema Daniel J , Salinas Jorge L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We implemented serial coronavirus disease 2019 testing for inpatients with a negative test on admission. The conversion rate (negative to positive) on repeat testing was 1%. We identified patients during their incubation period and hospital-onset cases, rapidly isolated them, and potentially reduced exposures. Serial testing and infectiousness determination were resource intensive.