bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hague Child Abduction Convention and Re-relocation Disputes
Authors: Schuz Rhona 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
It is widely recognized that the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction ('the Convention') is invoked in types of cases which were not envisioned by the drafters and which might not naturally be classified as abduction cases. This article provides detailed consideration of one such type of case, which will be referred to as "re-relocation disputes." Such disputes arise when, following a temporary/ conditional move or a recent permanent move to a 'new' country, one parent wishes to return to the 'base' country', while the other insists on staying in the new country. The purpose of this article is to consider the impact and policy implications of using the Convention's mandatory return mechanism to resolve these disputes. Reframing these situations as re-relocation disputes facilitates analysis of the phenomenon from a broader perspective, including consideration of tools designed to create certainty and to produce result consistent with policy objectives. This discussion is particularly timely in the light of global jurisprudential developments over the last few years in relation to the test for determining the child's habitual residence and the implications of the recent decision of the English Court of Appeal in the case of Re NY[2019]UKSC 49 for consensual removals or retentions.
Infalling thermally destroyed bodies as a possible explanation for the KIC 8462852 phenomenon
Authors: Shestakova Lyubov I , Serebryanskiy Aleksander V , Demchenko Boris I 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Using the analytical solution of the heat diffusion equation, we calculate the components of the thermal stress tensor and analyse the process of thermal destruction of bodies consisting of crystalline ice with radii ranging from 10 m to 10 km around KIC 8462852. As a body approaches the star in a high-eccentricity orbit, compressive stresses increase on its surface, making tensile stresses increase in its interior and causing catastrophic body destruction. The processes of destruction near the surface of bodies that occur as a result of compressive stress and contribute to the appearance of coma are most severe in large bodies (10 km or more). We show that, for bodies with radii from 20 m to 10 km, internal tensile strengths exceed the limit of material strength at different distances from the star. Bodies with a size of r ≈ 1.8–2.1 km are among the first to experience catastrophic destruction, being at a distance of 80–100 au from the star. Subsequent cascading destruction of fragments can lead to the formation of dust. Closest to the star, being at a distance of 7.44 au, both the biggest and smallest bodies with a radius of more than 10 km and less than 20 m, respectively, begin to break apart. The infalling thermally destroyed body (ITDB) mechanism is capable of explaining the main details of both the short-term and long-term photometric behaviour of KIC 8462852.
A set of orbital elements to fully represent the zonal harmonics around an oblate celestial body
Authors: Arnas David , Linares Richard 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
This work introduces a new set of orbital elements to fully represent the zonal harmonics problem around an oblate celestial body. This new set of orbital elements allows to obtain a linear system for the unperturbed problem and, in addition, a completely polynomial system when considering the perturbation produced by the zonal harmonics from the gravitational force of an oblate celestial body. These orbital elements present no singularities and are able to represent any kind of orbit, including elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic orbits. Moreover, an application to this formulation of the Poincaré–Lindstedt perturbation method is included to obtain an approximate first-order solution of the problem for the case of the J2 perturbation, showing the performance of the methodology for different kinds of orbits.
Reproducing submillimetre galaxy number counts with cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
Authors: Lovell Christopher C , Geach James E , Davé Romeel , Narayanan Desika , Li Qi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Matching the number counts of high-z submillimetre-selected galaxies (SMGs) has been a long-standing problem for galaxy formation models. In this paper, we use 3D dust radiative transfer to model the submm emission from galaxies in the simba cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, and compare predictions to the latest single-dish observational constraints on the abundance of 850 μm-selected sources. We find good agreement with the shape of the integrated 850 μm luminosity function, and the normalization is within 0.25 dex at &gt;3 mJy, unprecedented for a fully cosmological hydrodynamic simulation, along with good agreement in the redshift distribution of bright SMGs. The agreement is driven primarily by simba’s good match to infrared measures of the star formation rate (SFR) function between z = 2 and 4 at high SFRs. Also important is the self-consistent on-the-fly dust model in simba, which predicts, on average, higher dust masses (by up to a factor of 2.5) compared to using a fixed dust-to-metals ratio of 0.3. We construct a light-cone to investigate the effect of far-field blending, and find that 52 per cent of sources are blends of multiple components, which makes a small contribution to the normalization of the bright end of the number counts. We provide new fits to the 850 μm luminosity as a function of SFR and dust mass. Our results demonstrate that solutions to the discrepancy between submm counts in simulations and observations, such as a top-heavy initial mass function, are unnecessary, and that submillimetre-bright phases are a natural consequence of massive galaxy evolution.
Comprehensibility and Accountability
Authors: Shapira Roy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In Incomprehensible!, Wendy Wagner highlights a blind spot in the design of many legal programmes: they demand that market players share as much information as possible, but neglect to demand that the information be conveyed comprehensibly. Wagner shows how the neglect of comprehensibility undermines the law’s effectiveness, and provides a menu of concrete proposals for alleviating it. Yet Wagner’s analysis leaves one important question unanswered: will making information more comprehensible necessarily lead to more accountability and better policy outcomes? This review article examines the elusive link between comprehensibility and accountability, and spotlights four common scenarios whereby the former is not a sufficient or even a necessary condition for the latter. In some markets, we have accountability without comprehensibility, through the threat of reputational sanctions. In others, we have comprehensibility without accountability: disclosures are perfectly readable, yet the end users opt not to read them. A third scenario is where more comprehensibility actually leads to less accountability: top-down mandates of comprehensibility crowd out efforts by private intermediaries to process complex information. Finally, there are circumstances where comprehensibility leads to too much accountability: in certain trade-offs, more accountability leads to worse decision making.
DEAD-BOX RNA HELICASE 27 regulates microRNA biogenesis, zygote division, and stem cell homeostasis
Authors: Hou Xiu-Li , Chen Wen-Qiang , Hou Yifeng , Gong Hua-Qin , Sun Jing , Wang Zhen , Zhao Heng , Cao Xiaofeng , Song Xiu-Fen , Liu Chun-Ming 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
After double fertilization, zygotic embryogenesis initiates a new life cycle, and stem cell homeostasis in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) allows plants to produce new tissues and organs continuously. Here, we report that mutations in DEAD-BOX RNA HELICASE 27 (RH27) affect zygote division and stem cell homeostasis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The strong mutant allele rh27-1 caused a zygote-lethal phenotype, while the weak mutant allele rh27-2 led to minor defects in embryogenesis and severely compromised stem cell homeostasis in the SAM and RAM. RH27 is expressed in embryos from the zygote stage, and in both the SAM and RAM, and RH27 is a nucleus-localized protein. The expression levels of genes related to stem cell homeostasis were elevated in rh27-2 plants, alongside down-regulation of their regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs). Further analyses of rh27-2 plants revealed reduced levels of a large subset of miRNAs and their pri-miRNAs in shoot apices and root tips. In addition, biochemical studies showed that RH27 associates with pri-miRNAs and interacts with miRNA-biogenesis components, including DAWDLE, HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1, and SERRATE. Therefore, we propose that RH27 is a component of the microprocessor complex and is critical for zygote division and stem cell homeostasis.
Plant NLR diversity: the known unknowns of pan-NLRomes
Authors: Barragan A Cristina , Weigel Detlef 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Plants and pathogens constantly adapt to each other. As a consequence, many members of the plant immune system, and especially the intracellular nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat receptors, also known as NOD-like receptors (NLRs), are highly diversified, both among family members in the same genome, and between individuals in the same species. While this diversity has long been appreciated, its true extent has remained unknown. With pan-genome and pan-NLRome studies becoming more and more comprehensive, our knowledge of NLR sequence diversity is growing rapidly, and pan-NLRomes provide powerful platforms for assigning function to NLRs. These efforts are an important step toward the goal of comprehensively predicting from sequence alone whether an NLR provides disease resistance, and if so, to which pathogens.
EDS1-interacting J protein 1 is an essential negative regulator of plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Hailun , Li Yuge , Hu Yilong , Yang Yuhua , Zhang Wenbin , He Ming , Li Xiaoming , Zhang Chunyu , Kong Fanjiang , Liu Xu , Hou Xingliang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPlants have evolved precise mechanisms to optimize immune responses against pathogens. ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) plays a vital role in plant innate immunity by regulating basal resistance and effector-triggered immunity. Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of EDS1 is required for resistance reinforcement, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that EDS1-INTERACTING J PROTEIN1 (EIJ1), which acts as a DnaJ protein-like chaperone in response to pathogen infection, functions as an essential negative regulator of plant immunity by interacting with EDS1. The loss-of-function mutation of EIJ1 did not affect plant growth but significantly enhanced pathogen resistance. Upon pathogen infection, EIJ1 relocalized from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm, where it interacted with EDS1, thereby restricting pathogen-triggered trafficking of EDS1 to the nucleus and compromising resistance at an early infection stage. During disease development, EIJ1 was gradually degraded, allowing the nuclear accumulation of EDS1 for transcriptional resistance reinforcement. The avirulent strain Pst DC3000 (AvrRps4) abolished the repressive action of EIJ1 by rapidly inducing its degradation in the effector-triggered immunity response. Thus, our findings show that EIJ1 is an essential EDS1-dependent negative regulator of innate plant immunity and provide a mechanistic understanding of how the nuclear versus cytoplasmic distribution of EDS1 is regulated during the immune response.
The B3 domain-containing transcription factor ZmABI19 coordinates expression of key factors required for maize seed development and grain filling
Authors: Yang Tao , Guo Liangxing , Ji Chen , Wang Haihai , Wang Jiechen , Zheng Xixi , Xiao Qiao , Wu Yongrui 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Grain filling in maize (Zea mays) is regulated by a group of spatiotemporally synchronized transcription factors (TFs), but the factors that coordinate their expression remain unknown. We used the promoter of the grain filling-specific TF gene Opaque2 (O2) to screen upstream regulatory factors and identified a B3 domain TF, ZmABI19, that directly binds to the O2 promoter for transactivation. zmabi19 mutants displayed developmental defects in the endosperm and embryo, and mature kernels were opaque and reduced in size. The accumulation of zeins, starch and lipids dramatically decreased in zmabi19 mutants. RNA sequencing revealed an alteration of the nutrient reservoir activity and starch and sucrose metabolism in zmabi19 endosperms, and plant phytohormone signal transduction and lipid metabolism in zmabi19 embryos. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing coupled with differential expression analysis identified 106 high-confidence direct ZmABI19 targets. ZmABI19 directly regulates multiple key grain filling TFs including O2, Prolamine-box binding factor 1, ZmbZIP22, NAC130, and Opaque11 in the endosperm and Viviparous1 in the embryo. A number of phytohormone-related genes were also bound and regulated by ZmABI19. Our results demonstrate that ZmABI19 functions as a grain filling initiation regulator. ZmABI19 roles in coupling early endosperm and embryo development are also discussed.
Spatial transcriptional signatures define margin morphogenesis along the proximal–distal and medio-lateral axes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves
Authors: Martinez Ciera C , Li Siyu , Woodhouse Margaret R , Sugimoto Keiko , Sinha Neelima R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Leaf morphogenesis involves cell division, expansion, and differentiation in the developing leaf, which take place at different rates and at different positions along the medio-lateral and proximal–distal leaf axes. The gene expression changes that control cell fate along these axes remain elusive due to difficulties in precisely isolating tissues. Here, we combined rigorous early leaf characterization, laser capture microdissection, and transcriptomic sequencing to ask how gene expression patterns regulate early leaf morphogenesis in wild-type tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and the leaf morphogenesis mutant trifoliate. We observed transcriptional regulation of cell differentiation along the proximal–distal axis and identified molecular signatures delineating the classically defined marginal meristem/blastozone region during early leaf development. We describe the role of endoreduplication during leaf development, when and where leaf cells first achieve photosynthetic competency, and the regulation of auxin transport and signaling along the leaf axes. Knockout mutants of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 exhibited ectopic shoot apical meristem formation on leaves, highlighting the role of this gene in regulating margin tissue identity. We mapped gene expression signatures in specific leaf domains and evaluated the role of each domain in conferring indeterminacy and permitting blade outgrowth. Finally, we generated a global gene expression atlas of the early developing compound leaf.
Seed-coat protective neolignans are produced by the dirigent protein AtDP1 and the laccase AtLAC5 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yonekura-Sakakibara Keiko , Yamamura Masaomi , Matsuda Fumio , Ono Eiichiro , Nakabayashi Ryo , Sugawara Satoko , Mori Tetsuya , Tobimatsu Yuki , Umezawa Toshiaki , Saito Kazuki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLignans/neolignans are generally synthesized from coniferyl alcohol (CA) in the cinnamate/monolignol pathway by oxidation to generate the corresponding radicals with subsequent stereoselective dimerization aided by dirigent proteins (DIRs). Genes encoding oxidases and DIRs for neolignan biosynthesis have not been identified previously. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the DIR AtDP1/AtDIR12 plays an essential role in the 8-O-4′ coupling in neolignan biosynthesis by unequivocal structural determination of the compound missing in the atdp1 mutant as a sinapoylcholine (SC)-conjugated neolignan, erythro-3-{4-[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxymethylethoxy]-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl}acryloylcholine. Phylogenetic analyses showed that AtDP1/AtDIR12 belongs to the DIR-a subfamily composed of DIRs for 8-8′ coupling of monolignol radicals. AtDP1/AtDIR12 is specifically expressed in outer integument 1 cells in developing seeds. As a putative oxidase for neolignan biosynthesis, we focused on AtLAC5, a laccase gene coexpressed with AtDP1/AtDIR12. In lac5 mutants, the abundance of feruloylcholine (FC)-conjugated neolignans decreased to a level comparable to those in the atdp1 mutant. In addition, SC/FC-conjugated neolignans were missing in the seeds of mutants defective in SCT/SCPL19, an enzyme that synthesizes SC. These results strongly suggest that AtDP1/AtDIR12 and AtLAC5 are involved in neolignan biosynthesis via SC/FC. A tetrazolium penetration assay showed that seed coat permeability increased in atdp1 mutants, suggesting a protective role of neolignans in A. thaliana seeds.
Polyploidy: an evolutionary and ecological force in stressful times
Authors: Van de Peer Yves , Ashman Tia-Lynn , Soltis Pamela S , Soltis Douglas E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Polyploidy has been hypothesized to be both an evolutionary dead-end and a source for evolutionary innovation and species diversification. Although polyploid organisms, especially plants, abound, the apparent nonrandom long-term establishment of genome duplications suggests a link with environmental conditions. Whole-genome duplications seem to correlate with periods of extinction or global change, while polyploids often thrive in harsh or disturbed environments. Evidence is also accumulating that biotic interactions, for instance, with pathogens or mutualists, affect polyploids differently than nonpolyploids. Here, we review recent findings and insights on the effect of both abiotic and biotic stress on polyploids versus nonpolyploids and propose that stress response in general is an important and even determining factor in the establishment and success of polyploidy.
Analysis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium rich in internal membrane systems via gradient profiling by sequencing (Grad-seq)
Authors: Riediger Matthias , Spät Philipp , Bilger Raphael , Voigt Karsten , Maček Boris , Hess Wolfgang R 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough regulatory small RNAs have been reported in photosynthetic cyanobacteria, the lack of clear RNA chaperones involved in their regulation poses a conundrum. Here, we analyzed the full complement of cellular RNAs and proteins using gradient profiling by sequencing (Grad-seq) in Synechocystis 6803. Complexes with overlapping subunits such as the CpcG1-type versus the CpcL-type phycobilisomes or the PsaK1 versus PsaK2 photosystem I pre(complexes) could be distinguished, supporting the high quality of this approach. Clustering of the in-gradient distribution profiles followed by several additional criteria yielded a short list of potential RNA chaperones that include an YlxR homolog and a cyanobacterial homolog of the KhpA/B complex. The data suggest previously undetected complexes between accessory proteins and CRISPR-Cas systems, such as a Csx1-Csm6 ribonucleolytic defense complex. Moreover, the exclusive association of either RpoZ or 6S RNA with the core RNA polymerase complex and the existence of a reservoir of inactive sigma–antisigma complexes is suggested. The Synechocystis Grad-seq resource is available online at https://sunshine.biologie.uni-freiburg.de/GradSeqExplorer/ providing a comprehensive resource for the functional assignment of RNA–protein complexes and multisubunit protein complexes in a photosynthetic organism.
Gain-of-function of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase geneACS1Ginduces female flower development in cucumber gynoecy
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Li Shuai , Yang Li , Cai Guanghua , Chen Huiming , Gao Dongli , Lin Tao , Cui Qingzhi , Wang Donghui , Li Zheng , Cai Run , Bai Shunong , Lucas William J , Huang Sanwen , Zhang Zhonghua , Sun Jinjing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUnisexual flowers provide a useful system for studying plant sex determination. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), three major Mendelian loci control unisexual flower development, Female (F), androecious [a; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate {ACC} synthase 11, acs11], and Monoecious (M; ACS2), referred to here as the Female, Androecious, Monoecious (FAM) model, in combination with two genes, gynoecious (g, the WIP family C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor gene WIP1) and the ethylene biosynthetic gene ACC oxidase 2 (ACO2). The F locus, conferring gynoecy and the potential for increasing fruit yield, is defined by a 30.2-kb tandem duplication containing three genes. However, the gene that determines the Female phenotype, and its mechanism, remains unknown. Here, we created a set of mutants and revealed that ACS1G is responsible for gynoecy conferred by the F locus. The duplication resulted in ACS1G acquiring a new promoter and expression pattern; in plants carrying the F locus duplication, ACS1G is expressed early in floral bud development, where it functions with ACO2 to generate an ethylene burst. The resulting ethylene represses WIP1 and activates ACS2 to initiate gynoecy. This early ACS1G expression bypasses the need for ACS11 to produce ethylene, thereby establishing a dominant pathway for female floral development. Based on these findings, we propose a model for how these ethylene biosynthesis genes cooperate to control unisexual flower development in cucumber.
Tissue-specific transcriptome profiling of the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem reveals local cellular signatures
Authors: Shi Dongbo , Jouannet Virginie , Agustí Javier , Kaul Verena , Levitsky Victor , Sanchez Pablo , Mironova Victoria V , Greb Thomas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGenome-wide gene expression maps with a high spatial resolution have substantially accelerated plant molecular science. However, the number of characterized tissues and growth stages is still small due to the limited accessibility of most tissues for protoplast isolation. Here, we provide gene expression profiles of the mature inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana covering a comprehensive set of distinct tissues. By combining fluorescence-activated nucleus sorting and laser-capture microdissection with next-generation RNA sequencing, we characterized the transcriptomes of xylem vessels, fibers, the proximal and distal cambium, phloem, phloem cap, pith, starch sheath, and epidermis cells. Our analyses classified more than 15,000 genes as being differentially expressed among different stem tissues and revealed known and novel tissue-specific cellular signatures. By determining overrepresented transcription factor binding regions in the promoters of differentially expressed genes, we identified candidate tissue-specific transcriptional regulators. Our datasets predict the expression profiles of an exceptional number of genes and allow hypotheses to be generated about the spatial organization of physiological processes. Moreover, we demonstrate that information about gene expression in a broad range of mature plant tissues can be established at high spatial resolution by nuclear mRNA profiling. Tissue-specific gene expression values can be accessed online at https://arabidopsis-stem.cos.uni-heidelberg.de/.