bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of lumbar puncture after a normal brain computed tomography scan in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage: A new more rational approach?
Authors: Pouryahya Pourya , Haydon Richard , Meyer Alastair , Easaw‐Mamutil Naomi , Tan Shawn Yan Zhi , Teng Glenn Hui Wen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe diagnostic approach for patients presenting to EDs with headaches suspicious for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) remains challenging. Modern third‐generation computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be extremely sensitive in identifying SAH and may eliminate the need for lumbar puncture (LP) which is an invasive, time‐consuming procedure with limited accuracy and complications. The aim of this study is to assess the utility of LP in patients being evaluated for possible SAH in the ED after a negative non‐contrast CT scan of the brain, as well as addressing the knowledge gap in regard to rational diagnostics among clinicians.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective data analysis of patients being evaluated for possible SAH between June 2013 and June 2018 across three EDs in Victoria, Australia. A diagnosis of SAH was defined by SAH on CT or an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid result in conjunction with positive results on cerebral angiography. A follow‐up period of 6 months was chosen.ResultsA total of 4407 patients met inclusion criteria; 397 (9%) patients were diagnosed with SAH on CT. A total of 388 patients underwent LP and 778 were admitted to hospital for further investigations and management. A total of 2613 patients discharged from ED without LP remained well at 6 months from their initial presentation, but 230 cases were lost to follow up. One patient died from haemorrhagic stroke during his third hospitalisation. A single patient demonstrated a true positive LP after a normal CT brain.ConclusionLP is not required in all patients with suspected SAH who have a negative CT scan. There are defining patient characteristics that can be used to risk stratify patients and may eliminate the need for LP.
Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and expression changes of eighteen cytochrome P450 genes in field populations of Bemisia tabaci from Xinjiang, China
Authors: Wang Qiang , Wang Mei‐Na , Jia Zun‐Zun , Ahmat Tursun , Xie Lin‐Jie , Jiang Wei‐Hua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe occurrence of Bemisia tabaci poses an increasingly serious threat to cotton and vegetable crops in Xinjiang, China. Currently, neonicotinoid insecticides are commonly used to control the insect, to which resistance is inevitable due to intensive use. However, the resistance status and mechanism of B. tabaci to neonicotinoid insecticides in Xinjiang are poorly understood. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases represent a key detoxification mechanism in the neonicotinoid resistance of B. tabaci. In this study, the resistance level to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam was investigated using the leaf dipping method in five field populations of B. tabaci from Turpan (TP, two sampling sites), Shache (SC), Hotan (HT) and Yining (YN) in northern and southern Xinjiang. The expression changes of eighteen cytochrome P450 genes from the select B. tabaci populations were determined by real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). The bioassay revealed that the five populations tested had developed moderate to high levels of resistance to imidacloprid (12.26–46.07‐fold), while the populations remained sensitive to thiamethoxam except for HT, which had a low level of resistance. The qPCR results showed that the expression levels of five P450 genes, CYP4G68, CYP6CM1, CYP303A1‐like, CYP6DZ7 and CYP6DZ4, were significantly higher in some resistant field populations than in the susceptible strain. Resistance to imidacloprid in field populations of B. tabaci might be associated with the increased expression of these five cytochrome P450 genes. The results are useful for further understanding the mechanism of neonicotinoid resistance and will contribute to the management of insecticide‐resistant B. tabaci in Xinjiang.
Wintertime Surface Heat Exchange for the Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River
Authors: Zhao Shuixia , Shen Hung Tao , Shi Xiaohong , Li Changyou , Li Chao , Zhao Shengnan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study analyzed the wintertime surface heat exchange for the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River, China, based on the data from the nearby weather station at Wulateqianqi. In this analysis, the solar radiation is based on the observed data. Other components of the surface heat flux, that is, long‐wave radiation, and evaporative and conductive heat fluxes, are calculated. The relative importance of the contributions of long‐wave radiation, conductive, and evaporative heat fluxes are in descending order. The air temperature is the most important meteorological factor to the total heat flux. Although the wind speed influences evaporative and conductive heat fluxes, it has the least correlation with the total heat budget. The heat exchange coefficient for the linearized surface heat exchange equation is 21.87 W/(m2 °C), which is comparable with published values in the regions of United States and Canada with similar latitudes.
Reduced Hippocampal Volumes Partially Mediate Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Spatial Navigation on a Virtual Water Maze Task in Children
Authors: Dodge Neil C. , Thomas Kevin G. F. , Meintjes Ernesta M. , Molteno Christopher D. , Jacobson Joseph L. , Jacobson Sandra W. 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundPrenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been linked to poorer performance on the Morris water maze (MWM), a test of spatial navigation in rodents that is dependent on hippocampal functioning. We recently confirmed these findings in children with PAE on a human analog of the MWM, the virtual water maze (VWM). Previous studies have shown that the hippocampus is particularly sensitive to PAE. Our aim was to determine whether hippocampal volume mediates the relation between PAE and virtual navigation.MethodsVWM and MRI hippocampal data were collected from 50 right‐handed 10‐year‐old children in a heavily exposed Cape Town, South African sample. PAE data had been collected from their mothers during pregnancy, and the children were examined by expert fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) dysmorphologists. In the VWM, the participant attempts to learn the location of a hidden platform in a virtual pool of water across a series of learning trials using only distal room cues. Hippocampal volumes were derived using FreeSurfer from MRI scans administered within 1 week of completing the VWM task.ResultsBoth the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)/partial FAS and nonsyndromal heavy‐exposed (HE) groups had smaller hippocampal volumes than controls. PAE was associated with reduced right hippocampal volumes even after control for total intracranial volume (ICV). Hippocampal volume was also positively associated with VWM performance. The relation between PAE and VWM performance was partially mediated by right hippocampal volume but not by total ICV.ConclusionsThese data confirm previous reports linking PAE to poorer spatial navigation on the VWM and are the first to provide direct evidence that volume reductions in this region partially mediate the relation of FASD diagnosis to place learning, suggesting that PAE specifically impairs the ability to encode the spatial information necessary for successful location of the hidden platform on a navigation task.
Party Sub‐Brands and American Party Factions
Authors: Clarke Andrew J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractScholars and pundits have long noted the dominance of the American two‐party system, but we know relatively little about new, endogenous institutions that have emerged within the two major parties. I argue that ideological factions provide party sub‐brands, which allow legislators to more precisely define their partisan type and capture faction‐specific resources. To support this claim, I analyze new data on nine ideological factions in the House of Representatives (1995–2018). I find that (1) faction voting is distinct, suggesting a product ripe for party sub‐branding, and (2) joining a faction changes the ideological composition of a candidate's donor base—conditional on the strength of the faction's institutions. Party sub‐branding is effective only when factions possess organizational features that induce coordinated and disciplined position taking (e.g., whips, PACs, membership restrictions). These results suggest that, even within highly polarized parties, American political ideology is more than a dichotomous choice, and factions target niche markets of political donors as a means of blunting financial instruments of party power.
Genetic testing of FUS, HTRA2, and TENM4 genes in Chinese patients with essential tremor
Authors: Yan Ya‐Ping , Xu Cong‐Ying , Gu Lu‐Yan , Zhang Bo , Shen Ting , Gao Ting , Tian Jun , Pu Jia‐Li , Yin Xin‐Zhen , Zhang Bao‐Rong , Zhao Guo‐Hua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionEssential tremor (ET) is one of the most prevalent movement disorders. The genetic etiology of ET has not been well defined although a significant proportion (≥50%) are familial cases. Linkage analysis and genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several risk variants. In recent years, whole‐exome sequencing of ET has revealed several specific causal variants in FUS (p.Q290X), HTRA2 (p.G399S), and TENM4 (c.4324 G>A, c.4100C>A, and c.3412G>A) genes.ObjectiveTo investigate the genetic contribution of these three genes to ET, the protein‐coding sequences of FUS, HTRA2, and TENM4 were analyzed in a total of 238 ET patients and 272 controls from eastern China using direct Sanger sequencing.ResultsWe identified two synonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs741810 and rs1052352 in FUS, and three previously reported synonymous SNPs, rs11237621, rs689369, and rs2277277 in TENM4. No nonsynonymous exonic variants were identified in these subjects. We found that the frequency of the rs1052352C allele was significantly higher (P = .001) in the ET group than in the control group.ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest that rs1052352 of FUS might contribute to ET risk in Chinese population.
Neutrophil‐predominant bullous pemphigoid induced by checkpoint inhibitors: A case series
Authors: Morris Lisa M. , Lewis Hal A. , Cornelius Lynn A. , Chen David Y. , Rosman Ilana S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCheckpoint inhibitors have been revolutionary in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, non‐small‐cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. By restricting negative feedback of T‐cells, checkpoint inhibitors allow the immune system to identify and destroy malignant cells. This enhanced immune response is efficacious in the treatment of the aforementioned malignancies; however, it may lead to immune‐related adverse events. Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a well‐documented cutaneous adverse reaction of checkpoint inhibitors, with a majority of cases reporting an eosinophil‐predominant or mixed inflammatory infiltrate. We report two cases of neutrophil‐predominant BP presenting in patients on checkpoint inhibitors.
Moving markets? Government bond investors and microeconomic policy changes
Authors: Mosley Layna , Paniagua Victoria , Wibbels Erik 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDo sovereign bond markets react systematically to microeconomic policy reforms? Some observers suggest that investors are very attentive to supply‐side policies such as those related to labor markets, corporate taxation, and product standards. They argue that, along with macroeconomic outcomes and broad financial market conditions, such reforms affect sovereign bond premiums, for developed as well as emerging economies. In contrast, we predict few systematic effects of supply‐side policy reforms on sovereign bond market outcomes. Our theory draws on a standard three‐equation model of the economy, widely accepted among economic and finance professionals. That model makes few clear predictions regarding the anticipated effects of microeconomic policy changes; as a result, we expect that such reforms will not generate systematic market reactions. Our analyses, based on daily data from 37 countries from 2004 to 2012, indeed reveal little evidence of a systematic bond market reaction to the 47 most significant reforms to corporate taxation and labor market regulation. These results call into question the notion that “bond market vigilantes” play a central role in compelling governments to enact specific microeconomic policy changes.
External threats, political turnover, and fiscal capacity
Authors: Galindo‐Silva Hector 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn most of the recent literature on state capacity, the significance of wars in state‐building assumes that threats from foreign countries generate common interests among domestic groups, leading to larger investments in state capacity. However, many countries that have suffered external conflicts do not experience increased unity. Instead, they face factional politics that often lead to destructive civil wars. This paper develops a theory of the impact of interstate conflicts on fiscal capacity in which fighting an external threat is not always a common‐interest public good, and in which interstate conflicts can lead to civil wars. The theory identifies conditions under which an increased risk of external conflict decreases the chance of civil war, which in turn results in a government with a longer political life and with more incentives to invest in fiscal capacity. These conditions depend on the cohesiveness of institutions, but in a non‐trivial and novel way: A higher risk of an external conflict that results in lower political turnover, but that also makes a foreign invasion more likely, contributes to state‐building only if institutions are sufficiently incohesive.
Shared hippocampal abnormalities in sporadic temporal lobe epilepsy patients and their siblings
Authors: Long Lili , Galovic Marian , Chen Yayu , Postma Tjardo , Vos Sjoerd B. , Xiao Fenglai , Wu Wenyue , Song Yanmin , Huang Sha , Koepp Matthias , Xiao Bo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the shared familial contribution to hippocampal and extrahippocampal morphological abnormalities in patients with sporadic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and their unaffected siblings.MethodsWe collected clinical, electrophysiological, and T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 18 sporadic patients with TLE without lesions other than hippocampal sclerosis (12 right, 6 left), their 18 unaffected full siblings, and 18 matched healthy volunteers. We compared between‐group differences in cortical thickness and volumes of five subcortical areas (hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, putamen, and pallidum). We determined the subregional extent of hippocampal abnormalities using surface shape analysis. All our imaging results were corrected for multiple comparisons using random field theory.ResultsWe detected smaller hippocampal volumes in patients (right TLE: median right hippocampus 1.92 mL, interquartile range [IQR] 1.39‐2.62, P < .001; left TLE: left hippocampus 2.05 mL, IQR 1.99‐2.33, P = .01) and their unaffected siblings (right hippocampus 2.65 mL, IQR 2.32‐2.80, P < .001; left hippocampus 2.39 mL, IQR 2.18‐2.53, P < .001) compared to healthy controls (right hippocampus 2.94 mL, IQR 2.77‐3.24; left hippocampus 2.71 mL, IQR 2.37‐2.89). Surface shape analysis showed that patients with TLE had bilateral subregional atrophy in both hippocampi (right > left). Similar but less‐pronounced subregional atrophy was detected in the right hippocampus of unaffected siblings. Patients with TLE had reduced cortical thickness in bilateral premotor/prefrontal cortices and the right precentral gyrus. Siblings did not show abnormalities in cortical or subcortical areas other than the hippocampus.SignificanceOur results demonstrate a shared vulnerability of the hippocampus in both patients with TLE and their unaffected siblings, pointing to a contribution of familial factors to hippocampal atrophy. This neuroimaging trait could represent an endophenotype of TLE, which might precede the onset of epilepsy in some individuals.
Light and dissolved nutrients mediate recalcitrant organic matter decomposition via microbial priming in experimental streams
Authors: Howard‐Parker Brooke , White Brendon , Halvorson Halvor M. , Evans‐White Michelle A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEnvironmental factors such as nutrient and light availability may play important roles in determining the magnitude and direction of microbial priming and detrital decomposition and, therefore, the relative importance of microbial priming in carbon (C) dynamics in freshwater ecosystems.We integrated light availability with an existing conceptual model predicting the magnitude of the priming effect (PE) along a dissolved nutrient gradient (i.e.nutrientPE model). Our modifiedlight‐nutrientPE model hypothesises how light may mediate priming at any given nutrient concentration and provides a calculation method for quantitative PE values (i.e. light effect size at a given nutrient concentration).We used recirculating stream mesocosms withQuercus stellata(post oak) leaf litter as an organic matter (OM) substrate in a 150‐day experiment to test our model predictions. We manipulated light levels [ambient (full light), shaded (c.19% of ambient)] and phosphorus (P) concentration (10, 100, 500 µg PO4‐P/L) in a fully factorial design. We also supplied all mesocosms with 500 µg/L dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Microbial biomass, water column dissolved organic C, and leaf litter dry mass and recalcitrant OM [i.e. the fibre (cellulose + lignin) component of post oak substrate] were measured. Recalcitrant OM (ROM)k‐rates (day−1) were used to calculate the light effect size within P treatments as a log response ratio (ln[ambientk‐rate/shadek‐rate]) to ascertain PE magnitude and direction (positive or negative).Light was an important driver of dissolved organic C, a potential source of additional labile organic matter essential for priming heterotrophic microbes. There were weak PEs in total leaf litter dry mass remaining, but PEs were more pronounced in leaf litter ROM remaining. The strongest positive PEs (specific to litter ROM pools) occur in the highest P treatment, presumably due to a change in which nutrient, nitrogen versus P, was a limiting factor for microbes based on nutrient ratios rather than P concentration alone. These results illustrate the importance of considering light levels, nutrient ratios (rather than individual nutrients), and detrital ROM components in further PE model development.
Functional structure and diversity of invertebrate communities in a glacierised catchment of the tropical Andes
Authors: Crespo‐Pérez Verónica , Dangles Olivier , Ibarra Cristina , Espinosa Rodrigo , Andino Patricio , Jacobsen Dean , Cauvy‐Fraunié Sophie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

In many mountainous areas, glaciers feed streams characterised by harsh environmental conditions, such as low water temperature, high turbidity, low channel stability, and high temporal variability in flow. Additionally, in many glacierised catchments, the mixture of streams arising from different water sources (glacier melt, groundwater, rainfall) generates high levels of environmental heterogeneity, which enhance species turnover rates and increase regional diversity.

Studies from mainly temperate regions have revealed some consistent patterns: a predominance of traits adaptive to harsh environmental conditions and reduced functional diversity with increased glaciality, both strongly related to environmental filtering. Here, we investigated variation in functional structure and diversity between macroinvertebrate communities from 15 stream sites, with different water sources (five glacier‐fed, five groundwater‐fed, and five mixed source) and level of glacier influence, in a glacierised catchment in the Ecuadorian Andes.

Our results revealed functional differences between communities inhabiting the different stream types. As found in temperate regions, high levels of glaciality were associated with an increase of small‐sized taxa that do not swim but are temporarily attached to or burrow in the substrate, have a flying‐adult stage, and feed by collecting–gathering. Similarly, we found a general decrease in functional diversity at sites with higher glacier influence. A null modelling approach suggested that in some of our glacier‐fed sites, environmental filtering may be the main driver of community assembly, whereas other mechanisms, mainly regional (such as dispersal), but also local (such as intraspecific competition), may gain importance as glacier influence decreases.

Assemblage composition in streams in tropical glacierised catchments may be driven by both local and regional processes that generate a gradient of decreasing functional diversity with stronger glacier influence. However, lack of knowledge of relevant traits for taxa in tropical glacierised streams currently poses a substantial obstacle to predicting changes likely to arise from global warming and glacier melt in this region.
Carbonate facies‐specific stable isotope data record climate, hydrology, and microbial communities in Great Salt Lake, UT
Authors: Ingalls Miquela , Frantz Carie M. , Snell Kathryn E. , Trower Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOrganic and inorganic stable isotopes of lacustrine carbonate sediments are commonly used in reconstructions of ancient terrestrial ecosystems and environments. Microbial activity and local hydrological inputs can alter porewater chemistry (e.g., pH, alkalinity) and isotopic composition (e.g., δ18Owater, δ13CDIC), which in turn has the potential to impact the stable isotopic compositions recorded and preserved in lithified carbonate. The fingerprint these syngenetic processes have on lacustrine carbonate facies is yet unknown, however, and thus, reconstructions based on stable isotopes may misinterpret diagenetic records as broader climate signals. Here, we characterize geochemical and stable isotopic variability of carbonate minerals, organic matter, and water within one modern lake that has known microbial influences (e.g., microbial mats and microbialite carbonate) and combine these data with the context provided by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing community profiles. Specifically, we measure oxygen, carbon, and clumped isotopic compositions of carbonate sediments (δ18Ocarb, δ13Ccarb, ∆47), as well as carbon isotopic compositions of bulk organic matter (δ13Corg) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; δ13CDIC) of lake and porewater in Great Salt Lake, Utah from five sites and three seasons. We find that facies equivalent to ooid grainstones provide time‐averaged records of lake chemistry that reflect minimal alteration by microbial activity, whereas microbialite, intraclasts, and carbonate mud show greater alteration by local microbial influence and hydrology. Further, we find at least one occurrence of ∆47 isotopic disequilibrium likely driven by local microbial metabolism during authigenic carbonate precipitation. The remainder of the carbonate materials (primarily ooids, grain coatings, mud, and intraclasts) yield clumped isotope temperatures (T(∆47)), δ18Ocarb, and calculated δ18Owater in isotopic equilibrium with ambient water and temperature at the time and site of carbonate precipitation. Our findings suggest that it is possible and necessary to leverage diverse carbonate facies across one sedimentary horizon to reconstruct regional hydroclimate and evaporation–precipitation balance, as well as identify microbially mediated carbonate formation.