bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Theory of Innovation Governance and the Role of IPRs
Authors: Granstrand Ove 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper theorizes about innovation governance, especially about governance of open innovation and the nature and role of IPRs. A reinterpretation of open innovation is offered in terms of the emergence of various types of markets for inputs to and outputs from innovative activities. These open innovation markets are typically markets for ideas, technologies, knowledge and data such as licensing markets, equity markets, and matching markets for innovation collaborations and correspond to various types of open innovation strategies viewed from the inside out in a focal firm's perspective. Open innovation – seen as a set of quasi-integrated organizational forms for innovative activities in between market and hierarchical firm organizations – is then explainable in terms of determinants of supply and demand. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) then play a new role as tools for innovation governance, thereby economizing on governance costs in an extended transaction cost framework. Licensing of usage rights is key to using IPRs for innovation governance. The by now standard property rights approach to rights in intellectual resources has to be challenged, however, and referred to as ‘intellectual rights’ rather than IPRs. In addition, the governing role of IPRs can be improved by combining them with liabilities into a hybrid approach. Organizational responsibilities provide still another institutional arrangement for innovation governance, and integration of rights, liabilities and responsibilities provide a new theoretical perspective on innovation governance – a perspective that also can provide links between organization theory, transaction cost economics and property rights theory.
The Value of Standardized Technology to Connected Cars
Authors: Arya Sunil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Connected cars have become a reality for consumers, who can benefit from mobility, safety, entertainment and other applications in their cars. Such connectivity requires interoperability enabled by technical standards. The innovative technologies incorporated in standards are often protected by patents, which are typically accessible on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. This paper will explore the costs for automobile manufacturers to access the standardized technology they wish to incorporate in their connected cars and the price that customers pay for such technology.
Two Cyclopropyl Fentanyl Case Studies in Los Angeles
Authors: Castellino Courtney , Van Cleve Danielle , Cabrera Rubi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Illicit fentanyl occurrence in Los Angeles, California has increased along with the emergence of several fentanyl analogs (fentalogs). The following two case studies address the original identification of cyclopropyl fentanyl in cases investigated by the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner—Coroner in the summer of 2017. In the first case study, cyclopropyl fentanyl was the only drug detected in the decedent’s system and was also identified in medical evidence collected at the death scene. Medical evidence is classified as any medical device, prescription(s), drug(s) and/or paraphernalia collected by the Los Angeles Medical Examiner—Coroner. The decedent in the second case study had multiple drugs present in combination with 14 ng/mL of cyclopropyl fentanyl. However, cyclopropyl fentanyl was not identified in any of the collected medical evidence. Both deaths were classified as accidental due to effects of cyclopropyl fentanyl (and/or other drugs). Due to limitations in screening methodology, it is possible to overlook fentalogs. Therefore, it is important to be hyper vigilant when assessing negative toxicology results or when many other drugs are also found. Maintaining adequate and up-to-date library databases, along with constant drug monitoring, and validation of new methodologies can help identify Novel Psychoactive Substances as they emerge. However, many of the fentalogs are only prevalent for a short amount of time as they are constantly changing to avoid detection and criminality. No other fatal cyclopropyl fentanyl cases have been identified in Los Angeles County Medical Examiner—Coroner cases since the fall 2017.
The Politico-Economic Dynamics of China’s Growth
Authors: Wang Yikai 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChina’s rapid growth has been driven by policy reforms that significantly reduce market frictions. Policy reforms are determined by the government according to its own politico-economic considerations. This paper embeds these politico-economic considerations in a macro model of China to endogenously study government policies, market frictions, and economic growth. In the model, an elite runs the government and maximizes its own incomes, facing a political constraint: getting enough supporters. The government provides high enough incomes to state workers in order to gain their support. It also controls capital allocations in the state and the private sector to balance between keeping enough supporters and extracting more taxes from the private sector. These policies initially generate rapid growth accompanied by declining labor and capital market frictions but in the long run, keep the frictions persistent, which are harmful to growth. The calibrated model can quantitatively account for salient aspects of China’s recent development and provide predictions for future dynamics.
The subformula property of natural deduction derivations and analytic cuts
Authors: Borisavljević Mirjana 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn derivations of a sequent system, $\mathcal{L}\mathcal{J}$, and a natural deduction system, $\mathcal{N}\mathcal{J}$, the trails of formulae and the subformula property based on these trails will be defined. The derivations of $\mathcal{N}\mathcal{J}$ and $\mathcal{L}\mathcal{J}$ will be connected by the map $g$, and it will be proved the following: an $\mathcal{N}\mathcal{J}$-derivation is normal $\Longleftrightarrow $ it has the subformula property based on trails $\Longleftrightarrow $ its $g$-image in $\mathcal{L}\mathcal{J}$ is without maximum cuts $\Longrightarrow $ that $g$-image has the subformula property based on trails. In $\mathcal{L}\mathcal{J}$-derivations, another type of cuts, sub-cuts, will be introduced, and it will be proved the following: all cuts of an $\mathcal{L}\mathcal{J}$-derivation are sub-cuts $\Longleftrightarrow $ it has the subformula property based on trails.
The Rural Woman Enters the Frame: A Visual History of Gender, Nation, and the Goodbye Mate in the Postcolonial Río de la Plata
Authors: Pite Rebekah E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Around the turn of the twentieth century, the image of a rural woman handing a gaucho on horseback a drink before he trotted away began to circulate with increasing frequency in the Río de la Plata region. The drink the woman passed the man was the local infusion yerba mate, and, in earlier illustrations, it had been served by another man. This gendered shift occurred alongside a dramatic expansion of common peoples’ access to images via photographs and postcards. Tracing the social and visual history of the goodbye mate ritual from the early nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth reveals the quotidian manner in which locals in this region constructed, consumed, and circulated overlapping visions of their nations. As the gaucho become a popular and contested national symbol in Argentina and Uruguay alike, the rural woman (then referred to as la china, but now largely unnamed) became a local one whose faithfulness to the gaucho and, by extension, the nation, was coveted by men across the sociopolitical divide. This article is, on the one hand, a microhistory of the goodbye mate ritual and, on the other, an argument about how centering visual sources and marginal figures, like the china, allows us to better understand the historical and hierarchical construction of national identities and icons.
The Evolutionary Forces Shaping Cis- and Trans-Regulation of Gene Expression within a Population of Outcrossing Plants
Authors: Josephs Emily B , Lee Young Wha , Wood Corlett W , Schoen Daniel J , Wright Stephen I , Stinchcombe John R 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the persistence of genetic variation within populations has long been a goal of evolutionary biology. One promising route toward achieving this goal is using population genetic approaches to describe how selection acts on the loci associated with trait variation. Gene expression provides a model trait for addressing the challenge of the maintenance of variation because it can be measured genome-wide without information about how gene expression affects traits. Previous work has shown that loci affecting the expression of nearby genes (local or cis-eQTLs) are under negative selection, but we lack a clear understanding of the selective forces acting on variants that affect the expression of genes in trans. Here, we identify loci that affect gene expression in trans using genomic and transcriptomic data from one population of the obligately outcrossing plant, Capsella grandiflora. The allele frequencies of trans-eQTLs are consistent with stronger negative selection acting on trans-eQTLs than cis-eQTLs, and stronger negative selection acting on trans-eQTLs associated with the expression of multiple genes. However, despite this general pattern, we still observe the presence of a trans-eQTL at intermediate frequency that affects the expression of a large number of genes in the same coexpression module. Overall, our work highlights the different selective pressures shaping variation in cis- and trans-regulation.
Predicament and outlook of China's math education
Authors: Zhao Weijie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Mathematics is the foundation of science and rational thinking. Math education for the younger generation is the fundamental project to upgrade the mathematical literacy and the creativity of the whole society. China's education system has long been different from that of Western countries. China has fostered many gold medal winners of the International Mathematics Olympiad, but is also criticized as lacking creativity. In this NSR forum on math education in China, educators of high schools and universities as well as researchers of different scientific fields gather to talk about the current predicaments and future developments of China's math education.

Zenghu Li
Mathematician; Professor of the School of Mathematical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

Chao Tang
Quantitative biologist; Director of the Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China

Zhihong Xia
Mathematician; Professor of Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA and the Founding Chair of the Department of Mathematics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

Jinlong Yang
Computational chemist; Professor of the School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Huawei Zhu
Headmaster of Shenzhen Middle School, Shenzhen, China; Former leader and head coach of the national team of China for the International Mathematics Olympiad, China

Gang Tian (Chair)
Mathematician; Professor of the School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Protein designer David Baker: I like doing things that seem like magic
Authors: Zhao Weijie , Wang Chu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Search ‘de novo protein design’ on Google and you will find the name David Baker in all results of the first page. Professor David Baker at the University of Washington and other scientists are opening up a new world of fantastic proteins. Protein is the direct executor of most biological functions and its structure and function are fully determined by its primary sequence. Baker's group developed the Rosetta software suite that enabled the computational prediction and design of protein structures. Being able to design proteins from scratch means being able to design executors for diverse purposes and benefit society in multiple ways. Recently, NSR interviewed Prof. Baker on this fast-developing field and his personal experiences.
Going Once, Going Twice: Using Willingness-to-Accept Auctions to Promote Smoking Cessation
Authors: Quisenberry Amanda J , Shaw Shreya , Ferketich Amy K , Corrigan Jay R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Incentive-based smoking cessation interventions increase quit rates. The optimal incentive, however, is unknown. We used a willingness-to-accept (WTA) auction where smokers submitted bids indicating the incentive they would need to receive for 1 week of smoking cessation.

Aims and Methods
Smokers ready to quit (n = 35) participated in a WTA auction, naming the amount they needed to be paid to quit for 1 week. Auction winners received an incentive if they successfully quit. All smokers received nicotine replacement therapy and self-help cessation materials. Carbon monoxide concentrations were monitored remotely three times during the week and in person at the final session.

Results
Participants who smoked their first cigarette within 5 min of waking demanded a significantly larger incentive in exchange for quitting than those who waited (p &lt; .05). About 45% of auction winners quit smoking compared to 20% of nonwinners (p &lt; .05). The cost per quit was $466 among auction winners compared to $894 among nonwinners.

Conclusions
WTA auctions may be an effective way to determine the amount smokers need to be paid to quit, which would allow researchers to estimate the most cost-effective payment to offer as part of incentive-based smoking cessation programs. Replication evaluating longer-term cessation outcomes with larger samples is warranted.

Implications
Incentive-based smoking cessation interventions increase quit rates. However, the optimal incentive is unknown. We found that a WTA auction is a feasible technique for estimating the amount smokers need to be paid to quit. Incentives are a surprisingly cost-effective way to facilitate smoking cessation because they are only paid to those who successfully quit. WTA auctions are a promising tool for determining the incentive that strikes the optimal balance between being large enough to motivate cessation, but small enough that it can be offered to the largest possible population of smokers for a given program budget.
Harder things will stretch you further: helping first-year undergraduate students meaningfully engage with recent research papers in probability and statistics
Authors: Grindle Nicholas , Jones Elinor , Northrop Paul 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUndergraduate research increasingly features in university mathematics degrees. Despite this, research papers are used infrequently in mathematics teaching, and this is especially the case for first-year undergraduates. Mathematical subjects are more likely than other STEM disciplines to pinpoint cognitive difficulty as the principal reason for not exposing undergraduate students to research papers. In this paper, we test whether first-year students can engage effectively with research papers. We describe an intervention that exposes first-year, first term undergraduate students to current research in probability and statistics by asking them to read a research paper and summarize it for a general readership following an interview with the paper’s author. Our findings show that the activity introduced students to new fields of knowledge and helped to develop a clearer understanding of scientific process, leading to a heightened sense of personal satisfaction at engaging closely with current research. We argue that structured reading of research papers can lead to productive and rewarding engagement with difficult content, recent and current research and with research processes and that this should make us reconsider the role of research papers in the undergraduate mathematics curriculum.
UPΦ phages, a new group of filamentous phages found in several members of Enterobacteriales
Authors: Shapiro Jason W , Putonti Catherine 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Filamentous phages establish chronic infections in their bacterial hosts, and new phages are secreted by infected bacteria for multiple generations, typically without causing host death. Often, these viruses integrate in their host’s genome by co-opting the host’s XerCD recombinase system. In several cases, these viruses also encode genes that increase bacterial virulence in plants and animals. Here, we describe a new filamentous phage, UPϕ901, which we originally found integrated in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli from urine. UPϕ901 and closely related phages can be found in published genomes of over 200 other bacteria, including strains of Citrobacter koseri, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Its closest relatives are consistently found in urine or in the blood and feces of patients with urinary tract infections. More distant relatives can be found in isolates from other environments, including sewage, water, soil, and contaminated food. Each of these phages, which we collectively call ‘UPϕ viruses’, also harbors two or more novel genes of unknown function.
Systematics and historical biogeography of Neotropical foam-nesting frogs of theAdenomera heyericlade (Leptodactylidae), with the description of six new Amazonian species
Authors: Carvalho Thiago R D , Moraes Leandro J C L , Lima Albertina P , Fouquet Antoine , Peloso Pedro L V , Pavan Dante , Drummond Leandro O , Rodrigues Miguel T , Giaretta Ariovaldo A , Gordo Marcelo , Neckel-Oliveira Selvino , Haddad Célio F B 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA large proportion of the biodiversity of Amazonia, one of the most diverse rainforest areas in the world, is yet to be formally described. One such case is the Neotropical frog genus Adenomera. We here evaluate the species richness and historical biogeography of the Adenomera heyeri clade by integrating molecular phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses with morphological and acoustic data. Our results uncovered ten new candidate species with interfluve-associated distributions across Amazonia. In this study, six of these are formally named and described. The new species partly correspond to previously identified candidate lineages ‘sp. F’ and ‘sp. G’ and also to previously unreported lineages. Because of their rarity and unequal sampling effort of the A. heyeri clade across Amazonia, conservation assessments for the six newly described species are still premature. Regarding the biogeography of the A. heyeri clade, our data support a northern Amazonian origin with two independent dispersals into the South American Dry Diagonal. Although riverine barriers have a relevant role as environmental filters by isolating lineages in interfluves, dispersal rather than vicariance must have played a central role in the diversification of this frog clade.
In-host Modelling of COVID-19 in Humans
Authors: Hernandez-Vargas Esteban A. , Velasco-Hernandez Jorge X. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTCOVID-19 pandemic has underlined the impact of emergent pathogens as a major threat for human health. The development of quantitative approaches to advance comprehension of the current outbreak is urgently needed to tackle this severe disease. In this work, several mathematical models are proposed to represent SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in infected patients. Considering different starting times of infection, parameters sets that represent infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 are computed and compared with other viral infections that can also cause pandemics.Based on the target cell model, SARS-CoV-2 infecting time between susceptible cells (mean of 30 days approximately) is much slower than those reported for Ebola (about 3 times slower) and influenza (60 times slower). The within-host reproductive number for SARS-CoV-2 is consistent to the values of influenza infection (1.7-5.35). The best model to fit the data was including immune responses, which suggest a slow cell response peaking between 5 to 10 days post onset of symptoms. The model with eclipse phase, time in a latent phase before becoming productively infected cells, was not supported. Interestingly, both, the target cell model and the model with immune responses, predict that virus may replicate very slowly in the first days after infection, and it could be below detection levels during the first 4 days post infection. A quantitative comprehension of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics and the estimation of standard parameters of viral infections is the key contribution of this pioneering work.
ACE 2 Coding Variants: A Potential X-linked Risk Factor for COVID-19 Disease
Authors: Gibson William T. , Evans Daniel M , An Jianghong , Jones Steven JM 
Published: April 2020

AbstractViral genetic variants are widely known to influence disease progression among infected humans. Given the recent and rapid emergence of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 infection, the cause of COVID-19 disease, viral protein variants have attracted research interest. However, little has yet been written about genetic risk factors among human hosts. Human genetic variation has proven to affect disease progression and outcome for important diseases such as HIV infection and malaria infestation. The fact that the human ACE2 protein is encoded on the X chromosome means that males who carry rare ACE2 coding variants will express those variants in all ACE2-expressing cells, whereas females will typically express those variants in a mosaic distribution determined by early X-inactivation events. This sex-based difference in ACE2 expression has unique implications for epidemiological studies designed to assess host genetic factors influencing progression from asymptomatic SARS-coV-2 infection to COVID-19. Here we present theoretical modelling of rare ACE2 coding variants documented to occur naturally in several human superpopulations and subpopulations, and show that rare variants predicted to affect the binding of ACE2 to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exist in people. Though the rs4646116 (p.Lys26Arg) allele is found in 1 in 70 Ashkenazi Jewish males, and in 1 in 172 non-Finnish European males, this allele is found at higher frequencies in females. Furthermore, the class of missense ACE2 alleles predicted to affect SARS-CoV-2 binding are found in aggregate among 1.43% and 2.16% of Ashkenazi males and females, respectively, as well as in 0.58% and 1.24% of European males and females outside of Finland. These alleles are rarer in other population groups, and almost absent from East Asians genotyped to date.Though we are aware that full genome-wide and exome-wide sequencing studies may ultimately be required to assess human genetic susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 fully, we argue on the basis of strong prior probabilities that genotyping of this class of alleles is justified in cases of atypical SARS-CoV-2 diseases, such as asymptomatic super-spreaders (if any are identified), and in neonatal/paediatric-onset COVID-19 disease. Even relatively rare susceptibility factors (1% or fewer carriers) may become quantitatively important in the context of hundreds of thousands of infections. A small number of asymptomatic carriers, or a small number of super-spreaders, or a small segment of the population that is disproportionately likely to require intensive care, can magnify the medical, social and economic impacts of a pandemic of this size. The speed of the pandemic and the large number of affected cases worldwide justify efforts to identify all possible risk factors for adverse outcomes, including efforts to identify genetic susceptibility factors in human hosts.