bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen and Flowering Dogwood. I. Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on the Occurrence of Spot Anthracnose, Powdery Mildew, and Cercospora Leaf Spot and Their Effect on Tree Growth
Authors: Hagan A.K. , Akridge J.R. , Bowen K.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Impact of nitrogen (N) rate on spot anthracnose, powdery mildew, and Cercospora leaf spot as well as their impact on the growth of field-grown ‘Cloud 9’ and ‘Cherokee Chief’ flowering dogwood was assessed in 2003, 2004, and 2005. From 2001 to 2005, ammonium nitrate was applied at 4.1, 8.3, 16.5, 33.0 and 66.0 g N·m−2 (37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600 lb N·A−1). Heritage 50W fungicide was applied to one ‘Cherokee Chief’ and ‘Cloud 9’ flowering dogwood in each plot, while the second was untreated. Powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot were impacted by N rate more than spot anthracnose. In two of three years, powdery mildew intensified, particularly on the non-treated trees, as N rates increased. Cercospora leaf spot intensity (AUDPCI) and defoliation (AUDPCD) on the fungicide-treated and non-treated trees was influenced by N-rate in two of three and one of three years, respectively. Regardless of fungicide treatment, Cercospora leaf spot incited leaf spotting and defoliation was often lower at the two highest than the two lowest N rates. A reduction in the bract and leaf spot phases of spot anthracnose at the highest N rate was noted in 2004. While spot anthracnose was negatively correlated with trunk diameter in all three years and tree height in 2003 and 2004, Cercospora leaf spot intensity and defoliation were negatively correlated with tree height and trunk diameter in all three and two of three years, respectively. Powdery mildew had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter. Heritage 50W not only controlled spot anthracnose and powdery mildew but also slowed Cercospora leaf spot development sufficiently to enhance leaf retention and fall color.
Nitrogen and Flowering Dogwood. II. Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on Flower Bud Set and Tree Growth
Authors: Hagan A.K. , Akridge J.R. , Bowen K.L. , Gilliam C.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Impact of nitrogen (N) fertilization rate on the growth of ‘Cloud 9’ and ‘Cherokee Chief’ flowering dogwood was assessed in a field planting from February 2001 until January 2006 in southwest Alabama (USDA Zone 8a). Starting at planting in 2001 and ending in 2005, ammonium nitrate was broadcast in a 0.3 m2 circle around the base of each tree at 4.1, 8.3, 16.5, 33.0 and 66.0 g N·m−2 (37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600 lb N·A−1) with the application of half of each N-rate in April and June of each year. In each year, disease control was maintained with approximately six applications of Heritage 50W fungicide made at 2-week intervals. Trunk diameter and tree height were recorded in early-winter from 2001 through 2006; flower bud counts were taken annually from 2003 to 2006. With the exception of 2004 when N rate had not influence on bud formation, highest flower bud counts were associated with elevated rates of 33 and 66 g N·m−2 (300 and 600 lb·N−2). Nitrogen rate had no influence on the height or trunk diameter of flowering dogwood until three and four years, respectively, after planting. Impact of N rates below 66.0 g N·m−2 (600 lb·A−1) per year on tree height was minimal. In 2005 and 2006, trunk diameter was greater for trees receiving the two highest than the two lowest N rates. Regression analysis was used to calculate optimum N rate for flower bud set, as well as change in trunk diameter and tree height.
Response of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ‘Ruby’ to Foliar Applications of Micronutrient Fertilizers and Miticide
Authors: Shober Amy L. , Leibee Gary , Kok-Yokomi Moh Leng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Loropetalum chinense (also called Chinese Fringebush or Chinese Witch Hazel) is commonly used in the Florida landscapes. However, in recent years, there have been increasing reports and complaints of unexplained decline throughout Central Florida. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and quality response of declining L. chinense plants to foliar micronutrient and miticide applications. L. chinense ‘Ruby’ plants exhibiting significant decline symptoms were treated with eight foliar fertilizer treatments (High Cu, Low Cu, Kocide® 2000 [copper hydroxide], B, Mn, Zn, and Peters S.T.E.M.) and half of the plants also received two treatments of GardenTech Sevin Concentrate Bug Killer® (carbaryl, 22.5% AI). Plant growth was not influenced by miticide or fertilizer treatments. However, plants sprayed with Cu (i.e., Cu high, Cu low, and Kocide) had quality ratings, at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, that were significantly higher than plants treated with other foliar fertilizers. Additionally, results indicated that there was no fertilizer treatment effect on mite populations. Failure of the miticide to enhance plant quality ratings, suggested that eriophyid mites were not associated with decline symptoms. The quality of declining landscape plantings of L. chinense ‘Ruby’ can be improved with the application of foliar Cu sprays.
Clean Chip Residual as a Substrate for Perennial Nursery Crop Production
Authors: Boyer Cheryl R. , Fain Glenn B. , Gilliam Charles H. , Gallagher Thomas V. , Torbert H. Allen , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pine bark (PB) for horticultural uses is becoming less available and as a result, there is a need to develop alternative substrates for continued profitability of the nursery industry. This study, conducted at Poplarville, MS, and Auburn, AL, evaluated the growth of nine perennial species in a substrate composed of a pulpwood harvesting by-product called clean chip residual (CCR) which contains approximately 50% wood fiber. Two CCR particle sizes were used alone or amended with peat moss (PM) (4:1 by vol) and compared with control treatments PB and PB:PM. Substrates composed of 100% PB or 100% CCR had high air space (AS) and low water holding capacity (WHC) which resulted in less available water to plants. Addition of PM lowered AS and increased WHC. There were no significant differences among growth indices at Poplarville for 6 of 8 species and for 3 of 7 species at Auburn, though the remaining 4 species were only slightly smaller when grown in 100% CCR. Shoot dry weight was greatest in substrates amended with PM. Results of this study indicate that acceptable growth of perennial plants can be obtained in substrates composed of CCR when compared to PB and PB amended with PM.
Nitrogen and Substrate Assessment For Pot-in-Pot Production in the Intermountain West
Authors: Gunnell JayDee , Grossl Paul R. , Kjelgren Roger 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We investigated optimum nitrogen rates and different growth substrates for short-term finish production of container and bare root shade tree liners in a pot-in-pot production system in the Intermountain West. In one study, nitrogen ranging from 0–27 g N-tree−1 (0–36 lbs N·1000 ft−2) as urea was applied to quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), ‘Autumn Blaze’ maple (Acer × freemannii ‘Autumn Blaze’), ‘Chanticleer’ flowering pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Chanticleer’), and ‘Canada Red’ chokecherry (Prunus virginiana ‘Canada Red’). Twenty-six liter liners (#7 container) were transplanted into 57 liter (#15) containers in a retail nursery finishing pot-in-pot system. Trunk diameter growth and shoot-tip elongation measurements were recorded for one growing season. Overall, only pear had a consistent increase in terminal shoot and trunk growth in response to N at 9 g N·tree−1 (12 lbs N·1000 ft−2). Maple and chokecherry exhibited modest lateral shoot growth at 4.5 and 18 g N·tree−1 (10–24 lbs N·1000 ft−2), and aspen growth had no response to N. The second study evaluated the effect of nitrogen rates and substrate type on first-year trunk diameter growth of bare root common chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) and Aristocrat flowering pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Aristocrat’). Large bare-root liners were installed into a finishing pot-in-pot system with three substrate treatments, a proprietary, a commercial mix using several organic matter sources, and a simple composted bark-pumice mix. Five nitrogen rates, 0–9 g N·tree−1, (0–12 lbs N·1000 ft−2) were applied to each substrate. Pear again had a modest increase in trunk growth at 2.2 g N per tree, but had no response to the different growth substrates. Chokecherry trunk growth did not increase with nitrogen nor did substrate treatment substantively affect growth. This study indicates that Intermountain West retail nurseries can likely reduce first-year nitrogen applications to container and bare root liner stock during finish production, and use a simpler media to achieve optimum growth at potentially lower cost.
Evaluation of Clay Aggregates in Perennial Offshoot Production
Authors: Pickens Jeremy M. , Fain Glenn B. , Sibley Jeff L. , Gilliam Charles H. , Olive John W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In an effort to compare yield and time required to remove substrate from roots of liners, Ophiopogon japonicus and Ophiopogon japonicus ‘Nana’ (lilyturf) bare root bibs were potted into 100% aged pine bark, 8: 2 (v: v) pine bark: peat moss, 100% perlite, 100% fine grade Profile™ porous ceramic (Profile™ products LLC, Buffalo Grove, IL), or 100% course grade Profile™ porous ceramic. In a second study Ophiopogon japonicus was potted into 100% aged pine bark, 100% 3/16-inch HydRocks® (Big River Industries Alpharetta, GA), fine grade 100% Profile™, 100% perlite, 100% sand, 8: 2 (v: v) pine bark: peat moss, and 3: 1 (v: v) 3/16 HydRocks®: sand. In the second study, fine grade Profile™ produced the highest number of total bibs per container and bib production was similar to 8: 2 pine bark: peat moss. HydRocks® was similar to pine bark in total bibs per container but was more efficiently removed from roots. Removal of the HydRocks® substrate from plant roots required 50% less time than removal of pine bark: peat moss substrate and 51% less time than removal of pine bark substrate. HydRocks® took 23% less time to remove from roots than fine grade Profile™. Results indicate that clay materials such as HydRocks® and Profile™, when compared to conventional substrates can provide suitable yields while also decreasing labor cost by decreasing time to bare-root.
Evaluation of Systemic Insecticides for Potato Leafhopper Control in Field-Grown Red Maple
Authors: Oliver J.B. , Fare D.C. , Youssef N. , Halcomb M.A. , Reding M.E. , Ranger C.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Systemic insecticides and application methods were evaluated in two trials that began in 2005 and 2006 for control of potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae [Harris]) on four red maple (Acer rubrum L.) cultivars and rated annually through 2007. Treatments evaluated in this study included surface drenches of imidacloprid plus cyfluthrin (Discus) or imidacloprid plus bifenthrin (Allectus SC), clothianidin (Arena 50WDG), dinotefuran (Safari 20SG), or thiamethoxam (Flagship 25WG); soil inserted treatments of imidacloprid formulated as an experimental tablet or as an experimental gel; or a plant root dip of Discus + Terra-Sorb hydrogel. In the 2005 trial, a one-time drench of Discus or two imidacloprid tablets significantly reduced leafhopper damage to red maple for a 3-year period. In the 2006 trial, a one-time drench of Allectus, Discus, Arena, Flagship, and Safari significantly reduced leafhopper damage for 2 years. In most cases, the Discus drench and root dip treatments were initially more effective than the imidacloprid tablets or the gel treatment. However, in general, the efficacy of imidacloprid tablet or gel treatments increased in subsequent years. Two imidacloprid tablets were more effective than one. Likewise, higher imidacloprid drench rates were more effective than lower rates. Most insecticide treatments significantly increased red maple trunk diameter, although this effect varied with cultivar and time. Allectus and Discus drench treatments significantly increased the branch and internode length of ‘Franksred’ maple in the 2005 trial. Results of this study indicate long-term potato leafhopper control with systemic insecticides and enhanced growth in red maple.
Butterfly Feeding Preferences for Four Zinnia Cultivars
Authors: Yeargan Kenneth V. , Colvin Sarah M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Zinnias are recommended frequently for inclusion in butterfly gardens as nectar sources for adult butterflies, but little is known about butterfly preferences for different zinnia cultivars. We compared numbers and species of butterflies that visited four widely available zinnia cultivars: Zinnia violacea Cav. (formerly Zinnia elegans Jacq.) ‘Lilliput’, ‘Oklahoma’, ‘State Fair’, and Zinnia marylandica Spooner, Stimart, and Boyle ‘Pinwheel’. Mixed colors were used for all cultivars. Based on a total count of 2355 butterflies, representing 30 species, more than twice as many total butterflies visited ‘Lilliput’ than visited any of the other cultivars. Also, a greater number of butterfly species visited ‘Lilliput’ than visited any of the other cultivars. More than half of the counted butterflies belonged to the family Nymphalidae, with members of the families Pieridae and Hesperiidae being the second and third most frequent visitors, respectively.
Propagation of Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) by Stem Cuttings is Influenced by Clone and Date of Cutting Collection
Authors: Wooldridge John M. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of four popular clones of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L. ‘Ace of Hearts’, ‘Appalachian Red’, ‘Hearts of Gold’, and ‘Forest Pansy’) were taken on seven dates following budbreak during Spring and Summer 2007 and evaluated for rooting potential. Rooting was affected by a clone and cutting date interaction, indicating the optimum time to take cuttings was different for each clone. Cuttings of ‘Ace of Hearts’ taken 6 weeks after budbreak (WAB) rooted at 75 and 71% when treated with the potassium (K) salt (K-salt) of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA) at 5000 mg·liter−1 (ppm) or 15,000 mg·liter−1, respectively. In contrast, cuttings of ‘Appalachian Red’ rooted at 96 and 93% when taken 15 WAB, the last date tested for that clone, and treated with K-IBA at 5000 mg·liter−1 or 15,000 mg·liter−1, respectively. When taken 8 WAB and treated with K-IBA at 5000 mg·liter−1 or 15,000 mg·liter−1, cuttings of ‘Hearts of Gold’ rooted at 42 and 58%, respectively. Cuttings of ‘Forest Pansy’ rooted poorly regardless of collection date or K-IBA treatment. Treatment of ‘Ace of Hearts’, ‘Appalachian Red’, and ‘Hearts of Gold’ with higher K-IBA rates generally did not increase rooting percentages, but often resulted in more robust root systems. Propagation by stem cuttings may be feasible for some clones of eastern redbud, but separate protocols are necessary for each clone.
Seed Germination of Roundleaf Buffaloberry (Shepherdia rotundifolia) and Silver Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea) in Three Substrates
Authors: Beddes Taun , Kratsch Heidi A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many western native plant species occur in areas characterized by well-drained soils low in organic matter. Some drought-tolerant native plant species exhibit poor seed germination. It was hypothesized that traditional growing substrates high in organic matter may impede their germination; therefore, stratified seeds of roundleaf buffaloberry (Shepherdia rotundifolia) and silver buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea) were sown in three substrates differing in organic matter and drainage properties. Seed flats were irrigated twice daily to container capacity, and held on a greenhouse bench for 40 days. Seeds of roundleaf buffaloberry exhibited greatest total germination in a calcined montmorillonite calcined clay substrate (66%); seeds exhibited low germination in a commercial peat-based germination mix (13%) and in a self-prepared, locally popular substrate (22%) that contained sphagnum peat: perlite: calcined clay: sand (2: 2: 1: 1 by vol). Seed germination of silver buffaloberry varied from 42 to 54% and was not different among the three substrates. When substrates are kept consistently moist, a calcined-clay substrate can improve germination of roundleaf buffaloberry, but not silver buffaloberry.
Regional Structural Change in Production and Marketing Practices for the Nursery and Greenhouse Industry: 1988–2003
Authors: Campbell Benjamin L. , Hall Charles R. , Combs Bryan F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The U.S. nursery and greenhouse industry has undergone major changes to production and marketing practices from 1988 to 2003. Using data from national surveys that have been partially funded by HRI, we examine the regional structural changes that have occurred during this period with emphasis on sales, advertising expenditures, and computer usage. Results indicate that a structural shift has occurred for several management decisions, with other decisions experiencing only regional shifts. Key results are that marketing and advertising expenses comprise an increasing percent of total sales, with advertising mediums experiencing varying levels of change. Transaction methods have experienced various types of changes with more in-person sales in the Northern region, less in-person sales in the Southern region, and no changes for the Western region. In contrast, telephone orders have decreased in the Northern region and increased in the Southern region, while all regions experienced lower trade show sales. There has also been a move away from wholesale toward retail sales, with repeat customers continuing to represent a large share of sales. Computer usage, as expected, has experienced a considerable increase due to every-day task usage.
Benzyladenine and Cyclanilide Promote Shoot Development and Flowering of ‘Moonbeam’ Coreopsis
Authors: Farris M.E. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Olive J.W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Effects of cyclanilide (CYC) and benzyladenine (BA) applied as foliar sprays or substrate drenches on the growth and flowering of ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata L. ‘Moonbeam’) during greenhouse production were determined. A foliar spray or substrate drench of 250 to 2000 ppm BA promoted increased numbers of vegetative shoots, reproductive shoots, and flower buds that increased with concentration. With BA concentrations of 250 or 500 ppm, flowering was delayed by 7 days or less and any foliar chlorosis was transient. Flowering delays of up to 19 days and persistent foliar chlorosis occurred in plants treated with 1000 or 2000 ppm BA. CYC applied at 25 to 100 ppm promoted fewer vegetative and reproductive shoots and flower buds than did BA; however, compared to control plants, plants developed more flower buds with no flowering delay, except when applied as a 100 ppm drench. Plants treated with CYC foliar sprays or substrate drenches developed twisted and horizontal growing shoots that persisted until full flower and detracted from the plants' appearance.
Micropropagation of Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and Amur Honeysuckle (L. maackii) by Shoot Tip Culture
Authors: Osburn Lori D. , Yang Xiaohan , Li Yi , Cheng Zong-Ming 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Reliable micropropagation protocols were developed for Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) and Amur honeysuckle [L. maackii (Rupr.) Maxim], two horticulturally important invasive woody plants. Shoot tips were collected from mature plants and established in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and cultured in various media. Plant growth regulators and basal media had significant effects on proliferation rates. Proliferation of Japanese honeysuckle was highest on Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium with 5 μM (1.1 ppm) 6-benzyladenine (BA), yielding an average of 14 axillary microshoots in 12 weeks, whereas Amur honeysuckle produced 38 axillary microshoots in 12 weeks on MS medium containing 2.5 μM (0.6 ppm) BA with or without 1.25 μM (0.3 ppm) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Microcuttings of Japanese honeysuckle were rooted ex vitro with or without treatment with 980 μM (200 ppm) IBA, whereas microcuttings of Amur honeysuckle required treatment with 980 μM (200 ppm) IBA to root. These protocols can be used to continuously produce plant materials for various biotechnological modifications, such as in vitro mutations and genetic engineering for noninvasiveness.
Propagation of Twelve Alaska Native Plants by Summer Stem Cuttings
Authors: Holloway Patricia S. , Peterburs Mia R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twelve Alaska native plants were propagated from softwood and semi-hardwood stem cuttings collected from late June through August. Cuttings of new growth were treated with 0.3% indole-3-butyric acid powder and propagated in horticultural grade perlite and vermiculite (1:1 by vol) under intermittent mist with bottom heat [26C (79F)] in a greenhouse with a minimum night temperature of 15C (59F). After 6 weeks, cuttings were harvested and evaluated for rooting percentage and root quantity. Four species rooted poorly (&lt; 25%) regardless of collection date: Siberian alder (Alnus viridis ssp. fruticosa), silverberry (Elaeagnus commutata), Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana) and shrub birch (Betula glandulosa). Best rooting (&gt; 80%) occurred June 20 for: Beauverd spiraea (Spiraea stevenii), sweetgale (Myrica gale), and thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia). Peak rooting for dwarf birch (Betula nana), feltleaf willow (Salix alaxensis), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) and littletree willow (Salix arbusculoides) was early to mid July. During peak rooting times, all successful species developed adequate root quantities for survival following transplanting.
Drench Application of Cyclanilide Promotes Shoot Development in Containerized Woody Landscape Species during Nursery Production
Authors: Williamson Z. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Olive J.W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cyclanilide (CYC), a plant growth regulator with cytokinin-like properties, was applied as a substrate drench to containerized woody ornamentals to determine its effects on plant growth. At 70 days after treatment (DAT) in 2005, drench applications of 50 to 1,000 ppm CYC had increased shoot development 7 to 74% for ‘Alabama Beauty’ sasanqua camellia (Camellia sasanqua ‘Alabama Beauty’), 63 to 205% for small anisetree (Illicium parviflorum), 21 to 74% for ‘Snow White’ Indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica ‘Snow White’), and 266 to 626% for ‘Sky Pencil’ holly (Ilex crenata ‘Sky Pencil’), when compared to control plants. Shoot counts the following spring, 270 DAT, increased from 16 to 101% for sasanqua camellia, 42 to 158% for small anisetree, 121 to 241% for Indian hawthorn, and 33 to 167% for ‘Firepower’ nandina, when compared to control plants. At 30 DAT foliar injury to sasanqua camellia, Indian hawthorn, and small anisetree increased with CYC concentration, and application of 500 or 1,000 ppm CYC resulted in severe injury or death of small anisetree and ‘Snow White’ Indian hawthorn. At 75 DAT in 2006, drench application of 25 to 100 ppm CYC had increased shoot counts of Eleanor Taber™ Indian hawthorn from 100 to 218%, when compared to controls, and quality ratings were highest at 130 DAT in plants drenched with 50 ppm CYC, although foliar injury ratings increased with CYC concentration at 75 and 130 DAT. At 60 DAT in 2007, application of 10 to 40 ppm CYC had increased shoot counts for ‘Snow White’ Indian hawthorn and ‘Sky Pencil’ holly 100 to 182% and 22 to 78%, respectively, and 96 to 171% and 30 to 63%, respectively at 90 to 110 DAT. In both species, quality ratings at 160 DAT increased with increasing CYC concentration. Single CYC drench applications were more persistent than previously reported single spray applications, effective at lower concentrations, and promoted shoot production in a species not responsive to single or multiple spray applications (Nandina domestica).