bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No More Premature Collapse of Acid Wormholes: Extend Wells Productivity with Particulate Diversion Technique Modelling
Authors: Omer Mohammed , Fragachan Francisco E. , Rodriguez Cristian C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The main goal of matrix acidizing in carbonate reservoirs is to create wormhole and to remove the damage caused by drilling on the wellbore wall. The critical step in acidizing design is to optimize the design parameters for uniformly distributing the stimulation fluid. Non-engineered designed acidizing jobs will lead to softening the near wellbore rock and with time it will have a negative effect on the production. In this work, we present design and modelling of particulate diversion process using an integrated Geomechanical workflow for case histories from South America.
The model utilized petrophysical data of the formation, stresses near wellbore, wellbore flow, rock dissolution and physical model. The case history of 2 deviated wells from North and South America respectively were simulated with the stimulation fluid movement within wellbore and then it was coupled with transient flow. The primary analysis determines the distribution of reactive fluid along the well and predicted skin and wormhole evolution across the wellbore upon stimulation.
This work introduced an integrated engineering workflow to optimize and simulate carbonate matrix acidizing design using bio-degradable particulate diverters and demonstrate uniform stimulation with reduction in skin. In the presented case study, 2 jobs from North and South America were analyzed. The results demonstrate effectiveness of particulate diverters in reducing the wellbore damage, uniformly distributing the treatment fluid, increasing effectiveness of stimulation fluid, retarding the softening of rock and hence enhancing the production across the target zone.
This Geomechanics model for particle diversion permits a dependable prediction of stimulation fluid distribution across the reservoir section and identifies controlling parameters to maximize conductive reservoir volume (CRV), avoids premature collapse of wormhole, uniform distribution of the stimulation slurry and hence enhances production. The presented case study can assist in building a customized diversion strategy for Middle East carbonate formations.
Optimizing Perforating Strategy with Side Mounted Gun System for Auto Gas Lift Application with Smart Completions, Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Chung Yvonne , Sandhu Harwinder , Idris Mohd Syahiran , Thien Ronny Vui , Mohd Nazir Amir Faiz , Ramamurthy Subramaniam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a state-of-the-art, automated gas lifted smart completion design, installed safely using Side Mounted Guns (SMG) to reduce well control risks for a carbonate field in Sarawak with a dominant threat of karst losses. It demonstrates how an SMG system was used to decrease installation time and minimize formation damage. The new 3D finite element software technique represents a step change in the ability to predict shock loading from complicated perforating systems and the subsequent effect on downhole completion components.
Several challenges were addressed at the planning phase of the project, including the use of a new 3D finite element software to evaluate dynamic perforating shock loading and determine the optimal distance to safely place the key completion components in the well. A variety of system integration tests (SITs) were also introduced to verify compatibility of the SMG system in highly deviated well conditions and deploying through casing with inner diameter changes.
Three wells have been successfully perforated with a long tubing-conveyed SMG system along with the smart well completion components, such as an inflow control valve (ICV), downhole pressure gauges, and seal assembly, which were then tested as fully functional after the gun detonation. During the well cleanup operation, the perforated gas cap was successfully used to lift the oil from the reservoir underneath the gas cap as an in-situ gas lift.
Zohr Offshore Pipeline Girth Welding Using Ceramic Shoes
Authors: Hussein Hesham , Elkhafif Hesham , Badran Shady 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Zohr project includes the production of sour gas from the reservoir by a combination of offshore processing facilities in Egypt and pipeline systems to transport the gas from the field, to Onshore Processing Facility. Accelerated startup phase the main production line is based on 26inch pipeline where pipes are LSAW carbon steel pipe for sour service in material grade ×52. The automatic welding procedures for sour service lines have been developed on ceramic-coated steel shoes (copper shoes is not allowed) to achieve the target data to start of production. Scope of this document is to correlate evidence in the form of photographic, visual and NDT reports to be present, in order to determine whether ceramic debris from damaged shoes would adhere to the root & course detrimental effect to the internal root bead.
Girth welds are performed with STT automatic welds with ceramic shoes. All girth welds are in the as-welded condition (no PWHT). Installation contractor confirmed that it is the first time that this type of shoes is used for a project. So, no field experience is available. During welder qualification onboard vessels required for pipeline girth welding, it was discovered that ceramic shoes could experience some damage when used in an unlimited manner and it could be a risk of inclusion to the root surface during production welding. The test campaign is designed to verify the corrosion resistance regards to SSC phenomena of girth welds in presence of ceramic debris due to ceramic shoes degradation.
Company requested more testing for welding qualification including mechanical and corrosion testing which is performed with ceramic debris on the weld root. Start of alternative solution immediately by weld qualification without any shoes, following the common procedure for welding of carbon steel pipeline in sour service. This activity shall be carried out in parallel to the above test plan for ceramic shoes to have an alternative plan. Pre-production welding testing has been agreed with the contractor to get more stringent requirement for the number of ceramic shoes used during welding. A certain number have been agreed to dispose the ceramic shoes after each 40 welds in order to be sure it will not affect welding process.
The approach of use of ceramic shoes during offshore girth welding is beneficial to speed up the laying activities during installation campaign and to meet the mechanical requirements for sour service. Maximum number of welds allowable for each individual shoe shall not exceed 40 welds by using ceramic shoes to avoid any contamination on root of weld bead has been demonstrated. Mechanical and Corrosion testing have been done on weld metal with debris and were acceptable.
Development and Qualification of a Unique ICD Completion Design to Improve Operational Well Efficiency
Authors: Arias Rommel E. , Al Mohanna Khalid S. , Guo Chengjun , Awid Abdurrezagh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Inflow control device (ICD) completions are becoming a crucial part for many green and brown field developments. However, a typical ICD completion requires a washpipe or inner string to provide fluid circulation, displacement and setting of openhole hydraulic-mechanical packers, which increases operational time, risks and costs.
A typical installation process has to follow a series of operational steps to ensure successful deployment of ICD completions. Those necessary operational steps are traditionally achieved using washpipe or an inner string that is run inside the lower completion bottomhole assembly (BHA). This unique and advanced ICD completion design uses proven sliding-sleeve technology that will be run in the closed position to provide fluid circulation, displacement and setting of openhole hydraulic -mechanical packers, and then hydraulically activated to the open position to allow for reservoir-to-well communication. It also incorporates a mechanical-shifting mechanism for future reservoir management and control.
The new and advanced ICD completion has undergone a rigorous testing program to ensure the design will deliver those operational requirements and perform appropriately under the worst well operational conditions that are expected during the field life. Following completion of the testing program, the advanced ICD completion was deployed flawlessly in a carbonate reservoir well in the Middle East, representing the first successful deployment globally. The system has functioned as expected with clear surface indication throughout the different operational steps and the final establishment of reservoir-to-well communication which was evidenced by the increase in the well head pressure (WHP). Furthermore, the individual ICD open or closed-sleeve status was verified through production logging (PLT) and coil tubing (CT) shifting operations.
The paper describes a comprehensive qualification testing program for the advanced ICD completion design to best serve those well-installation requirements without the need of washpipe. Furthermore, it details the actual well deployment which resulted in improved overall well completion design and operational efficiency.
Procedure to Complete, Running, Testing, Cementing, Hanging and Cleaning out the Frac String to Complete Unconventional HP/HT Wells to Guarantee the Future Frac Operations in the Wells Of Unconventional Project at Abu Dhabi UAE
Authors: Ruiz Fernando , Al Hadidy Khaled , El Yossef Bassem , Hebish Ayman , Negoi Adrian , Hamdy Ibrahim , Al Shamisi Eisa , Al Samahi Musabbeh , Kumar Rakesh , Mizukami Akio , Mandal Vivekananda , Ibrahim Ahmed , Wakka Turky , Al Soliman Abdulkareem , Nunez Ygnacio , Amorocho Alexander , Al Hendi Mohamed , Al Mutawa Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The proposal of this paper is to share the knowledge learned in this new procedure and techniques implemented in HP/HT Unconventional wells, created by the Unconventional (UC) Drilling Department at Abu Dhabi which involve around ten different services, where each has a high importance and contribution for the collective success of the well at the moment to frac and hence the feasibility of the project.
In order to assure the integrity and accessibility of the Frac String during Plug and Perf hydraulic fracturing operations of one of the toughest rock in Unconventional business worldwide, one procedure has been developed for running operations best practices. Pressure testing the Frac String (FS) during running in hole in stages while in vertical section to sure safe and successful Wireline setting and retrieving nipples plug with more than 30% solids in the system (high mud weight) to guarantee no leak in the string prior reaching total depth (TD). Hanging and testing cross over (XO), assuring compatibility with the wellhead connections. Cementing up to18.7 ppg. Flexible and expandable slurries, cement inside previous casing and apply pressure on surface to avoid gas percolation during the cement setting period. Cleaning out with Coiled tubing (CT) to ensure no obstruction and using different completion fluids for future accessibility. And finally, Pressure testing the Frac string up to 14ksi all are new practices and proven mitigation measures for all assessed risks for hydraulic fracturing operations.
This paper is about sharing this new procedure in Abu Dhabi for having a cemented FS in UC wells High Pressure / High Temperature (HP/HT) with 100% integrity and internal accessibility to run plugs, perforations, logs and be able to apply high surface pressure to frac the tight reservoir in the planned zone, creating the desired permeability for future production.
Prediction of Rock Mechanical Properties from Geochemical Signatures using Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Hussain Maaruf , Negara Ardiansyah , Amao Abduljamiu , Al-Ramadan Khalid 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a data-driven model built using machine learning technique, namely Support-Vector Regression (SVR), for predicting rock mechanical properties (RMP) of tight sands and shale formations based on measured elemental information. This study utilized 324 data points obtained from Paleozoic sequences covering 8000 ft interval. Elemental data was acquired by scanning intact samples on MicroXRF machine, whilewas used for modelling as well as for establishing lithofacies. RMP were obtained at atmospheric conditions using a non-destructive impulse hammer technique. SVR was used to establish a correlation between elemental geochemical information with RMP. The dataset was categorized into two: training and testing dataset using a 70-30 percent split. Training data was used to train SVR and establish the RMP prediction model by tuning the hyperparameters. Testing data was used to evaluate the predictive model by comparing the predictions with the actual measurement. Two quantitative measures for estimation accuracy including mean absolute error and cross-correlation plots between the actual and estimated RMP were employed to evaluate the prediction accuracy. The results demonstrate that the estimated RMP has a good agreement with the actual RMP, which is indicated by the small error and high coefficient of determination. Moreover, we used Adjacent Boosting technique to perform feature selections and the results show that the SVR-based model still generates good prediction when the number of features in the input is reduced by more than half. This study demonstrates that a reliable predictive model can be built with few intrisinc features, in the absence of robust mineralogical and elemental information.
Miscible Gas Injection EOR, Carbonate Reservoirs Well Injectivity Field Cases
Authors: Xu Siqing , A BinAmro Ahmed , Mabrook Maged 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Miscible gas injection EOR is a well-established and proven recovery mechanism. There are a large number of miscible gas injection EOR developments worldwide. Some of these developments achieved relatively high recoveries. ADNOC is a leader in miscible gas injection EOR in carbonate reservoirs - with a number of developments within its portfolio contributing substantially towards ADNCO overall production.
For miscible gas injection EOR developments, especially in relatively low permeability carbonate reservoirs, the following are recognised as key field development planning and reservoir monitoring/management areas: Development pattern, number and location of injectors in relation to producersSufficient injection rate and volume, to maintain reservoir pressure and optimise sweepReservoir monitoring and production management, to ensure adequate data acquisition and studies to support field development and production decisions in a timely manner.
In relatively tight carbonate reservoirs, injection well injectivity is a critical factor when addressing the above three key areas. Water injection injectivity is fairly well understood, but gas injection injectivity in a miscible setting can be very complex. The complexity can be attributed to a combination of factors, for example: The dependence of injection gas property parameters on downhole injection pressure and temperatureDevelopment of the miscible oil bank via either vaporising or/and condensing mechanismVapour phase being significantly more mobile than reservoir liquid oil and waterWhere applicable, gravity segregation in areas surrounding the injectorReservoir wettability and hysteresis.
An assessment into miscible gas EOR injection injectivity for relatively low permeability carbonate reservoirs has been performed. Actual field injection data (both water injection phase and gas injection phase) from 3 reservoirs were analysed. A compositional sector model was also used. Injectivity evolution trends were discussed, and potential influencing factors identified. Recommendations on best practices for WAG injector injectivity monitoring, reservoir voidage replacement calculations are provided.
6 × 6 Occupational Health Hazard Risk Rating Matrix: A Useful Tool in the Determination of Risk Levels of Workplace Health Hazards
Authors: Ang Bufford , Kulkarni Poorva 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The paper elaborates the utilization of a novel 6 × 6 Occupational Health Hazard Risk Rating matrix developed for oil and gas operations,enhancing the determination of occupational health hazards as comparedto a5 × 5 matrix in terms of clarity on severity and likelihood criteria. This paper describes how severity ratings were redefined, and how likelihood ratings were divided into qualitative and quantitative approaches.
To establish the severity rating definitions, health effect ratings were benchmarked from international industrial hygiene association guidelines, peer-reviewed literature, and hazard rating categories from oil and gas operations. The qualitative likelihood scheme was developed considering evaluation methodologies for various physical and ergonomic hazards, as well as formulation of control bands for biological and chemical hazards. The quantitative likelihood scheme was based on the concept of the 95% upper UCL of hazard exposure data and evaluating it against its OEL.
From the previous five (5) Severity of Harm categories (i.e., Minimal, Minor, Moderate, Major, Extreme), six (6) classifications were developed (i.e., Notable, Minor, Serious, Major, Catastrophic, Disastrous) specifying documented health effects posed by a workplace health hazard. From the previous five (5) Likelihood of Harm categories (i.e., Rare, Unlikely, Possible, Likely, Almost Certain), six (6) qualitative likelihood classifications were formulated (i.e., Very Low, Low, Medium/Moderate, Moderately High, High, Very High) considering current evaluation schemes for physical and ergonomic hazards and control banding for biological and chemical hazards. In addition, six (6) exposure bands were created by defining specific exposure rating categories based on an estimate of the 95% UCL relative to a health hazard’s OEL. Finally, the previous five (5) risk ratings (i.e., Extreme, High, Medium, Low, Negligible) were consolidated into four (4) risk levels (i.e., High, High-Medium, Medium and Low), with each level differentiated according to the control measures required and the exposure monitoring frequency requirement for the workplace health hazard.
The health hazard risk rating matrix is envisioned to make health hazard risk assessment process simple, more accurate, user-friendly, and consistent with international best practices for the following reasons: use of 95% UCL is the most appropriate metric to evaluate exposures on the upper tail of an exposure distribution as it acts as a reference point in assessing the exposure profile’s arithmetic mean with a health hazard’s OEL; new severity rating definitions mirror the actual health effects posed by a health hazard; and qualitative likelihood rating is reflective of globally accepted exposure assessment methodologies and control banding schemes.
A Novel Numerical Method to Model the Dynamic Underbalanced Perforation Process
Authors: Mohajeri Sina , Alizadeh Ali , Zeinali Mostafa , Rajabi Hamed , Madani Mohammad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The final goal in a perforation operation is achieving the maximum production and reducing perforation damage, using optimal completion process. The Dynamic Underbalanced Perforation (DUP) as one of the more recent completion technologies minimizes or even eliminates the perforation crushed zone by optimizing the well's dynamic underbalance. Dynamic underbalance is a transient underbalance process that occurs immediately after creation of the perforation tunnels. The modeling of this process is essential in designing the optimal configuration of the perforation charges to evaluate the perforation efficiency.
In this study we propose a novel and efficient numerical method, to optimize the completion efficiency which is rarely attended in the literature. There are five main steps in our modeling procedure: Calculating volume of the gas released in detonation,Calculating inner temperature of the Gun,Calculating remaining gas and energy amount inside the gun,Calculating pressure and casing stability analysis, and finallyCalculating perforation skin.
Although there are some computer programs that claim to model the DUP technology, none of them uses a fully numerical method. In fact, all of these programs use experimental data and correlations to predict the efficiency of this process.
Cdx- Upskilling Employees for Digital Transformation
Authors: Barreales David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The digital transformation is allowing through access to new technology (which years ago was not accessible to many companies) to address the traditional problems of their businesses with innovative and different approaches that are allowing them to be more efficient and sustainable. In many cases, it is also allowing them to face problems that years ago (without access to these technologies) had no possible solution.
Once we have all these new technologies available (Cloud Computing, Machine Learning, Big Data, etc) the main challenge that companies have is to equip themselves with the necessary skills to exploit these technologies to the fullest, that is, with people who are experts in the mastery of these technologies. All companies are trying to incorporate talent related to these disciplines and being these profiles very scarce (since many of the professions barely exist yet), this has led to a super inflation of the market for these professionals, making their recruitment very complex.
To the previous problem, we must add that technologies alone are not capable of transforming business models or achieve different approaches to traditional problems, professionals in technologies related to the digital transformation are experts in these technologies, but without a knowledge of business and the problems that have the different sectors are unable to add any value to business.
Therefore, in this paper we will explain how the best solution to address this problem is to train employees with a vast knowledge of traditional business in digital disciplines, through this solution you make the same professional converge traditional business knowledge with the opportunities offered by new technologies. This makes the approach to the problems is the right one, avoiding misalignments or cultural clashes between different teams and not having to go to a growing market to hire these professionals, the key to achieve this fit is to train from an experiential point of view that ensures the transfer of new knowledge to the workplace and the company can benefit from an innovative approach to traditional problems.