bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of heterogeneous genomic samples using image normalization and machine learning
Authors: Basodi Sunitha , Baykal Pelin Icer , Zelikovsky Alex , Skums Pavel , Pan Yi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Analysis of heterogeneous populations such as viral quasispecies is one of the most challenging bioinformatics problems. Although machine learning models are becoming to be widely employed for analysis of sequence data from such populations, their straightforward application is impeded by multiple challenges associated with technological limitations and biases, difficulty of selection of relevant features and need to compare genomic datasets of different sizes and structures.

Results
We propose a novel preprocessing approach to transform irregular genomic data into normalized image data. Such representation allows to restate the problems of classification and comparison of heterogeneous populations as image classification problems which can be solved using variety of available machine learning tools. We then apply the proposed approach to two important problems in molecular epidemiology: inference of viral infection stage and detection of viral transmission clusters using next-generation sequencing data. The infection staging method has been applied to HCV HVR1 samples collected from 108 recently and 257 chronically infected individuals. The SVM-based image classification approach achieved more than 95% accuracy for both recently and chronically HCV-infected individuals. Clustering has been performed on the data collected from 33 epidemiologically curated outbreaks, yielding more than 97% accuracy.

Conclusions
Sequence image normalization method allows for a robust conversion of genomic data into numerical data and overcomes several issues associated with employing machine learning methods to viral populations. Image data also help in the visualization of genomic data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can be successfully applied to different problems in molecular epidemiology and surveillance of viral diseases. Simple binary classifiers and clustering techniques applied to the image data are equally or more accurate than other models.
Livestock trade and devolution in the Somali-Kenya transboundary corridor
Authors: Ng’asike Philemon Ong’ao , Stepputat Finn , Njoka Jesse Theuri 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAfter the collapse of the central Somali state in 1991, Somali livestock trade has increasingly been re-oriented towards terminal markets in central and coastal Kenya, helped by the more recent trade liberalization in Kenya. The predominantly informal cross-border trade (ICBT) has nurtured local livelihoods and government revenues in Kenya, where informal transactions and formal regulation overlap in the Somali-fed livestock supply chains. This article analyses the practices and dynamics that characterize Somali-Kenyan cross-border livestock trade, and proceeds to point out important policy issues that have emerged after the devolution of key state functions and regulation to county governments. The article finally highlights areas of collaboration between the national and county governments that are necessary to achieve a credible supply of meat in Kenyan and international markets. By doing so, it explores the linkage between changes in the political economy of cross-border livestock trade, and the unintended impact of decentralization on the governance of livestock supply chains.
The shift to 6G communications: vision and requirements
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Waseem , Hassan Syed Ali , Ghaffar Rizwan , Jung Haejoon , Garg Sahil , Hossain M. Shamim 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication network is expected to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a robust network which would be more reliable, fast, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. The researchers around the globe are proposing cutting edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML), quantum communication/quantum machine learning (QML), blockchain, tera-Hertz and millimeter waves communication, tactile Internet, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), small cells communication, fog/edge computing, etc., as the key technologies in the realization of beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G communications. In this article, we provide a detailed overview of the 6G network dimensions with air interface and associated potential technologies. More specifically, we highlight the use cases and applications of the proposed 6G networks in various dimensions. Furthermore, we also discuss the key performance indicators (KPI) for the B5G/6G network, challenges, and future research opportunities in this domain.
Temporal and spatial availability of cereal straw in Germany—Case study: Biomethane for the transport sector
Authors: Brosowski André , Bill Ralf , Thrän Daniela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
By 2030, the German transport sector needs to achieve additional greenhouse gas savings of 67 million tonnes CO2-eq. and further progress requires swiftly implementable solutions. The fermentation of cereal straw is a promising option. Returning the digestate to the farmland can close agricultural cycles while simultaneously producing biomethane. The world's first large-scale, mono-digestion plant for straw is operational since 2014. The temporal and spatial biomass availability is a key issue when replicating this concept. No detailed calculations on this subject are available, and the strategic relevance of biomethane from straw in the transport sector cannot be sufficiently evaluated.

Methods
To assess the balance of straw supply and use, a total of 30 data sets are combined, taking into account the cultivation of the five most important cereal types and the straw required for ten animal species, two special crops and 12 industrial uses. The data are managed at district level and presented for the years 2010 to 2018. In combination with high-resolution geodata, the results are linked to actual arable fields, and the availability of straw throughout the country is evaluated using a GIS.

Results
During the analysis period and based on the assumption that in case of fermentation up to 70% of the straw can be utilised, the mobilisable technical biomass potential for future biomethane production is between 13.9–21.5 Tg fm a−1. The annual potential fluctuates considerably due to weather anomalies. The all-time maximum in 2014 and the minimum for the last 26 years in 2018 are separated by just 4 years and a difference of 7.6 Tg fm. However, large parts of the potential are concentrated only in a few regions and biomethane from straw could provide 57–145 PJ of a low-emission fuel, saving 3–12 Tg CO2-eq. in case of full exploitation.

Conclusion
Despite the strong fluctuations and high uncertainties, the potential is sufficient to supply numerous plants and to produce relevant quantities of biomethane even in weak years. To unlock the potential, the outcomes should be evaluated and discussed further with stakeholders in the identified priority regions.
Exploring planets and asteroids with 6DoF sensors: Utopia and realism
Authors: Bernauer Felix , Garcia Raphael F. , Murdoch Naomi , Dehant Veronique , Sollberger David , Schmelzbach Cedric , Stähler Simon , Wassermann Joachim , Igel Heiner , Cadu Alexandre , Mimoun David , Ritter Birgit , Filice Valerio , Karatekin Özgür , Ferraioli Luigi , Robertsson Johan O. A. , Giardini Domenico , Lecamp Guillaume , Guattari Frederic , Bonnefois Jean-Jacques , de Raucourt Sebastien 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA 6 degrees-of-freedom (6DoF) sensor, measuring three components of translational acceleration and three components of rotation rate, provides the full history of motion it is exposed to. In Earth sciences 6DoF sensors have shown great potential in exploring the interior of our planet and its seismic sources. In space sciences, apart from navigation, 6DoF sensors are, up to now, only rarely used to answer scientific questions. As a first step of establishing 6DoF motion sensing deeper into space sciences, this article describes novel scientific approaches based on 6DoF motion sensing with substantial potential for constraining the interior structure of planetary objects and asteroids. Therefore we estimate 6DoF-signal levels that originate from lander–surface interactions during landing and touchdown, from a body’s rotational dynamics as well as from seismic ground motions. We discuss these signals for an exemplary set of target bodies including Dimorphos, Phobos, Europa, the Earth’s Moon and Mars and compare those to self-noise levels of state-of-the-art sensors.
Transitioning to the “new normal” of learning in unpredictable times: pedagogical practices and learning performance in fully online flipped classrooms
Authors: Hew Khe Foon , Jia Chengyuan , Gonda Donn Emmanuel , Bai Shurui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 outbreak has compelled many universities to immediately switch to the online delivery of lessons. Many instructors, however, have found developing effective online lessons in a very short period of time very stressful and difficult. This study describes how we successfully addressed this crisis by transforming two conventional flipped classes into fully online flipped classes with the help of a cloud-based video conferencing app. As in a conventional flipped course, in a fully online flipped course students are encouraged to complete online pre-class work. But unlike in the conventional flipped approach, students do not subsequently meet face-to-face in physical classrooms, but rather online. This study examines the effect of fully online flipped classrooms on student learning performance in two stages. In Stage One, we explain how we drew on the 5E framework to design two conventional flipped classes. The 5E framework consists of five phases—Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate. In Stage Two, we describe how we transformed the two conventional flipped classes into fully online flipped classes. Quantitative analyses of students’ final course marks reveal that the participants in the fully online flipped classes performed as effectively as participants in the conventional flipped learning classes. Our qualitative analyses of student and staff reflection data identify seven good practices for videoconferencing-assisted online flipped classrooms.
Computational screening for potential drug candidates against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease
Authors: Silva Andrade Bruno , Ghosh Preetam , Barh Debmalya , Tiwari Sandeep , José Santana Silva Raner , Rodrigues de Assis Soares Wagner , Silva Melo Tarcisio , Santos Freitas Andria , González-Grande Patrícia , Sousa Palmeira Lucas , Carlos Junior Alcantara Luiz , Giovanetti Marta , Góes-Neto Aristóteles , Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo Vasco 
Published: December 2020

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the causal agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of the Coronaviridae family. Proteases of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary for viral replication, structural assembly, and pathogenicity. The approximately 33.8 kDa Mpro protease of SARS-CoV-2 is a non-human homologue and is highly conserved among several coronaviruses, indicating that Mpro could be a potential drug target for Coronaviruses. Methods: Herein, we performed computational ligand screening of four pharmacophores (OEW, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and N3) that are presumed to have positive effects against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease (6LU7), and also screened 50,000 natural compounds from the ZINC Database dataset against this protease target. Results: We found 40 pharmacophore-like structures of natural compounds from diverse chemical classes that exhibited better affinity of docking as compared to the known ligands. The 11 best selected ligands, namely ZINC1845382, ZINC1875405, ZINC2092396, ZINC2104424, ZINC44018332, ZINC2101723, ZINC2094526, ZINC2094304, ZINC2104482, ZINC3984030, and ZINC1531664, are mainly classified as beta-carboline, alkaloids, and polyflavonoids, and all displayed interactions with dyad CYS145 and HIS41 from the protease pocket in a similar way as other known ligands. Conclusions: Our results suggest that these 11 molecules could be effective against SARS-CoV-2 protease and may be subsequently tested in vitro and in vivo to develop novel drugs against this virus.
Comparison of two lipid emulsions on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8 and fatty acid composition in infants post gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized trial
Authors: Hanindita Meta Herdiana , Irawan Roedi , Ugrasena I Dewa Gede , Hariastawa I. G. B. Adria 
Published: December 2020

Background: Nutritional support plays an essential role for recovery in infants who undergo gastrointestinal surgery. The current standard type of intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) used as parenteral nutrition is the mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) rich in ω-6. Studies showed that ω-6 is associated with higher level of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to increased mortality rate, morbidity rate, and postoperative recovery time. The latest generation of emulsion is a mixture of MCT, LCT, olive oil (OO), and fish oil (FO) which may optimize the ω6/ω3 ratio. This study aimed to compare the effect of MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE to standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and serum fatty acids in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: A single-blind, randomised controlled, pretest-posttest design study was done in twelve subjects that were classified into two groups. Group 1 received standard IVLE, group 2 received MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE. The type of standard and MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE used in this study were Lipofundin 20% and SMOFlipid 20%, respectively, both administered for three consecutive days in 1-4 gram/kilogram/day. IL-1β and IL-8 were examined using ELISA while fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Mac 23. Results: No statistical difference was found in age, gender, birth weight and diagnosis between both groups. Leukocyte was significantly lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.025). CRP was lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.01) and in changes within 3 days (p=0.016). There were no differences in IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 but ω-6 was higher in standard IVFE group on third day after surgery (p=0,048) Conclusion: MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE can significantly lower leukocyte, CRP and ω-6 levels and is comparable with standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 levels in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery.
Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression among pregnant women in urban- low income in Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study
Authors: Madeghe Beatrice A. , Kogi-Makau Wambui , Ngala Sophia , Kumar Manasi 
Published: December 2020

Background: Prepartum depression is common among pregnant women and has not been studied much in low and middle-income countries. Evidence shows that mental illnesses are more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The study objective was to determine the magnitude of prepartum depression, risk factors, and real-life experiences of depression among pregnant women. Method: A mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted. It included 262 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two public health facilities in the urban low-income settlement of Nairobi, Kenya. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with cut-off >13 was used to classify clinical depressive illness. Further, a focus group discussion was conducted with 20 women identified with the depression. Bivariate analysis with Odd's Ratio was used to test associations. Variables with a p<0.05 in multivariate were considered significant. Result: Out of the 262 women, 33.6% were found to have prepartum depression as indicated by an EPDS score of >13. Women's gestational age in the second trimester (87.5%) was statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression (p<0.001). Income levels <10,000 KES (58%) were statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression (p<0.001). Further, thematic analysis of qualitative data indicated that poverty, lack of social support, domestic violence, and unfriendly health care were major contributors to prepartum depression. Conclusion: Significant numbers of pregnant women were found to experience depression. This prevalence rate indicates a high disease burden of women who live with depression, which is not diagnosed because screening of depression is not done in primary health care centers. This study calls for a need and consideration for screening for perinatal depression in primary health care facilities, mainly in resource-poor areas. Interventions targeting means of resolving conflicts in families are highly needed. Such steps would help achieve key sustainable development goals where maternal and child health remains a key priority.
Patient knowledge of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): An observational study in Mexico
Authors: Maldonado-Arriaga Brenda , Sandoval-Jiménez Sergio , Rodríguez-Silverio Juan , Alcaráz- Estrada Sofía Lizeth , Cortés-Espinosa Tomás , Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca Rebeca , Shaw Jonathan , Mondragón-Terán Paul , Hernández-Cortez Cecilia , Suárez-Cuenca Juan Antonio , Castro-Escarpulli Graciela 
Published: December 2020

Background: Fecal calprotectin (FC) can be a valuable tool to optimize health care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective of this observational study was to determine the level of knowledge of the FC test in Mexican patients with IBD. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was distributed via Facebook to patients with IBD. The survey consisted of 15 questions in two categories: the first category assessed knowledge of IBD diagnosis, and the second category assessed knowledge of the FC test. Results: In total, 460 patients with IBD participated, of which 83.9% (386) had ulcerative colitis (UC) and 16.0% (74) had Crohn’s disease (CD). Regarding IBD diagnosis, 41.9% of participants stated that they did not know of a non-invasive test for fecal matter to identify inflammation of the colon. Regarding the FC test, 57.5% (UC) and 58.1% (CD) stated that they did not know about the test. Additionally, 65.8% (UC) and 51.3% (CD) of participants stated that they had never received the FC test and 82.6% (UC) and 77.0% (CD) recognized that the FC test was difficult to access in their medical practice. Furthermore, 66% (UC) and 52.7% (CD) of participants noted that their specialist doctor had never suggested the FC test to them, yet 89.1% (UC) and 87.8% (CD) stated that they would prefer FC analysis for their IBD follow-up assessments. Conclusions: There is little knowledge of the FC biomarker among Mexican patients with IBD. This suggests the need for greater dissemination of its use and scope as a biomarker in IBD.
Case Report: A rare presentation and diagnosis of gingival melanoacanthoma caused by teeth whitening strips: A Case Report
Authors: Albagieh Hamad , Aloyouny Ashwag , Alharthi Shatha 
Published: December 2020

Background: Oral melanoacanthoma is not common. It occurs mostly on the buccal mucosa. Since it happens suddenly and progresses rapidly, it clinically resembles melanoma. Melanoacanthoma occurs in regions susceptible to trauma. The clinical presentation of the lesion is not enough to diagnose it; therefore, tissue biopsy is necessary to exclude malignancy. Case report: We report a case of oral melanoacanthoma in a rare mucosal location in a 21-year old female patient in whom generalized gingival melanoacanthoma was related to the use of the teeth whitening strips. This irritating factor increased melanocyte activity in the gingival tissues and labial mucosa. Discussion: Oral melanoacanthoma is a rarely encountered pigmented lesion in the oral cavity and is especially uncommon in the gingiva. It is a reactive lesion affecting the mucous membranes with no risk of malignant transformation. This case report shows that teeth whitening strips may trigger oral melanoacanthoma in susceptible individuals. Long-term irritation of the oral tissues may increase the number of dendritic melanocytes throughout the epithelium and accordingly increase the brown pigmentation of the oral cavity. Eliminating all possible local sources of irritation and ruling out other causative factors are the standard first step in the treatment of oral melanoacanthoma. Conclusions: This case shows the importance of including oral melanoacanthoma in the differential diagnosis of diffuse gingival pigmented lesions.
КАЛЬКИРОВАНИЕ АНГЛИЙСКИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ НА ТАТАРСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Authors: Garipova Aygul Askhatovna 
Published: December 2020

В статье представлен сопоставительный анализ английских фразеологических калек, вошедших в татарский литературный язык посредствам русского языка и их этимонов. Для анализа калькированных английских фразеологизмов в татарском языке привлекаются и определенные экстралингвистические данные. Актуальность данного исследования обуславливается недостаточным количеством работ по данной проблематике в сопоставительном аспекте. Вопрос калькирования является одним из важных разделов теории языковых контактов, отображающим культурно-экономические, социально-политические и языковые контакты между народами.Цель. Целью работы является структурно-семантический анализ фразеологических единиц татарского языка, калькированных с русского языка, образцом которых явились английские единицы.Метод и методология работы. Основу исследования образуют метод научного наблюдения, сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, описательный и поисковый методы.Результаты. В результате проведенного анализа фразеологических калек татарского языка и их английских этимонов было выявлено, что фразеологическое калькирование включает в себя два необходимых этапа: передачу значения иноязычного выражения средствами калькирующего языка и становление фразеологической кальки как самостоятельного устойчивого выражения, т.е. его вхождение в лексико-фразеологическую систему татарского языка, а также его дальнейшее активное употребление в языке средств массовой информации и произведений художественной литературы.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены на лекциях, спецкурсах и семинарских занятиях по лексикологии, фразеологии и стилистике татарского языка, сравнительной типологии английского и татарского языков, а также на соответствующих занятиях по теории и практике перевода; при составлении двуязычных фразеологических словарей.
Dual-comb spectroscopy resolved three-degree-of-freedom sensing
Authors: Zhou Siyu , Le Vunam , Xiong Shilin , Yang Yuetang , Ni Kai , Zhou Qian , Wu Guanhao 
Published: December 2020

Precise and fast determination of position and orientation, which is normally achieved by distance and angle measurements, has broad applications in academia and industry. We propose a dynamic three-degree-of-freedom measurement technique based on dual-comb interferometry and a self-designed grating-corner-cube (GCC) combined sensor. Benefiting from its unique combination of diffraction and reflection characteristics, the absolute distance, pitch, and yaw of the GCC sensor can be determined simultaneously by resolving the phase spectra of the corresponding diffracted beams. We experimentally demonstrate that the method exhibits a ranging precision (Allan deviation) of 13.7 nm and an angular precision of 0.088 arcsec, alongside a 1 ms reaction time. The proposed technique is capable of precise and fast measurement of distances and two-dimensional angles over long stand-off distances. A system with such an overall performance may be potentially applied to space missions, including in tight formation-flying satellites, for spacecraft rendezvous and docking, and for antenna measurement as well as the precise manufacture of components including lithography machines and aircraft-manufacturing devices.