bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The persistence of apartheid regional wage disparities in South Africa
Authors: Mudiriza Gibson , Edwards Lawrence 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this article, we use a new economic geography (NEG) model to estimate the extent to which the persistence in apartheid regional wage disparities in South Africa is an outcome of economic forces such as market access. We estimate a structural wage equation derived directly from the NEG theory for 354 regions over the period 1996 to 2011. We find support for an augmented NEG model in explaining regional wage disparities across regions in South Africa, although the market access effects are highly localised in view of high distance coefficients. We also find, even after controlling for NEG and other region-specific characteristics, a persistent wage deficit in the former homelands, where under apartheid black South Africans were forcefully relocated according to their ethnic groups. Average wages of workers in homelands remained approximately 17% lower than predicted between 1996 and 2011, despite the reintegration of these regions into South Africa and the implementation of regional policies after the end of apartheid.
Measuring the impact of corn on mammalian omnivores
Authors: Hopkins John B , Ferguson Jake M , Frederick Cheryl , Jerina Klemen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In human-dominated landscapes throughout the world, wildlife seek out anthropogenic foods because they are high in nutritional value and are consistently available. To investigate this mode of foraging, some researchers use stable isotope analysis to detect these animals in populations and estimate their individual diets. In this study, we develop an integrative approach to measure the proportion of corn, a C4 plant, in the diets of free-ranging mammalian omnivores in C3-dominated ecosystems. We fed captive mice corn, C3 plants, and meat until carbon stable isotopes (δ 13C) from each diet equilibrated in their hair. We then used carbon discrimination factors (Δ 13C; offsets between stable isotope values of consumer tissues and their foods) for mice from these feeding trials and a simple carbon stable isotope mixing model to estimate the corn-based diets of free-ranging American black bears in Wisconsin and brown bears in Slovenia. We used Δ 13C factors for mice to estimate the diets of bears because mouse models are used commonly to study mammalian diet and health, including humans and bears, and body mass has no effect on carbon discrimination factors in monogastric mammalian omnivores. In this study, we found that mice grew fastest, largest, and δ 13C values equilibrated quickest in the hair of mice fed meat versus plant-based diets, suggesting protein quantity (quality was the same) has an effect on Δ 13C. Evidence also suggests that Δ 13C did not increase with animal growth rate as all mice grew throughout the 109-day feeding trials, but isotopic equilibration occurred early while mice still were subadults and was maintained throughout their adult lives. We also found that Δ 13C was highest and most variable in the hair, serum, and liver, of mice fed a mixed diet of C3 plants, supporting our mixed diet hypothesis that states that Δ 13C varies more among tissues of animals fed mixed diets than animals fed nonmixed diets because the former are composed of multiple foods, each with different macromolecular and isotopic compositions. Lastly, we found that corn may have been a more important component of bear diets in Wisconsin than previously thought (adults: x¯ = 29%; x¯ = 33%; subadults: x¯ = 22%; x¯ = 28%), and male brown bears may have fed on 50% more corn (x¯ = 47% versus 31%) in autumn during a year when beechnut availability was low. In a world that is rapidly changing, it is more important than ever to develop the appropriate quantitative tools to measure the impact people have on wildlife. Here, we provide such a tool for monogastric mammalian omnivores and encourage other researchers to do the same for other taxa of interest.
Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from the Yangtze River Delta region of East China
Authors: Chen Min , Wang Yan , Li Yingfang , Hong Nan , Zhu Xinlin , Pan Weihua , Liao Wanqing , Xu Jianping , Du Jingxia , Chen Jianghan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Although cryptococcosis is widely recognized as infection by Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato from environmental sources, information concerning the characteristics of environmental isolates of C. neoformans s. l. and how they are related to clinical isolates is very limited, especially in East China. In this study, 61 environmental isolates of C. neoformans were recovered from pigeon (Columba livia) droppings from the Yangtze River Delta region of East China. These isolates were genotyped using the ISHAM-MLST consensus scheme and their antifungal drug susceptibilities were determined following the CLSI M27-A3 guidelines. The 61 isolates were found belonging to 13 sequence types (STs), including several novel STs such as ST254 and ST194. The dominant ST in this environmental sample was ST31, different from that of clinical strains (ST5) in this region. Azole-resistance, such as fluconazole (FLU)-resistance, was observed among our environmental C. neoformans isolates. The findings of this study expand our understanding of ecological niches, population genetic diversity, and azole-resistance characteristics of the yeast in East China. Our research lays the foundation for further comparative analysis the potential mechanisms for the observed differences between environmental and clinical populations of C. neoformans in China.

Lay Summary
Cryptococcosis is widely recognized as infection by Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato from environmental sources. However, there is currently limited information about the genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of environmental C. neoformans s. l. isolates, including how they may differ from clinical samples. In this study, we collected 61 environmental C. neoformans isolates from domestic pigeon droppings from the Yangtze River Delta region of East China. These isolates were genotyped using multi-locus sequencing. We found a high genotypic diversity in this population of C. neoformans, with several novel genotypes and a distribution of genotypes different from that of clinical strains in this region. Azole-resistance, such as fluconazole (FLU)-resistance, was observed among our environmental C. neoformans isolates. The findings of this study expand our understanding of ecological niches, genetic diversity, and azole-resistance characteristics of the yeast in East China. Our research lays the foundation for phylogenomic analysis investigating why and how disparate population structures of C. neoformans isolates formed between environmental and clinical sources in the region.
The cloudy shape of hot Jupiter thermal phase curves
Authors: Parmentier Vivien , Showman Adam P , Fortney Jonathan J 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Hot Jupiters have been predicted to have a strong day/night temperature contrast and a hotspot shifted eastward of the substellar point. This was confirmed by numerous phase curve observations probing the longitudinal brightness variation of the atmosphere. Global circulation models, however, systematically underestimate the phase curve amplitude and overestimate the shift of its maximum. We use a global circulation model including non-grey radiative transfer and realistic gas and cloud opacities to systematically investigate how the atmospheric circulation of hot Jupiters varies with equilibrium temperature from 1000 to 2200 K. We show that the heat transport is very efficient for cloudless planets cooler than 1600 K and becomes less efficient at higher temperatures. When nightside clouds are present, the day-to-night heat transport becomes extremely inefficient, leading to a good match to the observed low nightside temperatures. The constancy of this low temperature is, however, due to the strong dependence of the radiative time-scale with temperature. We further show that nightside clouds increase the phase curve amplitude and decrease the phase curve offset at the same time. This change is very sensitive to the cloud chemical composition and particle size, meaning that the diversity of observed phase curves can be explained by a diversity of nightside cloud properties. Finally, we show that phase curve parameters do not necessarily track the day/night contrast nor the shift of the hotspot on isobars, and propose solutions to to recover the true hotspot shift and day/night contrast.
Disentangling the multiphase circumgalactic medium shared between a dwarf and a massive star-forming galaxy at z∼0.4
Authors: Nateghi Hasti , Kacprzak Glenn G , Nielsen Nikole M , Muzahid Sowgat , Churchill Christopher W , Pointon Stephanie K , Charlton Jane C 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The multiphase circumgalactic medium (CGM) arises within the complex environment around a galaxy, or collection of galaxies, and possibly originates from a wide range of physical mechanisms. In this paper, we attempt to disentangle the origins of these multiphase structures and present a detailed analysis of the quasar field Q0122−003 field using Keck/KCWI galaxy observations and HST/COS spectra probing the CGM. Our re-analysis of this field shows that there are two galaxies associated with the absorption. We have discovered a dwarf galaxy, G_27kpc (M⋆ = 108.7 M⊙), at z = 0.39863 that is 27 kpc from the quasar sightline. G_27kpc is only +21 km s−1 from a more massive (M⋆ = 1010.5 M⊙) star-forming galaxy, G_163kpc, at an impact parameter of 163 kpc. While G_163kpc is actively forming stars (SFR = 6.9 M⊙ yr−1), G_27kpc has a low star-formation rate (SFR = 0.08 ± 0.03 M⊙ yr−1) and star formation surface density (ΣSFR = 0.006 M⊙ kpc−2 yr−1), implying no active outflows. By comparing galaxy SFRs, kinematics, masses, and distances from the quasar sightline to the absorption kinematics, column densities, and metallicities, we have inferred the following: (1) Part of the low-ionization phase has a metallicity and kinematics consistent with being accreted on to G_27kpc. (2) The remainder of the low ionization phase has metallicities and kinematics consistent with being intragroup gas being transferred from G_27kpc to G_163kpc. (3) The high ionization phase is consistent with being produced solely by outflows originating from the massive halo of G_163kpc. Our results demonstrate the complex nature of the multiphase CGM, especially around galaxy groups, and that detailed case-by-case studies are critical for disentangling its origins.
Partitioned Gene-Tree Analyses and Gene-Based Topology Testing Help Resolve Incongruence in a Phylogenomic Study of Host-Specialist Bees (Apidae: Eucerinae)
Authors: Freitas Felipe V , Branstetter Michael G , Griswold Terry , Almeida Eduardo A B 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIncongruence among phylogenetic results has become a common occurrence in analyses of genome-scale data sets. Incongruence originates from uncertainty in underlying evolutionary processes (e.g., incomplete lineage sorting) and from difficulties in determining the best analytical approaches for each situation. To overcome these difficulties, more studies are needed that identify incongruences and demonstrate practical ways to confidently resolve them. Here, we present results of a phylogenomic study based on the analysis 197 taxa and 2,526 ultraconserved element (UCE) loci. We investigate evolutionary relationships of Eucerinae, a diverse subfamily of apid bees (relatives of honey bees and bumble bees) with &gt;1,200 species. We sampled representatives of all tribes within the group and &gt;80% of genera, including two mysterious South American genera, Chilimalopsis and Teratognatha. Initial analysis of the UCE data revealed two conflicting hypotheses for relationships among tribes. To resolve the incongruence, we tested concatenation and species tree approaches and used a variety of additional strategies including locus filtering, partitioned gene-trees searches, and gene-based topological tests. We show that within-locus partitioning improves gene tree and subsequent species-tree estimation, and that this approach, confidently resolves the incongruence observed in our data set. After exploring our proposed analytical strategy on eucerine bees, we validated its efficacy to resolve hard phylogenetic problems by implementing it on a published UCE data set of Adephaga (Insecta: Coleoptera). Our results provide a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for Eucerinae and demonstrate a practical strategy for resolving incongruence in other phylogenomic data sets.
LincSNP 3.0: an updated database for linking functional variants to human long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and their regulatory elements
Authors: Gao Yue , Li Xin , Shang Shipeng , Guo Shuang , Wang Peng , Sun Dailin , Gan Jing , Sun Jie , Zhang Yakun , Wang Junwei , Wang Xinyue , Li Xia , Zhang Yunpeng , Ning Shangwei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We describe an updated comprehensive database, LincSNP 3.0 (http://bioinfo.hrbmu.edu.cn/LincSNP), which aims to document and annotate disease or phenotype-associated variants in human long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) or their regulatory elements. LincSNP 3.0 has updated with several novel features, including (i) more types of variants including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), linkage disequilibrium SNPs (LD SNPs), somatic mutations and RNA editing sites have been expanded; (ii) more regulatory elements including transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), enhancers, DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), topologically associated domains (TADs), footprintss, methylations and open chromatin regions have been added; (iii) the associations among circRNAs, regulatory elements and variants have been identified; (iv) more experimentally supported variant-lncRNA/circRNA-disease/phenotype associations have been manually collected; (v) the sources of lncRNAs, circRNAs, SNPs, somatic mutations and RNA editing sites have been updated. Moreover, four flexible online tools including Genome Browser, Variant Mapper, Circos Plotter and Functional Annotation have been developed to retrieve, visualize and analyze the data. Collectively, LincSNP 3.0 provides associations among functional variants, regulatory elements, lncRNAs and circRNAs in diseases. It will serve as an important and continually updated resource for investigating functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs and circRNAs in diseases.
Interaction ofOIP5-AS1withMEF2CmRNA promotes myogenic gene expression
Authors: Yang Jen-Hao , Chang Ming-Wen , Pandey Poonam R , Tsitsipatis Dimitrios , Yang Xiaoling , Martindale Jennifer L , Munk Rachel , De Supriyo , Abdelmohsen Kotb , Gorospe Myriam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLong noncoding (lnc)RNAs potently regulate gene expression programs in physiology and disease. Here, we describe a key function for lncRNA OIP5-AS1 in myogenesis, the process whereby myoblasts differentiate into myotubes during muscle development and muscle regeneration after injury. In human myoblasts, OIP5-AS1 levels increased robustly early in myogenesis, and its loss attenuated myogenic differentiation and potently reduced the levels of the myogenic transcription factor MEF2C. This effect relied upon the partial complementarity of OIP5-AS1 with MEF2C mRNA and the presence of HuR, an RNA-binding protein (RBP) with affinity for both transcripts. Remarkably, HuR binding to MEF2C mRNA, which stabilized MEF2C mRNA and increased MEF2C abundance, was lost after OIP5-AS1 silencing, suggesting that OIP5-AS1 might serve as a scaffold to enhance HuR binding to MEF2C mRNA, in turn increasing MEF2C production. These results highlight a mechanism whereby a lncRNA promotes myogenesis by enhancing the interaction of an RBP and a myogenic mRNA.
Factors associated with workability in Spanish health centre workers
Authors: Mateo-Rodríguez I , Knox E , Daponte-Codina A ,   esTAR group, Moncada Ana , Ranchal Antonio , Oliver Coral , Queraltó Nuria , Ramblado Mercedes , Enriquez Francisca , Ramos Amalia , Márquez Rebeca , Javier Jiménez Antonio , Javier Rodríguez Francisco , Toro Silvia , Fernández Alberto , Cabrera Andrés , Sánchez Pablo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
The concept of workability provides a conceptual framework and proposes measures for the evaluation of relevant actions focused on a healthy workforce. In Spain, one of the countries with the highest life expectancy, there are practically no scientific studies on workability and its associated factors.

Aims
The objective of this study is to examine the associations between workability and variables related to health and work in a sample of workers from Spanish health centres.

Methods
Cross-sectional study including 1184 health centre workers who completed a questionnaire at baseline, comprising measures of workability, health and other work-related factors. Workability has been analysed as a one-factor construct, and as a two-factor construct. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyse factors associated with workability.

Results
As a one-dimensional construct, workability is associated with physical and mental health, number of hours of worked, insomnia, work and family life balance, adequate training, never having had an accident and type of contract. When the two-factor measure was used, sensitivity of findings increased, and it was identified that those participants who were older, lived alone and have more years of service in their profession also show worse workability.

Conclusions
The present study identified factors associated with the workability of health centre workers. The two-factor workability index (WAI) has better psychometric properties and used in combination with the global measure of WAI, identifies important additional aspects, specifically, age and years of professional experience as additional considerations for the intervention.
Depressants: Sedative-Hypnotic-Tranquilizing DrugsFrom Errant Yeast to Halcion and Its Relatives
Authors: Winter Jerrold 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The agents we will consider in this chapter are a disparate bunch, but they are united in that most can induce a mild state of intoxication that many of us find to be pleasant; social drinkers of ethyl alcohol are familiar with the phenomenon. The darker side of these drugs is that all can induce physical dependence with a characteristic and sometimes life-threatening withdrawal syndrome. In addition, they are often agents of addiction; alcoholism is a prime example. Further uniting these drugs is the relatively recent recognition of a common mechanism of action. Their current primary medical uses are in anesthesiology, as anticonvulsants, and in the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders. For many years, drugs of this class were referred to as sedative- hypnotics. Sedation implies the induction of a state of calmness, while hypnosis refers to sleep. However, with the discovery of meprobamate (Miltown), and the benzodiazepines, for example, Valium, which we will consider later, a third term was introduced. These drugs were to be called tranquilizers to distinguish them from earlier sedative-hypnotics. But whatever the drugs are called, the fact is that for most there is a dose-related continuum of action beginning with a state of calmness (call it tranquility, if you wish) to sleep, and, finally, for some, coma and death. An illustration of the long- recognized connectedness of sedation, hypnosis, and anxiety was provided us by Henry Behrend. He describes his patient as … … a gentleman, forty years of age… . He was of a most excitable and nervous temperament, and was engaged in mercantile transactions of great magnitude, the extent of which seemed quite to overwhelm him… . He had lost his natural sleep, was harassed and fatigued during the day, and sought my opinion as to whether he ought not at once to withdraw from business, although the sacrifice entailed thereby would be very great, and he was most anxious to avoid it… .
Hallucinogens: Magic Mushrooms, Ayahuasca, Mescal Buttons, and Dr. Hofmann’s Problem Child
Authors: Winter Jerrold 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There are about 400,000 species of plants in this world. Only a small fraction, perhaps 100 in number, contain hallucinogenic chemicals. Nearly a century ago, Lewis Lewin, professor of pharmacology at the University of Berlin, in speaking of drugs he called phantasticants, said “The passionate desire which … leads man to flee from the monotony of daily life … has made him discover strange substances (which) have been integral to human evolution both societal and cultural for thousands of years.” An unusual problem presents itself to me in writing about these drugs: They straddle the worlds of science and mysticism. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines mysticism as the practice of religious ecstasies (religious experiences during alternate states of consciousness), together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rites, myths, legends, and magic may be related to them. Science I am comfortable with; mysticism not so much. Yet in our exploration of the agents found in this chapter, we will encounter many persons speaking of drug-induced mystical experiences. I have attempted to get around my unease by first providing the history and the pharmacology of these agents and then touching only lightly on mysticism, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions. What shall we call these chemicals? Hallucinogen, a substance that induces perception of objects with no reality, is the term most commonly encountered and the one that I have settled on for the title of this chapter. However, it comes with a caveat. Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD, our prototypic hallucinogen, has pointed out that a true hallucination has the force of reality, but the effects of LSD only rarely include this feature. Two additional terms that we will find useful are psychotomimetic and psychedelic. We have already considered the former, an ability to mimic psychosis, in our discussion of amphetamine-induced paranoid psychosis in chapter 4 and the effects of phencyclidine in chapter 6. A psychedelic was defined in 1957 by Humphrey Osmond, inventor of the word, as a drug like LSD “which enriches the mind and enlarges the vision.”