The Digitalization of Bottle Tests Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Emulsion Stability
Authors: Marques Debora Salomon , White Ramsey 
Published: August 2020

Bottle tests are the preferred meth-od to test petroleum emulsion stability in the industry today. A new technique using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is available to evaluate both stability and demulsification behavior of emulsions. The NMR scans the water fraction throughout the entire length of the emulsion sample. These rapid measurements are designed to dynamically probe the emulsion, capturing its separation as a digital image. This case study presents the ways NMR has helped predict the effects of future well line-up changes.
Introduction
Emulsion stability negatively impacts oil processing operations and plant design. The assessment of emulsion stability is performed at wellheads and gas/oil separation plants (GOSPs). Bottle tests are largely used for emulsion assessment, due to their simplicity and low cost. These tests depend on the visual identification of the separated water layer as the only quantifiable parameter. NMR is one of the alternative methods for emulsion assessment that can pro-vide information for all emulsion components. These components include the water layer; the oil/water interface - including the rag layer (the dense-pack zone [DPZ] of droplets above the interface); the remaining water-in-oil emulsion; and the dry-oil continuous phase. The DPZ - or rag layer - is of particular importance for oil processing, as its occurrence in separation vessels can lead to process upsets, resulting in excessive concentration of oil at the vessel’s water outlets. This interfacial phenomenon is particularly critical in the production of heavy oils, oils with high solid content, and oils forming highly stable emulsions. NMR is not only capable of measuring the water fraction throughout the entire emulsion sample, but can also provide a digital image of the water separating in the sample. More advanced NMR analyses are able to determine the water droplet size distribution (DSD) in the emulsion, and how the distribution changes during separation. It is also possible to obtain information on the droplet sizes at each position in the sample, as they change in time.
Bottle tests are limited to the visualization of the free-water layer. Measurement errors are common if the oil/water interface is not clear. Unlike the NMR, any water still emulsified in the oil cannot be measured as it is not visible. The formation of the rag layer cannot be identified either. In addition, the efficiency of separation calculated from bottle test results, or emulsion separation index (ESI), requires knowledge of the water cut of the sample. The production water cut can be provided by the oil-processing operations, but the value is hardly the same found at sampling points. If the water cut is not known, it needs to be accurately measured in the sample after the bottle test. Usually the total amount of water is measured after centrifugation. It is difficult to guarantee that the emulsion is fully separated, as some droplets could still be unresolved at the interface. Another test limitation is the determination of separation efficiency when the water quality is poor. The presence of an oil-in-water emulsion could be the cause of cloudiness, contributing to an inefficient separation. But most of all, no readings can be made if the emulsion does not separate spontaneously. With NMR it is possible to determine the sedimentation rate of water droplets, even if no coalescence takes place (and no free-water layer is formed).