bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protección de datos y privacidad. Estudio comparado del concepto y su desarrollo entre la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos
Authors: Sobrino García Itziar 
Published: March 2020

En el presente estudio se realiza un análisis del concepto legal de protección datos tanto a nivel normativo en la Unión Europa como en Estados Unidos, al igual que una breve visión de su evolución legislativa. El largo desarrollo teórico y normativo que ha habido en la Unión Europea deja entrever la importancia de la identidad digital de sus ciudadanos, mientras que la legislación norteamericana, más esparcida y sectorial, revela la fuerza que otorga al libre flujo de datos entre las entidades mercantiles. La importancia del presente estudio reside en que la comprensión de la concepción sobre la protección de datos en ambos sistemas, permitirá tener una mejor perspectiva sobre las debilidades y fortalezas que puedan existir en los acuerdos entre la Unión Europea y EE. UU. In the present study, an analysis of data protection as a legal concept is carried out in the European Union and in the United States, as well as a brief overview of its legislative evolution. The theoretical and normative development that has taken place in the European Union reveals the importance of the digital identity of its citizens. Nevertheless, due to the characteristics of the American legislation, the free flow of data between entities has more strength. The importance of this study lies in the fact that the understanding of the data protection concept in both systems will allow us to have a better perspective on the weaknesses and strengths that may exist in the agreements for the transfer of personal data between the European Union and the USA.
Foliar Application of Nutrients Solution (Macro and Micro) on Local Chilli (Capsicum sp.) Gremplasms
Authors: Chowdhury Md. Shah Newaz , Sani Md. Nasir Hossain , Nizam Rezowana , Sultana Tania , Sarkar Shahnaz , Uddin A. F. M. Jamal 
Published: March 2020

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the morph physiological attributes, growth, quality and yield performance of five local chilli germplasm viz., Akashi (V1), Kajoli (V2), Deshi kacha morich (V3), Bogra morich (V4), Dongfou (V5) with liquid (macro & micro) nutrient solution viz. S0 (Control), S1 (Solution-1), S2 (Solution-2) were exploited on the experiment. Major characters of growth and yield such as plant height, days to first flower bud initiation, number of flowers/plant, number of fruits/plant, individual fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, yield/plant, protein, and vitamin C content were influenced by amalgamation of germplasm with foliar nutrient solution. However, In amalgamation, maximum number of fruit per plant (327.0) from V2S1 and 1000 seed weight (3.8 g), yield (803.9 g/pant), fresh yield (19.6 t ha-1) obtained from V1S1 whereas lowest number of fruit from V5S0 (72.3/ pant) and 1000 seed weight (2.6 g), yield (116.2 g/ pant), fresh yield (10.4 t ha-1) obtained from V4S0.
Diabetics’ Views Concerning the Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicines: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Alsanad Saud M. 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Diabetics have been known as potential to consume herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) to control their diabetes. HDS are taken widely despite limited scientific evidence of their safety and efficacy.
Methods: This qualitative study aimed to shed light on diabetic patients’ experiences and perceptions of HDS to identify any perceived benefit or harm.
Results: The findings provided two main themes concerning patients’ experiences of HDS use: Perceived beneficial experiences and perceived harm experiences. Most patients indicated experiencing benefits from HDS use.
Conclusion: It is essential to understand patients’ perceptions and appreciate their experiences in order to support them when choosing appropriate CAM treatments and avoid any harm resulting from their lack of knowledge or erroneous notions about such treatments. Many more pre-clinical and clinical studies are needed to examine the efficacy and safety of popular HDS.
Training fast and frugal heuristics in military decision making
Authors: Banks Adrian P. , Gamblin David M. , Hutchinson Heather 
Published: March 2020

SummaryFast and frugal heuristics have been used to model decision making in applied domains very effectively, suggesting that they could be used to improve applied decision making. We developed a fast and frugal heuristic for infantry decisions using experts from the British Army. This was able to predict around 80% of their decisions using three cues. Next, we examined the benefits of learning to use the fast and frugal heuristic by training junior officers in the British Army to apply the heuristic and assessing their accuracy and mental workload when making decisions. Their performance was compared to a control condition of junior officers who applied standard military decision methods. Participants using the fast and frugal heuristic made decisions as accurately as participants in the control condition, but with reduced mental demand. This demonstrates that fast and frugal heuristics can be learnt and are as effective as analytic decision methods.
Copper Iron Sulfide Nanocrystal‐Bulk Silicon Heterojunctions for Broadband Photodetection
Authors: Sugathan Anumol , Saigal Nihit , Rajasekar Guru Pratheep , Pandey Anshu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study describes the optoelectronic characteristics of CuFeS2/Si nanocrystal/bulk heterojunctions. These heterojunctions show a strong photocurrent response under ambient conditions upon excitation from a wide optical spectrum, from 460 to 2200 nm. The devices comprise of a heterojunction formed between heavily doped n‐type silicon (1–100 Ω cm) and copper iron sulfide (CuFeS2) nanocrystal films. Over the spectral range 460–2200 nm the device shows a fast response (20 µs at NIR wavelengths), along with responsivity and detectivity of 4.68 mA W−1 and 5.29 × 109 Jones at 1900 nm wavelength. The photocurrent is further observed to be a nonlinear function of power. These properties of the devices are discussed in terms of a defect filling mechanism. Besides their regular photoresponse described above, the devices also exhibit a slower photothermal response, allowing these to also sense hot objects (450 K; excess 6 mW incident onto the device) within the focal plane, thereby extending the useful sensing range of the devices deeper into the infrared.
Critical Review on Biochar‐Supported Catalysts for Pollutant Degradation and Sustainable Biorefinery
Authors: Kumar Manish , Xiong Xinni , Sun Yuqing , Yu Iris K. M. , Tsang Daniel C. W. , Hou Deyi , Gupta Juhi , Bhaskar Thallada , Pandey Ashok 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBiochar (BC) is a material synthesized from biomass by thermochemical conversion. Physicochemical and functional properties of BCs can be enhanced by several methods of activation or functionalization. The activated and functionalized BCs with a large surface area and abundant surface functional groups can serve as effective catalysts or catalyst supports for various chemical transformations as well as for adsorption/sorption/enrichment of low‐concentration pollutant streams. Among them, remediation of environmental contaminants and production of a range of bioproducts in biorefineries have attracted much attention in the context of achieving green and sustainable development. Although the applications of BC as adsorbents in removal of pollutants have been discussed extensively, there is a lot of untapped potential with new applications of BCs as catalysts or catalyst supports for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and sustainable biorefineries. In this review, the production and activation/functionalization of BCs are scrutinized. The mechanisms of activated and functionalized BC and BC‐supported catalysts in degradation of organic contaminants via AOPs assisted with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxydisulfate (PDS), and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) are reviewed. Emerging applications of BC as catalyst for production of biodiesel and high‐value chemicals, tar removal, bio‐syngas reforming, and energy storage and conversion devices are discussed in detail.
Intertwined Nickel and Magnesium Oxide Rival Precious Metals for Catalytic Reforming of Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Nishiguchi Hikari , Najib Abdillah Sani Bin Mohd , Peng Xiaobo , Cho Yohei , Hashimoto Ayako , Ueda Shigenori , Fujita Takeshi , Miyauchi Masahiro , Abe Hideki 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA nanoporous catalyst consisting of intertwined, fibrous networks of nickel and magnesium oxide, i.e., n‐Ni#MgO, is fabricated from a Ni‐Mg alloy via atmospheric treatments followed by acid leaching. The n‐Ni#MgO efficiently catalyzes reforming of the two major greenhouse gases, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), in a low‐temperature range (<600 °C). Moreover, it exhibits higher coking tolerance than conventional nickel‐based catalysts and can rival commercial precious metal catalysts in terms of both the reaction activity and coking tolerance. The characterization results demonstrate that the excellent catalytic performance of n‐Ni#MgO is attributed to the basic MgO support and intertwined nanoporous network structure, which significantly enhances the CO2 utilization and topologically stabilize the interface of Ni and MgO. This work also offers a crucial design for topologically tailoring metal‐oxide catalysts, to achieve a highly active yet long‐term stable metal‐oxide interface.
Effect of biochar application on quality of flooded sandy soils and corn growth under greenhouse conditions
Authors: Basiri Jahromi Nastaran , Lee Jaehoon , Fulcher Amy , Walker Forbes , Jagadamma Sindhu , Arelli Prakash 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSeasonal flooding following heavy rain deposits large amounts of sediments on productive lands in the lower parts of fields in western Tennessee. The deposited sediments have high proportion of sand particles that negatively affect soil physiochemical properties, which make the soil uneconomic for farming. Soil amendments such as biochar, a by‐product of renewable energy production from organic waste materials, have the potential to remediate sandy soil left after flood events and improve crop yields by increasing water holding capacity and soil nutrient content. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of biochar produced from two types of hardwood feedstocks on water retention and corn (Zea mays L.) growth in sandy soil. A greenhouse experiment quantifying the growth of corn was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Sandy soil was amended with three biochar rates (0, 10, and 20% by volume) under two irrigation levels. The irrigation levels were control and a dry treatment based on the past 10 yr of rainfall data. Biochar application greatly improved water retention in the flooded sandy soil. Biochar increased soil K and P concentration. However, at the end of the study, corn growth was not different in biochar amended and non‐amended sandy soil. This research demonstrated that biochar as a soil amendment has the potential to improve quality attributes of poor soil, such as the soil water and nutrient concentration in a previously flooded sandy soils.
Humic substances reduce the oxygen mass transfer in the air–water interface
Authors: de Souza Lopes Silva Pedro , Mateus Marcos Vinícius , Ferreira Deusmaque Carneiro , da Luz Mário Sérgio , Araújo Naves Emiliane Andrade , Martins Mário Machado , Goulart Luiz Ricardo , Cunha Luís Carlos Scalon , de Souza Inácio Gonçalves Julio Cesar 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of humic substances (HS) on volumetric oxygen‐transfer coefficient (KLa) under different turbulence intensities at the air–water interface. The experiments were carried out in an oscillating grid tank which provided three levels of turbulence intensities (Reynolds numbers of 5,116, 10,316, and 15,433). For each turbulence level, 15 different HS concentrations were tested and theKLawas estimated. The results showed that, regardless of the turbulence level in the tank, HS reducesKLa. The maximum reduction was 17%. The barrier effect, produced by the occupation of HS molecules at the interface, was the main phenomenon responsible for the reduction in the oxygen transfer. A relationship between the oxygen transfer velocity and turbulent kinetic energy showed that in the presence of HS, the air–water interface behaves like an immobile surface, reducing the oxygen diffusion and surface renewal.
Untersuchung von Schwingungen in Bezug auf Spin‐Phonon‐Kopplung in Einzelmolekülmagneten mittels nuklearer inelastischer Streuung am 161Dy‐Kern
Authors: Scherthan Lena , Pfleger Rouven F. , Auerbach Hendrik , Hochdörffer Tim , Wolny Juliusz A. , Bi Wenli , Zhao Jiyong , Hu Michael Y. , Alp E. Ercan , Anson Christopher E. , Diller Rolf , Powell Annie K. , Schünemann Volker 
Published: March 2020

AbstractErstmalig wurde Synchrotron‐basierte nukleare inelastische Streuung (NIS) unter Nutzung des Mößbauer‐Isotops 161Dy für die Untersuchung der vibronischen Eigenschaften eines DyIII‐basierten Einzelmolekülmagneten, [Dy(Cy3PO)2(H2O)5]Br3⋅2 (Cy3PO)⋅2 H2O⋅2 EtOH, eingesetzt. Die experimentelle partielle Phononen‐Zustandsdichte, die alle Schwingungen mit einer Auslenkung des DyIII‐Ions enthält, wurde mit Hilfe von auf Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) basierenden Simulationen reproduziert, was die Zuordnung aller intramolekularen Schwingungsmoden des Moleküls ermöglicht. Diese Studie zeigt, dass 161Dy‐NIS als eine experimentelle Methode ein hohes Potential besitzt, um zur Klärung der Rolle von Phononen in Einzelmolekülmagneten beizutragen.
A Hydrogen Farm Strategy for Scalable Solar Hydrogen Production with Particulate Photocatalysts
Authors: Zhao Yue , Ding Chunmei , Zhu Jian , Qin Wei , Tao Xiaoping , Fan Fengtao , Li Rengui , Li Can 
Published: March 2020

AbstractScalable solar hydrogen production by water splitting using particulate photocatalysts is promising for renewable energy utilization. However, photocatalytic overall water splitting is challenging owing to slow water oxidation kinetics, severe reverse reaction, and H2/O2 gas separation. Herein, mimicking nature photosynthesis, a practically feasible approach named Hydrogen Farm Project (HFP) is presented, which is composed of solar energy capturing and hydrogen production subsystems integrated by a shuttle ion loop, Fe3+/Fe2+. Well‐defined BiVO4 crystals with precisely tuned {110}/{010} facets are ideal photocatalysts to realize the HFP, giving up to 71 % quantum efficiency for photocatalytic water oxidation and full forward reaction with nearly no reverse reaction. An overall solar‐to‐chemical efficiency over 1.9 % and a solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency exceeding 1.8 % could be achieved. Furthermore, a scalable HFP panel for solar energy storage was demonstrated under sunlight outdoors.
Desymmetrization of Dicationic Diboranes by Isomerization Catalyzed by a Nucleophile
Authors: Schön Florian , Greb Lutz , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCationic monoboranes exhibit a rich chemistry. By constrast, only a few cationic diboranes are known, that all are symmetrically substituted. In this work, the first unsymmetrically substituted dicationic diboranes, featuring sp2–sp2‐hybridized boron atoms, are reported. The compounds are formed by intramolecular rearrangement from preceding isomeric symmetrically substituted dicationic diboranes, a process that is catalyzed by nucleophiles. From the temperature‐dependence of the isomerization rate, activation parameters for this unprecedented rearrangement are derived. The difference in fluoride ion affinity between the two boron atoms and the bonding situation in these unique unsymmetrical dicationic diboranes are evaluated.
In Situ Controlled Construction of a Hierarchical Supramolecular Chiral Liquid‐Crystalline Polymer Assembly
Authors: Cheng Xiaoxiao , Miao Tengfei , Yin Lu , Ji Yujin , Li Youyong , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhang Wei , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHierarchical supramolecular chiral liquid‐crystalline (LC) polymer assemblies are challenging to construct in situ in a controlled manner. Now, polymerization‐induced chiral self‐assembly (PICSA) is reported. Hierarchical supramolecular chiral azobenzene‐containing block copolymer (Azo‐BCP) assemblies were constructed with π–π stacking interactions occurring in the layered structure of Azo smectic phases. The evolution of chirality from terminal alkyl chain to Azo mesogen building blocks and further induction of supramolecular chirality in LC BCP assemblies during PICSA is achieved. Morphologies such as spheres, worms, helical fibers, lamellae, and vesicles were observed. The morphological transition had a crucial effect on the chiral expression of Azo‐BCP assemblies. The supramolecular chirality of Azo‐BCP assemblies destroyed by 365 nm UV irradiation can be recovered by heating–cooling treatment; this dynamic reversible achiral–chiral switching can be repeated at least five times.
Exploring the Vibrational Side of Spin‐Phonon Coupling in Single‐Molecule Magnets via 161Dy Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Scherthan Lena , Pfleger Rouven F. , Auerbach Hendrik , Hochdörffer Tim , Wolny Juliusz A. , Bi Wenli , Zhao Jiyong , Hu Michael Y. , Alp E. Ercan , Anson Christopher E. , Diller Rolf , Powell Annie K. , Schünemann Volker 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSynchrotron‐based nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) using the Mössbauer isotope 161Dy has been employed for the first time to study the vibrational properties of a single‐molecule magnet (SMM) incorporating DyIII, namely [Dy(Cy3PO)2(H2O)5]Br3⋅2 (Cy3PO)⋅2 H2O ⋅2 EtOH. The experimental partial phonon density of states (pDOS), which includes all vibrational modes involving a displacement of the DyIII ion, was reproduced by means of simulations using density functional theory (DFT), enabling the assignment of all intramolecular vibrational modes. This study proves that 161Dy NRVS is a powerful experimental tool with significant potential to help to clarify the role of phonons in SMMs.
The “Green” Electrochemical Synthesis of Periodate
Authors: Arndt Sebastian , Weis Dominik , Donsbach Kai , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHigh‐grade periodate is relatively expensive, but is required for many sensitive applications such as the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. These high costs originate from using lead dioxide anodes in contemporary electrochemical methods and from expensive starting materials. A direct and cost‐efficient electrochemical synthesis of periodate from iodide, which is less costly and relies on a readily available starting material, is reported. The oxidation is conducted at boron‐doped diamond anodes, which are durable, metal‐free, and nontoxic. The avoidance of lead dioxide ultimately lowers the cost of purification and quality assurance. The electrolytic process was optimized by statistical methods and was scaled up in an electrolysis flow cell that enhanced the space–time yields by a cyclization protocol. An LC‐PDA analytical protocol was established enabling simple quantification of iodide, iodate, and periodate simultaneously with remarkable precision.
Does a Thermoneutral Electrocatalyst Correspond to the Apex of a Volcano Plot for a Simple Two‐Electron Process?
Authors: Exner Kai S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractVolcano analyses have been established as a standard tool in the field of electrocatalysis for assessing the performance of electrodes in a class of materials. The apex of the volcano curve, where the most active electrocatalysts are situated, is commonly defined by a hypothetical ideal material that binds its reaction intermediates thermoneutrally at zero overpotential, in accordance with Sabatier's principle. However, recent studies report a right shift of the apex in a volcano curve, in which the most active electrocatalysts bind their reaction intermediates endergonically rather than thermoneutrally at zero overpotential. Focusing on two‐electron process, this Viewpoint addresses the question of how the definition of an optimum catalyst needs to be modified with respect to the requirements of Sabatier's principle when kinetic effects and the applied overpotential are included in the analysis.
Structure, surface tension, and rheological behaviors of hydrophobically associative polyacrylamides by self‐emulsified microemulsion polymerization
Authors: Li Yin‐tao , Zhang Shi‐feng , Wang Shan‐qiang , He Zhi‐yu , Zhou Yuan‐lin , Ren Hui 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHydrophobically associating copolymers using acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), and Styrene (St) as comonomers were successfully prepared by self‐emulsified microemulsion polymerization, in which low‐molecular‐weight AM/AA/St copolymers as surfactant and AM as cosurfactant. The structure and chemical composition of AM/AA/St copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic (NMR), and differential scanning calorimeter. The content of PSt in the copolymers is determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, suggesting that the self‐made polymer surfactant can disperse uniformly the St monomers to improve the copolymerization efficiency. Furthermore, the polymerization mechanism of the self‐emulsified microemulsion method is explored preliminarily. During the synthesis of the copolymers, the purified copolymer solution is obtained in one step without using a small molecular emulsifier such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, in order to avoid the complicated post‐treatment process of the small molecular emulsifier. The copolymers revealed good hydrophobic association properties and low surface tension.
A new large‐scale and cost‐effective restoration method for cold‐water coral gardens
Authors: Montseny Maria , Linares Cristina , Viladrich Núria , Capdevila Pol , Ambroso Stefano , Díaz David , Gili Josep‐Maria , Gori Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Gorgonians dwelling on the Mediterranean continental shelf are among the most frequent fishing bycatch taxa. These species display several traits, such as long lifespans and slow growth, which make them very vulnerable to the impacts caused by fishing activities with far‐reaching and long‐lasting effects.
Hence, restoration and mitigation actions are crucial to enhance and speed up the natural recovery of damaged cold‐water coral gardens. Given the growing concern to develop effective and affordable restoration actions, the present study aims to propose and technically validate a new large‐scale and cost‐effective restoration method.
This technique, named ‘badminton method', consists of attaching bycatch Eunicella cavolini colonies to cobble supports and returning them to the continental shelf by gently throwing the gorgonian transplants directly from a boat.
Two consecutive field experiments were conducted in order to find the best cobble type support and gorgonian size to be used: first, to evaluate the landing efficiency of gorgonian transplants at different depths (from 5 to 30 m) and second, to evaluate their capability to maintain a correct position over time.
Natural cobbles with large gorgonians attached were the best option. Field results and modelling approaches suggest that the transplants would correctly land on the continental shelf seabed in a predicted area of around 60 m2. Moreover, they would successfully maintain an upright position ensuring gorgonian survival over time.
The success of this method highlights the feasibility of large‐scale and low‐cost restoration actions with promising results for the conservation and recovery of cold‐water coral gardens.