bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Study of the Three Sites in Ain Sebaa-Zenata Region after the Installation of the Anti-pollution Station of the East Coast of Grand Casablanca
Authors: Hdia Jalal , Elkhalfi Bouchra , Wina Chaimaa , Aboudaoud Meryem , Targhalline Laila , Boucherif Brahim , Soukri Abdelaziz 
Published: December 2019

The Moroccan coastline has been subjected exceptionally to the growth of urban agglomerations as well as to the negative effect of various industrial activities, together with the contributions of watersheds, wadis and streams that dump their sewage and the waste generated by cities and their periphery.
Aim: First of all, we carry out an evaluation of the Physicochemical, bacteriological state of the bathing water sample of the beaches of Ain Sebaâ-Zenata through the search of the bacteriological and chemical contaminants in three sites by reinforcing them to the national norms and standards which govern the quality of the bathing water, on the other hand, we compare these results with those found before the inauguration of the anti-pollution station East of Greater Casablanca.
Study Design: Study of the seawater quality of three swimming beaches.
Place and Duration of Study: Seawater was collected on 15/04/2017 from 3 sites in the Ain Sebaa- Zenata (Douar Abdellah Belhaj Beach, El Nahla Beach, Zenata Beach) region of the city of Casablanca after the installation of the anti-pollution station.
Methodology: Our job articulates on two axes: On the one hand, the study and the analysis of the physicochemical, bacteriological quality of the seawater after the installation of EST Casablanca anti-pollution station at the level of three sites (Douar Abdellah Belhaj Beach, El Nahla Beach, Zenata Beach). On the other hand, the comparison of these results with others already carried out before the development of this station via the same characteristics: Physico-chemical, bacteriological.
Results: In the light of the acquired results, a correlation was pointed out between the Physicochemical and bacteriological examination in comparison with the standards in the three studied sites, which were previously recognized as heavily contaminated bathing areas before the installation of the station. It supports the conclusion that this anti-pollution system has a beneficial and advantageous effect and confirms its cleansing role.
Conclusion: The current physico-chemical and bacteriological results of seawater in the Ain Sebaaa - Zenata region after the installation of the anti-pollution station show a significant improvement in the quality of this bathing area as well as the beneficial effect of this plant, which performs a very considerable purification function.
Nutrient Uptake, Soil Fertility Status and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Rice as Influenced by Inorganic and Bio-fertilizer in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal
Authors: Malo Mousumi , Sarkar Anwesha 
Published: December 2019

Aims: To study the influence of inorganic and bio-fertilizers on nutrient uptake, soil fertility status and nutrient use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Place and Duration of Study: The field trial was conducted in the experimental farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during kharif season of 2016.
Methodology: The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with seven treatments each of which was replicated three times. The experiment was comprised of seven treatments viz. T1: control, T2: chemical fertilizer at 100% recommended dose of NPK, T3: 50% recommended dose of NP + 100% RDK + Bacillus polymyxa, T4: 75% recommended dose of NP + 100% RDK + Azotobacter chroococcum, T5: 75% recommended dose of NP + 100% RDK + Bacillus polymyxa, T6: 50% recommended dose of NP + 100% RDK + Pseudomonas fluorescence and T7: 50% recommended dose of NPK + Bacillus polymyxa. Rice cultivar ‘IET-4786 (Shatabdi)’ was used as test crop.
Results: Results of this study revealed that the maximum nutrient concentration in rice grain and straw; total N, P and K uptake (136.80, 37.07 and 184.65 kg ha-1 respectively); grain and straw yield; were obtained with the application of 100% recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (T2). T2 treatment was followed by 75% recommended dose of NP + 100% RDK + Azotobacter chroococcum (T4) and 75% recommended dose of NP + 100% RDK + Bacillus polymyxa (T5). Treatments T4 and T5 were significant in improving the soil health status including organic carbon content (0.38%), available N (183.29 and 172.43 kg ha-1), P2O5 (44.31 and 41.46 kg ha-1) and K2O (217.89 and 195.82 kg ha-1).
Conclusion: Therefore, treatments T4 and T5 exhibited beneficial effect on improving soil health and nutrient use efficiency leading towards higher rice yield along with reducing soil deterioration and maintaining sustainability.
Extraction, Physicochemical Characteristics and Fatty Acids Profile of Kernel Oil from Mangifera indica L. Cultivated in Sudan
Authors: Yaagoub Erwa Ibrahim , Starch Matenje Frank , Mnenula Mwachumu Yusuf , Adam Omer Ishag Omer , Mohamed Ahmed Hamza 
Published: December 2019

Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and fatty acids composition of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oil; in addition to investigating the effect of solvent type and extraction duration on extracts properties.
Study Design: Extraction of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oil in different trials under the same conditions using two different solvents for different time of extraction, and determining their physicochemical properties and fatty acids constituents.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Applied and Industrial chemistry International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan, between July and November 2019.
Methodology: The oil from Mangifera indica L. seed kernel was extracted using n-hexane and petroleum ether in a soxhlet apparatus for 4 and 7 h. the physicochemical properties of the extracted oils were determined using standard official methods. Fatty acid profile of n-hexane extract was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) after methylation.
Results: n-Hexane exhibits better extraction efficiency (11.40±0.66% for 7 h) than petroleum ether (10.80±0.44% for 7 h). The density and refractive index of the oil were 0.89±0.01 g/cm3 and 1.46 ± 0.01 at 28ºC respectively. The physicochemical properties of n-Hexane and petroleum ether extracts were acid value (3.35±0.54 and 2.52±0.13 mg KOH/g oil), peroxide value (4.32±0.65 and 5.11±1.03 meq O2/kg), saponification value (201.05±0.95 and 198.66±1.04 mg KOH/g oil), ester value (197.59±0.67 and 192.54±0.20 mg KOH/g oil) respectively. The statistical analysis of obtained data revealed no significant difference, at 95% confidence interval, between the standard deviation and the mean of two data sets of physicochemical properties of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oils extracted with the two solvents used. GC/MS analysis revealed a total of 18 fatty acids were identified in which the majors are stearic acid (39.79%), oleic acid (36.77%), palmitic acid (10.34%), linoleic acid (6.02%) and eicosanoic acid (3.83%).
Conclusion: The results suggest that mango seed kernel contains stable oil which can be potentially extracted by n-hexane; however, the solvent type has no significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil and has the potential usefulness to be used in soap industry.
Assessment of Radiation Dose in Nuclear Medicine Controlled Areas: Hot Lab, Injection and Isolated Rooms
Authors: Bidemi I. Akinlade , Sherif O. Kelani 
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Observing radiation protection and safety culture in radiation practices reduce radiation exposure and the probability of radiation risk to workers, patients and the general public. This study assesses the radiation protection and safety practice at the pioneer Nuclear Medicine Centre in Nigeria, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. This assessment involves measurements of dose rate and surface contamination in the hot laboratory, injection and patient’s isolated rooms and compares their values with international recommended limits.
Materials and Methods: Measurements of radiation doses and surface contamination in the controlled areas were carried out using three different high-sensitive and calibrated radiation detectors namely Ultra Radiac (model MRAD 1010), Ludlum (model 2241-3/44-9) and Redeye (model PRD).
Results: The dose rate values in the controlled areas monitored ranged from 0.103 to 0.430 µGy/h while the effective doses calculated from these values ranged from 0.2 to 0.86 mSv per annum. This is far less than the recommended dose limit of 20 mSv per annum for radiation worker, who usually worked in these areas. Also, the surface contamination values obtained in these areas ranged from 0.060 to 2.867 Bq/cm2, which is similarly less than the recommended limit of 10 Bq/cm2.
Conclusion: These results showed that the centre has a wide range of compliance with radiation safety practice according to the acceptable standards guided by the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority and International regulations.
Productivity of Cotton as Affected by Tillage Practices, Fertilizer Rates and Intercropping Systems in the Guinea Savannah Agroecology, Ghana
Authors: Ghanney Philip , Xorse Kugbe Joseph , Kongyeli Badii Benjamin , Asomning Odoom Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Extensive areas of bare, compacted, and nutrient-poor soils hinder crop production in the Guinea Savannah Agro-ecological zone of Ghana. Resolving this challenge can be effected by developing sustainable land management strategies that can adequately improve soil nutrient status and enhance crop yield. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the productivity of cotton as affected by tillage practices, fertilizer rates and intercropping systems in the Guinea Savanna agroecology of Ghana, during the 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. Treatments consisted of 2 tillage practices (ploughing and direct seeding [sole cotton]), 2 fertilizer application rates (54-30-30 kg/ha NPK and 0-0-0 kg/ha NPK) and 3 intercropping systems (sole cotton, cowpea intercrop and soybean intercrop) which were laid in split-split plot design with three replications. The tillage practices, fertilizer rates and the intercropping systems were respectively allocated as the main plot, sub-plot and sub-sub plot treatment respectively. Unlike the three-way interaction effect which did not significantly influence variation in growth, yield and yield components of cotton, the two-way interaction and the single factors were however influential. The combined impact of the NPK fertilizer application rate at 54-30-30 kg/ha and ploughing resulted in higher seed yield of cotton. Comparatively, seed yield of cotton was 35.78% higher when 54-30-30 kg/ha fertilizer rate (1.29 t/ha) was applied compared with 0-0-0 kg/ha fertilizer rate (0.61 t/ha). It is however recommended that resource-poor farmers in the Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone of Ghana adopt to the use of 54-30-30 kg/ha fertilizer rate and ploughing for cotton seed yield maximization.
Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Importance of Western Himalayan Fir Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle: A Review
Authors: Sinha Dwaipayan 
Published: December 2019

Aims: Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle., colloquially known as the Western Himalayan fir, is a conifer that grows along the Himalayan mountains from Afghanistan to Nepal. The plant is extensively used by locals for the treatments of various ailments. Thus based on the available reports about its importance in traditional system of medicine, an attempt has been made to review this species in context of its medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.
Study Design: The review article has been designed based on literature survey. The article is grossly divided into four broad phases consisting of compiled information of Abies pindrow: (1) Ethnobotanical information (2) Chemical Constituents (3) Pharmacological activities (4) Discussion mainly highlighting the mode of action of the bioactive compounds in relation to its pharmacological activity.
Methodology: Extensive literature search have been performed in the web using PubMed, PubMed Central, google scholar as search platform. Efforts have also been taken to compile information from research papers and review articles not more than 10 years old. Information from old literatures were preferably avoided unless found to be very relevant to the subject.
Results: The literature survey revealed that the plant has been used to treat cough and cold, diabetes, cataract and bladder diseases. The plant is also considered to be carminative, astringent, antispasmodic, diuretic, tonic and anti-inflammatory. The plant is also rich in terpenes and terpene alcohols. Testing for antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anticataract and antixiolytic activities have been promising and the bioactive constituents and efforts are made to interpret the possible mechanism of action of bioactive compounds in bringing about the pharmacological activities.
Conclusion: It is concluded that the plant can be explored and bioprospected for an affordable source of drug and nutraceutical for better management of health related issues of people of Indian subcontinent.
Adverse Obstetric Outcomes in Pregnancies With Major Fetal Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Hedermann Gitte , Hedley Paula L. , Gadsbøll Kasper , Thagaard Ida N. , Krebs Lone , Karlsen Mona Aarenstrup , Vedel Cathrine , Rode Line , Christiansen Michael , Ekelund Charlotte K. 
Published: December 2024

ImportanceUnderstanding the risk profile of obstetric complications in pregnancies with fetal major congenital heart defects (MCHDs) is crucial for obstetric counseling and care.ObjectiveTo investigate the risk of placenta-related adverse obstetric outcomes in pregnancies complicated by fetal MCHDs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study retrieved data from June 1, 2008, to June 1, 2018, from the Danish Fetal Medicine Database, which includes comprehensive data on more than 95% of all pregnancies in Denmark since the database was instituted in 2008. All singleton pregnancies that resulted in a live-born child after 24 weeks’ gestation without chromosomal aberrations were included. A systematic search of the literature was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to June 1, 2024, to compile existing knowledge and data on adverse obstetric outcomes among MCHD subtypes.ExposureFetal MCHDs including 1 of 11 subtypes.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was a composite adverse obstetric outcome defined as preeclampsia, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, or placental abruption. Secondary outcomes consisted of each adverse obstetric event. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were computed using generalized estimating equations adjusted for maternal body mass index, age, smoking, and year of delivery. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models to pool effect sizes for each MCHD subtype and adverse obstetric outcome.ResultsA total of 534 170 pregnancies were included in the Danish cohort, including 745 with isolated fetal MCHDs (median [IQR] maternal age, 29.0 [26.0-33.0] years) and 533 425 without MCHDs (median [IQR] maternal age, 30.0 [26.0-33.0] years). Pregnancies with fetal MCHDs exhibited a higher rate of adverse obstetric outcomes at 22.8% compared with 9.0% in pregnancies without fetal MCHDs (AOR, 2.96; 95% CI, 2.49-3.53). Preeclampsia (AOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.33-2.51), preterm birth at less than 37 weeks (AOR, 3.84; 95% CI, 3.15-4.71), and fetal growth restriction (AOR, 3.25; 95% CI, 2.42-4.38) occurred significantly more frequently in pregnancies with MCHDs. Except for fetal transposition of the great arteries (AOR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.66-2.15), all MCHD subtypes carried a greater risk of adverse obstetric outcomes. The meta-analysis included 10 additional studies that supported these results.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that nearly 1 in 4 women expecting a child with an MCHD, except transposition of the great arteries, may be at high risk of adverse obstetric outcomes.
Antenna Feeds
Authors: Bird Trevor S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The term “antenna feeds” describe many types of antennas in common use today. Feeds are a means of supplying energy to (or receiving energy from) a secondary antenna, such as a reflector, lens, reflectarray, or beam waveguide, via a transmission line or waveguide. Everyday applications of antennas with feeds include satellite communications, radar, radio telescopes, deep‐space probes, and terrestrial microwave and millimeter‐wave radiolinks.
After a brief historical introduction, the basic characteristics of antenna feeds are explained. Specific feed types are then described under four main headings, namely, aperture, linear, traveling‐wave, and compound antennas. The approach adopted combines a short description of physical attributes with an outline of possible applications.
The class of aperture antennas is the most extensive, and details are given of various circular and rectangular waveguides and horns, self‐supporting feeds, and microstrip patches in feed applications. Linear antenna feeds include the Yagi–Uda, log‐periodic, and zigzag arrays. These are reviewed, and the properties of importance are highlighted. Under the heading of traveling‐wave antennas, the antennas discussed include dielectric rods, profiled slots, Vivaldi antennas, and linefeed antennas for cylindrical and spherical reflectors. Finally, the antennas covered in the compound feeds category are arrays, beam waveguides, splash plates, and dichroic reflectors.
Antenna feeds are linked intrinsically with feed systems, and some examples given are diplexers, beamforming networks, and comparator networks for monopulse tracking.
The article concludes with an outline of modern design methods of importance of feed antennas and some predictions of possible future developments.
Numerical Analysis for Planar High‐Frequency Circuits
Authors: Rautio James C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Numerical electromagnetics entered mainstream high‐frequency and microwave design starting about 1990. Today, with much faster computers and more powerful algorithms and design flows, numerical electromagnetics is now considered a required part of nearly all high‐frequency design. This chapter discusses the impact of numerical electromagnetics on design of planar circuits at high frequency, including silicon and gallium arsenide‐integrated radiofrequency‐integrated circuits (RFICs), and low‐temperature‐cofired ceramic (LTCC) circuits.
Mode‐Matching Methods
Authors: Arndt Fritz 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The article presents an overview of the state of the art of mode‐matching (MM) methods applied for the rigorous, fast CAD and optimization of waveguide components and describes some recent advances. The great technical importance of the MM technique is its extremely high computational efficiency, achieving complete full‐wave analyses of typical waveguide components orders of magnitude faster than electromagnetics (EM)‐based methods applying space discretization techniques. Hence, the MM technique allows advantageously the direct EM‐based optimization of waveguides components toward given specifications within shortest response times. Hybrid combinations with other EM methods, such as the finite‐element (FE) method and method of moments (MoM), provide extended flexibility. Typical application examples will illustrate the versatility of the MM methods.
Spice
Authors: Cheng Chung‐Kuan , Ho Chia‐Tung , Holtz Chester 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a program for electronic circuit design simulation and is one of the most successful academic products. Integrated circuit (IC) designers often use SPICE to check functionality, integrity, and power integrity before physical implementation (i.e., layout design) and tape‐out. Using SPICE to verify IC designs is essential for circuit validation due to the high cost of photolithographic masks and other manufacturing processes. The input to SPICE is a design “netlist,” which is composed of electronic components, such as resistance, transistor, capacitance, and sources. After the SPICE simulation, users can inspect the signal waveform or perform measurements virtually on the probing nodes in the netlist. Nowadays, there are open‐source and commercial SPICE programs for designers or researchers to incorporate SPICE into their projects. Active electronic components are usually described in the device model to reflect the current and voltage behaviors. According to user requirements, SPICE is capable of performing several types of analysis (e.g., DC, AC, transient, and DC sweep) and provides a bridge between time and frequency domain. Facing future challenges, many emerging methods and algorithms have been proposed to address the growing complexity of circuit designs and performance bottlenecks. Additionally, as technology evolves, SPICE continues to add device models to accurately capture the electronic component behavior in advanced technology nodes, such as the TSMC Interface and the Open Model Interface models.
Gyrotrons
Authors: Ives Robert L. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The gyrotron is a vacuum tube capable of delivering high levels of radio‐frequency (RF) power at frequencies from several gigahertz to more than 500 GHz, which covers the microwave and millimeter‐wave band. Because of the structure of the RF fields in the cavity, the magnitude of the electric fields and the RF losses in the cavity walls are much lower in gyrotrons than in most microwave and millimeter‐wave vacuum tubes. As the RF frequency increases, it is not necessary to reduce the size of the cavity and output waveguide. For these reasons, the gyrotron is the principal RF device for delivering high levels of RF power at frequencies between 30 and 500 GHz.
Resonant Tunneling Diodes
Authors: Maezawa Koichi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) exploit the quantum tunneling effect emerging in nanometer‐scale thin semiconductor heterostructures. The RTDs feature strong nonlinear current–voltage characteristics exhibiting negative differential resistance and also extremely high operation frequency. These features make the RTDs extremely useful for nonlinear microwave/millimeter‐wave circuits as well as high‐speed digital circuits. The features of RTDs and their applications to high‐frequency circuits are discussed.
Permittivity and Measurements
Authors: Komarov Vyacheslav V. , Wang Shaojin , Tang Juming 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the dielectric properties of food, agricultural products, biological tissues, resins, plastics, ceramics, soils, and wood at radio and microwave frequencies. The influence of three main factors, namely, microwave frequency, temperature, and material moisture contents, on complex dielectric properties of lossy materials is analyzed. The most popular measurement techniques, such as the open‐ended coaxial probe method, transmission line method, and perturbation method, are described. Relevant dielectric property data are provided in tables and figures.