bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Changes in the Optical Density of Postlens Fluid on the Clinical Performance of Miniscleral Lenses
Authors: Akkaya Turhan Semra , Dizdar Yigit Didem , Toker Ebru 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
To determine the impact of optical density changes in postlens fluid on clinical performance and to quantify these changes over time during miniscleral lens wear.

Methods:
Twenty-three eyes of 13 patients with keratoconus were fitted with a miniscleral lens (scleral Misa lenses; Microlens Contactlens Technology, Arnhem, Netherlands). The lens fit was evaluated using the fluorescein pattern and also through anterior segment optical coherence tomography imaging. The optical density changes were measured using Scheimpflug tomography at 30 min, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr. High- and low-contrast visual acuity (VA), subjective performance with comfort and vision (5-point Likert scale), and overall satisfaction with the lens (100-mm visual analog scale) were measured before and after lens-wear.

Results:
The mean Snellen high-contrast VA (best spectacle-corrected VA: 0.4±0.2 vs. VA with the scleral lens: 0.8±0.1, P<0.0001) and low-contrast VA (best spectacle-corrected VA: 1.2±0.2 vs. VA with the scleral lens: 1.3±0.2, P=0.019) significantly improved with dispensed scleral lens. Patients reported high scores for comfort (3.8±0.8), vision (3.8±0.6), and overall satisfaction with the lens (68.7±19.1). Compared with preoperative values, optical density significantly increased over time (P<0.0001). High-contrast VA remained stable, whereas low-contrast VA significantly decreased at 2 hr (P=0.035).

Conclusion:
This study shows that the optical density of postlens fluid increases over time with miniscleral lens wear, and it has a negative impact on low-contrast VA.
Early Integumentary Practice Expectations Experienced by 2 Physical Therapist Graduate Cohorts
Authors: Gibbs Karen A. , Bachman Teresa , Patrick Rikki , Spivey Steve , Gibbs David 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
The primary purpose of this study was to determine integumentary knowledge and skill expectations experienced by 2 physical therapist graduate cohorts. Perceptions of comfort with integumentary examination, evaluation, and intervention were assessed. A secondary purpose was to inform entry-level integumentary curriculum revision.

Methods:
Seventy-six graduates from 2 cohorts were invited to participate in the online survey with 41 active participants. Frequency counts were determined from quantitative data and thematic coding was developed from qualitative data.

Results:
All but one participant indicated they met or partially met entry-level integumentary practice expectations. Participants reported negative-pressure wound therapy, paste compression wraps, and suture removal as techniques with which they felt uncomfortable. Wound examination and treatment for common etiologies, inflammation versus infection differentiation, patient education, and when to refer were topics with which participants felt the most comfortable. Curricular changes included increased practice for “uncomfortable” topics and increased exposure to patients with wounds during didactic training.

Conclusion:
Results offer a good example of entry-level integumentary practice expectations in Texas. Feedback regarding program weaknesses will be incorporated for the next cohort. While this study reflects early practice expectations in Texas, results could help other physical therapist programs undergoing integumentary curriculum review.
Early cardiac dysfunction in children and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV
Authors: McCrary Andrew W. , Nyandiko Winstone M. , Ellis Alicia M. , Chakraborty Hrishikesh , Muehlbauer Michael J. , Koech Myra M. , Daud Ibrahim , Birgen Elcy , Thielman Nathan M. , Kisslo Joseph A. , Barker Piers C.A. , Bloomfield Gerald S. 
Published: December 2019

Objective:
To define the prevalence of early cardiac dysfunction in children and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV and predictors of cardiac function.

Design:
Cross-sectional design.

Methods:
Early cardiac dysfunction was defined as left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain z-score less than −2 or myocardial performance index at least 0.5 with normal LV ejection fraction. Regression models were fitted to assess the relationship between measures of cardiac function and HIV RNA levels, clinical variables, and markers of inflammation.

Results:
Six hundred and forty-three individuals (mean age 14.1 ± 5.2 years) were enrolled. The average time on combination antiretroviral treatment was 6.8 ± 3.6 years. Nearly 28% of individuals met criteria for early cardiac dysfunction. Individuals with early cardiac dysfunction were older (15.3 vs. 13.5 years, P < 0.001), had more frequently detectable HIV RNA (52.5 vs. 41.7%, P = 0.018), were more likely exposed to azidothymidine or zidovudine (ZDV) (55.6 vs. 41.2%, P = 0.002), and had higher median level of plasma IL-6 concentrations (1.00 vs. 0.88 pg/ml, P = 0.011). Multivariable models show LV ejection fraction negatively associated with HIV RNA levels [β −0.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.33, −0.03] and ZDV exposure (β −1.75; 95% CI −2.62, −0.88) and positively associated with proportion of life on combination antiretroviral treatment (β 2.65; 95% CI 0.90, 4.41). Higher myocardial performance index was positively associated with serum inflammation marker (IL-6 β 0.01; 95% CI 0.0001, 0.001). Left ventricular global longitudinal strain was not significantly associated with clinical and laboratory variables of interest.

Conclusion:
Over one-quarter of children and young adults living with HIV demonstrated evidence of cardiac dysfunction, which may be associated with increasing levels of systemic inflammation.
Use of viral load to improve survey estimates of known HIV-positive status and antiretroviral treatment coverage
Authors: Young Peter W. , Zielinski-Gutierrez Emily , Wamicwe Joyce , Mukui Irene , Kim Andrea A. , Waruru Anthony , Zeh Clement , Kretzschmar Mirjam E. , De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: December 2019

Objective:
To compare alternative methods of adjusting self-reported knowledge of HIV-positive status and antiretroviral (ARV) therapy use based on undetectable viral load (UVL) and ARV detection in blood.

Design:
Post hoc analysis of nationally representative household survey to compare alternative biomarker-based adjustments to population HIV indicators.

Methods:
We reclassified HIV-positive participants aged 15–64 years in the 2012 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS) who were unaware of their HIV-positive status by self-report as aware and on antiretroviral treatment if either ARVs were detected or viral load was undetectable (<550 copies/ml) on dried blood spots. We compared self-report to adjustments for ARV measurement, UVL, or both.

Results:
Treatment coverage among all HIV-positive respondents increased from 31.8% for self-report to 42.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 37.4–47.8] based on ARV detection alone, to 42.8% (95% CI 37.9–47.8) when ARV-adjusted, 46.2% (95% CI 41.3–51.1) when UVL-adjusted and 48.8% (95% CI 43.9–53.8) when adjusted for either ARV or UVL. Awareness of positive status increased from 46.9% for self-report to 56.2% (95% CI 50.7–61.6) when ARV-adjusted, 57.5% (95% CI 51.9–63.0) when UVL-adjusted, and 59.8% (95% CI 54.2–65.1) when adjusted for either ARV or UVL.

Conclusion:
Undetectable viral load, which is routinely measured in surveys, may be a useful adjunct or alternative to ARV detection for adjusting survey estimates of knowledge of HIV status and antiretroviral treatment coverage.
Anatomical and Clinical Implications in Neocondyle Stability After a Condylectomy
Authors: Nelke Kamil H. , Morawska-Kochman Monika , Nienartowicz Jan , Grzelak Joanna , Staszak Katarzyna , Frączek Marcin , Łuczak Klaudiusz , Guziński Maciej 
Published: December 2019

A condylectomy of the mandibular condyle is considered to be the treatment of choice in most cases of condylar head hyperactivity. The aim of the procedure is to remove the growth center of the mandible which is responsible for the mandibular enlargement and asymmetry. This surgical procedure has an impact on the condyle shape and position, but the restoration of mandibular movement and a stable joint position (namely, the proper alignment of the newly shaped condylar head within the condyle fossa) should also be considered important surgical outcomes. In this article, the authors present their own experience in performing condylectomies with an arthroplasty procedure and a special forced suturing technique (FST) in terms of achieving early, accurate mandibular movement and maintaining a stable condyle position in early and late outcomes.

Materials and Methods:
A modified high condylectomy with arthroplasty and FST results had been studied in anatomical, radiological, and clinical model.

Results:
Early findings after FST are promising. A slight improvement in lateral jaw movement was noted after condylectomy with arthroplasty (P < 0.05) both in early and late follow-up. Incisal opening, mandibular protrusion, and lateral movement were sustained. A stable condyle position within the fossa was achieved in each case of condylectomy with arthroplasty (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
The FST condylectomy and reattachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle in a new, wider position provided an improvement in lateral jaw movement as well as in incisal opening and mandibular protrusion in early follow-up examination compared to the presurgical values. It seems that the FST enabled a better new condylar head position in the glenoid fossa and improved early functional mandibular movement.
Periorbital Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Gel in Patients With Deep Superior Sulcus
Authors: Sung Youngje , Goldberg Robert Alan , Lew Helen 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
Hyaluronic acid gel (HAG) fillers provide a versatile and safe correction method for a sunken superior sulcus (SS) resulting from soft tissue volume loss occurring with aging, previous surgery, or enophthalmos related to trauma or phthisis bulbi. The purpose of this study was to report the long-term clinical outcomes of filler injection for soft-tissue augmentation in patients with a deep SS.

Design:
Retrospective, interventional case series

Methods:
The medical records of 27 patients (32 eyes) with deep superior sulci were reviewed. Twenty injections of hyaluronic acid fillers (Restylane; Q-med AB, Uppsala, Sweden) were performed in the retrobulbar (RB) area, and 15 injections were performed in the SS. Pre- and post-treatment photographs were taken.

Main Outcomes Measures:
Visual acuity for seeing eyes, intraocular pressure, exophthalmos measurement, marginal reflex distance 1, interpalpebral fissure, tarsal platform show, and SS hollowing depth grade

Results:
Enophthalmos corrections were 1.3 ± 0.8 mm (P < 0.001) and the SS hollowing grade decrease was 1.2 ± 0.9 (P < 0.01) after 1 month of RB injection. Enophthalmos corrections were 0.1 ± 0.4 mm (P = 0.317) and the SS sunkeness grade decrease was 1.7 ± 0.8 (P < 0.001) after 1 month of SS injection. The amount of filler to correct enophthalmos of 1 mm was 0.83 ± 0.53 mL using the RB injection. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the mean period of maintenance for deep SS correction was 9.1 months for RB injections and 8.5 months for SS injections.

Conclusion:
Retrobulbar (RB) hyaluronic acid gel (HAG) injections corrected enophthalmos and a deep SS, while SS injections corrected only a deep SS. These 2 techniques of RB and direct sulcus injection are safe and effective methods for the correction of a deep SS.
Pediatric Mandible Reconstruction for Osteomyelitis During Largest Reported Mycobacterium Abscessus Outbreak
Authors: Mueller Melissa A. , Kanack Melissa D. , Singh Jasjit , Jaffurs Daniel , Vyas Raj M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In 2016, water lines at a children's dental clinic in Orange County, California were contaminated with Mycobacterium abscessus (MA), a non-tuberculosis rapidly-growing mycobacterium, leading to the largest MA outbreak ever reported. Mandatory reporting and active case finding directed by the Public Health Department was conducted in collaboration with community Pediatric Infectious Disease physicians for patients who underwent dental pulpotomies at the contaminated Dental Clinic from January 1 to September 6, 2016. Seventy-one cases (22 confirmed and 49 probable) were identified. One case that required extensive debridement and reconstruction of the mandible is presented in detail. CT maxillofacial demonstrated osteomyelitis extending from the right mandibular angle to the left ramus with multifocal periapical lucencies. CT chest and neck revealed numerous pulmonary nodules and bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. Extraction of several involved teeth, bilateral selective neck dissection, and extensive mandibular debridement was performed, followed by mandibular stabilization with a custom pre-bent 2.0-mm locking plate. CT images 1-year post-operative showed clearance of infection and sufficient bony stability. Subsequent removal of hardware and bone grafting was performed and the patient is doing well. In the event of a future odontogenic mycobacterium outbreak, the experience at our institution can inform multidisciplinary treatment approaches. Prophylactic extraction of primary teeth that received pulpotomies with contaminated water should be performed. Early and thorough debridement of affected bone, including enucleation of secondary teeth, should be performed if necessary for early source control.
Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation: A Rare Complication of Craniofacial Surgery
Authors: Patel Viren , Yang Robin , Shakir Sameer , Groves Mari , Bartlett Scott P. 
Published: December 2019

Introduction:
Neck pain is common in the post-operative period after craniofacial procedures. If patients present with neck pain and torticollis, it could be a manifestation of atlantoaxial rotatory subluxlation (AARS), which describes a rare condition in which there is lateral displacement of C1 relative to C2. When this occurs in the post-operative patient, it is termed Grisel syndrome. In this case series, we report on 3 patients diagnosed with Grisel syndrome after a craniofacial procedure.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of a single craniofacial surgeon at a pediatric hospital was conducted over the last 3 decades. Demographics, procedures performed, and management strategies of AARS were included for review.

Results:
Three patients were identified who were diagnosed with Grisel syndrome after a craniofacial procedure and required inpatient cervical traction. All patients presented with torticollis within 1 week of their operation. Conservative management was ineffective, and all 3 patients were admitted for inpatient cervical traction, for an average of 13 days followed by an average of 47 days of outpatient therapy. No patients showed any signs of recurrence after removal of outpatient traction device.

Conclusion:
Grisel syndrome is a rare, but serious complication of craniofacial procedures. Physicians caring for these patients must have a high degree of suspicion if a patient with a recent craniofacial procedure presents with torticollis. Delaying the initiation of therapy has been shown to lead to higher rates of recurrence and increases the likelihood that patients will require surgical intervention.
Purinergic signaling in cochlear supporting cells reduces hair cell excitability by increasing the extracellular space
Authors: Babola Travis A. , Kersbergen Calvin J. , Wang Han Chin , Bergles Dwight E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNeurons in developing sensory pathways exhibit spontaneous bursts of electrical activity that are critical for survival, maturation and circuit refinement. In the auditory system, intrinsically generated activity arises within the cochlea, but the molecular mechanisms that initiate this activity remain poorly understood. We show that burst firing of mouse inner hair cells prior to hearing onset requires P2RY1 autoreceptors expressed by inner supporting cells. P2RY1 activation triggers K+ efflux and depolarization of hair cells, as well as osmotic shrinkage of supporting cells that dramatically increased the extracellular space and speed of K+ redistribution. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic disruption of P2RY1 suppressed neuronal burst firing by reducing K+ release, but unexpectedly enhanced their tonic firing, as water resorption by supporting cells reduced the extracellular space, slowing K+ clearance. These studies indicate that purinergic signaling in supporting cells regulates hair cell excitability by controlling the volume of the extracellular space.
Causal modulation of right fronto-parietal phase synchrony with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation during a conscious visual detection task
Authors: Stengel Chloé , Vernet Marine , Amengual Julià L. , Valero-Cabré Antoni 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCorrelational evidence in non-human primates has reported evidence of increased frontoparietal high-beta band (22-30 Hz) synchrony during the endogenous allocation of visuospatial attention. But may the engagement of inter-regional synchrony at this specific frequency band provide the causal mechanism by which top-down processes are engaged and they facilitate visual perception in humans? Here we further analyzed electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from a group of healthy human participants who performed a conscious visual detection task, under the influence of briefrhythmic(30 Hz) orrandombursts of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), with an identical number of pulses and duration, delivered to the right Frontal Eye Field (FEF) prior to the onset of a lateralized near-threshold target. We report increases of inter-regional synchronization in the high-beta band (25-35 Hz) between the electrode closest to the stimulated region (right FEF) and parietal leads, and increases of local inter-trial coherence in the same frequency band over parietal contacts, both driven byrhythmicbut notrandomTMS patterns. Importantly, such increases were accompained by increases of visual sensitivity for left visual targets (contralateral to the stimulation) in therhythmicbut not therandomTMS condition at the group level. These outcomes suggest that human high-beta synchrony between right frontal and parietal regions can be modulated non-invasively and that high-beta oscillatory activity across the right dorsal fronto-parietal network may contribute to the facilitation of conscious visual detection. Our study also supports future applications of non-invasive brain stimulation technologies for the manipulation of inter-regional synchrony, which could be administered to improve visual behaviors in healthy humans or neurological patients.
Piriform cortex provides a dominant gamma LFP oscillation in the anterior limbic system
Authors: Carmichael James E. , Yuen Matthew M. , van der Meer Matthijs A. A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOscillations in the local field potential (LFP) are widespread throughout the rodent limbic system, including in structures such as the orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Synchrony between LFPs across these structures, as seen during specific behavioral events, is often interpreted as evidence of a functional interaction. However, the source of these oscillations is often tacitly assumed to be local, leading to a potential misattribution of function. Using in vivo simultaneous multisite recordings in freely moving male rats (n = 7) we demonstrate that gamma-band LFP oscillations (45-90 Hz) in multiple anterior limbic structures are highly synchronous not only with each other, but also with those in piriform cortex. Phase reversals across the piriform cortex cell layer and susceptibility to nasal occlusion indicate that piriform cortex is the source of these common gamma oscillations. Thus, gamma-band LFP oscillations seen in brain regions adjacent to the piriform cortex are likely not generated locally, but are instead volume conducted from the piriform cortex. This emerging view of gamma oscillations in anterior limbic circuits highlights the importance of the common piriform cortex input as a major influence and introduces caveats in the interpretation of locally recorded LFPs.
A new method of Bayesian causal inference in non-stationary environments
Authors: Shinohara Shuji , Manome Nobuhito , Suzuki Kouta , Chung Ung-il , Takahashi Tatsuji , Okamoto Hiroshi , Gunji Pegio-Yukio , Nakajima Yoshihiro , Mitsuyoshi Shunji 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBayesian inference is the process of narrowing down the hypotheses (causes) to the one that best explains the observational data (effects). To accurately estimate a cause, a considerable amount of data is required to be observed for as long as possible. However, the object of inference is not always constant. In this case, a method such as exponential moving average (EMA) with a discounting rate is used to improve the ability to respond to a sudden change; it is also necessary to increase the discounting rate. That is, a trade-off is established in which the followability is improved by increasing the discounting rate, but the accuracy is reduced. Here, we propose an extended Bayesian inference (EBI), wherein human-like causal inference is incorporated. We show that both the learning and forgetting effects are introduced into Bayesian inference by incorporating the causal inference. We evaluate the estimation performance of the EBI through the learning task of a dynamically changing Gaussian mixture model. In the evaluation, the EBI performance is compared with those of the EMA and a sequential discounting expectation-maximization algorithm. The EBI was shown to modify the trade-off observed in the EMA.
Phase separation of Ede1 promotes the initiation of endocytic events
Authors: Kozak Mateusz , Kaksonen Marko 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClathrin-mediated endocytosis is a major pathway that eukaryotic cells use to produce transport vesicles from the plasma membrane. The assembly of the endocytic coat is initiated by a dynamic network of weakly interacting proteins, but the exact mechanism of initiation is unknown. Ede1, the yeast homologue of mammalian Eps15, is one of the early-arriving endocytic proteins and a key initiation factor. In the absence of Ede1, most other early endocytic proteins lose their punctate localization and the frequency of endocytic initiation is decreased. We show here that in mutants with increased amounts of cytoplasmic Ede1, the excess protein forms large condensates which exhibit properties of phase separated liquid protein droplets. These Ede1 condensates recruit many other early-arriving endocytic proteins. Their formation depends on the core region of Ede1 that contains a coiled coil and a low-complexity domain. We demonstrate that Ede1 core region is essential for the endocytic function of Ede1. The core region can also promote clustering of a heterologous lipid-binding domain into discrete sites on the plasma membrane that initiate endocytic events. We propose that the clustering of the early endocytic proteins and cargo depend on phase separation mediated by Ede1.