bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
30 Examining the neuroanatomical pathology of post-stroke apathayuthors
Authors: Lam Joseph , Minioza Dennis , Tyagi Himanshu 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesApathy has been associated with frontal-subcortical pathway impairments. However, presentation of apathy and its subtypes (e.g. behavioural, cognitive, executive, social) differs amongst neurological and psychiatric disorders. Our review focused on the neuroanatomy of apathy following acquired brain injury (stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI)), with an aim to identify unique and shared neural networks underlying apathy presentation in different disorders. We aim to demonstrate a visual overview of the identified locations, types of lesion and neural pathways associated with apathy.MethodsWe explored peer-reviewed literature from Web of Science, PubMed and Psychinfo. Imaging studies looking at the association between brain lesion location and apathy symptoms in post-stroke or TBI patients were reviewed. A series of brain images would be used to depict the neural network of motivation in a healthy brain versus an apathetic brain. Identified regions of impairments related to apathy would be presented separately for TBI and stroke patients. We would further describe the association between stroke types and apathy.ResultsMRI studies consistently show that apathy appears related to impairments at the frontal-subcortical circuit. Apathy appeared to be more prevalent following lacunar stroke, with lesions at subcortical areas such as the pons and anterior cingulate cortex. Rate of apathy appears to be similar across ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Previous reviews did not identify an association between stroke volume with post-stroke apathy. Recent research explored the relationship between white matter microstructure reduction with post-stroke apathy without identifying any specific correlation with lesion locations.ConclusionsPost-TBI apathy is highly prevalent yet under-researched. Evidence regarding the location of lesions was less consistent for post-stroke apathy. Due to the widespread use of apathy scales that do not specify subtypes, the current review could not speculate the relationship between brain injury with specific apathy subtype presentations. Null finding in previous reviews regarding lesion size and location could be potentially attributed to the poor differentiation amongst apathy subtypes.
33 Screening for post-stroke anxiety: is there an optimum measure? A critical review of the evidence
Authors: Ghamai Shazia , Tyagi Himanshu 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionPost-stroke anxiety (PSA) is hugely under-diagnosed (Rafsten, Danielsson, &Sunnerhagen, 2018). As it can have a significant negative impact on both short- and long-term clinical outcomes, it is essential to have an accurate screening measure specific to stroke populations. While a considerable number of anxiety-screening instruments have been developed, there is wide variation in their applicability when used after stroke. The heterogeneity across these measures produces challenges for clinicians when selecting a reliable and valid measure for PSA.AimThe purpose of this review is to identify tools that have been used to screen for anxiety after stroke and to systematically review their usefulness and validity in this population.MethodThe literature on PSA was reviewed until 1969 using Medline (OVID version), PsychINFO and PubMed databases. Literature searches were conducted using the following keywords in multiple combinations: Post, stroke, anxiety, assessment, screening, tool, measure. Additionally, the literature search included reference lists in publications that measured anxiety in stroke populations and articles that reported the development and psychometric properties of instruments designed to measure PSA. Publications reporting measures assessing specific anxiety subtypes were excluded. All measures were reviewed individually with emphasis on the population demographic they were initially developed for, anxiety subtype they were most sensitive to, the psychometric data and advantages and disadvantages relevant to each measure.ResultsA review of the articles reporting the following six measures of anxiety was conducted i.e. The Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Behavioural Outcomes of Anxiety scale (BOA), the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.Preliminary data indicated that while the clinical utility of all the screening tools with regards to case-finding was tolerable, the BOA and the GAI were viewed as the most satisfactory tools for screening PSA.ConclusionsWhile there are several existing screening tools for anxiety, they do not show potential as suitable measures in stroke populations. Preliminary data suggests that although they are not without limitations, the GAI and the BOA serve as adequate measures of anxiety in stroke populations. Overall the literature review suggested an unmet need to develop an anxiety screening measure specifically for this population.ReferenceRafsten L, Danielsson A, Sunnerhagen KS. Anxiety after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine2018;50:769–778. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2384
35 A case of topiramate induced psychosis in a patient treated for seizure disorder and comprehensive literature review
Authors: Heinz Michael , Tauber Karissa , Schleyer William , Keller William 
Published: July 2020

Objectives/aimsThe objective of this paper is to present a case report of a patient with what we believe to be topiramate-induced psychosis. We also aim to persuade the reader to consider such a diagnosis in the differential of patients like ours. We present a comprehensive literature review of other similar cases, as well as a possible mechanism by which topiramate causes psychosis.MethodsWe reviewed the patient‘s chart in our electronic medical record and we conducted review of current case reports documenting associations between antiepileptic medications and psychosis. We used the PubMed database, using search terms ‘psychotic disorders,’ ‘hallucinations,’ ‘delusions,’ ‘psychosis’ in conjunction with ‘topiramate,’ ‘Topamax,’ ‘anti-seizure medication,’ ‘anti-epileptic medication.’ResultsWe present the case of a 66 year old woman admitted to the psychiatric inpatient unit for management of severe, recent onset psychotic delusions and hallucinations. Prior to this psychotic episode, she had no known psychiatric history and had functioned independently at home. The patient was recently transitioned to topiramate 100 mg BID for migraines and seizures, the latter of which had started after traumatic subdural hematoma 9 years prior. The patient had an extensive medical work-up on the inpatient psychiatry unit, including head imaging, EEG, and lab tests, all of which were non-contributory. She was started on risperidone and showed little improvement. At the recommendation of neurology, topiramate was discontinued in favor of an alternative antiepileptic. With discontinuation of topiramate, the patient had almost complete resolution of psychotic symptoms. She was discharged home.ConclusionTopiramate-induced psychosis should be considered in patients being treated with topiramate who present with psychosis. Special consideration of this diagnosis should be made in patients like ours, in whom older age of onset makes primary psychotic illness less likely. Continued study in this area will be necessary to definitely establish a causal relationship and identify the mechanism of this phenomenon.
36 Cognitive functioning in patients aged 60 and older with chronic non- communicable diseases
Authors: Peceliuniene ¹Jurate , Karelis ²Guntis , Zukauskaite ³Irena , Kalnina Zane , Blagovescenska Diana , Zeltiņa Emilija , Miceviciene Jolanta , Valauskiene Narute 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveIt is well established that chronic non-communicable diseases (CND) are linked to early cognitive impairment (CI) before or at the beginning of the old age, bringing those patients at higher risk for dementia.The aim: to evaluate CI of aged 60 or older cognitively healthy patients visiting doctors due to different CNDMethods107 patients aged 60 or older (mean age 74 years; 44 male, 63 female; 25 were visiting general practitioner (GP), 21 – neurologist (NE), 23 – pulmonologist (PU), 38 – otorhinolaryngologist (OT)) for their CND took part in pilot cross sectional study. They filled The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCCs), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results were compared using Pearson Chi-Square and one-way ANOVA.ResultsOT patients had higher CFQ results (M=30.7) comparing to all groups (GP M=24.3; NE M=22.6, PU M=18.3, p=0.001). PU patients had less problems with Forgetfulness (M=8.6), comparing to GP (M=11.4) or OT (M=12.4) groups (p=0.022). OT (M=9.3) had more problems with Distractibility comparing to PU (M=5.7) and GP (M=6.7) groups (p=0.011). OT had higher scores in False Triggering (M=7.9) comparing to GP (M=5.92), NE (M=5.8) and PU (4.8) groups (p=0.011).The cut-off point of row score 45 was overstepped in18.9% of OT group, 8% of GP group, but none in NE or PU group (p=0.026). Results of MMSE showed alike tendencies: PU patients (M=27.8) had higher results than GP (M=25.7) or OT (M=25.6) groups (p=0.029). CI was found in 39.1% of GP and 35.1% of OT, comparing to 19.0% in NE and 3.7% in PU groups (p=0.020). But groups did not differ by SCCs scores, even if 3 or more complains were found in 50.0% of GP, 52.2% of PU, 42.9% of NE and 71.1% OT groups. The only SCCs question where found differences between groups – limitation of daily activities: concerning about possible mistakes 62.5% of GP and PU groups would ask somebody’s help, while it would be done by 52.4% of NE and only 15.8% of OT group (p<0.001).ConclusionsCognitive health in elderly people with CND is not monitored well. About 2/3 of them have subjective cognitive complains (3 or more by SCCs), 1/4 would be named as having CI by MMSE, 8.5% have problems due to forgetfulness, distractibility, false triggering. Cognitive functions are predominantly impaired in OT group patients, however, they declare less need for helping them.
6 Perceptual pathology at the margins of hallucination
Authors: Ffytche Dominic 
Published: July 2020

Dr Ffytche is Reader in Visual Psychiatry at King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Consultant Old Age Psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital where he runs a national specialist clinic for visual hallucinations and related symptoms. He has published extensively on clinical and neuroscientific aspects of visual hallucinations and is an international expert on Charles Bonnet Syndrome.Hallucinations - particularly those in the visual modality - are emerging as important symptoms in degenerative brain and eye disease because of their prevalence, clinical impact and implications for future cognitive trajectory. Yet hallucinations are only one of several visual perceptual pathologies that occur in these conditions and the question arises whether experiences traditionally considered distinct from hallucinations - illusions, misperceptions, pareidolias and metamorphopsias, for example - share the pathophysiological mechanism and prognostic implications of hallucinations. Using evidence from Parkinson’s disease, Charles Bonnet Syndrome and different dementias, I will argue that perceptual experiences at the margins of hallucination reflect a range of pathological mechanisms, some shared with hallucinations others not. The findings suggest that closer clinical attention to the phenomenological detail of visual perceptual pathology is required to better predict future outcome and inform treatment decisions.
7 Virtual reality (VR) for the treatment of mental health disorders
Authors: Freeman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Daniel Freeman is an NIHR Research Professor and Professor of Clinical Psychology in the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, a consultant clinical psychologist in Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, a fellow of University College Oxford, and leads the Oxford Cognitive Approaches to Psychosis (O-CAP) research group at the University of Oxford.Daniel has been working with virtual reality (VR) since 2001 and is a founder of Oxford VR, a University of Oxford spinout company.Mental health disorders are very common, but far too few people receive the best treatments. Much greater access to the best psychological treatments may be achieved using automated delivery in virtual reality (VR). With virtual reality simulations, individuals can repeatedly experience problematic situations and be taught, via evidence-based psychological treatments, how to overcome difficulties. A key advantage of VR is that individuals know that a computer environment is not real but their minds and bodies behave as if it is real; hence, people will much more easily face difficult situations in VR than in real life and be able to try out new therapeutic strategies. VR treatments can also be made much more engaging and appealing for patients than traditional therapies. A systematic programme of work developing and testing automated VR psychological treatments will be described, with a particular focus on the gameChange (www.gameChangeVR.com) project for schizophrenia.
Prevalence of canine primary hyperparathyroidism recurrence in Keeshond and non‐Keeshond dogs after curative parathyroidectomy
Authors: Thompson Dan , Skelly Barbara 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundPrimary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an uncommon condition in dogs, for which there is a documented genetic predisposition in Keeshonden and sporadic cases in other breeds. Secondary literature reports a 10 per cent prevalence for recurrence in patients successfully treated by surgical parathyroidectomy, however there is no published primary literature available on which to base this assertion. This study sought to document prevalence of recurrence within Keeshonden and non‐Keeshonden breeds. The authors hypothesised that Keeshonden would have a higher rate of recurrence due to the genetic predisposition for the disease, as compared with sporadic cases in other breeds, and that Keeshonden might have an earlier age of detection of disease.MethodsA retrospective review of medical records was undertaken to assess the prevalence of recurrence, the length of time after diagnosis that the recurrence occurred, and the age of initial diagnosis in both Keeshonden and non‐Keeshonden breeds.ResultsThe study found that Keeshonden were significantly more likely to develop recurrence (6/12, 50 per cent) than non‐Keeshonden dogs (1/15, 7 per cent) (P=0.024), and were significantly younger (median 108 v 126 months, P=0.043) at initial disease detection. Recurrence in Keeshonden occurred at median 35 months after treatment.ConclusionThis suggests all dogs treated by curative parathyroidectomy for PHPT should be monitored lifelong for recurrence of disease, and that this is particularly pertinent in the Keeshond population. Earlier screening of younger, apparently healthy Keeshonden may also be advisable.
Effect of rotation and magnetic field in the gyroscopic precession around a neutron star
Authors: Nath Kamal Krishna , Mallick Ritam 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGeneral relativistic effects are essential in defining the spacetime around massive astrophysical objects. The effects can be captured using a test gyro. If the gyro rotates at some fixed orbit around the star, then the gyro precession frequency captures all the general relativistic effects. In this article, we calculate the overall precession frequency of a test gyro orbiting a rotating neutron star or a rotating magnetar. We find that the gyro precession frequency diverges as it approaches a black hole, whereas, for a neutron star, it always remains finite. For a rotating neutron star, a prograde motion of the gyro gives a single minimum, whereas a retrograde motion gives a double minimum. We also find that the gyroscope precession frequency depends on the star’s mass and rotation rate. Depending on the magnetic field configuration, we find that of the precession frequency of the gyro differs significantly inside the star; however, outside the star, the effect is not very prominent. Also, the gyro precession frequency depends more significantly on the star’s rotation rate than its magnetic field strength.
Embedding with Vaidya geometry
Authors: Nikolaev A. V. , Maharaj S. D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Vaidya metric is important in describing the exterior spacetime of a radiating star and for describing astrophysical processes. In this paper we study embedding properties of the generalized Vaidya metric. We had obtained embedding conditions, for embedding into 5-dimensional Euclidean space, by two different methods and solved them in general. As a result we found the form of the mass function which generates a subclass of the generalized Vaidya metric. Our result is purely geometrical and may be applied to any theory of gravity. When we apply Einstein’s equations we find that the embedding generates an equation of state relating the null string density to the null string pressure. The energy conditions lead to particular metrics including the anti/de Sitter spacetimes.
Circuit Lower Bounds for MCSP from Local Pseudorandom Generators
Authors: Cheraghchi Mahdi , Kabanets Valentine , Lu Zhenjian , Myrisiotis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2020

The Minimum Circuit Size Problem (MCSP) asks if a given truth table of a Boolean function
f
can be computed by a Boolean circuit of size at most θ, for a given parameter θ. We improve several circuit lower bounds for MCSP, using pseudorandom generators (PRGs) that are local; a PRG is called
local
if its output bit strings, when viewed as the truth table of a Boolean function, can be computed by a Boolean circuit of small size. We get new and improved lower bounds for MCSP that almost match the best-known lower bounds against several circuit models. Specifically, we show that computing MCSP, on functions with a truth table of length
N
, requires

•
N

3−
o
(1)

-size de Morgan formulas, improving the recent
N

2−
o
(1)

lower bound by Hirahara and Santhanam (CCC, 2017),

•
N

2−
o
(1)

-size formulas over an arbitrary basis or general branching programs (no non-trivial lower bound was known for MCSP against these models), and

• 2

Ω(
N
1/(
d
+1.01))

-size depth-
d
AC
0
circuits, improving the (implicit, in their work) exponential size lower bound by Allender et al. (SICOMP, 2006).

The AC
0
lower bound stated above matches the best-known AC
0
lower bound (for PARITY) up to a small
additive
constant in the depth. Also, for the special case of depth-2 circuits (i.e., CNFs or DNFs), we get an optimal lower bound of 2

Ω(
N
)

for MCSP.
Gall-inducing arthropods in a Neotropical savanna area in the EPA of Rio Pandeiros (Bonito de Minas, MG, Brazil): effects of plant species richness and super-host abundance
Authors: Araújo Walter Santos de , Costa Kelly Christie dos Santos , Silveira Luana Teixeira , Freitas Érica Vanessa Durães de , Nunes Yule Roberta Ferreira , Azevedo Islaine Franciely Pinheiro de 
Published: July 2020

Several plant-related factors can influence the diversity of gall-inducing species communities. In the present study we performed an inventory of gall-inducing arthropods and we tested if the plant species richness and the abundance of super-host plants (Copaifera oblongifolia) influenced positively in the diversity of gall-inducing arthropod species. The study was realized in an area of Neotropical savanna (cerrado sensu stricto) in the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of Rio Pandeiros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Host-plant species and gall-inducing arthropods were sampled in 18 10 × 10 m plots distributed in the vegetation. In total we found 40 arthropod gall morphotypes, distributed on 17 botanical families and 29 plant species. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) induced the most arthropod galls (85%), and the plant family Fabaceae had the greatest richness of gall morphotypes (16). The plant species Copaifera oblongifolia and Andira humilis (Fabaceae) were the most important host species with five and three morphotypes, respectively. Galling species richness was not affected by none of explanatory variables (plant species richness and abundance of super-host plants). On the other hand, galling species per plant species was negatively affected by plant species richness and positively affected by abundance of super-host plants. This is the first study of arthropod-induced galls conducted in EPA of Rio Pandeiros, Brazil. Our results corroborate previous studies that highlight the importance of super-host plants for galling arthropod diversity on a local scale.
The species of the bee genus Centris Fabricius, 1804 described by Curt Schrottky (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Vivallo Felipe 
Published: July 2020

In this paper the primary types of Centris bees described by the German entomologist Curt Schrottky were studied. The type specimens of C. anisitsi, C. brethesi, C. ehrhardti, C. garleppi, C. garleppi var. unifasciata, C. pectoralis var. flava, C. pocograndensis, and C. xanthocnemis var. perflava were analyzed, providing notes on their current status and depository. To stabilize the application of the name C. ehrhardti a lectotype was designated. Notes and photographs of selected types are also provided.
Cerithiidae, Litiopidae, Modulidae and Planaxidae (Gastropoda, Cerithioidea) collected by the Marion Dufresne MD55 expedition in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Cavallari Daniel Caracanhas , Almeida Sérgio Mendonça , Simone Luiz Ricardo L. 
Published: July 2020

Several deep-water mollusks collected during the Marion Dufresne MD55 expedition off SE Brazil have been studied in recent papers. The present work focuses on eight species belonging to the cerithioidean families Cerithiidae, Litiopidae, Modulidae and Planaxidae. Three species have their geographic distributions greatly expanded: Bayericerithium bayeri Petuch, 2001 from Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará states (north) and to Bahia and Espírito Santo states (south), Brazilian coast; Ittibittium oryza (Mörch, 1876), from the Caribbean to the SW Atlantic; and Angiola lineata (Costa, 1778), from Trindade Island, Brazil to the Abrolhos Slope, nearly 870 km westward. Four species reported herein had their bathymetric ranges greatly expanded: Alaba incerta (d’Orbigny, 1841) from 0-40 m to 300 m; B. bayeri from 0-2 m to 120 m (live specimens); Litiopa melanostoma Rang, 1829 from 0-805 m to 1,550 m; Fossarus orbignyi Fischer, 1864 from 0-40 to 830 m (shells only).