bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functions of Wnt and Hedgehog-containing extracellular vesicles in development and disease
Authors: Matusek Tamás , Marcetteau Julien , Thérond Pascal P. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Secreted morphogens play a major role in the intercellular communication necessary for animal development. It was initially thought that, in order to organize tissue morphogenesis and control cell fate and proliferation, morphogens diffused freely in the extracellular space. This view has since changed following the discovery that morphogens of the Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh) families are modified by various lipid adducts during their biosynthesis, providing them with high affinity for the membrane bilayer. Recent work performed in model organisms suggests that Wnt and Hh proteins are carried on extracellular vesicles. In this Review, we provide our perspectives on the mechanisms of formation of Wnt- and Hh-containing extracellular vesicles, and discuss their functions during animal development, as well as in various human physiopathologies.
Εισαγωγικό σημείωμα του ειδικού τεύχους για την κοινωνική και αλληλέγγυα οικονομία
Authors: Afouxenidis Alex , Petrou Michael , Kavoulakos Karolos Iosif 
Published: September 2020

Αυτό το ειδικό τεύχος της Επιθεώρησης Κοινωνικών Ερευνών είναι αφιερωμένο στην κοινωνική και αλληλέγγυα οικονομία (ΚΑΟ). Η ιδέα για το τεύχος προήλθε από τη διεξαγωγή συνεδρίου με αυτό το θέμα που διοργανώθηκε στην Αθήνα στις 13 και 14 Μαρτίου 2019 από το ΕΚΚΕ σε συνεργασία με το Τμήμα Πολιτικών Επιστημών του ΑΠΘ. Η ΚΑΟ είναι ουσιαστικά μια περιγραφική έννοια, η οποία μας βοηθά να αναλύσουμε και, ενδεχομένως, να κατανοήσουμε καλύτερα τις πολλαπλές μορφές που παίρνουν σήμερα οι συλλογικότητες, οι συνεταιρισμοί και οι μη κερδοσκοπικές ενώσεις και επιχειρήσεις λειτουργώντας μέσα σε ένα διαρκώς εναλλασσόμενο κοινωνικό και πολιτικό περιβάλλον.
Association between socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption among adults in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Laohasiriwong Wonga , Samphors Sim , Chamroen Pall , Pisey Vong , Dewey Rebecca S. 
Published: September 2020

Background: Soft drinks are an attractive and popular drink, consumed by many people to fulfill their energy. However, soft drink consumption is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption among adults in Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study with multi-stage random sampling was used to select 749 respondents from 12 communes across 5 districts in Phnom Penh, the capital city of Cambodia. A structured questionnaire was used to assess socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confident intervals (CI) were calculated to show the strength of associations. Results: The overall prevalence of soft drink consumption was 44.73% (95%CI: 41.16-48.30%) across the sample population. The final model of multiple logistic regression showed only four factors to be significantly associated with soft drink consumption: gender, age, family size and income. Respondents most likely to consume soft drinks were men (AOR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.10-2.00; p=0.009), those aged 31-59 years (AOR: 1.93, 95%CI: 1.98-4.62; p<0.001), those in a household of less than 5 individuals (AOR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.44-3.19; p=0.036), and those earning <300$/month (AOR: 1.59, 95%CI: 1.10-2.31; p=0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of soft drink consumption in Cambodia is a major concern for public health. The predictive factors significantly associated with soft drink consumption identified by this study were gender, age, household size and income. Therefore, all stakeholders should contribute to social marketing and intervention focusing on reducing the consumption of soft drinks through advertising on social media, television and other popular media platforms. Furthermore, additional taxation of soft drinks should be considered.
Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with understanding fast food consumption among adults in Cambodia
Authors: Laohasiriwong Wongsa , Samphors Sim , Chamroen Pall , S. Dewey Rebecca , Rachutorn Thiwakorn , Pisey Vong 
Published: September 2020

Background: Over the past decades, fast food has been rapidly gaining popularity and availability worldwide. Its consequential impact on human health is among the highest in terms of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the level of understanding of fast food consumption among adults in Phnom Penh, the capital city of Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study aimed to investigate the level of understanding of factors associated with fast food consumption, among adults in Phnom Penh. Multi-stage random sampling was used to select 749 respondents from 12 communes of five districts in Phnom Penh. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of understanding of fast food consumption, and associated factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, together with bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios (CORs) and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confident intervals (CI) were calculated to show the strength of associations. Results: The understanding of factors associated with fast food consumption was poor in 52.07% (95% CI: 48.48-55.66), fair in 22.70% (95% CI: 19.69-25.70) and good in 25.23% (95% CI: 22.12-28.35) of those surveyed. After adjusting for other covariates, unsatisfactory levels of knowledge around fast food consumption were found to be significantly associated with not taking regular exercise (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.15-2.25; p<0.001) and sleeping less than eight hours per night (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.09-2.12; p=0.014). Conclusion: Health promotion and disease prevention should be conducted among at-risk populations in order to raise the level of understanding of factors around fast food consumption.
The effect of non-pharmacologic strategies on prevention or management of intensive care unit delirium: a systematic review
Authors: Cupka Julie S , Hashemighouchani Haleh , Lipori Jessica , Ruppert Matthew M. , Bhaskar Ria , Ozrazgat-Baslanti Tezcan , Rashidi Parisa , Bihorac Azra 
Published: September 2020

Background: Post-operative delirium is a common complication among adult patients in the intensive care unit. Current literature does not support the use of pharmacologic measures to manage this condition, and several studies explore the potential for the use of non-pharmacologic methods such as early mobility plans or environmental modifications. The aim of this systematic review is to examine and report on recently available literature evaluating the relationship between non-pharmacologic management strategies and the reduction of delirium in the intensive care unit. Methods: Six major research databases were systematically searched for articles analyzing the efficacy of non-pharmacologic delirium interventions in the past five years. Search results were restricted to adult human patients aged 18 years or older in the intensive care unit setting, excluding terminally ill subjects and withdrawal-related delirium. Following title, abstract, and full text review, 27 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and are included in this report. Results: The 27 reviewed articles consist of 12 interventions with a single-component investigational approach, and 15 with multi-component bundled protocols. Delirium incidence was the most commonly assessed outcome followed by duration. Family visitation was the most effective individual intervention while mobility interventions were the least effective. Two of the three family studies significantly reduced delirium incidence, while one in five mobility studies did the same. Multi-component bundle approaches were the most effective of all; of the reviewed studies, eight of 11 bundles significantly improved delirium incidence and seven of eight bundles decreased the duration of delirium. Conclusions: Multi-component, bundled interventions were more effective at managing intensive care unit delirium than those utilizing an approach with a single interventional element. Although better management of this condition suggests a decrease in resource burden and improvement in patient outcomes, comparative research should be performed to identify the importance of specific bundle elements.
Corticosteroid injections during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: McKean David , Chung Siok Li , Fairhead Rory , Bannister Oliver , Magliano Malgorzata , Papanikitas Joseph , Wong Nick , Hughes Richard 
Published: September 2020

Aims To describe the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 infection following corticosteroid injections (CSI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. To describe the incidence of positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, positive SARS-COV2 IgG antibody testing or positive imaging findings following CSI at our institution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A retrospective observational study was undertaken of consecutive patients who had CSI in our local hospitals between 1 February and 30June 2020. Electronic patient medical records (EPR) and radiology information system (RIS) database were reviewed. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing, SARS-COV2 IgG antibody testing, radiological investigations, patient management, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Lung findings were categorized according to the British Society of Thoracic Imaging (BSTI) guidelines. Reference was made to the incidence of lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases in our region. Results Overall, 1,656 lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases were identified in our upper tier local authority (UTLA), a rate of 306.6 per 100,000, as of 30June 2020. A total of 504 CSI injections were performed on 443 patients between 1 February and 30June 2020. A total of 11 RT-PCR tests were performed on nine patients (2% of those who had CSI), all of which were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and five patients (1.1%) received an SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test, of which 2 (0.5%) were positive consistent with prior COVID-19 infection, however both patients were asymptomatic. Seven patients (1.6%) had radiological investigations for respiratory symptoms. One patient with indeterminate ground glass change was identified. Conclusion The incidence of positive COVID-19 infection following corticosteroid injections was very low in our cohort and no adverse clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 infection following CSI were identified. Our findings are consistent with CSI likely being low risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this small observational study are supportive of the current multi-society guidelines regarding the judicious use of CSI. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-9:605–611.
Bach und das Symbol. 3. Studie: Psychologische Grundlegung des Symbolbegriffs aus Christian Wolffs "Psychologia empirica"
Authors: Schering Arnold 
Published: September 2020

Bezugnehmend auf: Arnold Schering: Bach und das Symbol, insbesondere die Symbolik seines Kanons. BJ 1925, S. 40-63
Arnold Schering: Bach und das Symbol (2. Studie). BJ 1928, S. 119-137
Welche unter J. S. Bachs Namen geführten Orgelwerke sind Johann Tobias bzw. Johann Ludwig Krebs zuzuschreiben?
Authors: Tittel Karl 
Published: September 2020

Erwähnte Artikel: Hans Löffler: Johann Ludwig Krebs. Mitteilungen über sein Leben und Wirken. BJ 1930, S. 100-129
Hermann Keller: Unechte Orgelwerke Bachs. BJ 1937, S. 59-82
Hans Löffler: Johann Tobias Krebs und Matthias Sojka, zwei Schüler Joh. Seb. Bachs. BJ 1940-48, S. 136-148
Bach und die Lutherschriften seiner Bibliothek
Authors: Leaver Robin A. 
Published: September 2020

Die Schriften von Martin Luther stellen den wichtigsten Bestand unter den theologischen Büchern in Bachs Bibliothek dar. Er besaß zwei große Ausgaben von Luthers Gesammelten Werken, die Jenaer und (ab 1742, durch einen Auktionsbeleg belegt) die Altenburger Ausgabe. Die Vervollständigung eines Lutherzitats, das Bach in seiner Calov-Bibel notiert hat, zeugt von seinem intensiven Luther-Studium. (Übertragung des englischen Resümees am Ende des Bandes)

Vergleiche auch: Thomas Wilhelmi: Bachs Bibliothek. Eine Weiterführung der Arbeit von Hans Preuß. BJ 1979, S. 107-130
"Ut probus & doctus reddar."
Authors: Petzoldt Martin 
Published: September 2020

Die Behandlung dieses vielschichtigen Themas erfordert die Zusammenfassung zahlreicher entscheidender Details zu persönlichen Zeugnissen, Lehrplänen und Schulliteratur sowie theologischen Interpretationen verschiedener Schulen. Das System der schulischen Bildung in Lüneburg wird aus den verfügbaren Dokumenten beschrieben; für Eisenach und Ohrdruf werden Andreas Reyhers Reformvorhaben und Materialien zur persönlichen Geschichte herangezogen. Frömmigkeit, Lerneifer und Befähigung zu höherer Bildung werden als Ziele erkannt. (Übertragung des englischen Resümees am Ende des Bandes)

Vergleiche auch: Rainer Kaiser: Johann Sebastian Bach als Schüler einer "deutschen Schule" in Eisenach? BJ 1994, S. 177-184
Violoncello piccolo und Viola pomposa bei Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Drüner Ulrich 
Published: September 2020

Überkommene Dokumente aus dem 18. Jahrhundert lassen viele Fragen zum Bau des Violoncello piccolo und der Viola pomposa und zur Spieltechnik dieser Instrumente offen. Eine sorgfältige Untersuchung aller relevanten verfügbaren Instrumente, Musik und Literaturhinweise zeigt, dass es notwendig ist, nicht zwei verschiedene Arten von Instrumenten zu unterscheiden, wie es bisher üblich war, sondern drei. Was man heute als "Bachs Violoncello piccolo" bezeichnen könnte - ein Instrument von relativ kleinen Abmessungen, das beim Spielen am Arm gehalten wird -, verdient besondere Aufmerksamkeit. (Übertragung des englischen Resümees am Ende des Bandes)
Vergleiche auch: Heinrich Husmann: Die Viola pomposa. BJ 1936, S. 90-100.
Die Brüder Johann, Christoph und Heinrich Bach und die "Erffurthische musicalische Compagnie"
Authors: Brück Helga 
Published: September 2020

Der Beitrag versucht anhand von Archivalien einige Ungereimtheiten der innerfamiliären Bach'schen Überlieferung zu den ersten musikalisch tätigen Vertretern der Familie in Erfurt zu klären.

Erwähnte Artikel: Fritz Wiegand: Die mütterlichen Verwandten Johann Sebastian Bachs in Erfurt. BJ 1967, S. 5-20
Siegfried Orth: Zu den Erfurter Jahren Johann Bernhard Bachs (1676-1749). BJ 1971, S. 106-111
Siegfried Orth: Johann Bach, der Stammvater der Erfurter Bache. BJ 1973, S. 79-87
Besetzung - Entstehung - Überlieferung: Bemerkungen zur Ouvertüre BWV 1068
Authors: Rifkin Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Der Artikel widmet sich im ersten Teil der Bläserbesetzung in der Orchestersuite D-Dur BWV 1068 und deren wahrscheinlich nachträglicher Hinzufügung. Darüber hinaus wird die Frage nach dem Entstehungsort und -zeitpunkt des Werks erörtert. Der zweite Teil geht den Frankfurter und Leipziger Stimmen zum Werk nach und versucht, deren Entstehung und Überlieferung zu erhellen.

Erwähnte Artikel: Walther Vetter: Die Trompeten in Bachs dritter Orchesterouvertüre. BJ 1953, S. 97-107
Hans-Joachim Schulze: Frühe Schriftzeugnisse der beiden jüngsten Bach-Söhne. BJ 1963/64, S. 61-69
Werner Neumann: Johann Sebastian Bachs "Rittergutskantaten" BWV 30a und 212. BJ 1972, S. 76-90
Andreas Glöckner: Neuerkenntnisse zu Johann Sebastian Bachs Aufführungskalender zwischen 1729 und 1735. BJ 1981, S. 43-75
Alfred Dürr: Neue Erkenntnisse zur Kantate BWV 31. BJ 1985 S. 155-159
Yoshitake Kobayashi: Zur Chronologie der Spätwerke Johann Sebastian Bachs. Kompositions- und Aufführungstätigkeit von 1736 bis 1750. BJ 1988, S. 7-72
Peter Wollny: Zur Überlieferung der Instrumentalwerke Johann Sebastian Bachs: Der Quellenbesitz Carl Philipp Emanuel Bachs. BJ 1996, S. 7-21
Neues zu Georg Balthasar Schott, seinem Collegium musicum und Bachs Zerbster Geburtstagskantate
Authors: Maul Michael 
Published: September 2020

Anhand des von 1720 bis 1729 wirkenden Neukirchen-Musikdirektors Georg Balthasar Schott wird gezeigt, dass Ermittlungen zu Kollegen Johann Sebastian Bachs überraschende Einblicke in das damalige Leipziger Musikleben liefern können, die ihrerseits wieder zu einem besseren Verständnis von Bachs eigenem Wirken beitragen und zuweilen auch die Hintergründe eines bachschen Werks erhellen. Zunächst wird die Biographie Schotts dargestellt. Danach steht sein Wirken als Komponist für die Neukirche im Vordergrund. Sodann gilt das Interesse seinem Collegium musicum und dem dort aufgeführten Repertoire, speziell einem unter der Leitung Schotts aufgeführten, bisher unbekannten Oratorium. Dies erweist sich als Schlüssel, um die Entstehungsumstände von Bachs "Geburtstagskantate" für den Fürsten Johann August von Anhalt-Zerbst (BC G 13) aufzuklären. (Autor, Quelle: Bibliographie des Musikschrifttums online)

Erwähnte Artikel: Barbara Reul: "O vergnügte Stunden / da mein Hertzog funden seinen Lebenstag". Ein unbekannter Textdruck zu einer Geburtstagskantate J. S. Bachs für den Fürsten Johann August von Anhalt-Zerbst. BJ 1999, S. 7-18
Hans-Joachim Schulze: Johann Sebastian Bach und Zerbst 1722: Randnotizen zu einer verlorenen Gastmusik. BJ 2004, S. 209-214
Warum endet die Fuga a 3 Soggetti BWV 1080/19 in Takt 239?
Authors: Milka Anatoly 
Published: September 2020

Der Artikel nimmt Bezug auf die Diskussion, ob die "Quadrupelfuge" aus der Kunst der Fuge vollendet vorgelegen habe oder nicht. Mittels Analyse der Handschrift SB P 200/3, die neben dem musikalischen Gehalt auch ihr Erscheinungsbild und die Art der in ihr vorgenommenen Korrekturen einbezieht, trifft der Autor Aussagen über Intentionen und Strategien des Komponisten im Verlauf des Entstehungsprozesses des Werkes.

Erwähnte Artikel: Peter Wollny: Neue Bach-Funde. BJ 1997, S. 7–50
Anatoly Milka: Zur Datierung der H-Moll-Messe und der Kunst der Fuge. BJ 2010, S. 53–68
Otfried Büsing: Hatte Nottebohm recht? BJ 2015, S. 193-203
Zwischen Heinrich Schütz und Johann Nikolaus Bach: Augustus Kühnel
Authors: Schulze Hans-Joachim 
Published: September 2020

Erwähnte Artikel: Hermann Helmbold: Die Söhne von Johann Christoph und Johann Ambrosius Bach auf der Eisenacher Schule. BJ 1930, S. 49–55
Hans-Joachim Schulze: Anna Magdalena Wilcke - Gesangsschülerin der Paulina? BJ 2013, S. 279-295
Michael Maul: Frühe Urteile über Johann Christoph und Johann Nikolaus Bach, mitgeteilt anläßlich der Besetzung der Organistenstelle an der Jenaer Kollegienkirche (1709). BJ 2004, S. 157–168
Legal framework of the water sector in Vietnam: achievements and challenges
Authors: Nguyen Thi Phuong Loan 
Published: September 2020

Since 1986 and especially during the early 90s, environmental protection has become a constitutional principle in Vietnam as regulated by Articles 17 and 29 of the 1992 Constitution. The first Law on Environmental Protection, passed by the National Assembly on December 27, 1993 created a foundation for environmental legislation becoming an important field in Vietnam’s legal system. In the following, Vietnam enacted its very first Law on Water Resources (No. 08/1998/QH10) in January 1999 aiming to provide a foundational framework for managing the water sector in Vietnam. In recent years, the legislative framework on water resources management has further developed. Important water-related regulations on the guidance and implementation of the Law on Water Resources have been issued and often amended to meet the requirements of the country’s development, and its international integration. To date, Vietnam’s legislation on the water sector consists of a complex system of legal documents issued by different state agencies. Though legislation of water sector management in Vietnam has greatly improved during the last decade, it has obviously not yet come to full fruition. Hence, the paper intends to provide an overview of achievements as well as problems and conflicting issues within Vietnam’s current water sector management legislation.
Kểtừnăm 1986, đặc biệt là những năm đầu của thập kỷ90, bảo vệmôi trường đã trởthành nguyên tắc hiến định (được quy định tại Điều 17 và 29 Hiến pháp 1992). Luật Bảo vệmôi trường đầu tiên được Quốc hội thông qua ngày 27 tháng 12 năm 1993 đã đặt nền móng cho việc hình thành hệthống pháp luật vềmôi trường ởViệt Nam.Tiếp theo đó, ngày 20 tháng 05 năm 1998, Quốc hội nước Cộng hòa xã hội Việt Nam khóa X, kỳhọp thứ3 đã thông qua văn bản luật đầu tiên vềtài nguyên nước -Luật Tài nguyên nước số08/1998/QH10 hình thành một nền tảng pháp lý cho hệthống pháp luật bảo vệnguồn tài nguyên nước ởViệt Nam. Trong những năm gần đây, hầu hết các văn bản dưới luật quan trọng và cần thiết cho việc hướng dẫn thi hành Luật Tài nguyên nước đã được ban hành và không ngừng được sửa đổi, bổsung nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu phát triển và hội nhập quốc tếcủa đất nước trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau.Tuy nhiên, khung pháp lý hiện hành vềtài nguyên nước ởViệt Nam bao gồm một hệthống các văn bản quy phạm pháp luật khá phức tạp, nhiều tầng nấc, được ban hành bởi nhiều cơ quan có thẩm quyền khác nhau. Mặc dù hệthống pháp luật vềtài nguyên nước đã được liên tục sửa đổi, bổsung và hoàn thiện trong suốt một thập kỷqua, nhưng rõ ràng vẫn chưa thực sựđi vào cuộc sống.Bài viết dưới đây đềcập chủyến đến một sốcácthành tựu cũng nhưnhữngvấn đềmâu thuẫn hiện tại của pháp luật bảo vệnguồn tài nguyên nước ởViệt Nam.
Decolorization of reactive dyeing wastewater by ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate
Authors: Perng Yuan-Shing , Bui Ha Manh 
Published: September 2020

This paper presents the result of dyeing solution coagulation with the use of ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate (FAS). The examined solution contains two reactive dyes: Black 5 and Blue 19. It has been shown that the efficiency of the dye removal depends on the type of dye, coagulation dosage and the initial pH. Our result showed that the increase of initial pH up to 12 enhanced the color removal efficiency; the FAS dose was determined 280 ml (Black 5) and 180 mg/l (Blue 19) at slow mixing time 15 min, agitation speed 60 rpm, and the initial dye concentration should be 50 and 100 mg/L for Black 5 and Blue 19, respectively.
Chất keo tụ sắt (II) amoni sulfate (FAS) được sử dụng khử màu của hai màu nhuộm hoạt tính phổ biến (Blue 19 và Black 5). Kết quả cho thấy, quá trình keo tụ bị ảnh hưởng nhiều bởi loại màu nhuộm, nồng độ chất keo tụ và pH của dung dịch đầu vào. Với nồng độ FAS 280 mg/l (Black 5) và 180 mg/l (Blue 19), pH đầu vào dung dịch khoảng 12, thời gian phản ứng 15 phút, tốc độ khuấy 60 vòng/phút ứng với nồng độ màu Black 50 mg/L và blue 100 mg/L dung dịch gần như mất màu hoàn toàn.
The effects of biofilter on the removal of greenhouse gases at anaerobic digestion plants
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Phong , Clemens Joachim , Cuhls Carsten 
Published: September 2020

This study investigated the removal of gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) from biofilters in nine anaerobic digestion plants in Germany that treat biowaste. The treatment is in form of mechanical pre-treatment, anaerobic digestion followed by a composting with or without intensive aeration. The exhaust gases from the mechanical and anaerobic steps are treated by biofilters. In average, the biofilters removed 30% of total organic carbon (TOC), 50% of non-methane volatile organic carbon (NMVOC) and 51% NH3, whereas N2O concentrations increased by 26%. For CH4 the biofilters had only a small removal effect (6%).
Nghiên cứu khảo sát sự loại bỏ những khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính như CH4, N2O và NH3 từ những bể lọc khí sinh học ở chín nhà máy xử lý rác thải hữu cơ ở nước Đức bằng các biện pháp kỵ khí và hiếu khí. Rác hữu cơ được xử lý ở nhà máy thông qua các biện pháp như tiền xử lý bằng cơ học, kỵ khí và tiếp theo là hiếu khí với công nghệ thổi khí chủ động hoặc không thổi khí chủ động. Khí thải từ các quá trình cơ học và kỵ khí được xử lý bằng biện pháp lọc khí sinh học trước khi thải ra môi trường. Trung bình, những bể lọc khí sinh học loại bỏ 30% tổng lượng carbon hữu cơ, 50% những chất carbon hữu cơ bay hơi nhưng không phải khí methane và 51% khí ammoniac. Trong khi đó, nồng độ khí N2O tăng lên 26% sau khi qua bể lọc khí sinh học. Đối với khí methane, bể lọc khí sinh học có hiệu suất loại bỏ với loại khí này rất thấp chỉ 6%.