bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universal and Doubly Universal Systems
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We now turn to two theorems (Theorems A and B below) that will play a major role in this study. We will give three different proofs of them in the course of this volume, since each proof reveals certain interesting features of its own. . . . Theorem A. If( A1 , A2 ) is semi-D.U. and A1 and A2 are both r.e., then A1 and A2 are both universal sets. Theorem B. I f ( A1 , A2 ) is semi-D.U. and A1 and A2 are both r.e., then (A1, A2) is D.U. . . Of course, Theorem A is a trivial corollary of Theorem B, but our proofs of Theorem A reveal facts not revealed by our proofs of Theorem B. We give our first proofs in this chapter. After each proof, we establish a metamathematical corollary: Theorem A yields the result of Ehrenfeucht-Feferman [1960] that for any consistent axiomatizable Rosser system S for sets in which all recursive functions of one argument are strongly definable, all r.e. sets are representable in S. Theorem B yields the stronger result of Putnam-Smullyan [1960]— that any such system S is an exact Rosser system for sets. This result is apparently incomparable in strength with Shepherdson’s result that any consistent axiomatizable Rosser system for binary relations is an exact Rosser system for sets. Both results, of course, yield different proofs that every consistent axiomatizable extension of (R) is an exact Rosser system for sets. §1. Generativity and Universality. We have shown that every universal set is generative. Our first proof of Theorem A will be based on the converse. Theorem 1. Every generative set is universal. We will, in fact, prove something considerably stronger which will have other applications as well. Consider a collection C of r.e. sets.
Productivity and Double Productivity
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Now we will give the promised applications of the (strong) recursion and double recursion theorems to the theory of productivity and effective inseparability (and also to double productivity—a double analogue of productivity—which we will define). §1. Weak Productivity. We recall that a set α is said to be co-productive under a recursive function g(x) if for every number i, such that ωi is disjoint from α , the number g(i) is outside both a and ωi. This, of course, implies the folloωing weaker condition: C1: For every i, such that ωi is disjoint from α and such that ωi contains at most one element, the number g(i) is outside both α and ωi
Periodontics
Authors: Longridge Nicholas , Clarke Pete , Aftab Raheel , Ali Tariq 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Periodontitis is estimated to be the sixth most prevalent disease in the world, and clinicians are likely to encounter this disease and other gin­gival conditions on a regular basis. It is therefore important to have a sound understanding of both the pathophysiology and management of periodontitis and related conditions. Periodontal disease may also be seen as a manifestation of systemic disease, so it may provide a window into the patient’s general health. Common conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, have a well- established relationship with the progression of periodontal disease, but rare gen­etic conditions, such as Ehlers– Danlos syndrome, may produce unusual findings. Therefore, the clinician should have a good breadth of know­ledge and be able to examine the patient as a whole, relating oral signs to systemic symptoms in order to diagnose and manage appropriately. The general dental practitioner’s role will focus mainly on diagnosis and non- surgical management of these patients, but awareness of the more advanced treatment will ensure appropriate referral and allow an informed discussion with the patient. A key challenge in the successful management of these patients is often getting them to obtain a suitable level of plaque control to stabilize the disease and maintain health. Ability to communicate this effectively and encourage excellent oral care is an invaluable asset. The questions in this chapter will test the readers’ knowledge of the fundamentals of periodontal diagnosis and practical skills. Moreover, questions are also presented examining the relationship with systemic disease and advanced treatment concepts. It is hoped that the questions in this chapter will test the readers’ baseline knowledge and promote further reading around complex or contentious subjects. Key topics include: ● Diagnosis/ disease classification ● Aetiology ● Systemic conditions ● Non- surgical management/ cause- related therapy ● Adjunctive therapies ● Surgical management/ corrective therapy ● Supportive therapy.
Aseptic Non-Touch Technique (ANTT)
Authors: Caballero Catherine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the aseptic technique simulated examination students may be asked to demonstrate a clinical skill, usually a wound dressing, using an aseptic technique. This is becoming increasingly common in all universities as it has been identified as a mandatory simulated assessment in the essential skills clusters (NMC 2007). This skill is probably one of the most complex skills assessed during simulation and it is vital that students understand the principles of aseptic non-touch technique and are able to demonstrate application of these principles throughout the examination. Revision of this key material will enable the student to understand and apply the key principles of aseptic non-touch technique throughout the examination. This is defined as an infection acquired in hospital at least 72 hours after admission to hospital caused or precipitated whilst the patient is in hospital. Health care acquired infections (HAIs) have become a serious concern over recent years, costing the NHS an estimated £1 billion a year and contributing to some 5,000 deaths a year (Aziz 2009). One factor that has been identified as impacting on the increase in HAIs is the variation of techniques used in wound care. Two of the most common HAIs of recent times are MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and C. Diff (Clostridium difficile). MRSA is a species of bacterium commonly found on the skin and/or in the noses of healthy people. Although it is usually harmless at these sites, it may occasionally get into the body (e.g. through breaks in the skin such as abrasions, cuts, wounds, surgical incisions or indwelling catheters) and cause infections. These infections may be mild (e.g. pimples or boils) or serious (e.g. infection of the bloodstream, bones or joints). C. Diff is a species of bacterium that causes diarrhoea and other intestinal disease when competing bacterium are wiped out by antibiotics. This bacterium can have major consequences for patients once contracted. However, a number of less profiled infections are contributing to the rise in HAIs e.g. urinary tract infection. Aspetic non-touch technique (ANTT) is the term given to carrying out procedures which require attention to minimizing the risk of cross contamination that could potentially lead to an infection.
Administration of Oral Medication
Authors: Creed Fiona 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Medication administration is a key skill and it is vital that you are able to demonstrate safety in all aspects of the medication administration process in order to avoid harm or death to your patient. The NMC (2004, 2010) reiterates this point, highlighting that the administration of medicines is an important aspect of a nurse’s professional practice. They argue that it is not simply a mechanistic task, but one that requires thought, exercise and professional judgement. Studies suggest that medicine administration is one of the highest risk processes that a nurse will undertake in clinical practice (NPSA 2007b; Elliot and Lui 2010). Medication administration errors are one of the most common errors reported to the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA). Indeed in a 12-month period in 2007, 72,482 medication errors were reported with 100 of these causing either death or severe harm to the patient (NPSA 2009). The frequency of these errors has led to a number of changes in the medication administration process. Alongside these important recommendations, most higher education establishments will want to ensure safety of medicine administration and may test this vital skill using an OSCE to ensure that you are adequately prepared for safe administration of medication in practice. There are a number of important laws and key documents that relate to the administration of medication and it is important that you understand these as they all impact upon your practice when administering medication to a patient. You may also be tested on your knowledge in relation to these areas so it is important that you have read these. Important documents you will need to know include: ● The laws that relate to medication in the UK, ● NMC Standards for Medicines Management (2010) (www.nmc-uk.org), ● Local policies related to hospital/Primary Care Trust (PCT) regulation of medication (refer to local guidance). There are a number of laws that influence the manufacturing, prescription, supply, storage and administration of medication. Whilst you will not need to study the intricacies of these laws you will need to understand the main issues each law covers.
Divorce and Reconciliation: Radical Recombination
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In Reaction 3 you saw that a radical is a species with at least one unpaired electron. An ‘unpaired electron’ is a single electron that is present in the molecule but not playing a role in bonding. The French word celebataire conveys the sense of the electron’s forlorn loneliness very well. However, it is capable of joining forces with another unpaired electron on another radical to form a bond. Two examples of radicals are ·OH (1, a hydroxyl radical), and ·CH3 (2, a methyl radical). The dot denotes the unpaired electron. In most cases, radicals are highly reactive and aggressively attack other species in order to use their unpaired electron to pair with an electron on the second species and so form a bond. The most primitive type of radical reaction is simply the clunking together of two radicals, each donating its unpaired electron to the formation of an electron-pair bond, as in the combination of two ·CH3 radicals to form ethane, CH3–CH3, 3. Some species might have more than one unpaired electron that they can use for biting into other molecules. If they are double-fanged, the most common case after ordinary single-fanged radicals, then the species is known as a ‘biradical’. To continue the partnering analogy: the two electrons cohabit but are platonic in their relationship. A very important example is an oxygen atom, O, which is a biradical. For the purposes of this section I shall write it ·O· with two dots for its two relevant electrons. An O2 molecule is also a sort of biradical, so when I want to emphasize its radical nature I shall denote it ·O–O·. There are a lot of reasons why you should be interested in radical reactions. One is that, as I explained in Reaction 3, they take part in the combustion reactions of the everyday world. Combustion reactions include the reactions that take place inside internal combustion and jet engines and move us around the world. Radical reactions occur wherever there is fire. Because fire is sometimes unintended, if the reactions that contribute to it are understood, then better ways to control and quench it can be devised.
Networking Opportunities: The Friedel Crafts Reaction
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the final reaction of this part I am going to help you extend your ability to use our toolkit to build a network of carbon atoms. The reaction I talk about here is one of many that I could have chosen and will give you some insight into the way that organic chemists go about building their intricate constructions. It was devised in 1877 by the French chemist Charles Friedel (1832–1899) and the American chemist James Crafts (1839–1917). There are two kinds of Friedel–Crafts reaction: I shall call them Type 1 and Type 2. The latter is more important, but the former is a bit simpler and I shall deal with it first. In a Type 1 Friedel–Crafts reaction, the aim is to attach a group of C atoms, such as 1, to a benzene ring or a related molecule. The strategy is to generate a powerful electrophile (Reaction 16), one characteristic of the group of atoms you want to attach, which will seek out regions of dense electron cloud in the target benzene molecule. The tactics involve taking the group you want to attach in combination with a chlorine atom, Cl, as in 2, and then finding another dentist-like compound that will extract the Cl atom as a chloride ion, Cl–. That extraction will leave a positively charged hydrocarbon ion hungry for opposite charge and thus able to act as the electrophile. The Friedel–Crafts procedure uses aluminium chloride, 3, to act as this dentist compound. It gets regenerated in the reaction, so it is present as a catalyst (Reaction 11). When you examine this molecule you see that although its Cl atoms are rich in electrons, the aluminium atom, Al, has a very skimpy share in them and the positive charge of its nucleus shines through. Moreover, the molecule is flat, and there is plenty of room for the Cl atoms to bend away from any incoming intruder atom and so make room for its attachment to the Al atom.
Understanding Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Prigmore Samantha , Scullion Jane 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide nurses with the knowledge to be able to assess, manage, and care for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in an evidence-based and person-centred way. The chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of the causes, risk factors, and impact of COPD, before exploring best practice to deliver care, as well as to prevent or minimize further ill-health. Nursing assessments and priorities are highlighted throughout, and the nursing management of the symptoms and common health problems associated with COPD can be found in Chapters 2, 15, 18, and 22, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predominantly caused by smoking and is characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2010). This broad definition embraces previously used definitions such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic asthma. Historically, perceptions of the treatment for and care of the patient with COPD were negative, because of the chronic nature of this progressive disease, which was often viewed as self-inflicted through its links with smoking. Current emphasis, regardless of aetiology, is that it is both preventable and treatable (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2010). Currently around 1 million UK citizens are diagnosed with COPD; prevalence data are higher, at 1.7 million (Britton, 2003). This appears to be underreported because it is thought that there could be as many as another 2 million people currently undiagnosed (British Lung Foundation, 2006). COPD is already a significant burden of disease area, with expectations that, by 2020, it will be the third largest cause of mortality (Murray and Lopez, 1997). Reasons for increasing prevalence include that:… ● an ageing population increases the likelihood of chronic disease development; ● diagnosis of COPD is better guided by both national and international COPD guidelines, with inclusion in the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) in general practice bringing financial incentives for maintaining COPD registers and improving COPD care; ● increasing public awareness leads to more people seeking help on symptom presentation; ● more women being diagnosed, correlating to more women smoking, perhaps owing to greater social acceptability; ● other as yet unknown causes....
Understanding Depression
Authors: Chellingsworth Marie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide you with the knowledge to be able to recognize, assess, manage, and care for people with depression in an evidence-based and person-centred way. Depression is disabling and causes significant impact upon many areas of the person’s day-to-day functioning; it is therefore important that nurses have the knowledge and skills to recognize whether someone might be depressed and know how to take the appropriate course of action. This chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of the causes and impact of depression, before exploring best practice to deliver care, as well as to prevent or to minimize further ill-health. Nursing assessments and priorities are highlighted throughout, and the nursing management of the symptoms and common health problems associated with depression can be found in Chapter 14….I lost my balance. I fell flat on my face and I couldn’t get up again. And if that implies a certain grace, a slow and easy free-fall, then you have me wrong. It was violent and painful and, above all humiliating . . . I came to understand that we are not simply fighting an illness, but the attitudes that surround it. Imagine saying to someone that you have a life-threatening illness such as cancer, and being told to pull yourself together or get over it. Imagine being terribly ill and too afraid to tell anyone lest it destroy your career. Imagine being admitted into hospital because you are too ill to function and being too ashamed to tell anyone, because it is a psychiatric hospital. Imagine telling someone that you have recently been discharged and watching them turn away, in embarrassment or disgust or fear. Bad enough to be ill, but to feel compelled to deny the very thing that, in its worst and most active state, defines you is agony indeed. (Sally Brampton (2008) in Shoot The Damn Dog.)…Sally’s experience of her depressive episode from her memoir sets the scene of just what people with depression can experience and how big an impact it can have upon their lives. We may all feel low and ‘ fed up’ at times, and often we use the term ‘ depressed’ as an adjective to describe how we are feeling in general conversation.
Managing Continence
Authors: Fader Mandy , Norton Christine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the fundamental role of continence management as a core nursing activity. Every nurse should possess the knowledge and skills to carry out an essential, but simple, continence assessment, as well as to select and implement evidence-based strategies to manage continence in all care settings (including hospital and community), and to review the effectiveness of these to inform any necessary changes in care. Despite being essential for dignity and compassionate care, continence needs are often not prioritized as highly by nurses as they are by patients and their relatives. For adults, the ability to control bladder and bowel emptying is very important to self-esteem and dignity. Continence is a complex specialty involving a number of disciplines, including specialist nurses, specialists in urology, gynaecology, physiotherapy, and elderly care, yet the prevalence of continence problems means that much depends on you as a registered nurse taking responsibility for initiating assessment and management. Continence issues frequently arise as a result of other healthcare problems, and you should remain constantly aware of this, identifying patients who are at risk of incontinence and helping embarrassed patients to seek help. Bladder and bowel control are taken for granted by most of us. Once continence is achieved during childhood, we expect to remain in charge of these bodily functions for the rest of our life. Temporary loss of continence commonly accompanies acute illness or hospitalization, particularly if mobility and/or cognition become impaired (Resnick et al., 1989), or if the disease or injury impacts directly on bladder or bowel function. If the bladder fails to function normally (such as an overactive bladder), lower urinary tract symptoms may be experienced, and these may include incontinence. If bowel habits are disrupted, this may result in faecal incontinence (FI), constipation, or both. Incontinence is also associated with long-term conditions, in particular those affecting the neurological system (Fowler et al., 2010). Dealing with incontinence is a very common activity for nurses, and it is easy to become inured to this, forgetting that, for the patient, the experience can be devastating. It is noteworthy that the International Continence Society defines urinary incontinence (UI) as being any involuntary leakage of urine (Abrams et al., 2002), and it is therefore a symptom (however slight) that you should never ignore.
Managing the Prevention of Skin Breakdown
Authors: Nelson Andrea 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the fundamental role of nurses in the prevention of skin breakdown. Every nurse should possess the knowledge and skills to identify people at risk of skin breakdown, to select and implement strategies to maintain skin integrity, and to review the effectiveness of these to inform any necessary changes in care. Skin breakdown is associated with long-term conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and spinal cord injury, and with acute illnesses that cause mobility restriction such as surgery and severe illness. Diabetes is associated with foot ulcers, cardiovascular disease with leg ulcers, and acute or long-term mobility restriction is associated with pressure ulcers. This chapter focuses on these three categories of skin breakdown and illuminates the key responsibilities carried by nurses in each of these areas. The first section of this chapter provides detailed guidance on the nursing management of pressure ulcer prevention. This is followed by a subsidiary section on the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. The final section provides a short overview of the nursing role in preventing or managing venous ulceration. Pressure ulcers, which are also called pressure sores, bed sores, and decubitus ulcers, have been defined as:…localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear. (European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2010)…Pressure ulcers may present as persistent redness (where the skin is damaged, but not yet broken), blisters, shallow sores, or necrotic wounds extending to the muscle and bone. An ‘avoidable pressure ulcer’ is one that developed and the provider of care did not do one of the following:…● evaluate the person’s clinical condition and pressure ulcer risk factors; ● plan and implement interventions consistent with the person’s needs and goals, and recognize standards of practice; ● monitor and evaluate the impact of the interventions; or ● revise the interventions as appropriate….