bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Compatibilism’ of Human Freedom and Divine Omnipotence
Authors: Harris Wyatt 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Katherine Sonderegger’s doctrine of God, constructed on the basis of a meditation on the incommunicable divine attributes, is here elucidated. I detail Sonderegger’s commitment to divine simplicity and explain her preferred theological method: metaphysical compatibilism. I show how Sonderegger’s unique understanding of compatibilism allows her the freedom to bypass or displace most normative metaphysical arguments proffered by the tradition that attempt to elucidate divine and human freedom. Granting divine simplicity, thus that omnipotence is a moral doctrine, in other words, that omnipotence is good, I present Sonderegger’s notion of compatibilism in her account of Moses’ encounter with God at the burning bush in Exodus 3 and examine pertinent issues. A novel account of the nature of God is given that presents human freedom in a new light. By way of conclusion, Martin Luther is brought in to shed critical light on Sonderegger’s doctrine of God.
Counter-cyclic merge as a last resort for adjuncts
Authors: Haddad Youssef A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It has been argued that adjunction as pair merge, unlike substitution or set merge, may or even must occur counter-cyclically. I present evidence from optional datives in Levantine Arabic, a category of pronouns that merge as applicative adjuncts, to show that adjunction may behave on a par with set merge and give priority to cyclicity. More specifically, I show that Levantine Arabic Attitude Datives as applicative adjuncts must merge cyclically by default and that they only opt for counter-cyclic merge as a last resort.
Three Eighteenth-Century Waqf Documents from the Ottoman Courts of Aleppo
Authors: Salati Marco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article is a study of three 18th-century documents from the archives of the Ottoman qāḍī-courts of Aleppo. Although the nature of the cases they relate differ, they all deal with various aspects of the waqf institution: istibdal – i.e. the exchange of ruined or unprofitable waqf property for a more productive one – the creation of a new waqf, and, finally, a dispute over the right to benefit from waqf property. Juridical considerations aside, the interest of these cases lies primarily in the fact that the individuals mentioned and involved in the three documents belong to a restricted circle of notable family groups which are at various degrees linked to one another through marriage relations. Even in their limited scope, these documents provide valuable information on some of the notable families of the city and their social networks.
Shamanic Reminiscences and Archaic Myths in the Story of the Goldsmith Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (Alf layla wa-layla)
Authors: Budelli Rosanna 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The story of the goldsmith Ḥasan al-Baṣrī in the Arabian Nights preserves numerous traces of more ancient stories and testimonies of cultures apparently distant geographically and historically. In particular, it is possible to identify various elements that refer to the symbols and customs of shamanism, although transformed and rewritten according to the Arab-Islamic culture. The same phenomenon is found with the fragments of Greek mythology scattered throughout the story and especially with the adventures of the Argonauts whose affinities with the story of Ḥasan are rather amazing. The study has been conducted by comparing three BNF manuscripts that present significant differences in some points, reflecting the evolution of the Arabic text and the different mentality of the copyists who have reworked some passages. The changes concern above all the role of female protagonists particularly numerous throughout the tale.
3. The Giant Sword and the Candle
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 highlights the implicit likening of the melting giant sword of Beowulf to a burning wax candle and argues that it potentially has hitherto been overlooked. Pettit consults medieval Irish and Norse texts for mentions of ‘candle-swords’ but finds none that melt like Beowulf’s, though he does find a text, the ‘Saga of Hjálmþér and Ölvir’ that contains notable similarities to Beowulf, including the presence of potential equivalents to candle-swords. Pettit also suggests a Christian aspect to the giant sword, as symbol of the sun, a candle or even the Paschal Candle. Pettit however stresses that such a link is very subtle and that the technique looks more ‘allusively symbolic’ than ‘mechanically allegorical’.
6. Ing, Ingvi-Freyr and Hroðgar
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 6 investigates the potential significance of two of Hroðgar’s grand titles. They indicate that his people were devotees of a pagan divinity named Ing, equatable to the Freyr of Norse mythology. Pettit tentatively suggests that Hroðgar was Ing’s human representative, or possibly even his incarnation. Pettit examines the Old English evidence for illumination on the god Ing, before considering evidence suggesting that Hroðgar may have given an ancestral sword of Ing to Beowulf, who subsequently wielded it as king of the Geats.
7. Freyr, Skírnir and Gerðr
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 7 focuses on ‘Skírnir’s Journey’, an Old Norse Eddic poem about the quest undertaken by Skírnir, Freyr’s emissary, to win for his master a radiant giantess called Gerðr. Pettit argues that this poem contains a series of overlooked parallels to Beowulf’s final confrontation with Grendel and his mother. Pettit compares the texts, along with other Old Norse accounts, to suggest that these poems may preserve variants of the same underlying myth. Pettit highlights similarities between the two poems in the locations of these confrontations and the weapons of the respective heroes, as well as providing a possible equivalent to the giant sword, similarly jealously guarded by a monstrous female, analogous to Grendel’s mother. Finally, Pettit highlights a passage from a twelfth- or thirteenth- century English chronicle that details a Christian ritual with apparent pagan roots, linking it to the symbolism of the giant sword.
9. Freyr's Solar Power and the Purifying Sword
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 9 describes the solar attributes of Freyr and the likely purifying function of Skírnir and his weaponry. Pettit advances parallels between Beowulf’s cleansing of Heorot with the giant sword and, following that sword’s melting, his purification of the mere and the implicit arrival of the thawing sun in springtime.
10. Freyr, Heorot and the Hunt for the Solar Stag
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 10 continues to examine the mythology of Freyr by focussing on his connection with the stag. Freyr, having lost his sword, used an antler to slay a giant. Since he was shining when he did so, his antler may well have been solar. Comparably, Hroðgar is associated with the stag through his lordship of, and implicit identification with, his hall Heorot ‘Hart’, which shone in a manner suggestive of the sun. An identification of Hroðgar with a stag hunted by hounds and with an antler-hilted(?) sword—the giant sword—hidden in Grendel’s mere is implied by a punning passage describing a stag-hunt shortly before Beowulf enters the mere. Supporting these suggestions, Pettit adduces evidence for the concept of a solar stag more widely in early Europe, along with Old Norse myths about the hunting and devouring of the sun by wolfish lunar eclipse-monsters. Pettit argues that these may include an old female giantess and her son, a pitchfork-wielding wolf-troll, in the Eddic poem Vǫluspá ‘The Prophecy of the Seeress’, and the earliest surviving detailed depiction of Ragnarǫk, the Norse apocalypse, carved on the Viking Age Gosforth Cross in Cumbria, England. Pettit ends with traditions about the folkloric Man in the Moon, who, Pettit suggests, stole beams of sunlight.
16. Conclusion
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Pettit’s conclusion reviews some of the key proposals of this study, which it supplements with fresh information and interpretation. Myths encapsulated in ‘Skírnir’s Journey’ and ‘The Lay of Svipdagr’ are further elucidated, the former especially by a new interpretation of the gambanteinn—a weapon Pettit thinks analogous to the giant sword—as essentially a ‘twig of tribute’. Petitt argues that this might be represented, beside solar and lunar symbols, on the pommel of a sword-hilt bearing decoration in Anglo-Saxon style from Bedale, North Yorkshire, England. The possible association of the giant sword with Ing and his circle is re-emphasized, with an explanation given of its relationship—and fundamental consubstantiality—with Hrunting as a solar symbol. Pettit ends by offering thoughts on the possible significance for an interpretation of Beowulf of the waning giant sword as a thought-provoking, inspiring symbol of transformative conversion.
Utilizing Recent Climate Data in Eastern Texas to Calculate Trends in Measures of Aridity and Estimate Changes in Watering Demand for Landscape Preservation
Authors: Smith Robert Kennedy , Chang Der-Chen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEastern Texas houses a transition zone from semiarid conditions in the far west to some of the wettest areas of the continental United States not influenced by mountainous terrain. The region, vulnerable to drought and flooding rains, is projected to experience higher water demand with its growing population. In the coming decades, municipal consumption, including water for landscape preservation, will supplant irrigation as the largest usage category. The amount of supplemental water required to maintain plantings is dependent on evapotranspirative demand and precipitation patterns. Reference evapotranspiration can be calculated using four daily climate parameters in the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation. This was combined with soil moisture capacity and daily accumulated precipitation to determine historical evapotranspiration rates at 14 observation stations across the eastern region of Texas from 1973 through 2017 and allowed for the creation of a recursive algorithm that introduced supplemental water for vegetation preservation as conditions crossed thresholds of dryness. Time series data analysis showed an increasing degree of aridity, as higher temperatures have decreased relative humidity and dry periods have become more prolonged and severe under stable average annual precipitation totals. Without additional increases in rainfall, the region is expected to continue its drying trend, leading to moisture-stressed plant life and higher water demands to maintain landscapes in a well-watered state.
Impact of Global Warming on the Western North Pacific Circulation Anomaly during Developing El Niño
Authors: Wang Yuhao , He Chao , Li Tim 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEl Niño stimulates an anomalous cyclone over the North Pacific during its developing phase. Using 30 CGCMs and 11 AGCMs from CMIP5, we find a weakly strengthened anomalous North Pacific cyclone (NPC) in a warmer climate in CGCMs, and intermodel uncertainty exists. A similar change of the anomalous NPC is found in AGCMs with increased mean state SST but with a stronger amplitude of enhancement. Based on a simple Gill model, the diabatic heating anomaly, mean state static stability, and meridional gradient of relative vorticity are identified to be responsible for the change of the anomalous NPC. Analyses of the CMIP5 models suggest that the change of the anomalous NPC is largely determined by the competition between the enhanced diabatic heating anomaly and the enhanced mean state static stability. The amplitude of enhancement of the anomalous NPC is strongly modulated by the change of precipitation anomaly over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific, which depends on the changes of mean state SST and the El Niño–related SST anomaly. Compared with a uniform warming, an El Niño–like mean state SST warming favors a much stronger enhancement of the anomalous NPC, by enhancing the mean state precipitation and latent heating anomaly associated with the precipitation anomaly over the equatorial Pacific. However, the air–sea coupling acts to weaken the SST anomaly associated with El Niño in the CGCMs, which further reduces the enhancement of the anomalous NPC.
Relating the Radar Bright Band and Its Strength to Surface Rainfall Rate Using an Automated Approach
Authors: Lin Dongqi , Pickering Ben , Neely III Ryan R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn radar observations of hydrometeors, the 0°C isotherm in the atmosphere (i.e., the freezing level) usually appears as a region of enhanced reflectivity. This region is known as the bright band (BB). In this study, observations over 12 months from a vertically pointing 35-GHz radar and a collocated disdrometer at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Facility for Atmospheric and Radio Research (NFARR) are used to identify and compare microphysical differences between BB and non-brightband (NBB) periods. From these observations, the relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rainfall intensity R is found to be Z = 772R0.57 for BB periods and Z = 108R0.99 for NBB periods. Additionally, the brightband strength (BBS) was calculated using a novel method derived from the Michelson contrast equation in an attempt to explain the observed variability in BB precipitation. A series of Z–R relationships are computed with respect to BBS. The coefficients increase with increasing BBS from 227 to 926, while the exponents decrease with increasing BBS from 0.85 to 0.38. The results also indicate that NBB periods identified in the presence of a 0°C isotherm in other studies may be misclassified due to their inability to identify weak brightband periods. As such, it is hypothesized that NBB periods are solely due to warm rain processes.
Patterns and Drivers of Atmospheric River Precipitation and Hydrologic Impacts across the Western United States
Authors: Albano Christine M. , Dettinger Michael D. , Harpold Adrian A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) significantly influence precipitation and hydrologic variability in many areas of the world, including the western United States. As ARs are increasingly recognized by the research community and the public, there is a need to more precisely quantify and communicate their hydrologic impacts, which can vary from hazardous to beneficial depending on location and on the atmospheric and land surface conditions prior to and during the AR. This study leverages 33 years of atmospheric and hydrologic data for the western United States to 1) identify how water vapor amount, wind direction and speed, temperature, and antecedent soil moisture conditions influence precipitation and hydrologic responses (runoff, recharge, and snowpack) using quantile regression and 2) identify differences in hydrologic response types and magnitudes across the study region. Results indicate that water vapor amount serves as a primary control on precipitation amounts. Holding water vapor constant, precipitation amounts vary with wind direction, depending on location, and are consistently greater at colder temperatures. Runoff efficiencies further covary with temperature and antecedent soil moisture, with precipitation falling as snow and greater available water storage in the soil column mitigating flood impacts of large AR events. This study identifies the coastal and maritime mountain ranges as areas with the greatest potential for hazardous flooding and snowfall impacts. This spatially explicit information can lead to better understanding of the conditions under which ARs of different precipitation amounts are likely to be hazardous at a given location.
A Passive Microwave Retrieval Algorithm with Minimal View-Angle Bias: Application to the TEMPEST-D CubeSat Mission
Authors: Schulte Richard M. , Kummerow Christian D. , Berg Wesley , Reising Steven C. , Brown Shannon T. , Gaier Todd C. , Lim Boon H. , Padmanabhan Sharmila 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe rapid development of miniaturized satellite instrument technology has created a new opportunity to deploy constellations of passive microwave (PMW) radiometers to permit retrievals of the same Earth scene with very high temporal resolution to monitor cloud evolution and processes. For such a concept to be feasible, it must be shown that it is possible to distinguish actual changes in the atmospheric state from the variability induced by making observations at different Earth incidence angles (EIAs). To this end, we present a flexible and physical optimal estimation-based algorithm designed to retrieve profiles of atmospheric water vapor, cloud liquid water path, and cloud ice water path from cross-track PMW sounders. The algorithm is able to explicitly account for the dependence of forward model errors on EIA and atmospheric regime. When the algorithm is applied to data from the Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems Technology Demonstration (TEMPEST-D) CubeSat mission, its retrieved products are generally in agreement with those obtained from the similar but larger Microwave Humidity Sounder instrument. More importantly, when forward model brightness temperature offsets and assumed error covariances are allowed to change with EIA and sea surface temperature, view-angle-related biases are greatly reduced. This finding is confirmed in two ways: through a comparison with reanalysis data and by making use of brief periods in early 2019 during which the TEMPEST-D spacecraft was rotated such that its scan pattern was along track, allowing dozens of separate observations of any given atmospheric feature along the satellite’s ground track.
Characterizing NWP Model Errors Using Doppler-Lidar Measurements of Recurrent Regional Diurnal Flows: Marine-Air Intrusions into the Columbia River Basin
Authors: Banta Robert M. , Pichugina Yelena L. , Brewer W. Alan , Choukulkar Aditya , Lantz Kathleen O. , Olson Joseph B. , Kenyon Jaymes , Fernando Harindra J. S. , Krishnamurthy Raghu , Stoelinga Mark J. , Sharp Justin , Darby Lisa S. , Turner David D. , Baidar Sunil , Sandberg Scott P. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ground-based Doppler-lidar instrumentation provides atmospheric wind data at dramatically improved accuracies and spatial/temporal resolutions. These capabilities have provided new insights into atmospheric flow phenomena, but they also should have a strong role in NWP model improvement. Insight into the nature of model errors can be gained by studying recurrent atmospheric flows, here a regional summertime diurnal sea breeze and subsequent marine-air intrusion into the arid interior of Oregon–Washington, where these winds are an important wind-energy resource. These marine intrusions were sampled by three scanning Doppler lidars in the Columbia River basin as part of the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2), using data from summer 2016. Lidar time–height cross sections of wind speed identified 8 days when the diurnal flow cycle (peak wind speeds at midnight, afternoon minima) was obvious and strong. The 8-day composite time–height cross sections of lidar wind speeds are used to validate those generated by the operational NCEP–HRRR model. HRRR simulated the diurnal wind cycle, but produced errors in the timing of onset and significant errors due to a premature nighttime demise of the intrusion flow, producing low-bias errors of 6 m s−1. Day-to-day and in the composite, whenever a marine intrusion occurred, HRRR made these same errors. The errors occurred under a range of gradient wind conditions indicating that they resulted from the misrepresentation of physical processes within a limited region around the measurement locations. Because of their generation within a limited geographical area, field measurement programs can be designed to find and address the sources of these NWP errors.
A Statistical Model to Predict the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Bieli Melanie , Sobel Adam H. , Camargo Suzana J. , Tippett Michael K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper introduces a logistic regression model for the extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic and the western North Pacific, using elastic net regularization to select predictors and estimate coefficients. Predictors are chosen from the 1979–2017 best track and reanalysis datasets, and verification is done against the tropical/extratropical labels in the best track data. In an independent test set, the model skillfully predicts ET at lead times up to 2 days, with latitude and sea surface temperature as its most important predictors. At a lead time of 24 h, it predicts ET with a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.4 in the North Atlantic, and 0.6 in the western North Pacific. It identifies 80% of storms undergoing ET in the North Atlantic and 92% of those in the western North Pacific. In total, 90% of transition time errors are less than 24 h. Select examples of the model’s performance on individual storms illustrate its strengths and weaknesses. Two versions of the model are presented: an “operational model” that may provide baseline guidance for operational forecasts and a “hazard model” that can be integrated into statistical TC risk models. As instantaneous diagnostics for tropical/extratropical status, both models’ zero lead time predictions perform about as well as the widely used cyclone phase space (CPS) in the western North Pacific and better than the CPS in the North Atlantic, and predict the timings of the transitions better than CPS in both basins.
Outcomes of Overlapping Surgery in Otolaryngology
Authors: Sioshansi Pedrom C. , Jackler Robert K. , Damrose Edward J. 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveTo compare outcomes in otolaryngology between overlapping and nonoverlapping surgeries.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsAll patients undergoing otolaryngologic procedures at Stanford University Hospital between January 2009 and June 2016 were included (n = 13,479). Cases were divided into 2 cohorts: overlapping (n = 1806, 13.4%) vs nonoverlapping (n = 11,673, 86.6%). Variables reviewed were type of operation performed, multidisciplinary team involvement, complications, reoperations, readmissions, and deaths.ResultsThe total complication rate over 7.5 years studied was 3.3% (n = 450). Complication rates were lower for overlapping cases (0.77%) compared to nonoverlapping cases (3.73%) with an odds ratio of 0.2014, which was statistically significant (P <. 0001). When examined by subspecialty, the complication rate for rhinology and endoscopic skull base procedures was approximately 10 times lower when overlapping (0.30%) was compared to nonoverlapping (3.15%), with an odds ratio of 0.094 (P =. 0001). There was no difference in complication rates for other surgical subspecialties. There were no deaths associated with overlapping surgery. The rate of major complications requiring reoperation was similarly lower for overlapping procedures (0.276%) compared to nonoverlapping procedures (1.35%) with an odds ratio of 0.2023 (P =. 0004). Readmission rates were lower for overlapping cases (0.49%) when compared to nonoverlapping cases (1.09%), with an odds ratio of 0.4553 (P =. 0229).ConclusionsPatients undergoing overlapping surgery had lower overall complication rates, lower reoperation rates, lower readmission rates, and no mortalities. The institutional experience presented provides evidence that with appropriate patient and case selection, otolaryngologists may safely perform overlapping surgery without increased risk of adverse patient outcomes.