bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unifying spatial and social network analysis in disease ecology
Authors: Albery Gregory F. , Kirkpatrick Lucinda , Firth Josh A. , Bansal Shweta 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Social network analysis has achieved remarkable popularity in disease ecology, and is sometimes carried out without investigating spatial heterogeneity. Many investigations into sociality and disease may nevertheless be subject to cryptic spatial variation, so ignoring spatial processes can limit inference regarding disease dynamics.

Disease analyses can gain breadth, power and reliability from incorporating both spatial and social behavioural data. However, the tools for collecting and analysing these data simultaneously can be complex and unintuitive, and it is often unclear when spatial variation must be accounted for. These difficulties contribute to the scarcity of simultaneous spatial‐social network analyses in disease ecology thus far.

Here, we detail scenarios in disease ecology that benefit from spatial‐social analysis. We describe procedures for simultaneous collection of both spatial and social data, and we outline statistical approaches that can control for and estimate spatial‐social covariance in disease ecology analyses.

We hope disease researchers will expand social network analyses to more often include spatial components and questions. These measures will increase the scope of such analyses, allowing more accurate model estimates, better inference of transmission modes, susceptibility effects and contact scaling patterns, and ultimately more effective disease interventions.
Micro‐scale geography of synchrony in a serpentine plant community
Authors: Walter Jonathan A. , Hallett Lauren M. , Sheppard Lawrence W. , Anderson Thomas L. , Zhao Lei , Hobbs Richard J. , Suding Katharine N. , Reuman Daniel C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFluctuations in population abundances are often correlated through time across multiple locations, a phenomenon known as spatial synchrony. Spatial synchrony can exhibit complex spatial structures, termed ‘geographies of synchrony’, that can reveal mechanisms underlying population fluctuations. However, most studies have focused on spatial extents of 10s to 100s of kilometres, making it unclear how synchrony concepts and approaches should apply to dynamics at finer spatial scales.We used network analyses, multiple regression on similarity matrices, and wavelet coherence analyses to examine micro‐scale synchrony and geographies of synchrony, over distances up to 30 m, in a serpentine grassland plant community.We found that species' populations exhibited a geography of synchrony even over such short distances. Often, well‐synchronized populations were geographically separate, a spatial structure that was shaped mainly by gopher disturbance and dispersal limitation, and to a lesser extent by relationships with other plant species. Precipitation was a significant driver of site‐ and community‐wide temporal dynamics. Gopher disturbance appeared to drive synchrony on 2‐ to 6‐year timescales, and we detected coherent fluctuations among pairs of focal plant taxa.Synthesis. Micro‐geographies of synchrony are an intriguing phenomenon that may also help us better understand community dynamics. Additionally, the related geographies of synchrony and coherent temporal dynamics among some species pairs indicate that incorporating interspecific interactions can improve understanding of population spatial synchrony.
Variation at the common polysaccharide antigen locus drives lipopolysaccharide diversity within the Pseudomonas syringae species complex
Authors: Jayaraman Jay , Jones William T. , Harvey Dawn , Hemara Lauren M. , McCann Honour C. , Yoon Minsoo , Warring Suzanne L. , Fineran Peter C. , Mesarich Carl H. , Templeton Matthew D. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThe common polysaccharide antigen (CPA) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pseudomonas syringae is highly variable, but the genetic basis for this is poorly understood. We have characterized the CPA locus from P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). This locus has genes for l‐ and d‐rhamnose biosynthesis and an operon coding for ABC transporter subunits, a bifunctional glycosyltransferase and an o‐methyltransferase. This operon is predicted to have a role in the transport, elongation and termination of the CPA oligosaccharide and is referred to as the TET operon. Two alleles of the TET operon were present in different biovars (BV) of Psa and lineages of the closely related pathovar P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum. This allelic variation was reflected in the electrophoretic properties of purified LPS from the different isolates. Gene knockout of the TET operon allele from BV1 and replacement with that from BV3, demonstrated the link between the genetic locus and the biochemical properties of the LPS molecules in Psa. Sequence analysis of the TET operon from a range of P. syringae and P. viridiflava isolates displayed a phylogenetic history incongruent with core gene phylogeny but correlates with previously reported tailocin sensitivity, suggesting a functional relationship between LPS structure and tailocin susceptibility.
The ABC transporter Pdr18 is required for yeast thermotolerance due to its role in ergosterol transport and plasma membrane properties
Authors: Godinho Cláudia P. , Costa Rute , Sá‐Correia Isabel 
Published: September 2020

SummaryAmong the mechanisms by which yeast overcomes multiple stresses is the expression of genes encoding ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters required for resistance to a wide range of toxic compounds. These substrates may include weak acids, alcohols, agricultural pesticides, polyamines, metal cations, as in the case of Pdr18. This pleotropic drug resistance transporter was previously proposed to transport ergosterol at the plasma membrane (PM) level contributing to the maintenance of PM lipid organization and reduced diffusional permeation induced by lipophilic compounds. The present work reports a novel phenotype associated with the putative drug/xenobiotic‐efflux‐pump transporter Pdr18: the resistance to heat shock and to long‐term growth at supra‐optimal temperatures. Cultivation at 40°C was demonstrated to lead to higher PM permeabilization of a pdr18Δ cell population with the PDR18 gene deleted compared with the parental strain population, as indicated by flow cytometry analysis of propidium iodide stained cells. Cells of pdr18Δ grown at 40°C also exhibited increased transcription levels from genes of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, compared with parental cells. However, this adaptive response at 40°C was not enough to maintain PM physiological ergosterol levels in the population lacking the Pdr18 transporter and free ergosterol precursors accumulate in the deletion mutant cells.
An ultrahigh‐throughput screening platform based on flow cytometric droplet sorting for mining novel enzymes from metagenomic libraries
Authors: Ma Fuqiang , Guo Tianjie , Zhang Yifan , Bai Xue , Li Changlong , Lu Zelin , Deng Xi , Li Daixi , Kurabayashi Katsuo , Yang Guang‐yu 
Published: September 2020

SummaryUncultivable microbial communities provide enormous reservoirs of enzymes, but their experimental identification by functional metagenomics is challenging, mainly due to the difficulty of screening enormous metagenomic libraries. Here, we propose a reliable and convenient ultrahigh‐throughput screening platform based on flow cytometric droplet sorting (FCDS). The FCDS platform employs water‐in‐oil‐in‐water double emulsion droplets serving as single‐cell enzymatic micro‐reactors and a commercially available flow cytometer, and it can efficiently isolate novel biocatalysts from metagenomic libraries by processing single cells as many as 108 per day. We demonstrated the power of this platform by screening a metagenomic library constructed from domestic running water samples. The FCDS assay screened 30 million micro‐reactors in only 1 h, yielding a collection of esterase genes. Among these positive hits, Est WY was identified as a novel esterase with high catalytic efficiency and distinct evolutionary origin from other lipolytic enzymes. Our study manifests that the FCDS platform is a robust tool for functional metagenomics, with the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of exploring novel enzymes from nature.
Trump's electoral speeches and his appeal to the American white working class
Authors: Lamont Michèle , Park Bo Yun , Ayala‐Hurtado Elena 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper contributes to the study of social change by considering boundary work as a dimension of cultural change. Drawing on the computer‐assisted qualitative analysis of 73 formal speeches made by Donald Trump during the 2016 electoral campaign, we argue that his political rhetoric, which led to his presidential victory, addressed the white working class's concern with their declining position in the national pecking order. He addressed this group's concern by raising their moral status, that is, by (1) emphatically describing them as hard‐working Americans who are victims of globalization; (2) voicing their concerns about ‘people above’ (professionals, the rich, and politicians); (3) drawing strong moral boundaries toward undocumented immigrants, refugees, and Muslims; (4) presenting African Americans and (legal) Hispanic Americans as workers who also deserve jobs; (5) stressing the role of working‐class men as protectors of women and LGBTQ people. This particular case study of the role of boundary work in political rhetoric provides a novel, distinctively sociological approach for capturing dynamics of social change.
Psychotherapy as a skilled practice
Authors: Colman Warren 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhile psychotherapy is related to both science and art, it is primarily a craft activity requiring the development of skilful practice, epitomized by the discipline of the analytic attitude. In terms of the forms of knowledge outlined by Aristotle, this places psychotherapy in the realm of ‘technê’ (arts and craft) rather than epistêmê (science). In particular, the technê of psychotherapy is concerned with the development of phronesis (practical wisdom) in both patient and analyst and its ultimate aim is concerned with the promotion of eudaimonia, a state of well‐being considered by Aristotle to be definitive of ‘the good life’. It is therefore fundamentally an ethical endeavour. The nature of psychotherapeutic skill is illustrated by analogy with three other forms of technê – music, meditation and pottery. Clinical examples illustrate the crafting of interpretations and the art of patient holding.
Early maternal Zika infection predicts severe neonatal neurological damage: results from the prospective Natural History of Zika Virus Infection in Gestation cohort study
Authors: Coutinho CM , Negrini SFBM , Araujo DCA , Teixeira SR , Amaral FR , Moro MCR , Fernandes JDCP , da Motta MSF , Negrini BVM , Caldas CACT , Anastasio ART , Furtado JM , Bárbaro AAT , Yamamoto AY , Duarte G , Mussi‐Pinhata MM ,   for the NATZIG Cohort Study Team
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo define the prevalence of adverse outcomes of maternal infection in a large cohort of ZIKV‐infected Brazilian women and their infants.DesignProspective population‐based cohort study.SettingRibeirão Preto's region's private and public health facilities.PopulationSymptomatic ZIKV‐infected mothers and their infants.MethodsPrenatal/early neonatal data were obtained for all mother–child pairs. A subgroup of infants had cranial ultrasonography, eye fundoscopy, hearing and neurological examinations and Bayley III screening tests within 3 months of age.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of pregnancy losses and anomalies detected at birth or within 3 months according to the gestational age of infection.ResultsOverall, 511 ZIKV‐infected women were identified from a total of 1116 symptomatic women; as there were two twins, there were a total of 513 fetuses included. Of these, 13 (2.5%; 95% CI 1.5–4.3) presented with major signs of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Of the 511 women, there were 489 livebirths and 24 (4.7%) pregnancy losses (20 miscarriages and four stillbirths). ZIKV‐related anomalies occurred in the offspring of 42/511 (8.2%) mothers. Microcephaly or other CNS malformations were diagnosed in 1/4 (25.0%) stillbirths and in 19/489 (3.9%; 95% CI 2.5–5.9) of the liveborn infants. Fetal abnormalities were 14.0 (95% CI 7.6–26.0) times more likely with gestational infection occurring in ≤11 weeks. On follow up of 280 asymptomatic infants, 2/155 (1.3%) had eye abnormalities, 1/207 (0.5%) had CNS imaging findings and 16/199 (8%) presented neurological alert signs.ConclusionsThis prospective population‐based study represents the largest Brazilian cohort study of ZIKV in pregnancy. Congenital anomalies potentially associated with CZS are less frequent than previously thought. There is a strong association between the gestational age of infection (≤11 weeks) and a poorer early infant prognosis. A notable proportion of apparently asymptomatic newborns can present with subclinical findings within 3 months of age.Tweetable abstractZIKV and pregnancy: adverse outcomes are less common, more prevalent for first‐trimester infections, and potentially subclinical.
Fetal medicine specialist experiences of providing a new service of termination of pregnancy for fatal fetal anomaly: a qualitative study
Authors: Power S , Meaney S , O’Donoghue K 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo explore fetal medicine specialists’ experiences of caring for parents following a diagnosis of fatal fetal anomaly (FFA) during the implementation of termination of pregnancy (TOP) for FFA for the first time.DesignQualitative study.SettingFetal medicine units in the Republic of Ireland.PopulationTen fetal medicine specialists from five of the six fetal medicine units.Methodsnvivo 12 assisted in the thematic analysis of semi‐structured in‐depth face‐to‐face interviews.Main outcome measuresFetal medicine specialists’ experiences of prenatal diagnosis and holistic management of pregnancies complicated by FFA.ResultsFour themes were identified: ‘not fatal enough’, ‘interactions with colleagues’, ‘supporting pregnant women’ and ‘internal conflict and emotional challenges’. Fetal medicine specialists feared getting an FFA diagnosis incorrect because of media scrutiny and criminal liability associated with the TOP for FFA legislation. Challenges with the ambiguous and ‘restrictive’ legislation were identified that ‘ostracised’ severe anomalies. Teamwork was essential to facilitate opportunities for learning and peer support; however, conflict with colleagues was experienced regarding the diagnosis of FFA, the provision of feticide and palliative care to infants born alive following TOP for FFA. Participants reported challenges implementing TOP for FFA, including the absence of institutional support and ‘stretched’ resources. Fetal medicine specialists experienced internal conflict and a psychological burden providing TOP for FFA, but did so to ‘provide full care for women’.ConclusionsOur study identified challenges regarding the suitability of the Irish legislation for TOP for FFA and its rapid introduction into clinical practice. It illustrates the importance of institutional and peer support, as well as the need for supportive management, in the provision of a new service.Tweetable abstractThe implementation of termination services for fatal fetal anomaly is complex and requires institutional support.
Discrimination of phenethylamine regioisomers and structural analogues by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Cui‐Mei , Xu Lin , He Hong‐Yuan , Jia Wei , Hua Zhen‐Dong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this study, the Raman spectra of 21 phenethylamines were obtained using far‐red excitation (785 nm). The distinguishing ability of Raman for phenethylamines, especially for phenethylamine regioisomers and structural analogues, was investigated. Here, the evaluation of a cross section of Raman spectra demonstrated that all types of phenethylamines were distinguishable, even for certain structural analogues with high spectrum similarity. Raman exhibited high distinguishing ability for phenethylamine regioisomers that differ in the substitution position of halogen, methoxy, alkyl, or other substituted groups; as well as for structural analogues containing different groups, such as furanyl, 2,3‐dihydrofuranyl, halogen, and alkyl substituted at the same position. The Raman spectra for homologues with differences in only a methyl group were found to be highly similar; however, their spectra demonstrated small but detectable differences. Four analogue mixtures and 59 seized samples were also analyzed to study the practical use of the Raman method in forensic field. 95% of the seized samples were correctly identified, which significantly validated the ability of Raman method in identifying the correct isomers. Accordingly, this study provides a non‐destructive, high‐throughput and minimal sample preparation technique for the discrimination of phenethylamines.
Detection of trace drugs of abuse in baby formula using solid‐phase microextraction direct analysis in real‐time mass spectrometry (SPME‐DART‐MS)
Authors: Watt Laura , Sisco Edward 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe intentional or unintentional adulteration of baby formula with drugs of abuse is one of the many increasingly complex samples forensic chemists may have to analyze. This sample type presents a challenge because of a complex matrix that can mask the detection of trace drug residues. To enable screening of baby formula for trace levels of drugs, the use of solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with direct analysis in real‐time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) was investigated. A suite of five drugs was used as adulterants and spiked into baby formula. Samples were then extracted using SPME fibers which were analyzed by DART‐MS. Development of a proof‐of‐concept method was completed by investigating the effects of the DART gas stream temperature and the linear speed of the sample holder. Optimal values of 350°C and 0.2 mm/s were found. Once the method was established, representative responses and sensitivities for the five drugs were measured and found to be in the range of single ng/mL to hundreds ng/mL. Additional studies found that the presence of the baby formula matrix increased analyte signal (relative to methanolic solutions) by greater than 200%. Comparison of the SPME‐DART‐MS method to a traditional DART‐MS method for trace drug detection found at least a factor of 13 improvement in signal for the drugs investigated. This work demonstrates that SPME‐DART‐MS is a viable technique for the screening of complex matrices, such as baby formula, for trace drug residues and that development of a comprehensive method is warranted.
Effects of exercise therapy on the persistence of physical function, exercise habits, and self‐efficacy after cessation of exercise in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A nonrandomized control trial
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomoya , Yabe Hiroki , Mitake Yuya , Chishiki Aika , Katogi Takehide , Fujii Takayuki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe present study investigated the sustained effect of exercise therapy discontinuation in patients under hemodialysis with low physical function. Seven subjects in the exercise group and eight in the control group who had low physical function (short physical performance battery; SPPB ≤ 9 points) were included in the study. The exercise group received 6 months of intradialytic exercise, followed by 6 months of observation. We assessed SPPB, grip strength, self‐efficacy (SE), and exercise habits in both the groups before and after 12 months. There were statistically significant improvements in SPPB (effect size, 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–3.55) and SE (effect size, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.25–7.57) in the exercise group relative to the control group. The exercise group displayed more exercise habits than the control group at 12 months. A 6‐month period of intradialytic exercise may contribute to the continuation of SPPB and SE after exercise discontinuation.
Where and When Soil Amendment is Most Effective as a Low Impact Development Practice in Residential Areas
Authors: Voter Carolyn B. , Loheide Steven P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImproving the infiltration capacity of urban soil is critical for effective stormwater management, but existing guidance on soil amendment in residential areas typically calls for tilling and amending soil throughout the entire yard, an approach that is most feasible during development or redevelopment. To develop guidance on less‐extensive soil amendment interventions which a homeowner could implement postconstruction, we designed a modeling study to compare four scenarios targeting soil amendment in a single‐family yard (1) at disconnected impervious features, (2) at locations with large upslope drainage areas, (3) at locations with a high topographic wetness index (TWI), and (4) randomly (control). We find that soil amendment may be ineffective at reducing runoff from residential areas with high near‐surface infiltration rates (e.g., Ksat > 1 × 10−2 m/hr), but can reduce runoff by 46%–73% (up to 15% of precipitation) on yards with lower near‐surface infiltration rates. We find that targeting amendment at interfacial hotspots near disconnected impervious surfaces can reduce runoff by over 10× more than amending a random equivalent area and by at least 2× more than targeting amendment by drainage area or TWI. We suggest including this intervention in the suite of low impact development practices promoted to residential property owners since it effectively and efficiently reduces runoff and may appeal to homeowners who are wary of maintenance needs of other practices.
Soil Moisture Assessment Based on Multi‐Source Remotely Sensed Data in the Huaihe River Basin, China
Authors: Zhao Junfang , Wang Yupeng , Xu Jingwen , Xie Hongfei , Sun Shuang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe reliable estimation of soil moisture on spatial and temporal scales is of fundamental importance in improving the impact assessment of drought and flood on plant productivity and enhancing our understanding of the link between the water and biogeochemical cycles. Currently, remotely sensed data can offer a chance to improve spatial variability, especially in environments with scarce ground‐based data. To obtain soil moisture information with high resolution and high precision in such mountainous areas as the Huaihe River Basin, we combined the advantages of MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) optical remote sensing sensor that has high spatial resolution and sensitive characteristics to surface covering type and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Earth Observing System (AMSR‐E) passive microwave sensor that has high temporal resolution and the characteristics of small interference by clouds. Five years of AMSR‐E and MODIS data (2006–2010) were fused based on the wavelet transform (WT) method. The soil moisture in the Huaihe River Basin was extracted using these fused remotely sensed data. The results showed that the soil moisture from AMSR‐E and MODIS fusion data could capture soil moisture dynamics well. The accuracies of soil moisture from AMSR‐E and MODIS fusion data based on WT were better than those from single remote sensing data. The soil moisture from MODIS and AMSR‐E fusion data was more sensitive to the season, especially in spring, summer, and autumn. The accuracy of soil moisture from MODIS and AMSR‐E fusion data in time and space varied in the Huaihe Basin. From the time series, high accuracies of soil moisture were observed in the spring of 2009 and in the spring and winter of 2010. From the spatial series, high accuracies of soil moisture were found in Zhumadian and Bozhou stations, and the worst accuracies were observed in Huaiyin and Shangqiu stations, which were primarily related to some factors such as local topography, vegetation coverage, and precipitation. These findings will provide interesting insights that can be useful for developing measures to prevent drought and flood disasters on a regional scale in China.