bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fire protection in the Russian empire in the second half of the 19th century: main contradictions and search for development pathways
Authors: Malko A V , Nemchenko S B , Smirnova A A , Panchenko V Y , Makarchuk I Y 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper considers the peculiarities of legal regulation for three types of fire brigades in the 19th-century Russian Empire. It describes the formation of the fire protection service, one of the first public emergency response services. The authors reveal contradictions in the management system and legal status of fire brigades in Russia. They focus on the classification of fire brigades in the Russian Empire by dividing them into state police and public fire brigades. The paper also considers the public project of establishing a single centralized body of state fire protection management in the Russian Empire. To accomplish this, the archival materials of Count Sheremet’ev’s personal papers and the papers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire are analyzed. The authors conclude that Russian state, though aware of the need for reform in fire protection, could not effectively implement it. The reform project prepared by Bogdanovich and Sheremet’ev was not implemented because of poor interaction between the state and public firefighting services of the country.
On a history of Russian nineteenth century continental explorations in Alaska
Authors: Postnikov A V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the 1840s, Russian-American Company paid much attention to exploration of the interior of continental Alaska. A ground for such an explorations has been solidly prepared by the Company’s fur extracting activities and by the preceding treks by Vasil’iev, Kolmakov, Glazunov, Malakhov, Lukin and Zagoskin. Russians were by now acquainted in general terms with geography and peoples inhabiting the lower courses of the Kvikhpak (the Yukon) and Kuskokwim rivers. The tribes inhabiting these region, on their part, were informed, at least indirectly, with Russian promyshlenniki’s activities through the process of fur barter trade and by this time did not consider contacts with them as an evil to be avoided at any cost. Zagoskin’s expedition was an outstanding achievement with respect to the study of the environment and population of Alaska’s interior. Arvid Adolf Etholen’s and Voznesenskii’s materials, together with the reports about the remarkable expedition by Zagoskin, attracted close attention of the leadership of the Geographical Society.
Observation and photographing of the Earth’s surface during the flight of the Voskhod three-seater manned spacecraft on October 12–13, 1964
Authors: Shcherbinin D Yu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Today, orbital-based optical means of observing the Earth’s surface is an important element of space technical devices. They went through almost 60-years-long history of development. The history of remote sensing is inextricably linked with the evolution of on-board photographic equipment of manned spacecraft. Observation and photographing of the Earth’s surface were part of the flight program of the first Soviet spacecraft of the Vostok series. These studies were continued during the flight of the Voskhod-1 manned spacecraft (October 12–13, 1964). The 24-hours flight of a three-seater spacecraft was an important stage for the formation of approaches to the research program onboard manned spacecraft. The task of this scientific and historical research was to determine the mission contribution to the development of means and methods of remote sensing of the Earth’s surface. The article describes the main technical means for fulfilling the tasks of surveying and photographing the Earth’s surface during the flight of the Voskhod spacecraft, the methods of their use in flight; an assessment of the achievement of the objectives of the flight program; the main results and conclusions based on the analysis of space photographs are presented. On the basis of historical material, a conclusion was drawn on the novelty of the information obtained in the conditions of the formation of Soviet cosmonautics and on the significance of the flight results of the Voskhod spacecraft in the development of onboard facility and methods for remote sensing of the Earth from space.
From Olonets to Kabarda. Reference to Johann Friedrich Bluher’s prospecting works and exploration in Russia
Authors: Yurkin I N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The article provides a review of Johann Friedrich Bluher’s activities as a prospector, mining engineer, assayer and metallurgist during his search for ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores in Russia. Bluher visited all the regions of the Russian state with existing metal industry. He also searched for mineral deposits in territories where such kind of works had not been previously performed. The author calls attention to his works on iron and copper ores’ prospecting in Olonets region and to his expedition to Bolshaya Kabardin Plain for silver and copper ores. We use records of Berg and Manufaktur Kollegiia (Mining board and Manufactory board) for the interpretation of events. We note the diversity of assessment of Bluher’s activities by his contemporaries and historians of the 21th century.
The work of the Learned Mining Committee in Imperial Russia: 1825–1917
Authors: Zakharchuk P A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The article describes activities of the Learning Mining Committee, an administrative body that existed in the Russian Empire from 1825 to 1917. It analyzes the reasons for creating the Committee and describes in brief the changes in the legal status of the Committee in the public administration system of the Russian Empire. It is analyzed the organization’s Charter, as well as the conditions for joining it. Most of the article is devoted to the analysis of publications of the Committee on the history of metallurgy. One of the sources of research was the Journal of Mining. The Committee has published it from 1825 to 1917. The article identified and analyzed forty-seven publications on the history of metallurgy in the Journal of Mining. One of the research objectives was to determine the professional affiliation of the authors of historical articles. The analysis revealed that the mining engineers, officials and local historians were the authors of that works. However, in all publications, they paid more attention to socio-economic history than to the history of technology. The article also analyzes books on the history of metallurgy that were published by the Committee. The research data may be used in further research on the historiography of the history of metallurgy. The article is of interest to researchers of the history of science and technology.
Two detection methods for the endpoint of the prepared reaction of N-(oxidiethylene)-2 benzothiazolyl sulfonamide and its analysis
Authors: Zhang Yidong , Liu Yanjun , Li Zhenqiu , Zhao Junmeng , Tong Xilei , Wang Quan , Qin Huixiong , Qing Ruibin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work, a detection method using pH and ORP for the endpoint determination of the prepared reaction of N-(oxidiethylene)-2-benzothiazolyl sulfonamide (NOBS) was reported, and the properties of NOBS samples were comprehensively investigated. According to the chemical equation of this reaction, the turning point of pH and ORP was used to determine the endpoint of this reaction. Results showed that the purity and yield of experimental NOBS samples increased to 96.4% and 81.7%, respectively. The FTIR and XRD analysis were also used to investigate the chemical structure and crystal absorption peak of NOBS samples. SEM-EDS spectra confirmed the existence of C, N, O and S elements, and there were no other elements in the products. What is more important, the properties of experimental NOBS samples were better than that of contrast samples. Thus, this paper offers an approach to determine the endpoint of the prepared reaction of NOBS.
DeepYY1: a deep learning approach to identify YY1-mediated chromatin loops
Authors: Dao Fu-Ying , Lv Hao , Zhang Dan , Zhang Zi-Mei , Liu Li , Lin Hao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe protein Yin Yang 1 (YY1) could form dimers that facilitate the interaction between active enhancers and promoter-proximal elements. YY1-mediated enhancer–promoter interaction is the general feature of mammalian gene control. Recently, some computational methods have been developed to characterize the interactions between DNA elements by elucidating important features of chromatin folding; however, no computational methods have been developed for identifying the YY1-mediated chromatin loops. In this study, we developed a deep learning algorithm named DeepYY1 based on word2vec to determine whether a pair of YY1 motifs would form a loop. The proposed models showed a high prediction performance (AUCs$\ge$0.93) on both training datasets and testing datasets in different cell types, demonstrating that DeepYY1 has an excellent performance in the identification of the YY1-mediated chromatin loops. Our study also suggested that sequences play an important role in the formation of YY1-mediated chromatin loops. Furthermore, we briefly discussed the distribution of the replication origin site in the loops. Finally, a user-friendly web server was established, and it can be freely accessed at http://lin-group.cn/server/DeepYY1.
One patient with an anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery directly from the right ventricle: a case report
Authors: He Xiaomin , Zhang Zhifang , Zheng Jinghao , Zhu Zhongqun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
The anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery is a rare malformation, which so far has mainly been found as an anomalous origin from a different site of the aorta, accounting for 0.12% of all congenital heart diseases. This case report introduced a very rare case of the anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery which had never reported in the clinic.

Case summary
A 2-year-old boy with a 6-month history of shortness of breath and recurrent respiratory infection, was diagnosed left pulmonary artery (LPA) directly arising from the right ventricle by transthoracic echocardiography and multidetector computed tomography without a deletion in the region of 22q11. Eventually, the LPA was further conformed that arised from the right ventricle during the operation, and was corrected with a well clinical outcome.

Discussion
The surgical technique for repair of this anomalous LPA was not difficult in our case. However, the embryonic development of the present case still could not be completely explained by the current embryologic postulates since it was a new malformation that never reported. Due to its rarity, there is still much to learn about the origin and development of the pulmonary arteries that possibly develop prenatally.
Impact of a nutrition education programme on free sugar intake & nutrition-related knowledge in fifth-grade schoolchildren
Authors: Winzer Eva , Wakolbinger Maria , Schätzer Manuel , Blagusz Karin , Rieder Anita , Lechleitner Monika , Hoppichler Friedrich 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
The objective was to evaluate a 5-week nutrition education programme (ACTION) in fifth-grade schoolchildren in Austria on free sugar intake, nutrition-related knowledge (NRK) and with the RE-AIM framework on the overall public health impact.

Methods
A prospective case-controlled cohort (pre–post design) from seven secondary schools in Vienna tested programme efficacy. NRK was assessed with a 20-item questionnaire and dietary behaviour and free sugar intake with a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. A total of 12 intervention classes (IG) received the programme, conducted by teachers and integrated in the curriculum, and 6 control classes followed their usual curriculum.

Results
In 344 children, aged 10.4 (0.8) years, free sugar intake decreased significantly over time in IG by 13% (P=0.001) with a group difference of −10.1 (95% CI −18.8, −1.5; P=0.021) g/day. The food groups ‘sweets & pastries’, ‘soft drinks’, ‘fast food’ and ‘salty snacks’ mainly contributed to this reduction. Moreover, NRK increased significantly over time in IG with a group difference of 9.0% of correct answers (95% CI 5.8, 12.2; P&lt;0.001; Cohen’s d 0.57). The programme was disseminated to 10% of fifth-grade classrooms in Austrian secondary schools and to 12% in Vienna.

Conclusions
The ACTION programme shows potential for public health impact with improving dietary behaviour as free sugar intake, NRK, and its dissemination. It required a minimum of money per schoolchild as the programme was conducted by teachers and was integrated in the curriculum.
Modification of the summative equation to estimate daily total digestible nutrients for bermudagrass pasture
Authors: Woli Prem , Rouquette Francis M , Long Charles R , Tedeschi Luis O , Scaglia Guillermo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In forage-animal nutrition modeling, diet energy is estimated mainly from the forage total digestible nutrients (TDN). As digestibility trials are expensive, TDN is usually estimated using summative equations. Early summative equations assumed a fixed coefficient to compute digestible fiber using the lignin-to-neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio. Subsequently, a structural coefficient (φ) was added to the summative equations to reflect an association between lignin and cell wall components. Additional modifications to the summative equations assumed a constant φ value, and they have been used as a standard method by many commercial laboratories and scientists. For feeds with nutritive values that do not change much over time, a constant φ value may suffice. However, for forages with nutritive values that keep changing during the grazing season owing to changes in weather and plant maturity, a constant φ value may add a systematic bias to prediction because it is associated with the variable lignin-to-NDF ratio. In this study, we developed a model to estimate φ as a function of the day of the year by using the daily TDN values of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], a popular warm-season perennial grass in the southern United States. The variable φ model was evaluated by using it in the TDN equation and comparing the estimated values with the observed ones obtained from several locations. Values of the various measures of fit used—the Willmott index (WI), the modeling efficiency (ME), R2, root mean square error (RMSE), and percent error (PE)—showed that using the variable φ vis-à-vis the constant φ improved the TDN equation significantly. The WI, ME, R2, RMSE, and PE values of 0.94, 0.80, 0.80, 2.5, and 4.7, respectively, indicated that the TDN equation with the variable φ model was able to mimic the observed values of TDN satisfactorily. Unlike the constant φ, the variable φ predicted more closely the forage nutritive value throughout the grazing season. The variable φ model may be useful to forage-beef modeling in accurately reflecting the impacts of plant maturity and weather on daily forage nutritive value and animal performance.
Trademarks
Authors: Correa Carlos Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses Section 2, Part II, of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which relates to trademarks. In addition to the substantive rules contained in said section, the Agreement incorporates provisions to ensure the enforcement of rights (Part III) and, particularly, procedures to be followed by customs authorities with regard to counterfeit trademark goods (Part III, Section 4). This section significantly strengthens the rights of trademark owners as compared to those available under the Paris Convention. The main innovation brought about by the TRIPS text in the trademark area probably relates to the expanded protection conferred on well-known trademarks. Another area of potential significant impact is the limitation and conditions imposed with regard to the use requirement to maintain registration, and the flexibility accorded to assign trademarks unrelated to the respective business. The enforcement rules in Part III are likely to be, however, the most significant components of the Agreement in terms of impact on trademark law.
Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Correa Carlos Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Unlike pre-existing conventions on IPRs, the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement contains a detailed set of provisions relating to the enforcement of such rights. The aim of Part III of the Agreement is to ensure that in addition to make available certain rights, Members adopt obligations to permit their effective exercise. Article 41 sets forth the general obligation regarding enforcement: to ensure that procedures as specified in this Part are available under the Member’s national law ‘so as to permit effective action against any act of infringement of intellectual property rights covered by this Agreement’. Article 41.1 requires the establishment of two types of remedies. These include expeditious remedies to prevent infringements, and remedies which constitute a deterrent to further infringements. Although the obligation to provide ‘expeditious remedies to prevent infringements’ is stipulated in general terms in Article 41.1, the specific content of such obligation is developed in Article 50 (provisional measures) and Article 51 (border measures) of the Agreement. Members may not be required to go beyond what is required under these provisions.
Conservatory and Interim Measures
Authors: Kobayashi Patrícia Shiguemi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses conservatory and interim measures. Not differently from other jurisdictions, the Brazilian legal framework up until the Brazilian Arbitration Law (BAL) was enacted in 1996 did not grant arbitrators powers to issue conservatory and interim measures. The prohibition derived from the perception that provisional relief sought by the parties required a coercive power that arbitral tribunals lacked by the very nature of their jurisdiction. With the development of Arbitration and a better understanding of the method, the BAL of 1996 was enacted, and it revoked the abovementioned limitation imposed to arbitral tribunals in the Civil Procedure Code (CPC). In 2015, the BAL was revised, and articles 22-A, 22-B, and 22-C included express provisions on (i) the possibility of requesting conservatory and urgent measures to national courts before the constitution of the arbitral tribunal; (ii) the arbitral tribunal's powers to grant such measures after its constitution; (iii) arbitral tribunal's powers to uphold, amend, or revoke an interim measure granted by national courts; and (iv) the cooperation between national courts and arbitral tribunals in case of non-compliance in the course of the proceedings. It is therefore a system comprised of the non-concurrent competence between national courts and arbitrators.
Project Finance, PPP, and Concession Agreements
Authors: Sester Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines investment arbitration in Brazil. In the 1990s, the country signed a dozen Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). These included clauses modelled on the framework for classic investor-state-arbitration. However, these BITs were never ratified and there are no signs that this will soon change. In recent years, Brazil has entered into a new type of investment agreement with a number of emerging markets. These contracts do not provide for investor-state-arbitration, but rather a kind of conciliation or meditation mechanism on the state-to-state level, which has never been tested so far. Since 2015, however, Brazil has been heading towards a new type of investment arbitration based on Brazilian Arbitration Law (BAL) and the New York Convention (NYC). In this new type of arbitrations, the public administration will, in principle, be represented by its own state attorneys. The arbitration framework used by Brazilian public administration is modelled on the legal framework of Commercial Arbitration, though with some important modifications mainly serving the interest of public administration.
Just Culture Is Not “Just” Culture—It’s Shifting Mindset
Authors: Foslien-Nash Cynthia , Reed Brady 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTHealth care and the Veterans Health Administration have adopted many initiatives to improve patient care, including efforts to create a “Just Culture” environment for patient safety and quality outcomes. Despite significant resources and efforts on these initiatives and some temporary improvements, we continue to struggle to make significant and sustainable improvements. At the Veterans Administration North Texas Health Care System, we see that our efforts have addressed the wrong thing. By focusing our efforts to shift the underlying mindset that drives behavior, we expect to create the foundation that will help us truly achieve a High Reliability and Just Culture organization that provides the care and outcomes our patients and staff deserve.
Disc fragmentation and intermittent accretion on to supermassive stars
Authors: Matsukoba Ryoki , Vorobyov Eduard I , Sugimura Kazuyuki , Chon Sunmyon , Hosokawa Takashi , Omukai Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Supermassive stars (SMSs) with ∼104–105 M⊙ are candidate objects for the origin of supermassive black holes observed at redshift z &gt; 6. They are supposed to form in primordial-gas clouds that provide the central stars with gas at a high accretion rate, but their growth may be terminated in the middle due to the stellar ionizing radiation if the accretion is intermittent and its quiescent periods are longer than the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) time-scales at the stellar surfaces. In this paper, we examine the role of the ionizing radiation feedback based on the accretion history in two possible SMS-forming clouds extracted from cosmological simulations, following their evolution with vertically integrated two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with detailed thermal and chemical models. The consistent treatment of the gas thermal evolution is crucial for obtaining the realistic accretion history, as we demonstrate by performing an additional run with a barotropic equation of state, in which the fluctuation of the accretion rate is artificially suppressed. We find that although the accretion becomes intermittent due to the formation of spiral arms and clumps in gravitationally unstable discs, the quiescent periods are always shorter than the KH time-scales, implying that SMSs can form without affected by the ionizing radiation.