bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude and Barriers to Ethical Aspects of Biomedical Research by Medical Practitioners in a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Young Ekenechukwu E. , Ijoma Uchenna N. , Okafor Chinyere N. , Nwatu Chidinma B. 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Ethical norms in research promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and avoidance of error. Observing ethics in clinical research is very important and this should be well known by all health care practitioners. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge of doctors working in a tertiary hospital about research ethics and the barriers they encounter in the ethical conduct of research.
Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 215 doctors in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria to determine their knowledge of the concepts of ethics in research, their research practices and perceived barriers to ethical conduct of research. Data obtained was analysed with SPSS v 20 and reported as Tables and charts. Chi square was used to test for differences between categorical variables and a P value < .05 was regarded as significant.
Results: There were 108 consultants, while the rest were medical officers and resident doctors. The consultants were more active in research and 42% had between ten to fourteen published articles. There was fairly adequate knowledge of the 5 concepts of research ethics tested, with 90% who had knowledge of GCP. Common perceived barriers to ethical research conduct were poor funding and cultural beliefs.
Conclusion: There remains a gap between knowledge of ethical research conduct and actual practice. This should be addressed by improved sensitization and oversight by the regulatory agencies and the IEC.
An Analysis of the Flood-Prone Areas in Birnin Kebbi, Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Authors: Muktar Abdullahi , Yelwa Sadiq A. 
Published: September 2020

Aim: To identify settlements that are vulnerable to flooding within River Rima floodplain in Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria.
Study Design: A flood vulnerability test was conducted by observing the relationship between the locations of settlements on the floodplain and elevation data, considering previous flooding events.
Place and Duration of Study: The study covers Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria.
Methodology: This study uses Digital Elevation Model DEM obtained by The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The Geographical Information System (GIS) technique (Map Overlay) was used where DEM was overplayed by settlement location (point data). Similarly, 3D view was used to confirm the result.
Conclusion: The result shows that 12 settlements in Birnin Kebbi LGA were located at the lower altitude (<207m) with close proximity from the river channel. Therefore, the settlements and the surrounding farmlands become vulnerable to flooding.
Recommendations: It was recommended that the settlements should be relocated to higher ground for safety. Local farmers should use species of rice that can survive longer time when submerged by water. The Environmental Monitoring Agencies should include detailed images showing affected areas in their publications.
Clues for the Diagnosis of Accommodative Excess and Its Treatment with a Vision Therapy Protocol
Authors: Baños Carmelo , Zabalo Eneko , Sánchez Irene 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Accommodative and vergence dysfunctions are the most common vision disorders in the pediatric population with a prevalence of up to 30%, and patients with these dysfunctions usually have symptoms at near distances that could affect academic results. This study is the retrospective assessment of accommodative excess cases and aims to find a pattern in optometric exams to help diagnose accommodative excess without cycloplegic drugs. Furthermore, this study assesses the utility of a vision therapy protocol as accommodative excess treatment.
Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted with 24 patients who were diagnosed with accommodative excess and completed all sessions of the vision therapy protocol. The vision therapy protocol was organized into 8-12 sessions. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0. Wilcoxon nonparametric paired tests were used to compare the clinical values between visits.
Results: In total, 24 patients with accommodative excess were included in the retrospective study. The pairwise comparisons of sphere values obtained with the different refraction methods without cycloplegic drugs found statistically significant differences (P< 0.01). Statistically significant differences (P< 0.01) were shown in the sphere values obtained from subjective refraction, visual acuity tests, near point of convergence and stereopsis between the diagnosis visit and the post-vision therapy protocol visit, with better values post-therapy.
Conclusion: Variations in the sphere values could be clues for accommodative excess if a double condition is given, the retinoscopy results are more positive than the subjective refraction findings (>0.60D) and are more positive than the values obtained with an auto refractor (>1.75D).
Blastochloris
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Blas.to.chlo'ris. Gr. masc. n.
blastos
bud shoot; Gr. masc. adj.
chloros
green; N.L. fem. n.
Blastochloris
green bud shoot.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Blastochloris

Blastochloris
species are anoxygenic phototrophic Alphaproteobacteria that have bacteriochlorophyll
b
in their photosynthetic reaction centers. Crystals of the photosynthetic reaction centers of
Blastochloris viridis
were the first that have been studied in high‐resolution structure analysis at 3 Å resolution. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying and parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. Cells are rod shaped to ovoid and exhibit polar growth, budding, and asymmetric cell division and form rosette‐like cell aggregates. They are motile by means of subpolar flagella and stain Gram‐negative. Straight‐chain monounsaturated C
18:1
is the predominant component of cellular fatty acids. Ubiquinones and menaquinones are present, and the lipopolysaccharides are characterized by a 2,3‐diamino‐2,3‐deoxy‐
d
‐glucose (DAG)‐containing, phosphate‐free lipid A with amide‐bound C
14:0 3OH
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 63.8–68.3.

Type species
:
Blastochloris viridis
(Drews and Giesbrecht 1966) Hiraishi 1997 (
Rhodopseudomonas viridis
Drews and Giesbrecht 1966).
Chromohalobacter
Authors: Ventosa Antonio , de la Haba Rafael R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChro.mo.ha.lo.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.chromacolor; Gr. masc. n.hals halosthe sea, salt; N.L. masc. n.bacterrod; N.L. masc. n.Chromohalobactercolored salt rod.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / ChromohalobacterThe genusChromohalobacteris classified within the familyHalomonadaceaeand the orderOceanospirillalesin the classGammaproteobacteria. The cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, motile, and non‐endospore‐forming rods. Colonies are cream, yellow, white, brown, or black pigmented. Chemoorganotrophic. Strictly aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐positive. Moderately halophilic. Optimal growth at 7.5–12.5% (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0–8.0 and 28–37°C. The predominant cellular fatty acids are C16:0,C19:0cyclo ω8c, C18:1ω7c, and C12:03‐OH. The predominant respiratory quinone is Q‐9. The DNA G + C content is 56.1–66.0 mol%. Currently, the genus includes eight species:Chromohalobacter marismortui(type species of the genus),Chromohalobacter beijerinckii,Chromohalobacter canadensis,Chromohalobacter israelensis,Chromohalobacter japonicus,Chromohalobacter nigrandesensis,Chromohalobacter salexigens, andChromohalobacter sarecensis. The strains of these species were isolated from salt lakes, salterns, and other saline habitats or salted foods.DNA G + C content (mol%): 56.1–66.0.Type species:Chromohalobacter marismortui(ex Elazari‐Volcani 1940) Ventosa et al. 1989VP.
Actinobacillus
Authors: Blackall Patrick J. , Turni Conny 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAc.ti.no.ba.cil'lus. Gr. fem. n.actisa ray; L. dim. masc. n.bacillusa small staff or rod; N.L. masc. n.Actinobacillusray bacillus or rod.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / ActinobacillusActinobacillusis a genus within the familyPasteurellaceae. Thesensu strictodefinition of the genusActinobacillushas been adopted for this Manual, meaning the genus comprises 10 species – Actinobacillus anseriformium, Actinobacillus arthritidis, Actinobacillus capsulatus, Actinobacillus equuli, Actinobacillus hominis, Actinobacillus lignieresii, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis, Actinobacillus ureae, andActinobacillus vicugnae. Members of the genusActinobacillusare Gram‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, and nonmotile cells that are coccoidal or rod shaped.Most often bacillary but sometimes interspersed with coccal elements that may lie at the pole of a larger form, producing the characteristic“Morse‐code”form. Cell forms up to 6 μm in length may appear when grown on media containing glucose or maltose. Cells are single or arranged in pairs or, more rarely, in chains. Endospores are not formed. Members of the genus are not acid fast. Isolates can have both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. After growth for 24 h on blood agar, translucent colonies, usually 1–2 mm in diameter, appear. Surface colonies have low viability and may die in 2–7 days. Growth may be very sticky upon primary cultivation, making it difficult to remove colonies completely from the agar surface. The optimum growth temperature is 37°C. The temperature range for growth is 25–42°C. Several species are regarded as primary pathogens of animals, while the remaining species are typically normal flora of the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory or genital tract of humans or animals with some potential to play a secondary role in disease processes under some conditions.DNA G + C content (mol%): 39.9–41.3 (WGS).Type species:Actinobacillus lignieresiiBrumpt 1910AL.
Dictyobacter
Authors: Yabe Shuhei , Yokota Akira 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Dictyobacter
(Dic.ty.o.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.
dictyon
net; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod, bacterium; N.L. masc. n.
Dictyobacter
net‐like bacterium).

Chloroflexi / Ktedonobacteria / Ktedonobacterales / Dictyobacteraceae/ Dictyobacter

Species of the genus
Dictyobacter
are Gram‐positive, mesophilic, aerobic, and heterotrophic bacteria that produce branched vegetative and thin aerial mycelia. Spores or sporangiospora in sporangia are formed. Growth occurs at 11–37°C (optimum 20–30°C). The major fatty acid is C
16:0
‐2OH, and the major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
2
) or MK‐9. The cell wall contains
d
‐glutamic acid, glycine,
l
‐alanine,
d
‐alanine, β‐alanine, and
l
‐ornithine as peptidoglycan amino acids. Polar lipid pattern always includes phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major cell‐wall sugar contains arabinose, mannose, xylose, or glucose. Members of the genus were isolated from paddy soil in Indonesia, soil of the Mt. Zao volcano in Japan, and a soil‐like granular mass of microorganisms, known in Japanese as “Tengu‐no‐mugimeshi.”

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 49.7–54.0.

Type species:
Dictyobacter aurantiacus
Yabe et al. 2017.
Thermoflavifilum
Authors: Stott Matthew B. , Houghton Karen M. , Carere Carlo R. , Hanada Satoshi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThermoflavifilum(Ther.mo.fla.vi.phi'lum. Gr. fem. n.thermeheat; L. masc. adj.flavusyellow; L. neut. n. filum thread, filament; N.L. neut. n.Thermoflavifiluma thermophilic yellow‐pigmented filament).Bacteroidetes / Chitinophagia / Chitinophagales / Chitinophagaceae / ThermoflavifilumThe genusThermoflavifilumis represented by two species,Thermoflavifilum aggregansandThermoflavifilum thermophilum(basonym:Crenotalea thermophila). Cells are nonmotile and yellow pigmented. Gram‐negative, catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Cells divide by binary fission. Thermophilic and moderately acidophilic. Obligately aerobic and chemoheterotrophic. Growth on saccharides and a limited selection of organic acids and proteinaceous compounds. The principal fatty acids arei15:0,i17:0, andi17:0 3‐OH. MK‐7 is the primary respiratory quinone, and DNA G + C content is between 46.0 and 46.2 mol%. Members of the classChitinophagia, familyChitinophagaceae. Genus representatives have been isolated from geothermally heated hot springs and soils in Japan and Aotearoa New Zealand.DNA G + C content (mol%):46.0–46.2 (genome sequence).Type species:Thermoflavifilum aggregansAnders et al. 2014VP.
Croceicoccus
Authors: Xu Xue‐Wei , Chen Can , Wu Yue‐Hong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Cro.ce.i.coc'cus. L. masc. adj.
croceus
yellow, golden; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
), grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Croceicoccus
, yellow coccus, referring to a yellow coccoid‐shaped bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Erythrobacteraceae / Croceicoccus

Gram‐negative‐staining, aerobic, and coccoid or rod shaped. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Reproduces by binary division. Optimal growth typically occurs between 25 and 37°C, 0–5.0% (
w/v
) NaCl, and pH 7.0–8.0. Members of the genus can produce yellow and methanol‐soluble pigment and utilize
d
‐glucose as sole carbon and energy source. Every species is positive for alkaline phosphatase and leucine arylamidase. The major fatty acid is C
18:1
ω7
c
or summed feature 8 (C
18:1
ω7
c
and/or C
18:1
ω6
c
). The major quinone is ubiquinone 10 (Q‐10). Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and sphingoglycolipid (SGL) are present in all species. The
Croceicoccus
species are widely distributed in various marine environments. The genus
Croceicoccus
is classified within the family
Erythrobacteraceae
and the order
Sphingomonadales
, in the class
Alphaproteobacteria
.

DNA G + C content (%)
: 62–65 (genome).

Type species:
Croceicoccus marinus
Xu et al. 2009
VP
.
LAMA2‐related muscular dystrophy: Natural history of a large pediatric cohort
Authors: Zambon Alberto A. , Ridout Deborah , Main Marion , Mein Rachael , Phadke Rahul , Muntoni Francesco , Sarkozy Anna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize natural history of Laminin‐α2 related muscular dystrophies (LAMA2‐RD) to help anticipating complications and identifying reliable outcome measures for clinical trial design and powering.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, single‐center, cross‐sectional and longitudinal study on 46 LAMA2‐RD pediatric patients (37 families). Patients were seen at the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, London between 1985 and 2019. Data were collected by case note reviews. Time‐to‐event analysis was performed to estimate median age at complications occurrence.ResultsForty two patients had complete deficiency of Laminin‐α2 (CD) and four had partial deficiency (PD). Median age at first and last assessment was 2 years and 12.1 years, respectively. Median follow‐up length was 7.8 years (range 0‐18 years). Seven CD patients died at median age 12 years. One CD and two PD subjects achieved independent ambulation. We observed a linear increase in elbow flexor contractures in CD subjects. Thirty‐two CD and one PD patient developed scoliosis, nine underwent spinal surgery. Twenty‐two CD required nocturnal noninvasive ventilation (median age 11.7 years). CD subjects showed a 2.9% linear annual decline in forced vital capacity % predicted. Nineteen CD and one PD patient required gastrostomy insertion for failure to thrive and/or unsafe swallow (median age 10.9 years). Four CD patients had partial seizures. Mild left cardiac ventricular dysfunction and rhythm disturbances were identified in seven CD patients.InterpretationThis retrospective longitudinal study provides long‐term natural history of LAMA2‐RD. This will help management and identification of key milestones of disease progression that could be considered for future therapeutic intervention.
3D Vascular Replicas Composed of Elastomer–Hydrogel Skin Multilayers for Simulation of Endovascular Intervention
Authors: Lim Jongkyeong , Kim Joonwon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMultilayered 3D vascular replicas incorporating the complementary advantages of elastomers and hydrogels can serve as a training platform to realistically simulate endovascular intervention, the preferred therapeutic procedure for cardio‐cerebrovascular disease. However, the fabrication process is challenging because of the difficulty in uniformly coating a thin hydrogel layer only on the inner surface of tortuous 3D vascular replicas composed of an elastomer monolayer. This study proposes an effective strategy to design and produce high‐fidelity 3D vascular replicas composed of elastomer–hydrogel multilayers by coating hydrogel polymers with robust interfaces only on the inner surface of the elastomer monolayer. The thin hydrogel layer can impart soft surface elasticity, lubricity, and superaerophobicity to the elastomer monolayer with high bulk elasticity, with deionized water alone as the circulating liquid, without the aid of additional lubricants. Owing to the complementary properties of the elastomers and hydrogels, multilayered 3D vascular replicas facilitate the control of medical devices and internal circulation of fluids, enabling realistic simulations of endovascular intervention under optical images in addition to X‐ray angiography. Furthermore, through practice courses, neurosurgeons demonstrated that the multilayered 3D vascular replicas are a reasonable platform for developing hand–eye coordination with pre‐procedure simulations and case‐specific training on demanding surgical sites.
Li Intercalation Effects on Interface Resistances of High‐Speed and Low‐Power WSe2 Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Shin Yong Seon , Lee Kiyoung , Duong Dinh Loc , Kim Jun Seok , Kang Won Tae , Kim Ji Eun , Won Ui Yeon , Lee Ilmin , Lee Hyangsook , Heo Jinseong , Lee Young Hee , Yu Woo Jong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVan der Waals (vdW) layered materials are promising channel materials for next‐generation field‐effect transistors (FETs). However, in vdW layered‐material FETs, the Schottky barrier and tunnel barrier at the vdW interfaces significantly reduce the electron injection efficiencies at electrical contacts, thereby limiting the development of high‐speed and low‐power FETs. This study demonstrates that intercalated lithium (Li) ions at vdW interfaces lower the Schottky and tunnel barriers at the electrical contacts of multilayer tungsten diselenide FETs owing to the low potential energy of Li and the mild electron doping from intercalation, thus decreasing the resistance at the vdW interfaces and enhancing the current flow and field‐effect mobility. Compared with before‐Li intercalation, the multilayer WSe2 planar FET demonstrates ≈1000 times higher current (IDS = 17.8 μA) at VGS = 50 V, ≈110 times higher maximum field‐effect mobility (μFE = 97.67 cm2 V−1 s−1), and ≈1000 times higher on/off current ratio (on/off ratio = ≈107). Furthermore, in multilayer WSe2 vertical FETs with vdW heterostructures having a structural strength of approximately the same as the current density, the intercalated Li ions at the graphene/WSe2 vdW interfaces additionally improves the current density and the vertical mobility by ≈20 times (1.00 A cm−2) and 10 times (2.52 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1), respectively. This study establishes a method to reduce the resistance at vdW interfaces for developing high‐speed and low‐power multilayer vdW material FETs.
Blue Photosensitizer with Copper(II/I) Redox Mediator for Efficient and Stable Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ren Yameng , Flores‐Díaz Natalie , Zhang Dan , Cao Yiming , Decoppet Jean‐David , Fish George Cameron , Moser Jacques‐E. , Zakeeruddin Shaik Mohammed , Wang Peng , Hagfeldt Anders , Grätzel Michael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) based on copper(II/I) redox mediators have recently achieved notable performance progress through tailoring the ligand structure of the copper complexes, exploiting cosensitization, and introducing an advanced device structure. In order to further improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE), it is imperative to develop wide spectral‐response photosensitizers compatible with the copper(II/I) redox mediators while attaining a high Voc. Herein, a blue photosensitizer coded R7 is reported, which is purposely designed for highly efficient DSCs with copper‐based electrolytes. R7 features a strong electron‐donating segment of 9,19‐dihydrobenzo[1′,10′ ]phenanthro[3′,4′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐b]benzo[1,10]phenanthro[3,4‐d]thiophene conjugated with a bulky auxiliary donor N‐(2,4′‐bis(hexyloxy)‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐yl)‐2,4′‐bis(hexyloxy)‐N‐methyl‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐amine and the electron acceptor 4‐(7‐ethynylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐yl)benzoic acid. The blue dye R7 with bulkier auxiliary donor moiety in the DSC largely outperforms the reference dye R6, which has a smaller bis(4‐(hexyloxy)phenyl)amine donor unit. Transient absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements show that the R7 based DSC has a higher charge separation yield, a higher charge collection efficiency, and lower charge recombination with the copper electrolyte than the R6 based counterpart. A cosensitized system of R7 and Y123 for the DSC presents an outstanding PCE of 12.7% and retains 90% of its initial value after 1000 h of light soaking under 1 sun at 45 °C.
Molecular‐Scale Strategies to Achieve High Efficiency and Low Efficiency Roll‐off in Simplified Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Young‐Hoon , Han Tae‐Hee , Lee Changsoo , Kim Yun‐Hi , Yang Yang , Lee Tae‐Woo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSolution‐processed small‐molecule organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are regarded as next‐generation flat‐panel displays and solid‐state lighting sources due to low material loss and a simple device fabrication process. However, they still suffer from low device efficiency and severe efficiency roll‐off. Here, molecular‐scale strategies are proposed to achieve highly efficient solution‐processed small‐molecule OLEDs with reduced efficiency roll‐off. By combining experiments with ab initio and molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that an acetylacetonate group in a phosphorescent dopants lowers the dipole moment and molecular interaction energy of dopants, reducing dopant aggregation and increasing charge carrier transport. Furthermore, a charge‐balance assistant molecule is incorporated in the mixed‐host emitting layer to increase the balance of charge carrier transport and to broaden the exciton recombination zone in the center of the emitting layer. The resulting OLEDs have a current efficiency (CE) of 103.7 cd A−1, which is the highest yet reported in solution‐processed OLEDs, and low efficiency roll‐off (CE = 99.68 cd A−1 at a luminance LEL = 100 cd m−2, and CE = 75.00 cd A−1 at LEL = 1000 cd m−2) even with the simplified device architecture. It is expected that this strategy will advance the feasibility of commercialization of low‐cost high‐efficiency OLEDs.