bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revealing pore connectivity across scales and resolutions with X‐ray CT
Authors: Lucas Maik , Vetterlein Doris , Vogel Hans‐Jörg , Schlüter Steffen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractConnectivity is one of the most important parameters to quantify pore structure and link it to soil functions. One of the great challenges in quantifying connectivity with X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT) is that high resolution, as required for small pores, can only be achieved in small samples in which the connectivity of larger pores can no longer be quantified in a meaningful way. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in pore connectivity with changing sample size, covering a range of analysed pore diameters of more than three orders of magnitude. With this approach, we wanted to address whether pore types formed by different processes in an agricultural chronosequence leave characteristic traces in certain connectivity metrics. The Euler number, χ, and the connection probability of two random points within the pore system, that is, the Γ‐indicator, were determined as a function of minimum pore diameter. The results show that characteristic signatures of certain pore types overlap with scale artifacts in the connectivity functions. The Γ‐indicator, gives highly biased information in small samples. Therefore, we developed a new method for a joint‐Γ‐curve that merges information from three samples sizes. However, χ does not require such a scale fusion. It can be used to define characteristic size ranges for pore types and is very sensitive to the occurrence of bottle necks. Our findings suggest a joint evaluation of both connectivity metrics to disentangle different pore types with χ and to identify the contribution of different pore types to the overall pore connectivity with Γ. This evaluation on the chronosequence showed that biopores mainly connect pores of diameters between 0.5 and 0.1 mm. This was not coupled with an increase in pore volume. In contrast, tillage led to a shift of pores of diameter >0.05 mm towards pores of diameter >0.20 mm and thus increased connectivity of pores >0.20 mm. This work underlines the importance of accounting for the scale dependence of connectivity measures and provides a methodological approach for doing so.Highlights
Scale dependence of connectivity metrics needs to be accounted for.
Connectivity metrics can be used to disentangle different pore types across scales.
Roots mainly connect the pore system between 0.1 and 0.5 mm.
A joint Γ‐connectivity function can be constructed that is free of scale artifacts.
BECOMINGS OF PAST EVENTS
Authors: Ledoux Sébastien 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTThe history of the present time is a recent field of historiography but today finds itself in a key position in the public conversations of many countries. From this foundation, the historian Henry Rousso retraces in his book The Latest Catastrophe a genealogy of writing about this history from antiquity to today in order to better identify the unique characteristics of this field, which has its origins in the catastrophes of the twentieth century, first among them the Holocaust, deemed “the latest catastrophe.” These reflections on the writing of history and contemporaneity are an opportunity for us to question the presence of the Second World War in today's societies. Instead of a reading of this presence focused on the catastrophe's long effects, we propose the hypothesis of the “becoming of the event” reformulated by the social changes that have intervened since 1960 in Western societies. By postulating the past first as an “absent thing” (Ricoeur) that historical narratives refigure, we insist on the role of a discontinuous and heterogeneous present in the narrative mediations that reconstitute historical facts and the meanings they offer. Starting from this interactive approach between the past and present, a reading is possible about the future of the Second World War that is interwoven with the social changes of the last third of the twentieth century. This period is characterized by the intervention of new actors and new technical, institutional, and judicial structures, broadly cultural, in the memorialization of this past. Its reconstitution by the media into a new reality is another important fact. Moreover, a compassionate link to the past is now retold publicly, a change that is helped by the emergence of victimhood as a new social category that engenders action for the rights to reparations for endured prejudices that rewrote traditional national narratives. Finally, an evolution of memorial politics founded on a preventive understanding of the past, witness of a new historicity, is more significantly inscribed in the consciousness of internal threats to societies (nuclear, environmental) and consequently in the expansion of the politics of risk‐prevention.
A role for cell‐autocrine interleukin‐2 in regulatory T‐cell homeostasis
Authors: Chawla Amanpreet Singh , Khalsa Jasneet Kaur , Dhar Atika , Gupta Suman , Umar Danish , Arimbasseri Gopalakrishnan Aneeshkumar , Bal Vineeta , George Anna , Rath Satyajit 
Published: March 2020

SummaryActivated T‐cells make both interleukin‐2 (IL2) and its high‐affinity receptor component CD25. Regulatory CD4 T‐cells (Treg cells) do not make IL2, and the IL2‐CD25 circuit is considered a paracrine circuit crucial in their generation and maintenance. Yet, all T‐cells are capable of making IL2 at some stage during differentiation, making a cell‐intrinsic autocrine circuit additionally possible. When we re‐visited experiments with mixed bone marrow chimeras using a wide range of ratios of wild‐type (WT) and IL2−/− genotype progenitors, we found that, as expected, thymic Treg cells were almost equivalent between WT and IL2−/− genotypes at ratios with WT prominence. However, at WT‐limiting ratios, the IL2−/− genotype showed lower thymic Treg frequencies, indicating a role for cell‐intrinsic autocrine IL2 in thymic Treg generation under IL2‐limiting conditions. Further, peripheral IL2−/− naive CD4 T‐cells showed poor conversion to inducible Tregs (pTregs) both in vivo and in vitro, again indicating a significant role for cell‐intrinsic autocrine IL2 in their generation. Peripherally, the IL2−/− genotype was less prominent at all WT:IL2−/− ratios among both thymic Tregs (tTregs) and pTregs, adoptively transferred IL2−/− Tregs showed poorer survival than WT Tregs did, and RNA‐seq analysis of WT and IL2−/− Tregs showed interesting differences in the T‐cell receptor and transforming growth factor‐beta‐bone morphogenetic protein‐JNK pathways between them, suggesting a non‐titrating role for cell‐intrinsic autocrine IL2 in Treg programming. These data indicate that cell‐intrinsic autocrine IL2 plays significant roles in Treg generation and maintenance.
Within‐person fluctuations in stressful life events, sleep, and anxiety and depression symptoms during adolescence: a multiwave prospective study
Authors: Vidal Bustamante Constanza M. , Rodman Alexandra M. , Dennison Meg J. , Flournoy John C. , Mair Patrick , McLaughlin Katie A. 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundAdolescence is characterized by substantial changes in sleep behavior, heightened exposure to stressful life events (SLEs), and elevated risk for internalizing problems like anxiety and depression. Although SLEs are consistently associated with the onset of internalizing psychopathology, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood, especially at the within‐person level. Here, we leverage a high‐frequency longitudinal design to examine sleep as a potential mechanism linking SLEs to increases in anxiety and depression symptoms over a one‐year period.MethodsThirty female adolescents aged 15–17 years completed 12 monthly in‐laboratory assessments of exposure to SLEs and symptoms of anxiety and depression (n = 355 monthly assessments), and wore an actigraphy wristband for continuous monitoring of sleep for the duration of the study (n = 6,824 sleep days). Multilevel models examined concurrent and lagged within‐person associations between SLEs, sleep duration and timing regularity, and anxiety and depression symptoms.ResultsWithin‐person fluctuations in SLEs were associated with variability in sleep duration both concurrently and prospectively, such that when adolescents experienced greater SLEs than was typical for them, they exhibited more variable sleep duration that same month as well as the following month. In turn, within‐person increases in sleep duration variability predicted greater anxiety symptoms in the same month and mediated the association between SLEs and anxiety.ConclusionsThese findings highlight sleep disruptions as a mechanism underlying the longitudinal associations between SLEs and anxiety symptoms, and suggest that interventions promoting sleep schedule consistency may help mitigate risk for stress‐related psychopathology in adolescence.
Identification of high temperature short time milk pasteurization unit
Authors: Indumathy Marimuthu , Sobana Subramani , Panda Rames C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis research pertains to the development of a dynamic‐model and identification of parameters for high‐temperature‐short‐time (HTST) pasteurization process using plate‐heat‐exchangers for precise controller scheme for this process. Real‐time HTST process consists of three integrated sections, (a) plate‐heat‐exchanger engaged in regeneration, heating and cooling (b) holding tank, and (c) holding tube. The models for these sections are identified using Matlab. The dynamics of the HTST process using the first‐principle method consisting of two inputs one‐output model is derived. The parameters of the dynamic model are identified using the autoregressive‐exogenous linear identification technique, ARMAX, and subspace system identification to predict the outlet temperature of HTST process. Finally, a dynamic‐model, relating exit temperature to input enthalpy is obtained from the closed‐loop process input–output data, using a nonlinear least‐square‐estimation technique. The quality of prediction of linear‐model structures is checked using plant's data. The results obtained from the linear‐models are in good agreement with plant‐data.Practical applicationMilk should be free from toxins and pathogens and also it must retain all nutrients and vitamins with extended period of storage life. To achieve the above said criteria, milk is heated to a particular temperature for a brief time then cooling it down once more quickly. Moreover, to avoid superheating, the temperature needs to be controlled. As model‐based‐control perform satisfactorily, tuning of controllers can be done using model parameters of this milk‐heating process. These model parameters are obtained from on‐line identification of the predicted model using real time plant input–output data. This paper deals with identification of model parameters for the milk pasteurization process. The formulated model equations are also validated, which will help in optimizing the operating parameters and scale‐up design.
Flood risk assessment for Davao Oriental in the Philippines using geographic information system‐based multi‐criteria analysis and the maximum entropy model
Authors: Cabrera Jonathan Salar , Lee Han Soo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe assessments of flood‐prone areas and flood risk due to pluvial flooding for Davao Oriental on Mindanao Island in the Philippines were carried out by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and maximum entropy (Maxent) models using multiple criteria such as slope, elevation, soil type, rainfall, drainage density, distance to the main channel, and population density. Flood records from 70 survey points were obtained and used to verify the model results. The criteria weights of the top three important factors in the AHP are rainfall (42%), slope (23%), and elevation (15%), whereas those in the Maxent model are elevation (36%), rainfall (23%), and soil (19%). The verification results show that the accuracies of the AHP and Maxent model are 81 and 95.6%, respectively, indicating that both approaches are reliable in flood hazard and risk assessments. Approximately 22% of the total area and approximately 30% of the total population of Davao Oriental are classified as high risk of pluvial flooding in the current situation by the AHP method. This study shows a broad‐scale high‐level data‐driven screening method that can be used to help identify potential hot spots for pluvial flooding for which more detailed numerical modelling studies should be undertaken.
Prevalence, clinical course, and predictive factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy‐associated hepatitis in Japan
Authors: Kitagataya Takashi , Suda Goki , Nagashima Kazunori , Katsurada Takehiko , Yamamoto Koji , Kimura Megumi , Maehara Osamu , Yamada Ren , Shigesawa Taku , Suzuki Kazuharu , Nakamura Akihisa , Ohara Masatsugu , Umemura Machiko , Kawagishi Naoki , Nakai Masato , Sho Takuya , Natsuizaka Mitsuteru , Morikawa Kenichi , Ogawa Koji , Ohnishi Shunsuke , Komatsu Yoshito , Hata Hiroo , Takeuchi Satoshi , Abe Takashige , Sakakibara‐Konishi Jun , Teshima Takanori , Homma Akihiro , Sakamoto Naoya 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground and AimImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized anti‐malignancy therapy and thus have been increasingly used. Although ICI may cause immune‐related adverse events (irAE) in various organs, including the liver, the prevalence and predictive factors of irAE have not been clarified.MethodsIn this retrospective study, consecutive patients who had malignancies and were treated with ICI without other chemotherapeutic agents at Hokkaido University Hospital between 2014 and 2019 were screened. Patients were excluded if they were < 20 years old and had insufficient clinical data.ResultsOf the 233 patients screened, 202 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The patients were aged 25–92 years, and 60.9% were male. The patients received nivolumab (n = 137), pembrolizumab (n = 45), ipilimumab (n = 17), atezolizumab (n = 2), and avelumab (n = 1). The prevalence of any grade and grade ≥ 3 irAE hepatitis was 8.4% (17/202) and 4.0% (8/202), respectively. irAE hepatitis occurred at a median duration of 42 days in any grade and 36 days in grade ≥ 3 after ICI initiation. The clinical course of grade ≥ 3 irAE hepatitis was generally favorable; however, 50% required corticosteroid treatment and two patients required additional mycophenolate mofetil. Female sex and history of ICI treatment were significantly associated with the incidence of grade ≥ 3 irAE hepatitis.ConclusionsGrade ≥ 3 irAE hepatitis was observed in 4.0% of the patients who were treated with ICI. Female sex and history of ICI treatment were significantly associated with the incidence of grade ≥ 3 irAE hepatitis.
Cervical ribs in human early life: morphological variability and first identification as a morbidity criterion in a past population
Authors: Partiot Caroline , Guillon Mark , Peressinotto David , Castex Dominique , Maureille Bruno 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDespite the medical literature on supernumerary cervical ribs in extant adult samples, little is known about their development and occurrence in early infancy. The documentation of cervical ribs in modern samples of fetuses and neonates is indeed affected by ethical as well as technical limitations. The aim of the present study was to investigate their frequencies and morphological variability in the first known archaeological collection of very young children with this anatomical variant. The study sample comes from the 8B‐51 necropolis on the Saï island (Sudan) and dates to the Classic Kerma Period (XVIIIe–XVIe centuries BC). It consists of 64 individuals deceased between 24 weeks of amenorrhoea and 2 years of age. Bilateral or unilateral cervical ribs were found in 27 individuals. A total of 43 cervical ribs were identified, 38 of which are fully preserved. According to these observations, at least 42% of the individuals have unilateral or bilateral cervical ribs, with an average maximum length of < 1 cm. This frequency is very high compared to those observed in contemporary adult samples (up to 3%). First, the comparison of our results with biological and genetic research demonstrating the link between the occurrence of cervical ribs and a reduced chance of survival during infancy allows the first identification of this trait as an indicator of morbidity in an archaeological collection, a morbidity to which a genetic homogeneity or even endogamy could contribute. Second, the number of ribs studied makes it possible to propose a morphological classification based on the general shape and the shape of the articular facets, classification that can be used tos refine the analyses of the trait in future samples.
Modulation of experimental facial pain via somatosensory stimuli targeting sensations of different valence
Authors: Taneja Pankaj , Olausson Håkan , Trulsson Mats , Vase Lene , Svensson Peter , Baad‐Hansen Lene 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundKnowledge of pain modulation from oro‐facial somatosensory stimuli with different valence (pleasant‐unpleasant) is limited.ObjectivesTo investigate (a) the modulatory effects of painful, pleasant and unpleasant somatosensory stimuli on two models of experimental facial pain, (b) whether modulation could be changed by blocking peripheral nerves via application of a local anaesthetic, EMLA, or blocking endogenous opioid receptors via naltrexone and (c) whether pain ratings were significantly correlated with participant psychological profiles.MethodsThirty‐eight healthy women received experimental facial skin burning pain or jaw myalgia for four randomised sessions on different days. The painful region was stimulated with mechanical or thermal painful, pleasant, unpleasant and control stimuli, with ratings recorded before and during stimulation. Sessions differed in pre‐treatment: EMLA/naltrexone/placebo tablet/cream.ResultsSignificant effects of thermal or mechanical stimuli (P < .017), but not session (P > .102), were found on pain ratings for both models. In myalgia, painful cold resulted in a greater reduction in pain ratings than unpleasant cold, pleasant cold, control and pleasant warmth (P < .004). Decreases in pain ratings from painful, unpleasant and pleasant mechanical stimuli were greater than control (P < .002). In burning pain, painful cold resulted in a greater reduction in pain ratings than all but one of the other thermal stimuli (P < .033). The pleasant mechanical stimulus reduced pain ratings more than all other mechanical stimuli (P ≤ .003). There were no significant correlations between pain and psychometrics.ConclusionValence‐targeted thermal and mechanical stimuli modulated experimental myalgia and skin burning pain (P < .017). Partially blocking peripheral afferents or opioid receptors did not affect modulation.
Alanine aminotransferase influencing performances of routine available tests detecting hepatitis B‐related cirrhosis
Authors: Chen Yong‐Peng , Huang Li‐Wen , Lin Xiao‐Yu , Hu Xiao‐Min , Liang Xie‐Er , Jiang Rong‐Long 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe performances of routine tests such as FIB‐4 and APRI in detecting cirrhosis and significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have been shown to be discrepant between studies. Novel tests such as red cell distribution width‐platelet ratio (RPR), γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) and easy liver fibrosis test (eLIFT) are introduced recently. To evaluate the aminotransferase influence on the performance of these routine tests, a total of 1005 CHB patients who underwent liver biopsies and routine tests were retrospectively analysed. The diagnostic cut‐offs referring to likelihood ratio were determined for excluding or including cirrhosis diagnosis and also for ruling in significant fibrosis diagnosis. The performances of RPR, FIB‐4, eLIFT and APRI in detecting cirrhosis seemed improved at higher ALT levels, while GPR was conversely impaired. The likelihood ratio was ∝ for APRI cut‐off 2 diagnosing cirrhosis in ALT < 2 upper limit of normal (ULN), 14.6 for APRI cut‐off 1.5 determining significant fibrosis in ALT ≤ 5ULN and 20.6 for FIB‐4 cut‐off 3.2 diagnosing ≥ F3 in the total cohort, respectively. The optimal cut‐offs for cirrhosis diagnosis were increased with higher ALTs by tests which included aminotransferase, but not for RPR. The proportions of patients classified as having cirrhosis or no cirrhosis stratified by ALT level cut‐offs were superior. Stepwise applying RPR, GPR and eLIFT would determine 60% of patients as having cirrhosis or no cirrhosis with an accuracy of 93.0%. In conclusion, the performance of aminotransferase comprising tests in detecting cirrhosis in CHB were influenced by ALT levels. Thus, ALT stratified cut‐offs may be a preferred alternative. In resource‐limited settings, stepwise applying routine tests could be recommended as a preferred measurement for cirrhosis detection.
Life Satisfaction and Noncognitive Skills: Effects on the Likelihood of Unemployment
Authors: O'Connor Kelsey J. 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARYPsychological measures are gaining recognition as important determinants of labor performance. This paper demonstrates that people reporting greater subjective well‐being (SWB) are causally less likely to be unemployed in the future. The relation exhibits a meaningful magnitude relative to the mean unemployment rate and other determinants. The analysis is based on a longitudinal survey of German households over the period 1996‐2013 (German Socio‐Economic Panel). Analyses include separate dynamic and fixed‐effects regressions, and two instrumental variable approaches. Together, this sample and set of analyses, makes it possible to assess the relation for previously unstudied groups and to assess different mechanisms. Indeed the relation exhibits considerable heterogeneity. It is quadratic and substantially greater for students and people that are presently unemployed (compared to their counterparts). Fixed effects regressions indicate that SWB affects future unemployment in part through within‐person changes in the Big‐Five personality traits (e.g., conscientiousness or emotional stability) but not cognitive ability. The results imply SWB may be used as a proxy for alternative psychological predictors of performance, which is important because SWB is more broadly available than many alternatives (e.g., the Big Five). What is more, policy makers have additional reasons to promote SWB.
Building peptidoglycan inside eukaryotic cells: A view from symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria
Authors: García‐del Portillo Francisco 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe peptidoglycan (PG), as the exoskeleton of most prokaryotes, maintains a defined shape and ensures cell integrity against the high internal turgor pressure. These important roles have attracted researchers to target PG metabolism in order to control bacterial infections. Most studies, however, have been performed in bacteria grown under laboratory conditions, leading to only a partial view on how the PG is synthetized in natural environments. As a case in point, PG metabolism and its regulation remain poorly understood in symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria living inside eukaryotic cells. This review focuses on the PG metabolism of intracellular bacteria, emphasizing the necessity of more in vivo studies involving the analysis of enzymes produced in the intracellular niche and the isolation of PG from bacteria residing within eukaryotic cells. The review also points to persistent infections caused by some intracellular bacterial pathogens and the extent at which the PG could contribute to establish such physiological state. Based on recent evidences, I speculate on the idea that certain structural features of the PG may facilitate attenuation of intracellular growth. Lastly, I discuss recent findings in endosymbionts supporting a cooperation between host and bacterial enzymes to assemble a mature PG.