bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of the So-Called Chronicler’s History and the Current Study of the Composition of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah
Authors: Klein Ralph W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhile the books of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah share many themes and vocabulary, they do not come from one author, and the Chronicler’s History hypothesis cannot be supported. Discussions about different Hebrew vocabulary in these books have not been conclusive. The apocryphal book of 1 Esdras does not support the Chronicler’s History hypothesis because it is a secondary rearrangement of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah plus an additional story about the three guardsmen, which provides an appropriate introduction to Zerubbabel, a leader in the postexilic community. A number of theological/ideological differences show that Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah did not come from a single author: differences about mixed marriages, the history of early Israel; the positive attitude toward the north in Chronicles. The books of 1 and 2 Chronicles give more significance to David than Ezra and Nehemiah do. But these three books advocate for the primacy of Jerusalem, the exclusive status of the Jerusalem temple, and the importance of the priests and Levites.
The Later Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography
Authors: Evans Paul S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This essay covers historical issues related to the later monarchy in Israel, especially the reigns of Hezekiah, Manasseh, and Josiah. It is argued that Samaria was conquered only once during Hezekiah’s day by Sargon, who was leading the army under Shalmaneser, and later took full credit for the campaign. It is suggested that Hezekiah did not participate in the Ashdod revolt, and may not have been the ring-leader in the later revolt against Sennacherib. Regarding the Assyrian invasion of 701 bce, it is suggested that Sennacherib was not completely successful. Though Judah was devastated, the survival and quick recovery of Judah allowed Judahite perception of Hezekiah’s rebellion as successful. The possibility of Manasseh’s temporary deportation to Babylon is considered in the context of Ashurbanipal’s presence in Babylon putting down rebellion. The extent of Josiah’s religious reforms and possible territorial expansion in the wake of the collapse of the Assyrian Empire is considered.
Assyrian and Babylonian Sources
Authors: Nissinen Martti 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article introduces the Assyrian and Babylonian sources relevant to the Old Testament historical books. The corpus of Assyrian sources consists mainly of royal inscriptions between the mid-ninth and mid-seventh centuries bce, pertaining to the period narrated in 1 Kgs. 16 to 2 Kgs. 21. In general, when the same events are described, the biblical accounts appear to be in basic agreement with the Assyrian sources, even though some episodes mentioned in the Assyrian sources are not included in the biblical texts and vice versa. It is plausible that the writers of 2 Kings had source-based knowledge of past events. In both cases, the historical information must be filtered through the ideological purposes of the Assyrian scribes as well as the deuteronomistic editors. The Babylonian sources confirm the conquest of Jerusalem in 597 bce and the forced migration of the Judeans, including King Jehoiachin and his entourage. Otherwise, there are no direct links between the Babylonian sources and the Old Testament historical books. Nevertheless, the Babylonian sources, especially those from Al-Yahudu, contain important information on the social environment and living conditions of the Judean population in a certain part of Babylonia in the sixth to fifth centuries bce.
Disaster Resilience Policy through the Lens of Culture and Values
Authors: Bohland James R. , Lawrence Jennifer 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With the transition from a descriptive construct to a normative concept, resilience has engendered debate as to its appropriateness and effectiveness as a community planning strategy in addressing existing and future threats. In some measure the questions raised are because the role of cultural values in resilience construction has not been fully explored. As communities, cities, and regions strive to enhance resilience, a greater understanding of the importance of cultural values is required. The authors adopt two metaphors are useful in describing how resilience is construction. They use the metaphors to construct a heuristic that incorporates cultural values in resilience construction in a very transparent manner. The heuristic draws upon the theoretical work in cultural values by Mary Douglas, the enhancement of that work by Kahan and others, and by integrating the two into recent work in resilience on assemblage theory.
Whose Past Counts? Collective Remembrances
Authors: Bohland James R. , Bohland Jon , Pace Leann 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Disasters and subsequent recovery efforts are guided by a number of community considerations. Least understood of these are the communities’ collective memories of past disasters and their efforts to recover. This chapter argues that disasters shape the collective memory of communities and these collective memories persist over generations, thus becoming part of a community’s gestalt. The chapter develops the concept of collective memory as it applies to disasters as a framework for examining two very different cases—the earthquake of 1775 in Lisbon and the destruction of the Second Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 70 ce. Although these were disasters of very different forms, they were of such importance that they continue to be part of the collective consciousness of residents in both cities. The cases also illuminate four important issues that are critical to understanding disaster recovery: resistance/resilience; religion/naturalism; memorials/remembrances; and authoritarian/collective responses.
Text-Critical Issues in Ezekiel
Authors: Mackie Timothy P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter helps to orient the reader to the most important textual witnesses to the book of Ezekiel, and to the recent scholarly discussion about them; it then presents several representative text samples, to illustrate Ezekiel’s text history. Research on this book’s complicated textual history has developed significantly in the last half-century. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls provided invaluable new data for understanding the history of the biblical text in the period of the Jewish Second Temple. New paradigms have emerged for research into the Old Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (a.k.a. “the Septuagint”). All of this has dramatically affected how scholars evaluate the text of Ezekiel.
Ezekiel among the Exiles
Authors: Rom-Shiloni Dalit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is aimed at examining the literary evidence within the book of Ezekiel and in Neo-Babylonian sources that may shed light on the temporal, geographical, and cultural aspects of this prophetic book—information that scholars often bring to either corroborate or refute the surface narrative of Ezekiel, that of the prophet active among the Jehoiachin-Judean exiles in Babylonia. The discussion leads to even more complex questions concerning two aspects of the sociology of exile. First, as regards relations with outsiders, what does the book tell us about the Judean deportees’ familiarity with and acculturation to the host society (and possibly with other neighboring groups of deportees)?; and second, what does the book tell us about interactions between the Jehoiachin exiles and those who remained in Judah after the Jehoiachin deportation in 597? In addition, the study presents a concise theology of exile, seen in terms of the significant theological contributions that Ezekiel (and his followers) may be credited with in formulating, or in re-formulating, the Judahite religion in the face of destruction and exile. This chapter argues that, while avoiding references to daily life in Babylonia, but at the same time revealing a high level of familiarity with Babylonian culture and ideas, the book of Ezekiel speaks to the Jehoiachin-Judean exiles through terminology, theological themes, and ideological content rooted in Yahwistic/Judahite religious traditions. The combination of Babylonian conceptions and Judahite ideology locates the prophet and his book firmly among the Babylonian exilic community of the early sixth century BCE.
Ezekiel’s Concept of Covenant
Authors: Strong John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Although explicit covenantal language is largely absent from the book of Ezekiel, covenant remained an important concept for how the prophet understood Israel’s relationship with its national deity. Readings of 11:14–21; 14:1–11; 37:15–23; 16:59–63; and 20:4–5 demonstrate that Ezekiel assumed that eternal covenants established by God in the past remained valid and would be remembered in the future, when the nation would be reconstituted. Moreover, the eternal covenants established by God would not be reworked; rather, the people would be changed by their experience of shame in exile. Another covenant that was mentioned during the text’s redaction, the covenant of peace, affirmed that the conflict between Yahweh and Israel has ceased. This chapter accords with recent scholarly work tying Ezekiel to the covenantal stipulations of the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17–26). It distinguishes, however, the concept of covenant found in Ezekiel from that of Jeremiah, adding to recent studies that contrast these two prophets in general.
Acid-Sensing Ion Channels
Authors: Gründer Stefan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated Na+ channels. Being almost ubiquitously present in neurons of the vertebrate nervous system, their precise function remained obscure for a long time. Various animal toxins that bind to ASICs with high affinity and specificity have been tremendously helpful in uncovering the role of ASICs. We now know that they contribute to synaptic transmission at excitatory synapses as well as to sensing metabolic acidosis and nociception. Moreover, detailed characterization of mouse models uncovered an unanticipated role of ASICs in disorders of the nervous system like stroke, multiple sclerosis, and pathological pain. This review provides an overview on the expression, structure, and pharmacology of ASICs plus a summary of what is known and what is still unknown about their physiological functions and their roles in diseases.
Other Models: Data-Driven Approaches for Non-Stationary Non-Synoptic Winds
Authors: Kwon Dae Kun , Kareem Ahsan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In comparison with atmospheric boundary layer winds, which are generally regarded as stationary, windstorms such as hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones; thunderstorms and downbursts; and tornadoes generally exhibit non-stationary features characterized by changes in wind speed and direction. Due to these characteristics, it is usually challenging to model them in a simplistic format. To overcome this difficulty, a data-driven approach may be an alternative, one that has gained significant popularity in many fields mainly due to the rapid advance in measurement and monitoring systems that allows the collection of long-term massive datasets. This chapter reviews data-driven approaches employed in the fields of non-stationary non-synoptic winds from their characterization, modeling, and simulation perspectives.
Provider Conflicts of Interest in US Healthcare
Authors: Saver Richard S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on provider conflicts of interest (COIs) in US healthcare. Physicians practice within a turbulent US healthcare system featuring expanding complexity and commercialization. Potential COIs abound, including financial arrangements with drug companies and third-party payers that threaten to undermine clinical judgment and steadfast devotion to the patient. The chapter explores how the obligation to avoid or manage COIs is not always clear and uniform under US law; instead, it arises from a confusing patchwork of overlapping legal sources, including common law doctrines and regulatory provisions that are often limited in application or impose difficult procedural and proof burdens. The typical legal response to COIs has been required disclosure, but disclosure proves a necessary yet insufficient response with potentially unintended results. The chapter then explains why regulation of provider COIs remains particularly challenging for US health law, including limited empirical evidence about the effect of COIs on healthcare, difficulties in developing proportionate responses, and uncertainty in how to address secondary interests that advance important societal goals beyond the immediate patient's welfare.
“We’re Just a Minor Threat:” Minor Threat and the Intersectionality of Sound
Authors: Maskell Shayna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Minor Threat are arguably the most beloved DC hardcore band to emerge from the Washington, DC, punk scene. And their 1981 EP, Minor Threat, embodies that hardcore spirit. Clocking in at nine minutes and twenty seconds, with eight tracks, Minor Threat became the blueprint for the DC hardcore sound. With precision and technical tightness, the album combines the rebellion of traditional rock ’n’ roll with a heretofore unknown velocity and intensity of sound. Their abrupt blurs of sonic eruption zip by and transmogrify what rock, not to mention punk, meant. Their rebellion sounded different: it was angry, loud, dissonant, warped, and a bit out of control. It also sounded like the band themselves—male, white, and middle class. Despite—or perhaps because of—the revolutionary sound of hardcore, Minor Threat constructs a hardcore sound that often reflects, though sometimes subverts, conventional constructions of gender, class, and race. This chapter will explore the ways in which Minor Threat the band, and Minor Threat as an album, sonically reproduce and disrupt of the politics of sound.
Government by Relational Infrastructures: The Case of the Transnational Institutionalization of the European Unified Patent Court
Authors: Lazega Emmanuel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the transnational institutionalization of the European Unified Patent Court (created in 2013) as a case illustrating government by relationships and mobilization of relational infrastructures in joint regulation of the economy. This court, specializing in patent litigation, originated from a public-private network of corporate lawyers, national judges, and European-level technocrats as institutional (or judicial) entrepreneurs, a collegial oligarchy using their own personal social networks across borders to start negotiating a common interpretation of the European patent and to lobby for the creation of the institution. A neostructural sociological approach is then proposed to frame this example in a more general perspective on institution building. This chapter identifies specific characteristics of institutional entrepreneurs who punch above their weight in regulatory processes, in particular the importance of being part of a collegial oligarchy and having several high, heterogenous, inconsistent, and multilevel dimensions of social status combined with the right rhetorics.
ConsequentIalizing
Authors: Hurley Paul 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe strategy of consequentializing features that are intuitively relevant to the deontic evaluation of actions by building them into the telic evaluation of outcomes is almost as old as consequentialism itself. But the recent rejection by many consequentialists of the traditional commitment to an agent-neutral constraint on the relevant evaluation of outcomes has ushered in new consequentializing arguments for consequentialism and new consequentialist arguments for consequentializing. While the former fail, the latter ground the case for consequentializing in deeply entrenched and widely held commitments. These commitments to outcome-centered accounts of reasons, actions, and attitudes dictate that any plausible alternative account of what agents rationally and morally ought to do must be a form of consequentialism and hence must have a consequentialized form. Such outcome-centered commitments, however, all run afoul of common sense in similar ways, and a pervasive strategy for mitigating this counter-intuitiveness trades upon a conflation of two distinct senses in which we speak of actions as bringing about outcomes.
On the Sociology of Latin America
Authors: Rivera-Sánchez Liliana , Bada Xóchitl 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we develop a brief history around the institutionalization process of sociology in Latin America. At the same time, we revisit some of the core debates and contributions of the sociology of Latin America, identifying some of the topics and fields in which sociology from this region has made key contributions to the discipline. The chapter is divided into three sections: development and institutionalization of the discipline, selected debates and contributions to sociology from Latin America, and, finally, the roadmap to this Handbook, which covers eight research fields.
Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Fisher Jill A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the involvement of healthy volunteers in biomedical research. Healthy individuals are valuable to research because they can offer data about biological processes or investigational products that are not distorted by illness or disease. In addition, healthy individuals are generally much easier to recruit to research than are ill patients. Recruitment of healthy participants is aided by the offer of financial compensation in exchange for their participation. The involvement of healthy individuals in research is meant to resolve ethical problems associated with enrolling patients, such as exposing sick individuals to risk and creating misunderstandings for patients about the difference between research and clinical care. However, as this chapter details, using healthy individuals in biomedical research raises different concerns about risk exposure as well as ethical dilemmas associated with paid research participation, the exploitation of vulnerable groups, and the validity of the data produced.
Affective Publics
Authors: Papacharissi Zizi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Social science is vested in the potential technology carries for expression and connection. Human beings utilize media, social media, and communication technologies for expression and connection. The author has been studying the social and political consequences of communication technologies, with an interest in the soft structures of feeling that these technologies filter, conduit, and enable. This interest has led to the development of the construct of “affective publics” and its companion term, “affective news.” Affective publics are networked publics that come together, are identified, and disband through shared sentiment. These concepts have been adopted in a multitude of studies that examine the relationship between technology and politics. This chapter explicates the concept, traces its theoretical roots, and describes how it might further an understanding of civic engagement.
An Overview of Zimbabwe–China Relations
Authors: Taylor Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys Zimbabwe’s relations with China in two main ways. It first examines the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) liberation movement’s relations with China during Zimbabwe’s independence struggle, followed by the ZANU-PF controlled independent Zimbabwean state’s links with China. The chapter shows the fundamentally realist character of ZANU-PF’s relationship with China from the 1970s to the present. It maintains that although ideological commitment and rhetoric has been an observable dynamic buttressing these relations, the links have mainly been steered by practical factors such as the supply of weaponry in Zimbabwe’s independence war and, latterly, reciprocally advantageous foreign policies. Crucially, the chapter argues, in the 1980s China played a role in directing the ZANU-PF government towards a capitalist economy, thereby avoiding the socialist ideological adherences with which China was historically associated. However, many of the capitalist deals and diplomatic links between China and Zimbabwe have, in the Zimbabwean domestic context, primarily advanced the interests of ZANU-PF elites and solidified their control of the state. Colonial legacies and the not always constructive interventions of former colonial powers in Africa, have partly contributed to political and developmental problems in many African states. China presents itself as the antithesis of the behaviours of ex-colonial powers but the case of Zimbabwe casts some doubt on this contention.
Theravada Buddhism and Meditation
Authors: Shaw Sarah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes texts and practices associated with meditation in Southern, or Pali, Buddhism, sometimes known as Theravada Buddhism. It explores some different approaches to meditation that characterize this form of Buddhism, as well as the textual basis for their practice and theory. The word “meditation,” with its application in Southern Buddhism, is examined. In Southern Buddhist countries (principally Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Burma/Myanmar) the word bhāvanā covers a range of activities including chanting, devotions, offerings, and recollections, as well as sitting meditation. These are considered central supports to the development of both samatha (calm) meditation and vipassanā (insight). The chapter considers the way that various elements of sitting practice in both calm and insight schools are felt to be needed to work with one another and with these supports. Some aspects of the complex relationship between the two modes of approaching meditation, calm and insight, are then examined further: schools in both traditions teach many other features of practice as well as sitting meditation to ensure balanced development. The tradition’s great emphasis on the importance of meditation guidance is also discussed. Some of the adaptations that have accompanied global interest in Southern Buddhist meditation are explored, with a broad survey of some modern strands that have moved to regions outside the traditional “home” of these practices.
Mental Health Care Funding Systems and their Impact on Access to Psychotherapy
Authors: Robertson-Preidler Joelle , Biller-Andorno Nikola , Johnson Tricia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Resource scarcity forces health care systems to set priorities and navigate trade-offs in how they choose to fund different services. Distributive justice principles can help guide health systems to fairly allocate scarce resources in a society. In most countries, mental health care and psychotherapy, in particular, tend to be under-prioritized even though psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for mental health disorders. To create ethical funding systems that support appropriate access to psychotherapy, health care funding systems must consider how they allocate and distribute health care resources through health care financing, coverage criteria, and reimbursement mechanisms. Five health care systems are assessed according to how they finance and reimburse psychotherapy. These health systems use various and often pluralistic approaches that encompass differing distributive justice principles. Although distribution priorities and values may differ, fair and transparent processes that involve all key stakeholders are vital for making ethical decisions on access and distribution.