bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groundwork
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter lays down the groundwork for succeeding discussions by exploring the nervous system. It briefly traces the history of research into the structure of the nervous system and into the nature of the nerve impulse, the transitory event that enables neurons to communicate and upon which the brain—Sherrington’s “enchanted loom”—depends for all its transactions. This chapter also discusses the synaptic connections that determine the excitatory or inhibitory responses of the nerve cells to incoming impulses. In addition to these basic foundations, the chapter also turns to a brief look into the life and career of Charles Scott Sherrington, from whom this work was named after. Sherrington was a skilled anatomist and neuropathologist famous for his investigations into the nervous system.
Mapping the Brain
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter turns to the next period in the history of brain studies. It follows up on the previous chapter’s discussion by pinpointing where exactly in the nervous system that consciousness takes place. This chapter thus takes the reader through the findings of the late 19th century that attempted to understand the inner workings of the cerebral cortex, particularly in three key areas: the motor, the visual, and the somatosensory. In doing so, the chapter shows that the identification of the motor and sensory areas accounted for rather more than half of the cortex. It briefly touches upon the questions raised by this topic—in particular the contribution to consciousness—before discussing other aspects of brain maps, including memory and plasticity.
Continuing the Synthesis
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the brain as a whole. It first returns to the idea that consciousness has an existence that is at least partly independent of brain activity (dualism) and returns to the monism–dualism debate. It also provides some historical context, most notably the work done by experimental psychologists on reflex behavior. The chapter also examines the “hard problem” (the nature of the process whereby electrical activity in neurons is transformed into a sensation), especially in the light of back-projections to the primary sensory receiving areas in the cortex. Finally, this chapter provides some observations on patients with “split” brains—a topic that cannot be ignored in any scientific discussion of the whereabouts of consciousness.
Summary
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the key points of the preceding chapters and embarks on a number of speculations. It shows that the strength of the evidence for each of the preceding statements varies. On one hand, some propositions are based merely on the supposition that it would make sense if an anatomical or physiological feature functioned in a certain way (such as sensory processing by back-projections). On the other hand, the proposition for “time-chunking” seems irrefutable in view of the abundant evidence from masking experiments. Further, given the existence of time-chunking, then not only is the case for binding of sensory features by common rhythmical activity untenable, but one can also then look for neurophysiological activity that would fit in with time-chunking. Ultimately, this chapter presents both of these key speculations and the evidence for them and leaves the reader to decide for themselves.
Information Theory of the Soul
Authors: Enns Anthony 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the similarities between the techno-fantasies promoted by the modern spiritualist movement and the claims made by contemporary scientists and engineers with regard to the uploading of human consciousness onto computers. It argues that these similarities help to explain why spiritualist concepts, such as the survival of the soul after death and the possibility of communication with disembodied spirits, appear so frequently in contemporary science fiction narratives, which often depict the survival of human personalities as virtual subjects in cyberspace. Instead of celebrating these spiritual possibilities, however, science fiction narratives often represent simulated experience as a loss of true identity and agency, which more closely resembles the arguments made by the opponents of spiritualism in the nineteenth century. Spiritualist concepts thus remain relevant today because they continue to serve as a common language for representing and critiquing the effects of new information technologies.
Why International Cooperation is Failing
Authors: Kalinowski Thomas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Since the global financial crisis of 2008/09, international cooperation has failed to curb volatile financial markets. Changes in the global rules of finance discussed in the G20 during the last decade remain limited, and it is uncertain whether they are suitable to help mitigate and manage future crises to come. This book offers an alternative to the popular notion that this failure is the result of the ‘nature’ of the international system, the clash of national egoisms, or lack of leadership. It instead investigates problems of international cooperation by looking at their deeper structural origins in the competition of different models of capitalism. US finance-led, EU integration-led, and East Asian state-led capitalism complement each other globally but have conflicting preferences on how to regulate international finance. This interdependence of capitalist models is relatively stable but also prone to crises caused by volatile financial flows, global economic imbalances, and ‘currency wars’. By bringing together approaches from international political economy and comparative capitalism, this book shows that regulating international finance is not a technocratic exercise of fine-tuning the machinery of international institutions, but rather a political process. International cooperation can only be successful if it goes hand in hand with deep domestic changes in each of these capitalist models.
Machine Learning for Signal Processing
Authors: Little Max A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDigital signal processing (DSP) is one of the ‘foundational’ engineering topics of the modern world, without which technologies such the mobile phone, television, CD and MP3 players, WiFi and radar, would not be possible. A relative newcomer by comparison, statistical machine learning is the theoretical backbone of exciting technologies such as automatic techniques for car registration plate recognition, speech recognition, stock market prediction, defect detection on assembly lines, robot guidance and autonomous car navigation. Statistical machine learning exploits the analogy between intelligent information processing in biological brains and sophisticated statistical modelling and inference. DSP and statistical machine learning are of such wide importance to the knowledge economy that both have undergone rapid changes and seen radical improvements in scope and applicability. Both make use of key topics in applied mathematics such as probability and statistics, algebra, calculus, graphs and networks. Intimate formal links between the two subjects exist and because of this many overlaps exist between the two subjects that can be exploited to produce new DSP tools of surprising utility, highly suited to the contemporary world of pervasive digital sensors and high-powered and yet cheap, computing hardware. This book gives a solid mathematical foundation to, and details the key concepts and algorithms in, this important topic.
Mathematical foundations
Authors: Little Max A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStatistical machine learning and signal processing are topics in applied mathematics, which are based upon many abstract mathematical concepts. Defining these concepts clearly is the most important first step in this book. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce these foundational mathematical concepts. It also justifies the statement that much of the art of statistical machine learning as applied to signal processing, lies in the choice of convenient mathematical models that happen to be useful in practice. Convenient in this context means that the algebraic consequences of the choice of mathematical modeling assumptions are in some sense manageable. The seeds of this manageability are the elementary mathematical concepts upon which the subject is built.
Statistical modelling and inference
Authors: Little Max A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe modern view of statistical machine learning and signal processing is that the central task is one of finding good probabilistic models for the joint distribution over all the variables in the problem. We can then make `queries' of this model, also known as inferences, to determine optimal parameter values or signals. Hence, the importance of statistical methods to this book cannot be overstated. This chapter is an in-depth exploration of what this probabilistic modeling entails, the origins of the concepts involved, how to perform inferences and how to test the quality of a model produced this way.
Nonlinear and non-Gaussian signal processing
Authors: Little Max A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLinear, time-invariant (LTI) Gaussian DSP, has substantial mathematical conveniences that make it valuable in practical DSP applications and machine learning. When the signal really is generated by such an LTI-Gaussian model then this kind of processing is optimal from a statistical point of view. However, there are substantial limitations to the use of these techniques when we cannot guarantee that the assumptions of linearity, time-invariance and Gaussianity hold. In particular, signals that exhibit jumps or significant non-Gaussian outliers cause substantial adverse effects such as Gibb's phenomena in LTI filter outputs, and nonstationary signals cannot be compactly represented in the Fourier domain. In practice, many real signals show such phenomena to a greater or lesser degree, so it is important to have a `toolkit' of DSP methods that are effective in many situations. This chapter is dedicated to exploring the use of the statistical machine learning concepts in DSP.
Well-Being
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Utilitarians have ample reason for wanting to know the nature of well-being. The central issue in this debate is whether some form of subjectivism is true. However, this chapter claims that the arguments for and against subjectivism are currently in stalemate, and that we should remain agnostic about the nature of well-being. Yet we can still make progress in thinking about well-being and how to promote it by considering how we can know whether something would be good for someone. In particular, the chapter argues that we should use Peter Railton’s idea of alienation for epistemic purposes. It then discusses how best to formulate the alienation test in light of false beliefs and subjects’ changing values. It concludes that decreasing the cost and difficulty of trying things may improve our capacity to promote our own and others’ well-being.
Two Kinds of Reasons
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
One kind of reason for action is that the action would have a good outcome. According to Act Consequentialism all reasons are like this. However, these ‘act-based’ reasons may be contrasted with ‘pattern-based’ reasons, which flow from the fact that an action is part of some good pattern of action. This chapter argues that both kinds of reasons exist, and explores some of the issues facing any theory of pattern-based reasons. One such issue is whether they can exist in cases where the valuable pattern would not be realized because other agents are unwilling to play their parts. According to idealizing forms of Rule Consequentialism, they can. However, the chapter endorses an argument made by Alexander Dietz that this is incompatible with any plausible account of the strength of pattern-based reasons. It ends by explaining how pattern-based reasons may nevertheless retain their practical significance.
Legitimacy and Democracy
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Much contemporary political philosophy emphasizes the distinctiveness of political issues from moral issues. In contrast, utilitarianism seems to treat political issues as a mere subset of moral issues. It also seems to fit a technocratic model of politics, according to which political decisions should be left to experts capable of assessing the relevant facts. This chapter argues that utilitarians can give a richer account of politics, and one that is less technocratic, by attending to the normative significance of legitimacy. It outlines a conception of legitimacy as the degree of acceptance of a procedure. Though this is a sociological property and not a normative one, it has considerable normative significance: it describes the limits of what can be achieved without coercion or disorder. Moreover, since democracy is now, in many contexts, a necessary condition of legitimacy, the account of legitimacy bolsters the utilitarian case for supporting democracy.
Conclusion
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Utilitarianism is animated by a very simple and attractive idea: that what matters ultimately is that people have good lives. This chapter summarizes the main features of version of utilitarianism presented in this book, and explains how it can give plausible answers to the six objections identified in Chapter 2. None of theses objections is obviously fatal. By developing utilitarianism at length and adding some complexity to its structure, we can show that it is worth taking seriously. Given the attractiveness of utilitarianism’s central idea, this may encourage others to contribute to the further development of the utilitarian tradition.
The WTO Dispute Settlement System
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The proposed goal-based approach, which ties effectiveness to goals, requires an in-depth inquiry into the question of what aims underlie the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS), the spectrum of functions it should play, and the nature of the relations between them. The present chapter maps these multiple aims as prescribed for the DSS by its mandate providers while probing their complementary and contradictory relationships. In so doing, the chapter lays down the substantive building blocks of the WTO DSS’s goal-based effectiveness framework against which the system’s performance is to be evaluated. In analysing the DSS’s goal structure, the chapter begins with the system’s ultimate ends—the overarching purposes the DSS is expected to fulfil in the long-run—which frame the broad mission it is designed to achieve. It then follows with the system’s more specific, intermediate goals, those which serve as means for realizing the former, more general, open-ended objectives.
Legitimating Behind the Smoke Screen in the Battle Over Clove Cigarettes
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Recent years have confronted the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) with an intense wave of complex linkage disputes. US-Clove Cigarettes, which stands at the centre of this chapter, serves as the second case study in the investigation into the DSS’s goal-attainment endeavours in this category of WTO disputes. The chapter begins with a review of several jurisprudential milestones leading from the early US-Shrimp, examined in Chapter 5, to the more recent US-Clove Cigarettes, examined here, with a view to portraying the legitimation continuum of which the latter dispute forms a part. The chapter then discusses the intricate legitimacy setting in which US-Clove Cigarettes unfolded and, through a close goal-oriented analysis, shows how the intensified legitimacy concerns aroused shaped the goals pursued by the DSS and the judicial choices made towards their achievement. The chapter concludes by linking the goal-attainment efforts identified to the broader DSS goal-based effectiveness framework advanced in the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The present chapter concludes the work. It sums up the key findings of the study while discussing the results emerging from a comparative analysis of the three categories of disputes examined throughout the book. The chapter then revisits the central arguments put forth in the book and articulates the lessons to be learned for the study of the goals, operation, and effectiveness of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS), and of international courts more broadly. It also discusses some of the insights to be offered with respect to possible institutional changes or reforms of the WTO DSS, with a view to ensuring the system’s future effectiveness. The chapter closes with several observations that go beyond effectiveness, pertaining to the costs and unintended consequences attendant on more effective and empowered international adjudication.
Introducing Property Rights
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 11 starts by introducing Part III’s focus on rights that cannot be grounded primarily in the good of the right-holder. Property will be an important example of such a right, even though Chapter 12 allows that some property can be grounded in the right-holder’s good. Beforehand, in Chapter 11, an account is given of the nature of property rights as fundamentally exclusionary: as constituted by duties of non-trespass owed to the owner by all others. In addition, a theory is developed of the nature of money (as an owned item of great modern importance), according to which money is constituted by something that essentially confers Hohfeldian powers. These theories of property and money form the basis for the discussion, in Chapters 12–13, of when property rights are groundable for the sake of the right-holder, and of when they are not.
Being Pluralist About Understanding Others
Authors: Gallagher Shaun , Fiebich Anika 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Intersubjective interactions are highly complex processes that integrate a variety of contextual aspects—physical, pragmatic, social, cultural, normative, institutional—into which embodied individuals, with varying emotions, intents, desires, and motivations, enter. We elucidate the role of context in different varieties of social understanding. We defend a pluralist approach to social cognition and in that framework consider the limited role of mindreading understood as a form of theoretical inference or simulation, as well as the importance of embodied interaction. We argue that all of these practices need to be considered in order to comprehend the rich effects of context on social cognition. We exemplify the bidirectional influence between social understanding and context specifically by focusing on communicative practices and material engagements.
Embodiment and Social Perception
Authors: Overgaard Søren 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Social Perception Theory (SPT) claims that it is possible, on occasion, to perceive that others are in pain, angry, intend to kick, or desire another helping of ice cream. According to a thesis that I call ‘Embodiment’, at least some mental states extend all the way to the available surface behaviour. The question I pursue in this chapter is whether Embodiment lends support to SPT. According to a view that I label the ‘Support Thesis’, Embodiment does support SPT in specific ways. I argue that—in the context of the mindreading debate, at any rate—the Support Thesis is false. If Embodiment turned out to be false, this would in no obvious way cast doubt on SPT. And if the former turned out to be true, this would not obviously lend any support to the latter.
Redeeming Anthropology
Authors: Furani Khaled 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Anthropologists have invariably engaged in their discipline as a form of redemption, whether to escape from social restriction, nourish their souls, reform their home polities, or vindicate “the natives.” This book explores how in pursuit of a secular science sired by the Enlightenment, adherents to a “faith in mankind” have variably rejected and embraced theology, albeit in concealed and contradictory ways. Mining principally the personal and biographical register from the American, British, and French anthropological traditions, it argues that despite manifold efforts to the contrary, theological sediments remain in this disciplining discipline. Rather than continuing to forget, deny, and sequester it, theology can serve as a mirror of introspection—a source of critique offering invaluable tools for revitalization—for thinking anew not only anthropology’s study of others’ cultures, but also its very own reason.
Statistical Thinking from Scratch
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn virtually every field, researchers find themselves navigating tremendous amounts of new data. Making sense of this flood of information requires much more than the rote application of traditional statistical methods. This book will train researchers to be creative and confident users of statistics by thinking hard about the application of simple methods to a small dataset. In particular, this book focuses on simple linear regression—a method with strong connections to the most important tools in applied statistics—using it as a detailed case study for teaching resampling-based, likelihood-based, and Bayesian approaches to statistical inference. This exercise imparts an idea of how statistical procedures are designed and implemented, a flavor for the philosophical positions one implicitly assumes when applying statistics, and an opportunity to probe the strengths and weaknesses of one’s statistical approach. Key to the book’s novel approach is its mathematical level, which is gentler than most texts for statisticians but more rigorous than most introductory texts for non-statisticians. Statistical Thinking from Scratch is suitable for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students, professional researchers, and practitioners seeking to improve their understanding of statistical methods across the natural and social sciences, medicine, psychology, public health, business, and other fields.
The line of best fit
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOne way to visualize a set of data on two variables is to plot them on a pair of axes. A line that “best fits” the data can then be drawn as a summary. This chapter considers how to define a line of “best” fit—there is no sole best choice. The most commonly chosen line to summarize the data is the “least-squares” line—the line that minimizes the sum of the squared vertical distances between the points and the line. One reason for the least-squares line’s popularity is convenience, but, as will be seen later, it is also related to some key ideas in statistical estimation. The derivations of expressions for the intercept and slope of the least-squares line are discussed.