bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Versatile Synthesis of Pd−M (M=Cr, Mo, W) Alloy Nanosheets Flower‐like Superstructures for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Xiaoshu , Fan Jiayao , Han Min , Zhao Shulin , Lu Linzhi , Xu Dongdong , Lin Yue , Shi Naien , Liu Ying , Lan Ya‐Qian , Bao Jianchun , Dai Zhihui 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPd‐based nanoalloys are promising electrocatalysts for replacing Pt‐based ones toward oxygen reduction reaction. Despite that great progress has been achieved, universally synthesizing Pd‐based alloy nanosheets and further integrating them into porous or hierarchical superstructures remain a challenge, and their ORR performances are not systematically investigated. Herein, novel ultrathin and highly wrinkled Pd−M (M=Cr, Mo, W) alloy nanosheets flower‐like superstructures (NSFSs) are universally fabricated via a polyether and small molecules/ions ligand assisted solvothermal method. Such Pd−M NSFSs possess mesoporous structures and co‐exist single‐atom‐like and cluster‐like M species on their surfaces. Compared with pure Pd NSFSs, those Pd−M NSFSs show greatly enhanced ORR activity in alkaline media. Due to the unique microstructure feature, proper alloy constituent and stronger interatomic polarization or electronic coupling, the Pd−W NSFSs show the highest ORR activity with the half‐wave potential of 0.89 V (vs. RHE) and mass activity of 0.46 A mgPd−1 at 0.90 V (vs. RHE), outperforming commercial Pt/C, and most of reported Pd(or Pt)‐based catalysts. Moreover, the Pd−W NSFSs manifest outstanding durability and anti‐CO poisoning ability yet. This work may spur the development of 2D Pd‐based nanoalloy superstructures and promote their applications in fuel cells or other clean energy fields.
Race does not predict skeletal‐related events and all‐cause mortality in men with castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Patel Devin N. , Howard Lauren E. , De Hoedt Amanda M. , Amling Christopher L. , Aronson William J. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Kane Christopher J. , Klaassen Zachary W. , Terris Martha K. , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundThe impact of race on prostate cancer skeletal‐related events (SREs) remains understudied. In the current study, the authors tested the impact of race on time to SREs and overall survival in men with newly diagnosed, bone metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).MethodsThe authors performed a retrospective study of patients from 8 Veterans Affairs hospitals who were newly diagnosed with bone mCRPC in the year 2000 or later. SREs comprised pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, radiotherapy to the bone, or surgery to the bone. Time from diagnosis of bone mCRPC to SREs and overall mortality was estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Cox models tested the association between race and SREs and overall mortality.ResultsOf 837 patients with bone mCRPC, 232 patients (28%) were black and 605 (72%) were nonblack. At the time of diagnosis of bone mCRPC, black men were found to be more likely to have more bone metastases compared with nonblack men (29% vs 19% with ≥10 bone metastases; P = .021) and to have higher prostate‐specific antigen (41.7 ng/mL vs 29.2 ng/mL; P = .005) and a longer time from the diagnosis of CRPC to metastasis (17.9 months vs 14.3 months; P < .01). On multivariable analysis, there were no differences noted with regard to SRE risk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.59‐1.07) or overall mortality (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.73‐1.04) between black and nonblack people, although the HRs were <1, which suggested the possibility of better outcomes.ConclusionsNo significant association between black race and risk of SREs and overall mortality was observed in the current study. These data have suggested that efforts to understand the basis for the excess risk of aggressive prostate cancer in black men should focus on cancer development and progression in individuals with early‐stage disease.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and breast cancer: Risk factors and the role of inflammation and endocrine function
Authors: Brown Lauren C. , Murphy Amy R. , Lalonde Chloe S. , Subhedar Preeti D. , Miller Andrew H. , Stevens Jennifer S. 
Published: May 2020

A breast cancer diagnosis can be a life‐changing and stressful experience that can lead to chronic mental health conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Greater than one‐third of patients initially diagnosed with PTSD after a diagnosis of breast cancer continue to have persistent or worsening PTSD symptoms after 4 years. An emerging body of literature has indicated several key environmental and biological risk factors for PTSD among survivors of breast cancer. Well‐recognized risk factors include having a history of childhood trauma, being nonwhite, obesity, younger age at the time of diagnosis, diagnosis with a higher stage of breast cancer, and short time since treatment. Of the emerging risk factors related to fear circuitry in the brain, 2 pathways of particular importance are the stress‐driven activation of inflammatory pathways and the long‐term effect of antiendocrine therapies. These central and peripheral responses during and after stress exposure are important because increased fear and anxiety can lead to the maintenance of PTSD and worse patient outcomes. Given the poor outcomes associated with PTSD and the high prevalence of breast cancer in women, more research to identify those women at heightened risk of PTSD after breast cancer is warranted to reduce the number of diagnoses and lessen the negative impact of this chronic mental health condition.
New mammography screening performance metrics based on the entire screening episode
Authors: Sprague Brian L. , Miglioretti Diana L. , Lee Christoph I. , Perry Hannah , Tosteson Anna A. N. , Kerlikowske Karla 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundEstablished mammography screening performance metrics use the initial screening mammography assessment because they were developed for radiologist performance auditing, yet these metrics are frequently used to inform health policy and screening decision making. The authors have developed new performance metrics based on the final assessment that consider the entire screening episode, including diagnostic workup.MethodsThe authors used data from 2,512,577 screening episodes during 2005‐2017 at 146 facilities in the United States participating in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Screening performance metrics based on the final assessment of the screening episode were compared with conventional metrics defined with the initial assessment. Results were also stratified by breast density and breast cancer risk.ResultsThe cancer detection rates were similar for the final assessment (4.1 per 1000; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8‐4.3 per 1000) and the initial assessment (4.1 per 1000; 95% CI, 3.9‐4.3 per 1000). The interval cancer rate was 12% higher when it was based on the final assessment (0.77 per 1000; 95% CI, 0.71‐0.83 per 1000) versus the initial assessment (0.69 per 1000; 95% CI, 0.64‐0.74 per 1000), and this resulted in a modest difference in sensitivity (84.1% [95% CI, 83.0%‐85.1%] vs 85.7% [95% CI, 84.8%‐86.6%], respectively). Absolute differences in the interval cancer rate between final and initial assessments increased with breast density and breast cancer risk (eg, a difference of 0.29 per 1000 for women with extremely dense breasts and a 5‐year risk >2.49%).ConclusionsEstablished screening performance metrics underestimate the interval cancer rate of a mammography screening episode, particularly for women with dense breasts or an elevated breast cancer risk. Women, clinicians, policymakers, and researchers should use final‐assessment performance metrics to support informed screening decisions.
Fluctuations of consciousness, mood, and science: The interhemispheric switch and sticky switch models two decades on
Authors: Miller Steven M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractScience and medicine aim to identify verifiable and replicable truths. However, the paths to such truths are frequently characterized by swinging pendulums of opposing perspectives. This is especially so in human neuroscience and the brain‐based clinical sciences, where the target of investigation is the most complex of all biological systems. This article overviews a set of interrelated neuroscientific and clinical hypotheses, models, experiments, and predictions with which I have been involved for the last two decades. Traversing visual neuroscience, consciousness science, genetics, chronobiology, and biological and clinical psychiatry, the work illustrates how developments in science and medicine can occur through a combination of synthesis, serendipity, and experimentation. The article also reflects on doing science with the inimitable John “Jack” Pettigrew, and outlines how Pettigrew and I conceived, proposed, tested, and developed two new scientific models—one on neural mechanisms of binocular rivalry, the other on the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. I also provide an update on various aspects of our models and data, and describe lessons learned from Pettigrew on how perspectives in science exhibit their own fluctuations, ironically like the very phenomena on which we worked.
Lighting source classification applied in color images to contrast enhancement
Authors: Dehesa‐González Mario , Rosales‐Silva Alberto J. , Gallegos‐Funes Francisco J. , Kinani Jean M. V. , Ramos‐Díaz Eduardo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA novel methodology is proposed to identify the distribution of the intensity of the illuminant across a real‐world image; with this information, the image can be classified as a homogeneous or nonhomogeneous lighting source. A criterion is proposed for deciding whether the illumination in the tested image is homogeneous or nonhomogeneous. This criterion is based on well‐established methods that are dedicated to improving color characteristics and are commonly used to determine the color of the lighting source during a captured scene. The classification of homogeneous or nonhomogeneous illumination in real‐world images is implemented in the BSD500 database, and the results are compared with a manual classification of images—proposed under subjective criteria—by the authors; in this way, one can analyze how the lighting source affects the image. This procedure provides a classification methodology for real‐world image databases found in the scientific literature.
High‐dimensional analyses reveal a distinct role of T‐cell subsets in the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer
Authors: Wang Minyu , Huang Yu‐Kuan , Kong Joseph CH , Sun Yu , Tantalo Daniela G , Yeang Han Xian Aw , Ying Le , Yan Feng , Xu Dakang , Halse Heloise , Di Costanzo Natasha , Gordon Ian R , Mitchell Catherine , Mackay Laura K , Busuttil Rita A , Neeson Paul J , Boussioutas Alex 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo facilitate disease prognosis and improve precise immunotherapy of gastric cancer (GC) patients, a comprehensive study integrating immune cellular and molecular analyses on tumor tissues and peripheral blood was performed.MethodsThe association of GC patients’ outcomes and the immune context of their tumors was explored using multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) and transcriptome profiling. Potential immune dysfunction mechanism/s in the tumors on the systemic level was further examined using mass cytometry (CyTOF) in complementary peripheral blood from selected patients. GC cohorts with mIHC and gene expression profiling data were also used as validation cohorts.ResultsIncreased CD4+FOXP3+ T‐cell density in the GC tumor correlated with prolonged survival. Interestingly, CD4+FOXP3+ T cells had a close interaction with CD8+ T cells rather than tumor cells. High densities of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells and CD8+ T cells (High‐High) independently predicted prolonged patient survival. Furthermore, the interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) gene signature and PDL1 expression were up‐regulated in this group. Importantly, a subgroup of genomically stable (GS) tumors and tumors with chromosomal instability (CIN) within this High‐High group also had excellent survival. The High‐High GS/CIN tumors were coupled with increased frequencies of Tbet+CD4+ T cells and central memory CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood.ConclusionThese novel findings identify the combination of CD8+ T cells and FOXP3+CD4+ T cells as a significant prognostic marker for GC patients, which also could potentially be targeted and applied in the combination therapy with immune checkpoint blockades in precision medicine.
Comparison of two human organoid models of lung and intestinal inflammation reveals Toll‐like receptor signalling activation and monocyte recruitment
Authors: Jose Shyam Sushama , De Zuani Marco , Tidu Federico , Hortová Kohoutková Marcela , Pazzagli Lucia , Forte Giancarlo , Spaccapelo Roberta , Zelante Teresa , Frič Jan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe activation of immune responses in mucosal tissues is a key factor for the development and sustainment of several pathologies including infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. However, translational research and personalised medicine struggle to advance because of the lack of suitable preclinical models that successfully mimic the complexity of human tissues without relying on in vivo mouse models. Here, we propose two in vitro human 3D tissue models, deprived of any resident leucocytes, to model mucosal tissue inflammatory processes.MethodsWe developed human 3D lung and intestinal organoids differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells to model mucosal tissues. We then compared their response to a panel of microbial ligands and investigated their ability to attract and host human primary monocytes.ResultsMature lung and intestinal organoids comprised epithelial (EpCAM+) and mesenchymal (CD73+) cells which responded to Toll‐like receptor stimulation by releasing pro‐inflammatory cytokines and expressing tissue inflammatory markers including MMP9, COX2 and CRP. When added to the organoid culture, primary human monocytes migrated towards the organoids and began to differentiate to an ‘intermediate‐like’ phenotype characterised by increased levels of CD14 and CD16.ConclusionWe show that human mucosal organoids exhibit proper immune functions and successfully mimic an immunocompetent tissue microenvironment able to host patient‐derived immune cells. Our experimental set‐up provides a novel tool to tackle the complexity of immune responses in mucosal tissues which can be tailored to different human pathologies.
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with a history of cytopenia: A case report
Authors: Yan Miao , Wang Wensheng , Cen Xinan , Wang Lihong , Sun Yuhua , Wang Bingjie , Ou Jinping , Nong Lin , Ren Hanyun , Zhu Ping , Wang Mangju 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBlastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive hematologic malignancy arising from plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. The disease typically manifests in the skin, but it also evolves into a leukemic phase or can be complicated by other myeloid malignancies, especially myelomonocytic tumors. The association between these neoplasms is not fully elucidated. We report a case of BPDCN with a history of cytopenia that was supposed to be chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. The patient received intensive chemotherapy and achieved complete remission, but soon relapsed. The successive occurrence of myelomonocytic neoplasm and BPDCN is in accordance with the fact that they evolve from a common cell origin with a multilineage potential for myelomonocytic and plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation. This case may shed further light on the mystery of biology and the histogenesis of BPDCN.
Bringing up baby: Maternal responsiveness, secondary attachments, and the development of infant social competence in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Most Corinna A. , Strum Shirley C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCaregiver responsiveness and presence of secondary attachments play a crucial role in children's socio‐cognitive and emotional development, but little is known of their effect on the development of non‐human primates. Here we present the results of a 16‐month behavioral study conducted on 22 wild infant olive baboons (Papio anubis) at the Uaso Ngiro Baboon Project, Kenya. This is the first study to examine the effects of maternal responsiveness and secondary attachments on the development of infant social behavior in a wild primate species that does not breed cooperatively. The data track maternal responsiveness and the rates of two behavioral indicators of infant social competence—orienting toward interactions and social play—over the course of the first year of life. Maternal responsiveness decreased as infants grew older, while infant orientation toward interactions and play behavior increased. Infants with poorly responsive mothers were more likely to have secondary attachments, and infants with secondary attachments to siblings oriented more frequently to social interactions than those with secondary attachments to adult/subadult males or with no secondary attachments. These findings indicate that variation in maternal responsiveness and presence of secondary attachments can influence the development of social competence in olive baboon infants.
Evolution of defense and herbivory in introduced plants—Testing enemy release using a known source population, herbivore trials, and time since introduction
Authors: Brandenburger Claire R. , Kim Martin , Slavich Eve , Meredith Floret L. , Salminen Juha‐Pekka , Sherwin William B. , Moles Angela T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe enemy release hypothesis is often cited as a potential explanation for the success of introduced plants; yet, empirical evidence for enemy release is mixed. We aimed to quantify changes in herbivory and defense in introduced plants while controlling for three factors that might have confounded past studies: using a wide native range for comparison with the introduced range, measuring defense traits without determining whether they affect herbivore preferences, and not considering the effect of time since introduction. The first hypothesis we tested was that introduced plants will have evolved lower levels of plant defense compared to their source population. We grew South African (source) and Australian (introduced) beach daisies (Arctotheca populifolia) in a common‐environment glasshouse experiment and measured seven defense traits. Introduced plants had more ash, alkaloids, and leaf hairs than source plants, but were also less tough, with a lower C:N ratio and less phenolics. Overall, we found no difference in defense between source and introduced plants. To determine whether the feeding habits of herbivores align with changes in defense traits, we conducted preference feeding trials using five different herbivore species. Herbivores showed no overall preference for leaves from either group. The second hypothesis we tested was that herbivory on introduced plant species will increase through time after introduction to a new range. We recorded leaf damage on herbarium specimens of seven species introduced to eastern Australia and three native control species. We found no change in the overall level of herbivory experienced by introduced plants since arriving in Australia.ConclusionIn the field of invasion ecology, we need to rethink the paradigm that species introduced to a new range undergo simple decreases in defenses against herbivores. Instead, plants are likely to employ a range of defense traits that evolve in both coordinated and opposing ways in response to a plethora of different biotic and abiotic selective pressures.
A new variance ratio metric to detect the timescale of compensatory dynamics
Authors: Zhao Lei , Wang Shaopeng , Hallett Lauren M. , Rypel Andrew L. , Sheppard Lawrence W. , Castorani Max C. N. , Shoemaker Lauren G. , Cottingham Kathryn L. , Suding Katharine , Reuman Daniel C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms governing ecological stability—why a property such as primary productivity is stable in some communities and variable in others—has long been a focus of ecology. Compensatory dynamics, in which anti‐synchronous fluctuations between populations buffer against fluctuations at the community level, are a key theoretical mechanism of stability. Classically, compensatory dynamics have been quantified using a variance ratio approach that compares the ratio between community variance and aggregate population variance, such that a lower ratio indicates compensation and a higher ratio indicates synchrony among species fluctuations. However, population dynamics may be influenced by different drivers that operate on different timescales, and evidence from aquatic systems indicates that communities can be compensatory on some timescales and synchronous on others. The variance ratio and related metrics cannot reflect this timescale specificity, yet have remained popular, especially in terrestrial systems. Here, we develop a timescale‐specific variance ratio approach that formally decomposes the classical variance ratio according to the timescales of distinct contributions. The approach is implemented in a new R package, called tsvr, that accompanies this paper. We apply our approach to a long‐term, multisite grassland community dataset. Our approach demonstrates that the degree of compensation vs. synchrony in community dynamics can vary by timescale. Across sites, population variability was typically greater over longer compared to shorter timescales. At some sites, minimal timescale specificity in compensatory dynamics translated this pattern of population variability into a similar pattern of greater community variability on longer compared to shorter timescales. But at other sites, differentially stronger compensatory dynamics at longer compared to shorter timescales produced lower‐than‐expected community variability on longer timescales. Within every site, there were plots that exhibited shifts in the strength of compensation between timescales. Our results highlight that compensatory vs. synchronous dynamics are intrinsically timescale‐dependent concepts, and our timescale‐specific variance ratio provides a metric to quantify timescale specificity and relate it back to the classic variance ratio.