bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Carbon-MEMS a Potent Molecular Recognition Platform for the Detection of DNA Molecule
Authors: Rahman Md Mahfujur , Abd Hamid Sharifah Bee , Ibrahim Fatimah , Madou Marc J 
Published: February 2020

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule is the building block which architects the genetic materials for development and functioning of most living organisms. The characteristics of the DNA molecule such as stability to the mechanical and thermal stress, universal presence in all tissue or cell and more informative with unique genetic code, makes it very useful for organisms species detection. Furthermore, recent discovery of the structural and functional properties of the DNA molecule extended its application for bio-imaging, bio-diagnostics and sensing for drug delivery. Thus a number of assays have been introduced for the detection of specific DNA target such as real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and molecular fluorophores labelled platforms, but those are suffering for high costing. Furthermore, traditional biological signal detection platform with two-dimensional (2D) patterns and 2D nature electrodes have the drawbacks of lower sensitivity. Microfabrication of 3D carbonaceous structures, carbon-microelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) based on the thermochemical decomposition of patterned organic photoresist at high temperatures in oxygen-free environment, draw recent attention for the detection of DNA. In comparison with fluorescence detection platform on 2D carbon micropatterns, 3D micro arrays not suffer from optical interferences obtained on oxidized silicon substrates. The architectural tools for 3D C-MEMS, such as lithography and pyrolysis facilitate to generate varied carbon structure with different crystallinity, size and shape. Furthermore, integration of certain nanomaterials such as grapheme, carbon nanotubes or nanofibers with C-MEMS can create high surface area for carbon microarray. Thus fabrication of the 3D carbon microarrays with higher surface area increases the loading capability of the biomolecule to improve the sensitivity and performance of the DNA detection platform.
Acknowledgement
This research is supported by University Malaya Flagship Grant project FL001A-14AET, MOSTI SF020-2014, and Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme (TRGS TR002A-2014) from Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education.
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) a Potent Nanoplatform for Biomolecular Sensing
Authors: Al Amin Mohammad , Rahman md Mahfujur , Abd Hamid Sharifah Bee 
Published: February 2020

Advanced of nanomaterials have opened up the probability and prospect for sensing of DNA molecules with higher sensitivity and selectivity. Nanomaterials based biosensors have received huge attention due to its unique physio-chemical properties and provide DNA sensing platform in the field of biodiagnostices analysis. It is increasingly important in molecular diagnostics, species authentication, pathogen detection, forensic investigation and environmental monitoring. Therefore, both the single-wall (SWCNTs) and multi-wall (MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes have exhibit its outstanding potentiality for bimolecular sensing because of its unique mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties. Thus, an overview is described here about recent advancement of DNA sensing platform using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) biomaterials.
Acknowledgement
This research is supported by University Malaya Flagship Grant project FL001A-14AET, MOSTI SF020-2014, and Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme (TRGS TR002A-2014) from Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education.
Fabricating Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes with Embedded Iron Nanoparticles Using Block Copolymers Templates
Authors: Holmberg Sunshine , Ghazinejad Maziar , Madou Marc J 
Published: February 2020

Due to its high thermal, mechanical and electrochemical stability and good conductivity, carbon is an attractive material for fabrication of many bioelectrochemical devices such as biosensors and biofuel cells. However, carbon’s inert nature makes it difficult to functionalize with biocatalysts; often requiring harsh chemical treatment, such as nitric acid oxidation, to attach reactive amines and carboxylic acids to its surface.
Alternatively, metal nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be efficient supports for biocatalysts functionalization. [1-3] Depositing metal nanoparticles on carbon electrodes by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a viable means of functionalizing carbon electrodes with biocatalyst. However, PVD is an expensive and directional deposition method; this may result in poor surface coverage for 3D carbon electrodes, such as carbon nanofiber mesh electrodes.
It has been traditionally difficult to incorporate nanoparticles into carbon nanofibers by embedding them into the polymer precursors prior to pyrolysis, as most metallic nanoparticles will melt at the temperatures needed for carbon pyrolysis (>900 oC).
Recent studies, however, points toward a self-assembly approach for fabricating well organized layers of carbon loaded with arrays of platinum nanoparticles patterned by block-copolymers (BCP) templates. [4-6] Herein, we demonstrate an effective method for developing carbon nanofibers meshes embedded with iron nanoparticles, by incorporating a BCP self-assembly approach into our C-MEMS fabrication technique. The main phase of this hybrid method includes electrospinning iron-salt-loaded BCP into nanofiber meshes, and subsequently reducing the iron salts into iron nanoparticles prior to pyrolysis. This cost-effective process will pave the way for fabricating scalable advanced 3-D carbon electrodes that can be applied to biosensors and biofuel cells devices.
[1] Zhao, Xin, et al. "Polymer-supported nanocomposites for environmental application: a review." Chemical Engineering Journal 170.2 (2011): 381-394.
[2] Zayats, Maya, et al. "Biocatalytic growth of Au nanoparticles: from mechanistic aspects to biosensors design." Nano letters 5.1 (2005): 21-25.
[3] Wilner, Ofer I., et al. "Self-assembly of enzymes on DNA scaffolds: en route to biocatalytic cascades and the synthesis of metallic nanowires." Nano letters 9.5 (2009): 2040-2043.
[4] Park, Soojin, et al. "From nanorings to nanodots by patterning with block copolymers." Nano letters 8.6 (2008): 1667-1672.
[5] Park, Soojin, et al. "Macroscopic 10-terabit–per–square-inch arrays from block copolymers with lateral order." Science 323.5917 (2009): 1030-1033.
[6] Jang, Yu Jin, et al. "Nanostructured Metal/Carbon Hybrids for Electrocatalysis by Direct Carbonization of Inverse Micelle Multilayers." ACS nano 7.2 (2012): 1573-1582.
EIS Study on Corrosion Mechanisms of Steel Rebars in Concrete
Authors: Itagaki Masayuki , Soukura Masanori , Koike Taisuke , Okamoto Tatsuki , Tokieda Hiroyuki , Hoshi Yoshinao , Shitanda Isao , Kato Yoshitaka 
Published: February 2020

The durability of steel-reinforced concrete is a serious problem that concerns the whole world. It is well known that the corrosion of steel rebar in concrete is strongly influenced by the conditions of cover concrete, namely, water absorption, neutralization and chloride ion permeation. There are some literatures regarding the electrochemical tests, which are mainly measurements of corrosion potential and polarization curves, to evaluate corrosion of rebar in concrete [1,2]. Sagues et al. [3] reported the operation of a macroscopic Kelvin Probe (KP) for contactless measurement of concrete surface potentials. Dawson et al. [4] applied an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to the investigation of corrosion of rebar in concrete because the charge transfer resistance can be determined from the impedance spectrum.
Figure 1 shows the scheme of Nyquist plot of electrochemical impedance of steel-reinforced concrete. For example, a capacitive loop related to the time constant of charge transfer resistance and electric double layer capacitance at rebar/concrete interface is observed in the low frequency range. The capacitive loop in the middle frequency range is related to the electric nature of rust or oxide layer formed on rebar surface [5]. McCarter et al. [6] reported that capacitive loop in the high frequency range originated form the dielectric property of concrete absorbing water. In this presentation, we introduce some configurations of electrodes (or probes, sensor) to measure an impedance spectrum of steel-reinforced concrete. And we will discuss the corrosion behavior of rebar in concrete by analyzing the conditions of concrete and rebar/concrete interface by EIS.
References:
[1] ASTM C 876-91 (Reapproved 1999): Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, Annual Book of ASTM standards, Vol. 03.02, pp. 457-462, 1999.
[2] M.J. Dugarte, A.A. Sagues, Corrosion, 70 (2014) 303-317.
[3] A.A. Sagues, M.T. Walsh, Corrosion Science, 56 (2012) 26-35.
[4] J. L. Dawson, L. M. Callow, K. Hladky and J. A. Richardson, Corrosion/78, No-125 (1978).
[5] J. M. Deus, B. Diaz, L. Freire and X. R. Novoa, Electrochimica Acta, 131 (2014) 106-115.
[6] W. J. McCarter and S. Garvin, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 22 (1989) 1773-1776.

Figure 1
An in-Depth Analysis of Protective Coatings Via Combination of EIS and SDM Techniques in Single Run
Authors: Vyas Ritesh , Kubicsko Michael 
Published: February 2020

While the coating industry relies on several techniques to test the quality of their coatings, in past few years, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has emerged out as one of the most effective methods to non-destructively analyze protective coatings. Stepwise dissolution measurement (SDM) is an improvement over the more primitive anodic accelerated dissolution technique (AAD). In this work, we test the corrosion properties of three different protective coating materials by combining EIS & SDM techniques in one run. EIS is immediately applied on three separate samples, before and after the stepwise dissolution measurement (SDM) in single run. The resulting nonaggressive corrosion technique allows selective dissolution to take place making it possible to distinguish between good and bad corrosion behavior immediately.
Corrosion of Engineering Alloys in Supercritical CO2
Authors: Karmiol Zachary , Rodriguez David , Summers Kodi , Chidambaram Dev 
Published: February 2020

Introduction:

The properties of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) have made it attractive in numerous industries and in a variety of applications [1-3]. The need for compatibility of materials with scCO2 has been identified as a stumbling block for even wider application in industry [4-6]. An expanded understanding of the corrosion characteristics of engineering alloys in scCO2 with various impurities will provide necessary information for increased utilization.

Experimental:

Experiments were conducted in an autoclave, lined with Teflon. The autoclave is capable of maintaining a temperature of up to 423K (150˚C). Materials studied include austenitic steels as well as nickel based alloys. Environment included scCO2, as well as scCO2 with impurities. The surface of the samples were characterized after exposure to scCO2 using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Results:

Figure 1 shows Raman spectra obtained from Inconel 625 and stainless steel 316 exposed to scCO2. Only Inconel 625 has detectable Raman modes after exposure to scCO2 with saturated water vapor at 80°C. The corrosion performance of Inconel 625 and stainless steel 316 are observed with respect to their surface chemistry.

Figure 1: Raman spectra for both the austenitic steel SS316 and nickel based alloy I625 exposed to 80°C SCO2 with saturated water vapor. Spectra collected with 532nm laser.

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by the Department of Energy, under Contract DE-NE0008236, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) under award NRC-HQ-11-G-38-0039.

References:

[1] A.P. Sánchez-Camargo, J.A. Mendiola, E. Ibáñez, M. Herrero, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Elsevier, 2014.
[2] H. Taher, S. Al-Zuhair, A.H. Al-Marzouqi, Y. Haik, M. Farid, Biochemical Engineering Journal 90 (2014) 103-113.
[3] K.M. Krupka, K.J. Cantrell, B.P. McGrail, Thermodynamic Data for Geochemical Modeling of Carbonate Reactions Associated with CO2 Sequestration – Literature Review, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2010.
[4] X. Han, M. Poliakoff, Chemical Society Reviews 41 (2012) 1428-1436.
[5] T. Furukawa, Y. Inagaki, M. Aritomi, Progress in Nuclear Energy 53 (2011) 1050-1055.
[6] O. Yevtushenko, Water Impact on Corrosion Resistance of Pipeline Steels in Circulating Supercritical CO2 with SO2- and NO2- Impurities.

Figure 1
Development of Electrochemical Methods for High Temperature Molten Fluoride Salt Systems
Authors: Carotti Francesco , Brichford Meredy , Scarlat Raluca 
Published: February 2020

Molten salt processes were developed several decades ago as a promising technology for material processing and industrial process heat applications. This technology is still seen today as extremely suitable for thermal energy storage and power production. Liquid salts can indeed be considered legitimate candidates for several heat transfer applications thanks to favorable physical properties such as high boiling point, low vapor pressures, large specific heat, and large thermal conductivity.
In December 2015 a “Molten Salt Electrochemistry Short Course” was organized at University of Wisconsin Madison. The course was taught by Professor Digby MacDonald, a renowned expert in electrochemistry techniques for corrosion studies in aqueous environments. The course concentrated on the fundamentals of electrochemistry, with specific references to processes such as corrosion, electro-deposition, passivity and passivity breakdown, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. The course also included a discussion of the specialized techniques employed to study hydrogen in metals and carbon (graphite).
This paper will discuss the applicability of each of these electrochemistry techniques to molten fluoride salts and will provide an overview of the current status of these techniques in fluoride ionic liquids. The definition of a thermodynamically stable reference electrode (RE) has emerged as one of the critical points required to rigorously apply electrochemistry analytical techniques to fluoride salt systems. Therefore, this paper will review the fluoride molten salt RE designs developed in the 1960s and 1970s and in recent years. Additionally this paper will report designs and testing of the fluoride salt REs under development at University of Wisconsin -Madison.
Corrosion Resistance in Acidic Solution of Ni-W Nanostructured Alloys
Authors: Creus Juan , Lagarde Mathieu , Shakibi NIA Niusha , Billard Alain , Pichon Luc , Feaugas Xavier , Savall Catherine 
Published: February 2020

Nanocrystalline coatings were the scope of numerous studies due to their specific corrosion resistance and their particular mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties. The improvement of the corrosion resistance due to the reduction of the grain size, particularly at the nanometer scale, was not yet clearly established [1]. As grain size decreases, other metallurgical parameters that can affect the corrosion resistance like surface roughness, crystallographic orientation, chemical contamination, vacancy concentration, internal stresses at different scales … are also changed. The objective of our study is to better understand the influence of the microstructural parameters, mainly grain size and tungsten content, on the corrosion resistance in acidic solution of nanocrystalline coatings. It was previously observed that the deposition process strongly influences the defect density inside the coatings, so we have investigated two different deposition processes to obtain Ni-W alloys [2].
Electrodeposition by applying direct and pulse currents in an additive free citrate-ammonium bath and PVD magnetron sputtering were used for the elaboration of Ni-W coatings with different amounts of W. A multi-scale characterization of the metallurgical states of the nanocrystalline coatings using a combination of several microstructural techniques has permitted the characterization of the structural morphology, the grain size and the crystallographic texture [3,4].
Polarization curves were used to study the anodic behavior and the kinetics of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in acidic (H2SO4 1M, pH 3) deaerated solutions.
According to our results, the grain size refinement strongly depends on the elaboration parameters which also influence the light elements contamination (O, H, N, C) and/or the alloying addition. The analyses of the polarization curves in acidic media revealed that the tungsten addition considerably affects the stability of the protective passive film. It was suggested that the tungsten addition plays an important role on the electrochemical reactivity in both anodic and cathodic domains and that the other metallurgical parameters such as grain size only intervene at second order.
[1] K.D. Ralston, N. Birbilis and C.H.J. Davies, Scripta Materialia 63 (2010) 1201-1204.
[2] M. Lagarde, N. Shakibi Nia, J. Creus, X. Feaugas, C. Savall. Eurocorr Graz 2015, 6-10 sept.2015.
[3] C. Savall, A. Godon, J. Creus, X. Feaugas, Surface and Coatings Technology 206 (2012) 4394-4402.
[4] N. Shakibi Nia, J. Creus, X. Feaugas, C. Savall, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 609 (2014) 296-301.
(Invited) Doped Titania Oxide Nanotubes for Photoelectochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Qiang , Ding Dongyan , Ning Congqin , Dong Zhenbiao 
Published: February 2020

Extensive studies have been carried out on clean and renewable energy due to the pollution and depletion of fossil fuel. Ions doping is the efficient ways to enhance photocatalytic activity of titanium oxide (TiO2). Here we report photocatalytic activity of the Ni and Nb-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays photoanodes, respectively. The Ni-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated through anodization of Ti50Ni alloys in electrolyte containing 5% ethylene glycol/glycerol containing (NH4)2SO4 and NH4F. Nb-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated through anodization of Ti35Nb alloys in electrolytes of 1M NaH2PO4 containing 0.5 wt% HF. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the doped TiO2 nanotubes photoanodes. The experimental results indicated that Nb and Ni doping could enhance the photocatalytic properties of the titanium oxide. The photocatalytic activity of Nb-doped TiO2 and Ni-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays photoanodes were 1.5 and 2 times as high as that of the undoped TiO2 nanotubes photoanodes, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that Ni-doping could narrow the band gap of undoped TiO2 through formation of impurity states and Nb doping could result in the valence band shift of the undoped TiO2. The doped TiO2 nanotube photoanode are promising for photoelectochemical water splitting application.
BaTiO3 Film Grown by Water-Based Process
Authors: Alhasan Sarmad Fawzi Hamza , Abouelkhair Hussain , Peale Robert E. , Oladeji Isaiah O. 
Published: February 2020

Self-assembled nano-crystalline BaTiO3 films on stainless steel foil substrates, were grown by the water based Streaming Process for Electrodeless Electrochemical Deposition (SPEED). SPEED is an aqueous process that deposits self-assembled nanomaterial inorganic thin films over large areas, without a vacuum, providing a scalable and manufacturing friendly process to fabricate durable films. Water-soluble compounds with complexing agents grow films by heterogeneous reaction on the substrate, with little wasteful homogeneous reaction. Hydrophilic substrates bind hydroxyl ions (OH–), which are attachment sites for nucleation with density exceeding 1012 per square centimeter. The water based precursor, nebulized into 10 to 20 μm droplets (vapor phase SPEED, or VPSPEED), impinges on the substrate, which is at temperatures of ~300 ℃, giving growth rate exceeding 200 nm per minute. The substrate heating provides the reaction activation energy, and decomposes/volatilizes reaction byproducts, but the required temperatures are well below those required for spray pyrolysis. All films were subsequently annealed at 500 C for 1 hour. The morphology of the ~1 mm thick films comprises single crystals of micron dimensions imbedded in a matrix of nanocrystals. XRD confirms presence of BaTiO3 crystals of hexagonal phase. Further annealing at 500 oC increases the hexagonal peak intensity. Subsequent annealing at 600 oC for 1 hour causes a substantial transformation to the cubic phase. Potential applications include dielectric layers, capacitors, waveguides, ferroelectric RAM, and pyroelectric infrared detectors and phosphors. Characterization of pyroelectric properties and application to infrared detection will be presented.
(Invited) III-V Selective Area Growth and Epitaxial Functional Oxides on Si: From Electronic to Photonic Devices
Authors: Merckling Clement , Liu Ziyang , Hsu Mark , Hasan Samiul , Jiang Sijia , El Kazzi Salim , Boccardi Guillaume , Waldron Niamh , Wang Zhechao , Tian Bin , Pantouvaki Marianna , Van Campenhout Joris , Collaert Nadine , Heyns Marc , Van Thourhout Dries , Vandervorst Wilfried , Thean Aaron 
Published: February 2020

Driven by fabrication cost reduction and device performance improvement, the Silicon semiconductor industry continues its never-ending pursuit of new approaches for fabricating integrated circuits. In this context, the monolithic integration of III-V semiconductors epitaxially grown on Si substrate have been attracting much attention as building blocks for next-generation electronics and photonics due to their potential intrinsic properties.
Direct heteroepitaxy of III-V compound semiconductors on Si has traditionally represented a formidable challenge, due to the high material mismatch (lattice parameter, polarity, thermal coefficient, ...) between Si and III-V semiconductors generating high density of defect density during the epitaxial process. To overcome this, selective area growth of III-Vs in a pre-patterned Si substrate by Selective Area Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy allow the possibility to obtain high quality and reduced defect density III-V based active layers onto standard Si(001) substrate.
Using this approach we integrate III-V materials monolithically on Si while focusing on both ultimate trench widths (W < 20 nm) scaling as well as relaxed trench dimension in function of the targeted application. We report here on the heteroepitaxy of InP buffer on initiated from a <111> V-groove Si surface and discuss the unique relaxation mechanism of such compound with respect to Si substrate. We derived a fundamental understanding and theoretical modeling of the growth mechanisms in STI trenches as well as the determining role of the InP nucleation layer. The subsequent growth approach of InGaAs active layer, used for both nFET or Laser applications, is further studied.
Finally, III-V based electronic and photonic devices realized using selective area growth technique are presented and benchmarked to the current state of the art.