bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate and mating systems as drivers of global diversity of parental care in frogs
Authors: Vági Balázs , Végvári Zsolt , Liker András , Freckleton Robert P. , Székely Tamás 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimAmphibians exhibit unusually diverse reproductive modes, including a wide array of parental care strategies. The evolutionary drivers of this diversity, however, remain unclear. Here, we investigate three major factors that might predict interspecific variation in parental care strategies: climate, intrasexual selection and social environment. We hypothesize that some forms of care evolved to cope with harsh conditions, such as dry or unpredictable habitats. We contrast this prediction with the hypothesis that parental roles have co‐evolved with the social environment and mating systems.LocationGlobal.Major taxa studiedFrogs and toads (Amphibia: Anura).Time periodExtant taxa that represent c. 220 Myr of evolutionary history.MethodsUsing geographical and behavioural data for 971 species of frogs and toads that represent 45 anuran families, we quantified the global distribution of four forms of parenting separately for males and females: nest building, nest and/or tadpole attendance, carrying and nourishment. We used phylogenetic comparative analyses to investigate whether climate, social environment and mating systems predicted interspecific variation in parental care.ResultsOur results showed that climatic effects contribute to parental care diversity: in cool and humid climates the males provide offspring attendance, whereas in predictable temperatures endotrophy occurs, whereby the female provides all nutrients for the offspring until metamorphosis. In addition, we found other associations between mating systems and forms of parental care: uniparental clutch attendance by males is present in species with territorial defence, whereas cooperative nest building co‐occurs with sperm competition. The type of parental care is not associated with adult sex ratios.Main conclusionsNo specific form of care is associated with hostile environments; in fact, some forms of care occur in beneficial conditions, whereas others are used independently from the climate. Instead, parenting diversity has co‐evolved closely with mating systems in frogs.
In vitro ruminal fermentation parameters and methane production of Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha) in a silvopastoral system associated with levels of protein supplementation
Authors: Santos Alyce Raiana Monteiro dos , Barros Lívia Vieira de , Abreu Matheus Lima Côrrea , Pedreira Bruno C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe addition of protein supplementation in a silvopastoral system can contribute to improved forage intake and digestibility. Our objective was to evaluate in vitro ruminal parameters, digestibility and gas production of Marandu palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] in a silvopastoral system and compare this to parameters obtained from diets with protein supplementation. Forage was sampled during the growing season (November to April) in 2016/17 and 2017/18. In vitro incubation treatments consisted of four levels of protein supplement (20% of crude protein; CP) in the diet (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg of body weight). The neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and indigestible neutral detergent fibre concentrations were highest in the first year. In the second year, CP concentration was 21% greater than in the first year. There was a linear increase for digestion rate, a quadratic effect for lag time and a linear decrease for average digestion time as supplementation levels were increased. The least lag time and digestion time occurred in the second year. There was no supplementation effect on ruminal pH, acetate and butyrate concentrations. Second‐year in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was greater than in the first year. Increases in supplementation levels linearly enhanced IVDMD and reduced methane (CH4) production. The inclusion of a protein supplement contributed to reduced CH4 and increased volatile fatty acids production; therefore, we recommended the supplement inclusion of >0.28 g/kg of BW for animals grazing in well‐managed palisadegrass pastures.
Effect of GPS tagging on behaviour and marine distribution of breeding Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea
Authors: Seward Adam , Taylor Rachel C. , Perrow Martin R. , Berridge Richard J. , Bowgen Katharine M. , Dodd Stephen , Johnstone Ian , Bolton Mark 
Published: May 2020

Tracking tags have been used to map the distributions of a wide variety of avian species, but few studies have examined whether the use of these devices has impacts on the study animals that may bias the spatial data obtained. As Global Positioning System (GPS) tags small enough for deployment on terns (family: Laridae) have only recently become available, until now tracking of this group has been conducted by following unmanipulated individuals by boat, which offers a means of comparing distributions obtained from GPS‐tracking. We compared the utilization distributions (UDs) of breeding Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea obtained by GPS‐tracking 10 individuals over 2 weeks, with UDs derived from contemporaneous visual boat tracks from 81 individuals. The 50% and 95% UDs of both methods had high similarity scores, indicating good agreement in the density distributions derived from the two methods. The footprints of the UDs of tagged birds were ~ 75–80% larger, which may reflect an effect of tagging on foraging range or the occasional inability to follow by boat individuals which roamed further from the colony. We also compared the nest attendance and chick provisioning rates of adults that were (1) fitted with a GPS tag and leg‐flag, (2) handled and marked with a leg‐flag but not tagged and (3) fitted with a leg‐flag in a previous year but unhandled in the year of the study. There was some evidence that birds fitted with both a GPS tag and leg‐flag spent slightly less time at the nest compared with unhandled birds and those fitted with a leg‐flag only. Both treatments where birds were fitted with a leg‐flag in the year of the study had similarly lower provisioning rates to those of unhandled control birds > 48 h after handling, suggesting that negative effects on provisioning are due to capture and handling or leg‐flag attachment rather than to GPS tag attachment/loading per se. Overall brood‐provisioning rate was compensated for by the increased effort by the unhandled partner. Our study suggests that despite slight effects of GPS‐tagging on behaviour, the estimates of marine density distribution obtained were very similar to those of unmanipulated birds.
Prevalence of drugs with constipation-inducing potential and laxatives in community-dwelling older adults in Bahrain: therapeutic implications
Authors: Al Khaja Khalid A J , James Henry , Veeramuthu Sindhan , Tayem Yasin I , Sridharan Kannan , Sequeira Reginald P 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This study evaluated the prevalence of prescribing drugs with constipation-inducing potential and the prophylactic use of laxatives in community-dwelling older adults.

Method
An audit of outpatient prescriptions ordered for older adults aged ≥65 years with one or more chronic morbidities in 24 governmental primary healthcare centres in Bahrain. The prescriptions were collected by pharmacist-in-charge of each health centre between December 2015 and June 2016. The proportion of prescriptions with constipation-inducing drugs and co-prescribed laxatives was determined.

Key findings
The overall prevalence of prescribing drugs with the potential to cause constipation was 30.5% (642/2106). Prescriptions with at least one anticholinergic/drug with anticholinergic potential (DAP) were 22.5% (473/2106): single medication in 16.6% (350/2106) and two or more combinations in 5.9% (124/2106). A combination of two or more anticholinergics/DAP accounted for 2.9% (61/2106) prescriptions. Constipation-inducing drugs other than anticholinergics such as multivalent cation preparations and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers were prescribed in 8.0% (168/2106) of cases. Orphenadrine and first-generation antihistamines, both with high anticholinergic drug burden, were the frequently prescribed medications, either alone or combined. The rate of prescribed laxatives was 2.96% (19/642), mostly for those on constipation-inducing drug monotherapy.

Conclusion
Approximately a third of prescriptions for older adults had constipation-inducing medications, typically a single DAP. Prescribing laxatives were uncommon and did not correlate with the prevalence of prescribing drugs with constipation potential. Physicians' awareness about anticholinergic drugs and their potential risks, and the prophylactic use of laxatives to mitigate iatrogenic constipation are to be included in continuing professional programmes.
Adipose‐resident myeloid‐derived suppressor cells modulate immune cell homeostasis in healthy mice
Authors: Stivers Katlin B , Chilton Paula M , Beare Jason E , Dale Jacob R , Alard Pascale , LeBlanc Amanda J , Hoying James B 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe metabolically dynamic nature of healthy adipose places this tissue under regular inflammatory stress. A network of adipose‐resident anti‐inflammatory immune cells modulates and resolves this endogenous inflammation. Previous work in our laboratory identified a CD11b+Gr1+ subset of these immunosuppressive adipose stromal cells in healthy mice. Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), typically associated with cancer and chronic inflammation, have a similar surface marker phenotype and accumulate in adipose of high‐fat diet‐fed mice. Given the routine inflammatory stresses on healthy adipose and the suppressive nature of the tissue‐resident immune cells, we hypothesized that these CD11b+Gr1+ cells were a genuine population of MDSCs involved in regulating tissue homeostasis. Flow cytometric analysis of these cells found that they were CD11b+CD301− Ly6C+Ly6G+/− and did not express traditional macrophage markers. Moreover, in vitro functional assays demonstrated that these cells suppressed αCD3/αCD28‐induced T‐cell proliferation, solidifying their identity as bona fide adipose‐resident MDSCs. Systemic MDSC depletion altered adipose immune cell dynamics in otherwise healthy mice, increasing the number of CD4+ effector memory T cells and modifying the surface markers expressed by adipose‐resident macrophages. In addition, transcription of various immunomodulatory cytokines was clearly dysregulated in the adipose of MDSC‐depleted animals compared with controls. Altogether, our findings indicate that there is a population of bona fide MDSCs in the adipose of otherwise healthy mice that actively contribute to the health and immune homeostasis of this tissue.
Applying the moving epidemic method to determine influenza epidemic and intensity thresholds using influenza‐like illness surveillance data 2009‐2018 in Tunisia
Authors: Bouguerra Hind , Boutouria Elyes , Zorraga Mokhtar , Cherif Amal , Yazidi Rihab , Abdeddaiem Naima , Maazaoui Latifa , ElMoussi Awatef , Abid Salma , Amine Slim , Bouabid Leila , Bougatef Souha , Kouni Chahed Mohamed , Ben Salah Afif , Bettaieb Jihene , Bouafif Ben Alaya Nissaf 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundDefining the start and assessing the intensity of influenza seasons are essential to ensure timely preventive and control measures and to contribute to the pandemic preparedness. The present study aimed to determine the epidemic and intensity thresholds of influenza season in Tunisia using the moving epidemic method.MethodsWe applied the moving epidemic method (MEM) using the R Language implementation (package “mem”). We have calculated the epidemic and the different intensity thresholds from historical data of the past nine influenza seasons (2009‐2010 to 2017‐2018) and assessed the impact of the 2009‐2010 pandemic year. Data used were the weekly influenza‐like illness (ILI) proportions compared with all outpatient acute consultations. The goodness of the model was assessed using a cross validation procedure.ResultsThe average duration of influenza epidemic during a typical season was 20 weeks and ranged from 11 weeks (2009‐2010 season) to 23 weeks (2015‐2016 season). The epidemic threshold with the exclusion of the pandemic season was 6.25%. It had a very high sensitivity of 85% and a high specificity of 69%. The different levels of intensity were established as follows: low, if ILI proportion is below 9.74%, medium below 12.05%; high below 13.27%; and very high above this last rate.ConclusionsThis is the first mathematically based study of seasonal threshold of influenza in Tunisia. As in other studies in different countries, the model has shown both good specificity and sensitivity, which allows timely and accurate detection of the start of influenza seasons. The findings will contribute to the development of more efficient measures for influenza prevention and control.
Catalyst‐free in situ synthesis of ZrC nanowires with excellent thermal stability
Authors: Yan Ningning , Fu Qiangang , Li Kun , Hu Dou , Xie Wei , Wang Weiyan , Zhang Yuyu , Zhuang Lei , Zhou Lei , Zhang Jiaping , Shi Xiaohong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNo catalyst‐assisted zirconium carbide nanowires (ZrCNWs) were successfully synthesized by thermal evaporation and in situ reaction using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and ZrCl4 as carbon and zirconium sources. Vapor‐Solid (VS) mechanism was proposed to explain the growth process of ZrCNWs. The ZrCNWs prepared at 1400°C have a single crystal structure with the diameters of 130‐290 nm. The axial growth direction of ZrCNWs is [111] and the yield is 76.5 wt%. After heat treatment at 1700°C, 2100°C, and 2450°C, the diameter of ZrCNWs increased and their aspect ratio decreased. By simulating the thermal stress of a single ZrCNW, it is speculated that the coarsening and fracture of ZrCNWs are caused by the overall slip of the atomic layers and the stress concentration at the dislocations.
Association between periodontitis and pulmonary function based on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Authors: Lee Wei‐Cheng , Fu Earl , Li Chung‐Hsing , Huang Ren‐Yeong , Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Cheng Wan‐Chien , Chen Wei‐Liang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the association between impaired pulmonary function and periodontitis.Materials and MethodsFrom the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we examined the association between pulmonary function and severity of periodontitis using the univariate and multivariate regression models. Moreover, the association between obstructive or restrictive spirometry patterns and periodontitis status was also determined by multivariable logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 10,645 participants were included in our study. The values of predicted FEV1%, predicted FVC%, and FEV1/FVC were found to gradually decline with increasing severity of periodontitis (p < .001). Obstructive and restrictive pulmonary functions were significantly associated with severity of periodontitis.ConclusionIndividuals with a greater degree of periodontitis had poor pulmonary function. However, further long‐term cohort studies are required for a comprehensive evaluation.
Decision‐making process to undergo surgery among adolescent patients with cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Matsunaka Eriko , Kumagai Yukari , Ike Miho , Takano Sachiko , Kogo Mikihiko 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimAs patients with cleft lip and/or palate grow older, the main decision‐making process for treatment is likely to shift from a parent‐centered to a patient‐centered process. However, many adolescent patients have difficulty in treatment decision‐making. This study aimed to clarify the decision‐making process regarding undergoing surgery among adolescent patients with cleft lip and/or palate.MethodsParticipants were adolescent patients with cleft lip and/or palate aged 14–18 years who were admitted to a hospital in Japan for surgery. Fourteen patients (six boys, eight girls) and their parents agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected in face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively with inductive content analysis.ResultsFifteen categories were classified into three themes for adolescent patients' decision‐making processes regarding undergoing surgery. The three themes were: (a) a doctor's recommendation for surgery, (b) psychological conflict about surgery, and (c) a final decision about surgery.ConclusionThis study's findings suggest that adolescent patients with cleft lip and/or palate were not adequately involved in the decision‐making process before undergoing surgery. Medical staff need to explain other treatment options, the risks and benefits of surgery with materials and methods that adolescent patients can understand as part of “a doctor's recommendation for surgery.” Medical staff and parents need to encourage adolescent patients to communicate their preferences and values to reduce patients' “psychological conflict about surgery” and adolescent patients' intentions should be considered in “a final decision about surgery.”
Coronary artery disease in patients with congenital heart defects
Authors: Jokinen E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe prognosis of patients with congenital heart defects has improved significantly: more and more patients reach adulthood and old age. At the same time, the possibility of cardiovascular morbidity increases. The conventional risk factors for coronary artery disease are at least as high or even higher in patients than in the general population. Obesity and sedentary life style are more common in adults with congenital heart defect (ACHD) than in general population. In some patients, for example those with coarctation of the aorta or patients with operated coronary arteries in the infancy, the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is clearly increased. In some patients with cyanotic heart defects (e.g. Fontan), the incidence of CAD might be lower, but it usually returns to the average level or higher after correction of the defect. Coronary artery disease is one of the most important reasons for mortality also in ACHD patients, and the consequences of a coronary event might be more fateful in a patient with a corrected congenital heart defect than in her/his peer. There should be a paradigm shift from operative mortality and short‐term outcome to long‐term morbidity and prevention of cardiovascular disease – a task that often has been forgotten during follow‐up visits.
Meanings of Theory: Clarifying Theory through Typification
Authors: Sandberg Jörgen , Alvesson Mats 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDeveloping and evaluating scientific knowledge and its value requires a clear – or at least not too unclear – understanding of what ‘theory’ means. We argue that common definitions of theory are too restrictive, as they do not acknowledge the existence of multiple kinds of scientific knowledge, but largely recognize only one kind as ‘theory’, namely explanatory knowledge. We elaborate a typology that broadens and clarifies the meaning of ‘theory’. Consisting of five basic theory types – explaining, comprehending, ordering, enacting and provoking theories – the typology offers a framework that enables researchers to develop and assess knowledge in more varied ways and for a broader set of purposes than is typically recognized, as well as providing a more level playing field within the academic community.
Functional Connectivity and Structural Disruption in the Default‐Mode Network Predicts Cognitive Rehabilitation Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Fuchs Tom A. , Ziccardi Stefano , Benedict Ralph H. B. , Bartnik Alexander , Kuceyeski Amy , Charvet Leigh E. , Oship Devon , Weinstock‐Guttman Bianca , Wojcik Curtis , Hojnacki David , Kolb Channa , Escobar Jose , Campbell Rebecca , Tran Hoan Duc , Bergsland Niels , Jakimovski Dejan , Zivadinov Robert , Dwyer Michael G. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEEfficacy of restorative cognitive rehabilitation can be predicted from baseline patient factors. In addition, patient profiles of functional connectivity are associated with cognitive reserve and moderate the structure‐cognition relationship in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Such interactions may help predict which PwMS will benefit most from cognitive rehabilitation. Our objective was to determine whether patient response to restorative cognitive rehabilitation is predictable from baseline structural network disruption and whether this relationship is moderated by functional connectivity.METHODSFor this single‐arm repeated measures study, we recruited 25 PwMS for a 12‐week program. Following magnetic resonance imaging, participants were tested using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) pre‐ and postrehabilitation. Baseline patterns of structural and functional connectivity were characterized relative to healthy controls.RESULTSLower white matter tract disruption in a network of region‐pairs centered on the precuneus and posterior cingulate (default‐mode network regions) predicted greater postrehabilitation SDMT improvement (P = .048). This relationship was moderated by profiles of functional connectivity within the network (R2 = .385, P = .017, Interaction β = –.415).CONCLUSIONPatient response to restorative cognitive rehabilitation is predictable from the interaction between structural network disruption and functional connectivity in the default‐mode network. This effect may be related to cognitive reserve.
Classroom Disorder and Internalizing Problems Among Swedish Adolescents: Changes Between 1988 and 2011
Authors: Evans Brittany E. , Kim Yunhwan , Hagquist Curt 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDInternalizing problems have increased among Swedish adolescents. We examined whether classroom disorder was associated with internalizing problems and whether it explained the trends in internalizing problems. Furthermore, we examined whether school contextual factors were associated with internalizing problems and whether they moderated the association between classroom disorder and internalizing problems.METHODSWe used repeated cross‐sectional survey data (1988‐2011) among all 15‐ to 16‐year‐old students in Värmland, Sweden (N = 9491 boys, N = 9313 girls). School‐level factors were the proportions of students with a low/average socioeconomic or an immigration background.RESULTSResults from mixed effects models showed that classroom disorder was associated with internalizing problems across the years of investigation but did not explain the trends in internalizing problems. This association was moderated by the school‐level proportion of students with a low/average socioeconomic background but not the school‐level proportion of students with an immigration background.CONCLUSIONSStudents who perceived their classroom to be disorderly more often also reported more internalizing problems. Future studies are necessary to investigate other potential school factors that may explain the trends in internalizing problems.