bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mode decomposition of multimode optical fiber beams by phase-only spatial light modulator
Authors: Gervaziev M D , Zhdanov I , Kharenko D S , Gonta V A , Volosi V M , Podivilov E V , Babin S A , Wabnitz S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Multimode optical fibers (MMF) recently attracted a renewed attention, because of their potential for spatial division multiplexing, medical imaging and high-power fiber lasers, thanks to the discovery of new nonlinear optical effects, such as Kerr beam self-cleaning, spatiotemporal mode-locking, and geometric parametric instability, to name a few. The main feature of these effects is that many transverse modes are involved in nonlinear interactions. To advance our understanding, it is necessary to analyse the modal content of beams at the output of MMFs. In this work, based on a computer digital holography method using a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) as a correlation filter, we experimentally demonstrate a method of mode decomposition involving a large (≃80) number of fiber modes. To obtain this, we carried out a SLM calibration, and numerically investigated the most critical parameters which affect the fidelity of the decomposition, by comparing experimental and reconstructed beam patterns in both the linear (speckled structures) and in the nonlinear (self-cleaned beams) propagation regime.
The influence of system heterogeneity on peat-surface temperature dynamics
Authors: Leonard R , Moore P , Krause S , Devito K J , Petrone G R , Mendoza C , Waddington J M , Kettridge N 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Temperatures at the soil–atmosphere interface influence ecosystem function by driving nonlinear terrestrial biogeochemical, ecohydrological, and micrometeorological processes. Whilst climate, soil and vegetation controls on spatially average ecosystem temperatures are recognised, how interacting and heterogeneous ecosystem layers create spatio-temporal complex thermal ecosystems has not been determined. Such thermal hot spots and hot moments may underpin the capability of ecosystems to support biological and biogeochemical diversity and control the likelihood of tipping points in system-regulating feedbacks being locally exceeded. This is of notable importance in peatlands, where soil temperatures control the storage of their associated globally important carbon stocks. Here, through the application of high spatio-temporal resolution surface temperature data and peat thermal modelling, we assess the impact of system heterogeneity (spatio-temporal impact of the following system layers: tree, shrubs, microtopography, groundcover species and sub-surface ice) on surface temperature regimes. We show (a) that peat-surface thermal hotspot intensity and longevity is linked to system heterogeneity and (b) that not all system layers have an equal influence over the peat-surface thermal regime and extreme temperatures; thermal heterogeneity increases up to a maximum of five layers of heterogeneity and decreases thereafter. The results crucially demonstrate that such changes in the spatio-temporal thermal dynamics and extremes may occur without significant changes in median temperatures. This is important to the conceptual understanding of peatland responses and ecosystem resilience to disturbance. It emphasises the need to determine the potential for transitions in magnitude, longevity and locality of small-scale thermal extremes to induce functional transitions that propagate through given ecosystems, and to characterise the impact of such small-scale spatio-temporal complexity on ecosystem scale biogeochemical and ecohydrological function.
Spatio-temporal evaluation of Zr plasma parameters in a single-beam-splitting double-pulse laser-induced plasma
Authors: SARKAR Arnab , SINGH Manjeet 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The plasma shielding effect is one of the major weaknesses of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as it causes non-linearity in signal strength. Although LIBS is typically carried out in constant laser energy, this non-linearity causes a reduction in sensitivity. In this work, we systematically examine laser-induced plasma, formed by two different excitation source modes, i.e. single pulse (SP)-excitation and single-beam-splitting double-pulse (SBS-DP)-excitation over Zr-2.5% Nb alloy. The two most important plasma parameters influencing the emission line intensity, plasma temperature (T
e) and electron density (N
e) were studied and compared for both modes of laser excitation. Comparison of the results conclusively demonstrates that due to the splitting of the laser energy in the SBS-DP mode, the plasma shielding effect is significantly reduced. The reduced plasma shielding translates to an increased laser–sample coupling under SBS-DP mode. Temporal imaging of the total intensity of the laser-induced plasma in both excitation modes was also studied. The study shows how the plasma shielding effect can be reduced to improve the analytical quality of the LIBS methodology.
Significance of Removing Comedonecrosis as an Exclusion Criterion in Mammary Low-Risk Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Managed in an Active Surveillance Clinical Trial
Authors: Zhan Haiying , Quinn Marie , Tian Wanqing , Yan Li , Khoury Thaer 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This study aims to investigate the consequences of comedonecrosis omission as an exclusion criterion of the Comparison of Operative vs Monitoring and Endocrine Therapy (COMET) trial.

Methods
The clinical inclusion criteria of the COMET trial were applied on women who were mammographically screened between 2007 and 2017 and had a diagnosis of low- or intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The percentage of ductal diameter occupied by necrosis was calculated.

Results
Twenty-six of 129 (20.2%) cases were upgraded. Larger calcification span correlated with upgrade (P = .02), with the best cutoff of 1.1 cm, and negative predictive value of 86%. When solely analyzing cases with no comedonecrosis (n = 76), none of the variables correlated with upgrade. Comedonecrosis was significantly correlated with upgrade to invasive carcinoma (P = .041), with the best cutoff of 53% of ductal diameter occupied by necrosis.

Conclusions
Results indicate that comedonecrosis and span of mammographic calcifications could be risk factors in women managed with active surveillance.
A Warning About Using Predicted Values From Regression Models for Epidemiologic Inquiry
Authors: Ogburn Elizabeth L , Rudolph Kara E , Morello-Frosch Rachel , Khan Amber , Casey Joan A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In many settings, researchers may not have direct access to data on 1 or more variables needed for an analysis and instead may use regression-based estimates of those variables. Using such estimates in place of original data, however, introduces complications and can result in uninterpretable analyses. In simulations and observational data, we illustrate the issues that arise when an average treatment effect is estimated from data where the outcome of interest is predicted from an auxiliary model. We show that bias in any direction can result, under both the null and alternative hypotheses.
Implementation of a pharmacist care manager model to expand availability of medications for opioid use disorder
Authors: DeRonne Beth M , Wong Kara R , Schultz Erica , Jones Elzie , Krebs Erin E 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Purpose
The rise in opioid prescribing, often for chronic pain management, resulted in an increased prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD) throughout the United States, including within the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. The veteran population has been especially vulnerable to opioid-related harms, but rates of prescribing medications for OUD have been low. Use of care manager models for OUD have increased access to treatment. In this article we provide an overview of a clinical pharmacist care manager (CPCM) model for medications for OUD treatment implemented within the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System.

Summary
A CPCM model for medications for OUD was identified as a care model that would address patient and facility barriers to effective OUD treatment. Pharmacists were integral in program development and implementation and served as the main care providers. An interim evaluation of the program established that the proportion of patients with OUD receiving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) had increased, with use of the program resulting in treatment of 109 unique patients during 625 visits. Key program implementation facilitators included the facility leadership establishing increased use of MOUD as a priority area, identification of a physician champion, and a history of successful expansion of clinical pharmacy specialist practice within the VA system. Implementation barriers included factors related to provider engagement, patient identification, and program support. The CPCM model of provision of MOUD expanded the pharmacist role in buprenorphine management.

Conclusion
The need to increase the number of patients receiving MOUD led to the implementation of a CPCM model. The program was effectively implemented into practice and expanded the availability of MOUD, which allowed patients to access treatment in multiple care settings.
Are scrutability conditionals rationally deniable?
Authors: Kipper Jens , Soysal Zeynep 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChalmers has argued that Bayesianism supports the existence of a priori truths, since it entails that scrutability conditionals are not rationally revisable. However, as we argue, Chalmers s arguments leave open that every proposition is rationally deniable, which would be devastating for large parts of his philosophical program. We suggest that Chalmers should appeal to well-known convergence theorems to argue that ideally rational subjects converge on the truth of scrutability conditionals. However, our discussion reveals that showing that these theorems apply in effect requires assuming scrutability. Consequently, Bayesianism doesn t conflict with Chalmers s scrutability framework, but it doesn t support it, either.
Gender Disparity in 2013-2018 Industry Payments to Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Moore Meredith G , Singerman Kyle W , Kitzmiller William J , Gobble Ryan M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
The gender pay gap in medicine has been under intense scrutiny in recent years; female plastic surgeons reportedly earn 11% less than their male peers. “Hidden” pay in the form of industry-based transfers exposes compensation disparity not captured by traditional wage-gap estimations.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to reveal the sex distribution of industry payments to board-certified plastic surgeons across all years covered by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payment Database (CMS OPD).

Methods
We obtained the National Provider Identifier (NPI) for each surgeon in the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) member directory to record gender. Next, “General Payments” data points from annual files for all years present in the CMS OPD, 2013 to 2018, were aggregated and joined to provider details by Physician Profile ID before quantitative analysis was performed.

Results
Of 4840 ASPS surgeons, 3864 (79.8%) reporting ≥1 industry payment were included with 3220 male (83.3%) and 644 female (16.7%). Over 2013 to 2018, females received mean [standard deviation] 56.01 [2.51] payments totaling $11,530.67 [$1461.45] each vs 65.70 [1.80] payments totaling $25,469.05 [$5412.60] for males. The yearly ratio of male-to-female payments in dollars was 2.36 in 2013, 2.69 in 2014, 2.53 in 2015, 2.31 in 2016, 1.72 in 2017, and most recently 1.96 in 2018.

Conclusions
Individual male plastic surgeons received over twice the payment dollars given to their female counterparts, accepting both more frequent and higher-value transfers from industry partners. Payment inequity slightly declined in recent years, which may indicate shifting industry engagement gender preferences.
The IL-27 component EBI-3 and its receptor subunit IL-27Rα are essential for the cytoprotective action of humanin on male germ cells†
Authors: Jia Yue , Swerdloff Ronald S , Lue YanHe , Dai-Ju Jenny , Surampudi Prasanth , Cohen Pinchas , Wang Christina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that protects many cells/tissues from damage. We previously demonstrated that HN reduces stress-induced male germ cell apoptosis in rodents. HN action in neuronal cells is mediated through its binding to a trimeric cell membrane receptor composed of glycoprotein 130 (gp130), IL-27 receptor subunit (IL-27R, also known as WSX-1/TCCR), and ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor subunit (CNTFR). The mechanisms of HN action in testis remain unclear. We demonstrated in ex-vivo seminiferous tubules culture that HN prevented heat-induced germ cell apoptosis was blocked by specific anti-IL-27R, anti-gp130, and anti-EBI-3, but not by anti-CNTFR antibodies significantly. The cytoprotective action of HN was studied by using groups of il-27r−/− or ebi-3−/− mice administered the following treatment: (1) vehicle; (2) a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of HN peptide; (3) testicular hyperthermia; and (4) testicular hyperthermia plus HN. We demonstrated that HN inhibited heat-induced germ cell apoptosis in wildtype but not in il-27r−/− or ebi-3−/− mice. HN restored heat-suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation in wildtype but not il-27r−/− or ebi-3−/− mice. Dot blot analyses showed the direct interaction of HN with IL-27R or EBI-3 peptide. Immunofluorescence staining showed the co-localization of IL-27R with HN and gp130 in Leydig cells and germ cells. We conclude that the anti-apoptotic effects of HN in mouse testes are mediated through interaction with EBI-3, IL-27R, and activation of gp130, whereas the role of CNTFR needs further studies. This suggests a multicomponent tissue-specific receptor for HN in the testis and links HN action with the IL-12/IL-27 family of cytokines.
The Invasion Ecology of Sleeper Populations: Prevalence, Persistence, and Abrupt Shifts
Authors: Spear Michael J , Walsh Jake R , Ricciardi Anthony , Zanden M Jake Vander 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTIt is well established that nonnative species are a key driver of global environmental change, but much less is known about the underlying drivers of nonnative species outbreaks themselves. In the present article, we explore the concept and implications of nonnative sleeper populations in invasion dynamics. Such populations persist at low abundance for years or even decades—a period during which they often go undetected and have negligible impact—until they are triggered by an environmental factor to become highly abundant and disruptive. Population irruptions are commonly misinterpreted as a recent arrival of the nonnative species, but sleeper populations belie a more complex history of inconspicuous occurrence followed by an abrupt shift in abundance and ecological impact. In the present article, we identify mechanisms that can trigger their irruption, and the implications for invasive species risk assessment and management.
Troll Tracking: Examining Rhetorical Circulation of Anti-Intellectual Ideologies in Right-Wing Media Attacks
Authors: Lawless Brandi , Cole Kristen L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This case study proposes a method of troll tracking to analyze how right-wing media attacks circulate and contribute to increasing anti-intellectualism in the United States. Given the increase in right-wing political “news” sites as originators of trolling activity and their propensity to espouse anti-intellectualism, we are interested in understanding more deeply how particular instances of this targeted outrage become rhetorical. Our analysis reveals how metaknowledge circulates misinformation through commentary that carries anti-intellectual ideologies rapidly across time and space. This process of detachment reveals important implications about the (re)production of anti-intellectual ideologies, the evocation of collective outrage that manifests as sexism and transphobia, and the gatekeeping of academic knowledge production.
Nanopore Identification of Single Nucleotide Mutations in Circulating Tumor DNA by Multiplexed Ligation
Authors: Burck Nitza , Gilboa Tal , Gadi Abhilash , Patkin Nehrer Michelle , Schneider Robert J , Meller Amit 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Circulating tumor DNAs (ctDNAs) are highly promising cancer biomarkers, potentially applicable for noninvasive liquid biopsy and disease monitoring. However, to date, sequencing of ctDNAs has proven to be challenging primarily due to small sample size and high background of fragmented cell-free DNAs (cfDNAs) derived from normal cells in the circulation, specifically in early stage cancer.

Methods
Solid-state nanopores (ssNPs) have recently emerged as a highly efficient tool for single-DNA sensing and analysis. Herein, we present a rapid nanopore genotyping strategy to enable an amplification-free identification and classification of ctDNA mutations. A biochemical ligation detection assay was used for the creation of specific fluorescently-labelled short DNA reporter molecules. Color conjugation with multiple fluorophores enabled a unique multi-color signature for different mutations, offering multiplexing potency. Single-molecule readout of the fluorescent labels was carried out by electro-optical sensing via solid-state nanopores drilled in titanium oxide membranes.

Results
As proof of concept, we utilized our method to detect the presence of low-quantity ERBB2 F310S and PIK3Ca H1047R breast cancer mutations from both plasmids and xenograft mice blood samples. We demonstrated an ability to distinguish between a wild type and a mutated sample, and between the different mutations in the same sample.

Conclusions
Our method can potentially enable rapid and low cost ctDNA analysis that completely circumvents PCR amplification and library preparation. This approach will thus meet a currently unmet demand in terms of sensitivity, multiplexing and cost, opening new avenues for early diagnosis of cancer.
Adherence to oral appliance treatment and its determinants in obstructive sleep apnoea patients
Authors: Pahkala Riitta , Suominen Anna Liisa 
Published: December 2020

SummaryBackground and objectivesTreatment effectiveness, in terms of health benefits, is a composite of efficacy and adherence. Oral appliance (OA) usage is mainly based on self-reports, but nowadays, objective adherence monitoring for OAs is available. This study investigated the objective OA adherence and its determinants in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients.Materials and methodsThere were 29 subjects who were treated with OA; mean [SD] age 51.4 [11.1]; mean apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) [SD] 19.5 [10.0]. Anthropometric and sociodemographic parameters, AHI, daytime sleepiness, snoring, and adverse effects of OA as potential determinants were evaluated. Patients were classified as regular users if they wore OA at least 4 hours nightly 5–7 nights a week. Statistical analyses included the chi-square test, t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and linear regression analyses.ResultsAt the 3-month follow-up, 68% of subjects were regular users and at 12-month follow-up, 64%. AHI, sociodemographic parameters, or adverse effects were not associated with OA adherence. Snoring seemed to improve weakly adherence, whereas mandibular retrusion reduced the weekly use, and smoking the nightly use of OAs.LimitationsThe follow-up time was short, and there were a relatively small number of patients with obtainable adherence data, therefore it is difficult to establish if OA therapy alone is a successful long-term treatment option for OSA patients.Conclusions/implicationsAdherence to OA therapy is mainly the outcome of patients’ subjective comfort in everyday life through eliminating social disturbance of snoring. To best meet a subject’s individual treatment need and to prevent suboptimal use of OA, a patient-tailored therapy including digital wear-time documentation is recommended.
“Not as Bad as I Thought”: Undergraduate Students’ Perspectives on Aging
Authors: Sadeq Nasreen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Ageism remains prevalent in our society and negatively affects older adults. Undergraduate education could be a potential avenue for combating ageism among individuals moving into the workforce. The current investigation is a pilot study in which students enrolled in an upper-level undergraduate course were asked to reflect on how their perspectives on aging had changed following the completion of the course. The course, Psychology of Aging, provides students with an overview of the psychological aspects of aging, including cognitive, physical, and social changes. Consensual qualitative methods were used to explore student responses (N=150) and analyzed using Atlas.ti 7. The results indicated that majority of students had a more positive view of aging following course completion. The three most common themes that emerged were 1) positive aging, 2) living arrangements, and 3) social relationships. For the positive aging theme, students recognized the positive aspects of aging, with many commenting that aging was not as bad as they originally thought. Nearly all the responses in the living arrangements theme reflected students’ previous assumptions that most older adults live in nursing homes. In the social relationships theme, students realized that aging does not make people value social connection any less. The findings suggest that providing students with accurate information about aging has the potential to correct their negative views of aging, and highlight the importance of gerontology coursework in higher education, particularly for those pursuing careers in which they will regularly interact with older adults.
Ageism on Campus: Opportunities to Include Age in Diversity and Inclusion Efforts
Authors: Barragan Cassandra , Wladkowski Stephanie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Diversity and inclusion are essential perspectives on university campuses. In recent years, there has been a nationwide decline in admissions resulting in changes to traditionally FTIAC driven college campuses. An environmental scan was completed at a mid-sized midwestern university to explore age-inclusive barriers and opportunities for change. In-depth interviews were held with 28 EMU stakeholders representing a wide variety of ages in leadership positions across campus. Students aged 40 and above (N=248) were also surveyed about their experiences on campus. Qualitative analysis revealed ageist attitudes about older adults and older students from at all levels of the university. Results demonstrate that initial responses to ‘age-friendly’ focused on stereotypes of older adults, but attitudes adjusted when reframed as older learners and further refined when older learners were defined as 40 and above. Additionally, there was a distinct disconnect between ageist perceptions towards older adults and older students which highlights the importance of intergenerational opportunities as an approach to combat ageist attitudes on campus. While these barriers require long-term and complicated solutions, participants described the many benefits that older learners bring to enrich the campus. Results of this research revealed opportunities to reframe aging in the context of diversity and inclusion efforts on campus. Adopting diversity efforts to include age can benefit universities in not only admissions, classroom experiences, and connections to surrounding communities.