bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equity Issue in Pakistan: A Study on Higher Education
Authors: Naich Moula Bux , Junejo Naeem Ahmed , Lashari Akhtar Hussain , Lashari Akhtar Hussain , Shah Muhabat Ali 
Published: December 2020

This study has examined the equity issue in higher education in Pakistan that boys and girls have treated based on equitable access to education. While the social status of female students is very diverse in higher education than males. If compared with around the world, the current educational status of women has increased in the different fields on the bases of equity. Because women play a vital role in the growth of the economy by the dint of their professional skills. However, the role of women in Pakistan is different from around the world. If the compared relationship between urban and rural female students or women in Pakistan that women still face difficulties in several areas. Such as field engineering and math teaching as well as a public place. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the equity issue in already published literature by taking into account higher education in Pakistan. To, different studies’ findings have shown that there are many problems present in the educational system of Pakistan, such as a policy implementation with an international perspective, curriculum standards, and the use of technology in education. However, equity is also a core issue in higher education, which impact on female students. In this regard, those female students cannot reward easily their fundamental rights. Because of restrictions and some, important factors have linked to equity barriers. This study has used different sources of methods and materials through Google Scholar, Research Gate, and an Elsevier journal. Finally, significant results have described in this study by the dint of discussion and conclusion, which have drawn in the light of previously published literature.
Factores determinantes en la adopción de crédito de proveedores de las pequeñas empresas manufactureras del Ecuador y su efecto en el incremento de su producción
Authors: García Regalado Jorge Osiris , Zavala Vinces Jorge , Sánchez Giler Sunny 
Published: December 2020

En Ecuador el crédito comercial actúa como fuente de financiación entre las pequeñas empresas, sin embargo, existe evidencia acerca del bajo acceso y uso de este tipo de crédito por parte de las pertenecientes al sector de manufacturas, además de que provoca un efecto positivo en la producción de las mismas.
El presente trabajo revisa datos secundarios de fuentes oficiales analizando la evolución de la relación entre la producción, medida por sus ventas, y las cuentas por pagar a proveedores e instituciones financieras (2007-2017) de las pequeñas empresas manufactureras ecuatorianas. Se observó que existe una relación directa-positiva de los ingresos y el uso del crédito de proveedores. A través de una modelación econométrica que postula una extensión a la función de producción Cobb-Douglas de carácter modificada, se consideró como argumento adicional la variable “S” crédito de proveedores.
Mediante entrevistas en profundidad a gerentes de pequeñas empresas, se exploraron los factores que determinan el uso de crédito de proveedores como alternativa de financiamiento. De esta manera se pudo caracterizar el crédito comercial acorde con la facilidad de obtención, orígenes, fidelidad, mecanismo de pago, que son aspectos que influyen en la decisión del volumen del crédito y el plazo a convenir para tal operación. Así mismo se pudo evidenciar las limitaciones que los empresarios tienen para el acceso hacia el crédito bancario.
Including Urban Informality for Economic Development in Masvingo City, Zimbabwe
Authors: Average Chigwenya  , Prisca Simbanegavi  
Published: December 2020

The informal sector has been excluded in the development of cities despite playing a big role in providing livelihoods to a lot of urban dwellers. Their contribution to the city economy has been marginalized despite the size of this sector and the contribution to livelihoods of the urban poor. City space has therefore continued to be contested arena as urban poor are fighting for access to city space. The research examined the role the informal sector can play in city of Masvingo. The research utilized a mixed methods approach to data collection, where both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Questionnaires, semi structures interviews and field observations were employed. Interviews were done with key informant in various sectors dealing with issues of informality. The field observation were done in transact walks in areas occupied by urban informality. The research found out that the informal sector in City of Masvingo is playing a critical role in employment creation and therefore is providing sources of livelihood to a lot of people but the city authorities are doing very little to help the development and growth of the informal sector. Hence the economic contribution of the informal sector has been marginalized.
Problemas y Propuestas para la Gestión Territorial de Tres Comunidades del Municipio de Satevó Chihuahua
Authors: Hoffmann Esteves Hazel , Hoffmann Esteves Hazel , Manjarrez Domínguez Carlos , Ortega Rodríguez Anabel 
Published: December 2020

La información ordenada, analizada y evaluada, se convierte en conocimiento e insumo principal para poder realizar un plan de desarrollo territorial sustentable. Por falta de información y gestión del conocimiento, diversas regiones del mundo cuentan con riquezas incalculables y en ocasiones desconocidas que impiden mejorar la calidad de vida de las actuales y futuras generaciones. Para documentar el presente estudio, fue necesario trabajar en tres comunidades del municipio de Satevó: San Francisco Javier de Satevó, San José del Sitio y Boca del Río del municipio de Satevó; la selección de las comunidades estuvo a cargo del ejecutivo de la Administración Municipal. Por la naturaleza y complejidad del desarrollo territorial, fue necesario realizar una combinación de estrategias metodológicas para atender la región y las dimensiones que se conjugan en tiempo y espacio determinado, como referencias metodológicas, se utilizó, la construcción de árboles de problemas de la FAO y el Seguimiento y Evaluación Participativo de Marco Lógico; en su conjunto, atendiendo las recomendaciones de Sili (2005) se generaron metodologías dinámicas y flexibles para definir un procedimiento de cuatro etapas atendiendo las dimensiones sociales, medioambientales, infraestructura y económico-productivo de la región. La actualización del plan de desarrollo municipal o regional, considerando la vocación económico-productiva de la región, las habilidades de los pobladores, la infraestructura instalada y la ubicación y condición natural del sitio; provocaran sin duda una gestión con enfoque holístico y responsable de los recursos diversos del territorio.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN DISIPLIN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DI DINAS PERDAGANGAN, KOPERASI DAN USAHA KECIL MENENGAH KABUPATEN LIMA PULUH KOTA PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: Supryanita Rina , Munizar Mela 
Published: December 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of motivation and work discipline on employee performance. This type of research is quantitative research using descriptive methods. Data sources used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques with library research and questionnaires. The population in this study were all employees of the Department of Commerce, Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises in Lima Puluh Regency, West Sumatra Province, amounting to 66 people. And the sample is all the population of 66 people or better known as the census. The data analysis method used is the instrument test which is divided into validity and reliability test, descriptive variable analysis (TCR), classic assumption test that is normality test, multicollinearity test and heteroscedasticity test. The analytical tool used is multiple linear regression analysis using the SPSS 17.0 program. The results obtained are motivation and work discipline have a positive and significant effect on employee performance in the Department of Commerce, Cooperatives, and Small and Medium Enterprises in Lima Puluh Regency, West Sumatra Province. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh motivasi dan disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Sumber data yang digunakan yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan studi kepustakaan dan penyebaran kuesioner. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan Dinas Perdagangan, Koperasi, dan Usaha Kecil Menengah Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota Provinsi Sumatera Barat yang berjumlah 66 0rang. Dan yang dijadikan sampel adalah semua populasi berjumlah 66 orang atau lebih dikenal dengan istilah sensus. Adapun metode analisa data yang digunakan adalah uji instrumen yang terbagi menjadi uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas, analisis deskriptif variabel (TCR), uji asumsi klasik yaitu uji normalitas, uji multikolinearitas dan uji heteroskedastisitas. Alat analisa yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan program SPSS 17.0. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah motivasi dan disiplin kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan di Dinas Perdagangan, Koperasi, dan Usaha Kecil Menengah Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota Provinsi Sumatera Barat.
Corrosion Behavior of Ferritic-Martensitic Steel in H2O Containing CO2 and O2 at 50°C to 245°C and 8 MPa
Authors: Repukaiti Reyixiati , Teeter Lucas , Ziomek-Moroz Margaret , Doğan Ömer N. , Oleksak Richard P. , Thomas Randal B. , Baltrus John , Kauffman Douglas R. , Tucker Julie D. 
Published: December 2020

To understand the corrosion mechanisms of structural materials in low-temperature components of direct supercritical CO2 power cycles, immersion experiments were performed in aqueous environments expected at these conditions. A ferritic-martensitic steel (UNS K91560) was selected as the candidate material. Steel specimens were fully submerged in H2O pressurized with 99% CO2 and 1% O2 to 8 MPa, and heated up to temperature (50°C, 100°C, 150°C, or 245°C), with a test duration of 500 h. Corrosion rates were calculated based on mass loss. Scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize microstructure, phases, crystallinity, and composition of the corrosion product layer. Experimental results show that specimens exposed at 100°C had the highest corrosion rate, followed by the specimens exposed at 50°C. The specimens exposed at the highest temperature exhibited the lowest corrosion rate. An outer noncontinuous, nonprotective Fe-rich oxide layer and a well-adhered inner oxide layer containing both Fe and Cr formed on the specimen surfaces. The inner oxide layer changed from amorphous to crystalline as the temperature increased.
Construcción de ecosistemas de aprendizaje en clases de consulta en formación superior
Authors: Foresto Emiliano , Manavella Agustina María , Martín Rocío Belén 
Published: December 2020

En esta investigación se han descrito los rasgos que caracterizan a las clases de consulta universitarias e institutos terciarios. Si bien dichos espacios no se encuentran dentro del currículum prescripto, sí figuran en los mensajes que los docentes fijan en las carteleras. La participación en las clases de consulta es un tanto arbitraria: los días, horarios y espacios en que se ofrecen son fijados por cada docente. La metodología fue un estudio de caso múltiple. Participaron siete docentes pertenecientes a diversas universidades e institutos terciarios de Río Cuarto, Sampacho y Villa Mercedes y diez estudiantes que asistieron a las clases de consulta. Los datos fueron recabados a través de observaciones no participantes y entrevistas individuales y semi-estructuradas. Los resultados muestran la relevancia en la construcción colaborativa de habilidades profesionales y socio-emocionales, la autonomía de trabajo, el aprendizaje a partir de problemas genuinos, la construcción de procesos identitarios y de metas compartidas. Estos rasgos, sumados a las particularidades de los métodos de enseñanza, el lugar en el que se llevan a cabo las clases de consulta y los tiempos de duración, permiten pensar en la complejidad que atraviesan estos ámbitos de aprendizaje
Safety Evaluation of Fermotein: Allergenicity, Mycotoxin Production, Biochemical Analyses and Microbiology of a Fungal Single-cell Protein Product
Authors: Spiegel Marjolein van der , Driessche José J. van den , Leune Elisa , Pařenicová Lucie , Laat Wim de 
Published: December 2020

Aim: Single-cell proteins (SCPs) are considered as innovative and sustainable alternatives to animal-based products. Fermotein is an innovative SCP obtained from fermentation of the filamentous fungus Rhizomucor pusillus. The toxicity, capability to produce secondary metabolites and allergenic potential of this fungus has never been assessed before. Like other filamentous fungi, there is a lack of information on this species to assess its safety for human consumption. The objective of the current study was to investigate the safety of Fermotein and its source Rhizomucor pusillus regarding toxicity, capability to produce secondary metabolites and allergenicity. In addition, possible contaminants were also examined.
Methodology: The genome of Rhizomucor pusillus was sequenced and annotated in order to screen for production of common mycotoxins, antibiotic synthesis pathways, mucormycosis-related virulence factors and in silico potential cross-reactivity with known food allergens. The presence of mycotoxins and allergens were validated by laboratory analysis. The level of RNA, heavy metals and microbiological contaminants were also determined.
Results: No mycotoxin production-related genes were identified in the genome of Rhizomucor pusillus nor were mycotoxins found in Fermotein. Six proteins present in Fermotein showed high homology with five known food allergens. No gene clusters were found that corresponded with antibiotic synthesis pathways. Although 10 proteins in the genome of Rhizomucor pusillus may represent mucormycosis-related virulence factors, no cases of mucormycosis after oral intake are reported. The level of heavy metals and microbiological contaminants were below legislative limits, whereas RNA content was 4.9 ± 0.2% of dry matter.
Conclusion: No safety concerns were identified for Fermotein or its source Rhizomucor pusillus, except the potential for cross-reactivity with five known food allergens. This should be taken into account for communication with consumers. Information from the current study contributes to the body of evidence for determination of Qualified Presumption of Safety status of Rhizomucor pusillus.
Infertility and Depression: Frequency of Depression in Infertile Males
Authors: Jamali Anwar Ali , Kumar Haresh , Tunnio Safdar Ali Parvez , Rind Shahbuddin , Lohano Ashok Kumar , Jamali Ghulam Mustafa , Tanwani Bhojo Mal 
Published: December 2020

Background: There is increasing concern that the depression may be associated with infertility.
Objective: The current research was aimed to explore the frequency of depression in infertile males.
Study Design: This was a cross sectional study.
Duration: March 2016 to September 2018.
Place: Department of Medicine, PUMHS Nawabshah, Pakistan.
Materials and Methods: A total of 385 infertile male subjects who reported for the semen analysis at young age group were included in the study. Depression was assessed by using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Data was collected via self-made proforma and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.
Results: A total of 385 infertile males were studied. Mean age of individuals was 30.28+6.18 years. Mild depression was found in 34.8% patients, moderate depression was seen in 18.2% patients, severe depression was in 8.1% patients and very severe depression was in 9(2.3%) patients. Moderate and severe depression was higher in cases of Oligospermia and Azoospermia as compared to those having normal sperm count, while results were statistically insignificant (p=0.747).
Conclusions: In the observation of this study, there was a significant relationship between infertility and depression in infertile males. Depression was found in 64.6% of infertile males, ranging from mild to very severe levels.
Clinical Presentation and Mortality of Women Presented with Puerperal Sepsis at Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Samreen Erum , Abbasi Madiha , Parveen Naheed 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To determine the clinical presentation and mortality of women presented with puerperal sepsis at tertiary care Hospital.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at obstetrics and gynaecology department of Liaquat University of medical and health Sciences, from April 2018 to march 2019. Women having age more than 15 years and presented with sepsis after birth followed by spontaneous vaginal delivery, instrumental or episiotomy vaginal delivery or caesarean section were included. All the data including clinical features and mortality were recorded by study proforma. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.
Results: Most of the patients 46.6%, having age between 26 to 35 years. Majority of the patients 48.3% were delivered by normal vaginal delivery (NVD) and 37.9% underwent caesarean section, while 13.8% given birth as NVD with episiotomy. Almost all cases presented with fever and other common clinical features were abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, wound infection and breast tenderness. According to the maternal outcome 24.1% patients were shifted to intensive care unit (ICU), 34.5% had prolonged hospital stay and mortality rate was 10.3%. There was no significant difference in maternal outcome according to mod of delivery; p-values were quite insignificant.
Conclusion: It was concluded that puerperal sepsis is a major contributing factor of maternal adverse outcome. Common clinical features were fever, abdominal pain and vaginal discharge.
Comparison of Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Current, Ex and Non Smokers
Authors: Talpur Subrab Khan , Kumar Mukesh , Abbass Ameer , Jan Naseema Ahmed , Lohano Kheem Chand , Memon Ishtiaque Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To detect treatment outcomes in current smokers, ex - smokers and nonsmokers, in newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients.
Methodology: This cohort prospective study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi, with the collaboration of different (DOTS) centers of Pathology Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi. All newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients registered for treatment either of gender were included. The patients were divided into three groups. Group-A: Current smokers, Group-B: Ex-smokers, Group-C: Non-smokers. Patients were followed for 6 months. Outcome was assessed in terms of cured or failure. All the information was enrolled in pre-designed proforma. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.
Results: In current study mean age of non-smokers was 44.20±17.73, ex-smokers 43.13±15.67 years mean age of smokers was 38.07±15.67 years. Males were in majority in all study groups as in ex-smokers group, males were 98.75%, non-smoker males were 90.0% and in smoker group males were 92.50%. At starting of treatment, mean weight of smoker patients was 55.50±5.41 kg, ex-smoker’s 48.91±9.00 kg and mean weight of non-smokers 48.71±7.04 kg. P-0.001. At starting of treatment, the mean ESR of non-smokers was 89.31±10.02, ex-smoker’s was 82.62±12.18 and smokers ESR average was 80.61±15.83. P-0.001. After 6 month treatment, cured rate was (96.25%) in non-smokers, (90%) in smokers and (93.75%) in ex–smokers.
Conclusion: This study concluded that cured rate was high in non-smokers. Smoking status in individuals greatly affects the tuberculosis treatment outcome with enhance failure rate.
A Stepwise Synthesis of Spiroindoline Compounds via Ring Opening of Aziridines and C−H Activation/Cyclization
Authors: Xing Siyang , Xia Hanyu , Wang Chenyu , Wang Yuhan , Hao Lu , Wang Kui , Zhu Bolin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA type of 2,2‐disubstituted N‐sulfonylaziridines bearing OTBS groups and aryl groups at two different substitutions of the aziridine ring has been prepared. Based on them, a stepwise strategy involving ring opening of aziridines and C−H activation/cyclization has been developed for the general synthesis of spiroindoline pyrans and spiroindoline furans.magnified image
Ultra‐high performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for antidoping analyses: Assessment of the inter‐laboratory reproducibility with urine samples
Authors: Losacco Gioacchino Luca , Rentsch Marco , Plachká Kateřina , Monteau Fabrice , Bichon Emmanuelle , Bizec Bruno Le , Nováková Lucie , Nicoli Raul , Kuuranne Tiia , Veuthey Jean‐Luc , Guillarme Davy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the interlaboratory reproducibility of ultra‐high performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for routine antidoping analyses. To do so, a set of 21 doping agents, spiked in urine and analyzed after dilute and shoot treatment, was used to assess the variability of their retention times between four different laboratories, all equipped with the same chromatographic system and with the same ultra‐high performance supercritical fluid chromatography stationary phase chemistry. The average relative standard deviations (RSD%) demonstrated a good reproducibility of the retention times for 19 out of 21 analytes, with RSD% values below 3.0%. Only for two substances, namely fenbutrazate and niketamide, the retention was not repeatable between laboratories, with RSD% of approximately 15% in both cases. This behaviour was associated with (a) the low organic modifier percentage (around 2‐4%) in the mobile phase at the corresponding retention times, and (b) the influence of the system volume on poorly retained analytes. An analysis on seven “blind” urines was subsequently carried out in the same four laboratories. In these blind samples, either one, two, or none of the 21 doping agents previously analyzed were present at an unknown concentration. Each laboratory had to perform the identification of the compounds in the samples and estimate their concentrations. All laboratories assigned all target analytes correctly in all blind urine samples and provide a comparable estimation of their concentrations.