bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Molecular Weight Biosurfactants from Mild Chemical Reactions of Fermented Municipal Biowastes
Authors: Montoneri Enzo> , Fabbri Gloria , Quagliotto Pierluigi , Baglieri Andrea , Padoan Elio , Boero Valter , Negre Michèle 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTwo hydrolysates obtained from anaerobic digestate and compost of a municipal bio‐waste treatment plant have been ozonizated at room temperature. This reaction yields two main products: biopolymers (30 % yield) whith molecular weights ranging from 100 to over 750 kDa, exhibiting remarkable surfactant properties, and small molecules with molecular weight ≤0.2⊥⊥kDa. The ozonised biopolymers have significantly different molecular weight distribution and much better surfactant properties compared to the pristine biopolymers. Their potential market value is estimated from 1.5 to 150 € kg−1 by comparison with commercial products. The small molecules are the bio‐based counterpart of commercial chemicals obtained from fossil sources. Their market value ranges from 0.6 to 3 € kg−1. Perspectives are discussed for the development of a bio‐based chemical industry built on the integration of biochemical and mild chemical technologies to convert biomass to value added products, and compared to the current model based on biochemical technology coupled to lignin incineration or pyrolysis.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of Allylic Esters
Authors: Jessen Bo M. , Ondozabal Jun Miyatake , Pedersen Christian Marcus , Sølvhøj Amanda , Taarning Esben , Madsen Robert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed transposition of allylic esters is usually performed with a rather high loading of a palladium(II) catalyst. In the present investigation, a palladium(0) catalyst is developed for rearranging methyl 2‐acyloxybut‐3‐enoates into the corresponding methyl 4‐acyloxycrotonates. The transformation is performed at room temperature with 2% of Pd(PPh3)4 and gives good yields with acetate, benzoate and propanoate esters. Methyl 2‐(methoxycarbonyloxy)but‐3‐enoate, on the other hand, is rearranged into methyl 4‐methoxycrotonate due to decarboxylation of the released methyl carbonate into methoxide. The mechanism for the transposition of methyl 2‐acetoxybut‐3‐enoate was investigated in two separate crossover experiments and shown to proceed by formation of the intermediate π‐allyl palladium(II) complex, which is then attacked by acetate in an intermolecular fashion.
Stable Sodium Metal Batteries via Manipulation of Electrolyte Solvation Structure
Authors: Wang Shiyang , Chen Yawei , Jie Yulin , Lang Shuangyan , Song Junhua , Lei Zhanwu , Wang Shuai , Ren Xiaodi , Wang Dong , Li Xiaolin , Cao Ruiguo , Zhang Genqiang , Jiao Shuhong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSodium metal batteries have attracted rapidly rising attention due to their low cost and high energy densities. However, the instability and low efficiency of metallic sodium anodes pose significant concerns for their practical applications. Here a highly stable sodium metal anode enabled by an ether‐based electrolyte is reported, which exhibits a long‐term stable cycling up to 400 cycles and achieves an unprecedentedly average Coulombic efficiency of over ≈99.93%. It is revealed that the organic/inorganic hybrid structure containing B–O species and NaF in the ultrathin solid‐electrolyte interphase layer plays the key role for the outstanding electrochemical performances. Furthermore, a Na||Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell successfully achieves a stable cycling performance that paves the way for the development of sodium metal batteries.
cPLA2α reversibly regulates different subsets of cancer stem cells transformation in cervical cancer
Authors: He Yuchao , Xiao Manyu , Fu Hui , Chen Lu , Qi Lisha , Liu Dongming , Guo Piao , Chen Liwei , Luo Yi , Xiao Huiting , Zhang Ning , Guo Hua 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cervical cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are considered major causes of chemoresistance/radioresistance and metastasis. Although several cell surface antigens have been identified in CCSCs, these markers vary among tumors because of CSC heterogeneity. However, whether these markers specifically distinguish CCSCs with different functions is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CCSCs exist in two biologically distinct phenotypes characterized by different levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) expression. Overexpression of cPLA2α results in a CD44+CD24− phenotype associated with mesenchymal traits, including increased invasive and migration abilities, whereas CCSCs with cPLA2α downregulation express CD133 and show quiescent epithelial characteristics. In addition, cPLA2α regulates the reversible transition between mesenchymal and epithelial CCSC states through PKCζ, an atypical protein kinase C, which governs cancer cell state changes and the maintenance of various embryonic stem cell characteristics, further inhibiting β-catenin-E-cadherin interaction in membrane and promoting β-catenin translocation into the nucleus to affect the transcriptional regulation of stemness signals. We propose that reversible transitions between mesenchymal and epithelial CCSC states regulated by cPLA2α are necessary for cervical cancer metastasis and recurrence. Thus, cPLA2α might be an attractive therapeutic target for eradicating different states of CCSCs to eliminate tumors more effectively.
Differential effects of heat-inactivated, secretome-deficient MSC and metabolically active MSC in sepsis and allogenic heart transplantation
Authors: Weiss Andreas R. R. , Lee Olivia , Eggenhofer Elke , Geissler Elisabeth , Korevaar Sander S. , Soeder Yorick , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. , Hoogduijn Martin J. , Dahlke Marc H. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used in various clinical and preclinical models for immunomodulation. However, it remains unclear how the immunomodulatory effect of MSC is communicated. MSC-induced immunomodulation is known to be mediated through both MSC-secreted cytokines and direct cell-cell interactions. Recently, it has been demonstrated that metabolically inactive, heat-inactivated MSCs (HI-MSCs) have similar anti-inflammatory capacities in LPS-induced sepsis compared with viable MSC. To further investigate the immunomodulatory effects of MSC, we introduced MSC and HI-MSC in two animal models with different immunological causes. In the first model, allogeneic hearts were transplanted from C57BL/6 mice to BALB/c recipients. MSC in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) significantly improved graft survival compared with MMF alone, whereas the application of HI-MSC had no effect on graft survival. We revealed that control MSC dose-dependently inhibited CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation in vitro, whereas HI-MSC had no effect. In the second model, sepsis was induced in mice via cecal ligation and puncture. HI-MSC treatment significantly improved the overall survival, whereas control MSCs had no effect. in vitro studies demonstrated that HI-MSCs are more effectively phagocytosed by monocytes than control MSCs and induced cell death in particular of activated CD16+ monocytes, which may explain the immune protective effect of HI-MSC in the sepsis model. The results of our study demonstrate that MSC-mediated immunomodulation in sepsis is dependent on a passive recognition of MSC by monocytes, whereas fully functional MSCs are required for inhibition of T-cell-mediated allograft rejection.
Effect of reaction temperature and reaction time on the structure and properties of MoS2 synthesized by hydrothermal method
Authors: Xuan Tran Thanh , Long Le Ngoc , Van Khai Tran 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this study, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanostructures were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process, using ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate ((NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O) and thiourea (CH4N2S) as the reactants. The effects of experimental parameters including reaction temperatures and reaction times on the structure and morphology of MoS2 have primarily been investigated. The morphology, microstructure, chemical composition and optical properties of as‐synthesized MoS2 were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and Photoluminescence spectroscopy. The FESEM and TEM results indicate that depending on the reaction temperature, the three types of morphologies of MoS2 crystals could be obtained. Morphologies of MoS2 changed gradually from aggregated particles to flake‐like structure, then finally to nanosheet morphology with increasing reaction temperature from 160 to 220 oC. However, it was found that the reaction time contributed significantly to the restacking and refinement of MoS2 crystal structure, rather than affecting the morphology of the investigated samples. Both XRD and Raman investigations reveal that the as‐synthesized MoS2 has a hexagonal phase structure (2H‐MoS2). Interestingly, the as‐prepared MoS2 nanosheets exhibit photoluminescence in the visible range with the emitted photon energy of ~1.81 and ~1.95 eV, these properties make MoS2 a promising candidate as the material of choice for next‐generation optoelectronic and photonic devices.
Next generation 3D pharmacophore modeling
Authors: Schaller David , Šribar Dora , Noonan Theresa , Deng Lihua , Nguyen Trung Ngoc , Pach Szymon , Machalz David , Bermudez Marcel , Wolber Gerhard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract3D pharmacophore models are three‐dimensional ensembles of chemically defined interactions of a ligand in its bioactive conformation. They represent an elegant way to decipher chemically encoded ligand information and have therefore become a valuable tool in drug design. In this review, we provide an overview on the basic concept of this method and summarize key studies for applying 3D pharmacophore models in virtual screening and mechanistic studies for protein functionality. Moreover, we discuss recent developments in the field. The combination of 3D pharmacophore models with molecular dynamics simulations could be a quantum leap forward since these approaches consider macromolecule–ligand interactions as dynamic and therefore show a physiologically relevant interaction pattern. Other trends include the efficient usage of 3D pharmacophore information in machine learning and artificial intelligence applications or freely accessible web servers for 3D pharmacophore modeling. The recent developments show that 3D pharmacophore modeling is a vibrant field with various applications in drug discovery and beyond.This article is categorized under:
Computer and Information Science > Chemoinformatics
Computer and Information Science > Computer Algorithms and Programming
Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Interactions
Introduction to the Conceptualisation of Environmental Citizenship for Twenty-First-Century Education
Authors: Hadjichambis Andreas Ch. , Reis Pedro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEnvironmental Citizenship has been an influential concept in many different arenas. Education and especially environmental discourses in science education have a lot to contribute in adopting and promoting Environmental Citizenship. Τhe roots of Environmental Citizenship derived from the political science arena are examined in this chapter. In addition, the conceptualisation of Environmental Citizenship in educational context is discussed. Furthermore, the relevance of Environmental Citizenship in types of education such as science education (SE), environmental education (EE), Education for Sustainability (EfS) and citizenship education (CE) is explored. Each type of education has something important to contribute to Environmental Citizenship through its specific approaches, dimensions and practices. In addition, the European Network for Environmental Citizenship (ENEC) as a community of practice is presented as well as the main definitions regarding Environmental Citizenship (EC), Education for Environmental Citizenship (EEC) and Environmental Citizen (ECn). Finally, the main focus of each part and chapter of the book will be summarised.
Light Dark Matter from Entropy Dilution
Authors: Evans Jared A. , Ghalsasi Akshay , Gori Stefania , Tammaro Michele , Zupan Jure 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We show that a thermal relic which decouples from the standard model (SM) plasma while relativistic can be a viable dark matter (DM) candidate, if the decoupling is followed by a period of entropy dilution that heats up the SM, but not the dark sector. Such diluted hot relics can be as light as few keV, while accounting for the entirety of the DM, and not conflicting with cosmological and astrophysical measurements. The requisite dilution can be achieved via decays of a heavy state that dominates the energy budget of the universe in the early matter dominated era. The heavy state decays into the SM particles, heats up the SM plasma, and dilutes the hidden sector. The interaction required to equilibrate the two sectors in the early universe places a bound on the maximum possible dilution as a function of the decoupling temperature. As an example of diluted hot relic DM we consider a light Dirac fermion with a heavy dark photon mediator. We present constraints on the model from terrestrial experiments (current and future), astrophysics, and cosmology.
Investigation of Complex ϕ4 Theory at Finite Density in Two Dimensions Using TRG
Authors: Kadoh Daisuke , Kuramashi Yoshinobu , Nakamura Yoshifumi , Sakai Ryo , Takeda Shinji , Yoshimura Yusuke 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We study the two-dimensional complex ϕ4 theory at finite chemical potential using the tensor renormalization group. This model exhibits the Silver Blaze phenomenon in which bulk observables are independent of the chemical potential below the critical point. Since it is expected to be a direct outcome of an imaginary part of the action, an approach free from the sign problem is needed. We study this model systematically changing the chemical potential in order to check the applicability of the tensor renormalization group to the model in which scalar fields are discretized by the Gaussian quadrature. The Silver Blaze phenomenon is successfully confirmed on the extremely large volume V = 10242 and the results are also ensured by another tensor network representation with a character expansion.
Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Drought Characteristics Over Hungary Between 1961 and 2010
Authors: Alsafadi K. , Mohammed S. A. , Ayugi B. , Sharaf M. , Harsányi E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHistorically, Hungary has witnessed numerous waves of drought episodes, causing significant agro-economic loss. Over the recent decades, the intensity, severity and frequency of drought occurrence have dramatically shifted, with undisputable upward tendencies across many areas. Thus, the main aim of this study was to characterize drought trends, intensity and duration over Hungary during 1961–2010. To attain the study goals, the present analyses utilized climate datasets obtained from Climate of the Carpathian region project-CARPATCLIM for 1045 gridded points covering entire Hungary. Meanwhile, a well-known drought index, namely; standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at 12-month timescales were employed for drought characterization. Furthermore, the sub-set regions of drought in Hungary were identified using S-mode of the principal component analysis. The Mann–Kendall trend test analysis showed a significant negative SPI-12 trend (P < 0.05) in 11.5% of the total points over the western part of Hungary. In comparison, 43.2% of the total numbers of the SPEI-12 time series gridded points showed a significant negative trend (P < 0.05) over the similar locale. However, both indices’ trends highlighted the fact that the northeastern region is less sensitive to drought despite experiencing the highest of total drought duration. Results also suggested that the SPI-12 indicates that no significant change can be detected from 1961 to 2010 over Hungary. In contrast, the SPEI-12 exhibits that the drought waves that hit Hungary were more pronounced, with a significant positive (P < 0.05) trend of + 1.4% per decade being detected for the area affected by very extreme drought. All in all, this study is one of the primary steps toward a better understanding of drought vulnerability assessment in Hungary.
Multizentrischer Vergleich von Komplikationen nach roboterassistierter und offen chirurgischer Prostataadenomenukleation
Authors: Hamann C. , Naumann C.-M. , Addali M. , Witt J. H. , Kollitsch L. , Wagner C. , Hamann M. , Jünemann K. P. , Osmonov D. 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die roboterassistierte Prostataadenomenukleation (RAPAE) ist ein minimal-invasives Verfahren zur operativen Behandlung der Prostatahyperplasie mit Volumina >80 cm3. An der vorliegenden Analyse wurde retrospektiv die postoperative (postop.) Morbidität der RAPAE gegenüber der offenen Prostataadenomenukleation (PAE) anhand der Clavien-Dindo-Klassifikation sowie hämatologischer Parameter untersucht.

Patienten und Methoden
In die retrospektive Analyse wurden 78 Patienten multizentrisch eingeschlossen, wovon jeweils die Hälfte eine RAPAE und eine PAE erhielten. Folgende Parameter wurden zwischen beiden Gruppen untersucht: Alter, PSA-Wert, Prostatavolumen, ASA-Score, Krankenhausaufenthaltsdauer, Operationsdauer, Hb-Wert Abfall am 1. Tag und innerhalb der ersten 5 postop. Tage, CRP-Peak innerhalb der ersten 5 postop. Tage und die Transfusionsrate.

Ergebnisse
Im Vergleich der RAPAE zur PAE zeigten sich keine Unterschiede im Alter, PSA-Wert, ASA-Score und Volumina. Die RAPAE-Gruppe hatte eine erhöhte Operationsdauer (178 vs. 110 min.; p =<0,01) bei weniger Hb-Abfall am ersten postop. Tag (1,9 vs. 3,3 g/dl; p =<0,01) und innerhalb der 5 postop. Tage (2,4 vs. 4,2 g/dl; p =<0,01), eine niedrigere Transfusionsrate (3 vs. 26 %; p =0,01) und Blutkonservenmenge pro Patient (0,1 vs. 1,3; p =0,01), einen niedrigeren Clavien-Dindo Score (0,44 vs. 1,23; p =0,003) und niedrigere CRP-Werte (52 vs. 104 mg/l; p =<0,01) innerhalb der 5 postop. Tage. Die Krankenhausliegezeit war in der RAPAE-Gruppe niedriger (8,7 ±3,8 vs. 10,6 ±5,9 Tage; p =<0,05).

Schlussfolgerung
Aufgrund der minimal-invasiven Operationstechnik ist die RAPAE ein sicheres Verfahren mit weniger Blutverlust, Transfusionsrate und geringeren Komplikationen im Vergleich zur PAE. Im PAE-Kollektiv traten häufiger Komplikationen aufgrund von Blutungen auf. Dies hatte eine verlängerte Liegezeit und einen deutlich erhöhten Transfusionsbedarf zur Folge.
Patient advice regarding participation in sport in children with disorders of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation: a national survey of British paediatric neurosurgeons
Authors: Zaben M. , Manivannan S. , Petralia C. , Bhatti I. , Patel C. , Leach P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Management of children with disorders of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation is a common aspect of paediatric neurosurgical practice. Sport and physical activity play an integral role in the lives of patients in this age group. However, there is little evidence to support the dissemination of appropriate advice to children regarding such activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perspectives of clinicians across the UK regarding the participation of children with disorders of CSF circulation in sports.

Methods
Questionnaires were distributed to Consultant Paediatric Neurosurgeons practising across the UK via the Society of British Neurological Surgeons (SBNS). Five different patient scenarios were supplied, and participants were asked to choose whether they would advise participation in the following sports: Taekwondo, rugby, skiing, and football.

Results
An overall response rate of 66.7% (36 out of 54 paediatric neurosurgeons) was achieved. The following percentages of clinicians advocated football, rugby, Taekwondo, and skiing across all scenarios: 96%, 75%, 77%, and 97%, respectively. The majority of responders (91.2%) relied on personal experience when providing advice, whilst 50% used available literature and 19.4% used available guidelines.

Conclusions
There is a paucity of evidence in the literature to support the dissemination of appropriate advice to children with disorders of CSF circulation regarding participation in sports. Our findings demonstrate that the majority of clinicians rely on personal experience to make such decisions, emphasizing the necessity of larger scale studies to inform evidence-based guidelines.
Chile – Exportrekorde im Obstbau im Schatten der Anden
Authors: Blanke M. , Yuri A. 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungChile ist der größte Fruchtexporteur der südlichen Halbkugel. Exportiert wurden in der Saison 2017/18 780.000 t Äpfel, 751.000 t Weintrauben, 166.000 t Süßkirschen, 155.000 t Avocados, 105.000 t Heidelbeeren und 180.000 t Kiwi. Chile ist – nach China, Italien und Neuseeland – im Moment der viergrößte Kiwiproduzent.Der Obstbau in Chile konzentriert sich auf die vier mittleren, klimatisch gemäßigten Zonen Valparaiso, Metropolitana, O’Higgings und Maule am 34–36°S Breitengrad des langestreckten Landes.Kiwi- und Birnenanbau gingen stark zurück von 12.000 ha auf nur 6000 ha bzw. von 17.000 ha auf heute ca. 9000 ha und Avocado von 39.000 ha auf 29.300 ha. Die Heidelbeerfläche beträgt 15.600 ha und die Apfelfläche über Jahre konstant 36.000 ha. Bei Süßkirschen wird die Fläche von 25.000 ha (2500 ha unter Folie) nach Süden in die Regionen Bio-Bio und Araucania ausgeweitet.Der Apfelanbau ist geprägt durch Frost- und eine hohe Sonnenbrandgefahr, genügend Niederschläge und ausreichend Kältereiz, die zu Erträgen von 60–110 t Äpfel/ha bzw. 10–15 t/ha bei Süßkirschen führen. Ziel ist – bei nur 18 Mio. Einwohnern Chiles – einen hohen Anteil Premiumfrüchte für den Export im Winter auf der nördlichen Hemisphäre zu erzielen – China, USA und Europa sind die Hauptabnehmer.
Simulation of ground motion in a polish coal mine using spectral-element method
Authors: Chodacki Jacek 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMining seismic events have been associated with the mining of hard coal in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland for many years. These seismic events pose a threat to people working underground and cause damage to construction facilities on the surface. It is possible to predict seismic vibrations from mining seismic events using numerical calculations. One such method is the spectral element method (SEM). In this method, synthetic seismograms that enable the imaging of the full waveform are calculated. A complex mechanism of the source is assumed by applying the seismic moment tensor, which best reflects the balance of forces in the source. This paper presents the results of SEM modeling of ground motions of a seismic event which occurred on November 8, 2018, in the Budryk mine with a magnitude of 3.8 on the Richter scale. The modeling results show that even if the calculated synthetic seismograms do not fully correlate with real vibration registrations, it is possible to determine the peak values of seismic vibrations at any point in the model. This method can be a good complement to the analytical methods used to assess seismic hazard caused by mining seismic events.