bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cercospora beticola: The intoxicating lifestyle of the leaf spot pathogen of sugar beet
Authors: Rangel Lorena I. , Spanner Rebecca E. , Ebert Malaika K. , Pethybridge Sarah J. , Stukenbrock Eva H. , de Jonge Ronnie , Secor Gary A. , Bolton Melvin D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most destructive foliar disease of sugar beet worldwide. This review discusses C. beticola genetics, genomics, and biology and summarizes our current understanding of the molecular interactions that occur between C. beticola and its sugar beet host. We highlight the known virulence arsenal of C. beticola as well as its ability to overcome currently used disease management strategies. Finally, we discuss future prospects for the study and management of C. beticola infections in the context of newly employed molecular tools to uncover additional information regarding the biology of this pathogen.TaxonomyCercospora beticola Sacc.; Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Capnodiales, Family Mycosphaerellaceae, Genus Cercospora.Host rangeWell‐known pathogen of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) and most species of the Beta genus. Reported as pathogenic on other members of the Chenopodiaceae (e.g., lamb's quarters, spinach) as well as members of the Acanthaceae (e.g., bear's breeches), Apiaceae (e.g., Apium), Asteraceae (e.g., chrysanthemum, lettuce, safflower), Brassicaceae (e.g., wild mustard), Malvaceae (e.g., Malva), Plumbaginaceae (e.g., Limonium), and Polygonaceae (e.g., broad‐leaved dock) families.Disease symptomsLeaves infected with C. beticola exhibit circular lesions that are coloured tan to grey in the centre and are often delimited by tan‐brown to reddish‐purple rings. As disease progresses, spots can coalesce to form larger necrotic areas, causing severely infected leaves to wither and die. At the centre of these spots are black spore‐bearing structures (pseudostromata). Older leaves often show symptoms first and younger leaves become infected as the disease progresses.ManagementApplication of a mixture of fungicides with different modes of action is currently performed although elevated resistance has been documented in most employed fungicide classes. Breeding for high‐yielding cultivars with improved host resistance is an ongoing effort and prudent cultural practices, such as crop rotation, weed host management, and cultivation to reduce infested residue levels, are widely used to manage disease.Useful website
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/11237?genome_assembly_id=352037
Targeted suppression of soybean BAG6‐induced cell death in yeast by soybean cyst nematode effectors
Authors: Wang Jianying , Yeckel Greg , Kandoth Pramod K. , Wasala Lakmini , Hussey Richard S. , Davis Eric L. , Baum Thomas J. , Mitchum Melissa G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile numerous effectors that suppress plant immunity have been identified from bacteria, fungi, and oomycete pathogens, relatively little is known for nematode effectors. Several dozen effectors have been reported from the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Previous studies suggest that a hypersensitive response‐like programmed cell death is triggered at nematode feeding sites in soybean during an incompatible interaction. However, virulent SCN populations overcome this incompatibility using unknown mechanisms. A soybean BAG6 (Bcl‐2 associated anthanogene 6) gene previously reported by us to be highly up‐regulated in degenerating feeding sites induced by SCN in a resistant soybean line was attenuated in response to a virulent SCN population. We show that GmBAG6‐1 induces cell death in yeast like its Arabidopsis homolog AtBAG6 and also in soybean. This led us to hypothesize that virulent SCN may target GmBAG6‐1 as part of their strategy to overcome soybean defence responses during infection. Thus, we used a yeast viability assay to screen SCN effector candidates for their ability to specifically suppress GmBAG6‐1‐induced cell death. We identified several effectors that strongly suppressed cell death mediated by GmBAG6‐1. Two effectors identified as suppressors showed direct interaction with GmBAG6‐1 in yeast, suggesting that one mechanism of cell death suppression may occur through an interaction with this host protein.
Understanding Intergroup Conflict Complexity: An Application of the Socioecological Framework and the Integrative Identity Negotiation Theory
Authors: Dorjee Tenzin , Ting‐Toomey Stella 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis research article used a controversial in‐progress conflict case story, namely the Citizenship Amendment Act in India, to illustrate the benefit of using a combined socioecological framework and integrative identity negotiation theory in explaining intergroup conflict complexity. The essay is structured in four sections. First, we present a highly controversial conflict case story of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) that was recently passed in India. The real‐life case story is embedded in the nexus of multifaceted identity conflict and multileveled socioecological interpretations. Second, we introduce the socioecological (SE) framework and its essential principles and illustrative examples of the various levels of analysis. Third, we review selective assumptions of the integrative identity negotiation theory (IINT) and, together with the SE framework, analyze the CAA India case story with explanatory depth and multilevel insights. Fourth, we conclude with a summary and seven strategy recommendations that can be applied to managing polarized intergroup conflict complexity constructively.
Arabidopsis seedling establishment under waterlogging requires ABCG5‐mediated formation of a dense cuticle layer
Authors: Lee Eun‐Jung , Kim Kyung Yoon , Zhang Jie , Yamaoka Yasuyo , Gao Peng , Kim Hyojin , Hwang Jae‐Ung , Suh Mi Chung , Kang Byungho , Lee Youngsook 
Published: July 2020

Summary

Germination requires sufficient water absorption by seeds, but excessive water in the soil inhibits plant growth. We therefore hypothesized that tolerance mechanisms exist that help young seedlings survive and develop in waterlogged conditions.

Many ATP‐BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER subfamily G (ABCG) proteins protect terrestrial plants from harsh environmental conditions. To establish whether any of these proteins facilitate plant development under waterlogged conditions, we observed the early seedling growth of many ABCG transporter mutants under waterlogged conditions.

abcg5 seedlings exhibited severe developmental problems under waterlogged conditions: the shoot apical meristem was small, and the seedling failed to develop true leaves. The seedlings had a high water content and reduced buoyancy on water, suggesting that they were unable to retain air spaces on and inside the plant. Supporting this possibility, abcg5 cotyledons had increased cuticle permeability, reduced cuticular wax contents, and a much less dense cuticle layer than the wild‐type.

These results indicate that proper development of plants under waterlogged conditions requires the dense cuticle layer formed by ABCG5 activity.
Necrobiosis lipoidica with rapid response to doxycycline
Authors: Burns Emily , Ukoha Uzoamaka , Chan Audrey 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNecrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a rare granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Multiple therapies may be used with varying efficacy. We report a pediatric patient with a history of type I diabetes mellitus and NL with minimal response to an ultrapotent topical steroid, topical calcineurin inhibitor, and intralesional triamcinolone, complicated by steroid atrophy, who rapidly responded after addition of doxycycline.
Clinical characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children: An 8‐year single center experience
Authors: Tunca Sahin Gulhan , Ozgur Senem , Kafali Hasan Candas , Sevinc Sengul Fatma , Haydin Sertac , Guzeltas Alper , Ergul Yakup 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the second most common pediatric cardiomyopathy. Although there is a large body of literature about HCM in adults, there is limited information on HCM in childhood. We evaluated various aspects of pediatric HCM patients treated at our center.MethodsWe identified 152 pediatric patients with HCM between October 2011 and October 2019. Clinical history, invasive (ICD, pacemaker, electrophysiologic study, catheter ablation therapy) and non‐invasive (ECG, holter moniterization, echocardiography, cardiac MR, genetic study, medicam treatment) data were collected and evaluated.ResultsThe mean ± standard deviation age of patients was 8.9 ± 5.7 years (1 month–18 years) and 67.8% were male. The most frequent clinical symptoms were murmur and palpitations. Three cases (2%) had aborted sudden death as the first manifestation of HCM. Of these patients, 120 (78.9%) had non‐syndromic HCM and 32 (27.2%) had syndromic HCM. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy was common (48.3%) in the non‐syndromic group, whereas concentric hypertrophy was common (56.2%) in syndromic group. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) occurred in 39 (25.6%) patients. Nine (5.9%) patients underwent electrophysiologic study and/or ablation and 16 patients underwent surgical intervention. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) insertion was performed in 38 patients (26 transvenous, 12 epicardial). ICDs were inserted in three (7.9%) patients for secondary prevention; in the remaining patients (92.1%) the devices were placed for primary prevention. Mean SD follow‐up time was 27.1 ± 22 months. Five (3.3%) patients died during the follow‐up. No patient had heart transplantation or a long‐term assistive device.ConclusionThe etiology of HCM is heterogeneous and present at any age. It is important to determine the timing of surgery and potential risks for sudden cardiac arrest. As most cases of HCM are familial, evaluation of family members at risk should be a routine component of clinical management.
Cytological description of testicular cell populations in sexually mature cats with normal spermatogenesis
Authors: Bodet Lucile , Albaric Olivier , Topie Emmanuel , Dagher Elie , Chocteau Florian , Gogny Anne 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn cats, assessment of the testicular function is mainly based on sperm evaluation. Whatever the technique used, the volume of collected sperm is often small, which may lead to technical difficulties to achieve the semen evaluation in routine practice. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the testicular parenchyma is one of the other methods used to assess testicular function. The aim of this study was to explore the relevance of FNA in the assessment of testicular cells in sexually mature cats. Eighteen cats over one year of age were recruited among animals presented for surgical neutering. Semen was collected by electroejaculation before it was evaluated. FNA biopsies of the testicles were taken using a 21‐gauge needle. After castration, histological analysis of the testes was performed. Semen evaluation and histological analysis showed no anomalies, which confirmed normal spermatogenesis in all the cats and allowed a proper interpretation of the cytological findings. The cells identified through cytological examination were spermatogonia (1.99 ± 0.17%), primary spermatocytes (10.49 ± 0.74%), round spermatids (34.80 ± 1.57%), elongated spermatids (23.59 ± 2.02%), spermatozoa (21.56 ± 1.86%), Sertoli cells (7.53 ± 1.23%) and Leydig cells (0.04 ± 0.03%). However, spermatocytes II were not identified. This is due to the low proportions of these cells, related to their very short lifespan. Likewise, the very low number of Leydig cells observed is probably due to the damage caused during the aspiration stage. This study showed that fine‐needle aspiration is an efficient method to describe cytologically normal testicular populations, a cornerstone for future research aimed to study abnormal spermatogenesis and to correlate it to cytological proportion of germ cells.
Casting a shadow: Productivity of formal firms and informality
Authors: Amin Mohammad , Okou Cedric 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInformality is a salient feature of most developing economies. Two important concerns arise from informality. First, informal firms tend to be less productive than formal firms. Second, the competition from informal firms can weigh on the productivity of firms in the formal sector. These challenges can lower the aggregate productivity and thereby retard overall development in countries where the informal sector is pervasive. Our analysis provides robust evidence on both issues using firm‐level survey data for a large cross section of countries. We also examine the extent to which firm characteristics and business environment quality shape the productivity gap between formal and informal firms as well as the impact of informal competition on the productivity of formal sector firms. The results show that, on average, the labor productivity of informal firms is about one‐fourth that of formal firms. Moreover, competition from informal firms lowers the labor productivity of formal firms by 20%–24%. In line with the “parasite” view of informality, the negative impact of informal competition on the productivity of the formal sector firms is more pronounced when the business environment is less conducive to operating formally due to high corruption, burdensome regulations, and weak institutions.
Ensemble updating of binary state vectors by maximizing the expected number of unchanged components
Authors: Loe Margrethe Kvale , Tjelmeland Håkon 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe main challenge in ensemble‐based filtering methods is the updating of a prior ensemble to a posterior ensemble. In the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), a linear‐Gaussian model is introduced to overcome this issue, and the prior ensemble is updated with a linear shift. In the current article, we consider how the underlying ideas of the EnKF can be applied when the state vector consists of binary variables. While the EnKF relies on Gaussian approximations, we instead introduce a first‐order Markov chain approximation. To update the prior ensemble we simulate samples from a distribution which maximizes the expected number of equal components in a prior and posterior state vector. The proposed approach is demonstrated in a simulation experiment where, compared with a more naive updating procedure, we find that it leads to an almost 50% reduction in the difference between true and estimated marginal filtering probabilities with respect to the Frobenius norm.
Maternal anxiety and toddler inhibited temperament predict maternal socialization of worry
Authors: Kiel Elizabeth J. , Price Natalee N. , Buss Kristin A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractParent emotion socialization refers to the process by which parents impart their values and beliefs about emotional expressivity to their children. Parent emotion socialization requires attention as a construct that develops in its own right. The socialization of child worry, in particular, has implications for children’s typical socioemotional development, as well as their maladaptive development toward anxiety outcomes. Existing theories on emotion socialization, anxiety, and parent–child relationships guided our investigation of both maternal anxiety and toddler inhibited temperament as predictors of change in mothers’ unsupportive (i.e., distress, punitive, and minimizing) responses to toddler worry across 1 year of toddlerhood. Participants included 139 mother–toddler dyads. Mothers reported on their own anxiety and their emotion socialization responses to toddler worry. We assessed toddler inhibited temperament through a mother‐report survey of shyness and observational coding of dysregulated fear. Maternal anxiety but not child inhibited temperament predicted distress reactions and punitive responses, whereas maternal anxiety and toddler dysregulated fear both uniquely predicted minimizing responses. These results support the continued investigation of worry socialization as a developmental outcome of both parent and child characteristics.
Impregnation of healthy nail tissue with optical clearing agents for improved optical coherence tomography imaging
Authors: Ortner Vinzent Kevin , Mandel Victor Desmond , Haedersdal Merete , Philipsen Peter Alshede 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe impact of optical tissue clearing on optical coherence tomography (OCT) for nail tissue imaging has not been investigated. This study seeks to compare the effects of an emollient and water on visualization of micromorphology and morphometric outcomes.Materials and MethodsThirty‐six healthy nail plates were processed with a fractional CO2 laser, imaged with OCT, and measured with calipers in duplicates. All samples were reassessed after 12‐hour long sequential immersion in water and an emollient (Crodamol™ STS). OCT images were evaluated for thickness and scattering signal of the nail.ResultsEmollient‐impregnation caused stronger scatter responses (P < .0001) and decreased nail thickness (MD 45 μm, P < .0001) measured on OCT. Caliper‐derived measurements were not affected by Crodamol™ (MD 11 μm, P = .5538). Hydration increased nail thickness on OCT (MD 49 μm, P < .0001) but reduced thickness measurements taken with calipers (MD 41 μm, P < .0001). Emollient‐impregnation improved visualization of onychocytes compared with dry (P = .0209) and hydrated samples (P < .0001), and reduced occurrence of refractive artifacts (P < .0001).ConclusionThe use of an emollient for OCT imaging can enhance nail tissue visualization without significant effects on caliper measurements. Hydration of nails, in contrast with emollient‐impregnation, may lead to disagreement between caliper‐ and OCT‐measured nail thickness and should be practiced cautiously.
Using ex‐ante economic evaluation to inform research priorities in pesticide self‐poisoning prevention: the case of a shop‐based gatekeeper training programme in rural Sri Lanka
Authors: Damerow Sabine Margarete , Weerasinghe Manjula , Madsen Lizell Bustamante , Hansen Kristian Schultz , Pearson Melissa , Eddleston Michael , Konradsen Flemming 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesSuicide by pesticide self‐poisoning is a major public health challenge in low‐ and middle‐income countries. While effectiveness studies are required to test alternative prevention approaches, economic evidence is lacking to inform decision‐making in research priority setting. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the costs of a shop‐based gatekeeper training programme for pesticide vendors seeking to prevent pesticide self‐poisoning in rural Sri Lanka and assess its potential for cost‐effectiveness.MethodsEx‐ante cost and cost‐effectiveness threshold (CET) analyses were performed from a governmental perspective based on a three‐year analytic horizon, using ‘no programme’ as a comparator. A programme model targeting all 535 pesticide shops in the North Central Province and border areas was applied. Total programme costs (TPC) were estimated in 2019 USD using an ingredients approach and 3% annual discounting. The Sri Lankan gross domestic product per capita and life years saved were used as CET and effectiveness measure, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsTPC were estimated at 31 603.03 USD. TPC were sensitive to cost changes of training material and equipment and the programme lifetime. The programme needs to prevent an estimated 0.23 fatal pesticide self‐poisoning cases over three years to be considered cost‐effective. In the sensitivity analyses, the highest number of fatal cases needed to be prevented to obtain cost‐effectiveness was 4.55 over three years.ConclusionsFrom an economic perspective, the programme has a very high potential to be cost‐effective. Research assessing its effectiveness should therefore be completed, and research analysing its transferability to other settings prioritised.
Preoperative erythropoietin within a patient blood management program decreases both blood transfusion and postoperative anemia: a prospective observational study
Authors: Biboulet Philippe , Motais Caroline , Pencole Mathieu , Karam Oliver , Dangelser Gaëtan , Smilevitch Pierre , Maissiat Guillaume , Capdevila Xavier , Bringuier Sophie 
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUNDIn orthopedic surgery, a patient blood management program (PBM) has been proposed to reduce blood transfusion. The aim of this observational study was to assess, within a PBM, the specific efficacy of preoperative erythropoietin (EPO).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSIn a single hospital, 723 patients undergoing elective primary hip or knee arthroplasty were prospectively studied. The PBM included EPO if preoperative hemoglobin was lower than 13 g/dL, intraoperative administration of tranexamic acid, use of recommended transfusion thresholds, and postoperative infusion of iron. Blood transfusion and hemoglobin were noted until discharge. Major thromboembolic or cardiovascular events were assessed during admission and 1 month after discharge.RESULTSTransfusion was noted in 2.5% patients with EPO. Transfusion rate was higher in patient for whom EPO was not indicated (13.6% transfusion rate; odds ratio [OR], 13.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6‐66; p = 10−3) or if erythropoietin was indicated but not administrated (36.8% transfusion rate; OR, 18.2; 95% CI, 3.9‐84.5; p < 10−3). Hemoglobin was significantly higher during the postoperative period in patients with erythropoietin. At hospital discharge, 57% of patients were anemic if EPO was used compared to 88% when EPO was not indicated and 87% when EPO was indicated but not administered (p < 10−6). There were no significant differences in the odds of major complications between patients with or without EPO.CONCLUSIONSWithin a PBM, preoperative treatment of anemia with EPO decreased both the rate of blood transfusion and postoperative anemia. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results.
Targeted exome sequencing designed for blood group, platelet, and neutrophil antigen investigations: Proof‐of‐principle study for a customized single‐test system
Authors: Roulis Eileen , Schoeman Elizna , Hobbs Matthew , Jones Greg , Burton Mark , Pahn Gail , Liew Yew‐Wah , Flower Robert , Hyland Catherine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundImmunohematology reference laboratories provide red blood cell (RBC), platelet (PLT), and neutrophil typing to resolve complex cases, using serology and commercial DNA tests that define clinically important antigens. Broad‐range exome sequencing panels that include blood group targets provide accurate blood group antigen predictions beyond those defined by serology and commercial typing systems and identify rare and novel variants. The aim of this study was to design and assess a panel for targeted exome sequencing of RBC, PLT, and neutrophil antigen–associated genes to provide a comprehensive profile in a single test, excluding unrelated gene targets.Study Design and MethodsAn overlapping probe panel was designed for the coding regions of 64 genes and loci involved in gene expression. Sequencing was performed on 34 RBC and 17 PLT/neutrophil reference samples. Variant call outputs were analyzed using software to predict star allele diplotypes. Results were compared with serology and previous sequence genotyping data.ResultsAverage coverage exceeded 250×, with more than 94% of targets at Q30 quality or greater. Increased coverage revealed a variant in the Scianna system that was previously undetected. The software correctly predicted allele diplotypes for 99.5% of RBC blood groups tested and 100% of PLT and HNA antigens excepting HNA‐2. Optimal throughput was 12 to 14 samples per run.ConclusionThis single‐test system demonstrates high coverage and quality, allowing for the detection of previously overlooked variants and increased sample throughput. This system has the potential to integrate genomic testing across laboratories within hematologic reference settings.