bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of Li2s-P2S5 Crystalline Glass By Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Mori Shigeo , Tsukasaki Hirofumi , Suginaka Yusuke , Mori Youta , Matsuyama Takuya , Hayashi Akitoshi , Tatsumisago Masahiro 
Published: February 2020

Sulfide solid electrolytes are electrochemically stable in a wide potential window and exhibit high lithium ion conductivities of more than 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature. In particular, the Li2S-P2S5 glasses, which are served as the solid electrolyte, have been reported to crystallize above 473 K in the heating process from room temperature. Noted that lithium ion conductivities depend strongly on precipitated crystalline phases [1, 2]. In this study we have investigated microstructures of the Li2S-P2S5 glasses by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Figure 1 shows the high-resolution (HR) TEM image of the 75Li2S-25P2S5 glass at room temperature, together with the corresponding electron diffraction (ED) pattern. Although a halo pattern due to the amorphous structure was observed in the ED pattern, crystalline nanoparticles with approximately 5x5 nm2 were found to be randomly distributed in the amorphous state, as indicated by dotted circle regions (Fig. 1). Furthermore, in-situ TEM observation in the 75Li2S-25P2S5 glasses revealed that the crystallization started at approximately 473 K and gradually proceeded as temperature increased from 473 K.
[1] F. Mizuno et al, Adv. Mater. 17 (2005) 918-921. [2] F. Mizuno et al, Solid State Ionics 177 (2006) 2721-2725.

Figure 1
Synthesis and Li-Ion Diffusion Studies of Li6Hf2O7 As Solid-State Electrolyte for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Amores Marco , Cussen Edmund J , Corr Serena A 
Published: February 2020

Development of safe Li-ion batteries with high operating voltages and enhanced capacities is the keystone for the development of high energy density demand in emerging technologies such as the electric car. Current Li-ion batteries involve the use of flammable organic solvents as liquid electrolytes for Li-ions diffusion between the electrodes. These organic solvents present several safety concerns thereby limiting their operating voltage due to potential decomposition. The replacement of these liquid electrolytes with a solid-state electrolyte would overcome not only the safety concerns but the voltage window limit at which the battery could operate. A major requirement in the design of solid-state electrolyte materials is therefore high electrochemical stability and high ionic conductivity.
Here we present the synthesis and electrochemical study of Li6Hf2O7 as a candidate for solid-state electrolyte for next generation Li-ion batteries. Phase pure material was synthesized via a new microwave-assisted solid-state approach.1 In the crystal structure, Hf4+ ions are coordinated with 6 surrounding O2- ions in a octahedral fashion, whereas Li+ ions are located on square-pyramidal interstitial sites.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy images show inhomogeneous sized microparticles without a particular morphology.
Li-ion conductivity has been analysed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with ionic conductivities of 1.42 × 10-2 S cm-1 achieved at 324 oC and a modest activation energy of 0.97 eV, comparable with the isostructural Li6Zr2O7 material.3 Also presented will be our further attempts to substitute on the Hf position to introduce Li-ions on interstitial sites to facilitate the Li hoping diffusion mechanism.4

M. Amores, T. E. Ashton, P. J. Baker, E. J. Cussen and S. A. Corr, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016. DOI: 10.1039/C5TA08107F

R. Czekalla, W. Jcitschko, Z. anorg. allg. Chcm. 619, 1993, 2038

R. Prasada Rao, M.V. Reddy, S. Adams, B.V.R. Chowdari, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 177, 2012, 100

Y. Liao, P. Singh, K. Park, W. Li, J. B. Goodenough, Electrochim. Acta 102, 2013, 446

Figure 1
Substrate Effects on the Cycleability of Metallic Sodium Electrode in Organic Electrolyte
Authors: Yang Yifu , Xu Qian , Shao Huixia 
Published: February 2020

Sodium (Na) shares similar chemical properties with lithium (Li) in many aspects, and Na has more positive potential, so it should be able to be used in the majority of the organic electrolytes which have been used in Li ion batteries. More importantly, Na is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust. Therefore rechargeable sodium batteries are the ideal alternative to LIBs [1-3] in many applications. Na-ion batteries (NIBs) consist of sodium intercalation materials for both positive and negative electrodes, which are electronically separated by electrolyte as a pure ionic conductor. Na ions are cycled back and forth from host electrodes, which is similar to LIBs. This design avoids the use of reactive metallic Na. So the research of NIBs is mainly focused on the development of the cathode materials, and the study of the metallic Na electrode has drawn few attentions in the past. As the Li+ deposition-stripping is crucial to LIBs, the nature of the metallic Na, especially electro-deposition-stripping characteristics, is also worthy of in-depth and systematic research.
In this work, the electrodeposition and stripping characteristics of metallic Na in the electrolyte of 1 mol L-1 NaClO4/EC+DMC (1:1 vol. %) were studied and the deposition-stripping behavior of Na+ on Cu and Sn substrates were compared. The deposition-stripping cycling performances of Na on the substrates were studied through galvanostatic charge-discharge method and cyclic voltammetry. The morphologies of the substrates before and after Na+ deposition were investigated through digital video microscopy. The kinetics of the Na+ electrodeposition on the different substrates was studied through galvanostatic pulse method. The solid electrolyte interface films of Na+ deposits on the substrates were characterized via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the nature of the substrate can significantly affect the electrodeposition characteristics of Na+. The high reactivity of metallic sodium with the organic electrolyte solvents and the dendrite formation during metallic Na deposition are even more problematic than metallic Li anodes. Sn is a more suitable substrate than Cu for Na+ electrodeposition due to the formation of Na—Sn alloy during the deposition of Na+.

References

[1] M. D. Slater, D. Kim, E. Lee, C. S. Johnson, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23, 947.
[2] S. Komaba, W. Murata, T. Ishikawa, N. Yabuuchi, T. Ozeki, T. Nakayama, A. Ogata, K. Gotoh, K. Fujiwara, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2011, 21, 3859.
[3] S. W. Kim, D. H. Seo, X. H. Ma, G. Ceder, K. Kang, Adv. Energy Mater., 2012, 2, 710.

Relating topic:

New Na based Electrodes
Investigation of GeP5 As a High Reversible and Large Capacity Anode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Huiqiao 
Published: February 2020

Sodium ion batteries (SIB) have attracted more and more research interests recently as a low-cost alternative for LIB. The great challenge is to find proper electrode materials which can satisfy the requirements of commercial application. Among the current reported anodes for SIB, black phosphorus which holds a layered structure and possess high conductivity, can exhibit a large capacity as well as good rate performances, thus becomes the star material in SIB.[1-2] However, the critical requirements of synthesis and low thermo stability of black phosphorus would greatly limit its commercial utilization in battery industry. Recently, we proposed a new phosphorus-like material GeP5 as the anode candidate for SIB. This material possesses a similar two-dimensional layered structure as black phosphorous and graphite.[3] The introducing of Ge element in the layered structure results in an even higher electronic conductivity than black phosphorus. Besides, the chemical and thermo stability of GeP5 is much higher than that of black phosphorus. The higher conductivity and better stability made GeP5 a high performance anode for SIB.
GeP5 can be easily obtained in a large scale by simply mechanical milling of elemental Ge and low cost red P at ambient pressure. In a typical half cell, GeP5 can deliver a reversible discharge capacity of 1200 mAh/g for SIB at a current density of 100 mA/g. The large capacity is attributed to the bi-active components of Ge and P in this material which can both store large capacity of sodium during the charge/discharge processes. More important, the first coulombic efficiency of this material reaches 95%, which is much higher than that of other reported anode materials for SIB and can even compete with the commercial anode in LIB industry. By further treating GeP5 with carbon by high energy ball milling, the obtained GeP5/C nanocomposite demonstrate much enhanced cycle performances and rate capabilities, due to the good volume accommodation effect of carbon matrix in the composite. Profit from the large capacity and low voltage of GeP5, a full cell coupled with a GeP5 anode and a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode can deliver a high cell voltage and large cell energy density, which shows a promising potential of GeP5 in SIB applications.

References:

[1] J. Qian, Y. Xiong, Y. Cao, X. Ai, H. Yang, Nano Lett., 2014, 14, 1865-1869.
[2] J. Sun, G. Zheng, H. Lee, N. Liu, H. Wang, H. Yao, W. Yang, Y. Cui, Nano Lett., 2014, 14, 4573-4580.
[3] W. Li, H. Li, Z. Lu, L. Gan, L. Ke, T. Zhai, H. Zhou, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 3629-3636.
Fabrication of Mesocrystal Nanowire Constructed By Oriented Nanoparticles for Na-Ion Battery and Soft X-Ray Adsorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Hosono Eiji , Asakura Daisuke , Kajiyama Satoshi , Okubo Masashi , Kikkawa Jun 
Published: February 2020

For realization of low carbon society, the popularization of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles by using high performances secondary batteries is important. Many researchers have studied Li-ion batteries with high energy density and high power density for automotive batteries. Especially, fabrication of nano-materials and development of process for nanostructural control have attracted researchers in industrial and academic fields because the short diffusion length of lithium ions in nanomaterials and high surface area of nanomaterials are suitable for high power density.
We have studied many kinds of nanostructural control processes of active materials for electrodes. In these days, we focus the crystalinity of the materials and easy fabrication processes. We reported fabrication of single crystalline nanowires of LiMnxFe1-xPO4 and mesocrystal nanowires constructed by oriented LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4 grains by electrospinning methods.1-3 Moreover, we have studied Na-ion batteries, which are expected as low cost secondary batteries because sodium is abundant element.
Here, we report the fabrication of mesocrystal nanowires constructed by Na3V2(PO4)3 oriented nanoparticles by electrospinning method and the battery-performances as Na-ion batteries.4 In addition, we report the soft X-ray adsorption spectroscopy of the materials for understanding about the mechanism of Na insertion/extraction

References

[1] K. Kagesawa, E. Hosono, et al., CrystEngComm, 2013, 15, 6638.
[2] K. Kagesawa, E. Hosono, et al., J. Power Sources, 2014, 248, 615.
[3] J. Kikkawa, E. Hosono, et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014, 118, 7678.
[4] S. Kajiyama, E. Hosono, et al., Chem. Eur. J.2014, 20, 12636.
Molybdenum Disulfide Catalyst for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Asadi Mohammad , Liu Cong , Kumar Bijandra , Phillips Patrick J , Zapol Peter , Klie Robert F , Curtiss Larry A , salehi-Khojin Amin 
Published: February 2020

Molybdenum Disulfide Catalyst for Lithium–Oxygen Batteries

Mohammad Asadi1, Cong Liu2, Patrick Phillips3, Peter Zapol2, Robert F. Klie 3, Larry A. Curtiss2, Amin Salehi-Khojin1

1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA

2Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA

3Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
Lithium–oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have been recognized as an emerging technology for energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical specific energy1
-
4. In this study, we discovered a system based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes and an ionic liquid (IL) that work together as an effective co-catalyst for discharge and charge in a Li-O2 battery. Cyclic voltammetry results show superior reaction rates for this co-catalyst at lower overpotentials for both oxygen reduction (15 mV) and evolution (20 mV) reactions compared to Au and Pt metal catalysts under identical experimental conditions. This MoS2/IL co-catalyst also performs remarkably well in the Li-O2battery system with 85% round-trip efficiency and reversibility up to 50 cycles.
Deferential Electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman experiments were used to elucidate the cell performance. The results show the fully formation and decomposition of Li2O2 and demonstrate the cell cyclability and stability by the absence of any side products after 50 cycles charge and discharge. Atomic scale characterizations (STEM and EELS experiments) and DFT calculations were used to elucidate the mechanism by which the MoS2 nanoflakes and the ionic liquid electrolyte act together to promote the catalytic properties of the MoS2. The MoS2/IL co-catalyst discovered in this work provides new opportunities for exploiting the unique properties of ionic liquids such as their stability in Li-air batteries as well as activity of MoS2as a cathode material.

Zu, C.-X. & Li, H. Thermodynamic analysis on energy densities of batteries. Energy Environ. Sci.
4, 2614 (2011).

Rahman, M. A., Wang, X. & Wen, C. High Energy Density Metal-Air Batteries: A Review. J. Electrochem. Soc.
160, A1759–A1771 (2013).

Zheng, J. P., Liang, R. Y., Hendrickson, M. & Plichta, E. J. Theoretical Energy Density of Li–Air Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc.
155, A432 (2008).

Shao, Y. et al. Electrocatalysts for Nonaqueous Lithium–Air Batteries: Status, Challenges, and Perspective. ACS Catal.
2, 844–857 (2012).
Investigation on High Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries with Long Cycle Life
Authors: Feng Zhen he , Li Wei , Song Jinhua , Liu Xiang , Xie Jingying 
Published: February 2020

In order to improve the duration performance of next generation electric vehicle by reducing weight and enhancing cycle life of the batteries[1, 2], a pouch cell named PINP3 with high energy density and long cycle life has been investigated.
The PINP3 was designed based on Nickel-based materials (NCA). The NCA and graphite were respectively used to prepare the positive and negative electrodes. The cell was assembled with three-layer separator and LiPF6based electrolyte. The capacity of the PINP30 is above 3 Ah, with the beginning of life (BOL) energy density of 200 Wh/kg at C/10.
Increasing the initial energy should not be made to the detriment of cell life, which is unfortunately often the case. Cycling at 100% DoD ability is described in Fig.1. More than 3000 cycles performed at the ambient temperature (charge @ C/2 to 4.2V, discharge @1C to 2.75 V). The capacity fade rate is 23.25% and the average capacity loss is only 0.0075% per cycle. The results of characteristics and achieved life tests demonstrate that the PINP3 cell could be the promising candidate for future electric vehicle.
References
[1] Y.K.Sun, S.T.Myung., B.C.Park, J.Prakash, I.Belharouak, K, Amine.Nature Materials.8 (2009)320-324
[2] Richard Van Noorden.Nature.507 (2014)26-28.

Figure 1
The Impact of Tab Alignment and Temperature on Current Density Distribution in a Multi-Tab Lithium-Ion Cell
Authors: Erhard Simon Vincent , Osswald Patrick J , Keil Peter , Wilhelm Joern , Rheinfeld Alexander , Kosch Stephan , Rieger Bernhard , Kloust Hauke , Thoennessen Torge , Jossen Andreas 
Published: February 2020

Thermally and electrochemically driven imbalances might reduce the overall net energy within large format lithium-ion batteries. In this study, we designed a proprietary multi-tab pouch cell for investigation of these imbalances depending on cell design and temperature. The cell consists of a single-layered NMC/graphite electrode pair with a length of 50 cm and a width of 10 cm. 22 equidistantly distributed tabs are connected to each electrode giving insight to local potentials within the current collector domain (Fig. 1). Temperature variation is negligible due to the comparably small heat generation of the cell and the global influence of temperature can be analyzed. A high precision measurement setup is prepared for a μV resolution between tab pairs. By that, the internal current density distribution can be assessed.
The cell is operated at 5, 25 and 40 °C and 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2C current rate, whereby three different tab patterns are applied: Standard pouch cell, counter-tab and center-tab design. It turns out that higher potential drops along the cell as well as larger potential variation occur at elevated temperature. Further, the differentiation of potential difference between the tabs indicates a larger state of charge inhomogeneity at higher temperature, even at low current rates. It might be concluded that the interaction of an increased current collector resistance and an increased electrochemical performance in between the collector foils provokes a more distinct inhomogeneity in current density at higher temperature.
Corresponding to our previous work [1,2], we apply a multi-dimensional modeling approach to the presented multi-tab cell to describe the temperature dependent current spread for purpose of optimized cell design. Based on these simulations, a maximum tab-to-tab distance depending on temperature can be estimated under the objective of an acceptable potential drop along the current collectors.
References:
[1] P.J. Osswald, S.V. Erhard, J. Wilhelm, H.E. Hoster and A. Jossen: Simulation and Measurement of Local Potentials of Modified Commercial Cylindrical Cells - Part I: Cell Preparation and Measurements, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162 (10), A2099, 2015
[2] S.V. Erhard, P.J. Osswald, J. Wilhelm, A. Rheinfeld, S. Kosch and A. Jossen: Simulation and Measurement of Local Potentials of Modified Commercial Cylindrical Cells - Part II: Multi-Dimensional Modeling and Validation, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162 (14), A2707, 2015

Figure 1
Microstructural Characterization of Oriented Cathodic Thin Films for Lithium Ion Batteries Prepared By Chemical Solution Deposition
Authors: Ikuhara Yumi H. , Gao Xiang , Sugawara Yoshihiro , Fisher Craig Andrew James , Kuwabara Akihide , Moriwake Hiroki , Kohama Keiichi , Ikuhara Yuichi 
Published: February 2020

Rechargeable Li-ion secondary batteries are being developed for use in high power applications, such as fully electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, because of their high energy density and high power density compared to other battery technologies. Future application of multilayer lithium ion secondary batteries requires a thorough understanding of the influence of microstructure on battery performance. In particular, cathode-substrate and cathode-electrolyte interfaces are known to affect charge/discharge rates, cyclability and battery lifetime. In this study, oriented LiMn2O4 and LiCoPO4 cathodic thin films were successfully fabricated on Au/Al2O3 substrates from precursor solutions. The films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) using high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) and annular bright-field (ABF) detectors. It was found that the film/substrate lattice misfit affects the degree of epitaxy of the thin films. Direct observation of atom columns showed that epitaxial LiMn2O4 film forms an atomically flat and coherent heterointerface with the substrate, but that the crystal lattice is distorted with a compositional gradient in the film near the interface. Using ABF-STEM, Li-ion columns in the LiCoPO4 cathode film could be viewed directly and antisite defects were identified in the surface regions.
References
[1]Y. H. Ikuhara, et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 118 (2014) 19540.
[2]X. Gao, et al., Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 1(2014) 1400143.

Figure 1
High Ni Layered Oxide Cathode Materials - Choice of Future High Energy Density Cells
Authors: Zhou Fu 
Published: February 2020

Fu Zhou1, Lixin Wang1, Santo Iaconetti1, Yuehui Yin2, Bo Peng2, Yuan Yuan2 and Derek Johnson1

A123 Systems, 200 West Street, Waltham, MA 02451

Wanxiang A123 System Asia Co., Ltd, No. 118 Jianshe No. 2 Road , Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311215, China PRC

Lithium ion batteries have already dominated the portable electronics market and are now penetrating into the electrified vehicle market with at a rapid pace. In order to accelerate the adoption of electrified vehicles, increasing cruise range before recharging is a necessity, requiring ever-increasing energy density from the lithium ion battery systems.
For the delivery of high energy density, new generation of cathode materials are under development. Among all the candidates, high Ni layered oxide provides the best chance of fulfilling all the challenging demands. A123 Systems, LLC is now working hard to integrate the high Ni layered oxide into next generation products capable of delivering ≥ 250 Wh/kg specific energy and ≥ 600 Wh/L energy density with favorable cycle/calendar life and safety performances.
A123 Systems, LLC is well known as a supplier of high power lithium ion batteries using lithium iron phosphate. This paper reviews A123 strategy to expand its focus to also provide safe, high energy batteries, positioned for the EV market.
Evaluation of V2O5 Coatings Grown By Plasma Enhanced and Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kazadojev I I , O'Brien S , Modreanu M , Osiceanu P , Somacescu S , Apostolopoulou M , Katsarakis N , Koudoumas E , Vernardou D , Pemble Martyn E , Povey Ian M 
Published: February 2020

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of vanadium pentoxide on fluorine doped tin dioxide coated glass substrates has been examined. Growth was performed by employing Tetrakisdimethylaminovanadium with either water, oxygen or oxygen/argon plasma as the co-reagent. It was observed that only the plasma assisted ALD material was crystalline as grown, with all samples requiring a one hour 400°C to give material that demonstrated well orientated material that exhibited long term stoichiometric stability. The optical properties, morphology, stiochiometry and crystallinity are discussed with respect to the materials' electrochemical performance. More specifically intercalation-deintercalation rates and the charge storage capacities. In addition, the influence of Ag doping is investigated both in terms of electrochemical performance and the physical properties of the resultant materials.