bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial, genetic and biotic factors shape within‐crown leaf trait variation and herbivore performance in a foundation tree species
Authors: Eisenring Michael , Unsicker Sybille B. , Lindroth Richard L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Functional trait variation within individual plants is predicted to have important ecological consequences. However, our understanding of the sources contributing to subindividual trait heterogeneity, and the ramifications thereof, is poor.

In a common garden, we sampled multiple genotypes of mature trembling aspen Populus tremuloides at different vertical crown levels and quantified the contributions of genetic, spatial and biotic (herbivory) factors to subindividual morphological and chemical leaf trait variance. Bioassays using gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. caterpillars were conducted to study the impacts of spatial and genotypic factors on insect performance.

Crown position was the primary source of subindividual variation in leaf morphology and explained more of the variance in morphological traits than tree genotype. Effects of spatial, genetic and biotic factors on within‐crown chemistry were highly compound specific. For many compounds, changes in within‐crown concentrations differed among genotypes, revealing that genotypic variation not only contributes to phytochemical diversity among individuals of the same population, but also affects subindividual chemical trait heterogeneity. For many defence‐related compounds, total within‐crown variance itself differed among genotypes and was in many cases a heritable trait. Bioassays revealed that effects of crown position on caterpillar performance varied among tree genotypes and caterpillar sexes.

We demonstrate that even relatively small trees can express subtle but distinct levels of within‐crown leaf trait variation. In aspen, this variation is shaped not only by spatial factors, but also by genetics and to a lesser degree by herbivory. Within‐crown variation in defence chemistry might itself provide a defensive phenotype against herbivores and contribute to the biological diversity of canopy insect communities.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A mechanistic framework to inform the spatial management of conflicting fisheries and top predators
Authors: Hentati‐Sundberg Jonas , Olin Agnes B. , Evans Tom J. , Isaksson Natalie , Berglund Per‐Arvid , Olsson Olof 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Conflicts of interest between resource extraction and conservation are widespread, and negotiating such conflicts, or trade‐offs, is a key issue for ecosystem managers. One such trade‐off is resource competition between fisheries and marine top predators. Managing this trade‐off has so far been difficult due to a lack of knowledge regarding the amount and distribution of prey required by top predators.

Here, we develop a framework that can be used to address this gap: a bio‐energetic model linking top predator breeding biology and foraging ecology with forage fish ecology and fisheries management.

We apply the framework to a Baltic Sea colony of common guillemots Uria aalge and razorbills Alca torda, two seabird species sensitive to local prey depletion, and show that densities of forage fish (sprat Sprattus sprattus and herring Clupea harengus) corresponding to the current fisheries management target BMSY are sufficient for successful breeding. A previously proposed fisheries management target for conserving seabirds, 1/3 of historical maximum prey biomass (B1/3), was also sufficient.

However, the results highlight the importance of maintaining sufficient prey densities in the vicinity of the colony, suggesting that fine‐scale spatial fisheries management is necessary to maintain high seabird breeding success.

Despite foraging on the same prey, razorbills could breed successfully at lower prey densities than guillemots but needed higher densities for self‐maintenance, emphasizing the importance of considering species‐specific traits when determining sustainable forage fish densities for top predators.

Synthesis and applications. Our bio‐energetic modelling framework provides spatially explicit top predator conservation targets that can be readily integrated with current fisheries management. The framework can be combined with existing management approaches such as dynamic ocean management, marine spatial planning and management strategy evaluation to inform ecosystem‐based management of marine resources.
Homeric ‐phi(n)is an oblique case marker1
Authors: Goldstein D. M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe synchronic distribution and diachronic trajectory of Homeric ‐phi(n)have been the source of long‐standing debate, with the result that scholarly opinion has yet to settle on a consensus regarding the morphosyntax of forms realized by this marker. Some maintain that forms in ‐phi(n)are adverbs, while others contend that they are nominals (i.e., nouns or adjectives). Evidence from agreement and prepositional phrases shows that the latter analysis is correct. Homeric ‐phi(n)is therefore a case exponent. More specifically, it is an oblique case marker that realizes genitive or dative case in the singular, dual, or plural across all three grammatical genders. Since other case markers exist in the language for realizing genitive and dative case, forms in ‐phi(n)are an example of morphologicaloverabundance, the realization of a paradigm cell by more than one word form. This synchronic analysis has diachronic consequences, in as much as it now becomes clearer that ‐phi(n)continues the instrumental plural case marker */‐bɦis/ and not the adverbial suffix */‐bɦi/.
When a Woman Hates Her Husband: Love, Sex and Fruitful Marriages in Early Modern England
Authors: Astbury Leah 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTIf spouses’ ‘hearts be not united in love’, their seed could not ‘unite to cause Conception’, the seventeenth‐century astrologer‐physician, Nicholas Culpeper noted. The authors of early modern medical and conduct texts argued that marital compatibility and harmony were necessary for a union to be fruitful. But where historians of sexuality have assumed that such exhortations spoke to the centrality of sexual pleasure, male and female, to conception, this article contends that having a happy and procreative marriage required far more than achieving a certain measure of enjoyment in sex. Working out whether a prospective spouse would be suitable was a complex process that took into account social, financial, emotional, bodily, religious and astrological similarities. Drawing on conduct manuals, childbearing guides, medical casebooks and the accounts of two unhappy wives, Anne Dormer and Sarah Cowper, this article shows that while the frameworks of compatibility and incompatibility in medical and conduct literature seemed to offer a way for talking about unavoidable and conscionable disagreements and childlessness, there was considerable pressure on women, rather than men, to overcome unhappiness and ensure fruitfulness.
Guilt Beyond Guilt: From Political Theory to Metaphysics with Herbert Morris
Authors: Wilson Amanda 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs it is presently conceptualised and applied in criminal law, moral guilt is bound by a narrow, legalistic framework that is rooted in a liberal political philosophy. In this paper, drawing on the work of Herbert Morris, I seek to open up and deepen the concept of moral guilt. I do this through the development of a four‐fold typology of guilt that charts Morris's journey from political theory to metaphysics that includes the following forms: moral‐legal guilt; moral‐psychological guilt; quantum guilt; and metaphysical guilt. In deepening our understanding of moral guilt, the typology compels us to consider alternative conceptions of guilt that would take into account a person who feels guilt not only towards others, but also towards themselves and the world. I argue that Morris's journey has important implications for how we think about the critical relationship between theory and law as well as restorative justice.
Do Risk Disclosures Matter When It Counts? Evidence from the Swiss Franc Shock
Authors: HAIL LUZI , MUHN MAXIMILIAN , OESCH DAVID 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTWe examine the relation between disclosure quality and information asymmetry among market participants following an exogenous shock to macroeconomic risk. In 2015, the Swiss National Bank abruptly announced that it would abandon the longstanding minimum euro‐Swiss franc exchange rate. We find evidence suggesting that firms with more transparent disclosures regarding their foreign exchange risk exposure ex ante exhibit significantly lower information asymmetry ex post. The information gap in bid‐ask spreads appears within 30 minutes of the announcement and persists for two weeks, during which new information gradually substitutes for past disclosures. We validate the information dynamics of past risk disclosures with three field surveys: (1) Sell‐side analysts emphasize the importance of existing (risk) disclosures in evaluating the translational and transactional effects of the currency shock. (2) Lending banks’ credit officers rely on past disclosures as the primary information source available for smaller (unlisted) firms in the immediate aftermath of the shock. (3) Investor‐relations managers use existing financial filings as a key resource when communicating with external stakeholders. The results suggest that historical disclosures help investors attenuate information asymmetry in light of unexpected news.
External validation of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score for patients presenting with undifferentiated syncope to the emergency department
Authors: Chan Jason , Ballard Emma , Brain David , Hocking Julia , Yan Alan , Morel Douglas , Hunter Jonathan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo validate the accuracy and safety of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score (CSRS) for patients presenting with syncope.MethodsSingle centre prospective observational study in Brisbane, Australia. Adults presenting to the ED with syncope within the last 24 h were recruited after applying exclusion criteria. Study was conducted over 1 year, from March 2018 to March 2019. Thirty‐day serious adverse events (SAE) were reported based on the original derivation study and standardised outcome reporting for syncope. Individual patient CSRS was calculated and correlated with 30‐day SAE and disposition status from ED.ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐three patients were recruited to the study. Average age was 55.6 years (SD 22.7 years), 37.1% being male with a 39.9% admission rate. Thirty‐day SAE occurred in seven patients (2.5%) and no recorded deaths. The CSRS performed with a sensitivity of 71.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30.3–94.9%), specificity 72.8% (95% CI 67.1–77.9%) for a threshold score of 1 or higher.ConclusionSyncope patients in our study were predominantly very low to low risk (72%). The prevalence of 30‐day SAE was low, majority occurring following hospital discharge. Sensitivity estimates for CSRS was lower than the derivation study but lacked robustness with wide CIs because of a small sample size and number of events observed. However, the CSRS did not miss any clinically relevant outcomes in low risk patients making it potentially useful in aiding their disposition. Larger validation studies in Australia are encouraged to further test the diagnostic accuracy of the CSRS.
Optimization of roasting conditions in hydroSOStainable almonds using volatile and descriptive sensory profiles and consumer acceptance
Authors: Lipan Leontina , Cano‐Lamadrid Marina , Vázquez‐Araújo Laura , Łyczko Jacek , Moriana Alfonso , Hernández Francisca , García‐García Elena , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHydroSOStainable almonds are harvested from trees cultivated under controlled water stress by using a regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategy. The aim of this study was to investigate consumers’ perception to select the best roasting temperature for the hydroSOStainable almonds and its correlation with volatile compounds, descriptive sensory attributes, instrumental color, and texture. Thirty‐five volatile compounds were identified and the key compounds for the roasting process were 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, furfural, and trimethyl pyrazine. Pyrazines, furans and, in general, volatiles were higher in hydroSOStainable almonds than in control. Instrumental color and trained panel showed that almonds roasted at 190 °C presented intense color and burnt notes in both irrigation treatments, while almonds roasted at 150 °C were under‐roasted. Principal component analysis (PCA) grouped together the samples of the same irrigation treatment, but separated samples roasted at different temperatures. Partial least square regression (PLS) results indicated that consumers overall liking was positively linked to specific volatiles (alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, and furans) and sensory attributes (sweetness, roasted, almond ID, nutty, hardness, and crispiness), but, negatively correlated with pyrazines, bitterness, astringency, woody, and burnt flavor notes. Penalty analysis showed that almonds roasted at 150 and 190 °C were penalized due to low roasted aroma and soft almonds, and over‐roasted samples with too intense color and burn notes, respectively. While no penalization being found for almonds roasted at 170 °C. Overall, roasting at 170 °C for 10 min in a convective oven were the optimum conditions for roasting Vairo almonds.Practical ApplicationThis research describes the link between physicochemical and sensory analysis of roasted almonds giving evidence about possible sensory quality markers. Besides, it provides valuable information for the food industry to produce roasted almonds that meet consumer demands and for the agricultural sector by encouraging reduction of irrigation water consumption by almond trees.
Injecting drug use, the skin and vasculature
Authors: Robertson Roy , Broers Barbara , Harris Magdalena 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTDamage to the skin, subcutaneous tissues and blood vessels are among the most common health harms related to injecting drug use. From a limited range of early reports of injecting‐related skin and soft tissue damage there is now an increasing literature relating to new drugs, new contaminants and problems associated with unsafe injection practices. Clinical issues range from ubiquitous problems associated with repeated minor localised injection trauma to skin and soft tissue and infections around injection sites, to systemic blood infections and chronic vascular disease. The interplay of limited availability and access to sterile injecting equipment, poor injecting technique, compromised drug purity, drug toxicity and difficult personal and environmental conditions give rise to injection‐related health harms. This review of injecting‐related skin, soft tissue and vascular damage focuses on epidemiology and causation, clinical examination and investigation, treatment and prevention.
The scope of practice of the modern Endodontist in Western Australia
Authors: Girgis Daniel , van Dort Nathan , Ye Johnson , Abbott Paul V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere are limited data regarding the scope of practice of Endodontists in Australia. The aim of this study was to investigate the scope of practice of Endodontists and Endodontic Registrars in Western Australia. The study comprised a three‐part survey relating to demographics, clinical factors and materials and equipment. The response rate was 70.6%. Compared to the public sector, clinicians in the private sector treated on average twice as many patients per day, twice as many trauma cases per year and, as a proportion of all cases, four and a half times as many apical surgical procedures. These aspects were all statistically significantly different. Other aspects were similar to previous studies within Australia and from other countries.
Radium‐223 in Asian patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer with symptomatic bone metastases: A single‐arm phase 3 study
Authors: Zhou Tie , Zhou Fangjian , Guo Jianming , Shi Hongcheng , Yao Xudong , Guo Hongqian , Yuan Jian , Tian Ye , Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Shuxia , Jiang Yongguang , Zou Qing , Zhou Daqing , Li Hanzhong , Li Fang , Lee Jae Lyun , Chen Chung‐Hsin , Park Se Hoon , Ng Quan Sing , Ma Jianhui , Zheng Rong , Ding Qiang , Liu Xingdang , Li Rui , Krissel Heiko , Wagner Volker J. , Sun Yinghao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimRadium‐223, a targeted alpha therapy, is approved widely for the treatment of patients with metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer, based on a pivotal phase 3 study in predominantly white patients. We investigated the efficacy and safety of radium‐223 in Asian patients with castrate‐resistant prostate cancer and metastatic bone disease.MethodsThis multicenter, prospective, single‐arm, open‐label phase 3 trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of the standard radium‐223 regimen (55 kBq/kg every 4 weeks for six cycles) in patients from Asian countries. The primary endpoints were the safety and overall survival.ResultsA total of 226 patients were enrolled and received at least one dose of radium‐223. Median overall survival was 14.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.2–17.4). Median time to total alkaline phosphatase and prostate‐specific antigen progression were 7.5 (95% CI, 6.8–7.7) and 3.6 (95% CI, 3.1–3.7) months, respectively. Median skeletal‐related event‐free survival was 26.0 months (95% CI, 12.6–not reached). Grade ≥3 treatment‐emergent adverse events were reported in 103 (46%) of 226 patients, with anemia being the most common event (34 [15%] patients). Grade ≥3 drug‐related treatment‐emergent adverse events occurred in 39 (17%) of 226 patients. Serious treatment‐emergent adverse events were reported in 65 (29%) of 226 patients. Seven (3%) patients had an adverse event leading to death; none were considered to be related to radium‐223.ConclusionThe results of this study support the use of the standard radium‐223 regimen for the treatment of Asian patients with castrate‐resistant prostate cancer and symptomatic bone metastases.
Carboplatin and hypomagnesemia: Is it really a problem?
Authors: Gaughran Gregory , Qayyum Kiran , Smyth Lillian , Davis Alison 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundCarboplatin has largely replaced cisplatin in ovarian/peritoneal/tubal cancer (OC) due to comparable activity and reduced toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity and hypomagnesemia. Anecdotally hypomagnesemia occurs commonly with carboplatin, however there are limited data available regarding frequency or severity.AimsTo quantify incidence and severity of hypomagnesemia in patients receiving carboplatin‐based chemotherapy for OC; to explore a dose‐response relationship with carboplatin and assess potential confounding variables.MethodsA retrospective single‐center review of all OC patients receiving carboplatin‐based chemotherapy as first/subsequent line between 2012 and 2018 was performed. Data on patient/disease characteristics, potential confounders (gastrointestinal/renal impairment, premorbid hypomagnesemia and concomitant medications), dose, electrolytes, and magnesium replacement were collected.ResultsOne hundred four of 144 (72%) patients had at least one hypomagnesemia event, 11 of 104 (11%) grade 2, and 11 of 104 (11%) grade 3/4 in severity. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between hypomagnesemia and treatment duration (P < .001). Premorbid hypomagnesemia was associated with a significantly longer duration and higher grade of hypomagnesemia (P = .021 and P < .001, respectively). Vomiting, diarrhea, and confounding medications were associated with hypomagnesemia (P = .019 and P = .028, respectively). Fourteen percent of hypomagnesemia events never resolved suggesting a significant cohort post‐carboplatin are at risk of long‐term renal toxicity. The effect of magnesium replacement could not be accurately assessed due to limited documentation of replacement.ConclusionHypomagnesemia is common in patients receiving carboplatin‐based chemotherapy for OC, and although generally mild, a significant minority were severe. Several high‐risk groups were identified including patients with premorbid hypomagnesemia, vomiting, diarrhea, or taking certain medications. Further research is warranted to understand when hypomagnesemia is clinically relevant and determine the impact of interventions.
Undocumented Immigrant Activism and the Political: Disrupting the Order or Reproducing the Status Quo?
Authors: Swerts Thomas , Nicholls Walter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractScholarly interest in undocumented migrants’ struggles over citizenship has surged in recent years. Critical, theoretically inspired scholarship on the political has embraced these struggles as evidence that the current order can be disrupted. However, empirical studies of undocumented activism in the United States and Europe have revealed that pressures to conform to dominant norms and discourses, representational oligarchies and categorical fragmentation can lead activists to reproduce rather than disrupt the order. The papers in this symposium aim to advance this discussion by comparing the findings of case studies of undocumented immigrant struggles around the world. In this introduction to the symposium, we argue that disruption and reproduction constitute two logics of collective action that continually express themselves in immigrant rights mobilisations. We present a framework that outlines how undocumented activists navigate both logics in their ongoing quest to construct subjects, acts and spaces capable of disrupting the status quo.