bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Mixed-Conducting Membranes for Hydrogen Separation
Authors: Doyle Brian , Gong Mingyang 
Published: February 2020

As the clean energy demands of the world continue to increase, so too will the use of hydrogen containing fuels. For harvesting “green” energy, hydrogen of sufficient purity will need to be extracted either from hydrogen-rich fuel sources or post-processing flue gases, requiring efficient separation of hydrogen from the many byproducts that arise from hydrogen production. This pure hydrogen can then be utilized for various power generation processes. While there are many different materials to be chosen as membrane constituents for this separation, proton-conducting ceramics represent a particularly appealing option for purification of hydrogen as a fuel source of solid oxide fuel cells. In these applications, the relatively high operating temperature of the fuel cell allows the integration of ceramic membranes with promising proton conductivity that is higher than or comparable to other hydrogen separation material systems. Additionally, these proton conductors need to attain high permeation rates with low fabrication costs[1]. Recently, a ceramic electrolyte composed of BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3-d (BZCYYb) has demonstrated high proton conductivity that has spurred research interest on its application in ceramic electrolyte and hydrogen membrane fields. [2]. In this work, we examine two main features of membrane performance, optimal hydrogen flux of the membrane and improved microstructure through scalable manufacturing techniques.
The membrane consists of a Ni-BZCYYb dense layer supported by a porous Ni-BZCYYb. The first part of the work identifies the optimal hydrogen flux through variation of the nickel content in an asymmetric dense Ni-BZCYYb pellet. The determination of the transference number for the ceramic phase allows us to optimize the electrical conductivity brought on by the nickel. The hydrogen flux through the Ni-BZCYYb was determined as a function of membrane thickness and hydrogen partial pressure. The hydrogen flux was determined by using a mass spectrometer, which correlates the measured hydrogen partial pressure to amount of hydrogen present in a known sweeping gas atmosphere. Results have shown a hydrogen flux of 0.714 ml/cm2min under 100% hydrogen at 750˚C.
The microstructure also plays an important role in the performance of an asymmetric permeation membrane. For dense ceramic membranes, the ohmic permeation resistance from the proton conduction is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane. By using a tape-cast method, the thickness of the dense layer can be tailored down to about 10 microns. The results demonstrate an optimized membrane in terms of nickel content and thickness of asymmetric dense/porous layers. This demonstrates the ability to fabricate a cermet hydrogen permeation membrane using a large-scale, industry method.
Further, various catalysts that may enhance hydrogen adsorption, dissociation, and oxidation on the surface of the hydrogen separation membranes are also explored and will discussed in the presentation.
Selective Detection of Asbestos in Indoor Air
Authors: Ahn Hosang , Jung Byungkwon , Jang Dae Gyu , Park Hyejin , Joo Jin Chul , Kim Dong-Joo 
Published: February 2020

Chrysotile, most part of widely used asbestos in building materials, is a serious cocern in indoor air can cause lung related cancers in a long period of time.
Even its harmfulness is well known, there is still no simple detection technology or monitoring system until now.
We performed several experiments to test the feasiblity of optic based detection of asbestos in a short time and at economic cost.
Asbestos samples were prepared by pretreating asbetos containing gloves and chrysotile from natural soils. Pretreated samples were characterized by PCM (Phase Contrast Microscopy) and PLM (Polarized Light Microscopy) methods as done before as general.
It was found that each sample contained approximately 15 % of chrysotile for sample from natural soil and 80 % of chrysotile for sample from asbestos glove, respectively.
Refractive index liquids (refractive indices= 1.55) were utilized to dye selectively chrysotile. Colorimeter and hyperspectral imaging sensor were tested to characterize chrysotile samples in varying concentrations according to dyeing w/wo refractive index liquids.
From the analysis, there was a preferred chrominance value and color in wavelength to detect chrysotile selectively and its preference was enhanced by dyeing with refractive index liquids.
We suggest that optic based asbetos detection can be one of promising technology in developing the real time asbestos monitoring system in the future.
Porous Silicon-Carbon Composite Li-ion Anode Materials toward Practical Applications
Authors: Wang Donghai 
Published: February 2020

Emerging application of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles requires LIBs with higher energy density. Developing new anode materials with high specific capacity is an effective way to increase the energy density of LIBs. Due to its high theoretical capacity (3579 mAh/g) and abundance, silicon has been regarded as one of most promising alternatives to the currently-used graphite anode. However, there is a major barrier to the practical application Si: its large volume change during charge/discharge causes to severe pulverization of Si particles and degradation of Si electrodes, leading to poor cycling stability. Extensive efforts have been devoted to improving the cyclability of Si-based anodes with encouraging results, including development of various Si nanostructures/nanocomposites, novel binders and electrolyte additives.
In this talk, I will present development of micro-sized porous Si-C composite composed of interconnected Si nanoscale building blocks and carbon conductive network. The effect of Si nanoscale building blocks (size and doping composition) and carbon coating are studied on the electrochemical performance. We also engineered to produce graphene enabled dual conductive network on the micro-sized porous Si-C composite for high areal capacity electrodes toward practical application. New interpenetrated polymer gel binder for the Si anode materials will be also studied for improving efficiency and cycling stability of Si anodes. High temperature electrochemical performance of the Si anode material and related safety issues will be also discussed and correlated with the surface properties of Si materials.
Mesoscale Models for Mechanics of Active Materials in Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Simunovic Srdjan , Stershic Andrew , Kalnaus Sergiy , Allu Srikanth , Pannala Sreekanth , Turner John A 
Published: February 2020

Most deformation models for Li-ion batteries are based on device-level empirical fits to the integral battery responses under the external and internal loadings. One of the main obstacles to establishing physics-based mechanical models formulations for Li-ion batteries is a lack of insight into the underlying kinematic micro-mechanisms of deformation of active materials. The active materials are compressed between current collectors, separators and other thermal management or structural layers that exert constraints and interlaminar forces that further complicate the material characterization.
We are using recently measured [1] microstructures of different lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathode configurations. The microstructures were determined by X-ray tomography under various pressure conditions. The experimental data on microstructure for increasing pressure is particularly convenient for identification kinematic mechanisms of deformation and formulation of interaction models between particles in electrodes. We use these reconstructed microstructures to generate computational models and to correlate the models to the experiments. Discrete element particle-based methods are used for modeling of mechanics of electrode materials at mesoscale where the meso-scale effects dominate the through-thickness response. Individual particle response can be decoupled from the assembly response and analyzed individually for possible non-linear deformation, fracture, crushing or crumbling. In this work we concentrate on the particle models that use particle size, shape, spatial distributions and inter-particle bonding. Various computational models for the microstructure are used in this study.
An example of a reconstructed battery electrode microstructure with weight ratio of 90:5:5 (active material : C : binder) and the mechanical compression simulation for the equivalent spherical particle model is shown in the figure below . The effects of postulated deformation mechanisms and their parameters are compared with the measures of microstructure configuration at increasing pressures. The developed models are used for modeling the mechanics of active materials in a computational framework for physics-based models of batteries [2].
References:
[1] Ebner M, Geldmacher F, Marone F, Stampanoni M, Wood V. X-Ray Tomography of Porous, Transition Metal Oxide Based Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes. Advanced Energy Materials. 2013;3:845-50.
[2] Allu, S., Kalnaus, S., Elwasif, W., Simunovic, S., Turner, J.A., Pannala, S., “A new open computational framework for highly-resolved coupled three-dimensional multiphysics simulations of Li-ion cells”, J. Power Sources 246 (2014), 876-886.
Investigation of the Effect of the Flow Rate Control on Capacity Decay in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Ko Dong Seok , Kim Jung Yun , Jung Taik Min , Kong Ji Hyun , Choi Eun Jung 
Published: February 2020

Redox Flow Batteries(RFBs) have been considered as a promising energy storage technology that would be easy to be expanded into large-scale applications such as load leveling, peak shaving, uninterruptable power supplies, emergency backup and renewable integration and so on. RFBs could be classified into Fe-Cr, Zn-Br and V-V RFBs depending on their redox-couple. Among them, Critical attention has been directed to VRFB due to the fact that it produces less mix-up between both sides of electrolytes during cycles.
In VRFB, differential transfer rate of vanadium ions across the membrane can lead to capacity decay attributing to an increase of vanadium ions in one half-cell compared with the other. The capacity loss can significantly be restored in the physical way which is the remixing of two electrolytes, using a chemical technique, or an electrochemical method.
In this study, the correlation between the flow rate control of each half-cell side electrolyte and the capacity decay of VRFB is investigated to improve a cycle-life. Under the same flow rate condition, the two half-cell electrolytes respectively have different pressures due to their viscosity. The pressures could be adjusted by controlling the flow rate. Hence, the level control of both electrolytes could be maintained equally through the above methods. The level control can reduce the amount of vanadium ions that transfer to the other side across the membrane compared with the previous way and it can both improve a cycle-life of VRFB and minimize the additional energy for rebalancing.
Characterizing Discharge in Non-Aqueous Magnesium-Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Vardar Gulin , Sleightholme Alice , Siegel Donald , Monroe Charles W 
Published: February 2020

Metal-O2 batteries are considered as an improvement upon current battery technologies due to their high theoretical energy densities. In particular, Mg-O2 batteries have one of the highest predicted theoretical specific energy densities [1]. Mg-O2 batteries have been previously demonstrated using aqueous electrolytes. However, aqueous chemistries are generally non-rechargeable. and more recent studies have targeted secondary systems based on non-aqueous Mg-conducting electrolytes in the context of Mg-ion and Mg-sulfur batteries [2]. Although Shiga et. al. reported the first rechargeable Mg-O2 battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte [3], the nature of the discharge product remains poorly understood. Our goal is to understand the discharge characteristics of Mg-O2 batteries using non-aqueous electrolytes.
Here we discuss our progress in characterizing the discharge products in Mg-O2 batteries. Figure 1 shows a discharge curve for such a battery using 0.05M Mg(BH4)2 in dimethoxyethane as the electrolyte. This electrolyte has been shown to reversibly deposit and dissolve Mg [4]. A voltage plateau of 1.1 V is observed, similar to previously reported non-aqueous Mg-O2 battery [3]. The measured cell voltage is low compared to the theoretical voltage expected from formation of MgO and MgO2 (2.95V and 2.91V vs. Mg/Mg2+, respectively) [5]. The carbon cathodes were characterized by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. It was observed that MgCO3 was the dominant Mg compound. MgCO3 formation is likely due to reactions with the carbon cathode or with the electrolyte.
[1] Zu, C.-X., & Li, H. "Thermodynamic analysis on energy densities of batteries". Energy & Environmental Science, 4 (2011) 2614.
[2] Muldoon, J., Bucur, C. B., Oliver, A. G., Sugimoto, T., Matsui, M., Kim, H. S., et al. "Electrolyte roadblocks to a magnesium rechargeable battery". Energy & Environmental Science, 5 (2012) 5941.
[3] T. Shiga, Y. Hase, Y. Kato, M. Inoue, K. Takechi, " A rechargeable non-aqueous Mg-O2 battery". Chemistry Communications, 49 (2013) 9152.
[4] R. Mohtadi, M. Matsui, T.S. Arthur, S.-J. Hwang, “Magnesium borohydride: from hydrogen storage to magnesium battery.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 51 (2012) 9780.
[5] Vannerberg, N. “Peroxides, Superoxides, and Ozonides of the Metals of Group Ia, IIa, and IIb”, Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed.
Carbon-MEMS (CMEMS) and Carbon-NEMS (CNEMS): Multi-Length Scale Manufacturing in Carbon
Authors: Madou Marc J 
Published: February 2020

Carbon micro- and nanofabrication techniques (C-MEMS and C-NEMS) are based on the pyrolysis of patterned polymers at different temperatures and in different ambient atmospheres [1,2]. The resulting carbon material is typically found to be glassy carbon-like in composition and in electrical and electrochemical behavior [3,4]. Carbon, because it is brittle and hard, is a difficult material to machine, polymers on the other hand can be machined easily in a wide variety of machine tools and as a consequence shapes and sizes that are difficult to achieve directly in carbon can easily be made by patterning a polymer first and then converting it to carbon.
In this contribution we emphasize embodiments of C-MEMS and C-NEMS that allows us to fabricate the very smallest carbon features (nanometer and micrometer range): a photoresist is either patterned by lithography and is subsequently pyrolyzed at high-temperature in an oxygen-free environment or photoresist nanofibers are deposited by electrospinning and then pyrolized [5]. The C-MEMS and C-NEMS applications we are highlighting in this paper are ultrasensitive carbon interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEAs) for nanoelectrochemistry [6] and suspended carbon nano-wires for sensor application in the liquid and gas phase [7].
REFERENCES
[1] C. Wang, G Jia, L.H. Taherabadi. M.J. Madou, J. Microelectromech S 14 (2005) 348-358.
[2] C. Wang, M. Madou, Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 (2005) 2181-2187.
[3] N.E. Hebert, B. Snyder, R.L. McCreery, W.G. Kuhr, S.A. Brazill, Anal. Chem. 75 (2003) 4265-4271.
[4] S. Ranganathan, R.L. McCreery, S.M. Majji, M. Madou, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147 (2000) 277-282.
[5] C.S.Sharma, A.Sharma and M.Madou, Langmuir 26(4), 2218–2222 (2010)
[6] J. I. Heo, D. S. Shim, G. Turon Teixidor, S. Oh, H. Shin, M. J. Madoub, Carbon Interdigitated Array Nanoelectrodes for Electrochemical Applications, Submitted to the Journal of Electrochemical Society
[7] C.S.Sharma, A.Sharma and M.Madou, submitted to Carbon
Advances in Dielectrophoresis As a Biotechnology Tool
Authors: Pethig Ronald 
Published: February 2020

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been widely studied for its potential as a biomarker-free method of sorting cells based on their intrinsic dielectric properties. Under appropriate experimental conditions the DEP frequency spectrum typically exhibited by a viable mammalian cell in suspension is characterised by two frequencies, f
xo1 and f
xo2. At these two characteristic frequencies the effective conductance and capacitance values of the cell exactly match those of the fluid it has displaced, and are commonly known as the DEP cross-over frequencies. At low frequencies (< 10 kHz) viable cells typically exhibit negative DEP and move away from electrodes, with the transition to positive DEP occurring at f
xo1 - where the cells move towards high field regions at the electrodes. A transition back to negative DEP occurs at f
xo2 (~150 MHz). The dielectric properties of the cell membrane and cell interior can be evaluated from knowledge of the dielectric properties of the suspending fluid, and changes of the physico-chemical properties of the suspending fluid can be used to control the frequencies f
xo1 and f
xo2.
Theoretical and experimental evaluations of f
xo1 have been extensive and exploited in practical applications of DEP [1-5]. The current status of this, both in research and commercial exploitation, will be reviewed in this presentation. The factors that control the high frequency DEP cross-over at f
xo2 are now under investigation. The status of the ‘exploration of this 2nd frontier of DEP research’ will be described.
1. Pethig, R. Review Article - Dielectrophoresis: Status of the theory, technology, and applications. Biomicrofluidics
4, 022811 (2010).
2. Pethig, R.; Menachery, A.; Pells, S.; de Sousa, P. Dielectrophoresis: A review of applications for stem cell research. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., e182581 (2010).
3. Gagnon, Z.R. Cellular dielectrophoresis: Applications to the characterization, manipulation, separation and patterning of cells. Electrophoresis
32: 2466-2487 (2011).
4. Pethig, R. Dielectrophoresis: An assessment of its potential to aid the research and practice of drug discovery and delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.
65: 1589-1599 (2013).
5. Gascoyne, P.R.C. and Shim, S. Isolation of circulating tumor cells by dielectro-phoresis, Cancers
6: 545-579 (2014).
Fabrication, Characterization, and Modeling of Field-Effect-Transistor Nanoribbon Biosensors
Authors: Vogel Eric M 
Published: February 2020

For over 30 years, field effect transistors (FETs) have been used as sensors. In the past, Ion-Sensitive-FETs (ISFET) were based on bulk Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) FET designs and the device was gated by biasing the electrolyte through the reference electrode. Recently, functionalized silicon nanowires and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) devices have been introduced for their greater sensitivity in detecting proteins, DNA and even single viruses.
This work reviews a variety of issues that impact the properties of SOI FET nanoribbon sensors.1-7 The ability to stabilize and control the attachment of cells on the sensor surface is critical. Therefore, the reliability and reproducibility of self-assembled-monolayers such as aminosilanes will be presented. Biological solutions consist of protein or DNA in an electrolytic solution containing salt ions. Some of these ions, such as Na, have long been known to cause instabilities in MOS devices. The effect of mobile ions on SOI-based sensors will be presented. The SOI-based sensor structure results in the electrolyte voltage being capacitively coupled to the back gate voltage. The impact of this coupling on sensor response will be described. Physically realistic SPICE models were developed and illustrate the response of both pH and biosensors with a multi-gate model. The model demonstrates good agreement to experimental data including the impact of Debye screening and site binding charge. The benefits and use of novel 2D semiconductors for biosensing will also be described.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to acknowledge the previous and current researchers who contributed to this work including: P. G. Fernandes, K. D. Cantley, G. A. Mahmud, A. Tarasov, M. Y. Tsai, O. Seitz, R. Tian, N. Karnik, H. Stiegler, R. A. Chapman, and Y. J. Chabal. The author would also like to acknowledge the support of NSF CBET Award #1264705, the SRC Texas Analog Center of Excellence, and Texas Instruments.
REFERENCES

P. G. Fernandes, R. A. Chapman, O. Seitz, H. J. Stiegler, H. C. Wen, Y. J. Chabal, and E. M. Vogel, IEEE Electron Device Letters
33, 447-449 (2012).

P. G. Fernandes, H. J. Stiegler, B. Obradovic, R. A. Chapman, H.-C. Wen and E. M. Vogel, Sensors and Actuators B
161, 163-170 (2012).

K. D. Cantley, P. G. Fernandes, M. Y. Zhao, H. J. Stiegler, R. A. Chapman, in Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems Conference Proceedings, 370-373 (2012).

O. Seitz, P. G. Fernandes, G. Mahmud, H. –C. Wen, H. J. Stiegler, R. A. Chapman, E. M. Vogel, Y. J. Chabal, Langmiur
27, 7337-7340 (2011).

R. A. Chapman, Fellow, P. G. Fernandes, O. Seitz, H. J. Stiegler, H.-C. Wen, Y. J. Chabal, and E. M. Vogel, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
58, 1752-1660 (2011).

O. Seitz, P. G. Fernandes, R. Tian, N. Karnik, H.-C. Wen, H. Stiegler, R. A. Chapman, E. M. Vogel and Y. J. Chabal, Journal of Materials Chemistry
21, 4384-4392 (2011).

P. G. Fernandes, O. Seitz, R. A. Chapman, H. J. Stiegler, H.-C. Wen, Y. J. Chabal, and E. M. Vogel, Applied Physics Letters
97, 034103 (2010).
Microfabricated Si Chips Containing Human Ether-a-Go-Go-Related Gene Channels As a Platform for Drug Safety Screenings
Authors: Hirano-Iwata Ayumi , Ishinari Yutaka , Kimura Yasuo , Niwano Michio 
Published: February 2020

Reconstitution of ion channel proteins in artificial bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) provides an excellent system for drug screenings. However, the mechanical fragility of BLMs prevents them from being widely used. Recently, we have succeeded in the formation of mechanically stable BLMs by preparing membranes in microapertures fabricated in silicon (Si) chips (1). The key feature for BLM stabilization is probably the tapered shape of the aperture edge, which allows reducing the stress on the bilayer at the aperture edge. In this presentation, we report on an application of this stable BLM device to measure ion currents of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channels (2), which have been found to be related to serious arrhythmic side effects following drug treatment. Microapertures (diameter: 20-60 micrometer) were fabricated in a silicon nitride (Si3N4) layer on a Si chip. The surface of the Si chip was coated with thermal oxide and Teflon-AF. After the chip was treated with a silane-coupling reagent, artificial BLMs were prepared in the microapertures by folding up two phospholipid monolayers in the apertures. Owing to the use of SiO2/Teflon dielectric layer, the current noise level of the BLM was reduced, and clear single-channel events with conductance of 11 ± 1.2 pS were observed for hERG channels. This conductance value is similar to a reported one (12 pS) by the patch-clamp method. The channel current was completely blocked by E-4031, a specific blocker for hERG, and astemizole, an antihistamine that has been withdrawn due to its side effect on hERG channels. Thus the sensitivity of the hERG channels to typical drugs was retained in the Si chips. The BLM with incorporated hERG channels was stable for 65 h and tolerant to repetitive solution exchanges. The next step is to extend this stable BLM device to a multisite array format. The realization of an ion channel array will open a variety of applications, including high-throughput drug screening procedures that can be a complement to the patch-clamp method.
References

A. Hirano-Iwata, K. Aoto, A. Oshima, T. Taira, R. Yamaguchi, Y. Kimura, M. Niwano, Langmuir, 26, 1949–1952 (2010).

A. Oshima, A. Hirano-Iwata, H. Mozumi, Y. Ishinari, Y. Kimura, and M. Niwano, Anal. Chem., 85, 4363-4369 (2013).