bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural mechanisms of reward and loss processing in a low-income sample of at-risk adolescents
Authors: Murray Laura , Lopez-Duran Nestor L , Mitchell Colter , Monk Christopher S , Hyde Luke W 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAdolescence is a time of engagement in risky, reward-driven behaviors, with concurrent developmental changes within reward-related neural systems. As previous research has recruited mostly higher socioeconomic, European and European American participants, therefore limiting generalizability to the US population, especially for populations of color or low-income populations. The current study provided one of the first opportunities to examine the neural correlates of reward and loss functioning in a population-based sample of adolescents at increased risk for poverty-related adversities. The study investigated neural reward and loss processing and whether age, pubertal status and the social constructs of gender and race predicted individual differences in reward- and loss-related brain function. One hundred and twenty-eight primarily low-income adolescents (mean age: 15.9 years, 75% African American) from urban environments completed a modified monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Consistent with the previous research, reward and loss anticipation recruited similar motivational circuitry including striatal, insular, thalamic and supplementary motor areas. Race and gender were not associated with reward- or loss-related neural reactivity. Age and pubertal development were associated with differences in neural reactivity to reward and loss, suggesting that older and more mature adolescents had increased activity in sensory and motivational circuits, but decreased activity in regions responsible for error detection and behavior modification.
The emergence of systemic risk: The Federal Reserve, bailouts, and monetary government at the limits
Authors: Özgöde Onur 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Why does the Federal Reserve bail banks out in violation of a core principle of free-market capitalism: private gain–private loss? This article argues the Fed rescues banks not because it is captured by financial interests, but because it is captured by the paradigm of ‘systemic risk’. Systemic risk emerged in the 1960s out of a jurisdictional struggle over the Fed between two expert groups, ‘monetary substantivists’ and ‘monetary formalists’. The latter’s triumph transformed the Fed into a macroeconomic institution, responsible for managing growth. It also led to the institutionalization of ‘systemic risk’—a conception of the financial system as a vital and yet vulnerable economic system and of the Fed’s responsibility for protecting it. In this process, policymakers grew to fear bank failures as they began to see financial disasters through the lens of systemic risk.
Rapid Diagnosis of IPA Relied on Calcofluor White Fluorescence Staining: Two Cases Report
Authors: Shi Buyun , Xia Zhi , Tang Wen , Qin Chenguang , Cheng Ying , Huang Tao , Li Yong , Xu Hui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a serious infectious disease with high mortality. However, the rapid diagnosis of IPA remains difficult since the microbiological evidence is difficult to obtain or time-consuming. Thus, we attempted to rapidly diagnose two pediatric cases with respiratory failure due to IPA via bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with Calcofluor White fluorescence staining, which has rarely been used before.
Multinational Appraisal of the Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire 12 (COMQ-12)
Authors: Phillips John S. , Yung Matthew W. , Nunney Ian , Doruk Can , Kara Hakan , Kong Taehoon , Quaranta Nicola , Peñaranda Augusto , Bernardeschi Danièle , Dai Chunfu , Kania Romain , Denoyelle Françoise , Tono Tetsuya 
Published: November 2020

Objectives:
The Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) assesses patient-reported health-related quality of life. A multinational collaborative project was performed to translate and appraise the psychometric properties of the COMQ-12 across Europe, Asia, and South America.

Methods:
Eight otology units from seven countries (China, Colombia, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Turkey) created native versions of the COMQ-12 by the process of translation and back-translation. Questionnaire reliability was assessed on the basis of internal consistency by calculating Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify underlying correlations between individual questionnaire items.

Results:
This study included 478 participants from 8 countries. Calculated values for Cronbach's coefficient alpha were between 0.71 and 0.90. Exploratory factor analysis allowed the identification of three dominant factors, the primary factor (related to hearing problems) explaining 42% of the total variance, the secondary factor (related to daily activities) explaining 30% of the variance, and the third factor (related to acute disease activity) explaining 28% of the variance.

Conclusions:
This is a large study of patients with chronic otitis media, from centers from within many different countries spanning Europe, Asia, and South America. This study supports the use of the COMQ-12 within the individual countries where it was tested.
Comparison of Ossiculoplasty Outcomes Using Different Materials in the Treatment of Chronic Otitis Media
Authors: Jung Da Jung , Yoo Myung Hoon , Lee Kyu-Yup 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate success rates after ossicular chain reconstruction using different materials.

Study Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Four hundred forty-three participants who underwent ossiculoplasty at a tertiary medical center were included.

Intervention:
Ossicular chain reconstruction using five materials: autologous malleus, incus, and cortical bone, as well as Hydroxyapatite (HA) and titanium.

Main Outcome Measures:
Hearing data were measured 1 day preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Successful hearing outcomes were defined by the fulfillment of more than one of the following criteria: postoperative air–bone gap of 20 dB or less, hearing air conduction (AC) gain of 15 dB or more, or postoperative AC hearing less than 30 dB.

Results:
Preoperative median AC values (95% confidence interval) among participants with malleus, incus, cortical bone, HA, and titanium transplants or prostheses were 50 (39.6–54.6) dB, 51.3 (48.1–51.8) dB, 50 (45.2–52.2) dB, 56.3 (50.9–57.6) dB, and 54.3 (48.5–56.0) dB, respectively (p = 0.092). The success rates in malleus, incus, cortical bone, HA, and titanium were 53.3%, 60.3%, 51.7%, 61.6%, and 69.7%, respectively. Titanium had the highest success rate among the five materials, but the differences between the materials were not statistically significant (p = 0.283). Titanium had highest success rate among the participants with erosive stapes suprastructure or obstructed Eustachian tubes (p = 0.042 for erosive stapes suprastructure and p = 0.010 for obstructed Eustachian tubes).

Conclusion:
Our study demonstrated that titanium prostheses would be a good alternative for ossiculoplasty in cases wherein autologous material is unavailable, especially in association with unfavorable conditions, such as with the presence of cholesteatoma, erosive stapes suprastructure, edematous middle ear mucosa, and obstructed Eustachian tube.
JAK/STAT Dysregulation With SOCS1 Overexpression in Acquired Cholesteatoma-Adjacent Mucosa
Authors: Westerberg Johanna , Tideholm Ellen , Piersiala Krzysztof , Drakskog Cecilia , Kumlien Georén Susanna , Mäki-Torkko Elina , Cardell Lars Olaf 
Published: November 2020

Importance:
Surgery remains the gold standard in cholesteatoma treatment. However, the rate of recurrence is significant and the development of new nonsurgical treatment alternatives is warranted. One of the possible molecular pathways to target is the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway.

Objective:
To investigate the JAK/STAT pathway in the middle ear mucosa in patients with acquired cholesteatoma compared with middle ear mucosa from healthy controls.

Design:
Case-control study.

Setting:
Linköping University Hospital, Sweden, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Sampling period: February 2011 to December 2016.

Participants:
Middle ear mucosa from 26 patients with acquired cholesteatoma undergoing tympanoplasty and mastoidectomy, and 27 healthy controls undergoing translabyrinthine surgery for vestibular schwannoma or cochlear implantation was investigated.

Main Outcomes/Measures:
The expression of Interleukin-7 receptor alpha, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, STAT5A, STAT5B, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, expression level of cyclin D2, transforming growth factor beta 1, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, CD3, and CD19 was evaluated.

Results:
In cholesteatoma-adjacent mucosa, SOCS1 was significantly upregulated (p= 0.0003) compared with healthy controls, whereas STAT5B was significantly downregulated (p = 0.0006). The expression of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and STAT5A did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions and Relevance:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article reporting dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway in cholesteatoma-adjacent mucosa. The main finding is that important players of the aforementioned pathway are significantly altered, namely SOCS1 is upregulated and STAT5B is downregulated compared with healthy controls.
Survival and recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment of chronic hepatitis C using direct acting antivirals
Authors: Lithy Rania M. , Elbaz Tamer , H. Abdelmaksoud Ahmed , M. Nabil Mohamed , Rashed Noha , Omran Dalia , Kaseb Ahmed O. , O. Abdelaziz Ashraf , I. Shousha Hend 
Published: November 2020

Background
Conflicting studies were proposed either suggested or denied the relationship between early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence and the use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for chronic hepatitis C management

Aim of the study
To evaluate HCC recurrence rate post-DAAs and potential predictive factors.
Study This prospective cohort study included all HCC patients achieved complete response attending our multidisciplinary HCC clinic, Cairo University, from November 2013 to February 2018. Group I (60 patients) who received DAAs after HCC ablation and group II (273 patients) who were DAAs-untreated. We studied factors that could play a role in HCC recurrence.

Results
The sustained virological response rate was 88.3% among DAA-treated patients. HCC recurrence rate was 45% in the post-DAA group vs. 19% in the non-DAAs group; P < 0.001. Mean survival was significantly higher in the post-DAA group (34.23 ± 16.16 vs. 23.92 ± 13.99 months respectively; P value <0.001). There was a significant correlation between HCC recurrence rate and age, male gender, mean size of tumors and time interval between complete HCC ablation and occurrence of HCC recurrence.

Conclusion
Our study reports high rate of HCC recurrence post-DAA therapy in patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization but not in those treated with curative measures. DAA therapy after curative treatment for HCC led to significantly earlier HCC recurrence, which correlated with specific clinic-pathologic features in our prospective single-institution study. However, future independent prospective randomized studies are warranted to evaluate this correlation which may lead to a change in the current standard-of-care approach to patients with hepatitis C virus-related HCC.
Is Doppler/Dopplex ultrasonography reliable in the assessment of percutaneous ablative therapies of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Darweesh Samar Kamal , El-Kady Nabeel M. , Abdel-Haleem Hanan , Amer Ayman R. , Maher Rabab M. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
After hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) interventional therapies, noninvasive vascular diagnostic imaging [duplex, Color/power Doppler ultrasonography, and triphasic computed tomography (CT)] determines the lesion complete/incomplete ablation. The aim was to analyze the usefulness of duplex, color/power Doppler ultrasonography in HCC ablation after percutaneous ablative therapies (PATs).

Methods
We included 30 patients with 33 HCCs subjected to duplex/Doppler ultrasonography, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and triphasic CT, all these before and after PATs.

Results
One week after treatment ended, out of 21 lesions with pretreatment positive color-Doppler, signals disappeared in 19 (90.5%) lesions. Out of 29 lesions with pretreatment positive power-Doppler, signals disappeared in 24 (82.8%). Out of 13 lesions with pretreatment intralesional power/duplex arterial signals, signals disappeared in eight (61.5%). There was a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between power-Doppler arterial signals and FNAC. Before HCC ablation, power-Doppler demonstrated a sensitivity 40% and specificity 96% in HCC detection in relation to FNAC, it had a sensitivity 60% and specificity 85% in HCC detection compared to triphasic CT. After HCC ablation, power-Doppler had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in viable malignancy detection in relation to FNAC. Power-Doppler had a sensitivity 89% and specificity 93% in residual malignancy detection in relation to triphasic CT.

Conclusion
Power-Doppler is a good positive test as intralesional arterial signals in a cirrhotic liver lesion is highly suggestive of HCC. Power-Doppler was sensitive in HCC ablation assessment in pretreatment positive cases only. Both triphasic CT and duplex/Doppler are complementary and the use of different diagnostic modalities after ablation is mandatory.
Real-world efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral drugs in patients with chronic hepatitis C and inherited blood disorders
Authors: Ruiz Isaac , Fourati Slim , Ahmed-Belkacem Abdelhakim , Rodriguez Christophe , Scoazec Giovanna , Donati Flora , Soulier Alexandre , Demontant Vanessa , Poiteau Lila , N’Debi Mélissa , François Murielle , Chevaliez Stéphane , Pawlotsky Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2020

Background
Patients with inherited blood disorders (IBLD) have a high risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy and safety of HCV direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based treatment in patients with IBLD and chronic HCV infection.

Methods
Twenty-seven patients (25 with sickle cell disease, 1 with β-thalassemia and 1 with hemoglobin D-Punjab), including 3 with compensated cirrhosis, were included. They were treated with sofosbuvir in combination with ribavirin, daclatasvir, ledipasvir, or velpatasvir or with grazoprevir/elbasvir for 8 or 12 weeks. In the case of treatment failure, in-vitro assessment of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) and full-length genome sequence analysis by means of deep sequencing were performed.

Results:
Treatment was safe and well-tolerated and there were no drug discontinuations due to DAA-related adverse events. Twenty-five out of the 27 patients (93%) achieved sustained virological response 12 weeks post-treatment. One patient discontinued after 18 days due to adverse events unrelated to the antiviral treatment. One patient infected with ‘unusual’ genotype 2 subtype 2m relapsed. Subtype 2m naturally carries the NS5A L31M RAS. In a genotype 2a subgenomic replicon model, L31M increased daclatasvir effective concentration 50% (EC50) by 97-fold, but velpatasvir EC50 by only 3-fold, without altering the replication capacity. This patient was successfully retreated with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 12 weeks.

Conclusion
DAA-based regimens are well tolerated and highly efficacious in patients with chronic hepatitis C and IBLD in the real-world setting. Thus, DAA-based antiviral treatment should be prioritized in this thus far neglected population of HCV-infected patients.
Individual and Area-level Factors Contributing to the Geographic Variation in Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions in Finland
Authors: Satokangas Markku , Arffman Martti , Antikainen Harri , Leyland Alastair H. , Keskimäki Ilmo 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Measuring primary health care (PHC) performance through hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) remains controversial—recent cross-sectional research claims that its geographic variation associates more with individual socioeconomic position (SEP) and health status than PHC supply.

Objectives:
To clarify the usage of ACSCs as a PHC performance indicator by quantifying how disease burden, both PHC and hospital supply and spatial access contribute over time to geographic variation in Finland when individual SEP and comorbidities were adjusted for.

Methods:
The Finnish Care Register for Health Care provided hospitalizations for ACSCs (divided further into subgroups of acute, chronic, and vaccine-preventable causes) in 2011–2017. With 3-level nested multilevel Poisson models—individuals, PHC authorities, and hospital authorities—we estimated the proportion of the variance in ACSCs explained by selected factors at 3 time periods.

Results:
In age-adjusted and sex-adjusted analysis of total ACSCs the variances between hospital authorities was nearly twice that between PHC authorities. Individual SEP and comorbidities explained 19%–30% of the variance between PHC authorities and 25%–36% between hospital authorities; and area-level disease burden and arrangement and usage of hospital care a further 14%–16% and 32%–33%—evening out the unexplained variances between PHC and hospital authorities.

Conclusions:
Alongside individual factors, areas’ disease burden and factors related to hospital care explained the excess variances in ACSCs captured by hospital authorities. Our consistent findings over time suggest that the local strain on health care and the regional arrangement of hospital services affect ACSCs—necessitating caution when comparing areas’ PHC performance through ACSCs.
Can Regionalization of Care Reduce Socioeconomic Disparities in Breast Cancer Survival?
Authors: Nattinger Ann B. , Rademacher Nicole , McGinley Emily L. , Bickell Nina A. , Pezzin Liliana E. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Breast cancer patients of low socioeconomic status (SES) have worse survival than more affluent women and are also more likely to undergo surgery in low-volume facilities. Since breast cancer patients treated in high-volume facilities have better survival, regionalizing the care of low SES patients toward high-volume facilities might reduce SES disparities in survival.

Objective:
We leverage a natural experiment in New York state to examine whether a policy precluding payment for breast cancer surgery for New York Medicaid beneficiaries undergoing surgery in low-volume facilities led to reduced SES disparities in mortality.

Research Design:
A multivariable difference-in-differences regression analysis compared mortality of low SES (dual enrollees, Medicare-Medicaid) breast cancer patients to that of wealthier patients exempt from the policy (Medicare only) for time periods before and after the policy implementation.

Subjects:
A total of 14,183 Medicare beneficiaries with breast cancer in 2006–2008 or 2014–2015.

Measures:
All-cause mortality at 3 years after diagnosis and Medicaid status, determined by Medicare administrative data.

Results:
Both low SES and Medicare-only patients had better 3-year survival after the policy implementation. However, the decline in mortality was larger in magnitude among the low SES women than others, resulting in a 53% smaller SES survival disparity after the policy after adjustment for age, race, and comorbid illness.

Conclusion:
Regionalization of early breast cancer care away from low-volume centers may improve outcomes and reduce SES disparities in survival.
Orabase Promotes Oral Epithelization in a Wound Healing Rat Model: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Chaushu Liat , Rahmanov Gavrielov Marina , Chaushu Gavriel , Zar Keidar , Vered Marilena 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Recent evidence suggests that bone marrow–derived stem cells may have an important role in the natural process of wound healing. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of orabase paste application on primary wound healing in a palatal rat model.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 48 six-month-old male Wistar rats weighting 427 to 650 g were included. A mid-crestal incision was made on the maxillary alveolar ridge. A full-thickness flap was raised on either side of the incision and was then repositioned and sutured. Three experimental groups were used: O—study group—orabase, N—negative control group, and I—intact control group. Half of the animals were killed on 7 days and the remaining on 14 days postoperatively. Outcome parameters included epithelial gap; inflammatory infiltration; expression of stem cell markers within the oral epithelium and stromal cells; and physical properties of stromal collagen fibers and myofibroblasts. Investigations were performed at 2 time points (7 and 14 d) during the wound healing process.

Results:
The epithelial gap closed completely after 7 days in the O group versus 14 days or more in the N group. The inflammatory reaction was relatively low and not significantly different between groups O and N. Orabase upregulated the expression of CK14, CK15, and epithelial SOX2. Connective tissue SOX2, CD34, and α-smooth muscle actin and physical properties of stromal collagen fibers were not influenced by the application of orabase.

Conclusions:
Orabase promotes epithelial gap closure in a primary wound healing model in rats. The effect is exerted through promotion of epithelial differentiation from stem cells.
An Analysis of How Characteristics of Local Health Department Jurisdictions Influence Involvement in PHAB Accreditation: Implications for Health Equity
Authors: Kovach Kevin A. , Lipnicky Ashlyn 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
To explore how characteristics of local health department (LHD) jurisdictions impact involvement in Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) accreditation and to characterize the implications for health equity.

Methods:
Data from the 2016 National Profile of LHDs survey were linked with data from the American Community Survey, National Center for Health Statistics, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and the 2016 presidential election. Outcome measures included LHDs that were formally engaged in PHAB accreditation and LHDs that planned to apply for PHAB accreditation but were not formally engaged. Logistic regression was used to assess for the impact LHD jurisdictions' socioeconomic position, demographics, population health status, political ideology, and LHD organizational characteristics have on PHAB accreditation.

Results:
Approximately 37% of the participants were formally engaged (n = 297) and planned to apply (n = 337) for PHAB accreditation. Involvement in PHAB accreditation was equal among LHDs based on poverty and income inequality, but median household income was negatively associated. Diverse jurisdictions were more likely to be involved in PHAB accreditation but less likely to be involved after controlling for covariates. Jurisdictions with worse population health status were either as likely or more likely to be involved in PHAB accreditation. Jurisdictions with a greater conservative political ideology were less likely to be involved.

Conclusion:
LHD involvement in PHAB accreditation varies by their jurisdiction's characteristics. This has implications for health equity based on socioeconomic, racial, and population health status. Policies and practices are needed to improve the uptake of PHAB accreditation in LHD jurisdictions impacted most by health inequities.