bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of flow rate, particle size and modifier ratio on the supercritical fluid extraction of anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa (L).
Authors: Idham Zuhaili , Zaini Ahmad Syahmi , Putra Nicky Rahmana , Rusli Nurfarhain Mohamed , Mahat Noor Sabariah , Yian Lee Nian , Che Yunus Mohd Azizi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the effects of different particle size, flow rate and modifier ratio on the extraction yield and anthocyanins content of Hibiscus sabdariffa L (Roselle) by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) method. SC-CO2 extraction was carried out at constant pressure and temperature, 10MPa and 70°C respectively with 75% (v/v) ethanol as a modifier. The result shows that 120 minutes was the efficient extraction time at a determination of flow rate. The trend and results for the extraction yield and anthocyanins were varied in all parameters studied. The finding shows that a low flow rate (4 ml/min), smaller particle size (200-355 µm) and high percentage ratio of modifier (10%) could obtain more anthocyanins content. Thus, the manipulation of several parameters in the SC-CO2 extraction process could enhance the selectivity of anthocyanins extraction from the total extract.
Hexane-isopropanol Extraction And Quality Assessment Of Omega-3 Fish Oil From Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)
Authors: Iberahim N I , Tan B C 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAtlantic salmon (Salmo Salar) is one of the fish species that rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can lower down the risk of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. The extraction of omega-3 fish oil from Atlantic salmon by using hexane and isopropanol was conducted in this research. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to study the impact of parameters which were temperature (50-90°C), centrifuge speed (1000-3000rpm) and solvent ratio of hexane to isopropanol (0.5-1.5) to the percentage of oil yield. The results obtained shows that 15.23%± 0.61 of oil yield from Atlantic salmon under an optimum condition of 70°C, 3000 rpm and solvent ratio of hexane to isopropanol of 1.5. The acid value, peroxide value and p-anisidine value of the fish oil obtained were 7.48 mg KOH/g, 1.94 meq/kg and 5.56 respectively which were all within the acceptable limit which stipulated by Global Organization for EPA and DHA (GOED) and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The FTIR analysis proved the presence of alkane and carboxylic acid in the fish oil. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed that the fish oil contains higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) contents followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 4.5525% of total omega-3 fatty acids.
Studies on factors affecting unconfined compressive strength of industrial rubber sludge containing heavy metals treated using ordinary Portland cement via stabilization/solidification technique
Authors: Abdul Rani A L , Rashid N A , Abdullah M A H , Omar M F , Salim A S , Anuar N A I 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
High concentration of selected heavy metals within industrial rubber sludge collected from rubber industry wastewater treatment plant has classified the waste as scheduled waste. Special treatment to the waste by using ordinary Portland cement via solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique has been performed in laboratory scale. The objective of this research is to determine related factors that affect unconfined compressive strength (UCS) performance of stabilised/solidified (s/s) cube specimens which contains industrial rubber sludge waste. Other parameters observed include the curing condition (i.e. air and water immersion curing method), waste composition, specimen age and density. The prepared fresh mix were cast in plastic moulds in order to produce 50 mm3 cubical shape specimens and leaved to set approximately 24 to 48 hours. The prepared specimen batches are S1 (90% OPC + 10% waste), S2 (70% OPC + 30% waste), S3 (50% OPC + 50% waste). UCS was performed on respective specimen age of 7 and 28 days. Positive results were obtained as relatively the average compressive strength of 7 day air cured specimens reach 5.25 MPa, 5.28 MPa, and 2.16 MPa for S1, S2 and S3.While, 28 days air cured specimens results are 9.59 MPa, 8.01 MPa, and 1.46 MPa for S1, S2, and S3 respectively. As for water immersion, the compressive strengths are 8.19 MPa, 4.93 MPa, and 1.90 MPa for 7 days, and 7.75 MPa, 10.10 MPa, and 2.11 MPa for 28 days at respective S1, S2 and S3 sequence. As conclusion, the specimens prepared passed the minimum requirement for secured landfill disposal which is at 1 MPa.
Case Study of sewerage pipe installation using Pipe Jacking and Micro-tunnelling Boring Machine (MTBM) in Ipoh
Authors: Aiman Muhammad Shafiq , Hadri M , Mohamad H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper provides a review of the sewerage pipe installations near Jalan Pengkalan Perindustrian, Ipoh Perak using pipe jacking and micro-tunneling methods. The alignment of the pipe installation involving tunneling and jacking beneath the KTMB (Kereta Api Tanah Melayu Berhad) railway track with 191 m distance from jacking to receiving pit. The average jacking force of the micro-tunneling boring machine varies over distance and the highest recorded was 310 tons at 190 m distance from jacking pit meanwhile 50 tons was the lowest jacking force within 10 m distance from the jacking pit. The trend of the advance rate, mm/m shows the similarity with the average jacking force. The higher average of jacking force leads to a higher value of advance rate with the highest and lowest value was 270 mm/m and 5 mm/m respectively. The excessive deviation for both line and level affect the magnitude of the ground surface settlement where 100 mm and 130 mm for both line and level produce 30 mm of ground surface settlement at 40 m distance from the jacking pit. As the machine advances further and has better control in deviation, the settlement decrease where the value for both line and level below 30 mm, the settlement decrease to 10 mm at 80 m distance from the jacking pit and the trend continues to decrease for both deviation and settlement. The maximum settlement for the railway track was 2 mm after the MTBM passing through and still within the allowable limit set by KTMB (10 mm over 10 m chords for intervention).
Natural Drainage Transporter System for Rainfall-Induced Residual Soil Slope Stabilisation – a review
Authors: Baharudin Nur Azlin , Kassim Azman , Ahmad Kamarudin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The rainfall-induced residual soil slope stability issues constitute a major threat to both lives and property particularly in tropical country which characterized as intense and long duration rainfall. Capillary barrier system (CBS) is a well-known alternative in controlling the pore-water pressure built up and percolation. There were various studies has been done to improve the CBS performance but it shows that the performance of the conventional CBS under intense rainfall has not been particularly convincing. The application of transport layer with CBS as a cover to prevent percolation of rainfall infiltration into residual soil slope and landfill has been studied however the effectiveness was assured. This review article discusses the application of unsaturated drainage transport layer system as an intermediate layer at natural soil layer to divert rainfall infiltration laterally for residual soil slope stabilisation. A drainage transport system is a great alternative to increase lateral diversion capacity at the interface of Grade VI and Grade V soil slope layers and delay breakthrough occurrences.
Application of Photogrammetric Technique in Determination of Rock Slope Stability of Quarry
Authors: Ismail Afiqah , Rashid Ahmad Safuan A , Sa’ari Radzuan , Rasib Abd Wahid 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Identify the characterization and orientation of the discontinuities such as joint, bedding and fault is a requirement in rock slope stability analysis because discontinuities control the type of failure. Until today, geologist still practices the classical method to determine the dip and strike of discontinuities which is by using Brunton compass at the field. It is difficult to measure at the inaccessible area, dangerous when having physical contact with the steep, fractured slope and time consuming to cover a large area are limitations of this method. A recent development in remote sensing has introduced Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) as an indirect method in mapping the rock slopes by using the point cloud data. TLS allows for extremely rapid acquisition of large amounts of 3D coordinates of objects’ surfaces, with high precision measurement. The aim of this paper is to apply Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) in determine the dip and strikes of the joints and compare the value with the hand measurement at a granite quarry in Ulu Choh, Johor. Analysis of the data shows the TLS method able to obtain the data for the joints and show almost the same trend. Thus, TLS is an efficient technology in geological practice.
Adaptive PD Controller Performance for Direct Cooling of Thermoelectric Refrigerator
Authors: Saifizi M. , Manan M R , Jalaluddin B Mat , Mohd Jobran Junaidah Ali , Mustafa Wan Azani , Kawi R Md , Lee T W , Mat Piah M S , Diana N S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Refrigerator is the key component to keep the medicine and biological sample in the hospital. The domestic refrigerator has the problem of larger size and heavier weight since to the compact system like condenser, compressor, evaporator and expansion valve are assemble and using in the refrigerator. This project focused on design of temperature control of the portable thermoelectric refrigerator for medical purpose. Thermoelectric refrigerator is using the direct cooling method through thermoelectric module. Thermoelectric refrigerator has several advantages such as smaller size, lighter and silent when operated. Since maintain a constant temperature for the storage of medical product is important, a specific refrigerator is needed to ensure the medicine is stored in desired temperature. This project is to design and develop an adaptive control system which can perform a good temperature control for the thermoelectric refrigerator. The second order model is applied to design adaptive Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller. The selected controller is the adaptive PD controller because the performance of response shows 0.42°C of less steady state error and 0.21°C of lower undershoot. The adaptive PD control system designed able to let the refrigerator operate in different operating condition without influence the performance of the refrigerator.
Test Frequency Optimization Using Single Factor ANOVA for Capacitive Oil Palm Fruit Ripeness Sensor
Authors: Abdul Aziz Abdul Hallis , Abuzar Siti Azura , Azol Mas Elyna , Che Rose Nurol Husna , Mohmad Rohaslida Liyana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The traditional method of palm oil fruit ripeness grading requires manual human observation imposing time consumption. This paper describes the work to determine best frequency gritted for capacitive ripeness grading. To find the ripeness, the frequency response of ripe and unripe fruitlet in between capacitive plates is evaluated. Parallel plate that is connected to resistor in series is used as the sensor. The function generator is used to give a sinusoidal wave frequency or known as Vin that gives input from 20 kHz to 300 kHz and the oscilloscope is used to obtain the output reading which is the difference in value of the Vpp. From the result, it is observed that there is difference between ripe and unripe fruitlet also the frequency of 100 kHz and below shows that the reading can be differentiate between fruitlet. After the frequency past the 100 kHz the reading is hard to differentiate before at one point the graph will become static even the weight of each fruitlet is difference.
Wearable Child safety System
Authors: Jayanthi A N , Malathi L. , Munaf S. , Bharathi A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper focuses on a smart wearable device used for children. The main benefit of this wearable compared to other wearable is that it can be used in any of smart mobile phones and does not need a very costly mobile phone and not a highly technical human. The main idea of this wearable safety system is to aid the parents in finding their child very easily. In the current scenario, there are lot of wearable that monitors the routine behavior and activities of children and also help to find the child using Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth services that are available on the device. But both of them seems to be an unsecured communication in between the parent and the child. Therefore, the objective of this paper is SMS (Short message service) text enabled link in between the child’s wearable and the respective parent. The main idea for achieving this is Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM). The parent has to send a text message in the form of SMS using words like “Temperature”, “SOS”, “Location”, “Buzz” etc., to the wearable system. The wearable device sends an acknowledgement in the form of a text showing the location of the child and will provide the atmospheric temperature, so that the parents can have a track if the temperature does not suit the child. The next measure that can be taken is by using a SOS Light that is bright. Distress alarm buzzer present on the wearable device can also be activated by the parents through SMS text to display the SOS signal very clearly and rings an alarm which the nearby public can immediately react to the safety of the child till the parents come or they can try to reach he parents and assist in locating the child.
Control of Hybrid Distributed Energy Resources with Storage Connected to Microgrid
Authors: Ferdous Md Musabbir , Pasupuleti Jagadeesh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Renewable energy based distributed generators (DGs) assume an overwhelming role in electricity creation, with the expansion in global warming. Distributed generation dependent on wind, solar energy, diesel generator the utilization of energy units and battery energy storage will give significant force in the near future. Advantages like environmental friendliness, expandability, and adaptability have made distributed generation, controlled by different renewable and nonconventional micro-sources, an attractive alternative for designing current electrical system. A microgrid consists of a group of loads and distributed generators that work as a single controllable system. The microgrid idea presents the decrease of numerous reverse conversions in an individual AC or DC grid and encourages associations with variable renewable AC and DC sources and loads to power systems. To the customer the microgrid can be designed to meet their special requirements; such as enhancement of local reliability, reduction of feeder losses, local voltages support, increased efficiency using waste heat, correction of voltage sag or uninterruptible power supply. Here photovoltaic system, wind turbine, generator, and battery are utilized for the advancement of the microgrid. Additionally, control systems are actualized for the converters to appropriately facilitate the AC to DC and DC to AC. However, the performance of the optimal fuzzy controller is also justified by comparing with the PI based controller. The outcomes are obtained from the MATLAB/SIMULINK condition.
Design and implementation of PK-PD model based PID controller for closed loop anesthesia regulation
Authors: Veerakumar S , AnandBabu V , Varun B 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a surgery and also helps to maintain the patient blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate etc., Regulating the depth of anesthesia is a difficult task, since anesthetists has to consider nonlinearity, inter and intra-patient variability, multivariable characteristics, variable time delays, dynamics dependent on the hypnotic agent, variability in model analysis. Automatic anesthesia regulation aims to automatically regulate the anesthesia levels by considering the several physiological measurements of patients. In this work we are study a safe and capable progress for hypnotic drug propofol delivery using closed loop control technology and Bispectral Index (BIS) have used to measure the depth of anesthesia. A control strategy that combines a bispectral index and pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamics models Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) controller were investigated. The controller compares the calculated BIS value with its input reference for the path of the hypnotic drug propofol and then the controller manages the anesthetic of propofol entering the anesthetic process to attain the desired BIS value.
UDP-TRIZ model improvement with a focus group discussion of TRIZ experts
Authors: Shahrin S , Rahman K A A A , Kamarudin K M , Me R Che , Razali J R , Abidin I , Aminuddin M M M , Mustaffa I , Jalal M F A , Hassan M F C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Universal Design is a fundamentals of good design. A product with Universal Design approach should provide wide range of solution for people with different purposes including those with diverse disabilities. However, designers often based on a subjective understanding of Universal Design Principles (UDP) to formulate design solutions. This result in the inaccurate conversion of design needs. A systematic approach is needed in order to develop a concept to meet the customer need. Previous studies shown potential integration of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) proposed to create a systematic approach for problem-solving requires creativity abilities. The purpose of this study is to explore the construction of the integration model of UDP and TRIZ 40 inventive principles. To construct the integration model of UDP and TRIZ 40 inventive principles, this study will use focus group discussion of certified TRIZ experts in the exploration of establishing an integration model of UDP and TRIZ 40 inventive principles. The further discussion onto the elements required to create the integration model by the TRIZ experts will be taken into consideration to construct a final model UDP-TRIZ model. Finally, the results are expected to lead towards a final integration model of the UDP and TRIZ integration model.
Design and structural analysis of 3D-printed modular furniture joints
Authors: Aiman A F , Sanusi H , Haidiezul A H M , Cheong H Y 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Modular furniture joint defined as a connection used to connect two or more wood pieces to produce furniture with multiple functions. Notofusy furniture joint made from plywood was less expensive. However, during the manufacturing process, it was occasionally caused tear-out of wood fibre. Therefore, this research has been carried out to investigate and compare the existing material and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) fabrication method on the designed modular furniture joint. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of elasto-plastic method from ABAQUS CAE software and three-point bending test were used to evaluate the structural analysis of designed modular furniture joint. In this research, the final concept selected was able to withstand load up to 730 kg and it only weights 113.59 g. The long-term goal for this research was to evaluate the possibility of producing end products using FDM technology. It was found that FDM contributed to cost effective in low volume production. In this research, the material focused were Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETG). However, future studies can be conducted to evaluate the possibility of using other 3D printing materials.
High specific heterocontacts of p-CuO/n-ZnO thin film composites for enhanced sunlight absorption
Authors: Syazwani A S , Marina M , Rahman W , Zamzuri M Z M , Hadi H , Syahmi R M A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study is focused on investigating the heterocontacts development between p-CuO and n-ZnO semiconductor composite for enhancing its sunlight absorption. CuO and ZnO are chosen as precursors due to their many potentials. High absorption of sunlight is one of the most important criteria in photovoltaic (PV) device. However poor crystal structure and low contact surface between the p and n semiconductors limits the light intake and is due to several factors. To carry out intensive study on the mechanism of the heterocontact growth, CuO:ZnO thin film is synthesized by mechanical alloying process using high energy ball mill (HEBM) followed by sol gel technique. Three parameters were studied; sol-gel’s surfactant to solvent ratio, annealing temperature and annealing duration. The homogeneity and compounds’ distribution of the composite is analysed by EDS analysis and structural characterization is done with XRD analysis. The UV-VIS analysis is done to determine the light absorbance and the bandgap of the composite. The initial mechanical centrifugation HEBM has aided the process for homogenizing the composite and boost the heterointerface between the semiconductors by mechanochemical effects such as phase transformations and solid-state reactions. EDS analysis reported that 500°C annealed specimen giving the lowest percentage of ratio gap than others temperature and the heterocontact surface between molecules of material also increased. Uv-Vis analysis also agrees with EDS, showing the specimen having highest absorbance spectra. However, bandgap narrowing occurred in the specimen, as resulted by the coexistence of transitional metal Cu in the composite system. XRD analysis shows a near single oriented crystal growth which promotes clean growth of crystal structure and hypothetically reduce the presence of unwanted voids and large boundaries.
Numerical evaluation of the motion of fogging flow along the inlet duct of gas turbine engines
Authors: Kofar-Bai D G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Computational fluid dynamic analysis of inlet duct fogging system was carried out to understand the characteristics flow of nozzles spray along the air inlet duct channel of Alstom GT13E2 gas turbine, the numerical work is validated using wind tunnel experimental data of previous study. Flow resistance on the nozzle were studied at specified reference locations. The results obtained have shown that, fogging spray possesses significant effects on mass flow rate due transfer of heat of evaporation caused by air to the liquid droplets in the inlet duct, which greatly influence the performance of the compressor and turbine. An adequately space between the nozzles array and compressor bell mouth produces mass flow rate evaporability up to 87.63% and temperature difference drop by roughly 6°C. The pressure distribution becomes uniformly and squarely distributed when positioned at least 2.0 m away from the nozzle array. The current research offers an inclusive coverage on the droplets evaporative cooling effects, air flow resistance through pressure drop and their effects on the compressor performances, it is our desire that the work will be of added benefit to the gas turbine engine designers.