bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wars, public finances and interest rates for rural lending: evidence from 19th-century Lima
Authors: Zegarra Luis Felipe 
Published: December 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of political instability on rural credit in Lima between 1835 and 1865. In particular, it explores the effects of wars on interest rates for the agricultural sector.Design/methodology/approachThe paper relies on primary sources for the study of the early credit market of Lima. In particular, the study relies on a sample of more than 800 notarized loans for 1835–1865, collected from the National Archives of Peru, to determine the effect of wars on the cost of credit.FindingsThe evidence shows that wars increased interest rates on rural loans and that the impact of wars on the cost of credit was greater when the State lacked fiscal resources. Political instability made funding more costly for landlords and farmers, especially in the late 1830s and early 1840s.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the few historical studies on the role of wars on rural credit in Latin America. It contributes to our understanding of the linkages between political instability and financial development.
The effect of government spending innovations on the Ethiopian economy
Authors: Gereziher Hayelom Yrgaw , Nuru Naser Yenus 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the size of government spending components’ multipliers for the Ethiopian economy over the sample period of 2001Q1 up to 2017Q4.

Design/methodology/approach
The effects of government spending are analyzed by applying short-run contemporaneous restrictions for the identification of shocks in an SVAR in order to estimate multipliers for the small open economy. Accordingly, recursive identification scheme is used in this study.

Findings
From the impulse response functions, the authors found that aggregate government spending is less effective in stimulating the economy for the study period as evidenced by almost zero multipliers. This can be due to many structural and conjunctural factors that tend to lower the multiplier effects. At a disaggregate level, real GDP responds negatively to capital spending while its effect on recurrent spending is positive and insignificant on impact. The variation to real GDP is best explained by the variation in capital spending as compared to recurrent spending.

Originality/value
Though almost none in number, little research has been conducted in Ethiopia related to the effect of government spending shock on output. But this research deviates from the previous study by introducing a new methodology which is SVAR with cholesky decomposition. The previous study, however, used Bayesian VAR. Besides to that, using cholesky identification scheme, government spending is decomposed in to recurrent and capital spending to see the effect of government spending components on output and government spending multipliers are also computed both at an aggregate and disaggregate level.
Modeling and numerical simulation for flow of hybrid nanofluid (SiO2/C3H8O2) and (MoS2/C3H8O2) with entropy optimization and variable viscosity
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ijaz , Ahmad Khan Sohail , Hayat Tasawar , Waqas Muhammad , Alsaedi Ahmed 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the entropy optimization in magnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanomaterials flows toward a stretchable surface. The energy expression is modeled subject to dissipation, heat generation/absorption and Joule heating. Here silicon dioxide (SiO2) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as nanoparticles and propylene glycol (C3H8O2) as base fluid, respectively. Furthermore, the authors discussed the comparative study of molybdenum disulfide and silicon dioxide diluted in propylene glycol. The total entropy optimization rate is computed through implementation of the second law of thermodynamics.

Design/methodology/approach
The nonlinear partial differential system is reduced to an ordinary one through implementation of transformation. Newton built-in shooting method is used for computational results for the given system. Influences of various flow variables on the temperature, Bejan number, velocity, concentration and entropy generation rate are examined graphically for both nanoparticles (SiO2 and MoS2). Gradients of velocity and temperature are computed numerically for various physical parameters. Also, take the comparison between the present and previously published results in tabulated form.

Findings
For higher estimation of ϕ both temperature and velocity are enhanced. Entropy optimization and Bejan number have the opposite outcome for viscosity parameter. Temperature and velocity have opposite behaviors for larger values of magnetic parameter. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is more efficient than silicon dioxide (SiO2).

Originality/value
No such work is yet published in the literature.
Practitioner perspectives of multi-agency safeguarding hubs (MASH)
Authors: Shorrock Sarah , McManus Michelle M. , Kirby Stuart 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The challenges of transferring the theoretical requirements of an effective multi-agency partnership into everyday practices are often overlooked, particularly within safeguarding practices. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore practitioner perspectives of working within a multi-agency safeguarding hub (MASH) and those factors that encourage or hinder a multi-agency approach to safeguarding vulnerable individuals.

Design/methodology/approach
Semi-structured interviews with 23 practitioners from one MASH location in the North of England were conducted, with a thematic analysis being used to analyse findings.

Findings
The interviews with practitioners illustrated the complexity of establishing a multi-agency approach to safeguarding. It was inferred that whilst information sharing and trust between agencies had improved, the absence of a common governance structure, unified management system, formalisation of practices and procedures and shared pool of resources limited the degree to which MASH could be considered a multi-agency approach to safeguarding.

Practical implications
Establishing a multi-agency approach to safeguarding is complex and does not occur automatically. Rather, the transition to collaborative practices needs to be planned, with agreed practices and processes implemented from the beginning and reviewed regularly.

Originality/value
Few studies have investigated the implementation of MASH into safeguarding practices, with this paper providing a unique insight into practitioner opinions regarding the transition to multi-agency practices. Whilst there is a focus on MASH, the challenges to arise from the research may be reflective of other multi-agency partnerships, providing a foundation for best practice to emerge.
Healing work
Authors: Suiter Sarah V. , Wilfong C. Danielle 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore women’s experiences in one such social enterprise, and to analyze the ways in which this social enterprise supports and/or undermines its employees’ health and well-being. Finding and keeping employment during recovery from addiction is a strong predictor of women’s ability to maintain sobriety and accomplish other important life goals. Many treatment organizations have programs that support job readiness and acquisition; however, less priority is placed on the quality of the workplaces and their consequences for continued health and well-being. Social enterprises that exist for the purpose of employing women in recovery have the potential to be health-promoting workspaces, but understanding how health is supported for this particular population is important.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper provides an ethnographic account of Light Collective, a social enterprise run by women in recovery from addiction. Data were collected through 2 years of participant observation, 38 interviews and 2 focus groups. Data were analysed using a grounded theory approach.

Findings
Light Collective provides a health-promoting workplace by keeping barriers to employment low and making work hours and expectations individualized and flexible. Furthermore, the organization creates a setting in which work is developmentally nurturing, provides the opportunity for meaningful mastery and serves to build community amongst women who are often marginalized and isolated in more traditional contexts.

Originality/value
This study contributes to literature exploring the potential for social enterprises to create health-promoting workplaces by focusing the types of workplace commitments required to support a particularly vulnerable population. This study also explores some of the challenges and contradictions inherent in trying to create health-promoting work environments vis-à-vis the constraints of broader economic systems.
Ibuprofen Plus Acetaminophen Versus Ibuprofen Alone for Acute Low Back Pain: An Emergency Department–based Randomized Study
Authors: Friedman Benjamin W. , Irizarry Eddie , Chertoff Andrew , Feliciano Carmen , Solorzano Clemencia , Zias Eleftheria , Gallagher E. John 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesPatients with low back pain (LBP) are often treated with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs are modestly effective for LBP, but many patients with LBP continue to suffer despite treatment with these medications. We compared pain and functional outcomes 1 week after emergency department (ED) discharge among patients randomized to a 1‐week course of ibuprofen plus acetaminophen versus ibuprofen plus placebo.MethodsThis was a randomized, double‐blind study conducted in two urban EDs. Patients presenting with acute, nontraumatic, nonradicular LBP of no more than 2 weeks’ duration were eligible for enrollment immediately prior to discharge from an ED if they had a score > 5 on the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), a 24‐item validated instrument, indicating more than minimal functional impairment. All patients were given a standardized 10‐minute LBP educational session prior to discharge. The primary outcome was improvement on the RMDQ between ED discharge and 1 week later. One secondary outcome was pain intensity, as measured on a 4‐point descriptive scale (severe, moderate, mild, none) at 1 week.ResultsEnrollment began in October 2018. A total of 120 patients met selection criteria and were randomized. Baseline demographic characteristics were comparable between the two groups. By 1 week after the ED visit, patients randomized to ibuprofen plus placebo reported a mean (±SD) improvement in the RMDQ of 11.9 (±9.7), while those randomized to ibuprofen plus acetaminophen reported a mean (±SD) improvement of 11.1 (±10.7). The 95% CI for the between‐group difference of 0.8 was −3.0 to 4.7. At 1 week, moderate or severe pain was reported by 15 of 53 (28%) patients in the ibuprofen plus placebo group and 16 of 57 (28%) patients in the ibuprofen plus acetaminophen group (95% CI for between‐group difference of 0% = −17% to 17%).ConclusionAmong ED patients with acute, nontraumatic, nonradicular LBP, adding acetaminophen to ibuprofen does not improve outcomes within 1 week.
Automatic aspects of response selection remain unchanged during high‐dose alcohol intoxication
Authors: Stock Ann‐Kathrin , Bensmann Wiebke , Zink Nicolas , Münchau Alexander , Beste Christian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRegular binge‐drinking increases the risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD) and induces similar acute effects on behavioral control, particularly in case of response selection conflicts. No such effects have been reported for automatic/bottom‐up response selection, even though AUD alters automaticity. However, it has never been reliably tested whether this domain is truly unchanged during high‐dose alcohol intoxication. To investigate this question with the help of Bayesian analyses, we subjected n=31 young healthy male participants to a within‐subject design, where each participant was tested twice in a counter‐balanced order (ie, once sober and once intoxicated at 1.1‰). On each appointment, the participants performed the S‐R paradigm, which assesses automatic stimulus‐response (S‐R) binding within the framework of the theory of event coding (TEC). In short, the TEC states that stimulus features and responses become encoded in an event file when they occur simultaneously. These event files will be reactivated by any matching stimulus feature, thus facilitating the encoded response (and hampering different responses). Alcohol led to a general decrease in behavioral performance, as demonstrated by significant main effects of intoxication status on accuracy and response times (all P ≤ .009). We also reproduced typical task effects, but did not find any significant interactions with the intoxication factor (all P ≥ .099). The latter was further substantiated by Bayesian analyses providing positive to strong evidence for the null hypothesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that even high‐dose alcohol intoxication does not impair automatic response selection/S‐R associations.
Infiltration of tumor‐associated macrophages is involved in tumor programmed death‐ligand 1 expression in early lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shima Toshiyuki , Shimoda Masayuki , Shigenobu Takao , Ohtsuka Takashi , Nishimura Tomoyasu , Emoto Katsura , Hayashi Yuichiro , Iwasaki Tatsuro , Abe Takayuki , Asamura Hisao , Kanai Yae 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProgrammed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is an immune modulator that promotes immunosuppression by binding to programmed death‐1 of T‐lymphocytes. Although tumor cell PD‐L1 expression has been shown to be associated with the clinical response to anti–PD‐L1 antibodies, its concise regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated the associations of tumor PD‐L1 expression and immune cell infiltrating patterns in 146 cases of early lung adenocarcinoma (AC) to investigate the possible extrinsic regulation of tumor PD‐L1 by immune cells. Using immunohistochemistry, cell surface PD‐L1 expression in tumor cells was observed in 18.5% of stage 0‐IA lung AC patients. Tumor PD‐L1 positivity was significantly associated with stromal invasion, which was accompanied by increased tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM), CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Among these immune cells, TAM and CD8+ T cells significantly accumulated in PD‐L1‐positive carcinoma cell areas, which showed a tumor cell nest‐infiltrating pattern. Although CD8+ T cells are known to induce tumor PD‐L1 expression via interferon‐ɣ production, the increased TAM within tumors were also associated with tumor cell PD‐L1 positivity, independently of CD8+ T cell infiltration. Our in vitro experiments revealed that PD‐L1 expression in lung cancer cell lines was significantly upregulated by co–culture with M2‐differentiated macrophages; expression of PD‐L1 was reduced to baseline levels following treatment with a transforming growth factor‐β inhibitor. These results demonstrated that tumor‐infiltrating TAM are extrinsic regulators of tumor PD‐L1 expression, indicating that combination therapy targeting both tumor PD‐L1 and stromal TAM might be a possible strategy for effective treatment of lung cancer.
Young children are more likely to cheat after overhearing that a classmate is smart
Authors: Zhao Li , Chen Lulu , Sun Wenjin , Compton Brian J. , Lee Kang , Heyman Gail D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResearch on moral socialization has largely focused on the role of direct communication and has almost completely ignored a potentially rich source of social influence: evaluative comments that children overhear. We examined for the first time whether overheard comments can shape children's moral behavior. Three‐ and 5‐year‐old children (N = 200) participated in a guessing game in which they were instructed not to cheat by peeking. We randomly assigned children to a condition in which they overheard an experimenter tell another adult that a classmate who was no longer present is smart, or to a control condition in which the overheard conversation consisted of non‐social information. We found that 5‐year‐olds, but not 3‐year‐olds, cheated significantly more often if they overheard the classmate praised for being smart. These findings show that the effects of ability praise can spread far beyond the intended recipient to influence the behavior of children who are mere observers, and they suggest that overheard evaluative comments can be an important force in shaping moral development.
Hypoglycaemia is reduced with use of inhaled Technosphere® Insulin relative to insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Seaquist E. R. , Blonde L. , McGill J. B. , Heller S. R. , Kendall D. M. , Bumpass J. B. , Pompilio F. M. , Grant M. L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of final HbA1c levels on the incidences of hypoglycaemia in participants with type 1 diabetes treated with inhaled Technosphere® Insulin or subcutaneous insulin aspart, reported in alignment with the International Hypoglycaemia Study Group recommendations.MethodsIn the randomized, phase 3, multicentre AFFINITY‐1 study, adults (N = 375) who had type 1 diabetes for ≥ 12 months and an HbA1c level of 58–86 mmol/mol (7.5–10.0%) were randomized to receive basal insulin plus either inhaled Technosphere Insulin or subcutaneous insulin aspart. This was a post‐hoc regression analysis on a subset (N = 279) of the randomized AFFINITY‐1 cohort for whom baseline and end‐of‐treatment HbA1c values were reported. Primary outcome measures were incidence and event rates for levels 1, 2 and 3 hypoglycaemia, respectively defined as blood glucose levels of ≤ 3.9 mmol/l, < 3.0 mmol/l or requiring external assistance for recovery.ResultsParticipants treated with Technosphere Insulin experienced statistically significantly fewer level 1 and 2 hypoglycaemic events and a lower incidence of level 3 hypoglycaemia than participants treated with insulin aspart. The lower rate of hypoglycaemia with Technosphere Insulin was observed across the range of end‐of‐treatment HbA1c levels. Technosphere Insulin was associated with higher rates of hypoglycaemia 30–60 min after meals, but significantly lower rates 2–6 h after meals.ConclusionsParticipants using Technosphere Insulin experienced clinically non‐inferior glycaemic control and lower hypoglycaemia rates across a range of HbA1c levels compared with participants receiving insulin aspart. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01445951.
Increased risk of long‐term sickness absence, lower rate of return to work and higher risk of disability pension among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Danish retrospective cohort study with up to 17 years’ follow‐up
Authors: Nexø M. A. , Pedersen J. , Cleal B. , Bjorner J. B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate labour market outcomes in type 1 or type 2 diabetes.MethodsIndividuals with type 1 (n = 431) and type 2 diabetes (n = 4047) were identified in Danish national registers from 1994 to 2011 and compared with individuals without diabetes (n = 101 295). Multi‐state Cox proportional hazards analyses estimated hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for transitions between work, sickness absence, unemployment and disability pension.ResultsWe observed significantly higher HR of sickness absence in type 1 diabetes (women: 1.34, 95% CI 1.12–1.62; men: 1.43, 1.01–2.03) and type 2 diabetes (women: 1.46, 95% CI 1.35–1.58; men: 1.64, 1.46–1.85) compared with people without diabetes. HR of unemployment was higher for men with type 1 diabetes (1.25, 95% CI 1.01–1.53) and women with type 2 diabetes (1.09, 95% CI 1.03–1.16) and men with type 2 diabetes (1.17, 95% CI 1.08–1.27). HR of disability pension was higher in type 1 diabetes (women: 1.90, 95% CI 1.46–2.46; men: 2.09, 1.38–3.18) and type 2 diabetes (women: 1.78, 95% CI 1.62–1.96; men: 2.11, 1.86–2.40). Only women with type 2 diabetes were less likely to return to work from sickness absence (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.86–0.98) or unemployment (0.89, 95% CI 0.85–0.94). We found no significant difference between the two types of diabetes. Hazard ratios for diabetes regarding unemployment, sickness absence while unemployed and disability pension were significantly higher for men than for women.ConclusionsBoth type 1 and type 2 diabetes affect labour market outcomes, but future studies should also consider comorbidity and social gradient.
Comparison of Two Computational Methods for Estimating Transmissivity Based on the Picking Equation
Authors: Mills A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA comparison is presented of two computational methods, PICKINGmodel and PPC‐Recovery, to estimate transmissivities based on the Picking equation using water‐level recovery data from brief pumping tests of relatively low‐yielding domestic wells. The tests were performed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 50 domestic bedrock wells in south‐central New York State, and USGS staff performed the analysis using PICKINGmodel based on the Picking equation. The results indicated that the estimated transmissivities ranged from 0.86 to 2900 ft2/d (0.080 to 270 m2/d) with a median of 41 ft2/d (3.8 m2/d). The same data were later analyzed using PPC‐Recovery also based on the Picking equation. The two sets of estimated transmissivities were compared and statistically had the same median value at a probability of 95%. In another analysis, the PPC‐Recovery method was applied to the same data that had been truncated at the point when the slope of the recovery data curve began to deviate from a straight line aligned with the middle portion of the recovery data. Comparing these resulting estimates of transmissivity with values originally obtained using the PICKINGmodel, the two had statistically the same median value for transmissivity at a probability of 95%. It was concluded that using PPC‐Recovery in this manner to estimate transmissivity in low‐yielding domestic wells will yield transmissivity values sufficiently close to the results had PICKINGmodel been used, and with less time and effort.
Combined hematologic parameters to optimize review criteria on XE‐5000
Authors: Fu Liang , Guo Xinyu , Li Xueheng , Peng Li , Luo Huixian , Xu Yao , Zeng Fangyin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionForty‐one consensus review rules are presented to a large number of hematology laboratories worldwide, as suggested by the International Consensus Group for Hematology Review. Research on the review criteria has mainly focused on adjusting the threshold of each parameter to establish optimized criteria with better efficiency based on the consensus group criteria. This study aimed to optimize the review criteria by combining hematologic parameters on a Sysmex XE‐5000 hematology analyzer (XE‐5000).Material and methodsA total of 662 nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) and 406 atypical lymphocyte cell (AL) flagged samples were used to establish hematologic parameters associated with NRBC and AL, respectively. Another set of 1423 optimization samples were used to validate the optimized criteria of NRBC and AL by combining associative hematologic parameters. The efficiency of each set of criteria was compared and optimized to obtain better efficiency, an acceptable slide review rate, and a low false‐negative rate.ResultsIn the optimization NRBC set combining triple parameters, compared with the default setting (P < .001), the slide review rate declined from 30.26% to 14.42%, and the efficiency increased from 75.65% to 91.02%. In the optimization AL set combining triple parameters, compared with the default setting (P < .001), the slide review rate declined from 40.60% to 11.80%, and the efficiency increased from 64.02% to 93.00%.ConclusionsBased on the adjustment of Q‐flag values combining associative hematologic parameters, the optimal criteria with a low false‐negative rate not only might have a higher efficiency but also may significantly reduce the slide review rate.