bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial officers, the municipal swap industry and the rise of risky innovations among states
Authors: Janssen Agnes 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
At the turn of the millennium, US states started to employ debt-related derivatives. Surprisingly, the prevalence of these instruments among states peaked soon after the first corporate scandals involving such complex financial tools. Why did states embrace swaps? I build on political and sociological arguments and posit that both the industry’s and the state’s interests must be considered. The swaps industry started marketing swaps to treasurers as part of their fee-based business model and in response to declining profits, while governments welcomed swaps as they fit the treasurers’ professional agenda. I test this argument with original data on the initial swaps adoption by US states between 1989 and 2014. The event history analysis lends support for the theory. The findings complement explanations for the rise of risky instruments among states and contribute to the literature on financialization.
“Caring for the Mine”: Women in Capitalist Accumulation in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Pérez Leda M , De la Puente Lorena 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A “service provision” value chain that sustains the activities of the Las Bambas copper mine cuts across rural communities and the mining town, connected by the invisibilized work of indigenous and/or migrant women, through their maintenance of the rural homestead, or in their provision of feminized services, essential to men who work in the urban center near the mine. We argue that in this case women’s access to mining’s benefits and/or jobs in both rural and urban spaces is mediated by gender, as mining’s direct and indirect effects serve to consolidate their social reproductive roles.
Silica nanoparticles induce unfolded protein reaction mediated apoptosis in spermatocyte cells
Authors: Ren Lihua , Liu Jianhui , Wei Jialiu , Du Yefan , Zou Kaiyue , Yan Yongyang , Wang Zhihao , Zhang Linruo , Zhang Tong , Lu Hong , Zhou Xianqing , Sun Zhiwei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
With increasing air pollution, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), as a main inorganic member of PM2.5, have gained increasing attention to its reproductive toxicity. Most existing studies focused on the acute exposure, while data regarding the chronic effect of SiNPs on reproduction is limited. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the chronic toxicity of SiNPs on spermatocyte cells. The cells were continuously exposed to SiNPs for 1, 10, 20 and 30 generations at dose of 5 μg/ml SiNPs for 24 h per generation after attachment. The results showed that with the increasing generations of the exposure, SiNPs decreased the viability of spermatocyte cells, induced apoptosis and increased the level of reactive oxygen species in spermatocyte cells. Moreover, SiNPs increased the protein expression of GRP-78, p-PERK, IRE1α, ATF6 and Cleaved caspase-3 in spermatocyte cells, suggesting that SiNPs improved unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis. The present results indicated that the long-term and low-dose exposure to SiNPs could induce apoptosis by triggering ROS-mediated UPR in spermatocyte cells.
Superior growth, N uptake and NH4+ tolerance in the giant bamboo Phyllostachys edulis over the broad-leaved tree Castanopsis fargesii at elevated NH4+ may underlie community succession and favor the expansion of bamboo
Authors: Zou Na , Shi Weiming , Hou Lihan , Kronzucker Herbert J , Huang Ling , Gu Hongmei , Yang Qingpei , Deng Guanghua , Yang Guangyao 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The unbridled expansion of bamboo has imposed serious threats on ecosystem processes and functions. Considerable evidence indicates that bamboo invasions can alter plant-available soil nitrogen (N) pools and rates of N cycling, but the consequences of altered N availability for plant growth and community structure have thus far been poorly characterized. The primary soil-accessible N forms for most plants are ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−), but plants differ in their ability to use the different N forms, and these differences can be related to their ecological characteristics and drive community structure. In this context, we evaluated the growth response, N uptake and interspecific competition in two subtropical species, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houzeau (Synonym Phyllostachys heterocycla Carrière) and Castanopsis fargesii Franch., dominant species of bamboo and secondary evergreen broad-leaved forests, respectively, under changing N availability in seedlings supplied with different N concentrations and NH4+/NO3− proportions, in vermiculite culture, in a controlled environment. The results show that (i) both species display an NH4+ preference at elevated N concentrations. The growth of P. edulis seedlings was strongly enhanced at increased ratios of NH4+ to NO3− especially at higher N concentrations, but to a much lesser extent in C. fargesii. (ii) NH4+ preference at the level of N uptake in both species was confirmed by the Non-invasive Micro-test Technology and by examining 15N signatures. Phyllostachys edulis had higher NH4+ net fluxes and N concentration under NH4+ treatments than C. fargesii. (iii) NH4+ at higher concentrations caused toxicity in both species as it inhibited root growth and even caused seedling death, but P. edulis had a higher NH4+-tolerance threshold (24 mM) than C. fargesii (16 mM). (iv) When mixed-species cultures were examined in an NH4+-rich medium, the growth of C. fargesii, but not P. edulis, was significantly inhibited compared with growth in monoculture. Therefore, P. edulis exhibited stronger plasticity and adaptation to changing N availability, whereas C. fargesii had low responsiveness and capacity to acclimate to soil N changes. Phyllostachys edulis displayed a significant competitive growth advantage compared with C. fargesii on NH4+-dominated substrates.
Clinical Features and Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Neonates: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dhir Shashi Kant , Kumar Jogender , Meena Jitendra , Kumar Praveen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study is to systematically synthesize the currently available literature on various modes of transmission (congenital, intrapartum, and postpartum), clinical features and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science until 9 June 2020. A combination of keywords and MeSH terms, such as COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, 2019-nCoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, neonates, newborn, infant, pregnancy, obstetrics, vertical transmission, maternal–foetal transmission and intrauterine transmission, were used in the search strategy. We included studies reporting neonatal outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 proven pregnancies or neonatal cases diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection.ResultsEighty-six publications (45 case series and 41 case reports) were included in this review. Forty-five case series reported 1992 pregnant women, of which 1125 (56.5%) gave birth to 1141 neonates. A total of 281 (25%) neonates were preterm, and caesarean section (66%) was the preferred mode of delivery. Forty-one case reports describe 43 mother-baby dyads of which 16 were preterm, 9 were low birth weight and 27 were born by caesarean section. Overall, 58 neonates were reported with SARS-CoV-2 infection (4 had a congenital infection), of which 29 (50%) were symptomatic (23 required ICU) with respiratory symptoms being the predominant manifestation (70%). No mortality was reported in SARS-CoV-2-positive neonates.ConclusionThe limited low-quality evidence suggests that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections in neonates is extremely low. Unlike children, most COVID-positive neonates were symptomatic and required intensive care. Postpartum acquisition was the commonest mode of infection in neonates, although a few cases of congenital infection have also been reported.
Direct-to-consumer genomic testing
Authors: Flowers Elena , Leutwyler Heather , Shim Janet K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract:
Genomic testing is increasingly common in the consumer marketplace. The role of nurses in educating and counseling patients requires them to be prepared to respond to questions about the results of direct-to-consumer genomic testing. This article describes one individual's reflections upon undergoing this testing, the challenges of interpreting the results, and nursing considerations for integrating these results into clinical practice.
Comparison Between the Direct Anterior and Posterior Approaches for Total Hip Arthroplasty Performed for Femoral Neck Fracture
Authors: Cichos Kyle H. , Mabry Scott E. , Spitler Clay A. , McGwin Gerald , Quade Jonathan H. , Ghanem Elie S. 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
To compare 90-day and 1-year outcomes, including mortality, of femoral neck fracture patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) by direct anterior approach (DAA) versus posterior approach (PA).

Design:
Retrospective cohort.

Setting:
Level I Trauma Center.

Patients:
One hundred forty-three consecutive intracapsular femoral neck fractures treated with THA from 2010 to 2018. The minimum follow-up was 12 months, and the average follow-up was 14.6 months (12–72 months).

Main Outcome Measures:
Postoperative outcomes, including discharge ambulation, dislocation, periprosthetic joint infection, revision THA, and mortality at 90 days and 1 year after THA.

Results:
Of the 143 THA included, 44 (30.7%) were performed by DAA while 99 (69.3%) were performed by PA. In-hospital outcomes were similar between the cohorts. Compared with DAA patients, PA patients were more likely to ambulate without assistance preinjury (88.9% vs. 72.7%, P = 0.025) and be nonambulatory at the time of discharge (27.3% vs. 11.4%, P = 0.049). There were no significant differences in 90-day and 1-year postoperative outcomes between the DAA and PA groups, including dislocation, periprosthetic joint infection, periprosthetic fracture, mechanical complications, and revision surgery. Although there was no difference in mortality rate at 90 days, at 1-year follow-up the mortality rate was lower in the DAA group (0% vs. 11.1%, P = 0.018).

Conclusions:
Performing THA by DAA provides similar benefits in regards to medical and surgical outcomes compared with the PA for displaced femoral neck fracture. However, the DAA may lead to decreased 1-year mortality rates, possibly, because of improved early ambulation capacity that is an important predictor of long-term mortality.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Adaptive Behavior and Executive Functioning in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Using a Mixed Design
Authors: Glad Danielle M. , Casnar Christina L. , Yund Brianna D. , Enderle Marie J. , Siegel Dawn H. , Basel Donald G. , Klein-Tasman Bonita P. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) demonstrate poorer adaptive functioning compared with same-aged peers; however, there is limited research about the longitudinal pattern of adaptive behavior. The aim of this investigation was to examine parent-reported adaptive behavior of children with NF1 longitudinally beginning in early childhood and to examine relations with executive functioning.

Method:
Children with NF1 were assessed during early childhood (n = 59; aged 3–7; mean = 4.8, SD = 1.42) or school age (n = 39; aged 9–13; mean = 10.85, SD = 1.58), and a subset was seen at both time points (n = 26). The Scales of Independent Behavior—Revised was used to assess adaptive functioning, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Preschool Version/Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function was used to evaluate everyday executive functioning.

Results:
Adaptive behavior in early childhood was significantly correlated with adaptive behavior at school age (with the exception of social interaction and communication skills) and was significantly poorer at school age. The frequency of difficulties increased over time for overall adaptive behavior and motor skills. Executive functioning was related to adaptive behavior cross-sectionally within early childhood and at school age and showed longitudinal predictive value over time.

Conclusion:
This research contributes to the limited NF1 adaptive behavior literature by characterizing the longitudinal pattern of adaptive behavior and relations with executive abilities.
The U-shaped association between achieved blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in elderly and younger patients
Authors: Lim Nam-Kyoo , Park Hyun-Young , Kim Won-Ho , Mancia Giuseppe , Cho Myeong-Chan 
Published: July 2020

Objective:
The main objective is to assess the appropriate level of achieved SBP and DBP to prevent cardiovascular events.

Methods:
We used the National Sample Cohort from the National Health Insurance Service in Korea and analyzed data of 44 462 hypertensive patients aged 20--84 years. Achieved SBP and DBP were categorized according to average achieved SBP (<120, 120–129, 130–139, 140–149, and ≥150 mmHg) and DBP (<70, 70–79, 80–89, 90–99, and ≥100 mmHg). We examined the association between achieved BP and composite outcome including cardiovascular death, admission of stroke, myocardial infarction, or heart failure, and all-caused death in elderly aged more than 65 years and in younger patients.

Results:
After a median follow-up of 6.8 years, achieved SBP less than 120 mmHg and at least 150 mmHg in elderly and younger patients, respectively, were significantly associated with a higher risk of composite outcome than achieved SBP of 120–129 mmHg. Cox's proportional hazard analysis showed that the association between achieved SBP and risk of composite outcome and all-cause death had U-shaped relationships and identified a nadir of SBP of 135.6 and 128.9 mmHg, respectively, for composite outcome and 135.1 and 131.4 mmHg, respectively, for all-cause death in elderly and younger patients.

Conclusion:
Compared with SBP of 120–129 mmHg, not only low achieved SBP of less than 120 mmHg but also high BP are associated with risk of adverse cardiovascular event and all-cause death in both elderly and younger patients with a distinct U-shaped relationship.
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I in women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia
Authors: Muijsers Hella E.C. , Westermann Dirk , Birukov Anna , van der Heijden Olivier W.H. , Drost José T. , Kräker Kristin , Haase Nadine , Müller Dominik N. , Herse Florian , Maas Angela H.E.M. , Dechend Ralf , Zeller Tanja , Roeleveld Nel 
Published: July 2020

Objective:
Preeclampsia is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. Women with a history of preeclampsia are at risk of developing hypertension as well as ischemic heart disease. Identification of women at the highest risk is important to initiate preventive strategies. We investigated whether high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) levels are associated with a history of early-onset preeclampsia, and with hypertension in these high-risk women.

Methods:
Approximately 9–10 years after pregnancy, hs-cTnI levels were measured for 339 women of the Preeclampsia Risk Evaluation in FEMales cohort, consisting of 177 women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia and 162 women with a previous uncomplicated index pregnancy. Associations were analyzed using several statistical tests and linear regression analysis.

Results:
The median hs-cTnI levels (IQR) were 2.50 ng/l (2.30) in women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia and 2.35 ng/l (2.50) in women without a history of preeclampsia, P = 0.53. Among women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia, the hs-cTnI levels were higher in women who were hypertensive compared with their normotensive counterparts (medians 2.60 versus 2.30; P
= 0.03). In addition, blood pressure levels increased with increasing hs-cTnI levels.

Conclusion:
We did not find a difference in hs-cTnI levels between women with and without a history of early-onset preeclampsia. Nonetheless, hs-cTnI levels were statistically significantly higher in current hypertensive women with a history of preeclampsia compared with their normotensive counterparts. Therefore, hs-cTnI levels might improve risk prediction for women at the highest risk of cardiovascular disease.
Effects of Acute Atmospheric Pressure Changes on Dynamic Contour Tonometry and Goldmann Applanation Tonometry in Normal Individuals: A Pilot Study
Authors: Albis-Donado Oscar , Rodríguez-Camacho Brenda , Bhartiya Shibal , Ramírez-Neria Paulina , López-Star Ellery , González-Daher Pamela , Badillo-Fernandez Mariana , Stalmans Ingeborg 
Published: July 2020

Précis:
Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement differences with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) are affected by atmospheric pressure inside a hyperbaric chamber.

Purpose:
To compare IOP measurements obtained with GAT and DCT in 22 normal individuals at different atmospheric pressures simulated in a hyperbaric chamber.

Methods:
The IOP of both eyes of 22 healthy volunteers was measured using GAT and DCT at 4 different atmospheric pressure levels.
Starting at 1 Queretaro atmospheric pressure (QATM), the IOP was measured with GAT and DCT. The atmospheric pressure was then increased to 1.1 QATM (equivalent to 1032 m above sea level), 1.2 QATM (equivalent to 315 m above sea level), and 1.25 QATM (equivalent to sea level), starting 5 minutes after reaching each level. The limits of agreement between various measurements with each tonometer were calculated using the Bland-Altman plots.

Results:
The first 4 subjects were used to measure feasibility, consistency, variability, and the time needed for IOP to return to baseline after each atmospheric pressure increase.
For the entire 44 eyes, the mean GAT IOP at 1 QATM was 12.23 mm Hg (range, 8 to 20 mm Hg; SD, 2.84) and mean DCT was 16.36 (range, 12.1 to 25.3; SD, 2.84), with a mean 4.14 mm Hg difference (range, −0.1 to 7.5 mm Hg; SD, 1.62; P<0.001).
Using the second measurements of the first 4 subjects and those after 5 minutes of adaptation for the rest of the group at 1.1 QATM, mean GAT IOP was 11.05±2.68 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 15.60±3.02 mm Hg, for a mean difference between instruments of 4.56±1.81 mm Hg (P<0.001).
At 1.2 QATM, mean GAT IOP was 11.14±2.53 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 15.39±2.91 mm Hg. The difference between instruments was 4.25±2.12 mm Hg (P<0.001).
At 1.25 QATM, the mean GAT IOP was 12.39±3.11 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 14.91±2.73 mm Hg. The difference between instruments after 5 minutes of adaptation was 2.53±1.62 mm Hg (P<0.001).
Generalized estimating equations for performing linear regression multivariable analysis using atmospheric pressure, expressed as altitude, and age as covariates, shows that the difference between GAT and DCT increases by 1 mm Hg per 673 m of increase of altitude above sea level. Age was not a significant predictor.

Conclusions:
Acute changes in atmospheric pressure induce changes in IOP measurements for both GAT and DCT and in different directions. Despite the limitation of sample size, it may be postulated that the difference of IOP measurements between the 2 tonometers increases with lower atmospheric pressures.
Study 1: Evaluation of the signs of deficient posterior capsule in posterior polar cataracts using anterior segment optical coherence tomography
Authors: Pujari Amar , Yadav Suresh , Sharma Namrata , Khokhar Sudarshan , Sinha Rajesh , Agarwal Tushar , Titiyal Jeewan S. , Sharma Pradeep 
Published: July 2020

Purpose:
To systematically observe and analyze the signs of deficient posterior capsule in posterior polar cataracts.

Design:
Ambispective observational study.

Participants:
Cases with posterior polar cataracts.

Methods:
Eyes with diagnosed posterior polar cataracts were imaged on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). A detailed assessment was performed to note the morphology of the posterior opacity, posterior capsule, and the common patterns to indicate their abnormality. In addition, generalized observation of the morphology was also performed about intraoperative surgical experiences.

Results:
A total of 101 eyes were included. Mean patient age was 52.85 ± 10.72 years. The posterior capsule integrity was identified as intact in 91 eyes and abnormal/deficient in 10 eyes (9 had intraoperative defective capsule). These deficient/abnormal morphologies were classified into 3 categories: conical (n = 2), moth-eaten (n = 5), and (3) ectatic (n = 3). Similarly, depending on the presence of hypoechoic spaces between the opacity and the capsule, remaining posterior polar cataracts were categorized into 2 generalized morphological types: without hypoechoic areas (n = 40) and with hypoechoic areas (n = 51). In the without hypoechoic areas group, 6 cases developed capsular rent; in the with hypoechoic areas group, 1 case developed capsular rent.

Conclusions:
In posterior polar cataracts, the deficient/abnormal capsular morphology could be specifically categorized into 3 categories, conical, moth-eaten, and ectatic types. In addition, to predict the ease of intraoperative separation between the opacity and the capsule, generalized categorization might help in better case management.
Panorama of mediators in postpancreatitis diabetes mellitus
Authors: Petrov Maxim S. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
To provide an overview of mediators involved in the pathogenesis of postacute pancreatitis diabetes mellitus.

Recent findings
The ‘holistic prevention of pancreatitis’ framework has brought to the fore the sequelae of not only end-stage chronic pancreatitis and extensive pancreatic necrosis but also mild acute pancreatitis. Insights from the DORADO project have provided a wealth of information on the signalling molecules that do and do not affect glucose metabolism in individuals after mild acute pancreatitis and have challenged conventional views of the pathogenesis of postpancreatitis diabetes mellitus.

Summary
Growing evidence compels a reconsideration of the dogma that mechanical β-cell destruction (and the resulting insulin deficiency) is the only underlying mechanism of postpancreatitis diabetes mellitus. Chronic low-grade inflammation, β-cell compensation, lipolysis, altered secretion of gut hormones, and changes in iron metabolism characterize postacute pancreatitis diabetes mellitus. Some of these are druggable targets that offer novel opportunities to reduce the burden of pancreatitis through tertiary prevention.