bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid intake in children
Authors: Tláskal Petr , Baliková Marieta 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionWe monitored fluid intake in children. The hydration of children during morning school classes and on consumption of high-calorie drinks. Subclinical dehydration, expressed as urine osmolarity above 800 mmol / kg, may result in lack of concentration and less effective listening.Population and methodologyThe population included 3,360 children aged as follows: a) 6–35 months, b) 4–6 years, c) 7–10 years d) 11–14 years. 103 children aged 10.3 ± 1 years were included in the study regarding body hydration. The evaluation looked at the intake of food and fluids consumed by children in full-day diet over a period of 3 to 5 days and recorded by the Nutridan program. Child hydration was assessed using three urine osmolarity samples taken at bedtime, in the morning and just before lunch break. The data was evaluated statistically against the reference values for nutrient intake of DACH.Results and discussionThe median water intake in children was 101–103% of the Dietary Reference Values (DRV). In the b, c, d groups, the median was 81% - 82%, i.e 75% of DRV. 10% of 4 to 6-year-old children had water intake below 49% of DRV, 10% of 7 to 10 year-olds less than 54% of DRV and 10% of 11 to 14-year-olds less than 50% of DRV. A study regarding school children has showed that only 70% of the children drink at breakfast. 27% of the children do not consume any fluids in the morning. The mean urine osmolarity was 724 in the morning and 738 mmol / kg just before lunch. Children who had drunk less than 250 ml of water during breakfast or less than 400 ml of water during breakfast and second breakfast had a urine osmolarity of 910 and 850 mmol / kg respectively just before lunch. In school children, the proportion of sugars received from sweetened beverages accounted for 19.1% of their total calorie intake. 10% of the children in groups c) and d) had this value higher than 28.2 and 30.4% respectively. The results based on full-day diet show that sweetened drinks account for 79% of fluids consumed by children at school, whereas only for 72% at home.The results of our studies have identified the areas where it is necessary to provide education regarding nutrition of children, to raise awareness of the importance of fluid intake, particularly focusing on the systematic approach and the choice of appropriate beverages ensuring adequate fluid intake.
Screen-use, active-play and sleep behaviours in a nationally representative sample of infants, toddlers and pre-school children from the U.S.
Authors: Jacquier Emma , Lenighan Yvonne , Anater Andrea , Kinneman Brian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionInadequate sleep, excessive screen-use and low-levels of physical activity may lead to an increased risk of childhood obesity. Caregivers during early childhood should limit screen-time, encourage active play and establish bedtime routines to ensure adequate sleep. The benefits of such may also extend to improved attention, learning, memory, psycho-social development and other factors. There is limited data on such lifestyle behaviours in infants and children in the U.S. Therefore, this analysis describes findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016.MethodsFITS 2016 is a national, cross-sectional survey of caregivers of children aged 0–3.9 y in the U.S. Demographic data and information on feeding practices, sleep, physical activity and screen-use were collected using a questionnaire (n = 4380). Differences in behaviours across age groups were assessed using a one-way ANOVA or chi-squared tests.ResultsChildren older than 12 months slept for an average of 9.6 (sd = 2.0) hours per night, which was significantly higher than infants (0–11.9mo) who slept for 8.9 (sd = 2.1) hours per night (P < 0.001). All children slept for approximately one hour during the day. There were no significant difference in the weekly hours spent in active play (mean = 20.8,sd = 16.5) between younger and older children, while participation in sports was higher among older versus younger children. However, time spent playing video games, watching TV videos/DVDs and using a screen was significantly higher in older versus younger children (P < 0.001). For example, infants spent 7.8 hours per week watching TV, compared to 9.4 hours in 3 year old children (P < 0.001). Approximately 65% of caregivers reported that they did not allow electronics in the bedroom, however this decreased with increasing age (P = 0.036). Consequently, 5% of infants (0–11.9mo) viewed a tablet or smartphone in their bedroom, compared to 26% of 3 year old children (P < 0.001).DiscussionRecent guidelines from the American Academy for Pediatrics (AAP) recommend that children younger than 18 months avoid use of screen media, and that children aged 2–5 should limit screen-time to one hour per day. This data from the US FITS suggests that children are exceeding these recommendations. However, the current population are meeting the AAP physical activity recommendation of minimum 60 minutes/day. Furthermore, infants and children in this population are also failing to meet the AAP sleep recommendations. Therefore, further emphasis needs to be placed on the importance of limiting screen-time and promoting physical activity and positive sleep behaviours in this young population.
Daily consumption of 100% orange juice does not increase body weight in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Ruxton Carrie , Horgan Graham , De Rycker Johan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is convincing evidence that sugar-sweetened beverages increase the risk of body weight (BW) gain and higher body mass index. In contrast, observational studies on regular consumption of 100% fruit juice provide conflicting results, with most indicating a neutral impact on BW and body mass index, while others suggest positive or even inverse associations. The lack of agreement may be due to confounding factors, or studies incorrectly grouping sugar-sweetened juice drinks with 100% fruit juice, which by law does not contain added sugars.Intervention studies provide an opportunity to investigate the short-to-medium term impact of daily 100% orange juice (OJ) on BW. From 17 available studies (none of which individually reported statistically significant BW gain following OJ consumption), 6 randomised controlled trials in adults (n = 236) were selected for a meta-analysis. Inclusion criteria were an OJ intervention group and a non-OJ control group. Comparison with a control group was essential as some were weight loss studies with additional BW loss components, and for consistency this comparison between groups was used for all studies.The meta-analysis focussed on the differences in BW change between OJ and control arms of each study. Where the standard deviation (SD) or standard error (SE) of the change was not reported and could not be obtained from the authors, it was imputed by using the mean SD from studies where it was available. The combined effect estimate was obtained from a random effects model using the DerSimonian-Laird estimator. Cochran's Q statistic was used to test for study heterogeneity.The resulting forest plot revealed no statistically significant change in BW following OJ intakes of 250–500 ml per day for 4 to 12 weeks (which would theoretically provide 102–205 kcal on average). The Q statistic was 10.6 (I2 = 53%, p = 0.059) while the combined effect estimate was -0.34 kg (95% CI -1.11, 0.43). Interestingly, a similar finding was noted in a meta-analysis (Onakpoya et al. 2017) investigating BW change and daily grapefruit juice consumption from 3 intervention studies (n = 233); mean difference -0.45 kg [95% CI:-1.06 to 0.16; I2 = 53%].In conclusion, daily consumption of OJ does not appear to have an adverse impact on BW. This may be due to dietary energy compensation (conscious or unconscious) or a satiety effect linked with the low glycemic index of OJ (GI = 50).Onakpoya I et al. (2017) Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57: 602–612.
Eating and lifestyle habits of overweight and obese teenagers in Thulamela municipality, South Africa
Authors: Mbhenyane Xikombiso , Ayuk Tambe Betrand , Ligege Ntovhedzeni 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA survey made worldwide (including South Africa) revealed that most teenagers are overweight and obese and that they eat little nutritious food. Obesity and overweight are public health problems and need to be addressed from a community perspective. The reason for exploring this problem in this study was that South Africa has one of the highest rates of overweight and obesity in the world among urban and rural black women. The objective was to investigate the eating and lifestyle habits of overweight and obese female teenagers in Thulamela Local Municipality, Limpopo province, South Africa. This was an exploratory, descriptive study conducted amongst 125 female teenagers aged 13 to 18 years from rural schools in Thulamela Local Municipality. Eating and lifestyle habits, physical activity, meaning of healthy and unhealthy dietary habits, weight, height and body mass index were measured. A hundred and twenty-five questionnaires were completed and data were gathered on the demographics, anthropometry, social and lifestyle habits, nutrition-related problems, dietary patterns and dietary history of the participants. The BMI revealed that 34.4% were of normal weight, 39.2% overweight and 26.4 obese. Seventy percent of the respondents actively consumed meals in a day, 83% consumed starchy snacks, whilst 72% of the respondents carried lunchboxes to school. Regarding lifestyle habits, 88% of the respondents slept more hours than recommended (8 hours) while 88% performed sedentary activities and 66% did physical activities such as walking. The results pointed out unhealthy eating and lifestyle habits influencing teenagers’ weight and provided information on which of these must be considered in order to develop tailored nutrition interventions, improving teenagers’ consciousness about s adopting a healthy lifestyle.
Food and nutrient intake of children and adolescents living in Germany: results from EsKiMo II
Authors: Barbosa Clarissa Lage , Brettschneider Anna-Kristin , Haftenberger Marjolein , Lehmann Franziska , Richter Almut , Mensink Gert B.M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionAn appropriate diet is particularly important for development, growth and health of children and adolescents. The living and social environments, as well as the food market and dietary habits have changed in recent decades. The second “Eating Study as a KiGGS Module” EsKiMo II (2015–2017) provides a current overview of the food and nutrient intake of children and adolescents living in Germany.Material and MethodsAbout ten years after EsKiMo I (2006; N = 2,506), EsKiMo II (2015–2017) investigated the dietary behavior of 2,644 children and adolescents aged six to 17 years who previously participated in the second wave of the “German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents” (KiGGS Wave 2) of the Robert Koch Institute. Food intake of the 6–11 year-olds was assessed by weighted food records on three consecutive days and one independent day. Adolescents (12–17 years) were interviewed about their food intake during the past four weeks using the Dietary Interview Software for Health Examination Studies (DISHES). Individual food group intake was compared with the food based dietary guidelines for children and adolescents in Germany. Energy and nutrient intake was calculated using the German Nutrient Database (BLS 3.02); intake from supplements was included. Individual intakes were compared with the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for Nordic countries.ResultsMost children and adolescents do not achieve the recommendation for fruits, vegetables, and milk/dairy products, whereas the maximal recommended intake of meat and “tolerated foods”, such as sweets and soft-drinks, is exceeded by almost all children and adolescents.The mean energy intake proportions (En%) for macronutrients correspond to the reference values. The majority of children and adolescents have intakes above the EAR for most micronutrients, except for iodine and vitamin D for all age groups and gender, and iron for the 12–17-year-old girls.DiscussionEsKiMo II observed that the majority of the 6–17-year-olds is adequately supplied with macronutrients and most vitamins and minerals. Vitamin D and iodine supply are critical for all age groups and gender. However, there is much potential to improve food consumption patterns. These results are relevant for decision-making, and evaluation of nutrition, consumer and health policies.
How achievable are free sugar recommendations in healthy dietary patterns for 1–5 year olds in Ireland?
Authors: Quinn S.F. , Creane R.J. , O'Donovan C.B. , O'Mahony S. , Collins N.A. , Lyons O.C. , Flynn M.A.T. 
Published: June 2020

The World Health Organisation (WHO) strongly recommends reducing free sugar intake to < 10% energy, and suggests a further conditional reduction to < 5% energy. This study aims to assess how achievable these free sugar intake recommendations are in healthy diets of 1–5 year olds in Ireland and to identify the main food contributors.Using minimal added sugar, fat and no added salt, four-day food intake patterns were developed for 1–5 year old children (n30 girls; n30 boys) representing different percentile levels on the WHO growth charts. These food intake patterns were based on foods commonly consumed in the Irish National Pre-school Nutrition Survey and adjusted to meet energy, macronutrient and micronutrient requirements. The free sugar content of each food used was identified according to the WHO definition and estimated using food composition tables. Free sugar content of the four-day patterns was assessed against the two WHO recommendations. Subjects were compared depending on recommendations achieved. Where necessary, nutrients were estimated per 500kcal to control for energy.Food intake patterns of all subjects (n60) achieved the WHO recommendation of < 10% energy, with 50% (n30) meeting the further recommendation of < 5% energy. Subjects with free sugar intakes < 5% energy compared with those not meeting this recommendation, were younger (2 years vs. 3.5 years, p < 0.001), had lower energy intakes (946kcal vs. 1263.8kcal, p < 0.001), higher fat intakes (37% vs. 29%, p < 0.001), higher saturated fat intakes (18% vs. 13%, p < 0.001) and lower carbohydrate intakes (46% vs. 53%, p < 0.001). When estimated per 500kcal they had lower intakes of fibre (5.0 g vs. 6.2 g, p < 0.001) and vitamin D (5.9μg vs. 6.3μg, p < 0.001) and higher intakes of vitamin A (177.3μg vs. 108.5μg, p < 0.001) and DHA and EPA (0.3 g vs. 0.2 g, p < 0.001). The main foods contributing to free sugar intakes in these subjects were cereals (29% of free sugar intake), yoghurts (27%), breads (5%) and ice cream (4%). By comparison the main foods contributing to free sugar in subjects whose intakes exceeded 5% energy included yoghurts (22%), stewed apples (9%) and puddings (6%).This analysis demonstrates the WHO strong recommendation of < 10% energy for free sugar was easily achievable, but the further conditional recommendation (< 5%) was more difficult. This was only achieved at younger ages and was associated with increased intakes of fat and saturated fat and lower intakes of fibre and vitamin D. The main food contributors to free sugar in healthy diets for 1–5 year olds are important sources of nutrients.
Systematic review of the evidence for sustained efficacy of dietary interventions for reducing appetite or energy intake
Authors: Halford Jason C. G. , Masic Una , Marsaux Cyril F. M. , Jones Andrew J. , Lluch Anne , Marciani Luca , Mars Monica , Vinoy Sophie , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet , Mela David J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroduction:In the broad literature on the effects of ingredients, foods and diets on appetite and energy intake (EI), most trials involve a single acute intervention. It is unclear whether these acute results are generally sustained over longer periods. Researchers and regulators therefore lack an objective basis to judge the appropriate duration of efficacy trials in appetite control, to have confidence that acute effects are likely to be maintained. This gap creates uncertainty in requirements and study designs for the substantiation of satiety-enhancing approaches to help in controlling eating behaviour.Materials and Methods:A systematic search of literature (Prospero registration number CRD42015023686) identified studies testing both the acute and chronic effects of food-based interventions aimed at reducing appetite or EI. From 9680 unique records identified from titles and abstracts, 178 papers were selected for full screening. Twenty-six trials met the inclusion criteria and provided data sufficient for use in this analysis, and were also scored for risk of bias (RoB) indicators.Results:Most of these trials (21/26) measured appetite outcomes and over half (14/26) had objective measures of EI. A significant acute effect of the intervention was retained in 10 of 12 trials for appetite outcomes, and six of nine studies for EI. Initial effects were most likely retained where these were more robust and studies adequately powered. Where the initial, acute effect was not statistically significant, a significant effect was later observed in only two of nine studies for appetite and none of five studies for EI. The main sources of RoB were lack of a priori power calculations and failure to report analyses based on intention-to-treat. Furthermore, 12/26 studies were not adequately powered to detect a meaningful reduction in appetite (~10%).Discussion:Maintenance of acute intervention effects on appetite or EI need to be confirmed, but seems likely where the initially observed effects are robust and replicable in adequately powered studies.
The effects of a brain-friendly diet on metabolic and physiological parameters and cognitive performance (Brave study)
Authors: Hongisto Sanna-Maria , Laaksonen Marika , Kanerva Noora , Koponen Johanna , Parkkinen Juuso , Tikkanen Emmi , Sibakov Juhani , Loponen Jussi , Diaz Heli , Fogelholm Leila , Rantala Jukka , Lindholm Harri 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCognitive performance is related to lipid and glucose metabolism and metabolic activation that are regulated by diet. Further, there is good evidence to support that change in lifestyle, for instance in diet, may promote cognitive health. However, vast majority of the existing studies have focused on children or older adults. We studied the effects of a brain-friendly diet (Brainfood) on metabolic and physiological parameters and cognitive performance in office workers at assumed metabolic risk. We conducted a diet-switch, 4-week intervention study on 84 volunteers with elevated plasma LDL levels in pre-screening. The brainfood diet was planned to be optimal for metabolism and cognitive function; special attention was paid for regular meal frequency, a well-balanced light lunch at work and optimised recipes ensuring quality of carbohydrates and fat, and sufficient protein amount. The control diet was a typical western diet. Breakfast supplies, lunch and afternoon snacks were provided to participants, and they received nutritional counselling. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics, such as age and sex, were queried in the beginning of the intervention. Plasma samples were collected at the end of the 2-week lead-in period, and control and intervention periods. The samples were analysed using high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry for quantification of lipoprotein subclasses and particle sizes, cholesterol, glycerides, phospholipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids, amino acids, ketone bodies, fluid balance, glycolysis and inflammation markers. Participants completed a 3-day food diary at the end of the 2-week lead-in period, and control and intervention periods. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were measured at the same timepoints by a study nurse. Physical activity was instructed to be maintained at the pre-study level during the whole study period and it was monitored by using a 3-axial accelerometer (Active style Pro HJA, Omron, Japan). Cognition was measured with standardized neuropsychological tests (Bourdon-Wiersma, FAT, N-Back, NASA-TLX, KSS, RAVLT, Stroop, WMS-III, task-switching) under a psychologist's supervision and as tablet, PC or online tests. Brainfood reduced saturated fat and salt intakes and increased polyunsaturated fat, fibre, vitamin C and D, iron and magnesium intakes. Favourable effects were seen in the atherogenic lipid measurements, such as fatty acids, LDL, IDL and small VLDL, as well as fatty acids, phospholipids and glutamine. Intervention did not affect the physiological or cognitive parameters except for a decrease in inaccuracy of visual attention (p = 0.027). In conclusion, the Brainfood diet could be recommended for office workers as a healthy diet following Nordic nutrition recommendations.
Consuming nutritional doses of olive pomace oil fulfils recommended dietary allowances of alpha-tocopherol. Results from a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Gonzalez-Ramila Susana , Garcia-Cordero Joaquin , Sarria Beatriz , Bravo Laura , Mateos Raquel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that prevents free radical propagation in membranes and plasma lipoproteins. Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), stablished at 13 and 11 mg/day for adult men and women, respectively, is not fulfilled in most European countries. Thus, strategies to cover the daily recommendations of this vitamin are essential, and one may be to encourage the consumption of foods rich in this micronutrient.Olive-pomace oil (OPO), which is obtained from the solid by-product obtained during olive oil extraction, is nutritionally relevant due to its high content in oleic acid (C18:1), among other monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition, OPO contains a wide range of minor bioactive components that may contribute to its healthy properties. Among these, it is especially relevant the high content of vitamin E in OPO.The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of consuming nutritional relevant doses of olive pomace oil within a normal, non-supplemented diet, in the vitamin E status in adults.We carried out a randomized, cross-over, controlled clinical trial, 14 weeks long in 70 subjects, consisting in two 4-week interventions in which volunteers consumed either OPO or high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) preceded each by 3-week wash-out steps with sunflower oil. Participants daily consumed 50 mL of either OPO or HOSO, containing 357 and 420 ppm vitamin E, respectively, to meet the nutritional requirements of fat intake. Intake of macronutrients and micronutrients (vitamin E) was analyzed using the DIAL software (Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid).The results obtained showed that the average consumption of vitamin E increased from 9.61 mg/day (intake of volunteers before starting the study) to 17.76 mg/day and 18.45 mg/day after the intervention with OPO and HOSO, respectively. Acceptance tests to evaluate the level of satisfaction of both oils showed higher preference of OPO compared to HOSO.OPO was well accepted and, thus, constitutes an important dietary source of vitamin E covering the recommended daily intake. It is worth thinking about OPO as part of a healthy diet.