bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Is This an Hotel? Are There Thieves in the House?’
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter suggests that tenancy plays a major role in nineteenth-century detective fiction, an emerging genre that counted Dickens, Wilkie Collins, and Charles Warren Adams as enthusiastic early practitioners. The chapter starts by investigating the relationship between geography, class, and morality in contemporary social discourses, focusing on the ‘low’ or ‘common’ lodging house in London. Low lodging houses were widely associated with criminal behaviour, and Dickens and Collins were interested in the function they could perform in their fiction. The chapter moves on to examine the murders that take place in Bleak House, The Moonstone, and The Notting Hill Mystery, and argues that rented space becomes a tool in the battle between detective and criminal. The chapter ends with an extended reading of Krook’s lodging house and rag-and-bone shop in Bleak House. Here, a mystery narrative intersects with farce and the Gothic, attesting to the porosity between aesthetic forms.
Kant on Nonhuman Animals and God
Authors: Goy Ina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Kant’s account of the nature of nonhuman and human animals in the Critique of the Power of Judgement. It discusses how Kant thought that a complete account of the forms of explanation commit one to belief in God. It concludes, firstly, that Kant’s account implies an unhealthy anthropocentrism and an Enlightenment prejudice in the form of the overestimation of reason, and secondly, that the Kantian model of God lacks one of the main characteristics of the Christian conception of God: the universal divine love, a power that unifies and embraces all beings, including nonhuman and human animals and their orders.
Hope and Despair at the Kantian Chicken Factory
Authors: Chignell Andrew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
People who like animal products but believe it is wrong to consume them are often so demoralized by the apparent inefficacy of their individual, private choices that they are unable to resist. Although he was a deontologist, Kant was also aware of this ‘consequent-dependent’ side of our moral psychology. One version of his ‘moral proof’ is designed to respond to the threat of such demoralization in pursuit of the Highest Good. It provides a model for a contemporary, secular argument regarding what is permitted in order to sustain resolve in contemporary industrial contexts (like that of industrial animal agriculture). The argument’s conclusion is that one of the things we can rationally hold, as an item of defeasible moral faith, is a certain decision-theoretic principle regarding what it is to ‘make a difference’.
Collaborating with Underserved Communities to Contribute to Decarbonization in the United States
Authors: Paddock LeRoy , Vithanage Achinthi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the United States, vulnerable populations are often disproportionately impacted by exposure to pollutants from fossil-fuelled power plants and petroleum-fuelled vehicles. This chapter examines several legal developments that hold promise for addressing the distributive energy injustices in the United States that result from reliance on fossil fuels. It begins with examining how an energy non-governmental organization in Chicago has utilized a variety of legal tools to improve energy efficiency and its role in working with community partners to advocate for a new law, the Illinois Future Energy Jobs Act, that provides new funding for energy efficiency improvements in underserved communities and creates a new path for bringing renewable energy to underserved communities. The chapter also examines legal pathways in other jurisdictions to create community-based solar energy programmes. Finally, it explores recent developments in working with underserved communities to provide access to electric vehicles and electric vehicle infrastructure.
Energy Justice and the Design of Climate Change Legislation
Authors: Barton Barry , Campion Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The concept of energy justice can be applied to the specific problem of making climate change mitigation laws and policies that are fair and equitable. This chapter inquires into the design of climate change laws to minimize undue adverse effects on low-income households. It examines the literature about the risk of climate change policies being regressive in their distributional effect. It examines carbon pricing, consumer fuel subsidies, transport, electric vehicle incentives, and energy efficiency in housing. It finds that laws can be improved to achieve justice goals, but it is often difficult. The recycling of carbon price revenues for the benefit of low-income households is important, as is the reduction of distinctions between the policy spheres of climate change and social welfare. It is concluded that climate change laws can be made more just, and more effective, if distribution is a central part of their design.
Energy Poverty in the Middle East and North African (MENA) Region
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region provides a classic illustration of how energy injustice cannot be separated from other social ills, such as conflicts, political instability, social exclusions, and extreme vulnerability to climate change. The MENA region is home to some of the world’s highest exporters of oil and natural gas. However, despite its vast oil and gas reserves, it is also home to a significant portion of the world’s energy-poorest people. About 65 million of 214.8 million living in the region have no access to electricity, while an additional 60 million suffer from prolonged power outages and undersupply. This chapter examines the divergent dimensions of energy poverty in the MENA region. It discusses law and governance innovations for promoting the availability, affordability, and accessibility of sustainable energy, especially electricity and modern fuels, across the region.
The Hebrew Reclamation
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces an original analysis of the Hebrew reclamation, resulting in ‘Israeli’, a term first used by Zuckermann (1999). A language is a col-lect-ion, an abstract ensemble of lects (idiolects, sociolects, dialects, and other lects) rather than an entity per se. It is more like a species than an organism. Still, the genetic classification of Israeli as a consistent entity has preoccupied linguists since the language emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. As a consequence, Israeli affords insights into the politics and evolution not only of language, but also of linguistics and revivalistics. The chapter proposes that the languages spoken in Israel today is a semi-engineered, Semito-European hybrid language. Its complexity should be acknowledged and celebrated, regardless of what one chooses to call it. The chapter also introduces two useful principles to the analysis of revival languages: The Founder Principle and the Congruence Principle. In revivalistics, the Founder Principle proposes that the impact of the mother tongues of the revivalists—in the critical period of the emergence of the revival language—is much greater than that of following generations. The Congruence Principle in revivalistics proposes that the more contributing languages a feature exists in, the more likely it is to persist in the emerging revival language.
Defying Religion and Deifying Nationhood
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the widespread phenomenon of semantic secularization. An example of an ideologically-neutral semantic secularization is visible in the transition of the meaning for the English word cell from ‘monk’s living place’ to become instead ‘autonomous self-replicating unit from which tissues of the body are formed’. The main focus of this chapter, however, is on secularizations involving ideological what I call ‘lexical engineering’, as exemplified by deliberate, subversive processes of extreme semantic shifting, pejoration, amelioration, trivialization, and allusion. An example of such transvaluation, the transition of semantic value, is [bəloˈri:t]. In Mishnaic Hebrew this term means ‘Mohawk, an upright strip of hair that runs across the crown of the head from the forehead to the nape of the neck’, a distinctive of the abominable pagan and not to be touched by the Jewish barber. But, defying religious values as well as negating the Diaspora (where Jews by and large had tidy hair), secular Socialist Zionists use blorít with the meaning ‘forelock, hair above the forehead’, which becomes one of the defining characteristics of the ‘Sabra’ (‘prickly pear’ a metaphor for a native Israeli)—as if proposing that the ‘new Jew’ is a pagan. In line with the prediction made by Gershom Scholem in his famous letter to Franz Rosenzweig (Bekenntnis über unsere Sprache, 1926), some ultra-orthodox Jews have tried to launch a ‘lexical vendetta’: using secularized terms as dormant agents, as a shortcut to religious concepts, thus trying to convince secular Jews to go back to their religious roots.
Feature selection for classification of blazars based on optical photometric and polarimetric time-series data
Authors: Uemura Makoto , Abe Taisei , Yamada Yurika , Ikeda Shiro 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Blazars can be divided into two subtypes, flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and BL Lac objects, which have been distinguished phenomenologically by the strength of their optical emission lines, while their physical nature and relationship are still not fully understood. We focus on the differences in their variability. We characterize the blazar variability using the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process, and investigate the features that are discriminative for the two subtypes. We used optical photometric and polarimetric data obtained with the 1.5 m Kanata telescope for 2008–2014. We found that four features, namely the variation amplitude, characteristic timescale, and non-stationarity of the variability obtained from the light curves and the median of the degree of polarization (PD), are essential for distinguishing between FSRQs and BL Lac objects. FSRQs are characterized by rare and large flares, while the variability of BL Lac objects can be reproduced with a stationary OU process with relatively small amplitudes. The characteristics of the variability are governed not by the differences in the jet structure between the subtypes, but by the peak frequency of the synchrotron emission. This implies that the nature of the variation in the jets is common in FSRQs and BL Lac objects. We found that BL Lac objects tend to have high PD medians, which suggests that they have a stable polarization component. FSRQs have no such component, possibly because of a strong Compton cooling effect in sub-parsec-scale jets.
Response speed measurements on the psychomotor vigilance test: how precise is precise enough?
Authors: Basner Mathias , Moore Tyler M , Nasrini Jad , Gur Ruben C , Dinges David F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
The psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) is frequently used to measure behavioral alertness in sleep research on various software and hardware platforms. In contrast to many other cognitive tests, PVT response time (RT) shifts of a few milliseconds can be meaningful. It is, therefore, important to use calibrated systems, but calibration standards are currently missing. This study investigated the influence of system latency bias and its variability on two frequently used PVT performance metrics, attentional lapses (RTs ≥500 ms) and response speed, in sleep-deprived and alert participants.

Methods
PVT data from one acute total (N = 31 participants) and one chronic partial (N = 43 participants) sleep deprivation protocol were the basis for simulations in which response bias (±15 ms) and its variability (0–50 ms) were systematically varied and transgressions of predefined thresholds (i.e. ±1 for lapses, ±0.1/s for response speed) recorded.

Results
Both increasing bias and its variability caused deviations from true scores that were higher for the number of lapses in sleep-deprived participants and for response speed in alert participants. Threshold transgressions were typically rare (i.e. &lt;5%) if system latency bias was less than ±5 ms and its standard deviation was ≤10 ms.

Conclusions
A bias of ±5 ms with a standard deviation of ≤10 ms could be considered maximally allowable margins for calibrating PVT systems for timing accuracy. Future studies should report the average system latency and its standard deviation in addition to adhering to published standards for administering and analyzing the PVT.
Limited Role for Antibiotics in COVID-19: Scarce Evidence of Bacterial Coinfection
Authors: Wei Wenjing , Ortwine Jessica K. , Mang Norman S. , Joseph Christopher , Hall Brenton C. , Prokesch Bonnie C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is currently a paucity of data describing bacterial coinfections, related antibiotic prescribing patterns, and the potential role of antimicrobial stewardship in the care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.MethodsThis prospective, observational study was conducted from March 10, 2020 to April 21, 2020 in admitted patients with confirmed COVID-19. Patients were included if ≥ 18 years old and admitted to the hospital for further treatment. Data was collected via chart review from the enterprise electronic health record database. Data collected include factors driving antibiotic choice, indication, and duration of therapy as well as microbiological data.FindingsAntibiotics were initiated on admission in 87/147 (59%) patients. Of these, 85/87 (98%) prescriptions were empiric. The most common indication for empiric antibiotics was concern for community-acquired pneumonia (76/85, 89%) with the most prescribed antibiotics being ceftriaxone and azithromycin. The median duration of antibiotic therapy was two days (interquartile range 1-5). No patients had a community-acquired bacterial respiratory coinfection, but 10/147 (7%) of patients were found to have concurrent bacterial infections from a non-respiratory source, and one patient was diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis at the time of admission for COVID-19.InterpretationBacterial coinfection in patients with COVID-19 was infrequent. Antibiotics are likely unnecessary in patients with mild symptoms. There is little role for broad-spectrum antibiotics to empirically treat multidrug resistant organisms in patients with COVID-19, regardless of disease severity. Antimicrobial stewardship remains important in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.FundingThe authors received no funding for this work.
Mathematical Modeling of Coronavirus Reproduction Rate with Policy and Behavioral Effects
Authors: Anzum Rabeya , Islam Md. Zahidul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper a modified mathematical model based on the SIR model used which can predict the spreading of the corona virus disease (COVID-19) and its effects on people in the days ahead. This model considers all the death, infected and recovered characteristics of this disease. To determine the extent of the risk posed by this novel coronavirus; the transmission rate (R0) is utilized for a time period from the beginning of spreading virus. Particularly it includes a novel policy to capture the Ro response in the virus spreading over time. The model estimates the vulnerability of the pandemic according to John H. Cochrane’s method with a prediction of new cases by estimating a time-varying R0 to capture changes in the behavior of SIR model implies to new policy taken at different times and different locations of the world. This modified SIR model with the different values of R0 can be applied to different country scenario using the real time data report provided by the authorities during this pandemic. The effective evaluation of R0 can forecast the necessity of lockdown as well as reopening the economy.
Genomic balancing selection is key to the invasive success of the fall armyworm
Authors: Yainna Sudeeptha , Tay Wee Tek , Fiteni Estelle , Legeai Fabrice , Clamens Anne-Laure , Gimenez Sylvie , Frayssinet Marie , Asokan R , Kalleshwaraswamy CM , Deshmukh Sharanabasappa , Meagher Robert L. , Blanco Carlos A. , Silvie Pierre , Brévault Thierry , Dassou Anicet , Kergoat Gael J. , Walsh Thomas , Gordon Karl , Nègre Nicolas , d’Alençon Emmanuelle , Nam Kiwoong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA successful biological invasion involves survival in a newly occupied environment. If a population bottleneck occurs during an invasion, the resulting depletion of genetic variants could cause increased inbreeding depression and decreased adaptive potential, which may result in a fitness reduction. How invasive populations survive in the newly occupied environment despite reduced heterozygosity and how, in many cases, they maintain moderate levels of heterozygosity are still contentious issues1. The Fall armyworm (FAW; Lepidoptera: Spodoptera frugiperda), a polyphagous pest, is native to the Western hemisphere. Its invasion in the Old World was first reported from West Africa in early 2016, and in less than four years, it swept sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, finally reaching Australia. We used population genomics approaches to investigate the factors that may explain the invasive success of the FAW. Here we show that genomic balancing selection played a key role in invasive success by restoring heterozygosity before the global invasion. We observe a drastic loss of mitochondrial polymorphism in invasive populations, whereas nuclear heterozygosity exhibits a mild reduction. The population from Benin in West Africa has the lowest length of linkage disequilibrium amongst all invasive and native populations despite its reduced population size. This result indicates that balancing selection increased heterozygosity by facilitating the admixture of invasive populations from distinct origins and that, once heterozygosity was sufficiently high, FAW started spreading globally in the Old World. As comparable heterozygosity levels between invasive and native populations are commonly observed1, we postulate that the restoration of heterozygosity through balancing selection could be widespread among successful cases of biological invasions.
Genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen reveals membrane tethering complexes EARP and GARP important for Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 replication
Authors: Tan Wenfang S. , Rong Enguang , Dry Inga , Lillico Simon G. , Law Andy , Whitelaw Christopher B.A. , Dalziel Robert G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe produced a genome wide CRISPR knockout library, btCRISPRko.v1, targeting all protein coding genes in the cattle genome and used it to identify host genes important for Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV-1) replication. By infecting library transduced MDBK cells with a GFP tagged BHV-1 virus and FACS sorting them based on their GFP intensity, we identified a list of pro-viral and anti-viral candidate host genes that might affect various aspects of the virus biology, such as cell entry, RNA transcription and viral protein trafficking. Among them were VPS51, VPS52 and VPS53 that encode for subunits of two membrane tethering complexes EARP and GARP. Simultaneous loss of both complexes in MDBKs resulted in a significant reduction in the production of infectious cell free BHV-1 virions, suggesting the vital roles they play during capsid re-envelopment with endocytosed membrane tubules prior to endosomal recycling mediated cellular egress. We also observed potential capsid retention and aggregation in the nuclei of these cells, indicating that they might also indirectly affect capsid egress from the nucleus. The btCRISPRko.v1 library generated here greatly expanded our capability in BHV-1 related host gene discovery; we hope it will facilitate efforts intended to study interactions between the host and other pathogens in cattle and also basic host cell biology.
Green growth dynamics in OECD countries: an application of grey relational analysis
Authors: Koçak Deniz 
Published: June 2020

PurposeNowadays, growth is the common target of all societies. But rather than growth, it is more important to ensure the sustainability of growth. Worldwide climate changes, damages to natural capital and financial crises necessitate the transition to green growth. The purpose of this paper is to examine the contribution of socio-economic context to green growth, which represents the sum of environmental and resource productivity, natural asset base, the environmental dimension of quality of life and technology.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses grey relational analysis together with the entropy method to examine the weight of 22 green growth indicators. The green growth indicators based on the compilation of the data from 36 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries in 2015.FindingsThe results point out carbon dioxide emissions and environment-related technology are the most essential indicators in achieving green growth across the world.Originality/valueIt provides an objective evaluation of the green growth indicators that creates awareness-raising in green growth, enables the measurement of global developments and the determines opportunities and risks.
Task motion planning for anthropomorphic arms based on human arm movement primitives
Authors: Gong Shiqiu , Zhao Jing , Zhang Ziqiang , Xie Biyun 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to introduce the human arm movement primitive (HAMP) to express and plan the motions of anthropomorphic arms. The task planning method is established for the minimum task cost and a novel human-like motion planning method based on the HAMPs is proposed to help humans better understand and plan the motions of anthropomorphic arms.

Design/methodology/approach
The HAMPs are extracted based on the structure and motion expression of the human arm. A method to slice the complex tasks into simple subtasks and sort subtasks is proposed. Then, a novel human-like motion planning method is built through the selection, sequencing and quantification of HAMPs. Finally, the HAMPs are mapped to the traditional joint angles of a robot by an analytical inverse kinematics method to control the anthropomorphic arms.

Findings
For the exploration of the motion laws of the human arm, the human arm motion capture experiments on 12 subjects are performed. The results show that the motion laws of human arm are reflected in the selection, sequencing and quantification of HAMPs. These motion laws can facilitate the human-like motion planning of anthropomorphic arms.

Originality/value
This study presents the HAMPs and a method for selecting, sequencing and quantifying them in human-like style, which leads to a new motion planning method for the anthropomorphic arms. A similar methodology is suitable for robots with anthropomorphic arms such as service robots, upper extremity exoskeleton robots and humanoid robots.