bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nudging and the choice architecture of offending decisions
Authors: Pogarsky Greg , Herman Shaina 
Published: October 2019

Research SummaryDeterring crime is often considered to be a process of information transmission (e.g., Geerken & Gove, 1975). Economic notions on incentives and choice have meshed well with this perspective (Becker, 1968; Matsueda, 2013). Behavioral economics, however, represents a source of further insights on offender decision‐making, particularly regarding information transmission to promote conformity. Pogarsky, Roche, and Pickett (2018) reviewed behavioral economic studies of offender decision‐making in criminology. In their review, they focused on prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), a behavioral economic model of decision‐making. More recently, Kahneman (2003, 2011) highlighted the dual‐process nature of behavioral economics, and Thaler and Sunstein (2009) elaborated some principles of nudging. These notions underscore dimensions of offending decisions beyond the perceived costs, risks, and benefits of crime.Policy ImplicationsFrom a behavioral economic standpoint, there is a choice architecture to offending decisions that permits various prosocial nudges. We analyze these ideas for possible theoretical innovations and alternative perspectives on crime policy.
Chronic ill health in a regional Victoria setting: A 13‐year comparison
Authors: Glenister Kristen , Bourke Lisa , Terry Daniel , Simmons David 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveHigh‐quality data regarding the prevalence of chronic disease in rural areas are essential in understanding the challenges faced by rural populations and for informing strategies to address health care needs. This study compared the prevalence of a range of self‐reported chronic conditions and utilisation of GP services and emergency department in a regional Victorian setting between two studies conducted in the same region in 2001‐2003 and 2014.DesignRepeat cross‐sectional studies conducted over a decade apart.SettingThe projects were conducted in the Goulburn Valley in regional Victoria.ParticipantsThe earlier study randomly selected households from local government lists. The later study randomly selected householders from the telephone directory.Main outcome measuresParticipants were asked whether they had been diagnosed with a range of chronic health conditions and how often they had visited a general practitioner or emergency department in the past 12 months.ResultsThe age‐standardised prevalence of depression was higher in the 2014 study than the 2001‐2003 study in men (increased by 8.0% (95% CI 4.5, 11.5%)) and women (increased by 13.7% (95% CI 8.4, 19.0%)). Similarly, the prevalence of age‐standardised diabetes and hypertension was higher in 2014 than 2001‐2003 (men increased by 3.6% (95% CI 0.7, 6.5% (diabetes)) and 13.6% (95% CI 8.6, 18.6% (hypertension)), women increased by 3.1% (95% CI 0.3, 6.5% (diabetes)) and 8.4% (95% CI 2.3, 14.5% (hypertension))).ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that the prevalence of self‐reported depression, diabetes and hypertension has increased in this regional Victorian area over the past 13 years. The reasons for these observed increases and the subsequent impact on the health care needs of regional communities warrants further investigation.
HLADQA1*05 genotype predicts anti‐drug antibody formation and loss of response during infliximab therapy for inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Wilson Aze , Peel Celeste , Wang Qian , Pananos Athanasios Demetri , Kim Richard B. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryBackgroundAnti‐drug antibodies (ADAs) are a leading contributor to infliximab loss of response and adverse drug events. It is not feasible to identify patients at risk of antibody formation before initiating infliximab. The genetic variation HLADQA1*05 (rs2097432) has been linked to infliximab antibody formation in Crohn's disease (CD).AimsTo evaluate the association between HLADQA1*05 and infliximab antibody formation, infliximab loss of response, treatment discontinuation and adverse drug events in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, infliximab‐exposed patients with IBD (n = 262) were screened for the genetic variation, HLADQA1*05A>G (rs2097432). Risk of infliximab ADA formation, infliximab loss of response, adverse events and discontinuation were assessed in wild‐type (GG) and variant‐carrying (AG or AA) individuals.ResultsForty per cent of all participants were HLADQA1*05A>G variant carriers, with 79% of participants with infliximab antibodies carrying at least one variant allele. The risk of infliximab antibody formation was higher in HLADQA1*05A>G variant carriers (adjusted HR = 7.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.97‐17.191, P = 1.46 × 10−5) independent of age, sex, weight, dose and co‐immunosuppression with an immunomodulator. Variant carrier status was associated with an increased risk of infliximab loss of response (adjusted HR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.41‐3.88, P = .001) and discontinuation (adjusted HR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.46‐3.43, P = 2.53 × 10−4) although not with infliximab‐associated adverse drug events.ConclusionsHLADQA1*05 is independently associated with a high risk of infliximab antibody formation in addition to infliximab loss of response and treatment discontinuation. There may be a role for genotype‐guided application of combination therapy in IBD.
Bystanders, risks, and consent
Authors: Frowe Helen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper considers the moral status of bystanders affected by medical research trials. Recent proposals advocate a very low threshold of permissible risk imposition upon bystanders that is insensitive to the prospective benefits of the trial, in part because we typically lack bystanders' consent. I argue that the correct threshold of permissible risk will be sensitive to the prospective gains of the trial. I further argue that one does not always need a person's consent to expose her to significant risks of even serious harm for the sake of others. That we typically need the consent of participants is explained by the fact that trials risk harmfully using participants, which is very hard to justify without consent. Bystanders, in contrast, are harmed as a side‐effect, which is easier to justify. I then consider whether the degree of risk that a trial may impose on a bystander is sensitive to whether she is a prospective beneficiary of that trial.
Role of phytochemicals as nutraceuticals for cognitive functions affected in ageing
Authors: Howes Melanie‐Jayne R. , Perry Nicolette S.L. , Vásquez‐Londoño Carlos , Perry Elaine K. 
Published: October 2019

Cognitive decline can occur with normal ageing and in age‐related brain disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, with limited pharmacological therapies available. Other approaches to reduce cognitive decline are urgently needed, and so, the role of dietary interventions or nutraceuticals has received much attention in this respect. In this review, we examine the evidence for dietary plants and their chemical constituents as nutraceuticals, relevant to both cognitive decline in normal ageing and in dementia. Pharmacological (in vitro and in vivo), clinical and epidemiological evidence is assessed for both frequently consumed plants and their dietary forms, including tea, coffee, cocoa (chocolate), red wine, grapes, citrus and other fruits; in addition to plants used less frequently in certain diets and those that cross the blurred boundaries between foods, nutraceuticals and medicinal plants. For the latter, turmeric, saffron, sage, rosemary and lemon balm are examples of those discussed.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc
Oral cancer-associated tertiary lymphoid structures: gene expression profile and prognostic value
Authors: Li K , Guo Q , Zhang X , Dong X , Liu W , Zhang A , Li Y , Yan J , Jia G , Zheng Z , Tang W , Pan L , An M , Zhang B , Liu S , Fu B 
Published: October 2019

SummaryTertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) provides a local and critical microenvironment for both cellular and humoral immunity and supports effective antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation. However, the gene expression profile and prognostic significance of TLS in oral cancer remain largely unrevealed. In this study, we found the presence of both intratumoral and peritumoral TLSs in a series of 65 patients with oral cancer treated by surgical resection, with positive detection rates of 33.8 and 75.4%, respectively. The presence of intratumoral TLSs, but not peritumoral TLSs, was significantly associated with decreased P53 and Ki67 scores (P = 0·027 and 0·047, respectively). The survival analyses revealed that oral cancer patients with higher grades of TLSs was associated with improved disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0·037 and 0·031, respectively). Gene expression profiling analysis of the cytokines and chemokines responsible for lymph-node neogenesis identified a three-up-regulated-gene set, i.e. IL7, LTB and CXCL13, which was shown to be correlated with human oral cancer-associated TLSs. This study provides a framework for better understanding of oral cancer-associated TLSs and for delineating future innovative prognostic biomarkers and immune therapeutic strategies for oral cancer.
Clinical and genetic spectrum in 33 Egyptian families with suspected primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Fassad Mahmoud R. , Shoman Walaa I. , Morsy Heba , Patel Mitali P. , Radwan Nesrine , Jenkins Lucy , Cullup Thomas , Fouda Eman , Mitchison Hannah M. , Fasseeh Nader 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder of motile cilia dysfunction generally inherited as an autosomal recessive disease. Genetic testing is increasingly considered an early step in the PCD diagnostic workflow. We used targeted panel next‐generation sequencing (NGS) for genetic screening of 33 Egyptian families with clinically highly suspected PCD. All variants prioritized were Sanger confirmed in the affected individuals and correctly segregated within the family. Targeted NGS yielded a high diagnostic output (70%) with biallelic mutations identified in known PCD genes. Mutations were identified in 13 genes overall, with CCDC40 and CCDC39 the most frequently mutated genes among Egyptian patients. Most identified mutations were predicted null effect variants (79%) and not reported before (85%). This study reveals that the genetic landscape of PCD among Egyptians is highly heterogeneous, indicating that a targeted NGS approach covering multiple genes will provide a superior diagnostic yield compared to Sanger sequencing for genetic diagnosis. The high diagnostic output achieved here highlights the potential of placing genetic testing early within the diagnostic workflow for PCD, in particular in developing countries where other diagnostic tests can be less available.
Can reducing cosmetic substances help prevent chromate contact allergy?
Authors: Lejding Tina , Engfeldt Malin , Bruze Magnus , Isaksson Marléne , Svedman Lena Persson, Cecilia , Zimerson Erik , Mowitz Martin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundAllergic contact dermatitis caused by Cr(VI) is often severe and difficult to treat. Therefore, primary prevention is a main goal but, secondary prevention can be valuable to ease the symptoms or prevent relapse of Cr(VI) dermatitis when sensitization has occurred. Barrier creams have been tried for many chemical substances, but until now there is no successful barrier cream against Cr(VI).ObjectivesTo investigate the ability of reducing agents to transform Cr(VI) into Cr(III) in an experimental situation, in order to find suitable chemicals to investigate for possible use in a barrier cream.MethodsThe capacity to reduce the amount of Cr(VI) was analyzed in water solutions of acetylcysteine, cysteine, dihydroxyacetone, glutathione, and iron sulfate heptahydrate. Thereafter the reducing capacity of acetylcysteine, dihydroxyacetone, glutathione, and iron sulfate on the amount of Cr(VI) in cement extracts was investigated. The content of Cr(VI) in the test solutions and in the cement extracts was estimated by the diphenyl carbazide spot test.ResultsAll of the chosen chemicals reduced the amount of Cr(VI) in the test solutions and in the cement extracts to some extent. The reducing capacity was most prominent for iron sulfate.ConclusionA reducing capacity was found for all chosen chemicals.
A new technique of completely diverted tube ileostomy for the protection of colorectal anastomosis: a pilot study
Authors: Attaallah W. , Bulut A. , Uprak T. K. , Yegen C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimThis study was designed to evaluate a new technique for a completely diverting tube ileostomy achieved through temporary occlusion of the distal ileum using a flexible rubber strip.MethodsThis prospective interventional study was conducted in one centre. Patients who underwent colorectal resections with a primary anastomosis and who were deemed as requiring a defunctioning stoma were included in the study. After completion of resection and anastomosis, the tube ileostomy was fashioned by inserting a reinforced (spiral) endotracheal tube with an inner diameter of 7.5 mm into the ileum. To provide complete faecal diversion, temporary occlusion of the distal ileum was performed using a flexible rubber strip. The primary outcome of this study was the incidence of complete diversion achieved using this method.ResultsFifty consecutive patients underwent a diverted tube ileostomy using the technique described above. Defaecation before removal of the strip did not occur in any of the patients inferring that complete diversion was observed in all patients (100%). The tube was removed at postoperative week 3. After tube removal, the resulting enterocutaneous fistulas closed spontaneously in a median of 6 (2–30) days.ConclusionThe diverting tube ileostomy technique using an easily removable rubber strip to defunction the colorectal anastomosis is a safe and effective method that precludes the need to fashion a stoma.
Bone and hormonal status 10 years post‐allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Gubrianska Danica , Machaczka Maciej , Hassan Moustapha , Hägglund Hans , Ljungman Per , Palmér Mats 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBone loss and endocrine dysfunction are potential late complications of allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo‐SCT); however, scant information concerning the long‐term effects in SCT adult patients is available. In the present study, we evaluated bone status, expressed as bone mineral density (BMD), and endocrine functions including PTH, TSH, free T4, testosterone, SHBG, FSH, LH, and IGF‐1, in 20 adult leukemia patients >10 years after allo‐SCT. A low BMD (Z score <−2.0) was observed in two patients; two patients had osteoporotic fractures, and two had a unilateral avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Elevated PTH was observed in 30% of patients, and 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) was low (<50 nmol/L) in 45% of the patients. The majority of the patients had thyroid tests within the reference range, while elevated FSH values were present in 8 of 12 males. We conclude that adult leukemia patients have relatively well‐preserved BMD >10 years post–allo‐SCT. Prophylactic treatment of osteoporosis should be individualized, but control of BMD is necessary for long‐term follow‐up. Control of PTH and vitamin D levels before and after allo‐SCT is recommended, and vitamin D supplementation should be considered if indicated. Estrogen replacement therapy is a routine treatment in females, whereas gonadal function in males requires further investigation.
Efficacy of intervention to relieve nest box competition for Orange‐bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster
Authors: Stojanovic Dejan , Young Catherine M. , Troy Shannon 
Published: October 2019

SummaryWe use an experimental approach to evaluate the effectiveness of removing nests of a dominant competitor to create vacant nest boxes for a critically endangered parrot. We compared the number of times that Tree Martin (Petrochelidon nigricans – the dominant competitor at nest boxes) perched at or entered nest boxes intended for Orange‐bellied Parrot (Neophema chrysogaster – the subordinate nest competitor) over three time periods (before, immediately after and one week after experimental nest destruction). In the before period, rates of nest attendance by martins in treatment and control nests were not explained by treatment group. After experimental nest destruction, total attendance at boxes by martins rose to a mean of 6.1 visits over three five‐minute surveys in the treatment group, compared with 3.3 visits at control boxes. Within individual surveys, martins visited treatment boxes 4.4 times per survey one week after nest destruction, compared with only 1.6 visits in the control group. Martins in the treatment group rapidly rebuilt their nests and laid replacement clutches, and within a week, all boxes were reoccupied. Nest destruction did not increase nesting opportunities for the parrot, and increased vigilance of the dominant competitor may in fact reduce nesting opportunities in nearby boxes. Our study suggests that removing martin nests is an ineffective management action for alleviating nest competition for this parrot.
“Super U” technique for ingrown nails: a tertiary hospital experience between 2011 and 2018
Authors: Miquelão Canuto Verussa Maria Júlia , Biselli Boarini Larissa Magoga , Gabbi Tatiana 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundAn ingrown nail is a common dermatological complaint observed in clinical practice. This condition (also referred to as onychocryptosis) causes pain and disability and commonly affects young adults. Treatment depends upon the stage of nail involvement in that stage 1 may often be successfully treated conservatively, whereas stages 2 and 3 usually require surgical management. The “Super U” technique is a good option to treat selected patients with severe onychocryptosis.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated 19 patients with stage 3 onychocryptosis who underwent 20 surgical procedures using the “Super U” technique.ResultsThe mean age was 33.5 years, and male predominance (78.9%) was observed. All patients presented with hypertrophic nail folds. Three patients developed infection attributed to poor hygiene and refusal to use antibiotics. Recurrence occurred in two of these three patients, perhaps secondary to infection and improper nail trimming after surgery.ConclusionsA proper surgical technique in addition to patient compliance guidelines for postoperative care and medications are important for prompt recovery and successful outcomes.
Resilience among stroke survivors: A cohort study of the first 6 months
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Zhihui , Zhou Xuan , Zhou Lanshu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsTo explore (a) resilience among patients over the first 6 months following a first ischaemic stroke; (b) factors associated with resilience at hospitalization, 1, 3, and 6 months postdischarge; (c) baseline predictors of resilience at 6 months postdischarge.Designa cohort study.MethodsFrom February 2017–January 2018, 217 patients presenting at two hospitals with a first ischaemic stroke were recruited. Their resilience, medical coping styles, general self‐efficacy, functional independency, socio‐demographic, and clinical data were assessed while they were still in hospital (baseline) and at 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge.ResultsResilience among stroke patients decreased significantly 1 month after hospital discharge and remained stable. Predictors of resilience were as follows: self‐efficacy and resignation at baseline; number of children, functional independency, general self‐efficacy, and resignation at 1 month; and religion, resignation, self‐efficacy, confrontation at 3 months and 6 months. The baseline factors that predicted resilience at 6 months were income level, religion, stroke severity at discharge, self‐efficacy, and resignation.ConclusionStroke survivors experienced a significant decrease in resilience from hospitalization until 1‐month postdischarge. Factors contributing to resilience after a stroke varied across time. Self‐efficacy and coping styles were particularly important and contributed to long‐term resilience.ImpactUnderstanding resilience among stroke survivors is needed to inform the development of interventions to enhance the psychological recovery of survivors. The levels of resilience among stroke survivors were low compared with those in the normal older population. Nurses should provide greater psychological support during hospitalization to stroke survivors and especially to those with lower income, higher stroke severity at discharge, no religion, lower self‐efficacy, or who use resignation as a coping strategy as those survivors may have lower resilience 6 months later. Future studies are needed to test interventions designed to change or modify stroke survivors' coping styles and promote self‐efficacy, thereby enhancing higher resilience.
The effect of complex cognitive training on subsequent night sleep
Authors: Cerasuolo Mariangela , Conte Francesca , Cellini Nicola , Fusco Giuseppina , Giganti Fiorenza , Malloggi Serena , Ficca Gianluca 
Published: October 2019

SummaryUsing a nap design, we have recently shown that training at a complex cognitive task at bedtime improves objective sleep quality by reducing sleep fragmentation. In order to extend our findings to nighttime sleep, here we assess the impact of a multi‐componential cognitive task at bedtime on the subsequent sleep episode of subjects reporting habitual bad sleep, allegedly characterized by high sleep fragmentation. In a within‐subjects design, 20 subjective bad sleepers underwent polysomnographic recording in three conditions: (a) baseline sleep (BL); (b) post‐training sleep (TR), preceded by a complex ecological task, i.e. a modified version of the word game Ruzzle; (c) post‐active control sleep (AC), preceded by a control task. Sleep in TR was more organized (higher number of cycles and longer time spent in cycles) and showed lower microarousal frequency than in AC and BL. As for sleep continuity (total and brief awakening frequency) and other stability measures (state transition and functional uncertainty period frequency, time in functional uncertainty), both TR and AC showed significant improvements compared with BL. Arousal frequency was also reduced in TR relative to BL. Our results show a clear impact of cognitive training on subsequent night sleep, basically consisting of an increase in sleep continuity, stability and organization. In our sample of bad sleepers, these post‐training changes end up representing a notable sleep improvement, also consistently reflected in subjective sleep quality perception. Therefore, ecological pre‐sleep cognitive training should be further studied as an easily accessible complementary approach in standard therapies for sleep‐disordered populations.
The Problem of Other Minds
Authors: Tullmann Katherine 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper reimagines the traditional problem of other minds. On a Cartesian view, the problem involves humans’ inability to perceive other persons’ minds. Similarly, Gilbert Ryle claims that we cannot directlyaccessanother’s mind. The paper’s rethinking of the problem of other minds moves beyond these questions of perceptibility and accessibility. It asks whether there are certaingroupsof people whose minds are systematically misinterpreted, or even denied mentality. It argues that there are. This claim builds off recent work in philosophy and social psychology on epistemic injustice and the role of social categories in mental state attribution. The paper proposes theProblem of the Other’s Mind: the phenomenon of a (relatively) socially privileged person’s inability or lack of desire to understand the mind of a (relatively) socially underprivileged person.