bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The biological basis and function of GNAS mutation in pseudomyxoma peritonei: a review
Authors: Lin Yu-Lin , Ma Ru , Li Yan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare clinical malignancy syndrome characterized by the uncontrollable accumulation of copious mucinous ascites in the peritoneal cavity, resulting in “jelly belly”. The mechanism of tumor progression and mucin hypersecretion remains largely unknown, but GNAS mutation is a promising contributor. This review is to systemically summarize the biological background and variant features of GNAS, as well as the impacts of GNAS mutations on mucin expression, tumor cell proliferation, clinical-pathological characteristics, and prognosis of PMP.

Methods
NCBI PubMed database (in English) and WAN FANG DATA (in Chinese) were used for literature search. And NCBI Gene and Protein databases, Ensembl Genome Browser, COSMIC, UniProt, and RCSB PDB database were used for gene and protein review.

Results
GNAS encodes guanine nucleotide-binding protein α subunit (Gsα). The mutation sites of GNAS mutation in PMP are relatively stable, usually at Chr20: 57,484,420 (base pair: C-G) and Chr20: 57,484,421 (base pair: G-C). Typical GNAS mutation results in the reduction of GTP enzyme activity in Gsα, causing failure to hydrolyze GTP and release phosphoric acid, and eventually the continuous binding of GTP to Gsα. The activated Gsα could thus continuously promote mucin secretion through stimulating the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway, which is a possible mechanism leading to elevated mucin secretion in PMP.

Conclusion
GNAS mutation is one of the most important molecular biological features in PMP, with major functions to promote mucin hypersecretion.
Discrete uniform and binomial distributions with infinite support
Authors: Pepelyshev Andrey , Zhigljavsky Anatoly 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe study properties of two probability distributions defined on the infinite set$$\{0,1,2, \ldots \}$${0,1,2,…}and generalizing the ordinary discrete uniform and binomial distributions. Both extensions use the grossone-model of infinity. The first of the two distributions we study is uniform and assigns masses$$1/\textcircled {1}$$1/1to all points in the set$$ \{0,1,\ldots ,\textcircled {1}-1\}$${0,1,…,1-1}, where$$\textcircled {1}$$1denotes the grossone. For this distribution, we study the problem of decomposing a random variable$$\xi $$ξwith this distribution as a sum$$\xi {\mathop {=}\limits ^\mathrm{d}} \xi _1 + \cdots + \xi _m$$ξ=dξ1+⋯+ξm, where$$\xi _1 , \ldots , \xi _m$$ξ1,…,ξmare independent non-degenerate random variables. Then, we develop an approximation for the probability mass function of the binomial distribution Bin$$(\textcircled {1},p)$$(1,p)with$$p=c/\textcircled {1}^{\alpha }$$p=c/1αwith$$1/2<\alpha \le 1$$1/2<α≤1. The accuracy of this approximation is assessed using a numerical study.
What happened to financially sustainable firms in the Corona crisis?
Authors: Günther Thomas , Gleißner Werner , Walkshäusl Christian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurpose: Financial sustainability is underrepresented in both research on and the practice of sustainability management and reporting. In this article, we examine empirically how financially sustainable firms performed in the Corona crisis.Methods: We measure financial sustainability by four conditions: (1) firm growth, (2) the company’s ability to survive, (3) an acceptable overall level of earnings risk exposure, and (4) an attractive earnings risk profile. We apply this measurement to investment portfolios of a broad sample of firms from 15 European countries of the MSCI Europe using typical investment portfolio characteristics.Results: We find that financially sustainable firms outperform both the broad market and firms with low financial sustainability for the time span July 2019 to March 2020.Conclusion: An investment strategy that invests in financially sustainable firms seems to be better capable of overcoming economic breakdowns such as the Corona crisis. We find that the returns increase with each of the four conditions that are included in the investment strategy. This underlines that considering financial sustainability is interesting for financial management, corporate governance and management control.
Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Korean isolates of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from 2013–2016
Authors: Yun Mi-ran , Ryou Jungsang , Choi Wooyoung , Lee Joo-Yeon , Park Sun-Whan , Kim Dae-Won 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). Although SFTS originated in China, it is an emerging infectious disease with prevalence confirmed in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The full-length genomes of 51 Korean SFTSV isolates from 2013 to 2016 were sequenced, and the sequences were deposited into a public database (GenBank) and analyzed to elucidate the phylogeny and evolution of the virus. Although most of the Korean SFTSV isolates were closely related to previously reported Japanese isolates, some were closely related to previously reported Chinese isolates. We identified one Korean strain that appears to have resulted from multiple inter-lineage reassortments. Several nucleotide and amino acid variations specific to the Korean isolates were identified. Future studies should focus on how these variations affect virus pathogenicity and evolution.
Robust requirements gathering for ontologies in smart water systems
Authors: Howell Shaun , Beach Thomas , Rezgui Yacine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUrban environments are urgently required to become smarter to overcome sustainability and resilience challenges whilst remaining economically viable. This involves a vast increase in the penetration of ICT resources, both physical and virtual, with the requirement to factor in built environment, socio-economic and human artefacts. This paper, therefore, proposes a methodology for eliciting, testing, and deploying, requirements in the field of urban cybernetics. This extends best practice requirements engineering principles to meet the demands of this growing niche. The paper follows a case study approach of applying the methodology in the smart water domain, where it achieves positive results. The approach not only heavily utilises iteration alongside domain experts, but also mandates the integration of technical domain experts to ensure software requirements are met. A key novelty of the approach is prioritising a balance between (a) knowledge engineers’ tenacity for logical accuracy, (b) software engineers’ need for speed, simplicity, and integration with other components, and (c) the domain experts’ needs to invoke ownership and hence nurture adoption of the resulting ontology.
Microscopy of Metal Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Castell Martin R. , Dudarev Sergei L. , Muggelberg Christiane , Sutton Adrian P. , Briggs G. Andrew D. , Goddard David T. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Elevated temperature scanning tunneling microscopy is used to study
oxides that are room temperature insulators but become sufficiently
electrically conducting at higher temperatures to allow imaging to be
performed. Atomic resolution images of NiO, CoO, and
UO2 have been obtained in this fashion which allow
surface structure and defect determination. To complement the experiments,
modeling of the electronic surface structure reveals which atomic sites give
rise to the contrast observed in the images. Low voltage scanning electron
microscopy is used to image small equilibrium pores in
UO2 single crystals to evaluate the surface energy
ratio of the (111) to (001) surfaces.
Field Emission and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Edgcombe Christopher John , Valdrè Ugo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An overview and new results are presented of the investigations carried
out in the last 5 years on nano-sized tips by means of electron microscopy,
an electron optical bench, and computation. Tungsten and, in particular,
carbon nano-tips prepared by carbon contamination in a scanning electron
microscope, were studied for applications as field-emission electron
sources. Several features of their use are described and the results
concerning the determination of some of their basic properties are
reported.
Extended and Point Defects in Diamond Studied with the Aid of Various
Forms of Microscopy
Authors: Steeds John W. , Charles Steven J. , Gilmore Annette C. , Butler James E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is shown that star disclinations can be a significant source of
stress in chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond. This purely geometrical
origin contrasts with other sources of stress that have been proposed
previously. The effectiveness is demonstrated of the use of electron
irradiation using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to displace atoms
from their equilibrium sites to investigate intrinsic defects and impurities
in CVD diamond. After irradiation, the samples are studied by low
temperature photoluminescence microscopy using UV or blue laser
illumination. Results are given that are interpreted as arising from
isolated <100> split self-interstitials and positively charged single
vacancies. Negatively charged single vacancies can also be revealed by this
technique. Nitrogen and boron impurities may also be studied similarly. In
addition, a newly developed liquid gallium source scanned ion beam mass
spectrometry (SIMS) instrument has been used to map out the B distribution
in B doped CVD diamond specimens. The results are supported by micro-Raman
spectroscopy.
Inferring Physical Parameters from Images of Vibrating Carbon
Nanotubes
Authors: Treacy M.M.J. , Krishnan A. , Yianilos P.N. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We describe a hidden parameter inferencing algorithm for deducing the
length, width, and vibration profile from images of thermally excited
single-wall carbon nanotubes. With accurate estimates of these parameters,
the Young’s modulus can be deduced. The algorithm is sensitive to shot noise
in the image, primarily because of the low nanotube image contrast. Noise
causes the nanotube length and width to be overestimated, and the vibration
amplitude to be underestimated. After correcting for shot noise, we infer an
average value of the Young’s modulus of 〈Y〉= 1.20±0.20 TPa, which is larger
than the currently accepted value for graphite.
Transmission Electron Diffraction at 200 eV and Damage Thresholds below
the Carbon K Edge
Authors: Stevens Michael R. , Chen Qing , Weierstall Uwe , Spence John C.H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Transmission electron diffraction patterns from ultra-thin aromatic and
aliphatic organic films at beam energies of 200 eV–1 keV have been recorded
in a custom low energy electron transmission (LEET) chamber. A significant
reduction of the molecular damage cross-section, measured by fading of
diffraction spots, was found for thin films of the aromatic perylene when
the beam energy was reduced from 400 to 200 eV. The corresponding
measurements for the aliphatic tetracontane showed a smaller “threshold
energy” and the differences are discussed. Electron beam damage from other
aromatic materials has also been studied at low energy. Comparison of the
carbon K shell ionization cross-section and the measured damage
cross-sections show that carbon K-shell ionization is strongly correlated
with the damage observed in aromatics at beam energies higher than 284 eV.
Calculation of the minimum number of unit cells needed for imaging a single
molecule, and comparison of calculated elastic with measured damage
cross-sections both indicate new possibilities for imaging biomolecules with
low energy electrons.
Threshold Energy Effects in Secondary Electron Emission
Authors: Howie A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In large bandgap semiconductors and insulators, the threshold energies
for e–h pair production and ionization damage can lie above the vacuum
level. For low energy imaging, a window is then opened whose width is
potentially sensitive to local changes in work function, doping level, or
acidity. Recent progress and future opportunities for damage-free imaging of
these properties using low energy electrons are discussed in the light of
the underlying physics, as well as of recent instrumental developments in
low energy electron microscopy (LEEM), environmental scanning electron
microscopy (ESEM), photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM), scanned probe
microscopy (SPM), and projection electron microscopy.
Rapid and Semi-automated Method for Analysis of the Number of Atoms of
Ultra-small Platinum Clusters on Carbon
Authors: Yang J.C. , Bradley S. , Gibson J.M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Very high angle (~100 mrad) annular dark-field (HAADF) images in a
dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) can be used to
quantitatively measure the number of atoms in a cluster on a support
material. We have developed a computer program which will automatically find
the location of the particles and then integrate the intensity to find the
number of atoms per cluster. We have examined ultra-small Pt clusters on a C
substrate by this novel mass-spectroscopic technique. We discovered that the
Pt clusters maintain their three-dimensional shape, and are probably
spherical.
Z-contrast Imaging in an Aberration-corrected Scanning Transmission
Electron Microscope
Authors: Pennycook S.J. , Rafferty B. , Nellist P.D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We show that in the limit of a large objective (probe-forming) aperture,
relevant to a spherical aberration corrected microscope, the Z-contrast
image of a zone-axis crystal becomes an image of the 1s Bloch states. The
limiting resolution is therefore the width of the Bloch states, which may be
greater than that of the free probe. Nevertheless, enormous gains in image
quality are expected from the improved contrast and signal-to-noise ratio.
We present an analytical channeling model for the thickness dependence of
the Z-contrast image in a zone-axis crystal, and show that, at large
thicknesses, columnar intensities become proportional to the mean square
atomic number, Z2.
Reverse Flow Pressure Limiting Aperture
Authors: Danilatos Gerasimos D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The reverse flow pressure limiting aperture is a device that creates and
sustains a substantial gas pressure difference between two chambers
connected via an aperture. The aperture is surrounded by an annular orifice
leading to a third chamber. The third chamber is maintained at a relatively
high pressure that forces gas to flow through the annular aperture into the
first of said two chambers. The ensuing gas flow develops into a supersonic
annular gas jet, the core of which is coaxial with the central aperture. A
pumping action is created at the core of the jet and any gas molecules
leaking through the aperture from the second chamber are entrained and
forced into the first chamber, thus creating a substantial pressure
difference between the first and second chamber.
Nanomeasurements in Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Wang Z.L. , Poncharal P. , de Heer W.A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nanomaterials have attracted a great deal of research interest recently.
The small size of nanostructures constrains the applications of
well-established testing and measurement techniques, thus new methods and
approaches must be developed for quantitative measurement of the properties
of individual nanostructures. This article reports our progress in using in
situ transmission electron microscopy to measure the electrical, mechanical,
and field-emission properties of individual carbon nanotubes whose
microstructure is well-characterized. The bending modulus of a single carbon
nanotube has been measured by an electric field-induced resonance effect. A
nanobalance technique is demonstrated that can be applied to measure the
mass of a tiny particle as light as 22 fg (1 fg = 10−15
g), the smallest balance in the world. Quantum conductance was observed in
defect-free nanotubes, which led to the transport of a superhigh current
density at room temperature without heat dissipation. Finally, the
field-emission properties of a single carbon nanotube are observed, and the
field-induced structural damage is reported.
Fiber-optic Based Spectral Cathodoluminescence: Simple and Economic
Option for Use in Conventional and Environmental Scanning Electron
Microscopy
Authors: Griffin Brendan J. , Browne James R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A fiber-optic based spectral cathodoluminescence (CL) system has been
successfully installed on a variable pressure “environmental” scanning
electron microscope (ESEM). The fine size of the fiber (50 μm) has been
found to require careful alignment. To provide this alignment, a simple X–Y
translator has been used. The aligned fiber exhibits high efficiency and the
system has recorded spectra at up to 3 million “counts” per sec on strongly
cathodoluminescent doped yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) samples, at 30 kV
and ˜3 nA. A resolution of 3 nm [full width half maximum (FWHM)] at 621 nm
has been measured from a red laser diode spectrum, on the ESEM column. A
range of uncoated materials has been measured to characterize the CL system;
these materials ranged from strongly luminescent YAG to weakly luminescent
polymers. Wellcharacterized doped zircons have also been investigated. These
data suggest that the previously reported intrinsic peak from zircon is a
consequence of high-beam currents.
Correlation between Charge Contrast Imaging and the Distribution of Some
Trace Level Impurities in Gibbsite
Authors: Baroni Travis C. , Griffin Brendan J. , Browne James R. , Lincoln Frank J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Charge contrast images (CCI) of synthetic gibbsite obtained on an
environmental scanning electron microscope gives information on the
crystallization process. Furthermore, X-ray mapping of the same grains shows
that impurities are localized during the initial stages of growth and that
the resulting composition images have features similar to these observed in
CCI. This suggests a possible correlation between impurity distributions and
the emission detected during CCI. X-ray line profiles, simulating the
spatial distribution of impurities derived from the Monte Carlo program
CASINO, have been compared with experimental line profiles and give an
estimate of the localization. The model suggests that a main impurity, Ca,
is depleted from the solution within approximately 3–4 μm of
growth.
Compression of Secondary Ion Microscopy Image Sets Using a
Three-dimensional Wavelet Transformation
Authors: Wolkenstein Martin G. , Hutter Herbert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article proposes a lossy three-dimensional (3-D) image compression
method for 3-D secondary ion microscopy (SIMS) image sets that uses a
separable nonuniform 3-D wavelet transform. A typical 3-D SIMS measurement
produces relatively large amounts of data which has to be reduced for
archivation purposes. Although it is possible to compress an image set slice
by slice, more efficient compression can be achieved by exploring the
correlation between slices. Compared to different two-dimensional (2-D)
image compression methods, compression ratios of the 3-D wavelet method are
about four times higher at a comparable peak signal-to-noise ratio
(PSNR).
Cross-sectional Specimen Preparation and Observation of a Plasma Sprayed
Coating Using a Focused Ion Beam/Transmission Electron Microscopy
System
Authors: Yaguchi Toshie , Kamino Takeo , Sasaki Mitsumasa , Barbezat Gerard , Urao Ryoichi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A focused ion beam (FIB) technique was applied to cross-sectional
specimen preparation to observe an interface between a plasma sprayed
coating and an aluminum (Al) substrate by transmission electron microscopy
(TEM). The surface of the sprayed coating film has a roughness of several
tens of microns. Sputter rates for the coating film and the substrate are
greatly different. The rough surface and the difference in sputter rate
cause problems in making TEM specimens with smooth side walls. The top
surface of the coating film was planerized by the FIB before fabricating the
TEM specimen. The interfaces were investigated by TEM and energy-dispersive
X-ray (EDX) analysis. The TEM observation revealed that there is a 10 nm
thick amorphous layer at the interface between the coating film and
substrate. The coating film consists of two kinds of sublayers with bright
and dark contrast. The bright contrast sublayers were amorphous layers with
thickness of 2~10 nm. The Al/Fe X-ray intensity ratio was larger in bright
contrast sublayers than that in dark contrast sublayers.
New Technique for Successful Thermal Barrier Coating Specimen Preparation
for Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Brickey M.R. , Lee J.L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Reliability of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) hinges on the adhesion of
a thermally grown oxide scale to an insulative ceramic topcoat and an
underlying metallic bondcoat. The width of the scale and its interfaces
makes transmission electron microscopy (TEM) an appropriate tool for its
analysis. However, specimen preparation has proven to be a challenging
obstacle leading to a dearth of TEM research on TBCs. A new approach to
cross-section TBC TEM specimen preparation is described. The principal
advantages of this technique are reproducibility, reduced specimen damage,
and time savings resulting from decreased ion milling. This technique has
been successfully applied to numerous TBC specimens with various thermal
histories.
Endovascular treatment of ischemic large-vessel stroke due to infective endocarditis: case series and review of the literature
Authors: D’Anna Lucio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Mechanical thrombectomy is the standard of care, in selected patients, for acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion but its use in patients with stroke secondary to infective endocarditis is controversial. We report three cases of acute ischemic stroke treated by mechanical thrombectomy and we propose an extensive review of the literature to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of thrombectomy in patients with stroke secondary to infective endocarditis.

Methods
A comprehensive literature search was performed following a pre-specified protocol of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Case reports, cases series, cross-sectional studies, case control studies, randomized controlled trials or nonrandomized controlled trials were considered that included endocarditis-related acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy.

Results
The database search yielded 431 relevant records published until January 2020. Nineteen articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria that described thirty patients. After the thrombectomy, 13.3% of the patients experienced intracranial haemorrhage. After the procedure, the median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score dropped from 15 (IQR 7) to 2.5 (IQR 5.75). At 90 days, mortality was 23.3% while 46.7% of the patients were functionally independent (mRS ≤ 2).

Discussion
Based on our review, the use of mechanical thrombectomy in patients with large vessel occlusion due to endocarditis-associated stroke might improve patient outcome but it should be considered on a case by case base as the safety has not been well established yet. Further research on risk stratification is needed to drive clinician during the decision-making process.