bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human norovirus exhibits strain-specific sensitivity to host interferon pathways in human intestinal enteroids
Authors: Lin Shih-Ching , Qu Lin , Ettayebi Khalil , Crawford Sue E. , Blutt Sarah E. , Robertson Matthew J. , Zeng Xi-Lei , Tenge Victoria R. , Ayyar B. Vijayalakshmi , Karandikar Umesh C. , Yu Xiaomin , Coarfa Cristian , Atmar Robert L. , Ramani Sasirekha , Estes Mary K. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against viral infections, with the outcome of infection determined by the interplay between virus and host defense mechanisms. We report transcriptomic and functional analyses of epithelial cell responses to HuNoV infection in HIE cultures. HuNoV infection triggers predominantly a type III interferon (IFN) response and upregulation of long noncoding RNAs. Exogenously added IFNs restrict HuNoV replication in a strain-independent manner, but we unexpectedly found strain-dependent effects of endogenously activated cellular IFNs. Our findings suggest strain-specific sensitivities to IFN as a factor for global dominance of pandemic strains, provide a new arsenal of stable HIE knockout lines for several IFN pathways, and highlight strain differences as a consideration for development of effective therapies.
Chemical nonequilibrium modelling of a free-burning nitrogen arc
Authors: Wang Hai-Xing , Zhu Tao , Sun Su-Rong , Liu Gang , Murphy Anthony B 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Thermal and chemical nonequilibrium modelling is performed to investigate the plasma characteristics of a nitrogen arc. The arc plasma is coupled with the electrodes self-consistently in the computational domain. The self-consistent effective binary diffusion coefficient approximation treatment of diffusion and a generalized form of Ohm’s law are incorporated in the model. It is found the electric field has to undergo a reversal in front of the anode to preserve current conservation due to the strong diffusion current density. No field reversal is found in front of the cathode. The detailed chemical reaction processes are analyzed to understand the species density behaviour. Along the cathode surface, the maximum values of current density and heat flux density occur at the intersection of the flat tip and the conical surface. The distributions of different components of the current density and heat flux density change with the arc current. On the anode side, the electric field and diffusion components contribute to the current density, and have opposite signs and similar magnitudes on the axis, leading to an off-axis maximum of the current density. The electron condensation heat makes the largest contribution to the total heat flux in the high current density region, and the heavy-species contribution from the plasma becomes important in the arc fringe. The high heat flux and current density at the anode show that the nitrogen arc possesses excellent energy source properties for arc welding and other processes that require workpiece melting.
Non-relaxor behaviour of low-frequency vibration spectra of relaxor ferroelectric PbCo1/3Nb2/3O3: evidences from Brillouin and Raman scattering measurements
Authors: Lee J W , Ko J-H , Fedoseev A I , Smirnova T A , Lushnikov S G 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the results of studies of a low-frequency vibration spectrum of PbCo1/3Nb2/3O3 (PCN) relaxor ferroelectric crystal using the Brillouin and Raman light scattering in the temperature range from 80 to 750 K. The analysis of the temperature behaviour of the longitudinal acoustic phonon in Brillouin scattering spectra showed no anomalies in the vicinity of ‘diffuse phase transition’ (T
m = 250 K) in PCN. Polarized Raman light scattering spectra were obtained in PCN over the entire temperature range studied. Analysis of low-frequency optical mode behaviour in PCN during temperature change also revealed no correlations with dielectric permeability anomaly in the vicinity of T
m: softening of optical phonon at 43 cm−1 frequency in VV polarization is observed at 170 K. In the same temperature range, there are anomalies (a ‘narrow’ and weak component) in quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) obtained in temperature behaviour with VH polarization in Raman spectra in PCN. A ‘wide’ and intense QELS component, obtained in Raman spectra with VV polarization, shows anomalies in the vicinity of T
m. We associate the anomalies of optical phonons and QELS with structure distortions in the formation of phase stratification and the dynamics of polar nano-regions.
The observed topological vortex domains and the rotating magnetocaloric effect in the hexagonal RMnO3 (R = Ho, Er, and Yb) crystals
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Ye , Li Leiyu , Li Qianjie , Wang Dongdong , Zhu Jiangyuan , Li Jin , Zeng Min 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Hexagonal RMnO3 (R = Er, Ho and Yb) single crystals were grown and their unique vortex domain structures, magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) were comprehensively investigated. The topological vortex domains/structures were clearly illustrated by polarized optical microscope and piezo response force microscopy, confirming a high quality of the crystals. The magnetic transitions related to R
3+–Mn3+ interactions and anisotropic properties were observed in the RMnO3 crystals. The broad peaks of magnetic entropy change −ΔS
M appeared around

T

N

R

revealed that the order of R
3+ moments is crucial to the large MCE. A giant rotating MCE (RMCE: ∼10.57 J kg−1 K−1) was obtained with magnetic field changing from 0 to 50 kOe in ErMnO3, accompanied with a large refrigerant capacity (RC: ∼159 J kg−1). These significant RMCE and RC behaviors are found to be closely related to the R
3+–R
3+, and R
3+–Mn3+ interactions in these RMnO3. These results may open up a possibility for designing low-temperature magnetic cooling devices by tailoring the R–4f and Mn–3d orbit interactions.
Molten salt synthesis of carbon-doped boron nitride nanosheets with enhanced adsorption performance
Authors: Wang Honghong , Tian Liang , Huang Zhong , Liang Feng , Guan Keke , Jia Quanli , Zhang Haijun , Zhang Shaowei 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Owing to their large specific areas, high thermal stability and chemical inertness, two-dimensional boron carbon nitride nanosheets (BCNNs) have captured much attention in recent years in the field of adsorption of pollutants. The formation of BCNNs via incorporating carbon into boron nitride (BN) can effectively improve the photoelectric and adsorption properties of the latter. In this work, carbon-doped BN (BCN) nanosheets were prepared at 1100 °C via a molten salt route using boric acid, melamine and glucose as the main starting materials. The effects of molten salt type and carbon doping level on the formation of BCN were investigated, and their isothermal adsorption properties in a methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution were evaluated based on the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results indicated that using molten LiCl-KCl as a liquid medium was more favorable than NaCl-KCl to the formation of BCNNs. As-prepared BC0.4N sample possessed a sheet-like structure of about 10 nm thick and a specific surface area as high as 484 m2 g−1. Moreover, the adsorption test of MB demonstrated a high adsorption capacity of 249.04 mg g−1, which was about 14 times higher than that in the case of the pristine BN, and the kinetic rate constant value in the case of using BC0.4N is about ten times as high as that of BN following a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that the as-formed BC0.4N nanosheets could be potentially used as a value-added effective adsorbent for future wastewater remediation.
Growth of zinc-blende GaN on muscovite mica by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Daudin Bruno , Donatini Fabrice , Bougerol Catherine , Gayral Bruno , Bellet-Amalric Edith , Vermeersch Rémy , Feldberg Nathaniel , Rouvière Jean-Luc , Recio Carretero Maria José , Garro Núria , Garcia-Orrit Saül , Cros Ana 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The mechanisms of plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaN on muscovite mica were investigated. Using a battery of techniques, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, cathodoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, it was possible to establish that, in spite of the lattice symmetry mismatch, GaN grows in epitaxial relationship with mica, with the [11–20] GaN direction parallel to [010] direction of mica. GaN layers could be easily detached from the substrate via the delamination of the upper layers of the mica itself, discarding the hypothesis of a van der Waals growth mode. Mixture of wurtzite (hexagonal) and zinc blende (ZB) (cubic) crystallographic phases was found in the GaN layers with ratios highly dependent on the growth conditions. Interestingly, almost pure ZB GaN epitaxial layers could be obtained at high growth temperature, suggesting the existence of a specific GaN nucleation mechanism on mica and opening a new way to the growth of the thermodynamically less stable ZB GaN phase.
Novel adjustable monolayer carbon nitride membranes for high-performance saline water desalination
Authors: Mehrdad Mohammad , Moosavi Ali 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this study, via molecular dynamic simulations, we showed that the latest described graphene-like carbon nitride membranes, such as g-C4N3, g-C6N6, and g-C3N4 single-layers, can be used as high-performance membranes for water desalination. In addition to having inherent nanopores and extraordinary mechanical properties, the carbon nitride membranes have high water permeability and strong ion rejection (IR) capability. The important point about carbon nitride membranes is that the open or closed state of the pores can be changed by applying tensile stress and creating a positive strain on the membrane. The effect of the imposed pressure, the tensile strain, the ion concentration, and the effective pore size of the membranes are reported. It is demonstrated that, with the applied tensile strain of 12%, the g-C6N6 membrane is the best purification membrane, with a water permeability of 54.16 l cm−2 d−1 MPa−1 and the IR of 100%. Its water permeability is one order of magnitude greater than other one-atom-thick membranes.
MXene-based ultra-thin film for terahertz radiation shielding
Authors: Zou Qi , Guo Wenyu , Zhang Long , Yang Liting , Zhao Zhenyu , Liu Feng , Ye Xiang , Zhang Yi , Shi Wangzhou 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We have successfully fabricated Ti-based MXenes flakes, Ti3C2Tx, by chemical etching, then prepared it as an organic dispersion and finally spin-coated it on polyimide plastic substrate for terahertz wave shielding. The shielding effectivity of the 12 μm ultra-thin film can reach up to 17 dB measured by the terahertz time-domain spectra. We can attribute the excellent phenomenon to the intrinsic absorption of triple-layered Ti3C2, due to the similar double-peak type refraction curves, which have been respectively observed from the experimental samples and the simulation ones. High conductivity and strong THz absorption indicate the Ti3C2Tx MXene is the absorptive electromagnetic shielding material. Comparing with other kinds of THz shielding materials, the Ti-based MXenes might be a potential candidate for the next generation of ultra-thin and lightweight THz shielding.
Impact of scanner harmonization on PET-based treatment response assessment in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Weisman Amy J , Bradshaw Tyler J , Namias Mauro , Jeraj Robert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Patients with metastatic melanoma often receive 18F-FDG PET/CT scans on different scanners throughout their monitoring period. In this study, we quantified the impact of scanner harmonization on longitudinal changes in PET standardized uptake values using various harmonization and normalization methods, including an anthropomorphic PET phantom. Twenty metastatic melanoma patients received at least two FDG PET/CT scans, each on two different scanners with an average of 4 months (range: 2–8) between. Scans from a General Electric (GE) Discovery 710 PET CT−1 were harmonized to the GE Discovery VCT using image reconstruction settings matching recovery coefficients in an anthropomorphic phantom with bone equivalent inserts and wall-less synthetic lesions. In patient images, SUVmax was measured for each melanoma lesion and time-point. Lesions were classified as progressing, stable, or responding based on pre-defined threshold of ±30% change in SUVmax. For comparison, harmonization was also performed using simpler methods, including harmonization using a NEMA phantom, post-reconstruction filtering, reference region normalization of SUVmax, and use of SUVpeak instead of SUVmax. In the 20 patients, 90 lesions across two time-points were available for treatment response assessment. Treatment response classification changed in 47% (42/90) of cases after harmonization with anthropomorphic phantom. Before harmonization, 37% (33/90) of the lesions were classified as stable (changing less than 30% between two time-points), while the fraction of stable lesions increased to 58% (52/90) after harmonization. Harmonization with the NEMA phantom agreed with harmonization with the anthropomorphic phantom in 91% (82/90) of cases. Post-reconstruction filtering agreed with anthropomorphic phantom-based harmonization in 83% (75/90) cases. The utilization of reference regions for normalization or SUVpeak was unable to correct for changes as identified by the anthropomorphic phantom-based harmonization. Overall, PET scanner harmonization has a major impact on individual lesion treatment response classification in metastatic melanoma patients. Harmonization using the NEMA phantom yielded similar results to harmonization using anthropomorphic phantom, while the only acceptable post-reconstruction technique was post-reconstruction filtering. Phantom-based harmonization is therefore strongly recommended when comparing lesion uptake across time-points when the images have been acquired on different PET scanners.
Comparison of 11 automated PET segmentation methods in lymphoma
Authors: Weisman Amy J , Kieler Minnie W , Perlman Scott , Hutchings Martin , Jeraj Robert , Kostakoglu Lale , Bradshaw Tyler J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Segmentation of lymphoma lesions in FDG PET/CT images is critical in both assessing individual lesions and quantifying patient disease burden. Simple thresholding methods remain common despite the large heterogeneity in lymphoma lesion location, size, and contrast. Here, we assess 11 automated PET segmentation methods for their use in two scenarios: individual lesion segmentation and patient-level disease quantification in lymphoma. Lesions on 18F-FDG PET/CT scans of 90 lymphoma patients were contoured by a nuclear medicine physician. Thresholding, active contours, clustering, adaptive region-growing, and convolutional neural network (CNN) methods were implemented on all physician-identified lesions. Lesion-level segmentation was evaluated using multiple segmentation performance metrics (Dice, Hausdorff Distance). Patient-level quantification of total disease burden (SUVtotal) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the segmentation output and physician contours. Lesion segmentation and patient quantification performance was compared to inter-physician agreement in a subset of 20 patients segmented by a second nuclear medicine physician. In total, 1223 lesions with median tumor-to-background ratio of 4.0 and volume of 1.8 cm3, were evaluated. When assessed for lesion segmentation, a 3D CNN, DeepMedic, achieved the highest performance across all evaluation metrics. DeepMedic, clustering methods, and an iterative threshold method had lesion-level segmentation performance comparable to the degree of inter-physician agreement. For patient-level SUVtotal and MTV quantification, all methods except 40% and 50% SUVmax and adaptive region-growing achieved a performance that was similar the agreement of the two physicians. Multiple methods, including a 3D CNN, clustering, and an iterative threshold method, achieved both good lesion-level segmentation and patient-level quantification performance in a population of 90 lymphoma patients. These methods are thus recommended over thresholding methods such as 40% and 50% SUVmax, which were consistently found to be significantly outside the limits defined by inter-physician agreement.
Pancreas segmentation based on an adversarial model under two-tier constraints
Authors: Li Meiyu , Lian Fenghui , Guo Shuxu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Pancreas segmentation is vital for the effective diagnosis and treatment of diabetic or pancreatic diseases. However, the irregular shape and strong variability of the pancreas in medical images pose significant challenges to accurate segmentation. In this paper, we propose a novel segmentation algorithm that imposes two-tier constraints on a conventional network through adversarial learning, namely UDCGAN. Specifically, we incorporate a dual adversarial training scheme in a conventional segmentation network, which further facilitates the probability maps from the segmentor to converge on the ground truth distributions owing to the effectiveness of generative adversarial networks (GANs) in capturing data distributions. This novel segmentation algorithm is equivalent to employing adversarial learning on a segmentation network that has been trained in an adversarial manner. Duplex intervention and guidance further refine the loss functions of the segmentor, thus effectively contributing to the preservation of details for segmentation. The segmentation results on the NIH Pancreas-CT dataset show that our proposed model achieves a competitive performance compared with other state-of-the-art methods.
Study on generation characteristics of plasma jets of multi-electrode in a pulse vacuum discharge
Authors: Liu Wenzheng , Zhang Wenjun , Tian Jia , Gao Yongjie , Zhao Luxiang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In order to increase the production of plasma jets in a pulse vacuum discharge, based on the insulated anode electrode structure (IAES), discharge experiments by using multiple electrodes under one power supply are performed in this paper. During experiments, discharge currents flowing through multiple cathode sides (cathode currents) were measured by identical Rogowski coils at the same time. The plasma density and propagation velocity of plasma jets were measured by the self-designed ‘+’ type probes. Firstly, the differences in discharge characteristics and generation characteristics of plasma jets between the single-electrode and the double-electrode discharge were compared and analyzed. Secondly, the effects that the electrode spacing (D) and the capacitor capacity had on the discharge characteristics and generation characteristics of plasma jets of the multi-electrode were analyzed. Results show that because the discharge voltage of the IAES is dropped to the arc voltage after a long duration, the simultaneous discharge of multiple electrodes in a single pulse can be realized. Compared with the single-electrode discharge, using multiple electrodes to discharge simultaneously in a single pulse can decrease the initial discharge voltage, increase the peak of cathode current and increase the amount of plasma production. In addition, there is interaction between plasma jets of the multi-electrode, and the spatial electric field generated by the first ejected plasma jet will hinder the generation of plasma jets of subsequent electrodes. Only by keeping a certain electrode spacing (D) between the electrodes, can multiple electrodes be all discharged and plasma jets of the same length be produced. Increasing capacitor capacity can increase the plasma density, propagation velocity, length of plasma jets of the multi-electrode, and realize the simultaneous discharge of more electrodes in a single pulse.
Macroscopic quantumness of optically conditioned mechanical systems
Authors: McAleese Hannah , Paternostro Mauro 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We address the macroscopic quantumness of the state of mechanical systems subjected to conditional protocols devised for state engineering in cavity optomechanics. We use a measure of macroscopicity based on phase-space methods. We cover the transition regime into strong single-photon coupling, illustrating how measurements performed over the cavity field that drives the dynamics of a mechanical system are able to steer the latter toward large quantum coherent states. The effect of losses is evaluated for the case of an open cavity and analyzed in terms of the features of the Wigner functions of the state of the mechanical system. We also address the case of engineered phonon-subtracted mechanical systems, in full open-system configuration, demonstrating the existence of optimal working points for the sake of mesoscopic quantumness. Our study is relevant for and applicable to a broad range of settings, from clamped to levitated mechanical systems.
Unsteady MHD squeezing flow of Jeffrey fluid in a porous medium with thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption and chemical reaction
Authors: Mat Noor Nur Azlina , Shafie Sharidan , Admon Mohd Ariff 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The numerical study is presented for the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) squeezing flow of Jeffrey fluid between two parallel plates in a porous medium with the presence of thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption and chemical reaction. The effect of joule heating and viscous dissipation are also examined. Similarity transformation is implemented to transform the governing nonlinear partial differential equations into the system of ordinary differential equations. The resulting equations are solved via numerical scheme of Keller-box method. The accuracy of the present results is validated by comparing the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers with previous published works. The results are noticed in good agreement. Findings reveal that fluid velocity and wall shear stress accelerate when the plate is squeezed. Also, the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration reduce with increase in ratio of relaxation to retardation times and Hartmann number. The increment of viscous dissipation and heat source/sink boost the fluid temperature and the rate of heat transfer. Meanwhile, the presence of thermal radiation decreases the fluid temperature and increases the rate of heat transfer. Further, the rate of mass transfer elevates in the destructive chemical reaction and reverse effect is shown in the convective chemical reaction.