bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential of galled leaves of Goji (Lycium chinense) as functional food
Authors: Chen Po-Yen , Shih Tin-Han , Chang Kai-Chieh , Wang Jhin-Syuan , Yang Chi-Ming , Chang Yu-Sen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundGoji (Lycium) is a popular traditional health food, and its fruit and root extracts have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemia-inducing abilities. Goji leaves also contain high amounts of phenolic compounds, similar to its fruit, and their extracts also exhibit several pharmaceutical effects. The induction of galls on Goji leaves reduces their photosynthetic ability and fruit yield, which raise their farming costs, thereby leading to economic loss. However, the defense mechanisms induced by infection may elevate the secondary metabolite content of the leaves, which might provide more nutritive compounds.MethodContent of chlorophyll, carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids in the extracts of normal and infected Goji leaves (L. chinense) were analyzed. The relative content of chlorogenic acid and rutin, two major phenolic compounds in Goji leaves, were determined by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was presented by demonstrating the DPPH scavenging percentage. The extract of Goji fruit (L. barbarum) was also analyzed to show a comparative result.ResultsIn this study, we found that in infected Goji leaves, the polyphenol content was significantly increased. The level of chlorogenic acid was increased by 36% in galled leaves. The content of rutin in galled leaves was also elevated. Testing the antioxidant activities also showed that the extracts of galled leaves have higher DPPH scavenging abilities.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that galled Goji leaves have higher functional value, and may have potential as being consumed as health food.
A rare cause of atraumatic fractures: case series of four patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia
Authors: Chen Debbie W. , Clines Gregory A. , Collins Michael T. , Douyon Liselle , Choksi Palak U. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome that presents with hypophosphatemia, bone pain, muscle weakness and fractures. We report a case series of four patients with TIO that resulted in significant muscle weakness and multiple atraumatic fractures.

Case presentation
Four patients were referred to an endocrinology clinic for the evaluation of multiple atraumatic fractures, muscle weakness, generalized muscle and joint pain. Laboratory evaluation was notable for persistent hypophosphatemia due to urinary phosphate wasting, low to low-normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, elevated alkaline phosphatase and elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Tumor localization was successful, and all four patients underwent resection of phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors. Post-operatively, patients exhibited normalization of serum phosphorus, in addition to significant improvement in their ambulatory function.

Conclusion
Hypophosphatemia with elevated FGF23 and low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level in the setting of multiple atraumatic fractures necessitates careful evaluation for biochemical evidence of tumor-induced osteomalacia.
The hummingbird syrinx morphome: a detailed three-dimensional description of the black jacobin’s vocal organ
Authors: Monte Amanda , Cerwenka Alexander F. , Ruthensteiner Bernhard , Gahr Manfred , Düring Daniel N. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe ability to imitate sounds depends on a process called vocal production learning, a rare evolutionary trait. In addition to the few mammalian groups that possess this ability, vocal production learning has evolved independently in three avian clades: songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds. Although the anatomy and mechanisms of sound production in songbirds are well understood, little is known about the hummingbird’s vocal anatomy.ResultsWe use high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) and microdissection to reveal the three-dimensional structure of the syrinx, the vocal organ of the black jacobin (Florisuga fusca), a phylogenetically basal hummingbird species. We identify three features of the black jacobin’s syrinx: (i) a shift in the position of the syrinx to the outside of the thoracic cavity and the related loss of the sterno-tracheal muscle, (ii) complex intrinsic musculature, oriented dorso-ventrally, and (iii) ossicles embedded in the medial vibratory membranes.ConclusionsThe extra-thoracic placement of the black jacobin’s syrinx and the dorso-ventrally oriented musculature likely aid to uncoupling syrinx movements from extensive flight-related thorax constraints. The syrinx morphology further allows for vibratory decoupling, precise control of complex acoustic parameters, and a large motor redundancy that may be key biomechanical factors leading to acoustic complexity and thus facilitating the occurrence of vocal production learning.
Renal abnormalities and its associated factors among school-aged children living in Schistosoma mansoni endemic communities in Northwestern Tanzania
Authors: Kayange Neema M. , Mazuguni Nicholaus , Hokororo Adolfine , Muiruri Charles , Reis Karl , Kidenya Benson R. , Mazigo Humphrey D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn sub-Saharan Africa, renal abnormalities are a major public health concern, especially in children living inSchistosoma haematobiumendemic areas. However, there is a dearth of data on renal abnormalities among children living inSchistosoma mansoniendemic areas. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of renal abnormalities among school children in aSchistosoma mansoniendemic community in Northwestern Tanzania.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2017 among school children aged 6–13 years, attending three primary schools located along the shoreline of Lake Victoria. A single urine sample was collected from each child and screened forS. mansoniusing circulating cathodic antigen and forS. haematobiumeggs using a urine filtration technique. A urine dipstick was used to screen for urine protein levels, creatinine levels, microalbuminuria, and red blood cells. Venous blood was obtained for estimation of creatinine level and for malaria diagnosis. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of renal abnormalities, defined by the presence of low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria or microalbuminuria, and hematuria in urine.ResultsOf 507 children included in the final analysis, 49.9% (253/507) were male with a mean age of 8.51 ± 1.3 years. Overall, 64.0% (326/507) of the children were infected withS. mansoni, and 1.6% (8/507) of the children were infected withS. haematobium. A total of 71 (14%) of the children had proteinuria, 37 (7.3%) had hematuria, and 8 (1.6%) had a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Overall prevalence of renal abnormalities was 22.9%. Renal abnormalities (proteinuria) were associated withS. mansoniinfection (OR = 4.9, 95% CI 2.1–11.2,p< 0.001) and having red blood cells in urine (OR = 5.3, 95% CI 2.5–11.2,p< 0.001).ConclusionTwenty-two percent of school children who participated in this study had renal abnormalities associated withS. mansoniinfection. Given the high prevalence ofS. mansoni, longitudinal epidemiological surveillance is warranted to measure the burden of renal abnormalities and assess the impact of the praziquantel treatment on these abnormalities.
Migration arrest of chemoresistant leukemia cells mediated by MRTF-SRF pathway
Authors: Morimatsu Maho , Yamashita Erika , Seno Shigeto , Sudo Takao , Kikuta Junichi , Mizuno Hiroki , Okuzaki Daisuke , Motooka Daisuke , Ishii Masaru 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Dormant chemotherapy-resistant leukemia cells can survive for an extended period before relapse. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the development of chemoresistance in vivo remain unclear.

Methods
Using intravital bone imaging, we characterized the behavior of murine acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells (C1498) in the bone marrow before and after chemotherapy with cytarabine.

Results
Proliferative C1498 cells exhibited high motility in the bone marrow. Cytarabine treatment impaired the motility of residual C1498 cells. However, C1498 cells regained their migration potential after relapse. RNA sequencing revealed that cytarabine treatment promoted MRTF-SRF pathway activation. MRTF inhibition using CCG-203971 augmented the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy in our AML mouse model, as well as suppressed the migration of chemoresistant C1498 cells.

Conclusions
These results provide novel insight into the role of cell migration arrest on the development of chemoresistance in AML, as well as provide a strong rationale for the modulation of cellular motility as a therapeutic target for refractory AML.
Regulatory lymphocytes: the dice that resolve the tumor endgame
Authors: Pati Subhadip , Chowdhury Anandi , Mukherjee Sumon , Guin Aharna , Mukherjee Shravanti , Sa Gaurisankar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA large number of cancer patients relapse after chemotherapeutic treatment. The immune system is capable of identifying and destroying cancer cells, so recent studies have highlighted the growing importance of using combinatorial chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, many patients have innate or acquired resistance to immunotherapies. Long-term follow-up in a pooled meta-analysis exhibited long-term survival in approximately 20% of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors or the adoptive transfer of chimeric T cells. It has been reported that high levels of immunoregulatory cells in cancer patients contribute to immunotherapy resistance via immunosuppression. Among the most important regulatory cell subtypes are the CD4+T-regulatory cells (Tregs), identified by their expression of the well-characterized, lineage-specific transcription factor FOXP3. In addition to CD4+Tregs, other regulatory cells present in the tumor microenvironment, namely CD8+Tregs and IL10-producing B-regulatory cells (Bregs) that also modulate the immune response in solid and lymphoid tumors. These cells together have detrimental effects on tumor immune surveillance and anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, targeting these regulatory lymphocytes will be crucial in improving treatment outcomes for immunotherapy.
A real-world analysis of patient-reported outcomes in patients with migraine by preventive treatment eligibility status in the US and Europe
Authors: Ford Janet H. , Foster Shonda A. , Nichols Russell M. , Tockhorn-Heidenreich Antje , Ye Wenyu , Jackson James , Cotton Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Migraine has a severe impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) affecting physical, emotional, and social aspects of daily living of an individual. Preventive treatment has been demonstrated to improve HRQoL by reducing the frequency of migraine headache days.

Methods
The study used data from 2017 Adelphi Migraine Disease Specific Program, which is a cross-sectional survey of physicians and their consulting patients with migraine in the United States (US) and five European countries (EU [Germany, France, UK, Italy and Spain]). Objectives were to evaluate patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures in the following two subgroups and by region (US and EU): (i) patients who are eligible for migraine preventive treatment (≥4 migraine headache days/month), and (ii) patients who are non-eligible for preventive treatment (< 4 migraine headache days/month). Patient-reported outcome measures that were assessed included the following: Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire Version 2.1, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions-5 Levels version, and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment.

Results
In total, 5462 patients (US = 1373; EU = 4089) were included in the study (preventive eligible: US = 584; EU = 1942; preventive non-eligible: US = 789; EU = 2147). In the US and EU, preventive eligible patients were significantly more likely to have worse disability as measured by MIDAS than non-eligible patients; preventive eligible patients also had significantly greater functional impairment, worse health utility, and overall greater work impairment (p < 0.0001). Among patients who were preventive eligible, a larger proportion of patients in the US reported that migraine forced them to reduce the number of hours worked as compared with the EU population (29.0% vs 24.7%).

Conclusion
Patients who were preventive eligible (≥4 migraine headache days/month) demonstrated greater burden of disease across multiple PRO measures; trends were similar across the US and the five EU countries.
Biological control chance and limitation within integrated pest management program in Afghanistan
Authors: Falahzadah Mohammad Hussain , Karimi Javad , Gaugler Randy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntegrated pest management (IPM) has recognized as a sustainable method for pest prevention, monitoring, and control. The purpose of this review article focused on biological control potential and challenges in Afghanistan. Biological control is beginning to increase in Afghanistan, in large part due to the establishment of graduate studies in entomology in 2008. Afghan farmers have restricted knowledge about agrochemicals and mostly use a few conventional chemical pesticides and fertilizers. The development and registration of biological agents as an alternative is a more recent movement. Only a single parasitoid agent and three microbial products were registered or pending registration for commercial use on various crops. Products based on Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko 1968) for lepidopteran pests, Trichoderma viride against soil-borne pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Fusarium species are most widely spread. Also, T. viride, Cydia pomonella granulovirus, and Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus registered in 2015. Pesticide registration is the responsibility of the Afghan Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock, with the assistance of the Pesticides Division of Plant Protection and Quarantine Department in coordination with the Ministry of Public Health. The pesticide management board of the National Environmental Protection Agency has not yet signed the membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) or the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Currently, only one foreign company, the National Horticulture and Livestock Project (NHLP), produces microbial pesticides. However, it promised that two more other companies, the Center for Agricultural Bioscience International and the Afghanistan Agriculture Inputs Projects, will start production shortly. This is a review of the brief history of biological control of pests, with a view on current challenges of pest control practices as well the status of the market and the registration procedures for biocontrol agents, along with challenges and opportunities for the development of biocontrol in Afghanistan.
Biological characteristics and efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis against the cotton leaf roller, Syllepte derogata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Gahramanova Gulnar , Mamay Mehmet , Mammadov Zulfi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) is an important fiber crop cultivated in > 50 countries of the world. The cotton leaf rollerSyllepte derogata(Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is considered as an invasive and widespread species in many geographic regions of the world and pose significant damages to cotton crop. This study reported the first record ofS. derogataand its biological characteristics in Azerbaijan. The results indicated thatS. derogatawas only observed on cotton crop from the Absheron region of the country. The larvae only attacked on cotton leaves and did not damage the reproductive organs (i.e., bolls).S. derogatacompleted one generation in 31–42 days in the Absheron region. Larvicidal efficacy ofBacillus thuringiensisvar.thuringiensis(Btt) againstS. derogatawas also tested under laboratory and field conditions. Three differentBttconcentrations (0.3, 0.4, 0.5 g/l) were tested against 2nd and 4th larval instars ofS. derogata. The 0.5 g/l concentration ofBttcaused 72.88% larval mortality under field conditions. However, under laboratory conditions, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/l concentrations caused 50, 66.67, and 100% mortality of the 2nd instar larvae on the 7th day, respectively. The 0.5 g/l suspension ofBttproved the most effective againstS. derogata; therefore, it can be recommended for the management ofS. derogatain the infested region of the country. This study further warns thatS. derogatacould spread to the other cotton-producing regions of the country; thus, an effective early warning and rapid response system must be developed for the pest in the country.
Early disability in ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis: optical coherence tomography versus visual evoked potentials, a comparative study
Authors: Thabit Mohamed N. , Farouk Mahmoud Mohamed , Awni Martha , Mohamed Al-Amir Bassiouny 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common cause of neurological disabilities in adults and commonly affects the visual pathway. The objective of this study is to assess and compare the sensitivity of visual evoked potentials (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) as measures of early disability in ambulatory patients with MS.

Methods
Forty-four patients with MS with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of ≤ 4.5 (ambulatory patients) and 14 healthy controls participated in this study. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to EDSS. Patients with EDSS of 0–1.5 formed the “No disability,” patients with EDSS of 2–3 formed the “Minimal to mild disability,” and finally patients with EDSS of 3.5–4.5 formed the “Moderate to significant disability” groups. N75/P100 amplitude, P100 latency, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and ganglion cell layer complex (GCLC) thickness were measured.

Results
Patients showed significantly lower N75/P100 amplitude, higher P100 latency, lower RNFL, and GCLC thicknesses compared to controls. However, there were non-significant changes in P100 latency, N75/P100 amplitude, and GCLC thickness among the 3 groups for both patients with and without history of optic neuritis (ON). On contrary, RNFL thickness was significantly different between the three groups for both patients with and without history of ON. Factorial ANOVA revealed non-significant disability × History of ON interaction.

Conclusion
Compared to VEP parameters, RNFL thickness was a sensitive correlate with the various degrees of early disability in fully ambulatory patients with MS whatever the history of ON.
Anxiety disorders in children with high intellectual potential
Authors: Kermarrec Solenn , Attinger Laurie , Guignard Jacques-Henri , Tordjman Sylvie 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundSeveral studies have reported anxiety disorders in children with high intellectual potential (HIP). However, there are discrepant results possibly as a result of methodological biases (different/absent definitions of HIP, small sample sizes, non-validated/adapted/specific tools for assessing anxiety and a single observational source).AimsTo examine more thoroughly the relationships between HIP and anxiety in large samples of children using clear definitions of HIP, different observational sources and specific assessments of anxiety.MethodChildren with HIP (n= 211, total IQ ≥130) were compared with children without HIP (n= 397, total IQ <130) for anxiety using different observational sources (child psychiatric diagnosis, parental evaluation and child's self-evaluation). Intellectual functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale.ResultsThere were significantly more children with HIP who had anxiety disorders than children without HIP based on the child psychiatric diagnosis. Moreover, based on the child's self-evaluation, children with a high Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI ≥130) were significantly more anxious than children with a VCI <130, whereas children with a high Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI ≥130) were significantly less anxious than children with a PRI <130. Finally, there was no significant relationship between levels of intellectual functioning and anxiety according to parental observation.ConclusionsThe results highlight the importance of using multiple observational sources and conducting analyses on different dimensions of intellectual functioning (such as VCI and PRI), rather than only on the composite total IQ score. High verbal potential might be a factor of vulnerability for anxiety, whereas high perceptual reasoning might be a protective factor. Further studies are necessary to understand better the mechanisms underlying these results.
Randomized, Parallel Group, Open-Label Bioequivalence Trial of Intramuscular Pegaspargase in Patients With Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Nookala Krishnamurthy Manjunath , Narula Gaurav , Gandhi Khushboo , Awase Ankita , Pandit Ruta , Raut Sunil , Singh Ritu , Gota Vikram , Banavali Shripad Dinanath 
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE Pegylated asparaginase is comparatively safer than native asparaginase in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the high price and nonavailability in low- and middle-income countries limits its use. In 2014, the first generic of pegaspargase (Hamsyl) was approved in India for use as a second-line treatment option for ALL. The aim of this study was to assess whether the generic pegaspargase (the test product) was bioequivalent with the reference product (Oncaspar). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was an open-label, parallel-group, comparative pharmacokinetic study in pediatric patients with relapsed ALL receiving their first dose (1,000 IU/m2) of pegaspargase administered intramuscularly. Patients were randomly assigned 1-to-1 to either the test or the reference product. The 2 formulations were considered equivalent if the 90% CIs for area under the plasma asparaginase activity–time curve (AUC0-t) geometric mean test-to-reference ratio was within 75% to 133%. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients (6-18 years of age) were enrolled in this study, of whom 24 completed the study criteria and were considered for safety analysis (5 patients were ineligible for the assessment). Three patients were excluded from analysis, because of presence of anti-asparaginase antibodies, leaving 21 patients who were considered for bioequivalence pharmacokinetics data. The point estimate of AUC0-t for the test-to-reference ratio was 95.05 (90% CI, 75.07% to 120.33%). Maximum plasma concentration, trough concentrations (day 14), half-life, volume of distribution, drug clearance, and changes in the asparagine and glutamine levels were not significantly different between products. Adverse events were comparable in both groups. CONCLUSION Generic and reference pegaspargase had equivalent pharmacokinetics with comparable safety. This could be a safe and cost-effective alternative for patients with ALL, especially in low- and middle-income countries.