bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungicides may have differential efficacies towards the main causal agents of Fusarium head blight of wheat
Authors: Tini Francesco , Beccari Giovanni , Onofri Andrea , Ciavatta Emiliano , Gardiner Donald M , Covarelli Lorenzo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDFusarium head blight (FHB) is a complex disease of wheat and barley caused by several Fusarium species. In recent years, a variation in the composition of the FHB community has been observed in several wheat cultivation areas across the world. In detail, F. avenaceum and F. poae increased their frequencies, while, a lower F. graminearum and F. culmorum incidence was simultaneously observed. These shifts within the FHB complex might have been caused by different factors, including the selective pressure caused by fungicides used to control the disease in the field. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate, both in in vitro experiments and in field trials, the activity of commonly used fungicides of wheat (tebuconazole, metconazole, prothioconazole and prochloraz) towards the above mentioned four Fusarium species.RESULTSA preliminary in vitro assay revealed that low concentrations of all tested fungicides caused the incomplete reduction of fungal development. Furthermore, F. poae and F. avenaceum showed, at the same time, a lower sensitivity to all tested fungicides. In field trials, all fungicides showed an activity against the four Fusarium species. However, F. avenaceum exhibited a reduced sensitivity to metconazole. The lower efficacy of metconazole towards F. avenaceum was also confirmed by an additional in vitro experiment on several F. avenaceum and F. graminearum different strains.CONCLUSIONThe selective pressure exerted by the extensive use of certain fungicides may influence population dynamics of Fusarium species due to their different sensitivity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Simulating Artificial 1D Physics with Ultra‐Cold Fermionic Atoms: Three Exemplary Themes
Authors: Dobrzyniecki Jacek , Sowiński Tomasz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFor over twenty years, ultra‐cold atomic systems have formed an almost perfect arena for simulating different quantum many‐body phenomena and exposing their non‐obvious and very often counterintuitive features. Thanks to extremely precise controllability of different parameters they are able to capture different quantum properties which were previously recognized only as theoretical curiosities. Herein, the current experimental progress in exploring the curious 1D quantum world of fermions is traced from the perspective of three subjectively selected trends being currently under vigorous experimental validation: i) unconventional pairing in attractively interacting fermionic mixtures, ii) fermionic systems subjected to the artificial spin‐orbit coupling, iii) fermionic gases of atoms with high symmetry of internal states.
A simple cryogenic method for efficient analysis of triple oxygen isotopes in silicates
Authors: Ghoshmaulik Sangbaran , Bhattacharya Sourendra Kumar , Roy Pallab , Sarkar Anindya 
Published: May 2020

RationaleOxygen isotopic ratios of silicates are excellent tools to reconstruct paleotemperature and isotopic composition of the precipitating fluid. However, the measurement of 17O/16O is difficult due to the low abundance of 17O. The present study reports a simplified high‐precision analytical technique for measuring the two oxygen isotope ratios, 17O/16O and 18O/16O, in silicates.MethodsSilicate samples were ablated by a CO2 laser in a BrF5 environment. The released oxygen (O2) was then cryogenically trapped in a molecular sieve zeolite (MSZ). Associated contaminants such as BrF5, F2, NF3 etc. were cleaned by passing the gas through a NaCl trap followed by a cooled (−25°C) MSZ‐packed U‐tube trap. The purified O2 was analysed in a MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer for oxygen isotope ratios.ResultsThe δδ17O and δ18O values of the working gas were calibrated by NBS‐28 and crosschecked by inter‐laboratory references UWG‐2, SCO and IMAU‐O2. The average analytical precisions (using aliquots of NBS‐28, UWG‐2, SCO, and laboratory internal standards IIT‐KGP‐SQ quartz and IIT‐KGP‐NQ quartz) of the δ17O, δ18O and ∆′17O values were 0.04‰, 0.08‰ and 4 per meg, respectively.ConclusionsA new cryogenic cleaning technique was developed that does not require GC but efficiently removes NF3‐contaminants from oxygen gas produced by laser fluorination of silicates. The technique is simple, quick and cost‐effective and provides highly precise and accurate δ17O, δ18O and ∆′17O values.
Bioeconomy futures: Expectation patterns of scientists and practitioners on the sustainability of bio‐based transformation
Authors: Biber‐Freudenberger Lisa , Ergeneman Candan , Förster Jan Janosch , Dietz Thomas , Börner Jan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEconomic sectors relying on the use of biological organisms, processes, and principles to create products and services are expected to experience accelerated growth due to innovation in the bioeconomy. Associated benefits and risks for sustainable development are increasingly subject to societal debate. We compiled expectation patterns from a global survey with bioeconomy experts and a systematic literature review identifying areas of consensus and controversy across dimensions of the sustainable development goals (SDG). Positive connotations dominated in both expert opinions and the scientific literature, but the level of consensus varied across sectors of the bioeconomy and in relation to applied methodological approaches (scientific literature) and type of employer (experts). In both sources, we found more differentiated views on potential impacts of bioeconomic development pathways on sustainability in more established bioeconomy‐related discourses, which indicates that expectation patterns in more recent fields of bio‐based innovation are subject to early “hype cycle” dynamics. Our findings suggest the need to systematically mainstream sustainability risk appraisals across relevant application contexts in technology impact assessments for the bioeconomy.
Folding‐Unfolding Dynamics of pH‐Assisted Structures of S‐Peptide
Authors: Perumalla D. Sravanakumar , Govind Gokul , Anjukandi Padmesh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe folded form of S‐Peptide is found to be essential for the activation of RNase‐S complex. Herein the folding‐unfolding dynamics of S‐Peptide and its protonated form in mild acidic conditions are investigated to assess the most favorable folding pathway in physiological conditions. Our results confirm that the pH assisted S‐peptide structures could indeed influence on the binding and collapse of the hydrophobic groups, which in turn can modulate the structural stability of S‐Peptide α‐helix. We affirm that the protonated S‐Peptide has its partially and completely folded states which are readily accessible whereas in the case of non‐protonated S‐Peptide, there exists an energy barrier in attaining the folds. Further, the RNase‐S complex formation could be mostly assisted by mild acidic pH and we also confirm that the folding‐unfolding pathways of S‐Peptide are independent of the pH.
Is It Possible to Achieve Organic Superbases beyond the Basicity Limit Using Tetrahedrane Scaffolds?
Authors: Valadbeigi Younes , Vianello Robert 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSubstituted tetrahedranes offer exceptional carbon bases with the gas‐phase proton affinities (PAs) up to 356 kcal mol−1, due to the strain‐induced ring opening upon protonation. Additional tetrahedrane moieties exert a dramatic basicity amplification to PAs reaching 600 kcal mol−1, being the strongest organic superbases reported, clearly surpassing the proposed limit of achievable basicities (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 9262). However, because protonation/deprotonation of these compounds is not reversible, PAs of the opened‐cage isomers were calculated which were lower than the basiciy limit.
Sperm‐Driven Micromotors Moving in Oviduct Fluid and Viscoelastic Media
Authors: Striggow Friedrich , Medina‐Sánchez Mariana , Auernhammer Günter K. , Magdanz Veronika , Friedrich Benjamin M. , Schmidt Oliver G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBiohybrid micromotors propelled by motile cells are fascinating entities for autonomous biomedical operations on the microscale. Their operation under physiological conditions, including highly viscous environments, is an essential prerequisite to be translated to in vivo settings. In this work, a sperm‐driven microswimmer, referred to as a spermbot, is demonstrated to operate in oviduct fluid in vitro. The viscoelastic properties of bovine oviduct fluid (BOF), one of the fluids that sperm cells encounter on their way to the oocyte, are first characterized using passive microrheology. This allows to design an artificial oviduct fluid to match the rheological properties of oviduct fluid for further experiments. Sperm motion is analyzed and it is confirmed that kinetic parameters match in real and artificial oviduct fluids, respectively. It is demonstrated that sperm cells can efficiently couple to magnetic microtubes and propel them forward in media of different viscosities and in BOF. The flagellar beat pattern of coupled as well as of free sperm cells is investigated, revealing an alteration on the regular flagellar beat, presenting an on–off behavior caused by the additional load of the microtube. Finally, a new microcap design is proposed to improve the overall performance of the spermbot in complex biofluids.
Microstructure Design of Carbonaceous Fibers: A Promising Strategy toward High‐Performance Weaveable/Wearable Supercapacitors
Authors: Yu Chenyang , An Jianing , Zhou Ruicong , Xu Hai , Zhou Jinyuan , Chen Qiang , Sun Gengzhi , Huang Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFiber‐based supercapacitors (FSCs) possess great potential as an ideal type of power source for future weaveable/wearable electronics and electronic‐textiles. The performance of FSCs is, without doubt, primarily determined by the properties of fibrous electrodes. Carbonaceous fibers, e.g., commercial carbon fibers, newly developed graphene fibers, and carbon nanotube fibers, are deemed as promising materials for weaveable/wearable supercapacitors owing to their exotic properties including high tensile strength and robustness, excellent electrical conductivity, good flexibility, and environmental stability. Nevertheless, bare carbonaceous fiber normally exhibits low capacitance originating from electric double‐layer capacitance, which remains unsatisfactory for efficiently powering wearable and portable devices. Numerous efforts have been devoted to tailoring fiber properties by hybridizing pseudocapacitive materials, and impressive progress has been achieved thus far. Herein, the microstructures of pristine carbonaceous fibers are introduced in detail, and the recent advances in rational nano/microstructure design of their hybrids, which provides the feasibility to achieve the synergistic interaction between conductive agents and pseudocapacitive nanomaterials but are normally overlooked, are comprehensively reviewed. Besides, the challenges in developing high‐performance fibrous electrodes are also elaborately discussed.
Quantitative determination of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in hard ciders and apple juice by LC–MS/MS
Authors: Thacker Jonathan B. , Schug Kevin A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe estimated global hard cider market is over $10 billion. Methods for determining their sugar content would have important implications in their quality assurance and nutritional values. In this study, the concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose were determined in commercial hard cider and apple juice samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The optimized sample preparation method consisted of sonication, a 1:10 dilution to 70:30 acetonitrile:water, centrifugation, filtration, and an additional 1:100 dilution to a final solvent composition of 80:20 acetonitrile:water. This method was validated with respect to selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, accuracy, and precision. Limits of detection and quantitation ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 and 0.05 to 0.5 mg/L, respectively, and linear ranges spanned at least a factor of 500 with excellent linearities (R2 > 0.999). Accuracy ranged from 81.7 to 107%. The relative standard deviations for all measurements were <7%. The method was applied to 11 different cider samples, one apple ale sample, and three different apple juice samples. Among the cider samples, a correlation between the fructose and glucose concentrations was found (R2 = 0.81).
Chrysin ameliorates aluminum phosphide‐induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damages in rat cardiomyocytes and isolated mitochondria
Authors: Khezri Saleh , Sabzalipour Towhid , Jahedsani Asal , Azizian Sepideh , Atashbar Saman , Salimi Ahmad 
Published: May 2020

AbstractApart from the anticancer, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory effects, and inhibition of aromatase, chrysin is involved in the protection of cardiovascular disorders. Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death induced by aluminum phosphide (AlP) which is related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damages. For this purpose, we investigated the effect of chrysin as an antioxidant and mitochondrial protective agent against AlP‐induced toxicity in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria obtained from rat heart ventricular. Using by biochemical and flow cytometry, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), lysosomal membrane integrity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes. Also, mitochondrial toxicity parameters such as mitochondrial NADH/succinate dehydrogenase activity, mitochondrial swelling, ROS formation, MMP collapse, and lipid peroxidation were analyzed in isolated mitochondria. Our results showed that the administration of chrysin (up to 10 μM) efficiently decreased (P < 0.05) cytotoxicity, oxidative, lysosomal, and mitochondrial damages induced by AlP, in isolated cardiomyocytes. Also, our finding in isolated mitochondria showed that chrysin (up to 10 μM) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased AlP‐induced mitochondrial toxicity. These findings demonstrated that chrysin as an antioxidant and mitochondrial protective agent exert protective effect in wild‐type cardiomyocyte treated with AlP. It was concluded that chrysin significantly reduced the toxicity of AlP in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria. Due to the very low toxicity of chrysin for humans, it could be a promising agent in treatment of AlP poisoning.
Nanoparticles weaponized with built‐in functions for imaging‐guided cancer therapy
Authors: Jing Lihong , Yang Chen , Zhang Peisen , Zeng Jianfeng , Li Zhen , Gao Mingyuan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImaging‐guided cancer therapy (IGCT) is rapidly emerging as a powerful precision cancer theranostic paradigm, as it can offer both diagnostic information and therapeutic benefits. But it relies on advanced theranostic agents that are largely constructed on top of nanomaterials. Conventionally, such theranostic agents are constructed by integrating different functional units, which will unnecessarily increase the size of the multi‐functional agents and inevitably encounter unwanted disassociation of the functional units in vivo, leading to false diagnosis and poor therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we highlight the state‐of‐the‐art progresses in biomedical applications of nanomaterials possessing built‐in functions suitable for cancer theranostic applications, particularly those who can convert near‐infrared (NIR) light into heat or radicals, as phototherapy holds remarkable promise for high‐precision cancer therapy. In addition, phototherapy can naturally be combined with photoacoustic imaging for realizing imaging‐guided therapy. In this context, the interactions between NIR and nanomaterials are classified and outlined. Then, different approaches for boosting imaging sensitivity and therapeutic efficacy, by improving the utilization of NIR light through different mechanisms, are discussed. Through examples on delineation and treatment of tumors in vivo, the opportunities and benefits of the theranostic nanoprobes for IGCT are highlighted. Moreover, the current challenges and future perspectives regarding both fundamental studies and clinical translation of the NIR‐mediated cancer theranostic agents are discussed.
The Southern Annular Mode: Variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Fogt Ryan L. , Marshall Gareth J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the polar jet around Antarctica. This variability in the polar jet drives large fluctuations in the Southern Hemisphere climate, from the lower stratosphere into the troposphere, and stretching from the midlatitudes across the Southern Ocean to Antarctica. Notably, the SAM index has displayed marked positive trends in the austral summer season (stronger and poleward shifted westerlies), associated with stratospheric ozone loss. Historical reconstructions demonstrate that these recent positive SAM index values are unprecedented in the last millennia, and fall outside the range of natural climate variability. Despite these advances in the understanding of the SAM behavior, several areas of active research are identified that highlight gaps in our present knowledge.This article is categorized under:
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Earth System Behavior
Emerging Reception Economies: A View from Southern Europe
Authors: Bartolini Laura , Mantanika Regina , Triandafyllidou Anna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores how the recent surge in irregular flows across the Mediterranean has fostered the emergence of new economies of reception that transforms irregular migration from a challenge for border regions to an opportunity or even a strategy for survival. The chapter starts by discussing the available literature on the economies of migration control and the interlinked aspect that can be conceived as the economies of reception. The second section looks at the different types of emergency and longer-term EU funding destined to the reception and processing of migrants arrived by sea and by land in Italy and Greece, and explores the interplay between the different levels of governance and the related challenges that arise. Section three turns to the related emergence of local reception economies, discussing the reception system structures in Greece and Italy, the further impact in local contexts through the employment of reception-related professionals and the ‘refugeeization” of local labour mark, through the (often informal) insertion of migrants with different combinations of residence and work statuses. It is the authors’ contention that, through the channelling of local and regional resources, migrants arrived through irregular channels create a whole set of economic activities, occupations, and professional types and increase or transform the employment of both locals and settled migrants. The chapter is not the outcome of exhaustive empirical research, but map outs the main components of the economies of reception and presents few case studies for Greece and Italy, which are opening a new strand for further research in this field.
Starshaped sets
Authors: Hansen G. , Herburt I. , Martini H. , Moszyńska M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis is an expository paper about the fundamental mathematical notion of starshapedness, emphasizing the geometric, analytical, combinatorial, and topological properties of starshaped sets and their broad applicability in many mathematical fields. The authors decided to approach the topic in a very broad way since they are not aware of any related survey-like publications dealing with this natural notion. The concept of starshapedness is very close to that of convexity, and it is needed in fields like classical convexity, convex analysis, functional analysis, discrete, combinatorial and computational geometry, differential geometry, approximation theory, PDE, and optimization; it is strongly related to notions like radial functions, section functions, visibility, (support) cones, kernels, duality, and many others. We present in a detailed way many definitions of and theorems on the basic properties of starshaped sets, followed by survey-like discussions of related results. At the end of the article, we additionally survey a broad spectrum of applications in some of the above mentioned disciplines.
Unintended and Accidental Exposures, Significant Dose Events and Trigger Levels in Interventional Radiology
Authors: Jaschke Werner , Bartal Gabriel , Martin Colin J. , Vano Eliseo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOver recent years, an increasing number of fluoroscopically guided interventions (FGIs) have been performed by radiologists and non-radiologists. Also, the number of complex interventional procedures has increased. In the late nineties, first reports of skin injuries appeared in the literature. The medical community responded through increased awareness for radiation protection and public authorities by recommendations and legislation, for example, the European Basic Safety Standards (EU-BSS) which were published in 2014, or the international Basic Safety Standards (BSS). Implementation of the EU-BSS requires concerted action from interventionalists, radiographers, medical physics experts and competent national authorities. Interventionalists should play an important role in this project since implementation of the EU-BSS will affect their daily practice. This paper discusses some important issues of the EU-BSS such as unintended and accidental radiation exposures of patients, the meaning of significant dose events and how to deal with patients who were exposed to a substantial radiation dose with the risk of tissue injuries. In addition, this paper provides practical advice on how to implement alert and trigger levels in daily practice of FGIs in order to increase patient safety.
Seismic velocity variations associated with the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi
Authors: Flinders Ashton F. , Caudron Corentin , Johanson Ingrid A. , Taira Taka’aki , Shiro Brian , Haney Matthew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea (Hawai‘i) marked a dramatic change in the volcano’s 35-year-long rift zone eruption. The collapse of the middle East Rift Zone vent Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō was followed by one of the volcano’s most voluminous eruptions in 500 years. Over the course of this 3-month eruption, the draining of summit-stored magma led to near-daily collapses of a portion of the caldera and ultimately up to 500 m of summit subsidence. While deformation data indicated that the summit and middle East Rift Zone were inflating for the previous several years, why Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō collapsed and what initiated down-rift dike propagation remains unclear. Using ambient noise seismic interferometry, we show that a Ml5.3 decollement earthquake beneath Kīlauea’s south flank in June 2017 induced a coseismic decrease of up to 0.30% in seismic velocity throughout the volcano. This velocity decrease may have been caused by dynamic stress–induced shallow crustal fracture, i.e., weakening to dilatant crack growth, and was greatest near Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. Additionally, we verify a pre-eruptive increase in seismic velocity, consistent with increasing pressurization in the volcano’s shallow summit magma reservoir. This velocity increase occurred coincident with the first in a series of lower-crustal earthquake swarms, 6 days before a 2-month period of rapid summit and middle East Rift Zone inflation. The increase in up-rift magma-static pressure, combined with the pre-existing weakness from the June 2017 earthquake, may have facilitated down-rift dike propagation and the devastating 2018 eruption.