bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokine production and phenotype of Histomonas meleagridis-specific T cells in the chicken
Authors: Lagler Julia , Mitra Taniya , Schmidt Selma , Pierron Alix , Vatzia Eleni , Stadler Maria , Hammer Sabine E. , Mair Kerstin H. , Grafl Beatrice , Wernsdorf Patricia , Rauw Fabienne , Lambrecht Bénédicte , Liebhart Dieter , Gerner Wilhelm 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe protozoan parasiteHistomonas meleagridisis the causative agent of the re-emerging disease histomonosis of chickens and turkeys. Due to the parasite’s extracellular occurrence, a type-2 differentiation ofH. meleagridis-specific T cells has been hypothesized. In contrast, a recent study suggested that IFN-γ mRNA+cells are involved in protection against histomonosis. However, the phenotype and cytokine production profile ofH. meleagridis-specific T cells still awaits elucidation. In this work, clonal cultures of a virulent monoxenic strain ofH. meleagridiswere used for infecting chickens to detect IFN-γ protein and IL-13 mRNA by intracellular cytokine staining and PrimeFlow™ RNA Assays, respectively, in CD4+and CD8β+T cells. Infection was confirmed by characteristic pathological changes in the cecum corresponding withH. meleagridisdetection by immunohistochemistry andH. meleagridis-specific antibodies in serum. In splenocytes stimulated either withH. meleagridisantigen or PMA/ionomycin, IFN-γ-producing CD4+T cells from infected chickens increased in comparison to cells from non-infected birds 2 weeks and 5 weeks post-infection. Additionally, an increase of IFN-γ-producing CD4−CD8β−cells uponH. meleagridisantigen and PMA/ionomycin stimulation was detected. Contrariwise, frequencies of IL-13 mRNA-expressing cells were low even after PMA/ionomycin stimulation and mainly had a CD4−CD8β−phenotype. No clear increase of IL-13+cells related toH. meleagridisinfection could be found. In summary, these data suggest thatH. meleagridisinfection induces a type-1 differentiation of CD4+T cells but also of non-CD4+cells. This phenotype could include γδ T cells, which will be addressed in future studies.
Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor assay for Mycoplasma pneumoniae detection
Authors: Wang Yacui , Wang Yi , Jiao Weiwei , Li Jieqiong , Quan Shuting , Sun Lin , Wang Yonghong , Qi Xue , Wang Xingyun , Shen Adong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is one of the most common pathogens causing respiratory tract infection, especially for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in school-age children. There was considerable amount of studies on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for MP detection. However, the result interpretation of these developed LAMP assays was sophisticated and subjective. Therefore, we developed and evaluated a LAMP coupled with nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor (LFB) assay (LAMP-LFB) for simple, reliable, and objective identification of MP (MP-LAMP-LFB). Six primers specific to P1 gene of MP were designed, and the preferred temperature for this assay was confirmed to be 65 °C. The amplification products could be visually interpreted by LFB within 2 min. The MP-LAMP-LFB assay specifically identified DNA templates of MP, and no cross-reactivity with other pathogens was obtained. The limit of the detection for this assay was 600 fg of DNA templates in pure cultures, which was in complete accordance with colorimetric indicator detection and agarose gel electrophoresis analysis. This assay was applied to 209 oropharyngeal swab specimens collected from children with acute respiratory tract infection for clinical evaluation, and compared to real-time PCR detection. Using the LAMP-LFB and real-time PCR assay, the positive rates of MP were 47.8% and 31.6%, respectively. Results suggested that the LAMP-LFB assay displayed high sensitivity compared to real-time PCR method. In summary, LAMP-LFB assay established here was a simple, objective, and sensitive assay for MP detection, which can be widely applied in clinical settings, especially in rural areas.
Introducing phonetic information to speaker embedding for speaker verification
Authors: Liu Yi , He Liang , Liu Jia , Johnson Michael T. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPhonetic information is one of the most essential components of a speech signal, playing an important role for many speech processing tasks. However, it is difficult to integrate phonetic information into speaker verification systems since it occurs primarily at the frame level while speaker characteristics typically reside at the segment level. In deep neural network-based speaker verification, existing methods only apply phonetic information to the frame-wise trained speaker embeddings. To improve this weakness, this paper proposes phonetic adaptation and hybrid multi-task learning and further combines these into c-vector and simplified c-vector architectures. Experiments on National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) speaker recognition evaluation (SRE) 2010 show that the four proposed speaker embeddings achieve better performance than the baseline. The c-vector system performs the best, providing over 30% and 15% relative improvements in equal error rate (EER) for the core-extended and 10 s–10 s conditions, respectively. On the NIST SRE 2016, 2018, and VoxCeleb datasets, the proposed c-vector approach improves the performance even when there is a language mismatch within the training sets or between the training and evaluation sets. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methods.
Associations between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and bone mineral acquisition in pubertal children: a 3-year follow-up study in Hamamatsu, Japan
Authors: Kouda Katsuyasu , Iki Masayuki , Ohara Kumiko , Nakamura Harunobu , Fujita Yuki , Nishiyama Toshimasa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiological data regarding the association between serum levels of IGF-I and bone mineral acquisition during childhood are scarce. Here, we investigated the association between serum levels of IGF-I and bone status during puberty.MethodsWe analyzed prospective 3-year follow-up data of 254 community-dwelling children who completed both baselines (at age 11.2 years) and follow-up (at age 14.2 years) surveys in Hamamatsu, Japan. Total body (TB) bone area and bone mineral parameters were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsDuring the 3-year follow-up period, there were significant (P< 0.05) increases in total body less head (TBLH) areal bone mineral density (aBMD), TBLH bone mineral content (BMC), and TB bone area, and a significant decrease in TB bone mineral apparent density (BMAD, volumetric bone mineral density, vBMD). IGF-I levels showed significant positive relationships with TBLH BMC and TBLH aBMD at both baseline and follow-up. TBLH aBMD in boys and TB BMAD in girls at follow-up showed significant increases from the lowest to highest quartiles of baseline IGF-I levels after adjusting for confounding factors. Similarly, changes in TBLH aBMD in boys and TB BMAD in girls during the 3-year follow-up period showed significant increases from the lowest to highest quartiles of baseline IGF-I levels after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionsThese results suggest that pubertal children with high levels of serum IGF-I tended to have high bone mineral acquisition later on.
Whitebark pine encroachment into lower-elevation sagebrush grasslands in southwest Montana, USA
Authors: Flanary Sarah J. , Keane Robert E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Projections for the future health and abundance of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) populations in western North America are dire. Not only has the species been declining due to the combined effects of fire exclusion policies, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins 1902) outbreaks, and white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch), many are predicting that climate change will amplify these effects and whitebark pine habitat may be lost in many areas. One method to evaluate the validity of future predictions is to examine current migration patterns of whitebark pine into surrounding non-forested areas. In this paper, we documented the findings of a case study surveying the encroachment of whitebark pine into adjacent lower-elevation sagebrush grasslands and higher-elevation subalpine meadows in southwestern Montana, USA.

Results
We found abundant evidence of whitebark pine trees (>40 trees ha−1) in sagebrush grasslands below the mature seed source, but there was no evidence of any whitebark pine regeneration in subalpine meadows above the seed-source stand.

Conclusions
These results are in stark contrast to the findings of statistical modeling studies that predict that whitebark pine will expand into higher-elevation areas as a response to climate change. We believe that the reason for this low-elevation encroachment may be in response to fire exclusion rather than climate change. Although observations in this case study are for a limited geographic area, they do serve to illustrate the complexity of predicting ecological responses of tree species to climate change.
Trends in Comorbidities and Complications Among Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Repair
Authors: Bekeris Janis , Wilson Lauren A. , Bekere Dace , Liu Jiabin , Poeran Jashvant , Zubizarreta Nicole , Fiasconaro Megan , Memtsoudis Stavros G. 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND:
Hip fracture patients represent various perioperative challenges related to their significant comorbidity burden and the high incidence of morbidity and mortality. As population trend data remain rare, we aimed to investigate nationwide trends in the United States in patient demographics and outcomes in patients after hip fracture repair surgery.

METHODS:
After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval (IRB#2012-050), data covering hip fracture repair surgeries were extracted from the Premier Healthcare Database (2006–2016). Patient demographics, comorbidities, and complications, as well as anesthesia and surgical details, were analyzed over time. Cochran–Armitage trend tests and simple linear regression assessed significance of (linear) trends.

RESULTS:
Among N = 507,274 hip fracture cases, we observed significant increases in the incidence in preexisting comorbid conditions, particularly the proportion of patients with >3 comorbid conditions (33.9% to 43.4%, respectively; P < .0001). The greatest increase for individual comorbidities was seen for sleep apnea, drug abuse, weight loss, and obesity. Regarding complications, increased rates over time were seen for acute renal failure (from 6.9 to 11.1 per 1000 inpatient days; P < .0001), while significant decreasing trends for mortality, pneumonia, hemorrhage/hematoma, and acute myocardial infarction were recorded. In addition, decreasing trends were observed for the use of neuraxial anesthesia either used as sole anesthetic or combined with general anesthesia (7.3% to 3.6% and 6.3% to 3.4%, respectively; P < .0001). Significantly more patients (31.9% vs 41.3%; P < .0001) were operated on in small rather than medium- and large-sized hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS:
From 2006 to 2016, the overall comorbidity burden increased among patients undergoing hip fracture repair surgery. Throughout this same time period, incidence of postoperative complications either remained constant or declined with the only significant increase observed in acute renal failure. Moreover, use of regional anesthesia decreased over time. This more comorbid patient population represents an increasing burden on the health care system; however, existing preventative measures appear to be effective in minimizing complication rates. Although, given the proposed benefits of regional anesthesia, decreased utilization may be of concern.
A Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing Respiratory Status During Anesthesia for Airway Stenting: Spontaneous Respiration Versus Controlled Ventilation With Muscle Relaxants
Authors: Okamoto Sakura , Somiya Namie , M. Saito Akiko , Kada Akiko , Oki Masahide , Saka Hideo , Tomita Akira 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND:
Airway stenting is a procedure in which a stent is inserted into a stenotic site of the airway. The safest method of ventilation for airway stenting is controversial. A prospective randomized interventional study was conducted on airway stenting. We conducted this study to investigate whether controlled ventilation with muscle relaxants (MR) during airway stenting reduces the incidence of desaturation events (percutaneous oxygen saturation [Spo
2] <95%) in comparison with spontaneous respiration (SP).

METHODS:
Sixty-four patients were enrolled at our hospital between April 2016 and August 2018, and were randomly assigned to the controlled ventilation with MR group or SP group. For anesthesia, total intravenous anesthesia with propofol target-controlled infusion and remifentanil was performed. In the SP group, SP was maintained. In the MR group, a rigid bronchoscope was inserted after the administration of MR to perform controlled ventilation. The incidence of desaturation events was analyzed by logistic regression adjusted by the preoperative respiratory state and stenotic site of the airway.

RESULTS:
The incidence of desaturation events in the SP and MR groups was 75.0% (24/32) and 9.7% (3/31), respectively, with an odds ratio of 0.04 (95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.16, reference = SP group; P < .001). In the SP group, the mean intraoperative pH was lower than that in the MR group (7.2 ± 0.1 vs 7.4 ± 0.1, respectively; P < .001). In this group, the mean partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco
2) was higher (70.2 ± 17.0 mm Hg vs 40.5 ± 8.0 mm Hg, respectively; P < .001) and the mean partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood/fraction of the inspiratory oxygen ratio was lower (263.1 ± 64.2 mm Hg vs 396.4 ± 69.4 mm Hg, respectively; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Controlled ventilation with MR during airway stenting reduced the incidence of desaturation events, maintaining a favorable respiratory status.
Load carrying with flexible bamboo poles: optimization of a coupled oscillator system
Authors: Schroeder Ryan T. , Bertram John E. A. , Son Nguyen Van , Vinh Hac Van , Croft James L. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
In Asia, flexible bamboo poles are routinely used to carry substantial loads on the shoulder. Various advantages have been attributed to this load-carrying strategy (e.g. reduced energy consumption), but experimental evidence remains inconsistent – possibly because carriers in previous studies were inexperienced. Theoretical models typically neglect the individual's capacity to optimize interactions with the oscillating load, leaving the complete dynamics underexplored. This study used a trajectory optimization model to predict gait adaptations that minimize work-based costs associated with carrying compliant loads and compared the outcomes with naturally selected gait adaptations of experienced pole carriers. Gait parameters and load interactions (e.g. relative amplitude and frequency, phase) were measured in rural farmworkers in Vietnam. Participants carried a range of loads with compliant and rigid poles and the energetic consequences of step frequency adjustments were evaluated using the model. When carrying large loads, the empirical step frequency changes associated with pole type (compliant versus rigid) were largely consistent with model predictions, in terms of direction (increase or decrease) and magnitude (by how much). Work-minimizing strategies explain changes in leg compliance, harmonic frequency oscillations and fluctuations in energetic cost associated with carrying loads on a compliant bamboo pole.
C-Arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene Sulfonic Acid: A Novel and Efficient Organocatalyst Material for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Jumina  , Setiawan Hamid Rohma , Triono Sugeng , Kurniawan Yehezkiel Steven , Priastomo Yoga , Siswanta Dwi , Zulkarnain Abdul Karim , Kumar Naresh 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The synthesis of C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid derivatives and their application as an organocatalyst material for biodiesel production were investigated. The C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene derivatives were prepared in high yields through a two-step reaction: condensation between pyrogallol and aromatic aldehydes (i.e. benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-ethoxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) and then followed by a sulfonation reaction with sulfuric acid. They were evaluated as the organocatalyst for the esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol as a representation of biodiesel production. Using 4 mol% of C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid, methyl palmitate was generated in up to 91.9% yield after 4 h at 65 °C, making it similarly efficient to sulfuric acid that is used as the catalyst in the conventional reaction under similar conditions. However, different from sulfuric acid, the C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid could be recovered by using a simple filtration technique making it better than sulfuric acid from industrial and environmental points of view. These results demonstrate that the C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid derivatives are a novel and potential organocatalyst for methyl palmitate biodiesel production.
The 17β-oestradiol treatment minimizes the adverse effects of protein restriction on bone parameters in ovariectomized Wistar rats
Authors: de Quadros Victoria P. , Tobar Natalia , Viana Lais R. , dos Santos Rogerio W. , Kiyataka Paulo H. M. , Gomes-Marcondes Maria C. C. 
Published: December 2019

Objectives Insufficient protein ingestion may affect muscle and bone mass, increasing the risk of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly, and especially in postmenopausal women. We evaluated how a low-protein diet affects bone parameters under gonadal hormone deficiency and the improvement led by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with 17β-oestradiol. Methods Female Wistar rats were divided into control (C), ovariectomized (OVX), and 17β-oestradiol-treated ovariectomized (OVX-HRT) groups, which were fed a control or an isocaloric low-protein diet (LP; 6.6% protein; seven animals per group). Morphometric, serum, and body composition parameters were assessed, as well as bone parameters, mechanical resistance, and mineralogy. Results The results showed that protein restriction negatively affected body chemical composition and bone metabolism by the sex hormone deficiency condition in the OVX group. The association between undernutrition and hormone deficiency led to bone and muscle mass loss and increased the fragility of the bone (as well as decreasing relative femoral weight, bone mineral density, femoral elasticity, peak stress, and stress at offset yield). Although protein restriction induced more severe adverse effects compared with the controls, the combination with HRT showed an improvement in minimizing these damaging effects, as it was seen that HRT had some efficacy in maintaining muscle and bone mass, preserving the bone resistance and minimizing some deleterious processes during the menopause. Conclusion Protein restriction has adverse effects on metabolism, leading to more severe menopausal symptoms, and HRT could minimize these effects. Therefore, special attention should be given to a balanced diet during menopause and HRT. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2019;8:573–581.
Phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating modulated by a hollow cavity for measuring gas pressure
Authors: Luo Junxian , Liu Shen , Zhao Yuanyuan , Chen Yanping , Yang Kaiming , Guo Kuikui , He Jun , Liao Changrui , Wang Yiping 
Published: December 2019

A gas pressure sensor, based on a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG) modulated by a hollow cavity, is proposed and demonstrated in this Letter. The device was fabricated by fusing a hollow-core fiber (HCF) between two single-mode fibers (SMFs) exhibiting FBGs that were inscribed using line-by-line femtosecond (fs) laser etching. A pair of micro-channels were drilled orthogonally into the HCF using an fs laser to allow the argon gas to get in and out freely. Such a sensor exposes a high spectrum finesse, e.g., a

Q

-factor of

∼

7302

, which can be improved by increasing the grating pitch quantity. Furthermore, a high gas pressure sensitivity of 1.22 nm/Mpa is obtained, corresponding the improved sensor with a grating pitch quantity of 300 and a hollow cavity length of 88.3 µm. In addition, the device exhibited a low temperature sensitivity of 8.92 pm/°C.
Dual-entropy-source quantum random number generation based on spontaneous emission
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Kong Dehuan , Wang Yebing , Zou Hongxin , Chang Hong 
Published: December 2019

We describe a dual-entropy-source quantum random number generator based on atomic spontaneous emission. Using the intensity fluctuations of a coherent beam to modulate the detuning frequency of the driving field, the atomic ensemble exhibits larger fluctuations of the spontaneous emission noise. The quantum-to-classical-noise ratio of the measured noise is increased to 10.14 dB. After post-processing, a string of random numbers at rates up to 5.12 Mb/s is extracted, which passes all the NIST tests. The presented scheme shows the feasibility to combine multiple independent randomness sources to produce secure quantum random bits.
Composite Yb:YAG/sapphire thin-disk active elements for high-energy high-average power lasers
Authors: Kuznetsov Ivan , Pestov Alexey , Mukhin Ivan , Volkov Mikhail , Zorina Maria , Chkhalo Nikolay , Palashov Oleg 
Published: December 2019

Composite active elements (AEs) of thin-disk geometry with an anti-amplified-spontaneous-emission (ASE) cap were created for the first time from dissimilar materials (Yb:YAG and sapphire crystals) using the surface-activated direct bonding method based on etching the surfaces with an Ar ion beam and then bringing them into optical contact. Using a sapphire anti-ASE cap allows the thermal lens optical power and the

M

2

factor to be reduced significantly compared with the same AE with a YAG anti-ASE cap, and

M

2

compared to standard Yb:YAG disks without an anti-ASE cap. Lasing with 320 W average power and

∼

50

%

slope efficiency was obtained.
Physicians are at a higher risk than the General Population for Suicide?
Authors: Pereira Izadora De Sousa , Macêdo Amanda Plácido da Silva , Sá Ivna Celli Assunção de , Moreira Larissa Melo , Rolim Neto Modesto Leite 
Published: December 2019

Suicide is a huge public health problem, which needs more attention. One doctor commits suicide in the U.S. every day -- the highest suicide rate of any profession. According to the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, physicians are at a higher risk than the general population for suicide. Methods: A Brief Communication that focus on the starkest sign of the crisis gripping medicine: the number of physicians who commit suicide every year. Include: discovery or development of new information’s, novelty in modeling scientific, elucidation of mechanisms editorials and channels of information. Results: The medical profession has proven to have one of the highest risks of death by suicide among professions. About 15-30% of students and residents screen positive for depression. Studies also show that 1 in 16 trainees report suicidal ideation. The researchers also suggest that psychiatry help is still a taboo among doctors. Limitations: As Short Communications are expected to have higher than average impact on the field rather than report on incremental research, they will receive prioritized and rapid publication. Conclusion: Strategies to reduce preventable deaths should include preventive and treatment service. We should all strive to help usher in a new era of medical culture that promotes sustainable medical careers. Excessive pressures and expectations at work, may entail to a loss of meaning of work and of self for physicians. Key-words: Suicide; Doctors; Medicine; Mental Health