bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histamine‐ or vascular endothelial growth factor‐induced tissue factor expression and gap formation between vascular endothelial cells are synergistically enhanced by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐33 or IL‐1β
Authors: Kamegashira Akiko , Yanase Yuhki , Takahagi Shunsuke , Saito Ryo , Uchida Kazue , Kawaguchi Tomoko , Ishii Kaori , Tanaka Akio , Ozawa Koichiro , Hide Michihiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), also called chronic idiopathic urticaria, has been considered to be associated with the activation of the extrinsic blood coagulation cascade. However, the trigger for the extrinsic coagulation cascade in patients with CSU remains unclear. We previously reported that histamine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synergistically induced the expression of tissue factor (TF), a trigger for the extrinsic coagulation cascade, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Because the elevation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐33, IL‐1β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum has also been observed in patients with CSU, we examined the effects of LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐33, IL‐1β, VEGF and histamine on TF expression in HUVEC by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, as well as examining the activity that triggers the extrinsic coagulation cascade and induces intercellular gap formation of HUVEC in the presence of plasma by Actochrome® TF activity assay and impedance sensor, respectively. The expression of TF mRNA and surface protein of TF on HUVEC in response to histamine or VEGF were synergistically enhanced by the treatment with LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐33 or IL‐1β. Moreover, the activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway and intercellular gap formation of HUVEC in response to histamine or VEGF were also synergistically increased in the presence of TNF‐α and LPS. Thus, TF expression on vascular endothelial cells was strongly enhanced by co‐stimulation with CSU‐related molecules in blood. Blocking a common pathway of LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐33 and IL‐1β, and/or that of VEGF and histamine may be an effective therapeutic measure for patients with severe and refractory CSU.
Embedding graduate attributes during occupational therapy curriculum development: A scoping review and qualitative research synthesis
Authors: Plastow Nicola Ann , Bester Juanita 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionGraduate attributes are the personal qualities, skills and competencies, and values that students develop during their time at university to prepare them for work, and enable them to contribute to their communities. Occupational therapy education may foster well‐rounded individuals if the development of graduate attributes is embedded within curriculum design and delivery.MethodsThis study identifies and synthesises existing knowledge on how graduate attributes are embedded in occupational therapy curricula. We conducted a scoping review following PRISMA extension for scoping review guidelines, and a qualitative research synthesis to reach a new conceptual understanding of the process of developing desired graduate attributes during occupational therapy curriculum development.ResultsTen discipline‐specific occupational therapy graduate attributes were identified. Three themes from the analysis of 15 papers explained how these attributes are embedded in curricula: Using a theoretical framework, a Graded process of active learning, and Collaborative curriculum design.ConclusionOccupational therapy education is enhanced by being explicit about the desired graduate attributes that underpin curriculum design and delivery. Further work is needed to understand the benefits of including service users' perspectives and the value of clinical fieldwork education.
US State Policies, Politics, and Life Expectancy
Authors: MONTEZ JENNIFER KARAS , BECKFIELD JASON , COONEY JULENE KEMP , GRUMBACH JACOB M. , HAYWARD MARK D. , KOYTAK HUSEYIN ZEYD , WOOLF STEVEN H. , ZAJACOVA ANNA 
Published: August 2020

Policy Points
Changes in US state policies since the 1970s, particularly after 2010, have played an important role in the stagnation and recent decline in US life expectancy.
Some US state policies appear to be key levers for improving life expectancy, such as policies on tobacco, labor, immigration, civil rights, and the environment.
US life expectancy is estimated to be 2.8 years longer among women and 2.1 years longer among men if all US states enjoyed the health advantages of states with more liberal policies, which would put US life expectancy on par with other high‐income countries.
ContextLife expectancy in the United States has increased little in previous decades, declined in recent years, and become more unequal across US states. Those trends were accompanied by substantial changes in the US policy environment, particularly at the state level. State policies affect nearly every aspect of people's lives, including economic well‐being, social relationships, education, housing, lifestyles, and access to medical care. This study examines the extent to which the state policy environment may have contributed to the troubling trends in US life expectancy.MethodsWe merged annual data on life expectancy for US states from 1970 to 2014 with annual data on 18 state‐level policy domains such as tobacco, environment, tax, and labor. Using the 45 years of data and controlling for differences in the characteristics of states and their populations, we modeled the association between state policies and life expectancy, and assessed how changes in those policies may have contributed to trends in US life expectancy from 1970 through 2014.FindingsResults show that changes in life expectancy during 1970‐2014 were associated with changes in state policies on a conservative‐liberal continuum, where more liberal policies expand economic regulations and protect marginalized groups. States that implemented more conservative policies were more likely to experience a reduction in life expectancy. We estimated that the shallow upward trend in US life expectancy from 2010 to 2014 would have been 25% steeper for women and 13% steeper for men had state policies not changed as they did. We also estimated that US life expectancy would be 2.8 years longer among women and 2.1 years longer among men if all states enjoyed the health advantages of states with more liberal policies.ConclusionsUnderstanding and reversing the troubling trends and growing inequalities in US life expectancy requires attention to US state policy contexts, their dynamic changes in recent decades, and the forces behind those changes. Changes in US political and policy contexts since the 1970s may undergird the deterioration of Americans’ health and longevity.
Power and Purchasing: Why Strategic Purchasing Fails
Authors: GREER SCOTT L. , KLASA KATARZYNA , VAN GINNEKEN EWOUT 
Published: August 2020

Policy PointsStrategically purchasing health care has been and continues to be a popular policy idea around the world.Key asymmetries in information, market power, political power, and financial power hinder the effective implementation of strategic purchasing.Strategic purchasing has consistently failed to live up to its promises for these reasons. Future strategies based on strategic purchasing should tailor their expectations to its real effectiveness.ContextStrategic purchasing of health care has been a popular policy idea around the world for decades, with advocates claiming that it can lead to improved quality, patient satisfaction, efficiency, accountability, and even population health. In this article, we report the results of an inquiry into the implementation and effects of strategic purchasing.MethodsWe conducted three in‐depth case studies of England, the Netherlands, and the United States. We reviewed definitions of purchasing, including its slow acquisition of adjectives such asstrategic, and settled on a definition of purchasing that distinguishes it from the mere use of contracts to regulate stable interorganizational relationships. The case studies review the career of strategic purchasing in three different systems where its installation and use have been a policy priority for years.FindingsNo existing health care system has effective strategic purchasing because of four key asymmetries: market power asymmetry, information asymmetry, financial asymmetry, and political power asymmetry.Conclusions Further investment in policies that are premised on the effectiveness of strategic purchasing, or efforts to promote it, may not be worthwhile. Instead, policymakers may need to focus on the real sources of power in a health care system. Policy for systems with existing purchasing relationships should take into account the asymmetries, ways to work with them, and the constraints that they create.
Maitland's Challenge for Administrative Legal Theory
Authors: Weinrib Jacob 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper challenges the familiar strategy for theorising about administrative law. Theories of administrative law typically take the existence of administrative bodies for granted, and then ask, all things considered, what moral aim they should serve. The resulting approaches are committed to varying moral aims ranging from the rule of law to efficiency, but converge on the shared idea that the purpose of administrative law is to promote aims that could, in principle, be realised apart from it. As a critical matter, this paper argues that the familiar strategy opens the door to a devastating sceptical challenge. Because the benefits that administrative law brings can be realised without it, administrative law may be rightly abandoned. As a constructive matter, this paper defends the idea that administrative law has a moral purpose that is inseparable from it: administrative law constitutes the exclusive means of realising what positive rights demand.
Epidemiology, treatment and outcome of patients with lower respiratory tract infection presenting to emergency departments with dyspnoea (AANZDEM and EuroDEM studies)
Authors: Rousseau Geoffroy , Keijzers Gerben , van Meer Oene , Craig Simon , Karamercan Mehmet , Klim Sharon , Body Richard , Kuan Win Sen , Harjola Veli‐Pekka , Jones Peter , Verschuren Franck , Holdgate Anna , Christ Michael , Golea Adela , Capsec Jean , Barletta Cinzia , Graham Colin A , Garcia‐Castrillo Luis , Laribi Said , Kelly Anne‐Maree 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveLower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a frequent cause of dyspnoea in EDs, and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. We described and compared the management of this disease in Europe and Oceania/South‐East Asia (SEA) cohorts.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study with three time points in Europe and Oceania/SEA. We included in this manuscript patients presenting to EDs with dyspnoea and a diagnosis of LRTI in ED. We collected comorbidities, chronic medication, clinical signs at arrival, laboratory parameters, ED management and patient outcomes.ResultsA total of 1389 patients were included, 773 in Europe and 616 in SEA. The European cohort had more comorbidities including chronic heart failure, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and smoking. Levels of inflammatory markers were higher in Europe. There were more patients with inflammatory markers in Europe and more hypercapnia in Oceania/SEA. The use of antibiotics was higher in SEA (72.2% vs 61.8%, P < 0.001) whereas intravenous diuretics, non‐invasive and invasive ventilation were higher in Europe. Intensive care unit admission rate was 9.9% in Europe cohort and 3.4% in Oceania/SEA cohort. ED mortality was 1% and overall in‐hospital mortality was 8.7% with no differences between regions.ConclusionsMore patients with LRTI in Europe presented with cardio‐respiratory comorbidities, they received more adjunct therapies and had a higher intensive care unit admission rate than patients from Oceania/SEA, although mortality was similar between the two cohorts.
Impact of COVID‐19 State of Emergency restrictions on presentations to two Victorian emergency departments
Authors: Mitchell Rob D , O'Reilly Gerard M , Mitra Biswadev , Smit De Villiers , Miller Jean‐Philippe , Cameron Peter A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if COVID‐19 State of Emergency (SOE) restrictions were associated with a reduction in presentations to two urban EDs in Melbourne, Victoria.MethodsThis retrospective observational study included adult patients presenting to The Alfred and Sandringham Hospital EDs during the first month of stage 2 and 3 SOE restrictions (26 March–25 April 2020). Patients transferred from other hospitals or diagnosed with COVID‐19 were excluded. The primary outcome was the average number of presentations per day. Secondary outcomes included the average daily number of presentations for pre‐specified subgroups defined by triage category and diagnosis. The independent impact of SOE restrictions, adjusted for underlying trends in attendance, was determined using negative binomial regression and reported as an incident rate ratio (IRR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsAverage daily attendance during the exposure period was 174.7. In the absence of SOE restrictions, 278.8 presentations per day were predicted, a reduction of 37.3% (IRR 0.63, 95% CI 0.59–0.67). Attendance was lower than anticipated for all triage categories (especially category 5 [IRR 0.51, 95% CI 0.44–0.59]) and diagnostic groups (including circulatory problems [IRR 0.62, 95% CI 0.50–0.76] and injury [IRR 0.58, 95% CI 0.53–0.63]). There were fewer than predicted presentations for several sentinel diagnoses, including gastroenteritis (IRR 0.27, 95% CI 0.17–0.42) and renal colic (IRR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33–0.92).ConclusionsSOE restrictions were associated with a significant reduction in ED presentations across a range of triage categories and diagnoses. Public health messaging should emphasise the importance of timely ED attendance for acute illness and injury.
Allergic rhinitis and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wongtrakul Wasit , Charoenngam Nipith , Ponvilawan Ben , Ungprasert Patompong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe current study was conducted to comprehensively investigate whether patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) are at a higher risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with individuals without AR by using systematic review and meta‐analysis techniques to combine data from all available studies.MethodologySystemic literature review was performed using EMBASE and MEDLINE databases up to March 2020. Eligible studies could be either case‐control or cohort studies. Cohort studies had to evaluate whether patients with AR have a higher risk of incident SLE than comparators. Relative risk (RR) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing the incidence of SLE between participants with and without AR had to be provided. Eligible case‐control studies had to provide odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI comparing the prevalence of AR between cases with SLE and controls without SLE. Point estimates and standard errors from each eligible study were combined together using the generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird.ResultsA total of 21 486 articles were retrieved. After 2 rounds of review, 1 cohort study and 7 case‐control studies with 3 326 171 participants were included into the meta‐analysis. The pooled analysis found that patients with AR had a significantly higher risk of SLE than individuals without AR with the pooled OR of 1.36 (95% CI 1.08‐1.72; I2 of 80%).ConclusionsA significantly increased 1.4 fold risk of SLE among patients with AR was observed in this systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Is there a role for 5α‐reductase inhibitors in transgender individuals?
Authors: Irwig Michael S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis commentary will explore the important clinical question regarding whether the antiandrogen class of 5α‐reductase inhibitors should be considered as an effective and safe treatment option for transfeminine and/or transmasculine individuals. The use of finasteride in transfeminine individuals is based upon the theory that the goal of medical treatment is to reduce the concentrations of androgens, including dihydrotestosterone. Nonetheless, it is unclear that finasteride will have any additive clinical benefit once testosterone levels have already been lowered with standard treatment regimens (i.e. estrogen with spironolactone or cyproterone acetate). For transmasculine individuals, 5α‐reductase inhibitors may be a potential treatment option for a subset with androgenetic alopecia but may come at the expense of impairing virilization driven by dihydrotestosterone. In the absence of efficacy and safety data on 5α‐reductase inhibitors in gender diverse populations, clinicians should discuss this issue with patients who request or are contemplating their use.
An overview of smell and taste problems in paediatric COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Erdede Ozlem , Sarı Erdal , Uygur Külcü Nihan , Uyur Yalçın Emek , Sezer Yamanel Rabia Gönül 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAt the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic in March 2020, fever and respiratory symptoms were the indications for virus testing in our hospital. As data have continued to accumulate worldwide, gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular, cutaneous and ocular symptoms have been reported for confirmed COVID‐19 cases. There have been few case reports on problems with taste and smell in paediatric COVID‐19. However, new symptoms can provide diagnostic and testing criteria for patients with no other clinical presentation, especially in older children.ConclusionThis paper looks at the taste and smell problems reported in paediatric patients and shares insights from our hospital.
Heterogeneity decreases as time since fire increases in a South American grassland
Authors: López‐Mársico Luis , Lezama Felipe , Altesor Alice 
Published: August 2020

AbstractQuestionsDisturbances change the fundamental properties of grasslands on different spatio‐temporal scales. Uruguay is part of the Río de la Plata grasslands, and 60% is occupied by native grasslands dominated by perennial species. In plant communities dominated by tall tussock grasses, patchy and asynchronous field burns are a traditional practice among ranchers. We asked: how do the structural characteristics of vegetation vary in patches with different time since the last fire?LocationGrassland of the Eastern Hills, Uruguay.MethodsWe selected 18 grazed sites in order to obtain a spatial chronosequence with four age categories since the last fire: 6, 18, 30, and more than 60 months before sampling. Plant composition, species richness, coverage of each species, bare soil, and standing dead biomass were determined in plots of 25 m2. We used non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and the multiresponse permutation procedure (MRPP) to determine differences in community composition, and the ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test to compare structural variables between patches of different burning ages.ResultsPatches of different burning age had different species compositions. Species richness, Shannon diversity index, evenness, and bare soil decreased, whereas plant coverage, standing dead biomass, and vegetation strata increased as time since the last fire increased.ConclusionsOur study confirmed occasional and localized field‐burns as major driver of vegetation change and structural diversity in a grazed native grassland dominated by a tall tussock grass. On a larger scale, we observed the coexistence of patches in different successional stages and differences in species composition between patches belonging to early stages. These grasslands require asynchronous burning of patches to generate structural changes that maximize both the spatial and temporal heterogeneity.
A tailored next‐generation sequencing panel identified distinct subtypes of wildtype IDH and TERT promoter glioblastomas
Authors: Higa Nayuta , Akahane Toshiaki , Yokoyama Seiya , Yonezawa Hajime , Uchida Hiroyuki , Takajo Tomoko , Kirishima Mari , Hamada Taiji , Matsuo Kei , Fujio Shingo , Hanada Tomoko , Hosoyama Hiroshi , Yonenaga Masanori , Sakamoto Akihisa , Hiraki Tsubasa , Tanimoto Akihide , Yoshimoto Koji 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCentral nervous system tumors are classified based on an integrated diagnosis combining histology and molecular characteristics, including IDH1/2 and H3‐K27M mutations, as well as 1p/19q codeletion. Here, we aimed to develop and assess the feasibility of a glioma‐tailored 48‐gene next‐generation sequencing (NGS) panel for integrated glioma diagnosis. We designed a glioma‐tailored 48‐gene NGS panel for detecting 1p/19q codeletion and mutations in IDH1/2, TP53, PTEN, PDGFRA, NF1, RB1, CDKN2A/B, CDK4, and the TERT promoter (TERTp). We analyzed 106 glioma patients (grade II: 19 cases, grade III: 23 cases, grade IV: 64 cases) using this system. The 1p/19q codeletion was detected precisely in oligodendroglial tumors using our NGS panel. In a cohort of 64 grade Ⅳ gliomas, we identified 56 IDH‐wildtype glioblastomas. Within these IDH‐wildtype glioblastomas, 33 samples (58.9%) showed a mutation in TERTp. Notably, PDGFRA mutations and their amplification were more commonly seen in TERTp‐wildtype glioblastomas (43%) than in TERTp‐mutant glioblastomas (6%) (P = .001). Hierarchical molecular classification of IDH‐wildtype glioblastomas revealed 3 distinct groups of IDH‐wildtype glioblastomas. One major cluster was characterized by mutations in PDGFRA, amplification of CDK4 and PDGFRA, homozygous deletion of CDKN2A/B, and absence of TERTp mutations. This cluster was significantly associated with older age (P = .021), higher Ki‐67 score (P = .007), poor prognosis (P = .012), and a periventricular tumor location. We report the development of a glioma‐tailored NGS panel for detecting 1p/19q codeletion and driver gene mutations on a single platform. Our panel identified distinct subtypes of IDH‐ and TERTp‐wildtype glioblastomas with frequent PDGFRA alterations.
Coming to Rest: Aesthetics of Cosmopolitanism and Mobility in Marseille
Authors: Cohen Camille 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article traces the history of cosmopolitanism in Marseille as well some of the major aesthetic developments in its Vieux Port over the last century. I consider a series of moments from the Vichy government’s destruction of the Vieux Port in an effort to stamp out resistance during WWII, to the transformation of La Criée aux Poissons from a fish market to a theater in the 1970s, to the recent pedestrianization of the shoreline and the construction of the Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations. The Vieux Port’s aesthetic transformations have reflected prevailing sentiments about the meaning of Marseille’s past and its hope for the future. While the recent prevalence of cosmopolitanism in Marseille’s year as European Capital of Culture and its urban revitalization efforts is striking, the concept has been used as a narrative for the city’s revitalization since at least the 1970s. Whereas some have argued that the spaces of cosmopolitanism are hyper‐mobile, abstract non‐spaces, I argue that Marseille’s cosmopolitanism is historical and linked as much to spaces of immobility as spaces of mobility. Far from distancing itself from history and tradition, Marseille has incorporated its ancient past into a cosmopolitan culture‐led urban renewal project. Ethnographically examining pedestrian traffic around the port reveals that the spaces where people come to rest are as essential as the spaces of constant movement and flow in charting cosmopolitanism in the city.