bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Factors and Intensive Care Unit-Related Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Haddad Diane N. , Mart Matthew F. , Wang Li , Lindsell Christopher J. , Raman Rameela , Nordness Mina F. , Sharp Kenneth W. , Pandharipande Pratik P. , Girard Timothy D. , Ely E. Wesley , Patel Mayur B. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
We aimed to identify socioeconomic and clinical risk factors for post-intensive care unit (ICU)-related long-term cognitive impairment (LTCI).

Summary Background Data:
After delirium during ICU stay, LTCI has been increasingly recognized, but without attention to socioeconomic factors.

Methods:
We enrolled a prospective, multicenter cohort of ICU survivors with shock or respiratory failure from surgical and medical ICUs across 5 civilian and Veteran Affairs (VA) hospitals from 2010 to 2016. Our primary outcome was LTCI at 3- and 12 months post-hospital discharge defined by the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Symptoms (RBANS) global score. Covariates adjusted using multivariable linear regression included age, sex, race, AHRQ socioeconomic index, Charlson comorbidity, Framingham stroke risk, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, duration of coma, delirium, hypoxemia, sepsis, education level, hospital type, insurance status, discharge disposition, and ICU drug exposures.

Results:
Of 1040 patients, 71% experienced delirium, and 47% and 41% of survivors had RBANS scores >1 standard deviation below normal at 3- and 12 months, respectively. Adjusted analysis indicated that delirium, non-White race, lower education, and civilian hospitals (as opposed to VA), were associated with at least a half standard deviation lower RBANS scores at 3- and 12 months (P ≤ 0.03). Sex, AHRQ socioeconomic index, insurance status, and discharge disposition were not associated with RBANS scores.

Conclusions:
Socioeconomic and clinical risk factors, such as race, education, hospital type, and delirium duration, were linked to worse PICS ICU-related, LTCI. Further efforts may focus on improved identification of higher-risk groups to promote survivorship through emerging improvements in cognitive rehabilitation.
Whole Blood is Superior to Component Transfusion for Injured Children
Authors: Leeper Christine M. , Yazer Mark H. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Neal Matthew D. , Gaines Barbara A. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
To compare a propensity-matched cohort of injured children receiving conventional blood component transfusion to injured children receiving low-titer group O negative whole blood.

Summary of Background Data:
Transfusion of whole blood in pediatric trauma patients is feasible and safe. Effectiveness has not been evaluated.

Methods:
Injured children ≥1 years old can receive up to 40 mL/kg of cold-stored, uncrossmatched whole blood during initial hemostatic resuscitation. Whole blood recipients (2016–2019) were compared to a propensity-matched cohort who received at least 1 uncrossmatched red blood cell unit in the trauma bay (2013–2016). Cohorts were matched for age, hypotension, traumatic brain injury, injury mechanism, and need for emergent surgery. Outcomes included time to resolution of base deficit, product volumes transfused, and INR after resuscitation.

Results:
Twenty-eight children who received whole blood were matched to 28 children who received components. The whole blood group had faster time to resolution of base deficit [median (IQR) 2 (1–2.5) hours vs 6 (2–24) hours, respectively; P < 0.001]. The post-transfusion INR was decreased in whole blood vs component cohort [median (IQR) 1.4 (1.3–1.5) vs 1.6 (1.4–2.2); P = 0.01]. Lower plasma volumes [median (IQR) = 5 (0–15) mL/kg vs 11 (5–35) mL/kg; P = 0.04] and lower platelet volumes [median (IQR) = 0 (0–2) vs 3 (0–8); P = 0.03] were administered to the whole blood group versus component group. Other clinical variables (in-hospital death, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, and ventilator days) did not differ between groups.

Conclusions:
Compared to component transfusion, whole blood transfusion results in faster resolution of shock, lower post-transfusion INR, and decreased component product transfusion. Larger cohorts are required to support these findings.
Multiplexed Plasma Immune Mediator Signatures Can Differentiate Sepsis From NonInfective SIRS
Authors: Cahill Laura A. , Joughin Brian A. , Kwon Woon Yong , Itagaki Kiyoshi , Kirk Charlotte H. , Shapiro Nathan I. , Otterbein Leo E. , Yaffe Michael B. , Lederer James A. , Hauser Carl J. 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:Sepsis and sterile both release “danger signals" that induce the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). So differentiating infection from SIRS can be challenging. Precision diagnostic assays could limit unnecessary antibiotic use, improving outcomes.Methods:After surveying human leukocyte cytokine production responses to sterile damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and bacteria we created a multiplex assay for 31 cytokines. We then studied plasma from patients with bacteremia, septic shock, “severe sepsis,” or trauma (ISS ≥15 with circulating DAMPs) as well as controls. Infections were adjudicated based on post-hospitalization review. Plasma was studied in infection and injury using univariate and multivariate means to determine how such multiplex assays could best distinguish infective from noninfective SIRS.Results:Infected patients had high plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1α, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) compared to controls [false discovery rates (FDR) <0.01, <0.01, <0.0001]. Conversely, injury suppressed many mediators including MDC (FDR <0.0001), TREM-1 (FDR <0.001), IP-10 (FDR <0.01), MCP-3 (FDR <0.05), FLT3L (FDR <0.05), Tweak, (FDR <0.05), GRO-α (FDR <0.05), and ENA-78 (FDR <0.05). In univariate studies, analyte overlap between clinical groups prevented clinical relevance. Multivariate models discriminated injury and infection much better, with the 2-group random-forest model classifying 11/11 injury and 28/29 infection patients correctly in out-of-bag validation.Conclusions:Circulating cytokines in traumatic SIRS differ markedly from those in health or sepsis. Variability limits the accuracy of single-mediator assays but machine learning based on multiplexed plasma assays revealed distinct patterns in sepsis- and injury-related SIRS. Defining biomarker release patterns that distinguish specific SIRS populations might allow decreased antibiotic use in those clinical situations. Large prospective studies are needed to validate and operationalize this approach.
Synergistic effects of natural products and commercial antibiotics—A mini–review 2010–2015
Authors: Nitsch-Velásquez Lucía 
Published: September 2020

1AbstractContextThe ‘antimicrobial resistant era’ requires advances in the approaches and technologies to find new treatments. The enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of commercially available drugs (CADs) by natural products (NPs) has successful mixtures (e.g., clavulanic acid and amoxicillin).ObjectiveTo systematically review reports of synergistic effects of CADs and NPs against opportunistic microbial strains from 2010 to April 2016.MethodsThe databases and search engines PubMed, Medline, Scifinder, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Scholar Google were systematically searched. Among the keywords utilized were: synergistic effects natural products and antibioitcs, botanicals and antibiotics bioassays, plant extracts interaction with antibioitics and antibiotic adjuvant bioassays. Only synergistic results were tabulated and analyzed according to CADs, NPs and strains.ResultsA set of 76 studies that reported in vitro synergistic effects of CADs and NPs against gram–positive or gram–negative bacteria or fungi opportunistic strains was found. From the 60 reports on antibacterial adjuvants, the most frequent designs involved beta–lactamics or aminoglycosides against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The assayed NPs encompassed extracts or fractions from 22 different species distributed worldwide (45% extracted with non–polar solvents) and 33 purified compounds (flavonoids, other polyphenols and alkaloids).ConclusionsNPs as potential drug hits for antimicrobial adjuvants had been found and should continue in the drug discovery pipeline. The field certainly would benefit of advances in purification technologies, especially for polar extracts and bioassay platforms.
Detergent wash improves vaccinated lymph node handling ex vivo
Authors: Ball Alexander G. , Belanger Maura C. , Pompano Rebecca R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLymph nodes (LNs) are essential secondary immune organs where the adaptive immune response is generated against most infections and vaccines. We recently described the use of live ex vivo LN slices to study the dynamics of adaptive immunity. However, when working with reactive lymph nodes from vaccinated animals, the tissues frequently became dislodged from the supportive agarose matrix during slicing, leading to damage that prevented downstream analysis. Because reactive lymph nodes expand into the surrounding adipose tissue, we hypothesized that dislodging was a result of excess lipids on the collagen capsule of the LN, and that a brief wash with a mild detergent would improve LN interaction with the agarose without damaging tissue viability or function. Therefore, we tested the use of digitonin on improving slicing of vaccinated LNs. Prior to embedding, LNs were quickly dipped into a digitonin solution and washed in saline. Lipid droplets were visibly removed by this procedure. A digitonin wash step prior to slicing significantly reduced the loss of LN during slicing from 13 - 75 % to 0 - 25 %, without substantial impact on viability. Capture of fluorescent microparticles, uptake and processing of protein antigen, and cytokine secretion in response to a vaccine adjuvant, R848, were all unaffected by the detergent wash. This novel approach will enable ex vivo analysis of the generation of adaptive immune response in LNs in response to vaccinations and other immunotherapies.
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on The Preventive Services in Qatar
Authors: Al-Kuwari Mohamed Ghaith , Abdulmalik Mariam Ali , Al-Mudahka Hamad Rashid , Bakri Ahmad Haj , Al-Baker Wadha Ahmed , Abushaikha Shaikha Sami , Kandy Mujeeb Chettiyam , Gibb John 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn March 2020, Qatar started reporting increased numbers of COVID-19 cases. At that stage, containment measures were put in place. The health authority in Qatar developed an emergency action plan to respond to the outbreak with the Primary Health Care as the main component of that response and suspended all non-urgent services including preventive health services. The aim of the retrospective analysis to measure the Impact of COVID 19 on the preventive services provided in Qatar.MethodsA retrospective data analysis was conducted for all the preventive services utilization volume across the 27 PHCC health centers from the 1st of January 2017 to the 31st of July 2020.ResultsWith 17,012 no-show appointments, well-baby and Immunization services utilization demonstrated a reduction of 40% in May and started to come back to volumes higher than expected in June. The number of cancelled appointments for breast cancer and colorectal cancer screening programs were 3,481 and 5,854 respectively. The expected volumes demand has dropped by 100% in comparison to 2017 demand. Wellness services only met 20% of its projected utilization in April, however, the services picked up in June.ConclusionThese findings will guide the public health policymakers to understand the effects COVID-19 on preventive services and the risk of having an increased number of outbreaks for childhood communicable disease, cancer cases with delayed diagnosis due to the screening services suspension. In addition, the plan will address the increased number of sedately behavior due to the service’s reduced utilization of wellness services.
The relationship between cognitive function and sleep duration: a Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Salzmann Antoine , Chaturvedi Nish , Garfield Victoria 
Published: September 2020

Structured abstractImportanceSleep duration is associated with cognitive function, with Mendelian randomisation evidence supporting a relationship in this direction. However, whether cognitive function may also precede problematic sleep duration remains unclear.ObjectiveTo assess whether reaction time and visual memory are causally associated with sleep duration.DesignSummary-level Mendelian randomisation design between visual memory (30 SNPs), reaction time (44 SNPs), and self-reported and objective sleep duration Setting: Population-based study.ParticipantsIndividuals from the UK Biobank, who were included in genome-wide association studies for our exposures and outcomes, aged 40-69y at baseline (mean 56y), 54% female and self-reported sleep was 7.2 hours.ExposuresVisual memory, reactiontimeMain outcomesself-reported and objective sleep durationResultsMendelian randomisation results showed that worse performance on the visual memory task was associated with longer (ß=0.09, 95% CI=0.02;0.17), while slower reaction time was associated with shorter (ß=-0.15, 95% CI=-0.29;-0.01), objective sleep duration. Sensitivity analyses revealed no issues with horizontal pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept p-value <0.05). No association was observed between either cognitive measure and self-reported sleep duration.Conclusions and relevanceThese results suggest a potential causative relationship between reaction time and objective sleep duration, where worse visual memory is associated with longer, and worse reaction time with shorter objective sleep duration. This study furthers our understanding of the relationship between brain health and sleep duration and sheds light on the causal nature of these associations.Key pointsQuestionIs genetically predicted sleep duration (accelerometer-derived and self-reported) associated with cognitive function outcomes?FindingsIn this summary-level Mendelian randomisation study, worse visual memory was associated with longer, whereas worse reaction time was associated with shorter, objective sleep duration. No associations were observed between cognitive measures and self-reported sleep duration.MeaningThese findings suggest a causal association between cognition and objective sleep duration measures, expanding our understanding of the relationship between cognition and sleep.
Association of nocebo hyperalgesia and basic somatosensory characteristics in a large cohort
Authors: Feldhaus Mari Hanna , Horing Björn , Sprenger Christian , Büchel Christian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMedical outcomes are strongly affected by placebo and nocebo effects. Prediction of who responds to such expectation effects has proven to be challenging. Most recent approaches to prediction have focused on placebo effects in the context of previous treatment experiences and expectancies, or personality traits. However, a recent model has suggested that basic somatosensory characteristics play an important role in expectation responses. Consequently, this study investigated not only the role of psychological variables, but also of basic somatosensory characteristics. In this study, 624 participants underwent a placebo and nocebo heat pain paradigm. Additionally, individual psychological and somatosensory characteristics were assessed. While no significant correlations for placebo responses were identified, nocebo responses were correlated with personality traits (e.g. neuroticism) and somatosensory characteristics (e.g. thermal pain threshold). Importantly, the correlations between somatosensory characteristics and nocebo responses were among the strongest. This study shows that apart from personality traits, basic somatosensory characteristics play an important role in individual nocebo responses, in agreement with the novel idea that nocebo responses result from the integration of top-down expectation and bottom-up sensory information.
Frequency and Management of Drug and Chemical Poisoning among Children Attending an Emergency Department in a Single Hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Tobaiqy Mansour , Asiri Bandar A. , Sholan Ahmed H. , Alzahrani Yahya A. , Alkatheeri Ayed A. , Mahha Ahmed M. , Alzahrani Shamsia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundUnintentional poisoning is one of the common medical emergencies in children that leads to morbidity and mortality. Medications and chemical agents play a major role in these adverse events resulting in social, economic, and health consequences.Aims of the studyThe study aimed to evaluate the frequency and management of poisoning among children attending the emergency room at East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis study was a retrospective chart review of all acute pediatric poisoning incidences in children (0-16 years of age) from October-21-2016 to March-03-2020 who were admitted to the emergency department of East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Data was analyzed via SPSS software.ResultsA total of 69 incidences of acute poisoning were admitted to the emergency room at East Jeddah Hospital; males were 55.1 %. Most children were under 5 years of age (59.4%). Unintentional poisoning occurred among 56.5% of observed cases of which 52.2% occurred in children younger than 5 years; 7.20% (5) patients were 12 to 16 years of age and had deliberate self-poisoning. The association between type of poisoning and age groups was statistically significant (Chi-square = 28.5057, p = 0.0001). Most incidences occurred at home (92.8%). Medicines were the most common cause of poisoning (73.9%). An excessive dose of prescribed medicine poisoning accidents was reported in 10.1% cases. Analgesics such as paracetamol were the most documented medication associated with poisoning (39.1%) followed by anticonvulsants and other central nervous system acting medicines (18.8 %). The most common route of poisoning was oral administration (81.2%). One mortality case was documented due to poisoning.ConclusionA total of 69 incidences of acute poisoning in children occurred in a single hospital over 3 years. Most incidents were unintentional and occurred in children younger than 5 years of age. Medicines were the most common cause of poisoning. Analgesics such as paracetamol were the most common documented medicine associated with poisoning.
Chromosome-level genome assembly of a benthic associated Syngnathiformes species: the common dragonet,Callionymus lyra
Authors: Winter Sven , Prost Stefan , de Raad Jordi , Coimbra Raphael T. F. , Wolf Magnus , Nebenführ Marcel , Held Annika , Kurzawe Melina , Papapostolou Ramona , Tessien Jade , Bludau Julian , Kelch Andreas , Gronefeld Sarah , Schöneberg Yannis , Zeitz Christian , Zapf Konstantin , Prochotta David , Murphy Maximilian , Sheffer Monica M. , Sonnewald Moritz , Nilsson Maria A. , Janke Axel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe common dragonet,Callionymus lyra, is one of threeCallionymusspecies inhabiting the North Sea. All three species show strong sexual dimorphism. The males show strong morphological differentiation, e.g., species-specific colouration and size relations, while the females of different species have few distinguishing characters.Callionymusbelongs to the ‘benthic associated clade’ of the order Syngnathiformes. The ‘benthic associated clade’ so far is not represented by genome data and serves as an important outgroup to understand the morphological transformation in ‘long-snouted’ syngnatiforms such as seahorses and pipefishes.FindingsHere, we present the chromosome-level genome assembly ofC. lyra. We applied Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ long-read sequencing, short-read DNBseq, and proximity-ligation-based scaffolding to generate a high-quality genome assembly. The resulting assembly has a contig N50 of 2.2 Mbp, a scaffold N50 of 26.7 Mbp. The total assembly length is 568.7 Mbp, of which over 538 Mbp were scaffolded into 19 chromosome-length scaffolds. The identification of 94.5% of complete BUSCO genes indicates high assembly completeness. Additionally, we sequenced and assembled a multi-tissue transcriptome with a total length of 255.5 Mbp that was used to aid the annotation of the genome assembly. The annotation resulted in 19,849 annotated transcripts and identified a repeat content of 27.66%.ConclusionsThe chromosome-level assembly ofC. lyraprovides a high-quality reference genome for future population genomic, phylogenomic, and phylogeographic analyses.
Integration of A Nitrate-Related Signaling Pathway in Rhizobia-Induced Responses During Interactions with Non-Legume Host Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Schenk Sebastian T. , Lichtenberg Elisabeth , Keller Jean , Delaux Pierre-Marc , Ott Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient and a key cellular messenger. Plants have evolved refined molecular systems to sense the cellular nitrogen status. Exemplified by the root nodule symbiosis between legumes and symbiotic rhizobia, where external nitrate availability inhibits the interaction. However, nitrate also functions as a metabolic messenger, resulting in nitrate signaling cascades which intensively cross-talk with other physiological pathways. NIN (NODULE INCEPTION)-LIKE PROTEINS (NLPs) are key players in nitrate signaling and regulate nitrate-dependent transcription. Nevertheless, the coordinated interplay between nitrate signaling pathways and rhizobacteria-induced responses remains to be elucidated. In our study, we investigate rhizobia-induced changes in the root system architecture of the non-legume host Arabidopsis in dependence of different nitrate conditions. We demonstrate that rhizobia induce lateral root growth, and increase root hair length and density in a nitrate-dependent manner. These processes are regulated by AtNLP4 and AtNLP5 as well as nitrate transceptor NRT1.1, as the corresponding mutants fail to respond to rhizobia. On a cellular level,NLP4andNLP5control a rhizobia-induced decrease in cell elongation rates, while additional cell divisions occurred independent ofNLP4. In summary, our data suggest that root morphological responses to rhizobia, dependent on a nutritional signaling pathway that is evolutionary related to regulatory circuits described in legumes.
The Temporal Dynamics of Opportunity Costs: A Normative Account of Cognitive Fatigue and Boredom
Authors: Agrawal Mayank , Mattar Marcelo G. , Cohen Jonathan D. , Daw Nathaniel D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCognitive fatigue and boredom are two phenomenological states that reflect overt task disengagement. In this paper, we present a rational analysis of the temporal structure of controlled behavior, which provides a formal account of these phenomena. We suggest that in controlling behavior, the brain faces competing behavioral and computational imperatives, and must balance them by tracking their opportunity costs over time. We use this analysis to flesh out previous suggestions that feelings associated with subjective effort, like cognitive fatigue and boredom, are the phenomenological counterparts of these opportunity cost measures, instead of reflecting the depletion of resources as has often been assumed. Specifically, we propose that both fatigue and boredom reflect the competing value of particular options that require foregoing immediate reward but can improve future performance: Fatigue reflects the value of offline computation (internal to the organism) to improve future decisions, while boredom signals the value of exploration (external in the world). We demonstrate that these accounts provide a mechanistically explicit and parsimonious account for a wide array of findings related to cognitive control, integrating and reimagining them under a single, formally rigorous framework.