bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory cell-associated tumors. Not only macrophages (TAMs), fibroblasts (TAFs) and neutrophils (TANs) can infiltrate the tumor microenvironment. The unique role of tumor associated platelets (TAPs)
Authors: Dymicka-Piekarska Violetta , Koper-Lenkiewicz Olga M. , Zińczuk Justyna , Kratz Ewa , Kamińska Joanna 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt is well known that various inflammatory cells infiltrate cancer cells. Next to TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), TAFs (tumor-associated fibroblasts) and TANs (tumor-associated neutrophils) also platelets form the tumor microenvironment. Taking into account the role of platelets in the development of cancer, we have decided to introduce a new term: tumor associated platelets—TAPs. To the best of our knowledge, thus far this terminology has not been employed by anyone. Platelets are the first to appear at the site of the inflammatory process that accompanies cancer development. Within the first few hours from the start of the colonization of cancer cells platelet-tumor aggregates are responsible for neutrophils recruitment, and further release a number of factors associated with tumor growth, metastasis and neoangiogenesis. On the other hand, it also has been indicated that factors delivered from platelets can induce a cytotoxic effect on the proliferating neoplastic cells, and even enhance apoptosis. Undoubtedly, TAPs’ role seems to be more complex when compared to tumor associated neutrophils and macrophages, which do not allow for their division into TAP P1 and TAP P2, as in the case of TANs and TAMs. In this review we discuss the role of TAPs as an important element of tumor invasiveness and as a potentially new therapeutic target to prevent cancer development. Nevertheless, better exploring the interactions between platelets and tumor cells could help in the formulation of new therapeutic goals that support or improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
Decreased deposition and increased swelling of cell walls contribute to increased cracking susceptibility of developing sweet cherry fruit
Authors: Schumann Christine , Sitzenstock Simon , Erz Lisa , Knoche Moritz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMain conclusionDuring fruit development, cell wall deposition rate decreases and cell wall swelling increases. The cell wall swelling pressure is very low relative to the fruit’s highly negative osmotic potential.AbstractRain cracking of sweet cherry fruit is preceded by the swelling of the cell walls. Cell wall swelling decreases both the cell: cell adhesion and the cell wall fracture force. Rain cracking susceptibility increases during fruit development. The objectives were to relate developmental changes in cell wall swelling to compositional changes taking place in the cell wall. During fruit development, total mass of cell wall, of pectins and of hemicelluloses increases, but total mass of cellulose remains constant. The mass of these cell wall fractions increases at a lower rate than the fruit fresh mass—particularly during stage II and early stage III. During stage III, on a whole-fruit basis, the HCl-soluble pectin fraction, followed by the water-soluble pectin fraction, the NaOH-soluble pectin fraction and the oxalate-soluble pectin fraction all increase. At maturity, just the HCl-soluble pectin decreases. Cell wall swelling increases during stages I and II of fruit development, with little change thereafter. This was indexed by light microscopy of skin sections following turgor release, and by determinations of the swelling capacity, water holding capacity and water retention capacity. The increase in cell wall swelling during development was due primarily to increases in NaOH-soluble pectins. The in vitro swelling of cell wall extracts depends on the applied pressure. The swelling pressure of the alcohol-insoluble residue is low throughout development and surprisingly similar across different cell wall fractions. Thus, swelling pressure does not contribute significantly to fruit water potential.
The structural chemistry of titanium alkoxide derivatives with OH-substituted bidentate ligands
Authors: Schubert Ulrich , Bendova Maria , Czakler Matthias , Maurer Christian , Visinescu Claudia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The organically modified titanium alkoxides Ti2(Oi-Pr)4(OOCCMe2O)2(i-PrOH)2 and Ti4(Oi-Pr)4(SA)6 were obtained from the reaction of Ti(Oi-Pr)4 with 2-hydroxy-isobutyric acid and salicyladoxime (SA-H2), respectively. Reaction of 1,3-dibenzoyl acetone (DBA-H) did not result in a substituted titanium alkoxide derivative, but instead in the oxo cluster Ti4O2(Oi-Pr)8(DBA)2 after allowing moisture to diffuse into the reaction mixture. The three titanium compounds show common structural features which are different to derivatives void of ligand OH groups. The latter play a decisive role in coordinating the ligands to the titanium centers.

Graphic abstract
Analytische Betrachtung von gewickelten Pressverbänden in Anwendung bei Axialflussmaschinen
Authors: Riegler Rainer , Grafinger Manfred 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungPermanenterregte Axialflussmaschinen weisen gegenüber Radialflussmaschinen Vorteile bezüglich der möglichen Abmessungen auf. Bis jetzt wurden vor allem Axialflussmaschinen mit einer vollen Rotorscheibe untersucht. Aufgrund von besseren magnetischen Eigenschaften sind Rotoren aus geschichtetem Elektroblech hergestellt. Radial ausgerichtet führt das zu hohen Kosten, die durch Wicklung des Elektroblechs bei denselben Eigenschaften wesentlich reduziert werden sollen. Die naive numerische Untersuchung mittels FEM scheitert an der großen Anzahl an Kontaktflächen und noch unbekanntem Einfluss der Vorspannung.Um die mechanische Vorauslegung und Nachrechnung zu ermöglichen werden hier Methoden und Vereinfachungen diskutiert, um Aussagen zur Realisierbarkeit zu erhalten. Es wird das aufgewickelte Blech nicht als archimedische Spirale gerechnet, sondern als Blechringe, die auf die Abtriebswelle aufgezogen werden. Die Abmessungen sind im Vorhinein nur teilweise bekannt und dementsprechend werden mögliche Näherungen angeführt.Zur Bewertung der Beanspruchung werden vorerst die Vorspannungen bei unendlich dünnem Elektroblech bestimmt und die Anwendbarkeit und Genauigkeit der Gleichungen bei endlich dünnem Elektroblech festgestellt.Durch diese Vorgehensweise vereinfacht sich die Berechnung erheblich und es kann während der Konstruktion auf die auftretenden Belastungen reagiert werden.
No Evidence for Passive Gene-Environment Correlation or the Influence of Genetic Risk for Psychiatric Disorders on Adult Body Composition via the Adoption Design
Authors: Hunjan Avina K. , Cheesman Rosa , Coleman Jonathan R. I. , Hübel Christopher , Eley Thalia C. , Breen Gerome 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe relationship between genetic and environmental risk is complex and for many traits, estimates of genetic effects may be inflated by passive gene-environment correlation. This arises because biological offspring inherit both their genotypes and rearing environment from their parents. We tested for passive gene-environment correlation in adult body composition traits using the ‘natural experiment’ of childhood adoption, which removes passive gene-environment correlation within families. Specifically, we compared 6165 adoptees with propensity score matched non-adoptees in the UK Biobank. We also tested whether passive gene-environment correlation inflates the association between psychiatric genetic risk and body composition. We found no evidence for inflation of heritability or polygenic scores in non-adoptees compared to adoptees for a range of body composition traits. Furthermore, polygenic risk scores for anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia did not differ in their influence on body composition traits in adoptees and non-adoptees. These findings suggest that passive gene-environment correlation does not inflate genetic effects for body composition, or the influence of psychiatric disorder genetic risk on body composition. Our design does not look at passive gene-environment correlation in childhood, and does not test for ‘pure’ environmental effects or the effects of active and evocative gene-environment correlations, where child genetics directly influences home environment. However, these findings suggest that genetic influences identified for body composition in this adult sample are direct, and not confounded by the family environment provided by biological relatives.
The BepiColombo Mercury Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer: Science Goals, Instrument Performance and Operations
Authors: Bunce Emma J. , Martindale Adrian , Lindsay Simon , Muinonen Karri , Rothery David A. , Pearson Jim , McDonnell Ivor , Thomas Chris , Thornhill Julian , Tikkanen Tuomo , Feldman Charly , Huovelin Juhani , Korpela Seppo , Esko Eero , Lehtolainen Arto , Treis Johannes , Majewski Petra , Hilchenbach Martin , Väisänen Timo , Luttinen Arto , Kohout Tomas , Penttilä Antti , Bridges John , Joy Katherine H. , Alcacera-Gil Maria Angeles , Alibert Guilhem , Anand Mahesh , Bannister Nigel , Barcelo-Garcia Corinne , Bicknell Chris , Blake Oliver , Bland Phil , Butcher Gillian , Cheney Andy , Christensen Ulrich , Crawford Tony , Crawford Ian A. , Dennerl Konrad , Dougherty Michele , Drumm Paul , Fairbend Raymond , Genzer Maria , Grande Manuel , Hall Graeme P. , Hodnett Rosie , Houghton Paul , Imber Suzanne , Kallio Esa , Lara Maria Luisa , Balado Margeli Ana , Mas-Hesse Miguel J. , Maurice Sylvestre , Milan Steve , Millington-Hotze Peter , Nenonen Seppo , Nittler Larry , Okada Tatsuaki , Ormö Jens , Perez-Mercader Juan , Poyner Richard , Robert Eddy , Ross Duncan , Pajas-Sanz Miriam , Schyns Emile , Seguy Julien , Strüder Lothar , Vaudon Nathalie , Viceira-Martín Jose , Williams Hugo , Willingale Dick , Yeoman Tim 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Mercury Imaging X-ray Spectrometer is a highly novel instrument that is designed to map Mercury’s elemental composition from orbit at two angular resolutions. By observing the fluorescence X-rays generated when solar-coronal X-rays and charged particles interact with the surface regolith, MIXS will be able to measure the atomic composition of the upper ∼10-20 μm of Mercury’s surface on the day-side. Through precipitating particles on the night-side, MIXS will also determine the dynamic interaction of the planet’s surface with the surrounding space environment.MIXS is composed of two complementary elements: MIXS-C is a collimated instrument which will achieve global coverage at a similar spatial resolution to that achieved (in the northern hemisphere only – i.e. ∼ 50 – 100 km) by MESSENGER; MIXS-T is the first ever X-ray telescope to be sent to another planet and will, during periods of high solar activity (or intense precipitation of charged particles), reveal the X-ray flux from Mercury at better than 10 km resolution. The design, performance, scientific goals and operations plans of the instrument are discussed, including the initial results from commissioning in space.
The assessment of positive impacts in LCA of products
Authors: Croes Pim R. , Vermeulen Walter J.V. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The objective of this paper is to open a discussion on the implications and challenges of including positive impacts in LCAs of products and to propose a set of criteria for their inclusion in LCA in general and in the Oiconomy system in particular.

Methods
Using the existing literature, guided by the recent reviews by Di Cesare et al. (2018), Petti et al. (2016), and Ekener-Petersen et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 23(3):1–13, 2016) and our own experience and logic, we assess ethical and practical issues, shortcomings, potential inconsistencies, and problems of inclusion of positive impacts and propose criteria for inclusion of positive impacts in LCA.

Results
Discussed in relation to the inclusion of positive impacts in LCA are the conflicting descriptive and prescriptive character of LCA, the inclusion of internalities, considering “absence of negative impacts” as positive, measuring by status or by change and the therewith involved temporal scope, moral consequences of comparing positive and negative impacts to different stakeholder groups, the requirement of a capacity-raising character and maintenance of a positive impact, rebound effects, R&D, background and foreground data on positive impacts, and the inclusion of employment and product utilities as positive impacts. Based on this assessment, we propose a set of criteria for the assessment of positive impacts in life cycle assessment in general and especially of positive contributions in the “Oiconomy system”.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates several serious ethical and practical issues and challenges related to inclusion of positive impacts in LCA. An especially difficult question is how to interpret the economic concepts of “externalities” and “internalities” in relation to LCA. A special definition of in- and externalities for LCA purposes is proposed. The importance of a “capacity-raising” character of a positive impact is demonstrated, but also some of the difficulties of distinguishing capacity raising from maintaining the current status. Important outcomes are that for a consistent LCA, inclusion of most internalities and absence of negative impacts must be dissuaded, which also applies to employment and wages unless without a range of additional criteria. Great caution must be taken with inclusion of product utilities, comparing the positives for one stakeholder group with the negatives for another and mixing measurement by status with measurement by change.
Measuring Muscle Mass and Strength in Obesity: a Review of Various Methods
Authors: Sizoo Dionne , de Heide Loek J. M. , Emous Marloes , van Zutphen Tim , Navis Gerjan , van Beek André P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLower muscle mass in populations with obesity is associated obesity-related diseases like hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bariatric surgery leads to sustained weight loss. During the weight reduction, loss of muscle should be minimized. Thus reliable quantification of muscle mass is much needed and therefore the also the need for validated methods. Imaging methods, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scan, have been the gold standard for many years. However, these methods are costly and have limitations such as the maximum weight. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is currently the most used alternative. Other, less expensive methods are very limited in their validation in populations with morbid obesity. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge regarding measuring muscle mass and strength in obesity.
Modeling and projecting health-relevant combined ozone and temperature events in present and future Central European climate
Authors: Jahn Sally , Hertig Elke 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStatistical models to evaluate the relationships between large-scale meteorological conditions, prevailing air pollution levels and combined ozone and temperature events, were developed during the 1993–2012 period with Central Europe as regional focus. Combined ozone and temperature events were defined based on the high frequency of coinciding, health-relevant elevated levels of daily maximum tropospheric ozone concentrations (based on running 8-h means) and daily maximum temperature values in the peak ozone and temperature season from April to September. By applying two different modeling approaches based on lasso, logistic regression, and multiple linear regression mean air temperatures at 850 hPa, ozone persistence, surface thermal radiation, geopotential heights at 850 hPa, meridional winds at 500 hPa, and relative humidity at 500 hPa were identified as main drivers of combined ozone and temperature events. Statistical downscaling projections until the end of the twenty-first century were assessed by using the output of seven models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Potential frequency shifts were evaluated by comparing the mid- (2031–2050) and late-century (2081–2100) time windows to the base period (1993–2012). A sharp increase of ozone-temperature events was projected under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenario assumptions with respective multi-model mean changes of 8.94% and 16.84% as well as 13.33% and 37.52% for mid- and late-century European climate.
Sustainability risks & opportunities in the insurance industry
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Reichel Philipp , Zitzmann Armin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to provide an overview of relevant sustainability risks and opportunities in the insurance industry, where we address the asset side, the liability side, and a broader corporate perspective. Furthermore, we discuss approaches on how insurers can deal with these sustainability risks and opportunities, and provide selected empirical insight from the literature and (industry) surveys on current practices mostly for the European market. Our study emphasizes that while climate change represents an important factor in this context, it is by far not the only one. Insurers should thus take a broader approach on managing sustainability risks and opportunities. Furthermore, key barriers include a lack of data and knowledge, which impede transparency between firms with respect to their sustainable management approach.
First Year Students’ Resilience to Cope with Mathematics Exercises in the University Mathematics Studies
Authors: Neumann Irene , Jeschke Colin , Heinze Aiso 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUniversity mathematics studies are known for high dropout especially in the freshmen year. This dropout is often traced back to the excessive demands freshmen have to face. Research aimed at identifying students’ characteristics that enable them to overcome the demands, for example through cognitive abilities, motivational constructs or self-beliefs. In this paper, we take a different perspective and suggest to include a construct that has not been considered in university mathematics education so far: mathematical resilience. Mathematical resilience is a well-established construct in school education to describe students’ attitude in handling everyday educational challenges like setbacks or frustration. We aim to transfer the construct to university mathematics education. Based on a literature review, we argue that the weekly mathematics assignments (i.e., compulsory exercises) pose a major emotional challenge for freshmen as they require advanced mathematical skills like proving, which students only scarcely learn at school. Failing at those mathematics exercises can lead to lasting frustration and, eventually, dropout. Mathematical resilience may thus be a relevant construct to consider when investigating dropout. We present a novel instrument measuring mathematical resilience against mathematics exercises. Findings of an empirical study with 424 mathematics freshmen confirm that mathematics assignments are in fact viewed as the most frustrating everyday challenge. Moreover, the data provide evidence on the validity and reliability of the novel instrument. The results show that mathematical resilience and the corresponding instrument contribute to research on academic success and failure of mathematics freshmen considering the specific conditions of university mathematics studies.
IRIS: A method for predicting in vivo RNA secondary structures using PARIS data
Authors: Zhou Jianyu , Li Pan , Zeng Wanwen , Ma Wenxiu , Lu Zhipeng , Jiang Rui , Cliff Zhang Qiangfeng , Jiang Tao 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundRNA secondary structures play a pivotal role in posttranscriptional regulation and the functions of non‐coding RNAs, yet in vivo RNA secondary structures remain enigmatic. PARIS (Psoralen Analysis of RNA Interactions and Structures) is a recently developed high‐throughput sequencing‐based approach that enables direct capture of RNA duplex structures in vivo. However, the existence of incompatible, fuzzy pairing information obstructs the integration of PARIS data with the existing tools for reconstructing RNA secondary structure models at the single‐base resolution.MethodsWe introduce IRIS, a method for predicting RNA secondary structure ensembles based on PARIS data. IRIS generates a large set of candidate RNA secondary structure models under the guidance of redistributed PARIS reads and then uses a Bayesian model to identify the optimal ensemble, according to both thermodynamic principles and PARIS data.ResultsThe predicted RNA structure ensembles by IRIS have been verified based on evolutionary conservation information and consistency with other experimental RNA structural data. IRIS is implemented in Python and freely available at http://iris.zhanglab.net.ConclusionIRIS capitalizes upon PARIS data to improve the prediction of in vivo RNA secondary structure ensembles. We expect that IRIS will enhance the application of the PARIS technology and shed more insight on in vivo RNA secondary structures.
Modestly degraded microarchitecture and high serum levels of osteopontin in Swedish females with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Wanby Pär , Brudin Lars , Von Siv-Ping , Carlsson Martin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Adult women with long-time anorexia nervosa (AN) are believed to have osteopenia (T-score ≤ 1.0) in 93 % and osteoporosis (T-score ≤ 2.5) in 38 %. Bone microarchitecture assessed by Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) predicts osteoporotic fractures. Our aim was to evaluate the microarchitecture in adult females with AN by determining TBS and to identify factors potentially associated with TBS, such as bone turnover markers.

Methods
20 female patients with AN (DSM IV), aged 27.8 ± 4.4 years, BMI 16.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2 and duration of illness of 8.5 ± 5 years had previously been evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). TBS measurements were now obtained, using iNsight software, from spinal DXA images. Serum levels of bone turnover markers were determined in patients and healthy normal-weight controls.

Results
Compared to controls serum values of osteopontin were higher (p = 0.009). BMD in patients with AN was reduced by at least 1.0 SD at one or more skeletal sites in 65 % of patients and by at least 2.5 SD in 20 %. Only one of the patients (5%) had suffered a fracture. TBS (mean 1.35 ± 0.06; median 1.36 (1.23–1.44) was in the lower normal range (≥ 1.35). 40 % of patients showed partially (> 1.20 and < 1.35) but none showed a fully degraded micro-architecture.

Conclusions
In Swedish AN patients we found a low reduction of BMD and fracture history. The bone microarchitecture, evaluated for the first time for this group by TBS, was only modestly compromised, and to a lesser extent than expected for this group of patients with AN.

Level of evidence
Level V; cross-sectional descriptive study.
An efficient computational framework for naval shape design and optimization problems by means of data-driven reduced order modeling techniques
Authors: Demo Nicola , Ortali Giulio , Gustin Gianluca , Rozza Gianluigi , Lavini Gianpiero 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis contribution describes the implementation of a data-driven shape optimization pipeline in a naval architecture application. We adopt reduced order models in order to improve the efficiency of the overall optimization, keeping a modular and equation-free nature to target the industrial demand. We applied the above mentioned pipeline to a realistic cruise ship in order to reduce the total drag. We begin by defining the design space, generated by deforming an initial shape in a parametric way using free form deformation. The evaluation of the performance of each new hull is determined by simulating the flux via finite volume discretization of a two-phase (water and air) fluid. Since the fluid dynamics model can result very expensive—especially dealing with complex industrial geometries—we propose also a dynamic mode decomposition enhancement to reduce the computational cost of a single numerical simulation. The real-time computation is finally achieved by means of proper orthogonal decomposition with Gaussian process regression technique. Thanks to the quick approximation, a genetic optimization algorithm becomes feasible to converge towards the optimal shape.