bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Complete Morphodynamic Study to Face a River Engineering Issue
Authors: Bosa Silvia , Petti Marco , Pascolo Sara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The last reach of the Tagliamento River, in North East Italy, is progressively changing its planimetric geometry, causing sediment deposition close to a port and preventing the regular navigation in that area. In the present paper, this river engineering issue has been addressed in a complete way, first investigating the cause which brought to the present situation, and then proposing a number of design solution to mitigate the problem. Some of them have been analyzed by means of a morphodynamic numerical model, reproducing the effects on the bottom height of an average year in terms of flow and tides. The results of each simulation are compared to those of the present situation, in order to underline any advantages of the proposed design solution.
3D Modelling of Construction Objects Based on the Integrated AutoCAD System
Authors: Kuzina Valentina , Koshev Alexander 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Wide implementation of computer modeling of three-dimensional construction objects allows us to solve many technical, logistical and design problems. The development of a detailed electronic three-dimensional plan is a valuable virtual base that allows you to create, display and use for engineering purposes models of various types of engineering, telecommunications and computer networks, plan their construction, modernization and replacement. Connecting external databases to the electronic model allows you get a full specification of buildings, networks and any other objects, display a time record of repairs, replacements, etc. in addition, the 3D model allows you to enter the color differentiation of objects, which can give additional information, for example, the allocation of dangerous equipment (fire, explosive, etc.) in red or other color on the three-dimensional plan of the building. AutoCAD was selected to build a 3D model of the branched multi-storey building of one of the buildings of a modern University, which allows you to get accurate 3D models, has the means of obtaining sections and sections, and also provides a fairly realistic visualization. To obtain a 3D model of the University buildings, all the work was divided into the following stages: building two-dimensional electronic plans of each floor; building three-dimensional models of each floor; combining floor models into a common 3D model of the building. Models of buildings were created on separate layers, which makes it easy to turn off a particular layer, and to study the internal structure of buildings. The 3D model has real dimensions and is easily scaled. Engineering networks and other equipment items can be attached to the model elements in the future, and other tasks will also be solved, such as the location of fire-fighting equipment, escape routes, emergency exits, etc. When creating 3D models, we used the color differentiation of objects. We describe a mechanism for programmatically selecting objects by color in the AutoCAD environment, as well as a program that implements this selection mechanism using a data file with sequential access as an external database.
Transformation of the Lower Lusatia Landscape in the Context of Climate and Energy Change
Authors: Pancewicz Alina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The subject of the article is the process of transformation of the landscape of Lower Lusatia – German’s second-largest lignite mining region – shown in the context of contemporary development trends and energy and climate policy. The experience of the last few decades has shown a variety of objectives, directions of development and activities leading to the formation of a new image and landscape identity of the region. The transformation of the landscape of Lower Lusatia is a process of change that is linked to industrial heritage, the tourist potential of the renewed landscape and the energy value based on lignite mining and the acquisition of renewable energy sources. The combination of these three processes is the basis and determinant of creating the current identity of the region. It is also an area of often conflicting interests resulting from various environmental, social and economic conditions. A factor that has a decisive influence on the development of the region is the climate and energy policy implemented in Germany, taking into account environmental objectives, economic needs and social interests to varying degrees. Limiting the adverse consequences of climate threats has now become one of the key strategic actions of the region, reflected both in planning documents and political decisions, as well as in the real landscape. The aim of the article is to show the possibilities and limitations of modern climate and energy policy and to determine the extent of its impact on the landscape, spatial and social transformation of the Lower Lusatia region. The research is also an attempt to answer the question whether the implementation of the adopted energy goals will be sufficient to change the landscape of the region in a sustainable way and sufficient for its development and improvement of the living conditions of its inhabitants.
Examples of Even Lifting of Structural Elements of Existing Buildings
Authors: Gromysz Krzysztof 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Two examples of even, vertical lifting of building elements are presented. In the first example, after the raw state of the building was completed, the concept of land development around the building has changed. It involved in particular elevating the ground level by 0.8 m. As a consequence, the entrance to the building would be below the surrounding land. It was decided to lift the above-ground part of the building evenly by 0.80 m in order to avoid this. The lifting of the above-ground part of the building was designed and executed by detaching the building apart at the level of the floor and then lifting it evenly by 0.8 m. For this purpose, eighteen hydraulic jacks were used, installed in the bearing walls in the previously made openings. New technical cellars were additionally constructed as a result of the works. In the second case, the roof truss was raised in the residential building in use. The usable area of the attic was enlarged as a result of the works and the number of posts limiting the freedom of interior design was reduced. In both cases, a system of hydraulic jacks was used to move the structure vertically. With the presented procedure, no damage was caused to both, the building elements that were lifted and those unmoved. In addition, the even lifting of parts of the building allowed to avoid the troublesome dismantling and then restoration in a new location.
A Case Study of Modern Heritage Building: Base Isolation Seismic Retrofit for Preservation of its Architectural Distinguishing Features
Authors: Terenzi Gloria , Fuso Elena , Sorace Stefano , Costoli Iacopo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Several Italian buildings designed by eminent architects and structural engineers in the second half of the 20th century are now included in modern heritage listings. At the same time, as they were designed before the issue of coordinate national Technical Standards, often require important structural rehabilitation interventions. One of the most representative case studies of that period in Florence, i.e. the building now housing the Automobile Club Headquarter and a B&B Hotel, is examined in this paper. A seismic assessment analysis carried out on the structure highlighted strength deficiencies in several members and potentially severe pounding conditions between the two constituting wings of the building, separated by a narrow technical gap. In order to improve the seismic performance without altering the architectural appearance of the building, characterized by large windows in the façades, free internal spaces and elegant proportions of the main structural members, a base isolation retrofit hypothesis is proposed. A substantial seismic improvement is obtained in rehabilitated conditions, as assessed by the achievement of safe stress states for all members up to the basic design normative earthquake level, as well as of maximum relative lateral displacements of the two wings constrained below the technical gap width.
Examples and Concepts of Floating Architecture in the Face of Climate Change - The Example of Szczecin
Authors: Bradecki Tomasz , Konsek Paulina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article presents the issues of the impact of climate change on the architecture of Baltic cities with the example of Szczecin. Although measures are being taken to prevent further warming, the scale of changes requires action in various areas, including urban planning. In the temperate climate of Poland, the projected temperature increase by the end of the 21st century will have been 2-4 degrees Celsius (according to the latest IPCC reports on the effects of global warming). Therefore, the sea level may rise by 60-120cm. The cities of the Baltic Sea region are facing a significant challenge. In the future, they will face a high intensity of extreme weather events and changes in precipitation levels. The rising sea level forces the search for an alternative way of building. One of the cities in Poland where changes will be experienced is Szczecin. Some positive effects of climate change will also appear, such as longer tourist and vegetation seasons in Poland of up to 4-6 months and an increase in the attractiveness of Polish tourist cities. What is more, the country must also be prepared to accommodate the larger population resulting from climate migration. The article presents examples of designs and developments of the floating architecture which can become inspiring in the face of climate change challenges. A discussion on the pros and cons of such solutions was conducted. The authors put forward a thesis that some architectural solutions may prove useful for the upcoming problem, but they require prior improvement and adaptation to the Polish climate and economic conditions.
Analysis of flexural strength of beam elements reinforced with GFRP bars
Authors: Dybel Piotr , Kucharska Milena , Rzadzka Izabela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The durability of reinforced concrete structures is associated with the strength of both concrete and reinforcement against aggressive environmental factors. Once a crack or local damage to the cover occur in the structure, traditional methods of protecting the reinforcement are no longer functional and the sensitive steel reinforcement is exposed to corrosion and deterioration. Therefore, a composite reinforcement made with fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) can be a suitable alternative to the traditional reinforcing steel due to its mechanical and physical properties - high corrosion resistance, high tensile strength, electrical and electromagnetic neutrality. The FRP reinforcement is made of continuous fibres immersed in a polymeric resin. The function of the fibres is to provide adequate strength and stiffness of the composite. Whereas the resin is responsible for bonding the fibres with an appropriate distance between them, protecting their surface against damage and transferring stresses to them. For the purposes of this paper, an analysis of the flexural strength of concrete elements reinforced with FRP bars with varying reinforcement ratios was conducted. The tests were performed on six beam elements reinforced with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The beams with dimensions of 0.15x0.2x2.5 m were subjected to 4-point bending. This study aimed to assess the influence of the reinforcement ratio on the flexural strength of concrete beams reinforced with composite bars and to verify the failure mechanisms against the guidelines presented in the standard ACI 440.1R-06. The reinforcement ratio has a significant impact on the failure mechanism and the flexural strength of beam elements reinforced with GFRP bars. An increase in the reinforcement ratio results in an improvement in the flexural strength of the specimen and is likely to change the failure mechanism - from rebar rupture to concrete crushing. The guidelines of ACI 440.1R-06 correctly estimate the flexural strength of the beam elements reinforced with GFRP bars.
Urban Transformations and Buildings Typology Changes in Areas of Military Conflict
Authors: Linda Svitlana , Pekarchuk Oksana , Milchevych Serhii , Krushelnytskyi Roman , Kolomieitsev Anton 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
During the period of protracted military conflicts, significant changes are taking place in the social, humanitarian and infrastructural spheres for civilians, who find themselves in the area of military confrontation. The military conflict in eastern Ukraine began in spring 2014. Despite various efforts at the international level, a peaceful settlement of the conflict has not yet taken place. In cases of prolonged conflicts, a buffer zone is formed along the line of contact, the so-called “gray zone”. It is a kind of parallel reality of human existence in very difficult, extreme and dangerous conditions. The purpose of this article is to show how a military conflict determines the direction of urban transformation, and influences the change in the typology of public buildings and structures in the “gray zone”. The article uses a comprehensive approach based on statistical analysis, urban planning and typological analysis of open source materials. In 2014, after the signing of the Minsk Protocol, the term “gray zone” was introduced. This buffer zone corresponds to the length of the collision line and is 457 km, on either side of which there is a 30 km neutral territory. According to the Memorandum, the Cabinet of Ministers approved a list of settlements located in the “gray zone”. Weapons were separated from the demarcation line (from 8 km to 120 km) on both sides. In the “gray zone” in Donetsk and Luhansk regions, 350,000 people are estimated to be living under these difficult conditions, who face a variety of daily problems, because social settlement mechanisms are poorly functioning there. In addition, there is a significant loss of housing and infrastructure (approximately 10,000 infrastructure damage has been sustained). The most devastating settlements are located on the collision line as they are strategic points in the distribution of spheres of influence between the parties of the conflict. Within the “gray zone” are urban transformations, which are associated with the emergence of new functions: military and humanitarian. The military function is reflected in the command and observation point equipment, firing points and boundaries of the defense line, control facilities, fortifications and more. Humanitarian one envisages the emergence of territories where social, medical and humanitarian relief facilities are located. For that purpose, surviving public buildings (schools, hospitals, etc.) often change their function. Thus, it can be argued that in conditions of military confrontation, there is an “adaptation” of the existing urban situation to new needs and “re-profile” the typology of buildings, demonstrating the importance of ensuring their “flexible planning”.
A Mofication of the Croutś Method to Simplify the Stress Calculation for Certain Building Structures
Authors: Lacort Agustin Gregorio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a precise method of obtaining the stresses in certain models widely found in building to facilitate them in the early design phases. Stresses are obtained more quickly than with other usual procedures because they are deduced from a deflection that is calculated before than the real one. The method is drawn from earlier papers that proposed possible mechanical behaviours of models to justify the operations of three classical methods (Gauss, Crout, Cholesky) that solve the equation systems of conventional equilibrium analyses. Inspired by these mechanical interpretations, the method suggests another structural response that can be justified qualitatively with Cross´ philosophy. The deflection derived is obtained as a sum of partial deflections which are determined by progressively increasing the stiffness of the bars during the balancing process without varying the original stresses. The stiffness is increased in such a way that the nodal movements of each partial deflection can be determined with few operations. Its calculation is described numerically and graphically when the model is a continuous beam and also in the case of other usual building structures. To date, the graphical version has been applied to study the behaviour of certain models as it requires only a short calculation time and the results have been found to be quite precise. As an example, the new deflection of a portico is calculated by freehand and compared with the exact result determined numerically. With this deflection, the stresses of the model are obtained by using modified Maney’s equations. Based on this work, possible lines of research are suggested for developing further graphical methods that can be used to analyse other types of structure accurately.
FEM Analysis of Bond between Concrete and Seven-Wire Prestressing Strand
Authors: Dyba Marcin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Detailed FEM analysis of the pull-out test of seven-wire prestressing strand form concrete sample is the purpose of the article. A 3D numerical model of a seven-wire prestressing strand concreted in the concrete cube was made. The assumption of the most trusted modeling of the strand geometry for numerical calculations was assumed. The mechanical parameters of the materials and interface elements for analysis were adopted based on the results obtained from the experimental tests previously carried out by the author. As a result of numerical calculations, it was possible to trace the deformation state, stresses and cracking as well as their development along with the change of the strand displacement in the sample. The images of deformations and stresses in the sample confirmed theoretical considerations and suppositions from experimental tests about its accumulation of the largest values in longitudinal concrete wedges in the closest cover of the strand. During the test, the concrete inside the cube cracked quickly. The first cracks appear in the zone of the nearest cover of the strand. Numerical analysis made it possible to observe both the failure mechanisms identified in the experimental tests. The first mechanism consisted in cutting the longitudinal concrete wedges between the individual wires. The second mechanism was based on the rotation of the strand and its slip along the route of the twist.
The Human, the Built Environment and the Technology: Identifying Key Configurations for a User-Friendly Wayfinding System at Transport Hubs
Authors: Fian Tabea , Hauger Georg 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Neither an entirely analogue nor an entirely digital wayfinding system can meet all user requirements for navigation and orientation in a complex transport hub (such as a railway station, a metro station or an airport). This paper presents considerations on a holistic, barrier-free and user-friendly wayfinding system at transport hubs by describing wayfinding elements provided through humans, the built environment and specific technologies. For each of the three mentioned categories, a detailed set of wayfinding elements (morphological field) is compiled. Environmental elements include signs, plans or landmarks while technology-based elements consider any form of wayfinding support on mobile devices (such as smart phones, tablets or watches). Human-related support in wayfinding represents classic forms of personal information or personal assistance by passengers or employees. In order to integrate the user perspective and the complexity of different user requirements, an additional set of user groups (such as people with visual impairments, people with hearing impairments or people with mobility impairments) and their wayfinding-specific requirements is composed. With a focus on intersecting the identified wayfinding elements and the user-specific wayfinding requirements, a Morphological Analysis is conducted. This methodological approach represents a multi-dimensional, non-quantified method for delineating key configurations of wayfinding elements that cover the widest range of user-specific requirements in orientation and navigation at transport hubs. Based on the Morphological Analysis, recommendations for a holistic, barrier-free and user-friendly wayfinding system are formulated. The elaborated recommendations form the basis for a feasible implementation strategy of future wayfinding systems at transport hubs.
Problems of Garden-City Protection in the Suburban Area of Warsaw
Authors: Szmelter Alicja , Zdunek-Wielgołaska Justyna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper aims to present the issues of protection of settlement with features of garden-cities in the suburban area of Warsaw. Howard’s idea of combining the advantages of the city and the village in one was so popular that it also affected Warsaw. In the area of Warsaw-city, as well as in its outskirts, garden-housing estates were built or planned. To this day, in the suburban landscape, these areas are distinguished by a vast content of greenery and small-town character, but the investment pressure is so intense that changes are taking place at a dynamic pace. Often, even the legal protection of these values is not sufficient to resist these urban processes. Thus, the purpose of the article is to show the problems of protecting settlement systems with the features of garden cities in the suburban area of Warsaw. The research uses the case study research method and critical analysis of formal and legal conditions. Interviews with residents were additional support. The examples given have shown that systems that have been protected for many years, with more stringent regulations, are in a much better position than places whose inheritance is being tried to preserve by introducing regulation now. In many cases, social resistance is so strong that even with evident advantages, it is not possible to introduce protective laws.