bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter‐hemispheric inhibition sculpts the output of neural circuits by co‐opting the two cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Carson Richard G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract‘Inter‐hemispheric inhibition’ is used frequently to describe the action of one hemisphere in suppressing or impeding processing in its counterpart. It is widely believed that this is required in order to prevent a bilateral cerebrum giving rise to simultaneous and potentially competing outputs. It is argued here that a fundamental role of inter‐hemispheric inhibition is to support contrast enhancing and integrative functions by co‐opting the capacities of the two cerebral hemispheres. Drawing upon an extensive body of empirical data, derived largely from animal models, and associated theoretical modelling, it is demonstrated that inter‐hemispheric projections act via mechanisms such as surround/lateral inhibition. The principal functional unit of callosal influence comprises a facilitatory centre and a depressing peripheral zone, which together shape the influence of converging inputs to pyramidal neurons. Inter‐hemispheric inhibition is an instance of a more general feature of mammalian neural systems, whereby inhibitory interneurons act not simply to prevent over‐excitation but to sculpt the output of specific circuits. The narrowing of the excitatory focus that occurs through crossed surround inhibition is a highly conserved motif of transcallosal interactions in mammalian sensory and motor cortices. A case is presented that the ‘inter‐hemispheric competition’ model has been sustained, and its clinical derivatives promoted, by erroneous assumptions concerning that revealed by investigative techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The alternative perspective offered here is also shown to be consistent with known associations between the structural integrity of callosal projections and the magnitude of the motor deficits that are exhibited following stroke.
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Analysis of a virus-resistant HIV-1 model with behavior change in non-progressors
Authors: Rabiu Musa , Willie Robert , Parumasur Nabendra 
Published: August 2020

We develop a virus-resistant HIV-1 mathematical model with behavioural change in HIV-1 resistant non-progressors. The model hasВ both disease-free and endemic equilibrium points that are proved toВ be locally asymptotically stable depending on the value of the associated reproduction numbers. In both models, a non-linear Goh{Volterra Lyapunov function was used to prove that theВ endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable for specialВ case while the method of Castillo-Chavez was used to prove the globalВ asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium point. In both theВ analytic and numerical results, this study shows that in the context ofВ resistance to HIV/AIDS, total abstinence can also play an importantВ role in protection against this notorious infectious disease.
A Novel Real-Time Thermal Analysis and Layer Time Control Framework for Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Fathizadan Sepehr , Ju Feng , Rowe Kyle , Fiechter Alex , Hofmann Nils 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Production efficiency and product quality need to be addressed simultaneously to ensure the reliability of large-scale additive manufacturing. Specifically, print surface temperature plays a critical role in determining the quality characteristics of the product. Moreover, heat transfer via conduction as a result of spatial correlation between locations on the surface of large and complex geometries necessitates the employment of more robust methodologies to extract and monitor the data. In this article, we propose a framework for real-time data extraction from thermal images and a novel method for controlling layer time during the printing process. A FLIR™ thermal camera captures and stores the stream of images from the print surface temperature, while the Thermwood Large Scale Additive Manufacturing (LSAM™) machine is printing components. A set of digital image processing tasks were performed to extract the thermal data. Separate regression models based on real-time thermal imaging data are built on each location on the surface to predict the associated temperatures. Subsequently, a control method is proposed to find the best time for printing the next layer given the predictions. Finally, several scenarios based on the cooling dynamics of surface structure were defined and analyzed, and the results were compared to the current fixed layer time policy. It was concluded that the proposed method can significantly increase the efficiency by reducing the overall printing time while preserving the quality.
The Value of Information From Horizontal Distributed Acoustic Sensing Compared to Multicomponent Geophones Via Machine Learning
Authors: Jreij Samir F. , Trainor-Guitton Whitney J. , Morphew Michael , Chen Ning Ivan Lim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Faults play an important role in recharging many geothermal reservoirs, and seismic information can image the locations of these faults. The value of information (VOI) metric is used to objectively quantify and compare the value of two types of seismic receiver data via a machine learning approach. The demonstrated VOI methodology is novel by including spatial models from seismic data and obtaining the information statistics from machine learning. Our two-dimensional numerical experiments compare images created from sparsely spaced (80 m), two-component geophone sampling to high spatial resolution (1 m), single-component DAS. We used a three-fold cross validation of a U-Net convolutional neural networks to achieve average classification statistics. The results suggest that when horizontal sources are utilized, geophones and DAS identify reflectors and non-reflectors at roughly the same rate. The average F1 score for horizontal DAS is 0.939 and 0.931 for geophones. For images created from a vertical source, DAS performed marginally better (F1 = 0.919) than geophones (F1 = 0.877). Our transferrable methodology can provide guidance on which acquisition scenarios can improve images of important structures in the subsurface and present an efficient method for obtaining reliability statistics from high-dimensional, spatial data.
<p class="Body"><strong>Under pressure: predation risk defining mating investment in matured spider mite <em>Tetranychus urticae</em></strong></p>
Authors: Rocha Matheus S. , Celada Lívia A. , Rodrigues Everton N. L. , Costa-schmidt Luiz E. 
Published: August 2020

The emergence of anti-predatory strategies for prey survival are ruled by the minimization of the encounters/interactions with potential predators, but at the same time by maximizing the access to limiting resources such as food or mating partners. Cues indicating predatory activity influence decision-making activities in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, such as dispersion, foraging activities, and reproductive effort. However, anti-predatory strategies studied in spider mites generally considers mainly the female perspective (e.g. oviposition), leaving a gap in how T. urticae couples deal with predatory risk. Here, through laboratory experiments, we observed that matured spider mite couples were only affected by predation risk during the pre-copulatory stages of the mating process, especially when deciding to proceed in a mating opportunity. The mating performance of individuals was independent of their exposure to predation risk, suggesting that couples would adopt full investment behavior after opting to proceed in a mating attempt. Though our working hypothesis predicted predation risk interference throughout the entire mating process, we conclude that decision-making activities by spider mite during pre-copulatory stages act independently from copulatory stages associated to insemination.
Can a false vacuum bubble remove the singularity inside a black hole?
Authors: Brahma Suddhasattwa , Yeom Dong-han 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigate a regular black hole model with a de Sitter-like core at its center. This type of a black hole model with a false vacuum core was introduced with the hope of singularity-resolution and is a common feature shared by many regular black holes. In this paper, we examine this claim of a singularity-free black hole by employing the thin-shell formalism, and exploring its dynamics, within the Vaidya approximation. We find that during gravitational collapse, the shell necessarily moves along a space-like direction. More interestingly, during the evaporation phase, the shell and the outer apparent horizon approach each other but, unless the evaporation takes place very rapidly, the approaching tendency is too slow to avoid singularity-formation. This shows that albeit a false vacuum core may remove the singularity along the ingoing null direction, there still exists a singularity along the outgoing null direction, unless the evaporation is very strong.
A weighted travel time index based on data from Uber Movement
Authors: Vieira Renato S. , Haddad Eduardo A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we combine data from Uber Movement and from a representative household travel survey to constructs a weighted travel time index for the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The index is calculated based on the average travel time of Uber trips taken between each pair of traffic zone and in each hour between January 1st, 2016 to December 31, 2018. The index is weighted based on trips reported in a household travel survey that was designed to be statistically representative of all trips made in the city during a typical business day. We show that the index has a strong correlation with traditional measures of congestion, however, with a broader coverage of the road network. Finally, we use the index to run a multivariate ex-post analysis that estimates the effect of different events on traffic congestion in the city, including holidays, public transit strikes, road shutdowns, rain and major sport events.
Palliative care transitions from acute care to community-based care: A qualitative systematic review of the experiences and perspectives of health care providers
Authors: Killackey Tieghan , Lovrics Emily , Saunders Stephanie , Isenberg Sarina R. 
Published: August 2020

Background: Transitioning from the hospital to community is a vulnerable point in patients’ care trajectory, yet little is known about this experience within the context of palliative care. While some studies have examined the patient and caregiver experience, no study to date has synthesized the literature on the healthcare provider’s perspective on their role and experience facilitating these transitions. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review was to understand the experience and perspective of healthcare providers who support the transition of patients receiving palliative care as they move from acute care to community settings. Design: A qualitative systematic review of studies using thematic analysis as outlined by Thomas and Harden. PROSPERO: ID # CRD42018109662. Data Sources: We searched four databases: MEDLINE, Embase, ProQuest and CINAHL for studies published in English from 1995 until May 22, 2020. Four reviewers screened records using the following selection criteria: (1) peer-reviewed empirical study, (2) adult sample, (3) qualitative study design, (4) perspective of healthcare providers, and (5) included a component of transitions between acute to community-based palliative care. Study findings were analyzed using thematic analysis which entailed: (1) grouping the findings into recurring themes; (2) iteratively referring back to the articles to obtain nuances of the theme and quotations; and (3) defining and solidifying the themes. Results: Overall 1,791 studies were identified and 15 met inclusion criteria. Studies were published recently (>2015, n = 12, 80%) and used a range of qualitative methods including semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and field interviews. Three core themes related to the role and experience of healthcare providers were identified: (1) assessing and preparing for transition; (2) organizing and facilitating the logistics of transition; and (3) coordinating and collaborating transitional care across sectors. The majority of studies focused on the discharge process from acute care; there was a lack of studies exploring the experiences of healthcare providers in the community who receive patients from acute care and provide them with palliative care at home. Conclusion: This review identified studies from a range of relatively high-income countries that included a diverse sample of healthcare providers. The results indicate that healthcare providers experience multiple complex roles during the transition facilitation process, and future research should examine how to better assist clinicians in supporting these transitions within the context of palliative care provision.
Persistent socioeconomic inequalities in location of death and receipt of palliative care: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Mondor Luke , Wodchis Walter P , Tanuseputro Peter 
Published: August 2020

Background: Providing equitable care to patients in need across the life course is a priority for many healthcare systems. Aim: To estimate socioeconomic inequality trends in the proportions of decedents that died in the community and that received palliative care within 30 days of death (including home visits and specialist/generalist physician encounters). Design: Cohort study based on health administrative data. Socioeconomic position was measured by area-level material deprivation. Inequality gaps were quantified annually and longitudinally using the slope index of inequality (absolute gap) and relative index of inequality (relative gap). Setting/Participants: A total of 729,290 decedents aged ⩾18 years in Ontario, Canada from 2009 to 2016. Results: In 2016, the modelled absolute gap (corresponding 95% confidence interval) between the most- and least-deprived neighbourhoods in community deaths was 4.0% (2.9–5.1%), which was 8.6% (6.2–10.9%) of the overall mean (46.6%). Relative to 2009, these inequalities declined modestly. Inequalities in 2016 were evident for palliative home visits (6.8% (5.8–7.8%) absolute gap, 26.3% (22.5–30.0%) relative gap) and for physician encounters (6.8% (5.7–7.9%) absolute gap, 13.2% (11.0–15.3%) relative gap), and widened from 2009 for physician encounters only on the absolute scale. Inequalities varied considerably across disease trajectories (organ failure, terminal illness, frailty, and sudden death). Conclusion: Key measures of end-of-life care are not achieved equally across socioeconomic groups. These data can be used to inform policy strategies to improve delivery of palliative and end-of-life services.
Hospital Disparities between Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders and Non-Hispanic Whites with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Authors: Hermosura Andrea H. , Noonan Carolyn J. , Fyfe-Johnson Amber L. , Seto Todd B. , Kaholokula Joseph K. , MacLehose Richard F. 
Published: August 2020

Objective: To compare important indicators of quality of care between Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPIs) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods: We used the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project, Hawaii State Inpatient Databases, 2010–2014. They included 10,645 inpatient encounters from 7,145 NHOPI or NHW patients age ≥ 50 years, residing in Hawaii, and with at least one ADRD diagnosis in the discharge record. Outcome variables were inpatient mortality, length of hospital stay, and hospital readmission. Results: NHOPIs with ADRD had, on average, a hospital stay of .94 days less than NHWs with ADRD but were 1.16 times more likely than NHWs to be readmitted. Discussion: These patterns have important clinical care implications for NHOPIs and NHWs with ADRD as they are important indicators of quality of care. Future studies should consider specific contributors to these differences in order to develop appropriate interventions.
New technology and work: Exploring the challenges
Authors: Burgess John , Connell Julia 
Published: August 2020

Investigations into new technologies, employment and working conditions are timeless and consequently have occupied research, public policy, and popular fiction for centuries. However, in addition to the uncertainty created by the introduction of new technologies, the current coronavirus pandemic, with its associated impact on health and the economy, has led to increased volatility across the globe. The global medical crisis arising from the worldwide spread of COVID-19 is predicted to lead to a global economic crisis and subsequent deep depression. The resultant economic, social and political repercussions are likely to be felt for years or even decades to come, equalling the great depression of the last century. Consequently, it is difficult to make long-term accurate predictions about the impact of new technologies on industry, society, and labour. In this context, the aim of this introductory article to the themed volume is to consider the potential challenges and opportunities associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies and potential impacts on work and workplaces. This introductory article comprises an international collection of research that examines the impact of technological change on employment and working conditions with consideration given to the additional impacts of the COVID-19 crisis.JEL Codes: O14, O33
Effect of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Cytochrome P450 2C19 Genotyping on Clinical Outcomes of Voriconazole: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lee Joseph , Ng Patrick , Hamandi Bassem , Husain Shahid , Lefebvre Melissa J. , Battistella Marisa 
Published: August 2020

Objectives To examine current knowledge on the clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in voriconazole therapy, the impact of CYP2C19 genotype on voriconazole plasma concentrations, and the role of CYP2C19 genotyping in voriconazole therapy. Data Sources Three literature searches were conducted for original reports on (1) TDM and voriconazole outcomes and (2) voriconazole and CYP2C19 polymorphisms. Searches were conducted through EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to June 2020. Study Selection and Data Extraction Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series with ≥10 patients were included. Only full-text references in English were eligible. Data Synthesis A total of 63 studies were reviewed. TDM was recommended because of established concentration and efficacy/toxicity relationships. Voriconazole trough concentrations ≥1.0 mg/L were associated with treatment success; supratherapeutic concentrations were associated with increased neurotoxicity; and hepatotoxicity associations were more prevalent in Asian populations. CYP2C19 polymorphisms significantly affect voriconazole metabolism, but no relationship with efficacy/safety were found. Genotype-guided dosing with TDM was reported to increase chances of achieving therapeutic range. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice Genotype-guided dosing with TDM is a potential solution to optimizing voriconazole efficacy while avoiding treatment failures and common toxicities. Conclusions Voriconazole plasma concentrations and TDM are treatment outcome predictors, but research is needed to form a consensus target therapeutic range and dosage adjustment guidelines based on plasma concentrations. CYP2C19 polymorphisms are a predictor of voriconazole concentrations and metabolism, but clinical implications are not established. Large-scale, high-methodological-quality trials are required to investigate the role for prospective genotyping and establish CYP2C19-guided voriconazole dosing recommendations.
Predicted risk of renal replacement therapy at arteriovenous fistula referral in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Park Ken J , Benuzillo Jose G , Keast Erin , Thorp Micah L , Mosen David M , Johnson Eric S 
Published: August 2020

Background and objectives: Optimal timing of arteriovenous fistula placement in chronic kidney disease remains difficult and contributes to high central venous catheter use at initial hemodialysis. We tested whether a prediction model for progression to renal replacement therapy developed at Kaiser Permanente Northwest may help guide decisions about timing of referral for arteriovenous fistula placement. Design, setting, participants, and measurements: A total of 205 chronic kidney disease stage 4 patients followed by nephrology referred for arteriovenous fistula placement were followed for up to 2 years. Patients were censored if they died or discontinued Kaiser Permanente Northwest coverage. Survival analyses were performed for overall progression to renal replacement therapy divided by quartiles based on 2-year risk for renal replacement therapy and estimated glomerular filtrate rate at time of referral. Results: By 2 years, 60% progressed to renal replacement therapy and 11% had died. 80% in the highest risk versus 36% in the lowest risk quartile progressed to renal replacement therapy (predicted risk 84% vs 17%). 75% in the lowest estimated glomerular filtrate rate versus 56% in the highest estimated glomerular filtrate rate quartile progressed to renal replacement therapy (mean estimated glomerular filtrate rate 13 mL/min vs 21 mL/min). The hazard ratio was significantly higher for each consecutive higher renal replacement therapy quartile risk while for estimated glomerular filtrate rate, the hazard ratio was only significantly higher for the lowest compared to the highest quartile. The extreme quartile risk ratio was higher for 2-year risk for renal replacement therapy compared to estimated glomerular filtrate rate (4.0 vs 2.4). Conclusion: In patients with chronic kidney disease stage 4 referred for arteriovenous fistula placement, 2-year renal replacement therapy risk better discriminated progression to renal replacement therapy compared to estimated glomerular filtrate rate at time of referral.