bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a simplified nomogram predicting individual critical illness of risk in COVID‐19: A retrospective study
Authors: Xu Ranran , Cui Junwei , Hu Liu , Wang Yiru , Wang Tao , Ye Dawei , Lv Yongman , Liu Qingquan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aims to screen useful predictors of critical cases among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients and to develop a simple‐to‐use nomogram for clinical utility. A retrospective study was conducted that consisted of a primary cohort with 315 COVID‐19 patients and two validation cohorts with 69 and 123 patients, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent risks of progression to critical. An individualized prediction model was developed, and calibration, decision curve, and clinical impact curves were used to assess the performance of the model. External validations for the predictive nomogram were also provided. The variables of age, comorbid diseases, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, d‐dimer, C‐reactive protein, and platelet count were estimated to be independent predictors of progression to critical, which were incorporated to establish a model of the nomogram. It demonstrated good discrimination (with a C‐index of 0.923) and calibration. Good discrimination (C‐index, 0.882 and 0.906) and calibration were also noted on applying the nomogram in two validation cohorts. The clinical relevance of the nomogram was justified by the decision curve and clinical impact curve analysis. This study presents an individualized prediction nomogram incorporating six clinical characteristics, which can be conveniently applied to assess an individual's risk of progressing to critical COVID‐19.
Inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E in vitro by ColdZyme® a medical device mouth spray against the common cold
Authors: Gudmundsdottir Ágústa , Scheving Reynir , Lindberg Fredrik , Stefansson Bjarki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic calls for effective and safe treatments. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) causing COVID‐19 actively replicates in the throat, unlike SARS‐CoV, and shows high pharyngeal viral shedding even in patients with mild symptoms of the disease. HCoV‐229E is one of four coronaviruses causing the common cold. In this study, the efficacy of ColdZyme® (CZ‐MD), a medical device mouth spray, was tested against SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E in vitro. The CZ‐MD provides a protective glycerol barrier containing cod trypsin as an ancillary component. Combined, these ingredients can inactivate common cold viruses in the throat and mouth. The CZ‐MD is believed to act on the viral surface proteins that would perturb their entry pathway into cells. The efficacy and safety of the CZ‐MD have been demonstrated in clinical trials on the common cold.Method of StudyThe ability of the CZ‐MD to inactivate SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E was tested using an in vitro virucidal suspension test (ASTM E1052).ResultsCZ‐MD inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 by 98.3% and HCoV‐229E by 99.9%.ConclusionCZ‐MD mouth spray can inactivate the respiratory coronaviruses SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E in vitro. Although the in vitro results presented cannot be directly translated into clinical efficacy, the study indicates that CZ‐MD might offer a protective barrier against SARS‐CoV‐2 and a decreased risk of COVID‐19 transmission.
Pilot Study to Investigate Enteral Feeding Practices and the Incidence of Underfeeding Among Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients at a Specialist Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Zaher Sara A. , AL‐Subaihi Raghad , AL‐Alshaya Aeshah , AL‐Saggaf Manar , AL Amoudi Mariam O. , Babtain Hala , Neyaz Arwa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundEnteral nutrition (EN) is an essential therapeutic intervention. Many studies internationally have reviewed feeding practices in intensive care units (ICUs) and recorded the incidence of underfeeding in these settings, yet none were performed in the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the study is to assess the adequacy of EN delivery and investigate the enteral feeding practices in the ICU at a specialized tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia.MethodsIn this observational study, we prospectively monitored energy and protein delivery for 6 consecutive days in critically ill patients. Malnutrition was assessed by Nutrition Risk Screening (NRS‐2002) scores. Underfeeding was identified by comparing the intake against the calculated requirements. Patients were categorized into early and late EN starters to investigate whether the time of EN initiation impacts the cumulative nutrition intake.ResultsThis study included 43 patients. About 44% (19 of 43) of the patients were malnourished on admission to ICU, and the prevalence of underfeeding was >90%. The median cumulative intake of energy and protein was 39% and 31% of the estimated requirements, respectively. Patients who started early EN had statistically higher cumulative energy and protein intake (P‐value = .00). Patients treated with inotropes received less energy and protein compared with those who did not receive inotropes (P‐value = .00). Higher NRS‐2002 score was associated with fewer ventilation‐free hours (r = −0.369, P‐value = .045).ConclusionProtein underfeeding remains a significant problem in ICU settings. The time of EN initiation plays a major role in determining when the nutrition requirements will be met. Therefore, it is crucial to implement effective feeding protocols to ensure early initiation of EN when permissible.
Should authors cite sources suggested by peer reviewers? Six antidotes for handling potentially coercive reviewer citation suggestions
Authors: McLeod Sam 
Published: September 2020

Key points
Reviewers should carefully consider suggesting citations, particularly to their own work.
I compile a typology of potentially coercive forms of citation suggestions.
Authors should not feel compelled to cite inappropriate sources or sources for inappropriate reasons.
Six guiding principles for managing Reviewer Citation Suggestions (RCSs) are proposed.
The relevance of environment vs. composition on dissolved organic matter degradation in freshwaters
Authors: Catalán Núria , Pastor Ada , Borrego Carles M. , Casas‐Ruiz Joan Pere , Hawkes Jeffrey A. , Gutiérrez Carmen , von Schiller Daniel , Marcé Rafael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDissolved organic matter (DOM) composition exerts a direct control on its degradation and subsequent persistence in aquatic ecosystems. Yet, under certain conditions, the degradation patterns of DOM cannot be solely explained by its composition, highlighting the relevance of environmental conditions for DOM degradation. Here, we experimentally assessed the relative influence of composition vs. environment on DOM degradation by performing degradation bioassays using three contrasting DOM sources inoculated with a standardized bacterial inoculum under five distinct environments. The DOM degradation kinetics modeled using reactivity continuum models showed that composition was more important than environment in determining the bulk DOM decay patterns. Changes in DOM composition resulted from the interaction between DOM source and environment. The role of environment was stronger on shaping the bacterial community composition, but the intrinsic nature of the DOM source exerted stronger control on the DOM degradation function.
Harnessing Evanescent Waves by Bianisotropic Metasurfaces
Authors: Li Lin , Yao Kan , Wang Zuojia , Liu Yongmin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe exponentially decaying nature of evanescent waves renders it difficult to capture, extract and engineer the wealth of energy and information that they can carry. Utilizing the out‐of‐plane electric dipoles and in‐plane magnetic diploes produced by a bianisotropic C‐aperture metasurface, in this work, it is shown that evanescent waves can be effectively molded. More specifically, it is demonstrated that the phase, polarization state or beam profile of the emission from evanescent waves can be controlled via the orientation of C‐aperture nanostructures. The work opens a new avenue for metasurfaces to work in the critical near‐field region to efficiently harness evanescent waves, and promises many potential applications, including on‐chip free‐electron light sources, tabletop particle detectors and near‐field energy harvesting.
Temporary/Permanent Dual Cross‐Link Gels Formed of a Bioactive Lactose‐Modified Chitosan
Authors: Sacco Pasquale , Furlani Franco , Marfoglia Andrea , Cok Michela , Pizzolitto Chiara , Marsich Eleonora , Donati Ivan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMounting evidences have recognized that dual cross‐link and double‐network gels can promisingly recapitulate the complex living tissue architecture and overcome mechanical limitations of conventional scaffolds used hitherto in regenerative medicine. Here, dual cross‐link gels formed of a bioactive lactose‐modified chitosan reticulated via both temporary (boric acid‐based) and permanent (genipin‐based) cross‐linkers are reported. While boric acid rapidly binds to lactitol flanking diols increasing the overall viscosity, a slow temperature‐driven genipin binding process takes place allowing for network strengthening. Combination of frequency and stress sweep experiments in the linear stress–strain region shows that ultimate gel strength, toughness, and viscoelasticity depend on polymer‐to‐genipin molar ratio. Notably, herewith it is demonstrated that linear stretching correlates with strain energy dissipation through boric acid binding/unbinding dynamics. Strain‐hardening effect in the nonlinear regime, along with good biocompatibility in vitro, points at an interesting role of present system as biological extracellular matrix substitute.
Gastrointestinal Digestion of Food Proteins under the Effects of Released Bioactive Peptides on Digestive Health
Authors: Fernández‐Tomé Samuel , Hernández‐Ledesma Blanca 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe gastrointestinal tract represents a specialized interface between the organism and the external environment. Because of its direct contact with lumen substances, the modulation of digestive functions by dietary substances is supported by a growing body of evidence. Food‐derived bioactive peptides have demonstrated a plethora of activities in the organism with increasing interest toward their impact over the digestive system and related physiological effects. This review updates the biological effects of food proteins, specifically milk and soybean proteins, associated to gastrointestinal health and highlights the study of digestion products and released peptides, the identification of the active form/s, and the evaluation of the mechanisms of action underlying their relationship with the digestive cells and receptors. The approach toward the modifications that food proteins and peptides undergo during gastrointestinal digestion and their bioavailability is a crucial step for current investigations on the field. The recent literature on the regulation of digestive functions by peptides has been mostly considered in terms of their influence on gastrointestinal motility and signaling, oxidative damage and inflammation, and malignant cellular proliferation. A final section regarding the actual challenges and future perspectives in this scientific topic is critically discussed.
Movement Dynamics of Nonnative Burbot in the Upper Green River System and Implications for Management
Authors: Brauer Tucker A. , Quist Michael C. , Rhea Darren T. , Laughlin Troy W. , Waring Erik 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Burbot Lota lota were illegally introduced to the Green River, Wyoming, in the mid-1990s and pose a threat to recreational fisheries and native fish conservation. Although much is known about Burbot population dynamics, little is known about their movement patterns. Our objectives were to describe the movement dynamics of Burbot in the upper Green River system to provide information on the ecology of Burbot and insight on possible management actions. In total, 875 Burbot were tagged with PIT tags in the upper Green River and Fontenelle Reservoir; their movements were tracked from August 2016 to March 2018. Additionally, 22 Burbot were tagged with radio transmitters in Fontenelle Reservoir in November 2017, and 13 Burbot were tagged with radio transmitters in the upper Green River in November 2018. Of these fish, 11 Burbot tagged in Fontenelle Reservoir and all river-tagged Burbot were tracked as they migrated into the Green River and associated tributaries during the spawning season. Upstream and downstream movements of Burbot tagged with PIT tags in Fontenelle Reservoir and the upper Green River peaked during December–January and were synchronized with river temperatures reaching 0°C. Of the total number of PIT-tagged Burbot, 10–15% of those tagged in Fontenelle Reservoir were detected in the Green River during the spawning season and 15% of those tagged in the Green River were detected moving downstream toward Fontenelle Reservoir during the spawning period. Movements of radiotelemetered Burbot were synchronized with river ice-up in mid-December. Maximum upstream distance traveled by adfluvial Burbot was 5.8 km. Fluvial Burbot primarily migrated downstream during the spawning period, and maximum downstream distance traveled was 17.7 km. Detection data suggest that both fluvial and adfluvial Burbot occupy the same reaches during the spawning period and areas near Fontenelle Reservoir are important for spawning. Results of this study will assist with the management of Burbot in this system by shedding light on Burbot movement patterns and identifying areas of high Burbot use for targeted suppression efforts. Results also contribute to our understanding of the variability in Burbot ecology.
On the efficiency limits of artificial and ultrafast light‐funnels
Authors: Albrecht Andreas , Pfennig Dominik , Nowak Julia , Grunwald Matthias , Walla Peter Jomo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany researchers are recently working on artificial light‐harvesters that funnel energy onto high‐performance photovoltaics. However, similar to the theoretical photovoltaic Shockley‐Queisser limit, there are also physical limits in the maximum efficiency of funneling light energy. Unfortunately, they are very complex and depend on many opposing molecular as well as macroscopic structure factors. For example, higher pigment concentrations absorb more sun‐light but lead also to higher, intrinsic reabsorption losses. Molecular orientations increasing incoming light absorption can also increase re‐emission losses back into the same direction. Larger spectral absorption ranges collect more sunlight but simultaneously increase losses due to lower emission photon energies. Larger macroscopic areas of light‐harvesting material decrease the need for expensive photovoltaic materials but also increase molecular re‐absorption losses. Larger pools of energy funneling molecules increase light concentration but also increase energy transfer losses. For finding the optimal overall molecular and macroscopic structure these opposing effects need to be varied within physical feasible boundaries. Here, we present a theoretical assessment that include all necessary molecular and macroscopic parameters and that provided optimized light‐harvesting structures representing a new efficiency bench mark. For highest efficiencies, our results indicate that combined organic molecule/quantum particle systems share many of the optimum spectroscopic characteristics.
Quantum Fourier transform revisited
Authors: Camps Daan , Van Beeumen Roel , Yang Chao 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThe fast Fourier transform (FFT) is one of the most successful numerical algorithms of the 20th century and has found numerous applications in many branches of computational science and engineering. The FFT algorithm can be derived from a particular matrix decomposition of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix. In this paper, we show that the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) can be derived by further decomposing the diagonal factors of the FFT matrix decomposition into products of matrices with Kronecker product structure. We analyze the implication of this Kronecker product structure on the discrete Fourier transform of rank‐1 tensors on a classical computer. We also explain why such a structure can take advantage of an important quantum computer feature that enables the QFT algorithm to attain an exponential speedup on a quantum computer over the FFT algorithm on a classical computer. Further, the connection between the matrix decomposition of the DFT matrix and a quantum circuit is made. We also discuss a natural extension of a radix‐2 QFT decomposition to a radix‐d QFT decomposition. No prior knowledge of quantum computing is required to understand what is presented in this paper. Yet, we believe this paper may help readers to gain some rudimentary understanding of the nature of quantum computing from a matrix computation point of view.
A virtual interface‐coupled extended finite element method for three‐dimensional contact problems
Authors: Fang Huangcheng , Zhang Dingli , Zhou Mozhen , Fang Qian , Wen Ming , Hu Xinyu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this article, we propose a virtual interface‐coupled technique to model the arbitrary discontinuous interface based on the three‐field dual mortar method. The computational domain is divided into several subdomains and the enriched nodes are individually introduced to construct the approximation of the displacement field. This method provides a flexible way to describe the multiple‐body contact with nonconforming mesh in the extended finite element method (XFEM). An independent virtual interface is employed to replace the XFEM discontinuous interface. The connect condition between the virtual interface and discontinuous interface is imposed using the dual Lagrange multiplier method. Due to the bi‐orthogonality condition, the Lagrange multipliers can be locally eliminated at a very low computational cost. The resulting system matrix is symmetric positive definite and well‐conditioned. Furthermore, the contact and natural boundary conditions can be directly imposed on the virtual interface. Several numerical experiments are performed and the results show that the proposed method provides an effective, robust, and fast way to simulate three‐dimensional contact behaviors of nonconforming interfaces.
An alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm for symmetric model predictive control
Authors: Danielson Claus 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThis article presents an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm for solving large‐scale model predictive control (MPC) problems that are invariant under the symmetric‐group. Symmetry was used to find transformations of the inputs, states, and constraints of the MPC problem that decompose the dynamics and cost. We prove an important property of the symmetric decomposition for the symmetric‐group that allows us to efficiently transform between the original and decomposed symmetric domains. This allows us to solve different subproblems of a baseline ADMM algorithm in different domains where the computations are less expensive. This reduces the computational cost of each iteration from quadratic to linear in the number of repetitions in the system. In addition, we show that the memory complexity for our ADMM algorithm is also linear in number of repetitions in the system, rather than the typical quadratic complexity. We demonstrate our algorithm for two case studies; battery balancing and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. In both case studies, the symmetric algorithm reduced the computation‐time from minutes to seconds and memory usage from tens of megabytes to tens or hundreds of kilobytes, allowing the previously nonviable MPCs to be implemented in real time on embedded computers with limited computational and memory resources.
Prevalence and management of constipation in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in U.S. children's hospitals
Authors: Belsky Jennifer A. , Stanek Joseph R. , O'Brien Sarah H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundChildren with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) suffer from a litany of chemotherapy‐induced side effects. Constipation secondary to vinca alkaloids, environmental changes, and opioid use is a common issue for children newly diagnosed with leukemia.ProcedureWe analyzed data from 48 children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System, extracting patients 1‐21 years of age with ALL hospitalized from October 2015 through September 2019. Our objective was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment of constipation in hospitalized children with ALL.ResultsWe identified 4647 unique patients with an ALL induction admission. Constipation was the most common gastrointestinal diagnosis with 1576 (33.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.6%‐35.3%) patients diagnosed during induction admission and 19.8% in post‐induction admissions. The most commonly administered constipation medications were poly‐ethyl glycol (n = 3385, 89.6%), followed by senna (n = 1240, 32.8%), lactulose (n = 916, 24.2%), and docusate (n = 914, 24.2%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the following variables to be significantly associated with the presence of a constipation diagnosis: age < 6 years at induction (compared with those ≥12 years; odds ratios [OR] = 1.32 [95% CI: 1.13‐1.55]; P = < 0.001), female sex (OR = 1.16 [95% CI: 1.02‐1.31]; P = 0.024), increased length of hospitalization (OR = 1.03 [95% CI: 1.02‐1.04]; P < 0.0001), use of non‐fentanyl opioids for one or two days (OR = 1.28 [95% CI: 0.99‐1.65]; P = 0.056), and use of non‐fentanyl opioids > 2 days (OR = 1.53 [95% CI: 1.19‐1.95]; P < 0.001).ConclusionsA large portion of hospitalized children with ALL experience constipation and required medications. Increased attention should be paid to constipation prophylaxis and treatment in ALL patients, particularly at the start of induction therapy.