bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
110 The National Center for Applied Reproduction and Genomics (NCARG) in Beef Cattle
Authors: Patterson David J , Brown Douglas S , Smith Michael F , Lamberson William R , Taylor Jeremy , Spencer Thomas E , Poock Scott E , Thomas Jordan M , Decker Jared E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Continued research of new and emerging technologies in reproduction and genomics and transfer of these technologies to our nation’s beef cattle industry is currently challenged. Funding for research to support advances in these disciplines, the linkages between them, and their collective economic impact will be essential to improve efficiencies of production, given the anticipated growth in global population and the declining availability of earth’s resources. As budgets to support research and transfer of technology via Extension have dwindled, many states lack the necessary critical mass to support research of new technologies, and as importantly, effective transfer of these technologies to industry stakeholders. Simply put, land grant universities in states across the United States are now categorized as “have and have-nots” when it comes to research infrastructure and qualified extension personnel. Further, there is concern regarding the limited number of veterinarians that specialize in animal reproduction and genomics across the United States and implications for veterinary student training and continuing education offerings for veterinary practitioners in the field. Veterinarians serve as a key information source for US livestock producers and are essential in facilitating the adoption of various reproductive and genomic technologies. Collectively, these considerations form the rationale for a USDA-NIFA funded project with matching support from the University of Missouri to create a National Center for Applied Reproduction and Genomics (NCARG) in Beef Cattle. NCARG will serve as a new model for research and technology transfer wherein industry participants at all levels and from across the US are afforded the opportunity to access information and acquire new skills that will improve reproductive management and genetic makeup of our nation’s livestock enterprise.
344 Protein supplementation during gestation enhances offspring growth performance of Wagyu sired but not Angus sired cattle
Authors: Moffitt-Hemmer Natasha , Liu Xiangdong , Deavilla Jeanene , Neibergs Shannon , Busboom Jan , Nelson Mark , Du Min 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Wheat straw based diets are commonly fed to pregnant cows in Pacific Northwest, which may not meet protein requirements, but its impact on growth performance of offspring is unclear. Angus is the most common breed in this region while Wagyu is gaining popularity due to enhanced meat quality. The interaction between maternal nutrition and breed on growth performance of calves was examined. Angus cross cows (621 ± 73kg) were selected and randomly allotted to two groups and inseminated with either Angus or Wagyu semen. At 185 days of pregnancy, cows in each group were further separated into two-subgroups: control diet (CON, n = 21) received 85 % of the NRC metabolizable protein requirement, and protein supplemented group (SUPP, n = 21) received 108 % of requirement until calving. Then, cows and calves were moved to pastures and the cow calf pairs grazed rangeland. After weaning, calves were backgrounded, finished, and harvested at a body weight of 576.5 ± 16.6 kg. There were no differences between CON and SUPP in birth weight. However, SUPP increased 205 days adjusted weaning weight of Wagyu progeny (P &lt; 0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) during the period of birth to weaning (P &lt; 0.05) compared to calves from cows fed the CON diet. Moreover, Angus progeny had higher 205 days adjusted weaning weight (P &lt; 0.01) and ADG during birth to weaning than Wagyu fed SUPP diet (P = 0.056). In both treatments, Angus gained weight faster and showed higher weight before finishing than Wagyu (P &lt; 0.05). Angus had higher harvest weight (P &lt; 0.01) and maternal protein supplementation tended to increase the dressing percent (P = 0.06). In conclusion, maternal protein supplementation enhanced growth performance of Wagyu but not Angus cattle, and Angus grew faster than Wagyu sired cattle. (Supported by USDA-NIFA grants 2015-67015-23219/2016-68006-24634 to MD)
71 ASAS-EAAP Exchange Speaker Talk: Regulation of pathogen-specific immune function by dietary phytonutrients
Authors: Williams Andrew R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Infection with gastrointestinal pathogens is a major limitation to sustainable animal production. The need to reduce treatment with synthetic antimicrobials means that novel approaches to gut health, such as nutritional interventions that regulate or boost immune function, are of great interest. Phytonutrients are defined as plant compounds found in the diet that can have beneficial effects on health, and are becoming increasingly popular in livestock feed. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of different phytonutrients, such as polyphenols or essential oil components (EOC), to decrease inflammatory responses in the gut. Furthermore, recent work has demonstrated that some phytonutrients can increase specific immune responses elicited by gastrointestinal pathogens. In ruminants and swine, dietary polyphenols such as procyanidins can enhance the acquisition of cellular and humoral responses to mucosal-dwelling parasites, and ongoing work is investigating the relative contributions of the gut microbiome and direct interactions with immune cells in mediating these effects. EOC such as cinnamaldehyde have also been shown to enhance antibody responses to parasitic helminth infection in pigs, and the mechanisms of how cinnamaldehyde and similar compounds modify the host immune response are being explored. In vitro, cinnamaldehyde has well-documented anti-inflammatory effects but can also regulate a wide range of metabolic processes in different cellular models. Understanding how these effects on metabolic processes influence immune function has the potential to open up new avenues for nutritional modulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. A combination of in vitro systems, laboratory animal (mice) and large animal studies (pigs) are being currently undertaken to explore how cinnamaldehyde and related compounds influence local immune responses in the gut. This presentation will summarize the work being conducted to unravel these mechanistic interactions, as well as some perspectives on the use of defined phytonutrients to regulate immune function during key periods of animal growth.
279 Effects of pre-mortem stress on heat shock protein expression in the longissimus lumborum following harvest
Authors: Briggs Reganne K , Legako Jerrad F , Broadway Paul R , Carroll Jeffery A , Sanchez Nicole C , Smith Zachary K , Inek Nikole E , Thornton-Kurth Kara J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Despite similar production practices, meat products from beef cattle exhibit undesirable variation in tenderness and stability of flavor and color. The objective of this study was to determine whether pre-mortem stress impacts expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) in the skeletal muscle following harvest. In this study, 40 Holstein steers underwent a 6 h adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge designed to emulate pre-mortem stress prior to harvest. Skeletal muscle biopsies from the longissimus lumborum were taken prior to the ACTH challenge. During the challenge, complete blood counts (CBC) were collected every 2 h and serum cortisol every 0.5 h from -2 to 6 h of the ACTH challenge. Following the 6 h ACTH challenge, skeletal muscle and blood samples were collected from 10 animals each harvested at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h post-challenge. Immediately following harvest, samples were collected from the longissimus lumborum and again after 14 d of aging. Protein expression of HSPβ1 was analyzed in skeletal muscle samples taken prior to the ACTH challenge, at harvest, and after 14 d of aging. Expression of HSPβ1 was different (P &lt; 0.05) at harvest between animals that were harvested at different points following induction of stress where steers that were harvested at 12 h had decreased expression when compared to those harvested at 48 h. In addition, time of harvest had an effect (P &lt; 0.01) on cortisol concentrations, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. Number of platelets, lymphocytes, and basophils did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between animals harvested at different time points. These data demonstrate that HSPβ1 protein expression in the longissimus lumborumafter harvest may be related to pre-mortem stress.
352 Feeding treated wheat straw to weaned pigs improves feed efficiency and impacts mucosal and system immune parameters
Authors: Lewton Jaron R , Michael Medhat A , Rajput Mrigendra , Thelen Kyan M , Moeser Adam J , Rozeboom Dale W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A management challenge on swine farms is the successful weaning of piglets. Recently, the management of weaning has become more challenging with society’s goal to diminish antimicrobial use. Dietary fiber is increasingly thought important for improving the gastrointestinal development and function, health and the growth performance of the young animal. The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding treated wheat straw (TWC, with acid, heat, and calcium carbonate) to weaned pigs. At 27.1 ± 1.3 d of age, 108 crossbred (PIC 327 x Yorkshire) pigs were weaned and randomly allotted to 3 treatments: 1) control, 2) 5% TWS, and 3) 10% TWS. Treatments were imposed over 3 nursery phases (7, 7 and 14 d, respectively). All diets met or exceed the nutrient requirements of NRC (2012) and were isocaloric within each phase. No antibiotic was fed, and neither were pharmacological amounts of copper or zinc. There were 6 pens (6 pigs per pen) per treatment. Pig gains were maintained, and feed efficiency improved with TWS in the diet (Table 1). Relative to controls, inclusion of TWS tended to increase (P = 0.12) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression in peripheral blood circulating monocytes (PBMC), an index of enhanced antigen presentation to the immune system, which may reflect an enhanced development of immune function. A trend (P = 0.10) for lower serum IgA levels (marker of mucosal immunity) was observed in pigs fed 10% TWS, compared with other treatments. Overall these data suggest that dietary TWS benefited growth performance and influenced mucosal and systemic immune measures which may provide benefits to health.
143 Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in midwestern USA beef finishing systems
Authors: Rowntree Jason , Stanley Paige , Beede David , DeLonge Marcia , Hamm Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Using life cycle analysis (LCA), several studies have concluded that grass-finished beef systems have greater GHG intensities than feedlot-finished (FL) beef systems. These studies evaluated only one grazing management system– continuous grazing – and assumed steady-state soil carbon (C), to model the grass-finishing environmental impact. However, by managing for more optimal forage growth and recovery, adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing can improve animal and forage productivity, potentially sequestering more soil organic carbon (SOC) than continuous grazing. To examine impacts of AMP grazing and related SOC sequestration on net GHG emissions, a comparative LCA was performed of two different beef finishing systems in the Upper Midwest, USA: AMP grazing and FL. We used on-farm data collected from the Michigan State University Lake City AgBioResearch Center for AMP grazing. Impact scope included GHG emissions from enteric methane, feed production and mineral supplement manufacture, manure, and on-farm energy use and transportation, as well as the potential C sink arising from SOC sequestration. Across-farm SOC data showed a 4-year C sequestration rate of 3.59 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 in AMP grazed pastures. After including SOC in the GHG footprint estimates, finishing emissions from the AMP system were reduced from 9.62 to −6.65 kg CO2-e kg carcass weight (CW)−1, whereas FL emissions increased slightly from 6.09 to 6.12 kg CO2-e kg CW−1 due to soil erosion. This indicates that AMP grazing has the potential to offset GHG emissions through soil C sequestration, and therefore the finishing phase could be a net C sink. However, FL production required only half as much land as AMP grazing. This research suggests that AMP grazing can contribute to climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration and challenges existing conclusions that only feedlot-intensification reduces the overall beef GHG footprint through greater productivity.
402 Awardee Talk - Efficiency of nutrient use in ruminants: Current understanding and emerging questions
Authors: Swanson Kendall C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Because feed costs represent a large proportion of total costs for ruminant production systems, improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization is an important goal for improving profitability and sustainability. Research on nutrient utilization in ruminants dates back to the 1800s when the first nutrient balance experiments were conducted. The concept of efficiency is complex and can be expressed in many ways. Different approaches should be used when examining economic efficiency vs. biological efficiency, growing vs. mature animals, or answering research questions vs. use in a production setting. Additionally, animal efficiency can be examined at different scales of complexity including animal, tissue, cell, or molecular levels, and at the level of total feed, feedstuff, or specific nutrient. Some of the facets that have been shown to be associated with animal efficiency include body composition, feed intake and digestion, heat production, blood metabolites and hormones, tissue mass, cell proliferation, protein turnover, ion transport, mitochondrial function, mRNA or protein expression profiles, and genomic polymorphisms within the animal, and composition and diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome. Large amounts of information are being generated at the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels which will add to our knowledge about what factors are associated with animal efficiency. Nutrients, such as amino acids, play an important role to meet requirements for maintenance and production and have many other physiological functions regulating metabolism in the animal. There is potential to develop nutrient supplementation, or feeding, strategies to alter metabolism and improve nutrient utilization. Future research is needed to better define the mechanisms influencing efficiency of utilization of individual nutrients, rather than feed dry matter, and to develop management, nutritional, or animal breeding approaches to improve animal efficiency through altering whole animal, tissue, cellular, and molecular facets known to be associated with differences in animal efficiency.
422 Developing foundational courses to support undergraduate student success in animal science departmental core curriculum
Authors: Dunlap Kathrin , Early Lonisa , Fowler Debra , Wickersham Tryon 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Today’s student population comes from highly diverse culture and socio-economic backgrounds, entering college with a range of life experiences and professional aspirations. The selection of and success upon entering a major is highly influenced by those factors. As society has progressed the principle purposes of the animal science discipline have remained intact but the industry scope has expanded as has the range of background knowledge and experience of students entering the major. To address these changes a data-driven, student-centered curriculum study was conducted. Amongst the study findings was that there exists a gap between existing student knowledge and skills, and faculty expectations upon entering disciplinary core courses, which were deemed necessary to gain proficiency in areas identified by industry stakeholders. In order to bridge this gap, it was a goal of the department to create foundational level courses that would support the department curriculum. Through the collaborative efforts between faculty within the animal science department and members of the university center for teaching excellence, as well as findings from the data generated as part of the curriculum redesign process, two new courses were identified for development: Farm Animal Biosystems and Livestock Production Systems. These courses illustrate a novel approach to addressing the disparity in student background knowledge and skills. Rather than assuming a level of proficiency with skills and addressing gaps in knowledge or vice versa, these key areas have been identified and separated so as to provide students with a solid foundation in both the scientific and applied components of the discipline, thus promoting success within the remainder of the curriculum. Successful completion of these courses will enable student to enter the specialized discipline core classes with a more uniform knowledge base.
PSIII-13 Preliminary assessment of the impact of liver abscess presence on stress-related physiological parameters associated with well-being in feedlot cattle
Authors: Baier Faith , Grandin Temple , Engle Terry , Edwards-Callaway Lily 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Liver abscesses can affect cattle performance, though the impact on well-being is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between liver abscess presence and stress-related parameters in feedlot cattle. Three hundred and sixty-three feedlot steers (675 ± 2.3 kg) that were enrolled in a nutrition feeding experiment were allocated to one of three groups based on the liver abscess score assigned after slaughter. The liver abscess scoring groups were: no liver abscess presence (NLA; n = 316); mild liver abscess presence (MLA; n = 21) and severe liver abscess presence (SLA; n = 24). Two animals were unable to be assigned liver abscess scores. Two days prior to slaughter, at the time of weighing, hair samples were collected from the right rump of each animal and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Additionally, during restraint, infrared thermography was used to quantify eye temperatures and a mobility score was assigned to each animal upon chute exit. During slaughter, exsanguination blood was collected from 115 of the 363 animals and analyzed for serum cortisol concentrations. Cattle were blocked by nutrition feeding treatments and data were analyzed using analyses of variance to determine differences in outcome variables between liver abscess score groups. All animals were included in the infrared analysis and 115 animals were included in the serum and hair cortisol analyses. Infrared thermography (P = 0.55), hair cortisol (P = 0.96), and serum cortisol (P = 0.21) were similar across all liver abscess scores. All animals exhibited normal mobility, thus these values were not included in the analysis. The data indicate that under the conditions of this experiment, liver abscesses did not impact measured stress-related outcomes. Additional research is necessary to understand the impact of liver abscess presence on other stress-related parameters associated with well-being in cattle.
PSXIV-7 Red blood cells are a better indicator than plasma for predicting subcutaneous trans fatty acid composition in cattle
Authors: Dugan Michael , Rolland David , Block Hushton , Vahmani Payam 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The trans (t)-18:1 in beef has become of interest as partially-hydrogenated-vegetable-oils are removed from the food supply. Predicting t-18:1 in beef early in the feeding period would be useful if limitations are put on t18:1 in beef. The objective of the present study was to determine which blood component is a better predictor of t18:1 in beef. Accordingly, proportions of t10-18:1 and t11-18:1 (i.e. major t-18:1 isomers) were measured in heifer red blood cells (RBC) and plasma (2 pens of 7 animals) after 0, 28, 56 and 76d on a barley-grain-based diet, and also correlated with post-slaughter subcutaneous fat. Blood components were subjected to direct base then acid methylation, and subcutaneous fat to base methylation after freeze drying. c10-17:1 methyl ester was included as an internal standard. Fatty acid methyl esters were purified using Superclean LC-SI-SPETM and then analyzed by GC using a 100m CP-Sil88 column. Fatty acids were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS (v 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, IN) with time as a repeated measure, and pen as a random factor. Pearson correlation coefficients were generated using the PROC CORR procedure of SAS. Proportions of total t-18:1 declined in both RBC and plasma during later stages of finishing (P &lt; 0.05). At 28d, t11-18:1 decreased and t10-18:1 increased in RBC and plasma (P &lt; 0.05). By 76 d, proportions of t10-18:1 declined in both RBC and plasma to 0 d levels. RBC and plasma t-18:1 compositions were highly correlated for all time points and overall (R≥0.7, P ≤ 0.02). Correlations with post slaughter backfat were, however, consistently greater for RBC compared to plasma. The use of RBC t-18:1 composition may, therefore, be superior for predicting t-18:1 composition in other tissues, and the length of finishing on barley could be useful for manipulating the composition and content of t18:1 in beef.
PSVI-1 Improvement of gut morphology and meat quality of broiler chickens by encapsulated citral and cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Yang Chongwu , Choi Janghan , Mogire Marion , Rodas-González Argenis , Diarra Moussa S , Wang Qi , Gong Joshua , Yang Chengbo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of encapsulated citral (CIT) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and meat quality in broilers. A total of 320 0-day-age male broilers (Cobb 500) were allocated 32 pens with 8 pens per treatment. The treatments included: 1) Corn-wheat-SBM basal diet (negative control); 2) basal diet with 30 ppm avilamycin premix (positive control); 3) basal diet with 50 ppm encapsulated CIT and CIN (CCL); 4) basal diet with 100 ppm encapsulated CIT and CIN (CCH). There were no significant differences between treatments in growth performance (P &gt; 0.05) at each feeding stage. Additionally, birds had similar relative organ weights of heart, liver, spleen and bursa (P &gt; 0.05). The higher ratios of villus height to crypt depth (VCR; P ≤ 0.05) were detected in broilers fed either CCL or CCH, with an average being 14.67 and 15.13 in the duodenum, and 15.13 and 13.58 in the jejunum, respectively. Regarding meat quality, a higher pH value (pH = 6.21) in the breast was observed in 24-h post mortem chickens fed CCL (P ≤ 0.05). No significant differences of pH were detected in the breast in 96-h post mortem birds. The breast color (redness, yellowness, and lightness) in either 24-h or 96-h post mortem chickens was not significantly different among treatments (P &gt; 0.05). No change in purge loss (%) was observed in the breast after 48 h. The severity of white striping (WS) or woody meat (WB) was higher in the positive control (WS = 0.58; WB = 0.15) than in other treatments (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, dietary treatment with encapsulated CIT and CIN improved gut morphology and meat quality of broilers by increasing VCR in the small intestine and reducing the severity of WS/WB in the breast, respectively, without affecting growth performance.