bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semiannual variation of Pc5 ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves and relativistic electrons over two solar cycles of observations: comparison with predictions of the classical hypotheses
Authors: Poblet Facundo L. , Azpilicueta Francisco , Lam Hing-Lan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Pc5 ULF (ultra-low frequency) waves can energize electrons to relativistic energies of >2 MeV in geostationary orbits. Enhanced fluxes of such electrons can induce operational anomalies in geostationary satellites. The variations of the two quantities in timescales ranging from days to solar cycles are thus of interest in gauging their space weather effects over different time frames. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of two 11-year solar cycles (cycles 22 and 23) of data comprising the daily relativistic electron fluence observed by Geostationary Environment Satellites (GOESs) and daily Pc5 ULF wave power derived from auroral zone magnetic observatories in Canada. First, an autocorrelation analysis is carried out, which indicates a 27 d periodicity in both parameters for all solar phases, and such a periodicity is most pronounced in the declining and late declining phase. Also, a 9 and 13 d periodicity are seen in some years. Then, a superposed epoch analysis is performed to scrutinize semiannual variation (SAV), which shows that fluence near the equinoxes is 1 order of magnitude higher than near solstices, and Pc5 ULF wave power is 0.5 orders of magnitude higher near the equinoxes than near the solstices. We then evaluate three possible SAV mechanisms (which are based on the axial, equinoctial, and Russell and McPherron effect) to determine which one can best explain the observations. Correlation of the profiles of the observational curves with those of the angles that control each of the SAV mechanisms suggests that the equinoctial mechanism may be responsible for the SAV of electron fluence, while both the equinoctial and the Russell and McPherron mechanisms are important for the SAV of Pc5 ULF wave power. Comparable results are obtained when using functional dependencies of the main angles instead of the angles mentioned above. Lastly, superposed curves of fluence and Pc5 ULF wave power were used to calculate least-square fits with a fixed semiannual period. Comparison of the maxima and minima of the fits with those predicted by the three mechanisms shows that the equinoctial effect better estimates the maxima and minima of the SAV in fluence while for the SAV in Pc5 ULF wave power the equinoctial and Russell and McPherron mechanisms predict one maximum and one minimum each.
Assessment of meteorological extremes using a synoptic weather generator and a downscaling model based on analogues
Authors: Raynaud Damien , Hingray Benoit , Evin Guillaume , Favre Anne-Catherine , Chardon Jérémy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Natural risk studies such as flood risk assessments require long series of weather variables. As an alternative to observed series, which have a
limited length, these data can be provided by weather generators. Among the
large variety of existing ones, resampling methods based on analogues have
the advantage of guaranteeing the physical consistency between local weather variables at each time step. However, they cannot generate values of predictands exceeding the range of observed values. Moreover, the length of the simulated series is typically limited to the length of the synoptic
meteorological records used to characterize the large-scale atmospheric
configuration of the generation day. To overcome these limitations, the
stochastic weather generator proposed in this study combines two sampling
approaches based on atmospheric analogues: (1) a synoptic weather generator
in a first step, which recombines days of the 20th century to generate
a 1000-year sequence of new atmospheric trajectories, and (2) a stochastic
downscaling model in a second step applied to these atmospheric
trajectories, in order to simulate long time series of daily regional
precipitation and temperature. The method is applied to daily time series of mean areal precipitation and temperature in Switzerland. It is shown that the climatological characteristics of observed precipitation and temperature are adequately reproduced. It also improves the reproduction of extreme precipitation values, overcoming previous limitations of standard
analogue-based weather generators.
Anthropogenic climate change versus internal climate variability: impacts on snow cover in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Willibald Fabian , Kotlarski Sven , Grêt-Regamey Adrienne , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Snow is a sensitive component of the climate system. In many parts of the
world, water stored as snow is a vital resource for agriculture, tourism and
the energy sector. As uncertainties in climate change assessments are still
relatively large, it is important to investigate the interdependencies
between internal climate variability and anthropogenic climate change and
their impacts on snow cover. We use regional climate model data from a new
single-model large ensemble with 50 members (ClimEX LE) as a driver for the
physically based snow model SNOWPACK at eight locations across the Swiss
Alps. We estimate the contribution of internal climate variability to
uncertainties in future snow trends by applying a Mann–Kendall test for
consecutive future periods of different lengths (between 30 and 100 years)
until the end of the 21st century. Under RCP8.5, we find probabilities
between 10 % and 60 % that there will be no significant negative trend
in future mean snow depths over a period of 50 years. While it is important
to understand the contribution of internal climate variability to
uncertainties in future snow trends, it is likely that the variability of
snow depth itself changes with anthropogenic forcing. We find that relative
to the mean, interannual variability of snow increases in the future. A
decrease in future mean snow depths, superimposed by increases in
interannual variability, will exacerbate the already existing uncertainties
that snow-dependent economies will have to face in the future.
SPEP Co-Director's Address: “The Wind Began to Howl” - Dylan's Antinomianism
Authors: Cutrofello Andrew 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
This paper was delivered at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy (SPEP). As an outgoing co-director's address, its aim was to indirectly reflect on SPEP's history by directly reflecting on the songs of Bob Dylan. Dylan's first album was released just a few months before the first SPEP meeting took place in Evanston, Illinois in October 1962.
Deleuze's Transcendental Empiricism Against Speculative Realism: How Deleuze's Hume Avoids the Challenge of Correlationism
Authors: Novak Kyle 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTSpeculative realists claim that almost all post-Kantian philosophy suffers from what they call correlationism. Correlationism, they claim, originated with Kant's response to Hume. However, one of the major figures associated with the speculative realist movement, Levi Bryant, has argued that Gilles Deleuze's transcendental empiricism is able to confront the challenge of correlationism. My central claim is that while Bryant is correct not to label Deleuze as a correlationist, his analysis does not go far enough in that it takes speculative realism on its own terms and does not move beyond the logic of correlationism. Drawing from the recent literature on Deleuze's transcendental empiricism and Deleuze's first book on Hume, I argue that Deleuze does not read Hume to produce a non-correlationist ontology, but rather develops a non-ontological constructivist philosophy. Transcendental empiricism, as he later comes to call it, conceives of philosophy in such a way that not only avoids the problem of correlationsism, but reveals that the speculative realist project itself fails to move beyond the logic of correlationism.
Five new pseudocryptic land planarian species of Cratera (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) unveiled through integrative taxonomy
Authors: Araujo Ana Paula Goulart , Carbayo Fernando , Riutort Marta , Álvarez-Presas Marta 
Published: September 2020

Background
Cratera is a genus of land planarians endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The species of this genus are distinguished from each other by a series of external and internal characters, nonetheless they represent a challenging taxonomic issue due to the extreme alikeness of the species analysed in the present work. To resolve these difficulties, we have performed morphological analyses and used three nuclear markers (ribosomal 18S and 28S, Elongation Factor, a new anonymous marker named Tnuc813) and two mitochondrial fragments (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, and a fragment encompasing NADH deshydrogenase subunit 4 gene, trnF and the beginning of the Cytochrome c oxidase I gene) in an integrative taxonomic study.

Methods
To unveil cryptic species, we applied a molecular species delimitation approach based on molecular discovery methods, followed by a validation method. The putative species so delimited were then validated on the basis of diagnostic morphological features.

Results
We discovered and described four new species, namely Cratera assu, C. tui, C. boja, and C. imbiri. A fifth new species, C. paraitinga was not highly supported by molecular evidence, but was described because its morphological attributes are unique. Our study documents for the genus Cratera the presence of a number of highly similar species, a situation that is present also in other genera of land planarians. The high number of poorly differentiated and presumably recent speciation events might be explained by the recent geological history of the area.
Risk factors for disease-related deterioration following diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage procedures in diffuse lung disease: a case-control study
Authors: Usagawa Yuko , Komiya Kosaku , Yamasue Mari , Hashinaga Kazuhiko , Mizukami Eri , Umeki Kenji , Nureki Shin-ichi , Ando Masaru , Hiramatsu Kazufumi , Kadota Jun-ichi 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundAlthough the risk factors for diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-induced acute exacerbations in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have been previously reported, no study has assessed these in patients with non-IPF. We aimed to identify the risk factors for BAL-induced disease deterioration (BAL-DD) in all types of diffuse lung disease.MethodsPatients with diffuse lung disease who underwent BAL at our hospital from April 2012 to November 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The patient information, laboratory data, radiological findings, and BAL fluid analysis results in patients who developed BAL-DDs were compared with those in patients who did not.ResultsBAL-DDs occurred in 14 (3.3%) of the 429 patients included the study. The BAL-DD group had a significantly poorer performance status, higher C-reactive protein level, lower partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood at rest, greater proportion of desaturation on exertion and cases having followed a progressive clinical course before BAL, and more extensive consolidation and ground-glass opacity on chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) than the non-BAL-DD group. A high total cell concentration and an increased number of eosinophils in the BAL fluid were more frequently found in patients with BAL-DD than in those without.ConclusionsPatients with decreased physical activity level, increased level of inflammatory markers, low oxygenation status, and extensive lung involvements on chest HRCT and following a progressive clinical course before BAL may be warned of the BAL-DD risk. Elevated eosinophil counts in the BAL fluid could be associated with the triggering of BAL-DDs.
Carbon Dots Induce Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition for Promoting Cutaneous Wound Healing via Activation of TGF‐β/p38/Snail Pathway
Authors: Wang Zilin , Liu Lili , Bu Wenhuan , Zheng Mengdan , Jin Nianqiang , Zhang Kai , Xu Xiaowei , Zhou Ding , Yang Bai , Sun Hongchen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSkin lesions, as a relatively common clinical manifestation, not only damage the skin's barrier function, but also affect the skin's ability to feel temperature, pain and touch. However, a highly efficient method to restore the morphology and function of damaged skin remains an unmet goal. In this work, carbon dots (CDots) with excellent biocompatibility are synthesized via microwave‐assisted heating ascorbic acid and polyethyleneimine. The synthesized CDots can induce the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) process by activating transforming growth factor‐β/p‐38 mitogen‐activated kinase/Snail signaling pathway, leading to an increase of cell motility. Further, by assessing a series of in vivo wound healing assays and histological examinations, it is demonstrated that CDots can accelerate the migration of epithelial cells in the full‐thickness cutaneous wounds through EMT. As a result, a rapid re‐epithelialization covers the granulation tissue and epidermal barrier formed, leading to a block of the external stimuli, reduction of the inflammatory reaction and the granulation tissue area, and finally the promotion of the wound healing with fewer scars.
Nanotechnology Responses to COVID‐19
Authors: Ruiz‐Hitzky Eduardo , Darder Margarita , Wicklein Bernd , Ruiz‐Garcia Cristina , Martín‐Sampedro Raquel , del Real Gustavo , Aranda Pilar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearchers, engineers, and medical doctors are made aware of the severity of the COVID‐19 infection and act quickly against the coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 using a large variety of tools. In this review, a panoply of nanoscience and nanotechnology approaches show how these disciplines can help the medical, technical, and scientific communities to fight the pandemic, highlighting the development of nanomaterials for detection, sanitation, therapies, and vaccines. SARS‐CoV‐2, which can be regarded as a functional core–shell nanoparticle (NP), can interact with diverse materials in its vicinity and remains attached for variable times while preserving its bioactivity. These studies are critical for the appropriate use of controlled disinfection systems. Other nanotechnological approaches are also decisive for the development of improved novel testing and diagnosis kits of coronavirus that are urgently required. Therapeutics are based on nanotechnology strategies as well and focus on antiviral drug design and on new nanoarchitectured vaccines. A brief overview on patented work is presented that emphasizes nanotechnology applied to coronaviruses. Finally, some comments are made on patents of the initial technological responses to COVID‐19 that have already been put in practice.
Multifunctional Charge Transporting Materials for Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jeong Ji‐Eun , Park Jong Hyun , Jang Chung Hyeon , Song Myoung Hoon , Woo Han Young 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite their low exciton‐binding energies, metal halide perovskites are extensively studied as light‐emitting materials owing to narrow emission with high color purity, easy/wide color tunability, and high photoluminescence quantum yields. To improve the efficiency of perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), much effort has been devoted to controlling the emitting layer morphologies to induce charge confinement and decrease the nonradiative recombination. The interfaces between the emitting layer and charge transporting layer (CTL) are vulnerable to various defects that deteriorate the efficiency and stability of the PeLEDs. Therefore, the establishment of multifunctional CTLs that can improve not only charge transport but also critical factors that influence device performance, such as defect passivation, morphology/phase control, ion migration suppression, and light outcoupling efficiency, are highly required. Herein, the fundamental limitations of perovskites as emitters (i.e., defects, morphological and phase instability, high refractive index with poor outcoupling) and the recent developments with regard to multifunctional CTLs to compensate such limitations are summarized, and their device applications are also reviewed. Finally, based on the importance of multifunctional CTLs, the outlook and research prospects of multifunctional CTLs for the further improvement of PeLEDs are discussed.
Organic Broadband THz Generators Optimized for Efficient Near‐Infrared Optical Pumping
Authors: Shin Myeong‐Hoon , Kim Won Tae , Kim Se‐In , Kim Seung‐Jun , Yu In Cheol , Kim Sang‐Wook , Jazbinsek Mojca , Yoon Woojin , Yun Hoseop , Rotermund Fabian , Kwon O‐Pil 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNew organic THz generators are designed herein by molecular engineering of the refractive index, phonon mode, and spatial asymmetry. These benzothiazolium crystals simultaneously satisfy the crucial requirements for efficient THz wave generation, including having nonlinear optical chromophores with parallel alignment that provide large optical nonlinearity; good phase matching for enhancing the THz generation efficiency in the near‐infrared region; strong intermolecular interactions that provide restraining THz self‐absorption; high solubility that promotes good crystal growth ability; and a plate‐like crystal morphology with excellent optical quality. Consequently, the as‐grown benzothiazolium crystals exhibit excellent characteristics for THz wave generation, particularly at near‐infrared pump wavelengths around 1100 nm, which is very promising given the availability of femtosecond laser sources at this wavelength, where current conventional THz generators deliver relatively low optical‐to‐THz conversion efficiencies. Compared to a 1.0‐mm‐thick ZnTe crystal as an inorganic benchmark, the 0.28‐mm‐thick benzothiazolium crystal yields a 19 times higher peak‐to‐peak THz electric field with a broader spectral bandwidth (>6.5 THz) when pumped at 1140 nm. The present work provides a valuable approach toward realizing organic crystals that can be pumped by near‐infrared sources for efficient THz wave generation.
Efficient and Stable Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells with a Green‐Solvent Hole‐Transport Layer
Authors: Kim Hong Il , Lee Junwoo , Choi Min‐Jae , Ryu Seung Un , Choi Kyoungwon , Lee Seungjin , Hoogland Sjoerd , de Arquer F. Pelayo García , Sargent Edward H. , Park Taiho 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNext‐generation solution‐processed solar cells will hopefully be processed using green solvents, and will unite high performance with operating stability. Colloidal quantum dot/polymer hybrid solar cells are of interest for their harvest of the visible as well as the near infrared; however, today's best polymer hole‐transporting layers (HTLs) rely on processing using hazardous solvents such as chlorobenzene. This stems from the strong polymer–polymer attraction in polymeric p‐type materials, which accounts for their limited solubility. Here, a new random polymeric HTL (asy‐ranPBTBDT) is reported that is soluble in green solvents such as 2‐methylanisole without compromising ultimate device power conversion efficiency. The new polymer structure induces a strong π–π stacking face‐on orientation and less lateral grain growth compared to control asy‐PBTBDT, leading to reduced charge recombination and improved device stability. The resulting device exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.2% and retains 89% of its initial efficiency after 120 h of continuous device operation at the maximum power point, compared to a PCE of 11.4% and 71% degradation for control devices.
Two Birds with One Stone: High Efficiency and Low Synthetic Cost for Benzotriazole‐Based Polymer Solar Cells by a Simple Chemical Approach
Authors: Xue Xiaonan , Zheng Bing , Zhang Yu , Zhang Ming , Wei Donghui , Liu Feng , Wan Meixiu , Liu Juan , Chen Guangming , Huo Lijun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLow synthetic cost and high performance are becoming a new challenge in designing polymer donors for large‐scaled polymer solar cells (PSCs) fabrication; however, complicated synthetic routes and high material costs hamper the widespread commercial application of OPVs. Here, a simple and low‐cost chemical steric effect (SE) is introduced to BDT‐based side chains. Through adjusting alkyl side chains, the polymeric crystallinity and miscibility are rebalanced and subsequently the photovoltaic device based on the meta‐positioned alkyl polymer outperforms its para‐positioned counterpart. The champion device based on the polymer with the meta‐positioned side chains affords a PCE of 14.53% without sacrificing its high fill factor of 0.77, which could be attributed to a more balanced charge‐carrier transport ability and optimized morphology. This is the highest PCE value reported in BTZ based polymer donors to date. Thus, it shows that the SE applied in high crystalline polymer could pave an easier and cheaper chemical route to realize the coordination of low‐cost fabrication and high‐performance.
Cooling intervention studies among outdoor occupational groups: A review of the literature
Authors: Chicas Roxana , Xiuhtecutli Nezahualcoyotl , Dickman Nathan E. , Scammell Madeleine L. , Steenland Kyle , Hertzberg Vicki S. , McCauley Linda 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this systematic review is to examine cooling intervention research in outdoor occupations, evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions, and offer recommendations for future studies. This review focuses on outdoor occupational studies conducted at worksites or simulated occupational tasks in climatic chambers.MethodsThis systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify original research on intervention studies published in peer‐reviewed journals that aimed at reducing heat stress or heat‐related illness from January 2000 to August 2020.ResultsA systematic search yielded a total of 1042 articles, of which 21 met the inclusion criteria. Occupations with cooling intervention studies included agriculture (n = 5), construction (n = 5), industrial workers (n = 4), and firefighters (n = 7). The studies focused on multiple types of cooling interventions cooling gear (vest, bandanas, cooling shirts, or head‐cooling gel pack), enhanced heat dissipation clothing, forearm or lower body immersion in cold water, water dousing, ingestion of a crushed ice slush drink, electrolyte liquid hydration, and modified Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommendations of drinking water and resting in the shade.ConclusionCurrent evidence indicates that using multiple cooling gears along with rest cycles may be the most effective method to reduce heat‐related illness. Occupational heat‐related illnesses and death may be mitigated by targeted cooling intervention and workplace controls among workers of vulnerable occupational groups and industries.
An Electrochromic Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Film
Authors: Feng Ji‐fei , Liu Tian‐Fu , Cao Rong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) possess various merits, such as high porosity, tunable structure, facile modification, and ready regeneration. These properties have yet to be explored in the context of new functional HOF materials. The facile and inexpensive electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method applied in this study generated a transparent HOF film at room temperature in just 2 min and is applicable to other HOFs. The resulting film exhibited reversible electrochromism with the advantage of long cycle life (>500 cycles). More strikingly, this all‐organic film could be readily regenerated (through rinsing with DMF and redeposition) and showed tunable electrochromic behavior (through low‐cost postsynthetic modification) with the ability to undergo successive color changes, which is difficult to achieve with conventional electrochromic materials. An electrochromic device was manufactured to further demonstrate the application potential of the film.