bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equatorial Plasma Bubble Occurrence Under Propagation of MSTID and MLT Gravity Waves
Authors: Takahashi H. , Wrasse C. M. , Figueiredo C. A. O. B. , Barros D. , Paulino I. , Essien P. , Abdu M. A. , Otsuka Y. , Shiokawa K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe observed a signature of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) followed by a medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) crossing the solar terminator over the geomagnetic equator during the period of post‐sunset rise (PSSR) of the F layer. Simultaneous observations of the EPBs and the MSTIDs by ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System receivers and OI 630‐nm imagers, ionospheric parameters by ionosondes, and mesosphere–lower thermosphere (MLT) gravity waves (MLT‐GWs) by OH airglow imagers have been carried out in the equatorial and low‐latitude region of Brazil. On 16–17 September 2015, MSTIDs with very fast horizontal phase speeds, propagating toward northeast (NE), were observed over the latitude region of 0–30°S in the afternoon to evening time zone. It was geomagnetically quiet time (Kp: 2–3). An EPB development was observed after one of the MSTIDs crossed the solar terminator at 22:00 UT. Large‐scale MLT‐GWs with slower phase speeds were also observed both at São João do Cariri (7.5°S, 35.0°W) propagating from southwest (SW) to NE and Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45.0°W) propagating northward. This is to report on what we consider as a signature of direct seeding of EPBs by an MSTID that was likely induced by a secondary GW from tropospheric deep cloud convections to the south. This study highlights a possible dynamical process from the troposphere to ionosphere via this vertical coupling process over the 2,500 km of horizontal distance.
Combined Seismic and Geodetic Analysis Before, During, and After the 2018 Mount Etna Eruption
Authors: Mattia M. , Bruno V. , Montgomery‐Brown E. , Patanè D. , Barberi G. , Coltelli M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn December 2018, Etna volcano experienced one of the largest episodes of unrest since the installation of geophysical monitoring networks in 1970. The unrest culminated in a short eruption with a small volume of lava erupted, a significant seismic crisis and deformation of the entire volcanic edifice of magnitude never recorded before at Mount Etna. Here we describe the evolution of the 2018 eruptive cycle from the analysis of seismic and geodetic data collected in the months preceding, during, and following the intrusion. We model the space‐time evolution of high‐rate deformation data starting from the active source previously identified from deformation data and the propagation of seismicity in a 3‐D velocity model. The intrusion model suggests emplacement of two dikes: a smaller dike located beneath the eruptive fissure and a second, deeper dike between 1 and 5 km below sea level that opened ~2 m. The rise and eruption of magma from the shallower dike did not interrupt the pressurization of a long‐lasting deeper reservoir (~6 km) that induced continuous inflation and intense deformation of the eastern flank. Shortly after the intrusion, on 26 December 2018, a ML4.8 earthquake occurred near Pisano, destroying buildings and roads in two villages. We propose a time‐dependent intrusion model that supports the hypothesis of the inflation inducing flank deformation and that this process has been active since September 2018.
Permeability Enhancement From a Hydraulic Stimulation Imaged With Ground Penetrating Radar
Authors: Shakas A. , Maurer H. , Giertzuch P.‐L. , Hertrich M. , Giardini D. , Serbeto F. , Meier P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present evidence of permeability enhancement from hydraulic stimulation experiments in fractured crystalline rock. A total of 9.49 m3 was injected in two fractured intervals of a 300 m long borehole. Repeated Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements in the same borehole were carried out prior to and following the stimulation. The initial measurements revealed fractures in the vicinity of the borehole that could be traced up to distances of 50 m away. The data measured post‐stimulation were used in a difference‐imaging approach to illuminate changes in the GPR reflections caused by the stimulations. The changes delineate the enhancement of a large and complex fracture network. These changes likely correspond to changes in local aperture, thus permeability. Our results indicate that borehole GPR yields unique information on subtle changes in hydraulic properties within a relatively large volume and provides a new perspective on the characterization and monitoring of deep geothermal reservoirs.
Routes of the Upper Branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation according to an Ocean State Estimate
Authors: Rousselet Louise , Cessi Paola , Forget Gael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe origins of the upper branch of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are traced with backward‐in‐time Lagrangian trajectories, quantifying the partition of volume transport between different routes of entry from the Indo‐Pacific into the Atlantic. Particles are advected by the velocity field from a recent release of “Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean” (ECCOv4). This global time‐variable velocity field is a dynamically consistent interpolation of over 1 billion oceanographic observations collected between 1992 and 2015. Of the 13.6 Sverdrups (1 Sv = 106 m3/s) flowing northward across 6°S, 15% enters the Atlantic from Drake Passage, 35% enters from the straits between Asia and Australia (Indonesian Throughflow), and 49% comes from the region south of Australia (Tasman Leakage). Because of blending in the Agulhas region, water mass properties in the South Atlantic are not a good indicator of origin.
Antarctic Bottom Water Warming in the Brazil Basin: 1990s Through 2020, From WOCE to Deep Argo
Authors: Johnson Gregory C. , Cadot Chanelle , Lyman John M. , McTaggart Kristene E. , Steffen Elizabeth L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA warming trend of 2.1 (±0.4) m °C yr−1 in bottom waters (4,500 to 5,900 dbar) spreading north from Antarctica through the Brazil Basin is quantified by comparing 2019–2020 data from a new Deep Argo regional pilot array to 1989–1995 data from full‐depth zonal and meridional hydrographic sections occupied across the basin before and during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Additionally, float temperatures are about 0.046°C warmer than those from a long‐term climatology in those same bottom waters. Lower North Atlantic Deep Water in the basin shows no detectable warming, but Upper North Atlantic Deep Water exhibits evidence of warming in both analyses. The bottom‐intensified warming results in a reduction in vertical density stratification between the bottom and deep waters of about 1% per decade. This change is in contrast with the effects of surface‐intensified warming, which tends to increase vertical density stratification.
Climate Change Drives Increases in Extreme Events for Lake Ice in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Filazzola Alessandro , Blagrave Kevin , Imrit Mohammad Arshad , Sharma Sapna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExtreme climate events can have significant consequences on ecosystems and by extension human populations. Over 50 million of the world's lakes typically freeze each winter, and the absence of winter ice cover, in lakes where ice has historically been present, can be characterized as an extreme event. We quantified the effects of extreme climate events on lake ice cover using 78‐year ice records from 122 lakes to show that (1) extreme ice‐free years are becoming more frequent and severe, (2) winter air temperature is a significant predictor of ice cover that was driven by large‐scale climate oscillations, (3) extremes in temperature are closely related to extremes in ice cover, and (4) ice‐free years are forecasted to result in significant loss of ice‐cover in the future. Without drastic reductions in carbon emissions, we can expect the widespread loss of lake ice cover could have significant socioeconomic and biological implications.
Evaluation of Daily Precipitation Extremes in Reanalysis and Gridded Observation‐Based Data Sets Over Germany
Authors: Hu Guannan , Franzke Christian L. E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccurate and reliable gridded data sets are important for analyzing extreme weather and climate events. Specifically, these data sets should produce extreme value statistics that are close to reality. Here we use various statistical methods to evaluate the quality of four gridded data products in representing daily precipitation extremes. The data products are the COSMO‐REA6 regional reanalysis, the ERA5 global reanalysis, and the E‐OBS and HYRAS gridded observation‐based data sets. The statistical methods we use offer a thorough insight into the quality of the different data sets by providing temporal and spatial extreme value statistics of daily precipitation. Our results show that all data sets except HYRAS underestimate the magnitude of daily precipitation extremes when compared with weather station data. Moreover, the reanalysis data sets give generally worse extreme value statistics of daily precipitation than the gridded observation‐based data sets. In particular, the reanalysis data sets often fail in reproducing the accurate timing of observed daily precipitation extremes.
Effects of Polarization Reversal on the Pitch Angle Scattering of Radiation Belt Electrons and Ring Current Protons by EMIC Waves
Authors: Cao Xing , Ni Binbin , Summers Danny , Shprits Yuri Y. , Lou Yuequn 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the effects of polarization reversal of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves at the crossover frequencies on computations of bounce‐averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients of radiation belt electrons and ring current protons. We find that inclusion of polarization reversal can cause significant changes of H+ band‐induced particle diffusion coefficients, while scattering by the He+ band is almost unaffected. Our results show that the pure L‐mode approach, which has been widely implemented in previous studies, tends to underestimate the diffusion coefficients of ultrarelativistic (>4 MeV) electrons and overestimate those of 10–50 and >100 keV protons caused by H+ band EMIC waves. Especially for >100 keV protons, the differences in diffusion coefficients can be larger by an order of magnitude. We confirm that the polarization reversal can contribute importantly to the scattering loss of radiation belt electrons and ring current protons by H+ band EMIC waves.
Shelfbreak Jet Structure and Variability off New Jersey Using Ship of Opportunity Data From the CMV Oleander
Authors: Forsyth Jacob , Andres Magdalena , Gawarkiewicz Glen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRepeat measurements of velocity and temperature profiles from the Container Motor Vessel (CMV) Oleander provide an unprecedented look into the variability on the New Jersey Shelf and upper continental slope. Here 1362 acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) velocity sections collected between 1994 and 2018 are analyzed in both Eulerian and stream coordinate reference frames to characterize the mean structure of the Shelfbreak Jet, as well as its seasonal to decadal variability. The Eulerian mean Shelfbreak Jet has a maximum jet velocity of 0.12 m s−1. The maximum jet velocity peaks in April and May and reaches its minimum in July and August. In a stream coordinate framework, the jet is only identified in 61% of transects, and the mean stream coordinate Shelfbreak Jet has a maximum jet velocity of 0.32 m s−1. Evidence is found that Warm Core Rings, originating from the Gulf Stream arriving in the Slope Sea adjacent to the New Jersey Shelf, shift the Shelfbreak Jet onshore of its mean position or entirely shutdown the Shelfbreak Jet's flow. At interannual timescales, variability in the Shelfbreak Jet velocity is correlated with the temperature on the New Jersey Shelf 2 months later. When considered in a stream coordinate framework, Shelfbreak Jet have decreased over the time period considered in the study.
n‐Alkanes and PAHs in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Characteristics and Correlations With Brown Carbon Light Absorption
Authors: Zhu Chong‐Shu , Li Li‐Juan , Huang Hong , Dai Wen‐Ting , Lei Ya‐Li , Qu Yao , Huang Ru‐Jin , Wang Qi‐Yuan , Shen Zhen‐Xing , Cao Jun‐Ji 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe samples of atmospheric total suspended particle (TSP) were obtained at the remote Tibetan site (named Lulang) from November 2015 to November 2016. The seasonal characteristics of n‐alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) variations, and their correlations to brown carbon (BrC) light absorption in TSP were investigated. Elevated TSP n‐alkanes and PAHs levels were observed in winter (2.8 and 10 times higher than in monsoon, respectively), largely due to the seasonal contributions of wintertime home heating and long‐range transport. The total‐PAHs was found to correlate strongly with the methanol‐soluble BrC (MeS‐BrC) light absorption coefficient (babs) (R = 0.80) compared to water‐soluble BrC (WS‐BrC) (R = 0.70) at 365 nm. The BrC solar absorptions percentages to those of element carbon (EC) in the range of ultraviolet (300–400 nm) were high in both winter and premonsoon seasons, which can affect the vulnerable environmental radiative balance and atmospheric photochemistry.
Enhanced Wet Deposition of Water‐Soluble Organic Nitrogen During the Harvest Season: Influence of Biomass Burning and In‐Cloud Scavenging
Authors: Yu Xu , Li Dejun , Li Dan , Zhang Guohua , Zhou Huaishan , Li Sheng , Song Wei , Zhang Yanli , Bi Xinhui , Yu Jianzhen , Wang Xinming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGlobally water‐soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) accounts for about one third of water‐soluble total nitrogen in atmospheric deposition, yet the key factors influencing WSON deposition remain uncertain. In the present study, precipitation and aerosol samples were collected during 2016–2018 at a forest site in the Pearl River Delta, south China. Rainwater WSON concentrations were found to elevate significantly during fall, and wet deposition of WSON during fall could account for about 50% of its annual total wet deposition. The wet deposition and rainwater concentrations of K+ and levoglucosan, which are tracers for biomass burning emissions, also increased substantially during fall. The average WSON/water‐soluble total nitrogen ratio in precipitations (0.48) was over two times higher than that in aerosols (0.20) during fall, while during other seasons, the ratios in precipitations (0.17) and in aerosols (0.19) were comparable. Moreover, concentrations of WSON in rainwater, unlike that of inorganic N, did not decrease significantly with the increase of precipitation amount during fall. These results suggested that enhanced biomass burning during fall (harvest season) might be an important source of in‐cloud WSON, and in‐cloud scavenging, instead of below‐cloud washout, likely contributed remarkably to the wet deposition of WSON.
How Can We Improve the Driving of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in Climate Models?
Authors: Hertzog Albert 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) of zonal‐mean zonal winds in the tropical stratosphere is a conspicuous feature of the Earth climate. Its influence virtually extends to the whole atmosphere. The QBO is driven by the dissipation of waves generated by deep convection in the tropics. Yet a significant fraction of these waves have spatial scales that are not explicitly resolved in current climate models, so that the evolution of the QBO in a changing climate still remains unclear. A study by Vincent and Alexander (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032779) shows that recent long‐duration balloon observations, combined with information on the vertical structure of the tropical atmosphere, could contribute to provide significantly improved constraints on wave parameterization in models.
Dual effects of thyroid hormone on neurons and neurogenesis in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Lin Chao , Li Nan , Chang Hanxiao , shen Yuqi , Li Zheng , wei Wu , Chen Hua , Lu Hua , Ji Jing , Liu Ning 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThyroid hormone (TH) plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment, but its function and specific mechanisms remain unclear after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here we found that treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) ameliorated the progression of neurological deficits in mice subjected to TBI. The data showed that T3 reduced neural death and promoted the elimination of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. However, T3 did not prevent TBI-induced cell death in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (Pink1) knockout mice suggesting the involvement of mitophagy. Moreover, we also found that T3 promoted neurogenesis via crosstalk between mature neurons and neural stem cells (NSCs) after TBI. In neuron cultures undergoing oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), conditioned neuron culture medium collected after T3 treatment enhanced the in vitro differentiation of NSCs into mature neurons, a process in which mitophagy was required. Taken together, these data suggested that T3 treatment could provide a therapeutic approach for TBI by preventing neuronal death via mitophagy and promoting neurogenesis via neuron–NSC crosstalk.
Accuracy of intraocular lens formulas using total keratometry in eyes with previous myopic laser refractive surgery
Authors: Yeo Tun Kuan , Heng Wee Jin , Pek Don , Wong John , Fam Han Bor 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This comparative study aimed to determine if total keratometry (TK) from IOLMaster 700 could be applied to conventional formulas to perform IOL power calculation in eyes with previous myopic laser refractive surgery, and to evaluate their accuracy with known post-laser refractive surgery formulas.

Methods
Sixty-four eyes of 49 patients with previous myopic laser refractive surgery were evaluated 1 month after cataract surgery. A comparison of the prediction error was made between no clinical history post-laser refractive surgery formulas (Barrett True-K, Haigis-L, Shammas-PL) and conventional formulas (EVO, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay I, and SRK/T) using TK values obtained with the optical biometer IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec), as well as Barrett True-K with TK.

Results
The mean prediction error was statistically different from zero for Barrett True-K, Barrett True-K with TK, Haigis-L, Shammas-PL, and Holladay I with TK. The mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.424, 0.671, 0.638, 0.439, 0.408, 0.424, 0.479, 0.647, and 0.524, and median absolute error (MedAE) was 0.388, 0.586, 0.605, 0.298, 0.294, 0.324, 0.333, 0.438, and 0.377 for Barrett True-K, Haigis-L, Shammas-PL, Barrett True-K TK, EVO with TK, Haigis with TK, Hoffer Q with TK, Holladay I with TK, and SRK/T with TK, respectively. EVO TK followed by Barrett True-K TK and Haigis TK achieved the highest percentages of patients with absolute prediction error within 0.50 and 1.00 D (68.75%, 92.19%, and 64.06%, 92.19%, respectively)

Conclusions
Formulas combined with TK achieve similar or better results compared to existing no-history post-myopic laser refractive surgery formulas.
Unconscious reinforcement learning of hidden brain states supported by confidence
Authors: Cortese Aurelio , Lau Hakwan , Kawato Mitsuo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCan humans be trained to make strategic use of latent representations in their own brains? We investigate how human subjects can derive reward-maximizing choices from intrinsic high-dimensional information represented stochastically in neural activity. Reward contingencies are defined in real-time by fMRI multivoxel patterns; optimal action policies thereby depend on multidimensional brain activity taking place below the threshold of consciousness, by design. We find that subjects can solve the task within two hundred trials and errors, as their reinforcement learning processes interact with metacognitive functions (quantified as the meaningfulness of their decision confidence). Computational modelling and multivariate analyses identify a frontostriatal neural mechanism by which the brain may untangle the ‘curse of dimensionality’: synchronization of confidence representations in prefrontal cortex with reward prediction errors in basal ganglia support exploration of latent task representations. These results may provide an alternative starting point for future investigations into unconscious learning and functions of metacognition.
Cardiac dopamine D1 receptor triggers ventricular arrhythmia in chronic heart failure
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshihiro , Sumida Tomokazu S. , Nomura Seitaro , Satoh Masahiro , Higo Tomoaki , Ito Masamichi , Ko Toshiyuki , Fujita Kanna , Sweet Mary E. , Sanbe Atsushi , Yoshimi Kenji , Manabe Ichiro , Sasaoka Toshikuni , Taylor Matthew R. G. , Toko Haruhiro , Takimoto Eiki , Naito Atsuhiko T. , Komuro Issei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPathophysiological roles of cardiac dopamine system remain unknown. Here, we show the role of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing cardiomyocytes (CMs) in triggering heart failure-associated ventricular arrhythmia. Comprehensive single-cell resolution analysis identifies the presence of D1R-expressing CMs in both heart failure model mice and in heart failure patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia. Overexpression of D1R in CMs disturbs normal calcium handling while CM-specific deletion of D1R ameliorates heart failure-associated ventricular arrhythmia. Thus, cardiac D1R has the potential to become a therapeutic target for preventing heart failure-associated ventricular arrhythmia.
The effect of military training on the sense of agency and outcome processing
Authors: Caspar Emilie A. , Lo Bue Salvatore , Magalhães De Saldanha da Gama Pedro A. , Haggard Patrick , Cleeremans Axel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArmed forces often rely on strict hierarchical organization, where people are required to follow orders. In two cross-sectional studies, we investigate whether or not working in a military context influences the sense of agency and outcome processing, and how different durations (junior cadets vs senior cadets) and types (cadets vs privates) of military experience may modulate these effects. Participants could administer painful electrical shocks to a ‘victim’ in exchange for money, either by their own free choice, or following orders of the experimenter. Results indicate that working in a strictly hierarchical structure may have a generalized negative impact on one’s own sense of agency and outcome processing by reducing it, even when participants could freely decide their action. However, trained officers showed an enhanced sense of agency and outcome processing. This study offers insights on the potential for training the sense of agency and outcome processing.