bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Alkyl Chain Length of Acylated α‐Cyclodextrin‐Threaded Polyrotaxanes on Thermoresponsive Phase Transition Behavior
Authors: Tamura Atsushi , Ohashi Moe , Tonegawa Asato , Kang Tae Woong , Zhang Shunyao , Yui Nobuhiko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe temperature‐dependent phase transition behavior of acetylated polyrotaxanes (PRXs) consisting of acylated α‐cyclodextrins threaded onto a poly(ethylene glycol) chain in an aqueous solution is investigated. Acetyl (Ac), propionyl (Pr), and butyryl (Bu) group‐modified PRXs with different degrees of substitution are synthesized to elucidate the effect of the alkyl chain length of the acyl groups on temperature responsivity. Ac‐PRXs, Pr‐PRXs, and Bu‐PRXs are dissolved in water and exhibit temperature‐dependent transmittance changes accompanied by coacervate formation. However, the temperature responsivity of acylated PRXs is seen in limited degree of substitution range (≈10%). The maximum degree of substitution to show temperature responsivity of acylated PRXs decreases with increasing alkyl chain length of the acyl groups. Transmittance measurements of acylated PRXs in the presence of urea reveal that the alkyl chain length of the acyl groups determines the predominant force involved in the temperature‐induced phase transition. During the temperature‐induced phase transition of Pr‐PRXs and Bu‐PRXs, hydrophobic interactions are predominant; however, hydrogen bond formation may occur in Ac‐PRXs. These fundamental findings related to acylated PRXs will facilitate the application of PRXs as thermoresponsive supramolecular materials.
Fabrication of Microporous Polymeric Film via Colloid‐Based Layer‐By‐layer Technology for CO2 Capturing
Authors: Pan Yaoyu , Song Qiongfang , Zhu Yalin , Wang Yun , Sun Zhengguang , Chen Xueqin , Xu Ziqiang , Li Cao , Jiang Bingbing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLarge‐scale and simple strategies to flexibly preparing materials with industrial application potential attract people's attention. Layer‐by‐layer (LBL) self‐assembly technology is a typical preparation method for current nanomaterials to address the large‐scale concern and achieve the possibility of a simple, streamlined and controllable process. Here, a novel and simple strategy is developed to fabricate microporous polymeric film (MPF) based on poly(styrene‐hydroxyethyl methylacrylate) (P(St‐HEMA)) microspheres, in combination with LBL self‐assembly technology and hypercrosslinked microporous post‐treatment. To improve the mechanical properties of the film, the buffer layer of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and poly(sodium‐p‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS) are used to avoid swelling of nanoparticles and the methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) is chosen to increase the force between the nanoparticles via UV‐crosslinking. The MPF has well CO2 capture capabilities up to 46.21 wt% (10.52 mmol g−1), large‐scale feature and certain improved mechanical properties. It is hoped that the research could display a successful strategy to prepare the large‐scale film for the application of industrialization.
Novel Biobased Self‐Healing Ionomers Derived from Itaconic Acid Derivates
Authors: Meurer Josefine , Hniopek Julian , Dahlke Jan , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen , Zechel Stefan , Hager Martin D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article presents novel biobased ionomers featuring self‐healing abilities. These smart materials are synthesized from itaconic acid derivates. Large quantities of itaconic acid can be produced from diverse biomass like corn, rice, and others. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of their thermal and mechanical properties via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and FT‐Raman and FT‐IR measurements as well as dynamic mechanic analysis. Within all these measurements, different kinds of structure‐property relationships could be derived from these measurements. For example, the proportion of ionic groups enormously influences the self‐healing efficiency. The investigation of the self‐healing abilities reveals healing efficiencies up to 99% in 2 h at 90 °C for the itaconic acid based ionomer with the lowest ionic content.
Miniaturized dual‐mode sector patch bandpass filter using a single via‐hole
Authors: Liu Jiawei , Zhang Yonghong , Qu Lili , Jing Huaishu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA miniaturized dual‐mode sector patch bandpass filter using a single via‐hole is presented in this article. Only a single 11.25° sector patch resonator, which is one‐thirty‐second of the complete circular patch resonator, is utilized to miniaturize the filter for the first time. Without changing the size and construction of the initial patch, a simple via‐hole is used to perturb the patch resonator, thus the novel dominant mode, which provides further compactness is generated. In addition, the change of via‐hole position is utilized to expand the bandwidth and significantly enhance the flexibility of the filter. Moreover, the proposed filter possesses two transmission zeros and it has obvious advantages of low insertion loss, compact size, and wide passband.
Passage and Survival of Juvenile Salmonid Smolts through Dams in the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 2010–2018
Authors: Skalski John R. , Whitlock Steven L. , Townsend Richard L. , A. Harnish Ryan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Minimizing the mortality and migration time of juvenile salmon (smolts) that pass through dams is a long-standing objective in the pursuit of salmon recovery in the Columbia River basin. We compiled and analyzed 40 acoustic tag studies of juvenile salmonid that were performed between 2010 and 2018 at seven of the eight hydroelectric projects in the Federal Columbia River Power System. We found that the use of nonturbine routes decreased monotonically moving downstream from the Snake River to the main-stem Columbia River dams and associated mortality differed substantially between the dams in the two rivers. Spillways were the predominant passage route at the main-stem Columbia River dams. In contrast, passage was more common through the surface weirs and juvenile bypass systems at the dams in the Snake River, which generally provided higher survival. The observed stocks exhibited variable passage behaviors and mortalities, and the estimated probability that an individual would pass through all eight dams in the system without using a turbine route was 0.31, 0.47, and 0.60 for subyearling Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, yearling Chinook Salmon, and steelhead O. mykiss, respectively. Although subyearling Chinook Salmon were generally more likely to pass through a turbine route, they also experienced less turbine-associated mortality than did the other stocks, especially steelhead. Notably, the proportion of smolts that passed through the spillway relative to the proportion of water through the spillway was lowest at Bonneville Dam, the largest and lowermost dam in the system. Bonneville Dam also stood out as having the highest proportion of smolts passing through turbines, but it was among the locations with the lowest rates of turbine-associated mortality.
Bigheaded Carp Spatial Reproductive Dynamics in Illinois and Wabash River Tributaries
Authors: Schaick Samuel J. , Moody-Carpenter Cassi J. , Effert-Fanta Eden L. , Hanser Kellie N. , Roth Daniel R. , Colombo Robert E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fisheries managers are devoting considerable effort, time, and funding toward limiting the spread of invasive Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Silver Carp H. molitrix (hereafter, “bigheaded carps”). A better understanding of factors that influence spatial patterns of bigheaded carp reproduction can help fisheries managers to prevent their spread. To examine factors that influence spatial patterns of reproduction, we sampled ichthyoplankton by using drift nets and push nets in three tributaries of the Illinois and Wabash rivers during March–September 2016–2018. We compared relative abundances of bigheaded carp eggs and larvae among tributaries by using CPUE. Abiotic data were analyzed from individual study tributaries and were pooled among tributaries with substantial versus minimal evidence of bigheaded carp reproduction. In total, 5,689 larval bigheaded carp were captured during three sampling seasons. Of the six study tributaries, we captured the most bigheaded carp larvae in the Sangamon River, followed by the Little Wabash, Embarras, Spoon, Mackinaw, and Vermilion rivers. Based on previous literature, we investigated differences in watershed area, discharge, water temperature, turbidity, and free-flowing stretches of river in our study tributaries. In general, tributaries with greater relative abundances of bigheaded carp eggs and larvae had larger watersheds, greater discharge, lower Secchi depths (higher turbidity), and longer free-flowing stretches than those with minimal evidence of reproduction. This study provides a thorough investigation of bigheaded carp reproduction in six large-river tributaries and will help fisheries managers to better monitor and mediate the spread of these invaders by facilitating the prioritization of potential monitoring locations.
Micromechanical‐based experimental and analytical studies on rate effects and stick‐slip instability of smooth quartz surfaces in the presence of plastic and non‐plastic gouges
Authors: Kasyap Sathwik S. , Senetakis Kostas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe examined with micromechanical‐based experiments the influence of shearing rate on the tangential contact behavior of smooth (very low surface roughness) flat quartz surfaces with montmorillonite and crushed aggregates as gouges. On decreasing the shearing rate by one order of magnitude, significant changes in the stick‐slip instability were observed; increase in force‐drop, recurrence interval and slip velocity. The initial tangential stiffness increased on decreasing the shearing rate. The type of gouge particles also influenced the behavior of the interfaces; for example, higher friction and stable sliding were observed for angular particles (non‐plastic gouge) compared to flaky particles (plastic gouge). The partition of the tangential force‐displacement relationship based on the shape of the curve was also dependent on the shearing rate. On a qualitative standpoint, the results presented in this micromechanical‐based study were in agreement with macro‐scale test results published in the literature, although different scale tests were also performed in the present work, from grain‐level to direct shear test size. The changes in the behavior of stick and slip components of the tangential force and the contact area with shearing rate were analytically studied, and the corresponding variations in the normal load‐displacement relationship were also discussed. This experimental micromechanical‐based study with additional analytical support, provides a preliminary understanding of the frictional behavior of different gouges under shearing rates of one folder difference and also provides insights into the stick‐slip instability behavior at a microscopic (grain‐scale) standpoint.
Probabilistic analysis of overall strength of a cement‐treated soil column considering statistical uncertainty and spatial variability
Authors: Namikawa Tsutomu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA finite‐element method (FEM) analysis incorporating with random field theory is a powerful tool to predict the behavior of ground improvement by deep cement mixing with spatial variability. In the analysis, statistical parameters of the strength (i.e., mean, variance, and autocorrelation distance) are normally held constant. However, these parameters involve a statistical uncertainty when evaluated from strengths of core samples retrieved from the cement‐treated soil columns. This study presents a probabilistic analysis framework to evaluate the overall strength of a cement‐treated soil column considering the statistical uncertainty and spatial variability of the core strength. A Bayesian inference analysis and an FEM analysis incorporating with the random field theory are combined in a Monte Carlo framework to simultaneously consider the statistical uncertainty and spatial variability. The statistical uncertainty of the core strength is evaluated by the Bayesian inference approach, where the probability distribution of the statistical parameters is inferred from the observation data. The inferred statistical parameters of the strength are used for generating random field realizations, and the FEM analysis is conducted on the generated realizations. An example analysis is conducted to illustrate the details of the approach. The results of the example simulation demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide the probabilistic characteristic of the overall strength of the cement‐treated column when the statistical uncertainty and the spatial variability of the core strength need to be simultaneously considered.
Type I interferon: From innate response to treatment for COVID‐19
Authors: Lin Fuyu , Shen Kunling 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTEffective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are urgently needed to address the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Various antiviral drugs have recently been tested. Type I interferon (IFN) is a regulatory protein involved in the innate immune response, with broad‐spectrum antiviral activities and the ability to directly block viral replication and support the immune response to eliminate virus infection. Insufficient virus‐induced type I IFN production is characteristic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, because SARS‐CoV‐2 suppresses the IFN response by interacting with essential IFN signaling pathways. Exogenous type I IFN is recommended for treating COVID‐19. Unexpectedly however, angiotensin converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2) receptor, which acts as a SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor, was shown to be stimulated by IFN, raising doubts about the suitability of IFN use. However, further studies have excluded concerns regarding IFN administration. Type I IFNs, including IFN‐α1b, have been used clinically as antiviral drugs for many years and have shown strong antiviral activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 in vitro. Preliminary clinical studies of type I IFNs, especially when delivered via aerosol inhalation, have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment and prevention of COVID‐19. Randomized controlled trials of IFN for COVID‐19 treatment are ongoing.
Progresses in clinical studies on antiviral therapies for COVID‐19—Experience and lessons in design of clinical trials
Authors: Zhaori Getu , Lu Lu , Liu Chunyan , Guo Yongli 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTAntiviral therapy with antiviral agents is a very important component of treatment for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). It is important to clarify how to evaluate efficacy and safety of antiviral agents in treatment of COVID‐19 during the pandemic of this disease. We need to answer the following questions: do we still need to use rigorously designed randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs)? Or, will it be enough if we use loosened criteria, observational studies or even retrospective case series and case reports? The answer is “No, we still need to use the strictly designed preferably blinded multicenter RCTs to evaluate the antiviral agents.” In this article, we reviewed almost all the RCT reports on monotherapies and combined therapies with antiviral agents for COVID‐19, and found that among the reports on monotherapies, only remdesivir, and among combined antiviral agents, only the combined regimen with interferon‐β1b, lopinavir‐ritonavir and ribavirin were effective and safe based on evidences from RCTs. The results of five RCTs for chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine consistently showed that they were ineffective and unsafe in the treatment of COVID‐19, especially at larger doses. Many aspects in the design of the clinical trials may be related to success or failure of a trial and the relevant factors need to be analyzed, discussed and emphasized from the specific requirements and considerations of antiviral therapies. We hope such discussions be of certain use in designing clinical trials for pediatric antiviral therapies.
Profiling the Philippine Blue: Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics study on Philippine Indigofera
Authors: Molino Ralph John Emerson J. , Junio Hiyas A. 
Published: December 2020

RationaleHigh‐throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis presents an interesting platform for natural dyes research. A particular example is the assessment of the dynamic changes in fermentation mixtures of Philippine Indigofera, and in the investigation of commercially available indigo prepared using traditional and optimized methods.MethodsLeaves from Indigofera tinctoria and Indigofera suffruticosa were subjected to methanolic extraction and aqueous fermentation for 48 h. Indigo powders prepared following 2‐day and 15‐day fermentation were also subjected to profiling using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF‐MS). MS2 spectra were annotated through a library search in the community‐curated Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS). Spectra with no library hits in GNPS were annotated by analysis of their fragmentation pathways.ResultsUHPLC/MS‐based detection and fragmentation analysis led to characterization of leucoindigo and the unreported tryptanthrin intermediate, 5a‐hydroxy‐5,5a‐dihydroindolo[2,1‐b]quinazoline‐6,12‐dione, in the fermentation extract of I. tinctoria leaves. Indigo‐associated metabolites were absent in an Indigofera specimen in Laguna Province, which explained why it did not produce blue dye. Locally produced indigo was abundant in indigotin and indirubin, differentiated based on product ions with the corresponding predicted fragmentation pattern. The relative intensity of indigotin, however, decreased with the traditional process of extended fermentation to produce indigo.ConclusionsThe study is the first to demonstrate simultaneous MS‐based analysis of reaction intermediates, indigotin dye, side products, and catabolites on actively transforming fermentation extracts of I. tinctoria. New results include annotated mass spectra for leucoindigo, and for the unreported 5a‐hydroxy‐5,5a‐dihydroindolo[2,1‐b]quinazoline‐6,12‐dione, which is probably an intermediate in tryptranthrin synthesis. The proposed fragmentation schemes could guide the annotation of analogous compounds in complex mixtures.
Synthesis of Cyanoalkynes from Alkyne Bromide and CuCN
Authors: Tang Jiahao , Sun Liang , Lin Zidi , Yi Jiadai , Shi Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA direct generation of cyanoalkynes from alkyne bromide and CuCN was reported. Mild reaction conditions were required, using catalytical amount of KI as the additive and DMSO as the solvent under 60 °C. GC analysis showed that alkyne iodide may be the intermediate. Both aromatic ethynyl bromides and aliphatic ethynyl bromides were proved to be good substrates. Good isolated yield was also observed in 10 gram scale synthesis. This method has provided an important alternative synthetic route to cyanoalkyne structures.
C2‐Symmetric Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives: Versatile Catalysts for the Enantioselective C−C Bond Forming Conjugate Addition of Nucleophiles to Simple α,β‐Unsaturated Acyl Pyrazoles
Authors: Curran Simon P. , Fallon Brendan J. , Connon Stephen J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA single C2‐symmetric squaramide catalyst system allows the facile addition of either malononitrile or benzyl nitroacetate to simple pyrazole‐based Michael acceptors with excellent enantiocontrol and at lower catalyst loadings than previously possible. The latter reactions are not diastereoselective, however facile hydrogenolysis leads to decarboxylation and formation of the formal adduct from the addition of nitromethane (a very recalcitrant nucleophile in this chemistry) with excellent yield and enantiocontrol.
Spatiotemporally Resolved Heat Dissipation in 3D Patterned Magnetically Responsive Hydrogels
Authors: Monks Patricia , Wychowaniec Jacek K. , McKiernan Eoin , Clerkin Shane , Crean John , Rodriguez Brian J. , Reynaud Emmanuel G. , Heise Andreas , Brougham Dermot F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMultifunctional nanocomposites that exhibit well‐defined physical properties and encode spatiotemporally controlled responses are emerging as components for advanced responsive systems, for example, in soft robotics or drug delivery. Here an example of such a system, based on simple magnetic hydrogels composed of iron oxide magnetic nanoflowers and Pluronic F127 that generates heat upon alternating magnetic field irradiation is described. Rules for heat‐induction in bulk hydrogels and the heat‐dependence on particle concentration, gel volume, and gel exposed surface area are established, and the dependence on external environmental conditions in “closed” as compared to “open” (cell culture) system, with controllable heat jumps, of ∆T 0–12°C, achieved within ≤10 min and maintained described. Furthermore the use of extrusion‐based 3D printing for manipulating the spatial distribution of heat in well‐defined printed features with spatial resolution <150 µm, sufficiently fine to be of relevance to tissue engineering, is presented. Finally, localized heat induction in printed magnetic hydrogels is demonstrated through spatiotemporally‐controlled release of molecules (in this case the dye methylene blue). The study establishes hitherto unobserved control over combined spatial and temporal induction of heat, the applications of which in developing responsive scaffold remodeling and cargo release for applications in regenerative medicine are discussed.
Closed-form quaternion representations for rigid body rotation: application to error assessment in orientation algorithms of strapdown inertial navigation systems
Authors: Plaksiy Yuriy , Breslavsky Dmitriy , Homozkova Irina , Naumenko Konstantin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractClosed-form analytical representations of the rigid body orientation quaternion, angular velocity vector and the external moment vector satisfying kinematic equations and equations of motion are derived. In order to analyze errors of orientation algorithms for strapdown inertial navigation systems, reference models for specific rigid body rotation cases are formulated. Based on solutions, analytical expressions for ideal signals of angular velocity sensors in the form of quasi-coordinates are derived. For several sets of parameters, numerical implementations of the reference models are performed and trajectories in the configuration space of orientation parameters are presented. Numerical analysis of the drift error for the third-order orientation algorithm is performed. The results show that the value of the accumulated drift error using the derived two-frequency models exceeds the value of the accumulated drift error in the conventional case of a regular precession.