bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Udlevering af lovovertrædere – en retshistorisk undersøgelse af retsgrundlaget og nogle statsretlige overvejelser
Authors: Terkelsen Ole 
Published: March 2020

This article examines the legal framework for Danish extradition as practiced prior to the first extradition acts from the 1960s. First, the article describes the development of international extradition law from a Danish perspective. Agreementsregarding extradition can be found in Danish treaties dating back several hundred years. Second, the article analyses the Danish legal basis of extradition. The lack of legislation until the 1960s has often been criticized by legal scholars,but the topic has not been studied in depth before. The early Danish extradition practice raises fundamental legal questions regarding inter alia the legal protection of foreigners in Denmark, the scope of the principle of legality, and the interpretation of the provisions of the Danish constitution relating to the deprivation of liberty.
Wikipédia, Wikimedia Commons et Wikisource, un eldorado de visibilité
Authors: Yoakim William 
Published: March 2020

Bien que fréquemment décriée pour son contenu, l’encyclopédie libre Wikipédia ne cesse de croître et d’être utilisée par des millions d’individus dans le monde entier. Au total, ce sont plus de 500 millions de visiteurs qui consultent mensuellement une partie des 30 millions d’articles rédigés dans 290 langues. Ces articles sont alors souvent illustrés par des documents d’archives. À titre d’exemple, un ensemble de photographies de militaires diffusé par les National Archives and Records Administration des États-Unis a été visionné des millions de fois. Cependant, le monde wiki est aussi une communauté qui n’est pas toujours encline à saisir la richesse et la pertinence des documents se trouvant dans les services et les centres d’archives du monde entier. L’exploitation de l’encyclopédie libre et celle des autres « projets » de la Wikimedia Foundation demandent des connaissances et le développement d’une stratégie de diffusion des documents. Sans grande réflexion effectuée en amont, le risque de voir son travail être incompris ou directement supprimé par la communauté wikipédienne est grand. Cet article vise donc à présenter les principes de base permettant à un service ou à un centre d’archives de songer à une exploitation adéquate de l’univers wiki.
Le Centre de recherche en civilisation canadienne-française (CRCCF) de l’Université d’Ottawa : 60 ans dévoués à la mémoire documentaire des francophones du Canada
Authors: Piché Geneviève 
Published: March 2020

Premier centre d’archives à s’intéresser aux francophones hors Québec, le Centre de recherche en civilisation canadienne-française de l’Université d’Ottawa est aujourd’hui l’un des plus importants dépôts documentaires francophones au Canada à l’extérieur du Québec. Il a pavé la voie à plusieurs communautés qui désiraient rassembler en un seul endroit leur patrimoine documentaire, pour ainsi pérenniser leur mémoire et leur histoire. Son principal objectif est de promouvoir la recherche sur tous les aspects de la culture et de l’histoire canadienne-française, surtout en Ontario français, notamment en préservant près de six cents fonds d’archives et en les diffusant le plus largement possible. Au fil des ans, le CRCCF est ainsi devenu un lieu incontournable pour quiconque pose son regard sur le Canada français. Après soixante ans à oeuvrer pour la conservation des archives francophones au Canada, il est temps de dresser un bilan des réalisations du CRCCF, de faire le point sur ce qui a été accompli au cours des dernières décennies et sur les défis et les enjeux qui s’annoncent dans les prochaines années.
Revitaliser les cultures et les langues autochtones au Canada : les nouvelles initiatives de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada
Authors: Smith Johanna , Ellis Benjamin 
Published: March 2020

Le Gouvernement du Canada reconnaît le droit de revitaliser et de protéger la culture, la langue, la tradition orale, l’histoire, les arts et la littérature des peuples autochtones. Considérant la richesse de ses collections autochtones, publiées ou archivistiques, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (BAC) joue un rôle important dans le maintien de ces droits. BAC a développé deux initiatives aspirant à promouvoir et à préserver les cultures autochtones au Canada. La première, Nous sommes là : voici nos histoires, vise la numérisation des documents de BAC relatifs aux autochtones et est guidée par les besoins de ces derniers. La seconde, Écoutez pour entendre nos voix, a pour objectif de soutenir les communautés et d’autres partenaires dans la préservation des enregistrements en langue autochtone dont ils sont dépositaires. Ces deux initiatives s’appuient sur une stratégie d’engagement qui inclut une gouvernance partagée, la production participative (crowdsourcing) et la création d’emplois spécialisés dans les communautés.
Sports experts’ unique perception of time duration based on the processing principle of an integrated model of timing
Authors: Jia Binbin , Zhang Zhongqiu , Feng Tian 
Published: March 2020

Background
Duration perception is an essential part of our cognitive and behavioral system, helping us interact with the outside world. An integrated model of timing, which states that the perceived duration of a given stimulus is based on the efficiency of information extraction, was recently set forth to improve current understanding of the representation and judgment of time. However, the prediction from this model that more efficient information extraction results in longer perceived duration has not been tested. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether sports experts, as a group of individuals with information extraction superiority in situations relevant to their sport skill, have longer duration perceptions when they view expertise-related stimuli compared with others with no expertise/experience.

Methods
For this study, 81 subjects were recruited based on a prior power analysis. The sports experts group had 27 athletes with years of professional training in diving; a wrestler group and a nonathlete group, with each of these groups having 27 subjects, were used as controls. All participants completed a classic duration reproduction task for subsecond and suprasecond durations with both the diving images and general images involved.

Results
The divers reproduced longer durations for diving stimuli compared with general stimuli under both subsecond and suprasecond time ranges, while the other samples showed the opposite pattern. Furthermore, the years of training in diving were positively correlated with the magnitude of the prolonged reproduction duration when divers viewed diving stimuli. Moreover, the diver group showed a more precise duration perception in subsecond time range for general stimuli compared with the wrestlers and nonathletes.

Conclusion
The results suggest that sports experts perceive longer duration when viewing expertise-related stimuli compared with others with no expertise/experience.
Effects of mucus trail following on the distance between individuals of opposite sex and its influence on the evolution of the trait in the Ezo abalone Haliotis discus hannai
Authors: Matsumoto Yukio 
Published: March 2020

Background
Aggregation affects the fertilization rate of species that utilize external fertilization. However, the process of aggregation has not been studied in detail, using either theoretical models or real world observations. We used the Ezo abalone Haliotis discus hannai as a model animal species to evaluate whether mucus trail following (MTF) facilitates aggregation by reducing the distance between members of opposite sexes. We also examined whether the fertilization rate increase with mucus-trail-following is an evolutionary driving force in mucus following behavior.

Methods
We used a y-maze to test whether H. discus hannai follows the mucus trails of other individuals. Distances between members of the opposite sex of MTF individuals were compared to non-MTF individuals using an individual-based model (IBM) consistent with the behavior of H. discus hannai. To examine whether MTF behavior evolved to reduce distances between members of the opposite sex, we constructed simple population genetic models of a diploid population with nonoverlapping, discrete generations.

Results
Haliotis discus hannai chose the y-maze arm with the mucus trail more frequently than the one without, regardless of the sex of the abalone that secreted the mucus or the reproductive season. In the IBM the distance between opposite sexes was significantly reduced by MTF behavior; however, the difference in distances between opposite sex compared to same sex individuals was only several centimeters. Simple population genetic models indicated that the aggregating effect of MTF between the opposite sex members could be an evolutionary driving force.

Conclusions
These results suggest that observed MTF behavior might have evolved as a mechanism to increase the fertilization rates although other factors could also be involved.
Medications, Healthcare Workers and Laboratory Capabilities to Manage HIV Infection among Children from 10 Districts of Indonesia
Authors: Herman Max Joseph , Masitoh Siti , Handayani Rini Sasanti 
Published: March 2020

Aims: To identify the availability of Medications, Healthcare Workers and Laboratory Capabilities to manage HIV infection among children from 10 Districts of Indonesia to inform efforts to improve healthcare.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Five provinces with the greatest number of People Living With HIV/ADS (PLWHA) in Indonesia: Jakarta, East Java, Bali, Papua and North Sumatera, between May and July 2015.
Methodology: Study subjects were parents/caregivers of children living with HIV/AIDS CLWHA) The number of subjects was calculated by estimating a population proportion with absolute precision, excluding those that cannot communicate well and of CLWHA who lived independently. 267 respondents were taken proportionately from each district. This descriptive study was conducted by using pre-test questionnaires and checklists to observe the availability of ARV and OI medication, medical devices and laboratory reagents.
Results: Data of 239 parents/caregivers out of 267 can be analyzed concerning their perception of the availability of ARVs and laboratory equipment. They are primarily their own parents (65.7%), more than half up to junior high school graduate (52.7%). The availability of medications at some hospitals are limited or unavailable. Nurses are still lacking and many who have not been trained. The comprehensiveness of the laboratory equipment and capabilities is still insufficient. The viral loads can only be examined in one hospital and CD4 cannot be counted in several hospitals. The availability of reagents is also very limited. There is no relation between respondents’ perception of the availability of ARVs and of the completeness of laboratory equipment with their education level (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The availability of medications for HIV/AIDS must be assured and the number of trained nurses still need to be increased.
The Challenges of Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) Implementation for Tuberculosis Management in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Ohamaeme M. C. , Ibeh C. C. , Egwurugwu J. N. , Ejikunle S. D. , Aniemena C. , Eberendu I. G. 
Published: March 2020

Aim: Several challenges have been hampering the DOTS strategy ranging from a paucity of staff, laboratory consumables and drugs among others. This study, therefore, assessed the challenges facing TB-DOTS implementation in Anambra State, Nigeria.
Study Design: A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out.
Place and Duration of Study: TB-DOTS accredited facilities in Anambra State, South-East Nigeria, September 2017 - March 2018.
Methodology: Using questionnaires on 354 respondents, a checklist on 32 DOTS accredited facilities, and Key In-depth Interview (KII) guide which was administered on 14 focal persons in rural and urban facilities, including the State TBL coordinator, was employed. Data were analysed using Chi-square and Fisher`s exact test with level of significance set at p<0.05, while key themes from KII were thematically analysed.
Results: Both urban and rural respondents took nearly the same time to reach a DOTS centre, however, urban respondents spent more money to reach a TB centre and this was statistically significant p≤0.002. Patients stated that the DOTS strategy could be improved by attending to them early, home visiting, having more staff, providing pocket money among others in urban compared to rural areas and these were statistically significant p≤0.003. Checklist revealed that most patients in rural facilities 16/19(84.2%) compared to urban 11/13(84.6%) were not observed taking their medications while 11/19(57.9%) rural compared to 5/13(38.5%) urban had no functional microscope. Both rural and urban facilities specifically had challenges of Genexpert machines, needed more staff and laboratories as well as adequate funds and retraining.
Conclusion: Challenges of DOTS may be myriad, however, Focal persons and Health workers should ensure direct observation of patients while the STBL coordinator informs government and policymakers on the need to employ more workers in TB management to help reduce waiting time. Regular training and retraining of health workers are also recommended.
Formulation and Physicochemical Characterization of Buccal Mucoadhesive Films Containing Alfuzocin Hydrochloride
Authors: Mahapatra Abikesh P. K. , Nagvenkar Sonia P. , Gude Rajashree 
Published: March 2020

The buccal region of oral cavity is a interesting target for the drug of choice administration. To increase prevent first pass metabolism and bioavailability, Alfuzocin Hydrochloride is embedded in buccal film for a sustained release over a period of 8 hours. The purpose of this study was to develop formulations and systematically evaluate in vitro performances of buccoadhesive films of Alfuzocin hydrochloride using the polymers HPMC K100M, Sodium Alginate and Chitosan. The films were provided with a backing layer of Eudragit RS100 so as to get an unidirectional release pattern. The films were evaluated for their physical characteristics like weight, thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, bioadhesive strength, surface pH, in vitro drug release, ex vivo buccal permeation and XRD studies. The films, which were prepared by the solvent casting method, were smooth and elegant in appearance; uniform in thickness, weight, and drug content; and showed good folding endurance. The mechanical properties reveal that the formulations were found to be strong but not brittle. The in vitro release data were fit to different equations and kinetic models viz. zero order, first order, higuchi’s plot and peppas plot. The best mucoadhesive performance and matrix controlled release was exhibited by the formulation A7 (2% HPMC K100 M and 2% Chitosan). The correlation coefficient value (r) indicates, the kinetic of drug release was zero order. Stability study of optimized films was done and it was found that both drug and buccal films were stable. It can be concluded that the present buccal formulation can be an ideal system to improve the bioavailability of the drug by avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism.
Demographic responses of eastern bluebirds to climatic variability in northeastern Arkansas
Authors: Harrod Sara E. , Rolland Virginie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAs climate change continues to alter temperature and precipitation patterns, numerous species have declined. However, populations of some species that show responses to climate change, such as eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis), have increased or remained stable nationwide. To understand how species are adapting to climate change, we estimated demographic parameters and their responses to climatic variability, using nesting and banding‐recapture data between 2003 and 2018 in a northeastern Arkansas eastern bluebird population. Increasing variability in precipitation in the nonbreeding season negatively affected hatchability. Hatching success was negatively affected by increasing variability in maximum temperatures and the number of hot days during the breeding season, but positively affected by increasing winter snow depth. Adult survival was positively affected by increasing snow depth and variability in the number of hot days during the breeding season, but negatively affected by increasing variability in nonbreeding season temperatures. Our results demonstrate that for this study population, annual breeding parameters, though canalized against interannual environmental variation, were affected by seasonal climatic variability. Although climate change may benefit bluebird survival due to increasing variability in winter temperatures and the number of hot days, climatic variability negatively affected breeding parameters and is expected to increase. Because breeding parameters are typically the drivers of population growth rate in short‐lived species, these results raise concern for the future of this population of eastern bluebirds.
Plant Phenotyping
Authors: Negrão Sónia , Julkowska Magdalena M 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEvery plant science experiment starts with a design that will be adapted to answer a specific biological question and involves evaluation of phenotypic traits. Plant phenotyping has advanced from manual measurements of physiologically relevant parameters to high‐throughput phenotyping platforms that use robotics and imaging sensors. Yet, this game‐changing technology has its own challenges, namely data analysis and interpretation. The improved quality of the sensors used in the phenotying experiment provides increased understanding, however the insight provided on the research question is limited by the experimental design. Aspects such as replication or spatial variability are important to consider when designing the experiment conducted in highly controlled environment as well as under field conditions. With wider availability of cameras and other sensors, we are able to record increasing number of plant traits. This results in the phenotypic bottleneck moving from data acquisition to data analysis. Throughout this article, we present practical considerations and potential shortcomings of phenotyping systems and suggest some solutions to the challenges of plant phenotyping through streamlined and reproducible data analysis pipelines.Key ConceptsPlant phenotypes are complex, resulting from the interaction between genotype and environment.The phenotype can be divided into traits, for example, biomass can be dissected into leaf area, branches/tillers, fruits.The relationship between traits depends on the environment, genotype and treatment.Each phenotyping method is optimised to answer a specific research question.Exploring the relationships between phenotypes and their changes across genotypes/treatments increases our understanding of the underlying physiological processes.Experimental design should include an optimal number of replicates and sample randomisation to ensure a successful interpretation of phenotypic results.Phenotyping results require detailed statistical analysis to be adequately interpreted.
Niccolò Leoniceno (1428–1524)
Authors: Cristofolini Giovanni 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Niccolò Leoniceno was an Italian humanist and physician. A learned scholar of classic scientific literature, Leoniceno applied a humanistic approach to medicine, his main tenet being the necessity of returning to a correct reading of the Greek texts, misunderstood and corrupted through time by Medieval and Arabic interpreters. In 1492, he published a pamphlet in which he maintained that Naturalis Historia, the master work by Pliny the Elder, contained a number of errors in plant identification and naming; his concern was that such errors would be misleading to the practical physician who could, potentially, damage rather than cure his sick patients. In doing so, Leoniceno also addressed the issue of how to define plant species and how to give them a univocal name, a key issue in the natural sciences during the subsequent centuries. Leoniceno's break with Pliny proved to be a landmark in the development of plant taxonomy.

Key Concepts

Renaissance humanism was essential to the inception of modern science.

Leoniceno was a pioneer in combining the humanistic mentality with practical medicine and natural science, giving origin to scientific humanism.

Scientific humanism had its grounds in critical reading and reevaluating ancient Greek and Latin classics compared with their Medieval interpretation and corruption.

Leoniceno was an innovator of Medicine, pursuing a rational approach combined with the essence of Galenic teaching.

With his attack on Pliny, Leoniceno first dared to explicitly criticise a classical authority.

The debate about Pliny's ‘
Naturalis historia
’ called into question a basic issue: how to define and how to univocally name plant species.
Conrad Hal Waddington (1905–1975)
Authors: Hall Brian K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Conrad Hal Waddington (1905–1975) took a degree in Geology at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He began but never finished a graduate degree; genetics and experimental embryology replaced palaeontology. He began experimental studies on the chemical nature of the primary organiser discovered by Spemann and Mangold in 1924. From collaboration with Joseph and Dorothy Needham and through the Theoretical Biology Club, came the concepts of evocation and individuation. Establishment of a Unit on Animal Breeding and Genetics in Edinburgh after the second World War provided Waddington with his professional home where he sought to integrate genetics and development into an evolutionarily relevant discipline. Adhering to the organic philosophy initiated by Alfred Whitehead (organicism) Waddington identified three major modes of explanation for the development of organisms as integrated wholes: canalisation, genetic assimilation and epigenetics. The metaphorical epigenetic landscape became the way most developmental biologists ‘saw’ the organisation of embryonic development. Integrated, heritable, epigenetic organisation of embryonic development is Waddington's lasting legacy to development and evolution.

Key Concepts

Canalisation is a homeostatic mechanism by which development is buffered against environmental or genetic variation, allowing the same feature to form under changing conditions.

Genetic assimilation is the process by which embryos respond to changes in the environment by producing a different phenotype, which, through selection, can arise in the absence of the environmental change.

Epigenetics (Waddingtonian epigenetics) is the term for the interactions among genes and between genes and environmental signals that result in the formation of elements of the phenotype.

Molecular epigenetics is the study of how mechanisms such as methylation or imprinting regulate gene action.

Interactions between parts of developing animal embryos (embryonic induction) are essential for the development of major body parts.