bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of TASK-1/3 channels at the hypoglossal motoneuron pool and effects on tongue motor output and responses to excitatory inputs in vivo: implications for strategies for obstructive sleep apnea pharmacotherapy
Authors: Gurges Patrick , Liu Hattie , Horner Richard L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs exclusively during sleep due to reduced tongue motor activity. Withdrawal of excitatory inputs to the hypoglossal motor nucleus (HMN) from wake to sleep contributes to this reduced activity. Several awake–active neurotransmitters with inputs to the HMN (e.g. serotonin [5-HT]) inhibit K+ leak mediated by TASK-1/3 channels on hypoglossal motoneurons, leading to increased neuronal activity in vitro. We hypothesize that TASK channel inhibition at the HMN will increase tongue muscle activity in vivo and modulate responses to 5-HT. We first microperfused the HMN of anesthetized rats with TASK channel inhibitors: doxapram (75 μM, n = 9), A1899 (25 μM, n = 9), ML365 (25 μM, n = 9), acidified artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF, pH = 6.25, n = 9); and a TASK channel activator terbinafine (50 μM, n = 9); all with and without co-applied 5-HT (10 mM). 5-HT alone at the HMN increased tongue motor activity (202.8% ± 45.9%, p &lt; 0.001). However, neither the TASK channel inhibitors, nor activator, at the HMN changed baseline tongue activity (p &gt; 0.716) or responses to 5-HT (p &gt; 0.127). Tonic tongue motor responses to 5-HT at the HMN were also not different (p &gt; 0.05) between ChAT-Cre:TASKf/f mice (n = 8) lacking TASK-1/3 channels on cholinergic neurons versus controls (n = 10). In freely behaving rats (n = 9), microperfusion of A1899 into the HMN increased within-breath phasic tongue motor activity in wakefulness only (p = 0.005) but not sleep, with no effects on tonic activity across all sleep–wake states. Together, the findings suggest robust maintenance of tongue motor activity despite various strategies for TASK channel manipulation targeting the HMN in vivo, and thus currently do not support this target and direction for potential OSA pharmacotherapy.
Imaging of the mitral valve: role of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and cardiac computed tomography
Authors: Namazi Farnaz , Vo N. Mai , Delgado Victoria 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review
This article reviews the role of multimodality imaging in the in evaluation of patients with mitral regurgitation referred for transcatheter interventions.

Recent findings
Transcatheter therapies for mitral regurgitation in patients with high surgical risk or contraindications for surgery are evolving rapidly. Three-dimensional imaging techniques (transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance) are key to determine the anatomical suitability for each transcatheter therapy, to accurately quantify mitral regurgitation, and to plan and guide the procedure. Fusion imaging is being implemented in catheterization laboratories to precisely guide the procedure and to maximize safety and optimal results. Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair with the MitraClip device (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA) provides the largest evidence on the safety and efficacy of this minimally invasive therapy and the importance of accurate patient selection to improve outcomes has been recently shown in two randomized trials.

Summary
Multimodality imaging is key in the work-up of patient with mitral regurgitation undergoing transcatheter therapies. Preprocedural imaging with three-dimensional echocardiography, computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance is important to evaluate the eligibility of patients for transcatheter interventions, whilst three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography provides soft-tissue information that can be overlaid onto fluoroscopy allowing more accurate guidance of transcatheter interventions.
Effect of direct renin inhibition on vascular function after long-term treatment with aliskiren in hypertensive and diabetic patients
Authors: Savoia Carmine , De Ciuceis Carolina , Paini Anna , Carletti Raffaella , Arrabito Emanuele , Nicoletti Carmine , Mercantini Paolo , Di Gioia Cira , Battistoni Allegra , Ucci Sarassunta , Filippini Antonio , Agabiti Rosei Enrico , Volpe Massimo , Muiesan Maria L. , Rizzoni Damiano , Salvetti Massimo 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
We tested the hypothesis that chronic treatment with the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren improves vascular function in resistance and conduit arteries of type two diabetic and hypertensive patients.

Method:
Sixteen patients with mild essential hypertension and with a previous diagnosis of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were included in the study. Patients were then randomized to aliskiren (150 mg once daily, n = 9), or ramipril (5 mg once daily, n = 7). Each patient underwent a biopsy of the subcutaneous tissue and small arteries were dissected and mounted on a pressurized micromyograph to evaluate endothelium dependent vasorelaxation in response to acetylcholine ± N omega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride in vessels precontracted with norepinephrine. Endothelial function has been quantified also in large conduit arteries by flow-mediated dilation.

Results:
A similar office blood pressure-lowering effect was observed with the two drugs, although changes in DBP were not statistically significant in the ramipril group. Aliskiren significantly improved endothelium-dependent relaxation in subcutaneous resistance arteries, as well as increased flow-mediated dilation in conduit arteries, whereas the effects induced by ramipril did not reach statistical significance. Only aliskiren significantly increased the expression of p1177-endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the endothelium. Both aliskiren and ramipril had a negligible effect on markers of oxidative stress.

Conclusion:
Aliskiren restored endothelial function and induced a more prompt peripheral vasodilation in hypertensive and diabetic patients possibly through the increased production of nitric oxide via the enhanced expression and function of the active phosphorylated form of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
Vedolizumab Therapy in Children With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: Laborda Trevor J. , Ricciuto Amanda , Aumar Madeleine , Carman Nicholas , DiGuglielmo Matthew , Draijer Laura G. , Furuya Katryn N. , Gupta Nitika , Koot Bart G.P. , Loomes Kathleen M. , Lytvyak Ellina , Martinez Mercedes , Miloh Tamir , Montano‐Loza Aldo J. , Perito Emily R. , Sathya Pushpa , Shah Uzma , Shteyer Eyal , Singh Ruchi , Taylor Amy , Valentino Pamela L. , Vitola Bernadette , Zerofsky Melissa , Zizzo Andréanne , Deneau Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Most patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) also have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The liver and colon express MAdCAM‐1, a target of lymphocyte homing integrins. Vedolizumab (VDZ) is an α4β7 integrin antibody used to treat IBD. We investigated liver outcomes in children with PSC‐IBD treated with VDZ.Methods:Patients were identified within the Pediatric PSC Consortium, a multicenter research registry. Retrospective demographic, phenotypic, biochemical, radiological, histopathologic and IBD data for up to 1 year of VDZ therapy were collected. Liver biochemical and IBD responses were defined as: a 75% or greater reduction in initial γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), or a GGT that fell to <50 IU/L and improved Mayo endoscopy grade or IBD activity scores after 9 to 12 months.Results:Thirty‐seven patients were identified from 19 centers. VDZ was initiated at median age of 16 years [IQR 15–18], 69% were male, 65% had large duct involvement, 19% had (Metavir F3/F4) fibrosis and 59% had ulcerative colitis. Of 32 patients with abnormal GGT at baseline, 22% had a liver biochemical response after 9 to 12 months. For IBD, 32% achieved remission, 30% had a clinical response, and 38% had no response. Final GGT after 9 to 12 months was 51 [IQR 28–71] in IBD patients in remission versus 127 [IQR 63–226] in those with active IBD, (P = 0.066).Conclusions:Liver biochemistry worsened over time in IBD unresponsive to VDZ but remained unchanged in IBD patients in remission. VDZ did not improve liver biochemistry in pediatric PSC‐IBD. Progressive liver disease may be more common in patients with medically refractory IBD.
COVID-19-associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Presenting as Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Stevens James P. , Brownell Jefferson N. , Freeman A. Jay , Bashaw Hillary 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
In April 2020, a newly recognized pediatric disorder associated with COVID-19 characterized by significant inflammation with symptoms resembling Kawasaki disease was described by medical teams in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Before these reports, data from the initial COVID-19 outbreaks in China had not found the virus to cause significant morbidity or mortality in children. To date, pancreatitis has not yet been reported in either acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in children or the subsequent inflammatory syndrome. We describe a patient who presented with acute pancreatitis before rapidly progressing to multisystem organ dysfunction consistent with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children due to COVID-19. Clinicians should be aware that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, pancreatitis can be an early presentation of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
Psychometrics of the Functional Oral Intake Scale for Children With Dysphagia
Authors: Yi You Gyoung , Shin Hyung-Ik 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
The functional oral intake scale (FOIS), developed for adults based on the categories of consumable food has been adapted for infants. A FOIS for children is necessary as oral motor development continues after 1 year of age. This study proposed a FOIS for children and investigated the reliability and validity of the scale.

Methods:
We adapted the original FOIS into a scale for children by removing 2 item levels to generate a 5-point scale. This retrospective study included 194 children ages 1 to 7 years. Their nutrition records were evaluated separately by 2 raters using the FOIS for children. Dysphagia and aspiration severity were evaluated based on the findings from a videofluoroscopic swallowing study. For children partially dependent on tube feeding, medical records were investigated to determine whether full oral feeding was accomplished within 1 year.

Results:
The inter-rater reliability of FOIS for children had 97.4% agreement (weighted kappa = 0.985, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.994). Significant associations were identified between the FOIS for children and aspiration severity (P < 0.001, r = 0.315) and dysphagia severity (P < 0.001, r = 0.287). The rate of reaching full oral feeding within 1 year was greater (71.4% vs 30%) in children at the FOIS 3 level (tube and oral feeding in parallel) than for children at FOIS 2 (tube-dependent with minimal oral intake).

Conclusions:
The FOIS for children showed adequate reliability and validity and could be appropriate for documenting children's eating abilities and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.
Extended Screening for Cystic Fibrosis-related Liver Disease Including Elastography in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Højte Christine , Jørgensen Marianne Hørby , Jensen Flemming , Katzenstein Terese L. , Skov Marianne 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
Advances in treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) have increased survival and thereby prevalence of patients with liver disease, making chronic liver disease one of the major complications of CF. We describe the prevalence of liver fibrosis, portal hypertension, and liver decompensation by extended screening for cystic fibrosis-related liver disease (CFLD) including ultrasound, elastography, and an extended panel of biochemical markers.

Methods:
A cross sectional study of CFLD in all pediatric CF patients (1–18 years) from the Copenhagen CF Center. Screening for liver disease included physical examination, biochemical analysis, Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography (FibroScan), conventional ultrasound, and Real-Time Shear Wave elastography (SWE). Patients were scored according to Williams ultrasound scoring scale (WUSS) within 6 months.

Results:
A total of 84 consecutive patients (male sex 46.4%, median age 10.4 years) were included. Eight patients (9.5%) had both ≥2 abnormal results of sonographic methods and ≥2 abnormal biochemical results and were in this study categorized as having manifest CFLD. Manifest CFLD patients were significantly older and had a higher mean value of APRI, but no differences in gender, z-height, z-weight, z-BMI, FEV1%, or mean value of bilirubin or albumin were found.

Conclusions:
In total, 8 patients (9.5%) in this pediatric CF population were categorized as having CFLD according to both biochemical and sonographic tests. Consistency was found among the results of FibroScan and SWE. We suggest WUSS and either FibroScan or SWE, combined with GGT as diagnostic markers for CFLD.
Anti‐TNF‐α Therapy Exerts Intestinal Anti‐inflammatory and Anti‐apoptotic Effects After Massive Bowel Resection in a Rat
Authors: Sukhotnik Igor , Ben‐Shahar Yoav , Pollak Yulia , Cohen Shlomi , Guz‐Mark Anat , Shamir Raanan 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to examine the effect of massive small bowel resection on proinflammatory cytokine intestinal expression and the effect of anti‐TNF‐α antibodies (ATA) on intestinal inflammation, epithelial cell turnover, and intestinal adaptation after bowel resection in rats.Methods:Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: Sham‐rats underwent bowel transection; Sham‐ATA rats underwent bowel transection and were treated with ATA; SBS‐animals underwent 75% bowel resection; and SBS‐ATA rats underwent bowel resection and were treated with ATA similarly to Group B. Parameters of intestinal adaptation, enterocyte proliferation, and apoptosis were determined at sacrifice. TNF‐α and apoptosis‐related gene and protein levels were determined by Illumina's Digital Gene Expression (DGE) analysis, Real Time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.Results:From 25 genes related to TNF‐α signalling that were investigated, 8 genes in the jejunum and 10 genes in the ileum were found to be up‐regulated in resected versus sham animals. SBS rats demonstrated a significant increase in tissue and plasma TNF‐α, IL‐6 levels, intestinal mucosal TNF‐α related gene expression, and microscopic parameters of inflammation. Treatment of resected animals with ATA resulted in a significant decrease in TNF‐α levels, intestinal mucosal TNF‐α‐related gene expression, decreased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and macrophages, and lower apoptotic index compared with SBS animals.Conclusions:In a rat model of SBS, ATA decreased plasma and tissue TNF‐α levels, diminished mucosal inflammation, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Anti‐apoptotic effects of ATA appear to be associated with an inhibited extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
Open Primary Button Versus Laparoscopic Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
Authors: Davidson Joseph R. , Lee Do Rae. , Suresh Dhivya , Wright Hannah , Upadhyaya Manasvi , Yardley Iain E. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Open primary balloon gastrostomy (PBG) presents a potential alternative to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in children as it obviates the need for change under general anaesthetic; however, the complication profile of PBG compared to PEG is not well defined. Previous series comparing the two have been hampered by the groups not being equivalent. Our paediatric surgical centre has offered PBG as an alternative PEG since 2014. We used a matched case‐control study to compare outcomes for PBG and PEG.Methods:Patients undergoing PBG were used as “cases” and matched 1:3 by age and diagnosis to patients undergoing PEG, demographics, and clinical data as “controls.” Primary outcome was rate of complications classified according to Clavien‐Dindo (I‐V). Secondary outcomes included time to feed and length of stay. Non‐parametric, categorical and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Data here presented as median with interquartile range (IQR).Results:We included 140 patients (35 PBG:105 PEG). The 2 groups were comparable for sex, weight at surgery, and follow‐up duration. Median operative time was longer for PBG (43 min [IQR 36.5–61.5] vs 27.5 min [18.25–47.75], P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a statistically significant, higher incidence of symptomatic granulation tissue in PBG (10 [29%] vs 6 [6%], P = 0.0008), this remained significant on multivariate analysis (OR 7.56 [2.33–23.5], P = 0.001), no other complication remained significant. The overall complication rate was not statistically different.Conclusions:PBG and PEG have similar overall complication rates; however, PBG appears to have a higher incidence of granulation tissue. This observation must be weighed against the need for further general anaesthetic which is not insignificant in medically complex children.
The Views of Patients and Partners Toward Patient-Delivered Partner Therapy for Chlamydia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Layton Elly , Vaisey Alaina , Goller Jane L. , Coombe Jacqueline , Temple-Smith Meredith , Hocking Jane 
Published: August 2020

Background
The majority of research on patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT) has focused on its impact on reinfections. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding the acceptability of PDPT by patients and partners for chlamydia infection.

Methods
Three electronic databases were searched in March 2019 using terms related to PDPT. Studies were included if they reported on patient or partner acceptance of PDPT for chlamydia and were conducted in high-income countries. Actual and perceived acceptabilities of PDPT were assessed.

Results
Thirty-three studies were included: 24 quantitative, 3 qualitative, and 6 mixed methods. Most were clinic based. Quantitative data showed that participants' perceived willingness to give PDPT to their partner(s) ranged from 44.7% to 96.3% (median, 84%), and 24% to 71% (median, 65%) of people who offered PDPT for their partner(s) accepted it. Partners' perceived willingness to accept ranged from 42.7% to 67% (median, 62%), and actual acceptance ranged from 44.7% to 80% (median, 77%). Those in longer-term relationships were generally more likely to accept PDPT; however, beyond this, we identified few clear trends. Qualitative studies found that convenience of PDPT and assurance of partner treatment were benefits, whereas partners not seeing a health care professional was viewed as a downside. Packaging that appeared legitimate and coaching on delivering PDPT were facilitators.

Conclusions
Because patients bear responsibility for the success of PDPT, this information is crucial in clinical settings. Acceptance, perceived and real, of PDPT was generally high. Patients are best placed to determine whether PDPT is appropriate for them, and it should be offered as an option.
Further Improving Image Quality of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Angiography for Children With High Heart Rates Using Second-Generation Motion Correction Algorithm
Authors: Sun Jihang , Okerlund Darin , Cao Yongli , Li Haoyan , Zhu Yaobin , Li Jianying , Peng Yun 
Published: August 2020

Background
The state-of-art motion correction algorithm is inadequate for correcting motion artifacts in coronary arteries in cardiovascular computed tomography angiography (CCTA) for children with high heart rates, and even less effective for heart structures beyond coronary arteries.

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a second-generation, whole-heart motion correction algorithm in improving the heart image quality of CCTA for children with high heart rates.

Materials and Methods
Forty-two consecutive symptomatic cardiac patients with high heart rates (122.6 ± 18.8 beats/min) were enrolled. All patients underwent CCTA on a 256-row CT using a prospective electrocardiogram-triggered single-beat protocol. Images were reconstructed using a standard algorithm (STD), state-of-the-art first-generation coronary artery motion correction algorithm (MC1), and second-generation, whole-heart motion correction algorithm (MC2). The image quality of the origin of left coronary, right coronary, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aorta root, pulmonary artery root, ventricular septum (VS), and atrial septum (AS) was assessed by 2 experienced radiologists using a 4-point scale (1, nondiagnostic; 2, detectable; 3, measurable; and 4, excellent); nonparametric test was used to analyze and compare the differences among 3 groups; and post hoc multiple comparisons were used between different methods.

Results
There were group differences for cardiac structures except VS and AS, with MC2 having the best image quality and STD having the worst image quality. Post hoc multiple comparisons showed that MC2 was better than MC1 and STD in all structures except VS and AS where all 3 algorithms performed equally, whereas MC1 was better than STD only in the origin of left coronary, right coronary, and mitral valve.

Conclusions
A second-generation, whole-heart motion correction algorithm further significantly improves cardiac image quality beyond the coronaries in CCTA for pediatric patients with high heart rates.
Geometric mixing
Authors: Arrieta Jorge , Cartwright Julyan H. E. , Gouillart Emmanuelle , Piro Nicolas , Piro Oreste , Tuval Idan 
Published: August 2020

Mixing fluids often involves a periodic action, like stirring one’s tea. But reciprocating motions in fluids at low Reynolds number, in Stokes flows where inertia is negligible, lead to periodic cycles of mixing and unmixing, because the physics, molecular diffusion excepted, is time reversible. So how can fluid be mixed in such circumstances? The answer involves a geometric phase. Geometric phases are found everywhere in physics as anholonomies, where after a closed circuit in the parameters, some system variables do not return to their original values. We discuss the geometric phase in fluid mixing: geometric mixing.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.
Hymenobacter artigasi sp. nov., isolated from air sampling in maritime Antarctica
Authors: Roldán Diego M. , Kyrpides Nikos , Woyke Tanja , Shapiro Nicole , Whitman William B. , Králová Stanislava , Sedláček Ivo , Busse Hans-Jürgen , Menes Rodolfo Javier 
Published: August 2020

A rod-shaped and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, 1BT, was isolated from an air sample collected at King George Island, maritime Antarctica. Strain 1BT is strictly aerobic, psychrophilic, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and non-motile. Growth of strain 1BT is observed at 0–20 °C (optimum, 10 °C), pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0–1.0% NaCl (optimum, 0.5 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences places strain 1BT within the genus

Hymenobacter

and shows the highest similarity to

Hymenobacter antarcticus

VUG-A42aaT (97.5 %). The predominant menaquinone of strain 1BT is MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprise summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c; 32.5 %), iso-C15 : 0 (17.6 %) and anteiso C15 : 0 (12.3 %). The polar lipid profile consists of the major compounds phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, two unidentified aminolipids and one unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G+C content based on the draft genome sequence is 61.2 mol%. Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, 1BT represents a novel species of the genus

Hymenobacter

, for which the name Hymenobacter artigasi sp. nov. is suggested. The type strain is 1BT (=CCM 8970T=CGMCC 1.16843T).