bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trading Refugees: The Governance of Refugee Settlement in a Decentralized Welfare State
Authors: Askim Jostein , Steen Anton 
Published: February 2020

In a decentralized welfare state, central and local governments need each other to settle refugees. Using the case of Norway, the article studies how these interdependencies have been governed over time, including through the 2015–2016 refugee crisis. Norway's refugee settlement programme is a conscious hybrid of market and network governance and it has remained essentially stable for more than 20 years, despite several changes in government, large fluctuations in the number of refugees, and long periods of poor performance vis‐à‐vis settlement targets. This surprising programme stability is explained by a combination of extraordinary political adherence to the democratic value of local government autonomy, the cupidity of local governments, and abundant state economic resources during the period under study.
Dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin add‐on to metformin reduces liver fat and adipose tissue volume in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Johansson Lars , Hockings Paul D. , Johnsson Eva , Dronamraju Nalina , Maaske Jill , Garcia‐Sanchez Ricardo , Wilding John P. H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimTo assess the effects of dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin plus metformin versus glimepiride plus metformin on liver fat (proton density fat fraction) and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes over 52 weeks of treatment.Materials and methodsThis was a magnetic resonance imaging substudy of a 52‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group trial that evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin 10 mg/day plus saxagliptin 5 mg/day versus titrated glimepiride 1–6 mg (1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 mg) in 82 patients with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7.5%–10.5%) on metformin ≥1500 mg/day background. Analyses were exploratory and not controlled for multiplicity; P‐values are nominal.ResultsMagnetic resonance imaging was performed on 59 patients; liver fat and adipose tissue volumes were analysed for 59 and 57 patients, respectively. There was a significant >30% reduction from baseline in liver fat (P = 0.007) and >10% reduction in adipose tissue volumes (P < 0.01) with dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin plus metformin at week 52 versus glimepiride plus metformin. In the full‐study population, dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin plus metformin decreased body weight and serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels over 52 weeks.ConclusionsDapagliflozin plus saxagliptin significantly decreased liver fat and adipose tissue volume versus glimepiride, and reduced serum liver enzyme levels, indicating a favourable metabolic profile of dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin therapy.
Simple in‐field evaluation of moisture content in curing forage using normalized differece vegetation index (NDVI)
Authors: Lim Jihyun , Watanabe Nariyasu , Yoshitoshi Rena , Kawamura Kensuke 
Published: February 2020

AbstractProduction of hay at a proper moisture level is critical to reduce the spontaneous heating and nutrient loss during the preservation phase. Herein, we explored a new method for estimating the moisture content (MC) of field curing forages that uses a portable spectroradiometer (400–900 nm) and a hand‐held normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) meter. The spatial distributions were assessed by a multispectral camera with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform. Field spectral measurements were conducted daily at 10 random plots over six trials at four forage fields across the entire curing period. Multispectral imagery acquisition by UAV flights was conducted at one trial. The MC (wet basis) was determined using a forced‐air oven. For 400–900 nm spectral reflectance measured by the spectroradiometer, we conducted linear regression analyses between the MC and all available combinations of a normalized difference spectral index (NDSI(Band1, Band2) = (ρBand1 − ρBand2)/(ρBand1 + ρBand2), where ρλ is the apparent reflectance and λ is the wavelength in nm). The combinations that are generally used as greenness indices showed high coefficients of determination, for example, red and near infrared (R2 = .76, RMSE = 10.66%) and green and red (R2 = .81, RMSE = 9.57%). The NDVI meter and multispectral imagery showed the feasibility of NDVI (R2 = .79, RMSE = 8.58% and R2 = .89, RMSE = 6.74%, respectively) as a parameter to estimate the MC. We were able to verify the spatial variability of the MC in the field based on the NDVI imagery, which indicates that our method provides information for site‐specific management (e.g., partial swath manipulation) and for decision‐making regarding the harvest time and location.
Development and usability of a Hands‐On Assessment Tool for Child Health: The HATCH
Authors: Shon Soonyoung , Shin Hyunsook , Lee Yu‐nah , Ma Hyunhee , Rim Dahae 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimTo develop a comprehensive, hands‐on assessment tool for assessing health in children under five in underserved regions.DesignMethodological study design and usability testing were used.SampleEight nurses working at two health posts and 261 children under five living in the migrant villages participated in the study.MeasurementThe developed tool was evaluated using 10 items of a questionnaire based on the honeycomb model of Morville (2004). Community nurses administered the questionnaire then followed with a focus group interview after completing a child health exam using the developed tool. Data were collected during July 2017.ResultsThe Hands‐on Assessment Tool for Child Health is composed of developmental screening, identification of risk factors and clinical signs, growth measurement, diagnostic tests and interpretation of each subdomain, and final impressions. Management strategies include parent education, resource networking, referral to a paediatrician, and follow‐up plans. Usability testing revealed high scores on the facets “valuable,” “useful,” “desirable,” and “findable.”ConclusionsConsidering the demand for hands‐on tools in underserved regions, the developed tool can provide nurses with resources for competent management of child assessment, interpretation, and nurses' intervention strategies, fortified with clinical judgement processes.
Infection in neuro‐muscular scoliosis deformity correction
Authors: Haleem Shahnawaz , Edwin John , Bashir Muhammad A. , Soltani Scheherezade , Nadarajah Ramesh , Kieser David C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAssess the outcome of a standardised protocol for the treatment of post‐operative wound infection in patients undergoing deformity correction for neuro‐muscular scoliosis (NMS). Retrospective review of 443 consecutive patients with a minimum 18 months’ follow‐up, following a primary posterior deformity correction for NMS. In patients who developed a wound complication, the patient demographic and comorbidities, causative pathogen, number of re‐operations, length of stay (LOS), rate of cure, and complications were analysed. Forty‐four patients (9.9%) developed a wound infection. Marginally more infections were mono‐microbial (23) than poly‐microbial (21). Coagulase negative staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus were the most commonly cultured pathogens. Seventeen patients were treated with antibiotics alone, while 27 patients also required surgical debridement. The average LOS for those treated with antibiotics alone was 12 days (range: 9‐15 days), in contrast to those requiring debridement, which was 35 days (range: 35‐70 days). All patients were cured from their infection and ultimately achieved fusion. Infection is common in NMS deformity correction. This is marginally more common as a mono‐microbial than poly‐microbial infection with most pathogens being staphylococcal in origin. Our defined treatment strategy resulted in a cure for all patients and capacity for all patients to achieve fusion.
Circ_PUM1 promotes the development of endometrial cancer by targeting the miR‐136/NOTCH3 pathway
Authors: Zong Zhi‐Hong , Liu Yao , Chen Shuo , Zhao Yang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEndometrial cancer is one of the most common gynaecological malignancies and the sixth most common cause of cancer‐related death among women. Here, we define the role and molecular mechanism of circ_0000043 (hereafter referred to as circ_PUM1) in the development and progression of endometrial carcinoma. QRT‐PCR was used to detect the expression of circ_PUM1 in normal endometrial tissue and endometrial carcinoma tissues. Changes in cell function and tumorigenicity in nude mice were examined after circ_PUM1 overexpression or knockdown. Bioinformatic analysis and dual‐luciferase reporter assay were used to predict and analyse the miRNAs that circ_PUM1 binds. Gene expression changes were analysed using Western blot. Circ_PUM1 was expressed at significantly higher levels in endometrial cancer tissues than in normal tissues. Up‐regulation of circ_PUM1 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of endometrial carcinoma cells. Opposite results were observed with circ_PUM1 knockdown, and the tumorigenic ability of endometrial cancer cells after circ_PUM1 knockdown was reduced compared to control cells. Circ_PUM1 is capable of binding to miR‐136, and up‐regulating its target gene NOTCH3, which can be reversed by overexpression of miR‐136. Circ_PUM1 can compete with miR‐136, leading to up‐regulation of NOTCH3, and thereby promote the development of endometrial cancer.
Development of the Brief Personal Values Inventory for Sense of Values
Authors: Ozawa Sachiyo , Iijima Yudai , Ando Shuntaro , Okada Naohiro , Kawashima Tomoko , Ohta Kazusa , Yamasaki Syudo , Kasai Kiyoto , Nishida Atsushi , Nakatani Hironori , Koike Shinsuke 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) is a widely used questionnaire for assessing sense of values; however, it is difficult to apply for children and adolescents. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a questionnaire for sense of values, called the Brief Personal Values Inventory (BPVI), consisting of simple questions and fewer items compared to the PVQ. We first created 12 items for the BPVI and then tested criterion‐related validity with values in the PVQ‐57 in 167 Japanese general population participants (81 males, mean age [SD], range: 23.4 [8.2], 15–57 years). Each of these items was correlated with one or more of the values in the PVQ‐57 and covered all higher‐order values in Schwartz's theory (openness to change, self‐enhancement, conservation, and self‐transcendence). In summary, the BPVI adequately corresponded with Schwartz's value theory, indicating an acceptable criterion‐related validity. This questionnaire is applicable to a wide population, including adolescents, and will be a useful tool for researchers to elucidate the developmental pathway of personal sense of values.
Diehard singles: Bachelorhood as a terror management strategy among avoidant men
Authors: Seagel Hagai , Lifshin Uri , Hirschberger Gilad 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis research examines the motivational underpinnings of late bachelorhood through the lens of terror management and attachment theory. It was hypothesized that, although close relationships reduce existential concerns for most people, for avoidantly attached singles, thoughts of marriage may increase existential concerns. These hypotheses were tested in two studies among Israeli men. In Study 1, thoughts about getting married increased death thought accessibility (DTA) among avoidant singles compared to thoughts about being alone or a neutral control condition. For nonavoidant singles, thinking about future marriage reduced DTA. In Study 2, mortality salience reduced motivations for being in a relationship among avoidant singles and increased such motivation among those low in avoidant attachment. Results suggest that marriage may cause angst among avoidant single men.
Civil War and Democratization: A Micro‐Level Analysis
Authors: Gurses Mehmet , Celik Ayse Betul , Balta Evren 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveIn this study we draw on the conflict between the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkey to explore how exposure to violence can engender support for democracy at the individual level.MethodsWe rely on two nationwide representative surveys carried out in Turkey and estimate a series of ordered logistic and logistic regression models.ResultsWe find that exposure to violence during civil war is a significant predictor of embracing positive attitudes toward democracy. Wartime experiences are associated with a conceptualization of democracy that underscores equality and greater tolerance toward others.ConclusionBeing a member of a repressed minority is not sufficient to explain support for democracy. The link between wartime experiences and holding positive attitudes toward democracy is conditioned by the degree of exposure to violence or which political party is supported.
Group Presence, Population, and Interest Group Theory: A Case Study of the American Anti‐Slavery Society
Authors: Chamberlain Adam 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveThis study seeks to learn about the development of large, federated voluntary associations in the antebellum era by combining insights from historical work and neopluralist interest group theory. The American Anti‐Slavery Society (AASS) is the case study.MethodsSummary statistics and logistic regression models are used to investigate what variables predict the presence of an AASS local group in a town.ResultsTotal population of a town is the key predictor of AASS group presence across states, though the percentage of people employed in learned professions and the number of primary common schools per capita are also important in select states.ConclusionPopulation itself was the modernizing force behind group formation in the antebellum era, creating contexts conducive to the mobilization of interests.
Metabolite/phytohormone–gene regulatory networks in soybean organs under dehydration conditions revealed by integration analysis
Authors: Maruyama Kyonoshin , Urano Kaoru , Kusano Miyako , Sakurai Tetsuya , Takasaki Hironori , Kishimoto Miho , Yoshiwara Kyouko , Kobayashi Makoto , Kojima Mikiko , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Saito Kazuki , Shinozaki Kazuo 
Published: February 2020

SummaryMetabolites, phytohormones, and genes involved in dehydration responses/tolerance have been predicted in several plants. However, metabolite/phytohormone–gene regulatory networks in soybean organs under dehydration conditions remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the organ specificity of metabolites, phytohormones, and gene transcripts and revealed the characteristics of their regulatory networks in dehydration‐treated soybeans. Our metabolite/phytohormone analysis revealed the accumulation of raffinose, trehalose, and cis‐zeatin (cZ) specifically in dehydration‐treated roots. In dehydration‐treated soybeans, raffinose, and trehalose might have additional roles not directly involved in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus; cZ might contribute to root elongation for water uptake from the moisture region in soil. Our integration analysis of metabolites–genes indicated that galactinol, raffinose, and trehalose levels were correlated with transcript levels for key enzymes (galactinol synthase, raffinose synthase, trehalose 6‐phosphate synthase, trehalose 6‐phosphate phosphatase) at the level of individual plants but not at the organ level under dehydration. Genes encoding these key enzymes were expressed in mainly the aerial parts of dehydration‐treated soybeans. These results suggested that raffinose and trehalose are transported from aerial plant parts to the roots in dehydration‐treated soybeans. Our integration analysis of phytohormones–genes indicated that cZ and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were correlated with transcript levels for key enzymes (cytokinin nucleoside 5′‐monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase, cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases, 9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) at the level of individual plants but not at the organ level under dehydration conditions. Therefore, processes such as ABA and cZ transport, among others, are important for the organ specificity of ABA and cZ production under dehydration conditions.
Development of a Soft Robotic Wearable Device to Assist Infant Reaching
Authors: Kokkoni Elena , Liu Zhichao , Karydis Konstantinos 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Existing devices to assist upper extremity (UE) movement in infants with or at risk for motor impairments remain limited and are mainly passive devices. The aim of this project was to develop and assess the validity and reliability of the first-actuated wearable device for this population. A wearable device consisting of four pneumatic actuators (two per arm) was developed and tested on a custom-built physical model with articulated joints (four degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) per arm) based on an average 12-month-old infant's upper body. The device actively controls 2DOFs per arm (one at the elbow and one at the shoulder) and does not prohibit motion about the remaining non-actuated DOFs. Three distinct device actuator synergies, that resemble muscle recruitment strategies, were evaluated in a vertical reaching task using one arm and both arms. The device was assessed for its performance, wearability, and safety. Performance was assessed via the average duration, smoothness, and repeatability of reaching movements, and maximum range of motion per actuated joint. Wearability was assessed via kinematic compatibility to infant reaching trajectories. Safety was assessed via actuator durability. Results demonstrate the efficacy of the device and reveal key insights for further improvements.
Task-Based Knee Rehabilitation With Assist-as-Needed Control Strategy and Recovery Tracking System
Authors: Yihun Yimesker , Adhikari Visharath , Majidirad Amirhossein , Desai Jaydip 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This research aims to design and implement a novel task-based knee rehabilitation strategy through kinematic synthesis, assist-as-needed control strategy, and recovery tracking system. Experimental kinematic data collected through motion capture system are utilized as an input to the mechanism synthesis procedure. Parallel mechanisms with single degree-of-freedom are considered to generate the complex three-dimensional (3D) motions of the lower leg. An exact workspace synthesis approach is utilized, in which the implicit description of the workspace is made to be a function of the structural parameters of the serial chains of the parallel mechanism, making it easy to relate those parameters to the desired trajectory from the motion capture. The synthesis procedure resulted an exoskeleton which can guide the complex motion of the human knee without the need of mimicking the joint by the exoskeleton counterpart. This can potentially reduce the improper alignment problems arising due to the constantly varying axis of rotation of human joint, which is often very difficult to predict. An assist-as-needed control and recovery tracking strategy is outlined based on an electromyography (EMG) signals and force sensing resistors (FSRs) mounted on the user and exoskeleton, respectively. The EMG signal is captured from the user leg and FSRs are applied at the attachment area of the exoskeleton and the leg, this helps to get the amount of force applied by the exoskeleton to the leg as well as for the recovery tracking. The assist-as-needed controller eliminates the need of constant supervision, and hence saves time and reduces cost of the rehabilitation process. Similarly, the real-time progress tracking system will motivate and actively engage users
Paradox of glycemic management: multimorbidity, glycemic control, and high-risk medication use among adults with diabetes
Authors: McCoy Rozalina G , Lipska Kasia J , Van Houten Holly K , Shah Nilay D 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionGlycemic targets and glucose-lowering regimens should be individualized based on multiple factors, including the presence of comorbidities. We examined contemporary patterns of glycemic control and use of medications known to cause hypoglycemia among adults with diabetes across age and multimorbidity.Research design and methodsWe retrospectively examined glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and rates of insulin/sulfonylurea use as a function of age and multimorbidity using administrative claims and laboratory data for adults with type 2 diabetes included in OptumLabs Data Warehouse, 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016. Comorbidity burden was assessed by counts of any of 16 comorbidities specified by guidelines as warranting relaxation of HbA1ctargets, classified as being diabetes concordant (diabetes complications or risk factors), discordant (unrelated to diabetes), or advanced (life limiting).ResultsAmong 194 157 patients with type 2 diabetes included in the study, 45.2% had only concordant comorbidities, 30.6% concordant and discordant, 2.7% only discordant, and 13.0% had ≥1 advanced comorbidity. Mean HbA1cwas 7.7% among 18–44 year-olds versus 6.9% among ≥75 year-olds, and was higher among patients with comorbidities: 7.3% with concordant only, 7.1% with discordant only, 7.1% with concordant and discordant, and 7.0% with advanced comorbidities compared with 7.4% among patients without comorbidities. The odds of insulin use decreased with age (OR 0.51 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.54) for age ≥75 vs 18–44 years) but increased with accumulation of concordant (OR 5.50 (95% CI 5.22 to 5.79) for ≥3 vs none), discordant (OR 1.72 (95% CI 1.60 to 1.86) for ≥3 vs none), and advanced (OR 1.45 (95% CI 1.25 to 1.68) for ≥2 vs none) comorbidities. Conversely, sulfonylurea use increased with age (OR 1.36 (95% CI 1.29 to 1.44) for age ≥75 vs 18–44 years) but decreased with accumulation of concordant (OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.79) for ≥3 vs none), discordant (OR 0.70 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.76) for ≥3 vs none), but not advanced (OR 0.86 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.01) for ≥2 vs none) comorbidities.ConclusionsThe proportion of patients achieving low HbA1clevels was highest among older and multimorbid patients. Older patients and patients with higher comorbidity burden were more likely to be treated with insulin to achieve these HbA1clevels despite potential for hypoglycemia and uncertain long-term benefit.
Utility of the methylated SEPT9 test for the early detection of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy
Authors: Hariharan Rohit , Jenkins Mark 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundCirculating tumour DNA from colorectal cancer (CRC) is a biomarker for early detection of the disease and therefore potentially useful for screening. One such biomarker is the methylated SEPT9 (mSEPT9) gene, which occurs during CRC tumourigenesis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to establish the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of mSEPT9 tests for the early diagnosis of CRC.MethodsA systematic search of the relevant literature was conducted using Medline and Embase databases. Data were extracted from the eligible studies and analysed to estimate pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic test accuracy.ResultsBased on 19 studies, the pooled estimates (and 95% CIs) for mSEPT9 to detect CRC were: sensitivity 69% (62–75); specificity 92% (89–95); positive likelihood ratio 9.1 (6.1–13.8); negative likelihood ratio 0.34 (0.27–0.42); diagnostic OR 27 (15–48) and area under the curve 0.89 (0.86–0.91). The test has a positive predictive value of 2.6% and negative predictive value of 99.9% in an average risk population (0.3% CRC prevalence), and 9.5% (positive predictive value) and 99.6% (negative predictive value) in a high-risk population (1.2% CRC prevalence).ConclusionThe mSEPT9 test has high specificity and moderate sensitivity for CRC and is therefore a potential alternative screening method for those declining faecal immunochemical test for occult blood (FIT) or other screening modalities. However, it is limited by its poor diagnostic performance for precancerous lesions (advanced adenomas and polyps) and its relatively high costs, and little is known about its acceptability to those declining to use the FIT.