bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Background, Clarifications, and Overview
Authors: Vermurlen Brad 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter opens with a brief summary of the big picture. It then establishes the existence of a New Calvinist movement in the United States since the turn of the millennium while acknowledging that the reality of the movement is itself a part of the puzzle. The chapter then provides an overview of the empirical data collected for this book, which includes participant observation at three (wildly popular) New Calvinist megachurches across the country, personal interviews with seventy-five Evangelical leaders (including New Calvinists and their religious challengers), and content analysis of printed and online materials, as well as how these data were analyzed. This chapter includes a section that responds to five common misconceptions about the nature and approach of this project. It ends with a summary of the narrative arc of the rest of the book, broken down by chapters.
Demonstration of the Model, Part II
Authors: Vermurlen Brad 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 presents Part II of a field-theoretic model of religious strength, demonstrating the game-like contest and battle in the American Evangelical field, which created and fortified the New Calvinist movement. The chapter begins by showing multiple ways New Calvinist leaders strategically positioned themselves in relation to their field competitors to secure a “competitive advantage” (especially among university-educated young people) over other expressions of Evangelical Christianity. The analysis then shifts from strategy to gatekeeping and outright conflict, including in-depth accounts of two very public controversies: those regarding Rob Bell and World Vision-USA. The author further highlights the issues of charismatic authority and regional contextualization. In total, this chapter demonstrates the field-theoretic model of religious strength by showing how the Reformed resurgence is significantly a relationally constructed phenomenon, enjoying qualitative institutional vitality which has been fought for and won by Christian leaders’ strategic and conflictual actions.
American Evangelicalism in Hypermodernity
Authors: Vermurlen Brad 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter takes stock of what the preceding argument entails for American Evangelicalism today. It begins with evaluations from Evangelical leaders themselves about the state and health, or lack thereof, of Evangelicalism in the United States. It then addresses two frequently asked questions: “What’s new about the New Calvinism?” and “What are the boundaries of the Evangelical field?” Not able to identify any definitive boundaries, the chapter moves on to an exploration of what Evangelicalism in the United States centers on (the Bible? Jesus? The Gospel? Mission? Politics?). As with boundaries, it is argued this religious tradition lacks any coherent, agreed-upon, substantive center. American Evangelicalism is increasingly fragmented and incoherent. The chapter—and the book—ends by suggesting a new vision of secularization not as declining belief or practice but as dissolution or “cultural entropy,” a process by which an entire religious cultural system falls apart.
Electoral Afterlives
Authors: Charnock Emily J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers Labor’s Non-Partisan League (LNPL) and the Liberty League after the 1936 election campaign. Both remained in existence for several years, though the Liberty League was far less active. Meanwhile, the LNPL shifted its sights from electing the president to electing his supporters in Congress. In so doing, its actions took on a more partisan hue, for most LNPL support went to liberal Democrats and few, if any, progressive Republicans. It also opposed some conservative Southern Democrats, suggesting a nascent interest in partisan change—something President Roosevelt had himself encouraged with his 1938 “purge” campaign, when he urged defeat of his most bitter Democratic critics in their primary elections. Especially after 1938, CIO leaders began to look beyond a strategy of “rewarding and punishing” to envisaging a cohesive, disciplined, and supportive Democratic Party as a vehicle through which labor’s aims could best be achieved over the long term.
Rivers, sustainable development, and policies
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the concepts proposed in the book and gives an overview of the remaining chapters. It first highlights the importance of rivers for the three dimensions of sustainable development, namely economic growth, social development, and environmental protection. The chapter next describes broadly two opposing approaches to rivers, Commercial and Ecological. The former is based on the premise that “Any river water that passes to the sea is a waste,” and encourages impounding and abstraction of river water for various commercial purposes. The later considers carrying precipitation water to the seas as the main function of rivers and discourages interventions that alter significantly volume and direction of river flows. Both Commercial and Ecological approaches have their corresponding frontal and lateral versions. The lateral version of the Commercial approach is the Cordon approach, according to which floodplains should be cordoned off from river channels through construction of embankments. By contrast, the lateral form of the Ecological approach is the Open approach, which advocates keeping floodplains open to river channels for the benefit of both floodplains and river channels.
Introduction to the Ecological approach
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 introduces the Ecological approach to rivers that arose in response to the adverse effects of the Commercial approach. It explains the distinction between the pre- and post-industrial Ecological approaches. While the former was a compulsion due to low level of technology, the latter is a choice made to avoid the negative consequences of high level of technology acquired through the Industrial Revolution. The chapter clarifies the relationship of the Ecological approach with the basin-wide approach to rivers. It also shows that the Ecological approach can be viwed as an enlightened anthropocentric view of river, which in practical terms is also compatible with the non-anthropocentric view. The chapter goes on to show that, contrary to the popular perception, the Ecological approach is an active approach, requiring sustained efforts along multiple directions. Instead of negating the role of rivers as a resource, the Ecological approach advocates the use of this resource while preserving the basic role of rivers in maintaining earth’s hydrological cycle and the unique ecologies of their basins. The Ecological approach thereby is more conducive to sustainable development than the Commercial approach.
Cordon approach in a delta
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 illustrates the consequences of the Cordon approach through the experience of the Bengal Delta, formed by three great river systems—the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna. The chapter explains the delta formation process in general, noting the stages through which it progresses. It presents the basic facts regarding the Bengal delta, which now spreads across both Bangladesh and India. The chapter reviews the application of the Cordon approach in both parts of the delta. It notes that the approach received wider application in Bangladesh, which contains the larger and active part of the Bengal Delta. In the process, the approach gave rise to different types of cordons, rural and urban; coastal and inland; and partial and full. The chapter shows that while the specificities differ, the Cordon approach in each case led to separation of the land from the nurturing functions of river overflows, emergence of the new danger of catastrophic flooding, and the nagging problem of waterlogging. The Cordon approach also led to the rise of conflicts, pitting people inside the cordons with those remaining outside, who witnessed aggravation of flooding.
The Common School Awakening
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A statue of Horace Mann, erected in front of the Boston state house in 1863, declares him the “Father of the American Public School System.” For over a century and a half, most narratives about early American education have proceeded as if this epithet were true. It has been etched into the general American consciousness as surely as it has been etched into the stone pedestal on which Mann stands. As Mann looms over the Boston Common, so he has loomed over discussions of early American schooling. The Common School Awakening offers a new narrative about the rise of public schools in America. The story begins before Horace Mann ever entered the scene as the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. In the first half of the nineteenth century a broad and distinctly American religious consensus emerged, allowing people from across the religious spectrum to cooperate in systematizing and professionalizing America’s schools, all in an effort to Christianize the country. At the height of this movement, several states introduced state-sponsored teacher training colleges and concentrated government oversight of schools in offices such as the one held by Mann. Shortly thereafter, the religious consensus that had served as the foundation for this common school system disintegrated. But the system itself remained, the legacy not just of one man, but of a whole network of reformers who put into motion a transatlantic and transdenominational religious movement—the “Common School Awakening.”
An Awakening for Whom?
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the 1830s, the population of Ohio was much more diverse than was that of Massachusetts. For the most part, school reformers in both states came from a white, Protestant, English-speaking majority and did little to look beyond their narrow cultural horizons when advocating educational change. In Ohio, however, groups that fell outside of this majority were larger and could more feasibly, although not always successfully, engage the debate about school reform. This chapter highlights the way three such groups, African Americans, Germans, and Catholics, interacted with the Common School Awakening, illustrating how their objections to the key assumptions of the awakening adumbrated larger weaknesses that would eventually undermine this educational reform movement.
The End of the Awakening
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Between 1840, when chapters five, six, and seven leave off, and 1848, when Horace Mann left his position as secretary of the board of education, the religious consensus that had helped to give rise to the Common School Awakening definitively broke down. By the end of the decade, American Christians of all stripes were issuing objections to common schools. Lutherans, Reformed Christians, and members of other confessions joined the Catholics who had first voiced opposition to the vision of Christianity without sectarianism that stood at the heart of the Common School Awakening. As a result, the dramatic reform of the 1830s came to a halt, occasionally even retreating. But whatever regression might have occurred in terms of short-term policy, the religiously motivated ideals of systematization and professionalization had been permanently enshrined in the American vision of public education. Once stirred from her slumbers, American public education would not go quietly back to sleep.
Introduction
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Women who participate in public discussions about social and political issues are often confronted with a barrage of vicious digital attacks. The abuse is a form of patterned resistance to women’s voice and visibility, as evinced by the way gender is weaponized as the central grounds for condemnation. Attacks are riddled with gendered epithets and stereotypes, and they perseverate on women’s physical appearance and presumed sexual behavior; also, the generic nature of the abuse features nearly interchangeable misogyny rather than taking substantive issue with any particular woman. Women who challenge social hierarchies face the most intense pushback, particularly those speaking in or about male-dominated fields, those perceived as feminist or otherwise noncompliant to gender norms, and those with multiple marginalized identities (e.g., women of color, LBTQ women, etc.). This often-unrecognized form of gender inequality constrains women’s use of digital public spaces, much in the way the pervasive threat of sexual intimidation and violence constrains women’s use of physical public spaces.
Constant Calibration (Preventative Labor)
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The substance of online attacks against women is predictable—filled with long-standing sexist, racist, xenophobic, and homophobic content—but their frequency and intensity are not. This uncertainty makes participating in public discourse a gamble and leaves women struggling to crack the code: how can they enter digital publics while also avoiding abuse? Drawing on interviews with women targeted by digital attacks, this chapter shows that they engage in time-consuming and emotionally draining efforts intended to reduce the potential for harassment. They use four main approaches: tightening their digital security, consulting “mental maps” of riskier and safer online spaces, monitoring their emotional stamina to assess whether they are “up to” participation, and engaging in extensive credibility-work designed to limit attackers’ ability to discredit or shame them. In the end, as with other forms of gendered abuse, following victim-avoidance “rules” is not enough to ensure safety for women who speak out online.
Anger Management (Ameliorative Labor)
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses in-depth interviews with women attacked online to explore how they cope with the harassment. It shows that women employ multiple coping strategies (e.g., retreating into like-minded enclaves, constructing narratives in which the abuse does not affect them), shaped by the perceived threat and real impact of their attacks, which are—in turn—shaped by their severity, the social position of the target, and the extent to which the toxic content is supported by pre-existing stereotypes and cultural biases. More privileged women have a wider array of coping strategies available, as their social class; professional standing; membership in historically valued racial, ethnic, and religious groups; and possession of arbitrary markers of respectability (e.g., thinness and emotional restraint) work to deflect some accusations while also creating space for resistance. Regardless of how women cope, these efforts take time and sap energy, yielding costs of their own.
Mendelssohn and Droysen
Authors: Applegate Celia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers Felix Mendelssohn’s historicism—his cultural activities aimed at reviving the past in order to illuminate and improve the present—through the composer’s long-standing friendship with Johann Gustav Droysen. One of the most important and original of nineteenth-century historians, Droysen first entered Mendelssohn’s life as his tutor in the 1820s. Sharing a love of music as well as a veneration for the great achievements of the past, the two remained lifelong friends, and Mendelssohn would set several of Droysen’s poems. To compare their engagement with the past is to illuminate the relationship of practice to theory and of action to thought. At the same time, the comparison allows us to see two creative people grappling with the power and the insufficiency of the past in shaping the present.
The Philosophical Composer
Authors: Botstein Leon 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Felix Mendelssohn’s philosophical convictions regarding faith and human reason not only hold a clue to his intentions as a mature composer but also set him apart from many contemporaries. His philosophical inclinations influenced his ambitions as a composer and helped him formulate and justify his aesthetic, particularly during the last decade of his life. This chapter examines the influence of his grandfather Moses Mendelssohn and the Protestant theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, whom Mendelssohn knew from his youth in Berlin. Such philosophical affinities turn out to be illuminating and provocative, suggesting a way of recapturing a sense of the distinct character, beauty, and power of Mendelssohn’s music.
Fanny Hensel’s Sechs Lieder, Op. 9
Authors: Rodgers Stephen 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In October 1847, five months after Fanny Hensel died, her brother Felix Mendelssohn brought several of her manuscripts to his publisher. Three years later, these works appeared in print as Fanny’s Opp. 8, 9, 10, and 11, though who selected these pieces for publication remains unclear. The siblings’ music, however, provides another form of evidence that can shed light on Felix’s role in the dissemination of his sister’s music. This chapter examines Fanny’s Sechs Lieder, Op. 9, a collection that is intimately connected to one of Felix’s own song collections, Zwölf Lieder, Op. 9 (1830). Considering these intertextual resonances, it is difficult not to see Fanny’s Op. 9 as a sibling collaboration in its own right, a brother’s musical elegy to his departed sister.
Setting the Stage
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We do not know where Tallis received his musical training, but we can catch a glimpse of the world of his youth by looking at an important book of music from that generation. The Antiphonale of 1519–20 is a vast printed collection of traditional plainchant for use in church. It contains many melodies Tallis used in his own works, and it shows us what everyday musical life would have looked like for a young musician in Catholic England. This chapter follows the Antiphonale through Advent and the Christmas season, discussing the old traditions of choral singing and the teaching of choristers.
The Peterhouse Partbooks
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes a close look at the Peterhouse set of partbooks, an impressive anthology of five-voice sacred music that contains several works by Tallis, including a mass he based on his own motet Salve intemerata (see Chapter 8). That mass gives us an unusually direct view of Tallis at work, revisiting, adapting, and making new decisions about his music. The Peterhouse collection shows the surprising stylistic diversity of Latin-texted church music during its last years in England. The partbooks also reveal hints of religious reform in its earliest stages, as well as the cosmopolitan tastes of the people who used them. They are copied on French paper and they include some Italian repertory. They may be linked to Tallis’s brief employment at Canterbury Cathedral around 1541.
The Wanley and Lumley Partbooks
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
At this point in Tallis’s story, musicians have begun singing in English for radically simplified church services. The Wanley and Lumley partbooks are two of the oldest musical documents of the English Reformation. They contain some of Tallis’s earliest works in the new reformed style. This chapter traces the changes in English music during the 1540s and looks at the origins of Tallis’s English anthems and services. At this point, he was in a position of great authority in the royal household chapel (itself the arbiter of liturgical taste for the rest of the nation) and under considerable pressure to write successful works in a new style. He thrived under this pressure, as we can see in a perfect miniature such as the anthem If ye love me.
The Cantiones of 1575
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In 1575, Tallis and his younger colleague William Byrd were given a royal monopoly on the printing of music. That same year they published the Cantiones, an elegantly produced collection of music by both composers. Some of Tallis’s contributions were reworkings of his older pieces, but others were strikingly innovative. His works in the last part of the book are particularly creative and fascinating. This chapter describes the whole collection and examines those last pieces one by one. It is unclear whether the Cantiones were a commercial failure or at least a partial success, but in either case they were a significant landmark in English music printing.
Three Monuments
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 16 is the last of the music chapters. It focuses on Tallis’s three most monumental works. The first work is the seven-voice Puer natus mass, built around an esoteric number-and-letter code in the tenor part; this piece was rediscovered only in the twentieth century and remains an enigma. The second work is the votive antiphon Gaude gloriosa, the boldest and most ambitious of all Tallis’s works in the traditional pre-Reformation English style. The third work is his forty-part motet Spem in alium, composed on a scale that was never equaled or even attempted by any other Tudor composer. This chapter discusses these three big pieces, their musical and cultural contexts, and their possible origins.
Child Composers in the Old Conservatories
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The original music conservatories were orphanages. Through innovative teaching methods the masters of these old institutions were able to transform poor and often illiterate castoffs into elite musicians, many of whom became famous in the history of classical music. The book tells the story of how this was done. It shows what the lessons were like, what a typical day was like for an orphan, and how children progressed from simple lessons to ones more advanced than any seen today in colleges and universities. Recent rediscoveries of thousands of the old lessons have allowed us to understand how children’s minds were systematically developed to be able to “think” in music. That is, the lessons slowly built up the mental ability to imagine the interplay of two or more voices or instruments. Today we think of Mozart as having a miraculous ability to imagine musical works in his head, but in truth many of the conservatory graduates of that era had attained a similar level of controlled musical imagination. They could improvise for hours at the keyboard, and they could quickly compose whole works for ensembles. The book is accompanied by 100 YouTube videos so that readers can hear what the lessons sounded like.
Schemas, Exemplars, and the Treasure Trove of Memory
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
One of the purposes of music training in the old conservatories was to stuff the students’ memories full of useful musical patterns. Psychologists often use the term “schema” to describe structured memories. In Naples, the masters taught dozens of schemas to the children. They taught three basic types of cadences, the so-called Rule of the Octave, the contrapuntal patterns known as suspensions, and a number of musical sequences categorized by the motions of their basses. These were explicit schemas in the sense of having names and being openly discussed. There were also implicit schemas—patterns learned through repeated similar experiences but not given specific names. Professional musicians seemed to know many patterns by name, whereas amateur musicians and concert listeners probably knew only a few names like “cadence.”