bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climatic Variation and Its Impacts on Yield and Water Requirement of Crops in Indian Central Himalaya
Authors: Prakash Yadav Ram , Chandra Panday Suresh , Kumar Jitendra , Kumar Bisht Jaideep , Singh Meena Vijay , Choudhary Mahipal , Nath Shyam , Parihar Manoj , Prasad Meena Rajendra 
Published: December 2020

Climate is most important factor affecting agriculture, and issues related to climate and its implications have attracted attention of policy makers globally. The farm sector, particularly marginal ecosystems in mountains are vulnerable because of unpredictable variation and severe sink limitations. Efforts to impart resilience to farm and its allied sector are an urgent need. The climatic parameters play very important role to determine type of crops, cattle rearing and the life style adopted by the people. Moreover, weather has a significant impact on crop growth and development. Weather plays a vital role and affects the production and productivity of the crops. According to an estimate, weather contributes 67% variation in productivity and rest of the factors (soil, nutrient and management practices etc.) accounts for 33%. Therefore, there is a need of in-depth analysis of each meteorological parameters and identification of their trend over the years in order to identify and adapt suitable agriculture practices, better adaptable crops, varieties and their duration, time of field preparation, sowing time and irrigation as per the climatic conditions of the region. This will lead farming community to plan strategies of agriculture operation to obtain optimum yield. The climatic data from the meteorological observatory of ICAR-VPKAS, Hawalbagh located at mid hill condition (1250 m amsl) were analyzed for different periods (annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly). It was revealed that rainfall is decreasing over the years but significant (P < 0.05) decrease was recorded at mid hills. The maximum temperature is increasing significantly (P < 0.05) during post-monsoon and winter season however decreasing in monsoon season whereas minimum temperature is decreasing round the year. These changes in rainfall and temperatures are affecting production and productivity of the crops, as hills are largely rainfed. In terms of crop water demand, there is no need to apply irrigation during the rainy season except the transplanted rice. However, during the winter season as there is more than 60% of water deficit to irrigate the crops. The proper understanding of climate is necessary to bring sustainability in hill agriculture by adjusting crop sowing window and other operations as per suitability of the climate.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi as a Tool for Sustainable Agricultural System
Authors: Chahal Kavita , Gupta Vaishali , Kumar Verma Naveen , Chaurasia Anand , Rana Babita 
Published: December 2020

A sustainable agriculture is a type of agriculture that focuses on producing long-term crops and livestock without having any adverse effect on the environment. However, agricultural malpractices like excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as climate change have aggravated the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on crop productivity. These led to the degradation of ecosystem, leaving bad impacts on the soil qualities and water body environment. As an alternative to the rising agricultural energy, the use of Vesicular– Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) may be a better option. Being natural root symbionts, AM provide essential inorganic nutrients to host plants, thereby improving its growth and yield even under stressed conditions. AM fungi can also potentially strengthen the adaptability of a plant to the changing environment, as a bio-fertilizer. The chapter provides a comprehensive up-to-date knowledge on AM fungi as a tool for sustainable agricultural system. Thus, further research focusing on the AM -mediated promotion of crop quality and productivity is needed.
Prospects for Molecular Breeding in Cotton,Gossypiumspp
Authors: S. Katageri Ishwarappa , Anjan Gowda S. , B.N Prashanth , Biradar Mahesh , M Rajeev , S. Patil Rajesh 
Published: December 2020

Conventional breeding interventions in cotton have been successful and these techniques have doubled the productivity of cotton, but it took around 40 years. One of the techniques of molecular biology i.e., genetic engineering has brought significant improvement in productivity within the year of introduction. With cotton genomics maturing, many reference genomes and related genomic resources have been developed. Newer wild species have been discovered and many countries are conserving genetic resources within and between species. This valuable germplasm can be exchanged among countries for increasing cotton productivity. As many as 249 Mapping and Association studies have been carried out and many QTLs have been discovered and it is high time for researchers to get into fine-mapping studies. Techniques of genomic selection hold valuable trust for deciphering quantitative traits like fiber quality and productivity since they take in to account all minor QTLs. There are just two studies involving genomic selection in cotton, underlining its huge prospects in cotton research. Genome editing and transformation techniques have been widely used in cotton with as many as 65 events being developed across various characters, and eight studies carried out using crisper technology. These promising technologies have huge prospects for cotton production sustainability.
Diversity of the Owl Species in the Amazon Region
Authors: Juhani Mikkola Heimo 
Published: December 2020

The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world covering almost 40 per cent of the South American continent. For centuries, its vastness and inaccessibility have been protecting this area. The general belief is that the Amazonia region has unparalleled biodiversity which means that one in five of all bird species known in the globe lives in the Amazon Jungle. The author is testing this claim against the known occurrence of the world owl species. There are fewer owl species in Amazonia than expected namely 34 (against 54 expected). Two possible reasons are that our knowledge of the Amazon region species is still incomplete as may be indicated that new owl species have been found recently. The other reason could be that the rainforest is not after all the most wanted biotope for many of the owl species which often depend on the prey available in the bottom tier of the forest which is flooded during the wet season. Whatever the reason is, more detailed research is needed on all species of the Amazon region as there must be many new owls and other animal species out there waiting to be discovered. We have no idea how many of those new species have been or will be lost due to the rainforest destruction before they can be discovered. Therefore, it is necessary to stop deforestation in the Amazonia, be it due to forest logging, uncontrolled fires (often deliberately set) agriculture expansion or industrial development. Deforestation is not the only reason that the Amazon basin is changing. The rainforest suffers also from the global climate change when the higher temperatures reduce the rainfall in the tropical Atlantic region, causing drought and increasing the fire susceptibility of the rainforest. Luckily the owls are not so sensitive to surrounding forest cover as many other tropical forest-dependent bird species, like the large-bodied avian frugivores. Impacts of forest fragmentation on owls will need additional research.
Estimativa de temperaturas favoráveis para o desenvolvimento da avicultura
Authors: Borges Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza , Mendoza Zaíra Morais dos Santos Hurtado de , Morais Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza 
Published: December 2020

O presente estudo teve como objetivo ajustar os dados de temperaturas ocorridas no município de Santo Antônio de Leverger-MT, aplicando-se diversas Funções Densidade de Probabilidade. Foram analisadas as séries históricas de temperaturas mínimas e máximas diárias, obtidas no Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para o Ensino e Pesquisa (BDMEP) do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Para a pesquisa considerou-se o período de janeiro de 1987 a dezembro de 2019, registradas na Estação Meteorológica Convencional Padre Ricardo Remetter. Com auxílio da planilha EXCEL e do programa R, obtiveram-se as principais estatísticas descritivas dos dados, baseadas nas medidas de posição e dispersão e elaboraram-se os diagramas de caixa para cada mês e tipo de temperatura extrema com a finalidade de constatar as características da distribuição. Em seguida, os dados mensais de cada temperatura foram agrupados em dez (10) classes, adotando-se a Regra de Sturges, para facilitar a definição do modelo probabilístico. Os dados de temperaturas mínimas e máximas foram ajustados às cinco distribuições probabilísticas, a seguir: Normal, Log Normal, Gama, Gumbel e Weibull. Na sequência, foi verificada a aderência dos dados à essas distribuições aplicando-se o teste de Qui-Quadrado. Foi constatado que os valores da temperatura mínima diária se ajustaram adequadamente à distribuição Normal para todos os meses, porém, os valores de temperatura máxima somente nos meses de janeiro até abril e de outubro até dezembro. Já, os meses de maio até setembro foram modelados aplicando-se a distribuição Gama. Logo, com base nas distribuições representativas dos meses para cada temperatura, elaborou-se um gráfico de barras empilhadas para estimar a probabilidade de ocorrência da temperatura mensal, classificada em muito fria, adequada e muito quente para a avicultura. Concluiu-se que As Funções Densidade de Probabilidade (FDP) foram adequadas, precisas e confiáveis para o ajuste dos dados diários de temperaturas extremas (mínima e máxima) em cada mês do ano, no município de Santo Antônio de Leverger-MT. Os modelos obtidos possibilitaram definir os limites favoráveis para o desenvolvimento da avicultura e estimar a probabilidade de ocorrência das três categorias de temperaturas nesse município. A metodologia adotada apresentou-se como excelente ferramenta para predizer os valores de temperaturas mínimas e máximas ao longo do ano no referido município, auxiliando no planejamento da construção de aviários e seu respectivo sistema de ventilação.
Terra de diatomáceas como alternativa no controle de Sitophilus spp. em arroz com casca
Authors: Gasparotto Francielli , Martins Maxwell Zeniquelli , Bocaleti Luiz Henrique dos Reis , Ramari Thaís de Oliveira Iácono , Paccola Edneia Aparecida de Souza 
Published: December 2020

O emprego de métodos alternativos para o controle de pragas em substituição aos agentes químicos vem se destacando em todo mundo, na busca pela sustentabilidade e segurança alimentar nas cadeias produtivas. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do pó de terra diatomácea (TD) no controle dos Sitophilus spp. em arroz com casca. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5X3, com 5 doses de TD (0, 250, 500, 750 e 1000g de TD.t-1) x 3 períodos de tratamento prévio do arroz com TD (0, 7 e 14 dias) x 3 períodos de avaliação da mortalidade dos insetos (7, 14 e 21 dias). Amostras de 100 g de arroz foram acondicionadas em potes com 20 insetos adultos de Sitophilus spp. não sexados, onde foram avaliados a mortalidade dos insetos adultos. O uso da TD no controle de Sitophilus spp. em arroz com casca mostrou-se significativo, porém a mortalidade dos insetos variou de acordo a dose e o tempo de exposição destes ao agente de controle. Nos tratamentos em que o arroz com casca foi tratado previamente por 14 dias a mortalidade dos insetos ocorreu de forma mais lenta e em menor porcentagem. Os resultados ainda indicam que a dosagem mais eficiente foi a de 500g.t-1 associada ao período prévio de tratamento de 7 dias. O uso da terra diatomácea apresenta-se como uma boa alternativa para a mortalidade de insetos em grãos armazenados em função das suas vantagens econômicas e ambientais.
Por qué los defensores del “aprendizaje a lo largo la vida” están en lo cierto solo a medias
Authors: Prensky Marc 
Published: December 2020

Actualmente se habla con frecuencia de una nueva necesidad de aprendizaje permanente, distinguiéndolo del modelo precedente basado en primero aprender y luego trabajar. Argumentamos que, si bien el aprendizaje permanente puede desarrollarse, no es un objetivo útil. Una meta mucho mejor es el logro de por vida, ya que, fuera de la academia, los humanos aprenden para lograr. Demasiados asumen que si las personas aprenden cosas, el logro seguirá automáticamente, y esto argumentamos que es falso. Aunque aprender cosas nuevas es ciertamente una parte de lo que se necesita en un mundo cambiante, es mucho mejor enfocar a las personas en por qué, por ejemplo, ¿qué quieren lograr? Enfocarse en la continuación del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida, y no en los logros a los que conduce es, en muchos casos, egoísta para aquellos que se ven a sí mismos en el negocio del aprendizaje. El aprendizaje a lo largo de toda la vida deja sin plantear y sin respuesta la pregunta de con qué fin. El mundo no necesita aprendices de por vida, sino que el mundo necesita personas que puedan hacer las cosas y aprender todo lo que necesitan mientras lo hacen. Centrar a las personas solo (o incluso principalmente) en el objetivo de aprender da una idea falsa de lo que realmente se necesita en el siglo XXI, por lo que esta idea solo merece un crédito parcial como solución útil.
Many currently promote a new need for Life-Long Learning in the future distinguishing it from the older model of learn once and then work. We argue that while life-long learning may indeed happen for many, it is not a useful goal. A far better goal is Life-Long Accomplishment, since, outside of academia, humans learn in order to accomplish. Too many assume that if people learn things, accomplishment will automatically follow, but this is false. Although learning new things is certainly a piece of what is needed in a changing world, it is far better to focus people on why, for instance, what do they want to accomplish? Focusing on the continuation of learning throughout life, and not on the accomplishments it leads to is, in many cases, self-serving for those who see themselves in the learning business. Life-Long Learning leaves unasked and unanswered the question of to what end. The world does not need life-long learners, however the world needs people who can get things done and learn whatever they need as they do. Focusing people only (or even primarily) on the goal of learning gives a false idea of what is truly needed for in the 21st century, and therefore deserves only partial credit as a useful solution.
Comparative Study on the Nutritional and Antioxidant Components of Fruit Parts of Citrullus lanatus
Authors: Nnenne Stanley Kanayochukwu , Ubaoji Kingsley Ikechukwu , Ogbodo Uchechukwu Chibuzo , Enemor Victor Henry Azubuike , Oladejo Adebayo Afees 
Published: December 2020

Aim: Citrullus lanatus is a fruit widely consumed for its pulp though incompletely, as its other parts (seed and rind) are discarded and may possibly offer bioactive compounds involved in ameliorating certain disease conditions. Hence, this study aimed at comparatively investigating the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of the seed, pulp and rind of C. lanatus so as to inform the inclusion of these different parts into the fare of the people.
Methodology: Standard analytical methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists were used to determine proximate, phytochemical, vitamin, mineral and antioxidant aspects of the fruit parts. The results were analyzed using Student’s t-test at .05.
Results: The proximate analysis showed a high moisture value in the pulp (93.34 +/- .82) followed by the rind (77.11 +/- 3.44) and the seed (10.00 +/- .48). High crude protein and fiber contents were both noted in the seed followed by the rind and pulp. Mineral determinations revealed potassium to be abundant in the rind (452.31mg/kg) than the seed (305.7mg/kg) and the pulp (100.5mg/kg), followed by calcium occurring more in the rind (292.61mg/kg) than in the pulp (257.21mg/kg) and seed (227.45mg/kg) and then manganese being the least concentrated among the minerals. The investigated phytochemical principles revealed the highest concentration of cardiac glycosides in the seed (14.82 +/- .66) than the rind (1.95 +/- 0.80) and pulp (1.10 +/- 0.17), followed by saponins occurring most in the rind (12.05 +/- 3.91) than the seed (10.17 +/- 0.63) and pulp (.13 +/- .01). The seed had the highest DPPH scavenging activity followed by the rind and pulp respectively. The seed also showed a higher reducing power and lipid peroxidation capacities than the other fruit parts suggesting a potent property for antioxidant activity in the fruit parts of C. lanatus.
Conclusion: The findings imply that both seed and rind of C. lanatus can be good sources of nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant components in addition to the pulp which is commonly consumed and these may be implicated in management of certain diseases with further evidential research.
Prognostic significance of the preoperative systemic immune‐inflammation index in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma treated with curative surgery and adjuvant therapy
Authors: Hung Sheng‐Ping , Chen Pei‐Rung , Ho Tsung‐Ying , Chang Kai‐Ping , Chou Wen‐Chi , Lee Ching‐Hsin , Wu Yao‐Yu , Chen Po‐Jui , Lin Chia‐Hsin , Chou Yung‐Chih , Fan Kang‐Hsing , Lin Chien‐Yu , Huang Bing‐Shen , Tung‐Chieh Chang Joseph , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Tsang Ngan‐Ming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the prognostic value of the preoperative systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OC‐SCC) treated with curative surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients with OC‐SCC who received surgery and postoperative adjuvant RT/CCRT between January 2005 and December 2012. Blood samples were drawn in the 2 weeks preceding surgery. SII was calculated by multiplying the absolute neutrophil and platelet counts, and then, divided by the absolute lymphocyte count, and its optimal cutoff value was identified using the Youden’s index. The study endpoints included overall survival (OS), local control (LC), regional control (RC), and distant control (DC).ResultsThe study sample consisted of 993 patients (58.8% of them treated with CCRT). The optimal cutoff value for SII was 810.6. A total of 347 (34.9%) study participants had high preoperative SII values. After allowance for potential confounders in multivariable analysis, high SII values were independently associated with less favorable DC (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.683, p = 0.001) and OS (adjusted HR = 1.466, p < 0.001). No independent association between SII and LC/RC was observed.ConclusionIncreased SII values predict poor DC and OS in patients with OC‐SCC treated with curative resection and adjuvant RT/CCRT. Owing to the higher risk of systemic failure in this patient group, a thorough follow‐up surveillance schedule may be advisable pending independent confirmation of our data.
Developmental relations between sense of community and well‐being among early adolescents: A latent change score modelling study
Authors: Prati Gabriele , Tomasetto Carlo , Cicognani Elvira 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrevious research on sense of community (SOC) has predominantly assumed that this construct plays a role in predicting well‐being (WB). However, it is only recently that a bidirectional relationship between SOC and WB has been hypothesised and tested. Moreover, no study investigated the longitudinal relationships between psychological WB and SOC among early adolescents. The present research followed a sample of middle school students from six‐grade through nine‐grade to investigate the reciprocal relationships between SOC and WB. Participants were 576 Italian students. In the present article, we utilised latent change score modelling based on longitudinal data collected in three waves across 3 years. Using bivariate dual change score modelling, dynamic reciprocal relationships were observed between SOC and WB. The revealed bidirectional relationship between SOC and WB contribute to the extant literature by illuminating more nuanced interplays between these constructs among early adolescents.
Closed form solutions of convection‐diffusion mechanisms in two dimensions for H2 separation from (H2/CO2) mixture at room temperature
Authors: Mukherjee Joydeb , Bose Ankita , Pandit Aniruddha Bhalchandra , Das Nandini 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStudies pertinent to the hydrogen based clean energy systems have seen a significant surge in this decade in order to meet the ever‐increasing demand for energy in an environmentally sustainable way. In order to harness hydrogen from available sources, development and characterization of zeolite membranes with high hydrogen selectivity is of pivotal importance. In this study, a sonication based hydrothermal technique is used for the synthesis of Deca‐Dodecasil‐rhombohedral (DDR) zeolite membrane. Permeation tests of single gas and mixture of gases were conducted by using an in‐house designed permeation cell. For the single gas permeation test, permeate flux was calculated using soap bubble flow meter under varying feed pressure (98‐392 kPa) at 303 K. For the mixed gas permeation test, separation selectivity was measured by using gas chromatography. A mathematical model was developed in order to predict the total volume flux of hydrogen. A simple, two‐dimensional parameter model was developed to simulate the steady state permeate flux, permeate and retentate streams, and the permeate concentrations for both H2 and CO2. Fourier transform was found to give the best prediction for the axial diffusion coefficient, as well as the concentration distribution of both the components, (H2 and CO2). A good agreement was found between the observed and the calculated values for total volumetric permeate flux .The deviation between experimentally obtained results with the predicted values based on the analytical model was found to be as low as ±7%, ensuring adequate reliability of the proposed analytical model.