bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cabinet Decision-making in Parliamentary Systems
Authors: Vercesi Michelangelo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter deals with the internal decision-making process of political executives in parliamentary systems, that is, how executives take their own collective decisions. The focus is on the cabinet system as a whole, including both cabinet members and other involved party-political and bureaucratic actors. In particular, the chapter reviews literature’s debates about the nature of cabinet government, the role of prime ministers, and variations of decision-making. A special attention is payed to factors explaining intra-cabinet power distribution and the choice of different decision-making arenas. After introducing the topic, an overview of conceptual issues and main research questions is provided. Subsequently, the work discusses the way in which scholars have addressed these issues and the findings they have reached. The final part stresses existing deficits and seeks to set the agenda for future research.
Executive-Legislative Relations in Democratic Regimes
Authors: Taylor-Robinson Michelle M. , Escobar-Lemmon Maria C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo make lasting policy executives must get the legislature to pass their proposals. How do executives form working relationships with the legislative branch, and when do they seek control over rather than negotiation with the legislature to achieve their preferred policy outcomes? Scholars of presidential, parliamentary, and semi-presidential systems have sought to answer this question from a variety of angles. We consider how executives use and manage coalitions to achieve their preferred outcomes; the constitutional or chamber rules that allow them to influence which bills become law; and the way changes in the external environment can lead to shifts in the executive’s strategy. We conclude by offering suggestions for extending the study of executive-legislative relations including advocating for more comparisons across different institutional structures and party systems and a recognition that increased diversity in the executive branch may impact executive-legislative relations.
The Political Executive Returns
Authors: Andeweg Rudy B. , Elgie Robert , Helms Ludger , Kaarbo Juliet , Müller-Rommel Ferdinand 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRecent developments across political landscapes have contributed to a re-empowerment of the political executive. The authority of political executives was once largely autonomous and unchecked, but diminished with the development of constitutional and democratic constraints and further curtailed by more pressures on and more competitors to the state. The drivers behind the re-empowerment of political executives are also diverse, stemming from both domestic and international sources. The study of political executives has also experienced a revival; political executives are being rediscovered by students and scholars of politics. This is partly due to the re-empowerment trend, but it is also connected to developments within the research program on political executives. Although the term ‘political executives’ will be understood by scholars and non-scholars alike, there is considerable room for different notions of the exact position and functions of political executives in different types of political regimes. This introductory chapter also discusses the borderlines between the political executive and other actors within the executive: the bureaucracy and the head of state.
A Rational Choice Perspective on Political Executives
Authors: Indriðason Indriði H. , Kam Christopher 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRational choice theory has shaped the study of executive politics in important ways. We contend most of the rational choice literature on executive politics can be seen as exploring the consequences of two related problems that all executives confront: credible commitment and delegation. The credible commitment problem arises because executives require political support. This support is forthcoming only to the extent that the executive can assure potential supporters that the executive will faithfully advance their interests. How, then, does an executive make a credible commitment to advance his or her supporters’ interests? The delegation problem arises because executives must rely on subordinates to carry out their agenda. Such delegation is efficient from executive’s perspective only to the extent that subordinates competently and faithfully execute their orders. How, then, does an executive choose and monitor his or her subordinates? We briefly review the key components of rational choice theory that distinguish it from other theoretical approaches. We then examine how the two different problems have different expressions in parliamentary and presidential systems.
Feminist Approaches to the Study of Political Executives
Authors: Beckwith Karen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on feminist approaches to the study of executive politics, gender, and power. The chapter examines how feminist executive political analysis has employed gender as a concept and a process, identifying conceptual and methodological challenges for this body of research and discussing four midrange theories of women’s access to presidencies, prime ministerships, and cabinet posts: cultural models, gender norm explanations, supply and demand models, and feminist institutionalist analysis. The chapter concludes with reflections on a future research agenda for feminist scholarship on political executives: detaching gendered analyses of the political executive from the scholarship on women and parliamentary politics; developing institution-specific gendered analyses across and within political executive offices; and focusing on the gendered consequences of the removal function for political executives from office.
Ethical Approaches to the Study of Political Executives
Authors: Uhr John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The contemporary study of the ethics of political executives lacks a coherent focus. Although the extensive study of political executives includes many studies of important ethical issues reviewed at length here, the field of executive studies still lacks a common language or grammar about relationships between ethics and executives. This chapter proposes a fresh start to the search for greater intellectual coherence through recovery of neglected ‘foundation stone’ of executive ethics in the writings of Enlightenment philosopher and statesman, Francis Bacon (1561‒1626). Bacon’s Essays can help contemporary students of executive studies learn much about ethics of public leadership from a seasoned statesman, whose influential ‘Baconian method’ was intended to shape governance as much as natural science. The chapter notes alternative accounts of executive ethics derived from rival political theories, such as the realism of Machiavelli and the idealism of Kant.
Methodology and the Study of the Political Executive
Authors: Elgie Robert 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe predominant methodologies that are used in the study of the political executive are closely linked to the various approaches that have been applied in this domain. The intellectual history of the study of political executives shows the familiar evolution from the ‘old’ institutionalism via behavioralism to varieties of ‘new’ institutionalism, without any approach being replaced completely by another, resulting in more methodological pluralism than ever before. Each of these quantitative and qualitative methods has its own strengths and weaknesses, but to a greater or lesser extent they share several problems concerning the material they use. Most notably, the very nature of political executives brings with it severe limitations to data availability. This chapter ends with a plea for more systematic attention to methodological issues such as case selection, and with suggestions for new methodological techniques that may help improve the validity of the conclusions that scholars wish to draw about the political executive.
The Study of Symmetry in Empirical Aesthetics
Authors: Bertamini Marco , Rampone Giulia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Symmetry has attracted interest from many scholars, scientists, and artists over the centuries. It has been described as a key principle of aesthetics as well as a factor in perception of shape. We critically review the empirical evidence regarding the link between symmetry and aesthetics, between symmetry and beauty/attractiveness, and between symmetry and affect, and discuss possible mechanisms. We show that, although symmetry entails regularity and redundancy, there is no clear and strong link between beauty and simplicity. Also, although symmetry influences aesthetic judgments, it is difficult to isolate a neural correlate of this link, suggesting that spontaneous aesthetic responses to symmetry are not elicited in the brain unless people are explicitly processing symmetry aesthetically. Finally, we show that preference for symmetry lies on a continuum from a universal tendency to prefer symmetry to obsessive need for order and balance.
Thracian
Authors: Paliga Sorin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Thracians. The Thracians did not have a written tradition. This detail may be considered either normal, as most ethnic groups of antiquity did not use writing as means of communication; or it may be considered somewhat unexpected, given the proximity of the Thracians to the Greeks and later the Romans of the Empire. Nevertheless, one can work out a quite comprehensive list of Thracian words. The Thracian forms are gleaned from various sources, often with approximate spellings and therefore with a high probability of being misread or misinterpreted. The chapter then looks at Thracian religion, one of the striking features of which is aniconism. Also striking is the peculiar representation of the supreme god, Zalmoxis, also spelled Zamolxis. There is no visual representation of this god or other Thracian gods of ‘classical’ Thracian society. Some Thracian groups adopted Roman ways of life and others resisted into the fourth century. This may have some bearing on the two dialects in modern Albanian—Romanian, Bulgarian, and Albanian being the main heirs of the Thracians—but this is a matter of debate.
Western Europe, the Second Front in the War of Algerian Independence
Authors: Amiri Linda 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Algerian War of Independence took place on two main fronts: Algeria and metropolitan France. In both cases, the National Liberation Front (Front de libération nationale [FLN]) paid little heed to national borders as they sought to internationalize their cause. Serving as the linchpin of Algerian nationalism, immigration was instrumental in the emergence and development of a clandestine organization with totalitarian aspirations: the French Federation of the FLN. Manned by a politico-administrative organization coupled with a military organization, the Federation sought both to combat Algerian opponents in Europe and to bring the struggle for independence to metropolitan France. Algerian immigration thus came under the purvey of the FLN’s general strategy and further spread the conflict to metropolitan France and, by extension, to Western Europe. Although the human costs of the war are still difficult to establish, this does nothing to diminish the long-standing stigma that it continues to bear on French postcolonial society.
CyberterrorismUnderstandings, Debates, and Representations
Authors: Whiting Andrew , Macdonald Stuart , Jarvis Lee 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on understandings and debates around cyberterrorism as well as the effect particular representations of this phenomenon have upon assessing its threat. The chapter begins by introducing various understandings of cyberterrorism and differentiates between narrow and broad conceptions as well as effects and intent based definitions. Moving on to consider the threat of cyberterrorism the chapter identifies an ongoing debate between “concerned” and “sceptical” voices as well as those that contest whether cyberterrorism has ever taken place. The chapter then introduces a range of broadly constructivist studies which question the orthodox approach to cyberterrorism as an ontological reality and highlight the importance of media representations of this threat. To illustrate this, the chapter concludes by highlighting findings from a recent study of global news media coverage. It shows that this media is frequently apprehensive in tone, despite the existence of diverse understandings of cyberterrorism and cybersecurity.
Terrorism as an Artifact of Transition in Post–Cold War Latin America
Authors: McAllister Carlota 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys accounts of the nature and causes of violence in four Latin American truth commission reports produced from 1984 to 2003 for the purpose of examining when and how the terms “terrorist” and “terrorism” are used to describe the continent’s cold war revolutionary actors. It argues that these terms acquired explanatory value only gradually, in a context marked by the defeat of the armed Left, the emergence of a new global order legitimated by appeals to universal human rights, and the marginalization of other potential descriptors for violence. Invocations of “terrorism” can thus be understood as both indexing and foreclosing social and political tensions left unresolved by the application of transitional justice in Latin America, suggesting that one of the spoils of the cold war was the power to determine what counts as violence and why.
Photometric classification of Hyper Suprime-Cam transients using machine learning
Authors: Takahashi Ichiro , Suzuki Nao , Yasuda Naoki , Kimura Akisato , Ueda Naonori , Tanaka Masaomi , Tominaga Nozomu , Yoshida Naoki 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The advancement of technology has resulted in a rapid increase in supernova (SN) discoveries. The Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) transient survey, conducted from fall 2016 through spring 2017, yielded 1824 SN candidates. This gave rise to the need for fast type classification for spectroscopic follow-up and prompted us to develop a machine learning algorithm using a deep neural network with highway layers. This algorithm is trained by actual observed cadence and filter combinations such that we can directly input the observed data array without any interpretation. We tested our model with a dataset from the LSST classification challenge (Deep Drilling Field). Our classifier scores an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.996 for binary classification (SN Ia or non-SN Ia) and 95.3% accuracy for three-class classification (SN Ia, SN Ibc, or SN II). Application of our binary classification to HSC transient data yields an AUC score of 0.925. With two weeks of HSC data since the first detection, this classifier achieves 78.1% accuracy for binary classification, and the accuracy increases to 84.2% with the full dataset. This paper discusses the potential use of machine learning for SN type classification purposes.
On Bourgain’s Counterexample for the Schrödinger Maximal Function
Authors: Pierce Lillian B 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper provides a rigorous derivation of a counterexample of Bourgain, related to a well-known question of pointwise a.e. convergence for the solution of the linear Schrödinger equation, for initial data in a Sobolev space. This counterexample combines ideas from analysis and number theory, and the present paper demonstrates how to build such counterexamples from first principles, and then optimize them.
JNR monopoles
Authors: Murray Michael K , Norbury Paul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe review the theory of JNR, mass $\frac{1}{2}$ hyperbolic monopoles in particular their spectral curves and rational maps. These are used to establish conditions for a spectral curve to be the spectral curve of a JNR monopole and to show that the rational map of a JNR monopole arises by scattering using results of Atiyah. We show that for JNR monopoles the holomorphic sphere has a remarkably simple form and show that this can be used to give a formula for the energy density at infinity. In conclusion, we illustrate some examples of the energy density at infinity of JNR monopoles.
Volumes And Random Matrices
Authors: Witten Edward 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article is an introduction to newly discovered relations between volumes of moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces or super Riemann surfaces, simple models of gravity or supergravity in two dimensions, and random matrix ensembles. (The article is based on a lecture at the conference on the Mathematics of Gauge Theory and String Theory, University of Auckland, January 2020)
Carbon Taxes and Climate Commitment with Non-constant Time Preference
Authors: Iverson Terrence , Karp Larry 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe study the Markov perfect equilibrium in a dynamic game where agents have non-constant time preference, decentralized households determine aggregate savings, and a planner chooses climate policy. The article is the first to solve this problem with general discounting and general functional forms. With time-inconsistent preferences, a commitment device that allows a planner to choose climate policy for multiple periods is potentially very valuable. Nevertheless, our quantitative results show that while a permanent commitment device would be very valuable, the ability to commit policy for “only” 100 years adds less than 2% to the value of climate policy without commitment. We solve a log-linear version of the model analytically, generating a formula for the optimal carbon tax that includes the formula in Golosov et al. (2014, Econometrica, 82, 41–88) as a special case. More importantly, we develop new algorithms to solve the general game numerically. Convex damages lead to strategic interactions across generations of planners that lower the optimal carbon tax by 45% relative to the scenario without strategic interactions.
Insurance-Associated Disparities in Opioid Use and Misuse Among Patients Undergoing Gynecologic Surgery for Benign Indications
Authors: Huang Yongmei , Jacobson Judith S. , Tergas Ana I. , Ananth Cande V. , Neugut Alfred I. , Hershman Dawn L. , Wright Jason D. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To compare perioperative use and persistent postoperative opioid use among Medicaid-insured women and commercially insured women who underwent gynecologic surgery for benign indications.

METHODS:
The Truven Health MarketScan database, a nationwide data source collecting commercial insurance claims across all states and Medicaid insurance claims from 12 states, was used to identify opioid-naïve women without cancer aged 18–64 years who underwent common gynecologic surgeries from 2012 to 2016 and filled a prescription for an opioid perioperatively. Persistent opioid use was defined as filling an opioid prescription 90–180 days after the surgery. Opioid use disorder (OUD) was defined as hospitalizations or emergency department visits for opioid dependence, misuse, or overdose. Multivariable models were developed to examine the insurance-associated disparity in persistent opioid use and OUD.

RESULTS:
A total of 31,155 Medicaid-insured women and 270,716 commercially insured women were identified. Medicaid-insured women received greater quantities of opioids and for longer durations than did commercially insured women. Persistent postoperative opioid use was identified in 14.1% of Medicaid-insured women and 5.8% of commercially insured women (P<.001). More opioid prescriptions filled, longer days supplied, and higher total doses perioperatively contributed most to the prediction of persistent opioid use. Medicaid-insured patients who persistently used opioids were two times more likely to develop OUD than commercially insured patients (16.8% vs 5.1% adjusted relative risk 1.99; 99% CI 1.26–3.15).

CONCLUSION:
Medicaid-insured women received larger quantities of opioids perioperatively, were more likely to use them persistently, and were more likely to develop OUD than commercially insured women.
Place-Pitch Interval Perception With a Cochlear Implant
Authors: Stupak Natalia , Todd Ann E. , Landsberger David M. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:
Pitch is poorly perceived by cochlear implant (CI) users. However, as it is not well understood how pitch is encoded with electric stimulation, improving pitch representation with a CI is challenging. Changes in place of stimulation along the cochlea have been described as changes in pitch and can be accurately ranked by CI users. However, it remains unknown if place-pitch can be used to encode musical intervals, which are a necessary attribute of pitch. The objective of these experiments is to determine if place-pitch coding can be used to represent musical intervals with a CI.

Design:
In the first experiment, 10 CI users and 10 normal hearing (NH) controls were tested on their sensitivity to changes in the semitone spacing between each of the notes in the melody “Happy Birthday.” The changes were implemented by uniformly expanding or compressing the frequency differences between each note in the melody. The participant’s task was to scale how “out-of-tune” the melody was for various semitone spacing distortions. The notes were represented by pure-tones ≥440 Hz to minimize potential useful temporal information from the stimuli. A second experiment replicated the first experiment using single-sided deafened CI users allowing for a within-subject control. A third experiment verified that the CI users who participated in Experiment 1 were each able to determine pitch direction reliably.

Results:
Unlike NH listeners, CI listeners often ranked all distortions of interval spacing similarly in both the first and second experiment, and no effect of interval spacing was detected across CI users. Some participants found distorted interval spacings to be less out-of-tune than the nominally correct interval spacings. However, these patterns were inconsistent across listeners. Although performance was better for the NH listeners, the third experiment demonstrated that the CI listeners were able to reliably identify changes in pitch direction from place-pitch coding.

Conclusions:
The data suggest that place-pitch intervals are not properly represented through a CI sound processor. Some limited support is found for place-pitch being useful for interval encoding as some participants demonstrated improved ratings for certain interval distortions. Presumably the interval representation for these participants could be improved by a change to the frequencies represented by each electrode. However, as these patterns vary across listeners, there is not a universal correction to frequency representation that will solve this issue. As results are similar for single-sided deafened CI users, the limitations in ratings are likely not limited by an eroded representation of the melody caused by an extended duration of deafness.