bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encodingism is not just a bad metaphor
Authors: Mirski Robert , Bickhard Mark H. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Brette's criticism of the coding metaphor focuses on its presence in neurosciences. We argue that this problematic view, which we call “encodingism,” is pernicious in any model of cognition that adopts it. We discuss some of the more specific problems it begets and then elaborate on Brette's action-based alternative to the coding framework.
Is “the brain” a helpful metaphor for neuroscience?
Authors: Keijzer Fred 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Brette criticizes the notion of neural coding as used in neuroscience as a way to clarify the causal structure of the brain. This criticism will be positioned in a wider range of findings and ideas from other branches of neuroscience and biology. While supporting Brette's critique, these findings also suggest the need for more radical changes in neuroscience than Brette envisions.
Beyond metaphors and semantics: A framework for causal inference in neuroscience
Authors: Gulli Roberto A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe long-enduring coding metaphor is deemed problematic because it imbues correlational evidence with causal power. In neuroscience, most research is correlational or conditionally correlational; this research, in aggregate, informs causal inference. Rather than prescribing semantics used in correlational studies, it would be useful for neuroscientists to focus on a constructive syntax to guide principled causal inference.
From the “coding metaphor” to a theory of representation
Authors: Birch Jonathan , Smortchkova Joulia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBrette highlights a conceptual problem in contemporary neuroscience: Loose talk of “coding” sometimes leads to a conflation of the distinction between representing and merely detecting a property. The solution is to replace casual talk of “coding” with an explicit, demanding set of conditions for neural representation. Various theories of this general type can be found in the philosophical literature.
Electro-optic entanglement source for microwave to telecom quantum state transfer
Authors: Rueda Alfredo , Hease William , Barzanjeh Shabir , Fink Johannes M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe propose an efficient microwave-photonic modulator as a resource for stationary entangled microwave-optical fields and develop the theory for deterministic entanglement generation and quantum state transfer in multi-resonant electro-optic systems. The device is based on a single crystal whispering gallery mode resonator integrated into a 3D-microwave cavity. The specific design relies on a new combination of thin-film technology and conventional machining that is optimized for the lowest dissipation rates in the microwave, optical, and mechanical domains. We extract important device properties from finite-element simulations and predict continuous variable entanglement generation rates on the order of a Mebit/s for optical pump powers of only a few tens of microwatts. We compare the quantum state transfer fidelities of coherent, squeezed, and non-Gaussian cat states for both teleportation and direct conversion protocols under realistic conditions. Combining the unique capabilities of circuit quantum electrodynamics with the resilience of fiber optic communication could facilitate long-distance solid-state qubit networks, new methods for quantum signal synthesis, quantum key distribution, and quantum enhanced detection, as well as more power-efficient classical sensing and modulation.
Long-distance device-independent quantum key distribution
Authors: Zapatero Víctor , Curty Marcos 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBesides being a beautiful idea, device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) is probably the ultimate solution to defeat quantum hacking. Its security is based on a loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality, which results in a very limited maximum achievable distance. To overcome this limitation, DIQKD must be furnished with heralding devices like, for instance, qubit amplifiers, which can signal the arrival of a photon before the measurement settings are actually selected. In this way, one can decouple channel loss from the selection of the measurement settings and, consequently, it is possible to safely post-select the heralded events and discard the rest, which results in a significant enhancement of the achievable distance. In this work, we investigate photonic-based DIQKD assisted by two main types of qubit amplifiers in the finite data block size scenario, and study the resources—particularly, the detection efficiency of the photodetectors and the quality of the entanglement sources—that would be necessary to achieve long-distance DIQKD within a reasonable time frame of signal transmission.
Innovative methods for random field establishment and statistical parameter inversion exemplified with 6082-T6 aluminum alloy
Authors: Zheng Kaikai , Yang Kangkang , Shi Jun , Yuan Jian , Zhou Guangchun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper aims to eliminate the disharmony between simulation and experiment, and takes the mechanical properties of 6082-T6 Al alloy as an example. In order to obtain the equivalent distribution of material properties after considering the randomicity of materials, a new inversion method combining with stochastic finite element method (SFEM) is proposed. Besides, the discrete random field in SFEM is established by an innovative method to overcome some discretization difficulties in conventional methods. In summary, the generic methods proposed in this study can give a new solution for the correlation of meso-structure and macro-performance in computational materials science.
Natural Product Inspired Novel Indole based Chiral Scaffold Kills Human Malaria Parasites via Ionic Imbalance Mediated Cell Death
Authors: Dangi Poonam , Jain Ravi , Mamidala Rajanikanth , Sharma Vijeta , Agarwal Shalini , Bathula Chandramohan , Thirumalachary M. , Sen Subhabrata , Singh Shailja 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNatural products offer an abundant source of diverse novel scaffolds that inspires development of next generation anti-malarials. With this vision, a library of scaffolds inspired by natural biologically active alkaloids was synthesized from chiral bicyclic lactams with steps/scaffold ratio of 1.7:1. On evaluation of library of scaffolds for their growth inhibitory effect against malaria parasite we found one scaffold with IC50in low micro molar range. It inhibited parasite growth via disruption of Na+homeostasis. P-type ATPase, PfATP4 is responsible for maintaining parasite Na+homeostasis and is a good target for anti-malarials. Molecular docking with our scaffold showed that it fits well in the binding pocket of PfATP4. Moreover, inhibition of Na+-dependent ATPase activity by our potent scaffold suggests that it targets parasite by inhibiting PfATP4, leading to ionic imbalance. However how ionic imbalance attributes to parasite’s death is unclear. We show that ionic imbalance caused by scaffold7induces autophagy that leads to onset of apoptosis in the parasite evident by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and DNA degradation. Our study provides a novel strategy for drug discovery and an insight into the molecular mechanism of ionic imbalance mediated death in malaria parasite.
Contrasting growth, physiological and gene expression responses of Clematis crassifolia and Clematis cadmia to different irradiance conditions
Authors: Ma Xiaohua , Qian Renjuan , Zhang Xule , Hu Qingdi , Liu Hongjian , Zheng Jian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractClematis crassifolia and Clematis cadmia Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f. & Thomson are herbaceous vine plants native to China. C. crassifolia is distributed in shaded areas, while C. cadmia mostly grows in bright, sunny conditions in mountainous and hilly landscapes. To understand the potential mechanisms involved in the irradiance responses of C. crassifolia and C. cadmia, we conducted a pot experiment under three irradiance treatments with natural irradiation and two different levels of shading. Various growth, photosynthetic, oxidative and antioxidative parameters and the relative expression of irradiance-related genes were examined. In total, 15 unigenes were selected for the analysis of gene expression. The exposure of C. crassifolia to high irradiance resulted in growth inhibition coupled with increased levels of chlorophyll, increased catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity and increased expression of c144262_g2, c138393_g1 and c131300_g2. In contrast, under high irradiance conditions, C. cadmia showed an increase in growth and soluble protein content accompanied by a decrease in the expression of c144262_g2, c133872_g1, and c142530_g1, suggesting their role in the acclimation of C. cadmia to a high-irradiance environment. The 15 unigenes were differentially expressed in C. crassifolia and C. cadmia under different irradiance conditions. Thus, our study revealed that there are essential differences in the irradiance adaptations of C. crassifolia and C. cadmia due to the differential physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying their irradiance responses, which result from their long-term evolution in contrasting habitats.
eGFR and deep white matter hyperintensity as predictors of cognitive decline long after carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Nakamizo Akira , Amano Toshiyuki , Kuwashiro Takahiro , Yasaka Masahiro , Okada Yasushi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChronic kidney disease and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) are associated with cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to assess the correlations between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or WMH and cognitive function in patients who have undergone carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Cognitive functions were investigated using the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (Cognistat) in 83 patients who had undergone CEA. The eGFR at 5 years prior to examination was significantly associated with severe cognitive impairment (odds ratio, 0.89 per 1-mL/min/1.73 m2 increase, 95% confidence interval 0.82–0.97, p = 0.0004). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that a cutoff eGFR of 46.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 5 years prior to examination offered the most reliable predictor of severe cognitive impairment (sensitivity 88.9%, specificity 76.5%, area under the curve 0.848). The eGFR at 5 years prior to examination showed a significant linear association with total Cognistat score (r2 = 0.11035, p = 0.0032) compared to eGFR at 3 years prior to examination (r2 = 0.06455, p = 0.0230) or at examination (r2 = 0.0210, p = 0.0210). Spearman’s correlation coefficient revealed that orientation, comprehension, repetition, construction, memory, and similarity correlated with eGFR at 5 years prior to examination. Conversely, Fazekas grade for deep WMH at examination was associated with total Cognistat score (p = 0.0016), unlike that at 3 years (p = 0.0100) or 5 years prior to examination (p = 0.0172). While eGFR correlates with future cognitive function, deep WMH associates with present cognitive function in patients who have undergone CEA.
Mechanisms linking adipose tissue inflammation to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis
Authors: Anthony Sarah R. , Guarnieri Adrienne R. , Gozdiff Anamarie , Helsley Robert N. , Phillip Owens Albert , Tranter Michael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAdipose tissue is classically recognized as the primary site of lipid storage, but in recent years has garnered appreciation for its broad role as an endocrine organ comprising multiple cell types whose collective secretome, termed as adipokines, is highly interdependent on metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory state. Anatomical location (e.g. visceral, subcutaneous, epicardial etc) and cellular composition of adipose tissue (e.g. white, beige, and brown adipocytes, macrophages etc.) also plays a critical role in determining its response to metabolic state, the resulting secretome, and its potential impact on remote tissues. Compared with other tissues, the heart has an extremely high and constant demand for energy generation, of which most is derived from oxidation of fatty acids. Availability of this fatty acid fuel source is dependent on adipose tissue, but evidence is mounting that adipose tissue plays a much broader role in cardiovascular physiology. In this review, we discuss the impact of the brown, subcutaneous, and visceral white, perivascular (PVAT), and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) secretome on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), with a particular focus on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
Experimental analysis of fully polarimetric radar returns of a fixed‐wing UAV
Authors: Yang Yong , Bai Yang , Wu Jia‐Ni , Wang Xue‐Song 
Published: November 2019

The characteristics of the radar returns for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are useful for radar detection and classification of the UAV. In this study, the authors carried out an experiment in an anechoic chamber to measure the fully polarimetric echoes of a fixed‐wing UAV in X‐band. With the measured data, they analysed the distribution of the radar cross‐section of the UAV. They also analysed the distributions of the phases and polarisation ratios of the UAV returns in various polarisation modes. They found that the radar cross‐sections of the fixed‐wing UAV in HH and VV polarisation modes obey lognormal distribution. The radar cross‐sections of the UAV in VH and HV polarisation modes obey Weibull distribution. The means of the radar cross‐section in co‐polarisation modes are 8–10 dBsm higher than those in cross‐polarisation modes. The phases of the UAV echo in HH, HV, VH and VV polarisation modes are uniformly distributed within 0 and 2π. The amplitudes of the polarisation ratios of the UAV echo are well fitted by lognormal distribution.
Präklinische Versorgung des Polytraumas
Authors: Oramary Delovan , Al-Sadi Onays , Blum Sophia , Schaser Klaus Dieter , Kleber Christian 
Published: November 2019

ZusammenfassungDas Polytrauma stellt eine der führenden Todesursachen des jungen Menschen dar. Im Rahmen des Managements mit Zielsetzung der weiteren Verbesserung des Überlebens rückt zunehmend die Präklinik in den Fokus. Zudem besteht ein Spannungsfeld aus Notwendigkeit von Erfahrung und manuellen Fähigkeiten mit invasiven Rettungstechniken einerseits und mangelnder Erfahrung und Ausbildung andererseits. Im folgenden Artikel werden aktuelle Leitlinien und Algorithmen zur präklinischen Versorgung des Polytraumas vorgestellt, diskutiert und praktische Handlungsempfehlung zum präklinischen Management gegeben.
Total Gluteal Reconstruction with “IGA-based V–Y Myocutaneous Advancement Flap”
Authors: Vathulya Madhubari , Nath Amborish , Jain Manish , Seenivasagam Rajkumar Kottayasamy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Introduction A 44-year-old man was presented with chronic discharging multiple perianal fistula and squamous cell carcinoma of the left buttock.
Report The patient was subjected to wide local excision of the entire left gluteal and adjacent sacral regions and reconstruction with extended island inferior gluteal artery based V–Y myocutaneous advancement flap.
Result and Conclusion Extended island inferior gluteal based V–Y flap can be a good option for extensive defects involving the gluteal region and the sacrum.
Cerebral Insufficiency Caused by Diazoxide in a Premature Neonate with Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Authors: Fukunaga Shinnosuke , Okada Seigo , Ohta Haruka , Furuta Takashi , Hirano Reiji , Motonaga Takahiro , Ishikawa Yuichi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDiazoxide is a peripheral vasodilator that has been used for intravenous treatment of hypertensive emergencies. However, it is currently used mainly for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in lower dose orally, and its major side effects are edema and pulmonary hypertension. Herein, we report the first association between periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and intractable hypotension due to diazoxide. A Japanese female premature infant showed hypoglycemia concomitant with hyperinsulinemia. She was diagnosed with congenital hyperinsulinism, and oral diazoxide was started. Six days after starting diazoxide, she suddenly showed peripheral coldness, oliguria, and severe hypotension. The hypotension was refractory to general vasopressor therapies and persisted even after the discontinuation of diazoxide. Cranial echography showed periventricular echodensities followed by cystic PVL. Low-dose vasopressin effectively treated the hypotension. This single case reminds us the serious adverse events of diazoxide that have been forgotten, especially in premature neonates.
Morphological study of the hypoglossal and lingual nerves
Authors: Rie Shimotakahara , Lee Hyeyong , Nishimoto Daisaku , Ogata Shigemitsu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and objectives: In treatment of dental conditions and dental anaesthesiology, a thorough understaoding of course, directions and distribution of nerves and blood vessels supplying the tongue is extremely important. However, the morphology of the nerves supplying the tongue has not yet been fully understood. We applied comparative anatomical approach in order to observe innervation of the tongue in detail, with the focus on the distribution of the lingual nerves and its communication with the hypoglossal nerve. Material and methods: Ten adult human tongues with no grossly detectable abnormalities that were resected from cadavers donated for anatomical study and five monkey tongues were used. Specimens were immersed in water and dissected under a stereomicroscope, and gross examination of the morphology and directions of branches of the hypoglossal and lingual nerves, communicating branches between these two nerves, and their connection status was done. Observations: All branches shared common morphological characteristics: branches near the root of the tongue were relatively straight, while they meandered and formed loops nearer to the apex of tongue. In addition to the branch on the anterior muscle bundle of the hyoglossus muscle, which could be easily observed, there were two more communicating points (total of three communicating branches in both humans and Japanese macaques: in the inner part of the genioglossus muscle and the apex of the tongue). Conclusions: The levels of communicating nerve complexity between the hypoglossal nerve and the lingual nerve and the thickness of nerve fibers varied among individual subjects, but there was a common three-site communication pattern.
Unilateral rectus sternalis muscle - a case report
Authors: Nair Smitha S , Jayasree K , PR Ashalatha , Joy Jenish 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRectus sternalis muscle, either unilateral or bilateral is an uncommon anatomical variant among the anterior chest wall muscles. During the routine dissection as a part of undergraduate medical teaching in the department of Anatomy, a unilateral rectus sternalis muscle was noticed on the right hemi thorax in one cadaver, located adjacent to the sternum between the pectoralis major muscle and the superficial fascia of the region. Though rare in occurrence, when present, rectus sternalis muscle demands proper awareness and attention by the clinicians especially radiologists and surgeons, as the ignorance of the existence of this muscle may lead to misinterpretation, incorrect diagnosis and unnecessary clinical interventions. Such anatomical variations should be borne in mind while doing radiological investigations, radiotherapy and surgical procedures in the chest region.
Topography of diaphyseal nutrient foramina of femora and their implications in bone grafting
Authors: Kamath Venkatesh , Bhat Shivarama , Asif Muhammed , Avadhani Ramakrishna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background : Long bones derive their nutrition through a nutrient artery that enters the bone through a foramen in its diaphysis. An orthopedic surgeon must be familiar with the topography of the nutrient foramina to avoid vascular compromise during surgery. Aim :This study attempts to analyze the topography of primary nutrient foramina of femora. Materials and method : One hundred dry adult femora were used for this study. The primary diaphyseal nutrient foramina were identified macroscopically using hand lens. The number of foramina and their position were noted and the foramina! index was calculated. Results : It was observed that 79% of femora had single primary nutrient foramen, 20% had double foramina and I% had three foramina. All the foramina were located between 30.8%-89.6% of total length of femur. 11.47 % of foramina were in the upper third, 1.64% in the lower third and the majority 86.88% of foramina were in the middle third of femur. The mean foramina!index was 46.01. 82.78% of foramina were located on the linea aspera, 14.75% on the medial surface and2.46% on the lateral surface. Conclusion : An orthopedic surgeon operating on femur must be careful in the middle 1/3rd, especially over the linea aspera as majority of primary diaphyseal foramina were observed in this region. A cogent knowledge of vascular topography ensures preservation of vasculature of the bone during surgeries. This enables rapid healing of surgical wound increasing the success rates of fracture fixation, bone grafting, vascularized microscopic surgeries and hip and knee replacement procedures.
Variations in branching pattern of arch of aorta in Gujarat region
Authors: Patel Jitendra P. , Bhojak Naimish R. , Desai Jalpa N. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aim: Study of variation in branching pattern of arch of aorta is important for cardio­ vascular surgeons to avoid injury during procedures like angiography and stenting of aorta. These variations are frequently encountered during surgical procedures, as a developmental alteration in branchial arch during embryonic period. The aim of present study is to describe variation in branching pattern of arch of aorta belonging to Gujarati population and these results will be of significance for anatomists for relating it with embryological basis, cardiovascular surgeons and radiologists. Materials and metbods: Forty embalmed cadavers were observed for study of branching pattern of arch of aorta during period of four year in Department of Anatomy in Smt N.H.L.Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad. Results: In the present study, normal branching pattern of the arch of aorta was found in 92.5% cases. In 2.5% cases only two vessels originated from the arch of aorta, one of them was common trunk for brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery and the second trunk was left subclavian artery. In 5% of cases four vessels arose from arch of aorta, the left vertebral artery arose directly from aorta with normal branching pattern. Conclusion: Vascular invasive procedures are increasing since last decade. So knowledge of variation in branches of arch of aorta is essential for cardiologist, cardiovascnlar surgeon as well as for radiologist.