bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Waterflood Efficiency in Oil-Wet Systems
Authors: Warren J.E. , Calhoun John C. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 22–29.

Abstract
A study of waterflood efficiency, given in terms of oil recovery at water breakthrough and ultimate recovery, has been made on short, consolidated Pyrex glass cores rendered oil-wet by chemical treatment. Contact angle, interfacial tension, permeability and porosity were the variables considered. Oil and water viscosities, core length and velocity of flooding were held constant.
The data permit interfacial tension, contact angle, porosity, and permeability to be grouped into a scaling coefficient along with viscosity, velocity of flooding and length of core. Correlation of the scaling coefficient with recovery at water breakthrough is found to follow prediction; correlations of ultimate recovery demand a scaling coefficient different from that which correlates breakthrough recovery.
The work indicates that, with proper control, a group of similar natural cores, of permeability plug size, can be correlated to indicate basic flooding performance.

Introduction
The fraction of oil recovered from a porous medium is related to both reservoir conditions and production techniques. An investigation of all factors that enter into this relationship is necessary in order to arrive at the optimum method of exploitation for oil reservoirs.
To define this relationship, laboratory studies have been made by a great many investigators. However, an important obstacle arises if the results of these experiments on water flooding are to be applied to practice.
Differences in behavior are to be expected between reservoirs of the dimensions encountered underground and those used in laboratory work. Factors which play an important role under laboratory conditions may be of no consequence in reservoirs. Laboratory operating practices generally differ from field operating practices. Thus, a mere understanding of the mechanism of the displacement of oil by water is not enough. It is just as necessary that the process be analyzed dimensionally to give continuity and validity to the conversion from laboratory to field.
Effect of Unsymmetrical Vertical Fractures on Production Capacity
Authors: Crawford Paul B. , Landrum Bobby L. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 251–254.

Abstract
Electrical model studies have been made of the effect of unsymmetrical vertical fractures on production capacity. The study was restricted to the case of two vertical fractures originating at the well and extending out into the reservoir for various distances and orientations. The ratio of the short fracture length to the long fracture length was varied from 0.1 to 1.0 in successive studies. The angle separating the two fractures was varied from 0 to 180 degrees.
The most effective fractured patterns were obtained when the fractures were oriented 180 degrees. It was found that when the total fracture length was equal to 0.2 of the drainage radius, the increase in production capacity may vary from approximately 1.55 to 1.95, depending upon the ratio of the short fracture length to the long fracture length and the angle separating the two fractures. If the total fracture length were 0.5 of the drainage radius, production capacity increases varying 1.95 to 2.65 were observed, depending on the angle between the fractures and the ratio of the short fracture length to the long fracture length.
The fractured well production capacity decreased approximately 1 to 10 per cent as the angle separating the fractures was varied from 180 to 90 degrees. It was dependent on the particular fracture.

Introduction
The commercial application of reservoir fracturing techniques has caused an interest to be expressed in the effect of vertical and horizontal fractures on production capacities. Some data have indicated that substantially vertical fractures may be created in some reservoirs. It is believed that the fractures are possibly unsymmetrical, that is, one fracture may extend due north 100 ft and a second fracture on the opposite side of the well may extend south or southeast only 50 ft. The total fracture length, ratios of the lengths and angles of separation may vary considerably. For this reason variations in these factors were considered. The study was restricted to the case of two vertical fractures originating at the well and extending out into the reservoir. It is not known that such will occur in a reservoir, but the results may be of value in interpreting or studying fracturing applications.
Well Productivity Increase From Drain Holes as Measured by Model Studies
Authors: Perrine R.L. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 30–34.

Abstract
The use of drain holes drilled from a well to improve productivity is becoming increasingly common. This paper presents data on the productivity increase that may be expected. The data were obtained by use of an electrolytic tank model of a reservoir. Parameters varied in the study to show their effect on productivity include the length, number, and arrangement of drain holes, formation thickness, and damage near the wellbore.
The most important results are that very large increases in productivity can be expected only in damaged wells. The distance to which drain holes penetrate is of primary importance. Additional length is more effective than increasing the number of drain holes.

Introduction
In planning the use of drain holes to improve productivity, it is important to be able to estimate the increase in production that can be obtained for a given expenditure. It is also important to know what combination of parameters related to the use of drain holes can be chosen to give the largest production increase. This paper presents data on the productivity increase that may be expected, as obtained by use of an electrolytic tank model of the reservoir. In this study, a number of parameters were varied to show their effect on productivity. These included the length, number, and arrangement of the drain holes. The presence or absence of a damaged zone of low permeability around the wellbore and the thickness of the producing formation were also considered.

Definitions and Assumptions
The productivity increase that might be expected due to drain holes is presented as the ratio: productivity of a well after drain holes are drilled and completed to the productivity of the same well in an undamaged state without drain holes.
Analysis of Pressure Fall-Off Curves Obtained in Water Injection Wells To Determine Injective Capacity and Formation Damage
Authors: Nowak T.J. , Lester G.W. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 96–102.

Abstract
The paper presents a practical method of utilizing pressure fall-off data obtained when a water injection well is shut in for determination of:the static reservoir pressure,the potential water injective capacity (md-ft) of the formation, andthe formation damage (skin effect) surrounding the wellbore.
In the development of the method, equations are presented which give the theoretical background for predicting the behavior of water injection wells. Certain physical factors which limit the application of the method are discussed. The procedure and the relevant precautions in obtaining the data are discussed. A sample analysis and computation from an actual pressure fall-off curve is illustrated. Finally, general characteristics of pressure fall-off curves obtained in several reservoirs are presented.

Introduction
Theoretically, in an injection well the flow of water into the formation will continue as long as the sand-face pressure is greater than the reservoir pressure. However, in practice, engineers have observed that upon stopping injection and opening the wellhead to atmospheric pressure, some wells backflow water for time intervals ranging from several seconds to several hours although the sand-face pressure, as calculated from the hydrostatic head, is considerably greater than the static reservoir pressure. Further, field observations indicated that upon shutting in a water input well, the wellhead pressure does not drop off immediately, but a pressure decline occurs lasting from several seconds to several days. These observations make it evident that when an input well is shut in, a residual pressure lingers in the vicinity of the wellbore which is greater than the average reservoir pressure. This residual pressure declines first rapidly, then more slowly, to the static reservoir pressure; therefore, it is called transient back-pressure or pressure fall-off.
The first step in investigating the mechanism of pressure fall-off is to establish what general conditions are necessary for its occurrence, and to this end, Dickey and Andresen have presented a qualitative explanation describing the mechanism. They point out that the formation pressure gradient in the vicinity of the well does not disappear immediately when the input well is shut in, as if the system were filled with a totally incompressible fluid, but it is maintained by the expansion of the compressible fluids and by the elasticity of the formation. In such a compressible system the decrease in pressure is possible only to the extent that the water front continues to advance until the pressure is equalized.
The principal aim of this paper is three-fold; namely,to present a theoretical quantitative analysis of pressure fall-off data,to present an application of the developed theory to field data, andto discuss the general characteristics of actual pressure fall-off curves.
The Effect of the Relative Permeability Ratio, the Oil Gravity, and the Solution Gas-Oil Ratio on the Primary Recovery From a Depletion Type Reservoir
Authors: Arps J.J. , Roberts T.G. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 120–127.

Introduction
Since the introduction of the relative permeability concept in the middle thirties various investigators have shown how the basic equations for the flow of oil and gas through porous media can be utilized to compute the recovery from depletion type or solution gas drive type reservoirs under certain conditions, when the necessary physical data pertaining to the reservoir rock and its reservoir fluids are known.
In the study by Muskat and Taylor in 1945, the effects of viscosity, gas solubility, shrinkage, and the permeability-saturation characteristics of the producing formation on the production histories and the recovery of gas drive reservoirs were analyzed. Each parameter was varied a limited number of times, while keeping the others constant. The work was not carried to the point where the data could be used directly to estimate the primary recovery in those cases where certain rock and fluid characteristics were known or could be assumed.
Since the publication of this classic study, the work by Beal in 1946 and Standing in 1952 has established general correlations of oil viscosity and shrinkage with gas solubility and oil gravity. In addition, a considerable number of relative permeability relationships for different types of reservoir rocks has been published. Also, the burden of the numerical work required in the solutions of the differential equation has, during the last few years, been greatly reduced with the availability of modern electronic computing facilities.
The purpose of this paper is therefore to present the results of a large number of such recovery computations covering the normal range of variation of the main parameters such as the type of rock, the API gravity of the oil, and the amount of gas in solution.
As is to be expected, the ultimate recovery is found to increase with the oil gravity, except for the higher solution gas-oil ratios.
Studies on Pressure Distribution in Bounded Reservoirs at Steady State
Authors: Matthews C.S. , Lefkovits H.C. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 182–189.

Abstract
The purposes of this study areto determine the accuracy of a previously proposed method for calculating average reservoir pressure andto find a method for estimating the shape of the drainage area of each well in a bounded reservoir.
Both numerical and experimental methods are used to determine the pressure distribution and the location of drainage boundaries in idealized reservoirs at steady state. A number of photographs are included which show flowlines and drainage areas in reservoir models of various shapes. Results from these studies are then compared with those from the previously proposed method for calculating average reservoir pressure. It is concluded that the previously proposed method is sufficiently accurate for most reservoir engineering purposes. In addition, some simple methods are given for estimation of shapes of drainage boundaries.

Introduction
A method for the determination of the average pressure in a bounded reservoir was previously developed by Matthews, Brons, and Hazebroek, and presented at the Petroleum Branch Fall Meeting in 1953. In applying this method, the reservoir was first divided into drainage volumes; second, the average pressure in each drainage volume was calculated; and third, these drainage volume pressures were averaged volumetric ally to give the average pressure in the reservoir. It was shown that each well's individual drainage volume, at steady state, is proportional to the well's production rate; however, the question of how to estimate accurately the shape of these drainage volumes could not be answered. Furthermore, in calculating the average pressure for each drainage area, the actual drainage areas, which are in general quite asymmetric in shape, are replaced with one of the symmetric prototypes given in T.P. 3876. A question may then be raised as to how accurately the symmetrical figures depict the pressure behavior of the actual unsymmetrical drainage areas. The study reported on in the present paper was made in an attempt to shed light on the above questions.
Measles and Mumps Outbreaks in Lebanon : Trends and Links
Authors: Zarif Talal El , Kassir Mohamed Faisal , Bizri Nazih , Kassir Ghida , Musharrafieh Umayya , Bizri Abdul Rahman 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Lebanon has experienced several measles and mumps outbreaks in the past twenty years. In this article, a case-based surveillance of both measles and mumps outbreaks in Lebanon was carried out in an attempt to outline factors contributing to the failure of elimination plans and to provide potential solutions. The relationship between the outbreaks of both diseases was described and explored. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of confirmed cases of measles and mumps in Lebanon between 2003 and 2018 collected from the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health Epidemiological Surveillance Unit public database was carried out. The information collected was graphically represented taking into consideration dates of reported cases, age groups affected, and vaccination status. Results: The mean number of measles cases was 150.25 cases/year in the 1-4 years age group, 87 cases/year in individuals aging between 5 and 14, and 63.68 cases/year in those > 14 years old. In the latter group, only 18.05% were unvaccinated. The mean number of mumps cases was 30.4 cases/year in the <4 year age group and 53.8 cases/year in the 10-19 years age group. During the study period, every spike in measles cases was followed by a similar spike in mumps. 9.66% of measles cases occurred in individuals who received at least 2 doses of the vaccine, 52.26% in the unvaccinated, and 38% in those whose vaccination status was undetermined. Conclusions: Measles in Lebanon is a disease of the pediatric population, but adults remain at risk. Outbreaks of mumps followed those of measles and were mainly among adolescents. Presence of a large number of Syrian refugees in the country may further complicate the situation. Vaccination activities need to be intensified.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials
Authors: Qin Jing , Song Li 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: The cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are still controversial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular events of GLP-1 (albiglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide, lixisenatide and dulaglutide) receptor agonists in T2DM patients.Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched to find relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to June 2019 that evaluated the effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM. The T2DM patients of all the eligible trials received either GLP-1 therapy or placebo, and the cardiovascular outcomes included death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction and fatal or non-fatal stroke.Results: We included 6 multinational double-blind randomized placebo-control trials that included a total of 52821 T2DM patients. The results indicated that GLP-1 receptor agonists reduced the risk of death from cardiovascular causes (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83–0.97; P = 0.004) and fatal or non-fatal stroke (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.77–0.94; P = 0.001) compared with the placebo controls. But GLP-1 receptor agonists did not significantly alter the fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction compared with the placebo (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82 – 1.01; P = 0.06).Conclusion: We concluded that GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy could reduce the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and fatal or non-fatal stroke compared with the placebo in the treatment of T2DM patients in trials with cardiovascular outcomes.
Enhanced antitumor efficacy on colon cancer using EGF functionalized PLGA nanoparticles loaded with 5-Fluorouracil and perﬂuorocarbon
Authors: Author) Pingping Wu(Former Corresponding , Zhou Qing , Zhu Huayun , Zhuang Yan , Author) Jun Bao(New Corresponding 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Recurrence and metastasis are the shortcomings of the clinical treatment of colon cancer. Finding an efficacy strategy for the treatment of colon cancer is important. In recent years, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been shown to have potential as a broad therapeutic drug delivery system. This study aimed to design a dual-loaded nanoparticles drug delivery system to overcome the limitations of chemotherapeutic drugs in colon cancer therapy. Methods: We developed epidermal growth factor (EGF) functionalized poly PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) co-loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5Fu) and perﬂuorocarbon (PFC) (EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs) for target therapy of colon cancer. EGF-PLGA@5Fu /PFC NPs were estimated by morphology, size distribution, in vitro stability and release profile. CCK-8, Hoechst33342 staining and flow cytometry assays were performed to investigate the functions of EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs in SW620 cells. Results: We found that EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs had an average size of 200 nm with a 5Fu-loading efficiency of 7.29%. Targeted EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs exhibited higher cellular uptake than non-targeted NPs in colon cancer cells. EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs were found to have the best efficiency on cell viability suppression and apoptosis induction in SW620 colon cancer cells. In xenograft mice, EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs had the best suppressive effects on tumor growth compared with 5Fu, PLGA@5Fu and PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs. The results of histopathological analysis further indicated that EGF-targeted NPs were the most efficient on tumor growth inhibition. Mechanically, the data demonstrated the improved therapeutic outcomes were owing to the fact that PFC relieved tumor hypoxia via transporting oxygen to the tumor. Conclusions: We creatively constructed a biocompatible nanodrug delivery system and functionalized nanoparticles might provide new potential for selective delivery of chemotherapy drugs to cancers.
Identification of the Eutrema Salsugineum EsMYB90 gene important for anthocyanin biosynthesis
Authors: Qi Yuting , Gu Caihong , Wang Xingjun , Gao Shiqing , Li Changsheng , Zhao Chuanzhi , Li Chuanshun , Ma Changle , Zhao Dazhong , Zhang Quan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Anthocyanins contribute to coloration and antioxidation effects in different plant tissues. MYB transcription factors have been demonstrated to be a key regulator for anthocyanin synthesis in many plants. However, little information was available about the MYB genes in the halophyte species Eutrema salsugineum . Result: Here we report the identification of an important anthocyanin biosynthesis regulator Es MYB90 from Eutrema salsugineum , which is a halophyte tolerant to multiple abiotic stresses. Our phylogenetic and localization analyses supported that Es MYB90 is an R2R3 type of MYB transcription factor. Ectopic expression of EsMYB90 in tobacco and Arabidopsis enhanced pigmentation and anthocyanin accumulation in various organs. The transcriptome analysis revealed that 42 genes upregulated by Es MYB90 in 35S : EsMYB90 tobacco transgenic plants are required for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Moreover, our qRT-PCR results showed that Es MYB90 promoted expression of early ( PAL , CHS , and CHI ) and late ( DFR , ANS , and UFGT ) anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in stems, leaves, and flowers of 35S : EsMYB90 tobacco transgenic plants. Conclusions: Our results indicated that Es MYB90 is a MYB transcription factor, which regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis genes to control anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our work provides a new tool to enhance anthocyanin production in various plants. Keywords : Anthocyanin, flavonoid, Eutrema salsugineum , R2R3 MYB transcription factor, Es MYB90, transcriptional regulation, anthocyanin biosynthesis genes.