bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manganese-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Not Detectable at Exposures Below the Acute Cytotoxic Threshold in Neuronal Cell Types
Authors: Warren Emily B , Bryan Miles R , Morcillo Patricia , Hardeman Keisha N , Aschner Michael , Bowman Aaron B 
Published: May 2020

AbstractManganese (Mn) is an essential metal, but excessive exposures have been well-documented to culminate in neurotoxicity. Curiously, the precise mechanisms of Mn neurotoxicity are still unknown. One hypothesis suggests that Mn exerts its toxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial function, which then (if exposure levels are high and long enough) leads to cell death. Here, we used a Huntington’s disease cell model with known differential sensitivities to manganese—STHdhQ7/Q7 and STHdhQ111/Q111 cells—to examine the effects of acute Mn exposure on mitochondrial function. We determined toxicity thresholds for each cell line using both changes in cell number and caspase-3/7 activation. We used a range of acute Mn exposures (0–300 µM), both above and below the cytotoxic threshold, to evaluate mitochondria-associated metabolic balance, mitochondrial respiration, and substrate dependence. In both cell lines, we observed no effect on markers of mitochondrial function at subtoxic Mn exposures (below detectable levels of cell death), yet at supratoxic exposures (above detectable levels of cell death) mitochondrial function significantly declined. We validated these findings in primary striatal neurons. In cell lines, we further observed that subtoxic Mn concentrations do not affect glycolytic function or major intracellular metabolite quantities. These data suggest that in this system, Mn exposure impairs mitochondrial function only at concentrations coincident with or above the initiation of cell death and is not consistent with the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction precedes or induces Mn cytotoxicity.
Phylogenetic position and morphological descriptions ofChitonspecies from the south-eastern Pacific
Authors: Ibáñez Christian M , Pardo-Gandarillas M Cecilia , Méndez Marco A , Sellanes Javier , Sigwart Julia D , Sirenko Boris 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the south-eastern Pacific Ocean (SEP), six species of the genus Chiton have been recorded. However, the taxonomic status and geographic distribution of some of these species is controversial. In this study, we compare and describe Chiton species in the SEP. More than 3000 specimens of six species from 49 localities were analysed for morphological features. Among these, 27 specimens of the six species from the SEP were sequenced for the mitochondrial barcode region (COI) and ribosomal 16S and 18S to infer phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that the genus Chiton in the SEP represents a polyphyletic group and confirms the placement of C. barnesii in Chiton and not in Radsia, as previously suggested. Among Chiton s.s., C. cumingsii is the sister-species of C. magnificus, while C. granosus is a sister-species of C. barnesii. This analysis also indicates that C. bowenii is a junior synonym of C. magnificus. Our results improved the knowledge of systematics and distribution of Chiton species in the SEP, suggesting the presence of five valid species of the genus. In this study, we designate a lectotype for C. cumingsii and a neotype for C. granosus.
A Guide to Implementing Role-Play in the Nursing Classroom
Authors: Nemec Rebbecca , Brower Emily , Allert Jenny 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To foster critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills in nursing students, there has been a shift in nursing education from lecture-based classroom teaching to active learning strategies. However, the challenge of switching teaching strategies can be overwhelming and daunting for many educators. This article unravels role-play as an effective active learning strategy. A methodical approach is provided to enable educators to develop an activity that can be adapted for a variety of courses.
Internal Medicine Residents’ Feelings of Responsibility, Confidence, and Clinical Practice in Opioid Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Prescribing
Authors: Wang Linda , Cunningham Chinazo O. , Browder Casey , Iyer Shwetha 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
We assessed internal medicine residents’ attitudes and clinical practices regarding opioid overdose prevention education and naloxone prescribing as a first step in developing curriculum to train residents on these topics.

Methods:
We adapted a previously validated questionnaire to assess residents’ feelings of responsibility, confidence and clinical practice in opioid overdose prevention and naloxone prescribing.

Results:
Nearly all 90 residents (62% response rate) felt responsible and most felt confident in: assessing patients for risk of opioid overdose (95% and 57%, respectively), assessing patients’ readiness to reduce risk of opioid overdose (95% and 73%, respectively), and advising behavior change to minimize opioid overdose risk (98% and 71%, respectively). Most felt responsible to refer patients for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment (98%), and provide overdose prevention education and prescribe naloxone (87%). Most felt confident referring patients for OUD treatment (60%), and nearly half felt confident in providing overdose prevention education and prescribing naloxone (45%). In clinical practice, over a third reported assessing patients’ risk of overdose (35%), assessing patients’ readiness to reduce risk of overdose (57%), and advising behavior change to minimize overdose risk (57%). Only 17% reported providing overdose prevention education and prescribing naloxone.

Conclusions:
Despite feeling responsible and confident in addressing opioid overdose prevention strategies, few residents report implementing these strategies in clinical care. Residency programs must not only include curricula addressing overdose risk assessment and counseling, referral to or provision of OUD treatment, but also include curricula that impact implementation of opioid overdose prevention strategies.
Medical Student Spirituality and Substance Use
Authors: Williams Michelle K. , Greene William M. , Leitner Stefano A. , Merlo Lisa J. 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
Although medical students report relatively high levels of substance use, little is known about the risk and protective factors associated with substance use in this population. This study sought to examine the link between spirituality and substance use among medical students.

Methods:
As part of a larger study, medical students from all 9 medical schools in the state of Florida were invited to complete an anonymous survey pertaining to distress and well-being. Responses to items assessing self-reported spirituality and substance use were examined and descriptive statistics were analyzed.

Results:
Data from 868 medical students (57% female) were included. Of these, 22.6% described themselves as “non-spiritual,” 31.0% described themselves as “spiritual,” 18.5% engaged in informal spiritual practices, and 27.9% reported formal spiritual/religious practices. Students who reported stronger spirituality also reported lower rates of substance use. Though 31% of respondents across all levels of spirituality reported that their alcohol consumption increased since starting medical school, rates of binge drinking after exams were inversely related to level of spirituality.

Conclusions:
Self-reported spirituality appears to be associated with decreased risk of substance use in medical school. Future studies should examine this relation in greater depth.
VISUAL OUTCOME OF EARLY VITRECTOMY AND INTRAVITREAL ANTIBIOTICS IN ACUTE POSTSURGICAL AND POSTINTRAVITREAL INJECTION ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Authors: Soliman Mohamed Kamel , Gini Giampaolo , Kuhn Ferenc , Parolini Barbara , Ozdek Sengul , Adelman Ron A. , Sallam Ahmed B. ,   for the European Vitreo-Retinal Society (EVRS) Endophthalmitis Study Group
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the visual outcome associated with intravitreal antibiotics (IVA) and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for acute postprocedure endophthalmitis.

Methods:
Data from 237 eyes presenting with acute postprocedure endophthalmitis were collected from 57 retina specialists in 28 countries. All eyes were treated with IVA on the day of presentation. We classified eyes according to the method of treatment used as IVA and early PPV (IVA + PPV within 1 week of presentation) groups.

Results:
After exclusion of ineligible eyes, data from 204 eyes were analyzed. The mean (SD) age of patients was 62.7 (21.8) years and 69.3 (12.7) years in the IVA and PPV groups, respectively (P = 0.18). Endophthalmitis secondary to cataract, intravitreal injections, PPV, and other intraocular procedures represented 64.2%, 16.2%, 13.7%, and 5.9% of cases, respectively. Intravitreal antibiotics alone were administered in 55 eyes (27.0%), and early PPV was performed in 149 eyes (73.0%). No difference was found between groups in the final visual acuity of ≥20/60 (43.6%, 65 eyes vs. 34.5%, 19 eyes) and ≤counting fingers (30.9%, 46 eyes vs. 36.4%, 20 eyes) for IVA versus early PPV groups, respectively. Vision of light perception (odds ratio = 12.2; 95% confidence interval: 2.0–72.6) and retinal detachment (odds ratio = 7.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.5–409) at baseline were predictive of vision of ≤counting fingers. Retinal detachment at baseline (odds ratio = 20.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–372.1) was predictive of final retinal detachment status.

Conclusion:
The current retrospective multicenter cohort of eyes with acute postprocedure endophthalmitis reports similar outcomes after treatment with IVA alone when compared with IVA and early PPV within 1 week of presentation.
INDOLENT, NONPROGRESSIVE, MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDAL LESIONS
Authors: Carroll William J. , Deak Gabor , J. Daily Mark , Cunha de Souza Eduardo , Shelsta Heather N. , Barbante Casella Antonio Marcelo , Jampol Lee M. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
In 2012, four patients with multiple asymptomatic, indolent, unilateral, choroidal lesions were described. We suspected benign-behaving lymphocytes infiltrating the choroid. This article expands the number of patients and duration of follow-up and speculates further on the etiology. Although histopathologic confirmation of these lesions is still unknown, the natural course of these patients is excellent and should be distinguished from aggressive choroidal lymphoma.

Methods:
To qualify for the study, the patients had to meet the following criteria: 1) Patients collected had asymptomatic choroidal infiltrates as demonstrated in the figures; 2) absence of vitreous cells; 3) no evidence of concomitant systemic malignancy; 4) no systemic inflammatory diseases, including sarcoidosis; 5) no birdshot chorioretinopathy; 6) no conjunctival or orbital lesions; and 7) advanced multimodal imaging and clinical follow-up were performed.

Results:
There were 11 eyes of 11 patients seen. Follow-up ranged from 4 months to 12 years and 1 month (mean 50.2 months; median 24 months). Systemic workup was unrevealing. No patients in this cohort developed systemic, conjunctival, orbital, or vitreoretinal lymphoma or inflammatory disease. No patients developed symptoms or vision loss.

Conclusion:
This entity is an indolent choroidal infiltrative disease. It resembles some cases of choroidal lymphoma and may represent an indolent lymphocytic infiltrate.
Oscillopsia After Isolated Lateral Wall Decompression Versus Balanced or 3-Wall Decompression
Authors: Porrúa-Tubío Laura , Sales-Sanz Andrea , de-Arriba-Palomero Pablo , Felix-Espinar Beatriz , de-Arriba-Palomero Fernando , Alonso-Formento Nieves , Albandea-Jiménez Ana , Rodríguez-del-Valle José María , Sales-Sanz Marco 
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
To assess the incidence of postoperative masticatory oscillopsia after orbital decompression, comparing results between isolated lateral wall and balanced or 3-wall orbital decompression.

Methods:
An observational retrospective study was performed, involving 161 consecutive patients who underwent orbital decompression between 2008 and 2018. Patients’ clinical data were registered, and archives were revised for data compilation. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the type of surgery: “lateral” group included patients who underwent isolated lateral wall decompression and “lateral plus” group involved patients with balanced or 3-wall decompression. Exclusion criteria were secondary decompressions, those not including lateral wall and asymmetrical surgeries, so analysis was performed among 131 remaining patients. Oscillopsia was self-reported and was registered as present or not. Diplopia was evaluated according to Paridaens grading system.

Results:
Statistical analysis among the 131 patients with lateral wall decompression (isolated or in combination) was performed. Seven patients referred oscillopsia, 5 among “lateral” group, while 2 reported oscillopsia on “lateral plus” group (p = 0.001). The authors found no differences on new-onset or worsening of diplopia between groups (p = 1)

Conclusions:
Oscillopsia was significantly higher after isolated lateral wall decompression than after balanced or 3-wall decompression, while no differences were found between groups according to diplopia status. Transmission of temporal muscle contraction to the orbit seems to be the cause of the oscillopsia. The authors postulate that the absence of orbital floor or medial wall may act as a dampener for the temporalis muscle contractions, allowing the orbital contents to be expanded through them, and avoiding oscillopsia.
[11C]dihydrotetrabenazine Positron Emission Tomography in Manganese-Exposed Workers
Authors: Criswell Susan R. , Nielsen Susan Searles , Warden Mark N. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Moerlein Stephen M. , Sheppard Lianne , Lenox-Krug Jason , Checkoway Harvey , Racette Brad A. 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
To understand the neurotoxic effects of manganese (Mn) exposure on monoaminergic function, utilizing [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) positron emission tomography (PET) to measure vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).

Methods:
Basal ganglia and thalamic DTBZ binding potentials (BPND) were calculated on 56 PETs from 41 Mn-exposed workers. Associations between cumulative Mn exposure, regional BPND, and parkinsonism were examined by mixed linear regression.

Results:
Thalamic DTBZ BPND was inversely associated with exposure in workers with less than 3 mg Mn/m3-yrs, but subsequently remained stable. Pallidal DTBZ binding increased in workers with less than 2 mg Mn/m3-yrs of exposure, but decreased thereafter. Thalamic DTBZ binding was inversely associated with parkinsonism (P = 0.003).

Conclusion:
Mn-dose-dependent associations with thalamic and pallidal DTBZ binding indicate direct effects on monoaminergic VMAT2. Thalamic DTBZ binding was also associated with parkinsonism, suggesting potential as an early biomarker of Mn neurotoxicity.
Implementation of Physical Employment Standards for Physically Demanding Occupations
Authors: Stevenson Richard D.M. , Siddall Andrew G. , Turner Philip F.J. , Bilzon James L.J. 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
The aim of this paper was to describe an approach to implementing and integrating physical employment standards into an organizational procedure, to ensure the safe and effective supervision of physical fitness of workers in a physically demanding occupation, using a real-world example.

Methods:
Using previously published cardiorespiratory, muscular strength, and endurance physical demands data from UK firefighters, a process to manage all levels of physical capability was developed with industry stakeholders.

Results:
Performance standards and associated cut-scores relating to acceptable, uncertain, and unacceptable job performance, using a traffic-light style process, were agreed by stakeholders to ensure the safe and effective management of incumbent's physical fitness.

Conclusions:
This paper describes the processes involved in implementing a physical capability management procedure, for the administration of routine in-service physical employment standards and tests in the UK Fire & Rescue Service.
Cognitive Fatigability is Independent of Subjective Cognitive Fatigue and Mood in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bakirtzis Christos , Nikolaidis Ioannis , Boziki Marina-Kleopatra , Artemiadis Artemios , Andravizou Athina , Messinis Lambros , Ioannidis Panagiotis , Grigoriadis Nikolaos 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Sustained cognitive testing is used to detect cognitive fatigability and is often considered a substitute for subjective cognitive fatigue (CF). However, the relationship between cognitive fatigability and subjective CF in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) remains undetermined.

Objective:
To explore potential associations between fatigability induced by sustained cognitive testing and subjective CF in PwMS.

Methods:
We gave 120 PwMS and 60 demographically matched, healthy individuals the Beck Depression Inventory—FastScreen (BDI–FS) to measure mood and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale to measure CF. In addition, we used the Quotient ADHD Test, a sustained attention test, to measure cognitive fatigability. We also explored potential correlations between the individuals’ performance on the sustained attention test and thalamic volume using recent MRI scans.

Results:
Forty-one (34.2%) of the PwMS exhibited cognitive fatigability. These 41 were found to be significantly older (P=0.006), had been diagnosed with the disease for longer (P=0.03), had higher scores (P<0.001) on the Expanded Disability Status Scale, and had reduced thalamic volume (P=0.04) compared with the 79 (65.8%) PwMS not exhibiting cognitive fatigability. The PwMS exhibiting cognitive fatigability scored similarly on the BDI–FS (P=0.21) and self-reported similar rates of CF (P=0.62) as the PwMS not exhibiting cognitive fatigability.

Conclusion:
Cognitive fatigability induced by sustained cognitive testing is not an accurate clinical alternative to subjective CF. This study provides evidence to support cognitive fatigability and CF in PwMS as two distinct concepts.
SRY: An Effective Method for Sorting Long Reads of Sex-limited Chromosome
Authors: Wang Xiao-Bo , Liu Qing-You , Li A-Lun , Ruan Jue 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMost of available reference genomes are lack of the sequence map of sex-limited chromosomes, that make the assemblies uncompleted. Recent advances on long reads sequencing and population sequencing raise the opportunity to assemble sex-limited chromosomes without the traditional complicated experimental efforts. We introduce a computational method that shows high efficiency on sorting and assembling long reads sequenced from sex-limited chromosomes. It will lead to the complete reference genomes and facilitate downstream research of sex-limited chromosomes.
Variation in Covid-19 Cases Across New York City
Authors: Federgruen Awi , Naha Sherin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, relative to population size, has varied greatly throughout the United States and even within the same city. In different zip codes in New York City, the epicentre of the epidemic, the number of cases per 100,000 residents has ranged from 437 to 4227, a 1:10 ratio. To guide policy decisions regarding containment and reopening of the economy, schools and other institutions, it is vital to identify the factors that drive this large variation.This paper reports on a statistical study of incidence variation by zip code across New York City. Among many socio-economic and demographic measures considered, the average household size emerges as the single most important explanatory variable: an increase in average household size by one member increases the zip code incidence rate, in our final model specification, by at least 876 cases, 23% of the range of incidence rates, at a 95% confidence level.The percentage of the population above the age of 65, the percentage below the poverty line, and their interaction term are also strongly positively associated with zip code incidence rates, In terms of ethnic/racial characteristics, the percentages of African Americans, Hispanics and Asians within the population, are significantly associated, but the magnitude of the impact is considerably smaller. (The proportion of Asians within a zip code has a negative association.)These significant associations may be explained by comorbidities, known to be more (less) prevalent among the black and Hispanic (Asian) population segments. In turn, the increased prevalence of these comorbidities among the black and Hispanic population, is, in large part, the result of poorer dietary habits and more limited access to healthcare, themselves driven by lower incomesContrary to popular belief, population density, per se, does not have a significantly positive impact. Indeed, population density and zip code incidence rate are negatively correlated, with a -33% correlation coefficient.Our model specification is based on a well-established epidemiologic model that explains the effects of household sizes on R0, the basic reproductive number of an epidemic.Our findings support implemented and proposed policies to quarantine pre-acute and post-acute patients, as well as nursing home admission policies
Prediction of vascular aging based on smartphone acquired PPG signals
Authors: Dall’Olio Lorenzo , Curti Nico , Remondini Daniel , Harb Yosef Safi , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Castellani Gastone , Uh Hae-Won 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTPhotoplethysmography (PPG) measured by smartphone has the potential for a large scale, non-invasive, and easy-to-use screening tool. Vascular aging is linked to increased arterial stiffness, which can be measured by PPG. We investigate the feasibility of using PPG to predict healthy vascular aging (HVA) based on two approaches: machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). We performed data preprocessing including detrending, demodulating and denoising on the raw PPG signals. For ML, ridge penalized regression has been applied to 38 features extracted from PPG, whereas for DL several convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been applied to the whole PPG signals as input. The analysis has been conducted using the crowd-sourced Heart for Heart data. The prediction performance of ML using two features (AUC of 94.7%) – theawave of the second derivative PPG andtpr, including four covariates, sex, height, weight, and smoking – was similar to that of the best performing CNN, 12-layer ResNet (AUC of 95.3%). Without having the heavy computational cost of DL, ML might be advantageous in finding potential biomarkers for HVA prediction. The whole workflow of the procedure is clearly described, and open software has been made available to facilitate replication of the results.
An Accurate Free Energy Method for Solvation of Organic Compounds and Binding to Proteins
Authors: Tayfuroglu Omer , Yildiz Muslum , Pearson Lee-Wright , Kocak Abdulkadir 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTHere, we introduce a new strategy to estimate free energies using single end-state molecular dynamics simulation trajectories. The method is adopted from ANI-1ccx neural network potentials (Machine Learning) for the Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE) and predicts the single point energies at the accuracy of CCSD(T)/CBS level for the entire configurational space that is sampled by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. Our preliminary results show that the method can be as accurate as Bennet-Acceptance-Ration (BAR) with much reduced computational cost. Not only does it enable to calculate solvation free energies of small organic compounds, but it is also possible to predict absolute and relative binding free energies in ligand-protein complex systems. Rapid calculation also enables to screen small organic molecules from databases as potent inhibitors to any drug targets.