bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (KRd) versus bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRd) for initial therapy of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): Results of ENDURANCE (E1A11) phase III trial.
Authors: Kumar Shaji , Jacobus Susanna J. , Cohen Adam D. , Weiss Matthias , Callander Natalie Scott , Singh Avina A. , Parker Terri L. , Menter Alex R. , Yang Xuezhong , Parsons Benjamin Marshall , Kumar Pankaj , Kapoor Prashant , Rosenberg Aaron Seth , Zonder Jeffrey A. , Faber Edward Anthony , Lonial Sagar , Richardson Paul G. , Orlowski Robert Z. , Wagner Lynne I. , Rajkumar S. Vincent 
Published: June 2020

LBA3 Background: Bortezomib (btz) combined with lenalidomide (len) and dexamethasone (dex) (VRd) is a standard initial therapy for NDMM. Carfilzomib (cfz), a next-generation proteasome inhibitor, in combination with len-dex (KRd) has shown higher efficacy in phase II trials. This randomized phase III trial was designed to examine if KRd improves progression free survival (PFS) compared to VRd in NDMM (current results), and whether indefinite maintenance with len improves OS compared with two-year maintenance (to be analyzed once data matures). Methods: Patients (Pts) with NDMM, were randomized to receive VRd or KRd in a 1:1 fashion for 36 weeks followed by a second randomization (1:1) to indefinite versus two years of len maintenance. Pts without del17p, t (14;16), t(14;20), plasma cell leukemia or high-risk GEP70 profile, were enrolled. VRd arm included btz 1.3 mg/m2 on days(d) 1, 4, 8, and 11 (d 1, 8 for cycles 9-12), len 25 mg d 1-14, and dex 40 mg d 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 of a 3-week (wk) cycle for 12 cycles, while pts in the KRd arm received cfz 36 mg/m2 d 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16 with len 25 mg daily on d 1-21 and dex 40 mg wkly, in 4 wk cycles for 9 cycles. Maintenance included len 15mg d 1-21 every 4 wks. The study was designed to detect a hazard ratio (HR)=0.75 with 80% power at 1-sided 2.5% alpha and 399 PFS events (progression or death regardless of intervening therapy). Results: The study accrued 1087 pts (VRd=542, KRd=545). The median age was 65y. Treatment, efficacy, and toxicity data are in the table. At the second of 3 planned interim analyses, with PFS HR=1.04 (95% CI, 0.8 to 1.3, p=0.74), futility was met. Median PFS was VRd=34.4m and KRd=34.6m; no differences were seen based on age (<65 or ≥65), presence or absence of t(4;14) or ISS stage. The three-year OS (95% CI) was similar: VRd 84% (80 to 88) and KRd 86% (82 to 89). Conclusions: In this randomized phase 3 trial, KRd did not improve PFS compared with VRd in NDMM. A significantly higher rate of cardio-pulmonary and renal toxicity was observed with KRd, while neuropathy rates were higher with VRd. VRd remains the standard triplet induction regimen in standard and intermediate risk NDMM, and a suitable backbone for 4 drug combinations. Clinical trial information: NCT01863550 . [Table: see text]
Dark energy from Higgs potential
Authors: Trinhammer Ole L. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We derive the ratio of dark energy to baryon matter content in the universe from a Higgs potential matching a description of baryon matter on an intrinsic configuration space. The match determines the Higgs mass and self-coupling parameters and introduces a constant term in the Higgs potential. The constant term is taken to give dark energy contributions from detained neutrons, both primordial and piled-up neutrons from nuclear processes in stars. This corresponds to the dark energy content increasing with time. The two contributions possibly give rise to the primordial inflation and the later accelerated recession, respectively. The ensuing inflation during nucleosynthesis may explain the primordial lithium-seven deficit relative to the standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis model predictions. From the observed helium and stellar metallicity contents, we get a dark energy to baryon matter ratio of 14.5(0.7) to compare with the observed value of 13.9(0.2).
Sarcoidosis and the Nervous System
Authors: Pawate Siddharama 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article provides an overview and update on the neurologic manifestations of sarcoidosis.

RECENT FINDINGS
The 2018 Neurosarcoidosis Consortium diagnostic criteria emphasize that biopsy is key for diagnosis and determines the level of diagnostic certainty. Thus, definite neurosarcoidosis requires nervous system biopsy and probable neurosarcoidosis requires biopsy from extraneural tissue. Without biopsy, possible neurosarcoidosis can be diagnosed if the clinical, imaging, and laboratory picture is compatible and other causes are ruled out. Recent large retrospective studies from the United States and France established that infliximab appears to be efficacious when other treatments are inadequate.

SUMMARY
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem noninfectious granulomatous disorder that is immune mediated, reflecting the response to an as-yet unidentified antigen or antigens. Neurosarcoidosis refers to neurologic involvement due to sarcoidosis that clinically manifests in 5% of cases of sarcoidosis, with asymptomatic involvement in as many as another one in five patients with sarcoidosis. Sarcoid granulomas can occur in any anatomic substrate in the nervous system, causing protean manifestations that have earned neurosarcoidosis the sobriquet the great mimic. Nevertheless, central nervous system sarcoidosis occurs in well-defined presentations that can be classified as cranial neuropathies, meningeal disease, brain parenchymal (including pituitary-hypothalamic) disease, and spinal cord disease. In addition, the peripheral nervous system is affected in the form of peripheral neuropathy and myopathy. Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of treatment, especially in the acute stage, whereas steroid-sparing agents such as methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine are used for prolonged therapy to minimize steroid toxicity. Anti–tumor necrosis factor agents may help in refractory cases.
Electrolyte Disorders and the Nervous System
Authors: Jacoby Nuri 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article provides an overview of the major electrolyte disorders and discusses in detail the homeostasis, etiologies, neurologic manifestations, and treatment of these disorders.

RECENT FINDINGS
The diagnosis and management of hyponatremia continue to evolve. Diagnostic accuracy is improved by assessing serum and urine osmolality as well as urinary sodium. Avoiding overcorrection of hyponatremia is crucial to avoid osmotic demyelination syndrome, although even careful correction can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome in patients who have other risk factors. The clinical presentation of osmotic demyelination syndrome has expanded, with many patients presenting with extrapontine myelinolysis in addition to central pontine myelinolysis.

SUMMARY
Electrolyte disorders often present with neurologic manifestations. Whereas disorders of some electrolytes, such as sodium, preferentially affect the central nervous system, disorders of others, such as potassium and calcium, have significant neuromuscular manifestations. An understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders and recognition of these manifestations are crucial for the practicing neurologist as the symptoms are reversible with correct management.
Anticancer Drugs and the Nervous System
Authors: Santomasso Bianca D. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article reviews the clinical features, prognosis, and treatment of neurotoxicity from anticancer drugs, including conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, biologics, and targeted therapies, with a focus on the newer immunotherapies (immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells).

RECENT FINDINGS
Whereas neurologic complications from traditional chemotherapy are widely recognized, newer cancer therapies, in particular immunotherapies, have unique and distinct patterns of neurologic adverse effects. Anticancer drugs may cause central or peripheral nervous system complications. Neurologic complications of therapy are being seen with increasing frequency as patients with cancer are living longer and receiving multiple courses of anticancer regimens, with novel agents, combinations, and longer duration. Neurologists must know how to recognize treatment-related neurologic toxicity since discontinuation of the offending agent or dose adjustment may prevent further or permanent neurologic injury. It is also imperative to differentiate neurologic complications of therapy from cancer progression into the nervous system and from comorbid neurologic disorders that do not require treatment dose reduction or discontinuation.

SUMMARY
Neurotoxicity from cancer therapy is common, with effects seen on both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy are new cancer treatments with distinct patterns of neurologic complications. Early recognition and appropriate management are essential to help prevent further neurologic injury and optimize oncologic management.
Preoperative Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Alternative Scoring Models of the Sleep Tiredness Observed Pressure-Body Mass Index Age Neck Circumference Gender Questionnaire: An External Validation
Authors: Seguin Ludovic , Tamisier Renaud , Deletombe Baptiste , Lopez Mélanie , Pepin Jean-Louis , Payen Jean-François 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND:
The Sleep Tiredness Observed Pressure-Body mass index Age Neck circumference Gender (STOP-Bang) questionnaire is a validated preoperative screening tool for identifying patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although it has a high sensitivity at scores ≥3, its specificity is moderate, particularly for scores of 3–4. This study aimed to externally validate the STOP-Bang questionnaire and the alternative scoring models that have been proposed to improve its predictive performance.

METHODS:
This prospective cohort study included 115 surgical patients with preoperative STOP-Bang scores of 3–8. Type 3 sleep recordings identified moderate-to-severe OSA, reflected by an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of >15. Patients were categorized into 2 subgroups: patients with an intermediate (STOP-Bang 3–4) or a high risk of OSA (STOP-Bang 5–8). For patients with scores of 3–4, we tested approaches identified in previous studies: stepwise stratification of the STOP-Bang questionnaire and additional preoperative measurement of serum bicarbonate concentrations.

RESULTS:
The incidence of moderate-to-severe OSA was significantly higher in patients with STOP-Bang scores of 5–8 than in patients with scores of 3–4: 45 of 58 patients (78%) versus 30 of 57 patients (53%), respectively (P < .01). For patients with STOP-Bang scores of 3–4, we found no differences regarding their OSA diagnosis between patients included in the alternative scoring models and those not included.

CONCLUSIONS:
The STOP-Bang questionnaire detected moderate-to-severe OSA patients when scores reached 5–8. However, its performance was altered in patients with STOP-Bang scores of 3–4, and alternative scoring models with specific combinations of factors failed to improve the screening of these patients.
Repairing Police Action after the Korean War in Toni Morrison’s Home
Authors: Lee A. J. Yumi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Narrating the fictional story of an African American veteran of the desegregated Korean War, Toni Morrison’s 2012 novel Home links the violence of US military “police action” in Korea to the long history of police violence at home. This article argues that Home’s critical portrayal of the Korean War punctures two enduring 1950s myths: the myth of a peaceful domestic “color-blind” society and the myth of heroic US military intervention abroad. The article reads Home as an allegory that invites readers to imagine forms of justice outside of a policing framework, both globally and domestically, through its narrative of repairing trauma and harm through community care rather than punishment or retribution. This reading shows that Morrison’s rewriting of the 1950s in Home places the contemporary idioms of police and prison abolition and transformative justice in a broader historical and global imaginative frame.
From Graduate Practicum to Activist Research Collective
Authors: Muñiz Michael De Anda , Bonsu Janaé , Dana Lydia , Ravichandran Sangeetha , Volpintesta Haley , Clarno Andy , Anzures-Oyorzabal Rodrigo , Carrasco Rosi , Carrasco Tania Unzueta , Wences Rey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Policing in Chicago Research Group (PCRG) is an activist research collective composed of faculty and graduate students at the University of Illinois at Chicago. We conduct useful and accessible research on policing in support of campaigns organized by abolitionist social movements in Chicago. Beginning as a two-semester graduate research practicum, the PCRG has transitioned to an activist research collective. In this roundtable discussion, six members of the PCRG and four of our community partners reflect on the project’s challenges and successes. We consider the pedagogical power and limitations of an activist research practicum, the power dynamics within the research group and between the PCRG and our community partners, and the ability of the PCRG to remain accountable to our partners and the communities they represent.
Policing and the Limits of the Political Imagination in Postcolonial Nigeria
Authors: Daly Samuel Fury Childs 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Nigeria’s police forces are famously ineffective and unpopular. Police agencies carry the dual stigma of having colonial origins and close connections to the military dictatorships that ruled Nigeria in its first forty years of independence. Despite their poor reputation, there is little political will to reform policing and virtually none to abolish it. This piece traces how the police are embedded in Nigerian society and politics, in order to understand why widespread dislike of a police force does not necessarily lead to calls for its dissolution.
“We Are Safer without the Police”
Authors: Li Cho-kiu , Tong Kin-long 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article examines the ways in which particular notions of safety have become central to political protests in Hong Kong. It follows the development of the methods protesters have used to establish a sense of safety as a core part of movement organizing, by focusing on the Umbrella Movement of 2014 and the building of its focal point, Harcourt Village.
The DISC1–Girdin complex – a missing link in signaling to the T cell cytoskeleton
Authors: Maskalenko Nicholas , Nath Shubhankar , Ramakrishnan Adarsh , Anikeeva Nadia , Sykulev Yuri , Poenie Martin 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
In this study, using Jurkat cells, we show that DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia 1) and Girdin (girders of actin filament) are essential for typical actin accumulation at the immunological synapse. Furthermore, DISC1, Girdin and dynein are bound in a complex. Although this complex initially forms as a central patch at the synapse, it relocates to a peripheral ring corresponding to the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC). In the absence of DISC1, the classic actin ring does not form, cell spreading is blocked, and the dynein complex fails to relocate to the pSMAC. A similar effect is seen when Girdin is deleted. When cells are treated with inhibitors of actin polymerization, the dynein–NDE1 complex is lost from the synapse and the microtubule-organizing center fails to translocate, suggesting that actin and dynein might be linked. Upon stimulation of T cell receptors, DISC1 becomes associated with talin, which likely explains why the dynein complex colocalizes with the pSMAC. These results show that the DISC1–Girdin complex regulates actin accumulation, cell spreading and distribution of the dynein complex at the synapse.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Differential diagnosis of &lt;3 cm renal tumors by ultrasonography: a rapid, quantitative, elastography self-corrected contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging mode beyond screening
Authors: Sun Di , Lu Qijie , Wei Cong , Li Yi , Zheng Yuanyi , Hu Bing 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
To assess the combined diagnostic strategy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) in the precise differential diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) and urothelium carcinoma of the renal pelvis (UCRP) with other small renal tumors (SRTs) ＜3 cm in size.

Methods:
The elastography self-corrected CEUS (ESC) mode was established to perform the quantitative differential diagnosis of SRTs (&lt;3 cm). The kidney shear wave velocity (SWV) value recorded by ARFI showed substantial variability in patients with CCRCC (high elasticity value) and UCRP (low elasticity value) compared with other renal masses, thus providing critical self-correction information for the ultrasound differential diagnosis of SRTs.

Results:
In this work, the ESC observations and the corresponding ESC criteria show a remarkable 94.6% accuracy in reference to the gold standards, thus allowing the quantitative, early triple distinction of CCRCC with UCRP and other SRTs in patients with suspicious SRTs.

Conclusions:
This ARFI self-corrected CEUS diagnostic strategy is far beyond a screening method and may have the potential to identify a window of therapeutic opportunity in which emerging therapies might be applied to patients with CCRCC and UCRP, reducing overtreatment and medical costs.

Advances in knowledge:
In our study, a new rapid and non-invasive elastography self-corrected CEUS (ESC) ultrasound imaging mode was developed, which was useful in the triple distinction of CCRCC, UCRP, and other SRTs with 94.6% accuracy. ESC is a promising method in the differential diagnosis of SRTs with accuracy and practicability far beyond a single screening model.
Concerns of hemodialysis patients
Authors: Benetou Sofia , Tsirigotis Stavros , Dousis Evangelos , Alikari Victoria , Evangelou Eleni , Koutelekos Ioannis , Zartaloudi Afroditi , Gerogianni Georgia 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Hemodialysis, which is the most common treatment in individuals with end stage renal disease, includes a series of limitations and modifications in daily life that adversely affect patients' physical and psychological state. Eliciting and addressing patients’ concerns is a key aspect of patient-centered treatment. Unaddressed concerns may lead to lower satisfaction and lower quality of medical care.Aim: To explore concerns of hemodialysis patients. Method and material: A Descriptive study on a convenience sample of patients undergoing hemodialysis in dialysis centers in Athens. Data was collected by the completion of a questionnaire which included the patients' concerns. Categorical variables are presented by absolute and relative frequencies (percentages).Results: In the present study were enrolled 100 patients, of whom 73% were male, 55% were>60 years old, 66% were married and 30% of primary level of education. Regarding patients' concerns, 36% of participants were bothered to spend time on dialysis center, 65% and 49% were concerned about a possible discontinue of fistula and hemodialysis machine respectively, while 59% were concerned about restrictions in social life, 39% in their role as a spouse, 71% about fluid restrictions, 55% about diet restrictions and 53% were concerned about transport "to and from" hemodialysis unit. In terms of limitations due to hemodialysis, 30% reported limitation in clothes, 69% in going for holidays and 67% in sexual life.Conclusions: Expanding nurses knowledge about patients' concerns is essential to implement individualized effective therapeutic strategies.
The use of essential oils as a growth promoter for small ruminants: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Andri Faizal , Huda Asri Nurul , Marjuki Marjuki 
Published: June 2020

Background: Due to their antimicrobial properties and safety, essential oils are currently proposed as a sustainable option for antibiotic alternatives in the livestock sector. This current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of dietary essential oil supplements on growth response of small ruminants. Methods: A total of 12 studies (338 small ruminants) were included in this meta-analysis. The overall effect size was quantified using Hedges’ g with 95% confidence interval (CI) using a fixed-effect model. Publication bias was inspected using Begg’s and Egger’s tests, followed by trim and fill method to detect the number of potential missing studies. Results: Insignificant heterogeneity among studies was detected both on dry matter intake (DMI; P of Q = 0.810; I-square = 0.00%), average daily gain (ADG; P of Q = 0.286; I-square = 17.61%), and feed conversion ratio (FCR; P of Q = 0.650; I-square = 0.00%). The overall effect size showed that essential oils supplementation had no significant impact on DMI (Hedges’ g = -0.12; 95% CI = -0.50 to 0.26; P = 0.429) and FCR (Hedges’ g = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.55 to 0.22; P = 0.284), but had a significant positive impact on ADG (Hedges’ g = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.76; P = 0.002). The result of publication bias analysis showed that DMI, ADG, and FCR did not present any significant biases (P > 0.10), and no potential missing studies detected. Conclusions: Dietary essential oil could improve ADG of small ruminants, without any alteration on DMI and FCR. Further research in this topic is still required to provide stronger evidence of the potency of essential oil as a growth promoter for small ruminants.
Measurement of optical homogeneity of ZnGeP2 crystal using a 2.02 µm single-longitudinal-mode Tm:LuAG ring laser
Authors: Mi Shuyi , Chen Yi , Liu Gaoyou , Yang Ke , Yao Baoquan , Tongyu Dai , Duan Xiaoming 
Published: June 2020

We demonstrate a single-longitudinal-mode Tm:LuAG unidirectional ring laser based on the Faraday effect and its application in measuring the optical homogeneity of

Z
n
G
e
P

2

(ZGP) crystal. The maximum single-longitudinal-mode power was 511 mW at 2022.4 nm, with a slope efficiency of 9.7%, and the

M
2

factors were 1.13 and 1.23 in the

x

and

y

directions, respectively. The laser was

s

polarized with a polarization degree of 30 dB. Also, the optical homogeneity of ZGP crystal was measured by the Mach–Zehnder interference method, which adopts the single-longitudinal-mode laser as the monochrome source. According to the interference fringes, the quantitative calculation or qualitative analysis of the optical homogeneity of ZGP crystal was achieved, which could quickly and conveniently judge the quality of ZGP crystal, and provided high-quality crystals for high-power mid-infrared lasers. To our knowledge, it is the first report of the optical homogeneity measurement of ZGP crystal by a 2 µm single-longitudinal-mode laser.