bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measures of movement and mobility used in clinical practice and research: a scoping review
Authors: Moulton Elizabeth , Wilson Rosemary , Silva Amina Regina , Kircher Colleen , Petry Stéfany , Goldie Catherine , Medves Jennifer , Deluzio Kevin , Ross-White Amanda 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The first objective of this scoping review was to identify all the tools designed to measure movement or mobility in adults. The second objective was to compare the tools to the conceptual definitions of movement and mobility by mapping them to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).

Introduction:
The concepts of movement and mobility are distinct concepts that are often conflated, and the differences are important to patient care. Movement is a change in the place or position of a part of the body or of the whole body. Mobility is derived from movement and is defined as the ability to move with ease. Researchers and clinicians, including nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists who work with adults and in rehabilitation, need to be confident that they are measuring the outcome of interest.

Inclusion criteria:
This scoping review considered studies that included participants who are adults, aged 19 and older, with any level of ability or disability. The concepts of interest were tools that measured movement or mobility relative to the human body. Studies were considered regardless of country of origin, health care setting, or sociocultural setting.

Methods:
CINAHL, Health and Psychosocial Instruments, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched in June 2018 and OpenGrey, Dissertation Abstracts International, and Google Scholar were searched in November 2018. The searches were limited to articles in English, and the date range was from the inception of the database to the current date. Data were extracted from the studies using a custom data extraction tool. Once tools were identified for analysis, they were coded using the table format developed by Cieza and colleagues.

Results:
There were 702 unique tools identified, with 651 of them available to be coded for the ICF. There were 385 ICF codes used when coding the tools. From these codes, the percentage of codes of the defining attributes of movement and mobility that were covered could be calculated, as well as the percentage of tool items that were linked to the antecedents, consequences, or defining attributes of movement or mobility.

Conclusions:
Although there are many tools that measure only movement or mobility, there are many that measure a mixture of the defining attributes as well as the antecedents and consequences. The tool name alone should not be considered a guarantee of the concept measured, and tool selection should be done with a critical eye. This study provides a starting point from which clinicians and researchers can find tools that measure the concepts of movement and mobility of interest and importance to their patient population.
The Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal
Authors: Yadav Bhupendra Prasad , Appel Angie , Shrestha Bishnu Prasad , Dahal Bhagawan Raj , Dhakal Maheshwar 
Published: December 2020

The Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus is known to occur in the Terai region since at least the late 1920s. Contemporary locality records of the Fishing Cat in this region are widely spaced, and the knowledge about the connectivity between these localities is still deficient. We present the first photographic evidence for the presence of the Fishing Cat in far western Nepal. In spring and winter 2016, we obtained 30 notionally independent events of the Fishing Cat in the floodplain of Shuklaphanta National Park at elevations of 181–221 m. This population unit may be connected to units in Indian protected areas. Further targeted surveys in adjacent wetlands and wildlife corridors are warranted to clarify its range in the Indian and Nepal Terai.
Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa (Griffith, 1821) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in illegal wildlife trade in Nepal
Authors: Ghimirey Yadav , Acharya Raju 
Published: December 2020

We document trade of the Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa in Nepal based on pelt seizure reports published in wildlife trade reports and in newspapers. Just 27 cases in three decades seem little to suggest targeted illegal trade of the species, the seizure information in recent years indicate that illegal trade of Clouded Leopard body parts is still taking place. Hence an in-depth assessment is necessary to understand properly the intensity and magnitude of illegal trade on Clouded Leopard in the country.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Mitral Valve Leaflet Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Nishino Shun , Watanabe Nozomi , Gi Toshihiro , Kuriyama Nehiro , Shibata Yoshisato , Asada Yujiro 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Recent animal studies have suggested that mitral valve (MV) leaflet remodeling can occur even without significant tethering force and that the postinfarct biological reaction would contribute to the histopathologic changes of the leaflet. We serially evaluated the MV remodeling in patients with anterior and inferior acute myocardial infarction (MI), by using 2- and 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Additional histopathologic examinations were performed to assess the leaflet pathology.

Methods:
Sixty consecutive first-onset acute MI (anterior MI, n=30; inferior MI, n=30) patients who underwent successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention were examined (1) before primary percutaneous coronary intervention, (2) at 6-month follow-up, and (3) at follow-up 1 year or later after onset. MV complex geometry including MV leaflet area and thickness was analyzed using dedicated software. Additional histopathologic study compared 18 valves harvested during surgery for ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR).

Results:

MV area and thickness incrementally increased during the follow-up period. MV leaflet area significantly increased (anterior MI: 5.59 [5.28–5.98] to 6.54 [6.20–7.26] cm
2
/m
2
,
P
<0.001; inferior MI: 5.60 [4.76–6.08] to 6.32 [5.90–6.90] cm
2
/m
2
,
P
<0.001), and leaflet thickness also increased (anterior MI: 1.09 [0.92–1.24] to 1.45 [1.28–1.60] mm/m
2
,
P
<0.001; inferior MI: 1.15 [1.03–1.25] to 1.44 [1.27–1.59] mm/m
2
,
P
<0.001); data represent onset versus ≥1 year. Larger annuls, larger tenting, and a reduced leaflet area/annular ratio with smaller coaptation index were observed in patients with persistent ischemic MR compared with those without significant ischemic MR. Histopathologic examinations revealed that MV thickness was significantly greater in chronic ischemic MR compared with acute ischemic MR (1432.6±490.5 versus 628.7±278.7 μm;
P
=0.001), with increased smooth muscle cells and fibrotic materials.

Conclusions:
MV leaflet remodeling progressed both in area and thickness after MI. This is the first clinical study to record the longitudinal course of MV leaflet remodeling by serial echocardiography.
Fully Automatic Atrial Fibrosis Assessment Using a Multilabel Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Razeghi Orod , Sim Iain , Roney Caroline H. , Karim Rashed , Chubb Henry , Whitaker John , O’Neill Louisa , Mukherjee Rahul , Wright Matthew , O’Neill Mark , Williams Steven E. , Niederer Steven 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Pathological atrial fibrosis is a major contributor to sustained atrial fibrillation. Currently, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) scans provide the only noninvasive estimate of atrial fibrosis. However, widespread adoption of atrial LGE has been hindered partly by nonstandardized image processing techniques, which can be operator and algorithm dependent. Minimal validation and limited access to transparent software platforms have also exacerbated the problem. This study aims to estimate atrial fibrosis from cardiac magnetic resonance scans using a reproducible operator-independent fully automatic open-source end-to-end pipeline.

Methods:
A multilabel convolutional neural network was designed to accurately delineate atrial structures including the blood pool, pulmonary veins, and mitral valve. The output from the network removed the operator dependent steps in a reproducible pipeline and allowed for automated estimation of atrial fibrosis from LGE-cardiac magnetic resonance scans. The pipeline results were compared against manual fibrosis burdens, calculated using published thresholds: image intensity ratio 0.97, image intensity ratio 1.61, and mean blood pool signal +3.3 SD.

Results:
We validated our methods on a large 3-dimensional LGE-cardiac magnetic resonance data set from 207 labeled scans. Automatic atrial segmentation achieved a 91% Dice score, compared with the mutual agreement of 85% in Dice seen in the interobserver analysis of operators. Intraclass correlation coefficients of the automatic pipeline with manually generated results were excellent and better than or equal to interobserver correlations for all 3 thresholds: 0.94 versus 0.88, 0.99 versus 0.99, 0.99 versus 0.96 for image intensity ratio 0.97, image intensity ratio 1.61, and +3.3 SD thresholds, respectively. Automatic analysis required 3 minutes per case on a standard workstation. The network and the analysis software are publicly available.

Conclusions:
Our pipeline provides a fully automatic estimation of fibrosis burden from LGE-cardiac magnetic resonance scans that is comparable to manual analysis. This removes one key source of variability in the measurement of atrial fibrosis.
Beyond Texts? Towards a Material Turn in the Theory and History of International Law
Authors: Quiroga-Villamarín Daniel Ricardo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
While the history of international law has been mainly dominated by intellectual history, the neighboring humanities and social sciences have witnessed a ‘material turn.’ Influenced by the new materialisms, historians, sociologists, and anthropologists have highlighted the role of objects and nonhuman infrastructures in the making of the social. Law, however, has been conspicuously absent from these discussions. Only until recently, things began to be studied as instruments of – global – regulation. In this article, I trace an intellectual history of the intellectual history of international law, contextualizing it since its inception in the so-called ‘Cambridge School’ to its spread into the legal field via the Critical Legal Studies movement and its final import into international law in the last two decades. I conclude arguing that international legal historians can depart from the ‘well-worn paths’ of intellectual and conceptual history to engage with the materiality (past, present, and future) of global governance.
Antigone Betrayed? The European Court of Human Rights’ Decisions on Conscientious Objection to Abortion in the Cases of Grimmark v. Sweden and Steen v. Sweden
Authors: Domenici Irene 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article deals with the recent decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the cases of two Swedish midwives who claimed a right to conscientious objection to abortion under Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). After giving an overview of the relevant previous case-law of the Court, I argue that the decisions of inadmissibility in the midwives’ cases are a step backwards in the promising evolution of the Court’s jurisprudence that began with the judgments in the cases of Eweida and others v. the United Kingdom and Bayatyan v. Armenia. In particular, the Court’s reasoning in Grimmark v. Sweden and Steen v. Sweden failed to take into consideration the existence of a European consensus and the fact that less restrictive alternatives could have reasonably accommodated the conscientious claims of the two applicants.
The Determination of Death under Polish Law in Comparative, Historical and Medical Perspective
Authors: Bosek Leszek , Borysiak Witold 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
It has been recently adopted under Polish law that the determinant of death is both the brain death criterion, tantamount to the permanent and irreversible cessation of its function, and the equally valid circulatory criterion. This means that the determination of brain death is not indispensable to pronounce a person dead, because the irreversible cessation of circulation is sufficient in this respect. The purpose of this article is to present current developments in Polish law against the comparative, historical and medical background.
The Right to Education in the Era of the ASEAN Community
Authors: Juwita Ratna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (asean) Community in 2015, marked a milestone of progressive regionalisation in the Southeast Asia region. The asean Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (aichr) and asean Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children (acwc) were designated as pivotal organs to strengthen the realisation of the right to education as part of the rights guaranteed in the asean Declaration of Human Rights. The asean Political-Security and Socio-Cultural communities recognise the importance of human rights. This research analyses the realisation of the right to education by the asean member states. The Concluding Observations from international human rights monitoring organs are explored to describe the empirical situation of each member state. Subsequently, this article scrutinises the aichr and acwc within the framework of the asean community and critically assesses the realisation of the right to education under the works of the aichr and acwc. This article concludes the realisation of the right to education in asean is still challenging due to the problems of, inter alia, low allocation of resources in the education sector, high illiteracy and drop-out rates, gender discrimination in the non-traditional study program and access to quality education, especially for vulnerable groups. The aichr and acwc have not yet formulated specific formal instruments to address these situations. Since their respective establishment only a minor contribution has been made to advance the realisation of the right to education in the asean community. In order to protect the right to education, the aichr and acwc have to be strengthened institutionally and financially. It is also necessary to empower the aichr and acwc by a quasi-legal authority to assess and inquire the asean member states’ human rights’ performance. This step is a necessary for the aichr and acwc to make a tangible contribution to the realisation of the right to education in asean.
Al-Khazini’s Balance of Wisdom
Authors: Yassi Yousef , Yassi Reza 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Abu al-Fath Khazini’s “Balance of Wisdom” was one of the most sophisticated and advanced balances to be designed and manufactured in the medieval Islamic world. Hydrostatic balances were used to assess the value of the precious metals and gemstones entering the royal treasury. Al-Khazini presents a detailed description of his balance in Al-Kitab Mizan Al-Hikma. Among the advantages of this instrument were its higher degree of precision, its complex triple action, and its ability to identify and determine the percentage by weight of the constituent elements in a binary alloy, provided one of the elements in the alloy is known. It was also capable of measuring the weight and density of pure metals and alloys with a high degree of accuracy. This paper describes the construction of a prototype of Al-Khazini’s balance and the testing of its accuracy in weighing, titration, and the identification of elements following the instructions contained in Al-Kitab Mizan Al-Hikma. The instrument was found to function as accurately as claimed by its inventor.
How Did We Engage Resettled Chin Youth in Critical STEM Literacy Practices?
Authors: Ryu Minjung , Daniel Shannon Mary 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Project RESET engaged resettled Chin refugee teens in critical STEM literacy practices in a community-based afterschool STEM enrichment program in the United States. Over the course of nine months, the participants multimodally and multilinguistically communicated their learning about weather, climate, and climate change, while also developing English proficiency. In this paper, we define critical STEM literacy drawing on current scholarship on critical science literacy and interdisciplinary STEM learning. We then present our four design principles of the learning environment for supporting critical STEM literacy and English learning and share examples from the program that demonstrate how the principles were enacted to engage youth. Drawing on our learning in this work, we will discuss implications for science educators who work with displaced or resettled youth in Asia and the Pacific regions that provide new homes for many displaced children and teens.
For the Sake of Marguirguis
Authors: Ibrahim Mina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This contribution endeavors to show that building and administrating Coptic charitable associations according to the laws of the Egyptian Ministry of Social Affairs (mosa) does not mean allying with or challenging one of the two institutions that claim control over the Coptic Christian ethics of giving in Egypt: the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate and the Egyptian government. Especially since my interlocutors are simultaneously integral subjects of the waqf properties (endowments, i.e. the parishes) administered by the institutional Church, they are less interested in negotiating a true definition of such a practice. Beyond the power dynamics that have played out over the orthodoxy of religious practices and that are intensively analyzed in existing literature, I argue that maintaining relations with the two official entities that govern Christian charity in Egypt invites thinking about interactions developed within the context of a heavenly community. Instead of focusing on the competition of who holds and authorizes the better form of the Coptic Christian tradition of khidma (service), I suggest that the interactions with this divine community are sometimes intertwined with overlooked invisible and inaudible meanings of dissent and activism among members of the largest Christian minority in the Middle East.
Corporate Environmental Responsibility: Another Road to Achieve Ecological Civilization and Green BRI
Authors: Lu Mengxing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Launched in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was promoted by the Chinese leadership as an open platform to boost global trade, economic growth and transnational cooperation. It has achieved impressive progress in economic terms. However, a concern that has been voiced by international society is that China is using the BRI host countries as a new ‘pollution haven’. As a response, the Chinese government launched a variety of policies and guidelines with the aim of integrating the concept of ecological civilization and green development into the implementation of the BRI. In general, China’s position is to require all Chinese companies to observe the local environmental laws and standards wherever they invest and operate. However, the minimum standards set by various environmental regulations of the host countries may not be effective in improving corporate environmental performance, particularly when the environmental standards in those counties are lower and more lenient than those that are in effect in China. The aim of this article is to explore whether the concept of Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) could motivate Chinese corporations to strengthen environmental risk management when they are operating and investing in these host countries. It is concluded that CER, as a form of private environmental governance, could provide added value for the implementation of ecological civilization and green development in the BRI but the success of this self-regulatory approach nevertheless calls for governmental intervention under certain circumstances.
China’s Ecological Civilization Concept as a Principle of Global Environmental Governance
Authors: Barresi Paul A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The most fascinating feature of China’s ecological civilization (shengtai wenming 生态文明) concept is not its goals, which are essentially indistinguishable from the goals of other post-modern visions of sustainable societies, but its explicit embrace of both modern and traditional means as essential for achieving those goals. This feature of the concept highlights a paradox that would be inherent in its implementation as a principle of global environmental governance in societies where a strong rule of law remains aspirational. Fortunately, the ecological civilization concept also seems flexible enough to allow for an implementation strategy with Socratic overtones that would help all societies to learn how to craft blends of both modern and traditional means of building an ecological civilization even in the absence of a strong rule of law.
Role of Advection on the Evolution of Near-Surface Temperature and Wind in Urban-Aware Simulations
Authors: Ray Pallav , Tan Haochen , Tewari Mukul , Brownlee James , Ajayamohan R. S. , Barrett Bradford S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe role of advection of heat and momentum on the evolution of near-surface temperature and wind is evaluated in urban-aware simulations over Houston, Texas, under dry conditions on a light-wind day. Two sets of experiments, each consisting of four simulations using different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, were conducted over 48 h using the default urban scheme (BULK) and the single-layer urban canopy model (SLUCM) available within the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. We focus on understanding and quantifying the role played by temperature and momentum advection, particularly on the windward and leeward sides of the city. Previous studies have largely ignored any quantitative analysis of impacts from the advection of momentum over an urban area. The horizontal advection of temperature was found to be more important in the BULK because of the larger surface temperature gradient caused by warmer surface temperatures over urban areas than in the SLUCM. An analysis of the momentum budget shows that horizontal advection of zonal and meridional momentum plays a prominent role during the period of peak near-surface winds and that this effect is more pronounced in the windward side of the city. The local tendency in peak winds in the leeward side lags that in the windward side by about 1–2 h, similar to the lag found in horizontal momentum advection. The sensitivity of the results to different urban and PBL schemes was explored. The results imply that representation and influence of land-use patterns via sophisticated urban parameterizations generate locally driven winds that best resemble observations.