bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of Cu from Printed Circuit Board (PCBs) Leachates using Activated Carbon Derived from Foxtail Palm Fruit
Authors: Maizatul Nisrina Nadia , Ghazli@Ghazali Mohd Fathullah , Nik Yusoff Nik Raihan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the e-waste generated from the end-of-life electronic equipment such as laptops and mobile phone. PCBs contain relatively abundant of valuable metals such as gold and platinum. However, e-waste is considered as an environmental contaminant as it consists plenty of hazardous materials such as cadmium and copper which can pose health threat to human and also environment. It has been reported that PCBs contain a large amount of copper (Cu) in the circuit boards as it is used as a base metal. Moreover, exposure to Cu will lead to adverse impact of human health. Therefore, the objective of the study is to determine the Cu concentration using FAAS and also to remove the Cu from PCBs leachate using activated carbon derived from foxtail palm fruits. In order to remove the Cu, hydrometallurgical process on PCBs will be conducted to leach the metal into solution. Once the metal has been leached to the solution, the metal removal process using activated carbon through adsorption process was conducted. In this study, foxtail palm fruit was tested as an effective low-cost adsorbent for Cu removal. The effect of adsorbent dosage (1 g and 5 g) with fix contact time (40 min) of the prepared activated carbon in selected metal removal were investigated. The Cu in PCBs leachate solution before and after metal removal process were quantified using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). Result obtained showed that, the percentage removal of Cu was recorded to be higher at high adsorbent dosage which was 14.417% in 5 g dose and 11.219% in 1 g dose. Thus, it can be concluded that the higher the adsorbent dosage used, the greater the percentage removal of Cu metal.
Solidification and Stabilization (S/S) of Toxic Waste: Potential Binder for Partial Cement Replacement Materials (PCRM)
Authors: Ishak Effa Affiana , Baloo Lavania , Kankia Mubarak Usman 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Solidification and stabilization (S/S) in toxic waste treatment has been used widely in transform waste into sustainable construction materials. However, some parties is just using this treatment method in modify the toxic waste into a non-toxic form for its suitability in landfill. This action should not occur as proper waste management, should include both ‘treat’; reduce toxicity (e.g: immobilize contaminants) and ‘control’; reduce amount of waste generation (e.g: recycle). The perspective of ‘dump is cheaper than recycle’ has closed the eyes of the parties on the mesmerizing effect of S/S method in develop a sustainable construction masterials. Based on the past research, this happened due to the inability of the solidified waste to meet the construction materials requirements. Strength reduction and existence of toxic elements in leachate have been identified as the main factors that limit the application of solidified waste in construction industry. Nevertheless, the issue can be mitigate by using a proper binder to immobilize and encapsulate the toxic waste. Thus, this study aims to mitigate the issue by proposing a few binders that promotes high quality and sustainability to improve the S/S product. From the analysis, selection of binder relies on the chemical (e.g; high silica content) and physical (e.g; size) composition of the materials. Hence, pozzolanic materials have been chosen as usage of additional pozzolanic materials as partial cement replacement materials is promising in increase the strength of solidified waste and reduce its porosity. The pozzolanic materials mentioned in this study are industrial waste in approach to promote sustainability. Consequently, this study recommended the combination of pre-treatment such as thermal treatment, in reduce toxicity of toxic waste before S/S process to tackle the leachant or leachate issue and further adding pozzolanic materials for further strength development.
Torrefaction’s Optimization of Multiple Responses Analysis on Torrefied Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
Authors: Mat Rasat Mohd Sukhairi , Ab Karim Siti Saniah , Mohd Amin Mohamad Faiz , Jamaludin Mohd Hafiz , Abdullah Nor Hakimin , Noor An’amt Mohamed , Ahmad Muhammad Iqbal , Elham Puad , Abdul Razab Mohd Khairul Azhar , Mohd Amin Mohamad Asyraf , Syed Omar Sharifah Aisyah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this study, biomass resource is chosen as a renewable energy source based on the abundance of oil palm waste generated monthly. The aim of this study is to find an optimal value of torrefection process on the torrefied biochar from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) in order to produce biomass energy source by using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). The OPEFB has been torrefied based on the three independent variables which are particle size (250, 500 and 750µm), holding temperature (200, 250 and 300°C) and residence time (30, 60 and 90 minutes). Torrefied biochar are being optimized in regards of six dependent variables which are mass yield, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon and calorific value. The optimization process from the RSM shows that the most optimal value for OPEFB torrefied biochar is at 750µm (particle size), 274°C (holding temperature) and 90 minutes (residence time) of torrefaction process in order to produce a high energy content of biomass.
Assessing the Floral Volatile Constituents of Male and Female Rafflesia Kerri Meijer from Lojing Highlands, Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Zain Norhazlini Mat , Jamil Mailina , Markandan Shalini , Mohamad Ali Nor Azah , Hamzah Zulhazman 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRafflesia kerriMeijer is a gigantic parasitic flowering species, endemic in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. The flower reported to emit a foul smell, mimicking rotten meat to attract pollinators from the Calliphoridae to visit the male and female flower. Beside the olfactory factor, the visual display with red brownish tinge colour and the enormous size believed to act as secondary attractant in luring the pollinators. However, the study of pollination biology on this species remain limited and information obtained scanty. Herein, this study was aimed to evaluate the presence of chemical compounds by qualitative phytochemical analysis and screen the floral volatile constituents (FVCs) emitted through Head Space – Solid Phase Microextraction – Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The phytochemical screening of both extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids/steroids, flavonoids and tannins, whereas the tentative floral volatile constituents (FVCs) identified were from various chemical classes such as long chain hydrocarbon, organosilicon compound, primary alcohol, aromatic acid as well as miscellaneous compound. The finding suggests that the presence of phytochemical compounds and combination of vast floral volatile constituents identified are believed to contribute in scent emission and attract the pollinators to visit the flower.
Characterization of Aquilaria malaccensis Callus Cells using SEM and Somatic Embryogenesis Associated Genes Identification
Authors: Mohamad Hamdan Mohd Syafik , Aminan Aimi Wahidah , Noor Shaarani Siti Hajar , Tajuddin Saiful Nizam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Aquilaria malaccensis or gaharu is one of Malaysia’s top tropical resources that is being protected and conserved. Somatic embryogenesis is a plant tissue culture method used most extensively in commercial micropropagation systems and conservation purposes. This study aims to optimize callus induction techniques for somatic embryogenesis study using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis. In this study, callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with a combination of plant growth regulators and optimized parameters (explant used, sterilization techniques, media content, pH media, plant growth regulators, incubation condition, and incubation temperature). The cells were subcultured for long-term callus maintenance and subjected to SEM analysis for somatic embryogenesis confirmation. Four set of genes associated to somatic embryogenesis (SERK, BBM, LEC1, and WOX) were studied based on National Centre for Biotechnology Information database and literatures. The data obtained were used for primer design and gene amplification using 3 different tissues (leaf, stem, callus).The highest frequencies of callus induction were observed on Murashikage and Skoog medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid together with optimized growth parameters. SEM analysis showed embryogenic characteristics in cells of the yellow compact calli evidenced by the presence of small and isodiametric cells. Only SERK gene was successfully amplified and enable to proceed with in silico analysis. This study provides fundamental results for genetic conservation effort of A. malaccensis related to somatic embryogenesis study.
Impact of Green Building Certificate on Firm’s Financial Performance
Authors: Samad Nur Syafiqah A. , Abdul-Rahim Abdul Samad , Mohd Yusof Mohd Johari , Tanaka Katsuya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Implementation of green building (GB) practice is one of the environmental practice taken by some developers in order to overcome the loss of green space in urban area. The developers who are implement GB practice are eligible to get GB certificate. As reported by Green Building Index (GBI) on 2016, only 8% out of 2,000 developers have GB certificate. Most of them are not interested and stated that adoption of GB certificate is not a preferred investment for their business. Their perception are contradict with the previous studies which have proved that the environmental practice is positively significant with firms’ financial performance. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of GB certificate on the firms’ financial performance. A total of 323 developers’ financial reports for the year 2015 were collected from Bursa Saham Malaysia and Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia. Using propensity score matching (PSM) technique, it was found that developers with GB certificate had higher return on asset (ROA) compared to developers without GB certificate. In conclusion, GB certificate have positive impact on firm’s financial performance. The finding of this study will motivate other developers to implement GB practice in their upcoming project development.
A Review on Sustainable Development and Heritage Preservation and its Conceal Detrimental in Batik Dyeing
Authors: Mat Hussin Nurul Syahida , Ismail Ahmad Rasdan , Hasbullah Sarah Wahida , Kadir Nawwal Abdul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Sustainable generally refers to maintain, preserve and balance the ecological by avoiding depletion of natural resources. Sustainable puts the construct plan involved in economic growth, social progress and environmental protection which also imply in heritage preservation. However, the imbalance pillar towards the demand of the batik deteriorate the ecology despites of increase in demanding this prominent artefact. The methodology of this study used content reviewing by referring the previous study, texts and discussions. This paper aim is to bring up the issues on the use of synthetic dyes in batik dyeing that can harm the people and environment, but it initiatively can be overcome by using sustainable strategies – cradle-to-cradle. Therefore, the introduction to the use of natural dyes for batik dyeing initiatives may lead to the awareness and knowledge about eco-friendly dyeing and exposure to local wisdom dyeing process.
Should We Rely on Natural Forests to Produce Timber? A Preliminary Study of Kelantan
Authors: Wahob Noraida Abd. , Abdul Samad Abdul-Rahim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Kelantan is one of the states in Malaysia with the third largest forest area in Malaysia. Most of the forest in Kelantan has not explored. However, some of the forest areas cleared for logging and development activities. In response to the Malaysian government’s commitment to sustainable forest management, the state of Kelantan took the initiative by developing forest plantation to support the production of raw materials for timber-based industrial activities. The major sources of the raw materials for timber coming from the natural forest instead of forest plantation. This paper examines the economic impact on the supply of timber in Kelantan complies with the scenarios under Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practices. The Ordinary Least Square method was used time-series data from 2010 to 2017. The scenario comprised of three scenarios; (i) reduced by 24% in harvested area in natural forest, (ii) increased by 24% in harvested area in forest plantation and (iii) incorporated with scenarios (i) and (ii). The result reveals that the supply of timber affected by SFM practices. However, the shortage of timber enhanced by the production of timber from forest plantation by 4.8% when both scenarios imposed together. This indicated that the changes from dependence on the natural forest-to-forest plantation to produce timber in the further are needed. The state government of Kelantan need to encourage forest authority to increase the intensity of forest plantation in Kelantan order to fulfill the production of timber as raw material for forest products. This action would generate economic growth in the timber-based sector in line with its sustainability in Kelantan. It will also help to enhance its forest conservation goal in Peninsular Malaysia.
Risk in Green Retrofits Projects: A Preliminary Study on Energy Efficiency
Authors: Nikman Lee Mohammad Syabilee , Mohamed Sulzakimin , Nasid Masrom Md Asrul , Abas Muhamad Azahar , Wee Seow Ta 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A green building has generally been adopted as one of the most effective strategies towards sustainable development in many countries which is vital in order to create sustainable environment. Despite the benefits of green retrofit to the sustainable environment, there are still retrofitted building is performed below expectation during planning stage which eventually rising operation cost. Although energy efficiency study is over emphasize in green building field, little attention has been paid off to examine the crucial phases in pre-construction stages for green retrofit and a risk that bring energy deficiency. Therefore, the aim of this research is explore a risk that influencing energy efficiency in each phases of pre-construction stage for green retrofit towards commercial building in Malaysia. The study is further support by interview sessions that has been carried out with five retrofit architects that actively involved in construction of commercial buildings in Malaysia. Based on the interviews, the risk in pre-construction stage is crucial to be assessed to minimizing energy deficiency in retrofit project. The findings of the study may useful for design consultant to deliver retrofitting project towards achieving feasible energy efficiency building.
Can Protection Motivation Theory Predict Consumer’s Behavioural Intention Toward the Choice of Certified Sustainable Palm Oil in Klang Valley Malaysia?
Authors: Dauda Suleiman Alhaji , Sidique Shaufique Fahmi , Djama Marcel , Sheng Tey Yeong , Hassin Nor Hizami 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Encouraging consumers to participate in the promotion of sustainably certified palm oil production and consumption, may require their support towards the supply value chain mechanism. Value chain mechanism are often adopted to promote sustainability and assure the consumers and protect the environment from threat associated with palm oil. we applied Protection motivation theory in this research, and analyse through many set of its indicators to serve as a valuable framework to explain pro-environmental choice. There is dearth of empirical research that test the Protection Motivation Theory on the risk of unsustainable oil palm and its consequences. We equally adopted Structural Equation Model approach, and surveyed 332 consumers in Klang Valley Malaysia. And finally we access the perception of the consumers towards exposure to environmental threat caused by uncertified oil palm production, and coping strategy they adopt to minimize the threat. Though, consumers did not perceived high threat from the uncertified oil palm production, because they trust their perceived self-efficacy and response efficacy to cope up with the consequences of uncertified oil palms. However, even though they indicates, absence of institutional arrangement such as RSPO can expose them to threat of uncertified oil palm, but they perceive the coping strategy adopted by Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) was not adequately effectively to ensure compliance with RSPO principles, that would not address the problems associated with uncertified oil palms.
Visitor’s Perception and Attitude toward the Ecotourism Resources at Taman Negara Kuala Koh, Kelantan
Authors: Junus Siti Zubaidah , Hambali Kamarul Ariffin , Mar Iman Abdul Hamid , Abas Muhamad Azahar , Hassin Nor Hizami 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ecotourism resources is the key element that supply the greatest value for tourist attraction. However, the scenerity of the resources could have a risk to destroy if it was not managed properly or could not be taken seriously preserved. Thus, this paper is aim to explore visitors’ perceptions and attitude toward the ecotourism resources at Taman Negara Kuala Koh (TNKK), Gua Musang, Kelantan. A one month survey with closed-ended questionnaire format was administered to 113 visitors during their visit to TNKK. SPSS 12.0 statistical software was used to carry out the descriptive and inferential analysis to show the sample distribution, the differences in the perception, and the level of attitude toward sustainability of eco-tourism resources among visitors. The results showed that the visitors have a positive perceptions and attitudes toward the ecotourism resources provided at TNKK. Most of the visitors agreed that TNKK have a plenty of attractive ecotourism resources that they enjoyed in the nature-based tourism destination. Thus, the park management should be further initiate the necessary efforts and actions in order to withstand the ecotourism resources provided in TNKK. The fascinating view and resources in TNKK would have attracted more visitors to come as well as to have generating more income for the the park mantainance and development in future.
Local Communities Willingness to Pay for Conservation of Ecotourism Resources at Gelam Forest, Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Hassin Nor Hizami , Koshy Nitanan , Hambali Kamarul , Kumaran Jayaraj Vijaya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Gelam Forest significantly has a unique biodiversity composition that is not found in other areas. This unique biodiversity has high potential for ecotourism that has yet to be explored and promoted in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of Gelam (Mellaleuca spp.) forest for being developed as one of the potential ecotourism attractions in Kelantan. The primary data were collected through face to face surveys with the local community in districts of Bachok. A total of 200 respondents were participated in this study which consists of nearby locals that have different demographics. Contingent valuation method (CVM) was applied in this study to determine the local community’s willingness to pay for ecotourism resources conservation at Gelam Forest. The result from logit regression indicates that the bid amount (price), income and education of respondents were significant predictors that influenced the level of willingness to pay for ecotourism resources conservation of Gelam Forest nearby to Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Bachok Campus. The estimated mean for public’s willingness to pay is found to be RM 4.20 per head per year. It was concluded that Gelam Forest conservation initiatives were feasible for ecotourism development in future. The financial resources obtained from the amount of WTP might be used for conservation and as a fund for maintenances purposed.
Economic Valuation of Nature Area of Sultan Ismail Petra Ecosystem Protection Park (Pergau Lake), Malaysia
Authors: Mamat Mohd Parid , Abdullah Mukrimah , Hassin Nor Hizami , Tuan Hussain Faten Naseha 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The value of protected natural environments is important for policy-making in a world of increasingly scarce natural resources. The natural environment includes protected areas such as forest reserves and lake parks which are also areas with high potential for ecotourism. The increasing demand for tourism has led to the development of infrastructure and facilities, particularly the development for ecotourism. However, the economic benefits of natural ecotourism areas are not readily quantified because of the unavailable market price. This is true for the forest and lake resources where the potential and realised benefits for recreation purposes are not valuated. If valuation is not done, the allocation of the resources cannot be optimised and the natural resources may be converted for other purposes. Quantifying the economic value of natural environment resources can show where goods and services are currently underpriced by the market. It can also indicate whether there is potential to develop new markets, to charge prices for the use of natural resources, or to capture natural resource benefits in financial terms. Other than generating revenue, prices and market measures can provide an effective means of regulating the demand for resources and of providing incentives for sustainable management. The purpose of the study is to estimate the value of Sultan Ismail Petra Ecosystem Protection Park (Pergau Lake), in Malaysia, through non-users’ willingness to pay (WTP). In this study, the dichotomous-choice contingent-valuation method (CVM) was employed to estimate the economic value of conserving the park through face-to-face interviews. The WTP was elicited from a total of 268 respondents. The respondents were asked whether they would be willing to contribute a conservation fee to preserve the park as a recreational site. The average WTP for all respondents was estimated to range between RM111.22 and RM293.12 annually, which translates to a contribution of between RM11.22 million and RM29.58 million in aggregate for the year 2019.
Urban Aesthetic Concept of Senen Area in Central Jakarta for Identity of Sustainable City
Authors: Radnawati Daisy , Febriani Yusi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Senen Area is a mainstay of Central Jakarta functioning as a commercial and public area with a historical value. In addition to the function of the use of facilities for pedestrian circulation, the problems faced by Senen Area are also the physical construction of facilities and multi-storey buildings that are not balanced with its landscape. Thus, a good landscape planning of Senen Area needs to be done to maintain its existence as a safe and comfortable business center that has a strong historical identity. The aspects analyzed in this research was the physical and biophysical conditions of the site, history and culture that influence the formation of the site, the condition of the user activity of the site, the pattern of design and the function of the site, the laying of the ornament, and the facility. The history of Senen Area is inseparable from the influence of various cultures, since colonial times until now. Various changes continue to occur, but the expected conditions are still difficult to achieve. The purpose of this study is to plan the landscape ornaments of the Senen Area both functionally and esthetically as the urban aesthetic appeal and regional identity.