bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Creation of Twist by Reconnection of Flux Tubes
Authors: Priest E. R. , Longcope D. W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA fundamental process in a plasma is the magnetic reconnection of one pair of flux tubes (such as solar coronal loops) to produce a new pair. During this process magnetic helicity is conserved, but mutual helicity can be transformed to self-helicity, so that the new tubes acquire twist. However, until recently, when Wright (Astrophys. J.878, 102, 2019) supplied a solution, the partition of self-helicity between the two tubes was an outstanding puzzle. Here we examine Wright’s result in detail and apply it to a variety of cases. The simplest case, which Wright himself used to illustrate the result, is that of thin ribbons or flux sheets. We first explicitly apply his method to the usually expected standard case (when the tubes approach one another without twisting before reconnection) and confirm his result is valid for flux sheaths and tubes as well as sheets.For the reconnection of sheets, it is shown that the orientation of the sheets needs to be chosen carefully. For flux sheaths and tubes, Wright’s results are demonstrated to hold for the standard case. There is both a local and a global aspect to the effect of reconnection. The local effect of reconnection is to produce an equipartition of the added self-helicity (and therefore of twist), but the extra global effect of the location and orientation of the feet of the sheet, shell or tube in general adds different amounts of magnetic helicity to the two structures.It is important, as Wright realized, to account for any twist or writhe already existing in the fluxes prior to reconnection. Here we show explicitly that, if a section of a flux sheet is twisted by a multiple of $\pi $π with its ends held fixed and is then reconnected with another sheet, then the effect of the reconnection is to add that multiple of $\pi $π to one sheet and subtract it from the other, while conserving the total helicity. If, on the other hand, the central part of a flux sheath is twisted before reconnection by any angle, then the effect of reconnection is to add that amount of twist to one sheath and subtract it from the other, while conserving the total helicity. Thus, for the local part of the process in both sheets and sheaths, there is no longer helicity equipartition.Finally, we apply Wright’s results explicitly to flux tubes, and in particular to determine the twist that is acquired by an erupting flux rope due to reconnection during an eruptive solar flare or coronal mass ejection.
Uranus and Neptune: Origin, Evolution and Internal Structure
Authors: Helled Ravit , Nettelmann Nadine , Guillot Tristan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThere are still many open questions regarding the nature of Uranus and Neptune, the outermost planets in the Solar System. In this review we summarize the current-knowledge about Uranus and Neptune with a focus on their composition and internal structure, formation including potential subsequent giant impacts, and thermal evolution. We present key open questions and discuss the uncertainty in the internal structures of the planets due to the possibility of non-adiabatic and inhomogeneous interiors. We also provide the reasoning for improved observational constraints on their fundamental physical parameters such as their gravitational and magnetic fields, rotation rates, and deep atmospheric composition and temperature. Only this way will we be able to improve our understating of these planetary objects, and the many similar-sized objects orbiting other stars.
Temperamentally inhibited children are at risk for poorer maths performance: self-concept as mediator
Authors: Viljaranta Jaana , Aunola Kaisa , Mullola Sari , Luonua Marjaana , Tuomas Anne , Nurmi Jari-Erik 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIt has repeatedly been found that temperamental inhibition and low academic achievement are associated with each other: children with cautious and wary or shy behaviour are at risk for low academic achievement. Several suggestions about the mechanism behind this association have been made, these highlighting for example, the fewer learning opportunities of cautious and wary children and more negative interaction between teachers and inhibited children. However, the empirical studies about these mechanisms are rare and, thus, they have remained unclear. This study examined whether children’s maths-related self-concept of ability acts as a mediator between their temperamental inhibition and maths performance. 156 children (Mage 7.25 years) were followed during the first grade of primary school. Children’s temperamental inhibition was assessed in the beginning of Grade 1. Their maths performance was tested twice, in the beginning and at the end of Grade 1, and their self-concept of ability was measured at the end of Grade 1. The research question was analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that children’s self-concept of ability did mediate the association between temperamental inhibition and maths performance at Grade 1: that more inhibited children feel they are less capable and competent in maths than less inhibited children, and this contributes to their poorer maths performance. The findings highlight that it is important for teachers and other practitioners to be aware of this effect of temperamental inhibition on self-concept and put effort on promoting positive views of children’s competencies and abilities.
Improving lipid mapping in Genome Scale Metabolic Networks using ontologies
Authors: Poupin Nathalie , Vinson Florence , Moreau Arthur , Batut Aurélie , Chazalviel Maxime , Colsch Benoit , Fouillen Laetitia , Guez Sarah , Khoury Spiro , Dalloux-Chioccioli Jessica , Tournadre Anthony , Le Faouder Pauline , Pouyet Corinne , Van Delft Pierre , Viars Fanny , Bertrand-Michel Justine , Jourdan Fabien 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Introduction
To interpret metabolomic and lipidomic profiles, it is necessary to identify the metabolic reactions that connect the measured molecules. This can be achieved by putting them in the context of genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions. However, mapping experimentally measured molecules onto metabolic networks is challenging due to differences in identifiers and level of annotation between data and metabolic networks, especially for lipids.

Objectives
To help linking lipids from lipidomics datasets with lipids in metabolic networks, we developed a new matching method based on the ChEBI ontology. The implementation is freely available as a python library and in MetExplore webserver.

Methods
Our matching method is more flexible than an exact identifier-based correspondence since it allows establishing a link between molecules even if a different level of precision is provided in the dataset and in the metabolic network. For instance, it can associate a generic class of lipids present in the network with the molecular species detailed in the lipidomics dataset. This mapping is based on the computation of a distance between molecules in ChEBI ontology.

Results
We applied our method to a chemical library (968 lipids) and an experimental dataset (32 modulated lipids) and showed that using ontology-based mapping improves and facilitates the link with genome scale metabolic networks. Beyond network mapping, the results provide ways for improvements in terms of network curation and lipidomics data annotation.

Conclusion
This new method being generic, it can be applied to any metabolomics data and therefore improve our comprehension of metabolic modulations.
Household airborne endotoxin associated with asthma and allergy in elementary school-age children: a case–control study in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Authors: Yen Yu-Chuan , Yang Chun-Yuh , Wang Tsu-Nai , Yen Pei-Chun , Ho Chi-Kung , Mena Kristina D. , Lee Tzu-Chi , Chen Kang-Shin , Lin Yuan-Chung , Chen Pei-Shih 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTo evaluate the association between the presence of asthma and allergy, and airborne endotoxin in homes of school-age children in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, with a case–control study design by matching the age and class exposure. Data collection of home visits included an interviewer-administered questionnaire and air sampling of participants’ homes for endotoxin, bacteria, and fungi, as well as temperature and relative humidity measurements. Endotoxin was detected in all air samples with a median value of 0.67 EU m−3. In the adjusted logistic regression model, household airborne endotoxin was associated with higher prevalence of asthma and allergy; OR = 4.88 (95% CI 1.16–20.55) for Q3 (between 0.67 and 1.97 EU m −3) vs. Q1 (< 0.31 EU m −3), with statistical significance. Airborne fungi were associated with higher prevalence of asthma and allergy; OR = 4.47 (95% CI 1.13–17.69) for Q3 (between 314 and 699 CFU m −3) vs. Q1 (< 159 CFU m −3) in adjusted logistic regression models. Airborne endotoxin and fungi were significantly associated with children’s asthma and allergy.
Concurrent isolation of hepatic stem cells and hepatocytes from the human liver
Authors: Lee Serene M. L. , Bertinetti-Lapatki Cristina , Schiergens Tobias S. , Jauch Karl-Walter , Roth Adrian B. , Thasler Wolfgang E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHepatocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells or stem cells have the potential to be representative in vitro models of the human liver for research as well as early safety assessment programs. However, up until now, there has been no definitive proof that differentiated hepatocytes recapitulate the phenotype and functional characteristics of primary hepatocytes from the same individual. Thus, a method for the concurrent isolation of hepatocytes and hepatic stem cells is presented here to provide the cells necessary for the evaluation of the required benchmarking. The method presented here generated high-quality hepatocytes with a purity of 94 ± 1% and a high percentage viability of 79 ± 2%. Furthermore, the hepatic stem cells isolated were found to be actively proliferating and have a purity of 98 ± 1%. Thus, these isolated cells can be used as a powerful tool for the validation of differentiated hepatocyte in vitro models.
Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in Images, Graphs and Text: A Review
Authors: Xu Han , Ma Yao , Liu Hao-Chen , Deb Debayan , Liu Hui , Tang Ji-Liang , Jain Anil K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDeep neural networks (DNN) have achieved unprecedented success in numerous machine learning tasks in various domains. However, the existence of adversarial examples raises our concerns in adopting deep learning to safety-critical applications. As a result, we have witnessed increasing interests in studying attack and defense mechanisms for DNN models on different data types, such as images, graphs and text. Thus, it is necessary to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of the main threats of attacks and the success of corresponding countermeasures. In this survey, we review the state of the art algorithms for generating adversarial examples and the countermeasures against adversarial examples, for three most popular data types, including images, graphs and text.
Crosstalk Between Mast Cells and Adipocytes in Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions
Authors: Elieh Ali Komi Daniel , Shafaghat Farzaneh , Christian Mark 
Published: March 2020

AbstractExcessive fatty acids and glucose uptake support the infiltration of adipose tissue (AT) by a variety of immune cells including neutrophils, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, and mast cells (MCs). These cells promote inflammation by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators. The involvement of MCs in AT biology is supported by their accumulation in the AT of obese individuals along with significantly higher serum levels of MC-derived tryptase. AT-resident MCs under the influence of locally derived adipokines such as leptin become activated and release pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNFα that worsens the inflammatory state. MCs support angiogenesis in AT by releasing chymase and inducing preadipocyte differentiation and also the proliferation of adipocytes through 15-deoxy-delta PGJ2/PPARγ interaction. Additionally, they contribute to the remodeling of the AT extracellular matrix (ECM) and play a role in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes. MC degranulation has been linked to brown adipocyte activation, and evidence indicates an important link between MCs and the appearance of BRITE/beige adipocytes in white AT. Cell crosstalk between MCs and AT-resident cells, mainly adipocytes and immune cells, shows that these cells play a critical role in the regulation of AT homeostasis and inflammation.
Beyond Their HIV Status: the Occurrence of Multiple Health Risk Behavior Among Adolescents from a Rural Setting of Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ssewanyana Derrick , Newton Charles R. , van Baar Anneloes , Hassan Amin S. , Stein Alan , Taylor H. Gerry , Van De Vijver Fons , Scerif Gaia , Abubakar Amina 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Health risk behaviors during adolescence may cluster into patterns that might be predicted by specific factors, among which HIV may have an important role.

Method
In a cross-sectional study conducted between 2017 and 2018, clustering of HRB and its associated factors was investigated in rural Kenya among 588 adolescents (36% perinatally HIV infected; 28% perinatally HIV exposed but uninfected; and 36% HIV unexposed/uninfected). Latent class analysis of 22 behaviors followed by multinomial logistic regression were conducted. Four risk behavior classes were identified.

Results
No significant differences were found in behavioral class membership across the three HIV groups (p = 0.366). The risk of membership to the higher risk behavioral classes relative to class 1 (the substance and drug abstinent low risk takers) increased with older adolescent age (p = 0.047), increased among adolescent who experienced mental distress (p < 0.001), and those who felt unsafe in their neighborhood (p < 0.002). Better working memory (p = 0.0037) was found to be protective.

Conclusion
The results highlight a need to include screening and interventions for internalizing mental health problems and deficits in executive functioning, as well as steps to involve family members and communities to address psychosocial risk factors in adolescents in Kenya.
Folgen sozialer Hilfen
Authors: Dollinger Bernd , Weinbach Hanna 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag stellt Ausgangsüberlegungen des DFG-Graduiertenkollegs Folgen sozialer Hilfen in komprimierter Form dar. Es handelt sich um den Versuch, zwei Schwerpunkte in der Erforschung sozialer Hilfen aufeinander zu beziehen: Einerseits wird von der breiten interdisziplinären Debatte zu Wirkungsforschung ausgegangen. Es wird gegenwärtig kontrovers diskutiert, in welcher Form Wirkungen sozialer Hilfen bestimmt und gemessen werden können, insofern soziale Hilfen Besonderheiten mit sich führen, die sich möglicherweise einer standardisierten, kontextunabhängigen Wirkungsbestimmung widersetzen. Andererseits wird an einen Fokus auf die Adressat*innen sozialer Hilfen angeschlossen. Sie stehen zunehmend im Interesse der Forschung und ausgehend von ihnen werden Hilfen praktisch realisiert. Das Graduiertenkolleg integriert diese beiden Perspektiven in einer interdisziplinären „Folgenforschung“. Sie soll ebenso intendierte wie nicht-intendierte Folgen und Nebenfolgen sozialer Hilfen fokussieren und Kernfragen der Themenstellung grundlegend aufarbeiten.
An Empirical Study on Spatial Presence in Immersive Geo-Environments
Authors: Hruby Florian , Sánchez León F. Álvarez , Ressl Rainer , Escobar-Briones Elva G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch on immersive virtual reality (VR) indicates that VR technologies facilitate understanding through the formation of spatial presence, which is the user’s feeling of “being there” in a virtual place. These findings make VR a highly interesting tool for geographic information science and the visualization of geospatial phenomena. However, immersion and presence are often studied under laboratory conditions, while research on virtual representations of real-world environments is still rare. This paper aims to reduce this gap empirically through a user study on spatial presence in immersive geo-environments. A total of 60 subjects entered a VR replica of a coral reef in the Mexican Caribbean built upon WorldView2 imagery. After testing within- and between-subject performance under both VR headset- and desktop-based visualization conditions, all users completed the IPQ self-report questionnaire to evaluate the sense of presence experienced. The results indicate a strong effect of immersion, leading to statistically significant higher levels of spatial presence in immersive geo-environments.
Harnessing the power of simulation for assessment: Consensus recommendations for the use of simulation-based assessment in emergency medicine
Authors: Hall Andrew K. , Chaplin Timothy , McColl Tamara , Petrosoniak Andrew , Caners Kyla , Rocca Nicole , Gardner Carlyn , Bhanji Farhan , Woods Rob 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo address the increasing demand for the use of simulation for assessment, our objective was to review the literature pertaining to simulation-based assessment and develop a set of consensus-based expert-informed recommendations on the use of simulation-based assessment as presented at the 2019 Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) Academic Symposium on Education.MethodsA panel of Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians from across Canada, with leadership roles in simulation and/or assessment, was formed to develop the recommendations. An initial scoping literature review was conducted to extract principles of simulation-based assessment. These principles were refined via thematic analysis, and then used to derive a set of recommendations for the use of simulation-based assessment, organized by the Consensus Framework for Good Assessment. This was reviewed and revised via a national stakeholder survey, and then the recommendations were presented and revised at the consensus conference to generate a final set of recommendations on the use of simulation-based assessment in EM.ConclusionWe developed a set of recommendations for simulation-based assessment, using consensus-based expert-informed methods, across the domains of validity, reproducibility, feasibility, educational and catalytic effects, acceptability, and programmatic assessment. While the precise role of simulation-based assessment will be a subject of continued debate, we propose that these recommendations be used to assist educators and program leaders as they incorporate simulation-based assessment into their programs of assessment.
Lack of utility of tracheal aspirates in the management of suspected pneumonia in intubated neonates
Authors: Langston Seth J. , Pithia Neema , Sim Myung Shin , Garg Meena , de St Maurice Annabelle , Chu Alison 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the utility of tracheal aspirates in suspected pneumonia in intubated neonates and to measure the burden of antibiotic use associated with a positive tracheal aspirate culture.Design:Retrospective cohort study between January 2016 and December 2017.Setting:A level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Patients:Intubated patients with a tracheal aspirate culture.Methods:Data on temporally associated clinical measures of illness, laboratory and radiographic testing, and clinical demographic information were analyzed.Results:Positive tracheal aspirate cultures were associated with lower birth weight and a normal immature to total neutrophil ratio (I/T ratio). Positive tracheal aspirates were not significantly associated with clinical, laboratory, or radiographic markers used in clinical practice to screen for infection. Despite the lack of positive clinical associations, a positive tracheal aspirate culture was associated with increased risk of prolonged antibiotic exposure.Conclusion:These findings suggest that positive tracheal aspirates do not always represent clinical infection and may result in unnecessary antibiotic exposure.
PKS 2250–351: A giant radio galaxy in Abell 3936
Authors: Seymour N. , Huynh M. , Shabala S. S. , Rogers J. , Davies L. J. M. , Turner R. J. , O’Brien A. , Ishwara-Chandra C. H. , Thorne J. E. , Galvin T. J. , Jarrett T. , Andernach H. , Anderson C. , Bunton J. , Chow K. , Collier J. D. , Driver S. , Filipovic M. D. , Gürkan G. , Hopkins A. M. , Kapińska A. D. , Leahy D. A. , Marvil J. , Manojlovic P. , Norris R. P. , Phillips C. , Robotham A. , Rudnick L. , Singh V. , White S. V. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present a detailed analysis of the radio galaxy PKS$2250{-}351$, a giant of 1.2 Mpc projected size, its host galaxy, and its environment. We use radio data from the Murchison Widefield Array, the upgraded Giant Metre-wavelength Radio Telescope, the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, and the Australia Telescope Compact Array to model the jet power and age. Optical and IR data come from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey and provide information on the host galaxy and environment. GAMA spectroscopy confirms that PKS$2250{-}351$lies at$z=0.2115$in the irregular, and likely unrelaxed, cluster Abell 3936. We find its host is a massive, ‘red and dead’ elliptical galaxy with negligible star formation but with a highly obscured active galactic nucleus dominating the mid-IR emission. Assuming it lies on the localM–$\sigma$relation, it has an Eddington accretion rate of$\lambda_{\rm EDD}\sim 0.014$. We find that the lobe-derived jet power (a time-averaged measure) is an order of magnitude greater than the hotspot-derived jet power (an instantaneous measure). We propose that over the lifetime of the observed radio emission (${\sim} 300\,$Myr), the accretion has switched from an inefficient advection-dominated mode to a thin disc efficient mode, consistent with the decrease in jet power. We also suggest that the asymmetric radio morphology is due to its environment, with the host of PKS$2250{-}351$lying to the west of the densest concentration of galaxies in Abell 3936.
Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration Record from Lake Suigetsu, Japan
Authors: Bronk Ramsey Christopher , Heaton Timothy J , Schlolaut Gordon , Staff Richard A , Bryant Charlotte L , Brauer Achim , Lamb Henry F , Marshall Michael H , Nakagawa Takeshi 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTTerrestrial plant macrofossils from the sedimentary record of Lake Suigetsu, Japan, provide the only quasi-continuous direct atmospheric record of radiocarbon (14C) covering the last 50 ka cal BP (Bronk Ramsey et al. 2012). Since then, new high precision data have become available on U-Th dated speleothems from Hulu Cave China, covering the same time range (Cheng et al. 2018). In addition, an updated varve-based chronology has also been published for the 2006 core from Lake Suigetsu (SG06) based on extended microscopic analysis of the sediments and improved algorithms for interpolation (Schlolaut et al. 2018). Here we reanalyze the radiocarbon dataset from Suigetsu based on the new varve counting information and the constraints imposed by the speleothem data. This enables the new information on the calendar age scale of the Suigetsu dataset to be used in the construction of the consensus IntCal calibration curve. Comparison of the speleothem and plant macrofossil records provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the incorporation of carbon into different types of record and the relative strengths of different types of archive for calibration purposes.