bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(vinyl alcohol) Membranes Cross‐linked with Maleic Anhydride and 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid: Conventional Heating and Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Salgado‐Chavarría David , Palacios‐Alquisira Joaquín 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was cross‐linked with maleic anhydride (MA) and 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) under conventional heating (CH) and microwave irradiation (MW) to obtain different membranes of PVA/MA and PVA/FDCA modified by the cross‐linking agent concentration, reaction time and type of activation method. The influence of the latter parameters, was studied by comparing the swelling degree of the membranes, swelling kinetics, solubility parameter (δ), Flory interaction parameter (χ12), molecular weight between cross‐links (Mc) and the fractional free volume (FFV).Conditions to cross‐link the membranes were chosen from swelling percentage tests and the samples with the lowest water uptake were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). MW activation used from 23 to 30 minutes to cross‐link the membranes, meanwhile, conventionally heated samples were introduced in an oven for 120 min, meaning that MW activation provided high reaction yields in shorter times. For both activation methods, FTIR spectra recorded peaks in an interval of 1706–1713 cm−1, and 13C NMR presented signals from 162 to 171 ppm, meaning that carbonyl groups from esters were formed. AFM images showed that the rise in roughness was not necessarily directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of cross‐linking agent.
Metal Cation‐Assisted Synthesis of Amorphous B, N Co‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Superior Sodium Storage
Authors: Fu Ning , Liu Ying , Liu Rui , Wang Xiaodong , Yang Zhenglong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNearly inexhaustible sodium sources on earth make sodium ion batteries (SIBs) the best candidate for large‐scale energy storage. However, the main obstacles faced by SIBs are the low rate performance and poor cycle stability caused by the large size of Na+ ions. Herein, a universal strategy for synthesizing amorphous metals encapsulated into amorphous B, N co‐doped carbon (a‐M@a‐BCN; M = Co, Ni, Mn) nanotubes by metal cation‐assisted carbonization is explored. The methodology allows tailoring the structures (e.g., length, wall thickness, and metals doping) of a‐M@a‐BCN nannotubes at the molecular level. Furthermore, the amorphous metal sulfide encapsulated into a‐BCN (a‐MSx@a‐BCN; MSx: CoS, Ni3S2, MnS) nanotubes are obtained by one‐step sulfidation process. The a‐M@a‐BCN and a‐MSx@a‐BCN possess the larger interlayer spacing (0.40 nm) amorphous carbon nanotube rich in heteroatoms active sites, making them exhibit excellent Na+ ions diffusion kinetics and capacitive storage behavior. As SIBs anodes, they show high capacity, excellent rate performance, and long cycle stability.
Natural variation for carotenoids in fresh kernels is controlled by uncommon variants in sweet corn
Authors: Baseggio Matheus , Murray Matthew , Magallanes‐Lundback Maria , Kaczmar Nicholas , Chamness James , Buckler Edward S. , Smith Margaret E. , DellaPenna Dean , Tracy William F. , Gore Michael A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSweet corn (Zea mays L.) is highly consumed in the United States, but does not make major contributions to the daily intake of carotenoids (provitamin A carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin) that would help in the prevention of health complications. A genome‐wide association study of seven kernel carotenoids and twelve derivative traits was conducted in a sweet corn inbred line association panel ranging from light to dark yellow in endosperm color to elucidate the genetic basis of carotenoid levels in fresh kernels. In agreement with earlier studies of maize kernels at maturity, we detected an association of β‐carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) with β‐carotene concentration and lycopene epsilon cyclase (lcyE) with the ratio of flux between the α‐ and β‐carotene branches in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, we found that 5% or less of the evaluated inbred lines possessing the shrunken2 (sh2) endosperm mutation had the most favorable lycE allele or crtRB1 haplotype for elevating β‐branch carotenoids (β‐carotene and zeaxanthin) or β‐carotene, respectively. Genomic prediction models with genome‐wide markers obtained moderately high predictive abilities for the carotenoid traits, especially lutein, and outperformed models with less markers that targeted candidate genes implicated in the synthesis, retention, and/or genetic control of kernel carotenoids. Taken together, our results constitute an important step toward increasing carotenoids in fresh sweet corn kernels.
Culture in Critical Development Theory
Authors: MacNeill Timothy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEspecially in the postcolonial period, development thinking took a critical turn. Much of this new thinking originated as people from the Third World began to speak of development in the context of neocolonialism, while drawing on strains of critical political economy. The idea of culture played an increasingly important role as the concept of development was challenged from below. Increasingly, this involved powerful assertions from indigenous peoples, and a new focus around issues of environmental sustainability of food sovereignty.
Assessing contemporary legislative proposals for their compatibility with a natural law case for AI legal personhood
Authors: Jowitt Joshua 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe question of the moral status of AI and the extent to which that status ought to be recognised by societal institutions is one that has not yet received a satisfactory answer from lawyers. This paper seeks to provide a solution to the problem by defending a moral foundation for the recognition of legal personhood for AI, requiring the status to be granted should a threshold criterion be reached. The threshold proposed will be bare, noumenal agency in the Kantian sense. Agency has been identified by Alan Gewirth as the source of the rights claims of our own species and, at risk of contradiction, is a foundation that must be expanded to all agents or else we contradict the foundation of our own rights. This is something that ought to be recognised through the granting of legal personhood to all noumenal agents by any system that requires such personhood for the enforcement of rights, or else the rule restricting legal personhood cannot be seen as a valid legal norm. Having laid out the case, the paper will move on to defend this natural law conception against the narrower definition of legal personhood proposed by Bryson et al. with regards to AI. It will argue that bare agency is a sufficient, though not necessary, criterion for the ascription of legal personhood in any system that sees the status as necessary for the ascription of legal rights. The paper will conclude by analysing the proposals currently making their way through the legislatures of the UK and European Union. They will be assessed for their compatibility with the claim that a functioning legal system necessarily must recognise the legal personhood of all noumenal agents regardless of their origins, and whether they are future-proofed for the possibility that AI may meet this threshold.
Prospective evaluation of whole-body MRI and 18F-FDG PET/MRI in N and M staging of primary breast cancer patients
Authors: Bruckmann Nils Martin , Sawicki Lino M. , Kirchner Julian , Martin Ole , Umutlu Lale , Herrmann Ken , Fendler Wolfgang , Bittner Ann-Kathrin , Hoffmann Oliver , Mohrmann Svjetlana , Dietzel Frederic , Ingenwerth Marc , Schaarschmidt Benedikt M. , Li Yan , Kowall Bernd , Stang Andreas , Antoch Gerald , Buchbender Christian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate and compare the diagnostic potential of whole-body MRI and whole-body 18F-FDG PET/MRI for N and M staging in newly diagnosed, histopathologically proven breast cancer.

Material and methods
A total of 104 patients (age 53.4 ± 12.5) with newly diagnosed, histopathologically proven breast cancer were enrolled in this study prospectively. All patients underwent a whole-body 18F-FDG PET/MRI. MRI and 18F-FDG PET/MRI datasets were evaluated separately regarding lesion count, lesion localization, and lesion characterization (malignant/benign) as well as the diagnostic confidence (5-point ordinal scale, 1–5). The N and M stages were assessed according to the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual in MRI datasets alone and in 18F-FDG PET/MRI datasets, respectively. In the majority of lesions histopathology served as the reference standard. The remaining lesions were followed-up by imaging and clinical examination. Separately for nodal-positive and nodal-negative women, a McNemar chi2 test was performed to compare sensitivity and specificity of the N and M stages between 18F-FDG PET/MRI and MRI. Differences in diagnostic confidence scores were assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results
MRI determined the N stage correctly in 78 of 104 (75%) patients with a sensitivity of 62.3% (95% CI: 0.48–0.75), a specificity of 88.2% (95% CI: 0.76–0.96), a PPV (positive predictive value) of 84.6% % (95% CI: 69.5–0.94), and a NPV (negative predictive value) of 69.2% (95% CI: 0.57–0.8). Corresponding results for 18F-FDG PET/MRI were 87/104 (83.7%), 75.5% (95% CI: 0.62–0.86), 92.2% (0.81–0.98), 90% (0.78–0.97), and 78.3% (0.66–0.88), showing a significantly better sensitivity of 18F-FDG PET/MRI determining malignant lymph nodes (p = 0.008). The M stage was identified correctly in MRI and 18F-FDG PET/MRI in 100 of 104 patients (96.2%). Both modalities correctly staged all 7 patients with distant metastases, leading to false-positive findings in 4 patients in each modality (3.8%). In a lesion-based analysis, 18F-FDG PET/MRI showed a significantly better performance in correctly determining malignant lesions (85.8% vs. 67.1%, difference 18.7% (95% CI: 0.13–0.26), p < 0.0001) and offered a superior diagnostic confidence compared with MRI alone (4.1 ± 0.7 vs. 3.4 ± 0.7, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
18F-FDG PET/MRI has a better diagnostic accuracy for N staging in primary breast cancer patients and provides a significantly higher diagnostic confidence in lesion characterization than MRI alone. But both modalities bear the risk to overestimate the M stage.
Delivery after an obstetric anal sphincter tear
Authors: Pirhonen J. , Haadem K. , Gissler M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The present study aimed to assess the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) of a subsequent delivery after the previous OASIS in countries with low (Finland) and high rates (Norway and Sweden) of OASIS.

Methods
This population-based case–control study included women who experienced OASIS 1997–2002. 26,598 women with OASIS were included from countries with low (Finland) and high (Norway and Sweden) OASIS incidences. Each case was matched with one background-adjusted control without OASIS. A follow-up data, including all subsequent deliveries between 1998 and 2011 were then collected. Statistics significances were calculated using chi-square test, test for relative proportions and Students t test, where appropriate.

Results
OASIS in the first birth was associated with increased recurrences in subsequent births, 6.9% vs. 1.7% in Norway (p < 0.001); 4.5% vs. 0.7 (p < 0.001) in Sweden; and 2.1% vs. 0.8% in Finland (p = 0.038). In Norway, more than two deliveries occurred in 4.8% of cases and 6.2% of controls (p = 0.001), 4.2% vs. 5.1% in Sweden (p < 0.001), and 5.7% vs. 6.3% in Finland (p = 0.572). For women with OASIS in a previous delivery, the rates of cesarean deliveries in subsequent pregnancies were 16.4% (7.9% for controls) in Norway, and 16.3% (6.0% for controls) in Sweden, and 50.2% (14.2% for controls) in Finland. In all countries, the differences between cases and controls were significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Next deliveries after OASIS are associated with increased frequency of new OASIS, more cesarean deliveries, and less subsequent deliveries in the high-risk population than women without previous OASIS.
Nucleus replacement could get a new chance with annulus closure
Authors: Zengerle Laura , Köhler Anne , Debout Elisabeth , Hackenbroch Carsten , Wilke Hans-Joachim 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Disc herniations are usually treated by decompression of the spinal nerves via a partial nucleotomy. As a consequence of reduced disc height (DH), reduced intradiscal pressure (IDP) and increased range of motion (ROM), accelerated degeneration may occur. Nucleus replacement implants are intended to restore those values, but are associated with the risk of extrusion.

Methods
In six fresh frozen lumbar spinal segments (L2-3/L3-4/L4-5/L5-S1, age median 64.5 years (57–72), Pfirrmann grade 2–3), a prolapse was provoked through a box defect (6 × 10 mm) in the annulus. The herniated nucleus material was removed and replaced by a novel collagen-based nucleus implant. An annulus closure device sealed the defect. ROM, neutral zone (NZ) and IDP were measured in the (1) intact and (2) defect state, (3) postoperatively and (4) after cyclic loading (n = 100,000 cycles) applying pure moments (± 7.5 Nm) in flexion–extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. Additionally, the change in DH was determined. Extrusion of implants or nucleus material was evaluated macroscopically.

Results
In all specimens, a prolapse could be provoked which decreased DH. Subsequent nucleotomy changed ROM/NZ and IDP considerably. Initial values could be restored by the implantation. Macroscopically, none of the implants nor nucleus material did migrate after cyclic loading.

Conclusions
In this study, a prolapse followed by a nucleotomy resulted in a biomechanical destabilisation. Implantation of the nucleus replacement combined with an annulus closure restored the intact condition without showing signs of extrusion nor migration after cyclic loading. Hence, nucleus replacements could have a new chance in combination with annulus closure devices.
Modified phacoemulsification in oculocutaneous albinism to reduce photophobia
Authors: Sohajda Zoltán , Széll Noémi , Hayfron Judit , Facskó Andrea 
Published: April 2020

Summary
Background
The main ophthalmological signs of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) are the translucency of the iris and photophobia. We describe an alternative method to reduce photophobia after cataract removal in OCA patients.

Material and methods
A 53-year-old woman suffered from OCA and bilateral cataract. Phacoemulsification was performed via posterior capsulorhexis with implantation of a three-piece intraocular lens into the sulcus ciliaris of the left eye and secondly of the right eye.

Results
We expected a fibrosis to be formed between the two capsular surfaces, which consequently would improve the diaphragm function of the iris and thus reduce photophobia. In the postoperative period, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity improved continuously, whereas photophobia decreased.

Conclusion
This modified surgical method is easy to perform. It is very cost-effective and can reduce photophobia and improve contrast sensitivity in albino patients in the long term.
Reversal of precedence: The oldest available name of the Javan gibbon and a complete synonymy of the species
Authors: Caspar Kai R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOver the course of their long research history, a plethora of scientific names have been applied to the different species of apes (Hominoidea). Although numerous authors, past and present, have attempted to reconstruct hominoid nomenclatural history in detail, it appears that parts of it, mostly concerning the lesser apes or gibbons, still remain overlooked. Here I show thatSimia NanodesLichtenstein, 1791 is a senior synonym ofSimia MolochAudebert, 1797, otherwise regarded as the oldest binomen applicable to the Javan gibbon. However, sinceSimia Nanodesfailed to enter common usage, these names are subject to a reversal of precedence as defined by Article 23.9 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.Simia MolochAudebert, 1797 must be maintained as anomen protectum, resulting inHylobates moloch(Audebert, 1797) staying the valid name of the species. Simia NanodesLichtenstein, 1791 is declared anomen oblitum. In compliance with this, I provide a complete scientific synonymy of the Javan gibbon and comment on its early research history.
The Impact of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety Sensitivity on Mental Health Among Public Safety Personnel: When the Uncertain is Unavoidable
Authors: Angehrn Andréanne , Krakauer Rachel L. , Carleton R. Nicholas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Public safety personnel (PSP; e.g., correctional workers and officers, firefighters, paramedics, police officers, public safety communications officials) are regularly exposed to potentially traumatic events and considerable uncertainty as part of their employment. Canadian PSP screen positively for mental disorders at much higher rates than the general population. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and anxiety sensitivity (AS) are empirically-supported vulnerability factors associated with the development and maintenance of mental disorders.

Methods
The present study was designed to assess IU and AS across PSP—a population regularly encountering uncertainty—with and without mental disorders (n = 4304; 33.3% women), and across normative clinical, community, and undergraduate samples. Further, the study examined the relationship between IU and AS and mental disorders among PSP.

Results
There were significant differences across groups on IU and AS scores (ps < .001). All PSP, with and without a positive screen for a mental disorder, reported lower IU and AS than clinical samples; however, PSP without mental disorders reported lower IU and AS than all other groups (ps < .001).

Conclusion
Increased resilience or the development of coping skills to manage regular exposures to uncertain threat may help explain why PSP reported low levels of IU and AS despite higher prevalence of mental disorders. Implications for PSP training and treatment are discussed.
CpG-creating mutations are costly in many human viruses
Authors: Caudill Victoria R. , Qin Sarina , Winstead Ryan , Kaur Jasmeen , Tisthammer Kaho , Pineda E. Geo , Solis Caroline , Cobey Sarah , Bedford Trevor , Carja Oana , Eggo Rosalind M. , Koelle Katia , Lythgoe Katrina , Regoes Roland , Roy Scott , Allen Nicole , Aviles Milo , Baker Brittany A. , Bauer William , Bermudez Shannel , Carlson Corey , Castellanos Edgar , Catalan Francisca L. , Chemel Angeline Katia , Elliot Jacob , Evans Dwayne , Fiutek Natalie , Fryer Emily , Goodfellow Samuel Melvin , Hecht Mordecai , Hopp Kellen , Hopson E. Deshawn , Jaberi Amirhossein , Kinney Christen , Lao Derek , Le Adrienne , Lo Jacky , Lopez Alejandro G. , López Andrea , Lorenzo Fernando G. , Luu Gordon T. , Mahoney Andrew R. , Melton Rebecca L. , Nascimento Gabriela Do , Pradhananga Anjani , Rodrigues Nicole S. , Shieh Annie , Sims Jasmine , Singh Rima , Sulaeman Hasan , Thu Ricky , Tran Krystal , Tran Livia , Winters Elizabeth J. , Wong Albert , Pennings Pleuni S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMutations can occur throughout the virus genome and may be beneficial, neutral or deleterious. We are interested in mutations that yield a C next to a G, producing CpG sites. CpG sites are rare in eukaryotic and viral genomes. For the eukaryotes, it is thought that CpG sites are rare because they are prone to mutation when methylated. In viruses, we know less about why CpG sites are rare. A previous study in HIV suggested that CpG-creating transition mutations are more costly than similar non-CpG-creating mutations. To determine if this is the case in other viruses, we analyzed the allele frequencies of CpG-creating and non-CpG-creating mutations across various strains, subtypes, and genes of viruses using existing data obtained from Genbank, HIV Databases, and Virus Pathogen Resource. Our results suggest that CpG sites are indeed costly for most viruses. By understanding the cost of CpG sites, we can obtain further insights into the evolution and adaptation of viruses.
Classification of periodic arrivals in event time data for filtering computer network traffic
Authors: Sanna Passino Francesco , Heard Nicholas A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPeriodic patterns can often be observed in real-world event time data, possibly mixed with non-periodic arrival times. For modelling purposes, it is necessary to correctly distinguish the two types of events. This task has particularly important implications in computer network security; there, separating automated polling traffic and human-generated activity in a computer network is important for building realistic statistical models for normal activity, which in turn can be used for anomaly detection. Since automated events commonly occur at a fixed periodicity, statistical tests using Fourier analysis can efficiently detect whether the arrival times present an automated component. In this article, sequences of arrival times which contain automated events are further examined, to separate polling and non-periodic activity. This is first achieved using a simple mixture model on the unit circle based on the angular positions of each event time on thep-clock, whereprepresents the main periodicity associated with the automated activity; this model is then extended by combining a second source of information, the time of day of each event. Efficient implementations exploiting conjugate Bayesian models are discussed, and performance is assessed on real network flow data collected at Imperial College London.
Physical activity and nutrition interventions for older adults with cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Forbes Cynthia C. , Swan Flavia , Greenley Sarah L. , Lind Michael , Johnson Miriam J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this review was to summarize the current literature for the effectiveness of activity and nutritional based interventions on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in older adults living with and beyond cancer (LWBC).

Methods
We conducted systematic structured searches of CINAHL, Embase, Medline, Cochrane CENTRAL databases, and bibliographic review. Two independent researchers selected against inclusion criteria: (1) lifestyle nutrition and/or activity intervention for people with any cancer diagnosis, (2) measured HRQoL, (3) all participants over 60 years of age and (4) randomized controlled trials.

Results
Searches identified 5179 titles; 114 articles had full text review, with 14 studies (participant n = 1660) included. Three had nutrition and activity components, one, nutrition only and ten, activity only. Duration ranged from 7 days to 1 year. Interventions varied from intensive daily prehabilitation to home-based gardening interventions. Studies investigated various HRQoL outcomes including fatigue, general and cancer-specific quality of life (QoL), distress, depression, global side-effect burden and physical functioning. Eight studies reported significant intervention improvements in one or more QoL measure. Seven studies reported using a psychosocial/theoretical framework. There is a gap in tailored nutrition advice.

Conclusions
Among the few studies that targeted older adults with cancer, most were activity-based programmes with half reporting improvements in QoL. Future research should focus on or include tailored nutrition components and consider appropriate behaviour change techniques to maximize potential QoL improvement.

Implications for Cancer Survivors
More research is needed to address the research gap regarding older adults as current recommendations are derived from younger populations.