bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Environment and Applied Stresses on the Susceptibility to Corrosion and Anodic Dissolution of α,β’-Brass in NaNO3 Solutions
Authors: Berne Clément , Andrieu Eric , Reby Jean , Sobrino Jean-Michel , Blanc Christine 
Published: February 2020

α,β’-brasses, used for components in gas distribution network, are believed to be susceptible to simultaneous dissolution (Cu, Zn) and/or selective dissolution (dezincification) processes in corrosive environments. These phenomena are suspected to play a major role during the first stages (incubation and initiation) of SCC damage development observed on in service network components. In this framework, it is of interest to improve knowledge on kinetics and mechanisms of brass dissolution. The present study aimed at contributing to a better understanding of the dissolution processes of α,β’-brass, this topic being little studied to date.
The specimens, corresponding to α,β’-brass CuZn40Pb2 (CW617N), were machined from stamping rods used to manufacture gas transfer valves. The corrosion tests were performed in NaNO3 solution selected with reference to research on α-brass (1). Two types of objectives were defined; the first corresponded to test the influence of environment (pH, nitrate ions concentration) and mechanical loading on the corrosion behaviour through electrochemical methods, and the second, to determine the dissolution and dezincification kinetics from immersion tests at constant potential, in selected environments and under specific loadings.
In order to reach the first objective, results obtained over a wide range of testing conditions (pH, nitrate ions concentration, loadings…) were analysed by comparing open circuit potential measurements, anodic polarisation curves, and surface characterizations (Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and X-Ray photoelectron spectrometry). For the second objective, measurements of both the dissolution depths and the weight loss, chemical analyses of the corroded materials and the corrosion products (Inductively Coupled Plasma, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) were used to quantify the dissolution kinetics. Finally, discussion focuses on understanding the dissolution mechanism, in comparison with α-brass dissolution process proposed in the literature (2). The influence of load on the basic mechanisms (opening of damages, stability of oxides layers....) will be discussed to better understand the SCC incubation and initiation stages.
1. S.A. Fernandez and M.G. Alvarez, Corros. Sci., 53, 82 (2011).
2. A.P. Pchelnikov, A.D. Sitnikov, I.K. Marshakov and V.V. Losev, Electrochim. Acta., 26, 591 (1981).
“This work was performed in the framework of a joint laboratory, called CETIMAT, where CIRIMAT and CETIM collaborate for some aspects of their research."
On the Galvanic Coupling of Bulk-AlCu Intermetallic Phases (Al2Cu, Al7Cu2Fe) and Pure Aluminium in NaCl Solution
Authors: Rocca Emmanuel , Tardelli Joffrey , Mathieu Stephane 
Published: February 2020

Aluminium alloys with high mechanical properties, from the 2xxx and 7xxx series, are very sensitive to corrosion because of the presence of numerous intermetallic phases in these materials. It is well known that these phases are responsible of the formation of pits that can spread in bulk alloys via the grain boundaries or lead to generalised corrosion of alloys.
In many studies on corrosion of aluminium alloys, the galvanic coupling between the AlCu intermetallic phases and the aluminium matrix is the main phenomenon, supposed to explain the formation of pits. On the other hand, some authors have clearly highlighted the copper enrichment of some intermetallic phases as Al7Cu2Fe (1) and Al2CuMg (2, 3).
The objective of this work is to study the electrochemical behaviour of Al2Cu andAl7Cu2Fe intermetallic phases in NaCl solution, to characterize the corrosion rate by stationary electrochemical techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
FEG-SEM observations, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show that the two phases undergo a more or less complex dealloying phenomenon leading to the formation of a nanometric sponge of pure copper, covered with amorphous aluminium hydroxide. This dealloying phenomenon depends on both the copper content in the phase and on its crystallographic structure.
Then, the galvanic current density between the bulk AlCu phases and pure aluminium was monitored in function of immersion time. The comparison between the corrosion current density of the AlCu phases and the galvanic current density show that the galvanic coupling is often negligible compared to the intrinsic corrosion phenomenon of the phase.
So, the formation of pits on AlCu alloys seems to be mainly linked to the particular corrosion mechanism of AlCu intermetallic phases, inducing the formation of holes and pure copper.
References:

N. Birbilis, M.K Cavanaugh, R.G Buchheit, Corrosion Science 48 (2006) 4202-4215

R.G Buchheit, M.A Martinez, L.P Montes, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 147 (2000) 119-124

R.G Buchheit, L.P Montes, M.A Martinez, J. Michael, P.F Hlava, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 146 (12) (1999) 4424-4428
Electrochmical Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 600 and SA508Cl.3 in Solutions with Various Sodium-to-Chloride Ratios
Authors: Im Kyung Soo , Hur Do Haeng 
Published: February 2020

The laboratory and field experience data indicate that both IGA and SCC of Alloy 600 nuclear steam generator tube material are minimized at a near neutral pH of the range between 6~8. The neutral pH can be achieved by controlling the molar ratio of the cation to anion impurities dissolved in the crevice to be near one. Tubesheet and tubes are galvanically contacted in the tube to tubesheet crevice region of a steam generator. Therefore, the corrosion behavior of tubesheet material should be considered in the application of the molar ratio control. In addition, since the molar ratio is a simple ratio of the cations to anions, the total concentration of the soluble impurities is not considered.
In this paper, the corrosion behaviors of tube and tubesheet material are examined by a electrochemical polarization method in solutions with various sodium-to-chloride ratios at room temperature. The effect of the impurity concentration at a constant sodium-to-chloride ratio is also evaluated. Both the corrosion potentials and corrosion rates of Alloy 600 and SA508Cl.3 were significantly decreased as the sodium-to-chloride ratio increased from 0.1 to 10. The corrosion potential and corrosion rate were not affected by a change of the impurity concentration from 0.011 M to 0.11 M at a constant sodium-to-chloride ratio. The corrosion rate of SA508Cl.3, acting as an anode, was increased by about 2~6 times by a galvanic coupling with Alloy 600.
Electrochemical Studies on Zero VOC Coated Steel through Atmospheric Exposure and REAP Test in the Laboratory
Authors: Ramirez-Reryes Jose Luis , Galicia-Aguilar Gonzalo , Malo-Tamayo Jose Maria , Uruchurtu-Chavarin Jorge 
Published: February 2020

The application of coatings for control the degradation of materials has been historically used since ancient civilizations, but usually the coating systems take a long time to show the physical evidence of corrosion on coated metals, so the evaluation of coatings in aggressive atmospheres and with a rapid way has been the dream of the experts and users through the time. Cabinete standard tests have been developed as a quality control for coatings, including salt fog, climate chamber or artificially damage conditions.
The paint systems utilized for the study were zero volatile organic or water base paints with Zinc phosphate content. The electrochemical measurements were made before and after the potentiostatic test using the electrochemical techniques of Corrosion Potential (Ecorr), Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and the Polarization Curves. For the evaluation of the atmospheric exposed coatings they were retired at different times and applied the electrochemical tests in the laboratory and returned to the exposure rack. For the application of the Rapid Electrochemical Assessment of Paints (REAP), the galvanic current was registered during the potentiostatic conditions providing an excellent parameter for the qualification of paint systems, while a degradability parameter for the paint systems can be calculated from the LPR results that can be compared with results from atmospheric exposure.
Epoxy Polyaniline–SBA15/Fluconazole Hybrid Nanocomposite Coatings: As a Self-Healing Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel
Authors: Terrones Victoria Bustos , Uruchurtu Jorge , Romo Mario Alberto Romero , Menchaca Carmina , Esparsa Marco J 
Published: February 2020

The objective of this research is the production of an epoxy coating blended with organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite applied over mild steel, as a self-healing corrosion protection of defects.
A series of conducting polyaniline (PANI)–SBA15/Fluconazole nanocomposites materials are being prepared by an in situ chemical oxidative method of aniline monomers in the presence of SBA15/fluconazole complex nanorods which were synthesized previously with camphor-sulfonic acid (CSA) and ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as surfactant and initiator, respectively. A commercial epoxy coating was applied over samples afterwards.
The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
To determine the best inhibitor concentration, the anti-corrosion behavior of the Fluconazole was studied in a ammonium sulfide-sodium chloride pH 7 solution, at a temperature of 25 ͦ C using electro-chemical techniques including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization potentiodynamic. The electrochemical results show that this inhibitor has an effect on anodic region forming a passivation layer, and the best result was achieved with 150 ppm of Fluconazole.
The next step was to prepare the SBA15/Fluconazole nanorods, and finally the PANI-SBA15/Fluconazole composite, and evaluate the self-healing effect over mild steel.
It was found that the presence of SBA15/Fluconazole nanorods dispersed in the PANI matrix can significantly improve the corrosion protection and barrier effect performance of the epoxy coating due to the flaky shaped structure of the PANI–SBA15/Fluconazole nanocomposites, evaluated electrochemically.
Development of a Thin and Flexible Sensor for Assessing Corrosion Damage of Hard-to-Access Painted Surfaces
Authors: Kuentzler Matthew , Cook Daniel , Sikora Elizabeth , Shaw Barbara A 
Published: February 2020

Thin, flexible sensors to measure corrosion in hard-to-access areas are very attractive tools in corrosion monitoring. These sensors can be used to monitor the degradation of painted steel in areas where visual monitoring would be difficult and time consuming. Having a network of thin, flexible (conforming) sensors which would detect coating degradation and actual steel corrosion rates (through measuring the electrochemical impedance ), placed in strategic locations, would allow collection of vital corrosion data. Such an approach would allow a transition from time-based to condition-based assessment of corrosion in many areas.
The three electrode sensor used for these measurements consist of Ag/AgCl ink screen printed on thin flexible polymer substrate material. This ink and substrate combination has allowed the sensor to function for 600+ hours without failure. To make the electrical connection, wires were bonded to the sensor through a silver conductive epoxy. To keep this bonded area from corroding and giving false readings it was sealed with a waterproof, self-fusing silicon wrap. The preliminary results of EIS measurements (Figure 1) of painted steel panel with sensor (blue) and conventional paint cell (red) show an excellent agreement between these spectra.
Development of New Multifunctional Coatings for Protection Against Erosion and Corrosion in Qatar Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Wang Dailin , Dizvay Isin , Sikora Elizabeth , Shaw Barbara A , Al-Jassem Nasser 
Published: February 2020

Due to expanding marine oil and gas production, protection of steel in marine environments is particularly important. Combined corrosion and erosion seriously compromises the integrity of tools, pumps and transport pipes. To improve the corrosion resistance of the pipelines, coatings are used widely on oil and gas production equipment.
Coatings can provide low-cost protection against corrosion and erosion in pipelines and vessels. Points where fluids impinge on surfaces, such as pipe bends and separator walls, are particularly vulnerable. Application of coatings in such instances is particularly promising because the protective vehicle can be applied over low-cost alloys, proving economical solutions to materials problems.
Recently multiphase coatings have been examined for a wide variety of applications. Such coatings consist of a polymer matrix containing hard, abrasion-resistant ceramic particles. Several ceramics are used to impart erosion resistance. Typically, aluminum oxide or titanium dioxide are used because they have desired physical properties, and the cost of these materials is relatively low.
The present investigation focuses on electrochemical evaluation of protective properties of a set of multiphase coatings in the environment encountered inside of off-shore natural gas pipelines. The coatings ranged in thickness and amount of abrasion-resistant ceramic filler (listed in Table 1).

Coating
Powder-phenolic novolac

Filler Amount

Thickness

1.3 X
4.5-12 mils

X
4.5-14 mils

0.125X
4.5-14 mils

The coated panels were immersed in a solution of 2000 ppm Cl-, pH 3.5,saturated with CO2, at temperature 60C . The electrochemical impedance spectra were collected as a function of immersion time. In addition, the effect of erosion on corrosion performance of the coatings is being tested according to ASTM D968 standard. For these erosion corrosion tests the coatings are periodically removed from the testing solution, subjected to abrasive action of falling SiC particles and then immediately immersed back in the solution.
The EIS data of coatings prior to any erosion indicates that the corrosion performance is independent on amount of filler used; however, the thicker coatings showed the best corrosion resistance. EIS of specimens exposed to periodic erosion is still underway and these results will be presented.
Characterization of Coatings of New Technology for Corrosion Prevention
Authors: Espino Aracely , Vega Victor , Antaño Rene 
Published: February 2020

Nowadays, there are various types of new technology coatings used in the corrosion protection. These include from organic solvent-based formulations to water solvent-based and solvent free (high content of solids). Regardless of their nature, these protection systems must present properties to ensure good performance against various environmental conditions.
In this work, factors such as degradation, corrosion resistance and the effect of type of coatings formulation are investigated, by implementing contact angle tests and accelerated weathering. Thus, qualitative information about the systems is obtained. For this purpose the samples are exposed to different solutions which simulate the corrosive environments, according to ASTM B117 -11 and ASTM D 5894-10 standards. Also, electrochemical techniques as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency module (EFM), were employed to provide quantitative information about the process of degradation and corrosion.
The visual defects usually appear when the resistance of the coatings tends to a value ≤ 1x106 Ohm/cm2. The obtained information allows to enquire the process of degradation of the systems and their level of protection, and the relationship between the electrochemical parameters and visual assessment.
Mechanism for the Growth of Thin Films of WO3 and Bronzes from Suspensions of WO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Martín Antonio José , Maffiotte César , Chaparro Antonio M. 
Published: February 2020

WO3 is an oxide with semiconducting and electrocatalytic properties, of high interest in a number of applications. It may exist in different hydrates, like WO3.2H2O and WO3.H2O. In aqueous solution, it may be reduced reversibly to bronzes (WO3Hx) and lower valence oxides (WO3-x), exhibiting different physical and chemical properties, like colour, hydrophobicity, and conductivity (protonic and electronic). In combination with platinum, it forms a mixed compound, Pt-WO3, with interesting possibilities as catalyst for fuel cell electrodes.
Thin films of WO3 can be grown electrochemically from aqueous solutions containing dissolved W precursors. Another possibility is the growth from WO3 suspensions formed from insoluble tungsten compounds. The electrochemical growth from WO3 suspensions is a process that requires the diffusion and sticking of the suspended (nano-) particles on the electrode surface.
In this communication, the growth of WO3 films and derived compounds, from aqueous suspensions of WO3 is studied with the help of the quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). WO3 suspensions are prepared from acidic WO4
2- solutions, and deposited on gold and Pt substrates. Film growth rates by stepping and cycling the electrode potential are analysed with EQCM.
Fig. 1 contains steady state deposition rate and electrode current on a Pt substrate. For potentials above 0.15 V exists just an attachment of WO3 particles leading to a constant, low, growth rate. Film grown in this regime tends to come off the electrode surface after some minutes. Below 0.15 V, growth rates increases linearly up to -0.2 V. The same figure shows that the film growth rate has close resemblance with the logarithm of stationary reductive current density due to reduction of water (H+ + e- --> 0.5H2). The acceleration of film growth rate in parallel with water reduction appears to indicate that hydrogen reduced species on the Pt surface participate in the electrochemical reduction of WO3 suspensions. Such possibility is probable in the light of the well known H-spillover mechanism from Pt to WO3 phase. Reactions for film growth can be proposed in this way:

Pt + H+ + e- --> Pt-Hsp

[WO3]sus
+ xPt-Hsp --> WO3Hx + Pt

The growth mechanism is analysed on the light of EQCM results, thin films are characterized (SEM, XPS), and the stability of the films in aqueous solutions is also analysed in view of their possible application as an electrocatalyst component for fuel cell electrodes.
Acknowledgements
This work is financed by the project ELECTROFILM, MAT2011-27151 from Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain.
Electrochemical Studies of the Lithium Deposition on Au(111) from a Piperidinium-Based Ionic Liquid
Authors: Berger Claudia , Jacob Timo 
Published: February 2020

For large-scale applications of modern lithium ion batteries, e.g.in electric car applications, thermal stability has to be absolutely ensured. Further, the required increasing power density of modern batteries demands for a larger electric potential of the cell. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) satisfy these requirements, as they provide low vapour pressure and high thermal stability combined with large electrochemical windows and good ionic conductivities [1,2]. However, internal short circuits due to the formation of lithium dendrites is one of the major issues of modern batteries, but the knowledge of this dendrite formation from RTILs is rather poor. Since an in-depth understanding of these processes is highly desirable we carried out extensive studies regarding the initial stages of lithium deposition from RTILs on single crystal electrodes.
Lithium was electrodeposited on a Au(111) substrate from the solution of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide in the commercially available RTIL 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Electrochemical investigations were carried out by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the initial stages of metal deposition were followed by in-situscanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). As additional and independent characterization method, Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) measurements were performed to determine the actual adsorbate species with high accuracy.
We found, that three cathodic peaks appear in the potential range of −0.5 to −2.5 V vs. a Pt pseudo-reference electrode. Each one seems to be related to the deposition of lithium according to the EQCM measurement. This is also in accordance with the in-situ STM investigations, which confirm Li-deposition in various morphologies within this potential range. Further, a strand-like growth of a lithium species on the gold terraces can be recognized in the potential regime of the first cathodic peak. After applying a potential in the order of the second cathodic peak the growth of islands of one monolayer height takes place on the electrode surface. The third peak at very negative potential coincides with a three dimensional growth of lithium.
[1] M. C. Buzzeo, R. G. Evans, R. G. Compton, ChemPhysChem 5 (2004) 1106.
[2] R. Hagiwara, T. Hirashige, T. Tsuda, Y. Ito, J. Electrochem. Soc. 149 (2002) D1.
NSF Industry University Cooperative Research Center for Electrochemical Processes and Technology a Model for Open Innovation
Authors: Botte Gerardine G. 
Published: February 2020

Introduction

In the path from invention to product it becomes important to consider multiple options for generation of ideas that could lead to out of the box solutions to technological problems. In the search for new ideas and solutions the concept of Open Innovation has become a new paradigm for companies [1]. Within this paradigm cooperation among industry, universities, customers, and rivals is needed for success. One model that has been successful in such approach is the National Science Foundation's (NSF's) Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers (I/UCRC) program.
Over the past three decades, the I/UCRCs have led the way to a new era of partnership between universities and industry, featuring high-quality, industrially relevant fundamental research, strong industrial support of and collaboration in research and education, and direct transfer of university developed ideas, research results, and technology to U.S. industry to improve its competitive posture in world markets [2].
In this talk, the implementation of the NSF I/UCRC model will be described within the context of electrochemical processes and technology. A new NSF I/UCRC: Center for Electrochemical Processes and Technology (CEProTECH) had been established [3]. CEProTECH is dedicated to the improvement of chemical and biological processes utilizing novel, electrochemically-focused approaches. Ohio University (OHIO, lead Center site) and Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL, Center site) are the founding universities. The Center facilitates fundamental, cross-cutting process analysis and research for a diverse range of industry applications. This includes both the classical electrochemical processes - chlor-alkali and aluminum processes, batteries, etc.- as well as processes that typically would not utilize electrochemical methods -remediation, advanced synthesis, and production of specialty gases, chemicals, and materials, etc.-.
This talk will discuss the process of engaging companies to partner with the center and learning about their advanced manufacturing needs that electrochemical solutions can address.
This presentation will focus on the path for the creation and operation of an industry focused research center, CEProTECH, the technology roadmap, the education opportunities for the participants, as well as discussing potential ways of collaboration.

References

[1] H. W. Chesbrough, MIT Sloan Management Review 44 (2003) 35-41.
[2] National Science Foundation, I/UCRC model partnerships, http://www.nsf.gov/eng/iip/iucrc/program.jsp (accessed 03/31/2014).
[3] NSF I/UCRC: Center for Electrochemical Processes and Technology, http://ceprotech.com, (accessed 03/31/2014).