bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pornography: How Does the Boomer Generation and Older Predict Others’ Viewing Time?
Authors: Sakel Katie , Grubbs Joshua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The increase of exposure to online pornography has decreased the age of initial exposure to pornography. However, very little is known about the outcomes resulting from increased pornography exposure in the Baby Boomer generation and beyond. The current study asked what predictors were significant in individuals born in 1965 and earlier when predicting the perceived pornography viewing time for the average man and woman. To answer this question, a nationally representative population (N = 1073, 510 males) completed a web-based survey measuring the age of the participant, gender of the participant, self-directed sexual behaviors (“How frequently have you masturbated while viewing pornography alone?”), partner-directed sexual behaviors (“How frequently have you viewed pornography with a partner?”), a religiosity index (“How important is your religion?”), and the predicted perceived time that a woman and man watches pornography, Results showed that perceived time that the average man spent viewing pornography was significantly predicted by age of the participant, gender of the participant, self-motivated sexual behaviors and partner-motivated sexual behaviors. Religiosity was not a significant predictor. In the regression predicting perceived time that the average woman viewed pornography were age of the participant, self-motivated sexual behaviors, and partner-motivated sexual behaviors. Gender of the participant and religiosity of the participant were not significant predictors. Further research should expand this work to a lifespan perspective and longitudinal studies.
Bringing Transdisciplinary Aging Research From Theory to Practice
Authors: Sargent Lana , Slattum Patricia , Brooks Marshall , Gendron Tracey , Mackiewicz Marissa , Diallo Ana , Waters Leland , Winship Jodi , Battle Kimberly , Ford Gregory , Falls Katherine , Chung Jane , Zanjani Faika , Pretzer-Aboff Ingrid , Price Elvin T , Prom-Wormley Elizabeth , Parsons Pamela ,   iCubed Health and Wellness in Aging Transdisciplinary Core
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There is a growing emphasis to use a transdisciplinary team approach to accelerate innovations in science to solve complex conditions associated with aging. However, the optimal organizational structure and process for how to accomplish transdisciplinary team science is unclear. In this forum, we illustrate our team’s experience using transdisciplinary approaches to solve challenging and persistent problems for older adults living in urban communities. We describe our challenges and successes using the National Institutes of Health four-phase model of transdisciplinary team-based research. Using a de-identified survey, the team conducted an internal evaluation to identify features that created challenges including structural incongruities, interprofessional blind spots, group function, and group dynamics. This work resulted in the creation of the team’s Transdisciplinary Conceptual Model. This model became essential to understanding the complex interplay between societal factors, community partners, and academic partners. Conducting internal evaluations of transdisciplinary team processes is integral for teams to move beyond the multi- and interdisciplinary niche and to reach true transdisciplinary success. More research is needed to develop measures that assess team transdisciplinary integration. Once the process of transdisciplinary integration can be reliably assessed, the next step would be to determine the impact of transdisciplinary team science initiatives on aging communities.
Narrative review on endovascular techniques for left subclavian artery revascularization during thoracic endovascular aortic repair and risk factors for postoperative stroke
Authors: D’Oria Mario , Mani Kevin , DeMartino Randall , Czerny Martin , Donas Konstantinos P , Wanhainen Anders , Lepidi Sandro 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to present a narrative review on endovascular techniques (ET) for revascularization of the left subclavian artery (LSA) during zone 2 thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and on risk factors for postoperative stroke following TEVAR procedures.

METHODS
Non-systematic search of the literature from the PubMed, Ovid and Scopus databases to identify relevant English-language articles fully published in the period 1 January 2010–1 August 2020.

RESULTS
Current general agreement is that LSA revascularization should be always attempted in the elective setting. Under urgent circumstances, it can be delayed but might be considered during the same session on a case-by-case basis. Three ET are currently available: (i) chimney/snorkels (also known as parallel grafts), (ii) fenestrations or branches and (iii) proximal scallops. The main issue with ET is the potential for increased peri-operative stroke risk owing to increased manipulation within the aortic arch. Also, they are relatively novel and further assessment of their long-term durability is needed. Intra-operative embolism and loss of left vertebral artery perfusion are hypothesized as the main causes of stroke in patients undergoing TEVAR.

CONCLUSIONS
The overall risk of stroke seems higher without LSA revascularization during zone 2 TEVAR. As LSA revascularization might have a direct effect in preventing posterior stroke, it should be routinely performed in elective cases, while a case-by-case evaluation can be made under urgent circumstances. While ET can provide effective options for LSA revascularization during zone 2 TEVAR, they are novel and need further durability assessment. Stroke after TEVAR is a multifactorial pathological process and preventing TEVAR-related cerebral injury remains a significant unmet clinical need.
Opportunities and Challenges in Development of Live Biotherapeutic Products to Fight Infections
Authors: Ducarmon Quinten R , Kuijper Ed J , Olle Bernat 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Treatment of bacterial infections with broad-spectrum antibiotics is a strategy severely limited by the decreased ability of the perturbed resident microbiota to control expansion of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) could provide an alternative to antibiotics in infection control by restoring gut colonization resistance and controlling expansion of resistant strains, an important therapeutic need not being addressed with existing anti-infective drug modalities. We review opportunities and challenges in developing LBPs for multidrug-resistant organisms colonization and infection control, with a focus on commercial fecal microbiota transplantation-like products and defined bacterial consortia, and spanning considerations related to availability of models for rational drug candidate selection and dose regimen selection, good manufacturing practice, intellectual property, and commercial viability.
The impact of anti-mould prophylaxis onAspergillusPCR blood testing for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis
Authors: Cruciani M , White P L , Mengoli C , Löffler J , Morton C O , Klingspor L , Buchheidt D , Maertens J , Heinz W J , Rogers T R , Weinbergerova B , Warris A , Lockhart D E A , Jones B , Cordonnier C , Donnelly J P , Barnes R A ,   the Fungal PCR Initiative, Klingspor L , Buchheidt D , Maertens J , Heinz W J , Rogers T R , Weinbergerova B , Warris A , Lockhart D E A , Jones B , Cordonnier C , Donnelly J P , Barnes R A 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe performance of the galactomannan enzyme immunoassay (GM-EIA) is impaired in patients receiving mould-active antifungal therapy. The impact of mould-active antifungal therapy on Aspergillus PCR testing needs to be determined.ObjectivesTo determine the influence of anti-mould prophylaxis (AMP) on the performance of PCR blood testing to aid the diagnosis of proven/probable invasive aspergillosis (IA).MethodsAs part of the systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 cohort studies investigating Aspergillus PCR blood testing in 2912 patients at risk of IA, subgroup analysis was performed to determine the impact of AMP on the accuracy of Aspergillus PCR. The incidence of IA was calculated in patients receiving and not receiving AMP. The impact of two different positivity thresholds (requiring either a single PCR positive test result or ≥2 consecutive PCR positive test results) on accuracy was evaluated. Meta-analytical pooling of sensitivity and specificity was performed by logistic mixed-model regression.ResultsIn total, 1661 (57%) patients received prophylaxis. The incidence of IA was 14.2%, significantly lower in the prophylaxis group (11%–12%) compared with the non-prophylaxis group (18%–19%) (P &lt; 0.001). The use of AMP did not affect sensitivity, but significantly decreased specificity [single PCR positive result threshold: 26% reduction (P = 0.005); ≥2 consecutive PCR positive results threshold: 12% reduction (P = 0.019)].ConclusionsContrary to its influence on GM-EIA, AMP significantly decreases Aspergillus PCR specificity, without affecting sensitivity, possibly as a consequence of AMP limiting the clinical progression of IA and/or leading to false-negative GM-EIA results, preventing the classification of probable IA using the EORTC/MSGERC definitions.
Mining tasks and task characteristics from electronic health record audit logs with unsupervised machine learning
Authors: Chen Bob , Alrifai Wael , Gao Cheng , Jones Barrett , Novak Laurie , Lorenzi Nancy , France Daniel , Malin Bradley , Chen You 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
The characteristics of clinician activities while interacting with electronic health record (EHR) systems can influence the time spent in EHRs and workload. This study aims to characterize EHR activities as tasks and define novel, data-driven metrics.

Materials and Methods
We leveraged unsupervised learning approaches to learn tasks from sequences of events in EHR audit logs. We developed metrics characterizing the prevalence of unique events and event repetition and applied them to categorize tasks into 4 complexity profiles. Between these profiles, Mann-Whitney U tests were applied to measure the differences in performance time, event type, and clinician prevalence, or the number of unique clinicians who were observed performing these tasks. In addition, we apply process mining frameworks paired with clinical annotations to support the validity of a sample of our identified tasks. We apply our approaches to learn tasks performed by nurses in the Vanderbilt University Medical Center neonatal intensive care unit.

Results
We examined EHR audit logs generated by 33 neonatal intensive care unit nurses resulting in 57 234 sessions and 81 tasks. Our results indicated significant differences in performance time for each observed task complexity profile. There were no significant differences in clinician prevalence or in the frequency of viewing and modifying event types between tasks of different complexities. We presented a sample of expert-reviewed, annotated task workflows supporting the interpretation of their clinical meaningfulness.

Conclusions
The use of the audit log provides an opportunity to assist hospitals in further investigating clinician activities to optimize EHR workflows.
Characterization ofFrankliniella occidentalisandFrankliniella bispinosa(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Injury to Strawberry
Authors: Strzyzewski Iris L , Funderburk Joe E , Renkema Justin M , Smith Hugh A 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFrankliniella flower thrips are pests of numerous fruit and vegetable crops as they feed and reproduce in the flowers and fruits. The invasive Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) from the Southwestern United States, an economic pest in Florida since 2005, and the native Frankliniella bispinosa Morgan are both found in Florida strawberries. The objective of this research was to characterize injury to strawberry fruit from these species. Densities of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 adult females of each species were caged on a strawberry plant with one flower. The cages were removed after 2, 5, or 10 d, and the number of surviving adults and the number of larvae determined. Injury was quantified on the mature fruit 21 d after thrips were introduced onto the experimental plant. Initial densities as low as two adult F. occidentalis females per flower decreased fruit set and increased cat-facing on the fruits that developed. There were no significant effects on fruit set and cat-facing by any initial density of F. bispinosa. Feeding by thrips on the small, green fruit affected the size and shape of the mature fruit: the diameters were decreased as a linear function of increased feeding by F. bispinosa, and the weights were decreased as a linear function of increased feeding by F. occidentalis. Overall, results showed that F. occidentalis was more damaging to strawberry than F. bispinosa. The differences in pest status between these common flower thrips species in Florida presents challenges to management programs.
Interclonal variation, coordination, and trade-offs between hydraulic conductance and gas exchange in Pinus radiata: consequences on plant growth and wood density
Authors: Rodríguez-Gamir Juan , Xue Jianming , Meason Dean F , Clearwater Michael , Clinton Peter W , Domec Jean-Christophe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Stem growth reflects genetic and phenotypic differences within a tree species. The plant hydraulic system regulates the carbon economy, and therefore variations in growth and wood density. A whole-organism perspective, by partitioning the hydraulic system, is crucial for understanding the physical and physiological processes that coordinately mediate plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relationships and trade-offs between (i) hydraulic traits and their relative contribution to the whole-plant hydraulic system, (ii) plant water transport, (iii) CO2 assimilation, (iv) plant growth, and (v) wood density are revealed at the interclonal level within a variable population of 10 Pinus radiata (D. Don) clones for these characters. We demonstrated a strong coordination between several plant organs regarding their hydraulic efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange, and plant growth were intimately linked. Small reductions in stem wood density were related to a large increase in sapwood hydraulic efficiency, and thus to plant growth. However, stem growth rate was negatively related to wood density. We discuss insights explaining the relationships and trade-offs of the plant traits examined in this study. These insights provide a better understanding of the existing coordination, likely to be dependent on genetics, between the biophysical structure of wood, plant growth, hydraulic partitioning, and physiological plant functions in P. radiata.
Pervasive Fetishism
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We all have the propensity to materialize our elusive sense of belonging to others. We are pervasive social fetishists, creating placeholders of our social alliances by making them more tangible for self and for others. In all social groups, there is indeed a pervasive propensity to objectify alliances, transforming them into something more fathomable and collectively shared, something that has visibility like a flag, a totem, a genealogical tree, a uniform, or etiquette or mannerisms like gang idiosyncratic tags or gestures. It is the transformative process of alliances into something physical that everybody can refer to in an animist and fetishist way. “Thinging” and associated fetishisms are major reinforcing mechanisms of social clustering, stereotyping, and other social categorizing processes. At a social and, ultimately, ethical level, it also pertains to how we tend to construe others as groups. It captures the way we perceive elusive essence as tangible characteristics, justifying the clustering of individuals into groups, a process that reinforces and is the source of stereotypes and shortcut moral reasoning.
Essentialism and Prejudice
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Humans can’t help but generalize in ways that are rarely, if ever, dictated by reason and prudence. We jump quickly to confirmatory and reassuring conclusions with a propensity to invent things in reference to worlds that only exist in our minds. Rather than being just games of the imagination, these inventions actually influence, often unbeknownst to us (subliminally), our attitudes and actions in the real world, in particular our discriminatory attitudes and actions toward people. Our innate propensity to chunk, cluster, and categorize things corresponds with our propensity to reproduce patterns of reality that are constructed based on ready-made or default implicit beliefs (i.e., stereotyping). Furthermore, the built-in default assumption that things and people have essential, nonobvious characteristics (definition of essentialism) allows for the immediate experience of favorable or unfavorable feelings toward people or things prior to, or not based on, actual experience (i.e. the definition of prejudice).
Self-Essentialism
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We are impersonators of who we represent ourselves to be, not only for others but also ourselves, always fearful of being debunked as impostors or fakes. We do care about our own reputation, the reputation of being consistent for self and for others in what we think, feel, and do. In caring about our own reputation, we do create values for ourselves in relation to others, but that is the source of much self-delusion. Looking at myself in the mirror, rearranging my hair or putting on makeup is much more than a simple functional act. It is an essentialist and inferential process of self-evaluation from a public vantage point: Do I look good for others? Do I cause good or bad impressions? If bad, what can be done about it? How can I fix it? What essential character do I want to project or protect from an outside evaluation? Underlying such self-rumination and typical branding of particular features of the self that would stand for essential characteristics of who we are (i.e., self-essentialism), there is always much comparison and competition with the essential characteristics we likewise project and infer in others (i.e., group and other essentialism).
What About Culture and Development?
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Across cultures, self-serving interests tends to be considered as wrong or bad, negatively evaluated, and reprehensible. All children are exposed to this norm even if, in some human societies, this norm is expressed in paradoxical individualistic ways. Attached to this fundamental and universal ethics law is the subjective sense of fairness, what individuals consider their right share of the resources and what they are entitled to. Fairness pertains to the strong, often elusive sense we have of who deserves what and why in relation to others. As elusive as it might be, this sense is manifest remarkably early in development. And this is true regardless of vastly different social and cultural environments. In human ontogeny and across cultures, from five years of age, individuals from all cultures have developed all the basic ingredients to face and deal with others’ as well as their own moral conundrums. They step right into the main plot of the human drama that, from time immemorial, plays out in myths, oral tales, and tragic representations across all human cultures.
On Civilization's Edge
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In 1918, as Europe’s continental empires were violently replaced with a patchwork of nominally post-imperial nation-states, elites in Poland drew on the global language of civilization to launch an internal state-building mission. This book focuses on how these processes took shape in Volhynia, an eastern borderland province that was home to Ukrainians, Poles, and Jews, between 1918 and 1939. By following in the footsteps of an eclectic group of men and women that included border guards, military settlers, provincial administrators, regional activists, health professionals, urban planners, teachers, and academics, the book traces how imperial hierarchies of global civilization—in which Poles themselves were often viewed as uncivilized—were domestically recast. Throughout, doubts about the national strength of local Poles, competitions between diverse groups of self-declared civilizers, and mounting anxieties about the rise of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union turned Volhynia into a testing ground in which these second-tier actors redefined the precise contours of the modern Polish nation. Rather than simply a successor state embroiled in the quintessentially east European problem of “national minorities,” Poland became a place where the very distinction between empire and nation-state was contested.
Understanding of Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe meters of the trio at the center of Bartók’s Fifth String Quartet scherzo are (3 + 2 + 2 + 3) / 8, (2 + 3 + 2 + 3) / 8, and (2 + 3 + 3 + 2) / 8. Well-known string quartets differ greatly in their interpretations of these meters, with rhythmic performance ranging from accented and angular to lyrical and flexible. What are the main differences in rhythmic interpretation, and what might explain them? This chapter explores the structure of the trio’s melodies in relation to Bartók’s writings on folk music (Hungarian folk song and Bulgarian meter), and examines ten recordings of the trio empirically. It concludes that the most significant distinctions in interpretation of the trio’s rhythms link to a folk-song-like understanding of its melodies, and that Bartók’s coaching influence coincides with such understanding. Bartók’s instructions to the Kolisch Quartet on the performance of the trio’s rhythms, and Bartók’s own recorded performances of similar rhythms, are examined. A performers’ guide and video interview with András Fejér of the Takács Quartet provide practical interpretive resources. Audio examples complement the written text.
Innovators, Firms, and Markets
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis book presents a theoretical, historical, and empirical account of the relationship between intellectual property (IP) rights, organizational type, and market structure. Patents expand transactional choice by enabling smaller research-and-development (R&D)-intensive firms to compete against larger firms that wield difficult-to-replicate financing, production, and distribution capacities. In particular, patents enable upstream firms that specialize in innovation to exchange informational assets with downstream firms that specialize in commercialization, lowering capital and technical requirements that might otherwise impede entry. These theoretical expectations track a novel organizational history of the U.S. patent system during 1890–2006. Periods of strong patent protection tend to support innovation ecosystems in which smaller innovators can monetize R&D through financing, licensing, and other relationships with funding and commercialization partners. Periods of weak patent protection tend to support innovation ecosystems in which innovation and commercialization mostly take place within the end-to-end structures of large integrated firms. The proposed link between IP rights and organizational type tracks evidence on historical and contemporary patterns in IP lobbying and advocacy activities. In general, larger and more integrated firms (outside pharmaceuticals) tend to advocate for weaker patents, while smaller and less integrated firms (and venture capitalists who back those firms) tend to advocate for stronger patents. Contrary to conventional assumptions, the economics, history, and politics of the U.S. patent system suggest that weak IP rights often shelter large incumbents from the entry threat posed by smaller R&D-specialist entities.