bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delineating Efficient Cropping Zones of Potato and Chilli in Tamilnadu
Authors: Sankar T. , Kowshika N. 
Published: November 2020

Potato and Chilli are the most significant horticultural vegetable crops commercially cultivated in both field level and homestead gardening. India is leading producer of chilli and 2nd leading of potato in the world, but inadequate storage and huge unpredictable weather conditions leads to loses. This study was done to analyse trend changes in area, production and productivity over 30 years study period (1985-2015) and also identify Efficient Cropping zones of potato and chillies, at district level for Tamil Nadu during 2000-2015, in order to venture the hotspots of 21st century. Results of trend analysis revealed that potato production was decreasing till early 21st century and thereafter increasing gradually with respect to cropping area and chilli showed reduction in production over the years. Relative Yield Index (RYI) and Relative Spread Index (RSI) were used to figured out potential cropping districts for both crops over Tamil Nadu. Dindigul, Erode and Krishnagiri districts were found to be efficient cropping zone, while Nilgiris is sole district of Most Efficient Cropping Zone (MECZ) for potato. Virudhunagar district has been the Most Efficient Cropping Zone for chilli crop, while Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai, Tirunelveli, and Thoothukkudi districts were identified as potential efficient zone (ECZs) in Tamil Nadu. Hence, this paper attempts to identify the hotspot area and to study the deviation in cultivable land, production and productivity of the crops where farmers are facing most of the problems. The climate change scenarios could influence crop cultivation, and this paper is evident on the changes in efficient cropping zones.
Modelling and Forecasting of Monthly Rainfall and Temperature Time Series Using SARIMA for Trend Detection- A Case Study of Umiam, Meghalaya (India)
Authors: Dabral P. P. , Tabing Issac 
Published: November 2020

Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrative Moving Average Models (SARIMA) were developed for monthly rainfall, mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature time series for Umiam (Barapani), Meghalaya (India). The best model was selected based on the minimum values of AIC and BIC criteria as well as based on observing the ACF and PACF plot of residuals. SARIMA (5,1,2) x (1,1,1)12, SARIMA (2,1,2) x (2,1,1)12, SARIMA (6,1,4) x (2,1,3)12 models were found to be the best fit model for the monthly rainfall, mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures time series respectively. The adequacy of the SARIMA models was also verified using the Ljung-Box (Q) statistic test. McLeod-Li test and Engle’s ARCH LM test were carried out for residuals. The results indicated that there was no Arch effect in the established SARIMA models and models can be used for forecasting the future values for the year 2013 to 2028. The determination of trend in monthly rainfall, mean maximum and minimum temperatures in the forecasted series were done using different trend analysis techniques. For monthly rainfall and mean monthly minimum temperature time series, all the selected methods supported no significant trend. However, in the case of mean monthly maximum temperature time series, three selected methods supported falling trend.
Developmental changes in purine nucleotide metabolism in cultured rat astroglia
Authors: Zoref‐Shani E. , Bromberg Y. , Lilling G. , Gozes I. , Brosh S. , Sidi Y. , Sperling O. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe present study was conducted in order to clarify the role of the glia in brain purine metabolism. This, in connection with the clarification of the etiology of the neurological manifestations associated with some of the inborn errors of purine metabolism in man. Purine nucleotide content, the capacity for de novo and salvage purine synthesis and the activity of several enzymes of purine nucleotide degradation, were assayed in primary cultures of rat astroglia in relation to culture age. The capacity of the intact cells to produce purine nucleotides de novo exhibited a marked decrease with the culture age, but the activity of hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), catalyzing salvage nucleotide synthesis, increased. Aging was also associated with a marked increase in the activity of the degradation enzymes AMP deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and guanine deaminase (guanase). The activity of adenosine deaminase and of AMP‐5′‐nucleotidase, increased markedly during the first 17 days in culture, but decreased thereafter.The results indicate that purine nucleotide metabolism in the cultured astroglia is changing with aging to allow the cells to maintain their nucleotide pool by reutilization of preformed hypoxanthine, rather than by de‐novo production of new purines. Aging is also associated with increased capacity for operation of the adenine nucleotide cycle, contributing to the homeostasis of adenine nucleotides and to the energy charge of the cells. In principle, the age‐related alterations in purine metabolism in the astroglia resemble those occurring in the maturating neurons, except for the capacity to produce purines de novo, which exhibited inverse trends in the two tissues. However, in comparison to the neurons, the cultured astroglia possess the capacity for a more intensive metabolism of purine nucleotides.
Topography of neurochemical alterations in the CNS of aged rats
Authors: Virgili Marco , Monti Barbara , Polazzi Elisabetta , Angiolini Graziella , Contestabile Antonio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe have performed a general survey study on alterations of neurotransmitter‐related and glia‐related neurochemical markers in various regions of the CNS of aged (30‐month‐old) as compared to adult (4‐month‐old) rats. We have found significant decreases in the level of neurochemical parameters related to the cholinergic and GABAergic systems in several regions of the CNS of aged rats. Only few of the alterations present at the age of 30 months, were present in a group of rat of intermediate age (20 months) included in the present study. Less widespread alterations were found concerning the glutamatergic neurotransmission system. Neurochemical markers related to glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) showed a remarkable stability in aged rats as compared to neurotransmitter‐related markers. Considering the various CNS areas examined in the present study, the spinal cord of the aged rats was the region showing the most profound alterations of neurochemical parameters, as compared to the various brain areas of the same rats. The present results suggest that moderate and region‐specific alterations of neurotransmitter‐related parameters occur during normal aging and that glia‐related markers are fundamentally stable in the absence of specific pathologies.
Neurobiologic basis of antidepressant safety profiles
Authors: Hackett D , Salinas E 
Published: July 2002

SummaryVenlafaxine is a serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that has no affinity for muscarinic, adrenergic or histaminergic receptors. In short-term trials, the adverse effects that occurred more often with venlafaxine than with placebo included nausea, somnolence, dizziness, dry mouth, and sweating. Rapid titration of the dose of venlafaxine to higher levels appeared, not unexpectedly, to be associated with an increased incidence of side effects. Side effects that appeared to be dose related included insomnia, nausea and sexual dysfunction. The incidence of nausea and dizziness was highest during the first 2 or 3 weeks of therapy and decreased rapidly thereafter. Somnolence also decreased over time. At high doses blood pressure increases were reported in a small percent of patients on venlafaxine and antidepressant drugs but were uncommon at the venlafaxine dose of 75–150 mg daily. Studies with venlafaxine in healthy volunteers indicate a low potential for drug-drug interactions. Overdoses have been reported in 14 of 3,082 patients administered venlafaxine in clinical trials, and no deaths were reported among these patients. Overdoses of venlafaxine induced mainly drowsiness and lethargy.
Resection of piriform cortex predicts seizure freedom in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Borger Valeri , Schneider Matthias , Taube Julia , Potthoff Anna‐Laura , Keil Vera C. , Hamed Motaz , Aydin Gülsah , Ilic Inja , Solymosi László , Elger Christian E. , Güresir Erdem , Fimmers Rolf , Schuss Patrick , Helmstaedter Christoph , Surges Rainer , Vatter Hartmut 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTranssylvian selective amygdalo‐hippocampectomy (tsSAHE) represents a generally recognized surgical procedure for drug‐resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Although postoperative seizure freedom can be achieved in about 70% of tsSAHE, there is a considerable amount of patients with persisting postoperative seizures. This might partly be explained by differing extents of resection of various tsSAHE target volumes. In this study we analyzed the resected proportions of hippocampus, amygdala as well as piriform cortex in regard of postoperative seizure outcome.MethodsBetween 2012 and 2017, 82 of 103 patients with mTLE who underwent tsSAHE at the authors’ institution were included in the analysis. Resected proportions of hippocampus, amygdala and temporal piriform cortex as target structures of tsSAHE were volumetrically assessed and stratified according to favorable (International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) class 1) and unfavorable (ILAE class 2–6) seizure outcome.ResultsPatients with favorable seizure outcome revealed a significantly larger proportion of resected temporal piriform cortex volumes compared to patients with unfavorable seizure outcome (median resected proportional volumes were 51% (IQR 42–61) versus (vs.) 13 (IQR 11–18), P = 0.0001). Resected proportions of hippocampus and amygdala did not significantly differ for these groups (hippocampus: 81% (IQR 73–88) vs. 80% (IQR 74–92) (P = 0.7); amygdala: 100% (IQR 100–100) vs. 100% (IQR 100–100) (P = 0.7)).InterpretationThese results strongly suggest temporal piriform cortex to constitute a key target resection volume to achieve seizure freedom following tsSAHE.
Rise and Fall: Hydroxychloroquine and COVID‐19 Global Trends: Interest, Political Influence, and Potential Implications
Authors: Englund Tessa R. , Kinlaw Alan C. , Sheikh Saira Z. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has led to rapid research and reporting on potential preventatives and treatments for the disease, including the drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Despite a lack of robust evidence to support the use of HCQ for treatment of COVID‐19, it was publicly endorsed and received widespread media coverage and public interest. The purpose of this report is to describe and contextualize the surges in public interest, demand, and adoption of HCQ for treatment of COVID‐19 and outline implications for future public health policy and practice.MethodsUsing national and global events and Google Trends data as a measure of public interest, we describe the timeline and trends in the emergence of, interest in, and adoption of HCQ as a treatment of COVID‐19. We additionally review reports on public demand for HCQ for treatment of COVID‐19 and impacts on medication access among patients with indicated uses.ResultsPublic interest and demand for HCQ surged in the United States and globally following endorsements from public officials and enaction of policies to facilitate off‐label use of HCQ for treatment of COVID‐19. Surges in demand for HCQ led to multiple documented shortages and barriers to accessing HCQ treatment for patients with indicated uses for HCQ. Although there have been reversals in policies to support HCQ use for treatment of COVID‐19 in some regions, others have continued or expanded recommended uses.ConclusionInsights from the global response to HCQ and COVID‐19 can be used to inform prudent decision‐making in the future to prevent premature action and promote informed and equitable responses to promote public health.
Selective Synthesis of Fused Tricyclic [1,3]oxazino[3,4‐a]indolone and Dihydropyrimido [1,6‐a]indolone via Rh(III)‐catalyzed [3+3] or [4+2] C−H Annulation
Authors: Chen Junyu , Zhong Tianshuo , Zheng Xiangyun , Yin Chuanliu , Zhang Lei , Zhou Jian , Jiang Xinpeng , Yu Chuanming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA formation of fused tricyclic [1,3]oxazino[3,4‐a]indol‐1‐ones and dihydropyrimido[1,6‐a]indol‐1(2H)‐ones via Rh(III)‐catalyzed [3+3] or [4+2] annulation of N‐methoxy‐1H‐indole‐1‐carboxamides with sulfoxonium ylides has been developed. These selective annulation reactions were carried out by switching the additives and notable features of this protocol were low catalyst loading and a broad substrate scope providing the corresponding products in up to 99% yields.magnified image
Measuring attack on self: The need for field‐friendly methods development and research on autoimmunity in human biology
Authors: Cepon‐Robins Tara J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAutoimmune and inflammatory disorder (AIID) prevalence appears to be increasing in all but the world’s poorest regions and countries. Autoimmune diseases occur when there is a breakdown in processes that regulate inflammation and self‐recognition by immune cells. Very few field‐based studies have been conducted among Indigenous populations and underserved communities with limited access to medical care. This is due, in part, to the fact that autoimmune diseases are difficult to diagnose, even in clinical settings. In remote field settings these difficulties are compounded by the absence of infrastructure necessary for sample storage and analysis, and the lack of hospital/clinic access for more invasive diagnostic procedures. Because of these limitations, little is known about the prevalence of autoimmunity outside wealthy regions and clinical settings.AimsThe present paper discusses why AIID are of critical importance in human biology research and why more work needs to be devoted to validating, testing, and utilizing methods for detecting autoantibodies and other biomarkers related to autoimmunity in field‐friendly, minimally invasively‐collected samples. This paper reviews some of the methods used to diagnose AIIDs in clinical settings, and highlights methods that have been used in studies within human biology and related fields, emphasizing the invasiveness of specific methods and their feasibility in remote field settings.Discussion and ConclusionsRisk for AIID is affected by several reproductive, dietary, environmental, and genetic factors. Human biologists have unique perspectives that they can bring to autoimmunity research, and more population‐based studies on autoimmunity are needed within these and related fields.
Phosphinylation of Non‐activated Aryl Fluorides through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution at the Boundary of Concerted and Stepwise Mechanisms
Authors: You Zhensheng , Higashida Kosuke , Iwai Tomohiro , Sawamura Masaya 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNon‐activated aryl fluorides reacted with potassium diorganophosphinites through a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction. Remarkably, both electron‐neutral and electron‐rich aryl fluorides participated in the reaction with substantially stabilized anionic P nucleophiles to form the corresponding tertiary phosphine oxides. Quantum chemical calculations suggested a nucleophile‐dependent mechanism that involves both concerted and stepwise SNAr reaction pathways.
Unlocking the Water Trimer Loop: Isotopic Study of Benzophenone‐(H2O)1–3Clusters with Rotational Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Weixing , Quesada‐Moreno María Mar , Pinacho Pablo , Schnell Melanie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExamined here are the structures of complexes of benzophenone microsolvated with up to three water molecules by using broadband rotational spectroscopy and the cold conditions of a molecular jet. The analysis shows that the water molecules dock sideways on benzophenone for the water monomer and dimer moieties, and they move above one of the aromatic rings when the water cluster grows to the trimer. The rotational spectra shows that the water trimer moiety in the complex adopts an open‐loop arrangement. Ab initio calculations face a dilemma of identifying the global minimum between the open loop and the closed loop, which is only solved when zero‐point vibrational energy correction is applied. An OH⋅⋅⋅π bond and a Bürgi‐Dunitz interaction between benzophenone and the water trimer are present in the cluster. This work shows the subtle balance between water–water and water–solute interactions when the solute molecule offers several different anchor sites for water molecules.
The Transient Covalent Bond in Abiotic Nonequilibrium Systems
Authors: Kariyawasam Lasith S. , Hossain Mohammad Mosharraf , Hartley C. Scott 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBiochemical systems accomplish many critical functions with by operating out‐of‐equilibrium using the energy of chemical fuels. The formation of a transient covalent bond is a simple but very effective tool in designing analogous reaction networks. This Minireview focuses on the fuel chemistries that have been used to generate transient bonds in recent demonstrations of abiotic nonequilibrium systems (i.e., systems that do not make use of biological components). Fuel reactions are divided into two fundamental classifications depending on whether the fuel contributes structural elements to the activated state, a distinction that dictates how they can be used. Reported systems are further categorized by overall fuel reaction (e.g., hydrolysis of alkylating agents, carbodiimide hydration) and illustrate how similar chemistry can be used to effect a wide range of nonequilibrium behavior, ranging from self‐assembly to the operation of molecular machines.
Improvement of filtration performance of polyvinyl chloride/cellulose acetate blend membrane via acid hydrolysis
Authors: Zhang Yong , Tan Lin , Yao Anrong , Tan Pengfei , Guo Ronghui , Zhou Mi , Zhu Puxin , Huang Shijun , Wu Yunheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBased on the hydrophilicity and biodegradability of cellulose acetate (CA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/CA blend membrane was prepared by solution comixing and phase transformation method. Then the CA in the blend membrane was partially hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to improve the hydrophilicity of the blend membrane, so as to improve the filtration performance of the PVC/CA blend membrane. The properties of the membranes were systematically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The porosity, water contact angle, pure water flux (PWF), protein retention rate, and mechanical properties of the membrane were measured, and the effect of hydrolysis on the filtration performance of the blend membrane was analyzed. The results showed that the hydrophilicity and porosity of the blend membrane increased, the PWF and protein rejection rate enhanced after acid catalyzed hydrolysis, while the mechanical properties of PVC membrane were maintained. This simple preparation method endows PVC/CA blend membrane with desirable filtration performance, and also helps to overcome the disadvantages of poor hydrophilicity and easy pollution of pure PVC membrane.
An automated and high‐throughput method for adenosine triphosphate quantification
Authors: Secka Fatou , Allward Nicole E. , Stoddart Amina K. , Gagnon Graham A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExposure to microbial contamination through drinking water is a major global health concern. Effective management of microbial drinking water quality requires rapid detection equipment. Currently, microbial quality is monitored using time‐consuming laboratory methods, which delay any response. This study demonstrates the development of an automated and high‐throughput method for the measurement of viable biomass in water through the quantification of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The developed method was able to efficiently and accurately quantify cellular ATP in multiple water samples simultaneously. In addition, it proved to be 5× faster and as accurate as the Standard Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in Water (ASTM D4012). The developed method has the potential to represent a significant advancement for microbial monitoring and could benefit utilities interested in measuring viable biomass in water to monitor the health of biofilters and the effectiveness of disinfection strategies.
An affordability assessment of consolidated management of nitrate treatment
Authors: Jensen Vivian , Henrie Tarrah , Darby Jeannie , Clements Janet 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAffordability is critical in drinking water treatment selection, requiring consideration of both capital and operations and maintenance (O&M) costs. With ongoing O&M costs as a potential limiting factor in the economic sustainability of treatment, recent work in California explores a new approach using consolidated management of multiple water systems to reduce O&M costs. In the context of drinking water treatment for nitrate removal, affordability of treatment with and without consolidated management was investigated for three small systems in the Central Valley. Findings from initial cost estimates suggest that consolidated management of nitrate treatment has the potential to be more affordable than the conventional approach; estimated total annualized costs were reduced by as much as 44%, primarily as a result of anticipated O&M savings on disposal and labor costs. This assessment also highlights the practical application of various affordability metrics, including consideration of socioeconomic indicators, cost of living, nondiscretionary expenditures, affordability ratios, and affordability thresholds.
Vergleich der Einsturzhäufigkeit und Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit von Stützbauwerken
Authors: Hofmann Christof , Proske Dirk , Zeck Kathrin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag werden beobachtete Einsturzhäufigkeiten und berechnete Versagenswahrscheinlichkeiten von Stützbauwerken verglichen. Derartige Vergleiche liegen bisher nur für die Bauwerkstypen Brücken, Dämme und Tunnel vor. Der Vergleich basiert überwiegend auf Werten aus der Literatur. Diese wurden im Rahmen einer Literaturrecherche erfasst. Darüber hinaus wurden Einsturzhäufigkeiten bei Erdbebeneinwirkungen durch eigene Berechnungen ermittelt. Der Vergleich der Einsturzhäufigkeiten und Versagenswahrscheinlichkeiten von Stützbauwerken zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung. Allerdings zeigt der Vergleich der Werte mit anderen Bauwerkstypen eine überdurchschnittlich hohe Einsturzhäufigkeit. Diese scheinbar akzeptierte hohe Einsturzhäufigkeit wird mit den geringeren Opferzahlen und Schadenskosten beim Versagen von Stützbauwerken begründet.