bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimodality image registration in the head‐and‐neck using a deep learning‐derived synthetic CT as a bridge
Authors: McKenzie Elizabeth M. , Santhanam Anand , Ruan Dan , O'Connor Daniel , Cao Minsong , Sheng Ke 
Published: December 2019

PurposeTo develop and demonstrate the efficacy of a novel head‐and‐neck multimodality image registration technique using deep‐learning‐based cross‐modality synthesis.Methods and MaterialsTwenty‐five head‐and‐neck patients received magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) (CTaligned) scans on the same day with the same immobilization. Fivefold cross validation was used with all of the MR‐CT pairs to train a neural network to generate synthetic CTs from MR images. Twenty‐four of 25 patients also had a separate CT without immobilization (CTnon‐aligned) and were used for testing. CTnon‐aligned's were deformed to the synthetic CT, and compared to CTnon‐aligned registered to MR. The same registrations were performed from MR to CTnon‐aligned and from synthetic CT to CTnon‐aligned. All registrations used B‐splines for modeling the deformation, and mutual information for the objective. Results were evaluated using the 95% Hausdorff distance among spinal cord contours, landmark error, inverse consistency, and Jacobian determinant of the estimated deformation fields.ResultsWhen large initial rigid misalignment is present, registering CT to MRI‐derived synthetic CT aligns the cord better than a direct registration. The average landmark error decreased from 9.8 ± 3.1 mm in MR→CTnon‐aligned to 6.0 ± 2.1 mm in CTsynth→CTnon‐aligned deformable registrations. In the CT to MR direction, the landmark error decreased from 10.0 ± 4.3 mm in CTnon‐aligned→MR deformable registrations to 6.6 ± 2.0 mm in CTnon‐aligned→CTsynth deformable registrations. The Jacobian determinant had an average value of 0.98. The proposed method also demonstrated improved inverse consistency over the direct method.ConclusionsWe showed that using a deep learning‐derived synthetic CT in lieu of an MR for MR→CT and CT→MR deformable registration offers superior results to direct multimodal registration.
Three‐dimensional immersed finite‐element method for anisotropic magnetostatic/electrostatic interface problems with nonhomogeneous flux jump
Authors: Lu Chang , Yang Zhi , Bai Jinwei , Cao Yong , He Xiaoming 
Published: December 2019

SummaryAnisotropic diffusion is important to many different types of common materials and media. Based on structured Cartesian meshes, we develop a three‐dimensional (3D) nonhomogeneous immersed finite‐element (IFE) method for the interface problem of anisotropic diffusion, which is characterized by an anisotropic elliptic equation with discontinuous tensor coefficient and nonhomogeneous flux jump. We first construct the 3D linear IFE space for the anisotropic nonhomogeneous jump conditions. Then we present the IFE Galerkin method for the anisotropic elliptic equation. Since this method can efficiently solve interface problems on structured Cartesian meshes, it provides a promising tool to solve the physical models with complex geometries of different materials, hence can serve as an efficient field solver in a simulation on Cartesian meshes for related problems, such as the particle‐in‐cell simulation. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the features of the proposed method.
Healthcare professionals' perceptions of patient safety for the woman in childbirth in Sweden – An interview study
Authors: Skoogh Annika , Bååth Carina , Sandin Bojö Ann‐Kristin , Hall‐Lord Marie Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimTo describe healthcare professionals' perceptions of patient safety with a focus on the woman in connection to childbirth.DesignA descriptive and qualitative design with a phenomenographic approach.MethodsIndividual qualitative face‐to‐face interviews with 19 healthcare professionals (midwives, nursing assistants and physicians) were conducted in three labour wards in Sweden. The data were analysed according to Dahlgren and Fallsberg's seven steps.ResultsThe informants' perceptions of patient safety for the women were identified in four qualitative different descriptive categories: Safeguarding the woman, Safeguarding the birth process, Respecting the individual and the team and Managing workforce and learning. Supportive care and listening to the woman were important for patient safety. It was crucial to follow labour stages and to avoid unnecessary interventions. An open and tolerant atmosphere between the healthcare professionals improved decision‐making, and a reasonable workload was essential for ensuring safe care.
Analogous losses of large animals and trees, socio‐ecological consequences, and an integrative framework for rewilding‐based megabiota restoration
Authors: Schweiger Andreas H. , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Large‐sized animals (megafauna) and trees (megatrees) are key ecosystem components with high cultural and economic importance going back millennia. Once common, both groups of megabiota have been massively reduced in pre‐historic and historic times, with human‐induced downsizing still ongoing.

Key ecosystem services provided by megafauna and megatrees include nutrient and seed transfer, carbon allocation, climate regulation and biodiversity facilitation. Socio‐cultural services include food and timber provisioning and the ‘charisma’ of large‐sized organisms, with its associated high cultural, recreational and nature conservation values for human societies worldwide.

Conservation and restoration of megafauna and—trees in a socio‐ecological framework are needed to counteract past and ongoing analogous downsizing of both groups of megabiota and the loss of important ecosystem services in a human‐dominated world. Importantly, synergistic megatree–megafauna restoration promotes self‐regulating biodiverse ecosystems across the full range of land use intensities ranging from current downsized wildlands to highly human‐modified landscapes.

We propose an integrative rewilding‐based restoration framework applicable across the whole range of human land use intensity. This includes individual‐based protection, assisted colonisation and facilitation of urban wildlife. Active management of megafauna and ‐trees can be economically beneficial and necessary to minimize human–wildlife conflicts in highly human‐dominated landscapes. Societal acceptance and adaptation to old big trees and wild megafauna are prerequisites for successful megabiota restoration in human‐modified landscapes and elsewhere where human–wildlife conflicts are hard to avoid.

The prime goal of such integrative rewilding activities should be a proactive facilitation of the self‐regulation potential of natural and novel ecosystems for which large‐sized trees and animals would be some of the most important components for enhancing biodiversity and societal value in the Anthropocene. Such megabiota restoration needs to be done on a wide scale to restore functional effects on the biosphere.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
High‐precision alignment procedures for patterning processes in solar cell production
Authors: Lohmüller Elmar , Weber Julian , Demant Matthias , Lohmüller Sabrina , Gutscher Simon , Saint‐Cast Pierre , Wolf Andreas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe present two approaches for high‐accuracy aligning of patterning processes with each other when fabricating solar cells. We introduce the approaches on the example of two different patterning processes of which one is adjustable (laser process) and one is not adjustable (screen‐printing process). The basic idea is to measure the coordinates of the applied structures of each involved patterning process at discrete grid points with respect to a reference coordinate system. We chose the grid points such that they completely define the final cell pattern. Then, we adjust the grid point coordinates of one of the patterning processes (the laser process) according to the pattern of the other process (the screen‐printing process). The laser then performs the patterning by connecting the corrected grid points with each other in the desired direction. We perform the associated high‐precision measurement of the patterns' coordinates by using either a high‐precision offline coordinate measuring machine or a high‐resolution inline camera system with subsequent computer‐based data processing. The latter inline method enables high throughput and is, in turn, of great interest for mass production of solar cells. In this paper, we demonstrate the alignment procedure approaches on “pPassDop” solar cells by adjusting a locally applied laser process to the directly following screen‐printing step. This proof of principle includes both above‐mentioned methods for coordinate determination in separate cell batches. Our innovative alignment procedures so far demonstrated the successful matching of 40‐μm‐wide screen‐printed contact fingers to 70‐μm‐wide laser‐processed lines over the entire area of 6‐inch solar cells.
How the global threat of pests and diseases impacts plants, people, and the planet
Authors: Spence Nicola , Hill Louise , Morris Jake 
Published: December 2019

Societal Impact StatementPlants provide us with the building blocks of life—oxygen, food, fuel, clean air, and water and a stable environment. And yet, in the modern world, they are under ever‐increasing threat from introduced pests and diseases. Such epidemics can have devastating impacts on human health, biodiversity, and food security, as well as contributing to environmental change. The Chief Plant Health Officer at Defra has a key role in the development of policy to protect the UK’s plants from biosecurity risks, and we explore the different approaches being taken to manage these risks and protect the UK’s plants for the future.SummaryPlants have an essential role in addressing the great social and environmental challenges of our time. However, the risk from invasive plant pests and pathogens is also significant and constantly growing as a result of increasing globalization and environmental change. The UK’s plant health regime aims to manage that risk to protect the enormous value of plants and trees; from the value of crops and forestry products, to ecosystem services and societal benefits. We discuss the role of the Chief Plant Health Officer at Defra in advising Ministers on plant health policy, including through dialogue with stakeholders and the research community. Case studies demonstrate how plant health threats can put at risk human physical and mental health, the economic benefits of healthy plants, and food security. We discuss the UK’s risk‐based approach to protecting the UK’s plant resource, and the approaches being taken to manage different kinds of risks, including import controls, management of threats once established, breeding resistant varieties, utilizing citizen science, and awareness raising.
Alignment of stakeholder agendas to facilitate the adoption of school‐supervised asthma therapy
Authors: Trivedi Michelle , Patel Janki , Hoque Shushmita , Mizrahi Raphael , Biebel Kathleen , Phipatanakul Wanda , Lemon Stephenie C. , Byatt Nancy , Gerald Lynn B. , Rosal Milagros , Pbert Lori 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundSchool‐supervised inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy improves pediatric asthma medication adherence, outcomes, and morbidity. However, school‐supervised ICS therapy has not been widely adopted into practice. We developed Asthma Link™ as a sustainable, low‐cost model of school‐supervised asthma therapy, designed for real‐world adoption. Initial outcomes of Asthma Link™ demonstrated a significant improvement in health outcomes.ObjectiveIn this study, we examined the perspectives of Asthma Link™ participants to identify systems‐level barriers and facilitators to refine the Asthma Link™ protocol and facilitate real‐world uptake of school‐supervised asthma therapy.MethodsUsing qualitative research methods, we interviewed 29 participants in Asthma Link™ from 2016 to 2018. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted over the phone. Interviews were transcribed and the transcripts were coded to identify major themes within and across stakeholder groups.ResultsStakeholders agreed on many facilitators for successful Asthma Link™ execution including the brief and easy to follow procedures and the perceived beneficial health impacts for children involved. Some of the barriers identified were deviations from the protocol and insurance companies denying coverage for two inhalers. However, the participants did propose solutions to address these barriers.ConclusionAsthma Link™ is a low‐cost, sustainable model of school‐supervised asthma therapy that leverages the established infrastructure and collaboration of medical providers, school staff, and families. In this study, we elicited the perspectives from these stakeholder groups and identified an agreement in several facilitators, barriers, and proposed solutions that will ultimately inform refinement of the program protocol and support real‐world adoption of Asthma Link™ and other similar models.
Developments, applications, and prospects of cryo‐electron microscopy
Authors: Benjin Xu , Ling Liu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) is a structural biological method that is used to determine the 3D structures of biomacromolecules. After years of development, cryo‐EM has made great achievements, which has led to a revolution in structural biology. In this article, the principle, characteristics, history, current situation, workflow, and common problems of cryo‐EM are systematically reviewed. In addition, the new development direction of cryo‐EM—cryo‐electron tomography (cryo‐ET), is discussed in detail. Also, cryo‐EM is prospected from the following aspects: the structural analysis of small proteins, the improvement of resolution and efficiency, and the relationship between cryo‐EM and drug development. This review is dedicated to giving readers a comprehensive understanding of the development and application of cryo‐EM, and to bringing them new insights.
Isolation and identification of attractants from the pupae of three lepidopteran species for the parasitoid Chouioia cunea Yang
Authors: Li Min , Yang Yixin , Yao Yonghong , Xiang Weifang , Han Jiayi , Wang Yonghui , Bai Penghua , Wang Jing , Zhu Gengping , Man Liang , Zhang Fan , Pan Lina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDChouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a parasitic wasp and natural enemy of several lepidopteran pests during their pupal stage. The volatiles from pupae of three hosts, Hyphantria cunea (Arctiidae), Antheraea pernyi (Saturniidae) and Lymantria dispar (Erebidae), were analyzed and compared to elucidate the chemical cues used by C. cunea to locate its hosts.RESULTSThe attraction of C. cunea to H. cunea pupae has no obvious association with the types of plant leaves consumed by H. cunea before pupation. C. cunea exhibited the strongest attraction to the pupae of H. cunea, followed by those of A. pernyi and L. dispar based on behavioral experiments. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and GC‐electroantennography (GC‐EAD) analyses showed that these three host pupae consisted of essentially the same active volatile components but at different relative amounts. Active components derived from these pupae by GC‐EAD were alkanes from C12 to C27, and C. cunea showed different levels of attraction to different single compounds.CONCLUSIONHost location by C. cunea primarily depends on common compounds emanating from the pupae of several host species. The relative amount of each component varies across host species, guiding host preferences by C. cunea. Optimal blends of several components were identified. Understanding the chemical cues used by C. cunea to locate its host could increase the possibility of developing attractants for parasitic wasps and subsequently increasing the parasitism rate of C. cunea on various hosts. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Postharvest treatment of mandarin fruit using a combination of methyl bromide and phosphine against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Guangping , Li Baishu , Yang Jeong Oh , Park Min‐Goo , Liu Tao 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDChinese Nanfeng mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco ‘2–6’) fruit is host to the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, and therefore requires phytosanitary treatment before exporting abroad. The use of methyl bromide (MB) should be reduced because it has phytotoxic and ozone depleting properties. In the present study, fumigations with mixtures of gaseous phosphine (PH3) and MB were conducted to disinfest B. dorsalis. The effect of combined fumigation on postharvest quality of Nanfeng mandarin fruit was then evaluated.RESULTSThere was a clear synergistic effect between MB and PH3 against B. dorsalis at 20 °C. The third‐instar larvae of B. dorsalis were the most tolerant to treatment with both MB alone and combined with PH3. Toxicity assay of third instars indicated that higher PH3 concentrations increased MB toxicity, and 1.42–2.84 g m−3 of PH3 was optimal when combined with MB. Probit analysis showed that, combined with 2.13 g m−3 PH3, similar mortality was achieved with 50% of the MB required when applied alone. Furthermore, the fruit quality test showed that MB fumigation resulted in a higher respiration rate and >40% fruit rot after storage. The combined treatment reduced these effects and did not have adverse effects on fruit firmness, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, or vitamin C content.CONCLUSIONOur findings demonstrate the synergistic effect between PH3 and MB and indicate that this treatment has potential as a novel strategy for postharvest control of B. dorsalis, especially in MB‐sensitive fruit. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Electronic structure of first and second row atoms under harmonic confinement
Authors: Robles‐Navarro Andrés , Fuentealba Patricio , Muñoz Francisco , Cárdenas Carlos 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAtoms under pressure undergo a number of modifications of their electronic structure. Good examples are the spontaneous ionization, stabilization of excited‐state configurations, and contraction of atomic‐shells. In this work, we study the effects of confinement with harmonic potentials on the electronic structure of atoms from H to Ne. Dynamic and static correlation is taken into account with coupled cluster with single and double excitations and CASSCF calculations. Because the strength of harmonic confinement cannot be translated into pressure, we envisioned a “calibration” method to transform confinement into pressure. We focused on the effect of confinement on: (a) changes of electron distribution and localization within the K and L shells, (b) confinement‐induced ionization pressure, (c) level crossing of electronic states, and (d) correlation energy. We found that contraction of valence and core‐shells are not negligible and that the use of standard pseudopotentials might be not adequate to study solids under extreme pressures. The critical pressure at which atoms ionize follows a periodic trend, and it ranges from 28 GPa for Li to 10.8 TPa for Ne. In Li and Be, pressure induces mixing of the ground state configuration with excited states. At high pressure, the ground states of Li and Be become a doublet and a triplet with configurations 1s22p and 1s22s2p, respectively, which could change the chemistry of Be. Finally, it is observed that atoms with fewer electrons correlation increases, but for atoms with more electrons, the increasing of kinetic energy dominates over electron correlation.
Molecular Signatures of Three Fulvic Acid Standard Samples as Revealed by Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Qin Shuai , Xu Chengbin , Guo Fei , Qi Ji , Xu Lei , Xu Yingzi , Song Fanhao , Bai Yingchen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIt is necessary to understand the molecular composition of fulvic acid (FA), which plays a significant role in the transport and bioavailability of pollutants in the environment. FA collected from Suwannee River in South Georgia (SRFAriver) and Elliott soil in fertile prairie of Illinois (ESFAsoil) are two standard fulvic acid samples of International Humic Substances Society (IHSS). FA collected from Beijing Jiufeng forest soils in China (JFFAsoil) was extracted according to the standard method recommended by IHSS. In this study, the compositions of three FA from two origins (i. e. river and soil) are characterized using negative ion mode electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT‐ICR MS). Compounds possessing higher aromaticity usually contain more nitrogen or sulfur atoms. The aromaticity and humification degree of soil‐derived FA are higher. Soil‐derived FA contains more nitrogen and sulfur elements because compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur atoms are easily absorbed by clay minerals and preserved in aromatic molecules. Comparing the two soil‐derived FA, they differed little in formula and component compositions, but JFFAsoil was slightly more aromatic and less labile than ESFAsoil. These are useful for understanding the difference between the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur element enrichment process in the formation of fulvic acid in river and soil environment at the molecular level.
Do disinfection byproducts in drinking water have an effect on human cancer risk worldwide? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Kalankesh Laleh R. , Rodríguez‐Couto Susana , Zazouli Mohammad Ali , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Mousavinasab Seyednouraddin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn the present study, a meta‐analysis was carried out to clarify the association between disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water and human cancer risk worldwide. Kidney, colorectal, esophagus, urinary bladder, brain, breast, leukemia, lung, and rectum cancers were selected to perform this analysis. According to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta‐analysis protocol (PRISMA) guidelines, the relevant studies were identified and selection criteria (inclusion and exclusion criteria) were applied. Next, effective subgroups in these studies (gender, type of drinking water source, and type of DBPs) were analyzed. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. In addition, this overall study included analyses of 16 case–control and 3 cohort studies. The overall odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) between DBPs and cancer risk was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.94–1.09). The summary ORs of cancer risk were 1.04 (95% CI, 0.89–1.19) for kidney; 0.98 (95% CI, 0.87–1.09) for colorectal; 1.07 (95% CI, 0.84–1.29) for esophagus; 0.93 (95% CI, 0.80–1.06) for pancreatic; 1.00 (95% CI, 0.83–1.18) for brain; 1.13 (95% CI, 0.99–1.26) for breast; 0.93 (95% CI, 0.72–1.13) for leukemia; and 1.18 (95% CI, 1–1.36) for lung cancers. The results of this meta‐analysis suggested that there is not a significant association between DBPs in water and cancer risk. In addition, subgroup analysis shows a positive association with colorectal and kidney cancer risk in men, as well as colon and breast cancers in females. Studies of both genders have shown a significant association between lung and pancreatic cancers. Moreover, this study finds a significant relationship between cancer rate and consumers of city water and bottled water sources. In analyzing different types of DBPs in water, chlorine and trichloromethane show a significant association in increasing cancer risk.