bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalized quantum spring
Authors: Feng Chao-Jun , Zhai Xiang-Hua , Li Xin-Zhou 
Published: January 2020

Recently, it was found that after imposing a helix boundary condition on a scalar field, the Casimir force coming from the quantum effect is linearly proportional to r, which is the ratio of the pitch to the circumference of the helix. This linear behavior of the Casimir force is just like that of the force obeying Hooke’s law on a spring. In this paper, inspired by some complex structures that live in the cells of human body like DNA, protein, collagen, etc., we generalize the helix boundary condition to a more general one, in which the helix consists of a tiny helix structure, and makes up a hierarchy of helix. After imposing this kind of boundary condition on a massless and a massive scalar, we calculate the Casimir energy and force by using the so-called zeta function regularization method. We find that Hooke’s law with the generalized helix boundary condition is not exactly the same as the usual one. In this case, the force is proportional to the cube of r instead. So, we regard it as a generalized Hooke’s law, which is complied by a generalized quantum spring.
Growth Mechanisms of Oxide Scales on Two-phase Co/Ni-base Model Alloys between 800 °C and 900 °C
Authors: Weiser Martin , Galetz Mathias C. , Chater Richard J. , Virtanen Sannakaisa 
Published: January 2020

Elementary processes during the oxidation of single crystal Co/Ni-base model alloys between 800 °C and 900 °C were investigated in the present study. The influence of the base element (Co or Ni) on the oxidation rate was elucidated by continuous thermogravimetry in synthetic air for 100 h. After exposure, the multilayered oxide scales were characterized by scanning electron microscopy combined with electron probe micro analysis. The substitution of Co by Ni caused reduced oxidation rates at 900 °C. At lower temperatures an inverse trend with Co-rich alloys demonstrating lower mass gains was observed. The development of diffusion-limiting scale sections that lead to overall thinner oxide layers could be proved for the Co-base superalloy without Ni at 800 °C and 850 °C. The growth of AlN as well as the unwanted phase transformation of the γ/γ′ microstructure into Co3W persisted in alloys with high Co levels for all investigated temperatures. Material transport at 900 °C was elucidated by two-stage oxidation experiments in normal oxygen and 18O-enriched atmospheres. Transport of O2 via microchannels could be concluded for all compositions. The provided insights contributed to deeper understanding of essential processes during the formation of barrier layers in the scale.
Postsynaptic integrative properties of dorsal CA1 pyramidal neuron subpopulations
Authors: Masurkar Arjun V. , Tian Chengju , Warren Richard , Reyes Isabel , Lowes Daniel C. , Brann David H. , Siegelbaum Steven A. 
Published: January 2020

The population activity of CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs) segregates along anatomical axes with different behaviors, suggesting that CA1 PNs are functionally subspecialized based on somatic location. In dorsal CA1, spatial encoding is biased toward CA2 (CA1c) and in deep layers of the radial axis. In contrast, nonspatial coding peaks toward subiculum (CA1a) and in superficial layers. While preferential innervation by spatial vs. nonspatial input from entorhinal cortex (EC) may contribute to this specialization, it cannot fully explain the range of in vivo responses. Differences in intrinsic properties thus may play a critical role in modulating such synaptic input differences. In this study we examined the postsynaptic integrative properties of dorsal CA1 PNs in six subpopulations along the transverse (CA1c, CA1b, CA1a) and radial (deep, superficial) axes. Our results suggest that active and passive properties of deep and superficial neurons evolve over the transverse axis to promote the functional specialization of CA1c vs. CA1a as dictated by their cortical input. We also find that CA1b is not merely an intermediate mix of its neighbors, but uniquely balances low excitability with superior input integration of its mixed input, as may be required for its proposed role in sequence encoding. Thus synaptic input and intrinsic properties combine to functionally compartmentalize CA1 processing into at least three transverse axis regions defined by the processing schemes of their composite radial axis subpopulations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY There is increasing interest in CA1 pyramidal neuron heterogeneity and the functional relevance of this diversity. We find that active and passive properties evolve over the transverse and radial axes in dorsal CA1 to promote the functional specialization of CA1c and CA1a for spatial and nonspatial memory, respectively. Furthermore, CA1b is not a mean of its neighbors, but features low excitability and superior integrative capabilities, relevant to its role in nonspatial sequence encoding.
Role of deep breaths in ultrasonic vocal production of Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Riede Tobias , Schaefer Charles , Stein Amy 
Published: January 2020

Deep breaths are one of three breathing patterns in rodents characterized by an increased tidal volume. While humans incorporate deep breaths into vocal behavior, it was unknown whether nonhuman mammals use deep breaths for vocal production. We have utilized subglottal pressure recordings in awake, spontaneously behaving male Sprague-Dawley rats in five contexts: sleep, rest, noxious stimulation, exposure to a female in estrus, and exposure to an unknown male. Deep breaths were produced at rates ranging between 17.5 and 90.3 deep breaths per hour. While overall breathing and vocal rates were higher in social and noxious contexts, the rate of deep breaths was only increased during the male’s interaction with a female. Results also inform our understanding of vocal-respiratory integration in rats. The rate of deep breaths that were associated with a vocalization during the exhalation phase increased with vocal activity. The proportion of deep breaths that were associated with a vocalization (on average 22%) was similar to the proportion of sniffing or eupnea breaths that contain a vocalization. Therefore, vocal motor patterns appear to be entrained to the prevailing breathing rhythm, i.e., vocalization uses the available breathing pattern rather than recruiting a specific breathing pattern. Furthermore, the pattern of a deep breath was different when it was associated with a vocalization, suggesting that motor planning occurs. Finally, deep breaths are a source for acoustic variation; for example, call duration and fundamental frequency modulation were both larger in 22-kHz calls produced following a deep inhalation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The emission of a long, deep, audible breath can express various emotions. The investigation of deep breaths, also known as sighing, in a nonhuman mammal demonstrated the occasional use of deep breaths for vocal production. Similar to the human equivalent, acoustic features of a deep breath vocalization are characteristic.
Cumulative Evidence for Associations between Genetic Variants and Risk of Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Li Gaoming , Song Qiuyue , Jiang Yuxing , Cai Angsong , Tang Yong , Tang Ning , Yi Dali , Zhang Rui , Wei Zeliang , Liu Dingxin , Chen Jia , Zhang Yanqi , Liu Ling , Wu Yazhou , Zhang Ben , Yi Dong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background:
A large number of studies have been conducted to investigate associations between genetic variants and esophageal cancer risk in the past several decades. However, findings from these studies have been generally inconsistent. We aimed to provide a summary of the current understanding of the genetic architecture of esophageal cancer susceptibility.

Methods:
We performed a comprehensive field synopsis and meta-analysis to evaluate associations between 95 variants in 70 genes or loci and esophageal cancer risk using data from 304 eligible publications, including 104,904 cases and 159,797 controls, through screening a total of 21,328 citations. We graded levels of cumulative epidemiologic evidence of a significant association with esophageal cancer using the Venice criteria and false-positive report probability tests. We constructed functional annotations for these variants using data from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements Project and other databases.

Results:
Thirty variants were nominally significantly associated with esophageal cancer risk. Cumulative epidemiologic evidence of a significant association with overall esophageal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, or esophageal adenocarcinoma was strong for 13 variants in or near 13 genes (ADH1B, BARX1, CDKN1A, CHEK2, CLPTM1L, CRTC1, CYP1A1, EGF, LTA, MIR34BC, PLCE1, PTEN, and PTGS2). Bioinformatics analysis suggested that these variants and others correlated with them might fall in putative functional regions.

Conclusions:
Our study summarizes the current literature on the genetic architecture of esophageal cancer susceptibility and identifies several potential polymorphisms that could be involved in esophageal cancer susceptibility.

Impact:
These findings provide direction for future studies to identify new genetic factors for esophageal cancer.
Effect of L-Carnitine on Amino Acid Metabolism in Elderly Patients Undergoing Regular Hemodialysis
Authors: Kido Jun , Inoue Hironobu , Shimotsu Hiroshi , Yoshida Yutaka , Suzuki Yosuke , Nakamura Kimitoshi , Endo Fumio , Matsumoto Shirou 
Published: January 2020

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Among patients regularly undergoing hemodialysis, hypocarnitinaemia often develops as a consequence of inadequate dietary intake, reduced synthesis in the body, and considerable losses during hemodialysis. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To evaluate the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) who underwent hemodialysis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Thirty-one patients with ESKD, comprising 18 men and 13 women, with a median age of 72 (range 58–89) years, who underwent regular hemodialysis received treatment with L-carnitine for 1 year. The total and free carnitine, acylcarnitine, and amino acids (AA) levels before and after L-carnitine treatment were analyzed, and the blood biochemistry results and clinical profiles of the subjects were compared before and after treatment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The median (interquartile range [IQR]) serum total and free carnitine and acylcarnitine levels significantly increased from 34.5 (28.2–44.3), 20.9 (15.8–27.6), and 14.1 (11.2–17.6) µmol/L, respectively to 407.4 (371.6–493.5), 270.2 (228.3–316.0), and 155.0 (136.1–168.5) µmol/L, respectively, after treatment (all <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). The median (IQR) blood valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and citrulline levels increased from 0.94 (0.80–1.09), 0.45 (0.39–0.55), 0.61 (0.56–0.79), and 1.04 (0.79–1.26) mg/dL, respectively to 1.24 (1.13–1.54), 0.76 (0.62–0.85), 0.90 (0.70–1.04), and 1.22 (0.92–1.39) mg/dL, respectively, following L-carnitine treatment (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.002, and <i>p</i> = 0.030, respectively); however, the median (IQR) blood arginine level decreased from 0.20 (0.13–0.24) to 0.09 (0.06–0.14) mg/dL after treatment (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). The median (IQR) percentage fractional shortening (41.5 vs. 41.9%; <i>p</i> = 0.012) and left ventricular ejection fraction (65.2 vs. 67.3%; <i>p</i> = 0.036) increased significantly following treatment. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> L-Carnitine increased the blood acylcarnitine levels, enhanced fatty acid metabolism, and affected AAs metabolism; this may be beneficial for energy production within the cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Early Initiation of Direct Oral Anticoagulants After Onset of Stroke and Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Mizoguchi Tadataka , Tanaka Kanta , Toyoda Kazunori , Yoshimura Sohei , Itabashi Ryo , Takagi Masahito , Todo Kenichi , Shiozawa Masayuki , Yagita Yoshiki , Yoshimoto Takeshi , Terasaki Tadashi , Yamagami Hiroshi , Takizawa Shunya , Inoue Manabu , Kamiyama Kenji , Ihara Masafumi , Okada Yasushi , Kitazono Takanari , Koga Masatoshi ,   on behalf of the SAMURAI Study Investigators
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose—
We aimed to compare outcomes of ischemic stroke patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation between earlier and later initiation of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) after stroke onset.

Methods—
From data for 1192 nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in a prospective, multicenter, observational study, patients who started DOACs during acute hospitalization were included and divided into 2 groups according to a median day of DOAC initiation after onset. Outcomes included stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and death at 3 months, as well as those at 2 years.

Results—
DOACs were initiated during acute hospitalization in 499 patients in median 4 (interquartile range, 2–7) days after onset. Thus, 223 patients (median age, 74 [interquartile range, 68–81] years; 78 women) were assigned to the early group (≤3 days) and 276 patients (median age, 75 [interquartile range, 69–82] years; 101 women) to the late (≥4 days) group. The early group had lower baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and smaller infarcts than the late group. The rate at which DOAC administration persisted at 2 years was 85.2% overall, excluding patients who died or were lost to follow-up. Multivariable Cox shared frailty models showed comparable hazards between the groups at 2 years for stroke or systemic embolism (hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.47–1.57]), major bleeding (hazard ratio, 1.39 [95% CI, 0.42–4.60]), and death (hazard ratio, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.28–1.33]). Outcome risks at 3 months also did not significantly differ between the groups.

Conclusions—
Risks for events including stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and death were comparable whether DOACs were started within 3 days or from 4 days or more after the onset of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation–associated ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01581502.
Interhemispheric Coupling Mechanisms in the Middle Atmosphere of WACCM6
Authors: Smith A. K. , Pedatella N. M. , Mullen Z. K. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Simulations with the Community Earth System Model, version 2, using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 [CESM2(WACCM6)] configuration, show evidence of dynamical coupling from the high latitudes of the winter middle atmosphere to the tropics and the middle and high latitudes of the summer hemisphere. Analysis of monthly and daily output covering 195 simulation years indicates that the response in the summer middle and high latitudes has a weak overall magnitude of a few kelvins or less in temperature but has a repeatable pattern whose structure and phase agree with observational studies. Lag correlation indicates that perturbations in wave activity in the winter stratosphere, as quantified by Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux divergence, are accompanied by perturbations in the transformed Eulerian-mean meridional wind extending into the summer hemisphere. There is not an appreciable correlation with momentum forcing in the summer hemisphere by either resolved waves or parameterized gravity waves. The rapid circulation response and the lack of a wave response in the summer hemisphere suggest that the interhemispheric coupling that is simulated in WACCM6 in both the stratosphere and the mesosphere owes its existence to a circulation that develops to restore balance to the zonally averaged state of the atmosphere. This is an alternative explanation for the coupling from the winter stratosphere to the summer mesosphere; previous studies have assumed a necessary role for wave activity in the summer hemisphere.
An Investigation of the Ocean’s Role in Atlantic Multidecadal Variability
Authors: Li Laifang , Lozier M. Susan , Buckley Martha W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA mechanistic understanding of the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) is highly desirable since it will considerably aid regional and global climate predictions. Although ocean dynamics have long been invoked to explain the AMV, recent studies have cast doubt on its influence. Here we evaluate the necessity of ocean dynamics for the AMV using an observationally based idealized model that isolates the contribution of atmospheric forcing to the AMV. By demonstrating that this model underestimates the magnitude of the observed sea surface temperature variability in the extratropical North Atlantic, we infer that ocean dynamics contribute significantly to the AMV in this region. This inference holds when we add anthropogenic aerosol forcing and the effects of mixed layer depth variability to the idealized model. Thus, our study suggests that ocean heat transport convergence is needed to explain sea surface temperature variability in the extratropical North Atlantic. Sustained ocean observing systems in the this region will help untangle the physical mechanisms involved.
Eastern Pacific Wind Effect on the Evolution of El Niño: Implications for ENSO Diversity
Authors: Peng Qihua , Xie Shang-Ping , Wang Dongxiao , Kamae Youichi , Zhang Hong , Hu Shineng , Zheng Xiao-Tong , Wang Weiqiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe influence of eastern tropical Pacific (EPAC; 10°S–10°N, 140°–80°W) wind anomalies on El Niño is investigated using observations and model experiments. Extreme and moderate El Niños exhibit contrasting anomalous wind patterns in the EPAC during the peak and decay phases: westerly wind anomalies during extreme El Niño and southeasterly (southwesterly) wind anomalies south (north) of the equator during moderate El Niño. Experiments with an ocean general circulation model indicate that for extreme El Niño, the eastward intrusion of westerly wind anomalies contributes to the prolonged positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific throughout boreal spring by weakened upwelling and horizontal advection. For moderate El Niño, by contrast, both the meridional and zonal anomalous winds over the EPAC are important in the rapid (slow) SST cooling south (north) of the equator through advection and wind–evaporation–SST feedback. Atmospheric model experiments confirm that these EPAC anomalous winds are primarily forced by tropical SST anomalies. The interplay between wind and SST anomalies suggests positive air–sea feedbacks over EPAC during the decay phase of El Niño. Ocean model results show that the frequency of extreme El Niño increases when EPAC wind anomalies are removed, suggesting the importance of EPAC winds for El Niño diversity.
Decadal-Scale Changes in the Seasonal Surface Water Balance of the Central United States from 1984 to 2007
Authors: Dong Bo , Lenters John D. , Hu Qi , Kucharik Christopher J. , Wang Tiejun , Soylu Mehmet E. , Mykleby Phillip M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVariations in climate have important influences on the hydrologic cycle. Observations over the continental United States in recent decades show substantial changes in hydrologically significant variables, such as decreases in cloud cover and increases in solar radiation (i.e., solar brightening), as well as increases in air temperature, changes in wind speed, and seasonal shifts in precipitation rate and rain/snow ratio. Impacts of these changes on the regional water cycle from 1984 to 2007 are evaluated using a terrestrial ecosystem/land surface hydrologic model (Agro-IBIS). Results show an acceleration of various components of the surface water balance in the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Great Lakes basins over the 24-yr period, but with significant seasonal and spatial complexity. Evapotranspiration (ET) has increased across most of our study domain and seasons. The largest increase is found in fall, when solar brightening trends are also particularly significant. Changes in runoff are characterized by distinct spatial and seasonal variations, with the impact of precipitation often being muted by changes in ET and soil-water storage rate. In snow-dominated regions, such as the northern Great Lakes basin, spring runoff has declined significantly due to warmer air temperatures and an associated decreasing ratio of snow in total precipitation during the cold season. In the northern Missouri basin, runoff shows large increases in all seasons, primarily due to increases in precipitation. The responses to these changes in the regional hydrologic cycle depend on the underlying land cover type—maize, soybean, and natural vegetation. Comparisons are also made with other hydroclimatic time series to place the decadal-scale variability in a longer-term context.
Doing Occupational Justice: A Central Dimension of Everyday Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Bailliard Antoine L. , Dallman Aaron R. , Carroll Amanda , Lee Ben D. , Szendrey Susan 
Published: January 2020

Background. The Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) and the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) state that occupational justice is part of the domain of occupational therapy and that occupational justice is “an aspect of contexts and environments and an outcome of intervention” (AOTA, 2014, p. S9). Key Issues. Despite the increasing focus on justice in the occupational therapy and the occupational science literature, many practitioners in traditional settings do not see its relevance to their everyday practice (Galvin, Wilding, & Whiteford, 2011) or have difficulty envisioning how to enact a justice-informed practice. Purpose. This paper demonstrates how occupational justice is germane to all settings of occupational therapy, and how it can be enacted at micro, meso, and macro levels of occupational therapy practice. Implications. We argue that occupational therapy is a justice-oriented profession at its core and will discuss how occupational justice can be enacted at all levels of practice.