bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diversity of garlic bulbs and cloves quantitative characteristics of local garlic collection of East Java AIAT
Authors: Sandrakirana R , Baswarsiati  , Hadiatry M C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Since 2017, garlic has received special attention from the Indonesian government considering its imbalance conditions in the domestic market. For that purpose, the government has established a self-sufficiency plan for garlic in 2045 through increased domestic production. However, the limitation of clove quality and data of the character description for garlic has become a major constraint in terms of the similarity of bulb characters and cloves between accessions. East Java AIAT has conducted an exploration of garlic germplasms to several areas of production centers as a source of planting materials for clove production. The objective of this study was to collect and to identify differentiated characters from the garlic accessions. This activity took place from 2017 2018 in four regencies, obtained the bulb of four varieties, and three garlic accessions. Each accession has its characteristics. The research result showed that Geol had the heaviest bulb weight and the highest bulb length. Regarding the ratio between the length and diameter of the bulbs, Tawangmangu Baru showed the highest ratio, followed by Lumbu Hijau and TN1. From the clove characteristics, Tawangmangu Baru showed the heaviest clove weight. Furthermore, the ratio between the length/diameter of the bulbs and cloves indicated the diversity between accessions. Also, it was potentially to be used as a differentiator between accessions.
The prospect of microorganism in the silver nanoparticles biosynthesis to enhance antibiotic drug activity as an alternative solution to combat resistances
Authors: Warsito M F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major global concern. Nanotechnology is an alternate solution to combat these emerging problems, through the formulation of antibiotic drugs with nanoparticle to enhance the activity and reduce toxicity. Interaction between nanoparticle and bacteria can cause membrane disruption and toxicity to pathogenic microorganisms. Thus the combination of silver nanoparticle and antibiotic substances hopefully can increase therapeutic efficiency. Several microorganisms, such as actinomycetes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp, Aspergillus flavus, Bacillus sp., Penicillum, and Saccharomyces cerevicae have been known to be able to synthesis silver nanoparticle. It is an alternative method for chemical and physical synthesis processes, which is more environmentally friendly. The biological synthesis process is also considered easy and efficient compared to the conventional one. Furthermore, the biogenic nanoparticle has been proved to have board spectrum activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including the pathogenic fungi. This review will discuss the microbial agent that has been known for its silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis ability and the AgNPs antimicrobial activity either as the sole agent or in combination with antibiotic drugs.
Screening phytochemical compound of Alstonia scholaris R.Br in different sites in Indonesia
Authors: Zuraida  , Sulistiyani  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Indonesia’s tropical forest is widely used as a source of raw materials for traditional medicine. Pulai (Alstonia scholaris R.Br) is one of forest medicinal plants widely spread in the Indonesia forest to treat various diseases. Phytochemical compounds play an important role in the pharmacology effect depending on many factors such as age, geographical site, solvents, and extraction methods. This research aimed to investigate the phytochemical content of A. scholaris’ bark from a different region in Indonesia and to study the effect of the maceration and reflux extraction method on the yield of crude extract. A. scholaris barks were extracted by maceration and reflux method to get the yield. Then they were tested for phytochemical content for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroid saponins, and triterpenoids. The results showed that pulai bark extracted by maceration was bigger in yield than that of the reflux method, as stated follows: Palembang, Cifor, Banjar Baru, and Ngebel, which were 5.2%, 7.92%, 3.35%, 4.19, respectively. The phytochemical test showed that all samples of positive flavonoids and alkaloids. A. scholaris’ bark from Cifor-Bogor had the strongest flavonoids content of all, and it had potential activity as an antioxidant.
Distribution of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Kelimutu National Park
Authors: Fauzi R , Wuryanto T , Endarto  , Suarmadi F , Tomonob A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are one of the mammals that live in Kelimutu National Park (Kelimutu NP). This mammal, in its natural habitat, has an impact on buffer zones in the form of animal activities that damage crops on plantation lands. The purpose of this study was to identify the distribution of long-tailed macaque populations. This research was conducted in August 2010 by covering areas within the region and outside the Kelimutu NP area. Data analysis was used to calculate the abundance index, the encounter rate for estimating abundance and distribution based on the length of the track surveyed. The results indicated that the distribution of long-tailed macaques populations in Kelimutu NP was most widely found in field habitats, with a relatively low abundance of around five individuals/km. Based on the calculation of habitat carrying capacity for groups of long-tailed macaque in the tourism zones, it is still below the maximum limit. The increased awareness of ecological insight tourism also needs to be optimized related to the presence of long-tailed macaque in the tourism zones of Kelimutu NP. Development of habitats, such as planting of trees for foods and protected zones is necessary to provide a suitable habitat for long-tailed macaque.
Functional structures of termite assemblage in changing habitats and ecosystems
Authors: Himmi S K , Wikantyoso B , Fajar A , Tarmadi D , Yusuf S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Termite species diversity and assemblage structures differ in ecosystems and habitats. Termite distribution is also highly influenced by temperature, humidity and altitude. Greater species richness and greater density have been reported in humid forests than in arid or semiarid environments. However, termites biodiversity is known to be strongly affected by anthropogenic alteration, wich affect their functional assemblage structure. The humus-feeders were as the most sensitively affected, while the wood-feeders were the most resilient group among others. Therefore, the functional structures of termite communities in changing habitats and ecosystems are important subject to discuss in order to capture more understanding on termite and ecosystem relationship.
Gregariousness, foraging effort, and affiliative interactions in lactating bonobos and chimpanzees
Authors: Lee Sean M , Hohmann Gottfried , Lonsdorf Elizabeth V , Fruth Barbara , Murray Carson M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fission–fusion dynamics have evolved in a broad range of animal taxa and are thought to allow individuals to mitigate feeding competition. While this is the principal benefit of fission–fusion, few studies have evaluated its costs. We compared gregariousness, foraging budgets, and social budgets between lactating bonobos and chimpanzees from wild populations to evaluate potential costs. Both species exhibit fission–fusion dynamics, but chimpanzees, particularly in East African populations, appear to experience higher feeding competition than bonobos. We expected lactating chimpanzees to be less gregarious than lactating bonobos; reduced gregariousness should allow lactating chimpanzees to mitigate the costs of higher feeding competition without requiring more foraging effort. However, we expected the reduced gregariousness of lactating chimpanzees to limit their time available for affiliative interactions. Using long-term data from LuiKotale bonobos and Gombe chimpanzees, we found that lactating chimpanzees were indeed less gregarious than lactating bonobos, while feeding and travel time did not differ between species. Contrary to our predictions, lactating females did not differ in social interaction time, and lactating chimpanzees spent proportionately more time interacting with individuals other than their immature offspring. Our results indicate that lactating chimpanzees can maintain social budgets comparable to lactating bonobos despite reduced gregariousness and without incurring additional foraging costs. We discuss potential explanations for why lactating bonobos are more gregarious.
The Parahippocampal Cortex and its Functional Connection with the Hippocampus are Critical for Nonnavigational Spatial Memory in Macaques
Authors: LaFlamme Elyssa M , Waguespack Hannah F , Forcelli Patrick A , Malkova Ludise 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Hamilton Search Task (HST) is a test of nonnavigational spatial memory that is dependent on the hippocampus. The parahippocampal cortex (PHC) is a major route for spatial information to reach the hippocampus, but the extent to which the PHC and hippocampus function independently of one another in the context of nonnavigational spatial memory is unclear. Here, we tested the hypotheses that (1) bilateral pharmacological inactivation of the PHC would impair HST performance, and (2) that functional disconnection of the PHC and hippocampus by contralateral (crossed) inactivation would likewise impair performance. Transient inactivation of the PHC impaired HST performance most robustly with 30 s intertrial delays, but not when color cues were introduced. Functional disconnection of the PHC and hippocampus, but not separate unilateral inactivation of either region, also selectively impaired long-term spatial memory. These findings indicate a critical role for the PHC and its interactions with the hippocampus in nonnavigational spatial memory.
The Research Excellence Framework 2014, journal ratings and the marginalisation of heterodox economics
Authors: Stockhammer Engelbert , Dammerer Quirin , Kapur Sukriti 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Research Excellence Framework (REF) is the main research assessment for universities in the UK. It informs university league tables and the allocation of government research funding. This paper analyses the evaluations of the REF 2014 for Economics, Business, Politics and History. First, we analyse from which journals articles have been submitted; second, to what extent journal ratings and journal impact factors predict the REF’s evaluations; third, how many articles from heterodox economics journals have been submitted. We find that a small group of journals dominate the outputs submitted. Journal ratings and impact factors explain 80% of the variation in the output evaluations for Economics. These values are lower but still substantial for other disciplines. Few papers from heterodox economics journals were submitted to Economics. Overall, the REF in its present form marginalises heterodox economics, pushes it out of the discipline and endangers pluralism in economics research.
Diagnostic performance of salivary pepsin for gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Yadlapati Rena , Kaizer Alexander , Greytak Madeline , Ezekewe Eze , Simon Violette , Wani Sachin 
Published: November 2020

SummaryUncertain diagnostic performance has limited clinical adoption of salivary pepsin, a noninvasive diagnostic tool for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study aimed to assess diagnostic performance of salivary pepsin, and test validity of thresholds in an external cohort of patients with or without GERD. This two-phase prospective study conducted at two centers enrolled adult asymptomatic volunteers, patients with symptoms of GERD undergoing reflux monitoring, and patients with Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Fasting saliva samples were processed for pepsin concentration using Peptest. Phase 1 compared pepsin concentration between No GERD (volunteers/functional heartburn) and GERD (erosive reflux disease/nonerosive reflux disease (NERD)/BE). Phase 2 tested validity of the diagnostic thresholds identified from Phase 1 among external functional heartburn and NERD cohorts. Of 243 enrolled subjects, 156 met inclusion criteria. Phase 1 (n = 114): Pepsin concentrations were significantly higher in GERD (n = 84) versus No GERD (n = 30) (73.8 ng/mL vs. 21.1 ng/mL; P &lt; 0.001). Area under the curve for pepsin concentration was 0.74 (95% CI 0.65, 0.83). A salivary pepsin threshold of 24.9 ng/mL optimized the true negative rate and 100.0 ng/mL optimized the true positive rate. Phase 2 (n = 42): Pepsin concentrations were significantly higher in NERD (n = 22) versus Functional Heartburn (n = 20) (176.0 ng/mL vs. 53.3 ng/mL, P &lt; 0.001). Applying Phase 1 thresholds in this external cohort, salivary pepsin 24.9 ng/mL was 86% sensitive (64%, 97%) and 100.0 ng/mL was 72% specific for distinguishing NERD from functional heartburn. Given modest sensitivity and specificity for GERD, salivary pepsin may have clinical utility as a noninvasive office based diagnostic screening tool for GERD.
Analytical approaches to minimizing immeasurable time bias in cohort studies
Authors: Oh In-Sun , Baek Yeon-Hee , Jeong Han Eol , Filion Kristian B , Shin Ju-Young 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Immeasurable time bias exaggerates drug benefits in pharmacoepidemiological studies due to exposure misclassification arising from the inability to measure in-hospital medications in many health care databases.

Methods
To compare the ability of different methodological approaches to minimize immeasurable time bias, we conducted a cohort study of β-blocker use and all-cause mortality among patients with heart failure (HF), using a nationwide health care database which contains both in- and outpatient prescriptions. In our gold-standard analysis, we assessed exposure using a time-varying approach involving both in- and outpatient prescriptions. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of mortality, with exposure to β-blockers defined as a time-varying variable. To estimate the magnitude of the immeasurable time bias, we repeated the analyses using outpatient prescriptions only and compared 10 approaches to minimize the bias, which are categorized as restriction, adjustment, assumption and weighting.

Results
The HR for β-blocker use versus non-use was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.71 to 0.80) in our gold-standard analysis. When exposure assessment was restricted to outpatient prescriptions only, β-blocker use was substantially more protective (HR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.46). Of the 10 approaches examined, adjusting for hospitalization as a time-varying variable successfully minimized the bias (HR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.82).

Conclusions
The immeasurable time bias can result in substantial bias in pharmacoepidemiological studies. Time-varying adjustment for hospitalization appears to reduce the immeasurable time bias in the absence of inpatient medication data.
Stimulus-Based Extinction Generalization: Neural Correlates and Modulation by Cortisol
Authors: Hagedorn Bianca , Wolf Oliver T , Merz Christian J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
While healthy individuals and patients with anxiety disorders easily generalize fear responses, extinction learning is more stimulus specific. Treatments aiming to generalize extinction learning are urgently needed, since they comprise the potential to overcome stimulus specificity and reduce relapses, particularly in the face of stressful events.

Methods
In the current 3-day functional magnetic resonance imaging fear conditioning paradigm, we aimed to create a generalized extinction memory trace in 60 healthy men and women by presenting multiple sizes of 1 conditioned stimulus during extinction training (CS+G; generalized), whereas the other conditioned stimulus was solely presented in its original size (CS+N; nongeneralized). Recall was tested on the third day after pharmacological administration of either the stress hormone cortisol or placebo.

Results
After successful fear acquisition, prolonged activation of the amygdala and insula and deactivation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex for CS+G compared with CS+N during extinction learning indicated sustained fear to the generalization stimuli. In line with our hypotheses, reduced amygdala activation was observed after extinction generalization on the third day in the contrast CS+G minus CS+N, possibly reflecting an attenuated return of fear. Cortisol administration before recall, however, blocked this effect.

Conclusions
Taken together, the findings show that extinction generalization was associated with decreased activation of the fear network during recall after prolonged activation of the fear network during extinction learning. However, the generalization of the extinction memory did not counteract the detrimental effects of stress hormones on recall. Thus, stimulus-based extinction generalization may not be sufficient to reduce relapses after stressful experiences.
The Neural Processes Interlinking Social Isolation, Social Support, and Problem Alcohol Use
Authors: Le Thang M , Wang Wuyi , Zhornitsky Simon , Dhingra Isha , Chen Yu , Zhang Sheng , Li Chiang-Shan R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Subjective feeling of social isolation, as can be measured by perceived burdensomeness (PB), is a major risk factor for alcohol misuse. Heightened PB is associated with elevated stress response and diminished cognitive control, both of which contribute to problem drinking. Here, we sought to identify the neural substrates underlying the relationship between PB and alcohol misuse.

Methods
We employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected from 61 problem drinkers to characterize the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus and ventral striatum (VS) in relation to PB. We specifically examined whether the connectivities of the hypothalamus and VS were differentially influenced by PB to produce contrasting effects on alcohol use. Finally, we evaluated how individual differences in social support modulate the inter-relationships of social isolation, neural connectivity, and the severity of problem drinking.

Results
Whole-brain multiple regressions show a positive relationship between PB and hypothalamic connectivity with the hippocampus and an inverse pattern for VS connectivity with the middle frontal gyrus. Difference in strength between the 2 connectivities predicted the severity of problem drinking, suggesting an imbalance involving elevated hypothalamic and diminished prefrontal cortical modulation in socially isolated problem drinkers. A path analysis further revealed that the lack of social support was associated with a bias toward low prefrontal connectivity, which in turn increased PB and facilitated problem drinking.

Conclusions
Altered hypothalamus and VS connectivity may underlie problem drinking induced by social isolation. The current findings also highlight the important role of social support as a potential protective factor against alcohol misuse.
Susceptibility of Elizabethkingia spp. to commonly tested and novel antibiotics and concordance between broth microdilution and automated testing methods
Authors: Kuo Shu-Chen , Tan Mei-Chen , Huang Wei-Cheng , Wu Han-Chieh , Chen Feng-Jui , Liao Yu-Chieh , Wang Hui-Ying , Shiau Yih-Ru , Lauderdale Tsai-Ling 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to determine susceptibilities of Elizabethkingia spp. to 25 commonly tested and 8 novel antibiotics, and to compare the performance of different susceptibility testing methods.

Methods
Clinical isolates of Elizabethkingia spp., Chryseobacterium spp. and Flavobacterium spp. collected during 2002–18 (n = 210) in a nationwide surveillance programme in Taiwan were speciated by 16S rRNA sequencing. MICs were determined by broth microdilution. The broth microdilution results of 18 common antibiotics were compared with those obtained by the VITEK 2 automated system.

Results
Among the Elizabethkingia spp. identified (n = 108), Elizabethkingia anophelis was the most prevalent (n = 90), followed by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (n = 7) and Elizabethkingia miricola cluster [E. miricola (n = 6), Elizabethkingia bruuniana (n = 3) and Elizabethkingia ursingii (n = 2)]. Most isolates were recovered from respiratory or blood specimens from hospitalized, elderly patients. PFGE showed two major and several minor E. anophelis clones. All isolates were resistant to nearly all the tested β-lactams. Doxycycline, minocycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole inhibited &gt;90% of Elizabethkingia spp. Rifampin inhibited E. meningoseptica (100%) and E. anophelis (81.1%). Fluoroquinolones and tigecycline were active against E. meningoseptica and E. miricola cluster isolates. Novel antibiotics, including imipenem/relebactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, cefepime/zidebactam, delafloxacin, eravacycline and omadacycline were ineffective but lascufloxacin inhibited half of Elizabethkingia spp. The very major discrepancy rates of VITEK 2 were &gt;1.5% for ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and vancomycin. Major discrepancy rates were &gt;3% for amikacin, tigecycline, piperacillin/tazobactam and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

Conclusions
MDR, absence of standard interpretation criteria and poor intermethod concordance necessitate working guidelines to facilitate future research of emerging Elizabethkingia spp.
Species-specific patterns of the use of burrows of Upogebia Leach, 1814 (Decapoda: Gebiidea: Upogebiidae) by the symbiotic alpheid shrimps Stenalpheops anacanthus Miya, 1997 and Athanas japonicus Kubo, 1936 (Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae) as revealed by laboratory quantification
Authors: Henmi Yumi , Itani Gyo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many alpheid shrimps live symbiotically on the body surface or inside the bodies of other invertebrates, while others use burrows made by other animals. The burrow symbiosis of alpheid shrimps is poorly studied in the context of ecology, probably because the cryptic infaunal nature of the relationship is hard to observe. The limited knowledge of the pattern of burrow use by alpheid shrimps leaves a gap in our understanding of their evolutionary history. We described and compared the behavior of Stenalpheops anacanthusMiya, 1997 and Athanas japonicusKubo, 1936, two alpheid species living symbiotically in the burrows of the same host, Upogebia yokoyaiMakarov, 1938. We found that both alpheid species used U. yokoyai burrows in aquaria, but their burrow use patterns were quite different. The average time taken for S. anacanthus to enter the burrow for the first time was much shorter (1 min) than that of A. japonicus (13 min). Subsequently, S. anacanthus made longer use of the burrow (80% of the observation period) than A. japonicus (49%). The tail-first exit frequency, which may indicate a sudden expulsion from the burrow by the host, was more frequent in A. japonicus (25%) than in S. anacanthus (7%). Such differences could be attributed to the nature of the symbiotic relationship, obligate in S. anacanthus but facultative in A. japonicus. Because of the diversity of symbiotic lifestyles, there is considerable potential to study the ecology and evolutionary biology of burrow-symbiotic alpheids further.