bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determination of Causation in the Application of Trade Remedies
Authors: Gascoigne Catherine E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn order for one Member to implement trade remedies against another, it must be satisfied that the harm to its domestic industry was the result of imports, rather than some other factor(s). In order for a Member to be satisfied in this way, it must perform both: (1) a causal link analysis, and (2) a non-attribution analysis. In interpreting the relevant provisions concerned with the causal link and non-attribution analysis, the Appellate Body (AB) has consistently found that injury to the domestic industry need not be the product of imports alone – that is, it may be the result of a combination of imports and other factors. Accordingly, many commentators have queried the utility of separating imports from other causal factors at the non-attribution stage. This article argues that these two apparently contradictory positions may be reconciled if they are interpreted such that the causal contribution from imports must reach a minimum threshold, whilst also providing some tolerance for other factors. This article argues in favour of using econometric tests as a means of measuring and separating the causal contributions of imports vis-à-vis other factors and allocating responsibility to each. The article concludes by proposing a three-step non-attribution and causal link analysis.
Broadleaf weed control with abrasive grit during raspberry establishment
Authors: Forcella Frank , Poppe Steven , Tepe Emily , Hoover Emily 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGrowers desire more techniques to control weeds in horticultural crops that are grown organically and consumed directly, such as red raspberry. Abrasive grit emited via high air pressure is a new method for controlling weeds. Grit derived from corn cobs was examined for its efficacy during the year of raspberry establishment for 2 to 3 years at three sites (seven site-years) and compared with efficacy of hand-weeding as well as no weed control. Grit was applied once or twice weekly after raspberry transplantation in spring until weed emergence ceased in mid to late July. Weeds and raspberry growth were assessed in August. Grit was effective in controlling broadleaf weeds, averaging 94% control across site-years, but control of grass weeds was less than 10%. Total weed (broadleaf plus grass) control across site-years ranged from 51% to 96% and averaged 78%. Raspberry cane growth was affected by weeds, and grit-weeding at least partially alleviated these effects. Thus, abrasive grit allows growers to manage broadleaf weeds effectively without herbicides or soil tillage. However, additional research is needed to determine the correct amounts and timing of grit applications, as well as more efficacious types of grit, to control grass weeds.
Resistance of Inzen™ grain sorghum to multiple PRE- and POST-applied acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides
Authors: Bowman Hunter D. , Barber Tom , Norsworthy Jason K. , Roberts Trenton L. , Kelley Jason , Gbur Edward E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA non-GMO trait called Inzen™ was recently commercialized in grain sorghum to combat weedy grasses, allowing the use of nicosulfuron POST in the crop. Inzen™ grain sorghum carries a double mutation in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene Val560Ile and Trp574Leu, which potentially results in cross-resistance to a wide assortment of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. To evaluate the scope of cross-resistance to Weed Science Society of America Group 2 herbicides in addition to nicosulfuron, tests were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the Lon Mann Cotton Research Station near Marianna, AR, the Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Fayetteville, AR, and in 2016 at the Pine Tree Research Station near Colt, AR. The tests included ALS-inhibiting herbicides from all five families: sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, pyrimidinylthiobenzoics, triazolinones, and triazolopyrimidines. Treatments were made PRE or POST to grain sorghum at a 1× rate for crops in which each herbicide is labeled. Grain sorghum planted in the PRE trial were Inzen™ and a conventional cultivar. Visible estimates of injury and sorghum heights were recorded at 2 and 4 wk after herbicide application, and yield data were collected at crop maturity. In the PRE trial, no visible injury, sorghum height reduction, or yield loss were observed in plots containing the Inzen™ cultivar. Applications made POST to the Inzen™ grain sorghum caused visible injury, sorghum height reduction, and yield loss of 20%, 13%, and 35%, respectively, only in plots where bispyribac-Na was applied. There was no impact on the crop from other POST-applied ALS-inhibiting herbicides. These results demonstrate that the Inzen™ trait confers cross-resistance to most ALS-inhibiting herbicides and could offer promising new alternatives for weed control and protection from carryover of residual ALS-inhibiting herbicides in grain sorghum.
Flue-cured tobacco tolerance to S-metolachlor
Authors: Clapp Andrew M. , Vann Matthew C. , Cahoon Charles W. , Jordan David L. , Fisher Loren R. , Inman Matthew D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCurrently, there are seven herbicides labeled for U.S. tobacco production; however, additional modes of action are greatly needed in order to reduce the risk of herbicide resistance. Field experiments were conducted at five locations during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to evaluate flue-cured tobacco tolerance to S-metolachlor applied pretransplanting incorporated (PTI) and pretransplanting (PRETR) at 1.07 (1×) and 2.14 (2×) kg ai ha−1. Severe injury was observed 6 wk after transplanting at the Whiteville environment in 2017 when S-metolachlor was applied PTI. End-of-season plant heights from PTI treatments at Whiteville were likewise reduced by 9% to 29% compared with nontreated controls, although cured leaf yield and value were reduced only when S-metolachlor was applied PTI at the 2× rate. Severe growth reduction was also observed at the Kinston location in 2018 where S-metolachlor was applied at the 2× rate. End-of-season plant heights were reduced 11% (PTI, 2×) and 20% (PRETR, 2×) compared with nontreated control plants. Cured leaf yield was reduced in Kinston when S-metolachlor was applied PRETR at the 2× rate; however, treatments did not impact cured leaf quality or value. Visual injury and reductions in stalk height, yield, quality, and value were not observed at the other three locations. Ultimately, it appears that injury potential from S-metolachlor is promoted by coarse soil texture and high early-season precipitation close to transplanting, both of which were documented at the Whiteville and Kinston locations. To reduce plant injury and the negative impacts to leaf yield and value, application rates lower than 1.07 kg ha−1 may be required in these scenarios.
Invasive Phragmites Increases Blue Carbon Stock and Soil Volume in a St. Lawrence Estuary Marsh
Authors: Gu Jiali , van Ardenne Lee B. , Chmura Gail L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOur study of a St. Lawrence Estuary marsh reveals that, compared to native Spartina patens‐dominated vegetation, invasive Phragmites australis makes a greater contribution to soil volume and carbon stock (referred to as blue carbon). Phragmites' contributions to soil volume enhance marsh sustainability in face of sea level rise, and its greater contribution to soil carbon helps to reduce the atmospheric concentration of CO2. Phragmites australis (common reed) is a cosmopolitan species growing in fresh to brackish wetlands. An invasive genetic strain, introduced from Europe or Asia, has expanded extensively along the St. Lawrence River in the last few decades but has been little studied on the estuarine portion. We collected soil cores from three sites within an invasive Phragmites stand and one site within S. patens‐dominated stand in a St. Lawrence Estuary salt marsh near la Pocatiere, Quebec. We measured the bulk density, carbon content, volume, and mass of belowground organic matter in 2‐cm‐thick soil layers of three cores at each Phragmites site. Bulk density and carbon content were measured in 5‐cm‐thick soil layers of three cores at S. patens site. Results showed that soil in the Phragmites stands held 37–77% more blue carbon than in the S. patens‐dominated marsh. Based upon their diameter size, Phragmites rhizomes could be contributing 7.4–10.2 cm to the thickness in the upper 20 cm of soil. We suggest that any management of invasive Phragmites include consideration of its role in increasing blue carbon stocks and marsh resilience along with other ecosystem services.
Terrestrial Biomolecular Burial Efficiencies on Continental Margins
Authors: Hou Pengfei , Yu Meng , Zhao Meixun , Montluçon Daniel B. , Su Chenglong , Eglinton Timothy I. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe fate of terrestrial organic carbon (OCterr) exported from large rivers in marginal seas is an integral component of land‐ocean‐atmosphere carbon dynamics and influences on atmospheric CO2 concentrations on millennial and longer timescales. In this study, we employ a novel approach to constrain burial efficiencies for source‐specific terrestrial biomolecules (long‐chain n‐alkanes and n‐fatty acids) in two river‐marginal sea systems. We find for the Pearl River‐South China Sea system that 34 ± 19% and 11 ± 4% of n‐alkanes and n‐fatty acids, respectively, are preserved across the transport pathway from the river mouth to inner shelf. In contrast, terrestrial biomolecular burial efficiencies were markedly higher (64 ± 17% and 84 ± 30% of n‐alkanes and n‐fatty acids, respectively) in the Yellow River‐Bohai Sea/Yellow Sea system. These findings reveal markedly different fates of OCterr in these two fluvial‐marine systems, as well as sharp contrasts in OCterr reactivity within each system.
Impact of a Regional U.S. Drought on Land and Atmospheric Carbon
Authors: Lee Eunjee , Zeng Fan‐Wei , Koster Randal D. , Ott Lesley E. , Mahanama Sarith , Weir Brad , Poulter Benjamin , Oda Tomohiro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe impacts of drought on regional land and atmospheric carbon are still poorly understood. Here we quantify the impact of a regional U.S. drought on land carbon fluxes (gross primary production, or GPP, and net biosphere production) and atmospheric carbon (CO2) by imposing an idealized 3‐month meteorological drought in an ensemble of coupled land‐atmosphere climate simulations. The imposed drought, applied to the lower Mississippi River Valley (~500,000 km2), leads to a 23% GPP reduction in the drought area in the month immediately following the drought's termination. The drought also caused GPP reductions in some remote areas through drought‐induced impacts on remote meteorology, particularly the areas adjacent to the imposed drought. In the remote areas, the induced precipitation changes are responsible for most of the anomalous land productivity. The impact of the drought‐induced meteorological anomalies on GPP is greater than that of the CO2 anomalies by at least an order of magnitude. While their impact on GPP is secondary, the drought‐induced atmospheric CO2 anomalies near the land surface can be as large as 3.57 ppm. The significant CO2 anomalies cover an area up to three times of that of the imposed drought, suggesting that atmospheric transport needs to be considered in the interpretation of drought‐induced CO2 anomalies in the atmosphere. The imposed drought also leads to column‐averaged CO2 increases of up to 0.78 ppm, which is at the edge of the uncertainty from single soundings of current greenhouse gas observing satellites.
Water Demand Forecasting Accuracy and Influencing Factors at Different Spatial Scales Using a Gradient Boosting Machine
Authors: Xenochristou M. , Hutton C. , Hofman J. , Kapelan Z. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding, comparing, and accurately predicting water demand at different spatial scales is an important goal that will allow effective targeting of the appropriate operational and conservation efforts under an uncertain future. This study uses data relating to water consumption available at the household level, as well as postcode locations, household characteristics, and weather data in order to identify the relationships between spatial scale, influencing factors, and forecasting accuracy. For this purpose, a Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) is used to predict water demand 1–7 days into the future. Results show an exponential decay in prediction accuracy from a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 3.2% to 17%, for a reduction in group size from 600 to 5 households. Adding explanatory variables to the forecasting model reduces the MAPE up to 20% for the peak days and smaller household groups (20–56 households), whereas for larger aggregations of properties (100–804 households), the range of improvement is much smaller (up to 1.2%). Results also show that certain types of input variables (past consumption and household characteristics) become more important for smaller aggregations of properties, whereas others (weather data) become less important.
Catastrophic Failure: How and When? Insights From 4‐D In Situ X‐ray Microtomography
Authors: Cartwright‐Taylor Alexis , Main Ian G. , Butler Ian B. , Fusseis Florian , Flynn Michael , King Andrew 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCatastrophic failure of brittle rocks is important in managing risk associated with system‐sized material failure. Such failure is caused by nucleation, growth, and coalescence of microcracks that spontaneously self‐organize along localized damage zones under compressive stress. Here we present X‐ray microtomography observations that elucidate the in situ micron‐scale processes, obtained from novel tri‐axial compression experiments conducted in a synchrotron. We examine the effect of microstructural heterogeneity in the starting material (Ailsa Craig microgranite; known for being virtually crack‐free) on crack network evolution and localization. To control for heterogeneity, we introduced a random nanoscale crack network into one sample by thermal stressing, leaving a second sample as‐received. By assessing the time‐dependent statistics of crack size and spatial distribution, we test the hypothesis that the degree of starting heterogeneity influences the order and predictability of the phase transition between intact and failed states. We show that this is indeed the case at the system‐scale. The initially more heterogeneous (heat‐treated) sample showed clear evidence for a second‐order transition: inverse power law acceleration in correlation length with a well‐defined singularity near failure and distinct changes in the scaling exponents. The more homogeneous (untreated) sample showed evidence for a first‐order transition: exponential increase in correlation length associated with distributed damage and unstable crack nucleation ahead of abrupt failure. In both cases, anisotropy in the initial porosity dictated the fault orientation, and system‐sized failure occurred when the correlation length approached the grain size. These results have significant implications for the predictability of catastrophic failure in different materials.
Effects of Earthquake Recurrence on Localization of Interseismic Deformation Around Locked Strike‐Slip Faults
Authors: Zhu Yijie , Wang Kelin , He Jiangheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLocalized geodetic deformation of arctan shape around locked strike‐slip faults is widely reported, but there are also important exceptions showing distributed deformation. Understanding the controlling mechanism is important to hazard assessment and geodynamic analysis. Here we use simple finite element viscoelastic earthquake cycle models to investigate the basic mechanics of this process. Our models feature a vertical strike‐slip fault in an elastic layer overlying a viscoelastic substrate of Maxwell or Burgers rheology, with or without a low‐viscosity shear zone representing deeper extension of the fault. We demonstrate that the primary control on the localization of interseismic deformation is the recurrence interval of past earthquakes. Given viscosity, shorter recurrence leads to greater localization, regardless of the rheological model used. The presence of a low‐viscosity deep fault does not change this conclusion, although it tends to lessen localization by promoting faster postseismic stress relaxation. Distributed deformation, although less reported, is a natural consequence of very long recurrence and in theory should be as common as localized deformation. We think that the apparent propensity of the latter is likely associated with the much greater quantity and better quality of geodetic observations from higher‐rate and shorter‐recurrence faults. Our results also show the important role of nearby earthquakes along the same fault. For faults of relatively short recurrence, frequent ruptures of nearby segments, modeled using a migrating rupture sequence, further enhance localization. For faults of very long recurrence, faster near‐fault deformation induced by a recent earthquake may give a false impression of localized interseismic deformation.
The Polarity Reversal of Lightning‐Generated Sky Wave
Authors: Hou W. , Azadifar M. , Rubinstein M. , Rachidi F. , Zhang Q. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe polarity reversal of the lightning‐generated first sky wave as a function of the observation distance is studied using a novel approach combining the finite‐difference time domain (FDTD) method and the superposition principle of electromagnetic waves. In this method, the sky wave is generated by radiation from the induced current produced by the motion of charged particles driven by the lightning‐radiated electromagnetic waves in the ionosphere. The horizontal and vertical components of the induced current density under the daytime and nighttime ionospheric conditions are evaluated. Their different contributions to the sky wave at different observation distances are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, a physical explanation for the polarity reversal in the time domain is proposed. It is found that, for relatively short observation distances (within ~200 km), the first sky wave is dominated by the component generated by the horizontal equivalent current in the Fresnel zone, while for longer observation distances (larger than ~300 km), the first sky wave is dominated by the component generated by the vertical equivalent current in the Fresnel zone. Since the polarities of the sky wave components generated by the vertical current source and horizontal current source are opposite, the polarity of the sky wave will reverse when increasing the observation distance.
Global and Regional CH4 Emissions for 1995–2013 Derived From Atmospheric CH4, δ13C‐CH4, and δD‐CH4 Observations and a Chemical Transport Model
Authors: Fujita Ryo , Morimoto Shinji , Maksyutov Shamil , Kim Heon‐Sook , Arshinov Mikhail , Brailsford Gordon , Aoki Shuji , Nakazawa Takakiyo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo better understand the current global CH4 budget, biogenic, fossil fuel, and biomass burning CH4 fluxes for the period 1995–2013 were inversely estimated from the observed mole fraction data of atmospheric CH4 using a three‐dimensional chemical transport model. Then, forward simulations of carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of atmospheric CH4 (δ13C‐CH4 and δD‐CH4) were conducted using the inversion fluxes to evaluate the source proportion of the global total CH4 emission. Model‐simulated spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric CH4 reproduce the observational results well; however, the simulated δ13C‐CH4 and δD‐CH4 values significantly underestimate their observed values as a whole. This implies that the proportion of biogenic CH4 sources in the global CH4 emission, deduced by inverse modeling, is overestimated, although the proportion is fairly comparable with the medians of recent multiple CH4 inverse modeling. To reduce the disagreement between the observed and calculated isotope ratios, the CH4 fluxes of individual source categories were adjusted using our atmospheric δ13C‐CH4 and δD‐CH4 data observed at Arctic and Antarctic surface stations. The resultant global average biogenic, fossil fuel, and biomass burning CH4 fluxes over 2003–2012 are 346 ± 11, 162 ± 2, and 50 ± 2 TgCH4 year−1, respectively. It is also strongly suggested that the leveling‐off of atmospheric CH4 in the early 2000s and the renewed growth after 2006/2007 are, respectively, explainable by the decrease in biogenic and biomass burning CH4 emissions for 2000–2006 and the increase in biogenic CH4 emissions after that period. These emission changes mainly originate in the tropics.
Water Use Efficiency‐Based Multiscale Assessment of Ecohydrological Resilience to Ecosystem Shifts Over the Continent of Africa During 1992–2015
Authors: Kayiranga Alphonse , Chen Baozhang , Trisurat Yongyut , Ndayisaba Felix , Sun Shaobo , Tuankrua Venus , Wang Fei , Karamage Fidele , Measho Simon , Nthangeni Winny , Dilawar Adil , Zhang Huifang , Bofana José 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe spatial‐temporal representation is a crucial key for understanding at what extent terrestrial ecosystems can maintain their structure and functions and recover from various ecosystem shifts (drought/wet). Hence, it is vital for sustainable ecosystem management, adaptation, and mitigation practices. This study assessed ecohydrological resilience to ecosystem shifts at contrast water‐limited and well‐watered regions at multiple scales (i.e., country scale, basin scale, climate type scale, and land cover scale) over Africa during the period 1992–2015, based on Standard Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) and water use efficiency (WUE) at ecosystem scales, which was obtained from satellite‐derived evapotranspiration (ET) and simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) using the Carnegie‐ames‐stanford approaches (CASA) model. SEDI values indicated that 11 years were characterized by dry conditions, while 13 were wetter years during 1992–2015. WUE, ET, and GPP values indicated increased tendencies mostly in central to central west of African continent. The ecohydrological resilience exhibited that about 68.78% of African terrestrial ecosystems were highly, moderately, or slightly resilient, and about 31.22% were not resilient to ecosystem shifts with 11.28% vulnerably exposed to high risk of ecosystem shift and severely nonresilient. The extent areas exposed to severe ecohydrological nonresilience are distributed in Savannas and barelands land cover types, temperate‐dry summer‐hot summer (Csa), climate type, Mediterranean South Coast (B14), African‐North interior (B3), and Red Sea‐Golf of Aden Coast (b5) basins; and the four countries, namely, Egypt, Mauritania, Niger, and Tunisia. These findings may provide insightful scientific information about vulnerable regions for policy making and ecosystem management and increase the necessary awareness for taking reasonable adaptation mechanisms, such as afforesting open lands to increase the area of vegetation cover (i.e., choosing the drought or wet‐tolerant plant species) and water conservation and management measures to ensure the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems under ecosystem shifts over the African continent.
Centrosome dysfunction: a link between senescence and tumor immunity
Authors: Wu Qi , Li Bei , Liu Le , Sun Shengrong , Sun Si 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCentrosome aberrations are hallmarks of human cancers and contribute to the senescence process. Structural and numerical centrosome abnormalities trigger mitotic errors, cellular senescence, cell death, genomic instability and/or aneuploidy, resulting in human disorders such as aging and cancer and affecting immunity. Interestingly, centrosome dysfunction promotes the secretion of multiple inflammatory factors that act as pivotal drivers of senescence and tumor immune escape. In this review, we summarize the forms of centrosome dysfunction and further discuss recent advances indicating that centrosome defects contribute to acceleration of senescence progression and promotion of tumor cell immune evasion in different ways.