bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aromatherapy for test anxiety in chiropractic students:
Authors: Wells Breanne M. , Nightingale Lia M. , Derby Dustin C. , Salsbury Stacie A. , Lawrence Dana 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveUp to 85% of college students experience test anxiety, which may contribute to decreased academic performance. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of recruiting chiropractic students for a randomized trial involving aromatherapy for anxiety reduction.MethodsThis study enrolled chiropractic students who were randomly assigned to separate rooms during a biochemistry test. Waterless diffusers dispersed a lemon and rosemary blend of essential oils in the experimental room and water in the control room. Students completed pretest surveys rating current and general anxiety. Posttest surveys included rating current anxiety. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was preformed to determine within- and between-group differences for current anxiety. Feasibility was the primary aim, and the statistical significance of anxiety test scores between rooms was the secondary aim.ResultsSixty-four students were included in the study. The feasibility of research methods was noted for adherence to the study protocol (informed consent, randomization, and survey distribution and completion) and resource allocation. Design improvements are required in recruitment methods, follow-up surveys, and intervention blinding. ANCOVA for between-group comparisons showed no statistically significant difference between groups' pre- and posttest anxiety scores (p = .22). Two reported side effects, eye and sinus irritation, could not be attributed to treatment group. Most students were willing to use aromatherapy for test anxiety in the future.ConclusionWe demonstrated feasibility in conducting a randomized study to measure the influence of aromatherapy on test anxiety in chiropractic students. A powered, randomized study is needed to determine if aromatherapy may be effective in reducing test anxiety.
Test‐dependent expression of behavioral syndromes: A study of aggressiveness, activity, and stress of chub
Authors: Hubená Pavla , Horký Pavel , Slavík Ondřej 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAggressiveness has been one of the behavioral traits most examined with various standard testing methods. We used two distinct methods (the mirror and the real opponent tests) to evaluate individual aggression and relate it to the activity and individual stress of chub (Squalius cephalus L.). Three hypotheses were formulated and tested: (a) there is a significant positive relationship between the aggressiveness of individuals measured with the mirror and the real opponent tests, indicating their convergent validity; (b) the irregularities in response to the aggressiveness and activity tests lead to the context‐specific expression of the behavioral syndromes; and (c) there is a significant positive relationship between the stress induced in individuals by both tests of aggressiveness, demonstrating individually consistent stress‐coping strategies. The first and the second hypothesis were confirmed, while the third hypothesis was rejected. Our results suggest that particular tests of aggressiveness could act as a situation with high strength, leaving little variation between individual responses. Thus, we propose that for the proper interpretation of various studies using different tests to study identical behavioral traits, it is important to consider the convergent validity of not only the tested behavioral traits but also the individual stress responses. The chub also showed stress relieve through aggressiveness, suggesting the species as a prospective animal model to the study interaction between the stress and the aggressiveness. A detailed aggression ethogram of chub was provided to facilitate the use of this specie in future studies.
Retrieval practice and retention of course content in a middle school science classroom
Authors: Rowley Thomas , McCrudden Matthew T. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryWe investigated the effect of retrieval practice (i.e., the use of testing to enhance learning) by middle school students on science learning in an authentic educational setting. For initial study, all students (n = 39) read a science text and made study notes about the text, a regular study activity in their course. For restudy (2 days later), students either copied their notes or did retrieval practice. For the final test (an additional 2 days later), all students did a recall task from memory. Students in the retrieval practice condition showed better retention of information than students in the copy condition. These results add to a growing body of research on the use of retrieval practice as an effective learning tool for retention within authentic school settings.
Photo‐ and Electroluminescence from Zn‐Doped InN Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: Fairclough Simon M. , Taylor Peter N. , Smith Charles T. , Clark Pip C. J. , Skalsky Stefan , Ahumada‐Lazo Ruben , Lewis Edward A. , Tate Daniel J. , Spencer Ben F. , Burkitt‐Gray Mary , Píš Igor , Bondino Federica , Bergstrom‐Mann Patrick , Carter‐Searjeant Sadie , Turner Michael L. , Binks David , Haigh Sarah J. , Flavell Wendy R. , Curry Richard J. , Green Mark A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is a critical research need for efficient luminescent colloidal nanocrystals, free from cadmium and lead whose toxicity subjects them to usage restrictions, with applications from display devices to biology. Approaches to directly replace cadmium‐based materials have mainly focused on indium phosphide‐based nanocrystals, however these too are subject to concerns over toxicity. Few other alternatives have been found that can compete with the emission range and efficiency of Cd‐ and Pb‐based nanocrystals. Group III‐nitride nanocrystals, and their alloys, offer the exciting potential to tune bandgap energies from the ultraviolet to the near infrared yet a robust route toward efficient luminescent nitride nanocrystals is lacking. Here, the synthesis of photoluminescent indium zinc nitride quantum dots exhibiting tunable emission through the visible to near infrared spectra region, with quantum yields of up to 30% is reported. Capping the nanocrystals with both a GaN and ZnS shell significantly increases air stability and emission quantum yields. A proof‐of‐principle indium zinc nitride nanocrystal light emitting diode is also demonstrated. This work overcomes the significant challenges that have prevented the full exploration of nitride‐based semiconductor nanocrystal development, providing a new system for further exploration as a heavy‐metal free alternative to current state‐of‐the‐art materials.
Electro‐Optic Metasurfaces Based on Barium Titanate Nanoparticle Films
Authors: Karvounis Artemios , Vogler‐Neuling Viola V. , Richter Felix U. , Dénervaud Eric , Timofeeva Maria , Grange Rachel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMetal‐oxides are promising candidates to substitute silicon in intra‐chip optical interconnects, as they exhibit great electric field tuning capabilities. The development of crystal ion slicing of thin films from bulk crystals and the advances over epitaxial growth have allowed the integration of metal‐oxides on a single chip. In terms of performance, they possess strong electro‐optic response over broad bandwidths across near‐infrared. However, lattice and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch limits the compatibility with available substrates and other materials, while physical hardness makes high quality nanostructures difficult to implement. Here, a novel concept of electro‐optic (EO) switching is introduced: an adjacent BaTiO3 nanoparticle film to a plasmonic metasurface provides reflection changes up to 0.15% under 4 V of control signal for modulation frequencies up to 20 MHz, in the near‐infrared. The nanoparticle films show EO coefficients (37.04 ± 25.6 pm V−1) comparable to lithium niobate crystals, are deposited uniformly over large scale and on any type of substrate, while retain optical nonlinear properties (e.g. second‐harmonic generation). Photonic nanostructures such as metasurfaces incorporated with nanoparticle films can harness the multifunctional properties of metal‐oxides such as BaTiO3 to form a new family of switchable nano‐devices across the entire visible to near‐infrared part of the spectrum.
Novel economical three‐stage slug bubbling process in a large‐scale flat‐sheet membrane bioreactor of double deck configuration
Authors: Wang Bing , Zhang Kaisong , Field Robert W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSlug bubbling in single deck flat sheet membrane bioreactor (FSMBR) is effective in controlling membrane fouling. Here the primary focus is on the employment of the slug bubbling method, with its more economical air consumption, to a double‐deck large‐scale FSMBR with 100 membrane plates on each deck. The analysis of a new design concept shows that sufficient hydrodynamic effect could be induced by a novel economical three‐stage slug aeration process of formation‐breakup‐reformation. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was applied to examine both the development of the slug bubble and especially its reformation. It was found that the combination of a gap between two decks of 400 mm with an air velocity of 16 m/s was an optimal condition to achieve good hydrodynamic conditions in both decks. The corresponding SADm is 0.098 Nm3m−2 hr−1, which is a reduction of 66% compared to the most advanced single deck FSMBR.
[3+2]‐Cycloaddition of Catalytically Generated Pyridinium Ylide: A General Access to Indolizine Derivatives
Authors: Dong Shanliang , Fu Xiang , Xu Xinfang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPyridinium ylide is a versatile building block in synthetic organic chemistry, especially in the synthesis of N‐heterocycles. In this minireview, we have summarized the advances of [3+2]‐cycloaddition of catalytically generated pyridinium ylide for the synthesis of indolizines (since 1970s). Accordingly, the ylide discussed in this article is generated in situ from carbene precursors and N‐heteroarenes under catalytic conditions, including photocatalysis/thermocatalysis, and metal‐catalysis. The metal‐catalyzed version is the main focus, which is classified and summarized based on the type of dipolarophiles, alkyne and alkene, each class is further subdivided according to the metal catalysts used in these reactions. The analogous [3+2]‐cycloaddition of vinyl metal carbene with pyridines, the formation of pyridinium ylide with other type of carbene precursors or with different N‐heteroarenes, have been also included herein separately.
Access to Vinyl Ethers and Ketones with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents as Oxy‐Allyl Cation Synthetic Equivalents
Authors: Declas Nina , Waser Jerome 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe report an Umpolung strategy of enol ethers to generate oxy‐allyl cation equivalents based on the use of hypervalent iodine reagents. Under mild basic conditions, the addition of nucleophiles to aryloxy‐substituted vinylbenziodoxolone (VBX) reagents, easily available in two steps from silyl alkynes, resulted in the stereoselective formation of substituted aryl enol ethers. The reaction was most efficient with phenols as nucleophiles, but preliminary results were also achieved for C‐ and N‐ nucleophiles. In absence of external nucleophiles, the 2‐iodobenzoate group of the reagent was transferred. The obtained aryl enol ethers could then be transformed into α‐difunctionalized ketones by oxidation. The described “allyl cation”‐like reactivity contrast with the well‐established “vinyl‐cation” behavior of alkenyl iodonium salts.
Quantifying Through‐Space Substituent Effects
Authors: Burns Rebecca J. , Mati Ioulia K. , Muchowska Kamila B. , Adam Catherine , Cockroft Scott L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe description of substituents as electron donating or withdrawing leads to a perceived dominance of through‐bond influences. The situation is compounded by the challenge of separating through‐bond and through‐space contributions. Here, we probe the experimental significance of through‐space substituent effects in molecular interactions and reaction kinetics. Conformational equilibrium constants were transposed onto the Hammett substituent constant scale revealing dominant through‐space substituent effects that cannot be described in classic terms. For example, NO2 groups positioned over a biaryl bond exhibited similar influences as resonant electron donors. Meanwhile, the electro‐enhancing influence of OMe/OH groups could be switched off or inverted by conformational twisting. 267 conformational equilibrium constants measured across eleven solvents were found to be better predictors of reaction kinetics than calculated electrostatic potentials, suggesting utility in other contexts and for benchmarking theoretical solvation models.
Dynamic Covalent Formation of Concave Disulfide Macrocycles Mechanically Interlocked with Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Balakrishna Bugga , Menon Arjun , Cao Kecheng , Gsänger Sebastian , Beil Sebastian B. , Villalva Julia , Shyshov Oleksandr , Martin Oliver , Hirsch Andreas , Meyer Bernd , Kaiser Ute , Guldi Dirk M. , von Delius Max 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe formation of discrete macrocycles wrapped around single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has recently emerged as an appealing strategy to functionalize these carbon nanomaterials and modify their properties. Here, we demonstrate that the reversible disulfide exchange reaction, which proceeds under mild conditions, can install relatively large amounts of mechanically interlocked disulfide macrocycles on the one‐dimensional nanotubes. Size‐selective functionalization of a mixture of SWCNTs of different diameters were observed, presumably arising from error correction and the presence of relatively rigid, curved π‐systems in the key building blocks. A combination of UV/Vis/NIR, Raman, photoluminescence excitation, and transient absorption spectroscopy indicated that the small (6,4)‐SWCNTs were predominantly functionalized by the small macrocycles 12, whereas the larger (6,5)‐SWCNTs were an ideal match for the larger macrocycles 22. This size selectivity, which was rationalized computationally, could prove useful for the purification of nanotube mixtures, since the disulfide macrocycles can be removed quantitatively under mild reductive conditions.
A 13C‐Labeled Triarylmethyl Radical as an EPR Spin Probe Highly Sensitive to Molecular Tumbling
Authors: Poncelet Martin , Driesschaert Benoit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA stable triarylmethyl spin probe whose electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum is highly sensitive to molecular tumbling is reported. The strong anisotropy of the hyperfine coupling tensor with the central carbon of a 13C1‐labeled triarylmethyl radical enables the measurement of the probe rotational correlation time with applications to measure microviscosity and molecular dynamics.
Poly(propylene imine) dendrimers can bind to PEGylated albumin at PEG and albumin surface: Biophysical examination of a PEGylated platform to transport cationic dendritic nanoparticles
Authors: Ciepluch Karol , Biehl Ralf , Bryszewska Maria , Arabski Michał 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCationic dendrimers are considered one of the best drug transporters in the body. However, in order to improve their biocompatibility, modification of them is required to reduce toxicity. In this way, many dendrimers may lose their original properties, for example, anticancer. To improve biocompatibility of dendrimers, it is possible to complex them with albumin, as is done very often in drug delivery. However, the interaction of dendrimers with albumin can lead to protein structure disruption or no complexation at all. Therefore, the investigation of the interaction between cationic poly‐(propylene imine) dendrimers and polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐albumin by fluorescence, circular dichroism, small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy was carried out. Results show that cationic dendrimers bind to PEGylated albumin at PEG and albumin surfaces. The obtained results for 5k‐PEG indicate a preferential binding of the dendrimers to PEG. For 20k‐PEG binding of dendrimers to PEG and protein could induce a collapse of the PEG chain onto the protein surface. This opens up new possibilities to the use of PEGylated albumin as a platform to carry dendrimers without changing the albumin structure and improve the pharmacokinetic properties of dendrimers without further modification.
Effect of intraoperative nerve monitoring on postoperative vocal cord palsy rates after thyroidectomy: European multicentre registry-based study
Authors: Staubitz J I , Watzka F , Poplawski A , Riss P , Clerici T , Bergenfelz A , Musholt T J , Riss P , Slycke S , Iacobone M , Brunaud L , Bergenfelz A , Clerici T , Villar J , Raffaelli M , Scott-Coombes D 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) predicts the risk of vocal cord palsy (VCP). IONM can be used to adapt the surgical strategy in order to prevent bilateral VCP and associated morbidity. Controversial results have been reported in the literature for the effect of IONM on rates of VCP, and large multicentre studies are required for elucidation.MethodsPatients undergoing first-time thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease between May 2015 and January 2019, documented prospectively in the European registry EUROCRINE®, were included in a cohort study. The influence of IONM and other factors on the development of postoperative VCP was analysed using multivariable regression analysis.ResultsOf 4598 operations from 82 hospitals, 3542 (77·0 per cent) were performed in female patients. IONM was used in 4182 (91·0 per cent) of 4598 operations, independent of hospital volume. Postoperative VCP was diagnosed in 50 (1·1 per cent) of the 4598 patients. The use of IONM was associated with a lower risk of postoperative VCP in multivariable analysis (odds ratio (OR) 0·34, 95 per cent c.i. 0·16 to 0·73). Damage to the RLN noted during surgery (OR 24·77, 12·91 to 48·07) and thyroiditis (OR 2·03, 1·10 to 3·76) were associated with an increased risk of VCP. Higher hospital volume correlated with a lower rate of VCP (OR 0·05, 0·01 to 0·13).ConclusionUse of IONM was associated with a low rate of postoperative VCP.
Manganese Metaphosphate Mn(PO3)2 as a High‐Performance Negative Electrode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xia Qingbo , Naeyaert Pierre J. P. , Avdeev Maxim , Schmid Siegbert , Liu Hongwei , Johannessen Bernt , Ling Chris D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe report a novel negative conversion electrode material, manganese (II) metaphosphate Mn(PO3)2. This compound can be synthesized by a facile solid‐state method, and after carbon‐coating delivers an attractively high reversible capacity of 477 mAh/g at 0.1 C and 385 mAh/g at 1 C. We investigated the reaction mechanism with a combination of ex situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, in situ X‐ray diffraction, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. We observed a direct conversion process by monitoring the first discharge in operando, in which Mn(PO3)2 reacts with Li to give fusiform Mn nanograins a few Ångstroms in width, embedded in a matrix of lithium conducting LiPO3 glass. Due to the fine nanostructures of the conversion products, this conversion reaction is completely reversible.
A Simple Aqueous Battery with Potential for Scalable Energy Storage Based on MnO2 Deposition at the Cathode and a Quinoid‐Modified Activated Carbon Anode
Authors: Liu Yongchuan , Lin Junhong , Miao Xiaofei , Chen Yuanqiang , Zhang Xiangxin , Chen Sujing , Chen Chengwei , Wang Wei , Zhang Yining 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSearching for new materials and battery architecture is highly essential for developing scalable energy storage systems with good reliability, low cost, long cycle life, and high power density. Here, we report the fabrication of a simple and cheap aqueous battery with potential for low‐cost energy storage. In this battery, a quinoid‐modified activated carbon (AC‐AQS) electrode is adopted as the anode and a porous carbon felt is exploited as the current collector in the cathode for reversible MnO2 deposition (MnO2‐C) from Mn2+ in the electrolyte. This MnO2‐C/AC‐AQS battery delivers an outstanding power density (4.4 kW kg−1), excellent cycling stability (99.9 % of the maximum discharge capacity is maintained after 10 000 cycles), and limited self‐discharging. A maximum energy density of 102.5 Wh kg−1 under the charging capacity of 1.2 mAh cm−2 is achieved. Moreover, owing to the ultrafast redox kinetics of cathode and anode, it can be charged to 0.8 mAh cm−2 within 57.6 s, demonstrating excellent rate capability.
Importance of Electrode Tailoring in the Coupling of Electrolysis with Renewable Energy
Authors: García‐Orozco Violeta M. , Millán Maria , Lobato Justo , Fernández‐Marchante Carmen M. , Roa‐Morales Gabriela , Linares‐Hernández Ivonne , Natividad Reyna , Rodrigo Manuel A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this work, it has been evaluated how the performance of an electrolyzer, used to treat a clopyralid waste and directly powered without regulation by a battery, is influenced by the electrodes resistance. Electrolyzers were equipped with electrodes consisting of the same boron‐doped diamond (BDD) coating deposited on different substrate (Si, Ta and Nb). The results expose great differences despite using the same coating. Faster removal rates were attained with Ta‐ and Nb‐BDD electrodes. The amount of energy required to attain the same removal efficiency showed great differences. Up to 1.95 mg/Wh of pesticide were removed when using Si, compared to 2.14 mg/Wh removed with Ta. Furthermore, the quantity and strength of the generated oxidants were also quite different. 86.78 mmol of oxidants were needed to remove a gram of pesticide with Ta‐BDD and 30.57 mmol with Si‐BDD. Therefore, the electrode resistance is an important aspect that must be considered in order to get a suitable design of energy storage systems that allow the green photovoltaic powering of electrochemical technologies using conventional batteries as a booster to ensure a continuous operation.
Carbene‐Induced Rescue of Catalytic Activity in Deactivated Nitrite Reductase Mutant
Authors: Planchestainer Matteo , McMaster Jonathan , Schulz Christine , Paradisi Francesca , Albrecht Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe role of His145 in the T1 copper center of nitrite reductase (NiR) is pivotal for the activity of the enzyme. Mutation to a glycine at this position enables the reconstitution of the T1 center by the addition of imidazole as exogenous ligands, however the catalytic activity is only marginally rescued. Here, we demonstrate that the uptake of 1,3‐dimethylimidazolylidene as N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) by the H145G NiR mutant instead of imidazole yields a significantly more active catalyst, suggesting a beneficial role of such C‐bonding. Spectroscopic analyses of the formed H145G≈NHC variant as well as an analogue without the catalytic T2 copper center reveal no significant alteration of the T1 site compared to the wild type or the variant containing imidazole as exogenous N‐bound surrogate of H145. However, the presence of the carbene doubles the catalytic activity of the mutant compared to the imidazole variant. This enhanced activity has been attributed to a faster electron transfer to the T1 center in the NHC variant and a concomitant change of the rate‐limiting step.