bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Larvae Collected From Vegetation in the Coastal Wildlife Corridor of Southern Texas and Research Solutions for Integrated Eradication
Authors: Osbrink Weste L A , Showler Allan T , Abrigo Veronica , Pérez de León Adalberto A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The potential for reinvasion of the United States by cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini), which remain established in Mexico, threatens the viability of the domestic livestock industry because these ticks vector the causal agents (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) of bovine babesiosis. The Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program safeguards the health of the national cattle herd preventing the reemergence of bovine babesiosis by keeping the United States free of cattle fever ticks. Here, the collection of free-living southern cattle tick, R. microplus, larvae by sweeping flannel flags over vegetation in the wildlife corridor of Cameron and Willacy Counties, TX, is reported. Finding R. microplus larvae on vegetation complements reports of infestations in wildlife hosts inhabiting the southern Texas coastal plains. Land uses and environmental conditions have changed since cattle fever ticks were eradicated from the United States by 1943. These changes complicate efforts by the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program to keep cattle in the United States free of the cattle fever tick disease vectors. Current scientific research on technologies that could be used for area-wide management of fever tick larvae in south Texas and how this could be applied to integrated eradication efforts are discussed.
Geographical Genetic Variation and Sources of Korean Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations
Authors: Lee EunJung , Yang Seong-Chan , Kim Tae-Kyu , Noh Byung-Eon , Lee Hak Seon , Kim Hyunwoo , Roh Jong Yul , Lee Wook-Gyo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is a mosquito vector raising global health concerns owing to its transmission of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. This vector accounts for a large proportion of the Korean mosquito community; however, autochthonous clinical cases resulting from this species remain unreported in South Korea. This study aimed to examine the geographical genetic variations and sources of Ae. albopictus populations in South Korea exclusively on the basis of COI gene analysis from 292 samples collected from 37 localities in 2016–2018 and 290 reference sequences from GenBank. Thirty-eight haplotypes were identified among the 292 Ae. albopictus samples, with H1 (n = 190, 65.1%), H29 (n = 24, 8.22%), and H32 (n = 24, 8.22%) being the most common and widely distributed haplotypes in the mainland, southern coastal region, and Jeju Island, respectively. In general, high haplotype (≥0.5; 44.7%) and low nucleotide (≤0.00148 max.) diversity were observed in these populations. Based on eight regional groups, results of neutral tests and a mismatch analysis supported demographic expansions after bottlenecks. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance, FST, and K2P distance showed that Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeju Island, and mainland groups were genetically differentiated. Haplotype network and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sources of the main haplotypes are related to strains from other countries. The current findings need to be validated with additional sampling from heterogeneous habitats and different genetic markers. However, our results suggest that haplotype changes should be closely monitored for efficient vector surveillance and control.
Do Children Interpret ‘or’ Conjunctively?
Authors: Skordos Dimitrios , Feiman Roman , Bale Alan , Barner David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPreschoolers often struggle to compute scalar implicatures involving disjunction (or), in which they are required to strengthen an utterance by negating stronger alternatives, e.g. to infer that, ‘The girl has an apple or an orange’ likely means she does not have both. However, recent reports surprisingly find that a substantial subset of children interpret disjunction as conjunction, concluding instead that the girl must have both fruits. According to these studies, children arrive at conjunctive readings not because they have a non-adult-like semantics, but because they lack access to the stronger scalar alternative and, and employ doubly exhaustified disjuncts when computing implicatures. Using stimuli modelled on previous studies, we test English-speaking preschoolers and replicate the finding that many children interpret or conjunctively. However, we speculate that conditions which replicate this finding may be pragmatically infelicitous, such that results do not offer a valid test of children’s semantic competence. We show that when disjunctive statements are uttered in contexts that render the speaker’s intended question more transparent, conjunctive readings disappear almost entirely.
Wives for the Wounded: Marriage Mediation for Japanese Disabled Veterans during World War II
Authors: Pennington Lee K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Japan’s armed invasion of China in July 1937 catalyzed the creation of new welfare services for the rapidly escalating number of Japanese disabled veterans. Among those reforms was the emergence of public and private marriage mediation services that aimed to introduce potential brides to disabled veterans and create independent households for men with severe war injuries. Acting through the Greater Japan Disabled Veterans Association and Patriotic Women’s Association, the Japanese state established formal procedures for arranging such marriages. Concurrently, private matchmakers created marriage mediation services expressly for disabled veterans. Public and private marriage mediation efforts sought the multifaceted rehabilitation of disabled veterans and contributed to total war mobilization on the Japanese home front. In the process, wartime marriage mediation for disabled veterans reinforced contemporary social customs and gender norms by positioning women within married households to support their husbands. However, women possessed an extraordinary degree of personal agency because their consent was needed to produce marriages intended to benefit wounded servicemen and the war effort. This essay examines the origins of marriage mediation services for Japanese disabled veterans as well as popular wartime depictions of such endeavors and their female participants.
Automatically extracted parallel corpora enriched with highly useful metadata? A Wikipedia case study combining machine learning and social technology
Authors: Aghaebrahimian Ahmad , Stauder Andy , Ustaszewski Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The extraction of large amounts of multilingual parallel text from web resources is a widely used technique in natural language processing. However, automatically collected parallel corpora usually lack precise metadata, which are crucial to accurate data analysis and interpretation. The combination of automated extraction procedures and manual metadata enrichment may help address this issue. Wikipedia is a promising candidate for the exploration of the potential of said combination of methods because it is a rich source of translations in a large number of language pairs and because its open and collaborative nature makes it possible to identify and contact the users who produce translations. This article tests to what extent translated texts automatically extracted from Wikipedia by means of neural networks can be enriched with pertinent metadata through a self-submission-based user survey. Special emphasis is placed on data usefulness, defined in terms of a catalogue of previously established assessment criteria, most prominently metadata quality. The results suggest that from a quantitative perspective, the proposed methodology is capable of capturing metadata otherwise not available. At the same time, the crowd-based collection of data and metadata may face important technical and social limitations.
Lagrangian coherent structures in the planar parabolic/hyperbolic restricted three-body problem
Authors: Qu Qingyu , Lin Mingpei , Xu Ming 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
It is clarified that the parabolic/hyperbolic restricted three-body problem (PRTBP/HRTBP) can be adopted to provide a simple description of the dynamics of fly-by asteroids or the close encounters between different galaxies. For these reasons, PRTBP and HRTBP have been investigated for long intervals of time. However, they are quite different from the circular restricted three-body problem due to the time-dependent and non-periodic dynamics. The Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs), as a useful tool to analyse the time-dependent dynamical system, could be applied to explain some mechanics of the PRTBP and HRTBP. In this paper, we verify the invariant manifolds on the boundary manifolds of PRTBP by analysing the LCSs in proper Poincaré sections, which shows that it works in such a non-periodic problem. One of the contributions is to investigate the LCSs in the complete phase space of PRTBP, and then some natural escape and capture trajectories from or to the two main bodies can be obtained in this way. Another contribution is to establish and study the dynamics of HRTBP and its boundary. The LCSs can be introduced into this system, reasonably, to work as the analogues of the invariant manifolds, and the similar natural escape and capture trajectories corresponding to the two main bodies can also be obtained in the complete phase space of HRTBP. As a typical technique applied to fluid, flows to identify transport barriers in the time-dependent system, the LCSs provide an effective way to determine the time-dependent analogues of invariant manifolds for the PRTBP/HRTBP.
Towards uterus tissue engineering: a comparative study of sheep uterus decellularisation
Authors: Tiemann T T , Padma A M , Sehic E , Bäckdahl H , Oltean M , Song M J , Brännström M , Hellström M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Uterus tissue engineering may dismantle limitations in current uterus transplantation protocols. A uterine biomaterial populated with patient-derived cells could potentially serve as a graft to circumvent complicated surgery of live donors, immunosuppressive medication and rejection episodes. Repeated uterine bioengineering studies on rodents have shown promising results using decellularised scaffolds to restore fertility in a partially impaired uterus and now mandate experiments on larger and more human-like animal models. The aim of the presented studies was therefore to establish adequate protocols for scaffold generation and prepare for future in vivo sheep uterus bioengineering experiments. Three decellularisation protocols were developed using vascular perfusion through the uterine artery of whole sheep uteri obtained from slaughterhouse material. Decellularisation solutions used were based on 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (Protocol 1) or 2% sodium deoxycholate (Protocol 2) or with a sequential perfusion of 2% sodium deoxycholate and 1% Triton X-100 (Protocol 3). The scaffolds were examined by histology, extracellular matrix quantification, evaluation of mechanical properties and the ability to support foetal sheep stem cells after recellularisation. We showed that a sheep uterus can successfully be decellularised while maintaining a high integrity of the extracellular components. Uteri perfused with sodium deoxycholate (Protocol 2) were the most favourable treatment in our study based on quantifications. However, all scaffolds supported stem cells for 2 weeks in vitro and showed no cytotoxicity signs. Cells continued to express markers for proliferation and maintained their undifferentiated phenotype. Hence, this study reports three valuable decellularisation protocols for future in vivo sheep uterus bioengineering experiments.
Optimizing eligibility criteria and clinical trial conduct to enhance clinical trial participation for primary brain tumor patients
Authors: Lee Eudocia Q , Weller Michael , Sul Joohee , Bagley Stephen J , Sahebjam Solmaz , van den Bent Martin , Ahluwalia Manmeet , Campian Jian L , Galanis Evanthia , Gilbert Mark R , Holdhoff Matthias , Lesser Glenn J , Lieberman Frank S , Mehta Minesh P , Penas-Prado Marta , Schreck Karisa C , Strowd Roy E , Vogelbaum Michael A , Walbert Tobias , Chang Susan M , Nabors L Burt , Grossman Stuart , Reardon David A , Wen Patrick Y 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBuilding on an initiative to enhance clinical trial participation involving the Society for Neuro-Oncology, the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Working Group, patient advocacy groups, clinical trial cooperative groups, and other partners, we evaluate the impact of eligibility criteria and trial conduct on neuro-oncology clinical trial participation. Clinical trials often carry forward eligibility criteria from prior studies that may be overly restrictive and unnecessary and needlessly limit patient accrual. Inclusion and exclusion criteria should be evaluated based on the goals and design of the study and whether they impact patient safety and/or treatment efficacy. In addition, we evaluate clinical trial conduct as a barrier to accrual and discuss strategies to minimize such barriers for neuro-oncology trials.
Compliance in Controlled E-cigarette Studies
Authors: Rebuli Meghan E , Liu Feifei , Urman Robert , Barrington-Trimis Jessica L , Eckel Sandrah P , McConnell Rob , Jaspers Ilona 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Introduction
E-cigarette studies have found that the use of a variety of flavors and customizable devices results in greater use frequency and user satisfaction. However, standardized research e-cigarettes are being developed as closed systems with limited flavor options, potentially limiting user satisfaction. In this study, we explore protocol compliance in an e-cigarette study using a standardized, assigned device with puff time and duration tracking (controlled e-cigarette) and potential limitations that controlled devices and e-liquids can introduce.

Methods
In a crossover study, 49 young adult e-cigarette users were recruited using convenience sampling and assigned a controlled e-cigarette device and flavored or unflavored e-liquids on standardized protocols. E-cigarette use frequency (number of puffs per day, collected from the device) and serum cotinine levels were obtained at each of three study visits over 3 weeks. The correlation of cotinine and e-cigarette use over the preceding week was calculated at each study visit.

Results
Correlation of nicotine intake, as measured by serum cotinine, and puff time, as measured by puffs count and duration from the e-cigarette device, as an indicator of study protocol compliance, substantially declined after the first week of the study and were no longer correlated in the remaining study weeks (R2 = 0.53 and p ≤ .01 in week 1, R2 &lt; 0.5 and p &gt; .05 for remaining weeks).

Conclusions
There is an emerging need for controlled e-cigarette exposures studies, but low compliance in the use of assigned devices and e-liquids may be a limitation that needs to be mitigated in future studies.

Implications
This study is the first to analyze compliance with instructions to use a standardized e-cigarette device with puff time and duration tracking (controlled e-cigarette) across all subjects and an assigned e-liquid flavor over a 3-week period. We find that protocol compliance, as measured by correlations between e-cigarette use measures and cotinine levels, was only achieved in the first week of the study and declined thereafter. These findings indicate that the assignment of a study device and instruction to only use the study device with assigned e-liquid flavor may not be sufficient to ensure participant compliance with the study protocol. We suggest that additional measures, including behavioral and biological markers, are needed to ensure sole use of the study e-cigarette and e-liquid and to be able to interpret results from controlled e-cigarette studies.
Public Characters
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Admirable heroes, threatening villains, innocent victims, and ridiculous minions have long been central to politics and related strategic arenas. These public characters populate the dramas through which people understand those around them, and they are important because of the emotions felt toward them. Public Characters shows the work that goes into these reputations, through words, images, and sounds. Whether it is Garibaldi’s role in Italian nation-building or Donald Trump’s vicious epithets for opponents, this book takes an interdisciplinary look at this important aspect of culture and politics. The stories people tell move audiences only because of the characters in them.
The Art of the Word
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Words are the main tool with which we construct characters, especially in literary narratives. Opening with Shakespeare’s King John, this chapter looks at narrative theory, epidictic rhetoric, public relations, and theater to show how characters are constructed in literary and other genres. Traditional characters are often considered “flat,” but even those stereotyped portrayals have many uses. They have faded somewhat in literature but are still crucial to political reputations. They embody what we fear and hate, admire and love, respect or pity.
The Psychology of Creating Persons
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Starting from the hero Jon Snow, in Game of Thrones, this chapter turns to several traditions of psychology to show the cognitive processes by which people put together small pieces of information in order to see others as “persons.” Public characters are a prominent special case of this process. According to affect control theory, strength, morality, and activity represent three basic dimensions along which people judge others—and build them into characters in public arenas. People make snap judgments about others’ morality and strength, and move away from these judgments reluctantly and slowly in the face of contrary evidence. People tend to see more consistency and coherence in others than the evidence warrants.
Arenas of Character Work
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how institutional environments elicit and shape character work. Their reputed characters help or hinder players in a range of strategic arenas. This chapter explores the founding of nations, mobilization for war, corporate public relations, protest movements, elections, and legal proceedings for the nuances of character work in each of them. The media and politics often intersect, especially to stoke outrage through the identification of villains. Rumors, scandals, and gossip affect characters in subtle and sometimes sudden ways. The character work in these public arenas shows how much is at stake in the politics of reputation and blame.
We Fear Villains
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents villains as part of a typology of primary characters including heroes, villains, victims, and minions. Within this framework, villains are bad and powerful. They can be cruel, arrogant, greedy, hypocritical, sacrilegious. They are also secretive. This heightens people’s sense of urgency in stopping them, generates collective identities forged against the evil outsiders, and places god-fearing citizens in the role of protective heroes prepared for sacrifice. People construct villains for the powerful emotions they inspire in audiences who fear and hate them. They focus blame, transforming anxiety and frustration into indignation and purpose. Demonizing opponents is one of the oldest political strategies, and still plays a role in politics today. Character workers exaggerate their opponents’ strength, malevolence, and activity levels. They may be either superhuman or subhuman, but urgent action is required to thwart them. They are always busy, looking for weaknesses.
We Pity Victims
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents victims as part of a typology of primary characters including heroes, villains, victims and minions. The same attributes that make heroes appear strong also make victims—who lack them—appear weak: a soft or feeble physique, small size, a lack of experience, intelligence, wisdom, wealth, offices, or special skills. Victims cannot protect themselves or maneuver in the political realm or other strategic arenas. They must be good, and are therefore also innocent. Victims can arouse pity, horror, and indignation in audiences. But those very emotions can make them seem something less than human. Victimhood creates a gap between viewer and viewed, objectifying the victim and freezing her outside the possibility of will or reasoned action. They lack agency. Victimhood is thus a risky self-presentation, as with victims of rape or abuse who are sometimes criticized for not having done enough to save themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The conclusion looks at how public characters offer lesson to understand culture more generally. It includes a critique from Robert Zussman and a response to that critique. Zussman challenges the claim that social and political life inevitably involves character work. And when it does, he strongly doubts it is a good thing. The simplifications of characters do not contribute to rich and reasoned political debates, they short-circuit them. He finds the tone of Public Characters too positive about the role characters can play in public life. The conclusion responds by defending the claim of inevitability. It is hard to imagine political arguments without characters. Characters streamline meaning, but they are not always so simple after all. They evoke emotions that can inspire action and draw new voices into public debate. Like all tools, characters can be used to harm others, but understanding how characterization works can only help everyone.
The Death of the Welfare State and the Rise of Free-Market Family Policy
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how, in the last decades of the twentieth century, the United States abandoned its view that insulating families from harm by market forces was a basic function of government. This shift began in the early 1970s. At that time, it had looked like the government would move further toward protecting families by enacting two proposed pieces of legislation: a guaranteed income plan for families with children and universal daycare. Both plans ultimately failed, however. Their failure was partly a product of happenstance, but two other forces were also at work. The first of these was the growing—but false—belief that government support for families weakened them, whereas markets made them strong. The second was the rising racist—and equally false—belief that the majority of government benefits were going to undeserving African Americans. These forces coalesced in the passage of welfare reform in 1996 and gave rise to the free-market family policy we have today.