bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
300 Efficacy of the measurements of the vaginal electrical resistance to determine the phase of the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Maquivar Martin G , Swain John , Chiapetta Hannah , Stumvoll Tynnetta , Baker Katelin , Marchesseault Grace , Miller Andrew , Friend Michael , Connett Marie , Patil Parvati 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Estrus detection in dairy cattle is an important factor that contributes to the reproductive efficiency. Lack and inaccuracy of heat detection are associated with increased days open, calving interval, economic loss and culling due to infertility. Efforts have been made to identify methods to assist in estrus detection. The objective of this study was to examine if vaginal electrical resistance (VER) measured by a commercial probe throughout the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows aids to determine the onset of estrus. A total of 9 lactating Holstein cows were monitored for 2 – 3 estrous cycles, ultrasonography of the ovary, blood sample for progesterone and VER was assessed every other day during the luteal phase (LUT) and every day during the follicular phase (FOL). A total of 339 VER measurements were collected, 66 during the FOL phase and 273 corresponded to the LUT phase. Mean VER differed (P &lt; 0.001) between FOL (294.5 ± 51.3) and LUT (316.4 ± 46.2), similarly the progesterone concentration was different between the LUT and FOL phases (0.38 ± 0.24 ng/mL vs. 3.41 ± 2.08 ng/mL, respectively) (P &lt; 0.001). No differences were observed between the vaginal temperature of cows in LUT (38.2 ± 0.4 C°) or FOL phase (38.3 ± 0.3 C°). Cervix diameter differed (P &lt; 0.01) between FOL (35.9 ± 3.8 mm) and LUT (34.5 ± 3.4mm), VER has a significant relation (P &lt; 0.001) with the diameter of the Corpus luteum (279.8 + 1.54 x Cervix diameter). Similarly, VER had a significant relationship (P = 0.03) with diameter of the dominant follicle at estrus (355.2 + -3.9 x follicle diameter). These findings suggest that VER changes according to the phase of the estrous cycle, VER decreased during sexual receptivity and increased during the luteal phase. VER may improve the accuracy to diagnose heat in dairy cows.
399 The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation improves animal performance of Nellore cattle grazed in tropical grass
Authors: Gouvêa Vinicius N , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Acedo Tiago S , Tamassia Luis Fernando 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (HyD®) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of grazing Nellore beef cattle. Eighty finishing Nellore bulls were equally distributed according initial BW (437 ± 4.93 kg) in ten Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés paddocks (8 bulls per paddock) using a randomized complete block design with five replicates (paddocks) per treatment. Experiment was conducted in two phases during dry season, from August to November 2017. Phase 1 consisted in all animals receiving the same basal concentrate for 33 days. In phase 2, animals received the treatments for the following 63 days: 1) Control (basal concentrate, no HyD®) or 2) HyD (basal concentrate + 1mg of HyD®/bull/day). The basal concentrate (18% CP and 80% TDN) was formulated to have 82.0% ground corn, 12.0% soybean meal and 6.0% mineral-vitamin supplement (as % DM), being daily offered to bulls at 7.0 kg/animal/day in collective feeders located at each paddock. Final BW (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated for phase 1, 2 and total period, while supplement intake, hot carcass weight (HCW) and dressing percentage was evaluated for total period only. Mineral-vitamin supplement and HyD® were provided by DSM Nutritional Products. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS® 9.3, with each paddock considered one experimental unit and values declared significant when P &lt; 0.10. There was no treatment effect on phase 1 in FBW and ADG, as expected. In phase 2, treatment effects were observed for HyD in FBW (562.75 vs. 568.70; P = 0.094) and ADG (1.350 vs. 1.437 kg/day; P = 0.029) over the control group, respectively. Moreover, the total period ADG was greater for HyD treatment (1.311 vs. 1.375; P = 0.095). No effects were observed in carcass characteristics and concentrate intake. In conclusion, HyD® improves animal performance of Nellore beef cattle grazed in tropical conditions.
407 Effects of calcium-ammonium nitrate on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a wheat forage based substrate
Authors: Doblado Andrea O , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Espinoza-Rock Nadira J , Dias Evandro , Sandes Michael , Araujo Rafael C , Ciriaco Francine M , Sarturi Jhones O , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Henry Darren D 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate in vitro ruminal total gas and methane production, N-NH3 concentration, and digestibility of wheat forage when incubated with calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN). The in vitro fermentation consisted of 50 mL of a 4:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum and 0.7 g of substrate [DM; wheat (Triticum aestivum; 100%) or wheat:corn (88:12)] incubated for 48 h. Batches were incubated on 4 separate days. Treatments included: 1) wheat (W); 2) wheat + corn (WC); 3) WC + 2% CAN in the substrate DM (WCN); and 4) WC + 0.67% UREA in the substrate DM (WCU). Treatments WCN and WCU were isonitrogenous. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was determined after incubation for 48 h with inoculum, followed by a 48 h incubation with HCl and pepsin solutions. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of day (block). Batch was considered the experimental unit. Total gas production was reduced by WCN compared with WCU (P = 0.049) and WC (P = 0.001). The addition of corn without NPN increased (P = 0.004) total gas production compared to wheat. An increased (P = 0.009) IVOMD was observed for WC compared to W, while no differences (P = 0.416) were observed between WCN and WCU. Ammonia-N concentration was not different (P = 0.463) between WCN and WCU; and the inclusion of NPN increased (P ≤ 0.026) NH3-N concentration compared to W. Methane production (mmol/g OM fermented) was lesser (P &lt; 0.001) for WCN compared to WCU. Total VFA concentration and acetate:propionate were not affected by treatment (P &gt; 0.05). Therefore, CAN can potentially be used as a NPN source with the additional benefit of in vitro methane mitigation without negatively affecting IVOMD or total VFA concentration.
PSVI-34 Evaluating the impact of two Bacillus probiotic strains in commercial sows and their litters
Authors: García Mireia Saladrigas , Oriol David Solà , Vergé Sergi López , Sorrento Agustina Rodríguez , Nielsen Bea , Hernández José Francisco Pérez , Orúe Susana María Martín 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The effect of long-term administration of two different Bacillus strains was tested on 90 breeding sows (Landrace x Yorkshire) that were randomly allotted into three treatments: a control group (CON), supplemented with 5x108 cfu/kg B. subtilis 25841 (PR1), or 5x108 cfu/kg B. amyloliquefaciens 25840 (PR2). Reproductive parameters were registered along three reproductive full cycles. Fecal samples were taken along the third cycle from the sows (on days 8 and 21 of lactation) and from the piglets (on days 21 and 33 (12 post-weaning)). Fecal microbiota was analyzed by sequencing the 16S RNA gene (Illumina MiSeq®) and jejunum samples, obtained from piglets on day 21, analyzed for gene expression (52 genes by OpenArray® plate). Supplemented sows showed higher number of born piglets per litter (P = 0.01) and PR2 sows a higher number of born alive (P = 0.01). Regarding sows’ fecal microbiota, changes were found in community structure (ANOSIM test, P = 0.08) with changes at phylum level (Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes: 3.7, 5.3 and 4.6 for CON, PR1 & PR2, P = 0.10) and at family level (Prevotellaceae: 9.4, 7.3, 7.3% (P = 0.03) and Ruminococcaceae: 16.1, 13.1, 13.7% (P = 0.04)). Several genera were also modified including Prevotella, Ruminococcus and Megasphaera. Regarding the microbiota of piglets, the administration of probiotics to their mothers was associated to structural changes in piglets’ fecal community during lactation (PEnvfit=0.05) but not after weaning, although relevant changes were observed between both periods (PEnvfit&lt; 0.001). The expression of different genes was clearly modified by weaning but we were not able to detect changes related to the probiotic in any of the genes analyzed. In conclusion, the addition of B. subtilis 25841 and B. amyloliquefaciens 25840 were shown to enhance the sow reproductive performance in terms of prolificacy, with a clear impact on the gut microbial ecosystem of the sows and shifts in the microbiota structure of suckling piglets.
PSI-23 In vitro fermentation characteristics for Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and Medusahead (Taeniatherum caputmedusae L.) harvested on Idaho rangeland in different seasons
Authors: Jensen Scott , Myers Cheyanne A , Chibisa Gwinyai 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Grazing could be used to control invasive grass species on rangeland. However, the characterization of the seasonal changes in the nutritive value of the invasive grass species will enable the development of targeted grazing strategies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the in vitro fermentation characteristics of Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and Medusahead (Taeniatherum caputmedusae L.) harvested on Idaho rangeland. Forage samples were collected from the Reynold Creek watershed (Owyhee county, ID) in summer (June 2018), fall (September 2018) and winter (January 2019). A batch culture system was then used to evaluate volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (6 h), and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and NDF digestibility (IVNDFD; 24 h and 48 h). All data was analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no season or grass species effect (P ≥ 0.24) on total VFA concentration and the molar proportion of acetate. However, there was a season × grass species interaction (P = 0.04) for the molar proportion of propionate; it was higher for cheatgrass than medusahead in summer, but not in winter and fall. Both season and grass species had no effect (P ≥ 0.11) on the molar proportions of butyrate, valerate, and total branch chain VFA. There was a season × grass species interaction for 24 and 48 h IVDMD and 24 h IVNDFD (Table 1). In addition, 48 h IVNDFD was greater (P &lt; 0.01) when grasses were harvested during the summer compared to the fall and winter seasons. In summary, although there were no differences across invasive grass species when harvested during the fall and winter seasons, the molar proportion of propionate, 24 and 48 h IVDMD and 24 h IVNDFD were greater for cheatgrass compared to medusahead when harvested in summer.
PSIII-22 Chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of ancient grains using canine fecal inoculum
Authors: Traughber Zac , He Fei , Hoke Jolene , Davenport Gary , Godoy Maria R C de 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In recent years, ancient grains have become popular sources of novel carbohydrates and fiber in pet foods. End-products of microbial fermentation (e.g. short-chain fatty acids) have been shown to be beneficial to the canine microbiome and overall host health. However, limited research exists on the fermentation characteristics of these increasingly popular grains. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the fermentative characteristics of select ancient grains in vitro using canine fecal inoculum. Five ancient grains, amaranth (AM), millet white proso (MWP), oat groats (OG), quinoa (QU), red millet (RM), were evaluated and compared to cellulose (CEL) and beet pulp (BP). Triplicate samples of each substrate were initially subjected to partial digestion of starch and protein to mimic in vivo conditions. They were then fermented for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours. All test substrates had acetate concentrations similar to that of BP after 6, 9, and 12 hrs. Amaranth, OG, and QU had significantly greater butyrate concentrations than BP and CEL after 6 hours, with all test ingredients having significantly higher butyrate concentrations after 9 and 12 hours. pH decreased significantly after 6 hours with further decreases seen after 9 and 12 hours for all substrates, except CEL. Amaranth, MWP, OG, and RM showed significantly greater pH reductions than CEL and BP, with QU performing similarly to BP. Overall, ancient grains show a moderate and beneficial fermentative profile with greater concentrations of butyrate compared with BP; a traditional and moderate fermentable fiber source used in pet foods. Future research should evaluate these substrates and their blends on gastrointestinal health and fecal quality in vivo.
PSV-37 Relationships among carcass and sensory traits, auction price, and computer image analysis traits of marbling characteristics in Korean beef cattle
Authors: Seok-Hyeon Beak , Park Seung Ju , Fassah Dilla , Kim Hyun Jin , Lee Hyun Jung , Jo Cheorun , Baik Myunggi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study examined relationships among carcass and sensory traits, auction price, and computer image analysis (CIA) traits of marbling characteristics in Korean cattle beef. In experiment 1, 43 Korean cattle steers reared in similar feeding conditions were slaughtered at 34 months of age, and carcass traits were evaluated by official meat graders. Carcass auction prices were determined by wholesalers. Cross-sectional photographs of the beef were taken at the 13th thoracic vertebra using beef carcass photography equipment. Image files were analyzed for marbling characteristics using Beef Analyzer II software. Longissimus thoracis (LT) samples obtained after carcass grading were analyzed for sensory traits. Correlations among several variables were analyzed using either Pearson’s correlation or Spearman’s correlation analysis. Marbling score and quality grade (QG) had strong positive correlations (0.63 ≤ r ≤ 0.88, P &lt; 0.01) with several CIA traits, including number of coarse marbling particles (MPs), number of fine MPs, and fineness index. Auction price had strong positive correlations (0.69 ≤ r ≤ 0.76, P &lt; 0.01) with these CIA traits. Most sensory traits were not correlated with CIA traits. In experiment 2, 267 additional LT images photographed at the slaughter house were used for correlation analysis between auction price and CIA traits within an individual QG class [QGs 1 (middle), 1+, and 1++ (best)]. Carcass auction price was positively correlated (0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.51, P &lt; 0.01) with number of coarse MPs, number of fine MPs, and fineness index in both QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. Overall, marbling score and QG had positive correlations with several CIA traits of marbling characteristics. Carcass auction price had positive correlations with CIA traits in QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. In conclusion, a CIA method after modification could be incorporated into current beef quality grading systems.
PSIX-22 Effects of betaine supplementation on growth performance, muscle amino acid contents, meat quality and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs
Authors: Chen Rui , Wen Chao , Chen Yueping , Zhuang Su , Zhou Yanmin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of betaine supplementation on growth performance, muscle amino acid contents, meat quality and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs. A total of 144 crossbred barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) weighing about 69 kg were divided into three groups with six replicates of eight pigs each for a 60-day feeding trial. Pigs were fed a maize-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1 or 1.5 g/kg betaine, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS software, and the differences among treatments were examined by Tukey’s test, which were considered to be significant at P &lt; 0.05. The results showed that the feed conversion ratio tended to be improved (P = 0.081) by betaine supplementation. Compared with the control, 1.5 g/kg betaine supplementation significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) the contents of methionine, glutamate and total non-essential amino acid in thigh muscle, but the amino acid contents in loin muscle were not affected by betaine supplementation. The 24-h and 48-h drip loss of thigh muscle and the content of malondialdehyde in loin muscle were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by 1 g/kg betaine inclusion, and the 24-h redness values of loin and thigh muscles were increased (P &lt; 0.05) by 1.5 g/kg betaine inclusion. Moreover, both levels of betaine significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) 24-h pH value and the activity of total superoxide dismutase of loin and thigh muscles. Overall, this study indicated that 1.5 g/kg betaine supplementation could increase the contents of methionine, glutamate and total non-essential amino acid in thigh muscle rather than loin muscle, and betaine supplementation was beneficial to improve meat quality and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs.

1SEM, total standard error of means (n = 6)
PSVII-34 Digestibility and growth performance of growing pigs, fed corn or wheat diets supplemented with xylanase
Authors: Wightman Dakota L , Beaulieu Denise A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Corn and wheat contribute variable amounts of arabinoxylans (AX) to swine rations. Xylanase hydrolyzes AX into smaller oligosaccharides, potentially improving nutrient digestibility or fermentation. This experiment was designed to determine the response of growing pigs to exogenous xylanase supplementation in either a corn or wheat based diet. Two hundred pigs (7.99±2.8kg), 5 pigs/pen, 40 pens in 2 blocks (n = 10) were assigned to one of four treatments for 140±7d. Treatments, arranged in a 2x2 factorial, included grain (corn/wheat based) and xylanase (±0.01%,16 000 BXU/kg) as main effects. Pigs were on a five-phase feeding program; diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic within each phase. Growth and feed intake were determined weekly. Fecal samples were collected in phases two, four, and five. Growth, feed intake and feed efficiency were unaffected by xylanase (P &gt; 0.10). Except for phase one, pigs receiving corn had improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI relative to wheat; while G:F was improved only in the second phase (P &lt; 0.05). Gross energy digestibility was higher in corn (88.2%) than wheat (87.2%) diets in the nursery phase (P &lt; 0.05). In the finisher phase, xylanase improved energy digestibility of wheat diets (grain*xylanase, P &lt; 0.05). During the nursery phase, percent fecal acetic acid was decreased with xylanase in corn; but increased in wheat diets (grain*xylanase, P &lt; 0.05). Conversely, fecal isobutyric, butyric and isovaleric acid were decreased with xylanase in wheat diets only (grain*xylanase, P &lt; 0.05). In the grower phase, fecal acetic acid was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in wheat than corn diets, while isovaleric, valeric and caproic acid were reduced (P &lt; 0.05). In the finisher phase, fecal propionic acid was lower in wheat diets (P &lt; 0.05). During the finisher phase of growth, xylanase improved energy digestibility of pigs receiving wheat based diets, however this effect was not observed when pigs received corn based diets.
PSIX-27 Moo-vie Snacks: Storage stability and nutritive value of waste popcorn as a feedstock
Authors: Bielamowicz Lauren P , Muir James P , Smith William B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The use of by- or co-products in livestock production is not a novel concept. However, as adoption of a novel feed ingredient increases, the cost efficiency of its use generally decreases. Therefore, discovery of novel feed ingredients is a worthwhile academic pursuit. Our objective was to determine the storage stability of popcorn (Zea mays L.) in terms of gain or loss in nutritive value. Popcorn was collected on consecutive weekdays in two wk from a local cinema. Samples (n = 10) were subdivided into 9 aliquots and subjected to storage, uncovered, for 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 35, 70, 105, and 140 d. Following the assigned storage time, samples were dried at 55°C to determine weight loss. Samples were dried at 55°C, ground to pass through a 2-mm screen, and subjected to a batch-culture in vitro assay for digestibility estimates [in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD)]. Subsamples were ground to 1 mm assayed for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. There was a linear increase (P &lt; 0.01) in weight following open storage which was attributed to absorption of ambient moisture. There was a linear decrease (P = 0.03) in NDF, with values decreasing from 20.2% at d 0 to 16.6% at d 140. However, there was no effect of storage on ADF (P = 0.29), IVTD (P = 0.38), or IVNDFD (P = 0.37). Results are interpreted to mean that waste popcorn is relatively shelf stable and may be a viable candidate as a feedstock for diet formulation.
PSIX-12 Screening of peptides for their impact of protease, protease dose and peptide dose on in vitro rumen dry matter digestibility
Authors: Yang Wenzhu , Shen YiZhao , Abeynayakea Ranithri , Ran Tao , Chen Lingyun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to screening peptides for the effects on in vitro rumen dry matter (DM) digestibility (DMD) of feeds in batch culture. Three brewers spent grain (BSG) samples from different batches were obtained from a local brewery. Peptides were developed with BSG protein varying protease (alcalase, everlase, flavourzyme) and protease dosages (protease:BSG protein; 1:100, 5:100, 10:100, 15:100) under optimum pH and temperature conditions. In total, 36 peptides were produced and screened. A series of batch cultures were conducted and substrates were barley silage and barley grain. The experiment was a complete randomized design with a factorial arrangement; 3 proteases × 4 protease doses + 4 doses of each peptide (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% of substrate DM) with 3 replications of each treatment combination. Rumen inoculum was from three rumen fistulated beef heifers fed a diet consisting of 10% silage and 90% concentrate (DM basis). The incubation was conducted at 39°C for 24 h. Interactions among protease, protease dose and peptide dose were not significant. For barley grain, DMD differed (P &lt; 0.01) among proteases (85.2, 72.3, 65.2%, respectively, for alcalase, flavourzise, everlase). Increasing peptide doses from 0, 0.5, 1.0 to 1.5% linearly (P &lt; 0.01) decreased the DMD from 88 to 78% (alcalase), 69 to 59% (everlase) and 78 to 67% (flavourzyme); whereas protease dose did not affect the DMD. With barley silage, the DMD was higher (P &lt; 0.05) with flavourzyme (65.3%) than alcalase (59.2%) or everlase (61.2%); in contrast, the DMD was affected neither by protease dose nor by the peptide dose, except that increasing supplementation of peptide derived from everlase linearly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased the DMD (65.1 to 58.9%). These results indicated that the peptides derived from BSG decreased in vitro rumen feed digestibility, which varied with proteases, peptide dose or feeds.