bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualização da ventilação natural em ensaios na mesa d´'água comparado a simulações computacionais
Authors: Xavier Ana Clara de Almeida , Gularte Izabella Hafele , Mizgier Martin Ordenes , Lukiantchuki Marieli Azoia 
Published: October 2020

No processo de projeto nota-se a existência de uma lacuna entre a teoria e a prática, principalmente com relação à ventilação natural. Isso requer o uso de métodos que auxilie a visualização do fluxo de ar nos edifícios e sua transferência para os projetos. Muitas das ferramentas confiáveis de predição da ventilação natural, como o túnel de vento e os softwares de Dinâmica dos Fluídos Computacional (Computational Fluid Dynamic – CFD), são complexas e caras, dificultando o seu uso durante o ensino e na prática dos projetistas. Diante disso, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é verificar se ferramentas simplificadas representam o escoamento do ar no projeto arquitetônico de maneira fiel. Para isso, a visualização da ventilação natural através de experimentações simplificadas é comparada com ferramentas complexas e de alta confiabilidade, como simulações CFD. O método foi dividido em 3 etapas. Primeiramente, foi construído um modelo físico modular, baseado na literatura especializada. Em seguida, ensaios na mesa d'água foram executados. Por fim, simulações computacionais em uma ferramenta simplificada (software Fluxovento) e em uma mais complexa baseada na Dinâmica dos Fluídos Computacional (software CFX) foram realizadas. Os resultados demonstram a compatibilidade entre as simulações CFD e os ensaios na mesa d´água, indicando que o ensino com essa ferramenta torna acessível o entendimento de conceitos básicos da ventilação natural. Já no Fluxovento, diferenças significativas foram registradas na análise do fluxo de ar, dificultando o entendimento da ventilação natural. Ressalta-se a característica modular do modelo para elaborar novos casos em estudo de ventilação natural.
Use Dynamic Simulation to Diagnose the Startup Failure of a Long Horizontal Well in the North Sea
Authors: Hu Bin , Olsen Anne Sofie , Hewitt Neal , John Branchflower Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Gas breakthrough for horizontal oil producers can sometimes be an advantage for keeping the well producing, particularly in late life when the reservoir pressure is low and the water-cut is high. However, this additional gas may be unavailable after a long shut-in due to the gas front migrating upwards from the near wellbore. This results in a much lower inflow of gas during well start-up, which can make it difficult to overcome the hydrostatic head to kick off the flow. This paper is intended to summarize the study of such a case where a high GOR horizontal well failed to start up after a long shut-in. The study considered all given potential causes of the start-up failure such as mechanical restrictions and the presence of a hydrate plug in addition to the assumption that only the low GOR oil rim would contribute to the inflow during the early phase of the start-up. A commercially available advanced transient multiphase flow simulator was used to simulate each scenario and the results were then compared with the field measurements. It was determined that the missing reservoir gas influx at the start-up was the most likely reason for the failure of the well to restart. This conclusion has provided valuable input to the well intervention decision making. After the study was completed, a light well intervention was performed on the well and it was confirmed that there was no mechanical blockage or restriction in the wellbore.
Reservoir Depletion Challenges - A Geomechanics Workflow Focused on Optimizing Late-Life Field Development
Authors: Thompson Nicholas , Renli Lasse , Reitan Håvard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Aging assets and higher depletion levels means increased challenges in terms of operations, well integrity and field development – completion and/or casing damage/collapse, restricted well access, low well pressure and restrictions in (or complete elimination of) conventional and/or safe drilling and completions windows. Nonetheless, the need to increase recovery factor and produce remaining reserves remains; thus, an ever-increasing number of fields are considering late-life development strategies where understanding the feasibility of future operational margins is critical. Through numerous related studies on this topic in recent years, we have developed an approach which focuses on the key elements affecting reservoir stress path, and subsequently, how our operational windows change with depletion/time. Focus is first given to adequate laboratory testing, specifically on uniaxial strain testing and identification of potential non-linear effects over the depletion range in question. A field-scale geomechanical modeling approach accounting for both stress dependency of elastic parameters and poroelastic effects is then implemented to consider also the potential effects of geometry and material heterogeneity. Last, supported by recent operational experiences, updated best practice suggestions with regards to fracture gradient considerations in depleted sections are implemented as direct model output, specifically for the future wellpaths and/or areas to be developed. Such critical thinking about the parameters most influential in controlling stress changes with pore pressure reduction has been used in numerous recent instances within Equinor in attempts to optimize field development decisions and build confidence in field development decisions. To demonstrate the value of this approach, examples are given where stress-dependent material parameters are implemented to match in situ stress testing results and the entire late-life workflow is applied to aid assets in critical development decision-making.
Drill-Bit Design Helps Mitigate Consequences of Well Collision
Authors: Verås Tor Jørgen , Bacon Robert , Årvik Tom Helge , Jacobsen Alexander 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A North Sea operator had abandoned one of the inner slots of an offshore normally unmanned platform (NUI) that contained a stuck conductor, with the conductor shoe positioned 108 m below seabed at 1° inclination. Attempts to recover the conductor at the time proved unsuccessful and the slot was abandoned. However, the remaining slots on the platform were drilled and completed. With limited space and reservoir targets still to be developed, the operator later decided to use the abandoned slot to drill a production well. Given the stuck conductor and crowded platform, there were concerns for the integrity and safety of the surrounding wells.
Drilling of production wells must not only allow the reservoir to be developed, but also protect the integrity of the existing wells, and proceed in a safe manner. This requires compliance with company and governmental procedures, regulations, and best practices. To help ensure safe utilization of a compromised offshore slot (i.e., with a stuck conductor) on a congested platform, drilling had to comply with the company's strict anticollision (AC) policy of isolating health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risk wells. Extensive preventive measures were executed, including shutting in high-risk wells, evaluating current and offset wellbore conditions, and selecting the most appropriate drilling tools.
A custom drill bit was designed to provide the bottomhole assembly (BHA) control necessary to help minimize damage to the outside casing of any accidentally contacted well. This would further help mitigate the potential for drilling through multiple well barriers, and prevent expensive and complex remedial work. Field testing was critical to the design modifications and validated feasibility before use in the abandoned slot. These tests evaluated the new drill-bit design versus a conventional drill bit in a comparable, controlled environment.
Effect of Long-Term Aging in Carbonated Brine on Mechanical Properties of a Novel Cement System with an Expandable Agent
Authors: Todorovic Jelena , Opedal Nils Van , Werner Benjamin , Angelique Clausen Jill , Jæger Sweetman Kvassnes Astri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this work we present results of long-term aging tests of a novel cement system (cement R) in carbonated brine and effect of reaction with CO2 on the mechanical properties. Aging tests in carbonated brine were performed for one week, four weeks and two months in a pressure cell at 100 bar and 80 °C. For each test, three cores were placed at the bottom of the cell and fully immersed in 3.5 wt% NaCl brine. The cell was then pressurized with CO2 from the top. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was performed prior to and after the aging tests. Macro-porosity was estimated based on selection of appropriate grayscale range. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed on unexposed cores for reference and on the exposed cores after the aging tests. Reaction with the carbonated brine was observed already after one week of aging. The reaction front progressed further into the bulk after four weeks. However, the reaction slowed down after four weeks. There was no significant difference between samples exposed for four weeks and those exposed for two months. Precipitation of minerals on the surface occurred after four weeks, and this process continued after two months. Macro-porosity decreased and net mass increased due to the reaction with the carbonated brine. The UCS tests indicated that one week of aging had little effect on the unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus. Decrease of UCS and Young's modulus was observed after four weeks and two months of aging. One reason for strength decrease after two months, by about 40 %, was appearance of cracks within the samples that coincided with the reaction front to a great degree. This could have occurred during the depressurization of the cell. The inorganic Cement R works by reacting with water, CO2 and/or brines to expand into available pores and cracks in ordinary well cements. This effect is interesting to study for possible applications in CO2 storage, plug and abandonment and reuse of existing wells.
Innovative One Trip System Helps Qualifying Creeping Shale as Permanent Barrier for Plug and Abandonment of Wells on the Gyda Field
Authors: Andre Stokkeland Thore , Malde Espen , Ove Staveland Per , Frøyland Yngve , Johnsen Dybvik Stian , Jacobsen John , Kibsgaard Vatn Thomas , Opedal Sindre 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Creeping shale formations has over the last decade actively been used as permanent barriers for plugging & abandonment of wells across the North Sea. This paper gives an insight in how an innovative one trip system has been used to help qualify the Lower Hordaland formation as a barrier for plugging & abandonment of wells on the Gyda Field on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
The Gyda Field is in the North Sea 280 km southwest of Stavanger in 66 meters of water. The Gyda reservoir is Upper Jurassic shallow marine sandstone at a depth of approx. 4000 meter. The evaluation and integration of data from wells drilled on the Gyda Field has concluded that the following formation groups are potential inflow zones that needs to be isolated in the permanent plugging of the wells Gyda reservoir, Farsund, lower Åsgard, and cretaceous/tertiary Inflow Group Forties/Lista.
The permanent plugging & abandonment of the 32 wells on the Gyda Field started in Q-1 2019, and needed an effective approach to qualifying creeping shale as a permanent barrier.

Methods, Procedures, Process
This approach was based on logging behind the 9 5/8" casing using an ultrasonic logging tool to locate the Lower Hordaland shale creep. The shale was successfully identified on the first wells, and the next phase was to prove, and verify that the creeping shales sealing capability.
A one trip tool system consisting of a disconnect tool, by directional cup tool and TCP perforating guns was used to perforated the casing, straddle the perforations and test the hydraulic sealing capability of the Lower Hordaland Shale.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
The result was 3 successful formation tests qualifying the Lower Hordaland shale as a permanent barrier. This innovative approach has improved the overall efficiency of the permanent plugging and abandonment of the wells on the Gyda Field significantly.
This paper describes the extensive work process that has been performed to plan, execute and verify the integrity of the lower Hordaland formation as a permanent barrier for plugging & abandonment.
Gene locus polymorphisms and expression levels of interleukin-1 in lumbar disc disease: a meta-analysis and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Jiang Hua , Xiao Qianyi , Zhang Ruijun , Wang Jiaqi , Meng Dihua , Zhan Xinli , Wei Qingjun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: To investigate the association between interleukin (IL)-1α (rs1800587), IL-1β (rs1143634) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (RN) variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms, expression levels and lumbar disc disease (LDD).Methods: All relevant articles were searched from 4 databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Odds ratios (OR) with 95 % conﬁdence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between IL-1 gene locus polymorphisms (rs1800587 in IL-1α, rs1143634 in IL-1β, VNTR in IL-1RN) and LDD susceptibility. Statistical analysis was conducted by Review Manager (Revman) 5.31 software. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to evaluate IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-1RN expressions in the normal and degenerated disc.Results: A total of 15 case-control studies (1455 cases and 2362 controls) were included in our meta-analysis. The pooled results suggested that IL-1α rs1800587 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of LDD in overall population (T vs. C, OR=1.21, 95%CI=1.04-1.40, P=0.01). The subgroup analysis found a significant association between IL-1β rs1143634 polymorphism and LDD in Asian population (T vs. C, OR=0.61, 95%CI=0.39-0.96, P=0.03). Results of qRT-PCR and IHC demonstrated that expressions of IL-1α and IL-1-β were significantly increased in the degenerated disc. (all P<0.05 )Conclusion: IL-1α rs1800587 and IL-1β rs1143634 polymorphisms were significantly associated with LDD in overall population and in Asian population, respectively.
Policy insights for regional renewable energy deployment
Authors: Laurentis Carla De , Pearson Peter JG 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background The paper explores how regional actors engage with energy systems, flows and infrastructures in order to meet particular goals and offers a fine-tuned analysis of how differences arise, highlighting the policy-relevant insights that emerge. Methods Using a novel framework, the research performs a comparative case study analysis of three regions in Italy and two of the devolved territories of the UK, Wales and Scotland, drawing on interviews and documentary analysis.Results The paper shows that the socio-materialities of renewable energy enable a fine-tuned analysis of how institutions, governance and infrastructure can enable/constrain energy transitions and policy effectiveness at local and regional levels. The heuristic adopted highlights i) the institutions that matter for renewable energy and their varied effects on regional renewable energy deployment; ii) the range of agencies involved in strategically establishing, contesting and reproducing institutions, expectations, visions and infrastructure as renewable energy deployment unfolds at the regional level and iii) the nature and extent of infrastructure requirements for and constraints on renewable energy delivery and how they affect the regional capacity to shape infrastructure networks and facilitate renewable energy deployment. The paper shows how the regions investigated developed their institutional and governance capacity and made use of targets, energy visions and spatial planning to promote renewable energy deployment. The paper highlights that several mediating factors emerge from examining the interactions between regional physical resource endowments and energy infrastructure renewal. The analysis leads to several policy-relevant insights into what makes for renewable energy deployment. Conclusion The paper contributes to research that highlights the role of institutional variations and governance as foundations for geographical differences in the adoption of renewable energy and carries significant implications for policy thinking and implementation. It shows why and how policy-makers need to be more effective in balancing the range of goals/ interests for renewable energy deployment with the peculiarities and specificities of the regional contexts. The insights presented are useful to explain how energy choices and outcomes are shaped in particular places, how differences arise and operate in practice, and how they need to be taken into account in policy design and implementation.
The Effects of Ascorbic Acid Over Sepsis: Meta-analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhuo Hui-chang , Lin Jiandong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background: This meta-analysis is performed to evaluate the effects of AA on the mortality over sepsis patients, focusing on the courses and initiation of treatment as well as AA doses.Methods: Randomized controlled trials concerning sepsis patients treated with intravenous AA were included when searching the database. The meta-analysis was performed using the random (M-H heterogeneity) model to produce summary odds ratio with 95% CI. Trial sequential analysis was applied to evaluated the effect of random errors.Results: The included 12 trials enrolled a total of 1232 patients. Intravenously administration of AA could not lower 28-day mortality over sepsis patients (OR = 0.81; 95% CI (0.54-1.23); p = 0.326). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that when administrating AA alone, in a dose ≥ 10 g/d, or within 6 h of admission, the result may turn to positive (OR = 0.36; 95% CI (0.15-0.86); p = 0.020, OR = 0.50; 95% CI (0.27-0.92); p = 0.025, OR = 0.49; 95% CI (0.27-0.89); p = 0.019, relatively). The quality of evidence is moderate.Conclusion: IV AA may have no effects to lower mortality over sepsis patients. However, when administrating AA alone, in a dose ≥ 10 g/d, or within 6 h of admission, the result may turn to positive. Due to a moderate GRADE certainty of evidence, further studies are required to fully elaborate the effectiveness of AA during the management of the sepsis patients.PROSPERO registration number: CRD 42020170825. 24 Feb, 2020 retrospectively registered.
Nasal High Flow at 25 L/min or Expiratory Resistive Load do Not Improve Regional Lung Function in Patients with COPD: A Functional CT Imaging Study
Authors: Cohen Julien , Broche Ludovic , Machichi Mohammed , Ferretti Gilbert , Tamisier Renaud , Pépin Jean-Louis , Bayat Sam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Nasal high flow (NHF) is a non-invasive breathing therapy that is based on the delivery via a large-caliber nasal cannula of heated and humidified air at flow rates that exceed peak inspiratory flow. It is thought that positive airway pressure generated by NHF can help reduce gas trapping and improve regional lung ventilation. There are no data to confirm this hypothesis at flow rates applicable in stable COPD patients.Methods: In this study, we used non-rigid registration of CT images acquired at maximal expiration and inspiration to compute regional lung attenuation changes (ΔHU), and lung displacement (LD), indices of regional lung ventilation. Eight COPD patients were assessed at baseline (BL) and after 5 min of NHF and expiratory resistive loading (ERL).Results: ΔHU was: BL: 81.7±28.8; NHF: 77.3±28.1; ERL: 70±26.7 HU (p=0.164) and LD: 30.2±12.7; 21.9±10.1 and 20.6±5.8 mm (p=0.044) in the 3 conditions, respectively. Respiratory rate significantly decreased with both treatments (BL:17.6±2.9; NHF:13±3.6; ERL: 11.6±2.8 bpm; p<0.001) while end-expiratory volume tended to increase.Conclusions: Neither NHF at 25 L/min nor ERL significantly improve the regional lung ventilation of stable COPD patients with gas trapping, based on the registration of expiratory and inspiratory CT images. Further studies are needed to assess the potential effect of higher flow rates of NHF.Trial registration: This study was registered with https://clinicaltrials.gov/ under: NCT03821311.
Persuasive Messaging to Encourage COVID-19 Risk Reduction
Authors: Bokemper Scott , Huber Gregory , James Erin , Gerber Alan , Omer Saad 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
What types of public health messages are effective at changing people’s beliefs and intentions to practice social distancing to slow the spread of COVID-19? We conducted two randomized experiments that assigned respondents to read a public health message and then measured their beliefs and behavioral intentions across a wide variety of outcomes. Using both a convenience sample and a nationally representative sample of Americans, we find that a message that reframes bravery as recklessness and a message that highlights the need for everyone to take action to protect others are the most effective at increasing beliefs and intentions related to social distancing. These results provide an evidentiary basis for building effective public health campaigns to increase social distancing during flu pandemics.
Comprehensive primary health facilities are more efficient in delivering primary care: Efficiency analysis of primary healthcare facilities in Afghanistan
Authors: Farewar Farhad , Saeed Khwaja Mir Ahad , Foshanji Abo Ismael , Alawi Said Mohammad Karim , Zawoli Mohammad Yonus , Irit Sinai , Zeng Wu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The Afghan health system is unique in that primary healthcare is delivered by donor-funded implementing partners, not the government. Given the wide range of implementers providing the basic package of health services, there may exist performance differences in primary healthcare. This study assessed the relative efficiency of different levels of primary healthcare services and explored its determinants in Afghanistan. Method: Data on personnel and capital expenditure (inputs) and the number of facility visits for six primary healthcare services (outputs) were obtained from national health information databases for 1,263 healthcare facilities in 31 provinces. Data envelopment analysis was used to assess the relative efficiency of three levels of primary healthcare facilities (comprehensive, basic, and sub health centers). Bivariate analysis was conducted to assess the correlation of various elements with efficiency scores. Regression models were used to identify potential factors associated with efficiency scores at the health facility level. Results: The average efficiency score of health facilities was 0.74, when pooling all 1,263 health facilities, with 102 health facilities (8.1%) having efficiency scores of 1 (100% efficient). The lowest quintile of health facilities had an average efficiency score of 0.36 while the highest quintile had a score of 0.96. On average, efficiency scores of comprehensive health centers were higher than basic and sub health centers by 0.108 and .071 respectively. In addition, the difference between efficiency scores of facilities in the highest and lowest quintiles was highest in facilities that offer fewer services, so that they have the largest room for improvement. Conclusions: Our findings show that public health facilities in Afghanistan that provide more comprehensive primary health services, use their resources more efficiently, and that smaller facilities have more room for improvement. A more integrated delivery model would help improve the efficiency in providing primary healthcare in Afghanistan.