bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome resequencing reveals demographic history and genetic architecture of seed salinity tolerance in Populus euphratica
Authors: Jia Huixia , Liu Guangjian , Li Jianbo , Zhang Jin , Sun Pei , Zhao Shutang , Zhou Xun , Lu Mengzhu , Hu Jianjun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Populus euphratica is a dominant tree species in desert riparian forests and possesses extraordinary adaptation to salinity stress. Exploration of its genomic variation and molecular underpinning of salinity tolerance is important for elucidating population evolution and identifying stress-related genes. Here, we identify approximately 3.15 million single nucleotide polymorphisms using whole-genome resequencing. The natural populations of P. euphratica in northwest China are divided into four distinct clades that exhibit strong geographical distribution patterns. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and tectonic deformation jointly shaped the extant genetic patterns. A seed germination rate-based salinity tolerance index was used to evaluate seed salinity tolerance of P. euphratica and a genome-wide association study was implemented. A total of 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with seed salinity tolerance and were located within or near 82 genes. Expression profiles showed that most of these genes were regulated under salt stress, revealing the genetic complexity of seed salinity tolerance. Furthermore, DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 57 and one undescribed gene (CCG029559) were demonstrated to improve the seed salinity tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. These results provide new insights into the demographic history and genetic architecture of seed salinity tolerance in desert poplar.
Arabidopsis thaliana trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene TPPI enhances drought tolerance by regulating stomatal apertures
Authors: Lin Qingfang , Wang Song , Dao Yihang , Wang Jianyong , Wang Kai 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Transpiration occurs through stomata. The alteration of stomatal apertures in response to drought stress is an important process associated with water use efficiency (WUE). Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) family genes have been reported to participate in adjustment of stomatal aperture. However, there have been no reports of the trehalose metabolism pathway genes improving WUE, and the upstream signalling pathway modulating these genes is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that a member of the TPP gene family, AtTPPI, confers drought resistance and improves WUE by decreasing stomatal apertures and improving root architecture. The reduced expression of AtTPPI caused a drought-sensitive phenotype, while its overexpression significantly increased drought tolerance. Abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure experiments confirmed that AtTPPI mutation increased the stomatal aperture compared with that of wild-type plants; in contrast, overexpression plants had smaller stomatal apertures than those of wild-type plants. Moreover, AtTPPI mutation also caused stunted primary root length and compromised auxin transport, while overexpression plants had longer primary root lengths. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed that ABA-responsive element-binding factor1 (ABF1), ABF2, and ABF4 directly regulated AtTPPI expression. In summary, the way in which AtTPPI responds to drought stress suggests that AtTPPI-mediated stomatal regulation is an important mechanism to cope with drought stress and improve WUE.
Pseudozyma spp. human infections: A systematic review
Authors: Telles João Paulo , Ribeiro Victoria Stadler Tasca , Kraft Letícia , Tuon Felipe Francisco 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pseudozyma spp. are described as environmental yeasts but have also been identified as rare human pathogens found in immunocompromised patients. This systematic review details the clinical manifestations, diagnostic methodology, and empirical anti-fungal therapy for this rare yeast. PubMed, LILACS, Scielo, and Web of Science databases were searched for articles about Pseudozyma spp. infections from inception to June 2019. Inclusion criteria were any published studies that included patients with Pseudozyma spp. infection. Infections were identified using criteria set forth by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, and were further classified according to clinical, laboratory, or radiologic findings, microbiologic confirmation, and response to therapy. Eleven articles were included with 15 patients. Oncological and/or hematological disorders were the most reported risk factors. Nontraditional microbiological methods correctly identified Pseudozyma spp., whereas traditional methods failed to identify fungal genus. Species were identified by sequencing, and most demonstrated a higher minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for fluconazole and echinocandins. MICs for itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole varied by species. All isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, which was the most used treatment.
Pseudozyma spp. infections usually present with fever and are diagnosed by blood culture. Most species studied appeared to be resistant to fluconazole and echinocandin. Voriconazole, posaconazole, and amphotericin were effective in treating P. aphidis. However, more studies are needed to evaluate voriconazole and posaconazole in species other than P. aphidis.
The Sheet of Giants: Unusual properties of the Milky Way’s immediate neighbourhood
Authors: Neuzil Maria K , Mansfield Philip , Kravtsov Andrey V 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We quantify the shape and overdensity of the galaxy distribution in the ‘Local Sheet’ within a sphere of R = 8 Mpc and compare these properties with the expectations of the ΛCDM model. We measure ellipsoidal axis ratios of c/a ≈ 0.16 and b/a ≈ 0.79, indicating that the distribution of galaxies in the Local Volume can be approximated by a flattened oblate ellipsoid, consistent with the ‘sheet’-like configuration noted in previous studies. In contrast with previous estimates that the Local Sheet has a density close to average, we find that the number density of faint and bright galaxies in the Local Volume is ≈1.7 and ≈5.2 times denser, respectively, than the mean number density of galaxies of the same luminosity. Comparison with simulations shows that the number density contrasts of bright and faint galaxies within 8 Mpc alone make the Local Volume a ≈2.5 σ outlier in the ΛCDM cosmology. Our results indicate that the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way may be unusual for galaxies of similar luminosity. The impact of the peculiar properties of our neighbourhood on the properties of the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies is not yet understood and warrants further study.
Zodiacal exoplanets in time – X. The orbit and atmosphere of the young ‘neptune desert’-dwelling planet K2-100b
Authors: Gaidos E , Hirano T , Mann A W , Owens D A , Berger T A , France K , Vanderburg A , Harakawa H , Hodapp K W , Ishizuka M , Jacobson S , Konishi M , Kotani T , Kudo T , Kurokawa T , Kuzuhara M , Nishikawa J , Omiya M , Serizawa T , Tamura M , Ueda A 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We obtained high-resolution infrared spectroscopy and short-cadence photometry of the 600–800 Myr Praesepe star K2-100 during transits of its 1.67-d planet. This Neptune-size object, discovered by the NASA K2 mission, is an interloper in the ‘desert’ of planets with similar radii on short-period orbits. Our observations can be used to understand its origin and evolution by constraining the orbital eccentricity by transit fitting, measuring the spin-orbit obliquity by the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, and detecting any extended, escaping the hydrogen–helium envelope with the 10 830 -Å line of neutral helium in the 2s3S triplet state. Transit photometry with 1-min cadence was obtained by the K2 satellite during Campaign 18 and transit spectra were obtained with the IRD spectrograph on the Subaru telescope. While the elevated activity of K2-100 prevented us from detecting the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, the new photometry combined with revised stellar parameters allowed us to constrain the eccentricity to e &lt; 0.15/0.28 with 90/99 per cent confidence. We modelled atmospheric escape as an isothermal, spherically symmetric Parker wind, with photochemistry driven by ultraviolet radiation, which we estimate by combining the observed spectrum of the active Sun with calibrations from observations of K2-100 and similar young stars in the nearby Hyades cluster. Our non-detection (&lt;5.7 m Å) of a transit-associated He i line limits mass-loss of a solar-composition atmosphere through a T ≤ 10000 K wind to &lt;0.3 M⊕ Gyr−1. Either K2-100b is an exceptional desert-dwelling planet, or its mass-loss is occurring at a lower rate over a longer interval, consistent with a core accretion-powered scenario for escape.
Caveat mutator: alanine substitutions for conserved amino acids in RNA ligase elicit unexpected rearrangements of the active site for lysine adenylylation
Authors: Unciuleac Mihaela-Carmen , Goldgur Yehuda , Shuman Stewart 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Naegleria gruberi RNA ligase (NgrRnl) exemplifies the Rnl5 family of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent polynucleotide ligases that seal 3′-OH RNA strands in the context of 3′-OH/5′-PO4 nicked duplexes. Like all classic ligases, NgrRnl forms a covalent lysyl–AMP intermediate. A two-metal mechanism of lysine adenylylation was established via a crystal structure of the NgrRnl•ATP•(Mn2+)2 Michaelis complex. Here we conducted an alanine scan of active site constituents that engage the ATP phosphates and the metal cofactors. We then determined crystal structures of ligase-defective NgrRnl-Ala mutants in complexes with ATP/Mn2+. The unexpected findings were that mutations K170A, E227A, K326A and R149A (none of which impacted overall enzyme structure) triggered adverse secondary changes in the active site entailing dislocations of the ATP phosphates, altered contacts to ATP, and variations in the numbers and positions of the metal ions that perverted the active sites into off-pathway states incompatible with lysine adenylylation. Each alanine mutation elicited a distinctive off-pathway distortion of the ligase active site. Our results illuminate a surprising plasticity of the ligase active site in its interactions with ATP and metals. More broadly, they underscore a valuable caveat when interpreting mutational data in the course of enzyme structure-function studies.
Functional organization of box C/D RNA-guided RNA methyltransferase
Authors: Yang Zuxiao , Wang Jiayin , Huang Lin , Lilley David M J , Ye Keqiong 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Box C/D RNA protein complexes (RNPs) catalyze site-specific 2′-O-methylation of RNA with specificity determined by guide RNAs. In eukaryotic C/D RNP, the paralogous Nop58 and Nop56 proteins specifically associate with terminal C/D and internal C'/D' motifs of guide RNAs, respectively. We have reconstituted active C/D RNPs with recombinant proteins of the thermophilic yeast Chaetomium thermophilum. Nop58 and Nop56 could not distinguish between the two C/D motifs in the reconstituted enzyme, suggesting that the assembly specificity is imposed by trans-acting factors in vivo. The two C/D motifs are functionally independent and halfmer C/D RNAs can also guide site-specific methylation. Extensive pairing between C/D RNA and substrate is inhibitory to modification for both yeast and archaeal C/D RNPs. N6-methylated adenine at box D/D' interferes with the function of the coupled guide. Our data show that all C/D RNPs share the same functional organization and mechanism of action and provide insight into the assembly specificity of eukaryotic C/D RNPs.
Religious Freedom, Inc: Business, Religion and the Law in the Secular Economy
Authors: Corsalini Matteo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article focuses on the rise of corporate religious freedom in EU law. In general, this legal category might be associated with not only a positive dimension (corporate freedom of religion) but also with a negative one (corporate freedom from religion). The present article centres around the latter, underscoring how the CJEU has taken for granted the necessity of neutrality within the private business world in reaching a decision in the case of Achbita v G4S Secure Solutions. And, in addition, to highlight how churches (but also the Belgian branch of a provider of secure global logistic services) can discriminate on religious grounds under Directive 2000/78EC. This article explains how the judicial extension of conscience exemptions from non-discrimination laws for religious institutions to a secular for-profit corporation has signalled a new ‘religious institutionalism’ in tension with employment and human rights law. Accordingly, if that is how secular commercial businesses have become ‘religious’ under the EU Single Market, this article calls for a new approach to employer/employees conflicts through a ‘freedom of the church’ analysis.
fMRI and Human Pain Perception
Authors: Iannetti Giandomenico , Apkarian A. Vania 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, technology based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) made it possible to visualize the functional states of the human brain. This technology immediately spurred pain researchers to examine brain circuitry of human pain and relate brain activity patterns with verbal reports of subjective perception. There was a brief period prior to functional MRI (fMRI) when positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technologies were used to identify brain states in humans reporting pain, but the noninvasiveness of fMRI and its higher spatial and temporal resolution quickly made the latter the preferred choice to study human brain physiology. Prior to the advent of such human brain imaging technologies, whether the neocortex was involved in pain perception was still an open question: In human brain injury studies, large cortical lesions seemed to have little effect on pain perception, and in animal electrophysiological studies (mostly done in anesthetized preparations) several years of single-unit electrophysiological explorations from large expanses of the cortex yielded a measly number of neurons responding to nociceptive stimuli and not a single neocortical column dedicated to nociception. What has been learned between the introduction of the technology and today? This chapter briefly reviews the subject, highlighting advances and novel insights and pointing to lingering gaps. It also outlines future directions from the viewpoint of understanding mechanisms for nociception, acute pain, and chronic pain. From a brain imaging viewpoint, the chapter tackles the last concepts regarding local neuronal representation and across neuronal integration of information.
Humanism and Film
Authors: Nayar Sheila J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the multifaceted relationship of humanism to film, without ever losing sight of the irony inherent in that context: humanism’s compulsory inter-animation with technology. The first half briefly traces the dramatization of humanists on celluloid, before exploring specific movies and movements that notably espoused a humanist philosophy, as well as advances in filmmaking that sometimes facilitated a humanist ethics. The chapter’s second half more innovatively addresses why conventional assessments regarding what constitutes a “humanist film” might not apply uniformly across today’s spectrum of spectators. In doing so, it intentionally forces a rethinking of where and how humanism can—and, in some instances perhaps, ought—cinematically to go. Such an analytical move seems especially pertinent given the incumbent rise of computer graphic imagery and digital media (including as animation) and consequent fading of film as a material medium.
Humanism in Europe
Authors: Schröder Stefan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses secular humanism in Europe and the way it is “lived” by and within its major institutions and organizations. It examines how national and international secular humanist bodies founded after World War II took up, cultivated, and transformed free-religious, free-thought, ethical, atheist, and rationalist roots from nineteenth century Europe and adjusted them to changing social, cultural, and political environments. Giving examples from some selected national contexts, the development of a nonreligious Humanism in Europe exemplifies what Wohlrab-Sahr and Burchardt call “Multiple Secularities”: different local or national trajectories produced a variety of cultures of secularity and, thus, different understandings of secular humanism. Apart from this cultural historization, the chapter reconstructs two transnational, ideal types of secular humanism, the social practice type, and the secularist pressure group type. These types share similar worldviews and values, but have to be distinguished in terms of organizational forms, practices, and especially policy.
Aiding the Poor in Present and Future Generations
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses and brings together two lines of research on global justice—the first on aiding the poor and the second on obligations to those in future generations. This is important as almost any way we try to aid the poor will have a significant impact on poor people in future as well as on present generations. In surveying the literature, the chapter defends a few principles for aiding the poor in present and future generations. It also presents a highly abstract model for testing and thinking through the consequences of such principles that might help arbitrate between principles.
Equality of Opportunity and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The ideal of fair equality of opportunity is widely endorsed as a central commitment within liberal democracies. Given its domestic importance, the attempt to extend the ideal to the global sphere may seem to be required for those committed to our equal moral standing. The extension to the global sphere faces many important challenges, not least because there can be very different conceptions of valuable opportunities and favored social positions in different parts of the world. This chapter explores whether there are robust ways around this issue and argues that there are. More importantly, this chapter shows that underlying our convictions about global equality of opportunity lies a tangle of related intuitions that often get confused. When these are identified, they can be rewoven into a coherent account which entails important reforms in a number of domains.
Thinking Normatively about Global Justice without Systematic Reflection on Global Capitalism
Authors: Ci Jiwei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Given the huge impact of capitalism on global justice, it is a significant weakness of liberal political philosophy devoted to global justice that it has paid relatively little attention to this impact. Symptomatic of this weakness are the political ineffectiveness and explanatory reticence of liberal theories of global justice in the face of the large and arguably growing gap between theory and practice. This chapter discusses Rawls’s Law of Peoples as an paradigmatic case, taking particular issue with his vision of a realistic utopia and his idea of democratic peace. It aims to show how the mainstream liberal approach is vitiated in its grasp of relevant facts and in its normative plausibility by the separation of the political and the economic, of the normative and the causal, and by the resulting ideological reconciliation with the status quo.
On the Core of Distributive Egalitarianism
Authors: Kis János 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Distributive egalitarianism rests on the idea of equal moral status of persons. Does it follow from that idea directly, without reference to institution-based relations between persons? The answer of non-institutional theories is yes. The answer of institutional theories is no. This chapter argues that both theories are defective. Institutional l theories cannot deliver the principle of equal shares which is at the core of distributive egalitarianism. Non-institutional theories cannot determine what persons have a claim to equal shares of, nor can they identify the standard of equality. A two-level account will be proposed, non-institutional at the basic level, but with recourse to institution-regarding considerations at the next level. Since the scope of the principle of equal shares is fixed at the basic level, two-level theories have the same position on the issue of scope as non-institutional theories. They have, thus, a strong built-in bias in favor of cosmopolitanism.
Motivating Solidarity with Distant Others
Authors: Gould Carol C. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that although people show considerable concern about the well-being of family, friends, and others close to them, perhaps extending to their own national group, they most often show much less concern for the needs and rights of distant others, for example, those working in sweatshop conditions, or suffering from extreme poverty, or experiencing severe impacts from climate change. This chapter considers the motivation people might have (or might come to have) for taking the needs and rights of these distant others seriously and for standing in solidarity with them. Does this motivation arise from rational reflection on their rights and their equal moral status, as traditionally conceived, or does it require beyond this a disposition to empathy or to care? Drawing on recent philosophical analyses of empathy and on the feminist ethics of care, as well as on the author’s own previous account of transnational solidarities, the chapter analyzes some of the epistemic and motivational aspects of empathy, while also taking note of its potential dangers. It goes on to argue that rational respect can usefully be supplemented with an understanding of the perspective of the other and “feeling with” them and explores some specific ways in which empathizing can transform critical reasoning in global contexts. The chapter’s conclusion suggests some implications of this account for the current issue of how to conceive of the responsibility for fulfilling the requirements of global justice.
Knowledge and opinions of asymptomatic adolescents and their caregivers on celiac disease screening
Authors: Blais-Carrière Jasmine , Tétu Amélie , Moreau Brigitte 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesCeliac disease (CD) is an immune enteropathy caused by sensitivity to gluten affecting one per cent of the general population. Most people with CD are asymptomatic and some may be affected from childhood. Despite the latest recommendations of paediatric gastroenterology societies, targeted screening is still uncommon in clinical paediatric settings. A poor understanding of the asymptomatic population’s opinions creates obstacles for broader implementation of CD screening. This study aims to fill this gap by reporting on the knowledge and opinions of adolescents and caregivers of children on CD screening.MethodsAdolescents with absence of classical symptoms of CD and caregivers of presumably asymptomatic children were asked about their knowledge and opinions of CD through a self-administered questionnaire.ResultsThere were 227 respondents including 76 adolescents and 151 caregivers. A minority of respondents (8% of caregivers and 23% of adolescents) were identified as having a CD-associated condition (such as hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes, Down syndrome, etc.). A majority of caregivers (84%) and half of adolescents (49%) already knew about CD. Half of the respondents (46%) were in favour of screening asymptomatic paediatric populations and this agreement increased to 81.7% when they were confronted with hypothetical risks of 10%.ConclusionThis study reveals an increased willingness to screen when participants were faced with increasing hypothetical risks. This suggests that screening recommendations targeting high-risk populations, such as those of paediatric and non-paediatric gastroenterology societies, may be more widely accepted.