bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interventions improving health professionals’ practice for addressing patients’ weight management behaviours: systematic review of reviews
Authors: Yazdizadeh Bahareh , Walker Ruth , Skouteris Helen , Olander Ellinor K , Hill Briony 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Health professionals require education and training to implement obesity management guidelines and ultimately impact on the health outcomes experienced by their patients. Therefore, a systematic review of systematic reviews that evaluated interventions designed to change the practice of health professionals when addressing diet and physical activity with their patients was conducted. MEDLINE Complete; Cochrane database of systematic reviews; PsycINFO; CINAHL Complete; Global Health; Embase; INFORMIT: Health Subset; Health System Evidence and RX for change were searched in March 2019, with no date or language limits. Identified references underwent screening, full-text analyses and data extraction in duplicate. The search identified 15 230 references. Five systematic reviews that provided a narrative syntheses of a combined 38 studies were included. Health professional participants generally reported being satisfied with the training interventions. Heterogeneity between and within included reviews, non-controlled designs of individual studies and low quality of evidence at an individual study level and review level made it difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding what interventions are most effective in changing health professionals’ knowledge, skills, self-efficacy, attitudes and practice. However, similar gaps in the literature were identified across included reviews. Key areas that could be addressed in future interventions including organization and system-level barriers to providing advice, health professionals’ attitudes and motivation and weight stigma have been highlighted. Health professionals and patients could be more involved in the planning and development of interventions that work towards improving diet and physical activity advice and support provided in healthcare.
Failure to achieve a satisfactory cardiac outcome after isolated coronary surgery in low-risk patients
Authors: Rubino Antonino S , Nicolini Francesco , Tauriainen Tuomas , Demal Till , De Feo Marisa , Onorati Francesco , Faggian Giuseppe , Bancone Ciro , Perrotti Andrea , Chocron Sidney , Dalén Magnus , Santarpino Giuseppe , Fischlein Theodor , Maselli Daniele , Musumeci Francesco , Santini Francesco , Salsano Antonio , Zanobini Marco , Saccocci Matteo , Bounader Karl , Gatti Giuseppe , Ruggieri Vito G , Mignosa Carmelo , Juvonen Tatu , Mariscalco Giovanni , Biancari Fausto 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study aims to investigate the incidence and determinants of major early adverse events in low-risk patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS
The multicentre E-CABG registry included 7352 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG from January 2015 to December 2016. Patients with an European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) II of &lt;2% and without any major comorbidity were the subjects of the present analysis.

RESULTS
Out of 2397 low-risk patients, 11 (0.46%) died during the index hospitalization or within 30 days from surgery. Five deaths were cardiac related, 4 of which were secondary to technical failures. We estimated that 8 out of 11 deaths were potentially preventable. Logistic regression model identified porcelain aorta [odds ratio (OR) 34.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–346.3] and E-CABG bleeding grades 2–3 (OR 30.2, 95% CI 8.3–112.9) as independent predictors of hospital death.

CONCLUSIONS
Mortality and major complications, although infrequently, do occur even in low-risk patients undergoing CABG. Identification of modifiable causes of postoperative adverse events may be useful to develop preventative strategies to improve the quality of care of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT02319083 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02319083).
Inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality across the life course by wealth and income in Sweden: a register-based cohort study
Authors: Katikireddi S Vittal , Niedzwiedz Claire L , Dundas Ruth , Kondo Naoki , Leyland Alastair H , Rostila Mikael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Wealth inequalities are increasing in many countries, but their relationship to health is little studied. We investigated the association between individual wealth and mortality across the adult life course in Sweden.

Methods
We studied the Swedish adult population using national registers. The amount of wealth tax paid in 1990 was the main exposure of interest and the cohort was followed up for 18 years. Relative indices of inequality (RII) summarize health inequalities across a population and were calculated for all-cause and cause-specific mortality for six different age groups, stratified by sex, using Poisson regression. Mortality inequalities by wealth were contrasted with those assessed by individual and household income. Attenuation by four other measures of socio-economic position and other covariates was investigated.

Results
Large inequalities in mortality by wealth were observed and their association with mortality remained more stable across the adult life course than inequalities by income-based measures. Men experienced greater inequalities across all ages (e.g. the RII for wealth was 2.58 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.54–2.63) in men aged 55–64 years compared with 2.29 (95% CI 2.24–2.34) for women aged 55–64 years), except among the over 85s. Adjustment for covariates, including four other measures of socio-economic position, led to only modest reductions in the association between wealth and mortality.

Conclusions
Wealth is strongly associated with mortality throughout the adult life course, including early adulthood. Income redistribution may be insufficient to narrow health inequalities—addressing the increasingly unequal distribution of wealth in high-income countries should be considered.
Wall-Crossings for Hassett Descendant Potentials
Authors: Blankers Vance , Cavalieri Renzo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper solves the combinatorics relating the intersection theory of $\psi $-classes of Hassett spaces to that of $\overline{{\mathcal{M}}}_{g,n}$. A generating function for intersection numbers of $\psi $-classes on all Hassett spaces is obtained from the Gromov–Witten potential of a point via a non-invertible transformation of variables. When restricting to diagonal weights, the changes of variables are invertible and explicitly described as polynomial functions. Finally, the comparison of potentials is extended to the level of cycles: the pinwheel cycle potential, a generating function for tautological classes of rational tail type on $\overline{{\mathcal{M}}}_{g,n}$ is the right instrument to describe the pull-back to $\overline{{\mathcal{M}}}_{g,n}$ of all monomials of $\psi $-classes on Hassett spaces.
The Application of Cytokine Expression Assays to Differentiate Active From Previously Treated Syphilis
Authors: Kojima Noah , Siebert Janet C , Maecker Holden , Rosenberg-Hasson Yael , Leon Segundo R , Vargas Silver K , Konda Kelika A , Caceres Carlos F , Klausner Jeffrey D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To investigate the role of serum cytokine assays to distinguish between active from treated syphilis among serofast patients, we recruited individuals into a prospective cohort study. Participants underwent routine syphilis screening. We selected specimens from a majority cohort of serofast participants with treated and active syphilis. We analyzed specimens with a 62-cytokine multiplex bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tumor necrosis factor β, were most predictive. We built a decision tree that was 82.4% accurate, 100% (95% confidence interval, 82%–100%) sensitive, and 45% (18%–75%) specific. Our decision tree differentiated between serum specimens from serofast participants with treated syphilis versus active syphilis.
In vivo synergism of ampicillin, gentamicin, ceftaroline and ceftriaxone against Enterococcus faecalis assessed in the Galleria mellonella infection model
Authors: Thieme Lara , Hartung Anita , Makarewicz Oliwia , Pletz Mathias W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
The unfavourable safety profile of aminoglycosides and the synergistic effects observed in vitro have prompted the development of novel dual β-lactam therapies, e.g. ampicillin/ceftriaxone or ampicillin/ceftaroline, for the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis.

Objectives
For comparison with in vitro chequerboard assay results, a partial chequerboard setup of ampicillin/gentamicin, ampicillin/ceftriaxone and ampicillin/ceftaroline against E. faecalis was established in the Galleria mellonella larval infection model.

Methods
Discrimination of synergistic and additive interactions was based on the evaluation of larval survival, bacterial quantity in the haemolymph and a pathology score index (internal to the workgroup). Single and multiple dosing schemes based on the half-life of ampicillin were applied. Pharmacokinetic data of the antibiotics in the larvae were determined via agar plate diffusion assays.

Results
Ampicillin and ceftriaxone exhibited strain-specific synergistic interactions in the larvae under both dosing regimens, while the other two combinations showed additive effects. Ampicillin/ceftaroline was inferior to ampicillin/ ceftriaxone. Not all synergistic effects observed in vitro could be replicated in the larvae.

Conclusions
Our results suggest superior efficacy of ampicillin/ceftriaxone for the treatment of high-inoculum enterococcal infections, for at least some strains, but question the benefit of the current standard of adding the nephrotoxic gentamicin compared with the safer ceftriaxone. This is the first study to develop a scheme for differentiation between additive and synergistic effects in larvae and apply a multiple-antibiotic dosing scheme based on the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin. The model allows the analysis of synergistic effects of antimicrobials in an in vivo setting, but the clinical correlation warrants further study.
Intergenerational Associations and the Fertility Transition
Authors: Vogl Tom S 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEvolutionary theorists have long noted that intergenerational transmission in fertility may counteract aggregate fertility decline through a process of natural selection. I study this evolutionary process by estimating how intergenerational associations in fertility vary over the fertility transition and feed back into the level of average fertility. Microdata from 40 developing countries indicate that intergenerational persistence breaks down at the onset of the fertility transition but then strengthens as the transition progresses. These changes are attributable to a reversal of fertility differences by skill, as predicted by economic models of long-run demographic change. As fertility approaches the replacement level, rising intergenerational associations reweight the population to raise aggregate fertility rates, pushing back against aggregate fertility decline.
Genetic diversity, population structure, and immigration, in a partially hunted puma population of south-central Argentina
Authors: Gallo Orlando , Castillo Diego F , Godinho Raquel , Casanave Emma B 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCarnivores are decreasing globally due in part to anthropogenic ecological disturbances. In Argentina, human activities have fragmented wildlife habitat, thereby intensifying puma–livestock conflict and leading to population control of the predator species by hunting. We investigated genetic variability and population structure of pumas (Puma concolor) from three south-central Argentine provinces with two different management policies for the species: full protection versus legal hunting. All genetic estimates were based on 83 individuals genotyped at 25 species-specific microsatellite loci. The overall genetic diversity was high (observed heterozygosity = 0.63), but lower than in other South American populations. Spatial analyses revealed the presence of two bottlenecked genetic clusters with very similar diversity and low gene flow (3% per generation) between them. However, analyses based on a priori separated groups showed that gene flow follows increasing values of hunting pressure, converging to the area with the greatest number of individuals harvested. Our results suggest that hunting pressure likely is contributing to the gene flow pattern, limiting pumas’ movements and creating a metapopulation dynamic among geographic subpopulations. Integrated demographic and genetic approaches are needed to better understand pumas’ movements across the landscape and adopt successful management plans to achieve long-term population viability.
High-throughput phenotyping using digital and hyperspectral imaging-derived biomarkers for genotypic nitrogen response
Authors: Banerjee Bikram P , Joshi Sameer , Thoday-Kennedy Emily , Pasam Raj K , Tibbits Josquin , Hayden Matthew , Spangenberg German , Kant Surya 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The development of crop varieties with higher nitrogen use efficiency is crucial for sustainable crop production. Combining high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping will expedite the discovery of novel alleles for breeding crop varieties with higher nitrogen use efficiency. Digital and hyperspectral imaging techniques can efficiently evaluate the growth, biophysical, and biochemical performance of plant populations by quantifying canopy reflectance response. Here, these techniques were used to derive automated phenotyping of indicator biomarkers, biomass and chlorophyll levels, corresponding to different nitrogen levels. A detailed description of digital and hyperspectral imaging and the associated challenges and required considerations are provided, with application to delineate the nitrogen response in wheat. Computational approaches for spectrum calibration and rectification, plant area detection, and derivation of vegetation index analysis are presented. We developed a novel vegetation index with higher precision to estimate chlorophyll levels, underpinned by an image-processing algorithm that effectively removed background spectra. Digital shoot biomass and growth parameters were derived, enabling the efficient phenotyping of wheat plants at the vegetative stage, obviating the need for phenotyping until maturity. Overall, our results suggest value in the integration of high-throughput digital and spectral phenomics for rapid screening of large wheat populations for nitrogen response.
WHIRLY1 maintains leaf photosynthetic capacity in tomato by regulating the expression of RbcS1 under chilling stress
Authors: Zhuang Kunyang , Wang Jieyu , Jiao Baozhen , Chen Chong , Zhang Junjie , Ma Nana , Meng Qingwei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRubisco, which consists of eight large subunits (RBCLs) and eight small subunits (RBCSs), is a major photosynthetic enzyme that is sensitive to chilling stress. However, it is largely unclear how plants maintain high Rubisco content under low temperature conditions. Here, we report that tomato WHIRLY1 (SlWHY1) positively regulates the Rubisco level under chilling stress by directly binding to the promoter region of SlRbcS1, resulting in the activation of SlRbcS1 expression. SlRbcS1-overexpressing lines had higher Rubisco contents and were more resistant to chilling stress compared with the wild type. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that, among the five RbcS genes, only SlRbcS1 expression is up-regulated by chilling treatment. These results indicate that SlWHIRLY1 specifically enhances the levels of SlRbcS1 and confers tolerance to chilling stress. The amino acid sequence of SlRBCS1 shows 92.67% identity with those of another two RBCS proteins and three residues are specifically found in SlRBCS1. However, mutation of these residues to alanine in SlRBCS1 does not influence its function during cold adaptation. Thus, we conclude that high levels of Rubisco, but not the specific residues in SlRBCS1, play important roles in tolerance to chilling stress in tomato.
Danfrie Reconsidered. Philippe Danfrié's (d. 1606) Civilite Types
Authors: Vervliet Hendrik D L 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Though little known to the general public, to type historians Philippe Danfrie (c. 1532–1606) will be recognized as a competitor to Robert Granjon’s claim for being the inventor of the first Civilité type, a mid-sixteenth-century gothic script type that superseded the French bâtarde. The bâtarde was the usual script for vernacular texts north of the Alps (with the exception of German speaking countries): authors such as Caxton or Rabelais were read in this script. In their Civilité Types (Oxford, 1966) Carter & Vervliet described five of Danfrie’s founts. This article aims to present an update of their work and to expand it with four more founts. Danfrie’s civil career is broadly documented and that may be a help for gaining a closer insight in the characteristics of a late sixteenth-century type production that balanced between an incunabular model of private type ownership and the seventeenth-century norm of sales of cast types through large monopolistic typefoundries.
Statistical issues arising in the Office of Federal Contract Compliance’s recent notice on nondiscrimination obligations’ of contractor’s and the concerns raised in the comments submitted by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
Authors: Gastwirth Joseph L 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA proposed rule announced by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance describing the way statistical tests will be used in compliance reviews led to the Chamber of Commerce filing a formal Comment. The comment raises several statistical issues, including the proper analysis of stratified data and the effect of large samples on tests of significance. The Chamber correctly pointed out that simple pooling of the data into one large sample can lead to misleading conclusions, so an appropriate analysis, combining the results of statistical analyses of the individual strata into an overall estimate and statistical test is described. Both the proposal and Comment state that practical significance should be considered but do not provide a clear definition of the term, although various definitions are referred to. Two alternative approaches to evaluating the practical significance are described. One assesses the financial impact of the disparity on a typical wage earner, while the second considers the number of employees affected by the disparity and estimates the effect of the disparity on their earnings during their expected time of employment.
Rising stars in the global race for skill? A comparative analysis of Brazil, India, and Malaysia
Authors: Cerna Lucie , Czaika Mathias 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHow do emerging economies compete for international skilled workers? To explore policies used by non-Western countries to attract or retain high-skilled workers in the context of the ‘race for talent’, this article analyses and compares governmental measures employed in three emerging economies: Brazil, India, and Malaysia. Based on insights from 17 expert interviews, we describe the practices and strategies of these three countries to reverse ‘brain drain’—that is, the loss of human capital through migration. The article argues that the design and development of migration and skill recruitment policies are at different stages and of varying relevance to respective national actors. While Malaysia has become an active player and innovator on the international talent recruitment market, the other two countries still consider themselves as ‘self-sufficient’, relying on either their domestically produced human resources or, in the case of India, their skilled diaspora. The three countries are situated at different, mostly early stages of a ‘migration policy transition’, with rising demand for human capital, but still insufficient legal, administrative, and economic provisions to recruit and admit many skilled foreign workers. The ‘global race for talent’ is less of a race for the global South as it is in the global North.
The effect of diffusive nuclear burning in neutron star envelopes on cooling in accreting systems
Authors: Wijngaarden M J P , Ho Wynn C G , Chang Philip , Page Dany , Wijnands Rudy , Ootes Laura S , Cumming Andrew , Degenaar Nathalie , Beznogov Mikhail 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Valuable information about the neutron star (NS) interior can be obtained by comparing observations of thermal radiation from a cooling NS crust with theoretical models. Nuclear burning of lighter elements that diffuse to deeper layers of the envelope can alter the relation between surface and interior temperatures and can change the chemical composition over time. We calculate new temperature relations and consider two effects of diffusive nuclear burning (DNB) for H–C envelopes. First, we consider the effect of a changing envelope composition and find that hydrogen is consumed on short time-scales and our temperature evolution simulations correspond to those of a hydrogen-poor envelope within ∼100 d. The transition from a hydrogen-rich to a hydrogen-poor envelope is potentially observable in accreting NS systems as an additional initial decline in surface temperature at early times after the outburst. Second, we find that DNB can produce a non-negligible heat flux, such that the total luminosity can be dominated by DNB in the envelope rather than heat from the deep interior. However, without continual accretion, heating by DNB in H–C envelopes is only relevant for &lt;1–80 d after the end of an accretion outburst, as the amount of light elements is rapidly depleted. Comparison to crust cooling data shows that DNB does not remove the need for an additional shallow heating source. We conclude that solving the time-dependent equations of the burning region in the envelope self-consistently in thermal evolution models instead of using static temperature relations would be valuable in future cooling studies.
Efficient acceleration of cylindrical jets: effects of radiative cooling and tangled magnetic field
Authors: Tanaka Shuta J , Toma Kenji 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Diverging supersonic flows are accelerating, as in the case of a de Laval nozzle, and the same concept has been applied for acceleration of magnetohydrodynamic flows in the universe. Here, we study the dynamics of ‘non-diverging’ cylindrical supersonic flows and show that they can be accelerated by effects of radiative cooling and the tangled magnetic field. In addition to radiative cooling of the jet materials (cooling effect), conversion of the ordered magnetic field into the turbulent one (conversion effect) and dissipation of the turbulent magnetic field (dissipation effect) are formulated according to our study on pulsar wind nebulae. Although each of the cooling and conversion effects is an ineffective acceleration process, the terminal velocity of magnetized cylindrical jets attains about half of the maximum possible value when the cooling, conversion, and dissipation effects work simultaneously. The radiation efficiency is also about half of the total luminosity of the jet in the case of maximal acceleration. The concept for flow acceleration by the non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects may be useful for studying relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei, in which the region near the jet axis is expected to be cylindrical and kink unstable.