bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists: Analytical profiles and development of QMPSB, QMMSB, QMPCB, 2F‐QMPSB, QMiPSB, and SGT‐233
Authors: Brandt Simon D. , Kavanagh Pierce V. , Westphal Folker , Dreiseitel Wolfgang , Dowling Geraldine , Bowden Matthew J. , Williamson James P.B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA diverse assortment of molecules designed to explore the cannabinoid receptor system and considered new psychoactive substances (NPS) have become known as synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs). One group of SCRAs that has received little attention involves those exhibiting sulfamoyl benzoate, sulfamoyl benzamide, and N‐benzoylpiperidine based structures. In this study, quinolin‐8‐yl 4‐methyl‐3‐(piperidine‐1‐sulfonyl)benzoate (QMPSB), quinolin‐8‐yl 4‐methyl‐3‐(morpholine‐4‐sulfonyl)benzoate (QMMSB), quinolin‐8‐yl 4‐methyl‐3‐(piperidine‐1‐carbonyl)benzoate (QMPCB, SGT‐11), quinolin‐8‐yl 3‐(4,4‐difluoropiperidine‐1‐sulfonyl)‐4‐methylbenzoate (2F‐QMPSB, QMDFPSB, SGT‐13), quinolin‐8‐yl 4‐methyl‐3‐[(propan‐2‐yl)sulfamoyl]benzoate (QMiPSB, SGT‐46), and 3‐(4,4‐difluoropiperidine‐1‐sulfonyl)‐4‐methyl‐N‐(2‐phenylpropan‐2‐yl)benzamide (SGT‐233) were extensively characterized (including data on impurities). The analytical profiles may be useful to researchers and scientists who deal with the emergence of NPS during forensic and clinical investigations. The detection of QMPSB was first published in 2016 but it is worth noting that Stargate International, a company originally formed to develop harm reduction solutions, were involved in the investigation and development of these six compounds for potential release between 2011 and early 2014. Whilst information on the prevalence of use of these particular compounds at the present time is limited, one of the key outcomes of the research performed by Stargate International reviewed here was to set the stage for the quinolin‐8‐yl ester head group that ultimately led to hybridization with an N‐alkyl‐1H‐indole core to give SGT‐21 and SGT‐32, which became later known as PB‐22 (QMPSB/JWH‐018 hybrid) and BB‐22, respectively, thus, opening the door to a range of SCRAs carrying the quinolin‐8‐yl head group from about 2012 onwards.
Research on the steady‐state operation optimization technology of oil pipeline
Authors: Liu Enbin , Peng Yong , Yi Yang , Lv Liuxin , Qiao Weibiao , Azimi Mohammadamin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMost of the crude oil produced in China is highly viscous and easy to condense, and the pipeline transportation method is mostly heated. At present, frequency conversion technology is gradually applied to oil pump units. In order to find the best pipeline operation scheme, this paper is based on MATLAB programming software and established a corresponding mathematical model of oil pipeline energy consumption. This model innovatively takes the rotational speed of the variable frequency pump as one of the model optimization variables, calculating the pressure change and temperature change between stations of the pipeline, predicting the energy consumption of the pipeline and can guide the optimized operation of the pipeline, which has a high popularization and application value. An example of Qingtie Fourth‐line crude oil pipeline shows that among the genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and simulated annealing algorithms for solving the optimization model, the particle swarm optimization algorithm has fast convergence speed, short optimization time, obtains the most optimal scheme, and can reduce energy consumption by 7.84%, which proves the practicability and creativity of the optimization model.
Pathogenic germline variants in patients with features of hereditary renal cell carcinoma: Evidence for further locus heterogeneity
Authors: Smith Philip S. , West Hannah , Whitworth James , Castle Bruce , Sansbury Francis H. , Warren Anne Y. , Woodward Emma R. , Tischkowitz Marc , Maher Eamonn R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInherited renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with multiple familial cancer syndromes but most individuals with features of non‐syndromic inherited RCC do not harbor variants in the most commonly tested renal cancer predisposition genes (CPGs). We investigated whether undiagnosed cases might harbor mutations in CPGs that are not routinely tested for by testing 118 individuals with features suggestive of inherited RCC (family history of RCC, two or more primary RCC aged <60 years, or early onset RCC ≤46 years) for the presence of pathogenic variants in a large panel of CPGs. All individuals had been prescreened for pathogenic variants in the major RCC genes. We detected pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants of potential clinical relevance in 16.1% (19/118) of individuals, including P/LP variants in BRIP1 (n = 4), CHEK2 (n = 3), MITF (n = 1), and BRCA1 (n = 1). Though the power to detect rare variants was limited by sample size the frequency of truncating variants in BRIP1, 4/118, was significantly higher than in controls (P = 5.92E‐03). These findings suggest that the application of genetic testing for larger inherited cancer gene panels in patients with indicators of a potential inherited RCC can increase the diagnostic yield for P/LP variants. However, the clinical utility of such a diagnostic strategy requires validation and further evaluation and in particular, confirmation of rarer RCC genotype‐phenotype associations is required.
Rainfall partitioning and its effects on regional water balances: Evidence from the conversion of traditional cropland to apple orchards in a semi‐humid region
Authors: Wang Di , Wang Li 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRainfall partitioning by vegetation cover plays an important role in local and regional water balances. Large areas of traditional cropland have been converted to apple orchards on the Loess Plateau, China, so the effect of the conversion of traditional cropland to these orchards on rainfall partitioning cannot be ignored. In this study, we measured precipitation, throughfall (TF), and stemflow (SF) and calculated canopy interception (I) and canopy storage capacity (S) in two neighbouring apple orchards (8 and 18 years old in 2013) on the plateau during the four growing seasons of 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. Besides, we also summarized the percentage of rainfall partitioning of various crops and tree species and assessed the effect of land use change on regional water balances. The results showed that the percentage of rainfall partitioning and S differed between the two orchards. Mean annual I, TF, and SF for the young and mature orchards during the 4 years accounted for 7.9, 89.8, and 2.6% and for 10.3, 87.5, and 2.3%, respectively, of the rainfall partitioning. The percentage accounted for by mean annual I and TF differed significantly between the two orchards, but the percentage of mean annual SF did not differ significantly between the two orchards. Mean annual S for 2013–2016 was significantly higher for the mature than the young orchard. Although the conversion of traditional cropland to apple orchards led to a more serious soil desiccation in this region, the I loss percentage was higher in maize (12.5%) than the apple orchards. Therefore, we inferred that the effect of the conversion of traditional cropland to apple orchards on regional water balances was likely not caused by differences in rainfall partitioning. Differences in tree morphology due to tree age accounted for the differences in rainfall partitioning and S between the two orchards. Thus, tree age should be taken into account when assessing the effect of apple orchards on rainfall partitioning in this or similar regions.
Measuring systemic risk and dependence structure between real estates and banking sectors in China using a CoVaR‐copula method
Authors: Cao Yufei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study the dependence structure between the real estate and the banking sectors in China. Various time‐varying symmetric and asymmetric copula functions of the elliptical and Archimedean families are used to model the underlying dependence structure. Furthermore, it analyses risk spillover effects between these two sectors by quantifying three risk measures, namely, the value at risk (VaR), the conditional value at risk (CoVaR) and the delta conditional value at risk (ΔCoVaR). Over the period from January 2005 to March 2019, the empirical results show that there exists evidence of significant and symmetric dependence structure between these two sectors and Student's t copulas best capture this dependence. Moreover, we find that there are significant risk spillover effects from the real estate to the banking sectors, and vice versa. By considering different periods of financial distress, the empirical results show that risk spillover effects during the 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence period are much significant than that during the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. Furthermore, the statistical tests show that the real estate sector contributes significantly to systemic risk of the banking sector, and vice versa. Finally, some useful implications are summarized for investors and policymakers.
Investigation of potential early key events and mode of action for 1,2‐dichloroethane‐induced mammary tumors in female rats
Authors: LeBaron Matthew J. , Hotchkiss Jon A. , Zhang Fagen , Koehler Matthew W. , Boverhof Darrell R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE or EDC) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a chemical intermediate, including in the synthesis of polyvinyl chloride. Although DCE has induced tumors in both rats and mice, the overall weight‐of‐evidence suggests a lack of in vivo mutagenicity. The present study was conducted to explore a potential mode of action further for tumor formation in rat mammary tissue. Fischer 344 rats were exposed to target concentrations of 0 or 200 ppm of DCE vapors (6 hours/day, 7 days/week) for at least 28 days; 200 ppm represents a concentration of ~20% higher than that reported to induce mammary tumors. Endpoints examined included DNA damage (via Comet assay), glutathione (reduced, oxidized and conjugated), tissue DNA adducts, cell proliferation and serum prolactin levels. Exposure to DCE did not alter serum prolactin levels with consistent estrous stage, did not cause cell proliferation in mammary epithelial cells, nor result in histopathological alterations in the mammary gland. DNA adducts were identified, including the N7‐guanylethyl glutathione adduct, with higher adduct levels measured in liver (nontumorigenic target) compared with mammary tissue isolated from the same rats; no known mutagenic adducts were identified. DCE did not increase the Comet assay response in mammary epithelial cells, whereas DNA damage in the positive control (N‐nitroso‐N‐methylurea) was significantly increased. Although the result of this study did not identify a specific mode of action for DCE‐induced mammary tumors in rats, the lack of any exposure‐related genotoxic responses further contributes to the weight‐of‐evidence suggesting that DCE is a nongenotoxic carcinogen.
Preclinical assessment of clinically streamlined, 3D‐printed, biocompatible single‐ and two‐stage tissue scaffolds for ear reconstruction
Authors: Brennan Julia R. , Cornett Ashley , Chang Brian , Crotts Sarah J. , Nourmohammadi Zahra , Lombaert Isabelle , Hollister Scott J. , Zopf David A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAuricular reconstruction is a technically demanding procedure requiring significant surgical expertise, as the current gold standard involves hand carving of the costal cartilage into an auricular framework and re‐implantation of the tissue. 3D‐printing presents a powerful tool that can reduce technical demands associated with the procedure. Our group compared clinical, radiological, histological, and biomechanical outcomes in single‐ and two‐stage 3D‐printed auricular tissue scaffolds in an athymic rodent model. Briefly, an external anatomic envelope of a human auricle was created using DICOM computed tomography (CT) images and modified in design to create a two‐stage, lock‐in‐key base and elevating platform. Single‐ and two‐stage scaffolds were 3D‐printed by laser sintering poly‐L‐caprolactone (PCL) then implanted subcutaneously in five athymic rats each. Rats were monitored for ulcer formation, site infection, and scaffold distortion weekly, and scaffolds were explanted at 8 weeks with analysis using microCT and histologic staining. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to determine areas of high strain in relation to ulcer formation. Scaffolds demonstrated precise anatomic appearance and maintenance of integrity of both anterior and posterior auricular surfaces and scaffold projection, with no statistically significant differences in complications noted between the single‐ and two‐staged implantation. While minor superficial ulcers occurred most commonly at the lateral and superior helix coincident with finite element predictions of high skin strains, evidence of robust tissue ingrowth and angiogenesis was visible grossly and histologically. This promising preclinical small animal model supports future initiatives for making clinically viable options for an ear tissue scaffold.
Membrane dynamics of γ‐secretase with the anterior pharynx‐defective 1B subunit
Authors: Dehury Budheswar , Kepp Kasper P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe four‐subunit protease complex γ‐secretase cleaves many single‐pass transmembrane (TM) substrates, including Notch and β‐amyloid precursor protein to generate amyloid‐β (Aβ), central to Alzheimer's disease. Two of the subunits anterior pharynx‐defective 1 (APH‐1) and presenilin (PS) exist in two homologous forms APH1‐A and APH1‐B, and PS1 and PS2. The consequences of these variations are poorly understood and could affect Aβ production and γ‐secretase medicine. Here, we developed the first complete structural model of the APH‐1B subunit using the published cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) structures of APH1‐A (Protein Data Bank: 5FN2, 5A63, and 6IYC). We then performed all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations at 303 K in a realistic bilayer system to understand both APH‐1B alone and in γ‐secretase without and with substrate C83‐bound. We show that APH‐1B adopts a 7TM topology with a water channel topology similar to APH‐1A. We demonstrate direct transport of water through this channel, mainly via Glu84, Arg87, His170, and His196. The apo and holo states closely resemble the experimental cryo‐EM structures with APH‐1A, however with subtle differences: The substrate‐bound APH‐1B γ‐secretase was quite stable, but some TM helices of PS1 and APH‐1B rearranged in the membrane consistent with the disorder seen in the cryo‐EM data. This produces different accessibility of water molecules for the catalytic aspartates of PS1, critical for Aβ production. In particular, we find that the typical distance between the catalytic aspartates of PS1 and the C83 cleavage sites are shorter in APH‐1B, that is, it represents a more closed state, due to interactions with the C‐terminal fragment of PS1. Our structural‐dynamic model of APH‐1B alone and in γ‐secretase suggests generally similar topology but some notable differences in water accessibility which may be relevant to the protein's existence in two forms and their specific function and location.
Attrition and attendance in group therapy for university students: An examination of predictors across time
Authors: Gulamani Tahira , Uliaszek Amanda A. , Chugani Carla D. , Rashid Tayyab 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesThere exists a dearth of research focused explicitly on predictors of attrition, particularly in the area of group therapy, where both attrition and attendance becomes of primary concern. The present study examined both pretreatment and treatment‐specific variables in the prospective prediction of attendance and attrition in group therapy.MethodFifty‐two participants were randomized to one of two 12‐week group treatments. Participants completed baseline interviews and questionnaires, as well as weekly assessments of treatment‐specific factors.ResultsNo pretreatment factors predicted attendance or drop out, although men attended a larger amount of sessions and were less likely to drop out. Cross‐lagged panel analyses supported bidirectional, causal relationships both treatment‐specific predictors (therapeutic alliance and number of therapeutic techniques) and attendance.ConclusionsSuccessful retention in group therapy may be less predictable from pretreatment factors and instead lie in increasing alliance and fostering the practice of therapeutic strategies.
Identifying the mechanisms of cation inhibition of phenol oxidation by acid birnessite
Authors: Balgooyen Sarah , Remucal Christina K. , Ginder‐Vogel Matthew 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany phenolic compounds found as contaminants in natural waters are susceptible to oxidation by manganese oxides. However, there is often variability between oxidation rates reported in pristine matrices and studies using more environmentally relevant conditions. For example, the presence of cations generally results in slower phenolic oxidation rates. However, the underlying mechanism of cation interference is not well understood. In this study, cation co‐solutes inhibit the transformation of four target phenols (bisphenol A, estrone, p‐cresol, and triclosan) by acid birnessite. Oxidation rates for these compounds by acid birnessite follow the same trend (Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+) when cations are present as co‐solutes. We further demonstrate that the same trend applies to these cations when they are absent from solution but pre‐exchanged with the mineral. We analyze valence state, surface area, crystallinity, and zeta potential to characterize changes in oxide structure. The findings of this study show that pre‐exchanged cations have a large effect on birnessite reactivity even in the absence of cation co‐solutes, indicating that the inhibition of phenolic compound oxidation is not due to competition for surface sites, as previously suggested. Instead, the reaction inhibition is attributed to changes in aggregation and the mineral microstructure.
A Potent Fuel? Faith Identity and Development Impact in World Vision Community Programming
Authors: Jennings Michael , Clarke Matthew , Feeny Simon , Westhorp Gill , Donohue Cara 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the role of faith identity on impact in development by looking at the programming of a major international faith‐based development organisation (FBDO). It argues that faith identity rests not only in the internal projected identity of the FBDO but also on perceptions of that identity in the community, highlighting the role context plays in the formulation of faith identity and its impact. Secondly, the paper argues that FBDOs possess not only a faith identity but also a development one and that it is the interplay between both that allows for the creation of engagement and trust in interventions.
7T MR Safety
Authors: Fagan Andrew J. , Bitz Andreas K. , Björkman‐Burtscher Isabella M. , Collins Christopher M. , Kimbrell Vera , Raaijmakers Alexander J.E. ,   ISMRM Safety Committee
Published: August 2020

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) at 7T represents an exciting advance in MR technology, with intriguing possibilities to enhance image spatial, spectral, and contrast resolution. To ensure the safe use of this technology while still harnessing its potential, clinical staff and researchers need to be cognizant of some safety concerns arising from the increased magnetic field strength and higher Larmor frequency. The higher static magnetic fields give rise to enhanced transient bioeffects and an increased risk of adverse incidents related to electrically conductive implants. Many technical challenges remain and the continuing rapid pace of development of 7T MRI/MRS is likely to present further challenges to ensuring safety of this technology in the years ahead. The recent regulatory clearance for clinical diagnostic imaging at 7T will likely increase the installed base of 7T systems, particularly in hospital environments with little prior ultrahigh‐field MR experience. Informed risk/benefit analyses will be required, particularly where implant manufacturer‐published 7T safety guidelines for implants are unavailable. On behalf of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, the aim of this article is to provide a reference document to assist institutions developing local institutional policies and procedures that are specific to the safe operation of 7T MRI/MRS. Details of current 7T technology and the physics underpinning its functionality are reviewed, with the aim of supporting efforts to expand the use of 7T MRI/MRS in both research and clinical environments. Current gaps in knowledge are also identified, where additional research and development are required.Level of Evidence 5Technical Efficacy 2J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:333–346.
Live unattenuated vaccines for controlling viral diseases, including COVID‐19
Authors: Chen Ji‐Ming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLive unattenuated vaccines (LUVs) have been neglected for decades, due to widespread prejudice against their safety, even though they have successfully controlled yellow fever and adenovirus infection in humans as well as rinderpest and infectious bursal disease in animals. This review elucidated that LUVs could be highly safe with selective use of neutralizing antivirus antibodies, natural antiglycan antibodies, nonantibody antivirals, and ectopic inoculation. Also, LUVs could be of high efficacy, high development speed, and high production efficiency, with the development of humanized monoclonal antibodies and other modern technologies. They could circumvent antibody‐dependent enhancement and maternal‐derived antibody interference. With these important advantages, LUVs could be more powerful than other vaccines for controlling some viral diseases, and they warrant urgent investigation with animal experiments and clinical trials for defeating the COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2.
Genetic and functional analysis of a Pacific hagfish opioid system
Authors: Huang Alden Y. , Taylor Anna M. W. , Ghogha Atefeh , Pribadi Mochtar , Wang Qing , Kim Tanya S. J. , Cahill Catherine M. , Coppola Giovanni , Evans Christopher J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe actions of endogenous opioids and nociceptin/orphanin FQ are mediated by four homologous G protein‐coupled receptors that constitute the opioid receptor family. However, little is known about opioid systems in cyclostomes (living jawless fish) and how opioid systems might have evolved from invertebrates. Here, we leveraged de novo transcriptome and low‐coverage whole‐genome assembly in the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) to identify and characterize the first full‐length coding sequence for a functional opioid receptor in a cyclostome. Additionally, we define two novel endogenous opioid precursors in this species that predict several novel opioid peptides. Bioinformatic analysis shows no closely related opioid receptor genes in invertebrates with regard either to the genomic organization or to conserved opioid receptor‐specific sequences that are common in all vertebrates. Furthermore, no proteins analogous to vertebrate opioid precursors could be identified by genomic searches despite previous claims of protein or RNA‐derived sequences in several invertebrate species. The presence of an expressed orthologous receptor and opioid precursors in the Pacific hagfish confirms that a functional opioid system was likely present in the common ancestor of all extant vertebrates some 550 million years ago, earlier than all previous authenticated accounts. We discuss the premise that the cyclostome and vertebrate opioid systems evolved from invertebrate systems concerned with antimicrobial defense and speculate that the high concentrations of opioid precursors in tissues such as the testes, gut, and activated immune cells are key remnants of this evolutionary role.