bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiparametric High‐Content Assays to Measure Cell Health and Oxidative Damage as a Model for Drug‐Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Pohan Grace , Espinosa Jether Amos , Chen Steven , Ang Kenny K. , Arkin Michelle R. , Markossian Sarine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDrug‐induced liver injury is an important cause of non‐approval in drug development and the withdrawal of already approved drugs from the market. Screening human hepatic cell lines for toxicity has been used extensively to predict drug‐induced liver injury in preclinical drug development. Assessing hepatic‐cell health with more diverse markers will increase the value of in vitro assays and help predict the mechanism of toxicity. We describe three live cell‐based assays using HepG2 cells to measure cell health parameters indicative of hepatotoxicity. The first assay measures cellular ATP levels using luciferase. The second and third assays are multiparametric high‐content screens covering a panel of cell health markers including cell count, mitochondrial membrane potential and structure, nuclear morphology, vacuolar density, and reactive oxygen species and glutathione levels. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Measurement of cellular ATP contentBasic Protocol 2: High‐content analysis assay to assess cell count, mitochondrial membrane potential and structure, and reactive oxygen speciesBasic Protocol 3: High‐content analysis assay to assess nuclear morphology, vacuoles, and glutathione contentSupport Protocol 1: Subculturing and maintaining HepG2 cellsSupport Protocol 2: Plating HepG2 cell lineSupport Protocol 3: Transferring compounds by pin toolSupport Protocol 4: Generating dose‐response curves
A label propagation algorithm for community detection on high‐mixed networks
Authors: Wu Qingshou , Chen Rongwang , Wang Lijin , Guo Kun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCommunity detection on high‐mixed networks has been a challenging problem for complex network researchers. In a Lancichinetti–Fortunato–Radicchi (LFR) network with a mixing parameter mu greater than or equal to 0.5, the quality of the communities partitioned by currently available algorithms will decrease rapidly with increasing mu. To address this issue, we propose a label propagation algorithm on high‐mixed networks, called LPA‐HM, for community detection. In our algorithm, the initial node labels are preprocessed using the number of common neighbors of the nodes, which greatly reduces the initial number of labels and thus improves the quality of the subsequent label propagation process. During the label propagation stage, each node is given the label that is shared by the maximum number of its neighbors. If there are several labels that meet this requirement, the influence of the labels' nodes is calculated, and the label with the maximum total influence is selected as the label of the current node. Early stop conditions based on modularity and run‐to‐run changes in the number of detected communities are incorporated in the algorithm to prevent label overpropagation. The communities that fail to satisfy the definition of weak communities are merged with their most similar neighboring communities. In experiments based on real networks and LFR networks, it is found that the LPA‐HM algorithm is well suited to community detection in a variety of networks. In a high‐mixed LFR network with mu = 0.7, the NMI measure of the LPA‐HM algorithm's community detection performance is still greater than 0.9.
Gene Editing in Dimorphic Fungi Using CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Kujoth Gregory C. , Sullivan Thomas D. , Klein Bruce S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDimorphic fungi in the genera Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Paracoccidioides are important human pathogens that affect human health in many countries throughout the world. Understanding the biology of these fungi is important for the development of effective treatments and vaccines. Gene editing is a critically important tool for research into these organisms. In recent years, gene targeting approaches employing RNA‐guided DNA nucleases, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated nuclease 9 (Cas9), have exploded in popularity. Here, we provide a detailed description of the steps involved in applying CRISPR/Cas9 technology to dimorphic fungi, with Blastomyces dermatitidis in particular as our model fungal pathogen. We discuss the design and construction of single guide RNA and Cas9‐expressing targeting vectors (including multiplexed vectors) as well as introduction of these plasmids into Blastomyces using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. Finally, we cover the outcomes that may be expected in terms of gene‐editing efficiency and types of gene alterations produced. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Construction of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting vectorsSupport Protocol 1: Choosing protospacers in the target geneBasic Protocol 2: Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of BlastomycesSupport Protocol 2: Preparation of electrocompetent AgrobacteriumSupport Protocol 3: Preparation and recovery of Blastomyces frozen stocks
Analytical Review of Life‐Cycle Environmental Impacts of Carbon Capture and Utilization Technologies
Authors: Garcia‐Garcia Guillermo , Fernandez Marta Cruz , Armstrong Katy , Woolass Steven , Styring Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCarbon capture and utilization (CCU) has been proposed as a sustainable alternative to produce valuable chemicals by reducing the global warming impact and depletion of fossil resources. To guarantee that CCU processes have environmental advantages over conventional production processes, thorough and systematic environmental impact analyses must be performed. Life‐Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a robust methodology that can be used to fulfil this aim. In this context, this article aims to review the life‐cycle environmental impacts of several CCU processes, focusing on the production of methanol, methane, dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, propane and propene. A systematic literature review is used to collect relevant published evidence of the environmental impacts and potential benefits. An analysis of such information shows that CCU generally provides a reduction of environmental impacts, notably global warming/climate change, compared to conventional manufacturing processes of the same product. To achieve such environmental improvements, renewable energy must be used, particularly to produce hydrogen from water electrolysis. Importantly, different methodological choices are identified that are being used in the LCA studies, making results not comparable. There is a clear need to harmonize LCA methods for the analyses of CCU systems, and more importantly, to document and justify such methodological choices in the LCA report.
Rapamycin and abundant TCR stimulation are required for the generation of stable human induced regulatory T cells
Authors: Kim Juewan , Hope Christopher M , Perkins Griffith B , Stead Sebastian O , Scaffidi Jacqueline C , Kette Francis D , Carroll Robert P , Barry Simon C , Coates Patrick Toby 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesRegulatory T cells (Tregs) are a vital sub‐population of CD4+ T cells with major roles in immune tolerance and homeostasis. Given such properties, the use of regulatory T cells for immunotherapies has been extensively investigated, with a focus on adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded natural Tregs (nTregs). For immunotherapies, induced Tregs (iTregs), generated in vitro from naïve CD4+ T cells, provide an attractive alternative, given the ease of generating cell numbers required for clinical dosage. While the combination of TGF‐β, ATRA and rapamycin has been shown to generate highly suppressive iTregs, the challenge for therapeutic iTreg generation has been their instability. Here, we investigate the impact of rapamycin concentrations and α‐CD3/CD28 bead ratios on human iTreg stability.MethodsWe assess iTregs generated with various concentrations of rapamycin and differing ratios of α‐CD3/CD28 beads for their differentiation, stability, expression of Treg signature molecules and T helper effector cytokines, and Treg‐specific demethylation region (TSDR) status.ResultsiTregs generated in the presence of TGF‐β, ATRA, rapamycin and a higher ratio of α‐CD3/CD28 beads were highly suppressive and stable upon in vitro re‐stimulation. These iTregs exhibited a similar expression profile of Treg signature molecules and T helper effector cytokines to nTregs, in the absence of TSDR demethylation.ConclusionThis work establishes a method to generate human iTregs which maintain stable phenotype and function upon in vitro re‐stimulation. Further validation in pre‐clinical models will be needed to ensure its suitability for applications in adoptive transfer.
Characterizing the diverse cells that associate with the developing commissures of the zebrafish forebrain
Authors: Schnabl Jake , Litz Mackenzie P. H. , Schneider Caitlin , PenkoffLidbeck Nadia , Bashiruddin Sarah , Schwartz Morgan S. , Alligood Kristin , Devoto Stephen H. , Barresi Michael J. F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDuring embryonic development of bilaterally symmetrical organisms, neurons send axons across the midline at specific points to connect the two halves of the nervous system with a commissure. Little is known about the cells at the midline that facilitate this tightly regulated process. We exploit the conserved process of vertebrate embryonic development in the zebrafish model system to elucidate the identity of cells at the midline that may facilitate postoptic (POC) and anterior commissure (AC) development. We have discovered that three different gfap+ astroglial cell morphologies persist in contact with pathfinding axons throughout commissure formation. Similarly, olig2+ progenitor cells occupy delineated portions of the postoptic and anterior commissures where they act as multipotent, neural progenitors. Moreover, we conclude that both gfap+ and olig2+ progenitor cells give rise to neuronal populations in both the telencephalon and diencephalon; however, these varied cell populations showed significant developmental timing differences between the telencephalon and diencephalon. Lastly, we also showed that fli1a+ mesenchymal cells migrate along the presumptive commissure regions before and during midline axon crossing. Furthermore, following commissure maturation, specific blood vessels formed at the midline of the POC and immediately ventral and parallel to the AC. This comprehensive account of the cellular populations that correlate with the timing and position of commissural axon pathfinding has supported the conceptual modeling and identification of the early forebrain architecture that may be necessary for proper commissure development.
Demographic consequences of changing body size in a terrestrial salamander
Authors: Hernández‐Pacheco Raisa , Plard Floriane , Grayson Kristine L. , Steiner Ulrich K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChanges in climate can alter individual body size, and the resulting shifts in reproduction and survival are expected to impact population dynamics and viability. However, appropriate methods to account for size‐dependent demographic changes are needed, especially in understudied yet threatened groups such as amphibians. We investigated individual‐ and population‐level demographic effects of changes in body size for a terrestrial salamander using capture–mark–recapture data. For our analysis, we implemented an integral projection model parameterized with capture–recapture likelihood estimates from a Bayesian framework. Our study combines survival and growth data from a single dataset to quantify the influence of size on survival while including different sources of uncertainty around these parameters, demonstrating how selective forces can be studied in populations with limited data and incomplete recaptures. We found a strong dependency of the population growth rate on changes in individual size, mediated by potential changes in selection on mean body size and on maximum body size. Our approach of simultaneous parameter estimation can be extended across taxa to identify eco‐evolutionary mechanisms acting on size‐specific vital rates, and thus shaping population dynamics and viability.
Molecular orientation and electrical properties in tert‐butylated phthalocyanine thin film fabricated by uniaxial solution coating
Authors: Uzurano Genya , Yabuuchi Yuta , Ishiura Ryo , Yoneya Makoto , Nagano Shusaku , Kajii Hirotake , Fujii Akihiko , Ozaki Masanori 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMolecular orientation, molecular packing structure, and electrical properties of thermally stable phthalocyanine, tert‐butylated phthalocyanine (t‐BuPcH2) in the thin film fabricated by bar‐coating method were investigated. The XRD patterns indicated that the columns composed of t‐BuPcH2 molecules formed hexagonal structure, the axis of which was parallel to the bar‐sweep direction, and t‐BuPcH2 molecules were vertically aligned to the bar‐sweep direction. Uniaxially oriented thin films of t‐BuPcH2 were successfully fabricated on Si substrate covered with polyimide by bar‐coating method, and the field effect mobility of t‐BuPcH2 was estimated to be 1.32 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 at maximum. The field effect mobility parallel to the bar‐sweep direction was approximately three times higher than that perpendicular to the bar‐sweep direction due to high electrical conduction along the column axis of t‐BuPcH2.
Trends in extreme weather events induced by global climate change
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews on the trends in extreme weather events induced by global climate change. The number of tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall on Japan and their intensity show no discernible long‐term trend in the past observation record, while the translation speed of TCs shows significant decline. The intensification of heavy rainfalls and extratropical cyclones are also confirmed. Recent simulation studies indicate that the global warming would increase the maximum wind speed and rainfall associated with the TCs. The intensification of extratropical cyclones, heavy rainfalls/snowfalls, tornados, and lightning strikes are also predicted.
Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with end‐stage heart failure and eligibility for heart transplantation
Authors: Sohns Christian , Marrouche Nassir F. , Costard‐Jäckle Angelika , Sossalla Samuel , Bergau Leonard , Schramm Rene , Fuchs Uwe , Omran Hazem , Rubarth Kerstin , Dumitrescu Daniel , Konietschke Frank , Rudolph Volker , Gummert Jan , Sommer Philipp , Fox Henrik 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsTimely referrals for transplantation and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) play a key role in favourable outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure (HF). The purpose of the Catheter Ablation for atrial fibrillation in patientS with end‐sTage heart faiLure and Eligibility for Heart Transplantation (CASTLE‐HTx) trial is to test the hypothesis that atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has beneficial effects on mortality and morbidity during ‘waiting time’ for heart transplantation (HTx) or to prolong the time span until LVAD implantation.Methods and ResultsCASTLE‐HTx is a randomized evaluation of ablative treatment of AF in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction who are candidates and eligible for HTx. The primary endpoint is the composite of all‐cause mortality, worsening of HF requiring a high urgent transplantation, or LVAD implantation. The secondary study endpoints are all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cerebrovascular accidents, worsening of HF requiring unplanned hospitalization, AF burden reduction, unplanned hospitalization due to cardiovascular reason, all‐cause hospitalization, quality of life, number of delivered implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies, time to first implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy, number of device‐detected ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation episodes, left ventricular function, exercise tolerance, and percentage of right ventricular pacing. Ventricular myocardial tissue will be obtained from patients who will undergo LVAD implantation or HTx to assess the effect of catheter ablation on human HF myocardium. CASTLE‐HTx will randomize 194 patients over a minimum time period of 2 years.ConclusionsCASTLE‐HTx will determine if AF ablation has beneficial effects on mortality in patients with end‐stage HF who are eligible for HTx.
Ultra‐Small Noble Metal Ceria‐Based Catalytic Materials: From Synthesis to Application
Authors: Xu Jing , Yang Weiting , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAt present, catalysts play an important role in modern industries, and there are 80 percent of industrial reactions need the participation of catalysts. Noble metal catalysts have significant applications in many fields because of the high selectivity, fine stability and excellent reactivity. However, the large‐scale applications of noble metal are limited by the high price. Preparing noble metal catalysts as small as possible or even in single atom dispersion, can effectively improve the atomic, which partly solves the problem of high price. Nevertheless, this will lead to another problem that the surface free energy increases quickly when the size of noble metal decreases, resulting in the aggregation of noble metal. To address this issue, a suitable support is needed to fix noble metal. CeO2, as an ideal supporting material, has received widespread attention due to the excellent properties including two valences which are easy to interconvert, high oxygen storage capacity and a large number of oxygen deficiencies. So far, the ultra‐small noble metal ceria‐based catalytic materials have been widely developed in many catalysis fields, such as CO oxidation, water‐gas shift reactions, hydrogenation reaction, etc. In this review, the controlled preparations, influence factors and applications of ultra‐small noble metal supported on CeO2 carrier are introduced. Besides, the developments and challenges of this field are proposed.
Quinoline Ligands Improve the Classic Direct C−H Functionalisation/Intramolecular Cyclisation of Diaryl Ethers to Dibenzofurans
Authors: Mackey Katrina , Jones David J. , Pardo Leticia M. , McGlacken Gerard P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe C−H functionalisation approach to the synthesis of dibenzofurans is hampered by a number of problems. Herein we describe the evolution of a cheap, bench stable quinoline ligand, which obviates most of the current limitations and allows for a high yielding synthesis of a range of valuable dibenzofurans. Dibenzofurans are important motifs in natural products and compounds with wide biological activity.
Heat transfer study on flowing liquid film of SiO2‐water nanofluid with surfactant confined by metallic foam
Authors: Zhang Yunsong , Chen Wei 
Published: December 2020

SummaryTo solve the urgent issue of rapid heat dissipation in narrow spaces of electronic devices, the nanofluid as coolant is an effective way, in the cases that the thermo‐physical properties and stabilities of coolant solution can be improved by the dispersion of nanoparticles and surfactant in the base fluid, and scattering sodium dodecyl benzene sulphate (SDBS) as the surfactant and SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively, at different concentration ratios into the base fluid of water to form SiO2‐SDBS‐water (SSW) nanofluid in current research. In the liquid film of SSW nanofluid flowing across heating surface confined by porous metal foam, the effects of the concentration ratios of nanoparticles and surfactant on heat transfer and mechanism of heat transfer enhancement are analyzed in gradual heating and rapid cooling. The boiling and cooling performances can be improved in the SSW nanofluids with the proper concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles as well as matching surfactant, and the deterioration in heat transfer occurs with the mentioned concentrations exceeding the critical values. In the cooling process, the variation of critical heat flux happens with the concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate in the SSW nanofluids, and the concentration ratio of SiO2 nanoparticles to surfactant should be optimized to enhance heat transfer. Specifically at constant SDBS concentration of 50 ppm, and the relative better heat transfer performances can be obtained at SiO2 concentration of ωSiO2 = 100 ppm, in which the removed heat flux increased by 19%, the cooling time shortened from 8.1 to 5.7 seconds and the critical heat flux increased by 18% in comparison with deionized water. The optimized concentration ratio of SiO2 nanoparticles to SDBS to benefit heat transfer changes with variation of SiO2 nanoparticles in nanofluid at the relatively higher superheat temperature.
Methanolic extract of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) escalates functional restoration following a compression injury to the sciatic nerve in a mouse model
Authors: Maqbool Javeria , Anwar Haseeb , Iqbal Javed , Rasul Azhar , Imran Ali , Ahmad Malik Shoaib , Shabbir Asghar , Ijaz Fazeela , Sajid Faiqa , Akram Rabia , Sun Tao , Imran Muhammad , Hussain Ghulam , Islam Saiful 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPeripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the major health concerns faced by the community at present. Till now, available therapeutic approaches are ineffective to fully heal a nerve injury and to assure the functional recovery entirely. Natural compounds can prove attractive and effective drug candidates to bridge up this gap. In this scenario, the present study was designed to explore the role of methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare (F. vulgare) seeds in accelerating the function regain following a sciatic nerve injury in a mouse model. For this purpose, 12 adult healthy albino mice (BALB/C), 8–10 weeks old, were grouped as control (Ctrl, n = 6) and treatment (Trt, n = 6). The treated group was given methanolic extract of F. vulgare (200 mg/kg per day) started from the day of nerve crush until the end of the study. The sensorimotor function regain assessed by hot plate test, grip strength, and SFI assessments was found significantly (p < .05) ameliorated in the F. vulgare‐treated group. A prominent improvement in the muscle mass of the treated group further affirmed these effects. Furthermore, morphometric analysis of muscle fiber cross‐sectional area of tibialis anterior muscle between groups revealed a noticeable improvement in muscle fibers’ diameter of the treated group. Conclusively, these findings suggest that F. vulgare methanolic extract exhibits the potential to escalate functional recovery following a peripheral nerve injury. However, the real players of this extract and the mechanism involved in boosting functional restoration need to be dissected by further work.