bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pyrrhic Victories of the 1920s
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes Norges Bank in the 1920s. Following the chaotic years during and after the First World War, politics ceded the economic realm to institutional technocrats, represented especially by the governor of Norges Bank, Nicolai Rygg. Rygg started out with strong support from the political and intellectual milieus in his programme for restoring the pre-war value of the krone. Gradually, the support eroded. The growing labour movement and Labour Party came to represent the most important threat to Norges Bank’s policies in its final stage. Labour came out as the winner of the parliamentary election in 1927 and formed a new, short-lived government in early 1928. When the government was overthrown after a few weeks in office, the parity policy could be completed and ‘normalcy’ restored. However, Rygg and Norges Bank won a costly victory. In the aftermath, the parity policy was mainly seen as erroneous and misguided. Rygg’s active role in overthrowing the Labour government in 1928 became a formative element in the labour movement’s perceptions of Norges Bank’s and its governor’s past and future role in Norwegian society.
Cavendish
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 challenges the conventional understanding of Margaret Cavendish as a royalist, by focusing on her less-studied works of the early 1650s, when absolutist arguments were being pressed (by Davenant and others) in service of more flexible forms of allegiance. The chapter maps and contextualizes Cavendish’s common ground with Hobbes, but especially the suggestively close relationship between her political writings and those of her husband, Newcastle. It compares the critique of cavalier tropes in Cavendish’s poetry with Marvell’s, before moving on to unravel the complex political theory of Cavendish’s first essay collection, The Worlds Olio. Cavendish takes a highly artificial view of sovereignty as a psychological phenomenon stimulated by the sensory experience of ceremony. This belief exists in complex tension with a more ruthlessly defactoist view of sovereignty based on coercive force.
Cowley
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 challenges established interpretations of Cowley as a (crypto-)royalist with a revisionist reading of his Poems (1656), particularly the Pindarique Odes and Davideis, as his conscious attempt to shape a poetic identity in Cromwellian England. These texts can be shown to draw on absolutist and defactoist arguments for obeying the Protectorate. The chapter considers Cowley’s complex engagement with Hobbes, tempered by his cautious scepticism, and his more traditionally absolutist concern with the moral constraints that distinguish legitimate sovereignty from tyranny. Cowley shares with Davenant an interest in the artificial nature of sovereignty, and the psychological drivers of conflict between humans. But his high view of absolute obedience is deeply shaped by a neostoic emphasis on concepts of apatheia and constancy, scepticism and self-preservation.
The Moment of Liberation in Western Europe
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The moment of liberation in Western Europe, 1943-1948, regards the final two years of World War II and the immediate post-liberation period as a moment in twentieth century history, when the shape and contours of postwar Western Europe appeared highly uncertain and various alternatives and conflicting visions were up for grabs. After close to six years of total war, Nazi terror and brutal occupation policies, a growing number of Europeans were no longer content solely to fight for national liberation from fascist control. Having staked their lives in military and civilian resistance to Nazism and Italian fascism across the continent, surviving activists were aiming to ensure that such a political and social catastrophe would never befall Europe again. In the closing moments of World War II, hundreds of thousands of antifascist activists had begun to identify with the famous quote penned by the exiled German social theorists, Max Horkheimer, who had boldly proclaimed in early September 1939: ‘Whoever is not prepared to talk about capitalism should also remain silent about fascism.’ The economic and political elites in prewar societies were increasingly regarded as co-responsible for war, fascism and occupation policies, from which many had benefited significantly and often enthusiastically. There were extensive popular social movements at work in almost every single state which aimed to construct postwar societies in which grassroots democracy and the free association of rank-and-file activists would replace the profit principle and the top-down Jacobin orientation by traditional elites. This book for the first time reconstructs the parameters of this contest over the shape of postwar Western Europe from a consistently transnational perspective.
Honni soit qui mal y pense
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The challenges to traditional ante-bellum or ante-Mussolini ways of ruling and running societies were perhaps most visible in the area of fundamental changes affecting the most popular mass media at that time: newspapers. Virtually all across Europe, the vast majority of hitherto operating daily newspapers were shut down at the moment of liberation, and a new antifascist press often took over production facilities vacated by their compromised former owners. After some cursory glances at the politics of the post-liberation press in Germany and Italy, I then go into considerable detail in the case of France. For it was in France where the challenges to published opinion in the wake of Nazi occupation went further and deeper than anywhere else. In France, however, too, within very few years the power of money regained the upper hand, turning back the clock to the status quo ante bellum.
Moral Economy, Predatory Society
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes us into the murky world of seeminglypetty crimes at work, dishonesty in paperwork, and cheating. These topics are often left at the margins of criminological thinking, theorizing, and enquiries, and this work is an attempt to bring these more fully into mainstream studies. This chapter relates our thinking and findings on this topic to the work of others in criminology and related fields. It introduces the reader to both the concept of economic morality and the notion of ‘crime in the marketplace’, as well as the history of research into white-collar crime. We describe the main topic of the research project on which the book is based, and the extent to which this has been ignored by previous generations of criminologists. The moral economy of the neo-liberal marketplace is outlined (drawing upon E.P. Thompson’s work), the research strategy is explained, and some of the key concepts later developed are discussed.
The Middling Sort
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the core concept of the ‘middle class’. For England and Wales, the former East Germany and the former West Germany, socio-economic positions and financial situations of citizens/consumers are identified along with the social and economic attitudes related to these. The chapter then embarks on an examination of the relationship between individual’s socio-economic position and financial situation and involvement in crime in the marketplace, both as victims and offenders. The findings demonstrate that those with higher levels of income are most heavily involved in these types of crimes, equally as victims and offenders.
Communicating Crime, Risk, and Blame
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the ways in which citizens and consumers communicate about their experiences of victimization as well as about the offences they committed, and how they create and shape the moral climate of contemporary markets. It explores how individual citizens support each other in avoiding victimization, provide moral support for offending and offer help in committing offences, comparing these by country. It analyses the extent to which such social networks which support offending are associated with legal cynicism, intentions to offend, techniques of neutralization, and self-interestedness. As well as relying on qualitative data, vignettes from the survey undertaken are included.
Crime, Consumption, and Economic Morality
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings from the study, reflects on the theoretical and substantive knowledge produced, and assess its importance for criminological theory and research. It outlines the unique methodology of combining in-depth comparison with large scale macro-level perspectives. It identifies the mechanisms and dynamics that shape the moral economy and victimization and offending in the marketplace across time and space. Building on these results, the futures of middle class crime are discussed. With a global increase of middle class populations, and driven by technology and the internet, the crimes of everyday life and shady practices will become ever more important. Criminologists need to pay attention.
AVERAGE GLANDULAR DOSES AND NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS IN MAMMOGRAPHY EXAMINATIONS IN TURKEY
Authors: Parmaksız Aydın , Ataç Gökçe K , Bulur Emine , İnal Tolga , Alhan Aslıhan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In order to establish national diagnostic reference levels for mammography examinations, entrance skin air kerma, entrance skin dose and average glandular doses (AGDs) were calculated for a total of 25 624 cranio-caudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) projections of 6309 patients for 40–49 and 50–64 age groups. The average entrance skin air kerma and entrance skin dose values for both age groups were found to be higher in MLO projections compared with CC projections. The minimum and maximum values of AGDs were determined as 0.4 and 7.9 mGy for both projections. The maximum numbers of AGDs for CC and MLO projections were calculated in the range of 1.1–1.5 and 1.6–2.0 mGy, respectively. The third quartile values of AGDs were calculated for each compressed breast thickness between 20 and 99 mm. The first national diagnostic reference levels of the country were established for each 10-mm compressed breast thickness in mammography examinations.
Morphological Characters Can Strongly Influence Early Animal Relationships Inferred from Phylogenomic Data Sets
Authors: Neumann Johannes S , Desalle Rob , Narechania Apurva , Schierwater Bernd , Tessler Michael 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
There are considerable phylogenetic incongruencies between morphological and phylogenomic data for the deep evolution of animals. This has contributed to a heated debate over the earliest-branching lineage of the animal kingdom: the sister to all other Metazoa (SOM). Here, we use published phylogenomic data sets ($\sim $45,000–400,000 characters in size with $\sim $15–100 taxa) that focus on early metazoan phylogeny to evaluate the impact of incorporating morphological data sets ($\sim $15–275 characters). We additionally use small exemplar data sets to quantify how increased taxon sampling can help stabilize phylogenetic inferences. We apply a plethora of common methods, that is, likelihood models and their “equivalent” under parsimony: character weighting schemes. Our results are at odds with the typical view of phylogenomics, that is, that genomic-scale data sets will swamp out inferences from morphological data. Instead, weighting morphological data 2–10$\times $ in both likelihood and parsimony can in some cases “flip” which phylum is inferred to be the SOM. This typically results in the molecular hypothesis of Ctenophora as the SOM flipping to Porifera (or occasionally Placozoa). However, greater taxon sampling improves phylogenetic stability, with some of the larger molecular data sets ($&gt;$200,000 characters and up to $\sim $100 taxa) showing node stability even with $\geqq100\times $ upweighting of morphological data. Accordingly, our analyses have three strong messages. 1) The assumption that genomic data will automatically “swamp out” morphological data is not always true for the SOM question. Morphological data have a strong influence in our analyses of combined data sets, even when outnumbered thousands of times by molecular data. Morphology therefore should not be counted out a priori. 2) We here quantify for the first time how the stability of the SOM node improves for several genomic data sets when the taxon sampling is increased. 3) The patterns of “flipping points” (i.e., the weighting of morphological data it takes to change the inferred SOM) carry information about the phylogenetic stability of matrices. The weighting space is an innovative way to assess comparability of data sets that could be developed into a new sensitivity analysis tool. [Metazoa; Morphology; Phylogenomics; Weighting.]
Evaluation of selected categories of pet treats using in vitro assay and texture analysis
Authors: He Fei , Holben Grace , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Treats are important contributors to the economics of the U.S. pet product industry. Not only do pet owners use them to build an emotional bond or interact with their pets, but treats also can deliver functional or health benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestion and safety of selected commercial treats by measuring their in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD) using the modified in vitro method of Boisen and Eggum, which was developed to simulate in vivo digestibility of nonruminant animals. Twenty-five commercial treats were classified into six categories based on their appearance, size, and functionality. These categories included biscuit, chew, dental, meat product, rawhide, and cat treat. Each commercial product was analyzed in triplicate and in vitro DMD was calculated after enzymatic digestion and incubation. A wide variation in DMD was observed among and within different treat categories in both gastric and gastric + small intestinal phases of digestion. For the gastric phase, DMD ranged from 8.40% to 92.20%, whereas intestinal phase digestion had a DMD range of 35.10–100% (P &lt; 0.05). In general, treats from meat products, dental, chew, biscuit, and cat treat categories had a high DMD (&gt;85%) after the intestinal phase, whereas DMD of rawhide treats varied from 35.10% to 95.70%. Principal component analysis, in addition, has visually shown that rawhide treats displayed the largest portion of variation from the other treats. A low DMD at gastric phase is a concern because it may pose a risk for gastrointestinal blockage and intolerance, particularly for treats of large size that remained intact during this phase. In vitro DMD results can be used as a potential predictor of in vivo digestibility, facilitate recommendations about pet treat safety for professionals and manufacturers in the pet industry, and assist pet owners in the treat selection process and with treat purchasing decisions.
Postweaning mortality in commercial swine production. I: review of non-infectious contributing factors
Authors: Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Henry Steve C 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPostweaning mortality is a complex causal matrix involving animal, environment, and infectious etiologic factors. Despite advances in swine productivity such as total pigs born, growth rate, feed intake, and efficiency, there have been modest to no improvements in postweaning mortality rates over the last several years. Industry averages for postweaning mortality range from four to eight percent for each the nursery, grow-finish, or wean-finish stages. Retrospective mortality causal analyses of individual databases have been performed. However, little information derived from meta-analysis, systematic review, or comprehensive literature reviews are available. In order to develop and evaluate strategies to comprehensively manage and reduce postweaning mortality, addressing the complexity and range of impact that factors have on mortality is necessary to identify and prioritize such contributing factors. Our objective is to describe the current state of knowledge regarding non-infectious causes of postweaning mortality, focusing on estimates of frequency and magnitude of effect where available. Postweaning mortality can be generalized into non-infectious and infectious causes, with non-infectious factors further classified into anatomic abnormalities, toxicity, animal factors, facility factors, nutritional inadequacies, season, and management factors. Important non-infectious factors that have been identified through review of literature include birth weight, pre-weaning management, weaning age and weight, and season. Additionally, reasons for mortality with a low incidence but a high magnitude include abdominal organ torsion/volvulus, sodium ion or ionophore toxicosis, or dietary imbalance due to feed formulation or manufacture error. Many interactive effects are present between and among infectious and non-infectious factors, but an important trend is the impact that non-infectious factors have on the incidence, severity, and resolution of infectious disease. Strategies to reduce postweaning mortality must consider the dynamic, complex state that forms the causal web. Control of postweaning mortality through understanding of the complexity, evaluation of mortality reduction strategies through rigorous scientific evaluation, and implementation remains an area of opportunity for continued growth and development in the global swine industry.
Effects of switching from corn distillers dried grains with solubles- to corn- and soybean meal-based diets on finishing pig performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fatty acid composition
Authors: Lerner Annie B , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Allerson Matt 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are known to negatively impact carcass yield and fat quality, thus finishing pigs may need to be switched from diets containing DDGS to corn–soybean meal (CSBM) diets before marketing (DDGS withdrawal). A total of 860 finishing pigs (PIC C48 or L42 × 327; initially 66.2 kg body weight, BW) were used in a 76-day experiment to evaluate the effects of DDGS withdrawal periods at increasing intervals before harvest. Pen served as the experimental unit, and there were seven replicate pens per treatment with 23 to 25 pigs per pen. Pens were blocked by BW and allotted to one of five dietary treatments differentiated by the DDGS withdrawal period: 76, 42, 27, 15, or 0 day before harvest. Diets contained 40% DDGS from 22 to 66 kg prior to the experiment, 0% or 35% DDGS during the experiment from ~66 to 82 kg, and 0% or 30% DDGS until the completion of the trial. Diets were not balanced for net energy. Linear and quadratic response to time following dietary switch was evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX. For the overall period (day 76 prior to market to day 0), as withdrawal period increased, average daily gain (ADG) and final BW increased (linear, P &lt; 0.002) and feed efficiency (G:F) improved (quadratic, P = 0.019). Average daily feed intake increased (quadratic, P = 0.030) as withdrawal period increased. There was an increase (linear P = 0.010) in hot carcass weight (HCW), with a marginally significant increase in carcass yield (linear, P = 0.094) with increasing withdrawal period. Loin depth and lean percentage did not demonstrate any evidence for treatment differences (P &gt; 0.132). Backfat increased (linear, P = 0.030) with increasing withdrawal period. Finally, iodine value (IV) of belly fat was decreased (linear, P = 0.001) with increased withdrawal period. In conclusion, switching from a DDGS-based diet to a CSBM-based diet for longer periods before slaughter increased ADG and improved G:F, resulting in increased HCW. After diets were switched from DDGS to CSBM, pigs demonstrated an increase in intake, likely due to the ability to consume high volumes of feed after consuming high fiber (DDGS) diets. Belly fat IV was decreased as the length of time after dietary change was increased, with the lowest IV resulting from pigs that consumed CSBM for the entire experimental period.
Effects of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in finishing diets on pig growth performance and carcass yield with two different marketing strategies
Authors: Lerner Annie B , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Hastad Chad W , Coble Kyle F , Arkfeld Emily , Cartagena Hilda C , Vahl Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Feeding diets high in corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) before market can negatively impact carcass yield, hot carcass weight (HCW), and belly fat iodine value (IV). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of switching from DDGS-based to corn-soybean meal (CSBM)-based diets at increasing intervals (withdrawal periods) before harvest on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics. Diets in both experiments contained either 0% or 30% DDGS and were balanced for net energy (NE). In Exp. 1, 985 pigs (initially 99.6 kg body weight [BW]) were used with 12 pens per treatment. The four treatments were increasing DDGS withdrawal periods: 28, 21, 14, or 0 d (no dietary switch) before marketing. All pens were marketed by removing the 17% heaviest pigs 21 d before slaughter and the remaining 83% all slaughtered 21 d later. Overall, there was no evidence for treatment differences on final BW, average daily feed intake, or feed efficiency (G:F;P &gt; 0.10); however, average daily gain (ADG) increased (linear, P = 0.022) and belly fat IV decreased (linear, P = 0.001) the longer pigs were fed CSBM diets. There was no evidence for differences for HCW (P &gt; 0.10); however, carcass yield increased (linear, P = 0.001) with increasing time following the switch to CSBM. Backfat depth decreased and percentage lean increased as CSBM feeding time increased (quadratic; P &lt; 0.05). In Exp. 2, 1,158 pigs (initially 105 kg BW) were used in a 35-d study. There were 15 pens per treatment and four treatments of increasing DDGS withdrawal periods: 35, 28, 14, or 0 d (no dietary switch). All pens were marketed by removing the 15% heaviest pigs on day 28, the 28% heaviest pigs on day 14, and a final marketing of approximately 57% of starting barn inventory. There was no evidence that final BW, ADG, G:F, or HCW differed among dietary treatments (P &gt; 0.10). Average daily feed intake and carcass yield increased and belly fat IV decreased (P &lt; 0.050); the longer pigs were fed CSBM. In conclusion, growth performance was minimally impacted following dietary switch from DDGS- to CSBM-based diets, possibly due to similar dietary NE. For carcass yield and belly fat IV, the optimal time to make a dietary switch from high to low fiber appears to be linear in nature and at least 28 d before marketing.