bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting Anti-Semitism in Contemporary Germany
Authors: Younes Anna-Esther 
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the discourse around anti-Semitism in Germany since 2000. The discourse makes use of the figure of the Jew for national security purposes (i.e. via the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the trope of the “dangerous Muslim”) and the politics of national identity. The article introduces the concept of the “War on Anti-Semitism”, an assemblage of policies about national belonging and security that are propelled primarily by white racial anxieties. While the War on Terror is fought against the Muslim Other, or the War on Drugs is fought against predominantly Latinx and Black communities, the War on Anti-Semitism is ostensibly fought on behalf of the racialized Jewish Other. The War on Anti-Semitism serves as a pretext justifying Germany's internal and external security measures by providing a logic for the management of non-white migration in an ethnically diverse yet white supremacist Europe.
In 2000, a new citizenship law fundamentally changed the architecture of belonging and im/migration by replacing the old Wilhelminian jus sanguinis (principle of blood) with a jus soli (principle of residency). In the wake of these changes and the resulting racial anxiety about Germanness, state sponsored civil-society educational programs to fight anti-Semitism emerged, targeting predominantly Muslim non-/citizens. These education programs were developed alongside international debates around the War on Terror and what came to be called “Israel-oriented anti-Semitism” in Germany (more commonly known as “Muslim anti-Semitism”).
Triangulated through the enduring legacy of colonial racialization, the Jew and the Muslim are con/figured as enemies in socio-political German discourses. This analysis of the War on Anti-Semitism has serious implications for our understanding of “New Europe”. By focusing on the figure of the Jew and the Muslim, the implications of this work transcend national borders and stress the important connection between fantasy, power, and racialization in Germany and beyond.
Fabrication of Fresnel lens arrays by a rapid non-isothermal imprinting
process
Authors: Shu Yang , Zhou Wenchen , Zhou Zhixiong , Yi Allen Y. 
Published: December 2020

Fresnel lens arrays are widely employed in concentrator photovoltaics,
photonic devices, and integral imaging systems. In this study, a rapid
non-isothermal imprinting process for Fresnel lens arrays was
proposed. In this process, a heated mold with microstructures was
momentarily pressed onto a thermoplastic polymer surface that was
initially kept at room temperature. The microstructures of the mold
can be copied completely to the polymer substrate by imprinting
consecutively until a continuous surface Fresnel lens array is
obtained. Different from more traditional molding processes, the
substrate does not need to be heated and cooled repeatedly in the
replicating process. In addition, the imprinting process is carried
out at room temperature, which can greatly reduce the thermal cycle
time and energy consumption. Generally speaking, the material flow and
stress distribution of the substrate need to be monitored so that the
microlenses with a high precision surface finish can be produced in
the non-isothermal imprinting process. To verify this, the finite
element method (FEM) model for the non-isothermal process was
established, and the feasibility of this process was analyzed. A
hexagonal continuous surface Fresnel lens array was then fabricated,
and its geometrical contour and imaging performance were tested. The
experimental results showed this new process could be an effective and
low-cost optical fabrication technology for high-quality production of
Fresnel lens arrays.
High-throughput optical sectioning via line-scanning imaging with digital structured modulation
Authors: Zhong Qiuyuan , Jiang Chenyu , Zhang Dejie , Chen Siqi , Jin Rui , Gong Hui , Yuan Jing 
Published: December 2020

Optical sectioning with high-throughput, a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and submicrometer resolution is crucial, but challenging, to three-dimensional visualization of large biological tissue samples. Here we propose line-scanning imaging with digital structured modulation for optical sectioning. Our method generates images with a significantly improved SNR, compared to wide-field structured illumination microscopy (WF-SIM), without residual modulation artifacts. We image a

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horizontal view of mouse brain tissue at a pixel resolution of

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×

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in 101 s, which, compared to WF-SIM, represents a significant improvement on imaging throughput. These results provide development opportunities for high-throughput, high-resolution large-area optical imaging methods.
Thermal noise and mechanical loss of SiO2/Ta2O5 optical coatings at cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Robinson John M. , Oelker Eric , Milner William R. , Kedar Dhruv , Zhang Wei , Legero Thomas , Matei Dan G. , Häfner Sebastian , Riehle Fritz , Sterr Uwe , Ye Jun 
Published: December 2020

Mechanical loss of dielectric mirror coatings sets fundamental limits for both gravitational wave detectors and cavity-stabilized optical local oscillators for atomic clocks. Two approaches are used to determine the mechanical loss: ringdown measurements of the coating quality factor and direct measurement of the coating thermal noise. Here we report a systematic study of the mirror thermal noise at 4, 16, 124, and 300 K by operating reference cavities at these temperatures. The directly measured thermal noise is used to extract the mechanical loss for

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coatings, which are compared with previously reported values.
Diamond diffractive lens with a continuous profile for powerful terahertz radiation
Authors: Komlenok Maxim , Kononenko Taras , Sovyk Dmitry , Pavelyev Vladimir , Knyazev Boris , Ashkinazi Evgeny , Reshetnikov Anton , Komandin Gennadii , Pashinin Vladimir , Ralchenko Victor , Konov Vitaly 
Published: December 2020

An increase in the radiation power of terahertz (THz) sources requires the development of new optics working with it. The laser-assisted replication technique is proposed to fabricate the diamond cylindrical diffractive lens with a continuous profile for the THz range. The procedure involves the inverted structuring of a silicon substrate by laser ablation for its further replication to the diamond surface utilizing the chemical vapor deposition process. Testing of the fabricated lens performed with a free-electron laser at the wavelength of 141 µm has demonstrated high diffraction efficiency (

95

±

5

%

) and a good agreement between the measured and expected intensity distribution in the focal plane.
Comprehensive exploratory autoantibody profiling in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate or tocilizumab
Authors: Teitsma Xavier M. , Devenport Jenny , Jacobs Johannes W. G. , Pethö-Schramm Attila , Borm Michelle E. A. , Budde Petra , Bijlsma Johannes W. J. , Lafeber Floris P. J. G. 
Published: December 2020

Background
We sought to identify immunoglobin G autoantibodies predictive of early treatment response to methotrexate, the recommended first-line therapy for patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis, and to the interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor biologic tocilizumab, initiated as the first disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug.

Materials and methods
In baseline sera of a subset of patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis in the U-Act-Early study, selected based on specific responder/non-responder criteria using the Disease Activity Score assessing 28 joints (DAS28) within the first 20 weeks, we measured immunoglobin G antibody reactivity against 463 protein antigens and performed supervised cluster analysis to identify predictive autoantibodies for treatment response. The analysis subset comprised 56 patients in the methotrexate arm (22 responders, 34 non-responders) and 50 patients in the tocilizumab arm (34 responders, 16 non-responders). For comparison, these analyses were also performed in 50 age- and gender-matched healthy controls.

Results
Increased reactivity in responders versus non-responders was found in the methotrexate arm against two antigens—DOT1-like histone lysine methyltransferase (p = 0.009) and tropomyosin (p = 0.003)—and in the tocilizumab arm against one antigen—neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2 (p = 0.039). Decreased reactivity was detected against two antigens in the methotrexate arm—G1 to S phase transition 2 (p = 0.023) and the zinc finger protein ZPR1 (p = 0.021). Reactivity against the identified antigens was not statistically significant in either treatment arm for patients with rheumatoid factor–positive versus–negative or anti-cyclic citrullinated test–positive versus test–negative rheumatoid arthritis (p ≥ 0.06).

Conclusions
Comprehensive profiling of baseline sera revealed several novel immunoglobin G autoantibodies associated with early treatment response to methotrexate and to tocilizumab in disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These findings could eventually yield clinically relevant predictive markers, if corroborated in different patient cohorts, and may facilitate future benefit in personalised healthcare.
The association of maternal psychosocial stress with newborn telomere length
Authors: Izano Monika A. , Cushing Lara J. , Lin Jue , Eick Stephanie M. , Goin Dana E. , Epel Elissa , Woodruff Tracey J. , Morello-Frosch Rachel 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundTelomere length in early life predicts later length, and shortened telomere length among adults and children has been linked to increased risk of chronic disease and mortality. Maternal stress during pregnancy may impact telomere length of the newborn.MethodsIn a diverse cohort of 355 pregnant women receiving prenatal and delivery care services at two hospitals in San Francisco, California, we investigated the relationship between self-reported maternal psychosocial stressors during the 2ndtrimester of pregnancy and telomere length (T/S ratio) in newborn umbilical cord blood leukocytes. We examined financial strain, food insecurity, high job strain, poor neighborhood quality, low standing in one’s community, experience of stressful/traumatic life events, caregiving for a dependent family member, perceived stress, and unplanned pregnancy. We used linear regression and Targeted Minimum Loss-Based Estimation (TMLE) to evaluate the change in the T/S ratio associated with exposure to each stressor controlling for maternal age, education, parity, race/ethnicity, and delivery hospital.ResultsIn TMLE analyses, low community standing (-0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]-0.19 to 0.00) and perceived stress (-0.07; 95% CI -0.15 to 0.021 was marginally associated with shorter newborn telomere length, but the associations were not significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. All linear regression estimates were not statistically significant. Our results also suggest that the association between some maternal stressors and newborn telomere length varies by race/ethnicity and infant sex.ConclusionsThis study is the first to examine the joint effect of multiple stressors during pregnancy on newborn TL using a flexible modeling approach.
The prevalence and incidence of glaucoma in Norway 2004–2018: A nationwide population-based study
Authors: Slettedal Jon Klokk , Traustadóttir Valgerður Dóra , Sandvik Leiv , Ringvold Amund 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
To describe prevalence, life-time prevalence and incidence of glaucoma in Norway over a 15-year period.

Materials and methods
Data from The Norwegian Prescription Database was used to identify all prescriptions for glaucoma medication during the period 2004 to 2018. Population figures and lifespan data were obtained from The National Bureau of Statistics.

Results
Of a population of 5.3 million, a total of 75733 patients using glaucoma eye drops were identified in 2018. The national prevalence was thus 1.4%, whilst in those over 70 years of age, 8.0%. When divided into counties, the prevalence varied between 1.1 and 1.9%. Overall, the prevalence was stable in the period 2004–2018. Life time prevalence was found to be 9.4% for men and 10.2% for women. National one-year incidence proportion per 10000 was 17.0 for the total population and a peak incidence of 93.8/10000 in the 80–89 year age group was identified.

Conclusions
Glaucoma prevalence remained stable during the period 2004–2018, while incidence decreased slightly in the elderly population.
Long-term outcomes after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in boys with central precocious puberty
Authors: Shim Young Suk , Lim Kyung In , Lee Hae Sang , Hwang Jin Soon 
Published: December 2020

Objective
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment improves the potential for gaining height in patients with central precocious puberty (CPP). However, most studies have focused on girls because CPP in boys is relatively rare. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of GnRHa treatment on auxological outcomes in boys with CPP.

Methods
Eighty-five boys with CPP were treated with leuprolide or triptorelin acetate 3.75 mg over 2 years. Anthropometry, bone age, sexual maturity rating, and predicted adult height (PAH) were assessed every 6 months. Furthermore, 20 boys were followed up after treatment discontinuation until achievement of the final adult height (FAH).

Results
The mean chronological age (CA) and bone age (BA) of the patients with CPP at treatment initiation were 9.5 ± 0.5 years and 11.7 ± 0.9 years, respectively. The mean duration of treatment was 2.87 ± 0.63 years. The PAH at treatment initiation was 172.1 cm (-0.23 ± 1.05 PAH standard deviation score). The PAH at treatment discontinuation (176.2 ± 6.6 cm) was significantly higher than the pretreatment PAH. In addition, the mean final adult height in the 20 boys who were followed up after discontinuation of treatment was 173.4 ± 5.8 cm, which was significantly higher than the initial PAH (170.1 ± 4.5 cm; p = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, the height gain (the difference between the FAH and PAH at treatment initiation) significantly correlated with the target height.

Conclusion
Long-term GnRHa treatment significantly improved the growth potential and FAH in boys with CPP.
An online survey of informal caregivers’ unmet needs and associated factors
Authors: Denham Alexandra M. J. , Wynne Olivia , Baker Amanda L. , Spratt Neil J. , Turner Alyna , Magin Parker , Palazzi Kerrin , Bonevski Billie 
Published: December 2020

Purpose/objective
The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of unmet needs of carers among a convenience sample of carers, and the participant factors associated with unmet needs, to inform the development of interventions that will support a range of caregivers. The aims of this study were to: (1) assess the most frequently reported moderate-high unmet needs of caregivers; and (2) examine the age, gender, condition of the care recipient, and country variables associated with types of unmet needs reported by informal caregivers.

Research method/design
An online cross-sectional survey among informal caregivers in English-speaking countries was conducted. Self-reported unmet needs were assessed using an unmet needs measure with the following five unmet needs domains: (1) Health information and support for care recipient; (2) Health service management; (3) Communication and relationship; (4) Self-care; and (5) Support services accessibility. Informal caregivers were asked “In the last month, what was your level of need for help with…”, and the ten highest ranked moderate-high unmet needs presented as ranked proportions. Logistic regression modelling examined the factors associated with types of unmet needs.

Results
Overall, 457 caregivers were included in the final analysis. Seven of the ten highest ranked unmet needs experienced by caregivers in the last month were in the Self-care domain, including “Reducing stress in your life” (74.1%). Significant associations were found between younger caregiver age (18–45 years) and reporting moderate-high unmet needs in Health Information and support for care recipient, Health service management, and Support services accessibility (all p’s = <0.05).

Conclusions/implications
Caregivers are not experiencing significant differences in unmet needs between countries and caree/care recipient conditions, suggesting that general interventions could be developed to support a range of caregivers across countries. Increased awareness of informal caregivers’ unmet needs, particularly for younger caregivers, among health care providers may improve support provision to caregivers.
Access to maternal-child health and HIV services for women in North-Central Nigeria: A qualitative exploration of the male partner perspective
Authors: Al-Mujtaba Maryam , Sam-Agudu Nadia A. , Torbunde Nguavese , Aliyu Muktar H. , Cornelius Llewellyn J. 
Published: December 2020

Background
In much of sub-Saharan Africa, male partners play influential roles in women's access to maternal-child healthcare, including prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services. We explored male partner perspectives on women’s access to maternal-child healthcare in North-Central Nigeria.

Methods
Three focus groups were conducted with 30 men, purposefully-selected on the basis of being married, and rural or urban residence. Major themes explored were men’s maternal-child health knowledge, gender power dynamics in women’s access to healthcare, and peer support for pregnant and postpartum women. Data were manually analyzed using Grounded Theory, which involves constructing theories out of data collected, rather than applying pre-formed theories.

Results
Mean participant age was 48.3 years, with 36.7% aged <40 years, 46.7% between 41 and 60 years, and 16.6% over 60 years old. Religious affiliation was self-reported; 60% of participants were Muslim and 40% were Christian. There was consensus on the acceptability of maternal-child health services and their importance for optimal maternal-infant outcomes. Citing underlying patriarchal norms, participants acknowledged that men had more influence in family health decision-making than women. However, positive interpersonal couple relationships were thought to facilitate equitable decision-making among couples. Financial constraints, male-unfriendly clinics and poor healthcare worker attitudes were major barriers to women’s access and male partner involvement. The provision of psychosocial and maternal peer support from trained women was deemed highly acceptable for both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women.

Conclusions
Strategic engagement of community leaders, including traditional and religious leaders, is needed to address harmful norms and practices underlying gender inequity in health decision-making. Gender mainstreaming, where the needs and concerns of both men and women are considered, should be applied in maternal-child healthcare education and delivery. Clinic fee reductions or elimination can facilitate service access. Finally, professional organizations can do more to reinforce respectful maternity care among healthcare workers.
Heatwaves, medications, and heat-related hospitalization in older Medicare beneficiaries with chronic conditions
Authors: Layton J. Bradley , Li Wenhong , Yuan Jiacan , Gilman Joshua P. , Horton Daniel B. , Setoguchi Soko 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundHeatwaves kill more people than floods, tornadoes, and earthquakes combined and disproportionally affect older persons and those with chronic conditions. Commonly used medications for chronic conditions, e.g., diuretics, antipsychotics disrupt thermoregulation or fluid/electrolyte balance and may sensitive patients to heat. However, the effect of heat-sensitizing medications and their interactions with heatwaves are not well-quantified. We evaluated effects of potentially heat-sensitizing medications in vulnerable older patients.MethodsUS Medicare data were linked at the zip code level to climate data with surface air temperatures for June-August of 2007–2012. Patients were Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years with chronic conditions including diabetes, dementia, and cardiovascular, lung, or kidney disease. Exposures were potentially heat-sensitizing medications including diuretics, anticholinergics, antipsychotics, beta blockers, stimulants, and anti-hypertensives. A heatwave was defined as ≥2 days above the 95thpercentile of historical zip code-specific surface air temperatures. We estimated associations of heat-sensitizing medications and heatwaves with heat-related hospitalization using self-controlled case series analysis.ResultsWe identified 9,721 patients with at least one chronic condition and heat-related hospitalization; 42.1% of these patients experienced a heatwave. Heatwaves were associated with an increase in heat-related hospitalizations ranging from 21% (95% CI: 7% to 38%) to 33% (95% CI: 14% to 55%) across medication classes. Several drug classes were associated with moderately elevated risk of heat-related hospitalization in the absence of heatwaves, with rate ratios ranging from 1.16 (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.35) to 1.37 (95% CI: 1.14 to 1.66). We did not observe meaningful synergistic interactions between heatwaves and medications.ConclusionsOlder patients with chronic conditions may be at heightened risk for heat-related hospitalization due to the use of heat-sensitizing medications throughout the summer months, even in the absence of heatwaves. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and also to understand the effect of milder and shorter heat exposure.
Low incidence of HCC in chronic hepatitis C patients with pretreatment liver stiffness measurements below 17.5 kilopascal who achieve SVR following DAAs
Authors: Søholm Jacob , Hansen Janne Fuglsang , Mössner Belinda , Røge Birgit Thorup , Lauersen Alex , Hansen Jesper Bach , Weis Nina , Barfod Toke Seierøe , Lunding Suzanne , Øvrehus Anne , Mohey Rajesh , Thielsen Peter , Christensen Peer Brehm 
Published: December 2020

Background and aims
To evaluate the ability of pretreatment liver stiffness measurements (pLSM) to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), incident decompensation and all-cause mortality in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) after treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs).

Methods
773 CHC patients with SVR after DAA treatment and no prior liver complications were identified retrospectively. Optimized cut-off of 17.5 kPa for incident HCC was selected by maximum Youden’s index. Patients were grouped by pLSM: <10 kPa [reference], 10–17.4 kPa and ≥17.5 kPa. Primary outcomes were incident hepatocellular carcinoma and secondary outcomes were incident decompensated cirrhosis and all-cause mortality, analyzed using cox-regression.

Results
Median follow-up was 36 months and 43.5% (336) had cirrhosis (LSM>12.5 kPa). The median pLSM was 11.6 kPa (IQR 6.7–17.8, range 2.5–75) and pLSM of <10 kPa, 10–17.4 kPa and 17.5–75 kPa was seen in 41.5%, 32.2% and 26.3%. During a median follow-up time of 36 months, 11 (1.4%) developed HCC, 14 (1.5%) developed decompensated cirrhosis, and 38 (4.9%) patients died. A pLSM of 17.5 kPa identified patients with a high risk of HCC with a negative predictive value of 98.9% and incidence rate of HCC in the 17.5–75 kPa group of 1.40/100 person years compared to 0.14/100 person years and 0.12/100 person years in the 10–17.4 kPa and <10 kPa groups, p<0.001.

Conclusion
Pretreatment LSM predicts risk of HCC, decompensation and all-cause mortality in patients with SVR after DAA treatment. Patients with a pLSM <17.5 kPa and no other risk factors for chronic liver disease appear not to benefit from HCC surveillance for the first 3 years after treatment. Longer follow-up is needed to clarify if they can be safely excluded from post treatment HCC screening hereafter.