bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glioblastoma stem cells and Wnt signaling pathway: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Authors: Guan Ruoyu , Zhang Xiaoming , Guo Mian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGlioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumor. Glioblastoma stem cells play an important role in tumor formation by activation of several signaling pathways. Wnt signaling pathway is one such important pathway which helps cellular differentiation to promote tumor formation in the brain. Glioblastoma remains to be a highly destructive type of tumor despite availability of treatment strategies like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Advances in the field of cancer biology have revolutionized therapy by allowing targeting of tumor-specific molecular deregulation. In this review, we discuss about the significance of glioblastoma stem cells in cancer progression through Wnt signaling pathway and highlight the clinical targets being potentially considered for therapy in glioblastoma.
Critical roles of super-enhancers in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases
Authors: Yamagata Kaoru , Nakayamada Shingo , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe super-enhancer (SE) is a cluster of enhancers involved in cell differentiation via enhanced gene expression that determines cell identity. Meanwhile, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported the presence of gene clusters containing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) susceptible to various diseases. According to cell types, these disease-susceptible SNPs are frequently detected in activated SE domains. However, the roles of SEs in the pathogenesis of various diseases remain unclear. This review first presents various functions of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) transcribed from SEs. Next, it describes how SNPs and eRNAs are involved in the pathology of each autoimmune disease, with a focus on typical diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. This review aims to describe the roles of SEs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases through multiple interactions of these factors, as well as a future outlook on this issue.
Multiexponential T2 relaxometry of benign and malignant adipocytic tumours
Authors: Nikiforaki Katerina , Ioannidis Georgios S. , Lagoudaki Eleni , Manikis Georgios H. , de Bree Eelco , Karantanas Apostolos , Maris Thomas G. , Marias Kostas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
We investigated a recently proposed multiexponential (Mexp) fitting method applied to T2 relaxometry magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of benign and malignant adipocytic tumours and healthy subcutaneous fat. We studied the T2 distributions of the different tissue types and calculated statistical metrics to differentiate benign and malignant tumours.

Methods
Twenty-four patients with primary benign and malignant adipocytic tumours prospectively underwent 1.5-T MRI with a single-slice T2 relaxometry (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence, 25 echoes) prior to surgical excision and histopathological assessment. The proposed method adaptively chooses a monoexponential or biexponential model on a voxel basis based on the adjusted R2 goodness of fit criterion. Linear regression was applied on the statistical metrics derived from the T2 distributions for the classification.

Results
Healthy subcutaneous fat and benign lipoma were better described by biexponential fitting with a monoexponential and biexponential prevalence of 0.0/100% and 0.2/99.8% respectively. Well-differentiated liposarcomas exhibit 17.6% monoexponential and 82.4% biexponential behaviour, while more aggressive liposarcomas show larger degree of monoexponential behaviour. The monoexponential/biexponential prevalence was 47.6/52.4% for myxoid tumours, 52.8/47.2% for poorly differentiated parts of dedifferentiated liposarcomas, and 24.9/75.1% pleomorphic liposarcomas. The percentage monoexponential or biexponential model prevalence per patient was the best classifier distinguishing between malignant and benign adipocytic tumours with a 0.81 sensitivity and a 1.00 specificity.

Conclusions
Healthy adipose tissue and benign lipomas showed a pure biexponential behaviour with similar T2 distributions, while decreased adipocytic cell differentiation characterising aggressive neoplasms was associated with an increased rate of monoexponential decay curves, opening a perspective adipocytic tumour classification.
Spinning gold from straw - evaluating the flexibility of data centres on power markets
Authors: Klingert Sonja , Szilvas Sebastian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractData centres have been the focus of research as candidates for demand response or other demand side management programs for quite some time. However, a complete framework optimising data centre demand response is still missing. This is due to the complexity of integrating more than one power flexibility technology and more than one market for power flexibility. In the presented work, this challenge is solved by creating a microeconomics inspired optimisation approach that takes the view of a data centre offering power flexibility as a ’product’ to explicit and/or implicit demand response power flexibility markets. This generic framework is then instantiated in a linear optimisation problem that optimises the power flexibility of a German High Performance Computing Centre on a set of different power flexibility markets in Germany. It is consequently shown that, under the described scenario, frequency scaling should be preferred to temporal workload shifting and that the EPEX day ahead market is the most beneficial power flexibility market.
Antibiotic-induced alterations and repopulation dynamics of yellowtail kingfish microbiota
Authors: Legrand Thibault P. R. A. , Catalano Sarah R. , Wos-Oxley Melissa L. , Wynne James W. , Weyrich Laura S. , Oxley Andrew P. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
The use of antibiotics in aquaculture is a common infection treatment and is increasing in some sectors and jurisdictions. While antibiotic treatment can negatively shift gut bacterial communities, recovery and examination of these communities in fish of commercial importance is not well documented. Examining the impacts of antibiotics on farmed fish microbiota is fundamental for improving our understanding and management of healthy farmed fish. This work assessed yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) skin and gut bacterial communities after an oral antibiotic combination therapy in poor performing fish that displayed signs of enteritis over an 18-day period. In an attempt to promote improved bacterial re-establishment after antibiotic treatment, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was also administered via gavage or in the surrounding seawater, and its affect was evaluated over 15 days post-delivery.

Results
Antibiotic treatment greatly perturbed the global gut bacterial communities of poor-performing fish – an effect that lasted for up to 18 days post treatment. This perturbation was marked by a significant decrease in species diversity and evenness, as well as a concomitant increase in particular taxa like an uncultured Mycoplasmataceae sp., which persisted and dominated antibiotic-treated fish for the entire 18-day period. The skin-associated bacterial communities were also perturbed by the antibiotic treatment, notably within the first 3 days; however, this was unlike the gut, as skin microbiota appeared to shift towards a more ‘normal’ (though disparate) state after 5 days post antibiotic treatment. FMT was only able to modulate the impacts of antibiotics in some individuals for a short time period, as the magnitude of change varied substantially between individuals. Some fish maintained certain transplanted gut taxa (i.e. present in the FMT inoculum; namely various Aliivibrio related ASVs) at Day 2 post FMT, although these were lost by Day 8 post FMT.

Conclusion
As we observed notable, prolonged perturbations induced by antibiotics on the gut bacterial assemblages, further work is required to better understand the processes/dynamics of their re-establishment following antibiotic exposure. In this regard, procedures like FMT represent a novel approach for promoting improved microbial recovery, although their efficacy and the factors that support their success requires further investigation.
Deep friction massage versus local steroid injection for treatment of plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Moshrif Abdelhfeez , Elwan Mohamed , Daifullah Osama S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundDeep friction massage (DFM) has long been proven to be effective in treatment of some tendinopathies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of this physical modality in the treatment of plantar fasciitis in comparison with local steroid injection.ResultsSixty patients were assigned into 2 groups through a computer-based randomization table and completed the treatment and follow-up assessments; thirty in group I received 40 mg local triamcinolone injection and thirty in group II received 7 sessions of DFM. Demographic data showed a statistically insignificant difference in age, female to male ratio, and body mass index (BMI) in both groups. The mean for age was 39.42 years in group I and 41.32 years in group II (P = 0.86); the female to male ratio was 3:1 in group I and 2.75:1 in group II, and the mean for BMI was 32.41 in group I and 33.31 in group II (P = 0.51). At 2 and 6 weeks follow-up, DFM led to less improvement in pain and function compared to local steroid injection (P = 0.001 and 0.002 for pain andP = 0.001 and 0.001 for function respectively at both time points of follow-up).ConclusionsThis study revealed that deep friction massage is not effective as a single method in treatment of the plantar fasciitis. However, it can be used as an adjuvant physical modality. Further, large scale studies are needed to support this observation.Trial registrationPan African Clinical Trial RegistryPACTR202004672785790. Date of registration 16 April 2020, “retrospectively registered.”
Stigma toward mental and physical illness: attitudes of healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public in Pakistan
Authors: Husain Muhammad Omair , Zehra Syeda S. , Umer Madeha , Kiran Tayyaba , Husain Mina , Soomro Mustafa , Dunne Ross , Sultan Sarwat , Chaudhry Imran B. , Naeem Farooq , Chaudhry Nasim , Husain Nusrat 
Published: August 2020

Background
The evidence base for stigma in mental health largely originates from high-income countries.

Aims
This study from Pakistan aimed to address the gap in literature on stigma from low- and middle-income countries.

Method
This cross-sectional study surveyed 1470 adults from Karachi, Pakistan. Participants from three groups (healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public) completed the adapted Bogardus Social Distance Scale (SDS) as a measure of stigma.

Results
All three groups reported higher scores of stigma toward mental disorders compared with physical disorders. SDS scores for mental illness in the general public were significantly higher than in healthcare students (mean difference (MD) 6.93, 95% CI 5.45–8.45, P < 0.001) and healthcare professionals (MD 6.93, 95% CI 5.48–8.38, P < 0.001). However, SDS scores between healthcare students and healthcare professionals were not significantly different (MD 0.003, 95% CI −1.14–1.14, P > 0.99). Being female was associated with lower stigma scores and being over the age of 30 years was associated with higher stigma scores.

Conclusions
Stigma campaigns in Pakistan need to target the general population. However, evidence of negative attitudes toward mental illness in healthcare students and healthcare professionals supports the need for stronger emphasis on psychiatric education within undergraduate and postgraduate training in Pakistan.
Integrated genomic view of SARS-CoV-2 in India
Authors: Kumar Pramod , Pandey Rajesh , Sharma Pooja , Dhar Mahesh S. , A. Vivekanand , Uppili Bharathram , Vashisht Himanshu , Wadhwa Saruchi , Tyagi Nishu , Fatihi Saman , Sharma Uma , Singh Priyanka , Lall Hemlata , Datta Meena , Gupta Poonam , Saini Nidhi , Tewari Aarti , Nandi Bibhash , Kumar Dhirendra , Bag Satyabrata , Gahlot Deepanshi , Rathore Surabhi , Jatana Nidhi , Jaiswal Varun , Gogia Hema , Madan Preeti , Singh Simrita , Singh Prateek , Dash Debasis , Bala Manju , Kabra Sandhya , Singh Sujeet , Mukerji Mitali , Thukral Lipi , Faruq Mohammed , Agrawal Anurag , Rakshit Partha 
Published: August 2020

Background: India first detected SARS-CoV-2, causal agent of COVID-19 in late January 2020, imported from Wuhan, China. From March 2020 onwards, the importation of cases from countries in the rest of the world followed by seeding of local transmission triggered further outbreaks in India. Methods: We used ARTIC protocol-based tiling amplicon sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 (n=104) from different states of India using a combination of MinION and MinIT sequencing from Oxford Nanopore Technology to understand how introduction and local transmission occurred. Results: The analyses revealed multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes, including the A2a cluster from Europe and the USA, A3 cluster from Middle East and A4 cluster (haplotype redefined) from Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia) and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan). The local transmission and persistence of genomes A4, A2a and A3 was also observed in the studied locations. The most prevalent genomes with patterns of variance (confined in a cluster) remain unclassified, and are here proposed as A4-clade based on its divergence within the A cluster. Conclusions: The viral haplotypes may link their persistence to geo-climatic conditions and host response. Multipronged strategies including molecular surveillance based on real-time viral genomic data is of paramount importance for a timely management of the pandemic.
Comparison of the effects of Kinesio tape and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on hand extensors in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Acıkbas Ece , Tarakcı Devrim , Budak Miray 
Published: August 2020

Background/aims Cerebral palsy is a lifelong condition resulting in weakness in the muscles, difficulty moving and excessive tension in the muscles of the arms and legs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding Kinesio taping and neuromuscular electrical stimulation to neurodevelopmental treatment on joint range of motion, muscle tone and functional ability in children with cerebral palsy. Methods A total of 30 children were included in the study. They were allocated to one of two groups: Kinesio taping (n=15) or neuromuscular electrical stimulation (n=15). The children in both groups received 20 sessions of twice-weekly neurodevelopmental treatment. Range of motion, Modified Ashworth Scale, Duruoz Hand Index, Manual Ability Classification System, Gross Motor Function Classification System, Minnesota Hand Skill Test and Jebsen Hand Function Test were assessed before and after the treatment programme. Results Statistically significant improvements (P<0.05) were found in all measures except Gross Motor Function Classification System in both groups. Significant between-group differences in left shoulder flexion, left shoulder abduction and unilateral Minnesota Hand Skill Test were found in favour of neuromuscular electrical stimulation; whereas significant improvement in left elbow flexion was found in favour of Kinesio taping. Conclusions The addition of Kinesio taping and neuromuscular electrical stimulation to neurodevelopmental treatment improved the joint range of motion and functional ability of children with cerebral palsy.
Results of a UK-wide vignette study with occupational therapists to explore cognitive screening post stroke
Authors: Geraghty Jennifer , Ablewhite Joanne , das Nair Roshan , Lincoln Nadina , Kontou Eirini , Roffe Jack , Lannin Natasha , Drummond Avril 
Published: August 2020

Background/Aims There is a paucity of evidence in the UK regarding cognitive screening performed by occupational therapists and whether, and how, cognitive impairments are identified and assessed. The aim of this study was to identify current occupational therapy practice for the assessment of cognitive problems in patients following stroke. Methods Occupational therapists were invited to complete an online vignette study. Participants were asked to: identify any presenting cognitive problems; decide whether to complete cognitive assessments; and list any assessments they would use. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis. Results A total of 53 occupational therapists from across the UK participated. Participants identified key cognitive issues, but some problems, such as apraxia and attention, were overlooked. A large number of potential assessments were suggested, the most common being the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Oxford Cognitive Screen. Conclusions The variation found in occupational therapists' recognition and assessment of cognitive problems has the potential to impact on management and rehabilitation in stroke services, survivor outcomes, education and research.
The growth plate: a physiologic overview
Authors: Ağırdil Yücel 
Published: August 2020

The growth plate is the cartilaginous portion of long bones where the longitudinal growth of the bone takes place. Its structure comprises chondrocytes suspended in a collagen matrix that go through several stages of maturation until they finally die, and are replaced by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and lamellar bone. The process of endochondral ossification is coordinated by chondrocytes and a variety of humoral factors including growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, oestrogen, growth factors, cytokines, and various signalling pathways. Chondrocytes progress from a resting state to enter the phases of proliferation and hypertrophy. Under the influence of oestrogen, the proliferation of chondrocytes decreases as the resting chondrocytes are consumed. During the terminal phase of differentiation, cartilage is replaced by blood vessels and organized bone tissue, and once chondrocytes have died, the longitudinal growth of the bone ceases and the growth plate closes. The highly complex regulatory signals involved in this process are genetically determined, and genetic perturbations in any of the associated genes can result in abnormalities of bone growth. Hundreds of chondrodysplasias have been described, pointing to the complexity of the humoral control systems involved in endochondral ossification. While our knowledge of the mechanisms behind the various bone growth control systems is improving, a deeper understanding of the underlying processes could aid clinicians to better understand bone health and bone growth abnormalities. This review describes the current clinical research into the physiology of the growth plate. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:498-507. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190088
Lesions of the abductors in the hip
Authors: Kenanidis Eustathios , Kyriakopoulos George , Kaila Rajiv , Christofilopoulos Panayiotis 
Published: August 2020

Abductor tendon lesions and insertional tendinopathy are the most common causes of lateral thigh pain. Gluteal tendon pathology is more prevalent in women and frequency increases with age. Chronic atraumatic tears result in altered lower limb biomechanics. The chief complaint is lateral thigh pain. Clinical examination should include evaluation of muscle strength, lumbar spine, hip and fascia lata pathology. The hip lag sign and 30-second single leg stance tests are useful in diagnosing abductor insufficiency. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold-standard investigation to identify abductor tendon tears and evaluate the extent of muscle fatty infiltration that has predictive value on the outcome of abductor repair. Abductor tendinosis treatment is mainly conservative, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, activity modification, local corticosteroid injections, plasma-rich protein, physical and radial shockwave therapy. The limited number of available high-quality studies on treatment outcomes and limited evidence between tendinosis and partial ruptures make it difficult to provide definite conclusions regarding the best management of gluteal tendinopathy. Surgical management is indicated in complete and partial gluteal tendon tears that are unresponsive to conservative treatment. There are various open and arthroscopic surgical procedures for direct repair of abductor tendon tears. There is limited evidence concerning surgical management outcomes. Prerequisites for effective tendon suturing are neurologic integrity and limited muscle fatty infiltration. Chronic irreparable tears with limited muscle atrophy and limited fatty infiltration can be augmented with grafts. Gluteus maximus or/vastus lateralis muscle transfers are salvage reconstruction procedures for the management of chronic end-stage abductor tears with significant tendon insufficiency or gluteal atrophy. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:464-476. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190094
Self-frequency-doubling Yb:CNGS lasers operating in the femtosecond regime
Authors: Kowalczyk Maciej , Zhang Xuzhao , Petrov Valentin , Loiko Pavel , Mateos Xavier , Guo Shiyi , Wang Zhengping , Xu Xinguang , Sotor Jarosław 
Published: August 2020

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Infrared properties of high-purity silicon
Authors: Wollack Edward J. , Cataldo Giuseppe , Miller Kevin H. , Quijada Manuel A. 
Published: August 2020

High-purity silicon is a readily available material of utility in realizing a variety of long-wavelength optical and guided wave components. The transmittance of uncompensated for silicon is measured in the far- and mid-infrared regimes at room and cryogenic temperatures. The experimental and analysis techniques used to extract the refractive index from

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