bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of EPA and DHA on plasma and adipose tissue lipid mediators: the ComparED study
Authors: Vors Cécile , Piscitelli Fabiana , Verde Roberta , Laforest Sofia , Allaire Janie , Marin Johanne , Fourmaux Baptiste , Bernoud-Hubac Nathalie , Michalski Marie-Caroline , Couture Patrick , Fortin Dominique , Tchernof André , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Lamarche Benoît 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOxylipins and endocannabinoids (eCBs) both belong to superclasses of lipid mediators with potent inflammation modulatory activities. The adipose tissue (AT) plays a key role in metabolic syndrome-related inflammation, via altered adipocyte physiology, infiltrated macrophages and altered profile of eCBs. We previously reported that DHA is more potent than EPA at modulating systemic inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the individual effect of high-dose DHA and of EPA on circulating lipid mediators, i.e. plasma oxylipins and eCBs, and AT-related inflammation. In a randomized double-blind crossover trial, 154 volunteers with abdominal obesity and low-grade inflammation were subjected to three 10-wk supplementation phases: 1- EPA (2.7 g/d); 2- DHA (2.7 g/d); 3- corn oil (control), each separated by a 9-wk washout. Supplements were provided as re-esterified triacylglycerols. Profiling of plasma oxylipins and eCBs was performed on 58 subjects after each phase. Abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were also obtained from 13 individuals after each phase. Plasma DHA-, EPA-, arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins were analyzed by LC-MS. eCBs and some of their bioactive congeners were analyzed in plasma and AT by LC-APCI-MS. Adipocyte diameter was determined by histological analysis and AT macrophage infiltration was quantified by double immunofluorescence. Compared with EPA, DHA increased plasma levels of hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acids (7-, 11-, 14-, 4-, 17-HDOHE; P < 0.0001) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA; P = 0.04). Compared with DHA, EPA led to higher plasma level of hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acids (12-, 15-, 5-HEPE; P < 0.0001). In the AT, EPA increased the level of oleoylethanolamide (OEA; P = 0.01) compared with DHA, but no other difference was observed between treatments in adipose eCBs and eCB-related lipids. DHA and EPA did not differentially modify adipocyte size distributions (P > 0.50) and proportions of M1-type and M2-type macrophages (P > 0.30). In conclusion, increased plasma levels of anti-inflammatory DHA-derived oxylipins and plasma PEA may be responsible, at least to some extent, for the more potent anti-inflammatory effects of DHA compared with EPA observed in the ComparED study. Conversely, subcutaneous AT does not seem to be involved in explaining such differences between EPA and DHA.
Glycemic profile is improved by High Slowly Digestible Starch diet in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Goux Aurelie , Breyton Anne-Esther , Meynier Alexandra , Lambert-Porcheron Stephanie , Sothier Monique , Van Den Berghe Laurie , Normand Sylvie , Disse Emmanuel , Laville Martine , Nazare Julie-Anne , Vinoy Sophie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionConsidering the dramatically increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), decreasing glycemic variability in T2D patients is a key challenge to limit the occurrence of diabetic complications. Diet appears as one potential lever that can be set up above medications. Particularly, the ingestion of foods with a high content in slowly digestible starch (SDS) demonstrated both lower postprandial glycemic and insulin responses in healthy and insulin resistant subjects. This study aimed at designing a full high-SDS diet by selecting high-SDS starchy food products and at studying its impact on glycemic response and variability in T2D.Materials and methodsThis pilot randomized controlled cross-over study included eight T2D patients (HbA1c = 7.0 ± 0.2%, BMI = 31.7 ± 2.1 kg/m2, treated by Metformin & Sitagliptin) who consumed twice, for one week a controlled diet containing starchy food products screened and selected to be either High (High-SDS) or Low (Low-SDS) in SDS, as determined by the SDS in-vitro method developed by Englyst et al. During each diet period, the glycemic profile was monitored for 6 days using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS). Multiple metrics related to variability and glycemic responses were calculated.Results222 SDS analyses were realized on commercial food products as consumed. 23 High-SDS and 20 Low-SDS food items with associated specific cooking instructions were selected to design two diets consistent with local T2D recommendations. The High-SDS diet demonstrated a significantly higher SDS content compared to the Low-SDS diet (61.6 vs 11.6 g/day; p < 0.0001), mainly driven by selected pasta, rice and high-SDS biscuits (75.6% of the consumed SDS content). The % of total daily energy intake (TDEI) for all macronutrients remained similar between diets (p > 0.05) and the carbohydrate content specifically represented 49 ± 1 % and 47 ± 2 % of the TDEI for High-SDS and Low-SDS diets, respectively. With the high-SDS diet, the Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursion, a key parameter of glycemic variability, was significantly decreased (79.6 for Low-SDS vs 61.6 mg/dL for High-SDS; p = 0.0067). The significant correlation between the meals SDS contents and various glycemic parameters such as postprandial iAUC, tAUC (up to 180 min) or peak value strengthen this finding (p < 0.05 for all).DiscussionIt was the first demonstration that a diet including selected starchy food items and cooking recommendations designed to favor products’ high SDS content beneficially impacts glycemic profile in T2D subjects. Carefully selecting starchy food may be a simple and valuable tool to improve glycemic control in T2D.
Influence of a 3-months low-calorie Mediterranean diet vs. Vegetarian diet on human gut microbiota and SCFA: the CARDIVEG Study
Authors: Pagliai Giuditta , Russo Edda , Niccolai Elena , Dinu Monica , Di Pilato Vincenzo , Magrini Alessandro , Bartolucci Gianluca , Baldi Simone , Menicatti Marta , Giusti Betti , Marcucci Rossella , Rossolini Gian Maria , Casini Alessandro , Sofi Francesco , Amedei Amedeo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionThere is growing interest in understanding how diet can modulate the gut microbiota (GM), including its possible association with disease states. The aim of the present study is to compare in a group of subjects in primary prevention for cardiovascular disease (CVD) the effects of Mediterranean (MD) and Vegetarian (VD) dietary patterns on the GM composition and on the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production.Materials and MethodsTwenty-three clinically healthy subjects (16 F; mean age: 58.6 ± 9.8 years) were randomly assigned to isocaloric MD or VD diets lasting 3-months each and then crossed. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood and fecal samples were obtained from each participant at the beginning and at the end of each intervention phase. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA were performed to analyze the GM, while the SCFA were evaluated through the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry system.ResultsDietary interventions didn't produce significant diversity in the GM composition at higher ranks (family and above), neither between nor within MD and VD, but they did it at genus level. MD significantly changed the abundance of three genera (Enterohabdus, Lachnoclostridium and Parabacteroides), while VD significantly affected the abundance of four genera (Anaerostipes, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto and Odoribacter). Comparison of the mean variation of each SCFA between MD and VD showed an opposite and statistically significant trend for propionic acid (+ 10% vs -28%, respectively, p = 0.034). In addition, variations of SCFA resulted to be negatively correlated with changes of some inflammatory cytokines such as VEGF, MCP-1, IL-17, IP-10 and IL-12, only after MD. Finally, correlation analyses showed several associations between changes of genera, clinical and biochemical parameters, after both the dietary interventions.DiscussionOur study indicates that a short-term dietary intervention with MD or VD does not induce major change in the GM, suggesting that a diet should last for longer periods to scratch the resilience of GM. In addition, the negative association between SCFA and a number of inflammatory cytokines reported only after MD, seems to support the anti-inflammatory properties of the MD. Furthermore, several associations between certain bacterial groups, clinical and biochemical parameters, let us hypothesized that the cardiovascular protection associated with the two diets could be due – at least in part – to a modulation of the GM.
Nutrient-wide association study of 92 foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk
Authors: Heath Alicia , Muller David , van den Brandt Piet , Papadimitriou Nikos , Critselis Elena , Weiderpass Elisabete , Riboli Elio , Tsilidis Konstantinos , Tzoulaki Ioanna 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSeveral dietary factors have been extensively investigated for associations with risk of breast cancer, but to date unequivocal evidence only exists for alcohol consumption. We sought to systematically evaluate the association between 92 dietary factors and breast cancer risk using a nutrient-wide association study approach. Using data from 272,098 women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, we assessed dietary intake of 92 foods and nutrients estimated by dietary questionnaires. Cox regression with age as the time scale and adjustment for potential confounders, was used to quantify the association between each food or nutrient and risk of breast cancer. A false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05 was used to select the set of foods and nutrients to evaluate in the independent replication cohort, the Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS). During a median follow-up time of 15 years, 10,979 incident invasive breast cancers were identified in the women from the EPIC study. Six foods and nutrients were associated with risk of breast cancer when controlling the FDR at 0.05. Higher intake of alcohol overall was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio (HR) for a 1 SD increment in intake = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.07), as was beer/cider intake and wine intake (HRs per 1 SD increment = 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.06 and 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06, respectively), whereas higher intakes of fibre, apple/pear, and carbohydrates were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer (HRs per 1 SD increment = 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.98; 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.99; and 0.96, 95% CI 0.95–0.98, respectively). When evaluated in the NLCS (2368 invasive breast cancer cases), estimates for each of these foods and nutrients were similar in magnitude and direction, with the exception of beer/cider intake, which was not associated with risk of breast cancer in the NLCS. Our findings confirm the well-established increased risk of breast cancer associated with alcohol consumption, and suggest that higher intake of dietary fibre, and possibly fruit and carbohydrates, might be associated with reduced breast cancer risk.
Association of daily nitrate consumption with blood pressure and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in a representative UK population
Authors: Alzahrani Hayat , McKenna Helen , Jackson Kim , Hobbes Ditte , Walton Gemma , Lovegrove Julie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDietary inorganic nitrate has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) and improve endothelial function(1). The main sources of dietary nitrate are vegetables (root and green leafy varieties) as well as drinking water but data available on dietary analysis software on nitrate levels in vegetables and vegetable-based foods is very limited. To date, very few studies have investigated the relationship between the level of consumption of dietary nitrate on BP and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a representative UK population. The aim of the study was to address this knowledge gap using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) years 1–8, a cross-sectional study conducted in 3339 men and women aged 19–64 y between 2008/09–2011/12. A comprehensive database was first developed to evaluate the nitrate and nitrite levels in vegetables, cured meats and composite dishes to more accurately estimate the dietary nitrate intakes of the NDNS participants. The population was then classified into quartiles of daily nitrate intake, with quartile 1 (Q1: 26–106 mg/d) and quartile 4 (Q4: 183–559 mg/d) representing diets with the lowest and highest intakes, respectively. ANCOVA analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the level of daily nitrate intake with available data on biomarkers of CVD risk (including BP (systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure), lipid profile, (total, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol), C-reactive protein, anthropometric measures (body mass index and waist to hip ratio) and glycaemic control (glucose and glycated haemoglobin). There were significant differences in systolic (P-trend = 0.008) and diastolic (P-trend = 0.025) BP across increasing quartiles of dietary nitrate intake, with BP significantly lower in Q3 than all other quartiles. Pulse pressure (calculated as systolic–diastolic BP) was also found to be significantly different across quartiles (P-trend = 0.001), with diets of participants in Q3 and Q4 being associated with significantly lower pulse pressures than those in Q1 (P-Q1 vs. Q3 = 0.005, P-Q1 vs. Q4 = 0.007). All of the other CVD risk markers were not different between quartile groups. Our preliminary results suggest that the level of dietary nitrate intake may be significantly associated with BP, a key independent CVD risk factor. There is an urgent need to more accurately estimate the dietary nitrate intake in the UK population and to determine whether the source of dietary nitrate (vegetables vs cured meats) impacts on the significant relationship with BP.
Fatty acid sensitivity, intake of high-fat foods, gene polymorphism, and body mass
Authors: Chmurzynska Agata , Młodzik-Czyżewska Monika , Malinowska Anna , Galinski Grzegorz , Radziejewska Anna , Bulczak Ewa , Mikołajczyk-Stecyna Joanna 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTaste perception is the main biological determinant of food choice. It has thus been hypothesized that fatty acid sensitivity may affect fat intake. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between fatty acid sensitivity, frequency of consumption of high-fat products, polymorphism of genes encoding proteins involved in fat taste perception, and body mass.421 people aged 20–40 were enrolled in Poznań, Poland. Body composition was measured using a Bod Pod. The frequency of consumption of high-fat foods was analyzed using an application for mobile devices based on the ecological momentary assessment approach. Food intake was assessed with dietary records. Salad dressings with varying concentrations of canola oil (from 2.5% to 40.0%) were used as stimuli to test fatty acid sensitivity. The individuals were then divided into groups with higher and lower fatty acid sensitivity. Lower sensitivity means that individuals were able to distinguish samples when the oil concentration exceeded 20%. Genotyping of rs1761667 (CD36), rs1573611 (FFAR1), and rs17108973 (FFAR4) was performed using TaqMan probes.57% men and 61% women had higher sensitivity to fatty acids. Higher fatty acid sensitivity was associated with the GG genotype of CD36 (OR = 2.05, p < 0.05). People with different taste sensitivity did not differ in their frequency of consumption of high-fat foods or in their macronutrient intake. There was no association between body mass index (BMI) and fatty acid sensitivity, but people with BMI values below 25 more often ate high-fat products with favorable lipid profiles and less often ate meat high-fat products than subjects with BMI values over 25 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). There was no association between CD36 or FFAR4 genotype and fat intake or frequency of consumption of high-fat foods. People with the minor FFAR1 allele ate sweet high-fat products less often than major allele homozygotes (p < 0.05). Moreover, women ate high-fat products with favorable lipid profiles and sweet and savory high-fat products more frequently than men (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, and p < 0.01), but men ate meat high-fat products more frequently than women (p < 0.01).Concluding, fatty acid sensitivity is associated with polymorphism of the CD36 gene. The frequency of consumption of high-fat foods depends on sex, but not on fatty acid sensitivity, BMI, or CD36 variants.The project was financed by a National Science Centre award (decision number grant no. 2014/15/B/NZ9/02134).
Prediction of white matter integrity pattern in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Reyes Sussanne , Peirano Patricio , Lozoff Betsy , Algarin Cecilia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract IntroductionObesity has been associated with lower white matter integrity (WMI) in limbic brain regions, including the fornix. Both early decrease of WMI in the fornix (WMIf) and midlife obesity have been related to dementia incidence with advancing age. No studies have explored early cognitive predictors of WMIf in overweight-obese (OO) adults. Aim of this study was to compare OO and normal-weight (NW) participants with respect to (a) WMIf in adulthood and (b) the relationship between cognitive performance at school-age and in adolescence with WMIf in adulthood.MethodsParticipants were part of a cohort followed since infancy who underwent magnetic resonance imaging studies in adulthood (22.3 ± 1.3 years). Diffusion tensor imaging was performed and Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) was used to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA) skeleton; increased FA relates to greater WMI. A mask for the fornix was created (JHU-ICBM DTI-81 Atlas) and then used to extract the average FA for each individual. Participants also performed neurocognitive tasks: (a) school-age (10.3 ± 1.0 years): the trail making test comprises two conditions and time difference between conditions reflects cognitive flexibility; (b) adolescence (15.6 ± 0.5 years): incentive task that test the effect of incentives (reward, loss avoidance or neutral) on inhibitory control performance (correct responses latency). In adulthood, BMI was categorized as NW (≥ 18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2) and OO (≥ 25.0 kg/m2) groups. A t-test and univariate GLM were conducted. Analysis were adjusted by sex and age-specific BMI z-scores.ResultsParticipants were 27 NW (41% female) and 41 OO (49% female). Compared to NW, OO participants showed decreased FA in the fornix (0.585 vs. 0.618, p < 0.05), i.e. lower WMIf. Differences were apparent in the relationship between cognitive flexibility at school-age (F = 2.9, p = 0.06) and loss avoidance latency in adolescence (F = 3.5, p < 0.05) with FA in the fornix in adulthood. Increased cognitive flexibility at school-age (β = 0.335, p < 0.05) and decreased loss avoidance latency in adolescence (β = -0.581, p < 0.001) were related to higher FA in the fornix in OO adults. No relationship resulted significant in NW adults.DiscussionPerformance in neurocognitive tasks at earlier developmental stages were related with WMIf only in OO adults, group characterized by decreased WMIf. Our results provide evidence regarding specific neurocognitive tasks with predictive value for WMIf alterations. Further, they could contribute to the understanding of neural mechanisms underlying obesity and also provide insight relative to neurodegenerative risk with advancing age.SupportFondecyt 11160671 and NIH HD33487.
Association of chronic stress, inflammation, body composition and dietary intake in Croatian university students
Authors: Keser Irena , Cvijetić Selma , Jurasović Jasna , Colić Barić Irena , Kauzlarić Maja , Šimunić Katarina , Boschiero Dario , Ilich Jasminka Z. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionChronic stress and low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) influence body composition and are key underlying factors in health and disease. New syndrome, osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO), signifies the simultaneous impairment of bone, muscle, and adipose tissues and has been associated with poor diet and metabolic derangements. Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis associated with hypercortisolemia and LGCI disrupts the metabolism of bone, muscle and, adipose tissue and may cause changes in eating behavior. Some nutrients involved in preventing/alleviating OSO and LCGI include protein, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. The aim of this study was to examine the relations between chronic stress, LGCI, body composition and dietary intake in university students.Materials and MethodsParticipants were n = 50 graduate nutritional students (Age, 23.0 ± 1.4 years; BMI, 22.1 ± 2.7 kg/m2) [n = 45 females (90%)]. Advanced bio-impedance devices, BIA-ACC® and PPG-StressFlow® (BioTekna S.r.l., Marcon-Venice, Italy), were used to determine total bone mass (kg) and T-score; muscle mass (kg and % fat free mass) and S-score; and fat mass (kg and % of body weight), as well as extracellular water and HPA index (reference value > 3.5) as indicators of underlying LGCI and stress. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour recall and analyzed for all macro- and micro-nutrients.ResultsPositive correlation was found between HPA index and the intake of either total or animal protein, calcium and riboflavin, with r ranging from 0.3–0.35, all p < 0.05. HPA index also positively correlated with T-score (r = 0.39, p = 0.005) and S-score (r = 0.49, p = 0.0003). Total protein intake positively correlated with T-score (r = 0.32, p = 0.024) and animal protein with S-score (r = 0.34, p = 0.017).DiscussionOur results show that chronic stress, LGCI and body composition were interrelated in this young population and possibly augmented by higher protein and calcium intake. Screening for body composition dyshomeostasis, chronic stress and LGCI using innovative, non-invasive devices, along with assessing intake of some crucial nutrients, may provide quick and useful health information enabling prevention or early treatment of some linked disorders.