bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation on hygroscopic properties of 15 black carbon (BC)-containing particles from different carbon sources: roles of organic and inorganic components
Authors: Wang Minli , Chen Yiqun , Fu Heyun , Qu Xiaolei , Li Bengang , Tao Shu , Zhu Dongqiang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The hygroscopic behavior of black carbon (BC)-containing particles (BCPs)
has a significant impact on global and regional climate change. However, the
mechanism and factors controlling the hygroscopicity of BCPs from different
carbon sources are not well understood. Here, we systematically measured the
equilibrium and kinetics of water uptake by 15 different BCPs (10
herb-derived BCPs, 2 wood-derived BCPs, and 3 soot-type BCPs) using
a gravimetric water vapor sorption method combined with in situ diffuse
reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). In the
gravimetric analysis, the sorption–desorption equilibrium isotherms were
measured under continuous-stepwise water vapor pressure conditions, while
the kinetics was measured at a variety of humidity levels obtained by
different saturated aqueous salt solutions. The equilibrium water uptake of
the tested group of BCPs at high relative humidity (>80 %)
positively correlated to the dissolved mineral content (0.01–13.0 wt %)
(R2=0.86, P=0.0001), the content of the thermogravimetrically
analyzed organic carbon (OCTGA, 4.48–15.25 wt %) (R2=0.52,
P=0.002), and the content of the alkali-extracted organic carbon
(OCAE, 0.14–8.39 wt %) (R2=0.80, P=0.0001). In contrast,
no positive correlation was obtained with the content of total organic
carbon or elemental carbon. Among the major soluble ionic constituents,
chloride and ammonium were each correlated with the equilibrium water uptake
at high relative humidity. Compared with the herbal BCPs and soot, the woody
BCPs had much lower equilibrium water uptake, especially at high relative
humidity, likely due to the very low dissolved mineral content and OC
content. The DRIFTS analysis provided generally consistent results at low
relative humidity. The kinetics of water uptake (measured by
pseudo-second-order rate constant) correlated to the content of OCTGA
and OCAE as well as the content of chloride and ammonium at low
relative humidity (33 %) but to the porosity of BCPs at high relative
humidity (94 %). This was the first study to show that BCPs of different
types and sources had greatly varying hygroscopic properties.
Exploration of machine learning methods for the classification of infrared limb spectra of polar stratospheric clouds
Authors: Sedona Rocco , Hoffmann Lars , Spang Reinhold , Cavallaro Gabriele , Griessbach Sabine , Höpfner Michael , Book Matthias , Riedel Morris 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a key role in polar ozone depletion in the
stratosphere. Improved observations and continuous monitoring of PSCs can help to validate and
improve chemistry–climate models that are used to predict the evolution of the polar ozone
hole. In this paper, we explore the potential of applying machine learning (ML) methods to
classify PSC observations of infrared limb sounders. Two datasets were considered in this
study. The first dataset is a collection of infrared spectra captured in Northern Hemisphere
winter 2006/2007 and Southern Hemisphere winter 2009 by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive
Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument on board the European Space Agency's (ESA) Envisat satellite. The second dataset is the
cloud scenario database (CSDB) of simulated MIPAS spectra. We first performed an initial analysis
to assess the basic characteristics of the CSDB and to decide which features to extract from
it. Here, we focused on an approach using brightness temperature differences (BTDs). From both
the measured and the simulated infrared spectra, more than 10 000 BTD features were
generated. Next, we assessed the use of ML methods for the reduction of the dimensionality of this
large feature space using principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel principal component
analysis (KPCA) followed by a classification with the support vector machine (SVM). The random
forest (RF) technique, which embeds the feature selection step, has also been used as
a classifier. All methods were found to be suitable to retrieve information on the composition of
PSCs. Of these, RF seems to be the most promising method, being less prone to overfitting and
producing results that agree well with established results based on conventional classification
methods.
Seawater pH reconstruction using boron isotopes in multiple planktonic foraminifera species with different depth habitats and their potential to constrain pH and pCO2 gradients
Authors: Guillermic Maxence , Misra Sambuddha , Eagle Robert , Villa Alexandra , Chang Fengming , Tripati Aradhna 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Boron isotope systematics of planktonic foraminifera from core-top sediments
and culture experiments have been studied to investigate the sensitivity of
δ11B of calcite tests to seawater pH. However, our knowledge of
the relationship between δ11B and pH remains incomplete for
many taxa. Thus, to expand the potential scope of application of this proxy,
we report δ11B data for seven different species of planktonic
foraminifera from sediment core tops. We utilize a method for the
measurement of small samples of foraminifera and calculate the δ11B-calcite sensitivity to pH for Globigerinoides ruber, Trilobus sacculifer (sacc or without sacc), Orbulina universa,
Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globorotalia menardii, and Globorotalia tumida, including for unstudied core tops and species. These taxa have
diverse ecological preferences and are from sites that span a range of
oceanographic regimes, including some that are in regions of air–sea
equilibrium and others that are out of equilibrium with the atmosphere. The
sensitivity of δ11Bcarbonate to δ11Bborate (e.g., Δδ11Bcarbonate∕Δδ11Bborate) in core tops is consistent with previous
studies for T. sacculifer and G. ruber and close to unity for N. dutertrei, O. universa, and combined deep-dwelling
species. Deep-dwelling species closely follow the core-top calibration for
O. universa, which is attributed to respiration-driven microenvironments likely caused
by light limitation and/or symbiont–host interactions. Our data support the
premise that utilizing boron isotope measurements of multiple species within
a sediment core can be utilized to constrain vertical profiles of pH and
pCO2 at sites spanning different oceanic regimes, thereby constraining
changes in vertical pH gradients and yielding insights into the past
behavior of the oceanic carbon pumps.
Atmospheric blocking in an aquaplanet and the impact of orography
Authors: Narinesingh Veeshan , Booth James F. , Clark Spencer K. , Ming Yi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Many fundamental questions remain about the roles and effects of stationary
forcing on atmospheric blocking. As such, this work utilizes an idealized
moist general circulation model (GCM) to investigate atmospheric blocking in terms of dynamics,
geographical location, and duration. The model is first configured as an
aquaplanet, then orography is added in separate integrations. Block-centered composites of wave activity fluxes and height show that blocks in the aquaplanet undergo a realistic dynamical evolution when compared to reanalysis. Blocks in the aquaplanet are also found to have similar life cycles to blocks in model integrations with orography. These results affirm the usefulness of both zonally symmetric and asymmetric idealized model configurations for studying blocking. Adding orography to the model leads to an increase in blocking. This mirrors what is observed when comparing the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH), where the NH contains more orography and thus more blocking. As the prescribed mountain height increases, so do the magnitude and size of climatological stationary waves, resulting in more blocking overall. Increases in blocking, however, are not spatially uniform. Orography is found to induce regions of enhanced block frequency just upstream of mountains, near high pressure anomalies in the stationary waves, which is poleward of climatological minima in upper-level zonal wind, while block frequency minima and jet maxima occur eastward of the wave trough. This result matches what is observed near the Rocky Mountains. Finally, an analysis of block duration suggests blocks generated near stationary wave maxima last slightly longer than blocks that form far from or without orography. Overall, the results of this work help to explain some of the observed similarities and differences in blocking between the NH and SH and emphasize the importance of general circulation features in setting where blocks most frequently occur.
Determinación del Tipo de Cambio en Nicaragua
Authors: Canales Salinas Ricardo José , Morales Rivas Oliver David 
Published: July 2020

Este trabajo presenta un análisis de los factores que influyeron en el comportamiento del tipo de cambio real. Con datos de los informes del Banco Central de Nicaragua, tomando como referencia los años 2001 a 2006. Los factores más importantes para el Tipo de cambio real son los siguientes: Precios internacionales, Flujos de capitales, tasa de interés real, Impuestos y subsidios domésticos, Volumen del gasto público (déficit fiscal). Los términos de intercambio para Nicaragua tuvieron un marcado deterioro. La política fiscal ha venido controlando el déficit fiscal. El entorno internacional no ha sido favorable para Nicaragua
Op zoek naar succesvol gezag in het lokaal bestuur
Authors: Jansen Thijs , van der Meulen Corné 
Published: July 2020

Searching for successful authority in local governance
When we look at the number of people leaving local governance, we see a discouraging trend. According to an investigation of the magazine Binnenlands Bestuur, 126 of 1144 aldermen in the Netherlands were forced to step down in 2019. Making 2019 the year with the highest number since 2004. The same trend can be seen with municipal secretaries. A municipal secretary used to be a lifetime appointment, yet now they often stay at their position for no more than 5 years.This is why it is of the utmost importance to understand the different functions within local governance and how they can be best understood. This number of Bestuurskunde contains articles that offer more in depth analysis towards successful factors of aldermen and municipal secretaries.
Open (de) deuren
Authors: van Gils Frans-Willem 
Published: July 2020

What makes local political-administrative relationships work?
The collaborative relationship between the appointed mayor and the non-political highest administrative official is a crucial one in Dutch local government. It aligns two different domains or spheres: the political, decision making domain on one hand, and the administrative, executive domain on the other. Since research points out that 25% of these collaborative relations fail, the need for insight in the factors that shape the relations and the success of it emerges. Non-successful collaboration between public top-officials usually results in financial, societal or personal costs or damage. In this research, 17 factors were indicated that influence the (perceived) collaborative success, divided in three levels: external factors, functional factors and personal factors. Within the success factors, several ‘critical’ factors were determined, without which a successful collaborative relationship never is possible. On the functional level the critical factors are trust, role convergence and shared understanding, and on the personal level consistency and integrity. Best guaranty for a successful collaborative relationship is when both actors adapt their roles to each other’s liking, reciprocally building trust and shared understanding by using open communication, while being consistent and maintaining their integrity.Finally, officials are being called upon to open their doors, and share valuable experiences.
Het gezag van gemeentesecretarissen beschouwd
Authors: van der Meulen Corné , Jansen Thijs , Karsten Niels 
Published: July 2020

The authority of the municipal secretary
The authority of a municipal secretary has to be continuously earned. This is a complex task that demands highly developed personal qualities and attributes. According to an opinion poll, filled out by 120 active municipal secretaries, they believe that they meet these necessary standards. In this poll they were asked what they recognize as their most important sources of authority. The top three answers were, respectively; personal leadership, trust, embodied ethics. Other important factors were their roles as chief executive officer of local governance and/or first advisor. These roles are however no longer enough to establish authority within local governance. Authority and influence must be earned on a daily basis in vastly different spheres and among different social groups.
Gezag volgens een doorgewinterde tussenpaus
Authors: van Nunen Gerard 
Published: July 2020

Authority according to a seasoned municipal secretary. An interview with municipal secretary Boudewijn Marinussen
Boudewijn Marinussen feels right at home working in local governance. He has a deep understanding of the balancing act required by the municipal secretary due to his rich experience in local governance. Marinussen’s work as an entrusted person at the Association of Municipal Secretaries entails being a voice for his colleagues’ opinions. In this interview he will ponder the following questions: which sources of authority are essential? What causes a loss in authority, and can this loss be recommended? On the basis of Marinussen’s direct personal experience in local governance and his experience as an entrusted person, he concludes that in cases where authority is coming under pressure, too little is done to ensuring a fast recovery of authority. His advice would be to start earlier with conversations that quicken the healing process.
Succesvol wethouderschap onder de loep
Authors: Verheij Peter 
Published: July 2020

A closer look at successful aldermen in the Netherlands
Research into successful alderman is scarce. Scientifically less is known about the perspective of residents and council members on (successful) aldermen. A recent study investigated the sources of legitimacy that successful aldermen draw on. In addition, the contribution of characteristics of local political leadership to successful alderman has been examined. Based on a survey of residents, councilors and aldermen, differences in opinions about aldermen, aspects and indicators of legitimacy and personal characteristics were uncovered. There are clear differences in judgment, indicators and personal characteristics that are considered important and another source on which the judgment is based. This provides interesting and new research material for public administration literature as well as for administrative practice. The view of residents learns us that the distance to aldermen must be reduced, more connection must be made, a more outside view must be taken and an addition to the management style of councilors with responsive qualities is required.
Autonomie ontrafeld. De casus van de Nederlandse Kinderombudsman
Authors: Bouterse Marjolein , Pattyn Valérie 
Published: July 2020

Unravelling the autonomy of ombudspersons. The case of the Dutch Children’s Ombudsman
A key factor to a well-functioning ombudsman’s office is autonomy, which can also be derived from the public turmoil surrounding the appointment of Dutch Children’s ombudsman in 2016. Organization-wise, the Dutch Children’s ombudsman is embedded within an existing autonomous institution: the National ombudsman. This triggers the question to what extent such nested constructions can guarantee sufficient autonomy. Viewing the statutory and de facto autonomy of the Children’s ombudsman, we find that the autonomy of the Children’s ombudsman depends to a large extent on the position of the National ombudsman and on the relationship between the National ombudsman and the Children’s ombudsman. Our findings point out that it is necessary to determine and codify the degree of autonomy at the start of an ombudsman’s office.
Bestuurders: onderbelicht, maar onder het vergrootglas
Authors: van Genugten Marieke , Honingh Marlies 
Published: July 2020

Boards: little explored, while in the spotlight
The number of boards in the public domain has risen sharply in recent decades and so has the number of reports containing guidelines for effective and good governance. The question, however, is what this flow of advice is based on and what we actually know about board capacity. In this paper, we discuss theoretical expectations on boards, recent developments in governance based inspection, and empirical research on this topic. All in all, it appears that relatively little empirical research is conducted into boards in the public domain. And the research that is available is as yet not very optimistic. Based on these observations, we conclude that it is necessary to re-examine the policy assumptions with regard to board capacity in the public domain.
Thrombocytopenia in Neonates
Authors: Resch Bernhard 
Published: July 2020

Thrombocytopenia defined as platelet count below 150,000/μL is not an uncommon event at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In our region we calculated a prevalence of nearly 2 of 1000 live births. Early-onset neonatal thrombocytopenia (NT) occurring within the first 72 hours of life is more common than late-onset NT. Preterm infants are affected more often than term infants and bacterial infection is the most common diagnosis associated with NT. There are a lot of maternal, perinatal, and neonatal causes associated with NT and complications include bleedings with potentially life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage. Alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) often presents with severe thrombocytopenia (<30,000/μL) in otherwise healthy newborns and needs careful evaluation regarding HPA-1a antigen status and HLA typing. Platelet transfusions are needed in severe NT and threshold platelet counts might be at ≤25,000/μL irrespective of bleeding or not. Immune mediated NT recovers within 2 weeks with a good prognosis when there happened no intracranial hemorrhage. This short review gives an overview on etiology and causes of NT and recommendations regarding platelet transfusions.
Lembra-te de que vais morrer! Misérias da vida em comum em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Gewehr Rodrigo Barros 
Published: July 2020

Através de temas de atualidade que circularam em jornais e relatórios de organizações não-governamentais, este ensaio procura interrogar a epidemia de SARS-CoV-2 tendo como eixo norteador o que Artaud denomina, em seu texto O teatro e a peste, como desvios morais e fracassos da psicologia em situações de flagelo. Que sentimentos uma situação de flagelo desperta no ser humano? E como esses sentimentos contagiam as narrativas que tentam se apropriar e interpretar o caos? Trata-se de pensar o momento atual sem se lançar em tentações de predição; um exercício de pensar a urgência despida de seu inerente apelo ao messianismo, buscando permanecer no patamar do flagelo. Temas como engenharia social, o caráter religioso assumido pelo discurso científico e a noção de desmedida servem-nos de elementos transversais de análise.
Genes control of rates development as components of regulation stability of Triticum aestivum L. to biotic stress under conditions in vitro
Authors: Avksentiieva O. O. , Terentiieva N. V. 
Published: July 2020

Aim. The aim of our work is to research the influence of exometabolites phytopathogens of genus Fusarium on callus culture isogenic lines for genes PPD (NILs) of winter soft wheat. Methods. In the work used standard biotechnological and mycological methods. The influence of exometabolites phytopathogens g. Fusarium investigated, adding CF mi-cromycetes to MS culture medium in a ratio of 1:20, using transplants callus culture of isogenic lines of wheat. Growth index analyzed density of callus tissue and size of callus cells determined. Results. Established that the CF of Fusarium oxysporum significantly slows grows reaction of callus cultures and morphological structure callus NILs is changes. It is shown that the impact exometabolites phytopathogens has the opposite effect on cytological parameters (number and length callus cells) in the isolines differing pace of development in conditions in vivo. The culture filtrate F. oxysporum has more toxicity compared to exometabolites F. moniliforme. Conclusions. It is supposed that the genetic system controlling the pace of development and photoperiodic sensitivity Triticum aestivum L. in conditions in vivo indirectly determines the formation of resistance to biotic stress conditions in vitro.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, PPD genes, NILs, callus culture, growth index, resistance to phytopathogens.
Glyphosate selection of maize transgenic callus lines among genotypes of Ukrainian plant breeding
Authors: Nitovska I. O. , Komarnytskyi I. K. , Morgun B. V. 
Published: July 2020

Aim. Glyphosate selection has a number of advantages over other commonly used selectable markers for maize. There is some natural variability within maize germplasm for degree of sensitivity to glyphosate. We investigated the selective effect of glyphosate for production transgenic maize callus after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation among geno-types of Ukrainian plant breeding. Methods. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, glyphosate selection in vitro, and PCR analysis were used to obtain transgenic maize callus and to confirm its status. Results. An efficient selectable marker system for production transgenic maize callus lines tolerant to herbicide glyphosate was proposed. Calluses of four maze genotypes of Ukrainian plant breeding and pCB135 vector containing CP4epsps gene were used in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation experiments. Three callus maize lines of DK267×PLS61 genotype containing CP4epsps gene were obtained. Conclusions. The use of glyphosate as a selective agent after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation proved to be effective for transgenic maize callus lines production containing the gene CP4epsps. The success of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize callus strongly depended on the genotype of source ma-terial.
Keywords: Agrobacterium-mediated maize transformation, CP4epsps gene, glyphosate selection, PCR analysis.
Expression of iron metabolism genes as markers of organ toxicity
Authors: Kindrat I. P. , Erstenyuk H. M. 
Published: July 2020

Aim. An increasing number of toxicants in the environment causes harmful effects on organism, resulting in broad range of metabolic disturbances, including iron metabolism. Perturbations in iron homeostasis may lead to the development of various pathological states, including organ injury and carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of liver toxicant, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phtalete (DEHP), and kidney toxicant, aristolochic acid (AA), on tissue-specific iron metabolism in rats. Methods. Gene expression in the livers and kidneys of Fischer 344 rats was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Results. DEHP treatment increased the expression of liver toxicity and DNA damage marker genes, and iron-related genes, Ftl1, Fth1, Slc40a1, and decrease the expression of miR-122 and Hamp in the livers, but not in the kidneys. In contrast, AA increased the expression of kidney toxicity and DNA damage markers, and iron homeostasis genes, Ftl1, Fth1, Slc40a1 in the kidneys. Conclusions. Our results indicate an existence of organ-specific changes in the expression of iron metabolism genes in rats treated with DEHP and AA, respectively. These changes were accompanied by increasing of DNA damage and toxicity markers in the liver of DEHP-treated rats and in the kidneys of rats treated with AA.
Keywords: toxicity, iron metabolism, liver, kidney.