bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum osmolality, cerebrospinal fluid specific gravity and overt hepatic encephalopathy severity in patients with liver failure
Authors: Liotta Eric M. , Karvellas Constantine J. , Kim Minjee , Batra Ayush , Naidech Andrew , Prabhakaran Shyam , Sorond Farzaneh A. , Kimberly W. Taylor , Maas Matthew B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a leading contributor to morbidity in liver disease. While hyperammonaemia plays a key role, the mechanisms of cerebral toxicity are unclear. We hypothesized that serum hyperosmolality contributes to HE during acute (ALF) and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) through mechanisms that affect the water and solute composition of the cerebral environment.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of serum osmolality, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) solute density (specific gravity, determined from computed tomography attenuation) and clinical HE severity (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS]) at the time of intensive care admission in a prospectively identified cohort of liver failure patients with overt HE.ResultsSeventy‐three patients (39 ALF and 34 ACLF) were included, of whom 28 (38%) were comatose. Serum osmolality (303.9 ± 15.4 mOsm/kg) was elevated despite normal serum sodium (136.6 ± 6.3 mEq/L). Increased osmolality was independently associated with more severe encephalopathy (ordinal adjusted OR 0.26 [95% CI 0.22, 0.31] for higher GCS per standard deviation increase in osmolality) and lower CSF‐specific gravity (linear adjusted β = −0.039 [95% CI −0.069, −0.009] Hounsfield unit per 1 mOsm/kg).ConclusionsIn the context of related research, these data suggest that hyperosmolality increases brain exposure to metabolic toxins by blood‐brain barrier alteration and may be a unique therapeutic target.
Three paradoxes of supererogation
Authors: Muñoz Daniel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSupererogatory acts—good deeds “beyond the call of duty”—are a part of moral common sense, but conceptually puzzling. I propose a unified solution to three of the most infamous puzzles: the classic Paradox of Supererogation (if it's so good, why isn't it just obligatory?), Horton's All or Nothing Problem, and Kamm's Intransitivity Paradox. I conclude that supererogation makes sense if, and only if, the grounds of rightness are multi‐dimensional and comparative.
Hydrotropism in the primary roots of maize
Authors: Wang Yafang , Afeworki Yohannes , Geng Sisi , Kanchupati Praveena , Gu Muyu , Martins Chidi , Rude Brady , Tefera Haileselassie , Kim Yongjun , Ge Xijin , Auger Donald , Chen Sixue , Yang Peizhi , Hu Tianming , Wu Yajun 
Published: February 2020

Summary

Recent studies mainly in Arabidopsis have renewed interest and discussion in some of the key issues in hydrotropism of roots, such as the site of water sensing and the involvement of auxin. We examined hydrotropism in maize (Zea mays) primary roots.
We determined the site of water sensing along the root using a nonintrusive method. Kinematic analysis was conducted to investigate spatial root elongation during hydrotropic response. Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and other hormones were quantified using LC–MS/MS. The transcriptome was analyzed using RNA sequencing.
Main results: The very tip of the root is the most sensitive to the hydrostimulant. Hydrotropic bending involves coordinated adjustment of spatial cell elongation and cell flux. IAA redistribution occurred in maize roots, preceding hydrotropic bending. The redistribution is caused by a reduction of IAA content on the side facing a hydrostimulant, resulting in a higher IAA content on the dry side. Transcriptomic analysis of the elongation zone prior to bending identified IAA response and lignin synthesis/wall cross‐linking as some of the key processes occurring during the early stages of hydrotropic response.
We conclude that maize roots differ from Arabidopsis in the location of hydrostimulant sensing and the involvement of IAA redistribution.
Obesity and ageing: Two sides of the same coin
Authors: Tam Bjorn T. , Morais Jose A. , Santosa Sylvia 
Published: February 2020

SummaryConditions and comorbidities of obesity mirror those of ageing and age‐related diseases. Obesity and ageing share a similar spectrum of phenotypes such as compromised genomic integrity, impaired mitochondrial function, accumulation of intracellular macromolecules, weakened immunity, shifts in tissue and body composition, and enhanced systemic inflammation. Moreover, it has been shown that obesity reduces life expectancy by 5.8 years in men and 7.1 years in women after the age of 40. Shorter life expectancy could be because obesity holistically accelerates ageing at multiple levels. Besides jeopardizing nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA integrity, obesity modifies the DNA methylation pattern, which is associated with epigenetic ageing in different tissues. Additionally, other signs of ageing are seen in individuals with obesity including telomere shortening, systemic inflammation, and functional declines. This review aims to show how obesity and ageing are “two sides of the same coin” through discussing how obesity predisposes an individual to age‐related conditions, illness, and disease. We will further demonstrate how the mechanisms that perpetuate the early‐onset of chronic diseases in obesity parallel those of ageing.
Three‐dimensional assessment of craniofacial asymmetry in children with transverse maxillary deficiency after rapid maxillary expansion: A prospective study
Authors: Evangelista Karine , Ferrari-Piloni Carolina , Barros Leandro Almeida Nascimento , Avelino Melissa Ameloti Gomes , Helena Soares Cevidanes Lucia , Ruellas Antonio Carlos de Oliveira , Valladares‐Neto José , Silva Maria Alves Garcia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate craniofacial asymmetry in children with transverse maxillary deficiency, with or without functional unilateral posterior crossbite (UPC), before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME).Setting and sample populationA sample of 51 children with cone beam computed tomography scans obtained before RME (T1) and a year after RME (T2).Material and methodsThis prospective study consisted of 2 groups: 25 children with functional UPC (6.77 ± 1.5 years) and 26 children without UPC (7.41 ± 1.31 years). Linear and angular measurements were obtained from zygomatic, maxilla, glenoid fossa and mandible, using original and mirrored 3D overlapped models. All right and left side comparisons in both groups and intergroups asymmetries were compared using MANOVA and t test for independent samples, respectively, statistically significant at P < .05.ResultsThe UPC group showed no side differences, but mandibular horizontal rotation at T1, and this asymmetry was improved in T2. The non‐UPC group showed at baseline significant lateral asymmetry in orbitale, position of palatine foramen, respectively, in average 2.95 mm and 1.16 mm, and 0.49 mm of average asymmetry in condylar height. The glenoid fossa was symmetric in both groups at T1 and T2.ConclusionsChildren with transverse maxillary deficiency showed slight morphological asymmetry, located in the mandible position in cases of UPC, and in the orbital and maxillary regions in cases without UPC. One year after RME, patients improved their craniofacial asymmetry, with significant changes in the mandible and correction of the mandibular rotation in patients who presented UPC.
Enjoyable, engaging and individualised: A concept analysis of meaningful activity for older adults with dementia
Authors: Tierney Laura , Beattie Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimThe term “meaningful activity” is widely used in policy, practice and the research literature. However, definition and use of the term is unclear and inconsistent. A concept analysis was conducted to explore the fundamental attributes that make an activity meaningful for older adults with dementia and propose a conceptual model for understanding “meaningful activity” in this population.MethodsThis study followed Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis. Searches were conducted in the Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, Academic Search Elite and Web of Science databases for literature using the term “meaningful activity.” Papers published before 1996 were excluded.ResultsTwenty‐nine papers concerned with “meaningful activity” were analysed. This analysis identified five attributes that make activities meaningful for people with dementia: (a) enjoyable; (b) suited to the individual's skills, abilities and preferences; (c) related to personally relevant goals; (d) engaging; and (e) related to an aspect of identity. The conceptual model illustrates how individual and opportunity factors influence participation in “meaningful activity” and the consequences of this participation as discussed in the existing literature.ConclusionThe findings of this concept analysis provide insight into what characteristics make an activity meaningful. Specific activities that are meaningful are different for each person and participation in personally 'meaningful activities' has the potential to positively impact the lives of people with dementia.Implications for practiceThis understanding of 'meaningful activity' can be used by those involved in research, planning or delivery of services and care for people with dementia to encourage and support participation in activities that are meaningful to individuals.
Britain's youngest implant patients? – A Case Series of implant treatment in children with ectodermal dysplasia
Authors: Clarke L. , Bowyer L. , Noone J. , Stevens C. , Yates J. , Ashley M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEctodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disorder that is characterised by abnormalities in the development of embryologically derived ectodermal tissues and structures. Many patients with this condition can present with oligodontia or anodontia. Subsequently, this can lead to aesthetic and functional problems that can have negative effects on self‐esteem, self‐image and overall quality of life. Therefore, for this group of patients, there is a demand for prosthetic treatment in early childhood that is effective in managing their specific issues. This case series presents a method of prosthetic rehabilitation that uses dental implant‐retained overdentures for two paediatric patients with ectodermal dysplasia. We discuss the treatment options and limitations of conventional removable prostheses for these patients, and the rationale for implant placement. Furthermore, we discuss the significance of the psychological well‐being of the child and the positive effects that this treatment can have during their crucial early years of development and school years. Currently, there is limited evidence available for the use of dental implants in children. Thus, a multi‐disciplinary team approach with appropriate planning and parental involvement is essential for successful outcomes.
Trait associations in the pangenome of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: Zhao Junliang , Bayer Philipp E. , Ruperao Pradeep , Saxena Rachit K. , Khan Aamir W. , Golicz Agnieszka A. , Nguyen Henry T. , Batley Jacqueline , Edwards David , Varshney Rajeev K. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryPigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is an important orphan crop mainly grown by smallholder farmers in India and Africa. Here, we present the first pigeon pea pangenome based on 89 accessions mainly from India and the Philippines, showing that there is significant genetic diversity in Philippine individuals that is not present in Indian individuals. Annotation of variable genes suggests that they are associated with self‐fertilization and response to disease. We identified 225 SNPs associated with nine agronomically important traits over three locations and two different time points, with SNPs associated with genes for transcription factors and kinases. These results will lead the way to an improved pigeon pea breeding programme.
Word stress representations are language‐specific: Evidence from event‐related brain potentials
Authors: Honbolygó Ferenc , Kóbor Andrea , German Borbála , Csépe Valéria 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUnderstanding speech at the basic levels entails the simultaneous and independent processing of phonemic and prosodic features. While it is well‐established that phoneme perception relies on language‐specific long‐term traces, it is unclear if the processing of prosodic features similarly involves language‐specific representations. In the present study, we investigated the processing of a specific prosodic feature, word stress, using the method of event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) employing a cross‐linguistic approach. Hungarian participants heard disyllabic pseudowords stressed either on the first (legal stress) or on the second (illegal stress) syllable, pronounced either by a Hungarian or a German speaker. Results obtained using a data‐driven ERP analysis methodology showed that all pseudowords in the deviant position elicited an Early Differentiating Negativity and a Mismatch Negativity component, except for the Hungarian pseudowords stressed on the first syllable. This suggests that Hungarian listeners did not process the native legal stress pattern as deviant, but the same stress pattern with a nonnative accent was processed as deviant. This implies that the processing of word stress was based on language‐specific long‐term memory traces.
Rhetorical virtue, theology and ‘womens wyttes’ in an early Tudor dialogue: Thomas Lupset’s A treatise of charitie (c.1529)
Authors: Crown J. S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSeveral studies have brought out the richness and variety of Renaissance dialogues, but relatively few English examples merit study for their formal interest. This article examines a neglected yet important exception, Thomas Lupset’s A treatise of charitie (c.1529). Previous scholarship has treated it as a straightforward moral discourse, chiefly notable for its support for Thomas More in the controversy with William Tyndale over the translation of the Greek word ἀγάπη (agapē) as love instead of charity. Yet these studies have taken the dynamic of a brother teaching his sister at face value. Recognising that she feigns ignorance in order to manipulate the direction of the conversation allows us to reevaluate Lupset's engagement with the More‐Tyndale debate. Through analysing the brother's speech, Lupset’s characterisation of the sister, and their discussion of theology, this article argues that this work is a multi‐faceted commentary on charity rather than a defence of More. It moreover provides a lively treatment of what constitutes successful rhetoric, and a nuanced portrait of a female interlocutor.
Drug‐related violence and the decline in the number of Mexican cross‐border workers
Authors: Orraca‐Romano Pedro P. , Vargas‐Valle Eunice D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study examines how variations in homicide rates in Mexico are associated with the likelihood of participating in cross‐border work, that is, living in Mexico but working in the U.S. Based on Mexican census data from 2000, 2010, and 2015, and information on homicides, a series of ordinary least squares models are estimated to analyze the relationship between cross‐border commuting and homicide rates at the individual level. Fixed effects models are also estimated to study this relationship at the municipal level. The results show that from 2000 to 2010 the increase in homicide rates in northern border municipalities in Mexico reduced the likelihood of being a cross‐border worker, while from 2010 to 2015 the decrease in the homicide rate increased the probability that workers engage in cross‐border work. The decline in the number of cross‐border workers is likely in part a result of the escalation in drug‐related violence that may have led them to change their country of residence.
Assessing soil P fractions changes with long‐term phosphorus fertilization related to crop yield of soybean and maize
Authors: Appelhans Stefania C. , Barbagelata Pedro Anibal , Melchiori Ricardo Jose Miguel , Gutierrez Boem Flavio 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLong‐term P Fertiliser application increases soil phosphorus (P) labile fractions, which can be associated with crop P uptake and grain yield and are useful to improve fertilizer recommendations. Research aims were to evaluate in long‐term experiments with different P Fertiliser application in a Mollisol and a Vertisol: (a) the changes of soil P fractions and (b) the relationship between soil P fractions with long‐term P Fertiliser application, with accumulated apparent P budget, grain P, total P uptake, soybean (Glycine max L.Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. Soil P fractions were measured after 1 and 9 year since the beginning of the long‐term experiments. Experiments included an initial Fertiliser application rate of 200 kg P ha−1 and annual P Fertiliser application rate of 36 kg P ha−1. Bray1‐P, total, organic, and inorganic P in fine (<53 μm) and coarse (>53 μm) (CF) soil fractions, and in NaHCO3 extract were measured. Initial P Fertiliser application increased inorganic and total P fractions. However, Bray1‐P, total P in NaHCO3 extract and in the CF were the fractions that most increased with continuous long‐term P Fertiliser application in both sites. In the Mollisol, maize grain yield was unrelated to long‐term P Fertiliser application. In the Vertisol, total P in NaHCO3 extract, and total and organic P in the CF were more closely related to soybean grain yield than Bray1‐P. We proposed soil P indices of labile inorganic and organic P that showed close relationships with soybean grain yield and may be useful to improve the diagnosis of P soil fertility.
Presumed cholesterinic granulomas detected on CT in horses are associated with increased lateral ventricle height and age
Authors: Lloyd‐Edwards Ralph A , Willems Dorien S , Beukers Martijn , van den Brom‐Spierenburg Astrid , Vernooij Johannes C M , Veraa Stefanie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCholesterinic granulomas are mass‐like lesions that form at the choroid plexus of the ventricular system. Large cholesterinic granulomas within the lateral ventricles have been reported to cause severe neurological signs. However, little data are available about their prevalence or appearance in the overall population. The objective was to report the prevalence of presumed cholesterinic granulomas on CT in a population of horses, and investigate associations between presumed cholesterinic granuloma presence, lateral ventricle size, age, and neurological signs. The study was cross sectional, CT scans of the head were assessed for presumed cholesterinic granuloma presence and size, and lateral ventricle height. Computed tomography findings and clinical information were compared using nonparametric testing. Computed tomography scans of 139 horses were included. Presumed cholesterinic granulomas were found in 22 horses (15.8%), nine were unilateral and 13 bilateral. A significant increase in prevalence was observed with age (P < .0001), with 38% of horses over 15 years old affected. The median volume of presumed cholesterinic granulomas was 242 mm3 with a range from 51 to 2420 mm3. The mean lateral ventricle height was significantly increased in horses with presumed cholesterinic granulomas present (P = .004), with a median of 7.3 mm compared to 4.9 mm without. Neurological signs were not associated with presumed cholesterinic granuloma presence or lateral ventricle height. Fourth ventricle mineralizations were found in seven horses, which may represent cholesterinic granulomas. In conclusion, presumed cholesterinic granulomas occurred in a large proportion of the examined population and are associated with increased lateral ventricle dilation and advanced age.
The role of religious beliefs for the acceptance of xenotransplantation. Exploring dimensions of xenotransplantation in the field of hospital chaplaincy
Authors: Ebner Katharina , Ostheimer Jochen , Sautermeister Jochen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Changsha Communiqué (2008) calls for a greater account to be taken of the ethical aspects of xenotransplantation as well as of public perception. This also applies to the field of hospital chaplaincy. So far, there has been no empirical exploration of the assessment and acceptance of xenotransplantation by pastoral workers in German‐speaking countries. In view of the prospect of clinical trials, in‐depth research is both sensible and necessary, since both xeno‐ and allotransplantation can have far‐reaching consequences for patients, their relatives, and the social environment. In addition to the tasks of health monitoring, questions of the individual handling with and integration of a xenotransplant must also be considered. They can affect one's own identity and self‐image and thus also affect religious dimensions. Hence, they make a comprehensive range of accompaniment necessary.MethodsThis paper presents the first explorative results of a Dialogue Board with Christian, Jewish, and Muslim hospital chaplains. It explores pastoral challenges of xenotransplantation for the German‐speaking countries, in particular (a) self‐image and tasks of hospital pastoral care, (b) religious aspects of transplantation, and (c) religious aspects of xenotransplantation as anticipated by the hospital pastors.ResultsDepending on their religious background, hospital chaplains see different pastoral challenges when xenotransplantation reaches clinical stage. In particular, the effects on the identity and religious self‐image of those affected must be taken into account. Three desiderata or recommendations for action emerged from the Dialogue Board: (a) initial, advanced and further training for hospital pastoral workers, (b) contact points for patients, and (c) interreligious cooperation and a joint statement. All participants of the Dialogue Board emphasized the chances of xenotransplantation and expressed their hope that xenogenic transplants could save patients or improve the quality of their life substantially.ConclusionsXenotransplantation can affect the identity work of patients and relatives also in religious terms. In order to provide better pastoral and psychosocial support for these persons within the framework of the hospital, it is important to reflect on such challenges at an early stage and to develop concepts for pastoral further training and pastoral care in xenotransplantation.
Zoonotic disease awareness survey of backyard poultry and swine owners in southcentral Pennsylvania
Authors: Nicholson Chrislyn Wood , Campagnolo Enzo R. , Boktor Sameh W. , Butler Christina L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOwners of small backyard poultry and swine operations may be at higher risk of zoonotic diseases due to husbandry inexperience and/or a lack of knowledge. Backyard poultry and swine owners in southcentral Pennsylvania were surveyed regarding their knowledge and attitudes towards zoonotic disease prevention. One hundred and six backyard poultry and/or swine owners completed the survey (74 poultry, 15 swine, 17 both), which included questions on demographics, flock/herd characteristics, recognition of selected zoonotic diseases and clinical signs in animals, and biosecurity practices for visitors and owners. Most responded that they were aware of avian (92.2%) and swine (84.4%) influenza, and were less aware of other zoonotic diseases such as salmonellosis and brucellosis. The majority of backyard poultry and swine owners combined (62.9%) reported allowing visitors freely around their animals and did not require any special precautions. Backyard poultry and swine owners most commonly reported rarely (32.7%) or never (28.9%) wearing work gloves and never (57.1%) wearing nose/mouth coverings, such as a respirator mask, while handling animals or manure. The study findings indicated that veterinarians (61.5%) and the Internet (50.0%) are the main sources where small‐scale farm producers seek animal disease information. Approximately one‐third (34.9%) of the respondents reported receiving seasonal influenza vaccine. The findings of this study will be utilized to provide targeted veterinary and public health education for the prevention of zoonotic diseases in backyard farm animal settings in Pennsylvania.