bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review on artificial intelligence in high-speed rail
Authors: Yin Mingjia , Li Kang , Cheng Xiaoqing 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
High-speed rail (HSR) has brought a number of social and economic benefits, such as shorter trip times for journeys of between one and five hours; safety, security, comfort and on-time commuting for passengers; energy saving and environmental protection; job creation; and encouraging sustainable use of renewable energy and land. The recent development in HSR has seen the pervasive applications of artificial intelligence (AI). This paper first briefly reviews the related disciplines in HSR where AI may play an important role, such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and signalling and control. Then, an overview of current AI techniques is presented in the context of smart planning, intelligent control and intelligent maintenance of HSR systems. Finally, a framework of future HSR systems where AI is expected to play a key role is provided.
A hierarchical model for estimating the exposure-response curve by combining multiple studies of acute lower respiratory infections in children and household fine particulate matter air pollution
Authors: Keller Joshua P. , Katz Joanne , Pokhrel Amod K. , Bates Michael N. , Tielsch James , Zeger Scott L. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Adverse health effects of household air pollution, including acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs), pose a major health burden around the world, particularly in settings where indoor combustion stoves are used for cooking. Individual studies have limited exposure ranges and sample sizes, while pooling studies together can improve statistical power.

Methods:
We present hierarchical models for estimating long-term exposure concentrations and estimating a common exposure-response curve. The exposure concentration model combines temporally sparse, clustered longitudinal observations to estimate household-specific long-term average concentrations. The exposure-response model provides a flexible, semiparametric estimate of the exposure-response relationship while accommodating heterogeneous clustered data from multiple studies. We apply these models to three studies of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ALRIs in children in Nepal: a case-control study in Bhaktapur, a stepped-wedge trial in Sarlahi, and a parallel trial in Sarlahi. For each study, we estimate household-level long-term PM2.5 concentrations. We apply the exposure-response model separately to each study and jointly to the pooled data.

Results:
The estimated long-term PM2.5 concentrations were lower for households using electric and gas fuel sources compared with households using biomass fuel. The exposure-response curve shows an estimated ALRI odds ratio of 3.39 (95% credible interval = 1.89, 6.10) comparing PM2.5 concentrations of 50 and 150 μg/m3 and a flattening of the curve for higher concentrations.

Conclusions:
These flexible models can accommodate additional studies and be applied to other exposures and outcomes. The studies from Nepal provides evidence of a nonlinear exposure-response curve that flattens at higher concentrations.
Ochrobactrum anthropi Keratitis in a Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis Recipient
Authors: Ma Kevin K. , Tone Stephan Ong , Chodosh James , Saeed Hajirah N. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To report a case of Ochrobactrum anthropi keratitis in an eye with a Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis.

Methods:
This is a case report and review of the literature.

Results:
A 78-year-old man with a history of implantation of a Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis in the left eye presented for a routine follow-up with no acute complaints. In the left eye, visual acuity was 20/60 and slit-lamp examination revealed a 1.5-mm inferotemporal corneal infiltrate adjacent to the optic stem. Corneal cultures grew abundant O. anthropi. After 7 weeks of topical antimicrobial therapy and placement of a temporary tarsorrhaphy, the keratitis resolved.

Conclusions:

Ochrobactrum anthropi is an organism associated with indwelling medical devices and can be pathogenic in eyes with implanted keratoprostheses.
Management of Ocular Surface Disease in Glaucoma: A Survey of Canadian Glaucoma Specialists
Authors: Muzychuk Adam , Racine Louis , Robert Marie-Claude , Birt Catherine , Penner Victor , Harasymowycz Paul , Crichton Andrew , Ford Bryce , Gooi Patrick , Harissi-Dagher Mona 
Published: November 2020

Précis:
Ocular surface disease (OSD) in glaucoma is an area for improvement in the management of patients with glaucoma. This study explores the knowledge of glaucoma subspecialists toward OSD in glaucoma, then provides a suggested treatment algorithm.

Purpose:
To assess the attitudes, knowledge, and level of comfort of Canadian glaucoma specialists with respect to the assessment and management of OSD among patients with glaucoma.

Methods:
Ophthalmologist members of the Canadian Glaucoma Society with fellowship training in glaucoma were contacted to participate in this cross-sectional survey study. Responses were recorded to statements regarding attitudes toward OSD in glaucoma, and assessment and management modalities. These were recorded primarily in the form of a Likert scale rated 1 to 7 from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” Descriptive statistics were generated, and mean and SD for responses on Likert scales.

Results:
Thirty-six responses were included. All respondents agreed that comprehensive management of OSD could improve quality of life, 97% agreed it could lead to better glaucoma outcomes, whereas only 22% agreed it is presently being adequately managed in glaucoma practices. Respondents were asked to list all treatment modalities they felt knowledgeable about, ranging from 100% for optimizing topical glaucoma therapies to 31% for serum tears. Nearly all respondents (92%) agreed that a suggested algorithm for the treatment of OSD in glaucoma could improve their approach to management.

Conclusion:
OSD is a common comorbidity of glaucoma. Although respondents overwhelmingly agreed that comprehensive management of OSD may lead to improved quality of life and glaucoma-related outcomes, only a small percentage felt it was presently adequately managed. Increasing knowledge related to the assessment and management of OSD in glaucoma may in the future improve patient care.
Educating Nurses on the Use of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale to Improve Care of Adult Patients Undergoing Buprenorphine Induction
Authors: Uga Cecilia O. , Noe Shelly R. , Lynch Stephanie A. , Summers Linda O. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Opioid addiction disease has become a global health and social problem complicated by drug misuse and abuse (Pearlman, 2016; Rettig & Yarmolinsky, 1995; Watkins, 2016). Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is an effective treatment for opioid addiction disease (Loreck et al., 2016). Its induction can trigger severe precipitated withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients whose mu receptors are occupied opioids (American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2015). Knowledge of assessing a patient's level of withdrawal using a validated tool is key to successful transition from other opioids to buprenorphine.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training nurses on the use of the Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS) screening instrument by assessing their confidence in assessing and satisfaction with communicating withdrawal information crucial for patient safety.

Method
Ten registered nurses and three nurse practitioners working at a mental health community service center completed two surveys at three time points (Pre, Post, and Post-90 days). The first survey measured nurses' confidence in assessing, whereas the second survey measured their satisfaction with communicating withdrawal symptoms.

Results
The means' (M) magnitude for both assessment and satisfaction scores increased with time (across Pre, Post, and Post-90). Standard deviations tended to become smaller. Improvements were noted in nurses' confidence in the assessment of and satisfaction in communicating withdrawal symptoms after the intervention.

Conclusion
Participants expressed increased knowledge, confidence, and satisfaction with the COWS screening instrument. Ultimately, the patients benefited from the participants having more experience, education, skills, and confidence in monitoring withdrawal symptoms depicted by aggregate data of COWS screenings postintervention.
Risk Factors of Binge Drinking in Adults Across Gender and Age Groups
Authors: Lee So Young , Chung Jeehae 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Alcohol consumption has significantly increased in South Korea, with binge drinking looming as a serious issue. This study aimed to identify differences in drinking characteristics and the risk factors of binge drinking across three age groups: young adults, middle-aged adults, and seniors. This study was a descriptive, secondary analysis study based on the data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014. In this study, we analyzed data from 5,604 respondents aged 20 years and older using Rao–Scott chi-square and analysis of variance. To analyze the risk factors of binge drinking by gender and age groups, multiple logistic regression analysis was applied. Results indicated that the three age groups were significantly different in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and drinking characteristics. Rates of binge drinking were much higher in young adults in both men and women. The factors influencing binge drinking varied by age group and gender; however, in both men and women, participants who drank alcohol once a month or more showed a significantly higher risk of binge drinking than those who did not across all age groups. Younger initial drinking age and daily smoking were key risk factors of binge drinking among young and middle-aged adults in both men and women. Given the findings from this study, interventions considering the differences in drinking characteristics and risk factors of binge drinking across the age groups as well as focusing on the risk of binge drinking among young adults must be developed in communities and clinical settings.
Empowering Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioners to Expand Treatment Opportunities for Veterans With Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Jones Jennifer , Tierney Matthew , Jacobs Gabrielle , Chien Shao-Yun , Mallisham Sandra 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Few veterans with opioid use disorder receive effective treatment despite the Veterans Health Administration's efforts to expand treatment by offering buprenorphine, a medication to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD). An insufficient prescribing workforce contributes to the underutilization of buprenorphine; however, nurse practitioners (NPs) can now obtain a waiver to prescribe this medication. This quality improvement project aimed to expand the prescribing workforce by educating psychiatric mental health NPs (PMHNPs) working in an emergency setting at a Veterans Affairs Health Care System about free MOUD training and empowering them to utilize buprenorphine treatment.

Methods
Eleven PMHNPs were asked for their perception of prescribing buprenorphine. They were asked if they had an MOUD waiver and/or were aware of the free waiver training. The PMHNPs were educated on the importance and process of obtaining the DEA-X waiver, and then a post-intervention discussion was completed to determine if they completed the waiver training.

Results
At baseline, all 11 PMHNPs believed offering MOUD was important, but only three had the waiver to prescribe buprenorphine. After the education, three additional PMHNPs obtained the waiver and 10 planned to have the waiver in the next year. The department is planning to trial offering buprenorphine treatment, and PMHNPs at this facility are privileged to prescribe buprenorphine. In addition, five new PMHNP residents started or completed the training.

Conclusions
This project shows the potential to increase veteran access to MOUD by emphasizing education and empowering PMHNPs to initiate treatment. Providing education regarding the importance of buprenorphine treatment in the emergency setting and delivering information about the free waiver training facilitated workforce preparedness.
The Effect of Breathing Exercise on Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms, Cigarette Cravings, and Affect
Authors: Klinsophon Thaniya , Thaveeratitham Premtip , Janwantanakul Prawit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single bout of controlled deep breathing and a “three-part breathing” exercise on nicotine withdrawal symptoms, cigarette cravings, and affect. A secondary aim was to determine whether autonomic nervous system activity mediates these effects. Twenty-four participants attended one practical session followed by three intervention sessions on 3 separate days: control condition, controlled deep breathing, and three-part breathing. Participants were asked to abstain from smoking for 15 hours before intervention. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms, cigarette cravings, affect, and heart rate variability were assessed preintervention and again on four occasions postintervention: immediately postintervention and every 10 minutes on three more occasions. Results revealed that the three-part breathing exercise resulted in lower negative affect scores relative to control condition and controlled deep breathing immediately after postintervention (p < .05). In addition, high-frequency heart rate variability score was significantly reduced throughout the 30-minute session.
Nurse-Led Body–Mind–Spirit Based Relapse Prevention Intervention for People With Diagnosis of Alcohol Use Disorder at a Mental Health Care Setting, India
Authors: Ng Siu-man , Rentala Sreevani , Chan Cecilia L. W. , Nayak Raghavendra Bheemappa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Alcohol dependence is associated with alcohol-related problems and persistent vulnerability to relapse. Despite newer medications, frequent relapses continue to occur. Hence, there is a need to look at holistic approaches to deal with this problem.

Objective
Evaluate the effectiveness of nurse-led body–mind–spirit (BMS)-based relapse prevention intervention on craving and quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption among alcohol-dependent individuals.

Methods
Randomized control trial was adopted, and the study was conducted at a mental health care setting in India. Sixty individuals with alcohol use disorder were randomly assigned to a BMS group (n = 30) and a treatment-as-usual (TAU) group (n = 30) between June 2017 and March 2018. Subjects of both groups were initially assessed for craving and quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. BMS subjects received seven sessions of BMS intervention and routine treatment at de-addiction wards. The interventions comprise of body, mind, and spirit strategies that aid in handling triggers, accept responsibility for their own well-being and take charge of self health. TAU group subjects received only routine treatment. All the participants were followed up over 3 months postdischarge.

Results
Over 3 months of follow-up, BMS group subjects (vs. TAU group) reported significantly lesser quantity of alcohol consumption (F = 9.74, p < .001, η2 = .144), fewer drinking days (F = 14.04, p < .001, η2 = .195), lower relapse rates (14 vs. 28), and lesser craving (F = 14.01, p < .001, η2 = .195). Regression analysis showed that number of previous attempts (>1) and increased baseline drinking were associated with relapse.

Conclusion
Findings provide evidence of BMS intervention in reducing craving and drinking outcomes among alcohol-dependent individuals in India.
Women of Childbearing Age and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Prevention
Authors: Mahmoud Khadejah F. , Griffith Kira J. , Hayden Annie , Fogger Susanne A. , Kameg Brayden N. , Mitchell Ann M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is the position of the International Nurses Society on Addictions that all nurses, in all settings, should be prepared to provide care to patients with alcohol use problems, especially for women of childbearing age.
Case Report: Effect of Haploscopic Filter on Contrast Sensitivity Function and Color Vision Tests
Authors: González-Pérez Javier , Rodríguez Daporta Eloy , Mira Jorge 
Published: November 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
The options that can help patients with congenital color vision defect, to a better professional and leisure adaptation, are very limited. Different haploscopic lenses can be considered, and their effects need to be investigated in patients with different defects.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to present and discuss the effect of a pair of asymmetric long-pass filters fitted for deuteranopia, with the result of a 60% improvement in distinguishing red-green plates when compared with baseline.

CASE REPORT
We report the case of a 51-year-old man with congenital deuteranopia fitted with haploscopic ChromaGen filters. During the 2-month follow-up, we observed a decrease in left-eye logMAR visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with an increased ability to discriminate the plates of different color vision tests (Ishihara, Farnsworth, and Hardy-Rand-Rittler). The visual outcomes are discussed considering the spectral sensitivity curves of each filter, measured with a spectrophotometric device.

CONCLUSIONS
This report describes an improvement in the ability to resolve color vision plates after using asymmetric haploscopic filters showing a left-eye decrease in logMAR visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function. Subjects with a history of color vision deficiency might benefit from using haploscopic filters that selectively minimize the transmittance within a specific bandwidth to improve the color discrimination in deutan color vision deficiency. The simultaneous analysis of the color vision outcomes and transmittance spectrum of the haploscopic filters might contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the claimed efficacy of these devices.
Case Report: Tropheryma whipplei Infection Presenting with Optic Disc Edema
Authors: Kanikunnel Anju M. , Anthony Scott A. , Eleff Eric S. 
Published: November 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Whipple disease is a rare chronic, systemic bacterial infection that predominantly affects the small intestine but also other organs of the body. When left untreated, it can be not only vision threatening but also life threatening because of its central nervous system involvement. Therefore, early detection and treatment are important.

PURPOSE
We report a rare case of unilateral optic disc edema as a critical identifying sign of Whipple disease.

CASE REPORT
An asymptomatic 49-year-old African American man presented for an eye examination and was found to have optic nerve edema of the right eye. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in the right and left eye. He denied symptoms of diplopia, amaurosis fugax, or eye pain. His medical history was significant for HIV with no recent detectable viral load at the time of his eye examination. The patient denied any other infectious risk factors or changes in medical status. Extensive ophthalmic, neuroimaging, and laboratory investigations were completed as a comprehensive approach to rule out more common etiologies for unilateral optic disc edema. This initial workup yielded no identifying etiology, and the patient was monitored closely with frequent examinations with a retina specialist. Soon after his diagnosis of optic nerve edema, the patient developed new symptoms of chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue requiring hospitalization. Evaluations by internal medicine and gastroenterology, including serological testing, stool analysis, histological and microbiological analysis, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and gastrointestinal biopsy, confirmed a diagnosis of Whipple disease that was successfully treated with oral antibiotics.

CONCLUSIONS
Whipple disease is a rare cause of infectious optic nerve edema that may present with other rheumatoid and gastrointestinal symptoms. A comprehensive medical approach for investigating unilateral optic nerve edema is paramount in diagnosing and treating Whipple disease.
Tinnitus and auditory cortex: using adapted functional near-infrared spectroscopy to measure resting-state functional connectivity
Authors: San Juan Juan D. , Zhai Tianqu , Ash-Rafzadeh Angela , Hu Xiao-Su , Kim Jessica , Filipak Charles , Guo Kaiwen , Islam Mohammed N. , Kovelman Ioulia , Basura Gregory J. 
Published: November 2020

Objective
Tinnitus, phantom sound perception, arises from aberrant brain activity within auditory cortex. In tinnitus animal models, auditory cortex neurons show increased spontaneous firing and neural synchrony. In humans, similar hyperactivation in auditory cortex has been displayed with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) or increased connectivity between brain regions has also been shown in tinnitus using fNIRS. However, current fNIRS technology utilizes infrared (IR)-sources and IR-detectors placed on the scalp that restricts (~3 cm depth IR penetration) signal capture to outer cerebral cortex due to skin and skull bone. To overcome this limitation, in this proof of concept study, we adapted fNIRS probes to fit in the external auditory canal (EAC) to physically place IR-probes deeper within the skull thereby extracting neural signals from deeper auditory cortex.

Methods
Twenty adults with tinnitus and 20 nontinnitus controls listened to periods of silence and broadband noise before and after 5 min of silence to calculate RSFC. Concurrent scalp probes over auditory cortex and an adapted probe placed in the right EAC were utilized.

Results
For standard probes, left and right auditory cortex in tinnitus showed increased RSFC to each other and to other nonauditory cortices. Interestingly, adapted fNIRS probes showed trends toward increased RSFC.

Conclusion
While many areas for the adapted probes did not reach significance, these data using a highly innovative and newly created probe adapting fNIRS technology to the EAC substantiates our previously published data in human tinnitus and concurrently validates this technology as a useful and expanded brain imaging modality.
Cultural evolution and prehistoric demography
Authors: Strassberg Sarah Saxton , Creanza Nicole 
Published: November 2020

One prominent feature of human culture is that different populations have different tools, technologies and cultural artefacts, and these unique toolkits can also differ in size and complexity. Over the past few decades, researchers in the fields of prehistoric demography and cultural evolution have addressed a number of questions regarding variation in toolkit size and complexity across prehistoric and modern populations. Several factors have been proposed as possible explanations for this variation: in particular, the mobility of a population, the resources it uses, the volatility of its environment and the number of individuals in the population. Using a variety of methods, including empirical and ethnographic research, computational models and laboratory-based experiments, researchers have found disparate results regarding each hypothesis. These discordant findings have led to debate over the factors that most significantly influence toolkit size and composition. For instance, several computational, empirical and laboratory studies of food-producing populations have found a positive correlation between the number of individuals in a population and toolkit size, whereas similar studies of hunter–gatherer populations have found little evidence of such a link. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive review of the literature in this field of study and propose corollaries and interdisciplinary approaches with the goal of reconciling dissimilar findings into a more comprehensive view of cultural toolkit variation.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography’.