bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prehistoric agriculture and social structure in the southwestern Tarim Basin: multiproxy analyses at Wupaer
Authors: Yang Qingjiang , Zhou Xinying , Spengler Robert Nicholas , Zhao Keliang , Liu Junchi , Bao Yige , Jia Peter Weiming , Li Xiaoqiang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe oasis villages of the Tarim Basin served as hubs along the ancient Silk Road, and they played an important role in facilitating communication between the imperial centers of Asia. These villages were supported by an irrigated form of cereal farming that was specifically adapted to these early oasis settlements. In this manuscript, we present the results from new archaeobotanical analyses, radiocarbon dating, and organic carbon isotopic studies directly from carbonized seeds at the Wupaer site (1500–400 BC) in the Kashgar Oasis of the western Tarim Basin. Our results showed that early farming in the oasis relied on a mixed wheat and barley system, but after 1200 BC was intensified through more elaborate irrigation, the introduction of more water-demanding legumes, and possibly a greater reliance on free-threshing wheat. These crops and the knowledge of irrigated farming likely dispersed into the Tarim Basin through the mountains from southern Central Asia. Improved agricultural productivity in the Tarim Basin may also have led to demographic and socio-political shifts and fed into the increased exchange that is colloquially referred to as the Silk Road.
Effect of cow-calf contact on cow motivation to reunite with their calf
Authors: Wenker Margret L. , Bokkers Eddie A. M. , Lecorps Benjamin , von Keyserlingk Marina A. G. , van Reenen Cornelis G. , Verwer Cynthia M. , Weary Daniel M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEarly cow-calf separation prevents much of cows’ natural maternal behaviour. Early separation is thought to prevent the development of a cow-calf bond. To assess this bond, we measured motivation of dairy cows to reunite with their calf. To vary the degree of bonding, some cows were allowed continued contact with their calf and others were separated from their calf soon after birth, following standard practice on most farms. Among cows allowed continued contact, some were able to suckle their calf and others were prevented from suckling (by covering the cow’s udder with an udder net). Cows were habituated to the weighted-gate apparatus before calving by daily training with the (un-weighted) gate. After calving, cow willingness to use the gate was assessed by determining if she would push open the gate to access to her own calf. Testing occurred once daily, with weight on the gate gradually increased. After passing through the gate, the dam’s calf-directed behaviour was recorded. Suckled cows pushed a greater maximum weight (45.8 ± 7.8 kg) than separated cows (21.6 ± 6.7 kg) and non-suckled cows (24.3 ± 4.5 kg), with no differences between separated and non-suckled cows. Once reunited, latency to make nose contact and duration of licking did not differ between treatments. We conclude that motivation for calf contact is greater for cows that are suckled.
Exploring C4–CAM plasticity within the Portulaca oleracea complex
Authors: Ferrari Renata Callegari , Cruz Bruna Coelho , Gastaldi Vinícius Daguano , Storl Thalyson , Ferrari Elisa Callegari , Boxall Susanna F. , Hartwell James , Freschi Luciano 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPortulaca oleraceais a C4herb capable of performing CAM under drought stress. It is distributed worldwide and is either considered a polymorphic species or a complex of subspecies, due to its numerous morphological variations. We evaluated CAM plasticity withinP. oleraceagenotypes since the complexity surrounding this species may be reflected in intraspecific variations in photosynthetic behavior. Eleven subspecies ofP. oleraceafrom distant geographical locations and one cultivar were morphologically and physiologically characterized. C4and CAM photosynthesis were monitored in plants exposed to well-watered, droughted and rewatered treatments, and data obtained were compared among individual genotypes. All subspecies expressed CAM in a fully-reversible manner. Transcript abundance of C4–CAM signature genes was shown to be a useful indicator of the C4–CAM–C4switches in all genotypes. C4-related genes were down-regulated and subsequently fully expressed upon drought and rewatering, respectively. CAM-marker genes followed the opposite pattern. A gradient of morphological traits and drought-induced nighttime malate accumulation was observed across genotypes. Therefore, different combinations of CAM expression levels, plant sizes and shapes are available within theP. oleraceacomplex, which can be a valuable tool in the context of C4/CAM photosynthesis research.
RNA-Seq analysis of differentially expressed genes of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from postoperative endophthalmitis and the healthy conjunctiva
Authors: Liu Qing , Chen Nan , Chen Huabo , Huang Yusen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStaphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) is one of the primary pathogens in postoperative endophthalmitis, which is a devastating complication of cataract surgery and often results in irreversible visual loss and even blindness. Meanwhile, it is the most frequently isolated commensal bacterium in the healthy conjunctiva. In this study, we investigated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of S. epidermidis isolated from the patients with postoperative endophthalmitis and the healthy conjunctiva to predict their functions and pathways by Illumina high-throughput RNA sequencing. Using genome-wide transcriptional analysis, 281 genes (142 upregulated and 139 downregulated genes) were found to be differentially expressed (fold change ≥ 2, p ≤ 0.05) in the strains from endophthalmitis. Ten randomly selected DEGs were further validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). GO enrichment analysis suggested that more DEGs were associated with the thioredoxin system and iron ion metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that more DEGs were associated with the pathways of the two-component system and pyruvate metabolism. Moreover, the gene SE1634 code for staphylococcal toxin was significantly upregulated in S. epidermidis strains of the endophthalmitis, which might be directly responsible for the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. In conclusion, this research is helpful for further investigations on genes or pathways related with the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of S. epidermidis endophthalmitis.
The WD40-protein CFAP52/WDR16 is a centrosome/basal body protein and localizes to the manchette and the flagellum in male germ cells
Authors: Tapia Contreras Constanza , Hoyer-Fender Sigrid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDevelopment of spermatozoa requires remodelling and formation of particular structures. In elongating spermatids, the transient microtubular manchette contributes to the formation of the head–tail coupling apparatus (HTCA) and the sperm tail. The HTCA derives from the centrosome in that the proximal centriole inserts into the nuclear indentation and the distal centriole gives rise to the sperm flagellum. Although impairments in the formation of HTCA and sperm tail cause male infertility their molecular constituents are only partially known. The WD40-protein CFAP52 is implicated in motile cilia, but its relevance for male germ cell differentiation is not known. Here we show that CFAP52 is widespread expressed and localizes to a subset of microtubular structures. In male germ cells, CFAP52 is a component of the transient manchette and the sperm tail. However, expression of Cfap52 is not restricted to motile cilia-bearing cells. In NIH3T3 cells, CFAP52 localizes to the centrosome, the basal body, and the mitotic spindle poles, but not to the primary cilium. Our results demonstrate that CFAP52 is not restricted to motile cilia but instead most likely functions in constituting the centrosome/basal body matrix and the sperm tail.
Predicting risk of late age-related macular degeneration using deep learning
Authors: Peng Yifan , Keenan Tiarnan D. , Chen Qingyu , Agrón Elvira , Allot Alexis , Wong Wai T. , Chew Emily Y. , Lu Zhiyong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBy 2040, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) will affect ~288 million people worldwide. Identifying individuals at high risk of progression to late AMD, the sight-threatening stage, is critical for clinical actions, including medical interventions and timely monitoring. Although deep learning has shown promise in diagnosing/screening AMD using color fundus photographs, it remains difficult to predict individuals’ risks of late AMD accurately. For both tasks, these initial deep learning attempts have remained largely unvalidated in independent cohorts. Here, we demonstrate how deep learning and survival analysis can predict the probability of progression to late AMD using 3298 participants (over 80,000 images) from the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies AREDS and AREDS2, the largest longitudinal clinical trials in AMD. When validated against an independent test data set of 601 participants, our model achieved high prognostic accuracy (5-year C-statistic 86.4 (95% confidence interval 86.2–86.6)) that substantially exceeded that of retinal specialists using two existing clinical standards (81.3 (81.1–81.5) and 82.0 (81.8–82.3), respectively). Interestingly, our approach offers additional strengths over the existing clinical standards in AMD prognosis (e.g., risk ascertainment above 50%) and is likely to be highly generalizable, given the breadth of training data from 82 US retinal specialty clinics. Indeed, during external validation through training on AREDS and testing on AREDS2 as an independent cohort, our model retained substantially higher prognostic accuracy than existing clinical standards. These results highlight the potential of deep learning systems to enhance clinical decision-making in AMD patients.
A spatial regime shift from predator to prey dominance in a large coastal ecosystem
Authors: Eklöf Johan S. , Sundblad Göran , Erlandsson Mårten , Donadi Serena , Hansen Joakim P. , Eriksson Britas Klemens , Bergström Ulf 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRegime shifts in ecosystem structure and processes are typically studied from a temporal perspective. Yet, theory predicts that in large ecosystems with environmental gradients, shifts should start locally and gradually spread through space. Here we empirically document a spatially propagating shift in the trophic structure of a large aquatic ecosystem, from dominance of large predatory fish (perch, pike) to the small prey fish, the three-spined stickleback. Fish surveys in 486 shallow bays along the 1200 km western Baltic Sea coast during 1979–2017 show that the shift started in wave-exposed archipelago areas near the open sea, but gradually spread towards the wave-sheltered mainland coast. Ecosystem surveys in 32 bays in 2014 show that stickleback predation on juvenile predators (predator–prey reversal) generates a feedback mechanism that appears to reinforce the shift. In summary, managers must account for spatial heterogeneity and dispersal to better predict, detect and confront regime shifts within large ecosystems.
Surface rupture and shallow fault reactivation during the 2019 Mw 4.9 Le Teil earthquake, France
Authors: Ritz Jean-François , Baize Stéphane , Ferry Matthieu , Larroque Christophe , Audin Laurence , Delouis Bertrand , Mathot Emmanuel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Rhône River Valley in France, a densely populated area with many industrial facilities including several nuclear power plants, was shaken on November 11th 2019, by the Mw 4.9 Le Teil earthquake. Here, we report field, seismological and interferometric synthetic-aperture radar observations indicating that the earthquake occurred at a very shallow focal depth on a southeast-dipping reverse-fault. We show evidence of surface rupture and up to 15 cm uplift of the hanging wall along a northeast-southwest trending discontinuity with a length of about 5 km. Together, these lines of evidence suggest that the Oligocene La Rouvière fault was reactivated. Based on the absence of geomorphic evidence of cumulative compressional deformation along the fault, we suggest that it had not ruptured for several thousand or even tens of thousands of years. Our observations raise the question of whether displacement from surface rupture represents a hazard in regions with strong tectonic inheritance and very low strain rates.
Longitudinal biometal accumulation and Ca isotope composition of the Göttingen minipig brain
Authors: Mahan Brandon , Antonelli Michael A , Burckel Pierre , Turner Simon , Chung Roger , Habekost Mette , Jørgensen Arne Lund , Moynier Frédéric 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Biometals play a critical role in both the healthy and diseased brain's functioning. They accumulate in the normal aging brain, and are inherent to neurodegenerative disorders and their associated pathologies. A prominent example of this is the brain accumulation of metals such as Ca, Fe and Cu (and more ambiguously, Zn) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The natural stable isotope compositions of such metals have also shown utility in constraining biological mechanisms, and in differentiating between healthy and diseased states, sometimes prior to conventional methods. Here we have detailed the distribution of the biologically relevant elements Mg, P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn in brain regions of Göttingen minipigs ranging in age from three months to nearly six years, including control animals and both a single- and double-transgenic model of AD (PS1, APP/PS1). Moreover, we have characterized the Ca isotope composition of the brain for the first time. Concentration data track rises in brain biometals with age, namely for Fe and Cu, as observed in the normal ageing brain and in AD, and biometal data point to increased soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) load prior to AD plaque identification via brain imaging. Calcium isotope results define the brain as the isotopically lightest permanent reservoir in the body, indicating that brain Ca dyshomeostasis may induce measurable isotopic disturbances in accessible downstream reservoirs such as biofluids.
Sequential Bilateral Cochlear Implantation With Prolonged Time Intervals
Authors: Zhang Zhikai , Wei Chaogang , Zhang Yanmei , Zeng Zhengang , Cao Keli , Liu Yuhe 
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The aim of the study was to assess whether sequential cochlear implantation (CI) with a prolonged interimplant interval (
M
= 15.2 years) between the first and second CIs benefited speech recognition and health-related quality of life.

Method

This prospective study included 14 prelingually deafened participants who received their second CI after a prolonged interimplant interval (
M
= 15.2 years). Additionally, speech recognition ability over a 12-month period of bilateral implant use was investigated. The results of the speech recognition test in both quiet and noisy conditions were statistically analyzed for each CI alone and both CIs together. Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire scores were also collected at activation and at 12 months after activation.

Results
Improvements in speech recognition ability were observed following the use of the first implant alone and with the use of both implants together; however, progress was much slower with the use of the second implant alone, following its introduction. Furthermore, a significant difference in the trajectory of speech recognition ability was observed between the first and the second implanted ear. According to Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire scores, all participants benefitted from bilateral CI after 12 months.

Conclusions
Prolonged interimplant intervals resulted in asymmetrical speech recognition abilities. A significant improvement in the speech recognition scores was observed with the first implanted ear, and much slower progress was observed with the second implanted ear. However, the “poorer” second implanted ear could provide a considerable beneficial effect on the improved speech recognition and health-related quality of life with the bilateral CI.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12861152
Österreichische Bewegungsempfehlungen für Erwachsene
und ältere Erwachsene ohne und mit Körper-, Sinnes- oder
Mentalbehinderung sowie für Menschen mit chronischen
Erkrankungen
Authors: Titze Sylvia , Lackinger Christian , Fessl Christian , Dorner Thomas Ernst , Zeuschner Verena 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungEs ist wissenschaftlich überzeugend belegt, dass durch
regelmäßige Bewegung die körperliche, psychische und
geistige Gesundheit positiv beeinflusst wird. Zielgruppenspezifisch formulierte
Empfehlungen sind ein erster wesentlicher Baustein zur Förderung von
Bewegung in der Bevölkerung. In diesem Beitrag werden die aktualisierten
Österreichischen Bewegungsempfehlungen für Erwachsene und
ältere Erwachsene ohne und mit Körper-, Sinnes- oder
Mentalbehinderung sowie für erwachsene Menschen mit chronischen
Erkrankungen vorgestellt und deren Inhalte kommentiert. Als wissenschaftliche
Grundlage und Vorlage dafür wurden die umfangreiche
Literaturaufbereitung aus den USA sowie die daraus resultierenden
Bewegungsempfehlungen verwendet. Neu in Österreich wurden
Bewegungsempfehlungen für die Zielgruppe „Menschen mit
chronischen Erkrankungen“ erstellt. Weiter werden keine separaten
Bewegungsempfehlungen für Menschen mit Behinderung verfasst, sondern die
Bewegungsempfehlungen wurden für Erwachsene und ältere
Erwachsene ohne und mit Behinderung formuliert. Statt der Nennung eines
Schwellenwertes zur Unterscheidung zwischen Bewegungsempfehlungen
erfüllt/nicht erfüllt, wird neu empfohlen, zwischen 150
bis 300 Minuten Bewegung mit mittlerer Intensität
auszuüben. Mit der Nennung der Empfehlungen für
muskelkräftigende Übungen vor den ausdauerorientierten
Bewegungsempfehlungen wird auf die Wichtigkeit muskelkräftigender
Aktivitäten aufmerksam gemacht. Nachdrücklich wird darauf
hingewiesen, sitzende Tätigkeiten immer wieder zu unterbrechen. Die
Veröffentlichung von Bewegungsempfehlungen ist eine von vielen
Strategien zur Gesundheitsförderung durch Bewegung. In der Umsetzung
erfolgreich werden wir nur sein, wenn alle Bevölkerungsgruppen faire
Möglichkeiten bekommen, Bewegungskompetenz zu erwerben und
bewegungsfreundliche Rahmenbedingungen zur regelmäßigen
Ausübung von Bewegung geschaffen werden.
Botulinum Toxin Injections as a Treatment of Postoperative Chronic Neck Pain Secondary to Cervical Spine Surgery
Authors: Meiling James , Barndt Brandon , Raum George , Schulze David 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPostoperative neck pain is a relatively common consequence of cervical spine surgeries such as anterior cervical discectomy with fusion and laminoplasty. Botulinum toxin injections are a relatively new treatment option to target muscle spasms, a possible cause of postoperative neck pain. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current literature highlighting the utilization of botulinum toxin for treating postoperative neck pain. The literature search resulted in one preliminary case–control trial, one case series and one case report. The use of Botox in these studies had promising benefits on postoperative neck pain, by reducing visual analog scores and improving objective measures of muscle tone such as cervical lordosis angle. While not seen in these studies, the use of botulinum toxin injections into the muscles of the region of the head, neck, and shoulder is not without risks such as focal muscle loss, joint instability, and respiratory and swallowing difficulty. With this in mind, while botulinum toxin may be a promising treatment for these patients, further well-designed studies are needed to further assess the treatments efficacy and safety in this patient population.
Modified Extended External Fixator Frame for Leg Elevation in Trauma
Authors: Sawant Venkatesh Rajaram , Gharwade Chandrakant Rambhau 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLower extremity trauma is very often managed by applying an external fixator to stabilize the fracture site. These limbs very frequently require multiple surgeries, which predisposes them to problems like heel pressure sore, equinus deformity and limb edema. These complications prolong the healing time and create obstacles in rehabilitation. Our aim was to modify the usual uniplanar external fixator in such a way that it is able to provide stable limb elevation and also keep the leg and the foot in such a position, so as to avoid the above-mentioned complications. We used our frame in 10 patients and none of our patients developed heel ulceration or equinus deformity. We found that the frame enables easier daily examination of the wound and improves patient comfort during dressing changes.
Oncoplastic Approach to Giant Benign Breast Tumors Presenting as Unilateral Macromastia
Authors: Malathi Lekshmi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBenign breast tumors attaining large size constitute an important cause of unilateral macromastia. Their usual treatment involves enucleation or excision with a margin based on pathology and waiting for spontaneous retraction of skin envelope. In very large tumors, this will leave the residual breast deflated and unaesthetic, with spontaneous skin retraction giving unpredictable results. Application of the principles of oncoplastic surgery are helpful in this situation. Here, we present two cases of benign giant tumors—a giant fibroadenoma and a giant lipoma—managed by reduction mammaplasty approach to restore the breast symmetry and aesthetics.
On the problem of astronomy and popular prejudices: the case of ancient astronomers and NASA funding
Authors: Panagiotarakou Eleni 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore the popular prejudices faced by ancient and modern astronomers. In the case of the ancients, this entails examining the astronomer Thales of Miletus (ca. 620 BC–ca. 546 BC) via the analysis of various ancient texts, such as Aristotle’sPolitics, Plato’sTheaetetusand Aristophanes’Clouds. In the case of the moderns, this entails examining the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) agency via its funding history, public opinion polls, and spinoff reports. The findings suggest that NASA’s constant efforts to justify their existence in terms of practical outcomes, mirrors the experience of ancient natural philosophers who were depicted with their “heads in the clouds” and in possession of an epistemology devoid of any practical significance.
Multivalent weak interactions enhance selectivity of interparticle binding
Authors: Scheepers M. R. W. , van IJzendoorn L. J. , Prins M. W. J. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
The selectivity of binding of colloidal particles is an important research topic for the field of targeted drug delivery. Extensive theoretical work has shown that high selectivity can be obtained by using multivalent weak interactions. Here we provide comprehensive experimental proof using DNA-coated particles. The ligand–receptor affinity is varied by changing the number of complementary bases, showing that fewer complementary bases yield a higher binding selectivity. The experimental data and corresponding numerical model simulations demonstrate the scaling behavior between molecular density, molecular affinity, and resulting density selectivity of interparticle binding. These results are important for the design of novel systems for targeted nanoparticle drug delivery.