bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying ER‐membrane contact sites in plants using the optogenetic approach: Taking the LiMETER as an example
Authors: Li Yifan , Pain Charlotte , Cui Xuan , Li Menghan , Zhang Tong , Li Jiejie , Kriechbaumer Verena , Wang Pengwei 
Published: December 2024

SUMMARYThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) links to multiple organelles through membrane contact sites (MCS), which play critical roles in signal transduction, cell homeostasis and stress response. However, studying the behaviour and functions of MCS in plants is still challenging, partially due to the lack of site‐specific markers. Here, we used an optogenetic reporter, LiMETER (Light‐inducible Membrane‐Tethered cortical ER), to study the structure and dynamics of ER‐PM contact sites (EPCS) in plants. Upon blue light activation, LiMETER is recruited to the EPCS rapidly, while this process is reversible when blue light is turned off. Compared with other EPCS reporters, LiMETER specifically and reversibly labels the contact sites, causing little side‐effects on the ER structure and plant development. With its help, we re‐examined the formation of ER‐PM connections induced by cell‐intrinsic factors or extracellular stimuli. We found that EPCSs are preferably localised at ER tubules and the edge of ER cisternae, and their number increased significantly under abiotic stress conditions. The abundance of ER and PM interaction is also developmental dependent, suggesting a direct link between ER‐PM interaction, ER function and cell homeostasis. Taken together, we showed that LiMETER is an improved marker for functional and microscopical studies of ER‐PM interaction, demonstrating the effectiveness of optogenetic tools in future research.
A novel transcription factor CsSNACA2 plays a pivotal role within nitrogen assimilation in tea plants
Authors: Jiang Deyuan , Xu Li , Wen Weiwei 
Published: December 2024

SUMMARYTea (Camellia sinensis) is a globally renowned economic crop, with organs such as leaves and buds utilized for consumption. As a perennial foliage crop, tea plants have high‐nitrogen consumption and demand but exhibit relatively low nitrogen use efficiency. Exploring the genetic factors involved in nitrogen assimilation in tea plants could lead to improvements in both tea yield and quality. Here, we first conducted transcriptome sequencing on two tissues (roots and young leaves) under two different nitrate levels (0.2 and 2.5 mm KNO3) and at six time points (0, 15, and 45 min; 2 and 6 h and 2 days). Differential gene expression patterns were observed for several genes that exhibited altered expression at 2 h. Clustering and enrichment analyses, along with co‐expression network construction, provided evidence for the crucial involvement of CsSNACA2 in nitrogen assimilation. CsSNACA2 overexpression elicited pronounced phenotypic changes in nitrogen‐deficient plants. Furthermore, CsSNACA2 suppressed the expression of CsNR (encoding nitrate reductase) and CsCLCa (encoding a /H+ exchanger). Moreover, CsSNACA2 served as a downstream target of CsSPL6.1. In addition, we characterized Csi‐miR156e and Csi‐miR156k, which directly cleave CsSPL6.1. This study identified a transcription factor module participating in nitrogen assimilation in tea plants, providing a genetic foundation for future innovations in tea cultivar improvement. These results broaden our understanding of the genetic mechanisms governing nitrogen assimilation in dicotyledonous plants.
Leaf angle regulation toward a maize smart canopy
Authors: Jiang Qinyue , Wang Yijun 
Published: December 2024

SUMMARYDense planting of single‐cross hybrids contributes to maize yield increase over the past decades. Leaf angle, an important agronomic trait relevant to planting density, plays a fundamental role in light penetration into the canopy and photosynthetic efficiency. Leaf angle is a key parameter of plant architecture in the concept of smart canopy. Maize smart‐canopy‐like plant architecture exhibits optimal leaf angle, resulting in erect upper leaves and intermediate or horizontal lower leaves. Leaf angle regulation is a promising way forward in the breeding of varieties with canopy ideotypes. In this review, we first describe the relationship between maize polarity axes and leaf angle formation. Then, we revisit advances in the mutant and quantitative genetics research of maize leaf angle, highlighting the biological implications of transcription factors for maize leaf angle regulation. We underscore that KNOX family is essential for the blade–sheath boundary establishment and brassinosteroid pathway components as well as regulator ZmRAVL1 serve as key hubs of the transcriptional hierarchy governing maize leaf angle formation. We also suggest potential avenues for manipulating maize leaf angles across canopy layers.
Seed germination and seedling emergence responding to different osmotic potentials and burial depths of 242 Leptochloa chinensis populations
Authors: Chen Guoqi , An Kai , Liu Yiyang , Chen Ling , Lin Yuting , Wei Haiyan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLeptochloa chinensis is a troublesome rice weed in many countries, and knowledge of its seed germination ecology varied in different reports. To reveal the range and general characteristics of L. chinensis seed germination under different drought stresses, and seedling emergence under different burial depths, we conducted a serial of germination experiments with 242 L. chinensis populations collected along ranges spanning 4° latitudes and 4° longitudes from rice fields in eastern China. We found that 1000‐seed weight ranged from 0.056 to 0.129 g, with an average of 0.088 g; the OR50 (the osmotic potentials at which the germination percentage reaches 50%) was −0.47 to −0.07 MPa, with an average of −0.28 MPa; and BR50 (the burial depth at which the emergence percentage reaches 50%) ranged from 0.07 to 0.26 cm, with an average of 0.18 cm. At −0.5 MPa, the mean germination percentage of 242 populations was 4.1%. Seed germination percentages under 0.5 and 1.5 cm quartz sand layer were both >75%, while no seedling emerged up to the surface of quartz sand. Populations collected from rice fields in northern regions leaned to be higher in 1000‐seed weights, and OR50 values. Moreover, populations collected from transplanting rice fields slightly and significantly leaned to be more adapted to drought stresses and soil burial depths. The ability to quickly germinate, together with seed germination sensitive to drought stress and seedling emergence sensitive to soil burial, facilitate L. chinensis to avoid suicide seed germination, occupy niches under suitable environments and escape chemical control practices on rice fields.
Molecular Evidence of Leptospira spp. Infection Among Household Dogs From 15 Municipalities of the Department of Caldas, Colombia
Authors: Silva‐Ramos Carlos Ramiro , Lemaitre G Paloma , Mejorano‐Fonseca Julián A. , Matiz‐González J. Manuel , Aricapa‐Giraldo Hector J. , Agudelo Juan C. , Pérez Cárdenas Jorge E. , Hidalgo Marylin 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionLeptospira spp. is a bacterial genus which includes pathogenic species that causes leptospirosis. Several animal species can harbour, shed and disseminate the bacteria through their urine. Although the circulation of Leptospira among homeless dogs may be common, the presence of Leptospira among household dogs is more important since they can act as important sources of infection for their owners due to the closer contact with humans.AimThe aim of the present study was to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. among household dogs from 15 municipalities of the Caldas department.MethodsBetween November 2015 and January 2017, an active household dog sampling was performed in 15 municipalities of Caldas department. Dog blood samples were tested through conventional PCR targeting a fragment of the Leptospira rrs and LipL32 genes. All obtained amplicons were purified and bi‐directionally sequenced. Obtained sequences were assembled and edited for subsequent phylogenetic analysis.ResultsA total of 196 dogs were sampled from 15 municipalities of Caldas department, of which 180 were screened for Leptospira spp. Ten (5.6%) dog blood samples from seven municipalities were successfully amplified for the Leptospira rrs gene. Two Leptospira rrs good‐quality sequences were obtained which had a closer relationship with Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira santarosai.ConclusionWe confirm the presence of Leptospira spp. closely related with L. interrogans and L. santarosai among household dogs from seven municipalities of Caldas department. These results highlight the need to improve the care of household dogs in Caldas department since they could eventually become important sources of infection of leptospirosis.
Convergence and nonconvergence in a nonlocal gradient flow
Authors: Park Sangmin , Pego Robert L. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe study the asymptotic convergence as of solutions of , a nonlocal differential equation that is formally a gradient flow in a constant‐mass subspace of arising from simplified models of phase transitions. In case the solution takes finitely many values, we provide a new proof of stabilization that uses a Łojasiewicz‐type gradient inequality near a degenerate curve of equilibria. Solutions with infinitely many values in general need not converge to equilibrium, however, which we demonstrate by providing counterexamples for piecewise linear and cubic functions . Curiously, the exponential rate of convergence in the finite‐value case can jump from order to arbitrarily small values upon perturbation of parameters.
Vanishing of Brauer classes on K3 surfaces under reduction
Authors: Maulik Davesh , Tayou Salim 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGiven a Brauer class on a K3 surface defined over a number field, we prove that there exists infinitely many reductions where the Brauer class vanishes, under certain technical hypotheses, answering a question of Frei–Hassett–Várilly‐Alvarado.
Motor Competence Prevalence in School-Aged Czech Children: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Šeflová Iva , Chudoba Josef , Duncan Michael , Suchomel Aleš , Bunc Václav 
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to understand the motor competence (MC) level of Czech school-age children determined using the product-oriented Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (second edition) and to analyze the gender and age differences. The MC level in n = 637 children aged 6.0–11.0 years (46.6% girls) was evaluated using total motor composite and subcategories of fine and gross motor skills: fine manual control, manual coordination, body coordination, and strength and agility. Seventy-one percent of children had at least a satisfactory level of MC. The distribution of the total motor composite score of the Czech sample was uneven, with only 11.0% scoring above average and 29.4% scoring below average. However, we found low-level of MC in almost one third of children. The prevalence of well-below average results was found at 7%. Significant differences were found depending on age (p < .001), where we observed decreased MC with increasing age. Gender differences were reflected in the poorer level of fine motor skills in boys (p < .001). Given the high prevalence of low MC, these findings suggest the need for effective intervention in Czech children as an important prerequisite for comprehensive development in physical, psychosocial, and cognitive aspects.
Building Social Capital in University Students: A Physical Education Intervention Program
Authors: Novak Dario , Petrušič Tanja , Čule Marko , Milinović Ivan , Kim Jinseo , Kim Rockli , Subramanian S.V. 
Published: December 2024

Background: This study examines the effects of physical education on the social capital of university students, focusing on improving family, neighborhood, and academic relationships through group exercise. Methods: In Zagreb, Croatia, 976 participants aged 19–20 years participated in a randomized controlled trial. The intervention group (n = 472) engaged in teamwork exercises, and the control group (n = 504) completed individual exercises. The social capital measured in 6 areas was analyzed using linear regression and variance modeling. Results: Significant improvements in trust and collaboration within the university environment were found in the intervention group. Adjusted analyses showed positive correlations between the physical education intervention and increased trust between teachers and students (β = 0.118, P = .01), among students (β = 0.246, P = .01), and in total social capital (β = 0.617, P = .01). Residence in the parental home was associated with higher social capital. Notably, male and older students reported lower levels of trust and cooperation. Conclusions: Physical activity significantly improves the social capital of university students, suggesting the inclusion of group-based physical activities in higher education curricula to promote social inclusion and well-being. This underscores the importance of such interventions for educational policy and program development.
Examining Whether Exercise Preference and Tolerance Moderate the Within-Subject Association Between Physical Activity Intention and Next-Day Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity
Authors: Moore Kristen N. , Hatzinger Lori , Crosley-Lyons Rachel , Do Bridgette , Wang Shirlene D. , McAlister Kelsey , Chapman Tiffany M. , Hewus Micaela , Dunton Genevieve F. 
Published: December 2024

Background: Physical activity (PA) intentions may predict future PA engagement, such that when intentions for PA are strong, an individual may be more likely to engage in PA compared with when intentions for PA are weak. However, intentions do not always translate into behavior, a phenomenon known as the intention–behavior gap. Individual differences in exercise preference (predisposition for high-intensity exercise) and tolerance (ability to continue exercising at higher intensity) may explain this gap. This study examined whether exercise preference and tolerance moderate the within-subject association between PA intention and next-day moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) using ecological momentary assessment and accelerometry. Methods: Exercise preference and tolerance were assessed at baseline using a validated questionnaire. A 14-day smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment protocol captured PA intentions each evening, and next-day MVPA was assessed via accelerometry. Multilevel linear regression models (days [level 1] nested within-people [level 2]) assessed within-subject associations between PA intention and next-day MVPA, along with cross-level interaction effects of exercise preference and tolerance. Results: Data from 62 US adults (mean age = 39 y, SD = 4.29 y) were analyzed. A negative within-subject main effect of PA intention on next-day MVPA was observed (β = −0.20, P < .001), while exercise preference positively moderated this relationship (β = 0.04, P < .001). Exercise tolerance was not a significant moderator. Conclusions: Exercise preference may influence the intention–behavior gap, suggesting that those who prefer high-intensity exercise are more likely to translate PA intentions into next-day MVPA.
Differential Exercise Requirements for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Resolution Across Age Groups: A Longitudinal Study of Korean Military Officers
Authors: Lee Jaejun , Lee Dong Yeup , Jung Jae Hyeop , Bae Eunkyoung , Yu Jeong A. , Yang Hyun 
Published: December 2024

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health concern, and despite its high prevalence, lifestyle modifications such as exercise play a pivotal role in resolving this condition. This study aims to identify factors associated with NAFLD resolution, with a focus on the role of exercise, in different age groups. Methods: Longitudinal data from Korean military officers, during the period 2019–2021, were obtained from the National Health Information Database. NAFLD was defined as a hepatic steatosis index ≥36, and NAFLD resolution was defined as individuals achieving hepatic steatosis index <36 in the subsequent year of diagnosis. Information on alcohol consumption, exercise frequency, and family history of diabetes was collected through self-reported questionnaires. Results: The analysis included a total of 163,728 individuals, with a mean age of 36.87, predominantly male (91.62%). The prevalence of NAFLD was 27.04%. Favorable factors for NAFLD resolution encompassed moderate-intensity exercise for more than 180 minutes per week, vigorous-intensity exercise for more than 90 minutes per week, female sex, age, and resistance exercise for more than 3 days per week. Hypertension, family history of diabetes, and smoking were identified as factors against NAFLD resolution. The exercise requirements for NAFLD resolution varied among age groups, with those <30 years old requiring more than 180 minutes per week of moderate- or vigorous-intensity exercise and those >50 years old needing only 90 minutes per week of such exercise. Conclusion: The exercise requirements for NAFLD resolution exhibit age-related differences. Individualized guidance for NAFLD management should consider these variations and be tailored to specific age groups.
Comparison of Shoulder Rotation Strength and Test–Retest Reliability in 3 Test Positions With Swimmers
Authors: Job Trey D.W. , Cross Matthew R. , Cronin John B. 
Published: December 2024

Context: Advancements in portable load-cell technology have enabled high-quality assessment of shoulder internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) peak force (Fmax) and rate of force development (RFD). This study’s purpose was to explore the reliability and differences between IR and ER Fmax and RFD in different testing positions using a novel load-cell device. Design: A within-subjects repeated-measures design was employed to compare the intersession values and reliability of Fmax and RFD for both shoulder IR and ER across 3 positions: seated-0°, supine-0° and supine-90°. Methods: National-level swimmers (n = 19; age = 16.8 [1.0] y) completed 3 testing occasions of each condition (combination of arm, rotation, and test position) separated by 7 to 14 days. Results: IR superseded ER in all testing positions. The association between these positions across IR and ER was typically strong for both Fmax and RFD (r > .85, P < .001) except for IR RFD (r = .56–.73, P < .05). For sessions 2 to 3, Fmax intraclass correlation coefficient and CV (intraclass correlation coefficient = .89–.96, CV = 5.2%–8.8%) were typically within acceptable ranges, whereas RFD (intraclass correlation coefficient = .74–.90, CV = 11.5%–18.1%) often exhibited inflated error. Conclusion: The supine (90°) position was the most consistent position across both measures. Load-cell technology can be confidently used to assess shoulder rotation Fmax in 3 different positions, whereas RFD should be used with caution without protocol refinement.
Evaluando la paradoja “Fat but Fit” en el rendimiento cognitivo y logro académico de los adolescentes: Un análisis de clases latentes – Proyecto Cogni-Acción
Authors: Espinoza-Puelles Juan Pablo , Martínez-Flores Ricardo , Peña-Jorquera Humberto , Lizana Pablo A. , Brand Caroline , Mello Júlio B. , Cristi-Montero Carlos 
Published: December 2024

Propósito: Determinar patrones en la paradoja “Fat but Fit” y su impacto en el rendimiento cognitivo y logro académico en adolescentes chilenos. Esta paradoja sugiere que una mayor condición física puede mitigar los efectos negativos del exceso de adiposidad. Métodos: Estudio transversal, parte del Proyecto Cogni-Acción, incluyó 1,296 adolescentes (10-14 años). Se identificaron patrones de adiposidad/condición física mediante análisis de clases latentes y se evaluaron dominios cognitivos y calificaciones académicas. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas y positivas en las puntuación cognitiva global y puntuación académica entre adolescentes “thin-fit” versus “unfit” (“thin-unfit” y “fat-unfit”, p = .023 y p = .007, respectivamente) y “thin-fit” versus “fat” (“fat-fit” y “fat-unfit”, p = .028 y p < .001, respectivamente). Conclusión: Una mayor condición física se asocia con mayor rendimiento cognitivo, mientras que menor adiposidad a un mayor logro académico. La paradoja “Fat but Fit” podría influir de manera diferenciada en estos resultados.
Polycytotoxic T cells mediate antimicrobial activity against intracellular
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Zumwinkel Marc , Chirambo Aaron , Zähnle Markus , Bürger Max , Grieshober Mark , Romahn Vincent , Mwandumba Henry , Stenger Steffen 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Protection against infections with intracellular bacteria requires the interaction of macrophages and T-lymphocytes, including CD8
+
T cells. Recently, the expression of natural killer cell receptors NKG2A and NKG2C was introduced as markers of CD8
+
T-cell subsets. The goal of this study was to functionally characterize human NKG2A and NKG2C-expressing T cells using the major pathogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(
Mtb
) as a model organism. Sorted NKG2 populations were analyzed for their capacity to proliferate and degranulate and their intracellular expression of cytotoxic molecules. Cytokine release and the effect on bacterial growth were assessed after coculture of NKG2 populations with
Mtb
-infected macrophages. NKG2A
+
T cells released higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-10, whereas NKG2C
+
T cells released higher levels of IL-2, contained the greatest reservoir of intracellular granzyme B and showed a remarkable constitutive level of degranulation. Both subsets inhibited the intracellular growth of
Mtb
more efficiently than NKG2-negative CD8
+
T cells. Antimicrobial activity of NKG2
+
T cells was not associated with the release of cytokines or cytotoxic molecules. However, the frequency of polycytotoxic T cells (P-CTL), defined as CD8
+
T cells co-expressing granzyme B, perforin, and granulysin, positively correlated with the ability of NKG2-expressing T cells to control
Mtb
-growth in macrophages. Our results highlight the potential of NKG2-expressing P-CTL to trigger the antibacterial activity of human macrophages. Targeting this population by preventive or therapeutic immune interventions could provide a novel strategy to combat severe infectious diseases such as tuberculosis.