bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carboniferous crinoids
Authors: Ausich William I. , Kammer Thomas W. , Mirantsev Georgy V. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the Carboniferous, crinoids were commonly so abundant that their skeletal ossicles formed limestones termed encrinites. Major evolutionary changes occurred within the Camerata and Articuliformes, as the former were displaced by the latter as the dominant clade. Both the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian subperiods started with high evolutionary rates and ended with low evolutionary rates associated with glaciation. Although not typically used for biostratigraphy, crown-based crinoid genera can be used as biostratigraphic indicators for Carboniferous stages. Paleozoic crinoid biodiversity reached its maximum during the Carboniferous, from which there are numerous well-documented localities with high biodiversity. Faunas from the palaeobiogeographical regions of Laurussia, Palaeo-Tethys and Gondwana are reviewed. For Mississippian crinoids, 37 genera are designated as biostratigraphically useful; and, for the Pennsylvanian, 44 genera are identified. Recognition of the utility of these genera for biostratigraphy is important for dating crinoid deposits, which may be devoid of other biostratigraphically useful fossils, and add to our overall ability to delineate the temporal resolution of life on Earth.
A Genetic Mouse Model Recapitulates Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Associated Myocarditis and Supports a Mechanism-Based Therapeutic Intervention
Authors: Wei Spencer C. , Meijers Wouter C. , Axelrod Margaret L. , Anang Nana-Ama A.S. , Screever Elles M. , Wescott Elizabeth C. , Johnson Douglas B. , Whitley Elizabeth , Lehmann Lorenz , Courand Pierre-Yves , Mancuso James J. , Himmel Lauren E. , Lebrun-Vignes Benedicte , Wleklinski Matthew J. , Knollmann Bjorn C. , Srinivasan Jayashree , Li Yu , Atolagbe Oluwatomisin T. , Rao Xiayu , Zhao Yang , Wang Jing , Ehrlich Lauren I.R. , Sharma Padmanee , Salem Joe-Elie , Balko Justin M. , Moslehi Javid J. , Allison James P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting CTLA4 or PD-1/PD-L1 have transformed cancer therapy but are associated with immune-related adverse events, including myocarditis. Here, we report a robust preclinical mouse model of ICI-associated myocarditis in which monoallelic loss of Ctla4 in the context of complete genetic absence of Pdcd1 leads to premature death in approximately half of mice. Premature death results from myocardial infiltration by T cells and macrophages and severe ECG abnormalities, closely recapitulating the clinical and pathologic hallmarks of ICI-associated myocarditis observed in patients. Using this model, we show that Ctla4 and Pdcd1 functionally interact in a gene dosage–dependent manner, providing a mechanism by which myocarditis arises with increased frequency in the setting of combination ICI therapy. We demonstrate that intervention with CTLA4–Ig (abatacept) is sufficient to ameliorate disease progression and additionally provide a case series of patients in which abatacept mitigates the fulminant course of ICI myocarditis.

Significance:
We provide a preclinical model of ICI-associated myocarditis which recapitulates this clinical syndrome. Using this model, we demonstrate that CTLA4 and PD-1 (ICI targets) functionally interact for myocarditis development and that intervention with CTLA4–Ig (abatacept) attenuates myocarditis, providing mechanistic rationale and preclinical support for therapeutic clinical studies.
See related commentary by Young and Bluestone, p. 537.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 521
Separating the Indian and Pacific Ocean Impacts on the Euro-Atlantic Response to ENSO and Its Transition from Early to Late Winter
Authors: Abid Muhammad Adnan , Kucharski Fred , Molteni Franco , Kang In-Sik , Tompkins Adrian M. , Almazroui Mansour 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe present study focuses on the mechanism that controls the transition of the Euro-Atlantic circulation responses to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from early (December) to late winter (February) for the period 1981–2015. A positive phase of ENSO induces a precipitation dipole with increased precipitation in the western and reduced precipitation in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean; this occurs mainly during early winter (December) and less so in late winter (February). It is shown that these interbasin atmospheric teleconnections dominate the response in the Euro-Atlantic sector in early winter by modifying the subtropical South Asian jet (SAJET) and forcing a wavenumber-3 response that projects spatially onto the positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern. On the contrary, during late winter, the response in the Euro-Atlantic sector is dominated by the well-known ENSO wave train from the tropical Pacific region, involving extratropical anomalies that project spatially on the positive phase of the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern and the negative phase of the NAO pattern. Numerical experiments with an atmospheric model (an AGCM) forced by an Indian Ocean heating dipole anomaly support the hypothesis that the Indian Ocean modulates the SAJET and enforces the Rossby wave propagation to the Euro-Atlantic region in early winter. These phenomena are also investigated using the ECMWF SEAS5 reforecast dataset. In SEAS5, the ENSO interbasin tropical teleconnections and the response of the Euro-Atlantic circulation anomalies and their change from early to late winter are realistically predicted, although the strength of the early winter signal originated from the Indian Ocean is underestimated.
Comparison of Patient Satisfaction Between Virtual Visits During the COVID-19 Pandemic and In-person Visits Pre-pandemic
Authors: Itamura Kyohei , Tang Dennis M. , Higgins Thomas S. , Rimell Franklin L. , Illing Elisa A. , Ting Jonathan Y. , Lee Matthew K. , Wu Arthur 
Published: November 2020

Objective: To compare the patient experience of a virtual otolaryngology clinic visit to an in-person visit, especially with its significantly increased implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Patient satisfaction (PS) metrics from the Clinician and Group Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey were queried from March 1, 2020 to May 1, 2020 for telehealth visits and January 1, 2020 to March 1, 2020 for in-person visits. Overlapping and comparable questions were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test for independence, and Student’s t-test. Results: There were 1284 partial or complete PS surveys from in-person visits and 221 partial or complete virtual PS surveys. There were statistically significantly worse virtual visit evaluations of provider listening, conveyance of information, likelihood to recommend, and overall provider ratings compared to in-person visits. Conclusion: Telehealth has become the new norm for most healthcare providers in the United States. This study demonstrates some of the initial shortcomings of telehealth in an otolaryngology practice and identifies challenges with interpersonal communication that may need to be addressed as telehealth becomes increasingly prevalent. Level of Evidence: 3.
Targeted next-generation sequencing identified a novel variant of SOX10 in a Chinese family with Waardenburg syndrome type 2
Authors: Liu Xiao-Wen , Wang Su-Yang , Xing Zhan-Kui , Zhu Yi-Ming , Ding Wen-Juan , Duan Lei , Cui Xiao , Xu Bai-Cheng , Li Shu-Juan , Guo Yu-Fen 
Published: November 2020

Objective Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) is an autosomal dominant syndrome, characterized by bright blue eyes, hearing loss, and depigmented patches of hair and skin. It exhibits high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. We explored the molecular etiology in a Chinese family with WS2. Methods We recruited a three-generation family with three affected members. Medical history was obtained from all family members who underwent detailed physical examinations and audiology tests. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of each individual, and 139 candidate genes associated with hearing loss were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) and verified by Sanger sequencing. Results Genetic evaluation revealed a novel nonsense heterozygous variant, NM_006941.4: c.342G>A (p.Trp114Ter) in exon 2 of the SOX10 gene in the three affected patients; no unaffected family member carried the variation. We did not detect the variation in 500 Chinese individuals with normal hearing or in 122 unrelated Chinese families with hearing loss, suggesting that it was specific to our patients. Conclusions We identified a novel heterozygous nonsense variation in a family with syndromic hearing loss and WS2. Our findings expand the pathogenic spectrum and strengthen the clinical diagnostic role of SOX10 in patients with WS2.
Expression of cellular adherent and invasive molecules in recurrent ovarian endometriosis
Authors: Wu Tingting , Zhang Rongyan , Jiang Qiaoying , Li Zhi , Wu Ruijin 
Published: November 2020

Objective This study aimed to examine expression of cellular adhesion molecules and metalloproteinases of the extracellular matrix in ectopic endometrium for evaluating their roles in recurrence of endometriosis. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed 49 female patients (mean age: 30.1±5.5 years) with endometriomas who had undergone two separate operations. After a maximum follow-up of 80 months, all participants were divided into the recurrent group or nonrecurrent (control) group. Samples were immunostained for epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), β-catenin, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). Results In the recurrent group, E-cadherin concentrations in the membrane and cytoplasm of ectopic endometrial glandular cells were significantly reduced, while those of MMP-9 and EMMPRIN were higher than those in the control group. Additionally, uPA concentrations in the membrane and cytoplasm of ectopic endometrial glandular, stromal, and vascular endothelial cells were significantly higher in the recurrent group than in the control group. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and β-catenin concentrations were similar between the groups. Conclusion E-cadherin, MMP-9, and associated factors may contribute to development of endometriosis. E-cadherin, MMP-9, and uPA may act as potential markers for detection of recurrence of endometriosis.
Physiotherapy: At what cost? Parents experience of performing chest physiotherapy for infants with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Andrews Kristen , Smith Megan , Cox Narelle S 
Published: November 2020

Physiotherapy is one of the most burdensome aspects of cystic fibrosis (CF) care. Healthcare requirements for older children with CF are reported to impact parental quality of life and physiotherapy adherence. How parents of infants experience performing chest physiotherapy as a part of CF care is unknown. This study aimed to explore the experience of performing chest physiotherapy for parents of infants with CF. In this study, 13 parents of infants (aged 1–2 years) with CF participated in one in-depth semi-structured interview and completed a daily diary for five days. Principles of hermeneutic phenomenology guided interpretation of interview transcripts, diary entries, and field notes. For these parents, being responsible for performing chest physiotherapy was an ever-present experience of pressure, doubt, and guilt. Managing chest physiotherapy resulted in sacrifices that were perceived by parents as an expected and necessary part of meeting the healthcare needs of their child. Despite perceived sacrifices, performing chest physiotherapy was also experienced by parents as an opportunity to positively impact the health of their child. Awareness of parental perceptions and experiences of chest physiotherapy in CF may enhance the personalization of physiotherapy and minimize burden.
Improvement in Outlet Obstructive Constipation Symptoms After Vaginal Stent Treatment for Rectocele
Authors: Yin Yitong , Xia Zhijun , Luan Meng , Qin Meiying 
Published: November 2020

Objective. The objective is to determine the possible improvement in outlet obstructive constipation symptoms after vaginal stent treatment for rectocele. Methods. Female patients with rectocele (n = 156) accompanied with outlet obstructive constipation were selected in this study. Longo’s obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) questionnaire, rectoanal pressures, and rectal balloon expulsion (BET) were evaluated at baseline, 1 month follow-up, and 6 months follow-up. Moreover, the side effects and the potential reasons for giving up treatment were also detected. Results. Vaginal stent significantly decreased the straining intensity, shortened the straining extensity time, decreased the use of laxatives, and alleviated the symptoms of incomplete evacuation ( P < .05). The vaginal stent also increased the rectal pressure and shortened the balloon expulsion time ( P < .05). Conclusions. As an effective, feasible, and safe procedure, the vaginal stent can be recommended as a treatment of choice for rectocele combined with outlet obstructive constipation.
Prediction of Individual Basal Rate Profiles From Patient Characteristics in Type 1 Diabetes on Insulin Pump Therapy
Authors: Nauck Michael A. , Kahle-Stephan Melanie , Lindmeyer Anna M. , Wenzel Sina , Meier Juris J. 
Published: November 2020

Background: Basal rate profiles in patients with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy are subject to enormous inter-individual heterogeneity. Tools to predict basal rates based on clinical characteristics may facilitate insulin pump therapy. Methods: Data from 339 consecutive in-patients with adult type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy were collected. Basal rate tests were performed over 24 hours. A mathematical algorithm to predict individual basal rate profiles was generated by relating the individual insulin demand to selected clinical characteristics in an exploratory cohort of 170 patients. The predicted insulin pump profiles were validated in a confirmatory cohort of 169 patients. Findings: Basal rates (0.27 ± 0.01 IU.d−1.kg−1) showed circadian variations with peaks corresponding to the “dawn” and “dusk” phenomena. Age, gender, duration of pump treatment, body-mass-index, HbA1c, and triacylglycerol concentrations largely predicted the individual basal insulin demand per day (IU/d; exploratory vs prospective cohorts: r2 = 0.518, P < .0001). Model-predicted and actual basal insulin rates were not different (exploratory cohort: Δ 0.1 (95% CI −0.9; 1.0 U/d; P = .95; prospective cohort: Δ −0.5 (95% CI −1.5; 0.6 IU/d; P = .46). Similarly, precise predictions were possible for each hour of the day. Actual and predicted “dawn” index correlated significantly in the exploratory but not in the confirmatory cohort. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics predict 52% of the variation in individual basal rate profiles, including their diurnal fluctuations. The multivariate regression model can be used to initiate or optimize insulin pump treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Effectiveness and safety of methotrexate versus leflunomide in 12-month treatment for Takayasu arteritis
Authors: Wu Chunling , Sun Ying , Cui Xiaomeng , Wu Sifan , Ma Lili , Chen Huiyong , Yan Yan , Ji Zongfei , Liu Yun , Lin Jiang , Lv Peng , Chen Rongyi , Yang Pingting , Jiang Lindi 
Published: November 2020

Aims: The study investigates the effectiveness and safety of methotrexate (MTX) versus leflunomide (LEF) in 12-month treatment of Takayasu arteritis (TAK). Methods: This was a cohort study. Patients diagnosed with TAK between 1 January 2013 and 1 January 2019 were enrolled from First Hospital of China Medical University and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. Patients had active disease and were treated with glucocorticoid combined with LEF or MTX. Treatment response, imaging assessment and side-effects were evaluated during 12-month follow-up. Results: In total, 68 patients were enrolled (40 cases treated with LEF and 28 treated with MTX). At baseline, age, sex, disease duration and disease activity index showed no significant differences between groups. Prevalence of complete remission (CR) at 6 months was significantly higher in the LEF group than that in the MTX group (LEF versus MTX: 72.50% versus 53.57%, p = 0.04), though the CR prevalence at 9 months and 12 months showed no significant differences between groups. At 9 months, the prevalence of treatment resistance was much lower in the LEF group compared with MTX group (5.41% versus 11.54%, p = 0.03). Furthermore, prevalence of disease relapse in the LEF group was lower than that in MTX group at 12 months (7.24% versus 16.67%, p = 0.03). Patients with high baseline C-reactive protein levels (⩾15 mg/L) carried a higher risk of treatment resistance (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.07–13.41, p = 0.06) and disease relapse (HR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.36–12.98, p = 0.04). Conclusion: LEF might provide a quicker treatment response with lower prevalence of disease relapse compared with that elicited in MTX during 12 months follow-up for TAK.
Clinical Factors Related to Improved Scapular Control After a Scapular Conscious Control Program in Symptomatic Overhead Athletes: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Huang Tsun-Shun , Du Wan-Yu , Lin Jiu-Jenq 
Published: November 2020

Background: Predictive variables associated with the effects of a scapular conscious control program should be identified and used to guide rehabilitation programs. Purpose: To determine whether potential factors are associated with the success of scapular muscle balance with an early control program in patients with subacromial pain and scapular dyskinesis. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 38 amateur overhead athletes with subacromial pain and medial border prominence were recruited. They performed progressive conscious control of scapular orientation during 45° and 90° of arm elevation. Stepwise logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to determine the optimal cutoff point of related factors for success or failure of the program. Potential factors including pain level during activity, pain duration, anterior/posterior shoulder flexibility, forward shoulder posture, posterior displacement of root of spine and inferior angle, scapular kinematics, and muscle activation before conscious control program were recorded as independent variables. Successful control defined as decreases of the upper trapezius/serratus anterior ratio in 2 consecutive trials of the 90° program or failure in the program was used as a dependent variable. Results: Having a posterior displacement of the inferior angle of the scapula of ≤16.4 mm and scapular posterior tipping during arm elevation of ≤3.3° (collected before the control program) were associated with the success of the program ( R 2 = 0.286; P < .05). Additionally, participants with each or both variables present at baseline had probabilities of success of 78% and 95%, respectively. Conclusion: The value of scapular posterior displacement and posterior tilt should be considered before early scapular control program. Other factors related to the success of the program should be found due to the limited variance explained in the regression model.
A Comprehensive Review of Isogeometric Topology Optimization: Methods, Applications and Prospects
Authors: Gao Jie , Xiao Mi , Zhang Yan , Gao Liang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTopology Optimization (TO) is a powerful numerical technique to determine the optimal material layout in a design domain, which has accepted considerable developments in recent years. The classic Finite Element Method (FEM) is applied to compute the unknown structural responses in TO. However, several numerical deficiencies of the FEM significantly influence the effectiveness and efficiency of TO. In order to eliminate the negative influence of the FEM on TO, IsoGeometric Analysis (IGA) has become a promising alternative due to its unique feature that the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) model can be unified into a same mathematical model. In the paper, the main intention is to provide a comprehensive overview for the developments of Isogeometric Topology Optimization (ITO) in methods and applications. Finally, some prospects for the developments of ITO in the future are also presented.
Boerhaave syndrome due to excessive alcohol consumption: two case reports
Authors: Haba Yuichiro , Yano Shungo , Akizuki Hikaru , Hashimoto Takashi , Naito Toshio , Hashiguchi Naoyuki 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Spontaneous esophageal rupture, or Boerhaave syndrome, is a fatal disorder caused by an elevated esophageal pressure owing to forceful vomiting. Patients with Boerhaave syndrome often present with chest pain, dyspnea, and shock. We report on two patients of Boerhaave syndrome with different severities that was triggered by excessive alcohol consumption and was diagnosed immediately in the emergency room.

Case presentation
The patient in case 1 complained of severe chest pain and nausea and vomited on arrival at the hospital. He was subsequently diagnosed with Boerhaave syndrome coupled with mediastinitis using computed tomography (CT) and esophagogram. An emergency operation was successfully performed, in which a 3-cm tear was found on the left posterior wall of the distal esophagus. The patient subsequently had anastomotic leakage but was discharged 41 days later. The patient in case 2 complained of severe chest pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematemesis on arrival. He was suggested of having Boerhaave syndrome without mediastinitis on CT. The symptoms gradually disappeared after conservative treatment. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed on the ninth day revealed a scar on the left wall of the distal esophagus. The patient was discharged 11 days later. In addition to the varying severity between the cases, the patient in case 2 was initially considered to have Mallory–Weiss syndrome.

Conclusion
Owing to similar histories and symptoms, Boerhaave syndrome and Mallory–Weiss syndrome must be accurately distinguished by emergency clinicians. CT can be a useful modality to detect any severity of Boerhaave syndrome and also offers the possibility to distinguish Boerhaave syndrome from Mallory–Weiss syndrome.
Challenges in the regulatory use of water-accommodated fractions for assessing complex substances
Authors: Wheeler James R. , Lyon Delina , Di Paolo Carolina , Grosso Albania , Crane Mark 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe use of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) approach for the preparation of exposure systems of complex substances such as petroleum products has been a standard way to perform aquatic toxicity tests on these substances for over 30 years. In this Commentary, we briefly describe the historical development, rationale, and guidance for the use and reporting of the WAF approach to assess complex substances. We then discuss two case studies, with coal tar pitch and kerosene/jet fuel, which illustrate challenges from regulatory authorities in Europe and the United States when using the WAF approach. We describe how the WAF approach is the only currently known method for testing the toxicity of the whole of a complex substance, even when some of its constituents remain unknown; it accounts for differences in the solubility of the constituents within a complex substance; and use of loading rates to describe any toxic effects is a unifying concept that allows direct comparison with releases of readily soluble substances in hazard assessment and chemical classification.