bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing Wounds
Authors: Grocott Patricia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the vital area of wound care, including the impact that wounds can have upon patients and their families, and the nursing management challenges that they present. As a registered nurse caring for patients with wounds, you will be responsible for making a clinical assessment of the patient with a wound, making clinical decisions based on the most appropriate evidence-based, nurse-led interventions, and, crucially, measuring patient outcomes. The latter involves continuous monitoring of how both the patient and his or her wound is responding, or not, to the treatment and care that you give. This chapter presents a generic approach to wound management, and this should help you to deliver high-quality, safe wound care for patients with wounds of differing aetiologies. This includes core components of interventions for acute, chronic, and palliative wound care. Importantly, the chapter has been designed to help you to make the links between assessment, clinical decision-making, nursing interventions, and patient care. Nurses play a key role in the multidisciplinary team in the delivery of wound care, and frequently act as the ‘point of contact’ for the manufacturers and suppliers of wound care products. The approach advocated in this chapter will equip you to make informed assessments and clinical decisions. Wounds are injuries to the body, the skin in particular, causing a breach of the layers of skin (see Chapter 12 Understanding Skin Conditions) and the body boundary. The term ‘wound’ also defines the act of injuring a person’s skin. This may be deliberate, e.g. during a surgical procedure, or deliberate to cause harm, e.g. during warfare, terrorist attacks, or domestic and street violence. Wounding can also occur with accidents (a cut from a kitchen knife), natural disasters (earthquake), and exposure to environmental stresses such as extreme heat (burns, skin cancers), extreme cold (frostbite), excessive pressure, and excessive exposure to water and moisture (trench foot). Wounds also develop because of diseases and conditions such as diabetes, which disrupt the structures of the skin and the normal metabolic processes that maintain skin health (see Chapter 9 Understanding Diabetes Mellitus).
Social Inequality in Japan
Authors: Chiavacci David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Social inequality is a central issue of modernity in the intersection between the idea of a market economy, with competition as an irreplaceable element, and democracy, with equality as one of its fundamental principles. In postwar Japan, after a period of fierce conflicts, a shared growth model that included a redistribution from urban centers to the rural peripheries was established as a highly successful solution to this inherent contradiction. Upward mobility and increasing incomes, as well as the support of the countryside, led to a narrative of Japan as a general middle-class society and made it exemplary regarding social and political stability. However, since the late 1990s, due to missing growth and social stagnation, this model is no longer functioning, and a new narrative of Japan as a gap society has become dominant. Since 2000, Japanese governments have tried to establish alternative models of neoliberal growth, welfare growth, and Abenomics, but these have not been able to emulate the success of the former shared growth model.
Foreign Direct Investment in Japan
Authors: Manger Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For decades, Japanese outward foreign direct investment has exceeded the flow of foreign capital into the country. Policies and regulations restricted inward investment, while the foreign earnings of Japanese companies were recycled into investment abroad. Today, official policy has reversed to try to encourage greater inflows, but Japan does not attract much FDI. Following an overview of the trends of Japanese FDI, this chapter surveys the considerable official efforts to protect the interests of Japanese multinational firms abroad, particularly in the form of investment chapters in trade agreements and free-standing international investment agreements. It then analyzes recent attempts at reducing barriers to inward investment in Japan under Abenomics. Much suggests that these efforts do not spur on significant inflows. The conundrum of the Japanese government may be that the policy regime cannot by itself counter the diminishing economic attractiveness of Japan for foreign firms.
Iran’s Islamic Revolution
Authors: Sadeghi Fatemeh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Islamic revolution of 1979 in Iran was decisive in reshaping and reframing both Iranian politics and the Middle East as we know it. This chapter investigates the historical framing of the Islamic revolution as a result of the politicization of the religious discourse in Iran from the early 1940s through the late 1970s and the steady emergence of the idea of an Islamic government as an alternative to the oppressive structure of Western modernity. The Islamic revolution marked the re-enchantment and re-mystification of politics in an allegedly disenchanted world. The chapter reveals two versions of revolutionary Islam, the clerical and the messianic, and their role in the framing of revolutionary politics. Whereas in clerical Islam the modern state was seen not as substantially corrupt but as an indispensable instrument for the establishment of the Islamic government, in messianic Islam the contemplation and reconstruction of history aimed at building a new past, hence a quite different future.
Evolutionary Theorization of Peaceful International Changes
Authors: Tang Shiping 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Why hasn’t international relations (IR) been an evolutionary science? This article contends that a properly constructed evolutionary approach, or what I call the “social evolution paradigm (SEP),” is a powerful paradigm, perhaps the ultimate paradigm, for theorizing social changes. It first introduces some basics of evolutionism and key elements for a genuinely social evolutionary approach toward social change. It then examines several key studies in IR with an evolutionary flavor. The article goes on to identify five key issue domains of peaceful international changes that will be fertile ground for evolutionary theorization. They are as follows: the future of a rule-based international system, niche construction of the international and regional system and order, changes in states’ behaviors, the future of state and state building without wars, and finally, nontraditional security from climate change to epidemics and artificial intelligence. Finally, the article highlights the power of the social evolutionary approach and calls for more social scientists to embrace the approach.
Climate Change, Collective Action, and Peaceful Change
Authors: Swain Ashok 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Climate change is increasingly seen as intensifying global environmental stress and insecurity. It may not itself be the sole cause of conflict, but it can be a threat multiplier by bringing increased competition over shared water resources, causing loss of land due to desertification and sea-level rise, intensifying natural disasters, and forcing large population migration. If climate-change-induced environmental stress can lead to conflict, particularly over water sharing and large population migration, it can also bring cooperation, as human survival has always depended on the collective ability to manage challenges and find peaceful solutions. This chapter argues that climate change has created strong incentives for countries and societies to come together to create various mechanisms and institutions at the global level.
South Africa and the Idea of Peaceful Change
Authors: Vale Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The formation of the South African state rested on the exclusion of the majority with the result that for almost a century, the recourse to state (and other) violence resided with the white minority. As a result, the idea of peace and peaceful change lay outside the vocabulary of politics and policymaking. The country had to learn the language of peace, peace-making, and peaceful change after decades of war talk. In the 1980s, following the escalation in domestic political violence, setbacks in the southern African region, and international sanctions, the notion of “negotiation” emerged in the public sphere. The signing of a national peace accord stabilized the idea of peace in the formal frame of politics. Using the optic of human rights, Nelson Mandela set out a pathway for the country to play a role in promoting the idea of South Africa’s place in fostering peaceful change as apartheid was ending. The successes and failures of South Africa’s early foreign policy initiatives are critically assessed, especially the country’s role in Africa. Interest also falls on the reasons for the decline in the country’s international relations after the presidency of Mandela’s successor, Thabo Mbeki. In a minor key, the chapter probes the issue of whose voice matters in determining what constitutes peaceful change.
Peaceful Change in Africa
Authors: Kornprobst Markus 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines contending African interpretations of peace and change; how some of these interpretations have come to constitute continental institutions; and how these institutions, in turn, have succeeded or failed to make a difference. Its argument is threefold. First, African interpretations of peace and change converge around a nexus of five elements: liberty, unity, development, pacific settlement of disputes and democracy. Second, this nexus left a major mark on continental institutions, first the Organization of African Unity and then the African Union. Third, although Africa’s record of peaceful change is very promising when one is to apply markers for peaceful change traditionally used in international relations, the continent has experienced very pronounced and persistent obstacles to implementing the five elements of the much more demanding nexus.
Peaceful Change in Western Europe
Authors: Wivel Anders 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces three different conceptions of peaceful change in Western Europe since 1945 and discusses their implications for understanding peaceful change in that region today. The first is Hobbesian. Corresponding to a largely realist understanding, Hobbesians view peaceful change in Western Europe as a byproduct of balancing and hegemony in the Cold War. The second is Lockean. Corresponding to a largely liberal understanding of peaceful change, the Lockean perspective views such change in the region as the product of liberal democratic states responding rationally to the challenges of international anarchy by institutionalizing the region. The third is Kantian. Corresponding to a largely constructivist understanding, Kantians view peaceful change in Europe as the construction of a civil league of nations exercising “normative power Europe” inside and outside the region.
New Perspectives on the Return from Exile and Persian-Period Yehud
Authors: Leith Mary Joan Winn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBiblical scholars today recognize the long Persian period (550–332 bce) as the time when an early form of the biblical text approached canonical status. Yhwh religion—at least in its elite form—evolved from a tradition largely based on temple and kingship into one framed by control of a sacred text. While the title of this essay could imply that only Yehud (Judea) is of relevance to Yhwh religion and the historical books of the Bible, this period should be understood in international terms. New textual evidence for previously unknown Yahwist communities in Babylonia and Idumea are a case in point. Elites in Yhwh-worshiping communities situated across the Persian Empire from Egypt to Persia, and not just in Yehud or Shomron (Samaria), communicated with each other. The biblical books written or set in the Persian period developed within this international context, one that included debate over claims to be the true “Israel.”
Yahwistic Religion in the Persian Period
Authors: Knowles Melody D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs Yahwists negotiated their religion in the Persian period, they brought their inherited understandings of worship, theology, and religious personhood into a socio-political context very different from that of their forebears. Further, in a context where Yahwism now existed beyond the borders of Yehud, different Yahwistic communities constructed aspects of their religious life in ways different from each other as well. Exploring practices that perceptibly reflect and reinforce particular understandings of divine-human relations with respect to time and space (namely pilgrimage, sacrifice, and prayer), this chapter highlights the diversity, innovation, and re-use of tradition evident in both the textual and archaeological record of Yahwistic worship.
A Theological Comparison of the Deuteronomistic History and Chronicles
Authors: Lynch Matthew J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article offers a comparative theological analysis of the Deuteronomistic History and Chronicles. It highlights the absence of theologically attentive comparison of these works in biblical scholarship, in spite of the work begun by Sara Japhet in the late 1970s (in Hebrew; 1989 in English). As a theological probe, I examine how each work conceptualizes monotheism, a topic that Japhet largely ignored in her study. My concern is to understand how each work configures Yhwh’s sole divinity in relation to the people, the temple, and the particular geography of the nation. I suggest points of comparison and departure that stem from the particular theological perspectives of each work.
Politics and Kingship in the Historical Books, with Attention to the Role of Political Theory in Interpretation
Authors: Miller Geoffrey Parsons 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the thesis that the historical narratives of the Hebrew Bible address abstract ideas about politics, government, and law. Taking issue with critics who view the Bible’s spiritual and theological message as incommensurable with political philosophy, the chapter argues that the stories of politics and kingship in the Hebrew Bible’s historical books set forth set forth an impressive political theory that rivals, in some respects, the work of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek thinkers. The key is to bring out the general ideas behind the specific narrative elements. The chapter illustrates this thesis by examining the Hebrew Bible’s treatment of a number of classic problems of political theory: anarchy, obligation and sovereignty, distributive justice, and the comparative analysis of political organizations.
The Historical Books in the New Testament
Authors: Moyise Steve 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough the New Testament is more interested in the Torah, Latter Prophets, and Psalms, there are six quotations from the Historical Books in the New Testament and around 180 allusions. David is mentioned by name fifty-three times, followed by Elijah (29), and Solomon (10), and there are cameo roles for people like Rahab and Elisha. Key events are mentioned, such as the fall of Jericho, Elijah’s prayer for rain, and the building of the temple. The angelic announcement of Samson’s birth lies behind the similar announcement of Jesus’s birth, and the multiplication of loaves by Elisha has influenced the story of the feeding of the five thousand. Of particular significance is the promise of a Davidic dynasty (2 Sam. 7:12–14), which is thought to have been fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ, and is referred to in the Gospels, Acts, Pauline letters, Hebrews, and Revelation.
Synchronic Readings of Joshua-Kings
Authors: Frolov Serge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article introduces synchronic, text-oriented approaches to Joshua-Kings and demonstrates how these approaches work. After defining the synchronic-diachronic dichotomy in biblical studies, it argues, using examples from these books, that diachronic analysis is epistemologically questionable and exegetically unprofitable. The chapter then proceeds to address Joshua-Kings synchronically by positioning it vis-à-vis the literary entity of which it is a part—Genesis-Kings, or the Enneateuch—and determining the internal structure of this entity. Based on this examination, a closer analysis of a smaller self-contained unit—1 Samuel 8–12—is offered. It shows that synchronic reading not only resolves age-old vexing problems posed by the piece, especially that of its allegedly inconsistent stance on the monarchy, but also produces meanings that diachronic studies are likely to miss.
Yahwistic Religion in the Assyrian and Babylonian Periods
Authors: Hess Richard S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The question of religious practice in the historical texts of the Bible not only considers what the texts may have intended to portray as the correct religion but also the reality behind the texts: what did the people of ancient Israel actually believe and practice during the ninth, eighth, seventh, and early sixth centuries bce? In considering the major textual, archaeological, iconographic, and onomastic sources for this period, we will argue that ancient Israel practiced a variety of religious expressions that can be plotted on a continuum from the biblical perspective. There were those who practiced religious forms unrelated to biblical orthodoxy, those who saw YHWH as a chief deity governing a pantheon of lesser deities, and those who worshiped YHWH alone. All three categories have biblical and extrabiblical testimony from both the Historical Books of the Old Testament and from the categories of evidence mentioned above. Having made this point, however, it will be argued that the extrabiblical evidence also witnesses divergences from the Historical Books in terms of new categories of religious expression and in terms of an overall evolution in the movement toward worship of YHWH alone.
Saul in Reception History
Authors: Green Barbara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The biblical narrative of King Saul has been received and interpreted in the Western post-biblical tradition in several eras and genres. Included here are Flavius Josephus’s interpretation of it; two musical renditions (Handel’s oratorio and Mussorgsky’s song); visual works by Rembrandt van Rinj, William Blake, and Benjamin West; dramas by D. H. Lawrence and J. M. Barrie; and three late twentieth-century films. The article includes a summary of the narrative, highlighting the scenes most drawn on for interpretation. Interpreters have tended to focus on issues urgent in their era, drawing on portions of the biblical narrative that seemed particularly relevant. Different genres offer unique challenges for reinterpretation and reception of the biblical text, especially those that are non-verbal or that add visuals to verbal cues.
Text-Critical Issues in Ezra-Nehemiah and 1 Esdras
Authors: Fried Lisbeth S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEzra-Nehemiah and 1 Esdras are the books of the Bible that describe the return to Judah under the Persians, so it is important to understand what in their portrayal is accurate, and what can be assigned to the imagination of the writers. Text-critical, historical-critical, and archaeological methods enable us to disentangle these elements. They confirm returns to Judah under Cyrus, Darius, and Artaxerxes I, a temple rebuilt under Cyrus and Darius, and a rebuilt wall around Jerusalem under Artaxerxes. We may confirm as well that a man named Ezra was an official in the Persian Empire who served as the “eyes and ears of the King,” but that he did not bring either the Torah or Torah-law to Judah, and there was no law-reading ceremony. The law-reading ceremony, currently described in Nehemiah 8, was written in the Maccabean period, perhaps to emphasize to their Seleucid overlords that even the Persians had supported Judean traditions.
Exogamy and Divorce in Ezra and Nehemiah
Authors: Marbury Herbert R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article focuses on the divorce rhetoric of Ezra-Nehemiah within the context of Persian imperial dominion. After outlining the scholarly history of inquiry into the divorces and admonitions against exogamy—stemming from challenges to historicity, the dating of the reforms, and the debate about Ezra’s or Nehemiah’s priority—this work examines the framing devices of return and restoration with regard to the Second Temple. The article takes up Persian engagement with temple communities in Egypt and Babylon and turns to analyze the multivalent character of the divorce rhetoric to show that it is a response to similar Persian engagement in Yehud. Finally, this work shows how the rhetoric evidences the negotiation of Persian power by the Second Temple priesthood and plays a role in Yehudite identity formation.
Historiography and History Writing in the Ancient World
Authors: Nelson Richard D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHistoriography is a narrative that recounts a past derived from written and oral sources. History writers select, organize, and interpret past events to communicate significance and meaning. Biblical and other ancient historians favored a divine causation model to explain events. The Hittites had a sophisticated tradition of royal historiography. Mesopotamian culture recorded and wrote history in the form of inscriptions, king lists, chronographic or annalistic texts, and literary works. As comparative material, these texts help us understand the historical books of the Hebrew Bible and the sources used by their authors. Inscriptions sponsored by the kings of Syria-Palestine are also useful. The historical books used oral sources in the form of grave traditions, sanctuary legends, prophetic tales and miracle stories, heroic folktales, and songs. They also employed written sources of an administrative or archival nature such as rosters, king lists, district lists, and letters. Pre-existing narrative works of a literary nature were incorporated into the historical books, including an Ark Narrative, the Rise of David, an Elijah-Elisha cycle, and the Memoirs of Nehemiah. A legitimate history of Israel can be written on the basis of external evidence, archaeology, and a careful evaluation of the sources behind the historical books.
Blessings and Curses in Deuteronomy
Authors: Quick Laura 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The law code of the book of Deuteronomy is capped with a series of blessings and curses that either promise reward or threaten harm upon the individuals subject to the Deuteronomic laws. While this method of divine encouragement to keep the commandments of God might seem surprising from a theological point of view, blessings and curses were an integral part of the legal, political, and religious life of the ancient Near East, found in a variety of ancient texts, including the Hebrew Bible, Neo-Assyrian treaties, and Northwest Semitic inscriptions. Placing the biblical blessings and curses within the larger context of this ancient Near Eastern material provides new insights into the background and function of the blessings and curses in the book of Deuteronomy, and in the Hebrew Bible more generally.