bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of the Justice in Private Law
Authors: Gold Andrew S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops the value in possessing a right to redress. Such rights are valuable in part because they can lead to an important type of justice between the parties, but this is not their only benefit. They may deter future wrongdoing, or they may communicate something about the dignity of a wronged plaintiff. This chapter outlines a particular kind of value that a right to redress advances in addition to these others; it provides a right holder with distinctive forms of authorship (both of her life’s narrative writ large and also more narrowly at the level of her specific choices). Rights of redress may also provide a type of private authorship that is distinctively valuable.
Choice, Equity, and Redress
Authors: Gold Andrew S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses several puzzles that stem from a right holder’s option whether or not to seek redress. First, there are cases where it would be desirable along various dimensions if a plaintiff were to bring suit. It is a striking feature of private law that a plaintiff nonetheless has the freedom to choose not to sue even if it would be better (for her or for society) if she did sue. Second, there are cases where a right holder can legitimately enforce her rights, yet it would be morally wrongful for her to enforce them. This chapter will discuss mechanisms by which private law addresses such concerns; most significantly, equitable doctrine often limits unduly harsh forms of redress. This feature of equity is important not only for its impact on redress, but also for its implications regarding the state’s role in assisting private parties. Chapter 8 concludes with analysis of the relation between the justice in redress and the justice in equity.
Policy Conversation on Big Tech
Authors: Petit Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the polarization observed in the contemporary policy conversation about big tech. According to one view—which can be called neo-structuralism—each big tech firm is a structural monopoly harmful to the economy and the political system. Big tech firms must be regulated, if not broken up. Legislative reform is a prerequisite. According to another view—which can be called consumer welfarism—serious factual inquiry of tech companies' market power is necessary prior to any enforcement initiative. Existing antitrust laws provide the right framework, though disagreements arise about the interpretation of applicable principles and rules. The chapter shows that both views have limitations, and concludes that additional study is needed to evaluate the economic and social issues raised by tech giants.
Economics of Big Tech: Monopoly v Uncertainty
Authors: Petit Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the economics of big tech. It asks whether the standard monopoly model of received economic theory is the appropriate framework to analyze big tech firms. The question is important; the monopoly model underpins antitrust and regulatory policy. It provides the intellectual foundation for the assessment of anticompetitive conduct and transactions in digital markets. However, economic models on which laws are based may lose relevance as a result of technological change. Our analysis suggests that the average tendencies of big tech firms do not fit the textbook monopoly model. Instead, observed properties of big tech firms like increasing returns to adoption, network externalities, and tipping effects hint at the superiority of a distinct economic model of competition under uncertainty.
A Concrete Theory of Moligopoly
Authors: Petit Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an empirical theory of moligopoly competition, in which big tech firms compete by a process of indirect entry. It begins by introducing each tech giant, namely, Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, Google, and Microsoft. The chapter then identifies six properties common to many of them: diversification, discontinuity, long termism, growth, exploration and discovery, and flexibility. All six properties work together toward a competitive outcome. Moreover, moligopoly competition appears to lead to a substantial allocation of resources to invention.
Antitrust in Moligopoly Markets
Authors: Petit Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws the implications of the theory of moligopoly competition for antitrust law and policy. In digital industries, economic forces discounted in received theory produce socially beneficial incentives on monopoly firms to compete by indirect entry in untipped markets, when they understand that their monopoly rents in tipped markets are under pressure. Antitrust should thus focus on maintaining competitive pressure in markets that have tipped, and apply more forgiving rules towards the leveraging of market power in untipped markets. Besides, antitrust should adopt tools that allow fact finders to draw a better line between tipped and untipped markets, complementing inferences of monopoly power drawn from structural methods of market definition and evaluation of market power.
Conclusion
Authors: Petit Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter explains that the picture of big tech firms as monopolists is intuitively attractive, but analytically wrong. The digital economy has a variety of properties that work together to impose on firms a pressure equivalent to oligopoly competition. In particular, network externalities, increasing returns to adoption, and tipping effects produce significant discontinuities. This influences the direction and intensity of competition. Tech firms compete with others by a process of indirect entry, and reconfigure existing channels of competition.
The Making of the Book
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the occasion of the composition of City of God, Alaric’s Gothic sack of Rome in 410, and reactions to it. The theme of Rome’s fall, and its moral and religious implications, in Augustine’s sermons of 410–11, and in correspondence with prominent Roman political figures in the same period, is surveyed and linked to its treatment in City. The dates of composition of its various sections from 412 on (the work was completed by 426-7), and of their publication, are discussed, as well as the dedication of Books 1–2 to Flavius Marcellinus. Evidence is provided from Augustine’s correspondence on the format and dissemination of the work. The questions of its intended readership and of the possible revision of the work are discussed
Ongoing Revelation and the External Problems with the Revelation
Authors: Lebens Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter seeks to resolve the riddle of the previous chapter with a theory of progressive or cumulative revelation. This theory of revelation will explain why an Orthodox Jew cannot accept the legal innovations of non-Orthodox Judaisms, nor the messianic claim of Jesus, nor the authority of Mohammed (even though all of them claim some connection to Sinai). This approach also proves surprisingly robust in the face of perceived threats to Orthodox theology arising from contemporary biblical scholarship and secular ethics.
Conclusions
Authors: Lebens Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, the author seeks to distinguish his own commitments, developed throughout this book, from what he takes to be the minimal possible axiomatization of Orthodox Judaism. The chapter goes on to distinguish between faith and belief, and between three different sorts of religiosity. These distinctions help us to explore the sorts of attitudes that Orthodoxy requires its adherents to have toward its core principles. It also discusses the ways in which faith and belief alike fail to give rise to the highest form of religiosity, which requires, it is argued, imagination. The chapter closes with a discussion of the character traits and values that any attempt to axiomatize Judaism has to respect. The chapter argues that the author’s list of principles meets the constraints imposed by these traits and values.
“New System of the Nature of Substances …”
Authors: Borcherding Julia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The 1695 publication of the “New System of the Nature of Substances and their Communication, and of the Union which Exists between the Soul and the Body” in the June 27 and July 4 issues of the Parisian Journal des sçavans marks an important milestone in Leibniz’s philosophical trajectory. It presented the first comprehensive public presentation of his metaphysics as it had matured over the preceding decades, and it would spark many lively exchanges and debates between Leibniz and his philosophical contemporaries in the decades to come. This chapter provides background regarding the text’s genesis and reception, and introduces its main philosophical themes. After highlighting some interpretative challenges raised by both the “New System’s” form and philosophical content, I go on to explore two key elements of the metaphysical picture it advances: Leibniz’s account of individual substances, and his theory of the pre-established harmony between them.
The Correspondence with De Volder
Authors: Whipple John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Leibniz’s correspondence with Burcher de Volder contains some of his most important philosophical writings. Taking place between 1698 and 1706, the correspondence engages a range of issues including the nature of substance, causation, space and time, the proper measure of force in physics, and the relation between physics and metaphysics. It is most famous for containing extensive remarks on Leibniz’s theory of monads, though the extent to which he was committed to this theory throughout the correspondence is a matter of great scholarly controversy. I suggest that one of the keys for interpreting this correspondence is to recognize its pedagogical character. Leibniz did not straightforwardly present his metaphysics to De Volder at the beginning of the correspondence; rather, he gradually revealed his views in an effort to rid De Volder of his philosophical prejudices and enable him to recognize the true metaphysical system.
New Essays on Human Understanding
Authors: Bolton Martha Brandt 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNew Essays explicates Leibniz’s doctrines in response to John Locke’s Essay. The Preface anticipates the most important disagreements. The body of the work is a dialogue between an admirer of Locke, who retells the Essay and his friend who is impressed with Leibniz’s system. They compare views under somewhat artificial rules, with the result that many of Locke’s doctrines discredited in favour of Leibniz’s. I argue that these results have modest but legitimate rational ground. New Essays is tailored to readers influenced by Locke, stressing the inseparable connection between sense perception and intellect. It maintains in detail that the nature of substances is best understood by considering them as concrete individuals that are metaphysically complete down to their spatial and temporal relations to everything in the universe. However, New Essays also contains a wealth of philosophical views regarding language, logic, mathematics, physics, morals, persons, society, history, and more.
The Theodicy
Authors: Lodge Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of one of Leibniz’s longest and most important works, the Theodicy. It is argued that the Theodicy is best understood against a careful reading of the Preface, where Leibniz outlines the primary aim of the book, i.e. to provide the means by which natural theology and Leibniz’s conception of God as a being deserving of love may be maintained in the face of objections that stem from considering the nature of freedom and the so-called “problem of evil”. Due to space constraints, the chapter presents the main issues by focusing mainly on their presentation in Part1 rather than on the way in which Leibniz contrasts his views with those of with Pierre Bayle in Parts 2 and 3. It also includes a detailed discussion of the Preliminary Dissertation on the Conformity of Faith with Reason, in which Leibniz spells out his conception of the relationship between these notions.
Space and nation
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In Chapter 7, two interpretations of the language / dialect distinction with roots in Greek antiquity take centre stage. Firstly, the chapter outlines how the spatial conception of dialect established itself after 1550. More circumstantial evidence for the spread of this geographical interpretation is also briefly treated. Humanists, moreover, soon recognized the universality of regional variation. Even though the geographical interpretation implied that language covered a larger area than dialect, some scholars believed that good language had its seat only in a state’s capital. Secondly, this chapter surveys the emergence of the idea that dialect was particular to a tribe, implying that language was a kind of ethnically overarching phenomenon. There was, however, an unresolved tension with a competing view, associating language with the nation in the political sense. Although widespread, the spatial and ethnic conceptions of dialect as a variety of a language were never used as diagnostic criteria in language / dialect decisions.
Classes of variation
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 15 outlines the linguistic respects in which related dialects were believed to vary, in contrast to distinct languages, during the early modern era. Initially, a Byzantine author was the main source of inspiration in describing dialect-level differences, primarily in Greek handbooks. It was only after 1650 that the levels of variation were treated in a more systematic fashion by non-Hellenists, too. The focus of attention was on the ways in which related dialects varied. The differences were, most scholars agreed, superficial, and mainly situated in pronunciation, letters, and the lexicon. There was, however, no linguistic domain in which related dialects were claimed to never demonstrate variation. Overall, the differences required for qualification as distinct languages attracted less attention. Yet many scholars agreed that substantial differences were needed, principally in the roots of words. Sometimes, unusual linguistic criteria were put forward, e.g. by Johann Georg Wachter and Ferdinando Galiani.
Muslims in the Twenty-First Century University
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets out the ways in which the status and identities of Muslims are caught up in the changing lives of universities. It begins with an account of the segregated seating controversy at University College London in 2013, illustrating how wider issues of power and cultural identity are evoked when the status of Islam within universities becomes the subject of public debate. This picture is developed and contextualized via an extended discussion of the nature of universities, set out as a series of contested histories, each of which privileges particular values and instates specific boundaries of cultural or academic legitimacy. Models considered are the university as public, as neoliberal, as a source of inclusion and exclusion, as postcolonial, and as a site of heightened risk. The chapter’s central aim is to consider how these strands contribute to the heightened ‘othering’ of Islam within ‘Western’ higher education.
Islam and Gender on Campus
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Discussions about Islam and gender on campus have generally focused on Muslim women’s dress and status in Islam. However, the processes that make Muslim women’s dress on campus so salient have received little attention. This chapter explores gender and Islam on campus, contextualizing it within the politics of dress, with a particular focus on Muslim women’s negotiations of how to dress. We argue that gendered stereotypes about the headscarf or niqab contribute to the construction of Muslim women as extremists or oppressed. We show that Muslims sometimes faced scrutiny or hostility from students and lecturers who read particular dress choices as symbolic threats. Taking an intersectional perspective, the chapter illuminates how some Muslims modify their dress in different contexts to increase a sense of belonging or reduce stigma. We also explore how some Muslims challenge misconceptions about Islam and gender.
The Human Senses Meet Technology
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Obrist Marianna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Do you remember the one time you forgot your smartphone at home, the Internet connection did not work, or your computer just did not turn on? Many of us have experienced those frustrating, almost desperate moments. And yet, we crave for new ways of interacting with and through technology. This chapter illustrates how the senses are increasingly meeting technology and how our experiences are moving from reality, to mixed reality (involving both physical and digital worlds), to full virtuality (digital only). It presents a selection of eight representative examples where technology enables the design of multisensory experiences along the reality–virtuality continuum.
Laws of Multisensory Experiences
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Obrist Marianna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
What are the implications of designing the multisensory worlds in which we live? This final chapter synthesizes the current state of multisensory experiences and reflects on their implications for individuals and societies, as well as the use of technology to extend or augment our human capabilities. It postulates three laws of multisensory experiences. These laws are based on reflections about what multisensory experiences we design. They attend to specific questions that must be considered for multisensory experiences and encompass the why (the rationale/reason), what (the impression), when (the event), how (the sensory elements), who (the someone), and whom (the receiver).
Postcolonial Proportionality
Authors: Choudhry Sujit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In Johar, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which criminalized same-sex relations. The idea of transformative constitutionalism figured centrally, as did a piece of the global template of rights-protection—proportionality. In Johar, the Indian Constitution was envisioned as a transformative document, in two senses: anti-colonial and cosmopolitan. It gave birth to a radically new constitutional order that conferred citizenship and political power on the previously disenfranchised living under the yoke of British imperial rule. The Indian Constitution was also a cosmopolitan constitution in its fidelity to the universal principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These two conceptions of transformative constitutionalism define the scope of admissible reasons for proportionality analysis. Section 377 of the Indian Penal was unconstitutional on the cosmopolitan ground that mere social morality was an insufficient reason to limit the right to engage in harmless, constitutionally protected activity, the basis on which courts around the world have struck down parallel provisions. I argue that Section 377 was also unconstitutional for the anti-colonial reason that it was an element of the Imperial constitutional order in British India in the period after the Indian Mutiny in 1857 of indirect colonial rule.
Promoting Universal Social Policy in MICs
Authors: Franzoni Juliana Martínez , Sánchez-Ancochea Diego 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Most middle-income countries have the financial and institutional resources to reduce poverty and inequality and improve social capabilities. But what is the right policy approach to secure these goals? We argue that to be effective and successful, social policies should be universal, providing the whole population with similar, generous transfers and services. To explore how universal policies can be implemented, we distinguish between the desired policy outputs (coverage, generosity, and equity) and the specific ways to secure them. We then introduce the concept of the policy architecture and analyze its influence on long-term trajectories. The chapter considers the impact of different trajectories on universalism in the long run, distinguishing between a bottom-up strategy that starts from the poor or other alternatives that involve the non-poor from the onset. We conclude the chapter with a call for more research on the interactions between policy design and political struggles.
Ordo-Liberalism in Comparative and Historical Perspective
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter compares the main strands in twentieth-century liberal thought: laissez-faire/libertarianism; social liberalism; pragmatic liberalism; and conservative liberalism/Ordo-liberalism. English-language accounts of the new liberalism have tended to neglect conservative liberalism/Ordo-liberalism in favour of social liberalism. This book seeks to remedy this neglect. Conservative liberals were as staunch opponents of laissez-faire as the social liberals and even more critical of pragmatic liberalism. They sought to anchor their thought about politics, economics, law, society, and culture around general principles and binding rules. Conservative liberals envisaged a morally disciplined population. For them, rules were enabling as well as constraining: character-building; consistent with intergenerational economic justice; and offering a sustainably prosperous and humane society in which individuals could flourish. Liberalism had to be safeguarded against self-destruction. The chapter examines conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism against the historical background of the first two transformational crises of liberalism, the 1770s to 1850s and 1918 to the 1950s, and raises the prospect of a third such crisis early in this new millennium. Conservative liberals were critics of the Enlightenment, without being counter-Enlightenment. They were deeply committed to aesthetic and intellectual values as the basis of human flourishing. The chapter also investigates the historical origins of the term Ordo-liberalism; the role of historical contingency; the significance of the ORDO Yearbook and Freiburg in certifying the ‘mainstream’; the role of German politicians in its memorialization; the role of the ‘strong state’; the misplaced hopes to which it led; and its effects on the reputation of this body of thought. The distinctive features of conservative liberalism are summarized.