bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning Automatic Inspections of Mushroom Substrate Packaging for PP-Bag Cultivations
Authors: Jou Rong-Yuan , Li Tseng-Wei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The mushroom cultivation is an important smart agriculture in Taiwan. This study uses the deep learning object detection method to inspect the cap flaws or positional imperfection in the automatic production of the mushroom PP-bag packaging. This study uses the UR robotic arm and integrated 3D vision module, and uses the extra positioning axis to achieve the purpose of multi-positioning inspections by robot arm. Projecting the structured LED light sources to the object to be inspected has the advantages of a larger identification ranges and complex objects detection. A duallens CMOS industrial camera is used to capture images, and a 3D point cloud image of a basket of PP-bag packages is created by software calculation, which can obtain detailed information on the appearance of the whole basket of PP-bag packages. Deep learning is performed by the training set with labelling, and the image recognition such as the cap flaws in the PP-bag package or positional shift is performed after the training is completed. In this paper, the image data is divided into four sets of datasets, and the same training parameters are used for individual training. With images of dataset1 and the ambient illumination level of 200 lm to 800 lm, the matching score is up to 0.989. The clamping force and the opening degree are adjusted by the variable jaws. The clamping force of the jaws is maintained at 20 N to prevent the clamping force from damaging the dimensions of the PP-bag package and existing holes inside it, making the product unusable. Using the variable jaws and repeating 30 times of clamping experiments, the hole diameter inside the PP-bag package can still be maintained within around 25 mm, which can meet the needs of the mushroom PP-bag packaging.
Lucid Analysis of Periodically Forced Nonlinear Systems via Normal Forms
Authors: Waswa Peter M. B. , Redkar Sangram 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a straightforward methodology to analyze periodically forced nonlinear systems with constant and periodic coefficients via normal forms. We demonstrate how the intuitive system state augmentation facilitates construction of normal forms by avoiding ad-hoc addition of equation variables, book-keeping parameters and detuning parameters. Moreover, this technique directly connects the periodic forcing terms and periodic coefficients of the nonlinearity with the augmented states — making it applicable to all periodically forced nonlinear systems. Accuracy of this approach is successfully verified via fulfilled compliance between analytical and numerical results of forced Duffing’s equation and Mathieu-Duffing equation.
Genetically Modified Soybean Detection Using a Biosensor Electrode With Self-Assembled Gold Nanoparticles on a Micro Hemisphere Array
Authors: Lin Ying-Ting , Kuznetsova Iren , Wang Gou-Jen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Gene transfer technology changes some of the characteristics of crops. However, genetically modified foods have been reported to have an impact on human health. We proposed a cost effective and highly sensitive biosensor electrode with self-assembled monolayer of gold nanoparticle on a micro hemisphere array to detect genetically modified soybean. An ordered array of micro hemispherical features was formed on a 6-inch reclaimed silicon wafer using photolithography. Then, a thin gold layer was sputtered onto the hemispheres. The wafer was then immersed into a 5 mM ethanol solution of 1,6-hexanedithiol (1,6-HDT) to enable the attachment of one thio-end of 1,6-HDT to the thin gold layer. Next, a colloidal gold (15 nm) solution was dripped onto the wafer and baked on a hot plate in such a way that the monolayer of gold nanoparticles could self-assemble on the 1,6-HDT surface. Finally, we used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis to detect genetically modified soybean. Experimental results demonstrate that our biosensor can successfully distinguish the genetically modified soybeans from the normal ones.
Simulating Compliant Crease Origami With a Bar and Hinge Model
Authors: Zhu Yi , Filipov Evgueni T. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Small-scale origami inspired assemblages are usually made with soft compliant plates to serve as creases because it is difficult to fabricate real hinges at those scales. In most conventional origami modeling techniques, these soft and compliant creases are usually neglected and simplified as concentrated rotational springs. Such simplification does not capture the three dimensional geometry correctly and also neglects torsional and extensional deformations of the compliant creases. These deformations could be significant for determining advanced mechanical behaviors of the origami such as bistablity and multistablity. In this paper an improved formulation of a simple bar and hinge model is proposed to capture the geometry and flexibility of compliant creases. Equations for assigning bar areas and spring stiffness are derived based on the theoretical plane stress plate models and the pseudo-rigid model. These equations are next verified against finite element simulations for both infinitesimal stiffness and large deformation stiffness. It is found that the proposed model can predict stiffness characteristics of compliant crease origami relatively well. Furthermore, two examples are used to demonstrate the efficiency and capability of the proposed model.
Analysis of Static and Dynamic Behavior of Thick-Walled PALEO Elements
Authors: Klett Yves , Muhs Fabian , Middendorf Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Plastically annealed lamina emergent mechanisms have been recently introduced as origami-based structures that can be designed with a tendency to return into arbitrary folding states without additional actuators or external stimuli. The inherent elasticity of the surrogate hinges can realize a large range of elastic deformation. This paper describes the implementation of the PALEO principle for structures made from 2mm thick polycarbonate. The flat sheet is machined to generate the hinge elements and is afterwards folded and thermally annealed in a non-flat state. A FE analysis of the initial folding and behavior after annealing is carried out in parallel, with the goal to determine strains and stresses for different hinge configurations. Finally, a dynamic test is carried out on PALEO unit cells to determine the fatigue behavior of the manufactured samples.
Improvement of a Forward Dynamic Predictive Human Gait Model
Authors: Thayer Jessica B. , Voglewede Philip A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Lack of understanding of human gait is detrimental to the development of gait related treatments and devices. This study improves a dynamic, predictive model of human gait which uses model predictive control (MPC) to replicate the control of the central nervous system (CNS). In this work, improved performance criteria, including metabolic cost and dynamic effort, are developed using an existing optimization framework to better mimic control of the CNS. Consistent with existing literature, incorporating dynamic effort and COM energy into the objective function improved gait simulations. This study also demonstrates COM energy and dynamic effort can both be used to predict metabolic energy consumption, which is likely the primary optimization criteria in normal gait generation.
Vibration Control of Spur Geared Rotor Systems With Transmission Errors by Active Magnetic Bearings
Authors: Majumder Gargi , Tiwari Rajiv 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Dynamic forces between the mating gears are generated due to the mesh deformation, gear eccentricities, transmission error, and gear run-out, which cause excessive vibration and noise. Study and control of these forced vibrations in gear box are vital to prevent any adverse effects on the gears and its supporting structures. Hence, this work presents a novel concept of active vibration control by introducing Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) on the shaft of a spur gearbox having conventional bearings as well. The AMB suppresses the response of the system by generating controlled electromagnetic forces based on the gear shaft vibration measurement. The AMB force is applied without any physical contact as opposed to mechanical forces in conventional bearings. A coupled torsional-lateral vibration analysis has been simulated with the effects of mesh deformation, gear eccentricities, transmission error, and gear run-out. The electromagnetic actuator is designed in such a way that a resultant radial control force can be developed with the help of forces in two mutually perpendicular directions. With a feedforward PID controller, the transverse vibration amplitude is observed to be suppressed to a considerable level. The frequency domain analysis is done using a full spectrum, which shows that multiple harmonics of gear mesh frequency is minimized simultaneously.
Predicting Multi-Disciplinary Design Performance Utilizing Automated Topic Discovery
Authors: Ball Zachary , Lewis Kemper 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Increasing the complexity of engineering design projects expands of the diversity of required topic knowledge. Multi-disciplinary design processes have the need for expertise from multiple fields of study. In the context of mass collaboration within engineering design, positioning key members within multi-disciplinary teams is of great importance. Determining how each discipline impacts the overall design process requires an understanding of the mapping between competency and performance. This work explores this mapping through the use of predictive models composed of various regression algorithms. Design performance of students working on their capstone design project is analyzed and the relationship between individual competencies is compared against their overall project performance. Each competency and project is represented as a distribution of topic knowledge to produce the performance metrics. Following the automated topic extraction of the textual data, the regression algorithms are applied. Three topic models and five prediction models are compared for their prediction accuracy. From this analysis it was found that representing both input and output variables as a distribution of topics while performing a support vector regression provided the most accurate mapping between ability and performance.
Modeling and Dynamic Characteristics of Planetary Gear Transmission in Non-Inertial System of Aerospace Environment
Authors: Wei Jing , Shi Lei , Zhang Aiqiang , Qin Datong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The traditional research on the dynamics of planetary gear transmission system is based on the assumption that the support is on the ground. However, the planetary gear transmission system inside the aircraft is spatially moved along with the airframe, which is not only subject to gravity, but also to convected inertia force and Coriolis inertia force, as well as gyroscopic moment. These loads affect the dynamic characteristics of the planetary gear transmission system. In order to investigate the dynamic behavior of planetary gear transmission system in non-inertial system of aerospace environment, the kinematic equations of the central component and planetary gear in arbitrary spatial motion state of the airframe are deduced with the influence of internal non-inertial system and external non-inertial system. Subsequently, the coupling dynamic model of planetary gear transmission system is established, which is in non-inertial system of aerospace environment. The motion variation law of planetary gear transmission system in the non-inertial system and the dynamic behavior of each component in different non-inertial conditions are researched based on the hovering motion of the airframe. The results indicate that the radial equilibrium position of the planetary gear has great offset due to the influence of non-inertial system inside the planetary gear train when the airframe has no spatial motion. Moreover, the gravity on each component will generate radial force, which and additional inertial force will vary with the external non-inertia conditions when the airframe is in the state of spatial motion. In addition, different non-inertial conditions have significant influence on the motion trajectory, bearing force and acceleration of each component, and have different influence rules on the central component and planetary gear.
The Evaluation of Bending Fatigue Testing of Austempered Ductile Iron Spur Gear
Authors: Zhang Qi , Lv Jianhua , Syed Rizwanulhaque , Zhang Jing , Xu Yang , Liu Baojian 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
An experimental evaluation of bending fatigue strength for austempered ductile iron (ADI) spur gears have been performed using Zwick fatigue tester. The gear material was manufactured by vertically continuous casting, in which the radius of the graphite grains is smaller. The Stress-Number of Cycles curve (S-N curve) for the bending fatigue strength of the ADI spur gears are manufactured without any specific surface treatments, and have been obtained by post-processing software. It was observed that when the reliability was 50%, the fatigue limit was 304.89 MPa. It has provided a reliable basis to rate the reliability design of the small gearboxes in automation later.
Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms for Minimally Invasive Surgical Instruments
Authors: Seymour Kenny , Sheffield Jacob , Magleby Spencer P. , Howell Larry L. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Developable mechanisms conform to and emerge from developable, or specially curved, surfaces. The cylindrical developable mechanism can have applications in many industries due to the popularity of cylindrical or tube-based devices. Laparoscopic surgical devices in particular are widely composed of instruments attached at the proximal end of a cylindrical shaft. In this paper, properties of cylindrical developable mechanisms are discussed, including their behaviors, characteristics, and potential functions. One method for designing cylindrical developable mechanisms is discussed. Two example developable surgical devices that exemplify these behaviors, characteristics, and functions, along with the kinematic mechanisms comprising them, are discussed in detail.
Clearance Measurement of 3D Objects Using Accessibility Cone
Authors: Inui Masatomo , Nishimiya Kouhei , Umezu Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Clearance is a basic parameter in the design of mechanical products, generally specified as the distance between two shape elements, for example, the width of a slot. This definition is unsuitable for evaluating the clearance during assembly or manufacturing tasks, where the depth information is also critical. In this paper, we propose a novel definition of clearance for the surface of three-dimensional objects. Unlike the typical methods used to define clearance, the proposed method can simultaneously handle the relationship between the width and depth in the clearance, and thus, obtain an intuitive understanding regarding the assembly and manufacturing capability of a product. Our definition is based on the accessibility cone of a point on the object’s surface; further, the peak angle of the accessibility cone corresponds to the clearance at this point. A computation method of the clearance is presented and the results of its application are demonstrated. Our method uses the rendering function of a graphics processing unit to compute the clearance. A large computation time necessary for the analysis is considered as a problem regarding the practical use of this clearance definition.
Independent Asymmetric Period-3 Motions in a Periodically Forced Double-Pendulum
Authors: Luo Albert C. J. , Guo Chuan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this paper, the independent asymmetric period-3 motions of a periodically forced, damped, double-pendulum are predicted through a discrete implicit mapping method. The corresponding stability and bifurcation conditions of the paired asymmetric period-3 motions are determined through eigenvalue analysis. Numerical simulation of the two asymmetric period-3 motions in the double-pendulum system is completed from analytical predictions. The example presented herein can be used for the vibration reduction of the first pendulum through the motions of the second pendulum.
Framed Harvesters for Collecting Energy From Vibrations in Industrial Plants
Authors: Doria Alberto 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The idea of increasing the number of resonance conditions of a cantilever piezoelectric harvester by coupling the harvester with a frame that surrounds the harvester’s body is presented and discussed. Experimental tests on prototypes show that it is possible to design framed harvesters able to generate significant powers at two frequencies. Since the framed harvesters will be used for harvesting energy from periodic vibrations characterized by multiple harmonics, a tuning method is needed. For this reason a numerical sensitivity analysis is performed to analyze the effect on harvester tuning of small masses mounted on the frame. A prototype tuned to 40 and 80 Hz is developed and tested, its performance is compared with the one of a system of two simple harvesters tuned to the same frequencies.
Period-1 to Period-2 Motions in a Periodically Forced Nonlinear Spring Pendulum
Authors: Luo Albert C. J. , Yuan Yaoguang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this paper, bifurcation trees of period-1 to period-2 motions in a periodically forced, nonlinear spring pendulum system are predicted analytically through the discrete mapping method. The stability and bifurcations of period-1 to period-2 motions on the bifurcation trees are presented as well. From the analytical prediction, numerical illustrations of period-1 and period-2 motions are completed for comparison of numerical and analytical solutions. The results presented in this paper is totally different from the traditional perturbation analysis.
Analysis of Octree Coding for 3D Point Cloud Frame
Authors: Li Pei-Heng , Lin Juo-Wei , Huang Yi-Lun , Lin Ting-Lan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The octree coding has been used extensively for 3D point cloud compression. For encoding, the recursive octree partition is used for the 3D point cloud frame until only one point is contained in the cube bin, and the representative bits are recorded. For decoding, the reversal procedure is performed to reconstruct the 3D point cloud frame. During the reconstruction, the reconstructed point in a particular bin is usually quantized to a particular corner of the bin for the reconstructed 3D point cloud frame; this introduces coding distortion in the point location. In this paper, nine reconstructed locations are tested to distinguish their distortion results, and the bit cost is also analyzed.
Some Fundamental Properties on the Sampling Free Nabla Laplace Transform
Authors: Wei Yiheng , Chen Yuquan , Wang Yong , Chen YangQuan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Discrete fractional order systems have attracted more and more attention in recent years. Nabla Laplace transform is an important tool to deal with the problem of nabla discrete fractional order systems, but there is still much room for its development. In this paper, 14 lemmas are listed to conclude the existing properties and 14 theorems are developed to describe the innovative features. On one hand, these properties make the Ntransform more effective and efficient. On the other hand, they enrich the discrete fractional order system theory.
A Non-Traditional Variant Nonlinear Energy Sink: Transient Responses
Authors: Jin Youzuo , Liu Kefu , Li Deli , Xiong Liuyang , Tang Lihua 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this paper, a non-traditional variant nonlinear energy sink (NES) is developed for simultaneous vibration suppression and energy harvesting in a broad frequency band. The non-traditional variant NES consists of a cantilever beam attached by a pair of magnets at its free end, a pair of the so-called continuous-contact blocks, and a pair of coils. The beam is placed between the continuous-contact blocks. The constraint of the continuous-contact blocks forces the beam to deflect nonlinearly. Each of the magnet-coil pairs forms an electromagnetic energy harvester. Different from a traditional way that attaches the coils to the primary mass, the developed setup has the coils fixed to the base. First, the developed apparatus is described. Subsequently, the system modeling and parameter identification are addressed. The performance of the apparatus under transient responses is examined by using computer simulation. The results show that the proposed apparatus behaves similarly as the NES with the following features: 1:1 resonance, targeted energy transfer, initial energy dependence, etc.
Automatically Generating 60,000 CAD Variants for Big Data Applications
Authors: Ramnath Satchit , Haghighi Payam , Kim Ji Hoon , Detwiler Duane , Berry Michael , Shah Jami J. , Aulig Nikola , Wollstadt Patricia , Menzel Stefan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Machine learning is opening up new ways of optimizing designs but it requires large data sets for training and verification. While such data sets already exist for financial, sales and business applications, this is not the case for engineering product design data. This paper discusses our efforts in curating a large Computer Aided Design (CAD) data set with desired variety and validity for automotive body structural compositions. Manual creation of 60,000 CAD variants is obviously not viable so we examine several approaches that can be automated with commercial CAD systems such as Parametric Design, Feature Based Design, Design Tables/Catalogs of Variants and Macros. We discuss pros and cons of each method and how we devised a combination of these approaches. This hybrid approach was used in association with DOE tables. Since the geometric configurations and characteristics need to be correlated to performance (structural integrity), the paper also demonstrates automated workflows to perform FEA on CAD models generated. Key simulation results can then be associated with CAD geometry and, for example, processes using machine learning algorithms for both supervised and unsupervised learning. The information obtained from the application of such methods to historical CAD models may help to understand the reasoning behind experiential design decisions. With the increase in computing power and network speed, such datasets together with novel machine learning methods, could assist in generating better designs, which could potentially be obtained by a combination of existing ones, or might provide insights into completely new design concepts meeting or exceeding the performance requirements.
Autonomous Door Opening With the Interacting-BoomCopter UAV
Authors: McArthur Daniel R. , Chowdhury Arindam B. , Cappelleri David J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the design of a light-weight, compliant end-effector and an image processing strategy that together enable the Interacting-BoomCopter (I-BC) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to perform an autonomous door opening task. Autonomy is achieved through the use of feedback from an on-board camera for door detection & localization, and embedded force and distance sensors in the end-effector for detecting the physical interaction with the door. The results of several experimental flight tests are presented in which the end-effector and image processing strategy were deployed on the I-BC to successfully open a small enclosure door autonomously.