bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and pattern of consanguineous marriage among educated married individuals in Riyadh
Authors: Mahboub Samira M. , Alsaqabi Alanoud A. , Allwimi Noura A. , Aleissa Dana N. , Al-Mubarak Basmah A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConsanguineous marriage is preferred in many countries, especially by Muslims. Despite the increasing education rate in Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of consanguineous marriage does not seem to be decreasing as quickly as expected. The present study aimed to investigate the current prevalence of consanguineous marriage among educated married adults in Riyadh and to determine the factors favouring it. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017–18 using an online questionnaire. A total of 550 questionnaires were sent to married adults of both sexes and 417 responded, giving a response rate of 75.8%. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first section asked for demographic data such as age, sex, educational level, residential area and family size. The second part was about consanguineous marriage and its degree if present, family history of consanguineous marriage and level of awareness of its potential negative impact on offspring. It was found that the prevalence of consanguineous marriage among the participating educated adults was 39.8% and most of these were married to a first cousin. Neither level of education nor age affected the likelihood of consanguineous marriage, but predictors for the practice among the educated participating adults were having a family history of consanguineous marriage, having consanguineous parents and having a personal preference for consanguineous marriage. In conclusion, the prevalence of consanguineous marriage among educated adults in Riyadh was still high in 2018, especially among first-cousin relatives, and this was related to family history and personal preference rather than educational level or age. It is recommended that further research is conducted to assess the level of knowledge about, and attitude towards, consanguineous marriage among adults in Saudi Arabia.
First report ofEchinococcus granulosus sensu stricto(G1) in Nigeria, West Africa
Authors: Ohiolei J.A. , Yan H.-B. , Li L. , Isaac C. , Fu B.-Q. , Jia W.-Z. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEchinococcus granulosus sensu strictois regarded to have the highest zoonotic potential of allEchinococcustaxa. Globally, human infection due to this species constitutes over 88.44% of the total cystic echinococcosis (CE) burden. Here, we report a CE infection in a Nigerian camel caused byE. granulosusG1 genotype. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first encounter of the G1 genotype in the West Africa sub-region where the G6 genotype is reportedly prevalent, suggesting that the epidemiology of this highly zoonotic group could have a wider host range and distribution in the sub-region, and emphasizes the need for further investigation into the genetic diversity ofEchinococcusspp. in Nigeria and across the sub-region.
Soft-tissue outcomes following implantation of different types of bone conduction hearing devices in a single centre
Authors: Ray J , Lau K , Moraleda J , Yardley M , Dawoud M , Dimitriadis P A 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo compare soft-tissue complications following implantation of different bone conduction hearing devices.MethodsAdults who underwent implantation of different bone conduction hearing devices, between January 2008 and December 2016, were included in the study. Five groups were identified depending on the soft-tissue approach: (1) split-thickness skin flap with use of dermatome; (2) Sheffield ‘S’-shaped incision with skin thinning; (3) linear incision without skin thinning (hydroxyapatite-coated abutment); (4) ‘C’-shaped full-thickness incision for passive transcutaneous bone conduction hearing devices; and (5) post-aural incision for active transcutaneous bone conduction hearing devices. The main outcome measures were different soft-tissue complications.ResultsThe study comprised 120 patients (group 1 = 20 patients, group 2 = 35, group 3 = 35, group 4 = 20, and group 5 = 10). Soft tissue related problems were encountered in 55 per cent of patients from group 1, 26 per cent in group 2, 3 per cent in group 3, and 0 per cent in groups 4 and 5.ConclusionThere was a reduction in soft tissue related complications with reduced soft-tissue handling. In addition, there was a shift from an initial skin-penetrating (percutaneous) approach to a non-skin-penetrating (transcutaneous) approach.
Risk and protective factors for offending among UK Armed Forces personnel after they leave service: a data linkage study
Authors: MacManus Deirdre , Dickson Hannah , Short Roxanna , Burdett Howard , Kwan Jamie , Jones Margaret , Hull Lisa , Wessely Simon , Fear Nicola T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundA proportion of ex-military personnel who develop mental health and social problems end up in the Criminal Justice System. A government review called for better understanding of pathways to offending among ex-military personnel to improve services and reduce reoffending. We utilised data linkage with criminal records to examine the patterns of offending among military personnel after they leave service and the associated risk (including mental health and alcohol problems) and socio-economic protective factors.MethodQuestionnaire data from a cohort study of 13 856 randomly selected UK military personnel were linked with national criminal records to examine changes in the rates of offending after leaving service.ResultsAll types of offending increased after leaving service, with violent offending being the most prevalent. Offending was predicted by mental health and alcohol problems: probable PTSD, symptoms of common mental disorder and aggressive behaviour (verbal, property and threatened or actual physical aggression). Reduced risk of offending was associated with post-service socio-economic factors: absence of debt, stable housing and relationship satisfaction. These factors were associated with a reduced risk of offending in the presence of mental health risk factors.ConclusionsEx-military personnel are more likely to commit violent offences after leaving service than other offence-types. Mental health and alcohol problems are associated with increased risk of post-service offending, and socio-economic stability is associated with reduced risk of offending among military veterans with these problems. Efforts to reduce post-service offending should encompass management of socio-economic risk factors as well as mental health.
The Abstract Slave: Anti-Blackness and Marx's Method
Authors: Sorentino Sara-Maria 
Published: November 2019

Abstract“The Abstract Slave: Anti-Blackness and Marx's Method” presents an immanent critique of the Marxist value-form. While Marx couldhistoricallythink the empirical reality of slavery appearing together with capitalism, the value-formtheoreticallyunthinks the significance of the conjuncture slavery and capitalism. Even with attempts to recuperate Marxism from some of the errors of evolutionism, the content and form of slavery is not usually up for debate, only the status of its interaction with capitalist circuits (a rearrangement of difference within unity). Mirroring the Marxist methodology of rising from the “abstract” to the “concrete,” this article moves to substitute the abstraction of labor with that of slavery and closes by restaging the concrete development of “real subsumption” through the problem of abolition. Such a substitution deconstructs Marx's method by situating slavery's transposition to brute force (and race's reduction to false consciousness) as the productive source of the capitalist form of value.
The Strange Career of the Convict Clause: US Prison Imperialism in the Panamá Canal Zone
Authors: Weber Benjamin D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article follows the “convict clause” in the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution – the exception for slavery and involuntary servitude to continue as punishment for crime – to the Panamá Canal Zone. It argues that US officials used the prison system not only to extract labor, but to structure racial hierarchy and justify expansionist claims to jurisdiction and sovereignty. It reveals how despite the purported “usefulness” of the Black bodies conscripted in this brutal labor regime, the prison system's operational modality was racial and gendered violence which exceeded the registers of political economy, penology, and state-building in which that usefulness was framed. The Canal Zone convict road building scheme then became a cornerstone from which Good Roads Movement boosters, who claimed the convict was a slave of the state, could push for the Pan-American Highway across the hemisphere. Afro-Panamanian and Caribbean workers, who were the majority of those forced into Canal Zone chain gangs, protested the racism and imperialism of the prison system by blending anti-colonial and anti-racist strategies and deploying a positive notion of blackness as solidarity and race pride. Their efforts and insight offer an understanding of the US carceral state's imperial dimensions as well as enduring lessons for movements struggling to broaden the meaning and experience of freedom in the face of slavery's recurrent afterlives.
Sketch-based interaction and modeling: where do we stand?
Authors: Bonnici Alexandra , Akman Alican , Calleja Gabriel , Camilleri Kenneth P. , Fehling Patrick , Ferreira Alfredo , Hermuth Florian , Israel Johann Habakuk , Landwehr Tom , Liu Juncheng , Padfield Natasha M. J. , Sezgin T. Metin , Rosin Paul L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSketching is a natural and intuitive communication tool used for expressing concepts or ideas which are difficult to communicate through text or speech alone. Sketching is therefore used for a variety of purposes, from the expression of ideas on two-dimensional (2D) physical media, to object creation, manipulation, or deformation in three-dimensional (3D) immersive environments. This variety in sketching activities brings about a range of technologies which, while having similar scope, namely that of recording and interpreting the sketch gesture to effect some interaction, adopt different interpretation approaches according to the environment in which the sketch is drawn. In fields such as product design, sketches are drawn at various stages of the design process, and therefore, designers would benefit from sketch interpretation technologies which support these differing interactions. However, research typically focuses on one aspect of sketch interpretation and modeling such that literature on available technologies is fragmented and dispersed. In this paper, we bring together the relevant literature describing technologies which can support the product design industry, namely technologies which support the interpretation of sketches drawn on 2D media, sketch-based search interactions, as well as sketch gestures drawn in 3D media. This paper, therefore, gives a holistic view of the algorithmic support that can be provided in the design process. In so doing, we highlight the research gaps and future research directions required to provide full sketch-based interaction support.
Subglacial topography and thickness of ice caps on the Argentine Islands
Authors: Karušs Jānis , Lamsters Kristaps , Chernov Anatolii , Krievāns Māris , Ješkins Jurijs 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study presents the first subglacial topography and ice thickness models of the largest ice caps of the Argentine Islands, Wilhelm Archipelago, West Antarctica. During this study, ground-penetrating radar was used to map the thickness and inner structure of the ice caps. Digital surface models of all studied islands were created from aerial images obtained with a small-sized unmanned aerial vehicle and used for the construction of subglacial topography models. Ice caps of the Argentine Islands cover ~50% of the land surface of the islands on average. The maximum thickness of only two islands (Galindez and Skua) exceeds 30 m, while the average thickness of all islands is only ~5 m. The maximum ice thickness reaches 35.3 m on Galindez Island. The ice thickness and glacier distribution are mainly governed by prevailing wind direction from the north. This has created the prominent narrow ice ridges on Uruguay and Irizar islands, which are not supported by topographic obstacles, as well as the elongated shape of other ice caps. The subglacial topography of the ice caps is undulated and mainly dependent on the geological structure and composition of magmatic rocks.
Rethinking climate policy with alternative framings of carbon dioxide
Authors: Levänen Jarkko , Hukkinen Janne I. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Since the earliest stages of international climate policy, carbon dioxide (CO2) has been framed and widely accepted as a problem that needs to be solved by reducing its amount in the atmosphere. In principle this is a correct and relevant starting point for efforts to decarbonize societies. At the same time, however, the unquestioned and one-sided framing of CO2 as a problem has significantly biased the strategies for tackling climate change. We introduce the origins, meanings and implications of one-sided framing of CO2 in climate policy. We also discuss how alternative framings could impact policymaking and eventually our capacity to mitigate climate change. We introduce a paradox: framing CO2 as a problem often translates into policies that hamper the implementation of technologies to decrease the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. We suggest that plurality in framing CO2 could lead to innovative ways and strategies to combat climate change.
Water Mass Characteristics of the Antarctic Margins and the Production and Seasonality of Dense Shelf Water
Authors: Narayanan Aditya , Gille Sarah T. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Murali K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConductivity‐temperature‐depth data from instrumented seals of the Marine Mammals Exploring Oceans from Pole to Pole program are analyzed to characterize the water masses and the seasonality of the marginal seas. Bottom temperatures are found to be in a cold regime in Dense Shelf Water (DSW) producing regions, identified in this study as the southern Weddell Sea, Cape Darnley, Prydz Bay, Adélie Coast, and the western Ross Sea. DSW occupies the bottom of the Weddell and Ross Sea continental shelves throughout the year: Production of DSW and vertical overturning occur only during the winter. In the other DSW producing regions, salinity is reduced more markedly during the summer. We identify the Princess Martha Coast, Leopold and Astrid Coast, and the Knox Coast as Low Salinity Shelf Water producing regions, where modified Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) intrudes onto the continental shelf, reaching areas close to the ice shelves keeping the bottom temperatures in an intermediate regime. The Prince Harald Coast, the Amundsen Sea, and the Bellingshausen Sea experience more intense CDW intrusion, which keeps them in a warm regime year‐round. CDW layer thicknesses correlate with the meridional winds over the shelf sea, and with the zonal winds at the slope, while DSW layer thicknesses correlate with the meridional winds over the shelf seas and the curl of the wind stress over the slope. Locations of DSW on the continental shelf coincide with an absence of warmer CDW near the ice shelves.
Nonlinear Dynamics in Treatment Wetlands: Identifying Systematic Drivers of Nonequilibrium Outlet Concentrations in Everglades STAs
Authors: Medina Miles , Huffaker Ray , Jawitz James W. , Muñoz‐Carpena Rafael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConstructed treatment wetlands intercept nutrients in surface runoff to protect downstream ecosystems. Conventionally, nutrient removal is considered from a chemical kinetics perspective that assumes outlet concentrations tend toward equilibrium. We propose a broader view that includes management intervention as part of the system, and we explore the possibility that complex concentration dynamics emerge endogenously from nonlinear interactions. In particular, through application of a novel nonlinear time series diagnostic framework, we empirically test whether phosphorus removal at two Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) in South Florida might be enhanced through improved management of hydraulic and phosphorus loads. We isolated low‐dimensional, deterministic signals in STA input/output dynamics (flows and total phosphorus concentrations); mapped causal interactions among covariates; and developed parsimonious data‐driven dynamic models to simulate and characterize key interactions. At STA‐3/4, inflow dynamics systematically drove outlet concentrations, suggesting that outlet concentration variability might be reduced through enhanced hydraulic load management. We also detected management feedback in the reverse direction—STA‐3/4 outlet concentrations driving inflows—and identified a possible inefficiency in this management response. At STA‐2, neither flows nor inlet concentrations systematically drove outlet concentrations, suggesting that the wetland effectively removed incoming load signals. However, STA‐2 inflows were evidently influenced by inlet concentrations (management feedback). The differing management feedback structures between STAs suggest that STA‐3/4 performance might be improved by managing hydraulic loads more strongly in response to inlet concentrations. More broadly, this work demonstrates that management‐relevant insights into dynamic cause‐and‐effect relationships can be gleaned from observed treatment dynamics.
Favorable Conditions for Suspension Freezing in an Arctic Coastal Polynya
Authors: Ito Masato , Ohshima Kay I. , Fukamachi Yasushi , Hirano Daisuke , Mahoney Andrew R. , Jones Joshua , Takatsuka Toru , Eicken Hajo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractArctic sea ice incorporates and transports sediment, releasing it back into the water column during the melting season. This process constitutes an important aspect of marine sediment transport and biogeochemical cycling. Sediment incorporation into sea ice is considered to occur mainly through underwater interaction between frazil ice and resuspended sediment, referred to as suspension freezing. However, harsh environmental conditions have greatly limited field observations of this phenomenon. Analysis of mooring data from a coastal polynya in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, in conjunction with coastal ice radar and meteorological data, indicates that suspension freezing is a key mechanism for sediment entrainment into sea ice. During polynya episodes, acoustic backscatter data obtained by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler showed the presence of frazil ice from the surface down to 20‐ to 25‐m depth, coinciding with in situ and potential supercooling. Underwater frazil ice persisted over 1 week under windy, turbulent water column conditions. A combination of the turbidity and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler backscatter data revealed upward sediment dispersion associated with strong currents during the polynya episodes. The fact that frazil ice and resuspended sediment were detected at the same depth and time strongly suggests the interaction between ice crystals and sediment particles, that is, suspension freezing.
Subseasonal Forecasts of the 2018 Indian Summer Monsoon Over Bihar
Authors: Robertson Andrew W. , Acharya Nachiketa , Goddard Lisa , Pattanaik D. R. , Sahai A. K. , Singh K. K. , Ghosh Kripan , Agarwal Anshul , Buizer James L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCalibrated probabilistic forecasts of weekly rainfall were developed for the state of Bihar in northern India and issued in real time during the June–September 2018 monsoon period, up to 2 weeks in advance. The forecasts are based on subseasonal forecasts from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction CFSv2 model and were calibrated against observed gridded rainfall fields from the India Meteorological Department using canonical correlation analysis. Hindcasts over the 1999–2010 period exhibit appreciable skill at Week 1 lead (Days 3–9), with some skill at Week 2 (Days 10–16), over Bihar as well as over a larger region. Forecasts were issued in real time during the 2018 Indian summer monsoon season for four districts in Bihar on a 1° grid in tercile probability format every Thursday. Verification of the district‐level real‐time forecasts over the 2018 season is evaluated and moderate skill demonstrated in terms of the Brier and Heidke skill scores, especially for the northern districts and for the below‐normal category. Successful monsoon onset and break phase forecasts in 2018 over Bihar are related to episodes of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation, which the model is shown to capture quite well at 1–2 week lead.
Understanding Bulk Sediment Stable Isotope Records in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, From Seven Million Years Ago to Present Day
Authors: Reghellin Daniele , Dickens Gerald R. , Coxall Helen K. , Backman Jan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStable isotope (δ13C and δ18O) records of bulk marine sediment carry information on past carbon cycling and oceanography, but origins and interpretations remain uncertain because such signals represent mixtures of different biogenic components, each with potential offsets from primary parameters. Studies of Neogene sediment from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) exemplify this issue, because stable isotope records of bulk sediment and foraminifera at different sites exhibit similarities and differences in absolute value that somehow relate to depositional age. Here we measure δ13C and δ18O of bulk carbonate, two fine‐grained fractions (<63 and <20 μm), mixed‐species planktic and benthic foraminifera, and foraminifera fragments from sediments deposited over four time intervals within the last 7 Ma at ODP Site 851. These data are compared to published δ13C and δ18O records of multiple single‐species planktic foraminifera from the same site and benthic foraminifera from an adjacent site. Bulk sediment δ13C and δ18O records represent a mixed signal dominated by reticulofenestrid coccolith calcite but modified by variable amounts of different foraminifera. Similarities and differences between stable isotope records result from temporal changes in water chemistry and temperature, depths of calcite precipitation, and vital effects that impact fractionation of various biogenic components. The remarkable correlation of bulk stable isotope records within the EEP suggests that several factors change collectively over time across a broad oceanographic region. Ideally, multiple stable isotope records coupled with other proxy measurements might lead to an internally consistent paleoceanographic perspective of the EEP since the late Miocene.