Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
Authors: James Spencer L , Castle Chris D , Dingels Zachary V , Fox Jack T , Hamilton Erin B , Liu Zichen , Roberts Nicholas L S , Sylte Dillon O , Bertolacci Gregory J , Cunningham Matthew , Henry Nathaniel J , LeGrand Kate E , Abdelalim Ahmed , Abdollahpour Ibrahim , Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi , Abedi Aidin , Abegaz Kedir Hussein , Abosetugn Akine Eshete , Abushouk Abdelrahman I , Adebayo Oladimeji M , Adsuar Jose C , Advani Shailesh M , Agudelo-Botero Marcela , Ahmad Tauseef , Ahmed Muktar Beshir , Ahmed Rushdia , Eddine Aichour Miloud Taki , Alahdab Fares , Alanezi Fahad Mashhour , Alema Niguse Meles , Alemu Biresaw Wassihun , Alghnam Suliman A , Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir , Ali Saqib , Alinia Cyrus , Alipour Vahid , Aljunid Syed Mohamed , Almasi-Hashiani Amir , Almasri Nihad A , Altirkawi Khalid , Abdeldayem Amer Yasser Sami , Andrei Catalina Liliana , Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza , T Antonio Carl Abelardo , Anvari Davood , Yaw Appiah Seth Christopher , Arabloo Jalal , Arab-Zozani Morteza , Arefi Zohreh , Aremu Olatunde , Ariani Filippo , Arora Amit , Asaad Malke , Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina , Ayano Getinet , Ayanore Martin Amogre , Azarian Ghasem , Badawi Alaa , Badiye Ashish D , Baig Atif Amin , Bairwa Mohan , Bakhtiari Ahad , Balachandran Arun , Banach Maciej , Banerjee Srikanta K , Banik Palash Chandra , Banstola Amrit , Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn , Bärnighausen Till Winfried , Barzegar Akbar , Bayati Mohsen , Bazargan-Hejazi Shahrzad , Bedi Neeraj , Behzadifar Masoud , Belete Habte , Bennett Derrick A , Bensenor Isabela M , Berhe Kidanemaryam , Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth , Bhardwaj Pankaj , Bhat Anusha Ganapati , Bhattacharyya Krittika , Bhutta Zulfiqar A , Bibi Sadia , Bijani Ali , Boloor Archith , Borges Guilherme , Borschmann Rohan , Borzì Antonio Maria , Boufous Soufiane , Braithwaite Dejana , Briko Nikolay Ivanovich , Brugha Traolach , Budhathoki Shyam S , Car Josip , Cárdenas Rosario , Carvalho Félix , Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio , Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A , Castelpietra Giulio , Catalá-López Ferrán , Cerin Ester , Chandan Joht S , Chapman Jens Robert , Chattu Vijay Kumar , Chattu Soosanna Kumary , Chatziralli Irini , Chaudhary Neha , Cho Daniel Youngwhan , Choi Jee-Young J , Kabir Chowdhury Mohiuddin Ahsanul , Christopher Devasahayam J , Chu Dinh-Toi , Cicuttini Flavia M , Coelho João M , Costa Vera M , Dahlawi Saad M A , Daryani Ahmad , Dávila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto , Leo Diego De , Demeke Feleke Mekonnen , Demoz Gebre Teklemariam , Demsie Desalegn Getnet , Deribe Kebede , Desai Rupak , Nasab Mostafa Dianati , Silva Diana Dias da , Dibaji Forooshani Zahra Sadat , Do Hoa Thi , Doyle Kerrie E , Driscoll Tim Robert , Dubljanin Eleonora , Adema Bereket Duko , Eagan Arielle Wilder , Elemineh Demelash Abewa , El-Jaafary Shaimaa I , El-Khatib Ziad , Ellingsen Christian Lycke , Zaki Maysaa El Sayed , Eskandarieh Sharareh , Eyawo Oghenowede , Faris Pawan Sirwan , Faro Andre , Farzadfar Farshad , Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad , Fernandes Eduarda , Ferrara Pietro , Fischer Florian , Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Fomenkov Artem Alekseevich , Foroutan Masoud , Francis Joel Msafiri , Franklin Richard Charles , Fukumoto Takeshi , Geberemariyam Biniyam Sahiledengle , Gebremariam Hadush , Gebremedhin Ketema Bizuwork , Gebremeskel Leake G , Gebremeskel Gebreamlak Gebremedhn , Gebremichael Berhe , Gedefaw Getnet Azeze , Geta Birhanu , Getenet Agegnehu Bante , Ghafourifard Mansour , Ghamari Farhad , Gheshlagh Reza Ghanei , Gholamian Asadollah , Gilani Syed Amir , Gill Tiffany K , Goudarzian Amir Hossein , Goulart Alessandra C , Grada Ayman , Grivna Michal , Guimarães Rafael Alves , Guo Yuming , Gupta Gaurav , Haagsma Juanita A , Hall Brian James , Hamadeh Randah R , Hamidi Samer , Handiso Demelash Woldeyohannes , Haro Josep Maria , Hasanzadeh Amir , Hassan Shoaib , Hassanipour Soheil , Hassankhani Hadi , Hassen Hamid Yimam , Havmoeller Rasmus , Hendrie Delia , Heydarpour Fatemeh , Híjar Martha , Ho Hung Chak , Hoang Chi Linh , Hole Michael K , Holla Ramesh , Hossain Naznin , Hosseinzadeh Mehdi , Hostiuc Sorin , Hu Guoqing , Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel , Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen , Inbaraj Leeberk Raja , Naghibi Irvani Seyed Sina , Mofizul Islam M , Shariful Islam Sheikh Mohammed , Ivers Rebecca Q , Jahani Mohammad Ali , Jakovljevic Mihajlo , Jalilian Farzad , Jayaraman Sudha , Jayatilleke Achala Upendra , Jha Ravi Prakash , John-Akinola Yetunde O , Jonas Jost B , Jones Kelly M , Joseph Nitin , Joukar Farahnaz , Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy , Jungari Suresh Banayya , Jürisson Mikk , Kabir Ali , Kahsay Amaha , Kalankesh Leila R , Kalhor Rohollah , Kamil Teshome Abegaz , Kanchan Tanuj , Kapoor Neeti , Karami Manoochehr , Kasaeian Amir , Kassaye Hagazi Gebremedhin , Kavetskyy Taras , Kayode Gbenga A , Keiyoro Peter Njenga , Kelbore Abraham Getachew , Khader Yousef Saleh , Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif , Khalid Nauman , Khalil Ibrahim A , Khalilov Rovshan , Khan Maseer , Khan Ejaz Ahmad , Khan Junaid , Khanna Tripti , Khazaei Salman , Khazaie Habibolah , Khundkar Roba , Kiirithio Daniel N , Kim Young-Eun , Kim Yun Jin , Kim Daniel , Kisa Sezer , Kisa Adnan , Komaki Hamidreza , Kondlahalli Shivakumar K M , Koolivand Ali , Korshunov Vladimir Andreevich , Koyanagi Ai , Kraemer Moritz U G , Krishan Kewal , Defo Barthelemy Kuate , Bicer Burcu Kucuk , Kugbey Nuworza , Kumar Nithin , Kumar Manasi , Kumar Vivek , Kumar Narinder , Kumaresh Girikumar , Lami Faris Hasan , Lansingh Van C , Lasrado Savita , Latifi Arman , Lauriola Paolo , Vecchia Carlo La , Leasher Janet L , Huey Lee Shaun Wen , Li Shanshan , Liu Xuefeng , Lopez Alan D , Lotufo Paulo A , Lyons Ronan A , Machado Daiane Borges , Madadin Mohammed , Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy , Mahotra Narayan Bahadur , Majdan Marek , Majeed Azeem , Maled Venkatesh , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Manafi Navid , Manafi Amir , Manda Ana-Laura , Manjunatha Narayana , Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Maravilla Joemer C , Mason-Jones Amanda J , Masoumi Seyedeh Zahra , Massenburg Benjamin Ballard , Maulik Pallab K , Mehndiratta Man Mohan , Melketsedik Zeleke Aschalew , Memiah Peter T N , Mendoza Walter , Menezes Ritesh G , Mengesha Melkamu Merid , Meretoja Tuomo J , Meretoja Atte , Merie Hayimro Edemealem , Mestrovic Tomislav , Miazgowski Bartosz , Miazgowski Tomasz , Miller Ted R , Mini G K , Mirica Andreea , Mirrakhimov Erkin M , Mirzaei-Alavijeh Mehdi , Mithra Prasanna , Moazen Babak , Moghadaszadeh Masoud , Mohamadi Efat , Mohammad Yousef , Darwesh Aso Mohammad , Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah , Mohammadpourhodki Reza , Mohammed Shafiu , Mohammed Jemal Abdu , Mohebi Farnam , Mohseni Bandpei Mohammad A , Molokhia Mariam , Monasta Lorenzo , Moodley Yoshan , Moradi Masoud , Moradi Ghobad , Moradi-Lakeh Maziar , Moradzadeh Rahmatollah , Morawska Lidia , Velásquez Ilais Moreno , Morrison Shane Douglas , Mossie Tilahun Belete , Muluneh Atalay Goshu , Musa Kamarul Imran , Mustafa Ghulam , Naderi Mehdi , Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman , Naik Gurudatta , Naimzada Mukhammad David , Najafi Farid , Nangia Vinay , Nascimento Bruno Ramos , Naserbakht Morteza , Nayak Vinod , Nazari Javad , Ndwandwe Duduzile Edith , Negoi Ionut , Ngunjiri Josephine W , Nguyen Trang Huyen , Nguyen Cuong Tat , Nguyen Diep Ngoc , Thi Nguyen Huong Lan , Nikbakhsh Rajan , Anggraini Ningrum Dina Nur , Nnaji Chukwudi A , Ofori-Asenso Richard , Ogbo Felix Akpojene , Oghenetega Onome Bright , Oh In-Hwan , Olagunju Andrew T , Olagunju Tinuke O , Bali Ahmed Omar , Onwujekwe Obinna E , Orpana Heather M , Ota Erika , Otstavnov Nikita , Otstavnov Stanislav S , P A Mahesh , Padubidri Jagadish Rao , Pakhale Smita , Pakshir Keyvan , Panda-Jonas Songhomitra , Park Eun-Kee , Patel Sangram Kishor , Pathak Ashish , Pati Sanghamitra , Paulos Kebreab , Peden Amy E , Filipino Pepito Veincent Christian , Pereira Jeevan , Phillips Michael R , Polibin Roman V , Polinder Suzanne , Pourmalek Farshad , Pourshams Akram , Poustchi Hossein , Prakash Swayam , Angga Pribadi Dimas Ria , Puri Parul , Syed Zahiruddin Quazi , Rabiee Navid , Rabiee Mohammad , Radfar Amir , Rafay Anwar , Rafiee Ata , Rafiei Alireza , Rahim Fakher , Rahimi Siavash , Rahman Muhammad Aziz , Rajabpour-Sanati Ali , Rajati Fatemeh , Rakovac Ivo , Rao Sowmya J , Rashedi Vahid , Rastogi Prateek , Rathi Priya , Rawaf Salman , Rawal Lal , Rawassizadeh Reza , Renjith Vishnu , Resnikoff Serge , Rezapour Aziz , Ribeiro Ana Isabel , Rickard Jennifer , Rios González Carlos Miguel , Roever Leonardo , Ronfani Luca , Roshandel Gholamreza , Saddik Basema , Safarpour Hamid , Safdarian Mahdi , Mohammad Sajadi S , Salamati Payman , Rashad Salem Marwa R , Salem Hosni , Salz Inbal , Samy Abdallah M , Sanabria Juan , Riera Lidia Sanchez , Santric Milicevic Milena M , Sarker Abdur Razzaque , Sarveazad Arash , Sathian Brijesh , Sawhney Monika , Sayyah Mehdi , Schwebel David C , Seedat Soraya , Senthilkumaran Subramanian , Seyedmousavi Seyedmojtaba , Sha Feng , Shaahmadi Faramarz , Shahabi Saeed , Shaikh Masood Ali , Shams-Beyranvand Mehran , Sheikh Aziz , Shigematsu Mika , Shin Jae Il , Shiri Rahman , Siabani Soraya , Sigfusdottir Inga Dora , Singh Jasvinder A , Singh Pankaj Kumar , Sinha Dhirendra Narain , Soheili Amin , Soriano Joan B , Sorrie Muluken Bekele , Soyiri Ireneous N , Stokes Mark A , Sufiyan Mu'awiyyah Babale , Sykes Bryan L , Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael , Tabb Karen M , Taddele Biruk Wogayehu , Tefera Yonatal Mesfin , Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash , Tekulu Gebretsadkan Hintsa , Tesema Tesema Ayenew Kassie , Tesfay Berhe Etsay , Thapar Rekha , Titova Mariya Vladimirovna , Tlaye Kenean Getaneh , Tohidinik Hamid Reza , Topor-Madry Roman , Tran Khanh Bao , Tran Bach Xuan , Tripathy Jaya Prasad , Tsai Alexander C , Tsatsakis Aristidis , Car Lorainne Tudor , Ullah Irfan , Ullah Saif , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Upadhyay Era , Uthman Olalekan A , Valdez Pascual R , Vasankari Tommi Juhani , Veisani Yousef , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Violante Francesco S , Vlassov Vasily , Waheed Yasir , Wang Yuan-Pang , Wiangkham Taweewat , Wolde Haileab Fekadu , Woldeyes Dawit Habte , Wondmeneh Temesgen Gebeyehu , Wondmieneh Adam Belay , Wu Ai-Min , Wyper Grant M A , Yadav Rajaram , Yadollahpour Ali , Yano Yuichiro , Yaya Sanni , Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid , Ye Pengpeng , Yip Paul , Yisma Engida , Yonemoto Naohiro , Yoon Seok-Jun , Youm Yoosik , Younis Mustafa Z , Yousefi Zabihollah , Yu Chuanhua , Yu Yong , Moghadam Telma Zahirian , Zaidi Zoubida , Zaman Sojib Bin , Zamani Mohammad , Zandian Hamed , Zarei Fatemeh , Zhang Zhi-Jiang , Zhang Yunquan , Ziapour Arash , Zodpey Sanjay , Dandona Rakhi , Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda , Hay Simon I , Mokdad Ali H , Pigott David M , Reiner Robert C , Vos Theo 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundWhile there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria.MethodsIn this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced.ResultsGBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes.ConclusionsGBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.