bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling and measurement of signaling outcomes affecting decision making in noisy intracellular networks using machine learning methods
Authors: Ozen Mustafa , Lipniacki Tomasz , Levchenko Andre , Emamian Effat S , Abdi Ali 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Characterization of decision-making in cells in response to received signals is of importance for understanding how cell fate is determined. The problem becomes multi-faceted and complex when we consider cellular heterogeneity and dynamics of biochemical processes. In this paper, we present a unified set of decision-theoretic, machine learning and statistical signal processing methods and metrics to model the precision of signaling decisions, in the presence of uncertainty, using single cell data. First, we introduce erroneous decisions that may result from signaling processes and identify false alarms and miss events associated with such decisions. Then, we present an optimal decision strategy which minimizes the total decision error probability. Additionally, we demonstrate how graphing receiver operating characteristic curves conveniently reveals the trade-off between false alarm and miss probabilities associated with different cell responses. Furthermore, we extend the introduced framework to incorporate the dynamics of biochemical processes and reactions in a cell, using multi-time point measurements and multi-dimensional outcome analysis and decision-making algorithms. The introduced multivariate signaling outcome modeling framework can be used to analyze several molecular species measured at the same or different time instants. We also show how the developed binary outcome analysis and decision-making approach can be extended to more than two possible outcomes. As an example and to show how the introduced methods can be used in practice, we apply them to single cell data of PTEN, an important intracellular regulatory molecule in a p53 system, in wild-type and abnormal cells. The unified signaling outcome modeling framework presented here can be applied to various organisms ranging from viruses, bacteria, yeast and lower metazoans to more complex organisms such as mammalian cells. Ultimately, this signaling outcome modeling approach can be utilized to better understand the transition from physiological to pathological conditions such as inflammation, various cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Clinical Value of Debriding Enzymes as an Adjunct to Standard Early Surgical Excision in Human Burns: A Systematic Review
Authors: Salehi Seyed Hamid , Momeni Mahnoush , Vahdani Masoud , Moradi Mohammad 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Burns are a significant public health burden worldwide. In addition to those who die, millions remain with life-threatening deformities and disabilities resulting in stigma and rejection. Surgical excision is currently the standard of care for removing necrotic tissues in burn wounds to prepare the wound bed for grafting or enhancing the healing process. However, there is a growing interest on enzymatic debridement as an adjunct therapy in burn wounds. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical trials using debriding agents for burn wound in humans in a systematic review. This was a systematic review of electronic databases including CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase from January 1969 to February 2019. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO registry. The following keywords were searched: “burn wounds”, “enzymatic debridement”, “papain”, “papain-urea”, “pine apple”, “Bromelain”, “collagenases”, “Nexobrid”, “Debrase”, “Debridase”, “Actinidia deliciosa”, “Sutilains”, “Debrace”, “piruvat acid”. Those studies fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria with low score of bias based on Cochrane Bias Tool were reviewed. Sixteen investigations fulfilled our inclusion criteria to be reviewed. Six, seven, and three clinical trials on humans were found regarding collagenase, bromelain, and miscellaneous agents. Collagenase has been reported to be effective in burns below 25% of TBSA, especially in outpatients’ clinics. However, Nexobrid has been shown to be effective in deep burns and decreases the percentage of graft without significant adverse effects. There was not enough evidence supporting the clinical values of Papain, Sutilains, Urea, etc. Surgical excision still remains the standard of care for burn wounds debridement. However, enzymatic debridement, especially Bromelain might help to reduce sessions for surgical debridement or area under graft as an adjunct treatment. Despite the fact, more studies with larger sample sizes and with less conflicts of interest are needed to clearly elucidate the exact role of Bromelain.
The MRI Self-Efficacy Scale for Children: Development and Preliminary Psychometrics
Authors: Howlett Melissa , Chorney Jill 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common procedure that can be distressing for children. Although not yet studied in the context of pediatric medical procedures, self-efficacy may be a good predictor of procedural stress and a clinically feasible target for behavioral intervention. The objectives of this study were to develop the MRI Self-Efficacy Scale for Children (MRI-SEC) and assess the preliminary psychometric properties.

Methods
Development of the MRI-SEC was informed by literature searches and feedback from healthcare providers. Twenty child–parent dyads naïve to MRI and 10 child–parent dyads with MRI experience completed the MRI-SEC to assess the comprehensibility and ease of use, and to inform item and scale refinement. The final version includes four practice items and 12 items directly assessing MRI self-efficacy. To evaluate the psychometric properties, 127 children (ages 6–12) and parents naïve to MRI completed the MRI-SEC, and a series of measures to assess construct validity. To evaluate test–retest reliability 27 children completed the MRI-SEC a second time.

Results
The MRI-SEC demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity.

Conclusion
Development of the MRI-SEC provides an opportunity to better understand the role of self-efficacy as a predictor of procedural stress and cooperation with MRI, informing reliable prediction of children who may benefit from additional support for MRI and the development of tailored behavioral interventions.
For whom the bell tolls: London’s Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial 1990-2015
Authors: Grady Kate 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Following the recent turn to materiality in international legal scholarship, this article considers London’s Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial 1990-2015. By examining the memorial’s politics in respect of death quantification, gender, and lawfulness, the article reveals international law’s roles in contributing to the conditions of possibility from which the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan arose.
Re-historicising dissolved identities: Deskaheh, the League of Nations, and international legal discourse on Indigenous peoples
Authors: Young Stephen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In 1923, Levi General Deskaheh sought recognition from the League of Nations of the Six Nations’ sovereignty and right to self-determination. Although scholars have good reasons for retroactively identifing Deskaheh as a representative of Indigenous peoples, doing so dissolves the identities of historical and present-day subjects, which has a number of invidious consequences.
The bolometric quasar luminosity function at z = 0–7
Authors: Shen Xuejian , Hopkins Philip F , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Alexander D M , Richards Gordon T , Ross Nicholas P , Hickox R C 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we provide updated constraints on the bolometric quasar luminosity function (QLF) from z = 0 to z = 7. The constraints are based on an observational compilation that includes observations in the rest-frame IR, B band, UV, soft, and hard X-ray in past decades. Our method follows Hopkins et al. with an updated quasar SED model and bolometric and extinction corrections. The new best-fitting bolometric quasar luminosity function behaves qualitatively different from the old Hopkins model at high redshift. Compared with the old model, the number density normalization decreases towards higher redshift and the bright-end slope is steeper at z ≳ 2. Due to the paucity of measurements at the faint end, the faint end slope at z ≳ 5 is quite uncertain. We present two models, one featuring a progressively steeper faint-end slope at higher redshift and the other featuring a shallow faint-end slope at z ≳ 5. Further multiband observations of the faint-end QLF are needed to distinguish between these models. The evolutionary pattern of the bolometric QLF can be interpreted as an early phase likely dominated by the hierarchical assembly of structures and a late phase likely dominated by the quenching of galaxies. We explore the implications of this model on the ionizing photon production by quasars, the CXB spectrum, the SMBH mass density, and mass functions. The predicted hydrogen photoionization rate contributed by quasars is subdominant during the epoch of reionization and only becomes important at z ≲ 3. The predicted CXB spectrum, cosmic SMBH mass density, and SMBH mass function are generally consistent with existing observations.
AGN anisotropic radiative feedback set by black hole spin
Authors: Ishibashi W 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We consider the impact of anisotropic radiation on the active galactic nucleus (AGN) radiative dusty feedback. The radiation pattern originating from the accretion disc is determined by the central black hole (BH) spin. Here we analyse how such BH spin-induced angular dependence affects the dynamics and energetics of the radiation pressure-driven outflows, as well as AGN obscuration and BH accretion. In addition, we explore the effect of a spatially varying dust-to-gas ratio on the outflow propagation. We obtain two distinct trends for high-spin and low-spin objects, providing a direct connection between anisotropic feedback and BH spin. In the case of maximum spin, powerful quasi-spherical outflows can propagate on large scales, at all inclination angles with fairly uniform energetics. In contrast, in the case of zero spin, only weaker bipolar outflows can be driven in the polar directions. As a result, high BH spins can efficiently clear out the obscuring gas from most directions, whereas low BH spins can only remove dusty gas from the polar regions, hence also determining the overall AGN obscuration geometry. Due to such anisotropic feedback, high BH spins can prevent accretion of gas from most directions (except in the equatorial plane), while low BH spins allow inflows to proceed from a wider range of directions. This may have important implications for the BH growth in the early Universe. Anisotropic radiative dusty feedback, ruled by the BH spin, may thus play a major role in shaping AGN evolution over cosmic time.
Inelastic rate coefficients for collisions of N2H+ with H2
Authors: Balança Christian , Scribano Yohann , Loreau Jérôme , Lique François , Feautrier Nicole 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
N2H+ is one of the first molecular ions observed in the interstellar medium and it is of particular interest to probe the physical conditions of cold molecular clouds. Accurate modelling of the observed lines requires the knowledge of collisional excitation rate coefficients. Thus, we have calculated rate coefficients for the excitation of N2H+ by H2, the most abundant collisional partner. The calculations are based on a new potential energy surface obtained from highly correlated ab initio calculations. This 4D-interaction surface exhibits a very deep well of ≈2530 cm−1 making fully converged scattering calculations very difficult to carry out, when one takes into account the rotational structure of H2. To overcome this difficulty, two approximate approaches, the adiabatic hindered rotor approach (AHR) and the statistical adiabatic channel model, were tested by comparing the results with those obtained from full 4D close-coupling calculations. The AHR treatment, which reduces the scattering calculations to a 2D problem was found to give the best results at all temperatures and even for transitions involving high N2H+ rotational levels. State-to-state rate coefficients between the 26 first N2H+ rotational levels were calculated for temperatures ranging from 5 K up to 500 K. Using a recoupling technique, rate coefficients are obtained among hyperfine transitions.
Late X-ray flares from the interaction of a reverse shock with a stratified ejecta in GRB afterglows: simulations on a moving mesh
Authors: Ayache Eliot H , van Eerten Hendrik J , Daigne Frédéric 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Late activity of the central engine is often invoked in order to explain the flares observed in the early X-ray afterglow of gamma-ray bursts, either in the form of an active neutron star remnant or (fall-back) accretion on to a black hole. However, these scenarios are not always plausible, in particular when flares are delayed to very late times after the burst. Recently, a new scenario was proposed that suggests X-ray flares can be the result of the passing of a long-lived reverse shock through a stratified ejecta, with the advantage that it does not require late-time engine activity. In this work, we numerically demonstrate this scenario to be physically plausible, by performing one-dimensional simulations of ejecta dynamics and emission using our novel moving-mesh relativistic hydrodynamics code. Improved efficiency and precision over previous work enables the exploration of a broader range of set-ups. We can introduce a more physically realistic description of the circumburst medium mass density. We can also locally trace the cooling of electrons when computing the broad-band emission from these set-ups. We show that the synchrotron cooling time-scale can dominate the flare decay time if the stratification in the ejecta is constrained to a localized angular region inside the jet, with size corresponding to the relativistic causal connection angle, and that it corresponds to values reported in observations. We demonstrate that this scenario can produce a large range of observed flare times, suggesting a connection between flares and initial ejection dynamics rather than with late-time remnant activity.
Shape model and spin direction analysis of PHA (436724) 2011 UW158: a large superfast rotator
Authors: Monteiro Filipe , Silva José Sergio , Tamayo Francisco , Rodrigues Teresinha , Lazzaro Daniela 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTObservations of the large superfast rotator (436724) 2011 UW158 were carried out at the Observatório Astronômico do Sertão de Itaparica (OASI, Brazil) between May and October 2015, before and after it made a close approach to Earth in July 2015. These observations allowed us to obtain 11 light curves, and additional observations at the San Pedro Mártir Observatory (Baja California, Mexico) in March 2017 provided a light curve. From the obtained light curves we could confirm the fast rotation, 0.61071 h, of the near-Earth object (NEO) and by applying the inversion method, we derived a prograde sense of rotation and a quite elongated shape model with rough dimensions a/b = 2.0, a/c = 4.2, and b/c = 2.1. The best determined pole directions suggest that the maximum amplitude of the light curves was obtained from an equatorial view. The reconstructed shape models are in good agreement with the shape elongation and asymmetric shape reported by radar observations. As 2011 UW158 has an uncommon rotation period for asteroids larger than ∼200 m, we used the determined parameters to calculate the minimum internal cohesion strength required to keep its structure intact. We have found that a minimum cohesion ranging from 176 to 295 Pa is required in case the NEO has a composition similar to that of C-type asteroids, and from 364 to 451 Pa for the E-type. Therefore, we suggest that 2011 UW158, if not monolithic, requires a significant cohesion force to keep it spinning so fast.
Three-dimensional structure of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal core from RR Lyrae
Authors: Ferguson Peter S , Strigari Louis E 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We obtain distances to a sample of RR Lyrae in the central core of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy from OGLE data. We use these distances, along with RR Lyrae from Gaia DR2, to measure the shape of the stellar distribution within the central ∼2 kpc. The best-fitting stellar distribution is triaxial, with axis ratios 1 : 0.76 : 0.43. A prolate-spheroid model is ruled out at high statistical significance relative to the triaxial model. The major axis is aligned nearly parallel to the sky plane as seen by an Earth-based observer and is nearly perpendicular to the direction of the Galactic Centre. This result may be compared to cosmological simulations which generally predict that the major axis of the dark matter distribution of subhalos is aligned with the Galactic Centre. The triaxial structure that we obtain can provide important constraints on the Sagittarius progenitor, as well as the central dark matter distribution under the assumption of dynamical equilibrium.
From the Tree of Knowledge and the Golem of Prague to Kosher Autonomous Cars: The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Through Jewish Eyes
Authors: Goltz Nachshon (Sean) , Zeleznikow John , Dowdeswell Tracey 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article discusses the regulation of artificial intelligence from a Jewish perspective, with an emphasis on the regulation of machine learning and its application to autonomous vehicles and machine learning. Through the Biblical story of Adam and Eve as well as Golem legends from Jewish folklore, we derive several basic principles that underlie a Jewish perspective on the moral and legal personhood of robots and other artificially intelligent agents. We argue that religious ethics in general, and Jewish ethics in particular, show us that the dangers of granting moral personhood to robots and in particular to autonomous vehicles lie not in the fact that they lack a soul—or consciousness or feelings or interests—but because to do so weakens our own ability to develop as fully autonomous legal and moral persons. Instead, we argue that existing legal persons should continue to maintain legal control over artificial agents, while natural persons assume ultimate moral responsibility for choices made by artificial agents they employ in their service. In the final section of the article we discuss the trolley dilemma in the context of governing autonomous vehicles and sketch out an application of Jewish ethics in a case where we are asking Artificial Intelligence to make life and death decisions. Our novel contribution is two-fold; first, we bring a religious approach to the discussion of the ethics of Artificial Intelligence which has hitherto been dominated by secular Western philosophies; second, we raise the idea that artificial entities who are trained through machine learning can be ethically trained in much the same way that human are—through reading and reflecting on core religious texts. This is both a way of ensuring the ethical regulation of artificial intelligence, but also promotes other core values of regulation, such as democratic engagement and user choice.
Anterior Subcutaneous Transposition With Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene (ASTEP) for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: Technical Note
Authors: Eroglu Umit , Bozkurt Melih , Tomlinson Samuel B , Kahilogullari Gokmen , Al-Beyati Eyyub S M , Ozgural Onur , Orhan Ozgur , Ugur Hasan Caglar , Attar Ayhan , Caglar Sukru , Unlu Agahan , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Ulnar nerve entrapment neuropathy at the elbow is the most common upper-extremity entrapment neuropathy after carpal tunnel syndrome. Surgical treatment can be complicated by perineural scarring and fibrosis, which may lead to recurrent symptoms. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) is a synthetic polymer with antiadhesive properties.

OBJECTIVE
To introduce the operative technique and outcomes of anterior subcutaneous transposition with ePTFE (ASTEP) in primary and recurrent cubital tunnel neuropathy.

METHODS
We studied 14 adult patients (11 men, 3 women; mean age, 45 yr) with cubital tunnel neuropathy (10 primary, 4 revision) who underwent surgery with the ASTEP technique between January 2008 and May 2018. Pain, numbness in the fourth/fifth fingers, and weakness of the intrinsic hand muscles were the most common presenting symptoms. Surgical outcomes were assessed using the modified McGowan and Wilson-Krout criteria.

RESULTS
The average (± standard deviation) preoperative symptom duration was 12.1 ± 5.2 mo (McGowan Grade 1, n = 5; Grade 2, n = 6; Grade 3, n = 3). No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed with the ASTEP technique. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 9 mo to 7 yr (mean, 4.3 yr). All 14 patients experienced improvement in or complete resolution of their symptoms after this unique intervention.

CONCLUSION
Our novel technique of anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve with ePTFE was safe and highly effective in treating primary and recurrent ulnar nerve entrapment neuropathy at the elbow and represents an alternative to the current techniques.
New estimation of the curvature effect for the X-ray vacuum diffraction induced by an intense laser field
Authors: Seino Y , Inada T , Yamazaki T , Namba T , Asai S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Quantum electrodynamics predicts X-ray diffractions under a high-intensity laser field via virtual charged particles, and this phenomenon is called vacuum diffraction (VD). In this paper, we derive a new formula to describe VD in a head-on collision geometry of an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulse and a laser pulse. The wavefront curvature of the XFEL pulse is newly considered in this formula. With this formula, we also discuss the curvature effect on VD signals based on realistic parameters at the SACLA XFEL facility.
Perspectives COVID-19 and PPE in context: an interview with China
Authors: Harvey Jessica 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The author aims to depict the current COVID-19 pandemic and personal protective equipment (PPE) crisis in the UK. The current situation is put into context exploring the history of global outbreaks of infectious disease and what has been learnt. These lessons are then applied and weighed against the recent response to coronavirus. An in depth interview with a UK biomedical SME based in Shanghai, China is reported in order to inform future procurement of PPE. It is hoped that an appreciation of the dynamic nature of the market will allow adaptations to be made in order to secure reliable supply chains moving forwards.