bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compliant Hydrostatic Bearings Utilizing Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Nijssen Joep P. A. , van Ostayen Ron A. J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Deformability of hydrostatic bearings could potentially increase their application range significantly. When a bearing is made compliant, the film pressure starts to influence the deformation of the support itself. This effect, called compliant-hydrostatic pre-loading, is especially crucial to take into account when designing highly deformable hydrostatic bearings. This work introduces the principle of pressure profile matching to minimize the effect of this pre-loading. A two-dimensional design model is introduced to determine the performance of such an elastic bearing utilizing stiffness profile matching. Additionally, an extension to the model is presented to analyze the basic performance of these type of bearings over small counter surface eccentricities. Finally, an embodiment of such a material distribution is presented utilizing functionally graded materials. These embodiments are analyzed with respect to their failure behavior, showing an improved shear stress and strain energy density distribution with the functionally graded supports when compared with conventional elastic supports.
Effects of Pyrolysis Conditions on Organic Fractions and Heat Values of Olive Mill Wastes Pyrolysis Liquid
Authors: Dinc Gamze , Isik Ferda , Yel Esra 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Pyrolysis liquids can be evaluated in energy and material recovery. However, its characteristics and recovery potential highly depend on pyrolysis conditions. Olive pomace is lignocellulosic biomasses widely studied in the production of renewable energy and bio-based materials through pyrolysis, but there are no comprehensive studies about changes of pomace pyrolysis liquids' characteristics by pyrolysis conditions. Therefore, in this study, pyrolysis of olive pomace and various combinations of olive pomace with olive mill wastes at different heating rates, temperatures, and retention times was conducted to reveal effects of pyrolysis conditions on pyrolysis liquids' organic fractions. Moreover, heating values of organic compounds in pyrolysis liquids at different pyrolysis conditions were evaluated. All bio-oils comprises of aliphatic compounds (alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes), oxygenated compounds (acids, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and ketones), and aromatic compounds (phenols and benzenes). The highest percentages of aliphatic compounds in olive pomace bio-oils were obtained at 600 °C, 5 °C/min heating rate with retention. A pyrolysis temperature increment leads to a decrement in H-type phenols and an increment in S-type and G-type phenolic compounds. Mixing pomace with olive mill wastes resulted in aliphatic compounds increment and oxygenated compounds decrement. Heating values of all bio-oils obtained under different pyrolysis conditions were found important for energy production. When pomace pyrolysis liqiuids' heating values changed between 2831 and 5100 cal/g, heating values of pomace-olive mill waste mixtures' bio-oils were found between 3300 and 5500 cal/g. Consequently, organic compounds in both pomace and pomace-olive mill bio-oils are valuable feedstocks and energy source in the number of product productions in various industrial processes.
A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment on Nuclear-Based Clean Ammonia Synthesis Methods
Authors: Karaca Ali Erdogan , Dincer Ibrahim , Gu Junjie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper evaluates the impacts of nuclear ammonia synthesis options on the environment through the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. Ammonia is synthesized via the mature Haber–Bosch technique that combines hydrogen and nitrogen with 3:1 ratio to yield ammonia. For hydrogen production from water, five different hydrogen production methods are used, namely, conventional electrolysis (CE), high-temperature electrolysis (HTE), and 3-, 4-, and 5-step Cu–Cl cycles. The nitrogen required for ammonia synthesis is extracted from the air by the cryogenic air separation technique. The thermal and electrical energy need of production processes is supplied from a pressurized water reactor type nuclear power plant (NPP). The simapro software is utilized for LCA in the present study. The environmental impacts of nuclear ammonia are investigated through five impact categories, namely, abiotic depletion potential, acidification potential, global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential, and human toxicity potential. According to LCA results, ammonia synthesis via HTE corresponds to the lowest environmental impact in all selected impact categories. Furthermore, the GWP for ammonia production via HTE is 0.1832 kg CO2 eq/kg ammonia, followed by CE (0.2240 kg CO2 eq/kg ammonia), 4-step Cu–Cl (0.3113 kg CO2 eq/kg ammonia), 3-step Cu–Cl (0.3323 kg CO2 eq/kg ammonia), and 5-step Cu–Cl (0.3370 kg CO2 eq/kg ammonia).
Visualizing Interactions Between Liquid Propane and Heavy Oil
Authors: Athar Khan Sameem , Yassin Mahmood Reza , Dehghanpour Hassan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this study, we use a custom-designed visual cell to investigate nonequilibrium interactions between liquid propane (C3(l)) and a heavy oil sample (7.2 deg API) at varying experimental conditions. We inject C3(l) into the visual cell containing the heavy oil sample (pressure-buildup process) and allow the injected C3(l) to interact with the oil sample (soaking process). We measure visual-cell pressure and visualize the C3/heavy oil interactions during the pressure-buildup and soaking processes. Nonequilibrium interactions occurring at the interfaces of C3(l)/heavy oil and C3(l)/C3(g) are recorded with respect to time. The results show that the complete mixing of heavy oil with C3(l) occurs in two stages. First, upward extracting flows of oil components from bulk heavy oil phase toward C3(l) phase form a distinguished layer (L1) during the soaking process. The extracted oil components become denser over time and move downward (draining flows) toward the C3(l)/heavy oil interface due to gravity. The gradual color change of L1 from colorless (color of pure C3(l)) to black suggests the mixing of oil components with C3(l). After L1 appears to be uniform, a second layer (L2) is formed above L1 in the bulk C3(l) phase. Extracting and draining flows become active once again, leading to the mixing of oil components from L1 into L2. At final conditions, heavy oil and C3(l) appear to be mixed and form a single uniform phase.
Association of alcohol intake with incidence and progression of diabetic
retinopathy
Authors: Gupta Preeti , Fenwick Eva K , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Gan Alfred Tau Liang , Tham Yih-Chung , Thakur Sahil , Man Ryan Eyn Kidd , Mitchell Paul , Wong Tien Yin , Cheng Ching-Yu , Lamoureux Ecosse Luc 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
We examined the longitudinal association of baseline alcohol intake and
frequency with the 6-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy
(DR) in a population-based cohort of Singaporean Indians.

Methods
We included 656 participants with diabetes mellitus, gradable retinal
photographs from baseline (2007–2009) and follow-up (2013–2015) examinations,
information on alcohol intake and other relevant data from the Singapore Indian
Eye Study were included. Incident DR was defined using the Modified Airlie
House Classification as no DR at baseline and at least minimal
non-proliferative DR at follow-up; and DR progression as at least a one-step
worsening in DR at follow-up from minimal or worse status at baseline,
excluding those with proliferative DR.

Results
The mean age (SD) of our participants (n=656) was 58.8 (9.2) years, and
54.4% were male. At follow-up, 82 of 510 (16%) participants developed DR, and
45 of 146 (30.8%) had DR progression. 65 (12.7%) and 28 (19.1%) participants
consumed alcohol in incident DR and progression categories, respectively. In
multivariable analyses, those who consumed alcohol had nearly two-thirds
reduced odds of incident DR (OR (95% CI): 0.36 (0.13 to 0.98)) compared with
those who did not. Participants with infrequent consumption of alcohol also had
a reduction in odds of incident DR (0.17 (0.04 to 0.69)), compared with
non-drinkers. No association was found between alcohol consumption and DR
progression.

Conclusions and relevance
In our longitudinal population of Singapore Indians, baseline alcohol
intake, particularly infrequent consumption, was associated with lower risk of
developing DR, compared with non-drinkers, in line with previous
cross-sectional findings.
Potential survivability of prehospital injury deaths in New Zealand: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Kool Bridget , Lilley Rebbecca , Davie Gabrielle , de Graaf Brandon , Reid Pararangi , Branas Charles , Civil Ian , Dicker Bridget , Ameratunga Shanthi N 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionAcknowledging a notable gap in available evidence, this study aimed to assess the survivability of prehospital injury deaths in New Zealand.MethodsA cross-sectional review of prehospital injury death postmortems (PM) undertaken during 2009–2012. Deaths without physical injuries (eg, drownings, suffocations, poisonings), where there was an incomplete body, or insufficient information in the PM, were excluded. Documented injuries were scored using the AIS and an ISS derived. Cases were classified as survivable (ISS <25), potentially survivable (ISS 25–49) and non-survivable (ISS >49).ResultsOf the 1796 cases able to be ISS scored, 11% (n=193) had injuries classified as survivable, 28% (n=501) potentially survivable and 61% (n=1102) non-survivable. There were significant differences in survivability by age (p=0.017) and intent (p<0.0001). No difference in survivability was observed by sex, ethnicity, day of week, seasonality or distance to advanced-level hospital care. ‘Non-survivable’ injuries occurred more commonly among those with multiple injuries, transport-related injuries and aged 15–29 year. The majority of ‘survivable’ cases were deceased when found. Among those alive when found, around half had received either emergency medical services (EMS) or bystander care. One in five survivable cases were classified as having delays in receiving care.DiscussionIn New Zealand, the majority of injured people who die before reaching hospital do so from non-survivable injuries. More than one third have either survivable or potentially survivable injuries, suggesting an increased need for appropriate bystander first aid, timeliness of EMS care and access to advanced-level hospital care.
Integrated case-control and somatic-germline interaction analyses of soft-tissue sarcoma
Authors: Hu Fulan , Yu Yao , Chen Jiun-Sheng , Hu Hao , Scheet Paul , Huff Chad D. 
Published: May 2020

PurposeThe contribution of rare genetic variation in the development of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) remains underexplored. To address this gap, we conducted a whole-exome case-control and somatic-germline interaction study to identify and characterise STS susceptible genes.MethodsThe study involved 219 STS cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 3507 controls. All cases and controls were matched genetically onEuropean ancestry based on the 1000 Genomes project. Cross-platform technological stratification was performed with XPAT and gene-based association tests with VAAST 2.ResultsNF1 exhibited the strongest genome-wide signal across the six subtypes, with p=1×10−5. We also observed nominally significant association signals for three additional genes of interest, TP53 (p=0.0025), RB1 (p=0.0281), and MSH2 (p=0.0085). BAG1, which has not previously been implicated in STS, exhibited the strongest genome-wide signal after NF1, with p=6×10−5. The association signals for NF1 and MSH2 were driven primarily by truncating variants, with ORs of 39 (95% CI: 7.1 to 220) for NF1 and 33 (95% CI: 2.4 to 460) for MSH2. In contrast, the association signals for RB1 and BAG1 were driven primarily by predicted damaging missense variants, with estimated ORs of 12 (95% CI: 2.4 to 59) for RB1 and 20 (95% CI: 1.4 to 300) for BAG1.ConclusionsOur results confirm that pathogenic variants in NF1, RB1 and TP53 confer large increases in the risk of developing multiple STS subtypes, provide support for the role of MSH2 in STS susceptibility and identify BAG1 as a novel candidate STS risk gene.
Paternal 132 bp deletion affecting KCNQ1OT1 in 11p15.5 is associated with growth retardation but does not affect imprinting
Authors: Eggermann Thomas , Kraft Florian , Lausberg Eva , Ergezinger Katrin , Kunstmann Erdmute 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundThe chromosomal region 11p15.5 harbours two imprinting centres (H19/IGF2:IG-DMR/IC1, KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR/IC2). Molecular alterations of the IC2 are associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), whereas only single patients with growth retardation and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) features have been reported. CNVs in 11p15.5 account for less than 1% of patients with BWS and SRS, and they mainly consist of duplications of both ICs either affecting the maternal (SRS) or the paternal (BWS) allele. However, this correlation does not apply to smaller CNVs, which are associated with diverse clinical outcomes.Methods and resultsWe identified a family with a 132 bp deletion within the KCNQ1OT1 gene, associated with growth retardation in case of paternal transmission but a normal phenotype when maternally inherited. Comparison of molecular and clinical data with cases from the literature helped to delineate its functional relevance.ConclusionMicrodeletions within the paternal IC2 affecting the KCNQ1OT1 gene have been described in only five families, and they all include the differentially methylated region KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR/IC2 and parts of the KCNQ1 gene. However, these deletions have different impacts on the expression of both genes and the cell-cycle inhibitor CDKN1C. They thereby cause different phenotypes. The 132 bp deletion is the smallest deletion in the IC2 reported so far. It does not affect the IC2 methylation in general and the coding sequence of the KCNQ1 gene. Thus, the deletion is only associated with a growth retardation phenotype when paternally transmitted but not with other clinical features in case of maternal inheritance as observed for larger deletions.
Local anesthetic resistance in a Crohn’s patient undergoing cesarean delivery
Authors: Schutte Soleil S , Euliano Tammy 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionPatient resistance to local anesthetics is rarely considered as the cause of regional anesthesia failure.Case reportWe report a case of resistance to local anesthetics in a patient with Crohn’s disease who underwent cesarean section under continuous spinal anesthesia.DiscussionResistance to local anesthetics may be more common than we think, especially among patients with chronic pain. Providers should consider local anesthetic resistance when regional anesthesia is unsuccessful. Further research is needed to determine if skin wheal tests and/or a different local anesthetic could improve results.
Regional anesthesia training model for resource-limited settings: a prospective single-center observational study with pre–post evaluations
Authors: Brouillette Mark A , Aidoo Alfred J , Hondras Maria A , Boateng Nana A , Antwi-Kusi Akwasi , Addison William , Singh Sanjeev , Laughlin Patrick T , Johnson Benjamin , Pakala Swetha R 
Published: May 2020

Background and objectivesEducational initiatives are a sustainable means to address provider shortages in resource-limited settings (RLS), yet few regional anesthesia curricula for RLS have been described. We sought to design a reproducible training model for RLS called Global Regional Anesthesia Curricular Engagement (GRACE), implement GRACE at an RLS hospital in Ghana, and measure training and practice-based outcomes associated with GRACE implementation.MethodsFourteen of 15 physician anesthesiologists from the study location and three from an outside orthopedic specialty hospital consented to be trainees and trainers, respectively, for this prospective single-center observational study with pre–post evaluations. We conducted an initial needs assessment to determine current clinical practices, participants’ learning preferences, and available resources. Needs assessment findings, expert panel recommendations, and investigator consensus were then used to generate a site-specific curriculum that was implemented during two 3-week periods. We evaluated trainee satisfaction and changes in knowledge, clinical skill, and peripheral nerve block (PNB) utilization using the Kirkpatrick method.ResultsThe curriculum consisted of didactic lectures, simulations, and clinical instruction to teach ultrasound-guided PNB for limb injuries. Pre–post evaluations showed trainees were satisfied with GRACE, median knowledge examination score improved from 62.5% (15/24) to 91.7% (22/24) (p<0.001), clinical examination pass rate increased from 28.6% (4/14) to 85.7% (12/14) (p<0.01), and total PNB performed in 3 months grew from 48 to 118.ConclusionsGRACE applied in an RLS hospital led to the design, implementation, and measurement of a regional anesthesia curriculum tailored to institutional specifications that was associated with positive Kirkpatrick outcomes.
Effect of flavour manipulation on ENDS (JUUL) users’ experiences, puffing behaviour and nicotine exposure among US college students
Authors: Vargas-Rivera Mayra , Ebrahimi Kalan Mohammad , Ward-Peterson Melissa , Osibogun Olatokunbo , Li Wei , Brown David , Eissenberg Thomas , Maziak Wasim 
Published: May 2020

SignificanceElectronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use has continued to increase exponentially among young people in the USA, with unique flavours being one of the most cited reasons for use. Yet, controlled studies examining the effects of restricting flavour are lacking. This study evaluates the impact of ENDS flavour manipulation on user’s puffing behaviour, subjective experience, harm perception and nicotine exposure among college-aged ENDS users.MethodsJUUL users (n=30, age 18 to 24 years) attended two 60 minad libitumENDS use sessions (JUUL preferred flavour vs JUUL classic tobacco flavour) in a cross-over design. Puff topography and plasma nicotine concentration were measured, and participants completed subjective experience questionnaires.ResultsIncreases were observed on measures of satisfaction, taste, enjoyment, urges to vape/smoke, pleasure, product appeal and increased concentration following using the preferred flavour pod (p values <0.05). Compared with preferred flavour, participants in the tobacco flavour were less motivated to use it in the future (70.9 vs 19.1 scores, p<0.001), even if it was the only product on the market (75.8 vs 30.7 scores, p<0.001). While nicotine levels significantly increased in both conditions from pre to post session (p values <0.001), no significant differences were observed in nicotine boost levels or on puff topography parameters when comparing both flavour conditions.ConclusionsThis pilot study provides evidence that ENDS flavours have a substantial effect in enhancing young current ENDS users’ experiences, product appeal and motivation to use the product in the future. It highlights that limiting flavours could play a potential role when designing strategic policies to reduce the appeal of ENDS use among young people.
Exposure to JUUL use: cue reactivity effects in young adult current and former smokers
Authors: Vena Ashley , Miloslavich Krista , Howe Meghan , Cao Dingcai , King Andrea C 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundExposure to the use of first, second and third generations of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) elicits the desire to vape and smoke among observers, as well as facilitates smoking behaviour. Given the rapid rise in the popularity of the pod mod JUUL, we examined whether observing the use of this device would elicit similar responses in smokers. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to determine whether JUUL can act as a smoking cue for former smokers.MethodsThe sample consisted of 82 young adult participants (62 current smokers and 20 former smokers approximately 1 year smoke free). The study examined their response to observing use of bottled water (control cue) and JUUL (active cue) in a controlled laboratory paradigm. Both cues were delivered by a trained study confederate under the guise of a social interaction task, and participants completed mood and desire and urge surveys precue and postcue exposures.ResultsIn current smokers, exposure to the JUUL cue increased smoking urge and desire for a cigarette, mod/vape pen and JUUL, and two-thirds chose to smoke in the behavioural analogue task. In former smokers, the JUUL cue evoked modest and transient increases in desire for a cigarette and JUUL.ConclusionsThe use of JUUL affects the user and elicits responses in observers; this study is the first to demonstrate that exposure to JUUL use may act as a smoking cue and exposure to JUUL use may affect tobacco control efforts.
Will 5.6 million current American youth eventually die from smoking? The anatomy of a commonly accepted tobacco control measure
Authors: Warner Kenneth E 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundAccording to the 2014 Surgeon General’s Report (SGR), ‘5.6 million (American) youth currently aged 0–17 years of age will die prematurely of a smoking-related illness.’ Advocates cite this number as evidence that smoking will exact an enormous toll for decades to come. This paper examines whether the projected toll accurately portrays smoking’s likely future burden.MethodsThe SGR estimate, using 2012 state-specific data, can be closely approximated using national data by multiplying the population ages 0–17 by 2012 smoking prevalence among adults ages 18–30, and multiplying that by 32%, the 1996 estimate by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the probability of future smoking-attributable mortality among young adult smokers. Repeating this process using 2018 data estimates the number of future deaths of youth ages 0–17 in 2018. A hypothetical estimate for 2024 assumes continuation of the 2012–2018 smoking prevalence decrease.FindingsBased on 2012 data, the estimated number of youth alive in 2012 who will die prematurely from smoking is 5.31 million. With lower young adult smoking prevalence in 2018, the future smoking-related mortality estimate is 3.66 million. For 2024, the estimate is 2.54 million.ConclusionsThe SGR estimate depended on assumptions that no longer held a few years later. Yet advocates for youth smoking prevention cite it frequently today. Considerations such as this paper’s calculations, decreasing smoking initiation rates, increasing cessation, better screening for and treatment of smoking-related diseases, and smoking’s increasing social unacceptability suggest that smoking’s death toll for today’s youth will be far lower than contemporary estimates. How much lower is virtually impossible to estimate.