bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Optic Nerve Cup-to-Disc Ratio and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Suspected Pediatric Glaucoma
Authors: Mocan Mehmet C. , Machen Lindsay , Jang Inae , Cao Dingcai 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the relationship between optic nerve cup-to-disc ratio and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in suspected pediatric glaucoma with large cup-to-disc ratios.

Methods:

This was a retrospective study undertaken at a single academic institution. Eighty-six eyes of 43 patients who presented with large (≥ 0.5) cup-to-disc ratios in both eyes and without elevated intraocular pressure were evaluated using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Global and sectoral peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements, Bruch's membrane opening size, refractive error in spherical equivalents, and intraocular pressure levels were recorded for all patients. Cup-to-disc ratios were manually derived using digital fundus images (D-cup-to-disc ratio). Parameters were compared between gender or race by
t
tests or analysis of variance. The differences in the relationship among the clinical parameters between two eyes were assessed using generalized estimation equation modeling followed by Pearson's correlation analysis.

Results:

Forty-three patients (25 boys and 18 girls) with a mean age of 9.3 ± 2.7 years (range: 5 to 15 years) were included. The mean global peripapillary RNFL thickness and the D-cup-to-disc ratio of study eyes were 99.0 ± 9.2 µm and 0.66 ± 0.03, respectively. The peripapillary RNFL thickness was found to be correlated with refractive error (
r
= 0.404;
P
= .008) and Bruch's membrane opening size (
r
= 0.410;
P
= .008) but not with cup-to-disc ratios (
r
= 0.029;
P
= .858) or patient age (
r
= −0.044;
P
= .797).

Conclusions:
In patients with suspected pediatric glaucoma who present with large cup-to-disc ratios, RNFL thickness does not correlate with the degree of optic nerve cupping. Myopic refractive errors and Bruch's membrane opening size need to be taken into consideration to prevent misinterpretation of peripapillary RNFL measurements.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(2):90–96.]
La dynamique du marché immobilier de la ville de Buenos Aires. Le cas de « Las Cañitas » (1991-2018)
Authors: Iulita Adrián C. 
Published: March 2020

L'avènement de la dictature civico-militaire en 1976 a inauguré une nouvelle étape sous la forme de « construction de la ville » en Argentine, et en particulier dans la ville autonome de Buenos Aires (CABA). Dans le présent travail, nous abordons le cas de « Las Cañitas », une zone de dix pâtés de maisons situés entre les quartiers de Palermo et de Belgrano, au nord de la ville autonome de Buenos Aires, qui ont muté avec cette « nouvelle » façon de construire la ville, à la fois dans sa structure sociale et urbaine. Nous analysons les processus qui ont permis l’émergence de cette « zone exclusive » dans la ville, depuis sa configuration comme un « pôle gastronomique à la mode » dans les années 1990 et, après la profonde crise de 2001, son positionnement en tant qu’objet privilégié au sein du marché immobilier de la ville.
Galectin-9 and VISTA Expression Define Terminally Exhausted T Cells in HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Shahbaz Shima , Dunsmore Garett , Koleva Petya , Xu Lai , Houston Stan , Elahi Shokrollah 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We report significant upregulation of Galectin-9 (Gal-9) and VISTA on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected human patients. Gal-9 and VISTA expression was associated with impaired T cells effector functions. Although Gal-9 was coexpressed with other coinhibitory receptors such as TIGIT, CD160, CD39, and VISTA, it was simultaneously coexpressed with PD-1. Coexpression of Gal-9 with PD-1 was associated with a more terminally exhausted T cell phenotype in HIV-1 patients. This was marked by higher expression of EOMES, blimp1, and Glut1 in Gal-9+ versus Gal-9− T cells, which is consistent with an exhausted T cell phenotype. Gal-9+ T cells exhibited the phenotype characteristics of effector T cells (CD45RA+, CD45RO-/lo, CD62L−, CD27lo) with higher T-bet expression. A positive correlation between the plasma viral load with the plasma Gal-9 levels in treatment-naive HIV patients and an inverse correlation between CD4 count with the frequency of CD4+Gal-9+ T cells were observed. Increased percentages of Gal-9+ T cells was evident in HIV-treated patients. Enhanced expression of Gal-9 on T cells following PMA stimulation via protein kinase C suggests persistent TCR stimulation as a potential contributing factor in Gal-9 upregulation in HIV patients. This was supported by the constant degranulation of Gal-9+ T cells. Moreover, CD44 clustering by Gal-9 may influence cytoskeleton rearrangement and coclustering of CD3, which likely impact initiation of signal transduction via TCR. Our preliminary data also confirm upregulation of Gal-9 on T cells in hepatitis B virus and HPV infections. These results demonstrate a novel role for Gal-9 and VISTA in HIV pathogenesis.
Análisis del equilibrio gráfico-narrativo presente en la experiencia interactiva de los videojuegos
Authors: Sancán Lapo Milton Elías 
Published: March 2020

<p>En este artículo se analizarán los conceptos que resultan de la combinación de narrativa interactiva y realismo gráfico en videojuegos. Su revisión es importante debido a la presencia de software como los motores de videojuegos o “game engines” que desde 1998 están al alcance de desarrolladores y público entusiasta. Muchos son gratuitos, sencillos de usar y con recursos para aprendizaje como videotutoriales. Sin embargo, se halló que estudios acerca del equilibrio gráfico y narrativo en videojuegos son escasos. Para este análisis se revisó documentación teórica, declaraciones de profesionales vinculados a la industria, y ejemplos de narrativa interactiva direccionada al entretenimiento en géneros de ficción y desde eventos reales. Se concluye que únicamente la narrativa o únicamente el realismo no activa una mejor experiencia global en videojuegos. A ese equilibrio se suma factores visuales y de interacción; cada uno con un peso diferente pero necesario según la temática y los objetivos de sus creadores.</p>
Modeling stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport on tropospheric ozone using hemispheric CMAQ during April 2010 – Part 1: Model evaluation and air mass characterization for stratosphere–troposphere transport
Authors: Itahashi Syuichi , Mathur Rohit , Hogrefe Christian , Zhang Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport have been recognized as a
potential source of tropospheric ozone over the US. The
state-of-the-science Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system
has recently been extended for hemispheric-scale modeling applications
(referred to as H-CMAQ). In this study, H-CMAQ is applied to study the
stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport during April 2010. The
results will be presented in two companion papers. In this Part 1 paper,
model evaluation for tropospheric ozone (O3) is presented. Observations
at the surface, by ozonesondes and airplane, and by satellite across the
Northern Hemisphere are used to evaluate the model performance for O3.
H-CMAQ is able to capture surface and boundary layer (defined as surface to
750 hPa) O3 with a normalized mean bias (NMB) of −10 %; however, a
systematic underestimation with an NMB up to −30 % is found in the free
troposphere (defined as 750–250 hPa). In addition, a new air mass
characterization method is developed to distinguish influences of
stratosphere–troposphere transport (STT) from the effects of photochemistry
on O3 levels. This method is developed based on the ratio of O3
and an inert tracer indicating stratospheric O3 to examine the
importance of photochemistry, and sequential intrusion from upper layer.
During April 2010, on a monthly average basis, the relationship between
surface O3 mixing ratios and estimated stratospheric air masses in the
troposphere show a slight negative slope, indicating that high surface
O3 values are primarily affected by other factors (i.e., emissions),
whereas this relationship shows a slight positive slope at elevated sites,
indicating that STT has a possible impact at elevated sites. STT shows large
day-to-day variations, and STT impacts can either originate from the same
air mass over the entire US with an eastward movement found during early
April, or stem from different air masses at different locations indicated
during late April. Based on this newly established air mass characterization
technique, this study can contribute to understanding the role of STT and
also the implied importance of emissions leading to high surface O3.
Further research focused on emissions is discussed in a subsequent paper (Part 2).
Modeling stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport on tropospheric ozone using hemispheric CMAQ during April 2010 – Part 2: Examination of emission impacts based on the higher-order decoupled direct method
Authors: Itahashi Syuichi , Mathur Rohit , Hogrefe Christian , Napelenok Sergey L. , Zhang Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The state-of-the-science Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling
system, which has recently been extended for hemispheric-scale modeling
applications (referred to as H-CMAQ), is applied to study the trans-Pacific
transport, a phenomenon recognized as a potential source of air pollution in
the US, during April 2010. The results of this analysis are presented in
two parts. In the previous paper (Part 1), model evaluation for tropospheric
ozone (O3) was presented and an air mass characterization method was
developed. Results from applying this newly established method pointed to
the importance of emissions as the factor to enhance the surface O3 mixing
ratio over the US. In this subsequent paper (Part 2), emission impacts are
examined based on mathematically rigorous sensitivity analysis using the
higher-order decoupled direct method (HDDM) implemented in H-CMAQ. The HDDM
sensitivity coefficients indicate the presence of a NOx-sensitive
regime during April 2010 over most of the Northern Hemisphere. By defining
emission source regions over the US and east Asia, impacts from these
emission sources are examined. At the surface, during April 2010, the
emission impacts of the US and east Asia are comparable over the western
US with a magnitude of about 3 ppbv impacts on monthly mean O3
all-hour basis, whereas the impact of domestic emissions dominates over the
eastern US with a magnitude of about 10 ppbv impacts on monthly mean
O3. The positive correlation (r=0.63) between surface O3 mixing
ratios and domestic emission impacts is confirmed. In contrast, the
relationship between surface O3 mixing ratios and emission impacts from
east Asia exhibits a flat slope when considering the entire US. However,
this relationship has strong regional differences between the western and
eastern US; the western region exhibits a positive correlation
(r=0.36–0.38), whereas the latter exhibits a flat slope (r < 0.1).
Based on the comprehensive evaluation of H-CMAQ, we extend the sensitivity
analysis for O3 aloft. The results reveal the significant impacts of
emissions from east Asia on the free troposphere (defined as 750 to 250 hPa)
over the US (impacts of more than 5 ppbv) and the dominance of
stratospheric air mass on upper model layer (defined as 250 to 50 hPa) over
the US (impacts greater than 10 ppbv). Finally, we estimate changes of
trans-Pacific transport by taking into account recent emission trends from
2010 to 2015 assuming the same meteorological condition. The analysis
suggests that the impact of recent emission changes on changes in the
contribution of trans-Pacific transport to US O3 levels was
insignificant at the surface level and was small (less than 1 ppbv) over the free troposphere.
S5P TROPOMI NO2 slant column retrieval: method, stability, uncertainties and comparisons with OMI
Authors: van Geffen Jos , Boersma K. Folkert , Eskes Henk , Sneep Maarten , ter Linden Mark , Zara Marina , Veefkind J. Pepijn 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), aboard the Sentinel-5
Precursor (S5P) satellite, launched on 13 October 2017, provides
measurements of atmospheric trace gases and of cloud and aerosol properties
at an unprecedented spatial resolution of
approximately 7×3.5 km2 (approx. 5.5×3.5 km2
as of 6 August 2019), achieving near-global coverage in 1 d. The retrieval of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations is a
three-step procedure: slant column density (SCD) retrieval, separation of the
SCD in its stratospheric and tropospheric components, and conversion of
these into vertical column densities. This study focusses on the TROPOMI NO2 SCD retrieval:
the retrieval method used, the stability of the SCDs and the SCD
uncertainties, and a comparison with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 SCDs. The statistical uncertainty, based on the spatial variability of the SCDs
over a remote Pacific Ocean sector, is 8.63 µmol m−2 for all
pixels (9.45 µmol m−2 for clear-sky pixels), which is very
stable over time and some 30 % less than the long-term average over
OMI–QA4ECV data (since the pixel size reduction TROPOMI uncertainties are
∼8 % larger). The SCD uncertainty reported by the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) fit is about 10 % larger
than the statistical uncertainty, while for OMI–QA4ECV the DOAS uncertainty
is some 20 % larger than its statistical uncertainty. Comparison of the SCDs themselves over the Pacific Ocean, averaged over 1 month, shows that TROPOMI is about 5 % higher than OMI–QA4ECV, which seems
to be due mainly to the use of the so-called intensity offset correction in
OMI–QA4ECV but not in TROPOMI: turning that correction off means about 5 %
higher SCDs. The row-to-row variation in the SCDs of TROPOMI, the “stripe amplitude”, is
2.15 µmol m−2, while for OMI–QA4ECV it is a factor of
∼2 (∼5) larger in 2005 (2018); still, a so-called stripe
correction of this non-physical across-track variation is useful for TROPOMI
data. In short, TROPOMI shows a superior performance compared with OMI–QA4ECV
and operates as anticipated from instrument specifications. The TROPOMI data used in this study cover 30 April 2018 up to
31 January 2020.
Population dynamics of modern planktonic foraminifera in the western Barents Sea
Authors: Meilland Julie , Howa Hélène , Hulot Vivien , Demangel Isaline , Salaün Joëlle , Garlan Thierry 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This study reports on diversity and distribution of planktonic foraminifera (PF) in the Barents Sea Opening (BSO). Populations of PF living in late
summer (collected by means of stratified plankton tows) and recently deposited individuals (sampled by interface corer) were compared. High
abundances reaching up to 400 ind.m-3 in tow samples and 8000 ind.m-3 in surface sediments were recorded in the centre of
the studied area while low abundances were observed in coastal areas, likely due to continental influences. The living and core-top assemblages are
mainly composed of the same four species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Neogloboquadrina incompta, Turborotalita quinqueloba and
Globigerinita uvula. The two species G. uvula and T. quinqueloba dominate the upper water column, whereas surface
sediment assemblages display particularly high concentrations of N. pachyderma. The unusual dominance of G. uvula in the water
sample assemblages compared to its low proportion in surface sediments might be the signature of (1) a seasonal signal due to summer phytoplankton
composition changes at the BSO, linked to the increase in summer temperature at the study site, and/or (2) a signal of a larger timescale and wider
geographical reach phenomenon reflecting poleward temperate/subpolar species migration and consecutive foraminiferal assemblage diversification at
high latitudes due to global change. Protein concentrations were measured on single specimens and used as a proxy of individual carbon
biomass. Specimens of all species show the same trend, a northward decrease in their size-normalized-protein concentration. This suggests that
foraminiferal biomass is potentially controlled by different constituents of their organelles (e.g. lipids). The coupling of data from plankton
tows, protein measurements and surface sediments allows us to hypothesize that PF dynamics (seasonality and distribution) are decoupled from their
metabolism.
The pH-based ecological coherence of active canonical methanotrophs in paddy soils
Authors: Zhao Jun , Cai Yuanfeng , Jia Zhongjun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Soil pH is considered one of the main determinants of the
assembly of globally distributed microorganisms that catalyze the
biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). However, direct
evidence for niche specialization of microorganisms in association with soil
pH is still lacking. Using methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) as a
model system of C cycling, we show that pH is potentially the key driving
force selecting for canonical γ (type I) and α (type II)
methanotrophs in rice paddy soils. DNA-based stable isotope probing
(DNA-SIP) was combined with high-throughput sequencing to reveal the
taxonomic identities of active methanotrophs in physiochemically contrasting
soils from six different paddy fields across China. Following microcosm
incubation amended with 13CH4, methane was primarily consumed by Methylocystis-affiliated
type II methanotrophs in soils with a relatively low pH (5.44–6.10), whereas
Methylobacter- or Methylosarcina-affiliated type I methanotrophs dominated methane consumption in soils
with a high pH (7.02–8.02). Consumption of 13CH4 contributed
0.203 % to 1.25 % of soil organic C, but no significant difference was
observed between high-pH and low-pH soils. The fertilization of ammonium
nitrate resulted in no significant changes in the compositions of
13C-labeled methanotrophs in the soils, although significant inhibition
of methane oxidation activity was consistently observed in low-pH soils.
Mantel analysis further validated that soil pH, rather than other parameters
tested, had significant correlation to the variation in active
methanotrophic compositions across different rice paddy soils. These results
suggest that soil pH might have played a pivotal role in mediating the niche
differentiation of ecologically important aerobic methanotrophs in
terrestrial ecosystems and imply the importance of such niche specialization
in regulating methane emissions in paddy fields following increasingly
intensified input of anthropogenic N fertilizers.
Scars in the abyss: reconstructing sequence, location and temporal change of the 78 plough tracks of the 1989 DISCOL deep-sea disturbance experiment in the Peru Basin
Authors: Gausepohl Florian , Hennke Anne , Schoening Timm , Köser Kevin , Greinert Jens 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. High-resolution optical and hydro-acoustic sea floor data acquired in 2015
enabled the reconstruction and exact localization of disturbance tracks of a
past deep-sea recolonization experiment (DISCOL) that was conducted in 1989
in the Peru Basin during a German environmental impact study associated with
manganese-nodule mining. Based on this information, the disturbance level of
the experiment regarding the direct plough impact and distribution and
redeposition of sediment from the evolving sediment plume was assessed
qualitatively. The compilation of all available optical and acoustic data
sets available from the DISCOL Experimental Area (DEA) and the derived
accurate positions of the different plough marks facilitate the analysis of
the sedimentary evolution over the last 26 years for a sub-set of the 78
disturbance tracks. The results highlight the remarkable difference between
natural sedimentation in the deep sea and sedimentation of a resettled
sediment plume; most of the blanketing of the plough tracks happened through
the resettling of plume sediment from plough tracks created later. Generally
sediment plumes are seen as one of the important impacts associated with
potential Mn-nodule mining. For enabling a better evaluation and interpretation of particularly
geochemical and microbiological data, a relative age sequence of single
plough marks and groups of them was derived and is presented here. This is
important as the thickness of resettled sediment differs distinctly between plough marks created earlier and later. Problems in data processing became eminent for data from the late 1980s, at a
time when GPS was just invented and underwater navigation was in an infant
stage. However, even today the uncertainties of underwater navigation need
to be considered if a variety of acoustical and optical sensors with
different resolution should be merged to correlate accurately with the
absolute geographic position. In this study, the ship-based bathymetric map
was used as the absolute geographic reference layer and a workflow was applied
for geo-referencing all the other data sets of the DISCOL Experimental Area
until the end of 2015. New high-resolution field data were mainly acquired with
sensors attached to GEOMAR's AUV Abyss and the 0.5∘ × 1∘ EM122
multibeam system of RV Sonne during cruise SO242-1. Legacy data from the
1980s and 1990s first needed to be found and compiled before they could be
digitized and properly geo-referenced for our joined analyses.
Soil moisture and matric potential – an open field comparison of sensor systems
Authors: Jackisch Conrad , Germer Kai , Graeff Thomas , Andrä Ines , Schulz Katrin , Schiedung Marcus , Haller-Jans Jaqueline , Schneider Jonas , Jaquemotte Julia , Helmer Philipp , Lotz Leander , Bauer Andreas , Hahn Irene , Šanda Martin , Kumpan Monika , Dorner Johann , de Rooij Gerrit , Wessel-Bothe Stefan , Kottmann Lorenz , Schittenhelm Siegfried , Durner Wolfgang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Soil water content and matric potential are central hydrological state variables. A large variety of automated probes and sensor systems for state monitoring exist and are frequently applied. Most applications solely rely on the calibration by the manufacturers. Until now, there has been no commonly agreed-upon calibration procedure. Moreover, several opinions about the capabilities and reliabilities of specific sensing methods or sensor systems exist and compete. A consortium of several institutions conducted a comparison study of currently available sensor systems for soil water content and matric potential under field conditions. All probes were installed at 0.2 m b.s. (metres below surface), following best-practice procedures. We present the set-up and the recorded data of 58 probes of 15 different systems measuring soil moisture and 50 further probes of 14 different systems for matric potential. We briefly discuss the limited coherence of the measurements in a cross-correlation analysis. The measuring campaign was conducted during the growing period of 2016. The monitoring data, results from pedophysical analyses of the soil and laboratory reference measurements for calibration are published in Jackisch et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.892319).