bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking earned income, psychological capital and social grant dependency: empirical evidence from rural KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and implications for policy
Authors: Chipfupa U. , Wale E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the motivation that smallholders have for working and earning their livelihood is critical in enhancing the effectiveness of agricultural policies. This is especially important in a country like South Africa where social grant is an important source of unearned income. The study sought to find out what affects smallholders’ motivation to work by assessing the relationship between earned income, psychological capital and social grant dependency. We use data from 458 smallholders in four irrigation communities in rural KwaZulu-Natal and employ a complementary loglog fractional response model to analyse the data. The study revealed that endowment with positive psychological capital, gender, membership to an irrigation scheme and land ownership positively affect smallholders’ propensity to earn their livelihoods from farm and non-farm income. Social grant support and dependency ratio negatively affect the same. The findings support the thesis that, if not properly managed, social transfers can have a negative impact on smallholders’ motivation to work and earn their livelihoods, resulting in a dependency syndrome. Depending on the context, spatial differences can either positively or negatively affect farmers’ motivation to work. In conclusion, limited focus on the human and social capital development and hence psychological capital affect smallholders’ propensity to work. Small-scale irrigation schemes remain a viable option for increasing employment and incomes in the sector, whilst social and cultural norms continue to reduce women’s ability to engage in economic activities. The paper recommends the need to recognise the critical importance of psychological capital (mindset), streamline and improve targeting of social grant support, promote smallholder irrigation and invest in the infrastructure that enhances participation of women in economic activities.
A benchmark example for delamination growth predictions based on the Single Leg Bending specimen under fatigue loading
Authors: Krueger Ronald , Deobald Lyle , Gu Haozhong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAnalysis benchmarking is used to evaluate new algorithms for automated VCCT-based delamination growth analysis. First, existing benchmark cases based on the Single Leg Bending (SLB) specimen for crack propagation prediction under quasi-static loading are summarized. Second, the development of new SLB-based benchmark cases to assess the static and fatigue growth prediction capabilities under mixed-mode I/II conditions is discussed in detail. Additionally, a scheme is proposed to interpolate between known fatigue delamination growth rates to obtain values for mixed-mode ratios for which data has not been defined in the input. Further, a comparison is presented, in which the benchmark cases are used to assess new analysis tools in ABAQUS/Standard FD03. These recently implemented tools yield results that are in good agreement with the benchmark examples. The ability to assess the implementation of new methods in one finite element code illustrates the value of establishing benchmark solutions.
Characterization of charcoal and firewood ash for use in African peri-urban agriculture
Authors: Neina Dora , Faust Sibylle , Joergensen Rainer Georg 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Ample quantities of ashes generated from domestic biomass energy combustion in Ghanaian kitchens are currently disposed of despite their potential agricultural value. This study aimed to investigate the potential agricultural value of charcoal and firewood ashes in terms of differences in the chemical and mineralogical compositions, and to identify the suitability of aqua regia, H2SO4, vinegar and distilled water to extract plant nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P). The chemical compositions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after extractions with aqua regia, H2SO4, vinegar and distilled water while mineralogy was determined by X-ray powder diffraction.

Results
The charcoal ash had 0.2 units, 13 ds m−1, and 7% higher (P < 0.05) pH, EC, and CCE, respectively, than the firewood ash, whereas the latter had 6, 17, 43, and 139 µg g−1 higher (P < 0.05) As, Cu, Mg, and Zn contents, respectively, and more minerals with 86% being Mg-rich. Calcite and calcium oxide were the dominant minerals occurring in both ashes followed by calcium manganate (CaMnO3). Aqua regia and vinegar were suitable for Ca, acidic solutions for Mg, H2SO4 and aqua regia for P with Na and K being virtually soluble in all solutions. Lead, Mn, Ni, and Zn had values in the order of hundreds.

Conclusions
Although the ashes differ, they both contain trace elements whose bioavailability may differ and may not necessarily lead to plant uptake after field application. This offers an opportunity for further research into the threshold trace element contents of wood ash and their relationship with plant uptake in different soil pH and soil types.
Immunomodulation for maxillofacial reconstructive surgery
Authors: Kim Seong-Gon 
Published: March 2020

AbstractImmunomodulation is a technique for the modulation of immune responses against graft material to improve surgical success rates. The main target cell for the immunomodulation is a macrophage because it is the reaction site of the graft and controls the healing process. Macrophages can be classified into M1 and M2 types. Most immunomodulation techniques focus on the rapid differentiation of M2-type macrophage. An M2 inducer, 4-hexylresorcinol, has been recently identified and is used for bone grafts and dental implant coatings.
Medico-legal evaluation and trend of the different patterns of maxillofacial fractures concomitant with closed head injury in Upper Egypt: retrospective study
Authors: El Shehaby Doaa M. , Farahat Alsayed Magdi Alsayed , Shahine Mohammed S. , Mohammed Heba M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Maxillofacial fractures are of great medico-legal implications because they are of common occurrence with other injuries, predominantly head injuries that might involve serious esthetic and functional problems, and so clinically described as consequential injuries. The aims were to assess the medico-legal aspects of maxillofacial fractured cases concomitant with closed head injury over a 6-year period (2011–2016) in the Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt, and to evaluate the demographic feature and the trend of different patterns of such fractures.

Patient and methods
A descriptive hospital-based study included all cases of maxillofacial fractures combined with closed head injury attending the Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospitals in the period of January 2011 to December 2016.

Results
The study included 1221 cases, the percent of maxillofacial fractures with a closed head injury was 4%, the age group 18–40 years was having the highest incidence, and mean age was 25.9 ± 15.3 years with male to female ratio of 7:1. Road traffic accidents were the main etiology of injury (69.7%), followed by falls (15.1%) and violent assaults (10.2%) while firearm injuries were the last (5%). Unintentional injuries were the commonest in 83.1% followed by homicidal (16.3%); only 7 cases were due to suicidal attacks. The mandibular fracture was the commonest (49.7%) followed by fracture maxilla (19.2%), fracture zygoma (16.8%), and lastly frontal bone and nasal fracture. The trend of maxillofacial fractures over the 6-year period tended to be increased with the highest number in 2011 (21.5%) and the lowest in 2014 (13.3%).

Conclusion
Maxillofacial fracture with a closed head injury in Upper Egypt is common in the middle age with male predominance. Road traffic accident is the main etiologic factor, and accidental trauma is the commonest manner. Mandibular fractures are the commonest pattern followed by fracture maxilla. Traumatic head injuries in cases of maxillofacial fractures were mild in about half of the cases. The trend of maxillofacial fractures over the 6-year period of the study (2011–2016) tended to be increased with the highest number in 2011 and the lowest in 2014.
Metagenomic analysis suggests broad metabolic potential in extracellular symbionts of the bivalve Thyasira cf. gouldi
Authors: McCuaig Bonita , Peña-Castillo Lourdes , Dufour Suzanne C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Next-generation sequencing has opened new avenues for studying metabolic capabilities of bacteria that cannot be cultured. Here, we provide a metagenomic description of chemoautotrophic gammaproteobacterial symbionts associated with Thyasira cf. gouldi, a sediment-dwelling bivalve from the family Thyasiridae. Thyasirid symbionts differ from those of other bivalves by being extracellular, and recent work suggests that they are capable of living freely in the environment.

Results
Thyasira cf. gouldi symbionts appear to form mixed, non-clonal populations in the host, show no signs of genomic reduction and contain many genes that would only be useful outside the host, including flagellar and chemotaxis genes. The thyasirid symbionts may be capable of sulfur oxidation via both the sulfur oxidation and reverse dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathways, as observed in other bivalve symbionts. In addition, genes for hydrogen oxidation and dissimilatory nitrate reduction were found, suggesting varied metabolic capabilities under a range of redox conditions. The genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are also present, along with membrane bound sugar importer channels, suggesting that the bacteria may be mixotrophic.

Conclusions
In this study, we have generated the first thyasirid symbiont genomic resources. In Thyasira cf. gouldi, symbiont populations appear non-clonal and encode genes for a plethora of metabolic capabilities; future work should examine whether symbiont heterogeneity and metabolic breadth, which have been shown in some intracellular chemosymbionts, are signatures of extracellular chemosymbionts in bivalves.
Adherence to antihypertensive fixed-dose combination among Egyptian patients presenting with essential hypertension
Authors: Hassanein Mahmoud 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Many patients with hypertension require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure control. They are prescribed with fixed-dose combination (FDC) antihypertensive therapy rather than monotherapies. Although it is commonly admitted that the use of FDC may improve compliance to treatment, adherence rates in patients receiving FDCs have not been documented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the adherence to treatment in patients receiving FDCs of antihypertensive medications in a real-world setting in Egypt.

Results
We conducted a multi-center cross-sectional study over a period of 1 year from Jan 2017 to Jan 2018. We included patients above 21 years old with essential hypertension who were already prescribed with an FDC of antihypertensive treatment for at least 3-month duration. We assessed the adherence to treatment by patient self-assessment using the Morisky 8-Item Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS 8).
This study enrolled 2000 hypertensive Egyptian patients. The mean age of enrolled patients was 55.8 ± 10.9 years. Male to female ratio was 1.08. The mean MMAS score was 6.5 ± 1.9. Our analysis showed that 825 (41.3%) patients reached high adherence score, 523 (26.2%) medium adherence, and 652 (32.6%) low adherence.
Furthermore, Male patients showed higher adherence rate than females (56.4% versus 43.6%, p < 0.001). Out of 746 patients with controlled blood pressure (< 140/90), 387 (51.9%) patients were highly adherent to treatment. Higher level of education was significantly associated with high adherence rate; 559 (67.8%) patients were university graduates, 232 (28.1%) had primary/secondary school education, and 34 (4.1%) were illiterate (p < 0.001).
Moreover, once daily (99.2%) fixed-dose combination was associated with higher adherence rate than twice regimen daily (0.8%), p = 0.03. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with high level of education, employed patients, and patients with controlled blood pressure have high adherence rate to medication.

Conclusions
Higher adherence to medication is associated with high level of education and employment, and it can lead to better blood pressure control. Thus, patient education programs may increase patients’ adherence to their medication.
Accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in monitoring therapeutic response and detection of loco-regional recurrence and metastatic deposits of colorectal cancer in comparison to CT
Authors: Hetta Waleed , Niazi Gamal , Abdelbary Mohammed H. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
The study shows the role of PET/CT in monitoring response to therapy in colorectal cancer as well as detection of loco-regional recurrence and metastatic deposits hence guiding the clinician to the proper management strategy. Sixty patients (41male and 19 female) were included in our study. All patients are pathologically proven colorectal cancer. They had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT for follow up post-therapeutic (operative, and/or chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy) follow up for metastatic or recurrent colorectal cancer during the period from September 2015 to August 2017.

Results
Our study demonstrated that FDG PET/CT is highly sensitive and specific in assessing local recurrence and distant metastasis in patient with pathologically proved colorectal cancer, with sensitivity 95.45%, specificity 97.3%, and accuracy 96.7% in detection of local recurrence; and sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 100% in detection of hepatic metastasis as well as in detection of nodal metastasis.

Conclusion
FDG PET/CT is an accurate modality in the treatment plan of cancer colon in monitoring therapeutic response as well as defining their local extent and distant metastatic disease thus provides valuable information that is very helpful in the clinical decision-making process.
High-quality marine shale reservoir prediction in the lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Xu Shang , Hao Fang , Zhang Yuanyin , Gou Qiyang 
Published: March 2020

For the lower Silurian Longmaxi marine shale reservoir in the Jiaoshiba area, Sichuan Basin, China, the traditional P-impedance ([Formula: see text]) is insensitive for predicting good reservoirs. As an integral indicator of borehole radioactivity that is substantially corresponding to the organic richness, the uranium curve is qualified to identify the abundance of organic matter. Therefore, to efficiently comprehend the shale distribution in the Jiaoshiba area, we have adopted a so-called pseudo-P-impedance ([Formula: see text]), which is constructed from the P-impedance and the uranium (U) log and spatially computed from impedance inversion of the zero-offset seismic. The [Formula: see text] log shows an obvious correlation with the organic richness of the shale. The thickness of the high-quality shale derived from the inverted [Formula: see text] cube shows a higher correlation with the log data compared to the traditional P-impedance cube. The distribution of predicted high-quality shale is strongly influenced by the fault systems: (1) Although the fault development zone might lead to a distorted image of the seismic and weak shale evaluation, the shale gas cannot be efficiently preserved in these places, and (2) high-quality shale reservoirs are mainly distributed in the not-faulted area and show a general northeast–southwest trend. Generally, the introduced [Formula: see text] inversion is suitable for the seismic frequency range and could be applied to other similar exploration areas.
Medicines adherence in respiratory disease
Authors: Scullion Jane 
Published: March 2020

Adherence is the term currently used to describe a patient following prescribed or suggested treatment regimens. Jane Scullion looks at this concept in those with respiratory disease In respiratory diseases, there are good pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions that can improve symptoms, health status and quality of life for many, and in some cases transform and even save lives. What is not in place is a robust method for ensuring that the therapies and interventions that are prescribed or advised can and will be taken as instructed, and we call this nonadherence. This article looks at medicines adherence, using examples from respiratory diseases and their treatments, discussing what what is meant by it, the reasons it remains problematic, and what could be done about it in respiratory prescribing.
Precision Agriculture and Irrigation: Current U.S. Perspectives
Authors: Evett Steven R. , O’Shaughnessy Susan A. , Andrade Manuel A. , Kustas William P. , Anderson M.  C. , Schomberg H.  H. , Thompson A. 
Published: March 2020

Highlights.Precision agriculture (PA) applications in irrigation are stymied by lack of decision support systems.Modern PA relies on sensor systems and near real-time feedback for irrigation decision support and control.Sophisticated understanding of biophysics and biological systems now guides site-specific irrigation.The internet of things (IOT) enables new ways to increase yield per unit of water used and nutrient use efficiency. Keywords: Crop water productivity, Decision support system, Internet of things, Remote sensing, SCADA, Soil water content.
Perspectives on Global Water Security
Authors: Harmel R. Daren , Chaubey Indrajeet , Ale Srinivasulu , Nejadhashemi A. Pouyan , Irmak Suat , DeJonge Kendall C. , Evett Steven R. , Barnes Edward M. , Catley-Carlson Margaret , Hunt Sherry , Mani Indra 
Published: March 2020

HighlightsASABE and ISAE convened the Global Water Security Conference for Agriculture and Natural Resources in Hyderabad, India, in 2018.Recommendations represent collective contribution of attendees and presenters in seven key priorities.Continuation of a narrow focus on technical aspects will likely prevent the success of technical solutions.Scientists and engineers should work together across all disciplines and boundaries to ensure global water security. Keywords: Climate change, Crop water productivity, Food security, Irrigation efficiency, Natural resource policy, Wastewater reuse, Water resource infrastructure, Water scarcity.
Risley-prism-based visual tracing method for robot guidance
Authors: Li Anhu , Li Qiao , Deng Zhaojun , Zhang Yang 
Published: March 2020

A visual tracing model based on Risley prisms is proposed in this paper. Combined with the boresight adjusting technology and the visual detection technology, a new visual system is established. Placing Risley prisms in front of the camera, the field of view of the camera can be dynamically adjusted so that the imageable area of this camera is expanded greatly. Two real-time visual tracing strategies for dynamic targets are proposed, which effectively avoid the problems of target loss and tracking instability. The deviations between the reference trajectory generated by the manipulator and the actual trajectory detected by our visual system are measured. Experimental results show that the deviations are less than 1.5% in the 250 mm motion space of the manipulator. It is verified that the visual system can be used to guide robots with high precision, which provides a potential method for robot navigation.
Direct generation of the lowest-order vortex beam using a spot defect mirror in the ultraviolet region
Authors: Uesugi Yuuki , Kozawa Yuichi , Sato Shunichi 
Published: March 2020

The creation of ultraviolet optical vortex beams with the topological charge of

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l
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at the wavelength of 325 nm was demonstrated from a He–Cd metal vapor laser with a spot defect mirror. The measured

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2

factor was close to the theoretical value of two of the

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01

Laguerre–Gaussian mode. Some interference experiments showed that the obtained vortex beams were stable enough for practical applications such as holographic lithography.
Intersections of Projections and Slicing Theorems for the Isotropic Grassmannian and the Heisenberg group
Authors: Román-García Fernando 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the Hausdorff dimension of the intersection of isotropic projections of subsets of ℝ2n, as well as dimension of intersections of sets with isotropic planes. It is shown that ifAandBare Borel subsets of ℝ2nof dimension greater than m, then for a positive measure set of isotropic m-planes, the intersection of the images ofAandBunder orthogonal projections onto these planes have positive Hausdorffm-measure. In addition, ifAis a measurable set of Hausdorff dimension greater thanm, then there is a setB⊂ ℝ2nwith dimB⩽msuch that for allx∈ ℝ2n\Bthere is a positive measure set of isotropic m-planes for which the translate byxof the orthogonal complement of each such plane, intersectsAon a set of dimension dimA – m. These results are then applied to obtain analogous results on thenthHeisenberg group.
A proposed algorithm for analysing heart sounds and calculating their time intervals
Authors: Eesee Abdulrahman K. , Qassim Hassan M. , Aziz Mothanna Sh. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Heart sounds play a crucial role in the clinical assessment of patients. Stethoscopes are used for detecting heart sounds and diagnosing potential abnormal conditions. However, several parameters of the cardiac sounds cannot be extracted by traditional stethoscopes. This paper presents a proposed algorithm based on peaks detection. Besides its ability of filtering the heart sounds signals, the time intervals of these sounds in addition to the heart rate were calculated by the proposed algorithm in an efficient way. Signals of the heart sounds from two sources were used to evaluate the efficiency of the algorithm. The first source was the data recorded from 14 participants, whereas the second source was the free data set sponsored by PASCAL. The algorithm showed different performance accuracy for detecting the main heart sounds based on the source of the data used in the study. The accuracy was 93.6% when using the data recorded from the first source, whereas it was 76.194% for the data of the second source.
How do CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 genetic polymorphisms affect the efficacy and safety of diazepam in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome?
Authors: Skryabin Valentin Yu , Zastrozhin Mikhail S. , Torrado Marco V. , Grishina Elena A. , Ryzhikova Kristina A. , Shipitsyn Valery V. , Galaktionova Tatiana E. , Sorokin Alexander S. , Bryun Evgeny A. , Sychev Dmitry A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundDiazepam is one of the most commonly prescribed tranquilizers for therapy of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Despite its popularity, there is currently no precise information on the effect of genetic polymorphisms on its efficacy and safety. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 genetic polymorphisms on the efficacy and safety of diazepam in patients with AWS.MethodsThe study was conducted on 30 Russian male patients suffering from the AWS who received diazepam in injections at a dosage of 30.0 mg/day for 5 days. The efficacy and safety assessment was performed using psychometric scales and scales for assessing the severity of adverse drug reactions.ResultsBased on the results of the study, we revealed the differences in the efficacy of therapy in patients with different CYP2C19 681G>A (CYP2C19*2,rs4244285) genotypes: (CYP2C19*1/*1) −8.5 [−15.0; −5.0], (CYP2C19*1/*2andCYP2C19*2/*2) −12.0 [−13.0; −9.0], p = 0.021. The UKU scale scores, which were used to evaluate the safety of therapy, were also different: (CYP2C19*1/*1) 7.0 [6.0; 12.0], (CYP2C19*1/*2andCYP2C19*2/*2) 9.5 [8.0; 11.0], p = 0.009. Patients carrying different CYP2C19 –806C>T (CYP2C19*17,rs12248560) genotypes also demonstrated differences in therapy efficacy and safety rates.ConclusionsThus, the effects of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 genetic polymorphisms on the efficacy of diazepam were demonstrated.