bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Role for Subducted Oceanic Crust in Generating the Depleted Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalt Mantle
Authors: Tucker Jonathan M. , van Keken Peter E. , Jones Rosemary E. , Ballentine Chris J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe composition of Earth's mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust continuously evolve in response to the dynamic forces of plate tectonics and mantle convection. The classical view of terrestrial geochemistry, where mid‐ocean ridges sample mantle previously depleted by continental crust extraction, broadly explains the composition of the oceanic and continental crust but is potentially inconsistent with observed slab subduction to the lower mantle and oceanic crust accumulation in the deep mantle. We develop a box model to explore the key processes controlling crust‐mantle chemical evolution. The model mimics behaviors observed in thermochemical convection simulations including subducted oceanic crust separating and accumulating in the deep mantle. We demonstrate that oceanic crust accumulation strongly depletes the mantle independently of continental crust extraction. Slab stalling depths and continental crust recycling rates also affect the extent and location of mantle depletion. We constrain model regimes that reproduce oceanic and continental crust compositions using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. Some regimes deplete the lower mantle more than the upper mantle, contradicting the assumption of a more enriched lower mantle. All regimes require oceanic crust accumulation in the mantle. Though a small fraction of the mantle mass, accumulated oceanic crust can sequester trace element budgets exceeding the continental crust, depleting the mantle more than continental crust extraction alone. Oceanic crust accumulation may therefore be as important as continental crust extraction in depleting the mantle, contradicting the paradigmatic complementarity of depleted mantle and continental crust. Instead, depleted mantle is complementary to continental crust plus sequestered oceanic crust.
Altered interhemispheric synchrony in Parkinson’s disease patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias
Authors: Gan Caiting , Wang Min , Si Qianqian , Yuan Yongsheng , Zhi Yan , Wang Lina , Ma Kewei , Zhang Kezhong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLevodopa-induced dyskinesias are common motor complication of Parkinson’s disease after 4–6 years of treatment. The hallmarks of dyskinesias include unilateral onset and the tendency to appear on the more affected body sides. There is a growing literature documenting the lateralization abnormalities are associated with the emergence of dyskinesias. Our investigation aimed to explore interhemispheric functional and its corresponding morphological asymmetry. A total of 22 dyskinetic patients, 23 nondyskinetic patients, and 26 controls were enrolled. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed twice before and after dopaminergic medication. Voxel-mirrored Homotopic Connectivity (VMHC) and Freesurfer were employed to assess the synchronicity of functional connectivity and structural alternations between hemispheres. During OFF state, dyskinetic patients showed desynchronization of inferior frontal cortex (IFC) when compared to nondyskinetic patients. And during ON state, dyskinetic patients showed desynchronization of IFC and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) when compared to nondyskinetic patients. However, there was no corresponding significant asymmetries in cortical thickness. Moreover, the degree of desynchronization of IFC and pre-SMA in dyskinetic pateients during ON state were negatively correlated with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) scores. Notably, among patients who showed asymmetrical dyskinesias, there was a significant negative correlation between VMHC values of IFC and dyskinesias symptom asymmetry. Our findings suggested that uncoordinated inhibitory control over motor circuits may underlie the neural mechanisms of dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease and be related to its severity and lateralization.
A new climate data record of upper-tropospheric humidity from microwave observations
Authors: Lang Theresa , Buehler Stefan A. , Burgdorf Martin , Hans Imke , John Viju O. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe generated a new Climate Data Record (CDR) of Upper Tropospheric Humidity (UTH) based on observations from the microwave sounders Special Sensor Microwave Temperature - 2 (SSMT-2), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit - B (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS). The data record covers the time period between 1994 and 2017 and provides monthly mean 183.31 ± 1 GHz brightness temperatures and derived UTH along with estimates of measurement uncertainty on a 1° × 1° latitude-longitude grid covering the tropical region (30° S to 30° N). For the UTH retrieval we introduce a new definition of UTH. Forgoing the use of the humidity Jacobian as a weighting function, it is easier to apply than the traditional definition without compromising the retrieval accuracy. The same definition can be used to derive UTH from infrared observations, allowing for a more synergistic use of infrared and microwave UTH in the future. The new UTH CDR is validated against an existing UTH data record.
Laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing dataset for benchmarking of enhanced geothermal system simulation tools
Authors: Deb Paromita , Düber Stephan , Guarnieri Calo’ Carducci Carlo , Clauser Christoph 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSuccessful design of enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) requires accurate numerical simulation of hydraulic stimulation processes in the subsurface. To ensure correct prediction, the underlying model assumptions and constitutive relationships of simulators need to be verified against experimental datasets. With the aim of generating laboratory-scale benchmark datasets, a state-of-the-art testing facility was developed, allowing for experiments under controlled conditions. Samples of size 30 cm × 30 cm × 45 cm were subjected to confining stresses while high-pressure fluid was injected into the sample through a pre-drilled borehole, where a saw-cut notch was used to initiate a penny-shaped fracture. Fracture growth and propagation was monitored by measuring pressure data and acoustic emissions detected using 32 seismic sensors. Subsequently, samples were split along the fracture plane to outline the created fracture marked by a red-dyed injection fluid. Finally, a 2D fracture contour was generated using photogrammetry. Presented datasets, accessible via a public repository, include experiments on granite and marble samples. They can be used for verifying and improving numerical codes for field stimulation designs.
A network-based microfoundation of Granovetter’s threshold model for social tipping
Authors: Wiedermann Marc , Smith E. Keith , Heitzig Jobst , Donges Jonathan F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSocial tipping, where minorities trigger larger populations to engage in collective action, has been suggested as one key aspect in addressing contemporary global challenges. Here, we refine Granovetter’s widely acknowledged theoretical threshold model of collective behavior as a numerical modelling tool for understanding social tipping processes and resolve issues that so far have hindered such applications. Based on real-world observations and social movement theory, we group the population into certain or potential actors, such that – in contrast to its original formulation – the model predicts non-trivial final shares of acting individuals. Then, we use a network cascade model to explain and analytically derive that previously hypothesized broad threshold distributions emerge if individuals become active via social interaction. Thus, through intuitive parameters and low dimensionality our refined model is adaptable to explain the likelihood of engaging in collective behavior where social-tipping-like processes emerge as saddle-node bifurcations and hysteresis.
Microinjection induces changes in the transcriptome of bovine oocytes
Authors: Tan Minjie , van Tol Helena T. A. , Mokry Michal , Stout Tom A. E. , Roelen Bernard A. J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGene knockdown techniques are widely used to examine the function of specific genes or proteins. While a variety of techniques are available, a technique commonly used on mammalian oocytes is mRNA knockdown by microinjection of small interfering RNA (siRNA), with non-specific siRNA injection used as a technical control. Here, we investigate whether and how the microinjection procedure itself affects the transcriptome of bovine oocytes. Injection of non-specific siRNA resulted in differential expression of 119 transcripts, of which 76 were down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the differentially regulated genes were enriched in the biological processes of ATP synthesis, molecular transport and regulation of protein polyubiquitination. This study establishes a background effect of the microinjection procedure that should be borne in mind by those using microinjection to manipulate gene expression in oocytes.
Let-7c regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition leads to osimertinib resistance in NSCLC cells with EGFR T790M mutations
Authors: Li Xiao-Feng , Shen Wei-Zhang , Jin Xin , Ren Ping , Zhang Jie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEpidermal growth factor receptor- tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have shown promise against non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) in clinics but the utility is often short-lived because of T790M mutations in EGFR that help evade TKIs’ action. Osimertinib is the third and latest generation TKI that targets EGFRs with T790M mutations. However, there are already reports on acquired resistance against Osimertinib. Recent work has revealed the role that miRNAs, particularly tumor suppressor let-7c, play in the invasiveness and acquired resistance of NSCLCs, but the mechanistic details, particularly in Osimertinib resistance, remain elusive. Using two cells lines, H1975 (endogenous T790M mutation) and HCC827-T790M (with acquired T790M mutation), we found that let-7c is a regulator of EMT, as well as it affects CSC phenotype. In both the cell lines, transfection with pre-let-7c led to reversal of EMT as studied through EMT markers e-cadherin and ZEB1. This resulted in reduced proliferation and invasion. Conversely, reduced expression of let-7c through anti-let-7c transfections significantly increased proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells. Expression of let-7c was functionally relevant as EMT correlated with resistance to Osimertinib. High let-7c expression reversed EMT and made cells sensitive to Osimertinib, and vice versa. WNT1 and TCF-4 were found to be two targets of let-7c which were epigenetic suppressed by let-7c through increased methylation. In vivo, pre-let-7c inhibited while anti-let-7c potentiated tumor growth and WNT1 and TCF-4 were downregulated in xenografts with pre-let-7c. Silencing of both WNT1 and TCF-4 resulted in potentiation of Osimertinib action. Our results suggest an important role of let-7c in regulating EMT and the resulting Osimertinib resistance in T790M NSCLCs. More clinical studies need to be performed to fully understand the translational relevance of this novel mechanism.
AChR antibodies show a complex interaction with human skeletal muscle cells in a transcriptomic study
Authors: Hong Yu , Liang Xiao , Gilhus Nils Erik 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are the most important pathogenic marker in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). The antibodies bind to AChRs on the postsynaptic membrane, and this leads to receptor degradation, destruction, or functional blocking with impaired signal at the neuromuscular junction. In this study, we have explored the effects of AChR antibodies binding to mature human myotubes with agrin-induced AChR clusters and pathways relevant for AChR degradation using bulk RNA sequencing. Protein-coding RNAs and lncRNAs were examined by RNA sequencing analysis. AChR antibodies induced marked changes of the transcriptomic profiles, with over 400 genes differentially expressed. Cholesterol metabolic processes and extracellular matrix organization gene sets were influenced and represent AChR-trafficking related pathways. Muscle contraction and cellular homeostasis gene sets were also affected, and independently of AChR trafficking. Furthermore, we found changes in a protein-coding RNA and lncRNA network, where expression of lncRNA MEG3 correlated closely with protein-coding genes for cellular homeostasis. We conclude that AChR antibodies induce an active response in human skeletal muscle cells which affects key intra- and extracellular pathways.
Feedback of molecular outflows from protostars in NGC 1333 revealed by Herschel and Spitzer spectro-imaging observations
Authors: Dionatos Odysseas , Kristensen Lars. E. , Tafalla Mario , Güdel Manuel , Persson Magnus 
Published: July 2020

Context. Far infrared cooling of excited gas around protostars has been predominantly studied in the context of pointed observations. Large-scale spectral maps of star forming regions enable the simultaneous, comparative study of the gas excitation around an ensemble of sources at a common frame of reference, therefore, providing direct insights in the multitude of physical processes involved.
Aims. We employ extended spectral-line maps to decipher the excitation, the kinematical, and dynamical processes in NGC 1333 as revealed by a number of different molecular and atomic lines, aiming to set a reference for the applicability and limitations of different tracers in constraining particular physical processes.
Methods. We reconstructed line maps for H2, CO, H2O, and [C I] using data obtained with the Spitzer infrared spectrograph and the Herschel HIFI and SPIRE instruments. We compared the morphological features revealed in the maps and derive the gas excitation conditions for regions of interest employing local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE methods. We also calculated the kinematical and dynamical properties for each outflow tracer in a consistent manner for all observed outflows driven by protostars in NGC 1333. We finally measured the water abundance in outflows with respect to carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen.
Results. CO and H2 are highly excited around B-stars and, at lower, levels trace protostellar outflows. H2O emission is dominated by a moderately fast component associated with outflows. H2O also displays a weak, narrow-line component in the vicinity of B-stars associated to their ultraviolet (UV) field. This narrow component is also present in a few of outflows, indicating UV radiation generated in shocks. Intermediate J CO lines appear brightest at the locations traced by the narrow H2O component, indicating that beyond the dominating collisional processes, a secondary, radiative excitation component can also be active. The morphology, kinematics, excitation, and abundance variations of water are consistent with its excitation and partial dissociation in shocks. Water abundance ranges between 5 × 10−7 and ~10−5, with the lower values being more representative. Water is brightest and most abundant around IRAS 4A, which is consistent with the latter hosting a hot corino source. [C I] traces dense and warm gas in the envelopes surrounding protostars. Outflow mass flux is highest for CO and decreases by one and two orders of magnitude for H2 and H2O, respectively.
Conclusions. Large-scale spectral line maps can provide unique insights into the excitation of gas in star-forming regions. A comparative analysis of line excitation and morphologies at different locations allows us to decipher the dominant excitation conditions in each region in addition to isolating exceptional cases.
TheXMM-Newtonserendipitous survey
Authors: Traulsen I. , Schwope A. D. , Lamer G. , Ballet J. , Carrera F. J. , Ceballos M. T. , Coriat M. , Freyberg M. J. , Koliopanos F. , Kurpas J. , Michel L. , Motch C. , Page M. J. , Watson M. G. , Webb N. A. 
Published: July 2020

Context.TheXMM-NewtonSurvey Science Centre Consortium (SSC) develops software in close collaboration with the Science Operations Centre to perform a pipeline analysis of allXMM-Newtonobservations. In celebration of the twentieth anniversary of theXMM-Newtonlaunch, the SSC has compiled the fourth generation of serendipitous source catalogues, 4XMM.Aims.The catalogue described here, 4XMM-DR9s, explores sky areas that were observed more than once byXMM-Newton. These observations are bundled in groups referred to as stacks. Stacking leads to a higher sensitivity, resulting in newly discovered sources and better constrained source parameters, and unveils long-term brightness variations.Methods.The 4XMM-DR9s catalogue was constructed from simultaneous source detection on overlapping observations. As a novel feature, positional rectification was applied beforehand. Observations with all filters and suitable camera settings were included. Exposures with a high background were discarded. The high-background thresholds were determined through a statistical analysis of all exposures in each instrument configuration. The X-ray background maps used in source detection were modelled via an adaptive smoothing procedure with newly determined parameters. Source fluxes were derived for all contributing observations, irrespective of whether the source would be detectable in an individual observation.Results.The new catalogue lists the X-ray sources detected in 1329 stacks with 6604 contributing observations over repeatedly covered 300 square degrees in the sky. Most stacks are composed of two observations, the largest one comprises 352 observations. We find 288 191 sources of which 218 283 were observed several times. The number of observations of a source ranges from 1 to 40. Auxiliary products, like X-ray full-band and false-colour images, long-term X-ray light curves, and optical finding charts, are published as well.Conclusions.4XMM-DR9s contains new detections and is considered a prime resource to explore long-term variability of X-ray sources discovered byXMM-Newton. Regular incremental releases, including new public observations, are planned.
Effect of agency costs on the optimal matching grant rate in a model of tax competition with benefit spillovers
Authors: Yang Tong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAgency problems arise in any environment involving a principal–agent relationship. This study examines the effect of horizontal fiscal externalities on the optimal matching grant rate in a model where agency costs are inevitable. Because this study takes agency costs into account, the main results should differ from the standard conclusions of the tax competition literature. This study finds that the degree of agency costs and benefit spillovers determine the relationship between tax competition and the optimal matching grant rate. If agency costs are relatively small, and benefit spillover is zero, the optimal matching grant rate should increase with the factors of production demand elasticities with respect to the factor tax rate and vice versa. Tax competition thus may ease the inefficiency arising from agency costs only if the disutility of effort is so large that the benefits from tax competition exceed the costs when benefit spillover is zero.
Acquiring the polysemous adverb HAI in Chinese by English-speaking, Japanese-speaking, and Korean-speaking CSL learners
Authors: Hsieh Miao-Ling , Wang Yu-Fang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUsing corpus analysis and error analysis, this study investigates English-speaking, Japanese-speaking, and Korean-speaking Chinese learners’ acquisition of various meanings ofhaiin Mandarin Chinese, including its temporal meaning ‘still, yet’ as well as its abundant atemporal meanings involving addition, comparison and counter-expectation. We found a preponderance of misselection errors across the three groups of learners. The next most common error type for the Japanese-speaking and Korean-speaking learners was omission, while omission and over-inclusion were equally challenging for the English-speaking learners. Further analysis of errors in misselection shows that many learners failed to distinguish the temporalhaifrom the atemporalhaishirequired in a concessive sentence for the counter-expectation meaning.
Morphological generalization of Hebrew verb classes
Authors: Farhy Yael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The present work investigated how morphological generalization, namely the way speakers extend their knowledge to
novel complex words, is influenced by sources of variability in language and speaker properties. For this purpose, the study
focused on a Semitic language (Hebrew), characterized by unique non-concatenative morphology, and native (L1) as well as
non-native (L2) speakers. Two elicited production tasks tested what information sources speakers employ in verbal inflectional
class generalization, i.e., in forming complex novel verbs. Phonological similarity was tested in Experiment 1 and argument structure in Experiment 2. The analysis focused on the
two most common Hebrew inflectional classes, Paal and Piel, which also constituted the vast
majority of responses in the two tasks. Unlike the commonly found outcomes in Romance inflectional class generalization, the
results yielded, solely for Piel, a graded phonological similarity effect and a robust argument structure effect, i.e., more Piel
responses in a direct object context than without. The L2 pattern partially differed from the L1: (i) argument structure effect
for L2 speakers was weaker, and (ii) L2 speakers produced more Paal than Piel responses. The results are discussed within the
framework of rule-based and input-based accounts.
Variability and its limits in bilingual word recognition
Authors: Clahsen Harald , Jessen Anna 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This study examines the processing of morphologically complex words focusing on how morphological (in addition to
orthographic and semantic) factors affect bilingual word recognition. We report findings from a large experimental study with groups of
bilingual (Turkish/German) speakers using the visual masked-priming technique. We found morphologically mediated effects on the response
speed and the inter-individual variability within the bilingual participant group. We conclude that the grammar (qua morphological parsing)
not only enhances speed of processing in bilingual language processing but also yields more uniform performance and thereby constrains
variability within a group of otherwise heterogeneous individuals.