bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns associated with dental caries in adults in the United States
Authors: Blostein Freida A. , Jansen Erica C. , Jones Andrew D. , Marshall Teresa A. , Foxman Betsy 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesDental caries experience, which affects 91% of US adults, is a consequence of a carious process influenced by diet. Although individual foods have been implicated, we hypothesized that dietary patterns might be important predictors of caries presence.MethodsWe analysed data from 4467 people ≥18 years old participating in the 2013‐2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sample of the US population. Data from 24‐hour dietary recalls were classified into standard food categories and reduced to three dietary patterns using principal components (PCs) analysis. We used regression to model the log‐transformed decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) score and the prevalence of any caries experience by quartiles of PC scores, controlling for potential confounders. Dietary patterns differed by age with respect to dental caries so 18‐30‐year‐olds (n = 1074) and >30‐year‐olds (n = 3393) were analysed separately.ResultsSimilar dietary patterns existed among individuals aged 18‐30 and >30 years, but the prevalence of DMFT score >0 and the median of DMFT was greater in those >30:78.7% (95% CI: 76.1, 81.3) vs 92.6% (95% CI: 91.4, 93.7) and 4 (95% CI: 4, 5) vs 12 DMFT (95% CI: 11, 13), respectively. In those 18‐30, no dietary pattern was associated with greater prevalence or severity of dental caries experience. Among those >30, the prevalence of DMFT>0 was higher by 2% for those in each subsequent quartile of a diet high in sugar‐sweetened beverages and sandwiches (adjusted PR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.001, 1.03)—thus, the prevalence of dental caries experience was 6% higher among those in the uppermost quartile than in the lowest quartile. For every subsequent quartile in the same pattern, there was a 1.98% higher (95% CI: 0.15, 3.85) DMFT score. However, analysis using the two strongest loading food groups from any of the PCs did not identify any predictors of caries experience.ConclusionsDietary patterns were associated with the prevalence of dental caries experience, with differing findings by age. Although effect sizes were small, the population impact may be substantial. While food groups high in sugar were associated with caries prevalence and severity, associations were more apparent in the context of overall diet. Prospective studies are needed to confirm whether particular dietary patterns are causally related to the development of dental caries.
Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the COPD exercise self‐regulatory efficacy scale
Authors: Ünal Aslan Kevser Sevgi , Çetinkaya Funda 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe concept of self‐efficacy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the development of self‐efficacy in individuals are extremely significant. Increasing the self‐efficacy level in individuals with COPD will contribute to the effective management of symptoms. Moreover, exercise is essential in COPD management and nursing care.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the results of the validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the COPD Exercise Self‐Regulatory Efficacy Scale (Ex‐SRES) developed by Davis et al.MethodsThis is a methodological study conducted with 160 patients diagnosed with COPD. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form and COPD Ex‐SRES. Moreover, the Cronbach's α value was calculated, and the test‐retest reliability was performed for reliability analysis.ResultsThe item total correlation scores of the Turkish version were between 0.608 and 0.853 points. The total score correlation coefficients of all the items in the scale were over 0.30. In this respect, the item total correlation values of the Turkish version of the Ex‐SRES were at an appropriate level of reliability. In addition, the total Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.96.ConclusionThe Turkish version of the Ex‐SRES was found to have high validity and reliability and to be a precise tool that specifically measures exercise self‐efficacy in the COPD patient group.
Functional morphogenesis from embryos to adults: Late development shapes trophic niche in coral reef damselfishes
Authors: James Cooper W. , VanHall Rachel , Sweet Elly , Milewski Holly , DeLeon Zoey , Verderber Amy , DeLeon Adrian , Galindo Demi , Lazono Orissa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe damselfishes are one of the dominant coral reef fish lineages. Their ecological diversification has involved repeated transitions between pelagic feeding using fast bites and benthic feeding using forceful bites. A highly‐integrative approach that combined gene expression assays, shape analyses, and high‐speed video analyses was used to examine the development of trophic morphology in embryonic, larval, juvenile, and adult damselfishes. The anatomical characters that distinguish pelagic‐feeding and benthic‐feeding species do not appear until after larval development. Neither patterns of embryonic jaw morphogenesis, larval skull shapes nor larval bite mechanics significantly distinguished damselfishes from different adult trophic guilds. Analyses of skull shape and feeding performance identified two important transitions in the trophic development of a single species (the orange clownfish; Amphiprion percula): (a) a pronounced transformation in feeding mechanics during metamorphosis; and (b) more protracted cranial remodeling over the course of juvenile development. The results of this study indicate that changes in postlarval morphogenesis have played an important role in damselfish evolution. This is likely to be true for other fish lineages, particularly if they consist of marine species, the majority of which have planktonic larvae with different functional requirements for feeding in comparison to their adult forms.
Seasonal variation in growth, consumption and growth efficiency in overwintering juvenile steelhead
Authors: Myrvold Knut Marius , Kennedy Brian Patrick 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFood availability and thermal regimes can largely govern growth opportunities in fishes. In temperate regions, streams can exhibit summer temperatures that exceed the optima for coolwater‐adapted species relative to the amount of available food, and therefore, spring and fall may confer better growing conditions, especially for larger size classes. We examined the relationship between growth, consumption and growth efficiency across seasons in juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in their natal streams in Idaho, USA. Subyearling (0+) growth rates were higher in summer, whereas yearlings exhibited no statistically significant difference in growth between seasons. Consumption rates were overall lower in winter–spring but constituted a higher proportion of maximum consumption compared with summer and fall, indicating better food availability relative to metabolic demands. Net growth efficiencies were higher in winter–spring, but substantially more so than the proportion of maximum consumption. This suggests that overwinter growth performance was driven at least partly by higher growth efficiency, and the effect was most pronounced for yearling steelhead. The low proportions of maximum consumption for both age classes suggest that food was an overall limiting factor to growth, especially in summer when metabolic demands were highest. We discuss how temperature‐based models can overestimate growth in the warmest parts of the year and develop a simple conceptual model for the seasonal timing of juvenile growth. In anadromous populations, the outmigration of presmolts in spring can reduce the level of competition. For the individuals that remain in the river, growth in this period can be particularly important.
Spatial variation in branch size promotes metapopulation persistence in dendritic river networks
Authors: Ma Chaoqun , Shen Yang , Bearup Daniel , Fagan William F. , Liao Jinbao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Despite years of attention, the dynamics of species constrained to disperse within riverine networks are not well captured by existing metapopulation models, which often ignore local dynamics within branches.

We develop a modelling framework, based on traditional metapopulation theory, for patch occupancy dynamics subject to local colonisation–extinction dynamics within branches and regional dispersal between branches in size‐structured, bifurcating riverine networks. Using this framework, we investigate whether and how spatial variation in branch size affects species persistence for dendritic systems with directional dispersal, including one‐way (up‐ or downstream only) and two‐way (both up‐ and downstream) dispersal.

Variation in branch size generally promotes species persistence more obviously at higher relative extinction rate, suggesting that previous studies ignoring differences in branch size in real riverine systems might overestimate species extinction risk.

Two‐way dispersal is not always superior to one‐way dispersal as a strategy for metapopulation persistence especially at high relative extinction rate. The type of dispersal that maximises species persistence is determined by the hierarchical level of the largest, and hence most influential, branch within the network. When considering the interactive effects of up‐ and downstream dispersal, we find that moderate upstream‐biased dispersal maximises metapopulation viability, mediated by spatial branch arrangement.

Overall, these results suggest that both branch‐size variation and species traits interact to determine species persistence, theoretically demonstrating the ecological significance of their interplay.
Firm employment growth in China: The role of marketization and regional economic factors
Authors: Bin Peng , Chen Xiaolan , Fracasso Andrea , Tomasi Chiara 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVery heterogeneous patterns of firm employment growth characterize the Chinese provinces, suggesting the existence of a relationship between these and regional factors. This empirical work explores this topic by providing novel evidence of the role played by regional institutional and regional factors in firm employment growth in China during the decade 1998–2007, an important period in the Chinese transition towards a market economy. The results show that controlling for the internal determinants of firm performance, the firms located in provinces converging faster towards a market economy, exhibiting relatively better patterns (in terms of agglomeration, endowment of human capital, innovation and environmental protection) tend to expand their employment relatively more. These findings confirm the existence of a macro–micro‐connection as to what firm heterogeneity is concerned, as they reveal a differential growth channel along the regional dimension. In particular, local progress in government–market relationships appears as the most relevant dimension of marketization process. Given the regionally decentralized institutional system in China and considering its process of transformation, these findings inform local authorities concerned with the promotion of regional employment.
Individual reproductive strategy of Stipa breviflora under different grazing pressures
Authors: Liu Wenting 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAnalyzing the ecological strategies of reproductive individuals under grazing stress is a key factor in understanding the adaptation and maintenance mechanisms of populations in grassland ecosystems. In this study, a Stipa breviflora population with reproductive individuals of different ages and individual traits in the desert steppe of the Mongolian Plateau was systematically analyzed in response to heavy grazing, moderate grazing and non‐grazing treatments. The results showed that grazing reduced the density and biomass of the population and reproductive individuals but did not reduce the proportion of reproductive branch biomass. Grazing reduced the proportion of individuals in the young stage and increased the proportion in the adult stage. In addition, grazing reduced the width, length and weight of the foliage branches at each growth stage. The largest numbers of seeds in the heavy grazing, moderate grazing and non‐grazing treatments were in the adult stage, the pre‐aging stage and the aging stage, respectively. Grazing weakened the potential relationships between foliage branch traits and reproductive branch traits and between growth stage and reproductive branch traits, especially under heavy grazing. Our study suggested that under long‐term grazing stress, S. breviflora completed its life cycle by sacrificing some of the growth stage individuals, changing phenotypes and reducing the age of individuals with high‐yielding seeds to maintain resource allocation to reproductive branches in reproductive individuals.
Recycling of waste flat glass in the fabrication of Si3N4 powder by the carbo‐thermal reduction and nitridation
Authors: Topateş Gülsüm 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe recycle rate of waste flat glass is quite low in spite of higher SiO2 content and its pre‐melted characteristic. This study searched a novel approach for the fabrication of Si3N4 powder by carbo‐thermal reduction and nitridation from waste glass. For comparison, starting powder mixtures were prepared from silica and waste SLS (soda‐lime‐silica) glass. Carbo‐thermal reduction and nitridation process was conducted using two temperatures and different atmospheres. The results showed that equiaxed, micron size β‐Si3N4 particle could be synthesized from waste glass. The use of waste glass reduced the amount of fiber‐like Si3N4 particles and SiC phase by increasing the amount of the liquid phase formed. This study proved the utilization of waste flat glass as a low cost and environment friendly SiO2 source.
Junior doctor training: has the pendulum swung too far?
Authors: Friedman N. Deborah 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe current Australian Medical Association doctors in training enterprise agreement dictates that hours beyond 38 or 43 ordinary hours per week incur overtime. Costly overtime has led to strict adherence to ordinary hours with dramatically reduced rostered and unrostered overtime. The stringent regulation over ordinary hours may protect doctors at a cost to training and potentially patient safety. Reduced shift duration adds to the number of clinical handovers, while reduced exposure to patients and training opportunities may prolong training time. Now is the time for renegotiation of working hours, which are most favourable for doctor training and well‐being.
Impact of the implementation of the safewards model on the social climate on adolescent psychiatric wards
Authors: Hottinen Anja , Rytilä‐Manninen Minna , Laurén Jenny , Autio Silva , Laiho Tero , Lindberg Nina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Safewards model was created to reduce conflict and containment in psychiatric inpatient units. The model suggests alternative methods for containment and aims to create a safer hospital experience for both patients and staff. The evaluation of this model has provided evidence that it might be implemented on adolescent psychiatric wards. This study evaluated the impact of the implementation process of the Safewards model on the social climate of adolescent psychiatric inpatient wards by using the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema questionnaire. The study was carried out on six closed wards of one Finnish hospital district. Data were collected at baseline (42 adolescent inpatients and 134 staff members) and after the implementation of the model (39 inpatients and 115 staff members). The data were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. The findings of this preliminary study indicate that inpatients' experience of patient cohesion and therapeutic hold and staff members' experience of safety on adolescent psychiatric wards might be improved by the implementation of the Safewards model on adolescent psychiatric wards.
The long‐term consequences of peer victimization on physical and psychological health: A longitudinal study
Authors: Iyer‐Eimerbrink Priya A. , Jensen‐Campbell Lauri A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeThis study examined whether social and physical peer victimization in adolescence led to changes in psychological and physical health outcomes.MethodsOne hundred and twenty adolescents (boys = 54) and a parent completed measures of peer victimization and health approximately 2 years apart.ResultsResults indicated that both social and physical victimization were related to increases in the frequency and severity of health problems over the assessment period.ConclusionsIncreases in social, but not physical victimization, were related to more internalizing problems as well as greater frequency and severity of health problems at the second assessment. Anxious depression and severity of health problems at the first assessment were related to increases in social, but not physical forms of victimization over the 2‐year period. These results continue to shed light on the notion that being peer victimized is not a normal part of life and is not necessarily something that adolescents will reconcile with time.
Anatomy of the left atrial ridge (coumadin ridge) and possible clinical implications for cardiovascular imaging and invasive procedures
Authors: Piątek‐Koziej Katarzyna , Hołda Jakub , Tyrak Kamil , Bolechała Filip , Strona Marcin , Koziej Mateusz , Lis Maciej , Jasińska Katarzyna A. , Hołda Mateusz K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe left atrial ridge is a structure located in the left atrium between the left‐sided pulmonary veins ostia and the orifice of the left atrial appendage. Since it was commonly misdiagnosed as a thrombus, the ridge is also known as the "coumadin" or "warfarin" ridge. The left atrial ridge is a potential source of arrhythmias and can be an obstacle in ablation procedures. This study aimed to provide information about the occurrence and spatial morphometric characteristics of the left atrial ridge.Methods and ResultsThe macroscopic morphology of the left atrial ridge was assessed in 200 autopsied human hearts. The ridge was observed in 59.5% of specimens and was absent in the remaining 40.5% of cases. The mean length of the ridge was 22.4 ± 5.1 mm. It was wider at its inferior sector when compared to its superior sector (9.1 ± 5.0 vs 7.9 ± 3.2 mm; P = .028). The total wall thickness measured at the cross section of the ridge was significantly larger in the inferior than in superior sector (6.2 ± 3.5 vs 4.3 ± 1.8 mm; P < .001), although the myocardial thickness was significantly larger at the superior sector (3.1 ± 1.4 vs 1.9 ± 0.9 mm in inferior sector, P < .001).ConclusionThe left atrial ridge is a variable structure, present in 59.5% of humans. The ridge is significantly wider and thicker at its inferior sector, although the actual myocardial layer present within the ridge is thinner at this location. Knowledge about the left atrial ridge morphology is key in avoiding unnecessary interventions or complications during invasive procedures.
Outcome of rescue ablation in patients with refractory ventricular electrical storm requiring mechanical circulation support
Authors: Chung Fa‐Po , Liao Ying‐Chieh , Lin Yenn‐Jiang , Chang Shih‐Lin , Lo Li‐Wei , Hu Yu‐Feng , Tuan Ta‐Chuan , Chao Tze‐Fan , Liao Jo‐Nan , Lin Chin‐Yu , Chang Ting‐Yung , Vicera Jennifer Jeanne B. , Chin Chye‐Gen , Wu Cheng‐I , Liu Chih‐Min , Lee Po‐Tseng , Huang Ting‐Chun , Lugtu Isaiah C. , Chen Shih‐Ann 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe management of refractory electrical storm (ES) requiring mechanical circulation support (MCS) remains a clinical challenge in structural heart disease (SHD).ObjectiveThe study sought to explore the 30‐day and 1‐year outcome of rescue ablation for refractory ES requiring MCS in SHD.MethodsA total of 81 patients (mean age: 55.3 ± 18.9, 73 men [90.1%]) undergoing ablation were investigated, including 26 patients with ES requiring MCS (group 1) and 55 patients without (group 2). The 30‐day and 1‐year outcome, including mortality and recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VAs) receiving appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillators therapies, were assessed.ResultsThe patients in group 1 were characterized by older age, more ischemic cardiomyopathies, worse left ventricular ejection fraction, and more comorbidities. Thirty days after ablation, overall events were seen in 15 patients (mortality in 10 and recurrent VA in 7), including pumping failure‐related mortality in 6 (60%). During a 30‐day follow‐up, higher mortality was noted in group 1. After a 1‐year follow‐up, in spite of the higher mortality in group 1 (P < .001), the overall events and VA recurrences were similar between these two groups (P = .154 and P = .466, respectively). There was a significant reduction of VA burden in both groups and two patients had recurrent ES.ConclusionHigher 30‐day mortality was observed in patients undergoing rescue ablation for refractory ES requiring MCS, and pumping failure was the major cause of periprocedural death. Rescue ablation successfully prevented VA recurrences and resulted in a comparable 1‐year prognosis between ES with and without MCS.
Perceptions of social support: comparisons between fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder and fathers of children without developmental disabilities
Authors: Seymour M. , Giallo R. , Wood C. E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundResearch highlights the need for ongoing social support of mothers of children with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Despite recognised differences between mothers and fathers, little is known about the particular social support needs of fathers of children with ASD. Broadly, this study aimed to explore the support needs of fathers of children with ASD compared with fathers of children without a disability (W/OD) and the relation between social support, psychological distress and sociodemographic factors.MethodDrawing from a large, nationally representative community sample of children, 159 fathers of children with ASD were identified, where 6578 fathers of children W/OD were used as a comparison sample.ResultsOver 70% of fathers of children with ASD reported that support was inaccessible and were significantly more likely to report so compared with fathers of children W/OD. Emotional/informational social support was the strongest social support domain associated with fathers' experiences of psychological distress.ConclusionsThis study provided important insight into the social support needs of fathers of children with ASD.
Cognitive integration of personal or public events affects mental health: Examining memory networks in a case of natural flooding disaster
Authors: Philippe Frederick L. , Houle Iliane 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this research was to examine whether memories of personal or public events could affect mental health through the way those memories are integrated in memory networks.MethodParticipants from the general population (N = 224, age mean = 36.62 years, 74% female) were either directly or indirectly personally affected by a natural flooding disaster with moderate consequences or had simply learned about it. A prospective design (during the floods and two months later) was used to examine the impact that such a personal or public event memory could have on their mental health.ResultsResults showed that flood‐affected individuals reported poorer mental health compared to the unaffected. However, both affected and unaffected individuals who had encoded a current floods‐related event in memory as need satisfying or who had embedded such an event in need satisfying memory networks showed better mental health over time. These results held after controlling for the effect of various demographics and dispositional emotion regulation styles.ConclusionSimply learning about public events can impact mental health through the way those events are integrated in memory, which appears as a critical individual difference.