bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Same-Sex Couples and Their Legalization in Europe: Laws and Numbers
Authors: Cortina Clara , Festy Patrick 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe analyse same-sex partnership and family formation in Europe. We explore how the frequency of same-sex marriage or registered partnership can be associated to macro and micro factors and how parenting appears as a key determinant at both levels. We use the LawsAndFamilies Database, which includes both data on legal developments in family laws and statistical data on the legal recognition of same-sex couples, marriage and registered partnership for a large set of countries. We also use the French census and the Spanish household survey for specific purposes. We first determine crude rates of legal recognition for gay, lesbian and different-sex couples for nine European countries in the period 1980–2017. We second consider macro factors by measuring the impact of legal consequences attached to couples’ recognition on the frequency of same-sex marriage or registered partnering. We expect that the opening of parenting to same-sex couples will affect lesbian more than gay couples and result in more positive trends in women’s nuptiality. We finally explore micro factors related to the family structure expecting that the presence of children will work as an incentive to marry.
Postface. After Legal Recognition
Authors: Rault Wilfried 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis postscript highlights the key features of this book, especially its combination of different approaches using legal, demographic and sociological analysis tools, and the comparative perspective that is present throughout. The approach is particularly useful, because the three disciplines that structure the book do not view same-sex families in the same way. Another strand in the book is a more direct reflection on marriage. While marriage has been the symbol of the recognition of sexual minorities in recent years, the book shows that it cannot fully embody it, and invites us to think “beyond marriage”. The last part of this postscript will suggest research themes that could usefully be investigated, provided that suitable tools are used – particularly the tools of quantitative sociology, since the social and scientific visibility of same-sex parenthood does not always mean statistical visibility.
Corporate Income Tax: WACC, FTE, TCF, APV
Authors: Kruschwitz Lutz , Löffler Andreas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere is a variety of problems in the valuation of firms. That is why the evaluator has to make some simplifications in order to come up with a result. That also goes for the theory of valuation. We will take the first step in assuming that the firm has no debt. In simplifying with this assumption, we shall see that a number of economic problems can be discussed. In the next step we will turn to indebted firms.
Croatia
Authors: Zrinščak Siniša , Vehovec Maja , Čengić Drago 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe chapter gives an overview of the Croatian socio-economic situation and pension, employment and healthpolicies. Lower levels of employment in general, and particularly forolder workers is one of the main features of the socio-economic situation. Early retirementis common and the active ageing paradigm is neither discussed nor implemented. In the Croatian context, limited research exists around workplace issues such as caring, health and pension inequalities. The pension system is a mixed system, based on three pillars and characterised by a very unfavourable dependency ratio. This system undergoes constant changes which are in many cases contradictory, particularly in relation to the penalisation of early retirement and the equalisation of pensionable age for men and women. Employment policieshave undergone many changes in recent years, mostly related to a move towards more flexible working arrangements. In summary, the gender and health aspects of extending working life still need to be publicly discussed and researched.
New Mediators in the Biology of the Ductus Arteriosus: Lessons from the Chicken Embryo
Authors: van der Sterren Saskia , Mohammed Riazudin , Villamor Eduardo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe chicken embryo is an ideal model for the study of new hypotheses on the developmental biology of ductus arteriosus (DA). A unique characteristic of chicken DA is that it is the result of the fusion of two vessels with different embryological origins, morphologies, and functionalities. The pulmonary side (PulmDA) consists almost exclusively of neural crest-derived cells, shows the structure of a muscular artery, and responds to O2 with contraction whereas the aortic part is of mesodermal origin, shows the morphology of an elastic artery and relaxes in response to O2. In addition the two parts of the DA show marked differences in responsiveness to other contractile and relaxant agents.In mammals, the most accepted model of O2-induced DA constriction involves a rise in O2 modulating the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (the sensor), leading to an increased production of H2O2 (the mediator) that causes the inhibition of KV channels (the effector) with Rho kinase acting as another downstream effector of the O2-sensing system in the DA. In the chicken embryo, we verified the very same pathway, proving a conserved mechanism for O2 sensing/signaling in mammalian and nonmammalian DA. Moreover, we demonstrated a developmentally regulated response to O2, which is restricted to the mature PulmDA and involves parallel maturation of the three components: sensor, mediator, and effectors. Besides O2, we used the chicken embryo model to investigate the possible ductal effects of vasoactive mediators such as ceramide, H2S, isoprostanes, or platelet-derived vasoactive mediators.
The international epidemiological transition and the education gender gap
Authors: Klasing Mariko J. , Milionis Petros 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe explore the impact of the international epidemiological transition on educational attainment of males and females over the second half of the twentieth century.
Using an instrumental variables strategy that exploits pre-existing variation in mortality rates across infectious diseases and gender differences in the responsiveness to the method of disease control, we document that health improvements associated with the transition led to larger gains in life expectancy for females due to their stronger immune response to vaccination.
These relative gains were associated with greater increases in the educational attainment of females compared to males and account for a large share of the reduction in the education gender gap that took place over this period.
Scholarly event characteristics in four fields of science: a metrics-based analysis
Authors: Fathalla Said , Vahdati Sahar , Lange Christoph , Auer Sören 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOne of the key channels of scholarly knowledge exchange are scholarly events such as conferences, workshops, symposiums, etc.; such events are especially important and popular in Computer Science, Engineering, and Natural Sciences.
However, scholars encounter problems in finding relevant information about upcoming events and statistics on their historic evolution.
In order to obtain a better understanding of scholarly event characteristics in four fields of science, we analyzed the metadata of scholarly events of four major fields of science, namely Computer Science, Physics, Engineering, and Mathematics using Scholarly Events Quality Assessment suite, a suite of ten metrics.
In particular, we analyzed renowned scholarly events belonging to five sub-fields within Computer Science, namely World Wide Web, Computer Vision, Software Engineering, Data Management, as well as Security and Privacy.
This analysis is based on a systematic approach using descriptive statistics as well as exploratory data analysis. The findings are on the one hand interesting to observe the general evolution and success factors of scholarly events; on the other hand, they allow (prospective) event organizers, publishers, and committee members to assess the progress of their event over time and compare it to other events in the same field; and finally, they help researchers to make more informed decisions when selecting suitable venues for presenting their work.
Based on these findings, a set of recommendations has been concluded to different stakeholders, involving event organizers, potential authors, proceedings publishers, and sponsors. Our comprehensive dataset of scholarly events of the aforementioned fields is openly available in a semantic format and maintained collaboratively at OpenResearch.org.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Deformation and Fracture Mode of Microcantilever Beams Made of Cr(Re)/Al2O3 Metal–Matrix Composite
Authors: Węglewski Witold , Pitchai Pandi , Bochenek Kamil , Bolzon Gabriella , Konetschnik Ruth , Sartory Bernhard , Ebner Reinhold , Kiener Daniel , Basista Michał 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This work presents a combined experimental and computational study of the deformation and fracture of microcantilever specimens made of chromium(rhenium)-alumina metal–matrix composite (MMC), with a particular focus on the failure properties of the metal–ceramic interfaces. The obtained experimental results show that the bending strength of microcantilevers containing alumina particles in critical cross-sections near specimen’s fixed end is considerably higher than that of unreinforced chromium(rhenium) samples. Brittle cracking along chromium–alumina interfaces is the dominant fracture mode of the composite microcantilevers. The interface characteristics are determined in an indirect way by numerical simulations of the experiment with account of the actual specimen microstructure from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. A parametric study demonstrates that the overall material response may be reproduced by different sets of model parameters, whereas the actual failure mode permits to discriminate among the possible alternatives. Using this approach, the in situ values of the chromium–alumina interface cohesive strength and the fracture energy are estimated.
Postoperative Shock as Independent Factor for Incisional Surgical Site Infection in Left-Side Colorectal Perforation
Authors: Asano Hiroshi , Fukano Hiroyuki , Shinozuka Nozomi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe incidence of incisional surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with colorectal perforation is reported to be approximately 40%. Although these subcutaneous drains and wound protector are performed using a wound closure method aimed to prevent incisional SSI, the evidence for colorectal perforation is poor. Although delayed primary closure (DPC) is reported to be an effective method to maintain open wounds, its management is time-consuming and cannot be performed in all cases. Therefore, the closure method should be carefully selected based on the risk of SSI. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of incisional SSI in left-side colorectal perforation with stoma creation. A total of 130 patients who underwent emergency surgery for left-side colorectal perforation with stoma creation between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively investigated. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify risk factors for incisional SSI. The total number of patients with incisional SSI was 58 (45%). In the univariate analysis, postoperative shock, postoperative ventilator support, and base excess (< − 2.0) were correlated with higher risk of incisional SSI. Multivariate analysis showed that postoperative shock was an independent risk factor for incisional SSI (odds ratio, 2.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–6.37). Postoperative shock is the risk factor of incisional SSI in left-side colorectal perforation with stoma. DPC should be considered in case of colorectal perforation combined with shock.
Physical health among patients with common mental health disorders in primary care in Europe: a scoping review
Authors: Fogarty F. , McCombe G. , Brown K. , Van Amelsvoort T. , Clarke M. , Cullen W. 
Published: February 2020

Introduction:Mental disorders are increasingly common among adults in both the developed and developing world and are predicted by the WHO to be the leading cause of disease burden by 2030. Many common physical conditions are more common among people who also have a common mental disorder. This scoping review aims to examine the current literature about the prevention, identification and treatment of physical problems among people with pre-existing mental health disorders in primary care in Europe.Methods:The scoping review framework comprised a five-stage process developed by Arksey & O’Malley (2005). The search process was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included, with no restriction on study design.Results:The initial search identified 299 studies, with a further 28 added from the hand-search (total n = 327) of which 19 were considered relevant to the review research question and included for full analysis. Depression was the mental health condition most commonly studied (nine studies), followed by depression and anxiety (seven studies), with three studies examining any mental disorder. Eleven studies examined the effects of various interventions to address physical and mental comorbidity, with the most commonly studied intervention being collaborative care.Conclusions:With just 19 studies meeting our criteria for inclusion, there is clearly a paucity of research in this area. Further research is essential in order to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the association between mental disorders and chronic conditions.
Machine learning enhances prediction of illness course: a longitudinal study in eating disorders
Authors: Haynos Ann F. , Wang Shirley B. , Lipson Sarah , Peterson Carol B. , Mitchell James E. , Halmi Katherine A. , Agras W. Stewart , Crow Scott J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundPsychiatric disorders, including eating disorders (EDs), have clinical outcomes that range widely in severity and chronicity. The ability to predict such outcomes is extremely limited. Machine-learning (ML) approaches that model complexity may optimize the prediction of multifaceted psychiatric behaviors. However, the investigations of many psychiatric concerns have not capitalized on ML to improve prognosis. This study conducted the first comparison of an ML approach (elastic net regularized logistic regression) to traditional regression to longitudinally predict ED outcomes.MethodsFemales with heterogeneous ED diagnoses completed demographic and psychiatric assessments at baseline (n= 415) and Year 1 (n= 320) and 2 (n= 277) follow-ups. Elastic net and traditional logistic regression models comprising the same baseline variables were compared in ability to longitudinally predict ED diagnosis, binge eating, compensatory behavior, and underweight BMI at Years 1 and 2.ResultsElastic net models had higher accuracy for all outcomes at Years 1 and 2 [average Area Under the Receiving Operating Characteristics Curve (AUC) = 0.78] compared to logistic regression (average AUC = 0.67). Model performance did not deteriorate when the most important predictor was removed or an alternative ML algorithm (random forests) was applied. Baseline ED (e.g. diagnosis), psychiatric (e.g. hospitalization), and demographic (e.g. ethnicity) characteristics emerged as important predictors in exploratory predictor importance analyses.ConclusionsML algorithms can enhance the prediction of ED symptoms for 2 years and may identify important risk markers. The superior accuracy of ML for predicting complex outcomes suggests that these approaches may ultimately aid in advancing precision medicine for serious psychiatric disorders.
Magnetic Mineral Populations in Lower Oceanic Crustal Gabbros (Atlantis Bank, SW Indian Ridge): Implications for Marine Magnetic Anomalies
Authors: Bowles J. A. , Morris A. , Tivey M. A. , Lascu I. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo learn more about magnetic properties of the lower ocean crust and its contributions to marine magnetic anomalies, gabbro samples were collected from International Ocean Discovery Program Hole U1473A at Atlantis Bank on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Detailed magnetic property work links certain magnetic behaviors and domain states to specific magnetic mineral populations. Measurements on whole rocks and mineral separates included magnetic hysteresis, first‐order reversal curves, low‐temperature remanence measurements, thermomagnetic analysis, and magnetic force microscopy. Characteristics of the thermomagnetic data indicate that the upper ~500 m of the hole has undergone hydrothermal alteration. The thermomagnetic and natural remanent magnetization data are consistent with earlier observations from Hole 735B that show remanence arises from low‐Ti magnetite and that natural remanent magnetizations are up to 25 A m−1 in evolved Fe‐Ti oxide gabbros, but are mostly <1 A m−1. Magnetite is present in at least three forms. Primary magnetite is associated with coarse‐grained oxides that are more frequent in the upper part of the hole. This magnetic population is linked to dominantly “pseudo‐single‐domain” behavior that arises from fine‐scale lamellar intergrowths within the large oxides. Deeper in the hole the magnetic signal is more commonly dominated by an interacting single‐domain assemblage most likely found along crystal discontinuities in olivine and/or pyroxene. A third contribution is from noninteracting single‐domain inclusions within plagioclase. Because the concentration of the highly magnetic, oxide‐rich gabbros is greatest toward the surface, the signal from coarse oxides will likely dominate the near‐bottom magnetic anomaly signal at Atlantis Bank.
Challenges to Understanding the Earth's Ionosphere and Thermosphere
Authors: Heelis R. A. , Maute A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe discuss, in a limited way, some of the challenges to advancing our understanding and description of the coupled plasma and neutral gas that make up the ionosphere and thermosphere (I‐T). The I‐T is strongly influenced by wave motions of the neutral atmosphere from the lower atmosphere and is coupled to the magnetosphere, which supplies energetic particle precipitation and field‐aligned currents at high latitudes. The resulting plasma dynamics are associated with currents generated by solar heating and upward propagating waves, by heating from energetic particles and electromagnetic energy from the magnetosphere and by the closure of the field‐aligned currents applied at high latitudes. These three contributors to the current are functions of position, magnetic activity, and other variables that must be unraveled to understand how the I‐T responds to coupling from the surrounding regions of geospace. We have captured the challenges to this understanding in four major themes associated with coupling to the lower atmosphere, the generation and flow of currents within the I‐T region, the coupling to the magnetosphere, and the response of the I‐T region reflected in the neutral and plasma density changes. Addressing these challenges requires advances in observing the neutral density, composition, and velocity and simultaneous observations of the plasma density and motions as well as the particles and field‐aligned current describing the magnetospheric energy inputs. Additionally, our modeling capability must advance to include better descriptions of the processes affecting the I‐T region and incorporate coupling to below and above at smaller spatial and temporal scales.
A New Method for Analyzing the Attenuation Characteristics of Satellite Radar Altimeter Signals Due to Rainfall Based on a Multilayer Medium Model
Authors: Tian Jiasheng , Shi Jian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRainfall has an attenuation of backscatter coefficient of the sea surface and a change in the sea surface roughness, and these effects give rise to some errors in retrieving the sea surface wind speed, the significant wave height, and wave slope. It is meaningful to make considerable efforts to study the attenuation of radio waves caused by rainfall. In this article, a new model of analyzing the attenuation characteristics of satellite radar altimeter pulse signals because of rainfall is presented. First, the model of the equivalent permittivity of rainfall is calculated and presented. The imaginary part of the equivalent permittivity is studied when radio frequency and rainfall rate vary, respectively. Second, a new theoretical model and method of analyzing the effect of rainfall on satellite radar altimeter pulses is presented based on a multilayer‐medium model with the equivalent permittivity of rainfall. On the other hand, some existing models of computing rainfall attenuation characteristics of radar signals are studied and improved to some extent. Finally, some attenuation characteristics of radar signals due to rainfall are calculated by those models. The calculated results show that the attenuation characteristics of radar altimeter pulse signals are all in good agreement with those by other models. The results computed by the multilayer‐medium model can provide a good theoretical explanation and understanding for these attenuation characteristics of radar pulse signals and can also give some data support and corrections for the measured oceanic parameters by the satellite radar altimeter.
Interhemispheric Asymmetries in the Ground Magnetic Response to Interplanetary Shocks: The Role of Shock Impact Angle
Authors: Xu Z. , Hartinger M. D. , Oliveira D. M. , Coyle S. , Clauer C. R. , Weimer D. , Edwards T. R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInterplanetary (IP) shocks drive magnetosphere‐ionosphere (MI) current systems that in turn are associated with ground magnetic perturbations. Recent work has shown that IP shock impact angle plays a significant role in controlling the subsequent geomagnetic activity and magnetic perturbations; for example, highly inclined shocks drive asymmetric MI responses due to interhemispherical asymmetric magnetospheric compressions, while almost head‐on shocks drive more symmetric MI responses. However, there are few observations confirming that inclined shocks drive such asymmetries in the high‐latitude ground magnetic response. We use data from a chain of Antarctic magnetometers, combined with magnetically conjugate stations on the west coast of Greenland, to test these model predictions (Oliveira & Raeder, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021147; Oliveira, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13538-016-0472-x). We calculate the time derivative of the magnetic field (
) in each hemisphere separately. Next, we examine the ratio of Northern to Southern Hemisphere
intensities and the time differences between the maximum
immediately following the impact of IP shocks. We order these results according to shock impact angles obtained from a recently published database with over 500 events and discuss how shock impact angles affect north‐south hemisphere asymmetries in the ground magnetic response. We find that the hemisphere the shock strikes first usually has (1) the first response in
and (2) the most intense response in
. Additionally, we show that highly inclined shocks can generate high‐latitude ground magnetic responses that differ significantly from predictions based on models that assume symmetric driving conditions.