bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low red/far-red ratio as a signal promotes carbon assimilation of soybean seedlings by increasing the photosynthetic capacity
Authors: Yang Feng , Liu Qinlin , Cheng Yajiao , Feng Lingyang , Wu Xiaoling , Fan Yuanfang , Raza Muhammad Ali , Wang Xiaochun , Yong Taiwen , Liu Weiguo , Liu Jiang , Du Junbo , Shu Kai , Yang Wenyu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Shading includes low light intensity and varying quality. However, a low red/far-red (R/Fr) ratio of light is a signal that affects plant growth in intercropping and close- planting systems. Thus, the low R/Fr ratio uncoupling from shading conditions was assessed to identify the effect of light quality on photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation. Soybean plants were grown in a growth chamber with natural solar radiation under four treatments, that is, normal (N, sunlight), N+Fr, Low (L) +Fr, and L light. Results: Low R/Fr ratio significantly increased the total biomass, leaf area, starch and sucrose contents, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and quantum efficiency of the photosystem II compared with normal R/Fr ratio under the same light level (P < 0.05). Proteomic analysis of soybean leaves under different treatments was performed to quantify the changes in photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation in the chloroplast. Among the 7834 proteins quantified, 12 showed a > 1.3-fold change in abundance, of which 1 was related to porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, 2 were involved in photosystem I (PS I), 4 were associated with PS II, 3 proteins participated in photosynthetic electron transport, and 2 were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. The dynamic change in these proteins indicates that photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation were maintained in the L treatment by up-regulating the component protein levels compared with those in N treatment. Although low R/Fr ratio increased the photosynthetic CO2 assimilation parameters, the differences in most protein expression levels in N+Fr and L+Fr treatments compared with those in N treatment were insignificant. Similar trends were found in gene expression through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction excluding the gene expression of sucrose synthase possible because light environment is one of the factors affecting carbon assimilation. Conclusions: Low R/Fr ratio (high Fr light) can increase the photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in the same light intensity by improving the photosynthetic efficiency of the photosystems.
A Tunisian version of the Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU): translation and validation
Authors: Saida Imen Ben , Kortli Saiid , Amamou Badii , Kacem Nawres , Ghardallou Mariem , Ely Eugene Wesley , Saad Helmi Ben , Boussarsar Mohamed 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background. Delirium is common in critically ill patients and it is associated with poor outcomes. In Tunisia, however, it is still underdiagnosed as there is no validated screening tool. The aim of this study was to translate and to validate a Tunisian version of the CAM-ICU. Methods. For the validation and inter-rater reliability assessment of the Tunisian CAM-ICU, two trained intensivists independently evaluated delirium in the patients admitted to the ICU between October 2017 and June 2018. All the patients consecutively admitted to the ICU for more than 24 hours and having a Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale greater than or equal to “-3” were assessed for delirium excluding those with stroke, dementia, psychosis or persistent coma. The results were compared with the reference evaluation carried out by a psychiatrist using the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) criteria. The inter-rater reliability was calculated using the kappa (κ) statistic. The CAM-ICU concurrent validity was assessed using Cronbach’s α coefficient, sensitivity, specificity as well as positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) for the two Tunisian CAM-ICU raters. Results. The study involved 137 patients [median (IQR) age: 60 [49-68] years, male sex (n=102), invasive mechanical ventilation (n=49)]. Using the DSM-V criteria evaluations, 46 patients were diagnosed with delirium. When applying the Tunisian version of the CAM-ICU, 38(27.7%) patients were diagnosed with delirium for the first rater and 45(32.6%) patients for the second one. The Tunisian CAM-ICU showed a very-high inter-rater reliability for both intensivists (κ = 0.844, p<0.001). Using the DSM-V rater as the reference standard, the sensitivity of the two intensivists’ evaluations was 80.4 vs. 95.7%. Specificity was 98.9% for both. The Cronbach’s α of the first and second raters’ evaluations using the Tunisian version of the CAM-ICU were 0.886 and 0.887, respectively. Conclusions. The Tunisian version of the CAM-ICU showed almost perfect validity and reliability in detecting delirium in critically ill patients. It could therefore be used in Tunisian ICUs or where Tunisian translators are available following appropriate training.
Deep learning-based dental plaque detection on primary teeth: a comparison with clinical assessments
Authors: You Wenzhe , Hao Aimin , Li Shuai , Wang Yong , Xia Bin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: The objectives are to design an artificial intelligence (AI) model based on deep learning to detect dental plaque on primary teeth and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the AI model. Methods : A conventional neural network (CNN) framework was adopted, and a total of 886 photos of primary teeth taken by an intraoral camera(1280×960 pixels; TPC Ligang, Shenzhen, China) were used to train the AI model. To validate the clinical feasibility, 98 photos of primary teeth taken by the intraoral camera were assessed by the AI model. Additionally, tooth photos were acquired using a digital camera (3216×2136 pixels, Canon EOS 60D, Japan). One experienced pediatric dentist looked at these photos and marked the regions the photos containing dental plaque. After a week, the dentist drew the dental plaque area on the 98 photos taken by the digital camera a second time. In another round of comparison, 102 photos of primary teeth taken by the same intraoral camera to evaluate the diagnostic ability of each approach based on photos with lower-resolution (fewer pixels). The mean intersection-over-union (MIoU) metric was employed to indicate the detection accuracy. Results : The MIoU for the detection of dental plaque on the tested tooth photos was 0.726 ± 0.165.The MIoU of the dentist when diagnosing the 98 photos taken by the digital camera for the first time was 0.695 ± 0.269, while after one week, the MIoU of the dentist was 0.689 ± 0.253. Compared to the dentist, the AI model demonstrated a higher MIoU (0.736 ± 0.174), and the results did not change after a week. When both the dentist and the AI model assessed the 102 photos taken by the intraoral camera. the MIoU of the pediatric dentist was 0.652 ± 0.195, and the MIoU of the AI model was 0.724 ±0.159. The results of a paired t-test found no significant difference between the AI model and human specialist (P > .05) in diagnosing dental plaque on primary teeth. Conclusions : The AI model showed clinically acceptable performance in detecting dental plaque on primary teeth compared with an experienced pediatric dentist.
“Everything is provided free, but they are still hesitant to access healthcare services”: Why does the Indigenous community in Attapadi, Kerala continue to experience poor access to healthcare?
Authors: George Mathew Sunil , Davey Rachel , Mohanty Itismita , Upton Penney 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background Inequity in access to healthcare services is a constant concern. While advances in healthcare have progressed in the last several decades, thereby significantly improving the prevention and treatment of disease, these benefits have not been shared equally. Excluded communities such as Indigenous communities typically face a lack of access to healthcare services that others do not. This study seeks to understand why the indigenous community in Attapadi continues to experience poor access to healthcare in spite of both financial protection and adequate coverage of health services Methods Ethnographic fieldwork was carried out among the various stakeholders living in Attapadi . A total of 52 in-depth interviews and 5 focus group discussions were conducted amongst the indigenous community, the healthcare providers and key informants. The data was coded utilising a reflexive and inductive approach leading to the development of the key categories and themes Results The health system provided a comprehensive financial protection package in addition to a host of healthcare facilities for the indigenous community to avail services. In spite of this, the community resisted the attempts of the health system to improve their access. The failure to provide culturally respectful care, the discrimination of the community at healthcare facilities, the centralisation of the delivery of services as well as the lack of power among the indigenous community to negotiate with the health system for services that were less disruptive to their lives were barriers to improving healthcare access. Power differentials between the community and the health system stakeholders also ensured that meaningful involvement of the community in the local health system did not occur. Conclusion Improving access to health care for indigenous communities would require UHC interventions to be culturally safe, locally relevant and promote active involvement of the community at all stages of the intervention. Structural power imbalances that affect access to resources and prevent meaningful involvement of indigenous communities also need to be addressed.
Two-by-two factorial randomised study within a trial (SWAT) to evaluate strategies for follow-up in a randomised prevention trial
Authors: Bradshaw Lucy , Montgomery Alan A , Williams Hywel , Chalmers Joanne , Haines Rachel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Failure to collect outcome data in randomised trials can result in bias and loss of statistical power. Further evaluations of strategies to increase retention are required. We assessed the effectiveness of two strategies for retention in a randomised prevention trial using a two-by-two factorial randomised study within a trial (SWAT).

Methods
Parents of babies included in the host trial were randomised to (1) Short message service (SMS) notification prior to sending questionnaires at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months versus no SMS notification and (2) £10 voucher sent with the invitation letter for the primary follow up visit at 24 months or given at the visit. The two co-primary outcomes were collection of host trial (1) questionnaire data at interim follow-up times and (2) primary outcome at 24 months during a home/clinic visit with a research nurse.

Results
Between November 2014 and November 2016, 1394 participants were randomised: 350 to no SMS + voucher at visit, 345 to SMS + voucher at visit, 352 to no SMS + voucher before visit and 347 to SMS + voucher before visit. Overall questionnaire data was collected at interim follow-up times for 75% in both the group allocated to the prior SMS notification and the group allocated to no SMS notification (odds ratio (OR) SMS v. none 1.02, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.25). Host trial primary outcome data was collected at a visit for 557 (80%) allocated to the voucher before the visit in the invitation letter and for 566 (81%) whose parents were allocated to receive the voucher at the visit (OR before v. at visit 0.89, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.17).

Conclusion
There was no evidence of a difference in retention according to SMS notification or voucher timing. Future synthesis of SWAT results is required to be able to detect small but important incremental effects of retention strategies.

Trial registration: Host trial registration: ISRCTN registry; ID: ISRCTN21528841. Registered on 25 July 2014. SWAT Repository Store ID 25
Utility of FDG PET/CT for Assessment of Lung Nodules Identified During Low Dose Computed Tomography Screening
Authors: Hadique Sarah , Jain Pranav , Hadi Yousaf , Baig Aneeqah , Parker John E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Many clinical guidelines recommend FDG PET/CT for the evaluation of pulmonary nodules ≥ 8mm detected during low dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening. However, its added value in this setting requires confirmation. We evaluated the clinical utility of FDG PET/CT, including incidental findings, during the evaluation of lung nodules detected on LDCT screening.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed among 75 patients who completed FDG PET/CT between January 2010 and December 2017, after lung nodules > 8mm had been detected on LDCT lung cancer screening. We report demographic variables, characteristics of the initial nodules on LDCT and FDG PET/CT, incidental findings on FDG PET/CT, as well as further work up performed and the influence of FDG PET/CT findings on management.
Results: Nodules were reported to be benign on FDG PET/CT in 38/75 (50.6%) patients. Physicians chose either radiological follow-up or no further work up in all 38. FDG PET/CT was indeterminate or suggested malignancy in 37 (49.3%) patients. Biopsy was performed in 32 (86%) of these patients. Incidental findings on FDG PET/CT were reported in 37/75 (49%) patients. Further work-up of incidental findings was performed in 21/75 (28%) of patients.
Conclusions : In this study, for majority of individuals with lung nodules identified during LDCT lung cancer screening, FDG PET/CT results were able to guide physicians in choosing between routine follow up or invasive biopsies. Conversely, 28% of these patients required additional investigations to address incidental findings.
What are the effects of six month personalized endurance training on work ability in middle-aged sedentary women: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Stenner Hedwig Theda , Eigendorf Julian , Kerling Arno , Kück Momme , Hanke Alexander A. , Boyen Johanna , Nelius Anne-Katrin , Melk Anette , Boethig Dietmar , Bara Christoph , Hilfiker Andres , Berliner Dominik , Bauersachs Johann , Hilfker-Kleiner Denise , Eberhard Jörg , Stiesch Meike , Schippert Cordula , Haverich Axel , Tegtbur Uwe , Haufe Sven 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background

To test the effects of guided endurance training on work ability in middle-aged female hospital workers of various occupations.

Methods

We randomized 265 healthy, sedentary, middle-aged women (45-65 years) to an endurance training group (EG 210 min/week) or a wait-list control group (CG). At baseline and at 6-month follow-up, we assessed work ability (Work Ability Index [WAI]), physical activity (Freiburger activity questionnaire) and peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak ) by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. To examine the influence of baseline work ability, participants were divided into poor-moderate (WAI 1, 7-36 points, n=83), good (WAI 2, 37-43 points, n=136) and excellent (WAI 3, 44-49 points, n=46) WAI subgroups.

Results

Cardiorespiratory fitness improved significantly after 6 months in the EG but not in the CG. The WAI total score increased significantly in the EG (38.3±5.0 to 39.8±4.9 points) but not in the CG (39.4±4.7 to 39.3±4.9 points), with a significant difference between groups (p<0.01). In the EG, only the poor-moderate subgroup (WAI 1, 33.0±2.9 to 36.6±4.8 points, p<0.05) increased the WAI total score, with this increase being significantly higher compared to the good (WAI 2, 40.2±2.1 to, 40.4±3.7 points) and excellent (WAI 3, 45.6±1.5 to 45.7±1.8 points) subgroup.

Conclusions

A 6-month guided exercise training intervention significantly increases cardiorespiratory fitness with concomitant improvements in work ability in middle-aged previously sedentary hospital employees. Women with low baseline work ability seem to particularly benefit from the intervention, which implies that similar interventions may be particularly beneficial for this group of individuals.
Improved cycling stability of LiCoO2 at 4.5 V via surface modification of electrodes with conductive amorphous LLTO thin film
Authors: Song Shipai , Peng Xiang , Huang Kai , Zhang Hao , Wu Fang , Xiang Yong , Zhang Xiaokun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The stability issue of LiCoO 2 cycled at high voltages is one of the burning questions for the development of lithium ion batteries with high energy density and long cycling life. Although it is effective to improve the cycling performance of LiCoO 2 via coating individual LiCoO 2 particles with another metal oxides or fluorides, the rate capacity is generally compromised because the typical coating materials are poor conductors. Herein, amorphous Li 0.33 La 0.56 TiO 3 , one of the most successful solid electrolytes, was directly deposited on the surface of made-up LiCoO 2 electrodes through magnetron sputtering. Not only the inherent conductive network in the made-up LiCoO 2 electrodes was retained, but also the Li + transport in bulk and across the cathode-electrolyte interface was enhanced. In addition, the surface chemical analysis of the cycled LiCoO 2 electrodes suggests that most of the stability issues can be addressed via the deposition of amorphous Li 0.33 La 0.56 TiO 3 . With an optimized deposition time, the LiCoO 2 electrodes modified by Li 0.33 La 0.56 TiO 3 performed a steady reversible capacity of 150 mAh/g at 0.2 C with the cut-off voltage from 2.75 to 4.5 V vs. Li + /Li, and an 84.6% capacity gain at 5 C comparing with the pristine one.
Development and validation of the Oral Health Behavior Questionnaire for Adolescents based on the Health Belief Model (OHBQAHBM)
Authors: Xiang Bilu , Wong Hai Ming , Cao Wangnan , Perfecto Antonio P. , McGrath Colman P.J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Oral health belief is a prerequisite of changing oral health behaviors especially during adolescence. However, there is a paucity of well-established questionnaire for use among adolescents. This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to evaluate adolescents’ beliefs about oral health behaviors using health belief model. Methods: A preliminary 43-item questionnaire was developed by an expert panel. Then the questionnaire was finalized by decreasing the number of items to 35 by analyzing the results from face validity and factor analysis from 421 Hong Kong secondary school students. The content validity were evaluated by a panel of 2 behavioral scientists, 2 dentists, 2 schoolteachers and 10 adolescents. The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed by performing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, item-total correlation and intraclass coefficient were used to test its reliability. In addition, to confirm its applicability, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were used to evaluate the possibility of HBM as predictors for oral health behaviors and oral hygiene status. Results: The initial analysis extracted six factors that jointly accounted for 62.47% of the variance observed. Based on CFA, the final version of the questionnaire consisted of 35 items and the data of the final version fitted the model well. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the subscale (>0.7), item-total correlations (0.47-0.91) and the intraclass coefficient (0.82-0.91) were all above acceptable thresholds. The results of multiple regression analysis and path analysis confirmed its ability to predict oral health behaviors and status. Conclusions: The present findings indicate satisfactory validity, reliability and applicability of the proposed Oral Health Behavior Questionnaire for Adolescents based on the Health Belief Model (OHBQAHBM) for measuring oral health beliefs of adolescents. This questionnaire can be used as an instrument to measure oral health beliefs and predict oral health behavior and oral hygiene status of adolescents.
Decoding and Reasoning Mental States in Major Depression and Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Maleki Gheysar , Zabihzadeh Abbas , Richman Mara J. , Demetrovics Zsolt , Mohammadnejad Fatemeh 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background and objectives

Major depression (MDD) and social anxiety (SAD) disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions characterized by disturbed interpersonal relationships. Despite these impairments in social interaction, little research has simultaneously evaluated the dysfunction in two aspects of theory of mind (ToM) in these disorders: Affective ToM or decoding mental states and cognitive ToM or reasoning mental states. Taking this into consideration, the current study attempts to compare both decoding and reasoning abilities in MDD, SAD, and healthy controls (HC).

Methods

Subjects were 37 patients with MDD, 35 patients with SAD, and 35 HCs. ToM was measured with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and the Faux Pas Task, which assessed decoding skills and reasoning mental states, respectively.

Results

Results showed that in decoding mental states, both the SAD and MDD groups achieved lower scores than HC group; moreover, there was no significant difference between SAD and MDD groups in decoding mental states. However, in reasoning mental states, SAD and HC groups had higher scores than the MDD group and no differences observed between SAD and HC groups in reasoning ability.

Conclusions

Results of this study are discussed on generalized impairment in ToM or dysfunction in both decoding and reasoning mental states in MDD and only reasoning dysfunction in SAD.
Identification of the molecular mechanism and diagnostic biomarkers in the thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum using metabolomics and transcriptomics
Authors: Li Jiahao , Yu Lingjia , Guo Shigong , Zhao Yu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: To establish a metabolite fingerprint of ossification of the thoracic ligamentum flavum (OTLF) patients using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in combination with transcriptomic data and explore the potential molecular mechanism of pathogenesis.
Results: The study cohort was composed of 25 patients with OTLF and 23 healthy volunteers as a control group. 37 metabolites were identified out by UPLC-MS including uric acid and hypoxanthine. 9 metabolites, including uric acid and hypoxanthine, were found with a Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) score over 1 (p<0.05). Pathway enrichment indicated that purine metabolism pathways and the other four metabolism pathways were enriched. Transcriptomic data revealed that purine metabolism have a substantial change in gene expression of OTLF and that xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is the key regulatory factor. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that 17 metabolites, including uric acid, were found with an AUC value of over 0.7.
Conclusion: Uric acid might be the potential biomarker for OTLF and play an important role within the detailed pathway. XDH could affect purine metabolism by suppressing the expression of hypoxanthine and xanthine leading to low serum levels of uric acid in OTLF, which could be a focal point in developing new therapeutic methods for OTLF.