bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of xylazine after 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐hr durations of continuous rate infusions in horses
Authors: Hopster Klaus , Soma Lawrence R. , Li Xiaoqing , Hopster‐Iversen Charlotte , Boston Raymond C. , Driessen Bernd 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of xylazine (XYL) (0.5 mg/kg) immediately followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 1 mg kg−1 hr−1 for 2, 4, and 6 hr produced immediate sedation, which lasted throughout the duration of the CRI. Heart rate decreased and blood pressure increased significantly (p > .05) in all horses during the first 15 min of infusion, both returned to and then remained at baseline during the duration of the infusion. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of XYL administration. Plasma concentration–time curves following bolus and CRI were best described by a one‐compartment model. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic estimates of the CRIs for the fractional elimination rate constant (Ke), half‐life (t1/2e), volume of distribution (Vd), and clearance (Cl). Median and range were 0.42 (0.15–0.97)/hr, 1.68 (0.87–4.52) hr, 5.85 (2.10–19.34) L/kg, and 28.7 (19.6–39.5) ml min−1 kg−1, respectively. Significant differences were seen for area under the curve (

) (p < .0002) and maximum concentration (Cmax) (p < .04). This indicates that with increasing duration of infusion, XYL may not accumulate in a clinically relevant way and hence no adjustments are required in a longer XYL CRI to maintain a constant level of sedation and a rapid recovery.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor 2α drives hepatosteatosis through the fatty acid translocase CD36
Authors: Rey Esther , Meléndez‐Rodríguez Florinda , Marañón Patricia , Gil‐Valle Miriam , Carrasco Almudena G. , Torres‐Capelli Mar , Chávez Stephania , del Pozo‐Maroto Elvira , Rodríguez de Cía Javier , Aragonés Julián , García‐Monzón Carmelo , González‐Rodríguez Águeda 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsMolecular mechanisms by which hypoxia might contribute to hepatosteatosis, the earliest stage in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis, remain still to be elucidated. We aimed to assess the impact of hypoxia‐inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) on the fatty acid translocase CD36 expression and function in vivo and in vitro.MethodsCD36 expression and intracellular lipid content were determined in hypoxic hepatocytes, and in hypoxic CD36‐ or HIF2α ‐silenced human liver cells. Histological analysis, and HIF2α and CD36 expression were evaluated in livers from animals in which von Hippel‐Lindau (Vhl) gene is inactivated (Vhlf/f‐deficient mice), or both Vhl and Hif2a are simultaneously inactivated (Vhlf/fHif2α/f‐deficient mice), and from 33 biopsy‐proven NAFLD patients and 18 subjects with histologically normal liver.ResultsIn hypoxic hepatocytes, CD36 expression and intracellular lipid content were augmented. Noteworthy, CD36 knockdown significantly reduced lipid accumulation, and HIF2A gene silencing markedly reverted both hypoxia‐induced events in hypoxic liver cells. Moreover livers from Vhlf/f‐deficient mice showed histologic characteristics of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and increased CD36 mRNA and protein amounts, whereas both significantly decreased and NASH features markedly ameliorated in Vhlf/fHif2αf/f‐deficient mice. In addition, both HIF2α and CD36 were significantly overexpressed within the liver of NAFLD patients and, interestingly, a significant positive correlation between hepatic transcript levels of CD36 and erythropoietin (EPO), a HIF2α ‐dependent gene target, was observed in NAFLD patients.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that HIF2α drives lipid accumulation in human hepatocytes by upregulating CD36 expression and function, and could contribute to hepatosteatosis setup.
Comparison of different trophic state indices applied to tropical reservoirs
Authors: Klippel Gabriel , Macêdo Rafael L. , Branco Christina W. C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractReservoirs represent impoundments of river flows for multiple human purposes, including hydropower generation and industrial, recreational and agricultural activities. In considering the current state of dammed rivers and future projects, there is a major concern in tropical areas regarding the water quality of these aquatic ecosystems, most being subjected to eutrophication process. To this end, the Carlson (1977), Toledo (1983), Lamparelli (2004) and Cunha (2013) trophic state indices were applied and compared in six interconnected reservoirs from the Paraíba do Sul Ecoregion in Brazil that differ in their morphometry, nutrient loadings, water retention times and altitudes. Limnological variables were measured in an extensive monitoring programme carried out from 2011 to 2014 during both the rainy and dry seasons. Application of the different numerical models resulted in different trophic state classifications. Toledo's trophic state index was considered the best for assessing the trophic state of the study reservoirs since it under‐evaluates water transparency, which can be related more to inorganic turbidity rather than to phytoplankton biomass in tropical water systems. The Carlson index, developed for temperate zone lakes, resulted in higher trophic classifications, thereby not being considered a reliable model for the study reservoirs. Both the Lamparelli and Cunha indices generally classified the study reservoirs as being in an oligotrophic state, thereby underestimating their trophic status. All the trophic state indices varied seasonally, with water transparency being the only variable significantly affected by rainfall variations. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that an arbitrary choice of existing trophic state indices to evaluate the water quality in tropical environments might lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the actual trophic conditions of tropical waterbodies. Further, the weak correlation observed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll‐a concentrations indicates total phosphorus might not be a key factor limiting algal growth in tropical water systems, thereby meriting more research focusing on tropical reservoirs, as well as development of new trophic state indices, including consideration of other potentially limiting factors.
MUSEUM TRAJECTORIES AND PROBLEMS OF EVIDENCE IN PUBLIC DISCOURSE: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Jules‐Rosette Bennetta , Osborn J.R. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTAs conservators of heritage and protectors of patrimony, museums are key players in public discourse about national identity and collective memory. The cultural roles and meanings of the museum as an institution are changing in relationship to local and global currents. Factors include the adoption of digital technologies, the repatriation of cultural artifacts, and the opening of new blockbuster museums. This special issue ofMuseum Anthropologybuilds upon a nodal taxonomic model for classifying museum practices, audiences, and the organization of evidence. The collected articles juxtapose cross‐cultural case studies drawn from Africa, Europe, and the United States. Topics include the use of evidence in the global circulation of popular African art, discussions of repatriation and decolonization in German museums, the “museum boom” in Poland’s new political climate, and the development of a unique local museum based on minimalist art near the US–Mexican border. The comparative cases demonstrate how museums of different types respond to civic contestations, public debates, and institutional transformations. Curatorial narratives support the use of evidence in contrasting ways as museums build and revitalize their collections. These shifts influence the interpretation of evidence and the display of artifacts both within individual museums and across the global museum landscape.
A randomized controlled trial of different young child formulas on upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections in Chinese toddlers
Authors: Leung Ting F. , Ulfman Laurien H. , Chong Marc K. C. , Hon Kam L. , Khouw Ilse M. S. L. , Chan Paul K. S. , Delsing Dianne J. , Kortman Guus A. M. , Bovee‐Oudenhoven Ingeborg M. J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundBioactive proteins and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), important ingredients in breast milk, that protect against infections are lacking in young child formula (YCF). This study investigated the effects of new YCFs on respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in toddlers.MethodsFour hundred and sixty one healthy Chinese children aged 1‐2.5 years were recruited in this randomized, controlled, double‐blind, parallel‐group clinical trial of different YCFs. They were randomly assigned to either standard milk formula (YCF‐Ref) or one of three new YCFs containing bioactive proteins and/or the HMO 2′‐fucosyllactose (2′‐FL) and/or milk fat for six months. Primary outcomes were incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and duration of gastrointestinal tract infections (GITI).ResultsThere were no significant between‐group differences in primary outcomes. For secondary outcomes, subjects receiving 2′‐FL‐supplemented YCF had longer URTI. Subjects receiving YCF supplemented with milk fat and intact bioactive proteins, and 2′‐FL at levels found in breast milk, had more GITI episodes and shorter time to first GITI but similar effects on URTI duration than YCF‐Ref recipients. No effects on URTI and GITI were observed in toddlers receiving YCF with bioactive proteins at lower levels than breast milk. Occurrence of adverse events and anthropometry were similar in all groups.ConclusionsAll three YCFs supplemented with different combinations of intact bioactive proteins, 2′‐FL, and milk fat are safe in toddlers. No difference is detected among YCFs on URTI incidence and GITI duration. Further studies are needed to verify these findings especially in infants who may benefit most from the immune‐boosting effects of bioactive proteins and HMOs.
The Political Dimensions of Illegal Wolf Hunting: Anti‐Elitism, Lack of Trust in Institutions and Acceptance of Illegal Wolf Killing among Norwegian Hunters
Authors: Skogen Ketil , Krange Olve 
Published: May 2020

AbstractQualitative studies have indicated that the illegal killing of wolves is often attributed a protest dimension. However, we have limited knowledge about the factors that impact this judgement. The present study investigates views on illegal wolf killing among Norwegian hunters and connects these views to background factors, hunting cultures, anti‐elitism and the legitimacy of environmental institutions, probing the existence of a ‘counterpublic’ where killing wolves is seen as justified resistance. Only a minority tolerated the activity, but compared to other hunting‐related offences, killing a wolf illegally was seen as ‘not serious’ by the largest group. Hunters with limited education, living in rural areas, and who were motivated by a ‘tradition and stewardship’ ethos when hunting, were more inclined to accept illegal killing. Anti‐elitism and lack of trust in environmental institutions were even stronger predictors. We conclude that hunting‐related issues are not among the prime drivers of support for illegal wolf hunting. Rather, it is typically part of a worldview that reflects a rural subaltern experience, comprising elements of cultural resistance. While the political dimension is not always articulated, overlooking it and treating illegal killing simply as ‘crime’ may stoke conflicts and fortify an understanding of power relations that already drives resistance.
The integrative value of conflict and dispute: Implications for defining community in the native title context
Authors: Pilbrow Tim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractClaimants and industry professionals frequently view conflict that arises in the course of a native title claim as a detriment to timely claims resolution. I argue instead that disputation itself may constitute an integrative social process through which participants define, delimit and reproduce community. I show also how ethnographic analysis of disputation can provide useful insights into broader social and cultural practices and normative value systems. Drawing on theoretical and methodological concerns with human agency and the integrative and constitutive role of conflict that challenges consensus models of community, I develop a practice‐centred approach that is attentive to the ways that participants in a dispute articulate and contest the definition of community. The possibility of viewing 'culture' and group cohesion as contingent and emergent through disputation should assist anthropologists working in the native title field to incorporate conflict as a productive aspect of social and cultural practice.
Inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus‐6 in a patient with XIAP deficiency
Authors: Inoue Kento , Miura Hiroki , Hoshino Akihiro , Kamiya Takahiro , Tanita Kay , Ohye Tamae , Park Myoung‐Ja , Yanagimachi Masakatsu , Takagi Masatoshi , Imai Kohsuke , Morio Tomohiro , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Kanegane Hirokazu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHuman herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) is a common pathogen affecting the human population. Primary HHV‐6 infection generally occurs during infancy and causes exanthema subitum. Moreover, HHV‐6 may exhibit inherited chromosomally integrated HHV‐6 (iciHHV‐6) in certain individuals. Although iciHHV‐6 is generally known to be nonpathogenic, it may cause reactivation in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease (PID). XIAP deficiency is a rare PID characterized by recurrent hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It has been reported that the Epstein‐Barr virus primarily causes HLH; however, the other pathogens, including HHV‐6, can also cause this complication. We encountered a case of XIAP deficiency accompanied by iciHHV‐6. He suffered from recurrent HLH, for which allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was performed as a curative therapy. During the course of BMT, the patient experienced HLH three times, but there was no reactivation of endogenous HHV‐6 from iciHHV‐6. Finally, the patient achieved complete donor chimerism and a decline in HHV‐6 DNA copy number in whole blood. This case report demonstrates no evidence of reactivation of iciHHV‐6 during BMT in a patient with XIAP deficiency.
Validation of predictive empirical weed emergence models of Abutilon theophrasti Medik based on intercontinental data
Authors: Egea‐Cobrero Valle , Bradley Kevin , Calha Isabel M. , Davis Adam S. , Dorado Jose , Forcella Frank , Lindquist John L. , Sprague Christy L. , Gonzalez‐Andujar Jose L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGood weed management relies on the proper timing of weed control practices in relation to weed emergence dynamics. Therefore, the development of models that predict the timing of emergence may help provide growers with tools to make better weed management decisions. The aim of this study was to validate and compare two previously published predictive empirical thermal time models of the emergence of Abutilon theophrasti growing in maize with data sets from the USA and Europe, and test the hypothesis that a robust and general weed emergence model can be developed for this species. Previously developed Weibull and Logistic models were validated against new data sets collected from 11 site‐years, using four measures of validation. Our results indicated that predictions made with the Weibull model were more reliable than those made with the Logistic model. However, Weibull model results still contained appreciable biases that prevent its use as a general model of A. theophrasti emergence. Our findings highlight the need to develop more accurate models if the ultimate goal is to make more precise predictions of weed seedling emergence globally to provide growers with universally consistent tools to make better weed management decisions.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of haptoglobin on LPS‐stimulated macrophages: Role of HMGB1 signaling and implications in chronic wound healing
Authors: Krzyszczyk Paulina , Kang Hwan June , Kumar Suneel , Meng Yixin , O'Reggio Maurice D. , Patel Kishan , Pires Ivan S. , Yarmush Martin L. , Schloss Rene S. , Palmer Andre F. , Berthiaume François 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNonhealing wounds possess elevated numbers of pro‐inflammatory M1 macrophages, which fail to transition to anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotypes that promote healing. Hemoglobin (Hb) and haptoglobin (Hp) proteins, when complexed (Hb‐Hp), can elicit M2‐like macrophages through the heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) pathway. Despite the fact that nonhealing wounds are chronically inflamed, previous studies have focused on non‐inflammatory systems, and do not thoroughly compare the effects of complexed vs individual proteins. We aimed to investigate the effect of Hb/Hp treatments on macrophage phenotype in an inflammatory, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated environment, similar to chronic wounds. Human M1 macrophages were cultured in vitro and stimulated with LPS. Concurrently, Hp, Hb, or Hb‐Hp complexes were delivered. The next day, 27 proteins related to inflammation were measured in the supernatants. Hp treatment decreased a majority of inflammatory factors, Hb increased many, and Hb‐Hp had intermediate trends, indicating that Hp attenuated overall inflammation to the greatest extent. From this data, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software identified high motility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a key canonical pathway—strongly down‐regulated from Hp, strongly up‐regulated from Hb, and slightly activated from Hb‐Hp. HMGB1 measurements in macrophage supernatants confirmed this trend. In vivo results in diabetic mice with biopsy punch wounds demonstrated accelerated wound closure with Hp treatment, and delayed wound closure with Hb treatment. This work specifically studied Hb/Hp effects on macrophages in a highly inflammatory environment relevant to chronic wound healing. Results show that Hp—and not Hb‐Hp, which is known to be superior in noninflammatory conditions—reduces inflammation in LPS‐stimulated macrophages, and HMGB1 signaling is also implicated. Overall, Hp treatment on M1 macrophages in vitro reduced the inflammatory secretion profile, and also exhibited benefits in in silico and in vivo wound‐healing models.
Influence of Screw Centrifugal Inducer on Internal Flow Structure of Vortex Pump
Authors: Quan Hui , Cheng Jing , Guo Ying , Kang Lei , Peng Guoyi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Installing an inducer upstream of the main impeller is an effective approach for improving the performances of a centrifugal pump. In order to study the influence of inducer on the internal flow characteristics and evolution of vortex pump, the numerical simulation and experimental test of the 150WX-200-20 vortex pump have been done by the principle of computational fluid dynamics, to acquire performance and internal flow structure change of the vortex pump with inducer and without inducer. Based on these, the energy conversion of vortex pump is combined with the changes of the through-flow and circulating-flow of the internal flow structure. Through analyzing the influence of inducer on it, the energy conversion characteristic of vortex pump is revealed. The results show that adding the inducer can guarantee the power capacity of the vortex pump and improve the anticavitation performance, so as to improve the pump head and flows. Equipped with suitable for transporting solid liquid two phase flow of the screw centrifugal inducer, it can effectively weaken the existence of circulating-flow and significantly improve the flow situation in the impeller field. Adding inducer can weaken axial force of vortex pump and enhance stability of pump. And under the condition of no clogging, the conclusions are of great significance for improving the power capacity and fluid energy conversion of the vortex pump. In addition, it is a good method to weaken the axial force of the pump and enhance the stability of the pump system by adding the inducer.
Investigation on Energy Loss in Centrifugal Pump Based on Entropy Generation and High-Order Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Cui Baoling , Zhang Chenliang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Full-open, straight-blade centrifugal pumps have the advantages of simple structure and high stability at high speeds. However, this type of centrifugal pump has a large internal energy loss and low efficiency. The flow loss caused by unstable flow accounts for most of the internal energy loss of a centrifugal pump, and this energy dissipates mainly to the surroundings of the pump in the form of pressure pulsation and vibration. In this study, to effectively understand the hydraulic behavior and energy loss in a centrifugal pump, the energy losses in the pump were numerically analyzed by the entropy generation method, the distribution of the energies of pressure pulsation and vibration was evaluated based on experimental results at different flowrates, and the correlation between flow and energy loss at 20% of the design flowrate (Qd) was investigated by high-order spectrum analysis. The energies of pressure pulsation and vibration in the experiment were evaluated by the root-mean-square (RMS) value. The distribution of the entropy generation rate (EGR) indicated large energy losses at the diffusion section of the volute, clearance, tongue, and blade inlet. At 20% of the design flowrate (Qd), the energy loss was caused by the backflow near the tongue, and the EGR at EP2 had a nonlinear fundamental characteristic frequency of 0.44fn. By bispectrum and coherence analysis, the nonlinear fundamental characteristic frequencies generated by the unforced flow were analyzed, and it was found that unforced flow was transmitted to one another in the near-tongue region.
Numerical Investigation to Derive Correlations for Hydrodynamic Entrance Length in Very Low Reynolds Number Regime in Rectangular Microchannels
Authors: Ray Dustin R. , Das Debendra K. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A three-dimensional laminar flow model was used for 37 Reynolds numbers (0.1, 0.2…1, 2…10, 20…100, and 200…1000) through six rectangular microchannels (aspect ratios: 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0.2, and 0.125) to develop correlations for hydrodynamic entrance length. The majority of the Reynolds numbers are in the low regime (Re &lt; 100) to fulfill the need to determine the hydrodynamic entrance length for microchannels. Examination of the fully developed flow condition was considered using the velocity or fRe criteria. Numerical results from the present simulations were validated by comparing the fRe results. Two new correlations were developed from a vast amount of numerical data (222 simulations). The velocity criterion correlations predict entrance length with a mean error of 4.67% and maximum error of 10.28%. The fRe criterion generated better correlations and were developed as a function of aspect ratio to predict entrance length with a mean error less than 2% and maximum error of 5.75% for 0.1 ≤ Re ≤ 1000 and 0 ≤ α ≤ ∞.