bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Minimally Invasive Trans-thoracic Liver Resection to Examine Intervention Description, Governance, and Outcome Reporting of an Innovative Technique
Authors: Pathak Samir , Main Barry G. , Blencowe Natalie S. , Rees Jonathan R. E. , Robertson Harry F. , Abbadi Reyad A. G. , Blazeby Jane M. 
Published: June 2020

Introduction:
The number of laparoscopic liver resections undertaken has increased. However, lesions located postero-superiorly are difficult to access. This may be overcome by the novel use of trans-thoracic port(s). Methods for the safe and transparent introduction of new and modified surgical procedures are limited and a summary of these issues, for minimally invasive trans-thoracic liver resections (MITTLR), is lacking. This study aims to understand and summarize technique description, governance procedures, and reporting of outcomes for MITTLR.

Methods:
A systematic literature search to identify primary studies of all designs describing MITTLR was undertaken. How patients were selected for the new technique was examined. The technical components of MITTLR were identified and summarized to understand technique development over time. Governance arrangements (eg, Institutional Review Board approval) and steps taken to mitigate harm were recorded. Finally, specific outcomes reported across studies were documented.

Results:
Of 2067 screened articles, 16 were included reporting data from 145 patients and 6 countries. Selection criteria for patients was explicitly stated in 2 papers. No studies fully described the technique. Five papers reported ethical approval and 3 gave details of patient consent. No study reported on steps taken to mitigate harm.
Technical outcomes were commonly reported, for example, blood loss (15/16 studies), operative time (15/16), and margin status (11/16). Information on patient-reported outcomes and costs were lacking.

Conclusions:
Technical details and governance procedures were poorly described. Outcomes focussed on short term details alone. Transparency is needed for reporting the introduction of new surgical techniques to allow their safe dissemination.
LekCheck: A Prospective Study to Identify Perioperative Modifiable Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage in Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Huisman Daitlin E. , Reudink Muriël , van Rooijen Stefanus J. , Bootsma Boukje T. , van de Brug Tim , Stens Jurre , Bleeker Wim , Stassen Laurents P. S. , Jongen Audrey , Feo Carlo V. , Targa Simone , Komen Niels , Kroon Hidde M. , Sammour Tarik , Lagae Emmanuel A. G. L. , Talsma Aalbert K. , Wegdam Johannes A. , de Vries Reilingh Tammo S. , van Wely Bob , van Hoogstraten Marie J. , Sonneveld Dirk J. A. , Veltkamp Sanne C. , Verdaasdonk Emiel G. G. , Roumen Rudi M. H. , Slooter Gerrit D. , Daams Freek 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
To assess potentially modifiable perioperative risk factors for anastomotic leakage in adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

Summary Background Data:
Colorectal anastomotic leakage (CAL) is the single most important denominator of postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery. To lower the risk of CAL, the current research focused on the association of potentially modifiable risk factors, both surgical and anesthesiological.

Methods:
A consecutive series of adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery with primary anastomosis was enrolled from January 2016 to December 2018. Fourteen hospitals in Europe and Australia prospectively collected perioperative data by carrying out the LekCheck, a short checklist carried out in the operating theater as a time-out procedure just prior to the creation of the anastomosis to check perioperative values on 1) general condition 2) local perfusion and oxygenation, 3) contamination, and 4) surgery related factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify perioperative potentially modifiable risk factors for CAL.

Results:
There were 1562 patients included in this study. CAL was reported in 132 (8.5%) patients. Low preoperative hemoglobin (OR 5.40, P < 0.001), contamination of the operative field (OR 2.98, P < 0.001), hyperglycemia (OR 2.80, P = 0.003), duration of surgery of more than 3 hours (OR 1.86, P = 0.010), administration of vasopressors (OR 1.80, P = 0.010), inadequate timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis (OR 1.62, P = 0.047), and application of epidural analgesia (OR, 1.81, P = 0. 014) were all associated with CAL.

Conclusions:
This study identified 7 perioperative potentially modifiable risk factors for CAL. The results enable the development of a multimodal and multidisciplinary strategy to create an optimal perioperative condition to finally lower CAL rates.
Development and Evaluation of a Novel Instrument to Measure Severity of Intraoperative Events Using Video Data
Authors: Jung James J. , Jüni Peter , Gee Denise W. , Zak Yulia , Cheverie Joslin , Yoo Jin S. , Morton John M. , Grantcharov Teodor 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
To develop and evaluate a novel instrument to measure SEVERE processes using video data.

Background:
Surgical video data can serve an important role in understanding the relationship between intraoperative events and postoperative outcomes. However, a standard tool to measure severity of intraoperative events is not yet available.

Methods:
Items to be included in the instrument were identified through literature and video reviews. A committee of experts guided item reduction, including pilot tests and revisions, and determined weighted scores. Content validity was evaluated using a validated sensibility questionnaire. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by calculating intraclass correlation coefficient. Construct validity was evaluated on a sample of 120 patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure, in which comprehensive video data was obtained.

Results:
SEVERE index measures severity of 5 event types using ordinal scales. Each intraoperative event is given a weighted score out of 10. Inter-rater reliability was excellent [0.87 (95%-confidence interval, 0.77–0.92)]. In a sample of consecutive 120 patients undergoing gastric bypass procedures, a median of 12 events [interquartile range (IQR) 9–18] occurred per patient and bleeding was the most frequent type (median 10, IQR 7–14). The median SEVERE score per case was 11.3 (IQR 8.3–16.9). In risk-adjusted multivariable regression models, history of previous abdominal surgery (P = 0.02) and body mass index (P = 0.005) were associated with SEVERE scores, demonstrating construct validity evidence.

Conclusion:
The SEVERE index may prove to be a useful instrument in identifying patients with high risk of developing postoperative complications.
Rayleigh–Taylor and Kelvin–Helmholtz instability studied in the frame of a dimension-reduced model
Authors: Bestehorn Michael 
Published: June 2020

Introducing an extension of a recently derived dimension-reduced model for an infinitely deep inviscid and irrotational layer, a two-layer system is examined in the present paper. A second thin viscous layer is added on top of the original one-layer system. The set-up is a combination of a long-wave approximation (upper layer) and a deep-water approximation (lower layer). Linear stability analysis shows the emergency of Rayleigh–Taylor and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. Finally, numerical solutions of the model reveal spatial and temporal pattern formation in the weakly nonlinear regime of both instabilities.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.
Stokes: Victorian Britain's most important religious scientist?
Authors: Mathieson Stuart 
Published: June 2020

Sir George Gabriel Stokes is justly recognized for his substantial contributions to mathematics and physics, particularly optics and hydrodynamics. Yet Stokes also had a particularly noteworthy involvement in the religious life of Victorian Britain, and especially in the relationship between science and religion. As an outspoken evangelical, a prominent religious scientist, a lecturer on natural theology, and a lay writer on widely-debated theological topics such as eternal punishment, Stokes made contributions unsurpassed by any of his contemporaries. However, these have often been overlooked. This article redresses this situation, by explaining Stokes's religious life, his influence on debates over science and religion, his natural theology, and his promotion of the doctrine of conditional immortality.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.
Stokes layers in oscillatory flows of viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Ortín Jordi 
Published: June 2020

Oscillatory flows of viscoelastic fluids are studied from the perspective of Stokes viscoelastic layers. We identify the governing dimensionless variables, and study the flows in a general way for fluids with linear rheology. Nonlinearities can be treated perturbatively to account for reported flow instabilities.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.
Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Bart (1819–1903): his impact on science and scientists
Authors: Ranford Paul 
Published: June 2020

Lucasian Professor Sir George Gabriel Stokes was appointed joint-Secretary of the Royal Society in 1854, a post he held for the unprecedented period of 31 years, relinquishing the role when he succeeded T.H. Huxley as President in 1885. An eminent scientist of the Victorian era, Stokes explained fluorescence (he also coined the word) and his hydrodynamical formulae (the ‘Navier–Stokes equations’) remain ubiquitous today in the physics of any phenomenon involving fluid flows, from pipelines to glaciers to large-scale atmospheric perturbations. He also made seminal advances in optics and mathematics, and formulae that bear his name remain widely used today. The historiography however appears to understate Stokes's significant impact on science as unacknowledged collaborator on a wide range of scientific developments. His scientific peers regarded him as a mentor, advisor, designer of crucial experiments and, as editor of the Royal Society's scientific journals, arbiter of the standards of excellence in scientific communication to be attained before publication would be considered. Three brief case studies on Stokes's correspondence with Lord Kelvin, Sir William Crookes and the chemist Arthur Smithells exemplify how his impact was conveyed through the work of other scientists. This paper also begins consideration of why the character and worldview of Stokes led him to eschew personal reputation and profit for the sake of science and the Royal Society, and of how the development of the discipline of history of science has impacted on historiography relating to Stokes and others.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.
Stokes, Tyndall, Ruskin and the nineteenth-century beginnings of climate science
Authors: Cardoso Silvana S. S. , Cartwright Julyan H. E. , Huppert Herbert E. 
Published: June 2020

Although we humans have known since the first smokey campfires of prehistory that our activities might alter our local surroundings, the nineteenth century saw the first indications that humankind might alter the global environment; what we currently know as anthropogenic climate change. We are now celebrating the bicentenaries of three figures with a hand in the birth of climate science. George Stokes, John Tyndall and John Ruskin were born in August 1819, August 1820 and February 1819, respectively. We look back from the perspective of two centuries following their births. We outline their contributions to climate science: understanding the equations of fluid motion and the recognition of the need to collect global weather data together with comprehending the role in regulating terrestrial temperature played by gases in the atmosphere. This knowledge was accompanied by fears of the Earth’s regression to another ice age, together with others that industrialization was ruining humankind’s health, morals and creativity. The former fears of global cooling were justified but seem strange now that the balance has tipped so far the other way towards global warming; the latter, on the other hand, today seem very prescient.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.
Heat Shock Protein 27 versus Estrogen Therapy for Post-Menopausal Atherosclerosis: Rethinking Mechanisms of Cholesterol Lowering
Authors: Maarouf Nadia , Chen Yong-Xiang , Shi Chunhua , Deng Jingti , Diao Catherine , Rosin Matthew , Shrivastava Vipul , Batulan Zarah , Liu Jingwen , O’Brien Edward R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsThe estrogen-inducible protein Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSP27) as well as anti-HSP27 antibodies are elevated in healthy subjects compared to cardiovascular disease patients. Vaccination ofApoE-/-mice with recombinant HSP25 (rHSP25, the murine ortholog), boosts anti-HSP25 levels and attenuates atherogenesis. As estrogens promote HSP27 synthesis, cellular release and blood levels, we hypothesize that menopause will result in loss of HSP27 atheroprotection. Hence, we now compare the efficacy of rHSP25 vaccinationvs. estradiol (E2) therapy for the prevention of post-menopausal atherogenesis.Methods and ResultsApoE-/-mice subjected to ovariectomy (OVX) showed a 65% increase atherosclerotic burden compared to sham mice after 5 weeks of a high fat diet. Relative to vaccination with rC1, a truncated HSP27 control peptide, atherogenesis was reduced by 5-weekly rHSP25 vaccinations (−43%), a subcutaneous E2 slow release pellet (−52%) or a combination thereof (−82%). Plasma cholesterol levels declined in parallel with the reductions in atherogenesis, but relative to rC1/OVX mice plasma PCSK9 levels were 52% higher in E2/OVX and 41% lower in rHSP25/OVX mice (p<0.0001 for both). Hepatic LDLR mRNA levels did not change with E2 treatment but increased markedly with rHSP25 vaccination. Conversely, hepatic PCSK9 mRNA increased 148% with E2 treatmentvs. rC1/OVX but did not change with rHSP25 vaccination. In human HepG2 hepatocytes E2 increased PCSK9 promoter activity 303%, while the combination of [rHSP27 + PAb] decreased PCSK9 promoter activity by 64%.ConclusionThe reduction in post-OVX atherogenesis and cholesterol levels with rHSP25 vaccination is associated with increased LDLR but not PCSK9 expression. Surprisingly, E2 therapy attenuates atherogenesis and cholesterol levels post-OVX without altering LDLR but increases PCSK9 expression and promoter activity. This is the first documentation of increased PCSK9 expression with E2 therapy and raises questions about balancing physiological estrogenic / PCSK9 homeostasis and targeting PCSK9 in women – are there effects beyond cholesterol?
Potential for virus endogenization in humans through testicular germ cell infection: the case of HIV
Authors: Mahé Dominique , Matusali Giulia , Deleage Claire , Alvarenga Raquel L. L. S. , Satie Anne-Pascale , Pagliuzza Amélie , Mathieu Romain , Lavoué Sylvain , Jégou Bernard , de França Luiz R. , Chomont Nicolas , Houzet Laurent , Rolland Antoine D. , Dejucq-Rainsford Nathalie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractViruses have colonized the germ line of our ancestors at several occasions during evolution, leading to the integration in the human genome of viral sequences from over 30 retroviral groups and a few non-retroviruses. Among the recently emerged viruses infecting humans, several target the testis (eg HIV, Zika and Ebola viruses). Here we aimed to investigate whether human testicular germ cells (TGCs) can support integration by HIV, a contemporary retrovirus that started to spread in the human population during the last century. We report that albeit alternative receptors enabled HIV-1 binding to TGCs, HIV virions failed to infect TGCsin vitro. Nevertheless, exposure of TGCs to infected lymphocytes, naturally present in the testis from HIV+ men, led to HIV-1 entry, integration and early protein expression. Similarly, cell-associated infection or bypassing viral entry led to HIV-1 integration in a spermatogonial cell line. Using DNAscope, HIV-1 and SIV DNA were detected within a few TGCs in the testis from one infected patient, one rhesus macaque and one African Green monkeyin vivo. Molecular landscape analysis revealed that early TGCs were enriched in HIV early co-factors up to integration and had overall low antiviral defenses when compared with testicular macrophages and Sertoli cells. In conclusion, our study reveals that TGCs can support the entry and integration of HIV upon cell-associated infection. This could represent a way for this contemporary virus to integrate our germline and become endogenous in the future, as happened during human evolution for a number of viruses.ImportanceViruses have colonized the host germ line at many occasions during evolution to eventually become endogenous. Here we aimed at investigating whether human testicular germ cells (TGCs) can support such viral invasion by studying HIV interactions with TGCsin vitro. Our results indicate that isolated primary TGCs express alternative HIV-1 receptors allowing virions binding but not entry. However, HIV-1 entered and integrated in TGCs upon cell-associated infection, and produced low level of viral proteins.In vivo, HIV-1 and SIV DNA was detected in a few TGCs. Molecular landscape analysis showed that TGCs have overall weak antiviral defenses. Altogether, our results indicate that human TGCs can support HIV-1 early replication including integration, suggesting potential for endogenization in the future generations.
Case Study: Using Facebook Data to Monitor Adherence to Stay-at-home Orders in Colorado and Utah
Authors: Layer Ryan , Fosdick Baily , Bradshaw Michael , Larremore Dan , Doherty Paul 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIn the absence of effective treatments, social distancing has been the only public health measure available to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In the US, implementing this response has been left to state, county, and city officials, and many localities have issued some form of a stay-at-home order. Without existing tools and with limited resources, localities struggled to understand how their orders changed behavior. In response, several technology companies opened access to their users’ location data. As part of the COVID-19 Data Mobility Network, we obtained access to Facebook User data and developed four key metrics and visualizations to monitor various aspects of adherence to stay at home orders. These metrics were carefully incorporated into static and interactive visualizations for dissemination to local officials.All code is open source and freely available at https://github.com/ryanlayer/COvid19
Heart Disease Deaths during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Faust Jeremy S. , Lin Zhenqiu , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: June 2020

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is associated with a reduction in hospitalization for an acute cardiovascular conditions. In a major health system in Massachusetts, there was a 43% reduction in these types of hospitalizations in March 2020 compared with March 2019.4 Whether mortality rates from heart disease have changed over this period is unknown.We assembled information from the National Center for Health Statistics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) for 118,356,533 person-weeks from Week 1 (ending January 4) through Week 17 (ending April 25) of 2020 for the state of Massachusetts. We found that heart disease deaths are unchanged during the Covid-19 pandemic period as compared to the corresponding period of 2019. This is despite reports that admissions for acute myocardial infarction have fallen during this time.
COVID-19 and HIV co-infection: a living systematic evidence map of current research
Authors: Masukume Gwinyai , Mapanga Witness , van Zyl Doreen S 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe world currently faces two ongoing devastating pandemics. These are the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) and the prior human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemics. The literature regarding the confluence of these global plagues expands at pace. A systematic search of the literature considering COVID-19 and HIV co-infection was performed.After five months, from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were at least thirty-five studies reported from thirteen countries. These ranged from individual case reports and series to cohort studies. Based on studies that could be extrapolated to the general population, co-infected individuals with suppressed HIV viral loads did not have disproportionate COVID-19 sickness and death. At least four patients, newly diagnosed with HIV recovered from COVID-19. Current evidence suggests that co-infected patients should be treated like the general population.This ongoing living systematic evidence map of contemporary primary SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection research provides a platform for researchers, policy makers, clinicians and others to more quickly discover and build relevant insights.
A rapid systematic review and case study on test, contact tracing, testing, and isolation policies for Covid-19 prevention and control
Authors: Chung Sheng-Chia , Marlow Sushila , Tobias Nicholas , Alogna Ivano , Alogna Alessio , You San-Lin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo conduct a rapid review on the efficacy and policy of contact tracing, testing, and isolation (TTI) in Covid-19 prevention and control, including a case study for their delivery.MethodResearch articles and reviews on the use of contact tracing, testing, self-isolation and quarantine for Covid-19 management published in English within 1 year (2019 to 28th May, 2020) were eligible to the review. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, SCOPUS and JSTOR with search terms included “contact tracing” or “testing” or “self-isolation” or “quarantine” in the title in combination with “Covid-19” or “COVID-19” or “coronavirus” in the title or abstract. Studies not associated with TTI or Covid-19 or being solely commentary were excluded. A narrative synthesis with a tabulation system was used to analyse studies for their diverse research designs, methods, and implications. Data for the case study were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Welfare and Centers for Disease Control Taiwan.ResultsAmong the 160 initial publications, 48 eligible studies are included in the review. Included studies applied various designs: experiments, clinical studies, Government Documents, systematic reviews, observational studies, surveys, practice guidelines, technical reports. A case study on TTI delivery is summarised based on policy and procedures in Taiwan.ConclusionsThe information included in the review may inform the TTI program in the UK.
MCL1 dependence across MDS subtypes and dual inhibition of MCL1 and BCL2 in MISTRG6 mice
Authors: Fischer Melissa A. , Song Yuanbin , Gbyli Rana , Arrate Maria P. , Villaume Matthew T. , Childress Merrida A. , Smith Brianna N. , Stricker Thomas P. , Halene Stephanie , Savona Michael R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTreatment for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remains insufficient due to clonal heterogeneity and clinical complexity. Dysregulation of apoptosis is observed across MDS subtypes regardless of mutations and represents an attractive therapeutic opportunity. Venetoclax (VEN), a selective inhibitor of anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2), has yielded impressive responses in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). BCL2 family anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-XLand induced myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) are implicated in leukemia survival, and upregulation of MCL1 is seen in VEN-resistant AML and MDS. Here, we determined thein vitrosensitivity of MDS patient samples to selective inhibitors of BCL2, BCL-XLand MCL1. While VEN response positively correlated with increasing blast counts, all MDS subtypes responded to the MCL1 inhibitor, S63845. Treatment with combined VEN+S63845 was synergistic in all MDS subtypes and reduced MDS engraftment in MISTRG6 mice supporting the pursuit of clinical trials with combined BCL2+MCL1 inhibition in MDS.