bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From leaf to label: A robust automated workflow for stomata detection
Authors: Meeus Sofie , Van den Bulcke Jan , wyffels Francis 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Plant leaf stomata are the gatekeepers of the atmosphere–plant interface and are essential building blocks of land surface models as they control transpiration and photosynthesis. Although more stomatal trait data are needed to significantly reduce the error in these model predictions, recording these traits is time‐consuming, and no standardized protocol is currently available. Some attempts were made to automate stomatal detection from photomicrographs; however, these approaches have the disadvantage of using classic image processing or targeting a narrow taxonomic entity which makes these technologies less robust and generalizable to other plant species. We propose an easy‐to‐use and adaptable workflow from leaf to label. A methodology for automatic stomata detection was developed using deep neural networks according to the state of the art and its applicability demonstrated across the phylogeny of the angiosperms.

We used a patch‐based approach for training/tuning three different deep learning architectures. For training, we used 431 micrographs taken from leaf prints made according to the nail polish method from herbarium specimens of 19 species. The best‐performing architecture was tested on 595 images of 16 additional species spread across the angiosperm phylogeny.

The nail polish method was successfully applied in 78% of the species sampled here. The VGG19 architecture slightly outperformed the basic shallow and deep architectures, with a confidence threshold equal to 0.7 resulting in an optimal trade‐off between precision and recall. Applying this threshold, the VGG19 architecture obtained an average F‐score of 0.87, 0.89, and 0.67 on the training, validation, and unseen test set, respectively. The average accuracy was very high (94%) for computed stomatal counts on unseen images of species used for training.

The leaf‐to‐label pipeline is an easy‐to‐use workflow for researchers of different areas of expertise interested in detecting stomata more efficiently. The described methodology was based on multiple species and well‐established methods so that it can serve as a reference for future work.
Linking behavioral thermoregulation, boldness, and individual state in male Carpetan rock lizards
Authors: Horváth Gergely , Jiménez‐Robles Octavio , Martín José , López Pilar , De la Riva Ignacio , Herczeg Gábor 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMechanisms affecting consistent interindividual behavioral variation (i.e., animal personality) are of wide scientific interest. In poikilotherms, ambient temperature is one of the most important environmental factors with a direct link to a variety of fitness‐related traits. Recent empirical evidence suggests that individual differences in boldness are linked to behavioral thermoregulation strategy in heliothermic species, as individuals are regularly exposed to predators during basking. Here, we tested for links between behavioral thermoregulation strategy, boldness, and individual state in adult males of the high‐mountain Carpetan rock lizard (Iberolacerta cyreni). Principal component analysis revealed the following latent links in our data: (i) a positive relationship of activity with relative limb length and color brightness (PC1, 23% variation explained), (ii) a negative relationship of thermoregulatory precision with parasite load and risk‐taking (PC2, 20.98% variation explained), and (iii) a negative relationship between preferred body temperature and relative limb length (PC3, 19.23% variation explained). We conclude that differences in boldness and behavioral thermoregulatory strategy could be explained by both stable and labile state variables. The moderate link between behavioral thermoregulatory strategy and risk‐taking personality in our system is plausibly the result of differences in reproductive state of individuals or variation in ecological conditions during the breeding season.
Water sources for red maple trees in a northern hardwood forest under a changing climate
Authors: Harrison Jamie L. , Blagden Megan , Green Mark B. , Salvucci Guido D. , Templer Pamela H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractClimate models project increased growing season air temperatures and decreased depth and duration of winter snowpack for the north‐eastern United States, leading to greater frequency of soil freeze/thaw cycles in winter over the next century. We utilized the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire to determine how projected changes in climate in this region affect the depth from which trees take up water, which to our knowledge has yet to be determined. We determined the stable isotopic composition of water in soils and branch xylem three times throughout the growing season to partition potential sources of water for red maple (Acer rubrum) trees. Using a Bayesian mixing model approach, we determined that all trees used similar water sources in the early (June) and mid (July) growing season. However, in the late growing season (August), trees exposed to ambient and warmer growing season soil temperatures took up more than 40% of their water from between 90‐ and 100‐cm soil depth, likely due to greater water availability at this depth. In contrast, those trees exposed to soil freeze/thaw cycles in winter utilized water from all depths (0–100 cm) evenly (8–10%), possibly due to soil freezing causing compensatory root growth in the following growing season, compared with trees in the reference and warmed plots. These results demonstrate that the projected changes in climate for the north‐eastern United States are likely to alter the depth from which trees access water, especially in the late growing season.
Cognitive test results are associated with mortality and rehospitalization in heart failure: Swedish prospective cohort study
Authors: Holm Hannes , Bachus Erasmus , Jujic Amra , Nilsson Erik D. , Wadström Benjamin , Molvin John , Minthon Lennart , Fedorowski Artur , Nägga Katarina , Magnusson Martin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsWe aimed to search for associations between cognitive test results with mortality and rehospitalization in a Swedish prospective heart failure (HF) patient cohort.Methods and resultsTwo hundred and eighty‐one patients hospitalized for HF (mean age, 74 years; 32% women) were assessed using cognitive tests: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), A Quick Test of Cognitive speed, Trail Making Test A, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. The mean follow‐up time censored at rehospitalization or death was 13 months (interquartile range, 14) and 28 months (interquartile range, 29), respectively. Relations between cognitive test results, mortality, and rehospitalization risk were analysed using multivariable Cox regression model adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, smoking, educational level, New York Heart Association class, and prior cardiovascular disease. A total of 80 patients (29%) had signs of cognitive impairment (MoCA score < 23 points). In the fully adjusted Cox regression model using standardized values per 1 SD change of each cognitive test, lower score on MoCA [hazard ratio (HR), 0.75; confidence interval (CI), 0.60–0.95; P = 0.016] and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (HR, 0.66; CI, 0.48–0.90; P = 0.008) yielded significant associations with increased mortality. Rehospitalization risk (n = 173; 62%) was significantly associated with lower MoCA score (HR, 0.84; CI, 0.71–0.99; P = 0.033).ConclusionsTwo included cognitive tests were associated with mortality in hospitalized HF patients, independently of traditional risk factors. In addition, worse cognitive test scores on MoCA heralded increased risk of rehospitalization.
Survival following a concomitant aortic valve procedure during left ventricular assist device surgery: an ISHLT Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (IMACS) Registry analysis
Authors: Veenis Jesse F. , Yalcin Yunus C. , Brugts Jasper J. , Constantinescu Alina A. , Manintveld Olivier C. , Bekkers Jos A. , Bogers Ad J.J.C. , Caliskan Kadir 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to compare early‐ and late‐term survival and causes of death between patients with and without a concomitant aortic valve (AoV) procedure during continuous‐flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) surgery.Methods and resultsAll adult primary continuous‐flow LVAD patients on the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (IMACS) Registry (n = 15 267) were included in this analysis and stratified into patients submitted to a concomitant AoV procedure (AoV replacement or AoV repair) and patients without an AoV procedure. The primary outcome was early (≤90 days) survival post‐LVAD surgery. Secondary outcomes were late survival (survival during the entire follow‐up period) and conditional survival (in patients who survived the first 90 days post‐LVAD surgery), and determinants. Patients who underwent concomitant AoV replacement (n = 457) had significantly reduced late survival compared with patients with AoV repair (n = 328) or without an AoV procedure (n = 14 482) (56% vs. 61% and 62%, respectively; P = 0.001). After adjustment for other significant predictors, concomitant AoV replacement remained an independent predictor for early [hazard ratio (HR) 1.226, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.037–1.449] and late (HR 1.477, 95% CI 1.154–1.890) mortality. However, patients undergoing AoV replacement or repair, in whom the presence of moderate‐to‐severe AoV regurgitation was diagnosed prior to LVAD implantation, had survival similar to patients not undergoing AoV interventions.ConclusionsConcomitant AoV surgery in patients undergoing LVAD implantation is an independent predictor of mortality. Additional research is needed to determine the best AoV surgical strategy at the time of LVAD surgery.
Photoelectroanalytical Oxygen Detection with Titanate Nanosheet – Platinum Hybrids Immobilised into a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM‐1)
Authors: Fan Bingbing , Zhao Yuanzhu , Putra Budi Riza , Harito Christian , Bavykin Dmitry , Walsh Frank C. , Carta Mariolino , Malpass‐Evans Richard , McKeown Neil B. , Marken Frank 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM‐1 is employed to disperse and deposit a Pt@titanate nanosheet photocatalyst film. The resulting microporous films allow electrolyte and oxygen permeation to give conventional oxygen reduction voltammetric responses on glassy carbon or on platinum disk electrodes in the dark. Preliminary data are presented showing that with pulsed light from a blue LED (385 nm) oxygen reduction at the electrode is effectively “switched off”. A mechanism is tentatively assigned as photocatalytic depletion of oxygen near the electrode. Photoelectrochemical current responses are observed in aqueous NaOH, NaCl, Na2HPO4 and shown to be light intensity and oxygen concentration dependent. Electroanalytical applications are suggested.
Simultaneous autoregressive models for spatial extremes
Authors: Fix Miranda J. , Cooley Daniel S. , Thibaud Emeric 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMotivated by the widespread use of large gridded data sets in the atmospheric sciences, we propose a new model for extremes of areal data that is inspired by the simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) model in classical spatial statistics. Our extreme SAR model extends recent work on transformed‐linear operations applied to regularly varying random vectors, and is unique among extremes models in being directly analogous to a classical linear model. An additional appeal is its simplicity; given a proximity matrix W, spatial dependence is described by a single parameter . We develop an estimation method that minimizes the discrepancy between the tail pairwise dependence matrix (TPDM) for the fitted model and the estimated TPDM. Applying this method to simulated data demonstrates that it is able to produce good estimates of extremal spatial dependence even in the case of model misspecification, and additionally produces reasonable estimates of uncertainty. We also apply the method to gridded precipitation observations for a study region over northeast Colorado, and find that a single‐parameter extreme SAR model paired with a neighborhood structure which accounts for longer range dependence effectively models spatial dependence in these data.
Preliminary report for Epilepsia Open A case of West syndrome with severe global developmental delay and confirmed KIF5A gene variant
Authors: Fukuoka Masataka , Okazaki Shin , Kim Kiyohiro , Nukui Megumi , Inoue Takeshi , Kuki Ichiro , Kawawaki Hisashi , Nakashima Mitsuko , Matsumoto Naomichi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveKinesin family member 5A (KIF5A) is a molecular motor protein responsible for intracellular transport, specifically in neurons. While abnormalities in the KIF5A gene have been reported in the onset of various neurological diseases, there are no studies demonstrating an association between this gene and West syndrome.MethodsIn the case presented here, epileptic spasms appeared at 7 months; electroencephalogram (EEG) investigation confirmed hypsarrhythmia, resulting in a diagnosis of West syndrome. The patient exhibited peculiar facies, hypotonia, failure to thrive, and severe global developmental delay.ResultsCranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed severe delayed myelination. 123I‐iomazenil SPECT image at 7 months demonstrated decreased accumulation in bilateral areas, including the primary somatosensory and motor cortices, and the primary and association visual areas compared to an age‐matched control. Whole exome sequencing analysis demonstrated a novel de novo heterozygous missense variant in KIF5A, (NM_004984.4:c.710A>T: p. Glu237Val).SignificanceIt was concluded that the KIF5A variant impaired the transport of GABAA receptors to the cell membrane surface, thus leading to an imbalance of these receptors between regions of the cerebrum and resulting in the onset of epilepsy.
Evaluation of collapse resistance of reinforced masonry wall systems by shake‐table tests
Authors: Cheng Jianyu , Koutras Andreas A. , Shing P. Benson 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThis paper presents a shake‐table test study to investigate the displacement capacity of shear‐dominated reinforced masonry wall systems and the influence of wall flanges and planar walls perpendicular to the direction of shaking (out‐of‐plane walls) on the seismic performance of a wall system. Two full‐scale, single‐story, fully grouted, reinforced masonry wall specimens were tested to the verge of collapse. Each specimen had two T‐walls as the seismic force‐resisting elements and a stiff roof diaphragm. The second specimen had six additional planar walls perpendicular to the direction of shaking. The two specimens reached maximum roof drift ratios of 17% and 13%, without collapsing. The high displacement capacities can be largely attributed to the presence of wall flanges and, for the second specimen, also the out‐of‐plane walls, which provided an alternative load path to carry the gravity load when the webs of the T‐walls had been severely damaged. The second specimen developed a higher lateral resistance than the first owing to the additional axial compression exerted on the T‐walls by the out‐of‐plane walls when the former rocked. The shear resistance of the T‐walls evaluated with the design code formula matches the test result well when this additional axial compression is taken into account. However, it must be understood that the beneficial influence of the wall flanges depends on the magnitude of the gravity load because of the P‐Δ effect and the severity of damage induced in the wall flanges when the wall system is subjected to bidirectional ground motions.
Modelling localized sources of sediment in mountain catchments for provenance studies
Authors: Battista Giulia , Schlunegger Fritz , Burlando Paolo , Molnar Peter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA hydrology–sediment modelling framework based on the model Topkapi‐ETH combined with basin geomorphic mapping is used to investigate the role of localized sediment sources in a mountain river basin (Kleine Emme, Switzerland). The periodic sediment mobilization from incised areas and landslides by hillslope runoff and river discharge is simulated in addition to overland flow erosion to quantify their contributions to suspended sediment fluxes. The framework simulates the suspended sediment load provenance at the outlet and its temporal dynamics, by routing fine sediment along topographically driven pathways from the distinct sediment sources to the outlet. We show that accounting for localized sediment sources substantially improves the modelling of observed sediment concentrations and loads at the outlet compared to overland flow erosion alone. We demonstrate that the modelled river basin can shift between channel‐process and hillslope‐process dominant behaviour depending on the model parameter describing gully competence on landslide surfaces. The simulations in which channel processes dominate were found to be more consistent with observations, and with two independent validations in the Kleine Emme, by topographic analysis of surface roughness and by sediment tracing with 10Be concentrations. This research shows that spatially explicit modelling can be used to infer the dominant sediment production process in a river basin, to inform and optimize sediment sampling strategies for denudation rate estimates, and in general to support sediment provenance studies. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding historical coastal spit evolution: A case study from Spurn, East Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Bateman Mark D. , McHale Kaylee , Bayntun Helen J. , Williams Nick 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGlobally sandy coastlines are threatened by erosion driven by climatic changes and increased storminess. Understanding how they have responded to past storms is key to help manage future coastal changes. Coastal spits around the world are particularly dynamic and therefore potentially vulnerable coastal features. Therefore, how they have evolved over the last few centuries is of great importance. To illustrate this, this study focuses on the historical evolution of a spit at Spurn on the east coast of the UK, which currently provides critical protection to settlements within the Humber estuary. Through the combination of digitized historical mapping and luminescence dating, this study shows that Spurn has been a consistent coastal feature over at least the past 440 years. No significant westward migration was observed for the last 200 years. Results show a long‐term extension of the spit and a decrease in its overall area, particularly in the last 50 years. Breaches of the neck cause temporary sediment pathway changes enabling westward extension of the head. Use of digitized historical maps in GIS combined with OSL dating has allowed a more complete understanding of long‐term spit evolution and sediment transport modes at Spurn. In doing so it helps inform future possible changes linked to pressures, such as increases in storm events and sea‐level rise. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation of the essential oil from Algerian Pimpinella anisum seeds
Authors: Boumahdi Yamina , Moghrani Houria , Nasrallah Noureddine , Ouarek Salima , Maachi Rachida 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEssential oils (EOs) from anise seeds (Pimpinella anisum) collected in the Algerian region were extracted by microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and hydrodistillation (HD). The oil yield (%), chemical composition, energetic consumption and the antimicrobial properties were evaluated of the obtained EO. The yields obtained by both processes were 2.81 ± 0.01% for 90 minutes and 3.30 ± 0.05% for 330 minutes for MAHD and HD, respectively. The determination of the chemical composition of EOs by GC‐MS revealed the presence of a majority compound, trans‐anethole 81.52% and 91.31% for MAHD and HD, respectively. The other main compounds present in the oils for MAHD and HD were, respectively: methyl chavicol (estragole) (0.63%‐1.39%), cis‐anethole (0.23%‐0.34%), anisaldehyde (1.1%‐1.57%), anisyl methyl ketone (0.28%‐0.13%), trans‐methyl isoellgenol (0.31%‐0.17%), γ‐himachalene (0.5%‐0.36%), trans‐pseudoisoeugenyl 2‐methylbutyrate (6.53%‐2.53%) and epoxy‐pseudoisoeugenyl 2‐methylbutyrate (2.01%‐0.56%). The EO obtained by MAHD detected other compounds, fenchone 0.41%, limonene 0.68%, cis‐jasmolacatone extra C 0.41%, trans‐isolongifolanone 0.2% and α‐himachalene 0.16%. The energetic consumption by MAHD was significantly less than HD. Theoretical data from mathematical modelling were compared with practical data, and the coefficient of determination was between 0.93 and 0.97. The sensibility of bacterial strains to the essential oil obtained by MAHD is marked relatively to that obtained by HD, and for the sensibility of fungal strains, it was conserved. The MAHD process revealed a good yield of anise seeds EOs while reducing extraction time and energetic consumption. The EO extracted by this process revealed the presence of other compounds while improving antibacterial activity.
Mentoring Relates to Job Satisfaction for Fish Biologists: A Longitudinal Study of the USDA Forest Service
Authors: Penaluna Brooke E , Shively Dan , Roper Brett B , Cerveny Lee K , Witt Shelly , Rothlisberger John D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mentoring has had a recent resurgence as the key to achieving both individual and organizational goals, especially as workforce diversification efforts have led to the hiring of new talent. Few studies have evaluated mentoring within an organization or examined changes in mentoring practices over time. We describe the role and status of mentoring for current fish biologists in the USDA Forest Service, including correlations between participation in mentoring and gender, race/ethnicity, career level, time in career, and job satisfaction based on a survey of agency employees (n = 136). Mentoring relates to a more than two-fold increase in job satisfaction. Neither gender, race/ethnicity, career length, nor position are reliable predictors of whether someone has a mentor, evidence that participation in mentoring is consistent across the workforce and, at least superficially, it is equitable. Respondents sought guidance from mentors regarding technical skills, program management, communication, and leadership. Fish biologists of color were more likely than others to look for mentoring to build self-confidence, address conflicts, and inform professional values and ethics. More early-career fish biologist respondents identify as women in 2019 compared to a 1984 assessment. Overall, our results suggest that mentoring plays an important and positive role in career development and job satisfaction for fish biologists in the USDA Forest Service.