bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Protean Ptyx: Nonsense, Non-Translation, and Word Magic in Mallarmé’s ‘Sonnet en yx’
Authors: Duncan Dennis 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents an extensive analysis of questions of translation and non-translation through the focal point of Stéphane Mallarmé’s ‘Sonnet en yx’. It traces early responses to this poem that highlighted the challenge to interpretation posed by ‘ptyx’: was this a nonsensical neologism or an untranslated derivation from another language? The chapter shows how the term resonated with other artists and moved ‘from the category of the untranslated to the untranslatable’. The term exemplifies a kind of ‘word magic’ that modernism conjures out of non-translation, a quasi-mysticism of unfamiliar noises that prompts readers to dwell on formal and sonic capacities as well as the conceptual contours of language.
‘Bloom, nodding, said he perfectly understood’: James Joyce and the Meanings of Translation
Authors: Baron Scarlett 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Joyce’s uses of several languages, especially in Stephen Hero, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses, and puts forward a taxonomy of foreign language use in Ulysses. The four types identified are: Latin terms associated with the Catholic mass; Italian musical terms; phrases that are deployed in a political context; and untranslated clichés that signify cultural aspiration or pretension. Drawing on examples across the range of Joyce’s writing, the chapter argues that translation can operate in part as a means to overcome forms of social division, as instanced by Stephen and Bloom, while suggesting that all language is already translated, and that translation can never be fully achieved.
‘There being more languages to start with than were absolutely necessary’: James Joyce’s Ulysses and English as a World Language
Authors: Nash John 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers how the practice of non-translation has implications for the development and critical practice of ‘world literature’, taking the ‘Eumaeus’ episode of Joyce’s Ulysses as its focal point. In particular, non-translation offers a route to re-read two related and important literary-historical models that have been influential in conceptualizing world literature: the idea of a ‘minor literature’, as elaborated initially by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, and that of a ‘dominant language’ within a ‘world history of literature’, elaborated by Pascale Casanova. It is important to do so because, remarkably enough, despite the obvious relevance of non-translation, neither model addresses the phenomenon of plurilingual, macaronic writing. The matter of non-translation offers an illuminating index through which to consider, and revise, these influential literary-historical models. The chapter also examines the contemporary context of language reform exemplified by the Society for Pure English.
Translating Artaud and Non-Translation
Authors: Lukes Alexandra 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
What does it mean to translate someone? If translation, as it is conventionally understood, refers to that activity by which meaning is transferred from one language to another, where and how does the self come into it? In Artaud le Mômo, Antonin Artaud marks his return to society after nine years of internment by creating a new man, endowed with a new language—a mixture of French and strange syllables, as incomprehensible as they are unreadable. Artaud’s later texts not only help to clarify the role of the syllables within Artaud’s poetics, but, by revealing a tension between translation and non-translation, they also deepen understanding of what translation might be. Asking what it means to translate Artaud uncovers the significance of the physical dimension that is involved in the process of translation and the role of the non-verbal (or pre-verbal), while testing the limits of identity, language, and understanding.
The Dupuy Cabinet
Authors: Schneider Robert A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Like the Rambouillet salon, the Dupuy cabinet was a refuge, a place of retreat, for a certain elite. As this chapter shows, however, its frequenters were quite different from those who attended the salon. The friends and associates of the Dupuy brothers, Pierre and Jacques, were all men, and virtually all savants committed to traditional notions of scholarship and writing, those largely encompassed by a humanist perspective. They were also very publicly aligned with Gallicanism, a religious ideology that, while Catholic, resisted the claims of the papacy (and the Jesuits) while defending the “liberties” of the French Church and the sovereignty of French kings. In this sense, while discreet and mostly conformist in their politics, the Dupuys and their associates pushed the limits of Gallicanism, challenging and sometimes surpassing Richelieu’s position. The Dupuy cabinet is another illustration of how a posture of “retreat” could serve as an effective vehicle for engagement.
Imagined Futures
Authors: Saunders Max 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study provides the first substantial history and analysis of the To-Day and To-Morrow series of 110 books, published by Kegan Paul Trench and Trübner (and E. P. Dutton in the USA) from 1923 to 1931, in which writers chose a topic, described its present, and predicted its future. Contributors included J. B. S. Haldane, Bertrand Russell, Vernon Lee, Robert Graves, Vera Brittain, Sylvia Pankhurst, Hugh McDiarmid, James Jeans, J. D. Bernal, Winifred Holtby, André Maurois, and many others. The study combines a comprehensive account of its interest, history, and range with a discussion of its key concerns, tropes, and influence. The argument focuses on science and technology, not only as the subject of many of the volumes, but also as method—especially through the paradigm of the human sciences—applied to other disciplines; and as a source of metaphors for representing other domains. It also includes chapters on war, technology, cultural studies, and literature and the arts. This book has three main aims. First, to reinstate the series as a vital contribution to the writing of modernity. Second, to reappraise modernism’s relation to the future, establishing a body of progressive writing which moves beyond the discourses of post-Darwinian degeneration and post-war disenchantment, projecting human futures rather than mythic or classical pasts. Third, to show how, as a co-ordinated body of futurological writing, the series is also revealing about the nature and practices of modern futurology.
‘A Scientific Age’
Authors: Saunders Max 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the volumes on science. An introductory discussion of popular science writing leads to more detailed analyses of Haldane’s and Bernal’s key volumes. Their projection of biotechnological and bionic interventions in the human are examined as pioneers of trans-humanism. Their imaginative audacity is contrasted with the bland norms of contemporary futurology. They are seen as representative of the series in several ways: for their radical intellectual approach; their placing of science in relation to the arts and humanities; their commitment to public debate and education; their concerns with language and communication; and with psychology. The section concludes by establishing an essentially scientific paradigm (derived from Haldane and Bernal) for the whole series, arguing that this paradigm represents a transformation by science and technology of every aspect of life, from our experience of change, to a sense of agency, our politics, modes of thinking and feeling, and our ways of thinking about and expressing our imaginations of the future.
Fragmentation and Higher-Order Evidence
Authors: Greco Daniel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe concept of higher-order evidence—roughly, evidence about what our evidence supports—promises epistemological riches; it has struck many philosophers as necessary for explaining how to rationally respond to disagreement in particular, and to evidence of our own fallibility more generally. But it also threatens paradox. Once we allow higher-order evidence to do non-trivial work—in particular, once we allow that people can be rationally ignorant of what their evidence supports—we seem to be committed to a host of puzzling or even absurd consequences. The aim in this chapter is to have our cake and eat it too; it presents an independently motivated framework that lets us mimic the particular case judgments of those who explain how to accommodate evidence of our fallibility by appeal to higher-order evidence, but without commitment to the absurd consequences.
The ‘Ceremonial Law’
Authors: D'Costa Gavin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 faces the challenge that previous Catholic teachings have implied that Jewish rituals are both dead and deadening. Through a close examination of the Council of Florence and other magisterial teachings, it is established that the conditions under which dead and deadening operated do not actually relate to contemporary Rabbinic Judaism as understood in Catholic teaching. If invincible ignorance of the truth of Christ is presupposed, then Jewish practices can be understood very positively. It is also established that earlier teachings did positively view the practice of Jewish rituals in the early Church and by Jesus and the apostles. This is significant for the concluding chapter.
Catholic Mission to the Jewish People?
Authors: D'Costa Gavin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the confusion in Catholic teachings regarding mission to the Jewish people. The chapter establishes various reasons for this confusion: lack of a consensual reading of St Paul on this matter; concern that Catholics show sensitivity to a long history of anti-Semitism; distancing of Catholic approaches from recent aggressive evangelical approaches to Judaism; and the recognition that destroying Jewish identity in conversion is unacceptable. On this basis, drawing on recent Vatican documents, it is argued that Hebrew Catholic communities are a witness to the non-eradication of Jewish identity while following Jesus. This view will be problematic for Catholics and Jews but is already grounded in the Church’s new and emerging position.
The Protection of Foreign Investment in Times of Armed Conflict
Authors: Zrilic Jure 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Foreign investors often sustain injuries during violent situations, such as riots, revolutions, civil wars, and international armed conflicts. There is a great deal of uncertainty about how effective investment treaty protections are in volatile times, how they relate to other applicable legal frameworks, and how they affect the state security policy and the post-conflict transition to peace. This book explores how foreign investment is protected in times of armed conflict under the investment treaty regime. It does so by combining insights from different areas of international law, including international investment law, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, the law of state responsibility, and the law of treaties. While the protections have evolved over time, with the investment treaty regime providing the strongest legal framework for protecting investors yet, there has been an apparent shift towards safeguarding a state’s security interests in recent treaty practice. The book identifies and analyses the flaws in the existent normative framework, but also highlights the potential that investment treaties have for minimizing the devastating effects of armed conflict. It offers an analytical framework for assessing the investment treaty regime in times of armed conflict, distinguishing between different paradigms and different types conflicts. It argues that a new approach is needed to appropriately balance the competing interests of host states and investors when it comes to investment protection in armed conflicts.
The Interplay of Investment Law and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Zrilič Jure 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the interplay of investment law and international humanitarian law. It rebuts the popular doctrinal views that the interaction between the two legal regimes is likely to give rise to normative conflicts, with international humanitarian law displacing investment law. By analysing AAPL v Sri Lanka award, it demonstrates how the norms in the respective regimes co-exist and complement each other. In particular, it shows how the duty to exercise due diligence in targeting operations (including the use of precautions and the principle of proportionality) overlaps in different legal frameworks. It thereby highlights the potential of investment tribunals to contribute to more humane conduct in hostilities. It concludes with a systemic overview of methods for minimising normative tensions between different normative systems.
Adultery’s Heirs
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The desire to produce in excess, and multiply profits exponentially, haunts the reproductive episodes of The Canterbury Tales. Instead, Chaucer argues, procreation and production should be grounded within sufficiency; men and women should only to seek to generate if they can do so from a place of contentment with their current state. Greed and the desire for multiplication become particularly prominent issues in tales of adultery, such as the Reeve’s Tale and Merchant’s Tale, and tales of human avarice, including the Summoner’s Tale and the Pardoner’s Tale. These are inappropriate modes of generation, Chaucer demonstrates, leading men to lose rather than to gain authority.
Father Chaucer’s Heirs
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In conclusion to this book, Chapter 6 looks at the Middle Ages’ model of reproductive perfection—fathers producing sons—to identify how even in the most ideal of circumstances, men cannot gain a true authority upon the earth. For from the Monk’s Tale to the Knight’s Tale to the Nun’s Priest’s Tale, Chaucer makes men confront how poorly they resemble the quality of their fathers. Each generation becomes a siring of loss, a gradual descent into something worse than its progenitor. And yet, Chaucer agues, there is nothing else for men within the world. To reproduce in the pursuit of authority is a doomed quest, one that he himself will repent of in the Retractions. But there is nothing more human than the desire to create something that will last beyond one’s death, to hope in a future posterity even knowing the odds against its realization.
Vote Buying
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Vote buying, the offer of particularistic rewards to voters in exchange for electoral support at the ballot box, is the form of clientelism that has been analyzed most extensively in previous studies. Chapter 7 documents the presence of this clientelistic strategy in East European elections. It documents important differences between vote buying and clientelistic strategies that politicize state resources relating to the types of brokers used in these exchanges, the goods offered to voters, and the identity of the voters targeted by these strategies. It is shown that the use of this strategy creates opportunities for candidates to send voters signals about their personal attributes and policy position, which lower the political audience costs incurred by candidates who use this strategy.
Cellular Homology
Authors: Ellis Graham 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces more basic concepts of algebraic topology and describes datatypes and algorithms for implementing them on a computer. The basic concepts include: chain complex, chain mapping, chain homotopy, homology of a (simplicial or cubical or permutahedral or CW-) space, persistent homology of a filtered space, cohomology ring of a space, van Kampen diagrams, excision. These are illustrated using computer examples involving digital images, protein backbones, high-dimensional point cloud data, knot complements, discrete groups, and random simplicial complexes.
Emperors and Senators in the Roman Forum
Authors: Machado Carlos 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Roman Forum occupied a central place in the city of Rome. Crowded with monuments, civic buildings, and temples, the forum was a symbol of imperial power and culture, serving as stage for imperial celebrations and as a seat for the Senate. During the late antique period, this area continued to attract the attention of imperial visitors, local politicians, and the Roman people. This chapter analyses the series of physical transformations that redefined the area from the reign of Diocletian onwards, charting its transformation from an symbol of empire into an area dominated by structures associated with the presence of the Senate in the city. The redefinition of the forum involved the performance of rituals and festivals in the area, progressively associated with the local elite.
Festivals, Ceremonies, and the Commemoration of Power
Authors: Machado Carlos 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the ways in which members of the roman elite used festivals and public celebrations as a form of advertising their social and political standing. Analysing senatorial involvement in imperial festivals like adventus and anniversaries and in the celebration of appointments to public office, it considers how public celebrations advertised individual political achievement and participation in the city’s ruling class. The statue monuments that immortalized these feats were also used as tools for expressing personal identity and social distinction. Finally, the chapter analyses the performance of private celebrations in the public sphere, such as baptism and especially the role of funerals and funerary monuments in the commemoration of aristocratic dominance in the city-space.
Images of Trade
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the images-terminology used throughout the book and addresses Amoral Trade, Instrumental Trade, and Structural Equity, three competitors to the image the book adopts. Amoral Trade is the view that trade is an interaction among a myriad of individuals that does not let trade come up for (much) moral assessment in the first place. Instrumental Trade does give moral significance to trade, but only to the extent that trade helps with the pursuit of other goals. According to Structural Equity, each state may remove from the totality of trade gains what it could generate in autarky and the remaining surplus is divided equally among participating states. The chapter rejects these images and then introduces its own image, Trade-As-One-Ground, and offers some initial arguments for it.
The Moral Force of Exploitation
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Exploitation generally is ubiquitous in human affairs, as is the specific injustice involved in exploitation in the domain of trade. This chapter explores how to respond to occurrences of exploitation. It develops a general perspective of constrained agency and an accompanying differentiated vocabulary to delineate obligations of particular agents. The chapter also offers a theory of stepping stones towards as well as of prices worth paying for the creation of a just world. Such an approach allows to distinguish between two kinds of cases: first, cases of exploitation that can be accepted temporarily on a decent progression from the current unjust state of the world to a more just one, and secondly, cases that cannot be put into perspective this way and that must be terminated forthwith. The chapter reflects on how to use such arguments properly since overusing them is tempting.
Domestic Trade Policies in an Interconnected World
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores particular domestic obligations of states in the domain of trade, including obligations and prerogatives to protect their labor force and industries from competition and obligations that arise in the context of dealing with authoritarian regimes. The grounds-of-justice approach dilutes contrasts between domestic and foreign policy. Governments must attend to matters of domestic justice, as well as make appropriate contributions to the global advancement of human rights and to trade justice. There are additional duties of justice and other moral duties that apply to states in domains such as immigration, climate change, or protection of future generations. The state has obligations to protect its labor force and look after its vulnerable citizens. But it also has duties towards people elsewhere. The challenge is to reap gains of cooperation in trade, culture, education, environmental protection, among others, while respecting the world’s many local peculiarities and making sure those gains do not accrue only to a few. The grounds-of-justice approach offers guidance for how to pursue these tasks.
A Step in the Wrong Direction
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
WTO multilateralism has been under siege from many directions. In addition to those who support multilateralism in the domain of trade but argue it must come in a different guise (including the authors of this book) there are those who want to limit cooperation to a smaller number of, say, technologically advanced countries. There are also economic nationalists who barely believe in trade cooperation. This chapter adresses the negotiation of regional treaties prominent in the final years of the Obama administration. The Trump administration set back these efforts. Nonetheless, the attractiveness of mega-regionalism reveals a crisis in trade multilateralism that has arisen partly from the increasing unwillingness of less powerful states to accept whatever the powerful offer them, and partly from the increasing digital divide that undermines the extent to which trading partners have similar regulatory interests. The chapter raises worries about mega-regionalism diminishing the prospects of multilateralism in the service of trade justice.
Theorizing the Firm
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the corporation as a subject of moral and political theory. Companies have been neglected as a subject of political philosophy and of theories of trade in particular. This chapter defends the idea that firms are actors with moral responsibilities and subject to trade justice. It identifies questions about both the moral requirements applying to the corporation’s internal structure, including treatment of employees, and its responsibility to outside actors, including communities, other firms, or states as matters of trade justice. Firms ought to refrain from violations, and they ought to respect and they ought to support the principles of trade justice. Arguments that firms are, morally speaking, off the hook in matters of trade justice do not succeed. With regards to trade, arguments about market pressure, adversarial practices, obligations to shareholders and a division of labor fail. The chapter introduces a case study about Nike that allows the formulation of several questions about obligations of firms that the remaining chapters answer.
From Unfelt Harm to Frustrated Desire
Authors: Boonin David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an extensive defense of the second premise of the book’s central argument: the claim that if it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person while they are alive even if the act has no effect on the person’s conscious experiences, then frustrating a person’s desires is one way to harm a person. The chapter begins by offering a defense of this claim. It argues that we should accept the Desire Satisfaction Principle if unfelt harm is possible because accepting the principle is necessary in order to provide the best explanation of the fact that unfelt harm is possible. It then considers a series of objections that can be raised against the claim and responds to them.