bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endosymbiont diversity and community structure in Porites lutea from Southeast Asia are driven by a suite of environmental variables
Authors: Tan Yuen Ting Rachel , Wainwright Benjamin J. , Afiq-Rosli Lutfi , Ip Yin Cheong Aden , Lee Jen Nie , Nguyen Nhung Thi Hong , Pointing Stephen B. , Huang Danwei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMany corals depend upon the highly specialised and intricate relationship they form with Symbiodiniaceae algal symbionts. Porites lutea is a massive reef-building coral found throughout Southeast Asia that hosts these endosymbionts obligately. Yet despite the prevalence and importance of P. lutea as one of the most dominant corals here, its associated Symbiodiniaceae communities have not been precisely characterised. In this study, we used high-throughput DNA amplicon sequencing of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) to characterise the diversity, community structure and biogeographic distribution of Symbiodiniaceae in P. lutea throughout Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. Consistent with previous studies, we found that Cladocopium was the most dominant genus among all samples, and Cladocopium C15 was the most dominant type (or subclade) with 100% occurrence in all samples from every study site. Results also revealed numerous Symbiodiniaceae types associated with P. lutea that were previously undetected in Southeast Asia. Endosymbiont diversity and community variation are driven by a combination of site-specific mean monthly cloud cover and variance in monthly sea surface temperature. This study contributes baseline data toward understanding differences in Symbiodiniaceae assemblages hosted by P. lutea, shedding light on how they might be indicative of particular environmental conditions and coral responses.
Aerogels: promising nanostructured materials for energy conversion and storage applications
Authors: Alwin S. , Sahaya Shajan X. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAerogels are 3-D nanostructures of non-fluid colloidal interconnected porous networks consisting of loosely packed bonded particles that are expanded throughout its volume by gas and exhibit ultra-low density and high specific surface area. Aerogels are normally synthesized through a sol–gel method followed by a special drying technique such as supercritical drying or ambient pressure drying. The fascinating properties of aerogels like high surface area, open porous structure greatly influence the performances of energy conversion and storage devices and encourage the development of sustainable electrochemical devices. Therefore, this review describes on the applications of inorganic, organic and composite aerogel nanostructures to dye-sensitized solar cells, fuel cells, batteries and supercapacitors accompanied by the significant steps involved in the synthesis, mechanism of network formation and various drying techniques.
Pregnancy health in POWERMOM participants living in rural versus urban zip codes
Authors: Radin Jennifer M. , Peters Shaquille , Ariniello Lauren , Wongvibulsin Shannon , Galarnyk Michael , Waalen Jill , Steinhubl Steven R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground:Pregnant women living in rural locations in the USA have higher rates of maternal and infant mortality compared to their urban counterparts. One factor contributing to this disparity may be lack of representation of rural women in traditional clinical research studies of pregnancy. Barriers to participation often include transportation to research facilities, which are typically located in urban centers, childcare, and inability to participate during nonwork hours.Methods:POWERMOM is a digital research app which allows participants to share both survey and sensor data during their pregnancy. Through non-targeted, national outreach a study population of 3612 participants (591 from rural zip codes and 3021 from urban zip codes) have been enrolled so far in the study, beginning on March 16, 2017, through September 20, 2019.Results:On average rural participants in our study were younger, had higher pre-pregnancy weights, were less racially diverse, and were more likely to plan a home birth compared to the urban participants. Both groups showed similar engagement in terms of week of pregnancy when they joined, percentage of surveys completed, and completion of the outcome survey after they delivered their baby. However, rural participants shared less HealthKit or sensor data compared to urban participants.Discussion:Our study demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of enrolling pregnant women living in rural zip codes using a digital research study embedded within a popular pregnancy app. Future efforts to conduct remote digital research studies could help fill representation and knowledge gaps related to pregnant women.
ADHD and depression: investigating a causal explanation
Authors: Riglin Lucy , Leppert Beate , Dardani Christina , Thapar Ajay K. , Rice Frances , O'Donovan Michael C. , Davey Smith George , Stergiakouli Evie , Tilling Kate , Thapar Anita 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with later depression and there is considerable genetic overlap between them. This study investigated if ADHD and ADHD genetic liability are causally related to depression using two different methods.MethodsFirst, a longitudinal population cohort design was used to assess the association between childhood ADHD (age 7 years) and recurrent depression in young-adulthood (age 18–25 years) in N = 8310 individuals in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Second, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses examined relationships between genetic liability for ADHD and depression utilising published Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data.ResultsChildhood ADHD was associated with an increased risk of recurrent depression in young-adulthood (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05–1.73). MR analyses suggested a causal effect of ADHD genetic liability on major depression (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12–1.31). MR findings using a broader definition of depression differed, showing a weak influence on depression (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.13).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that ADHD increases the risk of depression later in life and are consistent with a causal effect of ADHD genetic liability on subsequent major depression. However, findings were different for more broadly defined depression.
EXAMINING ADOLESCENT EFL LEARNERS’ TV VIEWING COMPREHENSION THROUGH CAPTIONS AND SUBTITLES
Authors: Pujadas Geòrgia , Muñoz Carmen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study explores the differential effects of captions and subtitles on extensive TV viewing comprehension by adolescent beginner foreign language learners, and how their comprehension is affected by factors related to the learner, preteaching of target vocabulary, the lexical coverage of the episodes, and the testing instruments. Four classes of secondary school students took part in an 8-month intervention viewing 24 episodes of a TV series, two classes with captions, and two with subtitles. One class in each language condition received explicit instruction on target vocabulary. Comprehension was assessed through multiple-choice and true-false items, which included a combination of textually explicit and inferential items. Results showed a significant advantage of subtitles over captions for content comprehension, and prior vocabulary knowledge emerged as a significant predictor—particularly in the captions condition. Comprehension scores were also mediated by test-related factors, with true-false items receiving overall more correct responses while textually explicit and inferential items scores differed according to language of the on-screen text. Lexical coverage also emerged as a significant predictor of comprehension.
Lymphopenia in adults after the Fontan operation: prevalence and associations
Authors: Alsaied Tarek , Possner Mathias , Brown Nicole , Almeneisi Hassan , Szugye Cassandra , Trout Andrew T. , Niss Omar , Palermo Joseph J. , Zafar Faizeen , Dillman Jonathan R. , Veldtman Gruschen R. , Opotowsky Alexander R. , Lubert Adam M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLymphopenia is common in adults who have had a Fontan operation although its aetiology and clinical implications remain unknown. Previous work suggests an association between lymphopenia and both liver disease and splenomegaly. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of lymphopenia in adults with a Fontan circulation and evaluate its associations with risk factors and clinical outcomes. Using a retrospective cohort study design, we studied 73 adult Fontan patients (age 25.0 ± 8.4 years) who had a complete blood count and abdominal imaging performed. Patients with protein-losing enteropathy were excluded. Clinical data were extracted from hospital records. The mean white blood cell count was 6580 ± 220/ml with a mean lymphocyte count of 1223 ± 508/ml. Lymphopenia, defined as lymphocyte count <1000/ml, was present in 23 (32%) patients. Patients with lymphopenia had a lower total white blood cell count (5556 ± 2517 versus 7136 ± 1924/ml, p = 0.009) and a lower platelet count (162 ± 69 versus 208 ± 69 k/ml, p = 0.008). Lymphopenia was also associated with findings of portal hypertension, including splenomegaly (36 versus 14%, p = 0.04), varices (22 versus 6%, p = 0.04), and ascites (39 versus 14%, p = 0.02). Lymphopenia did not correlate with any cardiac imaging, haemodynamic or exercise testing variables. In conclusion, lymphopenia is common in adult Fontan patients and is associated with markers of portal hypertension. Larger studies are needed to better define the relationship between lymphopenia and clinical outcomes.
Economic cognitive institutions
Authors: Petracca Enrico , Gallagher Shaun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper introduces the notion of ‘cognitive’ institution and discusses its relevance to institutional economics. Cognitive institutions are conceptually founded on the philosophy of mind notion of extended mind, broadened to also include the distinctly social, institutional, and normative dimensions. Cognitive institutions are defined as institutions that not just allow agents to perform certain cognitive processes in the social domain but, more importantly, without which some of the agents' cognitive processes would not exist or even be possible. The externalist point of view of the extended mind has already had some influence in institutional economics: Arthur Denzau and Douglass North first introduced the notion of institution understood in terms of ‘shared mental models’, and relatedly philosopher Andy Clark introduced the notion of ‘scaffolding institution’. We discuss shared mental models and scaffolding institutions and go a step further by showing that the notion of cognitive institution can capture more fundamental and salient aspects of economic institutions. In particular, we focus on the market as an economic cognitive institution.
Design of a compact high gain printed octagonal array of spiral-based fractal antennas for DBS application
Authors: Kola Kalyan Sundar , Chatterjee Anirban , Patanvariya Deven 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a compact octagonal array of microstrip patch antennas for direct broadcast satellite (DBS) (12.2–12.7 GHz) services. The proposed single element of this array is a new fractal antenna, having considerably high gain and can heavily suppress cross polarization along the main beam direction. The single element is derived from a 2D spiral geometry. The corporate feed network of the array is designed in such a manner to make the structure very compact. The fabricated single element resonates at 12.51 GHz and gives a gain and bandwidth of 9.32 dBi and 280 MHz, respectively. The array resonates at 12.46 GHz and gives gain of 17.67 dBi and a bandwidth of 506 MHz, which ensures a 100% coverage of the entire DBS service band. The measured cross polarization of single element and array along the direction of main beam are −45.50 and −43.35 dB, respectively. Both the single element as well as the array maintains a reasonably good radiation efficiency of 86.70 and 82.20%, respectively.
The Sensitivity of Joint Inversions of Seismic and Geodynamic Data to Mantle Viscosity
Authors: Lu Chang , Forte Alessandro M. , Simmons Nathan A. , Grand Stephen P. , Kajan Marie N. , Lai Hongyu , Garnero Edward J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSeismic tomography has revealed the existence of large‐scale velocity heterogeneities in the mantle. The interpretation of seismic velocity anomalies in terms of temperature and chemical composition is nonunique. We use geodynamic observations including gravity, plate motions, dynamic topography, and excess ellipticity of the core‐mantle boundary combined with seismic observations to investigate the thermo‐chemical structure of the mantle through joint inversions. An outstanding issue, however, is the physical connection between mantle density anomalies and the surface geodynamic observations, which requires knowledge of the mantle viscosity structure. Here we perform joint inversions assuming different viscosity profiles and examine the dependence of the results on the viscosity. We first assume that mantle heterogeneity is due to thermal variations, which places a constraint on the relation between seismic velocity and density, and we subsequently relax the constraint to allow for potential nonthermal effects. In all of our joint inversions, a nonthermal origin of density anomalies is required to explain the geodynamic data, though the amount varies with the assumed viscosity structure. A common observation is a high‐density chemical signal in the center of the large low‐shear‐velocity provinces at the base of the mantle resulting in a near neutral or slightly dense overall buoyancy there. Using the derived density models and their corresponding viscosity profiles, we also calculate instantaneous mantle flow fields. The predicted flow fields derived from joint inversions are generally similar but are quite different from flow fields using density models derived from a posteriori scaling of pure seismic tomography models.
Tracking Fluid Flow in Shallow Crustal Fault Zones: 1. Insights From Single‐Hole Permeability Estimates
Authors: Brixel B. , Klepikova M. , Jalali M. R. , Lei Q. , Roques C. , Kriestch H. , Loew S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNew in situ measurements to constrain the range, distribution, and spatial (meter‐scale) variations of permeability in shallow crustal fault zones are reported based on systematic downhole tests at 0.5‐km depth in crystalline rock. Single and cross‐hole hydraulic packer tests were performed at a new dedicated test facility hosted in the Grimsel Test Site, in the Swiss Alps, following the technical instrumentation and isolation of discrete fault zones accessed by an array of boreholes. Single‐hole test results are presented in this paper, while cross‐hole experiments are reported in the companion paper. Our results reveal a sharp spatial falloff in permeability, from 10‐13 to 10‐21 m2, with off‐fault distances of 1–5 m and characterized by a power‐law relation with fracture density. Fractures linking subparallel faults were detected as high‐permeability discrete spots several meters away from off‐fault damage. Due to the narrow (centimeter‐wide) thickness of fault cores, the hydraulic tests presented in this study do not characterize the permeability of fault core materials. The transmissivity of single fractures spans six orders of magnitude (10‐12 to 10‐6 m2/s) and is systematically higher in damage zones. In situ stresses appear to have a minor effect on natural, present‐day fracture transmissivity at the borehole scale. We suggest that the geometrical and topological properties of fracture systems instead tend to control the permeability of the shallow crustal faults studied.
Contributions of Rock Mass Structure to the Emplacement of Fragmenting Rockfalls and Rockslides: Insights From Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Lin Qiwen , Cheng Qiangong , Li Kun , Xie Yu , Wang Yufeng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRockfalls and rockslides often occur in mountainous areas, and they may develop into rock avalanches because of fragmentation. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to study the contributions of rock mass structure to the emplacement of fragmenting rockfalls and rockslides. In these experiments, we considered the process of breakable analog blocks with different structures sliding along an inclined plane, impacting at the kink point with a horizontal plane where deposition occurs. The results show that the initial geometrical subdivision (i.e., the rock mass structure) of the source rock can greatly influence the impact of the fragmentation process and total runout, while the degree of fragmentation controls the travel distance of the center of mass. The occurrence of transversal discontinuities enhances the momentum transfer efficiency from the rear to the front part of the rock mass. A negative correlation between the apparent friction coefficient (linked to the total runout) and equivalent friction coefficient (linked to the center of mass runout) was found, which appears to be induced by fragmentation. We proposed a new fragmentation‐spreading model to describe this negative correlation. This simple physical model supports the importance of fragmentation in rock fragment trajectories and the runout of rockfalls and rockslides. Fragmentation is an energy‐sinking process that will shorten the runout of the center of mass. Thus, we suggest that impact fragmentation does not fully account for the long runout of large rockfalls and rockslides.
Turbulence and Particle Deposition Under Steady Flow Along a Submerged Seagrass Meadow
Authors: Zhang Jiao , Lei Jiarui , Huai Wenxin , Nepf Heidi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSeagrass meadows can retain fine particles, improving water clarity and promoting carbon sequestration. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of velocity and meadow density on the retention of fine particles within a meadow. Vertical profiles of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) were measured along a model meadow. The net deposition was measured using microscope slides positioned inside and outside the meadow. The deposition was correlated with the evolution of velocity along the meadow. At the leading edge, the net deposition decreased over a distance Lr, relative to the bare bed, which was associated with a region of vertical updraft and elevated TKE. Net deposition increased with the distance from the leading edge, associated with a decrease in vertical velocity and TKE. In some cases, a distinct peak in the deposition was observed at distance Lp from the leading edge, associated with a minimum in TKE. Both Lr and Lp decreased with increasing meadow density. Deposition in the fully developed region of the meadow decreased with decreasing stem density and increasing channel velocity, and for the lowest stem density and highest channel velocity the deposition in the meadow was less than that in the bare channel. Diminished deposition was linked to resuspension driven by stem‐generated turbulence. A model for canopy‐averaged TKE was validated and used to explore the range of field conditions for which TKE within a meadow would be reduced, relative to the bare bed, which would support the accumulation of fine organic material within the meadow.
Characteristic and Spatiotemporal Variation of Air Pollution in Northern China Based on Correlation Analysis and Clustering Analysis of Five Air Pollutants
Authors: Tian Dayong , Fan Junhui , Jin Hangbiao , Mao Haichen , Geng Dan , Hou Shaogang , Zhang Peng , Zhang Yifeng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAir quality in Northern China has become a global hot spot issue due to a series of air pollution events in the recent years. In this study, five representative air pollutants (PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) were employed to reveal the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollution in Northern China. Periodic decline in PM2.5, SO2, CO, and NO2 from 2016 to 2018 indicated that air pollution control measures have achieved desired results. In addition, PM2.5 was significantly positively correlated with SO2, CO, and NO2 (p < 0.001), and O3 had negative correlations with the other four pollutants. Furthermore, the heavy pollution phenomenon in Shijiazhuang, Anyang, Xingtai, and Handan was attributed to their industrial structures (e.g., steel industry) and geographical location based on clustering analysis. Contrary to above four pollutants, the annual average concentrations of O3 increased in all the nine cities (1.4–35.9%) from 2016 to 2018. It is necessary to plan mitigation strategy for O3 based on further investigation of source and formation mechanism of O3.
Pan-cancer analysis reveals synergistic effects of CDK4/6i and PARPi combination treatment in RB-proficient and RB-deficient breast cancer cells
Authors: Li Songyu , Zhang Yixiang , Wang Na , Guo Rong , Liu Qiaoling , Lv Changsheng , Wang Jinguang , Wang Lina , Yang Qing-kai 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDNA damage results in mutations and plays critical roles in cancer development, progression, and treatment. Targeting DNA damage response in cancers by inhibiting poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) offers an important therapeutic strategy. However, the failure of PARP inhibitors to markedly benefit patients suggests the necessity for developing new strategies to improve their efficacy. Here, we show that the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) complex members significantly correlates with mutations (as proxies of DNA damages), and that the combination of CDK4/6 and PARP inhibitors shows synergy in both RB-proficient and RB-deficient breast cancer cells. As PARPs constitute sensors of DNA damage and are broadly involved in multiple DNA repair pathways, we hypothesized that the combined inhibition of PARPs and DNA repair (or repair-related) pathways critical for cancer (DRPCC) should show synergy. To identify druggable candidate DRPCC(s), we analyzed the correlation between the genome-wide expression of individual genes and the mutations for 27 different cancer types, assessing 7146 exomes and over 1,500,000 somatic mutations. Pathway enrichment analyses of the top-ranked genes correlated with mutations indicated “cell cycle pathway” as the top candidate DRPCC. Additionally, among functional cell-cycle complexes, the CDK4/6 complex showed the most significant negative correlation with mutations, also suggesting that combined CDK4/6 and PARP inhibition might exhibit synergy. Furthermore, combination treatment showed synergy in not only RB-proficient but also RB-deficient breast cancer cells in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy to improve the efficacy of PARP and CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer treatment.