bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of self-focussed reappraisal of negative emotion in emergence of emotional symptoms in adolescent girls
Authors: Malhi Gin S. , Das Pritha , Outhred Tim , Bryant Richard A. , Calhoun Vince 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundAdolescent subthreshold emotional symptoms arise from impaired self-referential information-processing and approach–avoidance behaviour network integration, which compromises goal evaluation and pursuit strategies.AimsWe investigated whether impairment of negative emotion (goal) reappraisal strategies (self-focussing and self-distancing) generates emotional symptoms (emotional disorders precursors).MethodUsing functional magnetic resonance imaging and a triple-network model (default mode, executive control and salience), functional connectivity differences within and between networks, and their modulation by task and relationships with emotional symptoms were determined in healthy adolescent girls (N = 202) grouped by presence or absence of emotional symptoms.ResultsThe groups differed in spectral power distribution and in dorsal default mode network and right executive control network modulation when self-focussing and self-distancing, respectively. Girls without emotional symptoms had greater spectral power and less network modulation. Greater spectral power was associated with reduced emotional symptoms and less dorsal default mode network modulation when self-focussing.ConclusionsThe early phases of anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescence are marked by emotional symptoms that usually emerge in the context of negative life events. To contend with the negative effect of such events, a typical reappraisal strategy is to distance oneself and switch the focus of one's thinking. This brain-imaging study in adolescent girls prone to the development of emotional disorders has found functional changes in key neural networks that are involved in reappraisal and shown that this process is impaired. This is important because it provides an early indication of these common disorders and a potential target for psychological interventions.
Markers of cognitive reserve and dementia incidence in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Almeida-Meza Pamela , Steptoe Andrew , Cadar Dorina 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundIn the current climate of an ageing population, it is imperative to identify preventive measures for dementia.AimsWe implemented a multifaceted index of cognitive reserve markers and investigated dementia incidence over 15 years of follow-up in a representative sample of the English population.MethodData were 12 280 participants aged ≥50 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, free from dementia at their baseline assessments during wave 1 (2002–2003), 3 (2006–2007) or 4 (2008–2009), and followed up until wave 8 (2016–2017). The Cognitive Reserve Index was constructed as a composite measure of education, occupation and leisure activities, using a standardised questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios of dementia in relation to cognitive reserve levels (low, medium and high) and its components (education, occupation and leisure activities).ResultsDuring the follow-up period, 602 participants aged 56–99 years developed dementia. Higher levels of cognitive reserve (hazard ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.48–0.89,P= 0.008) were associated with a lower risk of dementia. An individual analysis of its components showed that higher levels of education (hazard ratio 0.56, 95% CI 0.36–0.88,P= 0.012), occupation (hazard ratio 0.72, 95% CI 0.56–0.91,P= 0.008) and leisure activities (hazard ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.56–0.99,P= 0.047) were predictive of a reduced dementia risk, with the first two components particularly protective in younger participants (<85 years).ConclusionsThis study showed a reduced risk of dementia for individuals with a higher level of cognitive reserve, represented by higher education, complex occupations and multifaceted level of leisure activities.
The Evolving Concept of Cryptogenic Stroke
Authors: Kamel Hooman 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article discusses cryptogenic stroke and the results of recent randomized trials that can inform its evaluation and management.

RECENT FINDINGS
Most cryptogenic strokes appear embolic, leading to the term embolic stroke of undetermined source. It was previously thought that embolic stroke of undetermined source was a single, therapeutically relevant entity, the underlying sources of which would respond to anticoagulant therapy; however, two large randomized trials found no benefit with anticoagulation compared to antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention after embolic stroke of undetermined source. A single antiplatelet drug remains the recommended long-term antithrombotic treatment for secondary stroke prevention in embolic stroke of undetermined source. However, three caveats should be considered with regard to cryptogenic stroke. First, those with minor stroke symptoms presenting early after onset should receive 3 weeks of dual antiplatelet therapy. Second, all patients with cryptogenic stroke should be monitored for atrial fibrillation. Third, patients 60 years of age or younger with a patent foramen ovale (PFO) should be carefully evaluated to determine whether the PFO may have caused the stroke and whether they might benefit from PFO closure.

SUMMARY
More personalized strategies may soon be available to guide treatment of cryptogenic stroke. In the meantime, it is hoped that the application of recent findings from clinical trials will reduce stroke recurrence in this important population.
Legal Liability Associated With rtPA Administration and Surrogate Decision Makers
Authors: Kass Joseph S. , Rose Rachel V. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Stroke is one of the most common conditions neurologists treat in emergency situations. This article examines the issues of surrogate decision makers and the physician’s potential legal liability in the context of the administration or nonadministration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in a common emergency department scenario.
Update on Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Rabinstein Alejandro A. 
Published: March 2020

EDITOR’S NOTE
The article “Update on Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke” by Dr Rabinstein was first published in the February 2017 Cerebrovascular Disease issue of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology as “Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke” and has been updated by Dr Rabinstein for this issue at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article provides an update on the state of the art of the treatment of acute ischemic stroke with particular emphasis on the indications for reperfusion therapy.
RECENT FINDINGS
In addition to the previously established indications for intravenous (IV) thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within 4.5 hours of stroke symptom onset and endovascular therapy with mechanical thrombectomy for patients with large artery occlusion who can be treated within 6 hours of symptom onset, recent randomized controlled trials have now established new indications for emergency reperfusion in patients with wake-up stroke or delayed presentation (up to 24 hours from last known well in the case of mechanical thrombectomy). Identification of patients who may benefit from acute reperfusion therapy within this extended time window requires screening with perfusion brain imaging or, in the case of IV thrombolysis for wake-up strokes, emergency brain MRI. Collateral status and time to reperfusion remain the primary determinants of outcome.
SUMMARY
Timely successful reperfusion is the most effective treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Recent evidence supports the expansion of the time window for reperfusion treatment in carefully selected patients.
Cytoplasmic dynein-2 at a glance
Authors: Vuolo Laura , Stevenson Nicola L. , Mukhopadhyay Aakash G. , Roberts Anthony J. , Stephens David J. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Cytoplasmic dynein-2 is a motor protein complex that drives the movement of cargoes along microtubules within cilia, facilitating the assembly of these organelles on the surface of nearly all mammalian cells. Dynein-2 is crucial for ciliary function, as evidenced by deleterious mutations in patients with skeletal abnormalities. Long-standing questions include how the dynein-2 complex is assembled, regulated, and switched between active and inactive states. A combination of model organisms, in vitro cell biology, live-cell imaging, structural biology and biochemistry has advanced our understanding of the dynein-2 motor. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we discuss the current understanding of dynein-2 and its roles in ciliary assembly and function.
New Data-based Cutoffs for Maximal Exercise Criteria across the Lifespan
Authors: WAGNER JONATHAN , NIEMEYER MAX , INFANGER DENIS , HINRICHS TIMO , STREESE LUKAS , HANSSEN HENNER , MYERS JONATHAN , SCHMIDT-TRUCKSÄSS ARNO , KNAIER RAPHAEL 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To determine age-dependent cutoff values for secondary exhaustion criteria for a general population free of exercise limiting chronic conditions; to describe the percentage of participants reaching commonly used exhaustion criteria during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET); and to analyze their oxygen uptake at the respective criteria to quantify the impact of a given criterion on the respective oxygen uptake (V˙O2) values.

Methods
Data from the COmPLETE-Health Study were analyzed involving participants from 20 to 91 yr of age. All underwent a CPET to maximal voluntary exertion using a cycle ergometer. To determine new exhaustion criteria, based on maximal respiratory exchange ratio (RERmax) and age-predicted maximal HR (APMHR), one-sided lower tolerance intervals for the tests confirming V˙O2 plateau status were calculated using a confidence level of 95% and a coverage of 90%.

Results
A total of 274 men and 252 women participated in the study. Participants were nearly equally distributed across age decades from 20 to >80 yr. A V˙O2 plateau was present in 32%. There were only minor differences in secondary exhaustion criteria between participants exhibiting a V˙O2 plateau and participants not showing a V˙O2 plateau. New exhaustion criteria according to the tolerance intervals for the age group of 20 to 39 yr were: RERmax ≥ 1.13, APMHR210 − age ≥ 96%, and APMHR208 × 0.7 age ≥ 93%; for the age group of 40 to 59 yr: RERmax ≥ 1.10, APMHR210 − age ≥ 99%, and APMHR208 × 0.7 age ≥ 92%; and, for the age group of 60 to 69 yr: RERmax ≥ 1.06, APMHR210 − age ≥ 99%, and APMHR208 × 0.7 age ≥ 89%.

Conclusions
The proposed cutoff values for secondary criteria reduce the risk of underestimating V˙O2max. Lower values would increase false-positive results, assuming participants are exhausted although, in fact, they are not.
Host deficiency in ephrin-A1 inhibits breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Shiuan Eileen , Inala Ashwin , Wang Shan , Song Wenqiang , Youngblood Victoria , Chen Jin , Brantley-Sieders Dana M. 
Published: March 2020

Background: The conventional dogma of treating cancer by focusing on the elimination of tumor cells has been recently refined to include consideration of the tumor microenvironment, which includes host stromal cells. Ephrin-A1, a cell surface protein involved in adhesion and migration, has been shown to be tumor suppressive in the context of the cancer cell. However, its role in the host has not been fully investigated. Here, we examine how ephrin-A1 host deficiency affects cancer growth and metastasis in a murine model of breast cancer. Methods: 4T1 cells were orthotopically implanted into the mammary fat pads or injected into the tail veins of ephrin-A1 wild-type (Efna1+/+), heterozygous (Efna1+/-), or knockout (Efna1-/-) mice. Tumor growth, lung metastasis, and tumor recurrence after surgical resection were measured. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to analyze various cell populations in primary tumors and tumor-bearing lungs. Results: While primary tumor growth did not differ between Efna1+/+, Efna1+/-, and Efna1-/- mice, lung metastasis and primary tumor recurrence were significantly decreased in knockout mice. Efna1-/- mice had reduced lung colonization of 4T1 cells compared to Efna1+/+ littermate controls as early as 24 hours after tail vein injection. Furthermore, established lung lesions in Efna1-/- mice had reduced proliferation compared to those in Efna1+/+ controls. Conclusions: Our studies demonstrate that host deficiency of ephrin-A1 does not impact primary tumor growth but does affect metastasis by providing a less favorable metastatic niche for cancer cell colonization and growth. Elucidating the mechanisms by which host ephrin-A1 impacts cancer relapse and metastasis may shed new light on novel therapeutic strategies.
Relationships between parameters of uric acid exchange and immunity as well as microbiota in patients with neuroendocrine-immune complex dysfunction
Authors: Gozhenko Anatoliy , Smagliy Vadym , Korda Inna , Badiuk Nataliya , Zukow Walery , Kovbasnyuk Marta , Popovych Igor 
Published: March 2020

Background. Previously, we found a wide range of uric acid exchange parameters and functional relationships of uricemia and uricosuria with the parameters of immunity in healthy rats analyzed. The purpose of this study is to clarify such relationships in patients with neuroendocrine-immune complex dysfunction on the background of chronic pyelonephritis combined with cholecystitis in remission. Material and Methods. The object of observation were 34 men and 10 women aged 24-70 years old, who came to the Truskavets’ spa for the rehabilitation treatment. The serum and daily urine levels of the uric acid by uricase method were determined. Immune status evaluated on a set of I and II levels recommended by the WHO. The condition of microbiota is evaluated on the results of sowing of feces and urine. Results. The canonical correlation analysis revealed that raw uricemia determines by 28% nine parameters of immunity (relative blood content of pan-lymphocytes and their CD4+-, CD56+-, 0-populations, relative content of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, intensity and completeness of their phagocytosis Staph. aureus and their bactericidal capacity, saliva content of IgG) as well as bacteriuria and content in E. coli feces. Uricemia, normalized by sex and age, determines by 25% another constellation of immunity parameters (relative CD8+ lymphocytes content, CIC, E. coli phagocytosis intensity and completeness, Staph. aureus phagocytosis activity and completeness) as well as content in E. coli feces with impaired enzymatic activity and Klebsiela&Proteus. Instead, uricosuria determines only four parameters of immunity and only by 11,5%. Conclusion. Endogenous uric acid has a modulating overall beneficial effect on a number of immune and microbiota parameters in both healthy rats and people with neuroendocrine-immune complex dysfunction.
Interseccionalidad en las desigualdades sociales para la realización de actividad física en Argentina
Authors: Ballesteros Matías Salvador , Freidin Betina , Wilner Agustín , Fernández Rendina Lucas 
Published: March 2020

Introducción: el objetivo del artículo es analizar las desigualdades en cuanto a la realización de actividad física para mejorar la condición física o para hacer deporte, determinadas por distintos factores sociales, geográficos y demográficos, así como por algunas de las interacciones entre estos factores. Para ello, se recurrió a la estrategia de análisis cuantitativo de datos secundarios. La fuente utilizada es la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo, realizada sobre una muestra probabilística de hogares urbanos de Argentina, en el 2009. Desarrollo: para examinar los datos, se realizó un análisis descriptivo bivariado y, luego, regresiones logísticas binarias, en las que se incorporaron interacciones, para poner a prueba diversas hipótesis sobre el efecto de las distintas variables independientes, así como de su interseccionalidad. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran la importancia de considerar un enfoque interseccional e incorporar interacciones en las regresiones logísticas binarias para comprender la naturaleza multiplicativa de las desigualdades en la práctica de actividad física, que los modelos multivariados aditivos no pueden captar.
Simulation of harmonic and supercontinuum generation in polycrystalline media
Authors: Gu Jiahui , Hastings Michael G. , Kolesik Miroslav 
Published: March 2020

Highly efficient, broadband frequency conversion in polycrystalline
zinc-blende media receives increasing interest, motivated by both
applications and understanding of the underlying processes. However,
realistic simulations of the complex physics, in which random
quasi-phase-matching plays a major role, is challenging because of the
disorder. Here we present a family of models of increasing complexity,
including a (3 + 1)D model with full resolution in time and space.
Using ZnSe as the demonstration medium, we show that while a
small-beam, axially symmetric approximation is able to provide
qualitatively correct spectra at a low computation cost, the
computationally more demanding (3 + 1)D approach achieves
semi-quantitative agreement between the simulated supercontinuum
spectrum and experiment results. The fully resolved (3 + 1)D
simulations thus provide an accurate new tool for the characterization
and optimization of supercontinuum generation in transparent
polycrystals.
Postcompression of picosecond pulses into the few-cycle regime
Authors: Balla Prannay , Bin Wahid Ammar , Sytcevich Ivan , Guo Chen , Viotti Anne-Lise , Silletti Laura , Cartella Andrea , Alisauskas Skirmantas , Tavakol Hamed , Grosse-Wortmann Uwe , Schönberg Arthur , Seidel Marcus , Trabattoni Andrea , Manschwetus Bastian , Lang Tino , Calegari Francesca , Couairon Arnaud , L’Huillier Anne , Arnold Cord L. , Hartl Ingmar , Heyl Christoph M. 
Published: March 2020

In this work, we demonstrate postcompression of 1.2 ps laser pulses to
13 fs via gas-based multipass spectral broadening. Our results yield a
single-stage compression factor of about 40 at 200 W in-burst average
power and a total compression factor

>

90

at reduced power. The employed
scheme represents a route toward compact few-cycle
sources driven by industrial-grade Yb:YAG lasers at high
average power.
Bend-insensitive bismuth-doped P2O5-SiO2 glass core fiber for a compact O-band amplifier
Authors: Firstov Sergei , Khegai Aleksandr , Riumkin Konstantin , Ososkov Yan , Firstova Elena , Melkumov Mikhail , Alyshev Sergey , Evlampieva Elena , Iskhakova Liudmila , Lobanov Aleksey , Khopin Vladimir , Abramov Alexey , Yashkov Mikhail , Guryanov Alexey 
Published: March 2020

For the first time, we report on the fabrication of a bend-insensitive single-mode bismuth (Bi)-doped

P

2

O

5

−

S
i
O

2

fiber having a depressed cladding design and study its gain characteristics at a spectral region of 1.3–1.4 µm. It was shown that the obtained Bi-doped fiber can efficiently operate in the spectral band even at a bend radius of 1.5 cm. In addition, it was shown that this type of fiber has a smaller mode-field diameter in comparison with a step-index single-mode Bi-doped

P

2

O

5

−

S
i
O

2

fiber with

Δ

n

≈
0.006

that resulted in a decrease of saturation power and, as a consequence, in a reduction of the total pump power required to a high-level-gain operation. The laser and gain experiments show the possibility of the construction of a compact high-performance optical amplifier for O-band based on the depressed-cladding Bi-doped fiber.
40  kHz, 20  ns acousto-optically Q-switched 4  µm Fe:ZnSe laser pumped by a fluoride fiber laser
Authors: Uehara Hiyori , Tsunai Takanori , Han Bingyu , Goya Kenji , Yasuhara Ryo , Potemkin Fedor , Kawanaka Junji , Tokita Shigeki 
Published: March 2020

An actively

Q

-switched mid-infrared Fe:ZnSe laser pumped by a continuous wave fluoride fiber laser has been developed. Stable operation with a pulse duration of 20 ns and a repetition rate of 40 kHz at 4 µm was achieved. The maximum peak power was 1.1 kW. The high-repetition rate, high-peak power nanosecond pulsed laser, which has been created for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, in an actively

Q

-switched Fe:ZnSe laser, should prove a suitable light source for laser processing and molecular sensing.
Low-complexity equalization scheme for suppressing FFE-enhanced in-band noise and ISI in 100 Gbps PAM4 optical IMDD system
Authors: Li Di , Song Haiping , Cheng Wen , Cheng Mengfan , Fu Songnian , Tang Ming , Liu Deming , Deng Lei 
Published: March 2020

The commonly used feed-forward equalizer (FFE) in an intensity modulation and direct-detection (IMDD) system is seriously restrained by the enhanced in-band noise in the high-frequency region. In this Letter, a low-complexity equalization scheme including FFE, post-filter (PF), and a newly designed interference cancellation (IC) algorithm is proposed to cope with the FFE-enhanced noise and serious inter-symbol interference (ISI) simultaneously. In our experiment, the achieved bit error rate value of 100 Gb/s optical double-sideband (ODSB) four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) signal transmission over 10 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) can go below the 20% overhead soft-decision forward error correction threshold of

2.7

×

10

−
2

when the FFE is replaced by the proposed equalizer. Even a 100 Gb/s optical single-sideband (OSSB) PAM4 signal can be successfully transmitted over 80 km SSMF. The results show that the proposed

F
F
E

+

P
F

+

I
C

algorithm can effectively suppress the FFE-enhanced noise and ISI with a quite low increase in complexity. Moreover, compared to the joint FFE, PF, and maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) algorithm, the proposed

F
F
E

+

P
F

+

I
C

algorithm has 1.2 dB and 0.4 dB power penalties after 10 km SSMF in ODSB and 80 km SSMF in OSSB cases, respectively. However, the complexity of this IC algorithm is approximately 3% that of the MLSD.
Resultados y seguimiento de la rehabilitación vestibular
Authors: Benito-Orejas José Ignacio , Alonso-Vielba José , Valda-Rodrigo José , Cifuentes-Navas Viviana Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Introducción y objetivo: La rehabilitación Vestibular (RV) consiste en la realización de un programa de ejercicios orientado hacia las necesidades específicas del paciente. La colaboración y el apoyo psicológico son también elementos clave para conseguir una óptima recuperación. Las técnicas han evolucionado en las últimas décadas y disponemos del suficiente conocimiento para avalar su eficacia, que intentaremos ir presentando a lo largo de este capítulo.Método: Revisión narrativa.Resultados: La RV es un tratamiento seguro y eficaz. Es recomendable una intervención temprana a fin de prevenir las caídas y aliviar los síntomas cuanto antes; pero los pacientes con alteraciones crónicas también se benefician. La RV es efectiva en trastornos vestibulares periféricos y centrales. Se desconoce la frecuencia, duración óptima y número total de visitas necesarias para obtener los mejores resultados, pero dependerá de la respuesta del paciente. No hay un programa único que pueda ser eficaz a todo el que sufra de un trastorno vestibular. Conclusión: La RV es actualmente el estándar de tratamiento para muchos tipos de patología vestibular y creemos que debe ser proporcionado por fisioterapeutas especializados en esta terapia.