bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Instructors&#39; Approaches in Teaching Pronunciation: A Case Study
Authors: Elnagar Bakheit Mohamed Abdelgadir 
Published: July 2020

This study aimed to investigate how instructors teach pronunciation based on the pronunciation training they received. This study involved instructors from King Abdul Aziz University, who were teaching at the English Language Institute (ELI). The data were collected through a questionnaire given to (50) instructors at (ELI). The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program.
The results displayed that instructors used cognitive-content of teaching pronunciation and most of them focused on it as a valuable teaching approach. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the instructors had a constructive trend in teaching pronunciation. Most instructors pointed out that they taught pronunciation in their classes; in many cases they spent a considerable amount of time in pronunciation instruction. The lack of the pronunciation equipment and technological resources stands as a stumbling- block problem to teaching this language skill. In addition, the findings showed most of the language instructors did not receive any specific pronunciation training. Recommendations are given to provide suitable teaching pronunciation training which prepares the instructors to use powerful technology to boost teaching of this essential skill.
Stakeholder Disclosure in Reference Forms - An Analysis of the Focus of Healthcare Companies on Reporting Their Risk
Authors: Lugoboni Leonardo Fabris , Salgado Beatriz Simonetti Fraga , Murcia Flávia Cruz de Souza 
Published: July 2020

Objetivo do estudo: Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a evidenciação sobre stakeholders nas análises de risco das empresas do setor de saúde atuantes no Brasil. Metodologia/abordagem: Foram examinados os Formulários de Referência publicados entre os anos 2013 e 2017 de 13 empresas do setor de saúde listadas na bolsa de valo res brasileira, a B3. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo para evidenciar os stakeholders presentes nos formulários de referência. Originalidade/Relevância: Apesar da gestão de riscos e a gestão de stakeholders já terem uma literatura abundante, esta pesquisa trás evidências empíricas de como os formulários de referência das empresas do setor da saúde evidenciam seus stakeholders. Até o momento, não foi possível identificar trabalhos que discutem esse tema tanto na literatura brasileira como na literatura internacional. Principais resultados: Os resultados constataram que os stakeholders mais citados, como esperado, foram os Clientes (apareceram em 98% dos formulários), Funcionários e Concorrentes (cada um em 95% dos documentos analisados). Por outro lado, os menos mencionados foram Parceiros (68%), Mídia (65%) e Comunidade (37%). Por fim, o resultado mais relevante diz respeito à quantidade absoluta de menções aos stakeholders listados. Os Clientes foram citados 867 vezes, os Investidores em 851 oportunidades e os Funcionários em 811 ocasiões. Os stakeholders menos citados foram Mídia, com 106 alusões, e Comunidade, com 53 menções. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Pode-se concluir que, no que se refere à gestão do risco, as organizações dedicam grande atenção aos stakeholders Clientes, Funcionários e Concorrentes, pois estes são bastante mencionados nos documentos analisados.
Model of Maturity and Audit of Innovation Management in Micro, Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Brazil
Authors: Mafra Pereira Frederico Cesar , Jordão Ricardo Vinícius Dias , Matos Nancy Rosa , Almeida Aulus Vinícius de 
Published: July 2020

Objetivo do estudo: Analisar o grau de gestão da inovação e propor modelo de maturidade para SMEs brasileiras. Metodologia/abordagem: Estudo comparativo de casos de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, descritiva e aplicada, para SMEs brasileiras; utilizados os métodos dedutivo e indutivo e a triangulação de dados para análise e proposição do modelo. Originalidade/Relevância: Desafio de se compreender, em profundidade, os fatores críticos e os relacionamentos entre a inovação, o desempenho e a competitividade das SMEs, importantes para sua sobrevivência, crescimento e desenvolvimento, especialmente em economias emergentes como a brasileira. Principais resultados: (i) a despeito das dificuldades práticas de gestão da inovação e da ausência de uma estratégia formal em algumas SMEs para incentivar e suportar os processos inovativos, essas se relacionam direta e indiretamente com o desempenho e a competitividade dessas empresas; (ii) o grau de maturidade da inovação é i nfluenciado pelas características das SMEs e de seus gestores, e a auditoria e a gestão da inovação ampliam a sua capacidade de sobrevivência, crescimento e desenvolvimento empresarial. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: (i) teóricas, ao colaborar para preencher a lacuna supramencionada e ampliar o conhecimento sobre o tema no âmbito das SMEs; (ii) aplicadas, ao propor um framework específico para auditoria e aferição do grau de maturidade da inovação em SMEs, a partir de referencial validado pela literatura internacional. Contribuições sociais / para a gestão: O modelo proposto traz contribuições gerenciais por refinar a práxis das SMEs quanto à gestão da inovação, oferecendo a empresas em situações similares uma oportunidade de benchmarking competitivo.
Cámaras de comercio: una nueva gestión. El enfoque del Cuadro de Mando Integral en las Cámaras Españolas
Authors: Foncubierta-Rodríguez María-José , Galiana-Tonda Francisca , Galiana Rubia María del Mar 
Published: July 2020

Las Cámaras de Comercio, una de las organizaciones empresariales multisectoriales más extendidas en el mundo, se caracterizan por tres condiciones que las diferencian de otras agrupaciones empresariales: no tienen fines de lucro, comprenden diversos sectores dentro de un territorio específico, y son autogestionadas. En el presente trabajo, después de tratar sobre qué tipo de entidad es una Cámara, la evolución en su organización, y la utilidad de su labor para la sociedad y la economía españolas, ponemos de manifiesto la oportunidad de que éstas modifiquen su gestión introduciendo el sistema, ya bien conocido y aplicado en el sector privado, del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI), como instrumento de planificación estratégica. Ello supone un cambio de filosofía en unas organizaciones que son pieza clave en el desarrollo empresarial y social de los territorios. Con el CMI las Cámaras atenderán y controlarán de forma más eficiente la realización de sus funciones a través de determinadas líneas estratégicas. Líneas que no sólo velan por los resultados financieros, sino también por la contribución en la mejora de la propia organización, de su personal, de la satisfacción de las necesidades de sus clientes, o usuarios, y del entorno socioeconómico. Y lo harán a través de indicadores, para lo cual proponemos un listado de éstos, Con ellos, las Cámaras podrán contar con una guía ágil para su gestión y control, a la par que visualizarán en la sociedad de qué manera y en qué medida contribuyen a su desarrollo.
Effect of the Leaf Extract of Bidens pilosa on Haemostasis
Authors: Benard Pade , Barugahare Banson 
Published: July 2020

Aims: To determine the effect of the leaf extract of Bidens pilosa on the rate of haemostasis and validate its traditional use application to fresh wounds.
Study Design: Experimental
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Education, Busitema University and Nagongera Health Center IV laboratory between April and May 2019.
Methodology: Different concentrations of the extract were applied to blood samples. Whole venous blood was collected by vein puncture in heparin tubes. The rate of clotting in presence and absence of the extract was determined. The experiment was replicated.
Results: Increase in the concentration of the extract decreased the rate of haemostasis. Statistical analysis with a two-way ANOVA was significant, P = 0.02 at a 95% CI.
Conclusion: High concentration Bidens pilosa leaf extract decreases the rate of haemostasis but may have other healing activities attributed to its historical and traditional use and application to fresh wounds.
pH/Cathepsin B Hierarchical‐Responsive Nanoconjugates for Enhanced Tumor Penetration and Chemo‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Du Hongliang , Zhao Sui , Wang Yaoqi , Wang Zenghui , Chen Binlong , Yan Yue , Yin Qingqing , Liu Dechun , Wan Fangjie , Zhang Qiang , Wang Yiguang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn ideal cancer nanomedicine should precisely deliver therapeutics to its intracellular target within tumor cells. However, the multiple biological barriers seriously hinder their delivery efficiency, leading to unsatisfactory therapeutic outcome. Herein, pH/cathepsin B hierarchical‐responsive nanoconjugates (HRNs) are reported to overcome these barriers by sequentially responding to extra‐ and intracellular stimuli in solid tumors for programmed delivery of docetaxel (DTX). The HRNs have stable nanostructures (≈40 nm) in blood circulation for efficient tumor accumulation, while the tumor extracellular acidity induces the rapid dissociation of HRNs into polymer conjugates (≈5 nm), facilitating the deep tumor penetration and cellular internalization. After being trapped into the lysosomes, the conjugates are cleaved by cathepsin B to release bioactive DTX into cytoplasm and inhibit cell proliferation. In addition to the direct inhibition effect, HRNs can trigger the in vivo antitumor immune responses via the immunogenic modulation of tumor cells, activation of dendritic cells (DCs), and generation of cytotoxic T‐cell responses. By employing a combination with α‐PD‐1 (programmed cell death 1) therapy, synergistic antitumor efficacy is achieved in B16 expressing ovalbumin (B16OVA) tumor model. Hence, this strategy demonstrates high efficiency for precise intracellular delivery of chemotherapeutics and provides a potential clinical candidate for cancer chemo‐immunotherapy.
Character evolution of modern fly‐speck fungi and implications for interpreting thyriothecial fossils
Authors: Le Renard Ludovic , Firmino André L. , Pereira Olinto L. , Stockey Ruth A. , Berbee Mary L. 
Published: July 2020

PremiseFossils show that fly‐speck fungi have been reproducing with small, black thyriothecia on leaf surfaces for ~250 million years. We analyzed morphological characters of extant thyriothecial fungi to develop a phylogenetic framework for interpreting fossil taxa.MethodsWe placed 59 extant fly‐speck fungi in a phylogeny of 320 Ascomycota using nuclear ribosomal large and small subunit sequences, including newly determined sequences from nine taxa. We reconstructed ancestral character states using BayesTraits and maximum likelihood after coding 11 morphological characters based on original observations and literature. We analyzed the relationships of three previously published Mesozoic fossils using parsimony and our morphological character matrix, constrained by the molecular phylogeny.ResultsThyriothecia evolved convergently in multiple lineages of superficial, leaf‐inhabiting ascomycetes. The radiate and ostiolate scutellum organization is restricted to Dothideomycetes. Scutellum initiation by intercalary septation of a single hypha characterizes Asterinales and Asterotexiales, and initiation by coordinated growth of two or more adjacent hyphae characterizes Aulographaceae. Scutella in Microthyriales are initiated apically on a lateral hyphal branch. Patterns of hyphal branching in scutella contribute to distinguishing among orders. Parsimony resolves three fossil taxa as Dothideomycetes; one is further resolved as a member of a Microthyriales‐Zeloasperisporiales clade within Dothideomycetes.ConclusionsThis is the most comprehensive systematic study of thyriothecial fungi and their relatives to date. Parsimony analysis of the matrix of character states of modern taxa provides an objective basis for interpreting fossils, leading to insights into morphological evolution and geological ages of Dothideomycetes clades.
International registry of otolaryngologist–head and neck surgeons with COVID‐19
Authors: Sowerby Leigh J , Stephenson Kate , Dickie Alexander , Lella Federico A. Di , Jefferson Niall , North Hannah , De Siati R. Daniele , Maunsell Rebecca , Herzog Michael , Nandhan Raghu , Trozzi Marilena , Dehgani‐Mobaraki Puya , Melkane Antoine , Callejas Claudio , Miljeteig Harald , Smit Diane , Reynoso Daniel Dibildox , Moura Joao Eloi , Hermansson Ann , Peer Shazia , Burnell Lisa , Fakhry Nicolas , Chiesa‐Estomba Carlos , Önerci Çelebi Özlem , Karpischenko Sergei , Sobol Steven , Sargi Zoukaa , Patel Zara M. 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundIt has become clear that healthcare workers are at high risk, and otolaryngology has been theorized to be among the highest risk specialties for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The purpose of this study was to detail the international impact of COVID‐19 among otolaryngologists, and to identify instructional cases.MethodsCountry representatives of the Young Otolaryngologists–International Federation of Otolaryngologic Societies (YO‐IFOS) surveyed otolaryngologists through various channels. Nationwide surveys were distributed in 19 countries. The gray literature and social media channels were searched to identify reported deaths of otolaryngologists from COVID‐19.ResultsA total of 361 otolaryngologists were identified to have had COVID‐19, and data for 325 surgeons was available for analysis. The age range was 25 to 84 years, with one‐half under the age of 44 years. There were 24 deaths in the study period, with 83% over age 55 years. Source of infection was likely clinical activity in 175 (54%) cases. Prolonged exposure to a colleague was the source for 37 (11%) surgeons. Six instructional cases were identified where infections occurred during the performance of aerosol‐generating operations (tracheostomy, mastoidectomy, epistaxis control, dacryocystorhinostomy, and translabyrinthine resection). In 3 of these cases, multiple operating room attendees were infected, and in 2, the surgeon succumbed to complications of COVID‐19.ConclusionThe etiology of reported cases within the otolaryngology community appear to stem equally from clinical activity and community spread. Multiple procedures performed by otolaryngologists are aerosol‐generating procedures (AGPs) and great care should be taken to protect the surgical team before, during, and after these operations.
Chemical Synthesis Elucidates the Key Antigenic Epitope of the Autism‐Related Bacterium Clostridium bolteae Capsular Octadecasaccharide
Authors: Cai Juntao , Hu Jing , Qin Chunjun , Li Lingxin , Shen Dacheng , Tian Guangzong , Zou Xiaopeng , Seeberger Peter H. , Yin Jian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe gut pathogen Clostridium bolteae has been associated with the onset of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To create vaccines against C. bolteae, it is important to identify exact protective epitopes of the immunologically active capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Here, a series of C. bolteae CPS glycans, up to an octadecasaccharide, was prepared. Key to achieving the total syntheses is a [2+2] coupling strategy based on a β‐d‐Rhap‐(1→3)‐α‐d‐Manp repeating unit that in turn was accessed by a stereoselective β‐d‐rhamnosylation. The 4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐induced conformational locking is a powerful strategy for forming a β‐d‐mannose‐type glycoside. An indirect strategy based on C2 epimerization of β‐d‐quinovoside was efficiently achieved by Swern oxidation and borohydride reduction. Sequential glycosylation, and regioselective and global deprotection produced the disaccharide and tetrasaccharide, up to the octadecasaccharide. Glycan microarray analysis of sera from rabbits immunized with inactivated C. bolteae bacteria revealed a humoral immune response to the di‐ and tetrasaccharide, but none of the longer sequences. The tetrasaccharide may be a key motif for designing glycoconjugate vaccines against C. bolteae.
High‐Throughput Label‐Free Enzymatic Assays Using Desorption Electrospray‐Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Morato Nicolás M. , Holden Dylan T. , Cooks R. Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHigh‐throughput (HT) enzymatic assays, which typically rely on labeled compounds and plate readers, are important for drug discovery. Mass spectrometry (MS) provides an alternative method of performing HT label‐free assays. Here we demonstrate the use of a HT platform based on desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) MS for the label‐free study of enzymatic reactions directly from the bioassay matrix with an effective analysis time of 0.3 s per sample. This system allows for thorough analysis of the enzymatic process through monitoring of its substrate and product after an external calibration. We show the platform capabilities by an in‐depth study of the acetylcholinesterase assay, including kinetic parameter determination, rapid inhibitor screening, and further characterization of positive hits (that is, IC50andKi), as well as inhibition–reactivation assays. We anticipate that the expansion of this platform has high potential impact in label‐free enzymology as well as in drug discovery.
Ancestry‐Tracking of Stress Response GPCR Clades: A Conceptual Path to Treating Depression
Authors: Boucard Antony A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe environmental complexity in which living organisms found themselves throughout evolution, most likely resulted in various encounters that would continuously challenge the organisms' ability to survive. Coping with this stress can prove energetically demanding and might require the proper coupling between mechanisms aimed at sensing external stimuli and cellular strategies geared at producing energy. In this issue of BioEssays, Lovejoy and Hogg hypothesize that preservation of this bifaceted coupling can be detected by the maintenance and evolution of stress response mechanisms at the genomic, molecular and cellular levels. Through ancestry‐tracking, they identify a group of related G protein‐coupled receptor systems with intersecting stress‐modulating properties which might represent an essential part of a complex organism's coping mechanisms to stress, an attribute that they suspect may be affected in individuals suffering from mood disorders such as depression.
Venous thromboembolism during preoperative chemotherapy in the CRITICS gastric cancer trial
Authors: Slagter Astrid E. , Sikorska Karolina , Grootscholten Cecile , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M. , Lind Pehr , Nordsmark Marianne , Meershoek‐Klein Kranenbarg Elma , van de Velde Cornelis J. H. , van Grieken Nicole C. T. , van Sandick Johanna W. , Jansen Edwin P. M. , Verheij Marcel , Cats Annemieke 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe occurrence of a venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common in patients with cancer. Gastric cancer has been associated with one of the highest risks for VTE. Chemotherapy, especially cisplatin has been associated with a high VTE risk. In this study, risk factors for VTE occurrence and their potential impact on subsequent therapeutic interventions were investigated in patients who underwent preoperative chemotherapy, in the CRITICS gastric cancer trial.Patients and methodsPatients with resectable gastric cancer were preoperatively treated with three cycles of 3‐weekly epirubicin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, and capecitabine (ECC/EOC). VTE was defined as any thrombus in the venous system, excluding superficial and/or device related VTEs. Potential risk factors were analyzed in a multivariable regression model with age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), tumor localization, Lauren classification, type of chemotherapy (ECC/EOC), (cardiovascular) comorbidity, and previous VTE as independent risk factors. The impact of VTE on completion rate of preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection rate, postoperative complications, and start of postoperative therapy were investigated.ResultsOf 781 patients, 78 (10%) of 781 patients developed a VTE during preoperative chemotherapy. On multivariable analysis, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and previous VTE were associated with VTE occurrence (reference BMI < 25 kg/m2; OR 2.190; 95% CI 1.152‐4.164; P = .017/previous VTE; OR 3.617; 95% CI 1.201‐10.890; P = .022). Treatment with cisplatin was, compared to oxaliplatin, not significantly associated with VTE occurrence (OR 1.535; 95% CI 0.761‐3.094; P = .231). VTE occurrence did not affect completion of preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection rate, postoperative complications, or start of postoperative therapy.ConclusionHigh BMI and previous VTE were independent risk factors for VTE occurrence during preoperative chemotherapy in patients with resectable gastric cancer. VTE occurrence in the preoperative setting did not affect receipt of further treatment.
The Impact of Halogenated Phenylalanine Derivatives on NFGAIL Amyloid Formation
Authors: Chowdhary Suvrat , Moschner Johann , Mikolajczak Dorian J. , Becker Maximilian , Thünemann Andreas F. , Kästner Claudia , Klemczak Damian , Stegemann Anne‐Katrin , Böttcher Christoph , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Netz Roland R. , Koksch Beate 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe hexapeptide hIAPP22–27 (NFGAIL) is known as a crucial amyloid core sequence of the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) whose aggregates can be used to better understand the wild‐type hIAPP′s toxicity to β‐cell death. In amyloid research, the role of hydrophobic and aromatic‐aromatic interactions as potential driving forces during the aggregation process is controversially discussed not only in case of NFGAIL, but also for amyloidogenic peptides in general. We have used halogenation of the aromatic residue as a strategy to modulate hydrophobic and aromatic‐aromatic interactions and prepared a library of NFGAIL variants containing fluorinated and iodinated phenylalanine analogues. We used thioflavin T staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) to study the impact of side‐chain halogenation on NFGAIL amyloid formation kinetics. Our data revealed a synergy between aggregation behavior and hydrophobicity of the phenylalanine residue. This study introduces systematic fluorination as a toolbox to further investigate the nature of the amyloid self‐assembly process.
Immobilization of Tris(1,10‐phenanthroline)ruthenium on Acetylene Carbon Black for Regenerable Electrochemiluminescence Sensors Free from Ionic Exchanger
Authors: Anjum Saima , Ma Xiangui , Yuan Fan , Lou Baohua , Iftikhar Irum , Aziz‐ur‐Rehman  , Xu Guobao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcetylene carbon black has excellent conductivity, structural assortment and adsorption characteristics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that carbon black has been used for assembling regenerable electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors. The present method involves the immobilization of Ru(phen)32+ on acetylene carbon black without using any ionic exchanger, owing to the strong adsorption capability of acetylene carbon black toward Ru(phen)32+, thereby avoiding the loss of activity resulting from the migration of ruthenium complex into the hydrophobic region of ionic exchanger. The developed Ru(phen)32+‐acetylene carbon black regenerable ECL sensor for the determination of oxalate shows a linear response from 1×10−7 M to 1×10−3 M with a remarkable detection limit of 2.5×10−9 M (S/N=3). The effect of various commonly associated species within real samples was also explored. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of oxalate in urine samples. The as‐prepared Ru(phen)32+‐acetylene carbon black regenerable ECL sensor exhibits outstanding long‐term stability over six months and also good reproducibility. The relative standard deviation of five repeated values of 1.0 mM oxalate concentrations is 4.1 %. The developed Ru(phen)32+‐acetylene carbon black regenerable ECL sensor is promising for ECL detection.