bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language-bound terms—term-bound languages: the difficulties of translating a national civil code into a lingua franca
Authors: Fuglinszky Ádám , Somssich Réka 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe present paper—taking the example of the English translation of the Hungarian Civil Code of 2013—aims to give an overview on the legal and terminology-related challenges and pitfalls that might occur during the process of translating a civil code with civil law traditions into the language of the common law world. An attempt is made to categorise terminology-related conceptual problems and elaborate how the different types of translation methods (functional equivalence, paraphrasing and neologism) could be applied; moreover, how a kind of legal-linguistic checks-and-balances can be achieved through the well-dosed combination, having also the ratio of similarities to differences (SD-ratio or SD-relationship) of legal concepts behind the respective terms in mind. Legal translators must act beyond the role of a simple translator: they must be comparatists, being aware of the legal origin of the relevant concepts and using the methods of comparative private law and translation studies at the same time, since both law and language are system-bound and are heavily influenced by the cultural and social environment. The authors strive to identify the significance of those problems (and possible solutions) from the perspective of how language-related aspects can perform some fine-tuning on the comparative methodology and findings, whether they are barriers only or provide also an opportunity to verify or refuteprima faciecomparative results. Comparative law—no doubt—supports legal translation, but their relationship is reciprocal: legal-linguistic subjects and problems emerging in the course of legal translation supply valuable feedback and further sources of inspiration.
Leveraging spatial uncertainty for online error compensation in EMT
Authors: Krumb Henry , Hofmann Sofie , Kügler David , Ghazy Ahmed , Dorweiler Bernhard , Bredemann Judith , Schmitt Robert , Sakas Georgios , Mukhopadhyay Anirban 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose

Electromagnetic tracking (EMT) can potentially complement fluoroscopic navigation, reducing radiation exposure in a hybrid setting. Due to the susceptibility to external distortions, systematic error in EMT needs to be compensated algorithmically. Compensation algorithms for EMT in guidewire procedures are only practical in an online setting.

Methods

We collect positional data and train a symmetric artificial neural network (ANN) architecture for compensating navigation error. The results are evaluated in both online and offline scenarios and are compared to polynomial fits. We assess spatial uncertainty of the compensation proposed by the ANN. Simulations based on real data show how this uncertainty measure can be utilized to improve accuracy and limit radiation exposure in hybrid navigation.

Results

ANNs compensate unseen distortions by more than 70%, outperforming polynomial regression. Working on known distortions, ANNs outperform polynomials as well. We empirically demonstrate a linear relationship between tracking accuracy and model uncertainty. The effectiveness of hybrid tracking is shown in a simulation experiment.

Conclusion

ANNs are suitable for EMT error compensation and can generalize across unseen distortions. Model uncertainty needs to be assessed when spatial error compensation algorithms are developed, so that training data collection can be optimized. Finally, we find that error compensation in EMT reduces the need for X-ray images in hybrid navigation.
Lithological indicators of discontinuities in mountain soils rich in calcium carbonate in the Polish Carpathians
Authors: Kowalska Joanna Beata , Kajdas Bartłomiej , Zaleski Tomasz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSix soils located within the Polish Carpathians, developed on calcium carbonate–rich sedimentary parent materials and representing various reference groups, were investigated in order to detect the lithic discontinuity. We propose using a multidirectional approach to assess the lithic discontinuity in these soils, one that includes grain size distribution, geochemical composition, heavy mineral content and micromorphology, supported by a traditional soil survey. A further aim of this process was to identify the possible admixture of allochthonous material of aeolian origin. The studied soils presented lithic discontinuities mostly at the contact of underlying calcium carbonate–rich coarsegrained slope deposits with the overlaying colluvium layer having a lower content of rock fragments. The significant changes in grain size distribution, especially in the silt and sand content, as well as high Uniformity Values and partially, high Lithological Discontinuity Index values, confirmed the occurrence of a lithic discontinuity in all studied soils. High heterogeneity in the soil profiles was also confirmed by the distribution of the major oxides; however, their distribution did not clearly indicate the lithic discontinuity. The most visible distinctions were noted from CaO content, which resulted from the deposition of carbonate-free materials (aeolian silts) and their mixing with the calcium carbonate–rich parent material. Furthermore, the analysis of heavy mineral content confirmed the allochthonous origin of the upper (and in some cases also the middle) parts of all profiles, which was manifested by the presence of highly weathering-resistant minerals such as zircon, epidote and various types of garnets. The micromorphological features of some of the studied soils showed distinctiveness within the soil profile, manifested by changes in b-fabric pattern, the occurrence and distribution of secondary carbonate and the coarse and fine coarse and fine ratio. Based on the high content of silt within the upper and middle parts of the soils, the content of Hf and Zr, as well as the higher content of weathering-resistant minerals, admixture of aeolian silt could be considered in some of the studied soils, yet with weak character. However, the dominance of minerals typical for metamorphic and igneous rocks suggested that the supply of aeolian silt was associated with loess covers rather than local sedimentary material.
Psychopharmacological Medication Has No Influence on Vitamin Status After Bariatric Surgery in Long-term Follow-up
Authors: Beiglböck Hannes , Kautzky Alexander , Fellinger Paul , Ranzenberger-Haider Tamara , Itariu Bianca , Wrba Thomas , Prager Gerhard , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Wolf Peter , Krebs Michael 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Context
A substantial number of patients undergoing bariatric surgery are prescribed psychopharmacological medication. However, the impact of concomitant psychopharmacological medication on the frequency of relevant vitamin deficiencies in postoperative follow-up is not known.

Methods
Five hundred twenty-four patients with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery (January 2004 to September 2018) with follow-up of at least 12 months, were included in retrospective analysis. Postoperative follow-up visits between January 2015 and September 2019 were analyzed. Anthropometric and laboratory data were analyzed at the first documented follow-up visit after on average 39.5 ± 37.3 months and at every following visit during the observation period. Patients with prescribed psychopharmacological drugs (PD) were compared with patients without (control group, CON).

Results
Psychopharmacological medication was documented in 25% (132) of patients. In 59 patients documented prescription of more than one psychiatric drug was found, whereas psychopharmacological monotherapy was found in 73 patients. Frequencies of vitamin deficiencies were comparable between PD and CON (vitamin A: p = 0.852; vitamin D: p = 0.622; vitamin E: p = 0.901; folic acid: p = 0.941). Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was rare (6% CON, 1% PD) but was significantly higher in CON (p = 0.023). A comparison of CON and POLY also showed no significant differences between the groups concerning prevalence of vitamin deficiencies.

Conclusions
Intake of psychopharmacological medication is highly prevalent in patients after bariatric surgery. Patients with psychopharmacological medication, who participate in structured follow-up care after bariatric surgery, are not at higher risk for vitamin deficiencies compared with controls.
Incremental Prognostic Value of Coagulopathy in Addition to the Crash Score in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
Authors: Solla Davi J. Fontoura , de Amorim Robson Luis Oliveira , Kolias Angelos G. , Hutchinson Peter J. , de Andrade Almir Ferreira , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , Paiva Wellingson Silva 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background/objective
Multivariable prognostic scores play an important role for clinical decision-making, information giving to patients/relatives, benchmarking and guiding clinical trial design. Coagulopathy has been implicated on trauma and critical care outcomes, but few studies have evaluated its role on traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. Our objective was to verify the incremental prognostic value of routine coagulopathy parameters in addition to the CRASH-CT score to predict 14-day mortality in TBI patients.

Methods
This is a prospective cohort of consecutive TBI patients admitted to a tertiary university hospital Trauma intensive care unit (ICU) from March/2012 to January/2015. The prognostic performance of the coagulation parameters platelet count, prothrombin time (international normalized ratio, INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ratio was assessed through logistic regression adjusted for the original CRASH-CT score. A new model, CRASH-CT-Coag, was created and its calibration (Brier scores and Hosmer–Lemeshow (H–L) test), discrimination [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI)] and clinical utility (net reclassification index) were compared to the original CRASH-CT score.

Results
A total 517 patients were included (median age 39 years, 85.1% male, median admission glasgow coma scale 8, neurosurgery on 44.9%). The 14-day mortality observed and predicted by the original CRASH-CT was 22.8% and 26.2%, respectively. Platelet count < 100,000/mm3, INR > 1.2 and aPTT ratio > 1.2 were present on 11.3%, 65.0% and 27.2%, respectively, (at least one of these was altered on 70.6%). All three variables maintained statistical significance after adjustment for the CRASH-CT score. The CRASH-CT-Coag score outperformed the original score on calibration (brier scores 0.122 ± 0.216 vs 0.132 ± 0.202, mean difference 0.010, 95% CI 0.005–0.019, p = 0.036, respectively) and discrimination (AUC-ROC 0.854 ± 0.020 vs 0.813 ± 0.024, p = 0.014; IDI 5.0%, 95% CI 1.3–11.0%). Both scores showed the satisfactory H–L test results. The net reclassification index favored the new model. Considering the strata of low (< 10%), moderate (10–30%) and high (> 30%) risk of death, the CRASH-CT-Coag model yielded a global net correct reclassification of 22.9% (95% CI 3.8–43.4%).

Conclusions
The addition of early markers of coagulopathy—platelet count, INR and aPTT ratio—to the CRASH-CT score increased its accuracy. Additional studies are required to externally validate this finding and further investigate the coagulopathy role on TBI outcomes.
The Xinjiang Case and Its Implications from a Business Ethics Perspective
Authors: Kriebitz Alexander , Max Raphael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe discourse on economic integration with authoritarian regimes has evolved as a key topic throughout the different disciplines of social sciences. Are sanctions and boycotts effective methods to incentivize human rights improvements? To analyze this question, we focus on the situation in China’s Xinjiang province from 2010 to 2019. In this paper, we discuss the relevance of human rights as an ethical norm within business ethics and international law. We evaluate the ongoing processes in Xinjiang from this perspective and scrutinize the interests of major players in the region, including the Central Government of the People’s Republic of China, Xinjiang’s local government, and enterprises involved in the region. Following this, we discuss which economic measures will improve the human rights situation and how these measures contribute to an improvement of the situation.
Weighted norm inequalities in a bounded domain by the sparse domination method
Authors: Kurki Emma-Karoliina , Vähäkangas Antti V. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe prove a local two-weight Poincaré inequality for cubes using the sparse domination method that has been influential in harmonic analysis. The proof involves a localized version of the Fefferman–Stein inequality for the sharp maximal function. By establishing a local-to-global result in a bounded domain satisfying a Boman chain condition, we show a two-weight p-Poincaré inequality in such domains. As an application we show that certain nonnegative supersolutions of the p-Laplace equation and distance weights are p-admissible in a bounded domain, in the sense that they support versions of the p-Poincaré inequality.
Analysis of formation damage and fracture choking in hydraulically induced fractured reservoirs due to asphaltene deposition
Authors: Khurshid Ilyas , AlShalabi Emad Walid , Al-Attar Hazim , AL-Neaimi Ahmed Khalifa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHydraulically induced fractures provide a significant fraction of oil supply to the world from unconventional reservoirs due to their high permeability. However, these fractures might choke because of the deposition of organic and in-organic particles. Among organic particles, asphaltene deposition severely reduces reservoir permeability causing an exponential drop in production. In this work, a simulator is developed that predicts the performance of fractured reservoirs by solving the fluid flow governing equations for matrix and fractures. These flow equations were then incorporated with asphaltene deposition equations. Primarily, a numerical model is developed to predict the rate of asphaltene deposition and fracture choking in a radial geometry. It is found that asphaltene deposition could partially or completely choke fractures. Finally, the results are compared with the experimental data and determined various factors affecting fracture choking. From the detailed analysis, it is found that fracture choking is a few percent, but it increases with long production time. The sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of different influential parameters on permeability alteration of fractured reservoirs by asphaltene deposition. These parameters include fracture-to-matrix permeability ratio, production time, and asphaltene concentration. It is observed that, low fracture-to-matrix permeability ratio has a negligible effect on permeability of a reservoir. The developed model assumes negligible gravity and capillary forces. However, these forces might increase fracture choking in unconventional fractured reservoirs.
Understanding Trends in the Concentration of Infant Mortality Among Disadvantaged White and Black Mothers in the United States, 1983–2013: A Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Fan Wen , Luo Liying 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The United States compares unfavorably with other high-income countries in infant mortality, which recent literature has attributed to the poor birth outcomes among disadvantaged (i.e., unmarried and less-educated) mothers. Describing and decomposing the trend of the concentration of infant mortality among disadvantaged mothers thus provides important clues for improving birth outcomes. We develop the infant mortality disadvantage index (IMDI) to measure such concentration. Using the 1983–2013 Birth Cohort Linked Birth and Infant Death data, we show that although the IMDI—as a measure of mortality inequality—was persistently higher for Blacks than Whites, the trends were different between the two groups. The IMDI declined for Black women; for White women, however, it increased in the 1980s, then plateaued until the early 2000s, and declined thereafter. We then use Das Gupta’s decomposition method to assess the contribution of five demographic/social factors (age, education, marriage, fertility, and infant mortality) to the IMDI trend. Nonmarital fertility among women with less than 12 years of education contributed most to Whites’ changing IMDI; for Blacks, a shrinking proportion of the less-educated group and declines in infant mortality among disadvantaged mothers contributed to their declining IMDI. These findings explicate links between population-level compositional changes and infant mortality inequality.
Biodegradable lubricating mesoporous silica nanoparticles for osteoarthritis therapy
Authors: Wan Li , Wang Yi , Tan Xiaolong , Sun Yulong , Luo Jing , Zhang Hongyu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOsteoarthritis is characterized by lubrication failure of the articular cartilage and severe inflammation of the joint capsule. Lubricating mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been developed for the treatment of osteoarthritis based on enhanced lubrication and local drug delivery. However, MSNs are difficult to degrade in vivo in a short time, resulting in potential toxic effect due to bioaccumulation. In this study, biodegradable MSNs (bMSNs) were prepared through an oil-water biphase stratification method, and modified with poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphocholine) (PMPC) to synthesize lubricating drug-loaded nanoparticles (bMSNs-NH2@PMPC) by photopolymerization. The in vitro degradation test demonstrated that the bMSNs and bMSNs-NH2@PMPC almost degraded within 7 days. The tribiological test showed that the lubrication property of the bMSNs-NH2@PMPC was greatly improved, with a reduction of 50% in the friction coefficient (COF) compared with the bMSNs. It was attributed to hydration lubrication mechanism by which a tenacious hydration layer is formed surrounding the zwitterionic headgroups (N+(CH3)3 and PO4−) in PMPC polyelectrolyte polymer. Additionally, the bMSNs-NH2@PMPC maintained excellent lubrication property under degradation and achieved sustained drug release behavior compared with the bMSNs. In summary, the biodegradable bMSNs-NH2@PMPC developed in this study with the properties of enhanced lubrication and drug delivery may be a promising approach for osteoarthritis therapy.
Intercalating Ultrathin MoO3 Nanobelts into MXene Film with Ultrahigh Volumetric Capacitance and Excellent Deformation for High-Energy-Density Devices
Authors: Wang Yuanming , Wang Xue , Li Xiaolong , Liu Rong , Bai Yang , Xiao Huanhao , Liu Yang , Yuan Guohui 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe restacking hindrance of MXene films restricts their development for high volumetric energy density of flexible supercapacitors toward applications in miniature, portable, wearable or implantable electronic devices. A valid solution is construction of rational heterojunction to achieve a synergistic property enhancement. The introduction of spacers such as graphene, CNTs, cellulose and the like demonstrates limited enhancement in rate capability. The combination of currently reported pseudocapacitive materials and MXene tends to express the potential capacitance of pseudocapacitive materials rather than MXene, leading to low volumetric capacitance. Therefore, it is necessary to exploit more ideal candidate materials to couple with MXene for fully expressing both potentials. Herein, for the first time, high electrochemically active materials of ultrathin MoO3 nanobelts are intercalated into MXene films. In the composites, MoO3 nanobelts not only act as pillaring components to prevent restacking of MXene nanosheets for fully expressing the MXene pseudocapacitance in acidic environment but also provide considerable pseudocapacitive contribution. As a result, the optimal M/MoO3 electrode not only achieves a breakthrough in volumetric capacitance (1817 F cm−3 and 545 F g−1), but also maintains good rate capability and excellent flexibility. Moreover, the corresponding symmetric supercapacitor likewise shows a remarkable energy density of 44.6 Wh L−1 (13.4 Wh kg−1), rendering the flexible electrode a promising candidate for application in high-energy-density energy storage devices.
Surface accumulation in Northern Central Greenland during the last 300 years
Authors: Karlsson Nanna B. , Razik Sebastian , Hörhold Maria , Winter Anna , Steinhage Daniel , Binder Tobias , Eisen Olaf 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe internal stratigraphy of snow and ice as imaged by ground-penetrating radar may serve as a source of information on past accumulation. This study presents results from two ground-based radar surveys conducted in Greenland in 2007 and 2015, respectively. The first survey was conducted during the traverse from the ice-core station NGRIP (North Greenland Ice Core Project) to the ice-core station NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling). The second survey was carried out during the traverse from NEEM to the ice-core station EGRIP (East Greenland Ice Core Project) and then onwards to Summit Station. The total length of the radar profiles is 1427 km. From the radar data, we retrieve the large-scale spatial variation of the accumulation rates in the interior of the ice sheet. The accumulation rates range from 0.11 to 0.26 m a−1ice equivalent with the lowest values found in the northeastern sector towards EGRIP. We find no evidence of temporal or spatial changes in accumulation rates when comparing the 150-year average accumulation rates with the 321-year average accumulation rates. Comparisons with regional climate models reveal that the models underestimate accumulation rates by up to 35% in northeastern Greenland. Our results serve as a robust baseline to detect present changes in either surface accumulation rates or patterns.
The Performance of the Iranian Red Crescent by Launching Testing Centers for the Coronavirus Disease
Authors: Seddighi Hamed 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) screening project has been conducted by the Red Crescent Society for 17 days with the aim of identifying and treating people with COVID-19, reducing road trips, and sensitizing people to the problem. Due to the shortage of testing devices, passengers were screened by measuring skin temperature. In 851 screening posts, 95 371 volunteers of Red Crescent monitored 21 640 866 people.Besides screening people, the stations have had other functions, including urging people to stay at home, restricting road trips, especially during the Iranian New Year holidays, reassuring the people that all relevant organizations are doing their best to respond to COVID-19, and the like. However, future research is still needed to analyze the cost-benefit of this plan and other possible options.