bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopic Deformation of Thin Sheet of Polycrystalline Pure Titanium Under Tension
Authors: Tada Naoya , Kishimoto Kentaro , Uemori Takeshi , Sakamoto Junji 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Commercial pure titanium has been widely used in aerospace, chemical, and biomedical industries for its lightweight, high corrosion resistance, high strength, high heat resistance and good biocompatible properties. The market of pure titanium thin sheets is expected to increase in medical, dental, civil engineering, and acoustical engineering fields. On the other hand, pure titanium takes hexagonal closed-pack structure with anisotropic elasticity and plasticity. Inhomogeneous microscopic deformation always occurs by mechanical loading from the elastic condition. The inhomogeneity brings about various damages such as localized plastic deformation, microcracking, necking, and so on. Since the inhomogeneity is significant in thin sheets, it is important to investigate its deformation behavior. In this study, a tensile test was carried out using a thin sheet specimen of polycrystalline pure titanium, and the microscopic deformation of grains was measured by the digital holographic microscope. During the test, the height distribution of grains was measured in a fixed area on the front and back surfaces of the specimen at each tensile load step and the results at different load steps were compared. It was found from the measurement results that inhomogeneous deformation began at the small load due to anisotropic elasticity of crystal grains and expanded with the load by their anisotropic plasticity. Grain heights at grain center and those along grain boundaries were related with each other, and the grain heights on the front surface were inversely correlated with those on the back surface.
Overview of EASICS Weldment Assessment Route Development Through Inelastic Analysis
Authors: May S. , Bate S. , Chevalier M. , Dean D. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Structural integrity assessment of weldments within metal structures is key to substantiate any nuclear reactor design. The assessment of weldments should consider the localised strain enhancement due to weldment geometry and material mismatch. For high temperature plant designs (operating within the creep regime), R5 Volume 2/3 Appendix A4 provides a procedure for the assessment of creep-fatigue initiation in austenitic and ferritic steel weldments, which accounts for the associated strain enhancement using a Weld Strain Enhancement Factor (WSEF). The current austenitic Type 1 WSEFs in R5 Volume 2/3 have been defined by data attained primarily for plate butt weldments under applied bending loads, and this factor is used for all butt weldments. It has been proposed that the weld strain enhancement may be dependent on loading, geometric and material mismatch conditions, and that adopting a single factor in an assessment may introduce varying levels of conservatism, which are unquantified.
This work has included reviewing the current R5 Type 1 WSEF against existing validation data, previous inelastic Finite Element Analysis (FEA) studies and the use of inelastic material models in the FEA of weldments subject to cyclic loading.
Evaluation of Susceptibility to Thermal Fatigue Cracking in High Temperature Alloys for Refinery Olefin Applications
Authors: Zhang Yuxiang , Buntain Ryan , Edwards Jacob , Alexandrov Boian , Penso Jorge A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
High carbon, Cr – Ni alloys are used for tubing in refinery olefin furnaces. During furnace operation, such tubes might be exposed to thermal shock and fatigue loading, which may result in cracking and/or complete rupture. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a testing procedure for evaluation and ranking the susceptibility to thermal fatigue cracking in tubing of such Cr – Ni alloys.
The proposed thermal fatigue testing procedure utilizes the Gleeble™ thermo-mechanical simulator and was developed to closely match extreme service conditions. Test samples with notched gauge section were subjected to repeating thermal cycles under fixed displacement to restrict the sample expansion and contraction, during heating and cooling, and simulate high level of structural restraint. The temperature range of thermal cycling was between 1110°F (600°C) and 2040°F (1115°C) with heating rate of 10,000°F/hr (1.54°C/s) and cooling rate of 83,462°F/hr (12.88°C/s).
The following parameters were recorded and used for ranking the thermal fatigue cracking susceptibility: number of cycles to failure, stress vs. time integral, maximum experienced tensile and compressive stresses, and change in gauge section area. All failed test samples were subjected to fracture surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The non-failed samples were examined for notch cracks using binocular microscope at up to x100 magnification. The gauge section of all tested samples was characterized with light optical and scanning electron microscopy to correlate crack nucleation and propagation to susceptible microstructural constituents.
A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Design and Execution of Modifications, Refurbishments, and Beyond for Existing Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Malekzadeh Omid , Monid Matthew , Huang Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Three-Dimensional (3D) CAD models are utilized by many designers; however, they are rarely utilized to their full potential. The current mainstream method of design process and communication is through design documentation. They are limited in depth of information, compartmentalized by discipline, fragmented into various segments, communicated through numerous layers, and finally, printed onto an undersized paper by the stakeholders and end-users. Large nuclear projects, such as refurbishments and decommissioning, suffer from spatial, interface, and interreference challenges, unintentional cost and schedule overruns, and quality concerns that can be rooted to the misalignments between designed and in-situ or previously as-built conditions that tend to stem from inaccessibility and lack of adequate data resolution during the transfer of technical information.
This paper will identify the technologies and the methodology used during several piping system modifications of existing nuclear power plants, and shares the lessons learned with respect to the benefits and shortcomings of the approach. Overall, it is beneficial to leverage available multi-dimensional technologies to enhance various engineering and execution phases.
The utilization and superposition of various spatial models into 3D and 4D formats, enabled the modification projects to significantly reduce in-person plant walkdown efforts, provide highly accurate as-found data, and enable stakeholders of all disciplines and trades to review the as-found, as-designed, and simulated as-installed modification; including the steps in between without requiring significant plant visits. This approach will therefore reduce the field-initiated changes that tend to result in design/field variations; resulting in less reliance on Appendix T of ASME BPVC Section III, reduction in the design registration reconciliations efforts, and it aligns with the overarching goal of EPRI guideline NCIG-05.
Beyond the benefits to design and execution, the multidimensional approach will provide highly accurate inputs to some of the nuclear safety’s Beyond Design Basis Assessments (BDBA) and allowed for the incorporation of actual design values as input and hence removing the unnecessary over-conservatisms within some of the inputs.
CISCC Experiment of a Large Plate Sectioned From a Spent Nuclear Fuel Canister
Authors: Duncan Andrew J. , Lam Poh-Sang , Sindelar Robert L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As a long-term demonstration of chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) driven by welding residual stress (WRS), a large section (approximately 51 × 46 cm with thickness 16 mm and weight about 30 kg), which contains a circumferential weld, was cut from a full-size mockup canister. Through-wall and part-through-wall (surface) starter cracks, either parallel or perpendicular to the weld, were fabricated with electrical discharge machining (EDM) in the weld region. The stress intensity factors (KI) for each machined starter crack under canister WRS were estimated so as to provide insight into the propensity for crack initiation and growth. Dry salt was applied over these machined cracks on the surface of the large plate and natural deliquescence was allowed to take place at room temperature and 75% RH. This test has been on-going for ten months and the evolution of general corrosion near the starter cracks is monitored and documented; no CISCC has been observed. Two EDM starter cracks have been isolated for five months for a simultaneous experiment with extra salt loading; additional deliquescence and significant corrosion activity have been observed.
Effects of Post-Manufacturing Process on Material Properties of 3D Printed Vessels
Authors: Eberl Brandon , Mikolanis Christopher , Eberl K. , McKeel C. , Ketusky E. , Krentz T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
With the advancing capabilities for fabricating metal components using Additive Manufacturing (AM) (3D-Printing), designers are looking for ways to utilize the AM capabilities in new applications. A potential application for AM is the fabrication of pressure-retaining components or fittings with complex geometries that are difficult to fabricate using traditional methods (e.g., machining and welding). Using AM parts for pressure-retaining components presents new challenges to ensure the material will perform reliably and predictably to meet the specifications of the design. This paper summarizes work performed on 316L stainless steel vessels fabricated by AM. The AM vessels were evaluated before and after Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) post-processing, including destructive examination to evaluate the grain structure and strength. Tensile tests on baseline samples and samples subjected to HIP were compared to a test sample machined from conventional stainless material and leak tests were performed on an AM vessel using helium as a tracer gas. The role of the HIP post-processing is to reduce the metal porosity and other defects inherent in the 3D-metal printing process. HIP post-processing allows the finished product to achieve the strength, reliability and leak tightness requirements of national consensus standards, such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
The Role of Grain Boundary Orientation and Secondary Phases in Creep Cavity Nucleation of a 316H Boiler Header
Authors: Martin Tomas L. , He Siqi , Warren Alexander D. , Shang Hao , Knowles David M. , Flewitt Peter E. J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Cavity formation during creep of steels at high temperatures and stresses is closely related to the original and evolved microstructure, particularly the orientation between grains and precipitation at the grain boundaries. Understanding the initiation, growth and coalescence of creep cavities is critical to determining the operational life of components in high temperature, high stress environments such as an advanced gas-cooled nuclear reactor. However, accelerated laboratory-based testing frequently shows another kind of void within the microstructure, caused by plastic damage and ductile failure, particularly if a specimen fails during a test. This paper compares the type of voids and cavities observed in an AISI 316 stainless steel after extensive service in a gas-cooled nuclear reactor boiler header and after uniaxial creep testing of a similar material at higher stresses. The differences between the features observed and their potential mechanistic origins are discussed.
Design of Acoustic Metamaterials for Cabin Noise Reduction and Pressure Sensing in Propfan Aircrafts
Authors: Abdudeen Asarudheen , Abu Qudeiri Jaber , Ziout Aiman , Ahammed Thanveer 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This research is about to address the main challenge related to newly emerging airplane engines, namely open rotor (propfan). Though these engines show high efficiency, yet the noise generated is very high. This research focuses on designing a new class of ‘Acoustic Metamaterial’ to overcome the noise reaching the passenger cabin. An acoustic metamaterial is a complex composite structured material that exhibits negative density and negative bulk modulus either individually or simultaneously. The objective of this research is to design an acoustic fuselage using a combination of Negative density acoustic material (NDAM) and Negative bulk modulus acoustic material (NBAM) to reduce the noise transmission into the passenger cabin. Furthermore, the developed acoustic metamaterial structure can be used for pressure sensing application. Based on the literature reviews, experiments pertaining to the combination of NBAM and NDAM are limited. Hence, an integration of both structures is very appealing to be developed. Accordingly, the research will design a combination of two types of Helmholtz resonators (Conventional with one inner membrane and two inner membranes) of negative bulk modulus acoustic metamaterial. This filter can be embedded in a sandwich structure to obtain a new type of cabin wall. Hence the design and development of such acoustic metamaterial are expected to reduce the noise inside the cabin to a minimum. Also, the designed structure will be able to sense pressure at selected locations inside the cabin.
The Process of Creating and Reviewing a Transient Surge Model
Authors: Marroquin Amy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Transient surge modeling remains to be a specialized task and therefore quite unfamiliar to many engineers and designers. The process for discerning when to conduct a model can be vague. The process for how to conduct a model can be even more unclear and quite daunting. This paper serves as an introductory guide to an engineer or reviewing project manager new to surge modeling. The content within covers a brief overview of the physics behind transients, what information is required to create a computer surge model, the content within a surge report and how to interpret it.
Included within this paper are several references and detailed plots derived from actual projects.
Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel With Stray Current Interference at Coating Defects
Authors: Li Ming , Wang Xiaolin , Yan Maocheng , Shi Lei , Wang Jianan , Zhao Wei , Li Xue 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
With rapid development of the economy, more and more power transmission, railway systems and oil/gas pipelines have been constructed in recent years. There have been many cases of pipelines crossing or paralleling to adjacent high-voltage transmission lines or railways. Corrosion caused by AC or DC interference is increasingly prominent and has received increasing attention for buried pipelines.
In this work, a crevice cell was constructed to simulate the local environment on the surface of pipeline steel under disbonded coating in a soil environment. Corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel under stray current interference is investigated in the crevice cell. The results show that the AC interference shifts the local potential to the negative direction and markedly increases anodic dissolution of the steel. The attack of pipeline steel at the coating defect is the most serious, while corrosion attack slightly alleviates under the coating disbondment. Influence of stray current interference on corrosion behavior of pipeline steel under the coating defect was discussed from aspects of the commutation effect of AC interference, the irreversibility of anode reaction and effect of AC on the double layer structure at steel/solution interface.
Simplified Procedure to Assess Hot Spots in Pressure Vessels
Authors: Adibi-Asl R. , Rana M. , Seshadri R. , Joshi C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In many instances, pressure vessels and piping system designed for high temperature applications are exposed to localized hot spots. Hot spots usually occur as the refractory lining degrades over time during operation or process changes causing the surface temperature of the localized region to exceed Code allowable metal temperature. These localized overheating can reduce the overall structural integrity of the pressurized components due to lower yield and or ultimate tensile strength of the damaged region. If hot spots are left undetected, they can lead to catastrophic failure of the components.
This paper provides a simplified procedure to assess the effect of the hot spots on the pressure strength of the vessel. The procedure presented in this paper is applicable for hot spot temperatures in non-creep regime.
Ductile Tearing and Plastic Collapse Competition
Authors: Ancelet O. , Gilles Ph. , Le Delliou P. , Perez G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Structures containing large cracks and made in ductile materials may experience two types of failure mechanisms: ductile tearing or plastic collapse. Under displacement controlled loading ductile tearing is a stable crack growth mechanism. Plastic collapse leads to a much faster damage evolution.
Ductile tearing is the result of void growth and coalescence ahead of the crack front under the high strain concentration. This mechanism is slowed down by a high material hardening and under a high constraint. The global deformation of the structure is limited.
Plastic collapse is induced by plastic strain accumulation along slip lines. Slip lines depend on the geometry of the cracked structures and of the type of loading. Therefore plastic collapse produces large deformations of the structure.
Several studies (Nicak, 2009; Gilles, 2010; Le Delliou, 2017) on large ductile crack growth have been performed by Framatome, and EDF on deeply surface cracked plates made in Nickel base alloy 600. The tests were performed on Centre Cracked Tension specimens with a semi-elliptical surface crack. In this very tough material, the crack grew in its plane, but for large load levels, the plate was extremely deformed and a collapse mechanism appeared.
More recently, Tests on Fixed Grip SE(T) specimens in Nickel base alloy 600 were performed by CEA showing a different type of transition between ductile tearing to collapse in function of the crack length. The paper analyzes these experiments and simulates the ductile tearing using node release methodology. The prediction of the apparition of the collapse is obtained by determining collapse load with large displacement modeling.
From these results, a reconciliation of curves J-R of the CCT et SE(T) specimen will be done.
Coseismic surface rupture during the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia
Authors: Wu Dengyun , Ren Zhikun , Liu Jinrui , Chen Jie , Guo Peng , Yin Gongming , Ran Hongliu , Li Chuanyou , Yang Xiaodong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Sulawesi Island is located at the triple junction between the converging Australian, Sunda, and Philippine plates. The magnitude (Mw) 7.5 Palu earthquake occurred on 28 September 2018 on Sulawesi Island and caused serious casualties. The causative fault of the Palu earthquake was the left-lateral, strike-slip Palu-Koro fault, which has a rapid slip rate. We experienced this earthquake in Palu City and conducted field investigations on coseismic surface ruptures 1 d after the earthquake. Field surveys revealed that the coseismic surface ruptures were characterized by left-lateral offset, en echelon tensional cracks, mole tracks within a narrow zone, and large areas of sand liquefaction that increased the damage and losses. We measured the coseismic displacements along surface ruptures and observed a maximum coseismic offset of ∼6.2 m. The rupture traces in the north Palu Basin near Palu City mark the previously unmapped Palu-Koro fault. Based on the field investigations, we determined the exact location of the Palu-Koro fault within the Palu Basin and found that the Palu-Koro fault zone can be divided into three branches: F1, F2, and F3, forming a typical flower structure.
Formation and paleogeographic evolution of the Palawan continental terrane along the Southeast Asian margin revealed by detrital fingerprints
Authors: Cao Licheng , Shao Lei , Qiao Peijun , Cui Yuchi , Zhang Gongcheng , Zhang Xiangtao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe prolonged convergence along the Southeast Asian margin from the Mesozoic to Cenozoic shaped the region into a complex tectonic collage of microblocks of diverse origin and evolutionary history. Among these microblocks, the formation and paleogeographic evolution of the Palawan continental terrane remain issues of uncertainty and controversy, especially regarding the petrogenesis of the oldest rocks and the conjugate relationship with the South China margin. This study examined these issues from the perspective of detrital fingerprints (including geochemistry, heavy mineral, and zircon U-Pb geochronology) of Mesozoic to Cenozoic strata from Palawan Island and basins of the northern South China Sea. The across-margin comparison of provenance signatures, favored by a comprehensive data compilation and a revision of the stratigraphic framework using the youngest zircon ages, provides insights into regional paleogeographic reconstructions from the Jurassic to the Miocene. The results reveal provenance shifts that correspond to the paleogeography of the Palawan continental terrane evolving from an accretionary complex in the Jurassic to a rifted margin in the early Cenozoic and finally to a microcontinent in the middle Cenozoic. Based on comparable provenance signatures, the terrane is interpreted to have been conjugated to the northeastern South China Sea margin from the Mesozoic until the Oligocene spreading of the South China Sea. The terrane likely existed as a northern passive margin of the proto–South China Sea from the latest Cretaceous to early Cenozoic before the oceanic crust of the latter was emplaced over the former during the Oligocene–Miocene.
Postnatal impact of a prenatally diagnosed double aortic arch
Authors: Vigneswaran Trisha V , Van Poppel Milou PM , Griffiths Benedict , James Paul , Jogeesvaran Haran , Rahim Zehan , Simpson John M , Speggiorin Simone , Zidere Vita , Nyman Andrew 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundA double aortic arch (DAA) is increasingly identified before birth; however, there are no published data describing the postnatal outcome of a large prenatal cohort.ObjectiveTo describe the associations, symptoms and impact of prenatally diagnosed DAA.MethodsRetrospective review of consecutive cases seen at two fetal cardiology units from 2014 to 2019. Clinical records including symptoms and assessment of tracheobronchial compression using flexible bronchoscopy were reviewed. Moderate–severe tracheal compression was defined as >75% occlusion of the lumen.ResultsThere were 50 cases identified prenatally and 48 with postnatal follow-up. Array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) was abnormal in 2/50 (4%), aCGH was normal in 33/50 (66%) and of those reviewed after birth, 13 were phenotypically normal. After birth, there was a complete DAA with patency of both arches in 8/48 (17%) and in 40/48 (83%) there was a segment of the left arch which was a non-patent, ligamentous connection.Stridor was present in 6/48 (13%) on the day of birth. Tracheo-oesophageal compressive symptoms/signs were present in 31/48 (65%) patients at median age of 59 days (IQR 9–182 days). Tracheal/carinal compression was present in 40/45 (88%) cases. Seven of 17 (41%) asymptomatic cases demonstrated moderate–severe tracheal compression. All morphologies of DAA caused symptoms and morphology type was not predictive of significant tracheal compression (p=0.3).ConclusionsGenetic testing should be offered following detection of double aortic arch. Early signs of tracheal compression are common and therefore delivery where onsite neonatal support is available is recommended. Significant tracheal compression may be present even in the absence of symptoms.