bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic Hazard Analyses From Geologic and Geomorphic Data: Current and Future Challenges
Authors: Morell Kristin D. , Styron Richard , Stirling Mark , Griffin Jonathan , Archuleta Ralph , Onur Tuna 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe loss of life and economic consequences caused by several recent earthquakes demonstrate the importance of developing seismically safe building codes. The quantification of seismic hazard, which describes the likelihood of earthquake‐induced ground shaking at a site for a specific time period, is a key component of a building code, as it helps ensure that structures are designed to withstand the ground shaking caused by a potential earthquake. Geologic or geomorphic data represent important inputs to the most common seismic hazard model (probabilistic seismic hazard analyses, or PSHAs), as they can characterize the magnitudes, locations, and types of earthquakes that occur over long intervals (thousands of years). However, several recent earthquakes and a growing body of work challenge many of our previous assumptions about the characteristics of active faults and their rupture behavior, and these complexities can be challenging to accurately represent in PSHA. Here, we discuss several of the outstanding challenges surrounding geologic and geomorphic data sets frequently used in PSHA. The topics we discuss include how to utilize paleoseismic records in fault slip rate estimates, understanding and modeling earthquake recurrence and fault complexity, the development and use of fault‐scaling relationships, and characterizing enigmatic faults using topography. Making headway in these areas will likely require advancements in our understanding of the fundamental science behind processes such as fault triggering, complex rupture, earthquake clustering, and fault scaling. Progress in these topics will be important if we wish to accurately capture earthquake behavior in a variety of settings using PSHA in the future.
The Early Results and Validation of FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 Space Weather Products: Global Ionospheric Specification and Ne‐Aided Abel Electron Density Profile
Authors: Lin Chi‐Yen , Lin Charles Chien‐Hung , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Rajesh P. K. , Matsuo Tomoko , Chou Min‐Yang , Tsai Ho‐Fang , Yeh Wen‐Hao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 (F7/C2) satellite mission was launched on 25 June 2019 with six low‐Earth‐orbit satellites and can provide thousands of daily radio occultation (RO) soundings in the low‐latitude and midlatitude regions. This study shows the preliminary results of space weather data products based on F7/C2 RO sounding: global ionospheric specification (GIS) electron density and Ne‐aided Abel and Abel electron density profiles. GIS is the ionospheric data assimilation product based on the Gauss‐Markov Kalman filter, assimilating the ground‐based Global Positioning System and space‐based F7/C2 RO slant total electron content, providing continuous global three‐dimensional electron density distribution. The Ne‐aided Abel inversion implements four‐dimensional climatological electron density constructed from previous RO observations, which has the advantage of providing altitudinal information on the horizontal gradient to reduce the retrieval error due to the spherical symmetry assumption of the Abel inversion. The comparisons show that climatological structures are consistent with each other above 300 km altitude. Both the Abel electron density profiles and GIS detect electron density variations during a minor geomagnetic storm that occurred within the study period. Moreover, GIS is further capable of reconstructing the variation of equatorial ionization anomaly crests. Detailed validations of all the three products are carried out using manually scaled digisonde NmF2 (hmF2), yielding correlation coefficients of 0.885 (0.885) for both Abel inversions and 0.903 (0.862) for GIS. The results show that both GIS and Ne‐aided Abel are reliable products in studying ionosphere climatology, with the additional advantage of GIS for space weather research and day‐to‐day variations.
Long‐Term Dropout of Relativistic Electrons in the Outer Radiation Belt During Two Sequential Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Wu H. , Chen T. , Kalegaev V. V. , Panasyuk M. I. , Vlasova N. A. , Duan S. , Zhang X. , He Z. , Luo J. , Wang C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOn 31 January 2016, the flux of >2 MeV electrons observed by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)‐13 dropped to the background level during a minor storm main phase (−48 nT). Then, a second storm (−53 nT) occurred on 2 February; during the 3 days after its main phase, the flux remained at background level. Using data from various instruments on the GOES, Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP), Meteor‐M2, and Fengyun‐series spacecraft, we study this long‐term dropout of MeV electrons during two sequential storms of similar magnitude under lightly disturbed solar wind conditions. Observations from low‐altitude satellites show that the fluxes decreased first at higher L‐shells and then gradually propagated inward. Moreover, the fluxes were almost completely lost and dropped to the background level at L > 5, while the fluxes at 4 < L < 5 were partly lost, as observed by RBSP and low‐altitude satellites. Finally, observations show that on 5 February, only the fluxes at L > 5.5 recovered, while the fluxes at 4 < L < 5 did not return to the prestorm levels. These observations indicate that the loss and recovery processes developed first at higher L‐shells. Phase space density (PSD) analysis shows that radial outward diffusion was the main reason for the dropout at higher L‐shells. Regarding electron enhancement, stronger inward diffusion was accompanied by ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) wave activities at higher L‐shells, and chorus waves observed at outer L‐shells provided conditions for relativistic electron flux recovery to the prestorm levels.
Energetic Ion Reflections at Interplanetary Shocks: First Observations From ARTEMIS
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyan , Gedalin Michael , Russell Christopher T. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Drozdov Alexander Y. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInterplanetary shocks accelerate charged particles and have significant space weather effects. The widely accepted categorization of shocks uses the upstream plasma beta (βu), the shock angle (θBn), and the shock Mach number (M, i.e., the fast magnetosonic Mach number). In addition, two critical Mach numbers (Mc) classify shocks based on whether shock dissipation is provided by electron resistivity and conductance alone or also requires ion viscosity. The two critical Mach numbers were defined in studies by Edmiston and Kennel and by Kennel in the 1980s. The corresponding two transition points from subcritical to supercritical are referred to as critical Mach numbers Mc (EK84) and Mc(K87), respectively. In this study, we use the critical Mach numbers and magnetic overshoot as identifiers of supercritical shocks. When the ratio of M/Mc ≥ 1, and/or an overshoot presents, a shock is categorized as a supercritical shock. We found that in more than 80% of supercritical shocks (with M/Mc(K87) ≥ 1), in addition to the regular ion reflection around the magnetic foot, there is another group of ion reflections: energetic ion reflections (EIRs). Typically, regularly reflected ions range from ~1–4 keV, staying at or around the foot, while EIR ions range from ~4–25 keV (or higher), running minutes upstream of the shock, perhaps as a result of ion backstreaming and escaping. EIR is a newly discovered feature observed by Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) at supercritical interplanetary shocks, occurring even when θBn > 60°, which is excluded by simulations due to a strong suppression of the backstreaming reflection in such circumstances. The close correlation between EIR occurrence and the critical Mach number Mc(K87) revealed that the conceptual ion viscosity in the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)‐derived criticality has a root in kinetic microphysics.
Statistical Study of Solar Wind, Magnetosheath, and Magnetotail Plasma and Field Properties: 12+ Years of THEMIS Observations and MHD Simulations
Authors: Ma Xuanye , Nykyri Katariina , Dimmock Andrew , Chu Christina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe solar wind plasma is a major plasma source for the Earth's magnetosphere, which has a strong influence on the magnetotail plasma and field properties. The relative importance of different plasma entry mechanisms and pathways is largely determined by the solar wind conditions. Therefore, the spatial and temporal dependence of magnetotail plasma and field properties under different kinds of solar wind conditions is critically important for understanding the Earth's magnetosphere. This study presents a statistical study of fundamental magnetotail plasma properties in a normalized reference frame by utilizing 12+ years of data from NASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission. These statistical maps are mostly in agreement with the magnetosheath of MHD runs from the CCMC BATS‐R‐US model, but some features in the maps can be explained by kinetic particle physics, not present in the MHD. The results are also used to investigate the presence of any magnetotail plasma parameter asymmetries and their possible causes.
The Case for Improving the Robinson Formulas
Authors: Liemohn Michael W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAuroral particle precipitation is the main source of ionization on the nightside, making it a critical factor in geospace physics. This magnetosphere‐ionosphere linkage directly contributes to, even controls, the nonlinear feedback within this coupled system. One study has dominated our understanding of this connection, presenting a pair of equations relating auroral particle precipitation to ionospheric Pedersen and Hall conductance, the famous Robinson formulas. This Commentary examines the history of the development and usage of the Robinson formulas and the recent studies exploring corrections and expansions to it. The conclusion is that more work needs to be done; the space physics research community should take up the task to develop improvements and enhancements to better quantify the connection of auroral precipitation to ionospheric conductance.
Miniscope3D: optimized single-shot miniature 3D fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Yanny Kyrollos , Antipa Nick , Liberti William , Dehaeck Sam , Monakhova Kristina , Liu Fanglin Linda , Shen Konlin , Ng Ren , Waller Laura 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMiniature fluorescence microscopes are a standard tool in systems biology. However, widefield miniature microscopes capture only 2D information, and modifications that enable 3D capabilities increase the size and weight and have poor resolution outside a narrow depth range. Here, we achieve the 3D capability by replacing the tube lens of a conventional 2D Miniscope with an optimized multifocal phase mask at the objective’s aperture stop. Placing the phase mask at the aperture stop significantly reduces the size of the device, and varying the focal lengths enables a uniform resolution across a wide depth range. The phase mask encodes the 3D fluorescence intensity into a single 2D measurement, and the 3D volume is recovered by solving a sparsity-constrained inverse problem. We provide methods for designing and fabricating the phase mask and an efficient forward model that accounts for the field-varying aberrations in miniature objectives. We demonstrate a prototype that is 17 mm tall and weighs 2.5 grams, achieving 2.76 μm lateral, and 15 μm axial resolution across most of the 900 × 700 × 390 μm3 volume at 40 volumes per second. The performance is validated experimentally on resolution targets, dynamic biological samples, and mouse brain tissue. Compared with existing miniature single-shot volume-capture implementations, our system is smaller and lighter and achieves a more than 2× better lateral and axial resolution throughout a 10× larger usable depth range. Our microscope design provides single-shot 3D imaging for applications where a compact platform matters, such as volumetric neural imaging in freely moving animals and 3D motion studies of dynamic samples in incubators and lab-on-a-chip devices.
Intranasal fluticasone furoate in pediatric allergic rhinitis: randomized controlled study
Authors: Zhang Yamei , Wei Ping , Chen Bobei , Li Xiaoyan , Luo Xianyang , Chen Xianming , Xiang Mingliang , Li Lan , Zhao Sijun , Xiao Xuping , Yang Xinmin , Chen Jie , Fu Yong , Xiao Shuifang , Liu Haixia , Cheng Lei , Yao Hongbing 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Intranasal corticosteroids are the most efficacious anti-inflammatory medications for allergic rhinitis (AR). However, the efficacy and safety of intranasal corticosteroids in children have not yet been subject to specific research in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate nasal spray (FFNS) in a Chinese pediatric population.

Methods
In this phase 4 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, pediatric AR patients aged 2–12 years were randomized 1:1:1, receiving either FFNS 55 µg or 110 µg or placebo. Electronic diary cards were completed to record symptoms, rescue medication use, and treatment compliance. Anterior rhinoscopy and overall response to therapy were evaluated and recorded.

Results
Patients treated with FFNS at either dose experienced a significantly greater reduction in daily reflective total nasal symptom score compared with placebo. This was maintained in a younger subset of patients (2–6 years). Drug-related adverse events occurred in <20% of patients in all groups. FFNS was well tolerated at both doses.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates favorable efficacy and safety profiles for FFNS 55 µg or 110 µg in Chinese pediatric populations (2–12 years), supporting its use in clinical treatment for AR children, including younger children aged 2–6 years.

Impact

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of intranasal fluticasone furoate in Chinese pediatric allergic rhinitis.

This research not only addresses the deficiency in efficacy and safety data for intranasal corticosteroids in very young patients (aged 2–6 years) worldwide but also demonstrates that fluticasone furoate nasal spray shows a favorable benefit/risk profile at different dose levels.

Our data will be of interest to the broad readership of Pediatric Research and will positively contribute to the dialog regarding the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children aged 2–6 years.
COVID-19 patients managed in psychiatric inpatient settings due to first-episode mental disorders in Wuhan, China: clinical characteristics, treatments, outcomes, and our experiences
Authors: Xie Qin , Fan Fang , Fan Xue-Peng , Wang Xiao-Jiang , Chen Ming-Jian , Zhong Bao-Liang , Chiu Helen Fung-Kum 
Published: October 2020

AbstractData are scarce regarding the comorbid mental disorders and their management among COVID-19 patients. This study described the clinical characteristics and management of COVID-19 patients treated in psychiatric inpatient settings due to comorbid first-onset mental disorders in Wuhan, China. This electronic medical records-based study included 25 COVID-19 patients with first-onset mental disorders and 55 patients with first-onset mental disorders without COVID-19 (control group). Data collected included ICD-10 diagnoses of mental disorders, psychiatric and respiratory symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Adjustment disorder (n = 11, 44.0%) and acute and transient psychotic disorders, with associated acute stress (n = 6, 24.0%) were main clinical diagnoses in the COVID-19 group while serious mental illnesses (i.e., schizophrenia, 24.5%) and alcohol use disorders (10.9%) were overrepresented in the control group. On admission, the most common psychiatric symptom in COVID-19 patients was insomnia symptoms (n = 18, 72.0%), followed by aggressive behaviors (n = 16, 64.0%), delusion (n = 10, 40.0%), and severe anxiety (n = 9, 36.0%). In addition to respiratory treatments, 76.0% COVID-19 patients received antipsychotics, 40.0% sedative-hypnotics, and 24.0% mood stabilizers. At the end of inpatient treatment, 4 (16.0%) COVID-19 patients were transferred to other hospitals to continue respiratory treatment after their psychiatric symptoms were controlled while the remaining 21 (84.0%) all recovered. Compared to the control group, COVID-19 group had significantly shorter length of hospital stay (21.2 vs. 37.4 days, P < 0.001). Adjustment disorder and acute and transient psychotic disorders are the main clinical diagnoses of COVID-19 patients managed in psychiatric inpatient settings. The short-term prognosis of these patients is good after conventional psychotropic treatment.
AFP promotes HCC progression by suppressing the HuR-mediated Fas/FADD apoptotic pathway
Authors: Chen Tianke , Dai Xiaowei , Dai Juji , Ding Chaodong , Zhang Zheng , Lin Ziqi , Hu Jin , Lu Mei , Wang Zhanyu , Qi Yalei , Zhang Li , Pan Rulu , Zhao Zhu , Lu Liting , Liao Wanqin , Lu Xincheng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is reactivated in a majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated with poor patient outcomes. Although increasing evidence has shown that AFP can regulate HCC cell growth, the precise functions of AFP in hepatocarcinogenesis and the associated underlying mechanism remain incompletely understood. In this study, we demostrated that depleting AFP significantly suppressed diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver tumor progression in an AFP gene-deficient mouse model. Similarly, knocking down AFP expression inhibited human HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth by inducing apoptosis. AFP expression level was inversely associated with the apoptotic rate in mouse and human HCC specimens. Investigation of potential cross-talk between AFP and apoptotic signaling revealed that AFP exerted its growth-promoting effect by suppressing the Fas/FADD-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Mechanistically, AFP bound to the RNA-binding protein HuR, increasing the accumulation of HuR in the cytoplasm and subsequent inhibition of Fas mRNA translation. In addition, we found that inhibiting AFP enhanced the cytotoxicity of therapeutics to AFP-positive HCC cells by activating HuR-mediated Fas/FADD apoptotic signaling. Conclusion: Our study defined the pro-oncogenic role of AFP in HCC progression and uncovered a novel antiapoptotic mechanism connecting AFP to HuR-mediated Fas translation. Our findings suggest that AFP is involved in the pathogenesis and chemosensitivity of HCC and that blockade of AFP may be a promising strategy to treat advanced HCC.
PQM-1 controls hypoxic survival via regulation of lipid metabolism
Authors: Heimbucher Thomas , Hog Julian , Gupta Piyush , Murphy Coleen T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAnimals have evolved responses to low oxygen conditions to ensure their survival. Here, we have identified theC. eleganszinc finger transcription factor PQM-1 as a regulator of the hypoxic stress response. PQM-1 is required for the longevity of insulin signaling mutants, but surprisingly, loss of PQM-1 increases survival under hypoxic conditions. PQM-1 functions as a metabolic regulator by controlling oxygen consumption rates, suppressing hypoxic glycogen levels, and inhibiting the expression of the sorbitol dehydrogenase-1 SODH-1, a crucial sugar metabolism enzyme. PQM-1 promotes hypoxic fat metabolism by maintaining the expression of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase FAT-7, an oxygen consuming, rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis. PQM-1 activity positively regulates fat transport to developing oocytes through vitellogenins under hypoxic conditions, thereby increasing survival rates of arrested progeny during hypoxia. Thus, whilepqm-1mutants increase survival of mothers, ultimately this loss is detrimental to progeny survival. Our data support a model in which PQM-1 controls a trade-off between lipid metabolic activity in the mother and her progeny to promote the survival of the species under hypoxic conditions.
A petascale automated imaging pipeline for mapping neuronal circuits with high-throughput transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Yin Wenjing , Brittain Derrick , Borseth Jay , Scott Marie E. , Williams Derric , Perkins Jedediah , Own Christopher S. , Murfitt Matthew , Torres Russel M. , Kapner Daniel , Mahalingam Gayathri , Bleckert Adam , Castelli Daniel , Reid David , Lee Wei-Chung Allen , Graham Brett J. , Takeno Marc , Bumbarger Daniel J. , Farrell Colin , Reid R. Clay , da Costa Nuno Macarico 
Published: October 2020

AbstractElectron microscopy (EM) is widely used for studying cellular structure and network connectivity in the brain. We have built a parallel imaging pipeline using transmission electron microscopes that scales this technology, implements 24/7 continuous autonomous imaging, and enables the acquisition of petascale datasets. The suitability of this architecture for large-scale imaging was demonstrated by acquiring a volume of more than 1 mm3 of mouse neocortex, spanning four different visual areas at synaptic resolution, in less than 6 months. Over 26,500 ultrathin tissue sections from the same block were imaged, yielding a dataset of more than 2 petabytes. The combined burst acquisition rate of the pipeline is 3 Gpixel per sec and the net rate is 600 Mpixel per sec with six microscopes running in parallel. This work demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring EM datasets at the scale of cortical microcircuits in multiple brain regions and species.
Functional role of Tet-mediated RNA hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse ES cells and during differentiation
Authors: Lan Jie , Rajan Nicholas , Bizet Martin , Penning Audrey , Singh Nitesh K. , Guallar Diana , Calonne Emilie , Li Greci Andrea , Bonvin Elise , Deplus Rachel , Hsu Phillip J. , Nachtergaele Sigrid , Ma Chengjie , Song Renhua , Fuentes-Iglesias Alejandro , Hassabi Bouchra , Putmans Pascale , Mies Frédérique , Menschaert Gerben , Wong Justin J. L. , Wang Jianlong , Fidalgo Miguel , Yuan Bifeng , Fuks François 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTet-enzyme-mediated 5-hydroxymethylation of cytosines in DNA plays a crucial role in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In RNA also, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) has recently been evidenced, but its physiological roles are still largely unknown. Here we show the contribution and function of this mark in mouse ESCs and differentiating embryoid bodies. Transcriptome-wide mapping in ESCs reveals hundreds of messenger RNAs marked by 5hmC at sites characterized by a defined unique consensus sequence and particular features. During differentiation a large number of transcripts, including many encoding key pluripotency-related factors (such as Eed and Jarid2), show decreased cytosine hydroxymethylation. Using Tet-knockout ESCs, we find Tet enzymes to be partly responsible for deposition of 5hmC in mRNA. A transcriptome-wide search further reveals mRNA targets to which Tet1 and Tet2 bind, at sites showing a topology similar to that of 5hmC sites. Tet-mediated RNA hydroxymethylation is found to reduce the stability of crucial pluripotency-promoting transcripts. We propose that RNA cytosine 5-hydroxymethylation by Tets is a mark of transcriptome flexibility, inextricably linked to the balance between pluripotency and lineage commitment.