bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing technology in fruit quality improvement
Authors: Xu Xin , Yuan Yujin , Feng Bihong , Deng Wei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Fruits are an essential part of a healthy, balanced diet and it is particularly important for fibre, essential vitamins, and trace elements. Improvement in the quality of fruit and elongation of shelf life are crucial goals for researchers. However, traditional techniques have some drawbacks, such as long period, low efficiency, and difficulty in the modification of target genes, which limit the progress of the study. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technique was developed and has become the most popular gene-editing technology with high efficiency, simplicity, and low cost. CRISPR/Cas9 technique is widely accepted to analyse gene function and complete genetic modification. This review introduces the latest progress of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in fruit quality improvement. For example, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of RIPENING INHIBITOR gene (RIN), Lycopene desaturase (PDS), Pectate lyases (PL), SlMYB12, and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) can affect fruit ripening, fruit bioactive compounds, fruit texture, fruit colouration, and fruit size. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis has become an efficient method to modify target genes and improve fruit quality.
The Influence of Chromosomal Environment on X-Linked Gene Expression inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Belyi Aleksei , Argyridou Eliza , Parsch John 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSex chromosomes often differ from autosomes with respect to their gene expression and regulation. In Drosophila melanogaster, X-linked genes are dosage compensated by having their expression upregulated in the male soma, a process mediated by the X-chromosome-specific binding of the dosage compensation complex (DCC). Previous studies of X-linked gene expression found a negative correlation between a gene’s male-to-female expression ratio and its distance to the nearest DCC binding site in somatic tissues, including head and brain, which suggests that dosage compensation influences sex-biased gene expression. A limitation of the previous studies, however, was that they focused on endogenous X-linked genes and, thus, could not disentangle the effects of chromosomal position from those of gene-specific regulation. To overcome this limitation, we examined the expression of an exogenous reporter gene inserted at many locations spanning the X chromosome. We observed a negative correlation between the male-to-female expression ratio of the reporter gene and its distance to the nearest DCC binding site in somatic tissues, but not in gonads. A reporter gene’s location relative to a DCC binding site had greater influence on its expression than the local regulatory elements of neighboring endogenous genes, suggesting that intra-chromosomal variation in the strength of dosage compensation is a major determinant of sex-biased gene expression. Average levels of sex-biased expression did not differ between head and brain, but there was greater positional effect variation in the brain, which may explain the observed excess of endogenous sex-biased genes located on the X chromosome in this tissue.
Gendering Value Change: Domestic Violence and Feminism in 1970s West Berlin*
Authors: Freeland Jane 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Feminist domestic violence activists in 1970s West Berlin sought to create a community of women helping women. This was key to feminist work in challenging patriarchal citizenship norms and male violence against women. Tracing the evolution of feminist domestic violence activism in West Berlin, this article argues that feminist ideals and critiques were deradicalized as they were taken up in political and public discourse. Rather than being a political project of creating feminist community or challenging gendered concepts of citizenship, domestic violence activism was entrenched as a women’s issue that women were responsible for addressing. Indeed, examining official public and media support for domestic violence projects exposes how the state leant on women as the drivers of gender equality, in ways that were often unpaid and unacknowledged. Far from contesting patriarchy, popular support for domestic violence initiatives went hand-in-hand with a reinscription of a deeply rooted sexual-moral order that entwined liberal development in Germany with paternal and patriarchal authority since the nineteenth century. In making this argument, this article demonstrates that value change was both limited and functioned within normative boundaries. What change did occur was contingent on the labour of women and feminists, whose activism challenged the power structures and norms that left women vulnerable to abuse. Moreover, in the context of the global economic downturn of the 1970s, grassroots feminist activism held even more importance as it offered West Germany a cheap solution to a systemic issue that could no longer be ignored.
Is type of practice setting associated with physician’s cultural competency training? Analysis from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Authors: Adigun Ayoola C , Qu Haiyan , Austin Shamly 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study examined whether type of physician practice settings was associated with cultural competency training for newly hired physicians. We used data from the 2016 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Supplement on Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services for Office-based Physician Survey. The survey contains a sample of 397 office-based physician responses completed during the period from August to December 2016 (weighted n = 293306). The outcome variable was whether cultural competency training was required for newly hired physicians. The primary predictor variable was type of physician practice settings. We used logistic regression to analyze the association between physician practice settings and cultural competency training for newly hired physicians adjusting for covariates. About 71% physicians belonged to solo or group practice settings. Among these, only 10.4% required cultural competency training for newly hired physicians. Among other practice settings, 34.8% required the training. Results from logistic regression showed that newly hired physicians in solo or group practices (adjusted odds ratio: 0.22; 95% confidence interval: 0.11–0.44) were less likely to have cultural competency training compared to those in other settings. Practice settings are associated with cultural competency training. Cultural competency training across all practice settings may contribute toward improving patient–physician communication, reducing health disparities, and increasing patient satisfaction.
Vanewrightia gen. nov.—A Highly Variable Taxon of Neotropical Ctenuchina (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) Revealed by Behavioral Traits
Authors: Boppré Michael , Grados Juan , Laguerre Michel , Monzón Julio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A series of different-looking tiger moths was collected at pyrrolizidine alkaloid baits in the daytime in Peru. They proved to be variants of a new genus, Vanewrightia gen. nov., and a new species, Vanewrightia kiesela sp. nov., both described here. This species presents a striking example of extensive intraspecific variation within a population. Its discovery demonstrates the importance of sampling moths by means other than collecting with light, of studying patterns of wing undersides, and of the value of barcoding. Specimens found in collections considered here potentially to represent further species of the new genus are documented and discussed; Vanewrightia subflavescens (Kaye, 1911) comb. nov., and Vanewrightia patawaensis (Cerda, 2017) comb. nov. are established; we propose Epidesma parva (Rothschild, 1912) as a junior synonym of E. aurimacula (Schaus, 1905). The newly recognized intraspecific variation greatly challenges delimitation of morphospecies and uncovers uncertainties in the taxonomy of Epidesma Hübner, [1819]. The occurrence of an oblique forewing band in many Lepidoptera and the stunning similarity in overall appearance of variants of Vanewrightia with unrelated taxa, in particular notodontid moths (Josiini) and Chamaelimnas C. & R. Felder, [1885] butterflies (Riodinidae), are discussed in the context of mimicry and crypsis, and some perspectives for further research are suggested.
Susceptibility of global HIV-1 clinical isolates to fostemsavir using the PhenoSense® Entry assay
Authors: Gartland Margaret , Zhou Nannan , Stewart Eugene , Pierce Amy , Clark Andrew , Ackerman Peter , Llamoso Cyril , Lataillade Max , Krystal Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Fostemsavir is a prodrug of a first-in-class HIV-1 attachment inhibitor, temsavir, that binds to gp120 and blocks attachment to the host-cell CD4 receptor, preventing entry and infection of the target cell. Previous studies using a limited number of clinical isolates showed that there was intrinsic variability in their susceptibility to temsavir.

Objectives
Here, an analysis was performed using all clinical isolates analysed in the Monogram Biosciences PhenoSense® Entry assay as part of the development programme.

Methods
In total, 1337 individual envelopes encompassing 20 different HIV-1 subtypes were examined for their susceptibility to temsavir. However, only seven subtypes (B, C, F1, A, [B, F1], BF and A1) were present more than five times, with subtype B (881 isolates) and subtype C (156 isolates) having the largest numbers.

Results
As expected, variability in susceptibility was observed within all subtypes. However, for the great majority of these viruses, temsavir was highly potent, with most viruses exhibiting IC50s &lt;10 nM. One exception was CRF01_AE viruses, where all five isolates exhibited IC50s &gt;100 nM. For the 607 isolates where tropism data were available, geometric mean temsavir IC50 values were remarkably similar for CCR5-, CXCR4- and dual mixed-tropic envelopes from infected individuals.

Conclusions
These data show that HIV-1 viruses from most subtypes are highly susceptible to temsavir and that temsavir susceptibility is independent of tropism.
Development of a “meta-model” to address missing data, predict patient-specific cancer survival and provide a foundation for clinical decision support
Authors: Baron Jason M , Paranjape Ketan , Love Tara , Sharma Vishakha , Heaney Denise , Prime Matthew 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
Like most real-world data, electronic health record (EHR)–derived data from oncology patients typically exhibits wide interpatient variability in terms of available data elements. This interpatient variability leads to missing data and can present critical challenges in developing and implementing predictive models to underlie clinical decision support for patient-specific oncology care. Here, we sought to develop a novel ensemble approach to addressing missing data that we term the “meta-model” and apply the meta-model to patient-specific cancer prognosis.

Materials and Methods
Using real-world data, we developed a suite of individual random survival forest models to predict survival in patients with advanced lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Individual models varied by the predictor data used. We combined models for each cancer type into a meta-model that predicted survival for each patient using a weighted mean of the individual models for which the patient had all requisite predictors.

Results
The meta-model significantly outperformed many of the individual models and performed similarly to the best performing individual models. Comparisons of the meta-model to a more traditional imputation-based method of addressing missing data supported the meta-model’s utility.

Conclusions
We developed a novel machine learning–based strategy to underlie clinical decision support and predict survival in cancer patients, despite missing data. The meta-model may more generally provide a tool for addressing missing data across a variety of clinical prediction problems. Moreover, the meta-model may address other challenges in clinical predictive modeling including model extensibility and integration of predictive algorithms trained across different institutions and datasets.
Effects of Nosema ceranae (Dissociodihaplophasida: Nosematidae) and Flupyradifurone on Olfactory Learning in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Bell Heather Christine , Montgomery Corina N , Benavides Jaime E , Nieh James C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The health of insect pollinators, particularly the honey bee, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), is a major concern for agriculture and ecosystem health. In response to mounting evidence supporting the detrimental effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on pollinators, a novel ‘bee safe’ butenolide compound, flupyradifurone (FPF) has been registered for use in agricultural use. Although FPF is not a neonicotinoid, like neonicotinoids, it is an excitotoxic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. In addition, A. mellifera faces threats from pathogens, such as the microsporidian endoparasite, Nosema ceranae (Fries et al. 1996). We therefore sought 1) to increase our understanding of the potential effects of FPF on honey bees by focusing on a crucial behavior, the ability to learn and remember an odor associated with a food reward, and 2) to test for a potential synergistic effect on such learning by exposure to FPF and infection with N. ceranae. We found little evidence that FPF significantly alters learning and memory at short-term field-realistic doses. However, at high doses and at chronic, field-realistic exposure, FPF did reduce learning and memory in an olfactory conditioning task. Infection with N. ceranae also reduced learning, but there was no synergy (no significant interaction) between N. ceranae and exposure to FPF. These results suggest the importance of continued studies on the chronic effects of FPF.
Contributions to the Estimation of the Postmortem Interval Through the Length and Body Weight of Two Indigenous Species of South America: Lucilia ochricornis (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia purpurascens
Authors: Acosta Ximena , Centeno Néstor D , González-Reyes Andrea X , Corronca José A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The early arrival and colonization of species belonging to the family Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera) on a corpse represent one of the most reliable means of estimating minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). However, information on the development and life cycles of some Argentine species in this family is not complete. The objective of this work was to contribute new information regarding the larval body size of neotropical species that allow, through the construction of forensic methods, the estimation of a more precise and specific PMImin. This work was conducted on laboratory cultures of larvae of Lucilia ochricornis (Wiedemann) and Lucilia purpurascens (Walker) using as average temperatures: 13.4, 15.1, 22.6, and 23.3°C, which represent the four seasons of the year for the province of Salta. With this information, we constructed isomegalen diagrams and growth models for the obtained variables of larval length and body weight. The mean values of length and body weight differ between both species, indicating that L. purpurascens exceeded L. ochricornis in both variables. In contrast, within each species the mean length and weight remained unchanged between culture temperatures for the three larval instars. Isomegalen diagrams can be used for the entire range of temperatures worked in the laboratory, but the body size entered is approximate. The growth models allow the use of point data but are specific for each culture temperature used.
Biological effects of low-dose γ-ray irradiation on chromosomes and DNA of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiharu , Furuta Masakazu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
While the damage to chromosomes and genes induced by high-dose radiation (HDR) has been well researched in many organisms, the effects of low-dose radiation (LDR), defined as a radiation dose of ≤100 mSv, are still being debated. Recent research has suggested that the biological effects of LDR differ from those observed in HDR. To detect the effect of LDR on genes, we selected a gene of Drosophila melanogaster, known as the multiple wing hair (mwh) gene. The hatched heterozygous larvae with genotype mwh/+ were irradiated by γ-rays of a 60Co source. After eclosion, the wing hairs of the heterozygous flies were observed. The area of only one or two mwh cells (small spot) and that of more than three mwh cells (large spot) were counted. The ratio of the two kinds of spots were compared between groups irradiated by different doses including a non-irradiated control group. For the small spot in females, the eruption frequency increased in the groups irradiated with 20–75 mGy, indicating hypersensitivity (HRS) to LDR, while in the groups irradiated with 200 and 300 mGy, the frequency decreased, indicating induced radioresistance (IRR), while in males, 50 and 100 mGy conferred HRS and 75 and 200 mGy conferred IRR. For the large spot in females, 75 mGy conferred HRS and 100–800 mGy conferred IRR. In conclusion, HRS and IRR to LDR was found in Drosophila wing cells by delimiting the dose of γ-rays finely, except in the male large spot.
Tuberculosis and Notifiable Skin Diseases Amongst A Representative Cohort of Refugees in Germany (2014–16)
Authors: Dissmann Patrick D , Koehring Felix , Fischer Florian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Until now, systematic surveillance for infectious diseases in refugees is still missing. For that reason, this study aims at illustrating the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and notifiable skin diseases in a representative cohort of refugees in Lippe, a district of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. We collected data on notifiable communicable diseases (TB, scabies, and head lice) from refugees (n = 8946) based on a medical screening after their arrival from October 2014 until May 2016. Data were analysed using descriptive and bivariate methods. Overall, we found 63 of 8764 screened refugees to have an abnormal TB screening result (0.72%). Of 8946 screened refugees, only 51 individuals were found to have scabies (0.57%) and a further 49 were tested positive for head lice (0.55%). The absolute number of TB cases indicate only a moderate public health burden. However, communicable skin diseases can become a problem in crowded holding camps, where they can cause local outbreaks.
Displaced Social Suffering: Burmese Christian Refugees in a US Midwestern City
Authors: Gu Chien-Juh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Refugees’ vulnerability to mental illness has been well documented, but challenges in research remain. Following Bourdieu’s approach to social suffering, this article uses Burmese Christian refugees’ life stories to illustrate their lived realities of displacement in which their despair is produced. These stories reveal not only refugees’ subjective experiences but also various structural inequalities in the sending, transit, and receiving social contexts that hinder their well-being. Burmese Christian refugees’ social suffering is created by varied manmade social problems and processes, including the dictatorship and religious intolerance in Myanmar; human trafficking and gang rape in Thailand; labour exploitation and police corruption in Malaysia; and racial prejudice and oppression in the US. Regardless of their contributions to the blue-collar economy, Burmese refugees endure mistreatment and a lack of benefits and promotions in their labour-intensive factory jobs. Their feelings of displacement continue even after finding religious and political freedom in the resettled country.
Social Connections and Displacement from South Sudan to Uganda: Towards a Relational Understanding of Survival during Conflict
Authors: Stites Elizabeth , Humphrey Alex , Krystalli Roxani 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSouth Sudanese fled their communities in large numbers following the outbreak of political violence in 2013, with an estimated 4.5 million forcibly displaced by mid-2018. Of neighbouring countries, Uganda hosts the greatest number of South Sudanese refugees. Based on qualitative data collected in 2018 and 2019 in two refugee settlements in the West Nile sub-region of Uganda, this article examines the social connectedness of refugees during their flight and after their arrival in Uganda. How do refugees rely on the new relationships they form during displacement, and in what ways do these relationships enhance our understanding of the role, forms, and importance of social connectedness during displacement? We analyse how social connections provide material and non-material support, how refugees use scarce resources to negotiate and cultivate social connections, and how gender and status influence inclusion and exclusion within social networks. We find that proximity and shared experience are the two most important factors in social connectedness following displacement and that non-material support plays a critical role in facilitating resilience. Collectively, these findings highlight the significance of a relational, rather than individualistic, approach to survival during displacement. In addition to the theoretical significance of these findings, and the contribution to the growing literature on social connectedness during armed conflict, this article is relevant to humanitarian decision-makers and practitioners who aim to craft programmes that support, rather than undermine, the coping strategies of displaced people.
Environmental dependence of X-ray and optical properties of galaxy clusters
Authors: Manolopoulou M , Hoyle B , Mann R G , Sahlén M , Nadathur S 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Galaxy clusters are widely used to constrain cosmological parameters through their properties, such as masses, luminosity, and temperature distributions. One should take into account all kind of biases that could affect these analyses in order to obtain reliable constraints. In this work, we study the difference in the properties of clusters residing in different large-scale environments, defined by their position within or outside of voids, and the density of their surrounding space. We use both observational and simulation cluster and void catalogues, i.e. XMM Cluster Survey (XCS) and redMaPPer clusters, Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) voids, and Magneticum simulations. We devise two different environmental proxies for the clusters and study their redshift, richness, mass, X-ray luminosity, and temperature distributions, as well as some properties of their galaxy populations. We use the Kolmogorov–Smirnov two-sample test to discover that richer and more massive clusters are more prevalent in overdense regions and outside of voids. We also find that clusters of matched richness and mass in overdense regions and outside voids tend to have higher X-ray luminosities and temperatures. These differences could have important implications for precision cosmology with clusters of galaxies, since cluster mass calibrations can vary with environment.