bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectival Movement
Authors: Pierson Ryan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of perspectival movement (or camera movement) in animation practice. In particular, it argues that the ambiguity of the out-of-field space that perspectival movement creates entails a suppression of another kind of ambiguity: the graphic ambiguity of marks on a surface. Thus, much of the history of animated space can be seen as a history of trade-offs between the possibilities of camera movement and those of graphic metamorphoses. However, two films—Norman McLaren’s Blinkity Blank (1955) and Caroline Leaf’s The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa (1977)—manage to combine these possibilities, creating spaces that seem to transform themselves as the camera moves through them.
Andeans Found Their Own Towns
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the early 1600s, commoner Andeans moved back to their former hamlets, but refounded them as annexes of their reducciones, with grid-pattern design, and incipient cabildo and cofradías. Annexes furthered the fragmentation of pre-Conquest ethnic groups begun with reducción, as only some ayllus were included in each annex. To create their new annex towns, Indios Ladinos (those literate in Spanish) got permission from Spanish political and religious authorities, but they met resistance from local priests who accused them of fleeing Christianity to return to idolatry. Andeans persevered because the towns, with their cabildos, and saints and cofradías had become central to defining community and legitimate membership in it, making it easier for forasteros (“foreigners”) to join. This self-government by commoners was a colonial innovation, but Andeans adapted town institutions, organizing them through their ayllus, making them thoroughly Andean. These Andean commoner-led repúblicas laid the groundwork for political solidarity and sovereignty.
Defining the Prisoner of War in International Law: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Morieux Renaud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The present-day category of the prisoner of war, in the form inherited from the international conventions of the twentieth century, needs to be deconstructed. One way of doing this is to confront official legal and administrative labels, and the ways in which they operated. This chapter considers the limits of international legal norms, which fail to encapsulate the complexity of the category. The focus is on groups whose very belonging to the category of the prisoner of war was questioned in the eighteenth century. Were the distinctions between ‘civilian’ and ‘combatant’ meaningful? How did they operate in practice? Were concepts of national belonging, ethnicity, religion, gender, or class important criteria for determining the treatment of captives? This chapter emphasizes the contingency of the category ‘prisoner of war’, its lack of clarity, and the dependence on particular situations to give it specific definition.
Hate or Love Thy Enemy? Humanitarian Patriotism
Authors: Morieux Renaud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the eighteenth century, the principle of a moral universalism in time of war triumphed: war was fought on the moral ground as well as on the battlefield. This chapter argues that the language of humanitarian patriotism encapsulates the tensions within the discourse that aimed to make war more ‘civilized’ by treating the enemy ‘humanely’. The chapter demonstrates the political, moral, and practical ambiguities that were entailed by the act of bringing relief to enemies in wartime. Public discussion revolved around the ‘just’ treatment of alien enemies in captivity. The study of philanthropic campaigns for improving the treatment of prisoners of war and the sending of missionaries into prisons demonstrate the particularity of the prisoner of war, as an enemy and a fellow human being.
The Anatomy of the War Prison
Authors: Morieux Renaud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to prison buildings. These spaces of detention were, until the last quarter of the eighteenth century in Britain, and for the whole period in France, not purpose-built for prisoners of war. This absence of specialization tells us something important about the distance between the legal construction of the category of the prisoner of war and actual practices of internment. The chapter shows that war prisons must be understood in the same conceptual framework as prison ‘reform’ in the eighteenth century. Paying attention to the materiality of the prisons also entails looking at the multiple ways in which prisoners reconfigured these spaces, adapting or even destroying them.
Applications to conservation biology
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how models can aid in managing populations to prevent extinction, given uncertainty about their state. From previous chapters, it is clear that avoiding extinction requires keeping both abundance and the replacement rate high. However, for both, the question remains, how high? The question of how high abundance should be to achieve a certain risk is addressed by existing population viability analyses (PVA). By contrast, the problem of maintaining high replacement has received little attention. This chapter describes how uncertainty in population parameters and the frequency spectrum of the environment both affect estimates of the probability of extinction, including examples of PVAs that pay greater attention to those complications. Additionally, an example is provided of tracking both abundance and replacement to avoid extinction for many different populations of a single taxon, Pacific salmon. Finally, the role of portfolio effects (diversity in variance among populations) is explored.
'Black but Human'
Authors: Fracchia Carmen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The African presence in imperial Spain, of between 10-15 per cent of the population, was due to the institutionalization of the transatlantic slave trade that brought between seven- to eight hundred thousand Africans as slaves to Spain and Portugal. If we add those slaves born in these European territories and the three to four hundred thousand Moor, Berber and Turk slaves, there were approximately two million slaves living in the Iberian Peninsula during this period. The Afro-Hispanic proverb ‘Black but Human’ that provides part of the book’s title, serves as a lens through which to explore the ways in which certain visual representations of slavery both embody and reproduce hegemonic visions of subaltern groups, and at the same time provide material for critical and emancipatory practices by Afro-Hispanic slaves and ex-slaves themselves. It thus allows us to generate critical insights into the articulations of slave subjectivity by exploring the links between visual regimes and the early modern Spanish and New World discourses on slavery and human diversity. My book provides a complex new reading of neglected moments of artistic production in Hapsburg Spain establishing their importance as relays of power and resistance. We could claim that the ‘Black but Human’ topos encodes the multilayered processes through which a black emancipatory subject emerges and a ‘black nation’ forges a collective resistance, and the ways in which these moments are articulated visually by a range of artists. Thus, this proverb is the main thread of the six chapters of this book.
The Cue-dependency of the “Reminiscence Bumps” in Autobiographical Memory and Memory for Public Events
Authors: Koppel Jonathan , Berntsen Dorthe 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The reminiscence bump most commonly refers to the disproportionate number of autobiographical memories, in adults aged ≥40 years, dating from youth and early adulthood. Whereas the bump in autobiographical memory has primarily been studied by psychologists, it has been paralleled in the sociology literature in a spike in recall for public events that occurred at a similar period of the lifespan. This chapter reviews findings illustrating that the temporal location of the bump (in autobiographical memory) and the frequency with which it is found (in memory for public events) vary according to the cueing method used to elicit the memories. For instance, in autobiographical memory, the bump is earlier when memories are elicited through cue words than when memories are elicited through requests for important memories. In memory for public events, the bump is more frequently attained when recall is tested through open-ended recall than when it is tested through knowledge tests. It is argued that these findings indicate that retrieval processes play a large role in the bump in each domain, and therefore challenge most existing theoretical accounts, which stress encoding processes. The relevant retrieval processes in each domain are then discussed. Finally, the implications of the reviewed findings, in particular those concerning autobiographical memory, are discussed as they relate to models of the organization of autobiographical memory.
The Associative Nature of Episodic Memories
Authors: Mace John H. , Clevinger Amanda M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter concerns the associative nature of episodic memories, putting forth a thesis on the associative form of episodic memories that contains four main propositions: (1) episodic memories always activate other episodic memories; (2) these activations always follow orderly pattern of associations; (3) whereas more than one type of association can be found among episodic memories, the fundamental form is conceptual, where memories are associated (or activated) by their common content; (4) conceptual forms dominate, they are the fundamental (or default) form, and they are the most enduring form. In addition, this chapter unveils a theoretical view which argues that there are mechanisms that create and maintain conceptual associations.
The Empathic Screen
Authors: Gallese Vittorio , Guerra Michele 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Why do people go to the movies? What does it mean to watch a movie? To what extent does our perception of the fictional nature of movies differ from our daily perception of the real world? The authors, a neuroscientist and a film theorist, propose a new multidisciplinary approach to images and film that can provide answers to these questions. According to the authors, film art, based on the interaction between spectators and the world on the screen, and often described in terms of immersion, impressions of reality, simulation, and involvement of the spectator’s body in the fictitious world he inhabits, can be reconsidered from a neuroscientific perspective, which examines the brain and its close relationship to the body. They propose a new model of perception—embodied simulation—elaborated on the basis of neuroscientific investigation, to demonstrate the role played by sensorimotor and affect-related brain circuits in cognition and film experience. Scenes from famous films, like Notorious, The Shining, Full Metal Jacket, Persona, The Silence of the Lambs, and Toy Story are described and analyzed according to this multidisciplinary approach, and used as case studies to discuss the embodied simulation model. The aim is to shed new light on the multiple resonance mechanisms that constitute one of the great secrets of cinematographic art, and to reflect on the power of moving images, which increasingly are part of our everyday life.
Cut and Harmony
Authors: Gallese Vittorio , Guerra Michele 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals with montage. The subheadings are “Calumet City,” a discussion of parallel montage in Jonathan Demme’s The Silence of the Lambs from the authors’ perspective; “Continuity,” in which continuity editing is addressed in relation to several film scholars and authors, including Joseph Anderson, Lev Kuleshov, and Jean Epstein; “Action, action, action!,” where the role of action in montage is addressed by referring to early American film theory, introducing and discussing authors such as Victor Freeburg, Hugo Münstenberg, Henry Albert Phillips, and Epes Winthrop Sargent; and “The mirror crack’d,” which introduces and discusses the empirical neuroscientific results of the authors’ high-density electroencephalography experiment on montage, where continuity editing and jump-cuts are compared.
Introduction
Authors: Stock Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Introduction defines the purposes and parameters of the book. British history and European history are often studied and taught as distinct fields, and the Introduction discusses more persuasive approaches which seek to assimilate the two, as well as the book’s own unique contribution to this process. It summarizes existing scholarship on the history of the idea of Europe, pointing out some disadvantages while also explaining how the book seeks to mitigate them. The Introduction ends with an account of the book’s scope and some reflections on how its themes relate to modern controversy about Britain and Europe.
Review of basic quantum physics
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Basic experimental evidence is sketched: the black body radiation spectrum, the photoeffect, Compton scattering and electron diffraction; the Bohr model of the atom. Quantum mechanics is reviewed using the Copenhagen interpretation: eigenstates, observables, hermitian operators and expectation values are explained. Wave-particle duality, Schrödinger’s equation, and expressions for particle density and current are described. The uncertainty principle, the collapse of the wavefunction, Schrödinger’s cat and the no-cloning theorem are discussed. Dirac delta functions and the usage of wavepackets are explained. An introduction to state vectors in Hilbert space and the bra-ket notation is given. Abstracts of special relativity and Lorentz invariants follow. Minimal electromagnetic coupling and the gauge transformations are explained.
Quantum statistics
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Indistinguishability of like particles, and the fermion and boson exchange symmetries discussed.Pauli exclusion principle and features of multi-electron atoms, including selection rules are discussed. Degeneracy pressure and the formation of compact stellar objects is analysed. Quantum exchange force between electrons and its contribution to ferromagnetism is outlined. Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics, includng the chemical potential are derived. The conditions for Bose-Einstein condensation are deduced; condensates and their stability are considered.
Cavity quantum physics
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The model of a cavity-enclosed 2-state atom with transition frequency near resonant with a cavity mode is introduced. For conditions where their coupling dominates the Jaynes–Cummings model is described. Rabi flopping of energy between atom’s excited state and the cavity mode is recounted. Hybrid states and the AC Stark effect are discussed. Experiments with Rydberg atoms revealing the quantum nature of the cavity-atom state are discussed. Then mechanisms for trapping ions are outlined and the use of a single mercury ion as the pendulum of an optical clock is described. This relies on shelving to make non-demolition measurements on the ion. Then the measurement of (g-2) for the electron using an electron in a Penning trap is related. The quantity of interest, is the difference between the cyclotron and spin precession frequencies: its measurement by a different non-demolition technique is detailed. Finally the Purcell effect is presented, by which the lifetime of an atomic state in a cavity can be shortened or lengthened.
Talking Books
Authors: Richards Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the printed books of the sixteenth century as ‘talking books’; it also explores how the voice is implicated in the printing process. It focuses on the work of two print-aware authors, John Bale and William Baldwin, who worked with the most influential ‘talking book’ in England in the 1540s: Erasmus’s Paraphrases. It explores Bale’s attentiveness to the physical voice of Anne Askew in his editions of her Examinations (1546, 1547), arguing that he uses print to turn the written form of her oral testimony into a script for oral readers. It attends to Baldwin’s representation of the voices of illiterate working men, medieval magistrates, and an array of untrustworthy characters, including some noisy cats, to create careful ‘listeners’ who are aware of the manipulative authorial voice that lies behind literary voices on the page as well as the risks of affective ‘mishearing’.
Thomas Nashe On and Off the Page
Authors: Richards Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter shifts attention from the literariness of Thomas Nashe’s style to its performability. It recalls the role performance played in his education, and his links to the theatre. It considers what was so meaningful about live performance that he tried to recreate its effect in printed prose. It explores the theatricality of his prose: his use of the rhetorical sentence to represent live thinking; his use of direct address in Summers last will and testament and The Unfortunate Traveller; and his imitation of the university play Pedantius in Have with you to Saffron Walden. Nashe’s attempt to bring the flat page to life with thought, wit, and emotion explains his criticism of Gabriel Harvey, whose pamphlets he represents as material objects that can be reduced to their constituent parts with no loss.
Conclusion
Authors: Richards Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion looks forward to future cross-disciplinary work on the physical voice. It reflects on why a literary scholar might be interested in the physical voice, recalling that literary texts are full of voices that make reference to the real voice off the page. It also suggests why a Renaissance literary historian might have something distinctive to offer future work on the voice, recalling the inter-relationship in this period between voice and printed books. It recognizes that a new technological revolution is well underway that is changing our relationship with print. It briefly considers how the digital medium uses or ignores voice, and asks whether a new history of oral reading can enable us to imagine different ways of interacting with—and immersing ourselves in—the print/digital books of the future.
The Agent of Monarchy
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the ways in which Harrington maintained and extended his family’s long-standing connections with the Stuarts. He did so first as ‘agent’ to the Prince Elector Palatine Charles Louis, son of Elizabeth of Bohemia, handling his funds and delivering a Humble Remonstrance on his behalf. This role may have led to the choice of Harrington as gentleman of the bedchamber to the captive Charles I. In both cases Harrington was in an ambiguous position with regard to the division at the heart of the Civil War, since Charles Louis sided with Parliament rather than his uncle, and though Harrington worked as a close personal servant to Charles I, it was Parliament who appointed him to this position. These activities suggest that a more robust explanation is required as to how Harrington reconciled his royal service with his belief that England was ripe for republican government.
Harrington’s Republicanism
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the nature of Harrington’s republicanism and the key features of his ‘equal commonwealth’. It begins by examining the complex publishing history of Oceana and the political and intellectual context in which that work was written. It then traces Harrington’s commitment to key features of commonwealth government: his use of republican models ancient and modern, his adoption of the neo-Roman understanding of liberty and his conflict with Thomas Hobbes on this issue, and his commitment to government in accordance with reason and the public good. Harrington’s understanding of, and emphasis on, the concepts of empire and authority are then explored. Finally, the central features of his equal commonwealth are set out: the agrarian law to ensure equality at the foundation, and then a bicameral legislature, rotation of office, and the Venetian ballot to secure equality and prevent corruption in the superstructure.
Innovation in Substance: ‘Empire follows the Balance of Property’
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on Harrington’s innovative theory regarding the relationship between land and political power. It asserts the novelty of the theory, as claimed by Harrington and acknowledged by others, as well as its relationship to Harrington’s wider innovation of designing a large state republic. The chapter then elucidates the key elements of Harrington’s theory, its implications for his typology of government, and its application to England. Once a government suited to the distribution of property is established within a state it must be preserved by means of an agrarian law, and again the details of this provision are explored. The chapter also pays attention to Harrington’s distinctive imperial policy which emphasized colonial expansion within, rather than beyond Europe, and his consequent emphasis on the importance of the army rather than the navy. Thus Harrington’s innovative theory about property and power is presented as generating various other novelties.
Engaging with Politicians
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Harrington’s theory about the relationship between land and political power was mentioned several times in parliamentary debates in February 1659 and used to refute calls for a return to the government of King, Lords, and Commons. Nonetheless, Richard Cromwell’s position as chief magistrate was deemed compatible with Harringtonian theory. Harringtonian arguments were also brought to bear on the various constitutional proposals put forward that year, not least the army idea of a select senate. In addition, it was proposed that a parliamentary committee be established to discuss Harrington’s distinctive solution to the ongoing crisis, and several Harringtonian petitions were delivered to Parliament. While Harrington may not have achieved his aim of getting his model implemented, his ideas were widely discussed during the final year of the interregnum, and he gained some influential converts.
Life After 1660
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Harrington’s political writings appear to have ceased with the Restoration of Charles II, but his alleged involvement with the Bow Street commonwealth club led him to be arrested in November 1661, interrogated and imprisoned. While he was eventually released, the experience affected his health, and there is no evidence of his engaging in writing or politics after this time. At some point during the 1660s he married Anne Darrell, who is described by Aubrey as his ‘old sweet-heart’. He lived out the last years of his life in Little Ambry, Westminster, dying on 11 September 1677 and being buried in St Margaret’s Church, Westminster. His ideas remained alive in the minds and writings of his friends, and were given new life by the publication in 1700 of Toland’s edition.
The Gluon
Authors: Peskin Michael E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the description of the proton as a bound state of partons. After a review of the properties of parton distribution functions, it introduces the evidence for a component of the proton responsible for its binding. It introduces the model of strong interactions as mediated by a spin 1 gluon and presents the evidence for this model from event shapes in electron-positron annihilation to hadrons.