Electrical Performance Retention of Chemically Doped Carbon Nanotube Wires
Authors: Soule Karen J. , Bucossi Andrew R. , Cress Cory D. , Landi Brian J. 
Published: May 2020

Carbon nanotube (CNT) wires are light-weight and robust alternatives to conventional metal conductors. The weight savings, increased flexure tolerance, and corrosion resistance of CNT conductors make them a viable solution for a variety of space, defense, and power transmission applications. An individual CNT has orders of magnitude greater electrical conductivity than conventional metal conductors, but this has not been realized in bulk CNT networks. Recently, the use of chemical dopants has resulted in bulk CNT wire conductivities approaching 10 MS/m. As the electrical conductivity of CNT wires continues to approach that of conventional metals, deployment of these CNT conductors will require an understanding of how these CNT conductors and chemical dopants behave during practical operation.
In the present work, commercially scaled CNT wires are physically densified through radial drawing dies and chemically doped with KAuBr4 resulting in an improvement in electrical conductivity to greater than 1 MS/m, a 6x improvement compared to the as-received CNT wire. The current density at failure of CNT wires increases with KAuBr4 doping and densification by 67% to 35 MA/m2. The electrical performance retention is determined by applying increasing current densities with intermittent rest steps and low current I-V sweeps. The low current I-V sweeps allow for changes in electrical conductivity due to permanent material degradation caused by previous high current density exposure to be determined. The instantaneous electrical conductivity averaged over the last 5 seconds of each current “on” step is used to determine the temperature dependent effects on electrical conductivity caused by Joule heat during high current application. The KAuBr4 doped and densified samples experience no permanent change in initial electrical conductivity at current densities up to ~32 MA/m2, 4x greater than the as-received CNT wires.
The enhanced electrical conductivity retention of KAuBr4 doped and densified CNT wires at high current density was further probed though an analysis of the thermal stability of these doped CNT conductors. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that minimal degradation of the KAuBr4 dopant occurs prior to thermal oxidation of the CNT materials at 400 °C. A variety of KAuBr4 doping and 400 °C thermal oxidation procedures were performed on CNT wires to understand how thermal degradation of the dopant relates to changes in the electrical conductivity and high current density stability. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy further related the changes in electrical conductivity to the elemental spatial analysis of gold and bromine in the KAuBr4-doped CNT samples before and after 400 °C thermal oxidation. This work concludes that the thermal stability of KAuBr4 results in improved electrical conductivity and stability at high current densities. Trace bromine and gold nanoparticles are maintained at temperatures below the onset of CNT degradation, thus providing residual doping until ultimate CNT wire failure.
Recently chemical dopants such as I2 and IBr have also emerged as premiere dopants to improve the electrical conductivity of bulk CNT networks. These dopants will be used to further explore the effect doping procedures and the presence of excess dopant have on the electrical conductivity and high current stability of doped CNT wires. Developing a relationship between dopant thermal stability and electrical conductivity retention will allow for the development of a mechanism explaining dopant degradation at high current densities.