bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smartphone Addiction and Associated Factors among Postgraduate Students in an Arabic Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Authors: Alageel Asem , Alyahya Rayyan Abdullah , Bahatheq Yasser , Alzunaydi Norah , Alghamdi Raed , Alrahili Nader , McIntyre Roger , Iacobucci Michelle 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
With the wide variety of convenient functionalities, smartphones have become an integral part of society, and in such a small period. It is imperative to examine the adverse effect and consequences of such highly impactful technologies on our individual lives and society as a whole. Like smartphone addiction, behavioral addictions have been established to accompany social, physical, and mental health issues. In this article, we will be investigating the prevalence of smartphone addiction among postgraduate students as well as assessing its relationship to social demographics, depression, ADHD, and nicotine dependence.

Objectives
· The prevalence of smartphone addiction among middle eastern postgraduate students.
· Ascertain the associated factors of smartphone addiction.
· Measure the incidence of MDD, ADHD, insomnia, and nicotine addiction among postgraduate students with smartphone addiction.

Methods
A Cross-sectional online survey, a self-questionnaire is divided into six sections; 1st section is Socio-demographic (age, gender, academic year). 2nd section is the Arabic-validated versions of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) 3rd section is Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression (PHQ9). 4 th is Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) to assess the quality of sleep. 5th concerns nicotine dependence and uses the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence Questionnaire (FTCd). The 6th section is the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1)

Results
The total number of participants in this study is 506, 158 (31.23%) males, and 348 (68.77%) females. According to the Smartphone Addiction Scale, 51.0% of the participants appear to be high smartphone users, while 49.0% are low smartphone users. The PHQ-9 questionnaire for depression showed a significant association between high smartphone use and MDD (p=0.001). 41.5% of smokers are addicted to smartphones (p=0.039). Smartphone addicts have about two times the risk of developing insomnia (OR= 2.113) (P= 0.013). Those who were addicted to smartphone use had a significant risk of developing ADHD symptoms (OR =2.712) (P <0.001).

Conclusion
Confirming several studies, we found a positive association between Insomnia, Depression, Adult ADHD, and Smartphone addiction. Therefore, we encourage the scientific community to study the impacts of smartphone addiction and the mental health of post-graduate students.
Cost Effectiveness Analysis Of High-Risk Group Tb Screening In Malaysia
Authors: Hassan Nor Zam Azihan Mohd , Razali Asmah , Shahari Mohd Ridzwan , Kunusagaran Mohd Shaiful Jefri Mohd Nor Sham , Halili Juanita , Zaimi Nur Amalina , Bahari Mohd Shahri , Aminuddin Farhana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Screening of high-risk groups for TB is considered as the cornerstone for TB elimination but the measure of cost-effectiveness is also crucial in deciding the strategy for TB screening. This study aims to measure the cost-effectiveness of TB screening between the various high-risk groups in Malaysia.Methods: A decision tree model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of TB screening among the high-risk group from provider perspective using a secondary data from year 2016 to 2018. The outcome is presented in term of cost per TB case detected and the ICER. Deterministic and Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis were also performed to measure the robustness of the model.Results: The most cost-effective strategy was TB screening among PL HIV, with MYR 2,597.00 per one TB case detected. This is followed by elderly, prisoners and smokers with MYR 2,868.62, MYR 3,065.24 and MYR 4,327.76 per one TB case detected respectively. There was an incremental costs of MYR 2.49 per screening, and 3.4 TB case detection per 1000 screening for TB screening among PL HIV in relation to TB screening among prisoners. The probability of symptomatic cases diagnosed as TB was the key driver for increasing cost effectiveness efficacy among PL HIV.Conclusions: Results of the study suggest prioritization of high-risk group TB screening programme by focusing on the most cost-effective strategy such as screening among PL HIV, prisoners and elderly, which has lower cost per TB case detected.
Using a Competing-Risks Model to Predict the Prognosis of Meningioma Patients: Fine-Gray and Cause-Specific Hazard Analyses
Authors: Yang Jin , He Yujing , Huang Qiao , Zhao Fanfan , Feng Xiaojie , Lyu Jun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: We aimed to identify the risk factors for meningioma using a competing-risks model.Method: Patients entered into the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 1973 and 2015 were selected. Univariate analysis was performed using the cumulative incidence function (CIF) to show the probability of each event and Gray’s test to estimate the difference in the CIF between groups. Multivariate analysis using the Fine-Gray model and the cause-specific (CS) hazard model to explore factors affecting the cumulative incidence rate of meningioma patients.Result: Of the 1502 eligible patients, 419 died of meningioma and 398 died of competing events. The Fine-Gray model showed that age at diagnosis (35–64 vs 18–34 years: hazard ratio [HR]=2.490, p=0.031; >64 vs 18–34 years: HR=4.486, p<0.001), sex (male vs female: HR=1.388, p=0.002), tumor grade (II/III vs unknown: HR=1.630, p<0.001), and SEER stage (distant vs localized: HR=1.711, p<0.001) were risk factors for patients. The CS model showed that age at diagnosis (35–64 vs 18–34 years: HR=2.677, p=0.031; >64 vs 18–34 years: HR=5.982, p<0.001), marital status (divorced/separated/widowed vs married: HR=1.277, p=0.047), sex (male vs female: HR=1.486, p<0.001), tumor grade (II/III vs unknown: HR=1.775, p<0.001), and SEER stage (distant vs localized: HR=1.660, p<0.001) were risk factors for patients.Conclusion: This study is the first to establish a competing-risks analysis model for the risk assessment of meningioma patients. These results may help clinicians to better understand meningioma patients and provide them with appropriate support.
Identification of Differential Genes by Microarray and COL6A1 Induced the Bone Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Li Nan , Cao Xiaohui , Li Wei , Li Yunfang , Zhao Zongmao , Liu Ming 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide with bone metastasis as the most prevalent events in advanced cancer patients. However, its pathogenesis has not been clearly described. Methods: In the present study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered through gene expression microarray between NSCLC tissue samples with or without bone metastasis. Subsequently, collagen family collagen 6A1 (COL6A1) was chosen as the target gene through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and qRT-PCR validation of the 8 Top genes. And we evaluated the osteogenic capacity of HOB and hES-MP 002.5 cells through RT-qPCR, Western blot, Alizarin Red Staining and ALP staining.Results: A total of 364 DEGs including 140 up-regulated genes and 224 down-regulated genes were identified in NSCLC tissues with bone metastasis. GO analysis indicated that the upregulated and downregulated genes were mainly enriched in cellular process, metabolic process and biological regulation. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were mainly concentrated in cysteine and methionine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and ribosome; the downregulated genes were mainly concentrated in the transcriptional misregulation in cancer, ribosome, and mitophagy-animal. Besides, the results of RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry proved that COL6A1 was highly expressed in NSCLC tissue samples with bone metastasis. And we revealed that HOB and hES-MP 002.5 cells have osteogenic capacity through RT-qPCR, Western blot, Alizarin Red Staining and ALP staining . Moreover, the results of cell adhesion assay also proved that high expression of COL6A1 in HARA-B cells can induce its adhesion ability on osteoblasts, and low expression of COL6A1 in HARA-B cells can reduce its adhesion ability on osteoblasts. Conclusions: Therefore, our data revealed that the COL6A1 might represent a diagnostic marker or therapeutic target for bone metastasis in NSCLC.
Current status and influencing factors of self-management in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation under different anticoagulant therapy in Jiangsu province, China: A multi-center across‑sectional study
Authors: Liu ting , Ren mengxiao , Cui lingling , Lu bingqing , Hui jie , Ojo Omorogieva , Wang xiaohua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: There is little research focusing on the current status and influencing factors of self-management in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) under different anticoagulant therapy. This study aims to explore the current status of self-management of NVAF who took Warfarin, New Oral Anticoagulant (NOAC), Aspirin and No medication, and analyze the factors associated with their self-management ability in Jiangsu province, China. Methods: This was a multi-center, cross-sectional study that was conducted in six hospitals from December 2017 to October 2018. The general information and self-management of patients were collected by questionnaires and from the medical records. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with self-management.Results: A total of 555 participant completed the survey. The status of self-management was unsatisfactory in patients with NVAF, there were significant differences (P＜0.01) of self-management among patients in different anticoagulant groups and Warfarin group was relatively better (71.21±12.33). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the determinants of poor self-management in Warfarin group was the lower educational status (P＜0.01); in Aspirin group, comorbidities (P=0.015) and age＜65 years (P＜0.01) were the determinants of self-poor management; while in No medication group, age＜65 years (P=0.047), single (P＜0.01), poor sleep quality (P＜0.01) and permanent AF (P＜0.01) were the determinants of poor self-management. Conclusion: The current status of self-management among Chinese patientswith NVAF in Jiangsu province does not appear optimistic. Therefore, further studies should focus on how to improve the self-management among NVAF patients. In addition, policy makers should pay attention to identify patients at risk of poor self-management and take measures to improve their self-management.
Analysis of Two Bronze Mirrors With Tin-rich Surface
Authors: Yao Zhihui , Zhao Jiatian , Wang Xinguang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
"black lacquer " and “silver lacquer”are very special categories of ancient chinese bronze mirrors, and the cause of the formation of lacquer surface has attracted much attention. In this paper, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope are used to analyze one "black lacquer " and one “silver lacquer”bronze mirror. The matrix of the two mirrors is copper-tin alloy with lead and the metallographic structure is as cast. The tin-rich layer with uneven thickness exists on the surface of the 2 mirrors. Based on the analysis of tin-rich layer, it is concluded that the“silver lacquer” is intentionally artificial, and its surface is treated with lead-tin amalgam, which is composed of mechanical combination and micro-metallurgy. The "black paint" was formed by natural corrosion in the underground environment.
Epidemiological Patterns of Ocular Morbidity Among Under-Five Children in Khartoum State- Sudan 2020
Authors: Ibrahim Mohanad Kamaleldin Mahmoud , Ibrahim Hadeel Kamaleldin Mahmoud , Mohamed Alaa Saifaldawla Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundDevelopment of the visual system begins prenatally and continues after birth. Visual impairment in early childhood can significantly impair development of visual, motor, and cognitive functions and lead to adverse psychosocial consequences. This research objective is to study the epidemiological patterns of ocular morbidity among children aged less than five years old aiming to reveal information for prevention and control.MethodsThe study is a retrospective patient’s records study carried out in three tertiary eye care hospitals in Khartoum State- Sudan. Records of all children attended in 2019 amounting 10886were reviewed. The data had been summarized and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. The prevalence of under-five children was estimated in contrast to the overall population and as a proportion from the total children number. The patterns of ocular morbidity were identified according to type, age groups and gender. ResultsThe prevalence of under- five children with ocular morbidity was 5% and they represented 45% of the total children below 16 years. The predominant age group affected with ocular morbidity was (3-5 years old with 53%). Eye infections affected (19%), allergic eye diseases (16.8%), orbital diseases (12.4%), refractive errors (10.8%), squint (9.3%), corneal diseases (6.6%), cataract (6%), glaucoma (2.3%), neurogenic eye (2%) and tumors (0.23%).There were some variations in morbidities according to age groups and gender among the study participants.Conclusions﻿The proportion of under-five children is high. The predominant ocular morbidity affecting children of this age is eye infections, followed by allergic eye diseases and refractive errors while other serious blinding eye diseases mounted a considerable percentage. Although of small percentage but worth mentioning that malignant eye tumors were one of the patterns of ocular morbidities affecting under-five children. Patterns of ocular morbidity showed some gender variations.
Exploring Mid-Market Strategies for Big Data Governance
Authors: Knapton Ken 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Many data scientists are struggling to adopt effective data governance practices as they transition from traditional data analysis to big data analytics. Data governance of big data requires new strategies to deal with the volume, variety, and velocity attributes of big data. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore big data governance strategies employed by data scientists to provide a holistic perspective of those data for making decisions. The participants were 10 data scientists employed in multiple mid-market companies in the greater Salt Lake City, Utah area who have strategies to govern big data. This study’s data collection included semi-structured in-depth individual interviews (n = 10) and analysis of process documentation relating to big data governance in those organizations (n = 4). Through thematic analysis, 4 major themes emerged from the study: ensuring business centricity, striving for simplicity, establishing data source protocols, and designing for security. The strategies outlined in this study can lead to positive social change by proactively addressing the ethical use of personally identifiable information in big data. By implementing strategies relating to the segregation of duties, encryption of data, and personal information, data scientists can mitigate contemporary concerns relating to the use of private information in big data analytics.
Dysfunction of a Peripheral Lipid Sensor Gpr120 Causes Pgd2-microglia-provoked Neuroinflammation
Authors: Iwasa Kensuke , Yamamoto Shinji , Yamashina Kota , Sakemoto Chiaki , Yagishita-kyo Nan , Maruyama Kei , Awaji Takeo , Takei Yoshinori , Hirasawa Akira , Yoshikawa Keisuke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a key pathological component of neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by microglial activation and the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. We previously reported that a surge in prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) production and PGD2-induced microglial activation could provoke neuroinflammation. We also reported that a lipid sensor GPR120 (free fatty acid receptor 4), which is expressed in enteroendocrine cells in the intestine, could be activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), thereby mediating secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Dysfunction of GPR120 results in obesity in both mice and humans. To reveal the relationship between PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and intestinal PUFA/GPR120 signaling, we investigated neuroinflammation and neuronal function in GPR120 knockout (KO) mice. Results In the current study, we discovered notable PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation (increased PGD2 production and microglial activation) and neurodegeneration (declines in neurogenesis, hippocampal volume, and cognitive function) in GPR120 KO mice. We also found that Hematopoietic-prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) was expressed in microglia, microglia were activated by PGD2, H-PGDS expression was upregulated in GPR120 KO hippocampus, and inhibition of PGD2 production attenuated this neuroinflammatory pathway, suggesting that PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation was constantly occurring in the hippocampus of GPR120 KO mice. GPR120 mRNA was detected in the intestinal tissues, but not in the brain tissue of WT mice. GPR120 KO mice exhibited reduced intestinal, plasma, and intracerebral GLP-1 levels. Peripheral administration of a GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide, reduced PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in GPR120 KO mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration observed in GPR120 KO mice are probably caused by defects in intestinal GPR120 function, and not in the CNS. Our results also suggest that GLP-1 secretion, stimulated by intestinal GPR120, may remotely contribute to suppression of PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in the hippocampus.
WITHDRAWN: Predictive potentials of 8 muscle strength actions, KOOS-pain, and Örebro-psychosocial difficulties on self-reported activities-of-daily-life function in patients with knee osteoarthritis: an exploratory regression-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Vårbakken Kjartan , Lorås Håvard , Nilsson Kjell , Engdal Monika , Stensdotter Ann-Katrin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe aim of the study was to explore the relative predictive potentials of a discriminative and comprehensive set of lower-limb muscle strength factors onto self-reported physical-activities-of-daily-life-function (SR-ADL-function) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), when adjusting for prior known strong prospective predictors in a statistical model which covers the functional domains of the International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF). MethodsThe design was exploratory, patient-only, cross-sectional, and multivariable regression-based, rotating 8 strength-variables onto a hierarchical model. The setting was an Osteoarthritis-school in a secondary-care hospital in Norway. The participants were 28 Caucasian patients with mild-to-moderate symptomatic and radiographic KOA (mean age 61; 64% women) referred by general physicians to an osteoarthritis-school. Excluded patients had trauma to the lower limbs, BMI >35, and age beyond 45 to 70. The dependent/outcome variable was SR-ADL-function (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [KOOS-ADL]). The known predictors were prior documented discriminative KOOS-Pain and psychosocial difficulties (Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire), together with 8 candidate predictor lower-limb muscle-strength actions (Biodex and Commander II dynamometer recorded).ResultsMutually adjusted for pain and psychosocial difficulties (R2 = 0.71), the predicting muscle-strength actions explained the following unique variances in SR-ADL-function: hip external rotation 7.6% (p<0.010), ankle eversion 4.0% (p=0.050), hip internal rotation 3.8% (p=0.060), ankle inversion 3.6% (p=0.066). The remaining 4 muscle-strength actions explained from 2.0% to 1.2% (p>0.099), where knee extensor strength explained the least unique variance. Flipped, the current three best potential prediction models explained the following substantial proportions of variance in SR-ADL-function: 1) KOOS-pain, 66%; 2) KOOS-pain and Örebro psychosocial difficulties, 71%; and 3) KOOS-pain, Örebro psychosocial difficulties, and hip external rotation strength, 78%.ConclusionsAdjusted for pain and psychosocial difficulties, hip rotations and ankle eversion-inversion strength indicate substantial cross-sectional potentials for predicting SR-ADL-function for patients with KOA aged 45 to 70 in primary/hospital health-care. Relevant for future prevention and prediction/treatment studies, however, we suggest clinical researchers to consider the current muscle-strength actions together with the even stronger biopsychosocial predictors KOOS-pain and Örebro psychosocial difficulties for future ICF domain-covering models of SR-ADL. Future confirmative studies are needed to refute or generalize these pioneering exploratory conclusions.
Individualization of PEEP and Tidal Volume in ARDS Patients with Electrical Impedance Tomography
Authors: Becher Tobias Hermann , Buchholz Valerie , Hassel Daniel , Meinel Timo Alexander , Schädler Dirk , Frerichs Inéz , Weiler Norbert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundIn mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), electrical impedance tomography (EIT) provides information on alveolar cycling and overdistension as well as assessment of recruitability at the bedside. We developed a protocol for individualization of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and tidal volume (VT) utilizing EIT-derived information on recruitability, overdistension and alveolar cycling. The aim of this study was to assess whether the EIT-based protocol allows individualization of ventilator settings without causing lung overdistension, and to evaluate its effects on respiratory system compliance, oxygenation and alveolar cycling. Methods20 patients with ARDS were included. Initially, patients were ventilated according to the recommendations of the ARDS-Network with a VT of 6 ml per kg predicted body weight and PEEP adjusted according to the fraction of inspired oxygen. Subsequently, ventilator settings were adjusted according to the EIT-based protocol once every 30 minutes for a duration of 4 hours. To assess global overdistension, we determined whether lung stress and strain remained below 27 and 2.0, respectively. ResultsWe found that prospective optimization of mechanical ventilation with EIT led to global lung stress below 27 mbar in all patients and global strain below 2.0 in 19 out of 20 patients. Compliance remained similar while oxygenation was significantly improved and alveolar cycling was reduced after EIT-based optimization.ConclusionsAdjustment of PEEP and VT using the EIT-based protocol led to individualization of ventilator settings with improved oxygenation and reduced alveolar cycling without promoting global overdistension. Trial registrationThis study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02703012) on March 9, 2016 before including the first patient.