bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Feeding, Care, Support and Nutritional Status of Children in the Rural Area of Kaski District, Nepal.
Authors: Shrestha Basundhara , Kumar Yadav Dipendra 
Published: December 2019

The girl child faces the neglect of the family in the form of a failure to provide her the basic necessities of life in terms of food, clothing, love, shelter, supervision, education and medical care. Differential treatment of the boys and girls within families can be attributed to the social religious, cultural and economic returns that sons provide to their parents relative to daughters. Objective of the study was to assess the gender differences in feeding, care, support and nutritional status of children in the rural area of Kaski district, Nepal. A cross sectional study was carried out among the 456 children of 0-23 months from four VDCs of Kaski district. Data were collected using cluster random sampling. After obtaining the oral consent from the mothers and then data were collected in a pre-tested, pre designed, structured questionnaire by interview technique. In this study half of the respondents initiated breast milk within one hour after birth. Among them, more male children were received breast milk than female children. Nearly all (98.7%) of female child were fed colostrums milk. More than half (53.6%) of the respondents (male 54.4% and female 52.9%) were feeding breast milk more than nine times in 24 hours. Higher proportions of male children were exclusively breastfed than female children. Similarly higher percentages of male children were fed complementary food on timely than female children. The frequency of complementary feeding was less than four times for both children. During child illness most of the respondents went to hospital and almost all children got vaccines and vitamin A. Female appeared slightly more likely to be stunted than male. 19.2% male and 13.1% female were underweight and the proportion of wasted were nearly same in both male and female. There were no much differences among both the gender regarding feeding practice, care and support.
Keywords: Gender differences in feeding; Care; Nutritional status of children; Rural area
Nasal Carriage Rate of Staphylococcus aureus in Hospital Personnel of National Medical College and Teaching Hospital and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern
Authors: Sah Prakash , Raj Rijal Komal , Shakya Bikash , Raj Tiwari Bishnu , Ghimire Prakash 
Published: December 2019

Nasal carriage of S. aureus has been identified as a risk factor for community-acquired and nosocomial infections. Healthyhospital personnel may carry pathogenic hospital strains in their nose and skin and may spread these pathogens to thecommunity leading to more dreadful condition. This study was carried out at National Medical College & Teaching Hospitalwith the objective to study the nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aurues among the staffs at the hospital. A total of 54 nasalswabs were taken from the hospital staff. All the samples were processed following standard microbiological method. Grampositive cocci that were mannitol fermenting, catalase positive and coagulase positive isolates were considered as S. aureus.Nasal carriage rate of S. aureus among hospital staff was found to be 20.37%. Carriage among male and female staff was19% and 21.2% respectively (p>0.05). All nasal S. aureus isolates were sensitive to Amikacin and Vancomycin. Methicillinresistance rate was found to be 45.5%. High rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus indicates need for standard infection controlpractices to prevent transmission.
Key words: Hospital staff, Nasal Carriage, S. aureus
[C i](1–0) and [C i](2–1) in Resolved Local Galaxies*
Authors: Crocker Alison F. , Pellegrini Eric , Smith J.-D. T. , Draine Bruce T. , Wilson Christine D. , Wolfire Mark , Armus Lee , Brinks Elias , Dale Daniel A. , Groves Brent , Herrera-Camus Rodrigo , Hunt Leslie K. , Kennicutt Robert C. , Murphy Eric J. , Sandstrom Karin , Schinnerer Eva , Rigopoulou Dimitra , Rosolowsky Erik , Werf Paul van der 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We present resolved [C i] line intensities of 18 nearby galaxies observed with the SPIRE FTS spectrometer on the Herschel Space Observatory. We use these data along with resolved CO line intensities from J
up = 1 to 7 to interpret what phase of the interstellar medium the [C i] lines trace within typical local galaxies. A tight, linear relation is found between the intensities of the CO(4–3) and [C i](2–1) lines; we hypothesize this is due to the similar upper level temperature of these two lines. We modeled the [C i] and CO line emission using large-velocity gradient models combined with an empirical template. According to this modeling, the [C i](1–0) line is clearly dominated by the low-excitation component. We determine [C i] to molecular mass conversion factors for both the [C i](1–0) and [C i](2–1) lines, with mean values of α
[C i](1−0) = 7.3 M
⊙ K−1 km−1 s pc−2 and α
[C i](2−1) = 34 M
⊙ K−1 km−1 s pc−2 with logarithmic root-mean-square spreads of 0.20 and 0.32 dex, respectively. The similar spread of

to

(derived using the CO(2–1) line) suggests that [C i](1–0) may be just as good a tracer of cold molecular gas as CO(2–1) in galaxies of this type. On the other hand, the wider spread of α
[C i](2−1) and the tight relation found between [C i](2–1) and CO(4–3) suggest that much of the [C i](2–1) emission may originate in warmer molecular gas.
Identifying TeV Source Candidates among Fermi-LAT Unclassified Blazars
Authors: Chiaro G. , Meyer M. , Mauro M. Di , Salvetti D. , Mura G. La , Thompson D. J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Blazars, in particular the subclass of high synchrotron peaked active galactic nuclei are among the main targets for the present generation of Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov Telescopes (IACTs), and they will remain of great importance for very high-energy γ-ray science in the era of the Cerenkov Telescope Array (CTA). Observations by IACTs, which have relatively small fields of view (∼few degrees), are limited by viewing conditions; therefore, it is important to select the most promising targets to increase the number of detections. The aim of this paper is to search for unclassified blazars among known γ-ray sources from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) third source catalog that are likely detectable with IACTs or CTA. We use an artificial neural network algorithm and updated analysis of Fermi-LAT data. We found 80 γ-ray source candidates, and for the highest-confidence candidates, we calculate their potential detectability with IACTs and CTA based on an extrapolation of their energy spectra. Follow-up observations of our source candidates could significantly increase the current TeV source population sample and ultimately confirm the efficiency of our algorithm to select TeV sources.
Exploring Plasma Heating in the Current Sheet Region in a Three-dimensional Coronal Mass Ejection Simulation
Authors: Reeves Katharine K. , Török Tibor , Mikić Zoran , Linker Jon , Murphy Nicholas A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We simulate a coronal mass ejection using a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic code that includes coronal heating, thermal conduction, and radiative cooling in the energy equation. The magnetic flux distribution at 1 R

s
is produced by a localized subsurface dipole superimposed on a global dipole field, mimicking the presence of an active region within the global corona. Transverse electric fields are applied near the polarity inversion line to introduce a transverse magnetic field, followed by the imposition of a converging flow to form and destabilize a flux rope, producing an eruption. We examine the quantities responsible for plasma heating and cooling during the eruption, including thermal conduction, radiation, adiabatic effects, coronal heating, and ohmic heating. We find that ohmic heating is an important contributor to hot temperatures in the current sheet region early in the eruption, but in the late phase, adiabatic compression plays an important role in heating the plasma there. Thermal conduction also plays an important role in the transport of thermal energy away from the current sheet region throughout the reconnection process, producing a “thermal halo” and widening the region of high temperatures. We simulate emission from solar telescopes for this eruption and find that there is evidence for emission from heated plasma above the flare loops late in the eruption, when the adiabatic heating is the dominant heating term. These results provide an explanation for hot supra-arcade plasma sheets that are often observed in X-rays and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths during the decay phase of large flares.
Propagation of Scatter-free Solar Energetic Electrons in a Meandering Interplanetary Magnetic Field
Authors: Moradi Ashraf , Li Gang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We investigate energetic electron transport in a meandering interplanetary magnetic field under the scatter-free regime. The meandering magnetic field is adopted from the Giacalone model in which a single parameter V
rms is used to characterize how the interplanetary magnetic field deviates from the Parker field. The trajectories of energetic electrons are followed in this meandering field using test particle simulations. Ten thousand electrons are injected in the ecliptic plane and the path length distributions are obtained at distances 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 au from the Sun for five different V
rms, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 km s−1. By generating 10,000 different realizations of the meandering field line, we also obtain the path length distribution of the field lines. Our simulations show that the path length distributions of the electrons and that of the field lines are different and the difference increases with V
rms. When the V
rms approaches zero, the field lines approach the Parker field, and the differences between particle path lengths and field path lengths are small but nonzero due to the gradient and curvature drifts. The path lengths for 1 MeV electrons do not differ much from those for 100 MeV electrons. Our results of the distribution of electron path length can be compared to the observations of Zhao et al. to set constraints on V
rms. We also calculate both the longitudinal and latitudinal displacements from the source when electrons arrive at 1 au. This provides some basis for understanding simultaneous observations of impulsive events made at multiple spacecraft.
Spectral and Timing Properties of the Galactic X-Ray Transient Swift J1658.2–4242 Using Astrosat Observations
Authors: Jithesh V. , Maqbool Bari , Misra Ranjeev , T Athul. R. , Mall Gitika , James Marykutty 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We present the X-ray timing and spectral analysis of the new Galactic X-ray transient Swift J1658.2–4242 observed with the Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter and Soft X-ray Telescope instruments on board Astrosat. We detect prominent C-type quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of frequencies varying from ∼1.5 to ∼6.6 Hz along with distinct second harmonics and subharmonics. The QPO detected at ∼1.56 Hz drifts to a higher centroid frequency of ∼1.74 in the course of the observation, while the QPO detected at ∼6.6 Hz disappeared during hard flarings. The fractional rms at the QPO and the subharmonic frequencies increases with photon energy, while at the second harmonic frequencies the rms seems to be constant. In addition, we have observed soft time lag at QPO and subharmonic frequencies up to a timescale of ∼35 ms; however, at the second harmonic frequencies there is weak/zero time lag. We attempt spectral modeling of the broadband data in the 0.7–25 keV band using the doubly absorbed disk plus thermal Comptonization model. Based on the spectral and timing properties, we identified the source to be in the hard-intermediate state of black hole X-ray binaries. To quantitatively fit the energy- and frequency-dependent fractional rms and time lag, we use a single-zone fluctuation propagation model and discuss our results in the context of that model.
Spallation-altered Accreted Compositions for X-Ray Bursts: Impact on Ignition Conditions and Burst Ashes
Authors: Randhawa J. S. , Meisel Z. , Giuliani S. A. , Schatz H. , Meyer B. S. , Ebinger K. , Hood A. A. , Kanungo R. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Model predictions of X-ray burst ashes and light curves depend on the composition of the material accreted from the companion star, in particular the abundance of CNO elements. It has previously been pointed out that spallation in the atmosphere of the accreting neutron star can destroy heavy elements efficiently. In this work we study this spallation using a realistic reaction network that follows the complete spallation cascade and takes into account not only destruction, but also production of elements by the spallation of heavier species. We find an increased survival probability of heavier elements compared to previous studies, resulting in significantly higher CNO abundances. We provide resulting compositions as a function of accretion rate, and explore their impact on 1D multi-zone X-ray burst models. We find significant changes in the composition of the burst ashes, which will affect the thermal and compositional structure of accreted neutron star crusts.
Accelerated Expansion of the Universe in the Model with Nonuniform Pressure
Authors: Kopteva Elena , Bormotova Irina , Churilova Maria , Stuchlik Zdenek 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We present the particular case of the Stephani solution for shear-free perfect fluid with uniform energy density and nonuniform pressure. Such models appeared as possible alternative to the consideration of the exotic forms of matter like dark energy that would cause the acceleration of universe expansion. These models are characterized by the spatial curvature, depending on time. We analyze the properties of the cosmological model obtained on the basis of exact solution of the Stephani class, and adapt it to the recent observational data. The spatial geometry of the model is investigated. We show that despite possible singularities, the model can describe the current stage of the universe’s evolution.
Expansion of Solar Coronal Hot Electrons in an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field: 1D PIC Simulation
Authors: Sun Jicheng , Gao Xinliang , Ke Yangguang , Lu Quanming , Wang Xueyi , Wang Shui 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The expansion of hot electrons in flaring magnetic loops is crucial to understanding the dynamics of solar flares. In this paper we investigate, for the first time, the transport of hot electrons in a magnetic mirror field based on a 1D particle-in-cell simulation model. The hot electrons with small pitch angles transport into the cold plasma, which leads to the generation of Langmuir waves in the cold plasma and ion acoustic waves in the hot plasma. The large pitch angle electrons can be confined by the magnetic mirror, resulting in the different evolution timescale between electron parallel and perpendicular temperatures. This will cause the formation of electron temperature anisotropy, which then generates the whistler waves near the interface between hot electrons and cold electrons. The whistler waves can scatter the large pitch angle electrons to smaller value through the cyclotron resonance, leading to electrons escaping from the hot region. These results indicate that the whistler waves may play an important role in the transport of electrons in flaring magnetic loops. The findings from this study provide some new insights to understand the electron dynamics of solar flares.
A 3D Dust Map Based on Gaia, Pan-STARRS 1, and 2MASS
Authors: Green Gregory M. , Schlafly Edward , Zucker Catherine , Speagle Joshua S. , Finkbeiner Douglas 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We present a new three-dimensional map of dust reddening, based on Gaia parallaxes and stellar photometry from Pan-STARRS 1 and 2MASS. This map covers the sky north of a decl. of −30°, out to a distance of a few kiloparsecs. This new map contains three major improvements over our previous work. First, the inclusion of Gaia parallaxes dramatically improves distance estimates to nearby stars. Second, we incorporate a spatial prior that correlates the dust density across nearby sightlines. This produces a smoother map, with more isotropic clouds and smaller distance uncertainties, particularly to clouds within the nearest kiloparsec. Third, we infer the dust density with a distance resolution that is four times finer than in our previous work, to accommodate the improvements in signal-to-noise enabled by the other improvements. As part of this work, we infer the distances, reddenings, and types of 799 million stars. (Our 3D dust map can be accessed at doi:10.7910/DVN/2EJ9TX or through the Python package dustmaps, while our catalog of stellar parameters can be accessed at doi:10.7910/DVN/AV9GXO. More information about the map, as well as an interactive viewer, can be found at argonaut.skymaps.info.) We obtain typical reddening uncertainties that are ∼30% smaller than those reported in the Gaia DR2 catalog, reflecting the greater number of photometric passbands that enter into our analysis.
A Trio of Massive Black Holes Caught in the Act of Merging*
Authors: Liu Xin , Hou Meicun , Li Zhiyuan , Nyland Kristina , Guo Hengxiao , Kong Minzhi , Shen Yue , Wrobel Joan M. , Peng Sijia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We report the discovery of SDSS J0849+1114 as the first known triple Type 2 Seyfert nucleus. It represents three active black holes that are identified from new spatially resolved optical slit spectroscopy using the Dual Imaging Spectrograph on the 3.5 m telescope at the Apache Point Observatory. We also present new complementary observations including the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 U- and Y-band imaging, Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer S-array X-ray 0.5–8 keV imaging spectroscopy, and NSF Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array radio 9.0 GHz imaging in its most extended A configuration. These comprehensive multiwavelength observations, when combined together, strongly suggest that all three nuclei are active galactic nuclei. While they are now still at kiloparsec-scale separations, where the host-galaxy gravitational potential dominates, the black holes may evolve into a bound triple system in ≲2 Gyr. These triple merger systems may explain the overly massive stellar cores that have been observed in some elliptical galaxies such as M87, which are expected to be unique gravitational wave sources. Similar systems may be more common in the early universe, when galaxy mergers are thought to have been more frequent.
The Nature of Ionized Gas in the Milky Way Galactic Fountain
Authors: Werk Jessica K. , Rubin K. H. R. , Bish H. V. , Prochaska J. X. , Zheng Y. , O’Meara J. M. , Lenz D. , Hummels C. , Deason A. J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We address the spatial scale, ionization structure, mass, and metal content of gas at the Milky Way disk–halo interface detected as absorption in the foreground of seven closely spaced, high-latitude halo blue horizontal branch stars with heights z = 3–14 kpc. We detect transitions that trace multiple ionization states (e.g., Ca ii, Fe ii, Si iv, C iv) with column densities that remain constant with height from the disk, indicating that the gas most likely lies within z < 3.4 kpc. The intermediate ionization state gas traced by C iv and Si iv is strongly correlated over the full range of transverse separations probed by our sight lines, indicating large, coherent structures greater than 1 kpc in size. The low ionization state material traced by Ca ii and Fe ii does not exhibit a correlation with either N
H i
or transverse separation, implying cloudlets or clumpiness on scales less than 10 pc. We find that the observed ratio log(N
Si iv
/N
C iv
), with a median value of −0.69 ± 0.04, is sensitive to the total carbon content of the ionized gas under the assumption of either photoionization or collisional ionization. The only self-consistent solution for photoionized gas requires that Si be depleted onto dust by 0.35 dex relative to the solar Si/C ratio, similar to the level of Si depletion in DLAs and in the Milky Way interstellar medium. The allowed range of values for the areal mass infall rate of warm, ionized gas at the disk−halo interface is 0.0003 < dM
gas/dtdA [M
⊙ kpc−2 yr−1] <0.006. Our data support a physical scenario in which the Milky Way is fed by complex, multiphase processes at its disk−halo interface that involve kiloparsec-scale ionized envelopes or streams containing parsec-scale, cool clumps.
Distribution of two rare taxa of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae, Polycentropodidae) from the Republic of Kosovo
Authors: Ibrahimi Halil , Kuçi Ruzhdi , Bilalli Astrit , Musliu Milaim , Gashi Arben , Sinani Naman , Emërllahu Besnik 
Published: December 2019

The knowledge about distribution, ecology and species composition of caddisflies of the Balkan Peninsula is still not complete. The ongoing investigations of the last years highlight this area as an important hotspot of caddisfly diversity. Polycentropus ierapetra slovenica has been considered a narrow range endemic of Slovenia and surrounding areas. Rhyacophila aurata, a species known from many parts of Europe, according to the current knowledge, is absent from a large part of the Balkan Peninsula.
In this paper, we present records of these two rare taxa of Trichoptera from the Republic of Kosovo with exact distribution data, based on sampling carried out randomly during 2014 and 2017. Polycentropus ierapetra slovenica was found in several streams in Bjeshkët e Nemuna Mountains and Karadak Mountains. Rhyacophila aurata was found during this investigation at a single locality in Bjeshkët e Nemuna Mountains.
The unexpected finding of these two taxa in Kosovo greatly enlarges their known distribution area and makes a contribution towards the better knowledge of distributional patterns of these rare taxa of caddisflies in this part of Europe.
À quoi sert le droit de l'environnement ? Plaidoyer pour les droits de la nature
Authors: Bourg Dominique 
Published: December 2019

Quel est le bilan d'un demi-siècle de protection de l'environnement ? Telle est la question dont part cet article. Or ce bilan, que l'on se tourne vers les rapports du GIEC (Groupe d'experts sur l'évolution du climat) ou ceux de l'IPBES (Plate-forme sur la biodiversité et les écosystèmes) ou encore vers l'état planétaire des ressources, est catastrophique. Il y a donc un problème. La réponse proposée est de changer de paradigme et de construire un droit de la nature. Sont exposées des raisons philosophiques fondamentales, en lien avec l'entrée dans l'Anthropocène, en faveur d'un tel changement.
Des procès pour renforcer l'effectivité du droit de l'environnement
Authors: Hautereau-Boutonnet Mathilde , Truilhé Eve 
Published: December 2019

Le droit de l'environnement fait l'objet de critiques régulières quant à son effectivité. Si, pour y remédier, il est souvent prôné d'opérer des réformes concernant le droit substantiel, il convient aussi d'observer de plus près les règles processuelles, tant elles peuvent jouer un rôle dans l'ouverture et le déroulement du procès et, in fine , contribuer à l'application du droit de l'environnement. Ce sont ces dernières règles qu'un groupe de recherche, avec le soutien de la Mission de recherche Droit et Justice, ont observé de plus près. S'intitulant « Le procès environnemental : du procès sur l'environnement au procès pour l'environnement », la recherche a conduit à l'élaboration d'un rapport contenant certaines propositions ( http://www.gip-recherche-justice.fr/publication/le-proces-environnemental-du-proces-sur-lenvironnement-au-proces-pour-lenvironnement/ ). Cette contribution propose de mettre en évidence la méthodologie qui sous-tend ces propositions, fruit d'un équilibre entre le "techniquement possible", "juridiquement réalisable" et "politiquement souhaitable".