bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing bias in dual flip angle T1‐mapping in human brain at 7T
Authors: Olsson Hampus , Andersen Mads , Lätt Jimmy , Wirestam Ronnie , Helms Gunther 
Published: February 2020

PurposeTo address the systematic bias in whole‐brain dual flip angle (DFA) T1‐mapping at 7T by optimizing the flip angle pair and carefully selecting radiofrequency (RF) pulse shape and duration.Theory and MethodsSpoiled gradient echoes can be used to estimate whole‐brain maps of T1. This can be accomplished by using only two acquisitions with different flip angles, that is, a DFA‐based approach. Although DFA‐based T1‐mapping is seemingly straightforward to implement, it is sensitive to bias caused by incomplete spoiling and incidental magnetization transfer effects. Further bias is introduced by the increased B0 and

inhomogeneities at 7T. Experiments were performed to determine the optimal flip angle pair and appropriate RF pulse shape and duration. Obtained T1 estimates were validated using inversion recovery prepared echo planar imaging and compared to literature values. A multi‐echo readout was used to increase signal‐to‐noise ratio, enabling quantification of

and susceptibility, χ.ResultsIncomplete spoiling was observed above a local flip angle of approximately 20°. An asymmetric gauss‐filtered sinc pulse with a constant duration of 700 μs showed a sufficiently flat frequency response profile to avoid incomplete excitation in areas with high B0 offsets. A pulse duration of 700 μs minimized effects from incidental magnetization transfer.ConclusionWhen performing DFA‐based T1‐mapping one should (a) limit the higher flip angle to avoid incomplete spoiling, (b) use a RF pulse shape insensitive to B0 inhomogeneities and (c) apply a constant RF pulse duration, balanced to minimize incidental magnetization transfer.
Exploring the role‐based challenges of providing culturally inclusive health care for maternal and child health nurses: Qualitative findings
Authors: Malatzky Christina , Mohamed Shaburdin Zubaidah , Bourke Lisa 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimsTo explore how maternal and child health nurses (MCHNs) working in a specific regionally located service perceive and experience delivering health care to a diverse population.DesignQualitative exploratory study.MethodsQualitative interviews were conducted with MCHNs (N = 6) working in a particular regionally located service. Data were selectively coded, categorized and interpreted through a process of argument writing influenced by poststructuralist thought and Foucauldian conceptualizations of power.ResultsThe data analysed were interpreted into the following categories: (a) system‐level expectations of the maternal and child health role; (b) what these system‐level expectations mean for the role and practice of MCHNs; and (c) what MCHNs themselves report prioritizing in their work. The analysis suggests that a substantial hindrance to the development and support of culturally safe, inclusive and quality maternal and child health care lies in the very ways contemporary health institutions seek to discipline the routine practices of MCHNs.
Behavioral problems in preadolescence: Does gender matter?
Authors: Khan Bushra , Avan Bilal Iqbal 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBehavioral problems in children are increasingly acknowledged as a global issue in mental health. Preadolescence is the transitory phase of development that links childhood and adolescence, and the presence of behavioral problems in this phase could be detrimental to children's present and future. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of “behavioral problems” in preadolescents aged 11 to 12 years and to examine their distribution by socioeconomic status and children's characteristics while developing an in‐depth understanding of the role of gender as a risk factor for such problems. A school‐based, cross‐sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. Participants were selected from a middle‐class, coeducational school chain. Sociodemographic questionnaires and an officially adapted version of Youth Self Report Form, which is child‐ and adolescent‐reported version of Child Behavior Checklist, were used to collect data from children. The prevalence of Overall Behavioral Problems was 28.6%. From Broadband Scales, the relative prevalence of internalizing problems was about 52% higher than that of externalizing problems. Among the Narrowband Scales, somatic complaints were the most prevalent (23.2%). Male children significantly had higher odds for being at risk of Overall Behavioral problems, internalizing problems, and co‐occurring behavioral issues, as compared to female children. The study concludes that the prevalence of overall behavioral problems is at the higher end of the global range. Male children are more at risk for overall behavioral problems, and contrary to previous studies, they are significantly more at risk of internalizing problems. Our study is the first to report the risk of co‐occurrence of multiple issues with respect to gender, and adds that male children are significantly at risk of multiple co‐occurring behavioral problems. Our study highlights the need for an in‐depth understanding of cultural, sociopolitical conditions for actionable and gender‐sensitive interventions for preadolescents.
Factors Associated with Initial Interest and Treatment Selection in Patients with Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Glaws Kathryn , Brown‐Taylor Lindsey , Pomeroy Matthew , Di Stasi Stephanie , Fritz Julie M. , Ryan John , Walrod Bryant , Vasileff William K. 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundOutcomes for operative and nonoperative management of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) are variable. Understanding factors that inform patients' treatment decisions may optimize their outcomes.ObjectiveTo identify factors that predict which patients with FAIS proceed to surgery within 90 days of their initial evaluation by an orthopedic surgeon. The study explored potential predictors of surgical intervention, including demographic factors, activity level, symptom duration, previous treatment, hip function, pain, presence of labral tear, and patient interest in surgical and physical therapy (PT) treatment.DesignProspective cohort.SettingSingle‐site academic medical center.PatientsSeventy‐seven individuals with FAIS.InterventionAfter evaluation in a hip preservation clinic, participants reported activity level, symptom duration, treatment history, hip function [Hip Outcome Score Activities of Daily Living(HOS‐ADL)], pain severity and location, and treatment interests. These variables were evaluated based on univariate analysis for entry into a multiple binomial logistic regression to identify predictors of surgery within 90 days. Adjusted marginal prevalence ratios and 95% confidence interval estimates (PR [95% CI]) were reported (P ≤ .05).Main Outcome Measure(s)Ninety‐day treatment (surgery or not).ResultsParticipants indicated initial interest in surgery (n = 27), PT (n = 22), both (n = 18), or neither (n = 10). Those only interested in PT had lower prevalence of diagnosed labral tear (P < .001) and previous PT for the hip (P < .001). Prevalence of previous injection was higher for those only interested in surgery than for those with any interest in PT (P < .001). Thirty‐six of 77 participants (46%) underwent surgery within 90 days. Surgical interest (3.56 [1.57, 5.46]), previous hip injection (3.06 [1.73, 3.89]), younger age (0.95 [0.92, 0.98]), and worse hip function (0.97 [0.95, 0.99]) were significant (P ≤ .02) predictors of surgery.ConclusionsTreatment interest and history, patient function, and age were significantly related to participants' decision to pursue surgical intervention within 90 days. Patient engagement in the decision‐making process should include considerations of patient knowledge of, and experience with, the various treatment options.
Novel non‐chemically amplified resist utilizing interaction between hexafluoroisopropylalcohol‐containing styrene and photochemical acid generator
Authors: Doi Takashi , Yada Yuji , Nishino Kota , Sugiura Makoto , Shimokawa Tsutomu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt is very important in the design of positive‐type resists to consider the dissolution inhibition effect to form high‐resolution patterns. Previously, the phenomenon of the inhibition of hexafluoroisopropylalcohol‐containing polystyrene's dissolution into alkaline developers by sulfonium salt photochemical acid generator (PAG) was studied. In the present study, patterning was conducted to examine whether the above platform can be applied to positive‐type resists. As a result, the platform was found to be useful for the formation of resist patterns and be a novel non‐chemically amplified resist. On the other hand, a decrease in sensitivity was observed with an increase in the amount of PAG to enhance the dissolution inhibition effect, and an increase in the amounts of residues derived from decomposition products of PAG occurred by making the resist films thinner to improve the sensitivity. It was suggested that enhancement of the interaction and light transmittance by changing polymer compositions and structures of PAG and improvement of miscibility of PAG with alkaline developers might be effective. This resist system is expected to be one of the platforms as a solution when resist materials with nearly critical dimensions for which chemically amplified type cannot be applied are required in the future.
Detection and characterization of resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides in Anisantha and Bromus species in the United Kingdom
Authors: Davies Laura R , Onkokesung Nawaporn , Brazier‐Hicks Melissa , Edwards Robert , Moss Stephen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDAnisantha and Bromus spp. are widespread and difficult to control, potentially due to the evolution of herbicide resistance. In this study, UK populations of four brome species have been tested for the early development of resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides commonly used in their control.RESULTSGlasshouse assays confirmed reduced sensitivity to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in single populations of A. diandra, B. commutatus and B. secalinus, and in three populations of A. sterilis. By contrast, all 60 brome populations tested were sensitive to the ACCase‐inhibiting herbicide propaquizafop and glyphosate. Dose–response with two ALS herbicides showed broad‐ranging resistance in the A. diandra, A. sterilis and B. commutatus populations. In the B. commutatus population, this was associated with a point mutation in the ALS enzyme conferring target site resistance (TSR). Additionally, resistant populations of A. sterilis and B. commutatus populations contained enhanced amounts of an orthologue of the glutathione transferase phi (F) class 1 (GSTF1) protein, a functional biomarker of nontarget site resistance (NTSR) in Alopecurus myosuroides. There was further evidence of NTSR as these plants also demonstrated an enhanced capacity to detoxify herbicides.CONCLUSIONThis study confirms the evolution of resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides in brome species in the UK by mechanisms consistent with the evolution of both TSR and NTSR. These findings point to the need for increased vigilance in detecting and mitigating against the evolution of herbicide resistance in brome species in Northern Europe. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluating the ecotoxicological effects of Pb contamination on the resistance against Lymantria dispar in forest plant, Larix olgensis
Authors: Jiang Dun , Tan Ming‐tao , Wang Qi , Wang Gui‐rong , Yan Shan‐chun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDHeavy metal contamination in forest ecosystems has become increasingly severe, and there is an urgent need to better understand the ecotoxicological effects of heavy metals on the whole forest ecosystems, especially their effects on insect resistance of forest plant. In the present study, the resistance against gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae in Larix olgensis seedlings grown in non‐amended or Pb‐amended (at 500 and 1500 mg kg−1) soil was evaluated.RESULTSPb from the treated soil could be transferred and exerted bio‐toxicological effects along the food chain consisting of L. olgensis seedlings and gypsy moth larvae, eventually causing significantly reduction in seedlings growth, as well as larval weight, survival rate and antioxidant capacity. With regard to phytochemical defense, the activities or contents of protease inhibitors (trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors) and secondary metabolites (condensed tannin and total phenolics) in Pb‐treated larch needles presented a tendency of ‘low‐promotion, high‐inhibition’ with the increase of Pb exposure concentration. At the same time, Pearson's correlation coefficients showed that the trade‐off hypothesis on energy allocation between phytochemical defense and plant growth was not supported by the data from the L. olgensis seedlings that were exposed to Pb stress, and elemental defense might replace the dominant role of phytochemical defense in L. olgensis seedlings under Pb stress against the gypsy moth larvae.CONCLUSIONThese findings emphasize ecotoxicological effects of heavy metal contaminations along the food chains (forest plants and forest defoliators), and provide a new perspective for optimizing forest pest control strategies in the heavy metal polluted regions. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Augmentative releases of the soil predatory mite Gaeolaelaps aculeifer reduce fruit damage caused by an invasive thrips in Mediterranean citrus
Authors: Navarro‐Campos Cristina , Beltrà Aleixandre , Calabuig Altea , Garcia‐Marí Ferran , Wäckers Felix L , Pekas Apostolos 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoil‐dwelling predatory mites of the family Laelapidae are augmentatively released for the biological control of several pests with an edaphic phase in numerous greenhouse crops. Yet, there is no information about the potential of releasing these predators to control pests in open field crops. We tested, during two consecutive years, the potential of augmentative releases of Gaeolaelaps aculeifer, alone or in combination with coco fiber discs as mulch, to reduce the damage caused on citrus fruits by the invasive thrips Pezothrips kellyanus in Mediterranean citrus. In a separate trial, we also compared different mulch types (coco fiber discs, rice husks or a mixture of sawdust and wheat bran) for their potential to support the establishment and population development of the predatory mites after their release.RESULTSThe percentage of unmarketable fruits caused by P. kellyanus was significantly reduced in the plots where G. aculeifer was released. The addition of coco fiber discs did not reduce further the percentage of unmarketable fruits. Sawdust + bran mulch was the most effective in preserving immature and adult predatory mite population after their release.CONCLUSIONAugmentative releases of G. aculeifer have the potential to reduce fruit damage caused by P. kellyanus in citrus. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography with atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry for analysis of gasoline polymeric additives
Authors: Beaumesnil Mathieu , Mendes Siqueira Anna Luiza , Hubert‐Roux Marie , Loutelier‐Bourhis Corinne , Afonso Carlos , Racaud Amandine , Bai Yang 
Published: February 2020

RationaleThe offline coupling of high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) with atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry (ASAP‐MS) was evaluated for the characterization of polymeric additives in gasoline.MethodsA protocol was developed to optimize the ion signal. A glass capillary was moistened with deionized water, and then dipped into silica gel scratched from an HPTLC plate. The capillary tube was fixed to the ASAP holder and introduced into the ionization source for analysis by MS. Silica gel, reversed‐phase C18 and cellulose stationary phases were evaluated.ResultsThe effect of the stationary phase and the nature of analyte were evaluated using polypropylene glycol and polyisobutylene succinimide polyamine as analyte molecules. The optimal ionization conditions are significantly different between ASAP and HPTLC/ASAP‐MS analyses. In particular, a higher desorption gas temperature was required to produce ions from the silica gel HPTLC plate. The presence of the stationary phase reduces the internal energy of the ions and limits the fragmentation.ConclusionsHPTLC/ASAP‐MS is a very fast and efficient technique for the analysis of polymers in formulated fuels. Good ionization efficiency was obtained with all investigated stationary phases.
Protein precipitation coupled to paper spray with a tube for one‐step analysis of blood
Authors: Dai Mengjie , Huang Guangming 
Published: February 2020

RationaleAccurate measurement of trace compounds in blood samples is important in clinical diagnosis and life science. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry, however, suffers from the matrix effect when dealing with complex samples such as blood. Therefore, it is important to reduce the matrix effects in blood samples.MethodsA low‐cost and disposable Teflon tube was used as a platform to precipitate the protein in blood. The analytes are extracted into organic solvent, and the precipitated protein can be adsorbed by the chromatography paper inserted. Therefore, the Teflon tube after precipitation can be directly subjected to paper spray ionization mass spectrometry, achieving one‐step analysis of blood.ResultsHigh sensitivity and satisfactory stability were achieved for pharmaceuticals, acids, and endogenic metabolites in blood. The absolute signal intensities of characteristic product ions of the tested analytes were 8–20 times higher after protein precipitation than those obtained using paper spray. Detection limits and quantitative performance were evaluated for three drugs: carbamazepine, metformin, and tioconazole. In addition, the limits of detection and quantitation were improved 9–14‐ and 8–12‐fold, respectively.ConclusionsProtein precipitation coupled to paper spray with a tube and then to mass spectrometry was successfully achieved and applied in the one‐step analysis of trace compounds in blood samples. The experimental results showed that this method was sensitive, stable, convenient, and economic for the direct analysis of blood.
Differences in physical habitat simulation system modelling results using benthic or pelagic fish species as indicators in Peruvian Andes–Amazon rivers
Authors: Oyague Eduardo , Vera Adrián , Cabrejos Lucía , Franco Pablo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAquatic organisms with different adaptations are used as indicators in physical habitat simulation system models. Those adaptations are critical for determining the shape of the weighted usable area/width curve and for recommending values of environmental flows. The main objective of this study is to compare the use of benthic native species (Astroblepus taczanowskiiandAstroblepus vanceae) versus the introducedOncorhynchus mykiss(rainbow trout) as target indicators for PHABSIM modelling in the Andean–Amazon piedmont rivers. We used adjusted probability distribution functions with L‐moments analyses for developing curves of use and preference to evaluate the efficiency of each indicator. Two hydraulic modelling sections were established in the Ulcumayo River with 21 and 27 cross sections, respectively. Native benthic species are usually dominant but scarcely used as focus organisms for environmental flows modelling. These species are associated with fast running and shallow waters, which makes them potentially more sensitive to the effects of flow reduction. Our results indicated that the native species were more restricted to velocity and depth thanO. mykiss. Using selection curves in PHABSIM modelling, it is required between 10% to 94% of the mean monthly flow to preserve 90% of the available habitat forAstroblepusduring the dry season (May to November). In contrast, rainbow trout requires 5% to 88% of the mean monthly flow. We conclude that a multispecies approach is useful for determining the required environmental instream flows contributing to a better sustainable condition for the Neotropical mountain rivers.
Silica dust exposure induces autophagy in alveolar macrophages through switching Beclin1 affinity from Bcl‐2 to PIK3C3
Authors: Yang Pan , Song Ruirui , Li Ning , Sun Kun , Shi Fan , Liu Heliang , Shen Fuhai , Jiang Shoufang , Zhang Lin , Jin Yulan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIncreased deposition of silica dust in pulmonary interstitial tissues leads to silicosis, in which autophagy plays a defensive role in silica dust‐associated stress response and cell death. Our previous studies revealed that silica dust exposure contributed to autophagy in pulmonary macrophages in vivo, while the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to figure out the regulatory mechanism as well as the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of experimental silicosis. We used 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) and ABT‐737 to suppress the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3) and B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2), two critical initiators of autophagy, and detected and evaluated the autophagy in NR8383 cells with or without silica dust exposure. We found that exposure of silica dust increased autophagy in NR8383 cells and elevated the expression of Beclin1 and PIK3C3, but it reduced the expression of Bcl‐2. The relationship among Beclin1, PIK3C3, and Bcl‐2 were then investigated using immunoprecipitation analysis, and we found that suppression of PIK3C3 and/or Bcl‐2 using 3‐MA and/or ABT‐737 could alter the autophagy induced by silica dust in NR8383 cells, and the complexes of Beclin1/PIK3C3 and Beclin1/Bcl‐2 were both downregulated, which may be that inhibition of PIK3C3 and Bcl‐2 altered the affinity of Beclin1 with PIK3C3 and Bcl‐2 and lead to the silence of PIK3C3 signaling. These findings indicate that silica dust exposure induces autophagy via changing the connectivity of Beclin1 from Bcl‐2 to PIK3C3.
Den Energieniveaus auf der Spur
Authors: Olthof Selina 
Published: February 2020

SummaryTracking energy levels – Photoelectron spectroscopy helps in finding novel semiconductor materialsResearch on novel semiconducting materials keeps attracting considerable interest due to the potential to develop more cost effective processing compared to conventional inorganic technology. Maybe more importantly, novel device concept become possible such as flexible or semitransparent displays and solar cells. Two of the most promising candidates are introduced here: organic semiconductors as well as halide perovskites. In both material classes, it is possible to tune the absorption or emission properties over a wide range by adjusting the structure or composition or the material. In order to effectively integrate these materials in devices, it is necessary to understand their fundamental properties. Here, the vacuum based photoelectron spectroscopy plays an important role, due to the possibility to directly map the electronic structure of the semiconducting or adjacent layers, which in turn determines the charge transport throughout the device.
Verhinderung von Ölrückströmungen in Wälzkolbenpumpen
Authors: Schopphoff Andreas , Eisermann Sebastian 
Published: February 2020

SummaryPrevention of oil backflow in Roots pumps ‐ Residual gas analysis by quadrupole mass spectrometryIn industrial vacuum applications too, there is a growing trend towards dry, oil‐free, pump systems. But what does oil‐free mean? All bearings and gearboxes used in roots and screw pumps require lubrication with oil or grease. While constructive measures are implemented to avoid contamination of the process gas by back‐flowing lubricants from the pumps, no tests have yet been carried out on complete pumping stations to confirm their effectiveness. With the help of this report it is possible for the first time to make qualitative statements about the oil‐free nature of dry pumping stations.