bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of a Class of 3-RER Parallel Manipulators Using Gröbner Cover and Primary Decomposition of Ideals
Authors: Kong Xianwen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the type/number of operation modes of a parallel manipulator (PM) may vary with the link parameters of the PM. However, current research on the impact of link parameters on the type/number of operation modes of a PM is usually based on intuition. This paper deals with the systematic classification of a 3-RER PM. The 3-RER PM is composed of a base and a moving platform connected by three RER legs, each of which is a serial kinematic chain composed of a revolute (R) joint, a planar (E) joint and an R joint in sequence. The axes of the R joints on the base (or moving platform) are all parallel. At first, a set of constraint equations of the 3-RER PM is first derived. Then using a method called Gröbner cover to calculate the comprehensive Gröbner system of parametric polynomial systems, the 3-RER PM is classified into 21 types. The operation modes of all the types of 3-RER PMs are determined using primary decomposition of ideals. Besides the two 4-DOF (degree-of-freedom) 3T1R operation modes, different types of 3-RER PMs may have up to two more 3-DOF or other types of 4-DOF operation modes. This work is the first systematic study on the impact of link parameters on the operation modes of the 3-RER PM and will contribute to the design and control of 3-RER PMs and research on multi-mode (or reconfigurable) PMs.
Design of an Underactuated Legged Robot With Prismatic Legs for Passive Adaptability to Terrain
Authors: Noh Seonghoon , Dollar Aaron 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Legged robots have the advantage of being able to maneuver unstructured terrains unlike their wheeled counterparts. However, many legged robots require multiple sensors and online computations to specify the gait, trajectory or contact forces in real-time for a given terrain, and these methods can break down when sensory information is unreliable or not available. Over the years, underactuated mechanisms have demonstrated great success in object grasping and manipulation tasks due to their ability to passively adapt to the geometry of the objects without sensors. In this paper, we present an application of underactuation in the design of a legged robot with prismatic legs that maneuvers unstructured terrains under open-loop control without any sensing. Through experimental results, we show that prismatic legs can support a statically stable stance and can facilitate locomotion over unstructured terrain while maintaining its body posture.
Singularities in Axisymmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzle and a Feasible Singularity-Free Approach
Authors: Yu-Tong Li , Yu-Xin Wang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The singularities are the inherent disadvantage of parallel manipulators, which negatively influence the static properties and motion concreteness of parallel manipulators. An axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle (AVEN), which turn and/or vector the exhaust flow and thrust of the gas turbine engine powering the aircraft, is driven by a symmetrical parallel manipulator to vector the exhaust nozzle universally. The serious negative influences of the singularities existing in the AVEN on the safety and maneuverability of the aircrafts have not been paid enough attention or aware of by the experts in the field. In this paper, two kinds of singularities existing in the AVEN for the nozzle vectoring drive mechanism of the parallel manipulator and the suspending mechanism of the divergent flaps are analyzed at first. To solve these singularities problem and ensure the safety of the aircrafts equipped with the AVEN, a feasible singularity-free approach for parallel manipulators applied in aerospace engineering via adjusting the input kinematic parameters is proposed.
Driver-Friendly Emergency Collision Avoidance System via Flatness Direct Yaw Moment Control
Authors: Wang Zejiang , Wang Junmin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Unlike an autonomous driving system, a shared control system keeps the driver in the loop to exploit human’s decision-making, path-planning, and control skills in vehicle motion control. In the meantime, a shared control system consistently provides support to the driver in hazardous situations. Typical shared control systems concentrate on altering vehicle steering actions through either active front steering or haptic steering torque. However, an active front steering system requires costly hardware and a haptic steering torque explicitly interferences with the driver hand-wheel steering. To overcome the drawbacks of the steering-based strategies, this paper introduces a driver support system based on direct yaw moment control for highspeed collision avoidance maneuvers. The new system maintains a hierarchical structure with a high-level lateral velocity planner and a low-level lateral velocity governor. In addition, the personally-preferred collision avoidance trajectories of each driver are taken into account to make the controller personalizable. Carsim-Simulink joint simulations demonstrate that this novel shared control system can successfully assist the driver in high-speed collision avoidance maneuvers. Moreover, both physical and mental loads of the driver are substantially reduced in contrast to using an active front steering system.
Do Autonomous Vehicle Driving Styles Affect User State?: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Shi Yuan , Huang Wenhui , Cheli Federico , Bordegoni Monica , Caruso Giandomenico 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A bursting number of achievements in the autonomous vehicle industry have been obtained during the past decades. Various systems have been developed to make automated driving possible. Due to the algorithm used in the autonomous vehicle system, the performance of the vehicle differs from one to another. However, very few studies have given insight into the influence caused by implementing different algorithms from a human factors point of view. Two systems based on two algorithms with different characteristics are utilized to generate the two driving styles of the autonomous vehicle, which are implemented into a driving simulator in order to create the autonomous driving experience. User’s skin conductance (SC) data, which enables the evaluation of user’s cognitive workload and mental stress were recorded and analyzed. Subjective measures were applied by filling out Swedish occupational fatigue inventory (SOFI-20) to get a user self-reporting perspective view of their behavior changes along with the experiments. The results showed that human’s states were affected by the driving styles of different autonomous systems, especially in the period of speed variation. By analyzing users’ self-assessment data, a correlation was observed between the user “Sleepiness” and the driving style of the autonomous vehicle. These results would be meaningful for the future development of the autonomous vehicle systems, in terms of balancing the performance of the vehicle and user’s experience.
Objective Characterization of Brake Systems in Motorcycles
Authors: Eisele Andreas , Diermeyer Frank , Lienkamp Markus 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This research presents an objective approach to the brake characteristics of state-of-the-art hydraulic motorcycle brake systems.
Research in literature reveals a lack of objective characterization criteria for motorcycles. The relevant characteristic parameters from studies on car brake systems are used to develop a measuring unit meeting the demands for a mobile, reproducible and precise testing system. The concept and validation of this device is presented. This measuring device has been used to measure different motorcycles representing different concepts, and their brake characteristics are shown. The effects on the brake stiffness of typical brake uncertainties, such as air intrusion, are measured and presented.
As the automobile brake system is a typical human machine interface used to control deceleration, both technical system parameters and psychophysical aspects are considered in order to objectify the brake characteristic. As a result, this research provides a novel definition of the colloquial pressure point, using measurable parameters such as the pedal characteristic defined by force as a function of displacement. Through an analytical approach two characteristic points, representing the force feedback at the lever and the deceleration feedback of the vehicle are defined. The difference between these points is an objective measure for controllability of the brake system.
The results show that the characteristics of a brake system depend on its specific components as well as the actuation velocity. For the first time, an objective explanation is found for the poor controllability of a brake system with entrained free air.
Kinematic Modeling of Origami-Based Forcep Designs
Authors: Abulon Dina Joy K. , McCarthy J. Michael 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the design of practical grasping tools such as forceps or grippers, it may be desirable to create a compact, lightweight, and easily manufactured tool. Origami inspired designs can help simplify gripper manufacturing to a single planar sheet of material while still allowing for deployment and actuation. Inflatable structures can reduce weight and be compacted. This paper explores the design of an inflatable, deployable, action origami inspired gripper through the development of a predictive model, prototype fabrication, and preliminary design assessments.
Global Emulation Through Normative Decision Making and Thrifty Adaptive Batch Sampling
Authors: van Beek Anton , Tao Siyu , Chen Wei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We consider the problem of adaptive sampling for global emulation (metamodeling) with a finite budget. Conventionally this problem is tackled through a greedy sampling strategy, which is optimal for taking either a single sample or a handful of samples at a single sampling stage but neglects the influence of future samples. This raises the question: “Can we optimize the number of sampling stages as well as the number of samples at each stage?” The proposed thrifty adaptive batch sampling (TABS) approach addresses this challenge by adopting a normative decision-making perspective to determine the total number of required samples and maximize a multistage reward function with respect to the total number of stages and the batch size at each stage. To amend TABS’ numerical complexity we propose two heuristic-based strategies that significantly reduce computational time with minimal reduction of reward optimality. Through numerical examples, TABS is shown to outperform or at least be comparable to conventional greedy sampling techniques. In this fashion, TABS provides modelers a flexible adaptive sampling tool for global emulation, effectively reducing computational cost while maintaining prediction accuracy.
Finite-State Automata-Based Representation of Device States for Function Modeling and Formal Definitions of Signal-Processing Functions
Authors: Chowdhury Ahmed , Mao Xiaoyang , Venkatanarasimhan Lakshmi N. A. , Sen Chiradeep 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Graph-based function models used in early-stage systems design usually represent only one operational state and mode of the system. Currently, there is a need, but no rigorous formalism to model the different modes in the function model and logically predict the effects of the system transitioning between the modes. This paper presents a representation of operational modes and states of technical systems based on automata theory for both discrete and continuous state transitions. It then presents formal definitions of three signal-processing verbs that actuate or regulate energy flows: Actuate_E, Regulate_E_Discrete, and Regulate_E_Continuous. The graphical templates, definitions, and application of each verb in modeling is illustrated. Finally, a system-level model is used to illustrate the verbs’ modeling and reasoning ability, in terms of cause-and-effect propagation and the systems’ transition between operational modes.
An Extreme User Approach to Identify Latent Needs: Adaptation and Application in Medical Device Design
Authors: Raviselvam Sujithra , Subburaj Karupppasamy , Wood Kristin L. , Hölttä-Otto Katja 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The perspectives of users who experience any form of physical or cognitive challenges have the potential to capture the latent design needs of the general population of users. These ‘extreme user perspectives’ are some of the extreme conditions that could influence the users’ experience with a design. This study applies a systematic approach that provides a step by step guidance to select the appropriate extreme user perspectives during the initial stages of a design process. This systematic approach is applied to identify the latent needs associated with six different medical devices. This research leverages the potential of simulated extreme user perspectives to amplify designers’ abilities to identify latent unarticulated needs through an empathic experience. The extreme user perspectives in this study are derived from user Activity Diagrams that represent the user interactions associated with the corresponding medical devices. A latency metric is introduced and evaluated for its potential to identify the latent needs. Six teams from a Healthcare Product Design course with 25 participants were involved in the study. Results demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed systematic approach to capture the latent needs associated with all six devices. The potential applications of the proposed latency metric are discussed for future applications.
Exploring the Effectiveness of Providing Structured DfE Design Strategies During Conceptual Design
Authors: Ross Donovan , Ferrero Vincenzo , DuPont Bryony 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The fuzzy front end of engineering design can present a difficult challenge, and as such, recent engineering design research has focused on guiding and influencing the way a designer ideates. Early ideation can be especially difficult when attempting to integrate specific design objectives in product design, called Design for X (DfX). Some examples of DfX are Design for Manufacturing (DfM), Design for Assembly (DfA), Design for Function (DfF), and Design for Safety (DfS). This paper will present two experiments exploring the efficacy of a structured Design for the Environment (DfE) design method called the GREEn Quiz (Guidelines and Regulations for Early design for the Environment) that provides designers with sustainable design knowledge during the conceptual design phase. The GREEn Quiz operates on a web-based platform and queries the designer about their design concepts; an end-of-quiz report provides abstract DfE knowledge to designers. While this abstract knowledge was able to be applied by designers in a former study, we hypothesize that providing targeted, specific design strategies during conceptual design may enable better integration in concept generation by novice designers. In this study, we created these DfE strategies, embedded these in the GREEn Quiz, and studied the efficacy of these strategies when presented to designers at both the expert and novice levels. Experimental results suggest that respondents with access to the strategy-based GREEn Quiz produced concepts with evidence of more sustainable design decisions and higher solution quality scores when compared to previous respondents and the control groups. This research encourages the consideration of downstream environmental impact knowledge during conceptual design, resulting in lower-impact products regardless of the previous DfE expertise of the designer.
Design and Tensorial Characterization of Rectangular Harmonic Shape-Morphing Mechanism Arrays
Authors: Lusk Craig 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Shape-Morphing Mechanism Arrays (SMMAs) can be made by arraying harmonic four-bar mechanisms, i.e. four-bar mechanisms with a particular structure that insures high levels of symmetry. This paper discusses a particular genre of harmonic mechanism array that can forms rectangular grids without requiring the exclusive use of parallel mechanisms. Such arrays can be designed to preserve their harmonic (highly symmetric) structure through-out their range of motion, producing arrays capable of large deformations that nevertheless can be characterized by a 2D tensor, specifically, rectangular arrays deform as parallelograms.
Real-Time Simulation of Unmanned Rotorcraft With Ground Effect Through Adjoint Theorem
Authors: Huang Jianzhe 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Unmamned rotorcraft requires automatic control system to adjust transient flight behaviors properly, and real-time computation of aerodynamic forces is also in demand. Finite-state inflow model is one of the most efficient models which can fulfill such a requirement. When a rotorcraft is flying close to ground, a strong downwash impinges on the ground surface and reflected airstream influences the flow field of the main rotor. Such a physical phenomenon makes the aerodynamic computations complex, and previous studies have solved such a problem by simulation ground effect with a ground rotor. But it still requires numerical integration to compute the flow field of main rotor downstream, and the computational efficiency degrades evidently. In this paper, adjoint theorem is proposed to calculate induced velocity in the rotor wake with closed form equations. The hover and forward flight conditions will be examined for different moment of inertia of blade and forward flight speeds.
Physics-Based Function Features for a Set of Material-Processing Verbs
Authors: Venkatanarasimhan Lakshmi N. A. , Mao Xiaoyang , Chowdhury Ahmed , Sen Chiradeep 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Features are used in computer aided geometric modeling to encapsulate primitive and lower-abstraction entities to compose higher-level complex entities in order to support faster modeling, consistent data structures between features within the model, and feature-level reasoning that extends beyond reasoning supported by the primitives. In this paper, this idea is extended to computer-aided function modeling. Four function modeling features, which mainly operate on material flows but also involved energy flows, are formally defined. These features are: (1) Convergize_EM, (2) Handover_E, (3) Change_M, and (4) Changeover_EM. Each feature is composed of formerly established functional primitives that are formally defined, and by connecting those primitives in a controlled topology enforced by a feature-level grammar. The ability of these features to support consistent function modeling and model-based reasoning is illustrated using applications, both at the device level (simpler models) and at the system level (more complex models).
An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Random Spacing Errors on the Dynamic Transmission Error of Spur Gear Pairs
Authors: Anandika Muhammad Nevin , Kahraman Ahmet , Talbot David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Noise and vibration performance of a gear system is critical in any engineering industry. Excessive vibrational amplitudes originated by the excitations at the gear meshes propagate to the transmission housing to cause noticeable noise, while also increasing gear tooth stresses to degrade durability. As such, gear designers must generate designs that are nominally quiet with low-vibration amplitudes. This implies a gear pair fabricated exactly to the specifications of its blue print will be acceptable for its vibration behavior. Achieving this, however, is not sufficient. As the manufacturing of gears require them to be subject to bands of tolerances afforded by the manufacturing processes employed, the designers must be concerned about variations to the performance of their presumably quite baseline designs within these tolerance bands. This research aims at demonstrating how one type of manufacturing error, random tooth spacing errors, alter the vibratory behavior of a spur gear pair.
Two pairs of spur gears are tested for their dynamic transmission error performance. One gear pair with no tooth spacing errors form the baseline. The second gear pair contain an intentionally induced random sequence of spacing errors. The forced vibration responses of both gear pairs are compared within wide ranges of speed and torque. This comparison shows that there is a clear and significant impact of random spacing errors on spur gear dynamics, measurable through examination of their respective transmission error signatures. In the off-resonance regions of speed, vibration amplitudes of the random error pair are higher than the no-error baseline spur gear pair. Meanwhile, at or near resonance peaks, the presence of random spacing errors tends to lower the peak amplitudes slightly as compared to the no-error baseline spur gear pair. The presence of random spacing errors introduces substantial harmonic content that are non-mesh harmonics. This results in a broadband frequency spectrum in addition to an otherwise well-defined frequency spectrum with gear-mesh order components, pointing to an additional concern of noise quality.
Extraction and Analysis of Spatial Correlation Micrograph Features for Traceability in Manufacturing
Authors: Dachowicz Adam , Atallah Mikhail , Panchal Jitesh H. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We propose a method for ensuring traceability of metal goods in an efficient and secure manner that leverages data obtained from micrographs of a part’s surface that is instance-specific (i.e., different for another instance of that same part). All stakeholders in modern supply chains face a growing need to ensure quality and trust in the goods they produce. Complex supply chains open many opportunities for counterfeiters, saboteurs, or other attackers to infiltrate supply networks, and existing methods for preventing such attacks can be costly, invasive, and ineffective. The proposed method extracts discriminatory-yet-robust intrinsic strings using features extracted from two-point autocorrelation data of surface microstructures. Using a synthetic dataset of three-phase micrographs similar to those obtained from metal alloy systems using low-cost optical microscopy techniques, we discuss the optimization of the method with respect to cost and security, and discuss the performance of the method in the context of anti-counterfeiting. Cryptographic extensions of this methodology are also discussed.
Using Automated Use Case Generation for Early Design Stage Functional Failure and Human Error Analysis
Authors: Irshad Lukman , Demirel H. Onan , Tumer Irem Y. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Human errors and poor ergonomics are attributed to a majority of large-scale accidents and malfunctions in complex engineered systems. Human Error and Functional Failure Reasoning (HEFFR) is a framework developed to assess potential functional failures, human errors, and their propagation paths during early design stages so that more reliable systems with improved performance and safety can be designed. In order to perform a comprehensive analysis using this framework, a wide array of potential failure scenarios need to be tested. Coming up with such use cases that can cover a majority of faults can be challenging or even impossible for a single engineer or a team of engineers. In the field of software engineering, automated test case generation techniques have been widely used for software testing. This research explores these methods to create a use case generation technique that covers both component-related and human-related fault scenarios. The proposed technique is a time based simulation that employs a modified Depth First Search (DFS) algorithm to simulate events as the event propagation is analyzed using HEFFR at each timestep. This approach is applied to a hold-up tank design problem and the results are analyzed to explore the capabilities and limitations.