bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Typomorphism of fine placer gold and potential primary sources of the Anabar mineral subprovince (North-eastern Siberian Platform)
Authors: Gerasimov Boris 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Typomorphic features of placer gold of the Anabar and Bolshaya Kuonamka river basins are studied with the aim of determining its indicators and forecasting potential primary sources. All analytical work was carried out in the department of physico-chemical methods of analysis IGABM SB RAS. A detailed study of the morphology, surface microrelief, photographing was performed on a JSM - 6480 LV scanning (microscope) microscope of JEOL company with Oxford Instruments analytical prefixes (wave and energy dispersive spectrometers). Gold fineness is determined on Camebax-micro X-ray microanalyzer a «Cameca» firms. It is shown that the main sources for the gold are auriferous reservoir rocks of Neogene-Quaternary age. The indicator typomorphic features of the gold include a small size (-0.5 mm), scaly and platy forms, rough shagreen surface with casts of minerals pressing, and high fineness (900-999%o). The most highly informative feature is a strongly modified internal structure of the gold showing evidence of granulation and recrystallization. Autochthonous gold of ore habit is also found. Characteristic features of this type of gold are a very small size (-0,2 mm), angular-cloddy forms of individual particles, rough porous surface, widely ranging fineness (535 to 999% ), heterogeneous chemical composition, and a complex, multi-phase internal structure. This indicates the presence of neighboring primary sources. Hydrothermal-metasomatic formations with disseminated gold-sulfide mineralization, discovered at the places of tectonic jointing of carbonate rocks, developed in fault zones could be such sources. Considering epigenetic mineral associations, quartz-potassium feldspar and quartz hydrothermal-metasomatic formations are identified. Ore mineralization of disseminated type is represented by (in decreasing order) pyrite, gold, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and silver. Gold is found in native form and in association with pyrite (quartz metasomatites) and potassium feldspar metasomatites). Thus, as a result of performed studies, indicator typomorphic features of autochthonous fine gold are identified. Near-fault hydrothermal-metasomatic formations with gold-sulfide disseminated mineralization are discovered in the studied area for the first time and examined.
Practical Application of a Horizontal Intraplate Velocity Field Model for the Territory of Bulgaria
Authors: Tsanovski Yuri , Danchev Tsocho 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Republic of Bulgaria is situated on the edge of the Eurasian tectonic plate. This is defined by active tectonic and seismic activity, which is an issue in the implementation of the official coordinate reference system in the country - the ETRS89, as far as precise solutions are concerned. The reason is that the intraplate, relative to Eurasia, tectonic movements south of Stara Planina are about 5 times larger than those north of it. Over a period of time (about 10 years), the coordinate errors of the points from a static network become bigger than the uncertainties of GNSS measurements and thus limit their potential. Thanks to the presence of networks of continuously operating reference GNSS stations (CORS networks), and advanced methods of processing and analysis of the results, it is possible to monitor the crustal deformations with sufficient precision. A model of horizontal intraplate velocities was developed based on measurements from different epochs of the CORS networks operating on the territory of Bulgaria. Precise coordinates and velocities of the stations were estimated using the Bernese GNSS Software v5.2, and the deformation modeling was performed using a method of determining parameters of local deformation and Euler poles of distinctive tectonic blocks to which the country is divided according to the authors. This paper presents the practical applicability of this model for interpolation the velocities of stations from static networks and verification of the official results for the points of the National GPS Network. The results are encouraging for the practical realization of ETRS89 on the territory of Bulgaria.
Varieties of Impactites and Impact Diamonds of the Kara Meteorite Crater (Pay-Khoy, Russia)
Authors: Shumilova Tatyana , Maximenko Nadezhda , Zubov Alexandr , Kovalchuk Natalya , Ulyashev Vasily , Kis Viktoria 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Impact diamonds are technical material with valuable mechanical properties. Despite of a quite long story from their discovery and huge diamond storages at the Popigai astrobleme (Siberia, Russia) they were not involved into industrial production, first of all because of remoteness of objects, complexity of extraction and economically more favourable synthesis of technical diamonds in the seventies of the past century. However, due to the high hardness of impact diamonds and also to the high demand of new carbon materials, including nanomaterials, the interest towards this type of natural diamonds is significantly increased in the recent years. Although the mentioned Popigai astrobleme is situated in a remote part of Russia it has been studied in more details. At the same time, the less known Kara giant meteorite crater (Pay-Khoy, Russia) is situated essentially closer to the industrial infrastructure of the European part of Russia. This astrobleme, similarly to Popigai, is enriched in impact diamonds as well. But, till recent years it was not deeply studied using modern analytical methods. During our studies in 2015 and 2017 at the territory of the Kara meteorite crater we have distinguished and described 5 varieties of impactites – bulk melt impactites which form cover-like and thick dike bodies; melt ultrahigh-pressure vein bodies and at least 3 types of suevites formed after specific sedimentary target rocks. These varieties have typomorphic features regarding the crystallinity and mineral composition. It was found that all of them have high concentration of microdiamonds formed by high-pressure high temperature pyrolysis mechanism from precursor materials like coal and organic relicts. Using a set of modern mineralogical methods we have found two principal types of diamond morphologies within the Kara impactites – sugar-like after coal diamonds and diamond paramorphs after organic relicts. The Kara diamonds have several accompanying carbon substances including newly formed graphite, glass-like carbon and probably carbyne. The studied diamondiferous Kara impactites provide an essentially novel knowledge of impact processes in sedimentary targets.
Characteristics of Sediments in a Changing Environmental Conditions in Vistula Lagoon (Poland)
Authors: Szymczak Ewa 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Vistula Lagoon has been evolving since its formation in the late Atlantic period. At the beginning, the changes were mainly driven by the stabilization of the Baltic Sea level, and the development of hydrographic network. Later on, anthropogenic activities have become an important factor. Hydrotechnical works conducted at the turn of the 20th century, aimed at regulating the outflow of the Vistula River waters, have significantly limited the riverine input into the lagoon. In the past, the Vistula Lagoon contained freshwater and was constantly filing with sediments that made the basin shallow. With time, the lagoon has filled with brackish water, while its area became subjected to strong interactions between the driving forces of marine and terrestrial origin. As a result, the regime of sedimentation processes in the lagoon have been changed. The interpretation of sedimentation conditions for clastic sediments was based on the analysis of grain-size parameters that had been determined on the samples of bottom sediments and suspension collected in November 2016. The obtained results were compared to the pertinent data on bottom sediments collected by the Polish Geological Institute National Research Institute in 1994. Significant contrasts in particle size distributions were found. Also, the conducted study allowed the determination of underlying causes of these changes. Due to the shallow depth of the Vistula Lagoon, the sedimentation processes in this basin are significantly influenced by resuspension phenomenon. Resuspension is responsible for the differentiation and redistribution of sediment that originates from various sources, on the bottom of the basin. The process takes place in shallower areas, but this study indicates that its effectiveness increases in the deeper areas of the lagoon, which manifests itself in the replacement of clayey silt with silt. In connection with the plans of the Polish side of the cross-cutting of the Vistula Spit, the sedimentation conditions of Vistula Lagoon will be changed.
Kimberlite Genesis According to Data on Hot Accretion of the Earth
Authors: Shkodzinskiy Vladimir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Analysis of modern geological and planetological data indicates hot accretion of the Earth. Impact melting during its formation led to origin of layered global magma ocean. Kimberlites were from residual melts of its lower peridotite latyer. This explains high content of meltphylic (lithophylic) components in kimberlites. Prolonged cooling and crystallization of magma ocean from top to bottom in the Earth’s history is the cause of mainly the Phanerozoic age of kimberlites. Moving apart of lithosphere and products of magma ocean fractionation contained therein when oceanic areas are formed, explains absence of kimberlites in these areas and Clifford rule nature. Low temperature of kimberlite magmas and high content of volatile component in them was caused by formation from residual melts. Increased temperature of crystallization of volatile-poor melts and emission of volatile components from magmas at shallow stages of upwelling led to solidification of upper parts of magmatic columns and their explosion during further upwelling under impact of high pressure of gas phase preserved by solidification. This explains the fact that, kimberlites formed mostly explosion pipes, and that kimberlite lavas are lacking. Diamonds were crystallized as a result of carbon accumulation in residual melt. Evolution of its composition during crystallization from peridotite through eclogite to kimberlite was responsible for existence of xenoliths of the same composition in kimberlites and inclusions in diamonds, and decrease of their average isotope age in this sequence. Degree of the saturation of the melt with carbon during its fractionation increased. Due to that, layer growth was followed by radial one, and morphology of originating diamond crystals was evolved from octahedrons to dodecahedrons and then to cubes and aggregates, and sculptures were formed on them. Accumulation of meltphylic components in residual melts is causes increase of nitrogen, light carbon isotope and other admixtures content in later diamonds.
Reliability of the Digital Sea Bottom Model Sourced by Multibeam Echosounder in Shallow Water
Authors: Makar Artur 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Reliability of Digital Terrain Model created with geospatial data is a parameter in evaluation of its quality that takes into consideration both the method as well as the quality of data. Bathymetric surveys – dynamic measurements of a moving transducer of a singlebeam or multibeam echosounder used for depth measurements in water are a string of interrelated phenomena that determine the quality (accuracy) of geospatial coordinates. Inclusion of all factors influencing the accuracy of measurements, such as echosounder’s calibration, is a prerequisite for minimisation of systematic measurement errors. Random and gross errors are inevitable, and are eliminated during the cleaning process of geospatial data. High reliability, preliminarily filtered cloud of data is the initial source of the data for the creation of the Digital Sea Bottom Model. Comparison of two models using interpolation methods on the basis of discrete data carries the risk of the outcome being blurry. Cell size optimization on the basis of echosounder beams geometry is one of the essential parameters in quality assessment – two surface models comparison. Dynamic calibration of multibeam echosounder, based on the comparison of depths of outer edges of the bathymetric swath, is carried out utilizing raw data. Correct spatial orientation of echosounder’s head(s), due to the angular regulation of the echosounder’s head, minimizes discrepancies and increases the reliability of the data that is to be used to create the Digital Sea Bottom Model. This article presents the results of the analysis of accuracy of DSBM created with geospatial data acquired by multibeam echosounder, based on the calibration soundings that are the enabling stage for hydrographic surveys using MBES. The data used was recorded by R2Sonic multibeam echosounder in shallow waters (up to 30m depth), deriving from general rules of depths carting on nautical charts.
Testing and Developing the Macroseismic Intensity Attenuation Relationships for the Vrancea (Romania) Crustal Earthquakes
Authors: Petruta Constantin Angela , Iren-Adelina Moldovan , Raluca Partheniu , Florinela Manea Elena , Constantin Ionescu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A correct seismic hazard assessment and intensity-based shake maps of a seismic zone depend on the determination of parameters that emphasize the distribution and the macroseismic intensity attenuation for that seismogenic zone. Due to the reduced number of strong ground motion records, macroseismic intensity information available for previous earthquakes which have occurred in studied area were the only source of information utilized for developing attenuation relationship for that zone. The aim of this paper is to test the existing equations published for various crustal seismic sources and develop a new macroseismic intensity attenuation law for the Vrancea crustal seismic source. The Vrancea crustal seismogenic zone had experienced moderate earthquakes in the past with magnitudes which did not exceed 5.9 [1] and macroseismic maralps had been constructed by various authors for these earthquakes representing intensity pattern and decrease of this parameter with distance on different azimuths. Some of the selected attenuation laws were tested for different values of epicentral intensity and with reference to eight directions. The input data consist of macroseismic intensities collected for 4 small and moderate earthquakes (Mw ≥ 3.9) that had occurred during the last hundred years with epicentral/maximum intensity in the range IV to VI MSK degrees. The seismic events used to verify the attenuation laws were selected based on the magnitude and number of macroseismic observations collected for each event. Using this data, attenuation relationships of macroseismic intensity with distance will be tested and modified. The deduced attenuation equation might be used for rapid intensity assessment of the potential future earthquakes occurred in this seismic zone.
Economical Aspect of Sensitive Flat Roof Renovation
Authors: Kervitcer Marek , Beckovsky David , Janda Lukas , Tichomirov Vladimir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The authors have been working for a long time on the development of sophisticated flat roof renovation that would allow renovation without the need of removing the existing roof layers and so will have a positive environmental impact. The solution is based on the detailed hydrothermal analysis of flat roof and using the potential of the original materials. Subsequently, new layers of the flat roof with optimal parameters for a certain case and possibly other construction modifications are designed. The aim of the development is to create a methodology to achieve equilibrium humidity by perforation of the original waterproof layer. In the paper, the authors describe the key points of this methodology. However, the paper focuses on the economic aspect that this sophisticated renovation brings. Economic evaluation is described through two methodological approaches. The authors compare the developed method with the method involving renovation of flat roofs with the need of removing the existing roof layers. The comparison takes into account the use of different materials for waterproofing and thermal insulation. In order to determine the costs, the authors used the building software to create budgets. The presented economic evaluation confirms the essence of the developed method.
Patterns of Forming the Urban Surface Deposited Sediments
Authors: Seleznev Andrian , Yarmoshenko Ilia , Malinovsky Georgy , Rudakov Maxim , Ryanskaya Anastasia , Kiseleva Daria , Gulyaeva Tamara 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The contemporary sedimentation processes participate in the formation of fluxes of the solid substances in an urban area, forming together a source of pollution, transit and depositing media. The patterns of forming the urban surface deposited sediments were determined on the example of Russian metropolis Nizhny Novgorod. Two schemes of the research were implemented in residential districts of the city in the summer field season 2018. The first research design scheme represented a detailed survey of residential quarters of the city. It included a collection of 25 samples of environmental compartments from five residential quarters with multi-storey buildings. The sampling was conducted in various functional landscape parts at the courtyard and facade areas. Each sample was separated into particle size fractions. Chemical and mineral analysis was performed in each granulometric subsample of the collected samples. The second scheme represented the urban geochemical study based on sampling the sediments from local surface depressed zones of microrelief in the city. The 40 samples were collected at the territory of the city on an irregular grid. The sampling was carried out in residential areas in blocks with multi-storey buildings. One sample represented a combined sample of sediments from local surface zones of microrelief by 3-5 localizations from the area of the block. Chemical analysis of the collected samples was conducted. The maximum content of dust (0.002-0.01 mm) 39% was found in soil, while the lower mean dust content was found in the samples of sediment from local surface depressed zones of microrelief (30 %) and in the road deposited sediments (30 %). The mineral composition of soil and sediment in Nizhny Novgorod is represented by quartz sand (approx. 55 %). In the samples of sediments, the minerals’ content is basically characteristic for acid and metasomatic rocks. Building materials’ content in the sediments reaches up to 20%. The maximum organic matter content was found in fine dust fraction 2-10 microns 21% in soils and 5% on the roads. Differentiation of the mineral content in the samples is observed for the various particle size fractions and different functional parts of the quarters. The highest content of metals of anthropogenic association (such as Pb, Zn and Cu) was found in the dust fraction. The Pb and Zn concentrations in samples of sediment of depressed areas of microrelief and road dust were significantly lower than in the soil.
Geophysical Methods of Identification of Ore Control Structures of Orogenic Gold Deposits in Low-Contrast Terrigenous Rocks by Petrophysical Characteristics
Authors: Solovyov Evgeny , Fridovsky Valery , Savvin Denis 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper presents the analysis of characteristics of abnormal geophysical fields of the ore control of the Malo-Tarynskoe orogenic gold deposit in Verkhoyano-Kolymsky folded area, the Northeast of Russia. It is located in terrigenous rocks of the top Triassic, poorly contrast on petrophysical characteristics. Ore bodies of the Malo-Tarynskoe deposit are presented by the mineralized crushing zones with veinlet-disseminated and vein-disseminated mineralization. To identify the features of manifestation the ore control in geophysical fields land geophysical surveys are conducted by the methods of high-precision magnetic exploration and electroinvestigation. Magnetoprospecting works have established the low-amplitude mosaic structure of the magnetic field of the Malo-Tarynskoe deposit. The main magnetorevolting structure is the Samyr granitoid massif which is allocated with a magnetic minimum (-99 nT). Extreme positive values of the magnetic field are connected with hornfelsed ores in the zone of contact metamorphism (170 nT). Various anomalies as low-magnetic, mainly linear ones caused by explosive violations are distinguished (-12 – 20 nT). In the electric field, the abnormal zones have the linear nature of various extent and intensity. Pro-deleting of anomalies changes from sublongitudinal to northwest. The anomalies of low electrical resistance, generally trace zones of crushing and jointing (208-2300 ohm*m). In general, they are grouped in three “regional” abnormal areas of the northwest and North northwest orientation of low electrical resistance and correlated with the situation of the ore control zones of the Malo-Tarynskoe fault (208 – 1600 ohm*m). Sites with frequent alternativeness and alternating electric anomalies indicate lithologic heterogeneity of the environment (2500 – 10000 ohm*m). The study has shown magnetoprospecting to be effective when mapping magmatic formations and explosive violations. They allow delineating intrusive bodies and allocating hornfelsed zones. The electric profiling application by the method of a median gradient solves a wide range of geological tasks. Apart from allocation of the structures controlling gold mineralization in faint terrigenous ores, electro-investigation allows to carry out the lithologic partition of permafrost rocks in the territories blocked by friable deposits of considerable power.
Development of Mining Processes with Regard of Limits Correction
Authors: Pilny Vaclav , Fiedlerova Eliska , Mokrosova Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Bílina surface quarry belongs to the largest brown coal mining company in the Czech Republic, Severočeské doly a.s. Mining activities within the POPD quarry Bílina take place in the territory of this quarry for the period of years 2010 to 2030. For a smooth, safe and economical process of the whole quarry in new territorial ecological limits, the process of overburden cuts needs to be extended as soon as possible to the south to the limit of new mining limits. However, this extension is limited by the current line of valid POPD. For the continuation of mining in the territorial ecological limits pursuant to the Resolution of the Government of the Czech Republic No. 827/2015, which is entirely in accordance with §30, par. a) of the Mining Act No. 44/1988 Coll., ie when using reserved deposits it is necessary, in particular, to extract the reserves of the reserved deposit as completely as possible, with the least possible losses and pollution. It is necessary to have a new POPD based on mining - technological procedures of OPV DB (Mining to new territorial environmental limits by 2035) approved by 2021 at the latest. However, these procedures will require a more complex methodology, because it will be necessary to mine in places, which could not be extracted within a valid POPD. Another intention is also to prolong the life of the quarry, and securing supplies to heating plants, power plants ČEZ a.s. (joint-stock company), as well as supplying quality low-sulfur brown coal to small customers throughout the Czech Republic.