bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aflatoxin Control: Past and Present
Authors: Stoloff Leonard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Domestic commodities most susceptible to aflatoxin contamination are peanuts, corn, cottonseed, and tree nuts (almonds, pecans, walnuts); the most susceptible imported commodities are Brazil nuts and pistachio nuts. The development, effectiveness, and shortcomings of the strategies used to limit consumer exposure to aflatoxin from these commodities are reviewed.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of S-[(5-Methoxy-2-oxo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3(2H)-yl)-methyl]O,O-dimethyl Phosphorodithioate (Supracide) and Its Monoxone Metabolite in Safflower Seed, Meal, and Oil
Authors: Winterlin Wray , Whitehead Eugene , Mourer Charles 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for determining residues of the insecticide-acaricide Supracide (S-[5-methoxy-2-oxo-l,3,4-thiadiazol-3(2H)-yl)-methyl]O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) and its monoxone metabolite in safflower seed, meal, and oil is presented. Supracide and its monoxone metabolite are separated by partitioning with acetonitrile-sodium sulfate and petroleum ether. The petroleum ether fraction containing the Supracide is extracted with acetonitrile and further cleaned up on a Florisil column before determination by GLC, flame photometric detection (FPD). The monoxone metabolite is partitioned from the acetonitrile-sodium sulfate fraction with chloroform and cleaned up on a Florisil column before GLC/FPD. Average Supracide recoveries were 86, 82.5, and 92%, and average Supracide monoxone recoveries were 85.7, 81.5, and 89%, in seed, meal, and oil, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.005 ppm for both compounds on all tissues analyzed.
Improved Method for Hexachlorobenzene and Mirex Determination with Hexachlorobenzene Confirmation in Adipose Tissue: Collaborative Study
Authors: Watts Randall R , Hodgson David W , Crist Howard L , Moseman Robert F ,   Collaborators:, Barquet A , Cain J , Colcolough J , Cox V , Enos H , Filonow A B , Gardner B , Gomes E , Hetzler H , Leavitt R A , Leventis A -M C , Morgade C , Morgner R , Richardson E , Slach E , Stringer R , Tessari J , Warnick S L , Welch R L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A previously published method for determination and confirmation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in adipose tissue was also applied to mirex residues. A modified procedure for both residues was collaboratively studied by 12 laboratories. The procedure specifies direct application of an extracted or rendered fat sample to a Florisil cleanup column and one-fraction elution. Mirex and HCB are determined by direct GLC of the concentrated eluate. HCB residues are then confirmed by reaction with isopropanol to form the disubstituted bis-isopropoxytetrachlorobenzene (BITB) derivative. Mirex residues are destroyed by this reaction. All participants were asked to analyze an unknown standard mixture of HCB and mirex and 10 rendered chicken fat samples consisting of one blank and 9 samples fortified with unknown amounts of HCB and mirex. The 9 fortified samples represented 3 samples at each of 3 fortification levels. The HCB fortifications of 20.0, 33.3, and 50.0 ppb yielded average interlaboratory recoveries of 89.6, 87.4, and 92.6%, respectively. The respective coefficients of variation (CV) for HCB results were 9.1, 6.8, and 10.0%. The mirex fortifications of 150, 300, and 500 ppb yielded average interlaboratory recoveries of 89.0, 90.2, and 92.3%, respectively. The respective CV values for mirex results were 7.6, 16.5, and 18.1%. The method has been adopted official first action.
Determination of Proof of Alcoholic Beverages Using Oscillating U-Tube Density Meter
Authors: Mark Frances G , Vaughn Troy E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The density meter provides a rapid and reliable means for determining proof of alcoholic beverages. The instrument measures the oscillation period of a U-shaped tube filled with sample and, when calibrated in specific gravity units, computes the specific gravity of the sample and presents the result as a digital display. Proof is obtained from specific gravity by use of conversion tables. Air and water are used as calibration standards. Specific gravity values are reproducible to ±0.000 01 which corresponds to an error of no more than ±0.02° proof. Proof values are within ±0.1° proof when compared to results obtained using pycnometer and hydrometer. Proof measurements are reported for ethanol–water solutions from 20 to 100° proof and for various distilled beverages, cordials, and speciality products.
Extraction and Separation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin in Foods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Bennett Reginald W , Mcclure Foster ,   Collaborators:, Bryant J , Bryant R , Campbell W , Clarke J , Cleveland J , Grahn M , Lancette G , Mageau R , McCall W , Reese B , Rivas M , Ruby R , Tatini S , Zaika L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A study was performed by 15 collaborators on a method for the extraction and chromatographic separation of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins from foods. Enterotoxin types A–E were added to crabmeat, milk, ground beef, and potato. Evaluation of the method was based on solubility of food eluates after extraction and separation of the enterotoxin; efficiency of recovery of enterotoxins A–E from foods; and serological categorizing of foods, as determined by the presence or absence of enterotoxins in the 8 food samples studied. The collaborative results on sample solubility, detection and identification of enterotoxin in foods, and differentiation of toxic from nontoxic samples showed overall positive rates of 94.79, 72.69, and 99.23%, respectively. The method, which has been substantiated by statistical evaluation, appears to be effective for the separation of staphylococcal enterotoxins from foods. The Association has adopted the method as official first action and no adverse comments have been received.
Determination of Vitamin E in Animal Feeds by Normal Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Cohen Huguette , Lapointe Michel R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple and rapid quantitative method for the determination of vitamin E in animal feeds is described. The method involves direct extraction with a mixture of isooctane–l,4-dioxane (80 + 20) followed by saponification. Additional purification was achieved by using a silica gel Sep-Pak. Elution time for vitamin E alcohol was 7.98 min (standard deviation (SD) 0.06) using a Partisil-10 PAC column and an isocratic mobile phase of hexane–dichloromethane–isopropanol (70 + 30 + 0.2) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and detection at 292 nm and 0.01 AUFS by a variable UV monitor. The average recovery of vitamin E was 96.64% (SD 5.19) in 4 different animal feeds. The method compared favorably with the official AOAC method. The minimum detectable amount of vitamin E in an animal feed is 10 IU/kg.
Extraction of Light Filth from Ground Allspice: Collaborative Study
Authors: Dent Russell G ,   Collaborators:, Eye J G , Freeman C C , Hall E , Karpus J T , Palmer W , Senff W A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The present official AOAC method (44.120(a)(b), 13th Ed.) for extracting light filth from ground allspice uses flammable solvents and gives poor filth recoveries. An improved method has been developed which uses a single pretreatment with 40% isopropanol and hydrochloric acid, followed by wet sieving. After deaeration by boiling, the light filth is extracted from 40% isopropanol-Tween 80-tetrasodium EDTA with light mineral oil. Reports from all 6 collaborators showed that the proposed method resulted in 90 and 89% average recoveries of rodent hairs and insect fragments, respectively. The proposed method is recommended for adoption as official first action to replace AOAC (44.120(a)(b)) for allspice.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Residual Benomyl and Methyl 2-BenzimidazoIe Carbamate on Apple Foliage Without Cleanup
Authors: Chiba Mikio , Veres D F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple HPLC method has been developed to individually determine residues of benomyl and MBC on apple leaves without cleanup. Sample leaves in a Mason jar are freeze-dried and tumbled for extraction in CHC13 containing 5000 μg n-propyl isocyanate/mL at 1°C. n-Butyl isocyanate is added to the extract at 5000 μg/mL, and 20 μL of the mixture is injected into the HPLC system. A Brownlee LiChrosorb silica gel column with a guard column is operated with a mixed mobile phase of chloroform-hexane (4+1) saturated with water. MBC, present as a degradation compound of benomyl, is identified as methyl 1 – (n – propylcarbamoyl) – 2 – benzimidazole carbamate (MBC-n-PIC derivative). At 280 nm, both benomyl and MBC-n-PIC can be detected with a UV detector at a level of 0.2 ppm in apple leaves.
Visible and Ultraviolet Absorption and Fluorescence Excitation and Emission Characteristics of Florida Orange Juice and Orange Pulpwash: Detection of Adulteration
Authors: Petrus Donald R , Attaway John A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Visible and ultraviolet absorption and room temperature fluorescence excitation and emission spectra, obtained from alcoholic solutions of Florida orange juice and pulpwash, were investigated to characterize citrus products, and thereby detect adulteration and approximate orange juice content. Absorption shoulders and maxima were observed at 465, 443, and 425 nm of the visible spectrum and at 325, 280, and 245 nm of the ultraviolet spectrum. The spectral curves for orange juice and pulpwash were similar. However, orange pulpwash had weaker visible and stronger ultraviolet absorption than did orange juice. It was determined (416 frozen concentrated orange juice and 206 orange pulpwash samples obtained from Florida commercial processors) that the average sum and standard deviation of absorbance at 443, 325, and 280 nm was 2.410 ± 0.164 for orange juice and 3.781 ± 0.473 for orange pulpwash (based on reconstituted 12.8° Brix products). Average absorbance 443/325 nm ratio was 0.144 ± 0.026 for orange juice and 0.048 ± 0.020 for orange pulpwash. Simple dilutions of orange juice with water and/or sugar solutions resulted in a linear decrease in absorbance sum while the absorbance ratio remained essentially the same. Orange juice and pulpwash systems resulted in a linear increase in absorbance sum and a decrease in absorbance ratio (natural log function). The investigation enabled the derivation of equations, using absorption data, to approximate orange juice and/or pulpwash contents and/or dilution of a sample. The constants used in the equations were based on results obtained from commercially produced Florida citrus products and may vary with other citrus-producing regions. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra complemented the absorption spectra. Fluorescence excitation for orange juice was maximum at 283 nm with a shoulder at 291 and inflections at 270 and 302 nm with maximum emission at 333 nm. Excitation was also maximum at 291 nm with a shoulder at 283 and inflections at 270 and 302 with maximum emission at 343 nm. Pulpwash excitation was maximum at 270 and 302 nm with a minimum at 283 nm and emission at 353 nm. Peaks or pronounced shoulders at 270 and 302 nm have been indicative of the presence of orange pulpwash.
Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Determination of Sorbic Acid in Dry Fermented Sausage
Authors: Holley Richard A , Millard George E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid and reliable method is described for determining sorbic acid in dry fermented Italian salami (moisture &lt;50%, fat &gt;25%). Sorbic acid was extracted from the homogenized sample with metaphosphoric acid and partitioned into isooctane. The absorbance of the extract was read at 255 nm. Background UV-absorbing materials were determined by their absorbance at 255 nm after permanganate oxidation of sorbic acid. Unexpectedly, spice components contributed to the UV absorbance of permanganate-labile substances, and sorbic acid was at first overestimated. Interference caused by spice components was calculated by measuring the difference in absorbance before and after permanganate treatment of a sample extract from a salami which had not been treated with sorbic acid. Recovery of added sorbic acid (50 –600 ppm) was between 92 and 98.7%.
Commentary on AOAC Method for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Authors: Adams Willard N , Miescier John J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is caused by ingesting bivalve molluscan shellfish which have fed on the toxigenic marine dinoflagellates Conyaulax catanella or G. tamarensis. The toxins from these organisms are neurotoxic alkaloids which interfere with nerve conduction and block muscleaction potential. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration cooperates with state shellfish control officials in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program to prevent marketing of toxin-contaminated shellfish. The toxins are quantitated by the standard mouse bioassay method, as found in Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC. This paper discusses the procedure followed in the standard bioassay method in an attempt to clarify for the PSP analyst the rather complex official methodology and, thus, promote more uniform results among laboratories.
Simplified Method for Estimation of DDT and Hexachlorocyclohexane Residues in Milk
Authors: Kapoor Sudesh K , Chawla Ram P , Kalra Rajinder L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure that combines acetone-hexane extraction and cleanup by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid is described for determining DDT and 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) residues in milk. Recoveries from samples fortified with 0.004-0.008 ppm of different HCH isomers and 0.01-0.02 ppm DDT and its metabolites ranged from 83.4 to 99.8%. The proposed method is simple and rapid, and does not require the use of costly adsorbents.
Comparison of Automated Method and Improved AOAC Kjeldahl Method for Determination of Protein in Meat and Meat Products
Authors: McGill Debra L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Kjel-Foss automated method for protein determination in meat and meat products was compared with the improved AOAC Kjeldahl method. Meat samples were separated into 3 categories based on fat content and analyzed in duplicate by both methods. No significant difference was found in a paired comparison of the 2 methods in each of the 3 meat categories, using Student’s t-test at the 99% confidence level. A number of additional meat samples analyzed 6-9 times by the automated method showed an overall average range of 0.55% protein and average standard deviation of 0.20. The Kjel-Foss automated method was applicable for total protein determination in a wide variety of meat and meat products.
Rapid Fish Species Identification by Agarose Gel Isoelectric Focusing of Sarcoplasmic Proteins
Authors: Lundstrom Ronald C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid method is described for fish species identification by agarose gel isoelectric focusing (AGIEF). The AGIEF method can be completed in less than 2 h and gives reproducible species-specific sarcoplasmic protein patterns. Protein patterns are similar using either centrifuged tissue fluid or muscle tissue as the sample. One species, monkfish (Lophius americanus), has a polymorphic protein pattern. A predominant pattern was found in 66.7% of the individuals; 2 variant patterns were equally distributed among the remaining 33.3%. AGIEF offers a more rapid, less expensive alternative to the current AOAC official first action method for fish species identification based on polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Water-Soluble Copper in Water-Insoluble Copper Fungicides: CIPAC Collaborative Study. Comparison with Bathocuproine Method
Authors: Rasero F Sánchez ,   Collaborators:, Balayannis P G , Beyers H P , Celma E , Hays E H , Magallanes M , Meier J , Roofayel R L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method was collaboratively studied by 8 laboratories from Africa, the United States, Australia, and Europe. The samples were dispersed in deionized water. After centrifuging and filtering, the water-soluble copper in the filtrate was acidified and measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in an airacetylene flame, at 324.7 nm. The results from 7 laboratories were satisfactory and no unfavorable comments were received. Repeatability standard deviations ranged from 0.005 to 0.023, and reproducibility standard deviations ranged from 0.012 to 0.062. When compared with the bathocuproine method, the difference in bias between both methods is not significant. They were both adopted as full CIPAC methods, with the bathocuproine method as the referee method. Both methods have been adopted official first action.
Detection of High Fructose Corn Syrup in Apple Juice by Mass Spectrometric 13C/12C Analysis: Collaborative Study
Authors: Doner Landis W , Phillips John G ,   Collaborators:, Gearing J N , Hillaire-Marcel C , Parker P L , Reeseman R M , Smith B N , Ziegler H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The addition of high fructose corn syrups (HFCSs) to apple juice can be detected by mass spectrometric determination of 13C/12C ratios. Forty-one pure apple juice samples, representing 18 varieties, gave a mean value for δ13C of −25.3‰ (parts per thousand), while 4 HFCSs averaged −9.7‰. In a collaborative study, 1 pure apple juice and 4 apple juice-HFCS mixtures containing from 25 to 70% apple juice were properly classified by 6 laboratories. Samples with δ13C values less negative than −20.2‰, 4 standard deviations from the mean of pure juices, can, with a high degree of confidence, be classified as adulterated. Because of the range of values for pure apple juices, other interpretations of δ13C data on suspect samples are meaningless (i.e., samples with values more negative than −20.2‰ must be considered unadulterated with HFCS). The 13C/12C mass spectrometric method for corn syrup products, 31.150-31.153, has been adopted official first action for detecting HFCS in apple juice.
Free Sugars and Sorbitol in Fruits — A Compilation from the Literature
Authors: Wrolstad Ronald E , Shallenberger Robert S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol content of apple, pear, plum, cherry, grape, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, and peach fruit was compiled from the literature; their range, mean, standard deviation, and percent coefficient of variance were calculated. The individual fruits have characteristic patterns relating to their sorbitol content, glucose: fructose ratio, and sucrose content which are influenced to only a small degree by variety, season, or geographic origin. Processing in many cases has a marked effect on sucrose content
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Intermediates and Two Reaction By-Products in FD&C Red No. 40: Collaborative Study
Authors: Cox Elizabeth A , Reed George F ,   Collaborators:, Bille L , Bischof R , Gasper G , Gunn M , King J , Penta F , Richfield-Fratz N , Seager J , Sharpies W , Young R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nine laboratories participated in a collaborative study of an ion exchange high performance liquid chromatographic procedure for determining the intermediates and 2 reaction by-products in FD&C Red No. 40: cresidine sulfonic acid (CSA), Schaeffer’s Salt (SS), 4,4’-(diazoamino)bis(5-methoxy-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid) (DMMA), and 6,6’-oxybis(2- naphthalenesulfonic acid) (DONS), respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations (absolute) found in the study were 0.012 and 0.019 for CSA at the 0.2% level, 0.004 and 0.006 for DMMA at the 0.1% level, 0.067 and 0.087 for DONS at the 1% level, and 0.015 and 0.020 for SS at the 0.3% level, respectively. The method has been adopted official first action.
Density Meter Determination of Proof of Alcoholic Beverages: Collaborative Study
Authors: Strunk Duane H , Hamman Jack W , Aicken John C , Andreasen Arthur A ,   Collaborators:, Aicken J C , Eichner J M , Feeny F , Hamman J W , Hoehn H J , Mark F G , Martin G E , Morano D E , O’Bryan W C , Perreault A W , Piet M , Reh B W , Strunk D H , Timmel B M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure using the Mettler/Paar density meter to measure the concentration of ethanol in aqueous solutions has been collaboratively studied. This instrument measures specific gravity to ±0.00001, which corresponds to ±0.02° proof. Fourteen collaborators determined the ethanol concentration in 7 different samples varying in proof from 1 to 190°. The density meter values for these samples are 0.00 to 0.17° lower than true proof as determined by a pycnometer. This is the result of nonlinearity which occurs when the specific gravity of ethanol solutions is plotted vs concentration. A graph or programmed calculator can be used to correct for this difference.
Particle Size and Concentration Adjustments of Tomato Products for Howard Mold Count
Authors: Bandler Ruth , Cichowicz Stanley M ,   Collaborators:, Cichowicz S , Floyd D , Kaminski J , Russell G , Senff W , Trauba R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The present AOAC method for mold counts of tomato products (44.096) provides no inter-product standardization of concentration among juice, sauce, paste, puree, and catsup; no intra-product standardization of concentration for juice, sauce, and catsup; and no adjustment for degree of comminution. Use of the official method, therefore, could result in an artificially increased mold count for products which have undergone extreme comminution. A new method was developed to adjust all products to the same concentration and grind them to a uniform particle size, thereby ensuring comparable mold counts on products produced by different processes. Collaborative study results showed equal repeatability for both the official and the proposed methods and a lower coefficient of variation for the proposed method.
Calibration and the Straight Line: Current Statistical Practices
Authors: Hunter J Stuart 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A recent article used data involving high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of known concentrations of FD&C Red No. 2 (and other colors) and statistical methods to determine prediction intervals and an estimate of the limit of detection. Using data from this article, the present paper expands on these uses of statistics. Described are the various confidence interval estimates associated with a fitted straight line that use Student′s t statistic, the construction and use of a confidence region for the slope and intercept of the line using Snedecor′s F, the construction of the Working-Hotelling-Scheffé bounds for the true line, and limits appropriate to the repeated use of the fitted line. The inverse use of the fitted line (the calibration problem) is next discussed, and an interval estimate is constructed for the true amount of Red No. 2, given future HPLC readings. The statistical methods described are of general applicability and should be in wider use.