bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Upscaling of Rice Evapotranspiration Based on Canopy Resistance in a Water-Saving Irrigated Rice Field
Authors: Liu Xiaoyin , Xu Junzeng , Yang Shihong , Lv Yuping , Zhuang Yang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn important element of the hydrologic cycle, the hydrometeorological parameter of evapotranspiration (ET), is critical in the development of effective water resources planning and irrigation scheduling. The ET varies in response to changes in resistance at the canopy surface rc and soil moisture content θ, especially under water-saving irrigation (WSI) practices. Drawing on data collected by eddy covariance in WSI rice paddies in eastern China in 2015 and 2016, variations in ET were studied by calculating and analyzing hourly canopy resistance and daily canopy resistance . Discrepancies were noted between true daily ET with respect to the estimated daily ET at different periods [0700–1600 local time (UTC + 8)]. To estimate in the WSI rice fields, the mean value between 0900 and 1000 LT, and between 1000 and 1100 LT performed considerably better than for a single time. Seasonal estimated ET can be accurately calculated by interpolating at different time intervals, thereby achieving a greater correlation and consistency at 2-day intervals. Then a generalized two-segment line of variation was used to calculate , achieving good results and showing that in the absence of observational data, could be easily calculated through a simplified pattern of variability. In conclusion, an ET temporal upscaling method for a WSI paddy, based on variation in and values, was optimized and is recommended for local application. Future work will focus on temporal upscaling of ET by extrapolating remote sensing instantaneous estimates to daily values.
Marginal Instability and the Efficiency of Ocean Mixing
Authors: Smyth W. D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe mixing efficiency of stratified turbulence in geophysical fluids has been the subject of considerable controversy. A simple parameterization, devised decades ago when empirical knowledge was scarce, has held up remarkably well. The parameterization rests on the assumption that the flux coefficient Γ has the uniform value 0.2. This note provides a physical explanation for Γ = 0.2 in terms of the “marginal instability” property of forced stratified shear flows, and also sketches a path toward improving on that simple picture by examining cases where it fails.
Toward a Theory of Visual Information Acquisition in Driving
Authors: Wolfe Benjamin , Sawyer Ben D. , Rosenholtz Ruth 
Published: July 2020

Objective The aim of this study is to describe information acquisition theory, explaining how drivers acquire and represent the information they need. Background While questions of what drivers are aware of underlie many questions in driver behavior, existing theories do not directly address how drivers in particular and observers in general acquire visual information. Understanding the mechanisms of information acquisition is necessary to build predictive models of drivers’ representation of the world and can be applied beyond driving to a wide variety of visual tasks. Method We describe our theory of information acquisition, looking to questions in driver behavior and results from vision science research that speak to its constituent elements. We focus on the intersection of peripheral vision, visual attention, and eye movement planning and identify how an understanding of these visual mechanisms and processes in the context of information acquisition can inform more complete models of driver knowledge and state. Results We set forth our theory of information acquisition, describing the gap in understanding that it fills and how existing questions in this space can be better understood using it. Conclusion Information acquisition theory provides a new and powerful way to study, model, and predict what drivers know about the world, reflecting our current understanding of visual mechanisms and enabling new theories, models, and applications. Application Using information acquisition theory to understand how drivers acquire, lose, and update their representation of the environment will aid development of driver assistance systems, semiautonomous vehicles, and road safety overall.
Experiences and psychosocial problems of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey: A qualitative study
Authors: Kackin Ozlem , Ciydem Emre , Aci Ozgur Sema , Kutlu Fatma Yasemin 
Published: July 2020

Background: Nurses, who are playing an important role during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, are exposed to a range of psychosocial stressors due to unforeseen risks. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the experiences and psychosocial problems of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey. Settings: The data were collected between 9 May and 12 May 2020, in Istanbul, Turkey. Participants: The study sample consisted of 10 nurses, who cared for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: The research employed the descriptive phenomenological approach. The interviews were conducted face-to-face via the internet and were analysed with Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Results: The experiences and psychosocial problems among nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were categorised under three themes, which were further divided into subcategories. The theme of the effects of the outbreak was divided into working conditions, psychological effects and social effects; the theme of short-term coping strategies was divided into normalisation, refusal to dwell on experiences, avoidance, expression of emotions and distraction; and the theme of necessities was divided into psychosocial support and resource management. Conclusion: The nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey were adversely affected, both psychologically and socially, by the pandemic; they used short-term coping strategies, and they needed psychosocial support and resource management. They also faced stigmatising attitudes and experiencing burnout and were at risk for secondary traumas due to witnessing disease and death.
Rasch analysis of the anterior knee pain scale in adolescents with patellofemoral pain
Authors: Selhorst Mitchell , Fernandez-Fernandez Alicia , Cheng M Samuel 
Published: July 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Anterior Knee Pain Scale in a cohort of adolescents being treated conservatively for patellofemoral pain using Rasch analysis. Design: This is a psychometric study. Setting: Physical therapy clinics of a large pediatric hospital in Columbus, Ohio (United States) Subjects: A total of 646 adolescent patients with patellofemoral pain (76% female, 14.6 ± 1.6 years old). Intervention: Not applicable. Main Measure: The Anterior Knee Pain Scale. Results: The median Anterior Knee Pain Scale score was 73 (interquartile range 64–81), with scores ranging from 7 to 100 on the 100-point scale. The Rasch person reliability for the Anterior Knee Pain Scale was 0.74 and the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.75, representing an acceptable person reliability. Principal component analysis revealed a ratio of 5.2:1 demonstrating acceptable unidimensionality of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale. A significant misfit was observed in the item “Abnormal Painful Kneecap Movements” (Outfit Means Square 2.74, Infit Means Square 1.41). Ordering of item responses was unsatisfactory as only five of the 13 items demonstrated appropriate distinction between each of the responses. There was no differential item functioning for sex or age for all items of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale, based upon the criterion of ⩾ 0.5 logit difference. Conclusion: The Anterior Knee Pain Scale does not meet interval-level measurement criteria and should be considered ordinal level data.
Polymorphism rs1801516 (G > A) in the ATM gene is not associated with overall cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis
Authors: Li Yueting , Shi Pengxu , Jiang Daqing 
Published: July 2020

Objective The ataxia telangiectasia mutated ( ATM) gene contains a functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1801516 (G > A) that may be associated with cancer risk. This meta-analysis aimed to interrogate the relationship between rs1801516 and cancer occurrence and disease etiology. Methods We retrieved and identified the available case–control studies that met the inclusion criteria from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the association between rs1801516 and cancer risk. Additionally, we performed sensitivity, subgroup, and publication bias analyses. Results After inclusion criteria were met, the meta-analysis included 29 studies, with 9,453 cancer patients (cases) and 14,646 controls. No association was found between rs1801516 and cancer risk (pooled OR = 0.911; 95% CI, 0.740–1.123). Concordantly, no association was found between rs1801516 and cancer risk after subgroup analysis by source of controls, cancer type, or ethnicity, which confirmed the finding of the dominant model that this SNP is not involved in the occurrence of cancer. Conclusions Through this meta-analysis, we found no association between rs1801516 and cancer occurrence as a risk factor. These data provide useful information for future case–control studies on cancer etiology.
How to prevent in-hospital COVID-19 infection and reassure women about the safety of pregnancy: Experience from an obstetric center in China
Authors: Gu Xiao-Xia , Chen Kai , Yu Hong , Liang Ge-Yu , Chen Hui , Shen Yang 
Published: July 2020

Objective This study aimed to describe the emergency responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for pregnant patients at our hospital and their effect on hospital operations and patients’ outcomes. Methods We developed strategies to prevent hospital-associated transmission of COVID-19 in obstetric care. Infrastructure, including the fever clinic and wards, were modified. Outpatient volume was controlled and screening processes were strictly performed. Verification of the virus was compulsory for non-surgery and non-emergency patients. Emergency operations were performed in a negative pressure theater with surgeons fully protected. Outcomes were analyzed and the patients’ characteristics were evaluated. The effect of intervention on depressed and anxious patients was assessed. Data from the first 2 months of 2019 and 2020 were compared. Results No in-hospital COVID-19 infections occurred in our unit. During the epidemic, patient volume significantly decreased. While major characteristics of patients were similar, a higher prevalence of gestational hypertension was found in 2020 than in 2019. Psychological interventions showed optimistic effects in ameliorating depression and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Our strategies were effective in preventing in-hospital infection of COVID-19 and reassuring women about the safety of pregnancy. Monitoring and managing psychological issues were necessary during this critical period.
Changing Clinicoradiologic Spectrum of Intracranial Neurotuberculosis in Children: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Banga Sumiti , Azad Chandrika , Gupta Rekha , Sawal Nishit , Mahajan Vidushi , Chander Jagdish , Guglani Vishal 
Published: July 2020

Background: Neurotuberculosis is among the most severe type of tuberculosis with high mortality and morbidity in all age groups. Various sociodemographic and disease-/treatment-related factors have emerged over the years that can affect clinical and radiologic features of neurotuberculosis. Objective: To investigate various clinical and neuroradiologic presentations of neurotuberculosis. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done in a tertiary care center of northern India. The patients between the ages of 3 months and 18 years with newly diagnosed neurotuberculosis were enrolled after taking informed consent. Results: A total of 78 patients (37% males) were enrolled. Fifty-six patients (72%) had tubercular meningitis (TBM) and 22 (28%) isolated tuberculomas. Very high percentage of patients in both the groups was BCG vaccinated. In the tubercular meningitis group, fever (68%), headache (59%), and vomiting (54%) were the most common complaints whereas in the tuberculoma group, seizures (95.5%) were the main complaint and systemic symptoms were rare. In tubercular meningitis patients, cerebrospinal fluid–based studies showed cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (Xpert MTB/RIF) positivity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 17.6% cases, whereas on gastric aspirate and sputum examination, acid-fast bacilli were seen in 30.7% and cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test was positive in 19% patients. On neuroimaging, hydrocephalus was seen in 44.6% of tubercular meningitis patients, infarcts in 32%, and basal exudates in 12% patients only; coexistent tuberculomas were seen in 53%. Conclusion: Compared with the available literature, the present study showed a smaller percentage of children <5 years of age, stage III tubercular meningitis cases, and typical neuroradiologic findings like hydrocephalus and basal exudates and more tuberculomas associated with tubercular meningitis.
Acute Flaccid Myelitis: A Single Pediatric Center Experience From 2014 to 2019
Authors: Patel Rifali , Gombolay Grace Y. , Peljovich Allan E. , Conklin Jessica , Blackwell Laura S. , Howarth Robyn , Wolf David S. , Upadhyayula Saila R. , Verma Sumit 
Published: July 2020

Background: Acute flaccid myelitis has emerged as the leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis in children. Acute flaccid myelitis leads to significant physical disability; hence, objective outcome measures to study disease severity and progression are desirable. In addition, nerve transfer to improve motor function in affected children needs further study. Methods: Retrospective study of acute flaccid myelitis subjects managed at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta from August 2014 to December 2019. Clinical, electromyography and nerve conduction study, neuropsychological functional independence (WeeFIM), and nerve transfer data were reviewed. Results: Fifteen children (11 boys and 4 girls) mean age 5.1±3.2 years (range 14 months to 12 years) were included. All subjects (n = 15) presented with severe asymmetric motor weakness and absent tendon reflexes. Motor nerve conduction study of the affected limbs in 93% (n = 14) showed absent or markedly reduced amplitude. Ten patients received comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation and neuropsychological evaluation. Admission and discharge WeeFIM scores showed deficits most consistent and pronounced in the domains of self-care and mobility. Multiple nerve transfer surgery was performed on 13 limbs (9 upper and 4 lower extremities) in 6 children. Postsurgery (mean duration of 10.4 ± 5.7 months) follow-up demonstrated improvement on active movement scale (AMS) in 4 subjects. Conclusion: Acute flaccid myelitis affects school-age children with asymmetric motor weakness, absent tendon reflexes, and reduced or absent motor amplitude on nerve conduction study. Comprehensive rehabilitation and nerve transfer led to improvement in motor function on neuropsychology WeeFIM and AMS scores.
Tolerability of Highly Protein Bound Targeted Oral Oncolytic Drugs in Patients With Hypoalbuminemia: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Murdock Joshua L. , Duco Marissa R. , Reeves David J. 
Published: July 2020

Background: Hypoalbuminemia is commonly observed in cancer patients. Given the pharmacokinetic interactions between serum proteins and protein bound medications, administration of highly protein bound targeted oral oncolytic drugs may result in elevated unbound drug levels and decreased tolerability in those with hypoalbuminemia. Objective: To describe the impact of hypoalbuminemia on oral oncolytic drug tolerability. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of adult patients receiving treatment with targeted oral oncolytic drugs with ≥95% protein binding. The primary end point of this study was to compare time to discontinuation resulting from documented toxicity in those with and without hypoalbuminemia. Results: The study included 143 patients receiving 16 targeted oral oncolytic drugs (42% with hypoalbuminemia, 58% without hypoalbuminemia). Adverse events were common, with similar incidence among patients with and without hypoalbuminemia (73% vs 76%, respectively; P = 0.727). Median time to therapy discontinuation resulting from documented toxicity was significantly shorter in those with hypoalbuminemia (22 months vs not reached; P = 0.003). Cox regression demonstrated that hypoalbuminemia was the only significant risk factor for shorter time to discontinuation resulting from documented adverse effects (hazard ratio = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.15-8.0; P = 0.025). Conclusion and Relevance: This represents the first report of the impact of hypoalbuminemia on tolerability of highly protein bound oral oncolytic drugs, demonstrating that patients with hypoalbuminemia may be at increased risk for early discontinuation resulting from toxicity. Given the importance of maintaining dose intensity in patients receiving oncolytic therapy, albumin levels should be monitored throughout treatment and supportive care maximized in those developing hypoalbuminemia.
Extensive conjunctival melanoma successfully treated with surgical resection and pre- and postoperative topical mitomycin C
Authors: Mazzini Cinzia , Pieretti Giulia , Vicini Giulio , Nicolosi Cristina , Virgili Gianni , Giansanti Fabrizio 
Published: July 2020

Purpose: To report a case of a large conjunctival melanoma (CM) successfully treated with surgical resection and pre- and postoperative topical mitomycin C (MMC). Methods: This is a single observational case report. Results: A 58-year-old man was referred to us for a large pigmented conjunctival lesion of the right eye. Slit lamp examination revealed an extensive pigmented lesion diffusely involving the temporal bulbar conjunctiva, with multifocal intensely dark areas and an elevated limbal component extending on the corneal surface. The remaining bulbar and forniceal conjunctiva was not involved. The lesion was clinically diagnosed as CM. Clinical examination and head and neck ultrasonography did not show regional lymphadenopathy. The patient was treated with neoadjuvant topical MMC 0.04% four times a day for 3 weeks. At the end of MMC therapy we observed a reduction in pigmentation and thickness of the lesion. Subsequently, the patient underwent surgical excision of the lesion with “no touch technique,” double freeze-thaw cryotherapy of the margins and reconstruction of the tissue defect with amniotic membrane graft. Histopathologic examination of the specimen confirmed the presence of CM, surrounded by primary acquired melanosis with atypia. The excision margins were positive for tumor involvement, so we decided to perform an adjuvant treatment with other four cycles of topical MMC. Conclusions: The patient was closely followed-up after the treatment, without any local or distant recurrence at 32 months.
Mid- and long-term outcome of Salter’s, Pemberton’s and Dega’s osteotomy for treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Merckaert Sophie R , Zambelli Pierre-Yves , Edd Shannon N , Daniele Starnoni , Brigitte Jolles 
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Early diagnosis and early treatment have become the gold standard for management of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Surgery is required in case of failed initial treatment. Innominate pelvic osteotomy of Salter (SIO), Pemberton’s pericapsular osteotomy (PPO) and Dega’s acetabuloplasty (DA) are among the most used procedures. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the past 57 years in order to assess the mid- and long-term outcome of these techniques. Methods: Studies met inclusion criteria if they: (1) reported at least 5 cases treated by 1 of the abovementioned surgical techniques; (2) included children aged between 1 and 8 years; (3) surgical indication was late detected DDH or a failed initial treatment; (4) presented a minimal follow-up of 24 months; (5) reported the radiological score of Severin and/or the clinical score of McKay. Clinical and radiological outcomes were dichotomised into favourable and unfavourable outcome and weighted summary rates were determined using meta-analysis models. Results: From a total of 7391 articles, 48 level of evidence grade IV articles were included in our review. A total of 2143 cases with a mean follow up of 112.4 months were included. Pooled Severin score indicated a statistically better outcome for PPO and DA compared to SIO ( p = 0.0003 and p = 0.002, respectively). By dichotomising the results in favourable and unfavourable outcome, PPO showed the best results ( p = 0.0002 vs. SIO, p = 0.01 vs. DA). Pooled McKay score showed a statistically better outcome for PPO and DA compared to SIO ( p < 0.0001 and p = 0.03, respectively) as well as better outcomes for PPO compared to DA ( p = 0.01). By dichotomising the results in favourable and unfavourable, PPO showed the best results. Conclusions: Even if our review demonstrates slightly better radiological and clinical results with the PPO, the currently available and limited data do not allow for clear recommendation towards one of these techniques.
Have changes in computerised tomography guidance positively impacted detection of cervical spine injury in children? A review of the Trauma Audit and Research Network data
Authors: Nunn Catherine , Negus Samantha , Lawrence Tomas , Lecky Fiona , Roland Damian 
Published: July 2020

Background Clinically significant damage to the cervical spine in children is uncommon, but missing this can be life-changing for patients. The balance between rarity and severity leads to inconsistent scanning, with both resource and radiation implications. In 2014, the United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence updated their computerised tomography neck imaging guidance in children. The aim of this study was to assess if the change in guidance had resulted in a change in diagnosis or imaging rates. Methods A retrospective review of the national Trauma Audit and Research Network’s data for computerised tomography spine imaging in children in 2012–2013 was compared to the same data sample collected in 2015–2016. Results The percentage of children presenting with neck trauma who were imaged reduced from 15.5 to 14.1% with an increase in confirmed cervical spine injury from 1.6 to 2.3% between the two time periods. The specificity of computerised tomography scanning increased from 10 to 16.4%. There was variation in scan rates, with major trauma centres scanning a greater percentage of children of all ages and with all injury scores, than trauma units. Discussion This study suggests national guidance can impact clinical care in a relatively short timeframe. Variation in how guidance is applied, with major trauma centres scanning proportionately more children with a lower yield, could be because scanning is more readily available, or because trauma protocols encourage more scans. Twenty per cent of injuries were not found on the initial computerised tomography, in keeping with previously reported data, because the injuries were ligamentous or cord contusion. This suggests a role for early magnetic resonance imaging in children with suspected spinal injury.