bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On‐Demand Bacterial Reactivation by Restraining within a Triggerable Nanocoating
Authors: Feng Pingping , Cao Zhenping , Wang Xinyue , Li Juanjuan , Liu Jinyao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBacteria have been widely exploited as bioagents for applications in diagnosis and treatment, benefitting from their living characteristics including colonization, rapid proliferation, and facile genetic manipulation. As such, bacteria being tailored to perform precisely in the right place at the right time to avoid potential side effects would be of great importance but has proven to be difficult. Here, a strategy of on‐demand bacterial reactivation is described by individually restraining within a triggerable nanocoating. Upon reaching at a location of interest, nanocoatings can be triggered to dissolution in situ and subsequently decoat the bacteria which are able to recover their bioactivities as needed. It is demonstrated that gut microbiota coated with an enteric nanocoating can respond to gastrointestinal environments and reactivate in the intestine by a pH‐triggered decoating. In virtue of this unique, coated bacteria remain inactive following oral administration to exempt acidic insults, while revive to restore therapeutic effects after gastric emptying. Consequently, improved oral availability and treatment efficacy are achieved in two mouse models of intestinal infection. Bacteria restrained by a triggerable nanocoating represent a smart therapeutic that can take effect when necessary. On‐demand bacterial reactivation suggests a robust platform for the development of precision bacterial‐mediated bioagents.
Crystal–Glass High‐Entropy Nanocomposites with Near Theoretical Compressive Strength and Large Deformability
Authors: Wu Ge , Balachandran Shanoob , Gault Baptiste , Xia Wenzhen , Liu Chang , Rao Ziyuan , Wei Ye , Liu Shaofei , Lu Jian , Herbig Michael , Lu Wenjun , Dehm Gerhard , Li Zhiming , Raabe Dierk 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHigh‐entropy alloys (HEAs) and metallic glasses (MGs) are two material classes based on the massive mixing of multiple‐principal elements. HEAs are single or multiphase crystalline solid solutions with high ductility. MGs with amorphous structure have superior strength but usually poor ductility. Here, the stacking fault energy in the high‐entropy nanotwinned crystalline phase and the glass‐forming‐ability in the MG phase of the same material are controlled, realizing a novel nanocomposite with near theoretical yield strength (G/24, where G is the shear modulus of a material) and homogeneous plastic strain above 45% in compression. The mutually compatible flow behavior of the MG phase and the dislocation flux in the crystals enable homogeneous plastic co‐deformation of the two regions. This crystal–glass high‐entropy nanocomposite design concept provides a new approach to developing advanced materials with an outstanding combination of strength and ductility.
Ultralow‐Transition‐Energy Organic Complex on Graphene for High‐Performance Shortwave Infrared Photodetection
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Ahsan , Liaqat Adeel , Hussain Sabir , Wang Xinsheng , Tahir Misbah , Urooj Zunaira , Xie Liming 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRoom‐temperature, high‐sensitivity, and broadband photodetection up to the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region is extremely significant for a wide variety of optoelectronic applications, including contamination identification, thermal imaging, night vision, agricultural inspection, and atmospheric remote sensing. Small‐bandgap semiconductor‐based SWIR photodetectors generally require deep cooling to suppress thermally generated charge carriers to achieve increased sensitivity. Meanwhile, the photogating effect can provide an alternative way to achieve superior photosensitivity without the need for cooling. The optical photogating effect originates from charge trapping of photoinduced carriers at defects or interfaces, resulting in an extremely high photogain (106 or higher). Here, a highly sensitive SWIR hybrid photodetector, fabricated by integrating an organic charge transfer complex on a graphene transistor, is reported. The organic charge transfer complex (tetrathiafulvalene–chloranil) has an exceptional low‐energy intermolecular electronic transition down to 0.5 eV, with the aim of achieving efficient SWIR absorption for wavelengths greater than 2 µm. The photogating effect at the organic complex and graphene interface enables an extremely high photogain and a high detectivity of ≈1013 Jones, along with a response time of 8 ms, at room temperature for a wavelength of 2 µm.
A Transparent, Skin‐Inspired Composite Film with Outstanding Tear Resistance Based on Flat Silk Cocoon
Authors: Xu Zongpu , Wu Mingrui , Gao Weiwei , Bai Hao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFlexible and transparent substrates play a fundamental role as a mechanical support in advanced electronic devices. However, commonly used polymer films, such as polydimethylsiloxane, show low tear resistance because of their crack sensitivity. Herein, inspired by the excellent mechanical robustness of the skin and its fibrous structure, an epoxy‐resin‐based composite with a flat silk cocoon as a reinforcing fiber network is fabricated. With only 1 wt% of silk fiber, the tensile strength and modulus of the as‐prepared composite film are considerably increased by 300% and 612% compared to those of pure resin, while still maintaining flexibility and transparency. More importantly, the composite shows remarkable tear resistance: without fracture after ≈30 000 tensile cycles. The potential application of such transparent composite films as mechanically robust substrates for flexible electronics is also demonstrated. In addition, this study represents a bioinspired strategy to construct high‐performance functional composite materials.
All‐Optical Polarization‐Controlled Nanosensor Switch Based on Guided‐Wave Surface Plasmon Resonance via Molecular Overtone Excitations in the Near‐Infrared
Authors: Karabchevsky Alina , Hazan Adir , Dubavik Aliaksei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSemiconductor transistors for sensors are considered the most widely manufactured device in history. Being invented to switch electronic signals they revolutionized electronics and paved the way for smaller and cheaper sensors, radios, calculators, and computers. However, electric switches are hampered by damage from very brief electrical and thermal effects or electromagnetic interference. For this reason, modern communication systems devote considerable attention to all‐optical switches, yet, the state‐of‐the‐art switching of photonic signals is fulfilled electronically. All‐optical switching allows light‐controls‐light through unique optical effects. Here, an all‐optical sensor switch, engineered to operate at telecommunication wavelengths, caused by the excitation of molecular overtones in a hybrid plasmonic–dielectric configuration is demonstrated. This configuration possesses a unique property: to control the sensor switch with the polarization state of light for two different plasmonic modes to co‐exist while exciting a single overtone. Control of the sensor switch is realized by tuning the polarization of incident light from transverse magnetic (switch‐on) to transverse electric (switch‐off). This switch provides a miniature, affordable, and fast chip‐scale polarization‐activated sensor device for a wide range of applications from optics communication to all‐optical computing and sensing.
Chiral Platinum‐Based Metallomesogens with Highly Efficient Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence in Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Qian Gaowei , Yang Xuefeng , Wang Xiangbing , Herod Jordan D. , Bruce Duncan W. , Wang Shengyue , Zhu Weiguo , Duan Pengfei , Wang Yafei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCircularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is of interest due to its wide potential application in semiconductors. To balance the emission efficiency and luminescence dissymmetry factor (gPL) of a CPL emitter, in this context, two chiral, phosphorescent and liquid‐crystalline cyclometalated platinum complexes, abbreviated R‐Pt and S‐Pt, are prepared. The complexes, which show an intense green emission at 504 nm both in solution and in the solid state, contain a simple, ortho‐metalated 2‐phenylpyridine unit functionalized with a chiral 2‐octanol chain, with liquid crystallinity being induced by modifying the β‐diketonato ligand with mesogenic groups. Interestingly, both the chiral smectic (SmA*) and nematic (N*) phases are found by a combination of polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. By annealing, distinct CPL emission is achieved in the solid state with a gPL around 0.02. Employing the chiral platinum complexes as the dopant, solution‐processable organic light‐emitting diodes present an external quantum efficiency of 11.3% and strong, circularly polarized electroluminescence with an extremely high luminescence dissymmetry value (gEL) of 0.06 after annealing at 100 °C. This work opens an avenue for designing CPL‐active emitters with high emission efficiency and high dissymmetry factor.
Recombinant Fusion of Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 and an Albumin Binding Domain Provides Glycemic Control for a Week in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Yousefpour Parisa , Varanko Anastasia , Subrahmanyan Rishi , Chilkoti Ashutosh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP1) is an intestinally derived incretin currently under investigation for treatment of type 2 diabetes. The clinical application of GLP1 is limited by its short half‐life, which necessitates frequent administration. To address this challenge, GLP1 is recombinantly synthesized as a fusion to an albumin binding domain (ABD). The native GLP1 sequence is engineered to inhibit an inactivating cleavage site and a rigid helical linker (HL) is utilized between the GLP1 and ABD to reduce interference of albumin binding by the ABD upon the ability of GLP1 to bind and activate its receptor. Upon subcutaneous administration (SC), the GLP1‐HL‐ABD fusion binds to endogenous albumin and exhibits an extended half‐life of ≈44 h in mice. In a diabetic (db/db) mouse model, a single SC injection of GLP1‐HL‐ABD affords up to 7 d of glycemic control, which is significantly longer than the ≈12 h duration of glucose control provided by liraglutide, an albumin binding fatty acid derivative of GLP1 currently on the market for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Leveraging Anisotropy for Coupled Optimization of Thermal Transport and Light Transmission in Micro‐Structured Materials for High‐Power Laser Applications
Authors: Mishra Vivek , Garay Javier E. , Dames Chris 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMaximum operating power densities in ceramic laser media scale with thermal conductivityk. This requires larger grain sizes in polycrystalline ceramics to reduce phonon scattering at grain boundaries. However, smaller grain sizes are preferred to minimize light scattering in the Rayleigh regime in polycrystals made from birefringent materials such as AlN and Al2O3, which are otherwise appealing for their highk. An optimization challenge arises from the opposite scaling laws governing the effects of grain sizes onkand light transmission. Here, this is tackled by introducing anisotropically microstructured materials (columnar/disk‐shaped grains) as the lasing media, and allowing orthogonal heat transfer and lasing directions. For columnar grains, larger grain sizes along thec‐axis help maintain highkfor good heat dissipation, while preserving light transmission properties in the orthogonal lasing and pumping directions. Analytical models for the thermal conductivity in such structures are presented and verified using Monte‐Carlo ray‐tracing simulations. Similarly, an approximate Rayleigh–Gans–Debye model is used to predict light transmission and verified with exact simulations using FEM software. Finally, the tradeoff between thermal and optical phenomena is captured in a new anisotropic figure‐of‐merit tensor, which is optimized for the microstructure that maximizes lasing media performance in AlN and Al2O3model systems.
Porous SnO2/C Nanofiber Anodes and LiFePO4/C Nanofiber Cathodes with a Wrinkle Structure for Stretchable Lithium Polymer Batteries with High Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Kwon O. Hyeon , Oh Jang Hyeok , Gu Bobae , Jo Min Su , Oh Se Hwan , Kang Yun Chan , Kim Jae‐Kwang , Jeong Sang Mun , Cho Jung Sang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStretchable lithium batteries have attracted considerable attention as components in future electronic devices, such as wearable devices, sensors, and body‐attachment healthcare devices. However, several challenges still exist in the bid to obtain excellent electrochemical properties for stretchable batteries. Here, a unique stretchable lithium full‐cell battery is designed using 1D nanofiber active materials, stretchable gel polymer electrolyte, and wrinkle structure electrodes. A SnO2/C nanofiber anode and a LiFePO4/C nanofiber cathode introduce meso‐ and micropores for lithium‐ion diffusion and electrolyte penetration. The stretchable full‐cell consists of an elastic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) wrapping film, SnO2/C and LiFePO4/C nanofiber electrodes with a wrinkle structure fixed on the PDMS wrapping film by an adhesive polymer, and a gel polymer electrolyte. The specific capacity of the stretchable full‐battery is maintained at 128.3 mAh g−1 (capacity retention of 92%) even after a 30% strain, as compared with 136.8 mAh g−1 before strain. The energy densities are 458.8 Wh kg−1 in the released state and 423.4 Wh kg−1 in the stretched state (based on the electrode), respectively. The high capacity and stability in the stretched state demonstrate the potential of the stretchable battery to overcome its limitations.
Nonfullerene Acceptors: A Renaissance in Organic Photovoltaics?
Authors: Meredith Paul , Li Wei , Armin Ardalan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEfficient, low‐cost, and low‐embodied energy photovoltaics are key enablers of the global decarbonization agenda. In addition to the market‐leading crystalline silicon technology, several other promising candidates are under active investigation with the perovskites leading the way with single‐junction efficiencies exceeding 25% at the lab‐scale. So‐called organic photovoltaics (solar cells based upon organic semiconductors), particularly those that can be solution processed, have long promised the Nirvana of ultralow cost and very short energy payback times. However, relatively low efficiencies, poor long‐term stability, and issues with manufacturing at scale have so far prevented truly meaningful commercialization of the technology. The recent emergence of the so‐called nonfullerene electron acceptors is potentially about to shift this dynamic—they have delivered a step change in performance in a relatively short period of time. In this Essay, the basic properties of these new materials, their pros and cons, what we know and what we do not know are explored.
Annual ryegrass control prior to seeding corn with glyphosate plus group 2 herbicides
Authors: Soltani Nader , Shropshire Christy , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractControl of fall‐seeded annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) cover crops with spring‐applied herbicides prior to seeding corn (Zea mays L.) has been variable. Improved herbicide options are needed in order to increase the consistency of annual ryegrass termination prior to seeding corn. Four field experiments were conducted over a 2‐yr period (2018, 2019) in Ontario, Canada, to evaluate the control of fall‐seeded annual ryegrass cover crops with various corn herbicides, applied prior to seeding corn in the spring. Based on visual estimates, glyphosate alone controlled annual ryegrass 80% at 6 weeks after application (WAA). Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides, foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron controlled annual ryegrass 82, 71, 88, and 88%, respectively, at 6 WAA. The tankmix of glyphosate with foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, or nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron controlled annual ryegrass 94–98% at 6 WAA. Glyphosate reduced annual ryegrass density 73%; in contrast, foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron did not reduce annual ryegrass density compared to the weedy control. The tankmix of glyphosate plus an ALS inhibitor herbicide reduced annual ryegrass density 88−94%. Reduced annual ryegrass interference with glyphosate applied alone resulted in an increase in corn yield of 86% compared to the control. Reduced annual ryegrass interference with foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron applied alone resulted in an increase in corn yield 61, 61, 93, and 91%, and 98, 105, 95, and 98% when co‐applied with glyphosate, respectively. The tankmix of glyphosate with an ALS inhibitor herbicide resulted in excellent (>90%) annual ryegrass control and increased corn yield.
Assessment of three types of intranasal nebulization devices in three‐dimensional printed models and volunteers: a pilot study
Authors: Dong Dong , Cai Fangyu , Huang Shuman , Zhu Xiaoyuan , Geng Jing , Liu Jia , Lv Lei , Zhang Yanbing , Zhao Yulin 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundIntranasal nebulization is an effective treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis; however, terminal inhalation devices have not been fully studied. We compared the sinonasal aerosol distributions and adverse effects of different inhalation units.MethodsA mask, double‐head nozzle, and single‐head nozzle were applied to atomize the methylene blue solution to 3‐dimensional printed models of the pediatric nasal cavity, adult nasal cavity with septal deviation, and postsurgical paranasal sinuses, and staining of the different sites was scored. Volunteers received nebulization of normal saline via different devices; thereafter, the adverse effects were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS).ResultsAfter nebulization, the staining scores for the middle turbinate and middle meatus of the pediatric and adult nasal cavity models and the score for the anterior ethmoid sinus of the sinus model with the single‐head nozzle were significantly higher than those with the mask and double‐head nozzle (all p < 0.05; η2 for effect size estimates were above 0.68). Among the 31 volunteers, the adverse effects, including nasal irritation, facial pressure/pain, ear fullness/pain, postnasal drip, and throat irritation/cough, were mild. The variations in the incidence and VAS scores of the adverse effects among the devices were not significant (all p > 0.05).ConclusionThe single‐head nozzle was the most effective device in aerosol delivery to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and sinuses; conversely, the mask yielded limited sinonasal deposition. Intranasal nebulization was well tolerated, and the adverse effects among the devices were comparable. These findings are meaningful for selecting and developing inhalation units.
Size‐Dependent Nickel‐Based Electrocatalysts for Selective CO2 Reduction
Authors: Li Zhida , He Dong , Yan Xingxu , Dai Sheng , Younan Sabrina , Ke Zunjian , Pan Xiaoqing , Xiao Xiangheng , Wu Hongjun , Gu Jing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractClosing the anthropogenic carbon cycle by converting CO2 into reusable chemicals is an attractive solution to mitigate rising concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. Herein, we prepared Ni metal catalysts ranging in size from single atoms to over 100 nm and distributed them across N‐doped carbon substrates which were obtained from converted zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF). The results show variance in CO2 reduction performance with variance in Ni metal size. Ni single atoms demonstrate a superior Faradaic efficiency (FE) for CO selectivity (ca. 97 % at −0.8 V vs. RHE), while results for 4.1 nm Ni nanoparticles are slightly lower (ca. 93 %). Further increase the Ni particle size to 37.2 nm allows the H2 evolution reaction (HER) to compete with the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The FE towards CO production decreases to under 30 % and HER efficiency increase to over 70 %. These results show a size‐dependent CO2 reduction for various sizes of Ni metal catalysts.
Acid‐Activatable Transmorphic Peptide‐Based Nanomaterials for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Sun Bingbing , Chang Rui , Cao Shoupeng , Yuan Chengqian , Zhao Luyang , Yang Haowen , Li Junbai , Yan Xuehai , van Hest Jan C. M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInspired by the dynamic morphology control of molecular assemblies in biological systems, we have developed pH‐responsive transformable peptide‐based nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy (PDT) with prolonged tumor retention times. The self‐assembled peptide–porphyrin nanoparticles transformed into nanofibers when exposed to the acidic tumor microenvironment, which was mainly driven by enhanced intermolecular hydrogen bond formation between the protonated molecules. The nanoparticle transformation into fibrils improved their singlet oxygen generation ability and enabled high accumulation and long‐term retention at tumor sites. Strong fluorescent signals of these nanomaterials were detected in tumor tissue up to 7 days after administration. Moreover, the peptide assemblies exhibited excellent anti‐tumor efficacy via PDT in vivo. This in situ fibrillar transformation strategy could be utilized to design effective stimuli‐responsive biomaterials for long‐term imaging and therapy.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C−H Functionalization via Chiral Transient Directing Group Strategies
Authors: Liao Gang , Zhang Tao , Lin Zhi‐Keng , Shi Bing‐Feng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTransition metal‐catalyzed enantioselective functionalization of C−H bond, the most abundant functionality in organic molecules, has emerged as an expedient synthetic approach to streamline the synthesis of complex chiral molecules. Despite significant progress, traditional directing group‐enabled strategies require additional steps for the installation and removal of directing groups from the target molecule. The recently developed asymmetric C−H functionalization using chiral transient directing groups (cTDGs) offers a promising alternative that can circumvent this obstacle and therefore simplify the process. In this Minireview, we briefly discuss the advent and recent advances of this emerging concept, with an emphasis on discussing the creation of various stereogenic centers and the developments ofcTDGs. Applications in natural product synthesis and ligand derivatizations are also discussed. We hope this Minireview will highlight the great potential of this strategy and help to inspire further endeavors.
Butadienyl Diiron Complexes: Nonplanar Metalla‐Aromatics Involving σ‐Type Orbital Overlap
Authors: Yu Chao , Zhong Mingdong , Zhang Yongliang , Wei Junnian , Ma Wangyang , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Ye Shengfa , Xi Zhenfeng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA new class of nonplanar metalla‐aromatics, diiron complexes bridged by a 1,3‐butadienyl dianionic ligand, were synthesized in high yields from dilithio reagents and two equivalents of FeBr2. The complexes consist of two antiferromagnetically coupled high‐spin FeII centers, as revealed by magnetometry, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. Furthermore, experimental (X‐ray structural analysis) and theoretical analyses (NICS, ICSS, AICD, MOs) suggest that the complexes are aromatic. Remarkably, this nonplanar metalla‐aromaticity is achieved by an uncommon σ‐type overlap between the ligand p and metal d orbitals, in sharp contrast to the intensively studied planar aromatic systems featuring delocalized π‐type bonding. Specifically, the σ‐type interaction between the two Fe 3dxz orbitals and the butadienyl π orbital results in the formation of a six‐electron conjugated system and hence enables the aromatic character.