bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coherent electron displacement for quantum information processing using attosecond single cycle pulses
Authors: Agueny Hicham 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCoherent electron displacement is a conventional strategy for processing quantum information, as it enables to interconnect distinct sites in a network of atoms. The efficiency of the processing relies on the precise control of the mechanism, which has yet to be established. Here, we theoretically demonstrate a new route to drive the electron displacement on a timescale faster than that of the dynamical distortion of the electron wavepacket by utilizing attosecond single-cycle pulses. The characteristic feature of these pulses relies on a vast momentum transfer to an electron, leading to its displacement following a unidirectional path. The scenario is illustrated by revealing the spatiotemporal nature of the displaced wavepacket encoding a quantum superposition state. We map out the associated phase information and retrieve it over long distances from the origin. Moreover, we show that a sequence of such pulses applied to a chain of ions enables attosecond control of the directionality of the coherent motion of the electron wavepacket back and forth between the neighbouring sites. An extension to a two-electron spin state demonstrates the versatility of the use of these pulses. Our findings establish a promising route for advanced control of quantum states using attosecond single-cycle pulses, which pave the way towards ultrafast processing of quantum information as well as imaging.
C-demethylation and 1, 2-amino shift in (E)-2-(1-(3-aminophenyl) ethylidene)hydrazinecarboxamide to (E)-2-(2-aminobenzylidene)hydrazinecarboxamide and their applications
Authors: Sennappan M. , Skariyachan Sinosh , Managutti Praveen B. , Gunaga Shubha Shridhar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA Novel (E)-2-(1-(3-aminophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarboxamide1was synthesized by traditional method and converted to (E)-2-(2-aminobenzylidene)hydrazinecarboxamide2by single step in DMSO at room temperature. Synthesized compound1was analysed by spectroscopy (NMR and LC–MS) techniques and molecule2was characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy (NMR and GC–MS) techniques. These analytical technique results revealed that, C-demethylation and 1, 2 amino shift in phenyl ring of compound1gives molecule2. DNA binding studies of compounds1and2was carried out by electronic absorption spectroscopy. This result revealed that, compounds1and2showed hyperchromism with bathochromic shift. Anticancer activity of compounds1and2is carried out by molecular docking with five receptors.Computer aided virtual screening demonstrated that the synthesized molecules possess ideal drug likeliness, pharmacokinetics features, toxicity profile for structure based drug discovery. The molecular docking studies revealed that the synthesized molecules are significant binding with the five selected cancer receptors with minimum binding energy (kcal/mol), number of hydrogen bonds, weak interaction, docking score and cluster RMS. The docking studies also suggested that the molecules showed interactions with DNA and the theoretical values of the binding are comparable with that of the experimental values. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to analyze and quantify the intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure of compound2.
Minimum effective volume of ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block
Authors: Yamada Kumiko , Inomata Shinichi , Saito Shigeyuki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSupra inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) is increasingly used in elderly patients with hip fractures. However, the minimum effective volume of local anesthetics required for ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal FICB has not been determined. With ethical committee approval and written informed consent from patients, we studied 21 consecutive patients of ASA physical status I–III undergoing surgery for hip fracture who met the inclusion criteria. Blocks were performed before going to the operation room. We determined the injection volumes of 0.25% ropivacaine for consecutive patients from the preceding patient's outcome. The initial volume was 30 ml. The testing interval was set at 10 ml, and the lowest volume was 5 ml. An effective block was defined as loss of sensation of pinprick in the territory of the femoral nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh 30 min after the injection. The aim of this study was to determine the 50% effective volume (EV50) and the 95% effective volume (EV95) of 0.25% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal FICB using Logistic regression analysis. EV50 and EV95 of 0.25% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal FICB calculated with logistic regression analysis were 15.01 ml (95% confidence interval, 6.53–22.99 ml) and 26.99 ml (95% confidence interval, 20.54–84.09 ml), respectively. EV50 and EV95 of 0.25% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal FICB were 15.01 ml and 26.99 ml, respectively.Clinical trial number: UMIN000027277 (URL https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm).
Spatial constraints and cognitive fatigue affect motor imagery of walking in people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Podda Jessica , Pedullà Ludovico , Monti Bragadin Margherita , Piccardo Elisa , Battaglia Mario Alberto , Brichetto Giampaolo , Bove Marco , Tacchino Andrea 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMotor imagery (MI) is the mental simulation of an action without any overt motor execution. Interestingly, a temporal coupling between durations of real and imagined movements, i.e., the so-called isochrony principle, has been demonstrated in healthy adults. On the contrary, anisochrony has frequently been reported in elderly subjects or those with neurological disease such as Parkinson disease or multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we tested whether people with MS (PwMS) may have impaired MI when they imagined themselves walking on paths with different widths. When required to mentally simulate a walking movement along a constrained pathway, PwMS tended to overestimate mental movement duration with respect to actual movement duration. Interestingly, in line with previous evidence, cognitive fatigue was found to play a role in the MI of PwMS. These results suggest that investigating the relationship between cognitive fatigue and MI performances could be key to shedding new light on the motor representation of PwMS and providing critical insights into effective and tailored rehabilitative treatments.
Distortion of the bilayer and dynamics of the BAM complex in lipid nanodiscs
Authors: Iadanza Matthew G. , Schiffrin Bob , White Paul , Watson Matthew A. , Horne Jim E. , Higgins Anna J. , Calabrese Antonio N. , Brockwell David J. , Tuma Roman , Kalli Antreas C. , Radford Sheena E. , Ranson Neil A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) catalyses the folding and insertion of β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) into the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria by mechanisms that remain unclear. Here, we present an ensemble of cryoEM structures of the E. coli BamABCDE (BAM) complex in lipid nanodiscs, determined using multi-body refinement techniques. These structures, supported by single-molecule FRET measurements, describe a range of motions in the BAM complex, mostly localised within the periplasmic region of the major subunit BamA. The β-barrel domain of BamA is in a ‘lateral open’ conformation in all of the determined structures, suggesting that this is the most energetically favourable species in this bilayer. Strikingly, the BAM-containing lipid nanodisc is deformed, especially around BAM’s lateral gate. This distortion is also captured in molecular dynamics simulations, and provides direct structural evidence for the lipid ‘disruptase’ activity of BAM, suggested to be an important part of its functional mechanism.
Using Analog Tasks to Assess Children's Social Communication Skills
Authors: Greenslade Kathryn J. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
This tutorial addresses the use of analog tasks to assess social communication abilities in toddlers through adolescents. In analog tasks, clinicians manufacture situations that give rise to naturalistic social dilemmas (or dilemmas “analogous” to ones encountered in everyday interactions); the result is a sample of children's spontaneous, real-time, social communication performance, targeting specific behaviors of interest.

Method/Results
Potential social communication behaviors to be assessed and the critical impact of contextual factors on those behaviors are discussed. Next, analog tasks are defined, and their clinical benefits relative to other types of informal assessments are described. Several research-developed analog tasks, along with their key characteristics, are presented to illustrate these benefits and provide a starting place for clinicians to add analog tasks to their clinical toolbox. Finally, the process of developing analog tasks is described and applied in an example and associated case study, which together highlight the utility of analog tasks in identifying social communication deficits and potential strategies to facilitate intervention.

Conclusions
Improving clinicians' understanding, access to, and use of analog tasks will offer new ecologically valid assessment tools that efficiently capture representative and generalizable social communication performance and highlight specific strengths and weaknesses in context. Such results can provide a strong foundation for clinical decision making and improve the services provided to children with social communication disorders.
Mitigating interference and reducing detection complexity in asynchronous cooperative relay network utilising new distributed space time block coding
Authors: Elazreg Abdulghani M. , Kharaz Ahmad H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe synchronisation in wireless cooperative relay networks is impossible to achieve in real environment utilising orthogonal space time block coding. There have been several approaches proposed to mitigate the effect of synchronisation among the relay nodes at the receiver. All have managed to reduce the inter‐symbol interference at the expense of low data rate with high detection complexity. Others achieved full data rate and high cooperative diversity using high decoding complexity that requires a feedback link. In this paper, a new approach is presented that reduces inter‐symbol interference, achieves full data rate and full cooperative diversity with low complexity. This uses a new efficient distributed orthogonal space time block coding design with a sub‐optimum detection scheme utilising dual relay nodes. This reduces the number of timing misalignments among the relay nodes and minimises the detection complexity. Furthermore, the new proposed method uses linear decoding process to achieve full data rate and full cooperative diversity without the need for any a feedback link. The analytical analysis and simulation results confirmed that sub‐optimum approach with the new efficient design are very effective at reducing the lack of synchronisation among the relay nodes at the destination node with low encoding and decoding complexities.
Area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency in underlay D2D cellular networks
Authors: Plaza Yalena Narvaez , Cardieri Paulo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDevice‐to‐device (D2D) communication has attracted a great deal of attention in the last few years due to its potential to enhance wireless network capacity and reduce energy consumption, among other benefits. Here, the problem of maximisation of the performance of a D2D network in a scenario in which D2D users share communication channels with users of a cellular network is investigated. Using stochastic geometry tools, the problems of maximisation of the performance metrics area spectral efficiency (ASE) and energy efficiency (EE) of the D2D network by adjusting the density, transmit power, and link throughput of D2D users are formulated and solved. The maximisation of ASE and EE is performed by imposing that the successful transmission probabilities of both D2D and cellular networks are not below given minimum acceptable levels. Based on the derived formulation, the effects of several parameters on the network performance are assessed. The study shows the existence of three possible operating regimes for the D2D network, according to the behaviours (increasing or decreasing) of ASE and EE when the quality of the D2D links increases.
Global stabilisation for a class of stochastic continuous non‐linear systems with time‐varying delay
Authors: Shao Yu , Xu Shengyuan , Li Yongmin , Chu Yuming , Zhang Zhengqiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the problem of global stabilisation for a class of continuous but non‐smooth stochastic non‐linear systems with time‐varying delays. Other than the traditional backstepping recursive control, a concise controller of the nominal system is firstly designed by employing the homogenous domination approach, which overcomes the problem of calculating explosion produced by the diffusion and Hessian terms. Then, by means of an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasoviskii functional and a design parameter, the negative effects of the time delays and non‐linear terms generated in the controller design process are dominated; the global asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system can be ensured by the simple but effective controller, which provides significant cost savings. Finally, a simulation example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented scheme.
Exponentially reduced carrier mobility of natural ester via blocking effect of 2D hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets
Authors: Huang Zhengyong , He Gang , Li Jian , Wang Feipeng , Zhang Ruiqi , Yao Degui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, the boron nitride (BN) nanosheets were dispersed in natural esters to fabricate the dielectric nanofluid. Microstructures and chemical compositions of the nanosized BN are determined. The stability, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of the BN nanofluid, were obtained. And the dissipation factor, electrical conductivity, and relative permittivity of the BN nanofluid, were measured. The ion mobilities and migrating times of the nanofluid were measured under different volumetric fractions of BN nanosheets and temperatures. Results show that the electrical conductivity and dissipation factor of the nanofluid decreased by 54% and 48% with the addition of only 0.1% of BN nanosheets under 110°C. Both the half‐reduced carrier mobility of the nanofluid and the declined ion concentration by blocking of BN nanosheet contributed to the exponentially reduced electrical conductivity and enhanced dielectric performances of the BN nanofluid. The suppression coefficient k is proposed to quantitatively describe the hinder effect of ion migration in nanofluids by 2D BN nanosheet. Results provide a strategy to design and develop advanced nanofluids with low‐dielectric loss by aids of surface adsorption of ion and steric hindrance of 2D nanosheets.
Closing performances of double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch
Authors: Chen Zhanqing , Duan Xiongying , Liao Minfu , Zhang Hao , Zhang Ming , Zou Jiyan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo develop high‐voltage‐pulsed power switches with better performances, a multi‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch is proposed in this study. Based on established test prototype for double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch, closing processes of double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch are discussed combined with laser‐produced plasma. Closing performances of double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch under different gap polarity configurations, operating voltages, laser energies and laser split ratios are investigated. Closing time delay characteristics of double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch and single‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch are compared later. The test results prove that, affected by the imbalanced developed initial plasma between gaps, double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch with two positive gaps and 1:1 laser split ratio presents best closing performances than other switches. With the rise of laser energy, closing delay time and jitter time of double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch both decrease, while the influences from increasing voltages are weak. Closing delay time of P–P type double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch can be controlled within 103 ± 1.5 ns under 90 mJ laser energy, and it is about 10 ns longer than single‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch. For some direct current applications with changing voltage directions, P–N type double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch with 1:1 laser split ratio shows more stable closing performances. In addition, closing performances of double‐gap laser‐triggered vacuum switch can be further improved by optimizing the developments of initial plasma in series gaps.
Breakdown of shield gaps in vacuum interrupters
Authors: Feng Weigang , Liu Zhiyuan , Ma Hui , Geng Yingsan , Wang Jianhua , Li Lalian , Bi Dongli 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to determine how the high‐voltage discharging metal vapour deposited on the nearby ceramic inner surface influences the breakdowns of gaps between centre shield and end shield in vacuum interrupters. Two types of shield materials were selected, namely copper and stainless steel. The end curvature radius of the shield was 3 mm. The distance between the shields could adjust manually from 4 to 8 mm. The distance between the shields and ceramic was 3.5 mm. The negative polarity standard lightning impulse voltage (12/50 μs) was repeated for 900 operations based on an up‐and‐down method. The experimental results illustrated that the metal deposition layer on the inner surface of the ceramic envelope significantly influenced the breakdown voltage of the shield gaps. At a shield gap distance of d = 4 mm, the breakdown voltage of the shield gap increased from an initial lower voltage to the saturation voltage by approximately 200 operations. Then, the breakdown voltage decreased to a lower voltage range during only 50 operations, and the breakdown voltage maintained at this lower voltage range until the end of 900 operations. Furthermore, as the shield gap distance increased from d = 4 to 6 mm and 8 mm, the breakdown voltage also maintained at this lower voltage range. A metal deposition layer was formed on the inner surface of ceramic by repetitive application of the lightning impulse voltage. To analyse the influence of the metal deposition layer, the electric field distributions were calculated for the original vacuum interrupter and the vacuum interrupter with the metal deposition layer on the ceramic inner surface. The simulation results suggested that the metal deposition layer took part in the breakdown path between the shield gaps and deteriorated the insulation performance.
Intelligent fault detection and location scheme for modular multi‐level converter multi‐terminal high‐voltage direct current
Authors: Yang Qingqing , Li Jianwei , Santos Ricardo , Huang Kaijia , Igic Petar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn order to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional protection methods in high‐voltage direct current transmission lines, a deep learning approach is proposed that directly learn the fault conditions based on unsupervised feature extraction to the detection and location decision by leveraging the hidden layer activations of recurrent neural network. The deep‐recurrent neural network boosting with the gated recurrent unit compared with the long short‐term memory unit is used by analysing both the signal presented in time domain and frequency domain. The proposed method is tested based on a modular multilevel converter based four‐terminal high‐voltage direct current system. Various faults under different conditions were simulated against fault resistance, external faults and small disturbance immunity with the validity, and the simulation verified a high accuracy, robustness and fast results because of the utilization of characteristic feature extraction.
Research on discharge phenomenon caused by cross‐adsorption of linear insulating fibre and metal dust under DC voltage
Authors: Liang Ruixue , Hu Qi , Liu Heng , Wang Jian , Li Qingmin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA large amount of metal dust is often generated during production and operation of Gas Insulated Switchgear/Gas‐Insulated Transmission Line, and insulating fibres are very easy to mix in during assembly. The discharge phenomenon induced by these two impurities remains unknown. By setting up a test rig with parallel electrodes, the discharge characteristics of metal dust and linear insulating fibres under the negative DC voltage were studied separately and jointly. The obtained research results indicate some interesting phenomena that the metal dust may render ‘sand storm’ motion characteristics under the action of the electric field, and the linear insulating fibres appear to show ‘standing’, ‘jumping’, ‘flying fire’ and other phenomena. A small amount of dust and fibres alone present little effect on the breakdown voltage of the air gap. However, while the insulating fibres and metal dust coexist, the metal dust will be adsorbed on the surface of the insulating fibres, then the surface charge of the fibres is reallocated, and the discharge phenomenon at both ends of the fibres is enhanced, so that the insulating fibre exhibits similar movement and discharge characteristics to the linear metal particles. At the same time, the fibres with dust absorbed on will result in an air gap breakdown voltage drop of approximately 25%–40%. What's more, if the discharge of fibres and the ‘sand storm’ movement of the dust coexist, it may directly lead to ‘explosion’ of the moving dust, causing severely ablation of the plate surfaces, and thereby the degree of destruction increases dramatically.
Facial expression recognition using a combination of enhanced local binary pattern and pyramid histogram of oriented gradients features extraction
Authors: Sharifnejad Maede , Shahbahrami Asadollah , Akoushideh Alireza , Hassanpour Reza Zare 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAutomatic facial expression recognition, which has many applications such as drivers, patients, and criminals' emotions recognition, is a challenging task. This is due to the variety of individuals and facial expression variability in different conditions, for instance, gender, race, colour and changing illumination. In addition, there are many regions in a face image such as forehead, mouth, eyes, eyebrows, nose, cheeks and chin, and extracting features of all these regions are expensive in terms of computational time. Each of the six basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise affect some regions more than the other regions. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of enhanced local binary pattern, pyramid histogram of oriented gradients feature‐extraction algorithms and their combination in terms of recognition accuracy, feature vector length and computational time on one, two and three combined regions of a face image. Our experimental results show that the combination of both feature‐extraction algorithms yields an average recognition accuracy of 95.33% using three regions, that is, the mouth, nose and eyes on Cohn–Kanade dataset. Besides, the mouth region is the most important part in terms of accuracy in comparison to eyes, nose and combination of both eyes and nose regions.