bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissolution Behavior of Silicon Nitride Thin Films in a Simulated Ocular Environment
Authors: Schade Christoph , Phan Alex , Joslin Kevin , Truong Phuong , Talke Frank 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The time dependent dissolution of silicon nitride is studied in a simulated eye environment (controlled saline solution) as a function of temperature and pressure. Silicon nitride films manufactured by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), respectively, were tested. The results revealed that both film types showed evidence of dissolution i.e., the films dissolved in the saline solution over time. At 37°C, PECVD and LPCVD silicon nitride membranes dissolved at a rate of 1.3 nm/day and 0.3 nm/day, respectively. It was found that at 23°C, the dissolution rate of the PECVD samples reduced to just 0.2 nm/day. Dissolution was not observed in samples tested in deionized water at 37°C. Titanium oxide layers (TiO2) were tested as protective layers to stop the dissolution. The results are important for implantable MEMS devices where silicon nitride is used as a functional membrane or as a protective layer.
Wettability Control of PDMS Surface Coated on the Glass Using Ultrasonic Vibration Treatment
Authors: Park Dong-su , Xu Jiajun , Park Kyoung-Su 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this study, a method was proposed to change the surface roughness of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane, a hydrophobic material coated on circular steel substrates, using ultrasonic vibration with frequency above 20 kHz to control the surface tension of water droplet on the PDMS membrane. Ultrasonic vibration applied from piezo actuator was transmitted through circular steel substrate to PDMS membrane and it made the PDMS (liquid) vibrated. It made surface roughness of PDMS membrane changed. The results of coating the PDMS membrane on the circular steel substrate and measuring the contact angle of the water droplet after applying ultrasonic frequency vibration showed that ultrasonic frequency vibration could affect the surface roughness of the PDMS membrane. In this paper, we compared and discussed the surface roughness effects on various vibration frequencies and amplitudes.
Study of Contact Detect Response for PMR and HAMR Media Using the Integrated Thermistor Based Proximity Sensor
Authors: Peri M. D. Murthy , Kiely James , Anaya-Dufresne Manuel C. , Bodurtha Kent 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
As the Hard Disk Drive industry migrates from PMR to HAMR technology, it is important to understand differences in the measurement of contact detection between PMR vs. HAMR media. Compared to PMR media, HAMR media tends to be rougher and has a higher thermal conductance. Since some contact detection methods rely on interface heat transfer, it is important to understand the impact of media type on measurements. In the current paper, we present results from mechanical spinstand studies using the integrated thermistor in the head. The heater in the head is dithered at a fixed frequency and the thermistor response is analyzed at that frequency. Changes in the thermistor resistance as a function of head-media clearance are used to understand how thermal conduction differences between PMR vs. HAMR media may impact contact detection. We find that heat conduction is different between HAMR and PMR media types and can have an impact on contact detection.
Understanding why at-risk population segments do not seek care for tuberculosis: a precision public health approach in South India
Authors: Helfinstein Sarah , Engl Elisabeth , Thomas Beena E , Natarajan Gayathri , Prakash Prithivi , Jain Mokshada , Lavanya Jayabal , Jagadeesan Murugesan , Chang Rebekah , Mangono Tichakunda , Kemp Hannah , Mannan Shamim , Dabas Harkesh , Charles Grace K , Sgaier Sema K 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionDelaying care-seeking for tuberculosis (TB) symptoms is a major contributor to mortality, leading to worse outcomes and spread. To reduce delays, it is essential to identify barriers to care-seeking and target populations most at risk of delaying. Previous work identifies barriers only in people within the health system, often long after initial care-seeking.MethodsWe conducted a community-based survey of 84 625 households in Chennai, India, to identify 1667 people with TB-indicative symptoms in 2018–2019. Cases were followed prospectively to observe care-seeking behaviour. We used a comprehensive survey to identify care-seeking drivers, then performed multivariate analyses to identify care-seeking predictors. To identify profiles of individuals most at risk to delay care-seeking, we segmented the sample using unsupervised clustering. We then estimated the per cent of the TB-diagnosed population in Chennai in each segment.ResultsDelayed care-seeking characteristics include smoking, drinking, being employed, preferring different facilities than the community, believing to be at lower risk of TB and believing TB is common. Respondents who reported fever or unintended weight loss were more likely to seek care. Clustering analysis revealed seven population segments differing in care-seeking, from a retired/unemployed/disabled cluster, where 70% promptly sought care, to a cluster of employed men who problem-drink and smoke, where only 42% did so. Modelling showed 54% of TB-diagnosed people who delay care-seeking might belong to the latter segment, which is most likely to acquire TB and least likely to promptly seek care.ConclusionInterventions to increase care-seeking should move from building general awareness to addressing treatment barriers such as lack of time and low-risk perception. Care-seeking interventions should address specific beliefs through a mix of educational, risk perception-targeting and social norms-based campaigns. Employed men who problem-drink and smoke are a prime target for interventions. Reducing delays in this group could dramatically reduce TB spread.
Medicaid expansion and infant mortality: the (questionable) impact of the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Cook Amanda , Stype Amanda 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundMany states expanded Medicaid eligibility under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Medicaid expansion might impact infant mortality through improved maternal health prior to pregnancy and reduced insurance churn. Some studies suggest the PPACA had no significant impact on low birth weight or preterm birth, while others suggest that the PPACA led to a significant decrease in infant mortality.MethodsUsing a difference-in-differences estimator with fixed effects to control for differences in state characteristics and time trends we analyse three samples of births from the CDC’s linked birth/death files from 2011 to 2017 to estimate the impact of Medicaid expansion on infant mortality.ResultsWe find mixed results. In our full sample, we find no statistically significant change in infant mortality associated with PPACA Medicaid expansion. However, when we restrict the sample to states who had adopted the 2003 birth certificate form and when we further exclude states with a Medicaid waiver, in both samples we see reductions in infant mortality for babies born to mothers of all races. When we stratify by race, we find infant mortality decreased for babies born to white mothers. However, this decrease is not seen for babies born to black mothers.ConclusionsMedicaid expansion under the PPACA has an impact on infant mortality, but the results are sensitive to the sample of states included in the study. There is suggestive evidence that Medicaid expansion is not closing the infant mortality gap between black and white babies.
BRAF inhibitor resistance of melanoma cells triggers increased susceptibility to natural killer cell-mediated lysis
Authors: Frazao Alexandra , Rethacker Louise , Jeudy Géraldine , Colombo Marina , Pasmant Eric , Avril Marie-Françoise , Toubert Antoine , Moins-Teisserenc Helene , Roelens Marie , Dalac Sophie , Maubec Eve , Caignard Anne 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundTargeted therapies and immunotherapies are first-line treatments for patients with advanced melanoma. Serine–threonine protein kinase B-RAF (BRAF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibition leads to a 70% response rate in patients with advanced melanoma with aBRAFV600E/Kmutation. However, acquired resistance occurs in the majority of patients, leading to relapse. Immunotherapies that activate immune cytotoxic effectors induce long-lasting responses in 30% of patients. In that context, combination of targeted therapies with immunotherapy (IT) is a promising approach. We considered boosting natural killer (NK) cell tumor immunosurveillance, as melanoma cells express stress-induced molecules and activate NK cell lysis.MethodsHere we have generated vemurafenib (a BRAF inihibitor)-resistant (R) cells fromBRAFV600ESK28 and M14-sensitive (S) melanoma cell lines and investigated how resistance interferes with immunogenicity to NK cells. We determined the levels of several soluble molecules including NK ligands in 61 melanoma patients at baseline and 6 months M post-treatment with targeted therapies or immunotherapies.ResultsVemurafenib resistance involved activation of p-AKT in SK28R and of p-MEK/p-ERK in M14R cells and was accompanied by modulation of NK ligands. Compared with S cells, SK28R displayed an increased expression of natural killer group 2 D (NKG2D) receptor ligands (major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) I chain-related protein A (MICA) and UL16-binding protein 2 (ULBP2)) whereas M14R exhibited decreased ULBP2 . SK28R and M14R cells induced higher NK degranulation and interferon gamma secretion and were more efficiently lysed by donor and patient NK cells. SK28R showed increased tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor II (TRAIL-RII) expression and TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and TRAIL-induced apoptosis of M14R was decreased. Combined BRAF/MEK inhibitors abrogated the growth of SK28S, M14S, and M14R cells, while growth of SK28R was maintained. BRAF/MEK inhibition attenuated NK activity but R cell lines activated polyfunctional NK cells and were lysed with high efficiency. We investigated the relationship of soluble NK ligands and response to treatment in a series of melanoma patients. Soluble NKG2D ligands known to regulate the receptor function have been associated to cancer progression. Serum analysis of patients treated with target therapies or IT indicates that soluble forms of NK ligands (MICA, B7H6, programmed cell death ligand 1, and carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1) may correlate with clinical response.ConclusionThese results support strategies combining targeted therapies and NK-based immunotherapies.
High-level language translation in SYMBOL 2R
Authors: Anderberg J. W. , Smith C. L. 
Published: September 2020

The SYMBOL 2R Computing System represents an attempt to bridge the gap between machine languages and higher level programming languages. This gap has always limited the users' ability to communicate with the machine, thus creating a communication problem. Early attempts at solving this communication problem consisted of developing a series of user-oriented programming languages, i.e., assembler languages and higher level languages, supplemented with a host of translator programs that would transform the higher level languages into machine language. For several years it seemed that this approach represented the only economically feasible solution. In 1965, W. H. Burkhardt (2) suggested the development of high-level language computers
Burkhardt did suggest that the availability of low cost components would make high-level language computers an economically feasible solution. In fact, the recent decline in the cost of components as compared with the steady, if not increasing cost of the software needed to develop and maintain compilers for high-level languages, has made the high-level language computer solution seem even more attractive.
The HP 3000 computer system
Authors: Bartlett Joel F. 
Published: September 2020

The HP 3000 (1) is a 16-bit multiprogramming computer. Multiprogramming is facilitated through the use of a virtual memory scheme using code and data segmentation. The impetus for this machine was HP's growth in the time sharing market. The original offering in this area was the 2000A, a BASIC system using the HP 2116. This use and real-time demands from HP's other divisions led to the 3000's development. The 2100 (2), the 2116's successor and classical one-address machine, did not readily lend itself to multiprogramming, but the 3000 was designed with this in mind.
From the beginning, the 3000 involved inputs from both hardware and software development teams. The end machine was designed with the operating system in mind and with a high level systems programming language (SPL) as the implementation tool for the operating system (MPE, multiprogramming executive) and all sub-systems. The Burroughs influence is evident in these choices.
Separate code and data segmentation with segments of variable length is the heart of the hardware and software system. A program consists of one or more code segments and a data segment. The data segment, also known as the stack, is used for a program's global and temporary storage. It also contains a stack used for operations and procedure return addresses.
A hierarchical machine model for the semantics of programming languages
Authors: Basili Victor R. , Turner Albert J. 
Published: September 2020

A formal definitional facility for specifying the semantics of a programming language should provide a tool that aids in the design, definition, implementation and comparison of programming languages. This paper deals with the development of such a facility.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate this formal definitional facility by modeling a specific programming language and to point out the possibilities for using it to relate the semantic complexity of the language with the complexity of the machine required to interpret it.
On the time required for retention
Authors: Berry D. M. , Chirica L. , Johnston J. B. , Martin D. F. , Sorkin A. 
Published: September 2020

In block structured languages, upon entry to a block or procedure, storage is allocated for the identifiers declared in the block or procedure. There are two choices as to when to deallocate this storage:
1) upon exit from the block or procedure,
2) when the storage becomes inaccessible.
In the deletion strategy, storage for blocks and procedures is allocated and deallocated in a last-in-first-out order. Therefore, storage for blocks and procedures can be managed efficiently on a pushdown stack. However, deletion gives rise to dangling references in the use of pointer, label, and procedure values.
Retention is both more secure and more general in that it eliminates all possibility of dangling references, and it therefore removes all restrictions on the use of pointer, label, and procedure values.
This paper develops an implementation of generalized (single task) block structured languages with compile time type determinability, which is capable of handling full retention but which keeps the run time cost of many well-stacked programs near that of the same program on a typical ALGOL 68 style implementation.
Effects of Glottalisation, Preceding Vowel Duration, and Coda Closure Duration on the Perception of Coda Stop Voicing
Authors: Penney Joshua , Cox Felicity , Szakay Anita 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEnglish has multiple potential acoustic cues to coda stop voicing, including the duration of the preceding vowel, the coda closure duration, and, in some varieties, glottalisation. Glottalisation associated with coda stops appears to be a recent change to Australian English (AusE) with younger speakers using glottalisation more than older speakers in production. Here we report on a study designed to examine AusE-speaking listeners’ perception of cues to coda stop voicing. Listeners were presented with audio stimuli in which preceding vowel duration, coda closure duration, and the relative proportions of the rhyme that these occupy were manipulated and co-varied with the presence or absence of glottalisation. The results show that listeners used preceding vowel duration to cue coda stop voicing, and that coda closure duration was a weaker cue to voicing when not varied in conjunction with preceding vowel duration. In addition, glottalisation facilitated increased perception of coda voicelessness, even when paired with very long preceding vowels, which otherwise signal coda voicing. Although age-related differences in production have previously been reported, we found that both older and younger listeners used glottalisation similarly in perception. These results may provide support for a sound change led by a shift in perception.
Manifiesto por una economía con sentido moral y en la persistencia de la búsqueda de justicia social
Authors: Garcia Pascual , Rodriguez-Serrano Alfredo 
Published: September 2020

El sistema económico imperante lejos de lograr reducir las brechas sociales, las ha hecho más amplias, desde la consolidación del sistema de producción capitalista, gran parte de la humanidad se ha visto obligada a vivir en condiciones de precariedad, pobreza e injusticia social, llegando al extremo de amenazar su propia vida. Las grandes multinacionales y gobiernos que sustentan sus acciones en beneficio propio con el apoyo de un cuantioso número de economistas ortodoxos quienes han creado un sistema económico y una economía perversa, cuya función es servir a la clase dominante perpetuando su poder mediante el uso de la crematística en lugar de la Etica y la economía, la creación de modelos matemáticos, y la idea de que crecimiento y desarrollo son incluyentes; se ha olvidado los orígenes históricos, éticofilosóficos de la ciencia económica, que abogaban por una justicia social y disminución de las desigualdades económico-sociales.
El presente texto, realiza una reflexión critica histórica de la economía y su tergiversación hacia la crematística y sus enunciados perfomativos en sus modelizaciones matemáticas.
Regulation of IL (Interleukin)-33 Production in Endothelial Cells via Kinase Activation and Fas/CD95 Upregulation
Authors: Duez Catherine , Gross Barbara , Marquillies Philippe , Ledroit Valérie , Ryffel Bernhard , Glineur Corine 
Published: September 2020

Objective:

The occurrence of new blood vessel formation in the lungs of asthmatic patients suggests a critical role for airway endothelial cells (ECs) in the disease. IL-33 (Interleukin-33)—a cytokine abundantly expressed in human lung ECs—recently emerged as a key factor in the development of allergic diseases, including asthma. In the present study, we evaluated whether mouse and human ECs exposed to the common
Dermatophagoides farinae
allergen produce IL-33 and characterized the activated signaling pathways.

Approach and Results:

Mouse primary lung ECs were exposed in vitro to
D farinae
extract or rmIL-33 (recombinant murine IL-33). Both
D farinae
and rmIL-33 induced
Il-33
transcription without increasing the IL-33 production and upregulated the expression of its receptor, as well as genes involved in angiogenesis and the regulation of immune responses. In particular,
D farinae
and rmIL-33 upregulated
Fas/Cd95
transcript level, yet without promoting apoptosis. Inhibition of caspases involved in the Fas signaling pathway, increased IL-33 protein level in ECs, suggesting that Fas may decrease IL-33 level through caspase-8-dependent mechanisms. Our data also showed that the NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways regulate
Il-33
transcription in both mouse and human primary ECs.

Conclusions:
Herein, we described a new mechanism involved in the control of IL-33 production in lung ECs exposed to allergens.
<p class="NormalParagraphStyle"><strong>Comments on the nomenclatural status and validity of several family-series nomina in Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)</strong></p>
Authors: SANAMYAN KAREN , SANAMYAN NADYA 
Published: September 2020

The nomenclatural status of several family-series nomina is discussed. In a recently published catalogue of sea anemones, a large family Sagartiidae was treated as invalid and no solution was provided, all sagartiid genera being listed as incertae sedis. In the present work, a solution concerning this family is proposed, and in consequence the nomen Sagartiidae is considered valid. The valid generic nomen for the species previously assigned to Sagartia is Cylista, and a type species is designated for this genus. The nomen Minyadidae is invalid. The nomina Oractiidae and Hormathiidae are valid. The latter is younger than Chondractiniidae but is deemed to be its senior synonym. The nomen Adamsidae is a senior synonym of Hormathiidae but is rejected in the present work as a nomen oblitum. The nomen Halcuriidae is valid. It is younger than Endocoelactinidae but is deemed to be its senior synonym. The nomen Flosmarinidae is senior synonym of Isophelliidae and must be used as valid instead of the currently accepted Isophelliidae.
Model Biases in the Simulation of the Springtime North Pacific ENSO Teleconnection
Authors: Chen Ruyan , Simpson Isla R. , Deser Clara , Wang Bin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe wintertime ENSO teleconnection over the North Pacific region consists of an intensified (weakened) low pressure center during El Niño (La Niña) events both in observations and in climate models. Here, it is demonstrated that this teleconnection persists too strongly into late winter and spring in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). This discrepancy arises in both fully coupled and atmosphere-only configurations, when observed SSTs are specified, and is shown to be robust when accounting for the sampling uncertainty due to internal variability. Furthermore, a similar problem is found in many other models from piControl simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (23 out of 43 in phase 5 and 11 out of 20 in phase 6). The implications of this bias for the simulation of surface climate anomalies over North America are assessed. The overall effect on the ENSO composite field (El Niño minus La Niña) resembles an overly prolonged influence of ENSO into the spring with anomalously high temperatures over Alaska and western Canada, and wet (dry) biases over California (southwest Canada). Further studies are still needed to disentangle the relative roles played by diabatic heating, background flow, and other possible contributions in determining the overly strong springtime ENSO teleconnection intensity over the North Pacific.