bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar Ice-Makers Powered by Photovoltaic Cells in Barbados
Authors: Headley Oliver StC. , Hinds William 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Since incident solar radiation and cooling demand are in phase for most of the day at Caribbean sites, and between 4 and 7 kWh/m2 of solar energy is available virtually every day, solar cooling makes sense. A solar ice maker with a capacity of 50 lbs (22.7 kg) of ice per day was operated at CERMES, UWI, Barbados, for six months using 1.1kWp of BP Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. This was a pilot study for a full scale, one-tonne-per-day solar ice maker at the fishing village of Skeete’s Bay on the southeast coast of Barbados at a new fishing complex. The Skeete’s Bay solar PV ice maker system uses 148 BP Solar 275F solar PV modules with a maximum output of 4.75A and 17.0V. These are wired in series-parallel to form an array with a nominal output of 11,100W (48V at 231A). This power is directed into a battery bank of twenty four12V, 200Ah (100hour rate) lead acid batteries. Two Trace SW4048 inverters power two Scotsman model 1200AE-32A flake ice machines, each producing 1170 lbs (531kg) per day and feeding into a common storage bin of 4.1m3.
Design of “SIREC-1” Wire Mesh Open Volumetric Solar Receiver Prototype
Authors: Téllez Félix M. , Romero Manuel , Marcos María J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The paper describes the design and status of development of a new open volumetric air receiver prototype. This receiver design, though developed in two phases, constitutes one deliverable in a Spanish project carried out by CIEMAT, IAER and INABENSA. The project, called SIREC, is partially financed by the European Funds for the Regional Development program (FEDER). The receiver prototype is now in fabrication and will be tested in the Sulzer volumetric receiver test facility at the Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) in Spain. Testing is scheduled for April, 2001. The prototype design includes an air return system and modular absorber elements, to facilitate their replacement and reduce manufacturing costs. The absorber is wire mesh. A computer code has been set up to select the mesh size (wire diameter and mesh distance) and number of screens. A sensitivity analysis for a variety of operating conditions has been carried out with this code to guide the absorber design and its testing.
Solar Power Tower (SPT) Design Innovations to Improve Reliability and Performance: Reducing Technical Risk and Cost
Authors: Zavoico Alexis B. , Gould William R. , Kelly Bruce D. , Pastoril Ignacio Grimaldi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Solar Two (SII) completed successful operations in the spring of 1999 and demonstrated advanced molten-salt power tower technology. It proved that solar energy could be collected and stored on a large scale. The 10 MWe SII power plant operated over a wide range of conditions and demonstrated that electrical power could be generated and dispatched at night during peak demand periods reliably and cost effectively. The experience gained from designing and operating SII is being applied to the design of the next generation commercial Solar Power Tower, 15 MWe Solar Tres (S III) to be located near Cordoba, Spain. The S III design criteria have been developed incorporating the SII lessons learned and a conceptual design is being prepared. Design innovations impact all SIII system elements and result in:
• Molten-nitrate salt thermal storage capacity for 24 hour a day of full electrical energy production.
• Thermal Storage raises annual plant capacity factor from 20–22% for SII to over 60% for SIII.
• Improved plant availability with a 6% improvement in overall annual plant efficiency.
• Improved receiver thermal efficiency by 3%.
• Significant reductions in capital and operating costs.
This paper provides an overview of the technological innovations in SIII resulting from Solar II experience.
The Role of “Allowable Flux Density” in the Design and Operation of Molten-Salt Solar Central Receivers
Authors: Vant-Hull Lorin L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the 1980’s, the Utility Study [Hilesland and Harder, 1988] identified the external cylindrical molten-salt-in-tube receiver with a surround heliostat field as the most cost effective and practical design for commercial applications. Such designs typically require 50–1000 MW of design-point thermal power at outlet temperatures around 1050 °F (565 °C). Using computer codes such as RCELL [Lipps and Vant-Hull, 1981] or DELSOL [Kistler, 1987] it is straightforward to design an optical system to meet these requirements, defining the smallest receiver (lower cost and thermal losses) and the most cost effective heliostat field. As the performance of heliostats in the anti-sun locations is better, such fields tend to be biased (in the northern hemisphere) to the north side of the receiver, and produce very high flux densities there; typically 2–5 MW/m2. However, the receiver is typicaly limited to a salt velocity and temperature dependent allowable flux density (AFD) of about 1 MW/m2. Design methods to reduce this peak flux to a nominally acceptable value in a cost effective manner are presented. Residual excess flux events under non-nominal conditions are handled by a real-time processor which selects specific heliostats for removal from track. This same processor is used to preheat the receiver, using a special algorithm to define the required flux density.
EuroTrough Design Issues and Prototype Testing at PSA
Authors: Lüpfert Eckhard , Geyer Michael , Schiel Wolfgang , Esteban Antonio , Osuna Rafael , Zarza Eduardo , Nava Paul 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A parabolic trough collector has been developed for various applications in the 200–400°C temperature range in solar fields up to the hundreds Megawatts range. The design of a new support structure of the collector included concept studies, wind tunnel measurements, finite elements method (FEM) analyses and resulted in a structure with a central framework element. This torque box design will have lower weight and less deformation of the collector structure than the other designs considered. Therefore it will be possible in future to connect more collector elements on one drive which results in reduced total number of drives and interconnecting pipes, thus reducing the installation cost and thermal losses. In terms of the degree of material usage further weight reduction will be possible. The presented design has a significant potential for cost reduction, the most important goal of the EuroTrough project. The prototype has been set-up and is under testing at PSA (Plataforma Solar de Almería) for its thermal and mechanical properties.
greenius: A New Simulation Environment for Technical and Economical Analysis of Renewable Independent Power Projects
Authors: Quaschning Volker , Ortmanns Winfried , Kistner Rainer , Geyer Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The use of modern simulation tools when planing renewable independent power projects minimizes the risks of these projects. Simulation tools can also help to find the best project site for a special technology or the best technology for a special site. However, a user-friendly powerful simulation tool that provides detailed technical as well as economical analysis of multiple technology types such as photovoltaics, wind energy and solar thermal power plants did not exist until now.
The new simulation environment greenius offers all these possibilities. The main emphasis when developing this software was on the user-friendly interface and the calculation performance. Some simulation results demonstrate the capabilities of the greenius software.
Development of a Molten-Salt Thermocline Thermal Storage System for Parabolic Trough Plants
Authors: Pacheco James E. , Showalter Steven K. , Kolb William J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Thermal storage improves the dispatchability and marketability of parabolic trough power plants allowing them to produce electricity on demand independent of solar collection. One such thermal storage system, a thermocline, uses a single tank containing a fluid with a thermal gradient running vertically through the tank, where hotter fluid (lower density) is at the top of the tank and colder fluid is at the base of the tank. The thermal gradient separates the two temperature potentials. A low-cost filler material provides the bulk of the thermal capacitance of the thermal storage, prevents convective mixing, and reduces the amount of fluid required. In this paper, development of a thermocline system that uses molten-nitrate salt as the heat transfer fluid is described and compared to a two-tank molten salt system. Results of isothermal and thermal cycling tests on candidate materials and salt safety tests are presented as well as results from a small pilot-scale (2.3 MWh) thermocline.
Solar-Upgrading of Fuels for Generation of Electricity
Authors: Tamme Rainer , Buck Reiner , Epstein Michael , Fisher Uriyel , Sugarmen Chemi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a novel process comprising solar upgrading of hydrocarbons by steam reforming in solar specific receiver reactors and utilizing the upgraded, hydrogen-rich fuel, in high efficiency conversion systems, such as gas turbines or fuel cells. In comparison to conventionally heated processes, about 30 % of fuel can be saved with respect to the same specific output. Such processes can be used in small scale as a stand-alone system for off-grid markets, as well as in large scale to be operated in connection with conventional combined-cycle plants. The solar reforming process has an intrinsic potential for solar/fossil hybrid operation, as well as a capability of solar energy storage to increase the capacity factor.
The complete reforming process will be demonstrated in the SOLASYS project, supported by the European Commission in the JOULE/THERMIE framework. The project has been started in June 1998. The SOLASYS plant is designed for 300 kWel output, it consists of the solar field, the solar reformer and a gas turbine, modified to enable operation both on fossil fuel as well as on the product gas from the solar reformer. The SOLASYS plant will be operated at the experimental solar test facility of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. Start-up of the pilot plant is scheduled for the end of the year 2000.
The midterm goal is to replace fossil fuel feedstock by renewable or non conventional feedstocks in order to increase the share of renewable energy and to establish processes with only minor or no CO2 emissions. Examples are given for solar upgrading of bio-gas from municipal solid waste as well as for upgrading of weak gas resources. With some feedstock pretreatment (removal of sulfur components, adjustment of composition) the product gases after solar reforming can be used for further processing to methanol or other chemical compounds.
A semi-automated method for extracting channels and channel profiles from lidar-derived digital elevation models
Authors: Dong Pinliang , Zhong Ruofei , Xia Jisheng , Tan Shucheng 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
With the advent of digital elevation models (DEMs) and geographic information systems (GIS), several methods have been proposed to extract channels from raster DEMs. Light detection and ranging (lidar) can produce high-resolution DEMs and poses new challenges to existing methods for channel extraction. This paper introduces a semi-automated method for extracting stream channels and channel profiles from high-resolution DEMs using image processing techniques. Based on user-specified approximate locations of start and end points and a few simple parameters, the method implements five automated steps: (1) channel detection using a local minimum value search; (2) channel delineation using Bresenham’s line algorithm and mathematical morphological operation; (3) vectorization; (4) profile generation; and (5) accuracy assessment. The method is implemented as an ArcGIS Python add-in toolbar named Channel Extraction. The application of the toolbar is demonstrated using a lidar-derived DEM in a study area along the San Andreas fault in California, USA. The software and test data are freely available for download (see Supplemental Files1). The demonstrated samples suggest that this new semi-automated method for extracting channels and channel profiles is flexible and user-friendly and can produce accurate results to support geomorphic studies.
Effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in neonatology: a systematic review
Authors: Araujo da Silva André Ricardo , Marques Amanda , Di Biase Clara , Faitanin Monique , Murni Indah , Dramowski Angela , Hübner Johannes , Zingg Walter 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionAntimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) are recommended to improve antibiotic use in healthcare and reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of ASPs in reducing antibiotic consumption, use of broad-spectrum/restricted antibiotics, antibiotic resistance and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in neonates.MethodsWe searched PUBMED, SCIELO, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database (January 2000–April 2019) to identify studies on the effectiveness of ASPs in neonatal wards and/or neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Outcomes were as follows: reduction of antibiotic consumption overall and of broad-spectrum/target antibiotics, inappropriate antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance and HAIs. ASPs conducted in settings other than acute care hospitals, for children older than 1 month, and ASPs addressing antifungal and antiviral agents, were excluded.ResultsThe initial search identified 53 173 titles and abstracts; following the application of filters and inclusion criteria, a total of six publications were included in the final analysis. All studies, of which one was multi-centre study, were published after 2010. Five studies were conducted exclusively in NICUs. Four articles applied multimodal interventions. Reduction of antibiotic consumption overall and/or inappropriate antibiotic use were reported by four articles; reduction of broad-spectrum/targeted antibiotics were reported by four studies; No article evaluated the impact of ASPs on AMR or the incidence of HAI in neonates.ConclusionASPs can be effectively applied in neonatal settings. Limiting the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and shorting the duration of antibiotic treatment are the most promising approaches. The impact of ASPs on AMR and HAI needs to be evaluated in long-term studies.
Meta-analysis of cardiovascular superiority trials published in theNew England Journal of Medicineto elucidate the concept of superiority margin
Authors: Gamad Nanda , Shafiq Nusrat , Malhotra Samir 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo show that overpowered trials claim statistical significance detouring clinical relevance and warrant the need of superiority margin to avoid such misinterpretation.DesignSelective review of articles published in the New England Journal of Medicine between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2018 and meta-analysis following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies and methodsPublished superiority trials evaluating cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus with positive efficacy outcome were eligible. Fixed effects meta-analysis was performed using RevMan V.5.3 to calculate overall effect estimate, pooled HR and it was compared with mean clinically significant difference.ResultsThirteen eligible trials with 164 721 participants provided the quantitative data for this review. Largely, the primary efficacy endpoint in these trials was the composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring rehospitalisation, coronary revascularisation and fatal or non-fatal stroke. The pooled HR was 0.86 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.89, I2=45%) which was lower than the mean clinically significant difference of 0.196 (19.6%, range: 0.09375–0.35) of these studies. There was a wide 95% CI in these studies from 0.56 to 0.99. The upper margin of CI in most of the studies was close to the line of no difference. Absolute risk reduction was small (1.19% to 2.3%) translating to a high median number needed to treat of 63 (range: 43 to 84) over a follow-up duration of 2.95 years.ConclusionsThe results of this meta-analysis indicate that overpowered trials give statistically significant results undermining clinical relevance. To avoid such misuse of current statistical tools, there is a need to derive superiority margin. We hope to generate debate on considering clinically significant difference, used to calculate sample size, as superiority margin.
Antimicrobial prescriptions and adherence to prudent use guidelines for selected canine diseases in Switzerland in 2016
Authors: Lutz Bérénice , Lehner Claudia , Schmitt Kira , Willi Barbara , Schüpbach Gertraud , Mevissen Meike , Peter Ruth , Müntener Cedric , Naegeli Hanspeter , Schuller Simone 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem in human and veterinary medicine and is closely linked to the use of antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to describe antimicrobial prescriptions for selected canine diseases in Switzerland during 2016.MethodsDogs presented to two university hospitals and 14 private practices for acute diarrhoea (AD; n=371), suspected or confirmed urinary tract infections (UTIs; n=245), respiratory tract infections (RTIs; n=274) or wound infections (WIs; n=175) were included. Clinical history, diagnostic work‐up and antimicrobial prescription (class, dosage and duration) were retrospectively assessed. A justification score was applied to evaluate appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy based on available national and international consensus guidelines.ResultsAntimicrobials were prescribed in 65 per cent of dogs with AD, 88 per cent with UTI, 62 per cent with RTI and 90 per cent with WI. The most prescribed antimicrobial classes (monotherapy and combination therapy) were potentiated aminopenicillins (59 per cent), nitroimidazoles (22 per cent), non‐potentiated aminopenicillins (16 per cent) and fluoroquinolones (13 per cent). Overall, 38 per cent (95 per cent CI 0.35 to 0.41) of the prescriptions were in accordance with consensus guidelines. In dogs with AD, antimicrobial therapy was associated with the presence of haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0.05) and complied in 32 per cent with consensus guidelines, which recommend antimicrobial treatment only when sepsis is suspected. A bacterial aetiology was confirmed via culture and/or sediment examination in 36 per cent of dogs with suspected UTI.ConclusionsOverall, adherence to consensus guidelines was poor both, at university hospitals and private practices. Antimicrobial stewardship measures are therefore needed to improve prudent use.
On the generalized spinor classification: beyond the Lounesto’s classification
Authors: Villalobos C. H. Coronado , Rogerio R. J. Bueno , Aguirre A. R. , Beghetto D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper we advance into a generalized spinor classification, based on the so-called Lounesto’s classification. The program developed here is based on an existing freedom on the spinorial dual structures definition, which, in certain simple physical and mathematical limit, allows us to recover the usual Lounesto’s classification. The protocol to be accomplished here gives full consideration in the understanding of the underlying mathematical structure, in order to satisfy the quadratic algebraic relations known as Fierz–Pauli–Kofink identities, and also to provide physical observables. As we will see, such identities impose restrictions on the number of possible spinorial classes allowed in the classification. We also expose a subsidiary mathematical device—a slight modification on the Clifford algebra basis—which ensures real spinorial densities and holds the Fierz–Pauli–Kofink quadratic relations.
Structural and mechanical properties of tantalum thin films ected by nitrogen ion implantation
Authors: Ramezani A. H. , Hoseinzadeh S. , Ebrahiminejad Zh. 
Published: March 2020

Tantalum bulk were implanted with nitrogen ions at different dose of [Formula: see text] ions/cm2 to [Formula: see text] ions/cm2 and at a energy 30 keV. The implanted samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), microhardness testing, friction coefficient measurements and wear mechanism study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were used to analyze the friction of samples. The XRD results confirmed that the increasing dose affects the formation of the TaN phase. Based on AFM images, the morphology and surface roughness change proportionally to grain size after implantation. It was found that hardness increases as energy increases. From the friction coefficient measurement, this coefficient decreases as energy increases. For the un-implanted sample, the wear mechanism has abrasion, and with increasing the energy, it shifts to being flake and sticky.
Geochemistry of major, trace and rare earth elements in coals from the Tazareh mine, eastern Alborz coalfield, NE Iran
Authors: Tatar Afieh , Alipour-Asll Masood 
Published: March 2020

The Tazareh mine in the eastern Alborz coalfield is one of the most important coal-producing areas in Iran and contains medium volatile (19.1–31.5%), low sulfur (0.015–0.491%) and variable ash yield (3–31.5%) bituminous coal. In this research, a total of 21 samples were collected from the Tazareh coal layers, footwall and hanging wall. The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) and other elements were determined by inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Additionally, traditional features of coal and host rocks were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and petrographic methods. The concentration coefficient (CC) of Tazareh coal samples show that Sc (
CC
= 2.71), Be (
CC
= 2.68) and Ni (
CC
= 2.30) are slightly enriched, Li, Cr, Pb, Sb, V, Cs, As, Co, Cu, Nb, Y, Rb, Tl, REE, Zr, Zn, Ta and Th (0.5 <
CC
< 2) are normal, and concentrations of remaining trace elements are lower than the average world hard coals. The NASC-normalized REEs pattern and (La/Yb)

n

, (La/Sm)

n

, (Gd/Yb)

n

, and (La/Lu)

n

ratios in the Tazareh coal confirm that the LREEs are enriched relative to HREEs, and comparatively, the degree of LREE enrichment of coal is lower than that of coal-bearing shale and argillaceous shale. Coal-bearing strata were deposited under oxic conditions in a warm-humid climate. The average content of REE + Y in Tazareh coal (58 ppm) is lower than world coals (83 ppm), while Sc is enriched.
Upper Ordovician planktic and benthic graptolites and a possible hydroid from the Tafilalt Biota, southeastern Morocco
Authors: Gutiérrez-Marco Juan Carlos , Muir Lucy A. , Mitchell Charles E. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Upper Ordovician planktic and benthic graptolites are generally rare in North Africa. Four localities in southern Morocco have yielded graptolitic material from the top of the First Bani Group and the Lower Ktaoua, Upper Tiouririne and Upper Ktaoua formations, the lithostratigraphic units that contain the Tafilalt Biota. Three species of planktic graptolite (in the genera
Climacograptus
,
Diplograptus
? and
Neodiplograptus
), six species of benthic graptolite (in the genera
Dendrograptus
,
Callograptus
,
Ptilograptus
and ‘
Dictyonema
’) and one probable hydroid (
Webbyites
? sp.) are described from these sites. Two species are new: ‘
Dictyonema
’
khadijae
sp. nov. and ‘
Dictyonema
’
villasi
sp. nov. Another probable hydroid, a
Plumalina
-like form from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Formation, is also illustrated. Some of the Tafilalt graptolites are similar to Bohemian species, indicating faunal links between the regions during the Late Ordovician. The graptolite dating of some isolated localities helps to evaluate the chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic assignment of those outcrops, implying an earlier appearance of the ‘
Dendrocystites
fauna’ (echinoderm-dominated:
c.
Sandbian 2–Katian 1) and a late placement for the ‘
Declivolithus
fauna’ (trilobite-dominated:
c.
Katian 2).