bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near-surface mean and gust wind speeds in ERA5 across Sweden: towards an improved gust parametrization
Authors: Minola L. , Zhang F. , Azorin-Molina C. , Pirooz A. A. Safaei , Flay R. G. J. , Hersbach H. , Chen D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe ERA5 reanalysis product has been compared with hourly near-surface wind speed and gust observations across Sweden for 2013–2017. ERA5 shows closer agreement than the previous ERA-Interim reanalysis with regard to both mean wind speed and gust measurements, although significant discrepancies are still found for inland and mountainous regions. Therefore, attempts have been made to improve formulations of the gust parametrization used in ERA5 by adding an elevation-dependency and by adjusting the convective gust contribution. Major improvements, especially over mountain regions, are achieved when the elevation differences among the stations are considered. Closer agreement between the observed and parametrized gusts is reached when the convective gust contribution is also tuned. The newly designed gust parametrization was also tested for Norway, which is characterized by more complex topography. Wind gusts from the selected Norwegian stations are more realistically simulated when both the elevation-dependency and the tuned convective contribution are implemented, although the parametrized gusts are still negatively biased. Such biases are not explained by the different in gust duration in recorded wind gusts between Sweden and Norway.
Diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis: MRI in clinical practice
Authors: Tomassini Valentina , Sinclair Audrey , Sawlani Vijay , Overell James , Pearson Owen R. , Hall Julie , Guadagno Joe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Recent changes in the understanding and management of multiple sclerosis (MS) have increased the role of MRI in supporting diagnosis and disease monitoring. However, published guidelines on the use of MRI in MS do not translate easily into different clinical settings and considerable variation in practice remains. Here, informed by published guidelines for the use of MRI in MS, we identified a clinically informative MRI protocol applicable in a variety of clinical settings, from district general hospitals to tertiary centres.

Methods
MS specialists geographically representing the UK National Health Service and with expertise in MRI examined existing guidelines on the use of MRI in MS and identification of challenges in their applications in various clinical settings informed the formulation of a feasible MRI protocol.

Results
We identified a minimum set of MRI information, based on clinical relevance, as well as on applicability to various clinical settings. This informed the selection of MRI acquisitions for scanning protocols, differentiated on the basis of their purpose and stage of the disease, and indication of timing for scans. Advice on standardisation of MRI requests and reporting, and proposed timing and frequency of MRI scans were generated.

Conclusions
The proposed MRI protocol can adapt to a range of clinical settings, aiding the impetus towards standardisation of practice and offering an example of research-informed service improvement to support optimisation of resources. Other neurological conditions, where a gap still exists between published guidelines and their clinical implementation, may benefit from this same approach.
Fucose as a new therapeutic target in renal transplantation
Authors: Howard Mark C , Nauser Christopher L , Vizitiu Daniela A , Sacks Steven H 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIschaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is an inevitable and damaging consequence of the process of kidney transplantation, ultimately leading to delayed graft function and increased risk of graft loss. A key driver of this adverse reaction in kidneys is activation of the complement system, an important part of the innate immune system. This activation causes deposition of complement C3 on renal tubules as well as infiltration of immune cells and ultimately damage to the tubules resulting in reduced kidney function. Collectin-11 (CL-11) is a pattern recognition molecule of the lectin pathway of complement. CL-11 binds to a ligand that is exposed on the renal tubules by the stress caused by IRI, and through attached proteases, CL-11 activates complement and this contributes to the consequences outlined above. Recent work in our lab has shown that this damage-associated ligand contains a fucose residue that aids CL-11 binding and promotes complement activation. In this review, we will discuss the clinical context of renal transplantation, the relevance of the complement system in IRI, and outline the evidence for the role of CL-11 binding to a fucosylated ligand in IRI as well as its downstream effects. Finally, we will detail the simple but elegant theory that increasing the level of free fucose in the kidney acts as a decoy molecule, greatly reducing the clinical consequences of IRI mediated by CL-11.
Water Balance of a Boreal Black Schist Heap Leach Operation
Authors: Arpalahti Antti , Lundström Mari 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe current study presents the effect of process chemistry as well as climate conditions on the water balance of a heap leach operation for black-schist ore. The research is based on the actual water balance at the Terrafame (former Talvivaara) mine site in Finland during the years 2017 and 2018 (base case). In addition, scenarios with a deviation in climatic conditions (Antofagasta case), chemistry (non-heat generation case) and effects of climate change (RCP4.5 (representative concentration pathway) case and RCP8.5 case) were investigated. In the first case, the annual precipitation and evaporation were simulated for a highly arid climate such as in the Antofagasta Mountains, whereas in the second case, an assumption was made of no excess heat generation (exothermic reactions) in the heap reactions. The base case predicted a requirement of 9,000,000 m3 annual discharge of water from the site with the heaviest annual rainfall. The discharge requirement and therefore the water footprint of the plant was shown to be highly dependent on the climatic conditions, as the Antofagasta case predicted a discharge of water from the site as low as zero. Heat generation, typical of the reactions dominating in a boreal black-schist heap leach operation, was shown to be vital for water management operations and therefore discharge management in Nordic climatic conditions (the non-heat generation case), where the discharge requirement was shown to be nearly threefold compared to the base case (2018). If the black-schist ore body resided in Antofagasta, the freshwater consumption would be over eight times the current consumption in the base case in Finland. Climate change scenarios show that the changing climate would increase the range of variation but only increase the need for water discharge from the site by 5% in the wettest years, while raw water utilization would increase by 46 to 83% during the driest years. In general, the results highlight the issues related to the mass and energy balance of a heap leach nickel process, and therefore feasibility—showing that although the heat generation is ore- and process-specific, the water consumption as well as discharge to the surrounding environment is highly dependent on the climatic conditions (precipitation, temperature) in the geographical location.
Landslides across the USA: occurrence, susceptibility, and data limitations
Authors: Mirus Benjamin B. , Jones Eric S. , Baum Rex L. , Godt Jonathan W. , Slaughter Stephen , Crawford Matthew M. , Lancaster Jeremy , Stanley Thomas , Kirschbaum Dalia B. , Burns William J. , Schmitt Robert G. , Lindsey Kassandra O. , McCoy Kevin M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDetailed information about landslide occurrence is the foundation for advancing process understanding, susceptibility mapping, and risk reduction. Despite the recent revolution in digital elevation data and remote sensing technologies, landslide mapping remains resource intensive. Consequently, a modern, comprehensive map of landslide occurrence across the United States (USA) has not been compiled. As a first step toward this goal, we present a national-scale compilation of existing, publicly available landslide inventories. This geodatabase can be downloaded in its entirety or viewed through an online, searchable map, with parsimonious attributes and direct links to the contributing sources with additional details. The mapped spatial pattern and concentration of landslides are consistent with prior characterization of susceptibility within the conterminous USA, with some notable exceptions on the West Coast. Although the database is evolving and known to be incomplete in many regions, it confirms that landslides do occur across the country, thus highlighting the importance of our national-scale assessment. The map illustrates regions where high-quality mapping has occurred and, in contrast, where additional resources could improve confidence in landslide characterization. For example, borders between states and other jurisdictions are quite apparent, indicating the variation in approaches to data collection by different agencies and disparity between the resources dedicated to landslide characterization. Further investigations are needed to better assess susceptibility and to determine whether regions with high relief and steep topography, but without mapped landslides, require further landslide inventory mapping. Overall, this map provides a new resource for accessing information about known landslides across the USA.
Paeoniflorin ameliorates ulcerative colitis by modulating the dendritic cell-mediated TH17/Treg balance
Authors: Zheng Kai , Jia Jia , Yan Shihai , Shen Hong , Zhu Ping , Yu Jiangyi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImmunological tolerance is critical for maintaining gut homeostasis. An imbalance between interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing T helper 17 (TH17) cells and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is involved in ulcerative colitis (UC) pathogenesis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are able to induce T cell differentiation. Paeoniflorin (PF) is a monoterpene glucoside that is commonly used for treatment of autoimmune disease. However, the immunological mechanism of PF involvement in UC treatment is unclear. The present study aimed to explore whether PF can restore the TH17/Treg balance by modulating DCs. The effects of PF on DCs, TH17 cells and Treg cells were measured. Furthermore, PF-treated DCs were injected into mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. PF inhibited MHC-II and CD86 expression on the DC surface (P < 0.05), decreased interleukin (IL)-12 secretion in vitro and in vivo (P < 0.05), and restored the TH17/Treg ratio in the mouse model of colitis (P < 0.05). PF-treated DCs diminished TH17 differentiation (4.26% in vitro and 1.64% in vivo) and decreased IL-17 expression (P < 0.05) while inducing CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg differentiation (7.82% in vitro and 6.85% in vivo) and increasing Foxp3 and IL-10 production (P < 0.05). Additionally, both PF and PF-treated DCs improved colonic histopathology in the mouse model of colitis (P < 0.05). In conclusion this study suggested that PF can ameliorate TNBS-induced colitis by modulating the DC-mediated TH17/Treg balance.
Modelling resistive and phase-change memory with passive selector arrays: a MATLAB tool
Authors: Noori Yasir J. , De Groot C. H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMemristor devices are crucial for developing neuromorphic computers and next-generation memory technologies. In this work, we provide a comprehensive modelling tool for simulating static DC reading operations of memristor crossbar arrays that use passive selectors with matrix algebra in MATLAB. The software tool was parallel coded and optimised to run with personal computers and distributed computer clusters with minimised CPU and memory consumption. We study the effect of changing the line resistance, array size, voltage selection scheme, selector diode’s ideality factor, reverse saturation current and sense resistance on the electrical behaviour and expected sense margin of a conventional one-diode-one-resistor crossbar arrays. We then investigate the effect of single- and dual-side array biasing and grounding on the dissipated current throughout the array cells. The tool we offer to the memristor community and the studies we present enable the design of larger and more practical memristor arrays for application in data storage and neuromorphic computing.
Fast and Accurate Edge Computing Energy Modeling and DVFS Implementation in GEM5 Using System Call Emulation Mode
Authors: Yassin Yahya H. , Jahre Magnus , Kjeldsberg Per Gunnar , Aunet Snorre , Catthoor Francky 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStringent power budgets in battery powered platforms have led to the development of energy saving techniques such as Dynamic Voltage and Frequency scaling (DVFS). For embedded system designers to be able to ripe the benefits of these techniques, support for efficient design space exploration must be available in system level simulators. The advent of the edge computing paradigm, with power constraints in the mW domain, has rendered this even more essential. Without a fast and accurate methodology for architecture simulation and energy estimation, the benefit of new ideas and solutions cannot be evaluated. In this paper, we propose a non-intrusive application controlled DVFS management implementation in the GEM5 simulator, used with GEM5’s system call emulation mode. We also propose a novel architecture independent energy model based on categorization of different measurable workload classes. Our energy model is parametrized and calibrated with power measurements on a SAM4L microcontroller board, containing an ARM Cortex M4 processor. Together with the GEM5 output statistics, the model accurately estimates the total energy consumption of our simulated system. The results from our modified GEM5 simulator are validated with representative signal processing applications. After correction of systematic offset errors, our results deviate with less than 4% compared to measurements from the SAM4L microcontroller. Our contributions in this paper can easily be tailored to other processor models in GEM5 and to future versions of GEM5. It will therefore enable system architects to explore new techniques and compare the improvements relative to existing architectures.
Linking temporal scales of suspended sediment transport in rivers: towards improving transferability of prediction
Authors: Vercruysse Kim , Grabowski Robert C. , Hess Tim , Lexartza-Artza Irantzu 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Suspended sediment (SS) transport in rivers is highly variable, making it challenging to develop predictive models that are applicable across timescales and rivers. Previous studies have identified catchment and hydro-meteorological variables controlling SS concentrations. However, due to the lack of long-term, high-frequency SS monitoring, it remains difficult to link SS transport dynamics during high-flow events with annual or decadal trends in SS transport. This study investigated how processes driving SS transport during high-flow events impact SS transport dynamics and trends observed over longer timescales.

Methods
Suspended sediment samples from the River Aire (UK) (1989–2017) were used to (i) statistically identify factors driving SS transport over multiple timescales (high-flow events, intra- and inter-annual) and (ii) conceptualize SS transport as a fractal system to help link and interpret the effect of short-term events on long-term SS transport dynamics.

Results and discussion
Antecedent moisture conditions were a dominant factor controlling event-based SS transport, confirming results from previous studies. Findings also showed that extreme high-flow events (in SS concentration or discharge) mask factors controlling long-term trends. This cross-timescale effect was conceptualized as high fractal power, indicating that quantifying SS transport in the River Aire requires a multi-timescale approach.

Conclusion
Characterizing the fractal power of a SS transport system presents a starting point in developing transferrable process-based approaches to quantify and predict SS transport, and develop management strategies. A classification system for SS transport dynamics in river systems in terms of fractal power could be developed which expresses the dominant processes underlying SS transport.
Evaluating Housing Health Hazards: Prevalence, Practices and Priorities in Delhi’s Informal Settlements
Authors: Nix Emily , Paulose Jacob , Shrubsole Clive , Altamirano-Medina Hector , Davies Michael , Khosla Renu , Belesova Kristine , Wilkinson Paul 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHousing quality is crucially linked to health and sustainability goals, yet there is limited research on informal housing and settlements where housing quality is poor, and the health risks are expected to be greatest. This paper describes the investigation of housing conditions in a low-income resettlement colony in Delhi. A novel transdisciplinary methodology to evaluate multiple housing health hazards and establish intervention priorities in participation with the community was developed. Findings from housing surveys and indoor environmental monitoring were contrasted with a participatory self-assessment—revealing the widespread prevalence of hazards and suboptimal housing conditions as well as substantial differences in priorities, and thus perspectives, between participants and researchers. Focus group discussions explored the findings and built consensus on priorities. Our findings uncovered how poor housing conditions affect daily practices and thus are likely to adversely affect socio-economic development and gender equality. We highlight limitations in current frameworks to assess housing hazards and argue that a transdisciplinary approach is vital to provide a holistic understanding and to develop effective interventions. These insights are crucial to inform inclusive solutions for adequate housing and human settlements that can support improved health and help achieve the sustainable development goals.
Compound Poisson models for weighted networks with applications in finance
Authors: Gandy Axel , Veraart Luitgard A. M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe develop a modelling framework for estimating and predicting weighted network data. The edge weights in weighted networks often arise from aggregating some individual relationships between the nodes. Motivated by this, we introduce a modelling framework for weighted networks based on the compound Poisson distribution. To allow for heterogeneity between the nodes, we use a regression approach for the model parameters. We test the new modelling framework on two types of financial networks: a network of financial institutions in which the edge weights represent exposures from trading Credit Default Swaps and a network of countries in which the edge weights represent cross-border lending. The compound Poisson Gamma distributions with regression fit the data well in both situations. We illustrate how this modelling framework can be used for predicting unobserved edges and their weights in an only partially observed network. This is for example relevant for assessing systemic risk in financial networks.
Practical applications of studies on the TSH receptor and TSH receptor autoantibodies
Authors: Furmaniak J. , Sanders J. , Sanders P. , Miller-Gallacher J. , Ryder M. M. , Rees Smith B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStudies on the TSH receptor (TSHR) have numerous practical applications in vitro and in vivo. For example human monoclonal autoantibodies (MAbs) to the TSHR are useful reagents for in vitro diagnostics. Measurement of TSHR autoantibodies (TRAbs) is helpful in diagnosis and management of autoimmune thyroid disease. Currently available highly sensitive and specific assays to measure TRAbs use the human TSHR MAb M22 instead of the TSH. Furthermore, preparations of the human TSHR MAb M22 are useful as the World Health Organisation International Standard for thyroid stimulating antibody and for calibration of the assays for measuring TRAbs. Preparations of thermostabilised TSHR extracellular domain have recently become available and this is likely to have an impact on improvements in specificity testing for TRAb assays. In addition the stable TSHR preparations have practical application for specific immunoadsorption of patient serum TRAbs. Human TSHR MAbs also have promising prospects as new therapeutics. Autoantibodies with TSHR antagonistic activities are “natural” inhibitors of TSHR stimulation and are expected to be helpful in controlling TSHR activity in patients with Graves’ disease, Graves’ ophthalmopathy and thyroid cancer.
Self-complexity mediates the relationship between temperamental perseverance and ruminative thoughts
Authors: Czarnocki Mikołaj , Imbir Kamil K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe temperamental trait of perseverance is suspected to be a cause for ruminations present in many different affective disorders, especially depression. We predicted that higher-order cognition, including self-complexity, would mediate the role of perseverance. In the current study, we used the Formal Characteristics of Behavior–Temperament Inventory (FCB–TI), the Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire and Evans’ Self-Complexity Inventory (SCI) to measure the factors included in the tested model. We found that a strong positive relation between perseverance and ruminative thoughts is partially mediated by self-complexity. This result shows how important it is to include the complex cognitive processes in personality formation to understand the role of temperament in the development of ruminative thoughts.
The comparison of the anatomic stage and pathological prognostic stage according to the AJCC 8th edition for the prognosis in Japanese breast cancer patients: data from a single institution
Authors: Tokunaga Eriko , Ijichi Hideki , Tajiri Wakako , Masuda Takanobu , Takizawa Katsumi , Ueo Hiroki , Koga Chinami , Tanaka Junko , Nakamura Yoshiaki , Ohno Shinji , Taguchi Kenichi , Okamoto Masahiro 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
The TNM system, which reflects the anatomical extent of disease, was used for stage definition. In the recently published AJCC 8th edition, the new staging system of the clinical and pathological prognostic stage, which incorporates biological factors, is introduced.

Patients and methods
A total of 2622 patients with primary breast cancer at stage I–III were included in this study. The anatomic stage (aStage) and the pathological prognostic stage (ppStage) for each case were determined according to the definition of the AJCC 8th edition, and the influence of these stages on the prognosis was compared.

Results
The stage distributions of aStage and ppStage were as follows: aStage, stage IA (54.8%), IB (1.1%), IIA (26.1%), IIB (9.2%), IIIA (5.6%), IIIB (0.1%), and IIIC (3.1%); and ppStage, stage IA (66.6%), IB (13.1%), IIA (11.1%), IIB (3.2%), IIIA (3.3%), IIIB (1.4%), and IIIC (1.2%). Compared with the aStage, the ppStage stayed the same in 1710 patients (65.2%), was downstaged in 778 patients (29.7%), and was upstaged in 134 patients. The pathological tumor size (pT2) and lymph node metastasis (pN1) were associated with downstaging, and histological grade 3 was associated with upstaging. ER positivity, PgR positivity, and HER2-positivity were significantly associated with downstaging, and the TN subtype was associated with upstaging. Both the aStage and ppStage were significantly associated with the prognosis; however, the Kaplan–Meier curves for the relapse-free survival (RFS), distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS), and overall survival were better stratified by the ppStage.

Conclusion
The ppStage reflects the prognosis of patients with early breast cancer more accurately than the aStage.