bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Physical Nature of Starburst-driven Galactic Outflows
Authors: Schneider Evan E. , Ostriker Eve C. , Robertson Brant E. , Thompson Todd A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We present the fourth simulation of the Cholla Galactic OutfLow Simulations suite. Using a physically motivated prescription for clustered supernova feedback, we successfully drive a multiphase outflow from a disk galaxy. The high resolution (<5 pc) across a relatively large domain (20 kpc) allows us to capture the hydrodynamic mixing and dynamical interactions between the hot and cool (T ∼ 104 K) phases in the outflow, which in turn leads to direct evidence of a qualitatively new mechanism for cool gas acceleration in galactic winds. We show that mixing of momentum from the hot phase to the cool phase accelerates the cool gas to 800 km s−1 on kiloparsec scales, with properties inconsistent with the physical models of ram pressure acceleration or bulk cooling from the hot phase. The mixing process also affects the hot phase, modifying its radial profiles of temperature, density, and velocity from the expectations of radial supersonic flow. This mechanism provides a physical explanation for the high-velocity, blueshifted, low-ionization absorption lines often observed in the spectra of starburst and high-redshift galaxies.
An overview of mobile applications (apps) to support the coronavirus disease 2019 response in India
Authors: Bassi Abhinav , Arfin Sumaiya , John Oommen , Jha Vivekanand 
Published: May 2020

Background & objectives:
The potential benefits of mobile health (mHealth) initiatives to manage the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been explored. The Government of India, State governments, and healthcare organizations have developed various mobile apps for the containment of COVID-19. This study was aimed to systematically review COVID-19 related mobile apps and highlight gaps to inform the development of future mHealth initiatives.

Methods:
Google Play and the Apple app stores were searched using the terms 'COVID-19', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', and 'epidemic' in the first week of April 2020. A list of COVID-19-specific functions was compiled based on the review of the selected apps, the literature on epidemic surveillance, and national and international media reports. The World Health Organization guideline on Digital Health Interventions was used to classify the app functions under the categories of the general public, health workers, health system managers, and data services.

Results:
The search yielded 346 potential COVID-19 apps, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. Dissemination of untargeted COVID-19-related information on preventative strategies and monitoring the movements of quarantined individuals was the function of 27 (54%) and 19 (32%) apps, respectively. Eight (16%) apps had a contact tracing and hotspot identification function.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Our study highlights the current emphasis on the development of self-testing, quarantine monitoring, and contact tracing apps. India's response to COVID-19 can be strengthened by developing comprehensive mHealth solutions for frontline healthcare workers, rapid response teams and public health authorities. Among this unprecedented global health emergency, the Governments must ensure the necessary but least intrusive measures for disease surveillance.
Factors Contributing Students Motivation Toward English Language Learning
Authors: Anwari Ahmad 
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this research is to identify those factors that students are motivated toward English language learning. Furthermore, the study applied quantitative approach and the instrument was questionnaire to collect the data, and the questionnaire have been adopted, the software for analyzing the data were SPSS and calculated the percentage for the findings. Moreover, the major findings revealed as follow; first, English helps/will help me meet foreigners, second, English will be helpful for my career, third; English helps/will help me in my travel overseas and fourth; Studying English can be important for me because it will help me to further my studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3376488
Prevalence of polypharmacy in the older adult population within primary care in Portugal: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Authors: Simões Pedro Augusto , Santiago Luiz Miguel , Simões José Augusto 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionPolypharmacy is commonly defined as the simultaneous use of five or more medications; however, there is a lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate definition. It is a significant predictor of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of polypharmacy in the population of older adults attending primary care in Portugal and to identify associated sociodemographic and clinical factors.Material and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, analytical study in primary care centres from the five Portuguese healthcare administrative regions and the two autonomous regions. We used a random sample of 757 older adult patients provided by the information department of the ministry of health (SPMS) and family doctors from the autonomous regions. Data collection occurred in March 2018. The variables utilised were sociodemographic characteristics, clinical profile and medication. For each patient, polypharmacy was measured either by the concurrent use of ≥ 5 drugs or by the median number of drugs at the time of data collection. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine associations between polypharmacy and other variables.ResultsPolypharmacy (≥ 5 drugs) was present in 77% of the sample. A cut-off of over the median number of drugs was present in 55%. The likelihood of having polypharmacy increased significantly with age (OR = 1.05 (1.02–1.08)), number of chronic health problems (OR = 1.24 (1.07–1.45)) and number of prescribers (OR = 4.71 (3.42–6.48)). Cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal medications were the most commonly involved in polypharmacy.ConclusionsPolypharmacy was a very common occurrence in Portugal. Future primary healthcare policies should address polypharmacy.
Frequency of oligosymptomatic gastrointestinal tract diseases and its relation to IGF-I in idiopathic (non-GH-deficient) short stature children
Authors: Stawerska Renata , Kolasa-Kicińska Marzena , Kolejwa Michał , Smyczyńska Joanna , Hilczer Maciej , Czkwianianc Elżbieta , Lewiński Andrzej 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionThere is a discussion about growth hormone therapy in idiopathic short stature (ISS) children. To diagnose ISS, it is necessary to exclude other diseases; gastrointestinal tract diseases (GIDs) are among them. However, GID symptoms may be scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of unexpected oligosymptomatic GIDs in ISS and assess their influence on auxological parameters and IGF-I concentration.Material and methodsThe analysis included 101 children with ISS and 95 controls. All patients were tested for celiac disease (CD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lactose malabsorption (LM), cystic fibrosis (CF), Helicobacter pylori (HP) and Ascaris sp. (Asc) infections, as well as Candida albicans (Calb) colonization, by applying simple blood and stool tests and gastrofiberoscopy.ResultsIn 75.2% of short children, one or more than one GIDs listed above were diagnosed, with the highest frequency of: Calb (46.5%), LM (33.7%), HP (24.7%) and/or Asc (21.8%). The incidence of GIDs was significantly higher than in the control group. The GID frequency increases with the age of children. In most ISS children, the IGF-I SDS was below –1.0 and it was the lowest in children with HP (p < 0.05).ConclusionsHigh frequency of unexpected oligosymptomatic GIDs in children diagnosed with ISS indicates the need to search for gastrointestinal (GI) causes in each case of short stature in children. The pathomechanisms responsible for short stature in these cases may vary, although it seems that reduced production of IGF-I plays an important role.
Down-regulation of miR-133a-3p protects lung tissue against sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by up-regulating SIRT1
Authors: Hui Qin , Zhang Qi , Li Xuan , Wang Kundi , Zhang Jing , Zhou Zhongshu 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionMicroRNA-133a-3p (miR-133a-3p) is a potential gene regulator having an important role in the process of inflammation and lung injury. The present work studied the role of miR-133a-3p in sepsis-mediated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the mechanism involved.Material and methodsC57BL/6 mice were selected for the study. Protein expression of Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax was assessed by western blot analysis. Expression of mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR. Effects of inflammation were studied by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Quantification of albumin was done by measuring the albumin conjugated with Evan’s blue. The alveolar macrophages were separated from the lungs of mice by the bronchoalveolar lavage procedure and were submitted to sepsis challenge in vitro; the macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).ResultsTreatment of LPS resulted in upregulation of miR-133a-3p in alveolar macrophages. Suppression of miR-133a-3p halted the over-expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and caused remission of histopathologic changes. The ARDS lungs showed a decrease in levels of proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in levels of apoptotic protein, establishing the protective role for miR-133a-3p. The results suggested sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) as a potential target of miR-133a-3p in the macrophages, also showing that expression of SIRT1 was inversely associated with expression of miR-133a-3p. The protective effect of miR-133a-3p down-regulation in LPS-mediated alveolar macrophages and sepsis-induced ARDS could be corrected by a SIRT1 inhibitor.ConclusionsDown-regulation of miR-133a-3p may exert a protective effect on lung tissue against sepsis-mediated ARDS by up-regulating the levels of SIRT1 via suppressing the inflammatory response and inhibiting the cellular apoptosis in lung tissues.
MicroRNA-939 induces apoptosis in human liver cancer cells by targeting CRKL expression
Authors: Bao Hongbin , Yao Hao , Ma Dawei , Xu Haoyi , Li Ning , Li Hengli , Li Xinguo , Xu Binghui 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionOver the years, microRNAs (miRs) have been shown to exhibit therapeutic implications in the treatment of cancer. Consistently, this study was designed to examine the expression profile and to decipher the therapeutic implications of miR-939 in human liver cancer.Material and methodsExpression profiling was performed by qRT-PCR and the proliferation rate of liver cancer cells was monitored by Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) and clonogenic assays. 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and annexin V-FITC assays were used to determine the induction of apoptosis. Ultrastructural analysis was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Western blotting was used to determine protein expression.ResultsmiR-939 was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated in the liver cancerous tissues and cell lines. miR-939 overexpression significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the proliferation and colony formation of liver cancer cells. Ultrastructural analysis, DAPI and annexin V/PI assays showed induction of apoptosis in miR-939 overexpressing liver cancer cells. This was accompanied by upregulation of Bax, p53 and suppression of Bcl-2. In silico analysis showed CRKL to be the target of miR-939. The down regulation of CRKL mimicked the molecular effects of miR-939 in liver cancer cells. Nonetheless, CRKL overexpression abolished the growth inhibitory effects of miR-939 on liver cancer cells.ConclusionsThe present study established the role of the miR-939/CRKL molecular axis in regulation of liver cancer proliferation, and it may also prove an essential therapeutic target for its management.
MicroRNA let-7f protects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in neuroblastoma cells by targeting AKT-2
Authors: Li Kuo , Wang Zhan-Qiang , Zhang Jun-Ling , Lv Pei-Yuan 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in late adult life. Emerging evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in the pathogenesis of AD. The aim of the present study was to eluci-date the underlying role of miR-let-7f in oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells.Material and methodsmiRNA microarray analysis was performed to detect the miRNAs’ differential expression in AD patients and normal elderly volun-teers. Cell injury was evaluated on the basis of cell viability and apoptosis. The effect of miR-let-7f on H2O2-induced oxidative damage was estimated after cell transfection. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to measure the expression of miR-let-7f, AKT-2 and apoptosis-related proteins. The target gene of miR-let-7f was analyzed by luciferase reporter gene assay.ResultsMiR-let-7f was overexpressed in AD patients. When exposed to H2O2 in vitro, SH-SY5Y cells showed significant apoptosis accompanied by up-regulation of miR-let-7f and increased expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In the presence of H2O2, the up-regulation of miR-let-7f significant-ly increased the cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis, while down-regulation showed the opposite effect. The luciferase reporter assay showed that ATK-2 is the direct target gene of miR-let-7f. Western blot analysis further showed that miR-let-7f negatively regulated ATK-2 expression.ConclusionsThe up-regulation of miR-let-7f alleviated the H2O2-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells by targeting AKT-2. These findings provided a novel perspective in the role of miR-let-7f in pathogenesis of oxidative damage during AD.
The role of periampullary diverticulum on the incidence
of pancreaticobiliary diseases and the outcome
of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Chen Qiaofeng , Zhang Yuanyuan , Tang Zhihua , Yu Mingju , Liu Zhijian , Zhou Xiaojiang , Li Guohua , Chen Youxiang , Zhou Xiaodong 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionPeriampullary diverticulum (PAD), although commonly discover¬ed in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograp¬hy (ERCP), remains controversial regarding its role in pancreaticobiliary diseases and the failure rate of cannulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of PAD with pancreaticobiliary diseases and its impact on the outcome of ERCP.Material and methodsA retrospective analysis was carried out on 1455 patients who underwent an ERCP. Patients were divided into a PAD group and a control group without PAD, and propensity score matching was performed to adjust for clinical differences. The comparison was focused on pancreaticobiliary diseases, technical success, and complications of ERCP.ResultsThe occurrence of PAD is associated significantly with increasing age (p < 0.001). Incidences of acute pancreatitis (AP), suppurative cholangitis, and pancreatic head cancer were significantly higher in the PAD group (p < 0.05). After propensity score matching, the PAD group exhibited a higher rate of post-ERCP complications including haemorrhage, post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), and hyperamylasaemia (p < 0.05). However, the prevalence of perforation and the success rate of ERCP did not differ between groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsPeriampullary diverticulum develops with aging and seems to be associated with an increase in pancreaticobiliary diseases and post-ERCP complications except for perforation. Additionally, the presence of PAD does not affect the technical success of ERCP.
The tubular damage markers: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 in newborns with exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy
Authors: Kamianowska Monika , Szczepański Marek , Sawicka Ewa , Bebko Barbara , Wasilewska Anna 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionChronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease have been found to be caused by diabetes. More recently, the renal tubulointerstitium has been increasingly assumed to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy with prolonged exposure to a variety of metabolic and haemodynamic injuring factors associated with sustained hyperglycaemia as contributing factors. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal diabetes could be the factor affecting kidney function in a newborn with the use of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) – biomarkers of renal injury.Material and methodsThe study included 138 full-term newborns: 50 newborns from diabetic pregnancies and 88 healthy newborns. The concentrations of NGAL and KIM-1 were determined in urine in the first or the second day of life with a commercially available ELISA kit.ResultsConsiderably higher urine level of NGAL (25.7 (11.8–40.8)) and NGAL/cr. (29.1 (19.1–47.4)) in babies from diabetic pregnancies has been found when compared to the reference group (16.74 (9.9–27.5)) and (21.9 (14.6–29.8)) (p = 0.01, p < 0.01) respectively. We also found a significantly higher urine level of NGAL (27.8 (13.6–44.2)), NGAL/cr. (31.9 (17.6–57.4)), and KIM-1/cr. (2.6 (1.6–5.5)) in babies of diabetic mothers treated with insulin when compared to the reference group (16.7 (9.9–27.5)), (21.9 (14.6–29.8)), (1.9 (0.8–3.2)), (p = 0.01, p = 0.02, p = 0.02), respectively.ConclusionsBased on the results of this study, we indicate for the first time that maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy may be considered as the cause of tubular kidney damage in newborns.
Non-attachment and happiness: mediating versus moderating roles of grit personality
Authors: Siah Poh Chua , Tun Pei , Chan Mun 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundStudies have revealed that grit personality and non-attachment are positively associated with happiness. Grittier people are happier while they persist in pursuing their long-term goal, whereas non-attached people are hap-pier as they are not clinging onto any object. These contrasting findings seem to suggest that the two concepts may have some relevancies. Accordingly, this study aims to use the mediator and moderator models to exam-ine whether grit personality either moderates or mediates the effects of non-attachment on happiness.Participants and procedureThree hundred sixty undergraduates were recruited by the purposive sampling method to participate in a survey. They needed to fill in the Short Grit Scale, Non-Attachment Scale and Subjective Happiness Scale.ResultsThe results showed that non-attachment is positively associated with a component of grit; that only persever-ance of efforts, but not consistency of interest, was positively associated with non-attachment. In addition, per-severance of efforts mediates rather than moderates the effects of non-attachment on happiness.ConclusionsThe findings suggesting that non-attached people are happier does not mean they detach from life. They are able to work with perseverance on their long-term goals, but they do not attach to the outcome of their goals. The findings provide further conceptual clarification of grit personality and non-attachment and further infor-mation to educators and program managers while designing programs to improve happiness.
Adaptation to the disease – the psychological resources of families struggling with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Treder-Rochna Natalia 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundThe functioning of a person affected with a chronic illness within a family is a complex and many-sided issue. The illness produces an adaptive mechanism, and the ultimate goal of all adaptive measures is to deal with the new situation. The present research was intended to determine the psychological and clinical factors underly-ing the correct functioning of families with a multiple sclerosis sufferer.Participants and procedureThe research covered 108 families (216 persons) divided into three groups. We used an interview, the FACES IV questionnaire, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Berlin Social Support Scales, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, the Acceptance of Illness Scale, the Beck Depression Scale, the Mini-Mental State Exami-nation, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Raven’s Progressive Matrices, and the Similarities task from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.ResultsThe results of the research showed a significant difference in how family life was assessed by the three groups regarding cohesion and flexibility. A significant difference also related to communication and family life satis-faction. The best fit with the data was shown by the model incorporating two groups of predictors – global psy-chological variables (family variables) and individual psychological variables.ConclusionsBased on the research, it is highly probable that the majority of families with multiple sclerosis sufferers adjust relatively well to the disease. Despite chronic illness, a family can function correctly, but this largely depends on its ability to cope with stress. Clinical parameters of the illness, such as the degree of disability, proved to be irrelevant as predictors. It was also established that a system’s functioning depends on the mental condition of the healthy care-giving spouse. The patient’s cognitive impairment, especially his/her executive deficits, was found to be important.
Role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of vertebral bone marrow lesions
Authors: Kaur Arashdeep , Thukral Chuni L. , Khanna Gagan , Singh Paramdeep 
Published: May 2020

PurposeTo evaluate the role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in differentiating vertebral marrow pathologies. To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and threshold apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values that can aid in the differentiation of malignant from benign bone marrow lesions.Material and methodsThis observational study included 100 patients, who underwent MRI examination with a 1.5 Tesla scanner. The ADC values of normal and pathological vertebrae were estimated, and the threshold ADC values were computed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results were correlated with histopathological diagnosis, clinical follow-up, and other investigations. Statistical analysis was done by employing unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test and the p-value of < 0.05 was deemed as statistically significant.ResultsVertebral bone marrow lesions had a male predominance and there was a predilection towards thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, with L4 being the commonest. Metastasis was the commonest lesion, followed by spondylodiscitis. The mean ADC value of benign pathologies was significantly greater than malignant pathologies (p < 0.05). The threshold value for the demarcation between benign and malignant pathologies was computed to be 1.21 × 10-3 mm<sup>2</sup>/s. DW imaging had sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 92.31%, positive predictive value of 87.5%, and negative predictive value of 100%.ConclusionsVertebral marrow lesions can be differentiated as benign or malignant with good sensitivity and specificity with the help of DW-ADC maps.