bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A lower bound on the maximum mass if the secondary in GW190814 was once a rapidly spinning neutron star
Authors: Most Elias R , Papenfort L Jens , Weih Lukas R , Rezzolla Luciano 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
The recent detection of GW190814 featured the merger of a binary with a primary having a mass of $\sim 23\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ and a secondary with a mass of $\sim 2.6\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$. While the primary was most likely a black hole, the secondary could be interpreted as either the lightest black hole or the most massive neutron star ever observed, but also as the indication of a novel class of exotic compact objects. We here argue that although the secondary in GW190814 is most likely a black hole at merger, it needs not be an ab-initio black hole nor an exotic object. Rather, based on our current understanding of the nuclear-matter equation of state, it can be a rapidly rotating neutron star that collapsed to a rotating black hole at some point before merger. Using universal relations connecting the masses and spins of uniformly rotating neutron stars, we estimate the spin, $0.49_{-0.05}^{+0.08} \lesssim \chi \lesssim 0.68_{-0.05}^{+0.11}$, of the secondary – a quantity not constrained so far by the detection – and a novel strict lower bound on the maximum mass, $M_{_{\mathrm{TOV}}}\gt 2.08^{+0.04}_{-0.04}\, \, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ and an optimal bound of $M_{_{\mathrm{TOV}}}\gt 2.15^{+0.04}_{-0.04}\, \, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$, of non-rotating neutron stars, consistent with recent observations of a very massive pulsar. The new lower bound also remains valid even in the less likely scenario in which the secondary neutron star never collapsed to a black hole.
AcrDB: a database of anti-CRISPR operons in prokaryotes and viruses
Authors: Huang Le , Yang Bowen , Yi Haidong , Asif Amina , Wang Jiawei , Lithgow Trevor , Zhang Han , Minhas Fayyaz ul Amir Afsar , Yin Yanbin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCRISPR–Cas is an anti-viral mechanism of prokaryotes that has been widely adopted for genome editing. To make CRISPR–Cas genome editing more controllable and safer to use, anti-CRISPR proteins have been recently exploited to prevent excessive/prolonged Cas nuclease cleavage. Anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins are encoded by (pro)phages/(pro)viruses, and have the ability to inhibit their host's CRISPR–Cas systems. We have built an online database AcrDB (http://bcb.unl.edu/AcrDB) by scanning ∼19 000 genomes of prokaryotes and viruses with AcrFinder, a recently developed Acr-Aca (Acr-associated regulator) operon prediction program. Proteins in Acr-Aca operons were further processed by two machine learning-based programs (AcRanker and PaCRISPR) to obtain numerical scores/ranks. Compared to other anti-CRISPR databases, AcrDB has the following unique features: (i) It is a genome-scale database with the largest collection of data (39 799 Acr-Aca operons containing Aca or Acr homologs); (ii) It offers a user-friendly web interface with various functions for browsing, graphically viewing, searching, and batch downloading Acr-Aca operons; (iii) It focuses on the genomic context of Acr and Aca candidates instead of individual Acr protein family and (iv) It collects data with three independent programs each having a unique data mining algorithm for cross validation. AcrDB will be a valuable resource to the anti-CRISPR research community.
Parental legacy and regulatory novelty in Brachypodium diurnal transcriptomes accompanying their polyploidy
Authors: Inoue Komaki , Takahagi Kotaro , Kouzai Yusuke , Koda Satoru , Shimizu Minami , Uehara-Yamaguchi Yukiko , Nakayama Risa , Kita Toshie , Onda Yoshihiko , Nomura Toshihisa , Matsui Hidetoshi , Nagaki Kiyotaka , Nishii Ryuei , Mochida Keiichi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Polyploidy is a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotes that can lead to phenotypic novelty and has important implications for evolution and diversification. The modification of phenotypes in polyploids relative to their diploid progenitors may be associated with altered gene expression. However, it is largely unknown how interactions between duplicated genes affect their diurnal expression in allopolyploid species. In this study, we explored parental legacy and hybrid novelty in the transcriptomes of an allopolyploid species and its diploid progenitors. We compared the diurnal transcriptomes of representative Brachypodium cytotypes, including the allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors Brachypodium distachyon and Brachypodium stacei. We also artificially induced an autotetraploid B. distachyon. We identified patterns of homoeolog expression bias (HEB) across Brachypodium cytotypes and time-dependent gain and loss of HEB in B. hybridum. Furthermore, we established that many genes with diurnal expression experienced HEB, while their expression patterns and peak times were correlated between homoeologs in B. hybridum relative to B. distachyon and B. stacei, suggesting diurnal synchronization of homoeolog expression in B. hybridum. Our findings provide insight into the parental legacy and hybrid novelty associated with polyploidy in Brachypodium, and highlight the evolutionary consequences of diurnal transcriptional regulation that accompanied allopolyploidy.
A random forest-based framework for genotyping and accuracy assessment of copy number variations
Authors: Zhuang Xuehan , Ye Rui , So Man-Ting , Lam Wai-Yee , Karim Anwarul , Yu Michelle , Ngo Ngoc Diem , Cherny Stacey S , Tam Paul Kwong-Hang , Garcia-Barcelo Maria-Mercè , Tang Clara Sze-man , Sham Pak Chung 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Detection of copy number variations (CNVs) is essential for uncovering genetic factors underlying human diseases. However, CNV detection by current methods is prone to error, and precisely identifying CNVs from paired-end whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is still challenging. Here, we present a framework, CNV-JACG, for Judging the Accuracy of CNVs and Genotyping using paired-end WGS data. CNV-JACG is based on a random forest model trained on 21 distinctive features characterizing the CNV region and its breakpoints. Using the data from the 1000 Genomes Project, Genome in a Bottle Consortium, the Human Genome Structural Variation Consortium and in-house technical replicates, we show that CNV-JACG has superior sensitivity over the latest genotyping method, SV2, particularly for the small CNVs (≤1 kb). We also demonstrate that CNV-JACG outperforms SV2 in terms of Mendelian inconsistency in trios and concordance between technical replicates. Our study suggests that CNV-JACG would be a useful tool in assessing the accuracy of CNVs to meet the ever-growing needs for uncovering the missing heritability linked to CNVs.
Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infections in Germany After the Introduction of Routine Childhood Immunization, 2001–2016
Authors: Takla Anja , Schönfeld Viktoria , Claus Heike , Krone Manuel , an der Heiden Matthias , Koch Judith , Vogel Ulrich , Wichmann Ole , Lâm Thiên-Trí 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundHaemophilus influenzae (Hi) serotype b (Hib) vaccination was introduced in Germany in 1990. This study presents a comprehensive overview on the burden of invasive Hi infections for 2001–2016, including serotype distribution and ampicillin resistance.MethodsNationwide data from statutory disease surveillance (2001–2016) were linked with laboratory surveillance data (2009–2016). Besides descriptive epidemiology, statistical analyses included multiple imputation to estimate secular trends.ResultsIn 2001–2016, 4044 invasive Hi infections were reported. The mean incidence was 3.0 per million inhabitants, higher in males (3.2 vs 2.9 in females) and in the age groups &lt;1 year (15.2) and ≥80 years (15.5). Nontypeable Hi (NTHi) caused 81% (n = 1545) of cases in 2009–2016. Of capsulated cases, 69% were serotype f and 17% serotype b. Of Hib cases eligible for vaccination, 10% (3/29) were fully vaccinated. For 2009–2016, significant increasing trends were observed for NTHi and Hif infections in the age groups &lt;5 years and ≥60 years and for ampicillin resistance in NTHi.ConclusionsThis is one of the most comprehensive Hi data analyses since the introduction of Hib vaccines. NTHi and Hif cause an increasing disease burden among elderly patients and infants. Ampicillin resistance in NTHi must be considered in the treatment of invasive Hi infections.
Acute Cervical Radiculopathy Outcomes: Soft Disc Herniations vs Osteophytes
Authors: Beckworth William Jeremy , Abramoff Benjamin A , Bailey Iain M , Yoon Sook , Umpierrez Monica , Kakarala Aparna , Lee Jacob Y , Ward Laura A , Dows-Martinez Marly N , Yoon S Tim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
Prospectively evaluate the clinical outcomes of acute cervical radiculopathy with respect to soft disc herniations vs osteophytes.

Methods
Sixty consecutive patients who had had cervical radiculopathy for ≤1 month were enrolled in the study. Inclusion criteria were radicular pain greater than axial pain and a pain score ≥4 out of 10 on a numerical rating scale. Patients had at least one positive clinical finding: motor, sensory, or reflex changes. Plain films and magnetic resonance imaging were ordered. Follow-up was at 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months. Outcomes included pain scores (neck and upper limb), neck disability index, medication use, opioid use, and need for surgery. Two attending musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed imaging findings for osteophytes vs soft disc herniations at the symptomatic level.

Results
More than 75% reduction in pain was seen in 77% of patients with soft disc herniations and 66% of patients with osteophytes (P &gt; 0.05) at 12 months. A pain score ≤2 out of 10 within 6 to 12 months was seen in 86% of patients with soft disc herniations and 81% of patients with osteophytes (P &gt; 0.05). Moderate or marked improvement at 12 months was seen in 85% of patients with soft discs and 77% of patients with osteophytes (P &gt; 0.05). Baseline–to–12-month numerical rating scale pain scores of patients with soft discs vs osteophytes had overlapping confidence intervals at each follow-up. At 12 months, very few had undergone surgery (7% of patients with soft discs, 11% of patients with osteophytes; P &gt; 0.05) or were on opioids (7% of patients with soft discs, 9% of patients with osteophytes; P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusions
The majority of patients, but not all patients, with acute radiculopathies improved with time. This was seen with both soft disc herniations and osteophytes.
Victims and suspects of modern slavery: Identifying subgroups using latent class analysis
Authors: Lightowlers Carly , Broad Rose , Gadd David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe explored heterogeneity (subgroups) amongst victims and suspects of modern slavery offences using a cross-sectional extract of police data from a large metropolitan area in the UK with details of 540 victims and 380 suspects (reported to the police between April 2015 and June 2018). Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of victims and suspects based on the manifest demographic (age, sex, and place of birth) and exploitation type variables. Amongst suspects, classes distinguished between ‘Male sex traffickers’ (82%) and ‘Labour and domestic traffickers’ (18%). Amongst victims, four classes were identified as: ‘Sexually and domestically exploited women’ (30%) and ‘Sexually exploited girls’ (35%), ‘Men exploited in licit and illicit markets’ (26%), and ‘Criminally exploited boys’ (9%). These findings reveal trafficking as structured by gender, generation, and migration, but caution against defining the problem as one of exclusively male offenders exploiting women and children victims, even while this is commonplace.
SHORT-TERM ANNUAL VARIATIONS OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN WORKPLACES: SOME RESULTS IN A RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Authors: Venoso G , Ampollini M , Antignani S , Caprio M , Carpentieri C , Di Carlo C , Bochicchio F 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Many international and national regulations on radon in workplaces, including the 2013/59/Euratom Council Directive, are based on the annual average of indoor radon concentration, assuming it is representative of the long-term average. However, a single annual radon concentration measurement does not reflect annual variations (i.e. year-to-year variations) of radon concentration in the same location. These variations, if not negligible, should be considered for an optimized implementation of regulations. Unfortunately, studies on annual variations in workplaces can be difficult and time-consuming and no data have been published on scientific journals on this issue. Therefore, we carried out a study to obtain a first evaluation of short-term annual variations in workplaces of a research institute in Rome (Italy). The radon concentration was measured in 120 rooms (mainly offices and laboratories) located in 23 buildings. In each room, two 1-year long measurements were performed, with an interval between the two measurements of up to 3 years. The results show variability between the two 1-year long measurements higher than the variability observed in a sample of dwellings in the same area. Further studies are required to confirm the results and to extend the study to other types of workplaces.
Dioxin Disrupts Dynamic DNA Methylation Patterns in Genes That Govern Cardiomyocyte Maturation
Authors: de Gannes Matthew , Ko Chia-I , Zhang Xiang , Biesiada Jacek , Niu Liang , Koch Sheryl E , Medvedovic Mario , Rubinstein Jack , Puga Alvaro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCongenital heart disease (CHD), the leading birth defect worldwide, has a largely unknown etiology, likely to result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors during heart development, at a time when the heart adapts to diverse physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Crucial among these is the regulation of cardiomyocyte development and postnatal maturation, governed by dynamic changes in DNA methylation. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that exposure to the environmental toxicant tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) disrupts several molecular networks responsible for heart development and function. To test the hypothesis that the disruption caused by TCDD in the heart results from changes in DNA methylation and gene expression patterns of cardiomyocytes, we established a stable mouse embryonic stem cell line expressing a puromycin resistance selectable marker under control of the cardiomyocyte-specific Nkx2-5 promoter. Differentiation of these cells in the presence of puromycin induces the expression of a large suite of cardiomyocyte-specific markers. To assess the consequences of TCDD treatment on gene expression and DNA methylation in these cardiomyocytes, we subjected them to transcriptome and methylome analyses in the presence of TCDD. Unlike control cardiomyocytes maintained in vehicle, the TCDD-treated cardiomyocytes showed extensive gene expression changes, with a significant correlation between differential RNA expression and DNA methylation in 111 genes, many of which are key elements of pathways that regulate cardiovascular development and function. Our findings provide an important clue toward the elucidation of the complex interactions between genetic and epigenetic mechanisms after developmental TCDD exposure that may contribute to CHD.
Treatment of COVID-19 with Chloroquine: Implication for Malaria Chemotherapy Using ACTs in Disease Endemic Countries
Authors: Quashie Neils Ben , Duah-Quashie Nancy Odurowah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Based on reports of parasite resistance and on World Health Organization recommendation, chloroquine was replaced with the artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) as the first choice of drugs for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Disuse of chloroquine led to restoration of drug-sensitive parasite to some extent in certain countries. Ever since chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were touted as potential treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been a dramatic surge in demand for the drugs. Even in areas where chloroquine is proscribed, there has been an unexpected increase in demand and supply of the drug. This situation is quite worrying as the indiscriminate use of chloroquine may produce drug-resistant parasites which may impact negatively on the efficacy of amodiaquine due to cross-resistance. Amodiaquine is a partner drug in one of the ACTs and in some of the drugs used for intermittent preventive treatment. We herein discuss the consequences of the escalated use of chloroquine in the management of COVID-19 on chemotherapy or chemoprevention of malaria and offer an advice. We speculate that parasite strains resistant to chloroquine will escalate due to the increased and indiscriminate use of the drug and consequently lead to cross-resistance with amodiaquine which is present in some drug schemes aforementioned. Under the circumstance, the anticipated hope of reverting to the use of the ‘resurrected chloroquine’ to manage malaria in future is likely to diminish. The use of chloroquine and its derivatives for the management of COVID-19 should be controlled.
Eating Behaviors of Late and Moderately Preterm Infants at Two Years of Age and Their Associations With Mothers’ Mental Health
Authors: Duran Sedef , Duran Rıdvan , Acunaş Betül , Cesur Gülay , Çiftdemir Nükhet Aladağ 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Preterm infants are at high risk for nutritional difficulties during the neonatal period and early childhood. Long‐term nutritional difficulties contribute to unbalanced food intake and growth disorders and are the source of major emotional stress for the family. The aim of this study is to investigate the eating problems of late and moderately preterm (LMPT) infants at the age of 2 years, and to examine the association of these problems with the mental status of their mothers.Methods:In this cross‐sectional study, group 1 included LMPT infants born between 32 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation and Group 2 included term infants born between 37 and 41 + 6 weeks of gestation. Children's Nutrition Difficulties Questionnaire and 21‐item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS 21) were used for the detection of nutritional difficulties of infants and mothers’ mental health status.Results:Groups 1 and 2 were consisted of 79 LMPT and 38 term infants, respectively. Late and moderately preterm infants were found to have a lower drive‐to‐eat and food repertoire scores as well as lower appetite and food enjoyment than term infants. Pickiness and food neophobia were found to be higher in LMPT infants than term infants. The DASS‐21 scores of the mothers of the LMPT infants were higher than those of the term ones.Conclusions:These findings suggest that LMPT infants have more nutritional difficulties at the age of 2 years than term infants and their mothers exhibit more emotional distress than term infant's mothers.
Associations Between Maternal Thyroid Function in Pregnancy and Obstetric and Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Lee Sun Y. , Cabral Howard J. , Aschengrau Ann , Pearce Elizabeth N. 
Published: September 2020

(Abstracted from J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105(5):e2015–e2023)
The fetus depends on maternal thyroid hormone crossing via a placental route in a critical period of development during the first trimester. Untreated maternal hypothyroidism increases risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including fetal loss, preeclampsia, abruption placenta, and postpartum hemorrhage, as well as adverse perinatal outcomes including premature birth, low birth weight (LBW), and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
Alzheimer Disease Worries, Fears, and Stigma and Their Relationship to Genetic and Interventional Research Engagement
Authors: Bardach Shoshana H. , Kent Saida , Jicha Gregory A. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Alzheimer disease (AD) research increasingly requires healthy individuals willing to undergo genetic testing.

Objective:
This study seeks to: (1) describe older adults’ beliefs about AD genetic testing, worry about AD, and fear of AD stigma, and (2) explore how these constructs relate to research participation.

Methods:
Surveys were sent to participants active in AD-observational research and those that were not. Three measures of research participation were explored: (1) being a current research participant, (2) self-report of clinical trial participation, and (3) expressing genetic registry interest.

Results:
The majority of the 502 respondents perceived greater benefit than the risk associated with AD genetic testing. AD worry and perceptions of AD stigma were low. Higher levels of AD worry and lower perceptions of AD stigma were associated with being a current AD research volunteer. AD worry and stigma were unrelated to clinical trial participation or genetic registry interest; these research participation measures were associated with AD genetic testing benefit.

Conclusions:
Beliefs about AD genetic testing, AD worry, and AD stigma are related to research participation, but relationships vary based on the research participation investigated. Future work should identify how these findings can inform outreach and recruitment efforts.
Sensorimotor upper limb therapy does not improve somatosensory function and may negatively interfere with motor recovery: a randomized controlled trial in the early rehabilitation phase after stroke
Authors: Nele De Bruyn , Leen Saenen , Liselot Thijs , Annick Van Gils , Eva Ceulemans , Bea Essers , Christophe Lafosse , Marc Michielsen , Hilde Beyens , Fabienne Schillebeeckx , Kaat Alaerts , Geert Verheyden 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuestionIs sensorimotor upper limb (UL) therapy of more benefit for motor and somatosensory outcome than motor therapy?DesignRandomised assessor-blinded multi-centre controlled trial with block randomization stratified for neglect, severity of motor impairment, and type of stroke.Participants40 first-ever stroke patients with UL sensorimotor impairments admitted to the rehabilitation centreInterventionBoth groups received 16 hours of additional therapy over four weeks consisting of sensorimotor (N=22) or motor (N=18) UL therapy.Outcome measuresAction Research Arm test (ARAT) as primary outcome, and other motor and somatosensory measures were assessed at baseline, post-intervention and after four weeks follow-up.ResultsNo significant between-group differences were found for change scores in ARAT or any somatosensory measure between the three time points. For UL impairment (Fugl-Meyer assessment), a significant greater improvement was found for the motor group compared to the sensorimotor group from baseline to post-intervention (mean (SD) improvement 14.65 (2.19) versus 5.99 (2.06); p=0.01) and from baseline to follow-up (17.38 (2.37) versus 6.75 (2.29); p=0.003).ConclusionUL motor therapy may improve motor impairment more than UL sensorimotor therapy in patients with sensorimotor impairments in the early rehabilitation phase post stroke. For these patients, integrated sensorimotor therapy may not improve somatosensory function and may negatively influence motor recovery.Trial registrationThe trial is registered at clinicaltrials.govNCT03236376.