bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Departure and Aftermath
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the subsequent lives and careers of the group of ethical vegetarians who met at Oxford. More analytically, it seeks to consider how influential their crusade for animal rights has been, focusing on the impact of Singer’s Animal Liberation. In short, it is difficult to quantify the contribution made by the Oxford Group, and Singer’s work in particular, to the revitalization of the animal protection movement since the 1970s. Clearly, Animal Liberation has had a considerable influence, for some acting as a catalyst for the way they see the world, and for others reinforcing, and giving structure to, their already existing disquiet at the way animals are treated. It is extremely likely, however, that the considerable strides made by the animal protection movement (documented in this chapter) would have happened anyway even if the Oxford Group, and Singer’s work on animal ethics, had not existed.
Conclusion
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
After considering oral history and memory in the context of the Oxford Group study, this chapter summarizes the content of the book, relating the Oxford Group case study to the theoretical framework outlined in the introduction. It confirms that the solitary genius model of creative endeavor is not, for the most part, supported. That is, the work produced by members of the Oxford Group, and Singer’s in particular, was the product of collaboration. The Oxford Group had many of the characteristics of a collaborative circle as identified by Farrell. However, some nuances of this particular collaborative circle are identified. In addition, some challenges to the model as an explanatory device are raised. Collaborative circles do not exist in isolation, and account needs to be taken of wider social networks, the academic environment to which, Singer in particular, was exposed, and the prevailing social, economic, and political environment.
Empiricisms
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Empiricisms reassesses the values of experience and experiment in European philosophy and comparatively. It traces the history of empirical philosophy from its birth in Greek medicine to its emergence as a philosophy of modern science. A richly detailed account in Part I of history’s empiricisms establishes a context in Part II for reconsidering the work of the so-called radical empiricists—William James, Henri Bergson, John Dewey, and Gilles Deleuze, each treated in a dedicated chapter. What is “radical” about their work is to return empiricism from epistemology to the ontology and natural philosophy where it began. Empiricisms also sets empirical philosophy in conversation with Chinese tradition, considering technological, scientific, medical, and alchemical sources, as well as selected Confucian, Daoist, and Mohist classics. The work shows how philosophical reflection on experience and a profound experimental practice coexist in traditional China with no interaction or even awareness of each other. Empiricism is more multi-textured than philosophers tend to assume when we explain it to ourselves and to students. One purpose of Empiricisms is to recover the neglected context. A complementary purpose is to elucidate the value of experience and arrive at some idea of what is living and dead in philosophical empiricism.
Epistemological Empiricisms
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter considers the rise of modern epistemological empiricism, from Gassendi and Locke to Spencer and the positivists. The chapter studies empirical philosophy in France (Condillac, Diderot, La Mettrie, Maine de Biran); Claude Bernard’s experimental medicine; the concept of experience in British idealism; the idea of “experimental life” in J. S. Mill and Nietzsche; Dilthey’s concept of experience (Erlebnis); Russell’s concept of sense data; and the value of experience in scientific philosophy (Mach) and logical empiricism (Carnap). Additionally the chapter discusses the emergence of observation as a scientific practice, the contributions of the social studies of science to our understanding of experimental practice, and surveys modern thought concerning visual perception.
An Empiricism Worthy of the Name
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter explains Bergson’s theories of body as image, perception as virtual action, and memory as virtual experience. Perception is virtual action—not yet action though tending to it; and memory is virtual experience—not yet present but tending to add itself to present perception, enhancing its acuity and prudence. Experience is more than sense perception, which is experience with bodies in space. Intuition is Bergson’s word for experience with the phenomena of duration, such as movement, becoming, development, and continuity. Bergson’s empiricism goes beyond usual empiricisms because experience goes beyond the utilitarianism in which epistemological empiricism confined it. What Bergson calls the error of empiricism is to be satisfied with experience mutilated by anthropomorphism and riddled with cliches. A more consistent empiricism eliminates the defects of nominalism, as James did, but also brackets the pragmatism that limits experience to the virtual rehearsal of action.
Transcendental Empiricism
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Deleuze’s philosophy is an empiricism because like Epicurus and Locke he begins with sensibility as a response to shock from outside, and because like James and Dewey, relations are empirical and discovered by affect. Deleuze proposes to establish empiricism “transcendentally,” that is, immanently, without introducing anything beyond experience and what can be deduced of its empirical genesis. Transcendental empiricism is a more consistently empirical empiricism. It is also James’s radical empiricism reinterpreted through the eyes of a uniquely acute student of European philosophy. He presents an alternative to classical ideas of identity and difference. Reversing Plato, difference is original, positive, and aboriginally multiple, a virtual pre-individuality from which empirical distinctions emerge. Overcoming original identity is a boon to a more consistent empiricism because all experience arises from relational features of milieus, where the tenor of experience is difference and relation, not the same and self-identical.
Empiricism with Chinese Characteristics
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter offers an account of Chinese thought on the value of experience, including ideas about the senses and their evidence, practices of measurement, observation, and experiment, and the contributions of alchemy, medicine, and selected Mohist, Daoist, and Confucian classics. The question is whether there is any philosophy in these experimental traditions, or any empiricism in the philosophical traditions. A difference comes to light between European and Chinese evaluations of knowledge. European philosophy tends to assume that serious problems reduce to problems of knowledge, and its empiricisms tend to value experience for a contribution to such problems. Chinese traditions evade fixation on problems of knowledge. Knowledge is good, but not a panacea, and turns vicious without virtue. Experience contributes more to the development of virtue than it does to knowledge, and knowledge is valued only for its continuity with virtue.
The Body as a Site of Politics
Authors: Rushing Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The body, political theorists well know, has long served as a metaphor for the structure and relations of the polis. But embodiment is something that political theory has frequently bracketed when theorizing citizenship, agency, and the category of “the human.” Against this tendency, how might we reimagine the political potential of embodiment, or make space for considering “the virtues of vulnerability”? This chapter sets up the book as a whole, by raising and situating this question, and introducing readers to the key concepts grounding this inquiry: humility, autonomy, citizen-subjectivity, awakenings, medicalization, and neoliberalism. How does the problem of bodies get taken up within contemporary healthcare, where the consumer-patient gets hailed as an autonomous choice-maker, and what lessons can we learn about health, and health citizenship, from examining the tensions at work here?
Gratitude in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses three philosophers of the seventeenth century—Descartes, Hobbes, and Spinoza—to discern how they develop the idea of gratitude within their own particular philosophical system. In Descartes, it can be seen what role gratitude plays in a system that is partly religious and partly cognitive; in Hobbes, how gratitude operates in a political order in which reciprocity continues to hold sway; and in Spinoza, how gratitude becomes a suspect way of being in the world that, according to Spinoza, should be governed by entirely rational being.
Grateful Being
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins exploring what gratitude means when it is seen as a way of being in the world, not simply a feeling someone has when she receives a benefit, or an expression she makes in response to that benefit, but rather a disposition or virtue she has cultivated in herself to be thankful in advance of any benefits. This chapter looks at two spheres in which the virtue of gratefulness operates—the secular and the sacred.
Cosmic Gratitude
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Continuing on from the previous chapter, this chapter looks at a particular form of the disposition to be grateful in which one is grateful for the universe or cosmos, but does not posit a divine creator as the benefactor to whom one is grateful. What philosophers have called “cosmic gratitude” is a form of gratitude that is often misunderstood. This chapter attempts to clarify in what ways it is not simply a deluded form of religious gratitude, and in what ways it helps us understand better the hidden structures of religious gratitude.
Outrageous Fortune
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The book is a drolly pessimistic and vaguely misanthropic account that gives it a unity of voice, of view, and of several interlaced themes: the scarcity of good, that most of happiness comes in the morally questionable form of Schadenfreude, or is experienced mostly as relief that some expected bad thing did not materialize. It deals extensively with those tinges of ominousness that accompany good luck, and the related widespread belief, or feeling in the gut, that people’s mere desires and wishes provoke the gods to thwart their wishes. Are good things subject to a law of conservation, so that they must always be paid for and sum out at just about zero or less? Why is there no scarcity, in contrast, in the economy of evil? Certain topics the author can never seem to avoid make encores: revenge and getting even, paying back what one owes, competitiveness, humiliation, and disgust with human embodiment. These large themes will be spiced with particular attention to killing messengers bearing both good and bad tidings, the decline of everything (including the author’s mind and body), an occasional eye-gouging, until people face what it means to eat at the table of one’s lord as a historical and religious matter from texts ranging from the Bible to medieval matter, right up to issues of the narcissistic present.
May You Have My Luck
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a treatment of why good luck seems to many people, and as an ancient widespread folk belief has it, to be the very manufactory of bad luck. It takes a look at the apotropaic rituals people undertake not to have their good luck count against them. It also examines why it seems people’s merest wishes and desires provoke the gods to thwart them. The chapter provides an excursus on the negative causal powers people attribute to themselves, what the author calls the narcissism of negativity. The chapter features an extended discussion of hope as opposed to feeling lucky.
The Law of Conservation of Good Things
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines people’s deep set of beliefs about the scarcity of the good, that so much of what one calls happiness is of doubtful virtue, a good portion of it being comparative, requiring the misery of others. One may experience it either as overt delight, as in some kinds of Schadenfreude, or merely as relief that an expected bad thing did not materialize; even much of this relief depends on the misfortune of others, as when one experiences “that there but for the grace of God go I” sense of your good fortune prompted by another’s misfortune. Even the pleasure of sex might sum out at zero, depending on when the calculation is made, it being too a form of the pleasure of relief, and then there is the tristesse afterwards. This chapter treats heaven as an attempt to provide a plenitude of happiness, still however by some accounts depending on enjoying the spectacle of the damned in hell and then too the joy of heaven is more than balanced out negatively by the larger numbers of souls in hell, universal salvation being a heresy. The chapter also discusses smiles, laughter, and smirks and deals with happy, dour Danes, who always win those happiest of people silly studies, perhaps because they can congratulate themselves on not being Hungarians or Americans.
A Jaundiced View of Authenticity (and Identity)
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is based on a keynote lecture the author gave at a conference on authenticity in Konstanz, Germany. The chapter takes a dubious view of the personal quests for “authenticity,” which generate little more than phoniness and hypocrisy in the pursuit of Polonius’s ‘this above all to thine own self be true,’ whatever that might mean. But the talk went south on the author, and that story makes up a good portion of the chapter. The author got caught out making an argument when discussing the anti-Semitism that is at the core of a supposed European authentic identity, relying on an English translation of a Freudian text that turned out, as the author was reminded by a German participant, misreading a joke in Freud’s Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious. So the discussion revisits humiliation, attempts at apology, and discusses shamefacedness and the sheer irony of being found out to be an utterly inauthentic scholar. Nonetheless the last third of the piece is sourly devoted to the fears in the Christian West of having a Jew at its core.
A Matter of Trust
Authors: Urben Heidi , Golby James 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
After nearly two decades of war, public confidence in the US military remains high, even though our wars remain inconclusive. There is no shortage of public discourse on the perceived failures of civilians overseeing these wars. Yet this chapter asks: Is the uniformed military increasingly resistant to civilian oversight? Are members of the military making it tougher for political leaders to do their jobs? High public confidence in the military is neither the best measure of the health of civil-military relations nor the same thing as the military’s being trustworthy. This chapter argues that military leaders will best serve the public by focusing on ways they can exhibit appropriate behavior in their dealings with the public and civilian leaders. The trust required for healthy civil-military relations and effective civilian oversight is a two-way street, and those in uniform must recognize their responsibility for introspection, self-policing, and holding themselves to account. This chapter assesses what it might take for the armed forces to “screw up” their relationship with the American people, discussing five potential pitfalls that members of the profession of arms must avoid in order to be worthy of the public’s trust.
The Unwilling and Unable Test for Extraterritorial Defensive Force
Authors: Ohlin Jens David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the defensive use of force against non-state actors located on the territory of a third state. The legality of such operations is among the most contested legal questions of our time. Few states question the legality of using defensive force against non-state actors per se, but the more contested question is whether such interventions are illegal as to the third state on whose territory the non-state actor resides, and on whose territory the intervening state must necessarily engage in military action if it hopes to defeat the non-state actor. A number of states, though not all, have coalesced around the standard that such interventions are permissible if the territorial state is unwilling or unable to resolve the threat posed by the non-state actor. This chapter canvasses the existing conceptual rationales for the unwilling or unable test and discusses the plusses and minuses of each approach. This chapter then articulates a new conceptual justification, one that is arguably implicit in many articulations of the unwilling or unable test. This conceptual justification states that even if the intervening state violates the sovereignty of the territorial state, the territorial state is “estopped” from objecting to the violation, on account of the territorial state’s complicity or powerlessness with regard to the non-state state actor. It is asserted that this notion of “sovereignty estoppel” captures, in a nuanced way, the international community’s discomfort with these interventions but also the community’s all-things-considered judgment that such actions may be necessary in some contexts.
The Quest for an Internal Jus Ad Bellum: International Law’s Missing Link, Mere Distraction, or Pandora’s Box?
Authors: Ruys Tom 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In recent years, international law’s supposed “neutrality” toward rebellion has been challenged by authors who have argued for an ad bellum ban on the first resort to hostilities or, conversely, for an exceptional and conditional right of organized armed resistance for non-state actors only. This chapter revisits the proposed “internal jus ad bellum” models. The first section examines whether an additional ad bellum layer is needed in order to restrain government recourse to force against rebels and shares some thoughts as to whether adding an ad bellum prohibition on government recourse to force against rebels is moreover feasible. The second section deals with internal use of force against the state and scrutinizes the proposal to create a broader right of organized armed resistance at the ad bellum level. The concluding section explores the links between the proposed internal jus ad bellum, on the one hand, and the concept of recognition of belligerency and third-state intervention in non-international armed conflicts (NIACs), on the other hand.
Practical and Conceptual Challenges to Doctrinal Military Necessity
Authors: Lawless Major Robert 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
States routinely define the principle of military necessity in doctrinal publications such as law of armed conflict (LOAC) military manuals. These definitions are based on a model of military necessity famously articulated by Francis Lieber and built upon by the American military tribunal at Nuremberg. Generations of armed forces members have been trained on this doctrinal definition of military necessity. But does it serve them well? This chapter closely examines doctrinal military necessity by breaking it down into its constituent elements, specifically as (a) a principle (b) that confers a right, permission, or justification (c) to use any military measures or force (d) required to defeat the enemy (e) as quickly and efficiently as possible (f) so long as such measures or force are not otherwise prohibited elsewhere in the LOAC. The chapter then explores these elements and reveals the deep practical and conceptual problems posed by each. The chapter concludes that doctrinal military necessity, as based on the Lieber/Nuremberg model, fails to serve the principal goal of military doctrine: to provide combatants with clear and direct guidance—in this case legal guidance—on warfighting. Consequently, the chapter recommends that states abandon the Lieber/Nuremberg model of military necessity and reformulate their doctrinal definitions to better attend to the needs of combatants.
The Duty to Pay Reparations for the Violation of the Prohibition of the Use of Force in International Relations and the Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Günnewig Elisabeth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter critically assesses the usefulness of a jus post bellum as a freshly discussed third pillar of international peace and security law with regard to a state’s duty to pay reparations for an unlawful resort to force. Based on the analysis of the relevant practice—starting from the Versailles reparations regime after the First World War and ending with the work of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission at the beginning of the twenty-first century—this chapter identifies a systemic gap in the current legal framework governing the aggressor state’s reparations obligation. While the principle of full reparation is one of the fundamental premises to the law of state responsibility and firmly enshrined in customary international law, there is a recurring practice in the aftermath of armed conflicts to consider the severity of the aggressor state’s wrongdoing and its economic capacity in determining the adequate reparations sum. The chapter concludes that this practice, which reflects the unique peacebuilding function of reparations in a post bellum society, can be best addressed by developing and applying a jus post bellum principle of proportionality to the aggressor state’s reparations obligation.
Waves and particles in the crystal
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides the groundwork necessary to mathematically describe the crystalline solid that is to be the semiconductor used to explore the variety of interactions and cause and chance behaviors that physics builds insights into. The crystalline environment can be portrayed as a space-filling periodic arrangement consisting of a lattice with an atomic basis. The periodic arrangement leads to real space and reciprocal space descriptions with unit cells—the Wigner-Seitz cell and the Brillouin and Jones zones—where a variety of characteristics can be represented. Bloch’s theorem with its modulation function of the plane wave of a quantized wavevector, momentum versus crystal momentum, together with the consequences of symmetries and periodic perturbation in the appearance of bandgaps, is discussed for electron states. Phonons as particles for periodic oscillations of atoms, their modes and various branches, and consequences of ionicity leading to frequency-dependent permittivity are discussed.