bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are offspring begging levels exaggerated beyond the parental optimum? Evidence from a bidirectional selection experiment
Authors: Fresneau Nolwenn , Estramil Natalia , Müller Wendt 
Published: April 2020

AbstractParental care involves elaborate behavioural interactions between parents and their offspring, with offspring stimulating their parents via begging to provision resources. Thus, begging has direct fitness benefits as it enhances offspring growth and survival. It is nevertheless subject to a complex evolutionary trajectory, because begging may serve as a means for the offspring to manipulate parents in the context of evolutionary conflicts of interest. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that begging is coadapted and potentially genetically correlated with parental care traits as a result of social selection. Further experiments on the causal processes that shape the evolution of begging are therefore essential. We applied bidirectional artificial selection on begging behaviour, using canaries (Serinus canaria) as a model species. We measured the response to selection, the consequences for offspring development, changes in parental care traits, here the rate of parental provisioning, as well as the effects on reproductive success. After three generations of selection, offspring differed in begging behaviour according to our artificial selection regime: nestlings of the high begging line begged significantly more than nestlings of the low begging line. Intriguingly, begging less benefitted the nestlings, as reflected by on average significantly higher growth rates, and increased reproductive success in terms of a higher number of fledglings in the low selected line. Begging could thus represent an exaggerated trait, possibly because parent–offspring conflict enhanced the selection on begging. We did not find evidence that we co‐selected on parental provisioning, which may be due to the lack of power, but may also suggest that the evolution of begging is probably not constrained by a genetic correlation between parental provisioning and offspring begging.
An inevitable response? A lived experienced perspective on emergency responses to mental health crises
Authors: White Christopher John 
Published: April 2020

Accessible summaryWhat is known?

Mental health conditions are common, with recent estimates that around one in six people are diagnosed with anxiety or depression in any given year.

People who experience a mental health condition not only require support from health and social care services but, at times, require an emergency response from the front‐line services.

What this adds?

In this narrative, I explore the various emergency pathways I experienced when in psychiatric distress;

I detail the potential impact of these responses and whether there are opportunities to develop a more compassionate response.

Implications for mental health nursing?

Police intervention can escalate situations and intensify levels of distress resulting in unintended consequences including increasing public stigma and the criminalization of mental illness.

My experience suggests that often the response to psychiatric pain is different to when we are experiencing physical pain. This suggests the need for a different response.

AbstractsMental health conditions are common and around one in six people are diagnosed with a mental health condition. Such prevalence not only require support from health and social care services, at times it require an emergency response from front line services. The police are increasingly involved in responding to crisis and transporting people to emergency departments rather than paramedics. Such police intervention can escalate situations and intensify levels of distress resulting in unintended consequences including increasing public stigma and the criminalization of mental illness. My experience suggests that often the response to psychiatric pain is different to when we are experiencing physical pain. In this narrative I explore the various emergency pathways I experienced when in psychiatric distress including experiences with law enforcement services, emergency departments and psychiatric services. The potential impact of the responses and whether there are opportunities to develop better, more compassionate response.
LptB‐LptF coupling mediates the closure of the substrate‐binding cavity in the LptB2FGC transporter through a rigid‐body mechanism to extract LPS
Authors: Lundstedt Emily A. , Simpson Brent W. , Ruiz Natividad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLipopolysaccharides (LPS) are essential envelope components in many Gram‐negative bacteria and provide intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. LPS molecules are synthesized in the inner membrane and then transported to the cell surface by the LPS transport (Lpt) machinery. In this system, the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter LptB2FGC extracts LPS from the inner membrane and places it onto a periplasmic protein bridge through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we show that residue E86 of LptB is essential for coupling the function of this ATPase to that of its partners LptFG, specifically at the step where ATP binding drives the closure of the LptB dimer and the collapse of the LPS‐binding cavity in LptFG that moves LPS to the Lpt periplasmic bridge. We also show that defects caused by changing residue E86 are suppressed by mutations altering either LPS structure or transmembrane helices in LptG. Furthermore, these suppressors also fix defects in the coupling helix of LptF, but not of LptG. Together, these results support a transport mechanism in which the ATP‐driven movements of LptB and those of the substrate‐binding cavity in LptFG are bi‐directionally coordinated through the rigid‐body coupling, with LptF’s coupling helix being important in coordinating cavity collapse with LptB dimerization.
The Adolescent Data Hub: The Largest Catalog of Open Access Data on Adolescents Living in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: White Corinne , Misunas Christina , Chuang Erica , de Almada Midanna , Psaki Stephanie , Ngo Thoai D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Adolescent Data Hub (ADH) is the first and largest data catalog specifically developed to focus on open access data on adolescents in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Developed by the Population Council's Girl Innovation, Research, and Learning (GIRL) Center, and launched in August 2018, the ADH has grown to include more than 750 data sources that fit the inclusion criteria of (1) self‐reported data from females and/or males between ages 10 and 24 years; (2) one or more rounds of data collected in year 2000 or later; (3) data collected in one or more LMICs; (4) data are publicly available for download and use. A dynamic resource, the ADH is regularly updated to include new datasets that meet these criteria. The ADH facilitates access to available data on adolescents for researchers attempting to answer important questions related to the lives of adolescents and for donors and policymakers eager to identify gaps in existing data to inform their future investments.
The 2018 Global Research Expedition on Altitude Related Chronic Health (Global REACH) to Cerro de Pasco, Peru: an Experimental Overview
Authors: Tymko Michael M. , Hoiland Ryan L. , Tremblay Joshua C. , Stembridge Mike , Dawkins Tony G. , Coombs Geoff B. , Patrician Alexander , Howe Connor A. , Gibbons Travis D. , Moore Jonathan P. , Simpson Lydia L. , Steinback Craig D. , Meah Victoria L. , Stacey Benjamin S. , Bailey Damian M. , MacLeod David B. , Gasho Christopher , Anholm James D. , Bain Anthony R. , Lawley Justin S. , Villafuerte Francisco C. , Vizcardo‐Galindo Gustavo , Ainslie Philip N. 
Published: April 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Herein, a methodological overview of our research team's (Global REACH) latest high altitude research expedition to Peru is provided.
What is the main finding and its importance?
The experimental objectives, expedition organization, measurements and key cohort data are discussed. The select data presented in this manuscript demonstrate the haematological differences between lowlanders and Andeans with and without excessive erythrocytosis. The data also demonstrate that exercise capacity was similar between study groups at high altitude. The forthcoming findings from our research expedition will contribute to our understanding of lowlander and indigenous highlander high altitude adaptation.
AbstractIn 2016, the international research team Global Research Expedition on Altitude Related Chronic Health (Global REACH) was established and executed a high altitude research expedition to Nepal. The team consists of ∼45 students, principal investigators and physicians with the common objective of conducting experiments focused on high altitude adaptation in lowlanders and in highlanders with lifelong exposure to high altitude. In 2018, Global REACH travelled to Peru, where we performed a series of experiments in the Andean highlanders. The experimental objectives, organization and characteristics, and key cohort data from Global REACH's latest research expedition are outlined herein. Fifteen major studies are described that aimed to elucidate the physiological differences in high altitude acclimatization between lowlanders (n = 30) and Andean‐born highlanders with (n = 22) and without (n = 45) excessive erythrocytosis. After baseline testing in Kelowna, BC, Canada (344 m), Global REACH travelled to Lima, Peru (∼80 m) and then ascended by automobile to Cerro de Pasco, Peru (∼4300 m), where experiments were conducted over 25 days. The core studies focused on elucidating the mechanism(s) governing cerebral and peripheral vascular function, cardiopulmonary regulation, exercise performance and autonomic control. Despite encountering serious logistical challenges, each of the proposed studies was completed at both sea level and high altitude, amounting to ∼780 study sessions and >3000 h of experimental testing. Participant demographics and data relating to acid–base balance and exercise capacity are presented. The collective findings will contribute to our understanding of how lowlanders and Andean highlanders have adapted under high altitude stress.
Design of a specialized tractor to replace draft animals in small farms
Authors: Diaz Lankenau Guillermo F. , Winter V. Amos G. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the motivation, design, and testing of a specialized farm tractor designed to replace draft animals in small farms, particularly in rural India. The proposed tractor matches the low capital cost of draft animals and has their unique ability to operate between growing crops in narrow inter-row spaces while retaining the major advantages of conventional tractors, such as low maintenance cost and reduced operator physical effort. The proposed tractor was conceived based on user needs and our implementation of a detailed terramechanics model. This tractor has a higher drawbar pull per unit mass compared to conventional tractors – a high drawbar force is needed to match the peak pull of animals, and a low mass is necessary to reduce material and vehicle costs. This quality is achieved by applying nearly the full vehicle's weight on the drive wheels, placing drive wheels in line, and locating the tillage tool between both axles. A proof-of-physics prototype of the design was instrumented to measure drawbar pull and tire slip to validate the terramechanics model and quantify traction performance. It was capable of pulling with more drawbar force per unit mass than conventional tractors and its performance can be accurately predicted by the model. During field tests on a working farm, the vehicle successfully operated in the narrow spaces between growing crops that would typically not be accessible to a low-cost, conventional small tractor. Initial farmer feedback on the design confirmed its high potential for performing farming operations.
Determination of Time-to-Failure for Automotive System Components Using Machine Learning
Authors: O’Donnell John , Yoon Hwan-Sik 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the connectivity of vehicles. This connectivity allows for the monitoring and analysis of large amount of sensor data from vehicles during their normal operations. In this paper, an approach is proposed for analyzing such data to determine a vehicle component’s remaining useful life named time-to-failure (TTF). The collected data is first used to determine the type of performance degradation and then to train a regression model to predict the health condition and performance degradation rate of the component using a machine learning algorithm. When new data is collected later for the same component in a different system, the trained model can be used to estimate the time-to-failure of the component based on the predicted health condition and performance degradation rate. To validate the proposed approach, a quarter-car model is simulated, and a machine learning algorithm is applied to determine the time-to-failure of a failing shock absorber. The results show that a tap-delayed nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous input (NARX) can accurately predict the health condition and degradation rate of the shock absorber and can estimate the component’s time-to-failure. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first attempt to determine a component’s time-to-failure using a machine learning algorithm.
Solitary Wave Dynamics Governed by the Modified FitzHugh–Nagumo Equation
Authors: Gawlik Aleksandra , Vladimirov Vsevolod , Skurativskyi Sergii 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The paper deals with the studies of the nonlinear wave solutions supported by the modified FitzHugh–Nagumo (mFHN) system. It was proved in our previous work that the model, under certain conditions, possesses a set of soliton-like traveling wave (TW) solutions. In this paper, we show that the model has two solutions of the soliton type differing in propagation velocity. Their location in parametric space, and stability properties are considered in more details. Numerical results accompanied by the application of the Evans function technique prove the stability of fast solitary waves and instability of slow ones. A possible way of formation and annihilation of localized regimes in question is studied therein too.
The Influence of Soccer Playing Surface on the Loading Response to Ankle (P)Rehabilitation Exercises
Authors: Jones Adam , Brogden Chris , Page Richard , Langley Ben , Greig Matt 
Published: April 2020

Context: Contemporary synthetic playing surfaces have been associated with an increased risk of ankle injury in the various types of football. Triaxial accelerometers facilitate in vivo assessment of planar mechanical loading on the player. Objective: To quantify the influence of playing surface on the PlayerLoad elicited during footwork and plyometric drills focused on the mechanism of ankle injury. Design: Repeated-measures, field-based design. Setting: Regulation soccer pitches. Participants: A total of 15 amateur soccer players (22.1 [2.4] y), injury free with ≥6 years competitive experience. Interventions: Each player completed a test battery comprising 3 footwork drills (anterior, lateral, and diagonal) and 4 plyometric drills (anterior hop, inversion hop, eversion hop, and diagonal hop) on natural turf (NT), third-generation artificial turf (3G), and AstroTurf. Global positioning system sensors were located at C7 and the mid-tibia of each leg to measure triaxial acceleration (100 Hz). Main Outcome Measures: PlayerLoad in each axial plane was calculated for each drill on each surface and at each global positioning system location. Results: Analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for sensor location in all drills, with PlayerLoad higher at mid-tibia than at C7 in all movement planes. AstroTurf elicited significantly higher PlayerLoad in the mediolateral and anteroposterior planes, with typically no difference between NT and 3G. In isolated inversion and eversion hopping trials, the 3G surface also elicited lower PlayerLoad than NT. Conclusions: PlayerLoad magnitude was sensitive to unit placement, advocating measurement with greater anatomical relevance when using microelectromechanical systems technology to monitor training or rehabilitation load. AstroTurf elicited higher PlayerLoad across all planes and drills and should be avoided for rehabilitative purposes, whereas 3G elicited a similar mechanical response to NT.
Population-based screen-detected type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with less need for insulin therapy after 10 years
Authors: Vos Rimke C , den Ouden Henk , Daamen Lois A , Bilo Henk J G , Denig Petra , Rutten Guy E H M 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionWith increased duration of type 2 diabetes, most people have a growing need of glucose-lowering medication and eventually might require insulin. Presumptive evidence is reported that early detection (eg, by population-based screening) and treatment of hyperglycemia will postpone the indication for insulin treatment. A treatment legacy effect of population-based screening for type 2 diabetes of about 3 years is estimated. Therefore, we aim to compare insulin prescription and glycemic control in people with screen-detected type 2 diabetes after 10 years with data from people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes seven (treatment legacy effect) and 10 years before during care-as-usual.Research design and methodsThree cohorts were compared: one screen-detected cohort with 10 years diabetes duration (Anglo-Danish-Dutch study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary care (ADDITION-NL): n=391) and two care-as-usual cohorts, one with 7-year diabetes duration (Groningen Initiative to Analyze Type 2 Diabetes Treatment (GIANTT) and Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC): n=4473) and one with 10-year diabetes duration (GIANTT and ZODIAC: n=2660). Insulin prescription (primary outcome) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of people with a known diabetes duration of 7 years or 10 years at the index year 2014 were compared using regression analyses.ResultsInsulin was prescribed in 10.5% (10-year screen detection), 14.7% (7-year care-as-usual) and 19.0% (10-year care-as-usual). People in the 7-year and 10-year care-as-usual groups had a 1.5 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.1) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.7) higher adjusted odds for getting insulin prescribed than those after screen detection. Lower HbA1c values were found 10 years after screen detection (mean 50.1 mmol/mol (6.7%) vs 51.8 mmol/mol (6.9%) and 52.8 mmol/mol (7.0%)), compared with 7 years and 10 years after care-as-usual (MDadjusted: 1.6 mmol/mol (95% CI 0.6 to 2.6); 0.1% (95% CI 0.1 to 0.2) and 1.8 mmol/mol (95% CI 0.7 to 2.9); and 0.2% (95% CI 0.1 to 0.3)).ConclusionPopulation-based screen-detected type 2 diabetes is associated with less need for insulin after 10 years compared with people diagnosed during care-as-usual. Glycemic control was better after screen detection but on average good in all groups.
En face slab optical coherence tomography imaging successfully monitors progressive degenerative changes in the innermost layer of the diabetic retina
Authors: Katsuyama Atsuko , Kusuhara Sentaro , Asahara Shun-Ichiro , Nakai Shun-Ichiro , Mori Sotaro , Matsumiya Wataru , Miki Akiko , Kurimoto Takuji , Imai Hisanori , Kido Yoshiaki , Ogawa Wataru , Nakamura Makoto 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the usefulness of en face slab optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for monitoring diabetic retinal neurodegeneration with supporting animal experimental data.Research design and methodsWe retrospectively examined 72 diabetic eyes over 3 years using Cirrus-HD OCT. Two-dimensional en face slab OCT images of the innermost retina were reconstructed and graded according to the ratio of dark area to total area, and relative red, green, and blue color area ratios were calculated and used as indexes for each en face slab OCT image. Values from en face OCT images were used for statistical analyses. To obtain insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration, we used theInsPr-Cre;Pdk1flox/floxdiabetic mouse model.ResultsBoth OCT grade and relative red color area ratio significantly increased with the advancing stage of diabetic retinopathy (p=0.018 and 0.006, respectively). After a mean follow-up period of 4.6 years, the trend was unchanged in the analyses of 42 untreated eyes (p<0.001 and 0.001, respectively). Visual acuity showed a weak but significant negative correlation with the red color ratio on en face slab OCT images, but central retinal thickness did not exhibit a clinically meaningful correlation with values obtained from en face slab OCT images. Immunohistochemical analyses ofInsPr-Cre;Pdk1flox/floxdiabetic mice demonstrated the loss of ganglion axon bundles and thinning of laminin without apparent retinal vascular change at the age of 20 weeks.ConclusionsEn face slab OCT imaging would be a novel useful modality for the assessment of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration as it could detect subtle optical changes occurring in the innermost retina in diabetic eyes. Our animal experimental data suggest that dark areas observed on en face slab OCT images might be the impairment of the extracellular matrix as well as neurons.
Specialist inflammatory bowel disease nursing in the UK: current situation and future proofing
Authors: Younge Lisa , Mason Isobel , Kapasi Rukshana 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveTo determine the impact to date of the ongoing Crohn’s & Colitis UK inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinical nurse specialists (CNS) campaign.MethodsA survey-based design was used. 2 questionnaires were sent to the UK IBD nursing community and promoted via nursing and clinical networks. Respondents were asked to provide data at both an individual and trust level about their nursing services.Results394 IBD CNS posts were identified across the UK, with a 32% increase in posts since the start of the campaign. 27% felt the campaign had been influential in securing new posts. Greater numbers of posts were reported in England when compared with the devolved nations. Most services remain below the UK standards recommendation of 2.5 IBD CNS per 250 000 patient population. Cross site working was reported in 59% of services. 45% of respondents were non-medical prescribers, with 13% educated to MSc level. High levels of stress were reported by IBD CNS associated with managing advice line services.ConclusionsCrohn’s & Colitis UK’s‘More IBD Nurses–Better Care’ campaign has contributed to the numbers of CNS posts in IBD continuing to rise, but they remain lower than the recommended standard of 2.5 IBD CNS per 250 000. Educational and career pathways are not clearly defined, and aspects of the role such as advice line provision contribute to stress within the workforce. The ongoing aims of the charity campaign hope to address these issues by improving access to formal education pathways with peer support for IBD specialist nurses, and advice line training, in addition to supporting trusts and services throughout the UK to reduce the workforce deficit with effective business cases.