bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compliance-Bemühungen im Rahmen der Bußgeldbemessung nach der 10. GWB-Novelle
Authors: Holle Philipp Maximilian 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Bundeskartellamt und Literatur streiten seit langem über die Frage, inwieweit Compliance-Maßnahmen bei der Bußgeldbemessung zu berücksichtigen sind, die ein Unternehmen im Vorfeld eines Kartellverstoßes, zu dessen Aufarbeitung sowie im Nachgang zu diesem ergriffen hat. Im Zuge der 10. GWB-Novelle ist nun vorgesehen, die beiden zuletzt genannten Formen von Compliance-Maßnahmen in einem neuen § 81d GWB als Bemessungsfaktoren ausdrücklich aufzulisten. Dies steht einerseits im Widerspruch zur bisherigen Praxis des Bundeskartellamts. Andererseits scheint es die von Seiten der Literatur erhobene Forderung, sämtlichen Compliance-Bemühungen eines Unternehmens bußgeldmindernde Wirkung beizumessen, aber auch nur halbherzig umzusetzen, weil Compliance-Bemühungen, die ein Unternehmen im Vorfeld des Kartellverstoßes ergriffen hat, nicht genannt werden. Der nachfolgende Beitrag soll aufzeigen, dass dieser Schein trügt und infolge des gesetzgeberischen Eingreifens nunmehr zusätzliche Argumente dafür sprechen, auch präventiven Compliance-Maßnahmen bußgeldmindernde Wirkung beizumessen. Er versteht sich insofern als Fortsetzung und Aktualisierung des eingehenden Plädoyers für eine umfassende Berücksichtigung von Compliance-Maßnahmen, das Gerson Trüg und Felix Ruppert noch zur alten Rechtslage vor kurzem in dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlicht haben (ZWeR 2020, 69 ff.). Zugleich warnt der Beitrag vor der Gefahr, die greifbaren zusätzlichen Präventionseffekte wieder dadurch zunichte zu machen, dass der durchaus naheliegenden Forderung nachgegeben wird, einzelne bußgeldmindernde Compliance-Elemente im Gesetz oder in den Bußgeldleitlinien des Bundeskartellamts aufzulisten.
Fusionskontrolle unterhalb der Aufgreifschwellen
Authors: Becker Björn Christian 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Die deutsche Fusionskontrolle wird durch die Schwellenwerte des § 35 GWB in ihrem Anwendungsbereich begrenzt, um Fälle mit nur marginalen wettbewerblichen Auswirkungen im Inland auszuschließen und dem Bundeskartellamt zu ermöglichen, sich auf gesamtwirtschaftlich bedeutsame Zusammenschlussfälle zu konzentrieren. Zuletzt sind allerdings in verschiedenen Sektoren durchaus bedeutsame Konzentrationstendenzen zu verzeichnen, die von den Schwellenwerten nicht erfasst werden. Beispiele betreffen etwa den Fernbusmarkt (Flixbus), den Markt für Online-Essenslieferdienste (Takeaway.com) sowie vor allem Regionalmärkte (Remondis). Auch das bereits im Zuge der 9. GWB-Novelle diskutierte Phänomen der „Killer Acquisitions“ tritt häufig unterhalb der fusionskontrollrechtlichen Schwellenwerte auf. Als mögliche Lösungswege werden eine Ex-post-Kontrolle am Maßstab des Missbrauchsverbots nach dem Vorbild anderer Jurisdiktionen diskutiert, aber auch Modifikationen der präventiven Fusionskontrolle erwogen. Einiges Aufsehen erregte der mit dem Referentenentwurf zur 10. GWB-Novelle vorgeschlagene § 39a GWB-E. Diese neue Regelung würde es dem Bundeskartellamt ermöglichen, eine „Anmeldeverfügung“ gegen einzelne Unternehmen zu erlassen. Die Betroffenen wären damit gezwungen, auch Fusionen unterhalb der aktuell geltenden Schwellenwerte des § 35 GWB bei der Behörde anzumelden. Der innovative Vorschlag eines neuen flexiblen Aufgreifinstruments hat durchaus Potenzial, hinsichtlich der konkreten Ausgestaltung der Regelung besteht jedoch Nachbesserungsbedarf.
Kartellbußen und ihre steuerliche Abzugsfähigkeit – Gedanken zur neuesten Rechtsprechung des BFH
Authors: Loritz Karl-Georg 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Nach der zutreffenden Aussage des XI. Senats des BFH kann es nicht vom Willen der Kartellbehörde abhängen, ob eine Geldbuße Abschöpfungswirkung hat und damit steuerlich abzugsfähig ist. Tatsächlich führt diese Entscheidung aber nicht dazu, den vom Bundesverfassungsgericht seit langem geforderten Zustand herzustellen, der es den betroffenen Unternehmen ermöglicht, den Abschöpfungsanteil der Kartellbußen tatsächlich auch als Betriebsausgabe anzusetzen.
Desafíos para enfrentar el deterioro de una producción cuantitativa. Vivienda social en copropiedad en Chile
Authors: Bustos-Peñafiel Mónica Alejandra 
Published: September 2020

La vivienda social en altura en Chile, administrada bajo el régimen de copropiedad, tiene su origen a mediados de 1930. Si bien, diversos conjuntos han logrado sostener la mantención de los bienes comunes bajo este modelo, en otros se ha evidenciado un profundo deterioro. Aunque, en algunos casos, se debe a la baja calidad arquitectónica y espacial con la que fueron construidos, un hecho determinante es la dificultad de las familias para configurar un tejido social cohesionado y entender las normas que regulan la administración de bienes comunes, desencadenando una compleja convivencia vecinal.Basados en esta realidad, el estudio se centra en las problemáticas que han surgido en los conjuntos construidos en las décadas de 1980 y 1990 bajo una lógica de producción de libre mercado. A partir de una investigación documental comparada sobre el marco normativo e institucional que ha determinado la formación de la vivienda social en altura regida por el modelo de copropiedad en Chile y su contexto político, social y económico, el articulo desarrolla un recorrido histórico por sus transformaciones tipológicas y morfológicas, exponiendo los actuales enfoques y líneas de intervención diseñados desde las políticas públicas para responder al deterioro y sostenibilidad de los denominados condominios sociales y sus comunidades.
Paraíso Travel y La breve y maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao: Migraciones hacia el desamparo físico y la soledad
Authors: Alvarado Vega Óscar 
Published: September 2020

En Paraíso Travel se plantea el proceso doloroso que sufren los personajes en su viaje de migración, pero también se enfoca lo relacionado con lo que para algunos representa la casi imposible inserción en estos “nuevos mundos”. La relación de amor-odio (unión-separación) que constituye la historia de Marlon y Reina, es la excusa para dar cuenta lo que significa la angustia de muchos de los migrantes en sus espacios de exclusión, mientras optan por otros espacios que tampoco les representan una verdadera salida a sus problemas de dolor y desencanto.
De igual manera, en La breve y maravillosa vida de Óscar Wao, se aborda el tema de la migración en dos direcciones: la migración espacial que lleva al personaje central de un país a otro en busca de mejores condiciones que le permitan su inserción social y una adaptabilidad mejor, en términos personales y profesionales, con el fin de desenvolverse en otra cultura al tiempo que huye “de la maldición” que aqueja a su familia. Por otra parte, manifiesta un proceso de migración interna, un rehuir de sí mismo, y de su entorno inmediato, por lo cual busca refugio en los cómics y la producción literaria, mientras intenta ser el mejor en lo que hace, un nuevo maestro de la ciencia ficción; ello como una forma de encontrarse a sí mismo, y de interactuar de forma más adecuada con su medio y su propia personalidad.
Content Analysis in Determining the Sustainability Potential of Lombok Tourism Industry
Authors: Pratama Aryan Agus , Busaini Busaini , Saufi Akhmad 
Published: September 2020

The sustainability of the tourism industry should be supported by sustainable development planning that accommodated local potential. This research aimed to study the sustainable potential of the Lombok tourism industry from a supply-driven perspective. This research was done using a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis content. The data were gained through Focus Group Discussion with Lombok tourism activists. Three main categories become relatable dimensions to support the sustainability of Lombok tourism potentials; resources, hope or dreams, and the acts of the Lombok tourism industry. The involvement of local people in its development is referring to the local culture which is Islamic has become the main driver in terms of the sustainability of the Lombok tourism industry. This dimension is creating a sense of ownership for local people and the destination itself. The role of local people in developing Lombok tourism that referring to the Islamic local culture is the key to Lombok tourism sustainability.
EVALUASI DAN OPTIMASI EFISIENSI ENERGI SISTEM CHILLER DENGAN PROSES DESCALING
Authors: Nuriyadi M. , Margana Ade S. 
Published: September 2020

Chiller system consumes most energy (around 50%) of the electrical energy in a building. To reduce the use of energy, it is necessary to evaluate the use of energy and identify opportunities for energy savings and recommendations for increasing efficiency. The evaluation aims to ensure that a chiller system works and produces chilled water products as designed. The chiller system evaluation includes the evaluation of the chiller refrigeration system, power consumption, cooling capacity, as well as the evaluation of the piping system and pumps. Evaluation is carried out on the system before and after repairing/descaling on the chiller system.
The results of the evaluation and optimization of the chiller system are: the chilled water temperature output drops to 15oC, the cooling capacity of the chiller rises to 30 KW, the pressure of the condenser coolant pump rises to 0.58 bar. While the efficiency of the circulating pump system is 15.8%; efficiency of condenser cooling pump is 19.3% and distribution pump system efficiency is 14.1%.

Keywords: performance evaluation, optimization, chiller system.
Evaluation of Heavy Commercial Vehicles Brand Considering Multi-Attribute Indexes in China
Authors: Xiong Xiaoqin , Cheng Aiguo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAssessment of brand competitiveness which influences consumer trends and company’s sales performance contributes to business development. This paper elaborates the theories and the main investigations of brand competitiveness, and formulates a comprehensive hierarchical structure integrating multi-attribute indexes, i.e., social, technical, managerial, environmental and cultural criteria. An integrated multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) model combining with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), grey relational analysis (GRA) and VIKOR is presented to determine the weights of influence criteria and to evaluate brand competitiveness. The utilized integrated methodology has been proved to be valid and practical by the empirical application on three enterprises. The results provide an accurate and effective tool for MCDM problem and also a new guideline for the enterprise development.
Review of frameworks and tools for urban strategic sanitation planning: considering technology innovations and sustainability
Authors: Spuhler Dorothee , Lüthi Christoph 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To achieve citywide inclusive sanitation in developing countries, a strategic sanitation planning approach (SSA) needs to provide a variety of technical solutions that respond to different urban realities. Despite the development of various SSA frameworks, sanitation planning still often follows a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. Structured decision making (SDM) can help by balancing trade-offs among different solutions. But SDM requires a set of appropriate sanitation options to choose from. Because conventional sewer-based sanitation is often inappropriate, many novel technologies and systems have been developed (e.g. container-based sanitation). While these innovations enhance sustainability, they also increase planning complexity. In this review, we look at available frameworks and tools for SSA and discover a lack of systematic tools for the identification of planning options that are able to consider the growing portfolio of available solutions and multiple sustainability criteria. Therefore, we critically compare 15 tools from which we compile eight qualities that could help any future tool address the current sanitation challenge: it should be comprehensive, automated to deal with a large number of options, systematic, flexible towards future innovation and should consider all sustainability dimensions, make a contextualized evaluation, allow for participation, and consider uncertainties to be applicable ex-ante also for novel technologies.
Comparative analysis of linear and nonlinear equilibrium models for the removal of metronidazole by tea waste activated carbon
Authors: Ebili Peter Emmanuel , Auta Manase , Obayomi Kehinde Shola , Okafor Joseph Onyebuchi , Yahya Muibat Diekola , Faruq Aisha Abubakar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTea waste was carbonized at 400 °C for 45 min and modified with potassium hydroxide (KOH), to enhance the active sites for the adsorption of antibiotics. The developed tea waste activated carbon (TWAC) was used as a novel eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent for metronidazole (MZN) removal from aqueous solution. The textural and surface properties of the adsorbent were determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and FT-Raman analysis. The BET surface was found to have increased from 24.670 to 349.585 after carbonization and KOH modification. The batch experimental parameters were optimized and equilibrium time was found to be 75 min. Linear and non-linear models were carried out on the adsorption isotherm and kinetics to determine the best fit for the adsorption data. The adsorption equilibrium data were well fitted by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order models, with higher regression correlation (R2) and smaller chi-square (χ2), as predicted by the non-linear model. The thermodynamic results revealed the adsorption of MZN as spontaneous, physical, and consistently exothermic in character. The activation energy value of 7.610 kJ/mol further revealed that the adsorption process is dominated majorly by physical adsorption. The removal of MZN onto TWAC was best described by the non-linear adsorption isotherm and kinetics model.
Minería, comercio internacional e impactos ambientales en el páramo El Rabanal de Samacá, Boyacá
Authors: Buitrago Betancourt Jeffer Dario 
Published: September 2020

La minería es una actividad económica que se ha desarrollado por más de un siglo en el Páramo El Rabanal, principalmente en Samacá (Boyacá), uno de los seis municipios que tiene jurisdicción en este ecosistema y que cuenta con apreciables reservas de carbón mineral. Es innegable que la minería ha contribuido a la generación de empleo, al impulso del comercio regional y a la financiación de algunas obras sociales para beneficio de la población local. No obstante, durante la última década (2009-2018), debido al repunte de los precios internacionales del carbón y el coque, las actividades de exploración y de explotación se han intensificado, ocasionando una alta presión antrópica al páramo. Por tal razón, desde la perspectiva del pensamiento ambiental, con base en un análisis de la literatura disponible, en el presente artículo se analizan algunos efectos e impactos ambientales derivados del incremento coyuntural de la producción carbonífera en el Páramo El Rabanal, durante la última década.
COVID-19 and the Gendered Use of Emojis on Twitter: Infodemiology Study
Authors: Al-Rawi Ahmed , Siddiqi Maliha , Morgan Rosemary , Vandan Nimisha , Smith Julia , Wenham Clare 
Published: September 2020

Background
The online discussion around the COVID-19 pandemic is multifaceted, and it is important to examine the different ways by which online users express themselves. Since emojis are used as effective vehicles to convey ideas and sentiments, they can offer important insight into the public’s gendered discourses about the pandemic.

Objective
This study aims at exploring how people of different genders (eg, men, women, and sex and gender minorities) are discussed in relation to COVID-19 through the study of Twitter emojis.

Methods
We collected over 50 million tweets referencing the hashtags #Covid-19 and #Covid19 for a period of more than 2 months in early 2020. Using a mixed method, we extracted three data sets containing tweets that reference men, women, and sexual and gender minorities, and we then analyzed emoji use along each gender category. We identified five major themes in our analysis including morbidity fears, health concerns, employment and financial issues, praise for frontline workers, and unique gendered emoji use. The top 600 emojis were manually classified based on their sentiment, indicating how positive, negative, or neutral each emoji is and studying their use frequencies.

Results
The findings indicate that the majority of emojis are overwhelmingly positive in nature along the different genders, but sexual and gender minorities, and to a lesser extent women, are discussed more negatively than men. There were also many differences alongside discourses of men, women, and gender minorities when certain topics were discussed, such as death, financial and employment matters, gratitude, and health care, and several unique gendered emojis were used to express specific issues like community support.

Conclusions
Emoji research can shed light on the gendered impacts of COVID-19, offering researchers an important source of information on health crises as they happen in real time.
The Rising Role of Individual and Society in the Development of International Security and the Advancement of Technology; a Southern Case Study
Authors: Pratama Aditya , Rizani Lardo Naifa , Alexander Togu 
Published: September 2020

The emergence of Industrial Revolution 4.0 brings uncertainty in the development of InternationalRelations. In the context of international security, the south region is the epicentre of the development, especially with the concern of continual security issues that can be started or settled through the advancement of technology. However, the concept of International Security itself does not facilitate the change that currently occurs in the international world through industry 4.0. The role of the state is recognized as an upper hand over the role of individuals and society in international relations. Industrial Revolution 4.0 stresses the significance of autonomous and interconnectivity through advanced technology. On top of that, technology has been spread to the people globally. The existence of the internet helps people to expand their capacity as an individual. The aforementioned concept extends the role of individuals and society in international relations. This influence brings uncertainty to the traditional approach of International securitythus giving way for other viable approaches. This research utilizes the postmodernism approach as outlined by Jim George with a focus on the concept of Critical Social Movement by R.B.J. Walker to provide new insights for International Relations and security studies. This will be complimented several findings of security issues in the global south that illustrate the empowerment of individuals and society through the advancement of technology and their role in international security. With its emphasis on the role of individuals and society and its statement on the unpredictability of International Relations, this approach is, therefore, essential in comprehending the discourse of International Security in the era of industry 4.0.
Automatic Learning of Ontologies for the Semantic Web: experiment lexical learning
Authors: Puerto Eduard , Aguilar Jose , Rodriguez Tatiana 
Published: September 2020

Resumen Este artículo propone el diseño de un sistema para el aprendizaje automático de ontologías e información léxica (System for Automatic Learning of Ontologies and Lexical Information - SALOX) para un Marco Ontológico Dinámico Semántico para la Web Semántica (Dynamic Semantic Ontological Framework for the Semantic Web – DSOFSW). DSOFSW interpreta consultas en lenguaje natural (español) para la Web, y está compuesta por cinco partes: una ontología lingüística para la gramática del español, un lexicón para la información léxica, una base de datos de hechos sobre el sistema de experiencias, una ontología de tareas para los procesos de análisis lingüísticos, y una ontología interpretativa para el contexto. SALOX integra varios métodos, enfoques y técnicas para la extracción de información, descubrimiento y actualización (pragmática (perfil de usuario, conocimiento de contexto), información léxica y de lingüística semántica, etc.) con el fin de actualizar el conocimiento usado para DSOFSW. SALOX tiene un componente que mapea las fuentes de aprendizaje con los métodos de aprendizaje, y otro que actualiza la ontología lingüística y el lexicón del DSOFSW. Específicamente, en este artículo presentamos el diseño de la unidad de aprendizaje de información léxica. Palabras clave: Procesamiento de lenguaje natural, semántica ontológica, aprendizaje de máquina, aprendizaje ontológico, web semántica.AbstractThis paper proposes the design of a System for Automatic Learning of Ontologies and Lexical Information (SALOX) for the Dynamic Semantic Ontological Framework for the Semantic Web (DSOFSW). DSOFSW interprets query in natural language (Spanish) to the web, and is composed by five parts; a linguistic ontology for the grammar of Spanish, a lexicon for the lexical information, a database of facts about the system experiences, a task ontology for the linguistic analysis process, and an interpretative ontology of the context. SALOX integrates several methods, approaches and techniques for information extraction, discovery and actualization (pragmatic (user profile, context knowledge), lexical and semantic linguistic information, etc.) in order to update the knowledge used for DSOFSW. SALOX has a component to map the sources of learning with the learning methods, and another to update the linguistic ontology and the lexicon of the DSOFSW. Specifically, in this paper we present the design of the learning unit of lexical information. Keywords: Natural language processing, ontological semantic, machine learning, ontological leaning, semantic web.
La digitalización de las masas y los riesgos del dataísmo
Authors: Álvarez Antelo David , Enríquez Sánchez José María 
Published: September 2020

The obsession with data accumulation is behind the exciting purposes put into the possibilities of information and communication technologies. From this single perspective it is usually quite common to talk about opportunities and, associated with it, challenges. But these challenges are focused on favoring the expansion of these technologies to any area that suits them. In the midst of this exaltation, less attention is paid to the risks of exclusion, but also to the control and domination that this may imply. Precisely counteracting these dangers is one of the great challenges of the Law to safeguard the civil andpolitical guarantees of the members of the democratic society or, otherwise, to contribute to the establishment of totalitarian regimes, equally subject to legality, but not to the idea of justice.This concern is what we will try to make explicit by returning to it about the false dichotomy that is established between freedom and security, on which the so-called criminal law of the enemyabounds and how much this involves the failure of the system of guarantees in a democratic and legal State.