bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and prevalence of Rifampicin Resistance in Eastern zone, Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Kahsu Getachew Abay , Hailay Bahlibi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. The emergence of Mono or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), poses a considerable challenge to Mycobacterium tuberculosis control programs in the worldwide; however, there has been no reliable and organized data on trends and prevalence drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in study area; Therefore, aim of this study to determine the trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and prevalence of Rifampicin resistance in eastern zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Methods Hospital based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Adigrat General Hospital from June 01 to August 30, 2019.Data was collected retrospectively from the registration books using data extraction format commence January 01, 2015, December 30, 2018. Data was entered into Epi-Info 3.1 and exported and analyzed using SPSS Version 20. The results were summarized using descriptive statistics, tables, and figures. P values < 0.05 would be considered statistically significant. Result A total of 5,944 Mycobacterium tuberculosis presumptive patients were included in the study. The majority of the study participants were male (58.1%). The median age of the participants was 40.0 (IQR 57, 26) years, the majority age-group was 30-44 years. The overall prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 1446 (24.3%). Of the total confirmed cases, 132 (9.1%) were resistant to rifampicin. From total Rifampicin resistant 129 (97.7%) new cases and the rest were previously treated tuberculosis patients. Age, reason for diagnosis, site of presumptive tuberculosis, being HIV infected was found a significant association with our dependent variable; however, only Age and being HIV infected associated with rifampicin resistance. Conclusion In our study, the overall trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and prevalence of rifampicin resistance were found high and increased; therefore, maximizing early detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and strengthening TB infection control activities and proper implementation of directly observed treatment are recommended reducing the burden of this contagious disease.
The Influence of Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Diversity and Complex Community Structure to Wheat Root Rot Disease
Authors: Zhang Xuejiang , Wang Heyun , Ash Gavin , Yu Dazhao , Wang Hua 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Wheat root rot disease due to soil-borne fungal pathogens leads to tremendous yield losses worth billions of dollars worldwide every year. It is very important to study the relationship between rhizosphere soil fungal diversity and wheat roots to understand the occurrence and development of wheat root rot disease. Results: A significant difference in fungal diversity was observed in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased wheat roots in the heading stage, but the trend was the opposite in the filling stage. The abundance of most genera with high richness decreased significantly from the heading to the filling stage in the diseased groups; the richness of approximately one-third of all genera remained unchanged, and only a few low-richness genera, such as Fusarium and Ceratobasidium, had a very significant increase from the heading to the filling stage. In the healthy groups, the abundance of most genera increased significantly from the heading to the filling stage; the abundance of some genera did not change markedly, or the abundance of very few genera increased significantly. Physical and chemical soil indicators showed that low soil pH and density, increases in ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen contributed to the occurrence of wheat root rot disease. Conclusions: Our results revealed that in the early stages of disease, highly diverse rhizosphere soil fungi and a complex community structure can easily cause wheat root rot disease. The existence of pathogenic fungi is a necessary condition for wheat root rot disease, but the richness of pathogenic fungi is not necessarily important. The increases in ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen contributed to the occurrence of wheat root rot disease. Low soil pH and soil density are beneficial to the occurrence of wheat root rot disease. Keywords: Rhizosphere soil, Fungal diversity, Community structure, Wheat root rot disease
Near horizon dynamics of three dimensional black holes
Authors: Grumiller Daniel , Merbis Wout 
Published: January 2020

We perform the Hamiltonian reduction of three dimensional Einstein
gravity with negative cosmological constant under constraints imposed by
near horizon boundary conditions. The theory reduces to a
Floreanini–Jackiw type scalar field theory on the horizon, where the
scalar zero modes capture the global black hole charges. The near
horizon Hamiltonian is a total derivative term, which explains the
softness of all oscillator modes of the scalar field. We find also a
(Korteweg–de Vries) hierarchy of modified boundary conditions that we
use to lift the degeneracy of the soft hair excitations on the
horizon.
Index-based flood risk assessment for Metro Manila
Authors: Rubio C. J. , Yu I. S. , Kim H. Y. , Jeong S. M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study focuses on index-based flood risk assessment in Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines and most densely populated region in the country. Its objective is to properly address urban characteristics in flood risk assessment by introducing a specific urban-type set of physical, social, economic and ecological indicators. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to quantify the optimal selection weights for each of the selected 14 indicators. Five levels of flood risk will be presented in spatial maps using geographic information system (GIS) ranging from Very Low Risk to Very High Risk. Results of this study are expected to aid in understanding flood hazard and risk in Metro Manila. Moreover, the resulting flood risk information can be used as a decision tool in policy making, land-use planning, developing guidelines and countermeasures and flood disaster insurance.
Recent Progress on the Discovery of NLRP3 Inhibitors and their Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Su Ma , Wang Weiwei , Liu Feng , Li Huanqiu 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Inflammation is the body’s immune system’s fast coordinating response to
irritants caused by pathogens, external injuries, and chemical or radiation effects. The nucleotidebinding
oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome
is a critical component of the innate immune system. The dysfunction of NLRP3 inflammasome
contributes to various pathogeneses of complex diseases, such as uncontrolled infection, autoimmune
diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. This review describes recent
progress on the discovery of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors and their therapeutic potential.

Methods:
Based on the mechanism of NLRP3 activation, several types of NLRP3 inhibitors are described
and summarized according to their origins, structures, bioactivity, and mechanism of action.
Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) is also listed for different scaffolds, as well as effective pharmacophore.

Results:
Over one-hundred papers were included in the review. The development of NLRP3 inhibitors
has been described from the earliest glyburide in 2001 to the latest progress in 2019. Several series of
inhibitors have been categorized, such as JC-series based on glyburide and BC-series based on 2APB.
Many other small molecules such as NLRP3 inhibitors are also listed. SAR, application in related therapeutic
models, and five different action mechanisms are described.

Conclusion:
The findings of this review confirmed the importance of developing NLRP3 inflammasome
inhibitors. Various NLRP3 inhibitors have been discovered as effective therapeutic treatments
for multiple diseases, such as type II diabetes, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, stressrelated
mood disorders, etc. The development of a full range of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors is still
at its foundational phase. We are looking forward to the identification of inhibitory agents that provide
the most potent therapeutic strategies and efficiently treat NLRP3 inflammasome-related inflammatory
diseases.
DLEU1: A Functional Long Noncoding RNA in Tumorigenesis
Authors: Song Chaoying , Zhang Jiali , Zhao Zongyao , Yang Yuxia , Meng Di , Wang Jing , Guo Chong , Yuan Chengfu 
Published: January 2020

Background:
LncRNA DLEU1 participates in various biological processes, playing an indispensable
role in the pathophysiology of human diseases, especially in tumorigenesis and other processes. Besides, it may
represent a promising target for biotherapy in numerous tumors. The aim of this review was to reveal the pathophysiological
functions and mechanisms of lncRNA DLEU1 in different types of cancer.

Methods:
LncRNA DLEU1 participates in various biological processes, playing an indispensable
role in the pathophysiology of human diseases, especially in tumorigenesis and other processes. Besides, it may
represent a promising target for biotherapy in numerous tumors. The aim of this review was to reveal the pathophysiological
functions and mechanisms of lncRNA DLEU1 in different types of cancer.

Results:
DLEU1 is a novel cancer-associated lncRNA that has been proved to be abnormally elevated in various
malignancies, containing osteosarcoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder
cancer, cervical cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, oral
squamous cell carcinoma, endometrial cancer, gastric cancer, Burkitt lymphoma and ovarian carcinoma. Besides,
lncRNA LDEU1 has been demonstrated involving in the procession of proliferation, migration, invasion and
inhibition of apoptosis of cancer cells.

Conclusion:
Long non-coding RNA DLEU1 is likely to represent an available biomarker or a potential therapeutic
target in multiple tumors.
Systematic Understanding of the Mechanisms of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici-mediated Effects on Hypertension via Computational Target Fishing
Authors: Chen Ye-Hui , Lei Shan-Shan , Li Bo , Luo Rong , He Xinglishang , Wang Yu-Zhi , Zhou Fu-Chen , Lv Gui-Yuan , Chen Su-Hong 
Published: January 2020

Aim and Objective:
Hypertension-induced stroke and coronary artery disease are significant
causes of global morbidity and mortality. Metabolic hypertension has recently become the leading cause of
hypertension. Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (CIF) has a long history as a treatment of hypertension as part of
traditional Chinese medicine. However, its mechanisms of activity remain largely unknown. This study
was aimed to uncover the potential anti-hypertensive mechanisms of CIF based on network pharmacology.

Materials and Methods:
In this research, a systems pharmacology approach integrating the measurement
of active compounds, target fishing, gene screening, Gene Ontology (GO) pathway analysis, Kyoto
Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Orthology Based Annotation System (KOBAS) database
analysis, and compound-target network construction were performed to explore the anti-hypertensive
mechanisms of CIF.

Results:
These studies revealed that 12 bioactive compounds in CIF had good druggability, 5 of which
were flavonoids. After screening, 8 of those 12 bioactive compounds interacted with 118 hypertensionrelated
target genes, which were mapped to 218 signal pathways. Network analysis showed that these
targets were associated with improving insulin resistance, improving vascular function, inhibiting renninangiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS), inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and regulating
other physiological processes.

Conclusion:
In summary, CIF is predicted to target multiple proteins and pathways to form a network that
exerts systematic pharmacological effects in order to regulate blood pressure and metabolic disorder.
Glutaryl Melatonin Niosome Gel for Topical Oral Mucositis: Anti- Inflammatory and Anticandidiasis
Authors: Damrongrungruang Teerasak , Panpitakkul Panjaree , Somudorn Jirachaya , Sangchart Pimpitchaya , Mahakunakorn Pramote , Uthaiwat Prangtip , Daduang Jureerut , Panyatip Panyada , Puthongking Ploenthip , Priprem Aroonsri 
Published: January 2020

Background:Glutaryl melatonin, which is synthesized from melatonin and is a pineal glandderived neurohormone with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, was comparatively investigated for its potential use as a topical anti-inflammatory agent.Objective:Glutaryl melatonin, synthesized and screened for in vitro anti-candidiasis and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, was formulated as a niosome gel for topical oral evaluation in 5- fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in mice.Methods:In vitro anti-fungal activity in Candida albicans, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in Escherichia coli liposaccharide-induced RAW cells and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using a croton oilinduced ear edema model in ICR mice were investigated. Mucositis in mice (n= 6/group, 10-week-old mice) was induced by intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil, and the mice were subjected to a topical oral application of niosome gel containing melatonin (2% w/w) or glutaryl melatonin (2% w/w) and were compared with mice subjected to blank, fluocinolone acetonide (0.5% w/w) and control conditions.Results:Glutaryl melatonin, at a 14.2 mM concentration, showed the highest fungicidal effect on C. albicans using the broth dilution method, indicating a nonsignificant difference from 1 μM of nystatin (p = 0.05). Nitric oxide, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factors were analyzed by ELISA. Liposaccharide-induced RAW cells were significantly reduced by glutaryl melatonin (p < 0.01). Ear edema inhibition of glutaryl melatonin was significant 1 h after application compared with that of melatonin (p = 0.03). Food consumption and body weight of the 5-fluorouracil-treated mice were significantly lower than those of the normal mice before all treatments (p < 0.05). Differences in the amount of licking behavior, which were observed in the control group for 5 min, were noticeable in the 5- fluorouracil-treated mice but not in the mice treated with the glutaryl melatonin niosome gel.Conclusion:Glutaryl melatonin exhibited mild anti-candidiasis and anti-inflammatory properties. The incorporation of glutaryl melatonin in a niosome gel formulation, demonstrated the potential for topical oral applications to reduce oral discomfort caused by 5-fluorouracil treatment in mice.
Delivery Efficacy Differences of Intravenous and Intraperitoneal Injection of Exosomes: Perspectives from Tracking Dye Labeled and MiRNA Encapsulated Exosomes
Authors: Zhou Xueying , Li Zhelong , Sun Wenqi , Yang Guodong , Xing Changyang , Yuan Lijun 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles that play vital roles in intercellular
communication. Recently, exosomes are recognized as promising drug delivery vehicles. Up till now,
how the in vivo distribution of exosomes is affected by different administration routes has not been fully
understood.

Methods:
In the present study, in vivo distribution of exosomes following intravenous and intraperitoneal
injection approaches was systemically analyzed by tracking the fluorescence-labeled exosomes and
qPCR analysis of C. elegans specific miRNA abundance delivered by exosomes in different organs.

Results:
The results showed that exosomes administered through tail vein were mostly taken up by the
liver, spleen and lungs while exosomes injected intraperitoneally were more dispersedly distributed.
Besides the liver, spleen, and lungs, intraperitoneal injection effectively delivered exosomes into the
visceral adipose tissue, making it a promising strategy for obesity therapy. Moreover, the results from
fluorescence tracking and qPCR were slightly different, which could be explained by systemic errors.

Conclusion:
Together, our study reveals that different administration routes cause a significant differential
in vivo distribution of exosomes, suggesting that optimization of the delivery route is prerequisite
to obtain rational delivery efficiency in detailed organs.
Microencapsulation of Probiotics by Exopolysaccharides-sodium Alginate and Evaluation of their Survival in Simulated GI Conditions
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Saini Pinki , Dubey Shreyasi , Srivastava Urvashi , Singh Anchal , Kaur Devinder , Choudhary Raveena 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The viability of the probiotics reduces because of the high acid and bile salt
concentrations present in the stomach. Probiotic cultures can be protected during processing, storage
and passage of the probiotic product through the gastrointestinal tract by the technique of microencapsulation.

Objective:
In the present study, Exopolysaccharides (EPS) and sodium alginate are incorporated in a
different ratio to form the encapsulation matrix. They have also been checked for improving the viability
of lactic acid bacteria in simulated GI conditions.

Methods:
EPS were isolated from a reference strain of L. acidophillus and the two strains P8 and
Cu3 isolated from pumpkin and cucumber. Microencapsulated beads were formed using a different
combination of EPS and sodium alginate and were analysed in terms of viability, bile tolerance, acid
tolerance, survival in gastrointestinal conditions, and antibiotic susceptibility conditions.

Results:
The results indicated that the increasing concentration of EPS has significantly increased the
survival of microencapsulated probiotic in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The treatment T4
was found to be the best for all the tested conditions.

Conclusion:
This study has shown the potential application of EPS in microencapsulation to protect
probiotics against the adverse condition of the gastrointestinal tract.
The Effect of Olive Oil and Honey Combination on Episiotomy Wound Healing and Pain Relief: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Shayan Arezoo , Sourinezhad Hadis , Barzegar Fariba , Ahmadinia Hassan , Masoumi Zahra , Moradkhani Shirin , Refaei Mansoureh 
Published: January 2020

Background:Episiotomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in the world that is associated with perineal pain and can be exposed to infection, or might be healed with delay.Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of honey-olive oil combination on episiotomy wound healing and pain relief in primiparous women.Methods:This single-blind, parallel randomized clinical trial (IRCT20120215009014N208) was conducted on 80 primiparous women. They were allocated randomly to each of the groups through random allocation rule: 40 in honey-olive oil group and 40 in the control group. Every 12 hours and for 14 days, the treatment group used about 1 inch of the cream on the wound area. Pain intensity and wound healing were measured by REEDA Scale and Visual Analogue Scale on days 7, 10, and 14 in both groups. The statistical analyst was not informed about the allocation of the groups. A significant level of 0.05 was considered.Results:There was a significant difference between healing score and pain intensity between the two groups on 7th, 10th and 14th postpartum days (p <0.05). Wound healing occurred much faster (Scores on days 7,10, and 14 were 11.25±2.13, 7.47±1.96 and 4.95±1.53 in the control group and 4.45±1.25, 2.32±.69 and 10±.30 in the intervention group, p <0.05). Moreover, pain intensity was significantly relieved in those who used Honey and olive oil cream (the scores were 5.6750±1.43, 3.3500±1.52, 2.2250±1.34 in the control group and 1.9750±1.52, .2250±.57, .0250±.15 in the intervention group, p<0.05).Conclusion:Using honey and olive oil combination improves episiotomy wound healing and also relieves its’ associated pain.
Reproducibility of Deceased Donor Kidney Procurement Biopsies
Authors: Husain S. Ali , King Kristen L. , Batal Ibrahim , Dube Geoffrey K. , Hall Isaac E. , Brennan Corey , Stokes M. Barry , Crew R. John , Carpenter Dustin , Alvarado Verduzco Hector , Rosen Raphael , Coley Shana , Campenot Eric , Santoriello Dominick , Perotte Adler , Natarajan Karthik , D’Agati Vivette D. , Cohen David J. , Ratner Lloyd E. , Markowitz Glen , Mohan Sumit 
Published: January 2020

Background and objectives
Unfavorable histology on procurement biopsies is the most common reason for deceased donor kidney discard. We sought to assess the reproducibility of procurement biopsy findings.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We compiled a continuous cohort of deceased donor kidneys transplanted at our institution from 1/1/2006 to 12/31/2016 that had at least one procurement biopsy performed, and excluded cases with missing biopsy reports and those used in multiorgan transplants. Suboptimal histology was defined as the presence of advanced sclerosis in greater than or equal to one biopsy compartment (glomeruli, tubules/interstitium, vessels). We calculated κ coefficients to assess agreement in optimal versus suboptimal classification between sequential biopsy reports for kidneys that underwent multiple procurement biopsies and used time-to-event analysis to evaluate the association between first versus second biopsies and patient and allograft survival.

Results
Of the 1011 kidneys included in our cohort, 606 (60%) had multiple procurement biopsies; 98% had first biopsy performed at another organ procurement organization and their second biopsy performed locally. Categorical agreement was highest for vascular disease (κ=0.17) followed by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (κ=0.12) and glomerulosclerosis (κ=0.12). Overall histologic agreement (optimal versus suboptimal) was κ=0.15. First biopsy histology had no association with allograft survival in unadjusted or adjusted analyses. However, second biopsy optimal histology was associated with a higher probability of death-censored allograft survival, even after adjusting for donor and recipient factors (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.34 to 0.75; P=0.001).

Conclusions
Deceased donor kidneys that underwent multiple procurement biopsies often displayed substantial differences in histologic categorization in sequential biopsies, and there was no association between first biopsy findings and post-transplant outcomes.
La regulación de la maternidad subrogada en los estados de Tabasco y Sinaloa. Comparativa con la prohibición de maternidad por sustitución del derecho español
Authors: Álvarez de Toledo Quintana Lorenzo 
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar de forma sucinta y sin ningún propósito agotador, el estado de la cuestión de la maternidad subrogada en dos modelos jurídicos de signos opuestos: el modelo español, en el que rige la prohibición de la maternidad subrogada; y los de dos Estados mexicanos, Tabasco y Sinaloa, donde se regula el proceso procreativo con determinadas garantías para la parte más débil de la relación jurídica, la madre gestante.
Es mi propósito defender la necesidad de una urgente regulación en España que dé una respuesta completa, actualizada y respetuosa con la dignidad y derechos fundamental de todas las partes: primordialmente, del niño por nacer, que, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en la adopción (se busca una familia para el niño) supone la búsqueda de un hijo para una familia.
El examen del derecho comparado ofrece una herramienta insustituible en la búsqueda del Derecho justo y el examen -necesariamente breve- de los modelos jurídicos de tabasco y de Sinaloa, representa un avance hacia el debate que queremos y necesitamos en España.