bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling scenarios for sustainable water supply and demand in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia
Authors: Alemu Zinabu Assefa , Dioha Michael O. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
The city of Addis Ababa is under rapid development and there are enormous construction activities along with rapid urbanization, and industrialization. These anthropogenic actions combined with population growth rate are affecting the water demand of the city. The overall purpose of this study is to model water supply and demand of the city and to identify potential water management strategies that supports the sustainable development goal number six (SDG6)—clean water and sanitation.

Methods
We employed the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) modelling framework to analyze different scenarios for water demand and supply. The scenarios include population growth, living standard, as well as other supply and demand strategies.

Results
For the modelling period, the reference scenario shows unmet water demand increases by around 48%, from 208 to 307 million cubic meter in 2015 and 2030 respectively. High population growth rate and high living standard scenarios have a great negative impact on the water supply system.

Conclusions
Satisfying the future water demand of Addis Ababa will depend on the measures which are taken today. The integrated water management practices such as reuse of water and the selected future scenarios are proposed to decrease and manage the unmet water demand of the city. Hence, future predicted scenarios which is the combination of the external factors (i.e. population growth rate and living standard) and water management strategies were considered. From the analyzed scenarios, optimistic future strategies will support the management of the existing water supply and demand system of the city. Similarly, in the integrated management strategies scenario, it was assumed that measures were taken at both the demand and supply side to improve the efficiency of water in the entire chain. Thus, if the water sector professionals and other concerned bodies consider the selected scenarios, it will go a long way to solve the water shortage problem in the city, and this will also help to promote sustainable water management.
Assessing the vulnerability of ecosystems to climate change based on climate exposure, vegetation stability and productivity
Authors: Xu Kai , Wang Xiangping , Jiang Chao , Sun Osbert Jianxin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Global warming has brought many negative impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, which makes the vulnerability of ecosystems one of the hot issues in current ecological research. Here, we proposed an assessment method based on the IPCC definition of vulnerability. The exposure to future climate was characterized using a moisture index (MI) that integrates the effects of temperature and precipitation. Vegetation stability, defined as the proportion of intact natural vegetation that remains unchanged under changing climate, was used together with vegetation productivity trend to represent the sensitivity and adaptability of ecosystems. Using this method, we evaluated the vulnerability of ecosystems in Southwestern China under two future representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) with MC2 dynamic global vegetation model.

Results
(1) Future (2017–2100) climate change will leave 7.4% (under RCP 4.5) and 57.4% of (under RCP 8.5) of areas under high or very high vulnerable climate exposure; (2) in terms of vegetation stability, nearly 45% of the study area will show high or very high vulnerability under both RCPs. Beside the impacts of human disturbance on natural vegetation coverage (vegetation intactness), climate change will cause obvious latitudinal movements in vegetation distribution, but the direction of movements under two RCPs were opposite due to the difference in water availability; (3) vegetation productivity in most areas will generally increase and remain a low vulnerability in the future; (4) an assessment based on the above three aspects together indicated that future climate change will generally have an adverse impact on all ecosystems in Southwestern China, with non-vulnerable areas account for only about 3% of the study area under both RCPs. However, compared with RCP 4.5, the areas with mid- and high-vulnerability under RCP 8.5 scenario increased by 13% and 16%, respectively.

Conclusion
Analyses of future climate exposure and projected vegetation distribution indicate widespread vulnerability of ecosystems in Southwestern China, while vegetation productivity in most areas will show an increasing trend to the end of twenty-first century. Based on new climate indicators and improved vulnerability assessment rules, our method provides an extra option for a more comprehensive evaluation of ecosystem vulnerability, and should be further tested at larger spatial scales in order to provide references for regional, or even global, ecosystem conservation works.
Determinants of community-led ivermectin treatment adherence for onchocerciasis control in Western Ethiopia: a case-control study
Authors: Ayalew Fikadu , Atnafu Desta Debalkie , Bedimo Melkamu , Mulatu Kebadnew 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundOnchocerciasis is an infection of a filarial worm which is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Annual mass treatment with high coverage over for a long period of time should lead to a complete interruption of transmission and the ultimate elimination of the parasite. However, in Ethiopia, the required coverage levels were not achieved. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the possible determinants of onchocerciasis treatment adherence in Assossa District.MethodsA case-control study was conducted among 528 respondents (176 cases and 352 controls). Cases were respondents who took all five doses of treatments, and controls were those who took at most four does of ivermectin treatments (missed at least one or more doses). Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Each possible factor for treatment adherence, with aPvalue < 0.2 obtained in the bi-variable logistic regression was entered into the multivariable logistic regression models to control the confounding factors.pvalue < 0.05 was used as cut-off-point for a variable to become a significant determinant of treatment adherence in multivariable logistic regression.ResultsParticipation in selecting drug distributers [AOR = 2.7, 95%CI (1.7–4.1)], measuring height for dose determination [AOR = 3.6, 95%CI (1.9–6.7)], perceived risk of getting onchocerciasis [AOR = 2.1, 95%CI (1.6–2.7)], living near running water [AOR = 1.7, 95%CI (1.1–2.8)], and perceived needs of support for intake of ivermectin [AOR = 3.2, 95%CI(2.1–4.9)] were independent predictors for t treatment adherence.ConclusionsTreatment adherence was influenced by participation in selecting drug distributers, measuring height for dose determination, perceived risk of getting onchocerciasis, living near running water and perceived needs of support for intake of ivermectin. To improve intake of the drug and its adherence, the community should be empowered to make decisions, and counseling family members and sensitizing those living far from river sides is commendable. Health information about onchocerciasis should be strengthening to increase risk perception.
Determination of antagonistic effect of bio-agents against cereal damping-off caused by Fusarium graminearum in wheat
Authors: Er Yesim 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe antagonistic effect of the isolates ofGliocladium roseum,Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Sordaria fimicola, and their mixtures, at different concentrations against the cereal damping-off pathogen,Fusarium graminearum, was examined in vitro and in vivo (foliar, seed, soil, seed + soil) treatments on the susceptible wheat cultivars “Gun 91 and Sultan 95.” The 3 isolates inhibited growth ofF.graminearumat a concentration of 1 × 109spores/ml with inhibition rates of 84, 88, and 91%, respectively under in vitro conditions. For in vivo assays, the mixture ofS.cerevisiae + S.fimicolaexhibited a considerable antagonistic activity even at a concentration of 1 × 105spores/ml. Particularly, at the seed + soil treatment of the mixture, the pathogen was almost completely suppressed with an inhibition rate above 96% at concentrations of 1 × 108and 1 × 109spores/ml for both wheat cultivars, and the percentage of emerged seedlings reached nearly 100%. The results verified that the mixture ofS.cerevisiae + S.fimicolahad a high potential, as a promising biocontrol agents and an eco-friendly alternative, to be used against the cereal damping-off caused byF.graminearum, to reduce the use of systemic fungicides.
Role of shear wave elastography in characterization of hepatic focal lesions
Authors: Serag Dena M. , Ebeid Eman A. , Dessouky Basma A. , Omar Hazem 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Elastography is a recently developed diagnostic method that aims to evaluate tissue stiffness. Its utility is based on the fact that pathological tissues are generally stiffer than surrounding healthy tissues which often show up as a hard lesion. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a new technique based on shear waves that has been implemented in diagnostic ultrasound (US) systems. The aim of this study is to study the role of shear wave elastography in differentiation between benign and malignant hepatic focal lesions.

Results
The study was conducted on 110 patients (92 males, 18 females) with a mean age of 51.7 years. Age range was from 30 to 70 years; 28 patients were diagnosed with benign lesions, and 82 with malignant lesions. SWE shows that there is a significant difference in stiffness between malignant and benign lesions with p value = 0.002 and with mean ± SD of 10.3 ± 6.31 kPa for the benign lesions and 16.2 ± 9.32 kPa for the malignant group. A cutoff value of 13.24 was selected to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions using the SWE mean providing sensitivity 78.04%, specificity 71.42%, and accuracy 64.2%.

Conclusion
SWE is a good tool in the differentiation of benign and malignant hepatic focal lesions.
Solvent Selection Scheme Using Machine Learning Based on Physicochemical Description of Solvent Molecules: Application to Cyclic Organometallic Reaction
Authors: Fujinami Mikito , Maekawara Hiroki , Isshiki Ryota , Seino Junji , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Nakai Hiromi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A solvent selection scheme for optimization of reactions is proposed using machine learning, based on the numerical descriptions of solvent molecules. Twenty-eight key solvents were represented using 17 physicochemical descriptors. Clustering analysis results implied that the descriptor represents the chemical characteristics of the solvent molecules. During the assessment of an organometallic reaction system, the regression analysis indicated that learning even a small number of experimental results can be useful for identifying solvents that will produce high experimental yields. Observation of the regression coefficients, and both clustering and regression analysis, can be effective when selecting a solvent to be used for an experiment.
Diagnostic accuracy of NMP 22 and urine cytology for detection of transitional cell carcinoma urinary bladder taking cystoscopy as gold standard
Authors: Sajid Muhammad Tanveer , Zafar Muhammad Rafiq , Ahmad Hussain , Ullah Saif , Mirza Zahoor Iqbal , Shahzad Khubaib 
Published: April 2020

Objective: To determine diagnostic accuracy of NMP 22 and urine cytology in the detection of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) urinary bladder taking cystoscopy as a gold standard in patients having provisional diagnosis of bladder cancer (BC).
Methods: This cross sectional validational study enrolled 380 patients fulfilling selection criteria and was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Urology (AFIU) Rawalpindi, Pakistan form July 2018 to July 2019. The urine sample collected underwent NMP22 and cytological analysis followed by rigid cystoscopy. Reports of all three tests divided patients into positive or negative for malignancy as per defined criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy of NMP 22, urine cytology and their combination was determined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis performed and area under the curve (AUC) compared among these tests.
Results: The average age of patients was 53.08 ± 12.41 years having male to female ratio 3.75:1(300 males and 80 females). NMP 22 had better sensitivity and comparable specificity to cytology (81.9 & 81.2% vs 54 & 93.9%). Combination of NMP 22 / cytology outperformed both in terms of sensitivity (91.63 vs 81.83 vs 53.96), NPV (87.59 vs 77.46 vs 61.02) and diagnostic accuracy (85.26 vs 81.58 vs 71.32) but at the cost of specificity (76.97 vs 81.21 vs 93.94) and PPV (83.83 vs 85.02 vs 92.06). ROC curve revealed statistically significant higher AUC (0.843 vs .815 vs .73) for combination as compared to NMP 22 and Cytology (p<0.001).
Conclusion: NMP22 is a quick, point of care test having higher sensitivity, NPV and accuracy but similar specificity and PPV to urine cytology for detection of TCC urinary bladder. Combination outperformed both in terms of sensitivity while having modest specificity.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1638
How to cite this:Sajid MT, Zafar MR, Ahmad H, Saif Ullah, Mirza ZI, Shahzad K. Diagnostic accuracy of NMP 22 and urine cytology for detection of transitional cell carcinoma urinary bladder taking cystoscopy as gold standard. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):705-710. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1638
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Self-referenced terahertz refractive index sensor based on a cavity resonance and Tamm plasmonic modes
Authors: Mehdi Keshavarz M. , Alighanbari Abbas 
Published: April 2020

A self-referenced terahertz (THz) refractive index sensor is proposed. The structure consists of two opposite-facing, graphene-covered distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), with a cavity formed in between. The cavity is filled with the ambient medium, and its resonance frequency is sensitive to the changes of the ambient refractive index. On the other hand, Tamm-plasmonic modes, which are excited at the DBR-graphene boundaries, are insensitive to the ambient refractive index and thus provide a frequency reference. The proposed structure is studied using a semi-analytical transfer matrix method (TMM). The sensor, studied for gas sensing, achieves a sensitivity of 0.982 THz per refractive index unit (THz/RIU), and a figure of merit (FoM) of

142

R
I
U

−
1

at the cavity resonance frequency of 1.1 THz. The effects of different parameters on the sensor’s performance are also investigated. Compared to the previous high-performance THz refractive index sensing approaches, the proposed structure is simpler because it requires no phase- or polarization-matching devices, such as polarizers, prisms, and gratings. Moreover, it provides a self-referenced operation, which was rarely achievable using previous methods.
Evaluation of the radial inhomogeneity of a magnetic field by magnetic-sensitive Ramsey interference fringes at 87Rb atomic fountain clock
Authors: Wang Qian , Zhang Ning , Zhao Weijing , Ji Qingchen , Dong Richang , Wei Rong , Wang Yuzhu 
Published: April 2020

This paper demonstrates the evaluation of the radial inhomogeneity of the magnetic field of an atomic fountain clock, which affects the Ramsey interference fringe visibility. Based on the simplified inhomogeneous magnetic field model, the relationship between the fringe visibility and the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field is obtained; a magnetic field broadening limit of 70 pT for the fountain clock is observed when the interference fringes disappear. Magnetic field broadening of 100 pT in the local interaction region of the atomic fountain clock is measured by a special magnetic-sensitive Ramsey interference method. It is verified that the non-uniform widening of the magnetic field is the cause of the absence of interference fringes of adjacent lines.
All-optical diffractive neural networked terahertz hologram
Authors: Liao Dashuang , Chan Ka Fai , Chan Chi Hou , Zhang Qingle , Wang Haogang 
Published: April 2020

Holography has garnered an explosion of interest in tremendous applications, owing to its capability of storing amplitude and phase of light and reconstructing the full-wave information of targets. Spatial light modulators, metalenses, metasurfaces, and other devices have been explored to achieve holographic images. However, the required phase distributions for conventional holograms are generally calculated using the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, and the iteration is time-consuming without Fourier transform or other acceleration techniques. Few studies on designing holograms using artificial intelligence methods have been conducted. In this Letter, a three-dimensional (3D)-printed hologram for terahertz (THz) imaging based on a diffractive neural network (DNN) is proposed. Target imaging letters “THZ” with uniform field amplitude are assigned to a predefined imaging surface. Quantified phase profiles are primarily obtained by training the DNN with the target image and input field pattern. The entire training process takes only 60 s. Consequently, the hologram, that is, a two-dimensional array of dielectric posts with variational heights that store phase information, is fabricated using a 3D printer. The full-wave simulation and experimental results demonstrate the capability of the proposed hologram to achieve high-quality imaging in the THz regime. The proposed lens and design strategy may open new possibilities in display, optical-data storage, and optical encryption.
Ultrapure and highly efficient green light emitting devices based on ligand-modified CsPbBr3 quantum dots
Authors: Yan Dongdong , Zhao Shuangyi , Wang Huaxin , Zang Zhigang 
Published: April 2020

All inorganic

CsPbBr

3

perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have been recognized as promising optical materials to fabricate green light emission devices because of their excellent optical performance. However, regular

CsPbBr

3

QDs with an oleic acid (OA) ligand show poor stability, which limits their practical application. We replaced the OA ligand in

CsPbBr

3

QDs with a 2-hexyldecanoic acid (DA) ligand and, in the synthesis, found that the new material has better optical properties than regular

CsPbBr

3

QDs (

CsPbBr

3

-
OA

QDs). Due to the strong binding energy between the DA ligand and QDs, the ligand-modified

CsPbBr

3

QDs (

CsPbBr

3

-
DA

QDs) show a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 96%, while the PLQY of

CsPbBr

3

-
OA

QDs is 84%. Subsequently, the

CsPbBr

3

QDs coated on the blue light-emitting diode (LED) chips as green phosphors are demonstrated. The color conversion from blue to pure green is achieved by adding the

CsPbBr

3

-
OA

QDs solution up to 60 μL, while the pure green emission devices only need 18 μL

CsPbBr

3

-
DA

QDs solution under the same concentration. The ultrapure, highly efficient green light-emitting devices based on

CsPbBr

3

-
DA

QDs exhibit a luminous efficiency of 43.6 lm/W with a CIE (0.2086, 0.7635) under a 15.3 mA driving current. In addition, the green emission wavelength of the devices based on

CsPbBr

3

-
DA

QDs almost has no shift, even under a high injection current. These results highlight the promise of DA ligand-modified

CsPbBr

3

QDs for light-emitting devices and enrich the application field of ligand-modified

CsPbBr

3

QDs.
Toponímia rural de acidentes humanos do Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Oliveira Letícia Reis de , Negri Isquerdo Aparecida 
Published: April 2020

Este trabalho discute resultados parciais da pesquisa em desenvolvimento que tem como objetivo mais amplo descrever e analisar a toponímia rural de acidentes humanos do Mato Grosso do Sul em termos motivação e de estrutura linguística. Neste artigo examinam-se topônimos compostos que nomeiam fazendas localizadas na mesorregião Centro-Norte do Estado do Mato Grosso de Sul, que abrange as microrregiões do Alto Taquari e de Campo Grande, com 16 municípios. O corpus relativo a essa área geográfica extraídos do Sistema de Dados do Projeto Atems[1] e dos mapas oficiais do IBGE escala 1:100.000 (2010) totalizou 1.113 designativos que foram analisados, segundo a motivação, seguindo o modelo taxionômico de Dick (1992, p. 31-34), e conforme os constituintes sintáticos[2] dos topônimos compostos com base em Neves (2000). Os resultados do estudo mostraram que os nomes de fazendas de estrutura composta evidenciam predominantemente as seguintes estruturas dos sintagmas: (Det. Num. + SN) “Dois Irmãos”; (SN+SN) “Maria Augusta”; (SN+ SA) “Terra forte”. Em termos de motivação, dentre as taxionomias de natureza física predominaram os hidrotopônimos, o que denota a influência do ambiente físico na nomeação das propriedades rurais, enquanto entre as taxionomias de natureza antropocultural destacaram-se os nomes de cunho religioso, os hagiotopônimos, atestando, assim, que o ambiente social e cultural do grupo, como a religiosidade reflete-se na nomeação de fazendas da região estudada. Para o estudo utilizam-se como referencial teórico, fundamentalmente, as contribuições de Dick (1990; 1992; 1997; 1998; 1999); de Sapir (1961) e de Neves (2000).
Kajian Daya Dukung Jalan dan Prioritas Penanganannya di Perbatasan Kota Depok dengan Kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan
Authors: Nurmala Corry , Barus Baba , Mansyur Umar 
Published: April 2020

Roads carrying capacity can be interpreted as a road capacity to support passing vehicles. This study was aimed to determine the priority of road handling at border of Depok City with South Jakarta by looking at the physical condition, road equipment and supporting facilities, costumer satisfaction and roads carrying capacity. Using descriptive analysis method for the physical conditions of roads and road equipment, CSI methods for the results of questionnaires and LoS for roads carrying capacity. The results showed that the road conditions in the category of moderate and lightly damaged conditions, conditions of road equipment and supporting facilities in South Jakarta were better than those on roads in Depok City and roads costumer satisfaction index in the category was less satisfied and quite satisfied. Roads carrying capacity at the border is in the fairly good to very bad category. The priority of road handling is determined, for roads at Depok City are first priority for Margonda Road, second priority for Kukusan Raya Road and Tanah Baru Road and for roads at South Jakarta are first priority for Lenteng Agung Raya Road, second priority for Srengseng Sawah Road, third priority for Moh. Kahfi 1 Road and Moh. Kahfi 2 Road.Keywords: Carrying Capacity, Handling Priority, Road