bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of surface patterning using femtosecond laser on micromechanical and structural properties of micromechanical sensors
Authors: Al-Gawati Mahmoud A , Alhazaa Abdulaziz , Albrithen Hamad , Alnofiay Jamal , Alodhayb Abdullah 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A femtosecond laser can be used to fabricate microstructures on a silicon microcantilever surface with high precession and minimal sidewall defects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the creation of microgrooves and sub-microgrooves on the resonance frequency, quality factor, and spring constant of a silicon microcantilever. A single pass of a femtosecond laser with a wavelength of 1026 nm was used to fabricate microgrooves on the microcantilever surface. Different numbers of microgrooves were fabricated on each microcantilever using the femtosecond laser micromachining technique. The separation distance between the center of the two microgrooves was 7 μm. The microstructure of the fabricated microgrooves was investigated through field emission electron microscopy. The resonance frequency increased with the number of microgrooves, but the quality factor of the patterned microcantilever was higher than that of the unpatterned microcantilever. The spring constant increased with the number of microgrooves, increasing from 18.96 to 38.04 mN/m for microcantilevers with 1 and 7 microgrooves, respectively.
Thermogravimetric study of the kinetics and characteristics of the pyrolysis of pulverized coal
Authors: Shi-Xin Zhang , Chang-Rong Li , Run Huang , Yang-Wu Xiao , Rui Mao , Jun Huang , Cheng-Lin Zhou 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Simultaneous thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric (TG-MS) analyzer was used to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics and gas generation rule of three coal samples. Results indicated that Jing-mei (JM), Xinjiang-mei (XM), and Yan-mei (YM) coals had similar pyrolysis characteristics and gas generation law. Their pyrolysis process could be roughly divided into three stages. YM had the highest weight loss and gas generation rates among all the samples. CO and CO2 components in the escaping gas continued to increase when the temperature reached 800 °C. Coats–Redfern method was employed to calculate the activation energy of three kinds of coal at four temperature stages with different mode functions. The activation energy of the four stages of JM pyrolysis was 33.3 kJ mol−1, 2.66kJ mol−1, 88.51kJ mol−1, and 33.26 kJ mol−1. The result of XM pyrolysis was 51.29 kJ mol−1, 6.84 kJ mol−1, 47.38 kJ mol−1, and 15.65 kJ mol−1. Calculations of XM pyrolysis were 51.35 kJ mol−1, 5.11 kJ mol−1, and 117.49 kJ mol−1, 31.15 kJ mol−1 respectively.
Geometric measurement and characterization of a microchannel heat exchanger for performance validation
Authors: Yih James , Wang Hailei 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
With substantial size and performance advantages, microchannel heat exchangers have been attracting increasing attention for various energy recovery and conversion processes. While much research and recent studies focus on their applications and performance, few studies have been devoted to the measurement and dimensional accuracy of actual microchannels in use. In this study, in-depth geometric characterization of a microchannel heat exchanger manufactured using standard photochemical etching and diffusion bonding processes is carried out. The measured channel dimensions are then compared with the design values, which can help better interpret experiment data of the heat exchanger for model validation. Two nondestructive methods were developed to measure cross-sectional areas and perimeters of the microchannels. The first method uses a stereoscopic microscope to take images of the exhaust channels at one end of the microchannel heat exchanger. An image processing routine was developed in MATLAB to measure the exhaust channel dimensions. For the second method, an optical profilometer was used to scan both the exhaust and oil channels from sample shims. Two additional MATLAB routines were developed to process the obtained 3D shim images with the capability of accounting for the bow in the shims. As results, both methods have close agreement on the measured channel dimensions. On average, the cross-sectional areas of the exhaust channels vary more significantly between individual shims due to the nature of the batch photochemical etching process; and the produced exhaust and oil channels are 11% and 8% smaller than the design values. These findings help explain the emerged discrepancy between modeling and experimental data.
Anaemia and physical and mental health in the very old: An individual participant data meta-analysis of four longitudinal studies of ageing
Authors: Palapar Leah , Kerse Ngaire , Rolleston Anna , den Elzen Wendy P J , Gussekloo Jacobijn , Blom Jeanet W , Robinson Louise , Martin-Ruiz Carmen , Duncan Rachel , Arai Yasumichi , Takayama Midori , Teh Ruth ,   for the TULIP Consortium
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
To determine the physical and mental health of very old people (aged 80+) with anaemia.

Methods
Individual level meta-analysis from five cohorts of octogenarians (n = 2,392): LiLACS NZ Māori, LiLACS NZ non-Māori, Leiden 85-plus Study, Newcastle 85+ Study, and TOOTH. Mixed models of change in functional ability, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and self-rated health over time were separately fitted for each cohort. We combined individual cohort estimates of differences according to the presence of anaemia at baseline, adjusting for age at entry, sex, and time elapsed. Combined estimates are presented as differences in standard deviation units (i.e. standardised mean differences–SMDs).

Results
The combined prevalence of anaemia was 30.2%. Throughout follow-up, participants with anaemia, on average, had: worse functional ability (SMD −0.42 of a standard deviation across cohorts; CI -0.59,-0.25); worse cognitive scores (SMD -0.27; CI -0.39,-0.15); worse depression scores (SMD -0.20; CI -0.31,-0.08); and lower ratings of their own health (SMD -0.36; CI -0.47,-0.25). Differential rates of change observed were: larger declines in functional ability for those with anaemia (SMD −0.12 over five years; CI -0.21,-0.03) and smaller mean difference in depression scores over time between those with and without anaemia (SMD 0.18 over five years; CI 0.05,0.30).

Conclusion
Anaemia in the very old is a common condition associated with worse functional ability, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and self-rated health, and a more rapid decline in functional ability over time. The question remains as to whether anaemia itself contributes to worse outcomes or is simply a marker of chronic diseases and nutrient deficiencies.
Care Experience and Friendship: Theory and International Evidence to Improve Practice and Future Research
Authors: Roesch-Marsh Autumn , Emond Ruth 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDrawing on a review of recent international literature, this article argues for the first time that an understanding of, and engagement with, the theory and practice of friendship is essential to working alongside those who have care experience. Drawing on theory from philosophy, psychology and sociology, the care system is explored as a unique and challenging context for making and keeping the reciprocal, caring friendships which research suggests are important for a ‘happy, healthy life’. Our analysis shows how theories of friendship have failed to consider the friendship experiences of those in the care system. We suggest that including these experiences offers new opportunities to develop theory and practice in the field of friendship. We argue that friendship is an essential human need and, as such, should be placed centrally in assessment and intervention work, encouraging social workers to support positive and enduring friendships for the people they work with.
Why Contact Tracing Efforts Have Failed to Curb Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Transmission in Much of the United States
Authors: Clark Eva , Chiao Elizabeth Y , Amirian E Susan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
By late April 2020, public discourse in the United States had shifted toward the idea of using more targeted case-based mitigation tactics (eg, contact tracing) to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission while allowing for the safe “reopening” of society, in an effort to reduce the social, economic, and political ramifications associated with stricter approaches. Expanded tracing-testing efforts were touted as a key solution that would allow for a precision approach, thus preventing economies from having to shut down again. However, it is now clear that many regions of the United States were unable to mount robust enough testing-tracing programs to prevent major resurgences of disease. This viewpoint offers a discussion of why testing-tracing efforts failed to sufficiently mitigate COVID-19 across much of the nation, with the hope that such deliberation will help the US public health community better plan for the future.
Comparing Nasopharyngeal Swab and Early Morning Saliva for the Identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Authors: Rao Mohan , Rashid Fairuz A , Sabri Fashihah S A H , Jamil Nur Nadia , Zain Rozainanee , Hashim Rohaidah , Amran Fairuz , Kok Huey Tean , Samad Md Anuar Abd , Ahmad Norazah 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The ideal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARs-CoV-2) testing method would be accurate and also be patient-performed to reduce exposure to healthcare workers. The aim of this study was to compare patient-performed testing based on a morning saliva sample with the current standard testing method, healthcare worker-collected sampling via a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS).

Methods
This was a prospective single center study which recruited 217 asymptomatic adult male participants in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine center who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 8–10 days prior to isolation. Paired NPS and saliva specimens were collected and processed within 5 hours of sample collection. Real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting Envelope (E) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes was performed and the results were compared.

Results
Overall, 160 of the 217 (74%) participants tested positive for COVID-19 based on saliva, NPS, or both testing methods. The detection rate for SARS-CoV-2 was higher in saliva compared to NPS testing (93.1%, 149/160 vs 52.5%, 84/160, P &lt; .001). The concordance between the 2 tests was 45.6% (virus was detected in both saliva and NPS in 73/160), whereas 47.5% were discordant (87/160 tested positive for 1 whereas negative for the other). The cycle threshold (Ct) values for E and RdRp genes were significantly lower in saliva specimens compared to NP swab specimens.

Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate that saliva is a better alternative specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Taking into consideration, the simplicity of specimen collection, shortage of PPE and the transmissibility of the virus, saliva could enable self-collection for an accurate SARS-CoV-2 surveillance testing.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Viral Load in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Children and Adults With Early Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Baggio Stéphanie , L’Huillier Arnaud G , Yerly Sabine , Bellon Mathilde , Wagner Noémie , Rohr Marie , Huttner Angela , Blanchard-Rohner Géraldine , Loevy Natasha , Kaiser Laurent , Jacquerioz Frédérique , Eckerle Isabella 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The factors that contribute to transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by children are unclear. We analyzed viral load at the time of diagnosis in 53 children and 352 adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the first 5 days post symptom onset. No significant differences in SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads were seen between children and adults.
Linear processes on complex networks
Authors: Jokić Ivan , Van Mieghem Piet 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article studies the dynamics of complex networks with a time-invariant underlying topology, composed of nodes with linear internal dynamics and linear dynamic interactions between them. While graph theory defines the underlying topology of a network, a linear time-invariant state-space model analytically describes the internal dynamics of each node in the network. By combining linear systems theory and graph theory, we provide an explicit analytical solution for the network dynamics in discrete-time, continuous-time and the Laplace domain. The proposed theoretical framework is scalable and allows hierarchical structuring of complex networks with linear processes while preserving the information about network, which makes the approach reversible and applicable to large-scale networks.
Illuminating the Marshall: novel techniques highlighted in an atrial tachycardia case report
Authors: Margato Renato , Tampakis Konstantinos , Albenque Jean Paul , Combes Stephane 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Electroanatomic mapping is usually required in order to obtain a precise diagnosis and guide the ablation of atrial tachycardias (ATs) after ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, epicardial connections may limit the interpretation of the endocardial activation sequence as well as the efficacy of endocardial radiofrequency ablation.

Case summary
A 53-year-old man with history of AF ablation 2 years ago was admitted for ablation of a recurrent AT (cycle length 275 ms). Ultra-high-density mapping with the Rhythmia™ system revealed a challenging activation map with two focal points of early activation in the left atrium. The use of an advanced mapping software allowed the rapid reanalysis and reannotation of the activation map and suggested epicardial involvement of the Marshall bundle (MB). Subsequent ethanol infusion in the vein of Marshall (VOM) immediately terminated the tachycardia. Six months post-ablation, the patient had no recurrence of arrhythmias.

Discussion
This case highlights the role of novel diagnostic and treatment methods in the management of a post-AF ablation AT. By developments in cardiac mapping systems, the rapid editing of a high-density activation map and clarification of the arrhythmia origin can be facilitated overcoming the limitations of conventional techniques. Moreover, ethanol infusion in the VOM was shown to be an effective alternative method in the management of MB-related tachycardias.
Hospital practices for the implementation of patient partnership in a multi-national European region
Authors: Scholtes Beatrice , Breinbauer Mareike , Rinnenburger Mirko , Voyen Madeline , Nguyen-Thi Phi Linh , Ziegler Oliver , Germain Lucie , Böhme Philip , Baumann Michèle , Le Bihan Etienne , Repplinger Jean-Jacques , Spitz Elisabeth , Voz Bernard , Ortiz-Halabi Iness , Dardenne Nadia , Donneau Anne-Françoise , Guillaume Michèle , Bragard Isabelle , Pétré Benoit 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The extent to which patients are involved in their care can be influenced by hospital policies and interventions. Nevertheless, the implementation of patient participation and involvement (PPI) at the organisational (meso) level has rarely been assessed systematically. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of PPI practises in hospitals in Belgium, France, Germany and Luxembourg and to analyze if, and to what extent, the hospital vision and the presence of a patient committee influence the implementation of PPI practises.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire in hospitals in the border regions of the four countries. The data were analyzed for differences between regions and the maturity of PPI development.

Results
Full responses were obtained from 64 hospitals. A wide range of practices were observed, the degree of maturity was mixed. A majority of hospitals promoted patient partnership in the hospital’s philosophy of care statement. However, the implementation of specific interventions for PPI was not found uniformly and differences could be observed between the countries.

Conclusions
Hospitals in the region seem to be motivated to include patients more fully, however, implementation of PPI interventions seems incomplete and only partially integrated into the general functioning of the hospitals. The implementation of the concept seems to be more mature in the francophone part of the region perhaps due, in part, to a more favourable political context.
Team-based primary care program for disabled people and changes in rate of unmet health care needs
Authors: Kim Jung Ae , Choi Yong-jun , Heo Myung-Seok , Oh Chun-Hee , Choi Kyung-Hwa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Few studies have been conducted on the application of specific and practical methods, such as interventions, for reducing the unmet health care needs (UHCN) of disabled people.

Objectives
The study aims to evaluate the impact of the team-based primary care program (TPCP) for disabled people on UHCN.

Method
In 2017, we surveyed 696 disabled people who were enrolled in the TPCP at one of the 11 institutions belonging to the Korea Health Welfare Social Cooperative Federation from 2015 to 2017 to assess their unmet needs before and after enrolment. We conducted a logistic regression analysis before and after the program to evaluate the relationship between participation period and unmet needs after adjusting for physician type, gender, age, drinking, monthly income, disability type, personal assistance services and living alone.

Result
After using the service, the proportion of disabled people with unmet needs decreased from 42.9% to 20.4% for a medical doctor and 43.6% to 18.6% for a Korean medical (KM) doctor. After adjusting for related factors and stratifying with type of physician, the proportion of disabled people with unmet needs decreased significantly in response to the participation period for the medical doctor-involved program (P-trend &lt; 0.001); this was not observed in the KM counterpart (P-trend = 0.6).

Conclusion
The TPCP for disabled people provides disease prevention, health care and health promotion activities and is crucial for solving the unmet needs.
Health promotion capacity and institutional systems: an assessment of the South African Department of Health
Authors: Rwafa-Ponela Teurai , Christofides Nicola , Eyles John , Goudge Jane 
Published: August 2020

Summary
Health promotion (HP) capacity of staff and institutions is critical for health-promoting programmes to address social determinants of health and effectively contribute to disease prevention. HP capacity mapping initiatives are the first step to identify gaps to guide capacity strengthening and inform resource allocation. In low-and-middle-income countries, there is limited evidence on HP capacity. We assessed collective and institutional capacity to prioritize, plan, deliver, monitor and evaluate HP within the South African Department of Health (DoH). A concurrent mixed methods study that drew on data collected using a participatory HP capacity assessment tool. We held five 1-day workshops (one national, two provincial and two districts) with DoH staff (n = 28). Participants completed self-assessments of collective capacity across three areas: technical, coordinating and systems capacity using a four-point Likert scale. HP capacity scores were analysed and presented as means with standard deviations (SDs). Thematic analysis of verbatim transcripts of audio-recorded group discussions that provided rationale and evidence for scores were conducted using deductive and inductive codes. At all levels, groups revealed that capacity to develop long-term, sustainable HP interventions was limited. We found limited collaboration between national and provincial HP levels. There was limited monitoring of HP indicators in the health information system. Coordination of HP efforts across different sectors was largely absent. Lack of capacity in budgeting emerged as a major challenge, with few resources available to conduct HP activities at any level. Overall, the capacity mean score was 2.08/4.00 (SD = 0.83). There is need to overcome institutional barriers, and strengthen capacity for HP implementation, support and evaluation within the South African DoH.
Fine-mapping genetic associations
Authors: Hutchinson Anna , Asimit Jennifer , Wallace Chris 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhilst thousands of genetic variants have been associated with human traits, identifying the subset of those variants that are causal requires a further ‘fine-mapping’ step. We review the basic fine-mapping approach, which is computationally fast and requires only summary data, but depends on an assumption of a single causal variant per associated region which is recognized as biologically unrealistic. We discuss different ways that the approach has been built upon to accommodate multiple causal variants in a region and to incorporate additional layers of functional annotation data. We further review methods for simultaneous fine-mapping of multiple datasets, either exploiting different linkage disequilibrium (LD) structures across ancestries or borrowing information between distinct but related traits. Finally, we look to the future and the opportunities that will be offered by increasingly accurate maps of causal variants for a multitude of human traits.
The role of the stem cell epigenome in normal aging and rejuvenative therapy
Authors: Jayarajan Jeyan , Milsom Michael D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adult stem cells are ultimately responsible for the lifelong maintenance of regenerating of tissues during both homeostasis and following injury. Hence, the functional attrition of adult stem cells is thought to be an important driving factor behind the progressive functional decline of tissues and organs that is observed during aging. The mechanistic cause underlying this age-associated exhaustion of functional stem cells is likely to be complex and multifactorial. However, it is clear that progressive remodeling of the epigenome and the resulting deregulation of gene expression programs can be considered a hallmark of aging, and is likely a key factor in mediating altered biological function of aged stem cells. In this review, we outline cell intrinsic and extrinsic mediators of epigenome remodeling during aging; discuss how such changes can impact on stem cell function; and describe how resetting the aged epigenome may rejuvenate some of the biological characteristics of stem cells.