bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Compensating Climate Change Damages
Authors: Wündisch Joachim 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change is expected to contribute to mass migration from many different regions. Heyward and Ödalen (2016) propose a tailor-made migration option for victims of total territorial loss: a Free Movement Passport for the Territorially Dispossessed (PTD). The PTD presents a significant advancement over standard proposals for individual migration in response to total territorial loss. However, I argue that the compensatory obligations of states are more restrictive than the PTD scheme assumes (sec. 5), and that the contents of the right to compensation of the territorially dispossessed are not as far-reaching as required by it (sec. 6). In response to these difficulties, I argue that its purpose is better served by means of collective migration and propose a Passport for Territorially Dispossessed Collectives, which is also well positioned to serve as a framework for compensating a range of other climate-change related losses (sec. 9).
Elaborating a people-centered approach to understanding sustainable livelihoods under climate and environmental change: Thang Binh District, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam
Authors: Mabon Leslie , Nguyen Song Tung , Pham Thi Tram , Tran Thi Tuyet , Le Hong Ngoc , Doan Thi Thu Huong , Hoang Thi Ngoc Ha , Mueller-Hirth Natascha , Vertigans Stephen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the maintenance of livelihoods under climate, environmental, and economic development pressures, through the case of Thang Binh District in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Within widespread recognition of the need to link sustainable livelihoods approaches with climate change adaptation, there is growing awareness of the importance of people-centered approaches which keep the diverse experience, capabilities, and knowledges of the most vulnerable at the heart of sustainable livelihoods thinking. In response, this paper explores the conditions for changes in modes of livelihoods in a case study area where top-down strategies for sustainable livelihoods are met with residents’ diverse experiences of vulnerability, and where climate and environmental changes shape residents’ relations with the landscape. The research is undertaken via interviews with residents, farmers/fishers, and local government officials. Our study finds that whilst government-led initiatives for sustainable livelihoods are welcomed in the locality, inflexible policies can make it challenging for the most vulnerable people to access support. Moreover, residents see the capacity to live with and respond to extreme weather events as a critical component of maintaining a sustainable livelihood. Our findings reinforce international literature, showing that ‘the poor’ are not a homogenous category, and illustrate the importance of attention to the smallest levels of government who are tasked with putting sustainable livelihoods initiatives into practice in relation to people’s daily lives.
Lanreotide autogel/depot in advanced enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: final results of the CLARINET open-label extension study
Authors: Caplin Martyn E. , Pavel Marianne , Phan Alexandria T. , Ćwikła Jarosław B. , Sedláčková Eva , Thanh Xuan-Mai Truong , Wolin Edward M. , Ruszniewski Philippe ,   on behalf of the CLARINET Investigators
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
In the phase III CLARINET study (NCT00353496), lanreotide autogel/depot (lanreotide) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) vs placebo in patients with non-functioning intestinal or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). The aim of CLARINET open-label extension (OLE) (NCT00842348) was to evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of lanreotide in these patients.

Methods
Patients from the CLARINET study were eligible for the OLE if they had stable disease (irrespective of treatment group) or progressive disease (PD) (placebo-treated patients only). All patients in the OLE received lanreotide 120 mg every 28 days. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans were conducted every 6 months and assessed locally for PD (the final scan was also assessed centrally).

Results
Overall, 89 patients took part in the OLE (lanreotide, n = 42; placebo, n = 47). Median (range) exposure to lanreotide in patients who received lanreotide in the core study and OLE (LAN–LAN group) was 59.0 (26.0–102.3) months. In this group, the overall incidences of adverse events (AEs) and treatment-related AEs were lower in the OLE than in the core study. Median [95% CI] PFS in the LAN–LAN group was 38.5 [30.9; 59.4] months. In placebo-treated patients with PD at the end of the core study, time to death or subsequent PD during the OLE was 19 [10.1; 26.7] months.

Conclusions
This study provides new evidence on the long-term safety profile and sustained anti-tumour effects of lanreotide autogel/depot in indolent and progressive metastatic intestinal or pancreatic NETs.
The Role of Fertility in the Demography of Grandparenthood: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Di Gessa Giorgio , Bordone Valeria , Arpino Bruno 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGrandparents play an important role in their family’s lives. However, little is known about the demography of grandparenthood. Given dramatic recent changes in fertility, we explore the role of number of children and age at first birth in the timing of the transition into grandparenthood focusing on Italy, a country with well-known North-South fertility differentials. We used data from the 2009 Italian Survey ‘Family and Social Relations’ (N = 10,186) to estimate median ages of grandparenthood across three birth cohorts of parents (1920–29; 1930–39; 1940–49). Findings show an overall postponement of age of grandparenthood of 5 years, shifting for women from early to mid- or late-50s (in the South and North, respectively). Such postponement is largely driven by family compositional changes: although the age of grandparenthood among mothers of three or more children has not changed much over cohorts, the percentage of mothers with such characteristic decreased significantly. The heterogeneity in experiencing the transition to grandparenthood has implications for intergenerational transfers and other roles in later life.
Timescales and Magnitude of Water Quality Change in Three Texas Estuaries Induced by Passage of Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Walker Lily M. , Montagna Paul A. , Hu Xinping , Wetz Michael S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTropical cyclones represent a substantial disturbance to water quality in coastal ecosystems via storm surge, winds, and flooding. However, evidence to date suggests that the impacts of tropical cyclones on water quality are generally short-lived (days-months) and that the magnitude of the disturbance is related to proximity to storm track. Discrete and continuous water samples were collected in three Texas estuaries before and after Hurricane Harvey made landfall in 2017. Of the three estuaries, the Guadalupe Estuary and its watershed received the highest rainfall totals and wind speeds. An ephemeral increase in salinity was observed (mean of 9.8 on 24 August 2017 to a peak of 32.1 on 26 August 2017) due to storm surge and was followed by a rapid decrease to < 1 as floodwaters reached the estuary. Salinity returned to pre-storm levels within 1 month. During the low salinity period, bottom water hypoxia developed and lasted for 9 days. In all three estuaries, there was an increase in inorganic nutrients post-Harvey, but the nutrients largely returned to pre-storm baseline levels by winter. The lack of long-term water quality impacts from Harvey despite its severity corroborates previous findings that estuarine water quality tends to return to baseline conditions within days to a few months after storm passage.
Management of pediatric forearm fractures: what is the best therapeutic choice? A narrative review of the literature
Authors: Caruso G. , Caldari E. , Sturla F. D. , Caldaria A. , Re D. L. , Pagetti P. , Palummieri F. , Massari L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This narrative review intends to summarize the most important and relevant data on diagnosis and treatment of pediatric forearm fractures and to describe the characteristics and advantage of each therapeutic option.

Methods
We conducted a literature research considering peer-reviewed papers (mainly clinical trials or scientific reviews) using the string “forearm fracture AND epidemiology” or “forearm fracture AND diagnosis or “ forearm fracture AND treatment” or “forearm fracture AND casting” or “forearm fracture AND surgery”. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) till April 2020 and reference lists of retrieved articles. Only English-language articles were included in the review.

Results
Conservative management with cast immobilization is a safe and successful treatment option in pediatric forearm fractures. Surgical indication is recommended when an acceptable reduction cannot be obtained with closed reduction and casting. Surgical treatment options are intramedullary nail, plating and hybrid fixation.

Conclusions
There is not a unique consensus about fracture management and treatment. Further studies are necessary to create univocal guidelines about optimal treatment, considering new techniques and available technologies.
Resuscitation with an AED: putting the data to use
Authors: Bak M. A. R. , Blom M. T. , Koster R. W. , Ploem M. C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe increased use of the automated external defibrillator (AED) contributes to the rising survival rate after sudden cardiac arrest in the Netherlands. When used, the AED records the unconscious person’s medical data (heart rhythm and information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation), which may be important for further diagnosis and treatment. In practice, ethical and legal questions arise about what can and should be done with these ‘AED data’. In this article, the authors advocate the development of national guidelines on the handling of AED data. These guidelines should serve two purposes: (1) to safeguard that data are handled carefully in accordance with data protection principles and the rules of medical confidentiality; and (2) to ensure nationwide availability of data for care of patients who survive resuscitation, as well as for quality monitoring of this care and for related scientific research. Given the medical ethical duties of beneficence and fairness, existing (sometimes lifesaving) information about AED use ought to be made available to clinicians and researchers on a structural basis. Creating a national AED data infrastructure, however, requires overcoming practical and organisational barriers. In addition, further legal study is warranted.
Moderate Temperature Treatment of Gas-Phase Volatile Organic Toluene Using NiO and NiO–TiO2 Nano-catalysts: Characterization and Kinetic Behaviors
Authors: Almomani Fares , Bhosale Rahul R. , Khraisheh Majeda 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
For the first time, the potential of Ni/NiO and NiO–TiO2 nano-catalysts for the oxidation of toluene under moderate temperatures was investigated. The nano-catalysts were prepared using the solution combustion synthesis method (SCSM) and the effect of the composition of nano-catalysts, the inlet toluene concentration $$([\text{C}_{7} {\text{H}}_{8}]_{in})$$

(

[

C
7

H
8

]

in

)

, the relative humidity (RH), and the temperature on the percentage of toluene conversion ($$\% {\text{TN}}_{Conv.} )$$

%

TN

C
o
n
v
.

)

were subsequently examined. Results revealed that the nano-catalysts synthesized with a low fuel-to-metal ratio produced pure NiO, which has significant catalytic activity toward the conversion of toluene. Conversely, the high fuel-to-metal ratio generated a nano-catalysts that contains a mixture of Ni/NiO or pure Ni with low activity toward the conversion of toluene. Adding NiO to TiO2 increased the surface area of the catalyst, augmented the catalyst active sites, enhanced the oxidation of toluene, and increased CO2 selectivity ($${\text{S}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$

S

CO
2

). NiO and NiO–TiO2 nano-catalysts exhibited higher reaction rates, significant catalyst turnover frequency, and low activation energy. The obtained results revealed that the SCSM is a promising synthesis method for producing NiO or NiO–TiO2 nano-catalysts, which can be employed successfully for the removal of toluene from gas streams.

Graphic Abstract
Robotic-assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer: single Western center results
Authors: Marano Luigi , D’Ignazio Alessia , Resca Luca , Marrelli Daniele , Roviello Franco 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA robotic approach to abdominal surgery procedures may improve postoperative outcomes compared to either open or laparoscopic approaches. The role of robotics for gastric surgery, however, is still being evaluated. A retrospective review of the prospectively maintained database for robotic gastric surgery at University of Siena between 2011 and 2020 was conducted. Data regarding surgical procedures, early postoperative outcomes, and long-term follow-up were analyzed. 38 patients underwent robotic partial or total gastrectomy. Conversion to open occurred in two patients (5.2%) due to locally advanced disease as well as difficult identification of primary lesion. Postoperative morbidity was 13.1% while no postoperative mortality was registered. The mean length of operation was 358.6 (220–650) minutes and the mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was 35.8 (range: 5–73). The median OS of all population was 70.9 months. The median 5-year OS for the patients with positive nodes was worse than that of patients without metastatic lymph nodes [51.4 months (95% CI 35.5–67.4) vs. 79.5 months (95% CI 67.1–91.8);p = 0.079]. The interesting results including postoperative morbidity as well as mortality rate, the surgical outcomes, and the 5-year OS, were to be acceptable considering the data recorded by previous studies on robotic gastrectomy. This study demonstrated that robotic gastrectomy is feasible and can be safely performed. However, further follow-up and randomized clinical trials are required to confirm the role of a robotic approach in gastric cancer surgery.
Experimental and Theoretical Determination of the Effective Penetration Depth of Ultrafast Laser Radiation in Stainless Steel
Authors: Metzner Daniel , Olbrich Markus , Lickschat Peter , Horn Alexander , Weißmantel Steffen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study intends to present a simple two-temperature model (TTM) for the fast calculation of the ablation depth as well as the corresponding effective penetration depth for stainless steel by considering temperature-dependent material parameters. The model is validated by a comparison of the calculated to the experimentally determined ablation depth and the corresponding effective penetration depth in dependence on the pulse duration (200 fs up to 10 ps) and the fluence. The TTM enables to consider the interaction of pulsed laser radiation with the electron system and the subsequent interaction of the electrons with the phonon system. The theoretical results fit very well to the experimental results and enable the understanding of the dependence of the ablation depth and of the effective penetration depth on the pulse duration. Laser radiation with a pulse duration in the femtosecond regime results in larger ablation depths compared to longer-pulsed laser radiation in the picosecond regime. Analogously to the ablation depth, larger effective penetration depths are observed due to considerably higher electron temperatures for laser radiation with pulse durations in the femtosecond regime.
Making the anaesthetised animal into a boundary object: an analysis of the 1875 Royal Commission on Vivisection
Authors: Holmes Tarquin , Friese Carrie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper explores how, at the 1875 Royal Commission on Vivisection, the anaesthetised animal was construed as a boundary object around which “cooperation without consensus” (Star, in: Esterbrook (ed) Computer supported cooperative work: cooperation or conflict? Springer, London, 1993) could form, serving the interests of both scientists and animals. Advocates of anaesthesia presented it as benevolently intervening between the scientific agent and animal patient. Such articulations of ‘ethical’ vivisection through anaesthesia were then mandated in the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act, and thus have had significant downstream effects on the regulation of laboratory animals in Britain and beyond. Constructing this ‘consensus’ around the anaesthetised animal, however, required first excluding abolitionists and inhumane scientists, and secondly limiting the interests of experimental animals to the avoidance of pain through anaesthesia and euthanasia, thereby circumventing the issue of their possible interest in future life. This consensus also served to secure the interests of vivisecting scientists and to limit the influence of public opinion in the laboratory to administrative procedure and scheduled inspection. The focus on anaesthesia was connected with discussions of what supporting infrastructures were required to ensure proper ethical procedure was carried out by scientists. In contrast to the much studied polarisation in British society between pro- and antivivisectionists after 1876, we understand the 1875 Commission as a conflict amongst scientists themselves, while also being an intra-class conflict amongst the ruling class (French in Antivivisection and medical science in Victorian society, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1975).
The multiplex nature of global financial contagions
Authors: del Rio-Chanona R. Maria , Korniyenko Yevgeniya , Patnam Manasa , Porter Mason A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs illustrated by the 2008 global financial crisis, the financial distress of one country can trigger financial distress in other countries. We examine the problem of identifying such “systemically important” countries (i.e., countries whose financial distress can trigger further distress), which is important for assessing global financial stability. Using data on bilateral financial positions that are split by asset type, we build a multiplex global financial network in which nodes represent countries, edges encode cross-country financial assets of various types, and layers represent asset types. We examine the temporal evolution of a measure of node importance known as MultiRank centrality, and we find that several major European countries decrease in rank and that several major Asian countries increase in rank since 2008. We then develop a multiplex threshold model of financial contagions in which a shock can propagate either within a layer or between layers. We find that the number of systemically important countries can be twice as large when we take into account the heterogeneity of financial exposures (i.e., when using a multiplex network) than in a contagion on an associated aggregate global financial network (i.e., on a monolayer network), as is often examined in other studies. We also study the extent to which buffers can reduce the propagation of financial distress. Our analysis suggests that accounting for both intralayer and interlayer propagation of contagions in a multiplex structure of financial assets is important for understanding interconnected financial systems of countries.
Effects of Testosterone Deficiency and Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension on the Biomechanics of Intramural Coronary Arteries
Authors: Jósvai Attila , Török Marianna , Mátrai Máté , Hetthéssy Judit , Monori-Kiss Anna , Makk Jennifer , Székács Béla , Nádasy György L. , Várbíró Szabolcs 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Andropause and hypertension also increase the risk of coronary artery damage.

Aim
To investigate the effect of testosterone deficiency and hypertension on intramural coronary vessels.

Methods
4 groups of 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: control male (Co, n=10), orchidectomized male (OCT, n=13), angiotensin (AII) hypertensive male (AII, n=10), and AII hypertensive and OCT (AII + OCT, n=8). Surgical orchidectomy was performed, and an osmotic minipump was inserted for chronic angiotensin II infusion (100 ng/min/kg). After 4 weeks, spontaneous tone and biomechanical properties of the intramural coronary resistance artery were investigated in vitro, by pressure microarteriography.

Outcomes
Morphology and biomechanics of the intramural coronaries were evaluated: the outer diameter, wall thickness–to–lumen diameter ratio, and tangential wall stress in the contracted and relaxed states.

Results
The outer diameter was reduced in OCT and AII + OCT groups (on 50 mmHg 315 ± 20 Co; 237 ± 21 OCT; 291 ± 16 AII, and 166 ± 12 μm AII + OCT). The increased wall thickness–to–lumen diameter ratio resulted in lower tangential wall stress in AII + OCT rats (on 50 mmHg 19 ± 2 Co; 24 ± OCT; 26 ± 5 AII, and 9 ± 1 kPa AII + OCT). Spontaneous tone was increased in the hypertensive rats (AII and AII + OCT groups) (on 50 mmHg 7.7 ± 1.8 Co; 6.1 ± 1.4 OCT; 14.5 ± 3.0 AII, and 17.4 ± 4.1 % AII + OCT).

Clinical Implications
Andropause alone can be considered as a cardiovascular risk factor that will further exacerbate vascular damage in hypertension.

Strengths & Limitations
A limitation of our study is that it was performed on relatively young rats, and the conclusions might not apply to coronary remodelling in older animals with slower adaptation processes.

Conclusions
Testosterone deficiency and hypertension damage the mechanical adaptation of the vessel wall additively: double noxa caused inward eutrophic remodeling and increased tone.
The maintenance of friendships after severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Bertram Tennille , Togher Leanne , Power Emma , Douglas Jacinta 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:The aim of this qualitative study was to understand processes involved in the maintenance and development of friendships after a person sustains a traumatic brain injury (TBI).Method:Four people with severe TBI from rural settings in Australia identified one-to-two friends to be interviewed. A total of nine friends participated in a semi-structured interview. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data was analyzed using principles of grounded theory.Results:The overall conceptualisation that emerged from the data described the process of friends actively placing themselves within the friendship with the person with TBI. Two major processes were evident which enabled friends to actively place themselves within the friendship. They were (1) making sense of the TBI and its consequences and (2) maintaining normality in the friendship.Conclusions:Friendships can be maintained following a TBI when friends actively place themselves within the friendships. Friends are able to do this when they make sense of the TBI and its consequences and maintain normality. There are a variety of ways that friends achieve this.