bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Standard Setting in Internet Governance
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The standards development organization’s (SDO) role in Internet governance is notable given its central place in society. The bulk of decision-making for the Internet takes place in technical standards fora, such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which have no formal state or public sector body membership. Recent years have seen a significant degree of spill-over of highly politicized policy areas such as data protection, digital rights management, security, and bandwidth and spectrum to SDOs, policies which were formerly domains of the nation state. SDOs are grappling with the efficiency of cloud storage, limits of spectrum use, and autonomy and management of devices. Security questions abound as demonstrated by the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Snowden revelations. The book breaks new ground by exploring decision-making within SDOs. It provides an invaluable insight into a world, which, although highly technical, affects the way in which citizens live and work on a daily basis. The work stands out from existing literature on Internet governance, which focuses on international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). As such, it adds significantly to the trajectory of research that explores the relationship between politics and protocols. It explains the interplay between different interests and whether civil society and other actors are able to defend and promote citizens’ rights within SDOs. As such, it contributes to knowledge about how the public interest is promoted.
Global Standard-setting in Internet Governance
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter charts the debate on and importance of global standard-setting for the Internet and for Internet governance more broadly. Despite being highly contested, the importance of standards-developing organizations (SDOs) for ensuring and maintaining the openness, interconnectivity, and security of the Internet are critical. Their utility is outlined before setting out the central guiding questions, and aims and objectives of the book, theoretically and empirically. The added value of the approach taken in relation to SDO decision-making is explicated. The chapter then details developments within SDOs to address the public interest. It concludes with the structure, argument, and logic of the remaining chapters, with explanation of the choice of case studies, namely privacy/security, mobile communications standards, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and copyright. Each chapter in the book assesses the public interest in SDO decision-making and the mechanisms that have affected the direction of standards’ development.
Technical Standards, Dynamic Spectrum Access, and Competing Spectrum Policy Interests in the TV White Space Environment
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Digitization of the airwaves and the consequent ‘digital dividend’ led to the vacating of key parts of the spectrum, the main recipients of which were mobile broadband service providers. However, this has trained the focus of still unsatisfied demands of certain providers to a lesser-known part of the spectrum called TV white spaces. White spaces are spectrum buffer zones constructed to prevent interference between broadcasters. Historically, these spaces were occupied by providers of Programme Making and Special Events (PMSE) services, like wireless microphones and wireless in-ear monitor (IEM) systems, which were used mainly in large venues and productions (e.g. concerts halls, churches, schools, theatres, sports and political events). However, as white spaces were considered under-occupied, it led to pressure for them to be opened up to a wider range of users and lower power Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Initiatives to reform TVWS use, led by the United States and the United Kingdom, are underpinned by vital technical standards with the aim of introducing computer-mediated Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) to implement use of the wireless environment. The chapter highlights the contingent nature of technical standards-making in processes of TVWS development in that it shows how opportunities presented by technical standards are constrained by conflict when powerful incumbent interests from commercial, public service, and civil society quarters present opposition to such change.
Engineers and the Public Interest
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Although tracking via social media platforms is widely recognized, as demonstrated by the Cambridge Analytica/Facebook scandal in 2018, other forms of tracking are less well known. Devices such as computers, cameras, and mobile phones can be identified by indicators such as screen size, software versions, and installed fonts. This is called ‘browser fingerprinting’. Commercial software can ‘fingerprint’ web browsers and analyse use without users’ knowledge, even when these users are aware enough to block browsing cookies and/or use virtual private networks (VPNs). This raised significant interest and concern from the engineering community which prompted a number of initiatives within standards-developing organizations (SDOs). This chapter covers case studies detailing work to mitigate the evasion of personal privacy in protocol development within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It demonstrates how SDO work is flanked and supported externally by academics, digital rights groups, and wider civil society organizations.
Introduction
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This is the Introduction to the book. It introduces the four parts of the book: a prolegomenon discussing different ways one might travel in time; a discussion of some of the paradoxes of time travel; a discussion of the most important paradox—the Grandfather Paradox—and its proposed resolutions; and finally, a discussion of what the world would be like were the chosen response to the Grandfather Paradox, ‘Impossability Theory’, true. This Introduction also includes a discussion about defining ‘time travel’ and why the chapter declines to offer an explicit definition.
The Self-Visitation Paradox
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
If time travel is possible, you can come back and visit yourself. In such a case you would have incompatible properties (e.g. two different heights or weights), which is seemingly impossible. This chapter argues that it’s not impossible; rather, time travellers simply end up having incompatible properties. We can, and should, eschew sophisticated metaphysical theories to avoid this upshot, which is less worrisome than it might at first appear. The chapter ends by discussing whether the possibility of such self-visitation might nonetheless tell us something interesting about ontology (e.g. that perdurantism is true). The chapter argues that it does not.
The Bootstrapping Paradox
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Bootstrapped things are things which are, at least partially, responsible for their own existence. For instance, a bootstrapped object might be someone who was their own mother whilst bootstrapped knowledge might exist because someone uses a time machine to go back in time and tell themselves how to make that time machine. The Bootstrapping Paradox is this: time travel is possible; were time travel possible, bootstrapped entities would be possible; such entities are impossible. This chapter investigates the different types of bootstrapped entity (objects, information, and causal loops). It then argues that you can avoid the paradox by denying that time travel necessitates bootstrapped objects and, more importantly, that there are also no good reasons to think bootstrapped entities are impossible.
The Grandfather Paradox
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Grandfather Paradox is as follows: time travel is possible; were time travel possible, I could go back in time and kill my grandfather before he met my grandmother; such an act of murder is impossible. Since we have a contradiction, we have to give up on one of the premises (with many presuming that we should give up on time travel’s possibility). This paradox is the focus of most of the book, so most of the chapter is spent explaining the details of the paradox and its different variations. Crucially, this chapter delivers a lengthy exposition of the most pressing version of the paradox; it is referred to frequently in the remainder of the book. The chapter ends by also sketching the proposed solutions that the rest of the book discusses.
Incapacity Theory
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We can solve the Grandfather Paradox by arguing that, when I go back to kill my grandfather, I lose the ability to kill him. Call this incapacity theory. I do not believe this theory is correct. This chapter argues that this is David Lewis’s view. His argument for it focuses on how we analyse the words ‘can’ and ‘could’. But if you take the Grandfather Paradox seriously, you should take contemporary advances in modality seriously and believe in impossible worlds and non-trivial counterpossibles. Once we do that, we can reconstruct a variant Grandfather Paradox which is immune to the incapacity theorist’s argument.
Probability
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
How would probability work in a time travel scenario? This chapter offers answers for both the Ludovician and the non-Ludovician who believes the world is indexed. Given Ludovicianism (and impossability theory), metaphysical impossibilities can have a positive objective chance. Nevertheless, we should say our credence of these things coming about is zero. The chapter argues that the upshot of this is that we should never expect any time travel to happen. Indeed, the more likely it looks as if you can travel in time (and, e.g., build a working time machine), the more likely it is that some calamity affects you (or all of us!) to prevent that happening. At an indexed world, things work substantially differently. At an indexed world, credence and chance don’t come apart. The chapter argues that at an indexed world, we might expect time travel to occur.
Decision Theory
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Given Ludovicianism, strange things happen in time travel cases. Imagine my future self appears, dying of radiation sickness. Before dying, he (me?) reveals that a nuclear war will kill us all. Time cannot be changed, so war looks likely. But if you use excessive means (e.g. torture/hypnosis) to make me believe a war has taken place (when none had!), poison me with polonium, and send me back in time, we’d have a consistent scenario but everyone (expect myself) gets to live. Is it rational to use excessive means? This is a type of Newcomb case. The chapter argues that ‘one-boxers’ should use excessive means. ‘Two-boxers’ should also use excessive means, even though they should nevertheless two-box in standard Newcomb cases. The chapter ends with an Appendix about regular Newcomb cases, arguing that in ‘perfect predictor’ cases its reasoning means that the ‘two-boxer’ should instead select one-box.
The Tourist Paradox
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We may think that the lack of time travellers from the future is evidence that time travel is physically impossible. This is the ‘Tourist Paradox’. After the chapter introduces the paradox, and discusses some of the extant solutions, it argues that the best solution is that—given Ludovicianism—we should never expect there to be time travellers, no matter how high the objective chance of people travelling in time. The chapter argues that the upshot is that we are rationally obligated to avoid conducting any experiment that, even accidentally, brings about time travel. It ends by sketching how that might bear on how we conduct contemporary high-energy experiments.
Mix up your routine, as cicadas with prime number cycles
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Mix up your routine, as cicadas with prime number cycles” explains in non-technical terms how cicadas’ prime number life cycles—either thirteen or seventeen years, depending on the brood—serve as an evolutionary advantage that helps them minimize predator encounters. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to learn a lesson from cicadas’ prime number life cycles in their mathematical and life pursuits by mixing up their routines and surfacing at unusual intervals in order to thrive. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Grow in accessible directions, like Voronoi diagrams
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Grow in accessible directions, like Voronoi diagrams” offers an accessible introduction to the mathematics of Voronoi diagrams—a separation of a two-dimensional plane into regions known as “cells” based on “sites.” In a Voronoi diagram, any point inside a cell is closer to the site of its cell than the site of any other cell. The discussion includes numerous real-life examples of Voronoi diagrams—also known as a Voronoi tessellations—in nature and regional planning. The discussion is supplemented with numerous hand-drawn sketches to enhance understanding. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to draw inspiration from Voronoi diagrams by growing in accessible directions in mathematical and life pursuits. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Define success for yourself, given Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Define success for yourself, given Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem” explains different voting methods, including plurality voting, run-off voting, sequential run-off, Borda count, and dictatorship, and explains how Kenneth Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem proves that, in an election with three or more candidates, the only fair voting system is a dictatorship. That is, every voting method other than a dictatorship has a known problem with fairness. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to consider the many “candidates” for defining “success” in mathematical and life pursuits before letting their vote be the only vote in electing a personal definition of success. This way, Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem assures a fair outcome. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Reach for the stars, just like Katherine Johnson
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Reach for the stars, just like Katherine Johnson” tells the story of the mathematics and mathematician behind NASA’s 1961 Apollo spacecraft flown by astronaut John Glenn. When Glen grew concerned that NASA had switched to an inanimate computer for checking computations regarding re-entry into the atmosphere, he insisted that human computer and mathematician Katherine Johnson check the numbers. Johnson needed to consider drag, aerodynamic lift, vacuum perigee altitude, the spacecraft’s center of gravity, and more to ensure a safe reentry corridor. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. Katherine Johnson, whose biography is summarized, was an African American woman who worked in NASA’s Research Flight Division at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to reach for literal and metaphorical stars in mathematical and life pursuits. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Find the right match, as with binary numbers and computers
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Find the right match, as with binary numbers and computers” offers a non-technical introduction to binary numbers—an alternative to decimal numbers that is well suited to computers. Readers learn how to covert a decimal number into a binary number and a binary number into a decimal number by way of numerous hand-drawn illustrations of turned-on and turned-off light bulbs. Readers also make sense of the humor behind the joke that states, “there are 10 kinds of people in the world: those who understand binary numbers and those who do not.” Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to work to arrive at a place where they gain facility with binary numbers as practice for gaining agility in searching for the right fit in mathematics and life. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Look all around, as Archimedes did in life
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Look all around, as Archimedes did in life” offers a range of tales about Archimedes doing mathematics in unusual places, including in the bathtub, under starry skies, and at the beach. Out in the world, he identified a method for computing the volume of an irregular shape, invented a parabolic death ray, explored properties of levers, and argued that a “very large number” is not the same as infinity. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged draw inspiration from Archimedes by doing math wherever they are while going about their daily lives. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Look for beauty, because of Fibonacci numbers
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Look for beauty, because of Fibonacci numbers” explains how to use addition to construct an ordered list of numbers known as the Fibonacci numbers. The chapter explores several unexpected and lovely examples of these numbers in nature, including the numbers of clockwise and counterclockwise spirals in sunflowers, cacti, and pinecones. The discussion includes numerous photographs illustrating Fibonacci numbers in nature. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to accept the daily invitation to practice searching for and finding abundant mathematical beauty around them. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Pay attention to details, as Earth is an oblate spheroid
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Pay attention to details, as Earth is an oblate spheroid” explains that, due to gravitational and rotational forces, all planets in the solar system could more accurately be described as oblate spheroids—squashed spheres—rather than spheres. For example, the difference between Earth’s polar and equatorial diameters is small—approximately 26 miles—but present. Saturn’s moons, which have been described as tiny ravioli, are also not spherical. Many cosmologists believe not in an infinite universe but a doughnut-shaped universe. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. In this chapter, mathematics students and enthusiasts learn some of the “why” behind these facts, in addition to fostering an appreciation for paying attention to the smallest details in mathematics and life. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Search for like-minded math friends, because of the Twin Prime Conjecture
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Search for like-minded math friends, because of the Twin Prime Conjecture” tells the story of a famous conjecture about prime numbers and the unknown mathematician, Yitang Zhang, who reported a significant breakthrough on the problem that earned him a MacArthur Fellowship. The Twin Prime Conjecture is a statement claiming that the number of prime number pairs that differ by two is infinite. Even though remote parts of the number line have a sparse distribution of primes, mathematicians suspect that the claim is true. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to draw inspiration from this story by searching for like-minded friends in their mathematical and life pursuits. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Abandon perfectionism, because of the Hairy Ball Theorem
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Abandon perfectionism, because of the Hairy Ball Theorem” explains the mathematics behind the Hairy Ball Theorem, including a basic introduction to topological equivalence, vectors, and continuous vector fields. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. Readers will understand the meaning of mathematical sayings arising from the theorem, including, “you can’t comb a hairy ball,” “every cow has a cowlick,” and “there is always one place on Earth where the wind is not blowing.” Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to let the Hairy Ball Theorem serve as a reminder that perfection in mathematics and life is often an impossible goal and that it is often enough, maybe even desirable, to do one’s very best. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Design your own pattern, because of the Penrose Patterns
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Design your own pattern, because of the Penrose Patterns” explores translational, rotational, and reflective symmetry common in wallpaper patterns, along with symmetry of scale evident in Sir Roger Penrose’s famous Penrose Pattern. The chapter is illustrated with numerous examples of mathematical patterns and recounts stories surrounding Penrose’s discovery, including the time the multinational corporation Kleenex attempted to use the Penrose Pattern on its “quilted” toilet paper—a decision that was not received well by Penrose. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to design and treasure their own patterns in mathematics and life. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Keep it simple whenever possible, since 0.999…=1
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Keep it simple whenever possible, since 0.999…=1” presents and discusses a very short mathematical proof demonstrating the long-known result that 0.999…=1. The ellipsis in the number 0.999… indicates that this number repeats in an infinite decimal expansion. As such, this number is unwieldy to lug around, insert into equations, and even describe. However, the number 1 is not simply a good approximation for 0.999…., but rather the number 1 may be used in place of 0.999… without loss of information. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to keep their mathematical and life pursuits simple whenever possible. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Explore, on a Mobius strip
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Explore, on a Mobius strip” offers an introduction to the mathematical subfield of topology by way of numerous hand-drawn sketches and an accessible discussion of going for a “walk” on a one-sided, one-edged Mobius strip—also known as a Mobius band. The chapter provides directions for making a Mobius strip out of paper and examining its mathematical properties. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to explore more in both mathematics and life in order to expand their worldview. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.