bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Radio Variability of the Blazar 3C 454.3
Authors: Tripathi Ashutosh , Gupta Alok C. , Smith Krista Lynne , Wiita Paul J. , Aller Margo F. , Volvach Alexandr E. , Lähteenmäki Anne , Aller Hugh D. , Tornikoski Merja , Volvach Larisa N. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We examine lengthy radio light curves of the flat spectrum radio galaxy 3C 454.3 for possible quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs). The data used in this work were collected at five radio frequencies, 4.8, 8.0, 14.5, 22.0, and 37.0 GHz between 1979 and 2013 as observed at the University of Michigan Radio Astronomical Observatory, Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, and Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory. We employ generalized Lomb–Scargle periodogram and weighted wavelet transform analyses to search for periodicities in these light curves. We confirm a QPO period of ∼2000 days to be at least 4σ significant using both methods at all five radio frequencies between 1979 and 2007, after which a strong flare changed the character of the light curve. We also find a ∼600 day period, which is at least 4σ significant, but only in the 22.0 and 37.0 GHz light curves. We briefly discuss physical mechanisms capable of producing such variations.
Size Growth on Short Timescales of Star-forming Galaxies: Insights from Size Variation with Rest-frame Wavelength with JADES
Authors: Jia Cheng , Wang Enci , Wang Huiyuan , Li Hui , Yao Yao , Song Jie , Zhang Hongxin , Rong Yu , Chen Yangyao , Yu Haoran , Chen Zeyu , Li Haixin , Ma Chengyu , Kong Xu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We investigate size variation with rest-frame wavelength for star-forming galaxies based on the second James Webb Space Telescope Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey data release. Star-forming galaxies are typically smaller at longer wavelengths from the UV to the near-IR at z < 3.5, especially for more massive galaxies, indicating the inside-out assembly with in situ star formation if ignoring dust attenuation. The size variation with wavelength shows a strong dependence on stellar mass and shows little or no dependence on redshift, specific star formation rate, and galaxy environment. This suggests that the size growth of star-forming galaxies is a self-regulated process primarily governed by stellar mass. We model size as a function of both mass and redshift simultaneously, obtaining

R

e

∝

M

*

0.23

(
1
+
z
)

−
1.04

at a wavelength of 0.45 μm, and

R

e

∝

M

*

0.20

(
1
+
z
)

−
1.08

at 1.0 μm. Based on this size evolution and the star formation main sequence from the literature, we obtain the locus of typical size growth for individual galaxies of different masses on the mass–size plane. The moving trend of galaxies on the mass–size plane, which indicates the slopes of their locus, strongly correlates with the size ratio between 0.45 μm and 1.0 μm, supporting the idea that the size variation with wavelength provides important information on the size growth of galaxies on short timescales.
To Explode or Not Explode? An Analysis of the Explodability of Binary and Single Stars
Authors: Kumar Sangeeta , Boccioli Luca 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Most massive stars in our universe are born in binary systems, and yet their fates are quite uncertain, due to a poor understanding of their evolution. It is well known, however, that the density profile of a collapsing core, particularly at the interface between silicon and oxygen shells, is important when determining the explodability of a star. While this has been studied for single stars, it has been rarely studied for binary stars. In this note, we explore the explodability of single and binary stars using self-consistent supernova simulations. We study the differences in the silicon–oxygen interface and compactness of the progenitor stars and how they affect the explodability. We find that binary-stripped stars with initial masses above 37 M
⊙ are not as explodable as their single-star counterparts.
Mock JWST Colors of Two Different Star Formation Histories at z ~ 4
Authors: Nere Rachel , Long Arianna S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this work, we test if JWST NIRCam filters can distinguish between two different galaxy star formation histories (SFHs) at z = 3–4. We use the Code Investigating GALaxy Emission to model F150W, F277W, and F770W-band magnitudes for mock massive galaxies at 3.5 < z < 4.5 generating two different SFHs: (1) a delayed-τ, analogous to a starburst-like galaxy with a mostly uniform stellar population, and (2) a decayed exponential with a late burst to represent a more even mixture of old and young stellar populations. We explored the F277W − F770W versus F150W − F277W color space, and determined that the delayed-τ SFH produces highly clustered, relatively “flat” colors in both planes; whereas the other SFH produces more diversity across this color space. This work motivates further studies on the potential for JWST colors to rapidly identify varying evolutionary pathways for galaxies at z = 3–4.
Automatic counting and identification of two Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) morphs with image-recognition artificial intelligence
Authors: Gálvez Salido Aaron , de la Herrán Roberto , Robles Francisca , Ruiz Rejón Carmelo , Navajas-Pérez Rafael 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Many population biology, ecology, and evolution experiments rely on the accuracy of the classification of individuals and the estimation of size population. The visual classification of vinegar flies, Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae), morphs is a laborious task usually performed by bench workers. Because of the size of the flies and the degree of precision needed to distinguish the morphological features on which the classification is based, the work is performed using a dissecting microscope. Here, we describe a method to automate the counting and identification of two types of vinegar flies, white and wild individuals. Our method is based on the image-recognition artificial intelligence (AI) tool, FlydAI (FlyDetector AI), which proved to correctly classify the flies when high-quality images were used, with a success rate of up to 100% in samples containing up to 200 individuals. This is a significant improvement with respect to preexisting approaches in terms of accuracy and specificity of the morphs detected. Although this tool is exclusively trained to routine lab tasks involving wild and white D. melanogaster, the AI can be easily trained to recognise different vinegar fly mutants and other types of insects of similar size, and its potential in other areas still needs to be explored.
Vitamin D Levels and Clinical Outcomes in Saudi Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Babukur Rami , Al Sayer Norah Ahmad , Alrudaini Sali Hamza , Badi Ahmed Abdullah , Al Otaibi Waad , Al Azmi Nadia Salama , Alkathem Jafar Ali , Alawad Fatema Hani , Alhodibi Mostafa 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasingly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, where a possible link between Vitamin D deficiency and MS progression has emerged. Vitamin D, known for its role in bone health and immune function, is typically obtained from sunlight and diet. Saudi Arabia’s unique geographical and cultural context, characterised by high sun exposure but limited direct sunlight interaction, makes this link particularly intriguing to explore.

Objectives:
This study aims to investigate the relationship between Vitamin D levels and MS progression in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on assessing Vitamin D status amongst MS patients and determining its correlation with disease severity. In addition, the study seeks to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of Vitamin D supplementation in managing MS.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June to August 2023 amongst Saudi MS patients. The study utilised a questionnaire covering sociodemographic, Vitamin D intake and levels and MS severity, assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale.

Results:
The survey revealed that 72% of MS patients in Saudi Arabia suffer from Vitamin D deficiency. There was a significant correlation between lower Vitamin D levels and increased MS severity, indicated by higher relapse rates and accelerated disability progression.

Conclusion:
The study highlights a substantial link between Vitamin D deficiency and MS progression in Saudi Arabia. It suggests that Vitamin D supplementation could positively impact disease progression and improve patient quality of life, advocating for further research in this area.
Socio-economic Factors and Access to Neurological Care in Rural Areas of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Analysis
Authors: Alkathem Jafar Ali , Alenazi Amerah Fahad , Aljarid Manar Yahya , Alsayyali Joury Majed , Alqudihi Maryam Bassim , Alhejji Amani Anwar , Alharbi Abdulelah Ghazi , Fatani Dania Ismail , Alghamdi Shaima Fayez N. , Almulhim Faisal Nawaf , Altuwairqi Enas Ataullah , Alghamdi Renad Saad Manez , Alhodibi Mostafa Habeeb 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Equitable access to timely healthcare is crucial, especially for chronic conditions like neurological disorders. This study examined how socio-economic determinants impact rural Saudis’ access and waiting times for neurological care.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey recruited 987 participants from rural areas across Saudi Arabia. Data on demographics, healthcare utilisation patterns, affordability, satisfaction and waiting times were collected through a validated questionnaire. Descriptive analysis characterised responses, whereas bivariate tests examined associations between variables.

Results:
The sample comprised mostly females aged 18–24 years with secondary education. Unemployment and annual incomes below SAR 20,000 were common. Over 40% rarely visited facilities for care. On average, 40.9% received appointments within 1–2 months. Financial challenges, lack of insurance coverage and low care accessibility/satisfaction levels were reported. Higher educational attainment, full-time employment and annual incomes above SAR 60,000 significantly correlated with better access (P < 0.001). Education, employment status and income are also associated with the timeliness of receiving appointments (P < 0.001). Waiting periods exceeded 2 months for 12.7% and over 60% experienced delays.

Conclusion:
Socio-economic disadvantages such as unemployment, low incomes and lower education posed barriers to accessing timely neurological care in rural Saudi communities. Disparities in both care utilisation and waiting times based on socio-economic characteristics highlight inequities. Targeted policy measures are needed to reduce financial barriers, educate underserved groups, boost affordability, streamline appointment systems and promote healthcare equity across all populations.
Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments in Managing Generalised Anxiety Disorder among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Analysis
Authors: Alharthi Abdulaziz Matar , Alotaibi Rana Abdulmohsen , Alasmari Ahmed Mohammed , Alzabdawi Sharifah Ahmed , Asaeed Imtinan Jafar , Alshuqayfi Sarah Mousa , Alzahuf Shuruq , Alharthi Aliyah Matar , Alhodibi Mostafa 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a significant mental health concern characterised by excessive and uncontrollable worry about everyday activities. Despite its prevalence, there is a scarcity of research on pharmacological management strategies for GAD, particularly within the Saudi Arabian context. This study aims to address this gap by identifying and evaluating the most commonly used pharmacological strategies among Saudi adults. It assesses the effectiveness of these strategies, examines factors influencing their choice and explores the prevalence and impact of adverse effects associated with them.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study employed stratified random sampling to select a representative sample of adults aged 18 years and older from various regions of Saudi Arabia. Participants provided data through self-administered questionnaires, which included information on sociodemographic characteristics, GAD symptoms, pharmacological strategies utilised, their effectiveness and any adverse effects. The study’s analytical approach encompassed statistical methods such as correlation, regression and Chi-square tests, aiming to uncover relationships and patterns among the collected data, particularly focusing on treatment efficacy and the occurrence of adverse effects.

Results:
The study findings revealed a demographic skew towards young adults (18–24 years), predominantly female, with a majority diagnosed with GAD and experiencing symptoms for < 6 months. A notable willingness to seek professional help was observed. The most commonly used pharmacological strategy was classified as ‘others’, with a high satisfaction rate among users. Adverse effects were infrequent, with a minority experiencing them frequently. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors demonstrated the highest mean improvement in GAD symptoms, indicating their effectiveness. The study also highlighted the significance of considering medication side effects, particularly for individuals more prone to adverse events.

Conclusion:
The research offers insightful contributions to understanding pharmacological strategies for managing GAD symptoms in the adult population of Saudi Arabia. The results underscore the importance of personalised treatment plans, taking into account the efficacy and side effect profiles of medications. These insights are crucial for healthcare professionals in formulating evidence-based treatment guidelines and improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, the findings highlight the areas for future research, particularly in optimising treatment strategies for GAD considering individual patient needs and responses to therapy.
Impact of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Post-operative Infection Rates in Saudi Arabian Joint Replacement Patients: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Slais Hassan Ali , Alhezam Yousef Ibrahim , Khuraidah Hassan Ali , Mosaqlab Mohammed Abdulaziz , Alshahrani Mubarak Mohammed , Al Melhem Melhem Abdullah , Nahi Hussain Ali Bin , Almukhlifi Ayman Shabab Mohammed , Aleid Abbas Fadeil , Albinsaad Loai Saleh 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
The prevalence of joint replacement surgeries has been increasing globally, including in Saudi Arabia. A major concern is the high rate of post-operative complications, especially infections, which can significantly impact patient outcomes. This study aims to evaluate and determine the role of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing post-operative infections after joint replacement surgery in the Saudi Arabian population. This research hypothesises that appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis will significantly reduce the incidence of post-operative infections, with factors such as diabetes, obesity and smoking being associated with an increased risk of infections.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Al-Hassa region of Saudi Arabia. The study population comprised Saudi patients who had undergone joint replacement surgery, with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria ensuring a focused and relevant sample. The sample size, calculated based on Saudi Arabia’s population, aims to achieve a 95% confidence level. Data were collected through a review of medical records and patient interviews using a validated questionnaire focusing on demographic factors and health-related variables, including antibiotic usage.

Results:
The findings revealed a high incidence of post-operative infections despite adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis. This was observed even with substantial patient compliance and proper instruction on antibiotic use. Notably, the study found a significant correlation between health-related factors such as diabetes, obesity and smoking and increased infection rates. The presence of antibiotic resistance was also associated with a higher incidence of post-operative infections.

Conclusion:
In summary, the study illuminates the complexities of managing post-operative infections in joint replacement surgeries within the Saudi Arabian context. The findings suggest the need for a re-evaluation of current antibiotic protocols and patient education methods. This study fills a crucial gap in existing literature, offering new perspectives on antibiotic resistance and patient education. It underscores the importance of personalised patient care and highlights potential areas for future research, particularly in populations with prevalent health-related risk factors. These insights are crucial for enhancing patient outcomes and advancing medical practices in the field of joint replacement surgeries.
Assessing the Underdiagnosis of Allergic Rhinitis Correlations with Asthma and Quality of Life in Saudi Paediatric Populations: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Aleid Kawthar Mohammed , Alhawsawi Kawther Ibrahim , Mutaen Amani Ahmed , Alzamil Razan Fahad , Rajhi Shahad Ahmed , Alzahrani Ftoon Maedh , Alkhars Ola Ahmad 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent condition worldwide, affecting a significant proportion of children and adolescents. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence and impact of AR on school-aged children’s quality of life (QoL) remain underexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the prevalence of AR, identifying associated factors and evaluating its impact on the physical, social and psychological well-being of children. We hypothesise that a family history of AR is a significant risk factor and that there is a negative correlation between the severity of AR symptoms and QoL.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the prevalence of AR among school-aged children in Saudi Arabia and its impact on their QoL. Children aged 6–12 years were randomly selected from various schools, ensuring a diverse sample. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data on demographic characteristics, AR symptoms, family medical history and QoL. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, correlation and regression analysis, were conducted using advanced software. Ethical standards were upheld throughout the study, with appropriate approvals and data quality assurance measures in place.

Results:
Our study found that 53.4% of participants experienced AR symptoms occasionally and 19.2% were diagnosed by healthcare professionals. A significant association between AR and family history was identified (P < 0.001), with environmental triggers reported by 60.3% of participants. The condition notably impacted academic performance, sleep and social interactions. Contrasts with existing studies on environmental allergens and their effects on AR symptoms revealed variability in individual reactions and immunological responses.

Conclusion:
This study highlights the high prevalence of AR amongst school-aged children in Saudi Arabia and its considerable impact on their daily functioning and QoL. The significant association with family history and the variability in reactions to environmental allergens underscore the need for more vigilant AR management and tailored public health interventions. Future research should adopt longitudinal designs to better establish causality and minimise bias, focusing on clinically diagnosed AR populations to enhance findings’ specificity. Our findings provide a critical foundation for improving AR management strategies and QoL for children in Saudi Arabia.
Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Asthma Incidence in Saudi Children: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Alkathem Jafar Ali , Alnfaiei Joudi Sayyaf , Alzahrani Amal Abdullah , Alamri Mohammed Fehaid , Almushadag Razan Abdulbaset , Alkatheeri Saba Hussain , Rajab Lujain Hamdi , Ahmed Rufaida Alhafiz Alsayed M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a known risk factor for childhood asthma. However, research in the Middle Eastern context remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal smoking and asthma in Saudi children using a cross-sectional design. It also assessed relationships based on smoking frequency, exposure to second-hand smoke and specific pregnancy trimesters.

Methods:
A sample of 1477 mothers and their children was recruited from primary healthcare centres in Saudi Arabia. Data on maternal demographics, smoking behaviours during and after pregnancy and childhood asthma diagnoses were collected through questionnaires. Binary logistic regression analysed associations between maternal smoking variables and child asthma outcomes.

Results:
Overall, 16.5% of mothers reported ever smoking and 7.5% were current smokers. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of childhood asthma (P < 0.001). Exposure to second-hand smoke was also associated with an increased risk of asthma (P < 0.001). Smoking in the first (P < 0.001), second (P < 0.001) and third (P < 0.001) trimesters each significantly correlated with childhood asthma. A dose–response relationship was observed, with higher smoking frequencies linked to greater asthma odds. Factors such as education on smoking risks and cessation support were limited.

Conclusion:
The study revealed maternal smoking as a significant risk factor for childhood asthma in Saudi Arabia. Risks increased based on smoking during specific pregnancy periods and higher daily cigarette amounts. Exposure to second-hand smoke also impacted asthma outcomes. Efforts to educate expectant mothers, implement policies to restrict indoor smoking and provide greater smoking cessation support could help reduce future asthma prevalence in Saudi youth. Larger prospective cohorts are needed to reinforce these findings.