bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host
Authors: Bastos Paulo A D , Wheeler Richard , Boneca Ivo G 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTMicrobiota, and the plethora of signalling molecules that they generate, are a major driving force that underlies a striking range of inter-individual physioanatomic and behavioural consequences for the host organism. Among the bacterial effectors, one finds peptidoglycan, the major constituent of the bacterial cell surface. In the steady-state, fragments of peptidoglycan are constitutively liberated from bacterial members of the gut microbiota, cross the gut epithelial barrier and enter the host system. The fate of these peptidoglycan fragments, and the outcome for the host, depends on the molecular nature of the peptidoglycan, as well the cellular profile of the recipient tissue, mechanism of cell entry, the expression of specific processing and recognition mechanisms by the cell, and the local immune context. At the target level, physiological processes modulated by peptidoglycan are extremely diverse, ranging from immune activation to small molecule metabolism, autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we bring together a fragmented body of literature on the kinetics and dynamics of peptidoglycan interactions with the mammalian host, explaining how peptidoglycan functions as a signalling molecule in the host under physiological conditions, how it disseminates within the host, and the cellular responses to peptidoglycan.
Evaluating implementation strategies for essential newborn care interventions in low- and low middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Peven Kimberly , Bick Debra , Purssell Edward , Rotevatn Torill Alise , Nielsen Jane Hyldgaard , Taylor Cath 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Neonatal mortality remains a significant health problem in low-income settings. Low-cost essential newborn care (ENC) interventions with proven efficacy and cost-effectiveness exist but have not reached high coverage (≥90%). Little is known about the strategies used to implement these interventions or how they relate to improved coverage. We conducted a systematic review of implementation strategies and implementation outcomes for ENC in low- and low middle-income countries capturing evidence from five medical and global health databases from 1990 to 2018. We included studies of implementation of delayed cord clamping, immediate drying, skin-to-skin contact (SSC) and/or early initiation of breastfeeding implemented in the first hour (facility-based studies) or the 1st day (community-based studies) of life. Implementation strategies and outcomes were categorized according to published frameworks: Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change and Outcomes for Implementation Research. The relationship between implementation strategies and outcomes was evaluated using standardized mean differences and correlation coefficients. Forty-three papers met inclusion criteria. Interventions included community-based care/health promotion and facility-based support and health care provider training. Included studies used 3–31 implementation strategies, though the consistency with which strategies were applied was variable. Conduct educational meetings was the most frequently used strategy. Included studies reported 1–4 implementation outcomes with coverage reported most frequently. Heterogeneity was high and no statistically significant association was found between the number of implementation strategies used and coverage of ENC. This review highlights several challenges in learning from implementation of ENC in low- and low middle-income countries, particularly poor description of interventions and implementation outcomes. We recommend use of UK Medical Research Council guidelines (2015) for process evaluations and checklists for reporting implementation studies. Improved reporting of implementation research in this setting is necessary to learn how to improve service delivery and outcomes and thereby reduce neonatal mortality.
Filling the gaps in the characterization of the clinical management of COVID-19: 30-day hospital admission and fatality rates in a cohort of 118 150 cases diagnosed in outpatient settings in Spain
Authors: Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Balló Elisabet , Coma Ermengol , Mora Núria , Aragón María , Prats-Uribe Albert , Fina Francesc , Benítez Mència , Guiriguet Carolina , Fàbregas Mireia , Medina-Peralta Manuel , Duarte-Salles Talita 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Currently, there is a missing link in the natural history of COVID-19, from first (usually milder) symptoms to hospitalization and/or death. To fill in this gap, we characterized COVID-19 patients at the time at which they were diagnosed in outpatient settings and estimated 30-day hospital admission and fatality rates.

Methods
This was a population-based cohort study.

Data were obtained from Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP)—a primary-care records database covering &gt;6 million people (&gt;80% of the population of Catalonia), linked to COVID-19 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests and hospital emergency, inpatient and mortality registers. We included all patients in the database who were ≥15 years old and diagnosed with COVID-19 in outpatient settings between 15 March and 24 April 2020 (10 April for outcome studies). Baseline characteristics included socio-demographics, co-morbidity and previous drug use at the time of diagnosis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and results.

Study outcomes included 30-day hospitalization for COVID-19 and all-cause fatality.

Results
We identified 118 150 and 95 467 COVID-19 patients for characterization and outcome studies, respectively. Most were women (58.7%) and young-to-middle-aged (e.g. 21.1% were 45–54 years old). Of the 44 575 who were tested with PCR, 32 723 (73.4%) tested positive. In the month after diagnosis, 14.8% (14.6–15.0) were hospitalized, with a greater proportion of men and older people, peaking at age 75–84 years. Thirty-day fatality was 3.5% (95% confidence interval: 3.4% to 3.6%), higher in men, increasing with age and highest in those residing in nursing homes [24.5% (23.4% to 25.6%)].

Conclusion
COVID-19 infections were widespread in the community, including all age–sex strata. However, severe forms of the disease clustered in older men and nursing-home residents. Although initially managed in outpatient settings, 15% of cases required hospitalization and 4% died within a month of first symptoms. These data are instrumental for designing deconfinement strategies and will inform healthcare planning and hospital-bed allocation in current and future COVID-19 outbreaks.
Exponential stabilization of an ODE–linear KdV cascaded system with boundary input delay
Authors: Ayadi Habib 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper considers the well posedness and the exponential stabilization problems of a cascaded ordinary differential equation (ODE)–partial differential equation (PDE) system. The considered system is governed by a linear ODE and the one-dimensional linear Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation posed on a bounded interval. For the whole system, a control input delay acts on the left boundary of the KdV domain by Dirichlet condition. Whereas, the KdV acts back on the ODE by Dirichlet interconnection on the right boundary. Firstly, we reformulate the system in question as an undelayed ODE-coupled KdV-transport system. Secondly, we use the so-called infinite dimensional backstepping method to derive an explicit feedback control law that transforms system under consideration to a well-posed and exponentially stable target system. Finally, by invertibility of such design, we use semigroup theory and Lyapunov analysis to prove the well posedness and the exponential stabilization in a suitable functional space of the original plant, respectively.
Relative Trace Formula for Compact Quotient and Pseudo-Coefficients for Relative Discrete Series
Authors: Delorme Patrick , Harinck Pascale 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We introduce the notion of relative pseudo-coefficient for relative discrete series representations of real spherical homogeneous spaces of reductive groups. We prove that $K$-finite relative pseudo-coefficient does not exist for semisimple symmetric spaces of type $G_{\mathbb{C}}/G_{\mathbb{R}}$, where $K$ is a maximal compact subgroup of $G_{\mathbb{C}}$, and construct strong relative pseudo-coefficients for some hyperbolic spaces. We establish a toy model for the relative trace formula of H. Jacquet for compact discrete quotient $\Gamma \backslash G$. This allows us to prove that a relative discrete series representation, which admits strong pseudo-coefficients with sufficiently small support, occurs in the spectral decomposition of $L^2(\Gamma \backslash G)$ with a nonzero period.
Setting the stage for a Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: the first 125 years (1875–2000)
Authors: Ottesen Eric A , Horton John 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The development of the World Health Organization's Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) can be interpreted through many different lenses—e.g. one focusing on the health or economic plight of affected individuals and populations, another tracking the individuals and organizations responsible for building the programme or, as in this review, one identifying each of the critical requirements and specific hurdles that need to be addressed in order to successfully construct the programme. For almost 75 y after the life cycle of LF was first described, the principal tool for countering it was vector control. Discovery that diethylcarbamazine (and later ivermectin and albendazole) could effectively treat affected and at-risk populations, along with the availability of a simple, field-based diagnostic test to monitor programme progress, provided the essential tools for LF elimination. Recognition of this potential by the global health community (including the World Health Assembly) led two pharmaceutical companies (GlaxoSmithKline and MSD (Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA) to make enormous, unprecedented donations of albendazole and ivermectin to achieve this goal. Additional resource support from the public and private sectors and from health ministries in the 80 LF-endemic countries led to the creation of a Global Alliance to Eliminate LF, which launched the GPELF in 2000, just 125 y after the LF life cycle was first described.
A comparative analysis of cervical cancer prevention between Nigeria and Nordic countries that have experienced a decline in cervical cancer incidence
Authors: Anyasi Helen I , Foss Anna M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
A modelling analysis carried out in 2014 suggested that, without cervical cancer screening programmes, the incidence of cervical cancer in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden would have been as high as that in some low- and middle-income countries. We compare programme strategies between Nigeria and these Nordic countries and develop translatable recommendations.

Methods
A literature review using a systematic approach through Medline, Popline, Global Health, CINAHL PLUS, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Africa Wide and WHO databases was conducted.

Results
Fifteen journal articles and two grey literature reports met our criteria. Six descriptive studies from Nigeria noted that services in Nigeria were mainly provided in urban secondary/tertiary facilities and that uptake was low even where screening was free. Trials in Nigeria and Sweden noted that subsidies and free programmes alone did not improve uptake; a Danish trial demonstrated that reminders and invitations issued by general practitioners improved participation.

Conclusion
Free screening programmes are important but should also consider incentivisation of treatment when needed and demand creation among health workers. Additionally, effective monitoring and evaluation of programme data are key to improving and maintaining quality. More broadly, we suggest that Nigeria can build success through stakeholder-led implementation of well-defined policies with national consensus to ensure coordination and sustainability.
Global Club Goods and the Fragmented Global Financial Safety Net
Authors: Gavin Michael A 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt is generally regarded that a robust global financial safety net is a global public good. Yet public goods models that explain the existence of the global financial safety net cannot also explain why it is highly fragmented and provisioned so inequitably. This study shows that the global financial safety net's existence, fragmentation, and inequitable coverage can be explained by modeling the global financial safety net as a global club good. The primary finding of the model is that when a state has a monopoly on the provision of a non-rival and excludable good (i.e., a club good), separate multilateral and bilateral club governance structures emerge, each with a unique structure and cost. Brief case studies of the global financial safety net provisioned by the International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve, and the Bank for International Settlements support the model.
Evaluation of the GENE-UP® Listeria spp. Method for the Detection of Listeria Species in a Variety of Foods and Select Environmental Surfaces: Collaborative Study, First Action 2019.10
Authors: Johnson Ronald , Mills John , Pittet Jean-Louis , Mathia Olivier , Bird Patrick , Nelson Maria 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
The GENE-UP® Listeria spp. 2 (LIS 2) assay (Performance Tested MethodSM 121803) is a real-time PCR molecular detection method for the rapid detection of Listeria species (Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, and L. welshimeri) in a variety of foods and environmental surfaces.

Objective
The purpose of this validation was to evaluate the method’s interlaboratory performance and submit the results to AOAC INTERNATIONAL for adoption as First Action Official MethodSM for the detection of Listeria species in a variety of foods and select environmental surfaces.

Method
The GENE-UP method was evaluated in a multi-laboratory study as part of the AFNOR NF VALIDATION certification process using unpaired test portions for one food matrix, full-cream goat milk cottage cheese (8.4% fat). The candidate method was compared to the ISO 11290–1/Amd.1 reference method. Sixteen participants from 15 laboratories throughout the European Union participated. Three levels of contamination were evaluated: a non-inoculated control level (0 CFU/test portion), a low contamination level (∼2 CFU/test portion), and a high contamination level (∼10 CFU/test portion). Data from that study were analyzed according to the probability of detection (POD) statistical model.

Results
The dLPODC values with 95% confidence intervals between the candidate and reference method results were −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03), −0.08 (−0.31, 0.16), and 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) for the non-inoculated, low, and high contamination levels, respectively.

Conclusions
The dLPODC results demonstrate no difference in performance between the candidate method and reference method for the matrix evaluated.

Highlights
Data from a singular collaborative study was used to achieve adoption as an AOAC First Action Official Method for the detection of Listeria species in a variety of foods and select environmental surfaces.
COVID-IP: staring down the Bayh–Dole Act with 2020 vision
Authors: Paradise Jordan 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
As the human and economic toll of the COVID-19 coronavirus steadily escalates, there is extreme uncertainty regarding the timeframe for prevention, detection, and treatment. 1 There is also concern about the eventual costs associated with approved products and the barriers to access created by the patent system. Industry, government, and academic collaborations are leading the charge in the discovery race, partnerships which have triggered calls for the activation of the federal governments so–called ``march–in rights'' established in the Bayh–Dole Act. 2 The Bayh–Dole Act dramatically altered the patent protections available to federally funded institutions and initiated a 40-year debate over appropriate incentives for innovation and the scope of the government's authority. The COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to reflect on the purpose and impact of the historic legislation as well as contemplate the implications for our public health future. Patent rights for therapeutic compounds, methods of delivery, and medical diagnostics will significantly impact access to and cost of life-saving innovations. This article examines current calls for the U.S. government to utilize governmental march–in rights to quell concerns about patent monopolization and product pricing in the face of our current pandemic.
Lessons for Future Excessive Pricing Cases From Economics and the Court of Appeal Judgment In Pfizer/Flynn†
Authors: Davis Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
I consider the lessons that can be drawn from economics and the recent Court of Appeal (CoA) judgment in Pfizer/Flynn for future excessive pricing cases under TFEU Article 102. In future, defendants will ask their economic experts to develop reliable evidence under both limbs of the United Brands test. The required economic analysis will involve developing a suitable price benchmark, describing what prices would have been under ‘normal and sufficiently competitive’ conditions. The benchmark can be based on various types of evidence including cost-plus and/or comparator evidence. The CoA highlights that the cellophane fallacy is a legitimate concern for competition agencies. They also accept the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT’)s conclusion that ‘some’ economic value might be relevant beyond the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA’)s cost-plus benchmark—without being prescriptive about whether or indeed how a competition agency should further take it into account. I provide a suggestion for doing so. Finally, I note that economists consider that competitive markets can result in economically efficient market outcomes but these can be consistent with high degrees of inequality. As a result, a competitive benchmark in excessive pricing cases will necessarily involve Article 102 only taking fairness into account to a limited extent.
Elite Competition, Local Extraction, and Social Unrest: Understanding Mass Protest in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Liu Howard 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhy do we observe mass protest in authoritarian regimes? How can we explain subnational variation within a country? This study provides an institutional approach to explain mass protest in nondemocracies. I propose that the pattern of social protest reflects the intensity of subnational elite competition within authoritarian institutions. In China, the cadre promotion system incentivizes local elites to compete in the fiscal and economic field by extracting local resources, and these efforts often trigger local protest. Using a protest dataset that records large-scale local resistance from China, I find that Chinese social protest is associated with local elite competition in a nonlinear pattern. A rising intensity in local competition encourages greater extraction efforts and triggers more resistance; however, intensified competition does not lead to excessive extraction because officials fear that too much social instability could hurt their careers. I also find that land expropriation by local governments becomes the main extractive mechanism that triggers social grievance in contemporary China. These findings highlight the important role of competitive local politics and how it shapes the subnational variation of protest in authoritarian regimes.
Longitudinal Trajectories of Neurocognitive Functioning in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Partanen Marita , Phipps Sean , Russell Kathryn , Anghelescu Doralina L , Wolf Joshua , Conklin Heather M , Krull Kevin R , Inaba Hiroto , Pui Ching-Hon , Jacola Lisa M 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for neurocognitive deficits, and examining individual variability is essential to understand these risks. This study evaluated latent longitudinal trajectories and risk factors of neurocognitive outcomes in childhood ALL.Methods There were 233 participants with ALL who were enrolled on a phase 3, risk-stratified chemotherapy-only clinical trial (NCT00137111) and who completed protocol-directed neurocognitive assessments [47.6% female, mean (SD) = 6.6 (3.7) years]. Measures of sustained attention, learning/memory, and parent ratings of attention were completed during and after treatment. Longitudinal latent class analyses were used to classify participants into distinct trajectories. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of class membership.Results Within the overall group, attention performance was below age expectations across time (Conners Continuous Performance Test detectability/variability, p &lt; 0.01); memory performance and parent ratings were below expectations at later phases (California Verbal Learning Test learning slope, p &lt; 0.05; Conners Parent Rating Scale, Revised attention/learning, p &lt; 0.05). Most participants (80–89%) had stable neurocognitive profiles; smaller groups showed declining (3–6%) or improving (3–11%) trajectories. Older age (p = 0.020), female sex (p = 0.018), and experiencing sepsis (p = 0.047) were associated with greater attention problems over time. Lower baseline IQ was associated with improved memory (p = 0.035) and fewer ratings of attention problems (p = 0.013) over time.Conclusions Most patients with ALL have stable neurocognitive profiles. Smaller groups have significant impairments shortly after diagnosis or have worsening performance over time. A tiered assessment approach, which includes consideration of individual and clinical risk factors, may be useful for monitoring neurocognitive functioning during treatment and survivorship.
Oscar Wilde’s Reading of Zhuangzi in ‘A Chinese Sage’
Authors: Jiang Jing , Li Chengjian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In 1889 the sinologist Herbert A. Giles published his English translation Chuang Tzŭ: Mystic, Moralist, and Social Reformer. The following year, Oscar Wilde wrote his long book review ‘A Chinese Sage’. This article analyses Wilde’s review and explores how Giles’ translation influences Wilde’s understanding of Zhuangzi. The article also considers the influence of Aubrey Moore, who provided some of the notes for Giles’ translations, on Wilde’s reception of Zhuangzi. Because Wilde is neither a sinologist nor a researcher of Taoism, his interpretation of Zhuangzi in ‘A Chinese Sage’ is mediated by Giles and Moore, and might be seen as a ‘misunderstanding of a misunderstanding’. Yet the influence of Zhuangzi can still be seen in Wilde’s review, and the episode raises interesting questions about the reception of Taoism in late 19th-century Britain.