bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemische Therapie beim fortgeschrittenen hepatozellulären Karzinom
Authors: Graziadei Ivo 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungDas hepatozelluläre Karzinom (HCC) ist eine komplexe Erkrankung, da die Therapieauswahl wie auch die Prognose nicht nur von tumorspezifischen Faktoren, sondern vor allem auch vom Schweregrad der Lebererkrankung abhängen. Für die optimale Betreuung eines HCC-Patienten ist daher ein multidisziplinärer Zugang in Spezialeinrichtungen notwendig. Bei ungefähr der Hälfte aller HCC-Patienten besteht zum Diagnosezeitpunkt bereits ein fortgeschrittenes Stadium ohne Möglichkeit eines kurativen Therapieansatzes. Gemäß internationaler Leitlinien wird für diese Patienten eine systemische Therapie empfohlen. Für nahezu ein Jahrzehnt stellte Sorafenib die einzig effektive Therapie für Patienten mit einem fortgeschrittenen HCC dar. Mit Lenvatinib steht seit Kurzem eine Alternative in der Erstlinie und mit Regorafenib, Cabozantinib und Ramucirumab Optionen für die Zweitlinientherapie zur Verfügung. Allerdings sind diese Substanzen nur bei Patienten mit kompensierter Lebererkrankung (Child-Pugh A) einsetzbar. Nach vielversprechenden Phase-I- und -II-Studien für die Immuncheckpointinhibitoren Nivolumab und Pembrolizumab konnte in Phase-III-Studien keine signifikante Verbesserung in Bezug auf gesamt- und progressionsfreies Überleben beobachtet werden. In einer kürzlich publizierten Studie führte die Kombinationstherapie Atezolizumab/Bevacizumab im Vergleich zu Sorafenib in der Erstlinie zu deutlich verbesserten Überlebens- und Ansprechraten. Es ist daher anzunehmen, dass diese Kombination als neuer Standard in der Erstlinientherapie in den Leitlinien Einzug finden wird. Zahlreiche Studien zumeist als Kombinationstherapie verschiedenster Substanzklassen (Tyrosinkinase‑, Immuncheckpoint- und „vascular endothelial growth factor“[VEGF]-Inhibitoren) sind aktiv, deren Phase-III-Ergebnisse mit Spannung erwartet werden.
Management of pediatric allergic reaction: Practice patterns of Canadian pediatric emergency physicians
Authors: Prendergast Caitlin , Plint Amy C. , Tang Ken , Crawford Tyrus , Neto Gina , Alqurashi Waleed 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesAnaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. The literature indicates that the incidence of anaphylaxis is increasing and that there are deficiencies in both recognition and management. We aimed to examine the magnitude of these gaps in Canadian pediatric emergency medicine (PEM).MethodsWe conducted a self-administered survey of the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) physician database. The survey tool was developed through a literature review to identify recurring themes of gaps in anaphylaxis diagnosis and management. The final tool contained four scenarios; three scenarios featured each of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) anaphylaxis criteria, separately, and a fourth case of non-anaphylactic allergy. Multiple-choice questions associated with each scenario addressed diagnosis, management, and disposition. Additional questions focused on epinephrine prescribing, observation durations, and respondent demographics.ResultsOf the 214 members invited to participate in the survey, 152 (71%) responded. Anaphylaxis was accurately recognized 93%, 82%, and 99% of the time for the NIAID criteria one through three, respectively. When anaphylaxis was recognized, epinephrine was prescribed for each case 96%, 95%, and 72% of the time, respectively. Of all respondents, 115 (76%) accurately diagnosed all three cases of anaphylaxis and 82 (54%) treated anaphylaxis with epinephrine each time it was indicated.ConclusionMost respondents recognized cases of anaphylaxis; however, a substantial number demonstrated gaps in management that may adversely impact this vulnerable population. The recognition of anaphylaxis without urticaria or pulmonary findings and treatment of anaphylaxis with epinephrine, where indicated, were the main gaps identified.
Semi-supervised machine learning with word embedding for classification in price statistics
Authors: Martindale Hazel , Rowland Edward , Flower Tanya , Clews Gareth 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Office for National Statistics (ONS) is currently undertaking a substantial research program into using price information scraped from online retailers in the Consumer Prices Index including occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH). In order to make full use of these data, we must classify it into the product types that make up the basket of goods and services used in the current collection. It is a common problem that the amount of labeled training data is limited and it is either impossible or impractical to manually increase the size of the training data, as is the case with web-scraped price data. We make use of a semi-supervised machine learning (ML) method, Label Propagation, to develop a pipeline to increase the number of labels available for classification. In this work, we use several techniques in succession and in parallel to enable higher confidence in the final increased labeled dataset to be used in training a traditional ML classifier. We find promising results using this method on a test sample of data achieving good precision and recall values for both the propagated labels and the classifiers trained from these labels. We have shown that through combining several techniques together and averaging the results, we are able to increase the usability of a dataset with limited labeled training data, a common problem in using ML in real world situations. In future work, we will investigate how this method can be scaled up for use in future CPIH calculations and the challenges this brings.
Long-Term Care Planning, Preparedness, and Response Among Rural Long-Term Care Providers
Authors: Radcliff Tiffany A. , Horney Jennifer A. , Dobalian Aram , Macareno Blanca O. , Kabir Umar Y. , Price Cody , Strickland Colten J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:Rural Long-term Care (LTC) providers face unique challenges when planning, preparing for, and responding to disasters. We sought to better understand challenges and identify best practices for LTC in rural areas.Methods:Case studies including key informant interviews and site visits were conducted with LTC staff and emergency planning, preparedness, and response partners in three rural communities. Themes were identified across sites using inductive coding.Results:Communication across disaster phases continues to be a challenge for LTC providers in rural communities for all disaster types. Communication challenges limit LTC providers’ ability to address patient needs during emergencies and limit the resilience of providers and patients to future disasters. Limited coordination among local leadership and LTC providers prevents dissemination of information, resources, and services, and slows response and recovery time. Including LTC providers as stakeholders in planning and exercises may improve communication and coordination.Conclusion:More than two decades into efforts to increase preparedness of health care systems to all hazards, rural LTC facilities still face challenges related to communication and coordination. Agencies at the federal, state, and local level should include input from rural LTC stakeholders to address gaps in communication and coordination and increase their disaster resilience.
Interdisciplinary Information for Infectious Disease Response: Exercising for Improved Medical/Public Health Communication and Collaboration
Authors: Popescu Saskia , Myers Nathan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInfectious disease threats like the novel coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 continue to demand an increase in preparedness and response capabilities. One capability that is both essential and consistently challenging is information sharing between responding organizations, particularly between public health agencies and health care providers. This policy analysis reviews the threat that infectious diseases continue to pose to the United States, and the role that the Hospital Preparedness Program can play in countering such threats. Current strategies for preparing for, and responding to, infectious disease outbreaks are also reviewed, noting some gaps that need to be addressed. Particular attention is given to challenges in information sharing that continue to hinder effective surveillance and response, despite advances in technology. The study looks at recommendations from biodefense organizations and experts in the field. It concludes with our recommendation that regulatory requirements and funding opportunities for health care institutions emphasize the importance of communication and training in relation to high consequence pathogens. We further recommend that providers in Ebola treatment hospitals be employed to train and educate providers in frontline hospitals in a ‘train-the-trainer’ model.
Decoupling of the position and angular errors in laser pointing with a neural network method
Authors: Xia Lei , Hu Yuanzhang , Chen Wenyu , Li Xiaoguang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In laser-pointing-related applications, when only the centroid of a laser spot is considered, then the position and angular errors of the laser beam are often coupled together. In this study, the decoupling of the position and angular errors is achieved from one single spot image by utilizing a neural network technique. In particular, the successful application of the neural network technique relies on novel experimental procedures, including using an appropriate small-focal-length lens and tilting the detector, to physically enlarge the contrast of different spots. This technique, with the corresponding new system design, may prove to be instructive in the future design of laser-pointing-related systems.
Improving the communication of hand hygiene procedures: Controlled observation, redesign, and randomized group comparisons
Authors: Durso Francis T. , Parmar Sweta , Heidish Ryan S. , Tordoya Henckell Skyler , Oncul Omer S. , Jacob Jesse T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess the clarity and efficacy of the World Health Organization (WHO) hand-rub diagram, develop a modified version, and compare the 2 diagrams.Design:Randomized group design preceded by controlled observation and iterative product redesigns.Setting:The Cognitive Ergonomics Lab in the School of Psychology at the Georgia Institute of Technology.Participants:We included participants who were unfamiliar with the WHO hand-rub diagram (convenience sampling) to ensure that performance was based on the diagram and not, for example, on prior experience.Methods:We iterated through the steps of a human factors design procedure: (1) Participants simulated hand hygiene using ultraviolet (UV) absorbent lotion and a hand-rub technique diagram (ie, WHO or a redesign). (2) Coverage, confusion judgments, and behavioral videos informed potentially improved diagrams. And (3) the redesigned diagrams were compared with the WHO version in a randomized group design. Coverage was assessed across 72 hand areas from multiple UV photographs.Results:The WHO diagram led to multiple omissions in hand-surface coverage, including inadequate coverage by up to 75% of participants for the ulnar edge. The redesigns improved coverage significantly overall and often substantially.Conclusions:Human factors modification to the WHO diagram reduced inadequate coverage for naïve users. Implementation of an improved diagram should help in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections.
Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection
Authors: Ponce-Alonso Manuel , Sáez de la Fuente Javier , Rincón-Carlavilla Angela , Moreno-Nunez Paloma , Martínez-García Laura , Escudero-Sánchez Rosa , Pintor Rosario , García-Fernández Sergio , Cobo Javier 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectives:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has induced a reinforcement of infection control measures in the hospital setting. Here, we assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).Methods:We retrospectively compared the incidence density (cases per 10,000 patient days) of healthcare-facility–associated (HCFA) CDI in a tertiary-care hospital in Madrid, Spain, during the maximum incidence of COVID-19 (March 11 to May 11, 2020) with the same period of the previous year (control period). We also assessed the aggregate in-hospital antibiotic use (ie, defined daily doses [DDD] per 100 occupied bed days [BD]) and incidence density (ie, movements per 1,000 patient days) of patient mobility during both periods.Results:In total, 2,337 patients with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction–confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to the hospital during the COVID-19 period. Also, 12 HCFA CDI cases were reported at this time (incidence density, 2.68 per 10,000 patient days), whereas 34 HCFA CDI cases were identified during the control period (incidence density, 8.54 per 10,000 patient days) (P = .000257). Antibiotic consumption was slightly higher during the COVID-19 period (89.73 DDD per 100 BD) than during the control period (79.16 DDD per 100 BD). The incidence density of patient movements was 587.61 per 1,000 patient days during the control period and was significantly lower during the COVID-19 period (300.86 per 1,000 patient days) (P < .0001).Conclusions:The observed reduction of ~70% in the incidence density of HCFA CDI in a context of no reduction in antibiotic use supports the importance of reducing nosocomial transmission by healthcare workers and asymptomatic colonized patients, reinforcing cleaning procedures and reducing patient mobility in the epidemiological control of CDI.
A SCHEMATIC DEFINITION OF QUANTUM POLYNOMIAL TIME COMPUTABILITY
Authors: YAMAKAMI TOMOYUKI 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the past four decades, the notion of quantum polynomial-time computability has been mathematically modeled by quantum Turing machines as well as quantum circuits. This paper seeks the third model, which is a quantum analogue of the schematic (inductive or constructive) definition of (primitive) recursive functions. For quantum functions mapping finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces to themselves, we present such a schematic definition, composed of a small set of initial quantum functions and a few construction rules that dictate how to build a new quantum function from the existing ones. We prove that our schematic definition precisely characterizes all functions that can be computable with high success probabilities on well-formed quantum Turing machines in polynomial time, or equivalently uniform families of polynomial-size quantum circuits. Our new, schematic definition is quite simple and intuitive and, more importantly, it avoids the cumbersome introduction of the well-formedness condition imposed on a quantum Turing machine model as well as of the uniformity condition necessary for a quantum circuit model. Our new approach can further open a door to the descriptional complexity of quantum functions, to the theory of higher-type quantum functionals, to the development of new first-order theories for quantum computing, and to the designing of programming languages for real-life quantum computer
Looking Beyond Wine Risk-Adjusted Performance
Authors: Maurer Frantz , Cardebat Jean-Marie , Jiao Linda 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we use copula-GARCH models applied to daily data from March 2010 to March 2018 to test the time-varying dependence of the Liv-ex 50, a secondary market fine wine index comprised of the ten most recent vintages of the five Bordeaux First Growths, with a portfolio composed of the six main stock markets (S&P 500, CAC 40, DAX 30, FTSE 100, and Hang Seng). Our results suggest that the Liv-ex 50 underperforms the six stock indexes, but provides diversification benefits in terms of volatility, asymmetry, and extreme events. (JEL Classifications: G110, G120, Q14)
Firm Performance and Exports: Evidence from the Romanian Wine Industry
Authors: Lessoua Albert , Mutascu Mihai , Turcu Camélia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of exports and its main determinants on the financial performance of the Romanian wine industry. We draw on a dataset consisting of mixed firm-level (i.e., 207 companies) data, Google Trends data, and regional variables covering the period from 2009 to 2017. We show that Romanian wine exports, at the firm level, are positively affected by regional wine yields (especially in the case of red wine varieties), temperature, and firm agglomeration, and negatively impacted by firm size. We also find a close positive correlation between financial performance and exports. (JEL Classifications: F61, L66, C23)
Genocidal Consolidation: Final Solutions to Elite Rivalry
Authors: van der Maat Eelco 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnder conditions of guerrilla conflict, mass indiscriminate violence has been shown to effectively starve a guerrilla of its support. Consequently, counter-guerrilla mass violence is concentrated within territories where a guerrilla is dominant. However, in roughly 40 percent of mass violence episodes (e.g., Rwanda and Cambodia), the violence was aimed at populations within areas of secure territorial control. These episodes have therefore been explained by attributing ideological preferences to leaders or as unique cases only. I argue that leaders adopt mass indiscriminate violence against outgroups to consolidate power under conditions of elite rivalry. The violence serves two main goals. First, it helps build coalitions with constituencies that gain from violence; and second, it targets rival factions indirectly by forcing local security officials to facilitate or oppose the violence. The violence thereby provides rival supporters with an exit option, provides the regime with information on rival supporters’ private loyalties, and undermines rivals’ abilities to mount an effective resistance. These rivals can ultimately be purged from the regime. Based on newly collected original data on elite purges and on the type of mass indiscriminate violence for the years 1950 to 2004, I show that this type of mass violence, which I call “genocidal consolidation,” is intimately connected to authoritarian consolidation.
Whatever happened to mastitis pathogenesis?
Authors: Hillerton J. Eric 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe have learned a lot about infections of the mammary gland of dairy cows from experimental investigations of the pathogenesis of the various diseases. The understanding gained has contributed to huge successes in reducing the prevalence of infection in properly managed dairy herds. Now descriptive studies using DNA technologies reject previous concepts of mammary gland sterility by default. Bacteria, at least markers of genes, of many genera are reported even from absolutely healthy mammary glands. This may be a technological artefact. No direct evidence exists because experimental studies of infection are no longer fashionable. A regeneration of the lost arts in the pathogenesis of infection is essential to separate truth from conjecture and deal with coming challenges from rapidly changing farm systems and the reduction in access to antimicrobial drugs. In this Opinion Paper I argue for a return to experimental approaches that construct hypotheses, and then test them, in intramammary disease research.
Knowledge before belief
Authors: Phillips Jonathan , Buckwalter Wesley , Cushman Fiery , Friedman Ori , Martin Alia , Turri John , Santos Laurie , Knobe Joshua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch on the capacity to understand others' minds has tended to focus on representations ofbeliefs,which are widely taken to be among the most central and basic theory of mind representations. Representations ofknowledge, by contrast, have received comparatively little attention and have often been understood as depending on prior representations of belief. After all, how could one represent someone as knowing something if one does not even represent them as believing it? Drawing on a wide range of methods across cognitive science, we ask whether belief or knowledge is the more basic kind of representation. The evidence indicates that nonhuman primates attribute knowledge but not belief, that knowledge representations arise earlier in human development than belief representations, that the capacity to represent knowledge may remain intact in patient populations even when belief representation is disrupted, that knowledge (but not belief) attributions are likely automatic, and that explicit knowledge attributions are made more quickly than equivalent belief attributions. Critically, the theory of mind representations uncovered by these various methods exhibits a set of signature features clearly indicative of knowledge: they are not modality-specific, they are factive, they are not just true belief, and they allow for representations of egocentric ignorance. We argue that these signature features elucidate the primary function of knowledge representation: facilitating learning from others about the external world. This suggests a new way of understanding theory of mind – one that is focused on understanding others' minds in relation to the actual world, rather than independent from it.
Unsettling international law and peace-making: An encounter with queer theory
Authors: Kastner Philipp , Roy Trudel Elisabeth 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article examines the usefulness of an encounter with queer theory to contribute to the peaceful resolution of armed conflicts, to question the traditional frontiers of international law, and to lay the groundwork for envisaging different forms of peace and peace-making. In a field where, arguably, little genuine progress has been made to resolve armed conflicts and to address underlying forms of violence, queer theory can reinforce a pluralistic understanding of law and suggest much-needed unsettling and creative approaches. The article focuses on queer theory’s specific critique of the construction and normalization of hierarchies, categories, and identities, which almost always – whether explicitly or implicitly – lie at the heart of armed conflicts and frame peace negotiations, without ever being truly reconsidered. Moreover, queer theory allows appreciating both peace and law beyond predetermined categorizations and as aspirational endeavours that are constantly evolving. Through a dialogue between two figures, which imagines what Peace and qt* might want to tell each other, this article also attempts to queer the standard academic format and to question the dominant forms of expression and knowledge-production in academia.
Bias correction methods for test-negative designs in the presence of misclassification
Authors: Endo A. , Funk S. , Kucharski A. J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The test-negative design (TND) has become a standard approach for vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies. However, previous studies suggested that it may be more vulnerable than other designs to misclassification of disease outcome caused by imperfect diagnostic tests. This could be a particular limitation in VE studies where simple tests (e.g. rapid influenza diagnostic tests) are used for logistical convenience. To address this issue, we derived a mathematical representation of the TND with imperfect tests, then developed a bias correction framework for possible misclassification. TND studies usually include multiple covariates other than vaccine history to adjust for potential confounders; our methods can also address multivariate analyses and be easily coupled with existing estimation tools. We validated the performance of these methods using simulations of common scenarios for vaccine efficacy and were able to obtain unbiased estimates in a variety of parameter settings.