bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Escaping the Disengagement Dilemma: Two Field Experiments on Motivating Citizens to Report on Public Services
Authors: Buntaine Mark T. , Nielson Daniel L. , Skaggs Jacob T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTo promote good governance, citizens can inform governments directly and routinely about the implementation of policies and the delivery of public services. Yet citizens lack incentives to provide information when they do not expect governments to be responsive, and citizen disengagement in turn often prevents governments from providing public goods effectively. In two field experiments, we studied potential remedies to this dilemma related to solid waste services in Uganda. We randomly assigned reporters to be recruited by community nomination and to be recognized by community leaders in an attempt to select for and motivate information sharing. We also randomly assigned reporters to hear from the government about how their reports were used to make real improvements to waste services. Community nominations and public announcements did not increase reporting. However, responsiveness boosted participation over several months for reporters who had been recruited earliest and had been reporting longest, highlighting the critical role of timely government responsiveness in sustaining information flows from citizens.
Power, Predistribution, and Social Justice
Authors: O'Neill Martin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe idea of predistribution has the potential to offer a valuable and distinctive approach to political philosophers, political scientists, and economists, in thinking about social justice and the creation of more egalitarian economies. It is also an idea that has drawn the interest of politicians of the left and centre-left, promising an alternative to traditional forms of social democracy. But the idea of predistribution is not well understood, and stands in need of elucidation. This article explores ways of drawing the conceptual and normative distinction between predistribution and redistribution, examining those general categories when considering the roles of public services and fiscal transfers, and looking at the ways in which government policies can empower and disempower different individuals and groups within the economy. This article argues that the most initially plausible and common-sensical ways of drawing the distinction between predistributive and redistributive public policies collapse when put under analytical pressure. It concludes that the distinction between predistribution and redistribution is best seen in terms of the aims or effects of policies rather than a deeper division of policy types, and argues that, once seen in those terms, predistribution is a central concern of social justice.
Are changes in ADHD course reflected in differences in IQ and executive functioning from childhood to young adulthood?
Authors: Agnew-Blais Jessica C. , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Danese Andrea , Wertz Jasmin , Moffitt Terrie E. , Arseneault Louise 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poorer cognitive functioning. We used a developmental, genetically-sensitive approach to examine intelligence quotient (IQ) from early childhood to young adulthood among those with different ADHD courses to investigate whether changes in ADHD were reflected in differences in IQ. We also examined executive functioning in childhood and young adulthood among different ADHD courses.MethodsStudy participants were part of the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a population-based birth cohort of 2232 twins. We assessed ADHD in childhood (ages 5, 7, 10 and 12) and young adulthood (age 18). We examined ADHD course as reflected by remission, persistence and late-onset. IQ was evaluated at ages 5, 12 and 18, and executive functioning at ages 5 and 18.ResultsADHD groups showed deficits in IQ across development compared to controls; those with persistent ADHD showed the greatest deficit, followed by remitted and late-onset. ADHD groups did not differ from controls in developmental trajectory of IQ, suggesting changes in ADHD were not reflected in IQ. All ADHD groups performed more poorly on executive functioning tasks at ages 5 and 18; persisters and remitters differed only on an inhibitory control task at age 18.ConclusionsDifferences in ADHD course – persistence, remission and late-onset – were not directly reflected in changes in IQ. Instead, having ADHD at any point across development was associated with lower average IQ and poorer executive functioning. Our finding that individuals with persistent ADHD have poorer response inhibition than those who remitted requires replication.
The retinal pigments of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and their role in visual foraging ecology
Authors: Fasick Jeffry I. , Algrain Haya , Serba Katherine M. , Robinson Phyllis R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe spectral tuning properties of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) rod (rhodopsin or Rh1) and long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cone visual pigments were examined to determine whether these retinal pigments have adapted to the broadband light spectrum available for surface foraging or to the narrowband blue-shifted light spectrum available at depth. Recently published whale shark genomes have identified orthologous genes for both the whale sharkRh1andLWScone opsins suggesting a duplex retina. Here, the whale shark Rh1 and LWS cone opsin sequences were examined to identify amino acid residues critical for spectral tuning. Surprisingly, the predicted absorbance maximum (λmax) for both the whale shark Rh1 and LWS visual pigments is near 500 nm. Although Rh1λmaxvalues near 500 nm are typical of terrestrial vertebrates, as well as surface foraging fish, it is uncommon for a vertebrate LWS cone pigment to be so greatly blue-shifted. We propose that the spectral tuning properties of both the whale shark Rh1 and LWS cone pigments are most likely adaptations to the broadband light spectrum available at the surface. Whale shark melanopsin (Opn4) deactivation kinetics was examined to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of the pupillary light reflex. Results show that the deactivation rate of whale shark Opn4 is similar to the Opn4 deactivation rate from vertebrates possessing duplex retinae and is significantly faster than the Opn4 deactivation rate from an aquatic rod monochromat lacking functional cone photoreceptors. The rapid deactivation rate of whale shark Opn4 is consistent with a functional cone class and would provide the animal with an exponential increase in the number of photons required for photoreceptor signaling when transitioning from photopic to scotopic light conditions, as is the case when diving.
Association between food insecurity and emotional eating in Latinos and the mediating role of perceived stress
Authors: López-Cepero Andrea , Frisard Christine , Bey Ganga , Lemon Stephenie C , Rosal Milagros C 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjective:To examine the association between food insecurity and emotional eating (EE) in US Latinxs and explore the mediating role of perceived stress.Design:Cross-sectional analysis. Food insecurity was measured with the six-item US Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Scale; EE with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire R18-V2; and perceived stress with Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale-10. Covariates included age, sex, education, marital status, household size and country of birth. Mediation was tested using the Baron and Kenny method and the mediated proportion was calculated. Analyses included multivariable linear regression and multinomial logistic regression.Setting:A largely Latinx city in Massachusetts, USA. Participants were recruited from a community health centre serving a large portion of this Latinx community.Participants:Latinx individuals (n 580), aged 21–84 years.Results:Overall, 34·4 % were food insecure and 33·8 % experienced High EE. Food insecurity was associated (adjusted OR; 95 % CI) with higher odds of High EE (1·96; 1·28, 3·02) but not Low EE (1·27; 0·82, 1·99). Food insecurity was associated (β; 95 % CI) with higher perceived stress (5·69; 4·20, 7·19). Perceived stress was associated (adjusted OR; 95 % CI) with High EE (1·09; 1·06, 1·12) but not Low EE (1·00; CI 0·97, 1·02). When perceived stress was added in the main effects model, food insecurity was no longer associated (OR; 95 % CI) with High EE (1·31; 0·83, 2·07) and explained 69·9 % of the association between food insecurity and High EE.Conclusions:The association between food insecurity and high EE among Latinxs may be largely mediated by perceived stress. Longitudinal studies are needed.
Breast tissue tumor detection using “S” parameter analysis with an UWB stacked aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna having a “ + ” shaped defected ground structure
Authors: Kaur Gagandeep , Kaur Amanpreet 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMicrowave imaging is an efficient technique that can be used for the early detection of breast cancer. Therefore the current research article presents the microwave imaging of two spherical tumors (radius 4 and 5 mm) in the breast phantom by using the monostatic radar-based technique. This is carried out by using an ultra-wideband (4.9–10.9 GHz), three-layered stacked aperture coupled microstrip antenna (SACMPA) with a defected ground structure to scan the breast phantom and make near field S parameter measurements from a breast phantom. The S parameter data from different locations and at different time intervals are noted and then used in a beam-forming algorithm; Delay and Sum to process it and form a 2D image of the tumor location in the breast phantom using MATLAB.The proposed SACMPA is a three-layered structure with overall dimensions of 37 × 43 × 4.85 mm3 that shows an impedance bandwidth of 6 GHz (4.9–10.9 GHz) and a simulated peak gain of 6.32 dB at a frequency of 9.1 GHz. The validation of S parameters and gain results are done using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and an anechoic chamber. The experimental validation of the proposed microwave imaging procedure is done by allowing the SACMPA to radiate parallel to the breast phantom made from polythene (skin), petroleum jelly (fat), and wheat flour (with water as tumor) and record the S parameters on the VNA. The proposed microwave method is safe for human exposure as the antenna also shows simulated specific absorption rates of 0.271 and 1.115 W/Kg (on the breast phantom) at frequencies of 5.7 and 6.5 GHz, respectively (for 1 g of body tissue).
On the Origin of Radial Anisotropy Near Subducted Slabs in the Midmantle
Authors: Sturgeon William , Ferreira Ana M.G. , Faccenda Manuele , Chang Sung‐Joon , Schardong Lewis 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecent seismic studies indicate the presence of seismic anisotropy near subducted slabs in the transition zone and uppermost lower mantle (mid‐mantle). In this study, we investigate the origin of radial anisotropy in the mid‐mantle using 3‐D geodynamic subduction models combined with mantle fabric simulations. These calculations are compared with seismic tomography images to constrain the range of possible causes of the observed anisotropy. We consider three subduction scenarios: (i) slab stagnation at the bottom of the transition zone; (ii) slab trapped in the uppermost lower mantle; and (iii) slab penetration into the deep lower mantle. For each scenario, we consider a range of parameters, including several slip systems of bridgmanite and its grain‐boundary mobility. Modeling of lattice‐preferred orientation shows that the upper transition zone is characterized by fast‐SV radial anisotropy anomalies up to −1.5%. For the stagnating and trapped slab scenarios, the uppermost lower mantle is characterized by two fast‐SH radial anisotropy anomalies of ∼+2% beneath the slab's tip and hinge. On the other hand, the penetrating slab is associated with fast‐SH radial anisotropy anomalies of up to ∼+1.3% down to a depth of 2,000 km. Four possible easy slip systems of bridgmanite lead to a good consistency between the mantle modeling and the seismic tomography images: [100](010), [010](100), [001](100), and
. The anisotropy anomalies obtained from shape‐preferred orientation calculations do not fit seismic tomography images in the mid‐mantle as well as lattice‐preferred orientation calculations, especially for slabs penetrating into the deep lower mantle.
A New Perspective for Future Precipitation Change from Intense Extratropical Cyclones
Authors: Kodama C. , Stevens B. , Mauritsen T. , Seiki T. , Satoh M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExtratropical cyclones, major contributors to precipitation in the midlatitudes, comprise mesoscale fronts and fine‐scale convective storms. Intense oceanic cyclones pose natural hazards, making reliable projections of their changes with global warming of great interest. Here, we analyze the first ever global climate simulations to resolve such mesoscale dynamics of extratropical cyclones. The present‐day structure, frequency, and precipitation of the oceanic extratropical cyclones compare well with reanalyses and new satellite datasets that resolve the multiscale cloud‐precipitation system. Simulated precipitation from intense oceanic cyclones increases at a rate of 7%/K1, following Clausius‐Clapeyron, with warming. The same scaling is apparent also in the interhemispheric contrast, suggesting that the latter could serve as a predictor of the former. Projected changes in precipitation from intense oceanic cyclones with warming may thus be testable using a reliable global observation network of precipitation in the present day.
IpsDst of Dst Storms Applied to Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Storms and Low‐Latitude Aurora
Authors: Balan N. , Zhang Qing‐He , Shiokawa K. , Skoug R. , Xing Zanyang , Tulasi Ram S. , Otsuka Y. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConventionally, the minimum value of Dst (DstMin) and maximum values of Kp and AE (Kpmaxand AEmax) representing the geomagnetic storm intensities have been used for investigating space weather in Earth's environment. The present paper uses the derived parameters (IpsDst, IpsKp, and IpsAE) giving the mean values of Dst, Kp, and AE during the main phase (MP) of Dst storms for investigating ionosphere‐thermosphere storms and low‐latitude (630 nm) aurora. The derived parameters (IpsDst, IpsKp, and IpsAE) representing the impulsive strength of geomagnetic storms seem to have more systematic dependence among themselves than among the intensities (DstMin, Kpmax, and AEmax). The ionosphere‐thermosphere storms observed by the CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) satellite and low‐latitude auroras observed by optical imagers are much more intense during high impulsive storms than high intensity storms. In a statistical sense, over 175 positive ionospheric storms (△NmF2) observed in 1985–2005 and the intensity of 20 red auroras observed in 1989–2004 at midlatitudes correlate better with the impulsive parameters than the intensity parameters, with the best correlation being with IpsDst. The mechanism of the impulsive action (high‐energy input over a short duration) leading to large IpsDst arises from the impact of fast solar storms (interplanetary coronal mass ejections) with large IMF Bz southward at their front (or shock). The impulsive action results in bright low‐latitude auroras and strong ionosphere‐thermosphere storms.
Locally Generated ULF Waves in the Martian Magnetosphere: MAVEN Observations
Authors: Harada Y. , Ruhunusiri S. , Halekas J. S. , Espley J. , DiBraccio G. A. , Mcfadden J. P. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Collinson G. , Brain D. A. , Hara T. , Nosé M. , Oimatsu S. , Yamamoto K. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe investigate Martian ultralow frequency (ULF) electromagnetic waves generated by local plasma instabilities below the Martian bow shock. Recent Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations have shown that ULF waves generated upstream of the Martian bow shock can propagate down to the upper ionosphere, possibly facilitating heavy ion escape from Mars by heating the ionospheric plasma. In contrast to the upstream waves oscillating near the upstream proton cyclotron frequency, we identify narrow band ULF magnetic field fluctuations with frequencies near the local proton cyclotron frequency (fcp(local)) from MAVEN data. In addition to expected proton cyclotron waves locally generated in the magnetosheath, we newly identify compressional narrow band emissions near fcp(local) (and its harmonics for some cases) in the dayside upper ionosphere and in the nightside magnetotail. The dayside waves are preferentially observed for high solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) conditions and are often associated with ring/shell‐like, hot protons of magnetosheath origin in the presence of cold, dense ionospheric protons. The nightside waves exhibit distinct preference for high‐solar‐EUV, strong‐solar‐wind conditions, under which both warm and cold protons are enhanced. The observed properties of these compressional waves are generally consistent with a proton Bernstein mode instability driven by a positive perpendicular slope in proton velocity distribution functions. The excited waves can cause perpendicular heating of thermal protons, thereby transferring energy from precipitating hot protons to cold ionospheric protons.
A Principal Oscillation Pattern Analysis of the Circulation Variability in the California Current System Associated With the El Niño Southern Oscillation
Authors: Crawford William J. , Moore Andrew M. , Fiechter Jerome , Edwards Christopher A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA linear inverse model of the circulation of the California Current System was constructed from a 31‐year sequence of circulation estimates based on a data assimilative configuration of the Regional Ocean Modeling System. Principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis of the linear inverse model has identified several distinct dynamical modes, one with an oscillation period of 3.6 years that describes much of the observed circulation variability of the California Current System associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This POP captures not only the circulation changes due to large amplitude ENSO events but also that associated with many of the weak‐to‐moderate events as well. The POP describes both nearshore and offshore variability and captures many of the previously identified phase relations between different circulation variables, unifying them as part of a coherent three‐dimensional time‐evolving mode of the circulation. The connection between the POP and the ocean surface forcing was also explored revealing their spatiotemporal connections to the ENSO circulation variability. Analysis of the dynamical balances of POP circulation anomalies reveals fundamentally different dynamical regimes in nearshore and offshore regions and sheds light on the possible role of wind‐induced baroclinic instability in modulating eddy kinetic energy during large ENSO events.
A Factor and Trends Analysis of Multidecadal Lower Tropospheric Observations of Arctic Aerosol Composition, Black Carbon, Ozone, and Mercury at Alert, Canada
Authors: Sharma S. , Barrie L.A. , Magnusson E. , Brattström G. , Leaitch W.R. , Steffen A. , Landsberger S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObservations from 1980 to 2013 of 20 aerosol constituents, ozone and mercury at Alert, Canada (82.50°N, 62.35°W), were analyzed for trends and dominant factors of the Arctic haze during winter and spring. Trends reflect changing emissions in Eurasia, the main source region for surface pollution in the high Arctic. SO42−, H+, NH4+, K+, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, nonsoil V, nonsoil Mn, and equivalent black carbon decreased between 23% and 80% as emissions declined rapidly in northern Eurasia during the early 1990s. NO3− increased by 20% as aerosol acidity declined. Metals were linked to emissions from smelting and fossil fuel combustion. In winter, ozone increased by 5% over 23 years, consistent with other observations and global modeling. Twelve PMF factors emerged for the dark period (November to February) and 13 for the light period (March to May). Eleven PMF factors are common to both dark and light, a twelfth factor was associated with sulfate in the dark and nitrate in the light, and the thirteenth (light period) was related to ozone and gaseous mercury depletion near Alert. IODINE and NITRATE factors, important for Arctic chemistry, changed with sunlight. In the light, 50% of all NO3− was on the NITRATE factor, while in the dark, most was associated with MODIFIED SEA SALT and equivalent black carbon. In the dark (light), 90% (28%) of iodine were found on the factor IODINE and 58% associated with SEA‐SALT and MODIFIED SEA‐SALT. These results help in understanding the role of atmospheric chemistry in weather and climate processes.
Regional Variability of Precipitation in Tropical Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific Revealed by the GPM Dual‐Frequency Precipitation Radar and Microwave Imager
Authors: Chen Fengjiao , Fu Yunfei , Yang Yuanjian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA knowledge of precipitation microphysics of tropical cyclones (TCs) is crucial for forecasts of the TC track and intensity using numerical weather models. Based on five years of measurements of TCs over the western North Pacific from the dual‐frequency precipitation radar and the microwave imager on board the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite, the precipitation characteristics and microphysical processes in different regions of TCs and their associations with ice scattering signals are investigated. In the region close to the TC center, the storm top height (STH) and near‐surface rain rate are high, and the hydrometeors have a high concentration and a relatively low mass‐weighted mean diameter (Dm). In the outer TC region, the distributions of the reflectivity factor (Ze) and Dm become broader as the mean Dm increases. Ze and Dm values generally increase below the melting layer, indicating the predominant role of collision–coalescence processes. The occurrence probability of collision–coalescence is greater than 90% when STH is less than 5 km and the polarization‐corrected temperature at 89 GHz is greater than 250 K. When the STH exceeds 5 km, the collision–coalescence process is also predominant in the eyewall region; however, the influence of the breakup process increases in the rainband regions.
Comment on “Comparing Paleomagnetic Study Means With Apparent Wander Paths: A Case Study and Paleomagnetic Test of the Greater India Versus Greater Indian Basin Hypotheses” by David B. Rowley
Authors: van Hinsbergen Douwe J.J. 
Published: November 2019

Key Points

The paper by Rowley incorrectly argues that paleomagnetic data do not support a Greater India Basin Hypothesis
The APWP predicted by a fully continental Greater India hypothesis is systematically offset from and thus inconsistent with the data
Paleomagnetic data render the chance that continental Greater India was ever thousands of kilometers wide negligible