bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on PCOS: Consequences, Challenges, and Guiding Treatment
Authors: Hoeger Kathleen M , Dokras Anuja , Piltonen Terhi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrine disorders in women and despite this, diagnostic challenges, delayed diagnosis, and less-than-optimal treatment regimens plague the condition. The International PCOS network, consisting of geographically diverse international experts in PCOS as well as consumers, engaged in a multi-year international evidence-based guideline development process that was jointly sponsored by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). The guideline was published in 2018 and endorsed by more than 40 international societies involved in PCOS. Translation of this evidence-based guideline to medical practice and consumer groups remains a priority. However, there remain many challenges to both understanding the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Evidence suggests that both clinicians and consumers are not satisfied with the timeliness of diagnosis and treatment options. This review summarizes the important findings for diagnosis and treatment from the guidelines and expands on recent developments in the literature since its publication. Special attention to diagnosis at the ends of the reproductive spectrum are discussed and remaining areas of controversy are noted. Additionally, the review highlights some of the remaining challenges in the understanding and management of PCOS to help guide clinicians and investigators in this perplexing condition.
Maternal High-Fat Diet Multigenerationally Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Memory in Male Rat Offspring
Authors: Lin ChengCheng , Lin YanYan , Luo Ji , Yu JunRu , Cheng YaNi , Wu XiaoYun , Lin Lin , Lin YuanShao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As advances are made in the field of developmental origins of health and disease, there is an emphasis on long-term influence of maternal environmental factors on offspring health. Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption has been suggested to exert detrimental effects on cognitive function in offspring, but whether HFD-dependent brain remodeling can be transmitted to the next generations is still unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that HFD consumption during rat pregnancy and lactation multigenerationally influences male offspring hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. We observed that hippocampus-dependent learning and memory was impaired in 3 generations from HFD-fed maternal ancestors (referred as F1-F3), as assessed by novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Moreover, maternal HFD exposure also affected electrophysiological and ultrastructure measures of hippocampal synaptic plasticity across generations. We observed that intranasal insulin replacement partially rescued hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in F3 rats, suggesting central insulin resistance may play an important role in maternal diet-induced neuroplasticity impairment. Furthermore, maternal HFD exposure enhanced the palmitoylation of GluA1 critically involved in long-term potentiation induction, while palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate counteracts GluA1 hyperpalmitoylation and partially abolishes the detrimental effects of maternal diet on learning and memory in F3 offspring. Importantly, maternal HFD-dependent GluA1 hyperpalmitoylation was reversed by insulin replacement. Taken together, our data suggest that maternal HFD exposure multigenerationally influences adult male offspring hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive performance, and central insulin resistance may serve as the cross-talk between maternal diet and cognitive impairment across generations.
The Role of Androgen Signaling in Male Sexual Development at Puberty
Authors: Rey Rodolfo A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPuberty is characterized by major changes in the anatomy and function of reproductive organs. Androgen activity is low before puberty, but during pubertal development, the testes resume the production of androgens. Major physiological changes occur in the testicular cell compartments in response to the increase in intratesticular testosterone concentrations and androgen receptor expression. Androgen activity also impacts on the internal and external genitalia. In target cells, androgens signal through a classical and a nonclassical pathway. This review addresses the most recent advances in the knowledge of the role of androgen signaling in postnatal male sexual development, with a special emphasis on human puberty.
Prevalence and correlates of diagnosed and undiagnosed epilepsy and migraine headache among people with severe psychiatric disorders in Ethiopia
Authors: Ayano Getinet , Demelash Sileshi , Yohannes Zegeye , Haile Kibrom , Tsegay Light , Tesfaye Abel , Haile Kelemua , Tulu Mikias , Tsegaye Belachew , Solomon Melat , Hibdye Getahun , Assefa Dawit , Dachew Berihun Assefa 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThere is a paucity of research on the prevalence of diagnosed as well as undiagnosed neurological disorders with episodic manifestations such as epilepsy and migraine headaches in people with severe psychiatric disorders (SPD). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing and comparing the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed chronic neurological disorders with episodic manifestations including epilepsy and migraine headache in people with SPD.MethodThis quantitative cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 309 patients with SPD selected by a systematic random sampling technique. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID) was used to confirm SPD among the participants. The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) and International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) were used to define migraine headache and epilepsy, respectively]. Risk factors for chronic neurologic disorders were explored by using logistic regression models.ResultIn this study, the prevalence of overall neurological disorders, epilepsy, and migraine headache among people with SPD were found to be 5.2% (95%CI 3.2–8.3), 1.6% (95%CI 0.7–3.9), and 3.9% (95%CI 2.2–6.7), respectively. We found that a considerably higher proportion of people with SPD had undiagnosed overall neurological disorder (87.5%; 14/16), epilepsy (60%; 3/5), as well as migraine headaches (100%; 12/12). On the other hand, in this study, 12.5%, 40%, and 0% of patients with overall neurologic disorder, epilepsy, and migraine headaches respectively were diagnosed by the professionals. Higher disability score (WHODAS score) was associated with increased odds of having neurological disorders compared with the lower WHODAS score [OR = 1.30 (95% CI 1.02–1.66)].ConclusionWhilst the prevalence estimates of neurological disorders with episodic manifestations including epilepsy and migraine headache was high among people with SPD, the vast majority of them remained undiagnosed. The diagnosis rates of those disorders were significantly low, perhaps surprisingly zero for migraine headache. High WHODAS score was associated with increased odds of having neurological disorders. Routine screening and management of epilepsy and migraine headache are imperative among people with SPD.
Professionals’ attitudes towards the use of cognitive enhancers in academic settings
Authors: Ram Sanyogita (Sanya) , Russell Bruce , Kirkpatrick Carl , Stewart Kay , Scahill Shane , Henning Marcus , Curley Louise , Hussainy Safeera 
Published: November 2020

Introduction and aims
The non-medical use of prescription stimulants such as methylphenidate, dexamphetamine and modafinil is increasing in popularity within tertiary academic settings. There is a paucity of information on awareness, attitudes, and acceptability by professionals of use in this context. This study aimed to investigate professionals’ knowledge of and attitudes towards the use of cognitive enhancers (CEs) in academic settings, and their willingness to use a hypothetical CE.

Design and methods
A mail survey was sent to doctors, pharmacists, nurses, accountants and lawyers in New Zealand. These disciplines were chosen as they require professional registration to practice. The questionnaire comprised four sections: (1) demographics, (2) knowledge of CEs, (3) attitudes towards the use of CEs, and (4) willingness to use hypothetical CEs.

Results
The response rate was 34.5% (414/1200). Overall, participants strongly disagreed that it was fair to allow university students to use CEs for cognitive enhancement (Mdn = 1, IQR: 1,3), or that it is ethical for students without a prescription to use cognitive enhancers for any reason (Mdn = 1, IQR: 1,2). Professions differed in their attitudes towards whether it is ethical for students without a prescription to use CEs for any reason (p = 0.001, H 31.527).

Discussion and conclusion
Divergent views and lack of clear consensus within professions and between professionals on the use of CEs have the potential to influence both professionals and students as future professionals. These divergent views may stem from differences in the core values of self-identity as well as extrinsic factors of acceptability within the profession in balancing the elements of opportunity, fairness and authenticity in cognitive enhancement. Further research is required to inform the development of policy and guidelines that are congruent with all professions.
Diagnostic accuracy of tests for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kaur Gunjeet , Lakshmi P. V. M. , Rastogi Ashu , Bhansali Anil , Jain Sanjay , Teerawattananon Yot , Bano Henna , Prinja Shankar 
Published: November 2020

Aim
This systematic review aimed to ascertain the diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of screening tests for early detection of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in previously undiagnosed adults.

Methods
This systematic review included published studies that included one or more index tests (random and fasting tests, HbA1c) for glucose detection, with 75-gram Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (or 2-hour post load glucose) as a reference standard (PROSPERO ID CRD42018102477). Seven databases were searched electronically (from their inception up to March 9, 2020) accompanied with bibliographic and website searches. Records were manually screened and full text were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, data extraction was done using standardized form and quality assessment of studies using QUADAS-2 tool. Meta-analysis was done using bivariate model using Stata 14.0. Optimal cut offs in terms of sensitivity and specificity for the tests were analysed using R software.

Results
Of 7,151 records assessed by title and abstract, a total of 37 peer reviewed articles were included in this systematic review. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive (LR+) and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) for diagnosing diabetes with HbA1c (6.5%; venous sample; n = 17 studies) were 50% (95% CI: 42–59%), 97.3% (95% CI: 95.3–98.4), 18.32 (95% CI: 11.06–30.53) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.43–0.60), respectively. However, the optimal cut-off for diagnosing diabetes in previously undiagnosed adults with HbA1c was estimated as 6.03% with pooled sensitivity of 73.9% (95% CI: 68–79.1%) and specificity of 87.2% (95% CI: 82–91%). The optimal cut-off for Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) was estimated as 104 milligram/dL (mg/dL) with a sensitivity of 82.3% (95% CI: 74.6–88.1%) and specificity of 89.4% (95% CI: 85.2–92.5%).

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that at present recommended threshold of 6.5%, HbA1c is more specific and less sensitive in diagnosing the newly detected diabetes in undiagnosed population from community settings. Lowering of thresholds for HbA1c and FPG to 6.03% and 104 mg/dL for early detection in previously undiagnosed persons for screening purposes may be considered.
Fernando de Azevedo: um sujeito do afeto
Authors: Campos Raquel Discini de , Discini Norma 
Published: November 2020

O presente artigo analisa a crônica A graça do amor e da fé (sobre um manuscrito de minha mãe), publicada pelo intelectual Fernando de Azevedo no jornal O Estado de S. Paulo, no ano de 1955. A crônica diz respeito à vida e à morte de Sara Lemos Almeida de Azevedo. A partir da análise crítica desse escrito, e à luz da Retórica, de Aristóteles, discutimos o ethos de um filho amoroso e grato (cujo discurso é articulado pela visada de um “observador sensível”), bem como o ethos do intelectual da educação, que problematiza práticas relacionadas ao campo educacional (cujo discurso é articulado pela visada de um “observador social” imprimida no relato feito sobre as ações pedagógicas da própria mãe). Assim se fundam nessa crônica os papéis sociais e os individuais desse sujeito: papéis concomitantes e entrecruzados na constituição do corpo discursivo da crônica.
Palavras-chave: Fernando de Azevedo. Ethos. Intelectual da educação. Afeto e efeito de sentido.
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage During the Menstrual Cycle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Romero-Parra Nuria , Cupeiro Rocío , Alfaro-Magallanes Victor M. , Rael Beatriz , Rubio-Arias Jacobo Á. , Peinado Ana B. , Benito Pedro J. ,   on behalf of the IronFEMME Study Group
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Romero-Parra, N, Cupeiro, R, Alfaro-Magallanes, VM, Rael, B, Rubio-Arias, JA, Peinado, AB, and Benito, PJ, IronFEMME Study Group. Exercise-induced muscle damage during the menstrual cycle: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 549–561, 2021—A strenuous bout of exercise could trigger damage of muscle tissue, and it is not clear how sex hormone fluctuations occurring during the menstrual cycle (MC) affect this response. The aims of this study were to systematically search and assess studies that have evaluated exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in eumenorrheic women over the MC and to perform a meta-analysis to quantify which MC phases display the muscle damage response. The guidelines of the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis were followed. A total of 19 articles were analyzed in the quantitative synthesis. Included studies examined EIMD in at least one phase of the following MC phases: early follicular phase (EFP), late follicular phase (LFP), or midluteal phase (MLP). The meta-analysis demonstrated differences between MC phases for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and strength loss (p < 0.05), whereas no differences were observed between MC phases for creatine kinase. The maximum mean differences between pre-excercise and post-exercise for DOMS were EFP: 6.57 (4.42, 8.71), LFP: 5.37 (2.10, 8.63), and MLP: 3.08 (2.22, 3.95), whereas for strength loss were EFP: −3.46 (−4.95, −1.98), LFP: −1.63 (−2.36, −0.89), and MLP: −0.72 (−1.07, −0.36) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that hormone fluctuations throughout the MC affect EIMD in terms of DOMS and strength loss. Lower training loads or longer recovery periods could be considered in the EFP, when sex hormone concentrations are lower and women may be more vulnerable to muscle damage, whereas strength conditioning loads could be enhanced in the MLP.
MK Melegalkan LGBT, Benarkah?
Authors: Nasution Latipah 
Published: November 2020

Masyarakat Indonesia pada pertengahan Desember 2017 dihebohkan dengan adanya isu terkait pelegalan LGBT oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK), pasalnya MK menolak permohonan uji materil Pasal 284, 285 dan 282 Kitab undang-undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) yang diajukan dosen IPB, Euis Sunarti dan LSM AILA. Terkait Ketiga pasal tersebut yang mengatur tentang kejahatan kesusilaan. Penyimpangan seks seperti LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexsual, transgender) merupakan hal yang tidak dapat dipungkiri terjadi dalam masyarakat. Indonesia dikenal dengan heterosexual namun tidak dapat dipungkiri heterosexual dimungkinkan terjadi karena ada masyarakat kecil yang memiliki kelainan tersebut. Fenomena yang terjadi di masyarakat merupakan hak setiap orang dalam meorientasikan hasrat dan kebutuhan seksualnya, namun sebisa mungkin dapat dicegah dengan nilai dan norma yang berlaku (Manik, 2016: 2).
Batasan Kebebasan Beragama
Authors: Latipah Latipah 
Published: November 2020

Negara Indonesia sebagai Negara yang berdasarkan Pancasila menempatkan agama pada kedudukan penting dan mempunyai peranan serta menjadi sasaran dalam pembangunan. Dengan demikian kepentingan agama perlu memperoleh perlindungan hukum, sehingga sangat wajar apabila dalam KUHP terdapat pengaturan terhadap tindak pidana agama. Perlindungan kebebasan beragama termaktub dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945 pasal 29 ayat (1) dan (2), akan tetapi pemerintah belum menentukan agama dan kepercayaan apa saja yang diakui secara sah. Walaupun pada akhirnya putusan Presiden di era Gusdur menetapkan enam agama yang diakui secara sah di Indonesia, tetapi status agama lainnya belum diakomodir secara merata. Hukum pidana Indonesia mengatur segala aspek kehidupan masyarakatnya, karena berkaitan dengan fungsinya sebagai kontrol sosial maupun rekayasa sosial. Adanya pengaturan tindak pidana agama adalah amanat konstitusi. Hadirnya konﬂik yang bernuansa agama membuat citra Indonesia menjadi keruh di mata dunia, pasalnya negara Indonesia adalah negara yang menjunjung tinggi toleransi dan sangat menghormati keanekaragaman bangsanya. Bhineka tunggal ika sebagai semboyan yang diagung-agungkan masyarakatnya berbalik dengan hal itu karena fakta yang terjadi adanya sikap intoleransi masyarakat yang kadang kurang memahami akan pluralnya masyarakat Indonesia sebagai realitas sosial.
Menyongsong Bonus Demografi Indonesia
Authors: Mukri Syarifah Gustiawati 
Published: November 2020

Sudah menjadi kewajiban bagi suatu negara untuk melakukan pembangunan generasi mudanya sebagai asset masa depan. Pembangunan itu dapat berupa pembangunan gerakan pemuda, bukan hanya pada level nasional namun juga pada level internasional. Bagi Indonesia sendiri, gerakan tersebut memberikan implikasi semakin pentingnya posisi pemuda dalam konteks bonus demografi sebagai intelectual capital bagi bangsa yang besar.
Wajah Buram Partai Politik
Authors: Danial Ahmad 
Published: November 2020

Dalam tatanan kehidupan berdemokrasi, salah satu aspek pendukung lancarnya distribusi nilai-nilai demokrasi agar sampai di tengah masyarakat adalah Partai Politik. Selain sebagai bentuk ekspresi dalam rangka realisasi demokrasi pancasila (demokrasi bangsa Indonesia), parpol juga dianggap sebagai penerjemah kepentingan masyarakat ke dalam regulasi yang mengatur masalah kebijakan publik. Selain dari itu, tujuan dari parpol yakni untuk memperoleh kekuasaan politik dan merebut kekuasaan dengan jalan konstitusional. Maka dari itu, baik buruknya demokrasi dalam satu negeri tergantung partai politiknya.
Kewenangan Melakukan Pembebasan Narapidana Oleh Presiden
Authors: Romlah Siti 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:Conditional release of prisoners can be given when the convict has fulfilled the terms and conditions that apply in article 82 of Permenkumham Number 3 Year 2018. However, problems arise when the president takes the initiative to provide parole to prisoners, especially terrorism prisoners. Even though there are no provisions in the president's prerogative provisions that directly give authority to the president to be able to release prisoners, except the provisions that require prisoners to file clemency, amnesty, abolition and rehabilitation. Because of this, in this simple article the author conducted a discussion.Keywords: Conditional Release, President's Authority, Terrorism Abstrak:Pembebasan bersyarat terhadap narapidana dapat diberikan pada saat terpidana telah memenuhi syarat dan ketentuan yang berlaku pada pasal 82 Permenkumham Nomor 3 Tahun 2018. Namun, permasalahan muncul pada saat presiden berinisiatif untuk memberikan pembebasan bersyarat terhadap narapidana khususnya narapidana terorisme. Padahal dalam ketentuan mengenai hak prerogatif presiden tidak ada ketentuan yang secara langsung memberikan kewenangan kepada presiden untuk dapat membebaskan narapidana. Kecuali ketentuan yang mensyaratkan narapidana mengajukan grasi, amnesti, abolisi dan rehabilitasi. Karena hal inilah, dalam artikel sederhana ini penulis melakukan pembahasan. Kata Kunci: Pembebasan Bersyarat, Kewenangan Presiden, Terorisme
Legislatif Kuat, Demokrasi Stabil?
Authors: Muqsith Munadhil Abdul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:The concept of people's sovereignty truly lies in the representation of the people's representatives or legislators. The strong legislative control over the executive makes the allocation of natural and human resources well controlled. The power granted by the people to the executive can be limited constitutionally by the legislature. In this article the author wants to discuss the urgency of strengthening the legislature to strengthen a country's democratic system. Without a strong legislature, it is certain that a country's democratic system is weak, and vice versa.Keywords: Legislature, Democracy, State Abstrak:Konsep kedaulatan rakyat sejatinya berada pada representasi perwakilan rakyat atau legislator. Kuatnya kontrol legislatif terhadap eksekutif maka alokasi sumber daya alam dan manusia dapat terkontrol dengan baik. Kekuasaan yang diberikan rakyat kepada eksekutif dapat dibatasi secara konstitusional oleh legislatif. Dalam artikel ini penulis ingin membahas urgensi penguatan legislatif untuk menguatkan sistem Demokrasi suatu negara. Tanpa adanya legislatif yang kuat, maka dipastikan system demokrasi suatu negara menjadi lemah, begitu pula sebaliknya.Kata Kunci: Legislatif, Demokrasi, Negara
Keniscayaan Politik Identitas Dari Suatu Bangsa dan Agama
Authors: Zahrotunnimah Zahrotunnimah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:The discussion of this simple article was inspired by a book entitled The Politics of Identity and the Future of Our Pluralism. The problem in this book is whether the identity politics in Indonesia will jeopardize the nationalist position and pluralism in Indonesia in the future? If dangerous in what form? How to handle it? The source of this book relies on the opinion of L. A Kauffman who first explained the nature of identity politics, and who first introduced the term political identity which is still unknown. However, in this book explained substantively, identity politics is associated with the interests of members of a social group who feel blackmailed and feel alienated by large currents in a nation or state.Keywords: Identity Politics, Nation, ReligionAbstrak:Pembahasan artikel sederhana ini terinspirasi dari buku berjudul Politik Identitas dan Masa Depan Pluralisme Kita. Permasalahan dalam buku ini adalah apakah poitik identitas di Indonesia ini akan membahayakan posisi nasionalis dan pluralisme di Indonesia di masa yang akan datang? Jika berbahaya dalam bentuk apa? Bagaimana cara mengatasinya? Sumber buku ini bersandarkan pada pendapat L. A Kauffman yang pertama kali menjelaskan tentang hakekat politik identitas, dan siapa yang pertama kali memperkenalkan istilah politik identitas yang masih belum diketahui sampai saat ini. Tetapi, didalam buku ini dijelaskan secara substansif, politik identitas dikaitkan dengan kepentingan anggota-anggota sebuah kelompok sosial yang merasa diperas dan merasa tersingkir oleh arus besar dalam sebuah bangsa atau negara. Kata Kunci: Politik Identitas, Bangsa, Agama