bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 Evaluating the effects of a dietary strategy to mitigate the impact of in utero heat stress on biomarkers of post-absorptive metabolism and stress in pigs following weaning and transport
Authors: Maskal Jacob M , Duttlinger Alan W , Kpodo Kouassi R , McConn Betty R , Byrd Christopher , Richert Brian T , Lay Donald C , Marchant-Forde Jeremy , Lucy Matthew , Safranski Tim , Perry Shelbi , Johnson Jay S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In utero heat stress (IUHS) increases postnatal energy requirements of pigs, and this may exacerbate weaning and transport stress. The study objective was to evaluate the impact of providing a nutrient dense (ND) diet, which met the greater energy requirements of IUHS pigs, on biomarkers of post-absorptive metabolism and stress following weaning and transport. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were assigned to thermoneutral (n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1°C) or heat stress (n = 12; cyclical 26°C to 36°C) conditions from gestation d 1 to 58, and then TN conditions until farrowing. At weaning (16.2 ± 0.4 d), mixed-sex piglets (n = 160; 4.78 ± 0.15 kg BW) were transported (loading + transport + unloading) for 11 h 40 min and then blocked into pens (n = 4 piglets/pen) by in utero and dietary treatments fed for 14 d (P1): in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) + control diet (C; n = 10 pens), IUTN + ND (n = 10 pens), IUHS + C (n = 10 pens), IUHS + ND (n = 10 pens). The C diet was fed to all pigs from d 15 to 35 post-weaning and transport (P2). One pig per pen was bled immediately pre-transport (Pre-T) and immediately post-transport (Post-T), and on d 2, 7, 14, 28, and 35 post-weaning and transport to analyze cortisol, glucose, insulin, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Overall, cortisol was decreased (P = 0.03; 25.8%) during transport in IUHS versus IUTN pigs. On d 2, glucose was decreased overall (P = 0.01; 13.5 mg/dL) in IUHS versus IUTN pigs, but no d 2 insulin (P = 0.76; 0.079 ± 0.011 ng/mL) or NEFA (P = 0.65; 810.3 ± 61.1 mEq/L) differences were detected. Insulin and insulin:glucose ratio were increased (P &lt; 0.04; 0.076 ng/mL and 0.05, respectively) during P1 in ND versus C pigs. In summary, the physiological stress response and glucose levels were altered in IUHS versus IUTN pigs post-weaning and transport, but dietary treatment did not interact with in utero treatment.
26 Evaluation of sire versus dam effect on age at first calving in Brahman heifers
Authors: Earnhardt Audrey L , Neuendorff Don A , Long Charles R , Welsh Thomas H , Randel Ron D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the possible effects of sire and dam on age at first calving in Brahman heifers. A total of 570 heifers born between the years 2001 and 2017 were exposed as yearlings to fertile bulls through time of pregnancy determination. A calving code was determined by calculating the mean (993 d) and standard deviation (187 d) of heifer age at first calving. Heifers considered to calve early (≤899 d; calving code = 1) or late (≥1087 d; calving code = 3) were at least half a standard deviation (94 d) away from the mean. All other heifers were considered to have a normal age at first calving (900 to 1086 d; calving code = 2). There were 35 sires with 5 or more daughters, resulting in a total of 543 heifers evaluated for the effect of sire. There were 323 daughters of evaluated heifers, which were evaluated for the effect of dam calving code. Also evaluated was the effect of dam and sire calving code on age at first calving of female offspring (n = 287). Variables analyzed included dam and sire of the heifer, age at first calving, and calving code. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedures of SAS and proportions were tested using Chi-square. Sire calving code did affect (P &lt; 0.01) age at first calving and calving code in heifers, but dam calving code did not affect daughter calving code and age at first calving (Table 1). The proportion of daughters calving early compared to sire calving code significantly differed from the expected proportions (P &lt; 0.01), whereas the proportions of daughters calving early for dam calving code did not differ (Table 2). A selection effort to produce Brahman heifers capable of calving early will not be effective from the dam side, but can be effective on the sire side.
298 Can phenomics contribute to improved livelihood and food security in South Africa?
Authors: Visser Carina , De Freitas Allan , Koster Este Van Marle , Myburgh Herman 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In South Africa, there are almost 14 million cattle, which constitute 1.6 million dairy and 12.5 million beef cattle. Of the latter, approximately 53% are kept in commercial systems and the remaining 47% in informal systems. Phenotypic and pedigree recording of livestock faces constraints in terms of the extensive nature of the farming systems and the large informal livestock sector consisting of communal and small-holder farmers, which is characterized by a general lack of resources such as financial, infrastructural and extension support. Animal recording thus remains a challenge in both the commercial and informal agricultural sectors. This review will evaluate the use of precision phenotyping in the beef and dairy cattle industries of South Africa, and highlight the challenges, limitations and possible impact of the technology. Measuring objective, relevant phenotypes, such as activity level, temperature, and weight of an individual animal over time, could assist in detecting sickness before it exacerbates to the point of death. Weight measurement would be especially useful in the developing sector, where infrastructure is not available and could provide insight into the nutritional needs of the livestock, timing of the mating period, the possibility of disease or internal and external parasites. Measuring vital parameters and using them to predict various future occurrences would empower emerging farmers to optimize productivity by providing critical information to the farmer at any given time. Phenomics will provide new and emerging farmers the opportunity to participate in the agriculture economy, which will have a lasting effect of upliftment and empowerment and also contribute to the country’s agriculture output and its gross domestic product. Farmers will benefit from the use of automated technologies in terms of improved animal welfare and economic sustainability in resource-poor areas.
67 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Forage-Based Feeds from US and Canada
Authors: Gott Paige N , Schwandt Erin F , Ramirez Shelby M , Hendel Erika G , Murugesan G Raj , Hofstetter Ursula 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate a variety of feedstuffs and are detrimental to animal health and productivity. The risk of broad-spectrum mycotoxin exposure is elevated for ruminants due to the complexity of their diets. This study investigated the occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in forage-based feeds including corn silage, haylage (including various cuttings of multiple forage sources), and straw samples from across the US and Canada. Samples were screened for the six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A via LC-MS/MS technique. Samples submitted for clinical health or performance concerns were excluded from the data set. The B-Trich occurred most frequently (95% positive) among 92 corn silage samples harvested in 2019 followed by ZEN (34%) and FUM (9%). Mean contamination levels (parts per billion, ppb) on dry matter basis were 2,788 ppb, 456 ppb, and 194 ppb, respectively. Only 4% of silage samples were below the limit of detection (LOD) for all mycotoxins evaluated. Among 20 haylage samples from 2019 crop year, B-Trich were the most frequently detected, with 50% of samples positive at a mean concentration of 3,222 ppb. Twenty-one 2019 straw samples were submitted for analysis, with 100% testing positive for some level of B-Trich (mean 2,001 ppb) and 81% ZEN positive with an average of 640 ppb. Seventy-one percent of straw samples were positive for both B-Trich and ZEN. Preliminary mycotoxin survey results from US and Canada suggest B-Trich and ZEN are the most frequently occurring major mycotoxins in 2019 forage-based feed samples. Based on the frequency and levels of mycotoxin contamination identified in the current data set, continued analysis of forage-based feeds is warranted as mycotoxins pose a potential risk to the health, performance, and reproductive success of ruminants.
54 Evaluating the effectiveness of Lactobacillus zeae against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 infection in a porcine intestinal epithelial cell model
Authors: Chen Yanhong , Liu Shangxi , Yu Changning , Liu Song , Gong Joshua , O Karmin , Yang Chengbo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Lactobacillus zeae (LB1) has been shown to prevent Caenorhabditis elegans from death caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection through downregulating the gene expression of ETEC toxins and mediating antimicrobial peptides/defense molecules under the p38 MAPK and DAF/IGF signaling pathways in the nematode. However, the protective effects of LB1 at a cellular level have not been investigated yet. In the present study, porcine intestinal cells (IPEC-J2) were used to examine the potential of LB1 on modulating intestinal barrier and innate immune functions and protecting against intestinal injuries and inflammatory reactions induced by ETEC F4 infection. The results showed that the pretreatment of IPEC-J2 cells with LB1 significantly alleviated the cytotoxicity and inhibited gene expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6, and secretion of IL-8 induced by ETEC F4 (P &lt; 0.05). The LB1 pretreatment significantly maintained a higher value of TEER concomitantly with lower dextran-fluorescein fluxes from the apical side to the basolateral side when compared with that challenged by ETEC F4. LB1 pretreatment also prevented morphological damage of tight junction and cytoskeleton caused by the ETEC F4 challenge, indicating that LB1 pretreatment maintained the structural integrity of tight junction. However, LB1 inclusion showed no significant protection on ZO-1 expression at both gene and protein levels from the ETEC F4 challenge, but a considerable increase in the protein expression of occludin (P &lt; 0.05). LB1 administration influenced neither ETEC F4 adhesion nor secretion of antimicrobial defensin (pBD2, pBD3), while dramatically reduced the mRNA level of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). These results suggested that probiotics LB1 could effectively protect the mucosa from ETEC F4 infection by inhibiting inflammation and maintaining barrier integrity via downregulating TLR4 expression. Our data provide further evidence on the mechanisms at the cellular level that probiotics could improve pig gut health.
65 Exploring molecular mechanisms behind Lactobacillus protection offered to Caenorhabditis elegans: the role of neurotransmitters
Authors: Li Linyan , Liu Xiaozhen , Jiang Leming , Yu Hai , Nie Shaoping , Xie Mingyong , Gong Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Lactobacillus are commonly used as probiotics in livestock production to improve animal gut health and performance. We previously reported the selection of Lactobacillus zeae LB1, which was able to reduce Salmonella infection in chickens and pigs, through the life-span assay of Caenorhabditis elegans infected with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. To understand the molecular mechanisms behind the probiotic effect, the present study used C. elegans as a model to investigate the influence of LB1 on the behavior plasticity and roles of both serotonin and dopamine in C. elegans responding to Salmonella infection and LB1 protection. Pre-exposure to LB1 did not elicit aversive olfactory behavior of both the wild-type nematode (N2) and mutants defective in serotonin (tph-1) or dopamine (cat-2) production towards DT104, although LB1 was much more attractive than DT104 to C. elegans. Life-span studies showed that both the mutants succumbed faster than N2 to DT104 infection. Pre-exposure to LB1 significantly increased the survival level of both N2 and mutant tph-1. However, LB1 provided no protection to mutant cat-2. Supplementation of dopamine restored both the resistance of mutant cat-2 to Salmonella infection and the protection from LB1 to mutant cat-2. These results suggest that both serotonin and dopamine have a role in the host defense of C. elegans to Salmonella infection, and that the LB1 protection effect was not dependent on modifying olfactory preference of the nematode, but mediated by dopamine. Additionally, the p38-mitogen activated protein kinase signaling and IGFR-1/DAF-16 signaling pathways may have also participated in the protection under dopamine regulation.
76 Investigating the effects of increased soluble fiber and incremental exercise on the voluntary physical activity and behaviour of sled dogs
Authors: Robinson Eve , Templeman James , Thornton Emma , Croney Candace , Niel Lee , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Optimization of the insoluble:soluble fibers in the diets of dogs can improve gastrointestinal health by increasing commensal bacterial growth. A growing body of research suggests that improved gut health can influence behavior via the gut-brain axis. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of an increased soluble fiber diet on the behavior and voluntary activity of actively training, client-owned Siberian huskies. Fourteen dogs were blocked for age, BW and sex and randomly allocated to either the control or treatment groups. The control group was fed a dry extruded diet that contained an insoluble:soluble fiber ratio of 4:1, and the treatment group was fed a dry extruded diet that contained an insoluble:soluble fiber ratio of 3:1. All dogs underwent eight weeks of incremental conditioning where they trained four days a week. Once a week, a 5-minute video recording was taken immediately pre- and post-exercise to evaluate behaviors. Activity monitors were used to record voluntary activity on two rest days and one active day during weeks -1, 1, 4, 5, and 7. All behavioral and physical activity count data were analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model to test for differences between dietary treatments and week. No differences were observed between treatment or control dogs for any behavior or voluntary physical activity levels (P &gt; 0.05); however, all dogs experienced an exercise-induced reduction in locomotive behaviors prior to exercise throughout the 8-week conditioning period (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, all dogs were more active during the second consecutive day of rest relative to the first (P &lt; 0.05). These data suggest that while increased soluble fiber in the diets of sled dogs may not affect their behavior, the exercise-related reduction in activity observed begins to recover within one rest day.
78 The effects of guar gum and other select gums and gelling carbohydrates on appearance, texture, and heating characteristics of wet pet foods
Authors: Dainton Amanda N , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many wet pet foods include carbohydrate ingredients that enhance viscosity for container filling or provide structure after processing. These gums and gels can cause differences in commercial sterilization as well as visible changes in product quality. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effect of different gums and gelling carbohydrates on the appearance, texture, and thermal processing metrics of wet pet foods. Treatments were added to a chicken-based formula as 1% dextrose (NH), 0.5% guar gum and 0.5% dextrose (GG), 0.5% guar gum and 0.5% kappa carrageenan (KCGG), 0.5% guar gum and 0.5% locust bean gum (LBGGG), or 0.5% guar gum and 0.5% xanthan gum (XGGG). Batters were analyzed for pH, water activity, and consistency with a Bostwick consistometer as a crude indication of viscosity. Thermocouples were placed in cans to measure cold-spot temperatures for Fo and cook-value calculations. Replicate batches (n = 3) included each treatment and were commercially sterilized in a still retort at 121 ℃ and 144.79 kPa. Can vacuum and product color (colorimetry) were measured after cans cooled to ambient temperatures. Treatments were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA with batch as a blocking factor. Means were separated by Fisher’s LSD using statistical analysis software (GLIMMIX; SAS 9.4). Batter consistency thickened (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing levels of gums and gelling carbohydrates. Batter pH, batter water activity, and can vacuum were not different (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments (averaging 5.94, 0.990, and -12.9 kPa, respectively). The NH treatment accumulated the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) Fo and cook values during the cook cycle compared to all other treatments. The NH and GG treatments were more (P &lt; 0.05) red and yellow than KCGG, LBGGG, and XGGG. Gums and gelling carbohydrates influenced the rate of heat penetration of the foods, likely due to the differences in batter consistency, and affected product color and physical characteristics.
79 Clinical health markers in dogs fed raw meat based or commercial extruded kibble diets
Authors: Hiney Kris M , Sypniewski Lara , Pezeshki Adel , McFarlane Dianne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Anecdotal reports of health benefits of raw meat-based diets (RMBD) for dogs include cleaner teeth, improved integument, and general health. However, little to no evidence is present in the scientific literature to support assertions of improved clinical outcomes in RMBD-fed dogs. We hypothesized that healthy dogs fed diets which have undergone less processing will show a clinical benefit and improved general health markers compared to dogs fed a highly processed diet. Enrollment criteria included healthy, client-owned adult dogs fed either RMBD or extruded kibble (EK) for &gt; 1 year (RMBD n = 28; EK n = 27). Management history, clinical examination, hematology, urinalysis and serum biochemistry measures were collected for each dog. Dental, ear and coat scores were assigned by a blinded veterinary observer and a clinical composite score (CCS) calculated. Dogs fed RMBD showed an improved CCS and coat score compared to EK dogs (CCS: Mann Whitney test, P = 0.03; Coat: Fisher Exact Test, P = 0.04). Differences in blood analytes between feeding group were observed (Table 1). For each significant difference found by univariate analysis, forward stepwise linear regression was performed with age, breed, gender, and body condition score as independent factors. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was 50% lower in dogs fed RMBD than those fed EK (P = 0.001). BUN was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in RMBD dogs, while glucose concentration (P &lt; 0.05) was lower in RMBD dogs compared to EK dogs. Platelet count was greater in RMBD dogs relative to EK group (P &lt; 0.001). Owner management differed, with greater likelihood of management interventions and sporting activities in the RMBD group. RMBD may have mild clinical benefits and significant effects on blood analytes compared to EK, even when management was considered. Further work is needed to determine the impact of owner practices, diet processing, and nutrient content on health outcomes.
88 Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on microbiota populations of dogs subjected to travel stress
Authors: Oba Patrícia M , Carroll Meredith , Epp Tammi , Warzecha Christine , Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Previously, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) positively altered fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and function of circulating immune cells in adult dogs. The objective of this study was to determine the fecal characteristics, microbiota, and metabolites of dogs subjected to travel stress. All procedures were approved by the Four Rivers Kennel IACUC prior to experimentation. Thirty-six adult dogs (mean age: 7.1 y; mean BCS: 4.9) were used. Dogs were randomly assigned to control or SCFP-supplemented (250 mg/day) diets and fed for a few months prior to a travel stress challenge. Fresh fecal samples were collected for the measurement of fecal characteristics, microbiota, and metabolites before and after travel stress. Fecal microbiota data were evaluated using QIIME2. All other data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with P &lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant. There were no differences between treatments on fecal characteristics, metabolites, and bacterial alpha and beta diversity measures. However, fecal Turicibacter increased in dogs fed SCFP (0.8% to 1.2%, P = 0.03), but decreased in dogs fed control (1.2% to 0.7%, P = 0.03). Fecal Prevotella (5% to 7%, P = 0.004), Oscillospira (0.07% to 0.1%, P = 0.004) and Sutterella (3% to 4%, P = 0.01) increased after travel stress in dogs fed control. In contrast, fecal Clostridium (11% to 15%, P = 0.01), Faecalibacterium (6% to 8%, P = 0.003), and Allobaculum (1% to 2%, P = 0.02) increased and fecal Phascolarctobacterium (1.4% to 1.1%, P = 0.001) decreased after travel stress in dogs fed SCFP. Our data demonstrate that both travel stress and SCFP alter fecal microbiota in dogs.
329 Why kennel and cattery food preference trials may not predict pet preferences in home?
Authors: Villarreal Jill 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Paired preference trials conducted in kennels and catteries have been the gold standard for measuring food preferences of dogs and cats for decades. Kennel and cattery environments control for numerous confounding variables and collect precise measurements. The qualities that bring great precision to paired preference trials conducted in kennel and cattery environments also lower the external validity of their findings. Many pet food manufactures become frustrated when a finding of “no significant difference”, or even a “win,” found for food preference in a kennel and cattery environment becomes a loss when “pet enjoyment/liking” is measured in-home. I will cover key differences in the participants, conditions, and measures that likely account for such divergent findings. I will discuss advantages of early in-home product assessment for dog and cat product enjoyment/liking. Lastly, I will present new methods that can be applied to product trials conducted in kennel and cattery environments to increase the external validity of their findings.
333 Practical applications of whey protein in promoting skeletal muscle maintenance, recovery, and reconditioning
Authors: Arentson-Lantz Emily 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Protein is an essential component of a healthy diet at all stages of life for growth and maintenance of muscle mass. Adequate protein intake is especially critical during periods of catabolic crises, such as periods of disuse due to illness or injury, that accelerate the loss of muscle mass and function. Therefore, the primary objective of this talk will be discussing the implementation of whey protein to optimize nutritional practices and protein intake to mitigate the consequences of disuse and aging. Increased protein and/or energy intake can be a well-intentioned but often impractical strategy to protect muscle due to limitations such as a cost or issues with satiety. Whey protein offers a practical, palatable source of protein rich in leucine, the amino acid thought to initiate muscle protein synthesis. In a recent study, we sought to determine whether increase in dietary protein quality through use of whey protein could reduce the negative effects of physical inactivity in older human adults. Findings from this study showed that whey protein protected against muscle loss. Additionally, whey appeared to offer some protection against gaining fat mass during disuse and promoted recovery of strength during recovery. These findings suggest that improving protein quality (e.g. the addition of whey protein) without increasing total energy intake may partially protect against some of the negative effects of bed rest in older adults.