bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Pragmatic, Semantic, and Syntactic Processing of Spoken Sentences: An fMRI Study
Authors: Kuperberg G. R. , McGuire P. K. , Bullmore E. T. , Brammer M. J. , Rabe-Hesketh S. , Wright I. C. , Lythgoe D. J. , Williams S. C. R. , David A. S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Extracting meaning from speech requires the use of pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic information. A central question is: Does the processing of these different types of linguistic information have common or distinct neuroanatomical substrates? We addressed this issue using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neural activity when subjects listened to spoken normal sentences contrasted with sentences that had either (A) pragmatical, (B) semantic (selection restriction), or (C) syntactic (subcategorical) violations sentences. All three contrasts revealed robust activation of the left-inferior-temporal/fusiform gyrus. Activity in this area was also observed in a combined analysis of all three experiments, suggesting that it was modulated by all three types of linguistic violation. Planned statistical comparisons between the three experiments revealed (1) a greater difference between conditions in activation of the left-superior-temporal gyrus for the pragmatic experiment than the semantic/syntactic experiments; (2) a greater difference between conditions in activation of the right-superior and middletemporal gyrus in the semantic experiment than in the syntactic experiment; and (3) no regions activated to a greater degree in the syntactic experiment than in the semantic experiment. These data show that, while left- and right-superior-temporal regions may be differentially involved in processing pragmatic and lexico-semantic information within sentences, the left-inferior-temporal/fusiform gyrus is involved in processing all three types of linguistic information. We suggest that this region may play a key role in using pragmatic, semantic (selection restriction), and subcategorical information to construct a higher representation of meaning of sentences.
fMRI Evidence for Dual Routes to the Mental Lexicon in Visual Word Recognition
Authors: Fiebach Christian J. , Friederici Angela D. , Müller Karsten , Cramon D. Yves von 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Event-related fMRI was used to investigate lexical decisions to words of high and low frequency of occurrence and to pseudowords. The results obtained strongly support dual-route models of visual word processing. By contrasting words with pseudowords, bilateral occipito-temporal brain areas and posterior left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) were identified as contributing to the successful mapping of orthographic percepts onto visual word form representations. Low-frequency words and pseudowords elicited greater activations than high-frequency words in the superior pars opercularis [Brodmann's area (BA) 44] of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), in the anterior insula, and in the thalamus and caudate nucleus. As processing of these stimuli during lexical search is known to rely on phonological information, it is concluded that these brain regions are involved in grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. Activation in the pars triangularis (BA 45) of the left IFG was observed only for low-frequency words. It is proposed that this region is involved in processes of lexical selection.
Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) based PCR assays
Authors: Donkers-Venne Dorine T.H.M. , Fargette Mireille , Zijlstra Carolien 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThree randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, OPA-12420, OPB-061200 and OPA-01700, species specific to the root-knot nematode species Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica respectively, were identified. After sequencing these RAPD-PCR products, longer primers of 18 to 23 nucleotides were designed to complement the terminal DNA sequences of the DNA fragments. This resulted in three pairs of species specific primers that were used to amplify the sequence characterised amplified regions (SCARs). The developed sets of SCAR primers were successfully used in straightforward, fast and reliable PCR assays to identify M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria. The length variant SCAR markers can be amplified from DNA from egg masses, second stage juveniles and females. This species identification technique is therefore independent of the nematode's life cycle stage. Moreover the SCAR-PCR assay was successfully applied using DNA extracts from infested plant material. The method has potential to be optimised for routine practical diagnostic tests facilitating the control of these economically important pest organisms. Identification de Meloigyne incognita, M. javanica et M. arenaria au moyen de l'amplification de régions de séquences caractéristiques (SCAR) par une technique PCR - Trois marqueurs d'ADN polymorphique amplifiée au hasard (RAPD) OPA-12420, OPB-O61200 et OPA-OI700, respectivement spécifiques des espèces de nématodes Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita et M. javanica, ont été identifiés. Après le séquençage de ces produits RAPD-PCR, les amorces les plus longues de 18 à 23 nucléotides ont été choisies pour compléter les séquences terminales d'ADN des fragments d'ADN. Cela a conduit à trois paires d'amorces spécifiques de l'espèce, utilisées pour amplifier les régions des séquences caractéristiques (SCAR). Les lots d'amorces SCAR mis au point ont été utilisés avec succès lors d'essais directs, rapides et surs pour identifier M. incognita, M. javanica et M. arenia. Les marqueurs peuvent être amplifiés à partir de l'ADN des masses d'oeufs, des juvéniles de deuxième stade ou des femelles. Cette technique d'identification spécifique est donc indépendante des différents états de développement du nématode. De plus la technique SCAR-PCR a été appliquée avec succès à l'ADN extrait du matériel végétal infesté. Cette méthode présente des potentialités d'amélioration permettant d'envisager des tests pratiques d'identification de routine, facilitant ainsi le contrôle de ces parasites économiquement importants.
Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Sturhan Dieter , Liskova Marta 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInfective-stage juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis were recovered by direct extraction from 36% of a total of 111 soil samples collected in various biotopes from different regions of Slovakia. The rate of prevalence was highest in forest soil (58%). On the basis of morphological characters of the infective juveniles eight Steinernema and one Heterorhabditis species were distinguished. Steinernema affine, S. intermedium and S. feltiae were most prevalent (together 74% of all records). The other species of Steinernema encountered were S. kraussei, S. carpocapsae, S. bicornutum, a species of the S. glaseri group and an undescribed species earlier recorded from Germany. In 11 of the 40 soil samples positive for entomopathogenic nematodes mixtures of two to four species were present. Several species showed a distinct habitat preference, e.g., S. affine for arable soil and S. intermedium for woodland and river bank vegetation with trees. A preference for certain soil types was less apparent. Untersuchungen uber Vorkommen und Verbreitung entomopathogener Nematoden in der Slowakischen Republik - Insgesamt 111 Bodenproben, die in unterschiedlichen Biotopen aus verschiedenen Regionen der Slowakei entnommen worden waren, wurden auf entomopathogene Nematoden untersucht. Infektionsjuvenile der Gattungen Steinernema und Heterorhabditis waren uber eine direkte Extraktion der Nematoden aus dem Boden in 36% aller Proben nachweisbar. Der hochste Anteil "positiver" Proben fand sich bei Proben aus Waldern (58%). Anhand morphologischer Merkmale der Infektionsjuvenilen waren acht Steinernema Arten und eine Heterorhabditis-Art differenzierbar. Steinernema affine, S. intermedium und S. feltiae waren die haufigsten Arten (insgesamt 74% aller Nachweise). S. kraussei, S. carpocapsae, S. bicornutum, eine Steinernema-Art der S. glaseri-Gruppe und eine noch unbeschriebene Steinernema-Art (bereits aus Deutschland bekannt) und Heterorhabditis sp. wurden seltener gefunden. In 11 aller 40 "positiven" Proben kamen zwei bis vier Arten nebeneinander vor. Einige der Arten zeigten eine deutliche Bevorzugung bestimmter Biotoptypen, so S. affine von Acker- und Gartenboden und S. intermedium von Waldern und Ufervegetation mit Baumen. Eine Bevorzugung bestimmter Bodenarten war dagegen kaum erkennbar.
Age, origin and climatic signal of English Mesozoic clays based on K/Ar signatures
Authors: Jeans C. V. , Mitchell J. G. , Fisher M. J. , Wray D. S. , Hall I. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe K/Ar characteristics of 53 clay assemblages (Triassic–Cretaceous), representing the detrital, volcanogenic and arid-facies clay mineral associations, are interpreted in relation to their mineralogy, chronostratic age and geological origins. The K-bearing mineral components of the 1–2 μm, 0.2–1 μm and <0.2 μm fractions of each clay assemblage together display one of two characteristic patterns of K2O and 40Ar values (the K/Ar signature of the assemblage) on a 40Ar/K2O correlation diagram. Interpretation of the K/Ar signatures indicates that: (1) all of these clay assemblages are apparently unaffected by burial diagenetic illitization; (2) the Jurassic and Cretaceous detrital clay assemblages are derived from the reworking of weathered Caledonian metasediments (420 500 Ma) and weathered kaolin-bearing sediments of Upper Devonian/ Carboniferous age; and (3) the role played by palaeoclimate in developing the pattern of clay minerals in the Mesozoic sediments of England is much less significant than previously believed.
Interpretations of SHRIMP and isotope dilution zircon ages for the geological time-scale: I. The early Ordovician and late Cambrian
Authors: Compston W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIon probe data for zircons from tuffs within the Llfynant flags (Arenig) and the Serw Formation (lower Llanvirn) of north Wales have been revised using better statistical methods for separating detrital ages, making allowance for recently-found variability in radiogenic 206Pb/238U in the reference zircon SL13, and testing the sensitivity of the ages to the secondary ion discrimination slope. The revised ages are options of 469.2 ± 2.1 (σ) or 472.9 ± 2.9 Ma for the Llfynant flags dependent on mixture modelling, and 465.3 ± 1.4 Ma for the Serw Formation. All ages are within error of previous SHRIMP results and the Serw age now has the same numerical value as a previous MSID age for the same sample. It is shown that an MSID age of 483 ± 0.5 Ma with interpreted Pb loss for a late Tremadoc bentonite is dependent on the correction for common Pb, and that a slightly more radiogenic choice for the common Pb composition places nearly all data on Concordia. The latter would indicate that the bentonite might contain two zircon populations: inherited grains at 482 Ma and tuff magmatic grains at 473 Ma, which is more compatible with the SHRIMP Arenig result. Interpretations of other MSID zircon ages from the Ordovician are also sensitive to choice of common Pb, and raise the likelihood that many multigrain ages might be too old owing to admixture with slightly older inherited zircon. A supposed 1–2% technical bias of SHRIMP 206Pb/238U ages relative to MSID is refuted.
Cathodoluminescence (CL) behaviour and crystal chemistry of apatite from rare-metal deposits
Authors: Kempe U. , Götze J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractApatite samples from rare-metal mineralization were investigated by a combination of cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy, microchemical analysis and trace element analysis. Internal structures revealed by CL can be related to variations in the crystal chemistry and may sometimes reflect changes in the composition of the mineralizing fluids.Apatite from mineralization related to alkaline rocks and carbonatites (Type 1) typically exhibits relatively homogeneous blue and lilac/violet CL colours due to activation by trace quantities of rare earth element ions (Ce3+, Eu2+, Sm3+, Dy3+ and Nd3+). These results correlate with determined trace element abundances, which show strong light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment for this type of apatite. However, a simple quantitative correlation between emission intensities of REE3+/2+ and analysed element concentrations was not found.Apatite from P-rich altered granites, greisens, pegmatites and veins from Sn-W deposits (Type 2) shows strong Mn2+-activated yellow-greenish CL, partially with distinct oscillatory zoning. Variations in the intensity of the Mn2+-activated CL emission can be related either to varying Mn/Fe ratios (quenching of Mn activated CL by Fe) or to self-quenching effects in zones with high Mn contents (>2.0 wt.%). The REE distribution patterns of apatite reflect the specific geological position of each sample and may serve as a “tracer” for the REE behaviour within the ore system. Although the REE contents are sometimes as high as several hundred parts per million, the spectral CL measurements do not exhibit typical REE emission lines because of dominance of the Mn emission. In these samples, REE-activated luminescence is only detectable by time-resolved laser-induced luminescence spectroscopy.Both types of apatite (Type 1 in the core and Type 2 in the rim) were found in single crystals from the Be deposit Ermakovka (Transbaikalia). This finding proves the existence of two stages of mineralization within this deposit.
Highly efficient gene delivery by mRNA electroporation in human hematopoietic cells: superiority to lipofection and passive pulsing of mRNA and to electroporation of plasmid cDNA for tumor antigen loading of dendritic cells
Authors: Van Tendeloo Viggo F. I. , Ponsaerts Peter , Lardon Filip , Nijs Griet , Lenjou Marc , Van Broeckhoven Christine , Van Bockstaele Dirk R. , Berneman Zwi N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDesigning effective strategies to load human dendritic cells (DCs) with tumor antigens is a challenging approach for DC-based tumor vaccines. Here, a cytoplasmic expression system based on mRNA electroporation to efficiently introduce tumor antigens into DCs is described. Preliminary experiments in K562 cells using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene revealed that mRNA electroporation as compared with plasmid DNA electroporation showed a markedly improved transfection efficiency (89% versus 40% EGFP+ cells, respectively) and induced a strikingly lower cell toxicity (15% death rate with mRNA versus 51% with plasmid DNA). Next, mRNA electroporation was applied for nonviral transfection of different types of human DCs, including monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs), CD34+ progenitor-derived DCs (34-DCs) and Langerhans cells (34-LCs). High-level transgene expression by mRNA electroporation was obtained in more than 50% of all DC types. mRNA-electroporated DCs retained their phenotype and maturational potential. Importantly, DCs electroporated with mRNA-encoding Melan-A strongly activated a Melan-A–specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone in an HLA-restricted manner and were superior to mRNA-lipofected or -pulsed DCs. Optimal stimulation of the CTL occurred when Mo-DCs underwent maturation following mRNA transfection. Strikingly, a nonspecific stimulation of CTL was observed when DCs were transfected with plasmid DNA. The data clearly demonstrate that Mo-DCs electroporated with mRNA efficiently present functional antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T cells. Therefore, electroporation of mRNA-encoding tumor antigens is a powerful technique to charge human dendritic cells with tumor antigens and could serve applications in future DC-based tumor vaccines.
Structural uncertainties: Determination, management, and applications
Authors: Thore Pierre , Shtuka Arben , Lecour Magali , Ait‐Ettajer Taoufik , Cognot Richard 
Published: July 2002

Structural uncertainties have a direct impact in exploration, development, and production, and in drilling decisions. In this paper, we present an approach for determining and handling structural uncertainties. We first examine the magnitude of the different sources of uncertainty, and explain how to estimate their direction and correlation length. This task requires a huge geophysical input. This information is then used in a general scheme to generate multiple realizations of the structural model consistent with structural uncertainties. The technique is based on geostatistical concepts. Finally, we illustrate the application of this scheme in examples relevant for exploration, development and production, and drilling.The structural model is described as a set of horizons represented by triangulated surfaces cut by faults. The relationships between horizons and faults are expressed as a set of constraints. On a horizon, each source of uncertainty (typically migration, picking, and time‐to‐depth conversion) is described as a field of vectors with its magnitude, direction, and correlation length expressed in terms of a variogram. A special fault object has been developed to aid in discribing the faults as probabilistic objects in a very simple way. Once all sources of uncertainty have been quantified many equiprobable realizations of the structural model are generated. For this, we use a special implementation of the probability field technique adapted to triangulated surfaces that handles correlation between horizons. At each realization, faults and horizons are moved in three dimensions according to uncertainties. Links between faults and horizons are maintained. Such complex 3‐D modeling can only be achieved in the frame of a geomodeler. Finally, we propose three types of applications requiring structural uncertainty determination:rock volume distribution, well trajectory optimization and risk analysis, and the use of structural uncertainty as a parameter for history matching.Our scheme generates many equiprobable realizations of the structural model provided that each source of uncertainty has been described in terms of magnitude direction and correlation length. These realizations may then be used to quantify risk in exploration development and drilling.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Azacitidine in Patients With the Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Study of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B
Authors: Silverman Lewis R. , Demakos Erin P. , Peterson Bercedis L. , Kornblith Alice B. , Holland Jimmie C. , Odchimar-Reissig Rosalie , Stone Richard M. , Nelson Douglas , Powell Bayard L. , DeCastro Carlos M. , Ellerton John , Larson Richard A. , Schiffer Charles A. , Holland James F. 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: Patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) have high mortality from bone marrow failure or transformation to acute leukemia. Supportive care is standard therapy. We previously reported that azacitidine (Aza C) was active in patients with high-risk MDS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 191 patients with MDS to compare Aza C (75 mg/m2/d subcutaneously for 7 days every 28 days) with supportive care. MDS was defined by French-American-British criteria. New rigorous response criteria were applied. Both arms received transfusions and antibiotics as required. Patients in the supportive care arm whose disease worsened were permitted to cross over to Aza C. RESULTS: Responses occurred in 60% of patients on the Aza C arm (7% complete response, 16% partial response, 37% improved) compared with 5% (improved) receiving supportive care (P < .001). Median time to leukemic transformation or death was 21 months for Aza C versus 13 months for supportive care (P = .007). Transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia occurred as the first event in 15% of patients on the Aza C arm and in 38% receiving supportive care (P = .001). Eliminating the confounding effect of early cross-over to Aza C, a landmark analysis after 6 months showed median survival of an additional 18 months for Aza C and 11 months for supportive care (P = .03). Quality-of-life assessment found significant major advantages in physical function, symptoms, and psychological state for patients initially randomized to Aza C. CONCLUSION: Aza C treatment results in significantly higher response rates, improved quality of life, reduced risk of leukemic transformation, and improved survival compared with supportive care. Aza C provides a new treatment option that is superior to supportive care for patients with the MDS subtypes and specific entry criteria treated in this study.
Multiple-outcome criteria in schizophrenia: an overview of outcome with clozapine
Authors: Meltzer HY 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe outcome of treatment in schizophrenia is best considered as a multidimensional construct. This report lists thirteen categories of outcome measures that have been studied in schizophrenia research, among the most important of which are psychopathology, cognitive function, interpersonal social function, quality of life, extrapyramidal function, the suicide tendeccy and the need for hospitalisation. Clozapine is effective in achieving improved outcome in all these measures in a high percentage of neuroleptic-resistant patients. Ninety-two of 180 (51.1%) clozapine-treated neuroleptic-resistant patients achieved a decrease of 20% in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total scores at six weeks using the 0–6 scaling system. Cognitive function contributes importantly to overall function for schizophrenia. Clozapine has been shown to improve some types of cognition in schizophrenia, especially semantic memory and some tests of executive function. Clozapine has also been shown to decrease the incidence of suicide and hospitalisation. The task of deciding which therapies to use in schizophrenia should encompass the spectrum of benefits of each therapy, their risks and costs, in relation to all alternatives.
Epidemiology of schizophrenia. The disease model of schizophrenia in the light of current epidemiological knowledge
Authors: Häfner H 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAttempting an update of the epidemiology of schizophrenia, it is pointed out that schizophrenia seems to occur with the same core symptoms and almost at the same frequency in all countries and cultures studied. Methodologically sound studies have failed to produce evidence for a secular trend of the morbid risk. The genotype of schizophrenia is expressed as psychosis, personality disorders and non-specific disorders or it goes without manifest psychopathology. Minor brain anomalies are present in most cases. The British Child Development Study showed that behavioural, cognitive, emotional and neuromotor antecedents occur in 50% of cases, thus pointing to disordered brain development, very likely not specific to schizophrenia, since found in many other mental disorders as well. A look into the hidden early course of schizophrenia revealed a significant sex difference in age of onset and a prodromal phase of some 3 to 4 years throughout the cases. A case-control study showed that it is mainly during this early course before first admission that social disadvantage in schizophrenia arises. In the prephase a disease-related lack of social ascent plays a greater role than steps of social decline. The early social course differs between the sexes mainly due to an earlier onset of the disorder in males. The actual disease variables, that is, core symptoms and type of course, do not show any essential differences between males and females. These results indicate that schizophrenia is one of the rare uniform patterns of response of the brain, capable of being triggered by a large number of causes or favoured by non-specific risk factors. In this context the protective effect of estrogens will be discussed.