bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Intermitting Device Which Continuously Measures Bottom-Hole Pressure and Regulates Pump Submergence
Authors: Bannies Hans 
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Southern California Petroleum Section of AIME, 17–18 October, Los Angeles, California

Abstract
An instrument is described which will regulate the fluid level in oil wells. Through proper calibration, the bottom-hole pressure may be obtained periodically or continuously as recorded on a 24-hour recording drum. An electrode is submerged below the desired operating fluid level and a pressure-diaphragm-variable resistor activates a writing indicator in a control panel. The moving indicator on the instrument dial can be limited between two adjustable brackets which will automatically stop or start the pumping action according to the minimum or maximum fluid level desired in relationship to the pump intake.
A single control panel is capable of regulating as many as five wells under as many different operating conditions. The electrode device is presently designed to operate in oil wells producing from a reservoir having pressures between 10 psi and 1,400 psi.
Control of the subsurface fluid level, together with the automation of stop-cocking, can contribute toward increasing operating profits by increasing the ultimate recovery by the way of decreasing operating costs and increasing the productive life of oil wells.

Introduction
In that portion now developed and for all practical purposes, California has passed the stage of "flush" crude oil production. Many of the once prolific fields are in the stripper stage and a survey made by the Inter-State Oil Compact Commission indicated that 70 per cent of all oil wells in the United States are stripper wells. The oil operator can afford to produce these wells only so long as he receives a net operating profit. One of the factors involved in determining the magnitude of the operating profit is the cost of lifting production.
The Recent Evolution of Petroleum Law Abroad
Authors: Duce J.T. 
Published: February 2020

AIME Annual Meeting, 16–20 February, New York

Introduction
You will excuse the writer if he looks at the world of petroleum law from both practical and philosophic viewpoints. Forty years in the industry brings to one certain trends of thought; the French have a term for it - the deformation professional. One of my gray-headed friends advised me against entering the service of this extraordinary industry because, he said, it was certain that we would run out of our raw material, and coal would then be the main fuel and source of power. It is now 40 years later, and the world's oil resources seem immensely larger than in those days. We have, it is true, thoroughly explored most of the U.S. on land, but we are just somewhat timidly venturing to sea. Elsewhere we have just begun.
Forty years ago the amazing story of the Mexican fields was coining to its climacteric. Revolution was imposing slowly its paralyzing theories on the industry which in the end resulted in nationalization and slow decline. But despite the shortage that was supposed to loom in the U.S., there were few in those days who had the courage to face the political hazards of the times and go abroad. Unless one could divide the risk one could scarcely afford the huge investment necessary to develop production only to have it snatched away on the basis of some political theory. In Russia the industry had been confiscated. The legislation with reference to oil in many countries was written by soldiers who could see it only as a source of military power upon which they must lay their paralyzing nationalistic hands. They forgot that the bomber made refineries the unsafest of plants to have in one's own country. The last great war finally drove home that lesson.
So it was that in the history of the industry in the two decades following 1918 we find foreign exploration operations confined mainly to companies with extensive marketing organizations in foreign countries or to a few bold wildcatters who attempted to supplement production at home with fields abroad. Few indeed were those who had the money to risk on these ventures.
Mobilizing "Know-How" Solves World Oil Crises
Authors: Case C. Marvin 
Published: February 2020

AIME Annual Meeting, 16–20 February, New York

Abstract
The author deals with three world oil emergencies and how they were solved:
The Industry-Government Team in an All Out War Effort [PAW]
The need for a centralized government agency to coordinate the war oil effort — establishment of OPC and later PAW — mobilization of industry for a concerted effort — the growth pains — evolution of a partnership — the results.
The Iranian Crisis [FPSC]
Iran's place in world oil supply — need for concerted action to overcome the loss of this supply — problems of peacetime vs. wartime collective industry action — the need for voluntary action by industry — the Voluntary Agreement and Plan of Action of 1951 — formation of the Foreign Petroleum Supply Committee — what it did to help solve the problem.
The Suez Emergency [MEEC]
Importance of the loss of two vital arteries to world supply — problems of organizing to meet request of American Government for information in advance of crisis — Plan for Action of 1956 — formation of MEEC — initial phase fact-finding activities of MEEC — accomplishments by individual action during cessation of MEEC activities in Nov., 1956 — reactivation of MEEC in December and speed of action — looking backward at the over-all accomplishment.

Introduction
In the past 15 years I have been afforded the privilege — and I have always felt that it was a privilege — of serving our government during three world oil crises, first in a full-out war effort and later in two peace time emergencies.
It is because of this association that I feel qualified to come before you today and talk about some of the aspects of these crises with which you may not be familiar, particularly the part which industry "know-how" has played in solving the problems which arose.
Insight into Blood Pressure Targets for Universal Coverage of Hypertension Services in Iran: The 2017 ACC/AHA versus JNC 8 Hypertension Guidelines
Authors: Mahdavi Mahdi , Parsaeian Mahboubeh , Mohajer Bahram , Modirian Mitra , Ahmadi Naser , Yoosefi Moein , Mehdipour Parinaz , Djalalinia Shirin , Rezaei Nazila , Haghshenas Rosa , Pazhuheian Forough , Madadi Zahra , Sabooni Mahdi , Razi Farideh , Samiee Siamak Mirab , Farzadfar Farshad 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: We assessed and compared the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Iran under two hypertension guidelines; the 2017 ACC/AHA with an aggressive blood pressure target 130/80 mm Hg and commonly used guideline JNC8 with 140/90 mm Hg. We shed light on the implications of 2017 ACC/AHA for population subgroups and high-risk individuals eligible for non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies.
Methods: Data were obtained from the Iran national STEPS 2016 study. Participants included 27 738 adults ≥25 years as a representative sample of Iranians. The logistic regression models with a survey design were used to examine the determinants of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension.
Results: The prevalence of hypertension based on JNC8 was 29.9% (95% CI: 29.2-30.6), which soared to 53.7% (52.9-54.4) by 2017 ACC/AHA. Awareness, treatment, and control were 59.2% (58.0-60.3), 80.2% (78.9-81.4), and 39.1% (37.4-40.7) based on JNC8, which dropped to 37.1% (36.2-38.0), 71.3% (69.9-72.7), and 19.6% (18.3-21.0) respectively by 2017 ACC/AHA. By new guideline, adults 25-34 years had the largest increase in prevalence (from 7.3% to 30.7%). They also had the lowest awareness and treatment rate but the highest control rate (36.5%) among age groups. Compared with JNC8, under 2017 ACC/AHA, 24%, 15%, 17%, and 11% more individuals with dyslipidaemia, high triglyceride, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events respectively fell into the hypertensive category. Yet, based on 2017 ACC/AHA, 68.2% of individuals falling into a hypertensive group were supposed to receive medications (versus 95.7% in JNC8). LDL cholesterol, physical activity, and one unit of Body Mass Index were found to change blood pressure by -3.56 (-4.38, -2.74), -2.04 (-2.58, -1.50), and 0.48 (0.42, 0.53) mm Hg respectively.
Conclusions: Switching from JNC8 to 2017 ACC/AHA highlighted sharp increases in prevalence and drastic declines in awareness, treatment, and control in Iran. By the 2017 ACC/AHA, more young adults and those with chronic comorbidities fell into the hypertensive category, thus might benefit from earlier interventions such as lifestyle modifications. The low control rate among treated individuals calls for a critical review of hypertension services in Iran.
Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors among postnatal care attendees in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 2018.
Authors: wubetu abate Dargie , Engidaw Nigus Alemnew , Gizachew Kefyalew Dagne 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Postpartum depression explains various groups of depressive symptoms and syndromes that can take place during the first 6 weeks following birth. The postpartum period is a critical time where both mild and severe mood disorders can occur. The familiar forms are baby blues and postpartum depression. Understanding the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression is mandatory for early detection and treatment.
Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st May to June 30, 2018. The study participants were eligible women who came to Debre Berhan referral hospital and health centers for postnatal care and vaccination service. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used to assess postpartum depression. A systematic random sampling technique was used to collect the data after determining the skip fraction (k=2). The collected data were coded and entered into Epi-info version 7 and transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were done to identify associated factors. During bivariate analysis, variables with p-value < 0.05 were included in multivariate analysis. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were computed and variables with p-value less than 0.05 were considered to declare significantly associated factors (multivariate analysis).
Comparative analysis of different host adaptation in two rice planthopper species
Authors: Huang Hai-Jian , Cui Jia-Rong , Hong Xiao-Yue 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Host adaptation is the major determinant of insect diversification. However, knowledge of different host ranges in very close-related species is scarce. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) and small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) are the most destructive insect pests belonging to Delphacidae. These two species differ in the host range, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Comparative analysis of planthoppers’ responses to different diets would improve our knowledge of host adaptation regarding herbivores insects.Results: SBPH could well colonize on rice and wheat plants, while BPH survived on rice plants only. We analyzed the gene expression change of SBPH that transferred from rice plants to wheat plants in a short term (rSBPH vs tSBPH) and colonized on wheat plants for a long term (rSBPH vs wSBPH). We found that the majority of differentially expressed genes in SBPH showed similar expression change between short-term transfer and long-term colonization. Based on the comparative analysis of BPH and SBPH after transferring, genes associated with sugar transporters and heat shock proteins varied similarly. However, most of genes were reciprocally regulated between two species. The detoxification-related genes were upregulated in SBPH after transferring, but downregulated in BPH under the same condition; ribosomal-related genes were down regulated in SBPH after transferring, but upregulated in BPH under the same condition.Conclusion: The results of this study provided evidence that host plants played dominant roles in shaping the gene expression, with alike responding of most genes between short-term transfer and long-term colonization in SBPH. In contrast, the majority of genes in BPH were reciprocally regulated in comparison to those of SBPH, and unfitness of BPH on wheat plants might be determined within 24 hours after transferring. This study deepens our understanding of different host ranges regarding two planthopper species, and may provide a potential strategy for pest management.
Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation in Cataract Patients with Corneal Opacity
Authors: Ra Ho , Hwang Ho Sik , Kim Hyun Seung , Kim Man Soo , Kim Eun Chul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: To evaluate the effect of toric intraocular lens implantation in cataract patient with corneal opacity and high astigmatism. Methods: 31 eyes of 31 patients who underwent cataract surgery with toric intraocular lens implantation were included. All patients had corneal opacity with astigmatism. Preoperative total corneal astigmatism was determined considering posterior astigmatism using a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam®: Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). At 2 months after toric intraocular lens implantation, we evaluated residual astigmatism, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).Results: Postoperative UCVA and BCVA (0.30 ± 0.17, 0.22 ± 0.16LogMAR) were statistically improved compared to preoperative UCVA and BCVA (1.2 ± 0.34, 1.1 ± 0.30LogMAR, respectively) (P<0.01). Postoperative residual refractive astigmatism (1.2 ± 0.35D) was statistically reduced compared to preoperative refractive astigmatism (2.4 ± 0.65D) (P<0.05). Preoperative and postoperative total corneal astigmatism values were not statistically different. All eyes achieved postoperative visual acuity as good as or better than preoperative one. The size of corneal opacity covering pupil had significant negative correlation with postoperative UCVA and BCVA (logMAR) (R=0.91 P<0.05 and R=0.92 P<0.05, respectively)Conclusion: Toric intraocular lens implantation can improve UCVA, BCVA, and refractive astigmatism in cataract patient with corneal opacity. The size of corneal opacity covering pupil is the major prognostic factor for postoperative visual improvement. Therefore, toric intraocular lens implantation should be considered for cataract patients who have corneal opacity with high astigmatism.
Prognosis Evaluation of Universal Acute Coronary Syndrome: The Interplay between SYNTAX Score and ApoB/ApoA1
Authors: Wang Xiaotong , Wang Zhongyu , Author) Bing Li(New Corresponding , Author) Ping Yang(Former Corresponding 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background：Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of clinical syndromes associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rate. Syntax and Syntax II score used to be a reference for surgical selection of coronary revascularization and prognosis evaluation in patients with 3-vessel or left main artery disease. In addition, apoB/apoA1 is an important predictor of ACS risk. This study aims to assess the prognosis value of different kinds of SYNTAX score together with apoB/apoA1 in universal ACS patients (Regardless of ACS type, lesion location and vessel numbers). Method：396 patients with ACS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention（PCI）and coronary stenting from 2013 to 2014 were chosen and recorded the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and quality of life during next 5 years. According to SYNTAX and SYNTAX II score, the patients were divided into low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk groups, and the clinical features, MACCE incidence and EQ-5D score at each time points were compared. And the predictive factors of MACCE incidence were analyzed. Results：①Compared with SYNTAX low-risk group, MACCE incidence in 1 year significantly increased in medium-high risk group（p=0.011）. Compared with SYNTAX II low-risk group, MACCE incidence in 5 years significantly increased in medium and high-risk group（p=0.032）.② Compared with SYNTAX II low-risk group，cardiovascular mortality in 3 and 5 years significantly elevated in high-risk group（p=0.001，p＜0.001 respectively）. ③ Compared with SYNTAX II low and medium-risk group, EQ-5D score in 5 years significantly decreased in high-risk group（p=0.001）. ④ ApoB/ApoA1 was more likely to be classified as high risk in SYNTAX/SYNTAX II medium and high-risk group（p=0.023，p=0.044 respectively）. ⑤Logistic regression analysis showed that apoB/apoA1 was an independent predictor of MACCE events in hospital and 5 years（p=0.038，p=0.016 respectively），SYNTAX score was an independent predictor of MACCE events in 1 year（medium-risk group：p=0.02；high-risk group：p=0.015）SYNTAX II score was an independent predictor of MACCE events in 5 yeasrs(p=0.003). Conclusions：①SYNTAX score has a high predictive value for short-term prognosis while SYNTAX II score is more predictive of long-term prognosis. ② SYNTAX II score is superior to SYNTAX score in predicting cardiovascular death. ③ The combination of apoB/apoA1 high-risk and SYNTAX II medium and high-risk group is the focus of clinical treatment and long-term follow-up observation.
Potential health risk assessment of toxic metals contamination in clay eaten as pica (geophagia) among pregnant women of Ho in the Volta Region of Ghana.
Authors: Kortei Nii Korley , Koryo-Dabrah Alice , Akonor Papa Toah , Manaphraim Nana Yaw Barima , Ayim-Akonor Matilda , Boadi Nathaniel Owusu , Essuman Edward Ken , Tettey Clement 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction: Geophagia although pleasurable and somewhat a necessity among pregnant women, also comes along with its own attendant problems such as exposure to potentially hazardous substances like bacteria, fungi, helminthes and ova, radioactive materials, and toxic elemental minerals in the soil depending on the geographical location.Methodology: This study evaluated the potential health risk involved during the exposure of pregnant women to toxic elemental minerals via the consumption of clay as pica (geophagia). Elemental mineral analysis was carried out using Buck Scientific 210VGP Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific, Inc. East Norwalk, USA). Risk assessment methods were also used to ascertain the various risks factors and the overall risk level.Results: Concentrations of the macro elements investigated were 1.38 ± 1.5, 2.40± 1.5, 7.74± 1.5, 4.01± 1.0, 13.24± 2.2 and 13.76± 2.1 mg/Kg for Fe, Cu, Zn, K, Mg and Na respectively. While that for the micro elements were 1.63± 0.03 µg/Kg, 4.72±0.8, 0.53±0.02 and 1.85±0.3 mg/kg respectively for Arsenic, Manganese, Lead and Nickel. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) values ranged 0.611- 5.44 (mg/kg Bw/day), 6.26x10-4 – 106.5, 0.067-10.34 and 15 respectively.Conclusion: There is the likelihood of posing adverse health problems when clay samples obtained from Anfoega which is sited in the Volta region of Ghana is consumed due to the fact that the HQ’s of these elemental minerals were >1 which points to high content of Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni). It is also likely to cause adverse health problems in an individual’s life time since THQ for Arsenic, Lead and Nickel were above 1. Ultimately, the cumulative effect of these toxicants were exceedingly great (≤ 15) which implied a high level of unsafety associated with this clay. Per the results from this study, it is not safe for pregnant women to consume clay as pica since these toxic elements may cause detrimental effects on the foetus of the unborn child.
Adapting wellbeing research tools for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Nagel Tricia , Sweet Michelle , Dingwall Kylie , Puszka Stefanie , Hughes Jaqueline , Kavanagh David , Cass Alan , Howard Kirsten , Majoni Sandawana 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease is an increasingly common health problem for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It is associated with multiple concurrent psychosocial stressors which frequently result in negative impacts on emotional and social wellbeing. There is a need for well-designed intervention studies to provide evidence of effective treatment for comorbid depression or other mental illness in this setting. Attention to early phase piloting and development work has been recommended when testing complex interventions. This paper documents feasibility testing and adaptation of an existing culturally responsive brief wellbeing intervention, the Stay Strong App, and three commonly used wellbeing outcome measures, in preparation for a clinical trial testing effectiveness of the intervention. Methods: The Stay Strong App has not been used in the setting of Chronic Kidney Disease before. It is reviewed and adapted for people with comorbid Chronic Kidney Disease and wellbeing concerns through expert consensus between research team and an Expert Panel. The outcome measures (Kessler 10, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, and EuroQoL) are valid, reliable, and commonly used tools to assess various aspects of wellbeing, which have also not been used in this context before. Feasibility and acceptability are examined and developed through 3 stages: Pilot testing in a purposive sample of five haemodialysis patients and carers; translation of outcome measures through collaboration between the Aboriginal Interpreter Service, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research officers and the research team; and conversion of translated outcome measures to electronic format. Findings: Research team and expert panel consensus led to adaptation of the Stay Strong App for renal patients through selective revision of words and images. Pilot testing identified challenges in delivery of the wellbeing measures leading to word changes and additional prompts, integration of audio translations in 11 local Indigenous languages within an interactive Outcome Measures App, and related research protocol changes. Conclusion: Modelling the complex intervention prior to full-scale testing provided important information about the design of both the outcome measures and the intervention. These changes are likely to better support success in conduct of the clinical trial and future implementation of the intervention in clinical settings.