bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A guide to using the internet to monitor and quantify the wildlife trade
Authors: Stringham Oliver C. , Toomes Adam , Kanishka Aurelie M. , Mitchell Lewis , Heinrich Sarah , Ross Joshua V. , Cassey Phillip 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe unrivaled growth in e‐commerce of animals and plants presents an unprecedented opportunity to monitor wildlife trade to inform conservation, biosecurity, and law enforcement. Using the internet to quantify the scale of the wildlife trade (volume and frequency) is a relatively recent and rapidly developing approach that lacks an accessible framework for locating relevant websites and collecting data. We produced an accessible guide for internet‐based wildlife trade surveillance. We detailed a repeatable method involving a systematic internet search, with search engines, to locate relevant websites and content. For data collection, we highlight web‐scraping technology as an efficient way to collect data in an automated fashion at regularly timed intervals. Our guide is applicable to the multitude of trade‐based contexts because researchers can tailor search keywords for specific taxa or derived products and locations of interest. We provide information for working with the diversity of websites used in wildlife trade. For example, to locate relevant content on social media (e.g., posts or groups), each social media platform should be examined individually via the site's internal search engine. A key advantage of using the internet to study wildlife trade is the relative ease of access to an increasing amount of trade‐related data. However, not all wildlife trade occurs online and it may occur on unobservable sections of the internet.
High‐flow nasal cannula oxygen versus conventional oxygen for hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Huang Xuan , Du Yanping , Ma Zhiyi , Zhang Huaping , Jun Liu , Wang Zhiyong , Lin Meixia , Ni Fayu , Li Xi , Tan Hui , Tan Shifan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionLow‐concentration oxygen is an established way for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with Type II respiratory failure. Hypercapnia can complicate both COPD exacerbations and stable COPD. Treating with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) can reduce carbon dioxide tension in arterial (PaCO2) in hypercapnic COPD. As an open system, high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNC) is easy to tolerate and use. More researches are needed to focus on how HFNC is used to treat COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure.MethodsThe Cochrane Library, Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL database were retrieved from inception to October 2019. Eligible trials were clinical randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of HFNC and conventional oxygen on hypercapnic COPD patients. Two researchers assessed the quality of each study and extracted the data into RevMan 5.3 independently. The primary outcome was PaCO2 and the secondary outcome was PaO2.ResultsFour RCTs with 329 patients were included. The research results indicated that PaCO2 in the HFNC group was similar to the conventional oxygen group. No significant difference were observed in PaCO2 (MD −0.98, CI: −2.67 to 0.71, Z = 1.14, p = 0.25) and PaO2 (MD −0.72, CI: −6.99 to 5.55, Z = 0.23, p = 0.82) between the HFNC group and conventional oxygen group.ConclusionsOur meta‐analysis showed no difference in PO2 and PCO2 between the HFNC and conventional oxygen. But we should treat this conclusion with caution because the number of studies and participants is small and, there is heterogeneity in the PaO2 and PCO2 measurements between stable and AECOPD.
Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Repeat Doses of Vixotrigine in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Naik Himanshu , Steiner Deb J. , Versavel Mark , Palmer Joanne , Fong Regan 
Published: December 2020

Neuropathic pain affects ~ 6.9–10% of the general population and leads to loss of function, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and impaired cognition. Here, we report the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a voltage‐dependent and use‐dependent sodium channel blocker, vixotrigine, currently under investigation for the treatment of neuropathic pain conditions. The randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase I clinical trials were split into single ascending dose (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) studies. Healthy volunteers received oral vixotrigine as either single doses followed by a ≥ 7‐day washout period for up to 5 dosing sessions (SAD, n = 30), or repeat doses (once or twice daily) for 14 and 28 days (MAD, n = 51). Adverse events (AEs), maximum observed vixotrigine plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration‐time curve from predose to 24 hours postdose (AUC0–24), time to Cmax (Tmax), and terminal half‐life (t1/2), among others, were assessed. Drug‐related AEs were reported in 47% and 53% of volunteers in the SAD and MAD studies, respectively, with dizziness as the most commonly reported drug‐related AE. SAD results showed that Cmax and AUC increased with dose, Tmax was 1–2 hours, and t1/2 was ~ 11 hours. A twofold increase in accumulation was observed when vixotrigine was taken twice vs. once daily (MAD). Steady‐state was achieved from day 5 onward. These data indicate that oral vixotrigine is well‐tolerated when administered as single doses up to 825 mg and multiple doses up to 450 mg twice daily.
Implications of Polymorphisms in the BCKDK and GATA‐4 Gene Regions on Stable Warfarin Dose in African Americans
Authors: Bargal Salma A. , Kight Jennifer N. , Augusto de Oliveira Felipe , Shahin Mohamed H. , Langaee Taimour , Gong Yan , Hamadeh Issam S. , Cooper-DeHoff Rhonda M. , Cavallari Larisa H. 
Published: December 2020

VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes explain less variability in warfarin dose requirements in African Americans compared with Europeans. Variants in BCKDK and GATA‐4 gene regions, purported to regulate VKORC1 and CYP2C9 expression, have been shown to play an important role in warfarin dose requirements in Europeans and Asians, respectively. We sought to determine whether rs56314408 near BCKDK or GATA‐4 rs2645400 influence warfarin dose requirements in 200 African Americans. Unlike the strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between rs56314408 and VKORC1 rs9923231 in Europeans, they were not in LD in African Americans. No associations were found on univariate analysis. On multivariable analysis, rs56314408 was associated (P = 0.027) with dose in a regression model excluding VKORC1 rs9923231, and GATA‐4 rs2645400 was associated (P = 0.032) with dose in a model excluding CYP2C (CYP2C9*2, *3, *5, *6, *8, and *11, CYP2C rs12777823) variants. Neither variant contributed to dose in the model that included both VKORC1 rs9923231 and CYP2C variants. Our results do not support contributions of the studied variants to warfarin dose requirements in African Americans. However, they illustrate the value of studies in African descent populations, who have low LD in their genome, in teasing out genetic variation underlying drug response associations. They also emphasize the importance of confirming associations in persons of African ancestry.
Neighborhood racial demographics predict infants’ neural responses to people of different races
Authors: Hwang Hyesung G. , Debnath Ranjan , Meyer Marlene , Salo Virginia C. , Fox Nathan A. , Woodward Amanda 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEarly in life, greater exposure to diverse people can change the tendency to prefer one's own social group. For instance, infants from racially diverse environments show less preference for their own‐race (ingroup) over other‐race (outgroup) faces than infants from racially homogeneous environments. Yet how social environment changes ingroup versus outgroup demarcation in infancy remains unclear. A commonly held assumption is that early emerging ingroup preference is based on an affective process: feeling more comfortable with familiar ingroup than unfamiliar outgroup members. However, other processes may also underlie ingroup preference: Infants may attend more to ingroup than outgroup members and/or mirror the actions of ingroup over outgroup individuals. By aggregating 7‐ to 12‐month‐old infants’ electroencephalography (EEG) activity across three studies, we disambiguate these different processes in the EEG oscillations of preverbal infants according to social environment. White infants from more racially diverse neighborhoods exhibited greater frontal theta oscillation (an index of top‐down attention) and more mu rhythm desynchronization (an index of motor system activation and potentially neural mirroring) to racial outgroup individuals than White infants from less racially diverse neighborhoods. Neighborhood racial demographics did not relate to White infants’ frontal alpha asymmetry (a measure of approach‐withdrawal motivation) toward racial outgroup individuals. Racial minority infants showed no effects of neighborhood racial demographics in their neural responses to racial outgroup individuals. These results indicate that neural mechanisms that may underlie social bias and prejudices are related to neighborhood racial demographics in the first year of life.
Payment‐by‐results for health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A critical review
Authors: Duvendack Maren 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMotivationPayment‐by‐results (PbR) is now an important form of conditionality, whereby donors disburse development aid on achieving a pre‐agreed measure.PurposeThe article presents a critical review of PbR for health interventions, aiming to draw out lessons about the implementation and impact of PbR in international development programmes.Approach and MethodsAn extensive search identified 81 studies that varied widely in terms of health sub‐themes, geographical regions and methodological quality.FindingsEmploying the Measure‐Agent‐Principal (MAP) framework we find that governments are the dominant principal in most of these studies, and health facilities and individuals the dominant agent; 60% of the evidence reports a wide range of heterogeneous output‐level measures.Policy implicationsWe assess PbR in the context of health to better understand whether it is an effective aid‐delivery mechanism more broadly, and find that positive and significant effects dominate. We include evidence maps to highlight research gaps in the PbR literature.
Does household laborer migration promote farmland abandonment in China?
Authors: Lu Chong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of household labor migration on rural household decision making over on the abandonment of farmland using 11,413 rural households' data from 2012 to 2016 in China. The results demonstrate that with every 1% increase in the number of 1, 2, 3, or more household migrant laborers, the average probability of rural households' farmland abandonment increases by 2.9%, 5.0%, and 7.8%, respectively. There is an inverted U‐shaped relationship between the average age of household migrant laborers and farmland abandonment. Both off‐farm employment and part‐time employment have positive impacts on farmland abandonment. If the age of the household head is younger, the number of household members is smaller, the village has suffered natural disasters, and village elevation is higher, rural households with laborers migrating are most likely to abandon farmland. As the rural household laborer migrates, the wage earning of rural household increases, which leads to the households gradually giving up management of farmland, which may be an important mechanism for Chinese households abandoning farmland. The establishment of a paid transfer system may be an effective way to solve the issue of farmland abandonment.
A Dye Tracer Approach for Quantifying Fluid and Solute Flux Across the Sediment–Water Interface
Authors: Cascarano Ryan N. , Reeves Donald M. , Henry Mark A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe propose a dye tracer method to characterize fluid and solute fluxes across the sediment‐water interface. Zones of groundwater discharge within the streambed are first identified, and small volume slugs of 0.5 to 1 mL fluorescein dye are released at known subsurface depths. Fluorescein dye allows for visual identification of interface breakthrough locations and times, and dye concentrations at the point of discharge are recorded over time by a fluorometer to generate high resolution breakthrough curves. Groundwater velocities and dispersivities at the demonstration site are estimated by numerically fitting dye breakthroughs to the classical advection‐dispersion equation, although the methodology is not limited to a specific transport model. Breakthroughs across the stream‐sediment interface at the demonstration site are nonlinear with tracer release depth, and velocity estimates from breakthrough analysis are significantly more reliable than visual dye (time to first dye expression) and Darcy methods which tend to overestimate and underestimate groundwater velocity, respectively. The use of permanent injection points within the streambed and demonstrated reproducibility of dye breakthroughs allow for study of fluid and solute fluxes under seasonally varying hydrologic conditions. The proposed approach also provides a framework for field study of nonconservative, reactive solutes and allows for the determination of characteristic residence times at various depths in the streambed to better understand chemical and nutrient transformations.
Assessing the current knowledge, attitude and behaviour of adolescents and young adults living with haemophilia
Authors: Mohan Richa , Radhakrishnan Nita , Varadarajan Meera , Anand Sandip 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionThere is significant incidence of Haemophilia in India, with second largest number of persons with Haemophilia A. 20,778 patients registered with Haemophilia Foundation of India in 2018. Research in India includes diagnostic studies, complications and co‐morbidities, prenatal diagnosis, inhibitor development and gene therapy. Limited is known about quality of life of these patients. Since Haemophilia leads to the loss of ‘normal lifestyle’ in young people resulting in emotional distress and depression, it is important to analyse Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour of persons with Haemophilia.AimThe aim of the study is to focus on exploring the status of Haemophilia and knowledge, attitude, behaviour of adolescents and youths with haemophilia with the objectives to study 1) the current medical status of haemophilia amongst target population; 2) the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of patients with haemophilia towards their condition.MethodsRespondents in the age group of 15–30 years, who were registered with the Hemophilia Treatment Centers of Government Hospitals/Hemophilia Societies, were interviewed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The study was conducted in two different states and with respondents of two different age groups.FindingsMost respondents suffered from severe haemophilia and co‐morbidities such as anxiety, stress, chronic pain and head‐ache. All of them felt that haemophilia interferes in leading a normal life and perceive a grim future.ConclusionYoung people in India need technical, financial and psychological support to prevent complications related to haemophilia. While most of them take responsibility for their health, more behavioural changes need to be inducted to improve quality of life.
Mineral trioxide aggregate‐induced AMPK activation stimulates odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells
Authors: Kim Yoon‐Jung , Kim Won‐Jae , Bae Sun‐Woong , Yang Sun‐Mi , Park Sam‐Young , Kim Seon‐Mi , Jung Ji‐Yeon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo investigate the role of autophagy in MTA‐induced odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).MethodologyIn MTA‐treated HDPCs, odontoblastic differentiation was assessed based on expression levels of dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) activity by ALP staining and the formation of mineralized nodule by Alizarin red S staining. Expression of microtubule‐associated protein 1A/1B‐light chain3 (LC3), adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling molecules and autophagy‐related genes was analysed by Western blot analysis and Acridine orange staining was used to detect autophagic lysosome. For in vivo experiments, tooth cavity preparation models on rat molars were established and the expression of proteins‐related odontogenesis and autophagy markers was observed by Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparison was used for statistical analysis.ResultsMineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) promoted odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs, accompanied by autophagy induction, including formation of autophagic lysosome and cleavage of LC3 to LC3II (P < 0.05). Conversely, inhibition of autophagy through 3MA significantly attenuated the expression level of DSPP (P < 0.05) and DMP1 (P < 0.05) as well as formation of mineralized nodules (P < 0.05), indicating the functional significance of autophagy in MTA‐induced odontoblastic differentiation. Also, MTA increased the activity of AMPK (P < 0.01), whereas inhibition of AMPK by compound C downregulated DSPP (P < 0.01) and DMP1 (P < 0.05), but increased the phosphorylation of mTOR (P < 0.05), p70S6 (P < 0.01) and Unc‐51‐like kinases 1 (ULK1) (ser757) (P < 0.01), explaining the involvement of AMPK pathway in MTA‐induced odontoblast differentiation. In vivo study, MTA treatment after tooth cavity preparation on rat molars upregulated DMP‐1 and DSPP as well as autophagy‐related proteins LC3II and p62, and enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK.ConclusionMTA induced odontoblastic differentiation and mineralization by modulating autophagy with AMPK activation in HDPCs. Autophagy regulation is a new insight on regenerative endodontic therapy using MTA treatment.
Effective removal of cationic methylene blue dye using nano‐hydroxyapatite synthesized from fish scale bio‐waste
Authors: Swamiappan Sathiskumar , Ganesan Sivarasan , Sekar Vanaraj , Devaraj Sabarinathan , Subramanian Arulmani , Ponnusamy Vinoth Kumar , Kathirvel Preethi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNano‐hydroxyapatite (NHAp) with a novel rod shape was synthesized from an economical and easily accessible Labeo rohita fish scale bio‐waste by facile and straightforward alkaline heat treatment method. The purity, functionality, morphology, and surface area of the green synthesized NHAp powder were well‐characterized via X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET). The TEM and BET results indicate that the apatite is prepared as a rod‐like particle and highly porous with high surface area (112.36 m2 g−1). The NHAp powder was used for the adsorptive removal of cationic dye‐methylene blue (MB) from the aqueous samples. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the mechanism of adsorption and kinetic models. The NHAp achieved an enhanced adsorption efficiency (666.67 mg g−1) for the adsorption process. The obtained results perfectly obeyed the pseudo‐second‐order model, and the Langmuir isotherm exhibited an excellent relationship with the experimental data. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies reveal that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Thus, the results proved that Labeo rohita fish scale bio‐waste derived NHAp can be inventively utilized as a cost‐effective and eco‐friendly adsorbent for wastewater treatment.
Effects of different aberrations in the CRLF2 gene on the biological characteristics and drug sensitivities of Nalm6 cells
Authors: Gu Min , Jia Yannan , Xu Meizhen , Feng Juan , Tian Zheng , Ma Xiaotong , Wang Min , Wang Jianxiang , Xu Yingxi , Rao Qing , Hao Liangchun , Mi Yingchang , Yang Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionTo investigate the effects and mechanism of action of upregulated CRLF2 expression resulting from different aberrations in the CRLF2 gene (CRLF2, CRLF2 + IK6, P2RY8‐CRLF2 and CRLF2 F232C) in the B cell ALL cell line Nalm6.MethodsCell proliferation was measured using cell counting kit‐8. Transcriptome sequencing technology (RNA‐seq) was used to compare changes in gene expression resulting from different aberrations in CRLF2. High‐throughput drug sensitivity testing was used to determine the drug sensitivity of cells.ResultsAll four aberrations in CRLF2 upregulated CRLF2 expression and promoted the proliferation of Nalm6 cells. The RNA‐seq results showed the upregulation of genes in the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway and the downregulation of genes in the cell cycle pathway in the CRLF2 F232C‐overexpressing cells. Western blotting showed that the expression of p‐STAT5 protein was significantly higher in the CRLF2 F232C‐overexpressing cells. Cells with aberrations in CRLF2 were more resistant to cyclophosphamide and drugs commonly used during treatment than cells in the vector group. The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 or GI50) of dexamethasone was significantly higher in the CRLF2 F232C‐overexpressing cell line.ConclusionsThe overexpression of CRLF2, CRLF2 + IK6, P2RY8‐CRLF2 and CRLF2 F232C promotes the proliferation of Nalm6 cells, activates the JAK/STAT signalling pathway and leads to a reduction in sensitivity towards various chemotherapeutic drugs.
Roadmap to a plasma cell: Epigenetic and transcriptional cues that guide B cell differentiation
Authors: Wiggins Keenan J. , Scharer Christopher D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAntibody‐secreting cells (ASCs) or plasma cells secrete antibodies and form a cornerstone of humoral immunity. B cells that receive activation signals in the presence or absence of T cells initiate a differentiation program that requires epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming in order to ultimately form ASC. Reprogramming is accomplished through the interplay of transcription factors that initiate gene expression programs and epigenetic mechanisms that maintain these programs and cell fates. An important consideration is that all of these factors are operating in the context of cell division. Recent technical advances now allow mechanistic studies to move beyond genetic studies to identify the promoters and enhancer repertoires that are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and transcription factors in rare cell types and differentiation stages in vivo. This review will detail efforts to integrate transcriptional and epigenetic changes during B cell differentiation with cell division in vivo. What has emerged is a multiphased differentiation model that requires distinct transcription factors and epigenetic programs at each step. The identification of markers that define each phase will help facilitate the manipulation of B cell differentiation for vaccine development or to treat diseases where antibodies are a component.