bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olanzapine versus metoclopramide for the treatment of breakthrough chemotherapy–induced vomiting in children: An open‐label, randomized phase 3 trial
Authors: Radhakrishnan Venkatraman , Pai Vishwajeeth , Rajaraman Swaminathan , Mehra Nikita , Ganesan Trivadi , Dhanushkodi Manikandan , Perumal Kalaiyarasi Jayachandran , Rajan Arun Kumar , Selvarajan Gangothri , Ranganathan Rama , Karunakaran Parathan , Sagar Tenali G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundBreakthrough chemotherapy–induced vomiting (CIV) is defined as CIV occurring after adequate antiemetic prophylaxis. Olanzapine and metoclopramide are two drugs recommended for the treatment of breakthrough CIV in children, without adequate evidence. We conducted an open‐label, single‐center, phase 3 randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of olanzapine and metoclopramide for treating breakthrough CIV.ProcedureChildren aged 5‐18 years who developed breakthrough CIV after receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy were randomly assigned to the metoclopramide or olanzapine arm. The primary objective of the study was to compare the complete response (CR) rates between patients receiving olanzapine or metoclopramide for treating breakthrough CIV during 72 hours after the administration of the study drug. Secondary objectives were to compare CR rates for nausea and toxicities between the two arms.ResultsEighty patients were analyzed (39 in the olanzapine arm and 41 in the metoclopramide arm). CR rates were significantly higher in the olanzapine arm compared with the metoclopramide arm for vomiting (72% vs 39%, P = 0.003) and nausea (59% vs 34%, P = 0.026). Seven patients in the metoclopramide arm crossed over to the olanzapine arm and none crossed over in the olanzapine arm (P < 0.001). The mean nausea score in the olanzapine arm was significantly lower than the metoclopramide arm after the initiation of the rescue antiemetic (P = 0.01). Hyperglycemia and drowsiness were more commonly seen in the olanzapine arm.ConclusionOlanzapine is superior to metoclopramide for the treatment of breakthrough CIV in children. Drowsiness and hyperglycemia need to be monitored closely in children receiving olanzapine for breakthrough CIV.
Thermal conductivity of aligned CNT‐polyethylene nanocomposites and correlation with the interfacial thermal resistance
Authors: Liu Lanyu , Zhang Zhaoxia , Gou Xiaofan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCarbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymer composites have higher thermal conductivity than polymers themselves, so they have wide application prospects in many thermodynamic applications. It is of great significance to deeply understand the thermal conductivity of polymer nanocomposites and its creations, especially with the CNT‐polymer interface. In this article, for CNT‐polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites, the temperature distribution and thermal conductivity, and its correlation with the CNT volume fraction, the interfacial thermal resistance caused by interfacial defects in the CNT‐PE interface region, and mechanical strain were comprehensively studied through molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the CNT volume fraction and mechanical stretches have remarkable effects on the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite, and comparatively the influence of the interfacial defects is weak just in the range of the CNT volume fraction <0.3. The thermal conductivity rapidly increases when the volume fraction of CNTs changes from 0 to 0.20. Under tensile strain, the thermal conductivities κ∥ and κ⊥ (being parallel to and perpendicular to the stretching direction, also the direction of nanotubes) display quite different rules. The κ∥ increases linearly with the tensile strain, while the κ⊥ decreases linearly. After the CNT‐PE interfacial defect degree fd of assessing the defect extent was introduced, its dependence on the interfacial thermal resistance Ri was analytically given, and further the influence of the fd on the thermal conductivity was obtained through comparative studies of with/without interfacial defects. We found that the thermal conductivity has a sharply deduce when the fd is in the range of 30% to 60%.
Nanohydroxyapatite embedded blends of ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate and millable polyurethane as piezoelectric materials: dielectric, viscoelastic and mechanical features
Authors: Shafeeq Valiyaveetil Haneefa , Subash Cherumannil Karumuthil , Varghese Soney , Unnikrishnan Gopalakrishna Panicker 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe report the piezoelectric, dielectric and dynamic mechanical features of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) embedded ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (EVA)/millable polyurethane (MPU) elastomer blends. The EVA/MPU/nHA systems were prepared by two‐roll milling followed by compression moulding. The piezoelectric features were probed by dynamic contact electrostatic force microscopy (EFM).The neat EVA/MPU blend was not found to exhibit ferroelectric properties. However, upon incorporation of nHA, butterfly loops of EFM amplitude signals as well as complementary hysteresis curves were obtained, confirming the introduction of ferro‐piezoelectric properties. The ferro‐piezoelectric features were found to be improved with an increase in nHA loading which recorded highest signals for 8 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) loaded composites. The fabricated devices generated a peak voltage of 4.02 V and 4.89 V respectively with 6 phr and 8 phr nHA loaded composites. Electrical properties such as dielectric constant, volume resistivity and loss factor as well as dynamic mechanical properties were examined. The viscoelastic features of the systems support the reinforcing feature with filler loading. TEM analysis of the composites indicated a uniform distribution of filler particles in the blend matrix, complementing the observed ferro‐piezoelectric, dielectric and dynamic mechanical properties. The simultaneous modulation of piezoelectric and viscoelastic properties is a preferred feature for fast‐responsive dielectric elastomers for their applications in various piezoelectric devices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Patients' communication preferences for receiving a cancer diagnosis: Differences depending on cancer stage
Authors: Kim Soo‐Hyun , Kim Jong‐Heun , Shim Eun‐Jung , Hahm Bong‐Jin , Yu Eun‐Seung 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to identify communication preferences for receiving a cancer diagnosis in South Korean patients and explore differences depending on cancer stage—with or without recurrence/metastasis.MethodsA total of 312 patients from five cancer centers in South Korea completed the Korean version of the Measure of Patients' Preferences questionnaire, Mini‐Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale, Insomnia Severity Index, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.ResultsAmong patients without recurrence/metastasis, four factors were indicated: “additional information,” “medical information,” “emotional support,” and “supportive environment.” Among patients with recurrence/metastasis, five factors were indicated: “medical information and explanation,” “emotional support,” “supportive environment,” “additional information,” and “informing family.” In the group without recurrence/metastasis, a positive attitude was a significant predictor of the preference for all four factors and a lower anxiety level was a predictor of the preference for additional information. Patients who reported a high level of anxious preoccupation preferred supportive environments. In the group with recurrence/metastasis, patients who showed a high level of cognitive avoidance preferred to receive medical and additional information and emotional support.ConclusionsCancer patients' preferences for communication when receiving bad news differ whether recurrence/metastasis or not in South Korea. Especially, patients with recurrence/metastasis preferred a clear explanation of medical information, and physicians informing patients' families about their diagnosis and prognosis. Thus, physicians should take patients' medical and psychological characteristics into consideration when delivering the news regarding their condition.
Extracellular vesicles influence the pulmonary arterial extracellular matrix in congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Monroe Madeline N. , Zhaorigetu Siqin , Gupta Vikas S. , Jin Di , Givan Katelyn D. , Curylo Alexander L. , Olson Scott D. , Cox Charles S. , Segura Ana , Buja Louis Maximilian , Grande‐Allen Kathryn Jane , Harting Matthew T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveAbnormal pulmonary vasculature directly affects the development and progression of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)‐associated pulmonary hypertension (PH). Though overarching structural and cellular changes in CDH‐affected pulmonary arteries have been documented, the precise role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the pulmonary artery (PA) pathophysiology remains undefined. Here, we quantify the structural, compositional, and mechanical CDH‐induced changes in the main and distal PA ECM and investigate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSC‐EVs) as a therapy to ameliorate pathological vascular ECM changes.MethodsPregnant Sprague‐Dawley rodents were administered nitrofen to induce CDH‐affected pulmonary vasculature in the offspring. A portion of CDH‐affected pups was treated with intravenous infusion of MSC‐EVs (1 × 1010/mL) upon birth. A suite of histological, mechanical, and transmission electron microscopic analyses were utilized to characterize the PA ECM.ResultsThe CDH model main PA presented significantly altered characteristics—including greater vessel thickness, greater lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression, and a relatively lower ultimate tensile strength of 13.6 MPa compared to control tissue (25.1 MPa), suggesting that CDH incurs ECM structural disorganization. MSC‐EV treatment demonstrated the potential to reverse CDH‐related changes, particularly through rapid inhibition of ECM remodeling enzymes (LOX and MMP‐9). Additionally, MSC‐EV treatment bolstered structural aspects of the PA ECM and mitigated pathological disorganization as exhibited by increased medial wall thickness and stiffness that, while not significantly altered, trends away from CDH‐affected tissue.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate notable ECM remodeling in the CDH pulmonary vasculature, along with the capacity of MSC‐EVs to attenuate pathological ECM remodeling, identifying MSC‐EVs as a potentially efficacious therapeutic for CDH‐associated pulmonary hypertension.
Effects of CFTR modulators on pharmacokinetics of tobramycin during acute pulmonary exacerbations in the pediatric cystic fibrosis population
Authors: Albright Jared C. , Houck Andrew P. , Pettit Rebecca S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) require higher dosages of aminoglycosides due to an increased volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance. Optimal dosing of aminoglycosides in the CF population is essential as repeated exposure to aminoglycosides during acute pulmonary exacerbations increases risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. To date, no studies have evaluated whether chronic cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy affects pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside antibiotics in patients with CF. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of a CFTR modulator affects elimination rate (Ke) for intravenously administered tobramycin in the pediatric CF population.MethodsThis retrospective study included patients aged 2 to 18 years with CF receiving chronic therapy with a CFTR modulator. Patients included had an admission both pre‐ and post‐chronic CFTR modulator therapy during which they received therapy with IV tobramycin.ResultsThirty‐four patients were included in the study. The median time between pre‐ and post‐modulator admissions was 16.5 (13.8) months. Duration of CFTR modulator therapy before post‐modulator admission was a median of 8 (10.3) months. There was no significant difference in Ke (hr−1) between pre‐ and post‐modulator therapy, 0.41 (0.21) pre and 0.39 (0.09) post (P = .5). Vd and peak concentration were similar between both groups. There was no difference in nephrotoxicity as defined by the pRIFLE criteria (P = .25).ConclusionsThe pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenously administered tobramycin during admission for acute pulmonary exacerbation do not appear to change significantly after initiating chronic therapy with a CFTR modulator. Empiric dose adjustments for patients on CFTR modulators are not recommended.
Progress toward Alzheimer's disease treatment: Leveraging the Achilles' heel of Aβ oligomers?
Authors: Fantini Jacques , Chahinian Henri , Yahi Nouara 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAfter three decades of false hopes and failures, a pipeline of therapeutic drugs that target the actual root cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now available. Challenging the old paradigm that focused on β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregation in amyloid plaques, these compounds are designed to prevent the neurotoxicity of Aβ oligomers that form Ca2+permeable pores in the membranes of brain cells. By triggering an intracellular Ca2+overdose, Aβ oligomers induce a cascade of neurotoxic events including oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal loss. Targeting any post‐Ca2+entry steps (e.g., tau) will not address the root cause of the disease. Thus, preventing Aβ oligomers formation and/or blocking their toxicity is by essence the best approach to stop any progression of AD. Three categories of anti‐oligomer compounds are already available: antibodies, synthetic peptides, and small drugs. Independent in silico‐based designs of a peptide (AmyP53) and a monoclonal antibody (PMN310) converged to identify a histidine motif (H13/H14) that is critical for oligomer neutralization. This “histidine trick” can be viewed as the Achilles' heel of Aβ in the fight against AD. Moreover, lipid rafts and especially gangliosides play a critical role in the formation and toxicity of Aβ oligomers. Recognizing AD as a membrane disorder and gangliosides as the key anti‐oligomer targets will provide innovative opportunities to find an efficient cure. A “full efficient” solution would also need to be affordable to anyone, as the number of patients has been following an exponential increase, affecting every part of the globe.
Adjuvant radiation therapy for a subtotally resected, low‐grade hemangiopericytoma of the cerebellum
Authors: Crisostomo Benedict Mihangel P. , Fragrante Edilberto Joaquin V. , Chavez Lorelei L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntracranial hemangiopericytoma of the posterior fossa represents an infrequent location for a tumor. Reported herein is a case of subtotally resected, cerebellar hemangiopericytoma, diagnosed as a grade I subtype histopathologically according to the World Health Organization classification. Controversy exists regarding whether adjuvant radiation therapy is indicated in such low‐grade, partially‐excised tumors, where treatment is typically reserved for advanced histological grades. Accounting for the biological behavior and propensity for local recurrence of this tumor histology, radiation therapy is often offered. A total dose of 5400 cGy in 30 daily fractions is administered to the residual tumor and postoperative site through 3‐D conformal techniques. Treatment is delivered with 6‐MV photons using a linear accelerator, and set‐up verification is carried out using kV imaging. In the reported case, adequate tumor coverage was achieved with respect to the pertinent organs‐at‐risk. This patient's treatment course was unremarkable, and surveillance imaging at 6 months follow up showed no evidence of residual disease. Longer follow up is recommended to adequately assess local control benefit and survival outcomes for the treatment plan given.
The effect of pirfenidone on rat chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and its mechanisms
Authors: Peng Xufeng , Guo Hailin , Chen Jun , Wang Jihong , Huang Jianwen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundChronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is an intractable problem of the urogenital system. The aetiopathogenesis and effective treatments for CP/CPPS are needed to be untangled. Pirfenidone is a molecule that exhibits anti‐inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antioxidative stress capacities in a variety of animal experiments and clinical trials. This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of pirfenidone on CP/CPPS and to identify the mechanism responsible for it.MethodsA CP/CPPS model was induced in rats by intraprostatic injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Blood and prostatic tissues were harvested for assessment after the administration of pirfenidone or vehicle for 4 weeks.ResultsThe findings revealed that pirfenidone significantly ameliorated chronic pelvic pain and inhibited prostatic inflammation and fibrosis. Further study found that pirfenidone suppressed the expression of proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, IL‐8. Pirfenidone exhibited a potent antioxidant capacity through improving the activities of glutathione, catalase, total superoxide dismutase, and reducing the production of malondialdehyde. Furthermore, pirfenidone also facilitated the polarization of M2 macrophages and suppressed the activation of the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway.ConclusionsPirfenidone can exert a beneficial effect against CFA‐induced CP/CPPS by anti‐inflammatory, antioxidative, antifibrotic properties, and the function is mediated at least partly through the M2 polarization of macrophages and the inhibition of NF‐κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that pirfenidone holds promise as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of CP/CPPS.
Mutations at sterol 14α‐demethylases (CYP51A&B) confer the DMI resistance in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from grape
Authors: Wang Jin , Shi Dongya , Wei Lingling , Chen Wenchan , Ma Weiwei , Chen Changjun , Wang Kai 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDGrape anthracnose caused by the ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has been widely controlled by demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) for decades in China. The resistance status and mechanism of C. gloeosporioides against DMIs is not well understood.RESULTSAll difenoconazole‐resistant (DfnR) isolates from vineyards exhibited decreased fitness. Positive cross‐resistance was detected between DMI triazoles. Sequence alignment results from the DfnR and DfnS isolates revealed that multiple mutations are distributed at CgCYP51A, concomitant with mutations at CgCYP51B. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of single deleted and complemented mutants of CgCYP51A and CgCYP51B showed that ΔCgCYP51A became more sensitive to difenoconazole, but not ΔCgCYP51B. Furthermore, all single complemented mutants had a stronger biological fitness than the progenitor strain. All the defectives of ΔCgCYP51A and ΔCgCYP51B could be restored by complementation of the whole corresponding gene from the resistant strains. Relative gene expression of CgCYP51A and CgCYP51B in most of the mutants was greatly upregulated relative to the progenitor isolate when treated with difenoconazole at the same concentration. Moreover, the extension of five amino acids (GNETI) caused by mutation at the stop codon of CgCYP51A, concurrent with other seven amino acid substitutions and the synonymous mutation P10P (CCG → CCT), significantly enhanced DMI resistance.CONCLUSIONThe DMI resistance of C. gloeosporioides selected in vineyards is conferred by mutations at CgCYP51s, and validated by a genetics method. The roles of CgCYP51A and CgCYP51B overlap, and are counter‐balanced, but cannot be replaced reciprocally. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation and characterisation of IAEA‐603, a new primary reference material aimed at the VPDB scale realisation for δ13C and δ18O determination
Authors: Assonov Sergey , Groening Manfred , Fajgelj Ales , Hélie Jean‐Francois , Hillaire‐Marcel Claude 
Published: June 2020

RationaleNBS19 carbonate, a primary reference material (RM) for the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) scale realisation introduced in 1987, was exhausted in 2009, and no primary RM was available for several years. This study describes the preparation and characterisation of a new RM, IAEA‐603 (Ca‐carbonate, calcite of marble origin), which shall serve as a new primary RM (replacement for NBS19) or primary calibrator aimed at the highest realisation of the VPDB scale for δ13C and δ18O values, including the VPDB‐CO2 δ18O scale.MethodsIAEA‐603 preparation and characterisation (value transfer) against NBS19 were performed by addressing the major modern technical requirements for the production and characterisation of RMs (ISO Guide 35). IAEA‐603 was produced in a large quantity, and the first batch was sealed into ampoules (0.5 g) to ensure RM integrity during storage; four other batches were sealed for long‐term storage. The most accurate method of CO2 preparation for isotope mass spectrometry was used, namely carbonate–H3PO4 reaction under controlled conditions.ResultsThe assigned values of δ13C = +2.460 ± 0.010‰ and δ18O = −2.370 ± 0.040‰ (k = 1) are based on a large number of analyses (~10 mg aliquots) performed at IAEA and address all the known uncertainty components. For aliquots down to 120 μg, the δ18O uncertainty remains unchanged but shall be doubled for δ13C. The uncertainty components considered are as follows: (a) material homogeneity (within and between the 5200 ampoules produced), (b) value assignment against NBS19, (c) storage effects and (d) effect of the 17O correction.ConclusionsThe new primary RM IAEA‐603 replaces NBS19 in its use as the highest calibrator for the VPDB δ13C and δ18O scale, including the VPDB‐CO2 δ18O scale. The use of IAEA‐603 will allow laboratories worldwide to establish consistent realisation of the scales for δ13C and δ18O values and metrological comparability of measurement results for decades. The VPDB scale definition based on NBS19 stays valid.
Consensus tracking control of discrete‐time second‐order agents over switching signed digraphs with arbitrary antagonistic relations
Authors: Shi Lei , Cheng Yuhua , Zhang Xilin , Shao Jinliang 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThis article studies the problem of consensus tracking control for second‐order agents in multiagent systems over switching signed digraphs. Compared with the existing consensus tracking works on the structurally balanced signed digraph where the antagonistic relations exist only between two independent subgroups, this article explores a more general case for the first time, in the sense that the antagonistic relation is allowed between any two agents. On the basis of the design of a cooperation‐antagonism environment‐based distributed algorithm, suitable model transformation vectors are utilized to convert the stability of original system into a product convergence problem of time‐varying superstochastic matrices. By analyzing the convergence, algebraic conditions between positive and negative weights are established to ensure that all followers can eventually reach the leader's state under switching signed digraphs with arbitrary antagonistic relations. Simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our results.