bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency, Harmfulness and Vulnerability (FHV) Multicriteria Method for Integrated Analysis of Illegal Exploitations and Strategic Participatory Management of Protected Areas in Africa
Authors: Elysée Ntiranyibagira , Thacienne Uwiringiyimana , Concorde Nsengumuremyi , Andrew Kibogo , Fabien Muhirwa , Léonidas Maniraho , Aloys Twagirumukiza , Innocent Ngiruwonsanga 
Published: December 2019

In Africa, protected areas are facing hudge illegal exploitations and accelerated degradation. Illegal exploitations are interesting indicators of local socio-economic needs and hostility of populations to conservation activities. The study aimed to develop a specific method for the analysis of illegal exploitations and the promotion of successful participatory management. Basically, the Multicriteria method used to determine the impact and the gravity of illegal exploitations relies on three criteria based on offenses themselves and affected resources. The method combines statistical analysis of management data using ANOVA and χ² tests, field observations and semi-structured interviews for validation. For the tested Rusizi national Park, the findings showed that the number of supervised exploitations increased from 1988 to 2015 while the number of supervised operators is limited and highly fluctuating between resources and periods. The public integration ratio is 8 0/000 and corresponds to 61 supervised operators of which 84% are involved in vegetal resources exploitations. In total, 10 illegal exploitations whose impact values range from 1 to 20 and belong to very high and high impact classes were reported. Average, 651 cases of which 71% cover direct cuts of vegetation were reported annually. Statistically, the most damaging illegal exploitations are made of tree and vegetation cuts, cattle grazing and fishing. Illegal exploitations are seasonal and more important in dry season than in rainy season. They are more important in Delta sector than in Palmeraie sector. The shift from gracious exploitations to lucrative operations, over-taxation of supervised exploitations, low ratio of public integration, political conflicts and unarmed protection contributed to increase and strengthen significantly illegal exploitations. Ultimately, the results revealed the limits of participatory management on illegal exploitations. Consequently, the success of participatory management in Rusizi national Park requires strategic and concerted development projects, more responsive regulatory measures and relevant partnerships with peripheral village.
The Effect of Vitamin B6 on Reducing the Number and the Size of Breast Cysts and the Amount of Recurrence after Aspiration in Women
Authors: Soltany Setareh , Reza Hemmati Hamid , Alavy Toussy Jafar , Alavi Toosi Parisa 
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Palpable breast lumps are one of the most prevalent breast problems in women who visit a doctor. Most of these lumps are benign, and many of these benign lumps, have cystic nature. One of the suggested treatments for breast cyst is vitamin B6 intake. So, this study aimed to determine the effect of vitamin B6 on reducing the number and the size of breast cysts and reducing the amount of recurrence after aspiration.
Materials and Methods: This study is a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Patients simply divided into two groups randomly, intervention group (receiving 150 mg vitamin B6 twice a day for two months) and control group (placebo). After data collection, the database produced, and information came in by SPSS-22 software. Descriptive results extracted in the form of tables and graphs. In all cases was used α=0.05.
Results: At the end of the study, 65 patients (34 people in the intervention group, and 31 people in the control group) studied. At the end of the survey in the non-palpable cysts, was observed a significant decrease in the number and the size of breast cysts in each group receiving vitamin B6 or placebo. Still, the difference was not significant in comparing the two groups. 19 patients (2.29%) had palpable cysts that aspiration performed in all cases. After the study period, no recurrence of cysts observed in any of the intervention and control groups.
Conclusion: The study showed that vitamin B6 had no effect on reducing the size and the number of non-palpable breast cysts and prevent recurrence of palpable cysts after aspiration.
Liquid–liquid phase separation of the Golgi matrix protein GM130
Authors: Rebane Aleksander A. , Ziltener Pascal , LaMonica Lauren C. , Bauer Antonia H. , Zheng Hong , López‐Montero Iván , Pincet Frederic , Rothman James E. , Ernst Andreas M. 
Published: December 2019

Golgins are an abundant class of peripheral membrane proteins of the Golgi. These very long (50–400 nm) rod‐like proteins initially capture cognate transport vesicles, thus enabling subsequent SNARE‐mediated membrane fusion. Here, we explore the hypothesis that in addition to serving as vesicle tethers, Golgins may also possess the capacity to phase separate and, thereby, contribute to the internal organization of the Golgi. GM130 is the most abundant Golgin at the cis Golgi. Remarkably, overexpressed GM130 forms liquid droplets in cells analogous to those described for numerous intrinsically disordered proteins with low complexity sequences, even though GM130 is neither low in complexity nor intrinsically disordered. Virtually pure recombinant GM130 also phase‐separates into dynamic, liquid‐like droplets in close to physiological buffers and at concentrations similar to its estimated local concentration at the cis Golgi.
Polymer Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells with Bipolar Electrode‐Dynamic Doping and Wireless Electroluminescence
Authors: Hu Shiyu , Gao Jun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis progress report reviews the background and recent developments of polymer light‐emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs). The PLECs of interest have a planar configuration and contain bipolar electrodes (BPEs). A BPE is an electrically floating conductor immersed in an electrochemical cell that contains redox species. When the electrochemical cell is polarized with an externally applied voltage bias, coupled redox reactions are induced wirelessly at the extremities of the BPEs due to the development of a sufficient interfacial potential difference. BPEs can have a dramatic effect on the doping pattern and the emission profiles of PLECs. In a bulk homojunction PLEC containing a large number of dispersed micro‐BPEs, the turn‐on response and light output are greatly enhanced when multiple light‐emitting p–n junctions form throughout the active layer. PLECs offer a solid‐state platform on which the bipolar electrochemistry phenomena can be investigated, and the understanding of the complex PLEC processes can be improved. This progress report highlights several new BPE types as well as their potential applications for device performance enhancement and for the visualized screening of functional materials.
Controlled Growth and Thickness‐Dependent Conduction‐Type Transition of 2D Ferrimagnetic Cr2S3 Semiconductors
Authors: Cui Fangfang , Zhao Xiaoxu , Xu Junjie , Tang Bin , Shang Qiuyu , Shi Jianping , Huan Yahuan , Liao Jianhui , Chen Qing , Hou Yanglong , Zhang Qing , Pennycook Stephen J. , Zhang Yanfeng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract2D magnetic materials have attracted intense attention as ideal platforms for constructing multifunctional electronic and spintronic devices. However, most of the reported 2D magnetic materials are mainly achieved by the mechanical exfoliation route. The direct synthesis of such materials is still rarely reported, especially toward thickness‐controlled synthesis down to the 2D limit. Herein, the thickness‐tunable synthesis of nanothick rhombohedral Cr2S3 flakes (from ≈1.9 nm to tens of nanometers) on a chemically inert mica substrate via a facile chemical vapor deposition route is demonstrated. This is accomplished by an accurate control of the feeding rate of the Cr precursor and the growth temperature. Furthermore, it is revealed that the conduction behavior of the nanothick Cr2S3 is variable with increasing thickness (from 2.6 to 4.8 nm and >7 nm) from p‐type to ambipolar and then to n‐type. Hereby, this work can shed light on the scalable synthesis, transport, and magnetic properties explorations of 2D magnetic materials.
A Metal–Polyphenol‐Coordinated Nanomedicine for Synergistic Cascade Cancer Chemotherapy and Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ren Zhigang , Sun Shichao , Sun Ranran , Cui Guangying , Hong Liangjie , Rao Benchen , Li Ang , Yu Zujiang , Kan Quancheng , Mao Zhengwei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe clinical application of chemotherapy is impeded by the unsatisfactory efficacy and severe side effects. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has emerged as an efficient strategy for cancer treatment utilizing Fenton chemistry to destroy cancer cells by converting endogenous H2O2 into highly toxic reactive oxygen species. Apart from the chemotherapeutic effect, cisplatin is able to act as an artificial enzyme to produce H2O2 for CDT through cascade reactions, thus remarkably improving the anti‐tumor outcomes. Herein, an organic theranostic nanomedicine (PTCG NPs) is constructed with high loading capability using epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), phenolic platinum(IV) prodrug (Pt‐OH), and polyphenol modified block copolymer (PEG‐b‐PPOH) as the building blocks. The high stability of PTCG NPs during circulation stems from their strong metal–polyphenol coordination interactions, and efficient drug release is realized after cellular internalization. The activated cisplatin elevates the intracellular H2O2 level through cascade reactions. This is further utilized to produce highly toxic reactive oxygen species catalyzed by an iron‐based Fenton reaction. In vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrate that the combination of chemotherapy and chemodynamic therapy achieves excellent anticancer efficacy. Meanwhile, systemic toxicity faced by platinum‐based drugs is avoided through this nanoformulation. This work provides a promising strategy to develop advanced nanomedicine for cascade cancer therapy.
Kirigami‐Based Light‐Induced Shape‐Morphing and Locomotion
Authors: Cheng Yu‐Chieh , Lu Hao‐Chuan , Lee Xuan , Zeng Hao , Priimagi Arri 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe development of stimuli‐responsive soft actuators, a task largely undertaken by material scientists, has become a major driving force in pushing the frontiers of microrobotics. Devices made of soft active materials are oftentimes small in size, remotely and wirelessly powered/controlled, and capable of adapting themselves to unexpected hurdles. However, nowadays most soft microscale robots are rather simple in terms of design and architecture, and it remains a challenge to create complex 3D soft robots with stimuli‐responsive properties. Here, it is suggested that kirigami‐based techniques can be useful for fabricating complex 3D robotic structures that can be activated with light. External stress fields introduce out‐of‐plane deformation of kirigami film actuators made of liquid crystal networks. Such 2D‐to‐3D structural transformations can give rise to mechanical actuation upon light illumination, thus allowing the realization of kirigami‐based light‐fuelled robotics. A kirigami rolling robot is demonstrated, where a light beam controls the multigait motion and steers the moving direction in 2D. The device is able to navigate along different routes and moves up a ramp with a slope of 6°. The results demonstrate a facile technique to realize complex and flexible 3D structures with light‐activated robotic functions.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Strain‐Tunable Semiconducting Antimonene on Copper Oxide
Authors: Niu Tianchao , Meng Qingling , Zhou Dechun , Si Nan , Zhai Shuwei , Hao Xiamin , Zhou Miao , Fuchs Harald 
Published: December 2019

AbstractControlled synthesis of 2D structures on nonmetallic substrate is challenging, yet an attractive approach for the integration of 2D systems into current semiconductor technologies. Herein, the direct synthesis of high‐quality 2D antimony, or antimonene, on dielectric copper oxide substrate by molecular beam epitaxy is reported. Delicate scanning tunneling microscopy imaging on the evolution intermediates reveals a segregation growth process on Cu3O2/Cu(111), from ordered dimer chains to packed dot arrays, and finally to monolayer antimonene. First‐principles calculations demonstrate the strain‐modulated band structures in antimonene, which interacts weakly with the oxide surface so that its semiconducting nature is preserved, in perfect agreement with spectroscopic measurements. This work paves the way for large‐scale growth and processing of antimonene for practical implementation.
Optical Properties of 2D 3R Phase Niobium Disulfide and Its Applications as a Saturable Absorber
Authors: Sun Xiaoli , Shi Bingnan , Wang Haoyuan , Lin Na , Liu Shande , Yang Kejian , Zhang Baitao , He Jingliang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract2D van der Waals metal 3R phase niobium disulfide (3R‐NbS2) has fascinating anisotropic, magnetic, optical, and superconducting properties. Herein, few‐layered 2D 3R‐NbS2 nanosheets are fabricated by combining liquid phase exfoliation and spin‐coating methods. The first principles calculations are performed to explore their electronic band structures to reveal the metallic properties and enhanced optical absorption as thickness increased. The linear and nonlinear optical properties arising from the plasmonic effects and nonequilibrium electrons are studied through the violet–visible–near‐infrared absorption spectroscopy, polarization‐resolved optical microscopy, and open‐aperture Z‐scan methods. The nonlinear absorption coefficient and imaginary part of the third‐order susceptibility are determined to be −2.5 × 106 cm GW−1 and −2.4 × 10−6 esu at 1064 nm. Furthermore, 2D 3R‐NbS2 nanosheets based saturable absorbers are fabricated and applied in solid‐state pulsed lasers, in which a continuous‐wave mode‐locking laser operation at 1050.6 nm is demonstrated with a pulse duration of 302 fs. The results not only verify that 2D metallic materials, such as 3R‐NbS2, are excellent nonlinear optical modulators, but also will arouse a general interest in designing novel materials/structures with 2D metallic materials for electronic and photonic devices.
Enhanced Energy Transfer in Doped Bifluorene Single Crystals: Prospects for Organic Lasers
Authors: Baronas Paulius , Kreiza Gediminas , Mamada Masashi , Maedera Satoshi , Adomėnas Povilas , Adomėnienė Ona , Kazlauskas Karolis , Adachi Chihaya , Juršėnas Saulius 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOrganic single crystals with long‐range molecular order ensure enhanced carrier mobility and stability as well as emission outcoupling, which makes them attractive as gain medium for electrically pumped organic lasers. Unfortunately, effects of excitonic coupling introduce losses degrading optical performance in crystals, hence higher lasing thresholds are observed compared to amorphous films. Here, crystal doping strategy is investigated as a method to avoid pronounced reabsorption and annihilation losses associated with J‐type excitonic coupling, while taking advantage of enhanced exciton transport for efficient energy transfer. Bifluorene‐based derivatives linked with acetylene and ethylene rigid bridges are suitable as host and dopant system forming high‐quality crystals doped at various concentrations (0.5–11.0%). Enhanced exciton transport in host crystal mediates picosecond host–dopant energy transfer enabling 100% transfer efficiency at lower doping concentrations compared to amorphous films. Amplified spontaneous emission threshold of 1.9 µJ cm−2 in 3.5% doped crystal is enabled by minimized exciton annihilation and emission reabsorption losses at optimal doping concentration.
Electrospinning of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Energy and Environmental Applications
Authors: Dou Yibo , Zhang Wenjing , Kaiser Andreas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHerein, recent developments of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) structured into nanofibers by electrospinning are summarized, including the fabrication, post‐treatment via pyrolysis, properties, and use of the resulting MOF nanofiber architectures. The fabrication and post‐treatment of the MOF nanofiber architectures are described systematically by two routes: i) the direct electrospinning of MOF‐polymer nanofiber composites, and ii) the surface decoration of nanofiber structures with MOFs. The unique properties and performance of the different types of MOF nanofibers and their derivatives are explained in respect to their use in energy and environmental applications, including air filtration, water treatment, gas storage and separation, electrochemical energy conversion and storage, and heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, challenges with the fabrication of MOF nanofibers, limitations for their use, and trends for future developments are presented.
Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Formate
Authors: Han Na , Ding Pan , He Le , Li Youyong , Li Yanguang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSelective CO2 reduction to formic acid or formate is the most technologically and economically viable approach to realize electrochemical CO2 valorization. Main group metal–based (Sn, Bi, In, Pb, and Sb) nanostructured materials hold great promise, but are still confronted with several challenges. Here, the current status, challenges, and future opportunities of main group metal–based nanostructured materials for electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate are reviewed. Firstly, the fundamentals of electrochemical CO2 reduction are presented, including the technoeconomic viability of different products, possible reaction pathways, standard experimental procedure, and performance figures of merit. This is then followed by detailed discussions about different types of main group metal–based electrocatalyst materials, with an emphasis on underlying material design principles for promoting the reaction activity, selectivity, and stability. Subsequently, recent efforts on flow cells and membrane electrode assembly cells are reviewed so as to promote the current density as well as mechanistic studies using in situ characterization techniques. To conclude a short perspective is offered about the future opportunities and directions of this exciting field.
Marfan syndrome: Evolving organ manifestations—A 10‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Vanem Thy Thy , Böker Tordis , Sandvik Gunhild F. , Kirkhus Eva , Smith Hans‐Jørgen , Andersen Kai , Drolsum Liv , Lundby Rigmor , Røe Cecilie , Krohg‐Sørensen Kirsten , Geiran Odd R. , Paus Benedicte , Rand‐Hendriksen Svend 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe age‐dependent penetrance of organ manifestations in Marfan syndrome (MFS) is not known. The aims of this follow‐up study were to explore how clinical features change over a 10‐year period in the same Norwegian MFS cohort. In 2003–2004, we investigated 105 adults for all manifestations in the 1996 Ghent nosology. Ten years later, we performed follow‐up investigations of the survivors (n = 48) who consented. Forty‐six fulfilled the revised Ghent criteria. Median age: females 51 years, range 32–80 years; males 45 years, range 30–67 years. New aortic root dilatation was detected in patients up to 70 years. Ascending aortic pathology was diagnosed in 93 versus 72% at baseline. Sixty‐five percent had undergone aortic surgery compared to 39% at baseline. Pulmonary trunk mean diameter had increased significantly compared to baseline. From inclusion to follow‐up, two patients (three eyes) developed ectopia lentis, four developed dural ectasia, four developed scoliosis, three developed incisional or recurrent herniae, and 14 developed hindfoot deformity. No changes were found regarding protrusio acetabuli, spontaneous pneumothorax, or striae atrophicae. The study confirms that knowledge of incidence and progression of organ manifestations throughout life is important for diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up of patients with verified or suspected MFS.
13.34 % Efficiency Non‐Fullerene All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Modulating the Crystallinity of Donors via a Fluorination Strategy
Authors: Ge Jinfeng , Xie Lingchao , Peng Ruixiang , Fanady Billy , Huang Jiaming , Song Wei , Yan Tingting , Zhang Wenxia , Ge Ziyi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNon‐fullerene all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (NFSM‐OSCs) have shown potential as OSCs, owing to their high purity, easy synthesis and good reproducibility. However, challenges in the modulation of phase separation morphology have limited their development. Herein, two novel small molecular donors, BTEC‐1F and BTEC‐2F, derived from the small molecule DCAO3TBDTT, are synthesized. Using Y6 as the acceptor, devices based on non‐fluorinated DCAO3TBDTT showed an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.804 V and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.64 %. Mono‐fluorinated BTEC‐1F showed an increased Voc of 0.870 V and a PCE of 11.33 %. The fill factor (FF) of di‐fluorinated BTEC‐2F‐based NFSM‐OSC was improved to 72.35 % resulting in a PCE of 13.34 %, which is higher than that of BTEC‐1F (61.35 %) and DCAO3TBDTT (60.95 %). To our knowledge, this is the highest PCE for NFSM‐OSCs. BTEC‐2F had a more compact molecular stacking and a lower crystallinity which enhanced phase separation and carrier transport.
Periodic Nucleation of Calcium Phosphate in a Stirred Biocatalytic Reaction
Authors: Bohner Bíborka , Bánsági Tamás , Tóth Ágota , Horváth Dezső , Taylor Annette F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHighly ordered superstructures composed of inorganic nanoparticles appear in natural and synthetic systems, however the mechanisms of non‐equilibrium self‐organization that may be involved are still poorly understood. Herein, we performed a kinetic investigation of the precipitation of calcium phosphate using a process widely found in microorganisms: the hydrolysis of urea by enzyme urease. With high initial ratio of calcium ion to phosphate, periodic precipitation was obtained accompanied by pH oscillations in a well‐stirred, closed reactor. We propose that an internal pH‐regulated change in the concentration of phosphate ion is the driving force for periodicity. A simple model involving the biocatalytic reaction network coupled with burst nucleation of nanoparticles above a critical supersaturation reproduced key features of the experiments. These findings may provide insight to the self‐organization of nanoparticles in biomineralization and improve design strategies of biomaterials for medical applications.
Hypervalent‐Iodine‐Mediated Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage and Dearomatization of 9H‐Fluoren‐9‐ols
Authors: Deng Ruixian , Zhan Shuming , Li Chunyu , Gu Zhenhua 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA transition‐metal‐free synthesis of spiro compounds from 9H‐fluoren‐9‐ols mediated by hypervalent iodine is reported. In this reaction, an unprecedented β‐carbon elimination of tertiary alkoxyliodine(III) to form new diaryliodonium salts is proposed. The obtained phenol intermediates undergo oxidative dearomatization to furnish a class of oxo‐spiro compounds. This domino reaction significantly increases the complexity of these molecules and shows excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
C1 Oxidation/C2 Reduction Isomerization of Unprotected Aldoses Induced by Light/Ketone
Authors: Masuda Yusuke , Tsuda Hiromu , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnprotected aldoses in water undergo an isomerization reaction via a radical pathway when irradiated with light in the presence of water‐soluble benzophenone. Whereas its anomeric carbon (C1) is oxidized to a carboxy group, the hydroxy group on the C2 carbon is replaced by hydrogen. The generated 2‐deoxy lactones are readily reduced to the corresponding 2‐deoxy aldoses, which are often contained in bioactive compounds.