bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of residual extractable lignin on acetone–butanol–ethanol production in SHF and SSF processes
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Yu , Shi Suan , Tu Maobing 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Lignin plays an important role in biochemical conversion of biomass to biofuels. A significant amount of lignin is precipitated on the surface of pretreated substrates after organosolv pretreatment. The effect of this residual lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis has been well understood, however, their effect on subsequent ABE fermentation is still unknown.

Results
To determine the effect of residual extractable lignin on acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) processes, we compared ABE production from ethanol-washed and unwashed substrates. The ethanol organosolv pretreated loblolly pine (OPLP) was used as the substrate. It was observed that butanol production from OPLP-UW (unwashed) and OPLP-W (washed) reached 8.16 and 1.69 g/L, respectively, in SHF. The results showed that ABE production in SHF from OPLP-UW prevents an “acid crash” as compared the OPLP-W. In SSF process, the “acid crash” occurred for both OPLP-W and OPLP-UW. The inhibitory extractable lignin intensified the “acid crash” for OPLP-UW and resulted in less ABE production than OPLP-W. The addition of detoxified prehydrolysates in SSF processes shortened the fermentation time and could potentially prevent the “acid crash”.

Conclusions
The results suggested that the residual extractable lignin in high sugar concentration could help ABE production by lowering the metabolic rate and preventing “acid crash” in SHF processes. However, it became unfavorable in SSF due to its inhibition of both enzymatic hydrolysis and ABE fermentation with low initial sugar concentration. It is essential to remove extractable lignin of substrates for ABE production in SSF processes. Also, a higher initial sugar concentration is needed to prevent the “acid crash” in SSF processes.
Modeling the transmission dynamics of varicella in Hungary
Authors: Karsai János , Csuma-Kovács Rita , Dánielisz Ágnes , Molnár Zsuzsanna , Dudás János , Borsos Teodóra , Röst Gergely 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVaccines against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are under introduction in Hungary into the routine vaccination schedule, hence it is important to understand the current transmission dynamics and to estimate the key parameters of the disease. Mathematical models can be greatly useful in advising public health policy decision making by comparing predictions for different scenarios. First we consider a simple compartmental model that includes key features of VZV such as latency and reactivation of the virus as zoster, and exogeneous boosting of immunity. After deriving the basic reproduction number $R_{0}$R0, the model is analysed mathematically and the threshold dynamics is proven: if $R_{0}\leq 1$R0≤1 then the virus will be eradicated, while if $R_{0}>1$R0>1 then an endemic equilibrium exists and the virus uniformly persists in the population. Then we extend the model to include seasonality, and fit it to monthly incidence data from Hungary. It is shown that besides the seasonality, the disease dynamics has intrinsic multi-annual periodicity. We also investigate the sensitivity of the model outputs to the system parameters and the underreporting ratio, and provide estimates for $R_{0}$R0.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum triggers immune damage in the chicken thymus by activating the TLR-2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Chen Chunli , Li Jichang , Zhang Wei , Shah Syed Waqas Ali , Ishfaq Muhammad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPrevious studies reported that Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) causes immune dysregulation in chickens. However, the underlying mechanisms of immune dysregulation in chickens are still unclear. The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where the proliferation, differentiation and selection of T-lymphocytes occur, whereas T-lymphocytes play a crucial role in innate immune responses. To evaluate the effects of MG-infection on chicken thymus, White Leghorn chickens were divided into (1) control group and (2) MG-infection group. ATPase activities were detected by commercial kits. The hallmarks of inflammation, autophagy and energy metabolism were examined in chicken thymus tissues by histopathology, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, RT-PCR and western blotting. Immunofluorescence examination revealed that the number of CD8+ lymphocytes has significantly reduced in MG-infection group. In addition, morphological analysis revealed that MG induced inflammatory cells infiltration. The mitochondria were swollen and chromatin material was condensed in MG-infection group. The mRNA and protein expression results showed that MG-infection triggered the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome through TLR-2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the expressions of autophagy-related genes were reduced both at mRNA and protein level in MG-infection group. While, ATPase activities and the expression of energy metabolism-related genes were reduced in the thymus of MG-infected chickens. These results showed that MG-infection triggered inflammatory response through TLR-2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, activated NLRP3 inflammasome, reduced the level of autophagy and impaired energy metabolism, which then lead to tissue damage in chicken thymus. The data provide new insights in MG-infection-mediated immune damage and provide possible therapeutic targets for future targeted therapy.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Existence of global solutions to a quasilinear Schrödinger equation with general nonlinear optimal control conditions
Authors: Hu Yisheng , Qin Songhai , Liu Zhibin , Wang Yi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this article, we study a modified maximum principle approach under condition on the weight of the delay term in the feedback and the weight of the term without delay. On that basis, we prove the existence of global solutions for a quasilinear Schrödinger equation in an unbounded domain with a general nonlinear nonlinear optimal control condition in the weakly nonlinear internal feedback. The equation includes many special cases such as classical Schrödinger equations, fractional Schrödinger equations, and relativistic Schrödinger equations, etc. Our results are established by means of the fixed point theory associated with the Schrödinger operator in suitable b-metric spaces. Moreover, we establish general stability estimates by using some properties of Schrödinger convex functions.
Invariant tori of full dimension for higher-dimensional beam equations with almost-periodic forcing
Authors: Rui Jie , Wang Yi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the class of almost-periodically forced higher-dimensional beam equations $$ u_{tt}+(-\Delta +\mu )^{2}u+\psi (\omega t)u=0,\quad \mu >0, t \in \mathbb{R}, x\in \mathbb{R}^{d}, $$utt+(−Δ+μ)2u+ψ(ωt)u=0,μ>0,t∈R,x∈Rd, subject to periodic boundary conditions, where $\psi (\omega t)$ψ(ωt) is real analytic and almost-periodic in t. We show the existence of almost-periodic solutions for this equation under some suitable hypotheses. In the proof, we improve the KAM iteration to deal with the infinite-dimensional frequency $\omega =(\omega _{1},\omega _{2},\ldots)$ω=(ω1,ω2,…).
Existence of mild solutions for impulsive neutral Hilfer fractional evolution equations
Authors: Bedi Pallavi , Kumar Anoop , Abdeljawad Thabet , Khan Aziz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the existence of mild solutions for neutral Hilfer fractional evolution equations with noninstantaneous impulsive conditions in a Banach space. We obtain the existence results by applying the theory of resolvent operator functions, Hausdorff measure of noncompactness, and Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem. We also present an example to show the validity of obtained results.
Vitamin K deficiency, evaluated with higher serum ucOC, was correlated with poor bone status in women
Authors: Tanaka Natsumi , Arima Kazuhiko , Nishimura Takayuki , Tomita Yoshihito , Mizukami Satoshi , Okabe Takuhiro , Abe Yasuyo , Kawashiri Shin-ya , Uchiyama Michiko , Honda Yuzo , Tsujimoto Ritsu , Kanagae Mitsuo , Osaki Makoto , Aoyagi Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundAn increase in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentrations suggests vitamin K deficiency. Clinical intervention studies suggested that the vitamin K supplementation might contribute to preventing bone loss in postmenopausal women. Evidence on the relationship between serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) levels and bone parameters of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is limited. We examined the correlation between serum ucOC concentrations and bone status as measured by QUS among middle-aged and older Japanese men and women.MethodsThe subjects were community-dwelling men (n= 358) and women (n= 503) aged ≥ 40 years in Japan. Heel QUS parameters, including the stiffness index, speed of sound, and broadband ultrasound attenuation, were measured. Serum ucOC concentrations were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Grip strength was measured in the dominant hand. Information on alcohol drinking, current smoking, exercise, and menopause in women was collected.ResultsSerum ucOC concentrations were significantly associated with age in both sexes. Serum ucOC concentrations in men were higher at ≥ 80 years than those in the age groups of 40–49, 50–59, and 60–69 years. Serum ucOC concentrations in women were higher in the age groups of 50–59 and 60–69 years than those at 40–49 years. Partial correlation analysis adjusting for covariates (age, body mass index, grip strength, alcohol drinking, current smoking, and exercise in men; age, body mass index, grip strength, alcohol drinking, current smoking, exercise, and menopause in women) showed that serum ucOC concentrations were negatively significantly correlated with all QUS parameters in women. Serum ucOC concentrations were not correlated with them in men.ConclusionsVitamin K deficiency, evaluated with higher serum ucOC, was correlated with poor bone status in women.
Establishment of cell lines with porcine spermatogonial stem cell properties
Authors: Zheng Yi , Feng Tongying , Zhang Pengfei , Lei Peipei , Li Fuyuan , Zeng Wenxian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundSpermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are capable of both self-renewal and differentiation to mature functional spermatozoa, being the only adult stem cells in the males that can transmit genetic information to the next generation. Porcine SSCs hold great value in transgenic pig production and in establishment of porcine models for regenerative medicine. However, studies and applications of porcine SSCs have been greatly hampered by the low number of SSCs in the testis as well as the lack of an ideal stable long-term culture system to propagate porcine SSCs perpetually.ResultsIn the present study, by lentiviral transduction of plasmids expressing the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen into porcine primary SSCs, we developed two immortalized cell lines with porcine SSC attributes. The established cell lines, with the expression of porcine SSC and germ cell markers UCHL1, PLZF, THY1, VASA and DAZL, could respond to retinoic acid (RA), and could colonize the recipient mouse testis without tumor formation after transplantation. The cell lines displayed infinite proliferation potential, and have now been cultured for more than 7 months and passaged for over 35 times without morphological abnormalities.ConclusionsWe have for the first time established porcine SSC lines that could provide abundant cell sources for mechanistic studies on porcine SSC self-renewal and differentiation, thereby facilitating development of an optimal long-term culture system for porcine primary SSCs and their application to animal husbandry and medicine.
Cognitive fatigue in relation to depressive symptoms after treatment for childhood cancer
Authors: Irestorm Elin , Tonning Olsson Ingrid , Johansson Birgitta , Øra Ingrid 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Cognitive fatigue after childhood cancer is frequently overlooked despite guidelines recommending follow-up, and might be mistaken for depression due to overlapping symptoms. Our objectives were: 1) to examine ratings of fatigue in survivors of paediatric brain tumours (BT) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) compared to healthy controls, 2) to examine the relationship between symptoms of depression and cognitive fatigue, and 3) to evaluate parent-child concordance in ratings of cognitive fatigue.

Methods
Survivors of BT (n = 30), survivors of ALL (n = 30), and healthy controls (n = 60) aged 8–18 years completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Multidimensional Fatigue Scale and the Beck Youth Inventories. Associations between cognitive fatigue, diagnosis and depression were assessed with general linear modelling. Group differences were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Parent-child concordance was investigated with internal consistency reliability.

Results
Cognitive fatigue was prevalent in 70% of survivors of BT survivors and in 30% of survivors of ALL. Diagnosis was the main predictor of cognitive fatigue (p < .001, ηp2 = 0.178), followed by depression (p = .010, ηp2 = 0.080). Survivors of BT reported significantly more fatigue than healthy controls on all fatigue subscales. While they also expressed more symptoms of depression, we found no evidence for an interaction effect. Parent-child concordance was moderate to good among survivors, but poor for controls.

Conclusions
Survivors of BT and ALL suffer from cognitive fatigue, with survivors of BT expressing more problems. Cognitive fatigue and depression should be assessed in survivors of childhood cancer using both self-rated and proxy-rated measures, and appropriate interventions offered.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 overexpression increases long-term survival of posttrauma-born hippocampal neurons while inhibiting ectopic migration following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Littlejohn Erica L. , Scott Danielle , Saatman Kathryn E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCellular damage associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) manifests in motor and cognitive dysfunction following injury. Experimental models of TBI reveal cell death in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus acutely after injury. Adult-born neurons residing in the neurogenic niche of the GCL, the subgranular zone, are particularly vulnerable. Injury-induced proliferation of neural progenitors in the subgranular zone supports recovery of the immature neuron population, but their development and localization may be altered, potentially affecting long-term survival. Here we show that increasing hippocampal levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is sufficient to promote end-stage maturity of posttrauma-born neurons and improve cognition following TBI. Mice with conditional overexpression of astrocyte-specific IGF1 and wild-type mice received controlled cortical impact or sham injury and bromo-2′-deoxyuridine injections for 7d after injury to label proliferating cells. IGF1 overexpression increased the number of GCL neurons born acutely after trauma that survived 6 weeks to maturity (NeuN+BrdU+), and enhanced their outward migration into the GCL while significantly reducing the proportion localized ectopically to the hilus and molecular layer. IGF1 selectively affected neurons, without increasing the persistence of posttrauma-proliferated glia in the dentate gyrus. IGF1 overexpressing animals performed better during radial arm water maze reversal testing, a neurogenesis-dependent cognitive test. These findings demonstrate the ability of IGF1 to promote the long-term survival and appropriate localization of granule neurons born acutely after a TBI, and suggest these new neurons contribute to improved cognitive function.
Survey on categorical data for neural networks
Authors: Hancock John T. , Khoshgoftaar Taghi M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis survey investigates current techniques for representing qualitative data for use as input to neural networks. Techniques for using qualitative data in neural networks are well known. However, researchers continue to discover new variations or entirely new methods for working with categorical data in neural networks. Our primary contribution is to cover these representation techniques in a single work. Practitioners working with big data often have a need to encode categorical values in their datasets in order to leverage machine learning algorithms. Moreover, the size of data sets we consider as big data may cause one to reject some encoding techniques as impractical, due to their running time complexity. Neural networks take vectors of real numbers as inputs. One must use a technique to map qualitative values to numerical values before using them as input to a neural network. These techniques are known as embeddings, encodings, representations, or distributed representations. Another contribution this work makes is to provide references for the source code of various techniques, where we are able to verify the authenticity of the source code. We cover recent research in several domains where researchers use categorical data in neural networks. Some of these domains are natural language processing, fraud detection, and clinical document automation. This study provides a starting point for research in determining which techniques for preparing qualitative data for use with neural networks are best. It is our intention that the reader should use these implementations as a starting point to design experiments to evaluate various techniques for working with qualitative data in neural networks. The third contribution we make in this work is a new perspective on techniques for using categorical data in neural networks. We organize techniques for using categorical data in neural networks into three categories. We find three distinct patterns in techniques that identify a technique as determined, algorithmic, or automated. The fourth contribution we make is to identify several opportunities for future research. The form of the data that one uses as an input to a neural network is crucial for using neural networks effectively. This work is a tool for researchers to find the most effective technique for working with categorical data in neural networks, in big data settings. To the best of our knowledge this is the first in-depth look at techniques for working with categorical data in neural networks.
Magnitude, risk factors and outcomes of stroke at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Mulugeta Henok , Yehuala Amare , Haile Dessalegn , Mekonnen Nakachew , Dessie Getenet , Kassa Getachew Mullu , Kassa Zerihun Shimelis , Habtewold Tesfa Dejenie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in developing countries. The burden of stroke has varied widely in different areas, and there is a paucity of information about stroke in the selected study area.

Objectives
To assess the burden, risk factors, and outcomes of stroke at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Patients and methods
A hospital-based retrospective observational study was conducted in the medical ward of Debre Markos Referral Hospital from March 2017 to April 2019. A pretested checklist was used to extract relevant data from the chart of stroke patients. All statistical analyses were performed in the SPSS version 20 software.

Results
From a total of 2100 admissions in the medical ward, 162 of them were stroke patients, giving the in-hospital magnitude of 7.7%. The in-hospital case fatality rate was 8.6%. Additionally, 27.2% of patients were improved and 39.5% of them were referred. There was a significant association between types of stroke and risk factors such as sex, comorbid hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atrial fibrillation (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion
The in-hospital period prevalence of stroke was 7.7%. Ischemic stroke was the most common type of stroke. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were the leading identified risk factors for stroke. The overall in-hospital mortality was lower than previous studies in sub-Saharan African countries. Therefore, effective strategies and guidelines for the prevention and control of stroke and its risk factors are needed.
Frequency and Causes of Burnout in US Community Oncologists in the Era of Electronic Health Records
Authors: Gajra Ajeet , Bapat Bela , Jeune-Smith Yolaine , Nabhan Chadi , Klink Andrew J. , Liassou Djibril , Mehta Sonam , Feinberg Bruce 
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND: Physician burnout, characterized by exhaustion of physical or emotional strength, cynicism, and lack of achievement, has become a worsening phenomenon in medicine, contributing to higher health care costs and patient/physician dissatisfaction. How burnout has affected hematologists and oncologists is not well studied. METHODS: US community oncologists/hematologists were queried via a Web-based survey from September-November 2018. Physicians were asked about frequency of burnout symptoms, drivers of work-related stress, and their perceptions on management of workload. RESULTS: Among the 163 physicians surveyed, 46% felt a substantial amount of stress at work. Most physicians felt emotionally (85%) and physically (87%) exhausted. A majority of physicians felt lethargic (67%), ineffective (64%), and/or detached (63%). In a typical workweek, 93% needed time beyond time allocated to clinical care to complete work responsibilities. Electronic health record (EHR) responsibilities caused moderate to excessive stress at work for 67% of physicians; 79% of physicians worked on EHRs outside of clinic hours. Other sources of excessive stress were changing reimbursement models (33%), interactions with payers (31%), and increasing patient and caregiver demands (31%). A third of physicians have considered retiring early or changing their career path to cope. To combat burnout, physicians’ practices have used advanced practice providers, invested in information technology, and/or hired additional administrative staff. However, the majority of physicians stated they had optimal or good control over their workload. CONCLUSION: Most oncologists experience burnout symptoms and require additional time beyond that allocated to clinical care to complete their workload. The discordance between oncologists’ admission of stress and exhaustion while claiming good control over those same burdens warrants exploration in future research.
N,N-Diarylthiazol-5-amines: Structure-Specific Mechanofluorochromism and White Light Emission in the Solid State
Authors: Tsuchiya Yuki , Yamaguchi Kirara , Miwa Yohei , Kutsumizu Shoichi , Minoura Mao , Murai Toshiaki 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A range of N,N-diarylthiazol-5-amines having a 4-pyridyl group on a thiazole ring were developed, and their photophysical properties were elucidated. Their synthesis was achieved by applying our methods to the combination of N-arylmethyl secondary thioamides and N,N-diarylthioformamides. This enabled us to obtain amines with different types of aromatic groups on the nitrogen atom. Their absorption and emission spectra in solution were examined. The 4-pyridyl group gives higher polarity to the amines. The solid-state emissions of the amines were also evaluated. Several amines showed mechanofluorochromism (MFC). A 4-pyridyl group on a thiazole ring was a requisite for the expression of MFC properties. Although N-(5-thiazolyl) N,N-di(2-naphthyl)amines did not exhibit MFC by grinding of the pristine powder, white-light emission was observed when the ground powder was fumed with acetone vapor.