bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The modern concept of teaching genetics at a medical higher educational institution
Authors: Piskun R. P. , Shkarupa V. M. , Grynchak N. M. , Sprut O. V. , Klimchuk I. M. 
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study and evaluate the peculiarities of teaching genetics in the system of higher medical education of Ukraine. Methods. Studying typical and working programs of educational disciplines of medical universities, analysis of their interconnections with the volume and depth of knowledge and achievements of genetics. Results. The worldwide rapid development of genetic technologies, that open up new possibilities for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of many hereditary and non-hereditary diseases, requires the unification of the disparate efforts of scientists and practitioners. A significant role in solving this task should be played by higher medical school. Compact information about general genetics and the basics of anthropogenetics is received by medical students in the first year of study. This creates an appropriate basis for understanding the basic laws of the emergence of various forms of human pathologies, but does not ensure the assimilation of the genetic methodology of clinical disciplines and sections related to the organization of health protection and social medicine. Conclusions. An urgent need as of today is an inter-departmental and multi-level program on general genetics, human genetics, medical and clinical genetics, which would be compiled in accordance with the achievements of modern biology, medicine and genetics, and would penetrate all the stages of undergraduate and postgraduate education of doctors.
Keywords: genetics, teaching in higher medical school.
Impact of Hydration Status on Electromyography and Ratings of Perceived Exertion During the Vertical Jump
Authors: Donahue Paul T , Wilson Samuel J , Williams Charles C , Valliant Melinda , Garner John C 
Published: November 2019

Background: The vertical jumping task is commonly used to assess lower-body power output in athletic populations, in addition to being commonly used to during investigations of hydration and anaerobic performance. Changes in neuromuscular function during a hypohydrated state have been proposed as a potential mechanism to decreases in anaerobic performance. Objectives: The primary purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of hydration state on electromyography during the vertical jumping task. Methods: Twenty recreationally trained males were tested in three hydration conditions (hypohydrated, euhydrated, and control). Testing included maximal voluntary contractions of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, semitendinosus and medial gastrocnemius. Participants performed three maximal countermovement and squat jumps respectively for a total of six jumps in each condition. Both mean muscle activity and percentage of maximal voluntary contraction were calculated across the propulsive phase of each jump. Additionally, measures of RPE and the use of a mood rating scale were used as subjective measures. Results: No differences were seen in mean muscle activity and percentage of MVC in either of the jumping conditions (p > 0.05). Significant differences were seen with higher ratings of perceived exertion as well as lower levels of mood ratings after the hypohydrated condition (p = 0.02 and p = 0.048 respectively). Conclusions: Decrements seen in vertical jump performance during a hypohydrated state appear to be caused from changes other than neuromuscular function and muscle activity. Differences in subjective measures may provide insight into changes in motivational levels and potentially impacting performance.
Cross‐reactive antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibodies are increased by recent infection in a household study of influenza transmission
Authors: Valkenburg Sophie A , Fang Vicky J , Leung Nancy HL , Chu Daniel KW , Ip Dennis KM , Perera Ranawaka APM , Wang Yizhuo , Li Athena PY , Peiris JS Malik , Cowling Benjamin J , Poon Leo LM 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesInfluenza causes a spectrum of disease from asymptomatic infection to fatal outcome, and pre‐existing immunity can alter susceptibility and disease severity. In a household transmission study, we recruited outpatients with confirmed influenza virus infection and prospectively identified secondary infections in their household contacts, therefore identifying infection cases with baseline samples for determining immune‐mediated protection from influenza infection.MethodsWe examined baseline broadly reactive immune correlates of relevance to universal vaccine development, specifically antibody‐dependent cytotoxic (ADCC) antibodies and T‐cell responses in functional assays. Antibodies were assessed in a cell‐based NK cell degranulation assay by flow cytometry, and T‐cell responses were assessed by IFN‐γ intracellular cytokine staining flow cytometry assay.ResultsThe magnitude of antibody responses and ADCC function for multiple influenza‐specific proteins was lower in participants who became infected, consolidating the role of pre‐existing antibodies in protection from seasonal influenza virus infection. Among H1N1‐infected contacts, we found that higher levels of pre‐existing H1‐haemagglutinin ADCC responses correlated with reduced symptom severity. Recent infection boosted the titre and magnitude of haemagglutinin‐, neuraminidase‐ and nucleoprotein‐specific ADCC antibodies. Limited T‐cell samples precluded conclusions on the role of pre‐existing T‐cell responses.ConclusionsOverall, ADCC responses are a protective correlate against influenza virus infection that should be considered in future vaccine development and evaluation.Influenza‐specific ADCC responses are elevated in uninfected subjects, associated with reduced symptoms and boosted by recent infection, whilst HA stem and NA IgG are also elevated in uninfected participants irrespective of ADCC function.
Institutions for health care price setting and regulation: A comparative review of eight settings
Authors: Barber Sarah L. , Lorenzoni Luca , Ong Paul 
Published: November 2019

SummaryBackgroundPrice setting and regulation serve as instruments to control volumes of services, while providing incentives for quality, coverage, and efficiency. In recognition of its complexity, many countries have established specific entities to carry out price setting and regulation.MethodsThe aim of the study is to investigate institutions established for health care price setting and regulation and determine how countries have implemented pricing strategies. Eight settings were selected for case studies: Australia, England, France, Germany, Japan, Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Maryland in the United States. Each identified the agency responsible, their role and function, and resources for implementation.ResultsIn England, Japan, Korea, and Thailand, government entities conduct price setting and regulation. In Australia, France, Germany, and Maryland, independent entities were established. Their responsibilities include costing health services, establishing prices, negotiating with stakeholders, and publishing price and quality data for consumers.ConclusionsDedicated institutions have been established to carry out costing, price setting, and negotiation, and providing consumer information. Characteristics of successful systems include formal systems of communication with stakeholders, freedom from conflicts of interest, and the mandate to provide public information. Substantial investments in price regulatory systems have been made to attain coverage, quality, and efficiency.
Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment for Heavy Metals in a Southern Chinese Reservoir Impacted by Stone Mining Activities
Authors: Zeng Yue , Yang Yue , Li Yunqin , Zou Jie , Wang Qianfeng , Jin Zhifan , Zeng Jingyu , Hou Song 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Metal contaminants in drinking water pose a potential threat to human health. Metal elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, As, and Pb) in Shanzi Reservoir, China, a drinking water source for nearby cities, were measured in 2013 and 2014. The distribution characteristics of metal elements in water were identified and a health risk assessment model was used to evaluate potential harm. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to determine the main sources of metal pollutants. The results showed that Pb and As exceeded the standard at some sampling sites, whereas other metal elements met the drinking water standards. The spatial distribution of metal elements was extremely uneven and might be affected by either the geochemical environment or human activities in the study region. The total risk value of metals (5 × 10–5 a–1) was below the recommended value of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the total cancer risk was higher than the total noncancer risk, and both risks were higher for children than for adults. Arsenic was the priority control pollutant, and the priority control site was located upstream of the reservoir. Source analysis showed that Fe, Mn, and Cu were mainly from soil formation and stone mining and processing industries; Pb and As were mainly from agricultural activities, free dumping and burning of domestic garbage, and atmospheric deposition from transportation emissions; Cd was mainly from agricultural application of fertilizers and pesticides; and Cr was from the stone mining and processing industry and from the electroplating and metal manufacturing industries. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:342–352. © 2019 SETAC
KEY POINTS
Spatial distribution of metals was extremely variable, most likely due to variations in human activities. Total risk value of metals was below the recommended value of the USEPA, total cancer risk was higher than the total noncancer risk, and both risks were higher for children than for adults. Arsenic was the priority control pollutant. Source analysis showed that metals were affected by the parent material and human activities, especially stone plate mining and processing upstream.
Effects of Liraglutide and Behavioral Weight Loss on Food Cravings, Eating Behaviors, and Eating Disorder Psychopathology
Authors: Chao Ariana M. , Wadden Thomas A. , Walsh Olivia A. , Gruber Kathryn A. , Alamuddin Naji , Berkowitz Robert I. , Tronieri Jena S. 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveThis exploratory analysis examined the effects of intensive behavioral therapy (IBT) for obesity (“IBT‐alone”), IBT plus liraglutide 3.0 mg/d (“IBT‐liraglutide”), and IBT plus liraglutide 3.0 mg/d plus 12 weeks of a portion‐controlled diet that provided 1,000 to 1,200 kcal/d (“Multicomponent”) on changes in food cravings, eating behaviors, and eating disorder psychopathology at 24 and 52 weeks post randomization.MethodsAdults with obesity (mean age = 47.6 ± 11.8 years and BMI = 38.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2; 79.3% female; 54.0% non‐Hispanic white; 44.7% black) were randomized to IBT‐alone (n = 50), IBT‐liraglutide (n = 50), or Multicomponent (n = 50).ResultsAt weeks 24 and 52, liraglutide‐treated groups reported significantly larger declines in weight concern relative to the IBT‐alone group. At week 24, compared with IBT‐alone, liraglutide‐treated groups reported significantly greater reductions in dietary disinhibition, global eating disorder psychopathology, and shape concern. The Multicomponent group had significantly greater reductions in binge eating at week 24 relative to the IBT‐alone group. However, differences among groups were no longer significant at week 52. Groups did not differ in total food cravings at week 24 or 52.ConclusionsThe combination of liraglutide and IBT was associated with greater short‐term improvements in dietary disinhibition, global eating disorder psychopathology, and shape concern than IBT alone.
Long‐term role of cooling the underlying permafrost of the crushed rock structure embankment along the Qinghai–Xizang railway
Authors: Wu Qingbai , Zhao Hongting , Zhang Zhongqiong , Chen Ji , Liu Yongzhi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the long‐term role of cooling the underlying permafrost of the crushed rock structure embankment (CRSE) along the Qinghai–Xizang Railway (QXR) is crucial for the railway's safe operation. The thermal regime of the permafrost under the CRSE is analyzed here using monitoring data of soil temperature from 2005 to 2015. The results show that the CRSE plays an important long‐term role in cooling the underlying permafrost under the present climate change conditions; however, different types of CRSEs have different cooling effects. A U‐shaped crushed rock embankment and a crushed rock berm embankment with debris rock revetment can maintain the cooling of the permafrost underlying the embankment under a future climate warming of 1.0°C. Moreover, under an increase in air temperature of 0.5°C, a crushed‐based rock embankment and a crushed rock revetment embankment can maintain the cooling of the underlying permafrost when its mean annual ground temperature is below −1.0°C. The long‐term role of cooling the underlying permafrost of CRSEs indicates that the QXR must use reinforcing engineering techniques to ensure its safe operation and adaptation to a temperature increase of 1.5°C.
Distributionally robust optimization with multiple time scales: valuation of a thermal power plant
Authors: van Ackooij Wim , Escobar Debora Daniela , Glanzer Martin , Pflug Georg Ch. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe valuation of a real option is preferably done with the inclusion of uncertainties in the model, since the value depends on future costs and revenues, which are not perfectly known today. The usual value of the option is defined as the maximal expected (discounted) profit one may achieve under optimal management of the operation. However, also this approach has its limitations, since quite often the models for costs and revenues are subject to model error. Under a prudent valuation, the possible model error should be incorporated into the calculation. In this paper, we consider the valuation of a power plant under ambiguity of probability models for costs and revenues. The valuation is done by stochastic dynamic programming and on top of it, we use a dynamic ambiguity model for obtaining the prudent minimax valuation. For the valuation of the power plant under model ambiguity we introduce a distance based on the Wasserstein distance. Another highlight of this paper is the multiscale approach, since decision stages are defined on a weekly basis, while the random costs and revenues appear on a much finer scale. The idea of bridging stochastic processes is used to link the weekly decision scale with the finer simulation scale. The applicability of the introduced concepts is broad and not limited to the motivating valuation problem.
Sequential Monte Carlo with transformations
Authors: Everitt Richard G. , Culliford Richard , Medina-Aguayo Felipe , Wilson Daniel J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper examines methodology for performing Bayesian inference sequentially on a sequence of posteriors on spaces of different dimensions. For this, we use sequential Monte Carlo samplers, introducing the innovation of using deterministic transformations to move particles effectively between target distributions with different dimensions. This approach, combined with adaptive methods, yields an extremely flexible and general algorithm for Bayesian model comparison that is suitable for use in applications where the acceptance rate in reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo is low. We use this approach on model comparison for mixture models, and for inferring coalescent trees sequentially, as data arrives.
Hungry for inclusion: Exposure to peer victimization and heightened social monitoring in adolescent girls
Authors: Telzer Eva H. , Fowler Carina H. , Davis Megan M. , Rudolph Karen D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBelonging to a social group is one of the most important factors contributing to well-being. The Belonging Regulation model proposes that humans possess a social monitoring system (SMS) that evaluates social inclusion and monitors belonging needs. Here, we used a prospective longitudinal design to examine links between peer victimization experienced across 7 years and social monitoring at the behavioral and neural level in adolescent girls (n= 38,Mage= 15.43 years,SD= .33). Participants completed a social evaluation task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. More severe peer victimization was associated with increased activation to in-group versus out-group peers in the amygdala, ventral striatum, fusiform gyrus, and temporoparietal junction. Moreover, participants who displayed increased activation in these regions reported lower social self esteem and higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These results suggest that exposure to peer victimization across the school years is associated with heightened social monitoring at the neural level during adolescence, which has potential adverse implications for girls’ adjustment and well-being.
Impact of Flow Bursts in the Auroral Zone on the Ionosphere and Thermosphere
Authors: Deng Yue , Heelis Roderick , Lyons Larry R. , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Gabrielse Christine 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHigh‐latitude ionospheric plasma flows often contain embedded localized velocity enhancements with associated plasma density structures. Localized strong flows are significant energy sources to the thermosphere that are not contained in present empirical models of plasma convection. In this study, Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere model, a nonhydrostatic model with flexible resolution, has been utilized to evaluate the influence of such localized strong enhancements of forcing on the global dynamics of the upper atmosphere. Specifically, three idealized configurations of flow burst have been examined, one flow burst with the typical spatial scale seen in the auroral zone, two neighboring flow bursts with the same spatial scale, and one flow burst with doubled spatial scale. The comparison between the cases with and without the flow burst illustrates that one regular‐sized flow burst at midnight can cause the neutral density to increase by 5% and the horizontal wind to increase by ∼30 m/s at 300 km altitude. The associated enhancement in the electron precipitation can increase total electron content by 15%( 1 TECU) during the first 15 min. Two simultaneous flow bursts can cause a rich wave structure with multiple wavelengths in traveling atmospheric disturbances due to wave‐wave interactions. A flow burst with doubled spatial size can increase the impact on the ionosphere/thermosphere by 2 times or even more. The outcome of this study illustrates substantial local and nonlocal responses of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system to the mesoscale energy and momentum inputs from the magnetosphere.
The First Terrestrial Electron Beam Observed by the Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor
Authors: Sarria D. , Kochkin P. , Østgaard N. , Lehtinen N. , Mezentsev A. , Marisaldi M. , Carlson B. E. , Maiorana C. , Albrechtsen K. , Neubert T. , Reglero V. , Ullaland K. , Yang S. , Genov G. , Qureshi B. H. , Budtz‐Jørgensen C. , Kuvvetli I. , Christiansen F. , Chanrion O. , Heumesser M. , Dimitriadou K. , Navarro‐González J. , Connell P. , Eyles C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe report the first Terrestrial Electron Beam detected by the Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor. It happened on 16 September 2018. The Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor Modular X and Gamma ray Sensor recorded a 2 ms long event, with a softer spectrum than typically recorded for Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes (TGFs). The lightning discharge associated to this event was found in the World Wide Lightning Location Network data, close to the northern footpoint of the magnetic field line that intercepts the International Space Station location. Imaging from a GOES‐R geostationary satellite shows that the source TGF was produced close to an overshooting top of a thunderstorm. Monte‐Carlo simulations were performed to reproduce the observed light curve and energy spectrum. The event can be explained by the secondary electrons and positrons produced by the TGF (i.e., the Terrestrial Electron Beam), even if about 3.5% to 10% of the detected counts may be due to direct TGF photons. A source TGF with a Gaussian angular distribution with standard deviation between 20.6° and 29.8° was found to reproduce the measurement. Assuming an isotropic angular distribution within a cone, compatible half angles are between 30.6° and 41.9°, in agreement with previous studies. The number of required photons for the source TGF could be estimated for various assumption of the source (altitude of production and angular distribution) and is estimated between 1017.2 and 1018.9 photons, that is, compatible with the current consensus.
Anisotropy and Inhomogeneity in Drifter Dispersion
Authors: Huntley Helga S. , Lipphardt B. L. , Kirwan A. D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOcean flows are known to be locally anisotropic and inhomogeneous. Nonetheless, the ocean's statistical dispersion properties are traditionally assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous. Here, we investigate the effect of local anisotropy and inhomogeneity on dispersion statistics, using a unique data set of roughly 300 near‐surface drifters that were launched within 10 days in the summer of 2012. The unique launch strategy based on nested triplets resulted in an unusually large number of nearly colocated drifter pairs. Thus, this data set is ideally suited for an estimate of the directional bias and inhomogeneity effects inherent in drifter pair statistics.Several metrics are proposed to assess the time evolution of anisotropy and inhomogeneity effects at multiple initial separation scales (100 m, 200 m, 500 m, 1 km, and 10 km). Locally, statistically significant anisotropy and inhomogeneity are observed at all scales, although anisotropy is noticeably less at 10 km, suggesting that the energetic processes driving anisotropic dispersion operate primarily at smaller scales. Moreover, averaged over a sufficient variety of different flow regimes, the signature of both anisotropy and inhomogeneity in dispersion metrics lessens. These trends hold generally across all scales, with longer time scales associated with larger spatial scales. The results indicate that oceanic dispersion is statistically isotropic and homogeneous over large swaths, but for an application in a specific location, local anisotropy and inhomogeneity matter. What size swath is large enough is situation dependent: For this specific data set, statistics had to be evaluated over multiple deployments, giving a required area greater than 150 km2.
Evaluation of Implicit‐Explicit Additive Runge‐Kutta Integrators for the HOMME‐NH Dynamical Core
Authors: Vogl Christopher J. , Steyer Andrew , Reynolds Daniel R. , Ullrich Paul A. , Woodward Carol S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe nonhydrostatic High‐Order Method Modeling Environment (HOMME‐NH) atmospheric dynamical core supports acoustic waves that propagate significantly faster than the advective wind speed, thus greatly limiting the time step size that can be used with standard explicit time integration methods. Resolving acoustic waves is unnecessary for accurate climate and weather prediction. This numerical stiffness is addressed herein by considering implicit‐explicit additive Runge‐Kutta (ARK IMEX) methods that can treat the acoustic waves in a stable manner without requiring implicit treatment of nonstiff modes. Various ARK IMEX methods are evaluated for their efficiency in producing accurate solutions, ability to take large time step sizes, and sensitivity to grid cell length ratio. Both the gravity wave test and baroclinic instability test from the 2012 Dynamical Core Model Intercomparison Project are used to recommend 5 of the 27 ARK IMEX methods tested for use in HOMME‐NH.