bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“What can I do? fight him?” Perceptions and Experiences in Reducing Secondhand Smoke Exposure During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study Among Israeli Women
Authors: Rodnay Maya , Agbaria Nisreen , Neumark Yehuda , Guri-Scherman Anne-Laure Yehudit , Bar Zeev Yael 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy is associated with negative health outcomes. We aimed to explore Israeli pregnant women’s perspectives on SHS exposure, with a focus on barriers and enablers to reducing SHS exposure at home and in the car.

Aims and Methods
Qualitative semi-structured telephone interviews with 68 women—54 Jewish and 14 Arab. Inclusion criteria: pregnant or up to 12 months post-partum; living with a person who smokes; age 18-45; Hebrew or Arabic speakers. Participants could be from any smoking status. Interviews were analyzed according to a reflective and collaborative thematic approach supported by the Capability (C) Opportunity (O) Motivation (M)-Behavior model.

Results
Participants knew SHS is harmful, but a lack of specific knowledge (C) was evident across all smoking status groups and population groups (Jewish, Arab). Women harbored misconceptions regarding their SHS exposure (C), employing ineffective strategies to eliminate exposure. Many perceived smoking as a significant source of tension in their relationship with their partners (M). Women described feeling uncomfortable asking people to not smoke around them (O) and bemoaned the lack of support from health professionals (O). Women who never smoked or formerly smoked described situations where they felt trapped and helpless. Specifically, Arab participants reported social isolation (O). The living environment (eg, building with no elevator) was a commonly mentioned barrier to reduce home SHS exposure (O).

Conclusions
Despite high motivation, the low level of knowledge and negotiation skills, misconceptions about exposure and effective strategies, together with insufficient support lead to behaviors resulting in high SHS exposure.

Implications
This research explored women’s experiences of SHS exposure during pregnancy, and barriers and enablers to reducing prenatal SHS exposure. Interventions need to empower pregnant women to feel confident in asking people not to smoke around them, focus on acquiring negotiation skills, raise awareness of actual exposure, and increase self-efficacy to use effective SHS reduction strategies. Interventions should be inclusive of all family members who smoke. These findings will inform the development of a digital intervention. Digital interventions have the potential for high reach among socially disadvantaged populations while allowing the tailoring of individualized messaging to the pregnant woman and her partner.
Herpesvirus Antibodies Are Correlated With Greater Expression of p16 in the T Cells of Humans
Authors: Noppert Grace , Wragg Kathleen , Li Chihua , Duchowny Kate , Mody Lona , Aiello Allison E , Nyquist Linda , O’Brien Martin , Yung Raymond , Goldstein Daniel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
There is an increasing awareness that aging of the immune system, or immunosenescence, is a key biological process underlying many of the hallmark diseases of aging and age-related decline broadly. While immunosenescence can be in part due to normal age-related changes in the immune system, emerging evidence posits that viral infections may be biological stressors of the immune system that accelerate the pace of immunosenescence

Methods
We used a convenience sample of 42 individuals aged 65 years and older to examine correlations between antiviral immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels for 4 human herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus [CMV], herpes simplex virus [types 1 and 2], and Epstein-Barr virus) and multiple indicators of T-cell immunosenescence.

Results
We found that most of the sample (n = 33) was antiviral IgG positive for 2 or more of the 4 herpesvirus infections. We also examined correlations between both the total number of viruses for which an individual had antiviral IgG and each individual virus and multiple indicators of T-cell immunosenescence, particularly p16 expression. The strongest correlations were observed between the total number of viruses for which an individual had detectable antiviral IgG and p16 mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) among CD27-CD28-CD57+ CD4+ cells (r = 0.60; P &lt; .001) and between anti-CMV IgG and p16 MFI of CD27-CD57+ CD4+ cells (r = 0.59; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Broadly, our findings offer compelling preliminary evidence for future investigations to incorporate multiple indicators of persistent viral infections and a more comprehensive set of markers of T-cell immunosenescence in population-based studies of aging.
Sepsis in Northern Tanzania: A Prospective Observational Study of Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes for Adolescents and Adults With Sepsis
Authors: Bonnewell John P , Crump John A , Egger Joseph R , Sakita Francis M , Hertz Julian T , Kilonzo Kajiru G , Maro Venance P , Rubach Matthew P 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
Despite a high burden of sepsis in Sub-Saharan Africa, clinical data for adolescent and adult sepsis in this setting are limited. We sought to describe clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes in adolescents and adults with sepsis in northern Tanzania. We also assessed for clinical associations with in-hospital mortality.

Methods
We conducted a prospective observational cohort study at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania, 2019–2020. Data were collected on demographics, clinical characteristics, and management primarily from hours 0–6 after arrival at the emergency department. We calculated bivariable risk ratios (RRs) for associations between demographic and clinical factors and in-hospital death. A multivariable-adjusted analysis was performed for associations between antimicrobial and intravenous fluid administration and in-hospital death.

Results
Of 86 participants with sepsis, 25 (29.1%) died in the hospital. Baseline characteristics associated with in-hospital mortality included inability to drink unassisted (RR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.58–6.30), altered mentation (RR, 3.94; 95% CI, 2.12–7.33), quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score ≥2 (RR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.42–5.72), and Universal Vital Assessment score ≥5 (RR, 6.33; 95% CI, 2.36–17.02). Twenty-nine (33.7%) received an antimicrobial by hour 6. HIV antibody testing was performed for 4 (4.7%) participants by hour 6. On multivariable analysis, neither antimicrobial administration nor intravenous fluids &gt;1L by hour 6 was associated with in-hospital mortality.

Conclusions
Sepsis at our center in northern Tanzania carried a high risk of in-hospital mortality. Further research is needed to establish the highest-yield interventions suited to the unique characteristics of sepsis in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of HER2-low expression in advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Narita Yukiya , Mizuno Taro , Ishizuka Yasunobu , Sakakida Tomoki , Masuishi Toshiki , Taniguchi Hiroya , Kadowaki Shigenori , Honda Kazunori , Ando Masashi , Tajika Masahiro , Takahari Daisuke , Muro Kei 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status is a critical biomarker in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). While the role of HER2-positive tumors in guiding targeted therapies is well-established, the clinical implications of HER2-low expression, defined as immunohistochemistry (IHC) 1+ or IHC 2+/in situ hybridization-negative (ISH-negative), remain undetermined. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance and clinicopathological features of HER2-low AGC.

Patients and methods
This retrospective analysis involved patients with AGC treated with first-line fluoropyrimidine and platinum-based chemotherapy from 2011 to 2020. Patients were categorized into HER2-zero (HER2 IHC 0), HER2-low (IHC 1+ or 2+/ISH-negative), and HER2-positive (IHC 2+/ISH-positive or 3+) groups.

Results
Among 548 patients analyzed, 33.0%, 45.1%, and 21.8% were classified as HER2-zero, HER2-low, and HER2-positive, respectively. The proportions of male patients, intestinal-type histology, esophagogastric junction/cardia involvement, metastatic disease status, ≥2 metastatic sites, liver metastasis, lymph node metastasis, and high serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels were gradually elevated in the HER2-zero, HER2-low, and HER2-positive groups. Overall survival (median) was 13.8, 13.6, and 23.0 months, respectively, with a non-significant trend favoring HER2-positive over HER2-low (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.80; P = .0672). A delayed separation of Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival between the HER2-zero and HER2-low groups was observed, without reaching statistical significance (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.12; P = .2568).

Conclusion
Patients with HER2-low status exhibited intermediate and specific clinicopathological features within the HER2-negative category. In terms of prognosis, HER2-low patients showed a worsening trend compared with HER2-positive patients. This evidence implies that HER2-low status represents a distinct clinical subset, bridging the gap between the HER2-zero and HER2-positive profiles.
Breeding Ammospiza nelsoni (Nelson’s Sparrow) exploits both saltmarsh and hayfields in northern habitats
Authors: Owen Kiirsti C , McLellan Nic R , Mallory Mark L , Nocera Joseph J 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
Ammospiza nelsoni subvirgata (Acadian subspecies of Nelson’s Sparrow) breeds in saltmarsh from northern Massachusetts to New Brunswick and eastern Quebec. In the Canadian Maritimes, this subspecies also successfully breeds in diked agricultural lands (i.e., “dikeland”) that were originally created by Acadian settlers in the 1600s. Little is known about the reasons for or consequences of using dikeland for breeding. To fill this knowledge gap, we tracked male and female sparrows, and monitored nest fates in natural saltmarsh and human-made dikeland habitats. We collected fecal samples from adults and nestlings to examine which habitat type they were foraging in, and we also quantified vegetative cover. We hypothesized that flood risk in saltmarsh played an important role in the decision of A. n. subvirgata to nest in dikeland given that the saltmarsh is regularly inundated with tidal water. Based on nest monitoring, we estimated higher overall nest success in dikeland than saltmarsh. Fecal sample analysis showed distinct differences in diet between individuals using dikeland compared with saltmarsh. We also observed differences in vegetation. These results suggest that A. n. subvirgata are able to take advantage of readily available human-made habitats for breeding. With rising sea levels and increased storm events threatening coastal habitats, it is important to understand whether coastal-breeding birds can adapt to changes and what trade-offs exist for individuals who shift to alternative habitats.
Post-flooding blooms of the non-indigenous freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, 1880 in Kollam District of Kerala, India
Authors: Sreeram Miriam Paul , Prasad Reshma , Sreekumar Kaippaparambil Manikandan , Raju Aju Kallumpurathu , Augustina Treasa Areeparambil Xavier , Lüskow Florian , Saravanan Raju 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Cnidarian jellyfish are common components of marine food webs, though a small number of species also thrive in freshwaters. Freshwater jellyfish (class Hydrozoa) are not uncommon in tropical and subtropical India. Several genera, each with few (&lt;10) species, are represented. The non-indigenous Peach Blossom Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii has, however, only been sighted thrice in India in the past; twice (2009 and 2016) in Kerala State, southwest India. We report on a mass occurrence of C. sowerbii in a small freshwater water body (Chirakkal pond, Karurkadavu village, Karunagapalli, Kollam District) following a major flood event in August 2018. We provide notes on environmental conditions present and the jellyfish bloom characteristics. This report establishes the presence of the invasive species in the water bodies of Kerala and its post-flooding, adding it to the 32 already reported aquatic alien species in the state. While the fate of the herein-reported C. sowerbii population explosion in Kerala State is not entirely known, we call for more regional awareness and research attention, including community involvement.
All together now: A mixed-planting experiment reveals adaptive drought tolerance in seedlings of 10 Eucalyptus species
Authors: Blackman Chris J , Halliwell Ben , Brodribb Tim J 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The negative impacts of drought on plant productivity and survival in natural and crop systems are increasing with global heating, yet our capacity to identify species capable of surviving drought remains limited. Here, we tested the use of a mixed-planting approach for assessing differences in seedling drought tolerance. To homogenize dehydration rates, we grew seedlings of 10 species of Eucalyptus together in trays where roots of all individuals were overlapping in a common loam soil. These seedling combinations were dried down under cool and warm temperature conditions, and seedling responses were quantified from measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm). The day of drought (T) associated with an 88% decline in Fv/Fm (TF88) varied significantly among species and was unrelated to seedling size. No significant differences in water potentials were detected among seedlings dehydrated under warm conditions prior to leaf wilt. The rank-order of species TF88 was consistent under both temperature treatments. Under cool conditions, seedling TF88 increased with decreasing cavitation vulnerability measured on adult foliage. Under both treatments, a quadratic function best fit the relationship between seedling TF88 and sampling site mean annual precipitation. These results provide evidence for adaptive selection of seedling drought tolerance. Our findings highlight the use of mixed-planting experiments for comparing seedling drought tolerance with applications for improving plant breeding and conservation outcomes.
Referring without individuating the referent
Authors: Shahmoradi Ayoob 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A theory of reference attributed to Frege, Russell, and others holds that referring to an object requires the ability to uniquely individuate it. According to a famous story told around campfires on winter nights, a group of young revolutionaries, led by Kripke and Donnellan, was destined to tear down the Frege–Russell edifice of reference—and indeed, they did. Reflecting the spirit of the 60s and 70s, this makes for a compelling tale. However, the truth is that what these young revolutionaries actually did was to merely suggest a type of reference largely ignored by others. The norms of success for this type of reference, constrained by its specific profile, cannot be generalized to all reference. Moreover, it presupposes a more fundamental kind of reference that lacks this distinctive profile.
Physical Therapist Perspectives on the Use of Telehealth with First Nations Peoples in Canada: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Moecke Débora Petry , Holyk Travis , Maddocks Stacy , Campbell Kristin L , Ho Kendall , Camp Pat G 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study aims to explore physical therapists’ perspectives on providing physical therapy to First Nations peoples in Canada via telehealth, specifically to understand 1) their perspectives on the feasibility of telehealth as a medium for health care delivery and 2) their experiences building trusting therapeutic relationships via telehealth care.

Methods
This study included 13 physical therapists who provided clinical care via telehealth for First Nations individuals in northern British Columbia in the past 3 years, and 7 master of physical therapy students undergoing or who completed their Indigenous Health clinical placement in the past 3 years and utilized telehealth. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interview questions explored: telehealth usage and acceptance, experiences with telehealth, and overall recommendations for telehealth. Audio recordings were transcribed, and reflexive thematic analysis was conducted.

Results
Three overarching themes were identified: “Telehealth can make a huge difference, but it is widely underutilized;” “Telehealth is a little bit less personal and in-depth;” and “There is a time and place for telehealth.”

Conclusion
Telehealth shows promise in the delivery of physical therapist services to First Nations communities in Canada, enhancing accessibility, offering flexible scheduling options, and optimizing therapist time efficiency. However, successful implementation in these communities is contingent upon addressing several challenges, including building trusting therapeutic relationships. Technological glitches, the absence of physical interaction, and a history of trauma may hinder the development of the therapeutic relationship in telehealth encounters. To mitigate these challenges, cultural safety training, initial in-person appointments, community familiarity, and in-person support from a caregiver or other health care provider may play pivotal roles.

Impact
This study not only sheds light on the underutilization of telehealth but also underscores its potential to significantly improve the accessibility and efficiency of physical therapist services to First Nations peoples in Canada. The findings emphasize the nuanced dynamics of therapeutic relationships in telehealth, offering critical insights for the integration of culturally sensitive practices. Addressing the challenges pinpointed can enhance the quality of telehealth care for First Nations individuals, promote more equitable healthcare delivery, and foster positive health outcomes.
Putting Quantitative Models to the Test: An Application to the U.S.-China Trade War
Authors: Adão Rodrigo , Costinot Arnaud , Donaldson Dave 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The primary motivation behind quantitative work in international trade and many other fields is to shed light on the economic consequences of policy changes and other shocks. To help assess and potentially strengthen the credibility of such quantitative predictions, we introduce an IV-based goodness-of-fit measure that provides the basis for testing causal predictions in arbitrary general equilibrium environments as well as for estimating the average misspecification in these predictions. As an illustration of how to use the measure in practice, we revisit the welfare consequences of the U.S.-China trade war predicted by Fajgelbaum et al. (2020).
A Neutral Isotropic Elastic Ellipsoidal Inhomogeneity with a Spring-Type Imperfect Interface
Authors: Wang Xu , Schiavone Peter 
Published: December 2024

Summary
We study the design of an imperfectly bonded neutral isotropic elastic ellipsoidal inhomogeneity that does not disturb the prescribed uniform normal stresses in an isotropic elastic matrix. The imperfect inhomogeneity-matrix interface is modeled by a spring-type imperfect interface characterized by a single imperfect interface function. The same degree of interface imperfection is realized in both the normal and tangential directions. The two loading parameters and the imperfect interface function are determined by solving a resulting cubic equation for each one of the three types of elastic constants of the composite. All three roots of the cubic equation are permissible provided that the Young’s modulus (for the first two types) or the Poisson’s ratio (for the third type) of the inhomogeneity is higher or lower than that corresponding to the matrix. The design of a neutral superellipsoidal or paraboloidal elastic inhomogeneity with another kind of spring-type interface that does not sustain shear traction under a prescribed uniform hydrostatic stress field in the matrix is also achieved.
A classifier-based approach to multiclass anomaly detection for astronomical transients
Authors: Gupta Rithwik , Muthukrishna Daniel , Lochner Michelle 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
Automating real-time anomaly detection is essential for identifying rare transients, with modern survey telescopes generating tens of thousands of alerts per night, and future telescopes, such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, projected to increase this number dramatically. Currently, most anomaly detection algorithms for astronomical transients rely either on hand-crafted features extracted from light curves or on features generated through unsupervised representation learning, coupled with standard anomaly detection algorithms. In this work, we introduce an alternative approach: using the penultimate layer of a neural network classifier as the latent space for anomaly detection. We then propose a novel method, Multi-Class Isolation Forests, which trains separate isolation forests for each class to derive an anomaly score for a light curve from its latent space representation. This approach significantly outperforms a standard isolation forest. We also use a simpler input method for real-time transient classifiers which circumvents the need for interpolation and helps the neural network handle irregular sampling and model inter-passband relationships. Our anomaly detection pipeline identifies rare classes including kilonovae, pair-instability supernovae, and intermediate luminosity transients shortly after trigger on simulated Zwicky Transient Facility light curves. Using a sample of our simulations matching the population of anomalies expected in nature (54 anomalies and 12 040 common transients), our method discovered $41\pm 3$ anomalies ($\sim 75~{{\rm per\ cent}}$ recall) after following up the top 2000 ($\sim 15~{{\rm per\ cent}}$) ranked transients. Our novel method shows that classifiers can be effectively repurposed for real-time anomaly detection.
Optimal Pricing of a New Utility Service: The Case of Piped Water in Vietnam
Authors: Do Quy-Toan , Jacoby Hanan G 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
As utility services expand throughout the developing world, providers must grapple with how to set prices to recover average costs. Data from a multiyear randomised pricing experiment among nearly 1,500 recently connected piped water customers in Vietnam reveal month-to-month demand persistence. Based on structural demand estimation, we document how endogenous preferences, if unaccounted for, can lead to low take-up and thereby threaten the financial viability of the new water utility. We also show that such demand persistence calls for pricing schemes that defer lump-sum payment, effectively allowing future consumers to subsidise their present selves.