bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Response: Evolution
Authors: Baranzini Nicolò , Engelmann Péter , Grimaldi Annalisa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Innate immune processes arose from specific host–pathogen coevolutive interactions and the ability to recognise self and nonself structures is extremely conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. In this context, phagocytes represent the most ancient defensive line against foreign materials, already present in earliest protostomes. Moreover, although more complex functions evolved in vertebrates, both cellular and humoral innate immune mechanisms are extremely conserved, leading to identify some forms of innate immune memory also in invertebrates.

Key Concepts

Phagocytosis represents the first mechanism of defence in metazoans.

Immune system has evolved to discriminate self and nonself structures.

Immune mechanisms present a high level of conservation throughout
phyla
.

Vertebrate innate immune memory derives from ancient forms and mechanisms already present in invertebrates.

Alternative animal models are crucial for investigating the molecular basis of the immune processes.
Meiotic Recombination Pathways
Authors: Reitz Diedre 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

During meiosis, one round of DNA replication is followed by two rounds of division to create the gametes that are obligatory for biparental reproduction. To achieve the reductional segregation that is required during the first meiotic division, most eukaryotes utilise a program that involves the deliberate formation of DNA double‐stranded breaks in their genomes, followed by regulated homologous recombination and reciprocal exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This reciprocal exchange of genetic information physically links the homologous chromosomes to one another and provides the tension that is necessary for their segregation. Meiotic recombination is highly regulated to ensure that at least one reciprocal crossover event occurs between each pair of homologous chromosomes.

Key Concepts

Meiotic recombination physically links the homologous chromosomes to one another, creating the tension that is required for their segregation.

Meiosis I is a reductional segregation that halves the ploidy of the cell. This process requires bi‐orientation of the homologous chromosomes but mono‐orientation of the sister chromatids, a feat that is achieved through structural modification of the sister chromatid centromeres by monopolin.

Directed homologous recombination physically links the homologous chromosomes to one another, through preferential use of the homologous chromosome as the repair template, rather than the sister chromatid, followed by resolution of the recombination intermediate into a crossover.

DNA double‐stranded break fate is decided early in the meiotic recombination pathway, with crossovers exclusively arising through a double‐Holliday junction intermediate and non‐crossovers primarily being formed through the synthesis‐dependent strand annealing pathway.

Formation of the synaptonemal complex, a proteinaceous structure that assembles between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, is interdependent with meiotic recombination.
Lagomorpha
Authors: Montuire Sophie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Lagomorphs comprise the pikas, hares and rabbits. The members of this order have a head and body length between 0.125 and 0.75 m, and adults weigh from 0.1 to 5 kg. All are terrestrial. Pikas are mostly diurnal, whereas rabbits and hares are active mainly in the evening and night. They can be strong runners.

Key Concepts

Lagomorphs (rabbits, hares and pikas) are not as fertile and prolific as one might think, as some are considered endangered.

Systematics is the study and the description of the diversification of both past and present organisms and their classification.

Phylogeny is a part of systematics that reports the inference of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of oragisms.

Conservation biology is the management of biodiversity with the objective of esablishing protective measures against the risks of extinction of species, of their habitats and to maintain a balance in ecosystems. This is why the species are classified by the IUCN (the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species).

Paleontology corresponds to the study of organisms (classification and relationships) that lived prior to, and sometimes including, the beginning of the Holocene (around 11,700 years before present).
Peer Mentoring and Communities of Practice: Reflections From Newly Minted PhDs
Authors: Adkisson Anthony , Coffman Karie , Galloway Catina , Jefferson‐Evans Ayisha , Miller‐McCollum Keyunda , Olszewski Carol A. , Spivey Darryl A. , Znamenak Kyle 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article showcases the voices of eight doctoral students and graduates, from two different universities and doctoral programs, who participated in peer mentoring through their communities of practice that were formed to support their learning and development.
A rapid α‐synuclein seed assay of Parkinson’s disease CSF panel shows high diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Orrù Christina D. , Ma Thong C. , Hughson Andrew G. , Groveman Bradley R. , Srivastava Ankit , Galasko Douglas , Angers Rachel , Downey Patrick , Crawford Karen , Hutten Samantha J. , Kang Un Jung , Caughey Byron 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAssays that specifically measure α‐synuclein seeding activity in biological fluids could revolutionize the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Recent improvements in α‐synuclein real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assays of cerebrospinal fluid have dramatically reduced reaction times from 5‐13 days down to 1‐2 days.ObjectiveTo test our improved assay against a panel of cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy controls from the MJ Fox Foundation/NINDS BioFIND collection.MethodsSpecimens collected from healthy controls and patients with clinically typical moderate‐to‐advanced Parkinson’s disease were tested without prior knowledge of disease status. Correlative analyses between assay parameters and clinical measures were performed by an independent investigator.ResultsBioFIND samples gave positive signals in 105/108 (97%) Parkinson’s disease cases versus 11/85 (13%) healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic analyses of diagnosis of cases versus healthy controls gave areas under the curve of 95%. Beyond binary positive/negative determinations, only weak correlations were observed between various assay response parameters and Parkinson’s disease clinical measures or other cerebrospinal fluid analytes. Of note, REM sleep behavioral disorder questionnaire scores correlated with the reaction times needed to reach 50% maximum fluorescence. Maximum fluorescence was inversely correlated with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores, which was driven by the patients without REM sleep behavioral disorder.ConclusionsOur improved α‐synuclein seed amplification assay dramatically reduces the time needed to diagnose Parkinson’s disease while maintaining the high‐performance standards associated with previous α‐synuclein seed assays, supporting the clinical utility of this assay for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis.
Engineering Supramolecular Organizing Centers for Optogenetic Control of Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Tan Peng , He Lian , Zhou Yubin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe spatiotemporal organization of oligomeric protein complexes, such as the supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) made of MyDDosome and MAVSome, is essential for transcriptional activation of host inflammatory responses and immunometabolism. Light‐inducible assembly of MyDDosome and MAVSome is presented herein to induce activation of nuclear factor‐kB and type‐I interferons. Engineering of SMOCs and the downstream transcription factor permits programmable and customized innate immune operations in a light‐dependent manner. These synthetic molecular tools will likely enable optical and user‐defined modulation of innate immunity at a high spatiotemporal resolution to facilitate mechanistic studies of distinct modes of innate immune activations and potential intervention of immune disorders and cancer.
Perovskite Quantum Wells Formation Mechanism for Stable Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics—A Real‐Time Phase‐Transition Study
Authors: Hu Hanlin , Qin Minchao , Fong Patrick W. K. , Ren Zhiwei , Wan Xuejuan , Singh Mriganka , Su Chun‐Jen , Jeng U‐Ser , Li Liang , Zhu Jiajie , Yuan Mingjian , Lu Xinhui , Chu Chih‐Wei , Li Gang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe combination of a bulk 3D perovskite layer and a reduced dimensional perovskite layer (perovskite quantum wells (PQWs)) is demonstrated to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) significantly in terms of stability and efficiency. This perovskite hierarchy has attracted intensive research interest; however, the in‐depth formation mechanism of perovskite quantum wells on top of a 3D perovskite layer is not clearly understood and is therefore the focus of this study. Along with ex situ morphology and photophysical characterization, the time‐resolved grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (TS‐GIWAXS) technique performed in this study provides real‐time insights on the phase‐transition during the organic cation (HTAB ligand molecule) coating and PQWs/3D architecture formation process. A strikingly strong ionic reaction between the 3D perovskite and the long‐chain organic cation leads to the quick formation of an ordered intermediate phase within only a few seconds. The optimal PQWs/3D architecture is achieved by controlling the HTAB casting, which is assisted by time‐of‐flight SIMS characterization. By controlling the second ionic reaction during the long‐chain cation coating process, along with the fluorinated poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) as a hole‐transport layer, the perovskite solar cells demonstrate efficiencies exceeding 22% along with drastically improved device stability.
Aggregation‐induced emission systems involving supramolecular assembly
Authors: Lou Xin‐Yue , Yang Ying‐Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAggregation‐induced emission (AIE), as an exciting photophysical phenomenon, has been regarded as one frontier research topic within both ranges of molecular luminescence and materials science over the last two decades. Since controllable molecular ensembles with particular morphologies and tunable functions can be elegantly constructed in the realm of supramolecular chemistry, the integration of supramolecular assembly and AIE systems can expectedly bring about luminescent materials with tunable emission and tailorable well‐ordered architectures. In this review, we will provide a summary of the creation and working mechanisms of AIE systems involving supramolecular systems that are driven by different supramolecular driving forces including hydrogen bonding, host−guest interactions, metal coordination, and π–π interactions. The morphological and photoluminescent features of these AIE‐active supramolecular assemblies will be elucidated, and the regulated fluorescence properties of the AIEgens induced by the assembling–disassembling processes will be discussed in detail.
Through‐space charge transfer polymers for solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Shao Shiyang , Wang Lixiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThrough‐space charge transfer (TSCT) polymers are an attractive class of luminescent polymers with spatial donor/acceptor architecture and thermally activated delayed fluorescence effect, different from conventional luminescent polymers with conjugated donor‐acceptor structure and through‐bond charge transfer emission. Their emission comes from the intramolecular charge transfer by through‐space pathway because the donor and acceptor segments are spatially proximate to each other in each repeating unit but are physically separated by nonconjugated polymer backbone. In this review, recent advances in TSCT polymers with linear, bottlebrush, and dendritic architectures are presented, with the focus on their molecular design, photophysical behavior, and device performance. We hope that this review shall provide a useful insight of new luminescent polymers with TSCT effect for use in solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes.
Adsorption of methyl iodide on reduced silver‐functionalized silica aerogel: Kinetics and modeling
Authors: Tang Siqi , Choi Seungrag , Nan Yue , Tavlarides Lawrence L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe low concentration methyl iodide (CH3I) adsorption process on reduced silver‐functionalized silica aerogel (Ag0‐Aerogel) was studied. The kinetic data were acquired using a continuous flow adsorption system. Because the corresponding physical process was observed, the shrinking core model (SCM) was modified and applied. An average CH3I pore diffusivity was calculated, the CH3I‐Ag0‐Aerogel reaction was identified as a 1.40 order reaction instead of first order reaction, and the nth order reaction rate constant was determined. This modified SCM significantly increases the accuracy of adsorption behavior prediction at low adsorbate concentration. Modeling results indicate that the overall adsorption process is controlled by the pore diffusion. However, at low adsorbate concentration (ppbv level), the CH3I adsorption is limited to the surface reaction due to the low uptake rate in a predictable time period.
Applying Community‐Based Participatory Approaches to Addressing Health Disparities and Promoting Health Equity
Authors: Suarez‐Balcazar Yolanda , Francisco Vincent T. , Rubén Chávez Noé 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis special issue highlights work that contributes to our understanding of health disparities and community‐based participatory research (CBPR) approaches to promoting health equity across diverse populations and issues that matter to communities. We take on a global perspective, and thus, various efforts across international contexts are illustrated. Articles elucidate a variety of CBPR approaches designed to empower and build capacity among individuals and communities in order to seek changes at the level of community practices, programs, and systems. These articles span across diverse populations—children, youth, and families; adults and older adults; immigrants; refugees; Black people; Latinx people; Native Americans/Indigenous people, the Roma community; Muslim women, and women with disabilities—experiencing inequities of interest to community psychologists and other researchers and practitioners.
Fluorescent and Water Dispersible Single‐Chain Nanoparticles: Core–Shell Structured Compartmentation
Authors: Hoffmann Justus F. , Roos Andreas H. , Schmitt Franz‐Josef , Hinderberger Dariush , Binder Wolfgang H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSingle‐chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) are highly versatile structures resembling proteins, able to function as catalysts or biomedical delivery systems. Based on their synthesis by single‐chain collapse into nanoparticular systems, their internal structure is complex, resulting in nanosized domains preformed during the crosslinking process. In this study we present proof of such nanocompartments within SCNPs via a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. A novel strategy to encapsulate labels within these water dispersible SCNPs with hydrodynamic radii of ≈5 nm is presented, based on amphiphilic polymers with additional covalently bound labels, attached via the copper catalyzed azide/alkyne “click” reaction (CuAAC). A detailed profile of the interior of the SCNPs and the labels’ microenvironment was obtained via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, followed by an assessment of their photophysical properties.
Anisotropicβ‐effect in the diffusive processes in the rotating magnetoconvection problems
Authors: Filippi Enrico , Brestenský Jozef 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe influence of the anisotropicβ‐effect in the rotating magnetoconvection problems is studied. Several models of rotating magnetoconvection with different types of anisotropy are presented. A comparison among them is performed. We stress the difference, especially about the magnetoconvection models where there is anisotropy in the turbulent magnetic diffusivity. The influence on convection is thoroughly studied, and its physical meaning is discussed.
A Systematic Literature Review of Autism Research on Caregiver Talk
Authors: Bottema‐Beutel Kristen , Kim So Yoon 
Published: December 2020

Describing how caregivers' talk to their autistic children, and how their talk may influence social and language outcomes, has important implications for developmental theory and intervention research. In this systematic literature review, we examine 294 caregiver talk variables extracted from 65 studies, provide a narrative overview of research findings, and link measurement approaches to various theories of language development. The majority of variables included only talk directed to children (90%), and specified the speech act being performed (57%). More than one‐third of variables measured talk that was responsive to children's attention, activities, or communication (38%), and slightly less than a third measured variables that elicited children's communication or engagement. Semantic aspects of talk were specified in 41% of variables, structural features were measured in 20% of variables, and suprasegmental features were measured in only 1% of variables. Talk quantity (without reference to other aspects of talk) was measured in 8% of variables. We found strong support that talk related to children's attention is implicated in autistic children's language development, but this construct has been measured inconsistently in terms of semantic, structural, and functional features. There is also evidence for bi‐directional relationships between caregiver's talk and autistic children's development on a variety of semantic and structural variables.Lay SummaryIn our review, we found many differences in how researchers measured caregiver's talk, but also some promising leads. Researchers should continue examining caregiver talk related to children's focus of attention to clarify how this type of language contributes to autistic children's development. We also found interesting research on how children influence caregiver's talk, and encourage researchers to continue to study how this occurs.
Isolation of cyanide‐degrading bacteria and molecular characterization of its cyanide‐degrading nitrilase
Authors: Terada Ayane , Komatsu Daisuke , Ogawa Takahiro , Flamandita Darin , Sahlan Muhamad , Nishimura Minoru , Yohda Masafumi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHydrogen cyanide is an industrially important chemical, and its annual production is more than 1.5 million tons. Because of its toxicity, the cyanide‐containing effluents from industries have caused many environmental problems. Among various methods to treat the contaminated soils or water, the biological degradation is regarded to be promising. We isolated two cyanide‐degrading microorganisms, Pedobacter sp. EBE‐1 and Bacillus sp. EBE‐2, from soil contaminated with cyanide. Among these bacteria, Bacillus sp. EBE‐2 exhibited significantly a high cyanide‐degrading ability. Bacillus sp. EBE‐2 might be used for the remediation of cyanide contaminated water or soil. A nitrilase gene was cloned from Bacillus sp. EBE‐2. Bacillus nitrilase was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Bacillus nitrilase exhibited cyanide‐degrading activity as a large oligomer. Since formic acid formation from cyanide was observed, Bacillus nitrilase is likely to be a cyanide hydrolase. Although there exist various homologous enzymes annotated as carbon–nitrogen family hydrolases, this is the first report on the cyanide degrading activity. The structure and catalytic site of Bacillus nitrilase were studied by homology modeling and molecular docking simulation.
Fighting microbial pathogens by integrating host ecosystem interactions and evolution
Authors: Burmeister Alita R. , Hansen Elsa , Cunningham Jessica J. , Rego E. Hesper , Turner Paul E. , Weitz Joshua S. , Hochberg Michael E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSuccessful therapies to combat microbial diseases and cancers require incorporating ecological and evolutionary principles. Drawing upon the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology, we present a systems‐based approach in which host and disease‐causing factors are considered as part of a complex network of interactions, analogous to studies of “classical” ecosystems. Centering this approach around empirical examples of disease treatment, we present evidence that successful therapies invariably engage multiple interactions with other components of the host ecosystem. Many of these factors interact nonlinearly to yield synergistic benefits and curative outcomes. We argue that these synergies and nonlinear feedbacks must be leveraged to improve the study of pathogenesis in situ and to develop more effective therapies. An eco‐evolutionary systems perspective has surprising and important consequences, and we use it to articulate areas of high research priority for improving treatment strategies.
Effect of Cobalt Doping on Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance of Nanosilicon
Authors: Nulu Arunakumari , Nulu Venugopal , Sohn Keun Yong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHigh‐capacity silicon anodes are attracting more attention, owing to their high theoretical capacities and low working potentials. However, massive volume changes and low intrinsic electric conductivity remain substantial challenges that limit the practical applications of these anodes in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, cobalt‐doped silicon nanoparticles with different Co concentrations (0.1 %, 0.3 %, and 0.5 %) are prepared by using a simple low‐temperature annealing process and are studied as anodes for LIBs. Compared to pure silicon, the obtained 0.5 % cobalt‐doped silicon anode can serve as a promising anode and shows a high discharge capacity of 3409 mAh g−1 (97.2 % capacity retention vs. first reversible capacity) with 98.1 % coulombic efficiency after 40 cycles, at 200 mA g−1. After a long 320 cycles, the electrode delivered 3029 mAh g−1 with 86.4 % capacity retention. This cobalt‐doped silicon anode also exhibits superior rate capability and a highly stable long cycle life at higher current densities as well as high mass loading. These remarkable enhancements in electrochemical properties indicate that cobalt doping yields increased conductivity, mitigates volume expansion, and provides shorter lithium transportation lengths across the silicon nanoparticles.