bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of Vertical Profile of Cirrus Cloud Effective Particle Size Using Reflected Line Spectra in 1.38 μm Band
Authors: Gu Yu , Takano Yoshi , Liou Kuo‐Nan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a new retrieval method for inferring the vertical profile of cirrus cloud effective particle size by using solar reflected line spectra in the 1.38‐μm band. The retrieval method is based on the maximum‐photon penetration principle coupled with the constrained linear inversion. This approach takes advantage of the vertical stratification of cirrus cloud effective particle size as well as absorption lines of water vapor of different intensity, which contain rich information on the vertical structure of cloud particle size. Reflected radiances at different wavenumbers provide the effective‐size information at different heights within cirrus associated with photon different penetration depths. Assuming a vertical profile of effective size monotonically decreasing toward cloud top and using results based on “exact” radiative transfer computations, we perform retrieval of the effective size for a number of model cirrus to check for algorithm accuracy. The retrieved profile of effective size is close to the model profile for cirrus optical depth less than about eight with an uncertainty range of 2.2–4.2 μm. In addition, we further carry out a sensitivity study involving the retrieved effective size in connection with different water vapor profiles and demonstrate that the difference from the model is only several percent except for the cloud top if an appropriate wavenumber set is selected. The results from this study suggest that the present method can be applied to realistic remote sensing of the vertical profile of cirrus cloud particle size.
Juno Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Remote Measurements of Magnetospheric Injection Dynamics in Jupiter's Io Torus Regions
Authors: Mauk B. H. , Clark G. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Connerney J. E. P. , Haggerty D. K. , Kollmann P. , Mitchell D. G. , Paranicas C. P. , Rymer A. M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn planetary magnetospheres, singly charged energetic particles, trapped by the planet's magnetic field, can steal electrons from cold gas atoms and become neutralized. These now energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), no longer confined by the magnetic field, can travel out of the system similar to photons leaving a hot oven. ENAs have been used to image magnetospheric processes at Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. At Jupiter, the opportunities to image the magnetosphere have been limited and always from the perspective of the near‐equatorial plane at distance >139 RJ. The polar‐orbiting Juno mission carries the Jupiter Energetic particle Detector Instrument that is serendipitously sensitive to ENAs with energies >50 keV, provided that there are no charged particles in the environment to mask their presence. Here we report on the first ENA observations of Jupiter's magnetosphere from a nonequatorial perspective. In this brief report we concentrate on emissions seen during Perijove 22 (PJ22) during very active conditions and compare them with emissions during the inactive Perijove 23 (PJ23). We observe, and discriminate between, distinct ENA signatures from the neutral gases occupying the orbit of Io (away from Io itself), the orbit of Europa (away from Europa), and from Jupiter itself. Strong ENA emissions from Io's orbit during PJ22 are associated with energetic particle injections observed near Io's orbit several hours earlier. Some injections occurred planetward of Io's L‐shell (magnetic position), somewhat of a surprise given that injections are thought to be driven by outward transport of plasmas generated by Io.
Persistent global marine euxinia in the early Silurian
Authors: Stockey Richard G. , Cole Devon B. , Planavsky Noah J. , Loydell David K. , Frýda Jiří , Sperling Erik A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe second pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction occurred around the Hirnantian-Rhuddanian boundary (~444 Ma) and has been correlated with expanded marine anoxia lasting into the earliest Silurian. Characterization of the Hirnantian ocean anoxic event has focused on the onset of anoxia, with global reconstructions based on carbonate δ238U modeling. However, there have been limited attempts to quantify uncertainty in metal isotope mass balance approaches. Here, we probabilistically evaluate coupled metal isotopes and sedimentary archives to increase constraint. We present iron speciation, metal concentration, δ98Mo and δ238U measurements of Rhuddanian black shales from the Murzuq Basin, Libya. We evaluate these data (and published carbonate δ238U data) with a coupled stochastic mass balance model. Combined statistical analysis of metal isotopes and sedimentary sinks provides uncertainty-bounded constraints on the intensity of Hirnantian-Rhuddanian euxinia. This work extends the duration of anoxia to >3 Myrs – notably longer than well-studied Mesozoic ocean anoxic events.
Pan-active imidazolopiperazine antimalarials target the Plasmodium falciparum intracellular secretory pathway
Authors: LaMonte Gregory M. , Rocamora Frances , Marapana Danushka S. , Gnädig Nina F. , Ottilie Sabine , Luth Madeline R. , Worgall Tilla S. , Goldgof Gregory M. , Mohunlal Roxanne , Santha Kumar T. R. , Thompson Jennifer K. , Vigil Edgar , Yang Jennifer , Hutson Dylan , Johnson Trevor , Huang Jianbo , Williams Roy M. , Zou Bing Yu , Cheung Andrea L. , Kumar Prianka , Egan Timothy J. , Lee Marcus C. S. , Siegel Dionicio , Cowman Alan F. , Fidock David A. , Winzeler Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA promising new compound class for treating human malaria is the imidazolopiperazines (IZP) class. IZP compounds KAF156 (Ganaplacide) and GNF179 are effective against Plasmodium symptomatic asexual blood-stage infections, and are able to prevent transmission and block infection in animal models. But despite the identification of resistance mechanisms in P. falciparum, the mode of action of IZPs remains unknown. To investigate, we here combine in vitro evolution and genome analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with molecular, metabolomic, and chemogenomic methods in P. falciparum. Our findings reveal that IZP-resistant S. cerevisiae clones carry mutations in genes involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-based lipid homeostasis and autophagy. In Plasmodium, IZPs inhibit protein trafficking, block the establishment of new permeation pathways, and cause ER expansion. Our data highlight a mechanism for blocking parasite development that is distinct from those of standard compounds used to treat malaria, and demonstrate the potential of IZPs for studying ER-dependent protein processing.
Irreversible accumulated SERS behavior of the molecule-linked silver and silver-doped titanium dioxide hybrid system
Authors: Zhou Lu , Zhou Jun , Lai Wei , Yang Xudong , Meng Jie , Su Liangbi , Gu Chenjie , Jiang Tao , Pun Edwin Yue Bun , Shao Liyang , Petti Lucia , Sun Xiao Wei , Jia Zhenghong , Li Qunxiang , Han Jiaguang , Mormile Pasquale 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn recent years, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of a molecule/metal–semiconductor hybrid system has attracted considerable interest and regarded as the synergetic contribution of the electromagnetic and chemical enhancements from the incorporation of noble metal into semiconductor nanomaterials. However, the underlying mechanism is still to be revealed in detail. Herein, we report an irreversible accumulated SERS behavior induced by near-infrared (NIR) light irradiating on a 4-mercaptobenzoic acid linked with silver and silver-doped titanium dioxide (4MBA/Ag/Ag-doped TiO2) hybrid system. With increasing irradiation time, the SERS intensity of 4MBA shows an irreversible exponential increase, and the Raman signal of the Ag/Ag-doped TiO2 substrate displays an exponential decrease. A microscopic understanding of the time-dependent SERS behavior is derived based on the microanalysis of the Ag/Ag-doped TiO2 nanostructure and the molecular dynamics, which is attributed to three factors: (1) higher crystallinity of Ag/Ag-doped TiO2 substrate; (2) photo-induced charge transfer; (3) charge-induced molecular reorientation.
Transposable elements contribute to cell and species-specific chromatin looping and gene regulation in mammalian genomes
Authors: Diehl Adam G. , Ouyang Ningxin , Boyle Alan P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChromatin looping is important for gene regulation, and studies of 3D chromatin structure across species and cell types have improved our understanding of the principles governing chromatin looping. However, 3D genome evolution and its relationship with natural selection remains largely unexplored. In mammals, the CTCF protein defines the boundaries of most chromatin loops, and variations in CTCF occupancy are associated with looping divergence. While many CTCF binding sites fall within transposable elements (TEs), their contribution to 3D chromatin structural evolution is unknown. Here we report the relative contributions of TE-driven CTCF binding site expansions to conserved and divergent chromatin looping in human and mouse. We demonstrate that TE-derived CTCF binding divergence may explain a large fraction of variable loops. These variable loops contribute significantly to corresponding gene expression variability across cells and species, possibly by refining sub-TAD-scale loop contacts responsible for cell-type-specific enhancer-promoter interactions.
Interplay between midbrain and dorsal anterior cingulate regions arbitrates lingering reward effects on memory encoding
Authors: Aberg Kristoffer Carl , Kramer Emily Elizabeth , Schwartz Sophie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRewarding events enhance memory encoding via dopaminergic influences on hippocampal plasticity. Phasic dopamine release depends on immediate reward magnitude, but presumably also on tonic dopamine levels, which may vary as a function of the average accumulation of reward over time. Using model-based fMRI in combination with a novel associative memory task, we show that immediate reward magnitude exerts a monotonically increasing influence on the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and hippocampal activity during encoding, and enhances memory. By contrast, average reward levels modulate feedback-related responses in the VTA and hippocampus in a non-linear (inverted U-shape) fashion, with similar effects on memory performance. Additionally, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) monotonically tracks average reward levels, while VTA-dACC functional connectivity is non-linearly modulated (inverted U-shape) by average reward. We propose that the dACC computes the net behavioral impact of average reward and relays this information to memory circuitry via the VTA.
Re-definition of claudin-low as a breast cancer phenotype
Authors: Fougner Christian , Bergholtz Helga , Norum Jens Henrik , Sørlie Therese 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe claudin-low breast cancer subtype is defined by gene expression characteristics and encompasses a remarkably diverse range of breast tumors. Here, we investigate genomic, transcriptomic, and clinical features of claudin-low breast tumors. We show that claudin-low is not simply a subtype analogous to the intrinsic subtypes (basal-like, HER2-enriched, luminal A, luminal B and normal-like) as previously portrayed, but is a complex additional phenotype which may permeate breast tumors of various intrinsic subtypes. Claudin-low tumors are distinguished by low genomic instability, mutational burden and proliferation levels, and high levels of immune and stromal cell infiltration. In other aspects, claudin-low tumors reflect characteristics of their intrinsic subtype. Finally, we explore an alternative method for identifying claudin-low tumors and thereby uncover potential weaknesses in the established claudin-low classifier. In sum, these findings elucidate the heterogeneity in claudin-low breast tumors, and substantiate a re-definition of claudin-low as a cancer phenotype.
Transient stripping of subducting slabs controls periodic forearc uplift
Authors: Menant Armel , Angiboust Samuel , Gerya Taras , Lacassin Robin , Simoes Martine , Grandin Raphael 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTopography in forearc regions reflects tectonic processes along the subduction interface, from seismic cycle-related transients to long-term competition between accretion and erosion. Yet, no consensus exists about the topography drivers, especially as the contribution of deep accretion remains poorly constrained. Here, we use thermo-mechanical simulations to show that transient slab-top stripping events at the base of the forearc crust control uplift-then-subsidence sequences. This 100s-m-high topographic signal with a Myr-long periodicity, mostly inaccessible to geodetic and geomorphological records, reflects the nature and influx rate of material involved in the accretion process. The protracted succession of stripping events eventually results in the pulsing rise of a large, positive coastal topography. Trench-parallel alternation of forearc highs and depressions along active margins worldwide may reflect temporal snapshots of different stages of these surface oscillations, implying that the 3D shape of topography enables tracking deep accretion and associated plate-interface frictional properties in space and time.
Modeling germline mutations in pineoblastoma uncovers lysosome disruption-based therapy
Authors: Chung Philip E. D. , Gendoo Deena M. A. , Ghanbari-Azarnier Ronak , Liu Jeff C. , Jiang Zhe , Tsui Jennifer , Wang Dong-Yu , Xiao Xiao , Li Bryan , Dubuc Adrian , Shih David , Remke Marc , Ho Ben , Garzia Livia , Ben-David Yaacov , Kang Seok-Gu , Croul Sidney , Haibe-Kains Benjamin , Huang Annie , Taylor Michael D. , Zacksenhaus Eldad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPineoblastoma is a rare pediatric cancer induced by germline mutations in the tumor suppressors RB1 or DICER1. Presence of leptomeningeal metastases is indicative of poor prognosis. Here we report that inactivation of Rb plus p53 via a WAP-Cre transgene, commonly used to target the mammary gland during pregnancy, induces metastatic pineoblastoma resembling the human disease with 100% penetrance. A stabilizing mutation rather than deletion of p53 accelerates metastatic dissemination. Deletion of Dicer1 plus p53 via WAP-Cre also predisposes to pineoblastoma, albeit with lower penetrance. In silico analysis predicts tricyclic antidepressants such as nortriptyline as potential therapeutics for both pineoblastoma models. Nortriptyline disrupts the lysosome, leading to accumulation of non-functional autophagosome, cathepsin B release and pineoblastoma cell death. Nortriptyline further synergizes with the antineoplastic drug gemcitabine to effectively suppress pineoblastoma in our preclinical models, offering new modality for this lethal childhood malignancy.
P2X7 receptor inhibition ameliorates dendritic spine pathology and social behavioral deficits in Rett syndrome mice
Authors: Garré Juan Mauricio , Silva Hernandez Moura , Lafaille Juan J. , Yang Guang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDysregulated immunity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders but its contribution to synaptic and behavioral deficits in Rett syndrome (RTT) remains unknown. P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are unique purinergic receptors with pro-inflammatory functions. Here, we report in a MECP2-deficient mouse model of RTT that the border of the cerebral cortex exhibits increased number of inflammatory myeloid cells expressing cell-surface P2X7Rs. Total knockout of P2X7Rs in MECP2 deficient mice decreases the number of inflammatory myeloid cells, restores cortical dendritic spine dynamics, and improves the animals’ neurological function and social behavior. Furthermore, either genetic depletion of P2X7Rs in bone-marrow derived leukocytes or pharmacological block of P2X7Rs primarily outside of the central nervous system parenchyma, recapitulates the beneficial effects of total P2X7R depletion on the social behavior. Together, our results highlight the pathophysiological roles of P2X7Rs in a mouse model of RTT.
Chromatin architecture reorganization in murine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
Authors: Chen Mo , Zhu Qianshu , Li Chong , Kou Xiaochen , Zhao Yanhong , Li Yanhe , Xu Ruimin , Yang Lei , Yang Lingyue , Gu Liang , Wang Hong , Liu Xiaoyu , Jiang Cizhong , Gao Shaorong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe oocyte cytoplasm can reprogram the somatic cell nucleus into a totipotent state, but with low efficiency. The spatiotemporal chromatin organization of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos remains elusive. Here, we examine higher order chromatin structures of mouse SCNT embryos using a low-input Hi-C method. We find that donor cell chromatin transforms to the metaphase state rapidly after SCNT along with the dissolution of typical 3D chromatin structure. Intriguingly, the genome undergoes a mitotic metaphase-like to meiosis metaphase II-like transition following activation. Subsequently, weak chromatin compartments and topologically associating domains (TADs) emerge following metaphase exit. TADs are further removed until the 2-cell stage before being progressively reestablished. Obvious defects including stronger TAD boundaries, aberrant super-enhancer and promoter interactions are found in SCNT embryos. These defects are partially caused by inherited H3K9me3, and can be rescued by Kdm4d overexpression. These observations provide insight into chromatin architecture reorganization during SCNT embryo development.
Microbiota-induced tissue signals regulate ILC3-mediated antigen presentation
Authors: Lehmann Frank Michael , von Burg Nicole , Ivanek Robert , Teufel Claudia , Horvath Edit , Peter Annick , Turchinovich Gleb , Staehli Daniel , Eichlisberger Tobias , Gomez de Agüero Mercedes , Coto-Llerena Mairene , Prchal-Murphy Michaela , Sexl Veronika , Bentires-Alj Mohamed , Mueller Christoph , Finke Daniela 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are efficient inducers of T cell responses in the spleen, they fail to induce CD4+T cell proliferation in the gut. The signals regulating ILC3-T cell responses remain unknown. Here, we show that transcripts associated with MHC II antigen presentation are down-modulated in intestinal natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR)−ILC3s. Further data implicate microbiota-induced IL-23 as a crucial signal for reversible silencing of MHC II in ILC3s, thereby reducing the capacity of ILC3s to present antigen to T cells in the intestinal mucosa. Moreover, IL-23-mediated MHC II suppression is dependent on mTORC1 and STAT3 phosphorylation in NCR−ILC3s. By contrast, splenic interferon-γ induces MHC II expression and CD4+T cell stimulation by NCR−ILC3s. Our results thus identify biological circuits for tissue-specific regulation of ILC3-dependent T cell responses. These pathways may have implications for inducing or silencing T cell responses in human diseases.
Phase-resolved Higgs response in superconducting cuprates
Authors: Chu Hao , Kim Min-Jae , Katsumi Kota , Kovalev Sergey , Dawson Robert David , Schwarz Lukas , Yoshikawa Naotaka , Kim Gideok , Putzky Daniel , Li Zhi Zhong , Raffy Hélène , Germanskiy Semyon , Deinert Jan-Christoph , Awari Nilesh , Ilyakov Igor , Green Bertram , Chen Min , Bawatna Mohammed , Cristiani Georg , Logvenov Gennady , Gallais Yann , Boris Alexander V. , Keimer Bernhard , Schnyder Andreas P. , Manske Dirk , Gensch Michael , Wang Zhe , Shimano Ryo , Kaiser Stefan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn high-energy physics, the Higgs field couples to gauge bosons and fermions and gives mass to their elementary excitations. Experimentally, such couplings can be inferred from the decay product of the Higgs boson, i.e., the scalar (amplitude) excitation of the Higgs field. In superconductors, Cooper pairs bear a close analogy to the Higgs field. Interaction between the Cooper pairs and other degrees of freedom provides dissipation channels for the amplitude mode, which may reveal important information about the microscopic pairing mechanism. To this end, we investigate the Higgs (amplitude) mode of several cuprate thin films using phase-resolved terahertz third harmonic generation (THG). In addition to the heavily damped Higgs mode itself, we observe a universal jump in the phase of the driven Higgs oscillation as well as a non-vanishing THG above Tc. These findings indicate coupling of the Higgs mode to other collective modes and potentially a nonzero pairing amplitude above Tc.
CdbA is a DNA-binding protein and c-di-GMP receptor important for nucleoid organization and segregation in Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Skotnicka Dorota , Steinchen Wieland , Szadkowski Dobromir , Cadby Ian T. , Lovering Andrew L. , Bange Gert , Søgaard-Andersen Lotte 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that modulates multiple responses to environmental and cellular signals in bacteria. Here we identify CdbA, a DNA-binding protein of the ribbon-helix-helix family that binds c-di-GMP in Myxococcus xanthus. CdbA is essential for viability, and its depletion causes defects in chromosome organization and segregation leading to a block in cell division. The protein binds to the M. xanthus genome at multiple sites, with moderate sequence specificity; however, its depletion causes only modest changes in transcription. The interactions of CdbA with c-di-GMP and DNA appear to be mutually exclusive and residue substitutions in CdbA regions important for c-di-GMP binding abolish binding to both c-di-GMP and DNA, rendering these protein variants non-functional in vivo. We propose that CdbA acts as a nucleoid-associated protein that contributes to chromosome organization and is modulated by c-di-GMP, thus revealing a link between c-di-GMP signaling and chromosome biology.
Natural killer cells modulate motor neuron-immune cell cross talk in models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Garofalo Stefano , Cocozza Germana , Porzia Alessandra , Inghilleri Maurizio , Raspa Marcello , Scavizzi Ferdinando , Aronica Eleonora , Bernardini Giovanni , Peng Ling , Ransohoff Richard M. , Santoni Angela , Limatola Cristina 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), immune cells and glia contribute to motor neuron (MN) degeneration. We report the presence of NK cells in post-mortem ALS motor cortex and spinal cord tissues, and the expression of NKG2D ligands on MNs. Using a mouse model of familial-ALS, hSOD1G93A, we demonstrate NK cell accumulation in the motor cortex and spinal cord, with an early CCL2-dependent peak. NK cell depletion reduces the pace of MN degeneration, delays motor impairment and increases survival. This is confirmed in another ALS mouse model, TDP43A315T. NK cells are neurotoxic to hSOD1G93AMNs which express NKG2D ligands, while IFNγ produced by NK cells instructs microglia toward an inflammatory phenotype, and impairs FOXP3+/Treg cell infiltration in the spinal cord of hSOD1G93Amice. Together, these data suggest a role of NK cells in determining the onset and progression of MN degeneration in ALS, and in modulating Treg recruitment and microglia phenotype.