bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HISTORICAL AND MODERN TOPONYMY: THE EXAMPLE OF QIQINETI VILLAGE
Authors: BERİDZE Merab 
Published: August 2020

The toponymy
of the village Qiqineti is discussed in this article. The
village is situated in Adigheni municipality of Samtskhe-Javakheti region,
South Georgia. This part of the country is one of the oldest regions of Georgia
– Meskheti, which is distinguished by its oldest toponymy. The names of
villages such as Chobareti, Muskhi, Tskordza, Toba and others are as old as
about two thousand years. In most of Meskheti villages, the population dwells here continuouly so their
toponym gives a clear clue of their remote
history and traditionality. But there are still many villages, whose
population migrated and new population took their places due to hard times in
history. This caused cessation of the natural development processes and a new
stream of toponymy, based on unnatural but forced administrative processes,
appeared. The village Qiqineti belongs to such kind of villages and its microtoponymy
is very interesting and examplary for us today.

In this work,
macrotoponymy is analysed by means of historical-comparative method. The toponyms acknowledged in the sources, in some cases, have
been altered so far and it is,teherefore, difficult to determine their real linguistic roots. As for the toponyms evidenced in the 20th
century, they are derived mainly from the interviewers through direct and in-depth interviewing. Besides direct
interviews to gather relevant data, we used the material gathered by the MA and PhD students in the
related departments of
Samtskhe-Javakheti State University.

When
discussing the literature sources we gave preference to Georgian sources and
also Osmal (Ottoman
Empire) period sources, which are published in Georgian.

The material
gathered from the interviewers and historical
sources permits to conduct structural and semantic analysis, identify the forms
produced through the mixture of the dialects which also reveal the new
linguistic-dialectological situation characteristic for the village
Qiqineti.

Studying the
toponymy of only one village enables us to carry out our research in detail, find out new linguistic layers, general characteristic
features of the Georgian dialects and the special cases found out in the
village.

The results
of the research showed out that the main cause of disappearing the microtoponyms is the forced displacement of the population
through administrative interference. The existence of oronymy as the
basic orienting point for distribution of the lands and territories is also the
result of the administrative interference.
Weight Gain of Nellore Breed, Nellore X Angus cross breed and mixed cattle at confinement termination
Authors: Leal Neto M. J. F. S. , Frias D. F. R. 
Published: August 2020

This work was carried out to evaluate productive characteristics in Nellore, Cross breed (Nellore vs. Aberdeen Angus) and mixed cattle in order to compare animals performance in fed lot. It was analyzed the fattening of 2797 Nellore cattle, 2774 crossbred cattle (½ Angus vs. ½ Nellore) and 2614 Crossbred cattle (no defined breed). The data referring to IAW (Initial Average Weight), FAW (Final Average Weight), and DG (Daily Gain) demonstrated the superiority of ½ Angus vs. ½ Nellore animals related to Nellore and mixed cattle. The CY (Carcass Yield) the mixed cattle had similar performance in comparison to ½ Angus vs. ½ Nellore. The AHCW (Average Hot Carcass Weight) cross breed animals were higher. The cost of production for the three genetic groups was similar but profitability was higher in the cross-breed group. Nellore showed a profit of R $ 241.30; cross-breed, R $ 451.71 and , mixed cattle R $ 15.44 per animal. It is concluded that when the main characteristics related to the profitability of production in intensive system were evaluated, the most prominent genetic group was the cross-breed ½ Angus vs. ½ Nellore, and regarding the economic viability of the activity, it becomes profitable when animals are from the most nutritionally efficient genetic groups, due to the high DAG, reduce production costs, thereby increasing the profitability of the activity.
Causas del desprendimiento de retina y el desenlace visual final en menores de 18 años en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación
Authors: Echeverry-Aguilar Claudia Andrea , Gaviria-Bravo Martha Lía 
Published: August 2020

Objetivo: caracterizar las causas del desprendimiento de retina y determinar la agudeza visual final en menores de 18 años en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación entre 2012 y 2017.Metodología: se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de desprendimiento de retina confirmado por examen oftalmológico o ecografía, se incluyeron pacientes menores de 18 años que ingresaron al Hospital San Vicente Fundación entre 2012 y 2017 para identificar las causas del desprendimiento de retina y la agudeza visual final.Resultados: se analizaron 51 historias clínicas: 28 hombres y 23 mujeres, 39,1 % ocurrieron en menores de 1 año y no se encontró desprendimiento de retina por encima de los 14 años. Las causas se establecieron como retinopatía de la prematuridad 23,5 %, trauma ocular 21,6 %, retinoblastoma 9,8 %, toxoplasmosis congénita 7,8 %, toxocara 7,8 %, entre otras, no se encontró causa en 3,9 % de los pacientes.En 50 ojos de 41 pacientes se determinó la agudeza visual final, de los cuales 47 (94 %) quedaron con agudeza visual peor o igual a 20/200 y 3 ojos con agudeza visual de 20/40 o mejor.Discusión: el desprendimiento de retina es infrecuente en los niños, sin embargo, sus causas y desenlaces son más devastadores que en los adultos. En nuestro medio las principales causas son la retinopatía de la prematuridad, el trauma, el retinoblastoma y las infecciones parasitarias. Diferente a los adultos, en los niños se requiere una evaluación más cuidadosa y un umbral de sospecha más bajo para considerar enfermedades potencialmente mortales.
Resiliencia en gestantes adolescentes del Caribe colombiano: evaluación con la escala de Wagnild y Young
Authors: Monterrosa-Castro Álvaro , Ulloque-Caamaño Liezel , Colón-Iriarte Candelaria , Polo-Payares Ester 
Published: August 2020

Introducción: las adolescentes presentan cambios biológicos y reciben influencias sociales que las predisponen a quedar embarazadas a temprana edad.
Objetivo: evaluar la resiliencia en un grupo de gestante adolescentes para estimar la frecuencia del NRB (nivel de resiliencia bajo) e identificar factores psicosociales asociados.
Metodología: estudio transversal en gestantes adolescentes que acudieron a consulta prenatal en Cartagena, Colombia. Se aplicó un cuestionario de características sociodemográficas y escalas sobre resiliencia, familismo, religiosidad, espiritualidad, funcionalidad familiar, violencia de pareja, felicidad y autoestima. Se compararon dos grupos: NRB y NRAM (nivel de resiliencia alto/moderado). Se realizó una regresión logística multivariada para identificar los factores asociados al NRB.
Resultados: se estudiaron 499 gestantes adolescentes con una edad promedio de 17 años. La mitad de ellas pertenecían a familias disfuncionales. Sesenta y cuatro (12,8 %) tuvieron un NRB con factores asociados como bajo familismo OR: 4,736 (IC 95 %: 2,673-8,392), baja autoestima OR: 4,257 (IC 95 %: 1,363-13,295), disfunción familiar OR: 3,902 (IC 95 %: 2,052-7,422), violencia de pareja OR: 2,689 (IC 95 %: 1,082-6,678), deficiente espiritualidad OR: 2,503 (IC 95 %: 1,461-4,287) y reducida felicidad OR: 2,063 (IC 95 %: 1,214-3,506).
Conclusión: en una ciudad del Caribe colombiano, en trece de cada cien gestantes adolescentes que acudena consulta prenatal, se encontró NRB; disfunción familiar, violencia de pareja en el embarazo, deficiente perspectiva espiritual, reducida felicidad subjetiva, familismo y nivel de autoestima bajos se observaron asociados.
Identifying Genocide: The Yazidi Massacre in the Context of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide 1948
Authors: Potot-Warren Jade 
Published: August 2020

In August 2014 ISIS conducted a coordinated attack on the Yazidi population of the Mount Sinjar area. As a result, the entirety of this Yazidi population was displaced[1], and an estimated total of 3,100[2] Yazidis were killed (approximately half were executed, and the rest died whilst fleeing[3]) and 6,800[4] were kidnapped and subjected to numerous abuses, including torture and forced religious conversion. The “genocide” is ongoing[5] and as of August 2014, there are an estimated 3,200[6] women and girls still in ISIS captivity. This article will explore these events in the context of the elements of genocide and with references to the findings of the Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic and the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation in Iraq in the light of abuses committed by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and associated group. This article will critically examine if, and to what extent, these attacks constitute a genocide within the meaning of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (‘Genocide Convention’) 1948.In August 2014 ISIS conducted a coordinated attack on the Yazidi population of the Mount Sinjar area. As a result, the entirety of this Yazidi population was displaced[1], and an estimated total of 3,100[2] Yazidis were killed (approximately half were executed, and the rest died whilst fleeing[3]) and 6,800[4] were kidnapped and subjected to numerous abuses, including torture and forced religious conversion. The “genocide” is ongoing[5] and as of August 2014, there are an estimated 3,200[6] women and girls still in ISIS captivity.This article will explore these events in the context of the elements of genocide and with references to the findings of the Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic and the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation in Iraq in the light of abuses committed by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and associated group. This article will critically examine if, and to what extent, these attacks constitute a genocide within the meaning of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (‘Genocide Convention’) 1948.
Monofocal Compression-Distraction Osteosynthesis in a Distal Femoral Nonunion Using a Magnetic Medullary Nail
Authors: Scolaro John A. , Mark Bryan J. 
Published: August 2020

Case:
A 65-year-old woman presented with a malaligned, shortened supracondylar distal femoral nonunion. An acute medial closing wedge osteotomy was performed through the nonunion and compressed with a retrograde magnetically controlled intramedullary nail. Osteogenesis with sequential compression and then distraction was performed at the osteotomy site using the nail to successfully restore limb length and alignment.

Conclusion:
A magnetically controlled nail can be used to perform monofocal sequential compression-distraction osteosynthesis through a nonunion after an alignment correcting osteotomy.
Remediation of Heavy Oil Transportation Problems via Pipelines Using Biodegradable Additives: An Experimental and Artificial Intelligence Approach
Authors: Gudala Manojkumar , Naiya Tarun Kumar , Govindarajan Suresh Kumar 
Published: August 2020

Summary
The present work focuses on the improvement of flow properties during the transportation of heavy oil via 0.0254-, 0.0381-, and 0.0508-m-diameter pipelines. The effect of temperature, water cut, natural extract Madhuca Longifolia (ML), and potato starch (PS) on pressure drop, shear viscosity, and flow behavior index (n) was experimentally investigated. Minimum pressure drop occurred in the 0.0508-m-inner-diameter (ID) pipeline because of the combined consequence of temperature and 2,000 ppm ML during the transportation of 85% heavy oil + 15% water. A new correlation was developed to predict the friction factor for the heavy oil/emulsions during its transportation in a 0.0254-m-ID pipeline using the linear regression method for friction factor. Flow behavior index inclined toward Newtonian from shear-thinning behavior (i.e., n = 0.2181 to 0.9834) after the addition of 2,000 ppm ML at 50°C. From the comparative studies of the bioadditives ML and PS, it was found that ML was more effective in decreasing pressure drop. A new hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) technique was developed and used to optimize flow-influencing parameters to minimize the pressure drop and shear viscosity and improve flow behavior index. Minimum pressure drop (58,659.72 Pa), shear viscosity (1.56 Pa·s), and maximum flow behavior index (0.71) were achieved during the heavy oil flow in the 0.0508-m-ID pipeline after addition of 15% water, 1,320 ppm ML for 12.33-m3/h flow rate at 27°C. ML and PS are substantially efficient enough to decrease the pressure drop and shear viscosity and increase the flow behavior index in pipelines. However, from the studies, it was concluded that ML shows better performance compared with PS. Because both ML and PS are biodegradable and nontoxic, the petroleum industry may use both as a cost-effective alternative to decrease pour point and improve flowability for heavy crude oil.
Effects of Salinity and pH on the Stability of Clay-Stabilized Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsions
Authors: Yu Long , Li Shidong , Stubbs Ludger Paul , Lau Hon Chung 
Published: August 2020

Summary
Most emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and will lose their effectiveness once the emulsion droplets experience creaming or coalescence, which constrains potential further and wide application. Therefore, finding a stable emulsion system is important.
In this work, a systematic study was carried out on the use of an oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion stabilized by sodium (Na)-montmorillonite particles. The particle-size distribution and zeta potential of Na-montmorillonite particle solutions at 0 to 20 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl) and pH of 3.3 to 11 were characterized first. The emulsifying ability of the clay particles and stability of O/W emulsions against creaming and coalescence at a set of salinities and pH were measured to provide suitable salinity and pH range for the emulsions.
Results show that the Na-montmorillonite particles can be used as an effective stabilizer for O/W emulsion. Because of the decreased zeta potential, the clay particles are more likely to adsorb on the oil/water interface to form emulsions with smaller droplet size in an acidic and high-salinity environment. At a fixed pH, the emulsion tends to be unstable against creaming at less than a certain critical salinity, which is usually 0.25 wt% NaCl. At the critical salinity, the clay particles form a three-dimensional (3D) clay network to effectively stabilize the emulsion from creaming. This clay network interconnects the emulsion droplets, thus hindering the upward movement of the droplets because of buoyancy. At salinities higher than the critical salinity, the emulsion stability against creaming gradually decreases with salinity because of the compaction of the 3D clay network. At a fixed salinity, the creaming stability also has a similar critical pH, which increases with salinity. In addition, the O/W emulsion droplets are more stable against coalescence under more acidic and saline conditions. This results from denser clay particle adsorption on the droplet surface and a greater restriction on droplet motion and collision by the clay structure. Three 2D diagrams showing clear trend of clay emulsifying ability, long-term emulsion stability against creaming and coalescence at a range of salinity from 0 to 20 wt% NaCl, and at a range of pH from 3.3 to 11 were achieved to provide appropriate emulsions.
Expression of IL-23 in Gilt Endometrium and Oviduct After Insemination With Seminal Plasma, Spermatozoa or Semen Extender
Authors: Svensson Anna , Jiwakanon Jatesada , Fossum Caroline , Dalin Anne-Marie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: Signaling between seminal fluid and the female reproductive tract is required for a successful pregnancy to occur. Insemination with spermatozoa, seminal plasma and extender, is known to cause a rapid inflammatory response in the pig endometrium, which is characterized by an influx of neutrophils into the uterus. The temporary inflammatory response to semen involves induction of cytokines. In this study, potential functions for Interleukin-23 (IL-23) in the inflammatory response to different insemination treatments were examined by studying mRNA expression and immunostaining in samples of gilt oviduct (isthmus and infundibulum) and endometrium collected 35-40 h after insemination. Insemination was performed with either seminal plasma (SP, n = 4), spermatozoa in the extender Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) (SPZ, n = 4), or BTS alone (n = 4). In control gilts (n = 4) an insemination catheter was inserted without anything being inseminated. Any relation between expression of IL-23 and the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMNs) in the endometrium was examined. Results: Results showed that IL-23 mRNA was expressed in the oviduct and in the endometrium. There was a significantly lower IL-23 mRNA expression in samples from gilts in the SPZ, SP and BTS treatment groups, compared with the controls. The control group also displayed significantly more neutrophils in samples collected 35-40 h after insemination compared with samples from the SP group. IL-23 immunolabelling was detected in a small number of separate cells as well as in the sub-epithelial connective tissue of the endometrium, the endosalpinx of the isthmus and infundibulum.Conclusions: All fluids used for insemination decreased the expression of IL-23 mRNA in the endometrium compared to catheter-insertion alone, indicating a possible role for IL-23 in the inflammatory response after insemination in gilts.
Detection and Characterisation of Carbapenem Resistant Gram-negative Bacilli Isolates Recovered From Hospitalised Patients at Soba University Hospital, Sudan
Authors: Elbadawi Hana S. , Elhag Kamal M. , Mahgoub Elsheikh , Altayb Hisham N , Ntoumi Francine , Elton Linzy , McHugh Timothy D , Osman Mohamed , Tembo John , Vairo Francesco , Ippolito Giuseppe , Osman Abdinasir , Zumla Alimuddin , Hamid Muzamil Mahdi Abdel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a threat to global health security. Whilst over the past decade, there has been an increase in reports of nosocomial infections globally caused by carbapenem resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). This study aimed to detect and characterize carbapenem resistance Gram negative bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients in Soba University Hospital (SUH) in Khartoum State, Sudan Results: A total of 206 GNB isolates from different clinical specimens were obtained from hospitalised patients between October 2016 to February 2017. Of 206 isolates, 171 (83%) were confirmed resistant phenotypically and 121 (58.7%) isolates were positive for the presence of one or more carbapenemase genes. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) types were the most predominant genes, blaNDM 107(52%). Others included blaIMP 7 (3.4%), blaOXA-48 5(2.4%), blaVIM 2 (0.9%) and blaKPC 0 (0%). Co-resistance genes with NDM producing GNB were detected in 87 (81.3%) of all blaNDM positive isolates. A significant association between phenotypic and genotypic resistance was observed (P < 0.001). NDM1 was the most frequent subtype observed in 75 (70 %) isolates which clusters to the Indian lineage.Conclusions: The frequency of carbapenemase producing bacilli was found to be improperly high in SUH. NDM was found to be the most prevalent carbapenemase gene among clinical isolates. Close surveillance across all hospitals in Sudan is required. The relative distribution of carbapenemase genes among GNB in nosocomial infections in Africa needs to be defined.
Comparison of Acute Appendicitis Before and Within COVID 19 Era: A Retrospective Study from Rural Nepal
Authors: Baral Suman , Chhetri Rajkumar , Thapa Neeraj 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
IntroductionThe world has been engulfed with the pandemicity of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which have created significant impact in the emergency surgical health delivery including acute appendicitis. The main aim of this study was to compare the demographic and clinical parameters between two cohorts before the onset of lockdown and within pandemic.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed between two groups A and B, who presented with acute appendicitis three months prior to and after initiation of lockdown on March 24 2020 respectively in one of the tertiary centers of Nepal. These two cohorts were compared in demographics, clinicopathological characteristics and surgical aspects of acute appendicitis. ResultsThere were 42 patients in group A and 50 patients in group B. Mean age of the patient was 31.32±17.18 years with male preponderance in group B (N= 29). Mean duration of pain increased significantly in group B [57.8±25.9(B) vs 42.3±25.0(A) hours, P= 0.004] along with mean duration of surgery. [51.06±9.4(B) vs 45.27±11.8(A) minutes, P= 0.015] There was significant decrease in post-operative hospital stay among group B patients. [3.04±1.1(B) vs 3.86±0.67(A) days, P= 0.0001] Complicated cases increased in group B including appendicular perforation in 10 cases. Similarly, mean duration of presentation to hospital significantly increased in group B patients with perforation. [69.6±21.01 vs 51.57±17.63 hours, P= 0.008] ConclusionDuring the adversity of the current pandemic, increased number of cases of acute appendicitis can be dealt with surgery as the chances of late presentation and complexity of the lesion exists.
Observation of Multinuclear Extra-framework Aluminum Species in Dealuminated Zeolite Catalysts
Authors: Zheng Anmin , Yi Xianfeng , Xiao Yao , Liu Zhiqiang , Li Guangchao , Chen Wei , Liu Shangbiu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Although the Lewis acidic extra-framework aluminum (EFAL) species usually play decisive roles in improving the thermal stabilities, acidity and catalytic performances of industrialized zeolitic catalysts, the structure of these important EFAL clusters has long been a subject of intense debate, and their characterization remains a challenging task. Particularly, the more stable and even more catalytic active multinuclear EFAL clusters have never been experimentally observed owing to the nearly indistinguishable physicochemical properties of mononuclear and multinuclear EFAL species detected by conventional techniques. Herein, by invoking advanced two-dimensional (2D) solid-state 31P NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with a novel probe molecule, namely 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphine) ethane (DMPE), we demonstrated for the first time that the presence of multinuclear EFAL species in dealuminated zeolites. Furthermore, based on the comprehensive spatial interactions information from 2D 31P-31P homonuclear correlation NMR experiments, the evolution and transformation mechanisms of various acidic sites during the dealumination treatment of zeolites have also been clarified.