bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Environment and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Boer Ben 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the legal and policy links between the cultural heritage and the natural environment. Although there are formal separations between the two realms, there is an increasing convergence between them, manifested in the interpretation of the primary international instruments and associated guidelines and policies. In the Indigenous world, the links between culture and nature have always been more obvious and understood. Thus an increasing legal integration of the concepts of cultural heritage and natural heritage should be seen as a welcome development. It is argued that, unless an awareness of the vital dependence of humanity on its local and global environments can be re-established, the polycentric existential crises facing humanity—represented by climate change, pollution, land degradation, and biodiversity loss—have little chance of being addressed. A fundamental rethink of our understanding of the legal and policy relationships between the cultural heritage and the natural environment is required.
Language as Cultural Heritage
Authors: de Witte Bruno 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses linguistic heritage as part of cultural heritage. The use of a language not only serves as a means of functional communication but also expresses the speaker’s cultural identity as well as the cultural heritage developed by all previous users of that language. One can say that legal measures that allow for the public use of a particular language, or that impose the use of that language in certain contexts, contribute to the preservation of the cultural heritage of a country. However, UNESCO’s Intangible Heritage Convention includes within its scope the oral traditions and forms of expressions that use language as their tool. In other words, language is protected because, and to the extent that, it gives expression to an element of a community’s intangible cultural heritage other than the language itself. Therefore, international law plays only a limited role in protecting language-as-heritage.
Cultural Heritage and State Immunity
Authors: Pavoni Riccardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The application of State immunity to cultural heritage property may yield contradictory outcomes. On the one hand, it may bar access to justice by rightful owners of cultural property. On the other, it may shield art objects from reparation claims by victims of state breaches of obligations which are unrelated to ownership issues. This chapter examines the law and practice concerning cultural heritage and state immunity. A variety of pertinent recent developments are reviewed, such as certain law-making activities by the Council of Europe, the International Law Association, and a number of States, as well as several high-profile judicial disputes challenging state immunity for cultural property, particularly in the context of the United States Nazi-looted art litigation. Against that backdrop, the chapter discusses the boundaries of customary law in this area, especially as regards the existence and scope of a customary rule of immunity from seizure for artworks on loan.
Cultural Heritage and State Responsibility
Authors: Vigni Patrizia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter determines to what extent international norms on State responsibility may be applied in cases of the violation of international obligations concerning cultural heritage. It determines to which State wrongful behaviour may be attributed; second, which breaches of law consist in wrongful acts; third, whether such responsibility may be precluded; fourth, what consequences arise from the recognition of State responsibility including which persons are entitled to invoke such responsibility. Although cultural heritage treaties do not provide for a distinctive responsibility regime, the Draft Articles on State Responsibility are applicable to wrongful acts arising from the breach of the obligations established by these treaties. Moreover, the breach of the norms relating to cultural heritage, which have been recognized as part of customary international law, entails the application of general principles on State responsibility, including those contained in the Draft Articles. The chapter then considers the principle of ‘responsibility to protect’.
The Role of Domestic Courts
Authors: Siehr Kurt 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the important role of local courts in art law disputes. In several cases, a foreign country as defendant has raised the defence of immunity. With respect to jurisdiction, two different kinds must be distinguished: international jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction. Subsequently, several questions of the applicable law may become important in art law cases. They range from the law applicable to contracts to the law applicable to succession. If foreign law has to be applied, the result of this application may be changed or modified by public policy of the forum State or, if local law is applicable, foreign mandatory rules may be considered and given effect in the forum State. There are hardly any foreign judgments which had to be enforced in local fora. Most of the cases were decided in the country where the art object or its owner were located and therefore could be enforced in the country of decision.
Asia
Authors: Lee Keun-Gwan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the protection of cultural heritage in Asia. Rapid socioeconomic transformation in East Asia and South East Asia has posed a serious challenge to the cultural heritage of the sub-regions. The substantial damage and destruction inflicted on the cultural heritage, coupled with the growth of public awareness on its importance for national identity, prompted the governments in the region to take action, in particular through promulgation of the laws and regulations for the protection of cultural heritage. In so doing, the meaning of cultural heritage has generally expanded beyond the traditional, tangible cultural objects into intangible and underwater cultural heritage. A series of international conventions for the protection of cultural heritage, adopted under the auspices of UNESCO, has undoubtedly provided much impetus. Also, the question of return or repatriation of cultural objects to their countries of origin looms increasingly large in Asia.
Oceania
Authors: Forrest Craig , Corrin Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the protection of cultural heritage in Oceania. How the peoples of Oceania relate to their environment is through the prism of heritage. That heritage is holistic, embracing all life, and is both tangible and intangible. Understood through cultural traditions, it defines their cultural identity and remains inseparable from their social, economic, and environmental well-being. The States of Oceania have not engaged with the protection of cultural heritage at an international level, and, while party to the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions, the level of protection is modest, though increasing in significance.
Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Kersel Morag M. , Bouchenaki Mounir 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the protection of cultural heritage in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). In their initial days of statehood, most postcolonial entities did not alter the basic institutional arrangements of colonial law and administration. In the MENA region, this resulted in the adoption of laws and policies related to the protection and preservation of cultural heritage, which included elements from earlier Ottoman laws and by-laws, British and French Mandatory laws and ordinances, and the legislative efforts of the colonial powers of France and Italy. Subsequently, in postcolonial MENA, nation states began adopting the 1970 UNESCO Convention with the aim of protecting their cultural resources and at the same time asserting themselves as legitimate States who care about culture. UNESCO efforts were also aimed at fostering greater parity between nations, with the intention of eliminating or at least ameliorating colonial legacies of inequality and misappropriation.
Association between CAI microsatellite, multilocus sequence typing, and clinical significance within Candida albicans isolates
Authors: Wu Yen-Mu , Lee Chih-Hua , Cheng Yi-Chuan , Lu Jang-Jih , Wang Shao-Hung 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Candida albicans bloodstream infection (BSI) is epidemiologically important because of its increasing frequency and serious outcome. Strain typing and delineation of the species are essential for understanding the phylogenetic relationship and clinical significance. Microsatellite CAI genotyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed on 285 C. albicans bloodstream isolates from patients in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou (CGMHL), Taiwan from 2003 to 2011. Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, risk factors, and clinical outcomes were recorded within adult patients with C. albicans BSI. Both CAI genotyping and MLST yielded comparable discriminatory power for C. albicans characterization. Besides, the distribution of CAI repetition showed a satisfactory phylogenetic association, which could be a good alternative method in the molecular phylogenetics of C. albicans and epidemiological studies. As for the clinical scenario, clade 17 isolates with CAI alleles either possessing 29 or more repetitions were related to higher 14-day and 30-day mortality, and shorter median survival days.
An eccentric wave in the circumstellar disc of the Be/X-ray binary X Persei
Authors: Zamanov R K , Stoyanov K A , Wolter U , Marchev D , Tomov N A , Bode M F , Nikolov Y M , Marchev V , Iliev L , Stateva I K 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present spectroscopic observations of the Be/X-ray binary X Per obtained during the period 2017 December–2020 January (MJD 58095–58865). In 2017 December, the H α, H β, and He i 6678 emission lines were symmetric with violet-to-red peak ratio V/R ≈ 1. During the first part of the period (2017 December–2018 August), the V/R ratio decreased to 0.5 and the asymmetry developed simultaneously in all three lines. In 2018 September, a third component with velocity ≈250 km s−1 appeared on the red side of the He i line profile. Later, this component emerged in H β, accompanied by the appearance of a red shoulder in H α. Assuming that it is due to an eccentric wave in the circumstellar disc, we find that the eccentric wave appeared first in the innermost part of the disc, it spreads out with outflowing velocity vwave ≈ 1.1 ± 0.2 km s−1, and the eccentricity of the eccentric wave is ewave ≈ 0.29 ± 0.07. A detailed understanding of the origin of such eccentricities would have applications to a wide range of systems from planetary rings to AGNs.
Gaia view of a stellar sub-structure in front of the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Omkumar Abinaya O , Subramanian Smitha , Niederhofer Florian , Diaz Jonathan , Cioni Maria-Rosa L , El Youssoufi Dalal , Bekki Kenji , de Grijs Richard , van Loon Jacco Th 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent observational studies identified a foreground stellar sub-structure traced by red clump (RC) stars (∼12 kpc in front of the main body) in the eastern regions of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and suggested that it formed during the formation of the Magellanic Bridge (MB), due to the tidal interaction of the Magellanic Clouds. Previous studies investigated this feature only up to 4${_{.}^{\circ}}$0 from the centre of the SMC due to the limited spatial coverage of the data and hence could not find a physical connection with the MB. To determine the spatial extent and properties of this foreground population, we analysed data from the Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) of a ∼314 deg2 region centred on the SMC, which cover the entire SMC and a significant portion of the MB. We find that the foreground population is present only between 2${_{.}^{\circ}}$5 to ∼5°–6° from the centre of the SMC in the eastern regions, towards the MB and hence does not fully overlap with the MB in the plane of the sky. The foreground stellar population is found to be kinematically distinct from the stellar population of the main body with ∼35 km s−1 slower tangential velocity and moving to the north-west relative to the main body. Though the observed properties are not fully consistent with the simulations, a comparison indicates that the foreground stellar structure is most likely a tidally stripped counterpart of the gaseous MB and might have formed from the inner disc (dominated by stars) of the SMC. A chemical and 3D kinematic study of the RC stars along with improved simulations, including both tidal and hydro-dynamical effects, are required to understand the offset between the foreground structure and MB.
On the grain-sized distribution of turbulent dust growth
Authors: Mattsson Lars 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
It has recently been shown that turbulence in the interstellar medium can significantly accelerate the growth of dust grains by accretion of molecules, but the turbulent gas density distribution also plays a crucial role in shaping the grain-sized distribution (GSD). The growth velocity, i.e. the rate of change of the mean grain radius, is proportional to the local gas density if the growth species (molecules) are well mixed in the gas. As a consequence, grain growth happens at vastly different rates in different locations, since the gas density distribution of the interstellar medium (ISM) shows a considerable variance. Here, it is shown that GSD rapidly becomes a reflection of the gas density distribution, irrespective of the shape of the initial GSD. This result is obtained by modelling ISM turbulence as a Markov process, which in the special case of an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process leads to a lognormal gas density distribution, consistent with numerical simulations of isothermal compressible turbulence. This yields an approximately lognormal GSD; the sizes of dust grains in cold ISM clouds may thus not follow the commonly adopted power-law GSD with index −3.5 but corroborate the use of a lognormal GSD for large grains, suggested by several studies. It is also concluded that the very wide range of gas densities obtained in the high Mach-number turbulence of molecular clouds must allow formation of a tail of very large grains reaching radii of several microns.
AcrHub: an integrative hub for investigating, predicting and mapping anti-CRISPR proteins
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Dai Wei , Li Jiahui , Li Qi , Xie Ruopeng , Zhang Yanju , Stubenrauch Christopher , Lithgow Trevor 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAnti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins naturally inhibit CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems across bacterial and archaeal domains of life. This emerging field has caused a paradigm shift in the way we think about the CRISPR-Cas system, and promises a number of useful applications from gene editing to phage therapy. As the number of verified and predicted Acrs rapidly expands, few online resources have been developed to deal with this wealth of information. To overcome this shortcoming, we developed AcrHub, an integrative database to provide an all-in-one solution for investigating, predicting and mapping Acr proteins. AcrHub catalogs 339 non-redundant experimentally validated Acrs and over 70 000 predicted Acrs extracted from genome sequence data from a diverse range of prokaryotic organisms and their viruses. It integrates state-of-the-art predictors to predict potential Acrs, and incorporates three analytical modules: similarity analysis, phylogenetic analysis and homology network analysis, to analyze their relationships with known Acrs. By interconnecting all modules as a platform, AcrHub presents enriched and in-depth analysis of known and potential Acrs and therefore provides new and exciting insights into the future of Acr discovery and validation. AcrHub is freely available at http://pacrispr.erc.monash.edu/AcrHub/.
Associated Changes in E-cigarette Puff Duration and Cigarettes Smoked per Day
Authors: Wagener Theodore L , Avery Jason A , Leavens Eleanor L S , Simmons W Kyle 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction
To examine whether changes in select measures of e-cigarette puffing topography are associated with changes in smoking behavior.

Methods
Sixteen current cigarette smokers were instructed to completely switch from smoking combustible cigarettes to using e-cigarettes over a 2-week period. The study was completed in the Southern Midwestern region of the United States. Measures included demographics, smoking history, and cigarette dependence, as well as baseline and 2-week follow-up self-reported cigarettes per day, cigarette craving and urges, exhaled carbon monoxide readings, and e-cigarette usage data (puff number, puffing time, and average puff duration) collected via the e-cigarette built-in puff counter.

Results
Over the 2-week switching period, participants significantly reduced their cigarettes per day (~80% reduction, p &lt; .0001). Although the number of e-cigarette puffs/day remained relatively stable (p &gt; .05), the average total e-cigarette daily puffing time increased significantly (p = .001). Users’ average puff duration increased by 91 ms/puff/d (p &lt; .001). The percentage decrease in cigarettes smoked per day was significantly and directly related to the slope of subjects’ average puff duration over time (r(13) = .62, p = .01), such that as cigarettes per day decreased, puff duration increased. Self-reported smoking urges remained relatively stable from baseline to the end of the 2-week period (p &gt; .05).

Conclusions
Among smokers switching to an e-cigarette, greater increases in e-cigarette puff duration was associated with greater reductions in cigarette smoking.

Implications
The current study is one of the first to examine changes in smokers’ e-cigarette puffing behavior and associated changes in cigarette consumption as they attempt to completely switch to e-cigarettes. During a 2-week switching period, participants reduced their cigarettes per day. Moreover, although e-cigarette puffs per day remained relatively stable, users’ average puff duration increased significantly. Greater increases in e-cigarette puff duration were associated with greater reductions in cigarette smoking. Understanding how to effectively use an e-cigarette to best reduce and eventually quit smoking will be necessary as smokers increasingly turn to these products to facilitate possible cessation.
Sustainable Food Logistics Systems
Authors: Wu Zhaohui , Pullman Madeleine Elinor 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Food supply chain management is becoming a critical management and public policy agenda. Climate change, growing demand, and shifting patterns of food production, delivery, and consumption have elicited a series of new challenges, such as food security, safety, and system resiliency. This chapter first introduces the typical players in a food supply chain and examines the global food system characterized by consolidation and industrialization. It then discusses some critical topics of the sustainable food supply chain that aim to address these challenges. These topics include traceability, transparency, certification and standards, and alternatives to industrialized food systems, including cooperatives, community-supported agriculture, and roles of small and medium-sized growers in regenerative agriculture. The chapter ends with a discussion of several important emerging logistics management topics, including last-mile delivery, new technology, and cold chain management.
Transnational Social Movements and Peaceful Change
Authors: Peña Alejandro Milcíades 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter discusses the relationship between social movements and peaceful change. First, it reviews the way this relationship has been elaborated in IR constructivist and critical analyses, as part of transnational activist networks, global civil society, and transnational social movements, while considering the blind sides left by the dominant treatment of these entities as positive moral actors. Second, the chapter reviews insights from the revolution and political violence literature, a literature usually sidelined in IR debates about civil society, in order to cast a wider relational perspective on how social movements participate in, and are affected by, interactive dynamic processes that may escalate into violent outcomes at both local and international levels.
Latin America’s Evolving Contribution to Peaceful Change in the International System
Authors: Trinkunas Harold A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Latin America has long aspired for an interstate system based on the principles of nonintervention and adherence to international law. Over time, the region has become increasingly free of war, and interstate disputes are frequently settled via diplomacy or by international courts. But it has achieved a largely “negative” peace as peaceful relations in the region are neither the result of nor have produced deeper commercial integration, effective regional organizations, or epistemic security communities. This chapter examines realist, liberal, and constructivist explanations to explain the sources of peace and peaceful change in Latin America, as well as how structural changes in the international system have affected the region. In particular, it analyzes how Latin America’s relative weakness in terms of material capabilities has led it to rely on diplomacy, “soft balancing,” and norms entrepreneurship in international law to secure its interest in a progressively more peaceful and rule-bound international order.
International Institutions and Peaceful Change
Authors: Mérand Frédéric , Pouliot Vincent 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes a sober look at the connections between peaceful change and international institutions. Both liberalism and constructivism assume a positive connection. As shown in this chapter, international institutions do constrain state behavior, foster norms, promote interdependence and trust, and encourage social interaction and the development of collective identities, all of which may lead to a reduction of violent international conflict. At the same time, there is nothing inherent to international institutions that inevitably fosters peaceful change. When institutions lock in an unjust status quo, produce exclusion, or generate grievances that turn into struggles, they may in fact induce conflictual change.
Clean/Unclean, Pure/Impure, Holy/Profane
Authors: Lawrence Jonathan D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the biblical ideas of purity and the related concepts of cleanness and holiness. It discusses some of the terminology used for these concepts in the Bible and related literature and how these terms are used in different texts and various periods. It examines the relationship between purity and holiness, particularly in terms of the Temple in Jerusalem, and discusses some of the possible reasons that certain materials were designated as unclean or impure. It also outlines the development of purification practices, particularly in terms of miqva’ot, Jewish ritual baths which were introduced in the Second Temple period.
Ritual and Worship in Early Judaism
Authors: Newman Judith H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe five centuries of the Second Temple era mark a significant transition from Israelite religion to the emergence of practices that would characterize Judaism as it developed after the fall of the Temple. Rituals of circumcision, the observance of Sabbath, and bathing for purification were common practices occurring outside the Temple that shaped the Jewish identity of individuals. Popular practices involving “magic” without centralized sanction also became prevalent. The rise of scripture and the emergence of the synagogue as a communal place for studying the Torah are two important developments that would shape Judaism to the present.