bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counterpoint and Collocation
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We know a lot about which words go together in our native language. In English we say “She caught a cold and then the flu.” We would never say “She caught the cold and then a flu.” Often we cannot articulate a rule for such knowledge—we just pick it up from hearing language in use. Counterpoint in music was learned the same way. Millions of combinations of tones were possible, but only certain combinations were preferred. Linguists call them “collocations,” meaning things co-located much more frequently than might be expected if combinations were random. The chapter surveys several contrapuntal collocations taught in Naples.
A Sickly Young Woman Speaks Elegant Harmony to One of the Immortals
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the 1930s, the harmony classes at the Paris Conservatory were still segregated by gender. Jacques de La Presle was a teacher of “women’s harmony,” and in 1938 his student Colette Boyer won a first prize in the annual women’s harmony contest. The test bass had been composed by Henri Busser. Boyer’s realizations exhibit an elegance and refinement that must have impressed the judges. Henri Busser’s own realization of his bass is perhaps not quite as good as Boyer’s. Although the trauma of WWII led her to abandon music and seek refuge as a nun, her small artworks produced for the contests and classes in harmony remain testaments to her great talent. She knew nothing of the kind of harmony classes taught today in North America, but she was a minor master of the art of harmony as a living expression of a great European tradition.
The Beaux-Arts Framework
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Institute of France has for centuries controlled royal or public support for the arts in France. Under its wings it has both a School of Fine Arts for the visual arts and the Paris Conservatory for music, as well as many other institutions. The schools of fine arts and music were set up along the similar lines. The goal was to train the next generation of artists and musicians in the classic arts of a past golden age. For visual artists, sculptors, and architects, this meant the art of ancient Greece and Rome. For musicians, this meant the art of sixteenth- to eighteenth-century Italy. For young artists outside the official School of Fine Arts, instructional lithographs could be purchased and copied. These lithographs showed how to make a sketch, then to refine the sketch into a set of contours, and then to add shading and texture.
Early Dynastic Egypt
Authors: Bestock Laurel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Early Dynastic period of Egypt was a time of transition during which the complex territorial state that knit together the Nile delta and the Nile valley north of the First Cataract achieved its first stable form. Consisting of the First and Second Dynasties, roughly the thirty-second to twenty-seventh centuries bc, the period is markedly one of change and innovation. During this period many of the central elements of pharaonic kingship were either introduced or codified, including the relationship of the king to the god Horus, extensive use of the hieroglyphic script, urbanism, royal festivals, some administrative practices, and many visual symbols of kingship that would persist for millennia. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of understanding of the Early Dynastic period. It presents a chronological history anchored on royal documents and monuments for the period but also considers thematic elements, such as regional variation, foreign interaction, and the nature of extant sources, that highlight ways in which a traditional historical narrative obscures the complexity of the establishment of the Egyptian state.
Introduction
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter identifies who controls immigration law and how. Many recent immigration controversies in the United States have been cast as power struggles between the political branches. In nearly every clash, the President’s detractors invoke the same supposed constitutional wisdom: that control over immigration belongs in the hands of Congress. When President Donald Trump, just days after his inauguration, signed an Executive Order banning immigration from six predominantly Muslim countries, critics immediately attacked the action as tyrannical, discriminatory, and a violation of the immigration statutes enacted by Congress. Similarly, when President Barack Obama announced that he would shield young unauthorized immigrants from deportation, the backlash was swift. Commentators, members of Congress, and even his own immigration enforcement agents pilloried him for usurping the constitutional authority of Congress. The modern-day battles of the Trump and Obama eras reflect a deep historical truth about the structure of immigration policymaking: that the President stands at its center. This book tells the story of how the President became the immigration policymaker-in-chief. Today, the President’s extraordinary power over immigration policy grows out of his utterly ordinary constitutional duty to enforce the law. The logic and tools of enforcement therefore define contemporary immigration policy, empowering the President and executive officials to shape the meaning of immigration law.
The Deportation State
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal and bureaucratic transformations that gave rise to the deportation power in its contemporary form, providing a better understanding of how it operates as a significant source of presidential power. The story begins in the late nineteenth century, when Congress effectively created the legal authority and bureaucratic capacity the Executive needed to conduct immigration enforcement within the nation’s interior. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the rise of federal immigration legislation during this period did not mark a sharp break with an earlier, mythical period when the United States welcomed all comers. But it was not until this time that Congress began building the regulatory machinery for selecting immigrants that would turn the federal government into a potent force for controlling immigration. For the first time since the infamous Alien and Sedition Acts, Congress enacted laws making resident noncitizens deportable. Just as important, Congress began constructing institutions that would enable the federal government to turn the growing law of deportation into a reality on the ground. Today, deportation occupies much of the field of federal law enforcement. Indeed, the government deports hundreds of thousands of immigrants every year—far more people than are incarcerated in the entire federal prison system. In this chapter, we explain how this reality came to be.
Controlling the Enforcement Bureaucracy
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the President’s control over immigration policy depends intimately on the structure and culture of the enforcement bureaucracy. These features of the bureaucracy in turn shape presidential policymaking. In particular, low-level executive branch officials play a crucial role in effectuating the enforcement power, as they are the ones responsible for the daily exercise of discretion within the system. To see how these dynamics have played out within the Executive Branch, the chapter studies the Obama administration’s efforts to centralize enforcement discretion in order to control line-level agents and contrasts those efforts with the early decisions of the Trump administration. It focuses on the attempts by political officials to tame the discretion of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents. President Obama’s efforts to discipline the decision-making of these line officials culminated in his two signature initiatives designed to insulate upward of five million unauthorized immigrants from removal. The bureaucratic reality of presidential immigration law has been on display equally during President Trump’s administration, including through efforts to centralize control over discretion where doing so has proven necessary to advancing the President’s policy agenda.
More Than One Way to Be First
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the reader to existing research on first-generation college students and argues that institutions need to learn more about the heterogeneity among first generation students to better serve this population. The authors describe their three broad questions: First, what are the different ways that first-generation students organize their social, extracurricular, and academic lives at selective and highly selective colleges? Second, how do first generation students sort themselves and get sorted into these different types of campus lives? Third, how do these different patterns of campus engagement prepare first-generation students for their post-college lives? The authors then provide an overview of their arguments and explain how their concept of campus geographies provides a new and useful lens. Finally, they describe their methods and provide an overview of the chapters in the book.
Crisis in Cairo: From Sultan to Sultan-Queen
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
When Sultan Salih died while overseeing the battle against the Franks of the Seventh Crusade, Egypt suddenly became vulnerable to attack by the Franks and the Ayyubid princes ruling neighboring territories. Hence, his death became a secret guarded closely by his most trusted advisors and Shajar al-Durr until his sole surviving son could be brought to Cairo. When that heir proved a failure and was assassinated, Shajar al-Durr became sultan in a highly unusual move that surprised even the commenters of the period. She minted coins with her titles, and the weekly sermon in the mosques was recited in her name as Egypt’s sultan.
Prolonged Exposure to Political Violence and the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Palestinian Adolescents
Authors: Haj-Yahia Muhammad M. , Greenbaum Charles W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the relationship between prolonged exposure to political violence (EPV) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among Palestinian adolescents. It also examines the moderating effect of participants’ age, gender, and parental socialization styles on the relationship between EPV and PTSS. A systematic cluster random sample of 2,934 Palestinian adolescents aged 14 to 19 years living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem responded to self-administered questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis showed a positive relationship between levels of EPV and of PTSS. Girls showed higher levels of PTSS than boys. Hostile and rejecting parenting styles, strict discipline, and negative evaluation from parents correlated positively with high PTSS, whereas intimate and loving parenting correlated with low levels of PTSS, supporting the hypotheses presented here. The chapter discusses the importance of intimate and loving parenting styles as a possible protective factor for mitigating the effects of political violence on children.
The Moral Pathways of War-Exposed Youths
Authors: Wainryb Cecilia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
It is too often hard to reconcile what happens in war-torn environments with notions of benevolence and justice. Given that youths develop moral understandings and a sense of themselves and others as moral beings in the context of their everyday experiences, the harrowing backdrop of war is likely to have significant and perhaps long-standing effects on their moral development. In this chapter, contemporary scholarship on morality and on the development of moral agency is used to outline a conceptual framework for understanding the unique challenges faced by war-exposed youth when called to make sense of their own war-related experiences. The chapter includes narrative examples from research with Colombian war-displaced youths and Colombian child soldiers to illustrate distinct ways in which war constrains their attempts at moral meaning-making.
Promoting Resilience in Children Exposed to War and Political Violence by Strengthening Parenting
Authors: Gewirtz Abigail H. , Rahl-Brigman Hayley Anne , Senich Kate 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A key factor associated with children’s resilience in the face of adversity is access to an effective parent or caregiver. Decades of research have shown that parenting practices are malleable and that improvements in parenting predict improvements in children’s development. However, the application of parenting interventions to the population of children and families affected by war and political violence is relatively new. This chapter briefly reviews the theoretical and conceptual rationale for parenting interventions in the context of political violence and war and provides data from passive and intervention studies to demonstrate the potential for parenting interventions to strengthen children’s resilience following political adversity. The chapter reviews observational parenting studies, parenting interventions for war and political violence that are based on the parenting interventions known as Generation PMTO (the Parent Management Training–Oregon model), as well as data from feasibility and randomized controlled trials.
Therapeutic Interventions with Israeli Children Exposed to Continuous Traumatic Stress of Political Violence
Authors: Lavi Tamar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews theoretical and clinical issues related to living under continuous traumatic stress (CTS) due to exposure to political violence. Through an analysis of CTS experienced by the residents of the southwestern area of Israel, the chapter presents an approach to therapeutic interventions for children and families that advocates the adaptation of extant therapies to the CTS situation. An illustrative case study is presented, and the effect of external threat on the therapeutic relationship between therapist and client is discussed. The chapter concludes with recommendations for therapy with children who are exposed to CTS and suggestions for future research for assessing interventions of the kind described in this chapter.
Justice for Children Affected by Political Violence
Authors: Atiba-Davies Gloria 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter catalogs the list of crimes against and affecting children during conflict and situations of war over which the International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction. It provides information on the mandate of the International Criminal Tribunals of Yugoslavia and Rwanda as well as the Special Court of Sierra Leone and how they addressed issues relating to crimes against children. The chapter describes the structure and functioning of the ICC. In addition, significant information is presented about the work of the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the ICC relating to investigations and cases including crimes against children. Lastly, it gives an overview of the Sexual and Gender-based Crimes Policy and the Policy on Children of the OTP, which were launched in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Both policies provide the framework within which the OTP will conduct the preliminary examinations, investigations, and prosecutions of those crimes.
Transitional Justice and Children
Authors: Aptel Cecile , Siegrist Saudamini , Affolter Friedrich W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the importance of transitional justice as a measure to provide remedy for children in cases of massive societal violence, such as armed conflicts, international crimes, or atrocities. It presents different transitional justice initiatives and how they have engaged children, briefly reviewing child-sensitive approaches to criminal accountability, truth-seeking initiatives, reparations programs, and institutional reforms. It recommends that children and young people be consulted and engaged when transitional justice mechanisms and processes are implemented, while protecting their best interests at all times. It highlights the importance of educational reform as a key institutional reform in furthering transitional justice. The chapter proposes that educational reform be positioned as a key instrument for transitional justice, as it plays an important role in children’s recovery, contributing to their cognitive and psychological development while concomitantly advancing social cohesion and long-term peacebuilding.
No Bad Vibes
Authors: Jain Andrea R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the term neoliberal spirituality, which serves as a category to represent a crucial node in global neoliberal capitalism. Spiritual industries, corporations, entrepreneurs, and consumers relate spiritual practices to ethical values through marketing and consumer activities. The result, neoliberal spirituality, represents a neoliberal mode of governance. Gestural subversion, subverting dominant power structures through gestures, however, is a key area of their valuation. The subversive expressions appliqued across yogaware and the industry’s “do good” discourses, for example, signal to the consumer that the products are characterized by values antagonistic to or at least in tension with the forces and relations of capitalist production. They provide the language for spiritual consumers’ discontent.
Made in Bharat
Authors: Jain Andrea R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates neoliberal spirituality in India and its relationship to public space and dominant political values by evaluating prime minister of India Narendra Modi’s 2015 inauguration of the International Day of Yoga with a vast public ritual. Drawing on Steven Lukes’s suggestion that political rituals manipulate an agenda in order to make it appear that community power is at play when in fact they empower a select few, the author argues that Modi’s Yoga Day demonstration demarcated out-groups and empowered a heteropatriarchal Hindu elite. Yoga was an instrument of domination through which Modi mainstreamed Hindutva, the position that the strength and unity of India depend on its “Hindu-ness,” and that therefore unorthodox or foreign social practices and religions should be resisted.
Which Lives Matter?
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter puzzles out why the conviction that there are “higher” and “lower” kinds of beings is so stubbornly rooted in the human way of life. It traces the origins of such a way of thinking. The chapter reveals that racial supremacist beliefs are part of a much larger framework, within which the relationship between race and dehumanization becomes much clearer. Racial thinking and dehumanizing thinking both rely on psychological essentialism, but both also rely on hierarchical thinking. Racialized people are typically thought of as lesser human beings. Because they possess an inferior racial essence, they are thought to be by their very nature at a lower level within the rank of the human. But dehumanized people are thought of as possessing the essence of a subhuman animal. That is what makes them less than human rather than lesser humans.
The Act of Killing
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how we manage violence. Like other social animals, humans inhibit severe forms of violence against members of their own community. These inhibitions are needed, because social life cannot possibly be sustained if the members of a group are at each other's throats. But for most animals these inhibitions against violence do not apply to strangers. Moreover, the human aversion to harming one another is in tension with a basic condition of animal life. Animals must kill, damage, or exploit other organisms in order to live. The act of killing is monumentally important to human lives. The question of what kinds of beings are killable, and under what circumstances they may be killed, is perhaps the most basic of all moral questions. Because killing is mandatory for human survival, it is tempting to fall into the trap of hierarchical thinking, and to rationalize this gut-level bias with fancy philosophical arguments or religious beliefs.
Dangerous Speech
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with dangerous speech. Dangerous speech is any form of expression that is likely to cause others to commit or condone acts of violence against some group of people. Not all dangerous speech is dehumanizing speech, however. People often incite or justify violence against a group without encouraging an audience to think of their targets as nonhumans. But this chapter shows that dehumanizing speech is an especially dangerous kind of speech, because of its power to elicit extreme forms of violence. This form of speech dehumanizes indirectly, by causing others to adopt dehumanizing attitudes. The producer of the speech may or may not even share these attitudes.
Impurity
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that dehumanization is much more complex than merely thinking of other people as lower forms of life. When people dehumanize others, they think of them as both human and subhuman at the same time, and as violating the categorical distinctions that are supposed to underpin the natural order. Filth and disease are repulsive, so it is in the interest of dehumanizers to instill or reinforce the belief that members of the dehumanized group are a source of pollution. Dehumanized people are often seen as harbingers of disorder, pollution, and disease. And even though these people are almost always marginalized and vulnerable, they are depicted as and treated as though they are profoundly threatening—thus justifying the violence against them.
Peril Stories
Authors: Hardwick Julie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
As young couples began their relationships, their intimacy from the start was a community project in which they were allowed extensive room to explore, in emotional as well as physical terms, relationships with potential life partners as long as they observed the conventions by which working communities defined what was licit. Their intimacy could be expansive as long as they conducted it in public spaces. The commitment to marry was soon followed by intercourse as part of the many steps into marriage rather than a “wedding day.” The promises to marry were accompanied by a shift to intimacy in personalized, interior spaces where women often described men’s use of violence as intrinsic to their first experience of intercourse. Community safeguarders sought to manage the risk of youthful intimacy by marking the boundaries, but courtship, even as it offered the potential opportunity of marriage, remained a perilous time for young women.
Holding Men Responsible
Authors: Hardwick Julie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Pregnancy, an inevitable hazard of the multi-step process into marriage that included intercourse before the wedding, was an important point of negotiation and often contention between couples and with community members. Women’s fertility sparked a series of discussions about the timing of the next step, but family and community could channel young couples toward marriage if they perceived matrimony was desirable but becoming unlikely - or prevent it. Through all of these negotiations and across generations and communities as well as between intimate partners, roiling emotions were integral to the transition into marriage or the decisions not to marry. A wide variety of community members acted as safeguarders who sought to ensure progression toward marriage before and after the birth of babies. Young women could go to court to make paternity claims against the alleged fathers, and courts, like communities, consistently expected young men to take responsibility.