bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis by Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry of Heroin Traded in Kuwait during 2016 – 2017, and Its Comparison with Results of Analyzing Heroin Traded during 2012 and Addicts Death Rate Statistics during 2011 – 2018
Authors: Al-Abkal N. A. , Metwally E. Kh. , Alezzbawy S. R. , Orabi Kh. Y. , Alshammari Sh. H. 
Published: June 2020

Aim: To compare the main and additive components of heroin trafficked in the Stateof Kuwait during 2012 with those components of heroin traded recently in the country during 2016 and 2017, and to provide a satisfactory explanation for the increase in deaths among heroin addicts during the period2011 -2018.
Study Design: Selected samples of non-pure powder heroin seized in Kuwait during 2016 and 2017, with pure heroin and a set of10 pure different heroin component standards, all have been quantitatively analyzed in the Forensic Laboratories.
Place and Duration of Study: All qualitative and quantitative analyses for 2016 and 2017 samples were conducted in the Forensic Laboratories of the General Department of Criminal Evidences – Ministry of Interior – State of Kuwait.
Methodology: By using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to qualitative and quantitative analysis have been made on a total of hundred samples of non-pure powder heroin seized in Kuwait during the years 2016 and 2017, in addition to ten pure standards.
Results: The concentration of the diacetylmorphine (active substance of heroin) in Kuwait during the year 2017 are much higher than the concentration during the year 2016. The additive substances (adulterants) for the years 2016 and 2017, are shared with the year 2012 by the component's paracetamol, caffeine and diazepam with different concentrations. But new adulterants in recent years are recorded in samples 2016 and 2017, including methamphetamine, dextromethorphan, and methylphenidate which is absent in 2016 samples.
Conclusion: The concentration % of illicit heroin traded in Kuwait as diacetylmorphine has increase from 10% to 50% for year 2016, and further from 30% - 70% for year 2017, which marks identified a substantial rising in the purity of heroin. In addition, additive substances in the two years include paracetamol (acetaminophen), caffeine and diazepam, previously recorded in 2012. However, totally different new adulterates are recorded in 2016 and 2017 samples, including methamphetamine, dextromethorphan, and methylphenidate. All new three adulterates are detected in quite a few numbers of samples with methylphenidate recorded in a very low concentration of 0. 01 mg. Both new adulterates and higher purity of heroin constitute the main reasons for rising the rate of deaths between heroin addicts in recent years. Also, recent UN reports (12,18) provide evidence that the GC countries Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan are still manufacturing and trading the above mentioned new adulterates.
Assessment of the Dermal Acute Irritation Potential of Natural Veterinary Medicine Minyak Rajas in Albino Rabbits
Authors: Merdana I Made , Arjana Anak Agung Gde , Widyastuti Sri Kayati , Tetrania Tisa , Budiasa Ketut , Sudimartini Luh Made , Sudira I Wayan 
Published: June 2020

Aims: This study was designed to assess the potential for acute dermal irritation of natural veterinary medicine Minyak Rajas (produce by Songgolangit Persada Limited Company, Bali, Indonesia) in albino rabbits. It is a rather thick liquid which contains various medicinal herbal extracts, formulated with effective microorganism technology. This medicine is effective in the treatment of skin infections and inflammation, wounds, intestinal worms and digestive disorder. Additionally, it works for game fowl muscle strengthening.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Veterinary Pharmacy and Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, between April 2020 and May 2020.
Methodology: Experimental animals used were three male albino rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in healthy conditions and weighing of >2 Kg. Test procedures followed the guidelines of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and chemicals used were applied in a single dose of 0.5 ml on animal skins, with untreated skin as a control.
Results: Very slight erythema was found after the Minyak Rajas application and the lesion was about 48 hours. Overall, no severe erythema, edema or other skin lesions were observed. According to the Amanded Draize system, the Primary Irritation Indexes of 0.16 is categorized as non-irritating.
Conclusion: We conclude that the natural veterinary medicine of Minyak Rajasis safe to be used.
Surface‐guided tomotherapy improves positioning and reduces treatment time: A retrospective analysis of 16 835 treatment fractions
Authors: Haraldsson André , Ceberg Sofie , Ceberg Crister , Bäck Sven , Engelholm Silke , Engström Per E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeIn this study, we have quantified the setup deviation and time gain when using fast surface scanning for daily setup/positioning with weekly megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) and compared it to daily MVCT.MethodsA total of 16 835 treatment fractions were analyzed, treated, and positioned using our TomoTherapy HD (Accuray Inc., Madison, USA) installed with a Sentinel optical surface scanning system (C‐RAD Positioning AB, Uppsala, Sweden).Patients were positioned using in‐room lasers, surface scanning and MVCT for the first three fractions. For the remaining fractions, in‐room laser was used for setup followed by daily surface scanning with MVCT once weekly. The three‐dimensional (3D) setup correction for surface scanning was evaluated from the registration between MVCT and the planning CT. The setup correction vector for the in‐room lasers was assessed from the surface scanning and the MVCT to planning CT registration. The imaging time was evaluated as the time from imaging start to beam‐on.ResultsWe analyzed 894 TomoTherapy treatment plans from 2012 to 2018. Of all the treatment fractions performed with surface scanning, 90 % of the residual errors were within 2.3 mm for CNS (N = 284), 2.9 mm for H&N (N = 254), 8.7 mm for thorax (N = 144) and 10.9 for abdomen (N = 134) patients. The difference in residual error between surface scanning and positioning with in‐room lasers was significant (P < 0.005) for all sites. The imaging time was assessed as total imaging time per treatment plan, modality, and treatment site and found that surface scanning significantly reduced patient on‐couch time compared to MVCT for all treatment sites (P < 0.005).ConclusionsThe results indicate that daily surface scanning with weekly MVCT can be used with the current target margins for H&N, CNS, and thorax, with reduced imaging time.
Associated anomalies in cases with congenital clubfoot
Authors: Stoll Claude , Alembick Yves , Dott Beatrice , Roth Marie‐Paule 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCongenital clubfoot CTEV is a common congenital anomaly, its etiology is unclear and its pathogenesis is controversial. Cases with CTEV often have other non‐CTEV associated congenital anomalies. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and the types of these associated anomalies in a defined population. The associated anomalies in cases with CTEV were collected in all livebirths, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancy during 29 years in 387,067 consecutive births in the area covered by our population‐based registry of congenital malformations. Of the 504 cases with CTEV, representing a prevalence of 13.02 per 10,000, 107 (21.2%) had associated anomalies. There were 31 (6.1%) cases with chromosomal abnormalities, and 21 (4.2%) non‐chromosomal recognized dysmorphic conditions including syndromes: 6 arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, 2 22q11.2 microdeletion, and one fetal alcohol syndrome. Fifty‐five (10.9%) of the cases had nonsyndromic multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Anomalies in the cardiovascular, the central nervous, the urinary, the orofacial, and the musculoskeletal systems were the most common other anomalies in the cases with MCA. The anomalies associated with CTEV could be classified into a recognizable malformation syndrome in 52 of the 107 cases (48.6%) with associated anomalies. This study included special strengths: it is population‐based, each affected child was examined by a geneticist, all elective terminations were ascertained, and the surveillance for anomalies was continued until 2 years of age. In conclusion the overall prevalence of associated anomalies, one of five cases, emphasizes the need for a screening for other anomalies in cases with CTEV.
Shared genetic etiology underlying late‐onset Alzheimer's disease and posttraumatic stress syndrome
Authors: Lutz Michael W. , Luo Sheng , Williamson Douglas E. , Chiba‐Falek Ornit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionLate‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) manifests comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increased risk for dementia in late life, suggesting the two disorders may share genetic etiologies.MethodsWe performed genetic pleiotropy analysis using LOAD and PTSD genome‐wide association study (GWAS) datasets from white and African‐American populations, followed by functional‐genomic analyses.ResultsWe found an enrichment for LOAD across increasingly stringent levels of significance with the PTSD GWAS association (LOAD|PTSD) in the discovery and replication cohorts and a modest enrichment for the reverse conditional association (PTSD|LOAD). LOAD|PTSD association analysis identified and replicated theMS4Agenes region. These genes showed similar expression pattern in brain regions affected in LOAD, and across‐brain‐tissue analysis identified a significant association forMS4A6A. The African‐American samples showed moderate enrichment; however, no false discovery rate–significant associations.DiscussionWe demonstrated common genetic signatures for LOAD and PTSD and suggested immune response as a common pathway for these diseases.
Extracellular vesicle biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease associated with sub‐clinical cognitive decline in late middle age
Authors: Eren Erden , Hunt Jack F. V. , Shardell Michelle , Chawla Sahil , Tran Joyce , Gu Jeffrey , Vogt Nick M. , Johnson Sterling C. , Bendlin Barbara B. , Kapogiannis Dimitrios 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionNeuronal extracellular vesicle (nEV) tau and insulin signaling biomarkers may detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease and age‐associated cognitive decline.MethodsThis case‐control study used repeated serum samples from 73 cognitively declining and 73 stable Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention participants (62.4 ± 6.3 years old). We immunocaptured nEVs; measured tau and insulin signaling biomarkers; and examined biomarker differences by group, their performance in group classification in training and test datasets (97, 49 individuals, respectively), and whether they predict cognitive performance change.ResultsDeclining compared to stable individuals showed higher baseline total, p231‐, and p181‐tau with older age and higher annualized change for p‐IR and p‐IGF‐1R. Combining biomarkers classified decliners with 94% area under the curve (AUC), 86.0% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity, in training data, and 75% AUC, 71.4% sensitivity, and 77.3% specificity, in test data. Insulin biomarkers predicted cognitive performance change prospectively.DiscussionCombining nEV biomarkers can identify individuals with age‐associated cognitive decline.
Single‐Molecule Observation of Intermediates in Bioorthogonal 2‐Cyanobenzothiazole Chemistry
Authors: Qing Yujia , Liu Mira D. , Hartmann Denis , Zhou Linna , Ramsay William J. , Bayley Hagan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe report a single‐molecule mechanistic investigation into 2‐cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) chemistry within a protein nanoreactor. When simple thiols reacted reversibly with CBT, the thioimidate monoadduct was approximately 80‐fold longer‐lived than the tetrahedral bisadduct, with important implications for the design of molecular walkers. Irreversible condensation between CBT derivatives and N‐terminal cysteine residues has been established as a biocompatible reaction for site‐selective biomolecular labeling and imaging. During the reaction between CBT and aminothiols, we resolved two transient intermediates, the thioimidate and the cyclic precursor of the thiazoline product, and determined the rate constants associated with the stepwise condensation, thereby providing critical information for a variety of applications, including the covalent inhibition of protein targets and dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
Wechselwirkung von Polyelektrolyt‐Architekturen mit Proteinen und Biosystemen
Authors: Achazi Katharina , Haag Rainer , Ballauff Matthias , Dernedde Jens , Kizhakkedathu Jayachandran N. , Maysinger Dusica , Multhaup Gerd 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGegenionen, die die Ladungen von Polyelektrolyten wie DNA oder Heparin neutralisieren, können im Wasser dissoziieren und beeinflussen stark deren Wechselwirkung mit Biomolekülen, insbesondere mit Proteinen. In diesem Artikel geben wir einen Überblick über Studien zur Wechselwirkung von Proteinen mit Polyelektrolyten und den Nutzen dieses Wissens für die medizinische Forschung. Hauptantriebskraft für die Bindung von Proteinen an Polyelektrolyte ist die Freisetzung von Gegenionen: Positiv geladene Bereiche des Proteins werden hierbei zu mehrwertigen Gegenionen des Polyelektrolyten, sodass zuvor gebundene Gegenionen des Polyelektrolyten freigesetzt werden und sich zugleich die Entropie erhöht, wie wir anhand von Studien zu Wechselwirkung von Proteinen mit natürlichen und synthetischen Polyelektrolyten zeigen. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf sulfatierten dendritischen Polyglycerinen (dPGS). Die Literatur zeigt, dass wir Fortschritte beim Verständnis der Ladungs‐Ladungs‐Wechselwirkung in biologisch relevanten Systemen machen. Die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet wird die Entwicklung synthetischer Polyelektrolyte für die Medizin voranbringen.
Fluorogenic Probes/Inhibitors of β‐Lactamase and their Applications in Drug‐Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Ding Yang , Li Zheng , Xu Chenchen , Qin Wenjing , Wu Qiong , Wang Xuchun , Cheng Xiamin , Li Lin , Huang Wei 
Published: June 2020

Abstractβ‐Lactam antibiotics are generally perceived as one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century, and these small molecular compounds have saved millions of lives. However, upon clinical application of antibiotics, the β‐lactamase secreted by pathogenic bacteria can lead to the gradual development of drug resistance. β‐Lactamase is a hydrolase that can efficiently hydrolyze and destroy β‐lactam antibiotics. It develops and spreads rapidly in pathogens, and the drug‐resistant bacteria pose a severe threat to human health and development. As a result, detecting and inhibiting the activities of β‐lactamase are of great value for the rational use of antibiotics and the treatment of infectious diseases. At present, many specific detection methods and inhibitors of β‐lactamase have been developed and applied in clinical practice. In this Minireview, we describe the resistance mechanism of bacteria producing β‐lactamase and further summarize the fluorogenic probes, inhibitors of β‐lactamase, and their applications in the treatment of infectious diseases. It may be valuable to design fluorogenic probes with improved selectivity, sensitivity, and effectiveness to further identify the inhibitors for β‐lactamases and eventually overcome bacterial resistance.
Stereospecific 1,2‐Migrations of Boronate Complexes Induced by Electrophiles
Authors: Wang Hui , Jing Changcheng , Noble Adam , Aggarwal Varinder Kumar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe stereospecific 1,2‐migration of boronate complexes is one of the most representative reactions in boron chemistry. This process has been used extensively to develop powerful methods for asymmetric synthesis, with applications spanning from pharmaceuticals to natural products. Typically, 1,2‐migration of boronate complexes is driven by displacement of an α‐leaving group, oxidation of an α‐boryl radical, or electrophilic activation of an alkenyl boronate complex. The aim of this article is to summarize the recent advances in the rapidly expanding field of electrophile‐induced stereospecific 1,2‐migration of groups from boron to sp2 and sp3 carbon centers. It will be shown that three different conceptual approaches can be utilized to enable the 1,2‐migration of boronate complexes: stereospecific Zweifel‐type reactions, catalytic conjunctive coupling reactions, and transition metal‐free sp2–sp3 couplings. A discussion of the reaction scope, mechanistic insights, and synthetic applications of the work described is also presented.
Understanding the Interaction of Polyelectrolyte Architectures with Proteins and Biosystems
Authors: Achazi Katharina , Haag Rainer , Ballauff Matthias , Dernedde Jens , Kizhakkedathu Jayachandran N. , Maysinger Dusica , Multhaup Gerd 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe counterions neutralizing the charges on polyelectrolytes such as DNA or heparin may dissociate in water and greatly influence the interaction of such polyelectrolytes with biomolecules, particularly proteins. In this Review we give an overview of studies on the interaction of proteins with polyelectrolytes and how this knowledge can be used for medical applications. Counterion release was identified as the main driving force for the binding of proteins to polyelectrolytes: Patches of positive charge become multivalent counterions of the polyelectrolyte and lead to the release of counterions from the polyelectrolyte and a concomitant increase in entropy. This is shown from investigations on the interaction of proteins with natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes. Special emphasis is paid to sulfated dendritic polyglycerols (dPGS). The Review demonstrates that we are moving to a better understanding of charge–charge interactions in systems of biological relevance. Research along these lines will aid and promote the design of synthetic polyelectrolytes for medical applications.
High‐performance epoxy nanocomposites via constructing rigid structured interphase with epoxy‐rich graphene oxide
Authors: Zhang Xueqin , Heng Zhengguang , Shen Lu , Liang Mei , Zeng Zhong , Chen Yang , Zou Huawei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEpoxy resins, as the most important thermosetting matrix of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, are widely used in the structural field, but the highly intrinsic brittleness of epoxy resins greatly limits their application. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new method to prepare high‐performance epoxy composites. In this research, GO riched with rigid short‐chain structure epoxy group on its surface was synthesized by chemically grafting dopamine, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and glycidol successively. Then the modified nanofillers were incorporated into the epoxy matrix to prepare high‐performance nanocomposites. The effect of epoxy‐rich GO nanosheets as fillers on mechanical properties of aerospace grade epoxy was studied. The results revealed that the epoxy‐rich GO could effectively optimize the performance of epoxy resins owing to forming the rigid structured interphase. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the nanocomposites were up to 113 MPa and 7.6% with 0.075 wt% additives, respectively, which greatly surpassed the value reported by the limited researches on strengthening epoxy with GO and its derivate nanofillers. Therefore, instructive idea and effective method were provided to obtain high‐performance polymer nanocomposite matrix in this study.
Quantitative prediction of elastomer degradation and mechanical behavior based on diffusion–reaction process
Authors: Lu Min , Zhang Haowei , Sun Li 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThermal oxidative aging and other chemical‐induced degradation greatly affect the service life of elastomer components. In this article, we presented a strategy to predict the long‐term mechanical behavior of elastomeric components, to foresee the failure of elastomer components in design stage. The accumulation and consumption of small molecule reactants in elastomers are described using a diffusion–reaction process. Free‐volume theory is applied to consider the diffusivity change during this process. Degradation of elastomers under elevated temperature up to 500 K, environmental pressure up to 4 atm, and different cross‐link densities are studied in this simulation. Methodology of prediction of mechanical behavior is proposed based on the affined network model.
Ammonium nitrogen adsorption from aqueous solution by poly(sodium acrylate)s: Effect on the amount of crosslinker and initiator
Authors: Li I‐Chi , Huang Guan‐Wei , Tsai Cheng‐Hsien , Chen Yung‐Chung , Hong Ming‐Chang , Tsai Tsung‐Yueh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this work, we discuss the ammonium nitrogen adsorption and reusability from aqueous solution by using poly(sodium acrylate) (PANa) hydrogels (Polymers 1–6) under different amount of crosslinker and initiator. The PANa hydrogels were synthesized from the neutralized acrylic acid (AA) monomer via free radical thermal polymerization by using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. These polymers exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 68–88°C and Td values (5% weight loss temperature) in the range of 190–221°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The PANa hydrogels had swollen ratios ranging from 387 to 4,063%, related to the crosslinking density. The final equilibrium adsorption capacity of the polymers was in the range of 20–39 ppm with an initial ammonium nitrogen concentration of 100 ppm. Among them, Polymer 3 without MBA crosslinker displayed the highest swollen characteristic along with the most efficient adsorption capacity. In comparison, the as‐prepared high crosslinking density hydrogels showed relative lower adsorption capability but higher reusability. The polymer composition in this work determines the ability to absorb and desorb ammonium nitrogen compound.
Poly(lactic acid)/pulp fiber composites: The effect of fiber surface modification and hydrothermal aging on viscoelastic and strength properties
Authors: Paunonen Sara , Berthold Fredrik , Immonen Kirsi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA)/kraft pulp fiber (30 wt%) composites were prepared with and without a coupling agent (epoxidized linseed oil, ELO, 1.5 wt%) by injection molding. The non‐annealed composite samples, along with lean PLA, were exposed to two hydro‐thermal conditions: cyclic 50% RH/90% RH at 23 and 50°C, both up to 42 days. The aging effects were observed by size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic and tensile mechanical analysis, and fracture surface imaging. ELO temporarily accelerated the material's internal transition from viscous to an increasingly elastic response during the aging at 50°C. ELO also slowed down the tensile strength reduction of the composites at 50°C. These observations were explained with the hydrophobic ELO molecules' coupling and plasticizing effects at fiber/matrix interfaces. No effects were observed at 23°C.
Xanthoangelol alleviates cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Chao Meng , Gao Chao , Huang Yaping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIschemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury accounts to be a prime cause of neurological deficit following stroke. This study aimed to explore the neuro‐protective effects of Xanthoangelol (XAG) on I/R‐induced injury in both in vivo and in vitro models. Our data demonstrated that XAG can shrink infarct size and brain edema in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. In addition, XAG was capable of alleviating the neurological deficit in rats that have undergone MCAO procedure. Meanwhile, antiapoptotic activities of XAG against I/R‐induced neuronal injury were evidenced and further illustrated that XAG elicits antiapoptotic activities by suppressing excessive oxidative stress via nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 activation. Overall, our study revealed that XAG displayed the potential to be utilized as a neuroprotective agent against I/R‐induced neurological injury.