bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consciousness
Authors: Clarke David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Our understanding of the numerous and significant problems of consciousness is inseparable from the often incommensurable disciplinary frameworks through which the topic has been approached. Music may offer a range of perspectives on consciousness, some issuing from interdisciplinary alliances (such as with cognitive psychology and neuroscience), others tapping into what is distinctively musical about music and what music shares with comparable aesthetic formations. Philosophically speaking, music might afford valuable complementary perspectives to approaches within the empirical sciences that see consciousness as essentially a computational process (Pinker, Dennett), or as solely an epiphenomenon of neural activity within the brain. This chapter will look to experiences of music that support views of the mind as extended and embodied, and that see consciousness as ecologically bound up with Being-in-the-world, to adopt notions from Gibson and Heidegger respectively. In this way, music studies can make a contribution to the philosophical study of consciousness from epistemological, phenomenological, and ontological standpoints.
Meaning and Autonomy
Authors: Paddison Max 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the problem of meaning in Western art music, its entwinement with the idea of “autonomy,” and the confusions surrounding the concept of meaning itself. The argument is in three parts. The first takes a philosophical-historical approach to the relation between autonomy and the problem of musical meaning, considering Kant’s reservations regarding instrumental music’s non-conceptuality. The second analyses the concept of musical meaning in the context of the philosophy of language and argues for the priority of meaning as “sense” over meaning as “reference” in the understanding of autonomous music as a mediated “complex of meaning.” The third takes a critical hermeneutic approach to the problem of interpretation in view of each work’s idiosyncratic rationality, its temporality, and its non-conceptuality. In conclusion it argues that hermeneutic interpretation also requires engaged “mimetic understanding” in the process of making sense of the ambiguity and polyvalence of the autonomous musical work.
Mercy
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The idea of discovering mercy as an expressive topic in music might initially seem unpromising; nevertheless, this chapter suggests that mercy is not only a possible topic for musical exposition, but also that understanding how composers marshal resources to express mercy gives key insights into how to interpret their works. The chapter begins by distinguishing between “hierarchical” and “egalitarian” conceptions of mercy derived from Graeco-Roman (especially Senecan) and Christian traditions. A close examination of the words and music in pieces ranging from Benjamin Britten’s War Reqiuem to W. A. Mozart’s operas The Marriage of Figaro and La clemenza di Tito then reveals how composers demonstrate emotional insight in expressing mercy through music. In conclusion, I suggest that the gentle intelligence and sensitivity that are among the qualities of mercy expressed in music are desperately needed in order to move beyond contemporary obsessions with anger and revenge.
Galant Music
Authors: Nancy Jean-Luc 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy advances a provocative thesis: namely, that the term galant be generalized beyond its traditional historical limits to characterize music’s relationship to sense and to freedom more broadly. Nancy uses the notion of musical galanterie, with its connotations of charm, elegance, finesse, and also ornamentation and bravura, to reprise and develop some of the issues he has raised in previous texts about sense and sensation, such as Listening and Corpus. Specifically this idea of music as galanterie allows Nancy to reconfigure music’s distinctive relationship to signification and redefine the nature of its much-vaunted autonomy. Arguing that music is an “art of passage” and the approach of the impossible, the text makes striking use of the metaphorics of touch and tact and the translator’s introduction argues that all of Derrida’s suspicions in On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy about the limits of Nancy’s deconstruction of touch should also be brought to bear on the problematic at stake here, including on the possibility of traversing unbridgeable idioms.
Subjectivities
Authors: McClary Susan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhen humanities scholars speak of “subjectivity” today they refer to ways in which societies have constituted or experienced the Self at various moments in history. In applying the concept to music, this entails paying close attention to the contexts, both personal and communal, of musical experiences and, perhaps counter-intuitively, focuses our attention on the music—the music itself. This chapter analyses some of the major debates over musical style throughout history as shifts in culturally construed notions of subjectivity linked to ideas about music and the body. It suggests that when we trace the complex development of subjectivities in the historical West through our knowledge of music we might learn more about why musicking matters, why its practitioners and fans fight for and against innovations in procedures, and even why we gravitate as individuals towards one repertory as opposed to another—in short, how subjectivity shapes musical experience.
Time
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter identifies the opposition of succession and duration as a central obstacle to granting a “real” time in which events are always being created. Within music, this opposition reaches into a nexus of categorical oppositions (unity–multiplicity, continuity–discontinuity, internal–external) that make it difficult to imagine the ongoingness of musical experience. Indeed, musical melody has often been proposed, by thinkers such as Whitehead and Čapek, as an experience that calls such oppositions into question. In this chapter, the challenge of musical “melody” (understood as inseparable from rhythm and measure) offers opportunities to think anew about fundamental categories of succession, event, duration, rhythm, metre, and measure. Following an introduction to the theory of “projection,” a musical-speculative engagement with Beethoven’s Op. 132 provides a laboratory for exploring these concepts. The movement from general to particular argues for the renewed relevance of music in understanding duration, succession, and time via an approach that might be called a “speculative phenomenology.”
Meaning and Scepticism
Authors: Boghossian Paul 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter revisits the classic questions whether absolute music can express extra-musical meaning and whether such meaning should be thought of as playing an important role in our understanding and appreciation of music. It argues that music’s expressive ability plays a central role in our conception of its phenomenology and value—in our perception of music as expressive and in its capacity to move us, both in the understudied generic sense, and in the sense of arousing specific emotions in us. It examines a type of scepticism about music’s expressive ability made influential by Eduard Hanslick and considers to what extent it can be answered. The chapter concludes that, while the extreme scepticism espoused by Hanslick cannot be sustained, his discussion teaches us deep lessons about the expressive indeterminacy involved in music. The chapter illustrates some of the issues it deals with through an analysis of the slow movement of Beethoven’s Piano Concerto No. 4 in G Major and explores the connection between meaning in music and meaning in poetry.
Continental Philosophy of Music
Authors: Norris Christopher 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by questioning the distinction between “analytic” (anglophone mainstream) and “continental” (mainland European) philosophy. It then traces ideas and movements of thought that have figured prominently in continental philosophy of music. These have their source in German post-Kantian idealism and its descendants, the latter taking different forms in Germany and France. Among them, mostly coming via literary theory, are the musical applications of Marxism, phenomenology, formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism, deconstruction, French feminism, Deleuzean anti-metaphysics, and Alain Badiou’s mathematically based dialectic of being and event. The chapter surveys ongoing debates within the field, as between proponents of musical analysis and those, like deconstructionists or New Musicologists, who challenge their approach on jointly theoretical and ideological grounds, often concerning tonality and/or “organic form.” The chapter goes on to suggest future critical-creative directions for continentally oriented philosophy of music.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Authors: Smith George E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An obstacle to reading the Principia is presuming that the Laws of Motion attributed to Newton in physics textbooks, and the concept of force in them, are the same as those in the book; they are not. This chapter provides an account of his Laws and his conception of force as his contemporaries would have understood them. It does so first by giving the historical background to them in works by Descartes, Christiaan Huygens, John Wallis, and Christopher Wren; and then by reviewing the history of Newton’s own reformulations of them not just in the sequence of manuscripts leading up to the first edition, but extending even to the second edition. In the Principia the Laws serve as the basis for deriving conclusions about forces governing the motions in our planetary system from the motions of the bodies within it “among themselves.” Crucial to their doing so are their six Corollaries, some of them initially formulated as Laws. The history of their development too is covered in parallel with that of the Laws, emphasizing their crucial role in licensing those inferences regarding forces from the observed motions.
Diversity of dormant and active zooplankton stages: spatial patterns across scales in temperate riverine floodplains
Authors: Chaparro Griselda , Mariani MatÍas , Hein Thomas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn dynamic systems, many species use dormancy as a strategy to survive harsh periods and disperse through time, a fundamental aspect scarcely explored in metacommunities studies. We compared spatial patterns of resting egg bank and active zooplankton diversity across scales (rotifers and cladocerans), explored relationships between diversity and environmental and spatial factors and compared their species composition in riverine floodplains of the Danube River. The egg bank was similarly or even more heterogeneous than the active communities, and signals of community homogenization detected for active communities were not observed for the egg bank. The strong relationships detected between rotifers egg bank diversity and local hydrological parameters suggest that floods would not weaken diversity–environment relationships, as observed for the active communities. These results imply that spatial patterns of resting and active stages are affected by different processes and that the egg bank would not contribute to the homogenizing tendencies observed for the active communities. Our study contributes to a more thorough understanding of zooplankton metacommunities in riverine floodplains and shows the need to further investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of the egg banks within the framework of metacommunities.
Do Infant Motor Skills Mediate the Association Between Positional Plagiocephaly/Brachycephaly and Cognition in School-Aged Children?
Authors: Collett Brent R , Wallace Erin R , Ola Cindy , Kartin Deborah , Cunningham Michael L , Speltz Matthew L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Positional plagiocephaly/brachycephaly (PPB) is associated with lower cognitive scores in school-aged children. This study tested the hypothesis that infant motor skills mediate this association.

Methods
Children with a history of PPB (cases, n = 187) and without PPB (controls, n = 149) were followed from infancy through approximately 9 years of age. Infant motor skills were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (Bayley-3), and cognition was assessed using the Differential Ability Scales, 2nd edition (DAS-2). The Bayley-3 motor composite was examined as a mediator of the association between PPB and DAS-2 general cognitive ability (GCA) scores. In secondary analyses, mediation models were examined for the DAS-2 verbal ability, nonverbal ability, and working memory scores; models using the Bayley-3 fine versus gross motor scores also were examined.

Results
Cases scored lower than controls on the DAS-GCA (β = −4.6; 95% CI = −7.2 to −2.0), with an indirect (mediated) effect of β = −1.5 (95% CI = −2.6 to −0.4) and direct effect of β = −3.1 (95% CI = −5.7 to −0.5). Infant motor skills accounted for approximately 33% of the case–control difference in DAS-2 GCA scores. Results were similar for other DAS-2 outcomes. Evidence of mediation was greater for Bayley-3 gross motor versus fine motor scores.

Conclusion
Infant motor skills partially mediate the association between PPB and cognition in school-aged children. Monitoring motor development and providing intervention as needed may help offset associated developmental concerns for children with PPB.

Impact
To our knowledge, this study is the first longitudinal investigation of the development of children with and without PPB from infancy through the early school years and the first to examine motor skills as a mediator of cognitive outcomes in this population. The findings highlight the importance of early motor skills for other developmental outcomes.

Lay Summary
Infants’ motor skills are related to the development of PPB and its association with later cognition. If your child has PPB, physical therapists may have an important role in assessing and providing treatment to promote motor development.
Effects of Trigger Point Dry Needling for Nontraumatic Shoulder Pain of Musculoskeletal Origin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Navarro-Santana Marcos J , Gómez-Chiguano Guido F , Cleland Joshua A , Arias-Buría Jose L , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Plaza-Manzano Gustavo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of trigger point (TrP) dry needling alone or as an adjunct to other interventions on pain intensity and related disability in nontraumatic shoulder pain.

Methods
Ten databases were searched from inception to January 2020 for randomized clinical trials in which at least 1 group received TrP dry needling for shoulder pain of musculoskeletal origin with outcomes collected on pain intensity and related disability. Data extraction including participant and therapist details, interventions, blinding strategy, blinding assessment outcomes, and results were extracted by 2 reviewers. The risk of bias (Cochrane Risk of Bias, Cochrane Guidelines), methodological quality (Physiotherapy Evidence Database score), and evidence level (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach) were assessed. The search identified 551 publications with 6 trials eligible for inclusion.

Results
There was moderate-quality evidence that TrP dry needling reduces shoulder pain intensity with a small effect (mean difference = −0.49 points, 95% CI = −0.84 to −0.13; standardized mean difference = −0.25, 95% CI = −0.42 to −0.09) and low-quality evidence that TrP dry needling improves related disability with a large effect (mean difference = −9.99 points, 95% CI −15.97 to −4.01; standardized mean difference = −1.14, 95% CI −1.81 to −0.47) compared with a comparison group. The effects on pain were only found at short term. The Cochrane Risk of Bias was generally low, but the heterogenicity of the results downgraded the evidence level.

Conclusion
Moderate- to low-quality evidence suggests positive effects of TrP dry needling for pain intensity (small effect) and pain-related disability (large effect) in nontraumatic shoulder pain of musculoskeletal origin, mostly at short term. Future clinical trials investigating long-term effects are needed.

Impact
Dry needling is commonly used for the management of musculoskeletal pain. This is the first meta-analysis to examine the effects of dry needling on nontraumatic shoulder pain.
Urinary Incontinence in People Referred for Pulmonary Rehabilitation: An Undisclosed Issue but a Real Problem
Authors: Bocquet Léna , Gravier Francis-Edouard , Smondack Pauline , Prieur Guillaume , Combret Yann , Muir Jean-François , Cuvelier Antoine , Boujibar Fairuz , Medrinal Clément , Bonnevie Tristan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an evidence-based intervention to manage symptoms related to chronic obstructive respiratory diseases (CORD). Paradoxically, few people with CORD actually engage in PR, and of those, up to one-third do not complete the program. Additionally, some of those who complete the program do not achieve worthwhile benefits. Therefore, the main challenge for the next decades is to offer PR to as many people (that would potentially benefit from it) as possible. This raises questions about factors influencing participation, completion, and responsiveness to PR programs. Among these factors, urinary incontinence (UI) is highly prevalent among people with CORD (much more than in the general population) and may worsen during PR exercise sessions. Paradoxically, UI is poorly explored in routine and scarcely assessed in research, and none of the actual guidelines about PR mention it. However, its potential influence on engagement, completion, and response to PR is of real concern. Therefore, the aim of this perspective is to describe the mechanisms of UI, particularly in the context of CORD, as well as to highlight its prevalence among people with CORD, their burden, and how it could affect a PR approach based on sustained and regular physical activity.
The Impact of Regional and National Leaders in Subnational Elections in Spain: Evidence from Andalusian Regional Elections
Authors: Ortega Carmen , Recuero Fátima , Trujillo José Manuel , Oñate Pablo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDemocracies have experienced two trends in the last decades: the growing personalization of politics and the increasing relevance of regions in the political process. This article addresses these trends by posing two questions: Do political leaders influence the vote in regional elections? Do regional party leaders have a larger impact on voter preferences than their national counterparts in regional elections? To answer these questions, we analyzed five regional elections held in Andalusia between 2004 and 2018. The results show that both national and regional leaders matter in regional elections. However, the effect of national and regional leaders is “conditioned” by the characteristics of the leaders themselves, their respective parties, and citizens’ party attachments. Additionally, there is no clear evidence that the type of relationship between national and regional leaders of the same party—cohesion-like or confrontation-like—and the electoral context variables may affect the voting decision in multi-level government systems.
Shareholder Perks and Firm Value
Authors: Karpoff Jonathan M , Schonlau Robert , Suzuki Katsushi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Shareholder perks are in-kind gifts or purchase discounts that disproportionately reward small shareholders. Data from Japanese firms indicate that firms initiating perk programs attract individual retail shareholders and experience increases in share values. We find support for three channels by which perks increase firm value: an increase in share liquidity, a decrease in the equity cost of capital, and signaling to investors. A fourth channel, by which perks help to market the firm’s products to consumers, receives mixed support. We do not find evidence that perk programs work to entrench managers.
Changes in the pharmacological management of rheumatoid arthritis over two decades
Authors: Crossfield Samantha S R , Buch Maya H , Baxter Paul , Kingsbury Sarah R , Pujades-Rodriguez Mar , Conaghan Philip G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To assess whether modern management of RA has reduced the prescription of oral corticosteroids and NSAIDs and to evaluate use of pharmacological prophylaxis strategies.

Methods
Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we explored long-term (≥3/12 months; ≥6/12 in sub-analyses) DMARD, corticosteroid and NSAID prescribing (annually, in the year post-diagnosis and across the patient’s life course to 15 years post-diagnosis), annual proportion with co-prescribing for prophylaxis of associated bone (corticosteroids, women only) and gastrointestinal (NSAIDs) comorbidity.

Results
Reported incidence of RA was 5.98 (0.37) per 10 000 person-years and prevalence was 0.91% (0.014) in 2017. In 71 411 RA patients, long-term DMARD prescribing initially rose post-diagnosis from 41.6% in 1998 to 67.9% in 2009. Corticosteroid prescribing changed little, overall [22.2% in 1998, 19.1% in 2016; incident risk ratio (IRR) 0.92, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.03] and across the life course from the first to fifteenth year (22.2% to 16.9%). NSAID prescribing declined from 57.7% in 1998, and significantly so from 2008, to 27.1% in 2016 (IRR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.56). This continued across the life course (41.2% to 28.4%). Bone prophylaxis increased to 68.1% in 2008 before declining to 56.4% in 2017; gastrointestinal prophylaxis increased from 11.5% in 1998 to 62.6% in 2017. Sub-analyses showed consistent patterns.

Conclusion
Despite modern treatment strategies, corticosteroid prescribing in RA patients remains substantial and persists beyond 6 months once initiated. Rheumatologists need to determine causes and develop strategies to reduce corticosteroid use to minimize adverse event occurrence.
Hippocampal subfield alterations in pediatric patients with post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Li Lei , Pan Nanfang , Zhang Lianqing , Lui Su , Huang Xiaoqi , Xu Xin , Wang Song , Lei Du , Li Lingjiang , Kemp Graham J , Gong Qiyong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The hippocampus, a key structure with distinct subfield functions, is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, few studies of hippocampus subfields in PTSD have focused on pediatric patients. We therefore investigated the hippocampal subfield volume using an automated segmentation method and explored the subfield-centered functional connectivity aberrations related to the anatomical changes, in a homogenous population of traumatized children with and without PTSD. To investigate the potential diagnostic value in individual patients, we used a machine learning approach to identify features with significant discriminative power for diagnosis of PTSD using random forest classifiers. Compared to controls, we found significant mean volume reductions of 8.4% and 9.7% in the right presubiculum and hippocampal tail in patients, respectively. These two subfields’ volumes were the most significant contributors to group discrimination, with a mean classification accuracy of 69% and a specificity of 81%. These anatomical alterations, along with the altered functional connectivity between (pre)subiculum and inferior frontal gyrus, may underlie deficits in fear circuitry leading to dysfunction of fear extinction and episodic memory, causally important in post-traumatic symptoms such as hypervigilance and re-experience. For the first time, we suggest that hippocampal subfield volumes might be useful in discriminating traumatized children with and without PTSD.