bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambrose, Augustine, and the Pursuit of Greatness
Authors: Smith J. Warren 
Published: November 2020

Since Aristotle, the concept of the magnanimous or great-souled man was employed by philosophers of antiquity to describe individuals who attained the highest degree of virtue. Greatness of soul (magnitudo animi or magnanimitas) was part of the language of Classical and Hellenistic virtue theory central to the education of Ambrose and Augustine. Yet as bishops they were conscious of fundamental differences between Christian and pagan visions of virtue. Greatness of soul could not be appropriated whole cloth. Instead, the great-souled man had to be baptized to conform with Christian understandings of righteousness, compassion, and humility. In this book, J. Warren Smith traces the development of the ideal of the great-souled man from Plato and Aristotle to latter adaptions by Cicero, Seneca, and Plutarch. He then examines how Ambrose's and Augustine's theological commitments influenced their different critiques, appropriations, and modifications of the language of magnanimity.
L'exil de Thémistocle, ou L'expérience intime du sujet
Authors: Christaki Angélique , Iarossi Pauline 
Published: November 2020

RÉSUMÉLe mot «migrants» n'existait pas dans la langue des Hellènes; ils étaient plus familiers avec le vocable de l'exil et de l'asile. D'ailleurs, l'exil ne saurait se penser sans son corollaire, l'asile, comme le citoyen antique sans le barbare et la démocratie sans la tyrannie. À travers une métaphore située au carrefour de la fiction historique, de la philosophie politique et de la psychanalyse, cet article propose une réflexion sur l'exil comme condition fondamentale du sujet. L'exil est d'origine, car la langue de l'enfance, la langue dite maternelle est d'abord une langue étrangère. L'exil intime porte la marque d'une universalité qui fonde l'expérience subjective.
La production historique des normes dans la philosophie de Hegel
Authors: Vuillerod Jean-Baptiste 
Published: November 2020

RÉSUMÉL'article propose une interprétation des leçons sur laPhilosophie de l'histoirede Hegel afin de comprendre comment le philosophe en arrive à une conception historique des normes. En montrant l'importance de la notion de problème (Aufgabe) dans sa pensée, nous soutenons que c'est parce que les humains sont confrontés à des situations historiques problématiques qu'ils en arrivent à inventer des normes et à les transformer dans l'histoire. Cette perspective permet de réhabiliter la philosophie hégélienne de l'histoire, dans le sillage des actuelles lectures non métaphysiques de l'hégélianisme.
From wildlife-ism to ecosystem-service-ism to a broader environmentalism
Authors: Lele Sharachchandra 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe concept of ‘biodiversity conservation’ includes diverse notions of what part of ‘nature’ one is trying to conserve. Moreover, the conservation discourse is part of a wider discussion on what kind of world we want for both humans and nature. Over the past few decades, debates have erupted on both fronts: what nature is worth saving and how to link concerns for nature with concerns for larger societal well-being. But proposals such as the Global Deal for Nature (www.globaldealfornature.org) articulated by Dinerstein and others suggest that mainstream conservation thinking has not changed much. I argue that acknowledging multiple values about conservation and about society, rejecting the biocentric high horse, pragmatic pluralism and simplistic ‘win–win’ arguments, and embracing a broader set of societal concerns is a more tenable approach towards achieving a balanced society–nature relationship.
Use of time-lapse monitoring in medically assisted reproduction treatments: a mini-review
Authors: Sciorio Romualdo 
Published: November 2020

SummaryDuring human in vitro culture, a morphological microscope analysis is normally performed to select the best embryo to transfer, with the hope of obtaining a successful pregnancy. The morphological evaluation may combine number and size of blastomeres, fragmentation, multinucleation, blastocyst expansion, inner-cell mass and trophectoderm appearance. However, standard microscopy evaluation involves the removal of the embryos from the incubator, exposing them to changes in pH, temperature, and oxygen level. Additionally, morphological assessments might include high inter-observer variability. Recently, continuous embryo culture using time-lapse monitoring (TLM) has allowed embryologists to analyse the dynamic and morphokinetic events of embryo development and, based on that, the embryologist is able to scrutinize the complete sequence of embryonic evolution, from fertilization to the blastocyst formation. Therefore, TLM allows an uninterrupted culture condition, reducing the need to remove embryos from the incubator. The monitoring system is normally composed of a standard incubator with an integrated microscope coupled to a digital camera, which is able to collect images at regular times, and subsequently processed into video. These data can be annotated and analyzed using an integrated software, therefore this allows embryologists to facilitate the process of embryo selection for transfer. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the potential benefits and uses of the TLM in the embryology laboratory.
Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Drives Enhanced Greenland Surface Temperature Variability During the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Song Zhaoyang , Latif Mojib , Park Wonsun , Zhang Yuming 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStable oxygen isotope records from central Greenland suggest disproportionally large long‐term surface air temperature (SAT) variability during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) relative to preindustrial times. Large perturbations in mean atmospheric circulation and its variability forced by extensive Northern Hemisphere ice sheet coverage have been suggested as cause for the enhanced Greenland SAT variability. Here, we assess the factors driving Greenland SAT variability during the LGM by means of dedicated climate model simulations and find remote forcing from the Pacific of critical importance. Atmospheric teleconnections from the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), a multidecadal oscillation of sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean, strongly intensify under LGM conditions, driving enhanced surface wind variability over Greenland, which in turn amplifies SAT variability by anomalous atmospheric heat transport. A major role of the IPO in forcing Greenland SAT variability also is supported by a number of models from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase III.
How Does the Tibetan Plateau Dynamically Affect Downstream Monsoon Precipitation?
Authors: Son Jun‐Hyeok , Seo Kyong‐Hwan , Wang Bin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that mechanical effects have a greater contribution to the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) than thermodynamical effects. However, a theoretical basis for the underlying dynamical mechanism has not been elucidated. The present study shows that topographically forced barotropic Rossby wave theory well explains the seasonal evolution of the monsoonal precipitation and its amplitude and peak location. The subtropical zonal wind impinging on the Tibetan Plateau is a key factor, and the resulting downstream cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation anomalies form a peak zonal geopotential height gradient in between, leading to the development of the meridional wind and the accompanying moisture transport to the EASM region. As the season approaches the summer monsoon period, the peak geopotential height gradient—thus the monsoonal rainband—shifts to the west from the western North Pacific to East Asia. The findings in this study can be applied to subtropical monsoons worldwide.
Mapping the Sources of Proximal Earthquake Infrasound
Authors: Johnson J. B. , Mikesell T. D. , Anderson J. F. , Liberty L. M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe recorded a MWR3.6 earthquake in Idaho (USA) on 7 April 2020 with a network of six three‐element infrasound arrays and co‐located broadband seismometers situated within 25 km of the hypocenter. Infrasound array processing is used to identify the arrival of seismic‐to‐atmospheric coupled phases and as much as 90 s of infrasound coda. Apparent velocities ranging from seismic speeds to subhorizontal atmospheric sound speeds are attributed to a superposition of coincident waves arriving at the arrays. We find that the arriving infrasound originates from a broad range of back azimuths that deviates from epicentral back azimuth and indicates the ubiquity of secondary radiators for this relatively small earthquake. Secondary radiators, which often locate in regions of elevated topography, are identified using backprojections and earthquake initiation time. Analysis of infrasound sources from proximal earthquakes can be used to map ground shaking distributions, which are important for assessment of earthquake hazards.
A Kinematic Kinetic Energy Backscatter Parametrization: From Implementation to Global Ocean Simulations
Authors: Juricke S. , Danilov S. , Koldunov N. , Oliver M. , Sein D. V. , Sidorenko D. , Wang Q. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOcean models at eddy‐permitting resolution are generally overdissipative, damping the intensity of the mesoscale eddy field. To reduce overdissipation, we propose a simplified, kinematic energy backscatter parametrization built into the viscosity operator in conjunction with a new flow‐dependent coefficient of viscosity based on nearest neighbor velocity differences. The new scheme mitigates excessive dissipation of energy and improves global ocean simulations at eddy‐permitting resolution. We find that kinematic backscatter substantially raises simulated eddy kinetic energy, similar to an alternative, previously proposed dynamic backscatter parametrization. While dynamic backscatter is scale‐aware and energetically more consistent, its implementation is more complex. Furthermore, it turns out to be computationally more expensive, as it applies, among other things, an additional prognostic subgrid energy equation. The kinematic backscatter proposed here, by contrast, comes at no additional computational cost, following the principle of simplicity. Our primary focus is the discretization on triangular unstructured meshes with cell placement of velocities (an analog of B‐grids), as employed by the Finite‐volumE Sea ice‐Ocean Model (FESOM2). The kinematic backscatter scheme with the new viscosity coefficient is implemented in FESOM2 and tested in the simplified geometry of a zonally reentrant channel as well as in a global ocean simulation on a 1/4° mesh. This first version of the new kinematic backscatter needs to be tuned to the specific resolution regime of the simulation. However, the tuning relies on a single parameter, emphasizing the overall practicality of the approach.
Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Authors: Baldwin Mark P. , Ayarzagüena Blanca , Birner Thomas , Butchart Neal , Butler Amy H. , Charlton‐Perez Andrew J. , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Garfinkel Chaim I. , Garny Hella , Gerber Edwin P. , Hegglin Michaela I. , Langematz Ulrike , Pedatella Nicholas M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical events in which large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere (∼10–50 km) are associated with a complete reversal of the climatological wintertime westerly winds. SSWs are caused by the breaking of planetary‐scale waves that propagate upwards from the troposphere. During an SSW, the polar vortex breaks down, accompanied by rapid descent and warming of air in polar latitudes, mirrored by ascent and cooling above the warming. The rapid warming and descent of the polar air column affect tropospheric weather, shifting jet streams, storm tracks, and the Northern Annular Mode, making cold air outbreaks over North America and Eurasia more likely. SSWs affect the atmosphere above the stratosphere, producing widespread effects on atmospheric chemistry, temperatures, winds, neutral (nonionized) particles and electron densities, and electric fields. These effects span both hemispheres. Given their crucial role in the whole atmosphere, SSWs are also seen as a key process to analyze in climate change studies and subseasonal to seasonal prediction. This work reviews the current knowledge on the most important aspects of SSWs, from the historical background to dynamical processes, modeling, chemistry, and impact on other atmospheric layers.
Reduced lipolysis in lipoma phenocopies lipid accumulation in obesity
Authors: Le Duc Diana , Lin Chen-Ching , Popkova Yulia , Yang Zuqin , Akhil Velluva , Çakir M. Volkan , Grunewald Sonja , Simon Jan-Christoph , Dietz Andreas , Dannenberger Dirk , Garten Antje , Lemke Johannes R. , Schiller Jürgen , Blüher Matthias , Nono Nankam Pamela Arielle , Rolle-Kampczyk Ulrike , von Bergen Martin , Kelso Janet , Schöneberg Torsten 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundElucidation of lipid metabolism and accumulation mechanisms is of paramount importance to understanding obesity and unveiling therapeutic targets. In vitro cell models have been extensively used for these purposes, yet, they do not entirely reflect the in vivo setup. Conventional lipomas, characterized by the presence of mature adipocytes and increased adipogenesis, could overcome the drawbacks of cell cultures. Also, they have the unique advantage of easily accessible matched controls in the form of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from the same individual. We aimed to determine whether lipomas are a good model to understand lipid accumulation.MethodsWe histologically compared lipomas and control SAT, followed by assessment of the lipidome using high-resolution1H NMR spectroscopy and ESI-IT mass spectrometry. RNA-sequencing was used to obtain the transcriptome of lipomas and the matched SAT.ResultsWe found a significant increase of small-size (maximal axis < 70 µm) and very big (maximal axis > 150 µm) adipocytes within lipomas. This suggests both enhanced adipocyte proliferation and increased lipid accumulation. We further show that there is no significant change in the lipid composition compared to matched SAT. To better delineate the pathophysiology of lipid accumulation, we considered two groups with different genetic backgrounds: (1) lipomas withHMGA2fusions and (2) without gene fusions. To reduce the search space for genes that are relevant for lipid pathophysiology, we focused on the overlapping differentially expressed (DE) genes between the two groups. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that DE genes are enriched in pathways related to lipid accumulation.ConclusionsWe show that the common shared lipid accumulation mechanism in lipoma is a reduction in lipolysis, with most gene dysregulations leading to a reduced cAMP in the adipocyte. Superficial lipomas could thus be used as a model for lipid accumulation through altered lipolysis as found in obese patients.
ADORA2A variation and adenosine A1 receptor availability in the human brain with a focus on anxiety-related brain regions: modulation by ADORA1 variation
Authors: Hohoff Christa , Kroll Tina , Zhao Baoyuan , Kerkenberg Nicole , Lang Ilona , Schwarte Kathrin , Elmenhorst David , Elmenhorst Eva-Maria , Aeschbach Daniel , Zhang Weiqi , Baune Bernhard T. , Neumaier Bernd , Bauer Andreas , Deckert Jürgen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAdenosine, its interacting A1and A2Areceptors, and particularly the variant rs5751876 in the A2AgeneADORA2Ahave been shown to modulate anxiety, arousal, and sleep. In a pilot positron emission tomography (PET) study in healthy male subjects, we suggested an effect of rs5751876 on in vivo brain A1receptor (A1AR) availability. As female sex and adenosinergic/dopaminergic interaction partners might have an impact on this rs5751876 effect on A1AR availability, we aimed to (1) further investigate the pilot male-based findings in an independent, newly recruited cohort including women and (2) analyze potential modulation of this rs5751876 effect by additional adenosinergic/dopaminergic gene variation. Healthy volunteers (32/11 males/females) underwent phenotypic characterization including self-reported sleep and A1AR-specific quantitative PET. Rs5751876 and 31 gene variants of adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3receptors, adenosine deaminase, and dopamine D2receptor were genotyped. Multivariate analysis revealed an rs5751876 effect on A1AR availability (P = 0.047), post hoc confirmed in 30 of 31 brain regions (false discovery rate (FDR) correctedPvalues < 0.05), but statistically stronger in anxiety-related regions (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus). Additional effects ofADORA1rs1874142 were identified; under its influence rs5751876 and rs5751876 × sleep had strengthened effects on A1AR availability (Pboth < 0.02; post hoc FDR-correctedPs < 0.05 for 29/30 regions, respectively). Our results support the relationship between rs5751876 and A1AR availability. Additional impact of rs1874142, together with rs5751876 and sleep, might be involved in regulating arousal and thus the development of mental disorders like anxiety disorders. The interplay of further detected suggestiveADORA2A×DRD2interaction, however, necessitates larger future samples more comparable to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based samples.
Identifying neurodevelopmental anomalies of white matter microstructure associated with high risk for psychosis in 22q11.2DS
Authors: Bagautdinova Joëlle , Padula Maria C. , Zöller Daniela , Sandini Corrado , Schneider Maude , Schaer Marie , Eliez Stephan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDisruptions of white matter microstructure have been widely reported in schizophrenia. However, the emergence of these alterations during preclinical stages remains poorly understood. 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) represents a unique model to study the interplay of different risk factors that may impact neurodevelopment in premorbid psychosis. To identify the impact of genetic predisposition for psychosis on white matter development, we acquired longitudinal MRI data in 201 individuals (22q11.2DS = 101; controls = 100) aged 5–35 years with 1–3 time points and reconstructed 18 white matter tracts using TRACULA. Mixed model regression was used to characterize developmental trajectories of four diffusion measures—fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (AD), radial (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) in each tract. To disentangle the impact of additional environmental and developmental risk factors on white matter maturation, we used a multivariate approach (partial least squares (PLS) correlation) in a subset of 39 individuals with 22q11.2DS. Results revealed no divergent white matter developmental trajectories in patients with 22q11.2DS compared to controls. However, 22q11.2DS showed consistently increased FA and reduced AD, RD, and MD in most white matter tracts. PLS correlation further revealed a significant white matter-clinical risk factors relationship. These results indicate that while age-related changes are preserved in 22q11.2DS, white matter microstructure is widely disrupted, suggesting that genetic high risk for psychosis involves early occurring neurodevelopmental insults. In addition, multivariate modeling showed that clinical risk factors further impact white matter development. Together, these findings suggest that genetic, developmental, and environmental risk factors may play a cumulative role in altering normative white matter development during premorbid stages of psychosis.
Comparison between the areas of scarred and active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis
Authors: Duraffour Pierre , Mehanna Chadi , Hoogewoud Florence , Touboul Arnaud , Monnet Dominique , Brézin Antoine P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background/objectives
To assess the ratio of scarred/active areas of fundus lesions in patients with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis.

Subjects/methods
Retrospective monocentric study of patients with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis seen between May 2004 and February 2018. Patients with a positive anti-Toxoplasma serology presenting characteristic fundus lesions. Cases with images of both baseline active and scarred lesions of the fundus were included. The borders of each active or scarred lesion were delineated on colour photographs by two independent observers and the area of the lesions was calculated using Digimizer 4.2.2 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). The interobserver variability of the measures was recorded and their means were used for further calculations. To study the ratio of the area of scarred retinochoroiditis over the area of the baseline active lesion (R).

Results
A total of 171 cases (83 males, 88 females) with a mean age of 31.6 ± 13.8 years were included. The average areas of active and scarred retinochoroiditis were, respectively, 1.32 ± 1.59 and 1.79 ± 2.36 optic disc area. The average ratio between scarred and active areas of retinochoroiditis was 1.36 [range 0.54–2.18]. The administration of a systemic treatment [R = 1.25, p = 0.003], the absence of a pre-existing scar [R = 1.05, p < 0.001] and a peripapillary location of the lesion [R = 0.85, p < 0.001] were each significantly associated with smaller scarred/active area ratios.

Conclusions
We assessed in a standardized manner the ratio of scarred/active areas of toxoplasmic lesions and showed that the area of scarred lesions was on average slightly larger than the area of active retinochoroiditis.
Daily transcriptomes of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus during the summer solstice at high Arctic latitudes
Authors: Payton Laura , Noirot Céline , Hoede Claire , Hüppe Lukas , Last Kim , Wilcockson David , Ershova Elizaveta A. , Valière Sophie , Meyer Bettina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe zooplankterCalanus finmarchicusis a member of the so-called “Calanus Complex”, a group of copepods that constitutes a key element of the Arctic polar marine ecosystem, providing a crucial link between primary production and higher trophic levels. Climate change induces the shift ofC. finmarchicusto higher latitudes with currently unknown impacts on its endogenous timing. Here we generated a daily transcriptome ofC. finmarchicusat two high Arctic stations, during the more extreme time of Midnight Sun, the summer solstice. While the southern station (74.5 °N) was sea ice-free, the northern one (82.5 °N) was sea ice-covered. The mRNAs of the 42 samples have been sequenced with an average of 126 ± 5 million reads (mean ± SE) per sample, and aligned to the reference transcriptome. We detail the quality assessment of the datasets and the complete annotation procedure, providing the possibility to investigate daily gene expression of this ecologically important species at high Arctic latitudes, and to compare gene expression according to latitude and sea ice-coverage.