bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient and effective emergency obstetric care in a rural Indian community where most deliveries are at home
Authors: McCord C. , Premkumar R. , Arole S. , Arole R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: Most life threatening obstetric complications require hospital treatment to avert maternal mortality. Some assume that in developing countries hospital service for the poor must be in government hospitals and that a large proportion of deliveries needs to be in these hospitals to provide timely access to emergency care. This presents a major problem in countries like India, where almost all rural deliveries are at home and accessible government hospitals generally do not provide surgical treatment for obstetric emergencies. The study's objective was to determine obstetric outcomes, patterns and costs of obstetric care in a part of rural Maharashtra, India, where obstetric outcomes appear relatively good even though most deliveries are at home and government hospitals do not provide emergency obstetric care (EmOC). Methods: 2905 pregnancies were identified and followed to term to learn the number and types of complications, where these complications were treated, how many women received EmOC and how these services affected outcome. Results: Eighty‐five percent of 2861 deliveries after 24 weeks were at home. A total of 14.4% of deliveries after 24 weeks had identified complications. Of these complicated deliveries, 78.9% were in a hospital. Forty‐eight percent of hospital deliveries were in a private hospital, 35% in our project hospital and 18% in a government hospital. Hospitalized patients with obstetric complications constituted 11.4% of all deliveries. The cesarean section rate for all deliveries was 2.0%. Twenty‐two of the cesareans were in private hospitals, 32 in our hospital and four in a government hospital. Hospital case fatality (deaths of mothers with identified complications) was 0.3%. Overall case fatality was 0.5%. However, there were only two maternal deaths from obstetric causes (70 per 100 000 live births), making these rates less than robust. The perinatal mortality rate was 36 per thousand live and still births. These outcome and process indicators are better than those reported in most of India, but both maternal deaths could have been prevented by early referral to hospital and 64% of perinatal deaths were to infants delivered at home. Conclusions: A network of private clinics with a voluntary, low cost hospital is providing effective EmOC in a remote rural area at very low per capita cost in the absence of easily accessible government service and with only 15% of deliveries in hospitals. Charges are low but low per capita cost is primarily due to intelligent self‐selection of patients who need hospital care. Even though overall cost is low, cost is still an important barrier for many poor families. Improving the purchasing power of poor families through insurance or subsidy could be a more effective way to improve EmOC than trying to improve inadequate government facilities.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and lipoprotein (a) in women with recurrent fetal loss
Authors: Szczepański M. , Bauer A. , Gardas A. , Duchiński T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To estimate the occurrence of lupus anticoagulant, both isotypes of anticardiolipins, IgG and IgM, and lipoprotein (a) in women with recurrent fetal loss. Method: 43 women with two or more fetal losses were included in this open, prospective study. They were divided into a group of 32 nullipara who have had only miscarriages and a group of 11 women who besides the fetal losses were able to give birth to at least one live newborn. Two control groups were also added: 35 women who were never pregnant and 15 parous who did not have any miscarriage. The presence of lupus anticoagulant was assessed by the Staclot LA clotting test. IgG and IgM isotypes of anticardiolipins and lipoprotein (a) were determined using the immunoenzymatic methods. Results: Lupus anticoagulant was discovered in only one of 23 examined patients. Abnormally high values of IgG isotype of anticardiolipins were found in two subjects of each control group and in two nullipara with miscarriages only. The increased level of IgM isotype was noted in approx. 50% of patients with recurrent fetal loss, but at least one successful delivery and in control subjects who were never pregnant. In contrast, the frequency of the increased level of this antibody was diminished by half in the remaining two groups: women who delivered a live child (children) without any miscarriage and women who had only miscarriages. Elevated levels of lipoprotein (a) were found in approx. 30% of non‐pregnant control subjects and in the patients of both groups; the abnormally high concentration of this lipoprotein was encountered in only 13% of women who gave birth to live newborn(s) and did not have any miscarriage. Conclusion: Of all four determined variables, only abnormally high values of lipoprotein (a) may have some prognostic significance in women predisposed to the recurrent fetal loss.
Domestic violence and substance abuse
Authors: Bhatt R.V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe females and children have been the victims of family violence in most societies and cultures. The use of tobacco, alcohol and narcotic drugs are responsible in aggravating the violence. Incidences of domestic violence is significantly higher in substance abusers than others. It is equally present in countries where the status of women is high. Education level and economic status does not affect the incidence of domestic violence. Therefore we must look at other factors which perpetuate domestic violence. It is time for governments, societies and thinking people to give serious thought on how to reduce domestic violence and bring sanity into the community. Tobacco, alcohol and narcotic drugs are well on their way to the ‘road of destruction’ and fragmentation of social fabric. The conscience of the world needs to be roused to prevent the march of substance abuse. In the words of the Nobel laureate poet Tagore, I must say, ‘into that heaven of freedom my father, let my country awake’.
Basic fibroblast growth factor regulates expression of growth factors in rat epiphyseal chondrocytes
Authors: Shida Jun‐Ichi , Jingushi Seiya , Izumi Toshihiro , Ikenoue Takashi , Iwamoto Yukihide 
Published: July 2002

AbstractChondrocytes produce several local regulatory factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I). In this study, we examined the effect of bFGF on the expressions of both mRNA and protein of the growth factors synthesized by chondrocytes. Treatment of chondrocytes with bFGF (1–100 ng/ml) stimulated the mRNA expression of bFGF and TGF‐β up to 121–604% and 130–220% at 12 h compared with the controls, respectively. On the other hand, the treatment of chondrocytes with bFGF (1–100 ng/ml) suppressed IGF‐I mRNA expression to 79–47% at 12 h compared with the controls. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that the treatment of chondrocytes with bFGF (1–100 ng/ml) also enhanced the production of TGF‐β1 proteins in the chondrocytes up to 299–508% at 24 h compared with controls. We conclude that bFGF influenced the local expression of growth factors by chondrocytes, suggesting autoregulation of growth factor expression during chondrogenesis. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Autonomic innervation of tendons, ligaments and joint capsules. A morphologic and quantitative study in the rat
Authors: Ackermann Paul W. , Li Jian , Finn Anja , Ahmed Mahmood , Kreicbergs Andris 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe analyzed the neuronal occurrence of autonomic transmitters; noradrenaline (NA), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), in the Achilles tendon, medial and lateral collateral ligaments and knee joint capsule in the rat — by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, the tissue concentrations of the sympathetic neuropeptide, NPY, and the parasympathetic peptide, VIP, were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). IHC demonstrated nerve fibers containing sympathetic vasoconstrictors — NA and NPY‐ and the parasympathetic vasodilator, VIP, in all tissues. NPY‐ and NA‐positive nerve fibers were predominantly observed in larger blood vessels, whereas, nerve fibers immunoreactive to VIP were found in smaller vessels. In many nerve fibers a co‐localization of the transmitters was seen. RIA showed that the concentration of NPY compared to VIP was 15‐times higher in ligaments and twice as high in tendons and capsules. The differences noted may reflect a difference in vulnerability to degenerative conditions. In pathological conditions, dysregulation of autonomic transmitters in hypovascularized tissues subjected to repetitive mechanical load may contribute to tissue hypoxia leading to degeneration and rupture of tendons and ligaments. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Implication of nmda type glutamate receptors in neural regeneration and neoformation of synapses after excitotoxic injury in the guinea pig cochlea
Authors: d'Aldin C.G. , Ruel J. , Assié R. , Pujol R. , Puel J.‐L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the adult mammalian cochlea, the ability of nerve fibres to regenerate has been observed following disruption of the organ of Corti by various means, or transsection of the cochlear nerve in the internal auditory meatus. Based upon the implication of glutamate as a neurotransmitter at synapses between sensory hair cells and terminal dendrites of the auditory nerve in the mammalian cochlea, we have developed, in a previous study, an in vivo model of neural regeneration and formation of synapses after the destruction of the afferent nerve endings by local application of the glutamate agonist α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐isoxazol‐propionic acid (AMPA). In situ hybridization experiments performed during the re‐innervation process revealed an overexpression of mRNA coding for NR1 subunit of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the spiral ganglion neurons, suggesting that these receptors are implicated in neural regenerative processes. The present study has been designed to study the functional implication of NMDA receptors in the regrowth and synaptic repair of auditory dendrites in the guinea pig cochlea, by blocking the NMDA receptors during the period of normal functional recovery. In a first set of experiments, we recorded compound action potential after acute perilymphatic perfusion of cumulative doses (0.03–10 mM) of dl 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovalerate (d‐AP5), a NMDA antagonist, to determine the efficiency of the drug. In a second set of experiments, the auditory dendrites were destroyed by local application of the glutamate agonist AMPA. The blockage of NMDA by the antagonist d‐AP5 applied with an osmotic micropump delayed the functional recovery and the regrowth of auditory dendrites. The findings of our study support the hypothesis that, in addition to acting as a fast transmitter, glutamate has a neurotrophic role via the activation of NMDA receptors.
Addition of a frequency-weighted score to the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale: the BEHAVE-AD-FW: methodology and reliability
Authors: Monteiro I.M. , Boksay I. , Auer S.R. , Torossian C. , Ferris S.H. , Reisberg B. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD) is a well-established instrument, designed to assess potentially remediable behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients as well as to evaluate treatment outcome. It consists of 25 symptoms grouped into seven categories. Each symptom is scored on the basis of severity on a four-point scale. A knowledgeable caregiver is queried and items are scored on the basis of symptoms noted in the preceding two weeks. Reliability, construct validity and criterion validity data for the BEHAVE-AD have previously been published. Because of the significance of psychopathology in dementia, it is necessary to optimally describe and define the nature, magnitude and prevalence of behavioral symptomalogy. Accordingly, a frequency component was added to each of the 25 items of the BEHAVE-AD scale. The objective of the present report is to describe this new Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Frequency-Weighted Severity Scale (BEHAVE-AD-FW) and to establish its inter-rater reliability. In this investigation the BEHAVE-AD-FW scale was administered to caregivers of 28 patients with either mildly impaired cognitive function or a dementia diagnosis. Two clinicians separately and independently rated the responses. Analyses determined that the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the frequency component varied between 0.86 and 0.97 for each of the seven BEHAVE-AD categories (ps < 0.001). ICCs for the frequency-weighted scores (item severity score x item frequency score) ranged from 0.69 to 0.98 for the seven symptom categories (ps < 0.001). For the BEHAVE-AD-FW total scores, the ICC was 0.91 (P < 0.001). These results indicate that the frequency-weighted component is a reliable addition to the BEHAVE-AD scale.
Huntington's disease: a review of the literature on prevalence and treatment of neuropsychiatric phenomena
Authors: Naarding P. , Kremer H.P.H. , Zitman F.G. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryA review was made of the literature on Huntington’s disease, including the clinical neurology, recent advances in pathophysiology and genetic mechanisms and psychopathology. It can be concluded that research on the latter is scarce, although the subject is relevant because of the co-occurrence of psychiatric, neurological and genetic phenomena, which may lead to novel concepts in the understanding of brain function. So far, attempts to provide a comprehensive and pragmatic description of the psychopathology of Huntington’s disease have been disappointing, probably due to the limitations of the DSM classification system in this disorder. Future research should focus not only on this classification system, but also on neuropsychological functioning, because of the degenerative nature of the disease. Systematic and controlled studies should be performed on the treatment of psychiatric abnormalities in Huntington’s disease before any conclusions can be drawn.
Dissociative Identity Disorder: diagnosis and treatment in the Netherlands
Authors: Sno H.N. , Schalken H.F.A. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryDissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a controversial diagnosis and empirical data on the efficacy of treatment modalities are scanty. The objective of this study was to explore the frequency of the diagnosis, the types and efficacy of prevailing treatment practices, and to examine demographic data on patients in the Netherlands.A questionnaire, including questions on one selected DID patient, was mailed to 1,452 Dutch psychiatrists. The response rate was 46.7%. A total of 273 psychiatrists reported having made the diagnosis at least once. The diagnosis was made in a statistically significant manner more frequently by female psychiatrists, by psychiatrists aged 50 years or younger, and by those certified after 1982. No correlation was observed with primary theoretical orientation or the type or topography of work facility.The mean age of the selected patients was 33.2 and the male:female (M:F) ratio 1:9. The majority of patients were seen once a week in an outpatient setting. Individual psychotherapy and adjunctive anxiolytic or antidepressant medications were the most widely endorsed treatment modalities. Hypnosis was rarely used.We conclude that the diagnosis of DID is not to be dismissed as a local eccentricity. It is warranted as an explanatory framework in the context of a psychotherapeutic treatment.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of pegylated interferon alfa‐2b and interferon alfa‐2b in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Jen J. Frank , Glue Paul , Ezzet Farkad , Chung Carol , Gupta Samir K. , Jacobs Sheila , Hajian Gerald 
Published: July 2002

BackgroundThis study quantified pharmacokinetic changes in pegylated and nonpegylated interferon alfa‐2b during 48 weeks of treatment and the influences of covariates on the basis of sparsely sampled serum concentrations and activity values. Possible relationships between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables were investigated.MethodsPatients with chronic hepatitis C were enrolled in a clinical trial that compared the efficacy of pegylated interferon alfa‐2b with interferon alfa‐2b. Single blood samples were obtained from each patient at weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48. Three pharmacostatistical models were developed for 2 immunoassays and 1 bioassay.ResultsApparent clearance values of pegylated interferon alfa‐2b and interferon alfa‐2b at the end of treatment declined 33.7% and 80.0%, respectively, from their week 4 values. Bioactivity increased 41% to 58% at week 48 for different treatment groups. Changes were greatest in the first weeks of administration and diminished during the subsequent months. Body weight had a modest positive effect on clearance values and activity. Within each dose level, no significant associations were observed between pharmacokinetic variables and any pharmacodynamic variables (hepatitis C virus–RNA responses or changes in neutrophils and platelets).ConclusionsThis analysis confirms earlier observations of progressive pharmacokinetic changes in the patients with hepatitis C during 48 weeks of treatment. The absence of a relationship between toxicity or efficacy variables and interferon concentration or activity (within a dose level) suggests that clinical management of patients (eg, for efficacy or to manage toxicity) should be based on clinically derived dosing guidelines rather than on serum concentration or activity criteria.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 69, 407–421; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.115872
NaTi2(PO4)3 Solid‐State Electrolyte Protection Layer on Zn Metal Anode for Superior Long‐Life Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Mengke , Cai Jinyan , Ao Huaisheng , Hou Zhiguo , Zhu Yongchun , Qian Yitai 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA fast ion conductor, NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP), is hydrothermally synthesized as a solid‐state electrolyte protection layer on the surface of Zn anodes (NTP@Zn). NTP has fast ionic conductivity compared with other insoluble phosphates, such as TiP2O7 (TPO) and Zn3(PO4)2 (ZPO), which is demonstrated by the density‐functional theory calculation and cyclic voltammetry tests. X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer, X‐ray powder diffraction, and HRTEM analyses show that the internal transport/mobility of Zn2+ can be achieved in NTP layer as an “ion passable fence.” The NTP layer with a thickness of 20–25 µm not only prevents side reactions and zinc dendrites, but also improves the reversibility of Zn deposition and electrochemical performance. The NTP@Zn/MnO2 battery represents the best long‐life performance among Zn/MnO2 batteries to date, which successfully retains a considerable capacity of 105 mA h g−1 with a CE nearly 100% after 10 000 charge/discharge cycles at 10 C (≈1.5 A g−1). Each cycle capacity attenuation rate is only 0.004%. This work represents an advanced step toward long‐life Zn metal anodes for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.
Conductive Polymer Work Function Changes due to Residual Water: Impact of Temperature‐Dependent Dielectric Constant
Authors: Mansour Ahmed E. , Kim Hongwon , Park Soohyung , Schultz Thorsten , Cao David Xi , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Brütting Wolfgang , Opitz Andreas , Koch Norbert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSolution‐processed conducting polymer thin films are key components in organic and flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices. An archetypal conducting polymer is poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), which can feature a high work function and thus helps achieving Ohmic contacts for holes with many semiconductors. However, it is known that residual water in PEDOT:PSS films lowers their work function and is detrimental for device lifetime. Our photoelectron spectroscopy experiments reveal that the work function of PEDOT:PSS films containing residual water shows the same trend as function of temperature as does the dielectric constant (ε) of water, in the range between 25 °C and ‐100 °C. Consistently, it is found from impedance spectroscopy measurements that ε of residual water containing PEDOT:PSS films increases with decreasing temperature. After removal of residual water from PEDOT:PSS films by annealing in ultrahigh vacuum, the work function of thin films is much higher than before (reaching 6.1 eV) and, notably, independent of temperature. In contrast, no indication is found that the presence of residual water has any impact on the electrical conductivity. For a nominally water‐free molecularly doped conjugated donor/acceptor copolymer films, a correlation between sample work function and temperature similar to those seen for PEDOT:PSS is found.
Optimal operation and tracking control of vapor‐recompressed batch distillation
Authors: Vibhute Madhuri M. , Jogwar Sujit S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVapor recompressed batch distillation (VRBD) is an energy‐integrated configuration which works on the principle of a heat pump. Operation of such a column is challenging due to unsteady, nonlinear dynamics and strong interplay between separation and energy efficiency. In this paper, a two‐step approach is proposed for optimal operation and control of such a column. Initially, an openloop optimal operation policy is generated for maximization of an overall performance index using offline optimization. To this end, three performance indices are proposed to capture interplay between separation and energy efficiency. Subsequently, a model‐based output feedback controller is designed to track this optimal performance trajectory. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using a benzene‐toluene separation case study wherein it is shown that the proposed approach helps to achieve optimal operation in the presence of operational disturbances.
Effect of birth season on anthropometrics and diseases of bone mineralization in the US population
Authors: Bollen Anne‐Marie , Hujoel Philippe P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesBirth season has been inconsistently associated with anthropometrics, bone fractures, and malocclusion. Our aim was to assess the association between birth season and anthropometrics (height, weight, birth weight), bone fractures and dental malocclusion in the United States.MethodsUS surveys conducted between 1963‐1973 assessed 16 152 6‐to‐21‐year‐old participants. Prevalence ratios and mean differences were estimated using linear models using fall as reference.ResultsParticipants born in spring, when compared to fall, were of similar height (mean difference (MD) in height‐adjusted Z score 0.03, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): −0.01 to 0.08; P‐value = .17), weight (MD for weight‐adjusted Z‐score 0.00, 95% CI: −0.05 to 0.04; P‐value =0.83), had similar rates of bone fractures (Prevalence Rate [PR] 1.07; 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.22; P‐value = .28) and similar rates of dental malocclusion (MD of malocclusion index HLD −0.16; 95% confidence interval − 0.39 to 0.07; P = .18).ConclusionWe did not find an impact of birth season on anthropometrics, bone fractures, and dental malocclusions.