bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VULCANIZATE STRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS WITH SILICA AND CARBON BLACK BINARY FILLER SYSTEMS
Authors: Kim Il Jin , Ahn Byungkyu , Kim Donghyuk , Lee Hyung Jae , Kim Hak Joo , Kim Wonho 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThe physical properties of rubber compounds are mainly determined by the filler dispersion within the rubber matrix, filler–rubber interaction, and chemical crosslink structure caused by sulfur. Carbon black or silica is typically used as a reinforcing filler in tire tread compounds; however, binary filler systems comprising the two types of filler are also currently being used to complement each other. This study used binary filler systems to manufacture vulcanizates and classified the vulcanizate structures as chemical crosslinks caused by sulfur, physical crosslinks caused by carbon black (carbon black–bound rubber), and silica–silane–rubber networks caused by silica and silane. The effect of each vulcanizate structure on the physical properties was also calculated. In the proposed binary filler system, silica chemically bonds with rubber molecules, unlike carbon black. Therefore, the crosslink density per unit of silica content was 19% higher than that of carbon black, in which rubber molecules were physically adsorbed on the surface. Tensile properties affected by 1 unit of crosslinking density for each filler were calculated, and silica was found to contribute more in the low-elongation range, whereas carbon black contributed more in the high-elongation range. Regarding tan δ at 60 °C and abrasion resistance per unit crosslink density of filler, carbon black made a greater contribution than silica, whereas silica had a greater contribution to wet traction and snow traction.
Dinah Morris and Elizabeth Evans: The Importance of Revivalist Methodism inAdam Bede
Authors: Muscutt Robert James 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough the connection between Dinah Morris and George Eliot's aunt Elizabeth Evans is well known, little attention has been given to the documented, more detailed facts of the aunt's life, especially concerning her experience as a revivalist Methodist woman preacher from around 1800 and later. My article attempts to provide this information and to show how it impacts on contemporary and current reading of the novel by dealing with perceptions of Methodism, and the historical reality confronting a woman preacher at the time of the novel's setting.
RURAL WORKERS EXPOSURE TO ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES
Authors: Lorenzatto Luciane Baierle , Da Silva Maria Isabel Gonçalves , Roman Junior Walter Antonio , Rodrigues Junior Sinval Adalberto , De Sá Clodoaldo Antônio , Corralo Vanessa 
Published: May 2020

Pesticides are compounds widely used in agriculture, due the productive
efficiency increase. However, these toxic compounds can exert negative effects to
environment and human health. This work aim was analyzing the occupational
exposure of rural workers to pesticides, through a descriptive-analytical study
with cross-sectional and quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 63
farm workers. Socioeconomic profile characterization, pesticide management,
and health conditions was carried out through interviews. After biological samples
collection, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was assessed in two
moments: pre- and post-exposure to pesticides in one of planting and harvesting
cycle. Rural workers age mean was 48.1 ± 7.6 years. They reported using personal
protective equipment, although incompletely or inadequately, and 46% reported
pesticide poisoning. Mood disorders such as anxiety (50.3%) and depressive state
(27.0%) were also reported by workers. There was a significant decrease in the
activity of the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase enzyme from 0.83 ± 0.06 delta
pH/hour to 0.71 ± 0.11 delta pH/hour (p < 0.05). Individual comparison of
enzyme activity values showed that 19.6% of the workers were intoxicated with
carbamate and organophosphate. Contamination is attributed to the inadequate
management of pesticides. Adopting measures to minimize intoxications and
other harmful effects on the health of rural workers is considered urgent.
Housing Difficulties in Post-war Poland: A Case Study of Wrocław from 1945 up to the 1960s
Authors: Fic Agnieszka 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Housing problems were an inherent feature of the entire communist system—both in the People’s Poland and in other countries of the Soviet bloc. Wrocław was no exception in this respect. However, its geographical location and historical and political entanglement caused the problems of the communist era to be much more intense and acute in Wrocław. A deficit of flats, their low quality and questionable aesthetics were a distinctive feature of the constructions in all the cities of the Soviet bloc. In Wrocław however, combined with the extreme under-investment, these problems were exceptionally clear. Therefore, it seems that Wrocław exemplifies these shortcomings and can be a good case study to get acquainted with the daily grief of the people of the Polish Republic of Poland, related to the housing difficulties.
Impact of Agricultural Policies on the Egyptian Cotton Sector Using Policy Analysis Matrix
Authors: ELsamie Mohamed A. , Ali Tarek , Eliw Moataz 
Published: May 2020

The Egyptian cotton sector is considered one of the most important export strategic sectors in Egypt, where the Egyptian government takes many agricultural policies that lead to an increase in exports of that crop to foreign markets, as these policies that the government takes have a major impact on the producers of that crop, and this study examined the impact of Agricultural policies on the Egyptian cotton crop, using the policy analysis matrix to know the effect of government policies on the producers of that crop and also the impact of those policies on Egyptian exports of the cotton crop, and the results showed that when comparing the financial and economic performance of the elements of cotton crop production, the financial performance was less than the economic performance on all cost items except workers' wages [1], indicating that the Government is subsidizing cost items, thereby supporting cotton producers. Comparing the average variable costs of cotton during the study period financially and economically shows that the financial valuation exceeds the economic valuation, with the average variable costs of $418.36 at market prices [2] , amounting to $368.84 at world prices, The results also showed that the Nominal Protection Coefficient for the output of the Egyptian cotton in the period under study (2000-2017) was 0.74, indicating the lack of a fair production policy during that period, perhaps due to the fact that the value of the Nominal Protection Coefficient for the production of the Egyptian cotton crop was lower than the correct one. It also indicated that the value of the Nominal Protection Coefficient for production supplies was 0.92, which indicates a decrease in government support for that crop compared to the value of the effective protection factor of 0.72 during the period under study (2000-2017). This indicates that the factor of the cost of domestic resources for the Egyptian cotton crop is 0.47, and this indicates that the Egyptian cotton has a comparative advantage in foreign markets, the study recommended Maintaining the foreign markets of the Egyptian cotton crop, as it has a global comparative and competitive advantage, and provides the state with foreign exchange, which contributes significantly to the Egyptian national economy.
Mushroom Diversity of Dhenkanal District, Odisha, India: Source of Alternative Foods and Medicines
Authors: Rout Yasaswinee , Behera Falguni , Kumar Sanjeet , Sahoo Malay Prithwiraj , Devi Rajkumari Supriya 
Published: May 2020

Aims: The demand for nutraceutical and their products are increasing in modern era throughout the world. The prime sources of nutraceutical are floral & faunal wealth including microbial diversity. Among them, wild mushroom play a vital role and provide food for local communities which have medicinal values too. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been taken to enumerate the wild mushroom available in Dhenkanal district of Odisha state.
Place and Duration of Study: The survey was carried out in selected areas of Dhenkanal district of Odisha state in 2019 and species are photographed followed by identification using Flora’s book and available literature.
Results: Survey revealed that 60 species of wild mushrooms are recorded belonging to 33 genus and 25 families. It was observed that 10 species are edible and consumed by local communities rest are poisonous or bitter which could be used to isolate bioactive compounds to treat lethal disease.
Conclusion: The present study highlights the diversity of wild mushroom in Dhenkanal district of Odisha and their food & medicinal potentials for future nutraceuticals & pharmaceuticals.
Self-Medication with Antibiotics and Its Predictors among the Population in Khartoum Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan in 2018
Authors: Elmahi Osman Kamal Osman , Balla Siham Ahmed , Khalil Hiba Ahmed 
Published: May 2020

Background: Self-medication is a personal self-initiated behaviour of diagnosis of a disease and self-treatment of its symptoms and signs.
Objective: To identify the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and the diseases commonly treated with antibiotics, the most commonly used antibiotics, the sources of obtaining it and the predictors of self-medication with antibiotics.
Study Design: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Khartoum Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan during April 2018.
Methods: 246 adults (130 males, 116 females) over 18 years were included in the study. A closed-ended, pretested and pre-validated questionnaire was used to interview the participants.
Data was analysed using SPSS Version 23.0. Descriptive statistics were presented in tables and figures. Logistic regression was conducted to identify the predictors of self-medication with antibiotics. Ethical approval and voluntarily signed consent were obtained prior to embarking on the study.
Results: 148(60.2%) participants practiced self-medication with antibiotics, 111(75%) of whom obtained the antibiotics over the counter in community pharmacies. The most commonly used antibiotic was amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (38.5%). The major reason behind taking antibiotics without prescription was long distances to healthcare facilities (43.2%). The commonest symptom which encouraged self-medication with antibiotics was abdominal pain (27%). Females were 3.55 times more likely to use self-medication with antibiotics than males. Participants who lacked health insurance cards were 2.65 times more likely to practice self-medication with antibiotics.
Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics is alarmingly high in Khartoum Locality. Over the counter purchase of antibiotics was the main route of self-medication. Gender and lack of health insurance were significant predictors of self-medication. Mass education through different media and policy reform are recommended.
Optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasonography for elevated intracranial pressure detection
Authors: Wang Li‐Juan , Chen Hong‐Xiu , Chen Ying , Yu Ze‐Yang , Xing Ying‐Qi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUltrasonographically measured optic nerve sheath diameter measurement has become a common noninvasive approach for detecting elevated intracranial pressure. We present a case of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with elevated intracranial pressure. Postoperative arachnoiditis developed, and lumbar puncture revealed low intracranial pressure. However, ultrasonography revealed a dilated optic nerve sheath, denoting elevated intracranial pressure. This was confirmed by computed tomography showing ventricular dilation. Ophthalmoscopy revealed papilledema and hemorrhage. This case study demonstrated that noninvasive bedside ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter measurement can detect elevated intracranial pressure more accurately than lumbar puncture, especially in cases with intracranial infection.
Highly Active Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalytic Sites Realized in Ceria–Functionalized Graphene
Authors: Grewal Simranjit , Macedo Andrade Angela , Liu Ziqi , Garrido Torres Jose Antonio , Nelson Art J. , Kulkarni Ambarish , Bajdich Michal , Lee Min Hwan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe development of efficient, durable, and cost‐effective bifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential in the advancement of solar fuels, metal–air batteries, and unitized regenerative fuel cells. This work demonstrates an effective approach of activating 2D carbon for highly efficient bifunctional oxygen reactions without N‐doping, let alone a transition metal–nitrogen (TM–Nx) moiety, the usual component needed for high oxygen electrocatalytic activities. A solvothermally synthesized ceria (CeO2)–hydroxylated graphene hybrid catalyst shows excellent bifunctional ORR/OER activities both in alkaline and acidic solutions. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the activation of graphene occurs via topmost oxygens on ceria surface, but only when low coverage of hydroxyl groups is present on graphene. Furthermore, catalytically active forms of graphene share similar hydroxylated structural motifs. Finally, a simple approach of dramatically enhancing durability even in acidic media is demonstrated.
Fischesserite‐Inspired Recyclable Se‐Polyurethanes for Selective Gold Extraction
Authors: Dai Yiheng , Zheng Ke , Tan Yizheng , Xiang Wentian , Xianyu Banruo , Xu Huaping 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFaced with ever‐severe gold mineral depletion, obtaining a sustainable gold resource by utilization of accumulating waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is of vital importance. Inspired by fischesserite, the first naturally occurring selenide of gold, a novel selenium‐containing polyurethane (Se‐polyurethane) is prepared. This material is able to extract aqueous gold in its elemental form with a selectivity 437 times over Cu2+and 443 times over Ni2+and a capacity of 802 mg gold g‐1. The extracted gold can be collected through a noncalcination post‐treatment procedure and the Se‐polyurethane can be recycled via a convenient regeneration procedure. Derived from this material, a high‐throughput circulating aqueous gold mining system and a crosslinked Se‐sponge are illustrated to mimic dynamic and static extraction processes, respectively for possible industrialization. These selenium‐containing materials have the potential to be a useful tool in gold extraction to help prevent future resource depletion.
Projections of yield losses and economic costs following deep wheel‐traffic compaction during the 2019 harvest
Authors: Daigh Aaron Lee M. , DeJong‐Hughes Jodi , Acharya Umesh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEconomic projections after widespread deep compaction during wet harvests are essentially nonexistent. Therefore, we project state‐level economic costs to producers in North Dakota and Minnesota for the upcoming 2020 and 2021 crops. We provide economic cost graphs as functions of grain sell prices and fractions of land impacted by deep wheel‐traffic compaction. At corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] sell prices of US$3.06 bu−1 and $8.78 bu−1 for North Dakota and $3.26 bu−1 and $8.98 bu−1 for Minnesota, we estimate a minimum economic cost of US$587 million through 2021, excluding environmental externalities and other feedbacks, for every 10% of lands compacted during the 2019 harvest. Actual impacted land area may range up to 30%, resulting in a range of US$0 to $1.76 billion of actual costs. Precise large‐scale, deep‐compaction reports/sensing is needed to determine actual fractions of impacted land. Policies incentivizing conservation practices to reduce the occurrence of field traffic on wet soils are strongly encouraged.
Origin of the Threshold Voltage Shift in a Transistor with a 2D Electron Gas Channel at the Al2O3/SrTiO3 Interface
Authors: Moon Taehwan , Lee Hyun Jae , Hyun Seung Dam , Kim Baek Su , Kim Ho Hyun , Hwang Cheol Seong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA transistor is fabricated with a 2D electron gas (2DEG) channel at the Al2O3 (AO)/SrTiO3 (STO) interface. The threshold voltage (Vth) shift of the 2DEG channel in the Pt/AO/2DEG/STO stack induced by negative bias stress is investigated. Two‐terminal current–voltage and capacitance–voltage characterization through the gate and the source reveals that the metallic 2DEG channel turns into a semiconducting channel when the negative bias stress is applied. Transfer curve measurement with various stress conditions on the 2DEG field‐effect transistor is performed to evaluate the effect of the negative bias stress. The Vth becomes positive, and the channel conductance decreases after the application of negative bias stress. These variations are promoted by large stress bias and temperature. Electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis via scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that the chemical state of the interface changes from oxygen‐deficient to stoichiometric. Therefore, the change in the channel state from metallic to semiconducting originates from the decrease of oxygen vacancy concentration at the interface.
Saturable Absorption and Bistable Switching of Single Mode Fiber Core‐Guided Light by a 6 nm‐thick, Few Layers Graphene Coating on the Cladding Surface
Authors: Liu Fu , Qi Mei , Guo Tuan , Albert Jacques 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe coupling of less than 80 µW of in‐plane polarized near‐infrared light in a 6 nm‐thick graphene layer deposited on an optical fiber produces important permittivity changes leading to bistability and self‐starting 50% modulation of over 1 W of continuous wave light in the core. These features arise from resonant coupling of core‐guided light into the cladding by a 12‐degree tilted, 1 cm long fiber Bragg grating via narrowband, polarization‐dependent resonances that allow the selection of cladding modes with electric fields polarized in the plane of the graphene. The pulse repetition rate of the modulation increases from 10 to 269 Hz for input powers ranging from 0.3 to 1.33 W in the core, with no evidence of saturation. Investigations into the origin of these effects through physical modelling and different experimental conditions point to photo‐induced Joule heating in the graphene layer giving rise to temperature increases of the order of 60 °C and corresponding permittivity changes in the graphene and underlying silica fiber. Those changes lead to shifts in the resonance positions which result in the equivalent of saturable absorption for light guided in the core without direct contact with the absorbing graphene layer.
Narrated Dissection Videos and Peer‐Mentoring to Enhance Anatomy Performance of Underrepresented Minority Students in Physical Therapy Education
Authors: Nation Haley , Kaliski Debora , Ortiz Alexis 
Published: May 2020

Three‐dimensional virtual technology (3DVT) educational tools and peer‐tutoring have proven to be effective teaching strategies in improving student learning outcomes. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) compare the anatomy academic performance between underrepresented minority (URM) and non‐minority (non‐URM) students, (2) compare the voluntary use of 3DVT dissection videos and peer‐mentoring between these two cohorts, and (3) estimate the association between the use of these teaching strategies on anatomy examinations and course grades at a school of physical therapy. Three‐dimensional virtual technology narrated dissection videos and peer‐mentoring were made available to all students. Time accessing the video and attending peer‐mentoring sessions was measured throughout the course for all students. Three practical and four written examinations and the final course grade were calculated. Numerous one‐way ANOVAs were used to compare examination/course grades between student cohorts (URM and non‐URM) and usage of the two educational strategies (3DVT and peer‐mentoring). Multiple linear regressions were performed with teaching strategies as predictors and grades as outcomes. Underrepresented minority students demonstrated significantly lower practical examination scores (P = 0.04), lower final course grades (P = 0.01), and a greater use of mentorship hours (P = 0.001) compared to non‐URM. The regression models with both predictors (3DVT and peer‐mentoring) combined demonstrated the greatest association with grades for both URM and non‐URM. For both groups of students, the association between predictors and practical examination scores, although fair, was not statistically significant. Peer‐mentoring seems to be the most effective teaching strategy in helping URM students succeed in anatomy.
(20S)‐Protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides Induced Cytotoxicity via Blockade of Autophagic Flux in HGC‐27 Cells
Authors: Han Qingqing , Han Lijuan , Tie Fangfang , Wang Zhenhua , Ma Chengjun , Li Ji , Wang Honglun , Li Gang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract(20S)‐Protopanaxadiol ginsenosides Rg3, Rh2 and PPD have been demonstrated for their anticancer activity. However, the underlying mechanism of their antitumor activity remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of these three ginsenosides on cell proliferation and death of human gastric cancer cells (HGC‐27 cells). The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, Western blot analysis, fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. The results showed that both Rh2 and PPD were more effective than Rg3 in inhibiting HGC‐27 cell proliferation and inducing cytoplasmic vacuolation, while no significant changes in apoptosis were observed. Interestingly, cytoplasmic vacuolation and blockade of autophagy flux were observed after treatment with Rh2 and PPD. Rh2 obviously up‐regulated the expression of the LC3II and p62. Furthermore, the increase in lysosomal pH and membrane rupture was observed in Rh2‐treated and PPD‐treated cells. When HGC‐27 cells were pretreated with bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of endosomal acidification, cellular vacuolization was increased, and the cell viability was significantly decreased, which indicated that Rh2‐induced lysosome‐damage accelerated cell death. Furthermore, data derived from mitochondrial analysis showed that excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism were caused by Rh2 and PPD treatment in HGC‐27 cells. Taken together, these phenomena indicated that Rh2 and PPD inhibited HCG‐27 cells proliferation by inducing mitochondria damage, dysfunction of lysosomes, and blockade of autophagy flux. The number of glycosyl groups at C‐3 position could have an important effect on the cytotoxicity of Rg3, Rh2 and PPD.