bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Respiration Activity for Diagnosis of Mastitis Using SECM
Authors: Kasai Shigenobu , Kumagai Ryoma , Prasad Ankush , Honmo Tomohiro , Kumagai Masashi 
Published: February 2020

1. Introduction
Mastitis is a generic term for biological reactions leading to damage of mammary gland tissue, which occurs when intestinal microbes invade into mammary glands. Currently, Somatic cell count (SCC)1) is widely used as mastitis diagnosis method utilizing the fact that a large number of somatic cells are present in the milk of mastitis cattle. However, early diagnosis is difficult with this method. We have evaluated respiratory activity and respiratory burst of immune cells by Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)2). In this study, attention was paid to the fact that neutrophils are particularly likely to increase among somatic cells, and evaluation of respiratory activity can be used as a marker for the diagnosis of mastitis.
2. Experiment
2.1 Type of milk sample used
Two milk samples were obtained from Holstein cows. The somatic cell count of each of the two samples was 211 × 105 cells / mL and 31 × 105 cells / mL.
2.2 Evaluation of respiration activity for the somatic cell in milk method
2μL of the sample was put into the inverted conical well and was incubated at 37 °C for 15 minutes. Following this step, 10 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 11.4 mM glucose was added into the well. An Ag/AgCl electrode and a Pt electrode (d=20μm) were installed. The Pt electrode was scanned in the Z direction at the center of the well with the sample (Fig.1). Oxygen concentration profile was monitored by applying -0.5 Vvs.Ag/AgCl using SECM and scanning 500 μm in the vicinity of the sample. The scanning speed was 10 μm/s, the number of scans was kept at 3 with a sampling interval was 100 msec.
3.Results and Discussion
As shown in Fig. 2, differences in reduction current value were obtained. The average reduction current (where n=3) for ΔIr was observed to be -630pA while for ΔIb, it was found to be lower, reflecting a change in reduction current value of -400 pA. The difference observed in two different densities of cell lines shows a strong correlation between the number of somatic cells and its relation to changes in reduction current. It is thus proposed that the monitoring of respiratory burst can serve as a method for early diagnosis and detection of mastitis.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Kakuda farm that provided us with milk samples and for their excellent cooperation during the course of study.
References
1) M. Damm, et al., J.Dairy Sci.100:4926-4940,2017
2) H. Kikuchi, et al.,frontiers vol.7 Article25 2016

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Combined Electrokinetic and Electrochemical Measurements to Study the Electric Double Layer at Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Saha Prantik , Truong Amber , Nam Changwoo , Hickner Michael , Zenyuk Iryna V. 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry are generally used to understand the reaction kinetics and structure of the electric double layer (EDL) formed at the electrode-electrolyte interface. While these techniques can effectively probe the Faradaic reactions, specific adsorption processes etc., they are limited in their applicability towards measuring potential at the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP). On the other hand, electrokinetic methods are broadly used to measure potential at the slip plane, Zeta potential, which determines the nature of the diffuse layer at the interface. Depending on the ionic strength of the solution (Debye length) Zeta potential and OHP potentials can coincide. In this study, we used the electrokinetic techniques, such as streaming-current and streaming-potential methods to measure Zeta potential of solid metallic surfaces and hence attempted to bridge electrochemical and electrokinetcs in understanding of the EDLs.
Figure 1a shows a novel electrochemical cell designed by our group and adapted for the electrokinetic set-up. In conventional streaming current experiment, pressure difference between the two electrolyte reservoirs drive the ionic current mostly through the slip plane. By taking the slope of current vs pressure at a given pH a Zeta potential can be calculated. We report Zeta potential of a strip of Au, our model electrode, under various conditions (varied pH and electrolyte concentration), where the solid cell set-up measurements were validated against the more conventional Zeta potential measurements of colloidal particles with dynamic light scattering approach. By incorporating electrochemical set-up, we were able to vary applied potential on the electrode to probe potential of zero charge (pzc) of gold. The surface of gold electrode was cleaned beforehand in electrochemical three-electrode set-up using cycling voltammetry. Combining the data obtained from cyclic voltammetry and electrokinetics and applying the well-tested Gouy-Chapman theory of the EDLs, we were able to calculate the ion-distribution in the diffuse layer, the diffuse layer conductivity and the charge density on the surface of the electrode. We also attempted to comment on the possible relationship between the pzc and iso-electric point. The pzc of gold was found to be dependent on the pH of the electrolyte, and it varied between 200 mV to 500 mV on SHE. Next, we will extend the method to the other interfaces of interest to electrochemical community (such as Pt).

Figure 1
(Invited) Engineering of Enzymatic Bioelectrochemical Interface for In Vivo Analysis
Authors: Wu Fei , Mao Lanqun 
Published: February 2020

Bioelectrocatalysts have enabled a rapid development of sensing methods and devices for in vivo quantification of chemical species, which is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of life. However, these sophisticated functional units face a set of challenges when operated in vivo. One inevitable issue is the kinetic barrier for heterogeneous electron transfer at the electrode-enzyme interface, especially when direct electron transfer (DET) is preferred as toxic and unstable mediators are not suitable for in vivo applications. Different strategies have been explored to improve DET efficiency, and lately, a new method for regulating the molecular orientation of laccase on single-walled carbon nanotubes was developed based on the principle of surface wetting. Electrochemical and vibrational spectroscopic investigation drew a mechanistic picture of how enzymes behave in the presence of wetting reagents (such as ethanol), offering a new guidance for the design of bioelectrochemical interfaces.
Another issue associated with in vivo biosensing rises from interference of intrinsically existing substrates (other than the analytes) for enzymes, e.g., oxygen and NAD+ that function as electron acceptors for commonly employed oxidases and dehydrogenases. In our recent studies, we have explored a new enzyme candidate, ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GltS), as a bioelectrocatalyst. Containing multiple redox centers, Fd-GltS can be fined tuned with various mediators to enable either bioelectrosynthsis of glutamate or bioelectrochemical oxidation of glutamate. By this means, we can construct a new bioelectrochemical interface devoid of oxygen and cofactor interference, thus providing a new option for the development of biosensing platform for glutamate-mediated neurotransmission.
Heavy Metals Extaction and Separation By Electrodeposition on a STEEL Substrate from Wastewater
Authors: Addi Yassine 
Published: February 2020

Heavy metals contaminated waste water sludge is classified as hazardous solid waste (1). For this reason it needs to be properly treated to prevent releasing heavy metals to the environment.
The sludge was treated in a batch reactor (2) by sulfuric acid to extract the contained heavy metals (Cu; Cd; Ni and Zn).
The effects of sulfuric acid concentration and solid to liquid ratio on the heavy metal removal efficiencies were investigated. The experimental results showed that the total and individual heavy metal removal efficiencies increased with increasing sulfuric acid concentration, but decreased with increasing solid to liquid ratio.
For 5g/L solid to liquid ratio, more than 99,9% of heavy metals can be removed from the sludge by treating with 0,5 M sulfuric acid in 2h.
The separation, of metals extracted by sulfuric acid from the sludge, is carried out by plating on steel substrate (3).

References;

(1) B.Johnke. B.Wiebusch, Fuel Energy Abstract.1997. 38. 350
(2) M.A.Styllanou; D.Kollia,K.J.Haralambous. V.J.Inglezaki. ,K.G.Moustakas. M.D.Loizidou, Desalination
2007. 215. 73-81
(3) Mortaga M.Abou-Krisha, Applied surface science
2005. 252. 1035-10480
A Versatile Architecture for Electronically Tunable Electrocatalytic Activity: Graphene-Templated Atomically Thin Pt Supported on Oxygen-Deficient Titania
Authors: Bell Crystal , Lee Dong- Chan , Rouleau Chris , Sasaki Kotaro , Williams Michael , Alamgir Faisal M. 
Published: February 2020

Platinum (Pt) is an essential catalyst for many reactions including, but not limited to, oxidation/reduction, hydrogenation, and water gas shift. Despite its common use, the major disadvantages of platinum lies within its high cost due to its low abundance, and propensity for deactivation through poisoning. One way to address this setback is to reduce its loading content in catalyst design. Recently, our group has successfully synthesized a wetted atomic layer- by- layer Pt on carbon-based and noble metal supports via the surface limited redox replacement mechanism. This methodology produced atomically-thin catalyst films on graphene, an architecture that allows for unprecedented through-graphene electronic tuning of the catalyst activity by the support material below. Implementing transition metal oxides as the support with tuned electronic properties (such as work function) can dictate the activity of the surface catalyst atoms through vicinity effects.
The research presented here will review the synthesis and structural characterization of atomically thin-filmed platinum overlayers on top of oxygen deficient titanium oxide supports using imaging and spectroscopic techniques. Oxygen deficient titanium oxides supports (TixOy) were used to alleviate corrosion issues caused by the Vulcan XC-72, a known carbon support that is commonly applied in fuel cells. To implement growth of the atomically thin-filmed Pt monolayers, a single layer of graphene was transferred onto TixOy supports before layer-by-layer Pt deposition. Four-point probe measurements, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) were used to examine the chemical and electrical properties of the TixOy supports. It was revealed that variations in the pulsed laser deposition technique parameters for support synthesis gave rise to Ti2O3- and Ti3O5-like films. The chemical properties of electrochemically deposited Pt on a graphene/TixOy films were found, using XPS, to exist in a metallic state. The functionality of the synthesized catalyst were tested using major (direct methanol) fuel cell reactions including, but not limited to, the oxygen reduction reaction and the methanol oxidation reaction. Overall, varying the stoichiometry of the TixOy supports lead to reaction overpotential tunability.
SLOCKTM- Sleep Sock for Tracking Chronobiology
Authors: Upasham Sayali , Prasad Shalini 
Published: February 2020

Circadian rhythm is the natural rhythm associated with the sleep-wake cycle present in the body, it is an indication of the functioning of Hypothalamic-pituitary (HPA) axis. This rhythm can be tracked using biomarkers such as cortisol. Circadian rhythm is often disrupted in people that are shift workers, frequent travelers, suffering from sleep disorders, depression or adrenal disorders. An estimate of 50-70 million Americans suffer from chronic sleep disorders (NHLBI, 2003) which hinders routine functioning and have deleterious health implications including elevated cortisol levels, increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, depression, cardiac conditions and stroke. Currently available technologies for monitoring the circadian rhythm include techniques like Polysomnography (Ambulatory monitoring of nocturnal sleep), Actigraphy (Multiday ambulatory assessment), cortisol assays, core body temperature monitoring and cardiovascular activity monitoring. However, these technologies do not provide an accurate estimation of the extent of circadian disruption, as they are superficial. Biomarker estimation using cortisol helps us analyze the severity of the disease. Assays for cortisol usually rely on the use of blood or serum and take about 3-4 hours for the test results which proves to be an ineffective solution, from the point of view of developing a circadian profile for the user.
This project is aimed at developing a wearable, circadian rhythm self-monitoring platform which is non-invasive, label free and cost- effective solution to track the sleep-wake cycle in the body. The platform is a flexible porous electrochemical sensor integrated into a sock that is ideally used to capture the rise and fall of circadian biomarkers like cortisol during the sleep-wake cycle in order to track the HPA axis functioning in the user. This sensor is calibrated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and the Impedance changes are recorded as a function of cortisol concentration, depicted in Fig. 1. Limit of detection of the sensor is 1 ng/ml and it operates over the relevant physiological range for cortisol in sweat i.e. 8-141 ng/ml.

Figure
1
: Calibrated dose response curve for cortisol plotted as impedance vales against cortisol concentration.

Figure 1
Plasma Enhanced Formation of Lithium Nitride As Artificial SEI Layer for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Chen Ke , Pathak Rajesh , Qiao Qiquan , Zhou Yue 
Published: February 2020

Lithium (Li) metal has been considered as one of the most promising anode materials to replace conventional graphite for Li ion battery. However, it still faces some problems such as unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and uncontrolled Li dendrites growth. Although plenty of efforts have been devoted to stabilize the interphase by employing a protective layer on the surface of Li metal and to suppress the dendrite growth, those materials usually suffer unstable chemical contact with Li metal electrode as well as low Li ion conductivity. Moreover, the fabrication procedures are quite complicated with long processing time or high cost.
In order to develop a facile and controllable method to fabricate a stable and low cost Li metal anode, in this work, we report for the first time to fabricate Li3N film in situ on the Li metal surface by using N2 plasma activation technology. A unique flower-shape Li3N layer with [001] crystal orientation was obtained after N2 plasma activation. With a high Young’s modulus and high ionic conductivity, the Li3N layer enabled a fast Li ion transport channel between Li metal and liquid electrolyte. This Li3N protective layer can also blocked the direct contact between Li metal and liquid electrolyte, physically suppressing the growth of Li dendrites. As a result, the cycling life of Li symmetric cell was improved dramatically compared with the untreated bare Li metal. In the full cell configuration, the plasma activated Li3N electrode also demonstrated an enhanced capacity retention.
Understanding the Roles of Mass Transport in Electrochemical Plating Process of Lithium
Authors: Tian Yang , Wu Bingbin , Lochala Joshua Andrew , Xiao Jie 
Published: February 2020

Lithium metal anodes have the lowest potential (-3.04 V vs. SHE) and highest specific capacity of 3860 mAh g-1 of any metal anodes. [1] However, they still face critical problems, such as lithium dendrites, which may cause internal short circuit, and lithium pulverization. [2] Lithium pulverization increases the surface area of the whole lithium metal anode, which consumes increased amount of electrolytes, forming a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) which covers these newly exposed Li surfaces. The end result is the depletion of electrolyte and formation of “dead” lithium. [3] The accumulation of the SEI significantly increases the cell impedance and a sudden voltage polarization is seen at the end of Li metal cycling. [4] Fundamentally, the uneven Li deposition is related to the diffusion process of Li+ in the electrolyte. An electrochemical tool has been developed by using lab-made micro-electrodes to measure critical kinetic parameters such as diffusion coefficients, limited current densities, and the onset voltages of the diffusion-controlled region in different electrolytes. The morphologies of electrochemically plated Li, on the surface of these micro-electrodes, in various electrolytes, are also compared and correlated to the measured kinetic parameters. An effective electrochemical method has been built to quickly screen compatible electrolytes providing new insights for understanding the mass-transport controlled Li plating process.

Reference:

1) Xu, W., Wang, J., Ding, F., Chen, X., Nasybulin, E., Zhang, Y. and Zhang, J.G., 2014. Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries. Energy & Environmental Science, 7(2), pp.513-537.
2) Wu, B., Lochala, J., Taverne, T. and Xiao, J., 2017. The interplay between solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and dendritic lithium growth. Nano Energy, 40, pp.34-41.
3) Zhang, S.S., 2018. Problem, status, and possible solutions for lithium metal anode of rechargeable batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 1(3), pp.910-920.
4) Lu, D., Shao, Y., Lozano, T., Bennett, W.D., Graff, G.L., Polzin, B., Zhang, J., Engelhard, M.H., Saenz, N.T., Henderson, W.A. and Bhattacharya, P., 2015. Failure mechanism for fast‐charged lithium metal batteries with liquid electrolytes. Advanced Energy Materials, 5(3), p.1400993.
Influence of the Formulation on the Microstructure and Thus Performance of Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Rynne Olivier , Dubarry Matthieu , Molson Corentin , Lepage David , Ayme-Perrot David , Prébé Arnaud , Rochefort Dominic , Dollé Mickael 
Published: February 2020

The research in the field of Li-ion batteries is stronger than ever, with a common aim of increasing the energy and power density. More and more studies pinpoint the limitation of power-related performance for Li-ion batteries to the microstructure of each electrode. This random arrangement of the active material and carbon filling particles bound by the binder is typically characterized through physical values such as tortuosity, porosity and MacMullin Number.
To investigate the relationship between microstructure and performance in details, we used a design of experiment to evaluate close to seventy different formulations with LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 as the active materials (AM), carbon black (CB) and carbon nanofibers (CNF) as the conductive fillers, and two different binders: polyvinylidene fluoride and a thermoplastic elastomer. By keeping the loading and porosity constant throughout the study, all formulations are homogenously dispersed in a regular tetrahedron of coordinates (AM, CB, CNF, Binder). First, the microstructure was characterized in order to extract data related to the tortuosity, porosity and electrical conductivity. Then, galvanostatic measurements, in charge and discharge, from C/25 to 30C allowed to gather information such as the low- and high-rate capacity, energy and power and the Peukert constant for intermediate rates. The statistical analysis of all these results showed some clear correlation between the formulation and the microstructure and performance of the cells. Thus, it was made possible to draw the optimal formulation to get the best compromise depending on the application requirements (energy, rate or power). Finally, trends between the physical properties and performance were deciphered. This could be used to fine-tune the best possible electrode.

Figure 1
(Invited) Mechanical Forces Around the Diffuse Double Layer
Authors: Monroe Charles W 
Published: February 2020

Our group has recently fleshed out a general theoretical framework applicable to problems where electricity induces mechanical responses within electrolytic media. We take a continuum approach, rooted in classical thermodynamics and irreversible thermodynamics, which extends Newman's concentrated-solution theory by accounting for mechanical dynamics via a coupled momentum balance.
This talk will focus on an application of coupled electrochemical/mechanical transport theory to ideal parallel-plate electrolytic capacitors. A classical Poisson-Boltzmann model of the diffuse double layer within the electrolytic separator is augmented to include space charging within the conductive capacitor plates, which are modelled as Sommerfeld-Fermi electron gases. When accounted for in this way, the electrodes are found to contribute significantly towards the double-layer capacitance, as well as exerting a substantial compressive force on the electrolyte's boundary.
This toy problem may help to clarify modelling approaches to piezoelectric materials with substantial electrochemical activity. Both nonlinear and linear versions of the theory will be explored, the former around a single plate and the latter for the entire capacitor. The linear model holds when the electrolyte's Debye length far exceeds the plate separation, allowing the mechanical forces to be studied in the well-understood limit where the separator is an ideal dielectric.
(Keynote) Water-Oxidation By Polyoxometalate-Complexed Manganese-Oxide Nanocrystals: Visible-Light Driven Photoelectrocatalysis through Hierarchical Assembly
Authors: Weinstock Ira A. 
Published: February 2020

Building on our use of polyoxometalate (POM) cluster-anions as ligands for gold-nanoparticle catalysts and building blocks [1], we show how POMs can serve as covalently attached ligands for reactive metal-oxide nanocrystals, providing soluble and isolable assemblies uniquely positioned between molecular macroanions and traditional colloids. For example, covalently coordinated redox-active POMs, serving as ligands for individual anatase titanium-dioxide nanocrystals [2], control hydrogen formation by rationally tuning rates of visible-light driven electron injection into the TiO2 cores, while soluble POM complexes of alpha-Fe2O3 (see Figure) serve as oxidatively and hydrolytically stable catalysts for visible-light driven water oxidation [3]. We now report the synthesis and characterization of POM complexed 3-nm manganese oxide nanocrystals that serve as building blocks for the assembly of water-soluble 200-nm cubic nanostructures. Notably, the hierarchical assembly of these cubic structures, each comprised of more than 50,000 of the manganese-oxide-core POM complexes, induces a shift of UV-vis absorbance into the visible. This results in enhanced visible-light semiconductor properties, whose utility is demonstrated through photoelectrocatalytic water-oxidation.
[1] (a) Zhang, M.; Hao, J.; Neyman, A; Wang, Y.; Weinstock, I. A. Inorg. Chem., 2017, 56, 2400-2408 (Front
cover); (b) Wang, Y.; Raula, M.; Wang, Y.; Zeiri, O.; Chakraborty, S.; Gan-Or, G.; Gadot, E.; Weinstock, I. A. Ang. Chem. Int. Ed.
2017,56, 7083-7087; (c) Wang, Y.; Zeiri, O.; Raula, M.; Le Ouay, B.; Stellacci, F.; Weinstock, I. A. Nature Nanotech.
2017, 12, 170-176.
[2] M. Raula, G. Gan-Or, M. Saganovich, O. Zeiri, Y. Wang, M. R. Chierotti, R. Gobetto, I. A. Weinstock, Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed.
2015, 54, 12416 –12421 (“Hot paper”).
[3] Chakraborty, B.; Gan-Or, G.; Raula, M.; Gadot, E.; Weinstock, I. A., Nature Comm., 2018, 9, 4896.

Figure 1