bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion of Benzimidazoles, Imidazothiazoles and Imidazoles into more Potent Central Nervous System Acting Drugs
Authors: Saganuwan Saganuwan A. 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Benzimidazole (albendazole), imidazothiazole (levamisole) and imidazole (euconazole)
are used in chemotherapy of helminthosis and mycosis respectively, with central nervous system
(CNS) side effects. But only a limited number of azole groups are used clinically in the treatment of CNS
diseases, which are on increase and could not be cured permanently. Due to increased incidence of more
challenging new CNS diseases, there is a need for the synthesis of more potent CNS drugs.

Methods:
Hence, literature studies were carried out for the identification of common pathways for the
synthesis of the three groups of compounds, their CNS properties and the possibility of modifying them to
potent CNS drugs.

Results:
Findings have shown that gloxal with formaldehyde in the presence of ammonia can be converted
into imidazole, imidazothiazole and benzimidazole via distillation, condensation, alkylation, acylation,
oxidation, cyclization, sulphation and amidation. However, agents such as phosphorus pentoxide, ethanolic
potassium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hexafluroaluminate, aniline, calcium acetate,
calcium benzoate, sodium hydroxide, aromatic aldehydes, bromoketones, alpha dicarbonyl compounds
among others are used as reagents. The furan ring(s) may have a strong capability of penetrating CNS for
the treatment of neurological disorders. The products from the three groups have agonistic, antagonistic,
mixed agonistic and mixed antagonistic depressant and stimulant activities due to the presence of
heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. Imidazole may be the most potent with best characteristics
of CNS penetrability and activity followed by imidazothiazole and benzimidazole.

Conclusion:
Azole group is common to all the three classes and may be responsible for some of their CNS
effects. The resultant compounds could act via all neurotransmitters, voltage and ligand-gated ion channels
and may be chiral.
ПОРУШЕННЯ МЕТАБОЛІЗМУ ЩАВЛЕВОЇ КИСЛОТИ У ХВОРИХ НА ОКСАЛАТНИЙ НЕФРОЛІТІАЗ ТА СПОСОБИ ЇХ КОРЕКЦІЇ
Authors: Скоропад Н. Т. 
Published: October 2019

Резюме. Сечокам’яна хвороба (СКХ) є однією з найпоширеніших патологій сечо-видільної системи і займає друге місце у структурі урологічних захворювань після інфекцій сечовивідних шляхів. При аналізі хімічного складу конкрементів встановлено, що більшість (до 70-80% випадків) з них містить солі щавлевої кислоти та кальцій.
Мета дослідження: вивчити особливості порушень метаболізму щавлевої кислоти у хворих на оксалатний нефролітіаз, вдосконалити способи їх корекції та розробити ефективні схеми метафілактики оксалатного нефролітіазу.
В дослідженні приймали участь 120 людей, які були розділені на 3 групи в залежності від лікування після проведення дистанційної літотрипсії чи самостійного відходження конкременту верхніх сечових шляхів.
Концентрація гліколату в сечі хворих після комплексного лікування у ІІІ групі становили 620,2±49,2 мкмоль/л, тобто практично досягла рівня здорових.
У І та ІІ групах рівень гліколату у сечі був значно нижчим і не досягав фізіологічних норм, але спостерігалась тенденція до збільшення.
Включення в терапію антиоксидантного засобу – аргініну та комплексу вітамінів призводить до зниження рівня оксалурії до верхніх границь норми у ІІІ групі пацієнтів в сечі 456,91±37,70 до 319,81±26,36 мкмоль/л і крові з 26,94±1,52 до 22,46±1,54 мкмоль/л (р<0,05).
Спостерігалось зниження рівня кальцію у крові та сечі у пацієнтів І та ІІ груп, хороших результатів досягнуто в ІІІ групі хворих при застосуванні в комплексній терапії антиоксиданта аргініну.
У результаті запропонованої метафілактики уролітіазу досягнуто збільшення концентрації цитрату в сечі та крові.
Результати метафілактичної терапії протягом 3 років показали, що у пацієнтів ІІІ групи кількість рецидивів оксалатного нефролітіазу був нижчий ніж у І та ІІ групах і становив 11,2 % при показниках рецидивів 28,0 % та 22,0 % у І та ІІ групах відповідно.
Schema activation strategy in reading comprehension to improve student’s interest
Authors: Saputra Andika Ari 
Published: October 2019

Abstract: This research is aimed to improve the reading comprehension through schema activation strategy. Classroom Action Research (CAR) was conducted in two cycles and each cycle consisted of four phases. They were planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. The subjects of the study were 34 students of Class VIII A of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Godean. There were two forms of data in this study. The qualitative data were collected through observation and interview. The data were presented in the form of field notes and interview transcripts. Then, the quantitative data were collected through Pre-test, Posttest I, and Posttest II. In reference to the application of the two cycles, the results of the research revealed that use of schema activation strategy successfully improved the students‘ reading comprehension. The students‘ interest and attention in the process of teaching and learning English, especially reading improved. They were also able to explore many words related to the topic of the lesson. In relation to their comprehension of English texts, the students were able to identify main ideas and supporting details of paragraphs correctly. Strategi skema pada materi reading comprehension untuk meningkatkan ketertarikan siswaPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman reading comprehension melalui penggunaan Schema Activation Strategy. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, Peneliti menggunakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) sebagai metode penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua siklus dan masing-masing siklus terdiri dari empat fase. Yaitu fase persiapan, aksi, observasi dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian adalah 34 siswa dari kelas VIII A SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Godean. Ada dua macam data yang dihimpun pada penelitian ini. Data kualitatif dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan wawancara. Kemudian data dipresentasikan dalam bentuk catatan dan transkip wawancara. Sedangkan, data kuantitatif dikumpulkan melalui Pre-Test, Post-test I, dan Post-test II. Hasil yang didapatkan setelah menerapkan dua siklus, yaitu penggunaan Schema Activation Strategy berjalan sukses meningkatkan pemahaman siswa pada bab Reading. Minat siswa dan perhatian dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Inggris, khususnya peningkatan dalam pemahaman Reading. Para siswa mampu mengeksplorasi banyak kata terkait topik pelajaran. Para siswa juga mampu memahami teks Bahasa Inggris, siswa juga mampu untuk mengindentifikasi ide pokok dan juga detail paragaraf secara benar.
Cinco dificultades en la enseñanza del derecho: la implementación de un nuevo plan de estudios y su entorno
Authors: López Durán Rosalío 
Published: October 2019

<p>Reflexión sobre las dificultades que puede tener la modificación de los planes y programas de estudio en Derecho. La revisión se hace fundamentalmente en un plano general y abstracto con algunas referencias específicas a la implementación hecha en 2019 para la Facultad de Derecho de la UNAM. Se consideran primordialmente cinco dificultades, alguna de carácter académico y otras derivadas del entorno político y de la dinámica de la actividad docente.</p><p> </p>
Efektivitas Intervensi Pendidikan Kesehatan Terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Tentang Pemilahan Sampah Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri Di Kota Serang Tahun 2015
Authors: Sariana Erna 
Published: October 2019

Rubbish sorting is to separate waste types in according to the dissociation nature. In Serang city, especially the State Elementary School in working area Puskesmas Taktakan as being the location TPSA Cilowong Serang City government property still carry out the separation of biodegradable garbage and is not readily biodegradable. This is related with the knowledge and attitudes about less waste sorting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of health education on the knowledge level and attitudes about the waste sorting at the State Elementary School students in the Serang City 2015. The method used is a quasi-experimental. Samples some students at class V SDN Serang City. The first group is the experimental sample is SDN Pereng Cilowong village, and the second group is the experimental sample was SDN Taktakan 1 Serang. Data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with dependent t test, independent t test, and the correlation test. Based on the research results revealed that the mean of knowledge before the health education intervention = 11.088, mean knowledge after = 12.431. Mean attitude before = 37.363, and the attitude of health education interventions after the mean values ​​obtained 38.902. No statistically significant difference between the average knowledge before and after the health education intervention in the experimental first group (p = 0.0001) and second group (p = 0.0001). There are significant differences between the average attitude before and after the health education intervention in the experimental first group (p = 0.002) and second group (p = 0.040). The score average students knowledge and attitude who are given health education interventions through the film, is higher than the students knowledge and attitudes who are given health education interventions through leaflets (p = 0.015 and p = 0.048). There is a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude about waste separation (r= 0.524) and p = 0.0001). Suggestions in this research is to be able to select and use the appropriate health education media for students, especially elementary school students who turned out to be more effective to use audio visual media be compared visual media.
Keywords : Health Education, Knowledge, Attitude, Sorting Waste, Elementary School Students.
Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Hipertensi pada Masyarakat RW 009 Kelurahan Bojong Menteng Bekasi 2018
Authors: Maulitanisa Hadistia 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Hypertension or often known as "high" is one of the non-communicable diseases, which is currently a big and serious problem. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of hypertension in RW 009 community in Bojong Menteng Bekasi Village in 2018. This research is analytic by using cross sectional study design. This research was conducted from January 2018 until July 2018 with a total sample of 161 people. The instruments used in this study were sphygmomanometer, microtoise, weight scales and questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out by univariate and bivariate using chi square test. The results of the study found 47.2% of respondents who experienced hypertension, who were at risk (≥40 years) as much as 58.4%, male gender as much as 47.2%, history of family hypertension as much as 60.2%, obesity as much as 59 , 6%, smoking as much as 26.1%, less active physical activity by 53.4% and alcohol consumption by 1.2%. Furthermore, variables related to the incidence of hypertension were age (p = 0,000) PR 1,996 (95% CI: 1,334-2,986), history of family hypertension (p = 0,000) PR 3,197 (95% CI: 1,926-5,308), obesity (p = 0,000) PR 1,647 (95% CI: 1,264-2,145), smoking (p = 0,041) PR 1,473 (95% CI: 1,072-2,024), physical activity (p = 0,029) PR 1,495 (95% CI: 1,055- 2,118 ) Whereas, variables that were not related to the incidence of hypertension were sex (p = 0.252) PR 1.243 (95% CI: 0.896-1.724) and alcohol consumption (p = 1,000) PR 1.060 (95% CI: 0.263-4.280).The advice given to the puskesmas is that it is necessary to encourage the community, together with the head of RW 009 to raise awareness on routine health checks and routine exercise every holiday.
Keywords: Hypertension, Factors that cause hypertension
Perilaku Aktivitas Fisik dan Determinannya pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu - Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka
Authors: Farradika Yoli , Umniyatun Yuyun , Nurmansyah Mochamad Iqbal , Jannah Miftahul 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Based on data from the 2013 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) groups of adolescents to young adults (15-24) have sedentary lifestyles (sedentary / lack of physical activity) of 52%. Lack of physical activity can lead to health risks especially the complications of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and heart problems. This study aims to determine the relationship of physical activity and its determinants. This study uses a quantitative method with a cross-sectional study design. A total of 846 FIKES UHAMKA students participated in this study. Data collected by filling out the questionnaire by students. Data analysis used the chi square test to determine the relationship between physical activity and its determinants and logistic regression to determine the predictors of physical activity. This study provides results that the average Metabolic Equivalent (MET) score is 1420.33 ± 2384.297. Respondents who have low physical activity by 47.8%, moderate physical activity by 39.6% and high physical activity by only 12.6% of respondents. There is a significant relationship between gender, work status, availability of sports facilities, lecturer support, and perception of sports on physical activity. Active physical activity is more common in male sex respondents, students who are already working, the availability of sports facilities at home or the surrounding environment, the invitation of lecturers to exercise and a good perception of sports. The results also showed that respondents who did not work, did not have sports facilities at home, and had a poor perception of sports were predictors of having passive / mild physical activity.
Keywords : Perception, Attitude, Environment, Sports Facilities, Physical Activity of Students
Hubungan Karakteristik, Ketersediaan Fasilitas dan Pengawasan dengan Tindakan Tidak Aman pada Petugas Penanganan Prasarana dan Sarana Umum di Jakarta Timur
Authors: NOVIANUS CORNELIS 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Every job has risks and hazards related to the work performed. The worker for Handling Public Infrastructure and Facilities (PPSU) as the officer in charge of cleaning public facilities in east Jakarta is not immune from risks and dangers when carrying out their duties. Some of the dangers that may occur include the presence of biological, physical, and chemical hazards that can make injuries and illness from occupational diseases. Independent variables of this study are worker characteristics (age, years of service, and education, knowledge, attitudes), facilities availability, and supervision, and the dependent variable is PPSU's unsafe action. The purpose of the study was to relationship characteristics, facilities availability and supervision with unsafe action at PPSU. The study design was cross sectional. The research sample was all PPSU workers in X Village east Jakarta, which were 64 people. Data analysis using univariate and bivariate. The results of the study were mostly unsafe action from PPSU were not risky (57.8%), proportion of old age (50.0%), work period was mostly> 3 years (79.7%), the education of officers was high (78.1%), officer knowledge is also high (71.9%), positive officer attitudes (56.2%), most officers state that the facilities availability are complete (56.2%), and the supervision carried out is good (60.9%). Based on bivariate analysis, shows that the variables related to PPSU's unsafe behavior are knowledge (p value = 0.006 and PR = 5.943), attitudes (p value = 0.017 and OR = 4.018), facilities availability (p value = 0.004 and OR = 5.400), and supervision (p value = 0.040 and OR = 3.375). Whereas the unrelated are age (p value = 1,000), years of service (p value = 0.523), and education (p value = 1,000).
Keywords : Characteristics, Facilities Availability and Supervision, Unsafe Action.
In Vitro Quality Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin Tablets Marketed in Dessie, Ethiopia
Authors: Desta Haile Kassahun , Tekelehaimanot Tekleab Teka 
Published: October 2019

Good quality medicines are a prerequisite for a successful treatment. Post marketing surveillance is very crucial to ensure product quality and eliminating substandard products to be distributed and, consequently, ensure better patient clinical outcome. Hence, this study assesses quality of six brands of ciprofloxacin tablets marketed in Dessie, Ethiopia using in vitro quality control tests. Weight variation test, disintegration test, dissolution test and assay for the content of active ingredients was done according to United sates Pharmacopoeia, 2007. The percentage content of ciprofloxacin tablets were within the range of 90-110% and the disintegration time was found between 2.375- 6.31 minutes. In addition, ciprofloxacin tablets released more than 80% of the drug after 30 minutes. Hence, all brands of ciprofloxacin tablets met the quality control parameters as per United States Pharmacopoeial specifications.
Keywords: Ciprofloxacin; Quality; Substandard; Pharmacopoeial specifications
Lallemantia royleana Benth. (Balangu): A Compendious Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Ethnomedicinal Uses
Authors: Khan Afshan , Siddiqui Aisha , Jamal Anwar , Fatima Gulnar 
Published: October 2019

Lallemantia royleana Benth. is an annual, biennial or perennial herb, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, commonly known as Balangu. It is cultivated throughout Western Asia, India, Pakistan and Northern of Iraq. In Unani system of medicine it act as a Mudire Baul (Diuretic), Muqawwi Qalb (Cardiotonic), Musakkin (Sedative) etc and used for treatment of Nazla wa Zukam (Common cold) , Humma (Fever), Dard Mafasil (Joint pain), Hudar (Rheumatism), Amraze Gurda (Renal disorder), Zofe Qalb (Weakness of heart) etc. Traditional observation reports that this plant retains potential to cure infectious diseases. Nowadays, it is receiving substantial consideration by scientist and pharmaceutical research industries with the aim to explore for more effective substitute. The seeds contain linoleic, oleic, betasitosterol, palmitic and stearic acids, its gums are composed of L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-galactose, protein, uronic anhydride and are generally used for the treatment of abscesses, inflammation and respiratory problems, also used in drinks due to its sedative effects. This plant seems to possess many undiscovered pharmacological properties which have to be explored.
Keywords: Lallemantia royleana Benth, Unani medicine, Traditionl medicine.
Phytochemical Screening, Anti-Oxidant Potential and Anti- Ulcer Activity of Leucas diffusa Plant Extract
Authors: Jagadeesh D. , Anil Kumar Y. , Uma Rani N. Tulasi , Prathyusha A , Mahaboobsubhani Shaik Abdul 
Published: October 2019

Leucas diffusa (lamiaceae) a branched herb collected from the Guntur region, A.P. India. Phytochemical studies of Leucas diffusa, methanolic fraction subjected to column chromatography and estimation of total flavanoid content and to evaluate antioxidant potential and anti-ulcer activity of methanolic extract of Leucas diffusa. The plant powder was subjected to continuous hot extraction in Soxhlet Apparatus & extracted successively with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents. The extracts prepared were tested for the type of chemical constituents present by known qualitative tests. Total flavanoid content of methanolic and ethylacetate extract of Leucas diffusa were done. In vitro Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was evaluated using hydroxyl radical, reducing power & hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities. Anti-ulcer activitiy of methanolic extract was evaluated through pylorus ligation method and ethanol induced ulcer models. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. Our findings suggest that methanolic extract of whole plant Leucas diffusa have got profound antioxidant effect and showed significant anti-ulcer activity at higher dose.
Keywords: Leucas diffusa; Antioxidant; Flavanoid; anti-ulcer activity.
Development and Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle for Topical Delivery
Authors: Chaudhari Pallavi M , Ghodake Mahananda.V 
Published: October 2019

The aim of present work was to develop and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNs) based gel for topical delivery of anti-inflammatory drug. Material and method Nabumetone loaded SLNs were developed by hot homogenization followed by ultra- sonication technique using compritol 888 ATO as solid lipid and tween 80 as a surfactant. Developed SLNs were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug release profile. Process and formulation parameters were optimized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out on SLNs to mark the change in the drug and lipid modification. The Nabumetone based gels were prepared using carbopol 940 as gelling agent. Results and conclusion: The F14 batch had shown maximum entrapment efficiency up to 94.40 and sustained drug release for more than 7 hours. The particle size of optimized batch (F14) was found to be 16.54.
Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticle, Entrapment efficiency, Colloidal carrier.
Microsponges: A Promising Novel Drug Delivery System
Authors: Naga Jyothi K. , Dinesh Kumar P. , Arshad P. , Karthik M. , Panneerselvam T. 
Published: October 2019

Microsponge is recent novel technique for control release and target specific drug delivery system. More and more developments in drug delivery systems are being integrated to optimize the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the therapy. Microsponges are polymeric delivery system containing porous microspheres having a size range from 5 to 300µm. Microsponge Delivery System (MDS) is a unique technology for controlled drug delivery. This review article mainly deals with Microsponge drug delivery along with its method of preparation, characterization, advantages and release mechanism of MDS. Microsponges are characterized by particle size, entrapment efficacy, true density, % drug content and % yield, dissolution studies, Resiliency, compatibility studies and in-vitro studies. Wide range of applications is also preferred to develop drug with enhanced safety and efficacy.
Keywords: Microsponge, Porous microspheres, Control release, Colon.
Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity of Catunaregam spinosa (Thumb.) Tirveng Extracts
Authors: Saini Hansa , Dwivedi Jayesh , Paliwal Himanshu , Kataria Udichi , Chauhan Priyanka , Garg Rahul 
Published: October 2019

Catunaregam spinosa leaves have been ethnopharmacologically accounted for acquiring various pharmacological properties. The present study was undertaken to evaluate anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of leaves of C. spinosa.The ethanolic extract was selected for this purpose based on phytochemical screening. Inflammation was inhibited at the dose of 200 mg/kg with percent inhibition of inflammation 32.06, 37.28 and 43.16 %, respectively, at 1, 3 and 5 h, while in egg albumin model % inhibition was found to be 47.81%. There was no significant analgesic activity seen in acetic acid induced writhing response method while significant effects were observed in the doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg on hot plate test. No antipyretic activity was shown by ethanolic extracts(25, 100 and 200 mg/kg) against Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats.
Keywords: Catunaregam spinosa, Anti-inflammatory activity, Phytochemical screening, Ethanolic extract.