bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties and classification of heavily eroded post-chernozem soils in Proszowice Plateau (southern Poland)
Authors: Drewnik Marek , Żyła Marcin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The morphology and properties of heavily eroded soils found in chernozems in the upland landscape of the Proszowice Plateau (southern part of Poland) was presented. The issue of classification of these soils was also discussed. Taking into account the terrain context, it should have been assumed that these soils were formed as a result of strong erosion (truncation) of chernozems. These (post-chernozem) soils were relatively young, in which only the development of humus horizon can be documented. However, the accumulation of humus was hampered by constantly intense erosion processes. Evidence of the occurrence of the illuviation process as well as formation of cambic horizon is not visible macroscopically and microscopically. These soils are often classified as weakly developed soils though despite the poor development of the soil profile, they are characterized by potentially high productivity, which results both from the properties of their parent material (texture, porosity) and from their youthfulness (carbonate content both in fine earths and in nodules, high pH in whole profile). Therefore, the name proposed in Polish Soil Classification, 6th edition (‘pararędzina’) seems to be justified. These soils would be classified as Entisols according to USDA Soil Taxonomy and as Regosols according to WRB.
Suitability of World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) to describe and classify chernozemic soils in Central Europe
Authors: Kabała Cezary , Charzyński Przemysław , Czigány Szabolcs , Novák Tibor J. , Saksa Martin , Świtoniak Marcin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chernozemic soils are distinguished based on the presence of thick, black or very dark, rich in humus, well-structural and base-saturated topsoil horizon, and the accumulation of secondary carbonates within soil profile. In Central Europe these soils occur in variable forms, respectively to climate gradients, position in the landscape, moisture regime, land use, and erosion/accumulation intensity. “Typical” chernozems, correlated with Calcic or Haplic Chernozems, are similarly positioned at basic classification level in the national soil classifications in Poland, Slovakia and Hungary, and in WRB. Chernozemic soils at various stages of their transformation are placed in Chernozems, Phaeozems or Kastanozems, supplied with respective qualifiers, e.g. Cambic, Luvic, Salic/Protosalic, Sodic/Protosodic etc. Some primeval Chernozems thinned by erosion may still fulfil criteria of Chernozems, but commonly are shifted to Calcisols. Soils upbuilt (aggraded) with colluvial additions may also retain their original placement in Chernozems, getting supplementary qualifier Colluvic. “Hydromorphic” chernozemic soils, in many CE systems are placed as separate soil type (“czarne ziemie” or “čiernice”) at the same level with “typical” chernozems. Classification of these soils in WRB depends on the presence of chernic horizon, depth of secondary carbonate accumulation and depth of gleyic/stagnic properties, and may vary from Gleyic/Stagnic Chernozems/Phaeozems to Mollic Gleysols/Stagnosols. Although WRB classification differs from national classifications in the concepts and priorities of classification, it provides large opportunity to reflect the spatial variability and various stages of transformation/degradation of chernozemic soils in Central Europe.
Chernozems of Lubelszczyzna (eastern Poland)
Authors: Chodorowski Jacek , Bartmiński Piotr , Plak Andrzej , Dębicki Ryszard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the work was to characterize the variously used humus in the south-eastern part of the Lublin region. The basic research material were data taken from the literature on the subject. Standard soil science methods were used in the study. The humus level of humus varieties ranged from 30 to 80 cm. The researched molds were formed from loess deposits, which most often showed graining of clay dust. Organic carbon content in humus levels did not exceed 2.9%. The surface levels of the analyzed molds showed clear decalcification. The CaCO3 content in the loess mother rock was a maximum of 15.5%. These are soils with high saturation of the sorption complex with basic cations. The content of available phosphorus and potassium in humus levels was low and medium. According to Systematics of Poland’s soils (2019), the analyzed molds mainly represented leached molds and typical molds, while according to the international soil classification WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015) they are primarily Phaeozems. All the analyzed humus plants belong to soils with the highest utility value. Phenomena lowering the quality of molds in the Lublin region related to human activity are the use of improper agrotechnics, and above all water surface erosion. The unfavorable processes are favored by the undulating terrain and the grain size of the soils studied, characteristic for this area.
Innovations in Managing Traditional Organizations: German Classic Professional Orchestras, Specific Nature and Innovative Aspects
Authors: Teohari Georgiana , Bibu Nicolae 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The armed forces, the state and the church are multiple-stakeholders organizations, designed according to very specific characteristics that describe their mission and their objectives. Alongside with them, the classic professional orchestra is one of one the oldest and traditional organizations, with distinguished features that describe its organizational culture, its mission and goals, namely: to present the classical music at the highest level of performance, to meet the public’s expectations, to represent their communities as cultural ambassadors and to protect the cultural patrimony. Innovations represent a response to new challenges of today’s society, such as multi culturality, digitalization, the new physical and social setting in which people live. German orchestras dominate by number and by high musical performance level the world’s orchestra market. Contrary to the strictness of the musical service provided by the classical professional orchestra’s “sound organism”, is there room for innovations? According to Forbes magazine, “innovation is crucial to the continuing success of any organization”. Are there any management innovations, and if there are, what is their impact upon the stakeholders’ satisfaction? This article is part of a complex research upon specific and innovative aspects in managing a classic professional orchestra for maximizing the satisfaction of multiple stakeholders.
Ketepatan Waktu Notaris dalam Pendaftaran Jaminan Fidusia Secara Elektronik Pada Lembaga Pembiayaan
Authors: Handayani Tari Kharisma , Sanusi Sanusi , Darmawan Darmawan 
Published: January 2020

Letter of Credit is one of the payment instruments in international business transactions. Based on the agreement to issue a Letter of Credit, the Letter of Credit is issued by the issuing bank at the request of the applicant as the importer. The Letter of Credit agreement that is used by banks in general is a standard agreement that the clause has been prepared in advance by the bank. The imbalance in the standard agreement can be used by parties whose bargaining position is stronger to abuse the situation. The purpose of this study is to analyze national law and international law related to the issuance of Letter of Credit. The next objective is to analyze the application of the principle of balance in the agreement to issue Letter of Credit as an international business transaction. The type of research used is normative legal research using a statutory approach, the sources of legal materials used based on library research are analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study revealed that whether the principle of balance in the Letter of Credit issuance agreement had been realized in the practice of international business transactions.
Pendaftaran Jaminan fidusia dilakukan secara elektronik sesuai dengan Pasal 11 ayat (1) UU No 42 Thn 1999 tentang “Jaminan Fidusia” (selanjutnya disingkat UUJF). Pendaftaran tersebut haruslah diajukan dalam jangka waktu selama 30 hari terhitung sejak tanggal pembuatan akta jaminan fidusia sebagaimana diatur pada Pasal 4 Peraturan Pemerintah RI No 21 Thn 2015 tentang “Tata Cara Pendaftaran Fidusia dan Biaya Pembuatan Akta Jaminan Fidusia”. Namun, dalam praktiknya masih terjadi keterlambatan terhadap pendaftaran jaminan fidusia tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan pertanggungjawaban notaris secara perdata terhadap pendaftaran jaminan fidusia secara elektronik yang melewati jangka waktu. Jenis penelitian yang dipakai ialah “penelitian hukum normatif”. Pada penelitian normatif mengkaji asas-asas dan norma-norma serta bahan pustaka atau data sekunder. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa notaris secara perdata bertanggung jawab terhadap keterlambatan dalam pendaftaran jaminan fidusia tersebut. Keterlambatan pendaftaran yang disebabkan oleh kelalaian notaris merupakan perbuatan hukum yang menimbulkan konsekuensi hukum. Apabila notaris dalam masa 30 hari tidak melakukan pendaftaran dan pada saat didaftarkan jaminan fidusia secara elektronik pada sistem secara otomatis ditolak, maka hal tersebut adalah menjadi tanggungjawab notaris, apabila nantinya ada kerugian dari pihak kreditur maka notaris dapat digugat, artinya dapat dikenakan sanksi baik secara administrasi maupun secara perdata
Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor: Studi Kritis Empiris di Daerah Khusus Istimewa Jakarta
Authors: Jainuri Maulana Ghiffahri 
Published: January 2020

Based on DKI Jakarta Regulation No. 2 Of 2015 On Vehicle Tax, the rider obligate to pay taxes to the Government of DKI Jakarta, All specifications are at different law including the payment method. While the laws are changing year to year depending on markets, is that what called infectivity of law. Unplumming of the rate of people paying taxes in DKI Jakarta makes governor have amnesty such as a free fine to those paying taxes. The purpose of this research is to bring you an insight of the unscattered regulations in DKI Jakarta on vehicle tax. As if we can get you through this research, we may give you some clue on how good to pay taxes. This research uses the statue approach and comparative approach. Statue approach is used to deliberate the laws systematically while comparative approach makes you slide on to Singapore tax law/policy regarding vehicle tax. The result of this research found that the laws of DKI Jakarta on vehicle tax are overlapping while the toughness of mechanism and doubled-penalty Singaporean would have as if doesn’t pay taxes.
Berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Ibukota Jakarta Nomor 2 Tahun 2015 atas Perubahan Peraturan daerah Nomor 8 Tahun 2010 tentang Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor pengendara wajib membayar pajak sesuai dengan jenis kendaraan masing-masing kepada pemerintah daerah DKI Jakarta. Ketentuan mengenai besaran tarif erta mekanisme pembayaran dapat dilihat di dalam peraturan yang berbeda. Adapun aturan hukum terkait dengan pajak kendaraan bermotor selalu berubah tiap tahunnya, mengikuti dinamika pasar yang ada. Apakah hal ini dapat dikatakan sebagai inefektivitas hukum. rendahnya warga DKI Jakarta membuat aparat penegak memberikan “amnesty” kepada para wajib pajak, diantaranya pemotongan denda secara berkala. Tujuan studi ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pandangan terkait dengan fenomena tumpang-tindih peraturan pajak kendaraan bermotor yang berada di wilayah DKI Jakarta, sehingga dapat memberikan pandangan secara komprehensif terhadap masyarakat selaku wajib pajak untuk membayar pajak. Studi ini menggunakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan melakukan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach) dan pendekatan perbandingan hukum (comparative approach). Adapun dalam statue approach akan dijabarkan secara sistematis dan komprehensif akan peraturan pajak kendaraan bermotor DKI Jakarta. Sedangkan akan dilakukan perbandingan hukum terhadap Undang-Undang Pajak Singapura untuk kemudian dilihat akan lapisan tiap-tiap aturan hukum pajak. Hasil studi menemukan rendahnya ketaatan bayar pajak di DKI Jakarta serta adanya overlapping diantara aturan. Sementara di Singapura ditemukan kewajiban penalti yang tinggi bagi wajib pajak apabila tidak membayar dan mekanisme serta biaya yang tinggi untuk mendapatkan hak milik atas kendaraan.
Peran Gojek Sebagai Akses Publik Wisatawan di Bali dan Pelopor Ekonomi Kreatif
Authors: Dewantara Made Handijaya 
Published: January 2020

This study aims to understand the position of Gojek as public access to tourists when traveling in Bali, by looking at the positioning strategy of Gojek as an innovative model for online platform in the field of transportation services, as well as one of the alternative solutions for tourism accessibility, which can be beneficial in sustainable tourism in Bali. The research was conducted through in-depth interviews and in-depth observation. Through the research conducted, it can be concluded that the Gojek application as an online application based on transportation and public access has a significant role in the tourism industry in Bali. As the first decacorn in Indonesia, Gojek has demonstrated its commitment to fulfill the satisfaction of all the needs and desires of customers with requests that change from time to time, especially for those who have activities in Bali. This was demonstrated through various application variants released by Gojek as a start-up company. By understanding the needs and desires of tourists vacationing in Bali, Gojek can understand the behavior of consumers who use services again continuously which will lead to customer loyalty. Gojek also provides important positioning through their marketing strategies. As a transportation-based application, Gojek also make partners with local entrepreneurs who can generate creativity and a shared economy model. This creation is demonstrated through innovation and creativity and business that provides many job opportunities for Gojek partners. The reliability of Gojek in their marketing strategy is demonstrated through their seven-marketing mix.
Keywords: transportation, innovation, creativity, accessibility
Naida noziegumi Latvijā: kriminālatbildība un piemērotie sodi
Authors: Treļs Ēriks 
Published: January 2020

2019. gada 5. martā Eiropas Komisija pret rasismu un neiecietību (The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, ECRI) publicēja Piekto ziņojumu par Latviju. Tajā, atsaucoties uz Tiesībsarga biroja un nevalstisko organizāciju sniegto informāciju, norādīts, ka naida kurināšanas upuri bieži vien neinformē policiju par notikušo, jo viņiem nav pārliecības par tiesībaizsardzības iestāžu vēlmi vai spēju efektīvi izmeklēt šos notikumus, tādēļ tiek rekomendēts Valsts policijai izveidot speciālu struktūrvienību darbam ar mazāk aizsargātajām sabiedrības grupām. Iepriekšējā ziņojumā, kas tika publicēts 2012. gada 21. februārī, ECRI norādīja, ka par šāda veida noziegumiem piespriestie sodi (ar dažiem izņēmumiem, kad tika piemēroti sodi, kas saistīti ar brīvības atņemšanu) Latvijā ir pārāk saudzīgi. Rakstā tiek skaidrots, kā šajā jomā mainījusies situācija pēc ECRI Ceturtā ziņojuma publicēšanas.

The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) on 5 March 2019 published Report on Latvia (fifth monitoring cycle). Non-governmental organisations, minority representatives and Ombudsman of the Republic of Latvia indicated to ECRI that victims of hate speech do not often report incidents to the police due to lack of trust in the willingness or ability of the law enforcement agencies to investigate these cases effectively. ECRI recommends, as a matter of priority, that the authorities establish a unit within the State Police tasked with reaching out to vulnerable groups in order to increase trust in the police and address the problem of under-reporting of hate crimes. In 2012, the ECRI pointed out that penalties for racist violence (with a few exceptions, the imposition of custodial penalties) in Latvia are too lenient. Therefore, the author offers his vision of the actual situation and how things have changed since the fourth ECRI Report on Latvia.
Phenomenon of Corruption, Its Origin in the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Level in Modern Finland
Authors: Jilkine Vladimir 
Published: January 2020

Power and corruption have been inseparable since ancient times. The phenomenon of corruption is of particular interest not only for scientists working in the field of social and humanitarian knowledge, but also for politicians, lawyers, philosophers and public figures. Almost all modern researchers consider corruption as a social phenomenon. The problems of corruption are reflected in the works of political scientists, economists, legal scholars, lawyers, philosophers, sociologists, offering a variety of approaches to the study of a multidimensional and debatable phenomenon. The UN views corruption as a complex social, cultural and economic phenomenon affecting all countries, but does not provide a more detailed explanation of the term. The concept of a “corruption offense” does not have a separate definition in Finnish legislation. Scientists and practitioners still have not come to a common opinion on the key issue: how to objectively determine the effective work of the anti-corruption institution and its impact on the corruption situation in the country. According to the author, studying the history, causes and extent of corruption in Finland will allow understanding of its evolution, causes and influence on the state to determine the regulatory framework in the field of anti-corruption legislation in Finland.

Ietekme un korupcija ir bijuši saistīti kopš seniem laikiem. Korupcijas fenomens ir īpaši saistošs ne vien sociālo un humanitāro zinātņu ekspertiem, bet arī politiķiem, juristiem, filozofiem un sabiedrību ietekmējošām personībām. Gandrīz visi mūsdienu pētnieki uzskata korupciju par sociāla tipa fenomenu. Korupcijas riskus un to ietekmi apraksta politikas zinātnes pārstāvji, ekonomisti, jurisprudences akadēmiskais personāls, filozofi, sociologi, piedāvājot dažādas pieejas šī multidimensionālā un diskusiju vērtā fenomena aplūkošanā. ANO definē korupciju kā kompleksu sociālo, kultūras un ekonomikas fenomenu, kas ietekmē visas valstis, bet sīkāku termina skaidrojumu tam nesniedz. “Korupcijas pārkāpuma” konceptam arī somu likumdošanā nav savas definīcijas. Pētnieki un praktiķi līdz šim nav vienojušies par kopēju redzējumu korupcijas sakarā: kā objektīvi izvērtēt pretkorupcijas institūciju darba efektivitāti un to ietekmi uz korupcijas risku mazināšanu valstī. Pēc šī raksta autora domām, korupcijas vēstures liecību, cēloņu un apjoma pētījumi ļaus izprast šī fenomena attīstības tendences valstī, tās cēloņus un ietekmi uz valsts pārvades struktūru, un sekmēs tādas likumdošanas izstrādi, kas regulē korupcijas risku mazināšanu Somijā.
A SURVEY OF ISOETES COROMANDELINA L. F. POPULATIONS IN TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT
Authors: G| Sahaya Anthony Xavier , S Sundhari , P Mariammal , M Vaishnavi , T Vanitha 
Published: January 2020

The genus Isoetes is a cosmopolitan genus found around the world. The genus consists of aquatic or semi-aquatic plants needing water for survival. The distribution of Isoetes coromandelina L. f. in the freshwater ponds of Tirunelveli district was studied. The results of the survey show that the population of Isoetes coromandelina in Tirunelveli district are healthy and flourish wherever non-polluted, nutrient poor waters are available. Although there is no danger to the populations of Isoetes at present, water pollutioncould endanger the survival of the species.
QUALITATIVE AND GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TICK WEED (CLEOME VISCOSA L.)
Authors: D Kavitha 
Published: January 2020

The potential of an allelopathic plant to exert direct and indirect effects depends in large part on the chemistry of the plant and whether putative allelochemicals reach meaningful levels in the environment surrounding the plant. Cleome viscosa L. (Capparidaceae) (synonym: C. icosandra L.) is a weed distributedthroughout the tropics of the world and the plains of India Results on the qualitative analysis on the root, stem and leaves of C. viscosa showed that the presence of saponins and flavonoids in all their three organs. The presence of alkaloids was noticed only in Wagner's test not in the Mayor's and Dragendorff's test. GC-MSresults of whole plant of C.viscosa showed the presence 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose (73%), followed by Benzofuran,2,3-dihydro (9.844%) and : n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.707%) of the total 32 compounds.
Informing good lighting in parks through visitors’ perceptions and experiences
Authors: Smith Brandi , Hallo Jeffrey 
Published: January 2020

Park visitors’ experiences and outdoor lighting are linked, but no studies have investigated visitor preferences for lighting in these locations, nor reasons for such preferences. Visitors’ preferences for lighting may help parks regulate and utilize lighting in a way that both protects resources and provides for quality night experiences. Brightness, Correlated Color Temperature (CCT), and context affects human perceptions of lighting. This paper examines these variables and related lighting preferences in settings common to parks: pathways, amphitheaters, and restrooms. Experimental lighting scenarios were setup at Acadia National Park for brightness ranges typical of each setting. CCTs were chosen based on those common for outdoor lighting – 3000K (yellow), 4200K (white), and 6000K (blue-white). Scenario light fixtures were operated by control boxes that enabled participants to switch between the three CCTs and to adjust brightness. A survey and semi-structure interviews collected data from visitors. Participants preferred 3000K at both the restroom and amphitheater, but 4200K at the pathway. A 6000K CCT was undesirable for all locations. Visitors’ preferred brightness ranged from 1.4 lux on the pathway to 10.5 lux at the restroom. The most frequently cited reasons for these choices were the desire to provide natural nighttime light levels, maintain natural darkness, create a soothing or subtle setting, and to avoid tripping or falling. Many participants indicated having both negative and positive experiences in parks caused by outdoor lighting. Parks must address outdoor lighting if they are to comprehensively manage the nighttime environment and nighttime visitor experiences common in these places.
Tek Açıklıklı Tarihi Taş Köprülerde Form Değişikliğinin Köprünün Sismik Davranışına Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi: Niksar Yılanlı (Leylekli) Köprü Örneği
Authors: SÖZEN Şahin , ÇAVUŞ Murat 
Published: January 2020

Bu çalışmada zaman içerisinde
geometrik form değişikliklerine maruz kalmış tarihi Yılanlı (Leylekli) köprüsünün
deprem performansı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, köprünün özgün formu ve
değişime uğramış formu 3D katı model olarak ANSYS sonlu elemanlar yazılımı
kullanılarak modellenmiştir. Her iki yapı için statik ve zaman tanım alanında
analizler gerçekleştirilerek, gerilme ve deformasyonlar irdelenmiştir. Mimari ve estetik açıdan hiçbir şekilde olumlu
karşılanmayacak olan köprü formunun değiştirilmesinin, yapının deprem
performansını olumlu yönde etkilediği analiz sonuçlarından anlaşılmaktadır.
Gerek statik analizden gerekse dinamik analizden elde edilen veriler asimetrik
köprü modelinin daha az zorlandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durumun, zaten çok
rijit olan köprü yapısının form değişikliğinin yapı rijitliğinde ilave artışa
sebep olmasından kaynaklandığı söylenebilir.