bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Slovenian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Vah Jevšnik Mojca , Cukut Krilić Sanja 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the type and scope of Slovenian diaspora engagement policies with a focus on social protection. It shows that Slovenia’s engagement with its diaspora is mostly of political and cultural nature and primarily aims at preserving and strengthening Slovenian identity, heritage, language and culture, while less effort has been attributed to developing policies, programmes and tools to reduce exposure to social risks of its nationals abroad. This can be explained by the post-socialist nation-building process, as well as the structure of the social protection system, which is based on compulsory social insurance contributions and linked to employment in the Republic of Slovenia as the main basis for benefit entitlement. The chapter first explores the main characteristics of the Slovenian diaspora and wider institutional framework by which authorities in Slovenia engage with nationals abroad. It then reviews key engagement policies in the areas of unemployment, health, pensions, family-related benefits and economic hardship.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Spanish Citizens Abroad
Authors: Palop-García Pau 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter outlines the social protection policies that Spain has adopted to target Spanish nationals abroad. First, it describes the diaspora infrastructure and the key engagement policies developed in the last years by Spain. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on five social protection policies: unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The findings reveal that Spain has adopted a diaspora strategy that targets different emigrant groups such as exiles of the Civil War and early Francoism and their descendants, Spaniards that emigrated to other European countries during the 1950s and 1960s, and new emigrants that left the country due to the consequences of the financial crisis of 2008. Findings also show that, although Spain has developed a wide array of services to target its diverse diaspora, it still lacks a comprehensive scheme of social protection abroad. Moreover, the results suggest that Spain has adopted a subsidiary social policy strategy abroad that is triggered when the social protection offered by states of reception is lacking.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Croatian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Winland Daphne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the Croatian Government’s policies for Croats abroad with a focus on social protection. The history of Croatian diaspora-homeland engagement over a century culminating in the establishment of the independent state of Croatia in 1991, informs the prioritization of Croats abroad in the social policy landscape. In addition to outlining the diaspora and consular infrastructures, culture and education policies, the protection of Croats abroad in the areas of health, employment, pensions and family-related benefits is reviewed. The findings of this analysis reveal that while the Croatian government continues to profess its commitment to providing a comprehensive program of social protection for Croats abroad, policies guaranteeing substantive social protection are mainly found in those (primarily post-Yugoslav) states where Croatia has negotiated bilateral agreements for Croats identified as a minority. The provision of protection for Croats abroad in general therefore falls somewhat short in so far as a robust, concrete set of measures are concerned.
Infrastructure: Rules, Walls, Obstacles and Opportunities
Authors: Hilton Claire 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the organisational underpinning of the asylums during the war. The Board of Control oversaw the asylums but could neither enforce best practice nor prevent low standards. Local tiers of management ran the asylums day-to-day. Government, professionals and public influenced asylum management, but patients’ voices were barely audible or credible. The system prioritised obeying rules and stifled innovation. Twenty-four asylums (23,000 beds), one quarter of the total, were vacated for military purposes. Widespread negativity about mental disorders and their treatment discouraged expenditure on anything other than the cheapest custodial regimes. People who attempted to make improvements faced many hurdles.
Certified Insane: Concepts and Practices
Authors: Hilton Claire 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores psychiatric concepts and clinical issues relating to patients in the asylums, including classification of disorders; research; nature and nurture hypotheses; and treatment and convalescence. From medical and legal standpoints, definitions of insanity were vague, subjective and their value debated. Physical illness and mental disturbances overlapped and there was little consensus on the relative contributions of heredity, brain disease, psycho-social, spiritual and other non-medical factors to causing mental disorders. Treatment became more custodial, often relying on sedative medications, restraint and seclusion. Individually focussed treatment was an ideal but hard to implement in large impersonal, overcrowded and inadequately staffed asylums. Particularly during the war, the asylums lost the precious commodity of staff time to build therapeutic relationships and provide psycho-social treatments to assist recovery and manage the most disturbed patients humanely.
Personnel: Staffing the Asylums and Serving the Colours
Authors: Hilton Claire 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA vast staff served the asylums: doctors, nurses, attendants, artisans, clergy, kitchen and laundry workers, and other who maintained buildings, farm, gardens and cemetery. Ward work was particularly demanding, with long hours, and poor conditions of employment. A regimented and punitive culture and distrust between management and lower ranks of staff, contributed to “a general feeling of insecurity” among them. They had high rates of sickness and a high turnover, sometimes over 75 per cent annually, resulting in an inexperienced workforce. The asylum leadership contributed to creating a dysfunctional system in which the patients, whom the asylum was meant to serve, were far from central to it.
Food, Farm and Fuel: An Inequitable Supply Chain
Authors: Hilton Claire 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWithin days of war breaking out, the country faced extraordinary chaos in the food market. Many foods considered nutritious, such as meat, were prioritised for the soldiers. The large contracts for food required by the asylums became particularly vulnerable, with food diverted into military supplies. Within the asylums, food and fuel distribution was also inequitable, depending more on status than on health need. Alongside asylum managers’ goals of lowest possible expenditure, they often had little grasp of emerging nutritional science, a potentially disastrous combination. In 1919, the Times concluded: “Have we been sending some of our lunatics into the Army and starving the others?” It called for the Board of Control to account.
Derivation of a Cell-Based Mathematical Model of Excitable Cells
Authors: Jæger Karoline Horgmo , Tveito Aslak 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExcitable cells are of vital importance in biology, and mathematical models have contributed significantly to understand their basic mechanisms. However, classical models of excitable cells are based on severe assumptions that may limit the accuracy of the simulation results. Here, we derive a more detailed approach to modeling that has recently been applied to study the electrical properties of both neurons and cardiomyocytes. The model is derived from first principles and opens up possibilities for studying detailed properties of excitable cells.We refer to the model as the EMI model because both the extracellular space (E), the cell membrane (M) and the intracellular space (I) are explicitly represented in the model, in contrast to classical spatial models of excitable cells. Later chapters of the present text will focus on numerical methods and software for solving the model. Also, in the next chapter, the model will be extended to account for ionic concentrations in the intracellular and extracellular spaces.
A Cell-Based Model for Ionic Electrodiffusion in Excitable Tissue
Authors: Ellingsrud Ada J. , Daversin-Catty Cécile , Rognes Marie E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents theKNP-EMImodel describing ion concentrations and electrodiffusion in excitable tissue. TheKNP-EMImodel extends on theEMImodel by removing the assumption that ion concentrations are constant in time and space, and may as such be more appropriate in connection with modelling e.g. spreading depression, stroke and epilepsy. TheKNP-EMImodel defines a system of time-dependent, nonlinear, mixed dimensional partial differential equations. We here detail the derivation of the system and present a numerical example illustrating how ion concentrations evolve during neuronal activity.
Operator Splitting and Finite Difference Schemes for Solving the EMI Model
Authors: Jæger Karoline Horgmo , Hustad Kristian Gregorius , Cai Xing , Tveito Aslak 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe want to be able to perform accurate simulations of a large number of cardiac cells based on mathematical models where each individual cell is represented in the model. This implies that the computational mesh has to have a typical resolution of a fewµm leading to huge computational challenges. In this paper we use a certain operator splitting of the coupled equations and showthat this leads to systems that can be solved in parallel. This opens up for the possibility of simulating large numbers of coupled cardiac cells.
Introduction
Authors: Amelung Nina , Granja Rafaela , Machado Helena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the key themes and arguments of the book and provides a road map for the remaining chapters. It outlines the book’s ambition to contribute to the sociological and criminological literature on technological infrastructures, borders and specific visions of Europe by portraying what we call the biobordering processes at work in the EU. Relying on what Misa and Schot, reflecting on technological infrastructures, have called the ‘hidden integration’ and ‘hidden fragmentation’ of Europe, the transnational exchange of forensic DNA data organized through the Prüm system serves as an exemplary case through which to explore the different logics of biobordering dynamics at work across the European Union. We complement an EU-level analysis with country case analysis of modes of biobordering that emphasize the legal, scientific, technical, political and ethical dimensions related to the governance and uses of biometric technologies both at a national level and in a transnational collaboration.
A Brief History of the Evolution of Biometrics and Biometric Database Systems Crossing Borders in EU Law Enforcement
Authors: Amelung Nina , Granja Rafaela , Machado Helena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the historical evolution of biometric databases in the European Union and explores how these developments reconfigure notions of borders within this region of the world. This sets the scene for understanding how the melange of biometrical technologies and digitization has reconfigured how we think about the mobility of people, how modes of surveillance relate to human rights and ethical issues, and what modes of regulation are being enforced. This brief historical summary covers the evolution of a range of diverse biometric technologies and database systems and their use in the context of migration control and law enforcement. Furthermore, the chapter contextualizes why the Prüm system, a decentralized database system designed to facilitate the mandatory exchange of forensic DNA data amongst EU Member States to control criminality and terrorism, is of relevance to the concept of bioborders.
Biobordering as a Concept
Authors: Amelung Nina , Granja Rafaela , Machado Helena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of ‘biobordering’. Taking the nationally grown crime control regimes into account, we argue that the proposed concept of bioborders is useful in capturing how the territorial foundations of national state autonomy are partially reclaimed (what we call rebordering) and at the same time partially purposefully suspended (what we call debordering). The concept of biobordering is particularly fruitful for understanding how modes of bordering entangle with large-scale IT database infrastructures for the exchange of biometric data in the context of crime control. It highlights in particular the legal, scientific, technical, political and ethical dimensions of data exchange across borders across the EU. The chapter reviews recent insights from border studies and continues by outlining components and dynamics of biobordering that make bioborders more or less permeable for expansive biometric data exchange.
Germany
Authors: Amelung Nina , Granja Rafaela , Machado Helena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Germany’s DNA database was established in 1998 and grew into one of the mid-sized databases in the EU. Under the leadership of its Minister of the Interior, Germany was among the countries that drove the creation of the Prüm system and was among the first signatories of the Prüm Treaty in 2005. The 2007 German Presidency of the EU, along with the European Commission, also pushed for the integration of the Convention of Prüm into an EU legal framework. In terms of bordering practices, the German situation serves to illustrate an expansive and diffusive mode of debordering. This expansiveness is documented by the country’s early involvement and comprehensive establishment of data exchange with most of the countries in the system; this diffusive character is illustrated by the string-pulling practices employed by Germany, and some other Member States’ governments, to influence transnational police collaboration in the EU.
The Netherlands
Authors: Amelung Nina , Granja Rafaela , Machado Helena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Netherlands’ DNA database was legally established in 1994 and became operational in 1997. It represents one of the mid-sized databases in the EU. The Netherlands has a track record of ‘innovation’ regarding the regulation and practical application of genetic technologies for forensic purposes. The Netherlands was involved with the Prüm regime from its beginnings in 2005. In terms of bordering practices, the country serves as an exemplary case of an expansive and diffusive mode of debordering. This positioning derives from the fact that the Netherlands has been a front-runner in building and implementing the technical framework for Prüm in its most expansive form; it is currently one of the most active countries in the Prüm regime. In addition, the Netherlands has also proactively trained other Member States, guiding them towards effective implementation and thus diffusing the expansive mode of debordering.
Portugal
Authors: Amelung Nina , Granja Rafaela , Machado Helena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Portuguese DNA database was established in 2008 and is one of the smallest DNA databases in the EU. Portugal has one of the most restrictive regulatory frameworks in the EU in relation to the criteria for the entry and deletion of DNA profiles. The country started connecting with the Prüm system’s genetic data exchange in 2015. In terms of bordering practices, Portugal serves as an example of latent rebordering dynamics. This is because the requirements of the EU regulations regarding Prüm have been fully implemented in Portugal in terms of techno-scientific and operational infrastructures, yet Portugal simultaneously severely restricts access to biometric data. This situation derives from particularities of Portugal’s national policy regulations on data protection and its judicial traditions as well as regulations on ethical oversight.
Large-x resummation of off-diagonal deep-inelastic parton scattering from d-dimensional refactorization
Authors: Beneke Martin , Garny Mathias , Jaskiewicz Sebastian , Szafron Robert , Vernazza Leonardo , Wang Jian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The off-diagonal parton-scattering channels g + γ* and q + ϕ* in deep-inelastic scattering are power-suppressed near threshold x → 1. We address the next-to-leading power (NLP) resummation of large double logarithms of 1 − x to all orders in the strong coupling, which are present even in the off-diagonal DGLAP splitting kernels. The appearance of divergent convolutions prevents the application of factorization methods known from leading power resummation. Employing d-dimensional consistency relations from requiring 1/ϵ pole cancellations in dimensional regularization between momentum regions, we show that the resummation of the off-diagonal parton-scattering channels at the leading logarithmic order can be bootstrapped from the recently conjectured exponentiation of NLP soft-quark Sudakov logarithms. In particular, we derive a result for the DGLAP kernel in terms of the series of Bernoulli numbers found previously by Vogt directly from algebraic all-order expressions. We identify the off-diagonal DGLAP splitting functions and soft-quark Sudakov logarithms as inherent two-scale quantities in the large-x limit. We use a refactorization of these scales and renormalization group methods inspired by soft-collinear effective theory to derive the conjectured soft-quark Sudakov exponentiation formula.
The light sgoldstino phenomenology: explanations for the muon (g − 2) deviation and KOTO anomaly
Authors: Liu Xuewen , Li Ying , Li Tianjun , Zhu Bin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this work, we study the long-standing experimental anomaly in muon (g −2) and also recent anomalous excess in $$ {K}_L\to {\pi}^0+v\overline{v} $$

K
L

→

π
0

+
v

v
¯

at the J-PARC KOTO experiment with sgoldstino. After supersymmetry breaking, the interactions between quarks and sgoldstino (s) make the decays K → π + s sizable through loop diagrams, which affects the measurements of decays K → π + invisible. Furthermore, the couplings between photons and sgoldstino contribute to ∆aμ as well as the bino-slepton contribution. With satisfying all known experimental constraints such as from NA62, E949, E137, Orsay, KTEV and CHARM experiments, these two anomalies can be explained simultaneously. The mass of CP-even sgoldstino is close to the neutral pion mass which does not violate the Grossman-Nir bound. The parameter space can be further tested in future NA62, DUNE experiments, as well as experiments in the LHC.
A Complete Asymptotic Expansion for Bernstein–Chlodovsky Polynomials for Functions on $$\mathbb {R}$$
Authors: Abel Ulrich , Karsli Harun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe consider a variant of the Bernstein–Chlodovsky polynomials approximating continuous functions on the entire real line and study its rate of convergence. The main result is a complete asymptotic expansion. As a special case we obtain a Voronovskaja-type formula previously derived by Karsli [11].
Mechanisms controlling bacterial infection in myeloid cells under hypoxic conditions
Authors: Hayek Inaya , Schatz Valentin , Bogdan Christian , Jantsch Jonathan , Lührmann Anja 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVarious factors of the tissue microenvironment such as the oxygen concentration influence the host–pathogen interaction. During the past decade, hypoxia-driven signaling via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) has emerged as an important factor that affects both the pathogen and the host. In this chapter, we will review the current knowledge of this complex interplay, with a particular emphasis given to the impact of hypoxia and HIF on the inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of myeloid cells, the bacterial responses to hypoxia and the containment of bacterial infections under oxygen-limited conditions. We will also summarize how low oxygen concentrations influence the metabolism of neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells. Finally, we will discuss the consequences of hypoxia and HIFα activation for the invading pathogen, with a focus onPseudomonas aeruginosa,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Coxiella burnetii,Salmonella entericaandStaphylococcus aureus. This includes a description of the mechanisms and microbial factors, which the pathogens use to sense and react to hypoxic conditions.
Evolution of public beliefs about schizophrenia and attitudes towards those afflicted in Austria over two decades
Authors: Angermeyer Matthias C. , Grausgruber Alfred , Hackl Elisabeth , Moosbrugger Robert , Prandner Dimitri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
In the recent years, it was possible to observe two trends: First, there has been a trend to greater mental health literacy, in particular towards a biological model of schizophrenia. Secondly, an increase in public acceptance of professional help and psychiatric treatment has been observed in western countries. This indicates that the societal idea about mental illness and how it can be treated has changed. However, no changes or even changes to the worse occurred regarding the attitudes towards those suffering from the illness, particularly concerning schizophrenia. Thus, the question arises as to whether similar trends can also be found in Austria.

Methods
We use data from two representative population surveys in Austria, conducted 1998 (n = 1042) and 2018 (n = 1010) using face-to-face interviews, the same sampling procedure, interview mode, and interview schedule.

Results
The data show that today Austrians tend to opt less frequently for genetic factors and chronic stress as causes of schizophrenia than 20 years ago. There were only slight changes regarding intended first help-seeking actions except for a stronger endorsement of lay help. The believe in an effective treatment of schizophrenia has increased significantly and there was a marked trend towards preference of medication over psychotherapy. Social acceptance of people with schizophrenia has increased, but also the ascription of violence.

Conclusion
In summary, the evolution of attitudes and beliefs concerning schizophrenia in Austria shows a rather inconsistent pattern and differs to some extent from what has been observed in other western countries. This is important to know when planning awareness-raising or stigma-reducing initiatives.