bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐grade tumours promote growth of other less‐malignant tumours in the same prostate
Authors: Halin Bergström Sofia , Rudolfsson Stina , Lundholm Marie , Josefsson Andreas , Wikström Pernilla , Bergh Anders 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProstate cancer is a multifocal disease, but if and how individual prostate tumours influence each other is largely unknown. We therefore explored signs of direct or indirect tumour–tumour interactions in experimental models and patient samples. Low‐metastatic AT1 and high‐metastatic MatLyLu (MLL) Dunning rat prostate cancer cells were injected into separate lobes of the ventral prostate of immunocompetent rats. AT1 tumours growing in the same prostate as MLL tumours had increased tumour size and proliferation compared to AT1 tumours growing alone. In addition, the vasculature and macrophage density surrounding the AT1 tumours were increased by MLL tumour closeness. In patient prostatectomy samples, selected to contain an index tumour [tumour with the highest grade, International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 1, 2, 3 or 4] and a low‐grade satellite tumour (ISUP grade 1), cell proliferation in low‐grade satellite tumours gradually increased with increasing histological grade of the index tumour. The density of blood vessels and CD68+ macrophages also increased around the low‐grade satellite tumour if a high‐grade index tumour was present. This suggests that high‐grade tumours, by changing the prostate microenvironment, may increase the aggressiveness of low‐grade lesions in the organ. Future studies are needed to explore the mechanisms behind tumour–tumour interactions and their clinical importance. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Visual outcomes following everolimus targeted therapy for neurofibromatosis type 1‐associated optic pathway gliomas in children
Authors: Ullrich Nicole J. , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Packer Roger J. , Goldman Stewart , Robison Nathan J. , Allen Jeffrey C. , Viskochil David H. , Gutmann David H. , Perentesis John P. , Korf Bruce R. , Fisher Michael J. , Kieran Mark W. ,   NF Clinical Trials Consortium
Published: December 2020

AbstractData for visual acuity (VA) after treatment of neurofibromatosis type 1‐associated optic pathway gliomas (NF1‐OPGs) are limited. We retrospectively collected VA, converted to logMAR, before and after targeted therapy with everolimus for NF1‐OPG, and compared to radiologic outcomes (14/18 with NF1‐OPG, 25 eyes [three without quantifiable vision]). Upon completion of treatment, VA was stable in 19 eyes, improved in four eyes, and worsened in two eyes; visual and radiologic outcomes were discordant. In summary, the majority of children with NF1‐OPG exhibited stabilization of their VA after everolimus treatment. A larger, prospective study will help delineate visual outcomes after targeted therapy.
Etiologies and outcomes of prenatally diagnosed hyperechogenic kidneys
Authors: Digby Elizabeth L. , Liauw Jessica , Dionne Janis , Langlois Sylvie , Nikkel Sarah M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo determine etiologies and outcomes of fetal hyperechogenic kidneys (HEK).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of HEK in British Columbia (January 2013–December 2019) and literature review.ResultsWe identified 20 cases of HEK without other anomalies (isolated) in our provincial cohort, one was lost to follow‐up. Eight had testable genetic etiologies (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [ADPKD], autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease [ARPKD], Bardet–Biedl syndrome [BBS], and HNF1B‐related disorder). The remaining seven did not have an identifiable genetic etiology. Of cases without a genetic etiology with postnatal follow‐up (n = 6) there were no abnormalities of blood pressure, creatinine/estimated glomerular filtration rate or urinalysis identified with follow‐up from 2–71 months. We report 11 cases with extrarenal anomalies (nonisolated), with outcomes and etiologies.We identified 224 reported cases of isolated HEK in the literature. A potentially testable genetic etiology was found in 128/224 (57.1%). The neonatal death rate in those with testable etiologies was 17/128 (13.3%) compared to 2/96 (2.1%) when testable etiologies were excluded.ConclusionsGenetic etiologies (ARPKD, ADPKD, BBS, HNF1B‐related disorder, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, tubular dysgenesis, familial nephroblastoma, and cytogenetic abnormalities) account for approximately half of prenatally isolated HEK; once excluded there are few neonatal deaths and short‐term renal outcomes may be normal. There remains a paucity of knowledge about long‐term renal outcomes.
The effect of age and gender on acute postoperative pain and function following lumbar spine surgeries
Authors: Kanaan Saddam F. , Melton Brittany L. , Waitman Lemuel R. , Simpson Melanie H. , Sharma Neena K. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTBackground and PurposeUnderstanding the factors contributing to the variability in postoperative pain and function following lumbar spine surgeries (LSS) is necessary to plan inpatient rehabilitation and optimize surgical outcomes. In particular, variability due to age and gender has not been studied. This study's aim was to evaluate the variability in postoperative pain and function, during hospital stay, due to age and gender following LSS.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 585 patients who underwent LSS during their hospital stay. Univariate ANCOVA was performed to study the differences in postoperative pain, and multivariate ANCOVA was performed to study the differences in postoperative function (gait distance, independency combined score, and balance combined score) between age groups (older adults [≥65 years of age] vs. younger adults) and gender.ResultsYounger patients reported statistically, but not clinically, significant higher postoperative pain than older patients (β = 0.652 [95% CI (0.382–0.986)], p < 0.001), and males reported statistically, but not clinically, significant lower postoperative pain than female patients (β = −0.583 [95% CI (−0.825 to −0.252)], p < 0.001) with adjustment of covariates. Male patients walked significantly longer distance than female patients (β = 0.272 [95% CI (0.112–0.432)], p = 0.001) with adjustment of covariates. However, these were clinically insignificant. With adjustment of preoperative diagnosis, type of surgery, severity of illness, and prior level of function, there was no statistically significant difference between age groups in walking distance, and between age and gender groups in independency combined score and balance combined scores.DiscussionFollowing LSS, the difference in postoperative pain between age groups and gender are statistically but not clinically significant, suggesting patients require similar effective postoperative pain management regardless of age and gender. The apparent difference in age and gender in postoperative functional outcomes could be due to other factors.
Enhanced hydrolysis of β‐cypermethrin caused by deletions in the glycin‐rich region of carboxylesterase 001G from Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Bai Li‐Sha , Xu Jing‐Jing , Zhao Cai‐Xia , Chang Ya‐Li , Dong Yan‐Ling , Zhang Kai‐Ge , Li Yong‐Qiang , Li Yi‐Ping , Ma Zhi‐Qing , Liu Xi‐Li 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDCarboxylesterase (CarE) is a major class of enzyme involved in the detoxification of toxic xenobiotics in various insect species. Previous work has shown that the carboxylesterase gene CarE001G found in Helicoverpa armigera is more active and can metabolize synthesized pyrethroids, such as β‐cypermethrin, one of the commonly used commercial insecticides for lepidopteran pest control. In addition, CarE001G is very special as it has a very specific glycine‐rich region located adjacent to its C‐terminal. But whether mutations in this unique sequence can change the biochemistry and function of CarE001G are unknown.RESULTSIn this study, four variants of CarE001G with different deletions in the glycine‐rich region were obtained and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant proteins were purified and confirmed by Western blot and mass spectrometry analyses. These mutant enzymes showed high catalytic efficiency toward the model substrate α‐naphthyl acetate. Inhibition study showed that β‐cypermethrin had relatively strong inhibition on CarE activities. In vitro metabolism assay showed that the mutant enzymes significantly enhanced their metabolic activities toward β‐cypermethrin with specific activities between 4.0 and 5.6 nmol L‐1 min−1 mg−1 protein. Molecular docking analyses consistently demonstrated that deletion mutations in the glycine‐rich region may facilitate the anchoring of the β‐cypermethrin molecule in the active binding pocket of the mutant enzymes.CONCLUSIONThe data show that deletion mutations can cause qualitative change in the capacity of CarEs in the detoxification of β‐cypermethrin. This indicates that deletion mutations in the glycine‐rich region may have the potential to cause synthesized pyrethroid (SP) resistance in H. armigera in the future. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Perspective on aircraft in the stratosphere: 50 years from COMESA through the ozone hole to climate
Authors: Tuck Adrian F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA perspective is given on the emissions of aircraft in the stratosphere, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the article that initiated concerns about the ability of nitrogen oxides from supersonic airliners to carry chain reactions that would destroy stratospheric ozone, and so subject the biosphere to damaging ultraviolet reaction. The response of the American, British and French governments engaged meteorology, photochemistry and radiative transfer as never before. The UK programme, COMESA (Committee on the Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft), is reviewed, and its influence on subsequent developments through concerns about chlorofluoromethanes, the ozone hole and on to climate change is traced briefly. Perspective is given on the current situation, particularly as regards the effects of aerosol particulate matter, which can include emissions from aircraft, forest fires, volcanoes, sea spray, dust, the biosphere and gas‐to‐particle conversion.
The density functional theory study of 2D nonmetallic catalyst defective graphene for acetylene hydration
Authors: Li Junqing , Kang Lihua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the present work, we investigate the activity of defective graphene catalyze acetylene hydration reaction via density functional theory calculations at M062X/cc‐pVDZ level. We calculated Fukui function in order to predict the adsorption sites and reaction sites. The adsorption ability of C2H2 and H2O on three kinds of defective graphene (single vacancy defective graphene [SVG], double vacancy defective graphene [DVG] and Stone–Wales defective graphene [SWDG]) were all enhanced compared with pure perfective graphene (PG), indicating the key role of defects. In addition, the adsorption strength of the two adsorbates decreased followed by the order of SVG > DVG > SWDG, and the strength of C2H2 is tougher than H2O adsorbed on SVG and DVG, while opposite in SWDG. We calculated Mayer bond order of the reaction process, which help us to confirm the bonding between the atoms in the reaction process and better understood the reaction mechanism. The rate‐limiting step of all the three pathways possess was H2O dissociation. SVG possessed the lowest activation barrier of 40.44 kcal/mol, lower than DVG and SWDG. Thus, the significant catalytic contribution of graphene defects for acetylene hydration reaction should not be ignored. As a novel non‐metallic catalyst, SVG may have research value in hydration of acetylene.
Size‐Dependent Electroporation of Dye‐Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles for Efficient and Safe Intracellular Delivery
Authors: Egloff Sylvie , Runser Anne , Klymchenko Andrey , Reisch Andreas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEfficient and safe delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) into the cytosol of living cells constitutes a major methodological challenge in bio‐nanotechnology. Electroporation allows direct transfer of NPs into the cytosol by forming transient pores in the cell membrane, but it is criticized for invasiveness, and the applicable particle sizes are not well defined. Here, in order to establish principles for efficient delivery of NPs into the cytosol with minimal cytotoxicity, the influence of the size of NPs on their electroporation and intracellular behavior is investigated. For this study, fluorescent dye‐loaded polymer NPs with core sizes between 10 and 40 nm are prepared. Optimizing the electroporation protocol allows minimizing contributions of endocytosis and to study directly the effect of NP size on electroporation. NPs of <20 nm hydrodynamic size are efficiently delivered into the cytosol, whereas this is not the case for NPs of >30 nm. Moreover, only particles of core size <15 nm diffuse freely throughout the cytosol. While electroporation at excessive electric fields induces cytotoxicity, the use of small NPs <20 nm allows efficient delivery at mild electroporation conditions. These results give clear methodological and design guidelines for the safe delivery of NPs for intracellular applications.
Virus‐Free and Live‐Cell Visualizing SARS‐CoV‐2 Cell Entry for Studies of Neutralizing Antibodies and Compound Inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Yali , Wang Shaojuan , Wu Yangtao , Hou Wangheng , Yuan Lunzhi , Shen Chenguang , Wang Juan , Ye Jianghui , Zheng Qingbing , Ma Jian , Xu Jingjing , Wei Min , Li Zonglin , Nian Sheng , Xiong Hualong , Zhang Liang , Shi Yang , Fu Baorong , Cao Jiali , Yang Chuanlai , Li Zhiyong , Yang Ting , Liu Lei , Yu Hai , Hu Jianda , Ge Shengxiang , Chen Yixin , Zhang Tianying , Zhang Jun , Cheng Tong , Yuan Quan , Xia Ningshao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe ongoing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, has resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths. Cellular entry of SARS‐CoV‐2, which is mediated by the viral spike protein and ACE2 receptor, is an essential target for the development of vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and drugs. Using a mammalian cell expression system, a genetically engineered sensor of fluorescent protein (Gamillus)‐fused SARS‐CoV‐2 spike trimer (STG) to probe the viral entry process is developed. In ACE2‐expressing cells, it is found that the STG probe has excellent performance in the live‐cell visualization of receptor binding, cellular uptake, and intracellular trafficking of SARS‐CoV‐2 under virus‐free conditions. The new system allows quantitative analyses of the inhibition potentials and detailed influence of COVID‐19‐convalescent human plasmas, neutralizing antibodies and compounds, providing a versatile tool for high‐throughput screening and phenotypic characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry inhibitors. This approach may also be adapted to develop a viral entry visualization system for other viruses.
Active gyroscopic stabilizer to mitigate vibration in a multimegawatt wind turbine
Authors: Soleymani Mehdi , Norouzi Mahdi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOne of the main concerns in developing large wind turbines, especially offshore, is their cost‐effectiveness versus traditional power sources. Significant dynamic loads are applied to the tower and the foundation of a multimegawatt wind turbine. Any reduction in the loads can reduce the size of the structure and, consequently, the turbine's cost. In this paper, a novel structural control application is proposed to mitigate the transmitted vibrations to a multimegawatt turbine tower to decrease the tower base shear forces and overturning moments. For this purpose, a hybrid passive/active gyro stabilizer is designed and incorporated into the NREL baseline 5‐MW wind turbine. Furthermore, two controllers, including a proportional integral differential (PID), as the baseline controller, and a nonlinear fuzzy logic controller (FLC) as the main and nonlinear controllers, have been designed and implemented to the turbine model. The structural control systems are implemented into the turbine model by cosimulating ADAMS and Simulink. The results reveal that the application of the proposed stabilizer can significantly reduce the overturning moment at the base of the tower compared to the reference NREL 5‐MW model.
Lilienthal’s ‘Another “Korea” in the making?’ From the Cold War to the Indus Waters Treaty
Authors: Mehsud Muhammad Imran 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article discusses David Lilienthal's article ‘Another “Korea” in the Making?’ It argues that the primary purpose behind Lilienthal's article was the containment of Soviet influence in the region of South Asia. The stated article not only initiated but deeply influenced the World Bank led Indus mediations (1951–1960) to succeed in the shape of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). This article, thus, suggests that the IWT is a product of the Cold War competition between the US and USSR. More importantly, ‘Another “Korea” in the Making?’ shaped the features of the IWT greatly. This article also suggests that Lilienthal was the founding architect of the IWT.
Impact of the dams on water and plankton quality of the River Ganga (Gangotri to Vindhyachal)
Authors: Srivastava Kalpana , Kumar Vijay , Alam Absar , Nath Jha Dharm , Ramrao Thakur Venkatesh , Gupta Monika , Kumar Jeetendra , verma Hariom , Kumar Mishra Sandeep , Kumar Verma Sushil , Srivastav Saket , Shankar Srivastava Rama , Datt Joshi Kripal , Kumar Das Basanta 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe river Ganga originates from Gangotri and travels approximate 1,300 km to Vindhyachal, bypassing through a series of dams. Water quality parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, chloride, biological oxygen demand, dissolved organic matter, and nutrients were studied from various centers of the river Ganga from Gangotri to Vindhyachal (24 centers). Specific conductivity increased gradually from Maneri above barrage area and reached maximum at Kanpur as the river receives industrial and domestic effluents near Kanpur. Allahabad, Haridwar, and Vindhyachal sampling points were found to be affected by anthropogenic influences. A chloride as well as Myxophyceae were maximum at Kanpur, which indicated that maximum organic pollution at Kanpur plankton population and composition were much more affected by temperature and nutrients than by the construction of dams. However, the pattern of release of water affected the accumulation of nutrients in surface water, which impacted the quality of planktonic fauna and flora. The upper stretch was dominated by diatoms and the middle stretch by green and blue‐green algae as the accumulation of nutrients exhibited eutrophic conditions. Near the source, diatoms like Eunotia, Achanthes, Cymbella, Diatoma, Tabellaria were found to be dominant but as river moves toward downstream, species of Synedra, Melosira, Nitzchia, and Cyclotella became abundant. The study revealed how water quality deteriorated by the construction of each dam. Therefore, when making policy for a dam on any river it is important to maintain at least one stream of the original water flow. The whole river should not be blocked at any point/place or at least 50% of original water should flow continuously to sustain the biodiversity and quality of water, otherwise after traveling a few kilometers through dams, a river will lose its originality.
Geometric and thermodynamic volume of hairy black branes
Authors: Bordo Alvaro Ballon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With the objective to generalize previous results found for a handful of explicit solutions, we study the extended thermodynamics of a black brane with minimally coupled scalar hair in D-dimensional asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes. Using Komar integration and the Hamiltonian formalism to calculate the conserved charges, we obtain a Smarr relation that is applicable to a wide variety of solutions and suggests a more general definition of the thermodynamic volume. This volume is found to be proportional to the geometric volume, and a simple prescription is given to calculate the constant of proportionality. Moreover, the method of Hamiltonian perturbations yields an extended first law of thermodynamics for hairy black branes, thus giving a definition for their enthalpy. These results are then verified by applying them to some of the explicit solutions that exist in the literature.
On the quantization of folded strings in non-critical dimensions
Authors: Sonnenschein Jacob , Weissman Dorin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Classical rotating closed string are folded strings. At the folding points the scalar curvature associated with the induced metric diverges. As a consequence one cannot properly quantize the fluctuations around the classical solution since there is no complete set of normalizable eigenmodes. Furthermore in the non-critical effective string action of Polchinski and Strominger, there is a divergence associated with the folds. We overcome this obstacle by putting a massive particle at each folding point which can be used as a regulator. Using this method we compute the spectrum of quantum fluctuations around the rotating string and the intercept of the leading Regge trajectory. The results we find are that the intercepts are a = 1 and a = 2 for the open and closed string respectively, independent of the target space dimension. We argue that in generic theories with an effective string description, one can expect corrections from finite masses associated with either the endpoints of an open string or the folding points on a closed string. We compute explicitly the corrections in the presence of these masses.
Peer review analysis in the field of radiation oncology: results from a web-based survey of the Young DEGRO working group
Authors: Käsmann Lukas , Schröder Annemarie , Frey Benjamin , Fleischmann Daniel F. , Gauer Tobias , Ebert Nadja , Hecht Markus , Krug David , Niyazi Maximilian , Mäurer Matthias ,   Young DEGRO Group
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the reviewing behaviour in the German-speaking countries in order to provide recommendations to increase the attractiveness of reviewing activity in the field of radiation oncology.

Methods
In November 2019, a survey was conducted by the Young DEGRO working group (jDEGRO) using the online platform “eSurveyCreator”. The questionnaire consisted of 29 items examining a broad range of factors that influence reviewing motivation and performance.

Results
A total of 281 responses were received. Of these, 154 (55%) were completed and included in the evaluation. The most important factors for journal selection criteria and peer review performance in the field of radiation oncology are the scientific background of the manuscript (85%), reputation of the journal (59%) and a high impact factor (IF; 40%). Reasons for declining an invitation to review include the scientific background of the article (60%), assumed effort (55%) and a low IF (27%). A double-blind review process is preferred by 70% of respondents to a single-blind (16%) or an open review process (14%). If compensation was offered, 59% of participants would review articles more often. Only 12% of the participants have received compensation for their reviewing activities so far. As compensation for the effort of reviewing, 55% of the respondents would prefer free access to the journal’s articles, 45% a discount for their own manuscripts, 40% reduced congress fees and 39% compensation for expenses.

Conclusion
The scientific content of the manuscript, reputation of the journal and a high IF determine the attractiveness for peer reviewing in the field of radiation oncology. The majority of participants prefer a double-blind peer review process and would conduct more reviews if compensation was available. Free access to journal articles, discounts for publication costs or congress fees, or an expense allowance were identified to increase attractiveness of the review process.