bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Analyses and Design of Relief Well Considering 3-D Vector Effect of Kill Fluid
Authors: Zhou Lei , Gomes Paulo , Knight James , Nanda Satpreet 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A novel approach that considers the three-dimensional flow effects while designing kill well strategies has been developed. This type of analysis helps to accurately model the flow behaviour downhole at the interception point and offers game-changing safety and environmental benefits for well kill design and operations.
In planning a relief well contingency, the current industry standard is the 1-D multiphase model which is used to determine the requirement of pump rate and mud weight to kill the blowout well. Using 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) helps to capture the physics of the flow better and provides more accurate representation of the mixing and multiphase interaction occurring.
Both 1-D and CFD modeling were compared to analyze well kill design conditions. In one field case, the 1-D analysis returned results where even with a 19.0 ppg mud pumped at 100 bpm, the worst-case discharge rate from the well (680 MMSCF/D) could not be killed. Another case using the 1-D analysis showed that planning a relief well kill for a 1.0 BCF/D gas blowout rate, required three to four relief wells with a kill rate of 200 bpm simultaneously to kill the well.
CFD modeling was used to model the same two conditions, in addition, the CFD model also captured the jetting effect from the relief well. CFD model also iterated on a design that included pumping down a smaller string to analyze/understand the detailed fluid flow behavior at the intercept. This allowed for two successful designs of a kill with lighter muds for the 680 MMSCF/D case. For the 1.0 BCF/D rate case, the CFD analysis indicated that the well could be killed at a much lower pump rate compared to the 1-D model.
A test apparatus was designed and created to verify which of the two methods was more accurate. Physical experiments indicate that results from the proposed method match the test results closer than the standard approach.
This approach can reduce the equipment required and the time to drill a relief well (which can take two to three months to drill) and more effectively terminate a blowout event earlier, thereby minimizing the negative impact on environment, economics and human life.
Advisory System for Drilling: Automatic Procedures Acting on Real-time Data
Authors: Dashevskiy Dmitriy , Macpherson John , Mieting Ralf , Wassermann Ingolf 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thorough planning of drilling operations includes capturing best practices and expert knowledge as operational procedures to provide guidance during execution. However, due to the high level of uncertainty in drilling, and because conventional field procedures are generic and not context sensitive, they are open to interpretation. The resulting performance depends on the user's experience. In challenging situations, when crews are under time pressure and stress, any assistance with monitoring drilling conditions, identifying causes, and carrying out mitigation activities, is of value.
This paper describes an advisory system to capture operational knowledge in the form of context sensitive procedures and rules. The system uses real-time measurements and connections to other systems to gather information and data on current operational conditions. Automatic execution of the procedures and rules is possible within the current level of process automation, but the manual use of the system can guide field users through complex tasks. This is particularly useful in handling manually complex operations within an automation scenario, and helps with maintaining situational awareness for operators. As an essential piece of the drilling automation package, the system monitors events created by various specialized processing and alarm-generating components, and triggers execution of required workflows.
The deployment of the advisory system in the North Sea has focused on several aspects: drilling with RSS systems, automated trajectory drilling, borehole cleaning, vibration management, MWD/LWD tools troubleshooting, and drilling through stringers. For example, hard formation stringers recognized by the stringer-detection application, trigger execution of mitigation procedures, giving precise instructions depending on the wellbore inclination. The system easily integrates with, and controls, these application libraries allowing consistent execution promoting the reduction of NPT. Further, the advisory system allows autonomous monitoring of drilling events, and execution of best operating practices facilitates multi-well remote operations.
Situational awareness is critical in situations where human operators and automated systems play inter-related roles. In such cases, it is important for users to know the state of each task and understand how activities they perform affect other users. The use of context sensitive procedures and rules, executed with connectivity to instrumentation, measurements and real-time applications, allows the user to maintain situational awareness while automating the drilling process.
The Company Man Programme
Authors: Morton Tim 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Company Man or Drilling Supervisor is one of the key personnel who can mitigate and minimize risk in drilling operations and ensure Non-Productive Time is kept to a minimum. Their technical competency is crucial to running safe and efficient drilling operations and industry generally ensures these key personnel have the knowledge and skills to do this. However equally or even more importantly, are those skills in the human factors sphere since these account for some 80% of the total causal factors for accidents and incidents offshore. This is especially pertinent for well control incidents but similarly true for all other events.
The application of non-technical skills to safety and efficiency should be seen as crucial in all high-risk operations. This is well understood in the aviation and other industries where CRM (Crew Resource Management) has been practiced for some time.
The oil and gas industry is starting to recognise the ever-increasing importance that psychological factors play in safe and efficient operations. Furthermore to make the step-change improvement needed in operational safety and efficiency requires all members of the well operations team to have effective development in the application of non-technical skills.
Non-technical skills and human factors encompass many elements all of which influence our behaviour. In a work environment these include different areas; for example environmental and organisational components, the use of a variety of equipment, various processes and procedures and the characteristics of many different personnel along with their skills and competencies.
It is widely acknowledged many of the world's worst oil field incidents are directly attributable to human error and decision-making. It is notable that some incidents may initially appear straightforward but are frequently exacerbated by human error. Risk and costs increase and in the worst cases results in blowouts or other major disasters.
A new programme has been developed to address this and assist in embedding these non-technical skills. It is recognised this is a new area where traditionally industry has only trained in a technical manner and this will require commitment from all.
A Comprehensive Test Pad for Bradenhead Pressure Mitigation in the DJ Basin
Authors: Belvin Ashley , Cocchiere Brian , Jacobs Meghan , Ichim Adonis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Bradenhead pressure, or sustained casing pressure, is pressure build up in the annular space between the surface casing and the next smaller diameter casing string within the wellhead. The objective of the test pad was to determine if increasing the physical flexibility of cement and rotating the casing string to increase displacement efficiency would help improve the cement bond to casing, decrease cement channeling, and help eliminate future bradenhead pressure accumulation.
A twelve well pad housed three different cement slurries: four latex-type jobs, four resin jobs, and four foam jobs. A rotating cement head was used to enable mud circulation, dropping plugs, and rotating the string of casing during the cementing process on two of the four wells of each slurry type. For the production casing string, a threaded and coupled connection with a wedge thread profile was used to withstand the high torque experienced during rotation operations.
Results were determined by evaluating pre- and post-stimulation logs along with continued bradenhead pressure monitoring. According to the outcomes from this test pad, recommendations were made on cementing practices within the Denver-Julesburg (DJ) Basin, based on regional gas-oil ratios (GOR).
This interdisciplinary work determined whether the deployment of advanced cement slurries and casing rotation would help eliminate a potential health, safety, and environment (HSE) risk and help improve well integrity as related to bradenhead pressure.
Digitalization of Detailed Drilling Operation Plans and Verification of Automatic Progress Tracking with an Online Drilling Simulator Environment
Authors: Farmanbar Pourya , Revheim Olav , Uberg Anne Siw , Chekushev Alexander , Cayeux Eric , Gravdal Jan Einar , Hauge Espen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the age of digitalization and automatization of drilling operations, it is time to move the detailed drilling operating procedure from its classical text format, only intended for human interpretation, to a structured representation that can be utilized efficiently by computer systems. The immediate benefit of this transformation is that progress tracking during an operation can be fully automated.
To verify that automatic progress tracking can be performed with a digital version of the detailed operating procedure, simulated operations have been fed to the digital procedure and activity recognition software. The matching quality is thereafter assessed for each step of the planned drilling and non-drilling operating procedure. The detailed digital operating procedure itself is automatically generated from general descriptions contained in the operation program like tubular strings and fluids, and operational limits.
The testing procedure utilized five operations generated on the fly by a simulator: running in hole and tagging bottom, setting liner hanger and releasing running tool, pull out of hole, spacing out a completion seal assembly in a liner top and setting and testing a production packer. The simulated operations were inspired by actual operations recorded in a real-time data server.
The simulator runs remotely and is accessible through different application programming interfaces. The simulated data stream is very realistic compared to recorded data but offers the possibility to make variations on the simulated sequence and therefore test the reliability of the operation recognition algorithm.
From a technical point of view, there are no differences where the real-time data flow comes from and what is the source of the data, whether it comes from a real-time data server, drilling simulator or any other source of the real-time data.
All the simulated operation steps were successfully recognized by the system for the test case scenarios and proper notifications were triggered when required which proves the effectiveness of both the implemented system and the simulator.
The new system is a unique approach to automatically digitalize operating procedures and activities and track them. The method also automatically warns when execution deviates from the plan and allows the instant deployment of best practices.
Addressing Subsea Blowout Effects Using NASA Methodology
Authors: Cuthbert Andy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The highly under-expanded jet of a rocket plume creates a strong shock wave, which interacts with the boundaries of surrounding surfaces. These complicated patterns of crossflow separation cause thrust vectoring, which affects the vehicle's balance and can dramatically alter the pitch of the rocket. In a similar way, a subsea plume emanating from a blowing well, will have a similar effect on the attitude of a capping stack under similar release conditions.
Using software combinations commonplace in the aerospace industry, but hitherto used separately for discrete applications in the oil industry, has provided new information and insight. Ongoing research into the effects produced by a subsea blowout have revealed interesting results that raise doubt as to the veracity of otherwise industry-accepted Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling.
Linking expertise gleaned from NASA in rocket propulsion multi-phase flow dynamics with subject matter proficiency in subsea capping technology and encompassing both specific and general aspects of plume flow, the investigation offers insight into the physics that governs buoyant multiphase fluids released into a subsea environment during a subsea blowout.
By adopting practices employed by NASA, a process for successful execution of a subsea capping operation could be refined; and in the course of the research a commonly held notion was revealed to be ill-conceived. This paper offers insight into the what the aerospace industry has been able to contribute to the understanding of plume-force analysis in subsea capping operations to control a shallow or deep water blowout.
Modeling of Dynamic Cuttings Transportation during Drilling of Oil and Gas Wells by Combining 2D CFD and 1D Discretization Approach
Authors: Zhang Feifei , Wang Yidi , Wang Yuezhi , Miska Stefan , Yu Mengjiao 
Published: February 2020

Summary
This paper presents an approach that combines a two-dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and one-dimensional (1D) continuous model for cuttings transport simulation during drilling of oil and gas wells. The 2D CFD simulates the flow profile and the suspended cuttings concentration profile in the cross section of the wellbore and the 1D continuous model simulates the cuttings transportation in the axial direction of the wellbore. Different cuttings sizes are considered in the model by using a new proposed superposition method. Experimental tests conducted on a 203 × 114 × 25 mm3 flow loop are used to validate the model from three different perspectives: the single-phase flow pressure drop, the steady-state cuttings bed height, and the transient pressure changes. Compared to layer models, the new approach is able to catch accurate flow details in the narrow flow region and overcome the shortcoming of traditional models that underpredict bed height under high flow rate conditions. The computational time increases by the order of 104∼105 from the level of millisecond to seconds but is still within the acceptable range for engineering applications, and the model provides close to three-dimensional (3D) accuracy at a much shorter central processing unit (CPU) time compared to 3D CFD models.
Medication Burden and Inappropriate Prescription Risk Among Elderly With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Roux-Marson Clarisse , Baranski Jean-Baptiste , Fafin Coraline , Extermann Guillaume , Vigneau Cecile , Couchoud Cecile , Moranne Olivier 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Elderly patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently present comorbidities that put them at risk of polypharmacy and medication-related problems. This study aims to describe the overall medication profile of patients aged ≥ 75 years with advanced CKD from a multicenter French study and specifically the renally (RIMs) and potentially inappropriate-for-the-elderly medications (PIMs) that they take. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of medication profiles of individuals aged ≥ 75 years with eGFR < 20 ml/min/1.73m2 followed by a nephrologist, who collected their active prescriptions at the study inclusion visit. Medication profiles were first analyzed according to route of administration, therapeutic classification. Second, patients were classified according to their risk of potential medication-related problems, based on whether the prescription was a RIM or a PIM. RIMs and PIMs have been defined according to renal appropriateness guidelines and to Beer’s criteria in the elderly. RIMs were subclassified by 4 types of category : (a) contraindication; (b) dose modification is recommended based on creatinine clearance (CrCl); (c) dose modification based on CrCl is not recommended but a maximum daily dose is mentioned, (d) no specific recommendations based on CrCl : “use with caution”, “avoid in severe impairment”, “careful monitoring of dose is required” “reduce the dose”. Results We collected 5196 individual medication prescriptions for 556 patients, for a median of 9 daily medications [7-11]. Antihypertensive agents, antithrombotics, and antianemics were the classes most frequently prescribed. Moreover, 77.0% of patients had at least 1 medication classified as a RIM. They accounted 31.3% of the drugs prescribed and 9.25% was contraindicated drugs. At least 1 PIM was taken by 57.6% and 45.5% of patients had at least one medication classified as RIM and PIM. The prescriptions most frequently requiring reassessment due to potential adverse effects were for proton pump inhibitors and allopurinol. The PIMs for which deprescription is especially important in this population are rilmenidine, long-term benzodiazepines, and anticholinergic drugs such as hydroxyzine. Conclusion We showed potential drug-related problems in elderly patients with advanced CKD. Healthcare providers must reassess each medication prescribed for this population, particularly the specific medications identified here.
CD8-positive memory T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer
Authors: Vahidi Yasmin , Bagheri Mandana , Ghaderi Abbas , Faghih Zahra 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Human immunological memory is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system and plays an important role in the development of effective immune responses against tumors. In the present study, we aimed to determine the frequencies of CD8 + memory T cell subsets including stem memory T cells (TSCM) in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer (BC).
Methods: Mononuclear cells were obtained from axillary lymph nodes of 52 untreated patients with BC and stained for CD8, CCR7, CD45RO, CD95 markers to detect different subtypes of memory cells in the CD8 + lymphocyte population. Data were acquired on four-color flow cytometer and analyzed with CellQuest Pro software.
Results: We observed that 47.65±2.66% of CD8+ lymphocytes expressed the CD45RO, a marker for memory T cells. Statistical analysis showed that the total frequency of central memory T cells (TCM) and their subset with low CD45RO expression was significantly higher in tumor-involved nodes compared to tumor-free ones (P=0.024 and P=0.017, respectively). The level of CD95 expression (based on mean fluorescence intensity) on the surface of TCM, their CD45RO hi and CD45RO low subsets, and TSCM was higher in patients with stage II compared to those in stage I (P<0.05). In addition, the percentage of naive CD8 + T cells was significantly lower in tumor-involved lymph nodes compared to tumor-free ones (P=0.025).
Conclusions: Our data collectively indicate no significant differences in the frequencies of CD8 + lymphocytes or their memory subsets in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with BC. However, the frequency of CD45 low TCM was higher in tumor-involved nodes. Along with a decrease in the frequency of naive T cells, the higher frequency of CD45 low TCM suggests that despite the immune reaction to provide a pool of effective memory cells, it is blocked in early-stage of memory cells’ differentiation (CD45RO low ), probably by tumor-derived suppressive factors. Identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind this suppression can provide invaluable tools for adoptive T cell therapies in cancer.
How does a targeted active labour market program impact on the well-being of the unemployed? A Concept Mapping study on Barcelona “Employment in the Neighbourhoods”
Authors: Puig-Barrachina Vanessa , Malmusi Davide , Artazcoz Lucía , Bartoll Xavier , Clotet Eva , Cortés-Franch Imma , Ventura Lorena , Daban Ferran , Díez Èlia , Borrell Carme 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: The “Employment in the neighbourhoods” program is an innovative, tailor-made Active Labour Market Program that has been implemented in 12 neighbourhoods in Barcelona (Spain). Its goal is to get people from deprived, high-unemployment neighbourhoods back to work. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of the program on participants’ quality of life, and identify the mechanisms underlying these effects, according to their own perception and the perception of technical staff who assisted them.
Methods: We used Concept Mapping, a mixed methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative analysis, to develop a conceptual map of the participants’ and technical staffs’ perceptions about changes in the participants’ quality of life. Data collection occurred within the generation and structuring steps where participants brainstormed answers to a focus question, and then rated and sorted the responses. To create maps, we used Concept Systems Incorporated software, which conducted two main forms of analysis, a multidimensional scaling analysis, and a hierarchical cluster analysis.
Results: Study participants reported several positive effects on mental health and emotional wellbeing, including self-esteem and empowerment, and considered that this was achieved through strengthened social networks, skills acquisition, emotional coaching, and personalized technical assistance. They also described some negative impacts, mainly related to the labour market situation. We observed marked gender differences in the discourses of program participants.
Conclusions: The results obtained have allowed us to identify different perceived effects and mechanisms by which the “Employment in the Neighbourhoods” Active Labour Market Programme can influence quality of life of participants from the most deprived areas of Barcelona.
Keywords
Active labour market programs, unemployment, Barcelona City (Spain), deprived neighbourhoods, gender, quality of life, concept mapping.
P-selectin(CD62P) and soluble TREM-like transcript-1(sTLT-1) are associated with coronary artery disease-A case control study
Authors: Shen Li , Yang Tianlun , Xia Ke , Yan Zhiqiang , Tan Juanjuan , Li Lei , Qin Yingchun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background/Aims: Platelet activation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease(CAD) ， platelet P-selectin(CD62P )is a platelet classic activation indicator in platelet surface and soluble TREM-like transcript-1 (sTLT-1) is a new one,the relation between these two makers and acute coronary syndromes(ACS) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the expression of CD62P in platelet surface and sTLT-1 on serum and their relationship with CAD. Methods: We measured the levels of CD62P and sTLT-1 in 83 patients undergoing CAD compared to 49 controls.The associations with age, blood pressure,lipid profiles, body mass index and liver injury marker levels were also examined. Results: A stepwise increase in CD62P concentration was found based on the number of CAD patients (P <0.01), especially in AMI (P <0.01) . Serum sTLT-1 concentration of AMI and UAP were more higher than the NC group (P <0.01). Conclusions: The consistent of sTLT-1 and CD62P expression levels in CAD,indicating that sTLT-1 level may be a new maker of platelet activating and positively related with CAD.