bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic mapping of developmental milestones in wild chimpanzees
Authors: Bründl Aisha C. , Tkaczynski Patrick J. , Nohon Kohou Grégoire , Boesch Christophe , Wittig Roman M. , Crockford Catherine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPostnatal development is protracted relative to lifespan in many primates, including modern humans (Homo sapiens), facilitating the acquisition of key motor, communication and social skills that can maximize fitness later in life. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what evolutionary drivers led to extended immature periods. While the developmental milestone literature is well established in humans, insight we can gain from one‐species models is limited. By comparing the timing of relatable developmental milestones in a closely related species, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), we can gain further understanding of the evolution of such an extended developmental phase. To date, few studies have specifically attempted to estimate developmental milestones in a manner comparable to the human literature, and existing studies lack sufficient sample sizes to estimate which milestones are more plastic with higher inter‐individual variation in the timing of their emergence. Here, we describe the emergence of gross motor, fine motor, social interaction and communication traits from a longitudinal sample of 19 wild chimpanzee infants (8 females and 11 males), Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Gross motor traits emerged at a mean of 4 months, communication traits at 12 months, social interaction traits at 14 months and fine motor traits at 15 months, with later emerging milestones demonstrating greater inter‐individual variation in the timing of the emergence. This pattern of milestone emergence is broadly comparable to observations in humans, suggesting selection for a prolonged infantile phase and that sustained skills development has a deep evolutionary history, with implications for theories on primate brain development.
A second‐generation glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist mitigates vomiting and anorexia while retaining glucoregulatory potency in lean diabetic and emetic mammalian models
Authors: Borner Tito , Shaulson Evan D. , Tinsley Ian C. , Stein Lauren M. , Horn Charles C. , Hayes Matthew R. , Doyle Robert P. , De Jonghe Bart C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimTo develop a conjugate of vitamin B12 bound to the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonist exendin‐4 (Ex4) that shows reduced penetrance into the central nervous system while maintaining peripheral glucoregulatory function.MethodsWe evaluated whether a vitamin B12 conjugate of Ex4 (B12‐Ex4) improves glucose tolerance without inducing anorexia in Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats, a lean type 2 diabetes model of an understudied but medically compromised population of patients requiring the glucoregulatory effects of GLP‐1R agonists without anorexia. We also utilized the musk shrew (Suncus murinus), a mammalian model capable of emesis, to test B12‐Ex4 on glycaemic profile, feeding and emesis.ResultsIn both models, native Ex4 and B12‐Ex4 equivalently blunted the rise in blood glucose levels during a glucose tolerance test. In both GK rats and shrews, acute Ex4 administration decreased food intake, leading to weight loss; by contrast, equimolar administration of B12‐Ex4 had no effect on feeding and body weight. There was a near absence of emesis in shrews given systemic B12‐Ex4, in contrast to reliable emesis produced by Ex4. When administered centrally, both B12‐Ex4 and Ex4 induced similar potency of emesis, suggesting that brain penetrance of B12‐Ex4 is required for induction of emesis.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the potential therapeutic value of B12‐Ex4 as a novel treatment for type 2 diabetes devoid of weight loss and with reduced adverse effects and better tolerance, but similar glucoregulation to current GLP‐1R agonists.
Unpredictability of vigilance in two sympatric Tibetan ungulates
Authors: Luo Yunchao , Wang Lin , Yang Le , Wang Xinxin , Tian Xingjun , Li Zhongqiu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractVigilance is important for anti‐predation, and different animals adopt different vigilance strategies. Instantaneous and sequential randomness in vigilance behavior are two main principles for the classic Pulliam model (1973). Given this context, we studied the vigilance behaviors in two wild cloven‐hoofed animals, the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and the Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, to explore if the two randomness principles work across species. The results showed that the distribution of inter‐scan intervals of both Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle followed the negative exponential distribution; inter‐scans of both Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle were unrelated with their previous scan, and most sequences of inter‐scan intervals could be considered as random organized or unpredictable. In conclusion, the vigilance patterns of Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle followed instantaneous randomness and sequential randomness of Pulliam model. A random vigilance strategy might be the best choice for Tibetan ungulates, and how to distinguish the social vigilance from anti‐predator vigilance is an important issue for future research.
Prevalence of stocked whitefish in River Kemijoki, Finland, inferred by micro X‐ray fluorescence analysis of otoliths
Authors: Finnäs Viktor , Lill Jan‐Olof , Heimbrand Yvette , Blass Martina , Saarinen Timo , Lahaye Yann , Jokikokko Erkki , Hägerstrand Henry 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMicro X‐ray fluorescence (µ‐XRF) analysis of otoliths was evaluated as a method to estimate the proportion of stocked one‐summer‐old whitefish Coregonus lavaretus L. in catches of adult fish (n = 20) ascending the River Kemijoki to spawn. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analysis was applied as control. Polished otoliths were scanned with µ‐XRF to obtain strontium maps that were used to infer visually the provenance of the whitefish. Thirteen of the fish showed signs of being stocked as one‐summer‐old fingerlings. LA‐ICP‐MS was applied to determine the elemental composition in a spot outside the core of the otolith. The results were largely consistent with the visual inspection of the µ‐XRF mapped otoliths. In conclusion, µ‐XRF mapping successfully identified whitefish stocked as one‐summer‐old fingerlings. The vast majority of whitefish returning to the River Kemijoki to spawn were stocked fish.
Abnormal digital brachial index prior to hemodialysis access construction and cardiovascular mortality
Authors: Yadav Reshabh , Gerrickens Michael W. M. , Teijink Joep A. W. , Scheltinga Marc R. M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionAn abnormal ankle‐brachial index indicating presence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is known to predict mortality in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Hand ischemia, reflected by low finger pressures, is also a factor associated with increased mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). The Aim of the present study is to determine whether an abnormal digital brachial index in ESRD patients prior to HD access surgery is related to lower survival rates.MethodsA digital brachial index (DBI, systolic finger pressure/systolic brachial arterial pressure) was obtained using digital plethysmography in ESRD patients before construction of a primary HD access between January 2009 and December 2018 in a single center. Patients were grouped based on categories of DBI (low <80%, normal 80–99%, high ≥100%). Overall and cardiovascular mortality were assessed with the ERA‐EDTA classification system (ERA‐EDTA codes 11, 14‐16, 18, and 22‐26, 29). Factors potentially influencing survival rates were analyzed using standard statistics.FindingsFollow‐up was available in 199 patients (female n = 80; age 70 years ±12; follow‐up index 99% ±1). Overall, 2 and 4 years survival were similar among DBI groups Moreover, 2 and 4 years freedom from cardiovascular death were also not different (low DBI 80% ±8 and 58% ±11; normal DBI 86% ±4 and 75% ±6; high DBI 74% ±6 and 61% ±7). Following correction for age, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and smoking, a high DBI conferred a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.09 [1.06–4.13], P = 0.03) and a trend toward higher overall mortality (HR 1.69 [0.98–2.93], P = 0.06).DiscussionESRD patients with an abnormally elevated DBI before HD access creation have an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in the first four postoperative years.
Effects of intergroup contact and relative gratification vs. deprivation on prejudice on both sides of the U.S./Mexico status divide
Authors: Eller Anja , Abrams Dominic , Wright Stephen C. , Davies Ben 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA study in the U.S.–Mexican intergroup context examined how collective relative gratification (RG) versus deprivation affects the relationship between intergroup contact and interpersonal closeness and subtle prejudice towards an out‐group. Participants were Mexican university students in Mexico (N = 239) and non‐Mexican students in California (N = 90). As predicted, Mexicans experienced less gratification/higher relative deprivation (RD), and low quality intergroup contact and expressed lower interpersonal closeness and higher subtle prejudice than U.S. Americans. Differences between countries were larger amongst participants reporting higher RD. Second‐stage moderated mediation analysis showed that the mediating effects of contact between country and interpersonal closeness and subtle prejudice, respectively, were larger amongst participants who felt relatively gratified than those who felt relatively deprived. These findings underline the importance of recognizing the moderating effect of differences in the RG versus RD levels of minority and majority groups when anticipating the potential benefits of intergroup contact for prejudice reduction.
Hypoglycemia unawareness and autonomic dysfunction in diabetes: Lessons learned and roles of diabetes technologies
Authors: Lin Yu Kuei , Fisher Simon J , Pop‐Busui Rodica 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImpaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) is a reduction in the ability to recognize low blood glucose levels that would otherwise prompt an appropriate corrective therapy. Identified in approximately 25% of patients with type 1 diabetes, IAH has complex pathophysiology, and might lead to serious and potentially lethal consequences in patients with diabetes, particularly in those with more advanced disease and comorbidities. Continuous glucose monitoring systems can provide real‐time glucose information and generate timely alerts on rapidly falling or low blood glucose levels. Given their improvements in accuracy, affordability and integration with insulin pump technology, continuous glucose monitoring systems are emerging as critical tools to help prevent serious hypoglycemia and mitigate its consequences in patients with diabetes. This review discusses the current knowledge on IAH and effective diagnostic methods, the relationship between hypoglycemia and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, a practical approach to evaluating cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy for clinicians, and recent evidence from clinical trials assessing the effects of the use of CGM technologies in patients with type 1 diabetes with IAH.
Influence of Preparation Type and Tooth Geometry on the Accuracy of Different Intraoral Scanners
Authors: Ashraf Yasmine , Sabet Ahmed , Hamdy Amina , Ebeid Kamal 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the influence of preparation design and tooth geometry on the accuracy of scans obtained from three different intraoral scanners (IOS).Materials and MethodsFull coverage crown and inlay preparations with known axial wall tapers (6ᵒ and 12ᵒ) were performed on typodont teeth using a computer numerical control machine. Reference models were scanned with a highly accurate reference scanner (Ineos X5) and saved in standard tessellation language (STL) format then each IOS (Omnicam, Trios, and i500) scanned each model 10 times. The STL files obtained from the intraoral scanners were compared to the reference models (trueness) and within each test group (precision). Data were statistically analyzed using three‐ way ANOVA and one‐ way ANOVA.ResultsWhen comparing trueness values extracoronal preparations (32.30 ± 11.23 µm) was significantly better than intra‐coronal preparation (59.61 ± 16.42 µm). As for opposing wall taper, one‐way ANOVA revealed that the more the convergence or divergence between opposing walls the better is the trueness. Significant differences were observed between the scanners. 3 Shape Trios (35.70 ± 14.12 µm) and medit i500 (44.31 ± 11.41 µm) showed no statistically significant differences. However, both showed significantly better precision results when compared to Omnicam (57.83 ± 22.14 µm).ConclusionExtracoronal preparations show better trueness and precision in comparison to intracoronal preparations. Trios and i500 have better trueness and precision than Omnicam. Increasing the taper of the axial wall has a direct effect on trueness of scans obtained from the IOS.
Astragaloside IV ameliorates radiation-induced senescence via antioxidative mechanism
Authors: Liu Xin , Shang Shuying , Chu Weiwei , Ma Liang , Jiang Chenxin , Ding Yanping , Wang Jianlin , Zhang Shengxiang , Shao Baoping 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Ageing is a universal and gradual process of organ deterioration. Radiation induces oxidative stress in cells, which leads to genetic damage and affects cell growth, differentiation and senescence. Astragaloside (AS)-IV has antioxidative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Methods
To study the protective mechanism of AS-IV on radiation-induced brain cell senescence, we constructed a radiation-induced brain cell ageing model, using biochemical indicators, senescence-associated galactosidase (SA-β-gal) senescence staining, flow cytometry and Western blotting to analyse the AS-IV resistance mechanism to radiation-induced brain cell senescence.

Key findings
Radiation reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK2), CDK4, cyclin E and transcription factor E2F1 proteins, and increased expressions of p21, p16, cyclin D and retinoblastoma (RB) proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, SA-β-gal–positive cells and cells stagnating in G1 phase. After treatment with AS-IV, the level of oxidative stress in cells significantly decreased and expression of proteins related to the cell cycle and ageing significantly changed. In addition, SA-β-gal–positive cells and cells arrested in G1 phase were significantly reduced.

Conclusions
These data suggest that AS-IV can antagonize radiation-induced brain cells senescence; and its mechanism may be related to p53-p21 and p16-RB signalling pathways of ageing regulation.
Mechanical and structural properties of leukocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin membranes: An in vitro study on the impact of anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Ockerman Anna , Braem Annabel , EzEldeen Mostafa , Castro Ana , Coucke Birgit , Politis Constantinus , Verhamme Peter , Jacobs Reinhilde , Quirynen Marc 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective and backgroundLittle is known about structural and mechanical properties of leukocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) membranes and even less about the influence of antithrombotic drugs on L‐PRF. The aim of this in vitro study is therefore to investigate mechanical properties, fibrin structure and cell content of L‐PRF membranes and the impact of anticoagulant therapy on L‐PRF.MethodsBlood samples were obtained from 12 volunteers and supplemented with either no, 1.25 IU, 2.5 IU, 5 IU, or 10 IU enoxaparin. L‐PRF membranes were characterized with tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, and measurement of platelets and leukocytes. Control and enoxaparin‐supplemented L‐PRF membranes were compared.ResultsAt 10 IU enoxaparin, no L‐PRF membranes could be generated, whereas the low doses of 1.25 and 2.5 IU had no influence on L‐PRF properties. The mechanical properties, fibrin networks, and number of platelets and leukocytes of 5 IU supplemented membranes were unlike the control membranes, but were not found to be significantly different because of limited sampling and inter‐ and intra‐variability.ConclusionLow doses of the anticoagulant enoxaparin do not affect mechanical properties, fibrin network, nor cellular content of L‐PRF, whereas high doses impair L‐PRF generation.
Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy
Authors: Cellini Nicola , Canale Natale , Mioni Giovanna , Costa Sebastiano 
Published: May 2020

AbstractItaly is one of the major COVID‐19 hotspots. To reduce the spread of the infections and the pressure on Italian healthcare systems, since March 10, 2020, Italy has been under a total lockdown, forcing people into home confinement. Here we present data from 1,310 people living in the Italian territory (Mage = 23.91 ± 3.60 years, 880 females, 501 workers, 809 university students), who completed an online survey from March 24 to March 28, 2020. In the survey, we asked participants to think about their use of digital media before going to bed, their sleep pattern and their subjective experience of time in the previous week (March 17–23, which was the second week of the lockdown) and up to the first week of February (February 3–10, before any restriction in any Italian area). During the lockdown, people increased the usage of digital media near bedtime, but this change did not affect sleep habits. Nevertheless, during home confinement, sleep timing markedly changed, with people going to bed and waking up later, and spending more time in bed, but, paradoxically, also reporting a lower sleep quality. The increase in sleep difficulties was stronger for people with a higher level of depression, anxiety and stress symptomatology, and associated with the feeling of elongation of time. Considering that the lockdown is likely to continue for weeks, research data are urgently needed to support decision making, to build public awareness and to provide timely and supportive psychosocial interventions.
Localisation analysis of nerves in the mouse pancreas reveals the sites of highest nerve density and nociceptive innervation
Authors: Saricaoglu Ömer Cemil , Teller Steffen , Wang Xiaobo , Wang Shenghan , Stupakov Pavel , Heinrich Tobias , Istvanffy Rouzanna , Friess Helmut , Ceyhan Güralp O. , Demir Ihsan Ekin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeuropathy and neuro‐inflammation drive the severe pain and disease progression in human chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Mice, especially genetically induced‐mouse models, have been increasingly utilized in mechanistic research on pancreatic neuropathy, but the normal “peripheral neurobiology” of the mouse pancreas has not yet been critically compared to human pancreas.MethodsWe introduced a standardized tissue‐harvesting technique that preserves the anatomic orientation of the mouse pancreas and allows complete sectioning in an anterior to posterior fashion. We applied immunohistochemistry and quantitative colorimetry of all nerves from the whole organ for studying pancreatic neuro‐anatomy.Key ResultsNerves in the mouse pancreas appeared as “clusters” of nerve trunks in contrast to singly distributed nerve trunks in the human pancreas. Nerve trunks in the mouse pancreas were exclusively found around intrapancreatic blood vessels, and around lymphoid structures. The majority of nerve trunks were located in the pancreatic head (0.15 ± 0.08% of tissue area) and the anterior/front surface of the corpus/body (0.17 ± 0.27%), thus significantly more than in the tail (0.02 ± 0.02%, P = .006). Nerves in the tail included a higher proportion of nociceptive fibers, but the absolute majority, ie, ca. 70%, of all nociceptive fibers, were localized in the head. Mice heterozygous for Bdnf knockout allele (Bdnf+/−) exhibited enrichment of nitrergic nerve fibers specifically in the head and corpus.Conclusions & InferencesNeuro‐anatomy of the “mesenteric type” mouse pancreas is highly different from the “compact” human pancreas. Studies that aim at reproducing human pancreatic neuro‐phenomena in mouse models should pay diligent attention to these anatomic differences.
Comparison of treatment effects of different maxillary protraction methods in skeletal class III patients
Authors: Buyukcavus Muhammed Hilmi , Kale Burak , Aydemir Buğra 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare treatment outcomes with different maxillary protraction methods in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion resulting from maxillary retrognathia.Setting and Sample PopulationA total of 55 individuals consisting of 29 females and 26 males with a mean age of 11.4 ± 1.06 years were included in this study.Material and MethodsFifty‐five treated maxillary retrognathic patients who underwent different protraction facemask methods were evaluated. Eighteen patients treated with RME were in the first group, and 19 patients treated with a modified Alt‐RAMEC protocol were in the second group; eighteen patients on whom face masks with miniplates were applied were included in the skeletal anchorage (SA) group. Thirty measurements were made on lateral cephalometric radiographs before and after treatment. Differences between the groups were assessed with the ANOVA test.ResultsThe mean age was higher in the SA group (11.96 ± 0.92 years) compared with the other groups. The mean ANB angle increased by 2.96°, 4.91° and 3.86° in the RME, Alt‐RAMEC and SA groups, respectively. The forward movement of the maxilla was similar between the groups. However, while the rate of protraction was higher in the modified Alt‐RAMEC group, a greater skeletal effect was found in the SA group.ConclusionThe most effective method in terms of skeletal effect is the application of the face mask with skeletal anchorage; the modified Alt‐RAMEC protocol can be applied before face mask to obtain faster protraction.
De Se Attitudes and Computation
Authors: Hamilton Fairley Neil 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere has been debate between those who maintain that indexical expressions are not essential and those who maintain that such indexicals cannot be dispensed with without an important loss of content. This version of the essentialist view holds that thoughts must also have indexical elements. Indexical thoughts appear to be in tension with the computational theory of mind (CTM). In this case we have the following inconsistent triad:
(i) De se thoughts are essential.
(ii) De se thoughts are indexical, they have a (Kaplanian) character.
(iii) Computations can only take the syntactic type into account, they cannot take tokens into account.
If (iii) is correct, then it seems we cannot make sense of a thought which uses a character such that its referent could vary from tokening to tokening. I argue that (iii) need not cause a problem, while maintaining the CTM. I claim that computations need not be sensitive to the features of a tokened symbol in the way that character demands. This job may be performed by a non‐modular part of the mind. Resolving the triad in this way provides a reason to accept that indexicals in thought are possible.