bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of the top soil layer on moisture and evaporation dynamics
Authors: Li Zhen , Vanderborght Jan , Smits Kathleen M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the effect of the top soil layer on surface evaporation and water distribution is critical to modeling hydrological systems. However, the dependency of near‐surface soil moisture and fluxes on layering characteristics remains unclear. To address this uncertainty, we investigate how the arrangement of soil horizons affects the evaporation and soil moisture, specifically, the near‐surface soil moisture, through the combination of numerical simulations and evaporation experiments. The characteristics of fluxes and moisture from different soil profiles are then used to understand the soil layering conditions. Results show that the top soil layer can significantly affect the evolution of soil moisture profiles and evaporation dynamics, the extent of which depends on the layering sequence, thickness, and properties of each layer. The soil systems consisting of a thick coarse (C) layer overlying a fine (F) layer, or a very thin F layer overlying a C layer exhibit near‐surface moisture, temperature and fluxes nearly identical to that of a homogeneous C system; in these cases, a homogeneous C soil could be used to represent the above two layered systems. However, some soil profiles cannot be described by a single set of soil properties, nevertheless, they show distinct characteristics that can serve as indicators for soil layering conditions, e.g., “first slowly then rapidly” decreasing dynamics of near‐surface soil moisture. As some characteristics are not unique to layered soil, the combined information including the near‐surface soil moisture defined at different depths and evaporation behavior of an entire drying cycle can be used to better characterize the layering conditions.
Pesticides and herbicides
Authors: Choudri B. S. , Charabi Yassine , Al‐Nasiri Noura , Al‐Awadhi Talal 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper highlights a review of scientific papers published in the year 2019 regarding pesticides and herbicides. The scientific review presented in this paper includes the presence and occurrence of pesticides and herbicides in the environment. The entire review divided into different sections, which are grouped into four main sections. Each of these sections provides studies conducted on toxicology, ecological risk assessment, strategies of treatment, policies, modeling, and guidelines regarding pesticides and herbicides management.Practitioners points

This paper highlights the review of scientific literature published in the year 2019.

The review includes the presence and occurrence of pesticides and herbicides in the environment.

The review focuses on toxicology, ecological risk assessment, strategies of treatment, policies, modelling and guidelines regarding pesticides and herbicides management.

The literature review covers selected papers relevant to the topic.
Characteristics of pressure drop, mass flow distribution and flow asymmetry in three‐dimensional branching networks based on model human bronchial tree
Authors: Pradhan Kaustav , Guha Abhijit , Halder Prodosh Kumar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe complex flow field in the three‐dimensional internal passages of a model human bronchial tree is studied computationally. Up to five generations of branches, both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane configurations, two velocity profiles and varying inlet Reynolds number are considered. There exists substantial non‐uniformity of the fluid dynamic features (e.g. velocity field, pressure field, mass flow distribution or viscous dissipation) over any longitudinal plane or cross‐sectional plane of a particular branch as well as that between different branches of any generation. The flow asymmetry is explained here by attributing the fluid dynamics to three important features ‐ curvature of flow path, flow division at bifurcations and inertia of the flow. A synthesis of the present comprehensive study leads to the generalization that the out‐of‐plane configuration fosters greater degree of uniformity in the mass flow distributions in the various branches of any generation, but gives rise to greater flow non‐uniformity on any particular cross‐sectional plane as compared to the in‐plane configuration. The out‐of‐plane configuration also causes greater secondary flow and greater loss in total pressure in the network. The effectiveness of previously developed modular computational approaches is assessed through separate simulations for networks comprising two, three, four and five generations (containing 3, 7, 15 and 31 branches respectively). The inadequacy of Hagen‐Poiseuille type 1D model is demonstrated ‐ it can neither predict the flow asymmetry (captured by the 3D computations) nor determine the overall magnitude of loss in total pressure.
Coupled compression and bending of piezoelectric semiconductor fibers with imperfection
Authors: Yang Wanli , Yang Jiashi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study piezoelectric semiconductor fibers under axially‐compressive loads. The fibers have some initial geometric imperfections, modeled as initial deflections in the paper, and undergo coupled axial compression and bending. A one‐dimensional nonlinear model is derived from the three‐dimensional phenomenological theory of piezoelectric semiconductors. A theoretical analysis is performed and an analytical solution is obtained for a simply‐supported fiber. Numerical results are presented, showing the effects of the geometric imperfection on coupled bending and compression as well as charge distribution.
A simplified approach to detect a significant carbon dioxide reduction by phytoplankton in lakes and rivers on a regional and global scale
Authors: Engel Fabian , Attermeyer Katrin , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by phytoplankton can significantly reduce the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in lakes and rivers, and thereby CO2 emissions. Presently, it is not known in which inland waters on Earth a significant pCO2 reduction by phytoplankton is likely. Since detailed, comparable carbon budgets are currently not available for most inland waters, we modified a proxy to assess the pCO2 reduction by phytoplankton, originally developed for boreal lakes, for application on a global scale. Using data from 61 rivers and 125 lakes distributed over five continents, we show that a significant pCO2 reduction by phytoplankton is widespread across the temperate and sub-/tropical region, but absent in the cold regions on Earth. More specifically, we found that a significant pCO2 reduction by phytoplankton might occur in 24% of the lakes in the temperate region, and 39% of the lakes in the sub-/tropical region. We also showed that such a reduction might occur in 21% of the rivers in the temperate region, and 5% of the rivers in the sub-/tropical region. Our results indicate that CO2 uptake by phytoplankton is a relevant flux in regional and global carbon budgets. This highlights the need for more accurate approaches to quantify CO2 uptake by primary producers in inland waters, particularly in the temperate and sub-/tropical region.
Meilensteine der Entwicklung Künstlicher Intelligenz
Authors: Teich Irene 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungKünstliche Intelligenz wird aktuell auf vielen Ebenen diskutiert. Neu ist nur die heute massenhafte Verbreitung. In individuellen Unternehmensanwendungen wird seit über 50 Jahren daran entwickelt und geforscht. Wichtige Meilensteine sind die erste Idee, die Pause auf Grund von Enttäuschung überzogener Erwartungen und das Comeback. In unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten entwickelten sich die Technologien dahinter – die heute in menschenähnlich aussehenden Fußballrobotern zusammenfließen, die in nicht allzu ferner Zukunft eine Chance gegen ein menschliches Weltmeisterteam haben sollen. Jetzt werden wichtige Weichen gestellt, an denen jeder von uns mitwirken sollte.
Synthesis and structure of temperature-sensitive nanocapsules
Authors: Brugnoni Monia , Fink Fabian , Scotti Andrea , Richtering Walter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe transport and systematic release of functional agents at specific areas are key challenges in various application fields. These make the development of micro- and nanocapsules, which allow for uptake, storage, and triggered release, of high interest. Hollow thermoresponsive microgels, cross-linked polymer networks with a solvent-filled cavity in their center, are promising candidates as triggerable nanocapsules, as they can adapt their size and shape to the environment. Their shell permeability can be controlled by temperature, while the cavity can serve as a storage place for guest species. Here, we present the synthesis and structural characterization of temperature-responsive microgels, which are deswollen at room temperature and swell upon moderate cooling, to facilitate potential encapsulation experiments. We present microgels made from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-diacetone acrylamide), p(NIPAM-co-DAAM), possessing a volume phase transition temperature below room temperature. Their colloidal stability in the deswollen state can be enhanced by adding a swollen polymer shell made of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), pNIPAM, as periphery. The synthesis of hollow double-shell microgels comprising a cavity surrounded by an inner p(NIPAM-co-DAAM) shell and an outer pNIPAM shell is established. The inner network enables the control of the shell permeability: the network is deswollen at room temperature and swells upon moderate cooling. The outer network guarantees for steric stability at room temperature. Light scattering techniques are employed for the characterization of the microgels. Form factor analysis reveals that the cavity of the nanocapsules persists at all swelling states, making it an ideal site for the storage of guest species.
Modeling regional precipitation over the Indus River basin of Pakistan using statistical downscaling
Authors: Pomee Muhammad Saleem , Ashfaq Moetasim , Ahmad Bashir , Hertig Elke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractComplex processes govern spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation within the high-mountainous headwater regions (commonly known as the upper Indus basin (UIB)), of the Indus River basin of Pakistan. Reliable precipitation simulations particularly over the UIB present a major scientific challenge due to regional complexity and inadequate observational coverage. Here, we present a statistical downscaling approach to model observed precipitation of the entire Indus basin, with a focus on UIB within available data constraints. Taking advantage of recent high altitude (HA) observatories, we perform precipitation regionalization using K-means cluster analysis to demonstrate effectiveness of low-altitude stations to provide useful precipitation inferences over more uncertain and hydrologically important HA of the UIB. We further employ generalized linear models (GLM) with gamma and Tweedie distributions to identify major dynamic and thermodynamic drivers from a reanalysis dataset within a robust cross-validation framework that explain observed spatiotemporal precipitation patterns across the Indus basin. Final statistical models demonstrate higher predictability to resolve precipitation variability over wetter southern Himalayans and different lower Indus regions, by mainly using different dynamic predictors. The modeling framework also shows an adequate performance over more complex and uncertain trans-Himalayans and the northwestern regions of the UIB, particularly during the seasons dominated by the westerly circulations. However, the cryosphere-dominated trans-Himalayan regions, which largely govern the basin hydrology, require relatively complex models that contain dynamic and thermodynamic circulations. We also analyzed relevant atmospheric circulations during precipitation anomalies over the UIB, to evaluate physical consistency of the statistical models, as an additional measure of reliability. Overall, our results suggest that such circulation-based statistical downscaling has the potential to improve our understanding towards distinct features of the regional-scale precipitation across the upper and lower Indus basin. Such understanding should help to assess the response of this complex, data-scarce, and climate-sensitive river basin amid future climatic changes, to serve communal and scientific interests.
Purinergic signaling as a basis of acupuncture-induced analgesia
Authors: He Jin-Rong , Yu Shu-Guang , Tang Yong , Illes Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis review summarizes experimental evidence indicating that purinergic mechanisms are causally involved in acupuncture (AP)-induced analgesia. Electroacupuncture (EAP) and manual AP release at pain-relevant acupoints ATP which may activate purinergic P2X receptors (Rs) especially of the P2X3 type situated at local sensory nerve endings (peripheral terminals of dorsal root ganglion [DRG] neurons); the central processes of these neurons are thought to inhibit via collaterals of ascending dorsal horn spinal cord neurons, pain-relevant pathways projecting to higher centers of the brain. In addition, during AP/EAP non-neuronal P2X4 and/or P2X7Rs localized at microglial cells of the CNS become activated at the spinal or supraspinal levels. In consequence, these microglia secrete bioactive compounds such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species, which modulate the ascending neuronal pathways conducting painful stimuli. Alternatively, ATP released at acupoints by AP/EAP may be enzymatically degraded to adenosine, stimulating in loco presynaptic A1Rs exerting an inhibitory influence on the primary afferent fibers (the above mentioned pain-sensing peripheral terminals of DRG neurons) which thereby fail to conduct action potentials to the spinal cord dorsal horn. The net effect of the stimulation of P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, and A1Rs by the AP/EAP-induced release of ATP/adenosine at certain acupoints will be analgesia.
Defect minimized Ag-ZnO microneedles for photocatalysis
Authors: Ullattil Sanjay Gopal , Jabeen Fatima M. J. , Abdel-Wahab Ahmed 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA facile solution processing strategy has been developed for the formation of Ag-modified ZnO microneedles at various calcination temperatures such as 300, 500, and 700 °C (AZ3, AZ5, and AZ7 respectively). Due to the heavy doping of AgNO3, Ag+ ions have been incorporated in to the crystal lattice of ZnO in all the Ag-ZnO samples, which facilitated the formation of Ag-ZnO microneedle morphology with minimized defect states, and obviously, the plasmon peaks were observed due to Ag modification. These Ag-ZnO microneedle structures have been evaluated for their photocatalytic performance using methylene blue as model target contaminant and their activity was compared with the commercially available titania P25 photocatalyst. The photoactivity of all the Ag-ZnO microneedle structures was significantly higher than that of the commercially available P25 photocatalyst with the most active Ag-ZnO material having a photocatalytic activity ~ 1.4 times greater than that of P25 titania.
Firebug! Dissociative Identity Disorder? Malingering? Or …? An Intensive Case Study of an Arsonist
Authors: Loewenstein Richard J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCourts struggle with questions of how to assess competency to stand trial (CTS) and not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) in dissociative identity disorder (DID). Concerns about CTS include dissociative amnesia and unpredictable switching behaviors that could cause inconsistent information transfer across self states, with the defendant unable to access important legal information about his/her defense and to collaborate with his/her attorney; DID defendants could not conform their conduct to the law or know right from wrong due to dissociative amnesia, the seemingly independent actions of self states, and the disruption of reality testing by switching. The author presents the case of a woman charged with both a witnessed and an unwitnessed burglary and arson, the latter at the home of her former therapist. The author was the fourth forensic evaluator in the case. Disagreements included whether the defendant met diagnostic criteria for DID or was malingering, and whether she was CTS and/or NGRI. In clinical work with DID, “the whole human being” is held responsible for all behavior, despite reported amnesia or lack of subjective agency. The Discrete Behavioral States (DBS) model of DID avoids reification of the DID self states and their conflation as separate “people.” This model supports evaluating the defendant at the level of specific self states, the self-state system, and that of the whole human being. The author concluded that the defendant met diagnostic criteria for DID and also was malingering its severity. She was competent to stand trial and legally sane.
Problem-driven innovation models for emerging technologies
Authors: Soliman Erfan , Mogefors Daniel , Bergmann Jeroen H. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs a fundamentally resource-intensive endeavour, healthcare innovation can benefit from a problem-based approach. This kind of methodology needs to define the problem by applying a range of well-established techniques, such as ethnographic research, market analysis, and stakeholder exploration. However, no in-depth investigation has taken place on how these techniques interact and relate to one another. As such, an overarching methodology is needed in order to represent, critically assess, and evolve problem-driven, or need-led, innovation approaches. Graph theory provides a useful way by which this can be done. This paper exemplifies how different elements of a problem-first approach to innovation can be graphically represented within a system, in order to provide insights into the processes that support real-world impact for new technologies. By providing a more refined description of the need-led innovation methodology, it is hoped that these models can drive a more evidence-based and empirical mindset within the field to ultimately drive valuable innovations with increased efficiency.
Degradation of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solutions using ozone, peroxone, electroperoxone, and electrolysis processes: a comparison study
Authors: Abdi Mastaneh , Balagabri Mona , Karimi Hazhir , Hossini Hooshyar , Rastegar Seyed Omid 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, the degradation of crystal violet (CV) was investigated by different oxidation processes; ozone (OZ), peroxone (PO), electrolysis (E), electrolysis/H2O2(ECP), electroperoxone (EPO), and electrolysis/peroxene/H2O2(EPOP). Main parameters including contact time, pH, CV concentration, and effect of scavengers were studied. The results showed that all processes were capable of CV decolorization. Among these processes, peroxone and electrolysis/peroxene/H2O2with efficiency about > 90% were more effective than other ones. A significant decrease in oxidation rate of CV was observed by adding scavengers. This fact was due to higher affinity to react with free radicals. To confirm degradation of CV, FTIR spectra and nitrate ion level were taken. Also, to recognize toxicity the treated wastewater was tested againstcoliform bacteria. Growths ofEscherichia coliin EMB medium were observed. As a result, it confirms that the treated effluent can be discharged to environment.
The Psychology of Food Cravings: the Role of Food Deprivation
Authors: Meule Adrian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Dieting is often blamed for causing food cravings. Such diet-induced cravings may be mediated by physiological (e.g., nutritional deprivation) or psychological (e.g., ironic effects of food thought suppression) mechanisms. However, this notion is often based on cross-sectional findings and, thus, the causal role of food deprivation on food cravings is unclear.

Recent Findings
Experimental studies suggest that a short-term, selective food deprivation seems to indeed increase cravings for the avoided foods. However, experimental studies also show that food craving can be understood as a conditioned response that, therefore, can also be unlearned. This is supported by intervention studies which indicate that long-term energy restriction results in a reduction of food cravings in overweight adults.

Summary
Dieting’s bad reputation for increasing food cravings is only partially true as the relationship between food restriction and craving is more complex. While short-term, selective food deprivation may indeed increase food cravings, long-term energy restriction seems to decrease food cravings, suggesting that food deprivation can also facilitate extinction of conditioned food craving responses.
Will the COVID-19 pandemic slow down in the Northern hemisphere by the onset of summer? An epidemiological hypothesis
Authors: Dzien Alexander , Dzien-Bischinger Christine , Lechleitner Monika , Winner Hannes , Weiss Günter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected most countries of the world. As corona viruses are highly prevalent in the cold season, the question remains whether or not the pandemic will improve with increasing temperatures in the Northern hemisphere. We use data from a primary care registry of almost 15,000 patients over 20 years to retrieve information on viral respiratory infection outbreaks. Our analysis suggests that the severity of the pandemic will be softened by the seasonal change to summer.
Unintended consequences of a reflex urine culture order set on appropriate antibiotic use
Authors: Klein Corinne N. , Elman Miriam R. , Townes John M. , Lewis James S. , McGregor Jessina C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe evaluated the impact of reflex urine culture screen results on antibiotic initiation. More patients with positive urine screen but negative culture received antibiotics than those with a negative screen (30.5 vs 7.1%). Urine screen results may inappropriately influence antibiotic initiation in patients with a low likelihood of infection.
Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Shanahan Lilly , Steinhoff Annekatrin , Bechtiger Laura , Murray Aja L. , Nivette Amy , Hepp Urs , Ribeaud Denis , Eisner Manuel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown could be considered a ‘perfect storm’ for increases in emotional distress. Such increases can only be identified by studies that use data collected before and during the pandemic. Longitudinal data are also needed to examine (1) the roles of previous distress and stressors in emotional distress during the pandemic and (2) how COVID-19-related stressors and coping strategies are associated with emotional distress when pre-pandemic distress is accounted for.MethodsData came from a cohort study (N = 768). Emotional distress (perceived stress, internalizing symptoms, and anger), COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies were measured during the pandemic/lockdown when participants were aged 22. Previous distress and stressors were measured before COVID-19 (at age 20).ResultsOn average, participants showed increased levels of perceived stress and anger (but not internalizing symptoms) during the pandemic compared to before. Pre-COVID-19 emotional distress was the strongest predictor of during-pandemic emotional distress, followed by during-pandemic economic and psychosocial stressors (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions) and hopelessness, and pre-pandemic social stressors (e.g. bullying victimization and stressful life events). Most health risks to self or loved ones due to COVID-19 were not uniquely associated with emotional distress in final models. Coping strategies associated with reduced distress included keeping a daily routine, physical activity, and positive reappraisal/reframing.ConclusionsIn our community sample, pre-pandemic distress, secondary consequences of the pandemic (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions), and pre-pandemic social stressors were more consistently associated with young adults' emotional distress than COVID-19-related health risk exposures.