bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PH-DEPENDENT COLON-TARGETED TABLETS OF RIFAXIMIN BY DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Authors: RAWOOF MD  , RAJNARAYANA K  , AJITHA M  
Published: October 2020

Objective: The research is designed at formulating and evaluating pH-sensitive rifaximin colon-targeted tablets for targeted action in proximal colon.
Method: The colon-targeted tablets are done by granulation of three levels of polymers such as Eudragit L30D, Carbopol 974P, and ethyl cellulose. The evaluation parameters such as swelling studies, drug dissolution, in vitro drug release studies, stability, and the Fourier transform infrared studies carried out for optimized formulations.
Results: Physicochemical parameters of all the 27 formulations (RF1-RF27) evaluated and RF21 is chosen for further investigation based on weight variation, hardness, drug content, and swelling index. The in vitro drug release studies indicate that the optimized formulation RF21 released 98.75% drug within 24 h. The stability studies indicate that the formulation is stable.
Conclusion: An effective and stable pH-dependent rifaximin colon-targeted tablet formulated for the targeted treatment of bowel syndrome.
POTENTIAL USES OF THE PEEL AND SEED OF PASSIFLORA EDULIS SIMS F. EDULIS (GULUPA) FROM ITS CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIHYPERTENSIVE FUNCTIONALITIES
Authors: LAURA GONZÁLEZ  , ANDREE ÁLVAREZ  , ELIZABETH MURILLO  , CARLOS GUERRA  , JONH MÉNDEZ  
Published: October 2020

Objective: Assess the performance of a crude ethanolic extract, a dichloromethane fraction and a hydroalcoholic residue, which are the basis for chemically and biologically characterizing the husk and seed of Passiflora edulis f. edulis, collected in the region and Colombia with a view to determining potential uses.
Methods: Agroindustrial residues of gulupa (peel and seed) were analyzed through a bromatological study; subsequently, they were macerated with ethanol (96%). The crude ethanolic extract was partitioned with dichloromethane, leaving a hydroalcoholic residue. The content of total phenols, the composition of phytophenols (high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), the total antioxidant capacity using 3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS●+) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-pyridyl hydrazyl (DPPH●), the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and the ferric reduction power (FRAP) were determined to the extract, the fraction, and the residue. The evaluation of the inhibitory activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and the cell viability assay with diphenyl bromide 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-) il) -2,5-tetrazolium on human leukocytes complemented the characterization.
Results: Agroindustrial waste of P. edulis f. edulis, peel and seed, contains as main constituents: Protein (8.49 and 7.29%), fiber (34.2 and 55.7%), phosphorus (1.67 and 3.09), and boron (53.3 and 58.4 mg/kg), respectively. The seed showed 25.5% oil. The crude seed extract exhibited a higher phenolic content (15.34 gEAG/100 g). Likewise, it presented the highest antiradical capacity against ABTS●+ and DPPH● (706.17 and 82.81 trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [TEAC], respectively) and antioxidant in ORAC and FRAP (142.79 TEAC and 103.63 equivalent ascorbic acid EAA, respectively). The ACEI activity (50% inhibitory concentration 17.62 mg/L) of the crude seed extract was higher than the other samples. No toxicity was found in the samples evaluated at concentrations higher than those of the biological activities manifested.
Conclusion: The agroindustrial residues of P. edulis f. edulis (peel and seed) are rich in nutrients, which propose them for use in food matrices. The ethanolic extract from seed showed the highest antioxidant, antiradical, and inhibitory biological activity of the ACEI so that it could be proposed the gulupa seed as a promising phytotherapeutic product associated with its phenolic content, especially its flavonoids. The results obtained allow an added value to the fruit, reducing the chances that its waste contributes to environmental pollution.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF KIGELIA AFRICANA (LAM.) BENTH. EXTRACTS ON TM3 LEYDIG CELLS
Authors: NELISIWE PRENATE MASUKU  , SOGOLO LUCKY LEBELO  
Published: October 2020

Objective: The study reports the effects of acetone, methanol, and aqueous Kigelia africana extracts on the TM3 Leydig cells.
Methods: The total phenolic contents were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu’s method. Antioxidant activity was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl assay and flavonoid content assessed using quercetin as standard. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were assessed.
Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were analyzed. Acetone extracts showed highest total phenolic content (105±3.65 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g) followed by methanol extracts (10.64±0.32 mg GAE/g) and, last, the water extract with the total phenolic content of 4.27±0.65 mg GAE/g. The same trend was observed with total flavonoid content where results recorded for acetone, methanol, and water extracts were 3.63 ±0.20 mg/g quercetin equivalent (QE), 0.16±0.01 mg QE/g, and 0.01±0.00 mg QE/g, respectively. The three extracts showed lower IC50 values compared to ascorbic acid (0.143±0.05 mg/ml, 0.023±0.004 mg/l, and 0.043±0.03 mg/ml for acetone, methanol, and water extracts, respectively). At 0.5 mg/ml of acetone extract, there was an increase in the testosterone production compared to the control.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that K. africana could be recommended for use in the treatment of male infertility.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING SUBLINGUAL FILM OF PAROXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE FOR TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION
Authors: RITA N WADETWAR  , FARHEEN ALI  , PRANITA KANOJIYA  
Published: October 2020

Objective: Oromucosal route could be an alternative over the conventional route for paroxetine hydrochloride (PXH) as it offers direct systemic delivery, by avoiding extensive first-pass metabolism, which results in poor systemic absorption. The film dissolves quickly when placed in mouth without need of water thus helpful in providing rapid onset of action.
Methods: Fast dissolving film of PXH was prepared using Pullulan in various combinations of 32 full factorial design by solvent casting technique. Prepared films were subjected to mechanical, in vitro, and ex vivo characterization.
Results: The physicochemical characteristics such as mass uniformity, thickness, surface pH, and folding endurance were found satisfactory. The formulation (F3) containing 4% w/v Pullulan showed maximum release 94.31% and ex vivo permeation 92.67% through goat oral mucosa in 15 min. Uniform drug loading was observed in all the batches with disintegration time <25 s. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study revealed the compatibility of drug with polymer. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that there was uniform mixing of all ingredients. Optimized batch F3 was found to be stable for 1 month as no significant changes were observed in % cumulative drug release and weight of film.
Conclusion: Pullulan a natural biodegradable polymer allocates good physical property to film. Hydrophilic nature of polymer imparts fast disintegrating property to film.
ANTI-METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS POTENTIAL OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN TERMINALIA CATAPPA AND THEIR PROPOSED IN SILICO MECHANISM OF ACTION
Authors: LOKESH RAVI  , DIVYA JINDAM  , SUGANYA KUMARESAN  , VENKATESH SELVARAJ  , JAYARAMA REDDY  
Published: October 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial potential of leaves of this Terminalia catappa and identify the mechanism of action for those phytochemicals present in this leaves.
Methods: Phytochemicals were extracted using maceration and the extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the chemical structure. Antibacterial potential was evaluated using agar well diffusion. The phytochemicals were subjected to in silico protein–ligand docking study to identify the mechanism of action.
Results: In vitro antibacterial study demonstrated that the ethanol extract of the leaves has significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) with a zone of inhibition of 16 mm and 18 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. The chloroform and hexane extracts of the leaves did not demonstrate any significant activity. Based on GC-MS analysis and literature review, 12 phytochemicals were identified to be present in the ethanol extract of the T. catappa leaves. These molecules were subjected to in silico protein–ligand docking study against common drug target proteins of SA and MRSA. Among the studied ligands, granatin A demonstrated the highest significance to inhibit topoisomerase IV with a binding energy of −11.3 kcal/mol and produced 7 hydrogen bonds, followed by punicalin with −10.7 kcal/mol binding energy toward penicillin-binding protein 2a with 6 hydrogen bonds.
Conclusion: Phytochemicals of T. catappa demonstrates significant drug ability potential against drug-resistant MRSA pathogen and demands further investigation on their individual activity and mechanism.
CONTAMINATION OF WATER WITH HELMINTH EGGS: A CASE STUDY OF SOURANI DAM LAKE-TARTUS GOVERNORATE
Authors: KANAAN AL-TAMEEMI  , AMAL DAYOUB  , MERVAT MAZLOOM  
Published: October 2020

Objective: In view of the serious prevalence of helminth and ease of infection, our research focuses on the detection of the prevalence of helminth eggs in the Sourani Dam Lake (Tartus governorate) water reflecting the health services and environmental circumstances in this region.
Methods: The study was carried out on water samples of AL-Sourani Dam Lake with the aim to investigate the quality of water from October 2015 to September 2016 and verify the existence of helminth eggs according to their characteristics.
Results: Our results showed a presence of helminth eggs such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata, and Hymenolepis nana in water samples. The total prevalence was 1.57 egg/L. T. saginata eggs were the most prevalent, followed by the eggs of A. lumbricoides, while the eggs of H. nana were the least prevalent, especially in summer and autumn.
Conclusion: Due to the presence of helminth eggs in samples, it is recommended that sewage treatment plants be established and that health awareness be increased to decrease their prevalence.
NOVEL NOVEL STABILITY-INDICATING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF HYDROCORTISONE AND TETRACYCLINE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: MUNI SAI VARAGANTI  , PRASANTHI CHENGALVA  , ARUNA GUNDALA  
Published: October 2020

Objective: A combination of hydrocortisone and tetracycline as topical ophthalmic ointment is used for skin irritations, eye infections, inflammation, skin infections, acne, and rashes. The objective of the current work is to a simple, rapid, accurate, and precise, stability-indicating reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of hydrocortisone and tetracycline in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.
Methods: The separation was carried out in Discovery C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using mobile phase ratio of water (pH 2.2 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid):acetonitrile (40:60 v/v) in an isocratic elution mode with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at detection wavelength of 244 nm. The injection volume was 10 μl and the column temperature was set at 30°C.
Results: The retention time for hydrocortisone and tetracycline was found to be 2.214 ± 0.001 min and 3.497 ± 0.001 min, respectively. Calibration curves were linear (r2=0.999) at a concentration range of 2.5–15 mg/ml for both hydrocortisone and tetracycline. The percentage recoveries were found to be 99.13–99.67% for hydrocortisone and 99.39–99.61% for tetracycline. Relative standard deviation was found to be 0.3% for both the drugs. Limit of detection and limit of quantification values of hydrocortisone and tetracycline were found to be 0.09 μg/ml and 0.27 μg/ml and 0.17 μg/ml and 0.52 μg/ml, respectively. The drugs were subjected to various stress conditions and found no interference of degraded products peak at the retention times of analyte peaks.
Conclusion: A rapid and accurate reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of hydrocortisone and tetracycline, and the method was validated as per the International Council for Harmonization guidelines. Hence, the developed method can be successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of hydrocortisone and tetracycline in bulk and ointment formulation.
La investigación-acción como estrategia educativa para la obtención de aprendizajes significativos en la promoción de la salud en salud pública en alumnos de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM
Authors: García García Juan José , Moreno Altamirano Laura , Flores Ocampo Angélica Estefanía 
Published: October 2020

Introducción: La educación para la salud juega un papel muy importante para la promoción de la salud, la prevención y limitación del daño. También contribuye al empoderamiento de las personas, individual y colectivamente, para construir una cultura de la salud y tomar decisiones saludables. Como parte de los objetivos de la asignatura Promoción de la Salud en el Ciclo de Vida, y con el propósito de llevar a cabo una experiencia docente, se eligió estudiar “La alimentación, el estado nutricional y su relación con los trastornos de la atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en estudiantes de secundaria”.Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la investigación-acción en la práctica en comunidad, para favorecer la actividad docente en la obtención de aprendizajes significativos y compromiso social.Método: El de la “investigación-acción”. Un grupo de alumnos de segundo año de la carrera de medicina fue el protagonista del proceso. Se elaboró un proyecto de investigación en el que se destacó la organización de experiencias y conocimientos previos en el área de estudio. Se diseñó un cuestionario sobre alimentación y se utilizó un cuestionario validado sobre TDAH, ambos fueron aplicados por los alumnos de medicina, realizaron la somatometría, impartieron pláticas para una alimentación saludable y elaboraron una base de datos. Después de cada actividad se llevaron a cabo reuniones con ellos para recuperar y organizar la experiencia.Resultados: Los alumnos señalaron que la actividad les permitió integrar lo aprendido previamente, identificar sus limitaciones académicas, caracterizar un problema real de salud pública, aplicar sus conocimientos y desarrollar habilidades e identificar el valor de la promoción de la salud.Conclusiones: La participación en actividades en donde se vincule la investigación con la acción facilita el aprendizaje significativo. Se consideró la práctica educativa como una acción comprometida con el contexto social en el que se vive.
Accounting Quality and Alliance Contract Provisions
Authors: Ge Rui , Ji Yuan , Louis Henock 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We show that the number of governance provisions imposed on a firm by a strategic alliance partner decreases with the firm's accounting quality. This effect is weaker when the firm has greater bargaining power and stronger when the alliance project is riskier. Moreover, the net benefit to an alliance partner of imposing an additional governance provision on its counterparty apparently increases when the counterparty accounting quality is low, resulting in an enhancement of the partner's market value and a reduction in its bankruptcy risk. Furthermore, alliance partners adopt fewer provisions based on their counterparties' accounting numbers when the counterparties' accounting quality is poor.
JEL Classifications: D74; M41.
Lender Monitoring and the Efficacy of Managerial Risk-Taking Incentives
Authors: Hong Hyun A. , Ryou Ji Woo , Srivastava Anup 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Firms provide convexity in managers' compensation plans (vega) to induce risk-averse managers to pursue risky, positive net present value projects. The resulting alignment of managers' and shareholders' incentives creates conflicts with lenders, who face an increased risk of default when managers pursue risky investments. We hypothesize that lenders would respond by stepping up their monitoring and threatening foreclosure to inhibit managers from acting on their vega incentives. Strong lender monitoring should, thus, reduce the efficacy of vega incentives. We test this hypothesis in a unique setting, where lenders purchase credit insurance, reduce their exposure to downside risk, and lower their monitoring. Afterward, we find a stronger association between vega incentives and the firms' risky investments. We contribute to the literature by showing that strong lender monitoring reduces the effectiveness of vega incentives and, thus, of the compensation mechanisms that boards of directors put in place to resolve manager-shareholder conflicts.
JEL Classifications: G32; G33; M41; M48.
The Decreasing Trend in U.S. Cash Effective Tax Rates: The Role of Growth in Pre-Tax Income
Authors: Edwards Alexander , Kubata Adrian , Shevlin Terry 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We develop a linear corporate tax function where taxes paid are regressed on pre-tax income and an intercept. We show that if the intercept is positive, cash ETRs are a convex function of pre-tax income. We present large-sample evidence consistent with this ETR convexity. Thus, although firms may have stable linear tax functions (i.e., constant parameters in the linear tax model) representing stable tax avoidance behavior, ETRs can change over time because of growth in pre-tax income. Consequently, simply examining changes (or differences) in cash ETRs is nondiagnostic about whether tax avoidance has changed over time (or differs across firms). We illustrate our argument by showing that all of the observed downward trend in cash ETRs documented by Dyreng et al. (2017) can be explained by growth in pre-tax income. The wholesale concern about increased tax avoidance over time might be overstated.
Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.
JEL Classifications: G39; H20; H25; H26.
Fasting Blood Glucose and COVID-19 Severity: Nonlinearity Matters
Authors: Alahmad Barrak , Al-Shammari Abdullah A. , Bennakhi Abdullah , Al-Mulla Fahd , Ali Hamad 
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVE
Fasting blood glucose (FBG) could be an independent predictor for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) morbidity and mortality. However, when included as a predictor in a model, it is conventionally modeled linearly, dichotomously, or categorically. We comprehensively examined different ways of modeling FBG to assess the risk of being admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Utilizing COVID-19 data from Kuwait, we fitted conventional approaches to modeling FBG as well as a nonlinear estimation using penalized splines.

RESULTS
For 417 patients, the conventional linear, dichotomous, and categorical approaches to modeling FBG missed key trends in the exposure-response relationship. A nonlinear estimation showed a steep slope until about 10 mmol/L before flattening.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results argue for strict glucose management on admission. Even a small incremental increase within the normal range of FBG was associated with a substantial increase in risk of ICU admission for COVID-19 patients.
Edição Suplementar em homenagem aos profissionais de enfermagem
Authors: Aparecida Mendes Adriana , Natália Domingues Aline , Ferreira Velozo Ana Beatriz , Yamawaka de Almeida Letícia , Tognoli Silvia Helena 
Published: October 2020

Os estudos apresentados nesta Edição deve-se a comemoração dos vinte anos da criação do curso de Enfermagem da Universidade de Araraquara (UNIARA) e ao bicentenário da Florence Nightingale e Ano Internacional dos Profissionais de Enfermagem e Obstetrícia declarado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde.
Diante do cenário da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus, a enfermagem tem ganhado destaque em cenário mundial e nacional, principalmente relacionados a sua qualificação e atuação na linha de frente assistencial ao combate da pandemia, visto que é o profissional responsável pelos cuidados diretos a pacientes graves de maior complexidade técnica, que demandam decisões imediatas com base em conhecimentos científicos. Cabe ressaltar que a dimensão formativa e profissional do enfermeiro, perpassa múltiplos campos de saberes e permite o avanço no ensino e em pesquisas na área da saúde e enfermagem evidenciando um cuidado de qualidade, com vista a integralidade do cuidado e a segurança do paciente...
MENGGUNAKAN PERMAINAN 3 ON 3 DAPAT MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN PASSING BAWAH BOLAVOLI SISWA SISWA KELAS IX-C SMP NEGERI 15 TASIKMALAYA
Authors: Sapari Heri Moch 
Published: October 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masih rendahnya keterampilan passing bawah bolavoli peserta didik di kelas IX-C SMP Negeri 15 Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan apakah permainan 3 on 3dapat meningkatakan keterampilan passing bawah bolavoli pada siswa kelas IX-C SMP Negeri 15 Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research) yang dilakukan secara kolaboratif dan partisipatif. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan Model Kurt Lewin dalam 2 siklus terdiri dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan & observasi, dan refleksi. Sampel penelitian meliputi siswa kelas IX-C yang berjumlah 36 siswa di SMP Negeri 15 Tasikmalaya. Fokus penelitian adalah meningkatkan keterampilan passing bawah. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui tes perbuatan. Teknik analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Keterampilan Passing Bawah Bolavoli Menggunakan Permainan 3 On 3 Untuk Siswa Kelas IX-CSMP Negeri 15 Tasikmalaya mengalami peningkatan, yaitu dari Hasil tes siklus I diperoleh sebanyak 8 siswa (32,26%) tuntas belajar, dan 18 siswa atau 67,74% belum tuntas belajar. Kemudian pada hasil tes siklus II menunjukkan 24siswa (93,55%) tuntas belajar dan 2 siswa atau 6,45% belum tuntas belajar. Berdasarkan hasil rerata yang diperoleh tersebut dapat dikatakan terjadi peningkatan 20,18% pada siklus II dari siklus I. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan menggunakan permainan 3 on 3dapat meningkatkan proses pembelajaran dan kemampuan passing bawah bola voli siswa kelas IX-C SMP Negeri 15 Tasikmalaya.
FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN (FMS) SEBAGAI TES MOBILITAS, KESEIMBANGAN, DAN STABILITAS ATLET PASCA CEDERA
Authors: Rustiawan Hendra , Sugiawardana Ruli , Nurzaman Muhammad 
Published: October 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi tentang instrument test yang berfungsi untuk mengukur komponen kondisi fisik mobilitas, keseimbangan, dan stabilitas atlet yang mengalami atau yang sudah pernah terkena cedera otot dan tulang sendi. Komponen tes FMS terdiri dari in-line lunge, hurdle step, deep squat, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability push-up, rotary stability Berbagai hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) adanya hubungan antara atlet yang mengalami cedera otot dengan tes FMS, (2) tidak adanya hubungan, dan (3) adanya hubungan yang signifikan pada atlet yang mengalami cedera terhadap mobilitas, keseimbangan, dan stabilitas yang diukur dengan FMS, dan (4) adanya pengaruh tes tersebut akan tetapi dengan sampel tertentu (usia). Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahwa perlunya dilakukan penelitian ulang dengan memperhatikan berbagai aspek (usia, jenis kelamin, dan profesi). Hal tersebut diharapkan FMS dapat digunakan pada penelitian kondisi fisik (strength and conditioning)