bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matrix effects of the hydroethanolic extract and the butanol fraction of calyces from Physalis peruviana L. on the biopharmaceutics classification of rutin
Authors: Domínguez Moré Gina Paola , Feltrin Clarissa , Brambila Paula Freire , Cardona María Isabel , Echeverry Sandra Milena , Simões Cláudia Maria Oliveira , Aragón Diana Marcela 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) categorizes active pharmaceutical ingredients according to their solubility and permeability properties, which are susceptible to matrix or formulation effects. The aim of this research was to evaluate the matrix effects of a hydroethanolic extract of calyces from Physalis peruviana L. (HEE) and its butanol fraction (BF), on the biopharmaceutics classification of their major compound, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin, RU).

Methods
Rutin was quantified by HPLC-UV, and Caco-2 cell monolayer transport studies were performed to obtain the apparent permeability values (Papp). Aqueous solubility was determined at pH 6.8 and 7.4.

Key findings
The Papp values followed this order: BF &gt; HEE &gt; RU (1.77 ± 0.02 &gt; 1.53 ± 0.07 &gt; 0.90 ± 0.03 × 10−5 cm/s). The lowest solubility values followed this order: HEE &gt; RU &gt; BF (2.988 ± 0.07 &gt; 0.205 ± 0.002 &gt; 0.189 ± 0.005 mg/ml).

Conclusions
According to these results, rutin could be classified as BCS classes III (high solubility/low permeability) and IV (low solubility/low permeability), depending on the plant matrix. Further work needs to be done in order to establish how apply the BCS for research and development of new botanical drugs or for bioequivalence purposes.
1H NMR metabolomic profiling elucidated attenuation of neurometabolic alterations by lercanidipine in MCAo model in rats
Authors: Gupta Sangeetha , Sharma Uma , Jagannathan Naranamangalam R , Gupta Yogendra Kumar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with limited therapeutic interventions. The current study explored proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR)-based metabolomic approach to elucidate the effect of lercanidipine on neurometabolic alterations in transient model of ischaemic stroke in rats.

Methods
In the present investigation, male Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 2 h followed by reperfusion using intraluminal filament method. Rats were randomly divided into three groups as vehicle-treated sham control, vehicle-treated MCAo control and lercanidipine-treated MCAo. Vehicle or lercanidipine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 120 min post-reperfusion. The rat brain cortex tissues were isolated 24 h post-MCAo and were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy through perchloric extraction method.

Key findings
A total of 23 metabolites were altered significantly after cerebral ischaemic–reperfusion injury in MCAo control as compared to sham control rats. Lercanidipine significantly reduced the levels of valine, alanine, lactate, acetate and tyrosine, while N-acetylaspartate, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, creatine/phosphocreatine, choline, glycerophosphorylcholine, taurine, myo-inositol and adenosine di-phosphate were elevated as compared to MCAo control.

Conclusions
Present study illustrates effect of lercanidipine on neurometabolic alterations which might be mediated through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory and anti-apoptotic property in MCAo model of stroke.
Cardiodynamic state is associated with systemic inflammation and fatal acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Praktiknjo Michael , Monteiro Sofia , Grandt Josephine , Kimer Nina , Madsen Jan L. , Werge Mikkel P. , William Peter , Brol Maximilian J. , Turco Laura , Schierwagen Robert , Chang Johannes , Klein Sabine , Uschner Frank E. , Welsch Christoph , Moreau Richard , Schepis Filippo , Bendtsen Flemming , Gluud Lise L. , Møller Søren , Trebicka Jonel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsAcute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by high short‐term mortality and systemic inflammation (SI). Recently, different cardiodynamic states were shown to independently predict outcomes in cirrhosis. The relationship between cardiodynamic states, SI, and portal hypertension and their impact on ACLF development remains unclear. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the interplay of cardiodynamic state and SI on fatal ACLF development in cirrhosis.ResultsAt inclusion, hemodynamic measures including cardiac index (CI) and hepatic venous pressure gradient of 208 patients were measured. Patients were followed prospectively for fatal ACLF development (primary endpoint). SI was assessed by proinflammatory markers such as interleukins (ILs) 6 and 8 and soluble IL‐33 receptor (sIL‐33R). Patients were divided according to CI (<3.2; 3.2‐4.2; >4.2 L/min/m2) in hypo‐ (n = 84), normo‐ (n = 69) and hyperdynamic group (n = 55). After a median follow‐up of 3 years, the highest risk of fatal ACLF was seen in hyperdynamic (35%) and hypodynamic patients (25%) compared with normodynamic (14%) (P = .011). Hyperdynamic patients showed the highest rate of SI. The detectable level of IL‐6 was an independent predictor of fatal ACLF development.ConclusionsCirrhotic patients with hyperdynamic and hypodynamic circulation have a higher risk of fatal ACLF. Therefore, the cardiodynamic state is strongly associated with SI, which is an independent predictor of development of fatal ACLF.
Robust XVA
Authors: Bichuch Maxim , Capponi Agostino , Sturm Stephan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe introduce an arbitrage‐free framework for robust valuation adjustments. An investor trades a credit default swap portfolio with a risky counterparty, and hedges credit risk by taking a position in defaultable bonds. The investor does not know the exact return rate of her counterparty's bond, but she knows it lies within an uncertainty interval. We derive both upper and lower bounds for the XVA process of the portfolio, and show that these bounds may be recovered as solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The presence of collateralization and closeout payoffs leads to important differences with respect to classical credit risk valuation. The value of the super‐replicating portfolio cannot be directly obtained by plugging one of the extremes of the uncertainty interval in the valuation equation, but rather depends on the relation between the XVA replicating portfolio and the closeout value throughout the life of the transaction. Our comparative statics analysis indicates that credit contagion has a nonlinear effect on the replication strategies and on the XVA.
Iodine status of breastfed infants and their mothers' breast milk iodine concentration
Authors: Petersen Erna , Thorisdottir Birna , Thorsdottir Inga , Gunnlaugsson Geir , Arohonka Petra , Erlund Iris , Gunnarsdottir Ingibjörg 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIodine is an essential nutrient for growth and development during infancy. Data on iodine status of exclusively (EBF) and partially breastfed (PBF) infants as well as breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) are scarce. We aimed to assess (a) infant iodine nutrition at the age of 5.5 months by measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in EBF (n = 32) and PBF (n = 28) infants and (b) mothers' breast milk iodine concentration (n = 57). Sixty mother–infant pairs from three primary health care centres in Reykjavik and vicinities provided urine and breast milk samples for iodine analysis and information on mothers' habitual diet. The mother–infant pairs were participants of the IceAge2 study, which focuses on factors contributing to infant growth and development, including body composition and breast‐milk energy content. The median (25th–75th percentiles) UIC was 152 (79–239) μg/L, with no significant difference between EBF and PBF infants. The estimated median iodine intake ranged from 52 to 86 μg/day, based on urinary data (assuming an average urine volume of 300–500 ml/day and UIC from the present study). The median (25th–75th percentiles) BMIC was 84 (48–114) μg/L. It is difficult to conclude whether iodine status is adequate in the present study, as no ranges for median UIC reflecting optimal iodine nutrition exist for infants. However, the results add important information to the relatively sparse literature on UIC, BMIC, and iodine intake of breastfed infants.
Combining genome‐wide association study and FST‐based approaches to identify targets of Borrelia‐mediated selection in natural rodent hosts
Authors: Cornetti Luca , Tschirren Barbara 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecent advances in high‐throughput sequencing technologies provide opportunities to gain novel insights into the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation. Yet to date, progress in our understanding of genotype–phenotype associations in nonmodel organisms in general and natural vertebrate populations in particular has been hampered by small sample sizes typically available for wildlife populations and a resulting lack of statistical power, as well as a limited ability to control for false‐positive signals. Here we propose to combine a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and FST‐based approach with population‐level replication to partly overcome these limitations. We present a case study in which we used this approach in combination with genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to identify genomic regions associated with Borrelia afzelii resistance or susceptibility in the natural rodent host of this Lyme disease‐causing spirochete, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Using this combined approach we identified four consensus SNPs located in exonic regions of the genes Slc26a4, Tns3, Wscd1 and Espnl, which were significantly associated with the voles’ Borrelia infectious status within and across populations. Functional links between host responses to bacterial infections and most of these genes have previously been demonstrated in other rodent systems, making them promising new candidates for the study of evolutionary host responses to Borrelia emergence. Our approach is applicable to other systems and may facilitate the identification of genetic variants underlying disease resistance or susceptibility, as well as other ecologically relevant traits, in wildlife populations.
Regional assemblages shaped by historical and contemporary factors: Evidence from a species‐rich insect group
Authors: Hao Mengdi , Jin Qian , Meng Guanliang , Yang Caiqing , Yang Shenzhou , Shi Zhiyong , Tang Min , Liu Shanlin , Li Yinan , Zhang Dan , Su Xu , Shih Chungkun , Sun Yiran , Zhou Xin , Zhang Ai‐bing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUnderstanding diversity patterns requires accounting for the roles of both historical and contemporary factors in the assembly of communities. Here, we compared diversity patterns of two moth assemblages sampled from Taihang and Yanshan mountains in Northern China and performed ancestral range reconstructions using the Multi‐State Speciation and Extinction model, to track the origins of these patterns. Further, we estimated diversification rates of the two moth assemblages and explored the effects of contemporary ecological factors. From 7,788 specimens we identified 835 species belonging to 23 families, using both DNA barcode analysis and morphology. Moths in Yanshan mountains showed higher species diversity than in Taihang mountains. Ancestral range analysis indicated Yanshan as the origin, with significant historical dispersals from Yanshan to Taihang. Asymmetrical diversification, population expansion, along with frequent and considerable gene flow were detected between communities. Moreover, dispersal limitation or the joint effect of environment filtering and dispersal limitation were inferred as main driving forces shaping current diversity patterns. In summary, we demonstrate that a multiscale (community, population and species level) analysis incorporating both historical and contemporary factors can be useful in delineating factors contributing to community assembly and patterning in diversity.
Mindfulness for undergraduate health and social care professional students: Findings from a qualitative scoping review using the 3P model
Authors: Crowther Lara Louise , Robertson Noelle , Anderson Elizabeth Susan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractContextWith many health and social care schools offering mindfulness training (MT) there is a need for deeper understanding about pedagogical issues. Despite encouraging findings showing relationships between MT and student stress reduction, there is little qualitative synthesis of the literature about best principles for teaching and learning.MethodsWe report on a qualitative scoping review using the stages of Arksey and O’Malley's framework. The search identified papers from MEDLINE, PsychINFO, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and SCOPUS over 15 years. The included papers were synthesised using the 3P model of teaching and learning to explore current MT for presage (teaching set‐up), process (teaching delivery) and product (outcomes) factors.ResultsA total of 16 articles were included in the review. There was a lack of consensus on definition of MT, facilitator training and the intervention used. The majority of studies involved small self‐selected, mainly female cohorts. For the set‐up (presage factors), the majority of curricula included MT for stress management and well‐being, delivered in the early years. Providing appropriate facilitators was a concern, whereas process factors revealed enormous variability in delivery. Few studies had formal assessment, although many had outcome evaluation measures (product factors).ConclusionsThe qualitative review has highlighted additional benefits from MT aside from stress reduction; most noticeably, student self‐awareness, peer cohesion and group support, ability to attend to patients, and student insights into health and social education culture. Seeking presage, process and product factors has illuminated variability in how MT is being adapted within health and social care curricula. This review highlights the next steps and recommendations for the future.
Effective virtual patient simulators for medical communication training: A systematic review
Authors: Lee Jihyun , Kim Hyungsin , Kim Kwan Hoon , Jung Daeun , Jowsey Tanisha , Webster Craig S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractContextDespite the growing use of virtual patients (VPs) in medical education, few studies have explored the features and effectiveness of VP‐based medical communication skills training. We undertook a systematic review to summarise the design and evaluation of VP‐based medical communication skills training systems in order to identify features of successful cases.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we searched four databases for studies published between 2006 and 2018. Using a refined classification scheme, we extracted data on instructional design (scenario and instructional intervention), technological design (modality and interaction), and evaluation (user experience, learning effectiveness and evaluator). We assessed the quality of studies using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) and the QualSyst standard assessment criteria.ResultsA total of 14 studies were included for review. Of these, 85.7% (n = 12) were quantitative and 71.4% (n = 10) involved undergraduate students. The most common VP training scenario was history taking followed by the delivery of bad news. Diverse instructional interventions, including tutorials, learning activities, and feedback, were embedded in the VPs. The first‐person perspective animated within‐screen size VP was a popular technological feature. Most evaluations concerned the reality of simulation (for user experience) and skill in expressing empathy (as a learning outcome). Of the eight comparative studies, half reported significant attitude or skill improvements in the VP group. The distinct features of VPs shown to be effective were well‐designed instructional interventions (eg, a pre‐activity with a protocol‐informed tutorial), and post‐activity (eg, debrief or reflection), scaffolding and human feedback, but not system feedback.ConclusionsEvidence‐based VP training can enable students to gain communication skills in a safe and affordable learning environment. Elaborate technology alone cannot guarantee effective learning, but evidence‐based instructional interventions can facilitate its optimal use and bring about better learning outcomes.
The nature of learning from simulation: Now I know it, now I'll do it, I'll work on that
Authors: Shariff Farhana , Hatala Rose , Regehr Glenn 
Published: March 2020

AbstractContextOngoing learning in complex clinical environments requires health professionals to assess their own performance, manage their learning, and modify their practices based on self‐monitored progress. Self‐regulated learning (SRL) theory suggests that although learners may be capable of such learning, they often need guidance to enact it effectively. Debriefings following simulation may be an ideal time to support learners' use of SRL in targeted areas, but the extent to which they are optimally fostering these practices has not been examined.MethodsA qualitative study informed by grounded theory methodology was conducted in the context of three interprofessional in situ trauma simulations at our level 1 trauma centre. A total of 18 participants were interviewed both immediately and 5‐6 weeks after the simulation experience. Transcripts were analysed using an iterative constant comparative approach to explore concepts and themes regarding the nature of learning from and after simulation.ResultsDuring initial interviews, there were many examples of acquired content knowledge and straightforward practice changes that might not require ongoing SRL to enact well in practice. However, even for skills identified as needing to be ‘worked on,’ SRL strategies were lacking. At follow‐up interviews, some participants had evolved more specific learning goals and rudimentary plans for implementation and improvement, but suggested this was prompted by the study interview questions rather than the simulation debriefing itself.ConclusionsOverall, participants did not engage in fulsome development of SRL plans based on the simulation and debriefing; however, there were elements of SRL present, particularly after participants were given time to reflect on the interview questions and their own goals. This suggests that simulation training can support the use of SRL. However, debriefing approaches might be better optimised to take full advantage of the opportunity to encourage and foster SRL in practice after the simulation is over.
Gastrointestinal vascular permeability changes following spinal cord injury
Authors: Herrera Juan , Bockhorst Kurt , Bhattarai Deepa , Uray Karen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is observed clinically after spinal cord injury (SCI) and contributes to the diminished long‐term quality of life. Our study examined the acute and chronic GI vascular changes that occur following SCI. We demonstrated that the GI vascular tract in SCI mice becomes compromised during the acute phase of injury and persists into the chronic phase of injury.MethodsGastrointestinal vasculature permeability was measured using dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE MRI) at 48 hours, and 2 and 4 weeks following contusion spinal cord injury. Angiopoietin‐1, a vascular stabilizing protein, was administered intravenously following injury. Intestinal contractile activity assessments were performed following the last imaging session.Key resultsOur results indicated that a single administration of Ang‐1 reduced vascular permeability at 48 hours but the effect was only transient. However, when the treatment paradigm was changed from a single administration to multiple administrations of Ang‐1 following contusion injury, our DCE MRI data indicated a significant decrease in GI vascular permeability 4 weeks after injury compared with vehicle control treated animals. This improved GI vascular permeability was associated with improved sustained intestinal contractile activity. We also demonstrated that Ang‐1 reduced the expression of sICAM‐1 in the ileum compared with the saline‐treated group.Conclusions and inferencesWe show that the GI vasculature is compromised in the acute and chronic phase of injury following spinal contusion. Our results also indicate that multiple administrations of Ang‐1 can attenuate GI vascular permeability, possibly reduce inflammation, and improve sustained agonist‐induced contraction compared with saline treatment.
Comprehensive 3D phenotyping reveals continuous morphological variation across genetically diverse sorghum inflorescences
Authors: Li Mao , Shao Mon‐Ray , Zeng Dan , Ju Tao , Kellogg Elizabeth A. , Topp Christopher N. 
Published: March 2020

Summary

Inflorescence architecture in plants is often complex and challenging to quantify, particularly for inflorescences of cereal grasses. Methods for capturing inflorescence architecture and for analyzing the resulting data are limited to a few easily captured parameters that may miss the rich underlying diversity.

Here, we apply X‐ray computed tomography combined with detailed morphometrics, offering new imaging and computational tools to analyze three‐dimensional inflorescence architecture. To show the power of this approach, we focus on the panicles of Sorghum bicolor, which vary extensively in numbers, lengths, and angles of primary branches, as well as the three‐dimensional shape, size, and distribution of the seed.

We imaged and comprehensively evaluated the panicle morphology of 55 sorghum accessions that represent the five botanical races in the most common classification system of the species, defined by genetic data. We used our data to determine the reliability of the morphological characters for assigning specimens to race and found that seed features were particularly informative.

However, the extensive overlap between botanical races in multivariate trait space indicates that the phenotypic range of each group extends well beyond its overall genetic background, indicating unexpectedly weak correlation between morphology, genetic identity, and domestication history.
Are primary/elementary school‐based interventions effective in preventing/ameliorating excess weight gain? A systematic review of systematic reviews
Authors: Goldthorpe Joanna , Epton Tracy , Keyworth Chris , Calam Rachel , Armitage Christopher J. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThis systematic review of systematic reviews addresses a current gap in evidence by synthesizing findings relating to weight management interventions set entirely in primary/elementary schools targeting, diet, and/or physical activity as key strategies. Eight databases were searched for systematic reviews of trials of school‐based interventions targeting children aged 4 to 12 years that looked at biometric and behavioral outcomes. From the 10 selected systematic reviews, we found that interventions designed to promote physical activity or reduce sedentary behavior were most effective for weight loss. Interventions designed to improve diet and nutrition had a small effect on behavioral and cognitive outcomes, and these outcomes could be enhanced through the use of experiential learning. The most effective interventions involved a range of stakeholders in the development process and included parents and families in implementation. This systematic review of systematic reviews offers evidence‐based guidance for the development and implementation of multistrategy weight‐management interventions in primary/elementary schools.