bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium with Earle's Balanced Salt Solution
Authors: Lopes Patrícia S , Kaneko Telma M , Takano Carolina Y , Lacerda Aurea C L , Latorre Leandro R , Kato Massuo J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A validated method was developed for determination of diclofenac sodium, considered a model hydrophilic drug for in vitro permeation studies, in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) with Earle's balanced salt solution. Liquid chromatography was used to determine diclofenac sodium. This method was developed with a reversed-phase column Supercosil LC 18, DB 25 cm × 4.5 mm; the mobile phase was methanol with 3% (v/v) acetic acid–Milli-Q water (74 + 26), and detection was at 283 nm. The detection and quantitation limits were 2.41 × 10–8 and 3.31 × 10–5 μg/μL, respectively. The accuracy within-day (n = 3) and day-to-day (n = 7) was 98.83%; the mean variation coefficient for inter- (n = 7) and intraday precision (n = 3) was 12.20%, thus, not exceeding 15%. This method can be used as an analytical procedure for the determination of diclofenac sodium in MEM for in vitro permeation studies.
Analysis of Cholesterol Oxidation Products in Biological Samples
Authors: Diczfalusy Ulf 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products, or oxysterols, have gained increased attention since it was suggested that they participate in cell signaling as ligands for the nuclear receptors liver X receptor α and β. In addition, oxysterols serve as important intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis and are also involved in cholesterol transport. Several studies have suggested that certain oxysterols may be used as markers for oxidative stress, and still other oxysterols may be of use in diagnosing neurological diseases. This broad spectrum of functions in health and disease has created a demand for accurate and reliable methods to measure oxysterols in complex biological matrixes. At present, the most reliable and sensitive method for oxysterol determination in biological materials is isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using deuterium-labeled internal standards. With this technique, the major oxysterols in human blood plasma and atherosclerotic plaques have been carefully determined. The knowledge of oxysterol contents in other tissues and organs is still very scarce. As oxysterols are found to participate in an increasing number of cellular events, it is obvious that improved methods are needed for their analysis to understand their roles in the living cell.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Authentication of Chinese and North American Species of Ephedra
Authors: Joshi Vaishali C , Khan Ikhlas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ephedra sinica Stapf or Ma Huang has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 5000 years as a bronchodilating and stimulatory agent. In the West, it is popularly used in dietary supplements for weight loss and to enhance athletic performance. Adverse events have been reported following consumption of dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids. There are about 50 known species of Ephedra. The ratio of ephedrine to other alkaloids varies from species to species; all North American species lack alkaloids. The method commonly used in the dietary supplement industry for botanical authentication is to analyze the product for the presence of chemical markers known to be present in the specific herb. However, this method does not ensure that the product contains authentic herb, especially if it has been spiked with chemical marker compounds. In the trade and raw drug market, Ephedra is available in the form of stem cuttings or powders, without any vouchers, thus making identification of the species difficult. Using light microscopy, we can detect the presence of Ephedra herb, even in powder form, and identify within certain limits its geographical origin. Identification of Chinese and North American species of Ephedra has been made easier by developing a key using leaf and internode length as key identification characters.
Influence of Sampling Methodology on Reported Incidence of Salmonella in Poultry
Authors: Fletcher Daniel L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Salmonella is a major pathogen associated with poultry food products. Over the past 20 years, pressure to reduce human illness from poultryrelated salmonellosis has resulted in intensive research activity as well as stronger regulatory standards in Europe, North America, and, because of international trade policies, throughout the world. In the United States, implementation of a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point-based inspection program has been credited with reducing the incidence of Salmonella-positive carcasses from approximately 20 to 10. Since 1998, however, the reported incidence of Salmonella in retail poultry from 12 countries implementing similar pathogen reduction programs, including the United States, has averaged 29 positive for Salmonella. Although these reports examined products at retail outlets and used a variety of sampling methodologies, these results appear to contradict the U.S. Department of Agriculture claims for Salmonella reduction. The purpose of this review is to examine this contradiction with a focus on the potential impact of sampling methodology on reported incidences of Salmonella.
Overview of Affinity Biosensors in Food Analysis
Authors: Patel Pradip D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The 4 major driving forces that are expected to lead to increased use of affinity biosensors that meet crucial industrial test specifications, e.g., fast, reliable, cost-effective, and use of low-skilled personnel, are (1) strict legislative framework, e.g., recent changes proposed to the European food safety and hygiene legislation, EC No. 178/2002; (2) industrial shift from quality control to quality assurance procedures, e.g., Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, ensuring effective positioning in the global competitive trade; (3) just-in-time production resulting in right product every time; and (4) consumer demand for safe and wholesome products. The affinity biosensors field has expanded significantly over the past decade, with a projected global biosensors market growth from $6.1 billion in 2004 to $8.2 billion in 2009, representing major industrial sectors (e.g., Pharma, Medicare, and Food). This brief review is targeted to affinity biosensors developed for the food industry and includes research and development leading to biosensors for microbiological and chemical analytes of industrial concern, commercial biosensors products on the market, and examples of future prospects in this diagnostic field.
Reflectometric Cutinase Assay for Rapid Screening of Contaminants and Residues of Insecticidal Organophosphates and Carbamates
Authors: Walz Ingrid , Schwack Wolfgang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Because of the extensive use of insecticides in agriculture, there is an increasing demand for rapid analytical methods for residues in food and feed control. To meet this need, a completely new application of the reflectometric lipase test (Reflectoquant&lt;sup/&gt;, Merck) was developed. By using the cutinase-induced reaction of the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl caprylate on the test strips, residues of organophosphates and carbamates can be determined on the basis of enzyme inhibition in a fast and inexpensive way. With this technique, we investigated the inhibition effects of representative insecticides, i.e., chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon, and carbaryl. The bimolecular inhibitory rate constants (ki) were found to agree well with those obtained by a previously described spectrophotometric cutinase assay in the microtiter-plate format. Recoveries determined with the strip test from spiked samples compared well with those obtained by both the cutinase microtiter-plate assay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
A Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Seven Drugs in Pharmaceuticals and in Human Urine
Authors: Solangi Amber R , Bhanger Muhammad I , Memon Saima Q , Khuhawar Muhammad Y , Mallah Arfana 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and novel method has been developed and validated for the separation and simultaneous quantitation of seven structurally different drugspipemidic acid and ofloxacin quinolone antibiotics, pseudoephedrine decongestant, piroxicam anti-inflammatory, thiamin, pyridoxine, and cobalaminin a mixture by capillary zone electrophoresis. Factors affecting the separation were pH, concentration of buffer, and applied voltage. Separation was carried out in &lt;9 min with a 50 mM sodium tetraborate buffer, pH 10, and an applied voltage of 30 kV in an uncoated silica capillary tube. The carrier electrolyte gave baseline separation with good resolution, reproducibility, and accuracy. Calibration plots were linear over at least three orders of magnitude of analyte concentrations, and the lower LODs were within the range of 15 g/mL. Detection was performed by UV absorbance at 230 nm. The method was validated for the analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and in urine samples with RSD of 0.52.4 and recovery of &gt;99.
The origins of nearly coplanar, non-resonant systems of close-in super-Earths
Authors: Esteves Leandro , Izidoro André , Raymond Sean N , Bitsch Bertram 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Some systems of close-in ‘super-Earths’ contain five or more planets on non-resonant but compact and nearly coplanar orbits. The Kepler-11 system is an iconic representative of this class of system. It is challenging to explain their origins given that planet–disc interactions are thought to be essential to maintain such a high degree of coplanarity, yet these same interactions invariably cause planets to migrate into chains of mean motion resonances. Here, we mine a large data set of dynamical simulations of super-Earth formation by migration. These simulations match the observed period ratio distribution as long as the vast majority of planet pairs in resonance become dynamically unstable. When instabilities take place resonances are broken during a late phase of giant impacts, and typical surviving systems have planet pairs with significant mutual orbital inclinations. However, a subset of our unstable simulations matches the Kepler-11 system in terms of coplanarity, compactness, planet-multiplicity, and non-resonant state. This subset has dynamical instability phases typically much shorter than ordinary systems. Unstable systems may keep a high degree of coplanarity post-instability if planets collide at very low orbital inclinations (≲1○) or if collisions promote efficient damping of orbital inclinations. If planetary scattering during the instability takes place at low orbital inclinations (i ≲ 1○), orbital inclinations are barely increased by encounters before planets collide. When planetary scattering pumps orbital inclinations to higher values (≳1○) planets tend to collide at higher mutual orbital inclinations, but depending on the geometry of collisions mergers’ orbital inclinations may be efficiently damped. Each of these formation pathways can produce analogues to the Kepler-11 system.
Migrating low-mass planets in inviscid dusty protoplanetary discs
Authors: Hsieh He-Feng , Lin Min-Kai 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Disc-driven planet migration is integral to the formation of planetary systems. In standard, gas-dominated protoplanetary discs, low-mass planets or planetary cores undergo rapid inwards migration and are lost to the central star. However, several recent studies indicate that the solid component in protoplanetary discs can have a significant dynamical effect on disc–planet interaction, especially when the solid-to-gas mass ratio approaches unity or larger and the dust-on-gas drag forces become significant. As there are several ways to raise the solid abundance in protoplanetary discs, for example through disc winds and dust trapping in pressure bumps, it is important to understand how planets migrate through a dusty environment. To this end, we study planet migration in dust-rich discs via a systematic set of high-resolution, two-dimensional numerical simulations. We show that the inwards migration of low-mass planets can be slowed down by dusty dynamical corotation torques. We also identify a new regime of stochastic migration applicable to discs with dust-to-gas mass ratios of ≳0.3 and particle Stokes numbers ≳0.03. In these cases, disc–planet interaction leads to the continuous development of small-scale, intense dust vortices that scatter the planet, which can potentially halt or even reverse the inwards planet migration. We briefly discuss the observational implications of our results and highlight directions for future work.
Model calculation of ionization efficiency in the Martian dayside ionosphere using MAVEN observations
Authors: Mukundan Vrinda , Thampi Smitha V , Bhardwaj Anil , Krishnaprasad C 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The ionization efficiency (η), which is defined as the ratio of the electron impact to the photon impact ionization rates, is calculated for the dayside Martian ionosphere using Mars Atmosphere Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations of neutral density and solar flux as input to the model. To calculate the secondary (electron impact) ionization rates, the photoelectron flux is computed using the Analytical Yield Spectrum (AYS) approach. Model calculations suggest that η should increase consistently as altitude decreases in the lower ionosphere. However, when the secondary ionization rates are calculated using the SWEA/MAVEN measured photoelectron flux, the ionization efficiency remains constant in the region 160–250 km. This behaviour is not in agreement with the theory of the altitude variation of ionization efficiency. The reason for this discrepancy is examined in detail. It is suggested that this disagreement is caused by the altitude-independent nature of MAVEN measured photoelectron flux. In two MAVEN deep dip orbits SWEA measured flux showed an altitudinal variation and the η curve estimated using these observations showed the variation in agreement with the theory. This suggests that the ionization efficiency calculated using SWEA/MAVEN measured photoelectron flux will show an altitude-dependent behaviour only when the instrument can resolve the altitudinal variation in the electron flux. We also calculated the ionization efficiency for two MAVEN dayside deep dip campaigns. The efficiency of CO2 and O showed an increase of 30 per cent and 60 per cent, respectively, at 130 km as compared to its value at 200 km.
Very wide companion fraction from Gaia DR2: A weak or no enhancement for hot Jupiter hosts, and a strong enhancement for contact binaries
Authors: Hwang Hsiang-Chih , Hamer Jacob H , Zakamska Nadia L , Schlaufman Kevin C 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
There is an ongoing debate on whether hot Jupiter hosts are more likely to be found in wide binaries with separations of ≳100 AU. In this paper, we search for comoving, very wide companions with separations of 103–104 AU for hot Jupiter hosts and main-sequence contact binaries in Gaia DR2, and compare the very wide companion fractions with their object-by-object-matched field star samples. We find that 11.9 ± 2.5 per cent of hot Jupiter hosts and 14.1 ± 1.0 per cent of contact binaries have companions at separations of 103–104 AU. While the very wide companion fraction of hot Jupiter hosts is a factor of 1.9 ± 0.5 larger than their matched field star sample, it is consistent, within ∼1σ, with that of matched field stars if the matching is only with field stars without close companions (within ∼50 AU) as is the case for hot Jupiter hosts. The very wide companion fraction of contact binaries is a factor of 3.1 ± 0.5 larger than their matched field star sample, suggesting that the formation and evolution of contact binaries are either tied to or correlated with the presence of wide companions. In contrast, the weak enhancement of very wide companion fraction for hot Jupiter hosts implies that the formation of hot Jupiters is not as sensitive to those environment properties. Our results also hint that the occurrence rates of dual hot Jupiter hosts and dual contact binaries may be higher than the expected values from random pairing of field stars, which may be due to their underlying metallicity and age dependence.
Normal Body Temperature: A Systematic Review
Authors: Geneva Ivayla I , Cuzzo Brian , Fazili Tasaduq , Javaid Waleed 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
PubMed was searched from 1935 to December 2017 with a variety of search phrases among article titles. The references of the identified manuscripts were then manually searched. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the paper presented data on measured normal body temperature of healthy human subjects ages 18 and older, (2) a prospective design was used, and (3) the paper was written in or translated into the English language. Thirty-six articles met the inclusion criteria. This comprised 9227 measurement sites from 7636 subjects. The calculated ranges (mean ± 2 standard deviations) were 36.32–37.76 (rectal), 35.76–37.52 (tympanic), 35.61–37.61 (urine), 35.73–37.41 (oral), and 35.01–36.93 (axillary). Older adults (age ≥60) had lower temperature than younger adults (age &lt;60) by 0.23°C, on average. There was only insignificant gender difference. Compared with the currently established reference point for normothermia of 36.8°C, our means are slightly lower but the difference likely has no physiological importance. We conclude that the most important patient factors remain site of measurement and patient’s age.
141 Total bilirubin rate of rise of in moderate preterm neonates: impact of gestational age
Authors: Jegathesan Thivia , Bhutani Vinod K , Campbell Douglas , Shah Vibhuti , Twiss Jennifer , Rasiah Saisujani , Baleswaran Shangari , Antwi Jeffrey , Prajapati Disha , Jhaveri Aadi , Ehsan Sabeen , Visvanathaiyer Gayathri , Sgro Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
As compared to term neonates, those &lt; 35 weeks gestation (wks GA) are at greater risk for both acute and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE, CBE). Among these with postnatal total bilirubin rate of rise, (TB ROR) at age 0 to 72 hours has been observed because of either loss placental elimination system or increased postnatal production due to hemolysis. The ranges are known to vary &gt; 8.5 umol/L/h in neonates with Rh disease to &gt;3.4 umol/L/h at the 95th percentile track of the hour-specific nomogram. TB ROR in healthy term neonates is &lt;3.4 umol/L/h.

Objectives
To determine the GA ranges on TB ROR to explore predictive TB ROR in preterm neonates who are more vulnerable with each &lt;35 wks GA.

Design/Methods
A multi-site observational study to quantify TB ROR in preterm infants between 28 to 35 weeks. 1804 infants born between January 2013- March 2018 at 28–35 wks GA from three canadian perinatal centres were included and those with Rh disease were excluded. Analysis included infants &gt;27 weeks with at least one TB prior to the initiation of treatment for severe hyperbilirubinemia treatment. Feeding patterns, birth history and maternal health conditions were documented.

Results
The TB ROR were compared by two prematurity GA groups (28–31 weeks and 32–35 weeks) then per individual gestational age in four time periods in hours, 0–24, 24–48, 48–96, and 96 -120 in 1049 preterm infants using 3065 TB samples. Infants &lt;28 weeks GA were excluded since they represented a more diverse population. TB ROR by prematurity groups over all was higher in 32–35 weeks group at 0–12 hours (3.85 umol/L/h) and 25–36 hours (2.81umol/L/h) and decreased at 49–72 hours (0.24umol/L/h) time period as compared to the less mature group.

Conclusion
Though TB ROR were of similar patterns between prematurity groups (28–31 weeks and 32–35 weeks) it was at higher rate of rise between 13–36 hours and decreasing from 36–72 hours, with a plateau after 72 hours of age. There was a significant difference in the magnitude of TB ROR between prematurity groups at 0–24 hours. Additional research into the clinical care impact on the TB ROR should be conducted to study impact of production and elimination.
0027 Adolescent Sleep Timing And Dietary Patterns In Relation To Dna Methylation Of Core Clock Genes
Authors: Jansen Erica C , Dolinoy Dana , Chervin Ronald D , Peterson Karen E , O'Brien Louise M , Tellez Rojo Martha Maria , Cantoral Alejandra , Goodrich Jaclyn M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Mistimed sleep/wake and eating patterns put adult shift workers at increased risk for chronic disease, and epigenetic modification of core clock genes has been proposed as a mechanism. Although not as extreme as shift workers, adolescents often have delayed sleep timing. Our aim was to assess whether sleep midpoints in adolescents are associated with DNA methylation of circadian genes. A secondary aim was to examine associations between dietary patterns and circadian gene methylation.

Methods
The study population included 142 Mexican youth (average age 14.0 (SD=2.0) years, 49% male) enrolled in a cohort study. Average sleep midpoint (between bed time and wake time) over 7 days was estimated with actigraphy. Diet was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and three dietary patterns were derived from principal components analysis (a vegetable-based pattern, a meat and starch-based pattern, and a breakfast pattern). DNA methylation was quantified in blood leukocytes with the Infinium MethylatinEPIC BeadChip. We selected 166 loci (CpG sites) within CpG islands of core ‘clock’ genes known to regulate circadian rhythms (CLOCK, BMAL, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1, CRYI2, RORA, RORB, REV-VERBA, REV-VERBB). Linear regression was used to analyze associations between sleep midpoint or dietary patterns and logit-transformed percent methylation at the 166 CpG sites. All models were adjusted for sex and age.

Results
The average midpoint was 3:41 AM (SD=1 hr 15 min); average bed time was 11:29 PM (SD=68 min) and average wake time was 7:53 AM (SD=97 min). Sleep midpoint was positively associated with DNA methylation of CpG sites from the genes REV-VERBA and RORB at the Bonferroni-corrected significance level of p&lt;0.005. The breakfast dietary pattern (rich in eggs, milk, and bread) was inversely associated with DNA methylation at RORA (P=0.003).

Conclusion
Sleep timing and dietary habits are associated with DNA methylation of core clock genes in adolescents. Epigenetic modification of clock genes could in part underlie relationships between sleep, diet, and metabolic health among adolescents.

Support (If Any)
Dr. Jansen is supported by the NIH/NHLBI grant 5T32HL110952-05.