bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gold, farms, and forests: Enforcement and alternative livelihoods are unlikely to disincentivize informal gold mining
Authors: Prescott Graham W. , Maung Aye Chan , Aung Zinmar , Carrasco L. Roman , De Alban Jose Don T. , Diment Alex N. , Ko Aye Ko , Rao Madhu , Schmidt‐Vogt Dietrich , Soe Yi Monn , Webb Edward L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInformal gold mining (IGM) is a major driver of deforestation and source of global mercury emissions. Policy makers may seek to control the spread of IGM by enforcing rules and/or providing alternative livelihoods. We investigated the dynamics and drivers of IGM in northern Myanmar to shed light on the conditions needed for alternative livelihood and enforcement interventions to succeed. We surveyed 226 respondents who practiced mining and/or farming. We found that mining and agriculture provided complementary livelihoods for many respondents as they met different livelihood needs, and that many of the miners were economic migrants. Livelihood‐based interventions based on agriculture/plantations—as currently planned by the regional government—are thus unlikely to provide true substitutes. The willingness of migrant miners to move under different economic circumstances suggests that livelihood‐based interventions are unlikely to scale well—mining may simply be displaced to other regions, or new migrants might replace old migrants. We estimated that current enforcement efforts were insufficient and that a much higher level of enforcement—either constant presence of enforcement officials at each informal mining site, or confiscating equipment every month—would be required to make informal mining unprofitable. Enforcement effectiveness was further undermined by corruption in the guise of informal payments to local authorities. Our study is the first to estimate costs that enforcement imposes and the level of enforcement required to deter informal gold mining, and adds to the growing body of evidence that enforcement and alternative livelihood approaches alone are unlikely to deter informal gold mining.
Open Data Revolution in Clinical Research: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Shahin Mohamed H. , Bhattacharya Sanchita , Silva Diego , Kim Sarah , Burton Jackson , Podichetty Jagdeep , Romero Klaus , Conrado Daniela J. 
Published: January 2020

Efforts for sharing individual clinical data are gaining momentum due to a heightened recognition that integrated data sets can catalyze biomedical discoveries and drug development. Among the benefits are the fact that data sharing can help generate and investigate new research hypothesis beyond those explored in the original study. Despite several accomplishments establishing public systems and guidance for data sharing in clinical trials, this practice is not the norm. Among the reasons are ethical challenges, such as privacy of individuals, data ownership, and control. This paper creates awareness of the potential benefits and challenges of sharing individual clinical data, how to overcome these challenges, and how as a clinical pharmacology community we can shape future directions in this field.
Rates of Thy 1‐non‐diagnostic thyroid fine needle aspiration using the UK Royal College of Pathologists Thy Terminology. A systematic review of the literature comparing patients who undergo rapid on‐site evaluation and those who do not
Authors: Poller David N. , Doyle Victoria , Trimboli Pierpaolo , Bongiovanni Massimo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe UK Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) Thy terminology is an internationally recognised system for reporting thyroid fine needle aspiration. The terminology has been used throughout the UK and Ireland, in some parts of Italy and Switzerland, and elsewhere in the world. There is no systematic review of the literature specifically addressing the use of the non‐diagnostic for cytological diagnosis‐Thy1/Thy 1c category in the UK RCPath terminology.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of online databases was conducted in October 2019 specifically examining overall reported rates of Thy1 and Thy1c in aspirates classified according to the UK Thy terminology.ResultsTwenty‐five articles were identified showing a Thy1 rate of 13.4% (2540/18 920). The studies were then stratified according to whether or not the patients underwent rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE): 6.0% (353/5841; range 3.0%‐10.9%) of ROSE aspirates were Thy1 whereas 18.5% (2072/11 204; range 7.9%‐43.3%) of non‐ROSE patients were Thy1; (P < .05). Three studies from 2016 reported Thy1c rates of 5.4%, 6.5% and 10.6%, respectively, implying Thy1 rates excluding Thy1c aspirates of 20.9%, 8.7% and 12.7%, respectively.ConclusionThis systematic review of the literature shows relatively high rates of aspirates non‐diagnostic for cytological diagnosis‐Thy1 in the peer‐reviewed published literature using the UK terminology. Utilisation of ROSE appears to produce lower rates of Thy1 aspirates and ROSE should be considered if rates of non‐diagnostic for cytological diagnosis‐Thy1/Thy 1c are high.
Early and late C‐peptide responses during oral glucose tolerance testing are oppositely predictive of type 1 diabetes in autoantibody‐positive individuals
Authors: Ismail Heba M. , Becker Dorothy J. , Libman Ingrid , Herold Kevan C. , Redondo Maria J. , Atkinson Mark A. , Cleves Mario A. , Palmer Jerry , Sosenko Jay ,   Diabetes Prevention Trial‐Type 1 (DPT‐1) Study Group
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe examined whether the timing of the C‐peptide response during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is predictive of disease onset. We examined baseline 2‐h OGTTs from 670 relatives participating in the Diabetes Prevention Trial‐Type 1 (age: 13.8 ± 9.6 years; body mass index z‐score: 0.3 ± 1.1; 56% male) using univariate regression models. T1D risk increased with lower early C‐peptide responses (30–0 min) (χ2 = 28.8, P < 0.001), and higher late C‐peptide responses (120–60 min) (χ2 = 23.3, P < 0.001). When both responses were included in a proportional hazards model, they remained independently and oppositely associated with T1D, with a stronger overall association for the combined model than either response alone (χ2 = 41.1; P < 0.001). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the combined early and late C‐peptide response was more accurately predictive of T1D than area under the curve C‐peptide (P = 0.005). Our findings demonstrate that lower early and higher late C‐peptide responses serve as indicators of increased T1D risk.
A novel in vivo assessment of fluid dynamics on aortic valve leaflet using epi‐aortic echocardiogram
Authors: Hayashi Hideyuki , Akiyama Koichi , Itatani Keiichi , DeRoo Scott , Sanchez Joseph , Ferrari Giovanni , Colombo Paolo C. , Takeda Koji , Wu Isaac Y. , Kainuma Atsushi , Takayama Hiroo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundMechanical stress caused by blood flow, such as wall shear stress (WSS) and its related parameters, is key moderator of endothelial degeneration. However, an in vivo method to measure WSS on heart valves has not been developed.MethodsWe developed a novel approach, based on vector flow mapping using intraoperative epi‐aortic echocardiogram, to measure WSS and oscillatory shear index (OSI) on the aortic valve. We prospectively enrolled 15 patients with normal valves, who underwent coronary artery bypass graft.ResultsSystolic WSS on the ventricularis (2.40 ± 0.44 Pa [1.45‐3.00 Pa]) was higher than systolic WSS on the fibrosa (0.33 ± 0.08 Pa [0.14‐0.47 Pa], P < .001) and diastolic WSS on the ventricularis (0.18 ± 0.07 Pa [0.04‐0.28 Pa], P < .001). Oscillatory shear index on the fibrosa was higher than on the ventricularis (0.29 ± 0.04 [0.24‐0.36] vs 0.05 ± 0.03 [0.01‐0.12], P < .001). A pilot study involving two patients with severe aortic regurgitation showed significantly different values in fluid dynamics.ConclusionVector flow mapping method using intraoperative epi‐aortic echocardiogram is an effective way of measuring WSS and OSI on normal aortic leaflet in vivo, allowing for better understanding of the pathophysiology of aortic valve diseases.
Providencia rettgeri as the causal agent of the brown slime flux of Populus tomentosa
Authors: Zhou Jianghong , Xia Fei , Che Shaochen , Wang Jianhong , Zhang Guofeng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBrown slime flux seeps slowly out of wounds and flows down the bark of roadside Populus tomentosa in Beijing, China. Two bacterial isolates, SL2‐2 and SL3‐3, obtained from the brown slime flux were identified as Providencia rettgeri based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After inoculation into the bark of roadside P. tomentosa with sterile deionized water as a control, both SL2‐2 and SL3‐3 triggered the seepage of brown slime flux from the wounds; no slime flux arose from the control. In conclusion, P. rettgeri was the pathogenic bacterium causing brown slime flux on P. tomentosa probably by inhibiting wound healing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. rettgeri as a pathogen of plants.
PARP1 V762A polymorphism affects the prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Gotoh Nanami , Minato Yusuke , Saitoh Takayuki , Takahashi Noriyuki , Kasamatsu Tetsuhiro , Souma Kana , Oda Tsukasa , Hoshino Takumi , Sakura Toru , Ishizaki Takuma , Shimizu Hiroaki , Takizawa Makiko , Yokohama Akihiko , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Handa Hiroshi , Murakami Hirokazu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveMyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), caused by various genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, are associated with highly variable outcomes. Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP1) plays an important role in DNA damage repair and contributes to the progression of several types of cancer. Here, we investigated the impact of PARP1 V762A polymorphism on the susceptibility to and prognosis of MDS.MethodsSamples collected from 105 MDS patients and 202 race‐matched healthy controls were subjected to polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism for genotyping.ResultsThe allele and genotype frequencies of PARP1 V762A did not differ between MDS patients and the control group. However, MDS patients with the PARP1 V762A non‐AA genotype, which is associated with high gene activity, had shorter overall survival rates (P = .01) than those with the AA genotype. Multivariate analysis of overall survival also revealed PARP1 V762A non‐AA genotype as a poor prognostic factor (P = .02). When patients were analyzed according to treatment history, the PARP1 V762A non‐AA genotype was only associated with poor survival in patients who had received treatment (P = .02).ConclusionPARP1 V762A polymorphism may be an independent prognostic factor for MDS, and a predictive biomarker for MDS treatment.
Intra‐epidermal nerve endings progress within keratinocyte cytoplasmic tunnels in normal human skin
Authors: Talagas Matthieu , Lebonvallet Nicolas , Leschiera Raphael , Elies Philippe , Marcorelles Pascale , Misery Laurent 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntra‐epidermal nerve endings, responsible for cutaneous perception of temperature, pain and itch, are conventionally described as passing freely between keratinocytes, from the basal to the granular layers of the epidermis. However, the recent discovery of keratinocyte contribution to cutaneous nociception implies that their anatomical relationships are much more intimate than what has been described so far. By studying human skin biopsies in confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that intra‐epidermal nerve endings are not only closely apposed to keratinocytes, but can also be enwrapped by keratinocyte cytoplasms over their entire circumference and thus progress within keratinocyte tunnels. As keratinocytes must activate intra‐epidermal nerve endings to transduce nociceptive information, these findings may help understanding the interactions between the keratinocytes and nervous system. The discovery of these nerve portions progressing in keratinocyte tunnels is a strong argument to consider that contacts between epidermal keratinocytes and intra‐epidermal nerve endings are not incidental and argue for the existence of specific and rapid paracrine communication from keratinocytes to sensory neurons.
Lower‐than‐expected CH4 emissions from rice paddies with rising CO2 concentrations
Authors: Qian Haoyu , Huang Shan , Chen Jin , Wang Ling , Hungate Bruce A. , van Kessel Chris , Zhang Jun , Deng Aixing , Jiang Yu , van Groenigen Kees Jan , Zhang Weijian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractElevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) generally increases carbon input in rice paddy soils and stimulates the growth of methane‐producing microorganisms. Therefore, eCO2 is widely expected to increase methane (CH4) emissions from rice agriculture, a major source of anthropogenic CH4. Agricultural practices strongly affect CH4 emissions from rice paddies as well, but whether these practices modulate effects of eCO2 is unclear. Here we show, by combining a series of experiments and meta‐analyses, that whereas eCO2 strongly increased CH4 emissions from paddies without straw incorporation, it tended to reduce CH4 emissions from paddy soils with straw incorporation. Our experiments also identified the microbial processes underlying these results: eCO2 increased methane‐consuming microorganisms more strongly in soils with straw incorporation than in soils without straw, with the opposite pattern for methane‐producing microorganisms. Accounting for the interaction between CO2 and straw management, we estimate that eCO2 increases global CH4 emissions from rice paddies by 3.7%, an order of magnitude lower than previous estimates. Our results suggest that the effect of eCO2 on CH4 emissions from rice paddies is smaller than previously thought and underline the need for judicious agricultural management to curb future CH4 emissions.
Why do several small patches hold more species than few large patches?
Authors: Fahrig Lenore 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe principle that a single large habitat patch should hold more species than several small patches totalling the same area (SL > SS) is used by conservation agencies to favour protection of large, contiguous areas. Previous reviews of empirical studies have found the opposite, SS > SL, creating the single large or several small (SLOSS) debate.AimsReview the empirical and theoretical SLOSS literature; identify potential mechanisms underlying the SS > SL pattern; evaluate these where possible.LocationGlobal.Time period1976–2018.Major taxaPlants, invertebrates, vertebrates.MethodsLiterature review.ResultsLike previous reviews, I found that SS > SL dominates empirical findings. This pattern remained, although it was somewhat weakened, in studies where sampling intensity was proportional to patch size. I found six classes of theory, and conducted five preliminary evaluations of theory. None of the predictions was supported. The SS > SL pattern held for specialist species groups, suggesting it does not result from incursion by generalists into small patches. I found no evidence for the prediction that the reverse pattern (SL > SS) becomes more common over time since patch creation, through gradual species losses from SS. I found no difference between results for natural and anthropogenic patches. There was also no evidence for predictions that SL > SS is more common when the matrix is more hostile, or for stable than ephemeral patches.Main conclusionsMost empirical comparisons find SS > SL. While there are several potential causes, more empirical work is needed to identify those at play. Meanwhile, conservation practitioners should understand that there is no ecological evidence supporting a general principle to preserve large, contiguous habitat areas rather than multiple small areas of the same total size.
Direct Trace Element Determination in Oil and Gas Produced Waters with Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectrometry: Advantages of High‐Salinity Tolerance
Authors: Jubb Aaron M. , Engle Mark A. , Chenault Jessica M. , Blondes Madalyn S. , Danforth Cloelle G. , Doolan Colin , Gallegos Tanya J. , Mueller Dan , Shelton Jenna L. 
Published: January 2020

Waters co‐produced during petroleum extraction are the largest waste streams from oil and gas development. Reuse or disposal of these waters is difficult due to their high salinities and the sheer volumes generated. Produced waters (PWs) may also contain valuable mineral commodities. While an understanding of produced water trace element composition is required for evaluating the associated resource and waste potential of these materials, measuring trace elements in brines is challenging due to the dilution requirements of typical methods. Alternatively, inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) has shown promise as being capable of direct measurements of trace elements within PWs with minimal dilution. Here, we evaluate direct ICP‐OES trace element quantification in PWs for seventeen trace elements (As, Al, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, U, V and Zn) within fifteen PWs from five U.S. continuous reservoirs. The total analytical uncertainties associated with the trace element levels determined using ICP‐OES were estimated to be better than ± 30% (2s) except for Rb, which could not be determined due to ionisation interferences. The ICP‐OES results are compared with trace element levels determined using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry from the same samples. Our results demonstrate the potential for direct analysis of high‐salinity waters using ICP‐OES with minimal dilution and provide trace element concentrations in waters from several important U.S. petroleum‐generating reservoirs where available data are sparse.
Menstrual and obstetrical bleeding in women with inherited platelet receptor defects—A systematic review
Authors: Punt Marieke C. , Schuitema Pauline C. E. , Bloemenkamp Kitty W. M. , Kremer Hovinga Idske C. L. , van Galen Karin P. M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionWomen with inherited platelet receptor defects (IPRD) may have an increased risk of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).AimTo present a systematic overview of the literature on the prevalence and management of menstrual and obstetrical bleeding in women with IPRD.MethodsElectronic databases were searched for original patient data on the prevalence and management of HMB and PPH in women with known IPRD or who were being investigated for IPRD.ResultsSixty‐nine papers (61 case reports/series and 8 cohort studies) were included. Overall, studies were rated as ‘poor quality’. The included cohort studies reported HMB in 25% (13/52) of women with Bernard‐Soulier syndrome and in 22.1% (34/154) of women with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. In total, 164 deliveries in women with IPRD were described. Excessive bleeding occurred in 16.9% (11/65) of deliveries described in the largest cohort. PPH occurred in 63.2% (55/87) of deliveries described in case reports/series. PPH occurred in 73.7% (14/19) of deliveries that were not covered by prophylaxis compared with 54.2% (32/59) of deliveries that were (OR = 2.36, 95% CI 0.75‐7.40). Neonatal bleeding complications were reported in 10.0% (8/80) of deliveries. In all (6/6) deliveries with neonatal bleeding complications wherein the presence of alloantibodies was investigated, either antiplatelet or anti‐HLA antibodies were detected.Discussion/ConclusionMenstrual and particularly obstetrical bleeding problems frequently occur in women with IPRD, based on small case reports and series of poor quality. International collaboration, preferably on prospective studies, is needed to improve clinical management of women‐specific bleeding in IPRD.
Fast food intake and excess weight gain over a 1‐year period among preschool‐age children
Authors: Emond Jennifer A. , Longacre Meghan R. , Titus Linda J. , Hendricks Kristy , Drake Keith M. , Carroll Jennifer E. , Cleveland Lauren P. , Dalton Madeline A. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBackgroundFast food is cross‐sectionally associated with having overweight and obesity in young children.ObjectivesTo examine whether fast food intake independently contributes to the development of overweight and obesity among preschool‐age children.MethodsProspective cohort of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children (n = 541) followed for 1 year. Children's height and weight were objectively measured at baseline and study end. Parents reported their child's fast food intake frequency in the past week from 11 chain fast food restaurants in six online follow‐up surveys, completed approximately 8 weeks apart. Poisson regression with robust standard errors modelled the risk of a child increasing in weight status (ie, transitioning from a having a healthy weight to having overweight or from having overweight to having obesity) over the study period in relation to their average weekly fast food intake, adjusted for sociodemographics, child obesogenic behaviours, and parent weight status.ResultsAt baseline, 18.1% of children had overweight and 9.8% had obesity; 8.1% of children transitioned to a greater weight status over the 1‐year period. Mean fast food intake frequency among consumers was 2.1 (SD: 1.4) times per week. The risk of increasing in weight status increased linearly with each additional time fast food was consumed in an average week over the study year (RR: 1.38; 95% CI, 1.13‐1.67; P < .01).ConclusionsGreater fast food intake over 1 year was associated with increasing weight status during that time in this preschool‐age cohort.
A life where concealment and exposure coexist—The antiretroviral therapy adherence of people living with HIV infection: A phenomenological study
Authors: Lee Sun‐A , Kim Eun Y. , Chang Sung O. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to identify the nature and structure of the real world experiences of people living with HIV infection and adhering to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Design: Giorgi's phenomenological method was applied.MethodsData collection was conducted from 1 November 2016–1 September 2017. A total of six participants participated in the study. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was used to report this study.ResultsThe findings show that the structure of the experience of people living with HIV and adhering to ART is composed of six essential common constituents: (a) ART adherence has become a prerequisite for a normal life; (b) Endless adjustments responding to a sensitive body; (c) Dosing Time becomes the framework of the day; (d) Dosing time needing to coincide with the availability of confidential dosing space; (e) Classification of Relationships—those who know of my taking antiretroviral drugs and those who do not; and (f) Recognition of the multiple relationships affecting ART.ConclusionAdhering to ART is experienced by people infected with HIV not only as a process they want to hide, but also a critical lifeline that stabilizes their lives. That is, their day‐to‐day living is split into a double life reflecting their coexisting need for concealment and exposure.ImpactAlthough much existing literature focuses on the adherence to medication, this study reveals the meaning of ART in the context of viewing the patient as an independent subject. Contrary with what people living with HIV want, they are at risk of external exposure during the process of treatment. This study highlights the need for nurses to communicate with patients about the strategies they need to meet the challenges they face.