bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Fracture Slip and Aseismic‐Seismic Transition in a Triaxial Injection Test
Authors: Ye Zhi , Ghassemi Ahmad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFault/fracture slip and seismicity caused by fluid injection are of major interest to subsurface science and engineering. However, some fundamental aspects of the temporal and spatial evolutions of induced seismicity remain unresolved. In this paper, we present the results of a laboratory injection‐induced shear test conducted on a rough granite fracture with concurrent acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The results demonstrate a sequence of aseismic‐seismic‐aseismic fracture motion during fluid injection. It is observed that the temporal evolution of AE/microseismic activities was accompanied by the changes of slip velocity, stress drop, and friction coefficient. The seismic slip phase consists of three subphases, namely, a first quasi‐static slip, a dynamic slip, and a second quasi‐static slip. The dynamic slip occurred with an AE mainshock, simulating earthquake instability triggered by injection in deep crystalline rocks. In addition, slip heterogeneity controlled by the fracture surface roughness is directly evidenced by the spatially heterogeneous distribution of AE hypocenters and fracture surface topography.
Atmospheric History of H2 Over the Past Century Reconstructed From South Pole Firn Air
Authors: Patterson J. D. , Aydin M. , Crotwell A. M. , Petron G. , Severinghaus J. P. , Saltzman E. S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMolecular hydrogen (H2) is an abundant and reactive constituent of Earth's atmosphere, with links to climate and air quality. Anthropogenic emissions of H2 are expected to rise as the use of H2 as an energy source increases. Documenting past variations in atmospheric H2 will help to validate current understanding of the global H2 budget. The modern instrumental record begins in the 1980s; there is little information about atmospheric H2 prior to that time. Here, we use firn air measurements from a 2001 South Pole campaign to reconstruct atmospheric H2 levels over the 20th century. Inversion of the measurements indicates that H2 over South Pole has increased from 350–540 ppb from 1910–2000. A biogeochemical box model indicates that the atmospheric burden of H2 increased by 37% over that time. The rise in H2 is consistent with increasing H2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and increasing atmospheric production from methane oxidation.
Novel Quantification of Shallow Sediment Compaction by GPS Interferometric Reflectometry and Implications for Flood Susceptibility
Authors: Karegar Makan A. , Larson Kristine M. , Kusche Jürgen , Dixon Timothy H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEstimates of flood susceptibility and land loss in the world's coastal regions depend on our knowledge of sea level rise (SLR) from increases in ocean mass and volume, as well as knowledge of vertical land motion. Conventional approaches to the latter include tide‐gauge and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements relative to well‐anchored monuments few meters below the surface. However, in regions of rapid Holocene sedimentation, compaction of this material can add a significant component to the surface lowering. Unfortunately, this process has been difficult to quantify, especially for the shallowest material above the monument. Here we use a new technique, GPS interferometric reflectometry, to estimate the rate of this process in the Mississippi Delta and the eastern margin of the North Sea. We show that the rate of shallow compaction is comparable to or larger than the rate of global SLR, adding 35% and 65%, respectively, to the rate of relative SLR by 2100.
A small-molecule ARTS mimetic promotes apoptosis through degradation of both XIAP and Bcl-2
Authors: Mamriev Dana , Abbas Ruqaia , Klingler Franca-Maria , Kagan Juliana , Kfir Nir , Donald Alastair , Weidenfeld Keren , Sheppard David W. , Barkan Dalit , Larisch Sarit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany human cancers over-express B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) or X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins to evade cell death. The pro-apoptotic ARTS (Sept4_i2) protein binds directly to both Bcl-2 and XIAP and promotes apoptosis by stimulating their degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here we describe a small molecule, A4, that mimics the function of ARTS. Microscale thermophoresis assays showed that A4 binds XIAP, but not cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1). A4 binds to a distinct ARTS binding pocket in the XIAP-BIR3 (baculoviral IAP repeat 3) domain. Like ARTS, A4 stimulated poly-ubiquitylation and UPS-mediated degradation of XIAP and Bcl-2, but not cIAP1, resulting in caspase-9 and -3 activation and apoptosis. In addition, over-expression of XIAP rescued HeLa cells from A4-induced apoptosis, consistent with the idea that A4 kills by antagonizing XIAP. On the other hand, treatment with the SMAC-mimetic Birinapant induced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and killed ~50% of SKOV-3 cells, and addition of A4 to Birinapant-treated cells significantly reduced secretion of TNFα and blocked Birinapant-induced apoptosis. This suggests that A4 acts by specifically targeting XIAP. The effect of A4 was selective as peripheral blood mononuclear cells and normal human breast epithelial cells were unaffected. Furthermore, proteome analysis revealed that cancer cell lines with high levels of XIAP were particularly sensitive to the killing effect of A4. These results provide proof of concept that the ARTS binding site in XIAP is “druggable”. A4 represents a novel class of dual-targeting compounds stimulating apoptosis by UPS-mediated degradation of important anti-apoptotic oncogenes.
Rapidly photocurable silk fibroin sealant for clinical applications
Authors: Kim Soon Hee , Lee Young Jin , Chao Janet Ren , Kim Do Yeon , Sultan Md. Tipu , Lee Ho Jun , Lee Jung Min , Lee Ji Seung , Lee Ok Joo , Hong Heesun , Lee Hanna , Ajiteru Olatunji , Suh Ye Ji , Choi Hak Soo , Cho Yong-Jun , Park Chan Hum 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSealants are useful as agents that can prevent the leakage of gas or nonclotting fluids from damaged tissues and of blood from the vascular system following injury or repair. Various formulations for sealants have been developed and applied clinically, but problems still remain in terms of biocompatibility issues, long crosslinking times and low adhesive properties. Herein, to address these issues, we report a methacrylated silk fibroin sealant (Sil-MAS) with rapidly crosslinkable, highly adhesive and biocompatible properties and demonstrate its versatility as a medical glue. The excellent physical properties of Sil-MAS are revealed via in vitro mechanical tests and ex vivo aorta pressure tests. In addition, in in vivo biological tests on the skin, liver, and blood vessels of rats, Sil-MAS showed a superb hemostatic and adhesive ability, with high biocompatibility. Specifically, Sil-MAS strongly contributed to faster wound healing than commercially available materials. Furthermore, we showed a successful proof of concept that Sil-MAS could serve as an ideal photocuring laparoscopic medical glue in a laceration rabbit model of liver and stomach serosa using a homemade endoscopic device. These findings on the applicability of rapidly photocurable silk fibroin indicate that Sil-MAS is a suitable material to supplant existing sealants, adhesives, or hemostatic agents.
Rapid glacier retreat and downwasting throughout the European Alps in the early 21st century
Authors: Sommer Christian , Malz Philipp , Seehaus Thorsten C. , Lippl Stefan , Zemp Michael , Braun Matthias H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMountain glaciers are known to be strongly affected by global climate change. Here we compute temporally consistent changes in glacier area, surface elevation and ice mass over the entire European Alps between 2000 and 2014. We apply remote sensing techniques on an extensive database of optical and radar imagery covering 93% of the total Alpine glacier volume. Our results reveal rapid glacier retreat across the Alps (−39 km² a−1) with regionally variable ice thickness changes (−0.5 to −0.9 m a−1). The strongest downwasting is observed in the Swiss Glarus and Lepontine Alps with specific mass change rates up to −1.03 m.w.e. a−1. For the entire Alps a mass loss of 1.3 ± 0.2 Gt a−1 (2000–2014) is estimated. Compared to previous studies, our estimated mass changes are similar for the central Alps, but less negative for the lower mountain ranges. These observations provide important information for future research on various socio-economic impacts like water resource management, risk assessments and tourism.
The cryo-EM structure of the bacterial flagellum cap complex suggests a molecular mechanism for filament elongation
Authors: Al-Otaibi Natalie S. , Taylor Aidan J. , Farrell Daniel P. , Tzokov Svetomir B. , DiMaio Frank , Kelly David J. , Bergeron Julien R. C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe bacterial flagellum is a remarkable molecular motor, whose primary function in bacteria is to facilitate motility through the rotation of a filament protruding from the bacterial cell. A cap complex, consisting of an oligomer of the protein FliD, is localized at the tip of the flagellum, and is essential for filament assembly, as well as adherence to surfaces in some bacteria. However, the structure of the intact cap complex, and the molecular basis for its interaction with the filament, remains elusive. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of the Campylobacter jejuni cap complex, which reveals that FliD is pentameric, with the N-terminal region of the protomer forming an extensive set of contacts across several subunits, that contribute to FliD oligomerization. We also demonstrate that the native C. jejuni flagellum filament is 11-stranded, contrary to a previously published cryo-EM structure, and propose a molecular model for the filament-cap interaction.
Octave bandwidth photonic fishnet-achromatic-metalens
Authors: Ndao Abdoulaye , Hsu Liyi , Ha Jeongho , Park Jun-Hee , Chang-Hasnain Connie , Kanté Boubacar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPlanar structured interfaces, also known as metasurfaces, are continuously attracting interest owing to their ability to manipulate fundamental attributes of light, including angular momentum, phase, or polarization. However, chromatic aberration, limiting broadband operation, has remained a challenge for metasurfaces-based optical components and imagers. The limitation stems from the intrinsic dispersion of existing materials and design principles. Here we report and experimentally demonstrate polarization-independent fishnet-achromatic-metalenses with measured average efficiencies over 70% in the continuous band from the visible (640 nm) to the infrared (1200 nm). Results of the scalable platform are enabling for applications requiring broad bandwidth and high efficiency including energy harvesting, virtual reality and information processing devices, or medical imaging.
Chemical genetics strategy to profile kinase target engagement reveals role of FES in neutrophil phagocytosis
Authors: van der Wel Tom , Hilhorst Riet , den Dulk Hans , van den Hooven Tim , Prins Nienke M. , Wijnakker Joost A. P. M. , Florea Bogdan I. , Lenselink Eelke B. , van Westen Gerard J. P. , Ruijtenbeek Rob , Overkleeft Herman S. , Kaptein Allard , Barf Tjeerd , van der Stelt Mario 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChemical tools to monitor drug-target engagement of endogenously expressed protein kinases are highly desirable for preclinical target validation in drug discovery. Here, we describe a chemical genetics strategy to selectively study target engagement of endogenous kinases. By substituting a serine residue into cysteine at the DFG-1 position in the ATP-binding pocket, we sensitize the non-receptor tyrosine kinase FES towards covalent labeling by a complementary fluorescent chemical probe. This mutation is introduced in the endogenousFESgene of HL-60 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Leveraging the temporal and acute control offered by our strategy, we show that FES activity is dispensable for differentiation of HL-60 cells towards macrophages. Instead, FES plays a key role in neutrophil phagocytosis via SYK kinase activation. This chemical genetics strategy holds promise as a target validation method for kinases.
Rheologically controlled design of nature-inspired superhydrophobic and self-cleaning membranes for clean water production
Authors: Lu Kang Jia , Zhao Dieling , Chen Yuanmiaoliang , Chang Jian , Chung Tai-Shung 
Published: June 2020

AbstractConventional fabrication technologies of superhydrophobic and self-cleaning membranes for wastewater treatment often involve complex surface modifications, and massive usage of nanomaterials or organic solvents. In this work, we developed a pure rheological spray-assisted nonsolvent induced phase separation (SANIPS) approach to fabricate self-cleaning polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with high porosity and hierarchical micro/nanostructures. The resultant membranes exhibit water contact angles and sliding angles in the range of 151.9–156.2° and 9.6–22.6°, respectively. We found that the spraying step caused local distortion of the membrane surface and induced a two-stage phase inversion, leading to the formation of multilevel polymeric crystal structures. Moreover, the morphological structures and other membrane properties (e.g., mechanical strength and liquid entry pressure) could be tuned by applying spraying materials with different physicochemical properties. The superior anti-wetting and self-cleaning properties of the resultant membranes have been demonstrated by treating hypersaline wastewater, comprising 10% sodium chloride and 2000 p.p.m. Rose Bengal dye via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) tests. The SANIPS membrane showed a remarkably stable vapor flux of 36.0 kg m−2 h at a feed temperature of 60 °C, and a salt rejection over 99.9% throughout the long-term test of 100 h. We envision this facile and green fabrication method will pave the way for large-scale production of superhydrophobic and self-cleaning membranes for diverse water treatment processes.
Organized Disassembly of Photosynthesis During Programmed Cell Death Mediated By Long Chain Bases
Authors: Zavafer Alonso , González-Solís Ariadna , Palacios-Bahena Silvia , Saucedo-García Mariana , Tapia de Aquino Cinthya , Vázquez-Santana Sonia , King-Díaz Beatriz , Gavilanes-Ruiz Marina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn plants, pathogen triggered programmed cell death (PCD) is frequently mediated by polar lipid molecules referred as long chain bases (LCBs) or ceramides. PCD interceded by LCBs is a well-organized process where several cell organelles play important roles. In fact, light-dependent reactions in the chloroplast have been proposed as major players during PCD, however, the functional aspects of the chloroplast during PCD are largely unknown. For this reason, we investigated events that lead to disassembly of the chloroplast during PCD mediated by LCBs. To do so, LCB elevation was induced with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (a non-host pathogen) or Fumonisin B1 in Phaseolus vulgaris. Then, we performed biochemical tests to detect PCD triggering events (phytosphingosine rises, MPK activation and H2O2 generation) followed by chloroplast structural and functional tests. Observations of the chloroplast, via optical phenotyping methods combined with microscopy, indicated that the loss of photosynthetic linear electron transport coincides with the organized ultrastructure disassembly. In addition, structural changes occurred in parallel with accumulation of H2O2 inside the chloroplast. These features revealed the collapse of chloroplast integrity and function as a mechanism leading to the irreversible execution of the PCD promoted by LCBs.
Upright Balance Control in Individuals with Cervical Myelopathy Following Cervical Decompression Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cheng Chih-Hsiu , Lai Dar-Ming , Lau Phooi Yee , Wang Shwu-Fen , Chien Andy , Wang Jaw-Lin , Hsu Wei-Li 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPatients with cervical myelopathy may manifest impairments in functional activities and balance control caused by compression of the spinal cord. The objective of the current study was to determine long-term changes in the upright balance control of patients with cervical myelopathy who had undergone cervical decompression surgery. This is a prospective cohort study from the preoperative phase to 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postsurgery. Fifty-three patients with cervical myelopathy were recruited for the cervical myelopathy group and 22 age-matched healthy controls were recruited for the control group. Functional assessments including Japanese Orthopedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire-Lower Extremity Function (JOACMEQ-LEF) and 10-second step test; as well as balance assessments including postural sway (center-of-pressure: COP) were performed for both groups. The JOACMEQ-LEF (p = 0.036) scores of the myelopathy group improved postoperatively, and a significant decrease in COP variables of postural sway was observed. The upright posture was less stable in the myelopathy group than in the control group (p < 0.05) both before and after surgery. The effect size and standard response mean of the COP variables ranged from −0.49 to 0.03 at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postsurgery. The upright balance control had improved significantly 6 months after decompression surgery. However, the balance control of the patients who had undergone decompression surgery remained less stable than that of the age-matched healthy controls. Balance training should be initiated before 6 months postsurgery to accelerate balance control recovery in patients with cervical myelopathy.
Level of play and coach-rated game intelligence are related to performance on design fluency in elite soccer players
Authors: Vestberg T. , Jafari R. , Almeida R. , Maurex L. , Ingvar M. , Petrovic P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExecutive brain functions are innate mechanisms for regulating behavior. While the impact of suboptimal executive functions has been characterized in patients, their contribution to individual success has not been elucidated. We set out to understand how executive functions relate to successful human behavior by examining their relation to game intelligence in sport - the ability to read a game and quickly adapt the behavior. In elite soccer players (n = 51), those playing in national teams (national team players) significantly outperformed those only playing at premier league level (premier league players) in Design Fluency (DF), a complex visuo-spatial executive function test that includes measures of creativity and cognitive flexibility. Their result showed a moderate correlation with coach rated game intelligence, remained also when correcting for low level cognitive capacity and was most evident when considering cognitive flexibility. DF capacity also correlated with number of assists made during the season but not with number of made goals during the same period, linking the fast planning of several steps in DF to fast planning of several steps in the soccer game. Altogether, our data suggests that DF capacity relates to success in soccer both on a subjective and on an objective level.
Geographical variation in the risk of H7N9 human infections in China: implications for risk-based surveillance
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyan , Gao Lu , Wang Youming , Li Yin , Zhang Yi , Shen Chaojian , Liu Ailing , Yu Qi , Zhang Wenyi , Pekin Alexander , Guo Fusheng , Smith Carl , Clements Archie C. A. , Edwards John , Huang Baoxu , Soares Magalhães Ricardo J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe influenza A (H7N9) subtype remains a public health problem in China affecting individuals in contact with live poultry, particularly at live bird markets. Despite enhanced surveillance and biosecurity at LBMs H7N9 viruses are now more widespread in China. This study aims to quantify the temporal relationship between poultry surveillance results and the onset of human H7N9 infections during 2013–2017 and to estimate risk factors associated with geographical risk of H7N9 human infections in counties in Southeast China. Our results suggest that poultry surveillance data can potentially be used as early warning indicators for human H7N9 notifications. Furthermore, we found that human H7N9 incidence at county-level was significantly associated with the presence of wholesale LBMs, the density of retail LBMs, the presence of poultry virological positives, poultry movements from high-risk areas, as well as chicken population density and human population density. The results of this study can influence the current AI H7N9 control program by supporting the integration of poultry surveillance data with human H7N9 notifications as an early warning of the timing and areas at risk for human infection. The findings also highlight areas in China where monitoring of poultry movement and poultry infections could be prioritized.
Precursor-surface interactions revealed during plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of metal oxide thin films by in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Kilic Ufuk , Mock Alyssa , Sekora Derek , Gilbert Simeon , Valloppilly Shah , Melendez Giselle , Ianno Natale , Langell Marjorie , Schubert Eva , Schubert Mathias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe find that a five-phase (substrate, mixed native oxide and roughness interface layer, metal oxide thin film layer, surface ligand layer, ambient) model with two-dynamic (metal oxide thin film layer thickness and surface ligand layer void fraction) parameters (dynamic dual box model) is sufficient to explain in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry data measured within and across multiple cycles during plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of metal oxide thin films. We demonstrate our dynamic dual box model for analysis of in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry data in the photon energy range of 0.7–3.4 eV measured with time resolution of few seconds over large numbers of cycles during the growth of titanium oxide (TiO2) and tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films, as examples. We observe cyclic surface roughening with fast kinetics and subsequent roughness reduction with slow kinetics, upon cyclic exposure to precursor materials, leading to oscillations of the metal thin film thickness with small but positive growth per cycle. We explain the cyclic surface roughening by precursor-surface interactions leading to defect creation, and subsequent surface restructuring. Atomic force microscopic images before and after growth, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction investigations confirm structural and chemical properties of our thin films. Our proposed dynamic dual box model may be generally applicable to monitor and control metal oxide growth in atomic layer deposition, and we include data for SiO2 and Al2O3 as further examples.