bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of an anti‐Salmonella. Typhimurium Bacteriophage on intestinal microbiota and immunity status of laying hens
Authors: Lee MiJin , Hosseindoust Abdolreza , Oh SeungMin , Ko HanSeo , Cho EunSeok , Sa SooJin , Kim YoungIn , Choi JungWoo , Kim JinSoo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTyphoid is a distinct gastrointestinal disease that largely affects the public by consumption of inadequately or partially cooked eggs from contaminated laying hen farms. This has led the research on laying hens to focus on controlling the contamination by an effective anti‐Salmonella spp. agent in the intestine. The treatments included, control, without challenge; PC, Salmonella typhimurium challenged (STC); BP5, 5 ppm bacteriophage/kg + STC; BP10, 10 ppm bacteriophage/kg + STC, on Salmonella shedding, body organs inflammatory reactions, and expression of toll‐like receptor (TLR), pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and heat shock protein (HSP) in the jejunum, liver,and thigh muscle in the STC laying hens. The RT‐PCR method was used to enumerate the number of Salmonella typhimurium in the organs. The birds in the STC groups exhibited the increased population of Salmonella spp. in the excreta (p < .01). In the STC groups, the BP5 and BP10 laying hens exhibited a lower (p < .01) population of Salmonella spp. in the excreta at d 7 after STC. Supplementation of bacteriophage significantly decreased (p < .01) the colonization of S. Typhimurium in the spleen, oviduct, caecum and excreta. Among the STC treatments, the BP10 laying hens showed lower (p < .01) mRNA expression of interferon‐γ (IFNγ) and TLR‐4 in the jejunum compared with the PC treatment. After the STC, dietary supplementation with BP5 or BP10 decreased (p < .01) the mRNA expressions of IFNγ, HSP‐27 and tumour necrosis factor‐α in the liver compared with the PC treatment. These results suggest that bacteriophage can be used as an effective agent to decrease S. Typhimurium contamination in laying hens and possibly lower S. Typhimurium transfer to foods.
Does Dissociation Among Adolescents Predict Difficulties? A Panel Study in Japan
Authors: Mori Ayano 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDissociation has been reported to be associated with emotive‐relational and behavioral difficulties; however, the temporal relationship between dissociation and these difficulties is unclear. Accordingly, this study investigated whether dissociation predicts difficulties (including emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems) in adolescents. A two‐wave cross‐lagged panel study (Time 1: September–November 2016, Time 2: February–March 2017) was conducted among 1,773 Japanese junior high and high school students at two private schools (995 boys and 778 girls; Mage = 14.79 years at Time 1 and 15.09 years at Time 2). Dissociation was assessed using the Japanese version of the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale and perceived difficulties were assessed via the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. A cross‐lagged effects model analysis indicated that high dissociation scores at Time 1 predicted high difficulties scores at Time 2. These findings suggest that dissociation could effectively predict difficulties in junior high and high school students. This study expands the field's understanding of the temporal relationship between behavioral problems and dissociation, which could help prevent problem behaviors.
Drivers of plant diversity in Bulgarian dry grasslands vary across spatial scales and functional‐taxonomic groups
Authors: Dembicz Iwona , Velev Nikolay , Boch Steffen , Janišová Monika , Palpurina Salza , Pedashenko Hristo , Vassilev Kiril , Dengler Jürgen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractQuestions:Studying dry grasslands in a previously unexplored region, we asked: (a) which environmental factors drive the diversity patterns in vegetation; (b) are taxonomic groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens) and functional vascular plant groups differently affected; and (c) how is fine‐grain beta diversity affected by environmental drivers?Location:Northwestern and Central Bulgaria.Methods:We sampled environmental data and vascular plant, terricolous bryophyte and lichen species in 97 10‐m2plots and 15 nested‐plot series with seven grain sizes (0.0001–100 m2) of ten grassland sites within the two regions. We used species richness as measure of alpha‐diversity and thez‐value of the power‐law species–area relationship as measure of beta‐diversity. We analysed effects of landscape, topographic, soil and land‐use variables on the species richness of the different taxonomic and functional groups. We applied generalised linear models (GLMs) or, in the presence of spatial autocorrelation, generalised linear mixed‐effect models (GLMMs) in a multi‐model inference framework.Results:The main factors affecting total and vascular plant species richness in 10‐m2plots were soil pH (unimodal) and inclination (negative). Species richness of bryophytes was positively affected by rock cover, sand proportion and negatively by inclination. Inclination and litter cover were also negative predictors of lichen species richness. Elevation negatively affected phanerophyte and therophyte richness, but positively that of cryptophytes. A major part of unexplained variance in species richness was associated with the grassland site. Thez‐values for total richness showed a positive relationship with elevation and inclination.Conclusions:Environmental factors shaping richness patterns strongly differed among taxonomic groups, functional vascular plant groups and spatial scales. The disparities between our and previous findings suggest that many drivers of biodiversity cannot be generalised but rather depend on the regional context. The large unexplained variance at the site level calls for considering more site‐related factors such as land‐use history.
Coblopasvir and sofosbuvir for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in China: A single‐arm, open‐label, phase 3 trial
Authors: Gao Yanhang , Kong Fei , Li Guangming , Li Cheng , Zheng Sujun , Lin Jianmei , Wen Xiaofeng , Hu Jinghua , Wang Xiaozhong , Wu Xiaofeng , Xing Huichun , Jia Jidong , Jia Zhansheng , Guan Yujuan , Li Chenghao , Wu Guicheng , Gao Zhiliang , Mou Zhuangbo , Ning Qin , Mao Qing , Yang Yongfeng , Ning Jing , Li Li , Pan Hai , Zhou Desheng , Ding Yanhua , Qin Hong , Niu Junqi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground & AimAn affordable, pangenotypic regimen remains as an unmet medical need for chronic hepatitis C patients in China. This single‐arm, open‐label, multicenter, phase 3 trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of coblopasvir, a pangenotypic non‐structural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor, combined with sofosbuvir for treating Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.MethodsTreatment‐naïve and interferon‐experienced adult patients, including those with advanced fibrosis (F3) or compensated cirrhosis (F4), were treated with a universal, combinational regimen of coblopasvir 60 mg and sofosbuvir 400 mg, once daily, for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was sustained virological response at post‐treatment week 12 (SVR12).ResultsOverall, 371 patients (men, 51%; age, 47 ± 11 years; genotype 1a < 1%, 1b 48%, 2a 26%, 3a 6%, 3b 7% and 6 12%) were enrolled from 19 sites. Fifty‐one patients (14%) had F3, 39 patients (11%) had F4 and 39 patients (11%) were interferon experienced. The overall SVR12 was 97% (95% CI, [94%, 98%]) for the full analysis set and was equal to or above 90% for all predefined subsets. Ten patients (3%) experienced virological relapse and two patients did not complete follow‐up. No adverse events (AEs) occurred at a frequency ≥5%, and the most often reported AEs (≥1%) were neutropenia and fatigue. The majority of AEs were mild to moderate and transient without specific medical intervention.ConclusionsThe universal, pangenotypic combo of coblopasvir plus sofosbuvir is an efficacious and safe treatment for Chinese patients monoinfected with HCV of genotype 1, 2, 3 and 6, including those with compensated cirrhosis.Lay summaryThe regimen of coblopasvir and sofosbuvir is a safe and effective treatment for Chinese patients with genotype 1, 2, 3 and 6 HCV infection, including those with compensated cirrhosis. Therefore, this regimen would be a novel choice of treatment for this patient population.
Substantial direct fitness gains of workers in a highly eusocial ant
Authors: Giehr Julia , Wallner Jennifer , Senninger Lisa , Ruhland Katja , Krüger Theresa , Heinze Jürgen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHamilton's theory of inclusive fitness suggests that helpers in animal societies gain fitness indirectly by increasing the reproductive performance of a related beneficiary. Helpers in cooperatively breeding birds, mammals and primitively eusocial wasps may additionally obtain direct fitness through inheriting the nest or mating partner of the former reproductive. Here, we show that also workers of a highly eusocial ant may achieve considerable direct fitness by producing males in both queenless and queenright colonies. We investigated the reproductive success of workers of the ant Temnothorax crassispinus in nature and the laboratory by dissecting workers and determining the origin of males by microsatellite analysis. We show that workers are capable of activating their ovaries and successfully producing their sons independently of the presence of a queen. Genotypes revealed that at least one fifth of the males in natural queenright colonies were not offspring of the queen. Most worker‐produced males could be assigned to workers that were unrelated to the queen, suggesting egg‐laying by drifting workers.
The limited spatial scale of dispersal in soil arthropods revealed with whole‐community haplotype‐level metabarcoding
Authors: Arribas Paula , Andújar Carmelo , Salces‐Castellano Antonia , Emerson Brent C. , Vogler Alfried P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSoil arthropod communities are highly diverse and critical for ecosystem functioning. However, our knowledge of spatial structure and the underlying processes of community assembly are scarce, hampered by limited empirical data on species diversity and turnover. We implement a high‐throughput sequencing approach to generate comparative data for thousands of arthropods at three hierarchical levels: genetic, species and supra‐specific lineages. A joint analysis of the spatial arrangement across these levels can reveal the predominant processes driving the variation in biological assemblages at the local scale. This multihierarchical approach was performed using haplotype‐level COI metabarcoding of entire communities of mites, springtails and beetles from three Iberian mountain regions. Tens of thousands of specimens were extracted from deep and superficial soil layers and produced comparative phylogeographic data for >1,000 codistributed species and nearly 3,000 haplotypes. Local assemblage composition differed greatly between grasslands and forests and, within each habitat, showed strong spatial structure and high endemicity. Distance decay was high at all levels, even at the scale of a few kilometres or less. The local distance decay patterns were self‐similar for the haplotypes and higher hierarchical entities, and this fractal structure was similar in all regions, suggesting that uniform processes of limited dispersal determine local‐scale community assembly. Our results from whole‐community metabarcoding provide insight into how dispersal limitations constrain mesofauna community structure within local spatial settings over evolutionary timescales. If generalized across wider areas, the high turnover and endemicity in the soil locally may indicate extremely high richness globally, challenging our current estimations of total arthropod diversity on Earth.
Affirmative action programmes in postgraduate medical and surgical training—A narrative review
Authors: Koea Jonathan , Rahiri Jamie‐Lee , Ronald Maxine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis review aims to identify and summarise the literature pertaining to the implementation of affirmative action programmes (AAP) for selection of ethnic minorities and Indigenous peoples into selective specialist medical and surgical training programmes.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies reporting on the background, implementation and results of AAP for ethnic minorities and Indigenous peoples into medical and surgical training. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were queried from inception through to 1 February 2020. All included studies were subjected to inductive thematic analysis in order to systematically collate study findings. Articles were read through several times in an iterative manner to allow the identification of themes across the included studies. The themes were cross‐compared among the authors to establish their interconnectedness.ResultsForty‐five articles described AAP pertaining to ethnic minorities in the United States of America (African‐Americans and Hispanic Americans), women and ethnic minorities, Indigenous peoples (New Zealand Māori) and people with low socio‐economic status. Four themes were identified. These included the need for social responsiveness in clinical training organisations, justification and criticism of AAP, how clinical training agencies should participate in AAP and what constitutes an effective AAP for specialist medical and surgical training.ConclusionsAffirmative action programmes have been effective at increasing numbers of ethnic minority medical school graduates but have not been used for specialist medical or surgical training selection. AAP achieve the best results when they are associated with a comprehensive programme of candidate preparation, support and mentorship beginning prior to application, and support and mentorship extending through training and subsequently into the post‐training period as an independent professional. The overall aim of any AAP in medical or surgical training must be graduation of significant numbers of minority and Indigenous trainees into successful practice with appointment to faculty member and leadership positions.
Antifungal drugs: An updated review of central nervous system pharmacokinetics
Authors: Wirth Fernanda , Ishida Kelly 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInvasive fungal infections (IFIs) in the central nervous system (CNS) are particularly hard to treat and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Four chemical classes of systemic antifungal agents are used for the treatment of IFIs (eg meningitis), including polyenes, triazoles, pyrimidine analogues and echinocandins. This review will address all of these classes and discuss their penetration and accumulation in the CNS. Treatment of fungal meningitis is based on the antifungal that shows good penetration and accumulation in the CNS. Pharmacokinetic data concerning the entry of antifungal agents into the intracranial compartments are faulty. This review will provide an overview of the ability of systemic antifungals to penetrate the CNS, based on previously published drug physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic data, for evaluation of the most promising antifungal drugs for the treatment of fungal CNS infections. The studies selected and discussed in this review are from 1990 to 2019.
Targeted plant hologenome editing for plant trait enhancement
Authors: Ravanbakhsh Mohammadhossein , Kowalchuk George A. , Jousset Alexandre 
Published: August 2020

Summary

Breeding better crops is a cornerstone of global food security. While efforts in plant genetic improvement show promise, it is increasingly becoming apparent that the plant phenotype should be treated as a function of the holobiont, in which plant and microbial traits are deeply intertwined.

Using a minimal holobiont model, we track ethylene production and plant nutritional value in response to alterations in plant ethylene synthesis (KO mutation in ETO1), which induces 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase 5 (ACS5), or microbial degradation of ACC (KO mutation in microbial acdS), preventing the breakdown of the plant ACC pool, the product of ACS5.

We demonstrate that similar plant phenotypes can be generated by either specific mutations of plant‐associated microbes or alterations in the plant genome. Specifically, we could equally increase plant nutritional value by either altering the plant ethylene synthesis gene ETO1, or the microbial gene acdS. Both mutations yielded a similar plant phenotype with increased ethylene production and higher shoot micronutrient concentrations. Restoring bacterial AcdS enzyme activity also rescued the plant wild‐t8yp phenotype in an eto1 background.

Plant and bacterial genes build an integrated plant–microbe regulatory network amenable to genetic improvement from both the plant and microbial sides.
Skeletally anchored forsus fatigue resistant device for correction of Class II malocclusions—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Arvind Prasanna , Jain Ravindra Kumar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe use of skeletal anchorage with fixed functional appliances (FFA) has been proposed by various authors to produce skeletal changes and reduce lower incisor proclination. To compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FFRD) with or without skeletal anchorage (miniplates and mini‐implants). The electronic database PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase and Google Scholar along with a manual search of orthodontic journals till the year 2019. Only randomized control trials (RCTs) were included in the systematic review. One controlled clinical trial (CCT) which involved FFRD was included in the review since it was a continuation of an RCT which was expanded to a CCT. Skeletal and dentoalveolar outcome data were extracted to collect study characteristics. After evaluating risk of bias, the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Three RCTs and one prospective CCT were evaluated. The analysis included data from 116 Class II subjects [(58) treated with FFA along with skeletal anchorage and (58) treated with FFA]. There were no significant difference between the two groups with respect to mandibular length changes (P value = .10) and SNB angle changes (P value = .22). With respect to lower incisor inclination however, there was a significant difference between the two groups (P value = .005) signifying better results with respect to skeletal anchorage. The studies reviewed provide insufficient evidence to form a conclusion regarding the effects of the use of skeletal anchorage with FFRD. The available weak evidence suggests that the use of skeletal anchorage with FFRD has no superior skeletal effects but is able to reduce proclination of the lower incisors. Control of lower incisor proclination remains the most significant advantage of skeletal reinforcement, and miniplate‐anchored FFRD showed more promising results in preventing lower incisor proclination than miniscrew‐anchored FFRD.
Deregulation of desmosomal proteins and extracellular matrix proteases in odontogenic keratocyst
Authors: Diniz Marina Gonçalves , Duarte‐Andrade Filipe Fideles , Stussi Fernanda , Vitório Jéssica Gardone , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Ramos Domingues Romênia , Paes Leme Adriana F. , Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri , Gomez Ricardo Santiago 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveOdontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a benign lesion that tends to recur after surgical treatment. In an attempt to clarify the molecular basis underlining the OKC pathobiology, we aimed to analyze its proteomic profile.Materials and MethodsWe compared the proteomic profiles of five OKC and matched normal oral mucosa by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Then, we performed enrichment analysis and a literature search for the immunoexpression of the proteomics targets.ResultsWe identified 1,150 proteins and 72 differently expressed proteins (log2 fold change ≥ 1.5; p < .05). Twenty‐seven peptides were exclusively detected in the OKC samples. We found 35 enriched pathways related to cell differentiation and tissue architecture, including keratinocyte differentiation, keratinization, desmosome, and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and degradation. The immunoexpression information of 11 out of 50 proteins identified in the enriched pathways was obtained. We found the downregulation of four desmosomal proteins (JUP, PKP1, PKP3, and PPL) and upregulation of ECM proteases (MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and cathepsins).ConclusionsProteomic analysis strengthened the notion that OKC cells have a similar proteomic profile to oral keratinocytes. Contextual investigation of the differentially expressed proteins revealed the deregulation of desmosome proteins and ECM degradation as important alterations in OKC pathobiology.
Shifting as a key executive function underlying cognitive restructuring for individuals with elevated social anxiety
Authors: Holder Lauren J. , Prasad Ashni , Han Jin , Torok Michelle , Wong Quincy J. J. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesPrevious studies have examined the relationship between executive functions and performance on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) tasks, such as cognitive restructuring. However, previous studies have used samples of older adults and only traditional measures of executive functions involving non‐emotional stimuli. This study extends previous research to examine the specific executive function of shifting with regard to non‐emotional and emotional stimuli and its relationship with cognitive restructuring, in a sample of young to middle‐aged adults with elevated social anxiety.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsParticipants (N = 49) completed a standard Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), an emotional version of the WCST (eWCST), and a cognitive restructuring task prior to an impromptu speech task. Per cent perseverative errors (an indicator of shifting) from the WCST and eWCST, along with planned covariates, were used to predict three indicators of cognitive restructuring task performance: task response quality (production of helpful alternative thoughts), change in belief in negative thought, and peak anxiety during speech.ResultsAs expected, higher per cent perseverative errors (i.e., poorer shifting) on the WCST predicted poorer ability during the cognitive restructuring task to produce helpful alternative thoughts to a negative thought about the impending speech task. However, WCST per cent perseverative errors did not predict the other indicators of cognitive restructuring task performance. eWCST per cent perseverative errors did not predict any of the indicators of cognitive restructuring task performance.ConclusionsThe standard WCST may be sensitive to capturing the type of mental flexibility which is important for producing helpful alternative thinking during cognitive restructuring.Practitioner points

Poorer shifting ability with regard to non‐emotional stimuli in clients with elevated social anxiety may be related to poorer ability to produce helpful alternative thoughts during cognitive restructuring.

For clinicians whose clients with elevated social anxiety are having difficulty with generating alternative thoughts during cognitive restructuring, clinicians should consider poor shifting ability as a potential contributing factor.

Clinicians may need to provide further support for such clients during cognitive restructuring (e.g., greater emphasis on Socratic questioning to better facilitate alternative thinking).