bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Underlying Offences
Authors: Mettraux Guénaël 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the underlying offences which can constitute crimes against humanity. Crimes against humanity are composed of two core elements: a chapeau or contextual element and an underlying crime committed in and sufficiently linked to the chapeau. The list of underlying crimes that could, in theory, qualify as crimes against humanity is limited in nature and has not significantly evolved since Nuremberg. The Nuremberg Charter provided for six categories of crimes against humanity: murder; extermination; enslavement; deportation; other inhumane acts; and persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds. Control Council Law No. 10, which regulated the subsequent prosecution of Nazi war criminals in occupied Germany, provided for the same six categories and added three other crimes to the list: imprisonment, rape, and torture. The chapter then assesses which crimes against humanity form part of customary international law.
A Puzzle about Belief-about
Authors: Rausch Alex 
Published: June 2020

AbstractI present a puzzle for the standard, propositional semantic account of belief reports by considering novel inferences which it incorrectly predicts to be invalid under assumptions that are plausible by its advocates’ own lights. In response, I propose a conservative departure from the standard view on which certain ‘that’-clauses designate novel devices of semantic type &lt;e,t&gt; that I call open propositions. After outlining some desiderata for a theory of open propositions, I provide some reasons for advocates of the standard view to treat them as properties of a certain kind. Then I give a bridge principle between the core notions of belief and belief-about before showing how the resulting view can be implemented in accordance with formal theories of syntax and semantics. I bring out some of the consequences this investigation has beyond our semantic theorizing and conclude, more generally, that any response to the puzzle requires paying some surprising cost or another.
Forecast constraints on anisotropic stress in dark energy using gravitational waves
Authors: Yang Weiqiang , Pan Supriya , Mota David F , Du Minghui 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
It is always interesting to investigate how well can a future experiment perform with respect to others (present or future ones). Cosmology is really an exciting field where a lot of puzzles are still unknown. In this paper, we consider a generalized dark energy (DE) scenario where anisotropic stress is present. We constrain this generalized cosmic scenario with an aim to investigate how gravitational waves standard sirens (GWSS) may constrain the anisotropic stress, which, according to the standard cosmological probes, remains unconstrained. In order to do this, we generate the luminosity distance measurements from $\mathcal {O} (10^3)$ mock GW events that match the expected sensitivity of the Einstein Telescope. Our analyses report that, first of all, GWSS can give better constraints on various cosmological parameters compared to the usual cosmological probes, but the viscous sound speed appearing due to the DE anisotropic stress is totally unconstrained even after the inclusion of GWSS.
Galaxy cold gas contents in modern cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
Authors: Davé Romeel , Crain Robert A , Stevens Adam R H , Narayanan Desika , Saintonge Amelie , Catinella Barbara , Cortese Luca 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a comparison of galaxy atomic and molecular gas properties in three recent cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, namely SIMBA, EAGLE, and IllustrisTNG, versus observations from z ∼ 0 to 2. These simulations all rely on similar subresolution prescriptions to model cold interstellar gas that they cannot represent directly, and qualitatively reproduce the observed z ≈ 0 H i and H2 mass functions (HIMFs and H2MFs, respectively), CO(1–0) luminosity functions (COLFs), and gas scaling relations versus stellar mass, specific star formation rate, and stellar surface density μ*, with some quantitative differences. To compare to the COLF, we apply an H2-to-CO conversion factor to the simulated galaxies based on their average molecular surface density and metallicity, yielding substantial variations in αCO and significant differences between models. Using this, predicted z = 0 COLFs agree better with data than predicted H2MFs. Out to z ∼ 2, EAGLE’s and SIMBA’s HIMFs and COLFs strongly increase, while IllustrisTNG’s HIMF declines and COLF evolves slowly. EAGLE and simba reproduce high-LCO(1–0) galaxies at z ∼ 1–2 as observed, owing partly to a median αCO(z = 2) ∼ 1 versus αCO(z = 0) ∼ 3. Examining H i, H2, and CO scaling relations, their trends with M* are broadly reproduced in all models, but EAGLE yields too little H i in green valley galaxies, IllustrisTNG and SIMBA overproduce cold gas in massive galaxies, and SIMBA overproduces molecular gas in small systems. Using SIMBA variants that exclude individual active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback modules, we find that SIMBA’s AGN jet feedback is primarily responsible by lowering cold gas contents from z ∼ 1 → 0 by suppressing cold gas in $M_*\gtrsim 10^{10}{\rm \,M}_\odot$ galaxies, while X-ray feedback suppresses the formation of high-μ* systems.
Vitrification-induced activation of lysosomal cathepsin B perturbs spindle assembly checkpoint function in mouse oocytes
Authors: Balboula Ahmed Z , Schindler Karen , Kotani Tomoya , Kawahara Manabu , Takahashi Masashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As the age of child-bearing increases and correlates with infertility, cryopreservation of female gametes is becoming common-place in ART. However, the developmental competence of vitrified oocytes has remained low. The underlying mechanisms responsible for reduced oocyte quality post-vitrification are largely unknown. Mouse cumulus–oocyte complexes were vitrified using a cryoloop technique and a mixture of dimethylsulphoxide, ethylene glycol and trehalose as cryoprotectants. Fresh and vitrified/thawed oocytes were compared for chromosome alignment, spindle morphology, kinetochore-microtubule attachments, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and aneuploidy. Although the majority of vitrified oocytes extruded the first polar body (PB), they had a significant increase of chromosome misalignment, abnormal spindle formation and aneuploidy at metaphase II. In contrast to controls, vitrified oocytes extruded the first PB in the presence of nocodazole and etoposide, which should induce metaphase I arrest in a SAC-dependent manner. The fluorescence intensity of mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2), an essential SAC protein, at kinetochores was reduced in vitrified oocytes, indicating that the SAC is weakened after vitrification/thawing. Furthermore, we found that vitrification-associated stress disrupted lysosomal function and stimulated cathepsin B activity, with a subsequent activation of caspase 3. MAD2 localization and SAC function in vitrified oocytes were restored upon treatment with a cathepsin B or a caspase 3 inhibitor. This study was conducted using mouse oocytes, therefore confirming these results in human oocytes is a prerequisite before applying these findings in IVF clinics. Here, we uncovered underlying molecular pathways that contribute to an understanding of how vitrification compromises oocyte quality. Regulating these pathways will be a step toward improving oocyte quality post vitrification and potentially increasing the efficiency of the vitrification program.
Proteome dynamics analysis identifies functional roles of SDE2 and hypoxia in DNA damage response in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Luo Ang , Gong Yao , Kim Hyungjin , Chen Yue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of hypoxia-responsive signaling pathways provides important insights into oxygen- and metabolism-dependent cellular phenotypes in diseases. Using SILAC-based quantitative proteomics, we provided a quantitative map identifying over 6300 protein groups in response to hypoxia in prostate cancer cells and identified both canonical and novel cellular networks dynamically regulated under hypoxia. Particularly, we identified SDE2, a DNA stress response modulator, that was significantly downregulated by hypoxia, independent of HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) transcriptional activity. Mechanistically, hypoxia treatment promoted SDE2 polyubiquitination and degradation. Such regulation is independent of previously identified Arg/N-end rule proteolysis or the ubiquitin E3 ligase, CDT2. Depletion of SDE2 increased cellular sensitivity to DNA damage and inhibited cell proliferation. Interestingly, either SDE2 depletion or hypoxia treatment potentiated DNA damage-induced PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) monoubiquitination, a key step for translesion DNA synthesis. Furthermore, knockdown of SDE2 desensitized, while overexpression of SDE2 protected the hypoxia-mediated regulation of PCNA monoubiquitination upon DNA damage. Taken together, our quantitative proteomics and biochemical study revealed diverse hypoxia-responsive pathways that strongly associated with prostate cancer tumorigenesis and identified the functional roles of SDE2 and hypoxia in regulating DNA damage-induced PCNA monoubiquitination, suggesting a possible link between hypoxic microenvironment and the activation of error-prone DNA repair pathway in tumor cells.
Observations of V404 Cygni during the 2015 outburst by the Nasu telescope array at 1.4 GHz
Authors: Asuma Kuniyuki , Niinuma Kotaro , Takefuji Kazuhiro , Aoki Takahiro , Kida Sumiko , Nakajima Hirochika , Tsubono Kimio , Daishido Tsuneaki 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Waseda University Nasu telescope array is a spatial fast Fourier transform interferometer consisting of eight linearly aligned antennas with 20 m spherical dishes. This type of interferometer was developed to survey transient radio sources with an angular resolution as high as that of a 160 m dish and a field of view as wide as that of a 20 m dish. We have been performing drift-scan-mode observations, in which the telescope scans the sky around a selected declination as the Earth rotates. The black hole X-ray binary V404 Cygni underwent a new outburst in 2015 June after a quiescent period of 26 yr. Because of the interest in black hole binaries, a considerable amount of data on this outburst at all wavelengths was accumulated. Using the above telescope, we had been monitoring V404 Cygni daily from one month before the X-ray outburst, and two radio flares at 1.4 GHz were detected on 2015 June 21.73 and June 26.71. The flux density and timescale of the flares were 313 ± 30 mJy and 1.50 ± 0.49 d, 364 ± 30 mJy and 1.70 ± 0.16 d, respectively. We also confirmed the extreme variation of the radio spectra within a short period by collecting other radio data observed with several radio telescopes. Such spectral behavior is considered to reflect the change in the opacity of the ejected blobs associated with these extreme activities in radio and X-ray. Our 1.4 GHz radio data are expected to be helpful for studying the physics of the accretion and ejection phenomena around black holes.
A Pathology of Sacral Kingship: Putrefaction in the Body of Charles Xi of Sweden
Authors: Sennefelt Karin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article uses the ailing body of King Charles XI of Sweden (1655–97) to explore how the king’s physicality was intimately connected not only with the nature of his kingship, its sacredness and legitimacy, but also with his personal faith. It shows that, while Charles’s body was exceptional in that it was the body of the king, at the same time it was reacting to illness and sin like any other Lutheran body. It also projected the body’s capabilities on a larger scale. In particular, the lethal putrefaction inside his belly came to play an important part in interpreting his kingship. These ideas had an impact that extended from his own stomach pains, via the anxiety of his suffering people, to the ending of absolute rule. By following the analogies that contemporaries drew from the king’s autopsy and his physicians’ notes, from sermons, official proclamations, diaries, weather reports, poetry, correspondence and prophecies, this article uncovers the powerful resemblances that connected Charles’s body with nature, his people, the realm and the divine. In the end it was the gathering of the cosmos into Charles’s body that paved the way for direct criticism of absolutism itself.
Factors determining different death rates because of the COVID-19 outbreak among countries
Authors: Fountoulakis Konstantinos N , Fountoulakis Nikolaos K , Koupidis Sotirios A , Prezerakos Panagiotis E 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, all European countries were hit, but mortality rates were heterogenous. The aim of the current paper was to identify factors responsible for this heterogeneity.

Methods
Data concerning 40 countries were gathered, concerning demographics, vulnerability factors and characteristics of the national response. These variables were tested against the rate of deaths per million in each country. The statistical analysis included Person correlation coefficient and Forward Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis (FSLRA).

Results
The FSLRA results suggested that ‘days since first national death for the implementation of ban of all public events’ was the only variable significantly contributing to the final model, explaining 44% of observed variability.

Discussion
The current study suggests that the crucial factor for the different death rates because of COVID-19 outbreak was the fast implementation of public events ban. This does not necessarily mean that the other measures were useless, especially since most countries implemented all of them as a ‘package’. However, it does imply that this is a possibility and focused research is needed to clarify it, and is in accord with a model of spreading where only a few superspreaders infect large numbers through prolonged exposure.
The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire for Children (SPQ-C): Factor Structure, Child Abuse, and Family History of Schizotypy
Authors: Raine Adrian , Wong Keri Ka-Yee , Liu Jianghong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is a relative dearth of research on features of schizotypal personality in children, in part due to lack of instrumentation. This study tests 5 competing models of the factor structure of the self-report Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire for Children (SPQ-C) and examines its relationship with a family history of schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), child abuse, and stability over time. Hypotheses were tested on 454 11- to 12-year-old schoolchildren and their caregivers. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a 3-factor structure of the SPQ-C (cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized). Test-retest stability was relatively robust over 3 months (r = .67), 6 months (r = .64), and 12 months (r = .55), with acceptable internal reliabilities (r = .84 to .91). Regarding construct validity, children with a biological family history of SPD had higher scores on all 3 factors (d =.51). Abused children had higher schizotypy scores (d = .55). A genetic × environment interaction was observed, with schizotypy highest in those with both a family history of schizotypy and also child abuse. Findings are the first in the child schizotypy field to document a gene × environment interaction and the independence of child abuse from confounding genetic influences. Results support the utility of the SPQ-C in future family and clinical studies of schizotypal personality and provide an avenue for much-needed and neglected research into the early antecedents of child schizotypal personality.
Effect of calcium oxide and soybean hull addition to feedlot diets containing dried distillers grains and corn stover on steer performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility
Authors: Lancaster Nicholas A , Muegge Chris R , Carvalho Jose R R , Lopes Rodrigo C , Narumiya Rafael S , Pinese Fabio , Baird Aubrey Nickie , Schoonmaker Jon P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean hulls (SBH) and/or calcium oxide (CaO) on rumen pH, digestibility, and performance of steers fed diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In experiment 1, Angus × Simmental steers (n = 112, body weight [BW] = 364 ± 7.8 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial and placed in 16 pens (7 steers/pen, 4 pens/treatment, and 28 steers/treatment). Factors were SBH (0% or 30% of diet dry matter [DM]) and CaO (0% or 1%) inclusion. Basal diets contained 20% corn stover, 30% DDGS, and 4% supplement. Diets with SBH contained 14.1% or 15.0% corn and diets without SBH contained 43.9% or 44.8% corn. In experiment two, four steers (BW = 510 ± 9.8 kg) were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin square (21 d periods) to determine the effects of CaO and SBH on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), nutrient digestibility, and digestion kinetics. Statistical analyses were conducted using the MIXED procedure of SAS. In experiment 1, BW did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.46). Overall carcass-adjusted gain did not differ due to SBH or CaO inclusion (P ≥ 0.13); however, there was an interaction (P = 0.01) where CaO improved gain in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Steers fed SBH consumed more DM than steers not fed SBH (P = 0.02) and an interaction tended to occur (P = 0.06) where CaO increased dry matter intake in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Calcium oxide increased hot carcass weight and yield grade (interaction; P ≤ 0.04) and tended to increase fat thickness (interaction; P = 0.08) in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Dressing percentage, longissimus muscle area, % kidney, pelvic, heart fat, and marbling score did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.14). Total VFA concentrations were greater with SBH inclusion and with CaO addition (P &lt; 0.01). Digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was greater with CaO addition (P ≤ 0.04) and NDF and ADF digestibility were greater with SBH inclusion (P &lt; 0.001). Inclusion of SBH did not affect (P ≥ 0.26) rate of digestion (kd) or passage (kp). Addition of CaO tended to increase mean retention time (P = 0.09). An interaction between SBH inclusion and CaO addition occurred for kd (P = 0.01), where CaO increased kd in steers fed SBH, but decreased kd when steers were fed no SBH. Total N excretion tended to be lower with SBH inclusion and CaO addition (P = 0.07). In conclusion, CaO enhances performance of cattle fed corn, DDGS, and corn stover diets, but not when corn is partially replaced by a fiber-based energy feed.
Association Between Provider Engagement, Staff Engagement, and Culture of Safety
Authors: Zallman Leah , Finnegan Karen E. , Todaro Martina , Dallinga Bree , Curtis Joy , Lidman Marcy , Allen Paul , Peterson Denise , Schoonmaker Karen , Sayah Assaad 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
As healthcare organizations seek to improve patient experience, quality, and safety, employee engagement and perceptions of patient safety (POPS) have increasingly become foci of attention. Yet, the relationship between these constructs is poorly understood. We examined the correlation between provider and staff engagement (collectively, “employee engagement”), and between employee engagement and POPS in ambulatory and hospital environments. We found significant correlations between staff engagement and POPS, and between provider engagement and POPS in ambulatory and hospital environments. We also found significant correlation between provider and staff engagement. Although all correlations were weak (correlation coefficients of 0.17–0.47), there were significant increases in POPS with increases in employee engagement (in both ambulatory and hospital environments) and increases in provider engagement with increases in staff engagement. These increases range from 4% to 11% for every 17% increase in staff engagement. These findings suggest that healthcare systems seeking to improve provider engagement, staff engagement, and POPS may find synergistic effects between these efforts in ambulatory and hospital settings.
Comparison of the recurrence rate of 3 treatment modalities for Bowen disease in an aging city
Authors: Mo Young Woong , Lee Dong Lark 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A wide range of therapeutic options are available for the treatment of Bowen disease. However, few studies have been conducted on wide excision using various resurfacing methods. The objectives of this study were:
One hundred forty-eight lesions were studied. All lesions were histopathologically confirmed as Bowen disease. Lesions were classified by anatomical site and treatment modality and their dimensions were measured. Punch biopsy was reperformed when a treated lesion was considered to have possibly recurred. Recurrence rates were then compared. Preoperative and intraoperative photos and follow-up images were also taken.
The most common site of Bowen disease was the head and neck region. Wide excision was found to provide good outcomes with minimal tumor recurrence. Recurrence after cryotherapy occurred relatively quickly (mean 0.2 years, median 0.2 years) while recurrence after wide excision occurred at a mean 2.5 years. Treatment modality was significantly associated with recurrence (P < .05).
The optimal treatment for Bowen disease has not been determined. Wide excision provided lower recurrence than other treatment modalities. Providers should be aware of the multiple treatment options available and select the method most appropriate for each patient. The limitations of our study are that it was retrospectively designed and conducted at a single institution.
Lumbar decompression and lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Yang Li-Hui , Liu Wei , Li Jian , Zhu Wen-Yi , An Li-Kun , Yuan Shuo , Ke Han , Zang Lei 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background:
The goal of this study was to review relevant randomized controlled trials in order to determine the efficacy of decompression and lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis.

Method:
Using appropriate keywords, we identified relevant studies in PubMed, the Cochrane library, and Embase. Key pertinent sources in the literature were also reviewed, and all articles published through July 2019 were considered for inclusion. For each study, we assessed odds ratios, mean difference, and 95% confidence interval to assess and synthesize outcomes.

Result:
Twenty-one randomized controlled trials were eligible for this meta-analysis with a total of 3636 patients. Compared with decompression, decompression and fusion significantly increased length of hospital stay, operative time and estimated blood loss. Compared with fusion, decompression significantly decreased operative time, estimated blood loss and overall visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. Compared with endoscopic decompression, microscopic decompression significantly increased length of hospital stay, and operative time. Compared with traditional surgery, endoscopic discectomy significantly decreased length of hospital stay, operative time, estimated blood loss, and overall VAS scores and increased Japanese Orthopeadic Association score. Compared with TLIF, MIS-TLIF significantly decreased length of hospital stay, and increased operative time and SF-36 physical component summary score. Compared with multi-level decompression and single level fusion, multi-level decompression and multi-level fusion significantly increased operative time, estimated blood loss and SF-36 mental component summary score and decreased Oswestry disability index score. Compared with decompression, decompression with interlaminar stabilization significantly decreased operative time and the score of Zurich claudication questionnaire symptom severity, and increased VAS score.

Conclusion:
Considering the limited number of included studies, we still need larger-sample, high-quality, long-term studies to explore the optimal therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis.