bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Conducting Polymer with Exceptional Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Activity Derived from Barbituric Acid Polycondensation
Authors: Keshavarzi Neda , Cao Shaowen , Antonietti Markus 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA novel covalent, metal‐free, photocatalytic material is prepared by thermal polymerization of barbituric acid (BA). The structure of the photocatalyst is analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and infrared, UV–visible, and 1H solution and 13C solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The photodegradation efficiency of BA thermally polymerized at different temperatures is tested by photocatalytic degradation of aquatic rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible‐light irradiation. It is shown that heating BA at an optimized temperature of 300 °C, that is, still in the range that polymer‐like polycondensation takes place, results in a photocatalyst that can remove RhB with 96% photodegradation efficiency after 70 min exposure to visible light. The polycondensation reaction of BA is identified to process through precipitation of trimer units as primary building blocks. Reference experiments such as addition of scavengers and saturation with oxygen are studied to understand the photodegradation process. It is shown that the presence of triethanolamine, and excess of oxygen and p‐benzoquinone in the solution of RhB and photocatalyst (BA300) is not beneficial, but decreases the photodegradation efficiency.
Magnetic Proximity Effect in Graphene/CrBr3 van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Tang Chaolong , Zhang Zhaowei , Lai Shen , Tan Qinghai , Gao Wei‐bo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract2D van der Waals heterostructures serve as a promising platform to exploit various physical phenomena in a diverse range of novel spintronic device applications. Efficient spin injection is the prerequisite for these devices. The recent discovery of magnetic 2D materials leads to the possibility of fully 2D van der Waals spintronics devices by implementing spin injection through the magnetic proximity effect (MPE). Here, the investigation of MPE in 2D graphene/CrBr3 van der Waals heterostructures is reported, which is probed by the Zeeman spin Hall effect through non‐local measurements. Quantitative estimation of the Zeeman splitting field demonstrates a significant MPE field even in a low magnetic field. Furthermore, the observed anomalous longitudinal resistance changes at the Dirac point RXX,D with increasing magnetic field near ν = 0 may be attributed to the MPE‐induced new ground state phases. This MPE revealed in the graphene/CrBr3 van der Waals heterostructures therefore provides a solid physics basis and key functionality for next‐generation 2D spin logic and memory devices.
A Universal Approach to Aqueous Energy Storage via Ultralow‐Cost Electrolyte with Super‐Concentrated Sugar as Hydrogen‐Bond‐Regulated Solute
Authors: Bi Haibo , Wang Xusheng , Liu Haili , He Yonglin , Wang Weijian , Deng Wenjun , Ma Xinlei , Wang Yushu , Rao Wei , Chai Yuqiao , Ma Hui , Li Rui , Chen Jitao , Wang Yapei , Xue Mianqi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAqueous energy‐storage systems have attracted wide attention due to their advantages such as high security, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the specific chemical properties of water induce the problems of narrow electrochemical stability window, low stability of water–electrode interface reactions, and dissolution of electrode materials and intermediate products. Therefore, new low‐cost aqueous electrolytes with different water chemistry are required. The nature of water depends largely on its hydroxyl‐based hydrogen bonding structure. Therefore, the super‐concentrated hydroxyl‐rich sugar solutions are designed to change the original hydrogen bonding structure of water. The super‐concentrated sugars can reduce the free water molecules and destroy the tetrahedral structure, thus lowering the binding degree of water molecules by breaking the hydrogen bonds. The ionic electrolytes based on super‐concentrated sugars have the expanded electrochemical stability window (up to 2.812 V), wide temperature adaptability (–50 to 80 °C), and fair ionic conductivity (8.536 mS cm−1). Aqueous lithium‐, sodium‐, potassium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors using super‐concentrated sugar‐based electrolytes demonstrate an excellent electrochemical performance. The advantages of ultralow cost and high universality enable a great practical application potential of the super‐concentrated sugar‐based aqueous electrolytes, which can also provide great experimental and theoretical assistance for further research in water chemistry.
An Overall Comprehension of Anti‐Aromatic Porphyrinoids Using 3D‐Graphical Chemical Shielding Description
Authors: Qi Dongdong , Jiang Jianzhuang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA systematic investigation to rank the anti‐aromatic porphyrinoids is performed. Based on density functional theory calculations, four rules are summarized to obtain the highest anti‐aromatic porphyrinoids: 1) the replacement from meso‐C to meso‐(─C≡C─), 2) the replacement from pyrrole unit to inner‐N to inner‐O, 3) the replacement from two opposite meso‐C/N atoms to two pyrrole units, and 4) the replacement from one pyrrole ring to a carbonyl benzene ring. It is worth noting that the long chain with alternating single/double bonds is not beneficial or harmful to the anti‐aromaticity.
It Takes a Village: Utilizing a Community‐based Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship Model at a Regional Medical Campus to Provide the Core Emergency Medicine Clerkship Experience
Authors: Lam Robert , Stickrath Chad 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a required emergency medicine (EM) experience embedded in a new community‐based longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) for participating students and faculty.MethodsWe developed and implemented a community‐based LIC EM experience. The experience included 10 clinical shifts, one emergency medical services prehospital care shift, four didactic sessions, one reflection, and an emergency medicine simulation session. Students’ outcomes were assessed using end‐of‐year surveys, focus groups, an emergency medicine subject examination, simulation performance, and clinical evaluations of the students by faculty. Faculty were recruited, underwent faculty development, and were evaluated by students. Faculty perceptions were gathered from a focus group and faculty retention rates were collected.ResultsThree cohorts of LIC students (total N = 61) have completed their core emergency medicine experience in our community‐based LIC. Among students, 76% to 95% rated the overall quality of teaching as very good or excellent and 66% to 100% rated the quality of learning in their community‐based setting as very good or excellent. All students who passed the EM subject examination achieved the clinical competencies of the experience based on clinical evaluations. Among faculty, we have retained greater than 95% each year and they have reflected positively on their precepting experience.ConclusionsImplementing a required EM experience within a community‐based LIC model can be an effective learning experience for students and perceived positively by community‐based faculty. This model may offer an opportunity to expand clinical learning experiences in EM.
An evaluation of the USDA's policy to reduce listeria illnesses in ready‐to‐eat meat and poultry products
Authors: Minor Travis , Parrett Matt 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUsing 1998–2008 data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, we examine the economic impact of the United States Department of Agriculture's proposed and final rules to reduce the incidence of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in ready‐to‐eat meat and poultry products. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach, we find that these rules together reduced meat‐related Lm illnesses by about 60 per year, which we attribute to reductions in both the number and average size of meat‐related Lm outbreaks. We then monetize this illness reduction using an underreporting and underdiagnosis multiplier of 2.3 and an estimate of the mean cost of a Lm illness of $1.5 million and find that these rules generated about $208 million per year in cost savings, which compares favorably to the rules’ estimated annual cost of roughly $22 million. [EconLit citations: I18, Q18].
Individual behavioral differences and health of golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)
Authors: Costa Thaise S. O. , Nogueira‐Filho Sérgio L. G. , De Vleeschouwer Kristel M. , Oliveira Leonardo C. , de Sousa Maria Bernardete C. , Mendl Michael , Catenacci Lilian S. , Nogueira Selene S. C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIndividual behavioral differences may influence how animals cope with altered environments. Depending on their behavioral traits, individuals may thus vary in how their health is affected by environmental conditions. We investigated the relationship between individual behavior of free‐living golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) responding to a novel object (to assess exploration‐avoidance), and their habitat use and health status (endoparasitism; clinical measures: biometric data, heart rate, respiratory frequency, and temperature; fecal glucocorticoid metabolites). As parasite transmission can be affected by individual variation in social contact and social grooming, we also evaluated whether more sociable individuals show higher endoparasite loads compared with less sociable animals. Four groups living in landscapes with different levels of human disturbance were investigated: two in degraded forest fragments in an agricultural matrix (DFAM—higher disturbance), and two in a cocoa agroforestry system (cabruca—lower disturbance) in the Atlantic forest of South Bahia, Brazil. Using a subjective ratings approach, highly correlated adjective descriptors were combined to producez‐score ratings of one derived variable (“confidence”), which was selected to characterize the tamarins’ exploration/avoidance responses during a novel object test. The higher the confidence score, the longer female tamarins spent foraging for prey independent of landscape, and the greater their body mass independent of sex and landscape. Only DFAM individuals showed intestinal parasite infection. Endoparasite loads were positively correlated with the number of grooming partners, suggesting an association between social grooming and transmission (more groomers = more endoparasites). Individual behavior, including in a test situation, may thus have some predictive value for behavior in a free‐living context, and for its health consequences.
Ring Expansion to 6‐, 7‐, and 8‐Membered Benzosilacycles through Strain‐Release Silicon‐Based Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Qin Ying , Han Jie‐Lian , Ju Cheng‐Wei , Zhao Dongbing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe synthesis of silacycles is highly appealing due to their important applications in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials chemistry. However, sila‐tetralins and sila‐benzosuberanes are surprisingly under‐represented due to a lack of general methods to access these compounds. We successfully developed a Pd‐catalyzed strain‐release silicon‐based cross‐coupling as an unprecedented ring‐expansion method, which constitutes a general route for preparing diverse sila‐tetralins and sila‐benzosuberanes.
The Effectiveness of Four Intervention Methods for Preventing Inadvertent Perioperative Hypothermia During Total Knee or Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Nordgren Marie , Hernborg Olof , Hamberg Åke , Sandström Erik , Larsson Göran , Söderström Lars 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTInadvertent perioperative hypothermia (IPH) occurs when a patient experiences a core temperature below 36° C (96.8° F) in perioperative settings and is a preventable risk factor for anesthesia‐ and surgery‐related complications. Forced‐air warming is an effective method to maintain normothermia. This study compared four interventions for preventing IPH for 120 patients undergoing primary elective unilateral total knee or total hip arthroplasty. The study was based on a time series nonequivalent comparison group design to investigate whether the incidence of IPH differed among treatment groups. We also sought to determine whether the patients’ preoperative perceptions of warmth or cold correlated with core body temperatures. Patients receiving convective warming and prewarming appeared to experience fewer IPH events than patients in the other study groups. This study suggests that hypothermia is a common issue for patients undergoing total knee or total hip arthroplasty and that it may be possible to reduce its frequency.
Neuroinflammatory Gene Expression Alterations in Anterior Cingulate Cortical White and Gray Matter of Males With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Sciara Aubrey N. , Beasley Brooke , Crawford Jessica D. , Anderson Emma P. , Carrasco Tiffani , Zheng Shimin , Ordway Gregory A. , Chandley Michelle J. 
Published: March 2020

Evidence for putative pathophysiological mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including peripheral inflammation, blood–brain barrier disruption, white matter alterations, and abnormal synaptic overgrowth, indicate a possible involvement of neuroinflammation in the disorder. Neuroinflammation plays a role in the development and maintenance of the dendritic spines involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, and also influences blood–brain permeability. Cytokines released from microglia can impact the length, location or organization of dendritic spines on excitatory and inhibitory cells as well as recruit and impact glial cell function around the neurons. In this study, gene expression levels of anti‐ and pro‐inflammatory signaling molecules, as well as oligodendrocyte and astrocyte marker proteins, were measured in both gray and white matter tissue in the anterior cingulate cortex from ASD and age‐matched typically developing (TD) control brain donors, ranging from ages 4 to 37 years. Expression levels of the pro‐inflammatory gene, HLA‐DR, were significantly reduced in gray matter and expression levels of the anti‐inflammatory gene MRC1 were significantly elevated in white matter from ASD donors as compared to TD donors, but neither retained statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. Modest trends toward differences in expression levels were also observed for the pro‐inflammatory (CD68, IL1β) and anti‐inflammatory genes (IGF1, IGF1R) comparing ASD donors to TD donors. The direction of gene expression changes comparing ASD to TD donors did not reveal consistent findings implicating an elevated pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory state in ASD. However, altered expression of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory gene expression indicates some involvement of neuroinflammation in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 870‐884. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLCLay SummaryThe anterior cingulate cortex is an integral brain region in modulating social behaviors including nonverbal communication. The study found that inflammatory gene expression levels were altered in this brain region. We hypothesize that the inflammatory changes in this area could impact neuronal function. The finding has future implications in using these molecular markers to identify potential environmental exposures and distinct cell differences in autism.
Adding Value to a Field‐Based Course with a Science Communication Module on Local Perceptions of Climate Change
Authors: Patrick Lorelei , Thompson Seth , Halbritter Aud H. , Enquist Brian J. , Vandvik Vigdis , Cotner Sehoya 
Published: March 2020

AbstractField courses, while generally considered as beneficial for students, are challenging to implement and can lead to strained relationships between local residents and visiting scientists. Thus, it is critical to both maximize the educational value of field courses and help students develop contextualized science communication skills. We report on the development of a science communication module, integrated into an existing field‐based ecology course, which aims to add value to an international field course enrolling students from multiple countries. Specifically, students surveyed local residents about their knowledge and perceptions of climate change, and then discussed their findings.
Do Smartphones Create a Coordination Problem for Face‐to‐Face Interaction? Leveraging Game Theory to Understand and Solve the Smartphone Dilemma
Authors: Aktipis Athena , Whitaker Roger , Ayers Jessica D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSmartphone use changes the landscape of social interactions, including introducing new social dilemmas to daily life. The challenge of putting down one's smartphone is an example of a classic coordination problem from game theory: the stag hunt game. In a stag hunt game, there are two possible coordination points, one that involves big payoffs for both partners (e.g., working together to hunt large game like stag) and one that involves smaller payoffs for both partners (e.g., individually hunting small game like rabbits) but is safer because it does not require that your partner choose that option as well. This is similar to the challenges of putting down smartphones to have a face‐to‐face interaction: you and your interaction partner might both prefer the higher payoff option of having a face‐to‐face interaction, but neither of you wants to put down your phone and risk not having anything to do in the meantime. It is also discussed how new technological innovations are changing the payoffs of face‐to‐face conversation versus side‐by‐side smartphone scrolling. Insights that come from applying game theory to this “social media dilemma” are discussed here and potential solutions that come out of a game theoretic analysis are offered. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/9esL578zM‐E
Efficacy evaluation of personalized coaptation in neurotization for motor deficit after peripheral nerve injury: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qian TengDa , Qian Kai , Xu TuoYe , Shi Jing , Ma Tao , Song ZeWu , Xu ChengMing , Li LiXin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionPeripheral neurotization, recently as a promising approach, has taken effect in recovering motor function after damage to a peripheral nerve root. Neural anastomosis comprised of nerve conduit and neurorrhaphy participates in the nerve reconstruction. Current literature lacks evidence supporting an individualized coaptation for rescue of locomotor loss in rat subjects with paraplegia secondary to peripheral nerve injury (PNI).MethodsThis meta‐analysis intends to qualify the specificity of gap‐specific coaptation in treating a paralyzed limb following PNI. We used a highly sensitive search strategy to identify all published studies in multiple databases up to 1 May 2019. All identified trials were systematically evaluated using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cochrane methodology was also applied to the results of this study.ResultsTwelve studies, including 349 rat subjects, met eligibility criteria. For a medium nerve defect (0.5–3.0 cm), nerve conduit was more likely than neurorrhaphy to precipitate axon regeneration and improve motor outcome of the hemiplegic limb (OR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.80, 7.26, p < .0003) at 3‐month follow‐up, whereas neurorrhaphy might take its place in promoting limb motor function in a small nerve gap (<0.5 cm) (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.22, 1.07, p < .007). For a small nerve defect, nerve conduit still demonstrated visible effectiveness in recovery of limb motion albeit poorer than neurorrhaphy (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.92, 2.47, p < .05).ConclusionSelective neurotization facilitates motor regeneration after nerve transection, and advisable choice of neural coaptation can maximize functional outcome on an individual basis.
Spatial access to primary care providers and colorectal cancer‐specific survival in Cook County, Illinois
Authors: Freeman Vincent L. , Naylor Keith B. , Boylan Emma E. , Booth Benjamin J. , Pugach Oksana , Barrett Richard E. , Campbell Richard T. , McLafferty Sara L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundSpatial access to primary care has been associated with late‐stage and fatal breast cancer, but less is known about its relation to outcomes of other screening‐preventable cancers such as colorectal cancer. This population‐based retrospective cohort study examined whether spatial access to primary care providers associates with colorectal cancer‐specific survival.MethodsApproximately 26 600 incident colorectal cancers diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 in adults residing in Cook County, Illinois were identified through the state cancer registry and georeferenced to the census tract of residence at diagnosis. An enhanced two‐step floating catchment area method measured tract‐level access to primary care physicians (PCPs) in the year of diagnosis using practice locations obtained from the American Medical Association. Vital status and underlying cause of death were determined using the National Death Index. Fine‐Gray proportional subdistribution hazard models analyzed the association between tract‐level PCP access scores and colorectal cancer‐specific survival after accounting for tract‐level socioeconomic status, case demographics, tumor characteristics, and other factors.ResultsIncreased tract‐level access to PCPs was associated with a lower risk of death from colorectal cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI]) = 0.87 [0.79, 0.96], P = .008, highest vs lowest quintile), especially among persons diagnosed with regional‐stage tumors (HR, 95% CI = 0.80 [0.69, 0.93], P = .004, highest vs lowest quintile).ConclusionsSpatial access to primary care providers is a predictor of colorectal cancer‐specific survival in Cook County, Illinois. Future research is needed to determine which areas within the cancer care continuum are most affected by spatial accessibility to primary care such as referral for screening, accessibility of screening and diagnostic testing, referral for treatment, and access to appropriate survivorship‐related care.
Mutual regulation between butyrate and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α in epithelial cell promotes expression of tight junction proteins
Authors: Yin Jiuheng , Zhou Chao , Yang Kunqiu , Ren Yanbei , Qiu Yuan , Xu Pengyuan , Xiao Weidong , Yang Hua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease is a kind of multi‐aetiological chronic disease that is driven by multidimensional factors. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) plays an important role in anti‐inflammatory and cellular responses to hypoxia. Previous studies have found that B or T‐cell‐specific HIF‐1α knock out mice exhibit severe colonic inflammation. However, we know very little about other functions of HIF‐1α in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In our study, HIF‐1αΔIEC mice were used to study the function of HIF‐1α in IECs. HIF‐1α was knocked down in Caco‐2 cells by transfection with a small interfering (si) RNA. Immunohistochemical staining and western blotting were used to detect the expression of zonula occluden‐1 (ZO‐1) and Occludin. The content of colon was harvested for high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis to examine the levels of butyrate in the gut. Our research found that HIF‐1α played a protective role in dextran sulphate sodium‐induced colitis, which was partly due to its regulation of tight junction (TJ) protein expression. Further study revealed that HIF‐1α mediated TJ proteins levels by moderating the content of butyrate. Moreover, we found that butyrate regulated TJ protein expression, which is dependent on HIF‐1α. These results indicated that there is a mutual regulatory mechanism between butyrate and HIF‐1α, which has an important role in the maintenance of barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract.