bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution and aggregation of Xenobalanus globicipitis on the flukes of striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba: An indicator of host hydrodynamics?
Authors: Moreno‐Colom Patricia , Ten Sofía , Raga Juan Antonio , Aznar Francisco Javier 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe analyzed patterns of aggregation and spatial distribution of the epizoic barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis on the flukes of Mediterranean striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, assessing its potential use as an indicator of the host's hydrodynamics based on data from 55 dolphins. Barnacles occurred along the trailing edge with the cirri oriented towards the oncoming flow. Nearest neighbor analyses suggested that new recruits actively seek placement next to already settled barnacles, forming aggregations possibly to facilitate copulation. The probability of spanwise settlement strongly increased with fluke width (presumably enabling prolonged leading‐edge vorticity), and with chordwise length where pressure is predicted to be positive. Consequently, clustering tended to increase nonlinearly towards the fluke notch. Furthermore, it was three times more likely for barnacles to occur on the dorsal vs. ventral side of flukes, at an average abundance ca. 12 times higher. This difference could result from a host's asymmetric oscillation of the tail, which would alter leading‐edge vorticity, and/or an interaction between the wake produced by the dorsal fin and the flow associated with flukes. Both processes could primarily enhance cyprid contact and/or attachment on the dorsal side. This study offers a starting point for future comparison with other cetaceans.
Acquisition of skin characteristics by Monte Carlo modeling and evolutionary setting of parameters
Authors: Cantú Rodríguez José Mario , Puente Ramírez Norma Patricia , Montes Tapia Fernando Félix , Torres Treviño Luis Martín 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn this paper, we present the intelligent system to characterize optically human skin; our proposal is a non‐invasive way to obtain some parameters of the skin such as the concentration of hemoglobin, water percentages, and thickness of the layers of the skin.Material and methodsTo achieve the objective of this work, we used an experimental technique called diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry and numerical calculations, such as the Monte Carlo method and the evolutionary algorithm Evonorm.ResultsFive case studies were performed. In the first two cases with the Monte Carlo method, a simulated diffuse reflectance was obtained with proposed parameters in order to compare the parameters obtained by the evolutionary algorithm and the proposed parameters. In the rest of the cases, an experimental diffuse reflectance obtained from volunteers was used.ConclusionsNumerical modeling was presented to non‐invasively detect some parameters of the skin such as hemoglobin concentration, water percentages, and the thickness of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It was proposed to use evolutionary algorithms for being robust methods for the optimization of complex problems with a reasonable computational cost.
First-line oxygen therapy with high-flow in bronchiolitis is not cost saving for the health service
Authors: Gc Vijay S , Franklin Donna , Whitty Jennifer A , Dalziel Stuart R , Babl Franz E , Schlapbach Luregn J , Fraser John F , Craig Simon , Neutze Jocelyn , Oakley Ed , Schibler Andreas 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundBronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospital admission in infants. High-flow oxygen therapy has emerged as a new treatment; however, the cost-effectiveness of using it as first-line therapy is unknown.ObjectiveTo compare the cost of providing high-flow therapy as a first-line therapy compared with rescue therapy after failure of standard oxygen in the management of bronchiolitis.MethodsA within-trial economic evaluation from the health service perspective using data from a multicentre randomised controlled trial for hypoxic infants (≤12 months) admitted to hospital with bronchiolitis in Australia and New Zealand. Intervention costs, length of hospital and intensive care stay and associated costs were compared for infants who received first-line treatment with high-flow therapy (early high-flow, n=739) or for infants who received standard oxygen and optional rescue high-flow (rescue high-flow, n=733). Costs were applied using Australian costing sources and are reported in 2016–2017 AU$.ResultsThe incremental cost to avoid one treatment failure was AU$1778 (95% credible interval (CrI) 207 to 7096). Mean cost of bronchiolitis treatment including intervention costs and costs associated with length of stay was AU$420 (95% CrI −176 to 1002) higher per infant in the early high-flow group compared with the rescue high-flow group. There was an 8% (95% CrI 7.5 to 8.6) likelihood of the early high-flow oxygen therapy being cost saving.ConclusionsThe use of high-flow oxygen as initial therapy for respiratory failure in infants with bronchiolitis is unlikely to be cost saving to the health system, compared with standard oxygen therapy with rescue high-flow.
Intraocular pressure changes following topical ocular hypotensive medications washout
Authors: Ho Henrietta , Daas Arij , Ho Jason , Alaghband Pouya , Galvis Elizabeth Angela , de Antonio Ramirez Alba , Grassi Piergiacomo , Lim Rongxuan , Lim Kin Sheng 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundTo review the changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) following topical hypotensive medications washout in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), ocular hypertension (OHT) and uveitic glaucoma (UG)/OHT.MethodsThe study included 120 patients with POAG, OHT and UG recruited from prospective clinical trials between February 2013 and July 2017. We excluded 20 eyes with IOP of ≤21 mm Hg, 11 eyes with previous incisional surgery and 17 eyes with incomplete data. UG eyes with active inflammation and on steroid treatment were excluded. Participants underwent a 1-month washout period from topical ocular hypotensive medications before IOP phasing. Comparisons were made between pre/post-washout IOP, and highest-recorded (peak) and post-washout IOP.ResultsA total of 110 eyes with POAG, 33 eyes with OHT and 43 eyes with UG were included for analysis. The mean pre-washout IOP was 18.1±3.3 mm Hg in POAG, 18.8±3.3 mm Hg in OHT and 17.9±8.8 mm Hg in UG; the mean post-washout IOP was 26.6±4.8 mm Hg, 26.4±3.9 mm Hg, 23.1±10.1 mm Hg in POAG, OHT and UG, respectively. The mean increase in IOP after washout was significantly lower in UG compared with POAG and OHT eyes (p=0.01). The percentage of eyes with post-washout IOP <22 mm Hg was 12.7% in POAG, 6.1% in OHT and 51.2% in UG.ConclusionActive inflammation and steroid treatment contributes to elevated IOP in uveitis. Therefore, IOP may revert to normal once inflammation subsides. We recommend ocular hypotensive treatment washout to be considered in UG eyes that have IOP under control in the absence of recurrence of uveitis.
Estimating the incidence of abortion: using the Abortion Incidence Complications Methodology in Ghana, 2017
Authors: Polis Chelsea B , Castillo Philicia W , Otupiri Easmon , Keogh Sarah C , Hussain Rubina , Nakua Emmanuel K. , Larsen-Reindorf Roderick , Bell Suzanne O 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionInduced abortion is legally permitted in Ghana under specific conditions, but access to services that meet guidelines approved by government is limited. As part of a larger project comparing five methodologies to estimate abortion incidence, we implemented an indirect estimation approach: the Abortion Incidence Complications Methodology (AICM), to understand the incidence of abortion in Ghana in 2017.MethodsWe drew a nationally representative, two-stage, stratified sample of health facilities. We used information from 539 responding facilities to estimate treated complications stemming from illegal induced abortions, and to estimate the number of legal abortions provided. We used information from 146 knowledgeable informants to generate zonal multipliers representing the inverse of the proportion of illegal induced abortions treated for complications in facilities in Ghana’s three ecological zones. We applied multipliers to estimates of treated complications from illegal abortions, and added legal abortions to obtain an annual estimate of all induced abortions.ResultsThe AICM approach suggests that approximately 200 000 abortions occurred in Ghana in 2017, corresponding to a national abortion rate of 26.8 (95% CI 21.7 to 31.9) per 1000 women 15–49. Abortion rates were lowest in the Northern zone (18.6) and highest in the Middle zone (30.4). Of all abortions, 71% were illegal.ConclusionDespite Ghana’s relatively liberal abortion law and efforts to expand access to safe abortion services, illegal induced abortion appears common. A concurrently published paper compares the AICM-derived estimates presented in this paper to those from other methodological approaches.
Efficacy of psychological therapies for irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Black Christopher J , Thakur Elyse R , Houghton Lesley A , Quigley Eamonn M M , Moayyedi Paul , Ford Alexander C 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesNational guidelines for the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) recommend that psychological therapies should be considered, but their relative efficacy is unknown, because there have been few head-to-head trials. We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to try to resolve this uncertainty.DesignWe searched the medical literature through January 2020 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing efficacy of psychological therapies for adults with IBS, compared with each other, or a control intervention. Trials reported a dichotomous assessment of symptom status after completion of therapy. We pooled data using a random effects model. Efficacy was reported as a pooled relative risk (RR) of remaining symptomatic, with a 95% CI to summarise efficacy of each comparison tested, and ranked by therapy according to P score.ResultsWe identified 41 eligible RCTs, containing 4072 participants. After completion of therapy, the psychological interventions with the largest numbers of trials, and patients recruited, demonstrating efficacy included self-administered or minimal contact cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.83, P score 0.66), face-to-face CBT (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.80, P score 0.65) and gut-directed hypnotherapy (RR 0.67; 95% CI 0.49 to 0.91, P score 0.57). After completion of therapy, among trials recruiting only patients with refractory symptoms, group CBT and gut-directed hypnotherapy were more efficacious than either education and/or support or routine care, and CBT via the telephone, contingency management, CBT via the internet and dynamic psychotherapy were all superior to routine care. Risk of bias of trials was high, with evidence of funnel plot asymmetry; the efficacy of psychological therapies is therefore likely to have been overestimated.ConclusionsSeveral psychological therapies are efficacious for IBS, although none were superior to another. CBT-based interventions and gut-directed hypnotherapy had the largest evidence base and were the most efficacious long term.Trial registration numberThe study protocol was published on the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number CRD 42020163246).
Tobacco imagery in on-demand streaming content popular among adolescents and young adults in India: implications for global tobacco control
Authors: Arora Monika , Nazar Gaurang P , Chugh Aastha , Rawal Tina , Shrivastava Surbhi , Sinha Praveen , Munish Vineet Gill , Tullu Fikru Tesfaye , Schotte Kerstin , Polansky Jonathan R , Glantz Stanton 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundIndia implemented tobacco-free film and TV rules (Rules) to protect adolescents and young adults from tobacco exposure.ObjectiveTo assess tobacco imagery in online series popular among adolescents and young adults.MethodsTen popular online series on streaming platforms were identified after discussions with participants (aged 15–24 years) in New Delhi, and content-coded for tobacco imagery following the Breathe California protocol. Incidents of tobacco use and brand appearances in each series episode were counted, and compliance with Indian Rules was recorded.Results188 episodes across 10 series on Netflix and Amazon Prime Video were coded. Seven series were rated age 16+, two were 18+ and one was 13+. The median number of tobacco incidents per episode in foreign productions was as follows: Amazon’s ‘The Marvellous Mrs Maisel’ (87.5, IQR 62.0–116.0) and Netflix’s ‘The Crown’ (29.0, 18.0–36.0) were higher than Indian productions: Netflix’s ‘Sacred Games’ (9.0, 0.5–14.5) and Amazon’s ‘Mirzapur’ (7.0, 4.0–11.0) (p=0.84). Tobacco incidents per hour ranged from 0 (Bodyguard, Riverdale, 13 Reasons Why) to 106.1 (The Marvellous Mrs Maisel). Seven of 10 series had tobacco imagery and none were compliant with the Rules.ConclusionContrary to Section 5 of India’s Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act, its Rules are not being complied with by the streaming platforms. US-produced streaming media contains more tobacco incidents than Indian-produced media. There is an urgent need for better enforcement of existing Rules on streaming platforms in India, and modernisation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Article 13 guidelines to account for new streaming platforms to protect youth from tobacco imagery globally.
Acute, fulminant hepatic and renal failure and subsequent death following Amanita phalloides ingestion in a 4‐month‐old puppy
Authors: Amorim Catarina 
Published: April 2020

This report documents a case of intoxication and subsequent death following ingestion of Amanita phalloides occurring in a 4‐month‐old cocker spaniel. The patient presented for investigation of acute vomiting, icterus and progressive obtundation. Clinical history identified exposure and ingestion of mushrooms on the day of presentation. Serum biochemistry revealed marked hypoglycaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia, increased serum alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase activity. Within 24 hours, the patient’s mentation worsened and anuria was identified. Serial biochemistry analysis revealed worsening of hepatic parameters and impaired renal function. Mushrooms provided by the owner were later identified as A phalloides species by a fungal expert. Based on the patient’s clinical presentation and diagnostic investigations, the presumptive diagnosis was acute hepatic and renal failure following mushroom ingestion. Unfortunately, death occurred within 36 hours despite aggressive therapeutic measures.
Ocean Governance and Hybridity
Authors: Reinke de Buitrago Sybille , Schneider Patricia 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In interstate and international interaction, norm breaking is a frequent occurrence and cause of conflict. This article discusses how to deal with such behavior when it occurs in maritime space. The particularities of distinct maritime spaces and their level of regulation provide distinct opportunities. States may then take a hybrid approach by taking into account international law in more regulated areas, but seeking alternatives in less regulated ones. To discourage norm breaking and to promote cooperative approaches toward shared challenges in maritime space, stronger ocean governance that considers hybridity seems important. The article discusses these aspects in the three cases of the Arctic, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean and derives first lessons for strengthened ocean governance.
Cambial phenology in Abies pindrow (Pinaceae) along an altitudinal gradient in northwestern Himalaya
Authors: Malik Rayees , Rossi Sergio , Sukumar Raman 
Published: April 2020

AbstractClimate change is expected to be heterogeneous across the world, with high impacts on the Himalayan ecosystems. There is a need to precisely document cambial phenology and wood formation in these regions to better understand climate-growth relationships and how trees face a warming climate. This study describes the dynamics of cambial phenology in pindrow fir (Abies pindrow) along its altitudinal gradient in the Himalaya. The stages of xylem phenology, and the duration and rate of wood formation were assessed from anatomical observations during the growing season from samples collected weekly from three sites at various altitudes (2392–2965 m a.s.l.) over two years. There were significant differences in the duration and rate of cell formation along the altitudinal gradient, which decreased at increasing altitudes. The growing season duration decreased by 5.2 and 3.7 days every 100 m of increase in altitude in 2014 and 2015, respectively, while the rate of cell formation decreased from 0.38 and 0.44 cells /day to 0.29 and 0.34 cells/day in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Cell production decreased from 63.3 and 67.0 cells to 38.3 and 45.2 cells with a decrease of 4.3 and 3.8 cells per 100 m increase in altitude in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The higher precipitation in 2015 increased the growth rate and resulted in a higher xylem production. Our findings give new insights into the dynamics of cambial phenology and help in better understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on tree growth and forest productivity of Himalayan forests.
Challenging the selection for consistency in the rank of endurance competitions
Authors: Cervantes Isabel , Bodin Loys , Valera Mercedes , Molina Antonio , Gutiérrez Juan Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Control of the environmental variability by genetic selection offers possibilities for new selection objectives for productive traits. This methodology aims at reducing heterogeneity in productive traits and has been applied to several traits and species for which animal homogeneity is profitable. In horse breeding programmes, rank in competitions is a common selection objective but has been challenging to model. In this study, the parameters of environmental variability for the rank of a horse were computed to analyse the capability of a horse to maintain the best ranking across competitions that consist of long-distance races in which the adapted physical condition of the horse is essential. The genetic component of the environmental variance for the rank in endurance competitions was evaluated, which resulted in proposing a new transformation of horse scores in competitions.

Results
Homogeneous and heterogeneous variance models were compared by assaying three random effects that affect both the rank and its variability, using endurance ride data consisting of 2863 records. The pedigree relationship matrix contained 5931 animals. The rank trait was transformed into a normalized variable to prevent false estimates of the genetic correlation by inappropriate artificial skewness. The models included the number of participants in the race, sex, and age as systematic effects. The rider, the rider-horse interaction, or an environmental permanent effect were tested as random effects, in addition to additive genetic and residual effects. The models were analysed using the GSEVM program. Estimates of heritability for rank ranged from 0.12 to 0.15. The heterogeneous variance model that fitted the rider was assessed as the best model based on the deviance information criterion. Estimates of genetic variance for rank variability ranged from 0.12 to 0.13. The genetic correlation between the rank and its environmental variability was low and did not differ from 0.

Conclusions
These results offer an opportunity to select animals for canalization by reducing the variability of race results and achieving the best positions, which could be a new selection objective by weighting estimated breeding values for rank and its variability in a selection index.
Heart rate n-variability (HRnV) and its application to risk stratification of chest pain patients in the emergency department
Authors: Liu Nan , Guo Dagang , Koh Zhi Xiong , Ho Andrew Fu Wah , Xie Feng , Tagami Takashi , Sakamoto Jeffrey Tadashi , Pek Pin Pin , Chakraborty Bibhas , Lim Swee Han , Tan Jack Wei Chieh , Ong Marcus Eng Hock 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Chest pain is one of the most common complaints among patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Causes of chest pain can be benign or life threatening, making accurate risk stratification a critical issue in the ED. In addition to the use of established clinical scores, prior studies have attempted to create predictive models with heart rate variability (HRV). In this study, we proposed heart rate n-variability (HRnV), an alternative representation of beat-to-beat variation in electrocardiogram (ECG), and investigated its association with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in ED patients with chest pain.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected from the ED of a tertiary hospital in Singapore between September 2010 and July 2015. Patients > 20 years old who presented to the ED with chief complaint of chest pain were conveniently recruited. Five to six-minute single-lead ECGs, demographics, medical history, troponin, and other required variables were collected. We developed the HRnV-Calc software to calculate HRnV parameters. The primary outcome was 30-day MACE, which included all-cause death, acute myocardial infarction, and revascularization. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between individual risk factors and the outcome. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to compare the HRnV model (based on leave-one-out cross-validation) against other clinical scores in predicting 30-day MACE.

Results
A total of 795 patients were included in the analysis, of which 247 (31%) had MACE within 30 days. The MACE group was older, with a higher proportion being male patients. Twenty-one conventional HRV and 115 HRnV parameters were calculated. In univariable analysis, eleven HRV and 48 HRnV parameters were significantly associated with 30-day MACE. The multivariable stepwise logistic regression identified 16 predictors that were strongly associated with MACE outcome; these predictors consisted of one HRV, seven HRnV parameters, troponin, ST segment changes, and several other factors. The HRnV model outperformed several clinical scores in the ROC analysis.

Conclusions
The novel HRnV representation demonstrated its value of augmenting HRV and traditional risk factors in designing a robust risk stratification tool for patients with chest pain in the ED.