bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Antibody Recognition of H3N2 Vaccine and Seasonal Influenza Virus Strains Based on Age, Vaccine Status, and Sex in the 2017–2018 Season
Authors: Ursin Rebecca L , Liu Hsuan , Powell Harrison R , Westerbeck Jason W , Shaw-Saliba Kathryn , Sylvia Kristyn E , Fenstermacher Katherine J , Mehoke Tom , Thielen Peter , Rothman Richard E , Pekosz Andrew , Klein Sabra L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
An antigenic mismatch between the vaccine and circulating H3N2 strains was hypothesized to contribute to the severity of the 2017–2018 season in North America.

Methods
Serum and nasal washes were collected from influenza positive and negative patients during the 2017–2018 season to determine neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers and for influenza virus sequencing, respectively.

Results
The circulating and vaccine H3N2 virus strains were different clades, with the vaccine strain being clade 3C.2a and the circulating viruses being 3C.2a2 or 3C.3a. At enrollment, both the H3N2 negative and positive patients had greater nAb titers to the egg-adapted vaccine virus compared to the cell-grown vaccine but the H3N2-negative population had significantly greater titers to the circulating 3C.2a2. Among H3N2-positive patients, vaccination, younger age, and female sex were associated with greater nAb responses to the egg-adapted vaccine H3N2 virus but not to the cell-grown vaccine or circulating viruses.

Conclusions
For the 2017–2018 circulating viruses, mutations introduced by egg adaptation decreased vaccine efficacy. No increased protection was afforded by vaccination, younger age, or female sex against 2017–2018 circulating H3N2 viruses.
Where We At? New Directions for Research on Popular Culture and World Politics
Authors: Crilley Rhys 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA decade ago, scholars of international relations articulated a research agenda for the study of popular culture and world politics (PCWP), and since then a burgeoning literature has grown in this area. This article critically reflects on the research agenda put forward by Grayson, Davies, and Philpott and explores how recent scholarship has furthered the study of PCWP. In doing so, this article identifies four limitations of current research and suggests that if PCWP scholarship is to remain committed to understanding how power, identities, ideologies, and actions are made commonsense and legitimate, while also problematizing global inequalities and injustices, then it needs to pay greater attention to the analysis of four areas. These are (1) race, colonialism, and intersectionality in PCWP; (2) the impact of digital technology on PCWP; (3) the audience interpretation of PCWP; and (4) practices of making and producing PCWP.
Impact of duration of antibiotic therapy in central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection due to Gram-negative bacilli
Authors: Ruiz-Ruigómez María , Fernández-Ruiz Mario , San-Juan Rafael , López-Medrano Francisco , Orellana María Ángeles , Corbella Laura , Rodríguez-Goncer Isabel , Hernández Jiménez Pilar , Aguado José María 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundA progressive increase in the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) due to Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) has been reported. Current guidelines recommend antibiotic treatment for at least 7–14 days, although the supporting evidence is limited.MethodsWe performed a retrospective single-centre study including all patients with a definite diagnosis of GNB CRBSI from January 2012 to October 2018 in which the central venous catheter (CVC) was removed. The occurrence of therapeutic failure [clinical failure (persistence of symptoms and laboratory signs of infection), microbiological failure (persistent bacteraemia or relapse) and/or all-cause 30 day mortality] was compared between episodes receiving short [≤7 days (SC)] or long courses [&gt;7 days (LC)] of appropriate antibiotic therapy following CVC removal.ResultsWe included 54 GNB CRBSI episodes with an overall rate of therapeutic failure of 27.8% (15/54). Episodes receiving SC therapy were more frequently due to MDR GNB [60.9% (14/23) versus 34.5% (10/29); P = 0.058] and had higher Pitt scores [median (IQR) 1 (0–4) versus 0 (0–2); P = 0.086]. There were no significant differences in the rate of therapeutic failure between episodes treated with SC or LC therapy [30.4% (7/23) versus 27.6% (8/29); OR 1.15; 95% CI 0.34–3.83; P = 0.822]. The use of SCs was not associated with increased odds of therapeutic failure in any of the exploratory models performed.ConclusionsThe administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy for ≤7 days may be as safe and effective as longer courses in episodes of GNB CRBSI once the CVC has been removed.
A Comparison of Four 3-Axis-Accelerometers for Monitoring Hospital Pneumatic Tube Systems
Authors: Franks Caroline E , Krekeler James A , Gronowski Ann M , Farnsworth Christopher W 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Validation of hospital pneumatic tube systems (PTS) is recommended to predict and prevent errors caused by sample hemolysis. 3-Axis accelerometer dataloggers have been successfully implemented as tools for PTS validation, but the most suitable device for such validation has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of four commercially available 3-axis accelerometers for PTS validation.

Methods
PCE-VD3 (PCE), CEM DT-178A (CEM), Extech VB300 (EXT), and MSR 145 (MSR) dataloggers were placed into a single PTS carrier and repeatedly transported through one of three PTS routes. The number and magnitude of accelerations within each PTS route was collected by each device. Deming regression analysis was used to compare device performance.

Results
The MSR datalogger captured the greatest number of g-forces &gt;3 g, 5 g, 10 g, and 15 g, and the greatest magnitude of g-force (26.7 g) relative to the other devices (CEM: 23.0 g, EXT: 23.3 g, PCE: 23.7 g). As a result of increased sampling frequency, the MSR recorded the lowest AUC and the greatest number of g-forces exceeding 3 g relative to the other devices. Subjectively, the data were difficult to extract from 4 tested devices.

Conclusions
Commercially available dataloggers differ in their ability to detect the number and magnitude of g-forces within PTSs. We recommend that one device be used to perform all PTS evaluations, with baseline evaluations for tolerable AUC, number, and magnitude of g-forces established internally. Lack of harmonization, cumbersome data processing, and time-consuming data analysis are substantial barriers to universal implementation of dataloggers for PTS validation and monitoring.
Current Practices When Reporting Quantitative Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Test Results
Authors: Grenache David G 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) tests are commonly used to determine a woman’s pregnancy status. Discrete results are evaluated and/or interpreted against a reference interval or cutoff. Reporting practices across laboratories have not been investigated.

Methods
A voluntary questionnaire was distributed to 6433 laboratories participating in a general chemistry proficiency testing survey.

Results
Responses were received from 3568 (55%) laboratories. Overall, 31% used a single reference cutoff, with 42% and 14% using values of 5.0 and 25.0 IU/L, respectively. In total, 68% of laboratories provided result interpretations, most frequently “negative” and “positive.” Reference intervals based on chronological age were offered by 9% of laboratories; 60% reported gestational age-based intervals. In addition, 25% provided male-specific reference intervals, with 2.0 IU/L being the most commonly used single-point cutoff. Only 12% of laboratories offered a separate, orderable test for hCG as a tumor marker, with 5.0 IU/L as the most frequently used reference threshold. Nearly half of laboratories used assay product insert data as the reference interval source.

Conclusions
There is wide variation when reporting quantitative hCG results. Despite a well-established reference limit of &lt;5.0 IU/L for nonpregnant women, fewer than half of laboratories used this cutoff. The reporting of gestational age-based reference intervals is more common than those based on chronological age despite greater clinical utility for the latter. Data-driven guidelines for reporting quantitative hCG test results could deliver more consistent result interpretation.
Experiences implementing scalable, containerized, cloud-based NLP for extracting biobank participant phenotypes at scale
Authors: Miller Timothy A , Avillach Paul , Mandl Kenneth D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
To develop scalable natural language processing (NLP) infrastructure for processing the free text in electronic health records (EHRs).

Materials and Methods
We extend the open-source Apache cTAKES NLP software with several standard technologies for scalability. We remove processing bottlenecks by monitoring component queue size. We process EHR free text for patients in the PrecisionLink Biobank at Boston Children’s Hospital. The extracted concepts are made searchable via a web-based portal.

Results
We processed over 1.2 million notes for over 8000 patients, extracting 154 million concepts. Our largest tested configuration processes over 1 million notes per day.

Discussion
The unique information represented by extracted NLP concepts has great potential to provide a more complete picture of patient status.

Conclusion
NLP large EHR document collections can be done efficiently, in service of high throughput phenotyping.
Pavement Burns Treated at a Desert Burn Center: Analysis of Mechanisms and Outcomes
Authors: Eisenberg Matthew , Chestovich Paul , Saquib Syed F 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Burns from contact with hot pavement are a common mechanism treated at burn centers located in desert climates. Previous work has shown increased risk of pavement burns as ambient temperatures rise above 95 degrees. In direct sunlight, pavement absorbs radiant energy causing the temperature to rise high enough to cause second-degree burns in seconds. The goal of this study is to review the mechanisms and outcomes of patients suffering pavement burns and to compare patients who presented with hyperthermia to their normothermia counterparts. A retrospective chart review was performed on pavement burns at an ABA-verified Burn Center for 5 years from 2014 to 2018. A total of 195 patients were identified. It was found that 50.5% of admitted pavement burn patients required burn excision and 35.9% required split-thickness skin grafting. The leading causes of pavement burn admissions were found down by EMS and walking on pavement at 21.6% each, followed by mechanical falls at 15.1%. We found that patients with recorded hyperthermia had statistically significant increase in 30-day hospital mortality, intensive care unit days, surgical procedures, and %TBSA. Data provided from this study can be used for a public health initiative to help patients who may be at risk of acquiring pavement burns. The data may also be helpful for clinicians gaining information about the management, mechanism, and outcomes of pavement burn patients.
A Rather Messy Approach: Understanding the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham, 1837–1857
Authors: Hirst Lisa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Queen’s Hotel in Birmingham was one of the world’s most pioneering railway hotels. However, it has particular characteristics that do not readily fit within conventional analyses of architecture: it was not purpose built but was rather the result of a building expansion and modification; it was neither the product of a single architect, nor rooted to a single location. To understand these transitions requires a different approach. This article draws upon current discourses at the nexus of Architectural History and Design History. It is through disciplinary overlap and ‘messiness’ that we can achieve new insights into the development of the Queen’s Hotel during its first two decades. The rapidity of change during this period demonstrates how architecture was striving to keep pace with the progress of the railways. This article brings fresh understanding to the emergence of this particular form of railway hotel—which formed the frontispiece of the station—a typology that would become a dominant feature of Victorian England’s major towns and cities and emblem of the new railway age.
The Function and Dysfunction of the Pre-Trial Chamber at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Authors: Naidu Natasha , Williams Sarah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article examines claims that the Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC) of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) has been rendered dysfunctional in Cases 003 and 004, based on a qualitative analysis of PTC jurisprudence. It finds that the PTC has displayed signs of an inability to carry out both its core function and extended mandate in Cases 003 and 004, suggesting that the PTC is — at least on occasion — dysfunctional. Next, it argues that these signs of PTC dysfunction are not due to political interference at the ECCC alone but are also a result of structural weaknesses embedded in the PTC’s design during negotiations. These structural weaknesses have rendered the PTC unable to avoid dysfunction. Ultimately, this article explores the implications of PTC dysfunction for the ECCC and its proceedings and for the establishment of future tribunals under circumstances that are similarly politically challenging.
Elementary-base cirquent calculus II: Choice quantifiers
Authors: Japaridze Giorgi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Cirquent calculus is a novel proof theory permitting component-sharing between logical expressions. Using it, the predecessor article ‘Elementary-base cirquent calculus I: Parallel and choice connectives’ built the sound and complete axiomatization $\textbf{CL16}$ of a propositional fragment of computability logic. The atoms of the language of $\textbf{CL16}$ represent elementary, i.e. moveless, games and the logical vocabulary consists of negation, parallel connectives and choice connectives. The present paper constructs the first-order version $\textbf{CL17}$ of $\textbf{CL16}$, also enjoying soundness and completeness. The language of $\textbf{CL17}$ augments that of $\textbf{CL16}$ by including choice quantifiers. Unlike classical predicate calculus, $\textbf{CL17}$ turns out to be decidable.
Effect of Azadirachta indica (Sapindales: Meliaceae) Oil on the Immune System of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Immatures
Authors: Duarte Jucelio P , Redaelli Luiza R , Silva Carlos Eugênio , Jahnke Simone M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The insect immune system includes several mechanisms responsible for defending against pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids. Some botanical insecticides, such as Azadirachta indica oil, cause changes in the immune system of various insect species. Spodoptera frugiperda is an important agricultural pest; thus, knowledge about the effect of neem oil on the immune system of this species can assist in its management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of A. indica oil on the immune system of S. frugiperda. Caterpillars (2–3 mg) were placed individually in containers (50 ml) with approximately 10 g of diet, containing 125, 250, and 500 ppm of neem oil with propanone; the control group received only the propanone diet. In four experiments, the total number of hemocytes, the phagocytic activity, the activity of lysozyme-like enzymes, and phenoloxidase activity were measured in caterpillars at the end of the sixth instar. The total number of hemocytes in insects exposed to neem oil was 21% lower than in the control group. The percentage of cells that phagocyted the latex beads was similar among the caterpillars that ingested the different concentrations. The mean diameter of cell lysis halos was reduced only at concentrations of 125 and 250 ppm. Absorbance did not differ between treatments. Knowing that this oil reduces the number of circulation cells and the activity of lysozyme-like enzymes is of great importance to design control strategies, once the neem oil could be added to other biological agents for mortality reducing the chances of this insect surviving in the environment.
Review of the EPG Waveforms of Sharpshooters and Spittlebugs Including Their Biological Meanings in Relation to Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae)
Authors: Backus Elaine A , Shih Hsien-Tzung 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElectropenetrography (EPG) is one of the most rigorous methods to study stylet probing behaviors of piercing-sucking insects whose mouthparts move invisibly inside hosts. EPG is particularly useful for identifying vector behaviors that control transmission (acquisition, retention, and inoculation) of plant pathogens, comparing those behaviors among vector species, and aiding in development of novel vector and disease management tactics. Xylella fastidiosa (Wells et al.) is a gram-negative, invasive bacterium native to the Americas, where it is the causal agent of lethal scorch-type diseases such as Pierce’s disease of grapevines. Xylella fastidiosa is transmitted by sharpshooter leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) and spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). Despite over 75 yr of study, details of the inoculation mechanism of X. fastidiosa were unknown until the advent of EPG research with sharpshooters. Herein, the following topics are presented: 1) review of key EPG principles and waveforms published to date, emphasizing sharpshooters and spittlebugs; 2) summary of present understanding of biological meanings of sharpshooter waveforms; 3) review of mechanisms of transmission for X. fastidiosa illuminated by EPG; and 4) recommendations of the most useful waveform categories for EPG use in future, quantitative comparisons of sharpshooter stylet probing on various treatments such as infected versus uninfected plants, resistant varieties, or insecticide treatments. In addition, new work on the functional anatomy of the precibarial valve is discussed in the context of X. fastidiosa transmission and EPG waveforms. Also, the first block diagram of secondary, signal-processing circuits for the AC-DC EPG is published, and is discussed in relation to EPG signals appearances and meanings.
Do Sharpshooters From Around the World Produce the Same EPG Waveforms? Comparison of Waveform Libraries From Xylella fastidiosa (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) Vectors Kolla paulula (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) From Taiwan and Graphocephala atropunctata From California
Authors: Backus Elaine A , Shih Hsien-Tzung 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhen an exotic invasive species is a vector-borne plant pathogen, vector feeding behavior must be studied to identify potential host plant range and performance of specialized pathogen transmission behaviors. The most rigorous tool for assessing vector feeding behavior is electropenetrography (EPG). Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. is a gram-negative bacterium native to the Americas, where it is the causal agent of lethal scorch-type diseases such as Pierce’s disease (PD) of grapevines. In 2002, a PD strain of X. fastidiosa invaded Asia for the first time, as confirmed from grape vineyards in Taiwan. Kolla paulula (Wallker), a native Asian species of sharpshooter leafhopper, was found to be the primary vector in Taiwanese vineyards. This study used an AC-DC electropenetrograph to record stylet probing behaviors of K. paulula on healthy grapevines. The main objective was to create an EPG waveform library for K. paulula. Waveform description, characterization of R versus emf components (electrical origins), and proposed biological meanings of K. paulula waveforms are reported. In addition, comparison of K. paulula waveforms with those from the most efficient, native vector of X. fastidiosa in California vineyards, Graphocephala atropunctata, is also reported. Overall, both species of sharpshooters had similar-appearing waveforms. Five new findings were identified, especially that the previously described but rare waveform subtype, B1p, was extensively produced in K. paulula recordings. Sharpshooter waveforms from species worldwide share a high degree of similarity. Thus, EPG methods can be rapidly applied to potential vectors where X. fastidiosa is newly introduced.
The Size of the Crypto Economy: Calculating Market Shares of Cryptoassets, Exchanges and Mining Pools
Authors: Stylianou Konstantinos , Carter Nic 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Cryptoassets and related actors such as crypto exchanges and mining pools are now fully integrated into mainstream economic activity. A necessary corollary is that they have attracted heightened regulatory and investor scrutiny. Although some rules and obligations apply uniformly across all economic actors in a given sector, many others, such as antitrust laws and some financial regulations as well as investor decisions are informed by actors’ relative economic size—meaning that those with larger market shares can become more attractive regulatory or investing targets. It is therefore a foundational issue to properly measure the economic footprint of economic actors in the crypto economy, for otherwise regulatory oversight and investor decisions risk being misled. This has proven a remarkably difficult exercise for multiple reasons including unfamiliarity with the underlying technology and role of involved actors, lack of understanding of the applicable metrics’ economic significance, and the unreliability of self-reported statistics, partly enabled by lack of regulation. Acknowledging the centrality of cryptoasset size in a number of regulatory and policymaking areas and the fact that previous attempts have been incomplete, simplistic, or even plainly wrong, this paper presents the first systematic examination of the economic footprint of cryptoassets and their constituent actors—mining pools and crypto exchanges. We aim to achieve a number of objectives: to introduce, identify, and organize all relevant and meaningful metrics of crypto economic actors market share calculation; to develop associations between metrics, and to explain their meaning, application, and limitations so that it becomes obvious in which context metrics can be useful or not, and what the potential caveats are; and to present rich, curated, and vetted data to illustrate metrics and their use in measuring the shares of crypto economic actors in their respective markets. The result is a comprehensive guidance into the size of the crypto economy.
Disseminated Tularemia: Finding the Needle in the Haystack
Authors: Stringham Sean , Green Hines Andrea , Attebery Jonah , Darwin Lisa , Wachholtz Abby , Deschamp Ashley , Choudhry Ojasvini , Neemann Kari 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We report a case of disseminated tularemia in a previously healthy 8-month-old male. This case highlights an atypical presentation of tularemia with multisystem organ involvement. The diagnosis was complicated by concurrent primary cytomegalovirus infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage culture confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was successfully treated with gentamicin. Pertinent literature reviewed.