bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micropropagation of Stewartia pseudocamellia
Authors: McGuigan Patrick J. , Blazich Frank A. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Single-node explants were excised from shoots of actively growing, 2-year-old seedlings of Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim. (Japanese stewartia) on three dates associated with specific stock plant growth stages. Following surface sterilization, explants were placed on agar-solidified Woody Plant Medium (WPM) containing either no growth regulators or N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP) at 5.0 or 10.0 ppm (24.6 or 48.2 μM) or 0.025 or 0.05 ppm (0.11 or 0.23 μM) N-phenyl-N-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ). The most frequent budbreak was noted for explants placed on media containing 2iP at either concentration. Explants cultured at the softwood stage had less contamination and greater budbreak than explants taken from more mature stem tissue. In another study, the three distal, axillary nodes of each shoot were excised at 4-day intervals for 28 days beginning 52 days after stock plants were potted following cold storage at 7C (44F). Explants were surface sterilized and placed on WPM supplemented with 10 ppm (49.2 μM) 2iP either alone or in combination with 3 ppm (8.6 μM) gibberellic acid (GA3). Neither GA3 nor node position influenced budbreak frequency or shoot elongation. Days after potting (stock plant growth stage) influenced frequency of budbreak and shoot elongation with the optimal period for explant collection being 56 to 72 days after stock plants were potted. Elongated shoots (one microcutting per explant) were produced on both media. Microcuttings ≥10 mm (0.4 in) were rooted using ex vitro procedures and acclimatized to greenhouse conditions.
Production Method and Irrigation Affect Root Morphology of Live Oak
Authors: Marshall Michael D. , Gilman Edward F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Trees of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) were container-grown (CG) or field-grown (FG) to a mean trunk diameter of 9.4 cm (3.7 in), transplanted into sandy soil, and established with frequent or periodic irrigation. Three years after transplanting, trees were harvested with a 1.5 m (60 in) diameter tree spade. Root number and root cross-sectional area was evaluated for all roots at the periphery of the tree-spade-dug root ball. Despite similar increases in trunk diameter, FG trees had greater root number and root cross-sectional area than CG trees. The greater root cross-sectional area occurred in roots 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) in diameter at soil depths of 0–25 cm (0–9.8 in) and 75–100 cm (29.5–39.3 in). Irrigation frequency after transplanting had no effect on root number in FG trees. However, root number in CG trees was lower without frequent irrigation.
Styrene-Lined and Copper-Coated Containers Affect Production of Cornus florida
Authors: Brass Thomas J. , Keever Gary J. , Gilliam Charles H. , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Response of dogwood cultivars (Cornus florida ‘Barton's White’ and ‘Weaver's White’) to styrene lining and copper hydroxide coating of 10.3 liter (#3) black plastic containers was evaluated in 1993 and 1994. After the first growing season, dogwoods were either left in their original containers or repotted into untreated 23.3 liter (#7) containers. Copper hydroxide reduced root circling of both cultivars in containers; however, root dry weight of plants grown in copper-treated containers was reduced during the first season. Copper-treated containers resulted in less growth in height when plants were left in their original container during the second growing season and less trunk diameter growth of plants repotted into 23.3 liter (#7) containers. In the absence of copper, more surface root coverage and less surface root dieback occurred with plants grown in styrene-lined containers. Both cultivars grown the second season in their original styrene-lined containers had greater height increase than those in unlined containers. After being repotted into 23.3 liter (#7) containers, both cultivars originally grown in styrene-lined containers had greater trunk diameter growth than those in unlined containers.
Production of Shoots from Dormant Species of Acer as Influenced by Length and Caliper of Stem Sections
Authors: Henry Paul H. , Preece John E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem sections removed from selected, dormant species of Acer L. (maples) were forced to produce softwood shoots under greenhouse conditions. Species and clones varied widely in the percentage of stem sections forming shoots, and in the number of shoots that were generated per section. Both length and diameter of sections influenced the number of shoots that were generated. With respect to length, it was best to use stem sections of 30 to 40 cm (11.8 to 15.7 in) since longer sections failed to produce additional shoots and occupied considerably more production space. Effect of increased stem diameter varied across species. For A. rubrum, the number of shoots produced was greatest on ‘large’ diameter (5.2 to 7.6 cm; 2.0 to 3.0 in) stem sections; shoot production was greatest on ‘medium’ diameter (3.3 to 5.1 cm; 1.3 to 2.0 in) stem sections of A. palmatum. Data indicate that an optimum diameter will have to be determined for each species that is propagated when using this method.
Humate-Based Biostimulants Do Not Consistently Increase Growth of Container-Grown Turkish Hazelnut
Authors: Kelting Matt , Harris J. Roger , Fanelli Jody , Appleton Bonnie , Niemiera Alex 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Humate-based products have been aggressively marketed to nursery producers as biostimulants which increase plant growth. Reports of their effect on container-grown trees in organic substrate are few. We tested four distinct types of biostimulants on top and root growth of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.), grown in containers with pine-bark substrate. Treatments included: 1) an untreated control; 2) humate, applied as a dry topdress; 3) humate, formulated as a wettable powder and applied as a substrate drench; 4) humate, applied as a pre-plant root soak; 5) humate, to which various purported root growth-promoting additives had been added, also applied as a root soak. All treatments were tested within low, medium, and high fertilizer application regimes. No treatment increased top growth compared to untreated trees, and the root-soak treatments had the lowest top growth. At high and low fertilizer application rates, root length was similar for all treatments except for root-soak treatments, which had lower root lengths. At the medium fertilizer rate, root length was greatest for trees treated with granular humate applied as a dry topdressing and lowest for trees treated with root soaks.
Effect of Split Fertilizer Application and Irrigation Volume on Nitrate-Nitrogen Concentration in Container Growing Area Soil
Authors: Colangelo David J. , Brand Mark H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Outdoor-grown, containerized, Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. and Rhododendron ‘Roseum Elegans’ were grown atop soil-filled boxes that had been recessed into a grassed field in separate studies. Aronia were fertilized with either a single application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) or a split application of CRF separated by 36 days. Rhododendron were supplied a single application of CRF and either a standard or excessive irrigation volume on each irrigation day. Soil samples were taken in 30 cm (12 in) layers to a depth of 90 cm (36 in) beneath containers at 14-day intervals and soil NO3-N concentrations were determined. Accumulation of NO3-N was immediate in the 0—30 cm (0–12 in) layer for both species with accumulation of NO3-N in the deeper soil layers occurring later. Split application of a CRF was somewhat effective at reducing NO3-N accumulation at specific times and in specific soil layers, but reductions were not as substantial as studies on NO3-N concentrations in leachate have indicated. The large irrigation volumes used in the irrigation volume study resulted in NO3-N moving rapidly through the soil profile beneath containers.
Preference of Twolined Spittlebug for Ilex Species, Hybrids and Cultivars
Authors: Braman S. Kristine , Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preference of twolined spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say), for holly species and cultivars was evaluated in the laboratory using detached leaf assays. Field evaluations of spittlebug preference confirmed the high level of susceptibility of holly taxa with Ilex cassine L. or I. opaca Ait. parentage. Taxa observed in the field were rated as highly preferred (10 taxa), moderately (15 taxa), slightly (49), or not preferred (63) based on number of spittlebugs found infesting plants and degree of damage apparent during the two-year study. Increased production and use of pest-resistant plant material reduces the need for pesticide use and provides a good foundation for integrated pest management efforts.
Effects of Primo on Selected Bedding and Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Olive John W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Primo (cimectacarb), applied as a foliar spray, suppressed shoot growth of four of six bedding plants and all four woody landscape species tested. However, phytotoxic symptoms occurred on the foliage of all bedding plants and two woody species and to flowers of three bedding plants and one woody species. Foliage and flowers of affected plants exhibited a loss of pigmentation that increased at higher rates of Primo, resulting in a bleached appearance.
An Inoculation Technique for Dogwood Anthracnose
Authors: Howard Ament Malissa , Augé Robert M. , Grand Larry F. , Windham Mark T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Researchers have been generally unable to infect dogwood foliage (Cornus florida L.) with dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva Redlin) in artificial environments. We tested the influence of four factors on development of D. destructiva lesions in intact C. florida leaves wounded with a pin-prick device: (1) propagule (conidia or vegetative hyphae), (2) isolate origin (Catoctin Mountain, MD or Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN), (3) controlled environment (growth room or air conditioned, humidified chamber in a greenhouse), and (4) period of time leaves were enclosed in humidified bags following inoculation. Of the manipulated factors, time spent in moistened bags and experimental environment were most important in determining lesion size. Lesions of similar size resulted from 0, 2 and 4 days in humidified bags, but leaves enclosed for 7 days had lesions over 5 times as large. Lesions that formed on trees in the greenhouse chamber were about 15 times larger than those in the growth room. Neither fungal propagule nor isolate origin affected lesion size. Based on this information, we have successfully infected both C. florida and Cornus kousa with D. destructiva in subsequent studies.
Early-Season Fertilization Reduces Fertilizer Use Without Reducing Plant Growth
Authors: Struve Daniel K. , Rose Mary Ann 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of season-long continuous fertigation (constant application of water soluble fertilizer during irrigation events) or various periods of fertigation on growth of seedlings of 17 woody plant species. For 13 of the 17 species, growth was vigorous; typically seedlings doubled in size during the 13-week experiment [from 1 m (3 ft) initial height to 1.5 or 2 m (4.5 to 6 ft) final height]. In the second and third experiments, seedlings grown under three to four weeks of fertigation (580 and 380 mg N per day, 1995 and 1996, respectively, from water soluble fertilizer) and then switched to weekly fertigation (580 and 380 mg N per week, 1995 and 1996, respectively) had similar height as seedlings receiving fertigation for 13 weeks. The three- to four-week fertigation treatment reduced nutrient application rates by 63 to 55% without reducing plant growth.
Using Horticultural Oil, Pruning, and Acephate Banding to Reduce the First Generation of Crapemyrtle Aphid
Authors: Pierce Gary L. , Baker James R. , Linker H. Michael , Warren Stuart L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The crapemyrtle aphid, Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) is the primary insect pest of crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia spp. Aphids excrete honeydew that serves as a source of nutrients for various sooty mold fungi. Sooty molds form a black film on the leaves that reduces plant vigor and aesthetic quality. Reduction of the first generation of crapemyrtle aphids might delay production of sooty mold, reduce mid-season pesticide applications, and decrease pesticide injury to aphid predators. Two experiments were conducted to reduce the first generation of crapemyrtle aphids without using conventional contact pesticides. Both experiments utilized Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Acoma’ as the host plant. To create infestations on the experimental plants, adult and immature crapemyrtle aphids were captured and placed on all crapemyrtles throughout July 1994. In the first experiment, treatments included a 2% and 4% (by vol) application of horticultural oil and pruning 33% of branch terminals. Treatments were initiated prior to aphid egg eclosion in April 1995. The second experiment was intiated after eclosion when a treatment of acephate: water (3: 1 by vol) slurry was painted on crapemyrtle trunks. Horticultural oil and acephate banding treatments reduced the number of first generation aphids compared to untreated controls.
Cost Comparisons for Infield, Above Ground Container and Pot-in-Pot Production Systems
Authors: Adrian J. L. , Montgomery C. C. , Behe B. K. , Duffy P. A. , Tilt K. M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A relatively new production system, Pot-in-Pot (PNP), offers many of the advantages of in-field (IF) and above-ground container (AGC) nursery production methods. Our objective was to compare their fixed and production costs. Hypothetical nurseries for the three production systems were synthesized to represent a 6 ha (15 A) nursery utilizing a 4 ha (10 A) production area to grow crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) over three years. Fixed costs were similar for IF and AGC systems at $350,000 with PNP system outlays $25,000 higher, largely due to socket pot cost. Total production costs for the three-year production cycle were similar for AGC and PNP at $500,000. The IF system was $50,000 less costly. Yet, on a per harvested plant basis, total cost was lowest for the PNP system ($21.52), compared to costs for the IF ($23.73) and AGC ($23.17). The PNP system had the highest total capital outlay and fixed cost, which related primarily to higher costs associated with purchasing and installing socket pots. The PNP system, however, was least costly on a per harvested plant basis due to less intensive, labor-saving cultural practices and the ability to grow larger plants quickly.
Recycled Waste Paper as a Non-chemical Alternative for Weed Control in Container Production
Authors: Smith D. R. , Gilliam C. H. , Edwards J. H. , Olive J. W. , Eakes D. J. , Williams J. D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies were conducted to evaluate recycled waste paper mulch as a means of controlling weeds in the production of container-grown crops. Two forms of recycled waste paper products were evaluated—pelletized and crumbled. Both were tested at two depths, 12.5 mm (0.5 in) and 25 mm (1 in). A fabric disk and a fabric disk treated with Spin Out were also evaluated. With both the recycled waste paper mulch treatments and the fabric disk treatments, spurge seed were sown either under or on top of the treatment. Recycled waste paper pellets applied to a depth of 25 mm (1 in) suppressed spurge germination, regardless of whether spurge seed were sown on top of the mulch or under the mulch. Recycled crumble provided poor spurge control at both depths, and there was increased spurge growth when spurge were sown on top of the mulch compared to when the seed were sown under the crumble mulch. Pellets at the 25 mm (1 in) depth, provided weed control equal to that of Rout (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin) herbicide. Results from the fabric disks showed limited spurge control was obtained with any treatment. Fabric disks allowed weed growth around the container circumference and in the area where the disk fits around the plant.
Both cultivars of azaleas grown with recycled waste paper mulch were generally similar in size to non-treated control plants and Rout treated plants at 240 DAT (days after treatment). At 550 DAT plant growth was similar among all treatments except ‘Fashion’ azalea had smaller growth indices when grown with pellets compared to those grown with crumble. Container medium solution pH and electrical conductivity (soluble salts) were within the recommended range for acceptable plant growth. Research suggests that pellets applied at 25 mm (1 in) should provide effective non-chemical weed control resulting in less herbicide use and/or fewer hours of labor for weeding.
Plant Cold Acclimation, Hardiness, and Winter Injury in Response to Bare Soil and Groundcover-Based Nursery Field Management Systems
Authors: Calkins James B. , Swanson Bert T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Effects of five nursery field management systems [cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop (bird's-foot trefoil), winter cereal cover crop/mulch (winter rye), and mixed grass sod (red fescue/perennial ryegrass)] on cold hardiness and the incidence of winter injury were investigated over a seven-year period. Six tree species were included in the research: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’, and Picea glauca var. densata. Treatment differences in fall coloration, leaf abscission, and winter injury were observed. Cold hardiness levels were determined for Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, and Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ using controlled freezing tests. Species specific differences in cold hardiness development were observed in response to field management treatment: bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide management) delayed acclimation and reduced cold hardiness compared to cover crop/mulch (winter rye) and companion crop (bird's-foot trefoil and grass) treatments. Winter injury, which occurred almost exclusively in the bare soil treatments, was limited to Acer and Gleditsia. The types of injury observed included frost cracking, sunscald, branch tip dieback, dieback of large portions of the crown, and complete plant mortality. Compared to bare soil treatments, the presence of cover/companion crops and mulches in nursery field management systems increased plant cold hardiness and reduced plant losses to winter injury. Susceptibility of Gleditsia to winter injury was influenced by Nectria cinnabarina infection which was also influenced by field management treatment.
Pot-In-Pot Production and Cyclic Irrigation Influence Growth and Irrigation Efficiency of ‘Okame’ Cherries
Authors: Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted with Prunus x incamp ‘Okame’ to evaluate the effects of a pot-in-pot production system (PIP) compared to a conventional above-ground system (CAG) and cyclic irrigation on plant growth and water loss. Plants were grown in #7 (26 liter) containers with a pinebark: sand (8:1 by vol) substrate. Cyclic irrigation provided the same total volume of water, but was applied one, three, or four times per day. Final plant height and stem diameter, shoot and root dry weight, total biomass, and root:shoot ratio all increased for plants grown pot-in-pot compared to above-ground. Multiple irrigation cycles increased stem diameter, shoot dry weight and total biomass compared to a single irrigation application. Multiple irrigation cycles also decreased the root:shoot ratio. Mean daily water loss (plant transpiration + evaporative loss from the substrate) was influenced by production system, irrigation, and date. Mean daily water loss was 30% higher for pot-in-pot grown plants compared to above-ground. Cyclic irrigation resulted in a two-fold decrease in average leachate volume and a 27% increase in overall irrigation application efficiency compared to a single application. Production system had no affect on leachate volume or irrigation application efficiency. Substrate pH increased when cyclic irrigation was used. Production system and irrigation had no affect on soluble salts. Nitrate-N concentrations were less in the leachate of plants grown pot-in-pot compared to above-ground.
Naturally Occurring Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Seedlings of Cornus florida
Authors: Windham Mark T. , Witte Willard T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two production nursery fields of flowering dogwood, Cornus florida L., seedlings with a high incidence of powdery mildew were surveyed for plants free of symptoms and signs of the disease. In greenhouse trials most of the seedlings selected in the field survey for being free of powdery mildew were found to be escapes (had no disease resistance) or to exhibit partial resistance (unacceptable low levels of resistance). In those trials, twenty seedlings, representing approximately 0.1% of the seedlings examined in the field surveys, displayed resistance to powdery mildew similar to that of C. florida ‘Cherokee Brave’. This group of disease resistant seedlings will be used to develop new cultivars of white flowering dogwood resistant to powdery mildew and to investigate the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance mechanisms in flowering dogwood.
Midwestern Retail Garden Centers Identify Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction with Supplying Wholesale Nurseries
Authors: Iles J.K. , Graves W.R. , Aiello A.S. , Haynes C.L. , Stone K.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A survey was conducted to assess the attitudes of Midwestern retail nursery operators concerning current marketing, promotion, sales, and service practices of their wholesale nursery stock suppliers. Completed questionnaires were received from 290 individuals (42.2% response rate). Respondents indicated quality of plant materials (96.5%), availability of plant materials in desired quantities (67.8%), wide assortment of plant materials (53.5%), and price of nursery stock (40.3%) were very important reasons for conducting business with a wholesale supplier. The majority of respondents said they were ‘very satisfied’ with the condition of bare-root trees and shrubs (75.1%), bedding plants (72.9%), herbaceous perennials and ornamental grasses (72.2%), container-grown trees and shrubs (72.0%), and balled-and-burlapped trees and shrubs (67.4%) shipped by their wholesale supplier. Over one-half (56.5%) also said they were ‘very satisfied’ with aquatic plant shipments. On those occasions when plants arrived in unsatisfactory condition, the most frequently cited problems were, dry bare-root stock (34.4%), physically damaged container-grown stock (56.0%) and balled-and-burlapped stock (40.0%), undersized herbaceous plants (20.3%), and aquatic plants damaged in transit (12.1 %). In general, retailers were most favorably impressed with the respectful and helpful way wholesalers attempted to meet their business needs (57.1%). Retailers were most frustrated with shortages, unauthorized substitutions, and last-minute cancellations (31.9%).