bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of male‐only lifestyle interventions on men's mental health: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Drew Ryan J. , Morgan Philip J. , Pollock Emma R. , Young Myles D. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryDespite rising mental health problems worldwide, engaging men to seek mental health support is challenging. Male‐only lifestyle interventions have shown promise for improving men's physical health, but the overall impact of these programs on psychological outcomes is unclear. This review aimed to evaluate the impact of male‐only lifestyle interventions on men's mental health and to identify if any study or intervention features were associated with effectiveness. A systematic literature search with no date restrictions was conducted across four databases and returned 15 946 citations. Nine studies were eligible for inclusion, representing 1427 participants. Risk of bias was generally low across studies, although none were specifically powered to detect changes in mental health. Overall, significant group‐by‐time effects were reported for 26% of mental health outcomes examined. In the fixed‐effects meta‐analyses, small‐to‐medium intervention effects were observed for mental health–related quality of life (SMD = 0.24), self‐esteem (SMD = 0.51), and positive affect (SMD = 0.58). Insights into effective study or intervention features were limited because of the low number of heterogeneous studies. Although male‐only lifestyle interventions have improved men's mental health in some circumstances, studies that are specifically powered to detect long‐term changes are urgently required, particularly in groups with pre‐existing mental health concerns.
Premature ventricular contraction detection for long‐term monitoring in an implantable cardiac monitor
Authors: Lustgarten Daniel L. , Rajagopal Gautham , Reiland Jerry , Koehler Jodi , Sarkar Shantanu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundPremature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are an important therapeutic target in symptomatic patients and in the setting of PVC‐induced cardiomyopathy; however, measuring burden and therapeutic response is challenging. We developed and validated an algorithm for continuous long‐term monitoring of PVC burden in an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM).MethodsA high‐specificity PVC detection algorithm was developed using real‐world ICM data and validated using simultaneous Holter data and real‐world ICM data. The PVC algorithm uses long‐short‐long RR interval sequence and morphology characteristics for three consecutive beats to detect the occurrence of single PVC beats. Data are expressed as gross incidence, patient average, and generalized estimating equation estimates, which were used to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV, NPV).ResultsThe PVC detection algorithm was developed on eighty‐seven 2‐min EGM strips recorded by an ICM to obtain a sensitivity and specificity of 75.9% and 98.8%. The ICM validation data cohort consisted of 787 ICM recorded ECG strips 7‐16 min in duration from 134 patients, in which the algorithm detected PVC beats with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 75.2%, 99.6%, 75.9%, and 99.5%, respectively. In the Holter validation dataset with continuous 2‐h snippets from 20 patients, the algorithm sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 74.4%, 99.6%, 68.8%, and 99.7%, respectively, for detecting PVC beats.ConclusionsThe PVC detection algorithm was able to achieve a high specificity with only 0.4% of the normal events being incorrectly identified as PVCs, while detecting around three of four PVCs on a continuous long‐term basis in ICMs.
Subtype classification of functional constipation in children: polyethylene glycol versus lactulose
Authors: Bae Sun Hwan , Kim Mok Ryeon 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the usefulness, from a therapeutic perspective, of classifying the subtypes of functional childhood constipation using a colon transit time (CTT) test.MethodsA total of 190 children were enrolled in this study, which was based on data collected from a defecation diary, a CTT test, and medical records.ResultsPolyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 was prescribed in 51.1% (N = 47/92) of normal transit type constipation cases (NT) and 91.8% (N = 90/98) of abnormal transit type constipation cases (P < 0.001). In terms of the subtype of CTT test, PEG 4000 was prescribed in 51.1% (N = 47/92) of NT cases, 96.2% (N = 25/26) of outlet obstruction type cases (OT), and 90.3% (N = 65/72) of slow transit type cases (ST) (P < 0.001). Polyethylene glycol 4000 was administered in 97.2% (N = 35/36) of the fecal incontinence group and 66.2% (N = 102/154) of the non‐fecal incontinence group (P < 0.001). In the non‐fecal incontinence group, PEG 4000 was prescribed in 47.3% (N = 40/84) of NT cases, 94.4% (N = 17/18) of OT cases, and 86.5% (N = 45/52) of ST cases (P < 0.001). In the fecal incontinence group, PEG 4000 was prescribed in 87.5% (N = 7/8) of NT cases, 100% (N = 8/8) of OT cases, and 100% (N = 20/20) of ST cases (P = 0.165).ConclusionsSubtype classification of functional constipation based on the CTT test provides important information for the initial choice of drugs in children.
Rewardlessness in orchids: how frequent and how rewardless?
Authors: Shrestha M. , Dyer A. G. , Dorin A. , Ren Z.‐X. , Burd M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAbout one‐third of orchid species are thought to offer no floral reward and therefore attract pollinators through deception. Statements of this idea are common in the botanical literature, but the empirical basis of the estimate is rarely mentioned. We traced citation pathways for the one‐third estimate in a sample of the literature and found that the paths lead to empirical foundations that are surprisingly narrow. Moreover, recent measurements have detected minute quantities of sugar available to insect visitors in some orchids thought to be rewardless, raising the possibility of a pollination strategy that is largely deceitful but different to absolute rewardlessness. The orchids are a well‐studied group and there is no doubt that rewardlessness is common in the family. However, greater empirical effort is needed to verify rewardlessness in orchids and to explore geographic and environmental variation in the proportion of rewardless species.
Medicalization and linguistic agency
Authors: Feinsinger Ashley , Friedell David 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMedicalization is the process by which conditions, for example, intellectual disability, hyperactivity in children, and posttraumatic stress disorder, become understood as medical disorders. During this process, the medical community often collectively assigns a label to a condition and consequently to those who would be said to have the disorder. We argue that there are at least two previously overlooked ways in which this linguistic practice may be wrongful, and sometimes, unjust: first, when the initial introduction of a medical label is done without the participation of those individuals who are being labelled, and second, when attempts by those individuals to renegotiate the labels are thwarted or otherwise rendered ineffective. In both cases, we argue, individuals are unfairly excluded from a linguistic practice that would be valuable for them to participate in. Furthermore, we argue that their exclusion depends in part on the authority of the medical institution to ignore their demands for participation. In making this case, we will propose the more general claim that participating in the linguistic processes of determining and renegotiating the words that will be used to describe oneself is an exercise of linguistic agency, a capacity that has both instrumental and intrinsic value.
A Solar‐Centric Approach to Improving Estimates of Exposure Processes for Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Kirchen Kathrin , Harbert William , Apt Jay , Morgan M. Granger 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present a solar‐centric approach to estimating the probability of extreme coronal mass ejections (CME) using the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)/Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment (LASCO) CME Catalog observations updated through May 2018 and an updated list of near‐Earth interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICME). We examine robust statistical approaches to the estimation of extreme events. We then assume a variety of time‐independent distributions fitting, and then comparing, the different probability distributions to the relevant regions of the cumulative distributions of the observed CME speeds. Using these results, we then obtain the probability that the velocity of a CME exceeds a particular threshold by extrapolation. We conclude that about 1.72% of the CMEs recorded with SOHO LASCO arrive at the Earth over the time both data sets overlap (November 1996 to September 2017). Then, assuming that 1.72% of all CMEs pass the Earth, we can obtain a first‐order estimate of the probability of an extreme space weather event on Earth. To estimate the probability over the next decade of a CME, we fit a Poisson distribution to the complementary cumulative distribution function. We inferred a decadal probability of between 0.01 and 0.09 for an event of at least the size of the large 2012 event, and a probability between 0.0002 and 0.016 for the size of the 1859 Carrington event.
A Methodology for Assessing the Probability of Occurrence of Undesired Events in the Tietê–Paraná Inland Waterway Based on Expert Opinion
Authors: Martins Marcelo Ramos , Pestana Marco Aurélio , Droguett Enrique Andrés López 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe market share of Tietê–Paraná inland waterway (TPIW) in the transport matrix of the São Paulo state, Brazil, is currently only 0.6%, but it is expected to increase to 6% over the next 20 years. In this scenario, to identify and explore potential undesired events a risk assessment is necessary. Part of this involves assigning the probability of occurrence of events, which usually is accomplished by a frequentist approach. However, in many cases, this approach is not possible due to unavailable or nonrepresentative data. This is the case of the TPIW that even though an expressive accident history is available, a frequentist approach is not suitable due to differences between current operational conditions and those met in the past. Therefore, a subjective assessment is an option as allows for working independently of the historical data, thus delivering more reliable results. In this context, this article proposes a methodology for assessing the probability of occurrence of undesired events based on expert opinion combined with fuzzy analysis. This methodology defines a criterion to weighting the experts and, using the fuzzy logic, evaluates the similarities among the experts’ beliefs to be used in the aggregation process before the defuzzification that quantifies the probability of occurrence of the events based on the experts’ opinion. Moreover, the proposed methodology is applied to the real case of the TPIW and the results obtained from the elicited experts are compared with a frequentist approach evidencing the impact on the results when considering different interpretations of the probability.
Spillover effects of increased health insurance enrollment on workers’ compensation insurance
Authors: Baggett Courtney B. , Cole Cassandra R. , Crowley George , Sirmans E. Tice 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to increase the accessibility and affordability of health insurance. While the ACA did not contain direct provisions related to workers’ compensation (WC), because health‐related coverage is a significant portion of WC costs, the ACA could have unintentionally impacted the WC market. Specifically, expanded health insurance enrollment could reduce WC losses and result in higher performance among insurers participating in the WC market. Using insurer‐state level data, we consider the impact of increased health insurance enrollment on the performance of property‐casualty (PC) insurers. Utilizing multiple measures of performance, we find that the post‐ACA period is generally associated with greater profitability for PC insurers operating in the WC market, a positive unintended consequence of this federal regulation.
Interactive tissue reactions of 1064‐nm focused picosecond‐domain laser and dermal cohesive polydensified matrix hyaluronic acid treatment in in vivo rat skin
Authors: Kim Hee Kyung , Kim Hyun‐Jo , Hong Jeong Yeon , Park Jinyoung , Lee Hee Chul , Lyu Herin , Cho Sung Bin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundPicosecond‐domain laser treatment using a microlens array (MLA) or a diffractive optical element (DOE) generates micro‐injury zones in the epidermis and upper dermis.ObjectiveTo investigate interactive tissue reactions between MLA‐type picosecond laser pulses and cohesive polydensified matrix hyaluronic acid (CPMHA) filler in the dermis.MethodsIn vivo rats with or without CPMHA pretreatment were treated with a 1064‐nm picosecond‐domain neodymium:yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (Nd:YAG) laser using an MLA or DOE. Skin samples were obtained at post‐treatment days 1, 10, and 21 and histologically and immunohistochemically analyzed.ResultsPicosecond‐domain Nd:YAG laser treatment with an MLA‐type or a DOE‐type handpiece generated fractionated zones of pseudo‐cystic cavitation along the lower epidermis and/or upper papillary dermis at Day 1. At Day 21, epidermal thickness, dermal fibroblasts, and collagen fibers had increased. Compared to CPMHA‐untreated rats, rats pretreated with CPMHA showed marked increases in fibroblasts and collagen fibers in the papillary dermis. Immunohistochemical staining for the hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 revealed that MLA‐type picosecond laser treatment upregulated CD44 expression in the basilar epidermis and dermal fibroblasts.ConclusionsWe suggest that the hyaluronic acid‐rich environment associated with CPMHA treatment may enhance MLA‐type picosecond‐domain laser‐induced tissue reactions in the epidermis and upper dermis.
Warming Up Before a 20-Minute Endurance Effort: Is It Really Worth It?
Authors: Barranco-Gil David , Alejo Lidia B. , Valenzuela Pedro L. , Gil-Cabrera Jaime , Montalvo-Pérez Almudena , Talavera Eduardo , Moral-González Susana , Clemente-Suárez Vicente J. , Lucia Alejandro 
Published: March 2020

Purpose: To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). Methods: Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a warm-up that was intended to induce potentiation postactivation (PAP warm-up; 5 min at 60% of VO2peak followed by three 10-s all-out sprints). Study outcomes were jumping ability and heart-rate variability (both assessed at baseline and before the TT), TT performance (mean power output), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart-rate variability, blood lactate, and thigh skin temperature) responses during and after the TT. Results: Both standard and PAP warm-up (9.7% [4.7%] and 12.9% [6.5%], respectively, P < .001), but not no warm-up (−0.9% [4.8%], P = .074), increased jumping ability and decreased heart-rate variability (−7.9% [14.2%], P = .027; −20.3% [24.7%], P = .006; and −1.7% [10.5%], P = .366). Participants started the TT (minutes 0–3) at a higher power output and oxygen uptake after PAP warm-up compared with the other 2 protocols (P < .05), but no between-conditions differences were found overall for the remainder of outcomes (P > .05). Conclusions: Compared with no warm-up, warming up enhanced jumping performance and sympathetic modulation before the TT, and the inclusion of brief sprints resulted in a higher initial power output during the TT. However, no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.
Projected burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus-related complications in Singapore until 2050: a Bayesian evidence synthesis
Authors: Tan Ken Wei , Dickens Borame Sue Lee , Cook Alex R 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveWe examined the effects of age, gender, and ethnicity on the risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and end-stage renal disease according to type 2 diabetes mellitus status among adults aged 40–79 in Singapore.MethodsA Bayesian inference framework was used to derive age-specific, gender-specific and ethnicity-specific prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus from the 2010 Singapore National Health Survey, and age-standardized gender and ethnicity-specific incidence rates of acute myocardial infarction, stroke and end-stage renal disease from the National Registry of Diseases Office. Population forecasts were used in tandem with incidence rates to project the future chronic disease burden until 2050.ResultsThe highest relative risk of acute myocardial infarction was observed in the youngest age group (aged 40–44), with higher relative risk for women (men: 4.3 (2.7–6.4); women: 16.9 (9.3–28.3)). A similar trend was observed for stroke (men: 6.5 (4.2–9.7); women: 10.7 (6.0–17.4)). For end-stage renal disease, the highest relative risk was for men aged 45–50 (11.8 (8.0–16.9)) and women aged 55–60 (16.4 (10.7–24.0)). The annual incidence of acute myocardial infarction is projected to rise from 9300 (in 2019) to 16 400 (in 2050), the number of strokes from 7300 to 12 800, and the number of end-stage renal disease cases from 1700 to 2700.ConclusionsType 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with an increased risk of complications and is modulated by age and gender. Prevention and early detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus can reduce the increasing burden of secondary complications.
The impacts of combined social and economic empowerment training on intimate partner violence, depression, gender norms and livelihoods among women: an individually randomised controlled trial and qualitative study in Afghanistan
Authors: Gibbs Andrew , Corboz Julienne , Chirwa Esnat , Mann Carron , Karim Fazal , Shafiq Mohammed , Mecagni Anna , Maxwell-Jones Charlotte , Noble Eva , Jewkes Rachel 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionWe assessed whether the Women for Women International (WfWI) economic and social empowerment programme could reduce women’s experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and depression in Afghanistan.MethodsWe conducted a two-arm individually randomised controlled trial in six urban and peri-urban communities. Communities were selected by WfWI for being conflict affected and showing signs of economic vulnerability (eg, little or no education, living in extreme poverty). Individual eligibility were female, aged 18–49, able to consent to participate and one woman per household. At 22 months, three primary outcomes were assessed: past year physical IPV experience; past year severe IPV experience; depressive symptoms. There was no blinding to arms. We conducted an intention-to-treat analysis, controlling for age. We also conducted qualitative interviews at endline, analysed using thematic analysis.Results1461 women (n=933 married) were recruited and randomised. Retention at endline was n=1210 (82%). Primary outcomes were in the hypothesised direction, but showed no significant impacts: physical IPV (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.88 (0.62 to 1.23)), severe IPV (aOR 0.75 (0.50 to 1.11)) and depressive symptoms (β −0.35 (−1.19 to 0.48)). Women reported reduced food insecurity (β −0.48 (−0.85 to –0.12)), higher earnings (β 3.79 (0.96 to 6.61)) and savings (β 11.79 (9.95 to 13.64)). Women reported less gender-inequitable attitudes (β −0.89 (−1.15 to –0.62)), more household decision-making (β 0.35 (−0.04 to 0.74)) and increased mobility (aOR 1.78 (1.27 to 2.50)). Twenty-eight in-depth interviews were conducted.ConclusionThe intervention did not impact IPV or depression. The intervention did improve livelihoods, create more gender-equitable relationships and increase women’s mobility. Translating these gains into IPV and depression reduction is critical.Trial registration numberNCT03236948, registered 2 August 2017.
Outcome reporting bias in Cochrane systematic reviews: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Shah Kieran , Egan Gregory , Huan Lawrence (Nichoe) , Kirkham Jamie , Reid Emma , Tejani Aaron M 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundDiscrepancies in outcome reporting (DOR) between protocol and published studies include inclusions of new outcomes, omission of prespecified outcomes, upgrade and downgrade of secondary and primary outcomes, and changes in definitions of prespecified outcomes. DOR can result in outcome reporting bias (ORB) when changes in outcomes occur after knowledge of results. This has potential to overestimate treatment effects and underestimate harms. This can also occur at the level of systematic reviews when changes in outcomes occur after knowledge of results of included studies. The prevalence of DOR and ORB in systematic reviews is unknown in systematic reviews published post-2007.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of DOR and risk of ORB in all Cochrane reviews between the years 2007 and 2014.MethodsA stratified random sampling approach was applied to collect a representative sample of Cochrane systematic reviews from each Cochrane review group. DOR was assessed by matching outcomes in each systematic review with their respective protocol. When DOR occurred, reviews were further assessed if there was a risk of ORB (unclear, low or high risk). We classified DOR as a high risk for ORB if the discrepancy occurred after knowledge of results in the systematic review.Results150 of 350 (43%) review and protocol pairings contained DOR. When reviews were further scrutinised, 23% (35 of 150) of reviews with DOR contained a high risk of ORB, with changes being made after knowledge of results from individual trials.ConclusionsIn our study, we identified just under a half of Cochrane reviews with at least one DOR. Of these, a fifth were at high risk of ORB. The presence of DOR and ORB in Cochrane reviews is of great concern; however, a solution is relatively simple. Authors are encouraged to be transparent where outcomes change and to describe the legitimacy of changing outcomes in order to prevent suspicion of bias.