bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Cochlea Response Based Signal Processing
Authors: Alhialy Azza , Alazawi Aws , Hussain Mohammed , Alobaidy Maha 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An efficiency of cochlea has a significant contribution in a quality of human hearing and in a language development of newborn. The efficiency of cochlea clinically measured using Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE). The measurement mainly restricted by acoustic interferences that disrupt response estimation. The disrupted estimation gives rise to repetition in measurement for many times or probably inaccurate efficiency assessment. In this study, investigation of cochlea response estimation was considered based on signal processing (SP), which was regarded as preliminary step toward interference reduction. An in-vivo measurement was performed on a left ear of 36 years old female with normal hearing, where cochlea stimulation and response recording was conducted using personal computer sound card in conjunction of sensitive probe system of ER-10C. The response signals were recorded and then analyzed off-line using SP of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Band Pass-Finite Impulse Response (BP-FIR) filter. Results show that DPOAE frequency components can be extracted using proposed SP method at interference-free situation, where BP-FIR parameters of bandwidth 50Hz-200Hz and order 32-2048 have to be adjusted based on stimulation parameters. The findings dedicate useful investigated parameters for real-time implementation, and for further SP development at interference situation.
Ultrasound Elasticity Imaging Based Multilevel Estimation Using Radiofrequency Data
Authors: Al-jader Ali R.H. , Alazawi Aws , Farhan Mazin N. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An ultrasound elastography introduced to differentiate hard tumor inclusion embedded in soft tissue background based on similarity measurement of before and after deformation. In this study, freehand elastography has considered to localize hard inclusion embedded in soft tissue of phantom breast, where deformation generated by applying gentile compression using probe physical surface of ultrasound machine. Radiofrequency data of before and after deformation acquired and then processed off-line. A non-ability of refinement operation to regularize displacement estimation outliers at correlation window length of 2λ is addressed, where a multilevel processing algorithm has proposed to reinforce refinement operation by producing smooth elastography. In the first level of the processing, displacement field has estimated at correlation window length of 3λ, where global stretching as re-correlation operation and refinement operation as spatial regulation are included. While at second level, production of displacement estimation outliers at correlation window length of 2λ are regularized based on replacement of estimated cells with that interpolated one at first level. Results show an ability of multilevel algorithm to cope the issues that encountered previously proposed algorithm of refinement on estimation outlier free displacement field at an axial resolution of 2λ, and produces differential strain field.
Modeling the Flexural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Built-up Beams
Authors: Mohammed Ghazwan K. , Sarsam Kaiss F. , Korkess Iqbal N. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFinite element modeling is used for tracking the flexural response of built-up reinforced concrete beams under the influence of dominant flexural loading. ABAQUS finite element analysis program was used toward this goal, due to its superior capability to represent the mechanical properties of concrete including compressive and tensile strength in strain hardening and softening behaviors; and the features related to steel reinforcement rebar. This study is based on the comparison between the theoretical analysis by the finite element method and the experimental results. The experimental program consists of casting and testing six rectangular cross-sections of simply supported reinforced concrete beams. Two beams are cast as a reference which fully Conventional Concrete (CC) and Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), the rest four were built-up beams made by the combination of two types of concrete in one element. The study deals with, the load which caused a first crack, ultimate carrying capacity, load and deflection behavior at mid-span of beams, cracks patterns, and damage index of the examined beams. Good agreement was gained with the available experimental results that show the effectiveness of the finite element method for simulating the flexural performance of beams.
Mechanical Properties, Energy Impact Capacity and Bond Resistance of concrete incorporating waste glass powder
Authors: Ubeid Hassan S , Hama Sheelan Mahmoud , Mahmoud Akram Shakir 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe present study is investigated about effect of glass waste as powder as partial replacement of cement in some properties of concrete. These properties included compressive strength, splitting and flexural tensile strengths, impact resistance and bond strength. The effect of glass as powder was examined by compared to control specimens without glass powder replacement. Three percentage were tested: 0%(control), 10 and 15%. Results showed that using glass powder improved properties of concrete under different type of loading. Compressive strength increased by 26.34% and 22% when compared it with control mix for 10% and 15% glass powder, respectively. While splitting tensile strength increased by 23.5% and 28.7% more than control mix for 10% and 15% glass powder, respectively. And modulus of rupture increased by 17% and 10% for 10% and 15% glass powder, respectively. The impact resistance of mixes 10% and 15% of glass powder were increased by 14.3% and 4.76 % in compression with control mix, respectively. Finally glass powder also improve bond strength where the ultimate bond strength increased by 4.7% and 6.2% for 10% and 15% glass powder respectively. Then the utilization of waste glass as powder in concrete reduced amount of cement and improved its resistance to load.
Demographic differences in the travel Behaviour: Case Study of regional route in Iraq
Authors: Al-Taweel Hayder Mohammed , Al-Bdairi Ahmed Shaker , Al-Ridha Ahmed S. D. , Yousif M. Yousif 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this work is to the relation between age, and gender and choosing a certain mode of transport to travel between two main Iraqi cites.
Methods: a statistical method, T-test, is used to distinguish between these parameters.
Data: Infield survey data was collected using questionnaire.
Results: the results indicate that passengers are differentiated in terms of age, and gender. For instance
1-As age of male traveler increased, participants were more likely to travel by train than other mode of transport.
2-As age of female traveler increased, participants were more likely to travel by small vehicles than other mode of transport.
Innovative Steel Connections with Composites Steel Bolts/Rubber Subjected to Horizontal/Inclined Cyclic Loads
Authors: Ali Suhaib J , Ibrahim Amer M. , Shafeeq Sarmad 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Shear tab connections are some of the most and simplest connections are used on steel constriction. The behavior of shear tabs under conventional loads are studied, but, the behavior of shear tabs become complex under companied loads axial and shear forces and moment. The connection should be sufficient ductile rotation to resist the unexpected force when the structures are exposed such as earthquake or wind load. The aim of this study is tested six steel portal frames. Three specimens are tested under horizontal cyclic load-quasi static load and other three specimens are verified under inclined cyclic load – quasi-static load. The connections of specimens are developed by using composites steel bolt/rubber are instead of conventional steel bolts for bolted the shear tab connections at the web of the beam. The composite steel bolts/rubber with different diameters are made of steel bolts covered by rubber taken from the old and wasted tires. Enhanced in the steel connections were cleared by increasing the resistance of these steel frames during the test as well as the tests are investigated that the effect of the inclined cyclic load is more influential than horizontal cyclic load.
Effect of Aggregate Gradation on Rutting of Thin Asphalt Overlay
Authors: Almaali Yassir Abo , Al-Busaltan Shakir 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Permanent deformation (rutting) of asphalt pavements has a major impact on the service life of pavements. Rutting reduces the performance of the pavement and produces serious hazards for highway users. Due to the axle loads incensement, and high local summer temperature, rutting became the major distress in flexible pavements for many countries. Recently, thin asphalt overlay (TAO) is recommended as a significant remedy technique for deteriorated pavements. Aggregates are one of the main structure materials asphalt paving mixtures, whereas, aggregate properties remarkably effected on the asphalt pavements performance. Aggregate gradation is representing the significant feature of aggregates that affecting permanent deformation of traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) thick pavement layers. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of aggregate gradation differences on rutting features of modified TAO mixtures that comprising waste polymers. The evaluation process included the preparation of polymer modified asphalt (PMA) comprising two types of additives, namely, Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE). CRM and LDPE in the form of fines that have a particle size under 250 um were used as additives to liquid neat asphalt, individually and collectively by weight of virgin asphalt; i.e., PMA included 15.0% of CRM and (2.5. %, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% of LDPE. Three types of aggregate gradations were used, i.e. 12.5, 9.5 and 4.75mm, Nominal maximum aggregate size, (NMAS). The Superpave mix design system was adopted in volumetric proportioning of prepared mixtures, while Wheel Tracking (WT) test was used to determine the rut depth characteristics for prepared mixtures. about 30 asphalt concrete specimens were prepared to forecast the TAO behavior concerning permanent deformation for wearing course type III A and B according to State Corporation of Roads and Bridges in Iraq, while for 4.75mm, NMAS (sand asphalt layer) an abroad specification was used. Results demonstrated that the aggregate gradation plays a vital role in increasing permanent deformation for several type of TAO mixtures. Also, the addition of CRM by 15% to the neat asphalt led to an increase in the resistance of the mixture to permanent deformation. Moreover, PMA with LDPE became hardener (higher viscosity) which led to increase binder stiffness, whereas a consequent is stiffening the mixture. Therefore, optimizing aggregate gradation with PMA including waste polymers can limited the rutting occurrence distinguishably
Mapping of geo-location influence on the uncertainty level of GNSS observations
Authors: Alboabidallah Ahmed H H , Rashid Husham H , Ali Mahdi M , Jaafer Firas N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The random errors of differential Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are statistically identifiable by an uncertainty component for each coordinate axis at each observed station. Literature reflects a noticeable correlation between stations’ geo-location and the uncertainty components. In this study, the multi-temporal correlation between uncertainty components in easting and northing was confirmed with moderate correlation coefficients of R2=0.68 and 0.59 respectively. However, a low R2 of 0.38 was obtained for the elevation component. Quantified uncertainties were mapped using first-order polynomial, quadratic polynomial, and kriging. The first-order polynomial revealed a slightly higher residual level than the quadratic polynomial. However, they both performed correspondingly for the validation points, whereas Kriging showed a clear case of an over-fitting. Therefore, the first-order polynomial was considered as a suitable scheme. Geo-statistical analysis of Easting and Northing components showed that the uncertainty is not uniform over the study area. It also showed that although the uncertainty is not purely continuous, it has a significant continuity. A geo-location based uncertainty map layers were produced based on the geo-statistical analysis result. The map concluded two layers represent the resultant, and the resultant orientation. Results represent an example of the possibilities to produce meaningful maps of uncertainties.
The Use of New Irrigation Systems in Increasing Green Areas and Improve Environment-Case study: Neighborhood 405 in City of Baghdad
Authors: Motlak Jamal B , Alshaikh Rafah Zuhair , Matlak Mazin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The importance of green areas is to provide a quiet, comfortable, and unpolluted atmosphere. The increase populations of urban cities and the changes of life style is a main problem over a limited water supply and thus overloading the environment. The evolution of modern technologies for saving water is becoming serious to achieve growth in the economy. Sprinkler irrigation is one of the most water efficient irrigation systems. It conserves water, saves money, and reduces problems caused by traditional irrigation ways. Little has been written in Iraq about using underground lawn irrigation system and the proper usage for green areas as to lower cost and system efficiency.
The present research will use the neighborhood 405 in the city of Baghdad, as a case study, to explore the importance of using the new irrigation system, and the common mistakes and practices in designing and installation of these underground irrigation systems. The research find that the irregular distribution of sprinklers and inconsistent spacing, maintenance, which leads to many dry areas.
The mass uses of new and proper underground irrigation system will lead to greener grass, healthier plants, good environment, lower manual labour, and less water usage than the typical watering by hand.
The Impact of Nanomaterials on the Dynamics of Contemporary Architecture
Authors: Ali Faten Y , Ali Safaa Al-Deen H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the late twentieth century, boldness was used in architectural expression associated with construction materials and used within a creative context that expresses the sense and imagination and emotion, It exhibits the behaviour of living beings, reacts to environmental conditions using sensation and arousal of emotion, achieving aesthetic in the distinctive architectural output with the help of computer software and nanomaterials to mimic the shapes and functions of living organisms, embodied in a new generation characterized by contemporary. The research tended to build a knowledge framework that includes nanomaterials, their types and characteristics, and to clarify the concept of dynamism, also included a number of previous studies to find the research problem which was identified by (the lack of theoretical propositions of the impact of nanomaterials in achieving the dynamic potential because of its characteristics, objectives and mechanisms to achieve dynamism in contemporary production) and determine the hypotheses of the research, and extracts vocabulary of the theoretical framework and applied to global projects, the most important item is the mechanisms that included (interaction, adaptation, transformation, movement, information processing using computer software) and architectural characteristics that gave diverse architectural production to a achieves a dynamic contemporary architecture.
Experimental Study to Effect of adding Emulsion Rubber Material (SPR) for the shear parameters of soil Gypsum
Authors: Abdulrahman Shaimaa M. , Ihsan Elaf A. , Sabri Wisam A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The gypsum is considering one of the problematic soils due to the dissolution of gypsum that occurs when water table or rainfall fluctuates and/or infiltrates into gypseous soils. This paper studies the effect of the emulsified rubber (SPR) material on (shear parameters C & ϕ) the cohesion and the internal friction angle of the gypsum soil. The direct shear test was performed on gypseous soil with different SPR percentages (2, 4, 6 and 8%). The natural gypseous soil was 18.95. The shear strength parameters of the treated soil by SPR are higher than the natural gypseous soil due to the increasing in the cohesion due to increase the shear strength of gypseous soil. The best percentage of SPR to treatment and improve the mechanics of gypseous soil is 2% SPR to be 23.5.
Production of Earth Units Compressed and Stabilized by Using Cement and Pozzolana
Authors: Saeed Ikram Ameen , Mohammed Thaer Jasim , Jihad Sawsan Abd-Alkarem 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Earth units compressed and stabilized are friendly construction materials and sustainable from point of view of efficiency in using energy and lowering cost. However, it has lower properties and strength when compared with fired clay brick and concrete. The possibility of producing earth units compressed from soil stabilized with cement and pozzolana were investigated in this study. Soil samples were extracted from a pit at depth 1m under topsoil from Al-Zaafarania region in Baghdad. Results of the testing soils showed that the bulk density, moisture content, specific gravity and plasticity index performed satisfactory and suitable to produce such like soil units. Different percentage of cement and silica fume as a stabilizer. Soil units compressed with 20 N/mm2 pressed by a hydraulic loading machine. The unit’s strength significantly increase with increasing silica fumes content, decreasing the absorption water rate, and raises density of units.
The effect of corroded stirrups on shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Shehab R H , Mahmoud A S , Mansoor Y A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The corrosion is a serious problem of construction projects that affect structural durability. The effect of corroded stirrups at the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams especially on ultimate shear strength and ductility was investigated in this study. Eight specimens of reinforced concrete beams were tested with four-point loading until failure. The dimensions of the specimen were 150 mm wide, 200 mm high and 1200 mm long. Six specimens were accelerated through an electrochemical process. The main variables of this study were the stirrups diameter and corrosion level. The results concluded that the stiffness and strength reduced in corroded beams when compere with control specimens. This reduction exhibited to increase with the level of mass loss in stirrups and a smaller diameter of stirrups. In addition to that, the ductility index trended to reduce from 118% to 68% for groups A (Ø6 @ 200 mm c/c); while from 68% to 35% for group B (Ø8 @ 150 mm c/c) which indicates that brittleness of beams raised. At high corrosion level, failure modes may change from shear-compression failure to rupture of stirrups.
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Connection with Interface Elements under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Esraa Khudhair Mohsin Abuzaid 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To study the nonlinear response of corner beam-column junctions with inclusion of the effect of construction joint between the column and the beam cast at different times and subjected to cyclic and repeated loads, a computer program of three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis, written by Al-Shaarbaf[1], (P3DNFEA)has been extended to account for the effect of construction joints on the behavior and to deal with concrete behavior under cyclic loads.
The 20-node isoperimetric brick elements have been used to model the concrete, while the reinforcing bars are modeled as axial members embedded within the brick elements. A nonlinear cyclic behavior model for concrete is developed in uniaxial and multiaxial states of stress. Also, a nonlinear cyclic behavior model for reinforcing bars is presented.
In completion, the behavior of concrete under cyclic loads is simulated by an elasto-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic response. In tension, affixed smeared crack modeled has been used to simulate the behavior of concrete with a tension-stiffening model to represent the retained post-cracking tensile stresses in concrete. Closing and reopening of cracks during cyclic loading has been taken into consideration.
The nonlinear equations of equilibrium have been saved using an incremental-iterative technique based on the modified Newton-Raphson method. The convergence of the solution was controlled by a force convergence criterion. The numerical integration has been conducted by using 27-point Gaussian rule.
To represent the shear transfer between two concretes cast at different times, 20-noded interface layer brick elements are used with Fronteddu’s and Millard’s models to represent the aggregate interlock and the dowel stiffness, respectively.
Comparison between the results obtained from the finite elements and the available experimental results is made for a corner beam-column junction with inclusion of the effect of a construction joint. Good agreement is obtained. The maximum difference in ultimate load is 3.9%.
A parametric study dealing with construction joint is presented by taking various conditions of the junction. These include the axial load on the column, strength of concrete in the second cast.
Deformation and strength of inclined RC isolated columns using experimental and three-dimensional finite element analyses
Authors: Hassan Firas F , Zaidee Salah R Al 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper shows how the inclination angle affects the stiffness and strength of RC columns. Experimental work of two scaled-down vertical columns with a length of 1000 and 1250mm was achieved to provide data for subsequent validation of analytical and numerical finite element solutions. The analytical solution is based on current design assumptions while the numerical solution adopts a sophisticated FE simulation with three-dimensional elements for the concrete mass and link element for the rebars. The rebars are assumed to be fully bonded in the FE model. Hooke’s law and Damaged Plasticity models are respectively used to simulate the elastic and inelastic behavior of the concrete, whereas the elastic perfectly plastic model is proposed for the rebars’ behavior. Subsequently, the validated FE model is used to investigate the response of two inclined columns with a length of 1000mm and 1250mm. Three inclination angles of 5°, 7.5° and 10° are considered for each length. FE results indicate that column inclination reduces its axial stiffness and strength. A strength reduction ratio of about 0.8% up to 3.4% is noted for inclination angles of 5° to 10°. It is also noted that the longer column is more sensitive to the inclination angles.
Finite Element Analysis of Steel Fiber Tapered Deep Beams Under Monotonic load
Authors: Jasim Basma W. , Al-Azzawi Adel A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study illustrates the numerical investigations of the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete tapered deep beams under static loading nature. Three simply supported specimens (two tapered members and the last is prismatic one) were selected from the experimental work of previous study carried by the authors. The selected specimens included a member having steel fiber and without vertical and horizontal reinforcement and another member having steel fibers without horizontal reinforcement. The third selected specimen having vertical and horizontal reinforcement and excluding steel fibers. On the other hand three other parametric studies were adopted using the FEA. Finite element analysis software (ABAQUS) investigate the effect of steel fiber ratio, a/d ratio and type of loading. On the other hand, three other parametric studies are adopted using finite element analysis (FEA). ABAQUS software was used to investigate the effect of steel fiber ratio, a/d ratio and type of loading.