bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the complexities of Bluetooth for representing real-life social networks
Authors: Simoski Bojan , Klein Michel C.A. , Araújo Eric Fernandes de Mello , van Halteren Aart T. , van Woudenberg Thabo J. , Bevelander Kirsten E. , Buijzen Moniek , Bal Henri 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBluetooth (BT) data has been extensively used for recognizing social patterns and inferring social networks, as BT is widely present in everyday technological devices. However, even though collecting BT data is subject to random noise and may result in substantial measurement errors, there is an absence of rigorous procedures for validating the quality of the inferred BT social networks. This paper presents a methodology for inferring and validating BT-based social networks based on parameter optimization algorithm and social network analysis (SNA). The algorithm performs edge inference in a brute-force search over a given BT data set, for deriving optimal BT social networks by validating them with predefined ground truth (GT) networks. The algorithm seeks to optimize a set of parameters, predefined considering some reliability challenges associated to the BT technology itself. The outcomes show that optimizing the parameters can reduce the number of BT data false positives or generate BT networks with the minimum amount of BT data observations. The subsequent SNA shows that the inferred BT social networks are unable to reproduce some network characteristics present in the corresponding GT networks. Finally, the generalizability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by applying the algorithm on external BT data sets, while obtaining comparable results.
Deep odontogenic infections—identifying risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia
Authors: Rautaporras Niina , Furuholm Jussi , Uittamo Johanna , Saloniemi Mikko , Puolakka Tuukka , Snäll Johanna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate occurrence and risk factors for pneumonia in patients with deep odontogenic infection (OI).

Materials and methods
All patients treated for deep OIs and requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation were included. The outcome variable was diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Primary predictor variables were re-intubation and duration of mechanical ventilation. The secondary predictor variable was length of hospital stay (LOHS). The explanatory variables were gender, age, current smoking, current heavy alcohol and/or drug use, diabetes, and chronic pulmonary disease.

Results
Ninety-two patients were included in the analyses. Pneumonia was detected in 14 patients (15%). It was diagnosed on postoperative day 2 to 6 (median 3 days, mean 3 days) after primary infection care. Duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.028) and LOHS (p = 0.002) correlated significantly with occurrence of pneumonia. In addition, re-intubation (p = 0.004) was found to be significantly associated with pneumonia; however, pneumonia was detected in 75% of these patients prior to re-intubation. Two patients (2%) died during intensive care unit stay, and both had diagnosed nosocomial pneumonia. Smoking correlated significantly with pneumonia (p = 0.011).

Conclusion
Secondary pneumonia due to deep OI is associated with prolonged hospital care and can predict the risk of death. Duration of mechanical ventilation should be reduced with prompt and adequate OI treatment, whenever possible. Smokers with deep OI have a significantly higher risk than non-smokers of developing pneumonia.

Clinical relevance
Nosocomial pneumonia is a considerable problem in OI patients with lengthy mechanical ventilation. Prompt and comprehensive OI care is required to reduce these risk factors.
Aggression subtypes relate to distinct resting state functional connectivity in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior
Authors: Werhahn Julia E. , Mohl Susanna , Willinger David , Smigielski Lukasz , Roth Alexander , Hofstetter Christoph , Stämpfli Philipp , Naaijen Jilly , Mulder Leandra M. , Glennon Jeffrey C. , Hoekstra Pieter J. , Dietrich Andrea , Kleine Deters Renee , Aggensteiner Pascal M. , Holz Nathalie E. , Baumeister Sarah , Banaschewski Tobias , Saam Melanie C. , Schulze Ulrike M. E. , Lythgoe David J. , Sethi Arjun , Craig Michael C. , Mastroianni Mathilde , Sagar-Ouriaghli Ilyas , Santosh Paramala J. , Rosa Mireia , Bargallo Nuria , Castro-Fornieles Josefina , Arango Celso , Penzol Maria J. , Zwiers Marcel P. , Franke Barbara , Buitelaar Jan K. , Walitza Susanne , Brandeis Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is increasing evidence for altered brain resting state functional connectivity in adolescents with disruptive behavior. While a considerable body of behavioral research points to differences between reactive and proactive aggression, it remains unknown whether these two subtypes have dissociable effects on connectivity. Additionally, callous-unemotional traits are important specifiers in subtyping aggressive behavior along the affective dimension. Accordingly, we examined associations between two aggression subtypes along with callous-unemotional traits using a seed-to-voxel approach. Six functionally relevant seeds were selected to probe the salience and the default mode network, based on their presumed role in aggression. The resting state sequence was acquired from 207 children and adolescents of both sexes [mean age (standard deviation) = 13.30 (2.60); range = 8.02–18.35] as part of a Europe-based multi-center study. One hundred eighteen individuals exhibiting disruptive behavior (conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder) with varying comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were studied, together with 89 healthy controls. Proactive aggression was associated with increased left amygdala–precuneus coupling, while reactive aggression related to hyper-connectivities of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) to the parahippocampus, the left amygdala to the precuneus and to hypo-connectivity between the right anterior insula and the nucleus caudate. Callous-unemotional traits were linked to distinct hyper-connectivities to frontal, parietal, and cingulate areas. Additionally, compared to controls, cases demonstrated reduced connectivity of the PCC and left anterior insula to left frontal areas, the latter only when controlling for ADHD scores. Taken together, this study revealed aggression-subtype-specific patterns involving areas associated with emotion, empathy, morality, and cognitive control.
Costs and benefits of interventions aimed at major infectious disease threats: lessons from the literature
Authors: Kellerborg Klas , Brouwer Werner , van Baal Pieter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPandemics and major outbreaks have the potential to cause large health losses and major economic costs. To prioritize between preventive and responsive interventions, it is important to understand the costs and health losses interventions may prevent. We review the literature, investigating the type of studies performed, the costs and benefits included, and the methods employed against perceived major outbreak threats. We searched PubMed and SCOPUS for studies concerning the outbreaks of SARS in 2003, H5N1 in 2003, H1N1 in 2009, Cholera in Haiti in 2010, MERS-CoV in 2013, H7N9 in 2013, and Ebola in West-Africa in 2014. We screened titles and abstracts of papers, and subsequently examined remaining full-text papers. Data were extracted according to a pre-constructed protocol. We included 34 studies of which the majority evaluated interventions related to the H1N1 outbreak in a high-income setting. Most interventions concerned pharmaceuticals. Included costs and benefits, as well as the methods applied, varied substantially between studies. Most studies used a short time horizon and did not include future costs and benefits. We found substantial variation in the included elements and methods used. Policymakers need to be aware of this and the bias toward high-income countries and pharmaceutical interventions, which hampers generalizability. More standardization of included elements, methodology, and reporting would improve economic evaluations and their usefulness for policy.
Computing technical capacities in the European entry-exit gas market is NP-hard
Authors: Schewe Lars , Schmidt Martin , Thürauf Johannes 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs a result of its liberalization, the European gas market is organized as an entry-exit system in order to decouple the trading and transport of natural gas. Roughly summarized, the gas market organization consists of four subsequent stages. First, the transmission system operator (TSO) is obliged to allocate so-called maximal technical capacities for the nodes of the network. Second, the TSO and the gas traders sign mid- to long-term capacity-right contracts, where the capacity is bounded above by the allocated technical capacities. These contracts are called bookings. Third, on a day-ahead basis, gas traders can nominate the amount of gas that they inject or withdraw from the network at entry and exit nodes, where the nominated amount is bounded above by the respective booking. Fourth and finally, the TSO has to operate the network such that the nominated amounts of gas can be transported. By signing the booking contract, the TSO guarantees that all possibly resulting nominations can indeed be transported. Consequently, maximal technical capacities have to satisfy that all nominations that comply with these technical capacities can be transported through the network. This leads to a highly challenging mathematical optimization problem. We consider the specific instantiations of this problem in which we assume capacitated linear as well as potential-based flow models. In this contribution, we formally introduce the problem of () and prove that it is -complete on trees and -hard in general. To this end, we first reduce the problem to for the case of capacitated linear flows in trees. Afterward, we extend this result to with potential-based flows and show that this problem is also -complete on trees by reducing it to the case of capacitated linear flow. Since the hardness results are obtained for the easiest case, i.e., on tree-shaped networks with capacitated linear as well as potential-based flows, this implies the hardness of for more general graph classes.
Comparison of 3D and 2D late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute and chronic myocarditis
Authors: Polacin M. , Kapos I. , Gastl M. , Blüthgen C. , Karolyi M. , von Spiczak J. , Eberhard M. , Baessler B. , Alkadhi H. , Kozerke S. , Manka R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe compared a fast, single breath-hold three dimensional LGE sequence (3D LGE) with an established two dimensional multi breath-hold sequence (2D LGE) and evaluated image quality and the amount of myocardial fibrosis in patients with acute and chronic myocarditis. 3D LGE and 2D LGE (both spatial resolution 1.5 × 1.5 mm2, slice-thickness 8 mm, field of view 350 × 350 mm2) were acquired in 25 patients with acute myocarditis (mean age 40 ± 18 years, 7 female) and 27 patients with chronic myocarditis (mean age 44 ± 22 years, 9 female) on a 1.5 T MR system. Image quality was evaluated by two independent, blinded readers using a 5-point Likert scale. Total myocardial mass, fibrotic mass and total fibrotic tissue percentage were quantified for both sequences in both groups. There was no significant difference in image quality between 3D und 2D acquisitions in patients with acute (p = 0.8) and chronic (p = 0.5) myocarditis. No significant differences between 3D and 2D acquisitions could be shown for myocardial mass (acute p = 0.2; chronic p = 0.3), fibrous tissue mass (acute p = 0.7; chronic p = 0.1) and total fibrous percentage (acute p = 0.4 and chronic p = 0.2). Inter-observer agreement was substantial to almost perfect. Acquisition time was significantly shorter for 3D LGE (24 ± 5 s) as compared to 2D LGE (350 ± 58 s, p < 0.001). In patients with acute and chronic myocarditis 3D LGE imaging shows equal diagnostic quality compared to standard 2D LGE imaging but with significantly reduced acquisition time.
Multimodal machine translation through visuals and speech
Authors: Sulubacak Umut , Caglayan Ozan , Grönroos Stig-Arne , Rouhe Aku , Elliott Desmond , Specia Lucia , Tiedemann Jörg 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMultimodal machine translation involves drawing information from more than one modality, based on the assumption that the additional modalities will contain useful alternative views of the input data. The most prominent tasks in this area are spoken language translation, image-guided translation, and video-guided translation, which exploit audio and visual modalities, respectively. These tasks are distinguished from their monolingual counterparts of speech recognition, image captioning, and video captioning by the requirement of models to generate outputs in a different language. This survey reviews the major data resources for these tasks, the evaluation campaigns concentrated around them, the state of the art in end-to-end and pipeline approaches, and also the challenges in performance evaluation. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research in these areas: the need for more expansive and challenging datasets, for targeted evaluations of model performance, and for multimodality in both the input and output space.
Diagnosing Insensitivity to Scope in Contingent Valuation
Authors: Lopes Ana Faria , Kipperberg Gorm 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSensitivity to scope is considered a desirable property of contingent valuation studies and often treated as a necessary condition for validity. We first provide an overview of scope insensitivity explanations put forth in the environmental valuation literature. Then we analyze data from a contingent valuation survey eliciting willingness-to-pay to prevent oil spills of four different magnitudes in Arctic Norway. In the baseline analysis, the scope inference is ambiguous. There is only statistical difference in willingness to pay to avoid a very large versus small oil spill (NOK 1869 and NOK 1086, respectively). However, further explorations show that several confounding factors suggested in the literature influence the scope inference. The scope sensitivity improves when we control for subjective probabilities of amenity provision, exclude respondents based on the debriefing questions, take into consideration the sample sizes, and impose diminishing marginal utility. Overall, the analysis supports an emerging view in the contingent valuation literature suggesting that statistical scope insensitivity is not a sufficient reason for deeming a study invalid.
Evaluation of “Healthy Way to Grow”: An Obesity Prevention Program in Early Care and Education Centers
Authors: Ramos Manica F. , Weber Jennifer , Thompson Joy A. , Werk Lloyd , Shuell Julie , Woods Kenza , Bamdad Tiffany 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to test a training and technical assistance program in early care and education (ECE) center-based programs focused on obesity prevention – Healthy Way to Grow (HWTG). After completing a self-assessment, ECE programs develop actionable policies to improve the wellness environment. Then, they receive individualized one-on-one support from a local, trained Child Care Specialist to develop, implement, and monitor policies. Three hundred and sixty ECE programs participated in HWTG for at least one year. Center-level outcomes were examined pre- and post-intervention, including the number of policies, wellness educational opportunities offered (to staff, families, and children), and monitoring wellness practices. A subset of centers was followed for five years to determine if the program results were sustained over time. Study findings revealed that after participating in HWTG for one year, centers developed more policies, provided more educational opportunities, and more frequently monitored wellness practices at ECE centers. Even with reduced training and technical assistance in years two through five of the program, centers were able to maintain gains in improvements to wellness environments. These findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of the HWTG wellness program and offer insights into how to support ECE programs to improve wellness environments.
Insight: The Key to Faster Progress in Science
Authors: East Robert , Ang Lawrence 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn scientific work we rightly attach great importance to the testing of predictions from theoretical ideas. We should also attach great importance to the generation of those ideas since these are necessary precursors to advancement in science. Insight plays a substantial role in the generation of ideas and is correspondingly important. It seems that insights are difficult to form and often delayed. We should study how constraints on insight can be reduced and whether the customary objectives in science give enough weight to procedures that may generate insights. This paper offers some suggestions on how to achieve this (We previously published a paper arguing that new ideas are important in any discipline and that some disciplines, such as medicine and psychology, were over-emphasising the testing of ideas, usually by experiment, and needed to look to methods that generated more new ideas than experiments (East and Ang in Aust Mark J, 25(4):334–340, 2017). That way, there would be more to test. Subsequently, we thought that the paper could have spent more time on the circumstances underpinning insight and this paper is the outcome of that thinking).
Determinants of small-scale farmers’ choice and adaptive strategies in response to climatic shocks in Vhembe District, South Africa
Authors: Kom Zongho , Nethengwe N. S. , Mpandeli N. S. , Chikoore H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractClimate change is one of the multiple challenges facing all categories of farmers globally. However, African farmers are the most sensitive in respect of climate variability and change. Climate change impacted negatively on crop production and the livelihoods of the local farmers. In black township South Africa, agricultural activities are highly dominated by small-scale farmers, whose farming system is highly vulnerable to changes in climate. This paper presents the analysis of how small-scale farmers employed adaptation strategies in response to climate change and determinants of small-scale households’ choices of coping and adaptation approach to climate variability and change in Vhembe District, South Africa. Multi nominal logit model was used on a surveyed of 224 local farmers. Farmers’ socio-economic attributes, was used in response to climate changes and further, households have adaptation strategies both on-farm and off-farm approach. Such approaches were; drought-tolerant seeds, shorter cycle crops, diversification of crops, changing planting dates, small-scale irrigation, migrating to urban areas and involvement in petty business. The results of the findings reveals that the significant drivers affecting choice of adaptation approach include climate information, gender, farm size, education level, farmer experience, decreasing rainfall and increases in temperature as farmers’ determinant choices of adaptation to climate change. While, on the other hand, off-farm resources, headed households and age had no significant impact on the choice of coping and adaptation approach to climate change. Therefore, policy makers in the local municipality should play a significant role by enhancing adaptation strategies appropriate for particular climatic shock on the study area.
Natural Projection as Partial Model Checking
Authors: Costa Gabriele , Galletta Letterio , Degano Pierpaolo , Basin David , Bodei Chiara 
Published: August 2020

AbstractVerifying the correctness of a system as a whole requires establishing that it satisfies a global specification. When it does not, it would be helpful to determine which modules are incorrect. As a consequence, specification decomposition is a relevant problem from both a theoretical and practical point of view. Until now, specification decomposition has been independently addressed by the control theory and verification communities throughnatural projectionandpartial model checking, respectively. We prove that natural projection reduces to partial model checking and, when cast in a common setting, the two are equivalent. Apart from their foundational interest, our results build a bridge whereby the control theory community can reuse algorithms and results developed by the verification community. Furthermore, we extend the notions of natural projection and partial model checking from finite-state to symbolic transition systems and we show that the equivalence still holds. Symbolic transition systems are more expressive than traditional finite-state transition systems, as they can model large systems, whose behavior depends on the data handled, and not only on the control flow. Finally, we present an algorithm for the partial model checking of both kinds of systems that can be used as an alternative to natural projection.
Why Do Individuals Engage in In-Play Sports Betting? A Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Killick Elizabeth A. , Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIncreasing technological advancements and changing consumer behavior has resulted in individuals having access to a wider range of online gambling markets and sporting events than ever before. Sports betting in real time has been aided by the accessibility of smartphone devices. Consequently, the popularity of live sports betting (i.e., ‘in-play’ betting) has spread across Europe and around the rest of world. The aim of the present exploratory study was to examine attitudes and opinions towards online sports betting. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 males and 2 females aged between 21 and 32 years. Participants were asked a range of semi-structured interview questions based on pre-determined topic areas. Socio-demographic data were collected and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) was used to assess problem gambling. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis in order to identify themes. Analysis of the transcripts identified several notable areas including the ease of engaging in in-play sports betting, motivations for engaging in in-play sports betting (including increased excitement, demonstrating knowledge/skill and response to live odds), and different reasons for using the ‘cash-out’ feature. The findings will contribute to the design of future research investigating in-play sports betting behaviours.
Peers and Homophobic Attitudes in Adolescence: Examining Selection and Influence Processes in Friendships and Antipathies
Authors: la Roi Chaïm , Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Kretschmer Tina , Savickaitė Rūta , Veenstra René 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHomophobic attitudes and behavior are a widespread problem among adolescents, but what the role of peer relationships such as friendships and antipathies is in shaping these attitudes remains unclear. Therefore, this study examined to what extent homophobic attitudes are influenced by friends’ and foes’ homophobic attitudes, and whether homophobic attitudes serve as a selection criterion for the formation of friendships and antipathies. Participants came from three Dutch high schools across two waves (wave 1 November 2014, wave 2 March/April 2015, ages 11–20,N = 1935, 51.5% girls). Stochastic actor-oriented models were estimated for testing hypotheses. The results showed that adolescents adjusted their homophobic attitudes to their friends’ homophobic attitudes, but homophobic attitudes were not consistently related to friendship selection. Further, findings indicated that being dissimilar in homophobic attitudes increased the likelihood to dislike cross-sex peers. Together, the findings suggest that adolescents’ homophobic attitudes were to some extent subject to peer influence, but homophobic attitudes did not steer who adolescents befriended or disliked.