bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of new onset type 1 diabetes in siblings of index cases with type 1 diabetes within the first 11 years in Turkish children
Authors: Karaoglan Murat , Keskin Mehmet 
Published: January 2020

AimAlthough newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) occurs sporadically in childhood, there is an increased risk of T1DM for first‐degree relatives of patients that endure into the advanced years. Determination of T1DM incidence in siblings of children with T1DM helps predict the development of new cases. This study focuses on the incidence of the disease in siblings of children with T1DM.MethodA total of 1497 siblings of 850 children (403 female; 447 male) diagnosed with T1DM between 2007 and 2018 years were retrospectively screened for T1DM. The patients were divided into four onset age groups: 0–4, 5–9, 10–14 and ≥15. The annual incidence was calculated for the region.ResultsA total of 34 siblings diagnosed with T1DM were detected. The incidence relating to the years investigated was between 7.42 and 11.73/100 000 for the newly diagnosed indexes while it ranged between 0 and 5.8% for siblings. The 5–9 year group was the most commonly diagnosed onset age group in index (n = 312) and siblings (n = 20). For siblings, the male sex and 5–9 aged at diagnosis of index were significant risk factors for development of T1DM (OR:2.35 and 2.85).ConclusionThis study shows that in the first years following the diagnosis of an index, incidence of T1DM among the siblings can rise up to 5.8%, and the age group of 5–9 in the index and the male sex in the sibling are the most important risk factors. These findings show that the risk for siblings of children with T1DM remarkably increases in the first years after diagnosis in index cases.
Be flexible and adapt easily—The great role of plasticity relative to genetic variation for aggressiveness of Fusarium culmorum isolates
Authors: Castiblanco Valheria , Castillo Hilda Elena , Miedaner Thomas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe phenotypic variation in an array of pathogen isolates in natural environments can be partitioned into genotypic variation and environmental plasticity. The present study uses a mixed‐model approach to partition the relative contribution of both factors among isolates of Fusarium culmorum from natural field populations in various environments. Twenty‐eight and 38 isolates from an international collection were phenotyped for aggressiveness and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation across two locations during the years 2015 and 2016, respectively, on four winter type cereals as hosts: bread wheat, durum wheat, triticale and rye, thus providing 16 environments. Aggressiveness, measured as Fusarium head blight (FHB) severity, was assessed by visually rating the symptoms of all isolates on infected hosts, and for 10 isolates, additionally the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) was measured in the grain after harvest. Despite significant genotypic variation among the isolates, the interactions with years and locations explained the largest proportion of variance which disentangled the overwhelming role of plasticity. Host‐by‐isolate interaction was not significant and no significant (p < .001) change in the ranking of isolates from one host to another was detected. As the main factor of plasticity was isolate‐by‐year interaction, this implies that seasonal changes might be an important evolutionary driver in F. culmorum populations.
“Making Moves” in a Cardiac ICU: An Epistemology of Rhythm, Data Richness, and Process Certainty
Authors: Stonington Scott D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEthnographers of clinical rationality often assume that the goal of biomedical practice is to eliminate uncertainty to produce definitive diagnoses. In this ethnography of an academic cardiac intensive care unit (CCU) in the United States, bodies are conceived instead as ever‐changing constellations of problems that make diagnostic certainty irrelevant and require clinicians to construct and reconstruct temporary models to facilitate action. They suspend their uncertainty to “convince themselves” enough to “make moves” on patients, driven by the relentless tempo of critical illness. This necessitates a practice‐oriented model of professional rationality that can account for the flow of time, with implications beyond the biomedical.
Mobilizing Volume: Trauma, Surgical Skill, and Clinical Tourism in South India
Authors: Shapiro Lily 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article considers the ways in which the concept of volume is deployed to create and sustain surgical expertise. Drawing on research at a large plastic and orthopedic surgery hospital in Tamil Nadu, India, I explore the ways in which a steady supply of trauma is converted into medical expertise, reputation, and care. Volume functions as a key metric by which this conversion takes place. This hospital is particularly well known for its cutting‐edge treatment of severe trauma, and, while some Indian hospitals have used their combination of low cost and high expertise to attract foreign patients for medical tourism, this hospital has converted its supply of trauma patients into surgical expertise that brings foreign surgeons there to learn. This article therefore also considers the role of visiting foreign doctors in this form of clinical tourism.
Modeling evacuation route choices under influence of variable message signs
Authors: Zeng Minghua , Wang Min , Liu Yang , Sheu Jiuh‐Biing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis work develops a novel methodology for investigating dynamic evacuation route switching behavior and its influence on evacuation traffic assignment considering evacuees’ intuitionistic fuzzy perception and cognition of multitype multiattribute real‐time variable message sign (VMS) information. The methodology has three distinctive features. First, a link‐based VMS information utility model is developed. Second, two link‐specific dynamic escape speed models (DESMs), characterized by VMS information, evacuee attributes, and hazard‐related information, are proposed. Third, VMS information characteristics and the intuitionistic fuzzy method are integrated into route choice behavior models. The link‐specific DESMs are used to adjust the reactive DYNASTOCH algorithm to simulate emergency traffic evacuation. Results demonstrate that the proposed models are effective in characterizing not only dynamic evacuation route switching behavior (microscopic) but also network‐wide evacuation traffic performances (macro) under behavioral and information uncertainties.
Low life in high society: a group of comic‐grotesque drawings by Verrocchio*
Authors: Nuttall Paula 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article examines a group of drawings of comic‐grotesque subjects (morris dancers, drinkers, and the Henpecked Husband) attributed to Verrocchio. Discussion of these unusual works has previously focused on their attribution, and their relationship to Leonardo's grotesques. The present study interrogates their function and meaning. It considers their derivation from northern European imagery, and how this might have interfaced with contemporary Florentine artistic interests, from ideas on variety and invention to the depiction of the figure in movement. It also explores the idea of the drawings as visual counterparts to ‘low style’ vernacular poetry from the circle of Lorenzo the Magnificent, offering a new reading of them in relation to the broader context of fifteenth‐century Florentine vernacular culture, both visual and literary.
Doubly Robust Inference when Combining Probability and Non-Probability Samples with High Dimensional Data
Authors: Yang Shu , Kim Jae Kwang , Song Rui 
Published: January 2020

SummaryWe consider integrating a non-probability sample with a probability sample which provides high dimensional representative covariate information of the target population. We propose a two-step approach for variable selection and finite population inference. In the first step, we use penalized estimating equations with folded concave penalties to select important variables and show selection consistency for general samples. In the second step, we focus on a doubly robust estimator of the finite population mean and re-estimate the nuisance model parameters by minimizing the asymptotic squared bias of the doubly robust estimator. This estimating strategy mitigates the possible first-step selection error and renders the doubly robust estimator root n consistent if either the sampling probability or the outcome model is correctly specified.
Four years into MACRA: What has changed?
Authors: Cheng Jonathan , Kim Jackson , Bieber Scott D. , Lin Eugene 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn 2015, Congress passed the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA), a policy intended to transition Medicare away from pure fee‐for‐service care to value‐based care. MACRA does this by evaluating the cost and quality of providers, resulting in financial bonuses and penalties in Medicare reimbursement. MACRA offers two tracks for participation, the Merit‐based Incentive Payment System and the Advanced Alternative Payment Models. Although the payment rules are different for each of the tracks, common to both is an emphasis on holding providers accountable for high‐quality, cost‐efficient care. Early data suggest that the End‐stage renal disease Seamless Care Organizations, an Advanced Alternative Payment Model, resulted in cost‐savings concurrent with improved care quality. Additionally, on July 10th 2019, the President signed an executive order that further attempts to improve kidney disease care by shifting its focus away from in‐center hemodialysis toward chronic kidney disease care, home‐based dialysis, kidney transplantation, and innovating new therapies for kidney disease. These changes to nephrology reimbursement present a unique opportunity to improve patient outcomes in a cost‐effective way. A multidisciplinary effort among policy makers, nephrology providers, and patient advocacy groups is critical to ensure these changes in care delivery safeguard and improve patient health.
Nonresponse Bias in Inequality Measurement: Cross‐Country Analysis Using Luxembourg Income Study Surveys
Authors: Hlasny Vladimir 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveThis study evaluates the bias to inequality measurement from survey nonrespondents.MethodsSixty‐six Luxembourg Income Study surveys for 38 middle‐ and high‐income countries, encompassing some 900,000 households, are used to derive estimates of the Gini coefficient for countries and selected world regions.ResultsHousehold nonresponse typically biases national Ginis downward by 1–8 percentage points. The Gini for North America appears robust to nonresponse, rising by a mere 0.34 percentage points to 44.72 when a correction is applied. The Gini for the European Union Single Market is sensitive to nonresponse, rising by 5.52 percentage points to 37.63. The OECD‐wide Gini rises by 5.93 points to 44.58.ConclusionThese results appear consistent with one another and with prior evidence. They suggest that, across countries and selected world regions, household nonresponse biases the Ginis downward by 1–8 percentage points.
Brassinosteroid‐mediated reactive oxygen species are essential for tapetum degradation and pollen fertility in tomato
Authors: Yan Meng‐Yu , Xie Dong‐Ling , Cao Jia‐Jian , Xia Xiao‐Jian , Shi Kai , Zhou Yan‐Hong , Zhou Jie , Foyer Christine H. , Yu Jing‐Quan 
Published: January 2020

SummaryPhytohormone brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential for plant growth and development, but the mechanisms of BR‐mediated pollen development remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that pollen viability, pollen germination and seed number decreased in the BR‐deficient mutant d^im, which has a lesion in the BR biosynthetic gene DWARF (DWF), and in the bzr1 mutant, which is deficient in BR signaling regulator BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), compared with those in wild‐type plants, whereas plants overexpressing DWF or BZR1 exhibited the opposite effects. Loss or gain of function in the DWF or BZR1 genes altered the timing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and programmed cell death (PCD) in tapetal cells, resulting in delayed or premature tapetal degeneration, respectively. Further analysis revealed that BZR1 could directly bind to the promoter of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG 1 (RBOH1), and that RBOH1‐mediated ROS promote pollen and seed development by triggering PCD and tapetal cell degradation. In contrast, the suppression of RBOH1 compromised BR signaling‐mediated ROS production and pollen development. These findings provide strong evidence that BZR1‐dependent ROS production plays a critical role in the BR‐mediated regulation of tapetal cell degeneration and pollen development in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plants.
Assessing the Seamlessness of Bangkok Metropolitan Public Transport by using Modified Quantitative Gap Analysis
Authors: Permana Ariva Sugandi , Petchsasithon Arthit 
Published: January 2020

A sustainable transportation system requires a larger contribution to public transport share in comparison to private transport. Bangkok Metropolitan, the study area, exhibits a significant transport modal alteration trend towards public transport, in line with the expansion of Bangkok Transit System (BTS) and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) for more coverage within the metropolis along main roads along with expansion of public bus routes, which increases the seamlessness and reduces transit time. This study is important as we believe that the higher seamlessness the more urban travelers would shift to using public transport modes. This matter is considered as a pertinent urban transport problem. This study aims at understanding the level of transit seamlessness of the Bangkok public transport system. The study was carried out by firstly measuring six factors of the regular transit process, on formal and informal transport modes used by Bangkokians. These six factors were observed along the origin and the destination of the travelers with respect to travel time, number of transit points, average transit time, comfort, and transit facilities including facilities for disables, and walking distance. A total number of 300 public transport users were selected as respondents, 50 respondents for each selected transit hub. The selection was based on convenient random sampling considering the variability of destinations and purpose of travel. Despite a different destination, the residence was set as the origin. By using Modified Quantitative Gap Analysis, based on six selected transit hubs, the study found that the seamlessness of the inter-modal transits in Bangkok exhibits a characteristics of hard transit process, particularly for disabled people, notwithstanding the continuous efforts to make the seamless transit are in place, particularly with respect to infrastructure facilities.
Mathematics Teachers' Conceptual Knowledge of Algebra: A Literature Review/ Pengetahuan Konseptual Algebra Guru Matematik: Satu Kajian Literatur
Authors: Abdullah Nor Adibah 
Published: January 2020

Conceptual knowledge is one of the mathematical knowledge areas which should be mastered by mathematics teachers besides factual, procedural, and metacognitive knowledge. Teachers are prone to cast conceptual knowledge aside and prioritise procedural knowledge without understanding the concepts which influence the options of mathematical strategies and models in the context of problem solving. A literature review was conducted to discuss past research findings in identifying secondary school teachers' conceptual knowledge in the algebra topic. 68 past research articles were referred to and chosen based on the research purpose which was to investigate mathematics teachers' conceptual knowledge level and its implementation in several mathematical topics quantitatively and qualitatively in local and international contexts. There have been a lot of researches conducted on teachers' conceptual knowledge in several mathematical topics, however there is still a lack of research in investigating teachers' conceptual knowledge on the algebra topic. Most of the past research findings showed that the teachers' conceptual knowledge level was at a low level in several mathematical topics therefore a similar research is also needed in the algebra topic. This study can be extended to a more improved research in spite of the research sample, design or research methodology, instruments, and other factors.
Reduced Na+K+‐ATPase activity may reduce amino acid uptake in intrauterine growth restricted fetal sheep muscle despite unchanged ex vivo amino acid transporter activity
Authors: Stremming Jane , Jansson Thomas , Powell Theresa L , Rozance Paul J , Brown Laura D 
Published: January 2020

Key points
Fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have reduced muscle mass that persists postnatally, which may contribute to their increased risk for adult onset metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity.
Amino acid transporter‐mediated histidine uptake and system L amino acid transporter activity were similar in sarcolemmal membranes isolated from control and IUGR hindlimb skeletal muscle.
Activity of Na+K+‐ATPase, which is responsible for establishing the sodium gradient necessary for system A and N amino acid transporter function, was significantly reduced in IUGR skeletal muscle sarcolemma compared to control.
ATP content was lower in IUGR skeletal muscle.
Expression and phosphorylation of proteins in the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway were similar in control and IUGR skeletal muscle homogenate.
Our data suggest that lower Na+K+‐ATPase activity, which reduces the driving force for active amino acid transport, and lower ATP availability contribute to reduced amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in IUGR fetal skeletal muscle.
AbstractFetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have lower muscle mass that persists postnatally. Using a sheep model of placental insufficiency and IUGR, we have previously demonstrated lower net total uptake of amino acids by the fetal hindlimb and lower skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates. To investigate the mechanisms underlying these changes, we tested the hypothesis that ex vivo amino acid transporter and Na+K+‐ATPase activity is reduced, and ex vivo ATP levels are lower in hindlimb skeletal muscle of the IUGR fetus. We developed a novel protocol to measure transporter‐mediated histidine uptake, system L amino acid transporter activity and Na+K+‐ATPase activity using sarcolemmal membranes isolated from hindlimb muscle of control (CON, n = 11‐12) and IUGR (n = 12) late gestation fetal sheep. We also determined ATP content and the activity of insulin and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling, which are involved in regulating cellular amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, by measuring the expression and phosphorylation of AKT, 4E‐BP1, eIF2α, AMPKα, p70 S6 kinase and rpS6 in muscle homogenates. Transporter‐mediated histidine uptake and system L activity were similar in control and IUGR sarcolemma, although ex vivo Na+K+‐ATPase activity was lower by 64% (P = 0.019) in IUGR sarcolemma. ATP content was lower by 25% (P = 0.007) in IUGR muscle. Insulin, AMPK, and mTOR signalling activity was similar in control and IUGR muscle. We speculate that reduced muscle sarcolemmal Na+K+‐ATPase activity and lower ATP content diminishes the sodium gradient in vivo, resulting in a reduced driving force for sodium‐dependent transporters and subsequently lower muscle amino acid uptake.
Neoarchean large igneous provinces on the Kaapvaal Craton in southern Africa re-define the formation of the Ventersdorp Supergroup and its temporal equivalents
Authors: Gumsley Ashley , Stamsnijder Joaen , Larsson Emilie , Söderlund Ulf , Naeraa Tomas , de Kock Michiel , Sałacińska Anna , Gawęda Aleksandra , Humbert Fabien , Ernst Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
U-Pb geochronology on baddeleyite is a powerful technique that can be applied effectively to chronostratigraphy. In southern Africa, the Kaapvaal Craton hosts a well-preserved Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic geological record, including the Neoarchean Ventersdorp Supergroup. It overlies the Witwatersrand Supergroup and its world-class gold deposits. The Ventersdorp Supergroup comprises the Klipriviersberg Group, Platberg Group, and Pniel Group. However, the exact timing of formation of the Ventersdorp Supergroup is controversial. Here we present 2789 ± 4 Ma and 2787 ± 2 Ma U-Pb isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) baddeleyite ages and geochemistry on mafic sills intruding the Witwatersrand Supergroup, and we interpret these sills as feeders to the overlying Klipriviersberg Group flood basalts. This constrains the age of the Witwatersrand Supergroup and gold mineralization to at least ca. 2.79 Ga. We also report 2729 ± 5 Ma and 2724 ± 7 Ma U-Pb ID-TIMS baddeleyite ages and geochemistry from a mafic sill intruding the Pongola Supergroup and on an east-northeast–trending mafic dike, respectively. These new ages distinguish two of the Ventersdorp Supergroup magmatic events: the Klipriviersberg and Platberg. The Ventersdorp Supergroup can now be shown to initiate and terminate with two large igneous provinces (LIPs), the Klipriviersberg and Allanridge, which are separated by Platberg volcanism and sedimentation. The age of the Klipriviersberg LIP is 2791–2779 Ma, and Platberg volcanism occurred at 2754–2709 Ma. The Allanridge LIP occurred between 2709–2683 Ma. Klipriviersberg, Platberg, and Allanridge magmatism may be genetically related to mantle plume(s). Higher heat flow and crustal melting resulted as a mantle plume impinged below the Kaapvaal Craton lithosphere, and this was associated with rifting and the formation of LIPs.
Dendrochronological dating of landslides in western Oregon: Searching for signals of the Cascadia A.D. 1700 earthquake
Authors: Struble William T. , Roering Joshua J. , Black Bryan A. , Burns William J. , Calhoun Nancy , Wetherell Logan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLarge-magnitude earthquakes and hydrologic events in mountainous settings commonly trigger thousands of landslides, and slope failures typically constitute a significant proportion of the damage associated with these events. Large, dormant deep-seated landslides are ubiquitous in the Oregon Coast Range, western United States, yet a method for calculating landslide ages with the precision required to diagnose a specific triggering event, including the A.D. 1700 Cascadia earthquake, has remained elusive. Establishing a compelling connection between prehistoric slope instability and specific triggers requires landslide ages with precision greater than that provided by 14C dating of detrital materials. Tree-ring analysis is the only known method capable of determining landslide age with this precision. Dozens of landslide-dammed lakes in western Oregon present an opportunity to use tree rings from drowned snags, or “ghost forests,” to establish the year of death, and thus landsliding. We cross-dated tree-ring indices from drowned Douglas fir trees with live tree-ring records from the Oregon Coast Range that exhibit synchronous, time-specific patterns due to regional climate variations. Our analyses determined that the landslides responsible for creating Wasson and Klickitat Lakes occurred in A.D. 1819 and 1751, respectively. The 14C dates from selected tree rings and landslide deposit detritus are consistent with our tree-ring analysis, although the ages exhibit high variability, revealing the limitations of using 14C dating alone. Because dendrochronology provides annual precision for landsliding, sampling of tree rings at additional landslide-dammed lakes throughout the Oregon Coast Range can be used to constrain the potential effects of ground motion and major storms on Cascadia landscapes.