bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of multisensory illusions on pain and perceived burning sensations in patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Phoon Nguyen Amanda H. , Balasubramaniam Ramesh , Bellan Valeria , Newport Roger N. , Stanton Tasha R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundBurning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain disorder affecting the oral cavity. Previous work has shown promising analgesic results of bodily illusions in other chronic pain conditions. The aim of this proof‐of‐concept, pilot study was to investigate whether bodily illusions reduce pain in BMS patients.MethodsNine participants diagnosed with BMS underwent bodily illusions using a MIRAGE‐mediated reality system. All participants completed four conditions and performed standardised movements of the tongue. First, a baseline condition was performed while the tongue was viewed at normal size and colour. Then, three conditions were performed in random order: resizing shrink, colour‐based (blue tongue) and incongruent movement illusions. During each condition, participants rated overall pain intensity and the intensity of burning pain/sensation on the tongue.ResultsThere was no difference in overall pain intensity ratings between conditions. However, a significant effect of condition was found for burning pain/sensation of the tongue. The colour illusion significantly reduced burning pain compared with baseline (MD = −12.8, 95% CI −20.7 to −4.8), corresponding to an average pain reduction of 32%. Exploratory analyses showed the colour illusion also significantly reduced pain compared with the shrink illusion (MD = −11.7, 95% CI −22.2 to −1.1).ConclusionUsing visual illusions to change tongue colour to blue resulted in significant reductions in burning pain/sensations in BMS patients for the duration of the illusion. This proof‐of‐concept study suggests that BMS patients may benefit from bodily illusions, and supports additional research using larger samples and more comprehensive control conditions.
(Pre)Modern sleep. New evidence from the Antwerp criminal court (1715–1795)
Authors: Verhoeven Gerrit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLately, experts have turned to historical evidence to uncover the default mode of our sleep pattern. Even though there are some notable exceptions, most historians use a qualitative methodology based on scattered evidence in diaries, letters, novels, medical treatise and other literary sources. To provide fresh perspective in the debate, the present article develops a more quantitative approach. Drawing fresh evidence from early modern criminal records – viz the eyewitness reports of the Hoge Vierschaer or the local criminal court in Antwerp – we are able to debunk some classic stereotypes about premodern sleep patterns. Data reveal that most 18th‐century Antwerpers slept fewer hours than we would expect, slumbered in a monophasic way and rarely if ever took a nap during the day. Moreover, the start and end of sleep were less attuned to the solar cycle than we would imagine. Last but not least, the pattern also shows some fascinating weekly and seasonal variations.
shRNA knockdown of integrin‐linked kinase on hPDLCs migration, proliferation, and apoptosis under cyclic tensile stress
Authors: Wang Yijie , Du Chanyuan , Wan Wanting , He Chuan , Wu Shiyang , Wang Tairan , Wang Fei , Zou Rui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the roles of integrin‐linked kinase (ILK) in mediating the cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in response to cyclic tensile stress.MethodsPrimary hPDLCs were obtained through the enzyme digestion and tissue culture method. Short hairpin ILK‐expressing hPDLCs were constructed using a recombinant lentiviral vector that specifically targeted ILK gene expression. The silencing of the ILK gene was identified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and Western blot. The hPDLCs were seeded on a flexible substrate and loaded with cyclic tensile stress at 0.5 Hz for 0, 2, 4, and 8 hr, consecutively, with the Flexcell Tension System. The response of cell migration was tested by the scratch assay. Cell proliferation was characterized by optical density (OD) value of cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) test and Ki67 mRNA expression of qRT‐PCR. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and Caspase‐3 mRNA expression of qRT‐PCR.ResultsKnocking down ILK substantially reduces migration and proliferation as well as regulates the sensitivity of hPDLCs to apoptosis under cyclic tensile stress.ConclusionsILK can promote the proliferation and migration as well as inhibit apoptosis of hPDLCs under cyclic tensile stress.
Altered pain modulation to noxious heat thermal stimuli in burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Nishihara Chisa , Watanabe Kosuke , Ozasa Kana , Khan Junad , Eliav Eli , Imamura Yoshiki , Noma Noboru 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine temporal summation (TS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and healthy controls using intra‐epidermal electrical stimulation (IES).Materials and MethodsTwenty‐six female patients with BMS and 27 healthy female controls participated in this study. A single stimulus with electrical stimulation followed by a train of 10 successive stimuli was administered to the right chin of participants in both the BMS and control groups. CPM was evaluated with the changes of TS calculated from the difference in numerical pain scale data between these two test stimuli and the following warm (40°C) and hot (47°C) conditioning stimuli applied at the non‐dominant hand in both the BMS and control groups. Results: TS was present in both the BMS and control groups. CPM in the BMS group was significantly less efficient at the 47°C condition than that in the control group, while no significant difference was observed in the CPM between the BMS and the control groups at the 40°C condition.ConclusionThese findings indicate that BMS is associated with a deficit inhibitory CPM and implicate the involvement of the central nervous system in the pathophysiology of BMS.
Can we understand human brain development from experimental studies in rodents?
Authors: Luhmann Heiko J. , Fukuda Atsuo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAnimal models are needed to gain an understanding of the genetic, molecular, cellular, and network mechanisms of human brain development. In rodents, a large spectrum of in vitro and in vivo approaches allows detailed analyses and specific experimental manipulations for studying the sequence of developmental steps in corticogenesis. Neurogenesis, neuronal migration, cellular differentiation, programmed cell death, synaptogenesis, and myelination are surprisingly similar in the rodent cortex and the human cortex. Spontaneous EEG activity in the pre‐ and early postnatal human cortex resembles the activity patterns recorded with intracortical multi‐electrode arrays in newborn rodents. This early activity is generated by thalamic activation of a subplate‐driven local network coupled via gap junctions, which controls the development of cortical columns and the spatio‐temporal pattern of apoptosis. Disturbances of this activity may induce disturbances in cortical structure and function leading to neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Relational Cities Disrupted: Reflections on the Particular Geographies of COVID‐19 For Small But Global Urbanisation in Dublin, Ireland, and Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
Authors: Hesse Markus , Rafferty Michael 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper looks at the particular geographies associated with the COVID‐19 outbreak through the lens of cities that are products of relational urbanisation. This includes small but highly globalised cities, such as financial centres or hot spots of politics and diplomacy, which are usually situated between different political, economic or cultural systems and their boundaries. These cities experienced strong growth due to internationalisation and a dedicated politics of extraversion. Our argument is that such places are unusually affected by the current lock‐down, illustrated by two empirical cases, the cities of Dublin, Ireland, and Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Both have experienced striking growth rates recently, but now suffer from disruption. Their development trajectories remain unclear, since a return to the ‘old normal’ seems unlikely, and the emergent ‘new normal’ calls for adaptation towards more state involvement in areas hitherto governed by the market. The paper addresses possible alternative geographies for both cases.
Affordable and robust phenotyping framework to analyse root system architecture of soil‐grown plants
Authors: Bontpart Thibaut , Concha Cristobal , Giuffrida Mario Valerio , Robertson Ingrid , Admkie Kassahun , Degefu Tulu , Girma Nigusie , Tesfaye Kassahun , Haileselassie Teklehaimanot , Fikre Asnake , Fetene Masresha , Tsaftaris Sotirios A. , Doerner Peter 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYThe phenotypic analysis of root system growth is important to inform efforts to enhance plant resource acquisition from soils; however, root phenotyping remains challenging because of the opacity of soil, requiring systems that facilitate root system visibility and image acquisition. Previously reported systems require costly or bespoke materials not available in most countries, where breeders need tools to select varieties best adapted to local soils and field conditions. Here, we report an affordable soil‐based growth (rhizobox) and imaging system to phenotype root development in glasshouses or shelters. All components of the system are made from locally available commodity components, facilitating the adoption of this affordable technology in low‐income countries. The rhizobox is large enough (approximately 6000 cm2 of visible soil) to avoid restricting vertical root system growth for most if not all of the life cycle, yet light enough (approximately 21 kg when filled with soil) for routine handling. Support structures and an imaging station, with five cameras covering the whole soil surface, complement the rhizoboxes. Images are acquired via the Phenotiki sensor interface, collected, stitched and analysed. Root system architecture (RSA) parameters are quantified without intervention. The RSAs of a dicot species (Cicer arietinum, chickpea) and a monocot species (Hordeum vulgare, barley), exhibiting contrasting root systems, were analysed. Insights into root system dynamics during vegetative and reproductive stages of the chickpea life cycle were obtained. This affordable system is relevant for efforts in Ethiopia and other low‐ and middle‐income countries to enhance crop yields and climate resilience sustainably.
Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of a Lubricant Containing Zinc Oxide Nano-Particles: A Two-Phase oil
Authors: Li Zhixiong , D’Orazio Annunziata , Karimipour Arash , Bach Quang-Vu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The first goal is to propose a two-variable equation for predicting the viscosity of zinc oxide-SAE50 nano-lubricant. In this way, the curve fitting was applied on laboratory data. Laboratory data have been reported in the temperatures ranging from 25 to 50 °C of and the nano-particles concentrations ranging from 0.125% to 1.5% previously. The presence of nano-particles leads to intensify the pressure descent and heat transfer, simultaneously. Therefore, the second goal was to evaluate the influence of nano-particles on the pressure descent and heat transfer. To achieve this goal, using existing relationships, heat transfer and pressure drop were estimated using nano-lubricant properties. Findings showed that the pressure drop ratio and coefficient of heat transfer augmented with an increase in ZnO concentration. Furthermore, calculations revealed that thermal performance factor enhances with increasing temperature and had a maximum value at volume concentration of 1%. It means that volume concentration of 1% is an optimal point in the preparation of this nano-lubricant.
Performance Evaluation of Degradable Temporary Plugging Agent in Laboratory Experiment
Authors: Liu Shun , Guo Tiankui , Rui Zhenhua , Ling Kegang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Temporary plugging fracturing is an effective way to enhance the fracture complexity and increase the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) of unconventional reservoirs. The performance of temporary plugging agents (TPA) directly affects the success rate of temporary plugging. Currently, laboratory evaluation of the plugging effects of the TPA is rarely reported, and there are no industrial standards on laboratory evaluation of TPA plugging. In this study, two new experimental methods were used to evaluate a novel particulate TPA. The plugging performance of the TPA to the core end face and the propped fractures was measured through displacement experiments of cores, and the applicability of its basic performance to the temporary plugging fracturing was verified. Furthermore, the large-scale true triaxial simulation experiment of temporary plugging fracturing was carried out to confirm the influence mechanism of different factors on fracture propagation during temporary plugging. Finally, the influence rule of different types of combinations of TPA and placement patterns on the plugging was obtained based on laboratory evaluation of the conductivity. The results show that the novel TPA causes effective temporary plugging on the core end face and the propped fractures and has the strong plugging performance, and the TPA solubility in the carrying fluids decreases with the increase in the TPA concentration. The basic performance of the TPA meets the requirements of temporary plugging fracturing. If the proppants and 20% fibers are placed within the fracture in the mixed pattern, the fracture is initiated along the direction of the horizontal maximum principal stress. The preset fracture reduces the fracture initiation pressure. The fracture complexity is closely related to the placement pattern of TPA and proppants. If the preset fractures are filled by the uniform mixture or the plug of the 20/40 mesh or 20/80 mesh particulate TPA (4%), fibers (1%), and proppants, the fracture initiation pressure significantly increases, and the complex fractures are formed after fracturing. Effective plugging cannot be formed only by mixing the fibers with the proppants, and the uniform mixture of the proppants and 4% particulate TPA and the 6% particulate TPA at the front end of the fracture form a temporary plugging belt, achieving effective plugging. The fibers improve the conductivity under the low closure stress, and it has a certain effect of temporary plugging under the closure stress above 30 MPa. The research results provide the design consideration for creating the complex fracture by temporary plugging.
Turbulent Flows Inside Pipes Equipped With Novel Perforated V-Shaped Rectangular Winglet Turbulators: Numerical Simulations
Authors: Erfanian Nakhchi M. , Rahmati M. T. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this study, computational simulations have been performed to investigate the turbulent characteristics and energy consumption through heat exchanger tubes equipped by new perforated V-shaped rectangular winglet (PVRW) turbulators. The effects of the holes intensity on the velocity and temperature contours are additionally investigated. The Reynolds number, hole diameter ratio, and the number of holes selected are in the range of 5000 ≤ Re ≤ 18,000, 0 ≤ DR ≤ 0.40, and 0 ≤ N ≤ 14, respectively. Renormalization group (RNG) k–ε turbulent model which is a finite volume solver is utilized for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. It was noticed that the proposed perforated turbulators could considerably intensify the thermal performance compared to typical VRW inserts. It is found that the recirculating flow generated by the PVRW augments the fluid mixing and transfers the heat from the pipe walls to the core of the tube. The simulations illustrate that the amount of heat transfer enhances 25.2% reducing the DR from 0.4 to 0.13 at Re = 18,000 and N = 14. Also, using PVRW turbulators with N = 7 and DR = 0.26 augments the average Nusselt number around 354.3% compared to the circular pipe without inserts. The highest thermal efficiency parameter of η = 2.25 could be obtained at Re = 5000 for the heat exchangers fitted by vortex generators with N = 14 and DR = 0.26.
Bridging the Gap: Science and Technology Policy in the (Bio)Engineering Classroom
Authors: Kuxhaus Laurel , Michalek Arthur J. , Martin Stephen M. , Steinbacher Jeremy L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEngineers and scientists have a key role to play in the creation and implementation of government policy. Policymakers need access to the technical expertise that is critical to our national progress and security; however, this need is often overlooked by engineering students, faculty, and professionals. Even though a substantial fraction of scientists and engineers end up pursuing jobs in government, engineering curricula do not usually provide any background in policy and for many, the policy-making process remains a black box. The good news is that there are some simple ways to make it more accessible and to encourage increased involvement. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the federal policy-making process and present a collection of classroom learning activities that link policy-making and implementation to science and engineering. These can easily be added to existing courses without wholesale curricular changes. We also suggest professional development activities for engineers at all stages of their careers and discuss ways for engineers to become involved in the policy process. Introducing learning and career development activities focused on science and engineering policy will better prepare engineers to provide needed technical expertise to policymakers. It may also encourage engineers to consider careers in local, state, and federal government.
Applicability of Common RANS Models for the Calculation of Transient Forced to Natural Convection
Authors: Fradeneck Austen D. , Kimber Mark L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe applicability of several Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models in calculating the transient evolution of a buoyancy-induced flow reversal along a vertical heated plate is analyzed through the use of validation quality experimental data from the Rotatable Buoyancy Tunnel (RoBuT) facility. This benchmark attempts to capture the transient evolution from downward forced convection to upward natural convection by removing power to the blower and allowing the buoyancy force emanating from the heated plate to gradually dominate as the primary driving force. Boundary conditions and system response quantities for the numerical model are supplied from the experiment every 0.2 s during the 18.2 s transient. ASME standards are used to quantify the numerical uncertainties while the input uncertainties are handled using a Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method based on the steady-state conditions (t=0 s). Qualitative comparisons between numerical and experimental results at several downstream locations are supported using a validation metric based on the statistical disparity between the respective empirical and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). The results from this study show that the standard linear eddy-viscosity models have difficulty in reproducing the complex features of the flow reversal in comparison with the more intricate turbulence models such as Reynolds stress models (RSM) and low-Reynolds number variants. This study also briefly highlights the difficulties of capturing validation quality data for three-dimensional multiphysics flow, while also providing insight for the design of future experimental efforts.
Design of a Variable Stiffness Pneumatic Ankle Prosthesis With Self-Recharging for Weightlifting Exercise
Authors: Mrazsko Hannah X. , Dekarske Jason T. , Adamczyk Peter G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
With advances in prosthetic technology, functional intent has extended past basic support toward providing increased dynamic ability for daily and athletic use. Addressing a disparity between universality and complexity in sport-grade and energy-storage-and-return (ESR) prostheses, this paper presents a pneumatic transtibial ankle prosthesis concept with semi-active control of ankle stiffness to adjust the prosthesis' properties for a wider range of gym exercises. Functional validation of the device falls under specific scenarios including the parallel back squat weightlifting exercise. The prosthesis features 30 deg sagittal ankle range of motion and provides wireless adjustment of static air pressure via a smartphone app to transition between the force and stiffness demands of walking and weightlifting. This pneumatic system includes a self-replenishing feature, providing a practical solution for the variable air pressure demands of athletics and everyday use. The mechanical, pneumatic, and control systems of the prosthesis are therefore described. Biomechanical tests including the back squat were conducted with one transtibial amputee subject. The resultant kinematic analysis validated the functional goals of the device, including an increased range of ankle rotation and variable stiffness across three different cylinder pressure settings. The kinetic profiles of the amputated leg and the natural leg also reveal an improvement in bilateral symmetry compared to a standard ESR prosthesis. This prosthesis concept has the potential to help persons with amputation participate in a wider range of activities, by improving the versatility of current ESR and sport prostheses.
Localized and Distributed Energy in Wave–Current Flow
Authors: Singh Santosh Kumar , Khait Anatoliy , Raushan Pankaj Kumar , Debnath Koustuv 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Evaluation of localized and distributed in time spectral energy in wave–current coexisting environment is investigated in this study. In order to understand the inherent characteristics of the flow under consideration, the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is introduced to determine the instantaneous frequency corresponding to the maximum energy carrying by the velocity field. This frequency is associated with the timescale of the most energetic velocity fluctuations. The intrinsic mean frequency of the intrinsic mode function (IMF) is reduced with the increase in the IMF number. It was shown that the maximum energy is concentrated close to the center of the IMF series. The spectral characteristics obtained by the HHT are carefully compared with those obtained by more conventional Fourier and wavelet transform (FFT and WT, respectively). Addition of the surface wave component to the velocity field of the current-only case leads to the extension of the frequency range containing the dominant portion of the energy.