bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 in Nepal: Scarcity of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and its Alternative
Authors: Panthy Laxmi , Panthi Jagadishwor , Amgain Kapil , Thapaliya Pooja , Laar Jos Van 
Published: May 2020

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), which was first discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019, puts an entire world under unprecedented danger. Powerful nations such as the United States of America and European Union countries having their hardest time to get sufficient medical protective gear, ensure market operation, and eventually to save people from dying of corona infection. To date, 213 countries have been affected. World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed 123,010 deaths and 1914,916 cases with coronavirus positive as of 15 April 2020. It has created a global public health emergency. There is no specific prophylaxis or treatment available yet. Hand washing, covering one's mouth when coughing, social distancing, self-isolation, and quarantine are preventive measures to hamper the spread of disease. Currently, Nepal has entered into the second phase of the outbreak. Health care workers (HCW) at the frontlines of the battle against COVID-19 are ill-equipped to treat coronavirus patients, due to not having adequate personal protective equipment in Nepal. Additionally, there is a shortage of PPE in the world market due to the aggressive buying of PPE globally. According to UNICEF, demand for protective gear used in response to COVID-19 has increased as high as 1000-2000 folds than of annual demand. Conclusion: In this global scarcity, locally made PPE has become another alternate way for Nepal. Hence, some of the local garments, hospitals, and local rural municipalities have prepared and delivered to HCWs. Although these Nepal-made PPE are not as high quality as imported ones, they at least offer some protection to medical staff. Recommendations: Following is our recommendation to the stakeholders: Learn- from countries with the lowest mortality rate and best medical & preventive practices policies, as fast as possible. Alternative Approaches - are necessary to decrease the risk of exposure to HCWs and are safe for patient care in this global market scarcity of PPE. Solidarity- between richer and poorer countries is necessary. Cooperate globally - international cooperation between governments, scientists, corporations, and health care professionals is not only needed but also necessary to end this pandemic.
Dental Care Management: Till We Bid Farewell to Covid-19
Authors: Manandhar Pushkar , Manandhar Sajana Shrestha 
Published: May 2020

The sudden outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Wuhan, China shook the whole world Even though the overall mortality rate of the disease is 3.4% 1, 2, the exponential spread of the virus from China to other parts of the earth got the world into an abnormal global public health crisis. Despite the global effort to control the widespread of the disease, the community spread has been out of hand and declared pandemic with a public health emergency of international concern. The worst is the treatment and vaccine have not been found to date. The Health Professionals have been working day and night on the front line to fight against the virus risking their own life. The oral health professionals, on the other hand, are at the highest risk due to the aerosols produced by saliva droplets 3. The possibility of the spread of these saliva droplets by inhalation, contamination with skin or mucous membranes, lodgments on the surfaces of the dental offices, or other dental materials used during the dental appointments and/or even the hand contamination could be a big threat to dental professionals 4. They are in risk not only they get infected but also become a carrier of the virus helping in the spread of it. Thus, this article intends to provide a brief introduction, symptoms and transmission routes of this novel infection along with specific recommendations for oral health practitioners for patient screening and management protocol, and infection control strategies.
Underway seawater and atmospheric measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Wohl Charel , Brown Ian , Kitidis Vassilis , Jones Anna E. , Sturges William T. , Nightingale Philip D. , Yang Mingxi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Dimethyl sulfide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
are important for atmospheric chemistry. The emissions of biogenically
derived organic gases, including dimethyl sulfide and especially isoprene,
are not well constrained in the Southern Ocean. Due to a paucity of
measurements, the role of the ocean in the atmospheric budgets of
atmospheric methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde is even more poorly known. In
order to quantify the air–sea fluxes of these gases, we measured their
seawater concentrations and air mixing ratios in the Atlantic sector of the
Southern Ocean, along a ∼ 11 000 km long transect at
approximately 60∘ S in February–April 2019. Concentrations, oceanic
saturations, and estimated fluxes of five simultaneously sampled gases
(dimethyl sulfide, isoprene, methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde) are
presented here. Campaign mean (±1σ) surface water
concentrations of dimethyl sulfide, isoprene, methanol, acetone, and
acetaldehyde were 2.60 (±3.94), 0.0133 (±0.0063), 67 (±35), 5.5 (±2.5), and 2.6 (±2.7) nmol dm−3 respectively. In
this dataset, seawater isoprene and methanol concentrations correlated
positively. Furthermore, seawater acetone, methanol, and isoprene
concentrations were found to correlate negatively with the fugacity of
carbon dioxide, possibly due to a common biological origin. Campaign mean
(±1σ) air mixing ratios of dimethyl sulfide, isoprene,
methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde were 0.17 (±0.09), 0.053 (±0.034), 0.17 (±0.08), 0.081 (±0.031), and 0.049 (±0.040)
ppbv. We observed diel changes in averaged acetaldehyde concentrations in
seawater and ambient air (and to a lesser degree also for acetone and
isoprene), which suggest light-driven production. Campaign mean (±1σ) fluxes of 4.3 (±7.4) µmol m−2 d−1 DMS
and 0.028 (±0.021) µmol m−2 d−1 isoprene are
determined where a positive flux indicates from the ocean to the atmosphere.
Methanol was largely undersaturated in the surface ocean with a mean
(±1σ) net flux of −2.4 (±4.7) µmol m−2 d−1, but it also had a few occasional episodes of outgassing. This section
of the Southern Ocean was found to be a source and a sink for acetone and
acetaldehyde this time of the year, depending on location, resulting in a
mean net flux of −0.55 (±1.14) µmol m−2 d−1 for
acetone and −0.28 (±1.22) µmol m−2 d−1 for
acetaldehyde. The data collected here will be important for constraining the
air–sea exchange, cycling, and atmospheric impact of these gases, especially
over the Southern Ocean.
Nur für Schwindelfreie? Eine Geographie politischer Praktiken nach Hannah Arendt
Authors: Dünckmann Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Times of crisis often call the legitimacy of existing social orders into question. These practices of dispute and debate that question, challenge, or affirm the rules that govern our social life are what constitutes the realm of the political. This article fathoms the potential
of a Political Geography that makes political practices its main point of interest. Arendt's political philosophy provides the foundation for a
geography of political practices that asks about (a) the way in which the
possibility and necessity of the political is tied to the spatiality of our
human condition, (b) the relation of political practices to spatial structures and their production of particular places, spaces and scales, and (c) the role which materiality plays in stabilizing, constraining and shaping political practices. Combining insights from Arendt's concept of political action with recent ideas of practice theories, a definition of political practices that relies on three characteristics – reflexivity,
perspectivity, and expressivity – is introduced. I will argue that these
metapragmatic practices, although they distinguish themselves from pragmatic
practices, nevertheless, always remain embedded in and related to the web of
our everyday doings.
Representing model uncertainty for global atmospheric CO2 flux inversions using ECMWF-IFS-46R1
Authors: McNorton Joe R. , Bousserez Nicolas , Agustí-Panareda Anna , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Choulga Margarita , Dawson Andrew , Engelen Richard , Kipling Zak , Lang Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric flux inversions use observations of atmospheric CO2 to
provide anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 flux estimates at a range of
spatio-temporal scales. Inversions require prior flux, a forward model and
observation errors to estimate posterior fluxes and uncertainties. Here, we
investigate the forward transport error and the associated biogenic feedback
in an Earth system model (ESM) context. These errors can occur from
uncertainty in the initial meteorology, the analysis fields used, or the
advection schemes and physical parameterisation of the model. We also
explore the spatio-temporal variability and flow-dependent error covariances.
We then compare the error with the atmospheric response to uncertainty in
the prior anthropogenic emissions. Although transport errors are variable,
average total-column CO2 (XCO2) transport errors over
anthropogenic emission hotspots (0.1–0.8 ppm) are comparable to, and often
exceed, prior monthly anthropogenic flux uncertainties projected onto the
same space (0.1–1.4 ppm). Average near-surface transport errors at three sites
(Paris, Caltech and Tsukuba) range from 1.7 to 7.2 ppm. The global average
XCO2 transport error standard deviation plateaus at ∼0.1 ppm after 2–3 d, after which atmospheric mixing significantly dampens the
concentration gradients. Error correlations are found to be highly
flow dependent, with XCO2 spatio-temporal correlation length scales
ranging from 0 to 700 km and 0 to 260 min. Globally, the average
model error caused by the biogenic response to atmospheric meteorological
uncertainties is small (<0.01 ppm); however, this increases over
high flux regions and is seasonally dependent (e.g. the Amazon; January and July:
0.24±0.18 ppm and 0.13±0.07 ppm). In general, flux hotspots are
well-correlated with model transport errors. Our model error estimates,
combined with the atmospheric response to anthropogenic flux uncertainty,
are validated against three Total Carbon Observing Network (TCCON) XCO2 sites. Results indicate that our model
and flux uncertainty account for 21 %–65 % of the total uncertainty. The
remaining uncertainty originates from additional sources, such as
observation, numerical and representation errors, as well as structural errors in
the biogenic model. An underrepresentation of transport and flux
uncertainties could also contribute to the remaining uncertainty. Our
quantification of CO2 transport error can be used to help derive
accurate posterior fluxes and error reductions in future inversion systems.
The model uncertainty diagnosed here can be used with varying degrees of
complexity and with different modelling techniques by the inversion
community.
Measurement of the Beruforge 152DL thin-film lubricant using a developed thin-film thickness standard
Authors: Metzner Sebastian , Reuter Tamara , Hausotte Tino 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Systematic deviations due to remaining lubricant on the workpiece have a significant influence on the measurement of sheet-bulk metal formed parts. The expected layer thickness for the workpieces after the forming process is less than 35 µm. For the determination of the refractive index of the lubricant and thus the effects of the lubricant on optical measurement techniques, a lubricant thin-film thickness standard was developed which represents a continuous measuring range from 6 to 100 µm. To determine the refractive index, the thin-film thickness standard was measured with a coaxial interferometric measurement system in various thickness ranges. Due to the knowledge of the optical and the geometrical path length, the refractive index can then be determined approximately. In addition, an XY stage was used to scan the entire thin-film area of the standard. The measurement setup in a temperature box allows for determining the effects of temperature changes on the optical properties of the lubricant.
Surgical Treatment of Suspected Meningioangiomatosis in the Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord
Authors: Dantio Marie C. , Dennis Amanda J. , Bergman Robert L. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
A 5 yr old male neutered Labrador retriever was evaluated for an 8 wk history of a slowly progressive abnormal hind limb gait that did not respond to treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories. Initial examination findings were mild pelvic limb ataxia and moderate right pelvic limb lameness. A computed tomography with a myelogram was performed and showed a suspected intramedullary spinal mass. MRI was conducted and supported the computed tomography with myelogram findings of a possible intradural spinal mass at L1. A left-sided hemilaminectomy followed by a durotomy at L1 was performed and a firm, tan mass was removed. The histopathologic findings indicated a vascular proliferation most suggestive of a rare proliferative disorder of leptomeningeal blood vessels termed meningioangiomatosis. Although the dog’s signs initially worsened after surgery and he was nonambulatory with marked paraparesis, he regained ambulation within 3–4 wk after the operation. Eighteen months after surgery, he was ambulatory with mild hind limb ataxia with no progression of signs. This case suggests that surgical resection of lesions of suspected meningioangiomatosis can result in improvement of clinical signs with a good long-term prognosis.
Prognostic Indicators and Clinical Outcome in Dogs with Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors Treated with Surgery Alone: 43 Cases
Authors: Gill Virginia , Leibman Nicole , Monette Sebastien , Craft Diane M. , Bergman Philip J. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine if clinical findings, histologic grade, or other histologic features were associated with clinical outcome in dogs with subcutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs). Medical records of 43 client-owned dogs were retrospectively reviewed, and follow-up information was gathered via phone or follow-up examination. Progression-free survival (PFS), disease-free interval (DFI), and overall survival were calculated. Forty-two and twenty-two dogs, respectively, had grade 2 (Patnaik grading system) or low-grade tumors (two-tier grading system). Median PFS was 1474 days. Median DFI was not reached at &gt;1968 days. Overall median survival time was not reached at &gt;1968 days. In univariate analysis, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and mitotic index were negatively prognostic for PFS whereas Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and microvessel density were negatively prognostic for DFI. In multivariate analysis, AgNORs remained negatively prognostic for PFS. Results suggest that proliferation indices, especially AgNORs, may be useful in predicting the rare poor outcomes in dogs with subcutaneous MCTs. The vast majority of subcutaneous MCTs appear to be low or intermediate grade with excellent outcomes from good local tumor control.
Development of a Training Program for Law Enforcement K9 Handlers to Administer Naloxone
Authors: Mitek Ashley , McMichael Maureen , Weir Brad , Smith Michael , Schneider Danielle , Schaefer David 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTAs the opioid epidemic continues across the United States, law enforcement K9s (LEK9s) are at increased risk of accidental exposure and overdose. This study evaluated a novel training program teaching handlers to administer naloxone to their LEK9 in the event of an overdose. Seventy-five LEK9 handlers from a governmental agency attended a naloxone training session. A presurvey given to the handlers evaluated their knowledge of opioid overdose in LEK9s and their confidence administering naloxone. Officers were educated via a PowerPoint presentation about naloxone and how to administer it to their LEK9. A postsurvey evaluated changes in their knowledge and confidence as a result of the presentation. Sixty-two presurveys and 47 postsurveys were completed. Nearly all handlers had never given their LEK9 an intramuscular or intranasal injection. Most handlers were not comfortable monitoring their LEK9’s vital signs for an opioid overdose. After the training, handlers demonstrated a mild increase in comfort level administering intramuscular and intranasal naloxone (15 and 14% increase, respectively). Comfort level monitoring vital signs and symptoms of an opioid overdose increased 38 and 32%, respectively. Handlers may not be fully prepared to assess and treat their LEK9 and may benefit from a targeted training program teaching them to administer naloxone.
Determinants of hospital efficiency: A literature review
Authors: Asbu Eyob Z. , Masri Maysoun D. , Naboulsi Marwan Al 
Published: May 2020

Background: Inefficiency is a pervasive problem in health systems. The World Health Organization estimates that on average, 20%-40% of the global total health expenditure is wasted. The proportion of total health expenditure attributed to hospitals is high, which implies that improving the efficiency of hospitals will lead to more efficient health systems. This study aims to synthetize the major determinants of hospital inefficiency and to develop a framework to identify causes of inefficiency and develop multi-factor interventions to address inefficiencies.Methods: The study is based on survey of the literature on the determinants of hospital efficiency. The studies include those that employ ratio methods of efficiency analysis, data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier models and econometric models such as the Tobit regression to assess determinants of technical efficiency. Data was extracted in a table format categorized as those that are within the hospital, outside the hospital but within the health system and those that are outside the hospital and health system in the broader macroeconomic system and analyzed.Results: Hospital efficiency is influenced by factors that may be internal to the hospital or external and thus could be wholly or partially out of the control of the hospital. Hospital-level characteristics that influence efficiency include ownership, size, specialization/scope economies, teaching status, membership of multihospital system and other factors such as case-mix and ratio of outpatients to inpatients. However, the effects of these variables are not definitive and consistent; all depends on the context. Factors out of the direct control of the hospital include geographic location, competition and reimbursement systems. The findings further elucidate that no single factor is effective in addressing hospital inefficiencies in isolation from others.Conclusion: There is no one single magic formula or intervention that can be adopted by different hospitals to improve hospital efficiencies. Multiple factors influence the efficiency of hospitals. To address hospital inefficiency multi-intervention packages focusing on the hospital and its environment should be developed.
Work Integrated Learning at Tertiary Level to Enhance Graduate Employability in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Faieza 
Published: May 2020

In the last few years, higher education institutions (HEIs) in Bangladesh have been under severe pressure to transform the way they operate. The present Government of Bangladesh requires all universities to improve their quality of education and has implemented various projects such as Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project (HEQEP) in collaboration with the World Bank. As Bangladesh has set a target to transition out of the status of Least Developed Country (LDC) to Developing country by 2024, graduate employability and education quality are pivotal interests for the Government of Bangladesh. This paper investigates the concept of work integrated learning (WIL) and generic skills vital to enhance the employability of the current graduates in Bangladesh. We explore different types of WIL that can be applied at higher academic institutions in Bangladesh and what are the various benefits of this type of learning to the key stakeholders, namely; students, universities and employers. Finally, we conclude by pointing out the prerequisites that need to be considered in order to successfully implement WIL in Bangladesh. This is a descriptive study and we have collected data from different secondary sources such as documents available from government agencies, research organizations, archives and library. Moreover, we have also used interviews from sources such as newspapers and magazines documenting views of well-respected academicians and personalities in Bangladesh. Our findings indicate that in order to successfully integrate WIL, there are some prerequisites such as modifying the current curriculum, designing and offering work oriented courses, building strong connections with potential employers and creating awareness about WIL among faculty members and students.
The Effect of Sentence-Making Practice on Adult EFL Learners’ Writing Anxiety A Comparative Study
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan 
Published: May 2020

Writing anxiety is one of the most essential factors influencing language learning. The current study is to explore the effect of sentence-making practice on reducing writing anxiety of two classes of adult EFL learners, one in low-intermediate level (LI learners), the other in high-intermediate level (HI learners). Two classes received two-week sentence-making practice, before completing the questionnaire designed specifically for the present study and attending the semi-structured interview. The descriptive statistics and independent t-test demonstrate that both mean scores of two classes are below 3 points, showing that they are in low or moderate anxiety levels. Moreover, the mean scores of HI class are lower than LI class in all four dimensions (classroom experience; while-writing experience; feedback experience; further effects), despite no significant difference, except for in the third dimension (feedback experience). Both statistic results and qualitative analysis with learners&rsquo; attitudes towards sentence-making practice illustrate that the learners in two classes have less writing anxiety after sentence-making practice, and this teaching method has also brought beneficial effects on learners&rsquo; writing.&nbsp;
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