bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐scale diversity reassessment, evolutionary history, and taxonomic revision of the green macroalgae family Udoteaceae (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Lagourgue Laura , Payri Claude E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUdoteaceae is a morphologically diverse family of the order Bryopsidales. Despite being very widespread geographically, this family is little known as compared with the closely related Halimedaceae or Caulerpaceae. Using the most extensive Udoteaceae collection to date and a multilocus genetic data set (tufA, rbcL, and 18S rDNA), we reassessed the species diversity of the family, as well as the phylogenetic relationships, the diagnostic morphoanatomical characters, and evolutionary history of its genera, toward a proposed taxonomic revision. Our approach included a combination of molecular and morphological criteria, including species delimitation methods, phylogenetic reconstruction, and mapping of trait evolution. We successfully delimited 62 species hypotheses, of which 29 were assigned (existing) species names and 13 represent putative new species. Our results also led us to revise the genera Udotea s.s., Rhipidosiphon s.s., and Chlorodesmis s.s., to validate the genus Rhipidodesmis, and to propose three new genera: Glaukea gen. nov., Ventalia gen. nov., and Udoteopsis gen. nov. We also identified two large species complexes, which we refer to as the “Penicillus–Rhipidosiphon–Rhipocephalus–Udotea complex” and the “Poropsis–Penicillus–Rhipidodesmis complex”. Using a time‐calibrated phylogeny, we estimated the origin of the family Udoteaceae at Late Triassic (ca. 216 Ma), whereas most of the genera originated during Paleogene. Our morphological inference results indicated that the thallus of the Udoteaceae ancestor was likely entirely corticated and calcified, composed of a creeping axis with a multisiphonous stipe and a pluristromatic flabellate frond. The frond shape, cortication, and calcification are still symplesiomorphies for most extant Udoteaceae genera and represent useful diagnostic characters.
Sleep in older adolescents. Results from a large cross‐sectional, population‐based study
Authors: Saxvig Ingvild West , Bjorvatn Bjørn , Hysing Mari , Sivertsen Børge , Gradisar Michael , Pallesen Ståle 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to describe sleep patterns in a large and representative sample of Norwegian adolescents. The sample included 4,010 first‐year high school students, aged 16–17 years (54% female), who completed a web‐based survey on sleep patterns. The process of going to sleep was addressed as a two‐step sequence of (a) shuteye latency (interval from bedtime to shuteye time) and (b) sleep onset latency (interval from shuteye time to sleep onset). Results showed that 84.8% of the adolescents failed to obtain the recommended amount of sleep (8+ h) on schooldays, and 49.4% obtained less than 7 h. Mean bedtime on schooldays was 10:33 PM, with rise time 8:19 h later (time in bed). The adolescents reported long school‐day shuteye latency (43 min), limiting sleep opportunity to 7:36 h. Sleep onset latency was 32 min and mean school‐day sleep duration was only 6:43 h. On free days, 26.3% of the adolescents obtained less than 8 h of sleep, and 11.7% obtained less than 7 h. Mean bedtime was 00:33 AM, time in bed was 10:35 h, shuteye latency was 39 min and sleep onset latency was 24 min. Mean free‐day sleep duration was 8:38 h. There were sex differences in several sleep parameters, including shuteye latency. The results indicate that the majority of Norwegian adolescents fail to obtain the recommended amount of sleep (8+ h) on schooldays. Long shuteye latency appears to be a main driver for short school‐day sleep duration in adolescents.
Co‐expression of IL‐7 and PH20 promote anti‐GPC3 CAR‐T tumour suppressor activity in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Xiong Xingcheng , Xi Juanli , Liu Qian , Wang Cixiao , Jiang Zeyou , Yue Su‐Yang , Shi Lei , Rong Yuping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhile CAR‐T therapy has successfully treated haematological malignancies, it has proved sub‐optimal for solid tumours. The main limitation is the inability of CAR‐T cells to infiltrate and then proliferate within tumours.MethodWe co‐expressed IL‐7 and PH20, a type of hyaluronidase, with CAR targeting GPC3 (G3CAR‐7 × 20). We test the anti‐tumour ability in vitro and in vivo. Moreover the capacity of infiltration and proliferation of G3CAR‐7 × 20 was measured.ResultWe found (G3CAR‐7 × 20) exhibited better proliferation in vivo and in vitro than G3CAR, reduced the level of apoptosis after stimulation by tumour cells, and maintained the memory phenotype of CAR‐T cells. G3CAR‐7 × 20 also increased the ability of CAR‐T cells to infiltrate tumour tissue.Conclusionco‐expressed IL‐7 and PH20 may significantly enhance the efficacy of targeted GPC3 CAR‐T cells in solid tumours treatment.
Protein intakes of pregnant women and children in India—protein quality implications
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sulagna , Shivakumar Nirupama , Kurpad Anura V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS‐4, 2016) reports a national average of 18% for low birthweight (LBW) and 38% for stunting in children <5 years. Nutrition and environmental influences (chronic enteric pathogenic exposure through poor water, sanitation, and hygiene) are two critical factors that impact the health outcomes of the populxation. This is particularly relevant for vulnerable age groups such as pregnant women and children <5 years, who bear long‐lasting and intergenerational consequences of impoverished nutrition and suboptimal living conditions. The present review provides, for the first time, an analysis of indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements for pregnant women, separately for the second and third trimesters, using protein accretion data from a recent Indian study. Furthermore, using these estimates for pregnancy, and the current IAA requirements for young children, the quality of protein was assessed in Indian diets consumed by pregnant women and children (1–3 and 4–6 years) from national representative rural National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau survey. The assessment was considered in the context of an adverse environment and in relation to outcomes such as LBW, stunting, and underweight. Finally, an assessment was made of the proportion of the surveyed population at risk of dietary quality protein inadequacy and implications for planning nutrition intervention programmes. Specifically, state‐wise estimates of the risk of quality protein inadequacy are provided, in addition to evaluations of additional dietary supplementation, which could inform the policy of supplementary nutrition programmes to improve health outcomes.
The natural course of cow’s milk allergy and the development of atopic diseases into adulthood
Authors: Hansen Michaela M. , Nissen Susanne P. , Halken Susanne , Høst Arne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have investigated the natural course of cow's milk allergy (CMA) and development of atopic diseases into adolescence. Studies with long‐term follow‐up into adulthood are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate (a) the natural course of CMA in a 1‐year birth cohort of Danish children from birth until 15 and 26 years of age and (b) the development of atopic diseases in a group of children with CMA (group A) compared to a random sample of 276 children from the same birth cohort (group B).MethodsA birth cohort of 1749 newborns was investigated prospectively for the development of CMA and atopic diseases. During the first year of life and at 18 months and 3, 5, 10, 15, and 26 years of age, questionnaire‐based interviews, physical examination, skin prick tests, and specific IgE testing, and from 10 years also spirometry, were carried out.ResultsThirty‐nine (2.2%) were diagnosed with CMA. The recovery rate was 87%, 92%, and 97% at 3, 5, and 26 years of age. Compared to group B, group A had significantly (P < .05) higher prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis at 15 years of age, and at 26 years of age, group A had significantly higher prevalence of asthma and atopic dermatitis. The follow‐up rate was 85% (A) and 70% (B).ConclusionCMA has a good prognosis regarding recovery rate. However, CMA, especially IgE‐mediated, in early childhood predicts a high prevalence of atopic diseases into adulthood.
Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Rectangular Cooling Channel With Airfoil Shaped Fins
Authors: Wright Lesley M. , Chen Andrew F. , Wu Hao-Wei , Han Je-Chin , Lee Ching-Pang , Azad Salam , Um Jae 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper experimentally investigates heat transfer in a cooling passage with airfoil shaped fins for channel Reynolds numbers 10,000–40,000. This study uses airfoil shaped fins, instead of circular or oblong-shaped pins, for heat transfer augmentation. The airfoil shaped fins have more surface area than traditional pins. Assuming they both provide similar internal surface heat transfer coefficients, airfoil shaped fins will perform better than circular or oblong fins due to increased surface area. There is a need to obtain the heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop penalty in this cooling passage with airfoil shaped fins. Results are compared to the same rectangular cooling channel with smooth surfaces. The heat transfer can be enhanced 6–8 times while pressure drop is increased 70–90 times, as compared with the same channel with a smooth surface. With the fins significantly increasing the heat transfer area, three different methods are proposed for analyzing the heat transfer enhancement: (a) using the smooth channel area with the endwall temperature, (b) combining the total heat transfer area with the endwall temperature, and (c) coupling the total heat transfer area with the area weighted, average temperature including both the endwall and fin temperatures. Finally, compared directly to round pins, the airfoil shaped fins incur similar pressure penalties while providing slightly less heat transfer. The airfoil shaped fins benefit from a significant increase in the heat transfer area, a characteristic similar to more narrow strip fins.
A Highly Efficient Integrated Silicon-Microchannel Cooler for Multi-Module Electronic Microsystems: Model Design, Optimization, and Performance Validation
Authors: Wang Jiejun , Wang Tao , Li Qiuyan , Li Yiming , Wu Chuangui , Zhang Wanli 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recently, the development trend of multi-module and multi-function in electronic microsystems makes the ever-increasing heat flux problem more serious. In this study, a highly efficient integrated single-phase microchannel cooler with four heat sources is presented for handling the challenges from both workings independently of all electronic modules and the high heat flux. Both numerical and experimental studies are conducted. By optimizing the structural design and the fabricated process, the presented microchannel cooler has outstanding cooling performance, which contains desired fluid flow distribution, pressure drop, heat transfer, and combination thereof. Results reveal uniform coolant flow dissipates four individual heaters independently, and their maximal temperature difference below 4 °C. Beyond this, high heat flux removal (707.6 W/cm2) is realized with an extremely low coolant flowrate (45 ml/min), and the maximum temperature rise is less than 60 °C. This study provides a referable solution for the thermal management of multi-module heat sources and high heat flux in compact electronic microsystems.
Modeling of a Complete Morphing Mechanism Covered by a Paneled Morphing Skin
Authors: Yu Aaron , Xi Fengfeng (Jeff) , Ghaemi Hamid , Li Bing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Presented in this paper is a method for modeling and simulation of a complete morphing mechanism. The said mechanism has a rigid panel morphing skin that morphs along with a driving mechanism. The said skin is made of segmented panels, inspired by fish scales. Since the gaps between these panels are undesirable, a gapless design is introduced in this paper by using shape-memory polymer (SMP) joints. This paper aims to solve two fundamental problems for the entire system: (1) motion control and (2) force control. The motion control is addressed through the kinematic modeling of two equations including (a) the passive rigid panels and (b) the passive rigid panels to the active mechanism. Force control is achieved through force modeling. This is to develop a relationship of the SMP deformations to the required actuator forces. The experiment is carried out to determine the SMP forces versus deformation, and simulations are conducted to investigate how a complete morphing mechanism behaves. It also reveals that the workspace and singularity of the original mechanism will change after covered by a morphing skin. The developed method sheds light on the design of a complete morphing mechanism.
Can an online exercise prescription tool improve adherence to home exercise programmes in children with cerebral palsy and other neurodevelopmental disabilities? A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Johnson Rowan W , Williams Sian A , Gucciardi Daniel F , Bear Natasha , Gibson Noula 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveDetermine the adherence to and effectiveness of an 8-week home exercise programme for children with disabilities delivered using Physitrack, an online exercise prescription tool, compared with traditional paper-based methods.DesignSingle-blinded, parallel-groups, randomised controlled trial (RCT).SettingIntervention took place in participants’ homes in Western Australia.ParticipantsChildren aged 6 to 17 years, with neurodevelopmental disabilities including cerebral palsy (CP), receiving community therapy services.InterventionAll participants completed an individualised home exercise programme, which was delivered to the intervention group using Physitrack and conventional paper-based methods for the control group.Primary outcome measuresAdherence to exercise programme, goal achievement and exercise performance.Secondary outcome measuresEnjoyment, confidence and usability of Physitrack.ResultsFifty-four participants with CP (n=37) or other neurodevelopmental disabilities (n=17) were recruited. Fifty-three were randomised after one early withdrawal. Forty-six completed the 8-week programme, with 24 in the intervention group and 22 in the control group. There was no difference between the two groups for percentage of exercises completed (intervention (n=22): 62.8% (SD 27.7), control (n=22): 55.8% (SD 19.4), between group mean difference −7.0% (95% CI: −21.6 to 7.5, p=0.34)). Both groups showed significant improvement in their self-rated performance of individualised goal activities, however there was no statistically significant difference between groups for goal achievement, quality of exercise performance, enjoyment, confidence or preferred method of delivery. There were no adverse events.ConclusionPhysitrack provides a therapist with a new means of providing an exercise programme with online tools such as exercise videos, but our preliminary findings indicate that it may be no better than a traditional paper-based method for improving exercise adherence or the other outcomes measured. Exercise programmes remain an intervention supported by evidence, but a larger RCT is required to fully evaluate online delivery methods.Trial registration detailsAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; ACTRN12616000743460.
Metformin use and long-term risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Nørgaard Mette , Darvalics Bianka , Thomsen Reimar Wernich 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo assess whether metformin use affects risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by comparing the risk of BPH in men with type 2 diabetes who initiated first-line treatment with either metformin or sulfonylurea monotherapy between 2000 or 2006 in Northern Denmark. In this period, sulfonylurea and metformin were both frequently used as first-line glucose-lowering drug (GLD) treatment.DesignA population-based cohort study.SettingNorthern Denmark.ParticipantsAll men who filled at least two prescriptions for metformin or for sulfonylurea, respectively, during their first 6 months of GLD treatment. Follow-up started 6 months after treatment start.Primary outcome measuresRates of subsequent BPH, identified based on community prescriptions for BPH-related treatment or hospital BPH diagnoses, and rates of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Rates in metformin and sulfonylurea users were compared overall and stratified by 6-month haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) using Cox regression and an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach and an as-treated analysis.ResultsDuring follow-up, less than five persons were lost to follow-up due to emigration. In 3953 metformin initiators with a median follow-up of 10 years, the 10-year cumulative BPH incidence was 25.7% (95% CI 24.2 to 27.1). Compared with 5958 sulfonylurea users (median follow-up 8 years, 10-year cumulative incidence 27.4% (95% CI 26.2 to 28.6)), the crude HR for BPH was 0.83 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.89) and adjusted HR in the ITT analyses was 0.97 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.06). For TURP, the adjusted HR was 0.96 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.46). In the as-treated analysis, adjusted HR for BPH was 0.91 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.02).ConclusionsCompared with sulfonylurea, metformin did not substantially reduce the incidence of BPH in men with diabetes.
Prediction of outcomes after acute kidney injury in hospitalised patients: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Arora Tanima , Martin Melissa , Grimshaw Alyssa , Mansour Sherry , Wilson Francis P 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionAcute kidney injury (AKI) is common and is associated with negative long-term outcomes. Given the heterogeneity of the syndrome, the ability to predict outcomes of AKI may be beneficial towards effectively using resources and personalising AKI care. This systematic review will identify, describe and assess current models in the literature for the prediction of outcomes in hospitalised patients with AKI.Methods and analysisRelevant literature from a comprehensive search across six databases will be imported into Covidence. Abstract screening and full-text review will be conducted independently by two team members, and any conflicts will be resolved by a third member. Studies to be included are cohort studies and randomised controlled trials with at least 100 subjects, adult hospitalised patients, with AKI. Only those studies evaluating multivariable predictive models reporting a statistical measure of accuracy (area under the receiver operating curve or C-statistic) and predicting resolution of AKI, progression of AKI, subsequent dialysis and mortality will be included. Data extraction will be performed independently by two team members, with a third reviewer available to resolve conflicts. Results will be reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Risk of bias will be assessed using Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool.Ethics and disseminationWe are committed to open dissemination of our results through the registration of our systematic review on PROSPERO and future publication. We hope that our review provides a platform for future work in realm of using artificial intelligence to predict outcomes of common diseases.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019137274.
Practicability of lower extremity functional performance tests and their measurement properties in elite athletes: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Cooke Rosalyn , Rushton Alison , Martin James , Herrington Lee , Heneghan Nicola R 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionLower extremity injury (LEI) is highly prevalent and its occurrence increases the risk of future injury in athletic populations. Identifying athletes at risk of injury is the key to target injury-prevention programmes. Functional performance tests (FPT) assess an athlete’s ability to produce and accept forces during movement tasks reflective of those experienced in sport, and are used to identify deficits in physical qualities or neuromuscular control. This review aims to identify FPT which have potential to predict LEI and assess their measurement properties associated with reliability, validity, responsiveness and practicability (interpretability and feasibility).Methods/analysisThis protocol will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol and the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments Methodology. The search strategy has two stages: stage 1 will identify lower limb FPT used in athletic populations; and stage 2 will assess the measurement properties of the identified FPT. A sensitive search strategy will use MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and SPORTdiscus databases; from inception to June 2020. Hand searching reference lists, key journals and grey literature will be completed. One reviewer will complete search 1 and data extraction. Two reviewers will complete the search, data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment for search 2. Evidence will be pooled or summarised by individual measurement property by each individual study and grouped by FPT. Meta-analysis using a random effects model with subgroup analysis will be performed where possible. Pooled or summarised results for each FPT in relation to each measurement property will be rated against the criteria for good measurement properties. Two reviewers will assess the overall body of evidence per measurement property per FPT using the modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. This review will enable clinicians to make an informed choice when selecting FPT.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required for this review and the results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and submitted for conference presentation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020188932.
Psychosocial and health behavioural impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on adults in the USA: protocol for a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Badr Hoda , Oluyomi Abiodun , Adel Fahmideh Maral , Raza Syed Ahsan , Zhang Xiaotao , El-Mubasher Ola , Amos Christopher 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionAlthough social distancing may help contain the spread of COVID-19, the social isolation and loneliness it causes can heighten stress, contribute to unhealthy lifestyle behaviours and have deleterious effects on social relationships. This ongoing longitudinal cohort study aims to (1) characterise the psychological, social and health behavioural impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic over a 12-month period in the USA; (2) determine whether these impacts differ for certain subgroups based on sociodemographics and other individual-level factors; and (3) explore whether there are modifiable factors (eg, coping, social support) that moderate the effects of the pandemic over time.Methods and analysisAdults (aged ≥18 years) who were fluent in either English or Spanish were recruited via social media and invited to complete an online survey during the 8-week period from 13 April to 8 June 2020 (baseline). Follow-up surveys will be conducted 6 and 12 months after baseline. Data transformations, non-parametric tests or other alternative methods will be used when appropriate. Descriptive statistics and cross-sectional analyses will be performed. Longitudinal associations will be analysed using multilevel modelling with time-variant and time-invariant predictors of change in trajectory over the study period.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics approval was received from the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Review Board (H-47505). Overall, this study will provide timely information that can be used to inform public health messaging strategies and guide development of assessment tools and interventions to support vulnerable individuals dealing with the long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.