bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the failure to provide equitable access to treatment lead to action by NHS organisations: the case of biologics for South Asians with inflammatory bowel disease?
Authors: Farrukh Affifa , Mayberry John Francis 
Published: August 2020

Aims: The purpose of this study was to identify whether NHS Trusts where discrimination in the delivery of care to patients from the South Asian community had been demonstrated had taken any actions to address the issue over the subsequent year.Methods: Freedom of information requests were sent to three trusts which had provided evidence of disparate provision of biologic therapy to patients with Crohn’s disease, their associated Clinical Commissioning Groups and Healthwatch organisations to seek evidence they had remedied the situation. Requests were also sent to the Care Quality Commission, NHS Improvement and the Equality and Human Rights Commission seeking examples where they had responded to inequitable delivery of care related to ethnicity.Results: No organisation had any evidence of responses to the situation, many unable to accept its existence.Conclusion: Legal duties are discussed and the only remedy appears to be through the tort of negligence.
Predictability of Indian Exchange Rates
Authors: Datta Radhika Prosad , Bhattacharyya Ranajoy 
Published: August 2020

In this paper we determine the extent of predictability of India’s major spot exchange rates by using the Lyapunov exponent. We first determine whether the series is fractal (self-similar) in nature. If it is indeed so, then next we determine whether the underlying dynamics of the system is deterministic or stochastic. If the dynamics is found to be deterministic then we calculate the Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE) to determine whether the series has deterministic chaos. Finally we use the inverse of the Lyapunov exponent to estimate the time period for which out of sample predictions for the series make sense. We find that India’s major spot exchange rates are: a) fractal in nature, b) chaotic with a high embedding dimension and c) The inverse of the LLE gives us a time frame in which any meaningful predictions can be made. These results are interpreted in two ways. First, exploiting the efficient market interpretation of randomness we conclude that since available information is fairly rapidly internalized, chaotic behaviour is mainly due to the unforeseen nature of the pool of new information affecting the systems at such short intervals of time. Second, anti-cyclical central bank interventions are conjectured to be the source of determinism in otherwise almost random movements.
COMPARING PREDICTION MARKET PRICES AND OPINION POLLS IN POLITICAL ELECTIONS
Authors: Page Lionel 
Published: August 2020

The basic idea of this note is simple. Fundamentally, opinion polls are estimates of the final vote shares of candidates. These estimates are characterised by uncertainty. This uncertainty is the link between prediction market prices and the opinion polls. The simple reason for this is that the price in a prediction market indicates the probability that a given candidate will win a share of the vote greater than a given threshold (usually 50%).As soon as one is able to estimate the distribution of the final possible share of the vote given an opinion poll, a comparison is possible between the opinion poll and the prediction market. The estimation of this distribution is the main (non-trivial) problem of this exercise.
THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF STRENGTH AND WEIGHT IN PROCESSING NEW INFORMATION IN THE COLLEGE FOOTBALL BETTING MARKET
Authors: Durham Greg , Santhanakrishnan Mukunthan 
Published: August 2020

Griffin and Tversky (1992) suggest that individuals, when formulating posterior probabilities based on the available evidence, tend to overreact to a new piece of evidence’s strength while underreacting to the relative importance of its weight. We test this prediction using the college football betting market, a market that is commonly employed in tests for efficiency and rationality. Using average points in excess of the spread and streak against the spread as measures for strength and weight, respectively, we find that bettors overreact to strength and underreact to weight. These results are consistent with the predictions of Griffin and Tversky, as well as with the findings of Sorescu and Subrahmanyam (2006) and Barberis, Shleifer, and Vishny (1998) in financial market settings. Our work also provides insight into how behavioral biases might affect price-formation processes in other markets.The authors thank Tod Perry, Omar Shehryar, and Kumar Venkataraman for their careful feedback and thoughtful suggestions. The authors are also grateful for comments from seminar participants at the 2008 Midwest Finance Association meetings in San Antonio and 2008 Southwestern Finance Association meetings in Houston, as well as from seminar participants at Montana State University. (The authors are responsible for any outstanding errors in this paper.)
HANSON’S AUTOMATED MARKET MAKER
Authors: Berg Henry , Proebsting Todd A. 
Published: August 2020

From Hanson’s “market scoring rule,” we derive all the necessary formulae to implement a corresponding automated market maker for a prediction market. The market maker has many desirable qualities and always stands ready to trade, thus providing liquidity to markets. The formulae cover all transactions for buying and selling market contracts. In addition, we address practical concerns like how to correctly treat rounding errors and how to prevent errors that allow traders to cheat the market, and provide a practical numerical example. We have used Hanson's automated market maker to run many markets at Microsoft.
THE DESIGN OF IDEA MARKETS: AN ECONOMIST’S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ottaviani Marco 
Published: August 2020

GE is pioneering the development of market-based methods for allocating research budget to internal projects. To be effective, a market for ideas must provide appropriate incentives for the creation of valuable ideas and it must result in sufficiently accurate evaluation of ideas. The main tenet behind GE’s Idea Market is that improvements in the evaluation of research ideas should foster incentives for idea creation. Indeed, idea creation and idea evaluation are complementary activities. For an idea to be successful, it is not enough that the idea be good. It also helps if the idea is recognized as good by those who evaluate it. As the evaluation process becomes more accurate, good ideas are more likely to be funded. Thus, incentives for the creation of ideas are enhanced when ideas are evaluated more accurately.
Totals Markets as Evidence Against Widespread Point Shaving
Authors: Borghesi Richard , Paul Rodney , Weinbach Andy 
Published: August 2020

Wolfers (2006) suggests that NCAA basketball is marred by widespread gambling corruption. We examine totals wagers in a variety of sports betting markets to determine whether observed outcomes are symmetric around closing lines, an important assumption Wolfers makes in his analysis. Our results show that totals wagers result in just under outcomes more frequently than they result in just over outcomes. This occurs because gamblers strongly prefer to take the over in totals betting, and profit-seeking bookmakers capitalize by shading totals lines upwards. Likewise, prior work shows that gamblers in point spread markets strongly prefer to bet on favorites, so it is not surprising that win/no cover outcomes occur more frequently that do win/cover outcomes. We conclude that the critical but erroneous symmetric-distribution assumption is responsible for creating the illusion of widespread point shaving.
INFORMATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN NFL POINT SPREAD AND MONEYLINE MARKETS
Authors: Fodor Andy , Krieger Kevin , David Kirch David Kirch , Kreutzer Andrew 
Published: August 2020

In this paper we test the efficiency of NFL betting markets by examining the ability of NFL point spread and moneyline markets to incorporate information. While bookmakers may properly evaluate available information when setting point spreads and moneylines, we show that the nature of point spread markets makes full information incorporation difficult. We test if information from the finer moneyline market can be used to predict whether favorites will cover the spread in the point spread market. We find that for games with the same point spread, betting on (against) the most (least) favored teams to win (lose), according to the moneyline, results in chances to profit, suggesting an inefficiency in the point spread market.
ARBITRAGE TRADE IN PREDICTION MARKETS
Authors: Bergfjord O , Kildal P. , McPherson T.A. , Loftaas L.R. , Valvik K. 
Published: August 2020

By using data from five similar prediction market (PM) contracts on the 2008 American presidential election in two different market places targeted at investors of different nationalities, we investigate whether arbitrage opportunities across borders and market places exist in these markets. We find that arbitrage opportunities are rare and difficult to exploit. Markets in these political events seem to be fairly efficient, even if they are located in different countries, time zones and are relatively small. However, inter-market arbitrage opportunities exist, and we hypothesize that this can be explained by differences in political opinion between the US and other countries.
Employee Discipline and Basketball Referees: A Prediction Market Approach
Authors: Rodenberg Ryan 
Published: August 2020

Given confidentiality issues and the proprietary nature of the underlying data, outsiders rarely have the opportunity to test the impetus, impact, and efficacy of employee discipline in the workplace. However, the transparency of NBA basketball officiating allows for such an inquiry, as long-time referee Joey Crawford was involved in a much-publicized 2007 on-court incident with Tim Duncan of the San Antonio Spurs that resulted in a lengthy suspension. Shortly after the suspension, Duncan spoke of Crawford’s “personal vendetta” against him and expressed hope that he and his team would “get a fair shake” and avoid any “backlash” from other referees. Using a prediction market approach, this paper analyzes the interaction between Crawford (and other referees) and the Spurs team and reveals that Duncan’s concerns were illusory in 2007 and remain spurious (pun intended) today. In the course of analyzing every Spurs game (N = 1038) over the course of eleven seasons, neither Crawford nor any of his fellow referees exhibited any systematic bias against Duncan or his team.
THE CHANGING SECONDARY CURRICULUM IN ENGLAND
Authors: Lenon Barnaby 
Published: August 2020

The writer engages with the debate around the balancing act in the development of curricula between knowledge and skills. There is an advocacy of the idea that content should be given greater prominence.

The recent developments in the English curriculum are used to illustrate the dichotomy between skills and knowledge. The author argues that this is in fact a false dichotomy and that higher order skills become undermined if they are not developed alongside a significant knowledge base. Writers such as Bloom and Hirsch are deployed to substantiate the presented arguments.

A cogent critique is offered to support subject based, knowledge dominant curricula. Evidence is marshalled to imply that many recent moves to develop vocational curricula by emphasising skills has diluted their value and function as a progressional root to further education and employment.
A Tecelagem de um Antropólogo do Trabalho [Entrevista]
Authors: Leite Lopes José Sérgio , Pereira Neto Murilo Leal , Ribeiro Felipe Augusto dos Santos , Torres Lucas Porto Marchesini 
Published: August 2020

Entrevista comJosé Sérgio Leite Lopes da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Entrevista concedida àMurilo Leal Pereira Neto da Universidade Federal de São PauloFelipe Augusto dos Santos Ribeiro da Universidade Estadual do PiauíLucas Porto Marchesini Torres da Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Spatial distribution of microbial communities among colonies and genotypes in nursery-reared Acropora cervicornis
Authors: Miller Nicole , Maneval Paul , Manfrino Carrie , Frazer Thomas K. , Meyer Julie L. 
Published: August 2020

Background
The architecturally important coral species Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata were historically common in the Caribbean, but have declined precipitously since the early 1980s. Substantial resources are currently being dedicated to coral gardening and the subsequent outplanting of asexually reproduced colonies of Acropora, activities that provide abundant biomass for both restoration efforts and for experimental studies to better understand the ecology of these critically endangered coral species.

Methods
We characterized the bacterial and archaeal community composition of A. cervicornis corals in a Caribbean nursery to determine the heterogeneity of the microbiome within and among colonies. Samples were taken from three distinct locations (basal branch, intermediate branch, and branch tip) from colonies of three different coral genotypes.

Results
Overall, microbial community composition was similar among colonies due to high relative abundances of the Rickettsiales genus MD3-55 (Candidatus Aquarickettsia) in nearly all samples. While microbial communities were not different among locations within the same colony, they were significantly different between coral genotypes. These findings suggest that sampling from any one location on a coral host is likely to provide a representative sample of the microbial community for the entire colony. Our results also suggest that subtle differences in microbiome composition may be influenced by the coral host, where different coral genotypes host slightly different microbiomes. Finally, this study provides baseline data for future studies seeking to understand the microbiome of nursery-reared A. cervicornis and its roles in coral health, adaptability, and resilience.
Experimental Assessment of the Toxicity Effects of Phone Battery Wastes on Aquatic and Terrestrial Bioindicators
Authors: Uba Bright Obidinma , Okonkwo Chisom Judith , Umeh Odera Richard 
Published: August 2020

Aims: The present study aimed at assessing the toxicity effects of phone battery wastes on aquatic and terrestrial bioindicators.
Study Design: Five treatments and the controls designs designated as 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100%, CTRL and 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, CTRL were set up in triplicates and incubated for 24 h, 72 h and 20 days at 25 ± 2°C.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria during May, 2019 - August, 2019.
Methodology: The growth inhibition and mortality were analyzed using Aspergillus terreus toxicity test, Allium cepa toxicity test and Limicolaria flammea toxicity test.
Results: The results revealed that marine water (7.12 logCFU/mL) was shown to had more fungal count than the fresh water (7.07 logCFU/mL) ecosystem. On A. terreus, Itel in fresh water sample had the highest LC50 values of 30.49% while Gionee in fresh water sample had the lowest LC50 values of 21.74% after 24 h, respectively. The Itel battery sample had higher EC50 value (86.08%) than Gionee battery sample with EC50 value of 65.46% after 72 h on A. cepa. On L. flammea, Itel phone battery sample had lower (5.11%) LC50 value than Gionee phone battery sample with higher (6.20%) LC50 value at 6 mg/kg concentration after 20 days’ exposure, respectively.
Conclusion: The results indicate that indiscriminate release of E- wastes into the aquatic and terrestrial environments should be discouraged.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Survey of the Recommended Infant Feeding Guidelines for HIV Positive Mothers by Primary Health Care Workers in Uyo, Nigeria
Authors: Bassey Emem A. , Ekrikpo Udeme E. , Ekanem Anyiekere M. 
Published: August 2020

Background: Safe and appropriate feeding is a key intervention that can prevent mother to child transmission of HIV. This study aimed at determining the level of knowledge, attitude and current practice of primary health care (PHC) workers in Uyo of the recommended infant feeding guidelines for infants of HIV-infected mothers.
Methodology: This was an analytical cross-sectional study carried out among 130 primary health care workers in 15 PHCs in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires in English and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0.
Results: Nineteen (14.6%) and 111 (85.4%) respondents had a fair and poor level of knowledge of MTCT of HIV and infant feeding options respectively. One hundred and six (81.5%) and 100 (76.9%) respondents had received training on PMTCT of HIV and infant feeding counselling for HIV-infected mothers respectively. The majority of respondents exhibited positive attitude regarding infant feeding options for HIV exposed babies. One hundred and twenty (92.3%) considered it correct for an HIV-infected woman to breastfeed her baby and 125 (96.2%) considered breast milk alone adequate food for babies in the first 6 months of life. Predictor of negative attitude was lack of training on infant feeding counseling (OR 15, P=0.02, 95%CI 1.64-138.07). Most 107 (82.3%) cited exclusive breastfeeding with introduction of complementary feeds at 6 months as the most common method accepted by their clients.
Conclusion: Gaps in the knowledge of PHC workers in Uyo on MTCT and Infant feeding options and practice were identified which can be addressed by qualitative training, effective monitoring and supportive supervision.
Optimization of Polyphenols and Carotenoids Extraction from Leaves of Cassia auriculata for Natural Health Products
Authors: Gunathilake K. D. P. P. , Ranaweera K. K. D. S. , Rupasinghe H. P. V. 
Published: August 2020

Aims: C. auriculata leaves contains polyphenols and carotenoids and also it posses various antioxidant activities towards free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition and reducing potential. The present study investigated the optimization of polyphenols and carotenoids extraction from Cassia auriculata leaves by response surface methodology (RSM).
Study Design: A three-factor, three-levels central composite design (CCD) was performed to determine the effect of solvent concentration (30-100%), extraction temperature (30-60°C) and extraction time (30-90 min) to obtain the best extraction parameters.
Place and Duration of Study: Fresh C. auriculata leaves were collected from home gardens in Makandura area of Sri Lanka and the experiments were conducted at the Department of Food Science and Technology of Wayamba University of Sri Lanka between June 2016 and August 2016.
Methodology: Total polyphenol and carotenoid contents of the ethanolic extracts of the C. auriculata leaves were determined. Total polyphenols and carotenoids content in the extracts were used as the response variables. According to the design used, twenty randomized experiments including six replicates as the center points were assigned based on the combinations of extraction variables used CCD and the values of independent process variables considered, as well as response variables. The optimal value of these factors was determined suing response surface methodology. Predicted values were compared with experimental values.
Results: The optimum extraction conditions for phenolics and carotenoids were 45.4% ethanol; 19.8°C; 110.5 min and 100% ethanol; 70.2°C; 9.5 min respectively. The optimal predicted contents for total polyphenols and carotenoids were 13.08 mg GAE/g-DW and 17.31 mg/g-DW respectively. Validation experiments results had good agreement with the predicted responses by RSM.
Conclusion: Ethanol concentration was the most significant factor affecting on total polyphenols and carotenoids extraction. Extraction temperatures and time did not significantly influence on carotenoids and polyphenols extraction from leaves of C. auriculata. The estimated optimum extraction conditions; were established and they were very close to the experimental values. These parameters can be used as the guidelines for scale-up extraction of bioactives from the leaves of C. auriculata.
Molecular and Morphological Diversity Studies of Five Cola (Schott and Endl.) Species in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Wood ThankGod Timipanipiri , Ohimain Elijah Ige 
Published: August 2020

Intra- and inter-species genetic diversity study was carried out comparing the molecular and morphological characters of five Cola species namely Cola acuminata, Cola nitida, Cola millenii, Cola lepidota and Cola gigantea collected from five locations in Ibadan, Nigeria. Sixteen Cola accessions were analysed based on 7 quantitative characters, 12 qualitative characters and 8 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA primers. From the quantitative characters studied, high significant difference across the location and species was recorded as leaf length had the strongest variability while the species obtained from Botany Nursery showed strongest locational effect on the vegetative leaf characters. All quantitative characters analysed were good determinants for delimiting Cola species. Cola lepidota recorded the highest variability compared to the other Cola species. Qualitative characters studied revealed that leaf surface, seed colour, and floral colour are strong characters for delimiting Cola species. Molecular analysis showed that 309 fragments were recorded, of which 28.5% were polymorphic while 8.4% were monomorphic. Genetic similarities ranged from 0.44 to 0.93 for the 16 Cola accessions with a mean value of 0.67. Deductions from the combined effect of molecular and morphological characters showed high variability for the characters analysed and a likely monophyletic relationship for the 16 Cola accessions. Molecular and morphological determinants observed in this study can help Cola breeders identify species of interest. We recommend further research on the variability of Cola species.