bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of Oxidative Injury With Targeted Expression of NADPH Oxidase 2 Short Hairpin RNA Prevents Onset and Maintenance of Electrical Remodeling in the Canine Atrium
Authors: Yoo Shin , Pfenniger Anna , Hoffman Jacob , Zhang Wenwei , Ng Jason , Burrell Amy , Johnson David A. , Gussak Georg , Waugh Trent , Bull Suzanne , Benefield Brandon , Knight Bradley P. , Passman Rod , Wasserstrom J. Andrew , Aistrup Gary L. , Arora Rishi 
Published: July 2020

Background:

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common heart rhythm disorder in adults and a major cause of stroke. Unfortunately, current treatments of AF are suboptimal because they are not targeted to the molecular mechanisms underlying AF. Using a highly novel gene therapy approach in a canine, rapid atrial pacing model of AF, we demonstrate that NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) generated oxidative injury causes upregulation of a constitutively active form of acetylcholine-dependent K
+
current (
I
KACh
), called
I
KH
; this is an important mechanism underlying not only the genesis, but also the perpetuation of electric remodeling in the intact, fibrillating atrium.

Methods:
To understand the mechanism by which oxidative injury promotes the genesis and maintenance of AF, we performed targeted injection of NOX2 short hairpin RNA (followed by electroporation to facilitate gene delivery) in atria of healthy dogs followed by rapid atrial pacing. We used in vivo high-density electric mapping, isolation of atrial myocytes, whole-cell patch clamping, in vitro tachypacing of atrial myocytes, lucigenin chemiluminescence assay, immunoblotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Masson trichrome staining.

Results:

First, we demonstrate that generation of oxidative injury in atrial myocytes is a frequency-dependent process, with rapid pacing in canine atrial myocytes inducing oxidative injury through the induction of NOX2 and the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. We show that oxidative injury likely contributes to electric remodeling in AF by upregulating
I
KACh
by a mechanism involving frequency-dependent activation of PKC
ε
(protein kinase C epsilon). The time to onset of nonsustained AF increased by >5-fold in NOX2 short hairpin RNA–treated dogs. Furthermore, animals treated with NOX2 short hairpin RNA did not develop sustained AF for up to 12 weeks. The electrophysiological mechanism underlying AF prevention was prolongation of atrial effective refractory periods, at least in part attributable to the attenuation of
I
KACh
. Attenuated membrane translocation of PKC
ε
appeared to be a likely molecular mechanism underlying this beneficial electrophysiological remodeling.

Conclusions:
NOX2 oxidative injury (1) underlies the onset, and the maintenance of electric remodeling in AF, as well, and (2) can be successfully prevented with a novel, gene-based approach. Future optimization of this approach may lead to a novel, mechanism-guided therapy for AF.
Novel Acute Retinal Artery Ischemia and Reperfusion Model in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Gao Yuan , Wu Di , Liu Dachuan , Huber Mitchell , Chen Jian , Wang Xizhe , Lv Kui , He Xiaodu , Yang Huiqing , Ren Changhong , Ding Yuchuan , Ji Xunming , Zhang Xuxiang 
Published: July 2020

Background and Purpose:
The retina, as an externally located neural tissue, offers unique advantages in investigating the effect of therapeutic intervention on the brain. In this study, we put forth a clinically relevant model of retinal ischemia and reperfusion in nonhuman primates.

Methods:
Acute retinal artery ischemia and reperfusion was induced by injecting an autologous clot into the ophthalmic artery of adult rhesus monkeys, and recanalization was achieved by focal thrombolysis with tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator). Digital subtraction angiography and fluorescein angiography were used to evaluate blood flow in the retina and the choroid. Electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate the structure and function of the retina after ischemia.

Results:
Digital subtraction angiography and fluorescein angiography images confirmed occlusion of the ophthalmic and central retinal arteries, as well as recanalization after tPA thrombolysis. Electroretinogram indicated retinal functional damage following ischemia, and thrombolysis partially rescued its impairment. Optical coherence tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed ischemia-induced changes in the retina, and tPA partially mitigated these damages.

Conclusions:
This novel acute retinal artery ischemia and reperfusion model in rhesus monkeys may closely simulate retinal ischemia/reperfusion in clinical practice and provide an optimal platform for screening neuroprotective strategies.
<p><strong>Typification of the infrageneric names published in <em>Kalanchoe</em> (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger</strong></p>
Authors: SMITH GIDEON F. 
Published: July 2020

As part of the treatment of the Crassulaceae for Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Berger (1930: 402–408) published 10 named and numbered (“§ 1.” to “§ 10.”), but unranked groups in the genus Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) sensu stricto. Berger (1930: 404–412) recognised Kalanchoe, Bryophyllum Salisbury (1805: t. 3), and Kitchingia Baker (1881: 268) as three separate genera. However, Berger (1930) did not subdivide Bryophyllum and Kitchingia into unranked groups. Rather, he restricted his infrageneric classification, of unranked “Gruppen”, to Kalanchoe sensu stricto, i.e., K. subg. Kalanchoe sensu Smith & Figueiredo (2018).
A Method for a Direct Measure of Entrainment and Detrainment
Authors: Wang Zhiting 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe entrainment and detrainment rates are important quantities characterizing airmass exchange between clouds and the environment. One of the challenges in calculating the rates is the need to know the velocity vector of the cloud interface in relation to that of the cloud-free air; however, the interface is not well resolved in most cloud model simulations and so the precise value of the vector is not known. Here a new method is described to approximately calculate mass fluxes across the cloud surface in well-resolved simulations of cumulus convection. The method does away with the need to calculate a cloud interface velocity and instead uses gradients of a defined cloud scalar across the cloud interface. As a result, the entrainment and detrainment rates are expressed as an integration over a small region around the cloud interface. The integrand is composed of the total derivative of the cloud scalar. The new method is applied to large-eddy simulations (LES) of a shallow cumulus case and a deep convection case. Compared to a previous method, the approach described here gives 1.5–2 times smaller exchange rates and shows less noise. The smaller exchange rates are explained as the result of differences in how the two methods correct for the advective contribution to variations of cloud volume. Derived two-dimensional distributions of the exchange rates agree well for both methods. Spatial correlation coefficients are about 0.69–0.88 for entrainment and 0.55–0.78 for detrainment.
Mental health of forced migrants recently granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom
Authors: Walker Sophie , von Werthern Martha , Brady Francesca , Katona Cornelius 
Published: July 2020

Background: Asylum seekers who are granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom are required to make a rapid transition to housing and welfare benefits. The challenges facing new refugees during this ‘transition period’ can affect their mental health, but this has not been quantified. Aims: To assess the impact of the transition period on new refugees’ mental health in the 12 months after being granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom. Method: A longitudinal survey design was used to measure the mental health of 30 newly recognised refugees at monthly intervals in the first 6 months and again at 1 year after receiving leave to remain in the United Kingdom. There were five outcome measures for symptoms of anxiety, depression, distress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), post-migration living difficulties (PMLD) and a life events calendar to record key changes in housing and welfare. Results: The results showed that the trajectory of scores across all measures fluctuates, but overall they all improve from baseline to Month 12. Scores for depression and PMLD showed significant improvement at Month 5, and scores for anxiety, depression, distress and PMLD showed significant improvement at Month 12. PTSD scores did not show significant improvement at any month. In months with a high number of stressful life events, participants had worse PMLD and PTSD scores. Conclusion: Overall improvement in mental health could partly be explained by the stability of being granted leave to remain in the United Kingdom, but may also be due to the high level of practical support these participants received. Recommendations are made for those working with clients during the transition period.
Nonsuicidal self-injury and identity formation in Indian clinical and nonclinical samples: A comparative study
Authors: Gandhi Amarendra , Luyckx Koen , Adhikari Alka , Parmar Dhruv , De Sousa Avinash , Shah Nilesh , Maitra Shubhada , Claes Laurence 
Published: July 2020

Background: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is being increasingly identified as an important emerging mental health issue in the West. Yet, NSSI has not been adequately studied in clinical and nonclinical contexts in countries like India. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare different features of NSSI between clinical and nonclinical samples in India. We also explored if the strength of the association between NSSI and disturbances in identity formation – a risk factor that can increase vulnerability to NSSI – was similar in the two samples mentioned above. Method: For the clinical sample, data regarding NSSI and identity formation were collected from 100 psychiatric patients (47.0% females, mean age = 34.76 years, SD = 12.76, 17–70 years) from an outpatient/inpatient psychiatric department of a large tertiary hospital in Mumbai, India. Nonclinical data were collected from 120 young adults studying in a medical college in Mumbai, India (51.7% females, mean age = 19.7 years, SD = 2.16, 17–28 years). Information regarding NSSI and identity were collected using self-report questionnaires. Results: Lifetime prevalence of NSSI in the clinical and nonclinical samples was found to be around 17% and 21%, respectively. Although the prevalence of NSSI did not significantly differ between the two samples, some features of NSSI did differ between the two groups. Finally, multigroup Bayesian structural equation modeling indicated that irrespective of the type of the sample (i.e. clinical or nonclinical), consolidated and disturbed identity significantly (negative and positive, respectively) predicted lifetime NSSI. Additionally, the association between the aforementioned identity variables and NSSI did not significantly differ between the two samples. Conclusion: The findings of these studies highlight the need for exploring issues related to identity formation in individuals who engage in NSSI irrespective of whether they suffer from a psychiatric disorder or not.
Climate Change, Economic Growth and Growth Determinants: Insights From Vietnam’s Coastal South Central Region
Authors: Hiep Hoang Hong , Minh Huynh Cong 
Published: July 2020

Using the Feasible Generalized Least Squares econometric method, the paper analyzes the impact of climate change on economic growth in Vietnam’s coastal South Central region over the period of 2006–2015. The results indicate that, after controlling for the main determinants in the growth model, the climate change with various proxies has a significantly negative impact on provinces’ economic growth in the region. In particular, local institutions not only increase economic growth, but also reduce the negative impact of climate change on economic growth as well. These results suggest some policy implications aimed at boosting the process of transforming the economic growth model for the coastal region adapting to climate change. JEL codes: F21, F23, E22
Heat-Associated Mortality in a Hot Climate
Authors: Iverson Sally Ann , Gettel Aaron , Bezold Carla P. , Goodin Kate , McKinney Benita , Sunenshine Rebecca , Berisha Vjollca 
Published: July 2020

Objectives Maricopa County, Arizona (2017 population about 4.3 million), is located in the Sonoran Desert. In 2005, the Maricopa County Department of Public Health (MCDPH) established a heat-associated mortality surveillance system that captures data on circumstances of death for Maricopa County residents and visitors. We analyzed 2006-2016 surveillance system data to understand the characteristics and circumstances of heat-associated deaths. Methods We classified heat-associated deaths based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes (X30, T67.X, and P81.0) and phrases (heat exposure, environ, exhaustion, sun, heat stress, heat stroke, or hyperthermia) in part I or part II of the death certificate. We summarized data on decedents’ demographic characteristics, years lived in Arizona, location of death (indoors vs outdoors), presence and functionality of air conditioning, and whether the decedent had been homeless. We examined significant associations between variables by using the Pearson χ2 tests and logistic regression. Results During 2006-2016, MCDPH recorded data on 920 heat-associated deaths, 912 of which included location of injury. Of 565 (62%) heat-associated deaths that occurred outdoors, 458 (81%) were among male decedents and 243 (43%) were among decedents aged 20-49. Of 347 (38%) heat-associated deaths that occurred indoors, 201 (58%) were among decedents aged ≥65. Non-Arizona residents were 5 times as likely as Arizona residents to have a heat-associated death outdoors ( P < .001). Of 727 decedents with data on duration of Arizona residency, 438 (60%) had resided in Arizona ≥20 years. Conclusions Ongoing evaluation of interventions that target populations at risk for both outdoor and indoor heat-associated deaths can further inform refinement of the surveillance system and identify best practices to prevent heat-associated deaths.
A neuropsychologically-based intervention with increased follow-up support for employed women with multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Stimmel Marnina B , Cohen Jenna N , Schneider Shonna J , Portnoy Jeffrey G , Seng Elizabeth K , Foley Frederick W 
Published: July 2020

Objective: To evaluate feasibility and acceptability of a neuropsychologically-based vocational intervention with increased follow-up support for women with multiple sclerosis. Design: Single-blinded parallel-group randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Setting: Tertiary-care multiple sclerosis center. Participants: Forty-nine employed women with multiple sclerosis meeting criteria on measures of cognitive dysfunction (Symbol Digit Modalities Test), fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale), and/or depression (Beck Depression Inventory/Patient Health Questionnaire). Interventions: Participants received either neuropsychological testing and phone feedback regarding findings and tailored recommendations (standard-care treatment), or testing, in-person feedback, and two calls from a care-coordinator (experimental treatment). Measures: Feasibility measures included enrollment and attrition rates, and compliance to recommendations at 12-months between groups. Acceptability was evaluated by participants’ report of benefit from interventions. Secondary analyses included evaluation of symptom changes (cognition, fatigue, depression) from baseline to 12-months. Results: Of 49 women meeting screening measure thresholds, 44 were randomized to treatment groups (attrition: standard-care = 8, experimental = 6), and 30 completed the study (standard-care = 14, experimental = 16). Recommendation adherence rates did not significantly differ between standard-care and experimental groups (31% vs 49%). However, 16/16 experimental participants at least partially completed given recommendations as compared to 8/14 in the standard-care group. Participants across groups (97%) reported benefit from participation. No significant differences in symptom outcomes between groups at 12-months. Conclusion: In-person feedback and care-coordinator calls were feasible and acceptable additions to a neuropsychological intervention and may serve to increase recommendation adherence. Given high drop-out rate, particularly prior to testing, future research may explore avenues to improve completion rates and maximize benefits of such interventions.
Lithium exposure during pregnancy increases fetal growth
Authors: Poels Eline MP , Sterrenburg Karin , Wierdsma André I , Wesseloo Richard , Beerthuizen Annemerle , van Dijke Laura , Lau Condon , Hoogendijk Witte JG , Marroun Hanan El , van Kamp Inge L , Bijma Hilmar H , Bergink Veerle 
Published: July 2020

Background: Lithium is an effective treatment in pregnancy and postpartum for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder, but there is a lack of knowledge about the potential adverse impact on fetal development. Aims: To investigate the impact of lithium exposure on early fetal growth. Methods: In this retrospective observational cohort study, we included all singleton pregnancies of women using lithium and referred for advanced fetal ultrasound scanning between 1994 and 2018 to the University Medical Centers in Leiden and Rotterdam, the Netherlands ( n=119). The Generation R study, a population-based cohort, served as a non-exposed control population from the same geographic region ( n=8184). Fetal head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and transcerebellar diameter were measured by ultrasound at 18–22 weeks of gestation. Results: Lithium use during pregnancy was associated with an average increase in head circumference of 1.77 mm (95% confidence interval: 0.53, 3.01), in abdominal circumference of 5.54 mm (95% confidence interval: 3.95, 7.12) and in femur length of 0.59 mm (95% confidence interval: 0.22, 0.96) at 18–22 weeks gestation. Furthermore, lithium use during pregnancy was associated with an average increase in birth weight of 142.43 grams (95% confidence interval: 58.01, 226.89), whereas it was associated with an average decrease of 1.41 weeks in gestational duration (95% confidence interval: −1.78, −1.05). Conclusions: Lithium use during pregnancy was associated with increased fetal growth parameters at 18–22 weeks gestational age and increased birth weight. Further research is needed to evaluate both short- and long-term implications, as well as the mechanisms driving this difference in growth.
Tissue damage in herniated brain parenchyma into giant arachnoid granulations: demonstration with high resolution MRI
Authors: Gozgec Elif , Ogul Hayri , Izgi Emine , Kantarci Mecit 
Published: July 2020

Background Brain herniation (BH) into arachnoid granulation has been remarkable in recent years. Purpose To evaluate the damage in herniated parenchyma into the giant arachnoid granulation (GAG) and to investigate the clinical–demographic importance of this damage. Material and Methods Patients with BH into GAG were retrospectively included in the study. Each of the patients had at least one high-resolution 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence. The arachnoid granulation dimensions, locations, and origin of herniated parenchyma were evaluated by two experienced radiologists. The demographic and symptomatic features of the patients were recorded from the hospital database. Results A total of 27 patients (21 females, 6 males; age range 6–71 years; mean age 41.3 years) were found to contain BH into GAG. It was most commonly seen in the transverse sinus (67%); the origin was most common in the cerebellar parenchyma (56%). Abnormal signal and morphology were detected in herniated parenchyma in 11 (47%) patients, atrophy in six, and atrophy and gliosis in five. The most common complaints were headache (47%), while other frequent symptoms were vertigo (15%) and blurred vision (11%). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between frequency of damage in herniated brain parenchyma and the maximal size of GAG ( P<0.05). Conclusion In patients with BH into GAG, parenchymal damage may be associated with various symptoms, such as headache and vertigo, although they have not been statistically proven. It is important to carefully evaluate hernia tissue, as the risk of tissue damage may increase in larger GAGs.
Analysis of false-negative findings of breast cancer on previous magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kim Young Eun , Cha Joo Hee , Kim Hak Hee , Shin Hee Jung , Chae Eun Young , Choi Woo Jung 
Published: July 2020

Background Despite the excellent contribution of contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there are variable false-negative cases on MRI. Purpose To evaluate the false-negative findings of breast cancer on previous MRI. Material and Methods Between 2012 and 2016, we collected 132 patients who underwent surgery for a second primary cancer and had both current and previous MRI at an interval of <3 years. We included 45 patients; we excluded 38 patients who could not find a second cancer in the previous MRI and 49 patients who had a second cancer near to the original cancer and within within the same quadrant. Compared with current MRI, we retrospectively assessed the second primary cancer on previous MRI according to BI-RADS and analyzed the reasons of misinterpretation. Results Analysis of previous MRI revealed 26 (57.8%) masses (mean size 7.7 ± 2.25 mm), 12 (26.7%) non-mass enhancements (mean size 14.7 ± 4.76 mm), and 7 (15.5%) foci. At first reading, 24 (53.3%) were missed, 17 (37.8%) were assessed as BI-RADS category 2 or 3, and 4 (8.9%) were assessed as category 4. On current MRI, 39 (86.7%) lesions showed an increase in size and 22 (48.9%) showed a change in kinetics to wash-out pattern. Conclusion On previous MRI, missed or misinterpreted cancers show variable findings of mass and non-mass enhancements with any types of kinetics. Careful application of BI-RADS is necessary as well as an appropriate biopsy. Any lesion that increases in size and changes in kinetics should not be underestimated.
A hybrid model of modified constraint induced movement therapy to improve upper extremity performance in children with unilateral upper extremity paresis: Retrospective case series
Authors: Lee Gina Kim , Pascual Marielle , Rethlefsen Susan A 
Published: July 2020

Introduction The study aims were to assess impact of an intensive camp-based intervention using a hybrid model of modified constraint induced movement therapy with bimanual therapy in children with upper extremity impairment, and to see if improvements persisted over time. Method Twenty subjects participated. Eight subjects attended camp 2 years in a row, and 12 subjects attended camp only 1 year. The Assisting Hand Assessment and Children’s Hand-use Experience Questionnaire were administered before and after camp. Assisting Hand Assessment and Children’s Hand-use Experience Questionnaire scores were compared between assessments using linear mixed effects models, adjusting for covariates (age and Manual Ability Classification System level) and the repeated measures within subjects. Results Assisting Hand Assessment score improved during the intervention phase for subjects at all Manual Ability Classification System levels ( p ≤ 0.0001). Improvement was maintained long-term at 1 year post. Children’s Hand-use Experience Questionnaire scores for grasp efficacy and time taken were significantly improved during intervention but not maintained at 1 year post. The feeling bothered dimension showed no significant change over time. Conclusion A hybrid model of modified constraint induced movement therapy and bimanual therapy was effective in improving bimanual function for children with varying levels of neurologic hemiparesis, with changes maintained long-term.