bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilateralism and international governmental organizations: principles and instruments
Authors: Surdej Aleksander 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to build a conceptual framework helping to understand the relationship between the principle of multilateralism in global policy relations and the role of international governmental organizations (IGOs). The paper develops conceptual building blocks to design adequate for international organizations for result-oriented effective multilateralism.

Design/methodology/approach
Literature review and in-depth theoretical analysis served to construct a framework that helps to see the variety of IGOs against global policy problems they serve to solve.

Findings
The analysis highlighted several lessons that can be learned, including the need for an efficient match between the nature of the global policy problem and the mandate and the size of IGO. The paper indicated the importance of efficient mechanisms to make international organizations accountable to member states while allowing for effective leadership.

Research limitations/implications
The heterogeneity of IGOs makes a generalization difficult, hence, the proposed framework necessarily remains relatively generic. Still, this paper provides a first analytical basis for the comparison of IGO with regard to global policy problems they have been set to solve.

Practical implications
The author pointed to the way how to improve the fit between global policy problems and IGOs to make multilateralism more effective. The framework can be used to learn what can be expected from a given IGO and to see IGOs in their proper roles.

Social implications
The paper might of interest to decision-makers and international public opinion eager to either criticize or praise international organizations based on a simplistic, if not ideological approaches. The paper develops arguments that help influence the evolution of international organizations.

Originality/value
IGO are increasing in number and forms leading to confusion to their role and impact. This framework can be used to realistically assess the role of IGOs in global public policies.
Contrasting patterns in biomass allocation, root morphology and mycorrhizal symbiosis for phosphorus acquisition among 20 chickpea genotypes with different amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates
Authors: Wen Zhihui , Pang Jiayin , Tueux Guillaume , Liu Yifei , Shen Jianbo , Ryan Megan H. , Lambers Hans , Siddique Kadambot H. M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Adjustments in root biomass allocation, root morphology, carboxylate exudation and mycorrhizal symbiosis are well‐known strategies for plants to cope with phosphorus (P) deficiency. Large genotypic variation in these functional traits has been demonstrated within numerous species. Yet, whether these functional traits are coordinated differently among genotypes of a species to enhance P acquisition remains unknown.

We characterized 11 root functional traits associated with P acquisition in 20 chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates, grown in a glasshouse with severely limiting insoluble (10 mg/kg FePO4), moderately limiting soluble (10 mg/kg KH2PO4) and adequate (50 mg/kg KH2PO4) P supply.

Substantial variation was found among genotypes in root functional traits associated with P acquisition. Genotypes with a large amount of carboxylates (HRC) had thinner roots, and a lower root mass fraction and root mass density (RMD), but higher specific root length (SRL) and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) than genotypes with a small amount of rhizosheath carboxylates.

In response to soil P availability, chickpea genotypes showed large plasticity in root biomass allocation, rhizosheath pH, carboxylate amount and colonization by AMF, but a limited response in most root morphological traits (i.e. mean root diameter, RMD and SRL). Shoot P content was strongly correlated with different root functional traits in the three P treatments.

Our findings suggest a range of predictable relationships between root functional traits among chickpea genotypes; those with HRC tended to have relatively thinner roots with lower cost of root construction, while allocating more resources to carboxylate exudation and colonization by AMF. The shift in the relationships between shoot P content and root functional traits indicates that root traits and/or trait combinations in chickpea vary in a manner that enhances P acquisition under specific soil P conditions (i.e. P sources/levels). Such knowledge provides valuable information for chickpea genotype breeding and our understanding of evolution of traits with improved root/rhizosphere functioning.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Non‐consumptive effects between predators depend on the foraging mode of intraguild prey
Authors: Mestre Laia , Narimanov Nijat , Menzel Florian , Entling Martin H. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Predator non‐consumptive effects (NCE) are a suite of phenotypic responses of prey to avoid predation that cascade down food webs and can have a stronger impact than predation itself. However, the role of NCE in intraguild interactions remains understudied. Thus, multi‐species experiments based on species traits are needed to improve our understanding of the impact of NCE on community structure.

We investigated NCE of ants on 17 spider species as intraguild prey (8 cursorial and 9 sedentary) to test the influence of spider hunting mode on the strength of NCE. Sedentary spiders select a habitat patch and wait for prey, whereas cursorial spiders roam around searching for prey. Because actively foraging organisms have higher encounter rates with predators, cursorial spiders should show stronger reactions to ant presence.

We collected cues (footprint hydrocarbons) of the black garden ant Lasius niger on filter papers. Then, we placed spiders individually on the papers and filmed their behaviour once on a paper with cues and once on a cue‐free one. We used the increase in walking activity in the presence of cues as an indicator of avoidance behaviour towards ants.

Cursorial spiders spent a longer time moving and being mobile, and had a higher overall mean mobility when exposed to ant cues compared with blank filter papers, whereas sedentary spider species did not react to ant cues at all.

The avoidance of ant cues by cursorial spiders corresponds to their higher risk of encountering ants compared with sedentary species, in accordance with the threat‐sensitivity hypothesis. Our multi‐species study shows the relevance of NCE for intraguild interactions and highlights the importance of experimental trait‐based approaches to improve predictability of species interactions and the role of NCE in ecological communities.
Camouflage accuracy in Sahara–Sahel desert rodents
Authors: Nokelainen Ossi , Brito José Carlos , Scott‐Samuel Nicholas E. , Valkonen Janne K. , Boratyński Zbyszek 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Camouflage helps animals to hide from predators and is therefore key to survival. Although widespread convergence of animal phenotypes to their natural environment is well‐established, there is a lack of knowledge about how species compromise camouflage accuracy across different background types in their habitat.

Here we tested how background matching has responded to top–down selection by avian and mammalian predators using Sahara–Sahel desert rodents in North Africa.

We show that the fur colouration of several species has become an accurate match to different types of desert habitats. This is supported by a correlation analysis of colour and pattern metrics, investigation of animal‐to‐background similarities at different spatial scales and is confirmed by modelling of two predator vision systems.

The background match was closest across large (or global) spatial scales, suggesting a generalist camouflage tactic for many background types. Some species, may have a better match to the background over small (or focal) spatial scales, which could be the result of habitat choices or differential predation. Nevertheless, predicted discrimination distances of fur colouration were virtually indistinguishable for mammalian and low for avian vision model, which implies effective camouflage.

Our study provides one of the best documented cases of multilevel camouflage accuracy in geographically widespread taxa. We conclude that background matching has become an effective and common adaptation against predatory threat in Sahara–Sahelian desert rodents.
Seasonal succession of functional traits in phytoplankton communities and their interaction with trophic state
Authors: Wentzky Valerie Carolin , Tittel Jörg , Jäger Christoph Gerald , Bruggeman Jorn , Rinke Karsten 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Understanding and explaining the structure of communities in response to environmental gradients is a central goal in ecology. Trait‐based approaches are promising but yet rarely applied to understand community dynamics in response to changing environmental conditions.

Here, we investigate seasonal succession patterns of functional traits in phytoplankton communities and how nutrient reductions (oligotrophication) alter these patterns. We used phytoplankton data from 40 years of observation from the Rappbode Reservoir (Germany), which underwent a strong shift in trophic conditions, and translated taxonomic composition into functional traits by assigning trait values compiled from the literature.

All studied traits (morphological, behavioural and physiological traits) responded to changing environmental conditions and showed consistent, reoccurring seasonal developments. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton communities was shaped by a trade‐off between small‐celled, fast‐growing species that are able to rapidly incorporate existing resources (r‐strategists) and large‐celled species with more complex and efficient mechanisms to exploit scarce mineral nutrients or acquire previously unexploited nutrient pools (k‐strategists). In summer, when nutrients were scarce, the k‐strategy was prevailing (important traits: phosphate affinity, nitrogen fixation, motility and mixotrophy). During the rest of the year, nutrients and turbulence were high and r‐strategists dominated (important traits: maximum growth rate and light affinity).

A comparison between eutrophic and oligotrophic years revealed that the main features of functional trait succession were largely preserved, but intra‐annual fluctuations from spring to summer were stronger during eutrophic years. Nutrient reductions mainly affected functional traits and biomass in spring, while in summer the functional community composition changed little.

Synthesis. This study provides for the first time a quantitatively supported functional template for trait‐based succession patterns in lakes under different nutrient conditions. By translating taxonomic composition into trait information, we demonstrate that the quantification of functional characteristics enables ecological interpretation of observed community dynamics and provides not only a testable template but also a powerful tool towards a more mechanistic understanding. The quantification of functional traits further improves the predictability of community shifts in response to changing environmental conditions and thus opens new perspectives for predictive limnology using lake ecosystem models.
Initial richness, consumer pressure and soil resources jointly affect plant diversity and resource strategies during a successional field experiment
Authors: Wilfahrt Peter A. , Halliday Fletcher W. , Heckman Robert W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPlant community succession is structured by initial richness, plant consumer pressure and soil resource supply. These drivers influence species' trait trade‐offs that underlie temporal changes in plant community diversity. Importantly, how these drivers interact with each other and through time and whether they act on different facets of plant community diversity by promoting different plant trade‐off strategies remains poorly understood.We experimentally manipulated initial plant richness, consumer pressure via pesticide spraying and soil resource supply via fertilization across 4 years of old field succession. We then allowed natural colonization and extinction to occur and examined how the three drivers influenced succession. Specifically, we examined changes in temporal dynamics by conducting yearly taxonomic cover surveys and measuring light penetration to the ground. In the third year, we measured vegetative height and specific leaf area (SLA), and investigated seed mass using a trait database.Higher initial richness, lower consumer pressure and increased soil resource supply all decreased colonizing species richness and light availability and variably altered species evenness. These effects generally acted additively rather than interactively in driving community diversity during succession. However, soil resource supply suppressed consumer pressure effects on species richness and light availability, while consumer pressure and soil resource supply modified initial richness effects on light availability. Treatments acted on different trait identities, revealing different mechanisms underlying taxonomic responses. Initial richness effects on seed mass of colonizing species were modified by soil resource supply. Decreased consumer pressure increased intraspecific community height and decreased interspecific SLA. Increased soil resource supply increased community height, SLA and seed mass.Synthesis. Our results suggest species' resource strategies underlie plant diversity responses to consumer pressure and soil resource supply. Resource addition promoted resource‐acquisitive species; consumer pressure disadvantaged resource‐conservative species. Meanwhile, initial richness altered subsequent community composition primarily through persistence of early residents. We show that community responses to drivers of succession depend on underlying trait trade‐offs of resident species, and these trade‐offs influence community diversity across succession.
A core outcome set for future endometriosis research: an international consensus development study
Authors: Duffy JMN , Hirsch M , Vercoe M , Abbott J , Barker C , Collura B , Drake R , Evers JLH , Hickey M , Horne AW , Hull ML , Kolekar S , Lensen S , Johnson NP , Mahajan V , Mol BW , Otter A‐S , Puscasiu L , Rodriguez MB , Rombauts L , Vail A , Wang R , Farquhar CM ,   endo:outcomes – an International Collaboration Harmonising Outcomes and Outcome Measures for Endometriosis Research
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo develop a core outcome set for endometriosis.DesignConsensus development study.SettingInternational.PopulationOne hundred and sixteen healthcare professionals, 31 researchers and 206 patient representatives.MethodsModified Delphi method and modified nominal group technique.ResultsThe final core outcome set includes three core outcomes for trials evaluating potential treatments for pain and other symptoms associated with endometriosis: overall pain; improvement in the most troublesome symptom; and quality of life. In addition, eight core outcomes for trials evaluating potential treatments for infertility associated with endometriosis were identified: viable intrauterine pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound; pregnancy loss, including ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, stillbirth and termination of pregnancy; live birth; time to pregnancy leading to live birth; gestational age at delivery; birthweight; neonatal mortality; and major congenital abnormalities. Two core outcomes applicable to all trials were also identified: adverse events and patient satisfaction with treatment.ConclusionsUsing robust consensus science methods, healthcare professionals, researchers and women with endometriosis have developed a core outcome set to standardise outcome selection, collection and reporting across future randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews evaluating potential treatments for endometriosis.Tweetable abstract@coreoutcomes for future #endometriosis research have been developed @jamesmnduffy.
Region‐specific determinants of the foreign direct investment in China
Authors: Wong David W.H. , Lee Harry F. , Zhao Simon X. , Pei Qing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study revisits region‐specific determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Eastern, Central, and Western China using econometric and spatial analyses. It uses a data set covering 31 Chinese provinces and autonomous regions spanning the period 2005–15, together with panel data regression. Our statistical results show that in Eastern China, FDI is significantly associated with bilateral trade, orientation towards the service industry, industrialisation level, and availability of strategic assets in the region. In Central China, FDI is mainly pulled by availability of the domestic market and strategic assets in the region. In Western China, FDI inflows are mainly determined by natural resource endowment, industrialisation level, and regional innovation and production effectiveness in information and communication technology industries. Our analysis also reveals the impact of FDI in China's regional development and its capacity to hollow out the three Chinese macro‐regions. Our findings for China lead us to suggest that those governments seeking to attract FDI should not solely rely on it to facilitate local economic development and should make use of local circumstances in combination with FDI to boost their economies.
Metastatic melanoma presenting as intravenous tumour thrombus
Authors: Nguyen Jennifer , Clements Warren , McLean Catriona , Haydon Andrew , Moore Maggie , Yap Kenneth SK , Mar Victoria , Shackleton Mark 
Published: March 2020

SummaryTumour thrombus is a complication that occurs when a malignancy invades into the vasculature, occluding its lumen. Here, we present a rare case of melanoma tumour thrombus of the great saphenous vein of the left thigh, which was diagnosed on 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and ultrasound‐guided biopsy, and responded well to immunotherapy with pembrolizumab.
Use of antimalarial drugs is associated with a lower risk of preeclampsia in lupus pregnancy: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Saavedra Miguel Ángel , Miranda‐Hernández Dafhne , Lara‐Mejía Alejandra , Sánchez Antonio , Morales Sara , Cruz‐Reyes Claudia , Cruz‐Domínguez Pilar , Medina Gabriela , Jara Luis Javier 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionSeveral factors have been associated with the development of preeclampsia in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).ObjectiveTo identify risk factors associated with preeclampsia in patients with SLE and its impact on fetal outcomes.Patients and methodsWe studied a prospective cohort of pregnancies in women with SLE from January 2009 to December 2018. Demographic, clinical, serological and drug use characteristics were compared between patients who developed preeclampsia and those who did not, as well as the main neonatal outcomes. An adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors potentially associated with preeclampsia.ResultsWe studied 316 pregnancies of 20 or more weeks of gestation. A total of 46 pregnancies (14.5%) were complicated by preeclampsia. A higher frequency of active disease before pregnancy (24.4% vs 11.3%, P = .01) and history of lupus nephritis (56.5% vs 30.1%, P < .001) were found in those patients who developed preeclampsia compared to those who did not. Preeclampsia was associated with a higher rate of prematurity, births of very low birth weight, stillbirth, and neonatal death. The multivariate analysis showed that the activity of the disease before (relative risk [RR] 2.7, 95% CI 1.04‐7.4, P = .04) and during pregnancy (RR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0‐9.1, P = .04) was associated with the development of preeclampsia. The use of antimalarial drugs during pregnancy was associated with a lower risk of preeclampsia (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.08‐0.53, P < .001).ConclusionsOur study suggests that the use of antimalarial drugs during pregnancy reduces the risk of preeclampsia in lupus pregnancies.
Individual Investors' Attention to Accounting Information: Evidence from Online Financial Communities*
Authors: Lerman Alina 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTOnline financial communities provide a unique opportunity to directly examine individual investors' attention to accounting information on a large scale and in great detail. I analyze accounting‐related content in large samples of Yahoo! message board posts and StockTwits and find investors pay attention to a range of accounting information, fixating particularly on earnings, cash, and revenues. Consistent with the expectation that investors react to relevant information events, I find accounting‐related discussion elevated around the filings of earnings releases and 8‐K reports, but the reaction to periodic reports is confined to small firms. I also find investors expand their acquisition of accounting information and processing efforts in poor information environments. Greater attention to accounting information at earnings releases does not appear to be meaningfully associated with better information processing.
smartR: An r package for spatial modelling of fisheries and scenario simulation of management strategies
Authors: D'Andrea Lorenzo , Parisi Antonio , Fiorentino Fabio , Garofalo Germana , Gristina Michele , Cataudella Stefano , Russo Tommaso 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Overfishing or exploitation patterns with high juvenile mortalities often negatively impact demersal fish stocks. Meanwhile, the increased availability and diffusion of georeferenced information is propelling a revolution of marine spatial planning.

A spatial‐explicit approach to the management of fishing effort should protect the Essential Fish Habitats and minimize the impact of trawlers on areas where juveniles of commercial species concentrate.

The smartR package is a data‐driven model that implements the Spatially explicit bio‐economic Model for Assessing and managing demeRsal Trawl fisheries to edit and format the raw data; construct and maintain coherent datasets; to numerically and visually inspect the generated metadata; to simulate management scenarios and forecast the possible effects in terms of resources status and economic performances of the fleets.

Explicit inclusion of the spatial dimension is essential to improve the understanding of the fishery system, and to enhance the ability of management plans to improve stocks statuses.