bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Study of Energy Efficient Electrochemical Capture and Release of CO2 in Ionic Liquid Complexes
Authors: Singh Poonam , Buttry Daniel A 
Published: February 2020

There is an urgent need for the development of energy efficient methods for the capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). Several electrochemical agents which can capture CO2 have been explored in our group over the last few years. The basic idea is to electrochemically reduce a precursor (P) to generate a potent nucleophile (N-) which then reacts with CO2 to form an adduct (N-CO2
-). Later, this adduct is electrochemically oxidized to regenerate the precursor and the released CO2 can then be captured. In most cases, the CO2 is bound to either a nitrogen or a sulfur atom of the nucleophile. In the current work, we describe the mechanism for the electrochemistry of bipyridines and disulphides in presence of CO2 in n-butyl-n-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonly)imide (BMP+ TFSI-) ionic liquid using a combined approach employing experimental studies and digital simulation.
The work has been focused on using bipyridine and disulphide systems for electrochemical CO2 capture. In these systems, the electrogenerated nucleophiles i.e. bipyridinium radical anions (as shown in Figure 1) or thiolates reacts with CO2 to form an adduct. Furthermore, the CO2 adduct i.e. carbamate or thiocarbonate can be oxidized to release the precursor and CO2. The oxidation potential of these adducts shifts far positive as compared to the oxidation of the nucleophiles. Based on the detailed comparison of the experimental data with simulations using possible mechanistic models, it is found that the electrogeneration of nucleophiles reacts with CO2 to form an adduct and the direct oxidation of the adduct using EC mechanism releases the precursor and CO2.

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge the support from Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA-E) for this work.

References

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7. E. Shouji and D. A. Buttry, Journal of Physical
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Figure-1 Experimental (black) and simulated (red) cyclic voltammograms for electrochemistry of 10 mM 4,4'-bipyridine in the presence of 10 mM CO2 in BMP+ TFSI- ionic liquid on glassy carbon electrode. Scan rate: 50 mV/s.

Figure 1
Effect of 1-Butyl-1-Methylpyrrolidnium Dicyanamide on the Structure of Pd Electrodeposit
Authors: Shrestha Sujan , Biddinger Elizabeth J 
Published: February 2020

One of the most widely investigated applications of ionic liquids (ILs) is electrodeposition (1). Wide electrochemical window, good conductivity, metal complexing ability, and low water content are the advantages of doing electrodeposition in ILs. Electrodeposition of metals from every group of the periodic table has been studied (2). One of such metal is Pd, which has hydrogen embrittlement issues in aqueous-based solutions. In ILs, the embrittlement issue could be avoided (3). Although many ILs have been tried for Pd electrodeposition, the morphology of the electrodeposit has often been often been powdery and prone to cracks (3-5). Understanding the structure of the Pd electrodeposited in ILs could reveal ways to improve its morphology.
In this work, structure of the Pd electrodeposited in 1-butyl-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ([Bmpyrr][DCA]) is studied. Due to the metal complexing ability of [DCA]- anions, previous works have shown that [Bmpyrr][DCA] is a suitable room-temperature ILs to electrodeposit Pd (6, 7). After electrodeposition, we found significant presence of nitrogen on the Pd deposits through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Figure 1). Since the source of nitrogen cannot be atmosphere, we hypothesized that the nitrogen was from [Bmpyrr][DCA] tethered to the Pd electrodeposit. This raises interesting questions as to the role of ILs in the structure of the Pd deposits. We will present further characterization of the Pd deposits using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) to study the role of [Bmpyrr][DCA] on structure of the Pd deposit.

References

1. F. Endres, D. R. MacFarlane and A. P. Abbott, Electrodeposition from ionic liquids, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Germany (2008).
2. A. P. Abbott, G. Frisch and K. S. Ryder, Annual Review of Materials Research, 43, 335 (2013).
3. T. Mehner, D. Nickel, S. Nehrkorn, A. Yulinova, M. Pügner, I. Scharf, G. Lanzinger, R. Böck and T. Lampke, Advanced Engineering Materials, 1 (2014).
4. I. W. Sun and C. L. Hussey, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 274, 325 (1989).
5. S. Schaltin, N. R. Brooks, J. Sniekers, L. Van Meervelt, K. Binnemans and J. Fransaer, Chemical Communications, 50, 10248 (2014).
6. H.-Y. Huang and P.-Y. Chen, Talanta, 83, 379 (2010).
7. H.-Y. Huang and P.-Y. Chen, Electrochimica Acta, 56, 2336 (2011).

Figure 1
Conductivity and Ionicity of Ionic Liquids Made By Ligand Assisted Ionization of Metal Halides
Authors: Hasani Mohammad , Angell Charles Austen 
Published: February 2020

Ionic liquids with both metal containing anions and cations are of interest for their novelty and high metal concentration. They can be made similar to the well-known halometallate ionic liquids except that instead of having an organic chloride salt, the halide is transferred from another metal center to form a cationic metal species. Previous contributions[1]report on the synthesis and characterization of these systems.
It is realized in our lab that heterolytic cleavage of Al2Cl6 with Lewis basic ligands results in ionic mixtures with low melting points. A variety of ligands including amides, amines, ureas, sulfones and organic carbonates has been used to bring about this auto-ionization. The ionic nature of the mixtures is manifested in their electrical conductivity. Considering the conductivity data in combination with viscosity and employing a Walden plot analysis, the ionicities of these melts have been studied (Figure-1). The Walden plot shows the urea and acetamide cases to be not fully ionic and hints at the presence of neutral species or aggregates of ions. The speciation of the metal center has been further studied by NMR spectroscopy.

[1] a) Hadi M. Abood et al. Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 3523–3525. b) Nakayama Yuri et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, 17, 5758.c) Coleman Fergal et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 12582.

Figure 1
Performance Evaluation of Mixed-Potential HC, NOx and NH3 Sensors in Diesel and Lean Gasoline Engine Exhaust
Authors: Kreller Cortney R , Brosha Eric L. , Mukundan Rangachary , Prikhodko Vitaly , Pihl Josh , Curran Scott , Parks James E 
Published: February 2020

Mixed-potential sensors fabricated via well-established commercial manufacturing methods present a promising avenue to enable the widespread utilization of NOx, hydrocarbon, and ammonia sensing technology. These devices are fundamentally simple, inexpensive, and robust devices owing to their close relationship to the well-established and ubiquitous automotive Lambda sensor. Our first dynamometer experiments (2014) focused on testing a single device in lean-burn, diesel exhaust from a 1.9L GM turbo-diesel engine in both NOx and HC modes with gas sampling occurring both before and after the DOC. In general, there was excellent qualitative agreement between actual exhaust gas composition (determined by FTIR and FID) however the inability to reproduce engine exhaust gas conditions exactly made precisely correlating sensor data to specific engine events while testing in the respective sensor operating modes difficult. Recently, multiple mixed potential sensors were tested simultaneously in the exhaust of a lean-burn, 4 cylinder 2.0-liter naturally aspirated, direct injection gasoline engine (model year 2008, E87 European model BMW 1-series 120i.) A mixed potential NOx sensor and a new NH3 sensor were tested downstream of the three way catalyst while a dedicated HC sensor was simultaneously tested upstream of the TWC. The sensor response and heater power applied to the sensors (e.g. sensor temperature) were continuously monitored while the high frequency impedance of a dedicated fourth sensor was tested for the purpose of independently monitoring sensor electrolyte temperature stability during dynamometer operation. Data from the sensors were collected under rich, stoichiometric, lean homogeneous, and lean stratified conditions (0.98<λ<1.8) and at various engine loads. To simulate the occurrence of ammonia slip in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) emissions system, ammonia was injected upstream of the NH3 sensor to evaluate the ammonia sensitivity in the presence other exhaust gas constituents. The sensor response in the exhaust gas environment was compared with laboratory calibrations to assess the relative importance of the varying interferents species on the sensor response to the target species and to develop quantitative calibration curves relevant to the exhaust gas environment.
A Study on Contamination Control of Oxygen Analyzer By Applying Purifier
Authors: Yun Jin Hyuk , Park Se Geun , Lee Young Ho , Lee Che Young , An Jung Su , Cho In Su 
Published: February 2020

Rapid thermal annealing(RTA) has been widely used to anneal Si wafer via rapid thermal process chamber. RTA helps the doped ions be activated and reduces the defects in Si lattices by restructuring the bonding [1]. However, when atmospheric air permeates the chamber during RTA process due to the chamber leakage, it generates unwanted silicide on the Si substrate and reduces the electrical properties. It degrades device performance and reliability. For those reasons, oxygen analyzer always monitors the oxygen density in processing chamber during RTA process to prevent any further damage of product quality owing to chamber leakage. However, when oxygen analyzer is contaminated by processed gases, it causes signal delay or low signal which makes it difficult to sense the real oxygen density of chamber [2]. In this paper, to prevent the contamination of oxygen analyzer due to the processed gas, the oxygen purifier was adopted at the inner part of processed gases flow line.
Fig.1 shows various kinds of oxygen density profiles during RTA process depending on normal / delay / low signals, respectively.
Fig.2 shows secondary electron microscope (SEM) image of unused and used for 180 days of porous thimble type oxygen sensor. In mass analysis experiment, O, Si, C, P were detected as contaminants on surface of the used oxygen sensor.
Fig.3 is the gas flow diagram of oxygen analyzer with oxygen purifier.
Fig.4 is average oxygen density during RTA process for 180 days with and without purifier.
In experimental results, oxygen purifier selectively eliminated the contaminants in processed gas which passes through oxygen sensor. We obtained dramatic improvement of sensor sensitivity deviation nearly 71% than before.
As a result, More accurate oxygen density monitoring of RTA chamber is possible than before. In addition, oxygen purifier in RTA chamber prevents the quality degradation of semiconductor device immediately when the wafer is exposed to atmospheric air caused by chamber leakage.

Reference

[1]] O.Flament and J.L.Leray, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 42 NO. 6, DECEMBER 1995
[2]R.RAMADOORTHY,P. K. DUTTA, S. A. AKBAR, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 38(2003)4271-4283

Figure 1
Biosensing Application of Electrodeposited Nanoparticles As an Electron Transfer Facilitator for Protein Immobilization
Authors: Bayandori Moghaddam Abdolmajid 
Published: February 2020

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and peroxynitrite are involved in some diseases. Among the ROS, H2O2 is the most durable species which is a product of several biological, enzyme-catalyzed reactions. In addition, it is toxic to cellular life and is an indicator of oxidative stress. Therefore, a selective and sensitive method for determination of H2O2is practically important, especially in the field of biosensor fabrication.
Biosensors have attracted attention for use in biodiagnostics [1]. The capability of biosensors will be completely changed by advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Nanostructured metals and metal oxides have various applications in sensors and actuators due to their unique semiconducting and piezoelectric properties [2]. Good biocompatibility, nontoxicity, high surface area, and in particular, chemical stability and fast electron transfer features make them appropriate to apply in various fields.
In this work, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) on the electrode surface were electrodeposited. Cerium was firstly electrodeposited at -0.75 V from a 1.0 mM cerium nitrate in ammonium nitrate buffer solution. Afterwards, the electrode was placed into a buffer solution pH 7.0 and was electrochemically passivated. Scanning electron microscopy has been used as diagnostic tools to identify the synthesized CeO2 NPs. For the preparation of biosensor, the hemoglobin immobilized on the CeO2NPs. Immobilized Hb showed an electrochemical redox
behavior pertained to Hb(Fe(III)-Fe(II)) by direct electron transfer between protein and nanoparticles with a formal potential of -55.5 mV in phosphate buffer solution (PBS).
The anodic charge transfer coefficient (α) and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k
s) were 0.42 and 0.75 s-1, respectively. The prepared biosensor showed a satisfactory sensitivity and reproducibility for H2O2.

References:
1. Y. Ding, J. Li, R.E. Campbell, Nature Methods, 12, 195 (2015).
2. R.C. Ashoori, Nature, 379, 413 (1996).
Highly Sensitive Detection of Small Molecule Markers By Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging
Authors: Al Mubarak Zainab Hussain , Premaratne Gayan , Rodenbaugh Cassandra , Krishnan Sadagopan 
Published: February 2020

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is a label-free method for monitoring binding events among biomolecules in real time and for sensing applications.1 SPR spectroscopy has been widely used in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology research. Our objective is to achieve ultra-low level detection of small molecules that are important markers of cancer disease. Also, we are interested in monitoring pH changes in less abundant biological samples. As we know, pH is an essential parameter in biological, medical and industrial applications. Monitoring the pH level in biological fluids reflects the abnormal conditions in human body.2
,
3We will present our findings on sensitive detection of small molecules and amplification of SPR signals by using chemical indicators and detection by an SPR-array imager

Acknowledgements.This project was supported by Oklahoma State University.
1. Fasoli, J. B.; Corn, R. M., Surface Enzyme Chemistries for Ultrasensitive Microarray Biosensing with SPR Imaging. Langmuir 2015, 10.1021/la504797z.
2. Sim, J.; Kwon, D.-S.; Kim, J., Acid-sensitive pH sensor using electrolysis and a microfluidic channel for read-out amplification. RSC Advances 2014, 4 (75), 39634-39638.
3. Kick, A.; Mertig, M., Characterization of pH-sensitive polymer layers by surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance. physica status solidi (a), 2015,
10.1002/pssa.201431604.
Magnetic Optical Microarray Imager for Diagnosing Type of Diabetes in Clinical Matrices
Authors: Singh Vini , Krishnan Sadagopan 
Published: February 2020

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which body’s inability to produce enough insulin leads to either low (hypoglycemia) or elevated levels of glucose (hyperglycemia). This imbalance in glucose metabolism can eventually lead to serious health problems such as kidney failure, heart disease, blindness, etc. Insulin (a polypeptide hormone) serves as a valuable predictor in diagnosing the type of diabetes and depending upon its levels in clinical matrices, diabetes can be broadly classified as type 1 (< 50 pM) or type 2 (> 80 pM). In type 1 (insulin dependent), the body does not produce enough insulin, while in type 2 (non-insulin dependent), the excess insulin produced is not utilized by the body, thus elevating the glucose levels. 2012 statistics from American Diabetes Association reported 9.3 % of the population to be diabetic and a predicted 25% of population with pre-diabetic conditions. Diagnosis of diabetes, by ultrasensitive detection methods, has therefore become the need, which can detect and measure insulin levels at clinical sites.
We present herein, an ultrasensitive microarray imager, which can detect insulin levels in clinical matrices such as serum and whole blood by an optical tool, surface plasmon resonance. The imager involves an immunoassay utilizing antibody immobilized gold arrays and magnetic particles spiked various insulin concentrations to detect picomolar levels of insulin and diagnose the type of diabetes with high sensitivity. The magnetic microarray insulin imager developed is a promising platform for detecting insulin in serum and whole blood at clinical sites.

Acknowledgements. We are grateful for the financial support by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R15DK103386.
Gas Sensing Properties of Hierarchically Structured Zinc Oxide Films By Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Chung Yoonsung , Park Hyejin , Lee Eunji , Lee Seokhee , Kim Dong-Joo 
Published: February 2020

During last years, the interest in wearable devices has increased significantly. A portable and wearable gas sensor system is one area of interest. Integration of fabric and gas sensors for a wearable breath monitoring system would monitor signature gas from patients’ breath such as acetone gas for diabetes (1), ammonia for renal disease (2), and ethanol for hepatic steatosis (3). Breath sensing system is painless, faster and potentially less expensive than blood tests - and easy to repeat as often as needed, even while patients are sleeping or exercising.
Semiconducting nano-scale metal oxides such as tin oxide (4), zinc oxide (5), and nickel oxide (6) have been used to develop gas sensors. Among them, zinc oxide, which shows n-type behavior, is one of excellent candidates because of its electric properties such as wide band gap and high electron mobility (5). Various morphologies for ZnO nanostructures such as nanorods, nanotubes, and nanowires have been investigated to understand morphology-driven properties. Recently, hollow micro/nanosphere ZnO has been fabricated and its properties have been investigated. Such structure may be applied for dye-sensitised solar cells, photocatalts, high performance electrodes, and gas sensors due to its large surface-to-volume ratio and reduced transport lengths for both mass and charge transport (7).
In this study, the hollow microsphere ZnO particles were prepared by a simple precipitate method. The crystal structure and morphology after calcination are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was then used to construct ZnO layers on flexible substrates. The structural properties of the deposited ZnO layers were analyzed by using SEM, TEM, and XRD. Then, gas sensing behaviors to detect ethanol and acetone by morphological variation of layers are discussed in detail.
This research was partially supported by Agency for Defense Development (ADD) as global corporative research and Auburn University IGP.
1. Zhang, Q., Wang, P., Li, J., and Gao, X. (2000) Biosensors and Bioelectronics 15, 249-256
2. Moorhead, K. T., Lee, D., Chase, J. G., Moot, A., Ledingham, K., Scotter, J., Allardyce, R., Senthilmohan, S., and Endre, Z. (2008) Computer methods and programs in biomedicine
89, 226-238
3. de Lacy Costello, B., Ewen, R., Ratcliffe, N. M., and Richards, M. (2008) Journal of Breath Research 2, 037017
4. Ahn, H., Noh, J. H., Kim, S.-B., Overfelt, R. A., Yoon, Y. S., and Kim, D.-J. (2010) Materials Chemistry and Physics 124, 563-568
5. Ahn, H., Park, J.-H., Kim, S.-B., Jee, S. H., Yoon, Y. S., and Kim, D.-J. (2010) Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters
13, J125-J128
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22, 13541-13547

Figure 1
Activation Free SAM-Assisted Silver Electroless Metallization of Textile for Strain Sensor Application
Authors: Molazemhosseini Alireza , Cattarinuzzi Emanuele , Gastaldi Dario , Vena Pasquale , Magagnin Luca 
Published: February 2020

Flexible, stretchable and wearable electronic devices are becoming more
demanding due to their facile interaction with human body. These devices can be
easily mount on clothing or directly attached onto skin. Among wearable
electronic devices, highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors have drawn lots
of attention for monitoring human body motions. There are number of
requirements for a high performance strain sensor including high sensitivity (i.e.,
gauge factor (GF)), high stretchability, fast response, high stability and low
fabrication cost. Personal health monitoring, sport performance monitoring and
human motion capturing for entertainment systems are the most popular
applications for a high performance strain senor.
In this paper, we present a cost effective simple strain sensor fabricated through
silver electroless metallization of commercial polyester fabric. To avoid using
SnCl2 or PdCl2 activation solutions, a silica-like layer was formed on polyester
fabric using an acetone based aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) solution
followed by UV irradiation. Once the anchoring sites for later silanization were
developed, a toluene based solution of (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane
(MPTMS) were used to activate the polyester fabric. Silver electroless
metallization was carried out on activated polyester using silver nitrate salt and
glucose as reducing agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray
diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) were used to characterize the Ag-coated polyester.
A thin silver coating (<1 μm) with uniform morphology and high purity was
deposited on polyester. The conductive fabric was cut into strips of 5mm
thickness for stretch-conductivity measurements. A micro-tensile machine with
an in-situ confocal microscope was coupled with a digital multimeter (2-point
probing) to investigate strain dependence electrical resistivity. In-situ confocal
imaging was used to investigate the micromechanical mechanisms responsible for
changes in resistivity during stretching. A linear decrease in electrical resistance
was detected by stetching untill it reaches to a platu. The results of stretch–conductivity
measurements suggest the potential application of Ag/Polyester for
strain sensors.

Figure 1