bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Camera-guided Weed Hoeing in Winter Cereals with Narrow Row Distance
Authors: Gerhards Roland , Kollenda Benjamin , Machleb Jannis , Möller Kurt , Butz Andreas , Reiser David , Griegentrog Hans-Werner 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Farmers are facing severe problems with weed competition in cereal crops. Grass-weeds and perennial weed species became more abundant in Europe mainly due to high percentages of cereal crops in cropping systems and reduced tillage practices combined with continuous applications of herbicides with the same mode of action. Several weed populations have evolved resistance to herbicides. Precision weed hoeing may help to overcome these problems. So far, weed hoeing in cereals was restricted to cropping practices with row distances of more than 200 mm. Hoeing in cereals with conventional row distances of 125–170 mm requires the development of automatic steering systems. The objective of this project was to develop a new automatic guidance system for inter-row hoeing using camera-based row detection and automatic side-shift control. Six field studies were conducted in winter wheat to investigate accuracy, weed control efficacy and crop yields of this new hoeing technology.
A three-meter prototype and a 6-meter segmented hoe were built and tested at three different speeds in 150 mm seeded winter wheat. The maximum lateral offset from the row center was 22.53 mm for the 3 m wide hoe and 18.42 mm for the 6 m wide hoe. Camera-guided hoeing resulted in 72–96% inter-row and 21–91% intra-row weed control efficacy (WCE). Weed control was 7–15% higher at 8 km h−1 compared to 4 km h−1. WCE could be increased by 14–22% when hoeing was combined with weed harrowing. Grain yields after camera-guided hoeing at 8 km h−1 were 15–76% higher than the untreated control plots and amounted the same level as the weed-free herbicide plots. The study characterizes camera-guided hoeing in cereals as a robust and effective method of weed control.
The Right Not to Know: some Steps towards a Compromise
Authors: Davies Ben , Savulescu Julian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere is an ongoing debate in medicine about whether patients have a ‘right not to know’ pertinent medical information, such as diagnoses of life-altering diseases. While this debate has employed various ethical concepts, probably the most widely-used by both defenders and detractors of the right is autonomy. Whereas defenders of the right not to know typically employ a ‘liberty’ conception of autonomy, according to which to be autonomous involves doing what one wants to do, opponents of the right not to know often employ a ‘duty’ understanding, viewing autonomy as involving an obligation to be self-governing. The central contribution of this paper is in showing that neither view of autonomy can reasonably be said to support the extreme stances on the right not to know that they are sometimes taken to. That is, neither can a liberty view properly defend a right not to know without limits, nor can a duty view form the basis of an absolute rejection of the right not to know. While there is still theoretical distance between these two approaches, we conclude that the views are considerably closer on this issue than they first appear, opening the way for a possible compromise.
Novel 500-GHz Band Waveguide Stepped Septum-Type Circular Polarizer with a New High-Accuracy and Very Small Waveguide Flange
Authors: Hasegawa Yutaka , Maezawa Hiroyuki , Ogawa Hideo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA new waveguide stepped septum-type circular polarizer (SST-CP) was developed to operate in the 500-GHz band for radio astronomical and planetary atmospheric observations. In a previous study, we developed a practical SST-CP for the 230-GHz band. However, several issues prevent this device being easily scaled down to the 500-GHz band, such as manufacturing dimensional errors and waveguide flange position errors. In this study, we developed a new waveguide flange with a high-accuracy position determination mechanism and a very small size of 10 × 10 mm. We also developed a new fabrication technique to obtain very good flatness for the device’s blank materials by high-accuracy polishing using a resin fixture. Using these new methods, the manufactured 500-GHz band SST-CP achieved a cross-polarization talk level of better than – 30 dB at 465–505 GHz, a device surface flatness of within 3 μm, and also the horizontal positioning error of ± 3 μm. These results indicate that the developed 500-GHz band SST-CP has high performance in the high-frequency band, and thus the new manufacturing methods are effective in the 500-GHz band.
Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Theories of Temporality and the Pātañjala Yoga Theory of Transformation (pariṇāma)
Authors: Maas Philipp A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article discusses a peculiar Sā$$\dot {\text{n}}$$n˙khya-Yoga theory of transformation (pariṇāma) that the author of the Pātañjalayogaśāstra created by drawing upon Sarvāstivāda Buddhist theories of temporality. In developing his theory, Patañjali adaptively reused the wording in which the Sarvāstivāda theories were formulated, the specific objections against these theories, and their refutations to win the philosophical debate about temporality against Sarvāstivāda Buddhism. Patañjali’s approach towards the Sarvāstivāda Buddhist theories was possible, even though his system of Yoga is based on an ontology that differs considerably from that of Sarvāstivāda Buddhism because both systems share the philosophical view that time is not a separate ontological entity in itself. Time is a concept deduced from change in the empirical world. This agreement results from the common philosophical orientation of Sarvāstivāda Buddhism and Yoga, which takes the phenomenon of experience as the basis of philosophical enquiry into the structure of the world. The intention that guided Patañjali’s adaptive reuse was twofold. On the one hand, he aimed at winning the debate with Sarvāstivāda Buddhism about how the problem of temporality can be solved. He thus integrated four mutually exclusive theories on temporality into a single theory of transformation of properties (dharma) involving a second-level and a third-level theory on the transformation of the temporal characteristic mark (lakṣaṇa) and on the transformation of states (avasthā), respectively. On the other hand, Patañjali intended to achieve philosophical clarification regarding the question of how exactly properties relate to their underlying substrate in the process of transformation of the three constituents or forces (guṇa) sattva, rajas and tamas of matter (pradhāna) that account for all phenomena of the world except pure consciousness (puruṣa). Patañjali’s theory of transformation is thus of central importance for his Sā$$\dot {\text{n}}$$n˙khya ontology, according to which the world consists of 25 categories or constituents (tattva), i.e., of primal matter (prakṛti) and its transformations and pure consciousness.
How morphologically related synonyms come to make up a paradigm
Authors: Wiemer Björn , Wrzesień-Kwiatkowska Joanna , Wyroślak Piotr 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Slavic perfective (pfv): imperfective (ipfv) opposition is based on stem derivation. It creates a complex network of functions for finite and non-finite forms, which largely applies regardless of aspectual pairedness (and actionality groups), since this opposition has classificatory properties. However, can derivationally related stems claimed to represent identical lexical concepts be treated as representatives of one or of two paradigms? The issue becomes especially intricate with aspect triplets in which two ipfv stems correspond to one pfv stem, as though combining two productive patterns of aspect derivation. On this background, we test some core assumptions of the morphology-lexicon interface on one typical aspect triplet from Polish and Czech, the cognate ipfv Pol.dzielić – rozdzielać, Cz.dělit – rozdělovat‘divide, separate’. We provide their token-based analysis for the period 1750–2017. The two ipfv stems show preferences for different basic functions associated with the ipfv aspect, the coding of marginal arguments and adjuncts also yields clear biases of choice. These preferences prove stable over time, distinctions in form typically associated with inflection turn out to be altogether irrelevant. Our findings, as well as a revision of theoretical positions, support a notion of paradigm in which typical inflectional distinctions are brought into an equilibrium with functional inventories and collocational constraints.
Studying the heterogeneity of European higher education institutions
Authors: Bruni Renato , Catalano Giuseppe , Daraio Cinzia , Gregori Martina , Moed Henk F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe heterogeneity of the Higher Education (HE) Institutions is one of the main critical issues in the assessment of their performance. This paper adopts a multi-level and multi-dimensional perspective, combining national (macro) and institution (micro) level data, and measuring both research and teaching activity, using performance indicators derived from the European Tertiary Education Register, CWTS Leiden Ranking, and PATSTAT patent database. Clustering and efficiency analysis are combined to characterize the heterogeneity of national HE systems in European countries, and reveal the potential of using micro level data to characterize national level performance. Large differences are observed between the European countries, partially due to the fact that they are in different phases of their scientific (and economic) development and of the re-structuring of their HE systems. Evidence is found that universities specializing either in teaching or in research tend to have a higher efficiency than those institutions balancing research and teaching. Tradeoffs are observed between undergraduate and post-graduate activities, and a “Matthew cumulative effect” seems in place on the European institutions analysed: high quality research is able to attract external funds that stimulate innovative and patenting activities that in turn are self-reinforcing to the scientific activities. The results reveal once more the limits and dangers of one-dimensional approaches to the performance of HEIs.
Relationships between Chronic Diseases and Depression among Middle-aged and Elderly People in China: A Prospective Study from CHARLS
Authors: Jiang Chun-hong , Zhu Feng , Qin Ting-ting 
Published: October 2020

Summary
Given the rapid increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases in aging populations, this prospective study including 17 707 adults aged ≥45 years from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was used to estimate the associations between chronic disease, multimorbidity, and depression among middle-aged and elderly adults in China, and explore the mediating factors. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) questionnaire. Twelve chronic physical conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, heart failure, stroke, kidney disease, arthritis or rheumatism, asthma, digestive disease were assessed. The prevalence rates for physical multimorbidity and depression (CES-D-10 ≥10) were 43.23% and 36.62%, respectively. Through multivariable logistic models and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, we found all 12 chronic physical conditions, and multimorbidity were significantly associated with depression. Both mobility problems and chronic pain explained more than 30% of the association for all chronic conditions, with particularly high percentages for stroke (51.56%) and cancer (51.06%) in mobility problems and cancer (53.35%) in chronic pain. Limited activities of daily living (ADL) explained 34.60% of the stroke-cancer relationship, while sleep problems explained between 10.15% (stroke) and 14.89% (chronic lung disease) of the association. Individuals with chronic diseases or multimorbidity are significantly more likely to be depressed. Functional symptoms involving limitations of ADL and mobility difficulties mediated much of the association between chronic diseases and incident depression. These symptoms could be targeted for interventions to ameliorate the incidence of depression among individuals with chronic conditions.
Collembola communities and soil conditions in forest plantations established in an intensively managed agricultural area
Authors: Harta István , Simon Barbara , Vinogradov Szergej , Winkler Dániel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe challenges of a changing climate have directed greater attention to afforestation, but the effects of afforestation on soil fertility and soil biota have not been fully clarified. To explore changes in the soil conditions in two 20-year-old forest plantations established in formerly intensively fertilized plots of agricultural land, we focused on the current developmental state of the sites that received the most fertilizer and evaluated soil properties and Collembola (springtails) communities. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) that had been planted in the afforestation sites were assessed for differences between plantations of native and invasive species. Five adjacent reference associations, including forests and open habitats, were also analyzed and compared. Results showed that the soils in the two afforested sites were similar in their properties and Collembola communities to those of the control cultivated forests, but differed from each other in pH, calcium, phosphorus, and ammonium content. The available potassium and phosphorus contents in the soil of the sessile oak plantation were still high, while the soil organic matter content was adequate (SOM > 2.0%) in both plantations. Species richness of Collembola ranged from 18 in the cultivated arable land to 43 in the relict forest. Only a few species typical for forests (e.g.,Neanura muscorum,Isotomiella minor,Entomobrya muscorum) were detected in the young plantations, while species characteristic of open habitats (e.g.,Protaphorura campata,Lepidocyrtus cyaneus) occurred as well. Although more individuals and species of Collembola were present in the soil of young plantations than in arable fields, their community diversities were significantly lower compared to the control forest stands. Collembola community diversity differed significantly also between the two plantation types (with native and non-native tree species). Mean abundance in the afforested sites was about 2.5 times higher than in the cultivated arable land, yet far lower than the mean abundance in the control forests.
Contribution of the Cerebellum and the Basal Ganglia to Language Production: Speech, Word Fluency, and Sentence Construction—Evidence from Pathology
Authors: Silveri Maria Caterina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEvidence reported in recent decades increasingly confirms that both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia, which are primarily involved in movement control, also have a significant role in a vast range of cognitive and affective functions. Evidence from pathology indicates that the disorders of some aspects of language production which follow damage of the cerebellum or respectively basal ganglia, i.e., disorders of speech, word fluency, and sentence construction, have identifiable neuropsychological profiles and that most manifestations can be specifically attributed to the dysfunctions of mechanisms supported by one or the other of these structures. The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are reciprocally interconnected. Thus, it is plausible that some disorders observed when damage involves one of these structures could be remote effects of abnormal activity in the other. However, in a purely clinical-neuropsychological perspective, primary and remote effects in the network are difficult to disentangle. Functional neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques likely represent the indispensable support for achieving this goal.
Prevalence, socio-economic predictors and health correlates of food insecurity among Italian children- findings from a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zaҫe Drieda , Di Pietro Maria Luisa , Reali Laura , de Waure Chiara , Ricciardi Walter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConsidering food insecurity is a problem, even in developed countries, and the evidence gap regarding this issue in Italy, we aimed to assess the prevalence of food insecurity in a sample of Italian children and examine socio-economic and health correlates. This cross-sectional study was conducted in paediatric practices. Parents answered to the 18-items of the Household Food Security Module, 8 of which concern children. Paediatricians answered a questionnaire on children’s health. Socio-economic and health correlates of food insecurity in children were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Among 573 households with children, 15·4% were food insecure, while 9·1% of children were food insecure. Socio-economic factors associated to food insecurity were living in south Italy, households with three or more children, lower household yearly income, worse economic situation description and younger parents. Food insecure children were less likely to have a normal relational [ aOR 0.31 (CI 0.11-0.85)] and physical development [aOR 0.32(CI 0.15-0.65) and had more school difficulties [aOR 3.1(CI 1.33-7.24)] compared to their food secure peers. Food insecure children had higher odds of a deterioration in their health since birth and of a worse perceived health status, as reported by their parents. Considering the results in this sample and the lack of research regarding this issues in Italy and Europe more broadly, we call for consistent, national monitoring to determine the magnitude of the problem of food insecurity in households with children in Italy and to examine the socio-economic variables and health implications in different contexts.
Analysis of microRNA regulating cell cycle-related tumor suppressor genes in endometrial cancer patients
Authors: Witek Łukasz , Janikowski Tomasz , Gabriel Iwona , Bodzek Piotr , Olejek Anita 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEndometrial cancer remains the most common malignancy of the female genital system in developed countries. Tumor suppressor genes are responsible for controlling the cells fate in the cell cycle and preventing cancerogenesis. Gene expression affects cancer progression and is modulated by microRNAs defined as both tumor suppressors and oncogenes. These molecules indirectly regulate multiple processes like cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to analyze miRNAs expression that can regulate the activity of tumor suppressor genes related to the cell cycle in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer. The study group consisted of 12 samples that met the inclusion criteria from a total of 48 obtained. The 12 samples were used to analyze microRNA expression. Complementary miRNAs were identified using TargetScan Database and statistical analysis. MicroRNAs were determined for the tumor suppressor genes: CYR61, WT1, TSPYL5, HNRNPA0, BCL2L1 and BAK1. All the miRNAs were complementary to the described target genes based on TargetScan Database. There were five miRNAs differentially expressed that can regulate tumor suppressor genes related to the cell cycle. The distinguished miRNAs: mir-340-3p, mir-1236-5p, mir-874-3p, mir-873-5p.2 and mir-548-5p were differentially expressed in endometrial cancer in comparison to the control. Among the distinguished miRNAs, the most promising is mir-874-3p, which may have an important role in endometrial adenocarcinoma proliferation.
Präsenzlehre an Universitäten und Hochschulen unter den Bedingungen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie
Authors: Preisser Alexandra M. , Pieter Julia , Harth Volker 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungZur Aufrechterhaltung des universitären Lehrangebotes unter Einhaltung der Abstandsregeln entsprechend des Arbeitsschutzstandards des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) sind unter den Bedingungen der COVID-19-Pandemie beim Aufeinandertreffen von Studierenden und Lehrkräften in großen Gruppen (Hörsaal) und kleinen Lehrräumen (Seminare, Praktika) besondere Regelungen und Maßnahmen zu beachten. Der Artikel gibt detaillierte Empfehlungen für die praktische Umsetzung von Schutz- und Präventionsmaßnahmen nach dem im Arbeitsschutz üblichen STOP-Prinzip: Substitution, Technische, Organisatorische und Persönliche Schutzmaßnahmen. Hierbei werden die Verantwortlichkeiten benannt und auch schwierige Situationen, in denen körperliche Nähe notwendig ist (z.B. Lehre medizinischer Untersuchungen, gemeinsame Laborarbeit, Sport- und Tanzseminare), hinsichtlich der notwendigen Maßnahmen analysiert und Empfehlungen formuliert.
Effects of the school environment on early sexual risk behavior: A longitudinal analysis of students in English secondary schools
Authors: Peterson Amy J. , Allen Elizabeth , Viner Russell , Bonell Chris 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe theory of human functioning and school organization proposes that schools promote health by strengthening students’ educational engagement. Previous studies have relied on proxy measures of engagement and not examined sexual health. This paper addresses these gaps.MethodsLongitudinal data came from the control arm of a randomized trial involving female and male students ages 12–14 in English secondary‐schools (n = 3337 students). Exposures measured at baseline included a proxy measure of school‐level engagement (value‐added education, VAE: the difference between observed absence and attainment rates and those predicted based on student characteristics) and direct measures of school‐ and student‐level engagement (commitment, belonging, relationships and participation). Sexual behavior was measured at 24‐ and 36‐months, including sexual debut and contraception use at first sex.ResultsHigher school‐level VAE was associated with an increased risk of early sexual debut at 24‐months. Students attending schools with higher overall levels of commitment and belonging were less likely to report sexual debut at 36 months. Students reporting stronger personal commitment to learning and teacher relationships at baseline were less likely to report sexual debut at both follow‐up points. Associations involving participation and contraception use were largely nonsignificant.ConclusionsDirect measures of the school environment are more strongly associated with reduced sexual risk behavior in early adolescence than the proxy measure, VAE. Results provide some support for the theory and suggest that personal disposition towards school as well as attending a school with high levels of student commitment and belonging are important for subsequent sexual decision making.
Evaluating frameworks for practice in mainstream primary school classrooms catering for children with developmental trauma: an analysis of the literature
Authors: Collier Simone , Bryce India , Trimmer Karen , Krishnamoorthy Govind 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntegral to the protection of children against ongoing abuse and neglect and trauma experiences are teachers and school-based staff. This paper aims to discuss and reflect on the practice frameworks, models, approaches and programs that exist in mainstream school contexts to address the developmental and learning needs of children in primary schools who have experienced trauma in their early childhood years. This paper explores the importance of enablers, finding exceptions to the practices that often limit the support of ongoing protection of children in schools and the importance of the willingness, confidence and capacity of school-based staff. This paper proposes areas of future research to address the identified gaps existing for children with developmental trauma trying to learn and exist in a schooling system that is struggling to meet their needs.