bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship programme on antimicrobial utilization and the prevalence of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an acute care hospital in Qatar
Authors: Sid Ahmed Mazen A , Abdel Hadi Hamad , Abu Jarir Sulieman , Al Khal Abdul Latif , Al-Maslamani Muna A , Jass Jana , Ibrahim Emad Bashir , Ziglam Hisham 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
The excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics is universal across all healthcare facilities. In Qatar there has been a substantial increase in antimicrobial consumption coupled with a significant rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) have become a standard intervention for effective optimization of antimicrobial prescribing.

Methods
A before–after study was conducted in Hamad General Hospital (603 bed acute care hospital): 1 year before implementation of a comprehensive ASP compared with the following 2 years. The ASP included a hospital-wide pre-authorization requirement by infectious diseases physicians for all broad-spectrum antibiotics. Prevalence of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared with antimicrobial consumption, calculated as DDD per 1000 patient-days (DDD/1000 PD). Susceptibility was determined using broth microdilution, as per CLSI guidelines. Antibiotic use was restricted through the ASP, as defined in the hospital’s antibiotic policy.

Results
A total of 6501 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected prospectively over 3 years (2014–17). Susceptibility to certain antimicrobials improved after the ASP was implemented in August 2015. The prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa showed a sustained decrease from 2014 (9%) to 2017 (5.46%) (P = 0.019). There was a significant 23.9% reduction in studied antimicrobial consumption following ASP implementation (P = 0.008). The yearly consumption of meropenem significantly decreased from 47.32 to 31.90 DDD/1000 PD (P = 0.012), piperacillin/tazobactam from 45.35 to 32.67 DDD/1000 PD (P &lt; 0.001) and ciprofloxacin from 9.71 to 5.63 DDD/1000 PD (P = 0.015) (from 2014 to 2017).

Conclusions
The successful implementation of the ASP led to a significant reduction in rates of MDR P. aeruginosa, pointing towards the efficacy of the ASP in reducing AMR.
Applying BIM to support dispute avoidance in managing multi-owned buildings
Authors: Shin Jihye , Rajabifard Abbas , Kalantari Mohsen , Atazadeh Behnam 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
With the growth of high-density living, disputes experienced by residents in multi-owned buildings (MOBs) have become an ongoing challenge in urban areas. A significant number of the disputations have found their root cause in the issues concerning improper use and management of MOBs by residents. It stems from their inaccurate understanding of ownership rights that are inherently 3D but using 2D cadastral survey plans, authoritative documents of ownership. This research explores the ability of building information modeling (BIM) to address required information for improving the perception of ownership rights that affect resident behaviors in managing MOBs. An open data model of BIM is extended to accommodate the necessary information for preventing resident misbehaviors that led to dispute cases in Victoria state, Australia. In this study, we implement BIM data of an MOB where a real dispute happened to demonstrate the validity of the enriched data model on the information delivery and an enhanced understanding of ownership rights. It is confirmed that the use of BIM facilitates the alleviation of the misbehaviors by informing residents with accurate communication of ownership rights and could support the avoidance of disputes in MOBs.
Fluctuations in galactic bar parameters due to bar–spiral interaction
Authors: Hilmi T , Minchev I , Buck T , Martig M , Quillen A C , Monari G , Famaey B , de Jong R S , Laporte C F P , Read J , Sanders J L , Steinmetz M , Wegg C 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the late-time evolution of the central regions of two Milky Way (MW)-like simulations of galaxies formed in a cosmological context, one hosting a fast bar and the other a slow one. We find that bar length, Rb, measurements fluctuate on a dynamical time-scale by up to 100 per cent, depending on the spiral structure strength and measurement threshold. The bar amplitude oscillates by about 15 per cent, correlating with Rb. The Tremaine–Weinberg method estimates of the bars’ instantaneous pattern speeds show variations around the mean of up to $\sim \!20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, typically anticorrelating with the bar length and strength. Through power spectrum analyses, we establish that these bar pulsations, with a period in the range ∼60–200 Myr, result from its interaction with multiple spiral modes, which are coupled with the bar. Because of the presence of odd spiral modes, the two bar halves typically do not connect at exactly the same time to a spiral arm, and their individual lengths can be significantly offset. We estimated that in about 50 per cent of bar measurements in MW-mass external galaxies, the bar lengths of SBab-type galaxies are overestimated by $\sim \!15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and those of SBbc types by $\sim \!55{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Consequently, bars longer than their corotation radius reported in the literature, dubbed ‘ultrafast bars’, may simply correspond to the largest biases. Given that the Scutum–Centaurus arm is likely connected to the near half of the MW bar, recent direct measurements may be overestimating its length by 1–1.5 kpc, while its present pattern speed may be 5–10 $\rm km\ s^{-1}\ kpc^{-1}$ smaller than its time-averaged value.
The corona of GJ 1151 in the context of star–planet interaction
Authors: Foster G , Poppenhaeger K , Alvarado-Gómez J D , Schmitt J H M M 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The low-mass star GJ 1151 has been reported to display variable low-frequency radio emission, which has been interpreted as a signpost of coronal star–planet interactions with an unseen exoplanet. Here we report the first X-ray detection of GJ 1151’s corona based on the XMM–Newton data. We find that the star displays a small flare during the X-ray observation. Averaged over the observation, we detect the star with a low coronal temperature of 1.6 MK and an X-ray luminosity of LX = 5.5 × 1026 erg s−1. During the quiescent time periods excluding the flare, the star remains undetected with an upper limit of $L_{\mathrm{ X},\, \mathrm{ qui}} \le 3.7\times 10^{26}$ erg s−1. This is compatible with the coronal assumptions used in a recently published model for a star–planet interaction origin of the observed radio signals from this star.
Dynamical evidence from the sub-parsec counter-rotating disc for a close binary of supermassive black holes in NGC 1068
Authors: Wang Jian-Min , Songsheng Yu-Yang , Li Yan-Rong , Du Pu , Yu Zhe 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
A puzzle in NGC 1068 is how to secularly maintain the counter-rotating disc (CRD) from 0.2 to $7\,$ pc unambiguously detected by recent ALMA observations of molecular gas. Upon further dynamical analysis, we find that the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability (KHI) results in an unavoidable catastrophe for the disc developed at the interface between the reversely rotating parts. We demonstrate that a close binary of supermassive black holes (CB-SMBHs) provides tidal torques to prevent the disc from the KH catastrophe and are led to the conclusion that there is a CB-SMBH at the centre of NGC 1068. The binary is composed of black holes with a separation of $0.1\,$ pc from GRAVITY/VLTI observations, a total mass of 1.3 × 107 M⊙ and a mass ratio of ∼0.3 estimated from the angular momentum (AM) budget of the global system. The KHI gives rise to a gap without cold gas at the velocity interface that overlaps with the observed gap of hot and cold dust regions. Releases of kinetic energies from the KHI of the disc are in agreement with observed emissions in radio and γ-rays. Such a binary is shrinking on a time-scale much longer than the local Hubble time via gravitational waves, however, the KHI leads to an efficient annihilation of the orbital AM and a speed-up merge of the binary, providing a new mechanism for solving the long-standing issue of ‘final parsec problem’. Future observations of GRAVITY+/VLTI are expected to be able to spatially resolve the CB-SMBHs suggested in this paper.
A search for supernova light echoes in NGC 6946 with SITELLE
Authors: Radica M C , Welch D L , Rousseau-Nepton L 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the analysis of 4 h of spectroscopic observations of NGC 6946 with the SITELLE Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer on the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, acquired to search for supernova light echoes from its 10 modern supernovae. We develop a novel spectroscopic search method: identifying negatively sloped continua in the narrow-band SN3 filter as candidate highly broadened P-Cygni profiles in the H α line, which would be characteristic of the spectra of supernova ejecta. We test our methodology by looking for light echoes from any of the 10 supernovae observed in NGC 6946 in the past 100 yr. We find no evidence of light echoes above the survey surface brightness limit of 1 × 10−15 erg s−1 cm−2arcsec−2.
Peptidoglycan-inspired autonomous ultrafast self-healing bio-friendly elastomers for bio-integrated electronics
Authors: Zhang Luzhi , Liang Jiahui , Jiang Chenyu , Liu Zenghe , Sun Lijie , Chen Shuo , Xuan Huixia , Lei Dong , Guan Qingbao , Ye Xiaofeng , You Zhengwei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Elastomers are essential for stretchable electronics, which have become more and more important in bio-integrated devices. To ensure high compliance with the application environment, elastomers are expected to resist, and even self-repair, mechanical damage, while being friendly to the human body. Herein, inspired by peptidoglycan, we designed the first room-temperature autonomous self-healing biodegradable and biocompatible elastomers, poly(sebacoyl 1,6-hexamethylenedicarbamate diglyceride) (PSeHCD) elastomers. The unique structure including alternating ester-urethane moieties and bionic hybrid crosslinking endowed PSeHCD elastomers superior properties including ultrafast self-healing, tunable biomimetic mechanical properties, facile reprocessability, as well as good biocompatibility and biodegradability. The potential of the PSeHCD elastomers was demonstrated as a super-fast self-healing stretchable conductor (21 s) and motion sensor (2 min). This work provides a new design and synthetic principle of elastomers for applications in bio-integrated electronics.
Developing Pictorial Cigarillo Warnings: Insights From Focus Groups
Authors: Cornacchione Ross Jennifer , King Jessica L , Lazard Allison J , Noar Seth M , Reboussin Beth A , Jenson Desmond , Sutfin Erin L 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) selected six text-only warnings for cigarillos to be implemented on packaging and advertising. Pictorial warnings are more effective at discouraging cigarette use than text-only warnings, yet no research exists for cigarillos. We sought to understand what types of images might be most effectively paired with the cigarillo text warnings to inform broad principles for developing pictorial warnings, with a focus on young adults, who have the highest rate of cigarillo use.MethodsWe conducted five focus groups with a total of N = 30 young adult cigarillo users and susceptible nonusers (53% female, 50% White, and 33% Black). Participants were shown four to eight unique images for each of the six text statements and were asked about visual–verbal congruency, emotional and cognitive reactions, and perceived effectiveness of each image. Sessions were recorded and transcribed; two investigators independently coded transcripts for emergent themes.ResultsParticipants reported images that were graphic or “gross” would best grab attention and discourage use of cigarillos. Participants preferred images that were a direct illustration of the information in the warning text, rather than abstract images that required more cognitive effort to understand. Participants also highlighted that including people in the images, especially youth and young adults making eye contact, helped them relate to the warnings, garner their attention, and positively influence their reactions.ConclusionsWe identified several principles to inform the selection of images to pair with the FDA-required cigarillo text statements. These insights may also apply to pictorial warnings for other tobacco products.ImplicationsThis focus group study identified principles for selecting images to develop pictorial warnings for the six FDA text-only cigarillo warnings. We found that young adult cigarillo users and susceptible nonusers preferred images that were graphic and gross, believable, congruent to the warning text, and included people. Images that match young adults’ visual expectations of a disease and are emotion-provoking may be most effective in pictorial warnings and highlight challenges for developing pictorial warnings for health effects that do not have a visible health consequence.
The Price Elasticity of Cigarettes: New Evidence From Spanish Regions, 2002–2016
Authors: Almeida Alejandro , Golpe Antonio A , Iglesias Jesús , Martín Álvarez Juan Manuel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Introduction
There is an agreement in the literature that tobacco price elasticity is around −0.4 for given location. Furthermore, works only focus separately, on the temporal dimension or the spatial dimension, however, there are studies that show the existence of spillovers between different geographical areas due to the spatial dependence in tobacco consumption. The novelty of this study is the measurement of the effect that neighboring regions have on the price elasticity of cigarettes.

Aims and Methods
This study simultaneously analyzed, first, a dynamic spatial model used to measure the price elasticity of cigarettes in the short term and long term of the 47 provinces that make up the Spanish territory, detailing the influence of neighbors. Second, given the spatial arrangement of the elasticities observed in the provinces, we can detect behaviors typical of large-scale illicit trade and cross-border purchasing since geographical location can be an important factor in smuggling, and politicians should take this into account when making price policies.

Results
Results reveal that the consumption of the regions is influenced by the consumption of the neighboring regions in the same period. The price elasticity of cigarettes in the long term exceeds in many cases, in absolute value, unity. This result is novel because tobacco has historically been treated as an inelastic demand good. Finally, we found that the regions that are most sensitive to price are those bordering France and Gibraltar or tourist regions, demonstrating the effect that smuggling has on the behavior of the regions.

Conclusions
These results are important because the price in Spain is set by the central government and fiscal policies regarding the price of tobacco can have different effects in different regions. This study has shown that the consumption of cigarettes is influenced by the neighboring regions and also measured different sensitivities for each region. Regional cooperation in tobacco control policies may have better effects than the elaborated policies based on historical information.

Implications
Policy makers should consider that tobacco could be an elastic good in the long term and that cooperation between countries in terms of price differential should be taken to avoid tobacco smuggling. The allocation of resources to control smoking should consider the special dependence shown in this report. Also, academics should account for spatial dependence to measure tobacco consumption instead of temporal analysis.
Interpretation of Discordant Rifampicin Susceptibility Test Results Obtained Using GeneXpert vs Phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Huo Fengmin , Ma Yifeng , Liu Rongmei , Ma Liping , Li Shanshan , Jiang Guanglu , Wang Fen , Shang Yuanyuan , Dong Lingling , Pang Yu 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
The 3-month difference in turnaround time between Xpert and conventional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) causes patient treatment challenges when pDST rifampin (RIF) susceptibility results and earlier Xpert results disagree, resulting in unnecessary tuberculosis (TB) patient exposure to toxic second-line drugs. Here, the prevalence of discordant RIF susceptibility test results, specifically Xpert (resistant) vs pDST (susceptible) results, was determined.

Methods
Tuberculosis patients enrolled between January 2015 and June 2018 at Beijing Chest Hospital who consecutively tested positive for RIF resistance using Xpert then negative using pDST were studied. DNA sequences and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results provided insights for understanding discordant results.

Results
Of 26 826 patients with suggestive TB symptoms undergoing Xpert MTB/RIF testing, 728 diagnosed as RIF-resistant were evaluated. Of these, 118 (16.2%) exhibiting Xpert RIF resistance and phenotypic RIF susceptibility yielded 104 successfully subcultured isolates; of these, 86 (82.7%) harbored rpoB gene RIF resistance–determining region mutations and 18 (17.3%) did not. The Leu511Pro (25.0%) and Leu533Pro (17.3%) mutations were most frequently associated with discordant RIF susceptibility test results. Of the 86 isolates with rpoB mutations, 42 (48.8%) with MICs ≤1.0 mg/L were assigned to the RIF-susceptible group, with Leu511Pro being the most common mutation observed. Isolates with a very low bacterial load were most frequently misdiagnosed as RIF-resistant by Xpert.

Conclusions
Approximately one-sixth of RIF-resistant TB isolates identified via Xpert yielded discordant pDST results due to questionable interpretation of specific “disputed” mutations. Thus, a diagnostic flowchart should be used to correctly interpret Xpert RIF resistance results to best guide patient treatment.
Effects of Internet Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Depressive Symptoms and Surrogates of Cardiovascular Risk in Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Pilot, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Gupta Samir K , Slaven James E , Liu Ziyue , Polanka Brittanny M , Freiberg Matthew S , Stewart Jesse C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We hypothesized that reducing depressive symptoms would improve HIV-related cardiovascular risk.

Methods
We conducted a single-center, randomized (1:1), controlled, parallel-group, assessor-blinded, pilot trial comparing Beating the Blues US (BtB)—an evidence-based, 8-session, internet cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression—with usual care (UC) in HIV-positive participants receiving virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy and with Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 scores ≥10. The primary endpoint was change in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints were FMD change at 24 weeks and inflammation, coagulation, and metabolic biomarker changes at 12 and 24 weeks.

Results
Fifty-four participants were randomized (27 in each arm). Mean reductions in PHQ-9 scores were significantly greater with BtB versus UC at 12 weeks (−5.60 vs −1.52; P = .007) and 24 weeks (−6.00 vs −1.38; P = .008); reductions in the Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale-20 scores were also significantly greater with BtB versus UC at 24 weeks (−0.72 vs −0.35; P = .029). Changes in FMD between arms were not significantly different at 12 or 24 weeks. Significantly larger reductions in soluble (s)CD14 and sCD163 with BtB versus UC were found at 12 and 24 weeks, respectively.

Conclusions
Compared with UC, internet cognitive-behavioral therapy using BtB resulted in greater improvements in depressive symptoms and monocyte activation markers but did not improve FMD in this pilot trial. These data support performing larger studies to determine the potential salutatory effects of behavioral therapies for depression on HIV-related inflammation.
Upper Respiratory Tract Viral Ribonucleic Acid Load at Hospital Admission Is Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Disease Severity
Authors: Guo Xiaoyan , Jie Yusheng , Ye Yinong , Chen Ping , Li Xinhua , Gao Zhiliang , Li Ganwen , Deng Hong , Zheng Yubao , Lin Bingliang , Chong Yutian , Chen Fengjuan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has aroused global public health concerns. Multiple clinical features relating to host profile but not for virus have been identified as the risk factors for illness severity and/or the outcomes in COVID-19.

Methods
The clinical features obtained from a cohort of 195 laboratory-confirmed, nasopharynx-sampled patients with COVID-19 in Guangdong, China from January 13 to February 29, 2020 were enrolled to this study. The differences in clinical features among 4 groups (mild, moderate, severe, and critical) and between 2 groups (severe vs nonsevere) were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Student’s t test, respectively. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis were performed to identify the major factors that account for illness severity.

Results
In addition to the previously described clinical illness severity-related factors, including older age, underlying diseases, higher level of C-reactive protein, D-dimer and aspartate aminotransferase, longer fever days and higher maximum body temperature, larger number of white blood cells and neutrophils but relative less lymphocytes, and higher ratio of neutrophil to lymphocytes, we found that the initial viral load is an independent factor that accounts for illness severity in COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions
The initial viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a novel virological predictor for illness severity of COVID-19.
Clinical Manifestation and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnant Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China
Authors: Xu Shuang , Shao Fei , Bao Banghe , Ma Xuedi , Xu Zhouming , You Jiwen , Zhao Peng , Liu Yuwei , Ng Michael , Cui Hao , Yu Changxiao , Zhang Qing , Li Dandan , Tang Ziren , Sun Peng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Clinical manifestation and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were unclear in Wuhan, China.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed clinical characteristics of pregnant and nonpregnant women with COVID-19 aged from 20 to 40, admitted between January 15 and March 15, 2020 at Union Hospital, Wuhan, and symptoms of pregnant women with COVID-19 and compared the clinical characteristics and symptoms to historic data previously reported for H1N1.

Results
Among 64 patients, 34 (53.13%) were pregnant, with higher proportion of exposure history (29.41% vs 6.67%) and more pulmonary infiltration on computed tomography test (50% vs 10%) compared to nonpregnant women. Of pregnant patients, 27 (79.41%) completed pregnancy, 5 (14.71%) had natural delivery, 18 (52.94%) had cesarean section, and 4 (11.76%) had abortion; 5 (14.71%) patients were asymptomatic. All 23 newborns had negative reverse-transcription polymerase chain results, and an average 1-minute Apgar score was 8–9 points. Pregnant and nonpregnant patients show differences in symptoms such as fever, expectoration, and fatigue and on laboratory tests such as neurophils, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Pregnant patients with COVID-19 tend to have more milder symptoms than those with H1N1.

Conclusions
Clinical characteristics of pregnant patients with COVID-19 are less serious than nonpregnant. No evidence indicated that pregnant women may have fetal infection through vertical transmission of COVID-19. Pregnant patients with H1N1 had more serious condition than those with COVID-19.