bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal‐ and Catalyst‐Free One‐Pot Cascade Coupling of α‐Enolic Dithioesters with in situ Generated 4‐Chloro‐3‐formylcoumarin: Access to Thioxothiopyrano[3,2‐c]chromen‐5(2H)‐ones
Authors: Yadav Dhananjay , Ansari Monish A. , Kumar Mitilesh , Singh Maya Shankar 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn efficient and viable one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of a specific class of 2‐thioxothiopyrano[3,2‐c] chromen‐5(2H)‐ones has been devised by the cross‐coupling of 4‐hydroxycoumarin and α‐enolic dithioesters under metal‐ and additive‐free conditions in open air. The reaction proceeds via in situ generation of 4‐chloro‐3‐formylcoumarin followed by consecutive Michael‐type addition/intramolecular cyclization/ elimination cascade, enabling the creation of thiopyran‐2‐thione ring over coumarin framework through successive formation of C−C and C−S bonds. Remarkably, the benign conditions, atom‐economy, and quantifying forbearance of a wide horizon of functional groups are added characteristics to this strategy.magnified image
2D MXene‐Integrated 3D‐Printing Scaffolds for Augmented Osteosarcoma Phototherapy and Accelerated Tissue Reconstruction
Authors: Pan Shanshan , Yin Junhui , Yu Luodan , Zhang Changqing , Zhu Yufang , Gao Youshui , Chen Yu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe residual of malignant tumor cells and lack of bone‐tissue integration are the two critical concerns of bone‐tumor recurrence and surgical failure. In this work, the rational integration of 2D Ti3C2 MXene is reported with 3D‐printing bioactive glass (BG) scaffolds for achieving concurrent bone‐tumor killing by photonic hyperthermia and bone‐tissue regeneration by bioactive scaffolds. The designed composite scaffolds take the unique feature of high photothermal conversion of integrated 2D Ti3C2 MXene for inducing bone‐tumor ablation by near infrared‐triggered photothermal hyperthermia, which has achieved the complete tumor eradication on in vivo bone‐tumor xenografts. Importantly, the rational integration of 2D Ti3C2 MXene is demonstrated to efficiently accelerate the in vivo growth of newborn bone tissue of the composite BG scaffolds. The dual functionality of bone‐tumor killing and bone‐tissue regeneration makes these Ti3C2 MXene‐integrated composite scaffolds highly promising for the treatment of bone tumors, which also substantially broadens the biomedical applications of 2D MXenes in tissue engineering, especially on the treatment of bone tumors.
Metal‐Based Nanocatalysts via a Universal Design on Cellular Structure
Authors: Zhao Yajing , Min Xin , Ding Zhengping , Chen Shuang , Ai Changzhi , Liu Zhenglian , Yang Tianzi , Wu Xiaowen , Liu Yan'gai , Lin Shiwei , Huang Zhaohui , Gao Peng , Wu Hui , Fang Minghao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMetal‐based nanocatalysts supported on carbon have significant prospect for industry. However, a straightforward method for efficient and stable nanocatalysts still remains extremely challenging. Inspired by the structure and comptosition of cell walls and membranes, an ion chemical bond anchoring, an in situ carbonization coreduction process, is designed to obtain composite catalysts on N‐doped 2D carbon (C‐N) loaded with various noble and non‐noble metals (for example, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Au, Co, and Ni) nanocatalysts. These 2 nm particles uniformly and stably bond with the C‐N support since the agglomeration and growth are suppressed by anchoring the metal ions on the cell wall and membrane during the carbonization and reduction reactions. The Pt@C‐N exhibits excellent catalytic activity and long‐term stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction, and the relative overpotential at 100 mA cm−2 is only 77 mV, which is much lower than that of commercial Pt/C and Pt single‐atom catalysts reported recently.
In Situ Conversion of Cu3P Nanowires to Mixed Ion/Electron‐Conducting Skeleton for Homogeneous Lithium Deposition
Authors: Sun Changzhi , Lin Aming , Li Wenwen , Jin Jun , Sun Yiyang , Yang Jianhua , Wen Zhaoyin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe introduction of 3D wettable current collectors is one of the practical strategies toward realizing high reversibility of lithium (Li) metal anodes, yet its effect is usually insufficient owing to single electron‐conductive skeleton. Here, homogeneous Li deposition behavior and enhanced Coulombic efficiency is reported for electrochemically lithiated Cu3P nanowires, owing to the formation of a mixed ion/electron‐conducting skeleton (MIECS). In particular, by evaluating the Gibbs free energy change, the possible chemical reaction between Cu3P and molten Li is used to construct a MIECS containing Li3P and Cu–Li alloy phase. The successful conversion of Cu3P nanowires to Li3P and Cu–Li alloy nanocomposite not only greatly reduces the surface energy between molten Li and Cu3P, but also induces uniform Li stripping/plating behavior via balanced ion/electron transport. Thus, the as‐obtained Li@MIECS composite anode displays superior cycling stability in both symmetric cells and full cells. This work provides a promising option for the preparation of high‐performance composite Li anodes containing MIECS by thermally pre‐storing Li.
Recent Advances in Four‐Coordinated Planar Cobalt Catalysis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Michiyuki Takuya , Komeyama Kimihiro 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the field of transition metal‐catalyzed organic transformations, four‐coordinated planar cobalt complexes represent an active area of research due to their low cost, abundance on earth, and unique catalytic activity based on the three oxidation states of cobalt. These complexes can behave as various reactive intermediates, such as Co(II) metalloradicals, Co(III) hydrides, Co(I) bases, and Co(I) nucleophiles, according to the ligand field theory. For instance, planar Co(II) species have a d7 electronic configuration and act as metalloradical catalysts, which react with diazo and azide compounds to form reactive intermediates such as Co(III) carbene‐radicals and Co(III) nitrene‐radicals, respectively. These intermediates enable efficient cyclopropanation and aziridination of alkenes and C(sp3)‐H bond functionalization. Furthermore, the hydrogen bonding interaction between amide groups of planar ligands and polar substituents of the carbon radical on the Co(III) carbene‐radicals not only creates robust chiral cavities but also contributes to the stabilization of the Co(III) carbene‐radical and the transition state, consequently resulting in a dramatic improvement in reaction efficiency. The Co(III)‐hydrides provide a useful method for the generation of carbon radicals through hydrocobaltation of alkenes followed by homolytic cleavage of the Co−C bond. The carbon radical formation can participate in various hydrofunctionalizations and alkene‐isomerization. The d8 planar Co(I) complexes act as a base because they have an electronically filled dz2 orbital as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). This basicity enables various aromatic C−H functionalizations without a stoichiometric amount of oxidant. In contrast, the same planar Co(I) also acts as a superior nucleophilic catalyst, which can react with carbon electrophiles such as epoxides and organic (pseudo)halides to produce the corresponding alkyl‐Co(III) species. The generated alkyl‐Co(III) can be converted into the carbon radical or undergo transalkylation reaction with other transition metal catalysts. The strategies provide a new method for organic transformation with carbon electrophiles. This minireview covers recent developments in the field of four‐coordinated planar cobalt‐catalyzed organic transformations, paying particular attention to the relationship between their catalytic activities and oxidation states. The reactions have been categorized into those involving planar Co(II) complexes, Co(III) hydrides, and Co(I) complexes, with representative examples and insightful mechanistic discussions.
Can increased educational attainment explain declining Indigenous fertility?
Authors: Venn Danielle , Dinku Yonatan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPrior research shows that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women are more likely to have children and have more children, on average, than non‐Indigenous women. However, like those of the total Australian population, fertility rates of Indigenous women have been declining since the 1970s. The decline has been more significant in recent years. Between 2006 and 2016, an increasing proportion of Indigenous women postponed childbirth from their teens into their 20s and 30s, leading women to have fewer children over their lifetimes. During the same period, there was a rapid increase in educational attainment among the Indigenous population. This paper examines educational gradients in fertility among Indigenous women and whether the observed fertility decline is linked with the increased educational attainment. Using data from the 2006, 2011 and 2016 Australian Census of Population and Housing and applying a shift‐share decomposition analysis, we find that education has been a big driver of falling fertility rates in non‐remote areas. In remote areas, education has had a much smaller effect (except for youngest women).
Cellulose fast pyrolysis for platform chemicals: assessment of potential targets and suitable reactor technology
Authors: Parihar Anurag , Bhattacharya Sankar 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe cellulosic component of lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to commercially valuable platform chemicals through pyrolysis provided it is effectively controlled and optimized. This review first discusses the underpinning kinetics and mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis to identify target platform chemicals. Platform chemicals like 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural, 5‐chloromethyl furfural, and levoglucosenone, which are potentially amenable to the pyrolytic conversion of cellulose, are then elucidated. There are laboratory and large‐scale reactor technologies available for converting biomass to bio‐oil but they have not been comprehensively investigated for producing platform chemicals through pyrolysis. This review critically evaluates different reactor types available for developing the catalytic pyrolysis process for converting cellulosic component of biomass to platform chemicals. The fluidized bed reactor stands out as the most suitable reactor technology for the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose to platform chemicals owing to attributes like short residence time, high heating rate, uniform mixing, efficient heat transfer, and scalability of operations. This article provides perspective on the implementation of this technology for the pyrolysis of the cellulosic component of biomass to platform chemicals. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Examining the gender pay gap among financial planning professionals: A Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition
Authors: Tharp Derek T. , Lurtz Meghaan , Mielitz Katherine S. , Kitces Michael , Ammerman David Allen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe financial planning industry has been identified as having one of the largest gender pay gaps. This study examines whether male and female financial planners receive equal pay for equal work. Using detailed data on the backgrounds and practices of 710 financial planners, an unadjusted pay gap of 19% was observed between male and female financial planners. Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition analysis suggests that 91% of this pay gap can be explained by a model accounting for differences in important individual characteristics including job role, experience, team structure, hours worked, revenue produced, professional designation status, marital status, and psychological factors such as degree of motivation by income potential, performance pay, work‐life balance, and stable pay; resulting in an unexplained gender pay gap of 1.8%, which is much smaller than the commonly cited pay gap among male and female financial planners. This unexplained pay gap may suggest unequal pay for equal work but could alternatively result from other unobservable differences. Degree of motivation by performance pay and revenue production explained the largest portions of the pay gap. Implications regarding gender‐based discrimination in financial planning are discussed.
A job scheduling algorithm for delay and performance optimization in fog computing
Authors: Jamil Bushra , Shojafar Mohammad , Ahmed Israr , Ullah Atta , Munir Kashif , Ijaz Humaira 
Published: November 2019

SummaryDue to an ever‐increasing number of Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, massive amounts of data are produced daily. Cloud computing offers storage, processing, and analysis services for handling of such large quantities of data. The increased latency and bandwidth consumption is not acceptable to real‐time applications like online gaming, smart health, video surveillance, etc. Fog computing has emerged to overcome the increase in latency and bandwidth consumption in Cloud computing. Fog Computing provides storage, processing, networking, and analytical services at the edge of a network. As Fog Computing is still in its infancy, its significant challenges include resource‐allocation and job‐scheduling. The Fog devices at the edge of the network are resource‐constrained. Therefore, it is important to decide the assignment and scheduling of a job on a Fog node. An efficient job scheduling algorithm can reduce energy consumption and response time of an application request. In this paper, we propose a novel Fog computing scheduler that supports service‐provisioning for Internet of Everything, which optimizes delay and network usage. We present a case study to optimally schedule the requests of Internet of Everything devices on Fog devices and efficiently address their demands on available resources on every Fog device. We consider delay and energy consumption as performance metrics and evaluate the proposed scheduling algorithm using iFogSim in comparison with existing approaches. The results show that the delay and network usage of the proposed scheduler improve by 32% and 16%, respectively, in comparison with FCFS approach.
Opposite latitudinal patterns for bird and arthropod predation revealed in experiments with differently colored artificial prey
Authors: Zvereva Elena L. , Castagneyrol Bastien , Cornelissen Tatiana , Forsman Anders , Hernández‐Agüero Juan Antonio , Klemola Tero , Paolucci Lucas , Polo Vicente , Salinas Norma , Theron Kasselman Jurie , Xu Guorui , Zverev Vitali , Kozlov Mikhail V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe strength of biotic interactions is generally thought to increase toward the equator, but support for this hypothesis is contradictory. We explored whether predator attacks on artificial prey of eight different colors vary among climates and whether this variation affects the detection of latitudinal patterns in predation. Bird attack rates negatively correlated with model luminance in cold and temperate environments, but not in tropical environments. Bird predation on black and on white (extremes in luminance) models demonstrated different latitudinal patterns, presumably due to differences in prey conspicuousness between habitats with different light regimes. When attacks on models of all colors were combined, arthropod predation decreased, whereas bird predation increased with increasing latitude. We conclude that selection for prey coloration may vary geographically and according to predator identity, and that the importance of different predators may show contrasting patterns, thus weakening the overall latitudinal trend in top‐down control of herbivorous insects.
Why do zoos attract crows? A comparative study from Europe and Asia
Authors: Kövér László , Lengyel Szabolcs , Takenaka Makiko , Kirchmeir Alice , Uhl Florian , Miller Rachael , Schwab Christine 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCrows have successfully colonized many cities, and urban zoos have been important in this process. To evaluate why zoos attract crows, we quantified crow numbers and behavior in three zoos in Europe (Debrecen, Edinburgh, Vienna) and one in Asia (Sapporo). Data were collected in 445 surveys over 297 days in summer 2014 and winter 2014–2015. We found that crow numbers were highest in Vienna, intermediate in Debrecen and Edinburgh and lowest in Sapporo, increased significantly from summer to winter (Debrecen, Edinburgh, Vienna), and from mornings to afternoons (Debrecen, Sapporo, Vienna), and were higher in sunny weather than in cloudy weather with precipitation and when visitor numbers were low (Debrecen, Vienna). The crows' use of natural food was highest in Vienna, intermediate in Edinburgh and Sapporo, and low in Debrecen. The use of anthropogenic food was high in Debrecen and Sapporo, where the availability of open grassy areas typically used by crows for natural foraging was low. In Sapporo, food availability was more limited than in other zoos, resulting in strong territoriality and few crows in summer, which decreased further in winter. Our study indicates that crows are primarily attracted to zoos by food availability and secondarily by breeding opportunities and that the relative importance of natural versus anthropogenic food sources may vary with zoo habitat structure. Our study draws attention to a previously overlooked role of zoos in urban biodiversity conservation. It may also provide useful information for the management of crow populations, if necessary, and for the planning of urban areas.
Are competitive microfinance services worth regulating? Evidence from microfinance institutions in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Karimu Amin , Salia Samuel , Hussain Javed G. , Tingbani Ishmael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn recent years, there is increasing appetite for regulation of microfinance services after the 2008 financial crisis. Policy questions such as whether competitive microfinance institution (MFI) requires strong regulation to reduce, for example, credit risk or competition and regulation operate in the opposite direction, which each tends to dampen the effect of the other, are an empirical issue that this paper provides answers based on data on Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) for the period 1995–2015, utilizing panel data approaches. Finding from the study indicates that low competition increases credit risk among MFIs in SSA, which regulation helps reduce such behaviour. The effect of regulation on credit risk is conditional on the level of competition, at the first percentile of competition (imply more competition); regulation does not reduce credit risk behaviour of MFIs but does at competition level above the 25th percentile (imply less competition). Regulation, on the other hand, does not affect operational risk at any level of competition. These findings have implications for policy formulation on the regulation and operations of MFIs in SSA. Our findings suggest that the MFI industry could be regulated efficiently if policymakers develop policies targeted at reducing credit risk exposures of MFIs than their exposure to operational risk.
Effects of interfacial crack and implant material on mixed‐mode stress intensity factor and prediction of interface failure of cemented acetabular cup
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Ghosh Rajesh , Kumar Rajeev 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study deals with the effects of interfacial crack and implant material on mixed‐mode stress intensity factor and prediction of interface failure of the cemented acetabular cup. A three dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of implanted pelvic bone was developed based on the computed tomography (CT) scan data. Combinations of four materials were considered for implant material. To understand the influence of interfacial crack at bone–cement and cement–implant interfaces on failure, 2D cracked models were developed based on the FE model and solved using the element‐free Galerkin method (EFGM) by considering a rectangular section in the superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior locations. Interface failure was predicted in terms of mixed‐mode stress intensity factor (SIF). The stress values obtained from FE analysis were transferred at the cut boundary of the rectangular section and considered as a mixed‐mode loading condition to determine the SIF in the superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior locations at bone–cement and cement–implant interfaces using EFGM. Location wise, anterior seems to have more chances of failure because SIF in the anterior location was found to be higher than other locations. The bone–cement interface has more SIF and indicated more chances of failure than the cement–implant interface. Less SIF was found for the ceramic–ceramic material combination than other material combinations.
Correlation of CpG methylation of the Pdcd1 gene with PD‐1 expression on CD8+ T cells and medical laboratory indicators in chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Jiao Lin , Chen Jie , Wu Xiaojuan , Cai Bei , Su Zhenzhen , Wang Lanlan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe negative signal provided by some co‐inhibitory factors such as programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) has been associated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection induced‐T cell exhaustion, although the correlation of CpG methylation of the Pdcd1 gene with PD‐1 expression and medical laboratory indicators in CHB infection has not yet been elucidated.MethodsBlood samples from 20 CHB infection patients and 20 spontaneous clearance (SC) patients were collected. Percentages of PD‐1‐positive CD8+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of CpG methylation at the Pdcd1 locus was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing. Student's t test, Pearson and Spearman's correlation, and Mann–Whitney tests were used in the statistical analysis.ResultsPercentages of PD‐1‐positive CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood T cells were significantly higher in CHB patients than in the SC group (p < 0.001). The methylation level of Pdcd1 was significantly lower in CHB patients (p < 0.001) and the methylation level of Pdcd1 was negatively correlated with PD‐1 expression level in CD8+ T cells (p < 0.001) and hepatitis‐B surface antigen (HBsAg) (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that Pdcd1 methylation is correlated with PD‐1 expression on CD8+ T cells and correlated with HBsAg and alanine aminotransferase. The results may provide new ideas regarding anti‐PD‐1 inhibitors, and epigenetic regulators such as demethylation inhibitors could represent more successful therapeutic strategies in hepatitis B infection patients.