bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RIESGOS ERGONOMICOS EN MIEMBROS SUPERIORES EN UNA FABRICA DE ENVASES DE ACEITES EN MANTA-ECUADOR
Authors: MEDRANDA ZAMBRANO ROSA GENITH 
Published: November 2020

Objetivos: Evaluar los riesgos ergonómicos en obreros de una envasadora de aceites por movimientos repetitivos y posturas forzadas para determinar la relación de trastornos musculoesquelético y riesgos ergonómicos con la aplicación de método Ocra, Reba, para establecer medidas preventivas. Método: Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo, transversal, la muestra estuvo conformada por 9 empleados de una empresa procesadora de aceites en Manta- Manabí, se aplicó los métodos Ocra, Reba, Cuestionario Nórdico. Resultados: Los envasadores de aceites 100% son de sexo masculinos, según estudio y con los diferentes métodos se determinó que necesita por movimientos repetitivos, posturas forzadas y manipulación manual de carga que adoptan en su jornada laboral intervencion inmediata. Conclusiones: Se determinó que los envasadores tienen una alta prevalencia a desarrollar sintomatología musculo esqueléticos en cuello, hombros, mano – muñeca – área lumbar, asociado a movimientos repetitivos posturas forzadas, manipulación de carga en la jornada laboral. Se evidencio que el personal se encuentra expuesto a un alto nivel de riesgos ergonómicos que afectarían en su rendimiento, producción y vida social
L’émergence d’un État à l’ombre d’un empire
Authors: Majid Majid A. 
Published: November 2020

L’intérêt manifesté par la Grande-Bretagne à l’égard du territoire irakien remonte bien avant la première Guerre Mondiale. Sa position géographique, le croisement et la proximité de ses frontières avec la partie Sud du territoire iranien, les différentes principautés et émirats arabes situés sur la rive occidentale du Golfe, faisaient de l’Irak un objet de convoitise pour les Anglais. Ajoutons les richesses pétrolières que recèle le sous-sol de ces régions.

Déjà au XIXe siècle le « marchand anglais » est devenu un résident politique. Il revendique des avantages et même une certaine forme de protectorat non déclaré.

A cet égard, Lord Curzon indique : « Les relations entre la Grande-Bretagne et le Golfe sont passées des livres de comptes des marchands aux valises diplomatiques des hommes politiques ».

De plus, il déclare en 1911 devant le Conseil des Lords : « qu’on a tout à fait tort de croire que les intérêts politiques de la Grande- Bretagne s’arrêtent au Golfe ou à Bassorah, ils s’étendent jusqu’à Bagdad elle-même ».
Polonais méconnus
Authors: Ponty Janine 
Published: November 2020

Nouvelle édition d’un ouvrage sorti initialement en 1988 et devenu au fil des années un classique sur un sujet de plus en plus en prise avec la réflexion historique et mémorielle : l’immigration.

Il ne s’agit pas de tous les Polonais en France mais de la catégorie la plus nombreuse : ceux qui, recrutés à l’appel du patronat français, reçurent le statut de » travailleurs étrangers ». Après la conclusion d’une convention franco-polonaise d’émigration en 1919, c’est par centaines de milliers que des paysans pauvres, des chômeurs et des mineurs de Westphalie acceptèrent de signer un contrat.

Cet ouvrage s’appuie sur des archives et des témoignages recueillis auprès des immigrés eux-mêmes, à présent décédés. Il cherche, d’une part à préciser les conditions du recrutement et du voyage vers la France, la vie dans les mines, l’industrie et l’agriculture avec un point d’ancrage prioritaire mais non exclusif en Nord-Pas-de-Calais. D’autre part, il analyse l’effort accompli par les intéressés pour préserver leur langue et leur culture nationales, les tentatives du gouvernement de Varsovie pour encadrer la communauté polonaise à l’étranger, les effets dramatiques de la grande crise économique, la courte embellie du Front populaire assortie d’une soudaine syndicalisation, puis le repli sur soi à la veille de la guerre de la part d’ouvriers dont l’intégration aux valeurs françaises n’est encore qu’à peine amorcée à cette date.
Identification of climatic and environmental factors associated with incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central Iran using satellite imagery
Authors: Javanbakht Mohammad , Saghafipour Abedin , Ezimand Keyvan , Hamta Amir , Zanjirani Farahani Leyli , Soltani Nazanin 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
To determine the effect of climatic and environmental factors on the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qom province in 2018.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, the data on cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence were collected from the Disease Control and Prevention Center in Qom province. Climatic and environmental data including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and soil moisture were extracted using satellite images. Data of altitude and sunny hours were provided based on shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model and hemispherical viewshed algorithm, respectively. The associations of climatic and environmental variables with the incidence of the disease were analyzed by Pearson correlation method. The ArcGIS 10.3 software was used to determine the geographical distribution of these factors.

Results:
There were positive correlations between cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence and the two climatic factors: LST and sunny hours per day (P=0.041, P=0.016), and it had weak negative correlations with the digital elevation model (P=0.27), soil moisture (P=0.54), and NDVI (P=0.62). The time delay analysis showed that in one-, two-, and three month periods, the correlations increased with a 95% confidence interval. Accordingly, the correlation with the three-month time delay was positive and relatively strong between the cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence and LST and sunny hours (P=0.027, P=0.02); nevertheless, there were negative correlations between the cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence and the soil moisture (P=0.27) and NDVI (P=0.62).

Conclusions:
As Qom is located in one of the semi-arid climate zones, topography and solar energy are important factors affecting the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in autumn. Therefore, appropriate disease control programs are recommended.
In-service teacher attitudes toward the use of the mother tongue in Norwegian EFL classrooms
Authors: Neokleous Georgios , Ofte Ingunn 
Published: November 2020

Because of the lack of research on the use of the mother tongue (MT) in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom in European contexts, and because the topic is rarely discussed in teacher training programs, teachers often assume that students prefer an environment that makes little to no use of their MT. What complicates matters further is that while policy makers suggest maximal use of the target language (TL), European curricula for English as a subject do not contain any direct statements prescribing English as the sole language of instruction. Thus, EFL teachers who share an MT with their students often wonder to what extent and in what contexts they should employ the TL and MT. Observing four Norwegian EFL teachers in primary and lower secondary school over several lessons, this study attempts to unravel teacher attitudes towards MT use in the EFL classroom by presenting interview findings for the first time in a Norwegian setting. Additionally, the study explores whether the lack of clear guidance in the Norwegian curriculum for the subject of English regarding the use of the MT may add to the confusion among Norwegian EFL teachers as to how, when, and if the MT should be used. The results suggest that despite acknowledging the potential of the MT in the classroom, the four participants also felt guilty about its presence in their classrooms, particularly since their reported behaviours did not reflect their actual behaviours. In light of these findings, this paper suggests future research to shed light on what ratio would qualify as judicious MT use. It also highlights the importance of discussing the use of MT in EFL teacher training programs.
Beyond the Rhetoric of Sexual Harassment Policy to Good Leadership in Higher Education Institutions: Case Study, University for Development Studies
Authors: Tampah-Naah Christopher 
Published: November 2020

Purpose: Sexual harassment has been working itself up as a social canker where women are widely abused. Regrettably, this menace has been systematically ignored by the relevant authorities. Sexual harassment has gained currency in institutions of higher learning for several reasons. The study is limited to sexual harassment of females since this is pervasive and systematic. The paper investigates the extent of sexual harassment in contemporary times, its impact on the learning environment of higher education institutions. The paper also attempts to identify perpetrators of this heinous act. The study uses the University for Development Studies as case study. The writer closely examines the Sexual Harassment Policy of the University which only became operational in 2018.Methodology: A qualitative research design was employed. The population was the student leadership (Student Representative Council- SRC) of the multi-campus structure of the University for Development Studies (40), Simple random sampling technique was used to draw a sample size of 8 from which qualitative data was obtained using interview schedules for the four (4) Campuses of the University. Direct-observations and interviews of some key persons in the University was also employed.Results: The study revealed some weaknesses of the policy and concludes that the policy per se does not guarantee a complete protection for victims of sexual abuses. This therefore leaves much to be desired. Unique Contribution to theory, practice and policy: The paper therefore draws attention to this handicap that indeed, the policy may be in the right direction, but in itself not a sufficient bulwark against sexual harassment on campus. The writer therefore advocates extra guarantees or interventions for the University for Development Studies, whose policy on sexual harassment only recently became operational. Additional safeguards are recommended and above all a committed leadership to make the sexual harassment policy work
A measurement and model study on ozone characteristics in marine air at a remote island station and its interaction with urban ozone air quality in Shanghai, China
Authors: Gu Yixuan , Yan Fengxia , Xu Jianming , Qu Yuanhao , Gao Wei , He Fangfang , Liao Hong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. To understand the characteristics and changes of baseline ozone (O3) in
oceanic air in eastern China, a 6-year measurement of O3 concentration
was conducted from 1 January 2012 to 15 September 2017 at a remote offshore
station located on Sheshan Island (SSI) near the megacity of Shanghai.
The observed monthly mean O3 concentrations at SSI ranged from 33.4 to
61.4 ppbv during the study period, which were about 80 % and 12 %
higher, respectively, than those measured at downtown and rural sites in
Shanghai. Compared to the remarkable O3 increases observed at urban and
rural sites in Shanghai, observed O3 concentrations at SSI exhibited
statistically insignificant increasing changes (1.12 ppbv yr−1, α>0.10) during the observation period, suggesting less impacts
of anthropogenic emissions on O3 levels in oceanic air. In addition, an
insignificant decreasing change (−0.72 ppbv yr−1, α>0.10) was detected in O3 concentrations at SSI in September and October
when the influence of regional transport was minimum throughout the year,
providing a good proxy to study the baseline oxidation capacity of the
oceanic atmosphere. City plumes from Shanghai usually carried higher levels
of NOx, resulting in decreased O3 concentrations at SSI during
southwesterly and westerly winds. However, In MAM (March–May) and JJA
(June–August), due to the enhanced production of oxygenated volatile
organic compounds, O3 could be continuously produced during daytime in
aged city plumes, resulting in elevated O3 concentrations transported
to SSI. The impacts of the offshore O3 on O3 levels in Shanghai
are quantified during an easterly wind dominant episode (1–30 September 2014) using the WRF-Chem model (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry). Sensitivity results suggest that O3 in
the oceanic air inflows can lead to 20 %–30 % increases in urban O3
concentrations, which should be crucially considered in dealing with urban
O3 pollution in large coastal cities like Shanghai.
Production of 40Ar by an overlooked mode of 40K decay with implications for K-Ar geochronology
Authors: Carter Jack , Ickert Ryan B. , Mark Darren F. , Tremblay Marissa M. , Cresswell Alan J. , Sanderson David C. W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The decay of 40K to the stable isotopes 40Ca
and 40Ar is used as a measure of time for both the K-Ca and K-Ar
geochronometers, the latter of which is most generally utilized by the
variant 40Ar∕39Ar system. The increasing precision of
geochronology has forced practitioners to deal with the systematic
uncertainties rooted in all radioisotope dating methods. A major component
of these systematic uncertainties for the K-Ar and 40Ar∕39Ar
techniques is imprecisely determined decay constants and an incomplete
knowledge of the decay scheme of 40K. Recent geochronology studies
question whether 40K can decay to 40Ar via an electron capture
directly to ground state (ECground), citing the lack of experimental
verification as reasoning for its omission. In this study, we (1) provide a
theoretical argument in favor of the presence of this decay mode and (2) evaluate the magnitude of this decay mode by calculating the electron
capture to positron ratio (ECground/β+) and comparing
calculated ratios to previously published calculations, which yield
ECground/β+ between 150–212. We provide support for this
calculation through comparison of the experimentally verified
ECground/β+ ratio of 22Na with our calculation using
the theory of β decay. When combined with measured values of β+ and β− decay rates, the best estimate for the
calculated ECground/β+ for 40K yields a partial decay
constant for 40K direct to ground-state 40Ar of 11.6±1.5×10-13 a−1 (2σ). We calculate a partial decay
constant of 40K to 40Ar of 0.592±0.014×10-10 a−1 and a total decay constant of 5.475±0.107×10-10 a−1 (2σ), and we conclude that although omission of
this decay mode can be significant for K-Ar dating, it is minor for
40Ar∕39Ar geochronology and is therefore unlikely to have
significantly biased published measurements.
Mitigation of offshore wind power intermittency by interconnection of production sites
Authors: Solbrekke Ida Marie , Kvamstø Nils Gunnar , Sorteberg Asgeir 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. This study uses a unique set of hourly wind speed data observed over a period of 16 years to quantify the potential of collective offshore wind power production. We address the well-known intermittency problem of wind power for five locations along the Norwegian continental shelf. Mitigation of wind power intermittency is investigated using a hypothetical electricity grid. The degree of mitigation is examined by connecting different configurations of the sites. Along with the wind power smoothing effect, we explore the risk probability of the occurrence and duration of wind power shutdown due to too low or high winds. Typical large-scale atmospheric situations resulting in long term shutdown periods are identified. We find that both the wind power variability and the risk of not producing any wind power decrease significantly with an increasing array of connected sites. The risk of no wind power production for a given hour is reduced from the interval 8.0 %–11.2 % for a single site to under 4 % for two sites. Increasing the array size further reduces the risk, but to a lesser extent. The average atmospheric weather pattern resulting in wind speed that is too low (too high) to produce wind power is associated with a high-pressure (low-pressure) system near the production sites.
Effect of dental metal artifact conversion volume on dose distribution in head‐and‐neck volumetric‐modulated arc therapy
Authors: Kitagawa Kenta , Ikushima Hitoshi , Sasaki Motoharu , Furutani Shunsuke , Kawanaka Takashi , Kubo Akiko , Tonoiso Chisato , Kudoh Takaharu , Kano Yosuke , Tsuzuki Akira 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeDuring treatment planning for head‐and‐neck volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT), manual contouring of the metal artifact area of artificial teeth is done, and the area is replaced with water computed tomography (CT) values for dose calculation. This contouring of the metal artifact areas, which is performed manually, is subject to human variability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the effect of inter‐observer variation on dose distribution.MethodsThe subjects were 25 cases of cancer of the oropharynx for which VMAT was performed. Six radiation oncologists (ROs) performed metal artifact contouring for all of the cases. Gross tumor volume, clinical target volume, planning target volume (PTV), and oral cavity were evaluated. The contouring of the six ROs was divided into two groups, small and large groups. A reference RO was determined for each group and the dose distribution was compared with those of the other radiation oncologists by gamma analysis (GA).As an additional experiment, we changed the contouring of each dental metal artifact area, creating enlarged contours (L), reduced contours (S), and undrawn contours (N) based on the contouring by the six ROs and compared these structure sets.ResultsThe evaluation of inter‐observer variation showed no significant difference between the large and small groups, and the GA pass rate was 100%. Similar results were obtained comparing structure sets L and S, but in the comparison of structure sets L and N, there were cases with pass rates below 70%.ConclusionsThe results show that the artificial variability of manual artificial tooth metal artifact contouring has little effect on the dose distribution of VMAT. However, it should be noted that the dose distribution may change depending on the contouring method in cases where the overlap between PTV and metal artifact areas is large.
Batch Culture Formulation of Live Biotherapeutic Products
Authors: Qiu Kunyu , Anselmo Aaron C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLive biotherapeutic products (LBPs) are an emerging therapeutic modality that have been clinically investigated for treating pathogenic infections and inflammatory diseases. A major class of LBPs are feces‐derived microbial consortiums which require numerous process development steps (e.g., separation, purification, blending) to facilitate LBP formulation into oral dosage forms. A subset of these LBPs circumvents the need for continuous fecal processing by batch culture for individual strains of microbes that are rationally defined and combined in the final LBP formulation. Separately, delivery formulations (e.g., polymer encapsulation) are being developed for LBPs to improve storage and intestinal engraftment; however, formulation requires additional manufacturing processes distinct from fecal processing or batch culture. Here, a streamlined approach termed batch culture formulation (BCF) is developed to combine the individual batch culture and formulation processes into a single‐step process. Based on a previously described polymeric film formulation that encapsulates LBPs, BCF is shown to reduce the number of required processes to formulate LBP‐films without altering LBP phenotype, function, or storage profiles compared to the standard LBP‐film formulation approach. Additionally, it is demonstrated that BCF facilitates scaled‐fabrication from the milligram to gram scale with predictable loading, highlighting the potential that BCF has for clinical translation.
Fast Proton Insertion in Layered H2W2O7 via Selective Etching of an Aurivillius Phase
Authors: Wang Ruocun , Sun Yangyunli , Brady Alexander , Fleischmann Simon , Eldred Tim B. , Gao Wenpei , Wang Hsiu‐Wen , Jiang De‐en , Augustyn Veronica 
Published: November 2020

AbstractH2W2O7, a metastable material synthesized via selective etching of the Aurivillius‐related Bi2W2O9, is demonstrated as an electrode for high power proton‐based energy storage. Comprehensive structural characterization is performed to obtain a high‐fidelity crystal structure of H2W2O7 using an iterative approach that combines X‐ray diffraction, neutron pair distribution function, scanning transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory modeling. Electrochemical characterization shows a capacity retention of ≈80% at 1000 mV s–1 (1.5‐s charge/discharge time) as compared to 1 mV s–1 (≈16‐min charge/discharge time) with cyclability for over 100 000 cycles. Energetics from density functional theory calculations indicate that proton storage occurs at the terminal oxygen sites within the hydrated interlayer. Last, optical micrographs collected during in situ Raman spectroscopy show reversible, multicolor electrochromism, with color changes from pale yellow to blue, purple, and last, orange as a function of proton content. These results highlight the use of selective etching of layered perovskites for the synthesis of metastable transition metal oxide materials and the use of H2W2O7 as an anode material for proton‐based energy storage or electrochromic applications.
BF3 ⋅ OEt2 Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,3‐Thiazines/‐Selenazines
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Malarvizhi Muthukumar , Suresh Eringathodi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn efficient strategy for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐thiazines / 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐selenazines from propargylic alcohols and thioamides/thiosemicarbazones/selenamides is described. The reaction is accomplished in moderate to excellent yield under mild conditions that did not require the exclusion of air or moisture and offers an operationally simplistic and convenient route to the synthetically useful six‐membered N,S/Se‐heterocycles.
Gold‐Catalyzed [3+2]‐Annulations of α‐Aryl Diazoketones with the Tetrasubstituted Alkenes of Cyclopentadienes: High Stereoselectivity and Enantioselectivity
Authors: Chen Ching‐Nung , Cheng Wei‐Min , Wang Jian‐Kai , Chao Tzu‐Hsuan , Cheng Mu‐Jeng , Liu Rai‐Shung 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis work reports gold‐catalyzed [3+2]‐annulations of α‐diazo ketones with highly substituted cyclopentadienes, affording bicyclic 2,3‐dihydrofurans with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The reactions highlights the first success of tetrasubstituted alkenes to undergo [3+2]‐annulations with α‐diazo carbonyls. The enantioselective annulations are also achieved with high enantioselectivity using chiral forms of gold and phosphoric acid. Our mechanistic analysis supports that cyclopentadienes serve as nucleophiles to attack gold carbenes at the more substituted alkenes, yielding gold enolates that complex with chiral phosphoric acid to enhance the enantioselectivity.
The Electron Transfer Process in Mixed Valence Compounds with a Low‐lying Energy Bridge in Different Oxidation States
Authors: Yang Yu‐Ying , Zhu Xiao‐Quan , Launay Jean‐Pierre , Hong Cheng‐Bin , Su Shao‐Dong , Wen Yue‐Hong , Wu Xin‐Tao , Sheng Tian‐Lu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMixed‐valence compounds with the iso‐cyanidometal‐ligand bridge in different oxidation states are used as models for the investigation of the electron‐transfer process. We synthesized a series of trimetallic isocyanidometal‐bridged compounds with [Fe–CN–Ru–NC–Fe]n+ (n=2–4), in which the one‐electron oxidation product (N3+) and two‐electron oxidation product (N4+) compounds possess an isocyanidometal bridge whose energy is, respectively lower and slightly higher than the terminal metal centers energies. For the N3+ compounds, the bridge state (FeII–RuIII–FeII) and mixed‐valence states (FeIII–RuII–FeII or FeII–RuII–FeIII) could be simultaneously observed on the IR timescale. For the N4+ compounds, as the donor becomes stronger the electron transfer bridge excited state (FeIII–RuII–FeIII) becomes more and more stable, and even becomes ground state due to the strong electronic coupling between Fe and Ru.