bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virulence of Entomopathogenic Fungi to Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Interactions With Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Gulzar Sehrish , Wakil Waqas , Wu Shaohui , Piñero Jaime C , Leskey Tracy C , Nixon Laura J , Oliveira-Hofman Camila , Toews Michael D , Shapiro-Ilan David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to quantify the virulence of four entomopathogenic fungal species to pupae of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to determine the potential to combine entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) for biological control of this pest. The four species of EPFs included Beauveria bassiana (strain GHA), Metarhizium brunneum (strain F52), Isaria javanica (wf GA17), and Isaria fumosorosea (Apopka 97 strain). In laboratory assays, all fungi reduced adult emergence but there were no differences between fungal species. Isaria javanica and M. brunneum were examined further in a EPFs and EPNs bioassay that also included the EPNs Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) and S. riobrave (355 strain). All nematodes and fungi were applied either alone or in combination (fungus + nematode). There were no differences between species within the same entomopathogen group (fungi and nematodes). However, the treatment with S. riobrave resulted in lower R. pomonella emergence than either fungal species. The combination of S. riobrave and I. javanica resulted in the lowest R. pomonella emergence (3%) at fourth-week interval, which was significantly lower than any of the single-agent applications, yet virulence of the other three combination treatments was not different from their respective nematode treatments applied alone. Additive interactions were detected for all fungus–nematode combinations. This study suggests that application of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi could be an effective option to suppress R. pomonella populations.
Artificial Feeding and Laboratory Rearing of Endangered Saproxylic Beetles as a Tool for Insect Conservation
Authors: Bonacci Teresa , Rovito Mattia , Horák Jakub , Brandmayr Pietro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Conservation of threatened animals is frequently limited by lack of knowledge about their ecological preferences, and often artificial feeding is one of the few chances to save endangered species. We investigated the possibility to artificially feed two endangered flat bark beetles dependent on dead wood for their diet—namely, Cucujus cinnaberinus (Scopoli, 1763) and Cucujus haematodes Erichson, 1845—by examining their dietary preferences, life cycle duration, and survival in laboratory conditions. Individuals of the two species were caught in the wild and larvae and adults were fed in laboratory conditions by live or dead prey. Three species of saproxylic beetles: two cerambycids (Acanthocinus griseus Fabricius, 1793 and Rhagium inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758), one scolytid (Ips sexdentatus Börner, 1776) one tenebrionid (Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758)) one dipteran (Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826)) and one ant (Lasius sp. Fabricius, 1804) were used as prey, with minced meat as a control. Our results indicated high survival and no difference in prey choice between the two flat beetle species. Larvae and adults preferred dead prey, but no significant preference was detected among dead prey taxa, supporting the hypothesis that the two species are opportunistic scavengers. Comparing data with previous results, both species and their developmental stages should be classified as obligate saproxylic organisms with preference to the dead and decaying organic material. Successful artificial feeding and rearing of these endangered species, followed by the release in the wild through rescue or reintroduction programs, therefore appear relevant for their protection and future conservation.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Point Prevalence Among Asymptomatic Hospitalized Children and Subsequent Healthcare Worker Evaluation
Authors: Patel Ami B , Clifford Andrea , Creaden Julie , Kato Kimberly , Malakooti Marcelo R , Muller William J , O’Donnell Anna , Reynolds Sally , Richey Karen , Rippe Jason , Wheeler Derek S , Kociolek Larry K 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) carriage among hospitalized children and risk of transmission to healthcare workers (HCWs) was evaluated by point prevalence survey. We estimated 1-2% prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among children without coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms. There was no secondary transmission among HCWs exposed to these patients.
Coccidioidomycosis in llamas and alpacas diagnosed at the University of California, Davis (1990–2016)
Authors: Grayzel S E , Thompson G R , Martínez-López B , Dechant J E , McHardy I , Sykes J E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGiven the predisposition of South American camelids to coccidioidomycosis, we sought to describe the disease presentation in alpacas and llamas and identify potential risk factors for these species. The records of 224 llamas and alpacas that were tested for Coccidioides infection using immunodiffusion serology at the Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory of the University of California, Davis, between 1990 and 2016 were examined; of those, 46 alpacas and 42 llamas had positive test results. The remaining 99 alpacas and 37 llamas were used as control groups. We found that male llamas were at increased risk for Coccidioides infection when compared with female llamas and when compared with male alpacas. South American camelids living within California were at higher risk for infection than camelids living in other states. Alpacas were more likely than llamas to have subclinical infections. We documented five cases of abortion or neonatal mortality attributable to coccidioidomycosis in alpacas. Our study demonstrates that South American camelids are susceptible to Coccidioides infection in areas where the disease is endemic, lending support to the importance of vigilance for this disease in alpacas and llamas and suggesting a possible role for these animals as sentinel species.
Blob formation and ejection from the radiative inefficient accretion flow around massive black hole
Authors: Zhao Tian-Le , Yuan Ye-Fei , Kumar Rajiv 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the small scale magnetic reconnection above the radiative inefficient accretion flow around massive black hole via 2D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) numerical simulation, in order to model the blob formation and ejection from the accretion flow around Sgr A*. The connection of both the newly emerging magnetic field and the pre-existing magnetic field is investigated to check whether blobs could be driven in the environment of black hole accretion disc. After the magnetic connection, both the velocity and temperature of the plasma can be comparable to the inferred physical properties at the base of the observed blob ejection. For illustration, three small boxes which are located within 40 Schwarzschild radii from the central black hole are chosen as our simulation areas. At the beginning of the reconnections, the fluid is pulled toward the central black hole due to the gravitational attraction and the current sheet produced by the reconnection is also pulled toward the same direction, consequently, the resulting outflows move both upwards and towards the symmetry axis of the central black hole. Eventually, huge blobs appear, which supports the catastrophe model of episodic jets (Yuan et al. 2009a). It is also found that the closer to the black hole the magnetic connection happens, the higher the converting efficiency of the magnetic energy into the heat and kinetic energy. For these inner blobs, they have vortex structure due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, which happens along the current sheet separating the fluids with different speed.
Studies of extragalactic background light with TeV BL Lacertae objects
Authors: Longhua Qin , Jiancheng Wang , Quangui Gao , Weiwei Na , Huaizhen Li , Ju Ma , Jianping Yang 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Very high energy (VHE; E ≥ 100 GeV) gamma-rays from cosmological distances are attenuated by the extragalactic background light (EBL) in the infrared to ultraviolet bands. By contrasting measured versus intrinsic emission,we can derive the EBL photon density. However, we do not know the intrinsic spectra and the EBL separately, only their combined effect. Here we first present a flexible model-dependent optical depth method to study the EBL by fitting the emission spectra of TeV BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) via a one-zone leptonic synchrotron self-Compton model (SSC). We have little information about electron energy distributions (EEDs) in the jet, which is critically important to build spectral energy distributions (SEDs) in the SSC scenario. Based on current particle acceleration models, we use two types of EEDs to fit the observed spectra: a power-law log-parabola (PLLP) EED and a broken power-law (BPL) EED. We find that the upper limit of the EBL density is about 30 n W m−2 sr−1, which is similar to the published measurement. Furthermore, we propose an unprecedented method to test the radiation mechanisms involved in TeV objects, by simply comparing the reduced EBL density with the limit obtained by galaxy counts. We demonstrate that for some BL Lacs, at least, the one-zone SSC model should be reconsidered.
Detection of preQ0 deazaguanine modifications in bacteriophage CAjan DNA using Nanopore sequencing reveals same hypermodification at two distinct DNA motifs
Authors: Kot Witold , Olsen Nikoline S , Nielsen Tue K , Hutinet Geoffrey , de Crécy-Lagard Valérie , Cui Liang , Dedon Peter C , Carstens Alexander B , Moineau Sylvain , Swairjo Manal A , Hansen Lars H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the constant evolutionary battle against mobile genetic elements (MGEs), bacteria have developed several defense mechanisms, some of which target the incoming, foreign nucleic acids e.g. restriction-modification (R-M) or CRISPR-Cas systems. Some of these MGEs, including bacteriophages, have in turn evolved different strategies to evade these hurdles. It was recently shown that the siphophage CAjan and 180 other viruses use 7-deazaguanine modifications in their DNA to evade bacterial R-M systems. Among others, phage CAjan genome contains a gene coding for a DNA-modifying homolog of a tRNA-deazapurine modification enzyme, together with four 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine synthesis genes. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool combined with the Nanopore Sequencing (ONT) we showed that the 7-deazaguanine modification in the CAjan genome is dependent on phage-encoded genes. The modification is also site-specific and is found mainly in two separate DNA sequence contexts: GA and GGC. Homology modeling of the modifying enzyme DpdA provides insight into its probable DNA binding surface and general mode of DNA recognition.
The uracil-DNA glycosylase UNG protects the fitness of normal and cancer B cells expressing AID
Authors: Safavi Shiva , Larouche Ariane , Zahn Astrid , Patenaude Anne-Marie , Domanska Diana , Dionne Kiersten , Rognes Torbjørn , Dingler Felix , Kang Seong-Kwi , Liu Yan , Johnson Nathalie , Hébert Josée , Verdun Ramiro E , Rada Cristina A , Vega Francisco , Nilsen Hilde , Di Noia Javier M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In B lymphocytes, the uracil N-glycosylase (UNG) excises genomic uracils made by activation-induced deaminase (AID), thus underpinning antibody gene diversification and oncogenic chromosomal translocations, but also initiating faithful DNA repair. Ung−/− mice develop B-cell lymphoma (BCL). However, since UNG has anti- and pro-oncogenic activities, its tumor suppressor relevance is unclear. Moreover, how the constant DNA damage and repair caused by the AID and UNG interplay affects B-cell fitness and thereby the dynamics of cell populations in vivo is unknown. Here, we show that UNG specifically protects the fitness of germinal center B cells, which express AID, and not of any other B-cell subset, coincident with AID-induced telomere damage activating p53-dependent checkpoints. Consistent with AID expression being detrimental in UNG-deficient B cells, Ung−/− mice develop BCL originating from activated B cells but lose AID expression in the established tumor. Accordingly, we find that UNG is rarely lost in human BCL. The fitness preservation activity of UNG contingent to AID expression was confirmed in a B-cell leukemia model. Hence, UNG, typically considered a tumor suppressor, acquires tumor-enabling activity in cancer cell populations that express AID by protecting cell fitness.
Alterations of cerebral microcirculation in peritumoral edema: feasibility of in vivo sidestream dark-field imaging in intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Berhouma Moncef , Picart Thiebaud , Dumot Chloe , Pelissou-Guyotat Isabelle , Meyronet David , Ducray François , Honnorat Jerome , Eker Omer , Guyotat Jacques , Lukaszewicz Anne-Claire , Cotton François 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Intracranial meningiomas display a variable amount of peritumoral brain edema (PTBE), which can significantly impact perioperative morbidity. The role of microcirculatory disturbances in the pathogenesis of PTBE is still debated. The aim of this study was to microscopically demonstrate and intraoperatively quantify, for the first time, the alterations to microcirculation in PTBE using sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging.

Methods
Adult patients with WHO grade I meningiomas were recruited over a 9-month period and divided into 2 groups depending on the absence (NE group) or the presence (E group) of PTBE. In vivo intraoperative microcirculation imaging was performed in the peritumoral area before and after microsurgical resection.

Results
Six patients were included in the NE group and 6 in the E group. At the baseline in the NE group, there was a minor decrease in microcirculatory parameters compared to normal reference values, which was probably due to the mass effect. In contrast, microcirculatory parameters in the E group were significantly altered, affecting both vessel density and blood flow values, with a drop of approximately 50% of normal values. Surgical resection resulted in a quasi-normalization of microcirculation parameters in the NE group, whereas in the E group, even if all parameters statistically significantly improved, post-resection values remained considerably inferior to those of the normal reference pattern.

Conclusion
Our study confirmed significant alterations of microcirculatory parameters in PTBE in meningiomas. Further in vivo SDF imaging studies may explore the possible correlation between the severity of these microcirculatory alterations and the postoperative neurological outcome.
Luisa Roldán
Authors: Hall-van den Elsen Cathy 
Published: August 2020

Luisa Roldán (b. 1652–d. 1706) lived and worked in three Spanish cities, was sculptor to the royal chambers of Kings Carlos II and Felipe V of Spain, but left no followers and died in relative poverty. Her work relates to two different artistic traditions: intimate groups in terracotta representing the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child with saints, which met the desires of the Spanish nobility whose social status was reinforced by displaying this type of possession in their homes, and powerful, over-life-sized wooden sculptures of Christ and the saints that proclaimed a robust religious faith in niches and chapels in Andalucían churches and when carried through Seville’s streets during Holy Week. Roldán’s life and her work have begun to receive significant scholarly attention in the past half-century, placing her firmly in the canon of Spanish art history. Most of the scholarship about Roldán is written in Spanish, with increasing numbers of publications appearing in English. As a female sculptor in Golden Age Spain Roldán‘s identity invites examination through the lenses of her gender, the two very different artistic media that she used, the sociopolitical contexts of the cities in which she worked, and the reception of her work. Her social position is a complex one to understand. She was not a member of a noble family, had limited participation in her family workshop, and enjoyed only sporadic access to external patronage. A significant factor in the establishment of her public identity is the manner in which Roldán’s life and work has been approached by writers. In the first two centuries after her death fewer than ten references to her life or her work were published. The pace of scholarship increased in the 20th century after Proske’s publication in 1964 of three seminal articles attracted the interest of scholars beyond Spain. Journal articles began to appear, and in 2007 an exhibition was held dedicated to her work and her role as a sculptor at the courts of two Spanish kings. Since then details have been brought to light in journal articles, book chapters, conference papers, and exhibition catalogue entries, contributing to the development of a maturing and nuanced appreciation of Roldán’s life and work. Luisa Roldán was a resourceful and productive woman whose personal drive and creativity were stronger than any potentially restrictive societal boundaries. Her enduring and indeed growing public recognition owes much to the ability she had to adapt to changing circumstances by marrying without her father’s consent, moving cities, seeking new patrons, and changing the medium in which she worked. The bibliography that follows presents our current understanding, through the lenses of documentary evidence and scholarly analysis, which acknowledges her place in the artistic, social, and economic environments in which she lived.
Clinical macroeconomics and differential diagnosis
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The 2008 financial crisis laid bare several deficiencies of mainstream macroeconomic analysis, most importantly the failure to engage in systematic differential diagnosis. Mainstream macroeconomics, following Keynes, has unduly privileged aggregate demand shocks in both analysis and policy prescription, whereas actual macroeconomic crises emerge from a much more diverse set of causes: demand, supply, panic, coordination failures, and, of course, even pandemic disease. The systematic application of differential diagnosis of underlying sources of shocks would improve system resilience and policy responses.
Pancreatic manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: a national population-based study
Authors: Alkhayyat Motasem , Abou Saleh Mohannad , Grewal Mehnaj Kaur , Abureesh Mohammad , Mansoor Emad , Simons-Linares C Roberto , Abelson Abby , Chahal Prabhleen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
RA is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent joint inflammation. Extra-articular manifestations of RA can involve different organs including the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Using a large database, we sought to describe the epidemiology of pancreas involvement in RA.

Methods
We queried a multicentre database (Explorys Inc, Cleveland, OH, USA), an aggregate of electronic health record data from 26 major integrated US healthcare systems in the US from 1999 to 2019. After excluding patients younger than 18, a cohort of individuals with Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms (SNOMED–CT) diagnosis of RA was identified. Within this cohort, patients who developed a SNOMED-CT diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP), chronic pancreatitis (CP) and primary pancreatic cancer (PaCa) after at least 30 days of RA diagnosis were identified. Statistical analysis for multivariate model was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25, IBM Corp) to adjust for several factors.

Results
Of the 56 183 720 individuals in the database, 518 280 patients had a diagnosis of RA (0.92%). Using a multivariate regression model, patients with RA were more likely to develop AP [odds ratio (OR): 2.51; 95% CI: 2.41, 2.60], CP (OR: 2.97; 95% CI: 2.70, 3.26) and PaC (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.52, 2.10).

Conclusion
In this large database, we found a modest increased risk of AP and CP among patients with RA after adjusting for the common causes of pancreatitis. Further studies are required to better understand this association and the effect of medications used for RA.
Stability and Change in the Journeys of Medical Trainees: A 9-Year, Longitudinal Qualitative Study
Authors: Balmer Dorene F. , Teunissen Pim W. , Devlin Michael J. , Richards Boyd F. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
It takes many years for trainees to become physicians—so long that their individual journeys through medical school and residency are seldom systematically studied and thus not well understood. Lack of understanding hinders effective support of future physicians’ development across traditional time-bound phases of medical education. The authors initiated a longitudinal qualitative study, tracing a cohort of 6 trainees through the same medical school and 6 different residencies. They asked, how do stability and change characterize the lived experience of trainees through time?

Method
From 2010 to 2019, the authors conducted in-depth interviews every 6 to 12 months with 6 trainees, using reflective prompts about formative events and prior interviews. Data were inductively coded and analyzed in an iterative fashion. By scrutinizing data via time-ordered displays of codes, the authors identified 3 patterns of stability and change, particularly related to constructing careers in medicine. The study originated at a private medical school in New York, New York.

Results
Patterns in the balance between stability and change were shaped by trainees’ career interests. Trainees motivated by stable clinical interests perceived their journey as a “series of stepping-stones.” Trainees motivated by evolving clinical interests described disruptive change or “upsets”; however, they were still accommodated by medical education. In contrast, trainees motivated by stable nonclinical (i.e., social science) interests perceived their journey as a “struggle” in residency because of the clinically heavy nature of that phase of training.

Conclusions
Based on this descriptive, 9-year study of a small number of trainees, medical education seems to accommodate trainees whose journeys are motivated by clinical interests, even if those clinical interests change through time. Medical education could consider alternatives to time-bound frames of reference and focus on the right time for trainees to integrate clinical and social sciences in medical training.