bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of orbital angular momentum modes via holographic leaky-wave metasurfaces
Authors: Oraizi Homayoon , Emamian Hedieh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecently, electromagnetic (EM) waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has received considerable attention in increasingly many different realms, such as communication systems, super-resolution imaging, optical communications and quantum state manipulation. In this paper, two different kinds of two dimensional (2-D) holographic leaky-wave metasurfaces with a single OAM mode at a single frequency (18 GHz) are introduced through designs and experiments. The classic leaky-wave and a microwave holography theorem are combined to construct the holographic leaky-wave metasurfaces. The leaky wave metasurfaces-based holographic concept are implemented with isotropic artificial surface impedances and made of hexagonal metallic patches. By varying the size of the metallic patches, the effective impedances may be realized. The monopole launchers are utilized for the excitation of TM surface mode, whereby their wave functions can be approximated by the Hankel function of the second kind. The objective waves represented by the desired beams carrying different orbital angular momentum modes. Electromagnetic full-wave simulations and experimental measurements have been performed to substantiate the proposed method.
Bats distress vocalizations carry fast amplitude modulations that could represent an acoustic correlate of roughness
Authors: Hechavarría Julio C. , Jerome Beetz M. , García-Rosales Francisco , Kössl Manfred 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCommunication sounds are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, where they play a role in advertising physiological states and/or socio-contextual scenarios. Human screams, for example, are typically uttered in fearful contexts and they have a distinctive feature termed as “roughness”, which depicts amplitude fluctuations at rates from 30–150 Hz. In this article, we report that the occurrence of fast acoustic periodicities in harsh sounding vocalizations is not unique to humans. A roughness-like structure is also present in vocalizations emitted by bats (species Carollia perspicillata) in distressful contexts. We report that 47.7% of distress calls produced by bats carry amplitude fluctuations at rates ~1.7 kHz (>10 times faster than temporal modulations found in human screams). In bats, rough-like vocalizations entrain brain potentials and are more effective in accelerating the bats’ heart rate than slow amplitude modulated sounds. Our results are consistent with a putative role of fast amplitude modulations (roughness in humans) for grabbing the listeners attention in situations in which the emitter is in distressful, potentially dangerous, contexts.
Quantitative 129Xe MRI detects early impairment of gas-exchange in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Virgincar Rohan S. , Nouls John C. , Wang Ziyi , Degan Simone , Qi Yi , Xiong Xinyu , Rajagopal Sudarshan , Driehuys Bastiaan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHyperpolarized 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is capable of regional mapping of pulmonary gas-exchange and has found application in a wide range of pulmonary disorders in humans and animal model analogs. This study is the first application of 129Xe MRI to the monocrotaline rat model of pulmonary hypertension. Such models of preclinical pulmonary hypertension, a disease of the pulmonary vasculature that results in right heart failure and death, are usually assessed with invasive procedures such as right heart catheterization and histopathology. The work here adapted from protocols from clinical 129Xe MRI to enable preclinical imaging of rat models of pulmonary hypertension on a Bruker 7 T scanner. 129Xe spectroscopy and gas-exchange imaging showed reduced 129Xe uptake by red blood cells early in the progression of the disease, and at a later time point was accompanied by increased uptake by barrier tissues, edema, and ventilation defects—all of which are salient characteristics of the monocrotaline model. Imaging results were validated by H&E histology, which showed evidence of remodeling of arterioles. This proof-of-concept study has demonstrated that hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI has strong potential to be used to non-invasively monitor the progression of pulmonary hypertension in preclinical models and potentially to also assess response to therapy.
Neurons promote encephalitogenic CD4+ lymphocyte infiltration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Nakazato Yuki , Fujita Yuki , Nakazato Masamitsu , Yamashita Toshihide 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by neuroinflammation, leading to demyelination and axonal degeneration. Neuronal excitotoxity mediated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) results in neuronal damage in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we define a critical role of excitatory neurons in the pathogenesis of CD4+lymphocyte accumulation in EAE. We silenced the activity of excitatory neurons in a mouse model of targeted EAE using inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) under a CaMKIIα promoter. Neuronal silencing mitigated clinical disease scores in EAE, reduced the expression ofc-fos, Tnfα,Ccl2, andCcr2mRNAs in targeted EAE lesions, and prevented the migration of CD4+lymphocytes towards neurons.Ccl2shRNA treatment of targeted EAE suppressed the migration of CD4+lymphocytes and alleviated the motor deficits of EAE. Our findings indicate that neuronal activation in EAE promotes the migration of CCR2+CD4+lymphocytes and that neuronal silencing with an inhibitory DREADD alleviates clinical and molecular markers of disease. Neuronal CCL2 is thought to be involved in promoting lymphocytes migration.
Genetic basis for virulence differences of various Cryptosporidium parvum carcinogenic isolates
Authors: Audebert Christophe , Bonardi Franck , Caboche Ségolène , Guyot Karine , Touzet Hélène , Merlin Sophie , Gantois Nausicaa , Creusy Colette , Meloni Dionigia , Mouray Anthony , Viscogliosi Eric , Certad Gabriela , Benamrouz-Vanneste Sadia , Chabé Magali 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCryptosporidium parvum is known to cause life-threatening diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts and was also reported to be capable of inducing digestive adenocarcinoma in a rodent model. Interestingly, three carcinogenic isolates of C. parvum, called DID, TUM1 and CHR, obtained from fecal samples of naturally infected animals or humans, showed higher virulence than the commercially available C. parvum IOWA isolate in our animal model in terms of clinical manifestations, mortality rate and time of onset of neoplastic lesions. In order to discover the potential genetic basis of the differential virulence observed between C. parvum isolates and to contribute to the understanding of Cryptosporidium virulence, entire genomes of the isolates DID, TUM1 and CHR were sequenced then compared to the C. parvum IOWA reference genome. 125 common SNVs corresponding to 90 CDSs were found in the C. parvum genome that could explain this differential virulence. In particular variants in several membrane and secreted proteins were identified. Besides the genes already known to be involved in parasite virulence, this study identified potential new virulence factors whose functional characterization can be achieved through CRISPR/Cas9 technology applied to this parasite.
The Animal Lectin Galectin-8 Promotes Cytokine Expression and Metastatic Tumor Growth in Mice
Authors: Shatz-Azoulay Hadas , Vinik Yaron , Isaac Roi , Kohler Ulrike , Lev Sima , Zick Yehiel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSecreted animal lectins of the galectin family are key players in cancer growth and metastasis. Here we show that galectin-8 (gal-8) induces the expression and secretion of cytokines and chemokines such as SDF-1 and MCP-1 in a number of cell types. This involves gal-8 binding to a uPAR/LRP1/integrin complex that activates JNK and the NFkB pathway. Cytokine and chemokine secretion, induced by gal-8, promotes migration of cancer cells toward cells treated with this lectin. Indeed, immune-competent gal-8 knockout (KO) mice express systemic lower levels of cytokines and chemokines while the opposite is true for gal-8 transgenic animals. Accordingly, gal-8 KO mice experience reduced tumor size and smaller and fewer metastatic lesions when injected with cancer cells. These results suggest the existence of a ‘vicious cycle’ whereby gal-8 secreted by the tumor microenvironment, promotes secretion of chemoattractants at the metastatic niche that promote further recruitment of tumor cells to that site. This study further implicate gal-8 in control of cancer progression and metastasis through its effects on the production of immunoregulatory cytokines.
Generation of two successive attosecond pulses in separate spectral domains
Authors: Kovács Katalin , Tosa Valer 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe demonstrate that two different single attosecond pulses (SAP) can be obtained from naturally separated spectral domains formed during high-order harmonic generation and propagation in a gas medium. We propose a feasible experimental configuration in which one can obtain an SAP in a lower energy domain (<300 eV), or another SAP in a higher energy domain (>300 eV). Without filtering, a double attosecond pulse emission with fixed temporal separation is obtained. The gap between the two spectral domains is close to the onset of the water window.
Analyzing the advantages of subcutaneous over transcutaneous electrical stimulation for activating brainwaves
Authors: Kang Wonok , Lee Jiho , Kim Yu Ri , Chung Woo Ram , Na Duk L. , Shon Young-Min , Park Sung-Min 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTranscranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a widely accepted neuromodulation modality for treating brain disorders. However, its clinical efficacy is fundamentally limited due to the current shunting effect of the scalp and safety issues. A newer electrical stimulation technique called subcutaneous electrical stimulation (SES) promises to overcome the limitations of TES by applying currents directly at the site of the disorder through the skull. While SES seems promising, the electrophysiological effect of SES compared to TES is still unknown, thus limiting its broader application. Here we comprehensively analyze the SES and TES to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of SES. Beagles were bilaterally implanted with subdural strips for intracranial electroencephalography and electric field recording. For the intracerebral electric field prediction, we designed a 3D electromagnetic simulation framework and simulated TES and SES. In the beagle model, SES induces three to four-fold larger cerebral electric fields compared to TES, and significant changes in power ratio of brainwaves were observed only in SES. Our prediction framework suggests that the field penetration of SES would be several-fold larger than TES in human brains. These results demonstrate that the SES would significantly enhance the neuromodulatory effects compared to conventional TES and overcome the TES limitations.
Nerve conduction during acute blood-flow restriction with and without low-intensity exercise Nerve conduction and blood-flow restriction
Authors: Mendonca Goncalo V. , Mouro Miguel , Vila-Chã Carolina , Pezarat-Correia Pedro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDespite being apparently safe for most individuals, the impact of low intensity (LI) blood-flow restricted (BFR) exercise on nerve function and integrity is still obscure. We explored whether BFR (with and without exercise) alters the properties of nerve conduction measured at the level of the restricted limb. Thirteen healthy, young men (22.0 ± 1.7 years) were included in this study. Arterial occlusion pressure was taken at rest. Soleus M- and H-recruitment curves were constructed for all participants. H-wave latencies and amplitudes were obtained in three testing conditions (non-BFR vs. 60 vs. 80% BFR) at four different time points: [#1] non-restricted baseline, [#2] time control either with or without BFR, [#3] non-restricted pre-exercise, [#4] LI exercise either with or without BFR. Nerve conduction was estimated using the difference between the latency of H and M wave. BFR did not affect H-wave amplitude, either with or without exercise. The changes in the difference between H- and M-wave latency of over time were similar between all conditions (condition-by-time interaction: F = 0.7, p = 0.47). In conclusion, our data indicate that performing LI exercise with BFR, set at 60 or 80% BFR, does not exert a negative impact on sciatic-tibial nerve function. Thus, from a neurological standpoint, we provide preliminary evidence that LI BFR exercise may be regarded as a safe mode of resistance training in healthy young men.
The effect of threshold level on bone segmentation of cranial base structures from CT and CBCT images
Authors: Friedli Luca , Kloukos Dimitrios , Kanavakis Georgios , Halazonetis Demetrios , Gkantidis Nikolaos 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe use of a single grey intensity threshold is one of the most straightforward and widely used methods to segment cranial base surface models from a 3D radiographic volume. In this study we used thirty Cone Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT) scans from three different machines and ten CT scans of growing individuals to test the effect of thresholding on the subsequently produced anterior cranial base surface models. From each scan, six surface models were generated using a range of voxel intensity thresholds. The models were then superimposed on a manually selected reference surface model, using an iterative closest point algorithm. Multivariate tests showed significant effects of the machine type, threshold value, and superimposition on the spatial position and the form of the created models. For both, CT and CBCT machines, the distance between the models, as well as the variation within each threshold category, was consistently increasing with the magnitude of difference between thresholds. The present findings highlight the importance of accurate anterior cranial base segmentation for reliable assessment of craniofacial morphology through surface superimposition or similar methods that utilize this anatomical structure as reference.
Enhanced orbital adipogenesis in a mouse model of T-cell-mediated autoimmunity, zymosan A-treated SKG mice: Implications for Graves’ ophthalmopathy
Authors: Park Sera , Park Dae-Young , Kim Jaeryung , Woo Kyung In , Kim Yoon-Duck , Han Jisang , Chung Tae-Young , Cha Hoon-Suk , Lim Dong Hui 
Published: April 2020

AbstractInflammation and remodelling of orbital tissue associated with enhanced adipogenesis commonly occur in Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), however, the underlying mechanisms that link immune cells and adipocytes in orbital inflammation are not well-known. The primary aim of this study was to elucidate how a genetically determined shift in the T-cell repertoire toward self-reactive T-cells could drive orbital adipogenesis. To induce the T-cell-mediated autoimmune response, SKG mice were intraperitoneally injected with zymosan A once at 8 weeks of age. After three months, orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histopathologic studies, and in vitro analyses were performed to evaluate inflammation and adipogenesis. The eyes of the zymosan A-treated SKG mice displayed proptosis and blepharitis. A detailed analysis of orbital adipose tissue showed enhanced orbital adipogenesis and cellular infiltration compared to controls. In addition, increased secretion of adipokines and other cytokines in the periorbital tissue was observed, together with elevated serum concentration of inflammatory cytokines. Orbital adipogenesis was enhanced in zymosan A-treated SKG mice, a novel mouse model for GO-like inflammatory adipose phenotypes most likely induced by T-cell mediated autoimmune responses. This mouse model gives us the opportunity to examine the underlying molecular mechanisms of enhanced adipogenesis in GO, ultimately providing a potential therapeutic target alternative to conventional GO treatment.
Transcriptional Upregulation of NLRC5 by Radiation Drives STING- and Interferon-Independent MHC-I Expression on Cancer Cells and T Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: Zebertavage Lauren K. , Alice Alejandro , Crittenden Marka R. , Gough Michael J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRadiation therapy has been shown to enhance the efficacy of various T cell-targeted immunotherapies that improve antigen-specific T cell expansion, T regulatory cell depletion, or effector T cell function. Additionally, radiation therapy has been proposed as a means to recruit T cells to the treatment site and modulate cancer cells as effector T cell targets. The significance of these features remains unclear. We set out to determine, in checkpoint inhibitor resistant models, which components of radiation are primarily responsible for overcoming this resistance. In order to model the vaccination effect of radiation, we used aListeria monocytogenesbased vaccine to generate a large population of tumor antigen specific T cells but found that the presence of cells with cytotoxic capacity was unable to replicate the efficacy of radiation with combination checkpoint blockade. Instead, we demonstrated that a major role of radiation was to increase the susceptibility of surviving cancer cells to CD8+ T cell-mediated control through enhanced MHC-I expression. We observed a novel mechanism of genetic induction of MHC-I in cancer cells through upregulation of the MHC-I transactivator NLRC5. These data support the critical role of local modulation of tumors by radiation to improve tumor control with combination immunotherapy.
Three-electrode galvanic microcells as a new antimicrobial tool
Authors: Spisak Wojciech , Chlebicki Andrzej , Kaszczyszyn Mariusz , Szar Mateusz , Kozak Jarosław , Olma Arletta 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study presents the first research related to fungal and bacterial growth within electromagnetic fields generated by three-electrode galvanic cells, with PDA growth medium as an electrolyte. We used galvanic microcells constructed with copper, bismuth and zinc metal bars. The configuration of these electrodes was a fundamental agent in the creation of a maximum inhibition zone and in bismuth ion movement. Fungal strains, such as Aspergillus tubingensis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and the bacterium Micrococcus luteus were used as model organisms.
A comparison of the electrical characteristics, liquid composition, and toxicant emissions of JUUL USA and JUUL UK e-cigarettes
Authors: Talih Soha , Salman Rola , El-Hage Rachel , Karam Ebrahim , Salam Sally , Karaoghlanian Nareg , El-Hellani Ahmad , Saliba Najat , Shihadeh Alan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn 2018, JUUL entered the UK market, where EU regulations limit liquid nicotine concentration to 20 mg/mL, approximately one-third the level of JUUL products sold in the USA. We hypothesized that JUUL’s UK product was engineered to deliver greater electrical power and boost liquid vaporization such that the net nicotine delivery rate was similar to the US version. We compared electrical characteristics, liquid composition, and aerosol emissions of JUUL devices procured in the USA and the UK. Study outcomes included electrical power, total and freebase nicotine, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin ratio, carbonyls, and reactive oxygen species. Liquids and aerosols were analyzed by GCMS, HPLC, and fluorescence. Compared to the US version, JUUL UK had approximately one-third the liquid nicotine concentration in the liquid (5.4 vs. 1.6 wt.%) and aerosol (4.7 and 1.3 wt.%). Other than nicotine concentration and yield, we found no differences in any other study outcome, including electrical power. Currently, JUUL UK emits nicotine at a far lower rate than the US product, offering an opportunity to study how this factor impacts user behavior, JUUL uptake, and other population-level outcomes across the two markets.
The origin of anticorrelation for photon bunching on a beam splitter
Authors: Ham Byoung S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Copenhagen interpretation, in which the core concepts are Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and nonlocal EPR correlation, has been long discussed. Second-order anticorrelation in a beam splitter represents the origin of these phenomena and cannot be achieved classically. Here, the anticorrelation of nonclassicality in a beam splitter is interpreted using the concept of coherence. Unlike the common understanding of photons having a particle nature, anticorrelation is rooted in the wave nature of coherence optics, described by coherence optics, wherein quantum superposition between two input fields plays a key role. This interpretation may pose fundamental questions about the nature of nonclassicality and pave a road to coherence-based quantum information.
Interfacial dielectric layer as an origin of polarization fatigue in ferroelectric capacitors
Authors: Do M. T. , Gauquelin N. , Nguyen M. D. , Wang J. , Verbeeck J. , Blom F. , Koster G. , Houwman E. P. , Rijnders G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOrigins of polarization fatigue in ferroelectric capacitors under electric field cycling still remain unclear. Here, we experimentally identify origins of polarization fatigue in ferroelectric PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3(PZT) thin-film capacitors by investigating their fatigue behaviours and interface structures. The PZT layers are epitaxially grown on SrRuO3-buffered SrTiO3substrates by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD), and the capacitor top-electrodes are various, including SrRuO3(SRO) made byin-situPLD, Pt byin-situPLD (Pt-inPLD) andex-situsputtering (Pt-sputtered). We found that fatigue behaviour of the capacitor is directly related to the top-electrode/PZT interface structure. The Pt-sputtered/PZT/SRO capacitor has a thin defective layer at the top interface and shows early fatigue while the Pt-inPLD/PZT/SRO and SRO/PZT/SRO capacitor have clean top-interfaces and show much more fatigue resistance. The defective dielectric layer at the Pt-sputtered/PZT interface mainly contains carbon contaminants, which form during the capacitorex-situfabrication. Removal of this dielectric layer significantly delays the fatigue onset. Our results clearly indicate that dielectric layer at ferroelectric capacitor interfaces is the main origin of polarization fatigue, as previously proposed in the charge injection model.
Numerical investigation of the sternoclavicular joint modeling technique for improving the surgical treatment of pectus excavatum
Authors: Lim Beop-Yong , Kim Youngwoong , I Hoseok , Lee Chi-Seung 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIt is now common to perform the Nuss procedure as a surgical treatment for pectus excavatum. As several types of detailed surgical methods exist as part of the Nuss procedure, studies are currently being conducted to verify their relative superiority via computerized biomechanical methods. However, no studies have considered the influence of sternoclavicular joints on the simulations of the Nuss procedure. Accordingly, this study aims to demonstrate the influence of these joints by comparing the clinical data with the finite element analysis data. Scenarios were set by classifying the movement of the joints based on the constraints of translation and rotation in the coordinate plane. The analyses were performed by applying the set scenarios to the constructed finite element model of a chest wall. The sternal displacement, Haller index, and equivalent stress were obtained from the analysis, and the data were compared with the data of the postoperative patient. When the translation of the anterior direction on the chest wall was constrained, the result obtained thereof was found to be similar to those obtained in the actual surgery. It is suggested that more accurate results can be obtained if the influence of the sternoclavicular joints is considered.