bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital sport entrepreneurial ecosystems
Authors: Ratten Vanessa , Thompson Ashleigh‐Jane 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe entrepreneurial ecosystems literature has increasingly explored network relationships between different stakeholders, as well as the role of context. This article addresses the challenge of including a sport context in the entrepreneurial ecosystem literature thereby contributing to the sport entrepreneurship literature by bringing insights from entrepreneurship ecosystem research. In‐depth interviews of football stakeholders in the sport entrepreneurship ecosystem are conducted in terms of understanding the emergence of digital sport start‐ups. The issues raised help explore the changing nature of digital entrepreneurial ecosystems to take into account new sport technological advances. Mixed embeddedness theory is used as the conceptual foundation to understand sport digital entrepreneurial ecosystems. Key management practices are identified in terms of sport start‐ups participating in entrepreneurial ecosystems. The article concludes by making suggestions for future research.
Wildlife forensic science in Hong Kong
Authors: Hatten Chloe E. R. , Whitfort Amanda , Baker David M. , Dingle Caroline 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the past decade, Hong Kong has seen an increase in volume and diversity of endangered wildlife imported through its borders. Recent amendments to legislation concerning wildlife crimes in Hong Kong allow for increased sentencing and prosecution of the crimes. This calls for an increased forensic capacity to aid enforcement efforts. Wildlife forensic science in Hong Kong is generally performed ad hoc via a confidential tender‐application process. Additionally, minimal communication between forensic scientists, the prosecution and the judiciary on the use and production of wildlife forensic analyses has compounded the problem of wildlife crimes not being addressed as “serious” crimes. Improving communication and collaboration between relevant stakeholders, including the development of a wildlife forensic reference database, shared forensic practices, and shared information concerning expertise and analyses available within Hong Kong, would provide benefits to wildlife crime investigations. This article addresses some of these concerns in more detail and provides suggestions for improvements to the overall wildlife forensic capacity in Hong Kong. Increasing Hong Kong's capacity for wildlife forensic science will not only facilitate law enforcement efforts but also help to change Hong Kong's status as a regional hub for wildlife trade to one for excellence in wildlife crime deterrence.This article is categorized under:
Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Expert Evidence and Narrative
Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Communication Across Science and Law
Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Forensic Biology > DNA Databases and Biometrics
Delinquent Development, Employment and Income in a Sample of Dutch Organized Crime Offenders: Shape, Content, and Correlates of Delinquent Trajectories from Age 12 to 65
Authors: van der Geest Victor , van Koppen M. Vere , Kleemans Edward R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes the shape and content of criminal careers of a large sample of Dutch organized crime offenders and relates these criminal careers to social economic factors such as employment and income. Other chapters in this volume provide systematic reviews of the literature regarding criminal careers of specific – largely understudied – groups, such as criminal careers of organized crime offenders (e.g. Savona et al. 2020). Reviews of the literature demonstrate that the vast majority of studies focuses on juveniles, adolescents, and high-volume crime. Therefore, we do not know whether or not ‘established facts’ about traditional criminal careers (e.g. Farrington, 2003; Blokland and Van der Geest, 2017) also hold for criminal careers in organized crime. Does a long and serious criminal career, for example, require an early onset of offending, as is the case for traditional forms of crime? And is employment an important preventive factor for involvement in crime, as is demonstrated by studies on employment and criminal careers (e.g. Van der Geest, 2011)? Since organized crime is in many ways different from traditional forms of crime (see below), it is important to focus more empirical research effort on this specific – seriously understudied – group of offenders.
Education and Training Needs, Methods, and Tools
Authors: Kotsampopoulos P. , Jensen T. V. , Babazadeh D. , Strasser T. I. , Rikos E. , Nguyen V. H. , Tran Q. T. , Bhandia R. , Guillo-Sansano E. , Heussen K. , Narayan A. , Nguyen T. L. , Burt G. M. , Hatziargyriou N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe importance of education and training in the domain of power and energy systems targeting the topics of cyber-physical energy systems/smart grids is discussed in this chapter. State-of-the art laboratory-based and simulation-based tools are presented, aiming to address the new educational needs.
Horizon confidence sets
Authors: Fosten Jack , Gutknecht Daniel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper introduces a new statistical procedure to discriminate between competing forecasting models at different forecast horizons. Unlike existing tests, which eliminate a model fromallhorizons if dominated according to some loss measure, our methodology identifies an ‘optimal’ set of modelsat eachhorizon, retaining a model that performs well at a given horizon even if dominated at others. While our method is especially useful in applications to long-term forecasting as well as short-term nowcasting, it can also be applied in wider settings like the comparison of forecasting models across countries. We conduct a small Monte Carlo study to investigate the finite sample properties and apply our procedure to nowcasting US real GDP growth and its subcomponents, comparing a factor-based nowcasting method to a naïve benchmark. Unlike existing methods, ours can formally detect the point in the quarter at which the factor method beats the benchmark or vice versa.
Differences between fundamental solutions of general higher order elliptic operators and of products of second order operators
Authors: Grunau Hans-Christoph , Romani Giulio , Sweers Guido 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study fundamental solutions of elliptic operators of order $$2m\ge 4$$

2
m
≥
4

with constant coefficients in large dimensions $$n\ge 2m$$

n
≥
2
m

, where their singularities become unbounded. For compositions of second order operators these can be chosen as convolution products of positive singular functions, which are positive themselves. As soon as $$n\ge 3$$

n
≥
3

, the polyharmonic operator $$(-\Delta )^m$$

(
-
Δ
)

m

may no longer serve as a prototype for the general elliptic operator. It is known from examples of Maz’ya and Nazarov (Math. Notes 39:14–16, 1986; Transl. of Mat. Zametki 39, 24–28, 1986) and Davies (J Differ Equ 135:83–102, 1997) that in dimensions $$n\ge 2m+3$$

n
≥
2
m
+
3

fundamental solutions of specific operators of order $$2m\ge 4$$

2
m
≥
4

may change sign near their singularities: there are “positive” as well as “negative” directions along which the fundamental solution tends to $$+\infty $$

+
∞

and $$-\infty $$

-
∞

respectively, when approaching its pole. In order to understand this phenomenon systematically we first show that existence of a “positive” direction directly follows from the ellipticity of the operator. We establish an inductive argument by space dimension which shows that sign change in some dimension implies sign change in any larger dimension for suitably constructed operators. Moreover, we deduce for $$n=2m$$

n
=
2
m

, $$n=2m+2$$

n
=
2
m
+
2

and for all odd dimensions an explicit closed expression for the fundamental solution in terms of its symbol. From such formulae it becomes clear that the sign of the fundamental solution for such operators depends on the dimension. Indeed, we show that we have even sign change for a suitable operator of order 2m in dimension $$n=2m+2$$

n
=
2
m
+
2

. On the other hand we show that in the dimensions $$n=2m$$

n
=
2
m

and $$n=2m+1$$

n
=
2
m
+
1

the fundamental solution of any such elliptic operator is always positive around its singularity.
EasyDIVER: A Pipeline for Assembling and Counting High-Throughput Sequencing Data from In Vitro Evolution of Nucleic Acids or Peptides
Authors: Blanco Celia , Verbanic Samuel , Seelig Burckhard , Chen Irene A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn vitro evolution is a well-established technique for the discovery of functional RNA and peptides. Increasingly, these experiments are analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for both scientific and engineering objectives, but computational analysis of HTS data, particularly for peptide selections, can present a barrier to entry for experimentalists. We introduce EasyDIVER (Easy pre-processing and Dereplication of In Vitro Evolution Reads), a simple, user-friendly pipeline for processing high-throughput sequencing data from in vitro selections and directed evolution experiments. The pipeline takes as input raw, paired-end, demultiplexed Illumina read files. For each sample provided, EasyDIVER outputs a dereplicated list of unique nucleic acid and/or peptide sequences and their count reads.
Genetic control of non-genetic inheritance in mammals: state-of-the-art and perspectives
Authors: Tomar A. , Teperino R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThought to be directly and uniquely dependent from genotypes, the ontogeny of individual phenotypes is much more complicated. Individual genetics, environmental exposures, and their interaction are the three main determinants of individual’s phenotype. This picture has been further complicated a decade ago when the Lamarckian theory of acquired inheritance has been rekindled with the discovery of epigenetic inheritance, according to which acquired phenotypes can be transmitted through fertilization and affect phenotypes across generations. The results of Genome-Wide Association Studies have also highlighted a big degree of missing heritability in genetics and have provided hints that not only acquired phenotypes, but also individual’s genotypes affect phenotypes intergenerationally through indirect genetic effects. Here, we review available examples of indirect genetic effects in mammals, what is known of the underlying molecular mechanisms and their potential impact for our understanding of missing heritability, phenotypic variation. and individual disease risk.
Sporting activity after craniosynostosis surgery in children: a source of parental anxiety
Authors: Rotimi Oloruntobi , Jung Gu-Yun Paul , Ong Juling , Jeelani N. U. Owase , Dunaway David J. , James Greg 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Craniosynostosis correction involves major skull surgery in infancy—a potential source of worry for parents when their treated children begin involvement in sports.

Methods
Electronic multiple choice survey of parents of children who had undergone craniosynostosis surgery in infancy using 5-point Likert scales.

Results
Fifty-nine completed surveys were obtained from parents of children who had undergone previous craniosynostosis surgery. Mean age of children was 7.8 years (range 3 months to 22 years), with 36 non-syndromic and 23 syndromic cases. The most common surgery was fronto-orbital remodelling (18). Fifty-two of 59 were involved in athletic activity. The most intense sport type was non-contact in 23, light contact in 20, heavy contact in 4 and combat in 5. Participation level was school mandatory in 12, school club in 17, non-school sport club in 21 and regional representative in 2. One child had been advised to avoid sport by an external physician. Mean anxiety (1–5 Likert) increased with sport intensity: non-contact 1.7, light contact 2.2, heavy contact 3.5 and combat 3.6. Twenty-nine of 59 parents had been given specific advice by the Craniofacial Team regarding athletic activity, 28 of which found useful. Three sport-related head injuries were reported, none of which required hospitalisation.

Conclusion
Little information exists regarding sports for children after craniosynostosis surgery. This study suggests that parental anxiety remains high, particularly for high impact/combat sports, and that parents would like more information from clinicians about the safety of post-operative sporting activities.
Modern machine-learning can support diagnostic differentiation of central and peripheral acute vestibular disorders
Authors: Ahmadi Seyed-Ahmad , Vivar Gerome , Navab Nassir , Möhwald Ken , Maier Andreas , Hadzhikolev Hristo , Brandt Thomas , Grill Eva , Dieterich Marianne , Jahn Klaus , Zwergal Andreas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Diagnostic classification of central vs. peripheral etiologies in acute vestibular disorders remains a challenge in the emergency setting. Novel machine-learning methods may help to support diagnostic decisions. In the current study, we tested the performance of standard and machine-learning approaches in the classification of consecutive patients with acute central or peripheral vestibular disorders.

Methods
40 Patients with vestibular stroke (19 with and 21 without acute vestibular syndrome (AVS), defined by the presence of spontaneous nystagmus) and 68 patients with peripheral AVS due to vestibular neuritis were recruited in the emergency department, in the context of the prospective EMVERT trial (EMergency VERTigo). All patients received a standardized neuro-otological examination including videooculography and posturography in the acute symptomatic stage and an MRI within 7 days after symptom onset. Diagnostic performance of state-of-the-art scores, such as HINTS (Head Impulse, gaze-evoked Nystagmus, Test of Skew) and ABCD2 (Age, Blood, Clinical features, Duration, Diabetes), for the differentiation of vestibular stroke vs. peripheral AVS was compared to various machine-learning approaches: (i) linear logistic regression (LR), (ii) non-linear random forest (RF), (iii) artificial neural network, and (iv) geometric deep learning (Single/MultiGMC). A prospective classification was simulated by ten-fold cross-validation. We analyzed whether machine-estimated feature importances correlate with clinical experience.

Results
Machine-learning methods (e.g., MultiGMC) outperform univariate scores, such as HINTS or ABCD2, for differentiation of all vestibular strokes vs. peripheral AVS (MultiGMC area-under-the-curve (AUC): 0.96 vs. HINTS/ABCD2 AUC: 0.71/0.58). HINTS performed similarly to MultiGMC for vestibular stroke with AVS (AUC: 0.86), but more poorly for vestibular stroke without AVS (AUC: 0.54). Machine-learning models learn to put different weights on particular features, each of which is relevant from a clinical viewpoint. Established non-linear machine-learning methods like RF and linear methods like LR are less powerful classification models (AUC: 0.89 vs. 0.62).

Conclusions
Established clinical scores (such as HINTS) provide a valuable baseline assessment for stroke detection in acute vestibular syndromes. In addition, machine-learning methods may have the potential to increase sensitivity and selectivity in the establishment of a correct diagnosis.
Modulatory effects of magnetic vestibular stimulation on resting-state networks can be explained by subject-specific orientation of inner-ear anatomy in the MR static magnetic field
Authors: Boegle R. , Kirsch V. , Gerb J. , Dieterich M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStrong static magnetic fields, as used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), stimulate the vestibular inner ear leading to a state of imbalance within the vestibular system that causes nystagmus. This magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS) also modulates fluctuations of resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) networks. MVS can be explained by a Lorentz force model, indicating that MVS is the result of the interaction of the static magnetic field strength and direction (called “B0 magnetic field” in MRI) with the inner ear’s continuous endolymphatic ionic current. However, the high variability between subjects receiving MVS (measured as nystagmus slow-phase velocity and RS-fMRI amplitude modulations) despite matching head position, remains to be explained. Furthermore, within the imaging community, an “easy-to-acquire-and-use” proxy accounting for modulatory MVS effects in RS-fMRI fluctuations is needed. The present study uses MRI data of 60 healthy volunteers to examine the relationship between RS-fMRI fluctuations and the individual orientation of inner-ear anatomy within the static magnetic field of the MRI. The individual inner-ear anatomy and orientation were assessed via high-resolution anatomical CISS images and related to fluctuations of RS-fMRI networks previously associated with MVS. More specifically, we used a subject-specific proxy for MVS (pMVS) that corresponds to the orientation of the individual inner-ear anatomy within the static magnetic field direction (also called “z-direction” in MR imaging). We found that pMVS explained a considerable fraction of the total variance in RS-fMRI fluctuations (for instance, from 11% in the right cerebellum up to 36% in the cerebellar vermis). In addition to pMVS, we examined the angle of Reid’s plane, as determined from anatomical imaging as an alternative and found that this angle (with the same sinus transformation as for pMVS) explained considerably less variance, e.g., from 2 to 16%. In our opinion, an excess variability due to MVS should generally be addressed in fMRI research analogous to nuisance regression for movement, pulsation, and respiration effects. We suggest using the pMVS parameter to deal with modulations of RS-fMRI fluctuations due to MVS. MVS-induced variance can easily be accounted by using high-resolution anatomical imaging of the inner ear and including the proposed pMVS parameter in fMRI group-level analysis.
Smoking and multiple sclerosis risk: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Vandebergh Marijne , Goris An 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Striking changes in the demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis (MS) strongly indicate an influence of modifiable exposures, which lend themselves well to intervention. It is important to pinpoint which of the many environmental, lifestyle, and sociodemographic changes that have occurred over the past decades, such as higher smoking and obesity rates, are responsible. Mendelian randomization (MR) is an elegant tool to overcome limitations inherent to observational studies and leverage human genetics to inform prevention strategies in MS.

Methods
We use genetic variants from the largest genome-wide association study for smoking phenotypes (initiation: N = 378, heaviness: N = 55, lifetime smoking: N = 126) and body mass index (BMI, N = 656) and apply these as instrumental variables in a two-sample MR analysis to the most recent meta-analysis for MS. We adjust for the genetic correlation between smoking and BMI in a multivariable MR.

Results
In univariable and multivariable MR, smoking does not have an effect on MS risk nor explains part of the association between BMI and MS risk. In contrast, in both analyses each standard deviation increase in BMI, corresponding to roughly 5 kg/m2 units, confers a 30% increase in MS risk.

Conclusion
Despite observational studies repeatedly reporting an association between smoking and increased risk for MS, MR analyses on smoking phenotypes and MS risk could not confirm a causal relationship. This is in contrast with BMI, where observational studies and MR agree on a causal contribution. The reasons for the discrepancy between observational studies and our MR study concerning smoking and MS require further investigation.
Cav2.3 R-type calcium channels: from its discovery to pathogenic de novo CACNA1E variants: a historical perspective
Authors: Schneider T. , Neumaier F. , Hescheler J. , Alpdogan S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSo-called pharmacoresistant (R-type) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are structurally only partially characterized. Most of them are encoded by the CACNA1E gene and are expressed as different Cav2.3 splice variants (variant Cav2.3a to Cav2.3e or f) as the ion conducting subunit. So far, no inherited disease is known for the CACNA1E gene but recently spontaneous mutations leading to early death were identified, which will be brought into focus. In addition, a short historical overview may highlight the development to understand that upregulation during aging, easier activation by spontaneous mutations or lack of bioavailable inorganic cations (Zn2+ and Cu2+) may lead to similar pathologies caused by cellular overexcitation.
Pedicle screw fixation of thoracolumbar fractures: conventional short segment versus short segment with intermediate screws at the fracture level—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kapoen Carolijn , Liu Yang , Bloemers Frank W. , Deunk Jaap 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective
Posterior short-segment fixation (4-screw construct = 4S) is the conventional surgical technique for thoracolumbar fractures. The effect of adding two intermediate pedicle screws at the fractured level (6-screw construct = 6S) is still a matter of debate. This review aims to compare the results between 4 and 6S pedicle screw fixation for thoracolumbar fractures.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. The databases PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar were searched until January 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies comparing 4S and 6S techniques in patients with thoracolumbar fractures. Non-comparative studies and studies without full text were excluded. Cochrane risk of bias was assessed, and the GRADE approach was used to present the quality of evidence.

Results
Twenty-seven studies, of which 21 randomized controlled trials, with a total of 1890 patients (940 with 4S and 950 with 6S) were included. Meta-analysis showed that the 6S technique resulted in significantly lower pain scores, better short-term and long-term Cobb angles, less loss of correction and less implant failures. However, longer operation time and more blood loss were seen with the 6S technique. Length of hospital stay, Oswestry Disability Index scores and infections did not differ significantly between the 6S and 4S techniques. Quality of the evidence according to GRADE was moderate to low.

Conclusion
In the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures, adding intermediate screws at the fracture level (6S) results in less post-operative pain, better radiological outcomes and less implant failure at the cost of a longer operation time and higher blood loss.