bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter stresses the recurrent sense of the fragility and contingent character of liberalism not just in relation to external challenges but also its capacity for self-harm. Liberalism’s ideals are prey to erosion through self-regarding practices of crony capitalism and competitive party politics. This diagnosis of liberalism’s ills forms the background to the cross-national attempt to rejuvenate liberalism as conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism. The chapter stresses the value of history in examining Ordo-liberalism as a tradition with its own roots and canon, rather than more narrowly as a school or theory; in setting it in its larger context of cross-national family resemblances; in using original archival evidence to go behind published texts; and in clearing up misconceptions of Ordo-liberalism, above all in the English-speaking world. History is also valuable in rescuing thinkers from the neglect and silence that accompanies processes of memorialization. It helps to bring out the nature and significance of stabilization traditions in France and Italy as well as in Germany. It also highlights the imperfect correspondence between Ordo-liberalism and economic policy practice in Germany as well as in the European Union and the euro area. The chapter concludes by asking why Ordo-liberalism is so important; by outlining what is distinctive about the book; and by explaining the book’s structure.
Just a Germanic Tradition? The Cross-National Significance of Conservative Liberalism
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the various factors that have shaped the cross-national significance of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism in public debate, in institutions and how they operate, and in policies, across space and over time. It argues that these factors have interacted in a way that gives this type of liberalism a historically contingent character. The chapter looks at self-assessment by conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals of Ludwig Erhard in Germany, Reinhard Kamitz in Austria, Jacques Rueff in France, and Paul van Zeeland in Belgium and the sense of beleaguerment that affects them. It also considers the cross-national reception of Ordo-liberalism and the process of cross-national convergence in conservative liberalism through networks, conferences, and institutions and through the emergence of family resemblance. The chapter pays close attention to the factors driving differences in significance: founding myths and aristocratic liberalism; mainstream philosophy of political economy; religion; state tradition; state- and nation-building; parties and party systems; events and crises; net creditors and net debtors; international structure of power and Americanization; and networking though university patronage, think tanks, and media dissemination. The chapter closes with reflections on the potential for conservative liberalism.
How Ordo-Liberal Is Germany? Ordo-Liberalism in Post-War National Unifying Mythology
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the myth and reality of Ordo-liberal intellectual capture of Germany and the role of Ordo-liberalism in efforts to construct a new post-war national unifying myth. It focuses on the genesis of the concept of the social market economy and its relationship to Ordo-liberalism; on the distinction between fundamentalists and realists in Ordo-liberalism; and on the differences between philosopher-economists and statesmen-economists. Close attention is paid to the ideas and role of Ludwig Erhard and his network of support; the institutional appropriation of Ordo-liberalism by the Bundesbank, the federal cartel office, and the federal economic ministry’s economic policy division; and the role of Ordo-liberalism in competition policy, in European economic and monetary union, and in German policy during the euro area crisis. At the same time, stress is placed on the gaps in Ordo-liberal thinking and counter-national unifying myths, drawing on social Catholicism, social partnership, and civilian power. The chapter has three main case studies: of Ordo-liberalism in the Great Depression, focusing on the Brauns Commission, the Lautenbach Plan, and the role of Wilhelm Röpke; central bank independence, monetary policy reform in the early 1970s, and the ‘monetarist revolution’; and Alfred Müller-Armack’s proposal for a European Stabilization Board. These case studies use archival evidence. The chapter closes with reflections on the significance of Ordo-liberalism in Germany.
Linguistic Ontology
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chomsky’s opposition to intentionality is rooted in his denial that SLEs are the external phenomena they seem be. Taking for granted a Quinean view of ontology whereby real phenomena have to earn their explanatory keep or be identifiable with phenonema that do, this chapter argues that, although Chomsky’s flirtations with a general anti-realism fail, it is quite plausible with regard to SLEs: they serve no explanatory role and they can not be identified with anything in the acoustic stream, nor with idealized dispositions to produce or respond to that stream Some claim SLEs are “psychologically real,” a problematic notion that leads to identifying SLEs with neural states. This however involves a use/mention confusion or deliberate collapse that is ultimately incoherent. Along the lines of §8.7, the chapter tentatively concludes that linguistic entities are best regarded as “perceptual inexistents,” a view called here “Folieism.”
Island Insularities
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This first chapter frames this study historiographically and theoretically by reference to scholarship on the British Atlantic archipelago, problems of overlapping and conflicting jurisdictions within early modern England, and the processes and personnel of state formation. Informed by interdisciplinary ‘island studies’, it considers island writing and the distinctiveness of offshore communities, including difficulties of access owing to maritime conditions. Such features as separateness, remoteness, and more than material insularity were exacerbated in jurisdictions surrounded by water. Relations between England’s central government and its offshore periphery entailed qualities of reciprocity and negotiation that were not always forthcoming. The centralizing state made increased demands on the islands, but islanders often responded with recalcitrance and obstruction. Marooned by circumstances as stranded travellers, garrison officers, political prisoners, or refugees from conflict, island writers have reflected on problems of insularity, distance, estrangement, and connection that are recurrent themes in this book.
Māyā in the Bhāgavata and Preceding Texts
Authors: Gupta Gopal K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
While there is disagreement among various scholars as to precisely when the Bhāgavata was written, all sides agree that the compilation of the Vedas, Brāhmaṇas, Upaniṣads, and Mahābhārata preceded its composition. As such, any discussion of the Bhāgavata’s treatment of māyā must begin with an examination of this concept’s lexical and historical development in these earlier Sanskrit works, as well as how their formulations of the term were used in Śaṅkara’s Vedānta. The Sanskrit term māyā has held a variety of meanings in Indian religious thought, although its etymology remains a matter of some dispute. This chapter attempts to demonstrate how the Bhāgavata’s doctrine of māyā constitutes a refinement of earlier Vedic, Upaniṣadic, and Epic formulations.
Sensational Babies
Authors: Wagner Tamara S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The final chapter analyses the reconfiguration of the Victorian baby in the sensation genre. As sensation novelists participate in social and scientific discourses on infancy, the baby might exemplify theories of infant development or care; more provocatively, its sensationalization showcases how and why particular methods do not work or how normative attitudes require a critical rethinking. Mrs Henry Wood capitalizes on modern mothers’ self-doubts to produce new sources of sensationalism. Babyhood is not merely vulnerable and easily mismanaged, but also a target of criminal intervention, and in the process, Wood identifies parenting practices she disagrees with as a crime. In Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s fiction, by contrast, the baby features as an inadvertent impostor as well as a target in criminal plots. In his complex representations of maternal love for an illegitimate infant who has been removed from its mother, Wilkie Collins challenges normative conceptions of breastfeeding, illegitimacy, and adoption in Victorian Britain. Literary sensationalism, I contend, at once utilizes, criticizes, and thereby transforms images of babyhood in nineteenth-century popular culture. While sensation novelists participated in topical controversies surrounding new expert knowledge of infancy and infant care, genre developments produced as well as traded on changing attitudes to babies. A close look at these interchanges enables us to realize how different and self-conscious as well as culturally central the changing images of infancy were at the time and how they informed debates that still determine discourses on babyhood, baby care, and their expected roles in literature today.
Separate Worlds?: Peasant Society in the Mountains
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
By contrast to the settler-dominated plain (Chapter 1), this chapter examines the long-term socio-economic development of the peasantry massed in the mountains of the Ouarsenis and Dahra. European occupation of the cereal lands in the plain cooped up the peasants on the poor, rocky soils of the interior where they faced a cycle of periodic drought and a ‘Malthusian’ crisis, in which small subsistence farmers faced deepening poverty and malnutrition. The peasants placed growing pressure on the resources of the forests from which they were excluded by draconian laws, commercial mines, and dam construction, leading to an environmental catastrophe and soil erosion. Apart from a degree of social banditry and forest ‘invasions’, the peasantry remained politically quiescent, but the characteristic pattern of dispersed settlement in isolated farmhouses meant that the large, joint family remained strong, a basis for future resistance.
The Janus-faced Politics of the caids, c.1936 to 1954
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
From the 1930s onwards the aristocratic élite that monopolized the caidat in the Chelif entered a phase of deepening economic and political crisis, so that the key instrument of colonial governance in the interior was weakened and internally divided. A case study of two prominent Chelif leaders, Abdelkader Saiah and Mohammed Bentaieb, shows how the grandes familles, facing economic ruin, were forced towards electoral competition as a way to tap into the state gravy train, but in doing so they had to extend their patron-client base by moving towards a populist agenda, reformism, and moderate nationalism. The aristocratic élite, who retained a degree of cultural and religious identity in opposition towards French secularism, played an ambiguous role, a ‘double jeu’, of public loyalty to France, and private opposition. Prior to the 1954 insurrection deep internal cracks had thus appeared inside the class that held the key to indirect rule of the rural masses, fatally weakening the CM system and the intelligence state.
The Genesis of Opération Pilote
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In January 1957 the military and colonial government accepted a master plan drawn up by the anthropologist Jean Servier to undertake Opération Pilote in the Chelif region, the biggest counterinsurgency (COIN) experiment of the Algerian War. The arrival of Salan and Indochina specialists in command accelerated the adoption of the doctrine of revolutionary warfare, that victory over the FLN could not be achieved by conventional ‘big’ force operations, but only through winning over the indigenous population. The catastrophic failure of counterinsurgency in Kabylia in late 1956 diverted attention to the Chelif where a dispersed population was seen as advantageous to COIN operations. Servier’s plan was linked to the revival of Lucien Paye’s communal reform of 1945 to 1948, seen as the key reform to retain Algérie française. By late 1956 the colonial government and military had rapidly lost control of the Dahra and Ouarsenis mountains, a collapse signalled by the evacuation of isolated colons, and the aim was to ‘reconquer’ the interior through driving the ALN and its OPA structures from each douar, and replacing it by ‘djemâa amie’ that could form the core of future rural municipalities in which peasants could take on board their own local government and auto-defense. Unable to guarantee open elections Opération Pilote aimed to secretly train future douar leaders in the psychological warfare centre at Arzew.
The Role of the Council of Europe in Improving General Principles of Administrative Law in Poland—Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Grabowska-Moroz Barbara , Wierzbowski Marek 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the influence on Polish administrative law of pan-European principles of good administration stemming from the Council of Europe (CoE). It reveals that membership of the CoE can be perceived as an element of the democratization process that has had a direct influence on Poland, especially through the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. It furthermore establishes that Polish administrative law generally follows the CoE standards even if at the same time they are overshadowed by the standards flowing from the EU. In addition, the unwillingness of the Polish courts to refer to non-binding CoE standards of conduct which are not strongly founded in statutory law is another obstacle precluding full reception of the said principles.
Europeanization through Constitutionalism
Authors: Ernits Madis , Pähkla Karmen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact on Estonian administrative law of the pan-European principles of good administration developed by the Council of Europe (CoE). It argues that there is no conceptual mismatch between Estonian law and the administrative law of the CoE. This is attested by the fact that the European Convention on Human Rights was one of the main models for the constitutional rights chapter of the Estonian Constitution and remains widely discussed in the case law of Estonian courts. Moreover, the laws on the general part of Estonian administrative law—the Administrative Procedure Act and State Liability Act of 2001—among other things, have been guided by the pan-European principles of good administration. At the same time the chapter expresses doubts regarding the significance of the soft law sources of the CoE because of the principle of legality prevalent in Estonian law, which presents a hindrance to their permeation.
Georgian Administrative Law
Authors: Gvaramadze Tamar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European principles of good administration on Georgian administrative law. It shows that the legal reforms and modern administrative legislation that started in Georgia in the 1990s were mostly influenced, and directed by, Western values and European principles, including core provisions of the Council of Europe. This influence has manifested itself, among other things, in the Georgian legislator giving constitutional importance to the right to a fair hearing in administrative proceedings and underlining the importance of good administration. Moreover, special parts of administrative law, such as regulation of local self-governance and personal data protection, have also not been immune to this influence, which has been strengthened by the progressive approach undertaken by Georgian courts.
The Pan-European General Principles of Administrative Law
Authors: Cucić Vuk 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to exploring the impact of the pan-European principles of good administration on Serbian administrative law. It shows that the main (and almost exclusive) path for reception of these principles in Serbia has been through legislation, including the ‘core’ domains of administrative law. This chapter furthermore reveals that the Serbian legal system only rarely relies on alternatives to legislative enactment such as direct application of ratified international agreements or development of standards through judicial and administrative case law. It identifies that the reasons for this are the language barrier, the lack of online dissemination of the relevant Council of Europe materials, and the prevailing ‘formalistic’ attitude—to name but a few.
Introduction
Authors: Maguire Laurie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Introduction looks at blank space in an era in which the blank did not yet prompt readerly unease, suspicion of error, or the need for reassurance (as in Google books: ‘this page intentionally left blank’). It discusses the development of negative vocabulary for blanks, at cognitive research on how the brain responds to what is not there, at reading as an act of completion, and at typographical ways of representing stage business. It engages with the work of recent book historians on experimentation in early modern printed books. It reviews critical work on the architecture of the page and the page as a visual unit. It explores a number of early modern literary works that are thematically dependent on gaps of various kinds from things that are unsaid or glossed over to those that call attention to what cannot be articulated.
‘This Page Intentionally Left Blank’; or, the Apophatic Page
Authors: Maguire Laurie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores how readers interact with and interpret blank space and blank spaces on the early modern page. This is the beginning of this chapter’s enquiry into the ways in which practical typography came to be seen as creative opportunity, for writers as well as readers, and how modern editorial treatment elides that creativity. Part I focuses on the interactive reader generally as he/she is faced with items that invite filling in: incomplete rubrication in incunabula, errata lists, blanks for topical and personal references, initials for names, censorship. Part II covers literary works that exploit gaps and incompletion from the disingenuous ‘desunt nonnulla’ through metrical half-lines, incomplete quotations and gaps in collaborative manuscripts to direct addresses to the reader to fill in blank space left for their use. This section also reviews blanks in different media such as sculpture and cartography. Part III shows how editors treat blanks in print editions and digital books, exploring literary material from the medieval to the early modern.
Et Cetera/Etcetera/&c; or, the Aposiopetic Page
Authors: Maguire Laurie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks at the etcetera, a mark which today functions solely as an abbreviation, indicating the continuation of properties in a list. But in the early modern period that was only one of its several meanings. As a noun and a verb, early modern etcetera represents the body and bawdy (sexual parts and activities, or physical functions such as urination or defecation). As a punctuation mark, it is a forerunner of the punctuation mark which indicates silence or interruption—the em-dash. As a rhetorical term, it represents silence or the form of breaking off known rhetorically as aposiopesis. As an abbreviation at the ends of lists in stage directions, or lines in actors’ parts, it represents stage action, inviting continuation of dialogue or listed props. These four categories are linked in that etcetera directs the eye to a vacancy. We can see why it might be associated with aposiopesis, a rhetorical figure that is paradoxically about silence.
The Middle Route
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As well as claiming that most people can never attain knowledge of the Forms, Socrates holds in that they cannot even form a belief in their existence. This would make them unable to follow the middle route, which requires a partial understanding of the Forms to define justice and defend its value. But this raises a problem: if most people are unable even to believe in Forms, how would they be able to follow Socrates’ defence of his proposal for philosopher-rulers, which apparently depends on assuming the existence of Forms? To solve this problem I argue that, when Socrates tries to persuade the many of his proposal for philosopher-rulers in Rep. V–VI, he deliberately abstains from making any reference to Forms, even though he does do this when defending the proposal for the benefit of Glaucon and Adeimantus.
The Role of Education
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects that education can have on a person’s receptiveness to argument. The main focus is upon two passages in the Republic about poetry and music. In book III, Socrates claims that exposure to beauty in the arts can prepare one to engage in rational argument. On the negative side, book X analyses the damage allegedly done by tragedy and comedy to the minds of the audience. Overall, I conclude that, although music and poetry have a significant effect on our susceptibility to argument, exposure to good art is not actually necessary for enabling one to follow the shorter route, and exposure to bad art does not necessarily disqualify one. At the end of the chapter I consider two further passages about the effects of education and upbringing, one about gymnastics in book III, the other about the use of dialectic on the young in book VII.
Further Exclusions
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines two more excluded groups, starting with the incontinent. As with the young, there is an apparent tension in the work, because in I 3 he states that argument will fail to benefit the incontinent (since they live by their feelings) and yet in VII 8 he says that, unlike intemperate people, they are open to persuasion, which I take to involve some sort of argument. I resolve the tension in the same way as the previous chapter, by distinguishing between analytical and rhetorical modes of argument. In the rest of the chapter I turn to Aristotle’s exclusion of the many even from rhetorical argument (X 9). I ask what justifies their exclusion and why Aristotle took a more severe line than Plato, who was still open to arguing with them in the Republic.
Interim Conclusions
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In chapter 3, I argued that the Republic was cautiously optimistic about people’s susceptibility to reason, although I acknowledged the difficulty of excluding a more pessimistic interpretation. Here I revisit the issue in the light of chapters 4–6. I emphasize that nothing in his educational theory or in his moral psychology gives definitive support for the pessimistic view. I then give a stronger argument against such pessimism by looking at the passage where Socrates tried to persuade the many of the need for philosopher-rulers (book VI). Here he is cautiously optimistic that he can convince them of his proposal, even though they are initially hostile. My argument is that, if he can make headway with as controversial a proposal as philosopher-rulers, he would surely think he could make them amenable to his views about the value of justice.