bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nordic perspective on migration and empowerment
Authors: Dahl Berit Misund , Buch Mejsner Sofie , Eklund Karlsson Leena , Kostenius Catrine , Laverack Glenn , Andersen Heidi Myglegård , Warne Maria , Lidmark Johan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInternational migration is a complex phenomenon that touches on a multiplicity of economic, social and security aspects affecting our daily lives. In the Nordic countries’ migration is a contentious political topic as the number of migrants has significantly increased in recent decades. The aim of this study is to analyse governmental policy documents on migrants in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and to identify and compare how they are described within an empowerment perspective. A critical discourse analysis was undertaken of each Nordic country. The findings revealed that all four documents placed migrants in a passive position in regard to decision-making and that an empowerment perspective was lacking. Migrants are similarly treated in each Nordic country as a problem to deal with rather than as a possible resource for the society and the approach seeks to protect the welfare state and the culture of the country. The lack of empowerment perspective may be having a negative impact on the health and well-being of migrants and on their integration in the Nordic society. The article concludes by raising several questions in regard to migration and empowerment in the Nordic context.
Fate of Organochlorine Pesticides During Processing of Milk into Dairy Products
Authors: Li C F , Bradley R L , Schultz L H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two lactating dairy cows per group were fed selected pesticides dissolved in organic solvents and mixed into a grain concentrate for a two week period. The reference pesticides used in this study were dieldrin; a mixture of heptachlor, DDT, and lindane; toxaphene; chlordane; endosulfan (Thiodan); and dicofol (Kelthane). The milk from these contaminated cows was collected and processed into the following dairy products: pasteurized whole milk, 30% cream, butter, spray-dried whole milk, condensed whole milk, sterilized condensed whole milk, and Cheddar cheese. The byproducts (skim milk, buttermilk, and Cheddar cheese whey) from manufacturing these products were also saved for subsequent analysis. The residues in these dairy products and byproducts were extracted, cleaned up, and analyzed by electron capture gas chromatography. The 30% cream, condensed milk, and pasteurized milk were analyzed at 0, 7, and 14 days and Cheddar cheese, spray-dried milk, butter, and sterilized condensed milk after storage for 0, 3, and 6 months. The results indicated that, in general, the pesticides used were very stable for ordinary dairy processing operations and remained essentially unchanged even after storage at refrigeration and room tempera-tures for 6 months. However, dieldrin, lindane, and chlordane showed a 27, 34, and 11% decrease, respectively, for spray-dried products and the concentration of dicofol showed a slight decrease in the sterilized condensed whole milk products, whereas the concentration of DDE extracted from the products stored 3 and 6 months was generally less than the amount extracted initially. In manufacturing Cheddar cheese, most of the pesticides showed some bacteriostatic or bactericidal action against starter microorganisms. Generally the pesticide residues were found in greater concentration (on a fat basis) in the skim milk, buttermilk, and whey than in products from which these were derived. This might be attributable to the affinity of the residues for the lipoprotein portion of the products. Concentrations of dieldrin and toxaphene increased slightly during storage of the milk and milk products, suggesting that a reorientation occurred.
Identification of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Two Bald Eagles by Combined Gas-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bagley G E , Reichel W L , Cromartie E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are widely used industrial compounds marketed in the United States under the trade name Aroclor. They have appeared in fish and wildlife tissues in this country and in Europe. They are known to be toxic, but more importantly, their presence in samples along with the commonly occurring organochlorine pesticides complicates the analysis to a serious degree, making i denti fication of pesticide residues by GLC without preliminary separation extremely unreliable. Residues of both polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides were present in eagle carcasses. Many of the polychlorinated biphenyl components had retention times identical with those of certain organochlorine pesticide residues. Identification was accomplished by preliminary separationson thin layer plates followed by combined GLC-mass spectrometry.
Collaborative Study of the Determination of Morphine in Opium
Authors: Smith Edward 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The partition chromatographic procedure which was successfully applied in last year’s collaborative study of the determination of morphine in paregoric was applied to the determination of morphine in opium. Two methods of preparation of the opium solution before partition were studied: homogenization in a high-speed blender and use of DMSO as a solvent. Reproducible results were obtained with the use of DMSO solutions. The standard deviations obtained for samples containing 7.82, 13.88, 12.45, 14.87, and 15.74% anhydrous morphine were 0.171, 0.184, 0.207, 0.220, and 0.307, respectively. From the results obtained, the method using DMSO in the preparation of the sample solution together with the partition chromatographic method is recommended for adoption as official first action.
EDTA Titration of Calcium and Magnesium: Determination of Calcium in Canned Tomatoes
Authors: Steagall Edward F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This past year a food additives quality control program was established for Food and Drug Administration field laboratories; one phase involved the determination of calcium in canned whole tomatoes. One can of tomatoes containing declared added calcium and one can without added calcium were each analyzed by 18 participating laboratories. Results on the cans with added calcium showed a mean value of 0.031% with a standard deviation of ±0.0032%. Results on t he cans without added calcium showed a mean value of 0.005% with a standard deviation of ±0.0039%.
Rapid Instrumental Fat Determination
Authors: Malanoski A J , Greenfield E L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Digital Fat Controller was evaluated for use in plant control and as a screening tool. The determination of fat by the Digital Fat Controller utilizes specific gravity with automatic computation and a “nixie” tube readout. No sample preparation is required and an analysis can be completed in 30–60 sec. Fiftysix samples were analyzed by both the automated method and the official AOAC method.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Total Active Ingredient Content of Karathane Technical and Karathane WD. I. Development of the Method
Authors: Kurtz C P , Baum H , Swithenbank C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new GLC method for the direct determination of the active ingredient in Karathane Technical and Karathane WD is presented. The internal standard (4,6-dinitro-o-cresol) in nitrobenzene solution is added to the sample, or the extract residue in the case of Karathane WD, and the solution is chromatographed on a flame ionization instrument, using an 8’ glass column packed with 3% QF-1 silicone oil on 60–80 mesh Gas Chrom Q. Column temperature is programmed from 100 to 230°C. A working standard of known composition is run in the same manner in series with the sample. The precision of a single determination of the total 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrooctylphenyl crotonate isomers (about 74%) in Karathane Technical and the total dinitrooctylphenols and mononitrooctylphenols (about 6%) is s = 0.5% absolute. Data on the analysis of a limited number of Karathane WD samples show good agreement for the total active ingredient.
Comparison of Several Methods for Extracting Chlordane Residues from Soil
Authors: Saha J G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Residues of chlordane were extracted from a field-contaminated clay loam soil with various solvents under a variety of conditions. Mixtures of hexane-acetone and hexane-2-propanol recovered only 1.93–2.64 ppm total chlordane residues from the air-dried soil as compared to 3.88–4.10 ppm (highest recovery) when 20% water was added to the soil prior to extraction by these solvents. Effects of the amount of water in the soil at the time of extraction, contact time with solvent or water, and extraction methods were also studied.
Detection of Minute Thiamine Concentrations via Thiochrome Assay
Authors: Dougherty R H , Cobb W Y 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Different enzyme preparations have been investigated fqr use in the official method for thiamine (sec. 39.021). Purification of the phosphorolytic enzyme solutions used in this assay eliminates materials that fluoresce at the same wavelength as thiamine and thereby extends the limit of detection of the method to less than 0.004 μg thiamine/ml.
Improved Separation of Aflatoxins by Vapor-Programmed Thin Layer Chromatography and Controlled Relative Humidity
Authors: de Zeeuw Rokus A , Lillard H S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Vapor-programmed thin layer chromatography (VP-TLC) was found to give distinctly improved separations of the 4 common aflatoxins, B1, B2, G1, and G2. Fluorodensitometric evaluation of the chromatograms showed completely separated peaks with the recorded curve always coming back to the baseline. Both classical TLC separations and VP-TLC separations were highly dependent on the relative humidity under which the analysis was performed. Optimum resolutions thus require the availability of a room with controlled and variable relative humidity. However, when the VP-technique is used, changes in the humidity can be compensated for by suitably altering the vapor program.
Assay of Ipecac and Its Preparations. I. Development of the Method
Authors: Smith Edward , Sharkey Margaret F , Levine Joseph 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A partition chromatographic method was developed which quantitatively separates the 2 major ipecac alkaloids emetine and cephaeline. The isolated alkaloids are determined by their ultraviolet absorbance at 283 nm. The method was applied to powdered ipecac root, ipecac sirup, and ipecac fluidextract. The results obtained show good precision.
GLC Analysis of Dyrene Residues, Using Chromosorb W (HP) with OV-17/QF-1 Silicone Coating
Authors: Mendoza C E , Shields J B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Quantitative GLC analysis of Dyrene in tomato and strawberry extracts was accomplished by using a column of Chromosorb W (HP) coated with 1.5% OV-17/1.95% QF-1 silicones. This column adequately resolved Dyrene, methoxy-Dyrene, and dimethoxy-Dyrene. Statistical analysis showed that recoveries based on the ratios of Dyrene recovered and the Dyrene standard added to blank extracts were more consistent than those based on the standard alone.
Cleanup of Pesticide and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues in Fish Extracts by Gel Permeation Chromatography
Authors: Stalling David L , Tindle Roger C , Johnson James L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Gel permeation chromatography was found to be an efficient and reproducible technique for removing lipids from fish extracts. Recoveries of DDT, DDD, DDE, methoxychlor, lindane, dieldrin, endrin, malathion, and parathion were found to be greater than 95%. Pesticide concentrations were equivalent to 0.01-1.0 ppm, based on the original fish tissue. Pesticide analysis was by gas chromatography, using an electron capture detector, and by liquid scintillation. Less than 0.5% of the lipids originally present in the fish extract was recovered in the pesticide-containing eluate. Several solvent and lipophilic gel systems were evaluated. A chromatographic system using cyclohexane and Bio Beads S-X2 gave the most satisfactory separations. Polychlorinated biphenyls were also recovered in good yields. When this technique was used in conjunction with the polychlorinated biphenyl separation technique of Armour and Burke, excellent results were obtained. The system, as described, may be adapted for automatic sample cleanup and may be used as the sole cleanup technique with some samples.
Quantitative Determination of Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate by Gas-Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study
Authors: Larry Damon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Six samples of carbonated beverage were spiked at levels from 0 to 400 p pm with foodgrade ammonium glycyrrhizinate and sent to 7 participating laboratories for collaborative study. To facilitate the analysis of samples containing microquantities of ammonium glycyrrhizinate, slight modifications were made in the published GLC method. Recoveries of ammon ium glycyrrhizinate were 116.4, 102.0, 93.4, 102.3, and 105.8% for 35, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm levels, respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action.
Microbiological Assay of Streptomycin in Feeds: 1971 Collaborative Study
Authors: Mayernik John J , Fiori Gloria Y , Hughes Shirley 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The AOAC official first action method for the determination of streptomycin in feed in which the regular streptomycin assay agar is used was modified for application to the assay of low levels of streptomycin. The modifications consist of (1) increasing the sample size, (2) reducing the amount of agar in the assay plates, (3) lowering the concentration of the reference point on the assay plates, and (4) incubating the plates at 22–25°C instead of 37°C. Fifteen collaborators used the modified method to assay 6 feeds containing 5–30 g streptomycin/ ton. Mean recoveries ranged from 91.7 to 111.0% and coefficients of variation ranged from 5.8 to 8.7%. The method modified as described has been adopted as official first action for the assay of feeds containing 5–30 g streptomycin/ton.
Extraction of Lipid-Protein Complexes from Egg Yolk
Authors: Navarro J G , Borie F , Saavedra J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A residual lipid which is not removed by solvent extraction was detected and determined after enzymatic hydrolysis of defatted egg yolk protein. Free fatty acids were found to be the type of lipid bonded to the egg yolk protein. The mode of attachment of these fatty acids to the egg yolk protein is suggested and the composition of the fatty acids is reported.
Gas Chromatography of Choline in High Potency Multiple Vitamin Tablets and Liver Concentrates
Authors: Garavelli Caesar B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure is described for the quantitative determination of 5–7 mg choline i n high potency reference multiple vitamin and mineral tablets and standard liver concentrates. The trimethylamine quantitatively produced in a sealed tube by treatment with aqueous 15% NaOH is determined by GLC. An average recovery of 97–98% was obtained for t h e vitamin tablets , and an acceptable average choline content of 13.5–14 mg/g was obtained for the liver concentrate samples.
Sterigmatocystin in Coffee Beans
Authors: Purchase Iain F H , Pretorius M E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sterigmatocystin, a toxic fungal metabolite, was found in one of 2 samples of green coffee beans which had been condemned as unfit for human consumption. The analysis, which was carried out according to a modification of the AOAC official first action method for aflatoxin in coffee beans, showed 1143 ppb sterigmatocystin to he present in the sample. In addition, 3 confirmatory tests showed the presence of the compound. Screening coffee beans for sterigmatocystin is suggested as a routine practice.
Corrected Fluorescence Spectra of Polynuclear Materials and Their Principal Applications
Authors: Porro Thomas J , Anacreon Robert E , Flandreau Paul S , Fagerson Irving S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Corrected fluorescence spectra are presented for 20 polynuclear aromatic compounds. The applications of corrected spectra, as well as instrumentation and techniques for providing these spectra, are described.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Diethylstilbestrol and Its Glucuronide in Cattle Tissues
Authors: Donoho Alvin L , Johnson William S , Sieck Robert F , Sullivan William L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method is described for the determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and its glucuronide (DES-G) in cattle tissues. Muscle, liver, and kidney samples are extracted with methanol and centrifuged. An aliquot of extract equivalent to 50 g tissue is evaporated to remove methanol and hydrolyzed overnight, using β-glucuronidase. In the resulting sample, free DES is purified by alkaline liquid-liquid extraction and is reacted in base with dichloroacetyl chloride to form the DES diester. The diester is measured by GLC, using a 5% UC W-98 column and electron affinity detection. Fat samples are assayed for free DES by extracting with chloroform and processing as other tissues, beginning with the alkaline purification. Residues from tissues of steers fed DES, assayed by both GLC and bioassay procedures, showed excellent agreement. In these studies the GLC procedure had a sensitivity of about 0.001 ppm. Lean and fat contained no DES residue when animals were slaughtered at 0 time off medicated feed. Liver and kidney contained residues on the order of 0.02 ppm at 0 time. The DES declined to nondetectable levels in liver and kidney by 96 hr after withdrawal. The assay procedure has been used successfully on a routine basis for several months.
Drained Weight Determination of Frozen Glazed Snow Crabmeat
Authors: Miller George A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted on the official final action drained weight methods, 18.006–18.007 and 18.008–18.009, utilizing snow crab (Chionoectes). Three collaborators analyzed a total of 6 separate frozen packs. Two packs were analyzed by 18.008–18.009, the Alaska King Crab Marketing and Control Board method, and yielded an average recovery of 83% of put-in tissue weight; the 4 packs analyzed by 18.006–18.007 yielded an average recovery of 76% of put-in tissue weight. Both methods have been amended to include snow crabmeat.
Collaborative Study of the Chicken Embryo Bioassay for Aflatoxin B1
Authors: Verrett M Jacqueline , Winbush James , Reynaldo Edilberto F , Scott William F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study of the bioassay for the detection of aflatoxin B1, 26.057–26.061, was undertaken with 9 laboratories participating. The study was designed to evaluate the toxicity of an aflatoxin B1 standard, and an unknown quantity of aflatoxin B1 extracted from peanut butter. The baseline was provided by an assay of an extract of an aflatoxin-free peanut butter and by the appropriate solvent and untreated control eggs. The data were analyzed for linearity of response and agreement of the LD-50’s and slopes. In general, a linear dose-response relationship was exhibited, and there was good agreement of the slopes and LD-50’s and their associated standard errors. The method has been adopted as official first action.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of β-Asarone, A Component of Oil of Calamus, in Flavors and Beverages
Authors: Larry Damon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method has been developed for the detection and quantitation of β-asarone in vermouths. Volatiles are isolated by steam distillation, and β-asarone is separated from interfering substances by solvent extraction and subjected to gas chromatographic analysis. Quantitation of samples containing 5–100 ppm β-asarone was achieved by direct chromatographic peak comparisons with standards prepared in 20% ethanol-water, which are treated the same as samples. Average recovery from light and dark vermouths spiked at 5, 15, 25, and 100 ppm was 98.8%.
Acid Ammonium Acetate Extraction and Electron Capture Gas Chromatographic Determination of Carbofuran in Soils
Authors: Caro Joseph H , Glotfelty Dwight E , Freeman Horatio P , Taylor Alan W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is presented for determining carbofuran residues in soils that gives improved recovery, especially in weathered soils, and allows quantitation of as little as 0.1 ppm without cleanup. The soil is extracted with 0.5M acid ammonium acetate and the carbamate in the extract is determined by electron capture gas chromatography as the dinitrophenyl ether. A systematic study was conducted to optimize extraction conditions. In tests of soils fortified with 1 ppm carbofuran, using optimized extraction conditions, recoveries varied with soil type, ranging from 61% in a peat to 92% in a silt loam. Recoveries of the metabolites 3-hydroxy- and 3-ketocarbofuran from field soils were at least as efficient as by HCl extraction. In addition to carbofuran, other methylcarbamate insecticide residues that may be determined by this method include Landrin, propoxur, and Bux.
Novel Techniques for the Examination of Physical Evidence—Their Admissibility as Evidence
Authors: Brunelle Richard L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Courts of law are traditionally conservative in nature and are very reluctant to change except with extreme caution. This resistance to change is in sharp contrast to the open-minded attitude of the scientific community toward the reception of new ideas. Scientific advancement is so rapid in this age of vast technological developments that it would be an impossible task to discuss all of the various developments in the area of scientific proof. This paper discusses a few specific topics that are not necessarily recent in origin but are currently of great interest or have been the subject of criticism for several years. An attempt is made to illustrate the historical understanding of judicial attitude regarding scientific evidence and also to present the present trends of the courts in determining the admissibility of scientific proof based on novel laboratory techniques.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Monosaccharides and Glycerol in Aged Distilled Spirits
Authors: Black Robert A , Andreasen Arthur A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Gas-liquid chromatography was utilized for the analysis of monosaccharides and glycerol in distilled spirits aged in new, charred white oak cooperage. Arabinose, xylose, fructose, glucose, galactose, and rhamnose were identified. Traces of fucose and mannose were indicated. Total concentration of sugars increased from 16 to 37 g/100 L at 100° proof and glycerol from 0.83 to 2.42 g/100 L at 100° proof during aging from 1 through 12 years. Compounds were identified by a comparison of GLC chromatograms of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives, alditol acetates and trifluoroacetates, and TMS-aldono-l,4-lactones. Sugars and glycerol were quantitated as TMS ether derivatives with 3 % JXR organic phase on Gas-Chrom Q with an accuracy assessed at ±2—3%.
Rapid Method for Estimation of Carbohydrate and Calorie Content of Foods Containing a High Proportion of Sugar
Authors: Lamb Frank C , Kemper Karen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Correlations of refractometer sugar scale readings with total solids, carbohydrate, and calories are presented for 5 canned fruit products and 3 tomato products. Regression equations, standard errors of estimate, and correlation coefficients are given for each combination of dependent and independent variables. Correlations were highly significant in all instances. Standard errors of estimate indicate that total solids and carbohydrate may be estimated from refractometer readings within ±0.5% and calories within ±2 calories/100 g with 95% assurance in practically all instances.