bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Related to Smokeless Tobacco and Areca Nut Cessation Among Dental Surgeons in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayasinghe Ruwan Duminda , Jayasooriya PR , Amarasinghe H , Hettiarachchi PVKS , Siriwardena BSMS. , Wijerathne UKYGDM , Kithalawarachchi SK. , Tilakaratne WM 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Prevalence of smoking in Sri Lanka shows a gradual reduction whilst the use of smokeless tobacco and areca nut shows an increasing trend. At present adequate numbers of smokeless tobacco / areca nut cessation counseling programs are not being carried out in Sri Lanka. As the Dental surgeons could play a significant role in smokeless tobacco / areca nut cessation activities, capacity building programmes for dental surgeons on smokeless tobacco/ areca nut control were carried out. The study was planned to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices related to smokeless tobacco/ areca nut control among dental surgeons.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted. Two questionnaires were used to assess the improvement of knowledge and change of attitudes following programmes on smokeless tobacco / areca nut control. Results: There were 663 participants in the study. 27.1% of them had received formal tobacco cessation training in the past. Majority had a good knowledge on harmful effects of smokeless tobacco but not on areca nut. Their knowledge on the current legislation on smokeless tobacco control in Sri Lanka and carcinogenicity of areca nut was not satisfactory. Almost all agreed that proper counseling leads to patient quitting the habit, a formal training is necessary to conduct tobacco control activities and it should be the part of the regular treatment modalities. More than 80% of the Dental surgeons believed that they should support strict legislation. Almost 50% agreed on tobacco and areca nut free environment in their dental clinics. Most important factors leading to poor involvement in tobacco cessation activities were lack of expertise and inadequate educational material, not breach of patient privacy and lack of financial incentives. Surprisingly, 20.1% of the dental surgeons had consumed smokeless tobacco / areca nut products in the past and only a few were current users of tobacco and/or areca nut. Conclusions: Well planned workshops are efficient and cost effective in improving knowledge, practices and attitudes of Dental surgeons towards smokeless tobacco / areca nut cessation.
Small airways and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in cough-variant asthma
Authors: gao jie , Wu Feng , Yang Xing , Wu Sifang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background

Cough variant asthma (CVA) is one of the special populations of asthma. The study was to compare spirometric parameters of small airways and the degree of bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) between CVA and classic asthma (CA), and examine the relationship between BHR and small airways to determine the accuracy of these markers as indicators of CVA.
Methods

A total of 825 asthmatic patients were screened for the study and 614 were included. All patients performed spirometry and underwent a bronchial challenge with methacholine. It has been estimated that less than 65% of the small airways must be obstructed before changes can be detected using routine pulmonary function tests.
Results

CVA patients showed less small airway dysfunction (< 65%) than those of CA patients with MMEF% predicted (70% vs 80.91%, p = 0.002) and FEF50% predicted (62.71% vs 73.5%, p = 0.004). The function of small airways was higher in the CVA group compared with the CA group (p < 0.001). CVA patients had a mild BHR (p = 0.005). Significant positive correlations were observed between PD20 and MMEF% predicted (r = 0.282, p < 0.001), FEF50% predicted (r = 0.2522, p < 0.001), FEF75% predicted (r = 0.2504, p < 0.001) in patients with CVA. The area under curve of MMEF, FEF50 and FEF75 (% predicted) was 0.615, 0.621, 0.606, respectively. 0.17mcg of PD20 was the best diagnostic value for CVA with an AUC of 0.582 (p = 0.001).
Conclusions

Small airway dysfunction is milder showed in CVA. The value of BHR combined with small airways in CVA prediction, which reflected significant, but not enough to be clinically useful.
Does the Cortisol:CRP ratio inform the measurement of Individual Burden of Illness for Depression in Community Samples?
Authors: Sharpley Christopher Francis , Bitsika Vicki , McMillan Mary E , Jesulola Emmanuel , Agnew Linda L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective

To test if the collection of an objective biological index of the balance between two major physiological systems significantly adds to the contribution made by an IBI-D.
Methods

Responses to scales measuring depressive symptoms, functional impairment due to mental and physical health, and saliva samples were collected from 111 community volunteers from rural Australia. Saliva was assayed for cortisol and C-Reactive Protein concentrations, and the ratio of these was used as an indicator of the balance between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis and the inflammatory response from the immune system.
Results

Principal Components Analysis (PCA) produced two- and three-factor solutions from the psychological and biological data, and were used to form weighted models of two IBI-D equations. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the addition of the biological index to the second IBI-D made a significant extra contribution to variance in depression score.
Discussion

Valid assessment of the symptoms of depression provides one aspect of diagnostic information, but the addition of biological information can further inform clinicians and researchers about the effect that these symptoms have upon patient functioning.
Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes on Genomic Index Maps of Hierarchy
Authors: Zheng Jeffrey , Zhou Yang , Zhu Minghan , Qiao Mu , Zhang Zhigang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Using visual technologies, COVID-19 patients worldwide are conveniently described by position information to collect sample, modern GIS maps are useful to show influenced flows and numbers of patients on various regions of a pendamic. From an analysis viewpoint, it is more interesting to organize genomic information into a phylogenic tree with multiple branches and leaves in representations. Clusters of genomes are organized as phylogenic trees to represent intrinsic information of genomes. However, there are structural difficulties to project phylogenic information into 2D distributions as GIS maps naturally.In this paper, a novel projection is proposed to arrange SARS-CoV-2 genomes by genomic indexes to make a structural organization as 2D GIS maps. For any genome, there is a unique invariant under the certain conditions to provide an absolute position on a specific region. In this hierarchical framework, it is possible to use a visual tool to represent any selected region for clustering genomes on refined effects. Visual effects are complementarily provided with Phylogenic tree technology. Sample regions and various projections show spread effects of five thousand SARS-CoV-2 genomes in 72 countries and special four countries are selected on genomic index maps.
Optimizing water-reuse and increasing water-saving potentials by linking treated industrial and municipal wastewater for a sustainable urban development
Authors: Bauer S. , Linke H. J. , Wagner M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
New industrial and urban developments in water-scarce regions are often inhibited by their high demand for water from natural resources. In addition, there often is a lack of water for purposes that contribute to an improved quality of life, such as urban green spaces. Therefore, the integrated industrial-urban water-reuse concept presents a strategy by linking and reusing treated industrial and municipal wastewater flows to increase urban water-reuse potentials. The concept of combining different reuse water flows, from wastewater treatment plants from industrial parks, aims at significantly increasing the water-saving potentials compared to a separate consideration of the industrial wastewater flows.
Comparison of the Expression of Periodontal Markers in Dental and Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
Authors: Garna Devy , Kaur Manmeet , Hughes Francis J , Ghuman Mandeep 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Periodontal ligament stem cells are a source of mesenchymal stem cells, but it is unclear whether their phenotype is distinct from mesenchymal stem cells derived from different tissues, such as those derived from bone marrow.

Objective:
To investigate the expression of the putative PDL markers asporin, periostin, nestin and cementum protein 1, by periodontal ligament stem cells both constitutively and during osteogenic differentiation when compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and dental pulp stem cells.

Methods:
The primary human periodontal ligament, bone marrow, and dental pulp stem cells, and osteoblasts from different donors were cultured in vitro. The expression of periodontal marker associated genes during osteogenic induction was tested by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining.

Results:
Asporin expression was detected in periodontal ligament stem cells and increased markedly during the time in culture (upregulated x53 fold at 21 days post-induction). During osteogenic differentiation, asporin expression significantly decreased in periodontal ligament cells whereas periostin significantly decreased in dental pulp cells. Periostin expression was absent in osteoblasts, but expression gradually increased in all other cells with time in culture. Nestin expression was mainly seen in the periodontal ligament and dental pulp cells and was largely absent in osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. Cementum protein-1 was most highly expressed in bone marrow cells and osteoblasts following osteogenic induction.

Conclusions:
The results provide further evidence that periodontal ligament-derived and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells are phenotypically distinct. Periodontal markers are also expressed in dental pulp stem cells.
Prevalence of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tariq Muhammad H. , Sulaiman Syed A.S. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) lead to low bone mass and osteoporosis.

Objective:
To review the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among CKD patients.

Methods:
Potential studies were identified through a systematic search of recognized databases using keywords “prevalence,” “osteopenia,” “osteoporosis,” “Chronic Kidney Disease,” “CKD patients,” “Chronic Renal Failure,” “CRF patients,” “Bone Mineral Density,” and “low bone mass” to identify relevant articles. An article was included in the review if the study met the following criteria: 1) conducted in CKD patients aged 18 years and above, 2) Osteopenia and osteoporosis were determined through Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing, and 3) T scores were determined for all patients. The studies including transplant patients were not included in this review.

Results:
A total of 2142 titles were retrieved and of these 8 studies, based on the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in CKD patients were included in the final review. The review found that the prevalence of osteopenia reported in the studies was between 33.3% and 81% with an average of 45.91% and the prevalence of osteoporosis was between 2.24% and 31.3% with an average of 23.29%. Higher prevalence rates were observed among female gender and CKD patients with low Body Mass Index. Lumbar spine (LS) was found to be the most vulnerable site for osteoporosis among the majority of the studies.

Conclusion:
The review found a high prevalence rate of osteopenia and osteoporosis among CKD patients. The review further identified that BMD testing at the LS site is more reliable and suitable to determine the risk of fracture and osteoporosis.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Ankle Sprain Among Male Soccer Players in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Al Amer Hamad S. , Mohamed Shahul Hameed Pakkir 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Ankle sprains are common among soccer players, and their risk factors are well documented in the literature. In Saudi Arabia, some healthcare and sport-related characteristics provide the necessity for investigating the prevalence and risk factors of ankle sprain in that region as well.

Objective:
To analyze the prevalence of lower limb injuries and risk factors of ankle sprains among male soccer players in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study among 400 male soccer players from different sports clubs in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia was conducted. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data related to ankle sprains. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests, and unpaired t-tests were used to test the association between variables. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors.

Results:
Ankle sprains were the most prevalent, reported by 63.8%. Previous ankle injury, lack of stretching, lack of warm-up, and not wearing bracing were identified as significant risk factors. A total of 47.9% of players preferred to go to the hospital for treatment, 15.8% selected physical therapy, while 56% had no prior education regarding injury prevention.

Conclusion:
Ankle sprain is the most prevalent lower limb injury. Risk factors include previous ankle injuries, lack of stretching, lack of warm-up, and not wearing bracing. Players have little knowledge of physical therapy measures and lack of injury prevention education. Our findings suggest that increasing the awareness of injuries and proper physical therapy measures might assist in preventing recurrence of ankle sprains among male soccer players.
Peer‐Assisted Learning in Dental Students’ Patient Case Evaluations: An Assessment of Reciprocal Learning
Authors: Hunt Taylor , Jones Tobie A. , Carney Patricia A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLittle research exists on reciprocal learning, a type of peer‐assisted learning in which students act concurrently as both teacher and learner in small groups. The aims of this pilot study were to assess the feasibility of using case‐based reciprocal learning with dental students and to assess its impact on students’ satisfaction and perceived clinical reasoning, educational value, and use of evidence‐based dentistry. In this quasi‐experimental mixed methods study conducted in 2018, small‐group sessions led by a third‐year dental student were designed to expose second‐year students to clinical portfolios prior to clinical rotations, promote evidence‐based dentistry, and improve students’ clinical critical thinking skills by having them work in small groups to teach and learn from each other. After the intervention, all 76 students in the sessions were invited to complete a survey with 11 Likert‐scale items and six open‐response questions assessing their engagement in learning, perceived educational value, and perceived quality of facilitation associated with reciprocal learning. Sixty‐five students completed the surveys for a response rate of 86%. Among the survey respondents, 87.7% agreed/strongly agreed that the small groups facilitated enhanced learning, and 66.2% agreed/strongly agreed that they learned the material better because they had to teach it to their peers. Also, 74.6% agreed/strongly agreed that their clinical critical thinking improved, and 92.3% agreed/strongly agreed that they felt better prepared to complete a patient portfolio once they reach clinic. This study found that reciprocal learning had favorable outcomes in terms of students’ perceptions of learning. The students reported that the small groups enhanced their learning, improved their comfort in asking questions in small groups, and exposed them to a variety of clinical situations.
The Multiple Mini Interview as a Dental School Admission Tool: Can It Predict Noncognitive Traits Associated with Professional Behaviors?
Authors: Duff Renée E. , Katcher Patricia A. , Daniels Rachel M. , Ramaswamy Vidya 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Multiple Mini Interview (MMI) process and to assess its use as an admission tool to predict noncognitive traits associated with professional behavior during patient care in one cohort of dental students at a single U.S. dental school. Data were analyzed for the 95 candidates who matriculated and graduated as part of the 2017 graduating cohort at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry. All MMI interviewees for one cycle of admissions rotated through ten stations: two traditional interview question stations and eight scenario stations measuring domains that included four questions scored on a five‐point Likert scale. Generalizability theory analysis showed the MMI to have good reliability (G Coefficient of 0.74). Station reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha) ranged from 0.88 to 0.92. MMI scores showed a positive significant correlation with students’ scores on the Dental Admission Test and Perceptual Ability Test, D1 cumulative GPA, and D4 Patient Management grade. MMI scores positively correlated with professional behaviors relating to three domains—openness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability—thus demonstrating good predictive validity for measuring noncognitive traits associated with professionalism. This study found that the MMI was a reliable and valid tool that predicted key behavioral traits associated with professionalism in dental students.
Factors Affecting Part‐Time Dental Hygiene Faculty Members’ Intent to Stay in Education
Authors: Hodgkins Collin J. , Boyd Linda D. , Vineyard Jared , Smilyanski Irina , Dominick Christine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe need for more dental hygiene educators has led to the increased practice of hiring part‐time faculty members; however, there is little literature on their job satisfaction or intent to stay in education. The aim of this study was to explore demographic and job satisfaction variables that may predict part‐time dental hygiene faculty members’ intent to stay in education within the framework of Herzberg's motivation‐hygiene theory. A cross‐sectional, correlational survey was conducted with a national convenience sample of part‐time dental hygiene faculty members (n = 177). The survey was a combination of two validated survey instruments (modified Nurse Educators’ Intent to Stay in Academe Scale and modified Adjunct Faculty Survey). The completion rate was 87%. Overall, the study found a significantly positive correlation between job satisfaction and intent to stay (ρ[177] = 0.48; p<0.001). Other significant findings were that both average annual salary (p = 0.005) and being approached as an undergraduate (p = 0.004) had an effect on intent to stay. Personal growth (p<0.001), the job satisfaction subscale (p<0.001), and work preference (p = 0.03) had the most predictive influence on intent to stay. Job satisfaction was a strong predictor of intent to stay, which is consistent with Herzberg's motivation‐hygiene theory. Addressing the needs of part‐time dental hygiene faculty members by increasing job satisfaction variables may aid in the recruitment and retention of these educators.
Contribution of Haptic Simulation to Analogic Training Environment in Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Vincent Marin , Joseph David , Amory Christophe , Paoli Nathalie , Ambrosini Pascal , Mortier Éric , Tran Nguyen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of virtual reality to the conventional analogic training environment and show the complementarity of conventional techniques and virtual reality in the learning of dental students. All 88 first‐year dental students at a dental school in France in early 2019 were randomly assigned to one of two groups: group 1 (n = 45) was assigned to cavity preparations on a haptic simulator (Virteasy) and group 2 (n = 43) was assigned to conventional practical work on plastic analogue teeth (Kavo). Following three training sessions, the students in group 1 took a final exam on the same plastic analogue teeth exercise. The results showed improvement in the drilling skill of both groups. The simulator‐trained group (group 1) had similar results to the plastic analogue‐trained group (group 2) in the final test on a plastic analogue tooth. In this study, virtual reality allowed an assessment based on objective criteria and reduced the subjectivity of evaluations conducted on plastic analogue teeth. Considering the saving of supervision and teaching time as well as the material gain offered by virtual reality, the learning methods of haptic simulators are educational options that should be considered by dental educators.
The Role of Faculty Development in Improving the Quality of Multiple‐Choice Questions in Dental Education
Authors: Shaikh Saleem , Kannan S. Karthiga , Naqvi Zuber Ahamed , Pasha Zameer , Ahamad Mazood 
Published: May 2020

AbstractValid and reliable assessment of students’ knowledge and skills is integral to dental education. However, most faculty members receive no formal training on student assessment techniques. The aim of this study was to quantify the value of a professional development program designed to improve the test item‐writing skills of dental faculty members. A quasi‐experimental (pretest, intervention, posttest) study was conducted with faculty members in the dental school of Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Data assessed were 450 multiple‐choice questions (MCQs) from final exams in 15 courses in 2017 (prior to the intervention; pretest) and the same number in 2018 (after the intervention; posttest). The intervention was a faculty development program implemented in 2018 to improve the writing of MCQs. This training highlighted construct‐irrelevant variance—the abnormal increase or decrease in test scores due to factors extraneous to constructs of interest—and provided expert advice to rectify flaws. Item analysis of pre‐ and post‐intervention MCQs determined the difficulty index, discrimination index, and proportion of non‐functional distractors for each question. MCQs on 2017 and 2018 exams were compared on each of these parameters. The results showed statistically significant improvements in MCQs from 2017 to 2018 on all parameters. MCQs with low discrimination decreased, those with high discrimination increased, and the proportion of questions with more than two non‐functional distractors were reduced. These results provide evidence of improved test item quality following implementation of a long‐term faculty development program. Additionally, the findings underscore the need for an active dental education department and demonstrate its value for dental schools.