bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing of the MTConnect–OPC UA Companion Specification
Authors: Fisher Ryan , Shao Guodong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Smart Manufacturing (SM) is the future of the manufacturing industry. Seamless, accurate, and fast connection and communications among devices are critical for SM. By leveraging information technologies, devices can dynamically communicate with each other to increase factory production, while decreasing engineering costs. MTConnect and Open Platform Communications - Unified Architecture (OPC-UA) standards facilitate such communication. MTConnect is a manufacturing interoperability standard that provides a semantic vocabulary for manufacturing equipment to provide structured contextualized data with no proprietary format. The OPC-UA is a platform-independent standard through which various systems and devices can communicate by sending messages between clients and servers over various networks. OPC-UA enables syntactic interoperability between clients and servers. The MTConnect - OPC-UA Companion Specification integrates the two standards to provide manufacturers more efficient and powerful interoperability capabilities. In this paper, we report the test of version 1.02 of this companion specification. This specification sets a standard means of communication between MTConnect devices and OPC-UA Clients/Servers based on Extensible Markup Language (XML) structures. To test the standard, the following components have been developed: an OPC-UA Server, an OPC-UA Client, a probe that translates data structures in MTConnect XML format to MTConnect OPC-UA Companion XML format that can be recognized by the server, a MTConnect XML data parser, and a MTConnect device simulator. The activities of the standard testing include passing varying data structures and objects through the server and confirming the information is received accurately by the client. The findings of the standard testing will be provided to the standard developing organizations for improving the future versions of the standard.
On the 3D Printability of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/High Density Polyethylene Composites
Authors: Stan Felicia , Stanciu Nicoleta-Violeta , Fetecau Catalin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study focuses on 3D printing of multi-walled carbon nanotube/high density polyethylene (MWCNT/HDPE) composites. First, rheological properties of 0.1, 1, and 5 wt.% MWCNT/HDPE composites were investigated to estimate the 3D printability window. Second, filaments with 1.75 mm diameter were fabricated and subsequently extruded by a commercial 3D printer. Finally, the filaments and 3D printed parts were tested to correlate the rheological, mechanical, and electrical properties with processing parameters. Experimental results show that flow behavior of MWCNT/HDPE composites is a critical factor affecting the 3D printability. The shear viscosity exhibits good shear thinning behavior at high shear rates and significantly increases with increasing nanotube loading from 0.1 to 5 wt.%, at low shear rates. Reliable MWCNT/HDPE filaments were obtained with smooth surface finish and good mechanical and electrical properties. The 0.1 and 1 wt.% MWCNT/HDPE filaments exhibit very good printing characteristics. However, under the flow conditions of a standard 0.4-mm nozzle, 3D printing of 5 wt.% MWCNT/HDPE filament can be rather difficult primarily due to high shear viscosity and nozzle clogging. Thus, further investigation is needed to fully optimize the 3D printing of MWCNT/HDPE composites.
A Coupling Approach Combining CFD and FEM Methods to Predict Cutting Fluid Effects on the Tool Temperature in Cutting Processes
Authors: Helmig Thorsten , Peng Bingxiao , Ehrenpreis Claas , Augspurger Thorsten , Frekers Yona , Kneer Reinhold , Bergs Thomas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In metal cutting processes the use of cutting fluids shows significant effects on workpiece surface quality by reducing thermomechanical loads on cutting tool and workpiece. Many efforts are made to model these thermomechanical processes, however without considering detailed heat transfer between cutting fluid, tool and workpiece. To account for heat transfer effects, a coupling approach is developed which combines CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and FEM (Finite Element Method) chip formation simulation. Prior to the simulation, experimental investigations in orthogonal cutting in dry and wet cutting conditions with two different workpiece materials (AISI 1045 and DA 718) are conducted. To measure the tool temperature in dry as well as in wet cutting conditions, a two color pyrometer is placed inside a EDM drilled cutting tool hole. Besides tool temperature, the cutting force is recorded during the experiments and later used to calculate heat source terms for the CFD simulation. After the experiments, FEM chip formation simulations are performed and provide the chip forms for the CFD mesh generation. In general, CFD simulation and experiment are in reasonable agreement, as for each workpiece setup the measured temperature data is located between the simulation results from the two different tool geometries. Furthermore, numerical and experimental results both show a decrease of tool temperature in wet cutting conditions, however revealing a more significant cooling effect in a AISI 1045 workpiece setup. The results suggest that the placement of drilling holes has a major influence on the local tool temperature distribution, as the drilling hole equals a thermal resistance and hence leads to elevated temperatures at the tool front.
Gaussian Process Tensor Responses Emulation for Droplet Solidification in Freeze Nano 3D Printing of Energy Products
Authors: Segura Luis Javier , Zhao Guanglei , Sun Hongyue , Zhou Chi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Freeze nano 3D printing is a novel process that seamlessly integrates freeze casting and inkjet printing processes. It can fabricate flexible energy products with both macroscale and microscale features. These multi-scale features enable good mechanical and electrical properties with lightweight structures. However, the quality issues are among the biggest barriers that freeze nano printing, and other 3D printing processes, need to come through. In particular, the droplet solidification behavior is crucial for the product quality. The physical based heat transfer models are computationally inefficient for the online solidification time prediction during the printing process. In this paper, we integrate machine learning (i.e., tensor decomposition) methods and physical models to emulate the tensor responses of droplet solidification time from the physical based models. The tensor responses are factorized with joint tensor decomposition, and represented with low dimensional vectors. We then model these low dimensional vectors with Gaussian process models. We demonstrate the proposed framework for emulating the physical models of freeze nano 3D printing, which can help the future real-time process optimization.
Microstructure Evolution During Solid-State Selective Laser Sintering of Metallic Materials: A Phase-Field Simulation
Authors: Zhang Xing , Liao Yiliang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) is a rapid prototyping technique that utilizes a high-energy laser beam to bind powder particles together for solid part fabrication. Due to the presence of several factors, microstructure-based material modeling can be of significant importance for optimizing processing parameters. To date, most researchers have put their efforts on simulating the microstructure of SLM-processed component, while few attentions have been paid to investigate the evolving of microstructure during SLS. In this work, a phase-field model is proposed to simulate the microstructure evolution during the solid-state SLS process. The microstructure evolution as affected by the laser power and scanning velocity are studied. It is found that the width of sintering neck increases with the increase of laser power and the decrease of laser scanning velocity. The modeling predictions are compared with the experimental data regarding the neck width between adjacent particles. In addition, it is demonstrated that this model is capable of carrying out large-scale simulations.
Tool Wear of Superhard Ceramic Coated Tools in Drilling of CFRP/Ti Stacks
Authors: Nguyen Dinh , Voznyuk Vadim , Bin Abdullah Mohammad Sayem , Kim Dave , Kwon Patrick Y. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of several superhard ceramic coatings on carbide drills when drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) composite/Ti-6Al-4V alloy (titanium or Ti) stacks. The drilling experiments of CFRP/Ti stack are conducted with diamond-like coating (DLC) coated, alternating layers of the nanocomposite of AlCrN & Si3N4 and TiN or (AlCrSi/Ti)N coated, and uncoated tungsten carbide drills. Tool wear evolution of each drill is measured qualitatively as well as quantitatively using the scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopes (CLSM) by interrupting after making certain numbers of hole. Based on our drilling experiments, the performance of each coating when drilling CFRP/Ti stack are discussed. Among these coated and uncoated drills, uncoated and DLC coated drills failed before making 5 holes while (AlCrSi/Ti)N coated drills performed the best making more than 80 holes. The DLC coating, despite of high hardness of DLC coating, does not provide any significant protection especially when drilling Ti layer.
A Novel Laser Shock Surface Patterning Process Toward Tribological Applications
Authors: Mao Bo , Siddaiah Arpith , Menezes Pradeep L. , Liao Yiliang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We report a novel laser-based surface processing process, laser shock surface patterning (LSSP) integrating both surface strengthening and patterning effects might lead to broader impacts in tribology research and applications. This process utilizes the laser-induced shockwave loadings to introduce the surface strengthening and patterning effects simultaneously, leading to the fabrication of arrays of micro-indentations or protrusions for the enhanced wear resistance and manipulated friction values. Two process designs, direct-LSSP and indirect-LSSP were proposed and carried out on AZ31B Mg alloys and AISI 1045 steels, respectively. The 3D surface profiles of the samples after LSSP were characterized. The hardness of surface patterns prepared by laser processing was measured. The friction values as affected by laser processing parameters were measured by sliding tests. The relationships among laser processing parameters, micro-feature characteristics, and COF were discussed.
Pressurization and Annealing Effect Analysis Through Hole Expansion
Authors: Nikhare Chetan P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Due to continuous push towards environmental regulations to reduce the impact on the environment by reducing the fuel consumption, and concerns on limited resources, the more sustainable manufacturing is in demand. More abundance material like iron-carbon based alloy are higher strength and easily formable but ways are research to reduce the weight of created part by reducing the thickness due to density issue. Some low dense material is the alternatives but they miss the easy to deform spot. The present study is focused on how to make the material more deformable in the process by evaluating the parameters in deformation through the hole expansion process. For this study, four tests were chosen hemispherical dome test, cylindrical tool test, conical tool test, and biaxial test. In all tests, only the biaxial test machine does not use the rigid tool to deform the hole while all other test used the rigid tool punch to deform the hole. Cruciform specimen dimension was used to make the sample, which fits in all of the considered tests. A hole was created at the center of the specimen which will be expanded in all tests. In all tests the deformation mechanics and hole expansion was studied. Force-displacement curves were plotted and discussed. In addition, tests were also performed on annealed material to understand the hole expansion in ductile material. Based on the results it was observed that biaxial tests do not provide any pressurization effect and all test which includes the rigid tool to deform the hole does. Due to the pressurization effect, the hole was expanded more. It was also noted that the hole expansion was more in ductile material and pressurization effect increases with ductile material.
Some Observations on How Mechanochemical Effect Determines Deformation Mode and Chip Morphology in Cutting of Metals
Authors: Sugihara Tatsuya , Saei Mojib , Viswanathan Koushik , Udupa Anirudh 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We analyze unsteady plastic flow modes in cutting of metals using high-speed imaging of the deformation zone, in situ. For metals which exhibit high levels of strain hardening, the commonly assumed steady (smooth) flow is inherently unstable. Instead, the cutting is characterized by unsteady sinuous flow, with large-amplitude folding, that is triggered by a plastic buckling instability linked to the material microstructure. A mechanochemical effect caused by Al-Alcohol chemical reaction on workpiece surface, which is coupled to the unsteady flow mode, is highlighted. Experimental results reinforce the hypothesis pertaining to flow stability governing the deformation mode and chip type.
Preliminary Results on Finishing of WC-Co Coating by Magnetorheological Finishing Process
Authors: Ghosh Gourhari , Sidpara Ajay , Bandyopadhyay P. P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Thermal spray coating has the ability to enhance the lifetime of engineering components by reinforcing the surface properties. The surface roughness of the as-sprayed coatings needs to be suitably finished for its end use. The nanofinished WC-Co coatings are widely used in aerospace and automobile industries. In this present investigation, surface grinding followed by the magnetorheological finishing (MRF) processes is employed for finishing of WC-Co coating. Boron carbide (B4C) powder is used as the abrasive particles in the MRF process. MRF spot finishing technique is performed on the ground coating. The plastically deformed layer from the ground surface is removed completely by the gentle mechanical abrasion of MR fluid ribbon. The surface roughness and volume of material removed are measured over the finishing time. It is perceived that the surface roughness of the finishing spot is increased after a threshold machining time. This is attributed to the aging of MR fluid and the mechanical abrasion of wear debris. The experiment is also performed with the assistance of Murakami’s reagent to perform etching and finishing, simultaneously. A comparatively higher finishing rate is observed in this case.
Data Decomposition for Analytics of Engineering Systems: Literature Review, Methodology Formulation, and Future Trends
Authors: Yue Xiaowei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Data decomposition is an important step for high-dimensional data analytics of complex engineering systems, but it is less emphasized in our current data analytics domain. This paper summarizes the key techniques for data decomposition, and separates them into two categories. One is deterministic decomposition, and the other is stochastic decomposition. The deterministic decomposition captures geometric or algebraic shape from the high-dimensional datasets directly, which is efficient for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction; while the stochastic decomposition provides probabilistic descriptions, and corresponding statistical distributions are estimated from the datasets. A novel methodology framework of data decomposition is proposed to formulate the existing approaches. Based on this methodology framework, some future research opportunities for new methodology development are discussed for data analytics of engineering systems.
A New Concept of Electrosurgical Tissue Joining Process Using Sequential Compression for Minimal Thermal Damage
Authors: Yang Che-Hao , Amer Maher , Li Wei , Chen Roland K. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Minimally invasive surgery is a popular surgical method which allows surgeons to be able to employ small incisions to perform surgical procedures. Electrosurgical tissue joining is one method used in minimally invasive surgery to achieve hemostasis. The two major issues need to be concerned are the quality of the tissue joint and the potential thermal damage to the surrounding tissues. In this study, a new sequential compression concept was introduced. This concept uses a pair of smaller electrodes to sequentially compress and join multiple locations across the tissue to form a joint. Due to the smaller area of the electrode surface, a higher compression level can be achieved with a smaller compressive force. In this study, different joining times including 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1 seconds with a 98% compression ratio were used to join porcine arterial tissue. In each test, three locations were sequentially compressed and joined. The resulting tensile strength, specific strength, energy consumption, and thermal dose from the sequential compression method were compared with those resulting from the nonsequential single compression method. For the 1.9-second joining time, the specific strength is 2.5 times higher than the highest specific strength achieved by the single joining method, meaning that only 40% of energy is needed to achieve an equivalent joint strength. A finite element model was built to estimate the temperature and thermal dose during the sequential joining process and also confirmed that the resulting thermal dose is much lower than the single joining method. The results validated that the sequential compression concept has the potential to minimize the thermal damage during the tissue joining process.
Mechanical and Bond Behavior of an Advanced Quranic Metal-Matrix Composite Material (QMMC)
Authors: Mousa S. , Atta M. , Abd-Elhady A. A. , Abu-Sinna Ahmed , Bafakeeh O. , Sallam H. E. M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The holy Quran, from more than 1400 years, told us that Zul-karnain had made a metallic composite material between iron and copper [1,2] as follows:
“Bring me sheets of iron” — until, when he had leveled [them] between the two mountain walls, he said, “Blow [with bellows],” until when he had made it [like] fire, he said, “Bring me, that I may pour over it molten copper * So Gog and Magog were unable to pass over it, nor were they able [to effect] in it any penetration.”: Translation of verses 96 and 97 in Surah Al-Kahf (18), The holy Quran [3].
According to the above story, the matrix is copper, while reinforcement is iron of this metal matrix composite. The present paper is going to investigate the Metal-Matrix Composite Material (MMC) suggested by Zul-karnain at different manufacturing conditions by using the experimental method. The effect of reinforcement temperature on the integrity of such MMC is one of the main goals of the present work. The mechanical behavior of the present QMMC is also examined in the present research as preliminary study. Furthermore, the finite element method is used to predicate the debonding force of MMC based on Virtual-Crack-Closing-Technique (VCCT).
Image-Guided Variant Geometry Analysis of Layerwise Build Quality in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Imani Farhad , Chen Ruimin , Diewald Evan , Reutzel Edward , Yang Hui 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a new paradigm in design-driven build of customized products. Nonetheless, mass customization and low volume production make the AM quality assurance extremely challenging. Advanced imaging provides an unprecedented opportunity to increase information visibility, cope with the product complexity, and enable on-the-fly quality control in AM. However, in-situ images of a customized AM build show a high level of layer-to-layer geometry variation, which hampers the use of powerful image-based learning methods such as deep neural networks (DNNs) for flaw detection. Few, if any, previous works investigated how to tackle the impact of AM customization on image-guided process monitoring and control. The proposed research is aimed at filling this gap by developing a novel real-time and multi-scale process monitoring methodology for quality control of customized AM builds. Specifically, we leverage the computer-aided design (CAD) file to perform shape-to-image registration and delineate the regions of interests in lay-erwise images. Next, a hierarchical dyadic partitioning methodology is developed to split layer-to-layer regions of interest into subregions with the same number of pixels to provide freeform geometry analysis. Then, we propose a semiparametric model to characterize the complex spatial patterns in each customized subregion and boost the computational speed. Finally, a DNN model is designed to learn and detect fine-grained information of flaws. Experimental results show that the proposed process monitoring and control methodology detects flaws in each layer with an accuracy of 92.50±1.03%. This provides an opportunity to reduce inter-layer variation in AM prior to completion of the build. The proposed methodology can also be generally applicable in a variety of engineering and medical domains that entail image-based process monitoring and control with customized designs.
Novel Honeycomb Infill Fabrication Pattern for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Ahsan AMM Nazmul , Ihrke Triston , Khoda Bashir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In additive manufacturing (AM), porous structures are often used as infills to reduce the build time and cost. However, providing physical stability to the skin and mechanical integrity to the object is a functional requirement for any infill pattern. Prismatic closed cells, i.e. honeycomb structure, are often used as infill in AM parts. These cells are periodic in nature and uniform in density. In this research, a new fabrication pattern for honeycomb infill is proposed for additive manufacturing applications. The proposed pattern can accommodate controllable variational honeycomb infill while maintaining continuity with relative ease. First, the honeycomb unit cell geometry is defined for uniform and non-uniform voxel size. A continuous tool-path is then designed to achieve the honeycomb structure. Finally, the structures are fabricated with the variational and uniform pattern and are then compared to the traditional pattern using compression testing. The results show that the proposed designs perform better under compression load and can absorb more energy compared to the traditional counterpart.
Effect of Process Parameters on Cellulose Fiber Alignment in Bio-Printing
Authors: Habib Md. Ahasan , Khoda Bashir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) bio-printing or direct writing technique has become a popular tool in tissue engineering applications that uses a computer-controlled process to deposit bio-ink for reproducing 3D tissue. Among multiple bio-printing modal, extrusion-based printing is capable of depositing diverse range of hydrogel materials and their compositions as bio-ink. Both acellular bio-ink and cell-laden bio-ink can be extruded by controlling the writing parameters to achieve high (&gt;80%) cell survivability and density along with spatial precision and accuracy in 3D space. To increase cell viability and improve mechanical properties, nano-materials are often added in the bio-ink. However, the interplay between 3D bio-printing process parameters, solid fiber content and deposited fiber orientation has not been investigated yet. A novel cellulose based nano-fiber filled bio-ink (i.e. TEMPO nano fibrillated cellulose fiber) is developed and used in this research. The distribution of fiber is explored with respect to the 3D bio-printing process parameters such as nozzle diameter, applied pressure, fiber content and, alginate content. We found, fiber alignments has a very strong correlation with the deposition direction and about 70% fiber falls within 20 degree of the deposition direction.