bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preemergent Bittercress Control in Creeping Phlox (Phlox subulata)
Authors: Briggs Jeanne , Whitwell Ted 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preemergent herbicides that effectively control hairy bittercress are not labeled for use on creeping phlox. Studies were conducted to determine preemergent herbicide injury to creeping phlox varieties ‘Crimson Beauty’, ‘Emerald Blue’ and ‘Fort Hill’, and optimal herbicide rates for bittercress control. Barricade (prodiamine) applied at 0.55 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) and Surflan (oryzalin) applied at 1.1 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) severely injured creeping phlox. Injury was less severe from applications of Dimension (dithiopyr) at 0.83 kg ai/ha (0.75 lb ai/A), Gallery (isoxaben) at 0.55 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A), Image (imazaquin) at 0.55 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A), and Treflan (trifluralin) at 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A). Minimal to no injury was found with Pennant (metolachlor) at 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A) and Snapshot TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) at 2.8 kg ai/ha (2.5 lb ai/A). Two applications of Gallery at 0.28, 0.55 and 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A), Pennant at 1.2, 2.2 and 4.4 kg ai/ha (1,2 and 4 lb ai/A), RegalKade (prodiamine) at 0.28, 0.55 and 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A), and Snapshot TG at 1.4, 2.8 and 5.5 kg ai/ha (1.3, 2.5 and 5.0 lb ai/A) did not affect growth of phlox varieties at 27 weeks after treatment (WAT). However, visual injury to varieties ‘Crimson Beauty’ and ‘Fort Hill’ was detected at a greater frequency than injury to ‘Emerald Blue’. Gallery and Snapshot TG applied at 0.28, 0.55 and 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A) and 1.4, 2.8 and 5.5 kg ai/ha (1.3, 2.5 and 5.0 lb ai/A), respectively, and RegalKade applied at 1.1 kg ai/ha (1 lb ai/A) provided excellent bittercress and yellow woodsorrel control at 8 and 12 WAT. Pennant did not control either weed species at the high rate. In a greenhouse study, Gallery applied at 0.14 kg ai/ha (0.13 lb ai/A) effectively controlled bittercress through 8 WAT, but Snapshot applied at the same rate of isoxaben did not control bittercress. Results indicate that Snapshot TG may be safely applied to creeping phlox at rates of 1.38 to 2.75 kg ai/ha (1.25-2.5 lb ai/A) for preemergent bittercress control. Gallery may also be used safely and effectively at rates of 0.14 to 0.28 kg ai/ha (0.13 to 0.25 lb ai/A).
Effect of Pericarp Removal, Gibberellic Acid Treatment, and Stratification on Seed Germination of Abelia ×grandiflora
Authors: Scheiber S.M. , Robacker Carol D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seed germination within Abelia R. Br. spp. has been described as slow and inconsistent. An experiment was conducted with seeds of Abelia ×grandiflom (André) Rehd. (glossy abelia) to test procedures to increase germination percentage, uniformity and rate. The effect of pericarp removal was examined on seeds with no additional treatment, and on seeds that were stratified (moist-prechilled) for 60 days at 4C (39F) or immersed in 100 mg/liter gibberellic acid for 24 hr. Treatments were replicated five times with 15 seeds per replication. Seeds were sown on sphagnum peat, and germinated under mist in a greenhouse. Weekly germination counts were recorded for 8 weeks. Seeds with intact pericarps germinated at a significantly higher percentage than those without pericarps. Stratified seeds germinated in fewer days than the other treatments. The combination of stratified seeds with intact pericarps gave the best overall response, with final germination of 62% and a reduction in germination time to 14 days (to reach 90% final germination) as compared to 35 days for untreated seeds.
Identification of Itea virginica Cultivars by Using RAPD-PCR
Authors: Lindstrom Jon T. , Pelto Matthew C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Itea virginica L., Virginia sweetspire, is a flowering shrub native to the eastern United States. It has become popular recently due to its multiple seasons of interest, ease of propagation, and relative lack of significant insect or disease problems. Several cultivars of I. virginica varying in fall color, growth habit, and inflorescence length are now commonly seen in the landscape. These cultivars can be difficult to distinguish morphologically and can be confused in the trade. We used randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to reliably identify four of six commonly grown cultivars: ‘Sarah Eve’, ‘Saturnalia’, ‘Henry's Garnet’, and ‘Longspire’. The technique was also useful for identifying unknown or apparently mis-labeled cultivars. However, RAPD markers were not sensitive enough to separate the well-known I. virginica cultivars ‘Sprinch’ (Little Henry™) and ‘Merlot’.
Propagation of Castanopsis sclerophylla by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Conden Peter J. , Blazich Frank A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to develop a protocol for propagation of Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Schottky by stem cuttings. In the first experiment completed in 2000, stem cuttings were taken on three dates representing three growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, or hardwood). Semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings were treated with 0, 2500 (0.25%), 5000 (0.5%), 7500 (0.75%), or 10,000 (1.0%) ppm of the free acid of indolebutyric acid (IBA) dissolved in 50% isopropyl alcohol, whereas softwood cuttings were treated with the same concentrations of the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA) dissolved in distilled water. Cuttings were placed in a raised greenhouse bench and rooted under intermittent mist. Cuttings taken at the semi-hardwood and hardwood stages began to drop their leaves after approximately 2 weeks and the majority eventually died, with negligible rooting of surviving cuttings. The response of the softwood cuttings to K-IBA was quadratic with the greatest rooting (63%) at 7500 ppm K-IBA. Seventy softwood cuttings that rooted were potted for observance of overwinter survival. Of these, 90% produced a flush of growth during the summer, with 80% overwinter survival. In the second experiment conducted in 2001, semi-hardwood cuttings were taken and treated with 0, 2500 (0.25%), 5000 (0.5%), 7500 (0.75%), or 10,000 (1.0%) ppm K-IBA and placed in a raised greenhouse bench with intermittent mist for rooting as in the first experiment. Results were similar to the semi-hardwood cuttings treated in the first experiment with the free acid of IBA, indicating semi-hardwood cuttings do not root and that the auxin and/or isopropyl alcohol were not toxic to the cuttings.
Tolerance of Native Wildflower Seedlings to Imazapic
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G , Aldrich James H. , Martin Frank G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plateau (imazapic) at 0.0175 kg ai/ha (0.0156 lb ai/A) to 0.14 kg ai/ha (0.125 lb ai/A) was applied the day after seed of annual phlox (Phlox drummondii), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), blanketflower (Gaillardia pulchella), lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata), scarlet sage (Salvia coccinea), standing cypress (Ipomopsis rubra), and sundial lupine (Lupinus perennis), were sown on a commercial potting medium or a sandy field soil in plastic pots. All seed were from one commercial source, with additional seed of black-eyed susan, lanceleaf coreopsis, and blanketflower from a second source (Florida ecotype). At 28 days after treatment, slight stand thinning was observed on scarlet sage, blanketflower, and black-eyed susan but the major effect of Plateau was stunting on all species. Annual phlox was the most tolerant of Plateau, with only occasional slight stunting and no stand thinning even at the highest rate. Lanceleaf coreopsis and sundial lupine were slightly less tolerant, with scarlet sage, blanketflower, and black-eyed susan being the most susceptible. Planting medium frequently affected Plateau activity, with stunting usually greater in the commercial medium than in a sandy field soil. For the species in which there were two seed sources, seed source affected tolerance of black-eyed susan and lanceleaf coreopsis. The Florida ecotype of lanceleaf coreopsis was more sensitive to Plateau than the commercial source. For black-eyed susan, sensitivity to Plateau depended on the medium in which seedlings were growing. Results for blanketflower were inconclusive.
Fertilization Methods Affect Growth, Color and Nitrogen Leaching of Winter Annuals in Landscape Beds
Authors: Altland James E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Edwards James H. , Keever Gary J. , Fare Donna C. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate fertilizer formulations, methods of application, and frequency of application on growth of winter-grown landscape bedding plants and N leaching. In Expt. 1, ‘Majestic Giants White’ pansy (Viola xwittrockiana Gams.) and ‘Telstar Purple’ dianthus (Dianthus chinensis L.) were planted in raised beds. Four inorganic fertilizer formulations were applied at 4.9 g/m2 N (1 lb N/1000 ft2) either incorporated pre-plant or topdressed post-plant. Additional treatments included an industry practice (IP) of incorporating a granular water soluble (GWS) fertilizer pre-plant and topdressing a controlled release fertilizer (CRF) post-plant, and a pre-plant incorporation of an organically-based fertilizer (OBF) composed of recycled newspaper amended with chicken manure. In Expt. 2, similar treatments were applied to the following species: ‘Bingo Blue with Blotch’ pansy, ‘Telstar Crimson Picotee’ dianthus, and ‘Tall Red’ snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.). Across both studies, CRFs generally improved foliar color and plant size compared to GWS fertilizers, while reducing total-N in soil-water in some instances. The IP treatment provided superior foliar color and larger plants compared to other inorganically fertilized plants, while causing no more or less total-N in soil-water leaching below plant roots. Response to the OBF differed among the two experiments. The OBF resulted in adequate foliar color and plant size and reduced total-N recovered from soil-water in Expt. 1. However, it generally provided superior foliar color and size compared to all other treatments in Expt. 2, but also caused elevated levels of total-N in soil-water.
Foliar Application of Auxin for Rooting Stem Cuttings of Selected Ornamental Crops
Authors: Blythe Eugene K. , Sibley Jeff L. , Tilt Ken M. , Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Research was conducted to determine whether a foliar spray application of the commercial root-promoting formulation Dip 'N Grow® [10,000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 5,000 ppm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid] or the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA) would be as effective as a basal quick-dip for rooting stem cuttings of selected ornamentals. Cuttings of Chrysanthemum pacficum sprayed with Dip 'N Grow® at 50 + 25 ppm IBA + NAA or K-IBA at 0 to 50 ppm showed generally similar root development measures compared to a basal quick-dip; an exception was 10 ppm K-IBA which produced greater total root length. Cuttings of Forsythia x intermedia ‘Lynwood Gold’ typically did not differ in root development under the two application methods, but cuttings sprayed with Dip 'N Grow® at 0 + 0 to 10 + 5 ppm IBA + NAA exhibited greater shoot growth 80 days after sticking (insertion into the rooting substrate) than cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip. Root and shoot development measures were similar or lower for cuttings of Abelia x grandiflora, Hydrangea paniculata, and Lagerstroemia (indica x fauriei) ‘Natchez’ sprayed with auxin compared to a basal quick-dip.
Propagation of Lindera umbellata by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Conden Peter J. , Blazich Frank A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Lindera umbellata Thunb. (Chinese spicebush) were taken on three dates representing three growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, or hardwood). Semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings were treated with 0, 2500 (0.25%), 5000 (0.5%), 7500 (0.75%), or 10,000 (1.0%) ppm of the free acid of indolebutyric acid (IBA) dissolved in 50% isopropyl alcohol, whereas softwood cuttings were treated with the same concentrations of the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA) dissolved in distilled water. All cuttings were placed in a raised greenhouse bench and rooted under intermittent mist. After 12 weeks, the cuttings were harvested and various data recorded. The majority of the hardwood cuttings died, with none of the survivors rooting. Softwood cuttings survived but with overall rooting of only 5%. Response of the semi-hardwood cuttings to IBA was quadratic with the greatest rooting (73%) observed for those cuttings treated with 7500 ppm IBA. However, root number and root length were not significantly affected by IBA treatment. Sixty of the rooted semi-hardwood cuttings were potted and later provided with overwinter protection in an unheated greenhouse but only three of these cuttings were alive by the following summer.
Fertilizer Requirements for Container-grown Buxus spp.
Authors: Musselwhite Sheri , Harris Roger , Wright Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional requirements for container-grown boxwood and to determine if summer dormancy of boxwood can be removed via nutrition. Buxus sempervirens L. ‘Suffruticosa’, B. sempervirens L. ‘Vardar Valley’, and B. sinica var. insularis Nakai ‘Justin Brouwers’ were used for these studies. Various levels of Osmocote 15N–3.9P–9.8K (15N–9P2O5–12K2O) and a 10N–1.7P–4.9K (10–4–6) liquid fertilizer were applied to boxwood in a pine-bark substrate. Maximum shoot dry weight (OSDW) was achieved at 12 to 16 g (.42 to.56 oz) Osmocote per 3 liter (#1) container and 100 to125 ppm N from the liquid fertilizer. Leachate EC corresponding to OSDW ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 dS/m and 0.7 to 1.5 dS/m for Osmocote and the liquid fertilizer, respectively. Leaf tissue N levels corresponding to OSDW weight ranged from 3.1 to 4.3% for Osmocote and 5.0 to 5.5% for the liquid fertilizer. While the fertilizer requirements for boxwood OSDW were determined, additional growth flushes did not occur.
Dose and Concentration Responses of Common Nursery Weeds to Gallery, Surflan and Treflan
Authors: Judge Caren A. , Neal Joseph C. , Weber Jerome B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preemergence herbicides are applied as often as every eight to ten weeks in container nursery crop production in the southeastern United States. However, weeds often emerge before reapplication. Experiments were conducted to assess the minimum surface-applied doses and the in vitro concentrations of preemergence herbicides required to control susceptible weed species. Greenhouse and outdoor container experiments were conducted to determine surface-applied Treflan (trifluralin) doses required to control large crabgrass and perennial ryegrass. In the greenhouse, 0.8 to 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.7 to 1.0 lb ai/A) was necessary for 6 weeks control. Outdoors, 1.5 to 1.9 kg ai/ha (1.3 to 1.7 lb ai/A) was needed for control 3 weeks after treatment (WAT). However, 6 WAT, 2.6 to 3.4 kg ai/ha (2.3 to 3.0 lb ai/A) was required. Petri dish experiments were conducted to determine the aqueous concentrations of Gallery (isoxaben), Surflan (oryzalin), and Treflan required to control common nursery weeds including eclipta, hairy bittercress, large crabgrass and spotted spurge. The concentration required for 80% shoot inhibition (I80) ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 μg ai/mL for Gallery, 1.2 to 9.8 μg ai/mL for Surflan and 1.1 to 73.8 μg ai/mL for Treflan. The relative response of weeds to aqueous concentrations was consistent with reports from outdoor container efficacy trials.
Strategic Vision of Container Nursery Irrigation in the Next Ten Years
Authors: Beeson R.C. , Arnold M.A. , Bilderback T.E. , Bolusky B. , Chandler S. , Gramling H.M. , Lea-Cox J.D. , Harris J.R. , Klinger P.J. , Mathers H.M. , Ruter J.M. , Yeager T.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Visions of the future for container nursery irrigation were collected from twelve nursery irrigation scientists, growers and nursery organization leaders. The amount of water available for nursery irrigation unanimously is forecasted to decline over the next decade. Along with declining availability, the cost of water for irrigation is predicted to increase substantially for most nurseries. Limited availability, higher direct cost, and irrigation runoff issues are projected to compel the container nursery industry to adopt procedures and technology that will increase irrigation water use efficiency. Evidence in support of these prognoses, current solutions and suggested options are discussed.
Impact of Application Rate and Interval on the Control of Powdery Mildew and Cercospora Leaf Spot on Bigleaf Hydrangea with Azoxystrobin
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Olive J. W. , Stephenson J. , Rivas-Davila M. E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Efficacy of azoxystrobin (Heritage 50W™) was assessed over a range of application rates and intervals for the control of powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora hydrangea) on bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) ‘Nikko Blue’. Rooted hydrangea cuttings were transplanted in a pine bark/peat mixture. In 1998 and 1999, azoxystrobin at 0.16 g ai/liter and 0.32 g ai/liter, as well as 0.24 g ai/liter myclobutanil (Eagle 40W™) and 0.84 g ai/liter thiophanate methyl (3336 4.5F™), greatly reduced the incidence of powdery mildew compared with the untreated control where 75% of the leaves of were infected by the causal fungus. When applied at 1-, 2-, and 3-week intervals, both rates of azoxystrobin were equally effective in both years in preventing the development of powdery mildew on bigleaf hydrangea. In 1998, all fungicides except for thiophanate methyl protected bigleaf hydrangea from Cercospora leaf spot. In the last two trials, the incidence of powdery mildew increased significantly as the application rate for azoxystrobin decreased from 0.16 to 0.04 g ai/liter and the application interval was lengthened from 1 to 3 weeks. In general, all rates of azoxystrobin applied on a 3-week schedule failed to provide the level of powdery mildew control needed to produce quality bigleaf hydrangea for the florist and landscape market. When applied at 2-week intervals, myclobutanil was equally or more effective in controlling powdery mildew than any rate of azoxystrobin applied on the same schedule. When compared to the untreated controls, significant reductions in the incidence of powdery mildew on bigleaf hydrangea were obtained with weekly applications of paraffinic oil. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were associated with the use of any of the fungicides screened.
Clonal Propagation of Quercus Spp. Using a Container Layering Technique
Authors: Amissah J. Naalamle , Bassuk Nina L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Clonal propagation of two oak species, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. and Quercus bicolor Willd. was accomplished using a modified container layering technique. The effects of gibberellin (GA4+7) application on stock plant budbreak, as well as the effect of shoot position, stock plant age, and the role of indole butyric acid (IBA) solvents on rooting were investigated. Five hundred parts per million of GA4+7 applied once every fourth day increased budbreak in both Q. macrocarpa and Q. bicolor stock plants. Basal shoots of Q. bicolor from ontogenetically juvenile portions of the stock plant stem rooted 35.7% compared with 1.8% for shoots arising in more distal parts of the stock plant stem. In addition, stock plant age (2-6 years) had no effect on rooting. The effect of the various IBA solvents on rooting in Q. bicolor was 84.3% (98% ethanol), 81.3% (50% acetone), 100% (100% acetone), 28.6% (5% dimethyl sulphoxide-DMSO) and 65% in 10% DMSO respectively; all shoots in this experiment were treated with 10,000 ppm IBA in the respective solvents. IBA dissolved in DMSO treatments resulted in severe apical browning of shoots.
Fertilizer Placement and Herbicide Rate Affect Weed Control and Crop Growth in Containers
Authors: Altland James E. , Fain Glenn B. , Arx Kathy Von 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted in Oregon and Mississippi to evaluate the effect of fertilizer placement and rate of herbicide application on weed control and crop growth. In Expt. 1, Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10.0K (18–6–12) controlled release fertilizer (CRF) was applied at 12 g (0.4 oz) per container (#1) either topdressed, incorporated, or dibbled (placed under the liner prior to potting); and OH2 (pendimethalin + oxyfluorfen) was applied at 0, 28, 56, or 112 kg/ha (0, 25, 50, or 100 lbs/A). Containers were overseeded with common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris). In Expt. 2, Osmocote 17N–3.0P–10.1K (17–7–12) CRF was applied at 18 g (0.6 oz) per container using the same placement methods as Expt. 1; and Rout (oryzalin + oxyfluorfen) was applied at 0, 28, 56, or 112 kg/ha (0, 25, 50, or 100 lbs/A). A hand-weeded check was also included, and containers were overseeded with prostrate spurge (Chamaesyce prostrata). In Expt. 3, containers were fertilized with either 12 g (0.4 oz) of Apex 20N–4.3P–8.4K (20–10–10) CRF or 14 g (0.5 oz) of Apex 17N–2.2P–9.2K (17–5–11) CRF using similar fertilizer placement methods; and Snapshot 2.5TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) was applied at 0, 84, or 168 kg/ha (0, 75, or 150 lb/A). Containers were overseeded with creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata). Weed control improved with increasing herbicide rate. Across the three experiments, dibbling CRFs with no herbicide resulted in 85 to 97% weed control, while topdressing resulted in 19 to 85% and incorporating resulted in 55 to 88% control. With herbicides, dibbling fertilizer resulted in 89 to 99% weed control while topdressing resulted in 82 to 90% and incorporating 81 to 98%. Dibbling fertilizer resulted in greater shoot growth (growth index) of azalea (Rhododendron ‘Stewartsonian’), holly (Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’), lavender (Lavandula × intermedia ‘Grosso’), and wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei ‘Emerald Gaiety’). In Expt. 3, incorporating CRFs resulted in higher root ratings than dibbling in lavender and euonymus. Though measurable differences in root and shoot growth were observed in all experiments, differences were economically unimportant.
Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.
Authors: Hanson Anne-Marie , Roger Harris J. , Wright Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Olympic Wedding’. In experiment one, 7.6 liter (2 gal) and 19 liter (5 gal) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, VA, USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early fall 2000 and in late spring 2001. Plants in 19 liter (5 gal) containers had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6 liter (2 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19 liter (5 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. Plants grown in 7.6 liter (2 gal) containers had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In the second experiment, 19 liter (5 gal) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early fall 2000 and late spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.