bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cold CO2 and Steam Injection for Heavy Oil Recovery
Authors: Hamdi Zakaria , Foo Farren Kaylyn 
Published: January 2020

Steam-Assisted Gravity-Drainage (SAGD) is one of the most effective ways of recovering heavy oil. Injection of cold solvent into the SAGD formation is an enhancement to SAGD recovery technology to reduce the energy consumption and heat loss. SAGD process is a high energy-intensive process where it requires a high amount of steam to mobilize and recover the heavy oil. Besides, generation of steam requires the combustion of natural gas which adversely impacts the economics of SAGD, especially when the price for natural gas is high. Furthermore, large amounts of injected steam are retained in the reservoir where it reduces the thermal efficiency of the process. Therefore, this research aims to develop better recovery process with lower energy and emission intensities.
In this study, a thermal compositional simulation was carried out using a commercial simulator to examine the performance of cold solvent in assisting heavy oil recovery. In this process, the cold solvent is injected into a mature heavy oil field where it has been recovering using SAGD process. The solvent will then utilize the energy retained in the reservoir to vaporize and spread within the steam chamber. The low temperature of the solvent will cool down the temperature of steam chamber where it enhances the solubility of solvent in the oleic phase and accelerates recovery. Carbon dioxide is chosen as the solvent for this process as it is considered as a lower-cost alternative compared to hydrocarbons.
The simulation shows a secondary peak oil rate due to the cold solvent, followed by a steady increase in oil production rate. This is also aided by the viscosity reduction due to carbon dioxide solubility. Steam injection is ceased when a cold solvent is injected into the formation, hence significantly reducing the steam requirement in heavy oil recovery. Overall results show that the cold solvent process increases the oil recovery by 2%, reduces steam-oil-ratio, reduces total heat loss by 16% and reduces steam requirement by 24%. Hence, the advantageous results from the simulation prove that cold solvent is a profitable and energy-efficient recovery method in recovering mature SAGD formations.
Improving Recovery Through Gas Injection Optimization in Complex Mature Oil Reservoir Arab B and D in the Bahrain Field
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed , Khayami Abdulla 
Published: January 2020

This paper aims to demonstrate ways of improving oil recovery from a mature oil rim reservoir by managing both gas injection into the gas cap and water pump-off from a strong aquifer.
Arab reservoir consists of four members: Arab A, Arab B, Arab C, and Arab D. Arab A and Arab C are gas reservoirs, while Arab B and Arab D are oil reservoirs overlaid by gas caps and underlain by strong water aquifer, which makes their drive mechanisms a combination of solution gas, gas cap expansion, and water drive.
Arab oil production commenced in June 1938 and peaked at 5,800 BOPD in 1984. Gas injection into Arab D gas cap started with one well in February 1986 and increased to four gas injectors (3 in Arab D and 1 in Arab B) by September 2015.
Recent oil recovery has been negatively impacted by a combination of strong aquifer drive and a depleted gas cap, which resulted in the loss of significant oil to the gas cap, while water-cuts increased in most production wells. Gas injection management needed to address these problems were hampered by decreasing reservoir pressure in the Khuff reservoir, the main source of the injected gas.
A two-pronged gas injection optimization project was implemented to achieve the following objectives:
To reduce the strength of the aquifer drive, and consequently, more gas could be injected into the gas cap given the limited gas injection pressures available; and
To increase injected gas volumes to re-pressurize the gas cap in order to push the oil rim back down to the wellbore perforations and reduce water invasion in the oil zone.
The gas injection optimization project commenced in 2015 by using idle watered-out producers to pump-off the aquifer water while increasing gas injection rates from 15 to 25 MMscf/d into the gas cap. Most producing wells responded with falling water-cuts and increased oil production rates. After three years of the experiment, Arab oil production increased by 70-80%, reducing the overall production decline rate from 50% to 25%.
The project was successful, however, sustaining the higher gas injection rates in the future may be problematic as the wellhead pressure for the gas source wells (Khuff reservoir) has already fallen below the required Arab gas injection pressure. Nevertheless, the results of the project convinced the management to invest in future gas compression facilities to meet the long-term gas injection requirements, which in turn will improve the oil recovery of the Arab reservoir.
Applying Data Science Techniques to Improve Information Discovery in Oil And Gas Unstructured Data
Authors: Asfoor Hasan 
Published: January 2020

Unstructured data forms a large portion of data assets within the Oil and Gas industry. It comes in various forms such as documents, spreadsheets, maps, images, emails and reports. It is typically captured in different repositories and in varying standards. Finding information is challenging when metadata is not properly and consistently captured. In this work, we applied Data Science to enrich unstructured data files and improved information discovery.
Our approach extracts metadata from textual content in documents using Data Science and Natural Language Processing (NLP). First, raw text is extracted from textual files and scanned images. Second, a number of NLP steps are applied to clean textual noise, compute phrase significance measures, and identify textual patterns. Third, key Oil and Gas business-related metadata is extracted. This includes searching for fields, wells, dates, formations, reservoirs, organizations, people, and determining the proper business category of the data asset. The last step integrates this practice into the enterprise information management process.
We applied our approach to a dataset of unstructured files stored in a file system containing no metadata. It resulted in extracting key information by analyzing the content of each file and determining the Upstream asset it belongs to, key dates within the file, and its business category. This helps in finding files even when there is no metadata entered manually. It also strengthens information management practices by generating key metadata automatically during file capture. The generated metadata is then indexed and used as search factors. This makes it easier and faster to fetch files for Upstream assets. In addition to information discovery, our approach broadens the horizon to utilize valuable extracted metadata in several other business scenarios. These scenarios include information security and governance, business reporting based on extracted metadata and validation of manually populated metadata.
Advances of Straddle Packer Microfrac Stress Measurements for Reservoir Development – The Pursuit of Subsurface Tectonic Strain Behavior
Authors: Franquet Javier 
Published: January 2020

The objective of this work is to highlight wireline straddle-packer microfrac testing is an underutilized technology today by the oil and gas industry despite these tests have evolved significantly in the last 10 years. This work also summaries the technological improvements and latest advances of microfrac service deployment in addition to share the future of in-situ reservoir stress monitoring from fiber-optic Distributive Strain Sensing (DSS).
Over 500 microfrac tests and more than 30 decades of stress testing data are compiled and analyzed from science and data-collection pilot wells drilled around the world. The number of pressure tests collected by the industry is estimated by Baker Hughes’ database and competitor’s market share to compare the substantial difference between the number of reservoir pressure points and microfrac stress test collected every year for the last decade. Machine learning algorithms predict tectonic strain values to match microfrac formation breakdown and fracture closure using basic rock elastic properties to calculate the static stiffness of the formations where the stress tests are obtained.
The microfrac success rate has increased from 20% to 85% in the last decade thanks to upgraded straddle packer tool capabilities and improved operational practices. The formation breakdown pressure data consistently indicates higher level of uncertainty than reservoir pore pressure. However, the industry collects several orders of magnitude more pore pressure points than microfrac stress tests every year. Possibly, this is the consequence of using basic effective in-situ stress ratio models by geomechanics practitioners that requires few calibration points from leak-off tests or borehole breakout modelling. This practice could treat microfracs as a nice-to-have calibration data rather than an essential subsurface tectonic stress information. A significant increase in microfrac testing is observed during the US shale gas revolution in order to calibrate stress profile models where basic effective stress ratio models failed to predict a lithology-dependent stress contrast between pay and non-pay intervals. The data shows the importance of using microfrac tests to calibrate subsurface tectonic strain values and predict accurate hydraulic fracture containment.
The predicted tectonic strain data from microfrac testing shows values between 0.05 to 1.2 mStrain which can also be detected with current fiber optic technology using two centimeter grading and capable of detecting two micrometers of deformation. This new distributed strain sensing technology can be implemented to detect changes of stress and strain as the reservoir is developed by producer and injector wells. This technology may be the future of stress monitoring at the reservoir scale.
Stress-Sensitivity of Fractured Tight Reservoirs
Authors: Han Gang , Bartko Kirk 
Published: January 2020

It is observed that wells in unconventional reservoirs can experience sharp rate decline in the early stage of production, especially with aggressive drawdown. One key factor affecting rate decline is rock sensitivity to increasing compressive stress. Based on comprehensive rock tests of a fractured tight reservoir, this paper describes and quantifies the stress-dependence of compaction and permeability for anisotropic rock matrix, natural fractures, and hydraulic fractures.
A series of core tests were designed to test low-porosity low-permeability rocks with abundant natural laminations. The effect of drawdown was simulated with increases of effective confining and loading stresses. The tests included rock compaction, anisotropic permeabilities of laminated rock, permeabilities of both tensile (i.e. hydraulic) and shear (i.e. bedding slippage) fractures, and acoustic anisotropy.
The laboratory tests reveal that
Despite rock strength in excess of 10,000 psi, the tight rock samples tested in the laboratory showed significant compaction with increasing confining stresses. Acoustic monitoring, rock mechanical behavior, and permeability measurements confirmed that pore collapse occurs as low as a few 1000s psi of effective confining stress. High friction angle, low modulus of rock components (e. g. kerogen, clay, or carbonate minerals), and the presence of weak grains and unstable grain-to-grain contacts, contribute to the low compaction strength.
High values of permeability anisotropy in the rock matrix correlate with abundant laminations. The anisotropy largely vanished as the confining stress increased.
In samples with proppant-free hydraulic fractures, the fracture permeability was reduced 70% with a moderate increase in effective confining stress.
In comparison, natural fractures or shear fractures stimulated by hydraulic fracturing are more resistant to closure stresses from pressure drawdown. The effective stimulated volume will be proportional to the presence of these fractures.
These findings quantify the effectiveness and longevity of the stimulated reservoir volume as an important variable in unconventional reservoir development.
Robust Clay Stabilizer to Control Swelling in a Rich Swellable Clay Formation: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Abdullatif Abeer , Al-Hulail Ibrahim A. , Al-Mutawa Emam 
Published: January 2020

The Gulf of Suez includes good source rocks for hydrocarbon generation; the Sinai field-Abu Rudeis base is the most important and largest producing field in this area. This formation represents the most challenging case study with significant amount of clays that affect the hydrocarbon production. A clay stabilizer additive was introduced during a workover operation and was determined to provide promising results. These results include better fines migration and prevention of swelling and migration while leaving formation and fluid properties unchanged.
As with all clay stabilization products, a critical factor for treatment success is providing protection against clay swelling. Most gas wells in North Africa formations contain freshwater-sensitive clay minerals, including those found in shale streaks and pore throats. Complex clay minerals in these formations can create difficulties during drilling or workover operations. While the bottomhole assembly (BHA) is being replaced and flowback stopped, fresh water soaks into the formation for longer durations, resulting in longer contact with clay minerals. This can create a multitude of problems associated with clay swelling, including formation damage.
This paper describes a clay stabilization additive that adheres to the clay surface and provides clay swelling and fines migration control, reduced friction, and decreased hydrostatic pressure when exposed to a freshwater-based fluid system. The product was evaluated in the laboratory using various core samples from Field A. During this evaluation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), linear swell meter (LSM), and capillary suction time (CST) assessments were performed. The clay stabilizer showed excellent results. This additive use can help to increase the efficiency of downhole motors and drill bits as a result of low friction pressure. This new stabilizer does not require special equipment, like other salts; consequently, it reduces time required for mixing while pumping. In addition, the blend is mixed at a lower concentration, which helps to solve logistical challenges, making it more efficient at a lower cost than salts.
The clay stabilizer discussed provides permanent protection with no effect on original permeability. In addition, the low concentration of the clay stabilizer showed better performance in LSM and CST.
Rare case of giant pediatric cavernous angioma of the temporal lobe: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Hassani Fahd Derkaoui , Karekezi Claire , El Abbadi Najia 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Giant cavernous malformations of the central nervous system are quite rare. They are more common in children and may be misdiagnosed as other intracranial neoplasms. Here, we presented a very rare giant cavernous angioma mimicking a neoplastic temporal lobe lesion in an 18-month-old male.

Case Description:
An 18-month-old male presented with two initial seizures. Although the clinical examination was normal, the computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large left temporal mass (66 mm diameter) exerting significant mass effect and midline shift. The brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated a large left temporal heterogeneously enhancing lesion with significant perilesional edema and mass effect. The patient underwent gross total removal of the lesion that proved to be an intracranial cavernous angioma. Postoperatively, he did well, exhibiting no residual neurological deficit, and has remained lesion and seizure-free.

Conclusion:
This and 12 other cases in the literature focus on intracranial cavernous angiomas that could have been readily misdiagnosed as tumors. It confirms why obtaining appropriate preoperative MR and CT studies, followed by surgical intervention, is essential to confirm the correct underlying pathology and appropriately and optimally treat the patient.
Análisis epidemiológico de las infecciones urinarias en pacientes ambulatorios del Centro Médico Bautista
Authors: Ibarrola de Ávila Lisa , Talavera Lourdes , González María Marta , Ávila Fernando 
Published: January 2020

Las infecciones del tracto urinario son las infecciones más comunes en todo el mundo y se presentan en todos los grupos de población, se estima que entre el 40% y el 50% de las mujeres presentarán al menos una durante su vida, y de estas el 11% tendrá una infección al año, siendo la causa más frecuente de origen bacteriano (80%-90%). Constituyen una causa frecuente de consulta en atención primaria, afecta mayoritariamente a las mujeres, generalmente son monobacterianas ,sus agentes etiológicos incluyen : Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp y Staphylococcus spp, los cuales presentan prevalencias y perfiles de susceptibilidad antibiótica diferentes entre poblaciones por lo que es relevante contar con esta información para generar un perfil clínico-epidemiológico propio que permita la implementación de medidas terapéuticas correctas, así como la atención y control de la resistencia bacteriana, acordes con las particularidades de la población del lugar de estudio.
Violencia hacia mujeres con discapacidad, usuarias de un servicio de rehabilitación en el Año 2018
Authors: Ruffinelli Rosa , Domínguez Lilian , Houdin Celeste 
Published: January 2020

Investigar temas referidos a la discapacidad nos sitúa por un lado ante personas con deficiencias en la mayoría de los casos con limitación física, mental o sensorial y por barreras que la misma sociedad les impone, que presentan en su mayoría altos grados de exclusión social, poco acceso a empleo, educación, accesibilidad a sitios públicos, entre otras desventajas sociales. Esta investigación nace a partir de una necesidad, debido a que no se cuenta con información sobre esta problemática, invisibilizado en la sociedad. La discapacidad en las que se encuentran, las vuelve más vulnerables a sufrir violencia.
Marchas y contramarchas de los Institutos de Formación Docente de Paraguay (1970 – 2017)
Authors: Elias Rodolfo , Walder Gabriela , Bareiro Laura 
Published: January 2020

Este artículo analiza la formación docente en Paraguay de los Institutos de Formación Docente (IFD), responsables de la formación inicial de docentes en los últimos cincuenta años. Los cambios en la formación docente se dieron en tres periodos: 1970 a 1989 - reforma Innovaciones educacionales (creación IFD), 1989 - 2008, reforma de los noventa (expansión de los IFD); y entre 2008 y 2017, revisión de los modelos de formación docente y disminución de matrícula de IFD. Al inicio de los noventa aumentan los IFD, en especial los privados. En los 2000 disminuyen las plazas para nuevos docentes y el MEC suspende la apertura y habilitación de nuevos IFD. La situación actual es de dispersión institucional con énfasis en la evaluación como dispositivo de “aseguramiento de la calidad”. El futuro docente encuentra escaso apoyo para su formación inicial y debe enfrentar dispositivos evaluativos que ponen en riesgo su ingreso y su permanencia en la carrera docente.
A review on energy efficiency standards and labels: present status and implementation possibilities in malaysia
Authors: Mahlia, T.M.I. , Masjuki, H.H. , Choudhury I.A. , R. Saidur And R. Saidur 
Published: January 2020

This article is a review on energy efficiency standards and labels for household electrical appliances around the world. Through the review of other country experiences on energy efficiency standards and labels, we attempt to identify savings possibilities in Malaysian households. The implementation possibilities of standards and labels for various household electrical appliances in Malaysia are also examined. It is found that various household appliances in Malaysia offer some potential in reducing electricity consumption. Finally, it is concluded that there are many advantages for Malaysia to implement the standards and labels for household electrical appliances as soon as possible in order to reduce electricity bills and energy consumption in Malaysian households.
Accessorizing (with) “Gypsyness” in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Moscaliuc Mihaela 
Published: January 2020

Prefaced with a brief discussion of representation and cultural appropriation, this article examines how the fashion industry recycles and revamps hackneyed tropes that cast Roma into narratives of wanderlust, mystique, and transgression. Such tropes perpetuate epistemic injustice, compromise understandings ofRoma and their culture(s) within non-member groups, and curtail Roma designers’ rhetorical agency. I flesh out the discussion with the case of Mexican American designer Rio Uribe and his line Gypsy Sport and argue that, despite Uribe’s investment in social justice and much touted effort toward inclusiveness, he fails to acknowledge the unethical and harmful dimensions of his work. I turn to the fashion studio Romani Design (founded by Hungarian Roma designers Erika and Helena Varga) as an example of Roma initiatives that counter appropriative practices through reclaiming the heritage for self-representation and empowerment, then envision ways of intervening in the fashion industry’s co-option and misuse of Roma’s cultural heritage.