bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ileal and hindgut fermentation in the growing pig fed a human-type diet
Authors: Hoogeveen Anna M. E. , Moughan Paul J. , de Haas Edward S. , Blatchford Paul , McNabb Warren C. , Montoya Carlos A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDietary fibre fermentation in humans and monogastric animals is considered to occur in the hindgut, but it may also occur in the lower small intestine. This study aimed to compare ileal and hindgut fermentation in the growing pig fed a human-type diet using a combined in vivo/in vitro methodology. Five pigs (23 (sd 1·6) kg body weight) were fed a human-type diet. On day 15, pigs were euthanised. Digesta from terminal jejunum and terminal ileum were collected as substrates for fermentation. Ileal and caecal digesta were collected for preparing microbial inocula. Terminal jejunal digesta were fermented in vitro with a pooled ileal digesta inoculum for 2 h, whereas terminal ileal digesta were fermented in vitro with a pooled caecal digesta inoculum for 24 h. The ileal organic matter fermentability (28 %) was not different from hindgut fermentation (35 %). However, the organic matter fermented was 66 % greater for ileal fermentation than hindgut fermentation (P = 0·04). Total numbers of bacteria in ileal and caecal digesta did not differ (P = 0·09). Differences (P < 0·05) were observed in the taxonomic composition. For instance, ileal digesta contained 32-fold greater number of the genus Enterococcus, whereas caecal digesta had a 227-fold greater number of the genus Ruminococcus. Acetate synthesis and iso-valerate synthesis were greater (P < 0·05) for ileal fermentation than hindgut fermentation, but propionate, butyrate and valerate synthesis was lower. SCFA were absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract location where they were synthesised. In conclusion, a quantitatively important degree of fermentation occurs in the ileum of the growing pig fed a human-type diet.
Myocardial infarction: Economic, health, and social impacts on informal caregivers
Authors: Rabier Hugo , Serrier Hassan , Schott Anne-Marie , Mewton Nathan , Margier Jennifer , Barral Marine , Dalaudiere Jessica , Fares Asma , Grguric Gwen , Guerre Pascale , Julien Christell , Viprey Marie , Ovize Michel , Nighoghossian Norbert , Duclos Antoine , Colin Cyrille 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to measure the economic impact of informal care (IC) on caregivers assisting myocardial infarction (MI) survivors in France. Health and social impacts were also described.MethodsData from the prospective 2008 Health and Disabilities Households Survey (Enquête Handicap-Santé), carried out among the French general population, were used to obtain information about patients with MI and their informal caregivers. To estimate the approximate monetary value of IC, three methods were used: the proxy good method, opportunity cost method (OCM), and contingent valuation method (CVM). A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the associations of the IC duration and the existence of professional care with the health indicators stated by caregivers.ResultsThe analysis included data from 147 caregivers. The mean value of IC ranged from €9,679 per year using the CVM to €11,288 per year using the OCM (p> .05). The mean willingness to pay for an additional hour of IC was €10.9 (SD = 8.3). A total of 46.2 percent of caregivers reported that IC negatively affected theirs physical condition, and 46.3 percent reported that it negatively affected their psychological health. In addition, 40.1 percent declared that caregiving activity made them anxious and 38.8 percent stated they felt alone. Associations were identified between the duration of IC and feeling the need to be replaced, feeling alone and making sacrifices (p< .05).ConclusionsInformal caregiver burden may be recognized in health technology assessment in order not to underestimate the cost of strategies and to facilitate the comparability of cost-effectiveness outcomes between studies.
A Science Show Debate: How the Stasi Staged Revisionism
Authors: Düppe Till 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the early years of the East German Democratic Republic, in particular after Khrushchev's speech breaking with Stalinism, there was hope among leading economists that new reforms would usher in a truly democratic socialist economy. The newly-founded Institute for Economics at the Academy of Sciences, under the leadership of Friedrich Behrens, put forward ideas that the party soon labelled ‘revisionist’. This article reconstructs the dismantling of this group of reformist economists using detailed documents of the secret police, the Stasi. I demonstrate how the Stasi staged a show debate analogous to the known show trials under Stalin. In spite of its forced character the show debate allowed the party to both resist reform and claim their policies to be a scientific undertaking.
Heterogeneous Response of Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Decline in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study
Authors: Schrauwen Wim , Van de Cavey Joris , Vingerhoets Guy , Vanheule Stijn , Van den Broecke Rudy , Denys Hannelore 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:A significant proportion of adjuvant-treated breast cancer patients experience cognitive decline, challenging the person’s ability to return to normal activities after treatment. However, not every patient experiences cognitive problems, and even in patients with impairments, determining clinically important cognitive decline remains challenging. Our objective was to explore differences in neuropsychological performance following adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) in patients with breast cancer.Method:We conducted a prospective observational study in an Oncology Breast Clinic and assessed neuropsychological performance before and after adjuvant CT and in non-CT-treated women with breast cancer and healthy controls (HCs). Standardised between-group differences and regression-based change scores were calculated.Results:CT-treated patients (n= 66) performed significantly different from non-CT-treated patients (n= 39) and HCs (n= 56). There was a significant effect on verbal fluency (p= .0013). CT performed significantly worse than non-CT and HC [effect size (ES) = .89,p< .001 and ES = .61,p≤ .001, respectively] and from HCs with regard to proactive interference (ES = .62,p≤ .001). Regression-based scores revealed more severe cognitive decline in the CT-treated group [24.24% (16/66)] than in the non-CT-treated group [15.20% (6/39)] and HC group [7.14% (4/56)]. Patients who underwent CT and showed cognitive decline were less educated and older, with significantly lower baseline scores.Conclusions:CT-treated patients showed more vulnerability on cognitive control and monitoring than non-CT-treated breast cancer patients and HCs. Older patients with less education and lower baseline cognitive performance represent a group at risk for cognitive decline following CT. Identification of patients at risk for decline could improve targeted support and rehabilitation.
Metabolic syndrome and its relation to dietary patterns among a selected urbanised and semi-urbanised Tibetan population in transition from nomadic to settled living environment
Authors: Peng Wen , Liu Yan , Malowany Maureen , Chen Hongru , Su Xiaodong , Liu Yongnian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:To explore the scope of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its relationship to the major dietary patterns among an urbanised and semi-urbanised Tibetan population in transition from nomadic to settled settings.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Community-based.Participants:Urbanised and semi-urbanised Tibetan adults (n 920, aged 18–90 years), who have moved from nomadic to settled living environments, answered questionnaires on food consumption frequency and lifestyle characteristics through structured face-to-face interviews and completed anthropometric measurement and metabolic biomarker tests.Results:MetS prevalence was 30·1 % in males and 32·1 % in females. Low HDL-cholesterol and central obesity were the leading metabolic abnormalities (86·3 and 55·8 %, respectively). Three major dietary patterns – urban, western and pastoral – were identified. Beef/mutton was an important food group for all three identified dietary patterns. In addition, the urban dietary pattern was characterised by frequent consumption of vegetables, tubers/roots and refined carbohydrates; the western pattern was characterised by sweetened drinks, snacks and desserts; and the pastoral pattern featured tsamba (roasted Tibetan barley), Tibetan cheese, butter tea/milk tea and whole-fat dairy foods. Individuals in the highest quintile of urban dietary pattern scores were found to be at a higher risk of developing MetS (OR 2·43, 95 % CI 1·41, 4·18) and central obesity (OR 1·91, 95 % CI 1·16, 3·14) after controlling for potential confounders.Conclusions:MetS was common among urbanised and semi-urbanised Tibetan adult population in transition. The urban dietary pattern, in particular, was a risk factor for MetS. To prevent MetS, nutrition interventions need to be tailored to address the variety of local diet patterns to promote healthy eating.
“Natural” Climate Solutions Could Speed Up Mitigation, With Risks. Additional Options Are Needed.
Authors: Crusius John 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMitigation of climate change by intentionally storing carbon in tropical forests, soils, and wetlands and by reducing greenhouse gas fluxes from these settings has been promoted as rapidly deployable and cost‐effective. This approach, sometimes referred to as “natural climate solutions,” could keep post‐industrialization warming below 1.5 °C, when coupled with reductions in fossil fuel emissions, as confirmed here with a simple numerical model of future emissions. However, such mitigation could cease in response to changes in future climate, land use, or natural resource policies, or there could be CO2 released from reservoirs of stored carbon. Model simulations suggest cumulative emissions could be similar, under scenarios where carbon storage ceases, or stored carbon is released, to emissions expected in the absence of any natural mitigation. If climate change is to be minimized, no‐regrets approaches to natural mitigation should be considered (e.g., by reducing deforestation), as emissions targets that could limit warming to 1.5 °C cannot be met without mitigation of this magnitude. However, additional mitigation options should also be evaluated that can reduce CO2 emissions and remove CO2 from the air (and store it permanently).
Simulation of the 2018 Global Dust Storm on Mars Using the NASA Ames Mars GCM: A Multitracer Approach
Authors: Bertrand T. , Wilson R. J. , Kahre M. A. , Urata R. , Kling A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGlobal dust storms are the most thermodynamically significant dust events on Mars. The most recent of these events occurred in 2018. Although it was monitored by several spacecraft in orbit and on the surface, many questions remain regarding its onset, expansion and decay. Here, we model the 2018 event with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Mars Global Climate Model in order to better understand the evolution of the storm. Our results highlight a mechanism for the expansion of the storm: the initial equatorial regional storm creates a zonal atmospheric temperature gradient causing strong equatorial eastward winds and thus rapid eastward transport of dust and subsequent lifting. The model shows rapid back and forth transfer of dust between western and eastern hemispheres reservoirs, which may also play an important role in the storm's development through teleconnections involving replenishment of surface dust. The model also shows that gigantic dust plumes occur during the storm's mature phase, injecting dust up to 80 km. Our analysis shows that their upward motion in the atmosphere is due to the ascending branches of Hadley cells, whose intensity is reinforced during the storm with increasing dustiness. We show that the global atmospheric warming during the storm cause vapor and water ice clouds to migrate to higher altitudes, in line with recent observations. Finally, we find that the choice of effective radius for the lifted dust particle size distribution impacts the intensity of the Hadley circulation and could explain some of the differences obtained between model results and observations.
A Multicentury Perspective on the Relative Influence of Seasonal Precipitation on Streamflow in the Missouri River Headwaters
Authors: Frederick S. E. , Woodhouse C. A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe impacts of warming temperatures and declining snowpack on seasonal water yields in the Missouri River Headwaters are not well understood, revealing a gap in our understanding of regional hydroclimate and drivers of streamflow within the Upper Missouri River basin. This study presents the first annually resolved tree‐ring reconstruction of spring precipitation for the Missouri River Headwaters. This reconstruction along with existing tree‐ring reconstructions of 1 April snow water equivalence (SWE) and water year streamflow are used to detect variable influences of winter and spring precipitation on streamflow over past centuries, and relative to the modern period. The results suggest that spring precipitation has been a more consistent influence on water year streamflow in the Missouri River Headwaters over past centuries than winter snowpack. The strong relationship between 1 April SWE values and water year streamflow in the Missouri River Headwaters observed over much of the 20th century is not found to be a consistent feature of these multicentury paleorecords. Instead, the climatic influences on streamflow within the Missouri River Headwaters are likely more variable than 20th‐century instrumental records indicate.
Association between sedentary behavior and the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yan Shijiao , Fu Wenning , Wang Chao , Mao Jing , Liu Bing , Zou Li , Lv Chuanzhu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAn increasing number of original studies suggest that sedentary behavior is associated with the risk of dementia, but the results remain inconsistent and inconclusive. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed available observational epidemiological evidence to identify the association between sedentary behavior and the risk of dementia. We searched PubMed and Embase from their inception to March 2019 to identify observational studies examining the association between sedentary behavior and risk of dementia. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality using predefined criteria. The Q statistics and I² methods were used to test for heterogeneity. The publication bias of the included studies was also estimated using Begg’s and Egger’s tests. We identified 18 relevant cohort studies involving 250,063 participants and 2269 patients with dementia. Pooled result showed that sedentary behavior was significantly associated with increased risk of dementia (RR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.12–1.51). In addition, subgroup analyses by state, and controlling for the concomitant effects of age, sex, education were conducted for the increase of dementia risk, relating to sedentary, respectively. In general, these subgroup analyses showed no statistically significant differences. The results of our meta-analysis suggested that sedentary behavior was independently associated with a significantly increased risk of dementia, which might have important implications in conducting etiological studies for dementia and developing strategies for dementia prevention.
Alternative macrophage polarisation associated with resistance to anti-PD1 blockade is possibly supported by the splicing of FKBP51 immunophilin in melanoma patients
Authors: Troiani Teresa , Giunta Emilio Francesco , Tufano Martina , Vigorito Vincenza , Arrigo Paolo D’ , Argenziano Giuseppe , Ciardiello Fortunato , Romano Maria Fiammetta , Romano Simona 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
FKBP51 immunophilin is abundantly expressed by immune cells. Co-inhibitory immune receptor signalling generates the splicing isoform FKBP51s. Tregs stained by FKBP51s are increased in melanoma patients and their counts are associated with anti-CTLA-4 response. An expansion of FKBP51s+PD-L1+ monocytes was measured in a group of non-responding patients to anti-CTLA-4. The aim of this work was to confirm the predictive value of response of FKBP51s+Tregs in a cohort of patients undergoing anti-PD1 treatment and shed light on a monocyte subset co-expressing PD-L1/FKBP51s.

Methods
Co-cultures of organoids and autologous lymphocytes were used to confirm that tumour T-cell interaction can induce FKBP51s. PBMC immunophenotype and flow cytometry served to assess and monitor FKBP51s+Treg and FKBP51s+PD-L1+ monocytes in 22 advanced melanoma patients treated with anti-PD1. Silencing and overexpression of FKBP51s in human macrophages served to address the protein role in the tolerant macrophages’ behaviour.

Results
FKBP51s+Tregs count was increased in responders and had a prognostic value. Non-responders showed an early increase in FKBP51s+ PD-L1+ monocytes during anti-PD1 treatment. Manipulation of FKBP51s modulated the macrophage–phenotype, with forced protein expression promoting aspects associated with tolerance.

Conclusions
FKBP51s may guide in the selection and monitoring of melanoma patient candidates to immune-checkpoint-targeted therapy. Manipulation of FKBP51s may overcome resistance.
Biological weed control to relieve millions from Ambrosia allergies in Europe
Authors: Schaffner Urs , Steinbach Sandro , Sun Yan , Skjøth Carsten A. , de Weger Letty A. , Lommen Suzanne T. , Augustinus Benno A. , Bonini Maira , Karrer Gerhard , Šikoparija Branko , Thibaudon Michel , Müller-Schärer Heinz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractInvasive alien species (IAS) can substantially affect ecosystem services and human well-being. However, quantitative assessments of their impact on human health are rare and the benefits of implementing IAS management likely to be underestimated. Here we report the effects of the allergenic plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia on public health in Europe and the potential impact of the accidentally introduced leaf beetle Ophraella communa on the number of patients and healthcare costs. We find that, prior to the establishment of O. communa, some 13.5 million persons suffered from Ambrosia-induced allergies in Europe, causing costs of Euro 7.4 billion annually. Our projections reveal that biological control of A. artemisiifolia will reduce the number of patients by approximately 2.3 million and the health costs by Euro 1.1 billion per year. Our conservative calculations indicate that the currently discussed economic costs of IAS underestimate the real costs and thus also the benefits from biological control.
A Cdc42-mediated supracellular network drives polarized forces and Drosophila egg chamber extension
Authors: Popkova Anna , Stone Orrin J. , Chen Lin , Qin Xiang , Liu Chang , Liu Jiaying , Belguise Karine , Montell Denise J. , Hahn Klaus M. , Rauzi Matteo , Wang Xiaobo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractActomyosin supracellular networks emerge during development and tissue repair. These cytoskeletal structures are able to generate large scale forces that can extensively remodel epithelia driving tissue buckling, closure and extension. How supracellular networks emerge, are controlled and mechanically work still remain elusive. During Drosophila oogenesis, the egg chamber elongates along the anterior-posterior axis. Here we show that a dorsal-ventral polarized supracellular F-actin network, running around the egg chamber on the basal side of follicle cells, emerges from polarized intercellular filopodia that radiate from basal stress fibers and extend penetrating neighboring cell cortexes. Filopodia can be mechanosensitive and function as cell-cell anchoring sites. The small GTPase Cdc42 governs the formation and distribution of intercellular filopodia and stress fibers in follicle cells. Finally, our study shows that a Cdc42-dependent supracellular cytoskeletal network provides a scaffold integrating local oscillatory actomyosin contractions at the tissue scale to drive global polarized forces and tissue elongation.
Circadian regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling and lifespan
Authors: Ulgherait Matt , Chen Anna , McAllister Sophie F. , Kim Han X. , Delventhal Rebecca , Wayne Charlotte R. , Garcia Christian J. , Recinos Yocelyn , Oliva Miles , Canman Julie C. , Picard Martin , Owusu-Ansah Edward , Shirasu-Hiza Mimi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBecause old age is associated with defects in circadian rhythm, loss of circadian regulation is thought to be pathogenic and contribute to mortality. We show instead that loss of specific circadian clock components Period (Per) and Timeless (Tim) in male Drosophila significantly extends lifespan. This lifespan extension is not mediated by canonical diet-restriction longevity pathways but is due to altered cellular respiration via increased mitochondrial uncoupling. Lifespan extension of per mutants depends on mitochondrial uncoupling in the intestine. Moreover, upregulated uncoupling protein UCP4C in intestinal stem cells and enteroblasts is sufficient to extend lifespan and preserve proliferative homeostasis in the gut with age. Consistent with inducing a metabolic state that prevents overproliferation, mitochondrial uncoupling drugs also extend lifespan and inhibit intestinal stem cell overproliferation due to aging or even tumorigenesis. These results demonstrate that circadian-regulated intestinal mitochondrial uncoupling controls longevity in Drosophila and suggest a new potential anti-aging therapeutic target.
Multi-Agent Thompson Sampling for Bandit Applications with Sparse Neighbourhood Structures
Authors: Verstraeten Timothy , Bargiacchi Eugenio , Libin Pieter J. K. , Helsen Jan , Roijers Diederik M. , Nowé Ann 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMulti-agent coordination is prevalent in many real-world applications. However, such coordination is challenging due to its combinatorial nature. An important observation in this regard is that agents in the real world often only directly affect a limited set of neighbouring agents. Leveraging such loose couplings among agents is key to making coordination in multi-agent systems feasible. In this work, we focus on learning to coordinate. Specifically, we consider the multi-agent multi-armed bandit framework, in which fully cooperative loosely-coupled agents must learn to coordinate their decisions to optimize a common objective. We propose multi-agent Thompson sampling (MATS), a new Bayesian exploration-exploitation algorithm that leverages loose couplings. We provide a regret bound that is sublinear in time and low-order polynomial in the highest number of actions of a single agent for sparse coordination graphs. Additionally, we empirically show that MATS outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithm, MAUCE, on two synthetic benchmarks, and a novel benchmark with Poisson distributions. An example of a loosely-coupled multi-agent system is a wind farm. Coordination within the wind farm is necessary to maximize power production. As upstream wind turbines only affect nearby downstream turbines, we can use MATS to efficiently learn the optimal control mechanism for the farm. To demonstrate the benefits of our method toward applications we apply MATS to a realistic wind farm control task. In this task, wind turbines must coordinate their alignments with respect to the incoming wind vector in order to optimize power production. Our results show that MATS improves significantly upon state-of-the-art coordination methods in terms of performance, demonstrating the value of using MATS in practical applications with sparse neighbourhood structures.