bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of detectable viral load in a cohort of HIV‐positive adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa
Authors: Sher Rebecca , Dlamini Sipho , Muloiwa Rudzani 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionDespite improved treatment and access to care, adolescent AIDS deaths are decreasing more slowly than in any other age group. There is lack of longitudinal data around adolescent adherence and the dynamics of viraemia over time. We aimed to describe patterns of detectable viral load (VL) in a cohort of adolescents attending an ARV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients on antiretroviral therapy aged 10 to 19 years.Participants were included if they underwent at least two VL measurements and remained in care at the Groote Schuur Hospital HIV Clinic for at least 24 months between 2002 and 2016.The primary outcome was two consecutive HIV VL >100 copies/mL, in line with the lower limit of detection of assays in use over the follow‐up period.Results and discussionOf the 482 screened participants, 327 met inclusion criteria. Most participants had perinatally acquired HIV (n = 314; 96%), and 170 (52%) were males. Overall, there were 203 episodes of confirmed detectable VL involving 159 (49% (95% CI 43% to 54%)) participants during the follow‐up period. Six participants had genotyped resistance to protease inhibitors. Four of these never suppressed, while two suppressed on salvage regimens.Total follow‐up time was 1723 person years (PY), of which 880 (51%) were contributed by the 159 participants who experienced detectable VL. Overall time with detectable VL was 370 PY. This comprised 22% of total follow‐up time, and 42% of the follow‐up time contributed by those who experienced detectable VL.The rate of detectable VL was 11.8 (95% CI 10.3 to 13.5) episodes per 100 PY. The risk increased by 24% for each year of increasing age (Relative Risk 1.24 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.31); p < 0.0001).There was no sex difference with respect to duration (p = 0.4), prevalence (p = 0.46) and rate (p = 0.608) of detectable VL.ConclusionsClinicians need to be alert to the high prevalence of detectable VL during adolescence so as to pre‐empt it and act swiftly once it is diagnosed. This study helps to highlight the risk of detectable VL that is associated with increase in age as well the high proportion of time that poorly adherent adolescents spend in this state.
Matter–wave interference and deflection of tripeptides decorated with fluorinated alkyl chains
Authors: Schätti Jonas , Köhler Valentin , Mayor Marcel , Fein Yaakov Y. , Geyer Philipp , Mairhofer Lukas , Gerlich Stefan , Arndt Markus 
Published: March 2020

AbstractStudies of neutral biomolecules in the gas phase allow for the study of molecular properties in the absence of solvent and charge effects, thus complementing spectroscopic and analytical methods in solution or in ion traps. Some properties, such as the static electronic susceptibility, are best accessed in experiments that act on the motion of the neutral molecules in an electric field. Here, we screen seven peptides for their thermal stability and electron impact ionizability. We identify two tripeptides as sufficiently volatile and thermostable to be evaporated and interfered in the long‐baseline universal matter‐wave interferometer. Monitoring the deflection of the interferometric molecular nanopattern in a tailored external electric field allows us to measure the static molecular susceptibility of Ala–Trp–Ala and Ala–Ala–Trp bearing fluorinated alkyl chains at C‐ and N‐termini. The respective values are
and
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Effectiveness and safety of direct‐acting antivirals in hepatitis C infected patients with mental disorders: Results in real clinical practice
Authors: Margusino‐Framiñán Luis , Bobadilla‐Pérez Eva , Cid‐Silva Purificación , Rodríguez‐Sotelo Alejandro , Yáñez‐Rubal Juan C. , Mena‐de‐Cea Álvaro , Suárez‐López Francisco , Prieto‐Pérez Andrea , Giménez‐Arufe Víctor , Delgado‐Blanco Manuel , Sanclaudio‐Luhia Ana I. , Martín‐Herranz Isabel , Castro‐Iglesias Ángeles 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness and safety of direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) in psychiatric patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Secondary objectives included adherence and drug‐drug interaction (DDIs) evaluations. Prospective observational comparative study carried out during 3 years. Psychiatric patients were included and mental illness classified by a psychiatric team based on clinical records. Main effectiveness and safety variables were sustained virologic response (SVR) at posttreatment week 12 (SVR12) and rate of on‐treatment serious drug‐related adverse events (AEs), respectively. A total of 242 psychiatric and 900 nonpsychiatric patients were included. SVR12 by intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis of psychiatric vs nonpsychiatric patients was 92.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.1‐96.1) vs 96.2% (95% CI, 94.9‐97.5) (P = .02). SVR12 by modified‐ITT analysis was 97.8% (95% CI, 95.0‐99.3) vs 98.4% (95% CI, 97.5‐99.3) (P = .74). 92.2% of psychiatric patients with mental disorders secondary to multiple drug use (MDSDU) and 93.0% of psychiatric patients without MDSDU vs 96.2% of nonpsychiatric patients reached SVR12 (P = .05 and P = .20, respectively). The percentage of adherent patients to DAAs did not show differences between cohorts (P = .08). 30.2% of psychiatric patients and 27.6% of nonpsychiatric patients presented clinically relevant DDIs (P = .47). 1.7% vs 0.8% of psychiatric vs nonpsychiatric patients developed serious AEs (P = .39); no serious psychiatric AEs were present. DAAs have shown a slightly lower effectiveness in psychiatric patients with CHC, as a result of loss of follow up, which justifies the need for integrated and multidisciplinary health care teams. DAAs safety, adherence, and DDIs, however, are similar to that of nonpsychiatric patients.
Climate change projections for the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System in the Iberian Peninsula until 2070
Authors: Andrade Cristina , Contente Joana 
Published: March 2020

AbstractClimate change projections for the four major divisions of the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System in the Iberian Peninsula (IP) are analysed using a six‐member ensemble (EURO‐CORDEX) for 1961–1990, 1981–2010, 2011–2040, and 2041–2070 periods for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The direct forcing method was used to correct the bias of the simulated data using an observational gridded dataset (E‐OBS). Results show a decrease of the temperate areas in the north‐western region of the IP, with higher expression in RCP8.5 for 2041–2070. Major changes in bioclimates, ombrotypes, and thermotypes are projected to occur in northernmost regions, as well as, central and south‐eastern areas of Iberia. The projected decrease of Mediterranean pluviseasonal areas hint at a decrease of several evergreen or deciduous forest types. Conversely, due to the projected increase of Mediterranean xeric and desertic areas, it can be expected an increase of microforests or dense shrubby lands, as well as the appearance of half deserts or low‐density scrublands. Finally, the continentality index patterns revealed a strengthening of the coastal‐inner climate contrasts in the future, mainly for RCP8.5.
Creation and Testing of a Deep Learning Algorithm to Automatically Identify and Label Vessels, Nerves, Tendons, and Bones on Cross‐sectional Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Scans for Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Placement by Novices
Authors: Blaivas Michael , Arntfield Robert , White Matthew 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesWe sought to create a deep learning (DL) algorithm to identify vessels, bones, nerves, and tendons on transverse upper extremity (UE) ultrasound (US) images to enable providers new to US‐guided peripheral vascular access to identify anatomy.MethodsWe used publicly available DL architecture (YOLOv3) and deidentified transverse US videos of the UE for algorithm development. Vessels, bones, tendons, and nerves were labeled with bounding boxes. A total of 203,966 images were generated from videos, with corresponding label box coordinates in a YOLOv3 format. Training accuracy, losses, and learning curves were tracked. As a final real‐world test, 50 randomly selected images from unrelated UE US videos were used to test the DL algorithm. Four different versions of the YOLOv3 algorithm were tested with varied amounts of training and sensitivity settings. The same 50 images were labeled by 2 blinded point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) experts. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for the DL algorithm and POCUS expert performance.ResultsThe algorithm outperformed POCUS experts in detection of all structures in the UE, with an AUC of 0.78 versus 0.69 and 0.71, respectively. When considering vessels, only one of the POCUS experts attained an AUC of 0.85, just ahead of the DL algorithm, with an AUC of 0.83.ConclusionsOur DL algorithm proved accurate at identifying 4 common structures on cross‐sectional US imaging of the UE, which would allow novice POCUS providers to more confidently and accurately target vessels for cannulation, avoiding other structures. Overall, the algorithm outperformed 2 blinded POCUS experts.
A dense and compact laser cladding layer with solid metallurgical bonding significantly improved corrosion resistance of Mg alloy for engineering applications
Authors: Li Sheng , Yi Laihua , Jia Xiao , Xiang Dong , Liu Tongfang , Ji Bo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAlthough Mg alloy attracts great attention for engineering applications because of high specific strength and low density, low corrosion resistance limits its extensive use. In this study, Mg–Al–Zn–Mn alloy was treated via a laser cladding process to generate a dense and compact laser cladding layer with solid metallurgical bonding on the substrate for improving corrosion resistance, effectively hindering the corrosion pervasion into Mg alloy. The corrosion current density declined from 103 μA/cm2 for Mg alloy to 13 μA/cm2 for the laser cladding layer in NaCl aqueous solution. Moreover, the laser cladding layer was slightly corroded in comparison with Mg alloy in NaCl aqueous solution. Besides, the microhardness of the cladding layer reached a mean value of 170.5 HV, 3.1 times of Mg alloy (56.8 HV) due to the in situ formation of hardening intermetallic phases. Wear resistance of laser cladding layer was also obviously improved. These results demonstrated that the laser cladding layer obviously enhanced anticorrosion property of Mg alloy for engineering applications.
Pseudo‐hyperbolic Gauss maps of Lorentzian surfaces in anti‐de Sitter space
Authors: Kobayashi Honoka , Koike Naoyuki 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we determine the type numbers of the pseudo‐hyperbolic Gauss maps of all oriented Lorentzian surfaces of constant mean and Gaussian curvatures and non‐diagonalizable shape operator in the 3‐dimensional anti‐de Sitter space. Also, we investigate the behavior of type numbers of the pseudo‐hyperbolic Gauss map along the parallel family of such oriented Lorentzian surfaces in the 3‐dimensional anti‐de Sitter space. Furthermore, we investigate the type number of the pseudo‐hyperbolic Gauss map of one of Lorentzian hypersurfaces of B‐scroll type in a general dimensional anti‐de Sitter space.
Instanton bundles on the Segre threefold with Picard number three
Authors: Antonelli V. , Malaspina F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe study instanton bundles E on . We construct two different monads which are the analog of the monads for instanton bundles on and on the flag threefold F(0, 1, 2). We characterize the Gieseker semistable cases and we prove the existence of μ‐stable instanton bundles generically trivial on the lines for any possible . We also study the locus of jumping lines.
Near‐Infrared Light–Induced Sequential Shape Recovery and Separation of Assembled Temperature Memory Polymer Microparticles
Authors: Zhou Cihui , Ni Yaru , Liu Wenting , Tan Bin , Yao Mengchen , Fang Liang , Lu Chunhua , Xu Zhongzi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLight‐induced, shape‐changing polymeric microparticles have many applications. Here, the near‐infrared (NIR)‐light‐triggered sequential recovery and separation of assembled large and small polymer microparticles using cross‐linked blends of poly(ethylene‐vinyl acetate) and trans‐polyisoprene as temperature memory polymers as well as two NaYF4 based up‐conversion nanoparticles (UCPs) to provide luminescent and photothermal effects are reported. Under irradiation of NIR light with a low light power density, small particles assembled onto the compressed large one recover first due to the low switching temperature (Tsw) arising from the temperature–memory effect. The small particles can separate from the underlying large particle in flowing aqueous media. The recovery of the large particle occurs at a high power density. Two UCPs of NaYF4: 20Yb, 0.2Tm, 5Gd and NaYF4: 18Yb, 2Er, 5Gd facilitate the detection of small and large microparticles via providing blue and green light emissions, respectively. This work can expand the applications of light‐induced shape‐changing polymer microparticles in the biomedical field, controlled catalysis, microfluidic devices, and so on.
In situ sol‐gel surface modification of alumina for a better wettability by brazing filler metals
Authors: Tillmann W. , Pinho Ferreira M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAluminiumoxid ist ein wichtiger technischer Hochleistungswerkstoff im Bereich der Elektronik und des Maschinenbaus. Aufgrund dessen ist es häufig nötig diese Keramiken im Verbund mit anderen Werkstoffen, wie zum Beispiel Metalle, zu verwenden. Eine weit verbreitete und wirtschaftliche Methode, stoffschlüssige Verbindungen zwischen Aluminiumoxid und metallischen Bauteilen zu realisieren ist das Hartlöten. Anders als beim Fügen von reinen metallischen Werkstoffen, ist das Hartlöten von Keramiken, aufgrund der schlechten Benetzbarkeit durch Metallschmelzen, nicht ohne weiteres möglich. Deswegen werden Keramikoberflächen entweder vor dem Lötprozess metallisiert oder es wird ein entsprechendes Basis‐Lot mit Aktivelementen genutzt. Aufgrund der teilweise nachteiligen Aspekte hinsichtlich der Handhabbarkeit und der Wirtschaftlichkeit wird in diesem Forschungspaper ein neuartiger Ansatz beschrieben, in dem durch die Applikation einer Sol‐Gel‐Beschichtung aus halbleitenden Oxiden die Keramikoberfläche benetzbar gemacht wird. Um die Oberflächenmodifikation wirtschaftlich und ohne viel Zusatzaufwand zu gestalten, wird das Einbrennen dieses Sol‐Gel‐Materials in den Sinterprozess der Aluminiumoxid‐Keramik integriert.
Initial wear characteristics of aging‐treated ZG120Mn13 steel under steel shot at high‐velocity impact
Authors: Cui Y.‐L. , Lui G.‐L. , Ding Z.‐M. , Yang F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe initial wear of high manganese steel parts in practical use is related to their original hardness, external loading, surface machining accuracy, and the change of shape and dimension. The paper studies the size and coverage percentage of impact scars on the ZG120Mn13 high carbon high manganese steel surface, as well as the variation of weight loss under high‐velocity steel shot by changing aging treatment process. Meanwhile, the relationship between the hardness of aging ZG120Mn13 steel and its initial wear characteristics is discussed. The results show that after 5 seconds, the size and coverage percentage decreased with the increment of hardness. However, in any different period, the wear mass losses of the steel increase with increment of hardness, and increase rapidly first, then slowly. Therefore, under high‐velocity impact loading, the increment of hardness is beneficial to improving initial wear‐resistance from the perspective of the deformation, but is conducive to improving the resistance from the mass loss. Consequently, we should not only emphasize the high hardness merely, but also consider the changing law of weight loss and initial deformation comprehensively, so that we can achieve the best initial wear resistance when the high manganese steel has the appropriate hardness.
Graphene oxide nanoflakes from various agrowastes
Authors: Naik M.J.P. , Debbarma J. , Saha M. , Bhargava A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNowadays, the synthesis of graphene/ graphene oxide from graphite precursor using oxidizing agents is the most common procedure, but the direct synthesis of graphene or graphene oxide from a non‐graphitic carbonaceous material without using inert atmosphere is really a great challenge. Besides, the chemistry behind the development of graphitic structure from a non‐graphitic material during the thermal heating is still not clearly understood. In this research work, three agrowaste materials viz. rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and newspaper were selected and subjected to pyrolysis in presence of trace amount of air. The continued heating at the optimum temperature has resulted in aromatization and condensation along with the oxidation within the cellulosic structure of the agrowaste, which finally resulted in the formation of graphene oxide nanoflakes directly. The mechanism of formation of graphene oxide from these agrowaste materials was studied, which suggested that any carbonaceous waste materials can be converted to graphene oxide by optimizing the thermal heating conditions.
Explicit microstructural evolution and electrochemical performance of value added palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle/A356 alloy composite
Authors: Ezema I.C. , Aigbodion V.S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe explicit microstructural evolution and electrochemical performance of value added palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle/A356 alloy composite produced by double layer feeding‐stir casting method was studied. The composites were produced using 0 and 4 wt% palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle. X‐ray diffractometer, transmission, scanning electron microscopes and electrochemical analyser were used for the analysis. It was observed that double layer feeding‐stir casting method increases the wettiability of the palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle in A356 alloy and decreases the brittle intermetallic phase. Uniform distribution of the palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle in A356 alloy. The mismatch at the interface between the palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle and A356 alloy was 4.26 %. The Al‐phase and the palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle were parallel in relationship along the interfaces. Dislocation structure at the interface was visible and coherent with regular arrangement of palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle. The corrosion resistance of the composite was higher than that of the alloy in simulated sea water.
Deposition of a nanocomposite (Ti, Al, Si)N coating with high thickness by high‐speed physical vapor deposition
Authors: Bobzin K. , Brögelmann T. , Kalscheuer C. , Yildirim B. , Liang T. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNanocomposite coatings such as (Ti, Al, Si)N have been demonstrated as promising candidates for the use as protection against solid particle erosion for compressor blades. Typically, nanocomposite (Ti, Al, Si)N coatings are deposited by different physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques. However, the relatively low coating thickness up to a few micrometers due to low deposition rates leads to a limited lifetime of the coatings under erosive particle bombardment. In this study, the deposition of a nanocomposite (Ti, Al, Si)N coating was performed by a hollow cathode gas flow sputtering method, the high‐speed physical vapor deposition, which enables the high‐rate deposition of thick coatings. Morphology and microstructure of the coating were investigated via scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Tribological characterization by impact tests and erosion tests demonstrates that the nanocomposite (Ti, Al, Si)N coated sample reveals a promising resistance against impact loads and the solid particle erosion. Summarily, nanocomposite (Ti, Al, Si)N coatings deposited by the high‐speed physical vapor deposition provide a high potential for the erosion protection of compressor blades.
A membrane‐bound [NiFe]‐hydrogenase large subunit precursor whose C‐terminal extension is not essential for cofactor incorporation but guarantees optimal maturation
Authors: Hartmann Sven , Frielingsdorf Stefan , Caserta Giorgio , Lenz Oliver 
Published: March 2020

Abstract[NiFe]‐hydrogenases catalyze the reversible conversion of molecular hydrogen into protons end electrons. This reaction takes place at a NiFe(CN)2(CO) cofactor located in the large subunit of the bipartite hydrogenase module. The corresponding apo‐protein carries usually a C‐terminal extension that is cleaved off by a specific endopeptidase as soon as the cofactor insertion has been accomplished by the maturation machinery. This process triggers complex formation with the small, electron‐transferring subunit of the hydrogenase module, revealing catalytically active enzyme. The role of the C‐terminal extension in cofactor insertion, however, remains elusive. We have addressed this problem by using genetic engineering to remove the entire C‐terminal extension from the apo‐form of the large subunit of the membrane‐bound [NiFe]‐hydrogenase (MBH) from Ralstonia eutropha. Unexpectedly, the MBH holoenzyme derived from this precleaved large subunit was targeted to the cytoplasmic membrane, conferred H2‐dependent growth of the host strain, and the purified protein showed exactly the same catalytic activity as native MBH. The only difference was a reduced hydrogenase content in the cytoplasmic membrane. These results suggest that in the case of the R. eutropha MBH, the C‐terminal extension is dispensable for cofactor insertion and seems to function only as a maturation facilitator.
Virioplankton distribution in the tropical western Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of a seamount
Authors: Zhao Yanchu , Zhao Yuan , Zheng Shan , Zhao Li , Li Xuegang , Zhang Wuchang , Grégori Gérald , Xiao Tian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe shallow Caroline Seamount is located in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Its summit is 57 m below the surface and penetrates the euphotic zone. Therefore, it is ideal for the study of the influence of seamount on plankton distribution. Here, virioplankton abundance and distribution were investigated by flow cytometry (FCM) in the Caroline Seamount in August and September 2017. The total abundance of virus‐like particles (VLP) was in the range of 0.64 × 106–18.77 × 106 particles/ml and the average was 5.37 ± 3.75 × 106 particles/ml. Three to four distinct viral subclusters with similar side scatter but different green fluorescence intensities were identified. Above the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), two medium fluorescence virus (MFV) subclusters were discriminated. Between the DCM and the deeper layers, only one MFV subcluster was resolved. In general, low fluorescence viruses (LFV) comprised the most abundant subclusters. In the 75–150 m water column, however, the MFV abundance was higher than the LFV abundance. High fluorescence viruses (HFV) constituted the least abundant subcluster throughout the entire water column. Virioplankton abundance was significantly enhanced at the seamount stations. Environmental factors including water temperature and nitrate concentration were the most correlated with the variation in virioplankton abundance at the seamount stations. Interactions between shallow seamounts and local currents can support large virus standing stocks, causing a so‐called indirect “seamount effect” on the virioplankton.