bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taurine deficiency in dissociated mouse cerebellar cultures affects neuronal migration
Authors: Maar Thomas , Morán Julio , Schousboe Arne , Pasantes‐Morales Herminia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe role of taurine in the process of neuronal migration was studied in a microwell cell culture system. Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular composition of this culture system revealed the presence of the astrocytic marker GFAP in some structures such as the aggregates of neuronal bodies and in those cables used for migration, resembling what is described in vivo. The neuronal marker γ‐enolase stained practically all structures, including the aggregates and all cables. The intracellular taurine concentration was reduced by 60% in mouse cerebellar granule cells treated with a blocker of taurine transport, guanidinoethane sulfonate (GES). Under these conditions cell migration was markedly reduced to approximately 50% of that in untrated cultures. Both, taurine depletion and impairment of cell migration induced by GES were prevented by adding taurine to the culture medium. Taurine deficiency similarly affected different morphological parameters such as the number of cables suitable for neuronal migration as well as the number of migrating neurons. The number of aggregates of neuronal bodies was significantly increased, by about 30%, as a consequence of the reduced migration. Taurine alone did not exert any effect on the parameters evaluated. GES treatment of granule cells did not affect mitochondrial metabolism or K+‐stimulated Ca2+‐dependent [3H]‐d‐aspartate release. This suggests that the described effects of taurine deficiency were not due to an alteration of neuronal viability and that the action of GES was not simply due to unspecific and deleterious effects. These results are in agreement with those obtained in in vivo studies. This approach represents a useful model to investigate the role played by taurine in the process of neuronal migration.
Computerized analysis of fetal heart rate parameters by gestational age
Authors: Park M.I , Hwang J.H , Cha K.J , Park Y.S , Koh S.K 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study is to define the reference ranges for fetal heart rate (FHR) parameters according to gestational age, by determining the relationship between the FHR and gestational age using a computerized FHR analysis system. Methods: Using our own software developed by Hanyang University Hospital in Korea, non‐stress tests were performed for 20 min. FHR parameters for 6455 subjects were analyzed for various gestational groups; <25 weeks, 25–28 weeks, 29–32 weeks, 33–36 weeks, 37–40 weeks, and >40 weeks. Results. The FHR parameters were related to gestational age. The mean baseline FHR, signal loss, and fetal movements decreased significantly with gestation (P<0.0001). The variability and accelerations of FHR were highest for the 37–40 weeks gestational group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results showed that overall, the differences in the FHR parameters between gestational groups were statistically significant, and the gestational age of the fetus should be considered when interpreting FHR patterns.
Sexually transmitted diseases: global importance
Authors: Sciarra J.J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe worldwide incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to increase and represents a major public health problem especially in the developing world causing infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Prevention of the spread of STDs, along with early detection and appropriate therapy has the potential to minimize the reproductive tract damage of these infections and simultaneously improve the health of women in all areas of the world.
The FIGO study group on women's sexual and reproductive rights
Authors: Cook R.J. , Dickens B.M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn October 1998, the FIGO Executive Board established a Study Group on Women's Sexual and Reproductive Rights to develop specific details regarding observance, enforcement and advancement. At its inaugural meeting in April 1999 the Study Group reviewed international and national progress in respect of such rights. International initiatives had achieved considerable progress towards specification and monitoring of rights, particularly through the committee receiving reports of national compliance under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. National progress was more mixed. While some countries had improved women's sexual and reproductive rights, many had not, and rights in some had regressed. The Study Group considered actions available to FIGO member societies to advance rights in their countries, how advancement of rights might be pursued in countries in general, and initiatives that FIGO itself might undertake and facilitate to protect and promote women's sexual and reproductive rights.
Development of tensile strength during distraction osteogenesis in a rat model
Authors: Aronson J. , Hogue W. R. , Flahiff C. M. , Gao G. G. , Shen X. C. , Skinner R. A. , Badger T. M. , Lumpkin C. K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThese studies were designed to determine the reliability of in vitro tensile testing to measure the temporal development of regenerate bone strength in rats during limb lengthening (distraction osteogenesis, DO). External fixators were placed on the right tibiae of 36 virus‐free, 400–450 g male Sprague Dawley rats, and osteotomies (n = 33) were performed. Distraction was initiated the following morning (0 day latency) at 0.4 mm/day and continued to day 20. The 8 mm gap was allowed to consolidate for up to 50 days (day 70 postop). Contralateral unoperated and operated (fixator only) controls were included. On days 20, 30, 50 and 70 postop, the rats were anesthetized, and their tibiae were radiographed prior to undergoing sacrifice for histological or tensile analysis. On day 70, an additional group was tested by three‐point bending. Radiodensity measurements demonstrated progressive mineralization of the DO gap, and histology confirmed typical intramembranous ossification of collagen bundles oriented parallel to the distraction force. Tensile stiffness increased significantly between days 20 and 30 postop, this increase correlated with initial radiographic and histologic bridging of the DO gap. Energy to failure and ultimate tensile strength increased progressively to day 70. At day 70, the force to failure for three‐point bending was 65% of control tibiae. In conclusion, in vitro tensile testing provides a reliable method to test the development of structural integrity during the early stages of DO. Therefore, the biomechanical effects of postulated modulators of bone repair can be measured during early stages (bone formation, bridging, early consolidation) of DO in a rat model. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cytokine regulation of embryonic rat dopamine and serotonin neuronal survival in vitro
Authors: Jarskog L.Fredrik , Xiao Hong , Wilkie Mary Beth , Lauder Jean M. , Gilmore John H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInterleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) are cytokines with pleiotropic effects in the central nervous system (CNS), including an emerging role in neurodevelopment. This study measured the effects of cytokines on the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra (SN), and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) immunoreactive serotonin neurons from the rostral raphe (RR), using cultures from embryonic day 14 (E14) rat brain. IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were added to cell cultures at 1, 10 and 100 U/ml. After 3 days in vitro, TH and 5‐HT neurons were counted. The survival of 5‐HT neurons was significantly reduced by 20–30% at 10 U/ml of IL‐6. IL‐1β and TNF‐α at doses of 1 and 10 U/ml appeared to have a similar effect on the survival of these neurons, but this effect was not statistically significant. Comparable non‐significant reductions of survival also occurred for TH neurons at the lower doses of IL‐6 and TNF‐α. In separate experiments, SN and RR cultures were exposed to the cytokines at a higher dose (1000 U/ml), causing a significant 30–40% decrease in the survival of TH neurons, but little or no change in 5‐HT neuronal survival. Taken together, these results show that IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α can affect developing monoamine neurons at physiologically relevant concentrations, and that high doses differentially inhibit the survival of TH and 5‐HT neurons after short exposures.
Seasonal influences on admissions for affective disorder and schizophrenia in Ireland: a comparison of first and readmissions
Authors: Clarke M. , Moran P. , Keogh F. , Morris M. , Kinsella A. , Larkin C. , Walsh D. , O'Callaghan E. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAlthough genetic and environmental factors operating before or around the time of birth have been demonstrated to be relevant to the aetiology of the major psychoses, a seasonal variation in the rates of admission of such patients has long been recognised. Few studies have compared first and readmissions. This study examined for seasonal variation of admission in the major psychoses, and compared diagnostic categories by admission status. Patients admitted to Irish psychiatric inpatient facilities between 1989 and 1994 with an ICD-9/10 diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder were identified from the National Psychiatric Inpatient Reporting System (NPIRS). The data were analysed using a hierarchical log linear model, the chi-square test, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) type statistic, and the method of Walter and Elwood. The hierarchical log linear model demonstrated significant interactions between the month of admission and admission order (change in scaled deviance 28.77, df = 11, P < 0.003). Both first admissions with mania, and readmissions with bipolar affective disorder exhibited significant seasonality. In contrast, only first admissions with schizophrenia showed significant seasonal effects. Although first admissions with mania and readmissions with bipolar disorder both show seasonality, seasonal influences appear to be more relevant to onset of schizophrenia than subsequent relapse.
Associations Between Smoking and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus–Related Cytokines and Chemokines Among US Female Nurses
Authors: Hahn Jill , Leatherwood Cianna , Malspeis Susan , Liu Xinyi , Lu Bing , Roberts Andrea L. , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Feldman Candace H. , Munroe Melissa E. , James Judith A. , Kubzansky Laura D. , Costenbader Karen H. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveSmoking has been associated with increased systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk, but the biologic basis for this association is unknown. Our objective was to investigate whether women’s smoking was positively associated with SLE‐associated proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines (stem cell factor [SCF], B lymphocyte stimulator [BLyS], interferon‐γ–inducible 10‐kd protein [IP‐10], and interferon‐α); or negatively associated with antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 (IL‐10); and whether associations were modified by SLE‐related autoantibody status.MethodsThe Nurses’ Health Study (NHS, n = 121,700) and NHSII (n = 116,429) cohorts were begun in 1976 and 1989. In 1988–1990 (NHS) and 1996–1999 (NHSII), ~25% of participants donated blood samples. We identified 1,177 women without SLE with banked samples, and we tested by enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) for chemokines/cytokines as well as anti‐Sm, anti‐Ro/SSA, anti‐La/SSB, and anti‐RNP. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) were detected by HEp‐2 cell indirect immunofluorescence, and anti–double‐stranded DNA antibodies and were assayed by ELISA. Smoking was assessed until blood draw. Separate tobit and linear regression analyses, adjusted for potential confounders, modeled associations between smoking and log‐transformed chemokine/cytokine concentrations. Analyses were stratified by autoantibody status. Effect estimates were calculated as ratios of geometric means expressed as percentage differences.ResultsAmong the 15% of current/recent versus 85% of past/never smokers, BLyS levels were 8.7% higher (P < 0.01) and were 24% higher (P < 0.0001) among those who were ANA positive. Current/recent smokers had IL‐10 concentrations 46% lower (P < 0.01) than past/never smokers; each 10 pack‐years of smoking was associated with a 17% decrease in IL‐10 level (P < 0.001). Smoking was not associated with IP‐10 or SCF.ConclusionElevated BLyS and lower IL‐10 levels among current smokers, particularly among ANA‐positive women, may be involved in SLE pathogenesis.
Direct Asymmetric Arylation of Imines
Authors: Egorov Ilya N. , Santra Sougata , Kopchuk Dmitry S. , Kovalev Igor S. , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Majee Adinath , Ranu Brindaban C. , Rusinov Vladimir L. , Chupakhin Oleg N. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Friedel‐Crafts reaction represents one of the most efficient tools for the formation of carbon‐carbon bonds and direct derivatization of aromatic compounds. Asymmetric arylation of imines involving Friedel‐Crafts reaction has received much interest recently. The present review summarizes the works on the asymmetric arylation of imines by different approaches including Friedel‐Crafts reaction and their development to date. The review is divided into three main sections: addition reaction of arenes to imines in the presence of chiral catalysts; addition reaction of arenes to imines containing chiral tails and asymmetric coupling reaction of aryl boronic acids and imines.magnified image
An integrative approach to studying plasticity in growth disruption and outcomes: A bioarchaeological case study of Napoleonic soldiers
Authors: Holder Sammantha , Miliauskienė Žydrūnė , Jankauskas Rimantas , Dupras Tosha 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate how much variation in adult stature and body mass can be explained by growth disruption among soldiers who served in Napoleon's Grand Army during the Russian Campaign of 1812.MethodsLinear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) were recorded as representations of early life growth disruption, while the impact on future growth was assessed using maximum femur length (n = 73) as a proxy for stature and maximum femoral head diameter (n = 25) as a proxy for body mass. LEH frequency, severity, age at first formation, and age at last formation served as explanatory variables in a multiple regression analysis to test the effect of these variables on maximum femur length and maximum femoral head diameter.ResultsThe multiple regression model produced statistically significant results for maximum femur length (F‐statistic = 3.05, df = 5 and 67, P = .02), with some variation in stature (adjusted r2 = 0.13) attributable to variation in growth disruption. The multiple regression model for maximum femoral head diameter was not statistically significant (F‐statistic = 1.87, df = 5 and 19, P = .15).ConclusionsWe hypothesized stress events during early life growth and development would have significant, negative, and cumulative effects on growth outcomes in adulthood. The results did not support our hypothesis. Instead, some variables and interactions had negative effects on stature, whereas others had positive effects. This is likely due to catch‐up growth, the relationship between acute and chronic stress and growth, resilience, and plasticity in human growth over the life course.
Intersecting vulnerabilities in human biology: Synergistic interactions between climate change and increasing obesity rates
Authors: Gildner Theresa E. , Levy Stephanie B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesIncreasing obesity rates and accelerating climate change represent two global health challenges shaped by lifestyle change and human environmental modifications. Yet, few studies have considered how these issues may interact to exacerbate disease risk.MethodsIn this theory article, we explore evidence that obesity‐related disease and climatic changes share socio‐ecological drivers and may interact to increase human morbidity and mortality risks. Additionally, we consider how obesity‐climate change interactions may disproportionately affect vulnerable populations and how anthropological research can be applied to address this concern.ResultsInteractions between heat stress and cardiometabolic disease represent an important pathway through which climate change and obesity‐related morbidities may jointly impair health. For example, individuals with higher body fatness and obesity‐related metabolic conditions (eg, type 2 diabetes) exhibit a reduced ability to dissipate heat. The risk of poor health resulting from these interactions is expected to be heterogeneous, with low‐ and middle‐income countries, individuals of lower socioeconomic status, and minority populations facing a greater disease burden due to relative lack of resource access (eg, air conditioning). Moreover, older adults are at higher risk due to aging‐associated changes in body composition and loss of thermoregulation capabilities.ConclusionsFew policy makers appear to be considering how interventions can be designed to simultaneously address the medical burden posed by increasing obesity rates and climate change. Anthropological research is well situated to address this need in a nuanced and culturally‐sensitive way; producing research that can be used to support community resilience, promote holistic well‐being, and improve health outcomes.
Evidence of intrauterine growth restriction and growth hormone deficiency in 49,XXXXY syndrome
Authors: Counts Debra R. , Yu Christine , Lasutschinkow Patricia C. , Sadeghin Teresa , Gropman Andrea , Samango‐Sprouse Carole A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract49,XXXXY is an X and Y chromosome variation that occurs in 1:85,000 to 1:100,000 live male births. Previous case studies have described boys with this disorder to be shorter than average when compared with boys with only one extra chromosome and with the mean stature in a small cohort reported to range from the seventh to 33rd percentile. The origin behind the possible differences in height between boys with 47,XXY and 49,XXXXY is currently unknown, however one study hypothesized that it was due to a difference in the expression of the SHOX gene. This study reports on the anthropometric measurements of 84 boys with 49,XXXXY. Forty‐five percent of children with 49,XXXXY were found to be below the third percentile in height at the time of evaluation. In addition, 7.14% of the cohort were diagnosed and given treatment for growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The analysis of this cohort demonstrates that the below average heights seen throughout childhood in this population potentially begins prenatally and suggests that boys with 49,XXXXY may be at a higher risk for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and GHD. Future research is needed to investigate the etiology of the poor growth in boys with 49,XXXXY and evaluate the incidence of GHD and IUGR in this population.
A homozygous variant in growth and differentiation factor 2 (GDF2) may cause lymphatic dysplasia with hydrothorax and nonimmune hydrops fetalis
Authors: Aukema Sietse M. , ten Brinke Gerdien A. , Timens Wim , Vos Yvonne J. , Accord Ryan E. , Kraft Karianne E. , Santing Michiel J. , Morssink Leonard P. , Streefland Esther , van Diemen Cleo C. , Vrijlandt Elianne JLE , Hulzebos Christian V. , Kerstjens‐Frederikse Wilhelmina S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe etiology of nonimmune hydrops fetalis is extensive and includes genetic disorders. We describe a term‐born female neonate with late onset extensive nonimmune hydrops, that is, polyhydramnios, edema, and congenital bilateral chylothorax. This newborn was successfully treated with repetitive thoracocentesis, total parenteral feeding, octreotide intravenously and finally surgical pleurodesis and corticosteroids. A genetic cause seemed plausible as the maternal history revealed a fatal nonimmune hydrops fetalis. A homozygous truncating variant in GDF2 (c.451C>T, p.(Arg151*)) was detected with exome sequencing. Genetic analysis of tissue obtained from the deceased fetal sibling revealed the same homozygous variant. The parents and two healthy siblings were heterozygous for the GDF2 variant. Skin and lung biopsies in the index patient, as well as the revised lung biopsy of the deceased fetal sibling, showed lymphatic dysplasia and lymphangiectasia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between a homozygous variant in GDF2 with lymphatic dysplasia, hydrothorax and nonimmune hydrops fetalis.
High mortality rates of Chelonia mydas in a small‐scale bottom gillnet fishery in the south‐west Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Fiedler Fernando Niemeyer , Pazeto Daniele Maria , Valle de Lacerda Leo Lynce 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

In Brazil, five species of sea turtles use the region for feeding and reproduction. For these endangered species, one of the biggest impacts on their populations is incidental catches in fishing gear.
In the state of Santa Catarina (SC) ‐ Brazil, fishing is an important economic activity, with distinct and numerous industrial and artisanal fleets. These fleets incidentally capture all five species of sea turtle.
In the Canoa beach fishing community in the municipality of Barra Velha (SC), gillnet fishing holds great economic and cultural importance. The four main gillnet fisheries in this community are whitemouth croaker, leatherjacket/mackerel, hake, and grouper/catfish/flounder, the latter of which is carried out on rocky bottoms and is locally called ‘malhão’. In this fishery, fishermen have reported catching sea turtles over the years, especially the green turtle Chelonia mydas.
In the present study, 1,998 sets were monitored between September 2010 and April 2011, of which 104 (5.2%) were of gillnets for whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri; 324 (16.2%) were for leatherjackets Oligoplites spp. and mackerel Scomberomorus spp.; 1,261 (63.1%) were for hake Cynoscion spp.; and 309 (15.5%) were for grouper Epinephelus spp., catfish Genidens spp., and flounder Paralichthys spp.
Considering all fisheries, the incidental capture of sea turtles occurred in only 3% of the monitored sets. In all, 87 sea turtles were captured, 78 (89.6%) of which were recorded in the ‘malhão’. Of these captures, 68 (87.2%) were C. mydas, eight (10.2%) were loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta and two (2.6%) were ‘hard‐shelled’ turtles.
The direct mortality rate observed for C. mydas in the ‘malhão’ was 73.5%, which is the highest rate recorded in similar fisheries of the south‐west Atlantic, thus raising concern for the protection of this species in the Atlantic Ocean.
High‐Performance Magnesium‐Sulfur Batteries Based on a Sulfurated Poly(acrylonitrile) Cathode, a Borohydride Electrolyte, and a High‐Surface Area Magnesium Anode
Authors: Wang Peiwen , Trück Janina , Niesen Stefan , Kappler Julian , Küster Kathrin , Starke Ulrich , Ziegler Felix , Hintennach Andreas , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPost‐lithium‐ion battery technology is considered a key element of future energy storage and management. Apart from high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, economic, ecologic and safety issues become increasingly important. In that regards, both the anode and cathode materials must be easily available, recyclable, non‐toxic and safe, which renders magnesium‐sulfur (Mg−S) batteries a promising choice. Herein, we present Mg−S cells based on a sulfurated poly(acrylonitrile) composite cathode (SPAN), together with a halogen‐free electrolyte containing both Mg[BH4]2 and Li[BH4] in diglyme and a high‐specific surface area magnesium anode based on Rieke magnesium powder. These cells deliver discharge capacities of 1400 and 800 mAh/gsulfur with >99 % Coulombic efficiency at 0.1 C and 0.5 C, respectively, and are stable over at least 300 cycles. Energy densities are 470 and 400 Wh/kgsulfur at 0.1 C and 0.5 C, respectively. Rate tests carried out between 0.1 C and 2 C demonstrate good rate capability of the cells. Detailed mechanistic studies based on X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electric impedance spectroscopy are presented.