bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Interaction of Wyoming Bentonite and Opalinus Clay
Authors: Sauer Kirsten , Caporuscio Florie , Rock Marlena , Cheshire Michael , Jové-Colón Carlos 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMost investigations into clay-mineral stability and new mineral formation within engineered barrier system (EBS) materials for geologic repositories of nuclear waste have focused on temperatures <100°C. In response to the United States Department of Energy’s interest in disposing of waste packages with higher thermal loads, higher temperature (200–300°C) and pressure (~150 bar), long-term (6-week to 6-month), hydrothermal experiments were conducted to evaluate the interaction of Opalinus Clay (wall rock) and Wyoming bentonite (clay buffer) with synthetic Opalinus Clay groundwater. Experiments were conducted in autoclaves using a flexible gold reaction cell with water:rock ratios between 6:1 and 9:1. Run products were characterized in terms of mineralogy and geochemistry. Montmorillonite remained stable at 200 and 300°C; traces of illite-smectite interstratified minerals were observed. Clay minerals in Opalinus Clay experienced significant changes at 300°C, including the formation of illite, illite-smectite, and chlorite-smectite. Montmorillonite illitization within the Wyoming bentonite EBS material was likely limited by the bulk chemistry of the system (i.e. low potassium) and newly formed illite was likely limited to the Opalinus Clay fragments, nucleating on pre-existing illite in the clay rock. Zeolite minerals with compositions between analcime and wairakite formed at 300°C along edges of Opalinus Clay fragments and within the bentonite matrix, but not at 200°C. Aqueous fluids remained undersaturated with respect to quartz in Opalinus Clay ± Wyoming bentonite 300°C experiments, and dissolution and re-precipitation of phases such as kaolinite, calcite, and smectite likely contributed to zeolite formation. These results can be applied to understanding zeolite formation, clay-mineral phase stability, and silica saturation within EBS materials of a high-temperature repository.
A Contextual Approach to Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: Judicial Power and the Basic Structure Doctrine in Malaysia
Authors: NEO Jaclyn L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article takes a contextual approach to analyzing judicial engagement with the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments. It argues that in assessing judicial reception of the basic structure doctrine, and the content of the constitutional identity that such a doctrine seeks to preserve, a normative universalist or even functionalist approach is not sufficient. Instead, such a doctrine should be justified and understood contextually. It is necessary to contextualize constitutional identity in order to give it a robust character, rather than assuming a set of characteristics most often associated with liberal democratic constitutionalism and without understanding the political, social, and economic conditions in which the constitution operates. This article thus uses the example of Malaysia and how the courts have engaged with the basic structure doctrine to show how a contextual approach could have greater explanatory effect, including on why certain issues are more strongly contested in some countries than in others.
The long tail of language change: A trend and panel study of Québécois French futures
Authors: Sankoff Gillian , Wagner Suzanne Evans 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA previous panel study of 59 speakers of Montreal French showed an increase in inflected futures (IF) at the expense of periphrastic futures (PF) as this population aged, running counter to the direction of historical change: reduction of IF. Matching two samples of speakers across the same time interval by age and social characteristics, the current trend study investigates whether or not this increase reflects retrograde change in the speech community. Results show community stability over the same period, confirming the earlier age grading interpretation and disconfirming any possibility that the disappearance of IF may be reversing. We propose that this pattern of retrograde lifespan change may emerge from a combination of social forces typically found in late stages of language change, with concomitant stylistic effect. Further, such a pattern may suggest the mechanism that creates a very long tail for retreating variants.
Intersectionality and Epistemic Erasure: A Caution to Decolonial Feminism
Authors: Thomas K. Bailey 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this article I caution that María Lugones's critiques of Kimberlé Crenshaw's intersectional theory posit a dangerous form of epistemic erasure, which underlies Lugones's decolonial methodology. This essay serves as a critical engagement with Lugones's essay “Radical Multiculturalism and Women of Color Feminisms” in order to uncover the decolonial lens within Crenshaw's theory of intersectionality. In her assertion that intersectionality is a “white bourgeois feminism colluding with the oppression of Women of Color,” Lugones precludes any possibility of intersectionality operating as a decolonial method. Although Lugones states that her “decolonial feminism” is for all women of color, it ultimately excludes Black women, particularly with her misconstruing of Crenshaw's articulation of intersectionality that is rooted within the Black American feminist tradition. I explore Lugones's claims by juxtaposing her rendering of intersectionality with Crenshaw's and conclude that Lugones's decolonial theory risks erasing Black women from her framework.
Variation in antibiotic use across intensive care units (ICU): A population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Lee Erika Y. , Detsky Michael E. , Ma Jin , Bell Chaim M. , Morris Andrew M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectives:Antibiotics are commonly used in intensive care units (ICUs), yet differences in antibiotic use across ICUs are unknown. Herein, we studied antibiotic use across ICUs and examined factors that contributed to variation.Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from Ontario’s Critical Care Information System (CCIS), which included 201 adult ICUs and 2,013,397 patient days from January 2012 to June 2016. Antibiotic use was measured in days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 patient days. ICU factors included ability to provide ventilator support (level 3) or not (level 2), ICU type (medical-surgical or other), and academic status. Patient factors included severity of illness using multiple-organ dysfunction score (MODS), ventilatory support, and central venous catheter (CVC) use. We analyzed the effect of these factors on variation in antibiotic use.Results:Overall, 269,351 patients (56%) received antibiotics during their ICU stay. The mean antibiotic use was 624 (range 3–1460) DOT per 1,000 patient days. Antibiotic use was significantly higher in medical-surgical ICUs compared to other ICUs (697 vs 410 DOT per 1,000 patient days; P < .0001) and in level 3 ICUs compared to level 2 ICUs (751 vs 513 DOT per 1,000 patient days; P < .0001). Higher antibiotic use was associated with higher severity of illness and intensity of treatment. ICU and patient factors explained 47% of the variation in antibiotic use across ICUs.Conclusions:Antibiotic use varies widely across ICUs, which is partially associated with ICUs and patient characteristics. These differences highlight the importance of antimicrobial stewardship to ensure appropriate use of antibiotics in ICU patients.
Are the effects of hunger stage-specific? A case study in an aphidophagous ladybird beetle
Authors: Singh Priya , Mishra Geetanjali , Omkar  
Published: June 2020

AbstractFood availability is a fundamental factor determining an animal's potential fitness. Carry-over effects of food limitation from development to adulthood are known to influence reproduction, ageing, and tolerance to stress. We have examined the effect of stage-specific variation (before adult emergence or pre-emergence, post-emergence and post-mating) in food availability in Propylea dissecta (Mulsant). Larvae were reared separately on two different pre-emergence food regimes (abundant or restricted) until pupation. Newly emerged adults were further split into two groups and placed on abundant or restricted post-emergence regimes. After mating, females were split and reared on any one of two post-mating regimes. The results revealed that: (i) time to commence mating declined with increased food availability in pre- and post-emergence stages, (ii) mating duration increased with food availability post-emergence, (iii) highest reproduction output was observed in individuals who had abundant food pre- and post-emergence. However, food availability at the time of oviposition also had a strong influence on fecundity. Solo bouts of scarcity, regardless of which stage suffered them, were effectively managed in at least two of the three stages (pre-emergence, post-emergence, post-mating) had abundant food.
Uppermost Cambrian carbon chemostratigraphy: the HERB and undocumented TOCE events are not synonymous
Authors: Landing Ed , Ripperdan Robert L. , Geyer Gerd 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChemostratigraphic units require consistent definitions and unambiguous names. So-called TOCE (Top of Cambrian Excursion) is used as an uppermost Cambrian δ13Ccarb negative excursion although it was proposed without documentation, is ambiguously defined, and variably correlated into four Laurentian trilobite zones. TOCE, a nihilartikel, is regularly substituted to the exclusion of the earlier named, precisely documented and geochronologically older HERB (Hellnmaria-Red Tops Boundary) Event. HERB allows late Cambrian global correlation; its onset is close to the lowest occurrence of the conodont Eoconodontus notchpeakensis at the base of a proposed replacement (Lawsonian Stage) of Cambrian Stage 10. TOCE must be retired from use and abandoned as a synonym of the HERB Event.
THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN AND THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY IN REAGAN'S AMERICA
Authors: RYAN-HUME JOE J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article explores the emergence of women in the United States as a liberal voting group in the 1980s and the impact of this development on the power of liberalism, amid the Reagan revolution – an era often viewed as the apogee of conservatism. As the Republican party shifted in a more conservative direction in the 1980s, gender started to correlate with partisan preference/election outcomes in enough contests to give credence to the belief that women were becoming a decidedly liberal voting bloc. Contemporaneously, the equality-seeking movements of the 1960s and 1970s began institutionalizing their operations and exploiting these demographic shifts, becoming more entrenched than ever within the internal politics of the Democratic party. The National Organization for Women (NOW), the largest liberal women's group, proved to be particularly successful in this respect. Therefore, by presenting substantial archival evidence that liberal politicians and organizations remained a dynamic political force during the 1980s, this article details the growing organizational prowess of NOW and examines how liberals resisted the conservative challenge to fashion a political approach suited to the ‘Reagan Era’.
CREDIT AND THE PROBLEM OF TRUST IN THE THOUGHT OF JOHN LOCKE, c. 1668–1704
Authors: COOPER JON 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article presents a reinterpretation of John Locke's contribution to debates about the interest rate in the seventeenth century. It suggests that his argument that England should maintain the ‘natural’ rate, rather than impose a lower rate, was motivated by his theological, moral, and social conceptions of credit and its dependence on trust. In order to solve the endemic shortage of metal coin limiting the growth of monetary exchange in England, Locke stressed that the higher, ‘natural’ rate of interest would facilitate interpersonal borrowing and lending among neighbours, allowing currency to flow more freely around the country. By contrast, while he acknowledged that institutional creditors such as goldsmith-bankers could quicken the circulation of money by issuing debt instruments like bills of exchange, he saw institutional credit as a threat to the moral community. Not only did he question how people could rationally trust financiers without any epistemic apprehension of their personal probity, but he moreover doubted whether individuals accumulating so much money were likely to act trustworthily. Finally, using an otherwise unstudied dialogue about the Bank of England, this article argues Locke extended his criticisms about the threats posted by private banks to the country's nascent system of public credit.
Brain imaging in catatonia: systematic review and directions for future research
Authors: Haroche Alexandre , Rogers Jonathan , Plaze Marion , Gaillard Raphaël , Williams Steve CR , Thomas Pierre , Amad Ali 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundCatatonia is a frequent, complex and severe identifiable syndrome of motor dysregulation. However, its pathophysiology is poorly understood.MethodsWe aimed to provide a systematic review of all brain imaging studies (both structural and functional) in catatonia.ResultsWe identified 137 case reports and 18 group studies representing 186 individual patients with catatonia. Catatonia is often associated with brain imaging abnormalities (in more than 75% of cases). The majority of the case reports show diffuse lesions of white matter, in a wide range of brain regions. Most of the case reports of functional imaging usually show frontal, temporal, or basal ganglia hypoperfusion. These abnormalities appear to be alleviated after successful treatment of clinical symptoms. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging studies are very scarce in the catatonia literature, mostly showing diffuse cerebral atrophy. Group studies assessing functional brain imaging after catatonic episodes show that emotional dysregulation is related to the GABAergic system, with hypoactivation of orbitofrontal cortex, hyperactivation of median prefrontal cortex, and dysconnectivity between frontal and motor areas.ConclusionIn catatonia, brain imaging is abnormal in the majority of cases, and abnormalities more frequently diffuse than localised. Brain imaging studies published so far suffer from serious limitations and for now the different models presented in the literature do not explain most of the cases. There is an important need for further studies including a better clinical characterisation of patients with catatonia, functional imaging with concurrent catatonic symptoms and the use of novel brain imaging techniques.
Numerous outbreaks amongst homeless and injection drug-using populations raise concerns of an evolving syndemic in London, Canada
Authors: Turner S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
London, Ontario is a mid-sized Canadian city which appears to be experiencing a syndemic predominately amongst its marginalized populations. Since 2014, rates of HIV, hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis C (HCV), and invasive group A streptococcal disease have climbed well above provincial rates amid increasing use of injection drugs. Rates of infective endocarditis have also been on the rise. Extensive public health and community-based efforts were taken in response to these concurrent outbreaks. These efforts included establishing improved client care pathways, creating specialized teams to engage underhoused clients, providing mass immunization, and developing new health promotion campaigns. Rates of HIV and HAV were subsequently controlled locally while rates of HCV, iGAS and infective endocarditis remain high within the community and throughout the province.
HISPANICS PARA TRUMP?
Authors: Alamillo Rudy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLittle has been written about the Hispanic Americans who voted for Donald Trump. Despite his comments about Mexicans and immigrants, data suggest that Trump performed as well or better than Mitt Romney among Hispanic voters. Using the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, this paper examines Hispanic support for Trump by looking at traditional predictors of vote choice such as party identification and ideology, as well as a novel measure of racism: denial of racism. This paper finds that, like non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics higher in denial of racism were more likely to vote Trump in 2016, as well as for Romney in the 2012 election. In addition, denial of racism is the strongest predictor of support for Trump among Hispanics, above even party identification and ideology. This suggests that while Trump’s rhetoric may not appeal to most Hispanic voters, it strongly appeals to those that hold disproportionately high levels of denial of racism. I offer some theoretical reasons for these findings and discuss the role that denial of racism plays in predicting voting behavior.
Deep‐Ocean Circulation in the Southwest Pacific Ocean Interior: Estimates of the Mean Flow and Variability Using Deep Argo Data
Authors: Zilberman N. V. , Roemmich D. H. , Gilson J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe spatial structure and time variability of the global deep‐ocean circulation are poorly understood due to limited sampling below 2,000‐m depth. A Deep Argo array deployed in 2016 has significantly increased oceanic measurements from the ocean surface to near the sea floor in the Southwest Pacific Basin interior. Deep Argo profiles collected between 2016 and 2019 show that 4.3–4.7 Sv between 1,500 and 4,800 m, relative to 4,800 m, of the Deep Western Boundary Current flowing along the Tonga Kermadec Ridge is redirected southward over the abyssal plain between the Tonga Kermadec Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. The southward recirculation of the Deep Western Boundary Current exhibits seasonality that may be influenced by Ekman pumping.
Global Measurements of Brown Carbon and Estimated Direct Radiative Effects
Authors: Zeng Linghan , Zhang Aoxing , Wang Yuhang , Wagner Nicholas L. , Katich Joseph M. , Schwarz Joshua P. , Schill Gregory P. , Brock Charles , Froyd Karl D. , Murphy Daniel M. , Williamson Christina J. , Kupc Agnieszka , Scheuer Eric , Dibb Jack , Weber Rodney J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBrown carbon (BrC) is an organic aerosol material that preferentially absorbs light of shorter wavelengths. Global‐scale radiative impacts of BrC have been difficult to assess due to the lack of BrC observational data. To address this, aerosol filters were continuously collected with near pole‐to‐pole latitudinal coverage over the Pacific and Atlantic basins in three seasons as part of the Atmospheric Tomography Mission. BrC chromophores in filter extracts were measured. We find that globally, BrC was highly spatially heterogeneous, mostly detected in air masses that had been transported from regions of extensive biomass burning. We calculate the average direct radiative effect due to BrC absorption accounted for approximately 7% to 48% of the top of the atmosphere clear‐sky instantaneous forcing by all absorbing carbonaceous aerosols in the remote atmosphere, indicating that BrC from biomass burning is an important component of the global radiative balance.
DayCent Model Predictions of NPP and Grain Yields for Agricultural Lands in the Contiguous U.S.
Authors: Zhang Yao , Gurung Ram , Marx Ernie , Williams Stephen , Ogle Stephen M. , Paustian Keith 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAccurate estimation of crop net primary production (NPP) and yields is fundamental for regional analyses of agroecosystem dynamics using process‐based models. In this study, we simulated croplands in the contiguous U.S. using the DayCent ecosystem model with new production algorithms. Crops were divided into crop variety groups based on regional varieties of three major crops (corn, soybeans, and winter wheat) and generic parameter values that were generated for each group. These varieties have been developed through crop breeding programs and enhance production of major crop types in different temperature and precipitation regimes. NPP and yields for the three major crops were evaluated at the county level with reported yields from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). The predictions of the multiyear average yields in all counties were more accurate than most other published results using process‐based models. DayCent predictions of yields produced an overall R2 of 0.54, 0.54, and 0.38 for corn, soybean, and winter wheat, respectively, with predictions for most counties within ±20% of the NASS reported yields. Our estimations of the total annual NPP for the three crops in the contiguous U.S. are 0.24, 0.09, and 0.06 Pg C yr−1 for corn, soybean, and winter wheat, respectively. Together, they contribute 7.3% to 14.8% of the total NPP for all vegetation in the contiguous U.S. We conclude that crop variety groups capture heterogeneity in NPP for major crop types and can improve biogeochemical model predictions of NPP for croplands.
Geochemical and Stratigraphic Analysis of the Chisana Formation, Wrangellia Terrane, Eastern Alaska: Insights Into Early Cretaceous Magmatism and Tectonics Along the Northern Cordilleran Margin
Authors: Manselle Patrick , Brueseke Matthew E. , Trop Jeffrey M. , Benowitz Jeffrey A. , Snyder Darin C. , Hart William K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Chisana Formation consists of Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks that occur in the Nutzotin Mountains of eastern Alaska. New stratigraphic analysis indicates that the volcanic succession is >2 km thick at the Bonanza Creek type section. We present stratigraphic, geochemical, Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope, and U‐Pb age data from samples collected from various stratigraphic levels of the Chisana Formation. We demonstrate that the Chisana Formation can be divided into a lower subaqueous unit, a middle transitional unit, and an upper subaerial unit. Chisana Formation lavas range from transitional to subalkaline basalts through andesites. Trace element geochemistry shows high field strength element depletions relative to large ion lithophile elements and hydrous mineral assemblages with calc‐alkaline to tholeiitic chemistries, all consistent with a magmatic arc origin. Chisana lavas yield geochemical compositions and isotope characteristics that overlap with magmas from volcanic suites formed within juvenile continental crust and immature island arcs. Volcanism occurred between ~131 and 117 Ma judging from previously reported lava ages and new U‐Pb ages of detrital zircons recovered from sandstones that conformably underlie the lowermost Chisana Formation lavas. Our results support existing tectonic models in which an east dipping subduction zone existed beneath Wrangellia during Early Cretaceous time. The upsection shift from marine to terrestrial depositional conditions in the Chisana Formation and the overlying ~117–93 Ma Beaver Lake Formation was coincident with regional shortening. Together, the geologic evidence for shortening and terrestrial deposition are interpreted to reflect accretion/suturing of Wrangellia against inboard terranes.