bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cranial anatomy ofMicrosyops annectens(Microsyopidae, Euarchonta, Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming
Authors: Silcox Mary T. , Gunnell Gregg F. , Bloch Jonathan I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Microsyopidae are extinct mammals from the late Paleocene–late Eocene of North America and the late Paleocene of Europe. While results from phylogenetic analyses support euarchontan affinities, specific relationships of microsyopids to other plesiadapiforms (plausible stem primates), Euprimates (crown primates), Scandentia (treeshrews), and Dermoptera (colugos) are unresolved. An exceptionally well-preserved cranium ofMicrosyops annectensincludes a basicranium that is generally primitive relative to that of other extinct and extant euarchontans in having: (1) a transpromontorial groove for an unreduced internal carotid artery (ICA) entering the middle ear posteromedially; (2) grooves (not tubes) on the promontorium, marking the course for both stapedial and promontorial branches of the ICA; (3) a foramen faciale that opens into the middle ear cavity, with the facial nerve exiting through a stylomastoid foramen primitivum; and (4) unexpanded caudal and rostral tympanic processes of the petrosal. The absence of any preserved bullar elements in the middle ear contrasts with that of other plesiadapiforms for which the region has been recovered, all of which have evidence of an ossified bulla.Microsyopslacks many of the specialized cranial characteristics of crown scandentians and dermopterans. The basicranial anatomy of microsyopids does not provide evidence in support of a clear link to any of the extant euarchontans, and suggests that the primitive morphology of this region in Euarchonta was little differentiated from that observed in the primitive placental mammals.
Determinants of dietary and physical activity behaviours among women of reproductive age in urban sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Yiga Peter , Seghers Jan , Ogwok Patrick , Matthys Christophe 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUrban sub-Saharan Africa is in a nutrition transition shifting towards consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor diets and decreasing physical activity. Determinants of nutrition transition in sub-Saharan Africa are presently not well understood. The objective of this review was to synthesise available data on determinants of dietary and physical activity behaviours among women of reproductive age in urban sub-Saharan Africa according to the socio-ecological framework. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and bibliographies of included articles for qualitative, observational and randomised controlled studies published in English from January 2000 to September 2018. Studies conducted within general populations of women aged 18–49 years were included. Searches were according to a predefined protocol published on PROSPERO (ID = CRD42018108532). Two reviewers independently screened identified studies. From a total of 9853 unique references, twenty-three studies were retained and were mainly from South and West Africa. No rigorous designed quantitative study was identified. Hence, data synthesis was narrative. Notable determinants of dietary behaviour included: convenience, finances, social network, food skills and knowledge gaps, food deserts and culture. Cultural beliefs include strong relationship between high social status and weight gain, energy-dense confectionery, salt or fat-rich foods. Physical activity is influenced by the fast-changing transport environment and cultural beliefs which instigate unfavourable gender stereotypes. Studies with rigorous qualitative and quantitative designs are required to validate and develop the proposed frameworks further, especially within East Africa. Nevertheless, available insights suggest a need for comprehensive skill-based interventions focusing on socio-cultural misconceptions and financial limitations.
Dissociable hormonal profiles for psychopathology and stress in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Westwater Margaret L. , Mancini Flavia , Shapleske Jane , Serfontein Jaco , Ernst Monique , Ziauddeen Hisham , Fletcher Paul C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are complex psychiatric conditions, in which both psychological and metabolic factors have been implicated. Critically, the experience of stress can precipitate loss-of-control eating in both conditions, suggesting an interplay between mental state and metabolic signaling. However, associations between psychological states, symptoms and metabolic processes in AN and BN have not been examined.MethodsEighty-five women (n = 22 AN binge/purge subtype, n = 33 BN, n = 30 controls) underwent remote salivary cortisol sampling and a 2-day, inpatient study session to examine the effect of stress on cortisol, gut hormones [acyl-ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1] and food consumption. Participants were randomized to either an acute stress induction or control task on each day, and plasma hormones were serially measured before a naturalistic, ad libitum meal.ResultsCortisol-awakening response was augmented in AN but not in BN relative to controls, with body mass index explaining the most variance in post-awakening cortisol (36%). Acute stress increased acyl-ghrelin and PYY in AN compared to controls; however, stress did not alter gut hormone profiles in BN. Instead, a group-by-stress interaction showed nominally reduced cortisol reactivity in BN, but not in AN, compared to controls. Ad libitum consumption was lower in both patient groups and unaffected by stress.ConclusionsFindings extend previous reports of metabolic dysfunction in binge-eating disorders, identifying unique associations across disorders and under stress. Moreover, we observed disrupted homeostatic signaling in AN following psychological stress, which may explain, in part, the maintenance of dysregulated eating in this serious illness.
The future of TTOM
Authors: Overgaard Søren 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
“Thinking through other minds,” or TTOM, is defined in two different ways. On the one hand, it refers to something people do – for example, inferences they make about others’ expectations. On the other hand, it refers to a particular theoretical model of those things that people do. If the concept of TTOM is to have any future, this ambiguity must be redressed.
The role of communication in acquisition, curation, and transmission of culture
Authors: Gweon Hyowon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Veissière et al.'s proposal aims to explain how cognition enables cultural learning, but fails to acknowledge a distinctively human behavior critical to this process: communication. Recent advances in developmental and computational cognitive science suggest that the social-cognitive capacities central to TTOM also support sophisticated yet remarkably early-emerging inferences and communicative behaviors that allow us to learn and share abstract knowledge.
Putting costs and benefits of ordeals together
Authors: Herlitz Anders 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper addresses how to think about the permissibility of introducing deadweight costs (so-called ‘ordeals’) on candidate recipients of goods in order to attain better outcomes. The paper introduces some distinctions between different kinds of value dimensions that should be taken into account when such judgements are made and draws from the literature on comparisons across different value dimensions in order to canvas what sort of situations one might arguably face when evaluating ordeals. In light of the distinctions drawn and the possibilities canvassed, the paper proceeds to outline what circumstances indicate which of the possible situations one is in.
Exploring the identification, validation, and categorization of costs and benefits of education in mental health: The PECUNIA project
Authors: Pokhilenko Irina , Janssen Luca M.M. , Evers Silvia M.A.A. , Drost Ruben M.W.A. , Simon Judit , König Hans-Helmut , Brodszky Valentin , Salvador-Carulla Luis , Park A-La , Hollingworth William W. , Paulus Aggie T.G. 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundMental health problems can lead to costs and benefits in other sectors (e.g. in the education sector) in addition to the healthcare sector. These related costs and benefits are known as intersectoral costs and benefits (ICBs). Although some ICBs within the education sector have been identified previously, little is known about their extensiveness and transferability, which is crucial for their inclusion in health economics research.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to identify ICBs in the education sector, to validate the list of ICBs in a broader European context, and to categorize the ICBs using mental health as a case study.MethodsPreviously identified ICBs in the education sector were used as a basis for this study. Additional ICBs were extracted from peer-reviewed literature in PubMed and grey literature from six European countries. A comprehensive list of unique items was developed based on the identified ICBs. The list was validated by surveying an international group of educational experts. The survey results were used to finalize the list, which was categorized according to the care atom.ResultsAdditional ICBs in the education sector were retrieved from ninety-six sources. Fourteen experts from six European countries assessed the list for completeness, clarity, and relevance. The final list contained twenty-four ICBs categorized into input, throughput, and output.ConclusionBy providing a comprehensive list of ICBs in the education sector, this study laid further foundations for the inclusion of important societal costs in health economics research in the broader European context.
An exploration-based approach to computationally supported design-by-analogy using D3
Authors: Song Hyeonik , Evans Jacob , Fu Katherine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractComputational support for design-by-analogy (DbA) is a growing field, as it aids the process for designers looking to draw inspiration from external sources by harnessing the power of data mining and data visualization. This study presents a unique exploration-based approach for the analogical retrieval process using a computational tool called VISION (VisualInteraction tool forSeekingInspiration basedOnNonnegative Matrix Factorization). Leveraging the U.S. patent database as a source of inspiration, VISION enables designers to visualize a patent repository and explore for analogical inspiration in a user-driven manner. To achieve this, we perform hierarchical Nonnegative Matrix Factorization to generate a clustered structure of patent data and employ D3.js to visualize the patent structure in a node-link network, in which user interaction capabilities are enabled for data exploration. In this study, we also analyze the effect of data size (ranging from 100 to 3000 patents) on two performance aspects of VISION – the clustering quality of topic modeling results and the frame rate of interactive data visualization. The findings show that the tool exhibits more randomized and inconsistent topic modeling results when the database size is too small. But, increasing the database size lowers the frame rate to the point that it could diminish designers’ ability to retrieve and recall information. The scope of the work here is to present the creation of the DbA visualization tool called VISION and to evaluate its data scale limitations in order to provide a basis for developing a visual interaction tool for the analogical retrieval process during DbA.
Association of hypertension with the severity and fatality of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Jingqi , Wu Jing , Sun Xiaohua , Xue Hong , Shao Jianguo , Cai Weihua , Jing Yang , Yue Ming , Dong Chen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHypertension is a common comorbidity in COVID-19 patients. However, the association of hypertension with the severity and fatality of COVID-19 remain unclear. In the present meta-analysis, relevant studies reported the impacts of hypertension on SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified by searching PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Embase and CNKI up to 20 March 2020. As the results shown, 12 publications with 2389 COVID-19 patients (674 severe cases) were included for the analysis of disease severity. The severity rate of COVID-19 in hypertensive patients was much higher than in non-hypertensive cases (37.58%vs19.73%, pooled OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.80–2.86). Moreover, the pooled ORs of COVID-19 severity for hypertensionvs.non-hypertension was 2.21 (95% CI: 1.58–3.10) and 2.32 (95% CI: 1.70–3.17) in age <50 years and ⩾50 years patients, respectively. Additionally, six studies with 151 deaths of 2116 COVID-19 cases were included for the analysis of disease fatality. The results showed that hypertensive patients carried a nearly 3.48-fold higher risk of dying from COVID-19 (95% CI: 1.72–7.08). Meanwhile, the pooled ORs of COVID-19 fatality for hypertensionvs.non-hypertension was 6.43 (95% CI: 3.40–12.17) and 2.66 (95% CI: 1.27–5.57) in age <50 years and ⩾50 years patients, respectively. Neither considerable heterogeneity nor publication bias was observed in the present analysis. Therefore, our present results provided further evidence that hypertension could significantly increase the risks of severity and fatality of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Astrobiology and its influence on the renewal of the way we see the world from the teloempathic, educational and astrotheological perspective
Authors: Chon Torres Octavio A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere is a record of the positive effects of astrobiological research for the natural sciences and eventually for their technological use on Earth. However, on the philosophical effects, this is not as visible as the other sciences, which is why it can be assumed that it is a waste of time speculating on astrobioethics or also on the philosophy of astrobiology. This is the reason why this work seeks to identify and sustain the philosophical utility of astrobioethics. To achieve this, this article focuses on three essential aspects: teloempathy, education and astrotheology. Russell's argument about the value of philosophy will be used as a fundamental basis for the usefulness of astrobioethics.
Temperature Variability in Titan's Upper Atmosphere: The Role of Wave Dissipation
Authors: Wang Xing , Lian Yuan , Cui Jun , Richardson Mark , Wu Zhaopeng , Li Jing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Cassini spacecraft detected a surprisingly large temporal temperature variability of 60 Kin Titan's upper atmosphere during multiple flybys. Previous efforts examining such a variability focused on the role of radiative heating but were unable to explain the observations. Analytic estimates of the wave energy fluxes have suggested that wave heating might be an important process affecting the thermal structure of the upper atmosphere. However, approaches to date have been highly idealized and have not described wave propagation rigorously. Here, we implement an anelastic linearized wave model adopting the Wentzel‐Kramers‐Brillouin approximation that adequately describes wave propagation in Titan's upper atmosphere, where the observed vertical wavelengths are several times larger than the density scale height. Our results show that the wave heating and cooling rates generated by molecular diffusion of monochromatic waves are larger than those found in previous studies. The energy fluxes associated with wave dissipation can exceed that of the combined solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) heating and HCN rotational line cooling. Compared to the wave‐free, mean‐state temperature, the wave energy fluxes associated with certain wave modes can produce a temperature variability as large as 20 K, which is larger than that driven by magnetospheric particle precipitation but still smaller than that observed. Our results suggest that wave heating and cooling are important processes that can modify the thermal structure of Titan's upper atmosphere and also suggest that additional processes such as wave breaking and molecular diffusion of a spectrum of waves should be considered in future studies.
Grain Size Dependence of Brightness Phase Curves of the Lunar Surface
Authors: Jeong Minsup , Choi Young‐Jun , Kim Sungsoo S. , Shkuratov Yuriy G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe lunar opposition effect is the increase of brightness on the lunar surface when the phase angle approaches 0°, which is caused mainly by shadow‐hiding and coherent backscattering. However, the contribution of coherent backscattering is not yet well established. This study analyzes the contribution of coherent backscattering to the opposition effect using the correlation between the contribution of increased brightness of the theoretical coherent backscattering and the grain size of the reflecting surface. We analyze the correlation between the two using data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera and median grain size d calculated by linear polarization observations. The size of effective scatterers of coherent backscattering is similar to the observation wavelength. In this case, the effective scatterer size for coherent backscattering is 0.6 μm. The results of our analyses show that there is no correlation between d and reflectance phase curve in the phase angle range from 0° to 6°. In addition, we analyze the distribution of grain size of lunar samples collected during the Apollo and Luna missions. We find an inversely proportional correlation between mean grain sizes and submicron grain content in the lunar samples. Therefore, d seems to indicate the content of effective scatterer. The strength of the coherent backscattering opposition effect seems to be affected by the content of the submicron grains. Thus, the lack of correlation between d and the opposition effect seems to imply minimal contribution of coherent backscattering to the lunar opposition effect.
Seismicity in Strike‐Slip Foreland Faults (Central Betic Cordillera Front): Evidence of Indentation Tectonics
Authors: Tendero‐Salmerón Víctor , Galindo‐Zaldivar Jesus , Peláez José A. , Martínez‐Martos Manuel , Henares Jesús , Marín‐Lechado Carlos , Gil Antonio J. , López‐Garrido Ángel Carlos 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUnexpected seismicity has been detected in the past few years along the northern Guadiana Menor River (Guadalquivir foreland basin) at the northern boundary of the Betic Cordillera. Earthquake focal mechanisms evidence the activity of N‐S to NNE‐SSW sinistral faults in the basement. Yet continuous GPS (CGPS) data show a westward movement in both the Prebetic Arc and the eastern Guadalquivir basin infill, which disagrees with the strike‐slip faults. To more precisely describe the structure and evolution of the area, new Bouguer anomaly data from the southeastern basin combined with seismicity data, electric resistivity tomography profiles (ERT), and surface studies are provided. Given the soft consistency of the sedimentary infill in the area, surface evidence of faulting is scarce, limited to elongated channel and minor vertical faults affecting Quaternary sediments, where ERT profiles suggested the presence of faults. These results suggest that the Guadalquivir basin infill, the Prebetic Arc and the central Betic Cordillera move towards the west, independent from the Iberian crust, but indicating to some extent an upward propagation of the basement deformation. However, the basement is coupled with the Alboran Domain and undergoes NNW‐SSE Eurasia‐Nubia convergence and orthogonal extension. This scenario is suggestive of the initial stages of indentation tectonics, better developed in the eastern Betic Cordillera and the central Alboran Sea.
Identification and characterization of mammaglobin-A epitope in heterogenous breast cancers for enhancing tumor-targeting therapy
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Yang Xiqin , Duan Cuimi , Li Jiangxue , Tong Rongsheng , Fan Yuting , Feng Jiannan , Cao Ruiyuan , Zhong Wu , Feng Xiaoyan , Zhang Heqiu , Cai Lulu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough targeted therapy has been extensively investigated for breast cancers, a molecular target with broad application is currently unavailable due to the high heterogeneity of these cancers. Mammaglobin-A (Mam-A), which is overexpressed in most breast carcinomas, has been proposed as a promising target. However, the lack of specific targeting moieties due to uncertain binding epitopes hampers further translational study. Here, seven potential epitopes of Mam-A were disclosed, and a unique epitope was then identified in most types of breast cancers, despite the genotypic heterogeneity. With phage display technology, the epitope was determined to be N-terminal amino acids 42–51 of Mam-A (N42–51). Then, the N42–51 epitope-specific monoclonal antibody, mAb785, was conjugated to poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic agents, thereby enhancing the drug uptake and therapeutic efficacy in different genotypes of breast cancers. The computer simulation of the N42–51 epitope and the mAb785 structures, as well as their interactions, further revealed the specific targeting mechanism of the mAb785-conjugated nanoparticles to breast cancers.
The association of diabetes with risk of prostate cancer defined by clinical and molecular features
Authors: Feng Xiaoshuang , Song Mingyang , Preston Mark A. , Ma Wenjie , Hu Yang , Pernar Claire H. , Stopsack Konrad H. , Ebot Ericka M. , Fu Benjamin C. , Zhang Yiwen , Li Ni , Dai Min , Liu Lydia , Giovannucci Edward L. , Mucci Lorelei A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
To prospectively examine the association between diabetes and risk of prostate cancer defined by clinical and molecular features.

Methods
A total of 49,392 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) were followed from 1986 to 2014. Data on self-reported diabetes were collected at baseline and updated biennially. Clinical features of prostate cancer included localised, advanced, lethal, low-grade, intermediate-grade, and high-grade. Molecular features included TMPRSS2: ERG and PTEN subtypes. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association between diabetes and incidence of subtype-specific prostate cancer.

Results
During 28 years of follow-up, we documented 6733 incident prostate cancer cases. Relative to men free from diabetes, men with diabetes had lower risks of total (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.75–0.90), localised (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74–0.92), low-and intermediate-grade prostate cancer (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66–0.90; HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65–0.91, respectively). For molecular subtypes, the HRs for ERG-negative and ERG-positive cases were 0.63 (0.42–0.95) and 0.72 (0.46–1.12); and for PTEN-intact and PTEN-loss cases were 0.69 (0.48–0.98) and 0.52 (0.19–1.41), respectively.

Conclusion
Besides providing advanced evidence for the inverse association between diabetes and prostate cancer, this study is the first to report associations between diabetes and ERG/PTEN defined prostate cancers.