bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MARGARET MEE FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMME ARTIST SCHOLARSHIPS
Authors: Hind Nicholas 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThe Margaret Mee Fellowship Programme's Artist Scholar‐ships effectively celebrate their thirtieth anniversary this year, 2019. Christabel King has been the Artist Scholars' mentor throughout. A chronological list of Artist Scholars is provided. Officially, there have been 23 Brazilian Artist Scholars; Mark Fothergill was the first ‘unofficial’ scholar. Illustrations of a limited number of paintings of some of the Artist Scholars is provided, showing examples of their competition entries and work completed during their scholarship stay in Kew. A bibliography gives references of selected plant portraits published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine.
Historical processes constrain metacommunity structure by shaping different pools of invertebrate taxa within the Orinoco basin
Authors: González‐Trujillo Juan David , Donato‐Rondon Jhon Ch. , Muñoz Isabel , Sabater Sergi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimTo identify and characterize the distribution of invertebrate taxa in the Orinoco basin and how their distribution affects the metacommunity structure along the river network.LocationMeta and Guaviare sub‐basins, Orinoco basin, Colombia, South America.MethodsWe characterized the invertebrate communities and environmental characteristics of 25 streams from six ecoregions in the Orinoco basin. The ecoregions present different historical evolution, altitude, slope, climate and vegetation features. We used multiplicative diversity partitioning to compare the contributions of riffle (α and β1), stream (β2) and ecoregional (β3) scales to the overall gamma diversity of the basin. We also applied the Elements of Metacommunity Structure framework to delineate metacommunity types and a distance‐based redundancy analysis to assess the relative relevance of environmental, spatial and ecoregional drivers in species compositions of invertebrate communities.ResultsStreams showed significant differences in community composition among the ecoregions. Several discrete pools of invertebrate taxa occurred in the basin that largely matched the distribution of the ecoregions. Consequently, the metacommunity in the basin resembled a Clementsian idealized structure. The species composition of invertebrate communities was mostly explained by ecoregion type and its interaction with the local environment, particularly its physiographic features.Main conclusionsHistorical and evolutionary processes have resulted in species pools differing between the ecoregions of the Orinoco basin. At the basin scale, the metacommunity structure seems to be constrained by ecoregional features rather than by spatial structure or the local environment. Hence, using the basin as a unit for biodiversity conservation and river management would not adequately reflect the diversity and distribution patterns in highly heterogeneous basins such as the Orinoco basin.
Effect of dapagliflozin, a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor, on gluconeogenesis in proximal renal tubules
Authors: Kim Jin Hee , Ko Hae Young , Wang Hye Jin , Lee Hyangkyu , Yun MiJin , Kang Eun Seok 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effect of dapagliflozin, a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on renal gluconeogenesis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.Materials and methodsWe treated HK‐2 cells (human renal proximal tubule cells) and mouse primary renal proximal tubule cells with dapagliflozin, and evaluated the process of renal gluconeogenesis. We also examined the effect of dapagliflozin on renal gluconeogenesis in normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mice.ResultsDapagliflozin enhanced renal gluconeogenesis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. It increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor‐gamma co‐activator 1α (PGC‐1α) and phosphorylated cyclic‐AMP response element binding protein (CREB) expression and decreased phosphorylated Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) expression in HK‐2 cells, mouse primary renal proximal tubule cells, and the mouse renal cortex. Glutamine enhanced the gluconeogenic effect of dapagliflozin in HK‐2 cells. Also, dapagliflozin increased 14C‐glutamine utilization in HK‐2 cells. Glucagon did not affect dapagliflozin‐induced enhancement in renal gluconeogenesis in HK‐2 cells. SGLT2 gene knockdown with siRNA resulted in an increase of gluconeogenic gene expression and associated transcription factors in HK‐2 cells. Dapagliflozin reduced fasting plasma glucose levels and improved oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance in high‐fat diet‐fed hyperglycaemic mice, although renal gluconeogenesis was enhanced.ConclusionsDapagliflozin increased levels of gluconeogenic enzyme in the renal cortex and consequently increased renal gluconeogenesis, which is mediated by SGLT2 inhibition.
Peptide YY (1–36) peptides from phylogenetically ancient fish targeting mammalian neuropeptide Y1 receptors demonstrate potent effects on pancreatic β‐cell function, growth and survival
Authors: Lafferty Ryan A. , Tanday Neil , McCloskey Andrew , Bompada Pradeep , De Marinis Yang , Flatt Peter R. , Irwin Nigel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the antidiabetic efficacy of enzymatically stable Peptide YY (PYY) peptides from phylogenetically ancient fish.Materials and methodsN‐terminally stabilized, PYY (1–36) sequences from Amia calva (bowfin), Oncorhynchus mykiss (trout), Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey) and Scaphirhynchus albus (sturgeon), were synthesized, and both biological actions and antidiabetic therapeutic efficacy were assessed.ResultsAll fish PYY (1–36) peptides were resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) degradation and inhibited glucose‐ and alanine‐induced (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) insulin secretion. In addition, PYY (1–36) peptides imparted significant (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) β‐cell proliferative and anti‐apoptotic benefits. Proliferative effects were almost entirely absent in β cells with CRISPR‐Cas9‐induced knockout of Npyr1. In contrast to human PYY (1–36), the piscine‐derived peptides lacked appetite‐suppressive actions. Twice‐daily administration of sea lamprey PYY (1–36), the superior bioactive peptide, for 21 days significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) decreased fluid intake, non‐fasting glucose and glucagon in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice. In addition, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, pancreatic insulin and glucagon content were significantly improved. Metabolic benefits were linked to positive changes in pancreatic islet morphology as a result of augmented (P < 0.001) proliferation and decreased apoptosis of β cells. Sturgeon PYY (1–36) exerted similar but less impressive effects in STZ mice.ConclusionThese observations reveal, for the first time, that PYY (1–36) peptide sequences from phylogenetically ancient fish replicate the pancreatic β‐cell benefits of human PYY (1–36) and have clear potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Left ventricular rotational mechanics in hypereosinophilic syndrome—Analysis from the three‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiographic MAGYAR‐Path Study
Authors: Nemes Attila , Kormányos Árpád , Domsik Péter , Kalapos Anita , Ambrus Nóra , Modok Szabolcs , Borbényi Zita , Marton Imelda 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionHypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a very heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies characterized by peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic tissue/end‐organ damage. Three‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) was used for assessment of left ventricular (LV) rotational mechanics in HES patients.MethodsThe study comprised 13 HES patients, from which one patient was excluded due to insufficient image quality. The remaining patient population consisted of 12 HES cases (mean age: 59.7 ± 13.7 years, eight males). The control group consisted of 36 healthy volunteers (mean age: 52.9 ± 8.3 years, 23 males). 3DSTE was used for the evaluation of LV rotational abnormalities.ResultsBoth LV apical rotation (4.86 ± 1.92 degree vs 10.07 ± 3.92 degree, P < .0001) and LV twist (8.52 ± 2.79 degree vs 14.41 ± 4.26 degree, P < .0001) showed significant deteriorations in most of HES patients. Time‐to‐peak LV apical rotation (380 ± 115 ms vs 344 ± 69 ms, P = .56), LV basal rotation (335 ± 148 ms vs 337 ± 111 ms, P = .89), and LV twist (348 ± 91 ms vs 320 ± 60 ms, P = .64) were not significantly different between HES patients and controls. No correlations could be detected between absolute eosinophil count and eosinophil ratio and apical LV rotation (r = 0.12, P = .51 and r = 0.23, P = .45, respectively) and LV twist (r = 0.24, P = .39 and r = 0.31, P = .34, respectively). In two subjects, the absence of LV twist called LV “rigid body rotation” (RBR) was detected.ConclusionsReduced LV apical rotation and twist could be demonstrated in HES. LV‐RBR could be detected in some HES patients.
Onset and transition of and recovery from adverse development: Study methodology
Authors: Wigman Johanna T.W. , Pijnenborg Gerdina H.M. , Bruggeman Richard , Vos Maarten , Wessels Anita , Oosterholt Inez , Nauta Maaike , Stelwagen Renee , Otto Lana , Wester Anniek , Wunderink Lex , Sportel Esther , Boonstra Nynke 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimEarly intervention programs for first‐episode psychosis have led to the awareness that the period before onset of a first episode is important in light of early intervention. This has induced a focus on the so‐called ‘at risk mental state’ (ARMS). Individuals with ARMS are at increased risk for later psychotic disorder, but also for other psychiatric disorders as well as poor psychosocial functioning. Thus, adequate detection and treatment of ARMS is essential.MethodsSince 2018, screening for and treatment of ARMS is recommended standard care in the Netherlands. Implementation is still ongoing. We initiated a naturalistic long‐term cohort study of ARMS individuals, the onset and transition of and recovery from adverse development (OnTheROAD) study, with the aim to monitor course and outcome of symptoms and psychosocial functioning over time, as well as patterns of comorbidity and associations with factors of risk and resilience. To this end, participants complete a broad battery of instruments at baseline and yearly follow‐up assessments up to 3 years. Outcome is defined in terms of symptom severity level, functioning and quality of life. In particular, we aim to investigate the impact of negative symptoms as part of the ARMS concept. Results from this study can aid in refining the existing ARMS criteria, understanding the developmental course of ARMS and investigating the hypothesized pluripotentiality in outcome of ARMS. New knowledge may inform the further development of specialized early interventions.Results and ConclusionsIn this article, we describe the rationale, outline and set‐up of OnTheROAD.
Molecular mechanisms of acclimation to long‐term elevated temperature exposure in marine symbioses
Authors: Alves Monteiro Homère J. , Brahmi Chloé , Mayfield Anderson B. , Vidal‐Dupiol Jérémie , Lapeyre Bruno , Le Luyer Jérémy 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSeawater temperature rise in French Polynesia has repeatedly resulted in the bleaching of corals and giant clams. Because giant clams possess distinctive ectosymbiotic features, they represent a unique and powerful model for comparing molecular pathways involved in (a) maintenance of symbiosis and (b) acquisition of thermotolerance among coral reef organisms. Herein, we explored the physiological and transcriptomic responses of the clam hosts and their photosynthetically active symbionts over a 65 day experiment in which clams were exposed to either normal or environmentally relevant elevated seawater temperatures. Additionally, we used metabarcoding data coupled with in situ sampling/survey data to explore the relative importance of holobiont adaptation (i.e., a symbiont community shift) versus acclimation (i.e., physiological changes at the molecular level) in the clams’ responses to environmental change. We finally compared transcriptomic data to publicly available genomic datasets for Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates (both cultured and in hospite with the coral Pocillopora damicornis) to better tease apart the responses of both hosts and specific symbiont genotypes in this mutualistic association. Gene module preservation analysis revealed that the function of the symbionts’ photosystem II was impaired at high temperature, and this response was also found across all holobionts and Symbiodiniaceae lineages examined. Similarly, epigenetic modulation appeared to be a key response mechanism for symbionts in hospite with giant clams exposed to high temperatures, and such modulation was able to distinguish thermotolerant from thermosensitive Cladocopium goreaui ecotypes; epigenetic processes may, then, represent a promising research avenue for those interested in coral reef conservation in this era of changing global climate.
Association between quality of life and sleep time among community‐dwelling stroke survivors: Findings from a nationally representative survey
Authors: Kim Yoonjung , Moon Hye‐Mi 
Published: November 2019

AimThis study aimed to examine the association between quality of life and sleep time among adult stroke survivors.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study used nationally representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2013), and analyzed data on 504 adult stroke survivors.ResultsFindings showed that stroke survivors' daily sleep time significantly varied by sex (P < 0.001), education (P = 0.006) and body mass index (P = 0.012). The EuroQOL‐5 Dimension index (P < 0.001), and its dimensions of mobility (P = 0.011), usual activities (P < 0.001) and pain/discomfort (P = 0.005) showed significant differences among people with different sleep times. In the final model, after adjusting for covariates, respondents who slept ≤5 h had odds ratios of 1.82 (95% confidence interval 1.05–3.16) for usual activities and 1.95 (95% confidence interval 1.16–3.27) for pain/discomfort compared with respondents who slept 6–8 h. Respondents who slept ≥9 h had an odds ratio of 3.03 (95% confidence interval 1.43–6.43) for usual activities compared with those who slept 6–8 h. Adjusted means for the EuroQOL‐5 Dimension index showed significant differences: 0.76 for ≤5 h, 0.85 for 6–8 h and 0.75 for ≥9 h (P = 0.001).ConclusionsOur findings show an association between quality of life and sleep time among adult stroke survivors. Sleep time should be considered in efforts to improve stroke survivors' quality of life, including education and interventions that encourage 6–8 h of sleep. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1226–1230.
The Impact of International Trade on Migration by Skill Levels and Gender in Developing Countries
Authors: Uprety Dambar 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study explores the impact of trade on (i) migration by skill levels and (ii) migration by gender. To do so, we estimate different dynamic panel data models using stocks of migrants in OECD countries by educational attainment and gender from 1980 to 2010. We use imports, exports, and total trade as the main variables of interest and both external and internal instrumental variable approaches to address endogeneity issues. The results suggest that imports and total trade are positively associated with the stocks of high‐skilled migrants. Exports are negatively associated with the stocks of low‐skilled migrants. The associations are not significant for the medium‐skilled. These results can be explained by the fact that developing countries, abundant in low‐skilled labour, tend to export low‐skilled‐intensive goods and import high‐skilled intensive goods as in the Heckscher‐Ohlin model. Therefore, an increase in imports tends to decrease the reward of high‐skilled individuals (who are relatively scarce in developing countries), thus increasing their incentive to migrate. Vice versa, an increase in export tends to decrease low‐skilled migration. Finally, while comparing the migration effects of trade upon the skilled, we find a stronger positive impact of trade on high‐skilled female migration than that on high‐skilled male. A clearer understanding of the channels through which trade will be a determinant of skilled migration in developing countries may assist policymakers to craft an appropriate policy environment which enhances import substitution of skill‐intensive goods that would serve to discourage skilled emigration.
The relative frequency of paediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology in New Zealand: A 10‐year review of a national specialist centre
Authors: Yu Zhihan , Seo Benedict , Hussaini Haizal M. , Meldrum Alison. M. , Rich Alison. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere has been no previous report of the prevalence of paediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology in a New Zealand oral pathology diagnostic service.AimThe aim of this study was to review cases of paediatric oral pathology to determine relative frequencies of oral lesions in this age group.DesignPaediatric oral pathology cases (≤15 years of age) received between 2007 and 2016 were retrieved from the electronic database of the Oral Pathology Centre, University of Otago. Data collected included diagnoses (categorised into 12 groups), age at diagnosis, and gender. The prevalence of each diagnosis was calculated in terms of percentage of all diagnoses made. Male‐to‐female ratio and mean age at diagnosis were also determined.ResultsA total of 1139 paediatric cases were identified representing 5.2% of all cases. The most common diagnostic group was salivary gland pathology (25.4%), followed by dental (24.8%) pathology. The most prevalent lesion was mucocoele (23%), followed by dental follicle (14.1%). Malignancies were rare with only two cases identified.ConclusionThe findings provide an insight into the prevalence of paediatric oral pathology for clinicians. Mucocoele was the most common diagnosis made, suggesting a high prevalence of soft tissue injury as a main presenting concern warranting diagnosis and management through biopsy.
Consequentialism, Animal Ethics, and the Value of Valuing
Authors: Perrine Timothy 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPeter Singer argues, on consequentialist grounds, that individuals ought to be vegetarian. Many have pressed, in response, a causal impotence objection to Singer’s argument: any individual person’s refraining from purchasing and consuming animal products will not have an important effect on contemporary farming practices. In this article, I sketch a Singer‐inspired consequentialist argument for vegetarianism that avoids this objection. The basic idea is that, for agents who are aware of the origins of their food, continuing to consume animal products is morally bad because it leads to not appropriately disvaluing the origins of their food. That is a morally bad outcome that can be avoided by becoming vegetarian.
Extrusion cooking of gluten‐free whole grain flour blends
Authors: Toledo Vanessa C. S. , Carvalho Carlos W. P. , Vargas‐Solórzano Jhony W. , Ascheri José L. R. , Comettant‐Rabanal Raúl 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhole grain flour blends from maize, rice, and sorghum were processed in a single screw extruder to produce puffed snacks and the physical properties of the extrudates were determined. Blends from sorghum or maize at high proportions (70%) produced extrudates with low expansion, high apparent density, and small and uniformly distributed air bubbles in their structures that affected texture. Suspensions rich in sorghum reduced setback viscosities. Extrudates produced from equal proportion of maize, rice, and sorghum presented low compression forces and minimum crispness work, whereas blends with high proportion of sorghum affected these textural responses negatively. The choice of a blend of equal proportion of whole grain flours of those three components would allow to produce nutritious puffed snacks with relatively higher dietary fiber content, provided by maize and sorghum, higher protein content by sorghum component, and higher crispness by rice.Practical applicationsThe use whole grains is growing in gluten‐free products, due to the benefits of its components (dietary fiber, phytochemicals, protein, vitamins, and minerals) which make them attractive raw materials for designing new alternative foods with health benefits. Gluten‐free cereals: maize, rice, and sorghum are available sources in the Americas, particularly in Brazil and in the United States. The thermoplastic extrusion is a cooking technique that allows the combination of heat and shear causing unique changes to the textural properties of the final product. Therefore, whole grain flours with appropriate modulation of the extrusion parameters can be used to create fiber rich cereal products.The use of gluten‐free whole grain flours blends includes ready‐to‐eat dietary fiber rich snacks (puffed extrudates) and, with appropriate milling, it could also be used as ingredient for baking applications, dehydrated instant foods (porridge), cereal beverages, as well as for other innovative applications in the food industry.
Does kynurenic acid act on nicotinic receptors? An assessment of the evidence
Authors: Stone Trevor W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs a major metabolite of kynurenine in the oxidative metabolism of tryptophan, kynurenic acid is of considerable biological and clinical importance as an endogenous antagonist of glutamate in the central nervous system. It is most active as an antagonist at receptors sensitive to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) which regulate neuronal excitability and plasticity, brain development and behaviour. It is also thought to play a causative role in hypo‐glutamatergic conditions such as schizophrenia, and a protective role in several neurodegenerative disorders, notably Huntington’s disease. An additional hypothesis, that kynurenic acid could block nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine in the central nervous system has been proposed as an alternative mechanism of action of kynurenate. However, the evidence for this alternative mechanism is highly controversial, partly because at least eight earlier studies concluded that kynurenic acid blocked NMDA receptors but not nicotinic receptors and five subsequent, independent studies designed to repeat the results have failed to do so. Many studies considered to support the alternative ‘nicotinic’ hypothesis have been based on the use of analogs of kynurenate such as 7‐chloro‐kynurenic acid, or putatively nicotinic modulators such as galantamine, but a detailed analysis of the pharmacology of these compounds suggests that the results have often been misinterpreted, especially since the pharmacology of galantamine itself has been disputed. This review examines the evidence in detail, with the conclusion that there is no confirmed, reliable evidence for an antagonist activity of kynurenic acid at nicotinic receptors. Therefore, since there is overwhelming evidence for kynurenate acting at ionotropic glutamate receptors, especially NMDAR glutamate and glycine sites, with some activity at GPR35 sites and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors, results with kynurenic acid should be interpreted only in terms of these confirmed sites of action.image