bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yellow Nutsedge Control and Nursery Crop Tolerance with Manage as Affected by Adjuvant Choice
Authors: McDaniel Gary L. , Fare Donna C. , Witte Willard T. , Flanagan Phillip C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adjuvants combined with one-half rate (18 g ai/ha, 0.26 oz ai/A) of Manage (MON 12051, halosulfuron) were evaluated for phytotoxicity on five species of landscape plants grown in containers and for effectiveness of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) control. Adjuvants tested at 0.25 and 0.5% (v/v) were: X-77 (non-ionic), Scoil (methylated soybean seed oil), Sun-It II (methylated sunflower seed oil), Agri-Dex (paraffin crop oil concentrate), and Action “99” (non-ionic organosilicone). Manage combined with each adjuvant injured Japanese holly (I. crenata Thunb. ‘Bennett's Compacta’), forsythia (Forsythia x intermedia Zab. ‘Lynwood Gold’), green liriope (Liriope muscari Bailey ‘Big Blue’), and weigela (Weigela florida Bunge ‘Pink Lady’), but not ‘Blue Girl’ holly (Ilex x meserveae S.Y. Hu ‘Blue Girl’). Manage with Scoil produced moderate phytotoxicity on forsythia and weigela and reduced growth of all landscape plants. Manage plus Action “99” caused severe phytotoxicity to weigela and reduced growth on all plants tested. Manage plus Agri-Dex treatment resulted in moderate to severe growth reduction to all plants, with severe marginal necrosis of foliage on forsythia and weigela. Manage with Sun-It II resulted in less growth reduction and fewer phytotoxic symptoms of the test species, compared to other adjuvant plus Manage combinations. Initially, foliar chlorosis was observed on all species except ‘Blue Girl’ holly with the Manage plus Sun-It II treatment, but most plants had recovered by 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). Yellow nutsedge control at 4WAT was greater when Manage (18 g ai/ha, 0.26 oz/A) was combined with Scoil, Sun-It II, Agri-Dex, or Action “99” adjuvants. By 8WAT, Manage combined with Sun-It II resulted in 98–100% control of nutsedge. Manage plus the adjuvants Scoil or Sun-It II resulted in superior yellow nutsedge control compared to X-77, Action “99”, or Agri-Dex and had little effect on growth of these landscape plants.
Shading and IBA Treatment Do Not Improve Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides ‘Emerald Sentinel’
Authors: Griffin Jason J. , Blazich Frank A. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Shoot tip cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray ‘Emerald Sentinel’ (‘Emerald Sentinel’ oak), in a transitional growth stage between softwood and semi-hardwood, were collected from containerized plants growing under uniform fertility on June 4, 1998. Cuttings were treated with talc formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), ranging from 0 to 8000 ppm (0.8%), and placed under intermittent mist with shade levels excluding 0%, 30%, 60% or 90% of full solar irradiance. After 14 weeks, percent rooting averaged 18% and was unaffected by either IBA concentration or shading regime. Similarly, both mean root number per rooted cutting and mean root length were unaffected by IBA concentration or shading. Roots per rooted cutting and mean root length averaged 2.6 and 41 mm (1.6 in), respectively. Results suggest that shading stem cuttings of ‘Emerald Sentinel’ during propagation does not affect rooting.
Effects of Herbicide and Time of Application on Pampas Grass Grown in Containers
Authors: Hayes Christine K. , Gilliam Charles H. , Keever Gary J. , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the effects of preemergence herbicides on pampas grass [Cortaderia selloana (Schult. and Schult. f.) Asch. and Graebn.] growth. Herbicides were applied 1, 15, or 30 days after potting (DAP) from 36-cell packs into 3.8 liter (#1) containers. Ronstar (oxadiazon) applied at the manufacturer's recommended rate caused little or no injury when applied 1 or 15 DAP. Factor 65 WG (prodiamine) applied 1 DAP suppressed root growth compared to control plants; however, when applied 15 or 30 DAP root ratings of Factor treated plants were similar to control plants 60 and 75 DAP. Plant height at 90 DAP was about 10% greater when the herbicide application was delayed 30 DAP, compared to plants treated 1 DAP. In experiment 2, plant height and root ratings were greater when herbicides were applied 30 DAP than when applied 1 DAP. Pendulum 2G (pendimethalin), Pendulum 60 WDG (pendimethalin), and Factor 65 WG (prodiamine) suppressed root growth in the upper 5.1 cm (2 in) and lower 10.2 (4 in) of container medium. Plants treated with Factor 65 WG or Pendulum 60 WDG generally had the highest percent lodging and the most club roots in both experiments; Ronstar was the only herbicide that did not cause lodging or club root formation.
Biorational and Conventional Plant Protectants Reduce Feeding by Adult Japanese Beetles
Authors: Witt J. Dale , Warren Stuart L. , Ranney Thomas G. , Baker James R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nine commercial plant protectants were tested for efficacy against feeding by adult Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman). Treatments included an endotoxin from a bacterium [Bacillus thuringiensis (Berl.) var. san diego]; microencapsulated pyrethrum extracted from pyrethrum [Tanacetum cinnerariifolium (Trev.) Schultz-Bip.], two extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss); an extract from cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum Longum Group); an extract from garlic (Allium sativum L.); rotenone extracted from galedupa (Derris trifoliata Lour.) and barbasco [Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poiret) Kunth] or timbo (L. nicou Aublet D.C.); carbaryl (1-napthyl methylcarbamate); and the pyrethroid, fenpropathrin. Experimental plots were located at the Horticulture Field Laboratory (HFL), Raleigh, and the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center (MHCREC), Fletcher, NC. Himalayan birches [Betula utilis var. jacquemontii (Spach) Winkl.] were used as host plants. Treatments were applied twice, 2 weeks apart. Five weeks after initial application, trees treated with fenpropathrin averaged 2% defoliation vs. 40% defoliation for the control trees at HFL; and 3% defoliation vs. 100% defoliation for the control trees at MHCREC. Rotenone treatments averaged 10% defoliation at HFL and 92% defoliation at MHCREC. The following treatments were not significantly different from the control at week 5 at either location: garlic extract, neem extracts, cayenne pepper extract, microencapsulated pyrethrum, encapsulated bacterial endotoxin, and carbaryl.
Development of an In Ovolo Embryo Culture Procedure for Hydrangea
Authors: Reed S. M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata) is a potential source of cold hardiness that is needed for improvement of bigleaf hydrangea (H. macrophylla). Seeds have been produced from H. macrophylla × H. paniculata crosses, but seedlings derived from the few seed that germinated died at a very young age. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of in ovolo embryo culture for producing this interspecific hybrid. Six media, which differed in basal media formulation and sucrose concentration, were tested using H. macrophylla intraspecific ovules collected 3 to 4 and 5 to 6 weeks after pollination. The highest percent germination for both time periods was obtained on Gamborg's B-5 medium supplemented with 2% sucrose; therefore, this medium was chosen for culture of H. macrophylla x H. paniculata ovules. Plants germinated from interspecific ovules cultured 3 to 6 weeks after pollination, but all died before forming two sets of true leaves. A slow-growing bacterial contamination that was present in many of the interspecific cultures necessitated the elimination of cultures initiated 7 to 8 weeks after pollination, and may have been at least partially responsible for the death of the putative hybrids. A broad-spectrum biocide/fungicide was found to be 100% effective in controlling this endogenous contaminant, thereby allowing older ovules to be cultured. Putative H. macrophylla x H. paniculata hybrids have been obtained from ovules cultured 9 to 10 weeks after pollination.
Benzyladenine Improves Summer Quality of Hosta
Authors: Schultz Heather C. , Keever Gary J. , Kessler J. Raymond , Dute Roland R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of benzyladenine (BA) on improving summer quality of hosta in container production and in the landscape. For container production, stock plants of Hosta ‘Sum and Substance’, H. sieboldiana ‘Elegans’, H. ‘Francee’, H. sieboldiana ‘Frances Williams’, H. plantaginea, and H. ‘Tokudama’ were divided and potted. When they showed signs of summer dormancy or foliar decline, half the plants of each cultivar/species received a single foliar spray application of 3000 ppm BA. In the landscape, half the established field-planted hosta with 27–4 initial offsets (‘Francee’) or 0–3 initial offsets (‘Frances Williams’) received a single foliar spray application of 3000 ppm BA when plants began to show signs of summer dormancy. BA stimulated the outgrowth of axillary and rhizomic buds in all cultivars/species in both parts of the study. Offsets formed more leaves on plants treated with BA compared to the untreated hosta. Offset leaf number was dependent on cultivar in both locations, and initial offset number affected leaf number for ‘Frances Williams’ in the landscape. Generally, BA application improved plant appearance of cultivars/species in both parts of the study. Cultivar/species and BA influenced whole plant growth index in container production, but had no effect in the landscape.
Foliar Application of Plant Growth Retardants to Coreopsis rosea ‘American Dream’
Authors: Burnett S.E. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Gilliam C.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In one experiment conducted in 1998 and two in 1999, Coreopsis rosea ‘American Dream’, or pink coreopsis, were treated with four plant growth retardants (PGRs): B-Nine from 2500 to 7,500 ppm, Cutless from 25 to 150 ppm, Sumagic from 10 to 40 ppm, and Bonzi from 25 to 100 ppm. The study was conducted to determine whether PGRs could be used to suppress growth of pink coreopsis without delaying flowering or causing phytotoxicity. Application of B-Nine, Cutless, or Sumagic suppressed plant growth 13–31% at first flower and when plants were marketable (one-third of flowers open) in all experiments and improved plant quality compared to controls. Plants treated with B-Nine, Cutless, or Sumagic had quality ratings 52–67% higher than those of control plants when marketable; treated plants appeared denser and more floriferous. Time to first flower and to a marketable stage were minimally affected by PGR application, and no phytotoxicity was observed. Bonzi did not significantly control growth or affect flowering of pink coreopsis in any of the three experiments.
Irrigation Regimens Differentially Affect Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Two Southwest Landscape Plants
Authors: Stabler Linda B. , Martin Chris A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of two, common Southwest landscape plants, red bird of paradise (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L.) and blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum Benth. Ex A. Gray), were studied in response to three irrigation regimens (frequent, moderate, and infrequent) that mimicked a range of residential landscape watering practices in Phoenix, AZ. During 50 to 58 and 138 to 147 days after the start of irrigation treatments (DAT), mid-day measurements of shoot water potential (Ψ), osmotic potential (Ψ0), and gas exchange were made. Concurrently, diurnal measurements of whole plant transpiration (T) and estimates of dry weight accrual were made to calculate WUE. More frequent irrigations increased shoot length of both species and dry weight of Cercidium. For both species, Ψ and Ψ0 showed patterns of osmotic regulation as the substrate dried between watering events for moderately and infrequently irrigated plants. Infrequently irrigated Caesalpinia and Cercidium had the lowest WUE, except for 138 to 147 DAT during which time infrequently irrigated Cercidium had the highest WUE. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) was negatively correlated to the ratio of intracellular to ambient CO2 (Ci/Ca) in all treatments, suggesting that under more frequently irrigated conditions, WUE of Caesalpinia and Cercidium might be reduced by negative feedback effects of high Ci/Ca ratios on stomatal conductance.
Growth Regulation of Mexican Sage and ‘Homestead Purple’ Verbena During Greenhouse and Nursery Production
Authors: Burnett S. E. , Keever G. J. , Kessler J. R. , Gilliam C.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Salvia leucantha (Mexican sage) and Verbena canadensis ‘Homestead Purple’ were treated with the plant growth retardants (PGRs), Cutless, Sumagic, B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, or Pistill under both greenhouse and nursery conditions. Increasing rates of all PGRs applied to both species reduced plant size in the greenhouse for 6 weeks after treatment (WAT). Growth reduction of Mexican sage with the most effective rate (providing greatest growth control) of each PGR over this period averaged 11% with Cutless, 15% with Sumagic, 23% with B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, and 25% with Pistill. For verbena, size control with the most effective rate of each PGR averaged 15% with Cutless, 18% with Sumagic, 27% with B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, and 29% with Pistill. After transplanting greenhouse-grown plants into outdoor ground beds, only Mexican sage treated with B-Nine/Cycocel were significantly smaller 4 weeks after planting (WAP). Greenhouse-grown verbena treated with Sumagic, B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, and Pistill and planted in the landscape were 15—23%, 18–25%, and 0–20% smaller, respectively, than control plants at 2 WAP, but by 4 WAP, all PGR-treated verbena were similar in size to control plants. Under nursery conditions, Cutless and B-Nine/Cycocel tank mix reduced Mexican sage size up to 4 WAT. None of the PGRs affected plant size at 6 WAT. The most effective rate of each PGR (averaged over the duration that a PGR was significant) suppressed shoot growth 16% for Cutless, 12% with Sumagic, 20% for B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, and 29% for Pistill. For verbena only, Sumagic suppressed growth up to 10% at 2 WAT, and no PGR effectively controlled growth under nursery conditions 4 WAT.
Recycled Waste Paper Mulch Reduces Available Container N
Authors: Glenn J.S. , Gilliam C.H. , Edwards J.H. , Keever G.J. , Knight P.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pelletized recycled paper mulch on container plant nutrition. In experiment 1 with Petunia floribunda Hort. ‘Midnight Madness’, 9 g (0.32 oz) of Osmocote 14N-6.2P-11.6K (14-14-14) was applied over or under 2.5 cm (1 in) of recycled paper pellet mulch, or to plants with no paper mulch (control). Leachate samples were collected after microirrigation. Both treatments with paper mulch reduced nitrate (NO3-N) and ammonium (NH4-N) levels in container leachate, compared to the control 21 days after planting (DAP). Shoot dry weight was reduced 53% and 70% for plants fertilized under and over the mulch, respectively, compared to the non-mulched control. At the end of the experiment 40–48% of the total N applied over or under mulch was retained by the recycled paper mulch. In experiment 2 with Petunia grandiflora Hort. ‘Ultra Blue’, mulch and three methods of fertilizer application (over mulch, under mulch, and incorporated in the substrate) were compared. Leachate NO3-N levels were reduced 72% or 68% with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch, respectively, when compared to a non-mulched topdressed treatment 21 DAP. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced NO3-N leachate levels 87% compared to the non-mulched treatment. There were no significant differences in leachate NH4-N levels with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch when compared to a non-mulched control 21 DAP. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced leachate NH4-N levels 82% compared to the non-mulched control. Shoot dry weight was 84 or 49% lower with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch, respectively, when compared to the topdressed, non-mulched treatment. However, plants grown with fertilizer applied under the mulch were 213% larger than plants with fertilizer applied over the mulch. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced shoot dry weight 41% when compared to non-mulched plants. There were no differences between shoot dry weights of plants grown in non-mulched treatments with topdress fertilization or fertilizer incorporated.
Effect of Transplanting on Water Relations and Canopy Development in Acer
Authors: Barton Amy J. , Walsh Christopher S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Transplanting large-caliper trees frequently leads to poor tree growth and survival. A longitudinal study of the changes in water relations and canopy development was conducted to study this effect. Pruning and watering were used to test the recovery of maple trees following transplanting. Water potential (ψ), transpiration rate (tr), and leaf area index (LAI) were the measured dependent variables. In the summer after transplanting, date and treatment significantly affected LAI, tr and mid-day ψ in Acer truncatum. In this species, trees receiving a post-transplant pruning treatment in combination with watering did not significantly differ in tr and mid-day ψ from nontransplanted controls, although LAI did differ between these treatments. In both A. truncatum and A. tataricum ginnala, treatment and day interacted significantly on pre-dawn ψ. While the seasonal patterns differed between species, the most negative pre-dawn ψ measurements were made four months after transplanting. In the spring following transplanting, significant differences due to prior-year treatment were again measurable in mid-day ψ in leaves of A.tataricum ginnala. In that species, mid-day ψ of the transplanted control trees differed from non-transplanted controls. Transplanting led to a measurable, long-term water stress. Pruning and watering in combination partially relieved that stress. Leaf area index was markedly affected by transplanting. It is suggested that this readily-measurable variable could be useful in assessing recovery from transplant stress.
Propagation of Pennisetum setaceum ‘Rubrum’ from Cuttings
Authors: Cunliffe Bruce A. , Meyer Mary Hockenberry , Ascher Peter D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effect of rooting medium, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and node position were studied on rooting of tender purple fountaingrass, Pennisetum setaceum ‘Rubrum’. Three-hundred single-node culm cuttings were placed in a mist house in sand, peat, vermiculite, perlite, or a peat:perlite (1:1 by vol) mix. Within 42 days, 78% of the cuttings rooted, with the highest number of cuttings rooting in the peat or perlite media and the lowest number in the vermiculite medium. Cuttings from the most proximal node exhibited a significantly higher percentage of rooting and produced more roots than cuttings from more distal nodes. Rooting medium and nodal position of cutting interacted to affect root dry weight. IBA had no significant effect on rooting. Propagation of purple fountaingrass from culm cuttings offers an economically-attractive alternative to the conventional method of crown division.
Resistance of the Euonymus Anthracnose Pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, to Selected Fungicides
Authors: LaMondia J. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fifty-five isolates of C. gloeosporioides recovered from euonymus leaf spot and stem lesions from four nurseries in Connecticut were tested in vitro for fungicide resistance. Commercially formulated fungicides were added to potato dextrose agar at 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg ai/ml, and the regression of normalized growth rate was used to determine the EC50. Isolates exhibited a range of sensitivity to benzimidazoles, chlorothalonil, and iprodione. Resistance to multiple fungicides was common, and fungicide resistant isolates were recovered from all nurseries. Forty-four of forty-eight isolates were resistant to thiophanate-methyl; twenty-nine had EC50 values over 1,000 μg ai/ml. Thirty-four isolates had EC50 values greater than 1,000 μg ai/ml chlorothalonil; only eight were less than 100 μg ai/ml. Only two isolates of C. gloeosporioides were sensitive to 10 μg ai/ml iprodione. Over 91% of isolates had EC50 values of less than 500 μg ai/ml for copper hydroxide, but the growth of four was not totally inhibited by concentrations of 1,000 μg ai/ml. All isolates tested had EC50 values less than 500 μg ai/ml ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC), and 94.5% were sensitive to less than 100 μg ai/ml of this fungicide. Inhibition zones developed only around disks amended with 10,000 μg ai/ml EBDC. Conidia in contact with disks amended with 10,000 μg g ai/ml EBDC for 48 hr did not germinate. After transfer to unamended media, fungal growth was inhibited after contact with 10,000 μg g ai/ml thiophanate-methyl or iprodione, but not with copper hydroxide. Management programs for euonymus anthracnose need to be developed to control both the disease and the selection of fungicide resistant isolates of C. gloeosporioides.
Management of Euonymus Anthracnose and Fungicide Resistance in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by Alternating or Mixing Fungicides
Authors: LaMondia J. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fungicidal management of anthracnose leaf spot of euonymus (Euonymus fortunei ‘Emerald 'n Gold’ or ‘Emerald Gaiety’), caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was examined. Fungicide resistance was present in the pathogen population. Weekly applications to foliage for 12 weeks to the same plants in 1997 and 1998 of: thiophanate-methyl alone; or thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil, ethylenebis-dithiocarbamate and copper applied sequentially; or mixtures of thiophanate-methyl plus chlorothalonil alternated weekly with thiophanate-methyl plus ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate were applied. Applications of the same treatments, azoxystrobin, or each of the above fungicides alone were applied at biweekly intervals in 1999. Unsprayed plants served as controls. Percent defoliation was lowest for fungicide mixtures (thiophanate-methyl plus chlorothalonil alternated with thiophanate-methyl plus ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate) and was highest for unsprayed controls and plants treated with thiophanate-methyl alone. The average number of lesions per 100 leaves was lower for mixed and sequential fungicide programs than for untreated or thiophanate-methyl alone spray programs. Emerald 'n Gold had more lesions per leaf than Emerald Gaiety, but the level of defoliation was greater for Emerald Gaiety. Fungicide-resistant C. gloeosporioides isolates, which were recovered on media amended with thiophanate-methyl or with chlorothalonil, were in lowest frequency from plants treated with the mixed fungicide program. Management of euonymus anthracnose and fungicide resistance in C. gloeosporioides may be achieved by applying fungicide mixtures with different modes of action.
Preemergent Bittercress Control on a Gravel Groundcover
Authors: Briggs Jeanne , Whitwell Ted , Riley Melissa B. , Smith Russell , Legnani Garry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) is a problem weed year round in Southeastern U.S. container nurseries. It readily establishes itself on gravel production surfaces and in containers, producing seeds in 4 to 5 weeks. Gravel has limited adsorption sites for herbicides, and higher use rates are required for control. Many preemergent herbicides provide short-term (3 month) control of bittercress. Sprayable formulations provided more persistent control than granular formulations. Factor (prodiamine) and Goal (oxyfluorfen) controlled bittercress for 8 months at 2× normal rates under nursery conditions of daily irrigation. Half-lives of Factor and Goal were 3 and 1 month, respectively. Extraction of herbicides from the gravel indicated that bittercress was controlled by 0.31 ppm of both herbicides.