bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroless Deposition of Sn on Carbon Cloth for Use As Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Kalu Egwu Eric , Watson Venroy George , Telama Wete 
Published: February 2020

Graphite (372 mAh/g) powder is currently used as Li-battery anode material but urgent need exists to replace it with materials with higher capacity, energy and power density. Investigation of Sn (991mAh/g) as an alternative to graphite has been explored through many approaches which has not been able to address the large volume expansion (fabrication related) and performance limitations associated with Sn during cycling1,2. In this work, by using electroless deposition method, we demonstrate that a new approach of fabricating high performing Cu-Sn alloy for lithium battery anode with high capacity, power density and long cycle life is feasible. In our approach, Cu was electrolessly deposited on carbon cloth followed by immersion of the Cu-plated cloth in a Sn bath for partial displacement of the Cu and subsequent formation of Cu-Sn alloy. The use of a woven fabric as a substrate provides pathways for flow of electrons while its pores accommodate the expansion of tin with minimal performance loss. Our electroless approach is also applicable for graphite particles. The Cu-Sn alloy deposited on carbon over various times was used in Coin cell with Li metal as counter electrode. The open circuit voltage of freshly fabricated cell varied from 2.02V (for pristine carbon cloth) to 3V (for Cu-Sn plated carbon cloth). First cycle specific discharge capacity from open circuit voltage to 0.007V for our new electrodes varied between 561 mAh/g to 656 mAh/g based on the mass of Cu-Sn deposited on the cloth. The results of the cell’s performance evaluation as a function of Sn Cu displacement time will be presented.

Figure 1
Anode Surface Evolution in Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhan Xiaowen , Shirpour Mona 
Published: February 2020

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries may solve the cost and safety issues associated with the energy storage systems for the fluctuating supply of electricity based on solar and wind power. Compared to their lithium counterparts, aqueous sodium-ion batteries offer multiple advantages including more earth abundant sodium, cheaper electrode materials and electrolyte solutions as well as less costly manufacturing conditions. However, poor overall performance and low electrode utilization (much of the electrode material ends up being electrochemically inactive) are the main barriers implementing them in (micro)grid systems.
Here we characterize the surface reactions on NASICON-type phosphate anode material and rationalize their close associations with capacity fading upon slow cycling of aqueous sodium-ion batteries. The surface reactions result in the formation of an electrically insulating surface layer causing the failure of electrochemical performance and the precipitation of surface particles that blocks the pores thereby leading to poor electrode utilization. These findings provide insight into new possibilities of improving the electrochemical performance of aqueous sodium-ion batteries by the design of protective layers through surface modifications that prevent the formation of insulating surface layers and insoluble precipitates.
Jahn-Teller Distortion and Electrode Performance of P’2-Na2/3Mn0.9Me0.1O2 (Me = Mg, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn)
Authors: Kumakura Shinichi , Tahara Yoshiyuki , Sato Syuhei , Kubota Kei , Komaba Shinichi 
Published: February 2020

Mn based P2-type layered oxides, Na2/3Me
y
Mn1-y
O2 (Me=a variety of metals), have been widely studied as positive electrode materials for Na-ion batteries, especially consisting only of the abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, such as P2-Na2/3[Fe1/2Mn1/2]O2. [1] The end member, P2-type Na2/3MnO2 is known to have crystal polymorphism, P2- and P’2- Na2/3MnO2 with hexagonal and orthorhombic lattice, respectively. The orthorhombic system is stabilized by co-operative Jahn-Teller distortion (CJTD) derived from six-coordinated high spin MnIII (t2g
3-eg
1
). Very recently, our group reported that the single-phase samples of these polymorphs, P2-Na0.59Mn0.9O2 and P’2-Na0.64MnO2, possess different stoichiometry and demonstrate the superior electrochemical performance of distorted P’2 sample [2], though the distortion in insertion materials is generally considered to be disadvantageous for battery application. Therefore, quantitative understanding how CJTD affects electrochemical properties such as reversibility, kinetics of sodium diffusion, and long-cycle stability is of great importance to realize high capacity performance of MnIII based oxide materials for high energy density NIBs. In this study, we demonstrate the systematic synthesis of differently distorted P’2-Na2/3MnO2samples by partial replacement of Mn with different metal elements to correlate their electrochemical properties and lattice distortion.
Single phases of P’2-Na2/3Mn0.9Me0.1O2 (Me = Mg, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) are synthesized when we optimized facile solid-state reaction. The distortion calculated from lattice constant is highly correlated with average oxidation state of manganese varied by divalent metals (MgII, NiII, CuII, ZnII), trivalent metal (CoIII) and tetravalent metal (TiIV). Because of Jahn-Teller active CuII
(t2g
6-eg
3
), P’2-Na2/3Mn0.9Cu0.1O2 possesses anomalous distortion compared to other samples with divalent-metal dopants as shown in Figure 1a. All samples show high reversible capacity about 200 mAh g-1 and have smooth charge/discharge profiles. Fig. 1b compares charge/discharge curves of divalent-metal doped samples. The P’2-Na2/3Mn0.9Ni0.1O2 delivers the reversible capacity of 227 mAh g-1 and the Na2/3Mn0.9Cu0.1O2shows stable electrochemical cycling, 95% capacity retention after 25 cycles. In this presentation, we will further discuss the effect of metal-substitution and lattice distortion on electrochemical properties and demonstrate successful improvement of both cycle and rate performance by Cu doping.

References:

N. Yabuuchi, S. Komaba, et al., Nat. Mater., 11, 512 (2012).

S. Kumakura, Y. Tahara, K. Kubota, S. Komaba, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
55, 12760 (2016).

Figure 1
Anode Free High Energy Density Sodium Batteries
Authors: Cohn Adam P , Pint Cary L. 
Published: February 2020

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been pursued as a more cost-effective and more sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but these advantages come at the expense of energy density. In this study, we demonstrate that the challenge of energy density for sodium chemistries can be overcome through an anode-free architecture enabled by the use of a nano-carbon nucleation layer formed on Al current collectors. The carbon nucleation layer lowers the overpotential for metal plating, supports uniform growth of sodium nuclei on the collector, and mitigates adverse effects of shorting or instability over extremely long cycling durations. Electrochemical studies demonstrate highly stable and efficient plating and stripping of sodium metal over a range of currents up to 4 mA/cm2, sodium loading up to 12 mAh/cm2, and with long-term durability exceeding 1,000 cycles at a current of 0.5 mA/cm2. Building upon this anode-free architecture, we demonstrate a full cell using a pre-sodiated pyrite cathode to achieve energy densities of ~400 Wh/kg based on total mass of electrode materials and sodium, far surpassing recent reports on SIBs and even the theoretical maximum for LIB technology (387 Wh/kg for LiCoO2/graphite cells) while still relying on naturally abundant raw materials and cost-effective aqueous processing.
Interfacial Chemistry at the Surface of Li-Metal Anodes
Authors: Balbuena Perla B , Camacho-Forero Luis Eduardo , Kamphaus Ethan , Bertolini Da Silva Oliveira Samuel , de la Llave Ezequiel 
Published: February 2020

Efficient energy storage is essential not only for the success of renewable energies, but also for many of daily society needs including communications, electronics, and medical and biomedical applications, among others. Electrochemical cells are complex systems integrated by several materials and their corresponding interfaces whose physical-chemical behavior is dominated by highly coupled mass and electron transport and chemical and electrochemical reactions. During lithium ion battery operation for example, during charge, lithium ions move in the electrolyte towards the anode surrounded by coordination spheres that may include solvent, salts, and other species such as additives. Once the solvated ion (inserted in a usually multicomponent network) reaches the anode surface, many additional events will take place because of the sequential and sometimes almost simultaneous reduction of the cation and that of the various components of the coordination shell.
To characterize such complex environment, we analyze the Li ion coordination shell as a function of the distance to the electrode surface and electrode potential. We use density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), to identify structural properties, as well as reactions and reaction mechanisms. Among the various “additional” species we consider the presence of long-chain polysulfides, that migrate in the electrolyte towards the Li metal anode in the Li-S chemistry. In this talk we will discuss physical, chemical, and electrochemical phenomena occurring at solid/electrolyte interfaces of Li-ion batteries and how the methods of first-principles computational analysis may be used to understand them and suggest strategies for practical solutions. In particular we will focus on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) occurring due to electrolyte reduction on or near Li anode surfaces and the role of the nature of the solvents, salts, and additives on the resultant SEI properties as well as on dendrite formation and battery performance.
Industrial Carbon-Coated Current Collectors Grades for Higher Energy and Power Density Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Busson Christophe , Lestriez Bernard , Crosnier Olivier , Blin Marie-Anne , Guichard Pierre 
Published: February 2020

Electric mobility and renewable energy storage became very challenging and will continue growing up in interest on the next decades. Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most acclaimed devices to treat these problematics and constant developments on this technology aim to achieve higher specific energy density and specific power in order to fit numerous applications. Since the beginning of research on lithium ion energy storage devices, a large part of studies focus on the optimization of electrolytes, active materials and also, but more recently, on the electrode formulation. Although they are effective ways to improve these systems performances, they usually put aside the current collectors influence. However, several shortened lifetime, failures, or reduced performance can be ascribed to the metallic current collector. We can take as an example the electrode delamination [1], the metallic corrosion [2] or the electrical contact resistivity between the current collector and the electrode [3]. To avoid these problems, a conductive and protective coating of the metallic current collector (fig.1) can be added to obtain a better interface between the electrode and its substrate. In the present work, various types of carbon-coated aluminum current collectors for positive electrodes will be presented and compared to bare aluminum foils. Their characteristics such as physical properties, ageing on electrolyte, electrode affinity and electrical resistivity will be presented. The electrochemical performance will be assessed in full cells with a LiFePO4 – PVdF positive electrode, graphite negative electrode and carbonate-based electrolyte with LiPF6. Results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, C-rate capability and cycling experiments will be discussed. By reducing the carbon content of electrode, the bare aluminum shows a raising internal resistance by more than a factor two, an optimized coated current collector allows containing a smaller value. With a low carbon content in the electrode formulation, the capacity retention is about only 40% for bare aluminum system, and 60% for a coated current collector after 500 cycles in severe cycling conditions. These results show that an improvement of energy density and power capability are possible with an adapted coated current collector.
[1] S. Lee, E-S. Oh, J. Power Sources 244 (2013) 721-725.
[2] I. Doberdò, N. Löffler, N. Laszczynski, et

Al
.
,, J. Power Sources 248 (2014), 1000-1006.
[3] S. Wennig, U. Langklotz, G-M. Prinz, et Al., J. Appl. Electrochem 45 (2015), 1043-1055.

Figure 1
In-Situ Measurements of Volume Change and Constraint Forces of C-Si Pouch Cells during Cycling
Authors: Wen Hao , Karulkar Mohan , Drews Andy 
Published: February 2020

Silicon has been targeted as an anode material that can deliver higher capacity for lithium ion batteries than current prevailing graphite. One strategy to minimize the detrimental effects of volume expansion during lithiation of silicon is to use a limited amount of silicon in combination with graphite. Even in these cases, however, cell volume expansion is a key concern when considering battery packaging for applications like electric vehicles, where cells are cycled over a wide state-of-charge window and packaged energy density is critical to delivering long range. The first step towards understanding the implications of expansion to cell design and packaging is to characterize the volume expansion of silicon-containing cells during use.
In the current work, in-situ volume and pressure responses of pouch cells were carefully measured with specially designed in-house fixtures (Figure 1). Volume expansion of pouch cells was measured by tracking the buoyancy force with a high precision balance, giving volume change precision to 1 micro liter with a long-term drift of < 10 microliter/day. Cell stack loading pressure was investigated by constraining cells between two fixed plates and a floating plate under a load cell. We found that the volume and pressure fixtures provided very similar patterns during pouch cell charging and discharging. Commercially available NMC/Graphite pouch cells showed symmetric and reversible P/V responses, while in-house cells with silicon-composite anodes showed an asymmetric response and long-term drift associated with continued SEI formation and gas generation. [1] L. Lu, X. Han, J. Li, J. Hua, M. Ouyang, J. Power Sources, (226) 2012, pp 272 - 288

Figure 1
Enhancing Charge Transfer in Solid State Lithium Batteries with Interface Engineering
Authors: Gittleson Forrest S , El Gabaly Farid 
Published: February 2020

Solid state lithium-ion batteries promise exceptional reliability, on-chip integration and a better safety profile than those using liquid electrolytes, yet these systems remain costly and generally exhibit inadequate high-power performance. Poor ionic conductivities in solid electrolytes and high charge transfer resistances at electrode-electrolyte interfaces are commonly cited limitations to these cells. Epitaxial modification of electrode-electrolyte interfaces, however, can reduce charge transfer resistances, promoting fast ion exchange between functional components. New insights into interface modification in lithium-ion solid state batteries using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) will be presented including the usefulness of local electrolyte doping and metallic interlayers.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Development of Solid Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte to Enable Lithium Metal Anode Safely Cycling for High Energy Battery Application
Authors: Wu James J. 
Published: February 2020

NASA’s future missions demand advanced batteries with higher energy density, smaller volume, lighter weight and safer operation. Current state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) reach the specific energy capacity limits (<250 Wh/kg), which is unable to meet the NASA’s future energy goals (>400 Wh/kg), and also pose safety issues due to using the liquid flammable electrolyte. There are intense on-going developmental activities to increase energy density. Lithium (Li)-metal based battery chemistry has the potential to achieve high-energy goals (>400 Wk/kg) to meet NASA’s future mission’s energy requirements. However, the cycle ability and safety of Li metal as anode are challenging because of morphology change and/or Li dendrite growth.
Solid polymer electrolyte enhances lithium metal-based battery technology by replacing the liquid electrolyte for safety and flexible of design. However, solid polymer electrolyte has problems of low ionic conductivity (<10-3 S/cm) at ambient temperature, and compatibility issues with lithium metal anode, which act as a barrier for the practical application. Solid polymer nanocomposite electrolyte has been developed to help improve ionic conductivity, provide good compatibility with the Li electrode and mitigate the electrolyte/Li metal interfacial issue. It is a promising approach to enhance Li metal-based battery technology. In this presentation, we will present the result of solid polymer nanocomposite electrolyte to enable Li metal anode safe cycling and for high-energy battery application.
Self–Encapsulated Sb/C Nanocomposite with High Capacity and Stability As an Anode Material for Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Pham Xuan-Manh , Ngo Duc Tung , Park Chan-Jin 
Published: February 2020

Li–ion batteries (LIBs) have been studied extensively in the past decades and become one of the most successful energy storage devices, which have rapidly penetrated into our lives. However, due to the limited supply and uneven global distribution of Li resources, the cost of LIBs may increase severely in the near future. Therefore, it is vital to develop more economical alternative energy storage system. In this regard, Na–ion batteries (SIBs) are attractive as promising alternative to LIBs due to the natural abundance of Na resources. Nevertheless, critical obstacles still exist for the commercialization of SIBs due to the lack of appropriate anode materials. Recently, Na-alloy type materials such as Sn and Sb have attracted attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity and low sodiation potential. In particular, Sb-based materials are very attractive as anode materials due to the low and suitable potentials for alloying/dealloying and high theoretical Na–storage capacity (660 mAh g-1) corresponding to formation of Na3Sb phase. However, these Na-alloy type materials can suffer from large volume change and resultant pulverization by the repeated alloying/dealloying processes. Although issues related to poor capacity retention of Na-alloy type materials caused by the large volume change during alloying/dealloying have been addressed using new binders and electrolyte additives, the practical application of Na-alloy type materials in SIBs is still challenge.
In this study, a self–encapsulated Sb/C nanocomposite as an anode material for SIBs was successfully synthesized using the citric method followed by calcination process in an inert N2 atmosphere. In addition, effect of the content of carbon as a buffer layer on the electrochemical performance of the Sb/C nanocomposite electrode was investigated. The obtained results revealed that the Sb-C nanocomposite with an optimized Sb content of 50.87% exhibited the best electrochemical performance. The electrode showed almost 77.6% capacity retention of 585 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles of charge-discharge at the rate of C/10. Impressively, even at the high rate of 10 C, the specific capacity of 281 mAh g-1
­was maintained. Furthermore, a full cell composed of Sb/C composite anode and NaCoO2 cathode exhibited satisfactory specific capacity and cyclability, which confirms the potential of Sn/C anode for high performance SIBs.
Improved Reversibility of Germanium Oxide Anode Materials
Authors: Jo Changshin , Lee Jinwoo 
Published: February 2020

As an anode material, germanium dioxide (GeO2) has a high theoretical capacity of 2152 mAh/g, considering its sequential conversion and alloying reactions. However, the development of stable GeO2 anodes has been hindered by a large volume change during Li-ion insertion/extraction and irreversible conversion reaction of GeO2 from Ge metal state. In this presentation, we present the synthesis of nanoporous composite materials (m-GeO2, m-GeO2-C and m-Ge-GeO2-C) with large mesopore size, developed by a block copolymer (BCP) directed self-assembly approach. Among the samples, m-Ge-GeO2-C exhibited greatly improved reversible capacity (1631 mAh/g), high coulombic efficiency, and stable cycle-life, compared with the other control electrodes. The enhanced performance is attributed by the highly improved conversion reaction due to the synergistic effects of the nanoporous (buffer volume for relieving the structural stress) and the composite structures (enhanced reversibility). The direct evidence for reversible conversion reaction of GeO2 are studied by electrochemical evaluation, ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), and in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). We show that the tailoring nanostructures and composition of GeO2 can significantly enhance their electrochemical performance.
Reversibility of Brominated Carbon Electrodes for Lithium-Bromide Battery Applications
Authors: Peterson Benjamin B. , Flake John 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries provide, on average, a near 150 Wh/kg energy density and capacity near 170 mAh/g [1]. Other lithium energy storage chemistries such as lithium-air and lithium-sulfur have been proposed as potential higher energy (11680[2], 2500[3] Wh/kg) capacity alternatives; however, various issues plague these battery types, ultimately affecting the energy and performance. Lithium-air batteries suffer from poor cyclability (~60-70% efficiency) and materials issues stemming from moisture and poor separation of environmental contaminants[2]. Lithium-sulfur suffer from capacity fading (>10% over 100 cycles) and loss of active material due to polysulfide dissolution[5]. Recently, studies using a lithium-bromide chemistry have shown promising results as a rechargeable alternative to lithium-ion batteries, including energy densities of 1220 Wh/kg[6] and efficiencies between 90%[7] and 99.5%[8].
In order to investigate the viability of rechargeable lithium-bromide batteries, studies were conducted with graphite and brominated electrodes in an electrolyte utilizing the highly soluble Br3
-/Br- redox couple. Characterization of the electrodes and brominated particles were completed using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). From electrochemical experiments, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), the electrodes display behaviors consistent with pseudo-batteries, containing both capacitive and faradaic responses; additionally, higher activity (up to 2x the current density of untreated graphite) is seen with the brominated electrodes. The results of these analyses will be presented, and the implications for rechargeable lithium-bromide batteries will be discussed.

References

1. B. Scrosati and J. Garche, Journal of Power Sources,
195, 2419-2430 (2010).
2. G. Girishkumar, et. al., Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,
1, 2193-2203 (2010).
3. L. Chen and L.L. Shaw, Journal of Power Sources,
267, 770-783 (2014).
4. P. Leung, et. al., RSC Advances,
2, 10125-10156 (2012).
5. A. Manthiram, Y. Fu, and Y-S. Su, Accounts of Chemical Research,
46 (5), 1125-1134 (2013).
6. Z. Chang, et. al., Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
2, 19444-19450 (2014).
7. Y. L. Wang, et. al., Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3, 1879-1883 (2015).
8. K. Takemoto and H. Yamada, Journal of Power Sources,
281, 334-340 (2015).
Figure 1:

Figure 1