bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Terrestrial Oil Pollution on Parasitoid Wasps Associated With Vachellia (Fabales: Fabaceae) Trees in a Desert Ecosystem, Israel
Authors: Möller Daniella M , Ferrante Marco , Möller Gabriella M , Rozenberg Tamir , Segoli Michal 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Oil is a major pollutant of the environment, and terrestrial oil spills frequently occur in desert areas. Although arthropods account for a large share of animal diversity, the effect of oil pollution on this group is rarely documented. We evaluated the effects of oil pollution on parasitoid wasps associated with Vachellia (formerly Acacia) tortilis (Forssk.) and Vachellia raddiana (Savi) trees in a hyper-arid desert that was affected by two major oil spills (in 1975 and 2014). We sampled the parasitoid populations between 2016 and 2018 in three sampling sites and compared their abundance, diversity, and community composition between oil-polluted and unpolluted trees. Parasitoid abundance in oil-polluted trees was lower in one of the sites affected by the recent oil spill, but not in the site affected by the 1975 oil spill. Oil-polluted trees supported lower parasitoid diversity than unpolluted trees in some sampling site/year combinations; however, such negative effects were inconsistent and pollution explained a small proportion of the variation in parasitoid community composition. Our results indicate that oil pollution may negatively affect parasitoid abundances and diversity, although the magnitude of the effect depends on the tree species, sampling site, and the time since the oil spill.
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Spath N B , Singh T , Papanastasiou G , Kershaw L , Baker A H , Janiczek R L , Gulsin G S , Dweck M R , McCann G , Newby D E , Semple S I 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study is to quantify altered myocardial calcium handling in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy using magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods and results
Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 10) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 17) underwent both gadolinium and manganese contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and were compared with healthy volunteers (n = 20). Differential manganese uptake (Ki) was assessed using a two-compartment Patlak model. Compared with healthy volunteers, reduction in T1 with manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was lower in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy [mean reduction 257 ± 45 (21%) vs. 288 ± 34 (26%) ms, P &lt; 0.001], with higher T1 at 40 min (948 ± 57 vs. 834 ± 28 ms, P &lt; 0.0001). In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, reductions in T1 were less than healthy volunteers [mean reduction 251 ± 86 (18%) and 277 ± 34 (23%) vs. 288 ± 34 (26%) ms, with and without fibrosis respectively, P &lt; 0.001]. Myocardial manganese uptake was modelled, rate of uptake was reduced in both dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in comparison with healthy volunteers (mean Ki 19 ± 4, 19 ± 3, and 23 ± 4 mL/100 g/min, respectively; P = 0.0068). In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, manganese uptake rate correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (r2 = 0.61, P = 0.009). Rate of myocardial manganese uptake demonstrated stepwise reductions across healthy myocardium, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without fibrosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with fibrosis providing absolute discrimination between the healthy myocardium and fibrosed myocardium (mean Ki 23 ± 4, 19 ± 3, and 13 ± 4 mL/100 g/min, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusion
The rate of manganese uptake in both dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy provides a measure of altered myocardial calcium handling. This holds major promise for the detection and monitoring of dysfunctional myocardium, with the potential for early intervention and prognostication.
Drivers of Mating Type Composition inTetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Wang Guangying , Chen Kai , Zhang Jing , Deng Shanjun , Xiong Jie , He Xionglei , Fu Yunxin , Miao Wei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSex offers advantages even in primarily asexual species. Some ciliates appear to utilize such reproductive strategy with many mating types. However, the factors determining the composition of mating types in the unicellular ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila are poorly understood, and this is further complicated by non-Mendelian determination of mating type in the offspring. We therefore developed a novel population genetics model to predict how various factors influence the dynamics of mating type composition, including natural selection. The model predicted either the coexistence of all seven mating types or fixation of a single mating type in a population, depending on parameter combinations, irrespective of natural selection. To understand what factor(s) may be more influential and to test the validity of theoretical prediction, five replicate populations were maintained in laboratory such that several factors could be controlled or measured. Whole-genome sequencing was used to identify newly arising mutations and determine mating type composition. Strikingly, all populations were found to be driven by strong selection on newly arising beneficial mutations to fixation of their carrying mating types, and the trajectories of speed to fixation agreed well with our theoretical predictions. This study illustrates the evolutionary strategies that T. thermophila can utilize to optimize population fitness.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the wellbeing of Irish Men’s Shed members
Authors: McGrath Aisling , Murphy Niamh , Richardson Noel 
Published: September 2020

Summary
COVID-19 disproportionately affects males especially those who are older and more socio-economically disadvantaged. This study assessed wellbeing outcomes among men’s shed members (Shedders) in Ireland at baseline (T1), 3 (T2), 6 (T3) and 12 months (T4) in response to a 10-week health promotion program ‘Sheds for Life’ (SFL). Two cohorts participated in SFL commencing in March and September 2019. This study compares the T3 findings from one cohort carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic [COVID cohort (n = 185)] with T3 findings from a comparator cohort [pre-COVID cohort (n = 195)], completed pre-COVID-19. Questionnaires assessing wellbeing [life satisfaction, mental health, loneliness, physical activity (PA), self-rated health and other lifestyle measures] were analyzed in both cohorts T1, T2 and T3. Self-rated Health and life satisfaction decreased in the COVID cohort at T3 (p &lt; 0.001), while loneliness scores increased (p &lt; 0.0005). Higher loneliness scores were correlated with lower health ratings, life satisfaction and PA during COVID-19 (p &lt; 0.001). Days PA decreased in the COVID cluster at T3 from T2 (p &lt; 0.01) with those in urban areas reporting lower activity levels than rural areas (p &lt; 0.05). Those sufficiently active at baseline managed to maintain PA during COVID-19 while those not meeting guidelines were more likely to report decreases (p &lt; 0.001). Shedders experiencing COVID-19 restrictions are at an increased risk of poorer wellbeing and increased levels of loneliness. Support and guidance are needed to safely encourage this cohort back into men’s sheds, settings that protect against loneliness and positively promote health and wellbeing.
Lay summary
The COVID-19 pandemic will have wide-reaching implications on wellbeing, particularly on those who are older and more vulnerable. Evidence also suggests that COVID-19 disproportionately affects males. This study aimed to understand the impact that COVID-19 has had on men in the setting of Men’s Sheds in Ireland. Two cohorts of men who were participating in a 10-week health and wellbeing program (Sheds for Life) at different stages were followed over time. At 6 months follow-up the first Cohort had not experienced COVID-19 whereas the second cohort was actively experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. We measured wellbeing using questionnaires, comparing both groups of men for differences. We found that the men who were experiencing COVID-19 had lower self-rated health, physical activity and life satisfaction as well as higher rates of loneliness, with those who were more lonely reporting lower wellbeing scores. We also found that men in rural areas were more physically active during COVID-19 and that those were not active were more likely to become more inactive during COVID-19. This study suggests that support and guidance is needed to safely encourage this cohort back into Men’s Sheds, settings that protect against loneliness and positively promote health and wellbeing.
The Nature and Clinical Significance of Atypical Mononuclear Cells in Infectious Mononucleosis Caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus in Children
Authors: Fedyanina Olga S , Filippova Anna E , Demina Olga I , Zhuliabina Olga A , Tikhomirov Dmitry S , Filatov Alexander V , Chebotareva Tatiana A , Kuznetsova Sofya A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Atypical mononuclear cells (AM) appear in significant numbers in peripheral blood of patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM). We investigated the number and lineage-specific clusters of differentiation (CD) expression of atypical mononuclear cells in 110 children with IM using the anti-CD antibody microarray for panning leukocytes by their surface markers prior to morphology examination. The AM population consisted primarily of CD8+ T cells with a small fraction (0%–2% of all lymphocytes) of CD19+ B lymphocytes. AM amount in children with mononucleosis caused by primary EBV infection was significantly higher than for IM caused by EBV reactivation or other viruses and constituted 1%–53% of all peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to 0%–11% and 0%–8%, respectively. Children failing to recover from classic IM associated with primary EBV infection within 6 months had significantly lower percentage of CD8+ AM compared to patients with normal recovery rate.
Complexity of rule sets in mining incomplete data using characteristic sets and generalized maximal consistent blocks
Authors: Clark Patrick G , Gao Cheng , Grzymala-Busse Jerzy W , Mroczek Teresa , Niemiec Rafal 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, missing attribute values in incomplete data sets have three possible interpretations: lost values, attribute-concept values and ‘do not care’ conditions. For rule induction, we use characteristic sets and generalized maximal consistent blocks. Therefore, we apply six different approaches for data mining. As follows from our previous experiments, where we used an error rate evaluated by ten-fold cross validation as the main criterion of quality, no approach is universally the best. Thus, we decided to compare our six approaches using complexity of rule sets induced from incomplete data sets. We show that the smallest rule sets are induced from incomplete data sets with attribute-concept values, while the most complicated rule sets are induced from data sets with lost values. The choice between interpretations of missing attribute values is more important than the choice between characteristic sets and generalized maximal consistent blocks.
Feasibility of transrectal and transperineal fiducial marker placement for prostate cancer before proton therapy
Authors: Ohta Kengo , Ogino Hiroyuki , Iwata Hiromitsu , Hashimoto Shingo , Hattori Yukiko , Nakajima Koichiro , Yamada Maho , Shimohira Masashi , Mizoe Jun-etsu , Shibamoto Yuta 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
To compare the feasibility of transrectal and transperineal fiducial marker placement for prostate cancer before proton therapy.

Materials and Methods
From 2013 to 2015, the first 40 prostate cancer patients that were scheduled for proton therapy underwent transrectal fiducial marker placement, and the next 40 patients underwent transperineal fiducial marker placement (the first series). Technical and clinical success and pain scores were evaluated. In the second series (n = 280), the transrectal or transperineal approach was selected depending on the presence/absence of comorbidities, such as blood coagulation abnormalities. Seven patients refused to undergo the procedure. Thus, the total number of patients across both series was 353 (262 and 91 underwent the transrectal and transperineal approach, respectively). Technical and clinical success, complications, marker migration and the distance between the two markers were evaluated.

Results
In the first series, the technical and clinical success rates were 100% in both groups. The transrectal group exhibited lower pain scores than the transperineal group. The overall technical success rates of the transrectal and transperineal groups were 100% (262/262) and 99% (90/91), respectively (P &gt; 0.05). The overall clinical success rate was 100% in both groups, and there were no major complications in either group. The migration rates of the two groups did not differ significantly. The mean distance between the two markers was 25.6 ± 7.1 mm (mean ± standard deviation) in the transrectal group and 31.9 ± 5.2 mm in the transperineal group (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
Both the transrectal and transperineal fiducial marker placement methods are feasible and safe.
Description of Two New Species of Dexosarcophaga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) From the Coastal Environments of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: De-Souza Caroline C , Souza Matheus T , Soares Jéssica M M , Carvalho-Filho Fernando S 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo new species of Dexosarcophaga Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are described, both from the coastal zone of the Brazilian Amazon: Dexosarcophaga salgada sp. nov. and Dexosarcophaga klycyae sp. nov.
Mārūṯā's Testimony about the Šabtāyē, Christian ‘Observers of the Torah’ in the Fifth Century CE*
Authors: Sánchez Francisco Del Río 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In his Catalogue of Heresies, Mārūṯā, bishop of Mayperqaṭ (d. c. 420), described a group of heretics who received the name of Šabtāyē, a term that can be translated as ‘Sabbathians’ or ‘Sabbath-keepers’. They con-sidered themselves as Christians but also defended the validity of the Torah. Many scholars have identified these Šabtāyē with the Σαββα-τιανοί, the inner schism within the Marcionite church which began around the year 380 in Phrygia and Galatia: this article shows how there are some shreds of evidence that, taken together, suggest that this identification between the Šabtāyē and the followers of Sabbatius does not reflect the reality of the facts. On the other hand, Mārūṯā’s portrait of the Šabtāyē as it appears in his Catalogue of Heresies brings to mind the descriptions of the Ebionites and Nazarenes of many patristic excerpts. Furthermore, the praxis-based description offered by the Bishop of Mayperqaṭ fits well with the definitions of ‘Jewish-Christianity’ suggested by different modern authors.
Parametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for the Multivariate Fay–Herriot Model
Authors: Saegusa Takumi , Sugasawa Shonosuke , Lahiri Partha 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Various multivariate extensions to the well-known Fay–Herriot model have been proposed in the small area estimation literature. Such multivariate models are quite effective in combining information through correlations among small area survey estimates of related variables or historical survey estimates of the same variable or both. Though the literature on small area estimation is already very rich, construction of second-order efficient confidence intervals from multivariate models has received little attention. In this article, we develop a parametric bootstrap method for constructing a second-order efficient confidence interval for a general linear combination of small area means using the multivariate Fay–Herriot normal model. The proposed parametric bootstrap method replaces difficult and tedious analytical derivations by the power of efficient algorithm and high speed computer. Moreover, the proposed method is more versatile than the analytical method because the parametric bootstrap method can be easily applied to any method of model parameter estimation and any specific structure of the variance–covariance matrix of the multivariate Fay–Herriot model avoiding all the cumbersome and time-consuming calculations required in the analytical method. We apply our proposed methodology in constructing confidence intervals for the median income of four-person families for the fifty states and the District of Columbia in the United States. Our data analysis demonstrates that the proposed parametric bootstrap method, applied to both multivariate and univariate Fay–Herriot models, generally provides much shorter confidence intervals compared to the corresponding traditional direct method. Moreover, the confidence intervals obtained from the multivariate model are generally shorter than the corresponding intervals from the univariate model indicating the potential advantage of exploiting correlations of median income of four-person families with median incomes of three- and five-person families.
Using Placeholder Text in Narrative Open-Ended Questions in Web Surveys
Authors: Kunz Tanja , Quoß Franziska , Gummer Tobias 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Narrative open-ended questions are suitable for gathering detailed information without limiting respondents to a predefined set of response categories. However, despite efforts to improve the quality of open-ended responses using different verbal and visual design features, respondents are often unwilling to expend effort on substantive and comprehensive responses. Based on a Web survey experiment conducted with opt-in panelists in Germany, we test whether placeholder text (i.e., lorem ipsum) in the answer box of a narrative open-ended question can be used as a visual stimulus to promote high-quality responses without discouraging respondents from answering the question. We find that, although placeholder texts that suggest long and extensive responses elicit more extensive responses, they also result in longer response times and less substantive responses. As the disadvantages of such lengthy placeholder texts thus appear to outweigh their advantages, we advise against using them. We further find that shorter placeholder texts do not provide any additional benefits. These findings also suggest that any kind of visual design feature should always be tested thoroughly before use.
Robots and Affirmative Choreographies
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter centers dance theater as an entry point into the relationship between race-based admissions policies (affirmative action) and dance-based articulations of racial agency. The chapter focuses on Pilipino culture nights (PCNs), student-produced annual performances that typically work to affirm a connection to the homeland through the performance of traditional folk forms. However, for Home (2000), a University of California–Berkeley PCN, the dancers and choreographers used hip-hop to emphasize U.S.-based cultural formations. While existing scholarship focuses on the “born again” mode of traditional folk dance within the culture night genre, the analysis centralizes Filipino American use of street dance styles (popping and robotic dancing). The configuration of these elements exaggerates ideologies of multiculturalism and post-raciality in an innovative response to the model minority stereotype.
How Foot Voting Outperforms Ballot Box Voting
Authors: Somin Ilya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the advantages of foot voting over ballot box voting as a mechanism of political choice. The big ones are the ability to make a decision that makes a difference, and stronger incentives to become well-informed. These translate into important advantages from the standpoint of several leading theories of political freedom, including consent, negative freedom, positive freedom, and non-domination. The relative merits of foot voting are not affected by the availability of political participation beyond voting, such as activism or lobbying. They are also not negated by claims that foot-voting decisions are selfish in nature, or not truly “political.” The gap is similarly unlikely to be closed by efforts to promote greater democratic deliberation.
Foot Voting and International Migration
Authors: Somin Ilya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers ways in which foot voting through international migration enhances political freedom. The potential benefits are greater than those of any other type of foot voting because of the vast differences in quality between different national governments. Expanding international foot-voting opportunities is literally a matter of life and death for millions. For the hundreds of millions who live in undemocratic nations, international migration is the only feasible mechanism for political choice. Free migration throughout the world could potentially double world GDP and vastly increase freedom of all kinds. The chapter addresses claims that the effectiveness of international foot voting is undermined by factors such as moving costs and inequality. These are real problems, but much can be done to mitigate them.
The Foot-Voting Constitution
Authors: Somin Ilya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains how constitutional systems can be structured to maximize opportunities for foot voting, while mitigating potential downsides. Foot voting can be expanded by limits on central government power, strong federal systems (including autonomy for local as well as regional governments), guarantees of freedom of movement, and a variety of constitutional individual rights. Internal foot voting can also be augmented by incentivizing competition between subnational governments. International foot voting can be facilitated by constitutional limitations on central governments’ authority to restrict immigration. Constitutions can also help ensure that governments at all levels are able to use keyhole solutions to address potential downsides of migration. 82
Conclusion
Authors: Somin Ilya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes key points of the book and also discusses prospects for expanded foot voting in the future. Modern technology can make foot voting easier and more effective than ever before. There are many policy measures that could incrementally expand foot-voting opportunities, both domestically, and internationally. In addition, increasing tolerance and cosmopolitanism among younger voters in the United States and Europe suggests that political obstacles to expanded migration rights may diminish over time. At the same time, growing xenophobic nationalism poses a significant threat to foot voting, as does the rise of restrictive zoning and other obstacles to internal migration.
Smallpox: The Geopolitical Impact of Smallpox
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at selected events throughout the course of history in which smallpox has played a decisive role. The story of smallpox is interwoven with the history of human migrations and wars, dramatically favoring one population or army over another. Smallpox actually changed the course of history by killing generals and kings or decimating their enemies. That history is presented as context for the chapter’s second part, which assesses whether or not there is a need to revaccinate today: the issues, risks, and benefits involved. Despite the eradication of smallpox as a disease, could the virus return? Since the virus does not linger in the form of a persistent infection, it is amenable to permanent eradication—that is to say, removal from the world. However, because the virus no longer circulates in any community, the numbers of never-vaccinated or never-infected susceptible individuals increase continually. Further, complete or efficient immunity of those previously vaccinated is believed to wane in 10 to 20 years. Consequently, the pool of highly susceptible individuals continues to expand enormously.