bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of Sources of Seasonal Uplift in China Using Independent Component Analysis of GNSS Time Series
Authors: Yan Jun , Dong Danan , Bürgmann Roland , Materna Kathryn , Tan Weijie , Peng Yu , Chen Junping 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWith the improvement of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observation accuracy and the establishment of large continuously operating networks, long GNSS time series are now widely used to understand a range of Earth deformation processes. The continuously operating stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China capture deformation signals due to time‐dependent tectonic, nontectonic mass loading, and potentially unknown geophysical processes. In order to separate and recover these underlying sources accurately and effectively, we apply the independent component analysis (ICA) to decompose the observed time series of vertical displacements. Then, we compare these signals with those predicted from independently developed geophysical process models of atmospheric, nontidal ocean, snow, soil moisture mass loading, and the Land Surface Discharge Model, as well as with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment observations. For comparison, we also perform the principal component analysis decomposition of time series and find that the ICA achieves a more consistent representation of multiple geophysical contributors to annual vertical GNSS displacements. ICA can decompose the long‐term trend and different seasonal and multiannual signals that closely correspond to the independently derived mass loading models. We find that independent contributions from atmospheric, soil moisture, and snow mass loading can be resolved from the GNSS data. Discrepancies are likely due to the correlated nature of some of the loading processes and unmodeled contributions from groundwater and surface water changes in South Central China and the Ganges Basin.
A Conceptual Model of a River Plume in the Surf Zone
Authors: Kastner S. E. , Horner‐Devine A. R. , Thomson J. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe use observations from the Quinault River, a small river that flows into an energetic surf zone on the West Coast of Washington state, to investigate the interaction between river and wave forcing. By synthesizing data from moorings, drifters, and Unmanned Aerial System video, we develop a conceptual model of this interaction based on three length scales: the surf zone width, LSZ; the near‐field plume length, LNF; and the cross‐shore extent of the channel, LC. The relationships between these length scales show how tidal variability and bathymetric effects change the balance of wave and river momentum. The most frequently observed state is LSZ>LNF. Under these conditions the surf zone traps the outflowing river plume and the river water's initial propagation into the surf zone is set by LNF. When the river velocity is highest during low water, and when wave forcing is low, LNF>LSZ and river water escapes the surf zone. At high water during low wave forcing, LC>LSZ, such that minimal wave breaking occurs in the channel and river water escapes onto the shelf. Based on the discharge, wave, and tidal conditions, the conceptual model is used to predict the fate of river water from the Quinault over a year, showing that approximately 70% of the river discharge is trapped in the surf zone upon exiting the river mouth.
Reductions in Strong Upwelling‐Favorable Wind Events in the Pliocene
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Luo Yangcheng , Arnold Nathan , Tziperman Eli 
Published: November 2019

AbstractProxy records of the Pliocene show significant warm anomalies of sea surface temperatures (SST) near midlatitude upwelling sites at the eastern boundaries of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Weaker upwelling‐favorable mean winds or a deeper thermocline have been proposed as explanations, yet the mechanisms involved are still not clear and the dramatic warmings of up to 9°C are only partially accounted for. Here we quantify the response of strong “transient” upwelling‐favorable wind events, defined to have a wind velocity over 5 m s−1 and a duration of at least 3 days, to two reconstructions of Pliocene SST. Such events are responsible for much of the modern upwelling SST signal and may therefore be a more relevant measure than the climatological winds. We find that both the amplitude and duration of upwelling‐favorable events are reduced in the Pliocene scenarios. Using Pliocene Reconstruction Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping SST, we find an annual reduction in upwelling flux between 7.4% and 13.2%, depending on model resolution. With an idealized Pliocene SST, the reduction in upwelling flux is between 46.7% and 50.3%. This reduction is shown to be closely related to changes in anticyclonic atmospheric activity, associated in turn with a weaker large‐scale meridional SST gradient.
Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
Authors: Bellouin N. , Quaas J. , Gryspeerdt E. , Kinne S. , Stier P. , Watson‐Parris D. , Boucher O. , Carslaw K. S. , Christensen M. , Daniau A.‐L. , Dufresne J.‐L. , Feingold G. , Fiedler S. , Forster P. , Gettelman A. , Haywood J. M. , Lohmann U. , Malavelle F. , Mauritsen T. , McCoy D. T. , Myhre G. , Mülmenstädt J. , Neubauer D. , Possner A. , Rugenstein M. , Sato Y. , Schulz M. , Schwartz S. E. , Sourdeval O. , Storelvmo T. , Toll V. , Winker D. , Stevens B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial era based on multiple, traceable, and arguable lines of evidence, including modeling approaches, theoretical considerations, and observations. Improved understanding of aerosol absorption and the causes of trends in surface radiative fluxes constrain the forcing from aerosol‐radiation interactions. A robust theoretical foundation and convincing evidence constrain the forcing caused by aerosol‐driven increases in liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud liquid water content and cloud fraction is less clear, and the influence on mixed‐phase and ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes in surface temperature and radiative fluxes provide additional constraints. These multiple lines of evidence lead to a 68% confidence interval for the total aerosol effective radiative forcing of ‐1.6 to ‐0.6 W m−2, or ‐2.0 to ‐0.4 W m−2 with a 90% likelihood. Those intervals are of similar width to the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment but shifted toward more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow in the future by continuing to critically combine multiple lines of evidence, especially those addressing industrial‐era changes in aerosol sources and aerosol effects on liquid cloud amount and on ice clouds.
Hepatic triglyceride accumulation via endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced SREBP-1 activation is regulated by ceramide synthases
Authors: Kim Ye-Ryung , Lee Eun-Ji , Shin Kyong-Oh , Kim Min Hee , Pewzner-Jung Yael , Lee Yong-Moon , Park Joo-Won , Futerman Anthony H. , Park Woo-Jae 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not only important for protein synthesis and folding but is also crucial for lipid synthesis and metabolism. In the current study, we demonstrate an important role of ceramide synthases (CerS) in ER stress and NAFLD progression. Ceramide is important in sphingolipid metabolism, and its acyl chain length is determined by a family of six CerS in mammals. CerS2 generates C22-C24 ceramides, and CerS5 or CerS6 produces C16 ceramide. To gain insight into the role of CerS in NAFLD, we used a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mouse model. Decreased levels of CerS2 and increased levels of CerS6 were observed in the steatotic livers of mice fed a HFD. In vitro experiments with Hep3B cells indicated the protective role of CerS2 and the detrimental role of CerS6 in the ER stress response induced by palmitate treatment. In particular, CerS6 overexpression increased sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) cleavage with decreased levels of INSIG-1, leading to increased lipogenesis. Blocking ER stress abrogated the detrimental effects of CerS6 on palmitate-induced SREBP-1 cleavage. In accordance with the protective role of CerS2 in the palmitate-induced ER stress response, CerS2 knockdown enhanced ER stress and SREBP-1 cleavage, and CerS2 heterozygote livers exhibited a stronger ER stress response and higher triglyceride levels following HFD. Finally, treatment with a low dose of bortezomib increased hepatic CerS2 expression and protected the development of NAFLD following HFD. These results indicate that CerS and its derivatives impact hepatic ER stress and lipogenesis differently and might be therapeutic targets for NAFLD.
Spatial and temporal axes impact ecology of the gut microbiome in juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus)
Authors: Holt Corey C , van der Giezen Mark , Daniels Carly L , Stentiford Grant D , Bass David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Microbial communities within the gut can markedly impact host health and fitness. To what extent environmental influences affect the differential distribution of these microbial populations may therefore significantly impact the successful farming of the host. Using a sea-based container culture (SBCC) system for the on-growing of European lobster (Homarus gammarus), we tracked the bacterial gut microbiota over a 1-year period. We compared these communities with lobsters of the same cohort, retained in a land-based culture (LBC) system to assess the effects of the culture environment on gut bacterial assemblage and describe the phylogenetic structure of the microbiota to compare deterministic and stochastic assembly across both environments. Bacterial gut communities from SBCCs were generally more phylogenetically clustered, and therefore deterministically assembled, compared to those reared in land-based systems. Lobsters in SBCCs displayed significantly more species-rich and species-diverse gut microbiota compared to those retained in LBC. A reduction in the bacterial diversity of the gut was also associated with higher infection prevalence of the enteric viral pathogen Homarus gammarus nudivirus (HgNV). SBCCs may therefore benefit the overall health of the host by promoting the assembly of a more diverse gut bacterial community and reducing the susceptibility to disease.
Systematic chemical screening identifies disulfiram as a repurposed drug that enhances sensitivity to cisplatin in bladder cancer: a summary of preclinical studies
Authors: Kita Yuki , Hamada Akihiro , Saito Ryoichi , Teramoto Yuki , Tanaka Ryusuke , Takano Keishi , Nakayama Kenji , Murakami Kaoru , Matsumoto Keiyu , Akamatsu Shusuke , Yamasaki Toshinari , Inoue Takahiro , Tabata Yasuhiko , Okuno Yasushi , Ogawa Osamu , Kobayashi Takashi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Since the standard gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer yields limited therapeutic effect due to chemoresistance, it is a clinical challenge to enhance sensitivity to GC.

Methods
We performed high-throughput screening by using a library of known chemicals and repositionable drugs. A total of 2098 compounds were administered alone or with GC to human bladder cancer cells, and chemicals that enhanced GC effects were screened.

Results
Disulfiram (DSF), an anti-alcoholism drug, was identified as a candidate showing synergistic effects with cisplatin but not with gemcitabine in multiple cell lines. Co-administration of DSF with GC affected cellular localisation of a cisplatin efflux transporter ATP7A, increased DNA–platinum adducts and promoted apoptosis. Micellar DSF nanoparticles (DSF-NP) that stabilised DSF in vivo, enhanced the inhibitory effect of cisplatin in patient-derived and cell-based xenograft models without severe adverse effects. A drug susceptibility evaluation system by using cancer tissue-originated spheroid culture showed promise in identifying cases who would benefit from DSF with cisplatin.

Conclusions
The present study highlighted the advantage of drug repurposing to enhance the efficacy of anticancer chemotherapy. Repurposing of DSF to a chemotherapy sensitiser may provide additional efficacy with less expense by using an available drug with a well-characterised safety profile.
Use of hydrochlorothiazide and risk of skin cancer: a nationwide Taiwanese case–control study
Authors: Pottegård Anton , Pedersen Sidsel Arnspang , Schmidt Sigrun Alba Johannesdottir , Lee Chaw-Ning , Hsu Chao-Kai , Liao Tzu-Chi , Shao Shih-Chieh , Lai Edward Chia-Cheng 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
The antihypertensive agent hydrochlorothiazide has been associated with increased risks of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and possibly some melanoma subtypes. Previous studies were, however, conducted in predominantly Caucasian populations. We therefore examined the association between hydrochlorothiazide and skin cancer risk in an Asian population.

Methods
By using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), we conducted three separate case–control studies of lip cancer, non-lip non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma. Cases (n = 29,082) with a first-ever skin cancer diagnoses (2008–2015) were matched 1:10 to population controls. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) associating hydrochlorothiazide use with skin cancer risk by using conditional logistic regression.

Results
Hydrochlorothiazide use showed no overall association with any of the three outcomes: ORs for high cumulative use of HCTZ (≥50,000 mg) were 0.86 (95% CI 0.09–7.81) for lip cancer, 1.16 (95% CI 0.98–1.37) for non-lip NMSC and 1.07 (95% CI 0.65–1.76) for melanoma. There was some evidence of a dose–response pattern for non-lip NMSC, with an OR of 1.66 (95% CI 0.82–3.33) for 100,000–149,999 mg of HCTZ. The null findings were robust across subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion
Use of HCTZ appears safe in terms of skin cancer risk in an Asian population.
Hsp60 and IL-8 axis promotes apoptosis resistance in cancer
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , O’Malley Jordan , Chaudhary Ajay Kumar , Inigo Joseph R. , Yadav Neelu , Kumar Rahul , Chandra Dhyan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) play crucial roles in cell survival and maintenance of cellular homoeostasis. However, cross talks between these two proteins are not defined.

Methods
IL-8 expression in tumour tissue sections was analysed by immunohistochemistry. IL-8 expression and release in cancer cells was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Apoptosis was quantified using caspase activity and Annexin-V/PI staining.

Results
We observed IL-8 release from cancer cells in response to histone deacetylase inhibitor, apicidin (Api), and non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, thapsigargin (TG). IL-8 release was increased upon TG-treatment. TG-induced IL-8 expression was reduced in the presence of Api in Bax-dependent manner. Increased apoptosis was associated with decreased IL-8 expression in response to combined treatment of TG and Api. TG and Api combination induced caspase-8 and caspase-9 dependent apoptosis. Hsp60 knockdown abrogated IL-8 expression induced by Api, TG, and their combination. The level of TGF-β, an upstream regulator of IL-8, was decreased upon Hsp60-silencing. Knocking down Hsp60 decreased IL-8 expression and its release in prostate cancer cell xenograft tumours in SCID mice.

Conclusion
This study describes the underlying mechanism associated with apoptosis resistance mediated via Hsp60-IL-8 axis in cancer.
Gene characterization and molecular pathway analysis of reverse thermosensitive genic male sterility in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
Authors: Li Bing , Chen Xueping , Wu Yanrong , Gu Aixia , Zhang Jingjing , Luo Shuangxia , Gao Xiurui , Zhao Jianjun , Pan Xiuqing , Shen Shuxing 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe naturally occurring mutant eggplant line 05ms was identified with reverse thermosensitive genic male sterility (rTGMS), but its temperature-responsive fertility mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we studied the flower morphology, anther cellular structure, and genome-wide gene expression of this rTGMS line. Candidate genes for thermosensitive male sterility during the microspore development of 05ms and the temperature-insensitive line S63 under low-temperature (LT) and high-temperature (HT) conditions were identified. Under LT, tapetum cells were vacuolated and had delayed disintegration in 05ms. RNA-seq analysis indicated that DEGs were enriched in the KEGG pathways ‘plant hormone signal transduction’, ‘starch and sucrose metabolism’, and ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’. We identified two genes,4CLL1(Sme2.5_00368.1_g00010.1) andCKI1(Sme2.5_10056.1_g00002.1), which could potentially regulate eggplant anther development and may be candidate genes for rTGMS. Finally, we propose a working model of anther abortion for rTGMS in eggplant.CKI1responds to LT stress and causes expression changes in genes related to anther development, such as4CLL1, and the cellular structure of the tapetum becomes abnormal, causing male sterility. The findings of this study explain the underlying molecular mechanisms of male sterility in eggplant rTGMS lines.
Disease transmission and introgression can explain the long-lasting contact zone of modern humans and Neanderthals
Authors: Greenbaum Gili , Getz Wayne M. , Rosenberg Noah A. , Feldman Marcus W. , Hovers Erella , Kolodny Oren 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNeanderthals and modern humans both occupied the Levant for tens of thousands of years prior to the spread of modern humans into the rest of Eurasia and their replacement of the Neanderthals. That the inter-species boundary remained geographically localized for so long is a puzzle, particularly in light of the rapidity of its subsequent movement. Here, we propose that infectious-disease dynamics can explain the localization and persistence of the inter-species boundary. We further propose, and support with dynamical-systems models, that introgression-based transmission of alleles related to the immune system would have gradually diminished this barrier to pervasive inter-species interaction, leading to the eventual release of the inter-species boundary from its geographic localization. Asymmetries between the species in the characteristics of their associated ‘pathogen packages’ could have generated feedback that allowed modern humans to overcome disease burden earlier than Neanderthals, giving them an advantage in their subsequent spread into Eurasia.
Stress breaks universal aging behavior in a metallic glass
Authors: Das Amlan , Derlet Peter M. , Liu Chaoyang , Dufresne Eric M. , Maaß Robert 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNumerous disordered materials display a monotonous slowing down in their internal dynamics with age. In the case of metallic glasses, this general behavior across different temperatures and alloys has been used to establish an empirical universal superposition principle of time, waiting time, and temperature. Here we demonstrate that the application of a mechanical stress within the elastic regime breaks this universality. Using in-situ x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) experiments, we show that strong fluctuations between slow and fast structural dynamics exist, and that these generally exhibit larger relaxation times than in the unstressed case. On average, relaxation times increase with stress magnitude, and even preloading times of several days do not exhaust the structural dynamics under load. A model Lennard-Jones glass under shear deformation replicates many of the features revealed with XPCS, indicating that local and heterogeneous microplastic events can cause the strongly non-monotonous spectrum of relaxation times.
Transparent multispectral photodetectors mimicking the human visual system
Authors: Li Qitong , van de Groep Jorik , Wang Yifei , Kik Pieter G. , Brongersma Mark L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCompact and lightweight photodetection elements play a critical role in the newly emerging augmented reality, wearable and sensing technologies. In these technologies, devices are preferred to be transparent to form an optical interface between a viewer and the outside world. For this reason, it is of great value to create detection platforms that are imperceptible to the human eye directly onto transparent substrates. Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) make ideal photodetectors as their optical resonances enable parsing of the multi-dimensional information carried by light. Unfortunately, these optical resonances also give rise to strong, undesired light scattering. In this work, we illustrate how a new optical resonance arising from the radiative coupling between arrayed silicon NWs can be harnessed to remove reflections from dielectric interfaces while affording spectro-polarimetric detection. The demonstrated transparent photodetector concept opens up promising platforms for transparent substrates as the base for opto-electronic devices and in situ optical measurement systems.
Real-time 3D reconstruction from single-photon lidar data using plug-and-play point cloud denoisers
Authors: Tachella Julián , Altmann Yoann , Mellado Nicolas , McCarthy Aongus , Tobin Rachael , Buller Gerald S. , Tourneret Jean-Yves , McLaughlin Stephen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSingle-photon lidar has emerged as a prime candidate technology for depth imaging through challenging environments. Until now, a major limitation has been the significant amount of time required for the analysis of the recorded data. Here we show a new computational framework for real-time three-dimensional (3D) scene reconstruction from single-photon data. By combining statistical models with highly scalable computational tools from the computer graphics community, we demonstrate 3D reconstruction of complex outdoor scenes with processing times of the order of 20 ms, where the lidar data was acquired in broad daylight from distances up to 320 metres. The proposed method can handle an unknown number of surfaces in each pixel, allowing for target detection and imaging through cluttered scenes. This enables robust, real-time target reconstruction of complex moving scenes, paving the way for single-photon lidar at video rates for practical 3D imaging applications.
Tsc1 represses parvalbumin expression and fast-spiking properties in somatostatin lineage cortical interneurons
Authors: Malik Ruchi , Pai Emily Ling-Lin , Rubin Anna N , Stafford April M , Angara Kartik , Minasi Petros , Rubenstein John L. , Sohal Vikaas S , Vogt Daniel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMedial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived somatostatin (SST)+ and parvalbumin (PV)+ cortical interneurons (CINs), have characteristic molecular, anatomical and physiological properties. However, mechanisms regulating their diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that conditional loss of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) gene, Tsc1, which inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR), causes a subset of SST+ CINs, to express PV and adopt fast-spiking (FS) properties, characteristic of PV+ CINs. Milder intermediate phenotypes also occur when only one allele of Tsc1 is deleted. Notably, treatment of adult mice with rapamycin, which inhibits MTOR, reverses the phenotypes. These data reveal novel functions of MTOR signaling in regulating PV expression and FS properties, which may contribute to TSC neuropsychiatric symptoms. Moreover, they suggest that CINs can exhibit properties intermediate between those classically associated with PV+ or SST+ CINs, which may be dynamically regulated by the MTOR signaling.