bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIV-9 Effects of plant extracts on adult Haemonchus contortus mortality
Authors: Wetmore Trixie L , Luce Taylor , Mix Ken , Benavides Elizabeth 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Parasitic infections are a major concern in animal production with global control measures costing over $10 billion annually. In small ruminants, Haemonchus contortus contributes to substantial economic losses in weight gain and mortality. Historical pharmaceutical control of H. contortus resulted in anthelmintic resistance, further exacerbating economic losses. The rise of anthelmintic resistance precipitated the need to investigate alternative treatments. One promising area is using anthelmintically active plant extracts. It is hypothesized that substances extracted from pumpkin seeds, garlic, and wormwood will demonstrate anthelmintic activity against H. contortus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three plant extracts on adult H. contortus mortality in vitro. Pumpkin seed oil (extracted from Cucurbita maxima), allicin (extracted from Allium sativum), and artemisinin (extracted from Artemisia absinthium) were selected as viable alternatives and evaluated for anthelmintic activity. Live adult H. contortus nematodes were extracted from the abomasum of sheep and goats collected from a local abattoir and placed in triplicate into 6-well plates containing differing concentrations of treatments. Fenbendazole was utilized as a positive control and physiological saline as a negative control. Anthelmintic efficacy was determined via time-to-death observation. Time-to-death was determined hourly by observation of movement for thirty seconds. Absence of movement for thirty seconds indicated death. Time-to-death was evaluated via ANOVA. Allicin exhibited a time-to-death similar to fenbendazole (2.15 ± 0.58 h vs. 1.00 ± 0.58 h, P = 0.15). Pumpkin seed oil exhibited accelerated time-to-death compared to negative control (4.15 ± 0.73 h vs. 10.00 ± 0.73 h, P &lt; 0.01). Artemisin did not affect time-to-death at the tested concentrations. Allicin and pumpkin seed oil demonstrated potential as alternative anthelmintics at the evaluated concentrations, providing a potential treatment for H. contortus. Further investigation will determine synergistic effects between extracts and pharmaceuticals.
PSIV-16 Impact of environmental enrichment on feedlot steer productivity and aggression
Authors: Park Rachel M , Jennings Jenny S , Daigle Courtney L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if cattle housed in a feedlot pen with a cattle brush had improved productivity and engaged in fewer aggressive behaviors compared to cattle without a brush. Pre-dominantly British and British continental crossbred steers (n = 51) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of two treatments 1) No enrichment (CON; 3 pens at 9 animals/pen; n = 26) or 2) a cattle brush (BRUSH; 3 pens at 9 animals/pen; n = 25) across a 256 day experimental period. Cattle arrived at the feedlot on d -55 relative to brush implementation and were slaughtered on d 161 and d 198 respective to weight block. Video recordings were decoded from 0800 to 1730 on d -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64. Continuous observations recorded headbutting, mounting and kicking frequency. Production metrics were calculated (ADG, G:F and weekly DMI) and carcass data was collected at slaughter. A General Linearized Mixed Model (PROC MIXED) evaluated the impact of day, treatment and their interaction on behavior and the impact of treatment on productivity. Liver abscess presence was evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Treatment did not impact steer productivity, carcass traits or kicking frequency (P &gt; 0.05). An interaction between day and treatment was observed for headbutting (P = 0.01) with BRUSH cattle performing fewer headbutts than CON cattle on d 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16. Treatment impacted mounting with BRUSH cattle performing fewer mounts than CON cattle (P = 0.03) and for both treatments, mounting decreased over time (P = 0.002). Cattle housed in BRUSH pens performed fewer aggressive behaviors and the presence of the brush did not negatively impact productivity. This suggests that a cattle brush could provide a lasting benefit to cattle welfare without compromising productivity.
PSIV-19 Live and carcass production traits for progeny of an F1 USDA Prime – yield grade 1 carcass clone sire in comparison with progeny of popular reference sires
Authors: Francis Forest L , Hawkins Dean , Veneklasen Gregg , Lust David , Lawrence Ty 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The cloning of beef carcasses that grade USDA Prime – Yield Grade 1 (P1) has produced a sire that ranked well against high performing bulls from multiple breeds. An F1 (P1 x P1) sire would ideally exhibit heterosis and outperform its high performing parents. A terminal sire study was conducted comparing progeny of an F1 (P1 x P1) sire (AxG1) against progeny (heifers and steers) of four high performing sires of varying breeds {P1 (Alpha); Angus; Simmental; Angus x Simmental}. Production traits included morbidity and mortality frequencies, weaning weight, and feedlot arrival weight; carcass traits included edible liver and normal lung frequencies, hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, 12th rib fat thickness, and marbling score. A completely randomized experimental design was used; data was analyzed using a mixed model with a fixed effect of sire and random effects of harvest date, sex, and pen. Feedlot arrival weight, frequencies of morbidity and mortality, 12th rib fat thickness, and frequency of grading Certified Angus Beef or USDA Select did not differ (P ≥ 0.16) between sires. Weaning weight and frequency of normal lungs tended (P ≤ 0.08) to differ amongst sires. Differences in hot carcass weight (P &lt; 0.01), longissimus muscle area (P &lt; 0.01), marbling score (P &lt; 0.01), and frequencies of normal lungs (P &lt; 0.01) was detected among sires. Additionally, sire differences in USDA yield grade (P &lt; 0.01), and frequencies of carcasses grading USDA Prime (P &lt; 0.01) and USDA Choice (P &lt; 0.01) were observed. AxG1 progeny exhibited the least 12th rib fat thickness and lowest USDA yield grade in addition to the largest longissimus muscle area, highest marbling score, and greatest frequency of USDA Prime. These data suggest that AxG1 competed extremely well against other high performing industry sires.
PSIV-4 Effect of winter nutrition (pasture vs. feedlot) of beef calves on further spring grazing performance and feed conversion efficiency for the winter-spring period
Authors: Zabalveytia Natalia , Simeone Alvaro , Burjel María Victoria , Beretta Virginia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Feeding high grain rations during winter allows for calves′ higher liveweight gains (LWG) compared to grazing improved pasture, however, it may impair further spring-grazing performance, affecting the feed to gain ratio (F:G) for the whole winter-spring period. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of winter lot-feeding and roughage level (RL) in the feedlot ration, on performance and F:G during spring grazing and the whole winter-spring period. Thirty-two Hereford calves (143 ± 12.2 kg) were assigned in a randomized block design to four winter treatments (WT, 110 d): oat grazing (5 kg DM/100 kg LW), and three feedlot rations supplied ad libitum, differing in RL (Setaria italica hay): 0%, 35%, 70% DM (n = 2/treatment). During spring (80 d), all treatments strip-grazed a mixed grass-legume pasture (6 kg DM/100 kg LW; 4317 ± 1009 kg DM/ha), independent paddocks per replication, 7-day strips. Liveweight was recorded every 14 days. DMI was measured daily at feedlot, while during grazing it was estimated on even weeks as the difference between pre and post-grazing pasture DM biomass. Data were analyzed according to the following general model: yijk=μ+Blocki+WTj+b1LWinitial+eijk and adjusted means were compared through orthogonal contrasts using the Tukey test (Table 1). Winter F:G was lower for feedlot than grazing calves (6.37 vs. 12.30; SE: 0.39, P = 0.0006), and for RL0 compared to higher roughage rations (4.94 vs. 7.08; SE:0.42, P = 0.0141). This last response was reversed during spring, when higher F:G value was observed for RL0 (27.5 vs. 12.12, SE: 2.50, P = 0.0087), due to a lower LWG (0.09 vs. 0.26, SE: 0.08, P = 0.0320). However, considering the winter-spring period, feedlot calves, and within these, the RL0 calves, showed the highest LWG (0.78 vs. 0.57, SE: 0.05, P &lt; 0.0001), the lowest F:G (6.52 vs 8.45, SE: 0.16, P = 0.0012), and were the heaviest by the end of spring.
PSII-10 In vitro simulation of biofilm development and detachment in dairy cow troughs within the first 7 days after cleaning
Authors: Hayer Jason J , Heinemann Celine , Schmid Simone M , Dieckhoff Benedikt G Schulze , Stewart Sydney , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Water is one of the most important factors concerning animal health and welfare. Therefore, an impairment of livestock water quality through biofilm development and detachment in dairy cow troughs represents a serious threat. To gain a better understanding of biofilm development and detachment, this study evaluates influencing factors in vitro. Cattle trough materials were inoculated with two naturally occurring bacterial cultures from different dairy farms. In a latin square design, detachment of a biofilm within a recommended cleaning interval of 7 days was investigated via total viable count (TVC) of the surrounding medium, depending on origin of culture, trough material (polyethylene or stainless steel), water temperature (5°C or 25°C) or nutrient availability (10% or 50% of nutrient broth, Merck KGaSA). At day 7, developed biofilm was investigated for TVC, Enterobacteriaceae spp. and with an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-rapid test. All treatments were replicated at least 3 times. From the 4th day on, TVC in the surrounding medium increased by 1.5 log10 cfu/ml on polyethylene at 5°C, suggesting a maturation and detachment of a grown biofilm. Material and temperature affected biofilm detachment (P &lt; 0.05). In temperature treatments with 25°C, TVC reached maximum within 24h, suggesting that biofilm detached earlier. The composition of the grown biofilm was affected by material, temperature, nutrient level, but not by starting culture. Higher Enterobacteriaceae spp. and TVC were observed on polyethylene than on stainless steel and at higher temperatures compared to lower (P &lt; 0.001, respectively). Nutrient level significantly increased Enterobacteriaceae spp. growth. Rapid ATP-test results showed high Pearson correlations with biofilms TVC (r &gt;0.74; P &lt; 0.001) and might be a practical method to check trough hygiene on farms. Based on our in vitro data, cleaning intervals should be less than 4 days even at low temperatures. Nevertheless, more research is needed to verify data in practice.
PSII-12 Comparison of fine needle aspiration and tissue sections to determine Sertoli and germ cell counts in prepubertal beef bulls
Authors: Sedivec Kevin , Flaten Jordan , Wieland Cody , Becker Stephanie , Dahlen Carl , Pereira Nicolas Negrin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Daily sperm production in bulls is determined by the size of the testicular Sertoli cell (SC) population established before puberty. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is currently used as a diagnostic tool, but its value to determine SC and germ cell (GC) counts remains unexplored. The objectives were to compare three sampling techniques [(smears produced via 22G fine needle aspiration (SMR) vs. tissue sections collected via 14G aspiration (FNS) vs. conventional tissue sections (HIS)] and two stains [immunohistochemistry with GATA4 (IHC) and HE] to determine SC density in prepubertal bulls. Fourteen age-matched Angus bulls were surgically castrated. Testicular parenchyma samples and smears were stained using anti-GATA4 as a specific SC marker and HE. For stain comparison, mirrored tissue cuts were produced allowing cell counts of complementary seminiferous tubule (ST) cross sections. All data were analyzed using Pearson’s product moment correlations and linear regression. Testicular weights were correlated with IHC SC density (P = 0.018). High correlations existed for SC and GC counts done on ST cross sections using IHC (P &lt; .0001) and HE (P &lt; .0001). Within HIS and FNS, high correlations (r = 0.955; P ≤ 0.0001) existed between SC and automated GATA4+ cell densities. However, when comparing IHC SC density across techniques, no significant correlations (P ≤ 0.587) existed. The high correlation observed between SC counts done on mirrored ST cross sections for HE and IHC underlines the value of GATA4 as a specific SC marker in prepubertal bulls. Furthermore, the high correlation established between SC and GATA4+ cell densities within IHC HIS and FNS collection methods infers SC density determination can be automated. However, lack of correlation for SC density among techniques indicates that aspiration and conventional methods lead to different results. Research supported by North Dakota EPSCoR Doctoral Dissertation Assistantship (DDA) program.
PSII-9 Body core and skin temperatures in suckling piglets measured by infrared thermography and thermometry methods
Authors: Schmid Simone M , Büscher Wolfgang , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Monitoring piglets’ temperatures after birth is crucial to prevent losses caused by hypothermia and ensure well-being. Rectal measuring, which is still considered the ‘gold standard’ for assessing core temperatures, takes time and requires fixation. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared thermography and thermometry in comparison to rectal temperatures. In one to seven days old piglets, rectal temperatures were measured with digital thermometers (DT) (Geratherm® GT-195-1) (n = 958), tympanic membrane temperatures with an infrared ear thermometer (IET) (ThermoScan® IRT6520) (n = 424), skin temperatures with infrared laser thermometers (ILT) (Eventek™ ET312) behind the ear (n = 671), an infrared camera (IC) (Optris® PI400) at six body locations (n≥488) or an infrared camera attachment (ICA) (FLIR ONE® for iOS) (n = 60). Devices’ reliability was tested. Correlations and differences (GLM) were estimated with SAS® 9.4. DT devices and repeated measurements showed no differences (n = 77). Repeated IET measurements at left and right ear were not different (n = 57). Temperatures decreased for ILT when measured from 10, 30, 50, and 100cm (P &lt; 0.001; n = 360). Three ILT devices obtained different values (P &lt; 0.001). At 10cm, means were different at left and right side (P &lt; 0.001). For following results, the same device was used for all measurements (10cm, left). Highest correlations were found between DT and IET (r = 0.93; P &lt; 0.001) and ILT (r = 0.81; P &lt; 0.001). All infrared temperatures were lower (P &lt; 0.001) than rectal temperatures (38.8°C), except IET (38.7°C). For IC, temperatures at inner thigh and lower abdomen correlated best with DT (0.59≤r≤0.62; P &lt; 0.001). IET seems suited for assessing temperatures in piglets as it is reliable, with values comparable to DT. For IC, inner thigh and lower abdomen seem promising locations, but fixation is still required for both techniques. ILT is an option for estimating core temperatures at a short distance, but reliability needs to be considered.
PSII-5 Corn-expressed phytase improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility and bone mineral density of nursery pigs fed with low protein, calcium and phosphorous diets
Authors: Shili Cedrick N , Broomhead Jon , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Feeding pigs with moderately reduced crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) diets may be an effective strategy to decrease the nutrients excretion; however, this practice can negatively impact the growth performance. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve the utilization of nitrogen, Ca and P in pigs. The objective was to assess the effect of phytase (GraINzyme®) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, body composition, and serum amino acid profile in pigs fed with low-CP, -Ca and -P diets. Following 2-week acclimation period, forty-eight weaned barrows weighing ~ 10 kg were subjected to one of following groups (n = 8/group) for 4 weeks: A) standard-protein (~24% CP), B) low-protein (~13% CP), C) low-protein+2000 FTU/kg phytase, D) low-protein+4000 FTU/kg phytase, E) low-protein, -Ca and -P+2000 FTU/kg phytase and F) low-protein, -Ca and -P+4000 FTU/kg. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM with Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). Feed intake and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, feed, fecal and blood samples were collected and pigs were scanned using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pigs fed with diets C and F had higher average daily gain than those fed with diet B (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent fecal digestibility of Ca and P and bone mineral density was higher for diets D and F than diet B (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs fed diet C and F had a higher fat mass than those fed with diet B (P &lt; 0.05). Serum lysine, methionine and threonine of pigs fed with diets B-F were greater than those received diet A (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that phytase, in particular at 4000FTU/kg, improved the growth performance, digestibility of Ca and P and bone mineral density in pigs fed with moderately low protein diets with reduced Ca and P content.
PSII-6 Deep Learning image segmentation for extraction of body measurements and prediction of body weight in Nile tilapia
Authors: Fernandes Arthur Francisco Araujo , Alvarenga Erika R de , Passafaro Tiago L , lopes Fernando B , Alves Gabriel F O , Singh Vikas , Turra Eduardo M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Individual measurement of traits of interest is of great importance for breeding and management decisions in animal production systems. However, measurements are often taken manually, which is laborious and also stressful for the animals. Therefore, the development of fast, precise and indirect measurement methods is paramount. An appealing way for such a task is through computer vision systems (CVS). Hence, the objectives of the current work were: 1) Devise a CVS for autonomous measurement of Nile tilapia body area, length, height, and eccentricity; and 2) Evaluation of linear models for prediction of body weight (BW). The pixels of 822 RGB images of live fish were labeled into background, fish fins or body using the “MTurk” crowdsourcing service. This dataset was then split into training (60% of data) and testing sets for the development of Deep Learning Networks for image segmentation into the three pixel categories. The networks differed in input image size (10 to 40% of original size) and number of encoder/decoder layer stacks (1 to 5). An independent dataset with 831 images was used for validation of the linear predictive models. The results for intersection over union (IoU) show that a network with input of 20% of the original size and 4 encoder/decoder stacks achieved the best results, with IoU on the test dataset of 99, 90 and 64% for background, fish body and fin, respectively (Figure 1). Predicted segmentation from this network on randomly selected images is shown in Figure 2. From the linear models evaluated, the one considering only area as input showed predicted R2 of 0.92 for fish BW (Table 1). In conclusion, the devised CVS was able to correctly separate fish body from background and fins, and a linear model using fish body area as input provided good predictive quality of Nile tilapia BW.
PSII-19 Stallion exposure fails to alter circulating LH concentrations or hasten ovulation in seasonally anestrous mares
Authors: Sinclair Chelsea D , Stevenson Jeffrey , Jager Abigail , Long Nathan , Rozell Timothy , Kouba Joann 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Introduction of males to seasonally anestrous females has been shown to increase LH concentrations and hasten the first ovulation in ewes and does. Investigation of the male effect in mares has not been well-studied. The objective of this study was to determine if direct or indirect exposure to a stallion would result in a similar increase in LH and hasten first ovulation in anestrous mares. In late February, mares were stratified by parity and age and randomly assigned to 3 treatments (n = 7 per treatment): DXP (direct exposure; mares housed adjacent to stallion and allowed direct contact for 2 h on 3 d/wk by placing the stallion into a cage in the center of a tease pen), IXP (indirect exposure; mares housed adjacent to stallion but not allowed direct contact), and CON (control; mares housed away from stallion and not allowed direct or indirect exposure). During the first, third, and fifth days of treatment, blood was collected hourly for 8 h beginning just before treatment initiation for later analysis of LH. Concentrations of LH were analyzed for repeated measures and time from the first day of treatment to ovulation was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The interval from treatment initiation to first ovulation did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments: 36.3±6.7, 36.9±6.7, and 48.3±4.2 d for DXP, IXP, and CON, respectively. Although treatments did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) LH concentration, a significant day effect (P &lt; 0.05) was detected with LH concentrations being greater on the fifth treatment day compared with the first and third days. Results signify that stallion exposure to anestrous mares failed to elicit the same effects that have been observed in short-day breeders, thus indicating that stallion exposure may not be beneficial in the management of anestrous mares.
PSII-20 Effects of maternal nutrient restriction during gestation on bovine serum microRNA abundance
Authors: McCarty Keelee J , DeCarlo Andrea , Ricks Ralph , Pratt Scott , Long Nathan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction during gestation on microRNA abundance in bovine serum. Primiparous Angus-cross cows (n = 22) were fed either control (CON; to gain 1 kg/wk) or nutrient restricted (NR; 0.55 % NEm) diets based on National Research Council requirements. On d 30 of gestation, cows were blocked by body condition and randomly assigned to one of three diets: CON fed from d 30 to 190 (n = 8), or NR/C (n = 7) or C/NR (n = 7) fed either the CON or NR diet from d 30 to 110 followed by CON or NR from d 110 to 190 of gestation. Maternal blood samples were collected the day before harvest on 190 d of gestation. RNA was isolated from serum samples using the mirVANA microRNA Isolation kit and analyzed using a previously validated miRNA microarray of known Bos Taurus sequences. MicroRNA abundance were analyzed via ANOVA using procedures correcting for false discovery rate of the microarray data. At d 190 of gestation, 26 miRNAs observed differential (P &lt; 0.05) abundance between treatments, in which 11 miRNAs were downregulated and 15 miRNAs were upregulated in both NR/CON and CON/NR compared to CON cows. Additionally, a set of miRNAs (bta-miR-2487_L-2R-3_1ss15CT, bta-miR-215, and bta-miR-760-5p) were differentially abundant (P &lt; 0.04) between NR/CON and CON/NR cows. Top KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of target genes included pathways in cancer, cAMP signaling pathway, axon guidance, long term potentiation, and insulin signaling. In summary, maternal nutrient restriction observed altered miRNA abundance irrespective of the time at which the nutritional insult was induced.