bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cation Exchange in Groundwater‐Chemical Evolution and Prediction of Paleo‐Groundwater Flow: A Natural‐System Study
Authors: Capuano Regina M. , Jones Cole R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe first aquifer‐wide calculations of the clay‐cation compositions in equilibrium with the present‐day groundwater in a clay‐rich coastal aquifer are provided, and downgradient changes in Ca on the clay‐exchange site identified three sequential‐downgradient zones, Updip (95–80% Ca), Transition (80–60% Ca), and Downdip (60–40% Ca). These zones form a cation‐exchange front which exteI nds from a meteoric‐water plume, with clays near equilibrium with the fresh‐recharge water (Updip Zone), to clays that are increasingly equilibrated with seawater downgradient (Transition and Downdip zones). The sediments progress from predominantly fluvial clays in the Updip Zone to shallow‐marine clays downdip. Updip‐Zone clays are Na poor, with cation exchange downdip progressively dominated by more Ca in the water exchanging for Mg on the clays. In the Transitional and Downdip zones which have Na on the clays from the original seawater equilibrium, Ca, and further downdip Mg, in the water exchange for Na on the clays. Perturbations in these trends were compared to elements in the groundwater not involved in ion exchange to identify areas of upwelling and halite dissolution. Mass‐balance calculations show that the effect of cation exchange on each pore volume of fluid that flows in the aquifer is large, whereas the effect on the clay composition is small, so the changes in the clay exchange composition can be used to identify the aquifer's past chemical evolution and historical‐flow paths. This understanding coupled with tracers of modern flow (such as Cl) can be used to recognize areas of modern perturbations, such as contamination or salt dissolution.
HighPGibbs, a Practical Tool for Fluid‐Rock Thermodynamic Simulation in Deep Earth and its Application on Calculating Nitrogen Speciation in Subduction Zone Fluids
Authors: Zhong Richen , Li Yanxia , Etschmann Barbara , Brugger Joël , Yu Chang , Cui Hao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe HighPGibbs program is designed to calculate thermodynamic equilibrium of fluid‐rock systems up to depths of lithospheric mantle. It uses the Gibbs free energy minimization function of the HCh package to calculate mineral‐fluid equilibrium. Chemical potentials of minerals are calculated using the equations of states included in HCh; free energy of aqueous species is calculated using the Deep Earth Water model; and activity coefficients of charged species are estimated using the Davies variant of the Debye‐Hückel equation. HighPGibbs was applied to calculate nitrogen speciation in eclogite‐buffered fluids from 400 to 790 °C and 30 to 54 kbar, to evaluate the mobility of nitrogen in subducting oceanic crust. Regardless of whether the protolith was altered (and oxidized) or not, N2(aq) or NH3(aq) is the predominant form of nitrogen in the slab fluids at subarc temperatures, especially in cases of moderate or hot geotherms. Given that molecular nitrogen is highly incompatible in silicate minerals, the simulation indicates that nitrogen (as NH4+) in silicate minerals can be liberated during metamorphic devolatilization. The majority of nitrogen in subducting crusts can be unlocked during slab devolatilization and eventually expelled to the atmosphere via degassing of arc magmas. Therefore, oceanic crusts recycled to deep Earth will be depleted in nitrogen compared to the newly formed crust at spreading centers. As a result of the long‐term mantle convection, large proportions of the bulk silicate Earth may have suffered nitrogen extraction via subduction, and this may account for the nitrogen enrichment in the Earth's atmosphere.
Hybrid Prediction of Weekly Tornado Activity Out to Week 3: Utilizing Weather Regimes
Authors: Miller Douglas E. , Wang Zhuo , Trapp Robert J. , Harnos Daniel S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTornadoes are one of the high‐impact weather phenomena that can induce life loss and property damage. Here, we investigate the relationship between large‐scale weather regimes and tornado occurrence in boreal spring. Results show that weather regimes strongly modulate the probability of tornado occurrence in the United States due to changes in shear and convective available potential energy and that persisting weather regimes (lasting ≥3 days) contribute to greater than 70% of outbreak days (days with ≥10 tornadoes). A hybrid model based on the weather regime frequency predicted by a numerical model is developed to predict above/below normal weekly tornado activity and has skill better than climatology out to Week 3. The hybrid model can be applied to real‐time forecasting and aide in mitigation of severe weather events.
Estimating Impacts and Trade‐offs in Solar Geoengineering Scenarios With a Moist Energy Balance Model
Authors: Lutsko Nicholas J. , Seeley Jacob T. , Keith David W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThere are large uncertainties in the potential impacts of solar radiation modification (SRM) and in how these impacts depend on the way SRM is deployed. One open question concerns trade‐offs between latitudinal profiles of insolation reduction and climate response. Here, a moist energy balance model is used to evaluate several SRM proposals, providing fundamental insight into how the insolation reduction profile affects the climate response. The optimal SRM profile is found to depend on the intensity of the intervention, as the most effective profile for moderate SRM focuses the reduction at high latitudes, whereas the most effective profile for strong SRM is tropically amplified. The effectiveness of SRM is also shown to depend on when it is applied, an important factor to consider when designing SRM proposals. Using an energy balance model allows us to provide physical explanations for these results while also suggesting future avenues of research with comprehensive climate models.
Rheology of a Debris Slide From the Joint Analysis of UAVSAR and LiDAR Data
Authors: Hu Xie , Bürgmann Roland 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLandslide rheology governs the deformation and flow behavior of sliding masses. As rheology strongly varies as a function of the composition and environment of landslides, a wide range of viscosities have been suggested based on very limited experimental or observational constraints. Here, we introduce a novel method to quantify the landslide rheology from remote sensing data. We focus on an ideal natural laboratory, the Slumgullion landslide, Colorado, which has moved at tens of millimeters per day for centuries. A joint analysis of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)‐derived surface displacements and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Digital Elevation Model (DEM)‐derived landslide thickness at its frontal toe allows us to invert for the intrinsic viscosity (109–1011.5 Pa·s under different degrees of plasticity) based on the Bingham plastic model. Detailed displacement measurements also elucidate local variations in magnitude and orientation. Our method presents the capability of remote sensing data to understand the rheology of quasi‐static debris slides in general.
Uncertainties of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Model Predictions in North America Associated With 3D Structure
Authors: Li Tanghua , Wu Patrick , Wang Hansheng , Steffen Holger , Khan Nicole S. , Engelhart Simon E. , Vacchi Matteo , Shaw Timothy A. , Peltier W. Richard , Horton Benjamin P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe quantify GIA prediction uncertainties of 250 1D and 3D glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models through comparisons with deglacial relative sea‐level (RSL) data from North America and rate of vertical land motion (
) and gravity rate of change (
) from GNSS and GRACE data, respectively. Spatially, the size of the RSL uncertainties varies across North America with the largest from Hudson Bay and near previous ice margins along the northern Atlantic and Pacific coasts, which suggests 3D viscosity structure in the lower mantle and laterally varying lithospheric thickness. Temporally, RSL uncertainties decrease from the Last Glacial Maximum to present except for west of Hudson Bay and the northeastern Pacific coast. The uncertainties of both these regions increase from 30 to 45 m between 15 and 11 ka BP, which may be due to the rapid decrease of surface loading at that time. Present‐day
and
uncertainties are largest in southwestern Hudson Bay with magnitudes of 2.4 mm/year and 0.4 μGal/year, mainly due to the 3D viscosity structure in the lower mantle.
Caring for our cancer patients in the wake of COVID-19
Authors: El-Shakankery Karim Hussien , Kefas Joanna , Crusz Shanthini Mary 
Published: April 2020

SummaryIn response to our current global pandemic, unprecedented healthcare changes may have significant consequences for cancer patients in the United Kingdom. We explore why cancer patients may be more susceptible to severe infection and complications, highlighting various interventions that may help to ensure continuity of care in this unique cohort.
The regulatory mechanism and biological significance of the Snail-miR590-VEGFR-NRP1 axis in the angiogenesis, growth and metastasis of gastric cancer
Authors: Mei Bin , Chen Jiajie , Yang Ni , Peng Yang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and neuropilins (NRPs), a co-receptor of VEGF, play a key role in the formation and development of blood vessels and in tumour growth and metastasis. However, whether VEGFR1/2 and NRP1 are regulated by the same upstream mechanism is unclear, especially in gastric cancer. We used prediction tools to detect miRNAs that may simultaneously regulate VEGFR1/2 and NRP1, and we finally determined that miR-590 can simultaneously regulate VEGFR1/2 and NRP1 in gastric cancer. We discovered that miR-590 was downregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines, and this was related to the dysregulation of the transcription factor SNAIL. In addition, the overexpression of miR-590 inhibits the migration, invasion, proliferation and D-MVA levels of gastric cancer cells in vivo and in vitro by targeting VEGFR1/2 and NRP1. We also demonstrated that miR-590 may be a useful marker for the prognosis of gastric cancer with Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Since the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism of tumour invasion and metastasis and VEGFR1/2 and NRP1 can promote the occurrence of EMT, we speculated that miR-590 can regulate the occurrence of EMT. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that the overexpression of miR-590 can inhibit the EMT in gastric cancer cells. Since SNAIL is also a mesenchymal marker, our results revealed a new, positive feedback loop. As a transcription factor, SNAIL inhibits the expression of miR-590, thereby upregulating the expression levels of NRP1 and VEGFR1/2; this leads to the development of EMT in gastric cancer and the upregulation of SNAIL.
Inhibition of BRD4 prevents proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in renal cell carcinoma via NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis
Authors: Tan Yi-Fan , Wang Min , Chen Zhi-Yuan , Wang Lei , Liu Xiu-Heng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBRD4 has long been implicated in many different pathological processes, in particular, the development of cancer and inflammation. Pyroptosis is a newly recognized type of inflammatory programmed cell death. However, the correlation between BRD4 and pyroptosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains elusive. The present study demonstrates that BRD4 expression levels are markedly upregulated, while pyroptosis-associated proteins are significantly reduced, in RCC tissues and cells. Inhibition of BRD4, via either genetic knockdown or use of bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, prevented cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression and induced caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in RCC both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, BRD4 inhibition suppressed proliferation and EMT though pyroptosis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, NLRP3, which mediates caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis, was increased upon BRD4 inhibition. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of NLRP3 was enhanced by BRD4 inhibition, and this enhancement was blocked by activation of NF-κB phosphorylation, indicating that NF-κB is an upstream regulator of NLRP3. Collectively, these results show that BRD4 inhibition prevents cell proliferation and EMT, and exerts an antitumor effect in RCC by activating the NF-κB–NLRP3–caspase-1 pyroptosis signaling pathway. Thus, BRD4 is a potential target for RCC treatment, and JQ1 shows promise as a therapeutic agent for this disease.
High resolution temporal profiles in the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research
Authors: Crippa Monica , Solazzo Efisio , Huang Ganlin , Guizzardi Diego , Koffi Ernest , Muntean Marilena , Schieberle Christian , Friedrich Rainer , Janssens-Maenhout Greet 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEmissions into the atmosphere from human activities show marked temporal variations, from inter-annual to hourly levels. The consolidated practice of calculating yearly emissions follows the same temporal allocation of the underlying annual statistics. However, yearly emissions might not reflect heavy pollution episodes, seasonal trends, or any time-dependant atmospheric process. This study develops high-time resolution profiles for air pollutants and greenhouse gases co- emitted by anthropogenic sources in support of atmospheric modelling, Earth observation communities and decision makers. The key novelties of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) temporal profiles are the development of (i) country/region- and sector- specific yearly profiles for all sources, (ii) time dependent yearly profiles for sources with inter-annual variability of their seasonal pattern, (iii) country- specific weekly and daily profiles to represent hourly emissions, (iv) a flexible system to compute hourly emissions including input from different users. This work creates a harmonized emission temporal distribution to be applied to any emission database as input for atmospheric models, thus promoting homogeneity in inter-comparison exercises.
Photocatalytic performance of visible active boron nitride supported ZnFe2O4 (ZnFe2O4/BN) nanocomposites for the removal of aqueous organic pollutants
Authors: Erusappan Elangovan , Thiripuranthagan Sivakumar , Durai Mani , Kumaravel Sakthivel , Vembuli Thanigaivel 
Published: April 2020

ZnFe2O4/BN nanocomposites were synthesized using solvothermal method. The microscopic images revealed uniform dispersion of ZnFe2O4 nanospheres on the surface of BN nanosheets. PL studies showed lower e−/h+ pair recombination. ZnFe2O4/9.3% BN showed outstanding photocatalytic activity.
Effects of a 6-Week Straw Phonation in Water Exercise Program on the Aging Voice
Authors: Wu Chia-Hsin , Chan Roger W. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
Semi-occluded vocal tract (SOVT) exercises with tubes or straws have been widely used for a variety of voice disorders. Yet, the effects of longer periods of SOVT exercises (lasting for weeks) on the aging voice are not well understood. This study investigated the effects of a 6-week straw phonation in water (SPW) exercise program.

Method
Thirty-seven elderly subjects with self-perceived voice problems were assigned into two groups: (a) SPW exercises with six weekly sessions and home practice (experimental group) and (b) vocal hygiene education (control group). Before and after intervention (2 weeks after the completion of the exercise program), acoustic analysis, auditory–perceptual evaluation, and self-assessment of vocal impairment were conducted.

Results
Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the two groups in smoothed cepstral peak prominence measures, harmonics-to-noise ratio, the auditory–perceptual parameter of breathiness, and Voice Handicap Index-10 scores postintervention. No significant differences between the two groups were found for other measures.

Conclusions
Our results supported the positive effects of SOVT exercises for the aging voice, with a 6-week SPW exercise program being a clinical option. Future studies should involve long-term follow-up and additional outcome measures to better understand the efficacy of SOVT exercises, particularly SPW exercises, for the aging voice.
The Role of the Speaker, the Listener, and Their Joint Contributions During Communicative Interactions: A Tripartite View of Intelligibility in Individuals With Dysarthria
Authors: Olmstead Annie J. , Lee Jimin , Viswanathan Navin 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
We present a tripartite view of intelligibility in which the contributions of both the speaker and listener, as well as their joint effort during interaction, are considered. While considerable research has examined communicative interactions in situ, there is a critical gap in current knowledge on how speech intelligibility unfolds during such interactions. Here, we argue that research examining speech intelligibility in communicative interactions may provide important groundwork for advancement in clinical interventions for individuals with dysarthria.

Method
First, we describe the view and argue for its consideration as a powerful way of thinking about speech intelligibility. We then briefly situate the view in the relevant literature on speech intelligibility and existing theoretical frameworks. We then identify suitable methodological paradigms for studying joint contributions to intelligibility and, lastly, discuss the clinical application and potential impact of this tripartite view.

Conclusions
Speech communication occurs through interaction; however, in the laboratory and clinic, emphasis is usually placed on individual speakers and listeners. We have proposed that it is critical to consider how the joint contributions of speakers and listeners affect speech intelligibility in communicative interaction. This conceptualization is well aligned with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and the findings from such an approach will allow us to better understand how to maximize available resources to enhance speech intelligibility.
Early Vocabulary Profiles of Young Deaf Children Who Use Cochlear Implants
Authors: Jung Jongmin , Reed Jessa , Wagner Laura , Stephens Julie , Warner-Czyz Andrea D. , Uhler Kristin , Houston Derek 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
This study examined vocabulary profiles in young cochlear implant (CI) recipients and in children with normal hearing (NH) matched on receptive vocabulary size to improve our understanding of young CI recipients' acquisition of word categories (e.g., common nouns or closed-class words).

Method

We compared receptive and expressive vocabulary profiles between young CI recipients (
n
= 48; mean age at activation = 15.61 months,
SD
= 4.20) and children with NH (
n
= 48). The two groups were matched on receptive vocabulary size as measured by the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories (Fenson et al., 2006): Words and Gestures form. The CI group had, on average, 8.98 months of hearing experience. The mean chronological age at completing the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories was 23.99 months (
SD
= 5.14) for the CI group and 13.72 months (
SD
= 1.50) for the NH group.

Results
The CI group had a larger expressive vocabulary size than the receptive vocabulary size–matched NH group. The larger expressive vocabulary size was associated with the group difference in social words but not with common nouns. The analyses for predicate words and closed-class words included only children who produced the target categories. The CI group had a larger proportion of predicate words than the NH group, but no difference was found in closed-class words in expressive vocabulary.

Conclusions
Differences found in expressive vocabulary profiles may be affected by spoken vocabulary size and their age. A further examination is warranted using language samples to understand the effect of language input on children's vocabulary profiles.
The Effects of Different Sources of Stuttering Disclosure on the Perceptions of a Child Who Stutters
Authors: Snyder Greg , Williams Molly Grace , Adams Caroline , Blanchet Paul 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
This study measured between-group differences in perceived speech skills and personality characteristics of a 12-year-old boy who stutters as a function of a factual stuttering disclosure statement, delivered by the boy who stutters, his “mother,” or his “teacher.”

Method
Two hundred seventeen college-aged adults were randomly assigned to one of four groups, including a control group (no stuttering disclosure) and three experimental groups (child disclosure, mother disclosure, and teacher disclosure). Participants in the control condition viewed a brief video of a 12-year-old boy who stutters. For the experimental conditions, participants viewed a brief factual stuttering disclosure video (delivered by the child, mother, or teacher), followed by the same minute-long video of a boy who stutters used in the control condition. Following the videos, participants completed surveys relative to their perception of the boy's speech skills and personality characteristics.

Results
Results support previous research citing benefits of stuttering disclosure. Significant between-group differences in both perceived speech skills and personality characteristics were observed when stuttering was disclosed by not only the child who stutters but also his teacher. When stuttering was disclosed by the mother, limited positive attitudinal differences were observed in speech skills; as a matter of fact, a number of personality characteristics were perceived more negatively as a function of stuttering disclosure by the mother.

Conclusions
While results were generally most positive when the boy disclosed his own stuttering, data from this study support the efficacy of verbal stuttering disclosure provided by a teacher as a means of improving perceptions associated with stuttering. Accordingly, data support the notion that children who stutter will experience an improved quality of life when taught effective self-disclosure strategies by both parents and professionals, and that professionals (but not necessarily parents) can effectively disclose their clients' stuttering during this mentorship and self-advocacy process.