bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
98 Comparing the effectiveness of anabolic implants in Santa Gertrudis sired steers versus Angus steers
Authors: Reichhardt Caleb C , Brady Tevan J , Briggs Reganne K , Smith Laura A , Bowman Brett , Garcia Matthew D , Thomas Aaron , Thornton Kara J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This research compared the use of implants in Bos indicus influenced animals versus Bos taurus in a feedlot setting. Twenty steers were blocked by weight and breed in a 2 x 2 factorial design examining two different breeds: Angus (AN; n = 10) or Santa Gertrudis influenced (SGI; n = 10), and two implant strategies: no implant (CON; n = 10) or a combined implant (CI; n = 10). Steers were randomly placed into pens equipped with GrowSafe® bunks, fed the same ration, and weighed and ultrasounded on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Blood was collected on days 0, 2, 10, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Backfat measurements (BF), weights, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined. Data were analyzed using repeated measures and the ProcMixed procedure of SAS, looking at the main effects of breed, implant, and breed*implant. There were no initial differences (P &gt; 0.05) in weight between any of the main effects. The main effects of breed, implant, and breed*implant demonstrate that AN gained more (P &lt; 0.05) weight than SGI, CI gained more (P &lt; 0.05) weight than CON, and the AN that received a CI had increased weight gain when compared to the AN CON, SGI CON and SGI CI. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in weight gain between the SGI that received a CI vs CON, nor was there a difference (P &gt; 0.05) between the CON SGI and AN. There was a treatment*breed interaction for BF (P &lt; 0.05), with AN tending to put on more BF than SGI CON (P &lt; 0.08). A breed*treatment interaction was also observed when analyzing BUN (P &lt; 0.05). This research provides preliminary evidence suggesting that anabolic implants are not as effective in Bos indicus influenced animals when compared to Bos taurus animals.
100 President Oral Presentation Pick: Prematurity Blunts Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Neonatal Pigs Independently of Birth Weight
Authors: Rudar Marko , Naberhuis Jane , Suryawan Agus , Nguyen Hanh , Fiorotto Marta , Davis Teresa A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Postnatal growth failure reduces lean mass accretion and increases adiposity. Previously we showed that preterm birth impairs the feeding-induced stimulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), translation initiation, and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. Considering that pig body weight can vary widely at birth, we wished to differentiate the effect of prematurity versus BW on these responses. Pigs delivered by caesarean section at preterm (103 d) or term (112 d) gestation were fed parenterally for 4 d. On day 4, all pigs were fasted for 4 h and were either fasted one additional hour or fed an elemental meal by oral gavage, yielding four treatment groups: preterm fasted, preterm fed, term fasted, and term fed. A flooding dose of L-[4-3H]Phe was injected into pigs 30 min after feeding (30 min before euthanasia). Preterm and term pigs were stratified according to birth weight such that preterm pigs with the highest birth weight were compared to term pigs with the lowest birth weight (n = 10–13 per group). Despite similar birth weight of pigs in these two subgroups, relative body weight gain of preterm pigs was 33% lower than term pigs (22.0 vs. 32.9 ± 1.6 g·kg-1·d-1, P &lt; 0.001). Gastrocnemius protein synthesis increased after feeding in both preterm and term pigs, but the increase was 18% lower in preterm than in term pigs pigs (Table 1). Feeding-induced AKT phosphorylation and mTOR-dependent 4EBP1 and S6K1 phosphorylation mirrored the pattern in protein synthesis. These results suggest that prematurity (rather than low birth weight, which is frequently associated with preterm birth) perturbs mTOR activation and protein synthesis after feeding. However, it is unclear whether an inadequate response to feeding also underpins poor growth in intrauterine growth restricted piglets. Research was supported by NIH and USDA.
355 The Gut Microbiome and its Influence on Cognition and Mental Health: from Zebrafish to Horses
Authors: Ericsson Aaron 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The microbial communities colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrate hosts exist in symbiosis with their host, providing a wide array of functions that confer benefit to the collective superorganism. Intuitively, disruptions in microbial community structure can lead to deleterious host effects, and multiple associations have been made between gut inflammatory conditions and dysbiosis. Considering the myriad mechanisms of bi-directional communication between the gut microbiota and host autonomic nervous system, it is not surprising that the gut microbiota is now implicated as a factor in several behavioral, cognitive, and neuro-psychological conditions affecting people. While gut microbiomes have co-evolved with (and are very specific for) their cognate hosts, the functions provided by the communities are highly conserved, suggesting that the same microbiome-induced effects observed in people may also affect companion animals like horses. This presentation will show data generated in a range of host species including zebrafish, rodents, and horses, demonstrating the influence of the gut-brain axis on behavior, and physical and mental health. The objective is to provide listeners a new appreciation for the physiological, and perhaps clinical, influence of the gut microbiota, and implications for clinical practices such as antibiotic usage and feeding changes.
366 The Ham Halo condition: Characterization and a possible approach for mitigation
Authors: King Andy , Shackelford Steven , Nonneman Dan , Rohrer Gary , Wheeler Tommy L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Halo condition is a meat quality defect characterized by very pale lean tissue on the superficial portion of fresh ham muscles. This tissue does not allow proper cured color development and has been the subject of customer complaints for ham processors. Surveys of raw materials revealed an issue affecting many suppliers and genetic lines. Further investigation indicated that the condition was most prominent in the distal portion of the biceps femoris muscle and was present in pigs of all ages and stages of production. Halo-affected tissue had much higher proportion of white muscle fibers. Consequently, Halo-affected tissue exhibited much lower myoglobin concentration, as well as much greater lightness, and much lower redness values, compared to normal tissue in the deeper portion of the muscle. These differences are consistent with increased expression of genes coding for white muscle fiber specific proteins in the Halo-affected tissue relative to tissue from the Inside portion of the biceps femoris muscle. Virtually all muscles evaluated have exhibited some degree of the Halo condition, but significant variation exists in the size of the affected portion of the muscle as well as the severity of the condition. Sire has a substantial impact on variation in Halo condition severity. Thus, genetic selection should help mitigate the condition. We will provide an overview of efforts to characterize the Halo condition and discuss genetic selection as a means to mitigate the condition.
360 Awardee Talk: The evolution of meat flavor measurement and its importance to the livestock industry
Authors: Kerth Chris R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Meat flavor is part of the trilogy of traits that determine taste: tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. For meat, juiciness is influenced by the amount of intramuscular fat and moisture that is retained during the cooking process. Meat tenderness is primarily determined by the amount and type of connective tissue, degree of protein degradation, and muscle sarcomere length. Tenderness has been managed genetically in livestock, with significant strides being made to reduce the number of steaks rated tough. The last factor that influences consumers’ perception of meat taste is flavor and aroma. Compared to juiciness and tenderness, flavor is much more complex, as it is influenced by lipids and water-soluble compounds that serve as precursors to meat flavor. These precursors are then developed into flavor and aromas during the cooking process. Flavor is measured by consumers via sensing on the tongue, trigeminal senses, and volatile aroma compounds and is largely variable from one consumer to the next. Objectively measuring flavor is much more complicated than either juiciness or tenderness and requires either a highly-trained human sensory panel or expensive, highly-sensitive equipment. The development of the beef flavor lexicon in 2011 provided a comprehensive list of beef flavor descriptors with objective references for each and anchors along a scale of 0 to 15, allowing a trained sensory panel to objectively measure and score the flavor descriptors. Gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy objectively measure volatile aroma compounds and flavor precursors, respectively. Now the use of “omics” techniques have been adapted to flavor research to help relate protein, lipids, and other metabolites with flavor characteristics. Meat flavor is what most appeals to consumers and sets it apart from plant proteins. Furthermore, flavor serves as the guardrails to keep a premium marketability on track and is something that the livestock industry has that makes their product unique and desirable.
139 Digestibility of phosphorus in heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal and solvent-extracted and expeller-extracted canola meal fed to growing pigs
Authors: Lee Jinyoung , Nyachoti Charles Martin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Although heat treatment affects digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients, there is less information as to whether such an effect also applies to minerals. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of heat treatment on apparent (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM), solvent-extracted canola meal (SCM), and expeller-extracted canola meal (ECM) fed to growing pigs. A total of 36 pigs (19.0 ± 1.0 kg) were assigned to 1 of 6 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 12 d, including 7 d for adaptation and 5 d for total collection of feces. The experimental diets were formulated to contain non-heated or heat-treated DESBM, SCM, and ECM as the sole source of P. Pigs were offered their daily ration at 2.8 times their maintenance energy requirement. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement using the PROC MIXED of SAS with ingredients, heat treatment, and their interaction; however, no interaction was observed for any variable. Pigs fed the DESBM diet had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P than pigs fed SCM and ECM diets. The ATTD and STTD of P in heat treated samples were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than in non-heated samples. In the heat-treated samples, the values of STTD of P were 49.4, 23.2, and 25.8% for DESBM, SCM, and ECM, respectively. Respective values for STTD of P in non-heated DESBM, SCM, and ECM were 48.5, 20.2, and 22.5%. The ATTD of Ca in non-heat-treated samples was lower (P &lt; 0.05) compared to the values for heat-treated samples. In conclusion, heat treatment increased ATTD and STTD of P in DESBM, SCM, and ECM fed to growing pigs.
127 Effect of feed sweetener and feed flavor on growth performance of weanling pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Chen Xixi , Lei Yan , Lv Jirong , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that feed flavor and feed sweetener improve growth performance of weanling pigs. One hundred twenty-eight pigs (5.97 ± 0.55 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments with 4 pigs per pen and 8 pen replicates per diet. A 3-phase feeding program was used. In all phases, a control diet was formulated based on corn and soybean meal, and 3 additional diets were formulated by adding feed flavor (500 mg/kg), feed sweetener (150 mg/kg), or their combination to the control diet. Fecal scores were visually assessed using a score from 1 to 5 (1 = normal feces to 5 = watery diarrhea). Experimental diets were fed to pigs for 6 wk. Data were analyzed using SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and replicate was the random effect. Results indicated that overall average daily feed intake (ADFI) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) and overall average daily gain (ADG) tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) for pigs fed the diet containing feed sweetener compared with pigs fed the control diet (Table 1). The observed improvements in ADG and ADFI also resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.05) final body weight for pigs fed the feed sweetener diet compared with pigs fed the control diet. Inclusion of feed flavor, feed sweetener, or the combination of feed flavor and sweetener in diets did not affect fecal scores of pigs, but inclusion of feed flavor resulted in reduced overall frequency of diarrhea (P = 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of feed sweetener improved growth performance and feed flavor supplementation to diets ameliorated post-weaning diarrhea of weanling pigs from d 1 to 42.
150 Effects of managing mature beef bulls on divergent planes of nutrition on novel measures of bull fertility
Authors: Dahlen Carl R , Kassetas Cierrah J , Geary Tom , Zezeski Abby , Underdahl Sarah R , Crouse Matthew S , McCarthy Kacie L , Baumgaertner Friederike , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , Sedivec Kevin K , Ward Alison K , Caton Joel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fifteen mature beef bulls (BW = 800.4 ± 17.4 kg) were used in a 112-d experiment to evaluate effects of divergent planes of nutrition on novel measures of bull fertility. Bulls were ranked by BW and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) managed on a positive plane of nutrition (POS, n = 8), or 2) managed on a negative plane of nutrition (NEG, n = 7). Bulls were individually fed a common diet adjusted biweekly to achieve targeted weight loss or gain of 12.5% of original BW. On d 112, electroejaculation was used to collect 2 ejaculates from each bull, which were combined, extended, and frozen. The Guava easyCyte 8HT Flow Cytometer was used to analyze cell membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial energy potential, and oxidation status of frozen-thawed semen. Data were analyzed for effects of treatment with bull as the experimental unit using the MIXED procedure of SAS. By design, bull BW diverged (P &lt; 0.0001) with POS bulls gaining 1.27 ± 0.08 kg/d, whereas NEG bulls lost 0.91 ± 0.08 kg/d. Treatment did not influence cell membrane integrity (P = 0.20), or proportion of live sperm with intact acrosome (P = 0.91). A greater (P = 0.04) proportion of sperm from POS bulls (35.1 ± 3.47%) were alive and stained reactive oxygen species positive compared with sperm from NEG bulls (23.8 ± 3.71%) indicating sperm from POS bulls was more prepared to withstand oxidative stressors. However, NEG bulls (27.2 ± 5.22) had a greater (P = 0.01) proportion of sperm with polarized mitochondrial energy potential compared with POS bulls (6.1 ± 4.89%), indicating greater energy for sustained motility. We conclude that plane of nutrition during spermatogenesis may impact sperm’s ability to withstand stressful environments encountered and to sustain motility in the female reproductive tract after cryopreservation.
173 Greenhouse gas emissions and land use associated with the removal of growth-enhancing technologies from backgrounding and finishing cattle in Canada: A case study
Authors: Boonstra Emily M , McAllister Tim A , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Cordeiro Marcos , Alemu Aklilu , Crow Gary , Ominski Kim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions from backgrounding and finishing cattle with and without the use of growth-enhancing technologies (GET) were estimated using a whole-farm model, Holos (www.agr.gc.ca/holos-ghg). Model inputs were obtained from a four-year performance study using heifers (H) and steers (S) with six treatments (n = 40 hd treatment-1 yr-1): 1) H control (HCon); 2) H implanted (HTBA); 3) H melengestrol acetate (HMGA); 4) S control (SCon); 5) S implanted (STBA); and 6) S implanted + ractopamine hydrochloride (SRAC; conducted in the last two years). All cattle were finished to achieve a consistent number of days on feed (DOF; n = 233 ± 8). Lighter finish weights were observed for HCon and SCon. As a result, DOF were adjusted (-1 to 65 d) to achieve the same final weight as GET-treated cattle. Total emissions (kg CO2e head-1) were greater for Hcon_AdjHTBA (2967 ± 183) and HCon_AdjHMGA (2766 ± 84), than HTBA (2897 ± 184) and HMGA (2730 ± 81). Similarly, total emissions (kg CO2e head-1) for SCon_AdjSTBA (3169 ± 192) and SCon_AdjSRAC (3252 ± 202) were greater than STBA (2998 ± 153) and SRAC (3097 ± 185), respectively. On an intensity basis, (kg CO2e kg slaughter weight-1), emissions from GET-treated cattle [HTBA (4.49 ± 0.19), HMGA (4.39 ± 0.13), STBA (4.28 ± 0.17), and SRAC (4.31 ± 0.25)] were lower than HCon_AdjHTBA (4.60 ± 0.21), HCon_AdjHMGA (4.45 ± 0.18), SCon_AdjSTBA (4.52 ± 0.23), and SCon_AdjSRAC (4.52 ± 0.28), respectively. Furthermore, land-use (ha 100 kg slaughter weight-1) was reduced for GET-treated cattle (HTBA (0.068 ± 0.001), HMGA (0.067 ± 0.001), STBA (0.066 ± 0.001), and SRAC (0.067 ± 0.000)) compared to HCon_AdjTBA (0.071 ± 0.001), HCon_AdjMGA (0.069 ± 0.002), SCon_AdjTBA (0.072 ± 0.002), and SCon_AdjRAC (0.0073 ± 0.001), respectively. This study demonstrates that GETs can reduce the environmental footprint of beef cattle.
167 Addition of garlic powder at low doses stimulated mineral consumption in feedlot cattle
Authors: Durunna Obioha N , Cheang-Deis Iris , Lardner Bart , Rochon Kateryn , Barkema Herman W , Block Hushton 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The trial evaluated whether the addition of garlic powder increased mineral intake and reduced fly abundance in feedlot cattle. Following a completely randomized design, one hundred and four (104) spring-born crossbred steers (BW 529 ± 8kg) were recruited for the feeding trial at Lakeland College, Vermilion Alberta, Canada. Each steer was assigned to one of four treatment groups (26 steers each) where each group received a commercial feedlot mineral mixed with garlic powder to give a final supplement mix that contained either 2.5% or 5% garlic powder or 0.3% garlic-oil-based premix or 0% garlic product (as control). The animals received a feedlot ration. The different treatment groups were kept within side-by-side pens, each equipped with water troughs and automatic feeding equipment to measure individual feed and mineral consumption. Feed and mineral supplements were provided ad libitum. Differences were observed for mineral intake (P = 0.003), ADG (P = 0.002) and feed conversion efficiency (P = 0.01). Compared to the control, mineral supplement consumption increased between 18 to 50% in groups that received garlic-infused supplements. Fly counts did not differ among the groups, in part, due to low overall fly abundance. While there were no differences (P = 0.21) in the length of time the steers spent consuming feed, differences existed for time spent consuming minerals (P = 0.002) and mineral bunk visits (P = 0.0003). There was no difference (P &gt; 0.18) in DMI, final body weight or hot carcass weight among the different groups. The hematological and biochemical parameters were within normal ranges for healthy cattle, and there was no difference in carcass quality grades (P = 0.78). Even though the impact on fly-counts was inconclusive, the preliminary results show that including low-dose garlic powder could be a practical strategy of increasing mineral consumption without any associated negative health consequences.
165 Evaluation of Milk Urea Nitrogen Measurement Precision and Accuracy
Authors: Reed Kristan F , Wood Emma , Barbano David M , Portnoy Matilde 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
High levels of urea in blood, milk and urine have been linked to poor nitrogen efficiency, increased feed costs, poor reproductive performance and increased environmental impacts of dairy farming. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) is a commonly used metric to manage herd nitrogen efficiency, with current recommendations for MUN to be between 8–14 mg/dL to maintain milk production and reduce nitrogen losses. However, a previous work suggests commercial analysis of MUN with mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) may not be precise enough to determine if a milk sample is within the recommended range. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of milk testing lab MUN measurements. Four sets of bulk tank samples were sent to 3 commercial labs and one research lab for analysis by MIR. Samples were sent to commercial labs in duplicate and MUN was also assessed through an enzymatic assay. The Euclidean distance (ED) was calculated as a combined metric of precision and accuracy. The ED was not different between labs and ranged from 0.81–1.27. Repeatability (sr) and reproducibility (sR) were estimated for commercial labs and ranged from (0.297–0.469) and (0.555–0.791) respectively. Differences between individual sample MIR and enzymatic MUN were regressed on the centered enzymatic MUN in a linear mixed model that included a random effect of lab and fixed effects for milk protein and milk fat. Regression results indicate MIR analysis over-predicts MUN at low MUN concentrations and under predicts MUN at high MUN concentrations. Results suggest MIR analysis of MUN is more accurate around milk MUN, protein, and fat concentrations of ~13 mg/dl, 3.4% protein, and 4.2% fat. Further, the combined residual error and random effect of lab suggest the standard error of an MUN MIR measurement is ±1.8.
380 Precision Management of Animals: Image Processing and Computer Vision Applications
Authors: Condotta Isabella 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Growing populations, rising wealth, and urbanization are translating into increased demand for animal products, which causes a need for rapid intensification of production. With that, economic pressures mount on animal producers, who are forced to increase herds’ sizes in order to be commercially feasible, limiting time of interaction with their animals. In contrast, society is demanding closer attention to the needs of individual animals and their well-being, and reduction of the environmental impact of animal production. Paying closer attention to the animal can not only positively impact animal welfare and health, but also increase the capacity of the producer to increase sustainability while still reaching production needs. That’s when Precision Management of Animals (PMA) becomes necessary: The animals become central to the system and, by automatically interpreting their behavior and physical conditions through principles and technologies of process engineering, it is possible to generate data that feeds real-time monitoring and warning systems for producers, so they can take immediate management actions when needed. This leads to better management choices that are not driven only on profits, but, instead, on the needs of the animals and their care, which leads to a more effective use of resources, including antibiotics, grains, and water; improvement of animal welfare; and a data stream that can help guide new facility designs, and genetic evaluation and selection. Image processing and computer vision are examples of technologies that have been used as non-invasive methods of data collection in swine production with multiple purposes, including weight prediction, water usage, aggressive behaviors recognition, detection of lying patterns to evaluate thermal environment, localization of animals, locomotion assessment, behavior classification, gait assessment, animal measurement, and animal counting. When coupled with novel machine learning models, they seem to be a promising approach to solve the existent problems with PMA systems development.