bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis activates mesenchymal stem cells through TLR2, TLR4, and Dectin-1
Authors: Rodriguez-Echeverri Carolina , Puerta-Arias Juan David , González Ángel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Numerous researchers have described the potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) for the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, contrary to what has been reported, the transplantation of BM-MSCs in a mouse model of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-induced pulmonary fibrosis exacerbated the inflammatory process and fibrosis, worsening the course of the infection. The aim of this work was to determine whether P. brasiliensis exerts an immunomodulatory effect on BM-MSCs. The results indicate that P. brasiliensis can activate BM-MSCs through a mechanism dependent on TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin-1. In addition, it was found that these fungal cells can adhere and internalize within BM-MSCs. Nonetheless, this process did not affect the survival of the fungus and on the contrary, triggered the expression of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β. The present findings correlate with the loss of a fungicidal effect and poor control of the fungus, evidenced by the count of the colony-forming units. Previously reported in vivo results are thus confirmed, showing that P. brasiliensis induces an inflammatory profile in BM-MSCs when producing pro-inflammatory molecules that amplify such response.
Numerous researchers have described the potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) for the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, contrary to what has been reported, the transplantation of BM-MSCs in a mouse model of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-induced pulmonary fibrosis exacerbated the inflammatory process and fibrosis, worsening the course of the infection. The aim of this work was to determine whether P. brasiliensis exerts an immunomodulatory effect on BM-MSCs. The results indicate that P. brasiliensis can activate BM-MSCs through a mechanism dependent on TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin-1. In addition, it was found that these fungal cells can adhere and internalize within BM-MSCs. Nonetheless, this process did not affect the survival of the fungus and on the contrary, triggered the expression of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β. The present findings correlate with the loss of a fungicidal effect and poor control of the fungus, evidenced by the count of the colony-forming units. Previously reported in vivo results are thus confirmed, showing that P. brasiliensis induces an inflammatory profile in BM-MSCs when producing pro-inflammatory molecules that amplify such response.
Probing the absorption of gamma-rays by IR radiation from the dusty torus in FSRQs with the Cherenkov telescope array
Authors: Galanti Giorgio , Landoni Marco , Tavecchio Fabrizio , Covino Stefano 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Within the classical emission model, where the emission region is placed within the broad line region (BLR), flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) were believed not to emit photons with energies above few tens of GeV because of the absorption with the optical-UV photons from the BLR. However, photons with observed energies up to about $300 \, \rm GeV$ have been detected for few FSRQs, whose most iconic example is PKS 1441+25 at redshift z = 0.94. The most conservative explanation for these observations is that the emission occurs at distances comparable to the size of the dusty torus. In this case, absorption of high-energy gamma-ray photons for energies above $200{-}300 \, {\rm GeV}$ is dominated by the interaction with infrared radiation emitted by the torus. We investigate if current observational data about FSRQs in flaring state can give us information about: (i) the importance of the torus absorption and (ii) the properties of the torus i.e. its temperature and its geometry. We find that present data do not arrive at energies where the torus influence is prominent and as a result it is currently hardly possible to infer torus properties from observations. However, with dedicated simulations, we demonstrate that observations with the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be able to constrain the torus parameters (temperature and geometry).
From galactic nuclei to the halo outskirts: tracing supermassive black holes across cosmic history and environments
Authors: Izquierdo-Villalba David , Bonoli Silvia , Dotti Massimo , Sesana Alberto , Rosas-Guevara Yetli , Spinoso Daniele 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the mass assembly and spin evolution of supermassive black holes (BHs) across cosmic time as well as the impact of gravitational recoil on the population of nuclear and wandering BHs (wBHs) by using the semi-analytical model L-Galaxies run on top of Millennium merger trees. We track spin changes that BHs experience during both coalescence events and gas accretion phases. For the latter, we assume that spin changes are coupled with the bulge assembly. This assumption leads to predictions for the median spin values of z = 0 BHs that depend on whether they are hosted by pseudo-bulges, classical bulges or ellipticals, being $\overline{a} \sim 0.9$, 0.7 and 0.4, respectively. The outcomes of the model display a good consistency with $z \le 4$ quasar luminosity functions and the $z = 0$ BH mass function, spin values, and BH correlation. Regarding the wBHs, we assume that they can originate from both the disruption of satellite galaxies (orphan wBH) and ejections due to gravitational recoils (ejected wBH). The model points to a number density of wBHs that increases with decreasing redshift, although this population is always $\rm {\sim}2\, dex$ smaller than the one of nuclear BHs. At all redshifts, wBHs are typically hosted in $\rm {\it M}_{halo} \gtrsim 10^{13} \, M_{\odot }$ and $\rm {\it M}_{stellar} \gtrsim 10^{10} \, M_{\odot }$, being orphan wBHs the dominant type. Besides, independently of redshift and halo mass, ejected wBHs inhabit the central regions (${\lesssim}\rm 0.3{\it R}_{200}$) of the host DM halo, while orphan wBH linger at larger scales (${\gtrsim}\rm 0.5{\it R}_{200}$). Finally, we find that gravitational recoils cause a progressive depletion of nuclear BHs with decreasing redshift and stellar mass. Moreover, ejection events lead to changes in the predicted local BH–bulge relation, in particular for BHs in pseudo-bulges, for which the relation is flattened at $\rm {\it M}_{bulge} \gt 10^{10.2}\, M_{\odot }$ and the scatter increase up to ${\sim}\rm 3\, dex$.
Inflation of migrated hot Jupiters
Authors: Mol Lous M , Miguel Y 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The observed low densities of gas giant planets with a high equilibrium temperature (hot Jupiters) can be simulated in models when a fraction of the surface radiation is deposited deeper in the interior. Meanwhile, migration theories suggest that hot Jupiters formed further away from their host star and migrated inward. We incorporate disc migration in simulations of the evolving interior of hot Jupiters to determine whether migration has a long-lasting effect on the inflation of planets. We quantify the difference between the radius of a migrated planet and the radius of a planet that formed in situ as the radius discrepancy. We remain agnostic about the physical mechanism behind interior heating, but assume it scales with the received stellar flux by a certain fraction.
We find that the change in irradiation received from the host star while the planet is migrating can affect the inflation and final radius of the planet. Models with a high fraction of energy deposited in the interior (&gt;5 per cent) show a significant radius discrepancy when the deposit is at higher pressures than $P=1 \, \mathrm{bar}$. For a smaller fraction of 1 per cent, there is no radius discrepancy for any deposit depth. We show that a uniform heating mechanism can cause different rates of inflation, depending on the migration history. If the forthcoming observations on mean densities and atmospheres of gas giants give a better indication of a potential heating mechanism, this could help to constrain the prior migration of such planets.
The Three Hundred project: shapes and radial alignment of satellite, infalling, and backsplash galaxies
Authors: Knebe Alexander , Gámez-Marín Matías , Pearce Frazer R , Cui Weiguang , Hoffmann Kai , De Petris Marco , Power Chris , Haggar Roan , Mostoghiu Robert 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTUsing 324 numerically modelled galaxy clusters, we investigate the radial and galaxy–halo alignment of dark matter subhaloes and satellite galaxies orbiting within and around them. We find that radial alignment depends on distance to the centre of the galaxy cluster but appears independent of the dynamical state of the central host cluster. Furthermore, we cannot find a relation between radial alignment of the halo or galaxy shape with its own mass. We report that backsplash galaxies, i.e. objects that have already passed through the cluster radius but are now located in the outskirts, show a stronger radial alignment than infalling objects. We further find that there exists a population of well radially aligned objects passing very close to the central cluster’s centre that were found to be on highly radial orbit.
Structural basis for the recognition of transiently structured AU-rich elements by Roquin
Authors: Binas Oliver , Tants Jan-Niklas , Peter Stephen A , Janowski Robert , Davydova Elena , Braun Johannes , Niessing Dierk , Schwalbe Harald , Weigand Julia E , Schlundt Andreas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAdenylate/uridylate-rich elements (AREs) are the most common cis-regulatory elements in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs, where they fine-tune turnover by mediating mRNA decay. They increase plasticity and efficacy of mRNA regulation and are recognized by several ARE-specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Typically, AREs are short linear motifs with a high content of complementary A and U nucleotides and often occur in multiple copies. Although thermodynamically rather unstable, the high AU-content might enable transient secondary structure formation and modify mRNA regulation by RBPs. We have recently suggested that the immunoregulatory RBP Roquin recognizes folded AREs as constitutive decay elements (CDEs), resulting in shape-specific ARE-mediated mRNA degradation. However, the structural evidence for a CDE-like recognition of AREs by Roquin is still lacking. We here present structures of CDE-like folded AREs, both in their free and protein-bound form. Moreover, the AREs in the UCP3 3′-UTR are additionally bound by the canonical ARE-binding protein AUF1 in their linear form, adopting an alternative binding-interface compared to the recognition of their CDE structure by Roquin. Strikingly, our findings thus suggest that AREs can be recognized in multiple ways, allowing control over mRNA regulation by adapting distinct conformational states, thus providing differential accessibility to regulatory RBPs.
各国全谷物和膳食纤维推荐摄入量的综述
Authors: Miller Kevin Burke 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
这篇关于全谷物和膳食纤维推荐摄入量的综述于2018 年5 月11 日在中国北京的“全谷物、膳食纤维与健康”研讨会上公开发表的。该 综述反映了不同国家对全谷物和膳食纤维的定义以及其推荐摄入量之 间的差别。缺乏来自权威机构的一致的推荐摄入量可能会影响消费者 选择全谷物、膳食纤维饮食和其在区域内的全面实施。目前，很少有 国家提出具体的全谷物推荐摄入量，在那些有全谷物膳食指导的国家 中，建议也可能是模糊和定性的。增加全谷物摄入量和降低疾病风险 之间的联系已得到充分证明，因此，可为增加全谷物和膳食纤维摄入 提出明确的、可操作的饮食建议提供充足的证据。制定全谷物和全谷 物食品的统一标准，确保膳食指导建议得到落实。鼓励卫生和管理当 局:认可从全谷物和膳食纤维饮食建议中可获得的公共健康益处；研 究和讨论已有的全谷物原料、全谷物食品、膳食纤维定义；并采取最 佳方法为各地人口提供最佳的公共卫生服务。
When Should the People Decide? Public Support for Direct Democracy in Australia
Authors: Kildea Paul , Brown A J , Deem Jacob 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article examines the strength of support for direct democracy among Australian citizens, both in general and, in a world-first, across different specific topics. Analysing data from the Australian Constitutional Values Survey, we investigate whether that support is higher among people who are more educated and politically interested (in line with a ‘cognitive mobilisation’ hypothesis) or those who are dissatisfied with politics, with low levels of political trust (‘political disaffection’). The article finds that Australians widely support the use of direct democracy, but especially with respect to constitutional issues and matters of principle that they feel they can readily engage with, whereas parliaments are still seen as best placed to decide more technical matters. The article also finds that support for direct democracy is strongest among politically disaffected citizens, in ways that suggest greater use of direct democracy may have a role to play in addressing decline in political trust in Australia.
THE FREQUENCIES OF X-RAY EXAMINATIONS AND CT SCANS: FINDINGS FROM A SAMPLE INVESTIGATION IN JIANGSU, CHINA
Authors: Du Xiang , Wang Jin , Zhu BaoLi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective: The present study was performed to evaluate the frequencies of two kinds of examinations using a proportional sample of 262 medical institutions and to observe the factors affecting the amount of examination-related exposure. The other aim of the present study was to observe the relationship between X-ray and CT frequency with GDP per capita, which could indicate the connection between medical exposure practice and economy. Methods: A random sample was taken from a pool of 316 medical institutions, and correlation analyses were performed to identify the factors affecting the amount of examination-related exposure. A representative sample of 262 medical institutions, proportional to the distribution of hospitals across grades, was used, and a multiple linear regression model was constructed. Results: The frequencies of X-ray examinations and CT scans were 523 per 1000 people and 223 per 1000 people, respectively. The two kinds of radio-diagnostic examinations showed different patterns in their relationships with GDP per capita. The factors correlated with the amounts of exposure due to the two kinds of examinations and the outpatient and equipment numbers showed distinctive patterns in the group of grade three institutions. Conclusions: The improvement in the economy has caused a rapid increase in the use of radio-diagnostic examinations. The differences in factors correlated with the two types of examinations may stem from the workload statuses of CT scans and X-ray examinations in grade three hospitals.
Pathogen Genomics in Public Health
Authors: Armstrong Gregory L. , MacCannell Duncan R. , Taylor Jill , Carleton Heather A. , Neuhaus Elizabeth B. , Bradbury Richard S. , Posey James E. , Gwinn Marta 
Published: May 2020

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2019;381:2569–2580)
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) can quickly characterize microbes and help scientists understand how they are transmitted. Public health agencies have been utilizing pathogen genomics in order to better identify the cause of infectious diseases.
The Impact of Severe Maternal Morbidity on Very Preterm Infant Outcomes
Authors: Zeitlin Jennifer , Egorova Natalia N. , Janevic Teresa , Hebert Paul L. , Lebreton Elodie , Balbierz Amy , Howell Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2020

(Abstracted from J Pediatr 2019;215:56–63)
Severe maternal morbidity is defined as a life-threatening diagnosis or lifesaving procedure during delivery. It occurs more often in very preterm deliveries, as opposed to term deliveries.
Testing of Patients and Support Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Before Scheduled Deliveries
Authors: Bianco Angela , Buckley Ayisha B. , Overbey Jessica , Smilen Scott , Wagner Brian , Dinglas Cheryl , Loudon Holly , Garely Alan , Brodman Michael , Stone Joanne 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection with the use of universal testing in our obstetric population presenting for scheduled deliveries, as well as the concordance or discordance rate among their support persons during the initial 2-week period of testing. Additionally, we assessed the utility of a screening tool in predicting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing results in our cohort.

METHODS:
This was an observational study in which all women who were scheduled for a planned delivery within the Mount Sinai Health system from April 4 to April 15, 2020, were contacted and provided with an appointment for themselves as well as their support persons to undergo COVID-19 testing 1 day before their scheduled delivery. Both the patients and the support persons were administered a standardized screen specific for COVID-19 infection by telephone interview. Those support persons who screened positive were not permitted to attend the birth. All patients and screen-negative support persons underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing.

RESULTS:
During the study period, 155 patients and 146 support persons underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing. The prevalence of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection was 15.5% (CI 9.8–21.2%) and 9.6% (CI 4.8–14.4%) among patients and support persons, respectively. The rate of discordance among tested pairs was 7.5%. Among patients with COVID-19 infection, 58% of their support persons also had infection; in patients without infection, fewer than 3.0% of their support persons had infection.

CONCLUSION:
We found that more than 15% of asymptomatic maternity patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection despite having screened negative with the use of a telephone screening tool. Additionally, 58% of their asymptomatic, screen-negative support persons also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Alternatively, testing of the support persons of women who had tested negative for COVID-19 infection had a low yield for positive results. This has important implications for obstetric and newborn care practices as well as for health care professionals.
Rates and Risk Factors for Failure of Surgical Repair of the Knee Extensor Mechanism
Authors: Roberts Aaron , Ketz John 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
To evaluate rates and risk factors for failed surgical repair of the knee extensor mechanism.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Academic medical center.

Patients/Participants:
Two hundred ninety-four patients and a total of 303 extensor mechanism repairs were included. This encompassed 113 quadriceps tendon repairs (QTR), 112 fracture repairs (FR), and 68 patellar tendon repairs (PTR).

Main Outcome Measurement:
Repair failure.

Results:
There were 6 failures (5%) in the QTR group, 21 failures (17%) in the FR group, and 2 failures (3%) in the PTR group. The difference in failure rates between the groups was significant (P = 0.001), but the rate of revision fixation or repair was not (P = 0.315). In the QTR group, a history of inflammatory arthritis was found to be significantly different between patients who had repair failure and patients who did not (P = 0.014) with a relative risk for failure of 17.8 (confidence interval 4.5–70.4). In the FR group, patient age (P = 0.001) and comorbid diabetes mellitus (P = 0.046) were found to be significantly different between patients with and without repair failure in univariate analysis, but only patient age (P = 0.005) was significant in multiple logistic regression analysis. The relative risk for FR failure was 6.6 (confidence interval 2.3–18.3) for age greater than 60. No risk factors for failure were identified in the PTR group.

Conclusions:
Overall, patients with fractures were more likely experience repair failure than patients with tendon injuries, but all patients underwent similar rates of reoperation. Inflammatory arthritis in patients with QTRs and older patient age in FRs are risk factors for repair failure.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Satellite cell proliferation and myofiber cross-section area increase after electrical stimulation following sciatic nerve crush injury in rats
Authors: Xing Hua-Yi , Liu Nan , Zhou Mou-Wang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundElectrical stimulation has been recommended as an effective therapy to prevent muscle atrophy after nerve injury. However, the effect of electrical stimulation on the proliferation of satellite cells in denervated muscles has not yet been fully elucidated. This study was aimed to evaluate the changes in satellite cell proliferation after electrical stimulation in nerve injury and to determine whether these changes are related to the restoration of myofiber cross-section area (CSA).MethodsSciatic nerve crush injury was performed in 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In half (24/48) of the rats, the gastrocnemius was electrically stimulated transcutaneously on a daily basis after injury, while the other half were not stimulated. Another group of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used as sham operation controls without injury or stimulation. The rats were euthanized 2, 4, and 6 weeks later. After 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, the gastrocnemia were harvested for the detection of paired box protein 7 (Pax7), BrdU, myofiber CSA, and myonuclei number per fiber. All data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Bonferronipost-hoctest.ResultsThe percentages of Pax7-positive nuclei (10.81 ± 0.56%) and BrdU-positive nuclei (34.29 ± 3.87%) in stimulated muscles were significantly higher compared to those in non-stimulated muscles (2.58 ± 0.33% and 1.30 ± 0.09%, respectively, Bonferronit = 15.91 and 18.14,P < 0.05). The numbers of myonuclei per fiber (2.19 ± 0.24) and myofiber CSA (1906.86 ± 116.51 μm2) were also increased in the stimulated muscles (Bonferronit = 3.57 and 2.73,P < 0.05), and both were positively correlated with the Pax7-positive satellite cell content (R2 = 0.52 and 0.60,P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the ratio of myofiber CSA/myonuclei number per fiber among the three groups.ConclusionsOur results indicate that satellite cell proliferation is promoted by electrical stimulation after nerve injury, which may be correlated with an increase in myonuclei number and myofiber CSA.
Parental Expectations Are Associated with Children's Sleep Duration and Sleep Hygiene Habits
Authors: Jarrin Denise C. , Abu Awad Yara , Rowe Hillary , Noel Neressa A. O. , Ramil Joanne , McGrath Jennifer J. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
Although parents recognize the importance of sleep, most have a limited understanding of children's sleep needs. This study examined whether parental expectations about sleep were linked to children and adolescent's sleep duration and sleep hygiene.

Method:
Participants included 376 unique parent-child dyads. Parents (mean age = 47.0 years, SD = 6.7) estimated the number of hours of sleep their children (mean age = 13.0 years, SD = 2.2; 9–17 years) needed. These estimates were age-matched with recommended pediatric guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the National Sleep Foundation to yield 3 groups: expect less (8%–11%), expect appropriate (85%–89%), and expect more (3%–4%). Sleep duration for school nights and weekends were reported by children and parents. Sleep hygiene included sleep-promoting practices (quiet, dark bedroom, regular bed/wake times, consistent routine) and sleep-interfering practices (physiological arousal, presleep worry, alcohol/smoking intake, daytime napping, screen time).

Results:
Most parents (68.7%) endorsed that children do not get enough sleep. Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the impact of parental expectations. For every additional hour of sleep expected, children slept between 15.5 (parent-report 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.0–22.0) and 17.9 minutes (child-report 95% CI, 9.7–26.2) longer on school nights, adjusted for age, sex, puberty, and parental education. For parents who expected less sleep than recommended, their children had the shortest sleep duration, least favorable sleeping environments, and greater presleep worry.

Conclusion:
Parental sleep expectations were directly linked to children's sleep duration. Pediatricians and primary care providers can mobilize knowledge to optimally convey accurate information about developmental sleep needs and recommended hours to parents to promote longer sleep.