bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
After COVID-19: The Way We Die from Now On
Authors: ELSNER ANNA MAGDALENA 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEthical issues raised by the outbreak of COVID-19 have predominantly been addressed through a public health ethics lens. This article proposes that the rising COVID-19 fatalities and the World Health Organization’s failure to include palliative care as part of its guidance on how to maintain essential health services during the pandemic have exposed palliative care as an underlying global crisis. It therefore calls for a different ethical framework that includes a care ethics perspective and thereby addresses the ways in which the pandemic has triggered new difficulties in ensuring the delivery of appropriate end-of-life care for the dying. The article analyses the structural weaknesses of palliative care accentuated by the pandemic and proposes solutions that could set in motion lasting changes in the way it is delivered beyond COVID-19.
Autonomy, Coercion, and Public Healthcare Guarantees: The Uptake of Sofosbuvir in Germany
Authors: GANDJOUR AFSCHIN 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHealth insurance coverage for incarcerated citizens is generally acceptable by Western standards. However, it creates internal tensions with the prevailing justifications for public healthcare. In particular, a conceptualization of medical care as a source of autonomy enhancement does not align with the decreased autonomy of incarceration and the needs-based conceptualization of medical care in cases of imprisonment; and rejecting responsibility as a criterion for assigning medical care conflicts with the use of responsibility as a criterion for assigning punishment. The recent introduction of sofosbuvir in Germany provides a particularly instructive illustration of such tensions. It requires searching for a refined reflective equilibrium regarding the scope, limits, and justifications of publicly guaranteed care.
Crustal Structure Across the Extinct Mid‐Ocean Ridge in South China Sea From OBS Receiver Functions: Insights Into the Spreading Rate and Magma Supply Prior to the Ridge Cessation
Authors: Hung Tran Danh , Yang Ting , Le Ba Manh , Yu Youqiang , Xue Mei , Liu Baohua , Liu Chenguang , Wang Jian , Pan Mohan , Huong Phan Thien , Liu Fang , Morgan Jason P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe crust near an extinct mid‐ocean ridge provides unique constraints on how its accretion and deformation responded to the cessation of spreading. Here we present crustal thickness and Vp/Vs measurements beneath 11 Ocean Bottom Seismograph sites that cross the South China Sea's extinct spreading axis. We find that the oceanic crust, which generally had only slight thickness changes once spreading started, abruptly thins at sites close to the extinct ridge axis. Abnormally high Vp/Vs ratios are obtained at several sites south of the ridge, indicating the presence of serpentine. These observations imply that, in its final stage, spreading changed to an ultraslow accretion style. As the axial crust thinned, normal faults and/or detachment faults began to form. Water could penetrate more deeply through these faults, and large fault slip could raise ultramafic peridotites to near or at the seafloor, creating favorable conditions for their enhanced serpentinization.
Weakened Aerosol‐PBL Interaction During COVID‐19 Lockdown in Northern China
Authors: Wang Zilin , Huang Xin , Ding Ke , Ren Chuanhua , Cao Lu , Zhou Derong , Gao Jian , Ding Aijun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnthropogenic emissions were greatly constrained during COVID‐19 lockdown in China. Nevertheless, observations still showed high loadings of fine particles (PM2.5) over northern China with secondary aerosols increasing by 15 μg/m3 yet a ∼10% drop in light‐absorbing black carbon (BC). Such a chemical transition in aerosol composition tended to make the atmosphere more scattering, indicated by satellite‐retrieved aerosol absorption optical depth falling by 60%. Comparison between weather forecast and radiosonde observations illustrated that, without upper‐level heating induced by BC, the stabilized stratification diminished, which was conducive for planetary boundary layer (PBL) mixing and thus near‐surface pollution dispersion. Furthermore, coupled dynamic‐chemistry simulations estimated that emission reduction during the lockdown weakened aerosol‐PBL interaction and thus a reduction of 25 μg/m3 (∼50%) in PM2.5 enhancement. Based on the unique natural experiment, this work observationally confirmed and numerically quantified the importance of BC‐induced meteorological feedback, further highlighting the priority of BC control in haze mitigation.
Using Continuous Turbidity and Seismic Measurements to Unravel Sediment Provenance and Interaction Between Suspended and Bedload Transport in an Alpine Catchment
Authors: Misset C. , Recking A. , Legout C. , Bakker M. , Gimbert F. , Geay T. , Zanker S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFine sediment transport results from the complexity of the interactions between the different modes of transport and the variety of possible sediment sources, from the river bed stocks remobilization to hillslopes erosion. From a 2‐year period in an Alpine catchment, we show how the combined use of continuous turbidity and seismic measurements can help to address these issues. In the studied catchment, the signals are more strongly correlated during the high flows of the snowmelt period than during the summer period when the river bed is stable and the hillslopes are no longer protected by a snow cover during storms. This sheds light on the seasonal control exerted by the river bed mobility and the snow cover on suspended sediment dynamics in mountainous catchments. It also questions the potential shift of this dynamics from river bed to hillslope dominated in a context of global warming.
Evaluating the Glacial‐Deglacial Carbon Respiration and Ventilation Change Hypothesis as a Mechanism for Changing Atmospheric CO2
Authors: Stott Lowell D. , Shao Jun , Yu Jimin , Harazin Kathleen M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe prevailing hypothesis to explain pCO2 rise at the last glacial termination calls upon enhanced ventilation of excess respired carbon that accumulated in the deep sea during the glacial. Recent studies argue lower [O2] in the glacial ocean is indicative of increased carbon respiration. The magnitude of [O2] depletion was 100–140 µ mol/kg at the glacial maximum. Because respiration is coupled to δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), [O2] depletion of 100–140 µ mol/kg from carbon respiration would lower deep water δ13CDIC by ∼1‰ relative to surface water. Prolonged sequestration of respired carbon would also lower the amount of 14C in the deep sea. We show that Pacific Deep Water δ13CDIC did not decrease relative to the surface ocean and Δ14C was only ∼50‰ lower during the late glacial. Model simulations of the hypothesized ventilation change during deglaciation lead to large increases in δ13CDIC, Δ14C, and ε14C that are not recorded in observations.
A New Thermal Categorization of Ice‐Covered Lakes
Authors: Yang Bernard , Wells Mathew G. , McMeans Bailey C. , Dugan Hilary A. , Rusak James A. , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. , Brentrup Jennifer A. , Hrycik Allison R. , Laas Alo , Pilla Rachel M. , Austin Jay A. , Blanchfield Paul J. , Carey Cayelan C. , Guzzo Matthew M. , Lottig Noah R. , MacKay Murray D. , Middel Trevor A. , Pierson Don C. , Wang Junbo , Young Joelle D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLakes are traditionally classified based on their thermal regime and trophic status. While this classification adequately captures many lakes, it is not sufficient to understand seasonally ice‐covered lakes, the most common lake type on Earth. We describe the inverse thermal stratification in 19 highly varying lakes and derive a model that predicts the temperature profile as a function of wind stress, area, and depth. The results suggest an additional subdivision of seasonally ice‐covered lakes to differentiate underice stratification. When ice forms in smaller and deeper lakes, inverse stratification will form with a thin buoyant layer of cold water (near 0°C) below the ice, which remains above a deeper 4°C layer. In contrast, the entire water column can cool to ∼0°C in larger and shallower lakes. We suggest these alternative conditions for dimictic lakes be termed “cryostratified” and “cryomictic.”
Dynamic Sea Level Variation From GNSS: 2020 Shumagin Earthquake Tsunami Resonance and Hurricane Laura
Authors: Larson Kristine M. , Lay Thorne , Yamazaki Yoshiki , Cheung Kwok Fai , Ye Lingling , Williams Simon D.P. , Davis James L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRapid determination of sea level variations caused by tsunamis or major storm surges is important for coastal hazard mitigation. Coastal Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) stations at elevations less than ∼300 m can record time‐varying sea level changes by tracking signals that reflect from the sea surface, relative to direct signals from the satellites. We demonstrate that such GNSS stations can rapidly provide local sea level measurements for a near‐field tsunami, involving many hours of shelf resonance generated by the 2020 Shumagin earthquake as well as for the storm surge accompanying passage of the eye of Hurricane Laura over the Louisiana Coast. Coastal GNSS stations deployed to measure tectonic deformation and co‐seismic displacements can inexpensively augment the spatial sampling provided by tide gauges for measuring tsunami‐induced coastal resonance and storm surges. This information can guide response activities during the crucial initial hours of an event.
Mesoscale Structures in Earth's Magnetotail Observed Using Energetic Neutral Atom Imaging
Authors: Keesee A. M. , Buzulukova N. , Mouikis C. , Scime E. E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMesoscale structures in Earth's magnetotail are a primary feature of particle transport to the inner magnetosphere during storms and substorms. We demonstrate that such structures can be observed in energetic neutral atom (ENA) data which can provide remote, global images of the magnetosphere. In particular, we present localized regions of increased ion temperatures that appear in equatorial ion temperature maps calculated from Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS) ENA data. These regions are associated with a dipolarization front with bursty ion flows measured by Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) and are concurrent with substorm features observed in field aligned currents (FAC) from Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment measurements. We conduct a magnetohydrodynamics simulation of the same event and show simulated ion temperatures, ion flows, and FACs that agree with the measurements. However, the observed plasma heating is less intense in the simulated results than in the TWINS and MMS data, indicating that some heating processes may be missing from the model.
Evidence for Nonadiabatic Oxygen Energization in the Near‐Earth Magnetotail From MMS
Authors: Bingham S. T. , Nikoukar R. , Cohen I. J. , Mauk B. H. , Turner D. L. , Mitchell D. G. , Burch J. L. , Gomez R. G. , Fuselier S. A. , Torbert R. B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe present Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission observations of substorm‐related ion injections at magnetotail positions between ∼7.5 RE and 8.5 RE. Energization of supra‐thermal ions (50 keV–1,000 keV) is strongly species dependent, with oxygen reaching significantly higher peak energies than protons. Using a previously established correlation technique, we confirm that the highest energy (>400 keV) oxygen ions are multiply charged of solar wind origin, enabling them to reach high energies in rough proportion to their charge states. Significantly, we conclude that oxygen ions between 130 keV and 330 keV are singly charged, and that they sometimes achieve higher energizations relative to protons, that is, higher than expected based on their charge states. We conclude that nonadiabatic processes can boost the energies of the oxygen ions. The technique does not depend on “before injection” and “after injection” spectral comparisons, and therefore likely represents the most definitive test yet of nonadiabaticity.
Complexity of Mesoscale Eddy Diffusivity in the Ocean
Authors: Kamenkovich Igor , Berloff Pavel , Haigh Michael , Sun Luolin , Lu Yueyang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStirring of water by mesoscale currents (“eddies”) leads to large‐scale transport of many important oceanic properties (“tracers”). These eddy‐induced transports can be related to the large‐scale tracer gradients, using the concept of turbulent diffusion. The concept is widely used to describe these transports in the real ocean and to represent them in climate models. This study focuses on the inherent complexity of the corresponding coefficient tensor (“K‐tensor”) and its components, defined here in all its spatio‐temporal complexity. Results demonstrate that this comprehensive K‐tensor is space‐, time‐, direction‐ and tracer‐dependent. Using numerical simulations with both idealized and comprehensive models of the Atlantic circulation, we show that these properties lead to upgradient eddy fluxes and the potential importance of all tensor components. The uncovered complexity of the eddy transports calls for reconsideration of how they are estimated in practice, included in the general circulation models and theoretically interpreted.
A Numerical Study of Onshore Ripple Migration Using a Eulerian Two‐phase Model
Authors: Salimi‐Tarazouj Ali , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Traykovski Peter , Cheng Zhen , Chauchat Julien 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA new modeling methodology for ripple dynamics driven by oscillatory flows using a Eulerian two‐phase flow approach is presented in order to bridge the research gap between near‐bed sediment transport via ripple migration and suspended load transport dictated by ripple induced vortices. Reynolds‐averaged Eulerian two‐phase equations for fluid phase and sediment phase are solved in a two‐dimensional vertical domain with a k‐ε closure for flow turbulence and particle stresses closures for short‐lived collision and enduring contact. The model can resolve full profiles of sediment transport without making conventional near‐bed load and suspended load assumptions. The model is validated with an oscillating tunnel experiment of orbital ripple driven by a Stokes second‐order (onshore velocity skewed) oscillatory flow with a good agreement in the flow velocity and sediment concentration. Although the suspended sediment concentration far from the ripple in the dilute region was underpredicted by the present model, the model predicts an onshore ripple migration rate that is in very good agreement with the measured value. Another orbital ripple case driven by symmetric sinusoidal oscillatory flow is also conducted to contrast the effect of velocity skewness. The model is able to capture a net offshore‐directed suspended load transport flux due to the asymmetric primary vortex consistent with laboratory observation. More importantly, the model can resolve the asymmetry of onshore‐directed near‐bed sediment flux associated with more intense boundary layer flow speed‐up during onshore flow cycle and sediment avalanching near the lee ripple flank which force the onshore ripple migration.
Potential and Challenges of Investigating Intrinsic Uncertainty of Hydrological Models With Stochastic, Time‐Dependent Parameters
Authors: Reichert Peter , Ammann Lorenz , Fenicia Fabrizio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStochastic hydrological process models have two conceptual advantages over deterministic models. First, even though water flow in a well‐defined environment is governed by deterministic differential equations, a hydrological system, at the level we can observe it, does not behave deterministically. Reasons for this behavior are unobserved spatial heterogeneity and fluctuations of input, unobserved influence factors, heterogeneity and variability in soil and aquifer properties, and an imprecisely known initial state. A stochastic model provides thus a more realistic description of the system than a deterministic model. Second, hydrological models simplify real processes. The resulting structural deficits can better be accounted for by stochastic than by deterministic models because they, even for given parameters and input, allow for a probability distribution of different system evolutions rather than a single trajectory. On the other hand, stochastic process models are more susceptible to identifiability problems and Bayesian inference is computationally much more demanding. In this paper, we review the use of stochastic, time‐dependent parameters to make deterministic models stochastic, discuss options for the numerical implementation of Bayesian inference, and investigate the potential and challenges of this approach with a case study. We demonstrate how model deficits can be identified and reduced, and how the suggested approach leads to a more realistic description of the uncertainty of internal and output variables of the model compared to a deterministic model. In addition, multiple stochastic parameters with different correlation times could explain the variability in the time scale of output error fluctuations identified in an earlier study.
Distinguishing intrinsic photon correlations from external noise with frequency-resolved homodyne detection
Authors: Lüders Carolin , Aßmann Marc 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, we apply homodyne detection to investigate the frequency-resolved photon statistics of a cw light field emitted by a driven-dissipative semiconductor system in real time. We demonstrate that studying the frequency dependence of the photon number noise allows us to distinguish intrinsic noise properties of the emitter from external noise sources such as mechanical noise while maintaining a sub-picosecond temporal resolution. We further show that performing postselection on the recorded data opens up the possibility to study rare events in the dynamics of the emitter. By doing so, we demonstrate that in rare instances, additional external noise may actually result in reduced photon number noise in the emission.
Environmental patterns of brown moss- and Sphagnum-associated microbial communities
Authors: Tveit Alexander Tøsdal , Kiss Andrea , Winkel Matthias , Horn Fabian , Hájek Tomáš , Svenning Mette Marianne , Wagner Dirk , Liebner Susanne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNorthern peatlands typically develop through succession from fens dominated by the moss family Amblystegiaceae to bogs dominated by the moss genusSphagnum. How the different plants and abiotic environmental conditions provided in Amblystegiaceae andSphagnumpeat shape the respective moss associated microbial communities is unknown. Through a large-scale molecular and biogeochemical study spanning Arctic, sub-Arctic and temperate regions we assessed how the endo- and epiphytic microbial communities of natural northern peatland mosses relate to peatland type (Sphagnumand Amblystegiaceae), location, moss taxa and abiotic environmental variables. Microbial diversity and community structure were distinctly different between Amblystegiaceae andSphagnumpeatlands, and within each of these two peatland types moss taxon explained the largest part of microbial community variation.Sphagnumand Amblystegiaceae shared few (< 1% of all operational taxonomic units (OTUs)) but strikingly abundant (up to 65% of relative abundance) OTUs. This core community overlapped by one third with theSphagnum-specific core-community. Thus, the most abundant microorganisms inSphagnumthat are also found in all theSphagnumplants studied, are the same OTUs as those few shared with Amblystegiaceae. Finally, we could confirm that these highly abundant OTUs were endophytes inSphagnum, but epiphytes on Amblystegiaceae. We conclude that moss taxa and abiotic environmental variables associate with particular microbial communities. While moss taxon was the most influential parameter, hydrology, pH and temperature also had significant effects on the microbial communities. A small though highly abundant core community is shared betweenSphagnumand Amblystegiaceae.
Associating Emergency Medical Services personnel’s workload, trauma exposure, and health with the cortisol, endocannabinoid, and N-acylethanolamine concentrations in their hair
Authors: Behnke Alexander , Karabatsiakis Alexander , Krumbholz Aniko , Karrasch Sarah , Schelling Gustav , Kolassa Iris-Tatjana , Rojas Roberto 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn their line of duty, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel are exposed to chronically stressful working conditions and recurrent traumatic events, which increase their risk for detrimental health outcomes. Here, we investigated whether this risk is due to altered regulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the endocannabinoid system. Therefore, 1 cm hair strands were collected from a cohort of 72 German EMS personnel in order to measure concentrations of cortisol, endocannabinoids [i.e., anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)], and N-acylethanolamines [i.e., stearoylethanolamide (SEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)]. Rank correlation analyses were conducted to test associations of cortisol, endocannabinoid, and N-acylethanolamine concentrations with the EMS personnel’s workload, lifetime trauma exposure, and mental and physical health problems. We found a negative correlation between cortisol and 2-AG concentrations in hair. Higher hair cortisol was associated with higher workload. Reported traumatic stress during childhood and later in life as well as more severe depressive and physical stress symptoms were associated with elevated 2-AG, SEA, OEA, and PEA concentrations. Future longitudinal research needs to address the prospect of tracing biomolecular markers of glucocorticoid, endocannabinoid, and N-acylethanolamine activity as a predicting value of the long-term course of mental and physical well-being.
Multi‐scene upgrade and renovation method of existing park‐level integrated energy system based on comprehensive analysis
Authors: Cao Yan , Mu Yunfei , Jia Hongjie , Qi Yan , Wang Congshan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSome of the existing park‐level integrated energy systems (PIESs) experience problems such as mismatch between energy supply and demand, high operation costs, and low renewable energy consumption capacity. To improve the energy supply level of the existing PIES, the multi‐scene upgrade and renovation method of the existing PIES based on comprehensive analysis is proposed. First, the physical model of the existing PIES for renovation is constructed, including expansion of existing equipment and newly added candidate equipment. Second, to determine the deficiencies, the current situation of the existing PIES is analysed based on the planning and operation data as well as indexes including economy, photovoltaic consumption capacity, and so on. On this basis, multiple renovation scenes are set up, and the upgrade and renovation model is constructed, assuming minimal investment, operation, and maintenance costs to be the objective function. Thereafter, the equipment allocation scheme of each scene is solved, for which comprehensive evaluation is performed. Finally, considering an existing PIES as an example, the weak energy storage and heating links are upgraded and renovated, effectively improving the performance of the existing PIES in reducing costs and carbon emissions, and improving energy utilisation efficiency.