bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digestibility of amino acids, but not fiber, fat, or energy, is greater in cold-fermented, low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) compared with conventional DDGS fed to growing pigs
Authors: Rodriguez Diego A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the digestibility of gross energy (GE) and nutrients, and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in two sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are not different despite different concentrations of fat in the two sources. Cold-fermented DDGS (6.82% fat) and a conventional DDGS (9.54% fat) were used. In experiment 1, 12 growing barrows (initial body weight = 55.2 ± 3.6 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to one of three diets and two periods. Two diets contained either cold-fermented or conventional DDGS as the sole source of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). The third diet was an N-free diet that was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of AA from the pigs. Each experimental period lasted 7 d and ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each period. Results demonstrated that values for the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and most AA were greater (P &lt; 0.05) or tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) in cold-fermented than in conventional DDGS. In experiment 2, 24 barrows (initial body weight = 17.3 ± 1.3 kg) were randomly allotted to three diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. A corn-based basal diet and two diets containing corn and either cold-fermented DDGS or conventional DDGS were formulated. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected separately for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in conventional DDGS than in cold-fermented DDGS, but there was no difference in ATTD of GE between the two sources of DDGS. However, conventional DDGS contained more (P &lt; 0.001) DE and ME than cold-fermented DDGS because of greater GE. In conclusion, the SID of AA was greater in cold-fermented DDGS than in the conventional DDGS that was evaluated in this experiment, but the ATTD of NDF, ADF, and AEE, and ME were greater in conventional DDGS than in cold-fermented DDGS.
Effects of Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy Regimens on Expression of the Aging Biomarker, p16INK4a
Authors: Shachar Shlomit S , Deal Allison M , Reeder-Hayes Katherine E , Nyrop Kirsten A , Mitin Natalia , Anders Carey K , Carey Lisa A , Dees E Claire , Jolly Trevor A , Kimmick Gretchen G , Karuturi Meghan S , Reinbolt Raquel E , Speca JoEllen C , Muss Hyman B 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Although chemotherapy saves lives, increasing evidence shows that chemotherapy accelerates aging. We previously demonstrated that mRNA expression of p16INK4a, a biomarker of senescence and molecular aging, increased early and dramatically after beginning adjuvant anthracycline-based regimens in early stage breast cancer patients. Here, we determined if changes in p16INK4a expression vary by chemotherapy regimen among early stage breast cancer patients.

Methods
We conducted a study of stage I-III breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. p16INK4a expression was analyzed prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy (median 6.2 months after the last chemotherapy) in peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Chemotherapy-induced change in p16INK4a expression was compared among regimens. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
In 146 women, chemotherapy was associated with a statistically significant increase in p16INK4a expression (accelerated aging of 17 years; P &lt; .001). Anthracycline-based regimens were associated with the largest increases (accelerated aging of 23 to 26 years; P ≤ .008). Nonanthracycline-based regimens demonstrated a much smaller increase (accelerated aging of 9 to 11 years; P ≤ .15). In addition to the type of chemotherapy regimen, baseline p16INK4a levels, but not chronologic age or race, were also associated with the magnitude of increases in p16INK4a. Patients with lower p16INK4a levels at baseline were more likely to experience larger increases.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the aging effects of chemotherapy may be influenced by both chemotherapy type and the patient’s baseline p16INK4a level. Measurement of p16INK4a expression is not currently available in the clinic, but nonanthracycline regimens offering similar efficacy as anthracycline regimens might be favored.
TOR mediates the autophagy response to altered nucleotide homeostasis in an RNase mutant
Authors: Kazibwe Zakayo , Soto-Burgos Junmarie , MacIntosh Gustavo C , Bassham Diane C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana T2 family endoribonuclease RNS2 localizes to the vacuole and functions in rRNA degradation. Loss of RNS2 activity impairs rRNA turnover and leads to constitutive autophagy, a process for degradation of cellular components. Autophagy is normally activated during environmental stress and is important for stress tolerance and homeostasis. Here we show that restoration of cytosolic purine nucleotide levels rescues the constitutive autophagy phenotype of rns2-2 seedlings, whereas inhibition of purine synthesis induces autophagy in wild-type seedlings. rns2-2 seedlings have reduced activity of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase complex, a negative regulator of autophagy, and this phenotype is rescued by addition of inosine to increase purine levels. Activation of TOR in rns2-2 by exogenous auxin blocks the enhanced autophagy, indicating a possible involvement of the TOR signaling pathway in the activation of autophagy in the rns2-2 mutant. Our data suggest a model in which loss of rRNA degradation in rns2-2 leads to a reduction in cytoplasmic nucleotide concentrations, which in turn inhibits TOR activity, leading to activation of autophagy to restore homeostasis.
Photoprotective energy dissipation is greater in the lower, not the upper, regions of a rice canopy: a 3D analysis
Authors: Foo Chuan Ching , Burgess Alexandra J , Retkute Renata , Tree-Intong Pracha , Ruban Alexander V , Murchie Erik H 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHigh light intensities raise photosynthetic and plant growth rates but can cause damage to the photosynthetic machinery. The likelihood and severity of deleterious effects are minimised by a set of photoprotective mechanisms, one key process being the controlled dissipation of energy from chlorophyll within PSII known as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Although ubiquitous, the role of NPQ in plant productivity is important because it momentarily reduces the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis. Rice plants overexpressing and deficient in the gene encoding a central regulator of NPQ, the protein PsbS, were used to assess the effect of protective effectiveness of NPQ (pNPQ) at the canopy scale. Using a combination of three-dimensional reconstruction, modelling, chlorophyll fluorescence, and gas exchange, the influence of altered NPQ capacity on the distribution of pNPQ was explored. A higher phototolerance in the lower layers of a canopy was found, regardless of genotype, suggesting a mechanism for increased protection for leaves that experience relatively low light intensities interspersed with brief periods of high light. Relative to wild-type plants, psbS overexpressors have a reduced risk of photoinactivation and early growth advantage, demonstrating that manipulating photoprotective mechanisms can impact both subcellular mechanisms and whole-canopy function.
Cell wall composition and thickness affect mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion inHelianthus annuusunder water deprivation
Authors: Roig-Oliver Margalida , Bresta Panagiota , Nadal Miquel , Liakopoulos Georgios , Nikolopoulos Dimosthenis , Karabourniotis George , Bota Josefina , Flexas Jaume 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWater deprivation affects photosynthesis, leaf anatomy, and cell wall composition. Although the former effects have been widely studied, little is known regarding those changes in cell wall major (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, and lignin) and minor (cell wall-bound phenolics) compounds in plants acclimated to short- and long-term water deprivation and during recovery. In particular, how these cell wall changes impact anatomy and/or photosynthesis, specifically mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion (gm), has been scarcely studied. To induce changes in photosynthesis, cell wall composition and anatomy, Helianthus annuus plants were studied under five conditions: (i) control (i.e. without stress) (CL); (ii) long-term water deficit stress (LT); (iii) long-term water deficit stress with recovery (LT-Rec); (iv) short-term water deficit stress (ST); and (v) short-term water deficit stress with recovery (ST-Rec), resulting in a wide photosynthetic range (from 3.80 ± 1.05 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 to 24.53 ± 0.42 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1). Short- and long-term water deprivation and recovery induced distinctive responses of the examined traits, evidencing a cell wall dynamic turnover during plants acclimation to each condition. In particular, we demonstrated for the first time how gm correlated negatively with lignin and cell wall-bound phenolics and how the (cellulose+hemicelloses)/pectin ratio was linked to cell wall thickness (Tcw) variations.
Shaping the leaf microbiota: plant–microbe–microbe interactions
Authors: Chaudhry Vasvi , Runge Paul , Sengupta Priyamedha , Doehlemann Gunther , Parker Jane E , Kemen Eric 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe aerial portion of a plant, namely the leaf, is inhabited by pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. The leaf’s physical and chemical properties, combined with fluctuating and often challenging environmental factors, create surfaces that require a high degree of adaptation for microbial colonization. As a consequence, specific interactive processes have evolved to establish a plant leaf niche. Little is known about the impact of the host immune system on phyllosphere colonization by non-pathogenic microbes. These organisms can trigger plant basal defenses and benefit the host by priming for enhanced resistance to pathogens. In most disease resistance responses, microbial signals are recognized by extra- or intracellular receptors. The interactions tend to be species specific and it is unclear how they shape leaf microbial communities. In natural habitats, microbe–microbe interactions are also important for shaping leaf communities. To protect resources, plant colonizers have developed direct antagonistic or host manipulation strategies to fight competitors. Phyllosphere-colonizing microbes respond to abiotic and biotic fluctuations and are therefore an important resource for adaptive and protective traits. Understanding the complex regulatory host–microbe–microbe networks is needed to transfer current knowledge to biotechnological applications such as plant-protective probiotics.
Abundances from integrated spectra of 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
Authors: Rennó C , Barbuy B , Moura T C , Trevisan M 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
47 Tucanae is among the most studied and observed globular clusters, given its proximity. The aim of this work is to study in detail the integrated spectrum of 47 Tucanae, as a template, in order to have a list of reliable lines that are validated for a moderate spectral resolution case. The spectrum of 47 Tucanae is reproduced by computing synthetic spectra, taking into account individual element abundances. The results are compared with other methods. We reproduce the integrated spectrum in the range 4500–9000 Å and derive abundances from individual lines of Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Ba, and Eu. We report a list of lines that are suitable for abundance derivation. Adopting these abundances, we are able to fit the well-known triplets of Mg i and Ca ii. Finally, the effect of multiple stellar populations through enhanced Na abundances are tested. Element abundances derived are compatible with previous literature abundances, from different methods. The method applied here to build integrated synthetic spectra can be used to derive abundances from observed integrated spectra of distant and faint clusters, that are usually observed at low or moderate spectral resolution.
New H2O–H2O collisional rate coefficients for cometary applications
Authors: Boursier C , Mandal B , Babikov D , Dubernet M L 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We re-introduce a semiclassical methodology based on theories developed for the determination of broadening coefficients. We show that this simple and extremely fast methodology provides results that are in good agreement with results obtained using the more sophisticate MQCT approach. This semiclassical methodology could be an alternative approach which allows to provide large sets of collisional data for very complex molecular systems. It saves time both on the determination of potential energy surfaces and on the collisional dynamical calculations. In addition, this paper provides more complete sets of rotational de-excitation cross-sections and rate coefficients of H2O perturbed by a thermal average of water molecules. Those data can be used in the radiative transfer modelling of cometary atmospheres.
White dwarf pollution by hydrated planetary remnants: hydrogen and metals in WD J204713.76–125908.9
Authors: Hoskin Matthew J , Toloza Odette , Gänsicke Boris T , Raddi Roberto , Koester Detlev , Pala Anna F , Manser Christopher J , Farihi Jay , Belmonte Maria Teresa , Hollands Mark , Gentile Fusillo Nicola , Swan Andrew 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
WD J204713.76–125908.9 is a new addition to the small class of white dwarfs with helium-dominated photospheres that exhibit strong Balmer absorption lines and atmospheric metal pollution. The exceptional abundances of hydrogen observed in these stars may be the result of accretion of water-rich rocky bodies. We obtained far-ultraviolet and optical spectroscopy of WD J204713.76–125908.9 using the Cosmic Origin Spectrograph on-board the Hubble Space Telescope and X-shooter on the Very Large Telescope, and identify photospheric absorption lines of nine metals: C, O, Mg, Si, P, S, Ca, Fe, and Ni. The abundance ratios are consistent with the steady-state accretion of exo-planetesimal debris rich in the volatile elements carbon and oxygen, and the transitional element sulphur, by factors of 17, 2, and 4, respectively, compared to the bulk Earth. The parent body has a composition akin to Solar system carbonaceous chondrites, and the inferred minimum mass, 1.6 × 1020 g, is comparable to an asteroid 23 km in radius. We model the composition of the disrupted parent body, finding from our simulations a median water mass fraction of 8 per cent.
The Enigma of Entropy in Extended Tonality
Authors: Smith Kenneth M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article considers music that stages the decline of the tonal system through “entropy”—the process conceived in the domain of thermodynamics by which energy is wasted through randomized dispersal or decrease in organization. Tonal organization faced challenges at the turn of the twentieth century, much of the music possessing a sense of tonal drive but with an increased array of outlets for this drive’s tension to be released. This article regards the dominant-seventh complex and its variant configurations as paradigms of this tonal drive and attempts to understand their new ambiguities and the increased richness of possibility they enjoy. In order to achieve this, the study engages in probability theory to create a unique profile for each tonal drive in a given piece, effectively measuring its strength. The fluctuating strengths can be mapped and the process of entropy tracked through a single piece, potentially even across repertoires. Using a new method of visually laying out the patterns of these dominant drives, combined with concepts from information theory that allow us to measure and compare levels of entropy mathematically, I attempt to combine qualitative and quantitative data to model the entropic processes that inhere in early twentieth-century music.
Ribosomal stress-surveillance: three pathways is a magic number
Authors: Vind Anna Constance , Genzor Aitana Victoria , Bekker-Jensen Simon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCells rely on stress response pathways to uphold cellular homeostasis and limit the negative effects of harmful environmental stimuli. The stress- and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, p38 and JNK, are at the nexus of numerous stress responses, among these the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). Ribosomal impairment is detrimental to cell function as it disrupts protein synthesis, increase inflammatory signaling and, if unresolved, lead to cell death. In this review, we offer a general overview of the three main translation surveillance pathways; the RSR, Ribosome-associated Quality Control (RQC) and the Integrated Stress Response (ISR). We highlight recent advances made in defining activation mechanisms for these pathways and discuss their commonalities and differences. Finally, we reflect on the physiological role of the RSR and consider the therapeutic potential of targeting the sensing kinase ZAKα for treatment of ribotoxin exposure.
The involvement of nucleotide excision repair proteins in the removal of oxidative DNA damage
Authors: Kumar Namrata , Raja Sripriya , Van Houten Bennett 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The six major mammalian DNA repair pathways were discovered as independent processes, each dedicated to remove specific types of lesions, but the past two decades have brought into focus the significant interplay between these pathways. In particular, several studies have demonstrated that certain proteins of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) pathways work in a cooperative manner in the removal of oxidative lesions. This review focuses on recent data showing how the NER proteins, XPA, XPC, XPG, CSA, CSB and UV-DDB, work to stimulate known glycosylases involved in the removal of certain forms of base damage resulting from oxidative processes, and also discusses how some oxidative lesions are probably directly repaired through NER. Finally, since many glycosylases are inhibited from working on damage in the context of chromatin, we detail how we believe UV-DDB may be the first responder in altering the structure of damage containing-nucleosomes, allowing access to BER enzymes.
Effectiveness of Implementing a Locally Developed Antibiotic Use Guideline for Community-Acquired Cellulitis at a Large Tertiary Care University Hospital in Thailand
Authors: Sirijatuphat Rujipas , Nookeu Pornboonya , Thamlikitkul Visanu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
To determine the effectiveness of implementing a locally developed clinical practice guideline (CPG) for antibiotic treatment in adults with community-acquired cellulitis at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

Methods
The CPG for antibiotic treatment of community-acquired cellulitis was developed based on local data during June to December 2016. The CPG was introduced by multifaceted interventions, including posters, brochures, circular letters, social media, conference, classroom training, and interactive education during January to September 2018.

Results
Among 360 patients with community-acquired cellulitis, 84.4% were ambulatory and 15.6% were hospitalized. The median age of patients was 62 years, and 59.4% were female. Antibiotic prescription according to CPG (CPG-compliant group) was observed in 251 patients (69.7%), and CPG noncompliance was found in 109 patients (30.3%) (CPG-noncompliant group). The demographics and characteristics of patients were comparable between groups. Patients in the CPG-compliant group had a significantly lower rate of intravenous antibiotics (18.7% vs 33.9%, P = .007), lower prescription rate of broad-spectrum antibiotics (14.7% vs 78.9%, P &lt; .001) and antibiotic combination (6.4% vs 13.8%, P = .022), shorter median duration of antibiotic treatment (7 vs 10 days, P &lt; .001), lower median cost of antibiotic treatment (US $3 vs $7, P &lt; .001), and lower median hospitalization cost (US $601 vs $1587, P = .008) than those in the CPG-noncompliant group. Treatment outcomes were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions
Adherence to CPG seems to reduce inappropriate prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotic or antibiotic combination and treatment costs in adults with community-acquired cellulitis without differences in favorable outcomes or adverse events.
How the Law Guides
Authors: Pike Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The concept of guidance lies at the heart of normativity. It follows, according to the common view that the law necessarily claims to be normative, that guidance must play a central role in understanding the law. This article focuses on two questions about guidance: (i) what distinguishes normative guidance from non-normative guidance; and (ii) what is involved in using something as a reason and as a norm so that we are normatively guided by that something. In doing so, two features of how the law guides emerge: first, that despite the involvement of reasons, our relationship with the law is sometimes better characterised as non-normative guidance rather than normative guidance; and second, that it is a conceptual feature of what it is to use a legal directive as a norm that further practical reasoning is required to figure out what action that directive requires, independently of that directive’s vagueness or indeterminacy.
Internal Displacement, Internal Migration, and Refugee Flows: Connecting the Dots
Authors: Cantor David James , Apollo Jacob Ochieng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
How does internal displacement compare to other related forms of movement? This article draws on existing evidence to explore, specifically in countries affected by armed conflict or other serious violence, how internal displacement relates empirically to (1) internal economic migration as a more voluntary form of “internal” movement and (2) refugee flows as an external form of “forced” movement. This analysis of the available evidence suggests a shift may be needed in the ways in which research and policy frame internal displacement.
Schizotypal Disorder in Children—A Neglected Diagnosis
Authors: Tonge Bruce J , Testa Renee , Díaz-Arteche Carmela , Brereton Avril V , Stephanou Katerina , Pantelis Christos 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Disabling psychotic-like perceptions, thoughts, and behavior have long been recognized in children. These symptoms have an adverse impact on child and family and are a developmental predictor of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD). Attempts to classify this phenomenon separately and within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) systems have been unsuccessful until the DSM-5 and ICD-11. The categorization of Schizotypal Disorder within the SSDs in DSM-5 and ICD-11, and recognition that it is manifest in childhood, has established Schizotypal Disorder in Childhood (SDC) as a focus for clinical attention and research. This article aims to increase the awareness of this debilitating disorder by describing 3 case studies (ages 6, 8, and 9), which illustrate and refine the clinical presentation and cognitive profile of SDC. Biopsychosocial risk factors, comorbid disorders, and features that differentiate it from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are discussed. A comprehensive understanding of SDC will improve the accuracy and validity of the diagnostic process and pave the way for further research into its etiology, developmental pathway, and treatment.