bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower bounds to eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation by solution of a 90-y challenge
Authors: Martinazzo Rocco , Pollak Eli 
Published: June 2020

Significance
In quantum theory a celebrated theorem due to Ritz provides upper bounds to eigenvalues of Hermitian operators. An upper bound alone, though, is not sufficient for determining the error of the computed eigenvalues, and cannot be used to assess the quality of energy differences, such as those needed for predicting the position of spectral lines or the energetics of a chemical reaction. The search for a complementary “lower-bound theorem” started in the early days of quantum mechanics but little progress has been reported since a seminal 1928 result of Temple whose accuracy was far less than that of the upper bound. Here, we settle this issue by devising rigorous lower bounds whose accuracy is similar to that of the upper bounds.
Sources of variation in attitudes toward minority, majority and foreign language
Authors: Halupka-Rešetar Sabina , Kovács Rácz Eleonóra 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVojvodina, an autonomous province in northern Serbia, is a historically multilingual and multicultural area where multilingual education forms a cornerstone of linguistic, educational and social policy and practice: in addition to the majority language, five minority languages are also in official use and speakers of these languages may receive education in their L1. However, such a situation does not warrant positive attitudes toward the majority language. In fact, attitudes toward the majority population have been shown to be less positive among minority group members who receive their education in their L1 (Veres 2013). In addition to this, the effect of environment (compact vs. diffuse) has been shown to interact with attitudes. The paper examines the language attitudes of 423 Hungarian L1 grammar school pupils towards (1) their (minority) mother tongue (Hungarian), (2) Serbian as the majority language and (3) English as a foreign language, based on their value judgements and taking into account numerous variables which might prove to interact with their attitudes. The results of the research are expected to add to the study of language attitudes in a multilingual context, to help us understand better language situations in areas where bilingualism is promoted and to aid the implementation of coherent language policies.
Correlates of Turkish vocabulary in
adolescent Turkish heritage language learners in
Germany
Authors: Willard Jessica A. , Çiğtay-Akar Yasemin , Kohl Katharina , Leyendecker Birgit 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Little is known about
resources for adolescent heritage language
learners’ vocabulary. In a sample of adolescents
(n = 78), we exploratively
examined correlates of seventh-graders’ Turkish
vocabulary as potential resources. Drawing on what
is known about young heritage language learners
and monolingual adolescent vocabulary learners, we
considered a number of adolescent characteristics
such as nonverbal reasoning (analogies subtest of
the SON-R, Snijders, Tellegen, & Laros, 2005) and
their self-reported identification with Turkish
culture (Berry
et al., 1993; Phinney & Ong, 2007). We
also considered adolescents’ self-reports on
reading activities, language use in the family and
among friends, the percentage of Turkish speakers
among their friends, as well as whether they
attended Turkish classes. Turkish receptive
vocabulary was assessed with an adapted research
version modelled on the PPVT-4 (Dunn & Dunn,
2007; Glück, 2009). A set of regression analyses
indicated that adolescent characteristics such as
nonverbal reasoning skills and identification with
the Turkish culture explained the most variance in
Turkish vocabulary. This suggests that being motivated
to maintain the heritage language may be major
resources for adolescents’ vocabulary. However, it
raises the question from what sources adolescents
are receiving input in their heritage language. We
discuss various reasons for why the other factors
such as language use in the family and reading
activities may not have shown significant
connections to Turkish vocabulary and provide
impulses for further research.
Subordination in children acquiring Turkish
as a heritage language in Sweden
Authors: Bohnacker Ute , Karakoç Birsel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates
Turkish subordinate constructions in 201 fictional
narratives told by 102 bilingual Turkish-Swedish
children (age 4 to 7), growing up in Sweden with
Turkish as a heritage language. All narratives
were elicited with the picture sequences of the
Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives
(MAIN, Gagarina et al., 2012). We analyze the
characteristics of the Turkish relative,
complement and adverbial clauses in the children’s
narratives and in their responses to story
comprehension questions from quantitative and
qualitative points of view. The children produce a
wide variety of subordinate constructions, going
beyond what is typically reported for Turkish
heritage language acquisition elsewhere. In the
cross-sectional data sampled, there is
considerable individual variation concerning
subordination, but relatively little development
from age 4 to 7, as some of the youngest children
already master Turkish nonfinite subordination,
and older children do not necessarily use
subordination more frequently or in more adultlike
ways than younger ones. Certain types of
subordination are rare (e.g. relativization) or
even absent in the data (complementation with
object control). Other types of subordinate
constructions are very frequent and nearly always
conform to standard adult Turkish (e.g.
complementation with subject control;
adverbialization with simple converbs). However,
the precise morphological form and function of
subjunctors in causal and purposive adverbial
clauses (an aspect rarely discussed in the Turkish
acquisition literature) is not yet mastered by the
oldest children in the sample (age 7). In general,
the Turkish-Swedish data point to relatively
successful and early acquisition of nonfinite
subordination morphology, unlike what has been
reported by a number of earlier studies of
children acquiring Turkish in a bilingual and/or
heritage language context in other countries (e.g.
Boeschoten,
1990; Pfaff, 1991, 1993; Aarssen 2001; Herkenrath &
Karakoç, 2002; Rehbein & Herkenrath,
2015). Our finding that bilingual children
acquiring Turkish are able to produce much more
complex sentences than originally claimed in the
literature is suggested to be due to differences
in setting, sampling and data elicitation.
Perceived global accent in Turkish heritage
speakers in Germany
Authors: Kupisch Tanja , Lloyd-Smith Anika , Stangen Ilse 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter is concerned
with Turkish heritage speakers (HSs) in Germany,
here exemplified by 21 early bilinguals during
adulthood who live in Hamburg, North Germany. We
introduce the population, report their
self-perceived proficiency and propose the Turkish
Use Score (TUS) that is based on quantitative
aspects of language use (e.g., the number of
people Turkish is spoken with) and qualitative
ones (e.g., schooling in Turkish). In the
remainder of the paper, we focus on the perceived
accent of these speakers in German and Turkish,
discussing the role of Age of Onset (AoO) in
German vs. amount of Turkish use. The results show
a strong correlation between Turkish use and
perceived nativeness in Turkish, while no role of
AoO is evident for accent in either language. Our
data further suggested a weak (but
non-significant) relation between high Turkish use
and sounding more foreign in German.
Turkish in Germany
Authors: Herkenrath Annette 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This is a qualitative case
study of Turkish as a heritage language in
Germany, viewed in the context of one adult
speaker’s bilingualism: Sadık, a young worker and
Turkish-German bilingual born and raised in a
western German industrial town. The study is
empirically based on a language-biographical
reminiscence, which surfaces in both languages:
first in German, then in Turkish, in a more or
less informally elicited narrative. The
language-biographical perspective is taken as a
starting point for explorations into structural
comparison at the discourse and sentence level.
The aim is to identify phenomena that have a
function in verbalising language-biographical
memory and that can at the same time be
cross-linguistically compared.
Changes of volatile flavor compounds of watermelon juice by heat treatment
Authors: Aboshi Takako , Musya Saiki , Sato Hiroto , Ohta Tomoya , Murayama Tetsuya 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Changes of volatile flavor compounds of watermelon juice by heat treatment were investigated by gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry. Although the major volatile compounds in watermelon juice, three aldehydes, three alcohols, and one ketone, did not increase significantly by heat treatment, dimethylsulfide and methional increased in heated juice. These two sulfides were suggested to contribute to the off-flavors in heated watermelon juice.
Passive wireless sensors fabricated by spark plasma sintering for ultra-high temperature measurements
Authors: Yang Lei , Wang Fei , Adamson Josiah , Liu Kehai , Wu Zhanjun , Tan Li , Zhou Qin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A passive and wireless sensor based on LC resonator for ultra-high temperature measurement was designed and fabricated. The sensor consisted of a molybdenum split-ring resonator (SRR) encapsulated by an alumina ceramic matrix. The alumina ceramic matrix served as not only a dielectric material for sensing the temperature variation, but also a protective material for the SRR. The SRR was made of molybdenum by chemical etching, while the alumina ceramic shield was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Small amount of MgO was doped into alumina powder to assist the sintering of a fully dense ceramic, preventing the molybdenum ring from high-temperature oxidation. A high temperature measurement system was built to investigate the performance of the fabricated sensor. The temperature measurement ability of the sensor was verified up to 1200 °C, with high sensitivity and good temperature resolution.
Activating Lipase Enzyme in the Candlenut Seed to Produce Fatty Acid Directly from Candlenut Seed
Authors: Tambun R , Tambun J O A , Tarigan I A A , Sidabutar D H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Candlenut seed contains a minimum of 60% of oil. Candlenut oil in the seeds can be used to turn it into oleochemicals such as paint, varnish, soap, medicines, cosmetics, and fuel. This study aims to produce fatty acids directly from the Candlenut by activating the lipase enzyme found in Candlenut. This study is done by varying the immersion time, the addition of water and stirring. The method of this research is by manually breaking the Candlenut, then blended with water and soaked with a certain time variation at temperatures of 30 °C and 35 °C. During the immersion, a pH test is carried out to determine the reaction pH. The Candlenut oil produced is tested for free fatty acid content according to AOCS Official Method Ca 5a-40, and then the composition of fatty acid is determined by using gas chromatography. From this study, it can be concluded that the lipase enzyme in candlenut can be activated directly to produce fatty acids. The highest fatty acid content in this study is 9.5%, achieved at a reaction time of 24 hours by stirring and adding 40% of water.
Design and analysis of heat exchanger (evaporator) type of staggered tube cross-flow as modified evaporator AC-Split
Authors: Napitupulu F H , Fellix  , Sihombing H V 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study aims to make and analysis a tube group type evaporator design alternately with crossing flow as a result of modification of split PK 1 evaporator AC and to evaporate the working fluid, namely R-22, to environmental so that it also simultaneously cools the room. The evaporator designed has a length of 26 cm, a width of 16 cm and a height of 84.2 cm, with a tube diameter of 6.35 mm, a tube length of 58 cm and as many as 25 passes, consisting of 5 rows and 5 columns with alternating positions, distance between tubes 15 mm vertically and horizontally. With this design, the evaporator reduce the temperature air inlet of 0.08.
Profile of fluid balance in the first 48 hours and duration of mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care unit
Authors: andriamuri P L , aridamurian D L 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMechanical ventilation is the highest respiratory support in critical condition. The study showed that 64% children need mechanical ventilation at least 24 hours. Prolonged mechanical ventilation can increase mortality and morbidity rate. The most common complication that happened from prolonged mechanical ventilation is ventilator-associated lung injury and ventilator-associated pneumonia. To lessened the risk of complications, one of the solutions was decreased the duration of mechanical ventilation. Factors that have been proposed to correlate with the duration of mechanical ventilation was a fluid balance. Study shows that positive fluid balance correlates with decreased oxygenation, prolonged mechanical ventilation, longer hospital length of stay and mortality of children. This is a prospective observational study in children 1 month to 18 years old who admitted to PICU Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. We conducted this study to show the profile of fluid balance and duration of mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit. Fluid balance is a routine procedure in PICU, so it is expected that information on fluid balance and duration of mechanical ventilation can be used for further adjustment to improve the outcome in the intensive care unit.
Spatial distribution of landslide vulnerability level in Dairi District, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia
Authors: Thoha A S , Sundari D , Patana P , Sulistiyono N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Forest damage has had a real impact in increasing the level of disaster risk, especially landslides. The real impact of landslides, especially in the Dairi District, North Sumatera Province, is physical, social, economic, and environmental losses that are felt directly by the community near the disaster location. This study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of landslide-prone areas in the Dairi District. The determination of the distribution of landslide-vulnerability level areas used spatial modeling with the Storie Index method with several variables, which were rainfall, slope, soil type, and land cover type. The distribution of landslide-prone areas was mostly at very low - low levels with the percentage of the area reaching almost 60% of the area of the Dairi District. The areas that occupy high - very high landslide-vulnerable levels with the largest area were in three sub-districts, which were Tanah Pinem, Sumbul, and Parbuluan. The landslide areas were generally located on shrubs and grassland and on steep slopes. Various parties need to improve unmanaged land to productive land by land rehabilitation and agroforestry system.
The Synthesis of Superabsorbent Polymer from Carboxymethyl Selulose, Aluminum Sulfate and Oxidized Bread Fruit Starch
Authors: Nasution D Y , Marpongahtun  , Muthawali D I 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers (CMC-Al-BSM) were synthesized from aqueous solutions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), aluminum sulfateoctadecahydrate (Al) and oxidized bread fruit starch (BSM). BSM is obtained by oxidizing the starch (BS) with2% hydrogen peroxide solution. CMC-Al-BSM was preparedby mixing 100 mL of 2% Na-CMC solution and 50 mL of 2% BSM solution, stirring with a magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 800C and then adding 0.01 g of aluminum sulphate and stirring for 30 minutes. The mixture formed is poured onto Teflon and dried at 70 ° C until the film is formed and then the film formed is made as a powder. The same experiment was carried out with variations in the weight of aluminum sulfate 0.03 and 0.06 g. BS and BSM are characterized by measuring the carboxyl group content, recording the FTIR spectrum and morphological analysis with SEM. CMC-Al-BSM is characterized by measuring WAC by tea bag method, surface morphology with SEM and Tg with DSC. Based on the calculation, the carboxyl group content of BSM that obtained is 0,09 % and SEM Photograph shows that the BSM particle size is smaller than the BS particle size. The optimum water absorption capacity of SAP is obtained at CMC-Al3-BSM which reaches 8330% (in 1.0 g dry weight of CMC-Al3-BSM can absorb 83.3 g of water). SEM photograph also shows that the surface morphology of CMC-Al3-BSM is more homogeneous and smooth than other SAP compositions and from DSC analysis it can be concluded that CMC-Al3-BSM is a miscible mixture
Synthesis of Dual Modification Breadfruit Starch (Artocarpuscommunis) with Hydroxypropylation and Cross-Link
Authors: Zuhra CF , Ginting M , Az-zahra WF 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The use of starch is currently very widespread in the food and non-food industries, but this is not supported by the natural starches which have weaknesses in their application so that modification of natural starch is needed. Dual modification of starch by hydroxypropylation and crosslingking is expected to be a solution to overcome the weaknesses of the nature starches, especially in foof sectore. Dual modification starch is synthesized by reacting breadfruit stach with the addition of 12% propylene oxide and STMP : STPP (1:4; 2:5; and 3:6). From the results of tests that have been carried out on IR spectroscopy testing are marked POC vibrations appear in the region of the wave number 1050-995 cm−1and vibration P=O or P-O bonding in the area of 1149-1157 cm−1. The degree of substitutions obtained ranged 0.18 – 0.30. Dual modification starch has a gelatinization temperature (81.16 – 82.32°C), peak viscosity (4750 – 8000cP), setback viscosity (1090 – 2583cP), and breakdown viscosity (620 – 1090cP). The result dual modification of breadfruit starch has stable properties when heating and stirring.
Probably occurrence of epoxy polyprenol and epoxy dolichol in Sonneratiaalbaand S. caseolarisold leaves of mangrove plants
Authors: Basyuni M , Siregar A M , Ritonga K A , Sagami H , Ohya N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mangrove plants are known to produce secondary metabolites including isoprenoid and long chain polyisoprenoid. SonneratiaalbaandS. caseolaris, are true mangroves that contain alkane (C25-C33), triterpenoid, phytosterol, dolichol, polyprenol, and polyprenyl acetone. Here we reported new compounds of probably epoxy polyprenol and epoxy dolichol from S. albaandS. caseolarisold leaves using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D-TLC). In the S. albaold leaves, having the occurrence of polyprenol, dolichol, epoxy polyprenol, and epoxy dolichol with a dominating pattern of polyprenol. A similar result obtained in the S. caseolarisold leaves, displaying the presence of polyprenol, dolichol, epoxy polyprenol, and epoxy dolichol with a dominating carbon chain length of dolichol. By contrast, no epoxy polyprenol or epoxy dolichol were detected in S. alba, and S. caseolarisleaves. The present study indicated a new type of polyisoprenoid distribution and further investigation is needed to clarify the chemical structure of this newcompound.
Leaf Morphology and Ontogeny Kembang Semangkok (Scaphium Macropodum) From Gunung Leuser National Park (TNGL)-North Sumatra
Authors: Susilowati A , Elfiati D , Batu S A L , Rachmat H H , Ginting I M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Scaphium macropodum or malvanut or locally known as Kembang semangkok was member of Sterculiacease those well adapted under closed canopy stratum. The species was targeted for illegal logger due to its valuable seed that has many benefits for medicinal purposes and the wood for building and construction. This extraction causing Kembang semangkok classified at least concern according to IUCN redlist. Lack information on the existence and morphology on Kembang semangkok in North Sumatra, causing confusing identification in the field. Therefore, our research was conducted to identify leaf morphology and assumed ontogeny of Kembang semangkok originated from Gunung Leuser National Park. The research was conducted through survey method on 9 (nine) plot of Kembang semangkok. Observation and measurement for morphology were carry out on leaf organ those were leaf shape, leaf arrangement, leaf composition, leaf margin, leaf base, leaf blade and leaf apex. Our research showed that ontogenic change was found in Kembang semangkok due to their respond to survival and plant growth. The changes can be identified by leaf shape from entire (under 50 cm height) into palmed-parted leaf (taller than 50 cm) and returned onto entire after 12 m height.
Studies on decreasing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Phosphate on laundry wastewater using anaerobic and phytoremediation with algae plants (Hydrillaverticillata)
Authors: Herlina N , Sani D A , Pane F A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In reducing the pollutant load contained in laundry wastewater such as COD and phosphate levels can be processed through anaerobic process and will be followed by phytoremediation methods. The purpose of this study is to reduce levels of COD and phosphate in laundry wastewater. This research was conducted in a laboratory scale with variations in plant mass. One type of aquatic plants that has the potential in phytoremediation waste management is algae (Hydrillaverticillata). The initial step in this research was carried out the seeding stage in anaerobic reactors with the aim of breeding bacteria with a suspended culture method which was marked by a decrease in COD with +10% fluctuations. Followed by the running stage in the anaerobic reactor until the reduction in COD ≥60% then, the stage of neutralization and acclimatization of plants with the aim of removing impurities in plants and adaptation of plants with microorganisms in wastewater. The last stage is the running stage of the phytoremediation process which is carried out by observing the value of COD and Phosphate in wastewater with variations in plant mass of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 grams in each reactor with contact time treatment for 7 days. Based on the analysis of COD parameters for each plant after anaerobic and phytoremediation processes on the last day the average efficiency of COD removal at 50 grams of plant mass is 86.34%, 100 gram plant mass of 81.81%, plant mass of 150 grams of 85.21%, 200 gram plant mass of 90.87% and 250 gram plant mass of 87.47% while the results of the analysis of Phosphate COD parameters for each plant the average removal efficiency of Phosphate in 50 gram plant mass is -25 %, 100 gram plant mass of -298.81%, 150 gram plant mass of -417.86%, 200 gram plant mass of -501.19% and 250 gram plant mass of -462.5%.