bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Policy and Long-Term Trends in Inequality in Rural China
Authors: Hoken Hisatoshi , Sato Hiroshi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines long-term changes in rural household incomes, inequality, and poverty in China from the late 1980s to 2013, with a focus on changes in public policy and the structure of rural incomes from 2007 to 2013. Implementation of pro-rural (huinong) policies during the first decade of the 2000s marked a historic shift in public policy, which previously was heavily biased toward the urban areas. Rural income growth accelerated between 2007 and 2013 mainly because of an upsurge of wage earnings, asset income, and imputed rent from owner-occupied housing. The share of agricultural income in total income fell to a historic low. These shifts contributed to the increase in rural income inequality from 2007 to 2013. During this period rural poverty continued to decline. The implementation of pro-rural public policies after 2000 led to small but significant improvements in the redistributive impact of public transfers.
A “Problem with No Name”
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of violence against women in politics and considers why violence against women in politics has remained hidden for so long. Testimonies from politically active women point to four reasons. Some women normalize violence as part of the political game and thus simply do not perceive it as a “problem” (a cognitive gap). Others recognize that violence is not an acceptable cost of political engagement, but nonetheless remain quiet to protect their political careers and/or their political parties (a political gap), or to avoid scorn or blame from others for purportedly bringing the abuse upon themselves (a receptivity gap). A final group would speak out but feels there is no one to tell or no adequate language to describe their experiences (a resources gap). The chapter concludes with an overview of the volume.
An Expanded Vision
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 notes that the concept of violence against women in politics—as it has emerged—has largely been restricted to actions perpetrated against women in elections and/or within formal political institutions. During this same period, however, parallel campaigns have emerged to draw attention to violence committed against women human rights defenders and against female journalists. Observing that these efforts take up highly similar issues concerning violence as a barrier to women’s participation in the political field, the chapter advocates joining these various streams to forge a more comprehensive concept of violence against women in politics, underscoring continuities across challenges faced by politically active women of all types.
International Recognition
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 traces how the discussions outlined in previous chapters have become embedded in a growing number of international normative frameworks. The architecture surrounding the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has provided one entry point. The CEDAW Committee raised the issue in a number of country reviews and issued several General Recommendations alluding to violence in the political sphere. A second pathway has been via the mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, who issued two reports on this topic in 2018. A third involves UN General Assembly resolutions, including a recent resolution identifying sexual harassment as a form of violence against women referencing violence in politics. The new International Labor Organization Convention Concerning the Elimination of Violence and Harassment in the World of Work serves as a fourth venue, filling important gaps related to sexual and online harassment in political spaces.
Sexual Violence
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 14 provides an overview of sexual forms of violence against women in politics. Sexual violence comprises a host of unwanted behaviors targeting a person’s sexuality and sexual characteristics, ranging from non-consensual physical contact to unwelcome verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Whether involving a single incident or a pattern of behavior, sexual violence violates human dignity, communicating a message of domination and disrespect. Employed to display, gain, or maintain power, sexual violence can also create a hostile work environment, interrupting and potentially undermining women’s labors and contributions. Recent interventions around the world, especially in the wake of the #MeToo movement, seek to deepen emerging understandings that sexual violence is pervasive but unacceptable in the political realm by working to raise awareness, pursue sanctions, and devise preventative measures to expose and combat sexual violence in its various forms.
Attitudes
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Probabilities and utilities of possible outcomes yield the expected utilities of the acts an agent considers in a decision problem. This chapter introduces probability and utility as the book’s decision principles understand these functions. It has them attach to propositions that declarative sentences express, and it takes their values to represent the strengths of attitudes—strengths of doxastic attitudes in the case of probabilities and strengths of conative attitudes in the case of utilities. Desires and aversions, typical conative attitudes, may have narrow or wide evaluative scope. Intrinsic desires have narrow scope, and extrinsic desires have wide scope. Utility assignments may, correspondingly, have narrow or wide scope. The intrinsic utility of a risk evaluates the risk taken by itself, whereas the extrinsic or comprehensive utility of the risk evaluates all that accompanies the risk. Methods of measurement apply to these types of probability and utility, as the appendix demonstrates.
Rational Management of Risks
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The literature on expected utility formulates in two ways the principle to maximize expected utility. One version of the principle requires choices that literally maximize expected utility. The other version requires choices that are “as if” maximizing expected utility. The first principle is substantive and applies to a single choice. The second principle is representational and applies to a set of choices; it requires only a type of consistency among choices and is weaker than the first, substantive principle. The justification of the substantive version of the principle is that following it amounts to following preferences among the options in a decision problem. The justification takes an option’s risk as a consequence of the option’s realization. Making this move yields a simple decision principle, using evaluations of options that do not add weights to the probabilities or the utilities of an option’s possible outcomes.
Advice about Decisions
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Professionals, such as financial planners, may advise their clients or, with authorization, make decisions for their clients. A typical goal is an act that the client may perform if rational and informed. Mean-risk evaluation of acts assists a professional with this goal. Using it, a professional may evaluate an act by calculating for the client an informed attitude to the act’s risk and an informed attitude to the act’s consequences ignoring the act’s risk. In special cases, nonquantitative analogues of mean-risk evaluation apply. The method’s separation of probability assignments by a professional and utility assignments by a client does not create a separation of fact and value that neglects inductive risk.
Chuk Mor
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the transnational life and career of Chuk Mor during the second half of the twentieth century. The chapter argues that Chuk Mor redefined the basis of “being Buddhist” in Malaysia by drawing on Taixu’s modernist ideas of Human Life Buddhism. As this chapter demonstrates, migratory circulations expanded, corrected, and modified understandings of Buddhist modernism and significantly transformed the religious landscape in postcolonial Malaysia. Chuk Mor encouraged intrareligious conversion by advocating a Malaysian Chinese Buddhist identity that emphasized this-worldly practice of Buddhism, promoted a vision of Buddhist orthodoxy (zhengxin fojiao), and established new Buddhist spaces for the promotion of religious education. By examining the Malaysian context with the idea of South China Sea Buddhism in mind, this chapter highlights the connected history of Buddhist communities in China and maritime Southeast Asia.
Unconditional
Authors: Gallicchio Marc 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Signed on September 2, 1945, by Japanese and Allied leaders, the instrument of surrender formally ended the war in the Pacific and brought to a close one of the most cataclysmic engagements in history. VJ (Victory over Japan) Day had taken place about two weeks earlier, in the wake of atomic bombs being dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet Union’s entrance into the war. In the end, the surrender itself fulfilled FDR’s commitment that it be “unconditional.” Though readily accepted as war policy at the time, after Roosevelt’s death in April 1945, popular support for unconditional surrender wavered, particularly when the bloody campaigns on Iwo Jima and Okinawa made clear the cost of military victory against Japan. The war’s end in Europe spurred calls in Congress, particularly among anti-New Deal Republicans, to shift the American economy to peacetime and bring home troops. Even after the atomic bombs had been dropped, Japan continued to seek a negotiated surrender, further complicating the debate. Though this was the last time Americans would impose surrender unconditionally, questions surrounding it continued at home through the 1950s and 1960s, when liberal and conservative views reversed, and particularly in Vietnam and the definition of “peace with honor.” It remained controversial through the ceremonies surrounding the fiftieth anniversary and the Gulf War, when the subject revived. This book describes the surrender in its historical moment, revealing how and why the event unfolded as it did and the principal figures behind it
“Power Is Sweet”
Authors: Pinckney Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the second of three case studies of civil resistance transitions (CRTs) and the impact of the challenges of mobilization and maximalism in CRTs. The case examined is the transition in Zambia following the Movement for Multiparty Democracy’s campaign against Zambia’s one-party authoritarian regime. The case study finds that low levels of mobilization during the transition led to a lack of accountability for new leaders, facilitating an increase in corruption and derailing Zambia’s move to democracy. Instead the regime that has been consolidated over time is an elite semi-democracy, in which elites dominate the politics for their own benefit and ordinary people have little impact on political outcomes.
Mobilization and Moderation in Brazil
Authors: Pinckney Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the third and final case study of civil resistance transitions (CRTs) and the impact of the challenges of mobilization and maximalism in CRTs. The case examined is the transition to democracy in Brazil in the 1980s following the Diretas Ja campaign against Brazil’s military dictatorship. The case study finds that high levels of social and political mobilization, combined with low levels of maximalism, facilitated a successful transition to democracy in Brazil. Civil society groups that fought against the military dictatorship continued their activism during the transition, pushing for progressive constitutional protections and fighting against corruption. The result is a robust, though imperfect democratic regime.
Nietzsche's Values
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The book gives a uniquely comprehensive philosophical analysis of Nietzsche’s thinking. It shows how this thinking has its unifying focus on values: both the past and prevailing values that his psychologies and genealogies explain and the new values that he himself creates and defends. It maps, in detail, the argumentative structure of his thinking as it bears on this central topic. It argues that his ultimate ambition is to show how we can incorporate the truth about values into our own valuing—and that he is therefore more deeply committed to truth than often supposed. The book’s chapters examine twelve key concepts, each at the heart of a network of problems and ideas. A first group of concepts (value, life, drives, affects) treats the bodily valuing he attributes to our drives and affects; a second group (human, words, nihilism, freedom) treats the valuing we carry out in our deeply flawed conception of ourselves as moral agents; the third group (the Yes, self, creating, Dionysus) projects the values he offers as the lesson of his critiques—values centered on a universal affirmation expressed in the idea of eternal return. Each chapter organizes the rich complexity of Nietzsche’s thought on its topic and works to resolve contradictions, often by showing how he treats the concepts and problems as historical. The book synthesizes these detailed analyses into a systematic picture of his thought.
Dionysus
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The twelfth chapter treats the religious dimension of Nietzsche’s values, expressed in his ideas of Dionysus and eternal return. It might have seemed that he wants to replace gods with the superhuman or Übermensch. He attacks belief in gods as false and as spoiling our relation to values: we view them as commanded by gods, whereas our task is to make them for ourselves. Nevertheless Nietzsche still has use and need for gods and for religion more broadly. The universal Yes amounts to a “sanctification” of the world, demanding a strong affective response that is the positive core of religion that he wants to save. Its disadvantages for belief and will are outweighed by its support for a special feeling that is crucial to his new values. His evocations of Dionysus play this role, as does his thought of eternal return. We conclude with this most evocative of Nietzsche’s ideas.
Family and Early Life
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of Blake’s childhood in Baltimore. It relates his family lineage and his father’s life as a slave, and the life of the Blake family in Somerset County, Maryland. It highlights his father’s work as a stevedore, beginning in the Civil War period, on Baltimore’s docks. This chapter also discusses the upbringing of his strict and religious mother, beginning with her life in an orphanage. Eubie’s first encounters with racism are described, particularly as he was taunted by neighboring white children as he made his way to school. It also describes Eubie’s early interest in and talent for music; his early keyboard training by a neighboring woman and his first attempts to create his own music. The chapter also discusses his first professional work playing at Aggie Shelton’s bawdy house.
Blake Meets Sissle
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes Eubie’s first meeting with Noble Sissle; Sissle’s early life and training; Sissle and Blake’s initial song writing; and their efforts at pitching their song “It’s All Your Fault” to singer Sophie Tucker, who made it a local success. The chapter also discusses Eubie’s travel to New York to join Sissle as assistant to James Reese Europe; his work leading Europe’s band to entertain New York’s society at dinners and parties; and the racism he encountered while performing. Furthermore, the chapter explores the recording of “Charleston Rag”; the outbreak of World War I and Eubie’s lack of desire to serve abroad; the good treatment of black musicians in France as opposed to what they encountered at home; and the death of Europe and its impact on Sissle and Blake.
Shuffle Along
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter relates the story of Shuffle Along, the first all-black musical to achieve success with a white audience on Broadway; the history of previous attempts to stage African American written and performed shows on Broadway; the initial writing of the book and songs; and the search for a producer willing to mount it on Broadway. Then the chapter discusses the pre-Broadway tryouts; difficulties on the road; the initial reception on the road and on its premiere in New York; concerns about presenting a love story between a black man and woman in a non-comic way; and key cast members, including Lottie Gee, Gertrude Saunders, Florence Mills, and Paul Robeson.
Hard Times
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Eubie’s collaboration with Andy Razaf for the score of Lew Leslie’s Blackbirds of 1930; difficulties of working with Leslie; the show’s poor reception and short run on Broadway; the success of Blake and Razaf’s song, “Memories of You,” and its recording by Ethel Waters and Louis Armstrong; and the show’s troubled life on the road. The chapter further discusses Eubie’s return to working with Fanchon and Marco; Eubie’s breakup with Lottie Gee; his attempts to land work recording and on the radio; the formation of his own big band; the band’s recordings for the small Crown label; and Eubie’s difficulties dealing with his band members. Then the chapter examines Eubie’s appearance in the short film, Pie, Pie, Blackbird, with Nina Mae McKinney and the Nicholas Brothers; his breakup with Broadway Jones; Noble Sissle’s return to the United States and his reunion with Blake; the creation of Shuffle Along of 1933, with a new plot and new songs; and how Eubie briefly worked for W.C. Handy’s publishing company and published a few new songs and instrumentals with Handy.
Government Worker
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Eubie’s employment by the WPA as a composer for the Federal Theatre Project’s variety shows. The chapter also explores Eubie’s partnership with new lyricist, Milton Reddie; Reddie and Blake’s work on the show, Swing It; the show’s reception on Broadway; Reddie and Blake’s attempts to interest black bandleaders in the work of black songwriters; their formation of an association to promote black songwriters’ work; and their formation of a song-writing service for would-be popular-song tunesmiths. The chapter also examine how, inspired by the success of Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue, Blake wrote a few piano works that wed a classical harmonic approach to his own syncopated melodies; the illness and subsequent death of Blake’s wife Avis, and its impact on him; Blake’s reunion with Andy Razaf to compose the revue Tan Manhattan, and their attempts to have it performed; Blake’s hiring by the USO to tour American camps; difficulties on the road touring the South; and his first meeting with Marion Gant Tyler, who would become his second wife.
After the War
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter opens with background on Eubie’s second wife’s family and their courtship. After World War II, Eubie formed partnerships with several new lyricists. Among them was Ernie Ford, a newspaper advertising executive from Houston, Texas. The chapter also looks at the return of Milton Reddie to New York and Reddie and Blake’s work on the show Cleo Steps Out, which was never produced; Sissle’s continuing interest in reviving Shuffle Along on Broadway; the unexpected success of the song “I’m Just Wild about Harry” when it was adopted as Harry Truman’s campaign song; and their attempts to find a producer/backer, ultimately finding Irving Gaumont, a minor Broadway figure, who was willing to stage the show. The chapter further explores Gaumont’s decision to bring in play doctors and new songwriters to help modernize the show; Shuffle Along of 1952’s disastrous premier on Broadway; Flournoy Miller’s and Sissle’s anger at the way the show was produced and their breakup as partners for future shows.
The Legal Enforcement of Integrity
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTalk of “integrity” is ubiquitous in law and legal discourse: Protecting the integrity of our political system has been cited as a basis for anti-corruption laws; preserving the integrity of the legal profession as a principle underlying the rules of lawyer ethics; ensuring integrity in policing and in the wider criminal justice system as a justification for excluding evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution; and protecting bodily integrity as a potential goal for the law of rape and sexual assault. This chapter examines what integrity means in each of these contexts, what these uses have in common, and whether thinking about these various rules and doctrines in terms of integrity rather than other moral concepts leads to any practical difference in outcome. It also asks what the examination of integrity in the law can tell us about the concept of integrity in other contexts.
The Virtue of Honesty
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , West Ryan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Honesty is two-handed: it encompasses both truthfulness and parts of justice, not as a haphazard assemblage, but more like two hands mutually coordinated—different, but essential to each other’s function. Honesty as truthfulness is more than a disposition to tell the truth; it is also a disposition to face and seek the truth, and essentially involves a circumspect concern for and sensitivity to the values of truth in the context of human life. Honesty as justice, too, is a propensity to both actions and emotions, consisting in an intelligent concern that justice be done (i.e., that people get what’s coming to them) in the areas of justice having to do with keeping agreements, complying with rules, and respecting others’ property. Given the many available motives for dishonesty, honesty is reliable only when it partners with other virtues like compassion, humility, self-control, and conscientiousness.
Becoming Honest
Authors: Porter Steven L. , Baehr Jason 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While there is more to being honest than not lying, becoming the sort of person who does not lie unjustifiably is essential to becoming an honest person. This paper will provide an account of the underlying psychology of a certain kind of lie: namely, morally unjustified lies we tell due to a perceived benefit to ourselves. The proposal is that such lies naturally spring from a personal orientation to the world that centers on self-protection, self-preservation, and self-enhancement. This analysis suggests that a way to refrain from lying is to engage in a relationally connected way of life that brings about an alternative orientation to the world in which one’s protection, preservation, and reputation are secure apart from lying. An aspect of this new orientation will be the emerging willingness to relinquish control over the perceived disadvantages of honesty. So, on this view, lying (and other forms of dishonesty) is largely unnecessary when the perceived disadvantages are no longer viewed as a threat to one’s secure standing in the world.