bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting State Socialist Approaches to International Criminal and Humanitarian Law: An Introduction
Authors: Grosescu Raluca , Richardson-Little Ned 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This introductory essay provides an overview of the scholarship on state socialist engagements with international criminal and humanitarian law, arguing for a closer scrutiny of the socialist world’s role in shaping these fields of law. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the historiography on post-1945 international law-making has been generally dominated by a post-1989 sense of Western triumphalism over socialism, where the Soviet Union and its allies have been presented as obstructionists of liberal progress. A wave of neo-Marxist scholarship has more recently sought to recover socialist legal contributions to international law, without however fully addressing them in the context of Cold War political conflict and of gross human rights violations committed within the Socialist Bloc. In contrast, this collection provides a balanced understanding of the socialist engagements with international criminal and humanitarian law, looking at the realpolitik agendas of state socialist countries while acknowledging their progressive contributions to the post-war international legal order.
From Swords to Words: the Intersection of Geopolitics and Law, and the Subtle Expansion of International Law in the Consolidation of the Independence of the Latin American Republics
Authors: Carrillo-Santarelli Nicolas , Olarte-Bácares Carolina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Looking at successive chronological stages in the development from the de facto independence of former Spanish colonies towards their first timid recognition by the United Kingdom and their later full acceptance as states by the Spanish monarchy, this article examines several factors that indicate that pragmatism, motivated by political and economic reasons, was the defining element that persuaded different European powers to grant recognition to the nascent States in a historical era in which such recognition was essential for statehood. Those Latin American Republics likewise benefited from British recognition and the later definitive recognition of Spain and other European powers, bending the limits of the law then existing with dynamics based on the principle of effectiveness coupled with certain legitimacy considerations, which have been present throughout history, including the present.
The Impasse of Human Rights: a Note on Human Rights, Natural Rights and Continuities in International Law
Authors: García-Salmones Rovira Mónica 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies on the nature of human rights have reached an impasse largely due to a general resistance to engage with the continuity of ideas and theories drawn from religion, morality and ethics in the history of international law. With the impasse of human rights, the article refers to an epistemological deadlock about what human rights are. Studying the concept of natural rights, it is argued, offers a means of breaking this impasse and, ultimately, easing the current tension between historicism and essentialism in human rights theory. The article concludes that natural rights were means to decide the moral questions posed by the violent redistribution of (material) goods taken to be common by the theoreticians of the expanding European empires. Probing in this manner into natural rights’ early uses and embedded theories gives us new tools and fresh approaches to be employed in relation to the challenges posed by contemporary global politics.
Divide and Then Preside: the Dilemma of the First Asian President of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Age of Empires: a Review Essay on Yanagihara Masaharu and Shinohara Hatsue Eds, Adachi Mineichirō (2017)
Authors: Akami Tomoko 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adachi Mineichirō was the first non-European and the first Asian President of the Permanent Court of International Justice (1931–1934). This review article introduces the first substantial study of Adachi, focusing on his path of ‘becoming’ one of a few leading international jurists with non-Euro-American backgrounds in his period. This review essay demonstrates that by examining this Japanese diplomat and jurist, the book, written in Japanese, contributes to the debates on the history of international law in two significant ways. First, it reveals the fundamental issues in the development of the international judicial system, namely the nature of international jurists, empires and the principle of the equality of national sovereignty, and the significance of the roles of non-Euro-American actors in shaping the system. Secondly, it demonstrates the necessity of the inter-disciplinary collaboration between international law, international history and specific regional and national history, as well as methodological challenges in evaluating the historical development of the system.
La conception des devoirs du négociateur en Nouvelle-France: Héritage métropolitain ou cas particulier?
Authors: Bairoch de Sainte-Marie Alice 
Published: August 2020

Résumé
Le dix-septième siècle voit l’émergence de nouveaux modes de négociation ainsi que la naissance de théories sur la diplomatie. On assiste à la parution de plusieurs ouvrages sur le sujet tels que L’ambassadeur de Jean Hotman et De la manière de négocier avec les souverains de François de Callières. C’est également l’époque où la France débute la fondation de colonies dans le Nouveau Monde et, en particulier, en Amérique du Nord. Dans cette région aussi, de nouvelles formes de négociations apparaissent lors des contacts entre les envoyés du roi de France et les tribus amérindiennes, axées sur l’échange et le dialogue, la découverte de l’autre et de sa culture.
Dans cet article, nous allons chercher à savoir si les autorités coloniales s’inspirent des principes de diplomatie européenne lors de la négociation de traités avec les Amérindiens. Pour ce faire, nous nous pencherons sur les deux ouvrages susmentionnés, sur la correspondance entre le ministre de la marine et les colonies françaises ainsi que sur les écrits d’auteurs, voyageurs et explorateurs des dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles.
Peace Talks and Valid Spokespersons: Explaining the Onset of Negotiations in Southern Thailand
Authors: Engvall Anders , Svensson Isak 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There have been several attempts to find negotiated solutions to the armed conflicts in Southern Thailand. Yet, these attempts of accommodation and mediated peace negotiations were aborted without any concrete results, with the exception of a formal peace process being officially launched in 2013. What explains the readiness of the parties to the conflict to enter negotiations at this stage, but not at earlier attempts? We argue that the political context can help to explain why some negotiation attempts result in negotiations, whereas others do not. We analyze the factors behind the readiness of the two sides – the Thai state and the Patani separatist insurgency – to sit down for official peace negotiations, focusing on the presence of valid spokespersons, which is an understudied element of ‘ripeness’. This case demonstrates that the problem of finding valid spokespersons may be an obstacle for peace processes especially in religiously defined conflicts.
Science Diplomacy and Soviet-American Academic and Technical Exchanges
Authors: Krasnyak Olga 
Published: August 2020

Summary
The 1958 Lacy-Zarubin agreement on cultural, educational and scientific exchanges marked decades of people-to-people exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union. Despite the Cold War tensions and mutually propagated adversarial images, the exchanges had never been interrupted and remained unbroken until the Soviet Union dissolved. This essay argues that due to the 1958 general agreement and a number of co-operative agreements that had the status of treaties and international acts issued under the authority of the US State Department and the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the exchanges could not proceed without diplomatic supervision. This peculiarity puts academic and technical exchanges specifically into the framework of science diplomacy, which is considered a diplomatic tool for implementing a nation state’s foreign policy goals determined by political power.
Adapting Economic Diplomacy to the E-commerce Era
Authors: Zemanová Štěpánka 
Published: August 2020

Summary
During the past decade, the ongoing progress of digitalisation has triggered so rapid a spread of cross-border e-commerce that it has required the responses of governments in their domestic and foreign policies. This article focuses on the related developments in economic diplomacy, almost neglected in the existing research. It attempts to highlight a growing need for state engagement and to trace the related shifts in the activities of governments and diplomatic representations. Drawing on the concepts of the economic diplomacy cycle and the economic diplomacy process, the newly emerging practices of countries leading in e-commerce and digitalisation are analysed. The analysis shows that the concurrence of rapid globalisation and slow international regulation has been creating favourable conditions for the upswing in e-commerce-related diplomacies. A new complex branch of economic diplomacy has been emerging, based on the adaptation of traditional economic diplomacy patterns but bringing also far-reaching change and innovation.
Reflections on the Past, Present, and Future of IUU Fishing under International Law
Authors: Oral Nilufer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The present brief contribution reflects on the evolution of IUU fishing, its current status, and possible future pathways to prevent, deter, and eliminate this practice. IUU fishing not only presents a question of management and conservation, but also entails serious human rights and transnational crime components. From these perspectives, this paper concludes that IUU fishing must be addressed through a multi-regime and multi-institutional process requiring the involvement of many stakeholders, including non-State actors. In particular, the effective settlement of IUU fishing disputes requires enhancing the role of international courts and tribunals as part of this process.
Why Are Some Flag States Unable or Unwilling to Address IUU Fishing?
Authors: de Coning Eve 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article is based on an analysis carried out by a group of experts from the North Atlantic Fisheries Intelligence Group into the flagging pattern of IUU fishing vessels. The article argues that the inability and unwillingness of some flag states to exercise due diligence to ensure that vessels on their register do not engage in IUU fishing may be explained by reference to the market demand and supply of ship registers that provide shipowners with favourable conditions to limit costs and mitigate risks. Some of these ship registers are established and managed by foreign private companies on commercial outsourcing contracts on behalf of economically vulnerable governments, and some of these governments may as a result lack the knowledge, expertise and resources to effectively address IUU fishing of vessels flying their flag.
Independent, Compulsory, and Centralized Verification of States’ Obligations in Fisheries: Can the IMO Audit Scheme for Shipping Law Be Used as an Example to Follow?
Authors: Guggisberg Solène 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Marine fisheries are in crisis. One of the causes of this problem is the inability or unwillingness of some states to abide by the international rules binding them. No comprehensive and compulsory mechanism exists to review states’ compliance with these obligations. This is in stark contrast with the shipping field, where International Maritime Organization (IMO) member states are regularly audited: the respect of their obligations as flag, coastal, and port states is assessed by external and professional auditors through a detailed procedure. Transposing at least some features of the IMO Audit Scheme, such as comprehensiveness, regularity, predictability, and centralization to the review of compliance with fisheries-related obligations would be highly desirable. While there may be challenges ahead – in particular when it comes to a mandatory scheme – there does not appear to be insurmountable issues to developing a comprehensive audit in the fisheries field.
“Neither Eastern nor Western, Iranian”: How the Quest for Self-Sufficiency Helped Shape Iran’s Modern Nationalism
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This essay identifies an historically-enduring Iranian insistence on self-sufficiency—which can be summed up, in a superordinate manner, as the idea that the world needs Iran more than Iran needs the world. Economically, this insistence is reflected in a (rhetorical) quest for self-reliance in production; politically, it tends to be articulated in an instinctive anti-(neo)colonial, often defiant stance vis-à-vis the world; and culturally, it is often expressed as a claim to civilizational grandeur, indeed uniqueness. The origins of this conceit have to be sought in antecedents combining economic perceptions with cultural assumptions that long precede Western imperialism and modern nationalism. These, in turn, are grounded in patterns of thought that reflect specific pre-modern physical and geopolitical conditions which go back to pre-Islamic notions of paradisiacal abundance as much as to economic realities encapsulated by Aristotle’s idea(l) of the self-sufficient household. I also argue that the notion evolved over time even as it retained its moral core. What was an instinctive dismissal of the outside world as dispensable, after 1800 became a self-conscious stance against foreign encroachment, real or imagined. In the course of the twentieth century, a quest for material autarky coupled with an insistence on cultural exceptionalism became an integral part of modern Iranian nationalism.
Samuel Beckett’s Translations of Latin American Poets for UNESCO
Authors: Carrera María José 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Samuel Beckett’s self-avowed slight acquaintance with the Spanish language did not prevent him from tackling the translation of a poem by the Chilean Gabriela Mistral, as well as a whole anthology of Mexican poetry. Little attention has been paid to this sideline in Beckett’s career. This paper contextualizes Beckett’s involvement in these two UNESCO projects and shows, with recourse to his translation manuscripts, the intensity of the author’s work despite his distaste for these commissions.
“A thing I carry about with me”
Authors: Verhulst Pim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article discusses Sisyphus as a recurrent (philosophical) image in Samuel Beckett’s work. Starting from his prewar reading notes, it moves on to the 1940s and the radio play All That Fall (1956), which is studied in light of Albert Camus’s essays Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942) and L’ Homme révolté (1951). By focussing on how the radio play deals with the absurd, revolt, suicide and murder, the article reads All That Fall as one of Beckett’s most critical but overlooked engagements with Camus, merging classical and modern versions of the character Sisyphus.
Writing and Staging Play
Authors: Beloborodova Olga 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The archival turn in Beckett studies has revealed a wealth of material that, despite being discarded or reworked, remains a valuable source of information on Beckett’s modus operandi as a writer. This article examines the genesis of Play from the postcognitive angle of extended cognition, and demonstrates how the author’s mind, contrary to the generally accepted Cartesian internal-external opposition, extends beyond the boundaries of skin and skull and forms a hybrid cognitive system with the emerging text in the drafts. Influenced by a number of other external factors, including the play’s first performances, Play was shaped by an intense and continuous interaction between several environmental elements and can serve therefore as an example of extended cognition in creative writing.
A New Temporality of Religion
Authors: Škof Lenart 
Published: August 2020

In his insightful essay »Prophetic Religion and the Future of Capitalist Civilization« Cornel West fervently addressed a question of our abilities to imagine a more empathetic, more compassionate, and also more hospitable world, in which we could foresee, or perhaps already lay ground for a future community where the word religion would simply mean that we live our lives in the consciousness of our finitude and thus in an existential and cognitive humility. This kind of religion (not far from Dewey’s or Rorty’s ideals) would enable us to see beyond the margins of any narrow-minded religious ideology or any violent incarnation of religion.
Based on these initial thoughts, we first wish to discuss two basic concepts of contemporary political theology – community and vulnerability. We shall argue that we need to offer in contemporary political theology a basic ethico-democratic response, infused with our imaginative capacity for remembrance (Benjamin, Metz) and future hope (West, Dewey, Unger). We will argue with Unger (The Religion of the Future) that we need to live through accepting an enhanced vulnerability, being shared in our democratic (and) religious communities. From this view any loss of human life and its potentials is a sign of a grave injustice, and a catastrophe from an ethical point of view.
Finally, we will propose the so called reverse thesis on religion – namely that today, perhaps, we should first look at religion in its radicalized ethico-political form which only later enables us to think about its various variations and incarnations within different traditions and cultures. We will argue that it is within this newly acquired temporality of religion and its inherent ontologico-political paradox, that it is possible to imagine a future place where recurrent hope for a life is reborn and nurtured within future pluralistic / inclusivistic / democratic / post-Christian communities, based on compassion and shared vulnerability, and not any more on power, or any other form of violence.
From Knowability to Conjecturability
Authors: Chiffi Daniele , Pietarinen Ahti-Veikko 
Published: August 2020

Arguments from knowability have largely been concerned with cases for and against realism, or truth as an epistemic vs. non-epistemic concept. This article proposes bringing Peirce’s pragmaticism, called here ‘action-first’ epistemology, to bear on the issue. It is shown that a notion weaker than knowability, namely conjecturability, is epistemologically a better-suited notion to describe an essential component of scientific inquiry. Moreover, unlike knowability, conjecturability does not suffer from paradoxes. Given fundamental uncertainty that permeates inquiry, knowability and what Peirce took to be ‘perfect knowledge’ lose their appeal in epistemology of science. From the points of view of the logic for pragmatics and the modal translations given in this article, conjecturability and pragmaticism provide an enriched epistemology for scientific practices that can accommodate both epistemic and non-epistemic values.
Relevance, effects and affect
Authors: de Saussure Louis , Wharton Tim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we argue that the successful integration of expressive acts of communication into an inferential theory of pragmatics faces a major challenge. Most post-Gricean pragmatic theories have worked to develop accounts of the interpretive processes at work in the communication of propositions; the challenge, therefore, is how expressive acts be integrated when their content is, as it appears to be, non-propositional. Following previous research (Wharton, 2009), we link the affective effects produced as a result of such acts to descriptive ineffability and procedurality, and argue that they activate experiential heuristics through which they find relevance. Our approach stands at least partially within the development of recent approaches to emotion as evaluative devices (appraisal theory) and we suggest that certain cognitive effects arise in communication thanks to affective effects, which then act as attention attractors and boosters for optimally relevant cognitive effects. We show that, sometimes, affect can win out over the non-affective side of cognition and also that at least some poetic artefacts may activate ‘pure affective effects’, which can be relevant in their own right, i.e. relevant without cognitive effects.
Biblical Hebrew segholates
Authors: Yeverechyahu Hadas , Bat-El Outi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Most studies agree that the input (i.e. the base) of a segholate paradigm in Biblical Hebrew is prosodically CVCC. However, such an input leads to an analysis that does not comply with universal typology of vowel strength, an analysis where vowel alternation not only affects a strong (stressed) position but also triggered by a (weak) epenthetic vowel. In this paper, we provide an alternative analysis, which postulates the surface singular form as the input of the paradigm and eliminates the unnatural nature of the morphophonology of segholates.
Parenthesis in Biblical Hebrew as noncoordinative nonsubordination
Authors: Holmstedt Robert D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Though little attention has been given to parenthesis in BH grammatical studies, various modern language translations make it clear that scholars and translators perceive a great many parenthetical constructions in the Hebrew Bible. Such parentheses are distinguished by modern punctuation conventions, often with curved brackets or commas and sometimes with dashes. And yet, it is often difficult to discern what principle(s) ties together clauses or phrases set off as parenthetical. This essay will situate BH parenthesis within the context of the linguistic study on parenthesis, parentheticals, and the features of nonsubordination versus coordination. The result is the identification an initial set of criteria for distinguishing examples in the text of the Hebrew Bible.
Abishai, Daniel and Hezekiah
Authors: Schoenfeld Aviv 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper analyzes Biblical Hebrew personal names like ʔăḇīšay ‘Abishai’ and dɔ̄niyyēl ‘Daniel’, names that are made of two primary elements that are related to meaningful elements from outside the domain of personal names. I argue that these names are best analyzed as a case of lexical secreted affixation, such that their recurring element is a derivational affix for deriving personal names. Furthermore, I argue that the medial vowel, occurring in the middle of ʔăḇīšay and dɔ̄niyyēl, is an underlying part of the affixes, such that they are /ʔabi-/ and /-iʔel/. An Optimality-theoretic account is given for the allomorphy of the Yahwistic suffix and variable occurrence of the medial vowel. Lastly, I argue that these affixes diachronically originate from blend and clitic group names that were morphologically reanalyzed to include an affix.
The International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG)
Authors: Zamudio González Laura 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A number of the studies on international intergovernmental organizations (IO s) rule out that they are autonomous or capable of self-directing their processes of change. The case of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) makes it possible to see precisely to what degree an IO is autonomous. Through documentary analysis and interviews with the leadership of CICIG, this article shows that the organization adjusted and reinterpreted its mandate as a result of a process of internal and autonomous decisions. This evidence contributes to the debate about the IO s as self-directed actors.