bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active Recharge Burst and Tonic Spinal Cord Stimulation Engage Different Supraspinal Mechanisms: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Peripherally Injured Chronic Neuropathic Rats
Authors: Meuwissen Koen P.V. , van der Toorn Annette , Gu Jianwen Wendy , Zhang Tianhe C. , Dijkhuizen Rick M. , Joosten Elbert A.J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the supraspinal working mechanisms of the burst spinal cord stimulation (SCS) mode, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in chronic neuropathic rats. We hypothesized that active recharge burst SCS would induce a more profound blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal increase in areas associated with cognitive‐emotional aspects of pain, as compared to tonic SCS.MethodsSprague Dawley rats (n = 17) underwent a unilateral partial sciatic nerve ligation, which resulted in chronic neuropathic pain. Quadripolar SCS electrodes were epidurally positioned on top of the dorsal columns at Th13. Isoflurane‐anesthetized (1.5%) rats received either tonic SCS (n = 8) or burst SCS (n = 9) at 66% of motor threshold. BOLD fMRI was conducted before, during, and after SCS using a 9.4‐T horizontal bore scanner.ResultsOverall, both tonic and burst SCS induced a significant increase of BOLD signal levels in areas associated with the location and intensity of pain, and areas associated with cognitive‐emotional aspects of pain. Additionally, burst SCS significantly increased BOLD signal levels in the raphe nuclei, nucleus accumbens, and caudate putamen. Tonic SCS did not induce a significant increase in BOLD signal levels in these areas.ConclusionsIn conclusion, active recharge burst and tonic SCS have different effects on the intensity and localization of SCS‐induced activation responses in the brain. This work demonstrates that active recharge burst is another waveform that can engage brain areas associated with cognitive‐emotional aspects of pain as well as areas associated with location and intensity of pain. Previous studies showing similar engagement used only passive recharge burst.
QTL mapping of male sterility‐related traits in a photoperiod and temperature‐sensitive genic male sterile wheat line BS366
Authors: Yuan Shao‐hua , Bai Jian‐fang , Guo Hao‐yu , Duan Wen‐jing , Liu Zi‐han , Zhang Feng‐ting , Ma Jin‐xiu , Zhao Chang‐ping , Zhang Li‐ping 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe photoperiod/temperature‐sensitive genic male sterile (P/TGMS) character is important for use of heterosis in hybrid wheat. In the present study, the fertility of 172 doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from the cross between a P/TGMS wheat line BS366 and a restorer wheat line Baiyu149 was investigated under both fertile and sterile environments during three cropping seasons. The phenotype was recorded based on the international seed setting rate. A total of 167 SSR and 1,278 SNP markers were used to construct a linkage map, with a total length of 3,748.94 cM and an average marker interval of 2.59 cM. Three QTLs were identified and designated asQF.bhw‐2DS, QF.bhw‐4BSandQF.bhw‐7Al,explaining 6.9%–12.8%, 19.7%–25.6% and 7.2%–8.8% of the phenotypic variances, respectively. These results lay a good basis for application of male sterility‐related molecular markers in improvement of two‐line hybrid wheat breeding system.
Neutrophilic panniculitis arising from hematogenous spread of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Young Trevor K. , Gutierrez Daniel , Meehan Shane A. , Pellett Madan Rebecca , Oza Vikash S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInfectious panniculitis from hematogenous spread is uncommon and usually occurs in immunocompromised patients. Dissemination of gram‐positive organisms to the subcutaneous tissue is rare with only several reports of disseminated panniculitis caused by Streptococcal species. We report a case of an immunocompetent 2‐year‐old boy presenting with diffuse neutrophilic panniculitis arising from methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. This case represents a highly atypical manifestation of severe MRSA infection and serves as a reminder to consider MRSA as a cause of disseminated neutrophilic panniculitis, particularly in high‐risk populations.
Necrosis Depth and Photodynamic Threshold Dose with Redaporfin‐PDT
Authors: Rocha Luis B. , Soares Helder T. , Mendes Maria Inês P. , Cabrita António , Schaberle Fábio A. , Arnaut Luís G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPredicting the extent of necrosis in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is critical to ensure that the whole tumor is treated but vital structures, such as major blood vessels in the vicinity of the tumor, are spared. The models developed for clinical planning rely on empirical parameters that change with the nature of the photosensitizer and the target tissue. This work presents an in vivo study of the necrosis in the livers of rats due to PDT with a bacteriochlorin photosensitizer named redaporfin using both frontal illumination and interstitial illumination. Various doses of light at 750 nm were delivered 15 min postintravenous administration of redaporfin. Sharp boundaries between necrotic and healthy tissues were found. Frontal illumination allowed for the determination of the photodynamic threshold dose—1.5 × 1019 photons cm−3—which means that the regions of the tissues exposed to more than 11 mm of ROS evolved to necrosis. Interstitial illumination produced a necrotic radius of 0.7 cm for a light dose of 100 J cm−1 and a redaporfin dose of 0.75 mg kg−1. The experimental data obtained can be used to inform and improve clinical planning with frontal and interstitial illumination protocols.
Fronts in two‐phase porous media flow problems: The effects of hysteresis and dynamic capillarity
Authors: Mitra K. , Köppl T. , Pop I. S. , van Duijn C. J. , Helmig R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this work, we study the behavior of saturation fronts for two‐phase flow through a long homogeneous porous column . In particular, the model includes hysteresis and dynamic effects in the capillary pressure and hysteresis in the permeabilities. The analysis uses traveling wave approximation. Entropy solutions are derived for Riemann problems that are arising in this context. These solutions belong to a much broader class compared to the standard Oleinik solutions, where hysteresis and dynamic effects are neglected. The relevant cases are examined and the corresponding solutions are categorized. They include nonmonotone profiles, multiple shocks, and self‐developing stable saturation plateaus. Numerical results are presented that illustrate the mathematical analysis. Finally, we discuss the implication of our findings in the context of available experimental results.
Low Rho activity in hepatocytes prevents apical from basolateral cargo separation during trans‐Golgi network to surface transport
Authors: Lázaro‐Diéguez Francisco , Müsch Anne 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHepatocytes, the main epithelial cells of the liver, organize their polarized membrane domains differently from ductal epithelia. They also differ in their biosynthetic delivery of single‐membrane‐spanning and glycophosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins to the apical domain. While ductal epithelia target apical proteins to varying degrees from the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) to the apical surface directly, hepatocytes target them first to the basolateral domain, from where they undergo basolateral‐to‐apical transcytosis. How TGN‐to‐surface transport differs in both scenarios is unknown. Here, we report that the basolateral detour of a hepatocyte apical protein is due, in part, to low RhoA activity at the TGN, which prevents its segregation from basolateral transport carriers. Activating Rho in hepatocytic cells, which switches their polarity from hepatocytic to ductal, also led to apical‐basolateral cargo segregation at the TGN as is typical for ductal cells, affirming a central role for Rho‐signaling in different aspects of the hepatocytic polarity phenotype. Nevertheless, Rho‐induced cargo segregation was not sufficient to target the apical protein directly; thus, failure to recruit apical targeting machinery also contributes to its indirect itinerary.
Large Eddy Simulation of Heat Transfer Within a Multi-Perforation Synthetic Jets Configuration
Authors: Esnault Soizic , Duchaine Florent , Gicquel Laurent , Moreau Stéphane 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Synthetic jets are produced by devices that enable a suction phase followed by an ejection phase. The resulting mean mass budget is hence null and no addition of mass in the system is required. These particular jets have especially been considered for some years for flow control applications. They also display features that can become of interest to enhance heat exchanges, for example, for wall cooling issues. Synthetic jets can be generated through different mechanisms, such as acoustics by making use of a Helmholtz resonator or through the motion of a piston as in an experience mounted at Institut Pprime in France. The objective of this specific experiment is to understand how synthetic jets can enhance heat transfer in a multi-perforated configuration. As a complement to this experimental setup, large-eddy simulations are produced and analyzed in the present document to investigate the flow behavior as well as the impact of the synthetic jets on wall heat transfer. The experimental system considered here consists in a perforated heated plate, each perforation being above a cavity where a piston is used to control the synthetic jets. Placed in a wind tunnel test section, the device can be studied with a grazing flow and multiple operating points are available. The one considered here implies a grazing flow velocity of 12.8 m s−1, corresponding to a Mach number around 0.04, and a piston displacement of 22 mm peak-to-peak at a frequency of 12.8 Hz. These two latter parameters lead to a jet Reynolds number of about 830. A good agreement is found between numerical results and experimental data. The simulations are then used to provide a detailed understanding of the flow. Two main behaviors are found, depending on the considered mid-period. During the ejection phase, the flow transitions to turbulence and the formation of characteristic structures are observed; the plate is efficiently cooled. During the suction phase, the main flow is stabilized; the heat enhancement is particularly efficient in the hole wakes but not between them, leading to a heterogeneous temperature field.
Experimental Investigation of Sweeping Jet Film Cooling in a Transonic Turbine Cascade
Authors: Hossain Mohammad A. , Asar Munevver E. , Gregory James W. , Bons Jeffrey P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The sweeping jet (SJ) film cooling hole has shown promising cooling performance compared to the standard shaped hole in low-speed conditions. The present work demonstrates the first attempt of SJ film cooling at an engine relevant Mach number. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the SJ film cooling on a nozzle guide vane suction surface. A well-established additive manufacturing technique commonly known as stereolithography (SLA) was utilized to design a transonic, engine representative vane geometry in which a row of SJ holes was used on the vane suction surface. Experiments were performed in a linear transonic cascade at an exit Mach number of 0.8 and blowing ratios of BR = 0.25–2.23. The measurement of heat transfer was conducted with the transient IR method, and the convective heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and adiabatic film cooling effectiveness were estimated using a dual linear regression technique (DLRT). Aerodynamic loss measurements were also performed with a total pressure Kiel probe at 0.25Cax downstream of the exit plane of the vane cascade. Experiments were also conducted for a baseline-shaped hole (777-hole) for a direct comparison. Results showed that the SJ hole has a wider coolant spreading in the lateral direction near the hole exit due to its sweeping motion that improves the overall cooling performance particularly at high blowing ratios (BR &gt; 1). Aerodynamic loss measurement suggested that the SJ hole has a comparable total pressure loss to the 777-shaped hole.
Nitrogen and phosphorus control carbon sequestration in agricultural ecosystems: modelling carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances at the Breton Plots with ecosys under historical and future climates
Authors: Grant R.F. , Dyck M. , Puurveen D. 
Published: March 2020

Perennial legumes in crop rotations increase soil C sequestration from greater productivity with N2 fixation. Here, we corroborated increases in soil organic carbon (SOC) and harvests modelled in 5 yr wheat–oats–barley–alfalfa/brome–alfalfa/brome (5Y) vs. 2 yr wheat–fallow (WF) rotations with those measured from 1929 to 2018. Harvest and SOC gains of 100–150 g C m−2 yr−1 and 15–25 g C m−2 yr−1 were modelled and measured in 5Y vs. WF rotations with different fertilizer and manure amendments. Modelled gains were closely related to annualized rates of N2 fixation by alfalfa of 8–10 g N m−2 yr−1. However, N2 fixation also drove increases in modelled N2O emissions of ca. 0.06 g N m−2 yr−1, which partially offset gains in SOC. Gains in harvest, SOC, and N2O emissions of 60–90 g C m−2 yr−1, 15 g C m−2 yr−1, and 0.05 g N m−2 yr−1 were modelled and measured in both rotations with amendments of N + P relative to unamended treatments. Harvest and SOC gains were smaller, and leaching and N2O losses larger, with amendments of N without P. After 100 yr of RCP 8.5 climate change, harvests in WF changed little from those in baseline runs, whereas those in 5Y rose with N + P because of increased N2 fixation. SOC declined in WF with all amendments and could only be raised in 5Y with N + P amendments. These model findings indicated the importance of N2 fixation and P amendments in determining responses of agroecosystem productivity and C sequestration to climate change.
Kinesic Training for Blind Persons: A Vital Means of Communication
Authors: Apple Marianne M. 
Published: March 2020

□ Further effort should be made to explore some of the areas outlined in this paper and to create an effective training program in non-verbal communication techniques for blind persons. While it was not within our scope to describe such a program, the survey of the literature should suggest a few basic components of an adapted kinesic training program. Guidelines for kinesic training may be drawn from kinesics, the theater arts, recreation, and physical therapy. It is hoped that those engaged in work with blind persons will begin to work out some of the problems posed by this study and to develop a training program which will enable blind persons to become more effective and successful in their interpersonal communication.
Obesity, overweight and risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality in young women
Authors: Dikaiou Pigi , Björck Lena , Adiels Martin , Lundberg Christina E , Mandalenakis Zacharias , Manhem Karin , Rosengren Annika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between body mass index (BMI) in young women, using weight early in pregnancy as a proxy for pre-pregnancy weight, and risk for early cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality.

Methods and results
In this prospective, registry-based study, we used weight data in early pregnancy from women, registered in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry, and who gave birth between 1982 and 2014 (n = 1,495,499; median age 28.3 years). Of the women, 118,212 (7.9%) were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and 29,630 (2.0%) severely obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). After a follow-up of median 16.3 years, we identified 3295 and 4375 cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic stroke (IS) corresponding to 13.4 and 17.8 per 100,000 observation years, respectively, occurring at mean ages of 49.8 and 47.3 years. Compared to women with a BMI 20–&lt;22.5 kg/m2, the hazard ratio (HR) of AMI increased with higher BMI from 1.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27–1.54) among women with BMI 22.5–&lt;25.0 kg/m2 to 4.71 (95% CI 3.88–5.72) among women with severe obesity, with similar findings for IS and CVD death, after adjustment for age, pregnancy year, parity and comorbidities at baseline. Women with BMI 30–&lt;35.0 and ≥35 kg/m2 had increased all-cause mortality with adjusted HR 1.53 (95% CI 1.43–1.63) and 1.83 (95% CI 1.63–2.05), respectively.

Conclusion
A significant increase in the risk for early AMI, IS and CVD death was noticeable in overweight young women, with a marked increase in obese women.
Locking and loading the bullet against micro-calcification
Authors: Florea Alexandru , Morgenroth Agnieszka , Bucerius Jan , Schurgers Leon J , Mottaghy Felix M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Aims
Despite recent medical advances, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. As (micro)-calcification is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, this review will elaborately discuss advantages of sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (PET) as a reliable cardiovascular imaging technique for identifying the early onset of vascular calcification (i.e. locking onto the target). We assess state-of-the-art meta-analysis and clinical studies of possible treatment options and evaluate the concept of vitamin K supplementation to preserve vascular health (i.e. loading the bullet).

Methods and results
After a structured PubMed search, we identified 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) PET as the most suitable technique for detecting micro-calcification. Presenting the pros and cons of available treatments, vitamin K supplementation should be considered as a possible safe and cost-effective option to inhibit vascular (micro)-calcification.

Conclusion
This review demonstrates need for more extensive research in the concept of vitamin K supplementation (i.e. loading the bullet) and recommends monitoring the effects on vascular calcification using 18F-NaF PET (i.e. locking onto the target).
Fingolimod after a first unilateral episode of acute optic neuritis (MOVING) – preliminary results from a randomized, rater-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial
Authors: Albert Christian , Mikolajczak Janine , Liekfeld Anja , Piper Sophie K. , Scheel Michael , Zimmermann Hanna G. , Nowak Claus , Dörr Jan , Bellmann-Strobl Judith , Chien Claudia , Brandt Alexander U. , Paul Friedemann , Hoffmann Olaf 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Neuroprotection and promotion of remyelination represent important therapeutic gaps in multiple sclerosis (MS). Acute optic neuritis (ON) is a frequent MS manifestation. Based on the presence and properties of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PR) on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, we hypothesized that remyelination can be enhanced by treatment with fingolimod, a S1PR modulator currently licensed for relapsing-remitting MS.

Methods
MOVING was an investigator-driven, rater-blind, randomized clinical trial. Patients with acute unilateral ON, occurring as a clinically isolated syndrome or MS relapse, were randomized to 6 months of treatment with 0.5 mg oral fingolimod or subcutaneous IFN-β 1b 250 μg every other day. The change in multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) latency of the qualifying eye was examined as the primary (month 6 vs. baseline) and secondary (months 3, 6 and 12 vs. baseline) outcome. In addition, full field visual evoked potentials, visual acuity, optical coherence tomography as well as clinical relapses and measures of disability, cerebral MRI, and self-reported visual quality of life were obtained for follow-up. The study was halted due to insufficient recruitment (n = 15), and available results are reported.

Results
Per protocol analysis of the primary endpoint revealed a significantly larger reduction of mfVEP latency at 6 months compared to baseline with fingolimod treatment (n = 5; median decrease, 15.7 ms) than with IFN-β 1b treatment (n = 4; median increase, 8.15 ms) (p <  0.001 for interaction). Statistical significance was maintained in the secondary endpoint analysis. Descriptive results are reported for other endpoints.

Conclusion
Preliminary results of the MOVING trial argue in support of a beneficial effect of fingolimod on optic nerve remyelination when compared to IFN-β treatment. Interpretation is limited by the small number of complete observations, an unexpected deterioration of the control group and a difference in baseline mfVEP latencies. The findings need to be confirmed in larger studies.

Trial registration
The trial was registered as EUDRA-CT 2011–004787-30 on October 26, 2012 and as NCT01647880 on July 24, 2012.
Abacavir versus Zidovudine-based regimens for treatment of HIV-infected children in resource limited settings: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mega Teshale Ayele , Usamo Firehiwot Belayneh , Negera Getandale Zeleke 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Abacavir (ABC) and Zidovudine (AZT) based regimens are the preferred first line nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRTIs) backbones being widely utilized for managing HIV infection in children. However, there is a dearth of data regarding the clinical outcomes and associated risk factors in Ethiopia. We compared the proportion of mortality and the rate of occurrence of Opportunistic Infections (OIs) with ABC versus AZT -based regimens in a cohort of HIV-infected children.

Methods
A 42 months retrospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 179 records were reviewed by including data from October 2014 to April 2017. Data were collected on socio-demographic, clinical characteristics of patients and drug related variables. Data were analyzed using STATA13.1. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression were used to compare survival experience and identify independent predictors. Propensity score matching analysis was conducted to elucidate the average treatment effects of each regimen over OIs.

Result
Of 179 patients, 98 (54.7%) were females. The mean (+SD) age of the study subjects was 6.53 ± 2.83 years. Through 42 months analysis, a total of 4 patients (1 (1.14%) from ABC group and 3 (3.3%) from AZT group (p = 0.339)) were died. The incidence of opportunistic infections attributed to ABC group was 8.77/100,000 person years (py) and that of AZT was 6.9/100,000py. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for OIs was (IRR = 0.87, 95% CI [0.49–1.53] (p = 0.304). Baseline CD4 count (AHR = 0.99, 95% CI [0.98–0.99]), Severe acute malnutrition (AHR = 15.92, 95% CI [5.34–47.50]), and exposure to tuberculosis treatment (AHR = 2.93, 95% CI [1.39–6.17]) were the independent predictors for the development of OIs.

Conclusion
ABC and AZT based ART regimens seem to have comparable survival benefit among HIV-infected children in Ethiopia. Therefore, both regimens might be used as an alternative in resource limited settings.