bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does routine fenestration improve early and late postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing Fontan palliation?
Authors: Toncu Alexandra , Rădulescu Cristina Ramona , Dorobanţu Dan , Stoica Șerban 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was: ‘In [patients undergoing Fontan palliation] does [fenestration] affect [early and late postoperative outcomes]?’ Altogether 509 papers were found using the reported search, of which 11 papers represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. Current data suggest that the use of fenestration has advantages in the immediate postoperative course, with fewer complications such as pleural effusions, shorter hospitalization and decreased early Fontan failure, but comparable long-term outcomes to a non-fenestrated approach. Fenestration should be used in high-risk patients or based on the haemodynamic parameters measured before weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Routine use may potentially lead to additional late fenestration closure procedures in some patients, without improving long-term outcomes.
Cardiac Performance of Free-Swimming Wild Sockeye Salmon during the Reproductive Period
Authors: Prystay T S , de Bruijn R , Peiman K S , Hinch S G , Patterson D A , Farrell A P , Eliason E J , Cooke S J 
Published: January 2020

SynopsisResearchers have surmised that the ability to obtain dominance during reproduction is related to an individual’s ability to better sequester the energy required for reproductive behaviors and develop secondary sexual characteristics, presumably through enhanced physiological performance. However, studies testing this idea are limited. Using sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), we explored the relationship between heart rate and dominance behavior during spawning. We predicted that an individual’s reproductive status and energy requirements associated with dominance can be assessed by relating routine heart rate to changes in spawning status over time (i.e., shifts among aggregation, subordinance, and dominance). Thus, we used routine heart rate as a proxy of relative energy expenditure. Heart rate increased with temperature, as expected, and was higher during the day than at night, a known diel pattern that became less pronounced as the spawning period progressed. Routine heart rate did not differ between sexes and average heart rate of the population did not differ among reproductive behaviors. At the individual level, heart rate did not change as behavior shifted from one state to another (e.g., dominance versus aggregation). No other trends existed between routine heart rate and sex, secondary sexual characteristics, survival duration or spawning success (for females only). Therefore, while our study revealed the complexity of the relationships between cardiac performance and reproductive behaviors in wild fish and demonstrated the importance of considering environmental factors when exploring individual heart rate, we found no support for heart rate being related to specific spawning behavioral status or secondary sexual characteristics.
Functional Morphology and Morphological Diversification of Hind Limb Cross-Sectional Traits in Mustelid Mammals
Authors: Parsi-Pour P , Kilbourne B M 
Published: January 2020

SynopsisLocomotor habits in mammals are strongly tied to limb bones’ lengths, diameters, and proportions. By comparison, fewer studies have examined how limb bone cross-sectional traits relate to locomotor habit. Here, we tested whether climbing, digging, and swimming locomotor habits reflect biomechanically meaningful differences in three cross-sectional traits rendered dimensionless— cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD)—using femora, tibiae, and fibulae of 28 species of mustelid. CSA and SMA represent resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents structural strength. Given the need to counteract buoyancy in aquatic environments and soil’s high density, we predicted that natatorial and fossorial mustelids have higher values of cross-sectional traits. For all three traits, we found that natatorial mustelids have the highest values, followed by fossorial mustelids, with both of these groups significantly differing from scansorial mustelids. However, phylogenetic relatedness strongly influences diversity in cross-sectional morphology, as locomotor habit strongly correlates with phylogeny. Testing whether hind limb bone cross-sectional traits have evolved adaptively, we fit Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) and Brownian motion (BM) models of trait diversification to cross-sectional traits. The cross-sectional traits of the femur, tibia, and fibula appear to have, respectively, diversified under a multi-rate BM model, a single rate BM model, and a multi-optima OU model. In light of recent studies on mustelid body size and elongation, our findings suggest that the mustelid body plan—and perhaps that of other mammals—is likely the sum of a suite of traits evolving under different models of trait diversification.
International promotion of e-Bug, an infection prevention and control educational intervention: survey of partners across 14 countries
Authors: Hayes Catherine , Young Vicki , Brown Carla , Touboul Lundgren Pia , Gennimata Dimitra , Holt Jette , Weisheit Egbert , Rico Arantza , Garcia Carlos , De Castro Paola , McNulty Cliodna A M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health. e-Bug is an educational resource developed and promoted by a network of international partners. e-Bug seeks to reduce the spread of infection and use of antimicrobials in young people and the community, so helping to control AMR. This study aimed to explore how e-Bug is promoted by international partners and observe barriers to promotion, including the extent of education about antibiotics in schools.

Methods
A total of 29 e-Bug partners were invited to complete online questionnaires on (i) methods they use to promote e-Bug; and (ii) antibiotic topics covered in the national curriculum in their countries.

Results
Fourteen and 15 of 29 e-Bug partners across Europe and Palestine completed the promotional activities and curriculum questionnaires respectively. The most frequently reported methods of promotion included endorsement and collaboration with government and non-government sectors and involvement in national and global health awareness campaigns. Barriers to promotion included a lack of time and funding. The curriculum survey data showed variation in antibiotic education across Europe and Palestine, lack of antibiotic education for children under 11 years of age and little change in antibiotic topics included in the curriculum since 2006.

Conclusions
Future and existing e-Bug partners should be encouraged to follow promotional activities reported in this paper, including ministry endorsement, educator training, international campaigns and youth programmes. We encourage all countries to increase antibiotic topics in the school curriculum across all ages.
Examining 1:1 vs. 4:1 Packed Red Blood Cell to Fresh Frozen Plasma Ratio Transfusion During Pediatric Burn Excision
Authors: Tejiram Shawn , Sen Soman , Romanowski Kathleen S , Greenhalgh David G , Palmieri Tina L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Blood transfusions following major burn injury are common due to operative losses, blood sampling, and burn physiology. While massive transfusion improves outcomes in adult trauma patients, literature examining its effect in critically ill children is limited. The study purpose was to prospectively compare outcomes of major pediatric burns receiving a 1:1 vs. 4:1 packed red blood cell to fresh frozen plasma transfusion strategy during massive burn excision. Children with &gt;20% total body surface area burns were randomized to a 1:1 or 4:1 packed red blood cell/fresh frozen plasma transfusion ratio during burn excision. Parameters examined include patient demographics, burn size, pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) scores, pediatric logistic organ dysfunction scores, laboratory values, total blood products transfused, and the presence of blood stream infections or pneumonia. A total of 68 children who met inclusion criteria were randomized into two groups (n = 34). Mean age, PRISM scores, estimated blood loss (600 ml (400–1175 ml) vs. 600 ml (300–1150 ml), P = 0.68), ventilator days (5 vs. 9, P = 0.47), and length of stay (57 vs. 60 days, P = 0.24) had no difference. No differences in frequency of blood stream infection (20 vs. 18, P = 0.46) or pneumonia events (68 vs. 116, P = 0.08) were noted. On multivariate analysis, only total body surface area burn size, inhalation injury, and PRISM scores (P &lt; 0.05) were significantly associated with infections.
Rickettsia spp. Infecting Lone Star Ticks (Amblyomma americanum) (Acari: Ixodidae) in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Authors: Egizi Andrea , Gable Sydney , Jordan Robert A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Tick-borne rickettsiae are undergoing epidemiological changes in the eastern United States while human encounters with lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum L.) have increased substantially. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to test for three species of spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in 1,858 nymphal A. americanum collected from Monmouth County, New Jersey, a coastal county with endemic Lyme disease and established tick surveillance. Out of the 1,858 tested, 465 (25.0%) were infected with Rickettsia amblyommatis Karpathy, a species of undetermined pathogenicity found frequently in A. americanum, while 1/1,858 (0.05%) contained Rickettsia rickettsii Brumpt, the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. No ticks tested positive for mildly pathogenic Rickettsia parkeri Lackman, and no ticks were co-infected with multiple Rickettsia spp. Our results indicate that A. americanum could be involved in transmission of R. rickettsii to humans in New Jersey, albeit rarely. The much higher rates of R. amblyommatis infection are consistent with hypotheses that human sera reacting to this species could contribute to reports of mild SFGR cases.
From the Entorhinal Region via the Prosubiculum to the Dentate Fascia: Alzheimer Disease-Related Neurofibrillary Changes in the Temporal Allocortex
Authors: Braak Heiko , Del Tredici Kelly 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The pathological process underlying Alzheimer disease (AD) unfolds predominantly in the cerebral cortex with the gradual appearance and regional progression of abnormal tau. Intraneuronal tau pathology progresses from the temporal transentorhinal and entorhinal regions into neocortical fields/areas of the temporal allocortex. Here, based on 95 cases staged for AD-related neurofibrillary changes, we propose an ordered progression of abnormal tau in the temporal allocortex. Initially, abnormal tau was limited to distal dendritic segments followed by tau in cell bodies of projection neurons of the transentorhinal/entorhinal layer pre-α. Next, abnormal distal dendrites accumulated in the prosubiculum and extended into the CA1 stratum oriens and lacunosum. Subsequently, altered dendrites developed in the CA2/CA3 stratum oriens and stratum lacunosum-moleculare, combined with tau-positive thorny excrescences of CA3/CA4 mossy cells. Finally, granule cells of the dentate fascia became involved. Such a progression might recapitulate a sequence of transsynaptic spreading of abnormal tau from 1 projection neuron to the next: From pre-α cells to distal dendrites in the prosubiculum and CA1; then, from CA1 or prosubicular pyramids to CA2 principal cells and CA3/CA4 mossy cells; finally, from CA4 mossy cells to dentate granule cells. The lesions are additive: Those from the previous steps persist.
Pediatric Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification and Spherocytosis With Chromosome 8p11 Deletion
Authors: Morris Meaghan , Kwon Regina , Chen Liam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), also known as Fahr disease, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of extensive parenchymal and vascular calcifications in the basal ganglia, with variable calcifications elsewhere in the brain. Typically, IBGC presents with neurologic and psychiatric symptoms in middle-aged adults. Recent genetic studies have identified alterations in 4 genes causing IBGC, including alterations in SLC20A2 on chromosome 8p11.2. Currently, there are no clinical descriptions of patients with IBGC occurring within the context of a complex genetic syndrome. Here, we present a case of pediatric 8p11 deletion with IBGC, hereditary spherocytosis, vitreoretinopathy, and focal cortical dysplasia. We review multiple cases of IBGC with pediatric onset due to SLC20A2 deletion in the literature, and raise the consideration of IBGC in the evaluation of pediatric patients with 8p11.2 deletion syndromes.
Object Lessons in Victorian Education: Text, Object, Image
Authors: Korda Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Lessons on common objects, known as ‘object lessons’, were a customary occurrence in Victorian schoolrooms. This article looks at Victorian object lessons around mid-century as a means of examining the variety of meanings that common objects, and particularly manufactured objects, might have held both inside and outside Victorian schoolrooms. While model scripts for object lessons circulated widely and clarified the meaning of common objects in print, the objects themselves had the potential to complicate and challenge these meanings. Drawing primarily on publications by Elizabeth Mayo and the Home and Colonial School Society (established in 1836), this article outlines the theological, industrial and imperialist ways of looking that informed the model object lesson. Yet close study of the objects employed in object lessons – feathers, an object lesson specimen box, and a series of illustrations of animals – demonstrates how full sensory engagement with material objects can disrupt these disciplined ways of looking and learning. The final section of the article describes the decline of object lesson pedagogies once they were established within the official curriculum for England and Wales over the course of the 1880s and 1890s. Increasingly, pictures and nature study came to replace common objects in Victorian schoolrooms, and had their own implications for the ways that schoolchildren were taught to look at and learn from the world around them.
Modelling the chemical evolution of Zr, La, Ce, and Eu in the Galactic discs and bulge
Authors: Grisoni V , Cescutti G , Matteucci F , Forsberg R , Jönsson H , Ryde N 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the chemical evolution of Zr, La, Ce, and Eu in the Milky Way discs and bulge by means of chemical evolution models compared with spectroscopic data. We consider detailed chemical evolution models for the Galactic thick disc, thin disc, and bulge, which have been already tested to reproduce the observed [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagrams and metallicity distribution functions for the three different components, and we apply them to follow the evolution of neutron capture elements. In the [Eu/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram, we observe and predict three distinct sequences corresponding to the thick disc, thin disc, and bulge, similar to what happens for the α-elements. We can nicely reproduce the three sequences by assuming different time-scales of formation and star formation efficiencies for the three different components, with the thin disc forming on a longer time-scale of formation with respect to the thick disc and bulge. On the other hand, in the [X/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagrams for Zr, La, and Ce, the three populations are mixed and also from the model point of view there is an overlapping between the predictions for the different Galactic components, but the observed behaviour can be also reproduced by assuming different star formation histories in the three components. In conclusions, it is straightforward to see how different star formation histories can lead to different abundance patterns and also looking at the abundance patterns of neutron capture elements can help in constraining the history of formation and evolution of the major Galactic components.
Challenging the Legal Self Through Performance
Authors: Leiboff Marett 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders and reorients performance as a critical practice in law and the humanities, turning away from the philosophically and sociologically inflected variants of performance and performativity, toward the possibilities of performance and the theatrical as jurisprudence. In its Kantian ideal, law is expected to function in isolation and absent the self. Performance and the theatrical could not think more differently, creating conditions that enable bodily responses to engender responsiveness that affords the possibility of noticing. This ability to notice is lost in abstraction, but it is needed to enliven and point to failures or fractures in law. Lived experience provides the most potent means by which we notice; in its absence, performance offers the possibility to write experiences on our bodies, helping us to notice when law helps or hinders, harms or helps, showing us how easily law can offer or deny justice simply through the ability or inability of lawyers or justices to notice the effects and consequences of law. At least three registers of noticing can be identified through performance and into law. In no particular order, the first happens through the noticing body, triggering recognition of the consequences of a doctrine, principle, or provision because the lawyer has experienced the same or a cognate situation; the second comes from the dramaturgically grounded nodal knots binding together a present and a past and a past with a present; while in the third, bonds of recognition are created through and by association, or through training.
Affect and Empathy Studies
Authors: Keen Suzanne 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses two domains of research into and theorizing about human emotions of interest to legal theorists and practitioners in the law. Written by a non-lawyer with expertise in English literature, narrative theory, and interdisciplinary empathy studies, it offers basic definitions of the terms “empathy” and “affect,” brief overviews of research areas, suggestions about the relevance of affect and empathy studies to law, and cautions about those applications’ limitations and liabilities. By no means prescriptive in intention, this chapter’s discussion of affect and empathy studies lays bare some of the underlying assumptions and critical attitudes of work in differing fields. All varieties of empathy, with their affordances and limitations, are resources for the rhetorical arts of persuasion. Writers and practitioners in the law should alertly consider the roles that empathy and affect play in the law, especially when legal abstractions, doctrines, and documents that evoke strong feelings are accorded the imaginative status of persons by means of Einfühlung.
Humanism and Aging
Authors: Derkx Peter , Laceulle Hanne 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Humanism, as a meaning frame, is defined by four characteristics: human agency; human dignity; self-realization; and love of vulnerable, unique, and irreplaceable persons. A humanist view of aging is in favor of healthy aging and life extension, but human life is and remains inherently vulnerable (not just medically), and in a humanist view other aims are regarded as deserving a higher priority than life extension for privileged social groups with already a high (healthy) life expectancy. Humanist priorities are (1) a better social organization of a person’s life course with a better balance among learning, working, caring, and enjoying; (2) more social justice—for too long differences in socio-economic status have been determinants of shocking differences in health and longevity; (3) development and dissemination of cultural narratives that better accommodate the fulfillment of essential meaning-needs of the elderly than the stereotyping decline- and age-defying narratives); (4) less loneliness and social isolation.
The Politics of Humanism
Authors: Baker Joseph O. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
While the varieties of humanist expression vary across cultural and historical contexts, all forms of humanism are necessarily related to politics by virtue of outlining ethical positions on matters of social relations. Tracing the history of humanism broadly, as well as secular humanism specifically, this chapter identifies recurring continua of conflict about the politics of humanism. There is a general, inherent tension between individualist and collectivist dimensions of humanism, which is manifest in specific disputes about orientations toward society (philosophical vs. applied humanism), religion (exclusivist vs. ecumenical humanism), ethics (scientistic vs. humanitarian humanism), and politics (libertarian vs. socialist humanism). There are also disputes within humanism that arise around the preferred strategy for managing the stigma of secularity between those who favor separatist subcultures and those who favor normalization through social reform. Ultimately a broad-based conception of humanism offers the greatest possibilities for political efficacy. In conclusion, the article outlines some of the important aspects of humanism and politics in need of further research.
Infrared renormalon in the supersymmetric $\mathbb{C}P^{N-1}$ model on $\mathbb{R}\times S^1$
Authors: Ishikawa Kosuke , Morikawa Okuto , Nakayama Akira , Shibata Kazuya , Suzuki Hiroshi , Takaura Hiromasa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the leading order of the large-$N$ approximation, we study the renormalon ambiguity in the gluon (or, more appropriately, photon) condensate in the 2D supersymmetric $\mathbb{C}P^{N-1}$ model on $\mathbb{R}\times S^1$ with the $\mathbb{Z}_N$ twisted boundary conditions. In our large-$N$ limit, the combination $\Lambda R$, where $\Lambda$ is the dynamical scale and $R$ is the $S^1$ radius, is kept fixed (we set $\Lambda R\ll1$ so that the perturbative expansion with respect to the coupling constant at the mass scale $1/R$ is meaningful). We extract the perturbative part from the large-$N$ expression of the gluon condensate and obtain the corresponding Borel transform $B(u)$. For $\mathbb{R}\times S^1$, we find that the Borel singularity at $u=2$, which exists in the system on the uncompactified $\mathbb{R}^2$ and corresponds to twice the minimal bion action, disappears. Instead, an unfamiliar renormalon singularity emerges at $u=3/2$ for the compactified space $\mathbb{R}\times S^1$. The semi-classical interpretation of this peculiar singularity is not clear because $u=3/2$ is not dividable by the minimal bion action. It appears that our observation for the system on $\mathbb{R}\times S^1$ prompts reconsideration on the semi-classical bion picture of the infrared renormalon.