bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using video‐reflexive ethnography to understand complexity and change practice
Authors: Ajjawi Rola , Hilder Joanne , Noble Christy , Teodorczuk Andrew , Billett Stephen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractContextA range of research methods have been used to understand effective workplace learning in the health professions. The impact of findings from this research usually requires knowledge translation activities in the form of faculty development initiatives, such as supervisor workshops. Far rarer, but with greater potential, are research approaches that concurrently seek to understand and change practice through empowering clinicians to refine aspects of their practice.MethodsIn this methodological article, we describe video‐reflexive ethnography (VRE), a collaborative visual research approach that seeks to capture, illuminate and optimise in situ work and education practices. Video‐reflexive ethnography usually has three phases: (a) initial familiarisation with practice through field observations; (b) video‐recording of practice, and (c) reflexive sessions about the edited footage with participants and researchers. Drawing on our own experiences as researchers using VRE, we discuss four key principles of VRE: (a) exnovation; (b) collaboration; (c) reflexivity, and (d) care.DiscussionAlthough VRE has been used to illuminate and understand health professionals education, its potential for changing clinical education practices has yet to be realised. Video‐reflexive ethnography enables observation of the social and relational interactions in health care practice and allows individual (and group) perspectives to be articulated and analysed. The approach can prompt fresh perspectives and insights into health care education and practice for researchers and clinicians through shared deliberations about how practice might be reimagined and enacted.
The Reported Edmonton Frail Scale‐Thai version: Development and Validation of a Culturally‐Sensitive Instrument
Authors: Roopsawang Inthira , Thompson Hilaire , Zaslavsky Oleg , Belza Basia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFrailty may lead to increased vulnerability, disability, and adverse health outcomes in older adults. Early detection has been described as the best approach to manage frailty; however, frailty instruments are not widely available, particularly in the Thai language. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to develop a culturally adapted Thai version of the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale and to validate the psychometric properties of the new instrument in hospitalized older Thai adults. Reliability and validity were examined. Participants completed questionnaires that included demographic and health information, and the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale–Thai version. Results revealed that the new instrument was reliable and had good content validity. Inter‐rater reliability was strong. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a fair fit for the whole model, but most domains were strongly associated with frailty. On average, the instrument was completed under 7 minutes. The Thai version of the frailty instrument may be a practical tool for frailty evaluation, and could inform inpatient care, both locally and internationally; future research is needed to confirm predictability and feasibility in other clinical settings and populations.
A meta‐ethnographic synthesis of qualitative research on women's experience of midwifery care
Authors: Aannestad Madeleine , Herstad Marit , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLabor and birth constitute a significant emotional event for a childbearing woman. The aim was to explore women's reflections on their experiences of labor and birth and how these were influenced by the midwifery care they received. A modified version of Noblit and Hare's meta‐ethnographic approach was used to develop an inductive and interpretive synthesis of nine qualitative articles. Relevant databases were searched and qualitative articles appraised by means of the Critical Appraisal Skills Program. Two metaphors were identified: The guide–Please share your knowledge and The motherly midwife as an anchor. The comprehensive understanding of the images evoked by the metaphors resulted in an overall metaphoric representation of the women's experiences: The midwife as a birth pilot, that is, a positive labor and birth experience is dependent on the relationship with the midwife. This finding confirms previous knowledge that a trusting relationship results in confidence, while feeling secure leads to a positive birth experience. The metaphors facilitate understanding of the significance of the midwife for women's labor and birth experiences. Knowledge of labor and birth experiences helps to broaden understanding of the necessity of midwives being willing to engage, act, be aware of errors that may affect women's birth experience, and employ tools to predict unexpected adverse events.
Chloride involvement in the synthesis, functioning and repair of the photosynthetic apparatusin vivo
Authors: Raven John A. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryCl−has long been known as a micronutrient for oxygenic photosynthetic resulting from its role an essential cofactor for photosystem II (PSII). Evidence on thein vivoCl−distribution inSpinacia oleracealeaves and chloroplasts shows that sufficient Cl−is present for the involvement in PSII function, as indicated byin vitrostudies on, among other organisms,S. oleraceaPsII. There is also sufficient Cl−to function, with K+, in parsing the H+electrochemical potential difference (proton motive force) across the illuminated thylakoid membrane into electrical potential difference and pH difference components. However, recentin vitrowork on PSII fromS. oleraceashows that oxygen evolving complex (OEC) synthesis, and resynthesis after photodamage, requires significantly higher Cl−concentrations than would satisfy the function of assembled PSII O2evolution of the synthesised PSII with the OEC. The low Cl−affinity of OEC (re‐)assembly could be a component limiting the rate of OEC (re‐)assembly.
Community context for mechanisms of disease dilution: insights from linking epidemiology and plant–soil feedback theory
Authors: Collins Cathy D. , Bever James D. , Hersh Michelle H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn many natural systems, diverse host communities can reduce disease risk, though less is known about the mechanisms driving this “dilution effect.” We relate feedback theory, which focuses on pathogen‐mediated coexistence, to mechanisms of dilution derived from epidemiological models, with the central goal of gaining insights into host–pathogen interactions in a community context. We first compare the origin, structure, and application of epidemiological and feedback models. We then explore the mechanisms of dilution, which are grounded in single‐pathogen, single‐host epidemiological models, from the perspective of feedback theory. We also draw on feedback theory to examine how coinfecting pathogens, and pathogens that vary along a host specialist–generalist continuum, apply to dilution theory. By identifying synergies among the feedback and epidemiological approaches, we reveal ways in which organisms occupying different trophic levels contribute to diversity–disease relationships. Additionally, using feedbacks to distinguish dilution in disease incidence from dilution in the net effect of disease on host fitness allows us to articulate conditions under which definitions of dilution may not align. After ascribing dilution mechanisms to macro‐ or microorganisms, we propose ways in which each contributes to diversity–disease and productivity–diversity relationships. Our analyses lead to predictions that can guide future research efforts.
Insights into the multifactorial causation of obesity by integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis
Authors: Diels Sara , Vanden Berghe Wim , Van Hul Wim 
Published: March 2020

SummaryObesity is a highly heritable multifactorial disease that places an enormous burden on human health. Its increasing prevalence and the concomitant‐reduced life expectancy has intensified the search for new analytical methods that can reduce the knowledge gap between genetic susceptibility and functional consequences of the disease pathology. Although the influence of genetics and epigenetics has been studied independently in the past, there is increasing evidence that genetic variants interact with environmental factors through epigenetic regulation. This suggests that a combined analysis of genetic and epigenetic variation may be more effective in characterizing the obesity phenotype. To date, limited genome‐wide integrative analyses have been performed. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest findings, advantages, and challenges and discuss future perspectives.
Manipulation of ZDS in tomato exposes carotenoid‐ and ABA‐specific effects on fruit development and ripening
Authors: McQuinn Ryan P. , Gapper Nigel E. , Gray Amanda G. , Zhong Silin , Tohge Takayuki , Fei Zhangjun , Fernie Alisdair R. , Giovannoni James J. 
Published: March 2020

SummarySpontaneous mutations in fruit‐specific carotenoid biosynthetic genes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) have led to improved understanding of ripening‐associated carotenogenesis. Here, we confirm that ZDS is encoded by a single gene in tomato transcriptionally regulated by ripening transcription factors RIN, NOR and ethylene. Manipulation of ZDS was achieved through transgenic repression and heterologous over‐expression in tomato. CaMV 35S‐driven RNAi repression inhibited carotenoid biosynthesis in all aerial tissues examined resulting in elevated levels of ζ‐carotene isomers and upstream carotenoids, while downstream all trans‐lycopene and subsequent photoprotective carotenes and xanthophylls were diminished. Consequently, immature fruit displayed photo‐bleaching consistent with reduced levels of the photoprotective carotenes and developmental phenotypes related to a reduction in the carotenoid‐derived phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). ZDS‐repressed ripe fruit was devoid of the characteristic red carotenoid, all trans‐lycopene and displayed brilliant yellow pigmentation due to elevated 9,9′ di‐cis‐ζ‐carotene. Over‐expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana ZDS (AtZDS) gene bypassed endogenous co‐suppression and revealed ZDS as an additional bottleneck in ripening‐associated carotenogenesis of tomato. Quantitation of carotenoids in addition to multiple ripening parameters in ZDS‐altered lines and ABA‐deficient fruit‐specific carotenoid mutants was used to separate phenotypic consequences of ABA from other effects of ZDS manipulation and reveal a unique and dynamic ζ‐carotene isomer profile in ripe fruit.
Host plants alter their volatiles to help a solitary egg parasitoid distinguish habitats with parasitized hosts from those without
Authors: Li Cheng‐Zhe , Sun Hao , Gao Qing , Bian Fang‐Yuan , Noman Ali , Xiao Wen‐Han , Zhou Guo‐Xin , Lou Yong‐Gen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhen attacked by herbivores, plants emit volatiles to attract parasitoids and predators of herbivores. However, our understanding of the effect of plant volatiles on the subsequent behaviour of conspecific parasitoids when herbivores on plants are parasitized is limited. In this study, rice plants were infested with gravid females of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens for 24 hr followed by another 24 hr in which the BPH eggs on plants were permitted to be parasitized by their egg parasitoid, Anagrus nilaparvatae; volatiles from rice plants that underwent such treatment were less attractive to subsequent conspecific parasitoids compared to the volatiles from plants infested with gravid BPH females alone. Chemical analysis revealed that levels of JA and JA‐Ile as well as of four volatile compounds—linalool, MeSA, α‐zingiberene and an unknown compound—from plants infested with BPH and parasitized by wasps were significantly higher than levels of these compounds from BPH‐infested plants. Laboratory and field bioassays revealed that one of the four increased chemicals—α‐zingiberene—reduced the plant's attractiveness to the parasitoid. These results suggest that host plants can fine‐tune their volatiles to help egg parasitoids distinguish host habitats with parasitized hosts from those without.
M2b macrophage subset decrement as an indicator of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hsieh Sun‐Wung , Huang Ling‐Chun , Chang Yang‐Pei , Hung Chih‐Hsing , Yang Yuan‐Han 
Published: March 2020

AimAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Various inflammatory processes account for the pathology of AD, and macrophages in particular have a distinct polarization phenotype related to M1/M2 classification. We aimed to investigate macrophage polarization patterns as an indicator of cognitive function in AD.MethodsWe recruited 54 non‐demented individuals as control and 105 AD patients as experimental groups respectively. Percentages of macrophage (PM2K+CD14+ and PM2K+CD14−) and macrophage polarization subsets (M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c) were assessed using flow cytometry. All AD patients were classified by dementia severity using clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR) as CDR 0.5, 1 and ≧2. AD patients had cognitive function evaluation using Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI). We compared the macrophage polarization patterns between control and patient groups. Cognitive function was evaluated in association with macrophage polarization patterns in AD patients.ResultsThe percentages of PM2K+CD14+ and PM2K+CD14− macrophages were higher in AD patients than in controls. M2b macrophage subset decrement and M1 macrophage subset increment of PM2K+CD14+ and PM2K+CD14− macrophages were observed in AD patients compared with controls. Although percentages of macrophage subsets were not consistent with CDR staging, PM2K+CD14+M2b macrophage subset decrement was correlated with worse cognitive functioning by MMSE and CASI in AD patients.ConclusionM2b macrophage subset decrement and M1 macrophage subset increment were noted in AD patients, while PM2K+CD14+M2b macrophage subset decrement indicated worse cognitive function in such patients.
Acute liver failure associated with metabolic diseases: A 10‐year single‐center experience
Authors: Güven Burcu , Sağ Elif , Karagüzel Gülay , Çakır Murat 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcute liver failure (ALF) is a rare multisystemic disease occurring in individuals with no history of liver disease, characterized by coagulopathy and / or hepatic encephalopathy secondary to acute liver injury. It is mostly caused by viral infections, drug intoxication, and metabolic diseases (MD), and can also have an indeterminate etiology. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes of the patients that presented to our clinic with MD‐associated ALF.MethodsThis retrospective study reviewed age, gender, parental consanguinity, family history, presence of encephalopathy, laboratory parameters, and clinical outcomes of the patients that presented to our clinic between January 2009 and January 2019. Patients with MD‐associated ALF were compared with patients in whom ALF was associated with other etiologies.ResultsThe study included 39 patients (53.8% boys; mean age + SD 6.13 ± 1.43 years). The total and direct bilirubin, international normalized ratio, and ammoniac levels were significantly higher in patients with MD than in the others (P < 0.05). Moreover, the incidences of hypoglycemia, death of a sibling and / or a family history of liver disease were also higher in patients with MD than in the others (P < 0.05). On the other hand, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly higher in patients with other etiologies.ConclusionsMetabolic diseases should be kept in mind in patients with a history of parental consanguinity and a positive family history of liver disease along with less increased alanine aminotransferase than expected, and increased bilirubin, international normalized ratio, and ammoniac levels and hypoglycemia. As the number of these parameters increases, the chance of diagnosis increases.
Anomalies in Probability Estimates for Event Forecasting on Prediction Markets
Authors: Lee Ho Cheung Brian , Stallaert Jan , Fan Ming 
Published: March 2020

Innovative forecasting methods using new data sources have been developed to address various problems in operations management, such as demand, sales, and event forecasts. One of the methods for forecasting events consists of prediction markets where participants can take financial positions that may generate returns depending on whether certain events occur or not. Results in experimental psychology and behavioral economics have shown that individuals, including experts, can be subject to judgment bias when making probability estimates for future events. We examine, in this study, whether prediction markets are immune to such bias in estimating event probability. We find that even when there are large numbers of transactions and high volumes of trades, probabilistic fallacies still occur. Moreover, when they occur, they tend to be persistent over a certain period of time, and they tend to happen in situations similar to the ones where individual probabilistic fallacies are reported to occur. Our results have implications for the design of prediction markets and at the same time call for caution when using forecasts generated this way.
High‐throughput screening reveals small molecule modulators inhibitory toAcidovorax citrulli
Authors: Lu Yu , Deblais Loïc , Rajashekara Gireesh , Miller Sally A. , Helmy Yorsa A. , Zhang Haijun , Wu Ping , Qiu Yanhong , Xu Xiulan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAcidovorax citrulliis a seed‐transmitted gram‐negative bacterium that can cause substantial economic yield loss in watermelon and melon production worldwide. Four small‐molecule libraries containing 4,952 compounds were selected for high‐throughput screening againstA. citrulliwild‐type strain Xu3‐14 by evaluation of growth inhibition. One hundred and twenty‐seven molecules (2.5% hit rate) were identified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic againstA. citrulliat 100 μM. Secondary screens indicated that 27 candidate compounds were more effective againstA. citrulliGroup II strains than Group I strains (classified using repetitive element PCR). Several compounds were inhibitory to other pathogenic bacteria, includingClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensisandXanthomonas campestrispv.campestris, but did not affect the growth of plant beneficial bacteriaPseudomonas fluorescensandBacillus subtilis. More than half of the compounds did not inhibit germination ofArabidopsisor watermelon seeds. The effect of small molecules onA. citrulliseed‐to‐seedling transmission was evaluated by applying each compound to inoculated watermelon seeds and assessing seedling infection. Nine compounds were chosen for further investigation based on their reduction of percentage seedling infection and compiling scores on their specificity, sensitivity, and phytotoxicity obtained in the secondary screens. The five best compounds were selected (thiamphenicol, nadifloxacin, pipemidic acid, ciclopirox, and zinc pyrithione) for greenhouse tests and were found to effectively reduce the seed‐to‐seedling transmission ofA. citrulliin both artificially and naturally infested seeds. These top five compounds provide a basis for future development of anA. citrulli‐specific bactericide.
Global stakeholder vision for ecosystem‐based marine aquaculture expansion from coastal to offshore areas
Authors: Galparsoro Ibon , Murillas Arantza , Pinarbasi Kemal , Sequeira Ana M.M. , Stelzenmüller Vanessa , Borja Ángel , O´Hagan Anne Marie , Boyd Adele , Bricker Suzanne , Garmendia Joxe Mikel , Gimpel Antje , Gangnery Aline , Billing Suzannah‐Lynn , Bergh Øivind , Strand Øivind , Hiu Liu , Fragoso Bruno , Icely John , Ren Jeffrey , Papageorgiou Nafsika , Grant Jon , Brigolin Daniele , Pastres Roberto , Tett Paul 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMarine aquaculture is the most promising industry for ensuring future provision of seafood. Yet, the worldwide growth and expansion of this industry have been slower than expected, calling for the identification of environmentally suitable sites while accounting for all factors that could constrain or benefit its establishment. Here, we determine the main obstacles and risks hindering the growth and expansion of marine aquaculture, as well as the needs and recommendations to overcome such constraints. Our analysis is based on results obtained from a consultation process held in 16 study sites located around the world with the participation of 614 stakeholders representing the research community, aquaculture industry, government, conservation groups, and education and fishermen associations. A high level of commonality exists in the main issues hindering aquaculture growth and expansion in coastal, off‐the‐coast and offshore aquaculture with most being attributed to interactions with other maritime activities, including conflicts with other users and administrative procedures, including licensing. Critical needs for improved management and expansion of the aquaculture industry are related to planning and management of developments and technological advances, with economic and market needs featuring to a lesser extent. Key procedures recommended to assist further aquaculture growth are the standardisation and simplification of regulatory frameworks, improvement of governance, and the adoption of participatory processes to facilitate meaningful and productive stakeholder engagement. We strongly recommend stakeholder participation to enhance insights on the full environmental and human dimensions of marine management and for implementation of ecosystem‐based marine spatial planning.
Simulating the Linkages Between Economy and Armed Conflict in India With a Long Short‐Term Memory Algorithm
Authors: Hao Mengmeng , Fu Jingying , Jiang Dong , Ding Fangyu , Chen Shuai 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article analyzes the linkages between the economy and armed conflict in India using annual frequency data for the period 1989–2016, the maximum time period for which consistent data are available for the country. An adequate set of economic indicators was established to fully reflect the economic condition. Long short‐term memory (LSTM), which is a machine‐learning algorithm for time series, was employed to simulate the relationship between the economy and armed conflict events. In addition, LSTM was applied to predict the trend of armed conflict with two strategies: multiyear predictions and yearly predictions. The results show that both strategies can adequately simulate the relationship between the economy and armed conflict, with all simulation accuracies above 90%. The accuracy of the yearly prediction is higher than that of the multiyear prediction. Theoretically, the future state and trend of armed conflict can be predicted with LSTM and future economic data if future economic data can be predicted.