bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of residual fuel ash layers on the catalytic activation of K-feldspar regarding the water–gas shift reaction
Authors: Fürsatz Katharina , Kuba Matthias , Janisch Daniel , Aziaba Kouessan , Hammerl Christoph , Chlebda Damian , Łojewska Joanna , Hofbauer Hermann 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInteraction of biomass ash and bed materials in thermochemical conversion in fluidized beds leads to changes of the bed particle surface due to ash layer formation. Ash components present on the bed particle surface strongly depend on the ash composition of the fuel. Thus, the residual biomass used has a strong influence on the surface changes on bed particles in fluidized bed conversion processes and, therefore, on the catalytic performance of the bed material layers. Ash layer formation is associated with an increase in the catalytic activity of the bed particles in gasification and plays a key role in the operability of different biomass fuels. The catalytic activation over time was observed for K-feldspar used as the bed material with bark, chicken manure, and a mixture of bark and chicken manure as fuels. The changes on the bed material surfaces were further characterized by SEM/EDS and BET analyses. Raman, XPS, and XRD analyses were used to characterize the crystal phases on the bed material surface. An increase in surface area over time was observed for K-feldspar during the interaction with biomass ash. Additionally, a more inhomogeneous surface composition for fuels containing chicken manure in comparison to pure bark was observed. This was due to the active participation of phosphorus from the fuel ash in the ash transformation reactions leading to their presence on the particle surface. A decreased catalytic activity was observed for the same BET surface area compared to bark combustion, caused by the different fuel ash composition of chicken manure.
Effects of diameter distribution errors on stand management decisions according to a simulated individual tree detection
Authors: Vauhkonen Jari 
Published: March 2020

AbstractKey MessageTree-level forest inventory data are becoming increasingly available, which motivates the use of these data for decision-making. However, airborne inventories carried out tree-by-tree typically include systematic errors, which can propagate to objective function variables used to determine optimal forest management. Effects of under-detection focused on the smallest trees on predicted immediate harvest profits and future expectation values were assessed assuming different sites and interest rates. Management decisions based on the erroneous information caused losses of 0–17% of the total immediate and future expected income of Scots pine stands.ContextOptimal decisions on how to manage forest stands can depend on the absence or presence of intermediate and understory trees. Yet, these tree strata are likely prone to inventory errors.AimsThe aim of this study is to examine implications of making stand management decisions based on data that include systematic errors resembling those typically observed in airborne inventories carried out tree-by-tree.MethodsStand management instructions were developed based on theoretical diameter distribution functions simulated to have different shape, scale, and frequency parameters corresponding to various degrees of under-detection focused on the smallest trees. Immediate harvest income and future expectation value were derived based on various management alternatives simulated.ResultsErrors in diameter distributions affected the predicted harvest profits and future expectation values differently between the simulated alternatives and depending on site type and interest rate assumptions. As a result, different alternatives were considered as optimal management compared to the use of the error-free reference distributions. In particular, the use of no management or most intensive management alternatives became preferred over alternatives with intermediate harvesting intensities. Certain harvesting types such as thinning from below became preferred more often than what was optimal. The errors did not affect the selection of the management alternative in 71% of the simulations, whereas in the remaining proportion, relying on the erroneous information would have caused losing 2%, on average, and 17% at maximum, of the total immediate and future expected income.ConclusionThe effects above might not have been discovered, if the results were validated for inventory totals instead of separately considering the immediate and future income and losses produced by the erroneous decisions. It is recommended not to separate but to integrate the inventory and planning systems for well-informed decisions.
Revisional Notes on the Cloud Forest Butterfly Genus Oxeoschistus Butler in Central America (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Authors: Pyrcz T W , Zubek A , Boyer P , Nakamura I , Wacławik B , Florczyk K 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSo far, six species ofOxeoschistusButler, including its junior synonymDioristeThieme, were listed from Central America, with five of them from Costa Rica alone, which appears to represent the highest regional diversity of this Neotropical montane butterfly genus. Our research based on field work, morphological studies and barcode analysis proved that one record is a misunderstanding perpetuated in scientific literature for over a century:Oxeoschistus cothonidesGrose-Smith is identified here as an individual form of the female ofO. cothonSalvin. The presence ofOxeoschistus tauropolis(Westwood) in Costa Rica, subject to some controversy, is confirmed, and a new local subspecies is described from Costa Rica,O. tauropolis mitsukoPyrcz & Nakamura n. ssp. Specific status ofO. euriphyleButler is reinstated based on morphological and molecular data. A new subspeciesO. hilara lempiraPyrcz n. ssp. is described from Honduras.O. puerta submaculatusButler is reported for the first time from the Darién region on the Panama–Colombia border. Species relationships are preliminarily evaluated based on COI data concluding, among others, thatO. hilaraandO. euriphyleare less closely related than previously assumed. Altitudinal and distributional data are revised, and ecological and behavioural information of all the species of Central AmericanOxeoschistusis provided.
Respiratory tract infection-related healthcare utilisation in children with Down’s syndrome
Authors: Manikam Logan , Schilder Anne G. M. , Lakhanpaul Monica , Littlejohns Peter , Alexander Emma C. , Hayward Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Children with Down’s syndrome (DS) are prone to respiratory tract infections (RTIs) due to anatomical variation, immune system immaturity and comorbidities. However, evidence on RTI-related healthcare utilisation, especially in primary care, is incomplete. In this retrospective cohort study, we use routinely collected primary and secondary care data to quantify RTI-related healthcare utilisation in children with DS and matched controls without DS.

Methods
Retrospective cohort study of 992 children with DS and 4874 matched controls attending English general practices and hospitals as identified in Clinical disease research using LInked Bespoke studies and Electronic health Records (CALIBER) from 1997 to 2010. Poisson regression was used to calculate consultation, hospitalisation and prescription rates, and rate ratios. Wald test was used to compare risk of admission following consultation. The Wilcoxon rank–sum test was used to compare length of stay by RTI type and time-to-hospitalisation.

Results
RTI-related healthcare utilisation is significantly higher in children with DS than in controls in terms of GP consultations (adjusted RR 1.73; 95% CI 1.62–1.84), hospitalisations (adjusted RR 5.70; 95% CI 4.82–6.73), and antibiotic prescribing (adjusted RR 2.34; 95% CI 2.19–2.49). Two percent of children with DS presenting for an RTI-related GP consultation were subsequently admitted for an RTI-related hospitalisation, compared to 0.7% in controls.

Conclusions
Children with DS have higher rates of GP consultations, hospitalisations and antibiotic prescribing compared to controls. This poses a significant burden on families. Further research is recommended to characterise healthcare behaviours and clinical decision-making, to optimise care for this at risk group.
Generating multiple reference vectors for a class of many-objective optimization problems with degenerate Pareto fronts
Authors: Hua Yicun , Jin Yaochu , Hao Kuangrong , Cao Yuan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMany-objective optimization problems with degenerate Pareto fronts are hard to solve for most existing many-objective evolutionary algorithms. This is particularly true when the shape of the degenerate Pareto front is very narrow, and there are many dominated solutions near the Pareto front. To solve this particular class of many-objective optimization problems, a new evolutionary algorithm is proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, a set of reference vectors is generated to locate the potential Pareto front and then generate a set of location vectors. With the help of the location vectors, the solutions near the Pareto front are mapped to the hyperplane and clustered to generate more reference vectors pointing to Pareto front. This way, the location vectors are able to efficiently guide the population to converge towards the Pareto front. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is examined on two typical test problems with degenerate Pareto fronts, namely DTLZ5 and DTLZ6 with 5–40 objectives. Our experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a clear advantage in dealing with this class of many-objective optimization problems. In addition, the proposed algorithm has also been successfully applied to optimization of process parameters of polyester fiber filament melt-transportation.
A Review on Surface-Functionalized Cellulosic Nanostructures as Biocompatible Antibacterial Materials
Authors: Tavakolian Mandana , Jafari Seid Mahdi , van de Ven Theo G. M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
As the most abundant biopolymer on the earth, cellulose has recently gained significant attention in the development of antibacterial biomaterials. Biodegradability, renewability, strong mechanical properties, tunable aspect ratio, and low density offer tremendous possibilities for the use of cellulose in various fields. Owing to the high number of reactive groups (i.e., hydroxyl groups) on the cellulose surface, it can be readily functionalized with various functional groups, such as aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and amines, leading to diverse properties. In addition, the ease of surface modification of cellulose expands the range of compounds which can be grafted onto its structure, such as proteins, polymers, metal nanoparticles, and antibiotics. There are many studies in which cellulose nano-/microfibrils and nanocrystals are used as a support for antibacterial agents. However, little is known about the relationship between cellulose chemical surface modification and its antibacterial activity or biocompatibility. In this study, we have summarized various techniques for surface modifications of cellulose nanostructures and its derivatives along with their antibacterial and biocompatibility behavior to develop non-leaching and durable antibacterial materials. Despite the high effectiveness of surface-modified cellulosic antibacterial materials, more studies on their mechanism of action, the relationship between their properties and their effectivity, and more in vivo studies are required.
The Influence of the Organizational Structure, Environment, and Resource Provision on the Use of Accrual Accounting in Municipalities
Authors: Nitzl Christian , Hilgers Dennis , Hirsch Bernhard , Lindermüller David 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDespite its benefits, municipalities frequently struggle to take advantage of accrual accounting as a basis for managerial decisions. We assume that the reason for this is that municipalities technically implement accrual accounting but sometimes keep it decoupled from daily decision making. To identify factors that facilitate a more sophisticated usage of accrual accounting in German public administrations, we examined the influence of the municipality’s contextual situation, organizational structure, and resource provision on the degree of sophistication in the use of accrual accounting. We found that the most relevant driver for a more sophisticated use of accrual accounting is the contextual situation in which the municipality is embedded. In our research model, a municipality’s contextual situation consists of fiscal stress, its political competition and culture, and the relevant legal system. Another important factor is the adequate provision of resources, such as an IT system that delivers easily accessible and accurate accounting information. Notably, the specific organizational structure of the municipality, which is often regarded as highly bureaucratic and the main obstruction to reforms, is not significant.
Large-Scale Identification and Time-Course Quantification of Ubiquitylation Events during Maize Seedling De-Etiolation
Authors: Wang Yue-Feng , Chao Qing , Li Zhe , Lu Tian-Cong , Zheng Hai-Yan , Zhao Cai-Feng , Shen Zhuo , Li Xiao-Hui , Wang Bai-Chen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The ubiquitin system is crucial for the development and fitness of higher plants. De-etiolation, during which green plants initiate photomorphogenesis and establish autotrophy, is a dramatic and complicated process that is tightly regulated by a massive number of ubiquitylation/de-ubiquitylation events. Here we present site-specific quantitative proteomic data for the ubiquitylomes of de-etiolating seedling leaves of Zea mays L. (exposed to light for 1, 6, or 12 h) achieved through immunoprecipitation-based high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Through the integrated analysis of multiple ubiquitylomes, we identified and quantified 1926 unique ubiquitylation sites corresponding to 1053 proteins. We analyzed these sites and found five potential ubiquitylation motifs, KA, AXK, KXG, AK, and TK. Time-course studies revealed that the ubiquitylation levels of 214 sites corresponding to 173 proteins were highly correlated across two replicate MS experiments, and significant alterations in the ubiquitylation levels of 78 sites (fold change &gt;1.5) were detected after de-etiolation for 12 h. The majority of the ubiquitylated sites we identified corresponded to substrates involved in protein and DNA metabolism, such as ribosomes and histones. Meanwhile, multiple ubiquitylation sites were detected in proteins whose functions reflect the major physiological changes that occur during plant de-etiolation, such as hormone synthesis/signaling proteins, key C4 photosynthetic enzymes, and light signaling proteins. This study on the ubiquitylome of the maize seedling leaf is the first attempt ever to study the ubiquitylome of a C4 plant and provides the proteomic basis for elucidating the role of ubiquitylation during plant de-etiolation.
A survey of speech-language pathology treatment for non-progressive dysarthria in Australia
Authors: Gracia Narissa , Rumbach Anna F. , Finch Emma 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAim:To identify management practices of Australian speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in the treatment of non-progressive dysarthria using a subsystem approach, and to explore SLPs’ consideration and implementation of the theoretical underpinnings of non-progressive dysarthria management.Method:A 39-item online survey was distributed to Australian SLPs, with 80 responses suitable for data analysis.Results:Practices of SLPs were variable for the management of the speech subsystems. The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT®) was the most commonly used manualised treatment program, and was employed by 63.77% of respondents. Almost all SLPs (>88%) provided strategies to improve functional communication. There was no clear preference for low tech alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) devices. Speech generating devices were the most commonly employed high tech device. Almost two-thirds of respondents used non-speech oral motor exercises (NSOMEs) in treatment. SLPs had varied frequencies and models of service delivery for intervention. SLPs valued interventions targeting the activity and participation domains of the ICF, however this was restricted by the treatment context and resources available. The majority of SLPs (92.06%) were aware of the principles of motor learning, however many were unsure regarding the specifics of implementation.Conclusion:There is a clear need for further research into the efficacy of treatment techniques to guide decision-making.
England's fresh approach to food waste: problem frames in theResources and Waste Strategy
Authors: Bradshaw Carrie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCoexisting and eye-watering levels of food abundance, waste, overconsumption and hunger are symptomatic of a broken food system punctuated by vested interests in systematic overproduction. Against that backdrop, this paper evaluates England's ‘new’ approach to food waste in light of concerns that policy-makers have framed food waste as a consumer behaviour problem, rather than a structural challenge. TheResources and Waste Strategy'sacknowledgement of normalised overproduction is thus remarkable, but unexpected. However, frame critical analysis reveals how an apparent departure from preoccupations with economic growth, combined with promises of government action, obscure an ongoing reluctance to intervene against powerful interests and the causes (not symptoms) of food waste. Legislative proposals, rather thanreducingsurplus, shift the burden ofredistributingfood away from the state and retailers, on to charities and farmers. With England, perhaps wrongly, seen as a world-leader on food waste, this has implications for other jurisdictions, as well as forthcoming consultations.
Land and poverty: the role of soil fertility and vegetation quality in poverty reduction
Authors: Heger Martin Philipp , Zens Gregor , Bangalore Mook 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe debate on the land–poverty nexus is inconclusive, with past research unable to identify the causal dynamics. We use a unique global panel dataset that links survey and census derived poverty data with measures of land ecosystems at the subnational level. Rainfall is used to overcome the endogeneity in the land–poverty relationship in an instrumental variable approach. This is the first global study using quasi-experimental methods to uncover the degree to which land improvements matter for poverty reduction. We draw three main conclusions. First, land improvements are important for poverty reduction in rural areas and particularly so for Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, land improvements are pro-poor: poorer areas see larger poverty alleviation effects due to improvements in land. Finally, irrigation plays a major role in breaking the link between bad weather and negative impacts on the poor through reduced vegetation growth and soil fertility.
Similarities and Differences in the Mechanisms Causing the European Summer Heatwaves in 2003, 2010, and 2018
Authors: Liu Xuebang , He Bin , Guo Lanlan , Huang Ling , Chen Deliang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe mechanisms causing European heatwaves in recent years, particularly their differences among several heatwaves, are poorly understood. Here atmospheric circulation anomalies and soil moisture‐temperature coupling during the summer 2018 heatwave are comprehensively examined and compared with the 2003 and 2010 heatwaves using ERA5 reanalysis, model simulations, and eddy covariance flux measurements. We show that the 2018 heatwave successively affected northern and central Europe, and the peak temperature in Finland and northwest Russia broke historical records of the past 40 years. Although three heatwaves were all initially triggered by atmospheric circulation anomalies, the strong moisture‐temperature coupling were found to further strengthen the 2003 and 2010 heatwaves. This coupling was also strong in central Europe during 2018 heatwave, but was weak in the northern European center of the heatwaves. The high temperature in 2018 was mainly due to increases in the amount of net surface radiation caused by the clear skies associated with reduced precipitation. Furthermore, we also find that land cover plays a critical role in determining the occurrence and strength of soil moisture‐temperature coupling. Cropland/grassland depletes soil moisture more readily than forests, thereby triggering a more rapid release of sensible fluxes as observed during 2018 heatwave.
El Niño‐Driven Oxygenation Impacts Peruvian Shelf Iron Supply to the South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Rapp Insa , Schlosser Christian , Browning Thomas J. , Wolf Fabian , Le Moigne Frédéric A. C. , Gledhill Martha , Achterberg Eric P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUpwelling ocean currents associated with oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) supply nutrients fuelling intense marine productivity. Perturbations in the extent and intensity of OMZs are projected in the future, but it is currently uncertain how this will impact fluxes of redox‐sensitive trace metal micronutrients to the surface ocean. Here we report seawater concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Cd, and Ni alongside the redox indicator iodide/iodate in the Peruvian OMZ during the 2015 El Niño event. The El Niño drove atypical upwelling of oxygen‐enriched water over the Peruvian Shelf, resulting in oxidized iodine and strongly depleted Fe (II), total dissolved Fe, and reactive particulate Fe concentrations relative to non‐El Niño conditions. Observations of Fe were matched by the redox‐sensitive micronutrients Co and Mn, but not by non‐redox‐sensitive Cd and Ni. These observations demonstrate that oxygenation of OMZs significantly reduces water column inventories of redox‐sensitive micronutrients, with potential impacts on ocean productivity.
Arctic Sea‐Ice Variability During the Instrumental Era
Authors: Brennan M. Kathleen , Hakim Gregory J. , Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth Edward 
Published: March 2020

AbstractArctic sea‐ice extent (SIE) has declined drastically in recent decades, yet its evolution prior to the satellite era is highly uncertain. Studies using SIE observations find little variability prior to the 1970s; however, these reconstructions are based on limited data, especially prior to the 1950s. We use ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation of surface air temperature observations with Last Millennium climate model simulations to create a fully gridded Arctic sea‐ice concentration reconstruction from 1850 to 2018 and investigate the evolution of Arctic SIE during this period. We find a decline of ∼1.25×106 km2 during the early 20th‐century warming (1910–1940). The 25‐year trends during this period are ∼33–38% smaller than the satellite era (1979–2018) but almost twice as large as previous estimates. Additionally, we find that variability of SIE on decadal timescales prior to the satellite era is ∼40% greater than previously estimated.