bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of gamma-ray burst jet opening angle through cosmic time
Authors: Lloyd-Ronning Nicole , Hurtado Valeria U , Aykutalp Aycin , Johnson Jarrett , Ceccobello Chiara 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Jet opening angles of long gamma-ray bursts (lGRBs) appear to evolve in cosmic time, with lGRBs at higher redshifts being on average more narrowly beamed than those at lower redshifts. We examine the nature of this anticorrelation in the context of collimation by the progenitor stellar envelope. First, we show that the data indicate a strong correlation between gamma-ray luminosity and jet opening angle, and suggest this is a natural selection effect – only the most luminous GRBs are able to successfully launch jets with large opening angles. Then, by considering progenitor properties expected to evolve through cosmic time, we show that denser stars lead to more collimated jets; we argue that the apparent anticorrelation between opening angle and redshift can be accounted for if lGRB massive star progenitors at high redshifts have higher average density compared to those at lower redshifts. This may be viable for an evolving initial mass function (IMF) – under the assumption that average density scales directly with mass, this relationship is consistent with the form of the IMF mass evolution suggested in the literature. The jet angle–redshift anticorrelation may also be explained if the lGRB progenitor population is dominated by massive stars at high redshift, while lower redshift lGRBs allow for a greater diversity of progenitor systems (that may fail to collimate the jet as acutely). Overall, however, we find both the jet angle–redshift anticorrelation and jet angle–luminosity correlation are consistent with the conditions of jet launch through, and collimation by, the envelope of a massive star progenitor.
Detecting the cosmic web: Lyα emission from simulated filaments at z = 3
Authors: Elias Lydia M , Genel Shy , Sternberg Amiel , Devriendt Julien , Slyz Adrianne , Visbal Eli , Bouché Nicolas 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The standard cosmological model (Λ cold dark matter, ΛCDM) predicts the existence of the cosmic web: a distribution of matter into sheets and filaments connecting massive haloes. However, observational evidence has been elusive due to the low surface brightness levels of the filaments. Recent deep Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE)/Very Large Telescope (VLT) data and upcoming observations offer a promising avenue for Lyα detection, motivating the development of modern theoretical predictions. We use hydrodynamical cosmological simulations run with the arepo code to investigate the potential detectability of large-scale filaments, excluding contributions from the haloes embedded in them. We focus on filaments connecting massive ($M_{200c}\sim (1\!-\!3)\times 10^{12}\hbox{$\rm \, M_{\odot }$}$) haloes at z = 3, and compare different simulation resolutions, feedback levels, and mock image pixel sizes. We find increasing simulation resolution does not substantially improve detectability notwithstanding the intrinsic enhancement of internal filament structure. By contrast, for a MUSE integration of 31 h, including feedback increases the detectable area by a factor of ≃5.5 on average compared with simulations without feedback, implying that even the non-bound components of the filaments have substantial sensitivity to feedback. Degrading the image resolution from the native MUSE scale of 0.2 arcsec2 pixel−1 to 5.3 arcsec2 apertures has the strongest effect, increasing the detectable area by a median factor of ≃200 and is most effective when the size of the pixel roughly matches the width of the filament. Finally, we find the majority of Lyα emission is due to electron impact collisional excitations, as opposed to radiative recombination.
The exterior gravitational potential of toroids
Authors: Huré J-M , Basillais B , Karas V , Trova A , Semerák O 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We perform a bivariate Taylor expansion of the axisymmetric Green function in order to determine the exterior potential of a static thin toroidal shell having a circular section, as given by the Laplace equation. This expansion, performed at the centre of the section, consists in an infinite series in the powers of the minor-to-major radius ratio e of the shell. It is appropriate for a solid, homogeneous torus, as well as for inhomogeneous bodies (the case of a core stratification is considered). We show that the leading term is identical to the potential of a loop having the same main radius and the same mass – this ‘similarity’ is shown to hold in the ${\cal O}(e^2)$ order. The series converges very well, especially close to the surface of the toroid where the average relative precision is ∼10−3 for e = 0.1 at order zero, and as low as a few 10−6 at second order. The Laplace equation is satisfied exactly in every order, so no extra density is induced by truncation. The gravitational acceleration, important in dynamical studies, is reproduced with the same accuracy. The technique also applies to the magnetic potential and field generated by azimuthal currents as met in terrestrial and astrophysical plasmas.
Interstellar comet 2I/Borisov exhibits a structure similar to native Solar system comets
Authors: Manzini F , Oldani V , Ochner P , Bedin L R 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We processed images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope(HST) to investigate any morphological features in the inner coma suggestive of a peculiar activity on the nucleus of the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov. The coma shows an evident elongation, in the position angle (PA) ∼0−180○ direction, which appears related to the presence of a jet originating from a single active source on the nucleus. A counterpart of this jet directed towards PA ∼10○  was detected through analysis of the changes of the inner coma morphology on HST images taken on different dates and processed with different filters. These findings indicate that the nucleus is probably rotating with a spin axis projected near the plane of the sky and oriented at PA ∼100−280○ , and that the active source is lying in a near-equatorial position. Subsequent observations of HST allowed us to determine the direction of the spin axis at right ascension (RA) = 17h20m ± 15○  and declination (Dec.) = $-35^\circ \, \pm 10^\circ$. Photometry of the nucleus on HST images of 2019 October 12 only spans ∼7 h, insufficient to reveal a rotational period. The morphology exhibited by the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov is very similar to that of comet C/2014 B1 suggesting that the activation processes are the same as those observed in the Solar system native comets.
VarFish: comprehensive DNA variant analysis for diagnostics and research
Authors: Holtgrewe Manuel , Stolpe Oliver , Nieminen Mikko , Mundlos Stefan , Knaus Alexej , Kornak Uwe , Seelow Dominik , Segebrecht Lara , Spielmann Malte , Fischer-Zirnsak Björn , Boschann Felix , Scholl Ute , Ehmke Nadja , Beule Dieter 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVarFish is a user-friendly web application for the quality control, filtering, prioritization, analysis, and user-based annotation of DNA variant data with a focus on rare disease genetics. It is capable of processing variant call files with single or multiple samples. The variants are automatically annotated with population frequencies, molecular impact, and presence in databases such as ClinVar. Further, it provides support for pathogenicity scores including CADD, MutationTaster, and phenotypic similarity scores. Users can filter variants based on these annotations and presumed inheritance pattern and sort the results by these scores. Variants passing the filter are listed with their annotations and many useful link-outs to genome browsers, other gene/variant data portals, and external tools for variant assessment. VarFish allows users to create their own annotations including support for variant assessment following ACMG-AMP guidelines. In close collaboration with medical practitioners, VarFish was designed for variant analysis and prioritization in diagnostic and research settings as described in the software's extensive manual. The user interface has been optimized for supporting these protocols. Users can install VarFish on their own in-house servers where it provides additional lab notebook features for collaborative analysis and allows re-analysis of cases, e.g. after update of genotype or phenotype databases.
Excellent outcome of young children with nodular desmoplastic medulloblastoma treated on “Head Start” III: a multi-institutional, prospective clinical trial
Authors: Dhall Girish , O’Neil Sharon H , Ji Lingyun , Haley Kelley , Whitaker Ashley M , Nelson Marvin D , Gilles Floyd , Gardner Sharon L , Allen Jeffrey C , Cornelius Albert S , Pradhan Kamnesh , Garvin James H , Olshefski Randal S , Hukin Juliette , Comito Melanie , Goldman Stewart , Atlas Mark P , Walter Andrew W , Sands Stephen , Sposto Richard , Finlay Jonathan L 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
“Head Start” III, was a prospective clinical trial using intensive induction followed by myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic cell rescue (AuHCR) to either avoid or reduce the dose/volume of irradiation in young children with medulloblastoma.

Methods
Following surgery, patients received 5 cycles of induction followed by myeloablative chemotherapy using carboplatin, thiotepa, and etoposide with AuHCR. Irradiation was reserved for children &gt;6 years old at diagnosis or with residual tumor post-induction.

Results
Between 2003 and 2009, 92 children &lt;10 years old with medulloblastoma were enrolled. Five-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rates (±SE) were 46 ± 5% and 62 ± 5% for all patients, 61 ± 8% and 77 ± 7% for localized medulloblastoma, and 35 ± 7% and 52 ± 7% for disseminated patients. Nodular/desmoplastic (ND) medulloblastoma patients had 5-year EFS and OS (±SE) rates of 89 ± 6% and 89 ± 6% compared with 26 ± 6% and 53 ± 7% for classic and 38 ± 13% and 46 ± 14% for large-cell/anaplastic (LCA) medulloblastoma, respectively. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, histology was the only significant independent predictor of EFS after adjusting for stage, extent of resection, regimen, age, and sex (P &lt;0.0001). Five-year irradiation-free EFS was 78 ± 8% for ND and 21 ± 5% for classic/LCA medulloblastoma patients. Myelosuppression was the most common toxicity, with 2 toxic deaths. Twenty-four survivors completed neurocognitive evaluation at a mean of 4.9 years post-diagnosis. IQ and memory scores were within average range overall, whereas processing speed and adaptive functioning were low-average.

Conclusion
We report excellent survival and preservation of mean IQ and memory for young children with ND medulloblastoma using high-dose chemotherapy, with most patients surviving without irradiation.
Effect of glucose and sucrose on cognition in healthy humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies
Authors: García Cristina Reche , Piernas Carmen , Martínez-Rodríguez Alejandro , Hernández-Morante Juan José 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Context
Evidence suggests that plasma glucose levels may influence cognitive performance, but this has not been systematically reviewed and quantified.

Objective
The aim of this review was to investigate the potential effects of glucose and sucrose, compared with placebo, on cognition in healthy humans.

Data Sources
The electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched up to December 2019. Reference lists of selected articles were checked manually.

Study Selection
Randomized controlled trials or crossover trials that compared glucose or sucrose with placebo for effects on cognition were eligible.

Data Extraction
Potentially eligible articles were selected independently by 2 authors. Risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were obtained from random-effects meta-analyses for a subsample of studies that reported the same outcomes.

Results
Thirty-seven trials were identified, of which 35 investigated the effect of glucose consumption compared with placebo on cognition. Two studies found no effect of glucose on cognition, while the others found mixed results. Only 3 of the 37 studies investigated the effects of sucrose intake, reporting mixed results. Meta-analyses revealed a significantly positive effect of glucose compared with control, but only when a verbal performance test (immediate word recall) was used in parallel-design studies (SMD = 0.61; 95%CI, 0.20–1.02; I2 = 0%). Twenty-four studies were classified as having high risk of bias for the selection procedure.

Conclusions
A limited body of evidence shows a beneficial effect of glucose in individuals performing immediate verbal tasks. High-quality trials with standardized cognitive measurements are needed to better establish the effect of glucose or sucrose on cognition.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration number CRD42019122939.
PsbQ-Like Protein 3 Functions as an Assembly Factor for the Chloroplast NADH Dehydrogenase-Like Complex in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ishikawa Noriko , Yokoe Yuki , Nishimura Taishi , Nakano Takeshi , Ifuku Kentaro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Angiosperms have three PsbQ-like (PQL) proteins in addition to the PsbQ subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Previous studies have shown that two PQL proteins, PnsL2 and PnsL3, are subunits of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex involved in the photosystem I (PSI) cyclic electron flow. In addition, another PsbQ homolog, PQL3, is required for the NDH activity; however, the molecular function of PQL3 has not been elucidated. Here, we show that PQL3 is an assembly factor, particularly for the accumulation of subcomplex B (SubB) of the chloroplast NDH. In the pql3 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, the amounts of NDH subunits in SubB, PnsB1 and PsnB4, were decreased, causing a severe reduction in the NDH–PSI supercomplex. Analysis using blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that the incorporation of PnsL3 into SubB was affected in the pql3 mutant. Unlike other PsbQ homologs, PQL3 was weakly associated with thylakoid membranes and was only partially protected from thermolysin digestion. Consistent with the function as an assembly factor, PQL3 accumulated independently in other NDH mutants, such as pnsl1-3. Furthermore, PQL3 accumulated in young leaves in a manner similar to the accumulation of CRR3, an assembly factor for SubB. These results suggest that PQL3 has developed a distinct function as an assembly factor for the NDH complex during evolution of the PsbQ protein family in angiosperms.
Music Intervention in Pain Relief of Cardiovascular Patients in Cardiac Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Yiru , Wei Jing , Guan Xinzhu , Zhang Yifan , Zhang Yiyi , Zhang Na , Mao Meijiao , Du Wenting , Ren Yajuan , Shen Hong , Liu Ping 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Numerous meta-analyses have been conducted on music and pain, but no studies have investigated music and cardiac procedural pain.

Objective
To assess the effects of music intervention on pain in cardiac procedures in the published randomized controlled trials.

Methods
This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. All the included randomized controlled studies were published between 1999 and 2016. Studies were obtained from electronic databases or by hand-searching of related journals and reference lists. The main outcome was pain intensity, and the secondary outcomes were vital signs such as heart rate, respiration rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines.

Results
Analysis of 14 studies indicated that music interventions had statistically significant effects on decreasing pain scales (mean deviation [MD] = –1.84), heart rate (MD = –2.62), respiration rate (MD = –2.57), systolic blood pressure (MD = –5.11), and diastolic blood pressure (MD = 0.44). The subgroup analysis method was used in all five outcomes.

Conclusions
Considering all the possible benefits, music intervention may provide an effective complement for the relief of cardiac procedural pain.
Development of the PROMIS Pediatric Physical Activity Item Banks
Authors: Tucker Carole A , Bevans Katherine B , Becker Brandon D , Teneralli Rachel , Forrest Christopher B 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to develop self-report and parent-proxy measures of children’s physical activity for clinical research and practice and to demonstrate a valid and reliable instrument of children’s lived experience of physical activity as reported by the children themselves or their parent proxies.

Methods
This study involved qualitative development of item pools followed by 2 cross-sectional validity and reliability studies. The National Institutes of Health Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) instrument development standards were applied to create child self-report and parent-proxy physical activity instruments from previously developed, content-valid pools of physical activity items. Each item used a 7-day recall period and had 5 response options. Item bank calibration was based on national samples totaling 3033 children aged 8 to 17 years and 2336 parents of children aged 5 to 17 years. Quantitative analyses included reliability assessments, factor analyses, item response theory calibration, differential item functioning, and construct validation.

Results
The final item banks comprised 10 items each. The items were selected based on content and psychometric properties. The item banks appeared to be unidimensional and free from differential item functioning. They showed excellent reliability and a high degree of precision across the range of the latent variable. Child-report and parent-proxy 4- and 8-item fixed-length instruments were specified. The instruments showed moderate correlation with existing self-report measures of physical activity.

Conclusion
The PROMIS Pediatric Physical Activity instruments provide precise and valid measurement of children’s lived experiences of physical activity.

Impact
The availability of the PROMIS Pediatric Physical Activity instruments will support advances in clinical practice and research that require measurement of pediatric physical activity by self- and parent-proxy report.
Optimal Timing of Policy Announcements in Dynamic Election Campaigns*
Authors: Kamada Yuichiro , Sugaya Takuo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe construct a dynamic model of election campaigns. In the model, opportunities for candidates to refine/clarify their policy positions are limited and arrive stochastically along the course of the campaign until the predetermined election date. We show that this simple friction leads to rich and subtle campaign dynamics. We first demonstrate these effects in a series of canonical static models of elections that we extend to dynamic settings, including models with valence and a multidimensional policy space. We then present general principles that underlie the results from those models. In particular, we establish that candidates spend a long time using ambiguous language during the election campaign in equilibrium.
Corporate Governance in China: A Survey*
Authors: Jiang Fuxiu , Kim Kenneth A 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article surveys corporate governance in China, as described in a growing literature published in top journals. Unlike the classical vertical agency problems in Western countries, the dominant agency problem in China is the horizontal agency conflict between controlling and minority shareholders arising from concentrated ownership structure; thus one cannot automatically apply what is known about the USA to China. As these features are also prevalent in many other countries, insights from this survey can also be applied to countries far beyond China. We start by describing controlling shareholder and agency problems in China, and then discuss how law and institutions are particularly important for China, where controlling shareholders have great power. As state-owned enterprises have their own features, we separately discuss their corporate governance. We also briefly discuss corporate social responsibility in China. Finally, we provide an agenda for future research.
Recalibration of insecticide-measuring containers could prevent underdosing of insecticide during indoor residual spraying for visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) elimination in India
Authors: Saurabh Suman , Yadav Ravindra Kumar 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
The visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) elimination programme in India relies on indoor residual spraying (IRS) for sand-fly vector control. Insecticide supplied by a new manufacturer was introduced for IRS in 2019. We aimed to explore whether this led to a change in insecticide quantity being used in the field.

Methods
We compared measurements of weights of 250 mL of insecticide powder of two different manufacturers using a certified and calibrated weighing instrument.

Results
The density of insecticide supplied in 2019 was 43.4% lower than that in 2018, thereby leading to underdosing during current IRS activity.

Conclusions
Insecticide-measuring containers should be recalibrated prior to every IRS round and also when an insecticide manufacturer changes, so that the insecticide dose is maintained within the recommended range.