bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bet hedging and cold-temperature termination of diapause in the life history of the Atlantic salmon ectoparasiteArgulus canadensis
Authors: Lynn Tyler J. , Jeong Ji-Won , Duffy Michael S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractArgulus canadensisis a crustacean ectoparasite observed increasingly on wild migrating adult Atlantic salmon. We investigated temperature and salinity tolerance regarding development, survival and hatch ofA. canadensiseggs to help understand spatiotemporal features of transmission.Argulus canadensiseggs differentiate to pharate embryos by 35 days buttheir hatch is protracted to ~7 months. Cold treatment ⩾75 days mimics overwintering and terminates egg diapause, with 84.6% (72.1–100%) metanauplius hatch induced ⩾13 °C and synchronized to 3–4 weeks. Inter- and intra-clutch variability and protracted hatch in the absence of cold-temperature termination of diapause is compatible with bet hedging. Whereas diapause likely promotes phenological synchrony for host colocalization, bet hedging could afford temporal plasticity to promote host encounter during environmental change. Our egg storage and hatch induction/synchronization methodologies can be exploited for empirical investigations. Salinity tolerance reveals both significantly higher embryonic development (94.4 ± 3.5%vs61.7 ± 24.6%) and metanauplius hatch (53.3 ± 7.5%vs10.1 ± 8.2%) for eggs in freshwater than at 17 ppt. Unhatched embryos were alive in freshwater by the end of the trial (213 days) but were dead/dying at 17 ppt. Eggs did not develop at 34 ppt. Salinity tolerance ofA. canadensiseggs supports riverine transmission to adult Atlantic salmon during return to freshwater for mating each year.
Conceptualising state-market-family relationships in comparative research: a conceptual goodness view on defamilization
Authors: ZAGEL HANNAH , LOHMANN HENNING 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of defamilization as a concept for analysing state-market-family relationships in comparative perspective. A paradox has emerged around defamilization in the last decade; its use in empirical large-N research has grown markedly despite mounting criticism in theoretical discussions. Applying criteria of conceptual goodness, we find that the popularity of the concept is based on its high degree of parsimony, theoretical utility and field utility, but that there are problems with the resonance, coherence and differentiation of the concept. We argue that defamilization is most coherent and has greatest utility if the concept’s roots in welfare state theory are fully acknowledged. In our view, this means that defamilization is best understood a) alongside the separate concept of familization, b) as a multidimensional concept in terms of economic and social dependencies in family relationships, and c) as a means of addressing both gender and intergenerational dependencies. Although suitable for operationalization in empirical research, the concept hence imposes high demands regarding the required data and possible analyses.
Evolutionary layout design synthesis of an autonomous greenhouse using product-related dependencies
Authors: Law-Kam Cio Yann-Seing , Ma Yuanchao , Vadean Aurelian , Beltrame Giovanni , Achiche Sofiane 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe development of autonomous greenhouses has caught the interest of many researchers and industrial considering their potential of offering an optimal environment for the growth of high-quality crops with minimum resources. Since an autonomous greenhouse is a mechatronic system, the consideration of its subsystem (e.g. heating systems) and component (e.g. actuators and sensors) interactions early in the design phase can ease the product development process. Indeed, this consideration could shorten the design process, reduce the number of redesign loops, and improve the performance of the overall mechatronic system. In the case of a greenhouse, it would lead to a higher quality of the crops and a better management of resources. In this work, the layout design of a general autonomous greenhouse is translated into an optimization problem statement while considering product-related dependencies. Then, a genetic algorithm is used to carry out the optimization of the layout design. The methodology is applied to the design of a fully autonomous greenhouse (45 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) for the growth of plants in space. Although some objectives are conflictual, the developed algorithm proposes a compromise to obtain a near-optimal feasible layout design. The algorithm was also able to optimize the volume of components (occupied space) while considering the energy consumption and the overall mass. Their respective summed values are 2844.32 cm3, which represents 7% of the total volume, 5.86 W, and 655.8 g.
Predictions of coronavirus COVID-19 distinct cases in Pakistan through an artificial neural network
Authors: Ahmad Iftikhar , Muhammad Asad Syed 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study presents the main motivation to investigate the COVID-19 pandemic, a major threat to the whole world from the day when it first emerged in China city of Wuhan. Predictions on the number of cases of COVID-19 are crucial in order to prevent and control the outbreak. In this research study, an artificial neural network with rectifying linear unit-based technique is implemented to predict the number of deaths, recovered and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Pakistan by using previous data of 137 days of COVID-19 cases from the day 25 February 2020 when the first two cases were confirmed, until 10 July 2020. The collected data were divided into training and test data which were used to test the efficiency of the proposed technique. Furthermore, future predictions have been made by the proposed technique for the next 7 days while training the model on whole available data.
Protecting healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2 and other infections
Authors: Chen Mengding , Wei Xin , Wang Zhengguang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a tremendous impact in China and abroad since its onset in December 2019 and poses a major threat to human health. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at the forefront of the response to outbreaks. This study reviewed literature data and found that HCWs were at high risk of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially at the early stage of the epidemic, and many factors greatly affected their occupational safety. Although SARS-CoV-2 transmission was controlled in China, the Chinese experience can help protect HCWs from COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases.
Public attitude towards quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Song W. , Sawafta F. J. , Ebrahem B. M. , Jebril M. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Due to the outbreak of the deadly coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19), Wuhan was on lockdown for more than 60 days by the state government. This study investigated the perceptions and attitudes of the public on quarantine as a practical approach to halting the spread of COVID-19. An online survey was conducted via WeChat between 10 January 2020 and 10 March 2020 on the general population in Hubei province at the height of the COVID-19 outbreak. In total, 549 respondents participated in the survey. Results revealed that the public displayed significantly strong support towards quarantine throughout the outbreak period, apart from locking people up and using imprisonment legal sanctions against those who failed to comply with the stringent regulations. The support exerted by the public stemmed from the execution of authorised officers to protect the public interest and provision of psychosocial support for those affected. In situations where quarantine could not be imposed, public health policy-makers and government officials should implement an extensive system of psychosocial support to safeguard, instruct and inform frontline public health workers. The public should also be enlisted in an open conversation concerning the ethical utility of restrictive values during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Pull out all the stops: Textual analysis via punctuation sequences
Authors: DARMON ALEXANDRA N. M. , BAZZI MARYA , HOWISON SAM D. , PORTER MASON A. 
Published: September 2020

Whether enjoying the lucid prose of a favourite author or slogging through some other writer’s cumbersome, heavy-set prattle (full of parentheses, em dashes, compound adjectives, and Oxford commas), readers will notice stylistic signatures not only in word choice and grammar but also in punctuation itself. Indeed, visual sequences of punctuation from different authors produce marvellously different (and visually striking) sequences. Punctuation is a largely overlooked stylistic feature in stylometry, the quantitative analysis of written text. In this paper, we examine punctuation sequences in a corpus of literary documents and ask the following questions: Are the properties of such sequences a distinctive feature of different authors? Is it possible to distinguish literary genres based on their punctuation sequences? Do the punctuation styles of authors evolve over time? Are we on to something interesting in trying to do stylometry without words, or are we full of sound and fury (signifying nothing)?In our investigation, we examine a large corpus of documents from Project Gutenberg (a digital library with many possible editorial influences). We extract punctuation sequences from each document in our corpus and record the number of words that separate punctuation marks. Using such information about punctuation-usage patterns, we attempt both author and genre recognition, and we also examine the evolution of punctuation usage over time. Our efforts at author recognition are particularly successful. Among the features that we consider, the one that seems to carry the most explanatory power is an empirical approximation of the joint probability of the successive occurrence of two punctuation marks. In our conclusions, we suggest several directions for future work, including the application of similar analyses for investigating translations and other types of categorical time series.
Concolic Testing in CLP
Authors: MESNARD FRED , PAYET ÉTIENNE , VIDAL GERMÁN 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConcolic testing is a popular software verification technique based on a combination of concrete and symbolic execution. Its main focus is finding bugs and generating test cases with the aim of maximizing code coverage. A previous approach to concolic testing in logic programming was not sound because it only dealt with positive constraints (by means of substitutions) but could not represent negative constraints. In this paper, we present a novel framework for concolic testing of CLP programs that generalizes the previous technique. In the CLP setting, one can represent both positive and negative constraints in a natural way, thus giving rise to a sound and (potentially) more efficient technique. Defining verification and testing techniques for CLP programs is increasingly relevant since this framework is becoming popular as an intermediate representation to analyze programs written in other programming paradigms.
Verifying Tight Logic Programs with anthem and vampire
Authors: FANDINNO JORGE , LIFSCHITZ VLADIMIR , LÜHNE PATRICK , SCHAUB TORSTEN 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper continues the line of research aimed at investigating the relationship between logic programs and first-order theories. We extend the definition of program completion to programs with input and output in a subset of the input language of the ASP grounder gringo, study the relationship between stable models and completion in this context, and describe preliminary experiments with the use of two software tools, anthem and vampire, for verifying the correctness of programs with input and output. Proofs of theorems are based on a lemma that relates the semantics of programs studied in this paper to stable models of first-order formulas.
Conflict Generalisation in ASP: Learning Correct and Effective Non-Ground Constraints
Authors: TAUPE RICHARD , WEINZIERL ANTONIUS , FRIEDRICH GERHARD 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGeneralising and re-using knowledge learned while solving one problem instance has been neglected by state-of-the-art answer set solvers. We suggest a new approach that generalises learned nogoods for re-use to speed-up the solving of future problem instances. Our solution combines well-known ASP solving techniques with deductive logic-based machine learning. Solving performance can be improved by adding learned non-ground constraints to the original program. We demonstrate the effects of our method by means of realistic examples, showing that our approach requires low computational cost to learn constraints that yield significant performance benefits in our test cases. These benefits can be seen with ground-and-solve systems as well as lazy-grounding systems. However, ground-and-solve systems suffer from additional grounding overheads, induced by the additional constraints in some cases. By means of conflict minimization, non-minimal learned constraints can be reduced. This can result in significant reductions of grounding and solving efforts, as our experiments show.
Necessity under construction – societal weighing rationality in the appraisal of health care technologies
Authors: Kleinhout-Vliek Tineke , de Bont Antoinette , Boer Bert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHealth care coverage decisions may employ many different considerations, which are brought together across two phases. The assessment phase examines the available scientific evidence, such as the cost-effectiveness, of the technology. The appraisal then contextualises this evidence to arrive at an (advised) coverage decision, but little is known about how this is done.In the Netherlands, the appraisal is set up to achieve a societal weighing and is the primary place where need- and solidarity-related (‘necessity’) argumentations are used. To elucidate how the Dutch appraisal committee ‘constructs necessity’, we analysed observations and recordings of two appraisal committee meetings at the National Health Care Institute, the corresponding documents (five), and interviews with committee members and policy makers (13 interviewees in 12 interviews), with attention to specific necessity argumentations.The Dutch appraisal committee constructs necessity in four phases: (1) allowing explicit criteria to steer the process; (2) allowing patient (representative) contributions to challenge the process; (3) bringing new argumentations in from outside and weaving them together; and (4) formulating recommendations to societal stakeholders. We argue that in these ways, the appraisal committee achieves societal weighing rationality, as the committee actively uses argumentations from society and embeds the decision outcome in society.
Greater Contribution From Agricultural Sources to Future Reactive Nitrogen Deposition in the United States
Authors: Chen Yilin , Shen Huizhong , Shih Jhih‐Shyang , Russell Armistead G. , Shao Shuai , Hu Yongtao , Odman Mehmet Talat , Nenes Athanasios , Pavur Gertrude K. , Zou Yufei , Chen Zhihong , Smith Richard A. , Burtraw Dallas , Driscoll Charles T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany sensitive ecosystems in areas protected for biodiversity conservation in the United States suffer from exposure to excess reactive nitrogen (Nr) released by fossil fuel combustion and agricultural practices and deposited onto the land surface and water bodies. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied over the contiguous United States to link emissions and climate change to reactive nitrogen deposition by simulating both present‐day and future speciated Nr deposition to protected areas. Future conditions included examining the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 climate and the Shared Socio‐Economic Pathway 5 emission scenarios. We further identify protected areas that would benefit most from better Nr management strategies by comparing the simulated deposition with multiple critical loads (CLs) for both biodiversity and acidification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Achieved by further NOx emission reductions from the mobile and power generation sectors, future Nr deposition is expected to decrease. However, in regions with intensive fertilizer application or hosting concentrated animal feeding operations, the reduction may be offset by rising agricultural NH3 emissions. The protected areas having CL exceedances in 2050 are expected to increase by 5.5% for empirical lichen‐based CL, and by 11% and 22% for surface water and forest soil acidity, respectively, because of the agricultural NH3 emission increase. By linking the deposition simulations with a water quality model, we identified that atmospheric deposition is the dominant source of nitrogen for several remote watersheds, including several lakes in National Parks and National Wilderness areas in Colorado, Montana, and Minnesota.
Monsoon‐Induced Zonal Asymmetries in Moisture Transport Cause Anomalous Pacific Precipitation Minus Evaporation
Authors: Craig P. M. , Ferreira D. , Methven J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBasin‐integrated precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) in the Pacific is near neutral while the Atlantic shows net evaporation. We link this P − E asymmetry to atmospheric moisture fluxes across the boundaries of the ocean drainage basins. Adopting an objective approach based on a comparison between actual fluxes and a zonally averaged circulation, we show that the asymmetry is dominated by moisture fluxes associated with the monthly mean flow at low latitudes rather than by differences in moisture fluxes into the Southern Ocean and Arctic catchments. In boreal summer, the eastward moisture flux, due to the Asian Summer Monsoon flow, opposes the zonal mean westward flux in the Trade Winds and results in more positive P − E over the Pacific than both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, even in the annual mean. Our analysis reveals that moisture flux across Southeast Asia, rather than across Central America, is the dominant factor in the P − E asymmetry.
Imprints of COVID‐19 Lockdown on GNSS Observations: An Initial Demonstration Using GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry
Authors: Karegar Makan A. , Kusche Jürgen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has imposed tight mobility restrictions in urban areas, causing substantial reduction in roadway traffic. Many public parking lots are nearly vacant as people across the world have gone on lockdown since mid‐March. This environmental change may have impacts on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors installed on roof of buildings. Here, we use a monitoring site in Boston to exemplify a likely sensitivity of precise GNSS sensors to their nearby dynamic environments including parked vehicles in parking lots. We show that reduced number of parked vehicles since 23 March has decreased the reflector roughness, resulting in an increase in the reflected signal power whose amplitude is quantified by GNSS interferometric reflectometry technique. The uncertainty of retrieved GNSS antenna height drops with beginning of lockdown, allowing more accurate estimate of reflector height, which could have a general implication for better understanding of the fundamental limitations of the technique.
First Report of Electron Measurements During a Europa Footprint Tail Crossing by Juno
Authors: Allegrini F. , Gladstone G. R. , Hue V. , Clark G. , Szalay J. R. , Kurth W. S. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Ebert R. W. , Greathouse T. K. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Imai M. , Louarn P. , Mauk B. H. , McComas D. J. , Saur J. , Sulaiman A. H. , Valek P. W. , Wilson R. J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report the first in situ observations of electron measurements at a Europa footprint tail (FPT) crossing in the auroral region. During its 12th science perijove pass, Juno crossed magnetic field lines connected to Europa's FPT. We find that electrons in the range ~0.4 to ~25 keV, with a characteristic energy of 3.6 ± 0.5 keV, precipitate into Jupiter's atmosphere to create the footprint aurora. The energy flux peaks at ~36 mW/m2, while the peak ultraviolet (UV) brightness is estimated at 37 kR. We estimate the peak electron density and temperature to be 17.3 cm−3 and 1.8 ± 0.1 keV, respectively. Using magnetic flux shell mapping, we estimate that the radial width of the interaction at Europa's orbit spans roughly 3.6 ± 1.0 Europa radii. In contrast to typical Io FPT crossings, the instrument background caused by penetrating energetic radiation (> ~5–10 MeV electrons) increased during the Europa FPT crossing.
Along‐Dip Variation in Seismic Radiation of the 2011 Ibaraki‐Oki, Japan, Earthquake (Mw 7.9) Inferred Using a Multiple‐Period‐Band Source Inversion Approach
Authors: Kubo Hisahiko , Asano Kimiyuki , Iwata Tomotaka , Aoi Shin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo elucidate the spatial variation in period‐dependent seismic radiation for the 2011 Ibaraki‐oki earthquake (Mw 7.9) in Japan, we applied a multiple‐period‐band source inversion approach to near‐source strong‐motion waveforms of this earthquake. We estimated source models of this earthquake in three successive period bands (5–10, 10–25, and 25–50 s) using strong‐motion data and Green's functions based on a 3‐D velocity structure model. The source models in the period bands of 10–25 and 25–50 s had large slips in the area to the south and southeast of the hypocenter in the depth range of 23–35 km, while the large slip area for the source model in the period band of 5–10 s was located in the deeper region ~30 km west of the hypocenter in the depth range of 35–45 km. These results indicate that long‐period (10–25 and 25–50 s) and short‐period (5–10 s) seismic waves were predominantly radiated from these different regions along the dip direction during the 2011 Ibaraki‐oki earthquake. This along‐dip variation in the dominant period of seismic radiation can be explained by the variation in scale in unstable sliding patches according to depth.
Wind Entrainment in Jets with Reversing Buoyancy: Implications for Volcanic Plumes
Authors: Michaud‐Dubuy A. , Carazzo G. , Kaminski E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExplosive volcanic eruptions commonly undergo a transition from stable plume to collapsing fountain with associated destructive pyroclastic density currents. A major goal in physical volcanology is to predict quantitatively the limit between the flow regimes as a function of the source and environmental conditions. Atmospheric winds influence the dynamics and stability of the column causing bending and enhancing turbulent air entrainment. However, the predictions made with 1‐D models of volcanic plumes accounting for the presence of wind strongly depend on the wind entrainment coefficient β, a parameter whose value varies in the literature. Here we present a new theoretical model to identify an analytical criterion for column collapse in windy conditions. We then present new laboratory experiments on turbulent jets with reversing buoyancy rising in a crossflow in order to better constrain β. Our results show that a single value of
can be used to describe the behavior of laboratory jets with arbitrary buoyancy. The results allow us to parameterize our 1‐D model of volcanic plumes PPM and to show the crucial importance of wind gradient and profile on volcanic column dynamics through the use of the 1991 Mt. Hudson eruption as a case study. Finally, we propose a new transition diagram between the stable plume and collapsing fountain regimes, as a function of wind speed and mass discharge rate only, which can be used for the rapid assessment of major hazards during an explosive eruption.