bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of selected cryptocurrency
Authors: Nakov O , Gotseva D , Tomov Y 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the last few years, blockchain technologies have gained immense popularity both among researchers and in socio-economic life. Companies from various fields of industry implement projects based on blockchain technology. Pandemics like Covid-19 put almost all industries to the test. The work of the transport industry during the crisis is directly related to the work of the financial and banking sector. The problems that transport companies would experience from blocking the banking system during a subsequent pandemic would be solved in an innovative way using different cryptocurrencies. This article aims to make a comparative analysis of some cryptocurrencies, as well as to comment on the problems associated with them. The analysis can be used to develop blockchain-based applications in the transport industry.
Operation of diesel engine with fuels treated with nanoparticle additives
Authors: Ivanov Zdravko , Mihaylov Veselin , Sitnik Lech , Sroka Zbigniew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTreatment of materials with nano-sized elements is widely used in the automotive industry. This application is associated both with surface treatment of parts and in the form of various mixtures. The use of nanoparticles as an additive to oils and fuels aims to impact the energy efficiency of the engine in order to improve mechanical losses and its environmental performance. Improving mechanical losses leads to a reduction in energy consumption and hence to a reduction in carbon emissions. Published research in this regard has shown an impact on various physical processes related to engine performance. In this paper are shown the results from performed studies on a direct injected diesel engine when working with oil and fuel additives, based on carbon nanoparticles. The results show an improvement in the operation of the fuel injection system and reduction in the mechanical losses in the engine.
Preparation of a quinoa straw-derived porous carbon material and a Fe3O4-contained composite material for removal of rhodamine B from water
Authors: Wang Zhixiao , Zhou Qinghua , Chen Siji , Liang Dadong , Tang Shanshan , Chen Huan , Chen Guang , Xia Yuhan , Zhang Bolun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this work, quinoa straw (QS) is considered as a sustainable biomass resource to produce adsorbent materials for wastewater treatment. Two materials, a porous carbon material derived from QS (PCQS) and a Fe3O4-containing composite material based on the PCPS (Fe3O4@PCQS), were prepared. PCQS was prepared via carbonization and subsequent chemical activation of the QS using NaOH. Thereafter, PCQS was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, IR, XPS, and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. As a carbon material with heterogeneous pores, PCQS has a BET specific surface area of 3435.21 m2 g−1, which is about 175 times higher than that of the precursor QS (19.60 m2 g−1). The PCQS had an adsorption capacity of 1778.1 mg g−1 toward rhodamine B (RhB), and the adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm model. The PCQS was further modified by synthesizing Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles on the surface of PCQS to give Fe3O4@PCQS. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@PCQS toward RhB reached 1156.2 mg g−1, and it could be rapidly separated from water by applying an external magnetic field. The PCQS and Fe3O4@PCQS exhibited acceptable reusability which was evaluated through ten successive adsorption/desorption cycles. In summary, the adsorption capacities of PCQS and Fe3O4@PCQS toward RhB are comparable with most current adsorbents, including the graphene-based materials, which shows that QS is a promising biomass feedstock to prepare carbon-based materials and composites.
Fault-tolerant quantum error correction for Steane’s seven-qubit color code with few or no extra qubits
Authors: Reichardt Ben W 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Steane’s seven-qubit quantum code is a natural choice for fault-tolerance experiments because it is small and just two extra qubits are enough to correct errors. However, the two-qubit error-correction technique, known as ‘flagged’ syndrome extraction, works slowly, measuring only one syndrome at a time. This is a disadvantage in experiments with high qubit rest error rates. We extend the technique to extract multiple syndromes at once, without needing more qubits. Qubits for different syndromes can flag errors in each other. This gives equally fast and more qubit-efficient alternatives to Steane’s error-correction method, and also conforms to planar geometry constraints. We further show that Steane’s code and some others can be error-corrected with no extra qubits, provided there are at least two code blocks. The rough idea is that two seven-qubit codewords can be temporarily joined into a twelve-qubit code, freeing two qubits for flagged syndrome measurement.
Are We Putting Human Rights into Social Work Practice in Kosovo?
Authors: Krasniqi Vjollca , McPherson Jane , Villarreal-Otálora Tatiana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this article, we explore how social workers are putting human rights into practice in Kosovo. We present a snapshot of the current human rights context in Kosovo; we discuss frameworks for rights-based practice within social work; and we explain the evolution of Kosovar social work education and the role of human rights within it. Ultimately, we focus on the results of a new survey that uses Albanian translations of the Human Rights Methods in Social Work scales to explore the use of eight rights-based practice methods by 100 social workers situated in Kosovo’s Centres for Social Work. In our sample, social workers endorsed the four micro (individually focused) practice methods—accountability, strengths perspective, anti-discrimination and participation—at higher rates than the four more macro (community/policy)-focused methods—capacity-building, micro/macro, collaboration and activism. We use these results to call for further training to support rights-based practice, emphasising the interdependence of micro and macro methods in advancing human rights as well as social work ethics. In conclusion, we offer suggestions that will allow social work to act as an agent of transformative change and social justice in Kosovo.
Effect of Aging on the Viscoelastic Properties of Hippocampal Subfields Assessed with High-Resolution MR Elastography
Authors: Delgorio Peyton L , Hiscox Lucy V , Daugherty Ana M , Sanjana Faria , Pohlig Ryan T , Ellison James M , Martens Christopher R , Schwarb Hillary , McGarry Matthew D J , Johnson Curtis L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Age-related memory impairments have been linked to differences in structural brain parameters, including the integrity of the hippocampus (HC) and its distinct hippocampal subfields (HCsf). Imaging methods sensitive to the underlying tissue microstructure are valuable in characterizing age-related HCsf structural changes that may relate to cognitive function. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a noninvasive MRI technique that can quantify tissue viscoelasticity and may provide additional information about aging effects on HCsf health. Here, we report a high-resolution MRE protocol to quantify HCsf viscoelasticity through shear stiffness, μ, and damping ratio, ξ, which reflect the integrity of tissue composition and organization. HCsf exhibit distinct mechanical properties—the subiculum had the lowest μ and both subiculum and entorhinal cortex had the lowest ξ. Both measures correlated with age: HCsf μ was lower with age (P &lt; 0.001) whereas ξ was higher (P = 0.002). The magnitude of age-related differences in ξ varied across HCsf (P = 0.011), suggesting differential patterns of brain aging. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using MRE to assess HCsf microstructural integrity and suggests incorporation of these metrics to evaluate HC health in neurocognitive disorders.
Locating microseismic events using both head and direct waves travelling in vertical transverse isotropic media
Authors: Kim Dowan , Byun Joongmoo , Seol Soon Jee 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYMicroseismic monitoring is widely used to detect hydraulic fractures. Accurate mapping of microseismic events is essential to detect such fractures enhancing productivity. The eikonal solver is an efficient forward-modelling method used to map microseismic events. However, traditional eikonal solvers do not distinguish between head and direct waves, computing only the traveltimes of the waves that arrive first. We developed a new eikonal solver that computes the traveltimes of direct waves by imposing new constraints on the conventional, vertical transverse isotropy solver. We then performed numerical experiments exploiting the traveltimes of direct waves. We used the traveltimes of only the first arrivals, and those of both first and direct arrivals, when performing inverted event mapping. The results showed that the uncertainties of event locations were minimized when both head and direct waves were analysed due to the increased both the number of available data and the travelling path diversity. Also, we found that the use of only direct-arrival traveltimes was valuable when head-wave first arrivals were difficult to detect because the signal-to-noise ratio was low.
Preaching and politics in the Welsh Marches, 1643–63: the case of Alexander Griffith*
Authors: Bowen Lloyd 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article considers the nature and development of episcopalian identities and attitudes during the mid-seventeenth century by examining the case of Alexander Griffith. Griffith has been known to historians as an unbending ‘Anglican’, an exemplar of obdurate royalism and a man who was in the vanguard of resistance to the puritan experiments in Wales during the 1640s and 1650s. However, the discovery of Griffith’s sermon book in the Folger Shakespeare Library throws a different light on the nature of his career and the development of his opinions. Griffith’s sermons reveal that he made accommodations with local Presbyterians in the 1640s and even helped head-up their campaign to introduce the Directory for Public Worship into Wales and the Marches. The sermon book provides the opportunity for a new and more nuanced reading of the numerous tracts he published against the Commission for the Propagation of the Gospel in Wales during the 1650s. The article argues that both his sermons and published works reveal Griffith as an implacable opponent of radical separatists, but that he was willing to accommodate with and adapt to moderate parliamentarian regimes. His position shifted at the Restoration when he articulated his conviction in two high profile assize sermons that the Act of Uniformity provided the best defence against the spectre of radical religion and political dissolution. This article reveals that Griffith was a more important figure than has generally been acknowledged and that his religious and political positions were more complex than previous studies have allowed.
The demography of the Canary Islands from a genetic perspective
Authors: Fregel Rosa , Ordóñez Alejandra C , Serrano Javier G 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe establishment of European colonies across the world had important demographic consequences because it brought together diverse and distant civilizations for the first time. One clear example of this phenomenon is observed in the Canary Islands. The modern Canarian population is mainly the result of the admixture of natives of North African origin and European colonizers. However, additional migratory flows reached the islands due to the importation of enslaved Africans to cultivate sugarcane and the intense commercial contact with the American continent. In this review, we evaluate how the genetic analysis of indigenous, historical and current populations has provided a glimpse into the Canary Islands’ complex genetic composition. We show that each island subpopulation’s characterization is needed to fully disentangle the demographic history of the Canarian archipelago. Finally, we discuss what research avenues remain to be explored to improve our knowledge of the impact that the European colonization had on its native population.
A comprehensive evaluation of methods for Mendelian randomization using realistic simulations and an analysis of 38 biomarkers for risk of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Qi Guanghao , Chatterjee Nilanjan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous studies have often evaluated methods for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on simulations that do not adequately reflect the data-generating mechanisms in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and there are often discrepancies in the performance of MR methods in simulations and real data sets.

Methods
We use a simulation framework that generates data on full GWAS for two traits under a realistic model for effect-size distribution coherent with the heritability, co-heritability and polygenicity typically observed for complex traits. We further use recent data generated from GWAS of 38 biomarkers in the UK Biobank and performed down sampling to investigate trends in estimates of causal effects of these biomarkers on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Results
Simulation studies show that weighted mode and MRMix are the only two methods that maintain the correct type I error rate in a diverse set of scenarios. Between the two methods, MRMix tends to be more powerful for larger GWAS whereas the opposite is true for smaller sample sizes. Among the other methods, random-effect IVW (inverse-variance weighted method), MR-Robust and MR-RAPS (robust adjust profile score) tend to perform best in maintaining a low mean-squared error when the InSIDE assumption is satisfied, but can produce large bias when InSIDE is violated. In real-data analysis, some biomarkers showed major heterogeneity in estimates of their causal effects on the risk of T2D across the different methods and estimates from many methods trended in one direction with increasing sample size with patterns similar to those observed in simulation studies.

Conclusion
The relative performance of different MR methods depends heavily on the sample sizes of the underlying GWAS, the proportion of valid instruments and the validity of the InSIDE assumption. Down-sampling analysis can be used in large GWAS for the possible detection of bias in the MR methods.
Healthcare inequality in compensation claims concerning acute hospital services: a Danish register-based study
Authors: BIRKELAND Søren , MORSØ Lars , FLØJSTRUP Marianne , MIKKELSEN Kim Lyngby , BOGH Søren Bie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Although citizens’ equal right to acute healthcare of appropriate quality is an oft-cited goal for modern societies, healthcare disparities may persist. We aimed to investigate inequality in compensation claims and compensation payments regarding acute healthcare services.

Design and setting
We conducted a cross-sectional study of compensation claim patterns using the Danish Patient Compensation Association (DPCA) registries.

Participants, interventions and main outcome measures
We used register data on all cases managed by DPCA relating to acute hospital healthcare for adults (aged &gt; 18 years) from 2007 to 2017.

Results
In total, the DPCA had 5556 compensation claims for injuries caused by acute care services during the years 2007–2017. Age group of 50–64 years (odds ratio (OR) = 1.37 compared with those aged 18–49 years; P &lt; 0.001), marriage (OR = 1.14; P &lt; 0.001), higher income (OR = 1.55; P &lt; 0.001) and Danish origin (OR = 1.49; P &lt; 0.001) were statistically associated with higher odds for filing a compensation claim; men (OR = 0.83; P &lt; 0.001) and those with many co-morbidities were much less represented (OR = 0.24; P &lt; 0.001). Male gender (OR = 1.25; P &lt; 0.001) and higher age (OR = 2.55 (80+ years); P &lt; 0.001) were associated with higher odds for a compensation award. Failed diagnosis was also more often at stake in men (OR = 1.38; P &lt; 0.001) and in patients aged 50–64 years (OR = 1.17; P &lt; 0.001) but occurred less often in patients with multiple morbidities (OR = 0.68; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Findings from our Danish material suggest some inequality in compensation claims and compensation payments regarding acute healthcare services.
Effectiveness of health consumer representative involvement in implementation of interventions to change health professional behaviour
Authors: Oakman Jodi , Cahill Liana S , Clune Samantha , Neilson Cheryl , Shields Nora , Tse Tamara , O’keefe Sophie , Frederico Margarita , Graco Marnie , Holland Anne E , Jolliffe Laura , Carey Leeanne , Lewis Virginia , Brown Graham , Cox Narelle , Morris Meg E , Lannin Natasha A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
The adoption of research evidence to improve client outcomes may be enhanced using the principles of implementation science. This systematic review aimed to understand the effect of involving consumers to change health professional behaviours and practices. The barriers and enablers to consumer engagement will also be examined.

Methods
We searched Medline, CINAHL, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PDQ-Evidence from 2004 to February 2019. Implementation studies involving consumers in at least one phase (development, intervention or facilitation) of an intervention that aimed to change health professional behaviour to align with evidence-based practice were included. Studies in the areas of paediatrics and primary care were excluded. Two review authors independently screened studies for inclusion, and one author extracted data and conducted quality assessments with review of a second author. Knowledge translation interventions were categorized using the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care taxonomy. The primary outcome was measures of change in health professional behaviour.

Results
Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of three studies found support for consumer involvement in changing healthcare professionals’ behaviour (Hedges’ g = 0.41, 95% CI [0.27, 0.57], P &lt; 0.001). Most knowledge translation studies involved consumers during the development phase only (n = 12). Most studies (n = 9) included one type of knowledge translation intervention. Professional interventions (including education of health professionals, educational outreach, and audit and feedback) were described in 13 studies.

Conclusions
Consumer involvement rarely moves beyond the design phase of knowledge translation research in healthcare settings. Further research of the barriers to and effect of increased consumer engagement across all stages of knowledge translation interventions is needed.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO CRD42019119179.
On collaborative reinforcement learning to optimize the redistribution of critical medical supplies throughout the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bednarski Bryan P , Singh Akash Deep , Jones William M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
This work investigates how reinforcement learning and deep learning models can facilitate the near-optimal redistribution of medical equipment in order to bolster public health responses to future crises similar to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods
The system presented is simulated with disease impact statistics from the Institute of Health Metrics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Census Bureau. We present a robust pipeline for data preprocessing, future demand inference, and a redistribution algorithm that can be adopted across broad scales and applications.

Results
The reinforcement learning redistribution algorithm demonstrates performance optimality ranging from 93% to 95%. Performance improves consistently with the number of random states participating in exchange, demonstrating average shortage reductions of 78.74 ± 30.8% in simulations with 5 states to 93.50 ± 0.003% with 50 states.

Conclusions
These findings bolster confidence that reinforcement learning techniques can reliably guide resource allocation for future public health emergencies.
Effect of Small Group Communication Counseling Intervention Strategy on Knowledge and Intention Towards Painting Among Internally Displaced Persons of the Farmers/Herdsmen Conflict in Benue State
Authors: Gever Verlumun Celestine , Talabi Felix Olajide , Anibueze Anselm U , Okpara Chukwuemeka Vincent , Ugwuoke Joel C 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough progress has been made in examining different aspects of the conflict between farmers and herdsmen in Nigeria, literature is yet to focus on how to empower displaced persons of the conflict with knowledge and skills that will make them self-sufficient. In this study, we extended literature on the conflict by examining the effectiveness of a small group communication counselling intervention on knowledge and intention towards painting. We categorized the IDPs into 20 small groups made up of 9 persons and 14 smaller groups made up of 4 persons. Within the framework of human capital theory and theory of planned behaviour, we tested two hypotheses and found that though both the treatment and control groups did not significantly differ in their mean scores on knowledge and intention towards the painting skill before the treatment, they significantly differed after the treatment with the treatment group reporting better knowledge of painting skill and positive intentions towards it. We also found that the smaller group of four persons scored higher in knowledge of painting than the larger group with up to nine members. We highlighted the implications of these results on efforts aimed at improving the lives of displaced persons.
Cartel Prosecution
Authors: Argenton Cédric , Geradin Damien , Stephan Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the various stages of cartel prosecution, from the first request of information by the European Commission to the final decision and judicial review. It shows that, after the Commission services have uncovered some cartel activity, they need to investigate the matter and build a legal case leading to a formal infringement decision. Until the coming into force of Regulation 1/2003, that was the only legal route available. Since, the defendants and the Commission may agree to settle the case. In both circumstances, however, sanctions take the exclusive form of corporate fines. Both the existence (and scope) of an infringement and the size of fines can be contested through judicial review. The chapter also discusses the way firms which are part of a cartel are, or should be, sanctioned.