bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexical Borrowing in Print Media: Bilingualism in English Newspapers of Pakistan
Authors: Malik Adnan  , Muhammad Bilal Nawaz  , Shehla Jabeen  , Muhammad Shahzad  
Published: June 2020

English has been considered as one of the most useful spoken language and is referred as Lingua Franca all around the globe. English is the major source for communicating all over the world. In different cultures mostly people speak their native language but use English as an alternate. This paper explains the lexical borrowing that means the explanation about some words from Urdu that has turned out to be part of the English language in newspapers of Pakistan. In this regard, the most circulated and popular English Newspapers of Pakistan, The Nation and The News were selected to analyze the words from Urdu being normally used in the English language. One year period from 1st January to 31st December 2019 has been selected for this research. The researchers draw from the categories of hard and soft news, formed by Tuchman in 1973, in the selected newspapers. The basic theme of this study is that finding the Urdu words that have become part of English language in Pakistani circumstances. This is a study of Urdu borrow words that got their way in English in daily communication and concludes that there are a variety of Urdu terms that have been used in the English language for communication in English newspapers of Pakistan.
Evaluation of physicochemical, bacteriological and parasitological quality of selected well water samples in Awka and its environment, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Umeh Odera R. , Chukwura Edna I. , Ibo M. , Uba Bright O. 
Published: June 2020

Water quality is made up of physical, chemical and biological factors which influence the use of water for domestic purposes. Industrial and municipal solid and liquid wastes are being continuously leached into water reservoirs, thereby affecting its potability for domestic use. In this study, the physicochemical, bacteriological and parasitological evaluation of selected well water samples in Awka and its environment were evaluated during wet season. Standard methods for physicochemical, bacteriological and parasitological analyses were employed. Physicochemical analysis was done using standard analytical methods; bacteriological analysis was determined by dilution and membrane filtration techniques. Parasitological analysis was done using the centrifugation method. The result showed that 86.67% of the pH values were acidic, 6.67% of nitrate, 33.33% of phosphate, 20% of cadmium, 73.33% of lead, 26.67% of arsenic, 20% of iron, 100% of bacteria and parasites exceeded the WHO maximum containment level goal for domestic water while other parameters were within WHO standards for domestic water. The most polluted of all the well water samples is Aka well water while the least polluted is Emeka and Aqua well waters. S. typhi had the highest frequency of isolation (25.45%) while Bacillus subtilis had the least (1.56%). Diplostomum parasite had the highest frequency of isolation (42.86%) while Ichthyobodo and Chilodonella had the least (28.57% respectively). Since some of the physicochemical, bacteriological and parasitological parameters had values above World Health Organization admissible limits; governments, health and environmental experts must rectify (through water treatments and better sanitary practices) and enlighten the residents to prevent epidemics.
Bacteriological assessment of some borehole water samples in Mile 50, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Ibo Eziafakaego M. , Umeh Odera R. , Uba Bright O. , Egwuatu Pius I. 
Published: June 2020

Water as excellent natural resource is meant to be of high quality to reduce the outbreak of water-borne diseases. Bacteriological load of some borehole water samples in Mile 50 Abakaliki were carried out to determine their potability. Fifteen borehole water samples were sampled during rainy and dry season from June to July and November to December 2018 respectively. The total bacterial count was determined by tenfold serial dilution method using peptone water. Eight bacterial species namely Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexineri, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniaewere isolated using standard analytical procedures. The bacterium that had the highest frequency of occurrence during both rainy and dry season’s was K. pneumoniae with percentage frequency of 21.81% and 20.79% respectively, and P. vulgaris had the least value of 6.96% during rainy season. E. coli and S. aureus have the least value of 5.94% during dry season. Amoxicillin (30ug) was mostly resisted by the bacterial isolates why being was more susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (10ug) among the antibiotics used for susceptibility test. Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the level of significance among the bacteriological analyses of both seasons. Therefore, there is need to create awareness about the present situation of the borehole waters and the necessity for further treatment of water by consumers, before it can be used for both drinking and domestic purposes to prevent disease outbreak in the area.
Correlation and path coefficient analysis among yield and yield attributing traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes
Authors: Upadhyay Koshraj 
Published: June 2020

To assess correlation and to find out the direct and indirect effect of yield attributing traits on grain yield, thirty wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were experimented at Kamalamai-04, Phant, of Sindhuli district, Nepal. The experiment was laid out in alpha-lattice design with three replications. Thirteen quantitative traits including grain yield of wheat were studied during this study. The grain yield of wheat has significant (P≤0.01) and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with number of spikes per meter (0.6**, 0.47**), grains per spike (0.69**, 0.65**), weight of grains per spike (0.69**, 0.61**), thousand kernel weight (0.87**, 0.74**), maturity days (0.5*, 0.47**), above ground mass yield (0.96**, 0.83**) and harvest index (0.93**, 0.64**) of wheat. The genotypic correlation is higher in magnitude than the phenotypic correlation for almost all the studied traits. Path analysis of genotypic correlation showed a high positive direct effect of plant height (0.75), above ground biomass (0.6), spike length (0.43), and harvest index (0.29) on grain yield of wheat. Hence, for increasing yield of wheat in the breeding program, selection and hybridization can be made more effective and accurate by using those a significant positive correlation coefficient and direct effect on the grain yield of wheat.
Recurrent invasive meningococcal infections – quantifying the risk, Germany, 2002 to 2018
Authors: Krone Manuel , Lâm Thiên-Trí , Claus Heike , Vogel Ulrich 
Published: June 2020

Introduction
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a rare condition with a high case fatality rate. While most patients suffer from one single episode in life, there is anecdotal evidence for recurrent infection.

Aim
The German National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae (NRZMHi) analysed IMD cases from 2002 to 2018 to retrospectively quantify the risk of recurrent infection.

Methods
Recurrent IMD was defined as detection of Neisseria meningitidis in a sample of the same patient more than 30 days after the first episode of IMD.

Results
Among 5,854 patients with a median observation period of 9.4 years, 14 suffered a second IMD episode and one patient a third one. The risk of a recurrent IMD was 29.4 per 100,000 person-years for survivors of the first episode. Rare serogroups (Y, W, E and Z) were more common in patients with recurrent IMD (p < 0.0001).

Discussion
Patients surviving IMD were at least at a 50-fold risk of another IMD episode compared with the general population. The study most likely underestimated the risk of recurrent infection. Increased risk may be due to undiagnosed complement deficiencies. The high risk of re-infection argues for vaccination of patients who have survived IMD.
The Disruptive Physician: A Conceptual Organization
Authors: Williams Betsy White , Williams Michael V. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Disruptive physician behavior is now generally recognized to pose a potential threat to patient safety. Recent policy positions and sentinel event designations have acknowledged this. Disruptive behavior is a widespread event with some 1–5 percent of physicians acting in a disruptive manner although significantly higher rates are cited for incidents of verbal abuse. Disruptive behavior can be classified along at least two dimensions. The first dimension is whether the behavior is goal-oriented in the sense that the physician achieves some goal or end. The second dimension focuses on the physician's social/behavioral competence. In addition, the disruptive physician should be assessed for psychological or psychiatric conditions (Axis I and II) as well as medical conditions that could be contributing.
After classification of the behavior and determination of the physician's mental and physical functioning, it is possible to develop appropriate remedial strategies. These may include knowledge and skill development, psychiatric and psychological treatment, medical treatment and modifications to the hospital or clinical system in which the physician works. Failure to consider the multifactoral causes and manifestations of disruptive behavior could lead to ineffective approaches that do not successfully address the problem and present a high risk of relapse, thus posing a continuing threat to patient safety.
Prospects for a National Clearinghouse on International Medical Schools
Authors: Johnson David Alan 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIn 2006, a special committee appointed by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) issued its report on the “Evaluation of Undergraduate Medical Education” in the United States and abroad. Satisfied with accreditation systems already providing reasonable and adequate assurance for the quality of medical education in this country, the committee turned its focus toward international medical schools. Because international medical graduates (IMGs) comprise 25 percent of the physician workforce, U.S. medical licensing boards continue to seek meaningful information on the medical schools of their licensees.The report's recommendations included a call for close monitoring of efforts to provide international accreditation systems. One of the current initiatives being closely watched is that of the Caribbean Authority for Accreditation in Medicine and Other Health Professions (CAAM). Under the auspices of the Caribbean Community, CAAM has established an accreditation system for medical schools in the region, carried out site visits and rendered decisions for a number of Caribbean schools. A complementary initiative currently underway by FSMB and ECFMG staff involves the development of a primer on IMGs and international medical education. This web-based resource is scheduled for completion in late fall 2008.The major recommendation of the special committee report called for the FSMB to work with state medical boards and the ECFMG to establish an information and data clearinghouse on international medical schools. A clearinghouse workgroup has already begun meeting and considering various quality indicators suggested by the special committee report such as admission requirements, policies relative to advanced standing and aggregate performance data on USMLE. The challenges facing the clearinghouse are significant. One approach being considered is to focus data collection efforts primarily on the eight to 10 schools currently supplying the largest number of IMGs seeking medical licensure in the United States.
Nuevas evidencias históricas del siglo XVIII sobre la presencia de “cardos” en Argentina y sus implicancias etnobotánicas
Authors: Gutiérrez Diego G. , Scarpa Gustavo F. , Rosso Cintia N 
Published: June 2020

Introducción y objetivos: Actualmente numerosas especies, nativas y exóticas, llamadas “cardos” están ampliamente distribuidas en Argentina. Durante el siglo XVIII varias publicaciones jesuíticas mencionaron “cardos” en este país, como el trabajo ilustrado de Florián Paucke. El objetivo principal del trabajo es recopilar, de las fuentes escritas del siglo XVIII, los registros de plantas denominadas como “cardos” o nombres similares; en segundo lugar, identificar a nivel de especie las entidades mencionadas por Paucke como “azafrán”, “cardo” y “cardo hortense”; y finalmente, discutir las implicancias etnobotánicas.
M&M: El área de estudio incluyó Argentina desde el sur de la región Pampeana a la región Chaqueña. Se analizó bibliografía, evidencias históricas de los siglos XVIII del área de estudio, materiales de herbario y su morfología, y se efectuaron viajes de campo.
Resultados: Las entidades “azafrán alazor”, “azafrán de Indias” o “azafrán paracuario” de Paucke se identificaron como Carthamus tinctorius (“cártamo”, Compositae), y “cardo” y “cardo hortense” como Cynara cardunculus (Compositae), asociadas a las variedades sylvestris (“cardo de Castilla”) y scolymus (“alcaucil”) respectivamente. El “cardo santo” nombrado por Pedro de Montenegro se asoció a Argemone subfusiformis (Papaveraceae). Se registraron 12 nuevos usos medicinales y alimenticios de los aborígenes moqoit del Chaco de Argentina.
Conclusiones: Los “cardos” identificados, nativos e introducidos, fueron utilizados con fines medicinales y alimenticios durante el período colonial, e incorporados en las reducciones aborígenes por misioneros jesuitas. Carthamus tinctorius y Cynara cardunculus posiblemente hayan sido introducidos para ser utilizadas en huertos y posteriormente hayan escapado de las áreas de cultivo.
La familia Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota liquenizados) en la provincia de La Rioja, Argentina.
Authors: Canton Norma , Rodríguez Juan Manuel , Estrabou Cecilia 
Published: June 2020

Introducción y objetivos: como parte de un estudio a largo plazo que busca inventariar y conocer la biota liquénica del centro – oeste de Argentina, se presentan los resultados de un estudio taxonómico sobre la familia Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota liquenizados) en la provincia de La Rioja.
M&M: se realizó una extensa colección teniendo en cuenta las diferentes unidades fitogeográficas y los pisos altitudinales de los principales cordones montañosos que forman parte del territorio de la provincia. Se identificaron las especies a partir de observaciones morfológicas, anatómicas y análisis químicos.
Resultados & conclusiones: cuarenta y una especies fueron identificadas de las cuales veintinueve son primeras citas para La Rioja y Psiloparmelia arhizinosa se menciona por primera vez para el país. Se realizó una clave de géneros y claves para las especies, y se mencionan sus características distintivas y su distribución geográfica en la provincia. Las especies identificadas pertenecen a los clados de líquenes parmelioides Hypotrachyna, Parmotrema y Xanthoparmelia y a los clados de líquenes no parmelioides Psiloparmelia y Usnea.
Korzenie pamięci. O Mirabelce Cezarego Harasimowicza
Authors: Kwiatkowska Agnieszka 
Published: June 2020

The article attempts to interpret the novel Mirabelle in the light of hauntology, taken from Jacques Derrida’s works, existing in the Polish literary studies first and foremost thanks to the works of Jakub Momro and Andrzej Marzec. Harasimowicz’s novel recounts the history of Warsaw from the 1920s until the present-day period. The mirabelle plum tree growing on one of the backyards in Warsaw tells the story of the following generations of the city dwellers who fade away and fall into oblivion. The Holocaust, depicted in the beginning of the novel, does not, however, become the past. The recollection of the genocide is inscribed in contemporary Warsaw, in the city space and the consciousness of its inhabitants. The phantoms of the former dwellers of Nalewki, the Jewish district in Warsaw, visit their homes, little stores, and workshops, trying to end unfinished businesses and engaging with the representatives of the present-day citizens. The gesture of remembrance, which is the replanting and redeveloping a new mirabelle tree in the place of the damaged one, gives people hope for the restoration of balance and strengthens the bonds between the living and the dead.
Subjetividade e “Deslocamento” na obra homônima de Lucy Knisley
Authors: Do Carmo Moreira Valter 
Published: June 2020

In certain way, “displacement” refers to the change. It is the action of a body that moves from a certain space to another. In addition to its obvious physical implications, in the case of human displacement, there are also great subjective implications. In this way, displacement can be of other orders, as symbolic, metaphysical and mental, we can also consider even maturation as the displacement from one psychic state to another. In this case, the present work aims to analyze the different figurations of the concept of displacement present in the work: Displacement — A travelogue by Lucy Knisley, as well as the affiliation of the work to a narrative tradition perpetrated by authors who take the daily genre and the trip report as a means of subjective construction of reality, both in literature and in comics. In order to do so, will be used authors who studied the writing of female authors, having the travel narrative as a research horizon, such as Sonia Serrano and Miriam Adelman; as well as authors who focus on the specificities of the comic language that, under the aegis of “graphic novel”, engender an aesthetic construction that privileges the autobiographical narrative (Santiago Garcia and Hilarry Chute). We intend to highlight the richness that the comics bring to the symbolic construction of the genre “travel diary/narrative” through its peculiarities of self-representation.
Evaluating the Clinical Outcomes of Three Medication Regimens for Treating a Sample of Iraqi Persistent Asthmatic patients
Authors: Jasim Ali L. , S. Saleh Eman , N. Abd Ali Mustafa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease defined by chronic airway inflammation and airflow limitation causing variable respiratory symptoms which include shortness of breath (SOB), wheezing, chest tightness and cough. Asthma guidelines advocate adding a second long acting bronchodilator to medium doses of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) rather using high doses of ICS alone to control moderate to severe persistent asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of three medication regimens indicated for Iraqi patients suffering from persistent asthma.
This study was interventional randomized clinical study conducted on a sample of adult Iraqi asthmatic patients in Baghdad City. The study composed of three visits distributed over eight weeks; baseline visit followed by first follow up and second follow up visits after four and eight weeks respectively. The study enrolled 78 adult patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma as diagnosed by specialist physician according to patient history and baseline pulmonary function test (PFT) and allocated them randomly to three groups (each group included 26 patients) to receive equivalent medium doses of budesonide inhaler in addition to either formoterol inhaler, oral modified release aminophylline tablets or tiotropium inhaler (first, second and third group respectively). Sixty four patients completed this study. The mean ages of patients were above 35 years with slightly more male predominance.
The study groups developed significant increase of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and forced vital capacity (FVC) values at the first follow up visit compared to baseline values (p<0.001). Thereafter, the first and third groups achieved significant higher values at the second follow up visit compared to first follow up visit (p<0.001), while second group produced no change. All the groups developed significant improvement of Mini asthma quality of life questionnaire (MiniAQLQ) scores and percentage of symptom free days (SFD) at first follow up visit and continued further significant improvement at the second follow up visit (p<0.001). Generally, between groups comparison according to extent of change of study parameters revealed that third group produced the greatest improvement over the entire study period followed by the first group, whereas the second group was associated with the least extent of improvement.
This study concluded that all groups caused significant improvement in study parameters compared to baseline values and also concluded that the third group of inhaled [tiotropium/budesonide] was associated with the highest extent of improvement followed by first group, while the second group was the least.
Formulation and Evaluation of Iornoxicam as Dissolving Microneedle Patch
Authors: Alkhiro Adeeb R. , Ghareeb Mowafaq M. 
Published: June 2020

The objective of the study was to develop microneedle (MN) patch, with suitable properties to ensure the delivery of a therapeutic level of lornoxicam (LXM) in a period suitable to replace parenteral administration in patients, especially those who fear needles. The used polymers were cold water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of low molecular weight with PEG 400 as plasticizer and Tween 80 (to enhance the release) using micro molding technique. Patches were studied for needle morphology, drug content, axial fracture force measurement and drug release while the optimized formulas were further subjected to pH measurement, folding endurance, ex vivo permeation study, histopathology study, stability study and compatibility study. The patch with 11:1 ratio of PVA to PVP, 30% solid content, 5% PEG 400 and 3% Tween 80 resulted in axial needle fracture force value of (1.35 N) which is suitable for skin penetration. The release was fast with almost 100% of drug released in 60 minutes. The permeation was enhanced significantly with a steady state flux of about 3.1 times that of the solution. The lag time of MN is shorter in comparison with ordinary patch. Histopathology studies demonstrated the safety of the formulation, both stability studies and compatibility studies showed the suitability of the formulation. The results indicated that LXM microneedle patch could enhance drug permeation while achieving fast and painless administration.
Keywords: Microneedle patch, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Fracture force, Lornoxicam.
Formulation and In-vitro Evaluation of Itraconazole Floating Microparticles
Authors: Basher Taha A. , J. Al-Akkam Entidhar 
Published: June 2020

Itraconazole (ITZ) is an antifungal drug (BCSII) used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. Furthermore, ITZ used as an antifungal prophylaxis for immunocompromised patients.
The objective of the study is to overcome the two problems of low and pH dependent solubility of ITZ by its preparation as floating microparticles.
Firstly, pH-dependent floating microparticles were prepared using oil in water solvent evaporation method, from which the best one (F7) selected as a best pH-dependent formula with composition of ITZ (200mg),EC (800mg), HPMC 15cps (200mg) and safflower oil (2ml) .Then, F7 was compared with the selected Relatively pH-independent ITZ floating microparticles formula with composition of ITZ(200mg), a first coat of HPMC15cps (200mg), a second coat of EC (800mg), HPMC 15cps (200mg) and safflower oil (2ml) which prepared by a dual coating solvent evaporation method using a first coat which provides relatively pH-independent solubility, while the second coat applied as a bouncy producing agents. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as a surfactant in both cases.
The prepared floating microparticles were subjected to various evaluation parameters such as yield percent, drug loading and drug entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size analysis, in- vitro bouncy, drug release, Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) studies.