bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shortened Leukocyte Telomere Length Associates with an Increased Prevalence of Chronic Health Conditions among Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort
Authors: Song Nan , Li Zhenghong , Qin Na , Howell Carrie R. , Wilson Carmen L. , Easton John , Mulder Heather L. , Edmonson Michael N. , Rusch Michael C. , Zhang Jinghui , Hudson Melissa M. , Yasui Yutaka , Robison Leslie L. , Ness Kirsten K. , Wang Zhaoming 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
We aimed to analyze and compare leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and age-dependent LTL attrition between childhood cancer survivors and noncancer controls, and to evaluate the associations of LTL with treatment exposures, chronic health conditions (CHC), and health behaviors among survivors.

Experimental Design:
We included 2,427 survivors and 293 noncancer controls of European ancestry, drawn from the participants in St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE), a retrospective hospital-based study with prospective follow-up (2007–2016). Common nonneoplastic CHCs (59 types) and subsequent malignant neoplasms (5 types) were clinically assessed. LTL was measured with whole-genome sequencing data.

Results:
After adjusting for age at DNA sampling, gender, genetic risk score based on 9 SNPs known to be associated with telomere length, and eigenvectors, LTL among survivors was significantly shorter both overall [adjusted mean (AM) = 6.20 kb; SE = 0.03 kb] and across diagnoses than controls (AM = 6.69 kb; SE = 0.07 kb). Among survivors, specific treatment exposures associated with shorter LTL included chest or abdominal irradiation, glucocorticoid, and vincristine chemotherapies. Significant negative associations of LTL with 14 different CHCs, and a positive association with subsequent thyroid cancer occurring out of irradiation field were identified. Health behaviors were significantly associated with LTL among survivors aged 18 to 35 years (Ptrend = 0.03).

Conclusions:
LTL is significantly shorter among childhood cancer survivors than noncancer controls, and is associated with CHCs and health behaviors, suggesting LTL as an aging biomarker may be a potential mechanistic target for future intervention studies designed to prevent or delay onset of CHCs in childhood cancer survivors.
See related commentary by Walsh, p. 2281
Slavery and Athens’ Economic Efflorescence
Authors: Porter Jason Douglas 
Published: January 2020

Following a recent wave of literature arguing for significant growth in the ancient Greek economy, several ground-breaking books have sought to explain this phenomenon through the lens of New Institutional Economics (NIE). The undeniable prevalence of slavery throughout ancient Greek history, however, has not been substantially integrated into these new analyses. This essay intends to address this problem, by elucidating some of the ways in which slavery contributed to the economic efflorescence of Greece’s late archaic and classical period (600–300 BC) within an institutionally focused approach. Examining specifically the state of Athens, this study contends that not only did the system of slavery import a vast amount of labour from other areas of the Mediterranean into the Athenian polity, but it also directed labour towards economically productive aims that were otherwise limited by Athens’ societal framework. The use of slaves in milling operations provides a key and often overlooked example, which will here be used as a case study.
A doença e a dissolução do sujeito, em Fruta Podrida, de Lina Meruane. O que pode o corpo escrito?
Authors: Francini Ana Carolina Macena 
Published: January 2020

O romance contemporâneo Fruta podrida (2008), da escritora chilena Lina Meruane, narra a história de duas irmãs que vivem no campo: María- a mais velha-, especialista em pesticidas, e Zoila – irmã mais nova-, diagnosticada com diabete. Chama a atenção o fato de a narrativa girar em torno do corpo doente de Zoila o qual, sem estar sob o controle do “sujeito da consciência” da personagem, acaba por ser subjugado pela medicina que, legitimada pelo saber científico, detém o monopólio sobre o corpo enfermo. Tendo isso em vista, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar de que modo o romance, ao pôr em foco o corpo doente- seus sofrimentos e suas potencialidades-, problematiza a categoria de ‘pessoa’ ou de ‘sujeito da consciência/de direito’, como única forma possível/reconhecível do ser. A categoria de pessoa pensada para este trabalho é a que está presente em discursos jurídicos, filosóficos e políticos e que sustenta as reivindicações dos direitos humanos, contraditoriamente, tão em voga na contemporaneidade, conforme teorizou o filósofo italiano Roberto Esposito, em seus livros Tercera persona (2009) e Dispositivo de la persona (2011). Dessa forma, será pertinente investigar também como a dissolução da hierarquia binária mente/corpo, no romance de Meruane, pode – como ato político- permear o sensível (RANCIÈRE, 1995), desestabilizar os dispositivos de controle da biopolítica (FOUCAULT, 2004, 2011 ) e instigar por novas formas de liberar e pensar a vida para além da -exclusiva e excludente- categoria de pessoa.
Bypassing the Closest Stroke Center for Thrombectomy Candidates
Authors: Schlemm Ludwig , Endres Matthias , Nolte Christian H. 
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose—
Patients with acute ischemic stroke who have large vessel occlusion benefit from direct transport to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) capable of endovascular therapy. To avoid harm for patients without large vessel occlusion from delayed access to intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), it has been suggested to only redirect patients with high likelihood of large vessel occlusion for whom the additional delay to intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) caused by transport to the CSC is below a certain threshold. However, which threshold achieves the greatest clinical benefit is unknown.

Methods—
We used mathematical modeling to calculate additional-delay-to-IVT thresholds associated with the greatest reduction in disability-adjusted life years in abstracted 2-stroke center and multiple-stroke center scenarios. Model parameters were extracted from recent meta-analyses or large prospective cohort studies. Uncertainty was quantified in probabilistic and 2-way univariate sensitivity analyses.

Results—
Assuming ideal treatment time performance metrics, transport to the nearest CSC was the preferred strategy irrespective of additional delay-to-IVT when the transfer time between primary stroke center and CSC was <40 minutes (95% credible interval: 25–66 minutes); otherwise, the optimal additional delay-to-IVT-threshold ranged from 28 to 139 minutes. In multiple-stroke center scenarios, optimal additional-delay-to-IVT thresholds were 30 to 54 minutes in urban and 49 to 141 minutes in rural settings; use of optimal thresholds as compared with a 15 minute-threshold saved 0 to 0.11 and 0 to 0.37 disability-adjusted life years per triage case, respectively. Assuming slower treatment times at primary stroke centers and CSCs yielded longer permissible additional delays.

Conclusions—
Our results suggest that patients with acute ischemic stroke with suspected large vessel occlusion should be redirected to a CSC if the additional delay to IVT is <30 minutes in urban and 50 minutes in rural settings.
Public Health and Cost Benefits of Successful Reperfusion After Thrombectomy for Stroke
Authors: Kunz Wolfgang G. , Almekhlafi Mohammed A. , Menon Bijoy K. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Hunink Myriam G. , Dippel Diederik W.J. , Majoie Charles B.L.M. , Liebeskind David S. , Jovin Tudor G. , Davalos Antoni , Bracard Serge , Guillemin Francis , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Mitchell Peter J. , White Philip , Muir Keith W. , Brown Scott , Demchuk Andrew M. , Hill Michael D. , Goyal Mayank ,   for the HERMES Collaborators
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose—
The benefit that endovascular thrombectomy offers to patients with stroke with large vessel occlusions depends strongly on reperfusion grade as defined by the expanded Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (eTICI) scale. Our aim was to determine the lifetime health and cost consequences of the quality of reperfusion for patients, healthcare systems, and society.

Methods—
A Markov model estimated lifetime quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and lifetime costs of endovascular thrombectomy–treated patients with stroke based on eTICI grades. The analysis was performed over a lifetime horizon in a United States setting, adopting healthcare and societal perspectives. The reference case analysis was conducted for stroke at 65 years of age. National health and cost consequences of improved eTICI 2c/3 reperfusion rates were estimated. Input parameters were based on best available evidence.

Results—
Lifetime QALYs increased for every grade of improved reperfusion (median QALYs for eTICI 0/1: 2.62; eTICI 2a: 3.46; eTICI 2b: 5.42; eTICI 2c: 5.99; eTICI 3: 6.73). Achieving eTICI 3 over eTICI 2b reperfusion resulted on average in 1.31 incremental QALYs as well as healthcare and societal cost savings of $10 327 and $20 224 per patient. A 10% increase in the eTICI 2c/3 reperfusion rate of all annually endovascular thrombectomy–treated patients with stroke in the United States is estimated to yield additional 3656 QALYs and save $21.0 million and $36.8 million for the healthcare system and society, respectively.

Conclusions—
Improved reperfusion grants patients with stroke additional QALYs and leads to long-term cost savings. Procedural strategies to achieve complete reperfusion should be assessed for safety and feasibility, even when initial reperfusion seems to be adequate.
Evaluating Hematoma Expansion Scores in Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Yogendrakumar Vignan , Moores Margaret , Sikora Lindsey , Shamy Michel , Ramsay Tim , Fergusson Dean , Dowlatshahi Dar 
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose—
In acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple hematoma expansion scores have been proposed for use in clinical trial environments. We performed a systematic scoping review to identify all existing hematoma expansion scores and describe their development, validation, and relative performance.

Methods—
Two reviewers searched MEDLINE, PUBMED, EMBASE, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) for studies that derived or validated a hematoma expansion prediction score in adults presenting with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A descriptive analysis of the extracted data was performed, focusing on score development techniques and predictive capabilities.

Results—
Of the 14 434 records retrieved, 15 studies met inclusion criteria and 10 prediction scores were identified. Validation analysis using independent samples was performed in 9 studies on 5 scores. All derivation studies reported high performance with C statistics ranging from 0.72 to 0.93. In validation, the C-statistic range was broader with studies reporting 0.62 to 0.77. For every score, the risk of expansion increased with each point increase, although patients with high scores were rare.

Conclusions—
At present, 10 hematoma expansion scores have been developed, of which 5 have been externally validated. Real-world performance in validation studies was lower than performance in derivation studies. Data from the current literature are insufficient to support a meaningful meta-analysis.
Forced and Unforced Decadal Behavior of the Interhemispheric SST Contrast during the Instrumental Period (1881–2012): Contextualizing the Late 1960s–Early 1970s Shift
Authors: Friedman Andrew R. , Hegerl Gabriele C. , Schurer Andrew P. , Lee Shih-Yu , Kong Wenwen , Cheng Wei , Chiang John C. H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe sea surface temperature (SST) contrast between the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) influences the location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the intensity of the monsoon systems. This study examines the contributions of external forcing and unforced internal variability to the interhemispheric SST contrast in HadSST3 and ERSSTv5 observations, and 10 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) from 1881 to 2012. Using multimodel mean fingerprints, a significant influence of anthropogenic, but not natural, forcing is detected in the interhemispheric SST contrast, with the observed response larger than that of the model mean in ERSSTv5. The forced response consists of asymmetric NH–SH SST cooling from the mid-twentieth century to around 1980, followed by opposite NH–SH SST warming. The remaining best-estimate residual or unforced component is marked by NH–SH SST maxima in the 1930s and mid-1960s, and a rapid NH–SH SST decrease around 1970. Examination of decadal shifts in the observed interhemispheric SST contrast highlights the shift around 1970 as the most prominent from 1881 to 2012. Both NH and SH SST variability contributed to the shift, which appears not to be attributable to external forcings. Most models examined fail to capture such large-magnitude shifts in their control simulations, although some models with high interhemispheric SST variability are able to produce them. Large-magnitude shifts produced by the control simulations feature disparate spatial SST patterns, some of which are consistent with changes typically associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC).
Effects of Explicit Convection on Future Projections of Mesoscale Circulations, Rainfall, and Rainfall Extremes over Eastern Africa
Authors: Finney Declan L. , Marsham John H. , Rowell David P. , Kendon Elizabeth J. , Tucker Simon O. , Stratton Rachel A. , Jackson Lawrence S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEastern Africa’s fast-growing population is vulnerable to changing rainfall and extremes. Using the first pan-African climate change simulations that explicitly model the rainfall-generating convection, we investigate both the climate change response of key mesoscale drivers of eastern African rainfall, such as sea and lake breezes, and the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall responses. The explicit model shows widespread increases at the end of the century in mean (~40%) and extreme (~50%) rain rates, whereas the sign of changes in rainfall frequency has large spatial heterogeneity (from −50% to over +90%). In comparison, an equivalent parameterized simulation has greater moisture convergence and total rainfall increase over the eastern Congo and less over eastern Africa. The parameterized model also does not capture 1) the large heterogeneity of changes in rain frequency; 2) the widespread and large increases in extreme rainfall, which result from increased rainfall per humidity change; and 3) the response of rainfall to the changing sea breeze, even though the sea-breeze change is captured. Consequently, previous rainfall projections are likely inadequate for informing many climate-sensitive decisions—for example, for infrastructure in coastal cities. We consider the physics revealed here and its implications to be relevant for many other vulnerable tropical regions, especially those with coastal convection.
Comparison of TRMM Microwave Imager Rainfall Datasets from NASA and JAXA
Authors: You Yalei , Wang Nai-Yu , Kubota Takuji , Aonashi Kazumasa , Shige Shoichi , Kachi Misako , Kummerow Christian , Randel David , Ferraro Ralph , Braun Scott , Takayabu Yukari 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study compares three TMI rainfall datasets generated by two versions of NASA’s Goddard Profiling algorithm (GPROF2010 and GPROF2017) and JAXA’s Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation algorithm (GSMaP) over land, coast, and ocean. We use TRMM precipitation radar observations as the reference, and also include CloudSat cloud profiling radar (CPR) observations as the reference over ocean. First, the dynamic thresholds for rainfall detection used by GSMaP and GPROF2017 have better detection capability, indicating by larger Heidke skill score (HSS) values, compared with GPROF2010 over both land and coast. Over ocean, all three datasets have very similar HSS regardless of including CPR observations. Next, intensity analysis shows that no single dataset performs the best according to all three statistical metrics (correlation, root-mean-square error, and relative bias), except that GSMaP performs the best for stratiform precipitation over coast, and GPROF2017 performs the best for convective precipitation over ocean, based on all three metrics. Finally, an error decomposition analysis shows that the total error and its three components have very different characteristics over several regions among these three datasets. For example, the positive total error in GPROF2010 and GSMaP is primarily caused by the positive hit bias over central Africa, while the false bias in GPROF2017 is largely responsible for this positive total error. For future algorithm development, results from this study imply that a convective–stratiform separation technique may be necessary to reduce the large underestimation for convective rain intensity.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Microphysical and Thermodynamic Characteristics of the 20 June 2015 PECAN MCS
Authors: Stechman Daniel M. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Rauber Robert M. , Bell Michael M. , Jewett Brian F. , Martinez Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study examines microphysical and thermodynamic characteristics of the 20 June 2015 mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed during the Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) experiment, specifically within the transition zone (TZ), enhanced stratiform rain region (ESR), anvil region, melting layer (ML), and the rear inflow jet (RIJ). Analyses are developed from airborne optical array probe data and multiple-Doppler wind and reflectivity syntheses using data from the airborne NOAA Tail Doppler Radar (TDR) and ground-based Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radars. Seven spiral ascents/descents of the NOAA P-3 aircraft were executed within various regions of the 20 June MCS. Aggregation modified by sublimation was observed in each MCS region, regardless of whether the sampling was within the RIJ. Sustained sublimation and evaporation of precipitation in subsaturated layers led to a trend of downward moistening across the ESR spirals, with greater degrees of subsaturation maintained when in the vicinity of the descending RIJ. In all cases where melting was observed, the ML acted as a prominent thermodynamic boundary, with differing rates of change in temperature and relative humidity above and below the ML. Two spiral profiles coincident with the rear inflow notch provided unique observations within the TZ and were interpreted in the context of similar observations from the 29 June 2003 Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment MCS. There, sublimation cooling and enhanced descent within the RIJ allowed ice particles to survive to temperatures as warm as +6.8°C before completely sublimating/evaporating.
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Occupying Posterior Hyoid Space with Endolaryngeal Extension Presenting After Neck Trauma
Authors: Bosco Samuel , Cohn Jason E. , Evarts Marissa , Papajohn Paul , Lesser Raymond 
Published: January 2020

Objective: Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common congenital neck mass. They typically present as a painless midline neck mass in a child or young adult, but may also present later in adulthood when the cyst becomes symptomatic. Thyroglossal duct cysts are most commonly located inferior to the hyoid bone in close relation with the thyrohyoid membrane. Very rarely, they may extend intralaryngeal, occupy the posterior hyoid space, and present with dysphonia and/or dysphagia. To our knowledge, this is the 24th reported case in the literature. Methods: Case report with a comprehensive review of the literature. Results: The patient was a 43-year-old male experiencing dysphonia and dysphagia following a motor vehicle accident. He was subsequently found to have a large thyroglossal duct cyst with endolaryngeal extension that was previously asymptomatic and undiagnosed. He underwent successful surgical excision which resulted in resolution of symptoms. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of a thyroglossal duct cyst in the posterior hyoid space with endolaryngeal extension being diagnosed following a traumatic event. This case illustrates the need to consider thyroglossal duct cyst in the differential diagnosis when working up a post-traumatic intralaryngeal neck mass. A secondary educational objective in this case is to be diligent to consider and rule out laryngeal fracture in the case of a neck mass presenting after trauma as they can easily be missed and present with many overlapping symptoms.
Beyond Their Absence: Male Intergenerational Social Ties and Community Informal Social Control
Authors: Warner Barbara D. , Berg Mark T. 
Published: January 2020

Objective: Examine the degree to which adult male social ties with neighborhood youth, or intergenerational ties, increase the perceived willingness of residents to engage in the informal social control of children. Method: Survey data from approximately 2,200 residents in 64 neighborhoods along with neighborhood census variables are used to examine the effects of male intergenerational social ties with youth on informal social control. Multilevel linear regression equations adjust for measures of social ties, social cohesion and trust, lagged official crime rates, and the proportion of residents that are males. Results: Male intergenerational social ties with youth are found to be an important and unique source of informal social control of children net of other forms of neighborhood social organization, and informal social control of children is shown to decrease neighborhood crime rates. Conclusions: This study provides support for assumptions implied in the urban underclass and social disorganization literatures regarding the positive role of male ties (outside of the family) in collective crime prevention capacity.
Duration of one-lung ventilation as a risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications after McKeown esophagectomy
Authors: Lai Guozhong , Guo Na , Jiang Yu , Lai Jielan , Li Yi , Lai Renchun 
Published: January 2020

Objective: To assess whether the duration of one-lung ventilation (OLV) affects postoperative pulmonary complications after McKeown esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Methods: A retrospective analysis of data stored in a database for esophageal cancer was carried out to identify predictors of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing McKeown esophagectomy at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between 2010 and 2012. Results: Patients in the OLV ⩾150 minutes group had a higher incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications than those in the OLV <150 minutes group (18.0% vs 7.3%, p < 0.001). Among them, the number of patients who developed pneumonia and atelectasis was also significantly higher (9.0% vs 4.1% [ p = 0.031] and 8.7% vs 3.7% [ p = 0.018] for the OLV ⩾150 minutes group vs OLV <150 minutes group, respectively). OLV ⩾150 minutes was associated with a prolonged hospital stay (24.2 ± 9.7 vs 21.5 ± 9.2 days, p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that history of diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 3.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65–7.68; p = 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 10.65; 95% CI, 5.65–20.08; p < 0.001), and OLV ⩾150 minutes (OR, 3.80; 95% CI, 1.97–7.31; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of postoperative pulmonary complications. Conclusion: Long duration of OLV appears to be an important risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications after McKeown esophagectomy. OLV <150 minutes appears to be the better approach for thoracic surgery. Lung protective measures should be taken when prolonged OLV is anticipated.