bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepato & nephro protective effects of naringenin-loaded tpgs polymeric nanosuspension against cisplatin-induced toxicity
Authors: Sumathi Rajamani  , Gobinath Kalyanasundaram  , Tamizharasi Sengodan  , Sivakumar Thangavelu  , Nikhitha K Shanmukhan  , Arun Radhakrishnan  
Published: October 2019

Cisplatin (Cis-Diammineplatinum (II) dichloride/CIS) is one of the most potent chemotherapeutic agents widely used in treatment of various cancers. Naringenin (NAR), a natural flavonoid, protect against CIS-induced injury in rats without hampering CIS beneficial cytotoxic activity. Even though NAR exhibits therapeutic potency, clinical evolution of the molecule is embarrassed because of very less aqueous solubility which corresponds to low availability at the site of the tumor. In our former analysis, nanosuspension of naringenin (NARNS) was developed by the method of high-pressure homogenization. The study had been continued to evaluate the protective role of D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) coated NARNS, against oxidative stress-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats upon CIS treatment. Induction of acute hepato and neprotoxicity was done by intraperitoneal injection (i.p) injection of CIS (7 mg/kg of body weight) and administration of NAR and NARNS. Administration of NARNS virtually suppressed CIS-induced and liver injury evidenced by a reduction of lipid peroxidation level, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, creatinine and elevated enzymatic antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in rats liver tissue. Histological studies substantiated the biochemical parameters. The study suggests that NARNS has strong hepato and nephroprotective effect compared to NAR.
ALGILANAN AŞIRI VASIFLILIK VE BİREYSEL KARİYER PLANLAMASI İLİŞKİSİNDE ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN DÜZENLEYİCİLİK ETKİSİ
Authors: IŞIK Metin 
Published: October 2019

﻿ Bireysel
kariyer planlaması, bireyin kariyeriyle ilgili amaçlar belirlediği ve bu
amaçlara ulaşmak için kullanacağı yol/ları değerlendirdiği bir süreçtir. Bu
süreci etkileyen birçok faktör olmakla birlikte, bunlardan biriside bireyin belirli
iş gereksinimlerini aşan beceri ve eğitime sahip olma düşüncesi olarak ifade
edilen aşırı vasıflılık olgusudur. Öte yandan bireyin çalışma hayatında
sergilediği birçok davranışın arka planında bireyin örgütüne yönelik destek
algısı yatmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, araştırmada algılanan aşırı vasıflılık algısı
ile bireysel kariyer planlaması ilişkisinde algılanan örgütsel desteğin
düzenleyicilik etkisi incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda nicel
bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırma verileri Bitlis faaliyet gösteren kamu ve
özel sektör çalışanlarından elde edilmiştir. Veriler üzerinde güvenilirlik,
geçerlilik, açımlayıcı ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan
analizlerde, algılanan örgütsel desteğin, algılanan aşırı vasıflılık ve
bireysel kariyer planlaması ilişkisinde düzenleyici bir etkiye sahip olduğu
tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kontrol değişkenlerinden eğitim durumunun da
düzenleyici bir etkiye sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmanın literatüre
katkı sunmasının yanı sıra işletme yöneticilerine de yol göstermesi
beklenmektedir.
VERGİ DENETİMİNDE YENİ BİR YAKLAŞIM OLARAK BLOK ZİNCİRİ TEKNOLOJİSİ
Authors: DEMİRHAN Habip 
Published: October 2019

﻿Vergi tarih boyunca kamu harcamalarının finansmanında
devletin en önemli enstrümanlarından biri olmuştur. Devletin en önemli
finansman aracı olan verginin denetimi ekonomik, sosyal ve hukuki nedenlere
dayanmaktadır. Beyan esasına dayalı bir
vergi sisteminde ortaya çıkacak aksaklıkları gidermede güçlü bir denetimin
etkisi yadsınamayacak derecede önem arz etmekte ve bu konudaki en önemli görev
bu alanda çalışanlara düşmektedir. Vergi denetiminin işlevi, vergi idaresinin
ve mükelleflerin yasal mevzuata uygun olarak hareket etmelerini temin etmektir.
Bunun için de verimli, etkin, şeffaf ve hesap verebilir bir vergi denetiminin
varlığı önem arz etmektedir. Son yıllarda gelişen Bilgi ve İletişim
Teknolojileri ile birlikte kamu yönetim yapılarında e-uygulamalar giderek
artmaya başlamıştır. Çalışmada, son
yıllarda sıkça zikredilen blok zinciri uygulamaları çerçevesinde vergi
denetiminin geleceği değerlendirilmiştir. Blok zincirinin gelecekte diğer
alanlarda olduğu gibi vergi denetiminde de ciddi derecede etkili olacağı, vergi
tahsilatının hızlı bir şekilde yapılmasını ve kayıt dışılık ile mücadele etkin
bir rol alacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol 70% Biji Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) dalam Penurunan Kadar Gula Darah Tikus Diabetes Gestasional Yang Diinduksi Streptozotocin
Authors: Dwitiyanti Dwitiyanti , Efendi Kriana , Rachmania Rizky Arcinthya , Septiani Riri 
Published: October 2019

Biji Buah Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas sebagai antihiperglikemia. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan menguji ekstrak etanol 70% biji nangka dan diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai penurun kadar gula darah tikus diabetes gestasional yang diinduksi streptozotocin. Hewan uji tikus betina bunting galur Sprague dawley dibagi 6 kelompok perlakuan, masing-masing terdiri dari 4 ekor tikus. Kelompok I (kontrol normal), kelompok II (kontrol negatif), kelompok III (kontrol positif) diberi metformin dosis 51.37 mg/kgBB, kelompok IV (Dosis Uji 100 mg/kgBB), kelompok V (Dosis Uji 200 mg/kgBB) dan kelompok VI (Dosis Uji 400 mg/kgBB), kelompok IV,V dan VI diberi sediaan uji biji buah nangka secara oral. Tikus diinduksi terlebih dahulu dengan streptozotocin agar tikus mengalami hiperglikemia, kemudian diberi perlakuan sediaan uji selama 14 hari. Pengambilan darah dilakukan pada hari ke-14, untuk menghitung kadar glukosa darah menggunakan fotometer klinikal. Hasil uji ANOVA satu arah menunjukkan adanya perbedaan antar kelompok perlakuan. Semua kelompok sediaan uji ekstrak biji buah nangka memiliki aktivitas menurunkan kadar glukosa darah terhadap tikus diabetes gestasional. Hasil uji Tukey penurunan kadar glukosa darah menunjukan kelompok uji sediaan biji nangka dosis 400 mg/kg BB sebanding dengan kelompok positif yang diberikan Metformin 51.37 mg/kgBB.
يقظة الفيلسوف اضواء على موقف بدوي الاخير من المستشرقين
Authors: حسين باقر ابراهيم 
Published: October 2019

في مساء يوم شتائي باريسي بارد من شهر كانون لاول سنة 2001 كان الدكتور عبد الرحمن بدوي يتنزه في احد شوارع العاصمة الفرنسية ،وفجأة زلت قدمه وسقط على رصيف الشارع بقسوة ، واغمي عليه ،نقل بعدها الى احد المستشفيات ،وبعد عشرين يوما استيقظ من غيبوبته – ومن هذه اليقظة كان عنوان البحث ورمزيته بنفس الوقت - ،وحين سأله الطبيب من انت ؟ قال له : انا فيلسوف مصري . انها اليقظة التي اعادته الى بلده بعد غيبة لاكثر من ثلاثين سنة ،لكنها ايضا اليقظة التي قادته الى نهايته ،اذ توفي بعد اشهر من عودته نتيجة لسقطتته تلك .وهكذا افل نجم من سماء الفلسفة العربية ،بل نجمها الاكثر لمعانا .فالجميع يعرف وبالاخص المتخصصين منهم في حقل الدراسات الفلسفية ،ان كتابات عبد الرحمن بدوي متعددة ،وجهوده متشعبة وانتاجه ضخم ، وهو من السعة والثراء بحيث تعجز عن القيام به هيئات علمية ذات امكانيات كبيرة ،لكن هذا ما قام به بدوي بمفرده ، فقد قدم طوال حياته الفكرية مايربوا على المائة والثلاثين كتابا في حقول الفلسفة والفكر المختلفة فضلا عن مئات المقالات والبحوث .طوال 65 سنة من عمره .
فهو يمثل اكبر سياحة فكرية يقوم بها مفكر عربي في حقل الفلسفة وربما في بقية حقول المعرفة ،انه بلا مبالغة يعادل انتاج مؤسسة اكاديمية قائمة بذاتها .وقد وصفه حسن حنفي في كتابه حوار الاجيال ، بانه الفيلسوف الشامل . وبدوي من المفكرين الذين يعلنون بكل وضوح انتمائهم الفلسفي،فهو ينتمي الى الوجودية الملحدة ممثلة بابرز فلاسفتها هايدغر . في حين انه لم يشعر باي تقدير لسارترمن الناحية الفلسفية ولم يعتبره ابدا فيلسوفا وجوديا فهو مجرد اديب[1].
وبالنسبة لموضوع بحثنا حول موقف بدوي من المستشرقين وتطور هذا الموقف في مراحل حياته الفكرية فهو امر ملاحظ بوضوح . فموقفه من المستشرقين لم يكن موقفا واحدا وثابتا طوال مسيرته الفكرية ،فهناك مواقف متعددة تجاه المستشرقين واعمالهم . وتختلف هذه المواقف باختلاف موضوع دراساتهم وباختلاف مواقفهم ،وباختلاف مراحل تطور فكر عبد الرحمن بدوي نفسه . فقد لاحظ في بداية حياته الفكرية اجتهاد المستشرقيين ،وانكبابهم على العمل ،وغزارة انتاجهم ،اذ احتك ببعظهم حين كانو يلقون المحاضرات في الجامعة المصرية ،والبعض الاخر عن طريق سفراته ،فتركوا لديه انطباعا جيدا ،بل واثاروا اعجابه الشديد .لكنه في خريف العمر ،تيقظ مفكرنا فادرك احقادهم ومثالبهم ومواقفهم غير الموضوعية تجاه الاسلام ،فتصدى لهم بالنقد في كتاباته الاخيرة ،وبالأخص في كتابيه الدفاعيين عن القرآن والنبي الكريم .
ويميز الدكتور احمد عبد الحليم عطية بدراسته (المماثلة والمقابلة ) بين ثلاث مراحل من موقف بدوي تجاه المستشرقين . تميزت كل منها بموقف محدد تجاه المستشرقين واعمالهم

[1]- عبد الرحمن بدوي –سيرة حياتي – المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر–بيروت 2000ط1 –ج1 ص183-184
Long-term outcomes of triple semicircular canal plugging for the treatment of intractable Meniere’s disease: A single center experience of 361 cases
Authors: Zhang Daogong , Lv Yafeng , Han Yuechen , Li Yawei , Li Xiaofei , Wang Jing , Song Yongdong , Kong Ligang , Jian Huirong , Fan Zhaomin , Wang Haibo 
Published: October 2019

INTRODUCTION: Meniere’s disease is a common chronic inner ear disease. Because the definitive pathogenesis is still unknown, there is currently no cure for this disorder. Semicircular canal plugging (SCP), first used to treat patients with intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, has since been applied to patients with intractable peripheral vertigo. This study was aimed to explore the long-term efficacy of triple semicircular canal plugging (TSCP) in the treatment of intractable Meniere’s disease (MD) so as to provide a new method in the framework of treatment with MD. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-one unilateral MD patients, who were treated with TSCP in our hospital between Dec. 2010 and Sep. 2016, were recruited in this study for retrospective analysis. Vertigo control and auditory function were monitored during a period of two-year follow-up. Seventy three patients who were subjected to intratympanic gentamicin were selected as a control group. Pure tone audiometry, caloric test, vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) were performed in two-year follow-up. RESULTS: The total control rate of vertigo in TSCP group was 97.8% (353/361) in the two-year follow-up, with complete control rate of 80.3% (290/361) and substantial control rate of 17.5% (63/361). The rate of hearing loss was 26.3% (95/361). The total control rate of vertigo in intratympanic gentamicin group was 83.6% (61/73), with complete control rate of 63.0% (46/73) and substantial control rate of 20.5% (15/73). The rate of hearing loss was 24.7% (18/73). The vertigo control rate of TSCP was significantly higher than that of chemical labyrinthectomy( χ2 = 24.798, p <  0.05). There was no significant difference of hearing loss rate between two groups. ( χ2 = 0.087, p >  0.05). CONCLUSION: Triple semicircular canal plugging (TSCP), which can reduce vertiginous symptoms in patients with intractable Meniere’s disease (MD), represents an effective therapy for this disorder. It might become a new important method in the framework of treatment with MD.
EFISIENSI PENYERAPAN LOGAM Pb2+ DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CAMPURAN BENTONIT DAN ENCENG GONDOK
Authors: M. Faisal  
Published: October 2019

Adsorption of Pb2+by using a mix of bentonite and water hyacinth has been carried out in a bacth system. The purpose of the research is to investigate the abilty of the mix bentonite and water hyacinth to adsorp Pb2+. Prior to adsorption process, the mix of bentonite and water hyacnth was activated physcally by H2SO4. The adsorption ability between activated-adsorbend and without activated-adsorbend was then compared. In the activaved process, the mix of bentonite and water hyacinth used was 4 gram in weight and 120 ml of H2SO4 1,2 M. In this research, adsorption time of 30, 60, 120 menit, the speed of 50, 100, 150 rpm and the Pb2+concentration of 30, 35 and 40 mg/l were used. The result showed that the adsorption efficiency of activated-adsorbend is higher than that of without activaved. The maximum adsorption of 0,987 mg/g were obtained at Pb2+concentration of 40 mg/l with a contact time and speed of 120 min and 150 rpm, respetively.
Una nueva concepción del arte y del artista en el arte contemporáneo
Authors: Ortiz Lozano Patricia Aurora 
Published: October 2019

Este artículo pretende mostrar cómo el artista pop Andy Warhol introduce una nueva concepción del arte y del artista. El nuevo modelo del artista que encarnó Warhol es transversal: se mueve entre la cultura de masas y el arte culto y utiliza diferentes disciplinas más allá de la pintura, como el diseño y la publicidad. Este artículo también muestra las diferencias entre Warhol y Duchamp y señala que éste último hace su ruptura (del mismo modo que los vanguardistas como él), dentro del modelo del arte moderno, cuya tradición era siempre rupturista. En Warhol no existe el espíritu de confrontación, por el contrario, el norteamericano se habitúa a la sociedad del espectáculo. Warhol no rompe con la pintura, como Duchamp lo hizo (dentro del relato legitimador del arte moderno a que se refiere Danto), sino que, todo lo toma y todo lo integra. De ahí su transversalidad como artista.
Audit of Patient Outcomes after Lichtenstein Hernioplasty for the Repair of Adult Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Siddique Md Ibrahim , Mubin Samia , Majumder Krisna Rani , Siddiquee Muhammad Ali 
Published: October 2019

Background: Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most commonly performed surgeries worldwide. While numerous surgical approaches exist to treat inguinal hernias, the Lichtenstein tension-free mesh repair remains the gold standard. This retrospective study is carried out to evaluate the short and long term outcomes of Lichtenstein hernioplasty in the hand of a general surgeon. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of all adult inguinal hernia repair by Lichtenstein method between January .2003 and December 2009 was carried out. The outcome measures were early post-operative complications, incidence of chronic groin pain and recurrence rate. Results: A total of 526 procedures were carried out in 445 adult male patients during the study period. The median age of the patients was 49 years (range, 21-73 years). All patients underwent Lichtenstein hernioplasty under spinal anesthesia. Length of hospital stay was median 2.4 days (range, 1-4 days). Median time to the resumption of normal activities was 8 days (range, 5-1 0 days). Urinary retention was the most frequent early post-operative complication (5.1 6%). Rate of wound infection was acceptable (0.44%). Chronic groin pain was experienced by three patients (0.67%). There was no recurrence observed among the 291 (65.4% of the total) patients who were available after two years of the procedure. Conclusion: The Lichtenstein open tension-free mesh repair of adult inguinal hernia is a safe procedure with least post-operative morbidity and least chance for recurrence. It is a simple technique, quick and. easy to perform without compromising the patient's care and long-term outcome in the hand of an experienced general surgeon.
Journal of Surgical Sciences (2012) Vol. 16 (2) : 54-58
The Association of HER-2 Over-expression in Relation to Hormonal Receptor Status and Common Clinico-pathological Parameters in Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Islam Md Jahidul , Hossain ABM Bayezid , Akter Shaheen , Afroz Sadia 
Published: October 2019

Objective: To determine the association of Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor2 (HER-2) with hormonal receptor status and common clinico-pathological parameters of breast carcinoma. Study Design: Cross-sectional, observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Surgery, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2009 to December 2009. Methodology: A total of 100 patients of female breast carcinoma with HER-2 status, hormonal receptor profile and clinico-pathological parameters were included in this study. Patient's age, menopausal status, tumour size, lymph node status, Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR) status were evaluated and their association was determined with H.ER-2 over expression using the chi-square test for analysis. Results: Of these 100 cases, mean age of diagnosis was 48 years and mean tumour size 4.4 cm. Lymph node metastases were present in 50% cases. HER-2 over-expression was seen in 29% cases, while ER and PR expression was seen in 61 % and 43% respectively. ER and PR showed inverse association (p <0.05) with HER-2 while positive association was seen with tumour size and lymph node metastases (p <0.05). No association was seen with menopausal status. Further, among 61 ER positive cases, 4 cases also HER-2 over expressed. Conclusion: The study had indicated that Her-2 may be a powerful predictor of poor prognosis as its over-expression was strongly directly associated with tumor size and lymph node involvement and inversely associated with hormonal receptor status of breast carcinoma. ER positive cases can also be HER-2 over expressed (4%), so ER status cannot be used to select tumours for evaluation of HER-2 status. As treatment modalities of ER positive and HER-2 over expressed is different, so all the patients should be studied with both receptor and treat accordingly.
Journal of Surgical Sciences (2012) Vol. 16 (2) : 59-67
Basic Properties of a New Polymer Gel for 3D-Dosimetry at High Dose-Rates Typical for FFF Irradiation Based on Dithiothreitol and Methacrylic Acid (MAGADIT): Sensitivity, Range, Reproducibility, Accuracy, Dose Rate Effect and Impact of Oxygen Scavenger
Authors: Khan Muzafar , Heilemann Gerd , Lechner Wolfgang , Georg Dietmar , Berg Andreas Georg 
Published: October 2019

The photon induced radical-initiated polymerization in polymer gels can be used for high-resolution tissue equivalent dosimeters in quality control of radiation therapy. The dose (D) distribution in radiation therapy can be measured as a change of the physical measurement parameter T2 using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The detection by T2 is relying on the local change of the molecular mobility due to local polymerization initiated by radicals generated by the ionizing radiation. The dosimetric signals R2 = 1/T2 of many of the current polymer gels are dose-rate dependent, which reduces the reliability of the gel for clinical use. A novel gel dosimeter, based on methacrylic acid, gelatin and the newly added dithiothreitol (MAGADIT) as an oxygen-scavenger was analyzed for basic properties, such as sensitivity, reproducibility, accuracy and dose-rate dependence. Dithiothreitol features no toxic classification with a difference to THPC and offers a stronger negative redox-potential than ascorbic acid. Polymer gels with three different concentration levels of dithiothreitol were irradiated with a preclinical research X-ray unit and MR-scanned (T2) for quantitative dosimetry after calibration. The polymer gel with the lowest concentration of the oxygen scavenger was about factor 3 more sensitive to dose as compared to the gel with the highest concentration. The dose sensitivity (α = ∆R2/∆D) of MAGADIT gels was significantly dependent on the applied dose rate D ˙ (≈48% reduction between D ˙ = 0.6 Gy/min and D ˙ = 4 Gy/min). However, this undesirable dose-rate effect reduced between 4–8 Gy/min (≈23%) and almost disappeared in the high dose-rate range (8 ≤ D ˙ ≤ 12 Gy/min) used in flattening-filter-free (FFF) irradiations. The dose response varied for different samples within one manufacturing batch within 3%–6% (reproducibility). The accuracy ranged between 3.5% and 7.9%. The impact of the dose rate on the spatial integrity is demonstrated in the example of a linear accelerator (LINAC) small sized 5 × 10 mm2 10 MV photon field. For MAGADIT the maximum shift in the flanks in this field is limited to about 0.8 mm at a FFF dose rate of 15 Gy/min. Dose rate sensitive polymer gels likely perform better at high dose rates; MAGADIT exhibits a slightly improved performance compared to the reference normoxic polymer gel methacrylic and ascorbic acid in gelatin initiated by copper (MAGIC) using ascorbic acid.
Recursos educativos abiertos para la enseñanza de las ciencias en ambientes de educación básica enriquecidos con tecnología educativa
Authors: Macías Mendoza Angélica , López Ibarra Alejandro , Ramírez Montoya María Soledad 
Published: October 2019

Resumen
El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los procesos de enseñanza en cuatro grupos de educación básica con similares características, que estuvieron apoyados con recursos tecnológicos. La pregunta de investigación fue: ¿Cuáles son las diferencias que surgen en los procesos de enseñanza al usar recursos educativos abiertos (REA) para la enseñanza de las ciencias en ambientes de aprendizaje? Los constructos fueron tres: procesos de enseñanza, enseñanza de las ciencias y recursos educativos abiertos. La metodología utilizada fue la de estudios de casos a profundidad, analizando cuatro casos de profesores; los instrumentos que se emplearon fueron: entrevistas, bitácora del investigador, observación de los procesos de enseñanza y análisis de documentos significativos. Los hallazgos obtenidos indican que surgen diferencias al usar REA en el proceso educativo, enriqueciéndolo con información actualizada, llamativa y motivante para los alumnos, complementando estilos de enseñanza, volviendo la clase más dinámica y desarrollando aprendizajes significativos. Los REA abren una puerta a la educación inclusiva y de calidad, pero sin una adecuada infraestructura en las instituciones de educación básica e información y capacitación a los docentes, el rol del profesor tardará en transformarse.
Avaliação da integração de plataformas e-learning no ensino secundário
Authors: Tejedor Tejedor Francisco Javier , García-Valcárcel Muñoz-Repiso García-Val Ana , Ferreira da Costa Eusébio a 
Published: October 2019

O artigo � o resultado de uma investiga�ão sobre a integra�ão do LMS - Learning Management System - nas escolas secund�rias do norte de Portugal.
Apresentam-se os resultados obtidos em rela�ão as plataformas de e-learning que estao a ser utilizadas nas escolas secund�rias, a import�ncia que os docentes atribuem ao e-learning, a forma�ão dos docentes em TIC/e-learning, a rela�ão que existe entre a forma�ão dos docentes em TIC/e-learning e a utiliza�ão destas ferramentas, a rela�ão que existe entre a forma�ão dos docentes em TIC/e-learning e a import�ncia que se lhe atribui, as vantagens, dificuldades e recursos mais utilizados no LMS.
Aulas multigrado o el mito de la mala calidad de enseñanza en la escuela rural
Authors: Quílez Serrano Manuel , Vázquez Recio Rosa 
Published: October 2019

Resumen
En el presente artículo se quiere situar la escuela en el medio rural, definir el medio rural como entorno geoeconómico, demográfico y cultural. Para ello se analiza el entorno variado, la tipología de escuelas en la comunidad andaluza (región española) y la política educativa en cuanto a la dotación de recursos materiales y humanos. Se parte de la idea evidente de que el medio rural no es uniforme en su esencia; por ello requiere de estructuras escolares que sean capaces de responder al derecho a la educación de todo ciudadano, viva donde viva y disponga de los recursos que fueran. Pero, sobre todo, se hace especial hincapié en analizar la calidad educativa de sus aulas multigrado mediante la exposición detallada de las ventajas y los inconvenientes que presentan. Por último, y a modo de ejemplo, se constata la experiencia llevada a cabo en el sur de Francia en la aplicación de este modelo de aulas en una escuela urbana periférica que presentaba graves problemas académicos de aprendizaje y disciplinarios.
La intencionalidad última del presente artículo es llevar al lector a la toma de conciencia de que la escuela rural no es una escuela de segunda categoría y que se están emitiendo juicios sobre su calidad (intencionados a veces) y que se requieren estudios específicos que pongan de manifiesto sus virtudes, sus carencias y sus necesidades de mejora.