bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk-related decision making evokes distinct brain activation patterns in reward evaluation regions in substance use naïve versus non-naïve adolescents
Authors: McQuaid Goldie A. , Darcey Valerie L. , Patterson Amanda E. , Rose Emma J. , VanMeter John W. , Fishbein Diana H. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTIdentifying brain and behavioral precursors to substance use (SU) may guide interventions that delay initiation in youth at risk for SU disorders (SUD). Heightened reward-sensitivity and risk-taking may confer risk for SUD. In a longitudinal, prospective study, we characterized behavioral and neural profiles associated with reward-sensitivity and risk-taking in substance-naïve adolescents, examining whether they differed as a function of SU initiation at 18- and 36-months follow-up.Adolescents (N=70; 11.1-14.0 years) completed a reward-related decision-making task (Wheel of Fortune (WOF)) while undergoing functional MRI. Measures of reward sensitivity (Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Approach System; BIS-BAS), impulsive decision-making (delay discounting task), and SUD risk (Drug Use Screening Inventory, Revised (DUSI-R)) were collected at baseline. Baseline metrics were compared for youth who did (SI;n=27) and did not (SN;n=43) initiate SU at follow-up.While groups displayed similar discounting and risk taking behavior, SI youth showed more variable patterns of activation in left insular cortex during high-risk selections, and left anterior cingulate cortex in response to rewarded outcomes. SI participants scored higher on the DUSI-R and BAS subscales. Results suggest differences in brain regions critical in the development and experience of SUDs may precede SU and serve as a biomarker for SUD risk.
Associative memory networks for graph-based abstraction
Authors: Haga Tatsuya , Fukai Tomoki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOur cognition relies on the ability of the brain to segment hierarchically structured events on multiple scales. Recent evidence suggests that the brain performs this event segmentation based on the structure of state-transition graphs behind sequential experiences. However, the underlying circuit mechanisms are only poorly understood. In this paper, we propose an extended attractor network model for the graph-based hierarchical computation, called as Laplacian associative memory. This model generates multiscale representations for communities (clusters) of associative links between memory items, and the scale is regulated by heterogenous modulation of inhibitory circuits. We analytically and numerically show that these representations correspond to graph Laplacian eigenvectors, a popular method for graph segmentation and dimensionality reduction. Finally, we demonstrate that our model with asymmetricity exhibits chunking resembling to hippocampal theta sequences. Our model connects graph theory and the attractor dynamics to provide a biologically plausible mechanism for abstraction in the brain.
Measurement error models reveal the scale of consumer movements along an isoscape gradient
Authors: Rodríguez Marco A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

In isotopic studies of mobile consumers, measurement error in spatial location is almost inevitable when individuals are observed only once. This error can have considerable impacts on the interpretation of ecologically important features, such as individual movement behaviour and dietary niche breadth. This study introduces a measurement error modelling framework for estimating movement scale and isotopic fractionation for consumers that move and feed along a linear isoscape gradient.

The model assumes that the key mechanism underlying the difference in spatial isotopic regression slopes of mobile consumers and their baseline resources is the presence of measurement error in the spatial location of consumers. Measurement error is assumed to arise from consumer movements, which are represented by realistic movement kernels. Simulations with known parameter values are used to evaluate the performance of the models under scenarios involving different combinations of consumer mobility and sample size. Several variants of the model are fit to empirical data, and their parameter estimates are compared with those of alternative models.

In simulations with known parameter values, model estimates of movement scale converged to the known values and had substantially smaller bias and variance than those of alternative models. Estimates of movement scale and fractionation for empirical data were consistent with previously reported estimates.

Neglecting measurement error in spatial location is likely to hinder progress in spatial isotopic analyses. The proposed framework provides a statistically principled basis for incorporating measurement error in spatial location into isoscape analyses to provide improved estimates of parameters of interest, such as movement scale and fractionation. The framework is sufficiently general to be applicable to a variety of species, isotopic tracers, environments and spatial scales. Logical next steps to extend the framework could involve modelling of multiple species, nonlinear isoscape gradients and 2‐dimensional isoscapes.
Vitamin D3–elicited CD14+ human skin dendritic cells promote thymic stromal lymphopoietin–independent type 2 T‐helper responses
Authors: Brulefert Adrien , Hoste Astrid , Muller Quentin , Fauny Jean‐Daniel , Mueller Christopher G. , Flacher Vincent 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundImmune modulation by vitamin D3 through dendritic cells (DCs) remains controversial. Human DCs exposed in vitro counteract type‐1 T‐helper (Th1) differentiation and induce regulatory T cells. However, cutaneous application on mice promotes Th2‐driven inflammation resembling atopic dermatitis and relying on thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from keratinocytes and T‐cell orientation by TSLP‐stimulated skin DCs. We studied the effects of vitamin D3 in human skin, focusing on TSLP production and the role of skin DCs in T‐cell differentiation.MethodsHuman healthy skin explants were exposed in vitro to vitamin D3 analogs. Migrating DCs were analyzed and TSLP quantified in the supernatant. Allogeneic naïve CD4+ T cells were cocultured with DCs to assess their proliferation and cytokine production.ResultsVitamin D3 induced skin DCs to differentiate Th2 cells producing IL‐4 and IL‐13. Vitamin D3 triggered TSLP release in ~30% of skin explants, correlating with IL‐13 detection in Th2 cells. In these donors, blocking TSLP receptor during skin explant cultures abrogated IL‐13 production, yet IL‐4+ Th2 cells were unaffected. Among skin DCs emerged CD14+ cells that had responded directly to vitamin D3 and differed from classical CD14+ dermal emigrants. Vitamin D3‐elicited CD14+ DCs sufficed to promote IL‐4+ Th2 cells in a TSLP‐independent manner.ConclusionVitamin D3, despite inducing TSLP in some donors, had a direct influence on skin DCs, affecting their phenotype and ability to drive Th2 responses independently of TSLP. Our findings pave the way toward in vitro systems that accurately model human cutaneous Th2 responses, notably involved in atopic dermatitis.
SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 agonists administered without metformin compared to other glucose‐lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to prevent cardiovascular events: A systematic review
Authors: Escobar Carlos , Barrios Vivencio , Cosín Juan , Gámez Martínez José María , Huelmos Rodrigo Ana Isabel , Ortíz Cortés Carolina , Torres Llergo Javier , Requeijo Carolina , Solà Ivan , Martínez Zapata Mª José 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the efficacy of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP1‐RAs) and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, administered without metformin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients.MethodsA systematic review was performed according to Cochrane's methodological standards. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on adult type 2 diabetes patients, assessing the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1‐RAs compared to other glucose‐lowering drugs and/or RCTs that presented data of a subgroup of type 2 diabetes patients without metformin use at baseline. The main outcome was the reduction of the risk of any major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) reported individually or as a composite outcome.ResultsFive RCTs including 50,725 type 2 diabetes patients, of whom 10,013 had not received metformin, were included in this meta‐analysis. Three of these studies assessed the efficacy of GLP1‐RAs and two of SGLT2 inhibitors. In patients without metformin at baseline, GLP1‐RAs in comparison with placebo reduced the risk of MACE significantly by 20% (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.89). SGLT2 inhibitors also significantly reduced the risk of MACE by 32% (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.57–0.81).ConclusionsSGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1‐RAs provided without metformin at baseline may reduce the risk of MACE in comparison with placebo in type 2 diabetes patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events.
The psychopathology of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis: A case–control study
Authors: Garrett Christopher J. , Moulton Calum D. , Choudhary Pratik , Amiel Stephanie A. , Fonagy Peter , Ismail Khalida 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite its poor prognosis, the psychological factors associated with recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis are poorly understood. In people with type 1 diabetes, we assessed for psychopathology in those with and without recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).MethodThe design was a case–control study. Cases were defined as people with two or more DKA episodes in a 12‐month period (recurrent DKA). Cases and controls were matched for gender and age. We compared groups for scores on Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck's Depression Inventory II, Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Experiences in Close Relationships‐Revised, Standardised Assessment of Personality‐Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS), Interpersonal Problem Inventory, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) using unpaired t‐tests or Mann–Whitney U tests for parametric and non‐parametric data, respectively. Correction was made for multiple testing.ResultsIn all, 23 cases and 23 controls were recruited with mean age 31.0 (11.4) years and 65.2% were men. Cases had higher HbA1c levels than controls (101.1 (23.2) vs. 85.7 (21.7) mmol/mol, (p = 0.02)). Compared to controls, people with recurrent DKA had higher scores on the BAI (p = 0.004), PAID (p = 0.004), DERS (p = 0.001) and SAPAS (p < 0.001). Sixteen of 23 (69.6%) cases screened positive for a personality disorder compared to 6 of 23 (26.1%) controls.ConclusionsPeople with recurrent DKA have elevated levels of anxiety and diabetes distress, greater difficulty with emotion regulation and personality dysfunction compared to matched controls.
Making it “Easy to Help”: The Evolution of Norwegian Volunteer Initiatives for Refugees
Authors: Jumbert Maria Gabrielsen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAt the height of the refugee reception crisis in 2015, a large number of volunteers across Norway mobilized to bring assistance in different forms. The two most notable initiatives were Refugees Welcome Norway (RWN) and A Drop in the Ocean (Dråpen i Havet, DiH). RWN focused on those arriving in Norway and DiH on those arriving in Greece. Looking at these two initiatives’ organizational trajectories together allows us to examine how they managed the transition from the immediate ‘crisis’ and large volunteer mobilization to finding a role for themselves in the longer‐term. Drawing on social movement theory and literature on humanitarian action, the article argues that the two organizations, while adapting in different ways, focused their organizations around ‘making it easy’ for volunteers to help. The article explores how this allowed to forge their distinct identity in the organizational landscape, while also engaging with volunteers’ ‘need to do something’.
A comparison of avoidance to acoustic stimuli in fish with different auditory capabilities: juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Matsuda Keishi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study compared the repulsive effects of sound playbacks of intermittent 30, 150, 300, 600 and 900 Hz tones on two fish with different auditory capabilities: juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). When 150 and 300 Hz tones were emitted from an underwater speaker, O. keta exhibited a moderate repulse reaction. Conversely, C. carpio exhibited a moderate repulse reaction to a tone with a frequency of 30 Hz, which indicates that a low‐frequency component in complex broadband sound may be important for inducing a repulse reaction in cyprinids.
End‐of‐Life Cost Trajectories in Cancer Patients Treated by Medicare versus the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Gidwani Risha , Asch Steven M. , Needleman Jack , Faricy‐Anderson Katherine , Boothroyd Derek B. , Illarmo Samantha , Lorenz Karl A. , Patel Manali I. , Hsin Gary , Ramchandran Kavitha , Wagner Todd H. 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESTo evaluate differences in end‐of‐life cost trajectories for cancer patients treated through Medicare versus by the Veterans Health Administration (VA).DESIGNA retrospective analysis of VA and Medicare administrative data from FY 2010 to 2014. We employed three‐level generalized estimating equations to evaluate monthly cost trajectories experienced by patients in their last year of life, with patients nested within hospital referral region.SETTINGCare received at VA facilities or by Medicare‐reimbursed providers nationwide.PARTICIPANTSA total of 36,401 patients dying from cancer and dually enrolled in VA and Medicare.MEASUREMENTSWe evaluated trajectories for total, inpatient, outpatient, and drug costs, using the last 12 months of life. Cost trajectories were prioritized as costs are not directly comparable across Medicare and VA. Patients were assigned to be VA‐reliant, Medicare‐reliant or Mixed‐reliant based on their healthcare utilization in the last year of life.RESULTSAll three groups experienced significantly different cost trajectories for total costs in the last year of life. Inpatient cost trajectories were significantly different between Medicare‐reliant and VA‐reliant patients, but did not differ between VA‐reliant and Mixed‐reliant patients. Outpatient and drug cost trajectories exhibited the inverse pattern: they were significantly different between VA‐reliant and Mixed‐reliant patients, but not between VA‐reliant and Medicare‐reliant patients. However, visual examination of cost trajectories revealed similar cost patterns in the last year of life among all three groups; there was a sharp rise in costs as patients approach death, largely due to inpatient care.CONCLUSIONDespite substantially different financial incentives and organization, VA‐ and Medicare‐treated patients exhibit similar patterns of increasing end‐of‐life costs, largely driven by inpatient costs. Both systems require improvement to ensure quality of end‐of‐life care is aligned with recommended practice.
Defining postoperative transfusion thresholds in liver transplant recipients: A novel retrospective approach
Authors: Connor Joseph P. , Aufhauser David , Welch Bridget M. , Leverson Glen , Al‐Adra David 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe optimal transfusion threshold for most patient populations has been defined as hematocrit (HCT) <21%. However, some specific patient populations are known to benefit from higher transfusion thresholds. To date, the optimal postoperative transfusion threshold for patients undergoing liver transplant has not been determined. To define the ideal transfusion threshold for liver transplant patients, we designed a retrospective study of 496 liver transplant recipients.MethodsUsing HCT prior to discharge as a surrogate marker for transfusion thresholds we grouped patients into three groups of transfusion thresholds (HCT <21%, <24%, and >30%). Transfusion rates (intra‐ and postoperative), graft and patient survival, and complications requiring readmission were compared between groups.ResultsNinety‐two percent of patients were transfused during their hospital stay. Graft survival, patient survival, and rates of readmission within 30 days of discharge were no different between the three discharge HCT groups. Patients discharged with HCT >30% were less likely to be readmitted with infectious complications; however, this group also had the lowest model of end‐stage liver (MELD) score at time of transplantation and were less likely to have received a transfusion during their hospital stay.ConclusionTransfusion thresholds of HCT <24%, and potentially as low as 21% are acceptable in postoperative liver transplant recipients. The conduct of a randomized clinical trial, as supported by these data, will be necessary to support the use of lower thresholds.
Have a Korean Lineage and Transmit a Chinese One Too: Lineage Practices in Seon Buddhism
Authors: Ahn Juhn Y. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Today, Korean dharma lineages all trace themselves back to Seosan Hyujeong 西山休靜 (1520–1604). Although some claim that Hyujeong’s own lineage should be traced back to Taego Bou 太古普愚 (1301–1382), others claim that it should be traced back to Naong Hyegeun 懶翁慧勤 (1320–1376) instead. The present article will demonstrate that both claims are flawed. They fail to take an important fact into account: the assumptions that guided lineage practices in the fourteenth century were no longer guiding lineage practices in the seventeenth century, which is when both claims were first made. Attempts to trace Hyujeong’s lineage to either Taego or Naong mistakenly accept the veracity of seventeenth-century lineage claims and assumptions. In pre-seventeenth century Korea Seon masters who received dharma transmission in China officially recognized not only their Chinese Chan lineage but also their Korean Seon lineage(s). As shown in this article, there was nothing wrong with having two or more dharma lineages in Korea. Hyegeun is a good example. He claimed to have inherited two different dharma lineages and may have even had a third. Hyegeun’s lineage began to lose favor, this article argues, because it did not accord with the new assumptions that began to guide lineage practices in seventeenth-century Korea.
Una mirada biológico-social en las características clínicas de adultos cubanos infectados por el virus SARS CoV2.
Authors: Despaigne Daysi Antonia Navarro , Navarro Annia Duany , Nápoles Miguel Sarduy , Ovies Blanca Rosa Manzano 
Published: December 2020

Introducción: Reportes iníciales de la infección por virus SARS CoV2 identificaron el sexo masculino con mayor riesgo de incidencia y letalidad, y en la mujer se particularizo el embarazo. El aislamiento social tiene impacto en hombres y mujeres. En Cuba, las personas con la enfermedad COVID 19 tienen distribución similar según sexos, seria pertinente identificar que ocurre en la mujer de edad mediana, donde los cambios biológicos de la menopausia y la sobrecarga de su labor social, deben influir en el comportamiento de la enfermedad.
Objetivo: Describir la incidencia y letalidad de los adultos con infección por el virus SARS-CoV2 con énfasis en la mujer de edad mediana.
Metodología: De los reportes del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba se extrajeron: total de personas de ambos sexos con edades entre 20-59, agrupadas 20-39; 40-49 y 50-59 años, que según el ciclo de vida de la mujer fueron considerados años: reproductivos, en transición a la menopausia y de posmenopausia respectivamente. Se calcularon: la tasa de incidencia y la letalidad según sexo, y subconjunto de edades.
Resultados: Los adultos entre 20 y 59 años fueron los de mayor incidencia entre los pacientes activos. La tasa, superior en las mujeres con edades entre 50- 59 años. La letalidad fue mayor en el sexo masculino, y en las mujeres en el grupo de posmenopausia. El alcoholismo estuvo presente en la mortalidad en varones entre 20- 29 años.
Conclusiones: se requiere visualizar la influencia entre los cambios biológicos asociados con la menopausia y la sobrecarga de género en el comportamiento de la COVID19 en la mujer de edad mediana.
Gender-Related Peculiarities of 7-Year-Old Schoolchildren’s Motor Fitness
Authors: Ivashchenko Olha , Nosko Yuliia , Bartik Pavol , Makanin Oleksii 
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the study was to identify gender-related peculiarities of 7-year-old schoolchildren’s motor fitness. Materials and methods. The study participants were 59 7-year-old schoolchildren (girls – 27, boys – 32). The children and their parents were informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. The study used the following research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observations, testing of motor fitness, probabilistic approach to assessing the learning process, methods of mathematical statistics. The study recorded the primary schoolchildren’s level of proficiency in gymnastic exercises. The coefficient was determined by the formula: p = (m/n)×100, where p is the level of proficiency, m is the number of successfully performed exercises, n is the total number of attempts to perform the exercise. In the experiment, the study controlled the level of proficiency in the following exercises: forward roll; backward roll; shoulderstand with bent legs. Results. The differences in the development level of movement coordination of individual parts of the body and vestibular stability are not statistically significant; in the 7-year-old girls and boys, there is a statistically significant difference in the development level of strength, speed strength, speed, endurance, and the level of proficiency in acrobatic exercises. Conclusions. A canonical discriminant function can be used to classify and identify the indicators that have the greatest weight in assessing gender-related peculiarities of 7-year-old schoolchildren’s motor fitness. In assessing gender-related peculiarities of 7-year-old schoolchildren’s motor fitness, these indicators include the level of proficiency in acrobatic exercises, the level of relative strength of shoulder flexors, endurance, and speed strength.
Maxillary odontogenic myxoma presenting mainly on nasal manifestation: a unique CT appearance of ‘floating’ tooth
Authors: Juhari Najlaa Raihana , Wee Chong Aun 
Published: December 2020

<p class="abstract">An odontogenic myxoma is a benign odontogenic tumor with locally aggressive behavior. It is relatively rare in the oral cavity. The diagnosis poses a challenge because its features overlap with those of other benign and malignant neoplasms. We present an unusual case of odontogenic myxoma with involvement of the maxilla extending to the maxillary sinus in a 17-year-old lady. A unique computed tomography (CT) appearance revealed a well circumscribed lytic lesion arising from the left maxilla causing expansion and thinning of the maxillary cortex. There is a discernible tooth with adjacent amorphous calcification in a round formation noted within the lesion. Biopsy revealed an odontogenic myxoma. The patient however did not undergo surgical excision as was not consented at the time of this write ups. This paper highlights the unique radiographic appearance of the pathology that has not been reported so far as well as to discuss its clinical significance. </p>