bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
340 Effects of nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation on maternal and fetal pancreatic exocrine function in sheep
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Czech Taylor M , Vásquez-Hidalgo Manuel A , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To examine the effects of nutrient restriction on fetal and maternal ovine exocrine pancreatic function during mid- to late-gestation, 41 singleton ewes (48.3±0.6 kg BW) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 100% (control; CON; n = 20) or 60% of nutrient requirements (restricted; RES; n = 21) from day 50–90 (mid-gestation). At day 90, 14 ewes (CON, n = 7; RES, n = 7) were slaughtered. The remaining ewes were subjected to treatments of nutrient restriction or remained under a control diet from day 90–130 (late-gestation): CON-CON (n = 6), CON-RES (n = 7), RES-CON (n = 7), and RES-RES (n = 7) and were slaughtered at day 130. The pancreas was weighed, subsampled, and assayed for digestive enzyme activity. Enzyme activity was expressed as U/g, U/g protein, or U/pancreas (total content). Total protein content in the pancreas was expressed as g/pancreas. Differences between means were determined using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. Fetal and maternal pancreatic mass increased (P &lt; 0.04) with day of gestation. Nutrient restriction during mid- (P = 0.01) and late-gestation (P = 0.01) decreased maternal pancreatic mass on d 130. Total fetal pancreatic α-amylase, trypsin, and protein content increased (P &lt; 0.05) with day of gestation. Maternal nutrient restriction during late-gestation tended to decrease (P &lt; 0.08) fetal pancreatic trypsin activity. Nutrient restriction during late-gestation tended to increase (P = 0.07) α-amylase:trypsin in fetal pancreas but tended to have the opposite response in maternal pancreas (P = 0.10). Total maternal pancreatic content of trypsin and protein tended to increase (P &lt; 0.07) as gestation progressed. Nutrient restriction of gestating ewes decreased total content of a-amylase (P = 0.04) and tended to decrease total content of trypsin (P = 0.06) and protein (P = 0.06) in the maternal pancreas on d 90. Nutrient restriction during mid-gestation on d 90 and during late-gestation on d 130 decreased (P = 0.04) maternal α-amylase activity. Maternal nutrient restriction impairs pancreatic exocrine function by reducing maternal and fetal digestive enzyme activity.
270 Horses and the horse industry, texas and beyond
Authors: Heird Jim 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A familiar Texas quote is, “Everything is bigger in Texas.” That’s certainly true about many parts of its equine industry. But, even though its population is large, many of the issues facing the Texas Horse Industry are no different than those of the rest of the U.S horse industry. Texas ranks highest in the total number of horses of all the states. According to the Texas Equine Industry Study of 2015, Texas has 840,000 horses in the state that generate almost $6 billion dollars in statewide economic output. The industry supports 52,000 jobs. Horse racing alone supports 11,400 jobs. Like most states, recreation riding/ownership leads the industry’s uses. In Texas, this segment alone accounts for $1.9 billion in revenues. The primary issues facing Texas’ and the U.S industries are equine welfare in all aspects of the industry, a decline in participation, waning youth interest and participation, a public without livestock experience, the economy, unwanted horses and leadership for the future.
113 Somatic cells as an indicator of quality of the cow’s milk
Authors: Plemyashov Kirill , Bogachev Nikolai , Skopichev Valerii G , Panova Nataliya A , Alistratova Fliura , Olga Dushenina , Vasil’eva Svetlana , Pilaeva Nina , Polistovskaia Polina A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
When udder becomes inflamed during lactation, significant increase of somatic cells count in milk occurs. That is why an express-test based on surfactant’s effects was created. For this purpose 3 groups of samples were formed according to the somatic cell count in cm 3: group 1 - over 4.0*10^5 per cm3 (60 samples); group 2 - up to 4.0*10^5 in cm3 (100 samples); group 3 (control) - 3.0*10^5 in cm3 (30 samples). Experiments were conducted in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods. Total amount of examined samples is 190. Somatic cell count in the samples was counted by viscometric method with the use of “Somatos-B.” We use the milk of animals 10–15 days after calving. Milk was mixed 1:1 with reagent, then after 3–4 tube shaking a height of foam column was determined. In the presence of somatic cells the foam forming is depressed. There was a positive reaction with column’s height from 3 to 10 (foaming) and negative reaction is considered to be from 0 to 3 (no foaming). There was a California mastitis test (CMT) as a control which is highly usable as an express-test in Leningrad region of Russia. The comparison of the results of two test show: on group 1 according to CMT 40 samples were positive, and foaming test determined 60 cases of somatic cells count increasing. On 2 group according to CMT 10 samples were positive and foaming test determined 60 cases of somatic cells count increasing. On 3 group according to CMT 1 sample was positive and foaming test not determined any somatic cells count increasing. This express method is not requires a big amount of time – it takes 8–10 seconds to mix a reagent and milk and evaluate results. So this method allows us to increase the mastitis diagnostic accuracy.
281 Effects of feeding endophyte-infected tall fescue seed to Angus steers on ergovaline concentration, lipid oxidation, and skeletal metmyoglobin reductase activity
Authors: McClenton Brandon , Goodman Jack , Dong Oanh , Sukumaran Anuraj , Holtcamp Alexander , Hart Caitlin , Lemley Caleb O , Aiken Glenn , Schilling Wes , Baldwin Brian , Martin Steven , Blanton John , Dinh Thu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the ergovaline concentration, lipid oxidation, and skeletal metmyoglobin reductase activity in Angus steers fed with endophyte-infected tall fescue seed. Animals were blocked into light (n = 4, 205.5 ± 7.4 kg), medium (n = 5, 231.3 ± 8.2 kg), and heavy (n = 3, 272.7 ± 8.4 kg) groups and randomly assigned to either a KY31 seed treatment (6796 ppb ergovaline; 20 µg/kg BW; E+; n = 6) or a KY32 control (&lt; 100 ppb; E-; n = 6) by Calan® gates during a 70-d feeding period from June to August of 2015 (period 1), followed by a 150-d resting period and another 64-d feeding period from January to March of 2016 (period 2). In both periods, there was a 2-way treatment × time interaction for ergovaline concentration in blood (P = 0.002 and 0.022, respectively), with E+ steers having 0.59 to 0.95 nM more than E- steers on d 3 (P &lt; 0.001). In period 1, TBARS values were greater in blood serum of E+ steers than in that of E- steers (6.56 vs. 2.56 µM MDA; P = 0.048) and an overall increase in MDA from d 0 (2.39 µM) to d 3 (7.59 µM) was also observed (P = 0.049). At slaughter, E+ steers had a blood TBARS value of 2.27 µM, greater than 1.15 µM in E- steers (P = 0.013). In postmortem muscle, the TBARS value was 0.68 and 0.77 µg/kg for E- and E+ steers, respectively (P = 0.239). There was no effect of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed on metmyoglobin reductase in longissimus thoracis (4.82 µM/min/g in E- muscle vs. 3.93 µM/min/g in E+ muscle; P = 0.484). Therefore, feeding endophyte-infected tall fescue seed increased ergovaline concentration and oxidative stress in the blood of Angus steers.
272 High oxygen packaging is detrimental to beef flavor and tenderness
Authors: Vierck Kelly R , Legako Jerrad F , Brooks J Chance 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study determined the influence of packaging and muscle on beef flavor and tenderness. Strip loins and top sirloin butts (n = 20/subprimal) from USDA Low Choice carcasses were fabricated into 2.54 cm steaks (Longissimus lumborum and Gluteus medius) at 7 d postmortem. Steaks were randomly assigned to packaging treatments: carbon monoxide motherbag (CO), high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (HIOX), polyvinyl overwrap (OW) and rollstock (ROLL) and aged for 14 d in dark storage. Steaks in OW were vacuum packaged during aging, then overwrapped for display. Steaks were placed in coffin-style retail display for 48-h under fluorescent lighting. For trained panels and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), steaks were cooked to 71℃ using clamshell grills. Seven trained panelists rated steaks for beef flavor identity, brown/roasted, bloody/serumy, fat-like, liver-like, oxidized, fishy, buttery, umami, bitter, sour, overall juiciness, and overall tenderness. Data was analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial design, with packaging, muscle, and their interaction as fixed effects, peak temperature as a covariate, and collection, round, and panel as random effects. No interactions (P ≥ 0.103) or muscle main effects (P ≥ 0.063) were observed. Packaging impacted all traits (P ≤ 0.048), except for fat-like (P = 0.387), liver-like (P = 0.950), and salty (P = 0.357). Steaks from HIOX packaging were rated the lowest for positive flavor attributes and rated highest for negative flavor attributes. Conversely, OW and ROLL steaks produced the greatest positive flavor attributes in comparison with HIOX. Overwrap and ROLL steaks were juicier and more tender than HIOX steaks (P &lt; 0.05). High oxygen steaks exhibited the highest WBSF value compared to all other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). These results indicate HIOX packaging has detrimental effects on flavor and tenderness. Steaks should be stored and aged in anerobic packaging to maintain optimum levels of tenderness and flavor.
278 Replacing cottonseed meal and sorghum grain with corn dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: volatile compounds from cooked lamb chops
Authors: Kerth Chris R , Hodges Kade M , Wall Kayley R , Hicks Zena M , Tucker Dylan H , Whitney Travis R , Ramsey Wesley S , Woerner Dale 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Dorper ram lambs (n = 46) were fed diets replacing cottonseed meal (CSM) and sorghum grain with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Lambs were fed with ad libitum access to 70.9% concentrate diets for 61 d in individual pens. The positive control diet (CNTL) contained CSM, sorghum grain, and other concentrates, but no DDGS. The four treatment diets were similar to CNTL, but did not contain CSM. Corn DDGS replaced 0%, 33%, 66% or 100% of the sorghum grain in the treatment diets. Lambs fed CNTL were contrasted to those fed 0% DDGS and linear and quadratic effects were evaluated within the four treatment diets. At 48-h postmortem, the longissimus muscle was removed from the carcass, frozen, thawed, cooked, and volatiles were collected using SPME/GC/MS. One volatile, 3-methyl,1-butanol was greater (P = 0.03) in CNTL, while 0DDGS had effectively no volatile present. For linear effects, 1-heptanol (fruity aroma) and 2-pentyl furan (caramel aroma) tended to increase linearly (P = 0.06 and 0.05, respectively), while 2-butanone tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06; fruity-green aroma) in chops as DDGS increased in the diet. Additionally, 2-heptanone (P = 0.02; banana aroma) and heptanol (P = 0.03; woody aroma) both increased linearly in chops as DDGS increased in the diet. In the quadratic effects, decanoic acid (ethyl ester; grape aroma) tended to decrease quadratically (P = 0.07), while 2-butanone, methyl pyrazine (meaty, roasted aroma), and 2-ethyl-5-methyl pyrazine (coffee, nutty aroma) tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.05, 0.09, and 0.08, respectively) in chops with an increase in DDGS. The volatiles 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine (musty, cocoa aroma) and 2,3-octanedione (warmed-over aroma) both increased quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) in chops as DDGS increased in the diet. Except for 2,3-octanedione, volatile aroma compounds were enhanced when DDGS replaced CSM and sorghum grain in lamb feedlot diets.
156 Structural patterns in dairy cow efficiency responses to supplementation
Authors: Liebe Douglas M , Price Tanner P , Daniels Kristy M , White Robin R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The increased availability of precision technologies in dairy production systems coupled with improved computational power has increased interest in individualized feeding. The objective of this study was to determine if small groups of dairy cows with a similar response to dietary adjustment could be identified based on individual animal efficiency changes in response to short-term diet shifts mimicking automated precision feeding. A replicated latin square with 4 groups of 6 cows was used to evaluate responses to feeding increasing amounts of ground corn, soybean meal, chopped grass hay, or total mixed ration for 9 d periods. Throughout each period, treatments were top dressed at incrementally increasing rates to provide 0 to 20 percent of calculated net energy intake. Cows were group housed and fed once daily in Calan gates for 36 days. The feed to milk ratio (FtM) was calculated as feed intake per unit milk yield, so that a lower FtM was more considered efficient. To test the idea that cows could be grouped by their FtM response to different feeds, data were split by top dress type and each day’s FtM was used as a variable for each cow. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to determine cows that had the most similar FtM behaviors over the 9-day feeding period. After PCA, k-means clustering was performed on the first two dimensions from PCA to discern groups of cows in the data. This approach can inform precision feeding strategies by calculating within-group average MYE and assigning cows to whichever feeding strategy generated the lowest MYE. The fact that cattle segregate into different efficiency groups depending on the supplement type provided suggests that individualized feeding schemes must be designed with individual animal interactions with supplement type in mind.
405 Effect of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on inflammatory responses of dairy cows
Authors: Guo junfei , Derakshani Hooman , Yoon Ilkyu , Khafipour Khafipour , Plaizier Jan C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Feeding high-grain diets to dairy cows increases concentrations of acute phase proteins in peripheral blood. This inflammatory response can be reduced by supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP). It is not clear which cytokines drive this inflammatory response, which organs are inflamed, and how these processes are affected by SCFP. The objectives of this study were to investigate if grain-induced SARA increases the concentrations of the cytokines IL-1β in peripheral blood, and of the inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase (MPO) in rumen papillae of lactating dairy cows, and if these concentrations are affected by SCFP. Thirty-two lactating Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 8) that received a TMR (34.9 %DM NDF, 18.6 %DM starch) supplemented with 1) 140 g/d of ground corn (Control), 2) 126 g/d corn and 14 g/d of Diamond V Original XPCTM (XPC), 3) 121 g/d corn and 19 g/d Diamond V NutriTek® (NTL), and 4) 102 g/d corn and 38 g/d of Diamond V NutriTek® (NTH). SARA challenges were conducted during wk 5 (SARA1) and 8 (SARA2) of lactation by replacing 20% of the base TMR with pellets containing 50% barley and 50% wheat. Blood samples were taken weekly between wk 4 (preSARA1) and wk 9 (postSARA2) for the analysis of IL-1β. Rumen papillae samples were taken during wk 3 (preSARA1) and wk 9 (postSARA2) for the measurement of MPO. SCFP treatment did not affect the concentrations of IL-1β, but the SARA challenges increased this concentration moderately from 9.0 to 12.3 pg/mL (P &lt; 0.05). The concentration of MPO did not differ between preSARA1 and postSARA2, and these concentrations were not affected by SCFP. Results suggest that IL-1β may drive the acute phase response during the SARA challenges, and that these challenges did not cause inflammation of rumen papillae.
160 A comparison of body temperature among pregnant, non-pregnant and lactating hair sheep ewes in the tropics
Authors: Godfrey Bob , Nero Amran , Lakos Sue 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
St. Croix White hair sheep are well adapted to the tropics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of pregnancy on body temperature of hair sheep. Multiparous St. Croix White ewes (n = 9) were evaluated over 4 d at 128 d of gestation (PREG) and 45 d postpartum (PP) while lactating. A set of non-pregnant, non-lactating (DRY) ewes (n = 9) were also evaluated at each time. Temperature data loggers recorded vaginal temperature (VT) at 10-min intervals for 96 h. Ewes were kept in a 0.6 ha pasture. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS for repeated measures with pregnancy status and time of day in the model. Mean temperature and solar radiation were 26.3 °C and 212.3 W/m2, respectively. Ewe VT was lowest (P &lt; 0.0001) between 0 and 0700 h and greatest between 1400 and 1900 h (38.21 ± 0. 02 vs 39.11 ± 0.02 °C, respectively). Ewe VT was lowest (P &lt; 0.004) in PREG ewes compared to DRY or PP ewes (38.38 ± 0.02 vs 38.76 ± 0.02 vs 38.77 ± 0.02, °C, respectively). The VT of PREG ewes was lower than that of DRY ewes (P &lt; 0.0001) during 0 to 0480 and 1920 to 2400 h, but there was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) between 0480 and 1920 h. There was no difference in VT between PP and DRY ewes at any time of the day (P &gt; 0.10). The VT of PREG ewes was lower than that of PP ewes (P &lt; 0.0001) during 0 to 0480 and 1920 to 2400 h, but there was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) between 0480 and 1920 h. The lower VT of PREG ewes compared to PP and DRY ewes may be a protective mechanism for the developing fetus.
162 Raising your kids the right way: A survey of rearing practices in Canadian dairy goat farms
Authors: Bélanger-Naud Stéphanie , Cinq-Mars Dany , Julien Carl , Buczinski Sébastien , Lévesque Janie , Arsenault Julie , Vasseur Elsa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Kid rearing is the foundation of goat milk production, yet little is known about how to raise replacement does efficiently to make healthy and productive dairy animals. This study aimed to identify the common rearing practices of Canadian commercial dairy goat farms (≥40 goats/farm), from birth to weaning, and to determine best management practices to improve herd performances. A survey was sent to dairy goat producers across Canada by post or email, and 104 respondents were selected for analysis. The 70-questions survey collected information regarding kidding management, care of the newborn, feeding in the preweaning period, housing, weaning and herd performances. Respondents were from Ontario (69%), Quebec (22%) and the Western provinces (9%). Farm sizes ranged from 42 to 2,500 (median: 190) goats, and most producers (64%) were relatively new to goat milk production (≤10 yrs). A large amount of variation in rearing practices was seen across farms. Ad libitum milk was offered on 55% of farms, and there was no consistency as to when concentrates, forages and water were first offered to kids. Weaning criteria was predominantly a mix of age and weight of the kid (36%), followed by age only (27%) and weight only (22%). Weaning age varied between 4.5 and 20 (median: 8) wks and weaning weight varied between 9 and 35 (median: 15) kg. Weaning methods ranged from abrupt (37%) to different progressive strategies (20% skipping milk feedings, 19% reducing milk quantity, and 10% diluting milk with water). This research provides the dairy goat industry with information concerning current common kid rearing practices used on Canadian goat farms, and the lack of consensus indicates that further research is necessary to determine and refine the best kid rearing practices for Canadian farms.
421 Addressing the diverse needs and career interests of animal sciences undergraduate students in a career preparations course
Authors: Fike Karol E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Diverse career opportunities and interests exist for undergraduate students in animal sciences. Educational programs should expose students to diverse careers and prepare them personally and professionally for future success, though individualized opportunities and effectiveness for a large enrollment course is challenging. At Kansas State University, Animal Sciences Career Preparations is a compulsory course for junior or seniors (average enrollment=232). This one-credit course meets once/week with the overarching goal being to help students describe and “move forward” in their career goals. From 2013–18, to determine their intended career path, enrolled students (n = 1394) were asked at semester onset, “Which […] most closely characterizes what you expect to be doing (position/activity) within the 1st year following graduation from [college]?” Most students (32%) selected “Begin school in a college of veterinary medicine.” while 26% selected “Work for an agri-industry/biosciences business/organization.” Fifteen percent indicated, “Begin graduate school (Master of Science, Master of Business Administration, […])” Seven percent chose “Work on [their] family’s ranch/farm/feedlot” and 11% chose “Work for someone other than [their] family on a livestock production operation.” Nine percent selected “Other,” indicating careers with zoo/wildlife organizations or military, for example. Polishing resumes and cover letters, facilitated engagement with university career services, discussion of how social media can influence their career path, and consideration of benefits packages in job offers are examples of activities that all students engage in regardless of career goals. Students can select from several “tailored” assignments/activities specifically relevant to individual paths such as generational transition planning for students returning to family businesses, GRE exam preparation insight, and mock interview participation with businesses for jobs/internships or for admission to veterinary school. Providing flexible structure to course assignments and activities helps students progress in personal and professional preparedness yet allows exploration as students continue to navigate their paths and make career-related decisions.