bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new catalogue of toroidal-mode overtone splitting function measurements
Authors: Schneider Simon , Deuss Arwen 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYSpectra of whole Earth oscillations or normal modes provide important constraints on Earth’s large-scale structure. The most convenient way to include normal mode constraints in global tomographic models is by using splitting functions or structure coefficients, which describe how the frequency of a specific mode varies regionally. Splitting functions constrain 3-D variations in velocity, density structure and boundary topography. They may also constrain anisotropy, especially when combining information from spheroidal modes, which are mainly sensitive to P–SV structure, with toroidal modes, mainly sensitive to SH structure. Spheroidal modes have been measured extensively, but toroidal modes have proven to be much more difficult and as a result only a limited number of toroidal modes have been measured so far. Here, we expand previous splitting function studies, by focusing specifically on toroidal-mode overtone observations. We present splitting function measurements for 19 self-coupled toroidal modes of which 13 modes have not been measured before. They are derived from radial and transverse horizontal component normal mode spectra up to 5 mHz for 91 events with MW ≥ 7.4 from the years 1983–2018. Our data include the Tohoku event of 2011 (9.1MW), the Okhotsk event of 2013 (8.3MW) and the Fiji Island event from 2018 (8.2MW). Our measurements provide new constraints on upper- and lower-mantle shear wave velocity structure and in combination with existing spheroidal mode measurements can be used in future inversions for anisotropic mantle structure. Our new splitting function coefficient data set will be available online.
Subspace clustering using ensembles of K-subspaces
Authors: Lipor John , Hong David , Tan Yan Shuo , Balzano Laura 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Subspace clustering is the unsupervised grouping of points lying near a union of low-dimensional linear subspaces. Algorithms based directly on geometric properties of such data tend to either provide poor empirical performance, lack theoretical guarantees or depend heavily on their initialization. We present a novel geometric approach to the subspace clustering problem that leverages ensembles of the $K$-subspace (KSS) algorithm via the evidence accumulation clustering framework. Our algorithm, referred to as ensemble $K$-subspaces (EKSSs), forms a co-association matrix whose $(i,j)$th entry is the number of times points $i$ and $j$ are clustered together by several runs of KSS with random initializations. We prove general recovery guarantees for any algorithm that forms an affinity matrix with entries close to a monotonic transformation of pairwise absolute inner products. We then show that a specific instance of EKSS results in an affinity matrix with entries of this form, and hence our proposed algorithm can provably recover subspaces under similar conditions to state-of-the-art algorithms. The finding is, to the best of our knowledge, the first recovery guarantee for evidence accumulation clustering and for KSS variants. We show on synthetic data that our method performs well in the traditionally challenging settings of subspaces with large intersection, subspaces with small principal angles and noisy data. Finally, we evaluate our algorithm on six common benchmark datasets and show that unlike existing methods, EKSS achieves excellent empirical performance when there are both a small and large number of points per subspace.
Purely Infinite Locally Compact Hausdorff étale Groupoids and Their C*-algebras
Authors: Ma Xin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce properties including groupoid comparison, pure infiniteness, and paradoxical comparison as well as a new algebraic tool called groupoid semigroup for locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoids. We show these new tools help establishing pure infiniteness of reduced groupoid $C^*$-algebras. As an application, we show a dichotomy of stably finiteness against pure infiniteness for reduced groupoid $C^*$-algebras arising from locally compact Hausdorff étale minimal topological principal groupoids. This generalizes the dichotomy obtained by Bönicke–Li and Rainone–Sims. We also study the relation among our paradoxical comparison, $n$-filling property, and locally contracting property that appeared in the literature for locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoids.
Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation Among the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Authors: Ward Anna K G , Sheikh Sofia I , Forbes Andrew A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAnimals that exploit living spaces of other animals (inquilines) may have specialized traits that adapt them to extended phenotypes of their ‘hosts’. These adaptations to host traits may incur fitness trade-offs that restrict the host range of an inquiline such that shifts to new hosts might trigger inquiline diversification. Speciation via host shifting has been studied in many animal parasites, but we know less about the role of host shifts in inquiline speciation. Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) is a speciose but taxonomically challenging genus of inquilines that feed inside galls induced by oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Here, we report on a large collection of Synergus reared from galls of 33 oak gall wasp species in the upper Midwestern United States. We integrated DNA barcodes, morphology, ecology, and phenology to delimit putative species of Synergus and describe their host ranges. We find evidence of at least 23 Synergus species associated with the 33 gall wasp hosts. At least five previously described Synergus species are each complexes of two to five species, while three species fit no prior description. We find evidence that oak tree phylogeny and host gall morphology define axes of specialization for Synergus. The North American Synergus have experienced several transitions among gall hosts and tree habitats and their host use is correlated with reproductive isolation. It remains too early to tell whether shifts to new hosts initiate speciation events in Synergus inquilines of oak gall wasps, or if host shifts occur after reproductive isolation has already evolved.
Comparison of regression and fat-free diet methods for estimating ileal and total tract endogenous losses and digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs
Authors: Wang Lu , Wang Li , Zhou Junyan , Gao Tianzeng , Liang Xiaoxiao , Hu Qile , Huang Bingbing , Lyu Zhiqian , Johnston L J , Lai Changhua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to 1) compare the regression and fat-free diet methods for estimating total or basal endogenous losses of fat (ELF) and fatty acids (ELFA) and true digestibility (TD) or standardized digestibility (SD) of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs and 2) compare these estimated values at the end of the ileum and over the entire intestinal tract. Ten barrows (initial body weight: 45.1 ± 2.8 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, and allotted to 1 of 5 experimental diets in a 3-period Youden Square design. A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch, soy protein isolate and sucrose. Four oil-added diets were formulated by adding 4 levels of soybean oil (2, 4, 6 and 8%) to the fat-free basal diet at the expense of cornstarch. All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide. Results indicated that here were no differences between true ileal digestibility (TID) of fat and true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of fat when pigs were fed soybean oil. The TID of C18:0 and total saturated fatty acids were greater than TTTD (P &lt; 0.05). The total ELF at the end of the ileum was not different from that over the entire intestinal tract. In addition, total endogenous losses of C18:0 and total saturated fatty acids were greater for the entire intestinal tract than at the end of the ileum, whereas total endogenous losses of C18:2 and total unsaturated fatty acids were just the opposite. Similar results were observed for basal ELF and ELFA. As inclusion level of soybean oil increased, apparent digestibility of fat and fatty acids increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) except for apparent ileal digestibility of C18:0. However, SD of fat and fatty acids were not influenced by inclusion level of soybean oil. Estimation of ELF and ELFA observed by the regression and fat-free diet methods did not differ when measured at the end of the ileal or total tract. There were no differences between estimations of TD and SD of fat and fatty acids for soybean oil. Collectively, estimation of TD or SD of fat can be measured over the entire intestinal tract, whereas the ileal analysis method should be used to determine the ELF, ELFA and TD or SD of fatty acids. Correcting apparent digestibility for basal ELF and ELFA can accurately estimate SD values of fat and fatty acids.
Low dietary silicon supplementation may not affect bone and cartilage in mature, sedentary horses
Authors: Pritchard Abby , Nielsen Brian D , Robison Cara , Manfredi Jane M 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs osteoarthritis is a major cause of lameness in horses in the United States, improving collagen health prior to onset and increasing collagen turnover within affected joints could improve health- and welfare-related outcomes. Through its positive effects on bone mineral content and density and its role in increasing collagen synthesis, silicon (Si) may slow the development and progression of osteoarthritis, thereby reducing lameness. This study evaluated the hypothesis that Si supplementation would increase cartilage turnover through increased collagen degradation and formation markers, as well as bone formation markers, resulting in reduced lameness severity when compared with controls. Ten mature Standardbred geldings were assigned to either a Si-treated (SIL) or control (CON) group and group-housed on pasture for 84 d. Horses were individually fed to ensure no cross-contamination of Si other than what was present in the environment. For the duration of the study, SIL horses received a Si–collagen supplement at the rate of 0.3 g supplement/(100 kg body weight day). Serum samples were taken weekly for osteocalcin, and plasma samples were taken on days 0, 42, and 84 for plasma minerals. On days 0, 42, and 84, subjective and objective lameness exams were performed, and radiographs and synovial fluid samples were taken from reference and osteoarthritic joints. Plasma minerals were similar in both groups and were lower on day 84 than on day 0 (P &lt; 0.05). Si supplementation, fed at the manufacturer’s recommended rate, did not improve lameness or radiographs when compared with controls, and supplemented horses did not show greater collagen degradation and/or synthesis markers in synovial fluid than controls, indicating that cartilage turnover remained unaffected. However, a minimum beneficial threshold and range for Si supplementation standardized to body weight need to be established.
Effect of long-term feeding of graded levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and organ health in finishing pigs and DON content in biological samples
Authors: Wellington Michael O , Bosompem Michael A , Petracek Raelene , Nagl Veronika , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The prevalence of deoxynivalenol (DON) is a concern for swine producers, and although there has been extensive research into the effects of DON in pigs, focus has been in young pigs and/or in short-term studies. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of long-term exposure to DON-contaminated diets in finisher pigs. A total of 200 pigs (76.6 ± 3.9 kg initial weight) were group housed (five pigs per pen; n = 10 pens/treatment) in a 6-wk trial. Pigs were fed a wheat-barley-soybean meal-based control (CONT) diet with no DON or the basal diet in which clean wheat was replaced by DON-contaminated wheat and wheat screenings to provide DON content of 1, 3, or 5 ppm (DON1, DON3, and DON5, respectively). Individual BW and pen feed intake were recorded weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Blood was collected on days 0, 14, and 43 and analyzed for indicators of liver and kidney health. Nitrogen (N)-balance was conducted immediately following the growth performance period to determine the effect of DON on nutrient utilization. Blood and urine samples collected during N balance were analyzed for DON content. Feeding DON reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI and ADG from days 0 to 28 compared with CONT, after which there was no effect of diet on ADFI and ADG. The G:F was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in DON5 fed pigs compared with all treatments during days 0 to 7; however, no treatment effects on G:F was observed from days 8 to 42. Nitrogen retention was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in DON3 and DON5 compared with DON1-fed pigs. Nitrogen retention efficiency was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in DON1 compared with DON3 and DON5 and protein deposition for DON1 pigs was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than all treatments. There were no treatment effects on indicators of liver and kidney health. As dietary DON intake increased, concentration of DON in blood and urine increased. Overall, although there was an initial decrease in ADG and ADFI in pigs receiving diets containing &gt;1 ppm DON, pig performance recovered after a period of time, whereas nutrient utilization continued to be affected after recovery of performance. Moreover, the lack of DON on G:F indicates that the negative effects of DON on growth performance are largely due to reduced feed intake. Overall, although pigs maybe capable of adapting to intake of DON-contaminated diets, their final body weight will be reduced when fed diets containing &gt;1 ppm DON.
Consumer Preferences for E-cigarette Flavor, Nicotine Strength, and Type: Evidence from Nielsen Scanner Data
Authors: Zare Samane , Zheng Yuqing 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Many countries regulate e-cigarette attributes such as flavors and nicotine strength. Despite a large literature on consumer preferences for e-cigarette attributes, none used consumer-level longitudinal purchase data. We therefore use a unique large dataset on U.S. adults' e-cigarette purchases as to gain insight into real-world consumer choices and purchasing patterns.

Methods
A total of 7098 purchase transactions, made by 1239 households on e-cigarette from various retail outlets for 2013 through 2017, were collected from Nielsen scanner data. We then apply an innovative multinomial logit model to examine which factors affected adult choices over 23 e-cigarettes products broken down by eight brands, three flavors, three nicotine strength levels, and two types.

Results
We found that tobacco flavor, medium nicotine strength (12&lt; mg/ml ≤18), or disposables lead to higher adult purchases and such preference can vary over cigarette smoking status, purchase frequency, gender, race, and age. Specifically, smokers tend to purchase tobacco flavor, non-smokers or female vapers tend to purchase medium strength, and infrequent vapers tend to purchase disposables. Vapers are quite responsive to e-cigarette prices and also display loyalty (inertia) to e-cigarette brands, flavor, and nicotine strength.

Conclusions
When modeled together, e-cigarette flavors, strength, type, price, and previous choice were all found to influence vapers' current purchase decision in the actual retail environment.

Implications
The evidence presented here indicates that the impacts of certain restrictions on e-cigarette attributes, such as a flavor ban or maximum level of nicotine content, might have heterogeneous impacts on adults.
It’s a Thin Line between Love and Hate
Authors: Brogaard Berit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We expect a lot from strangers, for instance, that the valet guy doesn’t steal our wheels, that the babysitter doesn’t abduct our children, and that the barista at Starbucks doesn’t poison our white chocolate mocha. But romantic relationships, friendships, parent-child relationships, and other varieties of intimate relationships introduce a whole new dimension to what we expect and demand of each other. It’s against the backdrop of our intimate relationships that we sign prenups, make custody agreements, write wills, and open joint bank accounts. But most of our interactions in intimate settings are shaped not by contractual agreements but by our preferences, core values, and prior expectations about how other people should behave. No wonder people embark on relationships with clashing concepts of what count as oversights, slights, betrayals, and unforgivable sins. Our differing expectations, preferences, and core values create ample opportunities for misunderstandings to arise and wreak havoc. It is not surprising, then, that antagonistic emotions, such as disrespect, resentment, hate, and contempt, are commonplace in intimate settings. But, as we will see, they are not equally toxic. Our intimate relationships can survive the torments of hate and resentment, but they crumple under the weight of disrespect and contempt.
Solidarity as a Relational Ideal
Authors: Olson Kristi A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that impersonal envy-free labor-income bundles can be derived from a relational ideal. The chapter begins by introducing Elizabeth Anderson’s and Samuel Scheffler’s distinction between relational and distributive egalitarianism. The chapter then proposes the following mutual justifiability requirement: when someone claims that her bundle should be sweetened at someone else’s expense, she must be able to give a reason that an individual standing in the shoes of a free and equal individual who regards everyone else as free and equal could not reasonably reject. Call this the solidarity solution. The chapter concludes by showing that the solidarity solution requires impersonal envy-free labor-income bundles.
Dworkin’s Hypothetical Underemployment Insurance
Authors: Olson Kristi A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 explains and then rejects Ronald Dworkin’s hypothetical underemployment insurance scheme and the family of views—commonly dubbed luck egalitarianism—it inspired. This chapter argues that Dworkin and his followers were motivated in large part by the idea that it is not unfair for those who work harder to receive more pay. Yet as the chapter shows, Dworkin’s insurance scheme cannot accommodate this intuition, and a similar problem infects the views of Dworkin’s followers. In order to accommodate the intuition, their accounts must be supplemented, and once so supplemented, choice no longer plays a justificatory role. Thus, luck egalitarians must choose: either choice justifies income inequalities but the hard-work intuition cannot be accommodated, or else the hard-work intuition can be accommodated but choice does not justify income inequalities.
The Virtues of Vulnerability
Authors: Rushing Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There are many locations, relationships, and experiences through which we learn what it means to be a citizen. Contemporary healthcare—or “the clinic”—is one of those sites. Being drawn into the complex “medical-legal-policy-insurance nexus” as a patient entails all sorts of learning, including, it is argued here, political learning. When we are subjected as a patient, frequently through a discourse of “choice and control,” or “patient autonomy,” what do we learn? What happens when the promise of a certain kind of autonomy is accompanied by demands for a certain kind of humility? What do we learn about agency and self-determination, as well as trust, self-knowledge, dependence, and resistance under such conditions of acute vulnerability? This book explores these questions on a journey through medicalized encounters with giving birth, navigating death and dying, and seeking treatment for life-altering mental illness (here post-traumatic stress disorder among veterans). While the body has always posed a problem for Western thought, and has been treated as an obstacle to freedom and independence and something our rational capacity must master and control, this book aims to counter that intellectual-historical and political tendency by asking how we might reimagine the political potential of embodiment, or make space for considering “the virtues of vulnerability.” In particular, the book offers a novel conception of democratic citizen-subjectivity, grounded in an ethical disposition of humility-informed-relational-autonomy.
Beyond Monks and Mushrooms
Authors: Rushing Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter lays the intellectual-historical groundwork for thinking about the “virtues of vulnerability,” by mapping the concept of humility inherited in Western thought from Christianity, and the concept of autonomy inherited from liberalism. After detailing what these inherited concepts are, it argues that they are problematic from the perspective of embodied agency and citizenship-subjectivity, and develops alternative versions that bolster, not undermine, democratic practice. Confucian political theory provides a nontheological but deeply relational conception of humility, including concrete practices for cultivating a distinctly political ethic that is not about lowliness, self-denial, or subordination to authority. Feminist philosophy’s concept of “relational autonomy” provides an account of autonomy as an ongoing process that requires supportive social conditions and networks of relations, not mere non-interference. Bringing these traditions together, this chapter develops the conceptual framework and political vocabulary of the project, and begins to flesh out an important new concept of humility-informed-relational-autonomy.
Entropy, information and energy
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 brings forth the links between entropy and energy through their intimate link to information. Probabilities—as a statistical tool when there are unknowns—connect to information as well as to the various forms of entropy. Entropy is a variable introduced to characterize circumstances involving unknowns. Boltzmann entropy, von Neumann entropy, Shannon entropy and others can be viewed through this common viewpoint. This chapter broadens this discussion to include Fisher entropy—a measure that stresses locality—and the principle of minimum negentropy (or maximum entropy) to show how a variety of physical descriptions represented by equations such as the Schrödinger equation, diffusion equations, Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions, et cetera, can be seen through a probabilistic information-centric perspective.
Semiconductor surfaces
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the electronic, phononic and atomic behavior at surfaces. Symmetry breaking at the surface causes the emergence of new properties as the state description changes. Starting with an introduction of the semi-classical view, a bulk-based view of workfunction and electron affinity and cautions related to them, toy models are employed to explore the evolution of states at the surface. For electrons, propagating Bloch states persist to the surface but there are also states that are confined. Properties of these confined states and surface states are explored. The implications of stress and of surface reconstruction are discussed to elucidate the atomic rearranging that arises in semiconductors of interest when symmetries change. The state evolution approach is then extended to probe surface phonons. Again, bulk modes persist up to the surface, but there can also be surface-confined modes as well as surface-propagating modes.