bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insula Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenia
Authors: Sheffield Julia M. , Rogers Baxter P. , Blackford Jennifer Urbano , Heckers Stephan , Woodward Neil D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe insula is structurally abnormal in schizophrenia, demonstrating robust reductions in gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and altered gyrification during prodromal, early and chronic stages of the illness. Despite compelling structural alterations, less is known about its functional connectivity, limited by studies considering the insula as a whole or only within the context of resting-state networks. There is evidence, however, from healthy subjects that the insula is comprised of sub-regions with distinct functional profiles, with dorsal anterior insula (dAI) involved in cognitive processing, ventral anterior insula (vAI) involved in affective processing, and posterior insula (PI) involved in somatosensory processing. The current study builds on this prior work and characterizes insula resting-state functional connectivity sub-region profiles in a large cohort of schizophrenia (N=191) and healthy (N=196) participants and hypothesizes specific associations between insula sub-region connectivity abnormalities and clinical characteristics related to their functional profiles. Functional dysconnectivity of the insula in schizophrenia is broadly characterized by reduced connectivity within insula sub-networks and hyper-connectivity with regions not normally connected with that sub-region, reflected in significantly greater similarity of dAI and PI connectivity profiles and significantly lower similarity of dAI and vAI connectivity profiles (p<.05). In schizophrenia, hypo-connectivity of dAI correlates with cognitive function (r=.18, p=.014), whereas hyper-connectivity between vAI and superior temporal sulcus correlates with negative symptoms (r=.27, p<.001). These findings reveal altered insula connectivity in all three sub-regions and converges with recent evidence of reduced differentiation of insula connectivity in schizophrenia, implicating functional dysconnectivity of the insula in cognitive and clinical symptoms.
Quantifying and characterizing hourly human exposure to malaria vectors bites in rural southwest Burkina Faso
Authors: Soma D.D , Zogo B , Taconet P , Somé A , Coulibaly S , Baba-Moussa L , Ouédraogo G.A , Koffi A , Pennetier C , Dabiré K.R , Moiroux N 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo sustain the efficacy of malaria vector control, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the combination of effective tools. Before designing and implementing additional strategies in any setting, it is critical to monitor or predict when and where transmission occurs. However, to date, very few studies have quantified the behavioural interactions between humans and Anopheles vectors. Here, we characterized residual transmission in a rural area of Burkina Faso where long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) are widely used.MethodsWe analysed data on both human and malaria vectors behaviours from 27 villages to measure hourly human exposure to vector bites in dry and rainy seasons using mathematical models. We estimated the protective efficacy of LLINs and characterised where (indoors vs. outdoors) and when both LLIN users and non-users were exposed to vector bites.ResultsThe percentage of the population who declared sleeping under a LLIN the previous night was very high regardless of the season, with an average LLIN use ranging from 92.43% to 99.89%. The use of LLIN provided > 80% protection against exposure to vector bites. The proportion of exposure for LLIN users was 29-57% after 05:00 and 0.05-12 % before 20:00. More than 80% of exposure occurred indoors for LLIN users and the estimate reached 90% for children under five years old in the dry cold season.ConclusionsThis study supports the current use of LLIN as a primary malaria vector control tool. It also emphasises the need to complement LLIN with indoor-implemented measures such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) and/or house improvement to effectively combat malaria in the rural area of Diébougou. Furthermore, malaria elimination programmes would also require strategies that target outdoor biting vectors to be successful in the area.
Comparative Evaluation of CHROMagar COL-APSE, MicroScan Walkaway, ComASP Colistin, and Colistin MAC Test in Detecting Colistin-resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Sekyere John Osei , Sephofane Arnold Karabo , Mbelle Nontombi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractColistin has become a critical antibiotic for fatal Gram-negative infections owing to the proliferation of multidrug-resistant carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Thus, cheaper, faster, efficient and easier-to-use colistin diagnostics are required for clinical surveillance, diagnoses and therapeutics. The sensitivity, specificity, major error (ME), very major error (VME), categorial agreement, essential agreement, turnaround time (TAT), average cost, and required skill for four colistin resistance diagnostics viz., CHROMagar COL-APSE, ComASP Colistin, MicroScan, and Colistin MAC Test (CMT) were evaluated against broth microdilution (BMD) using 84 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. A multiplex PCR (M-PCR) was used to screen all isolates to detect the presence of the mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes. A 15-point grading scale was used to grade the tests under skill, ease, processing time etc. mcr-1 was detected by both M-PCR and CMT in a single E. coli isolate, with other PCR amplicons suggestive of mcr-2, -3 and -4 genes being also observed on the gel. The sensitivity and specificity of CHROMagar COL-APSE, MicroScan, and ComASP Colistin, were 82.05% and 66.67%, 92.31% and 76.92%, and 100% and 88.89% respectively. The MicroScan was the most expensive at a cost (per sampe tested) of R221.6 ($15.0), followed by CHROMagar COL-APSE (R118.3; $8.0), M-PCR (R75.1; $5.1), CMT (R20.1; $1.4) and ComASP Colistin (R2.64; $0.2). CHROMagar was the easiest to perform, followed by ComASP Colistin, M-PCR, MicroScan, CMT and BMD whilst M-PCR and MicroScan required higher skill. The ComASP Colistin was the best performing diagnostic test, with low VME and ME, making it recommendable for routine colistin sensitivity testing in clinical laboratories; particularly, in poorer settings. It is however limited by a TAT of 18-24 hours.HighlightsThe diagnostic efficiencies, cost, required skill and ease-of-use of colistin-resistance diagnostics were evaluated against broth microdilutionThe ComASP was most sensitive, less skill-requiring and cheapThe CHROMagar COL-APSE was easiest to perform, albeit expensive and less sensitiveThe MicroScan was most expensive, requires advanced skills and was very sensitive, particularly for Enterobacteriaceae without E. cloacae and Salmonella.The Colistin MAC test is a better PCR alternative for detecting mcr-1 producers in low-resource settings
Ultra-high throughput single-cell RNA sequencing by combinatorial fluidic indexing
Authors: Datlinger Paul , Rendeiro André F , Boenke Thorina , Krausgruber Thomas , Barreca Daniele , Bock Christoph 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCell atlas projects and single-cell CRISPR screens hit the limits of current technology, as they require cost-effective profiling for millions of individual cells. To satisfy these enormous throughput requirements, we developed “single-cell combinatorial fluidic indexing” (scifi) and applied it to single-cell RNA sequencing. The resulting scifi-RNA-seq assay combines one-step combinatorial pre-indexing of single-cell transcriptomes with subsequent single-cell RNA-seq using widely available droplet microfluidics. Pre-indexing allows us to load multiple cells per droplet, which increases the throughput of droplet-based single-cell RNA-seq up to 15-fold, and it provides a straightforward way of multiplexing hundreds of samples in a single scifi-RNA-seq experiment. Compared to multi-round combinatorial indexing, scifi-RNA-seq provides an easier, faster, and more efficient workflow, thereby enabling massive-scale scRNA-seq experiments for a broad range of applications ranging from population genomics to drug screens with scRNA-seq readout. We benchmarked scifi-RNA-seq on various human and mouse cell lines, and we demonstrated its feasibility for human primary material by profiling TCR activation in T cells.
Structural brain architectures match intrinsic functional networks and vary across domains: A study from 15000+ individuals
Authors: Luo Na , Sui Jing , Abrol Anees , Turner Jessica A. , Damaraju Eswar , Fu Zening , Fan Lingzhong , Chen Jiayu , Lin Dongdong , Zhuo Chuanjun , Xu Yong , Glahn David C. , Rodrigue Amanda L. , Banich Marie T. , Pearlson Godfrey D. , Calhoun Vince D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBrain structural networks have been shown to consistently organize in functionally meaningful architectures covering the entire brain. However, to what extent brain structural architectures match the intrinsic functional networks in different functional domains remains under explored. In this study, based on independent component analysis, we revealed 45 pairs of structural-functional (S-F) component maps, distributing across 9 functional domains, in both a discovery cohort (n=6005) and a replication cohort (UK Biobank, n=9214), providing a well-match multimodal spatial map template for public use. Further network module analysis suggested that unimodal cortical areas (e.g. somatomotor and visual networks) indicate higher S-F coherence, while heteromodal association cortices, especially the frontoparietal network (FPN), exhibit more S-F divergence. Collectively, these results suggest that the expanding and maturing brain association cortex demonstrates a higher degree of changes compared to unimodal cortex, which may lead to higher inter-individual variability and lower S-F coherence.
Fast and highly efficient affinity enrichment of Azide-A-DSBSO cross-linked peptides
Authors: Matzinger Manuel , Kandioller Wolfgang , Doppler Philipp , Heiss Elke H. , Mechtler Karl 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTCross-linking mass spectrometry is an increasingly used, powerful technique to study protein-protein interactions or to provide structural information. Due to sub-stochiometric reaction efficiencies, cross-linked peptides are usually low abundant. This results in challenging data evaluation and the need for an effective enrichment.Here we describe an improved, easy to implement, one-step method to enrich azide-tagged, acid-cleavable disuccinimidyl bis-sulfoxide (DSBSO) cross-linked peptides using dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) coupled Sepharose® beads. We probed this method using recombinant Cas9 andE. coliribosome. For Cas9, the number of detectable cross-links was increased from ~100 before enrichment to 580 cross-links after enrichment. To mimic a cellular lysate,E. coliribosome was spiked into a tryptic HEK background at a ratio of 1:2 – 1:100. The number of detectable unique cross-links maintained high at ~100. The estimated enrichment efficiency was improved by factor 4 −5 (based on XL numbers) compared to enrichment via biotin and streptavidin. We were still able to detect cross-links from 0.25 μg cross-linkedE. coliribosome in a background of 100 μg tryptic HEK peptides, indicating a high enrichment sensitivity. In contrast to conventional enrichment techniques, like SEC, the time needed for preparation and MS measurement is significantly reduced.This robust, fast and selective enrichment method for azide-tagged linkers will contribute to map protein-protein interactions, investigate protein architectures in more depth and help to understand complex biological processes.
Breaking a Strong Amide Bond: Structure and Properties of Dimethylformamidase
Authors: Arya Chetan Kumar , Yadav Swati , Fine Jonathan , Casanal Ana , Chopra Gaurav , Ramanathan Gurunath , Vinothkumar Kutti R. , Subramanian Ramaswamy 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDimethylformamidase (DMFase) breaks down the human-made synthetic solventN,N-dimethyl formamide(DMF) used extensively in industry(1). DMF is not known to exist in nature and was first synthesized in 1893. In spite of the recent origin of DMF, certain bacterial species such asParacoccus, Pseudomonas, andAlcaligeneshave evolved pathways to breakdown DMF and use them as carbon and nitrogen source for growth(2, 3). The work presented here provides a molecular basis for the ability of DMFase fromParacoccusto function in exacting conditions of high solvent concentrations, temperature and ionic strength to catalyze the hydrolysis of a stable amide bond. The structure reveals a multimeric complex of the α2β2type or (α2β2)2type. One of the three domains of the large subunit and the small subunit are hitherto undescribed folds and as yet of unknown evolutionary origin. The active site is made of a distinctive mononuclear iron that is coordinated by two tyrosine residues and a glutamic acid residue. The hydrolytic cleavage of the amide bond is catalyzed at the Fe3+site with a proximal glutamate probably acting as the base. The change in the quaternary structure is salt dependent with high salt resulting in the larger oligomeric state. Kinetic characterization reveals an enzyme that shows cooperativity between subunits and the structure provides clues on the interconnection between the active sites.Significance StatementN,N-dimethyl formamide(DMF) is a commonly used industrial solvent that was first synthesized in 1893. The properties that make DMF a highly desired solvent also makes it a difficult compound to breakdown. Yet, certain bacteria have evolved to survive in environments polluted by DMF and have enzymes that breakdown DMF and use it as their carbon and nitrogen source. The molecular structure of the enzyme that breaks down the stable amide bond in these bacteria, reveals two new protein folds and a unique mononuclear iron active site. The work reported here provides the structural and biochemical framework to query the evolutionary origins of the protein, as well as in engineering this enzyme for use in bioremediation of a human made toxic solvent.
Coral bleaching susceptibility is predictive of subsequent mortality within but not between coral species
Authors: Matsuda Shayle , Huffmyer Ariana , Lenz Elizabeth A. , Davidson Jen , Hancock Joshua , Przybylowski Ariana , Innis Teegan , Gates Ruth D. , Barott Katie L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMarine heat waves instigated by anthropogenic climate change are causing increasingly frequent and severe coral bleaching events that often lead to widespread coral mortality. While community-wide increases in coral mortality following bleaching events have been documented on reefs around the world, the ecological consequences for conspecific individual colonies exhibiting contrasting phenotypes during thermal stress (e.g. bleached vs. not bleached) are not well understood. Here we describe the ecological outcomes of colonies of the two dominant reef-building coral species in Kāne□ohe Bay, Hawai□i,Montipora capitataandPorites compressa, that exhibited either a bleaching susceptible phenotype (bleached) or resistant phenotype (non-bleached) following the second of two consecutive coral bleaching events in Hawai□i in 2015. Conspecific pairs of adjacent bleaching susceptible vs. resistant corals were tagged on patch reefs in two regions of Kāne□ohe Bay with different seawater residence times and terrestrial influence. The ecological consequences (symbiont recovery and mortality) were monitored for two years following the peak of the bleaching event. Bleaching susceptible corals suffered higher partial mortality than bleaching resistant corals of the same species in the first 6 months following thermal stress. Surprisingly,P. compressahad greater resilience following bleaching (faster pigment recovery and lower post-bleaching mortality) thanM. capitata, despite having less resistance to bleaching (higher bleaching prevalence and severity). These differences indicate that bleaching susceptibility of a species is not always a good predictor of mortality following a bleaching event. By tracking the fate of individual colonies of resistant and susceptible phenotypes, contrasting ecological consequences of thermal stress were revealed that were undetectable at the population level. Furthermore, this approach revealed individuals that underwent particularly rapid recovery from mortality, including some colonies over a meter in diameter that recovered all live tissue cover from >60% partial mortality within just one year. These coral pairs continue to be maintained and monitored in the field, serving as a “living library” for future investigations on the ecology and physiology of coral bleaching.
Multiplex PCR for simultaneous genotyping of kdr mutations V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C inAedes aegypti(L.)
Authors: Villanueva-Segura Karina , Ponce-Garcia Gustavo , Lopez-Monroy Beatriz , Mora-Jasso Esteban de J. , Perales Lucia , Gonzalez-Santillan Francisco J. , Ontiveros-Zapata Kevin , Davila-Barboza Jesus A. , Flores Adriana E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundKnock down resistance (kdr) is the main mechanism that confers resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. This is a product of nonsynonymous mutations in the he voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, these mutations produce a change of a single amino acid which reduces the affinity of the target site for the insecticide molecule. In Mexico, V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C mutations are common in pyrethroid-resistantAedes aegypti(L.) populations.MethodsA multiplex PCR was developed to detect the V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C mutations inAe. aegypti. The validation of the technique was carried out using wild populations previously characterized for the three mutations through allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and with different levels of genotypic frequencies.ResultsThe standardized protocol for multiplex endpoint PCR was highly effective in detecting 12 genotypes in five wildAe. aegyptipopulations from Mexico. A complete concordance with AS-PCR was found for the simultaneous detection of the three kdr mutations.ConclusionsOur diagnostic method is highly effective for the simultaneous detection of V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C, when they co-occur. This technique represents a viable alternative to complement and strengthen current monitoring and resistance management strategies againstAe. aegypti.
Abundances of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites in the cell cycle of budding yeast reveals coordinate control of lipid metabolism
Authors: Blank Heidi M. , Papoulas Ophelia , Maitra Nairita , Garge Riddhiman , Kennedy Brian K. , Schilling Birgit , Marcotte Edward M. , Polymenis Michael 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTEstablishing the pattern of abundance of molecules of interest during cell division has been a long-standing goal of cell cycle studies. In several systems, including the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, cell cycle-dependent changes in the transcriptome are well studied. In contrast, few studies queried the proteome during cell division, and they are often plagued by low agreement with each other and with previous transcriptomic datasets. There is also little information about dynamic changes in the levels of metabolites and lipids in the cell cycle. Here, for the first time in any system, we present experiment-matched datasets of the levels of RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and lipids from un-arrested, growing, and synchronously dividing yeast cells. Overall, transcript and protein levels were correlated, but specific processes that appeared to change at the RNA level (e.g., ribosome biogenesis), did not do so at the protein level, and vice versa. We also found no significant changes in codon usage or the ribosome content during the cell cycle. We describe an unexpected mitotic peak in the abundance of ergosterol and thiamine biosynthesis enzymes. Although the levels of several metabolites changed in the cell cycle, by far the most significant changes were in the lipid repertoire, with phospholipids and triglycerides peaking strongly late in the cell cycle. Our findings provide an integrated view of the abundance of biomolecules in the eukaryotic cell cycle and point to a coordinate mitotic control of lipid metabolism.
Community Perception and Attitude towards people with schizophrenia among residents of Arba Minch Zuria District, Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites (AM-HDSS), Ethiopia. Cross-section study
Authors: Boti Negussie , Hussen Sultan , Ayele Gistane , Marsha Abera , Gebeyehu Selamawit , Kassa Mekidm , Feleke Tesfaye , Temesgen Gebremaryam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundMental disorders are one of the public health issues throughout the worldwide. Among people with mental disorders, more than 21 million people have schizophrenia. However, there is scarcity of information about perception and attitude of the community toward people with schizophrenia in Ethiopia including the study area.ObjectiveTo assess the community perception and attitude towards people with schizophrenia among residents of Arba Minch Zuria District, Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites (AM-HDSS), Southern EthiopiaMethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 617 randomly selected residents of Arba Minch Zuria District, AM-HDSS Site. The data was collected using structured, pre-tested and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, means, and median were performed. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors affecting community attitude.ResultsThe finding of this study showed that, among study participants 469(76%) have a good perception towards people with schizophrenia and 390(63.2%) of respondents have positive attitudes towards people living with schizophrenia. Talkativeness and self-neglect behaviors were the most commonly mentioned manifestation of schizophrenia. Substance misuse and head injury were the most perceived cause of schizophrenia. Spiritual/traditional methods were preferred place for the treatment of schizophrenia. Age of respondents, sex of respondent; educational status and perception toward people with schizophrenia were significantly associated with positive attitude towards people with schizophrenia.ConclusionsAmong our rural adults nearly half of the study participants have a negative attitude towards people with schizophrenia. Therefore, giving special attention to females, youths, uneducated and individuals who have poor perception toward people living with schizophrenia is crucial. Also, future mental health promotion activities should focus on cause and common manifestation of schizophrenia to improve the community attitude toward people with schizophrenia
A Model for Navigation in Unknown Environments Based on a Reservoir of Hippocampal Sequences
Authors: Leibold Christian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHippocampal place cell populations are activated in sequences on multiple time scales during active behavior, resting and sleep states, suggesting that these sequences are the genuine dynamical motifs of the hippocampal circuit. Recently, prewired hippocampal place cell sequences have even been reported to correlate to future behaviors, but so far there is no explanation of what could be the computational benefits of such a mapping between intrinsic dynamical structure and external sensory inputs. Here, I propose a computational model in which a set of predefined internal sequences is used as a dynamical reservoir to construct a spatial map of a large unknown maze based on only a small number of salient landmarks. The model is based on a new variant of temporal difference learning and implements a simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm. As a result sequences during intermittent replay periods can be decoded as spatial trajectories and improve navigation performance, which supports the functional interpretation of replay to consolidate memories of motor actions.