bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Normal Ranges and Cumulative Proportions by Transforming Observed Distributions to Gaussian Form
Authors: Harris Eugene K , DeMets David L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A sequence of transforming functions is proposed to convert nongaussian distributions often seen in laboratory data to gaussian form. These transforms are chosen to eliminate or substantially reduce nongaussian characteristics of positive skewness and peakedness that result from two factors: (a) increases in variance with increasing mean values, and (b) general heterogeneity among intrapersonal variances. Use of these transforms, demonstrated on many sets of clinical laboratory data, enables smooth curves to be drawn through observed cumulative distributions plotted on arithmetic or gaussian probability scales. From such curves, normal ranges or proportions below a specified measurement may be estimated easily and with greater precision than possible through nonparametric methods. Formulas are given for obtaining confidence limits corresponding to these estimates. The entire process of transforming the original variable to gaussian form and graphing the cumulative distribution curve has been computerized. Programs are available to others interested in applying these methods.
Continuous-Recording Flame Photometry of Sodium and Potassium in Serum
Authors: Amador Elias , Cechner Ronald L , Barklow James J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Serum sodium and potassium can be measured with a continuous-flow system that includes an AutoAnalyzer Sampler II and Proportioning Pump II, a miniature dialyzer, an Instrumentation Laboratories 143 flame photometer, and two strip-chart recorders. A simple interface allows the IL flame photometer to drive the two strip-chart recorders.
Computerized Automation in Acquisition and Processing of Patterns from High-Pressure Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Cerimele B J , Clapp D C , Cokinos G C , Obermeyer B D , Wolen R L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Fully automated generation, recording, storing, and processing of complex chromatograms demand sophisticated laboratory instrumentation and computer implementation. In the high-resolution liquid-chromatographic system for body fluids analyses we use in our clinical laboratory, the chromatograph is interfaced to a 2114 Hewlett-Packard minicomputer that accomplishes, in an on-line mode, analog-to-digital conversion, reductive averaging of sampled data, transformation from transmittance to absorbance units, and storage of the digitized spectrum on a peripheral disk. The information on disk is eventually transferred to a library of spectral files resident on a direct-access disk associated with an IBM 360/ Model 65 computer. These data files serve as the input source for program COCOA, written in Fortran IV for the IBM 360 computer, which provides the following processing: (a) iterative polynomial smoothing; (b) sectionally linear baseline tracking; (c) peak and envelope detection and delineation; (d) least-squares gaussian resolution of up to five component peaks in an envelope; and (e) location, size, and shape quantification of peaks. The capability and merits of program COCOA as an off-line procedure on a maxicomputer for the analysis of chromatograms are discussed.
A System for Computer Analysis of Kinetic Enzyme Data from a Modified Beckman DSA-560
Authors: Pearson J Richard , Pinfield Edward R , Cooper Daniel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We define the following criteria for enzyme assays as being beyond compromise: narrow bandpass double-beam spectrophotometer, multiple readings on the sample (kinetic procedure), temperature control of assay reaction mixture to ±0.1°C, wash-out between samples less than 1% of the preceding sample, and sample size of 100 µl or less. In addition, the following specifications for a system were considered desirable: automatic handling of the sample from initial pipetting through readout, adequate computer compatibility, versatility so that new procedures and different methods could be used, relatively short set-up time, and hard-copy backup in the event the computer failed. We have developed a system for enzyme assays that meets all of the above criteria. It consists of an analyzer (Beckman DSA-560) coupled to two modified Eskalab Spectrophotometers Alpha. The system is controlled via a special-purpose hybrid computer designed and built in our laboratory. Data from the system is analyzed on-line by an IBM 1800 computer. Details of the operation and reliability of the system in a routine clinical chemistry laboratory are discussed.
Chromatographic Analysis of Naturally Fluorescing Compounds: I. Rapid Analysis of Nanogram Amounts of Indoles in Physiologic Fluids
Authors: Chilcote D D , Mrochek J E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A chromatographic separation system has been developed for determination of various indole derivatives in physiologic fluids. A coupled-column configuration is used in which a 0.22 x 25 cm, jacketed, stainless-steel anion-exchange column is connected directly to a 0.22 x 50 cm, jacketed, stainless-steel cation-exchange column. The indole compounds are eluted with an ammonium acetate—acetic acid buffer that is 4 molar in ammonia and 5.8 molar in total acetate. An Aminco-Bowman spectrophotofluorometer, with an excitation setting of 292 nm and an emission setting of 330 nm, is used as the detector. The column temperature is 60°C. Effects of pH, temperature, and ionic strength on elution characteristics of the indole compounds have been investigated. The system can provide baseline separation of 50 to 100 ng of 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, serotonin, indoleacetic acid, and tryptamine in 3 h. Use of the system in analyzing urine is illustrated.
Precautions in Use of Soft-Glass Disposable Pipets in Clinical Analyses
Authors: McCormick Patrick G , Burke R W , Doumas Basil T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Soft-glass, Pasteur-type pipets are widely used as disposable transfer pipets, especially in clinical and biochemical laboratories. These pipets possess an alkaline surface contamination that can affect the accuracy of chemical analyses if proper precautions are not taken. Microtitrations of aqueous rinsings from these pipets have consistently yielded values of 0.1 to 0.2 µmol of hydroxide equivalent per pipet. A possible detrimental effect of this residue was demonstrated, using chloroform solutions of bilirubin. Absorbance was diminished by as much as 5% when unwashed, soft-glass pipets were used to transfer these solutions to spectrophotometric cells. Absorption and fluorescence characteristics of other unidentified surface contaminants are also described. The effect of multiple rinsings is discussed and several ways are suggested for cleaning these pipets. Oven drying must be avoided, however, since it enhances alkali release.
Critical Evaluation of a New Flame Emission Analysis System, the "Klina Flame"
Authors: Schlesinger Richard J , Lesonsky Raymond A , Lottritz Robert 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Recently there have been several advances in instrumental methods for the flame emission analysis of electrolyte cations of clinical significance. Greater precision and increased ease of operation are among today’s clinical requirements. This study compares a new automated flame photometer, "Klina Flame" (Beckman Instruments) with a "Techtron-AA5" atomic absorption emission unit (Varian Instruments) and an "IL 143" flame system (Instrumentation Laboratory). Day-to-day variation between paired data over a three-month period showed comparable and explainable similarities and variations between the three instruments. Results of lithium determinations gave favorable comparison statistics. Long-term stability on all the systems were generally comparable. A comparison of manual vs. automatic modes of dilution with serum samples of various viscosities generally gave predictable variation for instruments of similar quality. The piston dilutor feature of the Klina system seems to prevent the variability seen at higher viscosities when the IL system is used, which has a peristaltic dilutor.
Multi-Antisera Applicator for Use in Solid-Support Immunoelectrophoresis on Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Nerenberg Samuel T , Ganger Carolyn , DeMarco Linda 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe for the first time a multi-antisera applicator to be used on cellulose acetate membranes with immunoelectrophoresis on a solid support. The new procedure overcomes previous shortcomings of immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes and permits rapid analyses of 11 samples on single "standard"-size membranes with a substantial saving in antisera, cellulose acetate membranes, and time.
Negative Interference by Residual Proteins in the Supernatant Fluid Used in Radioisotopic Assay of Serum Vitamin B12
Authors: Mortensen Esper 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Separation of vitamin B12, from serum by heat denaturation results in an individually variable amount of residual protein in the supernatant fluid. I show that during radioisotopic assay of serum vitamin B12, such protein may seriously interfere with the results, and that the interference may be abolished by changing the experimental conditions.
Comparison of Manometric and Infrared Methods for Determining Carbon Monoxide in Blood
Authors: Myhre Loren G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Twelve samples of blood containing carbon monoxide (CO) ranging from 0.24 to 6.80 vol % were analyzed in duplicate by a manometric method and by two other methods in which an infrared CO meter is used. The analytical precision was within ±0.015 vol % for all methods, and the differences observed in blood CO between any two methods were not statistically significant. One of the methods with the infrared CO meter was preferred because, without sacrificing either precision or accuracy, it was considerably more convenient and technically less demanding than either of the other methods.
Spot Test for Detection of Sickling Hemoglobin
Authors: Kelly Sally , Desjardins Lucille 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We designed a simple spot-plate method for detecting sickling hemoglobins and distinguishing hemoglobin SS from AS in samples of dried blood on filter paper. The test depends on the differential solubility of sickling hemoglobins in phosphate solutions with and without 3 molar urea. Paired phosphate and phosphate-urea hemolysates form color combinations that match those from control hemoglobins.
New Automated Method for Measuring Thiamine (Vitamin B1) in Urine
Authors: Pelletier Omer , Madère René 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A new automated method was developed to eliminate the time-consuming steps of the manual procedure for the measurement of thiamine (vitamin B1) in urine. A Technicon Pump II simultaneously pumped 23 samples through chromatographic columns of "Decalso," washed out the interfering substances, and eluted thiamine. The automated procedure for determining thiamine with a Technicon AutoAnalyzer system involved the oxidation of thiamine to thiochrome, extraction into isobutanol and fluorescence measurements. Results obtained by the automated method correlated well with those obtained by the manual procedure. Recoveries of added thiamine were satisfactory and the results reproducible. This method was used successfully in the analysis of more than 10,000 urine samples for the Canadian Nutrition Survey.
Urea, Urease, Cyanate, and the Sickling of Hemoglobin S
Authors: Nalbandian Robert M , Nichols Bruce M , Stehouwer Edward J , Camp Frank R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Urea in glucose solutions has been advanced as a chemotherapeutic agent in sickle cell disease because it has been found effective both in reversing and in blocking sickling. It has been suggested recently that this beneficial action of urea may be the result of formation of cyanate from urea and subsequent carbamylation of beta S globin chains in the hemoglobin S molecule. In this paper, we show that the urea molecule per se interferes with sickling. SS cells in oxygen-free atmosphere, protected from sickling by urea— sugar solutions, were sickled after urease was added. Urea blocks and reverses sickling; ureaprotected sickle cells become sickled after incubation with urease; these effects are reversible and immediate, and are apparent in the deoxygenated state. In contrast, cyanate blocks but does not reverse sickling; cyanate-treated cells are unaffected by urease; these effects are permanent and require time; and hemoglobin S must first be oxygenated before carbamylation will occur. Evidently, urea and cyanate interfere with sickling by distinctly separate molecular mechanisms. Possible mechanisms for the action of urea are discussed.
Automated Vitamin C Analysis
Authors: Aeschbacher Hans U , Brown R Glenn 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An automated method of analysis for vitamin C (ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, diketogulonic acid) is described, in which ascorbic acid as oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid with Chloramine-T and determined by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Results obtained by automated and manual methods agreed within 0.89% for ascorbic acid in liver. By the automated method, 96.7% of ascorbic acid added to tissue homogenates could be accounted for. The principal drawback to the proposed method is the use of 70% perchloric acid, a potent oxidizing agent, to solubilize the osazone.
Trimethylsilylation of Malonate Ester Enols
Authors: Mamer O A , Tjoa S S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Malonic acid silylates readily to yield the expected bis-trimethylsilyl (TMS) ester; this ester reacts further in the silylating mixture to yield a tris-TMS derivative, apparently through enolization of one of the ester groups. Methylmalonic and hydroxymalonic acids behave similarly. The methyl and ethyl esters of malonic acid also silylate once with some facility. Mass spectra of these derivatives are presented
Electrophoresis, Specific Protein Assays, or Both in Measurement of Plasma Proteins?
Authors: Laurell Carl Bertil 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Cumulative knowledge of the protein composition of plasma and newer techniques for specific analysis of proteins have made obsolete most flocculation tests, the albumin:globulin ratio, scanning diagrams, and most determinations of electrophoretic fractions. More clinically relevant information about the serum protein composition is obtained by critical visual evaluation of the protein bands obtained after electrophoretic separation of plasma or serum in nonadsorptive supporting media, if supplementary specific analysis is made of a small number of proteins such as albumin, orosomucoid, haptoglobins, ceruloplasmin, and the immunoglobulins of the three predominant classes
Nitrile-Terminated Hydrocarbons as Stationary Phases for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Steroid Hormones
Authors: Fitzpatrick Francis A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for separating steroid hormones by using nitrile-terminated hydrocarbons as the stationary phase is described. Particular selectivity toward the separation of corticosteroids with an α, β unsaturated ketone group is noted, with five steroids more polar than cortisol being completely resolved. The system described is also applicable to estrogen separations.
Automated Fluorometric Micromethod for Blood Glucose
Authors: Seiter Carl W , Hill Hoyle D , Summer George K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a sensitive automated fluorometric method for glucose in whole blood spotted on filter paper. By action of glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) on glucose, hydrogen peroxide is produced, which then reacts with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid) in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) to form a fluorescent condensation product. Obtained at a rate of 60 samples per hour, the results are accurate, linear, and reproducible. Whole blood glucose can be determined by this method with an error (CV) of less than 5%.
Ferric Chloride-Impregnated Silica Gel for Thin-Layer Chromatography of Steroids
Authors: Shapiro Daniel R , Kuwahara Steven S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Silica gel G is mixed with an aqueous solution of ferric chloride, and the resulting slurry spread onto glass plates. After spotting, development, and drying, the plates are sprayed with sulfuric acid. Cholesterol, ergosterol, and Δ5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one produce colored spots (pink-violet, greenish black, and pink-violet, respectively) without further treatment, but some other steroids require heating at 70 °C for full color development. Other colors generated are: estrone, orange; Δ4-androsten-3,17-dione, blue-green; androsterone, light brown; and 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, tan. After prolonged heating at 70 °C, 6-keto-cholestanol produces an orange-brown spot. Color reactions are more reproducible than they are when the ferric chloride is sprayed on the plate.
Gel Entrapment of Antibody: A New Strategy for Facilitating Both Manual and Automated Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Updike Stuart J , Simmons John D , Grant Douglas H , Magnuson Judith A , Goodfriend Theodore L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A technique of radioimmunoassay is presented that eliminates pipetting and centrifugation, and excludes interferences by high-molecular-weight materials from the incubation and separation steps. A solid-phase binding reagent is prepared by first entrapping antibody in polyacrylamide gel. This gel is then fragmented, sieved, dried with ethanol or lyophilized, and placed in miniature disposable chromatographic columns. Application of the sample to the intra-gel column compartment is determined by the water regain of the gel. This pipetless method of sample application depends on reproducible aliquots of dry gel particles in every column. A method for preloading radiolabeled hormone and standard hormone into the column is also described. This technique has been successfully applied to the assay of angiotensin I and insulin. Dry antibody—gel stored at room temperature for 26 months has not shown loss of binding activity.
Automated Assay of Hexosaminidases in Serum
Authors: Lowden J A , Skomorowski M A , Henderson F , Kaback M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In serum there are two classes of hexosaminidase. One of these is heat-labile and is inactive in children with Tay—Sachs disease. Serum from heterozygotes for Tay—Sachs disease has half the normal activity of the heat-labile enzyme. The heat-labile enzyme can be inactivated by heating serum diluted in buffer for 5 min at 60 °C. We have used this property to develop a reliable, fully automated assay for serum hexosaminidases, which can be used for mass carrier screening programs.
Single-Reagent Method for Rapid Determination of Total Bilirubin with the "CentrifiChem" Analyzer
Authors: Ertingshausen Gerhard , Byrd Diane L Fabiny , Tiffany Thomas O , Casey Sandra J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We report a rapid single-reagent method for determining total bilirubin with the " CentrifiChem Analyzer" (Union Carbide Corp.). The reagent is the stable 1,5-disulfonate of diazosulfanilic acid, and ethylene glycol is used as an accelerator. The reaction requires less than 5 min. Only 25 µl of serum is needed. We present precision data (x = 2.62 mg/dl, SD = .082 mg/dl, CV = 3.13%) and results (r = .998) as compared with those obtained by an automated Jendrassik—Grof method.
Factors Contributing to Intra-Individual Variation of Serum Constituents: 2. Effects of Exercise and Diet on Variation of Serum Constituents in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Statland Bernard E , Winkel Per , Bokelund Henning 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A previous report of within-day variation of serum constituents was based on values in healthy subjects who did not undergo strenuous exercise and who were in a fasting state. In this study we consider the effects of exercise and of a noon meal on the same serum constituents. The statistical significance (t-test) was computed on the basis of the ratios of values (after/before) on the day of exercise vs. the ratios on the nonexercise day, or, for the effect of meal, the ratios of values (after/before the noon meal) on the eating day vs. the ratios of values taken at the same hour on the fasting day. Significant effects seen after exercise (P &lt;.05) included: potassium, phosphate, creatinine, total protein, albumin, uric acid, and alanine aminotransferase. After the noon meal, significant (P &lt;.05) changes were seen for: sodium, phosphate, uric acid, iron, total lipids, alkaline phosphatase (phenyl phosphate substrate), and lactate dehydrogenase. The effects of eating on serum constituents are separated into (a) physiological factors and (b) methodological considerations.
A Sensitive, Rapid Radioimmunoassay for Morphine and Immunologically Related Substances in Urine and Serum
Authors: Catlin Don , Cleeland Roy , Grunberg E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A rapid, simple radioimmunoassay for morphine and immunologically related compounds is described and evaluated. The 2-h assay requires as little as 0.1 ml of urine or serum and provides a quantitative estimate of serum or urinary morphine. Individuals known not to be receiving heroin or other narcotics had apparent urinary morphine concentrations of less than 25 µg/liter and apparent serum concentrations of less than 10 µg/liter. Patients receiving as much as 100 mg of methadone gave results (expressed as morphine) of less than 25 or 10 µg/liter, respectively, for their serum and urine. Fifty-eight of 59 urines from known heroin users, sampled up to 48 h after self-administered heroin, contained more than 25 µg of morphine per liter; 32 of 37 sera obtained up to 12 h after heroin contained more than 10 µg/liter. Samples obtained from individuals receiving substances that may cross-react in the assay were tested and the results are discussed. We conclude that this radioimmunoassay may be suitable for routine screening of urine or serum for morphine.
Polyacrylamide-Gel Block-Electrophoresis of Plasma Lipoproteins
Authors: Wada Mitsuo , Naito Herbert K , Ehrhart L A , Lewis Lena A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We separated lipoprotein fractions on a preparative scale by two techniques of polyacrylamide-gel block electrophoresis. Completeness of separation of the various lipoproteins, which were subsequently extracted from the gels, was verified by re-electrophoresis and by immunologic techniques. A principal advantage of this method over ultracentrifugal isolation is the relatively short time required for the separation.
Evaluation of a Glucose Oxidase-Peroxidase Method Adapted to the Single-Channel AutoAnalyzer and SMA 12/60
Authors: Miskiewicz Stanley J , Arnett Bill B , Simon Gerald E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The glucose oxidase—peroxidase method for determining serum glucose, with the ammonium salt of 2,2'-azine-di - (3 - ethyl - benzothiazoline-(6)-sulfonic acid) as the chromogen, was adapted to use with the single-channel AutoAnalyzer and the SMA 12/60 (Technicon Corp.). The extended linearity (up to 500 mg/100 ml on both systems) eliminated the need for numerous dilutions in the 300 to 500 mg/100 ml range as required by other methods of analysis. Recovery of added glucose was excellent. Supranormal concentrations of uric acid and ascorbic acid interfered with recovery, but the effects of elevated bilirubin, creatinine, and urea, and of gross hemolysis were negligible. Sera of 337 patients (glucose concentrations: 50 to 454 mg/100 ml) were analyzed by this method on both instruments and by an automated o-toluidine method. By the latter procedure, the glucose concentration averaged 10 mg/100 ml higher. Sera from uremic patients, measured by the o-toluidine method, had glucose values up to 28.0 mg/100 ml higher than the values obtained by the glucose oxidase method. The glucose oxidase method of measuring serum glucose is a more accurate and precise index of "true glucose" than either the o-toluidine or the neocuproine methods.