bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamo-based limit to the extent of a stable layer atop Earth’s core
Authors: Gastine Thomas , Aubert Julien , Fournier Alexandre 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARY
The existence of a stably stratified layer underneath the core–mantle boundary (CMB) has been recently revived by corroborating evidences coming from seismic studies, mineral physics and thermal evolution models. Such a layer could find its physical origination either in compositional stratification due to the accumulation of light elements at the top or the core or in thermal stratification due to the heat flux becoming locally subadiabatic. The exact properties of this stably stratified layer, namely its size $\mathcal {H}_s$ and the degree of its stratification characterized by the Brunt–Väisälä frequency N, are however uncertain and highly debated. A stable layer underneath the CMB can have crucial dynamical impacts on the geodynamo. Because of the inhibition of the convective motions, a stable layer is expected to primarily act as a low-pass filter on the magnetic field, smoothing out the rapidly varying and small-scale features by skin effect. To investigate this effect more systematically, we compute 70 global geodynamo models varying the size of the stably stratified layer from 0 to 300 km and its amplitude from N/Ω = 0 to N/Ω ≃ 50, Ω being the rotation rate. We show that the penetration of the convective flow in the stably stratified layer is controlled by the typical size of the convective eddies and by the local variations of the ratio N/Ω. Using quantitative measures of the degree of morphological semblance between the magnetic field obtained in numerical models and the geomagnetic field at the CMB, we establish an upper bound for the stable layer thickness $\mathcal {H}_s\lt (N/\Omega )^{-1} \mathcal {L}_s$, $\mathcal {L}_s$ being the horizontal size of the convective flow at the base of the stable layer. This defines a strong geomagnetic constraint on the properties of a stably stratified layer beneath the CMB. Unless unaccounted double-diffusive effects could drastically modify the dynamics of the stable layer, our numerical geodynamo models hence favour no stable stratification atop the core.
Global adjoint tomography—model GLAD-M25
Authors: Lei Wenjie , Ruan Youyi , Bozdağ Ebru , Peter Daniel , Lefebvre Matthieu , Komatitsch Dimitri , Tromp Jeroen , Hill Judith , Podhorszki Norbert , Pugmire David 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARYBuilding on global adjoint tomography model GLAD-M15, we present transversely isotropic global model GLAD-M25, which is the result of 10 quasi-Newton tomographic iterations with an earthquake database consisting of 1480 events in the magnitude range 5.5 ≤ Mw ≤ 7.2, an almost sixfold increase over the first-generation model. We calculated fully 3-D synthetic seismograms with a shortest period of 17 s based on a GPU-accelerated spectral-element wave propagation solver which accommodates effects due to 3-D anelastic crust and mantle structure, topography and bathymetry, the ocean load, ellipticity, rotation and self-gravitation. We used an adjoint-state method to calculate Fréchet derivatives in 3-D anelastic Earth models facilitated by a parsimonious storage algorithm. The simulations were performed on the Cray XK7 ‘Titan’ and the IBM Power 9 ‘Summit’ at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility. We quantitatively evaluated GLAD-M25 by assessing misfit reductions and traveltime anomaly histograms in 12 measurement categories. We performed similar assessments for a held-out data set consisting of 360 earthquakes, with results comparable to the actual inversion. We highlight the new model for a variety of plumes and subduction zones.
Spatiotemporal analyses of tracking data reveal fine-scale, daily cycles in seabird–fisheries interactions
Authors: Ouled-Cheikh Jazel , Sanpera Carola , Bécares Juan , Arcos José Manuel , Carrasco Josep Lluís , Ramírez Francisco 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Human fisheries provide scavengers with abundant and predictable feeding opportunities that may schedule their behavioural patterns. Using miniaturized global positioning system (GPS) tracking technology, we evaluated how Audouin’s gull (Ichthyaetus audouinii), a Mediterranean endemic seabird that makes extensive use of feeding opportunities provided by fisheries, co-occurred (i.e. presumably interacted) with the most important fishing fleets operating off the NE Iberian Peninsula (i.e. diurnal trawlers and nocturnal purse seiners), both in space and time. Results showed that individuals were able to adapt their distribution and activity patterns to the scheduled routines of these fisheries. Waveform analyses based on co-occurring positions revealed that most interactions with trawlers occurred during the afternoon (16:00 h GMT + 1) when discarding occurs as vessels return to port. In contrast, gull-purse seiner interactions largely occurred at night (between 02:00 and 04:00 h) coinciding with the setting and hauling of the nets. Moreover, we found an individual component in seabird–fishery interactions, showing that there may be differential use of fisheries by individuals within the population. In addition to implications for our understanding of the behavioural ecology of this species, these results may have important management implications, particularly under the current European Union Common Fisheries Policy scenario of largely restricting discards.
Spillover of sea scallops from rotational closures in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (United States)
Authors: Hart Deborah R , Munroe Daphne M , Caracappa Joseph C , Haidvogel Dale , Shank Burton V , Rudders David B , Klinck John M , Hofmann Eileen E , Powell Eric N 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe examined evidence for larval spillover (increased recruitment outside the closures) of Atlantic sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) due to rotational closures in the Mid-Atlantic Bight using a 40-year fisheries survey time series and a larval transport model. Since the first closure of the Hudson Canyon South (HCS) area in 1998, mean recruitment in the two areas directly down-current from this closure, Elephant Trunk (ET) and Delmarva (DMV), increased significantly by factors of about 7 and 2, respectively. Stock–recruit plots indicate that low biomasses in HCS were associated with reduced mean recruitment in ET and DMV. Simulations indicate that larvae spawned in HCS often settle in the two downstream areas and that model-estimated settlement (based on gonad biomass in HCS and year-specific larval transport between the areas) is correlated with observed recruitment. This study gives strong evidence that the rotational closure of HCS has induced increased recruitment in down-current areas.
Rescue operation retrieving an incorrectly implanted cardiac event recorder from the left main pulmonary artery
Authors: Selten Koen , Aljalloud Ali , Autschbach Rüdiger , Moza Ajay 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Continuous heart rhythm monitoring with cardiac event recorders is increasing in clinical practice and may be helpful in diagnosing a wide range of disorders and pathologies. This case study describes the case of an 80-year-old female patient with a medical history of previous cardiac surgery in which a cardiac event recorder had to be retrieved from the left main pulmonary artery.
Uniqueness and Symmetry for the Mean Field Equation on Arbitrary Flat Tori
Authors: Gu Guangze , Gui Changfeng , Hu Yeyao , Li Qinfeng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe study the following mean field equation on a flat torus $T:=\mathbb{C}/(\mathbb{Z}+\mathbb{Z}\tau )$: $$\begin{equation*} \varDelta u + \rho \left(\frac{e^{u}}{\int_{T}e^u}-\frac{1}{|T|}\right)=0, \end{equation*}$$where $ \tau \in \mathbb{C}, \mbox{Im}\ \tau&gt;0$, and $|T|$ denotes the total area of the torus. We first prove that the solutions are evenly symmetric about any critical point of $u$ provided that $\rho \leq 8\pi $. Based on this crucial symmetry result, we are able to establish further the uniqueness of the solution if $\rho \leq \min{\{8\pi ,\lambda _1(T)|T|\}}$. Furthermore, we also classify all one-dimensional solutions by showing that the level sets must be closed geodesics.
Kinetics of Plasma HIV Rebound in the Era of Modern Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Sneller Michael C , Huiting Erin D , Clarridge Katherine E , Seamon Catherine , Blazkova Jana , Justement Jesse S , Shi Victoria , Whitehead Emily J , Schneck Rachel F , Proschan Michael , Moir Susan , Fauci Anthony S , Chun Tae-Wook 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Historical data regarding time to viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption (ATI) have been used to determine therapeutic efficacy in HIV cure trials; however, such data were collected from studies conducted a decade or more ago and included participants receiving older antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens with infrequent virologic monitoring. We conducted a study of 22 HIV-infected participants receiving modern ART to determine the kinetics of plasma viral rebound following ATI. Our data suggest that modern ART does not alter kinetics of viral rebound when compared to previous regimens and that immunologic interventions may be necessary to achieve ART-free virologic remission.
Clinical Trials Registration ClinicaTrials.gov identifier: NCT03225118.
Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Liver Disease in HCV/HIV: Does it End With HCV Cure?
Authors: Jeyarajan Andre J , Chung Raymond T 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
HCV-HIV coinfected patients exhibit rapid progression of liver damage relative to HCV monoinfected patients. The availability of new directly acting antiviral agents has dramatically improved outcomes for coinfected patients as sustained virologic response rates now exceed 95% and fibrosis-related parameters are improved. Nevertheless, coinfected patients still have a higher mortality risk and more severe hepatocellular carcinoma compared to HCV monoinfected patients, implying the existence of pathways unique to people living with HIV that continue to promote accelerated liver disease. In this article, we review the pathobiology of liver disease in HCV-HIV coinfected patients in the directly acting antiviral era and explore the mechanisms through which HIV itself induces liver damage. Since liver disease is one of the leading causes of non-AIDS-related mortality in HIV-positive patients, enhancing our understanding of HIV-associated fibrotic pathways will remain important for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to slow or reverse liver disease progression, even after HCV cure.
The descriptive pattern of physical activity in Saudi Arabia: analysis of national survey data
Authors: Alqahtani Bader A , Alenazi Aqeel M , Alhowimel Ahmed S , Elnaggar Ragab K 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundOver recent decades, there has been a dramatic transformation in mechanization reaching all aspects of people's lives in Saudi Arabia. In the light of this, there was a significant change in physical behavior in the community. The aim of the current study was to investigate the national and regional distribution of physical activity practice among adults aged ≥15 y across Saudi Arabia.MethodsData from the Bulletin of Household Sports Practice National Survey were used to determine the physical activity practice distribution. A total of 26 000 families from 13 administrative regions across Saudi Arabia were surveyed.ResultsThe proportion of the total Saudi population who were practitioners of physical activity (i.e. ≥150 min per week) among Saudi adults aged ≥15 y was 17.40%, while the proportion of non-practitioners was 82.60%.ConclusionThis study found a low level of physical activity among Saudi adults who meet physical activity guidelines. These findings suggest that interventions and promotional programs should be developed to increase physical activity among the Saudi population.
Implementing a quick Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment sepsis screening tool: an interrupted times series study
Authors: Alberto Laura , Aitken Leanne M , Walker Rachel M , Pálizas Fernando , Marshall Andrea P 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of implementing a sepsis screening (SS) tool based on the quick Sequential [Sepsis-Related] Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) and the presence of confirmed/suspected infection. The implementation of the 6-h bundle was also evaluated.

Design
Interrupted times series with prospective data collection.

Setting
Five hospital wards in a developing nation, Argentina.

Participants
A total of 1151 patients (≥18 years) recruited within 24–48 h of hospital admission.

Intervention
The qSOFA-based SS tool and the 6-h bundle.

Main outcome measures
The primary outcome was the timing of implementation of the first 6-h bundle element. Secondary outcomes were related to the adherence to the screening procedures.

Results
Of 1151 patients, 145 (12.6%) met the qSOFA-based SS tool criteria, among them intervention (39/64) patients received the first 6-h bundle element earlier (median 8 h; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1–16) than baseline (48/81) patients (median 22 h; 95% CI: 3–41); these times, however, did not differ significantly (P = 0.525). Overall, 47 (4.1%) patients had sepsis; intervention patients (18/25) received the first 6-h bundle element sooner (median 5 h; 95% CI: 4–6) than baseline patients (15/22) did (median 12 h; 95% CI: 0–33); however, times were not significantly different (P = 0.470). While intervention patients were screened regularly, only one-third of patients who required sepsis alerts had them activated.

Conclusion
The implementation of the qSOFA-based SS tool resulted in early, but not significantly improved, provision of 6-h bundle care. Screening procedures were regularly conducted, but sepsis alerts rarely activated. Further research is needed to better understand the implementation of sepsis care in developing settings.
Discovery and characterization of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 inhibitor peptides that potentiate meropenem-dependent killing of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Kazi Misha I , Perry Blair W , Card Daren C , Schargel Richard D , Ali Hana B , Obuekwe Victor C , Sapkota Madhab , Kang Katie N , Pellegrino Mark W , Greenberg David E , Castoe Todd A , Boll Joseph M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are an emerging class of antimicrobial resistance enzymes that degrade β-lactam antibiotics, including last-resort carbapenems. Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are increasingly prevalent, but treatment options are limited. While several serine-dependent β-lactamase inhibitors are formulated with commonly prescribed β-lactams, no MBL inhibitors are currently approved for combinatorial therapies. New compounds that target MBLs to restore carbapenem activity against CPE are therefore urgently needed. Herein we identified and characterized novel synthetic peptide inhibitors that bound to and inhibited NDM-1, which is an emerging β-lactam resistance mechanism in CPE.

Methods
We leveraged Surface Localized Antimicrobial displaY (SLAY) to identify and characterize peptides that inhibit NDM-1, which is a primary carbapenem resistance mechanism in CPE. Lead inhibitor sequences were chemically synthesized and MBCs and MICs were calculated in the presence/absence of carbapenems. Kinetic analysis with recombinant NDM-1 and select peptides tested direct binding and supported NDM-1 inhibitor mechanisms of action. Inhibitors were also tested for cytotoxicity.

Results
We identified approximately 1700 sequences that potentiated carbapenem-dependent killing against NDM-1 Escherichia coli. Several also enhanced meropenem-dependent killing of other CPE. Biochemical characterization of a subset indicated the peptides penetrated the bacterial periplasm and directly bound NDM-1 to inhibit enzymatic activity. Additionally, each demonstrated minimal haemolysis and cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines.

Conclusions
Our approach advances a molecular platform for antimicrobial discovery, which complements the growing need for alternative antimicrobials. We also discovered lead NDM-1 inhibitors, which serve as a starting point for further chemical optimization.
Natural 15N abundance in specific amino acids indicates associations between transamination rates and residual feed intake in beef cattle
Authors: Cantalapiedra-Hijar Gonzalo , Guarnido Pablo , Schiphorst Anne-Marie , Robins Richard J , Renand Gilles , Ortigues-Marty Isabelle 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImproving the ability of animals to convert feed resources into food for humans is needed for more sustainable livestock systems. Genetic selection for animals eating less while maintaining their performance (i.e., low residual feed intake [RFI]) appears a smart strategy but its effectiveness relies on high-throughput animal phenotyping. Here, we explored plasma nitrogen (N) isotope ratios in an attempt to identify easily superior young bulls in terms of RFI. For this, 48 Charolais young bulls fed two contrasting diets (corn vs. grass silage diets) were selected from a larger population as extreme RFI animals (24 low-RFI vs. 24 high-RFI) and their plasma analyzed for natural 15N abundance (δ15N) in the whole protein (bulk protein) and in the individual protein-bound amino acids (PbAA). For the first time, we showed that the δ 15N in plasma bulk protein differed (P = 0.007) between efficient (low-RFI) and inefficient (high-RFI) cattle regardless of diet. Furthermore, most analyzed PbAA followed the same trend as the bulk protein, with lower (P &lt; 0.05) δ 15N values in more efficient (low-RFI) compared with less efficient (high-RFI) cattle, again regardless of diet. The only three exceptions were Phe, Met, and Lys (P &gt; 0.05) for which the first metabolic reaction before being catabolized does not involve transamination, a pathway known naturally to enrich AAs in 15N. The contrasted isotopic signatures across RFI groups only in those PbAA undergoing transamination are interpreted as differences in transamination rates and N-use efficiency between low- and high-RFI phenotypes. Natural isotopic N signatures in bulk proteins and specific PbAA can be proposed as biomarkers of RFI in growing beef cattle fed different diets. However, the current study cannot delineate whether this effect only occurs post-absorption or to some extent also in the rumen. Our data support the conclusion that most efficient cattle in terms of RFI upregulate N conservation mechanisms compared with less efficient cattle and justify future research on this topic.
The Dynamics of Domestic Human Rights Implementation: Lessons from Qualitative Research in Europe
Authors: Donald Alice , Speck Anne-Katrin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIt is widely acknowledged that the implementation of international human rights judgments is conditioned by domestic factors; yet the means by which judgments exert—or fail to exert—influence on domestic actors and processes is less well understood. This article presents qualitative research undertaken in three European states between 2016 and 2018 to trace the path between selected judgments involving structural or systemic violations and subsequent action by both state and non-state actors. The rich account of the implementation process thereby constructed reveals, in some cases, a direct—and even immediate—causal path between a decision and actions leading to compliance and, in others, a more indirect or uncertain relationship. The article reveals the dynamic and iterative nature of the implementation process, which may at times stall and at other times accelerate and which may be punctuated by extraneous developments that cause the political space for implementation to widen or narrow. It proceeds to examine the strategies employed by actors who either advance or obstruct implementation, and concludes by advocating the formation of the broadest possible compliance ‘partnerships’ in each case, supported by well-functioning domestic structures to coordinate the state’s response.
mHealth Apps: Disruptive Innovation, Regulation, and Trust—A Need for Balance
Authors: Sheppard Maria K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
mHealth, the use of mobile and wireless technologies in healthcare, and mHealth apps, a subgroup of mHealth, are expected to result in more person-focussed healthcare. These technologies are predicted to make patients more motivated in their own healthcare, reducing the need for intensive medical intervention. Thus, mHealth app technology might lead to a redesign of existing healthcare architecture making the system more efficient, sustainable, and less expensive. As a disruptive innovation, it might destabilise the existing healthcare organisation through a changed role for healthcare professionals with patients accessing care remotely or online. This account coincides with the broader narrative of National Health Service policy-makers, which focusses on personalised healthcare and greater patient responsibility with the potential for significant cost reductions. The article proposes that while the concept of mHealth apps as a disruptive technology and the narrative of personalisation and responsibilisation might support a transformation of the healthcare system and a reduction of costs, both are dependent on patient trust in the safety and security of the new technology. Forcing trust in this field may only be achieved with the application of traditional and other regulatory mechanisms and with this comes the risk of reducing the effect of the technology’s disruptive potential.