bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Changes of Different Serum Glycoproteins after Bone Fractures
Authors: Herzberg Mala , Oberman Z , Weissman S L , Herold H Z 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The physiologic response to a simple injury was studied in a group of 24 adults suffering from uncomplicated fractures of the tibia and fibula. The dynamic changes of different protein and glycoprotein fractions were estimated. At Days 1, 4, 10, and 30 after the fracture, there was no significant alteration in the total protein levels, but the albumin decreased (18%) and α1- and α2-globulins increased. The most pronounced changes were observed in the seromucoid, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin fractions. These fractions started to rise in the first 4 days after the fracture, but only the seromucoid and ceruloplasmin remained elevated after a month. The results suggest a rapid turnover of those glycoprotein fractions; they also show that even a local injury, like an uncomplicated fracture of the tibia and fibula, is sufficient to cause significant elevation of most of the glycoprotein fractions. The possible mechanism is discussed.
Calcium Determinations in Kinetic Studies
Authors: Hitchman A J W , Harrison Joan E , Finlay J M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A new procedure for the determination of urinary calcium concentrations as low as 1 mg./L. is presented. Calcium is separated from interfering urinary constituents by oxalate precipitation with strontium carrier and then determined by emission flame photometry. Small calcium losses in the separation procedure are estimated by 47Ca-tracer technics. Wet-ashing ensures complete exchange of tracer and sample calcium. Experimental evidence demonstrated the accuracy of the procedure and a precision of ± 3% of the observed results. The use of tracer may be omitted if systematic errors up to 5% are acceptable. Wet-ashing has also been omitted with equally good results but there is an additional risk of error due to possible interference effects by constituents of some pathological samples.
A Source of Error in an AutoAnalyzer Determination of Serum Iron
Authors: Babson Arthur L , Kleinman Norman M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An AutoAnalyzer method for serum iron was found to be giving erroneously high values owing to a Donnan equilibrium effect on the rate of dialysis of ferrous ions. The addition of neutral salt to the reagent corrected the deficiency. The validity of other assays on the AutoAnalyzer that measure dialyzable ions in the presence of relatively high concentrations of protein should be verified in view of this finding.
Acid Hydrolysis of Urinary Estriol
Authors: Schindler Adolf E , Ratanasopa Vannee , Herrmann Walter L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
One hundred and twenty determinations of urinary estriol were carried out following acid hydrolysis and gas liquid chromatography. Through the use of a radioactive standard, it was shown that, with an increase in specific gravity (1.001 to 1.025), a steady linear decline of estriol recovery occurred (93% to 56%). The presence of glucose (1-5 gm./100 ml.) gradually diminished estriol recovery (78.2 ± 9 to 24.9 ± 11). Similar effects were caused by galactose and lactose. lnulin, fructose, and sucrose led to an extensive drop of extractable estriol (more than 95% at 5 gm./100 ml.). An even more marked fall in estriol recovery was found in the presence of Mandelamine methenamine, and formaldehyde. Dimethylamine, albumin, and Urofix did not influence the recovery of estriol to a significant extent. These findings emphasize the need for adequate control of recovery whenever patient management is conducted according to urinary-estriol titers.
Estimation of the Antitrypsin Activity of Serum
Authors: Dietz Albert A , Hodges LaVerne K , Rubinstein Herbert M , Briney Robert R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method for the estimation of serum trypsin inhibitory capacity (TIC) was developed to permit consistent results with various trypsin sources without further standardization. Very small volumes of serum are used and the results are expressed in international enzyme units. Normal women show a slightly higher mean value for TIC than normal men. Sixty-seven patients with pulmonary emphysema were surveyed: one patient homozygous for α1-antitrypsin deficiency was found.
Correlation of Serum and Urine Enzyme Activity in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dietz Albert A , Hodges LaVerne K , Foxworthy Donald T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A correlation was made between the urinary excretion of GOT, GPT, LDH, HBD, and acid and alkaline phosphatase and their serum activity in 18 suspected cases of myocardial infarction. The diagnoses were made by a cardiologist without knowledge of the enzyme assays. The study included 2 cases of nontransmural infarction; 5 cases that had not sustained an infarction served as controls. Elevations of serum GOT, LDH, and HBD were found in 10 of 11 cases of transmural infarction, GPT and acid phosphatase in 5, and alkaline phosphatase in 7. Elevations in serum acid phosphatase were also found in the control group, and perhaps were related to the anticoagulation therapy. Urinary GOT and GPT activity was variable. Urinary LDH and HBD were elevated in 6 of the transmural infarction cases, usually when serum LDH and HBD activity was decreasing. Urinary acid phosphatase activity was essentially normal; but urinary alkaline phosphatase increased in 10 of the transmural infarction cases, and the average value remained high for more than 5 weeks. The only index that was elevated in all cases of acute transmural infarction was L-phenylalanine inhibition of urinary alkaline phosphatase activity.
A Rapid Assay for Urinary Porphyrins by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Scott C Ronald , Labbe Robert F , Nutter Janet 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A procedure has been developed for the assay of urinary porphyrins. Total porphyrins are extracted from acidified urine into n-butanol. The fluorescence of this solution under ultraviolet illumination gives a preliminary indication of abnormal levels of porphyrins. They are then separated and identified by thin-layer chromatography. Uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin can be qualitatively estimated by visual inspection or accurately quantitated. For quantitation, the section of silica gel containing each porphyrin is scraped from the plate, suspended in glycerol solution, and the fluorescence measured directly without elution of the porphyrins from the silica gel. This assay, which yields either qualitative or quantitative information, is suitable as a diagnostic procedure in the clinical laboratory.
An Automated Method for the Determination of Serum Calcium with Glyoxal Bis (2-Hydroxyanil)
Authors: Farese Genevieve , Schmidt Janice L , Mager Milton 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A completely automated analysis is described for the determination of serum calcium with glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil) solution (GBHA). The method is simple and precise, and the data obtained are in good agreement with results obtained by the manual GBHA procedure.
A Simplified Method for Plasma Zinc Determination by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Hackley Betty M , Smith James C , Halsted James A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A modified method is described for zinc determination in plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the Boling three-slot burner. Accurate analysis for the element was accomplished after merely diluting the plasma with deionized water (1 part plasma to 1 part water). Sample preparation time was thus greatly decreased. It was found that standards made up in water resulted in an error of 33%. However, standards prepared in 3% dextran solution gave results similar to those obtained with trichloracetic acid filtrates and water standards. Dextran was found not to be contaminated with zinc. The recovery of zinc added to plasma averaged 98.9%. Because of the simplicity of the method, sources of error and possibilities for contamination were reduced.
Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Serum Proteins in Infancy and Pregnancy
Authors: Man Evelyn B , Whitehead Raymond J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Newborns have lower concentrations of certain serum protein fractions than do those children at age 1-2 years, and significant increases in estrogen-sensitive protein fractions are recognized in pregnancy. The acrylamide-gel vertical-slab electrophoretic technic requires minimal aliquots of serum and technically is not expensive. This technic appeared potentially useful in longitudinal comparisons of increasing protein fractions during infancy and as a screening test for absence of the normal gestational increases in estrogen-sensitive protein fractions in the α1-to α2-globulin zone.
An Automated Method for the Determination of Estrogens in Pregnancy
Authors: Ua Conaill D , Muir G G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Ittrich’s method for the determination of total estrogens in urine (1) was adapted for automation on the AutoAnalyzer, using a continuous digester module for the combined operation of phase exchange and color development.
The automated method gave good recovery and reproducibility, and correlated well with the manual method. It increased the capacity of this laboratory for estrogen determinations, improved the turnover rate, and reduced the labor involved to a minimum.
Regulation of Plasma Creatinine Concentration by Use of a Servo Control System
Authors: Harvey Rodney B , Bassingthwaighte James B , Heppner Richard L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method for controlling the plasma creatinine concentration is described. This method uses continuous determination of the plasma creatinine concentration and a servomechanism which drives an infusion pump at a rate proportional to the difference between the actual and desired creatinine concentrations. The rate and volume of creatinine infusion necessary to maintain the desired plasma concentration provide information related to kidney function and the accumulation of creatinine in the body. Experiments using this technic and the method of data analysis are described. It has been shown that under certain conditions this technic may be used to estimate the renal clearance of creatinine and the size and nature of the space into which creatinine is distributed in the dog.
Method for Fully Automated Determination of Total Cholesterol in Blood Serum, Including Saponification and Extraction
Authors: van der Honing J , Saarloos C C , Stip J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A fully automated method has been developed for the determination of total cholesterol in blood serum, using the AutoAnalyzer system. According to the new method, based on the cholesterol determination of Abell et al. (1), the serum sample is saponified and subsequently extracted with carbon tetrachloride. After treatment with Liebermann-Burchard reagent, the amount of cholesterol is determined at 630 nm.
The method can be used for free and esterified cholesterol because saponification is carried out. The relationship between the new method and that of Abell et al. is linear. The correlation coefficient is 0.98 and the standard error 1.5%. According to the new method, 30 samples can be analyzed per hour.
Analysis of Pleural Effusions from Rats Exposed to High Concentrations of Oxygen
Authors: Robinson F R , Thomas A A , Rendon Leandro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Pleural effusions from rats exposed to high concentrations of oxygen for periods of up to 96 hr. were analyzed by routine clinical chemical methods. When compared to control rat serum, the values for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, the albumin/ globulin ratio, potassium, and inorganic phosphate were higher in the pleural effusions. Alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, and calcium values were higher in the control serum than in the pleural effusions, and there were no significant differences between the two fluids in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase.
Serum Amylases, Isoenzymes, and Pancreatitis I. Effect of Substrate Variation
Authors: Meites Samuel , Rogols Saul 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Four plant starches were used to study human amylase activity in normal serum and urine, "pancreatitis" serum, duodenal fluid (secretin stimulated), saliva, and pancreatic extract. The starches were derived from waxy maize, high amylose corn, potato, and corn (pearl), and were lintnerized. It was shown that the rate of digestion of starch by each of the fluids tested depends on the plant starch selected as substrate. Digestion of waxy maize was most rapid. The advantages of using waxy maize as a substrate are indicated as a means of markedly enhancing the sensitivity of serum amylase determination. It was also found that normal serum, urine, and saliva digested potato starch at a greater rate than corn starch with few exceptions, while pancreatitis serum, secretin-stimulated duodenal fluid, and pancreatic extract digested corn starch at a greater rate than potato. These findings suggest that organ-specific amylases exist, and that plant starches might be used to distinguish them.
An Improved Procedure for the Determination of Serum Ethanol by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Savory John , Sunderman F William , Roszel Norris O , Mushak Paul 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A modification of the gas chromatographic procedure of Natelson and Stellate has been developed which enables analyses of serum ethanol to be performed with increased sensitivity, precision, and convenience. Serum (50 µl.) is dehydrated by injection onto anhydrous copper sulfate in a stoppered tube at 80° in a water-jacketed rotary mixing apparatus. After 2 min., ethanol vapor is swept by a stream of helium into a gas chromatographic column packed with a mixture of Flexol 8N8, diisodecylphthalate, propyleneglycol 600, and firebrick C-22. Ethanol emerges from the column after a mean retention time of 6.7 min. and is measured by a hydrogen-flame ionization detector. The coefficient of variation of replicate analyses is 2.0%. The recovery of ethanol added to serum is 98.7 ± 3.8%. The limit of sensitivity for the detection of ethanol in serum is 0.1 mg./100 ml., and assay can be made in the presence of constituents which are normally present in serum, and volatile compounds which are commonly encountered in clinical toxicology. Analyses of serum ethanol by gas chromatography provide close correlations with measurements by the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction.
Redefinition of the Normal Range for Serum Sodium
Authors: Payne R B , Levell M J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The serum sodium concentrations of three groups of patients selected from laboratory records and of one group of outpatients selected for a prospective study were examined. The mean serum sodium concentration of inpatients with normal serum urea concentrations was 8.5 mEq./ L. lower than that of a group of healthy normal subjects. Part of this difference (2.6 mEq./L.) could be attributed to a nonspecific effect of illness. It was not possible to demonstrate any effect due to the hospital environment, but the results do not exclude the possibility of such an effect. It was concluded that all or most of the remaining difference was due to weighting of the inpatient data by low values of pathologic significance; the proportion of these low values was too great to allow a normal range to be extracted from the data by statistical methods.
The concept of the normal range is discussed. It is suggested that two ranges are required for serum sodium, a normal range (137-147 mEq./L. in this laboratory) to make assertions about alterations in specific diseases, and a range derived from patients likely to have no manifest disturbances of salt and water metabolism (135-144 mEq./ L.) to detect such disturbances.
Blood-Clotting Enzymology
Authors: Seegers Walter H , McCoy Lowell , Marciniak Ewa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
During the past quarter century perhaps no single phenomenon has attracted so much attention in biology and medicine as blood clotting. It plays a role in numerous clinical conditions where it was not taken into account previously. Knowledge of the basic mechanisms recently passed through a tumulous stage of growth, but is now delineated in terms of simple enzymology. Most of the components have been obtained in purified form. There are three main events: the formation of autoprothrombin C (F-Xa, thrombokinase), the formation of thrombin, and the formation of fibrin. Prothrombin itself is a more marvelous protein than was predicted. It is a protein aggregate that contains the precursor of thrombin, the precursor of autoprothrombin C, as well as accessory protein. When blood coagulation is initiated by tissue injury, large amounts of autoprothrombin C activity arise in the presence of calcium ions and tissue thromboplastin. When there is no tissue injury, small amounts of autoprothrombin C are produced by platelet cofactor I (F-VIII, AHF) which functions with the lipids of platelets. Autoprothrombin C is the enzyme which produces thrombin activity, and being a part of the prothrombin aggregate it is in close proximity to the specific bond(s) that must be split to get thrombin activity. Although autoprothrombin C alone is sufficient to produce thrombin, the reaction is greatly accelerated by plasma Ac-globulin (F-V), lipids from platelets, and calcium ions. The acceleration produced by components functioning in pairs and relays makes possible the essential integration with the anatomic location of resources. Tissue materials pair with plasma resources to produce autoprothrombin C, and then they pair with another plasma component (Ac-globulin) to make autoprothrombin C function. In the absence of tissue injury, platelet materials pair with plasma resources to produce autoprothrombin C, and then platelets again work with another plasma component (Ac-globulin) to support the function of autoprothrombin C. Platelets are essential because their lipids are needed for the formation of autoprothrombin C, as well as for accelerating its function. Whatever involves platelets can be the stimulus to accelerate blood clotting; this includes Hageman factor. Platelets are the true point of beginning for the first step in blood clotting and are involved in the second and third. Vitamin K deficiency, or counteraction of Vitamin K by Dicumarol reduces prothrombin synthesis by the liver. As a consequence the precursor of thrombin, the precursor of autoprothrombin C, and the accessory protein of the molecular aggregate which constitutes prothrombin is reduced in concentration. It has been found possible to produce abnormal conditinos experimentally and have relatively more of the precursor of thrombin released to the blood than is normally associated with the precursor of autoprothrombin C. Up to the point of incorporation to form a single prothrombin molecule, the synthesis of subunits proceeds by separately operating mechanisms.
Estimation of Creatinine by the Jaffe Reaction
Authors: Husdan Harry , Rapoport Abraham 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Total chromogen, true, and AutoAnalyzer methods of measuring serum and urine creatinine by the Jaffe reaction were investigated. Some factors influencing this reaction were examined. These included wavelength, blank, linearity, and conditions of color development. Modifications of the three methods were made and their precision, recovery, and sample stability determined. The interference of ketones and glucose were measured. Finally, the values obtained by the three methods on the same samples of serum and urine were compared statistically.
Premature Infants: Analysis of Serum During the First Seven Weeks
Authors: Thomas Jack L , Reichelderfer Thomas E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Serum values were determined on 60 premature infants whose birth weights ranged from 1500 to 1750 gm. At 1 week of age each infant was placed into one of six categories and given a feeding schedule according to a predetermined formula sequence and arrangement. Three formulas varying in mineral, caloric, and protein concentrations were used. Analyses for sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, calcium, and urea nitrogen were carried out on blood drawn at 1, 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age. A comparison of levels during the same age period among the experimental groups was made.
Identification of Urinary Constituents Isolated by Anion-Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Burtis C A , Warren K S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
High-pressure, anion exchange chromatography of urine has resolved more than 100 UV-absorbing urinary constituents. Three methods have been used to identify these constituents: (1) chromatographic properties of standards, (2) spectrometric analysis of isolated urinary constituents, and (3) chemical testing of the isolated urinary constituents.
Determination of Urinary Constituents in Solutions by Least-Squares Resolution of Ultraviolet Spectrums
Authors: Davis W , Schonfeld E , Kibbey A H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Least-squares resolution of ultraviolet (UV) spectrums has been tested as a method for determining the concentration of each UV-absorbing urinary component in a multicomponent solution. The tests reported here involved solutions containing 4-12 components chosen from 17 reference materials: p-aminobenzoic, anthranilic, ascorbic, ferulic, hippuric, p-hydroxybenzoic, uric, vanillic, and xanthurenic acids, and adenine, creatinine, cytosine, ergothioneine, hypoxanthine, indican, N-methylnicotinamide, and tryptophan. Spectrums of these reference and multicomponent solutions were measured from 1900 to 4000 Â, rather than over the more usual range of 2200 to 4000 Â; concentrations of individual components in unbuffered water solutions were in the range 0.4-100 mg./L. While the maximum number of solutes capable of being analyzed by this method cannot be given, this brief study shows that as many as 10 UV-absorbing urinary components could be determined quantitatively by least-squares resolution of the spectrum of the solution. All of the 17 species used in this study showed absorption in the region 1900-2200 Â; measurements in this region contributed greatly to the accuracy with which concentrations could be calculated.
Formaldehyde-Forming Drugs and Urinary 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids
Authors: Braverman Lewis E , Reinstein Harold , Loayza Humberto , Pomfret David 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An apparent elevation of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids may be found in the urine of patients receiving the formaldehyde-forming drug Mandelamine (methenamine mandelate), when the assay procedure depends on the formation of colored compounds with phenylhydrazine as determined at 1 wavelength (410 mµ). This false elevation may be eliminated by reading absorption at 3 wavelengths and using the Allen correction. However, the determination of 17-ketogenic steroids is not influenced by the presence of formaldehyde in the urine. Administration of Mandelamine or other formaldehyde-forming drugs should be stopped prior to the collection of urine in order to eliminate a potential source of error in determining 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion.
Detection of Human Inborn Errors of Metabolism by Examination of Urinary Metabolites
Authors: Seegmiller J Edwin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An increasing number of recessively inherited human diseases are being explained in terms of a missing or defective enzyme. The resulting aberration of metabolism is reflected, in many cases, in an altered composition of metabolites in the urine and other body fluids. Progress in this field is dependent on making the initial association between a familial disease and an aberration of body chemistry. The development of comprehensive analytic systems for the detection of abnormal quantities or kinds of metabolites in biologic fluids obtained from patients with inherited diseases should greatly facilitate this process. Biochemical characterization, at an enzyme level, then becomes possible and is essential for improved diagnosis and rational approaches to treatment of the disease.