bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmentally improved CdTe photovoltaic recycling through novel technologies and facility location strategies
Authors: Ravikumar Dwarakanath , Seager Thomas , Sinha Parikhit , Fraser Matthew P. , Reed Serrae , Harmon Elise , Power Alexis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPhotovoltaic waste is projected to reach up to 78 million tons across globally dispersed locations through 2050. Current recycling infrastructure is inadequate to process these waste volumes responsibly. This necessitates commercializing novel, environmentally advantageous photovoltaic recycling technologies that improve upon incumbent industrial operations. CdTe photovoltaic recycling is a promising candidate for improvements as 25,000 tons of spent modules are recycled worldwide annually. This paper evaluates the operational performance and compares six novel technologies, the incumbent technology used in industry and one technology which extends the incumbent process across ten environmental impact categories. The tradeoff between incurring a transportation burden (ship or road) to recycle in a large‐scale centralized facility with a higher operational efficiency and avoiding transportation by recycling in a small‐scale decentralized facility with a lower operational efficiency is evaluated. Thermal delamination to eliminate the ethylene vinyl acetate and separate the photovoltaic glass panels is preferable to the incumbent mechanical process across nine environmental impact categories and decreases the climate‐change impact of CdTe photovoltaic recycling by 23%. Bath and probe sonication are ineffective for delamination, and the use of organic solvents is more environmentally burdensome than the incumbent mechanical process. Centralized recycling with shipping is environmentally preferable than with road‐based transportation. For every 100‐km increase in road transportation from the decentralized to the centralized facility, the inventory requirement in the centralized facility should be 6% lower than the decentralized facility for centralized recycling to have a lower climate‐change impact than decentralized recycling. The corresponding value for shipping is 0.4%.
A case study of methomyl removal from aqueous solutions by four natural Albanian clays
Authors: Xhaxhiu Kledi , Prifti Erinda , Zitka Ondřej 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study evaluated the adsorption properties of four Albanian natural clays from the regions of Brari, Currila, Dardha, and Prrenjasi for commercial methomyl from aqueous solutions. Three methomyl concentrations, 0.200, 0.400, and 0.600 mg/ml, were tested at 25°C to study the influence of the insecticide concentration on the adsorption process for each natural clay type. Within 48 hr of contact time, the adsorption pathways of methomyl on the selected clays are well described by a Langmuir‐like adsorption kinetic model and an intraparticle diffusion model. Hydrolysis and desorption inhibit the overall removal process. The increase of methomyl concentration in solution within the first 48 hr leads to linear adsorption increases well described by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and disfavors the desorption step for the Brari, Currila, and Dardha clays. For the methomyl concentration of 0.600 mg/ml, within 24 hr of contact time, the Dardha and Prrenjasi clays reveal 1.471 and 1.956 mg/g methomyl uptake, respectively. The Brari and Currila clays show longer saturation times followed by better methomyl retention. The Dardha and Prrenjasi clays exhibit fast and high adsorption combined with low retention times.
Quantifying Non‐Covalent Binding Interactions between Tobacco Alkaloids and Cyclodextrin Using Mass Spectrometry and the Application in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Wu Fangling , Yao Rujiao , Yu Shaoning , Tang Keqi , Xiao Yu , Ding Chuan‐Fan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe host‐guest inclusion complexes between cyclodextrin (CD) and five tobacco alkaloids (TAs), namely 1‐(4‐Nitrophenyl) piperazine (NHK), nicotinamide (NAm), nornicotine (NCt), DL‐Anabasine (DL‐ABs), and nicotinic acid (NTa), were explored via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The MS results of these CD complexes confirmed the 1 : 1 stoichiometry of the host‐guest assemblies formed. The binding constants of the complexes were studied to quantify the interactions between TAs and CDs. The binding constants (lgKR) of [CD‐NHK+H]+ were first obtained via ESI‐MS titration as a reference; the values obtained were 4.26, 4.11, and 4.03 for [α‐, β‐, and γ‐CD+NHK+H]+, respectively. The binding constants for other CD complexes were then acquired via competitive ESI‐MS based on the reference binding constants. The gas‐phase binding affinity of the CD complexes was probed by collision‐induced dissociation, which indicated the same variation trend as their binding constants, i. e. bigger binding constant results in better kinetic stability of the complex. Finally, considering the non‐toxicity and cost‐effectiveness of β‐CD, it was applied to practical samples of mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS) and the aforementioned special m/z values were identified as the [β‐CD+TA+H]+ complexes using tandem mass spectrometry. Our results reveal that β‐CD could effectively extract TAs and some other ingredients from the MSS during smoking. Therefore, applying CDs such as β‐CD in hookah or even in cigarette filter tips might be a potentially promising strategy to extract some harmful components of MSS to reduce the harm caused to the smoker.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Carbon‐Based Solid Acid Polymer Catalyst: Efficient Catalysts for Liquid‐Phase Nitration of Alkanes
Authors: Wang Hefang , Li Xuehan , Wang Yuanyuan , Yang Yongfang , Jia Liyuan , Wang Yanji 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCarbon‐based solid acid polymer catalyst was successfully prepared by a facile one‐pot method with sulfonation of naphthalene and crosslinking by formaldehyde. The characterization results showed that the prepared catalysts were flexible soft polycyclic amorphous carbon sheets with abundant ‐SO3H, and ‐COOH groups. The catalysts have high acid density (4.68 mmol⋅g−1) and a remarkable activity for the liquid‐phase nitration of alkanes. Especially, cyclohexane was effectively nitrated to nitrocyclohexane with a high conversion (47.9%) and a good selectivity (98.4%) over the catalyst at moderate reaction temperature (125 °C). The high activity was due to the high acidic site density and amorphous carbon structure with hydrophilic functional groups. The hydrophilic surface facilitates the adsorption of hydrophilic molecules, including water and nitric acid, despite the low BET surface areas. A possible formation pathway for various products was proposed. Carbon‐based solid acid polymer exhibited good potential as a substitution for the liquid acid catalysts in liquid‐phase nitration.
Electrospun Highly Crystalline ZnO Nanofibers: Super‐Efficient and Stable Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Activity
Authors: Zhou Kaihe , Liu Min , Ye Xiaming , Zhu Yanwei , Liu Zhoubin , Yang Yueping , Dan Yangqing , Yuan Yanfen , Hou Huilin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractZnO has tremendous potential in photocatalysis, but only has moderate activity and poor stability because of the sluggish charge transfer and easy aggregation problem, respectively. In this work, ZnO photocatalyst with well‐defined one dimensional (1D) nanofiber structure was successfully fabricated for overcoming these defects. The results revealed that the ZnO nanofibers consist of compactly packed particles that form a cylinder type fiber in highly crystalline and high purity. The robust 1D nanostructure not only can suppress the aggregation of nanoparticles, but also facilitate the interparticle charge transfer. Besides, the mesoporous structure generated through the ZnO particle‐particle interconnection can promote the adsorption of reactants and desorption of products. Benefiting from these merits, the ZnO nanofibers photocatalyst presented superior higher and stable hydrogen production ability than that of nanoparticles counterpart. The photocatalytic hydrogen generation rate of the ZnO nanofibers was estimated to be 1031.8 μmol g−1 h−1, which was about 1.5 times higher than that of ZnO nanoparticles. Moreover, the ZnO nanofibers photocatalyst can maintain its 93.2 % H2‐production rate after five recycle experiments, whereas only 55.8 % for ZnO nanoparticles. This study provides an effective way to solve the energy problem by using solar energy.
Formation, Structure, and Function of Hydrogenated and Fluorinated Long‐Chain Phosphonate‐Modified Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Bidentate Bonds
Authors: Abiko Yoshinori , Hayasaki Takuto , Hirayama Shuhei , Almarasy Ahmed A. , Kawabata Youhei , Fujimori Atsuhiro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe dispersion of hydrophilized single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) in organic solvent, through the modification of its surface by bidentate long‐chain phosphonic acid with excellent heat resistance, and its structural characterization, through the formation of a monolayer on the water surface, have been performed. The surface‐modified chains were developed by both hydrocarbon‐based and fluorocarbon‐based modifiers, and the arrangement of the organized films of each modified SWCNT was evaluated. The modified nanotubes were uniformly dispersed in toluene solvent, facilitating the confirmation of its lipophilicity, and spread as a monolayer at the air–water interface. The morphology of the organo‐SWCNT monolayer was fibrous. In the Raman spectrum of the modified‐SWCNT Langmuir‐Blodgett multilayers, the defect‐derived D band shifted to lower wavenumbers. The above experimental results confirmed the non‐desorptive property of the modified‐bidentate chain. The packing and orientation of the modified chains were evaluated through out‐of‐plane and in‐plane X‐ray diffraction and polarized infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the monolayer of organo‐SWCNT was densified with a small number of defects by the “repeating compression‐expansion method”. Furthermore, activation of the lysozyme enzyme from the subphase caused adsorption and immobilization onto organo‐SWCNT monolayers. The introduction of SWCNTs to the air–water interface has revealed the potential for nanostructural control and the estimation of interactions between biomolecules.
Carbon Nanotubes Derived from Industrial Resin for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene
Authors: Yin Chengyang , He Jing , Liu Shuang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCompared with conventional metal‐based catalysts, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit advantages of tunable surface chemical composition and structure. The complicated synthetic technique of traditional methods limited large‐scale production of CNTs. Carbon nanotube (CNT−R) was successfully prepared by simple carbonization of the industrial anion resin with cyanocobaltate. The CNT−R was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Characterization indicates that the CNT−R shows hierarchically porous structure, large pore volume and highly graphitization. The catalyst shows high catalytic activity in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene.
Systemic modulation of stress and immune parameters in patients treated for prostate adenocarcinoma by intensity-modulated radiation therapy or stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy
Authors: Frey B. , Mika J. , Jelonek K. , Cruz-Garcia L. , Roelants C. , Testard I. , Cherradi N. , Lumniczky K. , Polozov S. , Napieralska A. , Widlak P. , Gaipl U.S. , Badie C. , Polanska J. , Candéias S. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
In this exploratory study, the impact of local irradiation on systemic changes in stress and immune parameters was investigated in eight patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) for prostate adenocarcinoma to gain deeper insights into how radiotherapy (RT) modulates the immune system.

Patients and methods
RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, metabolomics, and antibody arrays were used to monitor a panel of stress- and immune-related parameters before RT, after the first fraction (SABR) or the first week of treatment (IMRT), after the last fraction, and 3 weeks later in the blood of IMRT (N = 4) or SABR (N = 4) patients. Effect size analysis was used for comparison of results at different timepoints.

Results
Several parameters were found to be differentially modulated in IMRT and SABR patients: the expression of TGFB1, IL1B, and CCL3 genes; the expression of HLA-DR on circulating monocytes; the abundance and ratio of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine metabolites in plasma. More immune modulators in plasma were modulated during IMRT than SABR, with only two common proteins, namely GDF-15 and Tim‑3.

Conclusion
Locally delivered RT induces systemic modulation of the immune system in prostate adenocarcinoma patients. IMRT and SABR appear to specifically affect distinct immune components.
Activity recognition through interactive machine learning in a dynamic sensor setting
Authors: Tegen Agnes , Davidsson Paul , Persson Jan A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe advances in Internet of things lead to an increased number of devices generating and streaming data. These devices can be useful data sources for activity recognition by using machine learning. However, the set of available sensors may vary over time, e.g. due to mobility of the sensors and technical failures. Since the machine learning model uses the data streams from the sensors as input, it must be able to handle a varying number of input variables, i.e. that the feature space might change over time. Moreover, the labelled data necessary for the training is often costly to acquire. In active learning, the model is given a budget for requesting labels from an oracle, and aims to maximize accuracy by careful selection of what data instances to label. It is generally assumed that the role of the oracle only is to respond to queries and that it will always do so. In many real-world scenarios however, the oracle is a human user and the assumptions are simplifications that might not give a proper depiction of the setting. In this work we investigate different interactive machine learning strategies, out of which active learning is one, which explore the effects of an oracle that can be more proactive and factors that might influence a user to provide or withhold labels. We implement five interactive machine learning strategies as well as hybrid versions of them and evaluate them on two datasets. The results show that a more proactive user can improve the performance, especially when the user is influenced by the accuracy of earlier predictions. The experiments also highlight challenges related to evaluating performance when the set of classes is changing over time.
Modelling of Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers with Varying Stratifications
Authors: Želi Velibor , Brethouwer Geert , Wallin Stefan , Johansson Arne V. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA recently developed explicit algebraic Reynolds-stress (EARS) model is validated for an idealized representation of the night-time high-latitude stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer. The simulations are made with four surface cooling rates that result in weakly to moderately stratified stable boundary layers. The predictions of the EARS model are compared to high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LES) of Sullivan et al. (J Atmos Sci 73(4):1815–1840, 2016). First- and second-order statistics are shown to be well predicted by the EARS model. The EARS model also predicts the horizontal turbulent fluxes and turbulence anisotropy and these compare well with the LES results. The sensitivity to the model coefficients is studied by comparing the EARS model results with LES results. Finally, we propose a new scaling for the production of turbulence kinetic energy and show that the EARS model captures the essential trends of the LES results for different cooling rates.
Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease in China, 1980–2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 617 studies
Authors: Zhao Lijuan , Chen Lizhang , Yang Tubao , Wang Tingting , Zhang Senmao , Chen Letao , Ye Ziwei , Luo Liu , Qin Jiabi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo assess the birth prevalence and spatial distribution of congenital heart disease (CHD) in China by conducting a complete overview and using spatial epidemiological methods. Unrestricted searches were conducted on seven electronic databases, with an end-date parameter of May 2019. Data on the birth prevalence of CHD and its subtypes were collected and combined using either the random-effect model or fixed-effect model. Subgroup sensitivity analyses were performed to explore potential heterogeneity moderators. The three-dimensional trend analysis and a visualization of CHD birth prevalence among different provinces were performed to describe the spatial distribution characteristics. Total 617 studies involving 76,961,354 births and 201,934 CHD individuals were included. Overall, total CHD birth prevalence increased continuously over time, from 0.201‰ in 1980–1984 to 4.905‰ in 2015–2019. The study on the high-income provinces, population-based monitoring model, male births, and urban regions reported a significantly higher prevalence of total CHD compared with upper-middle-income provinces, hospital-based monitoring model, female births, and rural regions, respectively. National CHD birth prevalence increased gradually from western region to eastern region, but decreased gradually from southern to northern region. Relevant heterogeneity moderators including gender, geographic region, income levels, and monitoring models have been identified by subgroup analyses. Sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results. Total CHD birth prevalence in China increases continuously in the past 40 years. Significant differences in gender, geographical regions, income levels, and monitoring models were found. In the future, population wide prospective birth defect registries covering the entire Chinese population need to determine the exact birth prevalence.
17β-Estradiol affects the innate immune response in common carp
Authors: Maciuszek Magdalena , Pijanowski Lukasz , Pekala-Safinska Agnieszka , Kemenade B. M. Lidy Verburg-van , Chadzinska Magdalena 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInflammation is the evolutionary conserved immune response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens or damaged cells. This multistep process acts by removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process. Therefore, it must be tightly regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes, as well as neuroendocrine mediators. In the present work, we studied the immunoregulatory properties of 17β-estradiol (E2) in common carp. We determined the in vitro effects of E2 on the activity/polarization of macrophages and the in vivo effects during Aeromonas salmonicida-induced inflammation. In vitro, E2 reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator genes but did not change the gene expression of the estrogen receptors and of aromatase CYP19. In contrast, in vivo in the head kidney of A. salmonicida-infected fish, E2-treated feeding induced an upregulation of gene expression of pro-inflammatory (il-12p35 and cxcb2) and anti-inflammatory (arginase 1, arginase 2, il-10, and mmp9) mediators. Moreover, in infected fish fed with E2-treated food, a higher gene expression of the estrogen receptors and of the aromatase CYP19 was found. Our results demonstrate that estrogens can modulate the carp innate immune response, though the in vitro and in vivo effects of this hormone are contrasting. This implies that estradiol not only induces a direct effect on macrophages but rather exerts immunomodulatory actions through indirect mechanisms involving other cellular targets.
Invasive submerged macrophytes complicate management of a shallow boreal lake: a 42-year history of monitoring and restoration attempts in Littoistenjärvi, SW Finland
Authors: Sarvala Jouko , Helminen Harri , Heikkilä Jukka 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe small, shallow lake Littoistenjärvi (SW Finland) experienced in 1978–2019 rapid fluctuations between extreme ecological states, initially associated with mass occurrences of the submerged macrophyteElodea canadensisMichx. In collapse years following abundance peaks, water was turbid, in other years clear. Aeration prevented anoxia under ice-cover, but this favouredElodea.Mechanical plant removal acceleratedElodeagrowth, and had to be abandoned. Recurrent cyanobacterial blooms started in 2000, and by 2006 phosphorus and chlorophyll reached new high levels because of increased internal loading. During this turbid state, internal loading showed significant positive correlation with maximum water temperature and pH. External loading was reduced in 2011 by one-third by diverting runoff from a former arable field transformed into a wetland. Precipitation of phosphorus with polyaluminium chloride in 2017 restored the clear-water state. The case of Littoistenjärvi shows that if internal loading has become the major factor controlling water quality, traditional restoration methods (external load reduction, aeration, removal fishing) provide limited possibilities to improve water quality. Instead, chemical precipitation of phosphorus seems a promising measure which can break the vicious circle of algal blooms and internal loading. Unfortunately, the uncontrollable growth of invasive submerged macrophytes may jeopardise the positive development.
Resource-Aware Data Parallel Array Processing
Authors: Grelck Clemens , Blom Cédric 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMalleable applications may run with varying numbers of threads, and thus on varying numbers of cores, while the precise number of threads is irrelevant for the program logic. Malleability is a common property in data-parallel array processing. With ever growing core counts we are increasingly faced with the problem of how to choose the best number of threads. We propose a compiler-directed, almost automatic tuning approach for the functional array processing language SaC. Our approach consists of an offline training phase during which compiler-instrumented application code systematically explores the design space and accumulates a persistent database of profiling data. When generating production code our compiler consults this database and augments each data-parallel operation with a recommendation table. Based on these recommendation tables the runtime system chooses the number of threads individually for each data-parallel operation. With energy/power efficiency becoming an ever greater concern, we explicitly distinguish between two application scenarios: aiming at best possible performance or aiming at a beneficial trade-off between performance and resource investment.
Numerical treatment of the generalized Love integral equation
Authors: Fermo Luisa , Russo Maria Grazia , Serafini Giada 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the generalized Love integral equation has been considered. In order to approximate the solution, a Nyström method based on a mixed quadrature rule has been proposed. Such a rule is a combination of a product and a “dilation” quadrature formula. The stability and convergence of the described numerical procedure have been discussed in suitable weighted spaces and the efficiency of the method is shown by some numerical tests.