bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematically Modeling Anhedonia in Schizophrenia: A Stochastic Dynamical Systems Approach
Authors: Strauss Gregory P , Esfahlani Farnaz Zamani , Granholm Eric , Holden Jason , Visser Katherine Frost , Bartolomeo Lisa A , Sayama Hiroki 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective
Anhedonia, traditionally defined as a diminished capacity for pleasure, is a core symptom of schizophrenia (SZ). However, modern empirical evidence indicates that hedonic capacity may be intact in SZ and anhedonia may be better conceptualized as an abnormality in the temporal dynamics of emotion.

Method
To test this theory, the current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine whether abnormalities in one aspect of the temporal dynamics of emotion, sustained reward responsiveness, were associated with anhedonia. Two experiments were conducted in outpatients diagnosed with SZ (n = 28; n = 102) and healthy controls (n = 28; n = 71) who completed EMA reports of emotional experience at multiple time points in the day over the course of several days. Markov chain analyses were applied to the EMA data to evaluate stochastic dynamic changes in emotional states to determine processes underlying failures in sustained reward responsiveness.

Results
In both studies, Markov models indicated that SZ had deficits in the ability to sustain positive emotion over time, which resulted from failures in augmentation (ie, the ability to maintain or increase the intensity of positive emotion from time t to t+1) and diminution (ie, when emotions at time t+1 are opposite in valence from emotions at time t, resulting in a decrease in the intensity of positive emotion over time). Furthermore, in both studies, augmentation deficits were associated with anhedonia.

Conclusions
These computational findings clarify how abnormalities in the temporal dynamics of emotion contribute to anhedonia.
Modelling Authority: Obstetrical Machines in the Instruction of Midwives and Surgeons in Eighteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Kosmin Jennifer F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article takes the commission of an elaborate and life-like obstetrical machine by the Italian midwifery instructor, Vincenzo Malacarne, in 1791 as a starting point for considering the ways that medical practitioners were renegotiating the relationship between the senses at the end of the eighteenth century. In particular, it focuses on the cultivation of touch as an authoritative and professionalised source of bodily knowledge. The article argues that Malacarne's obstetrical machine reflects an important moment of transition in the way medical practitioners were trained to interact with female patients, in which the manual exploration of a woman’s genitals was re-contextualised as an expression of scientific rationality and medical authority. A close examination of the use of obstetrical machines in midwifery training suggests, moreover, that women, too, whose touch had often been accused of irrationality and ignorance, had to be taught how to perform manual procedures in a rational and scientific manner.
Association Between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Nonspecific Low Back Pain
Authors: Lim Yuan Z. , Wang Yuanyuan , Cicuttini Flavia M. , Hughes Harrison J. , Chou Louisa , Urquhart Donna M. , Ong Pei Xuan , Hussain Sultana Monira 
Published: January 2020

Objectives:Chronic inflammation increases the production of cytokines and activates proinflammatory pathways which may lead to nonspecific low back pain (LBP). We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate whether inflammatory biomarkers are associated with nonspecific LBP.Materials and Methods:CINAHL, Medline, and Embase were searched between January 1946 and May 2018. MeSH terms and key words were used to identify studies examining the association between inflammatory biomarkers and LBP. Two reviewers performed the risk of bias assessment and 3 reviewers extracted data independently. Qualitative evidence synthesis was performed.Results:Thirteen studies, ranging from fair to low quality, were included. Five studies examined the association between C-reactive protein (CRP)/high-sensitivity CRP and LBP; 6 studies assessed tumor necrosis factors (TNFs); 8 studies assessed interleukins (ILs); and 2 studies assessed fibrinogen. There was evidence for an association of elevated levels of CRP, TNFs, and IL-6 with LBP. There was conflicting evidence for an association between IL-1β, fibrinogen, and LBP.Discussion:Our findings support the notion of a positive association between inflammatory biomarkers and nonspecific LBP, specifically for CRP, TNFs, and IL-6. Although further high quality longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the magnitude of these associations, our findings suggest a role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of nonspecific LBP.
Early for Everyone
Authors: Quinn Megan , Weiss Alyssa B. , Crist Janice D. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Palliative care (PC) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is often provided exclusively to infants expected to die. Standards of care support providing PC early after diagnosis with any condition likely to impact quality of life.

Purpose:
To determine the state of early PC practice across populations to derive elements of early PC applicable to neonates and their families and demonstrate their application in practice.

Search Strategy:
Multiple literature searches were conducted from 2016 to 2019. Common keywords used were: palliative care; early PC; end of life, neonate; NICU; perinatal PC; pediatric PC; family-centered care; advanced care planning; palliative care consultant; and shared decision-making.

Findings:
Early PC is an emerging practice in adult, pediatric, and perinatal populations that has been shown to be helpful for and recommended by families. Three key elements of early PC in the NICU are shared decision-making, care planning, and coping with distress. A hypothetical case of a 24-week infant is presented to illustrate how findings may be applied. Evidence supports expansion of neonatal PC to include infants and families without terminal diagnoses and initiation earlier in care.

Implications for Practice:
Involving parents more fully in care planning activities and decision-making and providing structured support for them to cope with distress despite their child's prognosis are essential to early PC.

Implications for Research:
As early PC is incorporated into practice, strategies should be evaluated for feasibility and efficacy to improve parental and neonatal outcomes. Researchers should consider engaging NICU parent stakeholders in leading early PC program development and research.
Outcome Metrics in Pediatric Sports Medicine: Do PROMIS Computer-adaptive Testing Metrics Correlate With Pedi-IKDC?
Authors: Schafer Kevin A. , Minaie Arya , Nepple Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
A modified version of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), the Pedi-IKDC, is a validated patient-reported outcome measure in pediatric patients with knee pain. However, this questionnaire is lengthy and can fatigue patients, leading to inconsistent outcome collection. Thus, we sought to compare more easily attainable Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive testing patient reported outcomes to the gold standard Pedi-IKDC.

Methods:
We prospectively collected PROMIS scores and Pedi-IKDC scores in 100 new, consecutive patients presenting with knee pain to a pediatric sports medicine practice. Patients were excluded if they provided an incomplete Pedi-IKDC, had prior ipsilateral lower extremity surgery, or significant associated medical comorbidities. PROMIS domains including Mobility, Pain Interference, and Upper Extremity (control) were compared with the Pedi-IKDC with Pearson correlations. The number of questions in each metric was analyzed. Floor and ceiling effects of each test were also assessed.

Results:
The average age of the study cohort was 14 years (range, 7 to 18  y) with 53% female and 47% male. 70% of patients completed the Pedi-IKDC questionnaire, compared with 100% with PROMIS tests. The average Pedi-IKDC score was 48.8±22.3 (range, 5.4 to 100). Mean scores for Mobility, Pain Interference, and Upper Extremity domains were 38.4±10.1, 53.5±10.3, and 49.7±8.7, respectively. All tests demonstrated similar and acceptable floor and ceiling effects (<15%). The length of the Pedi-IKDC (22 questions) was roughly double that of combined PROMIS Pain Interference and Mobility tests (11.9±2.3 questions). Pedi-IKDC scores correlated with tested PROMIS measures (Mobility/Pain Interference, r=0.42/−0.49). When 7 highly functional patients with significant pain symptoms were removed for a secondary analysis, Mobility and Pain correlations improved to 0.69 and −0.67, respectively.

Conclusions:
PROMIS Mobility and Pain scores demonstrate moderate correlations with the Pedi-IKDC, highlighting these tests are not capturing the same patient experiences. These correlations are weakened by a small group of painful yet highly functioning patients. The Pedi-IKDC was significantly longer and had a much lower completion rate than PROMIS tests, highlighting a need for a validated computer adaptive testing in evaluating pediatric patients with knee pain.

Levels of Evidence:
Level II.
Predicting Radial Head Instability in Multiple Hereditary Exostoses (MHE): A Multicenter Analysis of Risk Factors
Authors: Meza Blake C. , Obana Kyle K. , Talathi Nakul S. , Shah Apurva S. , Lightdale-Miric Nina , Arkader Alexandre 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Forearm deformity occurs in one third of patients with multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE). Conservative and surgical treatment are aimed at preventing radial head subluxation and/or dislocation. Dislocation has been associated with isolated distal ulnar lesions, radial bowing, and ulnar shortening. Risk factors for radial head subluxation have not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to identify risk factors for all radial head instability in MHE, to optimize early detection and prevent frank dislocation.

Methods:
This multicenter retrospective case-control investigation included MHE patients with forearm lesions seen between 2000 and 2017 at 2 tertiary care children’s hospitals. Demographic, clinical factors, radiographic measures, and surgical history were quantified. Comparisons were made between forearms that developed radial head instability versus those that remained stable and between those that progressed to radial head subluxation versus those that progressed to dislocation.

Results:
This study included 171 forearms in 113 patients with MHE, who presented at a mean age of 8.0 years with a median follow-up time of 6.0 years. Nine forearms progressed to radial head subluxation (mean age: 10.2 y), and 24 forearms had radial head dislocation (mean age: 9.9 y). Five subluxations and 3 dislocations occurred despite preventative surgery. Initial radial bowing (7.2% vs. 8.5%, P=0.04), ulnar variance (−5.8% vs. 11.0%, P<0.001), and ulnar shortening (−2.5 vs. 9.1 mm, P=0.04) were predictive of radial head instability. Distal ulnar lesions and more severe ulnar variance (−5.8 vs. −10.6, P<0.001) and shortening (−2.5 vs. 13.2 mm, P=0.02) were associated with an increased risk of radial head subluxation. No significant differences were identified between forearms that progressed to subluxation versus those that progressed to dislocation.

Conclusions:
Distal ulnar lesions and radiographic measures can be used to determine the risk of radial head instability in MHE. Ulnar variance and shortening are early identifiable risk factors for radial head subluxation that can help guide monitoring and treatment. Radial bowing may be a late predictor of instability.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—prognostic.
Parental preconception and prenatal urinary bisphenol A and paraben concentrations and child behavior
Authors: Skarha Julianne , Messerlian Carmen , Bellinger David , Mínguez-Alarcón Lidia , Romano Megan E. , Ford Jennifer B. , Williams Paige L. , Calafat Antonia M. , Hauser Russ , Braun Joseph M. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Epidemiologic studies suggest that prenatal urinary bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations are associated with childhood behavior problems, but there is limited research on prenatal paraben concentrations. In rodent offspring, preconception maternal BPA exposure caused behavioral problems and paraben exposure impacted sperm quality. However, the effects of parental preconception and prenatal BPA and paraben exposure on children’s neurodevelopment are unknown.

Methods:
The Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study is a prospective cohort of couples from a fertility clinic at Massachusetts General Hospital. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) quantified BPA, butylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, and propylparaben concentrations in multiple urine samples collected before conception and during pregnancy. From the eligible parents (N = 220), we enrolled 158 children between 2 and 9 years of age. The parents completed the Behavior-Assessment-System-for-Children-2 (BASC-2). We estimated covariate-adjusted associations of average parental preconception and prenatal ln-transformed urinary BPA and sum of paraben concentrations (∑paraben) with BASC-2 scores using linear regression with generalized estimating equations.

Results:
Median urinary BPA and Σparaben concentrations were 1.2 and 189 μg/L in mothers preconception and 1.7 and 25 μg/L in fathers preconception, respectively. Among all children, parental BPA and ∑paraben concentrations were not associated with BASC-2 behavioral symptoms index, internalizing, or externalizing problems scores. Point estimates ranged from −1.5 to 1.4 with wide 95% confidence intervals that included the null value.

Conclusion:
In this fertility clinic cohort, parental preconception and maternal prenatal BPA and paraben concentrations were not associated with problem behaviors among children. However, our small sample sizes reduced the precision of our results.
Renal denervation in patients with end-stage renal disease and resistant hypertension on long-term haemodialysis
Authors: Scalise Filippo , Sole Andrea , Singh Gurbhej , Sorropago Antonio , Sorropago Giovanni , Ballabeni Cinzia , Maccario Massimo , Vettoretti Simone , Grassi Guido , Mancia Giuseppe 
Published: January 2020

Introduction:
Recent randomized controlled trials have confirmed the ability of renal denervation to lower blood pressure (BP) in patients, resistant to the BP-lowering effect of multiple antihypertensive drug administration. Evidence is limited, however, in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and haemodialysis, a condition in which a persistent BP elevation, despite administration of many antihypertensive drugs, is common. Aim of the present study was to test the BP-lowering efficacy of renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension and ESRD on haemodialysis. BP was measured repeatedly in the office and over the 24 h during 1-year follow-up.

Methods and results:
The study was conducted from February 2017 to January 2018 at the Policlinico of Monza, Monza, Italy. We included 24 men and women aged at least 20 years (mean 55 ± 16) who had ESRD, were on long-term haemodialysis and exhibited resistant hypertension, that is, elevated office and ambulatory BP values, despite multidrug antihypertensive treatment (n = 5.4 ± 1). We excluded patients with renal artery stenosis, malignancy, and a probable life expectancy less than 1 year. Twelve patients were included in the renal denervation and 12 in the medical treatment (control) group. All patients underwent office and 24 h ambulatory BP measurements at baseline and at 1, 6 and 12 months during the follow-up. In the renal denervation group, baseline office and 24 h mean SBP were 180 ± 112 and 175 ± 11 mmHg, respectively, the corresponding values in the control group being 181 ± 19 and 181 ± 20 mmHg. Most of the other baseline characteristics were also similar or only slightly different between groups, including the mean number of administered antihypertensive drugs at baseline. SBP showed an early and persistent reduction after renal denervation (office SBP: 165 ± 13; 150 ± 7 and 149 ± 11mmHg; 24 h SBP 163 ± 20, 148 ± 10 and 149 ± 17 mmHg after 1, 6 and 12 months, respectively). The BP-lowering effect was almost always present and statistically significant during both the day and night. DBP changes followed a similar pattern whereas heart rate never showed any significant change. No significant periprocedural complication of renal denervation was seen. The mean number of administered drugs did not show any significant BP change during the study.

Conclusion:
In ESRD patients under long-term haemodialysis in whom BP was markedly elevated despite administration of many antihypertensive drugs, renal denervation lowered both ambulatory and office BP. The reduction persisted over a 1-year follow-up.
Usefulness of Prestorage Corneal Swab Culture in the Prevention of Contaminated Corneal Tissue in Corneal Transplantation
Authors: Szigiato Andrei-Alexandru , Anderson Maude , Mabon Michèle , Germain Marc , Durr Georges M. , Labbé Annie-Claude 
Published: January 2020

Purpose:
To assess the efficacy of the prestorage corneal swab (PCS) culture to screen for corneal graft contamination after storage in Optisol-GS.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of all PCS cultures was performed at the Eye Bank of Québec in Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont from September 2013 to June 2016. Whole corneal culture was performed on rejected grafts because of a positive PCS, and a contamination rate was calculated. In addition, contamination rates of corneoscleral rims were compared between corneas tested with PCS and those of imported corneas which did not have PCS.

Results:
Among the 1966 PCS cultures performed, 814 (41.4%) were positive for growth. Pathogenic bacteria were present in 144 (7.3%) corneas, including Staphylococcus aureus (n = 96, 11.8% of all positive cultures), Enterobacteriaceae (n = 14, 1.7%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 6, 0.7%). After preservation in Optisol-GS, only 7 (6.9%) corneas remained contaminated (95% confidence interval 5.1–9.3). The sensitivity of the PCS culture was 87.5% (95% confidence interval 47.4–99.7). There was no significant difference in corneoscleral rim contamination between corneas tested with PCS (1/388; 0.2%) compared with imported, nonswabbed corneas (3/214; 1.4%) (P = 0.131). Therefore, the cost to recover the loss of tissue rejected because of false-positive PCS by purchasing corneal tissue was calculated to be $142,884 (CAD) per year.

Conclusions:
Despite the high sensitivity of PCS cultures, there was no significant reduction of infection after corneal transplantation using this technique. In consequence, 93% of the corneas possibly suitable for transplantation were rejected. This suggests that the PCS culture alone is a poor test for detecting clinically relevant corneal contamination.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Neutropenia
Authors: Penner Justin , Chan Claire S.-Y. , Burns James E. , Ali Sakina , Lyall Hermione 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CCMV) accounts for high rates of infant morbidity and mortality. Neutropenia is a common finding in CCMV infection, of which the age of presentation overlaps with autoimmune neutropenia (AIN). AIN represents one of the most common forms of chronic neutropenia in childhood.

Methods:
A literature search exploring biologic associations between CCMV and AIN was conducted: PubMed (MEDLINE), Ovid and Web of Science. We further describe 2 cases of concurrent CCMV and AIN. Both cases were confirmed with the indirect granulocyte immunofluorescence test and alternative etiologies for neutropenia excluded.

Results:
Our 2 patients represent confirmed cases of AIN in infants with CCMV. One patient demonstrated neutropenia while undergoing treatment with Valganciclovir, while the other was never treated. With interruption of Valganciclovir in infant A, neutrophil counts (ANC) did not improve and upon resumption of treatment ANC remained static.

Conclusions:
Further studies examining a possible biologic link between CCMV and AIN are advocated for. We encourage clinicians to actively consider AIN in the differential diagnosis of all infants with CCMV presenting with neutropenia.
PD-L1 and PD-L2 Expression Levels Are Low in Primary and Secondary Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas of the Orbit: Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Wolkow Natalie , Jakobiec Frederick A. , Afrogheh Amir H. , Kidd Martin , Eagle Ralph C. , Pai Sara I. , Faquin William C. 
Published: January 2020

Purpose:
To determine if there is a biologic rationale for using checkpoint inhibitor drugs targeting programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 in the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the orbit.

Methods:
Twenty-three cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma involving the orbit (13 primary lacrimal gland, 5 secondarily extending into the orbit, and 5 unspecified) were examined histopathologically. Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1, PD-L2, and CD8 was performed. Charts were reviewed for clinical correlations.

Results:
Expression of PD-L1 and of PD-L2 was overall low in adenoid cystic carcinoma (mean expression 1.4 ± 0.9 of 5 for PD-L1, mean 0.83 ± 1.1 of 5 for PD-L2), and tumor-infiltrating CD8-positive T-lymphocytes were sparse (mean 1.1 ± 0.51 of 3). Only 13 of the 23 (57%) cases expressed PD-L1 as a combined positive score ≥1 of cells. No associations were found between expression levels of these markers and patient sex, tumor site of origin, Tumor, Node, Metastasis stage, or patient outcome. A significant association was observed between stromal PD-L1 expression and tumor histopathologic subtype (p = 0.05), and between tumor PD-L1 expression and prior exposure to radiation (p = 0.03).

Conclusions:
Checkpoint inhibitor drugs may have limited impact in the treatment and clinical course of orbital adenoid cystic carcinoma based on the low frequency of CD8 infiltrate and low expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2. Pretreatment with radiation, however, may improve tumor response to checkpoint inhibitor drugs.
Adenovirus infection and subsequent risk of Kawasaki disease: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Huang Shih-Hui , Chen Chun-Yu , Weng Ken-Pen , Chien Kuang-Jen , Hung Yao-Min , Hsieh Kai-Sheng , Lin Chu-Chuan , Cheng Ming-Fang , Lin Cheng-Li , Wei James Cheng-Chung 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The relationship between adenovirus infection and Kawasaki disease (KD) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between adenovirus infection and KD using a cohort study in Taiwan.

Methods:
We used Taiwan National Health Insurance data (from 2000 to 2008) to conduct a population-based cohort study, analyzing children that was under 18 years of age. In total, 5280 children had adenovirus infection, and 5280 children without adenovirus infection were matched and followed up. Subsequent KD was the major outcome event. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of developing KD associated with adenovirus infection.

Results:
There was a significantly higher cumulative incidence of KD in the adenovirus-infected cohort than that in the control cohort (log-rank test, p < 0.001). In the adenovirus-infected cohort, overall incidence of KD was 5.29 times higher than that of the control cohort (adjusted HR 5.29, 95% CI: 2.48–11.3). Increased KD risk was associated with previous adenovirus infection in children aged 3–5 years, in female patients, in those with a low urbanization level, and in those with allergies.

Conclusion:
An association between previous adenovirus infection and KD was identified in Taiwanese children, but other potential risk factors were not fully analyzed. The relationship between infection and KD requires further study.