bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kaitianite, Ti3+2Ti4+O5, a new titanium oxide mineral from Allende
Authors: Ma Chi , Beckett John R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractKaitianite, Ti3+2Ti4+O5, is a new titanium oxide mineral discovered in the Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. The type grain coexists with tistarite (Ti2O3) and rutile. Corundum, xifengite, mullite, osbornite, and a new Ti,Al,Zr‐oxide mineral are also present, although not in contact. The chemical composition of type kaitianite is (wt%) Ti2O3 56.55, TiO2 39.29, Al2O3 1.18, MgO 1.39, FeO 0.59, V2O3 0.08 (sum 99.07), yielding an empirical formula of (Ti3+1.75Al0.05Ti4+0.10Mg0.08Fe0.02)(Ti4+1.00)O5, with Ti3+ and Ti4+ partitioned, assuming a stoichiometry of three cations and five oxygen anions pfu. The end‐member formula is Ti3+2Ti4+O5. Kaitianite is the natural form of γ‐Ti3O5 with space group C2/c and cell parameters a = 10.115 Å, b = 5.074 Å, c = 7.182 Å, β = 112°, V = 341.77 Å3, and Z = 4. Both the type kaitianite and associated rutile likely formed as oxidation products of tistarite at temperatures below 1200 K, but this oxidation event could have been in a very reducing environment, even more reducing than a gas of solar composition. Based on experimental data on the solubility of Ti3+ in equilibrium with corundum from the literature, the absence of tistarite in or on Ti3+‐rich corundum (0.27–1.45 mol% Ti2O3) suggests that these grains formed at higher temperatures than the kaitianite (>1579–1696 K, depending on the Ti concentration). The absence of rutile or kaitianite in or on corundum suggests that any exposure to the oxidizing environment producing kaitianite in tistarite was too short to cause the precipitation of Ti‐oxides in or on associated corundum.
A scheme for moldavite fluvial abrasion based on observations from a natural river stream
Authors: Brachaniec Tomasz 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTektite resistance to fluvial abrasion has become the core issue of several recent papers. Because of contradictory results of barrel observations, the experiment at hand was conceived and implemented. Monitored fluvial abrasion of moldavites had been carried out in a natural river stream. The subsequent results differ significantly from those obtained from barrel experiments. Moldavites can successfully survive reworking over a distance of several 100 km. The slightest loss in glass mass takes place during first 30% of reworking distance and is definitively not related to the original shape and/or ornamentation.
Histone mRNA is subject to 3′ uridylation and re‐adenylation in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Mossanen‐Parsi Amir , Parisi Daniele , Browne‐Marke Natasha , Bharudin Izwan , Connell Sean R. , Mayans Olga , Fucini Paola , Morozov Igor Y. , Caddick Mark X. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe role of post‐transcriptional RNA modification is of growing interest. One example is the addition of non‐templated uridine residues to the 3′ end of transcripts. In mammalian systems, uridylation is integral to cell cycle control of histone mRNA levels. This regulatory mechanism is dependent on the nonsense‐mediated decay (NMD) component, Upf1, which promotes histone mRNA uridylation and degradation in response to the arrest of DNA synthesis. We have identified a similar system in Aspergillus nidulans, where Upf1 is required for the regulation of histone mRNA levels. However, other NMD components are also implicated, distinguishing it from the mammalian system. As in human cells, 3′ uridylation of histone mRNA is induced upon replication arrest. Disruption of this 3′ tagging has a significant but limited effect on histone transcript regulation, consistent with multiple mechanisms acting to regulate mRNA levels. Interestingly, 3′ end degraded transcripts are also subject to re‐adenylation. Both mRNA pyrimidine tagging and re‐adenylation are dependent on the same terminal‐nucleotidyltransferases, CutA, and CutB, and we show this is consistent with the in vitro activities of both enzymes. Based on these data we argue that mRNA 3′ tagging has diverse and distinct roles associated with transcript degradation, functionality and regulation.
Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analyses of environmental and clinical isolates of Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Kuo‐Hsi , Lin Yi‐Pei , Ho Mao‐Wang , Chen Yee‐Chun , Chung Wen‐Hsin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe rare occurrence of cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato (C. gattii s.l.) leads to the difficulties in studying the molecular epidemiology of this globally emerging disease.ObjectivesTo establish the molecular epidemiological profile of C. gattii s.l. in Taiwan, and understand the genetic relationship between locally endemic and global isolates.MethodsA nationwide survey on environmental C. gattii s.l. in Taiwan was conducted from 2017 to 2019. The geographic distribution and molecular epidemiology based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data of the environmental isolates were compared with 18 previously collected clinical isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to elucidate the genetic relationship between the global isolates and the isolates endemic to Taiwan.ResultsFrom a total of 622 environmental samples, 104 (16.7%) were positive for C. gattii s.l.. Seven sequence types were identified among the environmental isolates. The genetic population structure showed that the environmental and clinical isolates were closely linked by sequence types and geographical locations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the association between the C. gattii s.l. isolates in Taiwan and those from South America and South Asia. The recombination test suggested that, in Taiwan, the C. gattii sensu stricto (C. gattii s.s). isolates undergo clonal reproduction and sexual recombination, whereas C. deuterogattii isolates were clonal.ConclusionsThe molecular epidemiology of environmental C. gattii s.l. isolates is closely linked to the clinical isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the environmental isolates provides an insight into the mechanisms underlying reproduction and dispersal of C. gattii s.l. in Taiwan.
Cancer stemness of CD10‐positive cells regulated by Hedgehog pathway promotes the resistance to cisplatin in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Yifei , Li Qingxiang , Xu Le , Chen Junpeng , Pu Yinfei , Wang Lin , Sun Hongfang , Guo Yuxing , Guo Chuanbin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the role of CD10 in cisplatin resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its association with the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and cancer stem cells (CSCs).MethodsThe correlation between cell viability and CD10 expression was analyzed in different OSCC cell lines after the cisplatin treatment. Genes related to chemotherapy resistance, cancer stem cells and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition were detected by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) in CD10high and CD10low OSCC cells. Mouse xenograft model and venous metastasis model were used to explore the potential regulatory mechanism of the resistance effect of CD10 on cisplatin.ResultsThe higher expression of CD10 gene in different cell lines displayed enhanced cisplatin resistance ability. The expression of genes related to chemotherapy resistance, cell stemness, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition was significantly higher in CD10high cells compared with CD10low cells. Moreover, the combination of cisplatin and Hh pathway inhibitors significantly reduced the resistance of CD10 to cisplatin in the xenograft model and venous metastasis models.ConclusionCD10‐positive cells are implicated in developing cisplatin resistance of OSCC, which could be related to its cancer stem cell characteristics regulated by the Hedgehog pathway.
Impact of Brassica napus–Leptosphaeria maculans interaction on the emergence of virulent isolates of L. maculans, causal agent of blackleg disease in canola
Authors: Rashid M. Harunur , Liban Sakaria , Zhang Xuehua , Parks Paula , Borhan Hossein , Fernando W. G. Dilantha 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCanola (Brassica napus) is the major oilseed crop in Canada. Blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) causes yield losses annually, with a larger impact in the last two decades caused by breakdown of resistance in growers’ fields. A 4‐year small‐plot field study from 2014 to 2017 in Manitoba investigated the impact of the B. napus–L. maculans interaction on the emergence of virulent isolates towards specific R genes. Doubled haploid B. napus ‘Topas’ introgression lines carrying single R genes were used, with a 2‐year canola–wheat rotation. Blackleg incidence was reduced by 40% in 2017 compared to 2014 for all R genes tested except Rlm4. In 2017, disease severity was reduced between 21% and 52% compared to 2014 for all R genes tested except Rlm2. There was a significant shift from AvrLm2 and AvrLm4 to virulent alleles avrLm2 and avrLm4, respectively, which led to the gain of virulence toward Rlm2 and Rlm4 Topas introgression lines within a year. Sequencing of the AvrLm2 gene of isolates from 2014 and 2015 revealed a shift of AvrLm2 to avrLm2 allele due to accumulation of point mutations. Masking of AvrLm3 phenotype by the presence of the AvrLm4‐7 allele was also confirmed by analysing phenotypes and genotypes of the isolates collected from 2014 to 2017. Based on these and previous findings, we demonstrate the need for an epidemiological model that takes into account complex molecular mechanisms allowing plant breeders to select appropriate R genes, including balanced cultivar rotation strategies to maintain blackleg resistance in the Canadian Prairies.
T cell fate mapping and lineage tracing technologies probing clonal aspects underlying the generation of CD8 T cell subsets
Authors: Al Khabouri Shaima , Gerlach Carmen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractT cells responding to acute infections generally provide two key functions to protect the host: (1) active contribution to pathogen elimination and (2) providing long‐lived cells that are poised to rapidly respond to renewed infection, thus ensuring long‐lasting protection against the particular pathogen. Extensive work has established an astonishing amount of additional diversity among T cells actively contributing to pathogen elimination, as well as among resting, long‐lived antigen‐experienced T cells. This led to the description of a variety of functionally distinct T cell ‘subsets’. Understanding how this heterogeneity develops among T cells responding to the same antigen is currently an active area of research, since knowledge of such mechanisms may have implications for the development of vaccines and immunotherapy. The number of naïve T cells specific to a given antigen span a great range. Considering this, one mechanistic angle focusses on how individual naïve T cells contribute to the development of the distinct T cell subsets. In this review, we highlight the current technologies that enable one to address the contributions of individual naïve T cells to different T cell subsets, with a focus on CD8 T cell subsets generated in the context of acute infections. Moreover, we discuss the requirements of new technologies to further our understanding of the mechanisms that help generate long‐lasting immunity.
Video analysis of concussion mechanisms and immediate management in French men’s professional football (soccer) from 2015 to 2019
Authors: Cassoudesalle Hélène , Laborde Bertrand , Orhant Emmanuel , Dehail Patrick 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTIn this study, the concussion mechanisms were analyzed in male professional competition football, with the main objective to specify the frequency of head‐to‐head impact, and immediate management of the concussed players was described in order to check its compliance with the recommendations of football’s governing bodies. Based on continuously recorded data from the French Football Federation (FFF), a retrospective database of all reported concussions during matches in the 1stand 2ndFrench Male leagues was generated comprising seasons 2015/16‐2018/19. Injury mechanisms, playing action, immediate medical assessment and management of concussed players, and foul play—referee’s decision, were analyzed from video recordings. In total, 41 concussions were reported (incidence rate of 0.44/1000 hours of match exposure [95% CI: 0.40 to 0.49]) of which 36 were identified and analyzed on video sequences. The commonest playing action leading to concussion was aerial challenge (61%), and the main mechanism was head‐to‐head impact (47%). Following the head impact, 28% of concussed players were not medically assessed on pitch and 53% returned to play the same match. Head‐to‐head impact was not associated with systematic medical assessment, nor with foul play. In conclusion, the main cause of concussions involved head‐to‐head impact occurring when two players challenge for heading the ball in the air. The detection of potential concussive head impacts and the immediate management of players possibly concussed during matches remain insufficient according to the international recommendations. Some rules changes, with particular vigilance in case of head‐to‐head impact, should be discussed.
Phytochrome A inhibits shade avoidance responses under strong shade through repressing the brassinosteroid pathway in Arabidopsis
Authors: Song Bin , Zhao Hongli , Dong Kangmei , Wang Meiling , Wu Shujuan , Li Si , Wang Yuxiang , Chen Peirui , Jiang Liangrong , Tao Yi 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARYIn dense canopy, a reduction in red to far‐red (R/FR) light ratio triggers shade avoidance responses (SARs) in Arabidopsis thaliana, a shade avoiding plant. Two red/far‐red (R/FR) light photoreceptors, PHYB and PHYA, were reported to be key negative regulators of the SARs. PHYB represses the SARs under normal light conditions; however, the role of PHYA in the SARs remains elusive. We set up two shade conditions: Shade and strong Shade (s‐Shade) with different R/FR ratios (0.7 and 0.1), which allowed us to observe phenotypes dominated by PHYB‐ and PHYA‐mediated pathway, respectively. By comparing the hypocotyl growth under these two conditions with time, we found PHYA was predominantly activated in the s‐Shade after prolonged shade treatment. We further showed that under s‐Shade, PHYA inhibits hypocotyl elongation partially through repressing the brassinosteroid (BR) pathway. COP1 and PIF4,5 act downstream of PHYA. After prolonged shade treatment, the nuclear localization of COP1 was reduced, while the PIF4 protein level was much lower in the s‐Shade than that in Shade. Both changes occurred in a PHYA‐dependent manner. We propose that under deep canopy, the R/FR ratio is extremely low, which promotes the nuclear accumulation of PHYA. Activated PHYA reduces COP1 nuclear speckle, which may lead to changes of downstream targets, such as PIF4,5 and HY5. Together, these proteins regulate the BR pathway through modulating BES1/BZR1 and the expression of BR biosynthesis and BR target genes.
Risk analysis of transfusion of cryoprecipitate without consideration of ABO group
Authors: Hadjesfandiari Narges , Levin Elena , Serrano Katherine , Yi Qi‐Long , Devine Dana V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundTransfusion medicine standards in Canada state that adult recipients can be transfused with cryoprecipitate of any ABO group, however, not all hospitals follow this guideline. There is a paucity of data on cryoprecipitate anti‐A/B levels to reinforce standards.Study Design and MethodsManual tube antibody titration was performed on 7 units of group O plasma and the corresponding cryosupernatant plasma and cryoprecipitate. IgG/IgM levels were determined by nephelometry. Additionally, 10 cryoprecipitate each from groups A, B, and O were similarly assessed. From the antibody titer distribution among these samples, the probability of making a pool of cryoprecipitate with a titer ≥1:100 was calculated using bootstrap analysis.ResultsAnti‐A/B titers in cryoprecipitate were equivalent to those in corresponding plasma; partitioning of anti‐A/B activity into cryoprecipitate was not observed. Average IgM concentration was higher in cryoprecipitate than in plasma (P < .01). However, no correlation between IgM levels and anti‐A/B titers was established. Among 30 cryoprecipitates from routine blood bank inventory, the median antibody titer and mode were 1:32 and 1:16, respectively. Of the samples tested, 4 of 30 and 9 of 30 had titers above 1:100 and 1:50, respectively. The probability of transfusing an adult dose of cryoprecipitate (pool of 10 cryoprecipitate) with a titer higher than 1:100 was calculated to be less than 1 in 3 million.ConclusionsThis study provides strong evidence to support current Canadian transfusion medicine standards on the safety of transfusion of cryoprecipitate without the need for blood group matching in adult recipients.
Canine calvarial subperiosteal hematomas are fluid to soft tissue attenuating mass‐like lesions with smoothly marginated peripheral mineralization on CT
Authors: Nowak Ava , King Ryan , Anson Agustina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSubperiosteal hematomas are accumulations of blood between a bone and the periosteum leading to elevation of the periosteum. When ossified they have a mineralized outer rim. For this retrospective, multi‐institutional case series, medical records were searched to identify dogs that underwent CT for focal calvarial swellings noted acutely after trauma. A total of four dogs were included. Computed tomography images were reviewed for each case. The focal swellings had progressed in size during the weeks after the head trauma until the time of imaging. Findings in all cases included a fluid to soft tissue attenuating mass‐like lesion with smoothly marginated peripheral mineralization. Diagnosis was confirmed in two cases by cytology and/or histopathology. Therefore, authors recommend that subperiosteal hematoma be included in the differential diagnosis list for dogs with these clinical and CT characteristics. Based on our review of the literature, this is the first report to describe the CT features of calvarial subperiosteal hematomas in dogs.
Exertional heat stroke leads to concurrent long‐term epigenetic memory, immunosuppression and altered heat shock response in female mice
Authors: Murray Kevin O. , Brant Jason O. , Iwaniec John D. , Sheikh Laila H. , de Carvalho Lucas , Garcia Christian K. , Robinson Gerard P. , Alzahrani Jamal M. , Riva Alberto , Laitano Orlando , Kladde Michael P. , Clanton Thomas L. 
Published: October 2020

Key points
Exposure to exertional heat stroke (EHS) has been linked to increased long‐term decrements of health. Epigenetic reprogramming is involved in the response to heat acclimation; however, whether the long‐term effects of EHS are mediated by epigenetic reprogramming is unknown.
In female mice, we observed DNA methylation reprogramming in bone marrow‐derived (BMD) monocytes as early as 4 days of recovery from EHS and as late as 30 days compared with sham exercise controls.
Whole blood, collected after 30 days of recovery from EHS, exhibited an immunosuppressive phenotype when challenged in vitro by lipopolysaccharide.
After 30 days of recovery from EHS, BMD monocytes exhibited an altered in vitro heat shock response.
The location of differentially methylated CpGs are predictive of both the immunosuppressive phenotype and altered heat shock responses.
AbstractExposure to exertional heat stroke (EHS) has been linked to increased susceptibility to a second heat stroke, infection and cardiovascular disease. Whether these clinical outcomes are mediated by an epigenetic memory is unknown. Using a preclinical mouse model of EHS, we investigated whether EHS exposure produces a lasting epigenetic memory in monocytes and whether there are phenotypic alterations that may be consistent with these epigenetic changes. Female mice underwent forced wheel running at 37.5°C/40% relative humidity until symptom limitation, characterized by CNS dysfunction. Results were compared with matched exercise controls at 22.5°C. Monocytes were isolated from bone marrow after 4 or 30 days of recovery to extract DNA and analyse methylation. Broad‐ranging alterations to the DNA methylome were observed at both time points. At 30 days, very specific alterations were observed to the promoter regions of genes involved with immune responsiveness. To test whether these changes might be related to phenotype, whole blood at 30 days was challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to measure cytokine secretion; monocytes were also challenged with heat shock to quantify mRNA expression. Whole blood collected from EHS mice showed markedly attenuated inflammatory responses to LPS challenge. Furthermore, monocyte mRNA from EHS mice showed significantly altered responses to heat shock challenge. These results demonstrate that EHS leads to a unique DNA methylation pattern in monocytes and altered immune and heat shock responsiveness after 30 days. These data support the hypothesis that EHS exposure can induce long‐term physiological changes that may be linked to altered epigenetic profiles.
Experimental Demonstration of the Lower Leg Trajectory Error Framework Using Physiological Data as Inputs
Authors: Olesnavage Kathryn M. , Prost Victor , Johnson William Brett , Major Matthew J. , Winter Amos G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile many studies have attempted to characterize the mechanical behavior of passive prosthetic feet to understand their influence on amputee gait, the relationship between mechanical design and biomechanical performance has not yet been fully articulated from a fundamental physics perspective. A novel framework, called lower leg trajectory error (LLTE) framework, presents a means of quantitatively optimizing the constitutive model of prosthetic feet to match a reference kinematic and kinetic dataset. This framework can be used to predict the required stiffness and geometry of a prosthesis to yield a desired biomechanical response. A passive prototype foot with adjustable ankle stiffness was tested by a unilateral transtibial amputee to evaluate this framework. The foot condition with LLTE-optimal ankle stiffness enabled the user to replicate the physiological target dataset within 16% root-mean-square (RMS) error. Specifically, the measured kinematic variables matched the target kinematics within 4% RMS error. Testing a range of ankle stiffness conditions from 1.5 to 24.4 N·m/deg with the same user indicated that conditions with lower LLTE values deviated the least from the target kinematic data. Across all conditions, the framework predicted the horizontal/vertical position, and angular orientation of the lower leg during midstance within 1.0 cm, 0.3 cm, and 1.5 deg, respectively. This initial testing suggests that prosthetic feet designed with low LLTE values could offer benefits to users. The LLTE framework is agnostic to specific foot designs and kinematic/kinetic user targets, and could be used to design and customize prosthetic feet.