bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical insights into the reaction of fluorine atoms with silicon
Authors: Knizikevičius Rimantas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe dependences of silicon etching rate on the concentration of F atoms are investigated theoretically. The nonlinear regression analysis of the experimental data indicates that the reaction of F atoms with silicon is 2nd overall order reaction. The relationship between overall reaction order and kinetic reaction order is established using the etching rate equation. It is found that kinetic reaction order monotonically decreases with the increase in concentration of F atoms due to the increased surface coverage. Surface passivation by the reaction products is not observed under the investigated experimental conditions.
Comparing different deep learning architectures for classification of chest radiographs
Authors: Bressem Keno K. , Adams Lisa C. , Erxleben Christoph , Hamm Bernd , Niehues Stefan M. , Vahldiek Janis L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChest radiographs are among the most frequently acquired images in radiology and are often the subject of computer vision research. However, most of the models used to classify chest radiographs are derived from openly available deep neural networks, trained on large image datasets. These datasets differ from chest radiographs in that they are mostly color images and have substantially more labels. Therefore, very deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) designed for ImageNet and often representing more complex relationships, might not be required for the comparably simpler task of classifying medical image data. Sixteen different architectures of CNN were compared regarding the classification performance on two openly available datasets, the CheXpert and COVID-19 Image Data Collection. Areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUROC) between 0.83 and 0.89 could be achieved on the CheXpert dataset. On the COVID-19 Image Data Collection, all models showed an excellent ability to detect COVID-19 and non-COVID pneumonia with AUROC values between 0.983 and 0.998. It could be observed, that more shallow networks may achieve results comparable to their deeper and more complex counterparts with shorter training times, enabling classification performances on medical image data close to the state-of-the-art methods even when using limited hardware.
Tubulin islands containing slowly hydrolyzable GTP analogs regulate the mechanism and kinetics of microtubule depolymerization
Authors: Bollinger Jonathan A. , Imam Zachary I. , Stevens Mark J. , Bachand George D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDynamic instability of microtubules is characterized by stochastically alternating phases of growth and shrinkage and is hypothesized to be controlled by the conformation and nucleotide state of tubulin dimers within the microtubule lattice. Specifically, conformation changes (compression) in the tubulin dimer following the hydrolysis of GTP have been suggested to generate stress and drive depolymerization. In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations were used in tandem with in vitro experiments to investigate changes in depolymerization based on the presence of islands of uncompressed (GMPCPP) dimers in the microtubule lattice. Both methods revealed an exponential decay in the kinetic rate of depolymerization corresponding to the relative level of uncompressed (GMPCPP) dimers, beginning at approximately 20% incorporation. This slowdown was accompanied by a distinct morphological change from unpeeling “ram’s horns” to blunt-ended dissociation at the microtubule end. Collectively these data demonstrated that islands of uncompressed dimers can alter the mechanism and kinetics of depolymerization in a manner consistent with promoting rescue events.
Evaluation of the safety profile of rotavirus vaccines: a pharmacovigilance analysis on American and European data
Authors: Bonaldo Giulia , Noseda Roberta , Ceschi Alessandro , Vaccheri Alberto , Motola Domenico 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRotaviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of severe diarrheal disease. To date two rotavirus oral vaccines are licensed: Rotarix and Rotateq. Our aim was to contribute to the post-marketing evaluation of these vaccines safety profile. We collected all RV vaccines-related reports of Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) in US Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) and VigiBase between January 2007 and December 2017. A disproportionality analysis using Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) was performed. A total of 17,750 reports in VAERS and 6,358 in VigiBase were retrieved. In VAERS, 86.2% of the reports concerned RotaTeq, whereas in VigiBase 67.7% of them involved Rotarix. Across the databases, diarrhea (1,672 events in VAERS, 1,961 in VigiBase) and vomiting (1,746 in VAERS, 1,508 in VigiBase) were the most reported AEFIs. Noteworthy, the RV vaccines-intussusception pair showed a ROR greater than 20 in both databases. Some new potential safety signals emerged such as fontanelle bulging, hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode, livedo reticularis, and opisthotonus. Overall, our data show that most of the reported AEFIs are listed in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPCs). However, there remains the need to investigate the potential safety signals arose from this analysis, in order to complete the description of the AEFIs.
Altered levels of BMD, PRL, BAP and TRACP-5b in male chronic patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Du Xiangdong , Ye Fei , Li Jin , Zhao Yaqin , Xiao Wenhuan , Tang Xiaowei , Zhang Xiaobin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBone mineral density (BMD) has been found to decrease in schizophrenia patients. We examined BMD and the levels of prolactin (PRL), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRACP-5b) in male chronic schizophrenia patients and compared them with healthy controls in a Chinese Han population, which has not been reported before. Male patients with chronic schizophrenia (SPs; n = 79) and healthy controls (HCs; n  = 56) were recruited. BMD and plasma PRL, BAP and TRACP-5b levels were measured and compared between the two groups. The SPs group was further divided into two subgroups: the elevated PRL group (PRL ≥ 25 ng/ml, EPRL; n  = 38) and the normal PRL group (PRL < 25 ng/ml, NPRL; n = 41) in accordance with PRL levels. The levels of BAP and TRACP-5b were measured using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while serum PRL was measured with an Access Immunoassay Analyzer. BMD was determined by quantitative computed tomography. BMD levels significantly decreased and serum PRL and TRACP-5b levels were significantly higher in male chronic schizophrenia patients. The EPRL group had remarkably lower BMD and BAP level and higher TRACP-5b levels compared with the NPRL group and HCs. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between BMD and TRACP-5b in the EPRL group. We found that BMD, BAP and TRACP-5b levels in the EPRL group were significantly different than HCs and the NPRL group. PRL levels in schizophrenia patients may be related to BMD and bone metabolism. Monitoring BMD and markers of bone metabolism in clinical practice may therefore be helpful to understand the bone health status of schizophrenia patients.
Differential Diagnosis of Apraxia of Speech in Children and Adults: A Scoping Review
Authors: Allison Kristen M. , Cordella Claire , Iuzzini-Seigel Jenya , Green Jordan R. 
Published: August 2020

PurposeDespite having distinct etiologies, acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) share the same central diagnostic challenge (i.e., isolating markers specific to an impairment in speech motor planning/programming). The purpose of this review was to evaluate and compare the state of the evidence on approaches to differential diagnosis for AOS and CAS and to identify gaps in each literature that could provide directions for future research aimed to improve clinical diagnosis of these disorders.MethodWe conducted a scoping review of literature published between 1997 and 2019, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. For both AOS and CAS, literature was charted and summarized around four main methodological approaches to diagnosis: speech symptoms, quantitative speech measures, impaired linguistic–motor processes, and neuroimaging.ResultsResults showed that similar methodological approaches have been used to study differential diagnosis of apraxia of speech in adults and children; however, the specific measures that have received the most research attention differ between AOS and CAS. Several promising candidate markers for AOS and CAS have been identified; however, few studies report metrics that can be used to assess their diagnostic accuracy.ConclusionsOver the past two decades, there has been a proliferation of research identifying potential diagnostic markers of AOS and CAS. In order to improve clinical diagnosis of AOS and CAS, there is a need for studies testing the diagnostic accuracy of multiple candidate markers, better control over language impairment comorbidity, more inclusion of speech-disordered control groups, and an increased focus on translational work moving toward clinical implementation of promising measures.
A Clinically Valuable Interaction in the Midst of COVID-19 and Beyond: A Viewpoint on the Importance of Patient-Centered Outcomes in Rehabilitative Audiology
Authors: Davidson Alyssa , Marrone Nicole 
Published: August 2020

PurposeIn this article, we describe the problems that patients and audiologists face today during the COVID-19 pandemic when accessing and delivering hearing health care. Additionally, we introduce a proactive rehabilitative counseling approach to hearing aid follow-up care now and how it may continue in future practice.MethodCombining current literature, clinical practice, and results from a recent dissertation study, decision trees were created to guide patient engagement and prioritize follow-up care.ResultsThe central focus is on patient-centered communication needs and self-efficacy. The benchmark for the Measure of Audiologic Rehabilitation Self-Efficacy for Hearing Aids questionnaire is set at an 80% composite score, with further interpretation of subscales to identify the format and focus of subsequent clinical interactions. Follow-up care can be delivered remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic and in hybrid formats combining remote and in-person services in the future.ConclusionsAudiology follow-up appointments may be elective, but patients are still in need of clinician interaction to help mitigate social isolation. We suggest that audiologists reach out to proactively manage communication needs of patients through increased access to rehabilitative audiology.
Reaching thermal noise at ultra-low radio frequencies
Authors: de Gasperin F. , Brunetti G. , Brüggen M. , van Weeren R. , Williams W. L. , Botteon A. , Cuciti V. , Dijkema T. J. , Edler H. , Iacobelli M. , Kang H. , Offringa A. , Orrú E. , Pizzo R. , Rafferty D. , Röttgering H. , Shimwell T. 
Published: August 2020

Context. Ultra-low frequency observations (< 100 MHz) are particularly challenging because they are usually performed in a low signal-to-noise ratio regime due to the high sky temperature and because of ionospheric disturbances whose effects are inversely proportional to the observing frequency. Nonetheless, these observations are crucial for studying the emission from low-energy populations of cosmic rays.
Aims. We aim to obtain the first thermal-noise limited (∼1.5 mJy beam−1) deep continuum radio map using the Low Frequency Array’s Low Band Antenna (LOFAR LBA) system. Our demonstration observation targeted the galaxy cluster RX J0603.3+4214 (known as the Toothbrush cluster). We used the resulting ultra-low frequency (39–78 MHz) image to study cosmic-ray acceleration and evolution in the post shock region considering the presence of a radio halo.
Methods. We describe the data reduction we used to calibrate LOFAR LBA observations. The resulting image was combined with observations at higher frequencies (LOFAR 150 MHz and VLA 1500 MHz) to extract spectral information.
Results. We obtained the first thermal-noise limited image from an observation carried out with the LOFAR LBA system using all Dutch stations at a central frequency of 58 MHz. With eight hours of data, we reached an rms noise of 1.3 mJy beam−1 at a resolution of 18″ × 11″.
Conclusions. The procedure we developed is an important step towards routine high-fidelity imaging with the LOFAR LBA. The analysis of the radio spectra shows that the radio relic extends to distances of 800 kpc downstream from the shock front, larger than what is allowed by electron cooling time. Furthermore, the shock wave started accelerating electrons already at a projected distance of < 300 kpc from the crossing point of the two clusters. These results may be explained by electrons being re-accelerated downstream by background turbulence, possibly combined with projection effects with respect to the radio halo.
Komplexe mikrochirurgische Rekonstruktionen und ihre gebührenrechtliche Abbildung im antiquierten Vergütungssystem der GOÄ
Authors: Germann Günter , Allert Sixtus 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Gebührenordnung für Ärzte (GOÄ) ist die Grundlage für die Abrechnung privatärztlicher Leistungen. Die letzte Teilnovellierung für Leistungen im operativen Bereich erfolgte 1996. Dies führt dazu, dass die Fortschritte in den operativen Fächern völlig unzureichend abgebildet sind, neue Operationen überhaupt nicht vorkommen und viele der aufgeführten Verfahren heute gar nicht mehr durchgeführt werden.Auch mikrochirurgische Operationsverfahren finden sich nicht in der GOÄ. Daraus resultieren bei der privatärztlichen Abrechnung permanente Konflikte mit den privaten Krankenversicherern, die eine adäquate Abrechnung dieser komplexen Operationsverfahren mit Hinweisen auf bestehende Leistungsziffern teilweise veralteter Verfahren und einer selbst zuerkannten Interpretationshoheit der GOÄ zu verhindern suchen.Zu dieser Problematik hat der BGH 2007 eine Entscheidung gefällt, in der ausgeführt wird, dass Verfahren, die nicht in der GOÄ abgebildet sind, durch Ziffern vergleichbaren Schwierigkeitsgrades und Zeitaufwands abgerechnet werden können. Aber auch dieses Urteil hat nicht zu einer Klärung bei der Abrechnung beigetragen, sondern wird von den PKVen regelmäßig negiert.Der folgende Artikel soll einen Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Dilemmas leisten, indem er die immer wieder strittigen Leistungsziffern diskutiert und ihre Anwendungen mit rechtskräftigen Urteilen unterlegt.
Zur Therapie von Phylloides-Tumoren der Brust – eine Aufarbeitung von 66 Fällen mit Literaturübersicht
Authors: Lohmeyer Jörn Andreas , Huster Nora , Lühr Clara , Lindner Christoph , Wittig Klaus Stephan , Keck Maike Katharina 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungPhylloides-Tumore (PT) der Brust werden anhand der Konstellation definierter histologischer Parameter als benigne, borderline und maligne klassifiziert. Die chirurgische Exzision ist die primäre Therapie, aber die Notwendigkeit zur Einhaltung bestimmter Sicherheitsabstände wird für alle drei Kategorien kontrovers diskutiert. Ziel der Arbeit ist eine kritische Stellungnahme zur bestehenden Empfehlung zu Sicherheitsabständen der Resektion.In unserem Brustzentrum wurden retrospektiv anhand der histopathologischen Dokumentationen von 1999 bis 2018 alle Patientinnen mit Phylloides-Tumoren identifiziert und die Fälle insbesondere hinsichtlich des Auftretens von Rezidiven und Multizentrizität ausgewertet.Insgesamt wurde bei 66 Patientinnen die Diagnose eines PT gestellt. Dabei handelte es sich in 38 Fällen um benigne, in 15 um borderline und in 13 um maligne Tumore. Lokalrezidive traten bei einem benignen PT, 7 borderline und 5 malignen PT auf. Zwei initiale borderline PT zeigten dabei eine Progression zu malignen PT. Multizentrizität trat in etwa 20 % der borderline und malignen PT aber nur bei 5 % der benignen PT auf.Die Resektionsgrenzen bei Phylloides-Tumoren sollten abhängig von Dignität und Rezidivierung gewählt werden. In Frage zu stellen ist vor allem, ob ein Sicherheitsabstand bei benignen PT einzuhalten ist. Bei einem Auftreten von Rezidiven von borderline oder malignen PT sollte die Indikation zur Mastektomie eher großzügig gestellt werden.
Behandlung der leichten Clostridioides-difficile-Infektion – hat Metronidazol noch einen Stellenwert?
Authors: Stallmach Andreas , Katzer Katrin , Reuken Philipp 
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung
Clostridioides-difficile-Infektionen (CDI) sind typische Komplikationen einer Antibiotikatherapie. Wenn auch die durch C. diff. verursachten Krankheitsbilder bis zum toxischen Megakolon mit letalen Verläufen reichen können, sind leichte Verlaufsformen mit unkomplizierter Diarrhoe bei Weitem am häufigsten. Auch die Behandlung dieser Krankheitsbilder sollte leitliniengerecht erfolgen. Die zurzeit gültigen internationalen Leitlinien sind bezüglich der Therapie der leichten Infektion mit Metronidazol aber widersprüchlich. Vor diesem Hintergrund erfolgte eine selektive Literaturrecherche zu Leitlinien und Behandlungsstudien zum Einsatz von Metronidazol bei leichter CDI. Die Auswertung randomisierter kontrollierter Studien zeigt eine statistische Überlegenheit von Vancomycin gegenüber Metronidazol (NNT 16). Unter Einbeziehung großer Kohortenstudien reduziert sich dieser Unterschied in der Effektivität auf 2,5 % (NNT 40). Inkonsistente Kriterien zur Definition einer leichten CDI, unterschiedliche Dosierungen, Applikationen und Zeitintervalle (z. B. zusätzliche Gabe von Metronidazol i. v.) sowie der retrospektive Charakter mancher Studien verhindern das Erkennen möglicher Einflüsse von Störgrößen bei dieser Bewertung. Dennoch kann eine leichte CDI erfolgreich mit Metronidazol behandelt werden; andere Empfehlungen insbesondere amerikanischer Gesellschaften sollten deshalb kritisch bewertet werden. Wichtig ist, dass diese Therapieempfehlung nicht für Patienten mit chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen oder andere Patienten mit relevanten Komorbiditäten gilt.
Technical Feasibility of Electromagnetic US/CT Fusion Imaging and Virtual Navigation in the Guidance of Spine Biopsies
Authors: Mauri Giovanni , Gitto Salvatore , Pescatori Lorenzo Carlo , Albano Domenico , Messina Carmelo , Sconfienza Luca Maria 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose To test the technical feasibility of electromagnetic computed tomography (CT) + ultrasound fusion (US)-guided bone biopsy of spinal lesions.
Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 14 patients referred for biopsy of spinal bone lesions without cortical disruption or intervertebral disc infection. Lesions were located in the sacrum (n = 4), lumbar vertebral body (n = 7) or intervertebral disc (n = 3). Fusion technology matched a pre-procedure CT scan with real-time ultrasound. The first six procedures were performed under both standard CT and CT + US fusion guidance (group 1). In the last eight procedures, the needle was positioned under fusion imaging guidance alone, and CT was only used at the end of needle placement to confirm correct positioning (group 2). Additionally, we retrieved 8 patients (controls) with location-matched lesions as group 2, which were biopsied in the past with the standard CT-guided technique. The procedure duration and number of CT passes were recorded.
Results Mean procedure duration and median CT pass number were significantly higher in group 1 vs. group 2 (45 ± 5 vs. 26 ± 3 minutes, p = 0.002 and 7; 5.25–8.75 vs. 3; 3–3.25, p = 0.001). In controls, the mean procedure duration was 47 ± 4 minutes (p = 0.001 vs. group 2; p = 0.696 vs. group 1) and the number of CT passes was 6.5 (5–8) (p = 0.001 vs. group 2; p = 0.427 vs. group 1). No complications occurred and all specimens were adequate overall. In one case in group 2, the needle position was modified according to CT assessment before specimen withdrawal.
Conclusion Electromagnetic CT+US fusion-guided bone biopsy of spinal lesions is feasible and safe. Compared to conventional CT guidance, it may reduce procedural time and the number of CT passes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Diverticular Disease and its Association with Adipose Tissue Compartments and Constitutional Risk Factors in Subjects from a Western General Population
Authors: Storz Corinna , Rospleszcz Susanne , Askani Esther , Rothenbacher Theresa , Linseisen Jakob , Messmann Helmut , De Cecco Carlo N. , Machann Jürgen , Kiefer Lena Sophie , Elser Stefanie , Rathmann Wolfgang , Peters Annette , Schlett Christopher L. , Bamberg Fabian 
Published: August 2020

Purpose To determine the association of asymptomatic diverticular disease as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with adipose tissue compartments, hepatic steatosis and constitutional risk factors within a cohort drawn from a Western general population.
Materials and Methods Asymptomatic subjects enrolled in a prospective case-control study underwent a 3 Tesla MRI scan, including an isotropic VIBE-Dixon sequence of the entire trunk. The presence and extent of diverticular disease were categorized according to the number of diverticula in each colonic segment in a blinded fashion. The amount of visceral, subcutaneous, and total adipose tissue (VAT, SAT, and TAT) was quantified by MRI. Additionally, the degree of hepatic steatosis, indicated as hepatic proton density fat fraction (hepatic PDFF) was determined using a multi-echo T1w sequence. Constitutional cardiometabolic risk factors were obtained and univariate and multivariate associations were calculated.
Results A total of 371 subjects were included in the analysis (58.2 % male, 56.2 ± 9.2 years). Based on MRI, 154 participants (41.5 %) had diverticular disease with 62 cases (17 %) being advanced diverticular disease. Subjects with advanced diverticular disease had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (BMI: 29.9 ± 5.1 vs. 27.5 ± 4.6, p < 0.001; respectively). Furthermore, all adipose tissue compartments were increased in subjects with advanced diverticular disease (e. g. VAT: 6.0 ± 2.8 vs. 4.2 ± 2.6 and SAT: 9.2 ± 3.6 vs. 7.8 ± 3.6, all p < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, subjects with advanced diverticular disease had significantly higher hepatic PDFF (4.9 [2.7, 11.4] vs. 6.1 [5.5, 14.6], p = 0.002).
Conclusion Advanced diverticular disease is associated with an increased volume of adipose tissue compartments and BMI, which may suggest a metabolic role in disease development.
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