bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salt Stress in Plants and Amelioration Strategies: A Critical Review
Authors: Roy Sajal , Chowdhury Nasrin 
Published: September 2020

High salt concentration in soil is a major abiotic stress, which adversely influences the growth, overall development, and productivity of crops. More than 20% of the land of the world used for crop production is adversely affected by high salt concentration. The problem of salt stress becomes a major concern when previously fertile, productive agricultural lands are salinized more profoundly as a result of anthropogenic activities along with natural causes. Therefore, this review is focused on various aspects of salt-affected soils (SAS), their effects on plants, and different approaches for reclamation of SAS to enhance the potentiality for crop production. Salt-affected soils are categorized into saline, saline-sodic, and sodic soils based on the amount of total soluble salts as expressed by electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and soil pH. The inhibition of plant growth in saline soils is mainly induced by osmotic stress; reduced uptake of essential macro- and micronutrients, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu); and specific toxicities of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). Sodic soils adversely affect the plant through high soil pH and poor physical condition resulting from an excessive amount of exchangeable Na. Different plants respond to salt stress in different extents. Salt-affected soils must be reclaimed to restore their productivity for increasing food production. The approaches for the management of SAS include leaching, incorporation of different organic and inorganic amendments, mulching, and development of salt-tolerant crops. The suitability of approaches depends on several considerations such as cost of reclamation, the time required, the extent of the salt stress, soil properties, availability of technology, and other environmental factors. Among different strategies, the incorporation of organic amendments is beneficial, cost-effective, environment friendly, and sustainable for amelioration of salt stress and enhancement of crop production due to the extensive roles of organic amendments in improving the soil’s physical (structural stability, porosity, and permeability), chemical [pH, EC, ESP, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and Na leaching], and biological and/or biochemical (microbial abundance, microbial activity, biomass carbon, and enzymatic activities) properties.
Bonylip Barb Fish Fingerlings Cultivation (Osteochilus hasselti C.V.) in a Growing Round Container
Authors: Ahmad Santika , Bangkit Ibnu , Iskandara . , Apriliani Izza Mahdiana 
Published: September 2020

This research was purposed is to find the optimum current for growth and growth of Bonylip Barb fingerlings (Osteochilus hasselti C.V). Method used in this research is compelitely Randomized Design (CRD), consists of three treatments and four replications. The treatments are : A (without current or (control), B (with 0.1 ms-1 water current) and C. (0.1 ms-1 water current cabined with venture aeration). Bonylip Barb of 4 – 6 cm size are kept as many as 15 fish / x Liters and the amount of feed given is adjusted to the feeding rate (FR) of 10 % of Bonylip Barb biomass carried out every three times a day and adjusted for growth every ten days. Water quality during maintenance (40 days) was observed once every 10 days while survival, absolute weight growth, daily growth rate, feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency were observed every ten days. After 40 days of maintenance, the best result showed 0.1 ms-1, with 100% survival rate , 6.09 g absolute growth, 3.13% specific growth rate , 3.48% feed conversion ratio was , and 30.04%. feed efficiency.
Assessment of Toxic and Essential Trace Metals in Unwana Borehole Water in Afikpo North, Ebonyi State
Authors: Ndukwe M. K. , Igara C. E. , Idara A. E. 
Published: September 2020

Water samples labeled A, B, C, D and E from five different boreholes in Unwana were analyzed to assess the level of toxicity and essential trace elements present. The results obtained showed slight variation in temperature for all the samples, having sample B, recording the highest values of 28oC. As for pH, sample B recorded a pH of 6.58 which lies within the limits recommended by WHO. For the trace metals, Cd(II), Pb(II), Ni(II), Cr(III) and Zn(II) were present in all the five samples. Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) concentrations in mg.L-1 exceeded the WHO maximum allowed contaminant limit in all the five samples except for Zn (II) that recorded values in all the five samples that were within the maximum allowed contaminant limit proposed by WHO. From the results obtained therefore, it is evident that some toxic trace elements were present beyond acceptable limits making the borehole water unfit for human consumption and hence will require treatments.
Impact of Drifts Resulting from Pesticide Application on Soil Microorganisms around Waste Receptacles in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria
Authors: Momoh D. , Eze C. L. , Ogbonna D. N. 
Published: September 2020

Pesticides are toxic substance used to reduce or kill pests but the deposits on soil environment can remain there for long period of time causing adverse effects on soil microorganisms which are responsible for soil health conditions. This study was carried out to determine the impact of pesticide drifts on soil microorganisms in a waste receptacle around Port Harcourt city. Soil samples were obtained from various depths around waste receptacles with hand auger using standard analytical procedures. Microbial analysis was done according to prescribed standard methods. Characterization and identification of the isolates were based on their cultural, morphological, and cellular characteristics. Results obtained showed that the bacterial isolates were identified as Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas sp and Micrococcus sp while fungal isolates include Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Fusarium siculi, and Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulas, Microsporium canis and Yeast. The results of the microbial counts revealed that Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) had 2.08 ×109 cfu/g at a depth of 30-45 cm while Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF) had 6.0×106 cfu/g before application with a mean value of 1.02×109 and 2.8 × 106 cfu/g respectively while after application THB had 4.1 × 108 and 4.6 × 108 cfu/g for 0-15 and 30-45 cm respectively while the THF recorded 1.0 × 106 and 0.6 × 106 cfu/g for 0-15 cm and 30-45 cm respectively. However there was a drastic decrease in the number of microbes in the soils after pesticide application especially at the surface soil depth of 0-15 cm. This shows that the pesticides application affected microbial population by reducing their numbers in the soil and this may in turn affect soil health and physiological status of their habitat. It is therefore recommended that proper surveillance during pesticide application should be considered to avoid drift to non-target organisms and that concentrations of pesticides to be used should be taken into account to avoid reduction in the number of microorganisms in soils because of the vital roles they play in maintaining soil health.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases risk associated with the incidence of presenteeism and the costs of presenteeism
Authors: Kimura Koki , Nagata Tomohisa , Ohtani Makoto , Nagata Masako , Kajiki Shigeyuki , Fujino Yoshihisa , Mori Koji 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this study was to estimate a risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for each worker and to determine whether this risk is associated with the incidence and costs of presenteeism, absenteeism, and medical/drug treatments.

Methods
Established risk equations were used to estimate the 10-year probability of developing coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke in male workers aged 40-65 years who were recruited from four pharmaceutical companies in Japan. The incidence of presenteeism was defined as existence of presenteeism for the past a month, and the incidence of absenteeism was defined as existence of sick-leave for the past three months by a self-administered questionnaire. Each cost was calculated based on the human capital method. Data on medical/drug treatments were collected from health insurance claims.

Results
The risks were calculated for 6047 workers. Individuals at moderate and high risk of coronary artery disease had a significantly higher rate of presenteeism and absenteeism than workers at low risk. Workers at moderate and high risk of ischemic stroke also had a significantly higher rate of presenteeism and absenteeism than workers at low risk. Mean costs for absenteeism and medical/drug treatments increased with the risk of developing coronary artery disease or ischemic stroke, while costs for presenteeism did not.

Conclusions
To prevent the costs of presenteeism, workers not only at high risk but also at low and moderate risk of developing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases should receive health care services.
Conservatism positively predicted fading affect bias in the 2016USpresidential election at low, but not high, levels of negative affect
Authors: Gibbons Jeffrey A. , Dunlap Spencer M. , LeRoy Stephanie , Thomas Taylor 
Published: September 2020

SummaryUnpleasant affect fades faster than pleasant affect and this Fading Affect Bias (FAB) phenomenon is positively related to healthy outcomes and negatively related to unhealthy outcomes, which makes the FAB a healthy coping process/reaction. Rehearsal seems to be the cognitive mechanism responsible for the FAB. Although the FAB and its relation to healthy outcomes and rehearsal have been examined in many contexts, they have not been evaluated in the realm of politics. Therefore, we evaluated the FAB across event type and we examined the relation of FAB to political leaning (conservatism), unhealthy variables, healthy variables, and rehearsal for the 2016 US Presidential Election. We expected and found that FAB was larger for non‐political events than for election/political events, and conservatism positively predicted FAB. We also expected and found that unhealthy/healthy outcome variables related to FAB in predictable ways. Importantly, we found that negative affect moderated the relation of FAB and conservatism, and rehearsal ratings mediated this 3‐way interaction. The results supported emotion regulation models, such as the mobilization‐minimization hypothesis and self‐enhancement theory.
Keyboard dynamics discrepancies between baseline and deceptive eyewitness narratives
Authors: Tomas Frédéric , Tsimperidis Ioannis , Demarchi Samuel , El Massioui Farid 
Published: September 2020

SummaryInformation manipulation and cognitive load imposition make the production of deceptive narratives difficult. But little is known about the production of deception, and how its mechanisms may help distinguish truthful from deceitful narratives. This study focuses on the measurement of keystroke dynamics while typing truthful and deceptive eyewitness testimonies after a baseline assessment. While typing their narrative, some participants would undergo an auditory cognitive load. Results show that liars typed their story slower, and in less time than the truthful participants when compared to their respective baselines. The imposition of the auditory cognitive load showed adverse results, enhancing the amount of keystrokes and the time necessary to type the narrative. Classification shows better results for deceptive narrative when no auditory cognitive load is imposed. These results are discussed in terms of expanding current models to include the cognition of linguistic production and writing strategies.
How old was he? Disguises, age, and race impact upon age estimation accuracy
Authors: Thorley Craig 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThere are many situations in which a person must accurately estimate a stranger's age. For example, a salesperson must accurately estimate the age of a stranger who wishes to purchase age‐restricted goods. Information from a stranger's eyes and hair can indicate their likely age. Here, two experiments examined whether adult participants' accuracy when estimating strangers' ages is reduced when the strangers' eyes are disguised by sunglasses and/or hair is disguised by a hat. The strangers' age and race also varied, and participants' social contact with the other age/race groups measured. At best, estimations of undisguised strangers' ages were inaccurate by an average of 5.10 years. Accuracy decreased when the strangers' eyes, but not hair, were disguised and when they came from other age/race groups. Accuracy when estimating other age/race group members' ages and social contact with their members were unrelated. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed.
Keratinocytes Communicate with Sensory Neurons via Synaptic‐like Contacts
Authors: Talagas Matthieu , Lebonvallet Nicolas , Leschiera Raphael , Sinquin Gerard , Elies Philippe , Haftek Marek , Pennec Jean‐Pierre , Ressnikoff Denis , La Padula Veronica , Le Garrec Raphaele , L'herondelle Killian , Mignen Olivier , Le Pottier Laetitia , Kerfant Nathalie , Reux Alexia , Marcorelles Pascale , Misery Laurent 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivePain, temperature, and itch are conventionally thought to be exclusively transduced by the intraepidermal nerve endings. Although recent studies have shown that epidermal keratinocytes also participate in sensory transduction, the mechanism underlying keratinocyte communication with intraepidermal nerve endings remains poorly understood. We sought to demonstrate the synaptic character of the contacts between keratinocytes and sensory neurons and their involvement in sensory communication between keratinocytes and sensory neurons.MethodsContacts were explored by morphological, molecular, and functional approaches in cocultures of epidermal keratinocytes and sensory neurons. To interrogate whether structures observed in vitro were also present in the human epidermis, in situ correlative light electron microscopy was performed on human skin biopsies.ResultsEpidermal keratinocytes dialogue with sensory neurons through en passant synaptic‐like contacts. These contacts have the ultrastructural features and molecular hallmarks of chemical synaptic‐like contacts: narrow intercellular cleft, keratinocyte synaptic vesicles expressing synaptophysin and synaptotagmin 1, and sensory information transmitted from keratinocytes to sensory neurons through SNARE‐mediated (syntaxin1) vesicle release.InterpretationBy providing selective communication between keratinocytes and sensory neurons, synaptic‐like contacts are the hubs of a 2‐site receptor. The permanent epidermal turnover, implying a specific en passant structure and high plasticity, may have delayed their identification, thereby contributing to the long‐held concept of nerve endings passing freely between keratinocytes. The discovery of keratinocyte–sensory neuron synaptic‐like contacts may call for a reassessment of basic assumptions in cutaneous sensory perception and sheds new light on the pathophysiology of pain and itch as well as the physiology of touch. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1205–1219
Constitutive modeling of visco‐hyperelastic behavior of double‐network hydrogels using long‐term memory theory
Authors: Javadi Mohammad Hossein , Darijani Hossein , Niknafs Mohammad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDouble‐network hydrogels with viscoelastic behavior are appropriate materials for biomechanical applications. In this article, the standard linear solid (SLS) rheological model for the linear viscoelastic materials is generalized to the viscoelastic materials with large nonlinear deformations. Based on this viewpoint, the constitutive equation is proposed as sum of two parts including the strain‐dependent elastic stress, and the viscous stress, which depends on the strain and strain rate. The elastic part of the stress is modeled via considering a hyperelastic strain energy function, while the main core of the viscous stress part requires a time‐dependent weight function to satisfy the long‐term memory fading principle. In addition, the weight function is proposed such that it can capture the mechanical behavior trend corresponding to the strain and strain rate for a double‐network hydrogel in the relaxation test. Finally, to evaluate the performance of the proposed constitutive equation for the mechanical behavior modeling of double‐network hydrogels, the tests on these materials have been used, and the material parameters are determined from fitting the experimental results to the theory. The agreement of test and theory results showed that the proposed model is capable to model the mechanical behavior of double‐network hydrogels.
PROTOCOL: Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors
Authors: Wolfowicz Michael , Litmanovitz Yael , Weisburd David , Hasisi Badi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis systematic review seeks to collate and synthesize putative risk and protective factors for the different outcomes of radicalization.MethodologyDrawing on an established theoretical framework, we will categorize putative risk and protective factors as they relate to the domains of radical attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. We will utilize meta‐analytic techniques to develop a rank‐order of factors according to effect size. Meta‐regression and sub‐group analyses will be used to assess sources of heterogeneity.ImplicationsThe results of the review are intended to inform evidence‐based policy in the areas of both assessment and intervention.
Establishing a quantitative volatile measurement method in tea by integrating sample extraction method optimizations and data calibration
Authors: Chen Xiaobing , Zhang Yi , Du Zhenghua , Liu Ruiming , Guo Li , Chen Changsong , Wu Hualing , Chen Mingjie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAroma is one of the key sensory attributes of tea. Quantitative volatile measurement is essential but technically challenging. Sample extraction is the first critical step for quantification. However, volatile extraction method has not been systematically optimized. The goal of this research was to establish a quantitative volatile measurement method in tea. For this end, solvent‐assisted flavour evaporation method was used; the effects of the numbers of extraction, stirring, sample amounts, solid–liquid ratios and postharvest treatments on volatile isolation were compared. We demonstrated that stirring did not improve total volatile recovery; the number of volatiles detected was positively correlated with sample amounts and the solid–liquid ratio, excess sample amounts compromised the quantification accuracy of abundant volatiles; cryopreservation largely preserved the volatile contents and composition of fresh tea leaves. Based on these findings, volatile extraction method was optimized. The volatile compounds were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by GC‐MS and GC‐FID, respectively; the FID relative response factor for individual volatile was calculated to calibrate individual peak area of tea volatile. By integrating these techniques, a quantitative volatile measurement method was established. As a proof of concept, the described method was applied to investigate the seasonal effects on fresh tea leaf volatile. The described method should also be applicable to other horticultural crop species.
Hydrological resilience to forest fire in the subarctic Canadian shield
Authors: Spence Christopher , Hedstrom Newell , Tank Suzanne E. , Quinton William L. , Olefeldt David , Goodman Stefan , Dion Nicole 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the role of forest fires on water budgets of subarctic Precambrian Shield catchments is important because of growing evidence that fire activity is increasing. Most research has focused on assessing impacts on individual landscape units, so it is unclear how changes manifest at the catchment scale enough to alter water budgets. The objective of this study was to determine the water budget impact of a forest fire that partially burned a ~450 km2subarctic Precambrian Shield basin. Water budget components were measured in a pair of catchments: one burnt and another unburnt. Burnt and unburnt areas had comparable net radiation, but thaw was deeper in burned areas. There were deeper snow packs in burns. Differences in streamflow between the catchments were within measurement uncertainty. Enhanced winter streamflow from the burned watershed was evident by icing growth at the streamflow gauge location, which was not observed in the unburned catchment. Wintertime water chemistry was also clearly elevated in dissolved organics, and organic‐associated nutrients. Application of a framework to assess hydrological resilience of watersheds to wildfire reveal that watersheds with both high bedrock and open water fractions are more resilient to hydrological change after fire in the subarctic shield, and resilience decreases with increasingly climatically wet conditions. This suggests significant changes in runoff magnitude, timing and water chemistry of many Shield catchments following wildfire depend on pre‐fire land cover distribution, the extent of the wildfire and climatic conditions that follow the fire.
Global financial environment or monetary transmission mechanism? The (special) dynamics of Turkey's external deficit after 2002
Authors: Ertan Arhan S. , Kıran Gürbüz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study develops a simple theoretical framework and conduct a comprehensive empirical analysis on (a) the role of monetary policy on external funding and loan growth, (b) the consequent growth in national spending and finally, (c) the effects of these on the external deficit of Turkey within the period of 2002 to 2016. We argue that this was a highly unusual period with abundant global liquidity, substantial decrease in domestic real interest rates, considerable growth in capital inflow and bank lending, but a remarkable deterioration in external balance. Our empirical approach sheds light on both short and long run dynamics among key domestic and global economic indicators, those related to monetary policy, capital inflows, domestic spending, exchange rates and external deficit. Overall, while clearly validating the import dependency of the Turkish economy, our findings provide mixed evidence about the role of monetary policy on external deficit. Among the monetary policy tools tested, only the reserve requirement policy, seems to have a direct effect, however, real interest rates seem to be influential only via the channel of consumer loans and consumption expenditures. Expansions in bank lending cause corresponding increases in components of national expenditure, which subsequently contribute to the deterioration in trade deficit. As for the policy implications of our findings, to reduce external deficit, in long run, lowering the import dependency of the economy and reducing the shortfall in national savings is vital, whereas, in short run, only distortionary policies, such as limiting loan growth or restricting imports, are only feasible options.