bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) climatic contribution to winter temperature in Belarus: case of SSW 2017/2018
Authors: Schlender T V , Zhuchkevich V V , Krasouski A N , Umreika S D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The influence of stratospheric processes on the troposphere is defined by a multifactorial mechanism containing various geophysical and photochemical processes. This interaction determines the weather and climate of a particular region of the Earth. The number of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSW) over Eurasia has doubled over the past 20 years if compared with the second half of the 20th century. As a result, one had an increase in dangerous weather phenomena associated with those stratospheric-tropospheric interactions. In this regard, there is a certain need for an early forecast of such dangerous weather phenomena and their study within the framework of the climate of a given region. The paper presents a possible mechanism of the interaction of the mesosphere, stratosphere and troposphere layers (the so-called “ozone mechanism”). Due to its orographical and geographical position, the northern region of the East European Plain is characterized by accumulation of total ozone (TO) over this territory and formation of sharp and severe colds during SSW. The conclusion is made about the key contribution of the “ozone mechanism” to the development of SSW in 2018, which has become the largest in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 20 years.
On the climatic changes of the surface air temperature in the White Sea region
Authors: Serykh I V , Tolstikov A V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Analysis of the monthly average surface air temperature (SAT) data of the White Sea showed its significant growth over the past decades. Against the background of this growth, the interannual variability was revealed with periods close to the periods of El Niño – Southern Oscillation (2-7 years) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (7-10 years). The effect of these oscillations on the interannual variability of the SAT of the White Sea is shown and the periods of their synchronization and desynchronization are found. During the periods of 1960s and from the second half of the 1980s to the mid-2010s during the El Niño events in the White Sea negative SAT anomalies were usually observed, and during the La Niña events – positive anomalies. In the period from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, NAO had a strong positive effect on the SAT anomalies of the White Sea, in the second half of the 1990s this influence changed its sign, but from the beginning of the 2000s it became positive again.
Managing climate risks associated with socio-economic development of the Russian Arctic
Authors: Soldatenko S A , Alekseev G V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Every aspect of human activities in the Arctic faces a wide range of risks. By the beginning of the XXI century, mankind had recognized a new class of risks, namely the risks associated with anthropogenic climate change, which is more noticeable in the Arctic, where the rate of warming is twice as high as the world average. The global and especially Arctic climate is likely to continue to change, thereby significantly affecting future socio-economic development, biodiversity, ecosystems and human society. In this paper, we consider climate risks associated with socio-economic development of the Russian Arctic, and propose a modelling framework that allows stakeholders to identify and manage climate risks, assess the economic impacts of climate change in the Arctic, and assist in the development of climate change adaptation strategies.
Urban heat island of the Moscow megacity: the long-term trends and new approaches for monitoring and research based on crowdsourcing data
Authors: Varentsov M I , Konstantinov P I , Shartova N V , Samsonov T E , Kargashin P E , Varentsov A I , Fenner D , Meier F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper reports on various aspects of the urban heat island (UHI) of the Moscow megacity – its spatial and temporal variability and linkages with human thermal comfort. Firstly, we analyze long-term trends of air temperature, UHI intensity and thermal stress indices based on meteorological observations over the period 1977-2018. We show that the city exhibits 40% higher rates of summertime climate warming than the countryside, as well as higher rates of human thermal comfort deterioration. Secondly, we present a new approach for spatially-resolving urban climate studies and real-time monitoring applications based on the usage of crowdsourced air temperature data from Netatmo citizen weather stations (CWSs). The CWSs provide uncertified and often misrepresentative data. However, their quality could be controlled by application of statistically-based algorithms. Additionally, we have experimentally evaluated uncertainties of the Netatmo temperature observations and regard them to be acceptable for UHI studies. Observations from more than 1500 CWSs as well as reference observations were used to analyze spatial patterns of the summertime nocturnal UHI. Both types of data shown an UHI covering the whole city and its suburbs, with a tendency of a temperature decrease with the distance from the city center. As a prototype a monitoring application, based on CWS data, we developed a web-service for real-time temperature mapping in Moscow, which is available at http://carto.geogr.msu.ru/mosclim/.
Weather and climate features of the Northern Hemisphere in 2019 in the context of long-period variability
Authors: Vilfand R M , Kulikova I A , Makarova M E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The features of the spatial and temporal distribution of the main meteorological values in the Northern Hemisphere in 2019 are considered. A brief description of climate change on the background of long-period variability of extreme meteorological phenomena, which identified by WMO climate indices, is given. Quartile analysis and nonparametric Mann-Kendall criterion are used to assess the significance of changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme meteorological phenomena in different regions of Russia. The increase in the growth of the average temperature in the Northern Hemisphere in the spring and summer of 2019 compared to 2018 and early 2019 is noted. The prolonged large-scale anomalies of weather regimes were observed in the warm period of 2019: heatwaves in Western Europe, in the south of European Russia, in Siberia, Alaska, and as well heavy rainfall in the Irkutsk region and in the south of the Far East. Possible mechanisms of weather and climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere are discussed. The focus is on the Arctic, which is the most vulnerable to climate warming. It is concluded that, with an abundance of physical hypotheses, there are many contradictions and uncertainties in the study of the mechanisms of weather and climate variability. Solving the problems requires further research based on modern technologies, the development of satellite monitoring systems and hydrodynamic modeling.
Impact of global warming on the conditions of the Siberian rivers discharge formation: significance of atmospheric transport
Authors: Vyazilova A , Alekseev G V , Kharlanenkova N , Glok N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Impact of climate change on the Ob, Lena and Yenisei runoff is under discussion. Indexes of zonal, meridional and general circulation were used to assess the effect of changes in atmospheric circulation. Correlations between the indexes and surface air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric moisture content in the regions of catchment areas confirmed the influence of atmospheric transport in the cold part of the year. Assessment of the relationship between changes of climatic conditions in the catchment areas and interannual changes of river runoff parameters indicated that annual runoff increases and mostly is affected by increase of average annual precipitation. Frequency of maximum river discharges during climate warming is reduced.
A taxonomy for autonomy in industrial autonomous mobile robots including autonomous merchant ships
Authors: Rødseth Ørnulf Jan , Vagia Marialena 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concept of autonomous mobile robots (AMR) has gained much popularity in recent years, particularly in commercial settings where the name industrial autonomous mobile robot (IAMR) is proposed. In addition to automatic guided vehicles and automated mining trucks, IAMR also includes autonomous merchant ships. AMR is an old concept which was first introduced in the 1980s. Although the concept of AMRs is old and broadly used, there is still no common definition of autonomy when mobile robots are concerned. This paper will review some of the most known definitions and develop a taxonomy for autonomy in mobile autonomous robots. This will be used to compare the different definitions of robotic autonomy. This paper will mainly look at industrial autonomous mobile robots, i.e. systems that are designed to operate with a clear commercial objective in mind and which are normally supported by a remote control centre. This means that the robot is not fully autonomous, but to varying degrees dependent on humans in some control and monitoring functions.
Develop and evaluate of intelligent autonomous-ship framework
Authors: Moon Kyeong Deok , Jeong Chi Yoon , Kim Moo Seop , Park Yun Kyung , Lee Kwangil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Autonomous Ship(AS) is a dream ship which navigates the sea on its own without any captains or crews. Many related studies on AS and the advent of deep learning technologies enable ASs voyage in the near future. They have been focused on proposing and verifying feasibility of their concept. However, there have not been little tried to compare results of ASs to that of captains. In this paper, we propose an Intelligent Autonomous-Ship Framework(IASF) which enables to develop ASs based on deep-learning while supporting fundamental functions necessary for ASs such as collecting navigational information, recognizing navigational status, and controlling route. The IASF-based AS was evaluated through simulation with compared to results of captains.
Human Factors, autonomous ships and constrained coastal navigation
Authors: Porathe T , Fjortoft K , Bratbergsengen I L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This is a concept paper making propositions for MASS navigation in national coastal waters. The focus is on human factors and the interaction between automation and operators in a remote control centre, as well as seafarers on conventional ships interacting with MASS. Important element is to understand the hand-over process of command, from automation to humans in control, based on the automation on board the vessel as well as the infrastructure surrounding the vessel.
Prediction of vessel propulsion power from machine learning models based on synchronized AIS-, ship performance measurements and ECMWF weather data
Authors: Liang Q , Tvete H A , Brinks H W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, AIS (Automatic Identification System), ship performance measurement and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) weather data were synchronized as a complete dataset. Detailed processing steps and methods are introduced which can be used as best practice for future related studies. All the data preparation was processed on a spark cluster. The optimization and turning of cluster performance will also be introduced. The synchronized dataset was adapted to train different machine learning models to predict ship propulsion power. The dataset includes 228 container vessels covering a time scale of 50 months. The performance of deep learning models with different architecture was compared and discussed. Compared to previous paper [1] in the same project, this paper is an extended scenario which combines the data adapted in scenario 1 and 2. The analysis of the models’ performance in different scenarios was discussed. More features were included in scenario 3 (this study). Hence, the best performing model from scenario 3 has more complex structure compared to scenario 1 and 2. The overall absolute R2 score for test data is slightly lower than scenario 2. However, the performance for individual ships (relative R2 score) is much better. This means, models that consider more features (operation, ship characters and environment) are beneficial for individual analysis. For general fleet or wide scope analysis, models that require less data and fewer features are better.
Considerations on the common regulatory issues among the IMO instruments for realization of maritime autonomous surface ships
Authors: Shiokari M , Ota S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) included an agenda item “Regulatory Scoping Exercise (RSE) for the use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)” in order to determine how the safe, secure and environmentally sound operation of MASS may be introduced in the regulations. The results of the RSE have been reported to the MSC, and they will be discussed in the 102th session. The purpose of this study is to provide suggestions for making decisions on the necessary future work at the MSC. The authors have reviewed all the results of the RSE under the purview of the MSC and made discussions on the ways of addressing some important common issues. The suitability of the specific ways of addressing these issues may be turned out in the actual works for amendments. On the other hand, regarding the priority of the discussions, the authors consider that it is appropriate to give priority to the discussions on the partial automation and remote operation with seafarers on board over the fully autonomous or remote operations without seafarers on board. Also, it seems appropriate to give priority to the discussions on the navigation systems and tasks.
Technology assessment on the astonomous ships: key findings and recommendations
Authors: Yoon Ikroh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Maritime autonomous surface ship (MASS) has been developed rapidly. MASS could be disruptive technology that will bring about a paradigm shift in related industries as well as the maritime transport system. Due to huge implications and uncertainties, it is required to understand complex socio-economic behaviour induced by MASS for the international society. This paper presents the key findings and some recommendations from technology assessment on MASS which investigated the potential effects from MASS in terms of economic, social, cultural and ethical aspects. The results can be used to design a future driven by MASS in a desirable direction.
The need for a public key infrastructure for automated and autonomous ships
Authors: Rødseth Ørnulf Jan , Frøystad Christian , Meland Per Håkon , Bernsmed Karin , Nesheim Dag Atle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Shipping undergoes rapid digitization, covering safety and security reporting, mandatory ship documentation, electronic port clearance as well as commercial and operational information exchanges. Increasing automation of information processing, including the specific needs for autonomous ships, requires increased “digital trust” to allow humans to remove themselves from the information processing loops. This includes better safeguards against cyber threats such as counterfeiting contents or the originator of critical messages. This paper describes thirteen use cases for maritime services and analyse how a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) system can provide security barriers to mitigate relevant cyber threats and possible consequences of unwanted events. Such a PKI needs to be designed with the special maritime business constrains in mind; the most important being the international nature of shipping, the lack of connectivity for ships that are far from shore, the network constraints associated with existing communication technologies and regulatory considerations.
Risk of electronics failure on digitalization of shipping industry
Authors: Kim Dong Hyun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
While digitalization drives the development of autonomous ships, the risks rising out of digitalization were reviewed. Adoption of digital technology has many benefits, but the technology itself has its own faults, which will have users suffering from the learning curve. The digital devices onboard are not permanently reliable, and they can fail due to harsh utilization conditions, fatigue, or latent defects. As the shipping industry continues to move down the road towards digitalization, an alert need to be delivered ahead in order to minimize the potential future risks.
Integrating accountability in the systems design of autonomous and remote-controlled operations
Authors: Myhre Bård , Rødseth Ørnulf Jan , Petersen Stig 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In a previous paper we have suggested that the transferal of human accountability from an on-site human actor (such as the captain) to a remote human actor (such as the creator of the autonomous control system) could be regarded as the defining characteristic of autonomous systems. In this paper we take this approach one step further, by suggesting a methodology for how accountability can be used as a basis for systems design of autonomous and remote-controlled operations. Furthermore, the suggested methodology is applied on a hypothetical case of a vessel supporting both autonomous and remote-controlled operation.
From Sensors to MASS: Digital Representation of the Perceived Environment enabling Ship Navigation
Authors: Burmeister H-C , Constapel M , Ugé C , Jahn C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) do require shifting from human information processing to automation functions. While supporting the sensory processing of human navigation by automated information acquisition from different sensors is an already established (and even in many cases mandatory) technology with a set of framing standards and information exchanges, defining a common data set for a perceived environment model is currently neglected which hinders modularization of MASS technology development. Beginning with an introduction into the navigational process as well as information processing, this paper subsequently proposes an initial minimum data set for different aspects of ship navigation.
Analysis of manoeuvring characteristics through sea trials and simulations
Authors: Gug SeungGi , Harshapriya Dimantha , Jeong Haesang , Yun JuneHo , Kim DongJin , Kim YeonGyu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In recent years, Autonomous Surface Vehicles have secured the focus of major research and industrial initiatives around the world. Following this trend in the wake of fourth industrial revolution of oceans, Marine Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) have become the focus of numerous research. In order to shift from conventional ships to autonomous transportation, manoeuvring data collected through real-ship trials have to be available, and analysed. In this study, manoeuvring characteristics of a real ship were studied over a period of three years, data were collected and analysed to identify changes of manoeuvring characteristics over time. Real-ship data were then compared with simulation data to validate a manoeuvring simulator program. Through the real-ship experiments, not only the simulation results were validated, but also the possibility of predicting ship manoeuvrability using simulations in controlled environments was identified. In addition, the importance of accumulation of manoeuvring data in helping future designs of ships with similar characteristics is identified.
Evaluation of Navigation System Performance Requirements for Safe Autonomous Navigation.
Authors: Berge S P , Dæhlen J S , Hagaseth M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

This paper describes how different motion sensors can be integrated and fused to obtain necessary navigational requirements needed for autonomous operations. Both autonomous coastal navigation and automatic docking operations are analysed with respect to trade-offs in position and velocity accuracies, integrity, availability and continuity. By using AIS measurements from typical docking operations for the Norwegian coastal express vessels it is possible to define feasible safe trajectories for the docking operations. Justified requirements can be obtained using closed-loop analysis for the specific vessel and its operation. Both vessel and passenger safety can be related to vessels horizontal velocity and the safe velocity concept has been introduced to derive requirements for integrity, availability, alarm limit and continuity in case of unreported/unhandled errors in the navigation system. The outcome of this study is a design tool, or a generic methodology for selecting the most promising combination of the integrated sensor components to obtain necessary navigation system performance for safe autonomous navigation.
Determination of frequency characteristics of thin-walled rods with transverse cracks
Authors: Gavrilov A , Grebenuk G , Morozov N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Vibrations of a thin-walled cantilever rod of a box-shaped profile were studied. The natural vibrations frequencies of a rod with a crack of different depth and located in different places of the rod were determined. The method of conducting an experiment using a vibration analyzer is given. A variant of determining the location of the crack depending on the change in the natural vibrations frequency is proposed. The resulting expression for estimating the location of the crack has an error of no more than 2.7 percent of the length of the rod, which makes it effective in practical application. The puchnost points of each oscillation form of the cantilever rod are determined, taking into account internal friction, which allowed us to specify the locations of sensors for maximum efficiency in evaluating the influence of crack parameters on natural frequencies. We found that when the crack is located in the places where the puchnosty for the corresponding vibration form causes noticeable energy dissipation due to friction in the crack.
Forming of Architectural-Planning Organization Complex Enterprises in Front-Border Transport Units
Authors: Anufrieva N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Architectural and planning development of complex enterprises, located in the zones of transport hubs along the border of the Russian Federation is discussed in the article. Three main architectural and planning directions of complex enterprises organization are identified. Each type is characterized by a unique principles’ set of architectural and spatial organization. The first direction of the architectural and planning organization formation of complex enterprises in the zone of transport-border nodes is “autonomous”, the main direction feature is the location of construction object autonomously, the object’s grouping and architecture is formed, depending on the zonal type of natural conditions and throughput of an enterprise. The second direction of the architectural and planning organization formation of complex enterprises in the zone of transport and border nodes is “peripheral”, the main direction feature is the location of the construction object in the peripheral part of a settlement, grouping and architecture of the object’s construction is formed in part depending on natural conditions, urban infrastructure and enterprise capabilities. The third formation direction of the architectural and planning organization of complex enterprises in the zone of transport-border nodes is “integrated”, the main direction feature is the location of the object’s construction in the central part of the settlement, the grouping and architecture of the object’s construction is formed, depending on the city infrastructure and the throughput of an enterprise.