bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teenage Cigarettes Smoking and the Situation in Saudi Arabia in Terms of Prevalence, Predicting and Preventing Factors, A Narrative Review
Authors: Alzahrani Ahmad Yousif 
Published: June 2020

Teenage smoking is a growing health issue in the Saudi population, and it could be predicted by some factors. To understand teenage smoking risk factors in our population, we reviewed the literature on related topics. A narrative review of the related literature published in the English language from 2008 to 9th July 2019 using PubMed database was performed to know the prevalence of teenage smoking, important predictors and possible preventive measures. The prevalence of adolescent smoking was ranging from 9.2 to 20%. The main predicting factors were male gender, parental smoking, and education status, smoking peers, having pocket money and watching smoking sceneries in movies. The important preventive strategies were improving awareness, excising tax and increasing legal age of smoking to 21 years. Our study revealed that most of the Saudi youth aged from 15-24 years started smoking at an age younger than 18 years which call for the development and implementation of preventive programs to minimize smoking initiation among teenagers.
A Study On Comparison Of Pain Score Between Upper Limb And Lower Limb Fractures
Authors: Baharuddin Kamarul Aryffin , Fauzi Mohd Hashairi , Mohd Shukri Mohd Faiz , Yaacob Normalinda , Abu Bakar Mimi Azliha 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Pain is the most common chief complaint of patients presenting to Emergency Department (ED). Pain is not simply a signal for tissue injury, but also a signal to seek repair and recuperation. The aim of this study was to determine whether upper limb (UL) or lower limb (LL) fracture has more pain and to evaluate the association between types of fracture (UL vs LL) with adequacy of pain relief.
Methodology: A study was conducted from July to October 2005 in ED, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). Patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria were selected. Paramedics in charged were the assistants; at the same time became the observer. The paramedics were not involved in the decision making for pain management. Pain severity score was assessed by using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS).
Results: 42 patients were enrolled. 85.7% (n=36) were male and 14.3% were female. Mean age is 29.6 years old. Mean NRS on arrival for UL and LL fractures were 6.47 ± 1.70 and 7.80 ± 2.53 respectively. Mean NRS for mixed fractures (both UL and LL) was 7.60 ± 3.36. There was no statistically significant association between fracture sites and analgesic administration (p value=0.300). There were 70.6% and 70.0% of the patients with UL and LL fractures had adequate pain relief whereas 80% of patients with mixed fractures had adequate pain relief (p value= 0.902).
Conclusion: LL and mixed fractures had more pain score on arrival but there was no statistically significant association between fracture sites and analgesics administration and no association between fracture sites with adequacy of pain relief.
Effect of Examination Stress on the Blood Pressure of Secondary School Students in Oroke High School Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, South Western Nigeria
Authors: Ajayi Nathaniel O. , Adegboro Joseph Sunday 
Published: June 2020

Background: Examination stress is caused by various stressors: the fear of inadequate preparation for the exam and fear of failing it, the need to pass very well in the exam to satisfy the parental and guardian expectation and the extra effort made to work harder, burning the midnight oil over the preparation for the examination. The aim of this study is to use the data of blood pressure to find out the effect of examination stress on the various Nigerian secondary school classes.
Method: Quasi experimental research design was used for this study, A sample of (650) respondents was selected using stratified sampling technique. Digital sphygmomanometer was used to measure the actual blood pressure readings of the respondents. The readings were taken twice on each occasion with at least thirty minutes interval in sitting positions. The measurements were carried out three times during the study, two weeks after resumption for the second term of 2017/2018 academic year, two weeks before the second term examination and four weeks after the terminal examination.
Results: The results show that the mean systolic blood pressure two weeks before the start of the examination is generally higher for all the classes than their values at the beginning of the term and their values at four weeks after the examination. Since blood pressure increases with stress .
Conclusion: examination stress increases towards the start of examination and reduces after it, males and females differ in their experience of stress imposed by academic examination, and blood pressure increases with stress.
Peripheral Venous Cannulation Associated Thrombophlebitis And Its Management
Authors: Singh Shiana , Gupta Amit , Handa Prince , Aggarwal Naman , Gupta Sweety , Kalyani Vasantha C , Singh Chongtham` Anil kumar , Rajput Deepak , Kumar Navin , Gupta Manoj 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Thrombophlebitis due to peripheral venous catheterization is one of the most common yet the most neglected iatrogenic complications in health care settings. If taken care of, the incidence of thrombophlebitis can be significantly reduced thus reducing the burden of its complications, patient’s hospital stay and exploitation of human and economical resources.
Material & Methods: This observational study of thrombophlebitis after peripheral venous cannulation was carried out at a tertiary care centre. 761 patients admitted in different clinical departments were subjected to peripheral venous catheterization for various therapeutic treatment.
Results: 100 patients developed thrombophlebitis out of 761 patients. Majority of the patients were managed by conservative methods, only one patient was managed by incisional pus drainage.
Conclusion: From this study we conclude that the incidence of thrombophlebitis in our hospital setting was around 10%. Taking aseptic precautions, proper cannula care and changing the cannula timely can significantly reduce the incidence. Most of the cases can be managed non-operatively by giving medications according to symptoms.
Primary Breast Lymphoma: Case Report Of A Rare Pathological Entity
Authors: McFarlane Michael , Coard Kathleen 
Published: June 2020

Primary breast lymphoma is a rare disease, which accounts for 0.4% of all malignancies seen in the breast and 2% of extranodal lymphomas. The majority of cases are B-cell lymphomas, with diffuse large cell (B) lymphoma the predominant histological type. A variety of treatment modalities have been suggested, with radiation therapy recommended for stage I patients and chemotherapy recommended for stage II patients. Outcome following treatment is predicted by the pathological grade of the tumor and the presence of lymph node involvement. Radical surgical resection including mastectomy has not been shown to affect the outcome of this entity.
A 61-year-old woman presented with a one month history of a painful right breast lump. Examination identified the presence of two lumps which were biopsied, confirming the presence of a lymphocytic lymphoma expressing a B-cell phenotype with co-expression of CD 43 (MT-1) consistent with MALT-type lymphoma.
She underwent further excision for recurrent tumor but declined adjuvant therapy. She has remained disease free during a 7-year follow up period.
Primary breast lymphoma is a rare malignancy of the breast representing less than 2% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The features on clinical breast examination and imaging are not characteristic and cannot be differentiated from breast carcinoma. Treatment involves surgical resection with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy administered in selected cases.
A 61-year-old woman presented with a one month history of a painful right breast lump. Examination identified the presence of two lumps which were biopsied, confirming the presence of a lymphocytic lymphoma expressing a B-cell phenotype with co-expression of CD 43 (MT-1) consistent with MALT-type lymphoma.
She underwent further excision for recurrent tumor but declined adjuvant therapy. She has remained disease free during a 7-year follow up period.
Primary breast lymphoma is a rare malignancy of the breast representing less than 2% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The features on clinical breast examination and imaging are not characteristic and cannot be differentiated from breast carcinoma. Treatment involves surgical resection with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy administered in selected cases.
New Sensitive Technique For Estimation Of Estrogen Receptors
Authors: Aref Mohamed Ibraheim , Abomohamed Nagah Mohamed , Shalaby Adel 
Published: June 2020

Background: Estrogens play a key role in the human male reproductive system. Estrogen receptors (ERs: ERα and ERβ) was detected in germ cells from spermatogonia to spermatozoa.
Objective: Tto evaluate the different estrogen receptors expressions on the sperm in infertile males using a new technique and apply that on infertile patient with varicocele.
Materials and Methods: This study included 200 males, divided into two equal groups. Group1 included fertile males, and group II included infertile males tested according to presence of varicocele with different grades which were classified according to Dubin-Amelar clinical classification of varicocele (1970), 1 m pellet was examined for the expression of the ERα and ERβ using immunocytochemistry stain. The stained sperm was processed in Photoshop program. The estrogen receptors were visualized after magnification and increased resolution in addition using a yellow filter. Percentage of stained sperm with different location in relation to the unstained sperm was counted.
Results: There was a strong expression of ER β on the sperm in fertile males while ERα expression very reduced in fertile males and almost absent in all infertile males. Also, there was a statistically significant decrease in both ERα and β expression in infertile males than fertile males and in varicocele.
Conclusion: ER technical estimation using immunoassay was better than any other techniques assay because ER could be present, but not function due to dislocation and deposition into wrong position.
EFEKTIVITAS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SAVI (SOMATIC, AUDITORY, VISUALIZATION, INTELLECTUALY ) BERBANTUAN MEDIA FLASH CARD TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELASX MAN KABANJAHE TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2019/2020
Authors: Br Ginting Misbah Fitrita , Rosmaini Rosmaini 
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran SAVI (Somatic, Auditory, Visualization, Intellectualy) Berbantuan Media Flashcard Terhadap Kemampuan Menulis Laporan Hasil Observasi Siswa Kelas X MAN Kabanjahe Tahun Pembelajaran 2019/2020.Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh Siswa Kelas X MAN Kabanjahe berjumlah 239 siswa.Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 72 siswa yang diambil dengan teknik random sampling (acak kelas). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen quasi dengan desain two group post-test only control design. Hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan adanya perbedaan hasil kemampuan menulis laporan hasil observasi. Tes pada kelas kontrol dengan nilai rata-rata 71,25, standar deviasi 11,1 dan standar error 1,88 sedangkan kelas eksperimen dengan nilai rata-rata 80,13, standar deviasi 8,6 dan standar error 1,45. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji “t” dari perhitungan uji hipotesis diperoleh thitung = 20,65, selanjutnya disesuaikan dengan tabel t pada taraf signifikan 5% dengan dk = (36 + 36) 2 = 70 df = 1,66. Karena thitung yang diperoleh lebih besar dari ttabel yaitu 20,65> 1,66 maka hipotesis nihil (H0) ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif (Ha) diterima. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa model SAVI (Somatic, Auditory, Visualization, Intellectualy) berbantuan media Flashcard lebih efektif digunakan terhadap kemampuan menulis laporan hasil observasi siswa kelas X MAN Kabanjahe Tahun Pembelajaran 2019/2020. Kata kunci: Kemampuan Menulis, Laporan Hasil Observasi, SAVI (Somatic, Auditory, Visualization, Intellectualy), Flashcard
Boltzmann and the Heuristics of Representation in Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Laranjeiras Cássio , Lucena Jojomar , Chiappin José 
Published: July 2020

Boltzmann’s work in physics has been studied almost always opposing a strictly mechanical approach of the 2nd law of thermodynamics – attributed to his first works in kinetic – molecular gas theory (1866-1871) – to a probabilistic approach, built and developed in his later works (1872-1884). The analysis of the use of these different approaches covers a spectrum of positions ranging from the recognition of an intrinsic incoherence to Boltzmann’s thinking, go through a radical change in the development of his work, until the adoption of pluralistic strategies as justifications for their methodological options. The purpose of this paper is to explore Boltzmann’s research program from the view of what we characterize as heuristics of representation, highlighting the tools used he used for the solution of problems related to thermal phenomena. We will argue that what in the standard historiographical analysis is understood as a radical turn in Boltzmann’s work – probabilistic “turn point”, that is, the use of an overtly statistical terminology (combinatorial formalism, 1877) instead of a kinetic language (kinetic formalism, 1872) in the analysis of evolution toward the thermal equilibrium (Maxwell’s distribution) – could be better understood as a change of representation within the same conceptual framework.
Wittgenstein
Authors: Simões Eduardo 
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this article is to fill an interpretive gap in L. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in what has been overlooked by most scholars of the Austrian philosopher. It is the consideration of the possible influences that he would have suffered from the time of Mechanical Engineering studies and that reflected directly in his philosophy, especially those arising from the field of Physics. Due to the extensive restrictions that involve a scientific article, it will not be possible to present here what we believe to be the influences of L. Boltzmann’s thought on the Wittgenstein Tractatus – which will remain for future work. However, we present the influences of H. Hertz’s The Principles of Mechanics on at least three fundamental themes of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus: on the ontological formalism of Tractarian objects, on the picture theory of language and on the conception of science of that work. It is expected that such clarifications will serve a new and important understanding of this seminal work of the 20th century, this time from the perspective of the relationship between Philosophy and Physics in Wittgenstein.
PENENTUAN STRATEGI PEMASARAN MENGGUNAKAN FREQUENT PATTERN GROWTH (FP-GROWTH) PADA TOKO KOMPUTER
Authors: Nofianti Erlina , Triyanto Wiwit Agus , Latifah Noor 
Published: July 2020

Transaksi pemasaran pada Rusdianto Komputer yang banyak setiap hari menghasilkan data tertumpuk pada excel, meskipun tertumpuknya data sudah diarsipkan akan tetapi belum dimanfaatkan untuk penentuan strategi pemasaran. Data Mining merupakan proses penambangan suatu informasi yang terdapat pada himpunan data besar sehingga bermanfaat untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan mutakhir dan bermanfaat dalam mengambil keputusan. Ketatnya dunia persaingan pemasaran PC pada toko komputer, diperlukanlah suatu metode yang terbaik bagi Rusdianto Komputer dalam menentukan strategi pemasaran dengan memanfaatkan keterkaitan produk-produk PC yang dipasarkan. Algoritma untuk mengetahui hubungan antar item menggunakan metode asosiasi, yaitu Algoritma FP-Growth. Sistem yang dibuat dalam menetukan pola asosiasi pada rusdianto komputer berbasis web. Algoritma FP-Growth dapat diterapkan pada transaksi pemasaran sehingga didapatkan suatu hasil analisa pola pembelian konsumen. Pola pembelian yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan sebagai strategi pemasaran rusdianto komputer, yaitu penempatan posisi produk yang sering dibeli secara bersamaan. Kata kunci: Transaksi, Pemasaran, Komputer, Asosiasi, FP-Growth
PERANCANGAN E-COMMERCE JILBAB PADA WAYDEE PROJECT KUDUS
Authors: Maulidina Triya Adzani , Susanti Nanik , Latifah Noor 
Published: July 2020

Waydee Project merupakan sebuah tempat yang menjual jilbab yang berada di Kota Kudus. Pashmina dan model segiempat merupakan produk andalan pada toko ini. Penjualan produk masih dilakukan secara manual dengan cara konsumen datang langsung ke toko, meskipun sudah memanfaatkan media sosial namun masih terkendala dalam proses pengelolaanya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membantu waydee project dalam mengelola strategi pemasaran untuk mendapatkan konsumen sebanyak-banyaknya sehingga mampu meningkatkan penjualan produk. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan cara pengumpulan data serta melakukan perancangan sistem informasi berorientasi objek menggunakan UML. Penelitian ini menghasilkan sebuah sistem informasi penjualan jilbab secara online (e-commerce) yang mampu memproses seluruh data penjualan serta pengelolaannya.
Le libertà delle città italiane nel tardo medioevo: qualche riflessione
Authors: Zorzi Andrea 
Published: July 2020

La historia de la libertad en las ciudades italianas de fines de la Edad Media se enfrenta a una "gran narrativa" que interpreta la experiencia política de las ciudades con una tradición comunitaria como una experiencia extraordinaria de la libertad republicana, a partir de algunas convicciones sólidas: que las Comunas habían sido una expresión plena de la libertad de los ciudadanos, que la degeneración de las luchas entre facciones había llevado a su crisis, y que los regímenes señoriales habían marcado el final de la libertad allanando el camino para las invasiones extranjeras de finales del siglo XV. El paradigma central de la "gran narrativa de la libertad" es la identificación de las experiencias políticas de las ciudades italianas de tradición comunal con el sistema político republicano. Sin embargo, esta identificación parece ser una "comprensión previa" interpretativa que no se refleja en la documentación. Tenemos que volver a investigar el significado de las libertates en las ciudades italianas de finales de la Edad Media, sustrayendonos a una carga ideológica tan pesada, para comprender la variedad de los significados premodernos del concepto de libertad centrado principalmente en la reivincidación de libertad como ausencia de dependencia o un régimen político arbitrario. Metodológicamente se trata de comenzar de nuevo a partir del análisis de la documentación y de una exégesis afinada del lenguaje de las fuentes, que revela la extraordinaria variedad de significados y declinaciones asumidas por la noción de libertad en las ciudades italianas entre los siglos XII y XIV.
Dimension Reduction and Relaxation of Johnson’s Method for Two Machines Flow Shop Scheduling Problem
Authors: Redi Mekonnen , Ikram Mohammad 
Published: June 2020

The traditional dimensionality reduction methods can be generally classified into Feature Extraction (FE) and Feature Selection (FS) approaches. The classical FE algorithms are generally classified into linear and nonlinear algorithms. Linear algorithms such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) aim to project high dimensional data to a lower-dimensional space by linear transformations according to certain criteria. The central idea of PCA is to reduce the dimensionality of the data set consisting of a large number of variables. In this paper, PCA was used to reduce the dimension of flow shop scheduling problems. This mathematical procedure transforms a number of (possibly) correlated jobs into a smaller number of uncorrelated jobs called principal components, which are the linear combinations of the original jobs. These jobs are carefully determined so that from the solution of the reduced problem multiple solutions of the original high dimensional problem can readily be obtained, or completely characterized, without actually listing the optimal solution(s). The results show that by fixing only some critical jobs at the beginnings and ends of the sequence using Johnson's method, the remaining jobs could be arranged in an arbitrary order in the remaining gap without violating the optimality condition that also guarantees minimum completion time. In this regard, Johnson's method was relaxed by terminating the listing of jobs at the first/last available positions when the job with minimum processing time on either machine attains the highest processing time on the other machine for the first time. By terminating Johnson's algorithm at an early stage, the method minimizes the time needed for sequencing those jobs that could be left arbitrarily. By allowing these jobs to be arranged in arbitrary order it gives job sequencing freedom for job operators without affecting minimum completion time. The results of the study were originally obtained for deterministic scheduling problems but they are more relevant on test problems randomly generated from uniform distribution with lower bound and upper bound and normal distribution with mean and standard deviation .
Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Imbalance are Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Bangladeshi Population
Authors: Kabir Md. Golam , Hossain Deaniel , Mohajan Suman , Rahman Monsor 
Published: July 2020

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a micro-vascular complication which is the main cause of blindness among people with Diabetes Mellitus. Identification and mitigation of the risk factors associated with DR will help to reduce the visual disability in diabetic subjects.
Aims and objective: The study has been undertaken to explore the association of lipids profile and electrolytes with the diabetic retinopathy in Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic subjects.
Material and methods: In the present study, 63 people diabetic with retinopathy (DR) and 80 people diabetic without retinopathy (DWR) were studied along with 92 healthy controls without family history diabetes and prediabetes. Anthropometric parameters, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and electrolytes Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- were measured by standard methods.
Results: HbA1c of DWR group and DR group were 8.60±1.17 and 11.80±1.63 respectively. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were significantly higher (p<0.001) in both DWR and DR group compared to the healthy control. Triglyceride was significantly (p<0.001) higher in the DR group but no difference was found in DWR compared to the control group. K+ was significantly increased in the DR group. Na+, Cl-, HCO3- were significantly decreased in the DR group compared to control group.
Conclusion: These results indicate that diabetic retinopathy patients exhibit dyslipidemia and electrolyte imbalance. Hypertriglyceridemia along with electrolyte imbalance is one the major risk factors toward the progression of diabetic retinopathy.