bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximale Bildqualität aus Minikameras
Authors: Brückner Hans Josef , Blahnik Vladan , Teubner Ulrich 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungSmartphonekameras stellen wegen ihrer Kompaktheit hohe Anforderungen an Optik und Bildsensoren. Dies erfordert neue technologische Lösungen. Teil 1 dieser Serie aus zwei Folgen stellt die Optik vor. Dabei gibt die flache Bauweise von Smartphones den Kameraabmessungen enge Grenzen vor. Sie erlaubt Brennweiten von nur wenigen Millimetern, auch die Sensoren müssen entsprechend klein sein. Um trotzdem gute Abbildungsleistungen zu erzielen, werden die kleinen Objektive möglichst lichtstark ausgelegt. Bei der kleinen Bauform erhält man eine große Tiefenschärfe. Die kompakte Bauweise erfordert ausschließlich asphärische Linsen. Diese werden so in Kunststoff inklusive Fassungen gefertigt, dass die Objektive durch Aufeinanderstapeln herstellbar sind. Kurze Telebrennweiten lassen sich durch eine Periskopbauweise mit im Smartphonegehäuse quer liegendem Objektiv realisieren. Heutige Smartphones besitzen in der Regel mehrere Kameras mit unterschiedlichen Festbrennweiten vom Weitwinkel‐ bis in den Telebereich. Eine Software kombiniert diese zu optisch‐elektronischen Hybridzooms.
Sleep screening for cystic fibrosis patients: A survey of cystic fibrosis programs
Authors: Thomas Caroline S. , Brown Rebekah F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is unknown, and no standardized screening or treatment guidelines exist to address sleep disorders in CF. The objective of this study is to characterize current sleep screening practices in adult, pediatric, combined, and affiliate CF programs.MethodsA survey was developed in Research Electronic Data Capture and distributed to program directors of accredited CF programs in the United States.ResultsEighty‐eight program directors responded (36% adult, 43% pediatric, 16% combined, 3% affiliate, and 1% unidentified). Of the respondents, 68% were part of an academic institution, 24% were associated with an academic institution, and 8% were part of a community or private program. Program sizes ranged from less than 50 to more than 500 patients. Routine or informal sleep screening was not performed in 44% of adults, 29% of pediatricians, and 35% of combined and affiliate programs. Most programs (>80%) have access to otolaryngology and sleep medicine although not all of these programs refer patients for evaluation of sleep disorders. Most program directors (77%) perceive sleep disorders as a problem in CF and would recommend routine sleep screening. Possible barriers to sleep screening included clinic flow, screening fatigue, and lack of recommendations for sleep screening.ConclusionsFormal sleep screening is inconsistent among CF care centers although most survey respondents would recommend the inclusion of screening in routine CF care. Future work is needed to further evaluate the impact of sleep disorders in CF and determine best practices for standardization of sleep screening and treatment.
Inter‐individual and inter‐regional variations in enteric drug metabolizing enzyme activities: Results with cryopreserved human intestinal mucosal epithelia (CHIM) from the small intestines of 14 donors
Authors: Li Albert P. , Ho Ming‐Chih D. , Alam Novera , Mitchell Walter , Wong Susan , Yan Zhengyin , Kenny Jane R. , E. C. A. Hop Cornelis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe have previously reported successful isolation and cryopreservation of human intestinal mucosa (CHIM) with retention of viability and drug metabolizing enzyme activities. Here we report the results of the quantification of drug metabolizing enzyme activities in CHIM from different regions of the small intestines from 14 individual donors. CHIM were isolated from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 10 individuals, and from 10 consecutive 12‐inch segments starting from the pyloric sphincter of human small intestines from four additional individuals. P450 and non‐P450 drug metabolizing enzyme activities (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A, UGT, SULT, FMO, MAO, AO, NAT1, and NAT2) were quantified via incubation with pathway‐selective substrates. Quantifiable activities were observed for all pathways except for CYP2A6. Comparison of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in 10 donors shows jejunum had higher activities for CYP2C9, CYP3A, UGT, SULT, MAO, and NAT1. Further definition of regional variations with CHIM from ten 12‐inch segments of the proximal small intestine shows that the segments immediately after the first 12‐inch segment (duodenum) had the highest activity for most of the drug metabolizing enzymes but with substantial differences among the four donors. Our overall results demonstrate that there are substantial individual differences in drug metabolizing enzymes and that jejunum, especially the regions immediately after the duodenum, had the highest drug metabolizing enzyme activities.
The catalytic performance of metal‐free defected carbon catalyst towards acetylene hydrochlorination revealed from first‐principles calculation
Authors: Ali Sajjad , Khan Muhammad Baber Azam , Khan Said Alam , Noora  
Published: September 2020

AbstractDefected carbon materials as a metal‐free catalyst have shown superior stability and catalytic performance in the acetylene hydrochlorination reaction. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, for the first time, several different defected configurations comprising mono and divacancies and Stone Wales defect on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been used as a direct catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction. These defective sites on SWCNTs are the most active site for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction compare to pristine SWCNT. The different configurations of defects have different electronic structures, which specify that monovacancy defects have more states adjacent to the Fermi level. The reactant acetylene (C2H2) adsorbed strongly compared to hydrogen chloride (HCl) and expected to be the initial step of the reaction. Acetylene adsorbed strongly at monovacancy defected SWCNT compared to other investigated defects. Reaction pathway analysis revealed that mono‐ and divacancy defected SWCNTs have minimum energy barriers and show extraordinary performance toward acetylene hydrochlorination. This work suggests the potential of metal‐free defected carbon in catalyzing acetylene hydrochlorination and provides a solid base for future developments in acetylene hydrochlorination.
Indirect visual guided fracture reduction robot based on external markers
Authors: Fu Zhuoxin , Sun Hao , Dong Xinyu , Chen Jianwen , Rong Hongtao , Guo Yue , Lin Shengxin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundTraditional fracture reduction surgery cannot ensure the accuracy of the reduction while consuming the physical strength of the surgeon. Although monitoring the fracture reduction process through radiography can improve the accuracy of the reduction, it will bring radiation harm to both patients and surgeons.MethodsWe proposed a novel fracture reduction solution that parallel robot is used for fracture reduction surgery. The binocular camera indirectly obtains the position and posture of the fragment wrapped by the tissue by measuring the posture of the external markers. According to the clinical experience of fracture reduction, a path is designed for fracture reduction. Then using position‐based visual serving control the robot to fracture reduction surgery. The study is approved by the ethics committee of the Rehabilitation Hospital, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China.ResultsTen virtual cases of fracture were used for fracture reduction experiments. The simulation and model bone experiments are designed respectively. In model bone experiments, the fragments are reduced without collision. The angulation error after the reduction of this method is 3.3° ± 1.8°, and the axial rotation error is 0.8° ± 0.3°, the transverse stagger error and the axial direction error after reduction is 2 ± 0.5 mm and 2.5 ± 1 mm. After the reduction surgery, the external fixator is used to assist the fixing, and the deformity will be completely corrected.ConclusionsThe solution can perform fracture reduction surgery with certain accuracy and effectively reduce the number of radiographic uses during surgery, and the collision between fragments is avoided during surgery.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in people living withHIV: a systematic review
Authors: Costenaro Paola , Minotti Chiara , Barbieri Elisa , Giaquinto Carlo , Donà Daniele 
Published: September 2020

SummaryBackground and settingLittle is known about SARS‐CoV‐2 impact on some vulnerable subgroups, such as people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). In our study we reviewed the current knowledge on SARS‐CoV‐2 cases in PLWHA.MethodsA systematic review was conducted by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases. Studies reporting data on PLWHA affected by SARS‐CoV‐2 were considered for inclusion. The aim of this study was the systematic characterization of cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among PLWHA, particularly focusing on age, clinical findings at diagnosis, radiological features, therapeutic management and clinical outcomes.ResultsTwenty three relevant articles were identified, which reported 164 adults with both HIV and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Of those, the large majority were males (120/142, 84.5%), often with one or more comorbidities. Fifteen cases needed intensive care treatment and 16 died. For each group, respectively three patients had underlying comorbidities. There were no studies on children. The included studies were mostly retrospective or case series/reports (19 studies). The overall risk of bias was moderate, due to the study types and characteristics.ConclusionIt is still unclear if HIV infection may influence SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and disease course, however some PLWHA and particularly males affected by ARV‐related complications may be at greater risk of severe Covid‐19 course.
Adaptive interpolating control for constrained systems with parametric uncertainty and disturbances
Authors: Zhang Sixing , Dai Li , Gao Yulong , Xia Yuanqing 
Published: September 2020

SummaryAn adaptive interpolating control (AIC) algorithm is proposed for constrained linear systems with parametric uncertainty and additive disturbance. This adaptive algorithm consists of an iterative set membership identification algorithm, which updates the uncertain parameter set at each time step, and an interpolating controller, which robustly stabilizes the uncertain system with state and input constraints. We prove that the AIC algorithm is recursively feasible and guarantees robust constraint satisfaction and robust asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system in the presence of uncertainties. Moreover, we detail two possible extensions of the AIC algorithm: (a) persistent excitation conditions can be embedded into the AIC algorithm to accelerate the convergence of system parameters and (b) the combination of the AIC algorithm and aggressive learning is able to enlarge the size of the feasible region with every iteration by exploiting information from previous iterations. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms through comparisons with adaptive model predictive control and one example of mobile carrier robot.
The tension between pattern‐seeking and mechanistic reasoning in explanation construction: A case from Chinese elementary science classroom
Authors: Tang Xiaowei , Elby Andrew , Hammer David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThrough analysis of a classroom lesson led by a decorated teacher, we illustrate how instructional practices favor students seeking empirical patterns at the expense of using mechanistic reasoning. In the lesson, when students spontaneously come up with hypothetical mechanisms to explain why a light bulb in an electric circuit does or does not light, the teacher, following the guidance of standardized curricula, redirects them toward pattern‐seeking. We argue that this bias toward pattern‐seeking in Chinese national standards and curricula, along with ambiguity in those documents on what an “explanation” is, sits in tension with students' productive abilities and propensities for engaging in mechanistic explanation. In discussion, we extend the argument to show a less severe but similar bias toward pattern‐seeking in the United States' Next Generation Science Standards.
Increasing positive climate impact by combining anti‐consumption and consumption changes with impact investing
Authors: Claudelin Anna , Uusitalo Ville , Hintukainen Ilona , Kuokkanen Anna , Tertsunen Paavo , Leino Maija , Linnanen Lassi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHousehold consumption leads to global warming potential impacts, for example, via energy consumption, production processes, and transportation. About 72% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are related to household consumption. Some of this consumption is nonessential and could therefore be reduced, leading to decreased GHG emissions. There is, however, a risk of a rebound effect if money saved by reducing consumption is used or invested in a way that leads to GHG emissions elsewhere. Therefore, in efforts to further mitigate climate change via anti‐consumption behavior or changes in consumption, it should be ensured that money saved is impact invested in climate change mitigating actions, thus creating a secondary impact. Previous studies have not considered the need to account for this double impact dynamic in climate change mitigation. An approach to calculate potential for double impacts is developed in this work. The article also presents quantitative GHG emissions reduction potentials, for example, some anti‐consumption actions and consumption changes as well as for possible impact investments.
Promoting effective construction and demolition waste management towards sustainable development: A case study of Hong Kong
Authors: Wu Zezhou , Yu Ann T.W. , Poon Chi Sun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConstruction and demolition (C&D) waste accounts for a large proportion of solid waste, thus effective C&D waste management is essential for promoting sustainable development. In Hong Kong, the government has promulgated a series of policies to encourage related stakeholders to implement effective C&D waste management. However, the overall status remains not satisfactory and has a great potential for further improvement. In this circumstance, the aim of this study is proposing solutions for further improvement of effective C&D waste management in Hong Kong. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of seven selected countries and two rounds of focus group meetings with local experienced professionals, prevailing C&D waste management policies and successful practices were identified and their feasibility of implementation in Hong Kong was discussed. Results revealed that non‐inert waste recycling is a key for improving the C&D waste management in Hong Kong to a higher level. A “3R + I” principle was suggested to be implemented in Hong Kong instead of the currently employed “3R” principle. Four solutions, namely promulgation of more specialized regulations, adoption of advanced recycling technologies, development of mature recycling markets, and implementation of high landfilling costs, were identified as the key directions for future improvement of C&D waste management in Hong Kong. The identified C&D waste management policies and the research methods used in this study can be employed in other countries or regions which are at different C&D waste management levels and economic status to form their own applicable policy framework.
Using the SHAPLEY value approach to variance decomposition in strategy research: Diversification, internationalization, and corporate group effects on affiliate profitability
Authors: Sharapov Dmitry , Kattuman Paul , Rodriguez Diego , Velazquez F. Javier 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryVariance decomposition methods allow strategy scholars to identify key sources of heterogeneity in firm performance. However, most extant approaches produce estimates that depend on the order in which sources are considered, the ways they are nested, and which sources are treated as fixed or random effects. In this paper, we propose the use of an axiomatically justified, unique, and effective solution to this limitation: the “Shapley Value” approach. We show its effectiveness compared to extant methods using both simulated and real data, and use it to explore how the importance of business group effects varies with group diversification and internationalization in a large, representative sample of European firms. We thus demonstrate the method's superior accuracy and its usefulness in asking and answering new questions.Managerial SummaryA key contribution of strategic management research to managerial practice is identifying drivers of firm performance that operate at firm, corporation, industry, and national levels. A branch of this research measures the relative importance of factors at these different levels in producing variation in firm performance, thus helping top managers focus efforts on aspects of their businesses most likely to yield performance differences. However, estimates produced by extant methods are sensitive to method used, and to modeling choices made. This paper proposes the use of the “Shapley Value” approach, which is free from such sensitivity, shows its effectiveness compared to extant methods, and uses it to explore how the importance of factors at the level of the business group varies with group diversification and internationalization.
Efficient Polysulfide‐Based Nanotheranostics for Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer: Ratiometric Photoacoustics Monitored Tumor Microenvironment‐Initiated H2S Therapy
Authors: Li Jie , Li Xiang , Yuan Yan , Wang Qi , Xie Lisi , Dai Yunlu , Wang Wenjun , Li Lin , Lu Xiaomei , Fan Quli , Huang Wei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe incidence of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is difficult to predict, and TNBC has a high mortality rate among women worldwide. In this study, a theranostics approach is developed for TNBC with ratiometric photoacoustic monitored thiol‐initiated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) therapy. The ratiometric photoacoustic (PA) probe (CY) with a thiol‐initiated H2S donor (PSD) to form a nanosystem (CY‐PSD nanoparticles) is integrated. In this theranostics approach, H2S generated from PSD is sensed by CY based on ratiometric PA signals, which simultaneously pinpoints the tumor region. Additionally, H2S is cytotoxic toward TNBC cells (MDA‐MB 231), showing a tumor inhibition rate of 63%. To further verify its pharmacological mechanism, proteomics analysis is performed on tumors treated with CY‐PSD nanoparticles. Cells are killed by the significant mitochondrial dysfunction via supressed energy supply and apoptosis initiation. Besides, the observed inhibition of oxidative stress also generates the cytotoxicity. Significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomes pathways related to TNBC are found to be inhibited. This H2S theranostics approach updates the current anticancer therapies which brings promise for women suffering malignant breast cancer.
A Novel Hierarchical Nanostructure for Enhanced Optical Nonlinearity Based on Scattering Mechanism
Authors: Pang Chi , Li Rang , Li Ziqi , Dong Ningning , Ren Feng , Wang Jun , Chen Feng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSurface modification of nonlinear optical materials (NOMs) is widely applied to fabricate diverse photonic devices, such as frequency combs, modulators, and all‐optical switches. In this work, a double‐layer nanostructure with heterogeneous nanoparticles (NPs) is proposed to achieve enhanced third‐order optical nonlinearity of NOMs. The mechanism of modified optical nonlinearity is elucidated to be the scattering‐induced energy transfer between adjacent NPs layers. Based on the LiNbO3 platform, as a typical example, double layers of embedded Cu and Ag NPs are synthesized by sequential ion implantation, demonstrating twofold magnitude of near‐infrared enhancement factor and modulation depth in comparison with a single layer of Cu NPs. With the elastic collision model and thermolysis theory being considered, the shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak reveals the formation mechanism of the double‐layer nanostructure. Utilizing the enhanced optical nonlinearity of LiNbO3 as modulators, a Q‐switched mode‐locked waveguide laser at 1 µm is achieved with shorter pulse duration. It suggests potential applications to improve the performance of nonlinear photonic devices by using double‐layer metallic nanostructures.
Functionalized Graphene@Gold Nanostar/Lipid for Pancreatic Cancer Gene and Photothermal Synergistic Therapy under Photoacoustic/Photothermal Imaging Dual‐Modal Guidance
Authors: Jia Xiuna , Xu Weiguo , Ye Zhikai , Wang Yuling , Dong Qing , Wang Erkang , Li Dan , Wang Jin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNanomaterial‐based pancreatic cancer treatment has received widespread attention and rapid development in the past few years. The major challenges include the poor combination of diagnosis and therapy, the difficulty in targeting therapy from the root and the unsatisfactory antitumor efficiency, which is accompanied by a great risk of relapse and metastasis. In this work, a positively charged lipid bilayer membrane is coated on reduced graphene oxide@gold nanostar (rGO@AuNS) for photoacoustic/photothermal dual‐modal imaging‐guided gene/photothermal synergistic therapy of pancreatic cancer. In addition, the cross‐linking of folic acid on the surface of rGO@AuNS‐lipid can specifically bind after recognizing folic acid receptors on the surface of cancer cells, and greatly improve the targeting ability of the nanomaterial and the performance of imaging diagnosis by receptor‐mediated endocytosis. Moreover, the photothermal and gene (targeting G12V mutant K‐Ras gene) synergistic therapy shows outstanding anticancer efficacy for pancreatic cancer tumor bearing mice, and it is noteworthy that the treatment groups have anti‐liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer.
Sodiophilically Graded Gold Coating on Carbon Skeletons for Highly Stable Sodium Metal Anodes
Authors: Wu Junxiong , Zou Peichao , Ihsan‐Ul‐Haq Muhammad , Mubarak Nauman , Susca Alessandro , Li Baohua , Ciucci Francesco , Kim Jang‐Kyo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMetallic sodium (Na) is an appealing anode material for high‐energy Na batteries. However, Na metal suffers from low coulombic efficiencies and severe dendrite growth during plating/stripping cycles, causing short circuits. As an effective strategy to improve the deposition behavior of Na metal, a 3D carbon foam is developed that is sputter‐coated with gold nanoparticles (Au/CF), forming a functional gradient through its thickness. The highly porous Au/CF host is proven to have gradually varying sodiophilicity, which in turn facilitates initially preferential Na deposition on the gold‐rich, sodiophilic region in a “bottom‐up growth” mode, leading to uniform plating over the entire Au/CF host. This finding contrasts with dendrite formation in the pristine CF host, as proven by in situ microscopy. The Na‐predeposited Au/CF (Na@Au/CF) composite anode operates steadily for 1000 h at a low overpotential of ≈20 mV at 2 mA cm−2 in a symmetric cell. When the composite anode is coupled with a Na3V2(PO4)2F3 cathode, the full cell has a high capacity of 102.1 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 2 C. The sodiophilicity gradient design that is explored in this study offers new insight into developing porous Na metal hosts with highly stable plating/stripping performance for next‐generation Na batteries.