bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Schmidtz David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The evolution of educational institutions has been shaped by an uneasy mix of standards-based and market-based reforms. How we understand education’s outcomes for students and for society at large will shape how we think about the general idea of market-based reforms. Yet any given reform is a particular intervention in a particular time and place, so a responsible evaluation of reform ultimately must be an analysis of particular observations. General principles of philosophy and economics can illuminate, but real cases have a way of turning out to be special cases. So while this is a debate about the role of market-based reforms in education, we want to avoid engaging in a duel of rival theories and instead speak on behalf of real children, real parents, and real teachers.
Society Is Not a Race
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We observed that educators and educational institutions have a twofold mission. Here is an implication: If we perform well in our role as educators, we make our classroom a society—a cooperative venture for mutual advantage. If we perform well as certifiers, we turn our classroom into something else: a race, albeit a fair one. Society, in any case, is not a race. No one needs to win. Therefore, no one needs an equal opportunity to win either. To prepare students for membership in society, the exact thing students need, no more and no less, is a genuine chance to make something of whatever potential they have.
Epilogue
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Schmidtz David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We have learned from progress in the field of psychology that certain biases are baked into the human condition. However, the fact that we live and process information in real time, in a temporal order, is not a mistake. It affects what we end up thinking, so it is a bias in a way; yet it is not a mistake, and there is no way for human information processors to avoid it. Even so, open-mindedness pays dividends. Because each of us set out to defend children rather than to defend theories, in the course of our back-and-forth each of us ended up learning something about what serves that more or less common aim. In particular, we understand that one of society’s legitimate aspirations is to be a place of opportunity, and above all a place of opportunity for its least advantaged citizens. We also understand what this overarching aspiration leaves open. It does not determine the particular missions of more specialized institutions within society, including institutions of education. We leave that as a question for the reader, but we hope to have shed some light on how to think about it.
Introduction
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses why the scientific field encompassing friction, lubrication, adhesion, and wear is called tribology and how recent scientific advances are now enabling us to understand the rich interactions occurring between the atoms and molecules at contacting surfaces. This chapter also outlines the history of tribological science and tribology’s impact on technology, the economy, and everyday life. Success stories from MEMS, disk drives, automotive, and nanoimprinting industries are used to illustrate how nanoscale tribological science (often referred to as nanotribology) is helping to develop important new technologies. Examples considered include nanoscale contact switches and mechanical relays. The chapter concludes with a discussion around Feynman’s caveats on how friction and adhesion at the atomic and molecular level present major challenges for developing atomic scale machines.
Mechanical Properties of Solids and Real Area of Contact
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter covers how the material around contacting asperities deforms when two surfaces touch and the resulting stresses in the materials. The beginning portion of the chapter is devoted to how these stresses and deformations originate at the atomic level. Next, discussed are the elastic and plastic deformations that can occur when a single asperity contacts a flat surface, such as a Hertzian contact. The discussion of plasticity leads naturally to the discussion of hardness. A major portion of this chapter is devoted to estimating the solid–solid contact area between rough contacting surfaces, which can be due to both elastic and plastic deformations. This discussion of contact area is centered around the Greenwood and Williamson model and the Persson theory of the contact mechanics of rough surfaces.
Surface Forces Derived from Surface Energies
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAs it more practical to measure the forces acting between two contacting surfaces then the energies of surfaces, this chapter covers those surface forces that are derived from surface energies. The starting point is Derjaguin’s approximation, which relates the energy between two flat surfaces to the force in other geometries: sphere/flat, sphere/sphere, and crossed cylinders. Next is a discussion of the surface forces in dry contacts with no liquid menisci around the contact points. This discussion covers the cases where adhesion causes significant deformation (JKR theory), where deformation is insignificant (DMT theory), and the cases in between. How surface roughness impacts adhesion is also discussed. The second half of this chapter deals with how liquid menisci around contacts contribute to adhesion forces, both for the sphere-on-flat geometry and for contacting rough surfaces.
Measuring Surface Forces
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the two experimental techniques—the surface force apparatus (SFA) and the atomic force microscope (AFM)—that are commonly used for measuring molecular level forces that act between two surfaces at small separation distances. The first part of this chapter covers the fundamental principles of SFA and AFM design. The second half of this chapter illustrates the application of AFM to measuring surface forces with examples the measurement of van der Waals forces, atomic level repulsive forces, frictional forces, electrostatic double-layer forces, and meniscus forces from liquid films and from capillary condensation.
Atomistic Origins of Friction
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter covers the current state of knowledge about how the shear strength (the force needed to slide one surface over another) originates at the atomic level. For adhesive friction, friction originates from the forces needed to move the atoms on one surface over the atomic structure of the opposing surface; the simplest model for adhesive friction is the cobblestone model. The Frenkel–Kontorova model, the Prandtl–Tomlinson model, and molecular dynamic simulations are typically used to show how the atomic structure of the surfaces leads to static friction. One exciting aspect of these friction models is the prediction of superlubricity or negligible friction for incommensurate sliding surfaces, which is now being realized in experiments. Also discussed is why superlubricity is not observed in real-life situations. As atoms and molecules slide over surfaces, kinetic friction originates from phonon and electronic excitations, which are typically studied using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM).
Wear
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter outlines common mechanisms that contribute to wear, which is broadly defined to be any form of surface damage caused by rubbing one surface against another. Such wear mechanisms include delamination wear, adhesive wear (where adhesion followed by plastic shearing plucks the ends off the softer asperities, typically described by Archard’s law), abrasive wear (where hard particles or asperities gouge a surface and displace material), and oxidative wear (where surfaces react with atmospheric oxygen prior to being worn). Sliding conditions often determine which wear mechanism dominates, with the main factors being temperature, sliding velocity, oxidation, plasticity, loading force, and mechanical stresses. How wear rates respond to changes to these factors can be diagramed on a wear map. The last part of the chapter discusses how transition state theory can describe nanoscale wear by atomic attrition, and how plasticity and fracture occur at the nanoscale.
What Aspects of Formality Do Workers Value? Evidence from a Choice Experiment in Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmud Minhaj , Gutierrez Italo A , Kumar Krishna B , Nataraj Shanthi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study uses a choice experiment among 2,000 workers in Bangladesh to elicit willingness to pay (WTP) for job attributes: a contract, termination notice, working hours, paid leave, and a pension fund. Using a stated preference method allows calculation of WTP for benefits in this setting, despite the lack of data on worker transitions, and the fact that many workers are self-employed, which makes it difficult to use revealed preference methods. Workers highly value job stability: the average worker would be willing to forgo a 27 percent increase in income to obtain a one-year contract (relative to no contract), or to forgo a 12 percent increase to obtain thirty days of termination notice. There is substantial heterogeneity in WTP by type of employment and gender: women value shorter working hours more than men, while government workers place a higher value on contracts than do private-sector employees.
Maternal and Perinatal Mortality and Complications Associated With Cesarean Delivery in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Sobhy Soha , Arroyo-Manzano David , Murugesu Nilaani , Karthikeyan Gayathri , Kumar Vinoth , Kaur Inderjeet , Fernandez Evita , Gundabattula Sirisha Rao , Betran Ana Pilar , Khan Khalid , Zamora Javier , Thangaratinam Shakila 
Published: October 2019

(Abstracted from Lancet 2019;393(10184):1973–1982)
Around the world every year, 300,000 women die during childbirth, with 99% of these cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). One potential cause is accessibility to cesarean deliveries in these countries, which are both overutilized and underutilized and contribute to maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes.
Anesthesia During Positive-pressure Myelogram: A New Role for Cerebral Oximetry
Authors: Gatica-Moris Sebastian R. , Welch Tasha L. , Abcejo Arnoley S. , Carr Carrie M. , Pasternak Jeffrey J. 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Positive-pressure myelogram (PPM) is an emerging radiologic study used to localize spinal dural defects. During PPM, cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp) is increased by injecting saline with contrast into the cerebrospinal fluid. This has the potential to increase intracranial pressure and compromise cerebral perfusion.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective chart review and analysis of 11 patients. The aim was to describe the periprocedural anesthetic management of patients undergoing PPM.

Results:
All patients underwent PPM with general anesthesia and intra-arterial blood pressure and near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring of regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation. Mean±SD maximum lumbar CSFp was 58±12 mm Hg. Upon intrathecal injection, mean systolic blood pressure increased from 115±21 to 142±32 mm Hg (P<0.001), diastolic blood pressure from 68±12 to 80±20 mm Hg (P≤0.001), and mean blood pressure from 87±10 to 98±14 mm Hg (P=0.02). Ten of 11 patients received blood pressure augmentation with phenylephrine to minimize the risk of reduced cerebral perfusion secondary to increased CSFp after intrathecal injection. The mean heart rate before and following injection was similar (68±15 vs. 70±15 bpm, respectively; P=0.16). There was a decrease in regional cerebral oxygen saturation after positioning from supine to prone position (79±10% to 74±9%, P=0.02) and a further decrease upon intrathecal injection (75±10% to 69±9%, P≤0.01).

Conclusions:
Systemic blood pressure increased following intrathecal injection during PPM, possibly due to a physiologic response to intracranial hypertension/reduced cerebral perfusion or administration of phenylephrine. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation decreased with the change to prone position and further decreased upon intrathecal injection. Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy has a potential role to monitor the adequacy of cerebral perfusion and guide adjustment of systemic blood pressure during PPM.
The Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapies
Authors: Cardwell Chris R. , O’Sullivan Joe M. , Jain Suneil , Harbinson Mark T. , Cook Michael B. , Hicks Blánaid M. , McMenamin Úna C. 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), with a proven role in prostate cancer management, has been associated with various cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have investigated these associations by type of ADT, particularly for newer ADTs such as the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist degarelix. We investigated the risk of cardiovascular disease by type of ADT in a real-world setting.

Methods:
We identified men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer, from 2009 to 2015, from the Scottish Cancer Registry and ADTs from the nationwide Prescribing Information System. Cardiovascular events were based upon hospitalization (from hospital records) or death from cardiovascular disease (from death records). We used Cox regression to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cardiovascular events with time-varying ADT exposure, comparing ADT users with untreated patients, after adjusting for potential confounders, including prior cardiovascular disease.

Results:
The cohort contained 20,216 prostate cancer patients, followed for 73,570 person-years, during which there were 3,853 cardiovascular events. ADT was associated with a 30% increase in cardiovascular events (adjusted HR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.2, 1.4). This reflected increases in cardiovascular events associated with GnRH agonists (adjusted HR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.2, 1.4), degarelix (adjusted HR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.2, 1.9), but not bicalutamide monotherapy (adjusted HR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.82, 1.3).

Conclusions:
There were increased risks of cardiovascular disease with the use of GnRH agonists and degarelix, but not with bicalutamide monotherapy. This is the first study to observe increased cardiovascular risks with degarelix, but the cause of this association is unclear and merits further investigation.
Harnessing Tweets for Early Detection of an Acute Disease Event
Authors: Joshi Aditya , Sparks Ross , McHugh James , Karimi Sarvnaz , Paris Cecile , MacIntyre C. Raina 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Melbourne, Australia, witnessed a thunderstorm asthma outbreak on 21 November 2016, resulting in over 8,000 hospital admissions by 6 p.m. This is a typical acute disease event. Because the time to respond is short for acute disease events, an algorithm based on time between events has shown promise. Shorter the time between consecutive incidents of the disease, more likely the outbreak. Social media posts such as tweets can be used as input to the monitoring algorithm. However, due to the large volume of tweets, a large number of alerts may be produced. We refer to this problem as alert swamping.

Methods:
We present a four-step architecture for the early detection of the acute disease event, using social media posts (tweets) on Twitter. To curb alert swamping, the first three steps of the algorithm ensure the relevance of the tweets. The fourth step is a monitoring algorithm based on time between events. We experiment with a dataset of tweets posted in Melbourne from 2014 to 2016, focusing on the thunderstorm asthma outbreak in Melbourne in November 2016.

Results:
Out of our 18 experiment combinations, three detected the thunderstorm asthma outbreak up to 9 hours before the time mentioned in the official report, and five were able to detect it before the first news report.

Conclusions:
With appropriate checks against alert swamping in place and the use of a monitoring algorithm based on time between events, tweets can provide early alerts for an acute disease event such as thunderstorm asthma.
Radiation Safety Observations Associated with 177Lu Dotatate Patients
Authors: Nelson Kevin L. , Sheetz Michael A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lutetium-177 dotatate, marketed under the name Lutathera®, is proving to be a valuable tool for physicians treating patients with neuroendocrine somatostatin-receptive tumors. Treatment consists of four cycles of 7.4 GBq of 177Lu dotatate infused intravenously over 30 to 40 minutes. This paper focuses on the radiation safety implications of patients undergoing 177Lu dotatate treatments at two large medical centers in the United States under the manufacturer’s Expanded Access Protocol. Radiation safety precautions are described for the treatment of patients to control for radiation exposure and potential contamination. Ideally, the room used for administration should have a toilet, or one that is in close proximity, and covering should be provided to minimize contamination and clean up. The patient will meet the requirements in 10 CFR Part 35.75 for immediate release based on administered activity or measured exposure rate, but will need to be provided with written instruction on how to keep doses to other individuals ALARA. Disposal of the radioactive waste from 177Lu dotatate therapy can present some hazard control issues due to the long-lived 177mLu contaminant.
Based on our experience, 177Lu dotatate therapy is an effective outpatient procedure that can safely occur in any hospital procedural room without the need for additional local shielding. Administration can be accomplished safely with attention paid to the administration set-up and proper administration procedures. Exposure to staff or to adjacent areas is minimal.
Hospital Response to CMS Public Reports of Hospital Charge Information
Authors: Carey Kathleen , Dor Avi 
Published: October 2019

Background:
In an effort to increase price transparency, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began reporting charges for Medicare inpatients treated in ∼3400 hospitals online in 2013. As of 2019, CMS began to require hospitals themselves to publicize a more comprehensive list of their underlying procedure charges.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess the responses of hospitals to broad-scale public reporting of their charges for inpatient services.

Research Design:
We used descriptive analysis to examine the trend in CMS charge data for high charge hospitals before and after the 2013 intervention. We also applied difference-in-differences analysis to comprehensive inpatient charge data from New York and Florida for the years 2011–2016, defining the reported high-volume diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) as the intervention group.

Results:
At the national level, the CMS charge data showed relatively lower growth in high charge hospitals following the intervention. From the state data, we found that after 3 years, the growth in charges for reported DRGs in New York hospitals was 4%–9% lower than for unreported diagnosis-related groups. In Florida, it was 2%–8% lower.

Conclusion:
Public reports of hospital inpatient charges by DRG appear to influence subsequent charges, slowing their growth.
Standardized and Individualized Parenteral Nutrition Mixtures in a Pediatric Home Parenteral Nutrition Population
Authors: Nagelkerke Sjoerd C.J. , Jonkers‐Schuitema Cora F. , Kastelijn Wendy L.M. , Gerards Anne‐Loes E. , Benninga Marc A. , de Koning Barbara A.E. , Tabbers Merit M. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:Studies evaluating efficacy or safety of standardized parenteral nutrition (PN) versus individualized PN are lacking. We aimed to assess effects on growth and safety of standardized PN compared with individualized PN in our Home PN group.Methods:Descriptive cohort study in Dutch children on Home PN, in which standardized PN was compared with individualized PN. Both groups received similar micronutrient‐supplementation. Primary outcome was growth over 2 years, secondary outcomes were electrolyte disturbances and biochemical abnormalities. Additionally, patients were matched for age to control for potential confounding characteristics.Results:Fifty patients (50% girls, median age 6.5 years) were included, 16 (32%) received standardized PN mixtures. Age (11 vs 5 years), gestational age (39.2 vs 36.2 weeks) and PN duration (97 vs 39 months) were significantly higher in the group receiving standardized PN (P: ⩽0.001; 0.027; 0.013 respectively). The standardized PN group showed an increase in weight‐for‐age (WFA), compared with a decrease in the individualized PN group (+0.38 SD vs −0.55 SD, P: 0.003). Electrolyte disturbances and biochemical abnormalities did not differ. After matching for age, resulting in comparable groups, no significant differences were demonstrated in WFA, height‐for‐age, or weight‐for‐height SD change.Conclusions:In children with chronic IF, over 2,5 years of age, standardized PN mixtures show a comparable effect on weight, height, and weight for height when compared with individualized PN mixtures. Also, standardized PN mixtures (with added micronutrients) seem noninferior to individualized PN mixtures in terms of electrolyte disturbances and basic biochemical abnormalities. Larger studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.Trial Registration: Academical Medical Center medical ethics committee number W18_079 #18.103.
Factors Associated With Uncertainty in Patients Scheduled to Undergo Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Adarve Sandra E. , Osorio Jhon H. 
Published: October 2019

Background
Uncertainty has been studied in patients with different types of cancer, except in patients with hematologic cancer and undergoing transplantation.

Objective
To identify the frequency of uncertainty and its associated factors in adults scheduled to undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study with analytical purposes, information on sociodemographic and clinical variables was collected. Fifty patients were diagnosed with lymphoma, myeloma, or leukemia from a high-complexity hospital. Mishel’s Scale of Uncertainty in Illness validated in Spanish was applied. A multivariate analysis was performed through logistic regression.

Results
Approximately 74% of participants had a high level of uncertainty. The education level (odds ratio [OR], 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–15.3), family history of cancer (OR, 30.7; 95% CI, 2.7–349), and previous radiotherapy treatment (OR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.004–0.48) were associated with the uncertainty level.

Conclusions
Uncertainty is experienced by patients with hematologic cancer, and factors associated should be recognized to diminish the negative effects produced by this.

Implications for Practice
This experience of uncertainty and its associated factors must be visible in patients scheduled to undergo transplantation. This allows nurses to carry out interventions that have an impact on the cognitive ability mediated by information and education. Reducing the effects that uncertainty has on the overall experience of patients, it is vital for nursing.