bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjustments in fatty acid composition is a mechanism that can explain resilience to marine heatwaves and future ocean conditions in the habitat‐forming seaweed Phyllospora comosa (Labillardière) C.Agardh
Authors: Britton Damon , Schmid Matthias , Noisette Fanny , Havenhand Jonathan N. , Paine Ellie R. , McGraw Christina M. , Revill Andrew T. , Virtue Patti , Nichols Peter D. , Mundy Craig N. , Hurd Catriona L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMarine heatwaves are extreme events that can have profound and lasting impacts on marine species. Field observations have shown seaweeds to be highly susceptible to marine heatwaves, but the physiological drivers of this susceptibility are poorly understood. Furthermore, the effects of marine heatwaves in conjunction with ocean warming and acidification are yet to be investigated. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a laboratory culture experiment in which we tested the growth and physiological responses of Phyllospora comosa juveniles from the southern extent of its range (43–31°S) to marine heatwaves, ocean warming and acidification. We used a ‘collapsed factorial design’ in which marine heatwaves were superimposed on current (today's pH and temperature) and future (pH and temperature projected by 2100) ocean conditions. Responses were tested both during the heatwaves, and after a 7‐day recovery period. Heatwaves reduced net photosynthetic rates in both current and future conditions, while respiration rates were elevated under heatwaves in the current conditions only. Following the recovery period, there was little evidence of heatwaves having lasting negative effects on growth, photosynthesis or respiration. Exposure to heatwaves, future ocean conditions or both caused an increase in the degree of saturation of fatty acids. This adjustment may have counteracted negative effects of elevated temperatures by decreasing membrane fluidity, which increases at higher temperatures. Furthermore, P. comosa appeared to down‐regulate the energetically expensive carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism in the future conditions with a reduction in δ13C values detected in these treatments. Any saved energy arising from this down‐regulation was not invested in growth and was likely invested in the adjustment of fatty acid composition. This adjustment is a mechanism by which P. comosa and other seaweeds may tolerate the negative effects of ocean warming and marine heatwaves through benefits arising from ocean acidification.
Does gene flow balance the effect of habitat fragmentation in a population of the hermit beetleOsmoderma barnabita?
Authors: Melosik Iwona , Baraniak Edward , Przewoźny Marek , Grzegorczyk Tomasz , Rzepka Małgorzata 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA fine‐scale spatial genetic structure is rarely analysed within insect populations, although such a structure influences the level of inbreeding and kin dynamics and can have implications for long‐term population persistence. A high level of genetic structure is expected in a divided population of the hermit beetleOsmoderma barnabitadue to its philopatry and habitat loss/fragmentation.To assess the variability and population genetic structure, sex contributions to genetic variation, and gene flow, the beetles were collected in a fragmented forest (2920 ha) employing sex pheromone‐baited traps, georeferenced, and morphologically identified to species and sex; 187 sampled specimens were then evaluated using 10 microsatellite loci.Based on our data, the population as a whole is characterised by low genetic diversity (He= 0.34) and a high level of inbreeding (FiAvg. = 0.31). Nevertheless, the level of differentiation between field subpopulations is low, indicating a high level of gene flow (a patchy model). This was evidenced by small pairwiseFSTestimates and slight differences inHo,He, and allelic richness, a lack of well‐defined boundaries between subpopulations, and relatively low relatedness among neighbouring female and male dyads.Sex‐biased gene flow was evidenced from the analysis of isolation by distance (regression relatedness) but not from assignment tests.Mating between close kin and recent colonisation from a small source are presented as a possible explanation for high inbreeding, low genetic diversity, and minimal population structure. Still, additional evidence is required to support this hypothesis. The results suggest that the population can be treated as a single management unit.
Nurses' perceptions of risks for occupational hazards in patient seclusion and restraint practices in psychiatric inpatient care: A focus group study
Authors: Varpula Jaakko , Välimäki Maritta , Lantta Tella , Berg Johanna , Lahti Mari 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSeclusion and restraint are regularly used to manage patient aggression events in psychiatric inpatient care, despite occupational safety concerns. There is currently a lack of information on how nurses perceive the use of patient seclusion and restraint as a risk for occupational safety. The aim of this study is to describe the risks for occupational hazards in patient seclusion and mechanical restraint practices as well as ideas for improvement identified by nurses. A qualitative descriptive design was adopted, using focus groups comprising nurses (N = 32) working in psychiatric inpatient care. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis, and the results were reported using the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ). Four themes of risk for occupational hazards were identified: patient‐induced, staff‐induced, organization‐induced, and environment‐induced risks. One significant finding was that nurses described that their actions can strongly contribute to occupational hazards during seclusion and mechanical restraint practices. The nurses gave various ideas for how occupational safety could be improved during seclusion and mechanical restraint events, ideas involving staff, the organization, and environmental enhancements.
A pilot multi‐centre prospective randomised controlled trial of RECELL for the treatment of venous leg ulcers
Authors: Hayes Paul D. , Harding Keith G. , Johnson Susan M. , McCollum Charles , Téot Luc , Mercer Kevin , Russell David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractVenous leg ulcers (VLUs) have a significant impact on approximately 3% of the adult population worldwide, with a mean NHS wound care cost of £7600 per VLU over 12 months. The standard care for VLUs is compression therapy, with a significant number of ulcers failing to heal with this treatment, especially with wound size being a risk factor for non‐healing. This multicentre, prospective, randomised trial evaluated the safety and effectiveness of autologous skin cell suspension (ASCS) combined with compression therapy compared with standard compression alone (Control) for the treatment of VLUs. Incidence of complete wound closure at 14 weeks, donor site closure, pain, Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), satisfaction, and safety were assessed in 52 patients. At Week 14, VLUs treated with ASCS + compression had a statistically greater decrease in ulcer area compared with the Control (8.94 cm2 versus 1.23 cm2, P = .0143). This finding was largely driven by ulcers >10 to 80 cm2 in size, as these ulcers had a higher mean percentage of reepithelialization at 14 weeks (ASCS + compression: 69.97% and Control: 11.07%, P = .0480). Additionally, subjects treated with ASCS + compression experienced a decrease in pain and an increase in HRQoL compared with the Control. This study indicates that application of ASCS + compression accelerates healing in large venous ulcers.
Giant permittivity up to 100 MHz in La and Nb co‐doped rutile TiO2 ceramics
Authors: Song Yuechan , Liu Peng , Guo Baochun , Cui Xiulei , Yang Wanmin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDielectric spectroscopy was carried out for reduced and stoichiometric La0.0025Nb0.0025Ti0.995O2 ceramics synthesized by sintering in different atmospheres. A giant permittivity (~1 × 104) was obtained at a frequency of 100 MHz and temperature range from 170 to 350 K. Three dielectric relaxation mechanisms were observed within the temperature range of 10‐300 K via dielectric spectroscopy. A low temperature dipole relaxation peak (in the temperature range of 10‐30 K) in the spectra was identified to be associated with the giant permittivity specifically measured at 100 MHz. The origin of such giant permittivity was attributed to dipole orientation polarization. Hopping polaron and interfacial effect contributed to giant permittivity. After annealing treatment, all the relaxation contributions were weakened. Low dielectric loss was attributed to high resistance of grain and grain boundaries. Annealing in ambient conditions led to decreased relaxation times which gives the signature of decreased concentration of oxygen vacancies and Ti3+. Dipoles which were related to oxygen vacancies and Ti3+, resulted in giant permittivity up to 100 MHz.
Increasing number of authors in Cochrane reviews
Authors: Gülen Sengül , Fonnes Siv , Andresen Kristoffer , Rosenberg Jacob 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate authorship trends in Cochrane reviews from 1996 to 2018, and to examine if the authorship criteria from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) were met for Cochrane reviews with more than 15 authors based on the text in the section “Contributions of authors.”MethodsThe median number of authors per review was calculated, and authorship trends within each editorial group were analyzed. The section “Contributions of authors” was assessed about the first and second authorship criteria from the ICMJE for reviews with more than 15 authors.ResultsA total of 7447 Cochrane reviews were studied based on data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The median number of authors per Cochrane review was 3 in 1996 (IQR 2.5‐3, range 2‐3), 4 in 2007 (IQR 3‐5, range 1‐13), and 5 in 2018 (IQR 4‐7, range 2‐22). Within each editorial group, the total number of authors either increased (26/55, 47%) or was unchanged (29/55, 53%). Based on the text in “Contributions of authors,” 59% (16/27) of the reviews with more than 15 authors had authors that did not fulfil the ICMJE authorship criteria. However, the text in “Contributions of authors” was often difficult to interpret.ConclusionsThe number of authors per Cochrane review gradually increased from 1996 to 2018. The ICMJE authorship criteria were probably not met by all authors in more than half of the reviews with more than 15 authors.
Impact and Lessons From the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Clinical Trials of Physical Activity to Prevent Mobility Disability
Authors: Pahor Marco , Guralnik Jack M. , Anton Stephen D. , Ambrosius Walter T. , Blair Steven N. , Church Timothy S. , Espeland Mark A. , Fielding Roger A. , Gill Thomas M. , Glynn Nancy W. , Groessl Erik J. , King Abby C. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Manini Todd M. , McDermott Mary M. , Miller Michael E. , Newman Anne B. , Williamson Jeff D. 
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUNDWalking independently is basic to human functioning. The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) studies were developed to assess whether initiating physical activity could prevent major mobility disability (MMD) in sedentary older adults.METHODSWe review the development and selected findings of the LIFE studies from 2000 through 2019, including the planning phase, the LIFE‐Pilot Study, and the LIFE Study.RESULTSThe planning phase and the LIFE‐Pilot provided key information for the successful implementation of the LIFE Study. The LIFE Study, involving 1635 participants randomized at eight sites throughout the United States, showed that compared with health education, the physical activity program reduced the risk of the primary outcome of MMD (inability to walk 400 m: hazard ratio = 0.82; 95% confidence interval = 0.69‐0.98; P = .03), and that the intervention was cost‐effective. There were no significant effects on cognitive outcomes, cardiovascular events, or serious fall injuries. In addition, the LIFE studies provided relevant findings on a broad range of other outcomes, including health, frailty, behavioral outcomes, biomarkers, and imaging. To date, the LIFE studies have generated a legacy of 109 peer‐reviewed publications, 19 ancillary studies, and 38 independently funded grants and clinical trials, and advanced the development of 59 early career scientists. Data and biological samples of the LIFE Study are now publicly available from a repository sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (https://agingresearchbiobank.nia.nih.gov).CONCLUSIONSThe LIFE studies generated a wealth of important scientific findings and accelerated research in geriatrics and gerontology, benefiting the research community, trainees, clinicians, policy makers, and the general public. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:872–881, 2020
Cost‐Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Vaccination Policies and Uptake Programs in US Older Populations
Authors: Wateska Angela R. , Nowalk Mary Patricia , Lin Chyongchiou J. , Harrison Lee H. , Schaffner William , Zimmerman Richard K. , Smith Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESRecently revised vaccination recommendations for US adults, aged 65 years and older, include both 23‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and 13‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), with PCV13 now recommended for immunocompetent older people based on shared decision making. The public health impact and cost‐effectiveness of this recommendation or of pneumococcal vaccine uptake improvement interventions are unclear.DESIGNMarkov decision analysis.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTSHypothetical 65‐year‐old general and black population cohorts.INTERVENTIONCurrent pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for US older people, an alternative policy omitting PCV13 in immunocompetent older people, and vaccine uptake improvement programs.RESULTSThe current pneumococcal vaccination recommendation was the most effective strategy, but afforded slight public health benefits compared to an alternative (PPSV23 for all older people plus PCV13 for the immunocompromised) and cost greater than $750 000 per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) gained in either population group with a vaccine uptake improvement program (absolute uptake increase = 12.3%; cost = $1.78/eligible patient) in place. The alternative strategy was more economically favorable, but cost greater than $100 000/QALY in either population, with or without an uptake intervention. Results were robust in sensitivity analyses; however, in black older people, the alternative strategy with an uptake program was most likely to be favored in probabilistic sensitivity analyses at a $150 000/QALY gained threshold.CONCLUSIONCurrent pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for US older people are economically unfavorable compared to an alternative strategy omitting PCV13 in the immunocompetent. The alternative recommendation with an uptake improvement program may be economically reasonable in black population analyses and could be worth considering as a population‐wide recommendation if mitigating racial disparities is a priority. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1271–1278, 2020.
Sibling Ill Health and Children's Educational Outcomes
Authors: Bortes Cristian , Strandh Mattias , Nilsson Karina 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe presence of health problems in a child is known to be negatively associated with later academic achievement, but less is known about the educational outcomes for siblings of children in poor health. The study investigated how having a sibling with health problems affects a healthy sibling's academic achievement.METHODSWe utilized medical and social microdata from Swedish administrative population registers. Our sample consisted of N = 115,106 individuals (51.3% boys) born in 1990 in Sweden. We compared children with ill siblings to children whose siblings did not have poor health. Siblings' hospital admissions and the academic achievements of the healthy sibling during their final year of compulsory education (at the age of 15‐16) were analyzed using linear and logistic regression in relation to individual health‐ and family‐related confounders.RESULTSSibling hospitalization was significantly associated with lower overall grade points (β = −10.73, p < .001) and an increased odds ratio (OR) of ineligibility for upper secondary education (OR = 1.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.31‐1.52, p < .001).CONCLUSIONSSchool and health personnel should also consider the needs of healthy siblings during their work with children in poor health, because they too can be disadvantaged.
Unexpected long‐lasting anti‐HEV IgM positivity: Is HEV antigen a better serological marker for hepatitis E infection diagnosis?
Authors: Riveiro‐Barciela Mar , Rando‐Segura Ariadna , Barreira‐Díaz Ana , Bes Marta , P. Ruzo Sofía , Piron Maria , Quer Josep , Sauleda Silvia , Rodríguez‐Frías Francisco , Esteban Rafael , Buti María 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. The minimum criterion for diagnosis of acute infection is detection of anti‐HEV antibodies, although there are scant data on IgM duration. Our aim was to assess the persistence of HEV markers after acute self‐limited hepatitis E. HEV serological tests (IgM by Mikrogen and Wantai and HEV‐Ag) and HEV RNA were carried out in two cohorts: (a) patients with prior acute hepatitis E (ALT >10 x ULN plus positive IgM ± HEV RNA) currently self‐limited and (b) 50 blood donors with positive HEV RNA. Among 25 cases of prior acute hepatitis E, after a median follow‐up of 34 months, all presented undetectable HEV RNA. However, anti‐HEV IgM remained detectable in 14 (56%) by Mikrogen, 6 (24%) by Wantai and none for HEV‐Ag. Anti‐HEV IgM tested positive in 80%‐100% within the second year and 17%‐42% over 3 years later, by Wantai and Mikrogen, respectively. Among HEV RNA‐positive donors, 12 (25%) tested positive for either IgM by Mikrogen or Wantai, 9 (18%) for both and 18 (36%) for HEV‐Ag. HEV‐Ag positivity was more likely as HEV RNA was higher (14% if <2.2 log IU/mL; 64% if RNA ≥ 3.7). Overall, HEV‐Ag performed best, with a positive predictive value of 100% and diagnostic accuracy of 57%. Anti‐HEV IgM exhibited unexpectedly long persistence after a self‐limited acute hepatitis E. HEV‐Ag had the best performance and could be especially useful in settings where HEV RNA is not available.
The association between etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and race‐ethnicity in Florida
Authors: Pinheiro Paulo S. , Medina Heidy N. , Callahan Karen E. , Jones Patricia D. , Brown Clyde P. , Altekruse Sean F. , McGlynn Katherine A. , Kobetz Erin N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThe incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has risen considerably in the US since 1980. The main causes include metabolic disorders (NAFLD, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome), alcohol‐related disease (ALD) and hepatitis C and B virus infections (HCV, HBV). Etiology‐specific HCC incidence rates by detailed race‐ethnicity are needed to improve HCC control and prevention efforts.MethodsAll HCC cases diagnosed in Florida during 2014‐2015 were linked to statewide hospital discharge data to determine etiology. Age‐specific and age‐adjusted rates were used to assess the intersection between etiology and detailed racial‐ethnicities, including White, African American, Afro‐Caribbean, Asian, Cuban, Puerto Rican and Continental Hispanic (Mexican, South and Central American).ResultsOf 3666 HCC cases, 2594 matched with discharge data. HCV was the leading cause of HCC among men and women (50% and 43% respectively), followed by metabolic disorders (25% and 37%) and ALD (16% and 9%). Puerto Rican and African American men had the highest HCV‐HCC rates, 7.9 and 6.3 per 100 000 respectively. Age‐specific rates for HCV‐HCC peaked among baby boomers (those born in 1945‐1965). Metabolic‐HCC rates were highest among populations above age 70 and among Continental Hispanics. Afro‐Caribbean men had high rates of HBV‐HCC, whereas Puerto Rican men had high ALD‐HCC.ConclusionsHCC etiology is associated with specific race/ethnicity. While HCV‐related HCC rates are projected to decrease soon, HCC will continue to affect Hispanics disproportionately, based on higher rates of metabolic‐HCC (and ALD‐HCC) among Continental Hispanics, who demographically represent 80% of all US Hispanics. Multifaceted approaches for HCC control and prevention are needed.
An effector of a necrotrophic fungal pathogen targets the calcium‐sensing receptor in chloroplasts to inhibit host resistance
Authors: Tang Liguang , Yang Guogen , Ma Ming , Liu Xiaofan , Li Bo , Xie Jiatao , Fu Yanping , Chen Tao , Yu Yang , Chen Weidong , Jiang Daohong , Cheng Jiasen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSsITL, a secretory protein of the necrotrophic phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, was previously reported to suppress host immunity at the early stages of infection. However, the molecular mechanism that SsITL uses to inhibit plant defence against S. sclerotiorum has not yet been elucidated. Here, we report that SsITL interacted with a chloroplast‐localized calcium‐sensing receptor, CAS, in chloroplasts. We found that CAS is a positive regulator of the salicylic acid signalling pathway in plant immunity to S. sclerotiorum and CAS‐mediated resistance against S. sclerotiorum depends on Ca2+ signalling. Furthermore, we showed that SsITL could interfere with the plant salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway and SsITL‐expressing transgenic plants were more susceptible to S. sclerotiorum. However, truncated SsITLs (SsITL‐NT1 or SsITL‐CT1) that lost the ability to interact with CAS do not affect plant resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Taken together, our findings reveal that SsITL inhibits SA accumulation during the early stage of infection by interacting with CAS and then facilitating the infection by S. sclerotiorum.
Green leaf volatiles and jasmonic acid enhance susceptibility to anthracnose diseases caused by Colletotrichum graminicola in maize
Authors: Gorman Zachary , Christensen Shawn A. , Yan Yuanxin , He Yongming , Borrego Eli , Kolomiets Michael V. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractColletotrichum graminicola is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes anthracnose leaf blight (ALB) and anthracnose stalk rot (ASR) in maize. Despite substantial economic losses caused by these diseases, the defence mechanisms against this pathogen remain poorly understood. Several hormones are suggested to aid in defence against C. graminicola, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), but supporting genetic evidence was not reported. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are a group of well‐characterized volatiles that induce JA biosynthesis in maize and are known to function in defence against necrotrophic pathogens. Information regarding the role of GLVs and JA in interactions with (hemi)biotrophic pathogens remains limited. To functionally elucidate GLVs and JA in defence against a hemibiotrophic pathogen, we tested GLV‐ and JA‐deficient mutants, lox10 and opr7 opr8, respectively, for resistance to ASR and ALB and profiled jasmonates and SA in their stalks and leaves throughout infection. Both mutants were resistant and generally displayed elevated levels of SA and low amounts of jasmonates, especially at early stages of infection. Pretreatment with GLVs restored susceptibility of lox10 mutants, but not opr7 opr8 mutants, which coincided with complete rescue of JA levels. Exogenous methyl jasmonate restored susceptibility in both mutants when applied before inoculation, whereas methyl salicylate did not induce further resistance in either of the mutants, but did induce mutant‐like resistance in the wild type. Collectively, this study reveals that GLVs and JA contribute to maize susceptibility to C. graminicola due to suppression of SA‐related defences.