bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Achieving energy balance with a high‐fat meal does not enhance skeletal muscle adaptation and impairs glycaemic response in a sleep‐low training model
Authors: Areta José L. , Iraki Juma , Owens Daniel J. , Joanisse Sophie , Philp Andrew , Morton James P. , Hallén Jostein 
Published: August 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Does achieving energy balance mainly with ingested fat in a ‘sleep‐low’ model of training with low muscle glycogen affect the early training adaptive response during recovery?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Replenishing the energy expended during exercise mainly from ingested fat to achieve energy balance in a ‘sleep‐low’ model does not enhance the response of skeletal muscle markers of early adaptation to training and impairs glycaemic control the morning after compared to training with low energy availability. These findings are important for optimizing post‐training dietary recommendations in relation to energy balance and macronutrient intake.

AbstractTraining with low carbohydrate availability (LCHO) has been shown to acutely enhance endurance training skeletal muscle response, but the concomitant energy deficit (ED) in LCHO interventions has represented a confounding factor in past research. This study aimed at determining if achieving energy balance with high fat (EB‐HF) acutely enhances the adaptive response in LCHO compared to ED with low fat (ED‐LF). In a crossover design, nine well‐trained males completed a ‘sleep‐low’ protocol: on day 1 they cycled to deplete muscle glycogen while reaching a set energy expenditure (30 kcal (kg of fat free mass (FFM))−1). Post‐exercise, low carbohydrate, protein‐matched meals completely (EB‐HF, 30 kcal (kg FFM)−1) or partially (ED‐LF, 9 kcal (kg FFM)−1) replaced the energy expended, with the majority of energy derived from fat in EB‐HF. In the morning of day 2, participants exercised fasted, and skeletal muscle and blood samples were collected and a carbohydrate–protein drink was ingested at 0.5 h recovery. Muscle glycogen showed no treatment effect (P < 0.001) and decreased from 350 ± 98 to 192 ± 94 mmol (kg dry mass)−1 between rest and 0.5 h recovery. Phosphorylation status of the mechanistic target of rapamycin and AMP‐activated protein kinase pathway proteins showed only time effects. mRNA expression of p53 increased after exercise (P = 0.005) and was higher in ED‐LF at 3.5 h compared to EB‐HF (P = 0.027). Plasma glucose and insulin area under the curve (P < 0.04) and peak values (P ≤ 0.05) were higher in EB‐HF after the recovery drink. Achieving energy balance with a high‐fat meal in a ‘train‐low’ (‘sleep‐low’) model did not enhance markers of skeletal muscle adaptation and impaired glycaemia in response to a recovery drink following training in the morning.
Oxidative stress in the medullary respiratory neurons contributes to respiratory dysfunction in the 6‐OHDA model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Falquetto Bárbara , Thieme Karina , Malta Marília B. , e Rocha Karina C. , Tuppy Marina , Potje Simone R. , Antoniali Cristina , Rodrigues Alice C. , Munhoz Carolina D. , Moreira Thiago S. , Takakura Ana C. 
Published: August 2020

Key points
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with respiratory dysfunction. In the 6‐OHDA rat model of PD this is seen as a reduction in respiratory frequency and minute ventilation during normoxia and hypercapnia stimulus.
Respiratory dysfunction is caused by neuronal death of medullary respiratory nuclei in the 6‐OHDA model of PD.
Oxidative stress can be considered a strong candidate for neurodegeneration via miR‐34c downregulation and pro‐apoptotic signalling in respiratory neurons, preceding the functional impairment observed in the 6‐OHDA model of PD.
AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra (SN). New evidence has revealed that this neurodegeneration is the result of complex interactions between genetic abnormalities, environmental toxins, mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the SN. In addition to classic symptoms, PD patients also exhibit respiratory failure. Here, we investigated whether oxidative stress was associated with neurodegeneration in a respiratory group (RG) of 6‐OHDA‐treated rats, which act as a model of PD. We analysed how oxidative stress affected apoptotic signalling in the RG 30 days after 6‐OHDA treatment, shortly before commencement of breathing impairment (40 days). After 30 days, a dihydroethidium assay showed increased oxidative stress in the RG, anti‐apoptotic signalling, as shown by an increase in p‐Akt and BcL‐2 and a decrease in Bax in the caudal aspect of the nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS), and a decrease in p‐p38 and Bax levels in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN); pro‐apoptotic signalling was indicated by a decrease in p‐Akt and BcL‐2 and an increase in Bax in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) and pre‐Botzinger complex (preBotC). miR‐34c, a known oxidative stress protector, was downregulated in 6‐OHDA animals in the RC. After 40 days of 6‐OHDA, the NTS, rVRG, preBotC and RTN exhibited reduced NeuN immunoreactivity, no BBB disruption and an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactivity. We conclude that in the 6‐OHDA model of PD, oxidative stress contributes to neurodegeneration in medullary respiratory neurons.
The Evolutionary Conservation of Escherichia coli Drug Efflux Pumps Supports Physiological Functions
Authors: Teelucksingh Tanisha , Thompson Laura K. , Cox Georgina 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Bacteria harness an impressive repertoire of resistance mechanisms to evade the inhibitory action of antibiotics. One such mechanism involves efflux pump-mediated extrusion of drugs from the bacterial cell, which significantly contributes to multidrug resistance. Intriguingly, most drug efflux pumps are chromosomally encoded components of the intrinsic antibiotic resistome. In addition, in terms of xenobiotic detoxification, bacterial efflux systems often exhibit significant levels of functional redundancy. Efflux pumps are also considered to be highly conserved; however, the extent of conservation in many bacterial species has not been reported and the majority of genes that encode efflux pumps appear to be dispensable for growth. These observations, in combination with an increasing body of experimental evidence, imply alternative roles in bacterial physiology. Indeed, the ability of efflux pumps to facilitate antibiotic resistance could be a fortuitous by-product of ancient physiological functions. Using Escherichia coli as a model organism, we here evaluated the evolutionary conservation of drug efflux pumps and we provide phylogenetic analysis of the major efflux families. We show the E. coli drug efflux system has remained relatively stable and the majority (∼80%) of pumps are encoded in the core genome. This analysis further supports the importance of drug efflux pumps in E. coli physiology. In this review, we also provide an update on the roles of drug efflux pumps in the detoxification of endogenously synthesized substrates and pH homeostasis. Overall, gaining insight into drug efflux pump conservation, common evolutionary ancestors, and physiological functions could enable strategies to combat these intrinsic and ancient elements.
Age constraints on surface deformation recorded by fossil shorelines at Cape Range, Western Australia
Authors: Sandstrom Michael R. , O’Leary Michael J. , Barham Milo , Cai Yue , Rasbury E. Troy , Wooton Kathleen M. , Raymo Maureen E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Laterally continuous terraces along the western flank of Cape Range, Western Australia, record both past sea-level highstands and postdepositional vertical displacement. Four distinct fossil coral reef terraces extend nearly the entire length of the slowly uplifting anticlinal structure (∼100 km), enabling documentation of the timing and degree of deformation-induced elevation contamination of past sea-level estimates from fossil shorelines. Here, we present detailed elevations of the four terraces using differential global positioning system (DGPS) and airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data sets, along with new ages for the three upper terraces. Geochemical dating using strontium isotope stratigraphy techniques revealed, from highest to lowest elevation: a late Miocene reef terrace, a late Pliocene shoreline, and a prominent mid-Pleistocene reef terrace (probably associated with the marine oxygen isotope stage 33–31 interglacial), along with a broad last interglacial (Eemian) reef terrace and lagoon, which terminate at the modern shoreline. Laterally variable elevation data integrated with newly defined ages for the terraces demonstrate a gradual and continuous relative deformation in the region that spans at least the last 6.5 m.y. and constrains the emergence of the Cape Range to sometime prior to the late Miocene. This data set also shows that the most recent interglacial shoreline has undergone &lt;1.3 m of vertical warping, suggesting minimal deformation since deposition. By tracing relative uplift rates over multiple terraces for ∼100 km of coastline, we placed constraints on maximum relative sea level (RSL) for the older terraces. Most notably, we were able to place strict maximum RSL elevations of &lt;+34 m on the Pliocene terrace and &lt;+16.5 m on the mid-Pleistocene terrace, with probable RSL being somewhat lower.
Prognostic value of 12 novel cardiological biomarkers in stable coronary artery disease. A 10-year follow-up of the placebo group of the Copenhagen CLARICOR trial
Authors: Winkel Per , Jakobsen Janus Christian , Hilden Jørgen , Jensen Gorm Boje , Kjøller Erik , Sajadieh Ahmad , Kastrup Jens , Kolmos Hans Jørn , Iversen Kasper Karmark , Bjerre Mette , Larsson Anders , Ärnlöv Johan , Gluud Christian 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo assess if 12 novel circulating biomarkers, when added to ‘standard predictors’ available in general practice, could improve the 10-year prediction of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease.DesignThe patients participated as placebo receiving patients in the randomised clarithromycin for patients with stable coronary artery disease (CLARICOR) trial at a random time in their disease trajectory.SettingFive Copenhagen University cardiology departments and a coordinating centre.Participants1998 participants with stable coronary artery disease.OutcomesDeath and composite of myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, cerebrovascular disease and death.ResultsWhen only ‘standard predictors’ were included, 83.4% of all-cause death predictions and 68.4% of composite outcome predictions were correct. Log(calprotectin) and log(cathepsin-S) were not associated (p≥0.01) with the outcomes, not even as single predictors. Adding the remaining 10 biomarkers (high-sensitive assay cardiac troponin T; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; osteoprotegerin; N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2; pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; endostatin; YKL40; cathepsin-B), which were all individually significantly associated with the prediction of the two outcomes, increased the figures to 84.7% and 69.7%.ConclusionWhen ‘standard predictors’ routinely available in general practices are used for risk assessment in consecutively sampled patients with stable coronary artery disease, the addition of 10 novel biomarkers to the prediction model improved the correct prediction of all-cause death and the composite outcome by <1.5%.Trial registration numberNCT00121550.
Measuring shared decision-making and collaborative goal setting in community rehabilitation: a focused ethnography using cross-sectional surveys in Canada
Authors: Manhas Kiran Pohar , Olson Karin , Churchill Katie , Faris Peter , Vohra Sunita , Wasylak Tracy 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo describe and measure the shared decision-making (SDM) experience, including goal-setting experiences, from the perspective of patients and providers in diverse community-rehabilitation settings.DesignProspective, longitudinal surveys.Setting13 primary level-of-care community-rehabilitation sites in diverse areas varying in geography, patient population and provider discipline341 adult, English-speaking patient-participants, and 66 provider-participants.MeasuresAlberta Shared decision-maKing Measurement Instrument (dyadic tool measuring SDM), WatLX (outpatient rehabilitation experience) and demographic questionnaire. Survey packages distributed at two timepoints (T0=recruitment; T1=3 months later).ResultsWe found that among 341 patient–provider dyads, 26.4% agreed that the appointment at recruitment involved high-quality SDM. Patient perceptions of goal-setting suggested that 19.6% of patients did not set a goal for their care, and only 11.4% set goals in functional language that tied directly to an activity/role/responsibility that was meaningful to their life. Better SDM was clinically associated with higher total family income (p=0.045).ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence for the importance of SDM and goal setting in community rehabilitation. Among patients, lower ratings of SDM corresponded with less recognition of their preferences. Actionable strategies include supporting financially vulnerable patients in realising SDM through training of providers to make extra space for such patients to share their preferences and better preparing patients to articulate their preferences. We recommend more research into strategies that advance highly functional goal setting with patients, and that lessen survey ceiling effects.
Evaluating the feasibility of ReWork-SCI: a person-centred intervention for return-to-work after spinal cord injury
Authors: Holmlund Lisa , Guidetti Susanne , Hultling Claes , Seiger Åke , Eriksson Gunilla , Asaba Eric 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate the feasibility of: (1) ReWork-SCI with regard to adherence and acceptability and (2) a study design for evaluating ReWork-SCI with regard to recruitment, retention and outcome measures.DesignPre-test and post-test, single group, feasibility study.SettingSpinal cord injury (SCI) unit at a regional rehabilitation centre in Sweden.ParticipantsTwo women and five men (n=7). Eligible criteria: (1) sustained traumatic or non-traumatic SCI; (2) completed the first acute care episode in a hospital; (3) between 18 to 65 years of age; (4) assessed by a physician as approachable for participation in the intervention; (5) history of permanent or temporary employment; (6) self-reported desire to return to work; and (7) ability to communicate in English or Swedish.InterventionReWork-SCI is a person-centred intervention for return-to-work (RTW), developed and evaluated using the Medical Research Council’s guidelines. ReWork-SCI follows a person-centred, structured and coordinated intervention process led by a coordinator within a SCI rehabilitation team.Outcome measuresThe feasibility of ReWork-SCI and a study design was evaluated using a set of outcome measurement tools, vocational data, logbooks and semi-structured interviews.ResultsAll eligible participants accepted enrolment and follow-up. All participants had a plan for RTW after 3 months and four participants had initiated part-time work or work trial 6 months after commencement of intervention. Adherence and acceptability were overall good. Challenges of the intervention related to the person-centred follow-up, staff shortage and rootedness in the SCI team.ConclusionsReWork-SCI was feasible and can contribute to a systematic design of an individualised plan, facilitate decision-making and build trust in the RTW process after SCI. Core features of the intervention was the systematic structure, use of a person-centred approach and dialogue with the employer. For the effectiveness of ReWork-SCI, modifications and considerations of study design are needed.
What influences allied health clinician participation in research in the public hospital setting: a qualitative theory-informed approach
Authors: Wenke Rachel , Noble Christy , Weir Kelly A , Mickan Sharon 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesUsing theoretical frameworks from implementation science, we aimed to systematically explore the barriers and enablers to research active allied health professionals (AHP) participating and leading research in the hospital setting.DesignA qualitative interview study informed by behaviour change theory.SettingSingle Australian tertiary hospital and health service.ParticipantsWe recruited a convenience sample of 21 AHPs working within a hospital who were seeking to actively participate in/or lead research within their workplace.Data collectionSemistructured interviews explored perceived barriers and enablers to research participation, informed by the 14 domains of the theoretical domains framework (TDF). Transcribed interviews were deductively coded and mapped to the TDF. A deeper level of inductive coding was used to identify emergent themes that influenced behaviour change, according to the three key constructs of: capability, opportunity and motivation (COM-B).ResultsBarriers and enablers to research participation were identified within nine predominant domains of the TDF. Most enablers to engaging in research related to the motivation or opportunity constructs of the COM-B. These enablers included positive beliefs about the consequences of research participation, enabling social influences, peer support and motivation for skill development and to inform practice. Predominant barriers related to environmental context and resources (eg, reduced funding or time), emotional responses of being overwhelmed and perceptions of reduced capability.ConclusionThis study identified key barriers and enablers to behaviour change related to AHPs participating and/or leading research. Motivation and opportunities to participate in research may be enabled by maximising social influence opportunities, reiterating beliefs about positive consequences of research and considering AHP’s emotional responses. Implementation science frameworks may provide a more systematic and holistic understanding of factors which influence research participation including enhancing knowledge, motivation and opportunity.
Can antipoverty programmes save lives? Quasi-experimental evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit in the USA
Authors: Muennig Peter , Vail Daniel , Hakes Jahn K 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo estimate the impact of state-level supplements of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on mortality in the USA. The EITC supplements the wages of lower-income workers by providing larger returns when taxes are filed.SettingNationwide sample spanning 25 cohorts of people across every state in the USA.Participants793 000 respondents within the National Longitudinal Mortality Survey (NLMS) between 1986 and 2011, a representative sample of the USA.InterventionState-level supplementation to the EITC programme. Some, but not all, states added EITC supplementation to varying degrees beginning in 1986 (Wisconsin) and most recently in 2015 (California). Participants who were eligible in states with supplementary programmes were compared with those who were not eligible for supplementation. Comparisons were made both before and after implementation of the supplementary programme (a difference-in-difference, intent-to-treat analysis). This quasi-experimental approach further controls for age, gender, marital status, race or ethnicity, educational attainment, income and employment status.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was survival at 10 years. Secondary outcome measures included survival at 5 years and survival to the end of the intervention period.ResultsWe find an association between state supplemental EITC and survival, with a HR of 0.973 (95% CI=0.951–0.996) for each US$100 of EITC increase (p<0.05).ConclusionState-level supplemental EITC may be an effective means of increasing survival in the USA.
Qualitative factors shaping MS patients’ experiences of infusible disease-modifying drugs: a critical incident technique analysis
Authors: Larsen Janni Lisander , Schäfer Jakob , Nielsen Helle Hvilsted , Vestergaard Rasmussen Peter 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo explore factors shaping the experiences of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with infusible disease-modifying drugs in a hospital setting.Design and settingsThe critical incident technique served as a framework for collecting and analysing patients’ qualitative account practices involving infusible disease-modifying drugs. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and one single-case study. Participants were recruited from all five regions in Denmark. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify and interpret factors shaping patients’ infusion journey over time.ParticipantsTwenty-two patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis receiving infusion with disease-modifying drugs (natalizumab, alemtuzumab and ocrelizumab).ResultsFour time scenarios—preinfusion, day of infusion, long-term infusion and switch of infusion—associated with the infusion of disease-modifying drugs were analysed to reveal how different factors could both positively and negatively affect patient experience. Time taken to make the treatment decision was affected by participants’ subjective perceptions of their disease activity; this may have set off a treatment dilemma in the event of a pressing need for treatment. Planning and routine made infusion practices manageable, but external and internal surroundings, including infusion room ambience and the quality of relationships with healthcare professionals and fellow patients, affected patients’ cognitive state and well-being irrespective of the infusion regimen. Switching the infusion regimen can reactivate worries akin to the preinfusion scenario.ConclusionThis study provides novel insight into the positive and negative factors that shape patients’ experience of infusion care practices. From a patient’s perspective, an infusion practice is not a solitary event in time but includes planning and routine which become an integral part of their multiple sclerosis management. The quality of space and the ambience of the infusion room, combined with the relationship with healthcare professionals and fellow patients, can be a significant source of knowledge and support people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in their experience of agency in life.