bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Striped Blandford/Znajek jets from advection of small-scale magnetic field
Authors: Mahlmann J F , Levinson A , Aloy M A 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Black hole – accretion disc systems are the central engines of relativistic jets from stellar to galactic scales. We numerically quantify the unsteady outgoing Poynting flux through the horizon of a rapidly spinning black hole endowed with a rotating accretion disc. The disc supports small-scale, concentric, flux tubes with zero net magnetic flux. Our general relativistic force-free electrodynamics simulations follow the accretion on to the black hole over several hundred dynamical time-scales in 3D. For the case of counter-rotating accretion discs, the average process efficiency reaches up to 〈ϵ〉 ≈ 0.43, compared to a stationary energy extraction by the Blandford/Znajek process. The process efficiency depends on the cross-sectional area of the loops, i.e. on the product l × h, where l is the radial loop thickness and h its vertical scale height. We identify a strong correlation between efficient electromagnetic energy extraction and the quasi-stationary setting of ideal conditions for the operation of the Blandford/Znajek process (e.g. optimal field line angular velocity and fulfillment of the so-called Znajek condition). Remarkably, the energy extraction operates intermittently (alternating episodes of high and low efficiency) without imposing any large-scale magnetic field embedding the central object. Scaling our results to supermassive black holes, we estimate that the typical variability time-scale of the system is of the order of days to months. Such time-scales may account for the longest variability scales of TeV emission observed, e.g. in M87.
The flavivirus polymerase NS5 regulates translation of viral genomic RNA
Authors: Fajardo Teodoro , Sanford Thomas J , Mears Harriet V , Jasper Annika , Storrie Skye , Mansur Daniel S , Sweeney Trevor R 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFlaviviruses, including dengue virus and Zika virus, contain a single-stranded positive sense RNA genome that encodes viral proteins essential for replication and also serves as the template for new genome synthesis. As these processes move in opposite directions along the genome, translation must be inhibited at a defined point following infection to clear the template of ribosomes to allow efficient replication. Here, we demonstrate in vitro and in cell-based assays that the viral RNA polymerase, NS5, inhibits translation of the viral genome. By reconstituting translation in vitro using highly purified components, we show that this translation block occurs at the initiation stage and that translation inhibition depends on NS5-RNA interaction, primarily through association with the 5′ replication promoter region. This work supports a model whereby expression of a viral protein signals successful translation of the infecting genome, prompting a switch to a ribosome depleted replication-competent form.
Thomas Pogge’s Conception of Taking the Global Institutional Order as the Object of Justice Assessments
Authors: Chin Arthur 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Might our reasoning about social justice at the domestic level—for instance, with regard to the kind of objects that our justice assessments are immediately concerned with and the content of principles employed—properly diverge from its counterpart at the global level? This is the question around which much of the current global justice debate revolves. This chapter is devoted to examining and arguing that the answers provided by Thomas Pogge for the most part retain their plausibility despite the barrage of criticism they have provoked. While Pogge is particularly renowned for his contention that existing world poverty constitutes an injustice that implicates ordinary citizens of affluent societies in negative duty violations, this chapter will not be directly weighing in on this debate. Rather, it seeks to examine a fundamental commitment in Pogge’s justice theorizing: if we are to take the basic institutional scheme of a domestic society as the primary subject of justice in virtue of its profound and pervasive effects, then consistency requires us to subject the global institutional scheme to the same type of justice analysis, and to devise a corresponding set of principles governing its design. Through clarifying the meaning and implications of this proposition, this chapter hopes to bring out a more lucid and unified reading of Pogge’s institutional approach to justice theorizing, one that is both appealing and remains viable in the absence of a world government.
Political Legitimacy And Territorial Rights
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Few deny that states should be delineated territorially, but questions abound as to what moral rights states can claim to which parcels of territory. In other words, even if one assumes that states can be legitimate and must be territorially districted (and not everyone does, of course), why think that Norway is entitled to exclusive jurisdiction over the particular piece of territory it currently occupies? And even if Norway does have a special claim to this land, what rights does this give it against which parties? More specifically, does Norway have exclusive rights of jurisdiction (the right to make and enforce law on its territory), resources (the right to control and consume the natural resources available in its territory), and/or border control (the right to design and enforce its own immigration policy as it sees fit)? This chapter explores how functional theorists (those who believe that states are justified in virtue of the important functions they perform) might try to ground a legitimate state’s claims to jurisdiction, border control, and resources. I argue that functional theorists can provide plausible accounts of the first two territorial rights, but it remains unclear how they can justify the third. Assuming that this is correct, the plausibility of functional theories of political legitimacy will depend upon whether natural resources should be understood as belonging exclusively to the citizens of the country in which they lie.
The Holders of Human Rights
Authors: Besson Samantha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
International human rights law and practice reveal an ambivalent approach to the personal scope of human rights: human rights are often less equal or general than they claim and are claimed to be. The inequalities of human rights are of two kinds: some vulnerable individuals are also protected by special rights, thus drawing an internal boundary within the scope of human rights-holders, while others have limited or no human rights at all, thus delineating an external boundary around the scope of human rights-holders. This chapter presents an argument that fits and justifies the core of the practice of international human rights law regarding the scope of human rights-holders, while criticizing it at the same time for some of its contradictions. More specifically, it argues for an egalitarian reading of human rights, before accounting on that basis for the humanity-based, capacity-related, and individualistic boundaries of human rights, on the one hand, and defending it against the tendency to expand the scope of special rights beyond what it refers to as justified “non-discriminatory rights” and “developing rights,” on the other.
Specialized Visual Experiences
Authors: Landers Casey 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Through extensive training, experts acquire specialized knowledge and abilities. In this paper, I argue that experts also acquire specialized visual experiences. Specifically, I articulate and defend the account that experts enjoy visual experiences that represent gestalt properties through perceptual learning. I survey an array of empirical studies on face perception and perceptual expertise that support this account. I also look at studies on perceptual adaptation that some might argue present a problem for my account. I show how the data are subject to an interpretation that is friendly to it. Last, I address two theoretical objections to the claim that visual experiences represent gestalt properties.
Optimizing the Treatment of CRPS With Ketamine
Authors: Kirkpatrick Anthony F. , Saghafi Abolfazl , Yang Kai , Qiu Peihua , Alexander James , Bavry Egle , Schwartzman Robert 
Published: April 2020

Objective:
This study aimed to develop a method that objectively measures the clinical benefits of ketamine infusions to treat complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), thus making it possible, for the first time, to determine the optimal dosing of ketamine and duration of treatment to treat CRPS.

Materials and Methods:
All patients were diagnosed with hyperalgesia associated with CRPS. Patients underwent an outpatient, 4-day, escalating dose ketamine infusion. Hyperalgesia was measured using pain thresholds. Clinical outcome was determined without knowledge of the patient’s pain thresholds throughout treatment.

Results:
We found a correlation between pain thresholds and the intensity of pain reported by the patient at various sites of the body. We found that clinical outcomes correlated with improvement in pain thresholds. There was a plateau in pain thresholds between days 3 and 4 for the lower extremities. There was no plateau in pain thresholds observed for the upper extremities.

Discussion:
Our findings suggest that 4 days of treatment are sufficient for the treatment of CRPS of the lower extremities. For the upper extremities, >4 days may be required. Our study is the first to utilize quantitative sensory testing to direct the treatment of a chronic pain disorder.
Efficacy and safety of linaclotide for opioid-induced constipation in patients with chronic noncancer pain syndromes from a phase 2 randomized study
Authors: Brenner Darren M. , Argoff Charles E. , Fox Susan M. , Bochenek Wieslaw , D'Astoli Patricia , Blakesley Rick E. , Reasner David S. , O'Dea Christopher R. , Cash Brooks D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Constipation is the most common adverse event (AE) of opioid therapy. This multicenter, phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in treating opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients with chronic noncancer pain syndromes (NCT02270983). Adults with OIC (<3 spontaneous bowel movements [SBMs]/week) related to chronic noncancer pain were randomized 1:1:1 to receive linaclotide 145 µg, linaclotide 290 µg, or placebo once daily for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in 8-week SBM frequency rate (SBMs/week). Secondary efficacy endpoints included 6/8-week SBM 3 + 1 responders, time to first SBM, and changes from baseline in 8-week stool consistency, abdominal bloating, and straining. Additional endpoints included treatment satisfaction and adequate relief responders. In total, 254 patients were randomized: 87, 88, and 79 received linaclotide 145 µg, linaclotide 290 µg, and placebo, respectively. The mean changes from baseline in SBMs/week during the treatment period were 2.9 and 3.5 in the linaclotide 145 and 290 µg groups (P < 0.01 for both doses), respectively, vs 1.6 in the placebo group. Diarrhea, the most common AE, was generally mild, resulting in 1.1%, 5.7%, and 1.3% of patients discontinuing in the linaclotide 145 μg, linaclotide 290 μg, and placebo groups, respectively. No serious AEs related to diarrhea were reported in any treatment group. Compared with placebo, linaclotide-treated patients had significant improvements in stool consistency, straining, abdominal bloating, and treatment satisfaction scores (P < 0.05). Linaclotide significantly improved OIC symptoms and was well tolerated in patients with chronic noncancer pain.
A Systematic Review of Tests for Postcolposcopy and Posttreatment Surveillance
Authors: Clarke Megan A. , Unger Elizabeth R. , Zuna Rosemary , Nelson Erin , Darragh Teresa M. , Cremer Miriam , Stockdale Colleen K. , Einstein Mark H. , Wentzensen Nicolas 
Published: April 2020

Objective
For the 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of diagnostic assays for postcolposcopy and posttreatment management.

Materials and Methods
A literature search was conducted to identify articles reporting on tests/assays for cervical cancer screening, triage, postcolposcopy surveillance, and posttreatment surveillance published between 2012 and 2019 in PubMed and Embase. Titles and abstracts were evaluated by co-authors for inclusion. Included articles underwent full-text review, data abstraction, and quality assessment. Pooled absolute pretest and posttest risk estimates were calculated for studies evaluating management of patients after treatment.

Results
A total of 2,862 articles were identified through the search. Of 50 articles on postcolposcopy, 5 were included for data abstraction. Of 66 articles on posttreatment, 23 were included for data abstraction and were summarized in the meta-analysis. The pooled posttreatment risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ in all studies was 4.8% (95% CI = 3.4%–6.8%), ranging from 0.4%–19.5% (τ2 = 0.57) in individual studies. Among individuals testing negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) posttreatment, the risk of CIN 2+ was 0.69% (95% CI = 0.3%–1.5%); among individuals testing positive for HPV posttreatment, the risk of CIN 2+ was 18.3% (95% CI = 12.1%–26.6%) in all studies. All risk estimates were substantially higher for liquid-based cytology. The HPV–cytology co-testing provided slightly better reassurance compared with HPV alone at the cost of much higher positivity.

Conclusions
Despite a large number of published studies on postcolposcopy and posttreatment surveillance, only few met criteria for abstraction and were included in the meta-analysis. More high-quality studies are needed to evaluate assays and approaches that can improve management of patients with abnormal screening.
Reporting and Assessing the Quality of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies for Cervical Cancer Screening and Management
Authors: Clarke Megan A. , Darragh Teresa M. , Nelson Erin , Unger Elizabeth R. , Zuna Rosemary , Cremer Miriam , Stockdale Colleen K. , Einstein Mark H. , Wentzensen Nicolas 
Published: April 2020

Objective
We adapted the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) tool for studies of cervical cancer screening and management and used the adapted tool to evaluate the quality of studies included in a systematic review supporting the 2019 Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines.

Methods
We evaluated the quality of all studies included in our systematic review for postcolposcopy (n = 5) and posttreatment (n = 23) surveillance using QUADAS-2 criteria. Subsequently, we adapted signaling questions to indications of cervical cancer screening and management. An iterative process was carried out to evaluate interrater agreement between 2 study authors (M.A.C. and N.W.). Discrepant ratings were discussed, and criteria were adapted accordingly. We also evaluated the influence of study quality on risk estimates and between study variation using stratified subgroup meta-analyses.

Results
Twelve signaling questions for bias assessment that were adapted to or newly developed for cervical cancer screening and management are described here. Interrater agreement on bias assessment increased from 70% to 83% during the adaptation process. Detailed assessment of bias and applicability showed that all studies on postcolposcopy management and 90% of studies on posttreatment management had high risk of bias in at least 1 domain. Most commonly, high risk of bias was observed for the patient selection domain, indicating the heterogeneity of study designs and clinical practice in reported studies.

Conclusions
The adapted QUADAS-2 will have broad application for researchers, evidence evaluators, and journals who are interested in designing, conducting, evaluating, and publishing studies for cervical cancer screening and management.
2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines: Methods for Risk Estimation, Recommended Management, and Validation
Authors: Cheung Li C. , Egemen Didem , Chen Xiaojian , Katki Hormuzd A. , Demarco Maria , Wiser Amy L. , Perkins Rebecca B. , Guido Richard S. , Wentzensen Nicolas , Schiffman Mark 
Published: April 2020

Objective
To manage cervical screening abnormalities, the 2019 ASCCP management consensus guidelines will recommend clinical action on the basis of risk of cervical precancer and cancer. This article details the methods used to estimate risk, to determine the risk-based management, and to validate that the risk-based recommendations are of general use in different settings.

Methods
Based on 1.5 million patients undergoing triennial cervical screening by cotesting at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2003 to 2017, we estimated risk profiles for different clinical scenarios and combinations of past and current human papillomavirus and cytology test results. We validated the recommended management by comparing with the estimated risks in several external data sources.

Results
Risk and management tables are presented separately by Egemen et al.
1
and Demarco et al.
2
Risk-based management derived from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California largely agreed with the management implied from the estimated risks of the other data sources.

Conclusions
The new risk-based guidelines present management of abnormal cervical screening results. By describing the steps used to develop these guidelines, the methods presented in this article can provide a basis for future extensions of the risk-based guidelines.
Factors influencing treatment outcome in hepatitis C virus minority patients at an inner-city hospital
Authors: Sherif Zaki A. , Nouraie Mehdi , Begum Rehana , Afsari Ali , Shokrani Babak , Lee Edward , Laiyemo Adeyinka O. , Brim Hassan , Ashktorab Hassan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disproportionately affects African-Americans (AAs) and is a major contributor to liver failure and mortality. Genetic factors may not be the only cause in outcome disparity. We retrospectively investigated whether genetic host factors, viral genotypes, and treatment compliance in AA patients impacted the efficacy and the sustained virological response (SVR) rate of the interferon (IFN)-based treatment regimen. The medical chart review included 76 African-American patients (age ranging from 26 to 76) with varying levels of hepatitis condition. Fifty-seven (75%) of them had a clinically verifiable HCV infection and were followed by a hepatologist for 2 years at Howard University Hospital in Washington, DC. Both comprehensive metabolic profile and complete blood count analyses were performed. Among the 57 patients whose viral and IL28B genotypes were determined, sixty-eight percent (68%) were infected with viral genotype 1 and 71% harbored the CT allele of the IL28B gene. Among the 12 patients who completed treatment with IFN-based dual or triple therapy, 58% had achieved SVR 12 weeks following completion of treatment; 33% had a partial response with under 6000 viral count after 16 weeks of treatment; and there was one patient with viral genotype 1a and CT allele who did not respond to the medications. The results of this study prove that the PEG IFN-based regimen was effective in treating HCV-infected AA patients despite the current availability of new direct-acting antivirals. The major obstacles contributing to a low reduction in HCV infection and outcome in the AA community were avoidance or lack of treatment or compliance; contraindications, medication side effects, non-adherence, and payer eligibility restrictions.
Comparison of short-term outcome between diverting colostomy and colonic stent as a bridge to surgery for left colonic malignant obstruction
Authors: Jung Won Beom , Shin Jin Yong , Park Jong Kwon 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The self-expanding metallic stent (SEMS) has been comprehensively investigated as a bridge to surgery. SEMS enables the control of acute colonic obstruction. However, comparison between SEMS and diverting colostomy as another bridge procedure was still challenging issue. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare these 2 procedures.
In this retrospective cohort study, patients who received diverting colostomy and SEMS for acute left colonic obstruction between February 2016 and August 2018 were included. They were classified into the colostomy group (n = 27), including 5 patients who had SEMS failure previously, and the SEMS group (n = 23). The clinicopathologic parameters, pathologic results, and short-term outcomes were compared.
No significant differences were found in clinicopathologic characteristics and complication rates between the 2 groups. After the bridge procedures, the SEMS group showed a higher rate of laparoscopic colonic resection than the colostomy group (100% vs 76%, P = .023). The colostomy group showed a higher rate of rectal cancer (24.0% vs 9.1%, P = .019) and later recovery of flatus (3 vs 2 days, P = .011) than the SEMS group. Additionally, the length of resected colon was longer in the colostomy group than in the SEMS group (33.9 vs 23.4 cm, P = .007).
Although SEMS might permit higher laparoscopic resection rates and faster recovery of bowel habits than diverting colostomy, SEMS showed meaningful failure rate including migration and perforation. In addition, diverting colostomy showed acceptable complication rates and feasible performance. An individualized approach is necessary considering the advantages and disadvantages of both procedures.
A randomized controlled trial for acupuncture combined with conventional therapy in the treatment of pain caused by prostate cancer
Authors: Lei Yi , Duan Yunyun , Wang Jisheng , Yu Xudong , Deng Sheng , Liu Ruijia , Si Hongmei , Li Jiameng , Zhang Bao 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
Prostate cancer refers to an epithelial malignant tumor that occurs in the prostate area. In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards, the incidence of prostate cancer has gradually increased, which has greatly affected people's life and health and quality of life. Acupuncture has its unique advantages in treating cancer pain. We will evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of pain caused by prostate cancer using a clinical randomized parallel control method.

Methods/design:
This pragmatic randomized controlled trial will recruit 120 patients who are diagnosed with prostate cancer. Simple randomization to conventional drug treatment with a 1:1 allocation ratio will be used. Based on the patient's pain location and the primary lesion, the acupuncture needle insertion position was determined according to the principle of local selection of acupoints. All participants will continue to receive conventional drug treatment.

Discussion:
This trial may provide evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of acupuncture for pain caused by prostate cancer.

Trial registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR2000029801, Registered on 14 February 2020.