bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-stage sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn multi-stage sampling, there are two or more stages of sampling and the simplest version, which the chapter emphasizes is called two-stage sampling. In two-stage sampling, an initial first-stage sample of n primary units (or clusters) is selected. Then, at the second stage of sampling, mi subunits are selected from the Mi subunits in the selected primary units. First- and second-stage units may be selected with equal or unequal probabilities and a wide variety of estimators may be used to estimate totals within selected primary units and to estimate the total of the target variable in the finite population. Illustrative sample spaces are provided for equal sized two-stage cluster sampling with SRS selection at both stages, and for two-stage unequal size cluster sampling, with clusters selected by PPSWOR and units within clusters selected by SRS. Sampling variance is shown to originate from two sources: variation between primary unit totals or means (first-stage variance), and errors of estimation of primary units totals (second-stage variance). Topics of optimal allocation and net relative efficiency are addressed in the two-stage context with equal and unequal size clusters. General expressions for sampling variance are presented for three or more stages of sampling. The multi-stage framework can take powerful advantage of all of the concepts and sampling designs considered in previous chapters and the ecologist or natural resource scientist can apply everything he/she knows about an ecological or natural resource setting to guide development of an intelligent multi-stage sampling strategy.
Postdramatic Tragedies
Authors: Cole Emma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ancient tragedy has played a well-documented role in contemporary theatre since the mid-twentieth century. In addition to the often-commented-upon watershed productions, however, is a significant but overlooked history involving classical tragedy in experimental and avant-garde theatre. Postdramatic Tragedies focuses upon such experimental reinventions. It analyses receptions of Greek and Roman tragedy that come under the banner of ‘postdramatic theatre’, a style of performance in which the traditional components of drama, such as character and narrative, are subordinate to the immediate, affective power of more abstract elements, such as image and sound. The book is in three parts, each of which explores classical reception within a specific strand of postdramatic theatre: text-based theatre, devised theatre, and theatre that transcends the usual boundaries of time and space, such as durational and immersive theatre. Across the three sections the author conducts a semiotic and phenomenological analysis of seven case studies, of productions from 1995 to 2015 from the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and Continental Europe. The book covers a mixture of widely known productions, such as Sarah Kane’s Phaedra’s Love, alongside works largely unknown in Anglophone scholarship, such as Martin Crimp’s Alles Weitere kennen Sie aus dem Kino and Jan Fabre’s Mount Olympus. It reveals that postdramatic theatre is related to the classics at its conceptual core, and that the study of postdramatic tragedies reveals a great deal about both the evolution of theatre in recent decades, and the status of ancient drama in modernity.
Greatness of Spirit in the Arabic Tradition
Authors: Vasalou Sophia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the approaches taken to ‘the virtues of greatness’ in the Islamic world. There are in fact two Arabic concepts that can be identified as counterparts of the ancient virtue of megalopsychia. The focus of one (kibar al-nafs) was on the right attitude to the self and its merits, and it bore a strong affinity to Aristotle’s configuration of the virtue. The focus of the second (ʿiẓam al-himma) was on right desire or aspiration, and some of its key architects parsed it specifically as a foundational virtue of aspiration to virtue. Unlike the first concept, which failed to establish itself in Arabic-Islamic ethical culture, the second spread like wildfire through several genres of ethical writing. This reflects the roots this virtue strikes—more directly than in the Greek tradition—in the values of pre-Islamic Arab society and its heroic ethic, an ethic which it perpetuates but also transforms.
The Developmental State
Authors: Eslava Luis 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The battle for international law during the era of decolonization in the mid-twentieth century was to a large extent a battle fought over the nature, function and objectives of the state—above all, over their relationship to the idea of ‘development’. A particular normative and institutional formation resulted from this battle: the ‘developmental state’, the impact of which on (in)dependence in the South was and continues to be profound. However, the ‘developmental state’ did not spring ready-made out of nowhere. On the contrary, using Latin America’s much earlier experience of colonialism, decolonization and independent statehood as a starting-point, this chapter draws attention to the long and complex process through which the developmental state’s most important elements emerged, defining what was thinkable and doable there and elsewhere in the post-colonial world.
A Battlefield TransformedThe United Nations and the Struggle over Postcolonial Statehood
Authors: Sinclair Guy Fiti 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
As much as the United Nations (UN) provided an institutional context for decolonization, decolonization itself effected a profound transformation in the legal structures and powers of the UN. This chapter argues that that transformation was understood as necessary for the construction of modern states in the decolonized world—but that the meaning and expression of modern statehood was intensely contested throughout the period of decolonization. The chapter traces a series of interconnected struggles in the early UN over the form and functions of the nation-state, each of which resulted in innovations in the institutional framework and powers of the UN. In particular, it focuses on three axes of struggle, over the meaning of self-government, the values and practices of modern government, and the import of sovereign equality.
Impact of Climate Change on India
Authors: Srinivasan J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
India’s high population density, large spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, and high poverty rates make it particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. This chapter provides a baseline of knowledge on evidence and impacts. More frequent episodes of extreme rainfall, longer dry spells, higher sea levels, and heat waves are expected. This will have unpredictable impacts on agriculture and public health. There has been an increase in the national mean surface air temperature and the number of hot days, significant regional variations in rainfall patterns, measurable melting of Himalayan glaciers, and a rise in sea level on both the coasts of the country. High levels of air pollution could exacerbate changes in rainfall patterns. India will need better climate models to predict impacts by state and region, a prerequisite for informed adaptation policy.
Efficacy of Physical Therapy on Nociceptive Pain Processing Alterations in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Arribas-Romano Alberto , Fernández-Carnero Josué , Molina-Rueda Francisco , Angulo-Diaz-Parreño Santiago , Navarro-Santana Marcos José 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionChronic musculoskeletal pain is a major health, social, and economic problem. Most of the subjects who suffer from chronic musculoskeletal pain present processes of central sensitization. Temporal summation and conditioned pain modulation are the two most commonly used clinical measures of this. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effects of physical therapy on temporal summation (TS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.MethodsThis is a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, EBSCO, PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Collaboration Trials Register, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and SCOPUS databases. Different mesh terms and key words were combined for the search strategy, with the aim of encompassing all studies that have used any type of physical therapy treatment in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain and have measured both TS and CPM.ResultsEighteen studies remained for qualitative analysis and 16 for quantitative analysis. Statistically significant differences with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained for TS (–0.21, 95% CI = –0.39 to –0.03, Z = 2.50, P = 0.02, N = 721) and CPM (0.34, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.56, Z = 2.99, P = 0.003, N = 680) in favor of physical therapy as compared with control. Manual therapy produces a slight improvement in TS, and physical therapy modalities in general improve CPM. No significant differences between the subgroups of the meta-analysis were found. The methodological quality of the studies was high.ConclusionsPhysical therapy produces a slight improvement in central sensitization (CS)–related variables, with TS decreased and CPM increased when compared with a control group in patients with CMP. Only significant differences in TS were identified in the manual therapy subgroup.
Replication or Innovation? Structuration in Policy Implementation
Authors: Sandfort Jodi R , Moulton Stephanie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhy does a program, policy, or management approach implemented with success in one jurisdiction or organization fail to achieve similar results in another context? There is a large body of literature in public affairs and related fields that wrestle with this question. Scholars place varying emphasis on the constraints of the institutional system relative to humans’ agency in bringing about successful outcomes, and there is a tendency to generate lists of factors that enable or impede successful implementation. In this article, we present an alternative theoretical approach grounded in structuration processes. We turn to recent empirical scholarship and theory to re-examine what is known about structural elements that influence the implementation process: rules, routines, culture, and resources. This literature emphasizes that the work of these mechanisms is fundamentally shaped by endogenous factors within a system, fueled by the agency of actors within the setting. This is a more robust way to understand how microdynamics shape meso conditions in organizations and networks. Rather than understanding the implementation puzzle as how to replicate effective ideas, this frame suggests more attention to how to support innovation and learning is warranted.
Preparation and characterization of methacrylated gelatin/bacterial cellulose composite hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Gu Liling , Li Tao , Song Xiongbo , Yang Xianteng , Li Senlei , Chen Long , Liu Pingju , Gong Xiaoyuan , Chen Cheng , Sun Li 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)/bacterial cellulose (BC) composite hydrogels have been successfully prepared by immersing BC particles in GelMA solution followed by photo-crosslinking. The morphology of GelMA/BC hydrogel was examined by scanning electron microscopy and compared with pure GelMA. The hydrogels had very well interconnected porous network structure, and the pore size decreased from 200 to 10 µm with the increase of BC content. The composite hydrogels were also characterized by swelling experiment, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, rheology experiment and compressive test. The composite hydrogels showed significantly improved mechanical properties compared with pure GelMA. In addition, the biocompatility of composite hydrogels were preliminarily evaluated using human articular chondrocytes. The cells encapsulated within the composite hydrogels for 7 days proliferated and maintained the chondrocytic phenotype. Thus, the GelMA/BC composite hydrogels might be useful for cartilage tissue engineering.
Pricing Uncertainty Induced by Climate Change
Authors: Barnett Michael , Brock William , Hansen Lars Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Geophysicists examine and document the repercussions for the earth’s climate induced by alternative emission scenarios and model specifications. Using simplified approximations, they produce tractable characterizations of the associated uncertainty. Meanwhile, economists write highly stylized damage functions to speculate about how climate change alters macroeconomic and growth opportunities. How can we assess both climate and emissions impacts, as well as uncertainty in the broadest sense, in social decision-making? We provide a framework for answering this question by embracing recent decision theory and tools from asset pricing, and we apply this structure with its interacting components to a revealing quantitative illustration.
Pregnancy outcomes in women with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, before and after diagnosis—a population-based study
Authors: Che Weng Ian , Hellgren Karin , Stephansson Olof , Lundberg Ingrid E , Holmqvist Marie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To examine pregnancy outcomes among births to women with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) in relation to time of IIM diagnosis using population-based data.

Methods
This study used Swedish nationwide registers to identify all singleton births that occurred between 1973 and 2016 among women diagnosed with IIM between 1998 and 2016 and among women unexposed to IIM. We classified births according to the IIM status of the mother at time of delivery: post-IIM (n = 68), 1–3 years pre-IIM (n = 23), &gt;3 years pre-IIM (n = 710) and unexposed to IIM (n = 4101). Multivariate regression models were used to estimate relative risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in post-IIM births and pre-IIM births separately, in comparison with their non-IIM comparators.

Results
We found that post-IIM births had increased risks of caesarean section [adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.08, 3.64], preterm birth (aRR = 3.35; 95% CI: 1.28, 8.73) and low birth weight (aRR = 5.69; 95% CI: 1.84, 17.55) compared with non-IIM comparators. We also noticed higher frequencies of caesarean section and instrumental delivery in 1–3 years pre-IIM births than in the non-IIM comparators.

Conclusion
Women who gave birth after IIM diagnosis had higher risks of caesarean section, preterm birth and low birth weight. These results further underline the importance of special care and close monitoring of women with IIM. Higher frequencies of caesarean section and instrumental delivery in pre-IIM births highlight the need for future research on the influence of subclinical features of IIM on pregnancy outcomes.
Inequality, Poverty, and the Intra-Household Allocation of Consumption in Senegal
Authors: De Vreyer Philippe , Lambert Sylvie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntra-household inequalities have long been a source of concern for policy design, but there is very little evidence about their effects. The current practice of ignoring inequality within households could lead to an underestimation of both overall inequality and poverty levels, as well as to the misclassification of some individuals with regard to their poverty status. Using a novel survey for Senegal in which consumption data were collected at a disaggregated level, this paper quantifies these various effects. In total, two opposing effects, one on mean and one on inequality, compensate each other in terms of the overall poverty rate, but individual poverty statuses are affected. Intra-household consumption inequalities account for 14 percent of inequality in Senegal. This study has also uncovered the fact that household structure and organization are key correlates of intra-household inequality and individual risk of poverty.
Maternal Anemia and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Population-based Study
Authors: Beckert Rachael H. , Baer Rebecca J. , Anderson James G. , Jelliffe-Pawlowski Laura L. , Rogers Elizabeth E. 
Published: December 2019

(Abstracted from J Perinatol 2019;39(7):911–919)
Anemia is a common disorder that affects about 40% of pregnancies worldwide and has been associated with adverse events in both the mother and infant. An increased risk of cesarean delivery, red blood cell transfusion, and death has been documented in anemic pregnant women.
Characterization of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55-specific CD8+ T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Peng Yong , Zhu Fei-Zhou , Chen Zhi-Xing , Zhou Jian-Xiong , Gan Lu , Yang Shan-Shan , Gao Shuai , Liu Qian-Qian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background:
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is mediated primarily by T cells, but most studies of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have focused on CD4+ T cells. The aims of the current study were to determine the pathological interrelationship between CD4 and CD8 autoreactive T cells in MS/EAE.

Methods:
Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 20) were induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55 peptide. At 14 days after immunization, T cells were isolated from the spleen and purified as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by using CD4 and CD8 isolation kits, and then the purity was determined by flow cytometric analysis. These cells were stimulated by MOG35–55 peptide and applied to proliferation assays. The interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-4 secretion of supernatant of cultured CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For adoptive transfer, recipient mice were injected with MOG35–55-specific CD8+ or CD4+ T cells. EAE clinical course was measured by EAE score at 0–5 scale and spinal cord was examined by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Luxol fast blue staining.

Results:
CD8+CD3+ and CD4+CD3+ cells were 86% and 94% pure of total CD3+ cells after CD8/CD4 bead enrichment, respectively. These cells were stimulated by MOG35–55 peptide and applied to proliferation assays. Although the CD8+ T cells had a generally lower response to MOG35–55 than CD4+ T cells, the response of CD8+ T cells was not always dependent on CD4. CD8
+
T cell secreted less IFN-γ and IL-4 compared with CD4
+
T cells. EAE was induced in wildtype B6 naïve mice by adoptive transfer of MOG35–55-specific T cells from B6 active-induced EAE (aEAE) mice. A similar EAE score and slight inflammation and demyelination were found in naive B6 mice after transferring of CD8
+
T cells from immunized B6 mice compared with transfer of CD4
+
T cells.

Conclusion:
Our data suggest that CD8+ autoreactive T cells in EAE have a lower encephalitogenic function but are unique and independent on pathogenic of EAE rather than their CD4+ counterparts.
ANALYSIS OF TIME TO FAILURE AFTER RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY
Authors: Heath Jeffery Rachael C. , Young Braden , Atkins Will , Shadbolt Bruce , Allen Penelope J. , Essex Rohan W. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
To present the distribution of time to retinal redetachment in eyes undergoing retinal detachment surgery, using a method for adjusting time to outcome in eyes with silicone oil or heavy liquid tamponade (“oil-filled eyes”).

Methods:
Data from two Australian centers were used. Adjusted time to outcome was measured from the date of tamponade removal in oil-filled eyes, unless failure was diagnosed with tamponade in situ.

Results:
188/1257 failures were identified (15.0%). Using unadjusted time to outcome, failures in oil-filled eyes occurred later than non–oil-filled eyes (median time to failure 57 vs. 28 days, P < 0.001). After adjustment, the distribution of time to failure was similar for oil-filled and non–oil-filled eyes (median 25 vs. 28 days, P = 0.68). Larger detachments, eyes with ≥Grade B proliferative vitreoretinopathy and eyes receiving surgery for recurrent detachments were more likely to fail, but the time to failure was similar regardless of risk.

Conclusion:
Adjustment of time to outcome resulted in a similar distribution of time to failure in oil-filled and non–oil filled eyes and was similar in low- and high-risk eyes. The use of adjusted time to outcome will support consistent collection and interpretation of outcomes across different jurisdictions where time to oil removal may vary.
RETINAL OXIMETRY IS ALTERED IN EYES WITH CHOROIDAL MELANOMA BUT NOT IN EYES WITH CHOROIDAL NEVI
Authors: Brouwer Niels J. , Marinkovic Marina , Bleeker Jaco C. , el Filali Mariam , Stefansson Einar , Luyten Gregorius P. M. , Jager Martine J. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
To compare retinal vessel oxygenation in eyes with an untreated choroidal nevus or choroidal melanoma.

Methods:
The affected and fellow eye of patients with an untreated choroidal nevus (n = 42) or choroidal melanoma (n = 45) were investigated using noninvasive retinal oximetry (Oxymap T1). Oxygen saturation of arterioles (ArtSat) and venules (VenSat) was determined, together with the arteriovenous difference (AV-difference).

Results:
In choroidal nevus patients, retinal oximetry did not differ between the affected and fellow eye: the mean ArtSat was 94.5% and 94.2% (P = 0.56), the VenSat was 60.5% and 61.3% (P = 0.35), and the AV-difference was 34.0% and 32.9% (P = 0.18), respectively. In choroidal melanoma patients, alterations were detected: the mean ArtSat was 94.8% and 93.2% (P = 0.006), the VenSat was 58.0% and 60.0% (P = 0.014), and the AV-difference was 36.8% and 33.2% (P < 0.001), respectively. The largest increase in AV-difference was observed between the retinal halves without the lesion in melanoma eyes compared with the corresponding half in the fellow eye (37.5% vs. 32.1%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Although retinal oximetry was not significantly altered in eyes with a choroidal nevus, eyes with choroidal melanoma showed an increased ArtSat and decreased VenSat, leading to an increased AV-difference. These changes may be caused by inflammation and a higher metabolism, with larger oxygen consumption, leading to altered blood flow and intraocular oxygen relocation.
Plasma miR-200c-3p, miR-100-5p, and miR-1826 serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers for knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Lai Zhen , Cao Yanguang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective:
To study the potential diagnostic value of plasma miR-200c-3p, miR-100-5p, and miR-1826 levels in knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods:
Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) was used to measure the expression levels of serum miR-200c-3p, miR-100-5p, and miR-1826 in 150 KOA patients and 150 control controls. In addition, the levels of DNMT3A, ZEB1, MMP13, and CTNNB1 mRNAs in the synovial fluid were also measured by RT-PCR.

Results:
The expression levels of miR-100-5p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-1826 in the synovial fluid of 150 KOA patients were significantly lower than those in 54 controls (P < .001). In the synovial fluid, the miR-100-5p and DNMT3A mRNA levels, miR-100-5p and ZEB1 mRNA levels, miR-200c-3p and MMP13 mRNA levels, and miR-1826 and CTNNB1 mRNA levels were all negatively correlated (r = −0.83, −0.81, −0.83, −0.58, respectively). The AUCs of the diagnosis for KOA using the plasma levels of miR-200c-3p, miR-100-5p, and miR-1826 were 0.755, 0.845, and 0.749, respectively.

Conclusion:
The plasma levels of miR-200c-3p, miR-100-5p, and miR-1826 are of potentially high value in the diagnosis of KOA.