bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Throughput Robotic Phenotyping for Quantifying Tomato Disease Severity Enabled by Synthetic Data and Domain‐Adaptive Semantic Segmentation
Authors: He Weilong , Li Xingjian , Zhang Zhenghua , Chen Yuxi , Zhang Jianbo , Panthee Dilip R. , Meadows Inga , Xiang Lirong 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTPlant diseases cause an annual global crop loss of 20%–40%, leading to estimated economic losses of 30–50 billion dollars. Tomatoes are susceptible to more than 200 diseases. Breeding disease‐resistant cultivars is more cost‐effective and environmentally sustainable than the frequent use of pesticides. Traditional breeding methods for disease resistance, relying on direct visual observation to measure disease‐related traits, are time‐consuming, inaccurate, expensive, and require specific knowledge of tomato diseases. High‐throughput disease phenotyping is essential to reduce labor costs, improve measurement accuracy, and expedite the release of new varieties, thereby more effectively identifying disease‐resistant crops. Precision agriculture efforts have primarily focused on detecting diseases on individual tomato leaves under controlled laboratory conditions, neglecting the assessment of disease severity of the entire plant in the field. To address this, we created a synthetic data set using existing field and individual leaf data sets, leveraging a game engine to minimize additional data labeling. Consequently, we developed a customized unsupervised domain‐adaptive tomato disease segmentation algorithm that monitors the entire tomato plant and determines disease severity based on the proportion of affected leaf areas. The system‐derived disease percentages show a high correlation with manually labeled data, evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.91. Our research demonstrates the feasibility of using ground robots equipped with deep‐learning algorithms to monitor tomato disease severity under field conditions, potentially accelerating the automation and standardization of whole‐plant disease severity monitoring in tomatoes. This high‐throughput disease phenotyping system can also be adapted to analyze diseases in other crops with similar foliar diseases, such as maize, soybeans, and cotton.
Prospective Evaluation of Real‐Time Artificial Intelligence for the Hill Classification of the Gastroesophageal Junction
Authors: Kafetzis Ioannis , Sodmann Philipp , Herghelegiu Bianca‐Elena , Brand Markus , Zoller Wolfram G. , Seyfried Florian , Fuchs Karl‐Hermann , Meining Alexander , Hann Alexander 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundAssessment of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is an integral part of gastroscopy; however, the absence of standardized reporting hinders consistency of examination documentation. The Hill classification offers a standardized approach for evaluating the GEJ. This study aims to compare the accuracy of an artificial intelligence (AI) system with that of physicians in classifying the GEJ according to Hill in a prospective, blinded, superiority trial.MethodsConsecutive patients scheduled for gastroscopy with an intact GEJ were recruited during clinical routine from October 2023 to December 2023. Nine physicians (six experienced, three inexperienced) assessed the Hill grade, and the AI system operated in the background in real‐time. The gold standard was determined by a majority vote of independent assessments by three expert endoscopists who did not participate in the study. The primary outcome was accuracy. Secondary outcomes were per‐Hill grade analysis and result comparison for experienced and inexperienced endoscopists separately.ResultsIn 131 analysed examinations the AI's accuracy of 84.7% (95% CI: 78.6–90.8) was significantly higher than 62.5% (95% CI: 54.2–71) of physicians (p < 0.01). The AI outperformed physicians in all but one cases in the per‐Hill‐class analysis. AI was significantly more accurate than inexperienced physicians (85% vs. 56%, p < 0.01) and in trend better than experienced physicians (84% vs. 69.6%, p = 0.07).ConclusionsAI was significantly more accurate than examiners in assessing the Hill classification. This superior model performance can prove beneficial for endoscopists, especially those with limited experience.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06040723
Fluorine functionalized graphitic carbon nitride for iron(III) sensing and methylene blue photodegradation
Authors: Sairaj Vandana , Sasi Saranya C. , Krishnan Retheesh , Palantavida Shajesh , Vijayan Baiju Kizhakkekilikoodayil 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis study synthesizes graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) and fluorine‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (Fgcn) nanosheets with different fluorine weight percentages, and their potential for fluorescence detection of Fe3+ ions and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) using solar light is then investigated. The samples demonstrated extraordinarily sensitive and selective Fe3+ detection at a limit of detection of 0.48 µM and a limit of quantification of 1.46 µM. Moreover, compared to the pure g‐C3N4, the Fgcn demonstrated a faster rate of photocatalytic degradation of the MB dye. The adjustable band gap, increased number of short‐lived species, two‐dimensional nanostructure, and reduced lattice strain all contribute to the increased photocatalytic activity of Fgcn samples. This study shows that the use of flourine‐doped g‐C3N4 can improve the selective detection of Fe3+ ions as well as the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue when exposed to solar light.
Morphological and optical investigation of Ce doped La2O3 nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications
Authors: Karthikeyan Subramani , Sasikumar Ponnusamy , Arumugam Jayachandhiran , Abbas Mohamad Abd E , Nithiyanantham Subramanian 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe simple hydrothermal approach was used to create various morphologies of cerium (Ce) substituted lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanostructures, with a reaction time of 6 h at 100 °C. The research on Ce‐substituted La2O3’s morphology, particle size, band gap, and photocatalytic efficacy are affected by calcination temperature. The powder X‐ray diffraction pattern of Ce‐added La2O3 nanoparticles reveals their hexagonal shape. Field emission scanning electron microscopy is used to study the morphology of freshly produced nanoparticles. The elements in the synthesized and calcined samples were proven to exist by energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. La2O3 samples synthesized at room temperature and calcined at 300 and 600 °C are calculated to have band gap energies of 3.1, 3.0, and 2.9 eV, respectively through UV–visible spectroscopic analysis. The photoluminescence's analysis yields the exactness in activity of photo‐catalyst. It's possible to match the broad peak around 439 and 1045 cm−1 with the O─H vibration.
The Effect of Flow Sampling on the Robustness of the Actuator Line Method
Authors: Zormpa Markella , Zilic de Arcos Federico , Chen Xiaosheng , Vogel Christopher R. , Willden Richard H. J. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThe actuator line method (ALM) is a widely used tool for the modelling of horizontal axis turbines and wind and tidal farm flows. The method uses a virtual blade representation to simulate the dynamics of wind turbines without the computational expense associated with resolving the blade geometry. Within the ALM, the flow is first sampled at each blade section, allowing for the calculation of the sectional lift and drag forces that are in turn imposed on the flow domain using a smearing kernel. In this work, the effect of the flow sampling method on the robustness of the ALM is discussed. Implementations of two widely used types of methods for horizontal axis wind turbines are tested: point sampling, where the flow is sampled at or near the collocation point, and volume average sampling where flow field information from multiple points centred at the collocation point is averaged into a representative blade‐local velocity vector. A third method, line average sampling, that was initially proposed for sampling flows from blade‐resolved simulations is adapted for the ALM framework. This method samples the flow symmetrically around a control element in order to eliminate the interference of the bound circulation, thus allowing the inflow velocity at the aerofoil to be determined. When evaluating power and thrust coefficients and the flow field at the rotor plane predicted by the ALM, the line average sampling approach is demonstrated to be more robust and converges faster with time step for two different rotors: a small wind rotor and a high‐solidity tidal rotor. This suggests that carefully selecting the sampling method could be key in alleviating the very strict time‐step restriction imposed by the ALM, a widely acknowledged limitation of the method. Such an advancement could contribute towards improving the computational efficiency and tractability of the method.
§ 1 Eigentum ohne Eigentümer?
Authors: Froese Judith 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungArt. 14 GG formuliert, dass das Eigentum und das Erbrecht gewährleistet werden. Im Text des Grundgesetzes taucht der Berechtigte, der Eigentümer, nicht auf. In den Eigentumsgrundrechten der EMRK und der GRCh kommt der personale Charakter hingegen bereits textlich klar zum Ausdruck: Nach Art. 1 des 1. Zusatzprotokolls zur EMRK hat „jede natürliche oder juristische Person“ das Recht auf Achtung ihres Eigentums. Art. 17 Abs. 1 GRCh gewährleistet das Eigentumsrecht für „jede Person“. Ungeachtet der fehlenden Erwähnung des Eigentümers im Text des Grundgesetzes schützt Art. 14 GG das Eigentum nicht bloß als Institut oder um seiner selbst willen, sondern als Freiheitsgrundrecht des Eigentümers. Die Eigentumsgarantie ist – so formuliert es das Bundesverfassungsgericht – „nicht zunächst Sach-, sondern Rechtsträgergarantie“. Zwischen Eigentum und Freiheit besteht danach ein enger innerer Zusammenhang; das Eigentumsgrundrecht steht im Dienst der persönlichen Freiheit des Einzelnen. Ihm wird daher teils auch der Charakter eines Menschenrechts zugeschrieben. Der Eigentümer hat das Recht, sein Eigentum zu seinen eigenen Zwecken zu verwenden und Dritte von der Nutzung auszuschließen. Das Eigentum hat die Funktion, dem Einzelnen einen Freiheitsraum im vermögensrechtlichen Bereich zu sichern. Zugespitzt ausgedrückt: „Es gibt keine Persönlichkeit ohne ein Minimum an Hab und Gut. Es gibt keine Freiheit ohne irgendeine Art von Eigentum.“
§ 3 Von der Sachherrschaft zur Herrschaft der Sache
Authors: Schuppert Gunnar Folke 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungIn der Einladung der Herausgeberin und des Herausgebers zur Mitwirkung an dem geplanten Sammelband „Eigentum ohne Eigentümer?“ wird zu Recht hervorgehoben, dass Konzepte, die das Rechtsinstitut „Eigentum“ zu entpersonalisieren suchen, ziemlich weit oben auf der rechtspolitischen Agenda stehen. Im Horizont werde das Bild eines Eigentums ohne Eigentümer „schemenhaft sichtbar“.
§ 4 Personales und entpersonalisiertes Eigentum
Authors: Kreuter-Kirchhof Charlotte 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungFundament der verfassungsrechtlichen Gewährleistung der Eigentümerfreiheit ist ein personales Eigentumsverständnis. Art. 14 GG gewährleistet die Eigentümerfreiheit als die persönliche Herrschaft des Eigentümers über sein Eigentum. Der Gesetzgeber hat Inhalt und Schranken der personalen Eigentümerfreiheit des Art. 14 GG ausgehend vom historisch gewachsenen, ideengeschichtlich begründeten Eigentumsbegriff der Neuzeit zu bestimmen. Dabei ist der grundrechtliche Schutz dieses Menschenrechts und damit der personale Charakter der Eigentümerfreiheit zu wahren. Dies gebieten die Idee der Menschenrechte, die den Menschen in den Mittelpunkt der Rechtsordnung rückt, die Rechtsinstitutsgarantie, die mit den Kernelementen der Privatnützigkeit und der grundsätzlichen Verfügungsbefugnis den personalen Bezug der Eigentümerfreiheit beschreibt, und die Bestandsgarantie, deren Grund im personalen Gehalt der Eigentümerfreiheit liegt.
§ 8 Wohnraum gehört allen?
Authors: Shirvani Foroud 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungEines der zentralen politischen Themen der Gegenwart betrifft die Frage, wie bezahlbare Wohnungen insbesondere für einkommensschwache Bevölkerungsgruppen geschaffen und wie Grund und Boden sozial gerecht verteilt werden sollen. Die tradierte staatliche Boden- und Mietpolitik wendet in der Regel Instrumente an, die darauf gerichtet sind, das Eigentum an Grund und Boden einer stärkeren Sozialbindung zu unterwerfen und die Belange derjenigen zu schützen, die auf die Nutzung fremden Wohnungseigentums angewiesen sind. Neuere Ansätze, wie die Initiative zur Vergesellschaftung großer Wohnungsunternehmen in Berlin, wollen hingegen den bisherigen Pfad staatlicher Boden- und Mietpolitik verlassen und Gemeineigentum an Wohnraum nach Art. 15 GG begründen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die Thematik der Privatnützigkeit, Sozialbindung und Gemeinnützigkeit des Wohnungseigentums unter dem Grundgesetz und behandelt die Frage, welche verfassungsrechtlichen Kautelen für die Vergesellschaftung von Wohnraum bestehen.
Using Expert Consensus to Persuade the Public
Authors: Jorm Anthony 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter looks at how scientific conclusions should be communicated to the public. It reviews evidence that communicating the scientific consensus on an issue can change public beliefs. However, some people reject the scientific consensus on issues like climate change and vaccine safety, because they do not trust scientists, basing this mistrust on the clash between their own values and the values inherent in the scientists’ consensus, and they may overestimate their own understanding of very technical areas. A possible way forward is to educate people about the important role of consensus in science more generally, rather than focus solely on consensus messages about specific scientific issues. This would require a greater understanding of the role of consensus in science at all levels of science education from high school through to specialist postgraduate training.
Spontaneous and Deliberative Processes to Reach Consensus
Authors: Jorm Anthony 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter proposes two contrasting processes by which scientists come to a consensus, which are labelled as “spontaneous” and “deliberative”. The spontaneous process involves a consensus that develops rapidly and spontaneously among experts in an area. It is more likely to be seen with scientific questions that involve simpler causality and strong associations between variables. The development of a consensus is hidden from view and may lead an outside observer to think that the scientific facts emerge directly from the evidence. The deliberative process, on the other hand, is much slower, and it may take decades to come to a consensus. It is more typical with complex scientific questions where the evidence is extensive and involves multiple disciplines and methodologies. It involves formal methods to develop the consensus, such as consensus conferences, expert working groups set up by international scientific organizations, Delphi consensus studies of expert opinion and formal votes by groups of acknowledged experts. Deliberative consensus is becoming more important as scientists deal with increasingly complex problems in areas of global importance where coordinated action is required.
Specifying “Experts” and “Consensus”
Authors: Jorm Anthony 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter looks at how expert consensus processes specify who is an “expert” and what constitutes “consensus”. There are a number of attributes that have been used to specify who is a scientific expert, including professional qualifications and work experience, membership of scientific or professional organizations, peer-reviewed publications, specialist conference attendance and nomination by other experts. A common factor across these attributes is acknowledgement of expertise by peers. Where consensus has to be reached on matters of values as well as scientific questions, the values of all interested parties must be considered, which may include the general public, cultural experts or consumer advocates as well as scientists. When consensus occurs spontaneously, there is no formal process to ascertain agreement, but there are indicators that it has occurred, such as a high rate of positive citations and incorporation in textbooks. With deliberative consensus, the level of agreement among experts is quantified. However, what level of agreement is required for “consensus” depends on the purpose, with a higher level needed for establishing likely scientific truth than for defining concepts and standardizing measures.
The impact of vertical model levels on the prediction of MJO teleconnections. Part II: The stratospheric pathway in the UFS global coupled model
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , Wu Zheng , Yadav Priyanka , Lawrence Zachary , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Zheng Cheng , Wang Jiabao , Jenney Andrea M. , Kim Hyemi , Schwartz Chen , Stan Cristiana 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study continues the evaluation of the prediction of MJO teleconnections in two versions of the NOAA Unified Forecast System (UFS): prototype 5 (UFS5) and prototype 6 (UFS6). The key difference between the two prototypes is in the number of vertical layers (127 in UFS6 vs. 64 in UFS5) and model top (80 km in UFS6 vs. 54 km in UFS5), and the role of this increased resolution for the stratospheric pathway of MJO teleconnections is explored. The higher resolution prototype (UFS6) displays larger biases in its representation of tropospheric stationary waves, though both simulate a reasonable flux of wave activity entering the stratosphere. The stratospheric polar vortex in both prototypes is overly-sensitive to incoming wave activity, while both simulate a reasonable downward propagation of vortex anomalies within the stratosphere and down to the troposphere. The net effect is that both simulate the stratospheric pathway of the MJO better than has been documented for any forecasting system, though the hindcast period available for UFS differs from that used in previous studies. This allows them to predict, e.g., near-surface temperature over Eurasia with some skill on subseasonal timescales (week 3 to 5). However, this success could be the result of “two wrongs making a right”, and as individual biases are fixed, skill could temporarily be reduced. Overall, the two prototypes show similar performance in simulating the stratospheric route, suggesting that in the UFS, the increase in model vertical resolution has a limited impact on the prediction of MJO teleconnections via the stratosphere.
Large-scale molecular survey for piroplasmids in Iberian wild carnivores
Authors: Millán Javier , Checa Rocío , Oleaga Álvaro , Rodríguez Alejandro , Negre Nieves , Llaneza Luis , Velarde Roser , Miró Guadalupe 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPiroplasmids are vector-borne hemoprotozoan parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa that are of veterinary and medical importance. Wild carnivores are hosts for diverse piroplasmids, some of which are highly pathogenic for domestic dogs and cats. A large-scale survey including samples from 244 individuals belonging to eleven different species that were opportunistically obtained between 1993 and 2015 in four Autonomous Regions in Spain were tested for piroplasmid DNA with two different nested-PCR assays targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Sixty of 85 Eurasian badgers (Meles meles), 11 of 42 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and 1 of 10 stone martens (Martes foina) resulted positive. In contrast, 46 wolves (Canis lupus), 26 genets (Genetta genetta), 22 pine martens (Martes martes), and other less-represented species were negative. Sequencing revealed that all foxes and one badger were parasitized by Babesia vulpes, and the remaining badgers and the stone marten by Babesia sp. badger type A (BBTA). The prevalence of BBTA in Catalonian badgers was significantly lower in Alpine than in Continental and Mediterranean climates. This study confirms that badgers and ref foxes constitute the natural hosts of BBTA and B. vulpes, respectively, with occasional spillovers to other species.
Factors influencing Swedish citizens’ willingness to provide their mobile phones to forensic examination
Authors: Ingemarsson Jonas , Birath Marcus , Kävrestad Joakim 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The willingness of victims to report crimes is declining, which leads to an increase in the dark figure of crime and undermines effective crime control. One possible reason is that victims are reluctant to report crimes if they are required to submit their digital devices for forensic examination. Today, a mobile phone holds vast amounts of information that may be valuable for police forensics experts, showing that victims’ phones could be critical in crime investigations. This interview study has investigated the factors that influence Swedish citizens’ willingness to report crimes when reporting involves surrendering their own mobile phones for forensic analysis. The study also uncovered factors that increase their willingness to report crimes under the same circumstances. The gathered data was subjected to a qualitative analysis with thematic coding, resulting in four distinct themes with 12 categories distributed among them. The analysis reveals that the primary factors affecting Swedish citizens’ willingness to report crimes are privacy concerns, with participants feeling uneasy about others accessing their private data, and anxiety over being separated from their mobile phones. Furthermore, the study yields that the most significant factors for increasing the willingness to report crimes are enhanced information and transparency from the police. Participants suggested that better understanding of the process, and increased openness would increase their willingness to report.
Love Components in Free-Choice and Arranged Marriages Among Five Non-Western Populations From Africa, Amazonia, and Himalayas
Authors: Sorokowski Piotr , Groyecka-Bernard Agata , Kowal Marta , Butovskaya Marina , Stefanczyk Michal Mikolaj , Huanca Tomas , Kumar Amit , Manral Upma , Odo Oneyekachi M. , Onyishi Ike E. , Jędryczka Wiktoria 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Two main ways to enter a marriage are through free choice and through an arrangement between families, known as an arranged marriage. In this study, we compared differences in three dimensions of love (Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment) between spouses in love-based marriages and arranged marriages among five non-Western societies: Bhotiya from the Himalayas, Igbo from Nigeria, Kimeru from Kenya, Meru from Tanzania, and Tsimane’ from Bolivia. When considering all data gathered from the five cultures, free choice and arranged marriages did not differ significantly in average love scores. However, within cultures, some differences did emerge between free choice and arranged marriages, such as spouses from free choice marriages from Bhotiya and Tsimane’ culture showing higher levels of Intimacy than those from arranged marriages. However, in the Bhotiya, this difference was only evident in marriages lasting longer than 10 years. Moreover, spouses from free choice marriages from Bhotiya reported higher levels of passion, while spouses from free choice marriages from Tsimane’ reported higher levels of commitment than individuals from arranged marriages. Conversely, wives from arranged marriages from Meru culture from Tanzania reported higher levels of Intimacy and Passion as compared to wives from free choice marriages. In Kimeru and Igbo, no significant differences were found. These results contribute to the growing body of literature on the relationship between culture, love, and marriage. Our data also challenge the Western perception that arranged marriages lack love.