bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Thermal Runaway Trigger Methods for Battery Safety Characterization
Authors: Boovaragavan Vijayasekaran , Mallarapu Anudeep , Sunderlin Nathaniel , Tamashiro Matthew , Peabody Christina , Pelloux-gervais Thibault , Li Xin , Sizikov Gregory 
Published: December 2024

Lithium-ion batteries are prone to risks with fire hazard due to the possibility of thermal runaway propagation. During battery product development and subsequent safety tests for design validation and safety certification, the thermal runaway onset is triggered by various test methods such as nail penetration, thermal ramp, or external short circuit. This failure initiation method affects the amount of heat contributions and the composition of gas generations. This study1 compares two such trigger methods, by external heating and by using a thermally activated internal short circuit device (ISCD). The effects of the trigger method on total heat generation are experimentally investigated within 18650 cylindrical cells at single cell level as well as at multiple cell configuration level.
During thermal abuse conditions, it is known that internal short circuits occur before thermal runaway, but this joule heating does not contribute much to heat generation2. But during internal short circuits initiating at lower temperatures, joule heating plays a major role in thermal runaway process. Previous modeling studies have enhanced our understanding of the role of multiple physical processes during thermal runaway3-4. In this study we use a combination of models and experiments to characterize battery safety in terms of abuse tolerance, severity of thermal runaway and propagation. The severity of failure was observed to be worse for cells with ISC devices at single cell level whereas quite opposite results were observed at multiple cell configuration level. A preliminary numerical analysis was performed to better understand the battery safety performance with respect to thermal runaway trigger methods and heat transfer conditions.

Mallarapu, A., Sunderlin, N., Boovaragavan, V., Tamashiro, M., Peabody, C., Pelloux-gervais, T., Li, X., Sizikov, 2024, Effects of Trigger Method on Fire Propagation during the Thermal Runaway Process in Li-ion Batteries, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 171 040514

Ren, D., Feng, X., Liu, L., Hsu, H., Lu, L., Wang, L., He, X., Ouyang, M., 2021, Investigating the relationship between internal short circuit and thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries under thermal abuse condition, Energy Storage Materials 34, 563–573

Feng, X., He, X., Ouyang, M., Wang, L., Lu, L., Ren, D., Santhanagopalan, S., 2018, An electrochemical-thermal coupled overcharge-to-thermal-runaway model for lithium ion battery, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 165 A3748

Coman, P. T., Darcy, E. C., Veje, C. T., White, R. E., 2017. “Modelling Li-Ion cell thermal runaway triggered by an internal short circuit device using an efficiency factor and arrhenius formulations.” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164 A587
Second Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Effects of Temperature Cycling
Authors: Ezeigwe Ejikeme Raphael , Woll Sivert Andre , Erichsen Lene Therese Backus , Wind Julia , Burheim Odne Stokke 
Published: December 2024

Extending the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be achieved either by repurposing batteries under similar conditions within the same application segment, as a first-life extension, or by extending them into different segments with different operations as a second-life application. In the latter case, it is crucial to comprehend not only the remaining capacity and performance properties but also the safety aspect. To address these considerations, we cycled 30Ah NMC 433 graphite LIBs under different conditions to State of health capacities of 70-80 % and subsequently, subjected them to softer degradation environments. We then deployed Incremental capacity analysis (dQ/dV) (ICA) to understand degradation mechanisms, with a particular focus on how to detect Li plating. Cycling conditions and repeated measurements revealed rapid degradation, particularly during low-temperature cycling. Combining ICA with ex-situ post-mortem analysis methods allowed for Li indications and facilitated the comparison of capacity losses with degraded performances versus degraded safety issues [1], [2].
Overall, batteries cycled at high temperatures exhibited poor performance in terms of remaining capacity as depicted in Figure 1, and high resistance without significantly lowering thermal runaway temperatures. This contrasts with low-temperature degradation, where the thermal onset temperature decreases to as low as 85 oC. Intermediate temperature degradation resulted in some loss in performance, namely resistance and capacity, but not in safety. Using ICA alongside detailed more aggressive degradation allowed for detecting safety warning mechanics during the degradation testing.

References

[1] L. Spitthoff, P. J. S. Vie, M. S. Wahl, J. Wind, and O. S. Burheim, “Incremental capacity analysis (dQ/dV) as a tool for analysing the effect of ambient temperature and mechanical clamping on degradation,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 944, p. 117627, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117627.
[2] L. Spitthoff, P. R. Shearing, and O. S. Burheim, “Temperature, Ageing and Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 5. 2021. doi: 10.3390/en14051248.

Figure 1
Selection of Design Parameters to Reduce Maintenance
Authors: Shifler David 
Published: December 2024

Seawater is a complex mixture of chemical, physical and biological species whose characteristics can be influenced by many factors such as geography, temperature, depth, ocean currents, etc. For centuries it has been recognized that seawater is the most corrosive natural environment towards engineering materials, particularly many metals and alloys. Some constituents and circumstances can accelerate attack while others may retard it. Corrosivity can vary to some degree, for example, with geographic location; however, no seawater, in its natural state, is considered to be non-corrosive anywhere in the world. A good understanding of the influence of environmental factors on seawater corrosivity, coupled with experience and test data can help optimize selection and/or utilization of materials in practical marine applications.
Marine environments are typically classified in terms of “zones” to which materials are exposed in given situations, for example, atmospheric, splash-and-spray, tidal, immersion or submerged, and bottom-mud or sediment. There are many complex environmental factors that influence seawater corrosivity. Many of these factors are interrelated and often synergistic. This can lead to unexpected behavior of materials performance in specific situations.
Materials and equipment that function in the marine environment are subjected to aggressive conditions. Salt is pervasive in all marine environments. Corrosion is a leading driver for maintenance and overall lifecycle costs. Proper material choices, corrosion control measures, and employing effective design to avoid corrosion are the most effective means to reduce maintenance and life cycle costs.
Design decisions are seldom absolute. There are multiple factors that should be considered when designing a system, some of which may override corrosion concerns. A designed component or system must satisfy its functional purpose, but corrosion may occur at critical sites that interfere with its true functionality.
The United States Navy is currently experiencing a growing backlog of maintenance for Navy ships caused by several factors, one of which is poor planning for sustainment during acquisition. It appears that past design practices are not meeting the maintenance backlog. A new approach to design is embracing digital engineering for new ship designs and providing multiple maintenance options virtually to determine the most effective pathway that lead to reduced maintenance. ONR and the Navy is attempting to develop models that will integrate corrosion databases with design software that could lead to design choices on corrosion resistance with other functional properties.
Investigation on Corrosion Behavior of Nickel Plated Steel in Copper Sulfate Solution and It's Applicability As a Defect Inspection
Authors: Lee Seung Hwan 
Published: December 2024

The effects of defect on the corrosion behavior of electrolytically Ni-plated steel in copper sulfate solution were investigated using electrochemical methods and surface characterization techniques. The results show that copper is deposited on the Ni surface not on steel exposed through defect. In the case of incompletely-open defects, weight gain on the Ni surface due to the copper deposition is decreased with immersion time and levelled off within 3 hours. However, the copper deposition on the Ni surface with fully-open defects exhibits continuous weight gain by vertical growth of copper layer. This is because copper deposition proceeds in the lateral direction preferentially until exposure of steel to the corrosive environment is blocked in incompletely-open defects where connection between copper deposition layers on separate Ni plating is accomplished. In contrast, in fully-open defects, vertical growth of copper deposition layers on separate Ni plating is observed. The vertical growth of the copper deposition layer in fully-open defects means that the interface between the substrate and nickel plating layers is continuously exposed to a corrosive environment, which eventually leads to delamination of the Ni plating layer from its substrate.
The difference between incomplete and complete opening of defects is related to the defect area of the Ni plating layer, but verification of further electrochemical factors is required to distinguish the structural difference. These defects vary depending on the substrate and Ni plating process, but are inevitably accompanied by the subsequent forming process of Ni-plated steel. Since these defects are a major factor in determining the durability of the final products related to corrosion, it is important for manufacturers to identify and screen for these defects before moving on to the next step. Therefore, this study aims to identify the differences in copper sulfate test results according to the defect types and the correlation with product's durability due to corrosion. To verify this, analysis of the interfacial reaction through EIS (electrochemical impedance analysis) and current density and its overvoltage according to cathodic polarization related to the reaction of the copper deposition are in progress.
Galvanic and Local Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6 Coupled to Non-Passivating and Passivating Alloys
Authors: Wohner Natalie , Hihara Lloyd H. 
Published: December 2024

Marine and aerospace structures sometimes combine lightweight aluminum alloys with dissimilar metals to optimize mechanical performance and reduce costs. Unfortunately, the exposure of such dissimilar couples in a harsh environment can cause severe corrosion damage to the aluminum structure due to its position in the galvanic series. Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy (AA) 6061-T6 coupled to non-passivating and passivating alloys was studied to elucidate galvanic effects on local corrosion. In this work, local and galvanic corrosion were quantified, the effects of cathode material on local electrolyte pH were explored, and a relationship between pH and local-corrosion of AA6061-T6 was established.
Experimental studies quantified local and galvanic corrosion of AA6061-T6 coupled to 316 stainless steel, copper, titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, and 316 stainless steel coated with titanium nitride, chromium nitride, and a sol-gel nano-coating. Galvanic couples were misted with 3.15 wt.% sodium chloride solution and exposed in a controlled temperature-humidity chamber. Galvanic currents were measured during exposure, and the total mass loss of the aluminum alloy was determined to quantify the corrosion damage. Exposure tests showed that galvanic corrosion decreases over time and accounts for less than 15% of the total corrosion of AA6061-T6. Therefore, most aluminum corrosion damage was caused by local corrosion. In addition, immersion experiments of AA6061-T6 galvanic couples in gelled 3.15 wt.% NaCl solutions showed that galvanic coupling influences the evolution of electrolyte pH leading to severe acidification at the aluminum anode surface and alkalization around the cathode. The solution pH at the aluminum surface was decreased by galvanic action and severity of pH decrease depends on galvanic couple materials and design. To quantify the effect of acidity on local corrosion of AA6061-T6, potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed in aerated and deaerated 3.15 wt.% NaCl solution adjusted to different pH values. Anodic dissolution reactions and cathodic oxygen reduction reactions show significantly higher anodic and cathodic currents for more acidic solutions due to the instability of the passive oxide film of aluminum. This film is stable in near-neutral solutions and unstable in highly acidic solutions. As a result, the breakdown of the passive film increases the effective area contributing to anodic or cathodic currents resulting in enhanced local corrosion.
The series of experimental results show that galvanic interaction leads to a decrease of pH at the aluminum anode, and therefore increasing local corrosion of the aluminum surface. The increase of local corrosion induced in a galvanic couple depends on the cathode material and underlines the importance of accounting for local corrosion and pH-dependent corrosion kinetics when predicting the galvanic compatibility of aluminum alloys.
Highly Safe and Fast Charing Method Based on Electrochemical Thermal Life Model for Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Yu Kyungjin , Adeyinka Adekanmi M. , Du Xiaoniu , Choe Song-Yul , Lee Wooju 
Published: December 2024

Long charging time is one of the technical barriers that should be overcome for the wide acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) in the market. The charging time can be simply reduced by an increased charging current that adversely reduces lifespan and deteriorates the safety of batteries. Therefore, the design of an appropriate charging protocol is a challenging issue. We have developed a fast charging method based on a reduced order electrochemical life model (ROM) considering side reactions and lithium plating. Among different fast charging profiles, the negative pulse (NP) charging method is selected. The pulse discharging current between high charging currents can promote lithium stripping so that lithium ions can be recovered from the plated lithium. The fast charging currents are optimized using a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm. The objectives are set to reduce the charging time with minimized degradation speed. Multiple constraints are considered in NMPC such as state of charge, cutoff voltage, side reaction rate, anode potential, and ion concentrations. The proposed fast charging algorithm is tested in real-time using a Battery-In-the-Loop (BIL) system. The results have shown that the charging time can be reduced while degradation rate can be maintained compared with the normal charging method.

Reference

[1] Yin Y., Bi Y., Hu Y., Choe, S. Y. (2021). Optimal Fast Charging Method for a Large-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Nonlinear Model Predictive Control and Reduced Order Electrochemical Model. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167, 160559
[2] Yin Y., and Choe, S. Y. (2020). Actively temperature controlled health-aware fast charging method for lithium-ion battery using nonlinear model predictive control. Applied Energy, 271, 115232.
[3] Song M., Choi M., and Choe, S. Y. (2023). Start-Up Charging Strategy for a Large-Format NMCA/Graphite Pouch Cell from Subzero Temperature Using an Electrochemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Life Model. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 170, 060533
[4] Song M., and Choe, S. Y. (2019). Fast and safe charging method suppressing side reaction and lithium deposition reaction in lithium ion battery. Journal of Power Sources, 436, 226835
(Invited) Influence of Very Low Energy Ions on Monolayer Graphene: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Vinchon Pierre , Miyamoto Yoshiyuki , Hamaguchi Satoshi 
Published: December 2024

With the ever-decrease in semiconductor device dimensions, a precise understanding of plasma-surface interactions becomes crucial. It is especially necessary to study how low-pressure plasma can generate surface defects even if its ion impact energy is sufficiently low. Upon contact with the sample, plasma-excited species induce out-of-equilibrium phenomena on surfaces, whose influences are difficult to quantify. Furthermore, synergistic phenomena can arise with simultaneous irradiation of the sample by other plasma-excited species such as metastable and VUV photons. These effects are often invoked but rarely understood. As a result, a mechanistic understanding of plasma-surface interactions involving all excited species remains a challenge.
It has been shown that low-pressure argon plasma irradiation of graphene induces a significant amount of defects even with ultralow energy ions (~12 eV). This is even more remarkable considering that the threshold energy to generate defects in graphene is well established at 18-22 eV [1]. There is reason to believe that ion neutralization to the surface may also contribute to the defect generation of graphene [2]. On the other hand, argon metastable influence, often overlooked for 3D material treatments, has been observed to have a non-negligible influence on graphene, promoting vacancy migration and nucleation [3]. Both ions and metastables are suspected to generate transient hot electrons and holes in graphene, leading to out-of-equilibrium surface physics.
We will present how numerical simulations can support experiments of plasma-graphene interaction, which enables a better understanding of the mechanisms of graphene surface dynamics under extreme conditions. However, the standard classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is typically applicable only to charge-neutral or constant-charge systems. Since ion neutralization involves electron dynamics, it is necessary to use first principles simulations such as Time Dependence Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT). Coupled with MD, TD-DFT simulation can provide insight into electron energy and density influence on the graphene defect generation. More generally, a study coupling experiments and numerical simulations for monolayer graphene can benefit other plasma processes requiring atomic-scale control.
[1] F. Banhart, J. Kotakoski, and A. V. Krasheninnikov, Structural Defects in Graphene, ACS Nano 5, 26 (2011).
[2] P. Vinchon, X. Glad, G. Robert Bigras, R. Martel, and L. Stafford, Preferential Self-Healing at Grain Boundaries in Plasma-Treated Graphene, Nat Mater 20, 49 (2021).
[3] P. Vinchon, X. Glad, G. R. Bigras, A. Sarkissian, R. Martel, and L. Stafford, Plasma–Graphene Interactions: Combined Effects of Positive Ions, Vacuum-Ultraviolet Photons, and Metastable Species, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 54, 295202 (2021).
CMOS-Compatible Ultra-Low-Current Electrochemical Random-Access Memory Having Ruthenium Oxide Reservoir for Analog in-Memory Computing
Authors: Kim Jae Kyeong , Woo Dae-Seong , Park Gwang-Ho , Shim Tae-Hun , Park Jinsub , Park Jea-Gun 
Published: December 2024

Memristive devices with a two-terminal structure have been suffered an intrinsic read disturbance problem in which stored data (i.e., conductance) changes during the inference process of a deep learning accelerator due to identical read and write paths1. Thereby, the recognition accuracy of a deep learning accelerator can be remarkably degraded. To solve this issue, the light element ions-based (i.e., Li or H) or metal oxide-based electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM) with a three-terminal structure has been reported to be capable of separating read and write processes2-4. However, Li or H ion-based ECRAM are not compatible with CMOS process because light elements ions (Li or H) cannot be controlled due to generation of undesirable diffusion at high temperatures. In addition, a high energy efficiency in cross-point arrays using the metal-oxide-based ECRAM cannot be obtained due to its high operating current.
In this study, for the first time, we report an ultra-low-current ECRAM utilizing ruthenium oxide-based reservoir layer for analog in-memory computing. The proposed ruthenium oxide reservoir-based ECRAM demonstrated an ultra-low-current of ~300 nA during write process at a gate amplitude of 5V. In addition, the ruthenium oxide reservoir-based ECRAM exhibited the gate-tunable synaptic plasticity (i.e., long-term potentiation and long-term depression) by varying the pulse width of the gate bias. Moreover, we investigated the gate polarity-induced migration of Ru ions via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. Finally, we designed convolutional neural networks (i.e., LeNet-5) using the TensorFlow and Keras frameworks in Python environments and achieved a classification accuracy of 98.58 % in the image recognition task. We present in detail about the mechanism of ultra-low-current ECRAM and its application.
Fabrications of Au–Pt Bimetallic Heterostructure Electrodes By Ligand-Exchange Assisted Layer-By-Layer Self-Assembly for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Lee Sujin , Jang Youn Jeong , Yeom Bongjun 
Published: December 2024

Platinum (Pt) is a widely utilized electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for water splitting, since the Pt–H bond strength is optimal for hydrogen adsorption and desorption for HER. In order to improve its catalytic activity and stability, previous research reported various types of preparation methods for Pt-containing bimetallic catalysts with noble metals (Ru, Pd, Ag, and Au) or transition metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) with exhibitions of electronic and bifunctional effects. Among such examples, Au–Pt bimetallic electrocatalysts indicated several advantages, such as d-band shift of active element of Pt lowering binding strength of protons, shifting Pt oxidation potential for improved stability, and increased electron transfer. These catalysts were synthesized by seeded growth, galvanostatic deposition, surface dealloying, and electrodeposition methods. Nevertheless, a facile and effortless synthesis approach must be established to realize large-scale production of multicomponent catalysts.
In this study, ligand-exchange assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly method was utilized to prepare Au–Pt nanocomposite films for HER electrocatalyst. The ligand-exchange assisted LbL self-assembly technique was used to fabricate metallic nanoparticle (NP) thin films to reduce the amount of insulating organic components, and improves electrical conductivity through metal fusion between metal NPs. Tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOA-Br) ligands on the surface of Au and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) are alternately deposited onto Ti electrodes paired with diethylenetriamine (DETA), a short alkyl amine. This process is accompanied by the removal of the pre-attached bulky surface ligands of TOA-Br. The resulting Au and Pt NP LbL nanocomposite films are characterized by uniform thin-film depositions with a metal-level electrical conductivity (8.7 × 104 S cm-1), which is similar to the bulk metal conductivity. The Au–Pt NP nanocomposite films exhibited 80 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 of HER overpotential under an acidic condition of 0.5 M H2SO4, which corresponds to one-third of that of the control sample of only Pt NP LbL film. The Au–Pt LbL film indicates competitive overpotential (less than 100 mV) despite the ultra-small amount of Pt contents (0.73 wt%), which is suggestive of enhanced catalytic activity. Higher activity could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of bimetallic heterostructure films with the d-band shift, superb electrical conductivity, rapid charge transfer, and increased electrochemical surface area. The suggested synthesis approach is expected to be effective for the fabrications of various electocatalystic thin films for various energy conversion devices.