bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central nervous system blastomycosis clinical characteristics and outcomes
Authors: Majdick Kathryn , Kaye Keaton , Shorman Mahmoud A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Blastomycosis is a local or systemic infection, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis (B. dermatitidis) or B. gilchristii. Blastomycosis has been described as “the great pretender,” alluding to the fact that it manifests in a wide range of symptoms and disease severity. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, although rare, carries significant mortality. Due to the limited published reports of CNS blastomycosis, we present an updated cohort with eight cases of proven or probable CNS blastomycosis describing presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes. Headache was the most common presenting symptom. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proved to be the superior imaging study. All patients in our cohort were diagnosed by histopathological staining or cultures of tissue or fluid obtained from CNS or extra-CNS lesions. All patients that received treatment with Liposomal amphrotericin B for at least 10 days followed by a prolonged azole therapy did not have relapse. Two patients with late diagnoses died during hospitalization. Our findings confirm the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment of CNS blastomycosis to improve outcomes especially with an azole that have a high CNS penetration and a good intrinsic activity for B. dermatitidis such as voriconazole.
The little things matter: relating the abundance of ultrafaint satellites to the hosts’ assembly history
Authors: Bose Sownak , Deason Alis J , Belokurov Vasily , Frenk Carlos S 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Ultrafaint dwarf galaxies ($M_\star \le 10^{5}\, {\rm M}_\odot$) are relics of an early phase of galaxy formation. They contain some of the oldest and most metal-poor stars in the Universe which likely formed before the epoch of hydrogen reionization. These galaxies are so faint that they can only be detected as satellites of the Milky Way. They are so small that they are not resolved in current cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. Here, we combine very high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations with a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation to study the demographics and spatial distribution of ultrafaint satellites in Milky Way-mass haloes. We show that the abundance of these galaxies is correlated with the assembly history of the host halo: at fixed mass, haloes assembled earlier contain, on average, more ultrafaint satellites today than haloes assembled later. We identify simulated galactic haloes that experience an ancient Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage-like and a recent LMC-like accretion event and find that the former occurs in 33 per cent of the sample and the latter in 9 per cent. Only 3 per cent experience both events and these are especially rich in ultrafaint satellites, most acquired during the ancient accretion event. Our models predict that the radial distribution of satellites is more centrally concentrated in early-forming haloes. Accounting for the depletion of satellites by tidal interactions with the central disc, we find a very good match to the observed radial distribution of satellites in the Milky Way over the entire radial range. This agreement is mainly due to the ability of our model to track ‘orphan’ galaxies after their subhaloes fall below the resolution limit of the simulation.
A new look at Sco OB1 association with Gaia DR2
Authors: Yalyalieva L , Carraro G , Vazquez R , Rizzo L , Glushkova E , Costa E 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We present and discuss photometric optical data in the area of the OB association Sco OB1 covering about 1 deg2. UBVI photometry is employed in tandem with Gaia DR2 data to investigate the three-dimensional structure and the star formation history of the region. By combining parallaxes and proper motions, we identify seven physical groups located between the young open cluster NGC 6231 and the bright nebula IC 4628. The most prominent group coincides with the sparse open cluster Trumpler 24. We confirm the presence of the intermediate-age star cluster VdB-Hagen 202, which is unexpected in this environment, and provide for the first time estimates of its fundamental parameters. After assessing individual groups membership, we derive mean proper motion components, distances, and ages. The seven groups belong to two different families. To the younger family (family I) belong several pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars as well. These are evenly spread across the field, and also in front of VdB-Hagen 202. VdB-Hagen 202, and two smaller, slightly detached, groups of similar properties form family II, which do not belong to the association, but are caught in the act of passing through it. As for the younger population, this forms an arc-like structure from the bright nebula IC 4628 down to NGC 6231, as previously found. Moreover, the PMS stars density seems to increase from NGC 6231 northward to Trumpler 24.
Progress of liquid crystal adaptive optics for applications in ground-based telescopes
Authors: Zhang Xingyun , Cao Zhaoliang , Mu Quanquan , Li Dayu , Peng Zenghui , Yang Chengliang , Liu Yonggang , Xuan Li 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Liquid crystal (LC) adaptive optics systems (AOS) can potentially be used in ground-based large aperture telescopes, because of their high spatial resolution, low cost and compact size. However, their disadvantages, such as low energy efficiency and slow response speed, still hinder their application. In this paper, we demonstrate solutions to these problems. With newly synthesized fast nematic LC material and using an overdriving technique, the response time of a LC wavefront corrector was reduced to 0.75 ms. Under an open-loop control scheme, a novel optical system was designed to improve the energy efficiency of LC AOS. With those problems resolved, a LC AOS was built for a 1.23-m telescope. This system has a disturbance rejection bandwidth of 80 Hz, and could fully use the energy of 400–900 nm wavebands. Observation results showed that the diffraction limit resolution imaging of the telescope could be obtained after correction, which indicates that the LC AOS is ready to be used in ground-based telescopes for visible waveband imaging.
Stephen Foster
Authors: Root Deane L. , Spinner Codee 
Published: April 2020

Stephen Collins Foster (b. Lawrence, near Pittsburgh, PA, 4 July 1826–d. New York, 13 January 1864) was the first professional songwriter in the United States, and the earliest to write songs whose images pervaded American culture and whose melodies endure into the 21st century. For his most familiar songs, he wrote both lyrics and music, though he also set poems that had appeared in household magazines, and toward the end of his life he partnered with poet George Cooper. His oeuvre includes principally songs for solo voice (or solo voice plus four-voice chorus) with piano accompaniment, four-voice hymns, and instrumental works (mostly dances, for piano). His songs for blackface minstrels (which provided him with the majority of his income, though they amount to less than one-tenth of his 287 authenticated compositions) were controversial from the start; they made Foster’s reputation, even as he attempted to create “refined” songs in a genre he considered to be rife with “trashy and really offensive words” (Foster letter to E. P. Christy, 25 May 1852). He was of Scots-Irish descent, and as a resident of a northern industrializing urban center that drew workers from throughout Western Europe, he was attuned to different national styles of song and common sentiments of lyric poetry not confined by ethnicity, race, or social class. His song structures and lyrics became models for other songwriters well into the Tin Pan Alley era; his inability to control copyrights (which were owned by his publishers) and his death in poverty (with 38 cents in his pocket) were factors in the establishment of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) fifty years later. It is perhaps not coincidental that songs quoting Foster’s “Swanee River” (“The Old Folks at Home”) helped launch the careers of two of the most significant American songwriters of the 20th century, Irving Berlin (“Alexander’s Ragtime Band”) and George Gershwin (“Swanee”). This bibliography summarizes the major sources of archival, published, and online information about Foster’s life, career, music, and their interpretation and influence in the social and cultural history of the United States, Europe, and East Asia. It omits the sound recordings, plays, films, novels, and other creative works that reflect and contribute to that influence.
Moral Sunk Costs in War and Self-Defence
Authors: Uzan Elad 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The problem of moral sunk costs pervades decision-making with respect to war. In the terms of just war theory, it may seem that incurring a large moral cost results in permissiveness: if a just goal may be reached at a small cost beyond that which was deemed proportionate at the outset of war, how can it be reasonable to require cessation? On this view, moral costs already expended could have major implications for the ethics of conflict termination. Discussion of sunk costs in moral theorizing about war has settled into four camps: Quota, Prospect, Addition, and Discount. In this paper, I offer a mathematical model that articulates each of these views. The purpose of the mathematisation is threefold. First, to unify the sunk costs problem. Second, to show that these views differ in the nature of their justifications: some are justified qualitatively and others quantitatively. Third, to clarify the differential force of qualitative and quantitative critiques of these four views.
In silico Investigation of Curcumin as a Positive Allosteric Modulator of a7‐Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Prytkova Tatiana , Kang Mirue , Tran Tri Ngoc Quang , You Jiwoo , Jeong Younji , Chun Ina Kathleen , Kim Serena , Kang Soy Yun 
Published: April 2020

Polyphenolic compound curcumin isolated from turmeric, has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. Nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors are important members of the ligand‐gated ion channel family. Activation of neuronal a7‐nACh receptors produces analgesic effects in laboratory animal and human studies . Recently published experimental results of electrophysiological studies
1 indicate that curcumin tested on the function of the a7‐subunit of the human nicotinic acetylcholine (a7‐nACh) receptor caused a significant potentiation of currents induced by acetylcholine. It was suggested
1 that curcumin is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of a7‐nACh receptor and decreased desensitization of the receptor. Mechanism of action by which the curcumin interact with the nicotinic acetylcholine (a7‐nACh) receptor is not fully understood although research indicates it may bind to a currently unidentified allosteric binding site at the interface between the transmembrane region and the extracellular domain.Using in silico techniques, such as molecular docking and recently published revised structural model2 of open and closed conformations of the receptor, we have identified sites of strong interaction of curcumin with particular functional groups in intersubunit transmembrane site. We used two independent docking programs to improve reliability of our predictions. Our results correlated well with previously identified key binding site residues of positive allosteric modulators of the nicotinic acetylcholine (a7‐nACh) receptor. We performed virtual screening of the set of structural analogs of curcumin and identified several compounds with high binding affinities and conserved key residues interaction similar to curcumin. This work provide explanation of molecular basis of the interactions between curcumin and curcumin analogs and nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor. It is likely that structure of curcumin analogs that we identified can aid design of future therapeutic agents with analgesic effects.
Relationship between Sport Type and Lifestyle in Young Athletes, Peruvian Sports Institute ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary
Authors: Rodríguez-Salvatierra Alvaro David , Bardales-Cahua Marco Antonio , Martin-Alva Enrique Aurelio , Rodríguez-Plasencia Cynthia Carolina , Bardales-Vásquez Cecilia Betzabet , León-Torres Carlos Alberto 
Published: April 2020

Success in sports performance is guaranteed with good lifestyle practices, relaxation, diet, hydration, sleep, entertainment, etc. must be present in the daily routine. [
Burns et al., 2018]. We seek to identify the lifestyle related to the type of sport, according to physical activity, in young athletes. The sample size (n = 326) of athletes from the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD) ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary and non‐athletes (n = 80) was selected. Were evaluated 11 types of sports, men and women (12 – 40 athletes) between 21.5 and 22.2 years old, with the exception of soccer and baseball whose members were only men formed the groups. To identify their physical activity we conducted a survey [
Bonet et al., 2016] taking into account the time (h) they spend to carry out their activities for 24 hours, from this data, we obtained the lifestyle. We found differences in lifestyles among athletes according to type of sport, where the most active are long‐distance runners (~78.9%) followed by taekwondo (~41%). In contrast, the major percentage of sedentary athletes are in the powerlifting (~40%) and next the swimmers (~38%). In addition, athletes consider a physical activity of 17.1% sedentary; 52.2% active and 30.7% very active unlike non‐athletes who were 65%, 22% and 13% respectively, therefore predominantly an active lifestyle compared to the sedentary lifestyle of non‐athletes. We conclude that the athletes of the IPD ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary present different lifestyles that are related to the type of sport practiced.Support or Funding InformationAntenor Orrego Private University
Survey the Lifestyle according to Physical Activity in Young Athletes, Peruvian Sports Institute ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary. It includes the most frequent activities in the study sample.

Activity

Factor

Hours

Total

Lifestyle

NAF>1.4<1.6

NAF>1.6<1.9

NAF>1.9<2.5

Sedentary

Active

Very Active

Sleeping

1.0

Eating

1.2

Watch TV

1.3

Study sitting

1.3

Travel by bus or car

1.3

Walking/ running/ dancing

5.0

Hours total/ NAF

‐

24

Adapted from Cruz and Herrera. 2013
Percentage Distribution of the Lifestyle according to Physical Activity in Young Athletes, Instituto Peruano del Deporte ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary.

Sports

Evaluation of lifestyle according to physical activity (%)

Sedentary

Active

Very Active

Karate

00.00

62.50

37.50

Volleyball

09.60

57.10

33.10

Soccer

22.20

61.10

16.70

Baseball

37.50

50.00

12.50

Taekwondo

00.00

59.00

41.00

Athletics

03.00

18.10

78.90

Basketball

05.00

70.00

25.00

Gymnastics

08.00

54.00

38.00

Swimming

38.00

35.00

27.00

Rugby

25.00

57.00

18.00

Powerlifting

40.00

50.00

10.00

Average

17.10

52.20

30.70

Non‐Athletes

65.00

22.00

13.00
IL‐10 Neither Causes Direct Vasorelaxation Nor Reduces Vasoconstriction in Rat Mesenteric Resistance Arteries
Authors: Kumar Ramya Kalyana , Watts Stephanie 
Published: April 2020

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is the fat that surrounds most of the peripheral blood vessels in the body. PVAT is protective and reduces contraction of blood vessels in health. We discovered that in health, PVAT around the rat small mesenteric resistance vessels (MRPVAT) contained a community of immune cells including T cells, B cells, macrophages, NK cells, neutrophils and mast cells. Interleukin (IL)‐10‐‐an anti‐inflammatory cytokine usually produced by T cells, B cells and macrophages‐‐was identified as one of the highly expressed (mRNA) cytokines in MRPVAT. One report suggests that IL‐10 causes relaxation of mouse mesenteric arteries. Hence, we hypothesized that IL‐10 directly causes vasorelaxation and/or reduces vasoconstriction in healthy rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (12–14 weeks age) were used. Mesenteric resistance arteries expressed the receptor for IL‐10 (tunica intima and media) as determined by immunohistochemistry. Isolated tissue bath and third order mesenteric resistance arteries (without PVAT and with intact endothelium) were used for isometric contractility studies. Increasing concentrations [0.4–100 ng/mL] of recombinant rat (rr) IL‐10 or vehicle was directly added to half‐maximally constricted (phenylephrine PE or thromboxane A2 agonist U46619) vessels. IL‐10 did not reduce contraction, suggesting it was not a direct vasorelaxant. Further, the ability of rrIL‐10 to cause a rightward or downward shift of a vasoconstrictant‐response curve was tested. The vessels were incubated with rrIL‐10 [100 ng/mL or 10 ng/mL] or vehicle for 1.5 hours in the tissue bath followed by a cumulative PE [10−9–10−5 M] or U46619 [10−10–10−5 M] response curve. The maximal contractions or EC50 values (shown in table
) were not statistically different in rrIL‐10 incubated vessels vs vehicle. Thus, acute exposure of exogenous IL‐10 neither caused direct vasorelaxation nor reduced vasoconstriction. Further studies with neutralizing antibody for IL‐10 to vessels ± PVAT will help determine if IL‐10 produced in the PVAT causes vasorelaxation and/or reduction in local vasoconstriction indirectly, thus contributing to the anti‐contractile nature of PVAT.Support or Funding InformationNIH HL70687

−Log EC50 ± SEM (n=6–10 arteries/3–5 rats/curve)

Vehicle

rrIL‐10 (100 ng/mL)

PE curve

5.7± 0.05

5.6±0.05

U46619 curve

7.6±0.28

7.2±0.59

Vehicle

rrIL‐10 (10 ng/mL)

PE curve

5.7±0.03

5.6±0.04

U46619 curve

7.1±0.12

7.2±0.13
Appropriate prescribing of dental prophylaxis in patients with orthopedic implants
Authors: Steinhour Amy , Hodder Jeremy 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Total joint arthroplasty frequently is performed in the United States to treat degenerative hip and knee arthritis. Despite the routine nature of this procedure, recommendations about dental prophylaxis in patients with prosthetic joints have varied considerably over the past decade. In 2016, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) published appropriate use criteria for dental prophylaxis in patients with orthopedic implants. Despite these recommendations, discrepancies in prescribing practices persist, and controversy surrounding this topic remains prevalent in the medical literature. This article reviews the AAOS appropriate use criteria and discusses the ongoing controversy about the use of dental prophylaxis in patients with orthopedic implants.
Intraindividual comparison of cytokine and prostaglandin levels with and without low-energy, high-frequency femtosecond laser cataract pretreatment after single-dose topical NSAID application
Authors: Schwarzenbacher Luca , Schartmüller Daniel , Leydolt Christina , Menapace Rupert 
Published: April 2020

Purpose:
To investigate interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and total prostaglandin (PG) levels in the anterior chamber in patients undergoing low pulse energy femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery.

Methods:
Forty patients undergoing immediate sequential cataract surgery received randomized low-energy femtosecond laser pretreatment in 1 eye and conventional phacoemulsification in the other. Aqueous humor was collected precisely 5 minutes after femtosecond laser pretreatment and before conventional phacoemulsification from all 80 eyes. IL-1β, IL-6, and total PG (including PGE1, PGE2; PGF1a, PGF2a) levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunoassay kits. One drop of ketorolac 0.5% was administered 30 minutes preoperatively.

Results:
Mean concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and total PG were 0.87, 0.67, and 32.19 pg/mL in the femto group compared with 0.10 (P = .36), 0.78 (P = .79), and 19.66 pg/mL (P < .05) in the nonfemto group. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were not statistically significantly different when compared between groups. There was a small but statistically significant increase of PG levels in the femto group. There were no statistically significant correlations between levels of 1β, IL-6, or total PG and suction time or lens density (P > .05).

Conclusions:
Low pulse energy femtosecond laser pretreatment did not trigger any additional IL and only a small but statistically significant increase of PG release in the anterior chamber after a single-dose of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug administered 30 minutes before the start of cataract surgery. The findings indicated that the minor inflammatory reaction was due to the lower pulse energy concept applied by the femtosecond laser.
Expanding Indications of Liver Transplantation in Spain: Consensus Statement and Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Liver Transplantation
Authors: Rodríguez-Perálvarez Manuel , Gómez-Bravo Miguel Ángel , Sánchez-Antolín Gloria , De la Rosa Gloria , Bilbao Itxarone , Colmenero Jordi 
Published: April 2020

Background.
The number of patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT) in Spain has halved from 2015 to 2019 due to the reduction of candidates with hepatitis C and the successful implementation of nonheart beating donation programs across the country. The Spanish Society for Liver Transplantation has committed to take advantage of this situation by developing consensus around potential areas to expand the current indications for LT. The consensus group was composed of 6 coordinators and 23 expert delegates, each one representing an LT institution in Spain.

Methods.
A modified Delphi approach was used to identify areas to expand indications for LT and to build consensus around paramount aspects, such as inclusion criteria and waitlist prioritization within each area. The scientific evidence and strength of recommendations were assessed by the “Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation” system.

Results.
The consensus process resulted in the identification of 7 potential areas to expand criteria in LT: recipient’s age, hepatocellular carcinoma, alcoholic hepatitis, acute-on-chronic liver failure, hilar and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer.

Conclusions.
We present the main recommendations issued for each topic, together with their core supporting evidence. These recommendations may allow for expanding criteria for LT homogenously in Spain and may provide a guidance to other countries/institutions facing a similar scenario.
Predicting the impact of asymptomatic transmission, non-pharmaceutical intervention and testing on the spread of COVID19
Authors: Schwartz Ira B. , Kaufman James , Hu Kun , Bianco Simone 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe introduce a novel mathematical model to analyze the effect of removing non-pharmaceutical interventions on the spread of COVID19 as a function of disease testing rate. We find that relaxing interventions has a strong impact on the size of the epidemic peak as a function of intervention removal time. We show that it is essential for predictive models to explicitly capture transmission from asymptomatic carriers and important to obtain precise information on asymptomatic transmission by testing. The asymptomatic reservoir, reported to account for as much as 85% of transmission, will contribute to resurgence of the epidemic if public health interventions are removed too soon. Use of more basic models that fail to capture asymptomatic transmission can result in large errors in predicted clinical caseload or in fitted epidemiological parameters and, therefore, may be unreliable in estimating the risk of a second wave based on the timing of terminated interventions.