bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Antimony‐Based Solar Cells by Enhanced Charge Transfer
Authors: Nie Riming , Seok Sang Il 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe main mechanism of most solar cells is that the light produces photogenerated electrons and holes, which are transferred to the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer (HTL), respectively. Then, these holes and electrons are transported to the anode and cathode, respectively, to generate electric current. Thus, charge transfer is a crucial process to fabricate efficient solar cells. Here, a fast vapor process is developed to fabricate SbSI and SbSI‐interlayered Sb2S3 solar cells by annealing an Sb2S3 film and SbI3 powder in an inert gas atmosphere. The charge transfer of the vapor‐processed SbSI solar cells is increased by shortening the path length from SbSI to the HTL. This is achieved by an intimate contact between SbSI and the HTL, which is obtained by optimizing the morphology of SbSI, resulting in a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.62% in pure SbSI‐based solar cells under standard illumination at 100 mW cm−2. In addition, the charge transfer of the SbSI‐interlayered Sb2S3 solar cells is enhanced by increasing the external driving force, an energetically favorable driving force provided by the TiO2/Sb2S3/SbSI/HTM structure, and the best‐performing SbSI‐interlayered Sb2S3 solar cell exhibits a PCE of 6.08%.
A review of the pesticide MCPA in the land‐water environment and emerging research needs
Authors: Morton Phoebe A. , Fennell Chris , Cassidy Rachel , Doody Donnacha , Fenton Owen , Mellander Per‐Erik , Jordan Phil 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDue to its high solubility and poor adsorption to the soil matrix, the post‐emergence herbicide 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is susceptible to transport into surface and groundwater bodies, where it can result in compromised water quality and breaches of legislative standards. However, there is still poor understanding of catchment scale dynamics and transport, particularly across heterogeneous hydrogeological settings. While it is known that MCPA degrades under aerobic conditions, negligible breakdown can occur in anaerobic environments, potentially creating a legacy in saturated soils. Fast runoff pathways post application are likely transport routes, but the relative contribution from the mobilization of legacy MCPA from anaerobic zones has yet to be quantified, making the delineation of MCPA sources encountered during monitoring programs challenging. While ecotoxicological effects have been examined, little is known about the interaction of MCPA (and its degradation products) with other pesticides, with nutrients or with colloids, and how this combines with environmental conditions to contribute to multiple stressor effects. We examine the state of MCPA knowledge, using case study examples from Ireland, and consider the implications of its widespread detection in waterbodies and drinking water supplies. Research themes required to ensure the sustainable and safe use of MCPA in an evolving agricultural, social and political landscape are identified here. These include the need to identify mitigation measures and/or alternative treatments, to gain insights into the conditions governing mobilization and attenuation, to map pathways of migration and to identify direct, synergistic and antagonistic ecotoxicological effects.This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
Science of Water > Water Quality
Room for Compulsory Product Liability Insurance in the European Union for Smart Robots? Reflections on the Compelling Challenges
Authors: Bugra Aysegul 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe twenty-first century has seen the exponential rise of machines capable of assisting people in all sorts of areas and which are placed in use in, inter alia, agricultural, medical, industrial and domestic contexts. These machines gradually becoming ‘smart’ and beginning to operate with self-learning tools has given rise to concerns as to liability in respect of losses arising from their use. The need to safeguard the rights of the parties harmed by their use (victims) without disturbing the policy of fostering innovation in the European Union has recently paved the way for the initiative of the European Parliament Committee on Legal Affairs towards the proposal of a set of rules on civil liability for robotics. The chapter provides an analysis of various potential risks that may emerge from applying the current product liability rules to new technologies, as well as focus on the challenges posed by the adoption of a compulsory product liability insurance scheme, as proposed. As the requirement of a duty to insure may bring along intricate problems of moral hazard, the chapter considers the efficiency of tools such as the monitoring of the insured’s behaviour and the introduction of deductibles into policies in alleviating this problem. It also assesses to what extent the protection of victims may be disturbed because of certain practices of the insurance framework such as the use of claims-made policies in product liability insurance. Overall, the chapter seeks to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of the proposed compulsory product liability insurance scheme.
Modelling the Dynamic Relationship Between Mining Induced Seismic Activity and Production Rates, Depth and Size: A Mine-Wide Hierarchical Model
Authors: Martinsson J. , Törnman W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe dynamic properties of mining induced seismic activity with respect to production rate, depth and size are studied in seven orebodies in the same underground iron ore mine. The objective is to understand the relationship between the measured seismic activity and the: seismic decay time, planned production rate, production size and mining depth. This relationship is the first step to individually customise the production rate for each orebody in the mine, make short-term predictions of future seismicity given planned productions, and to find out in what way the available predictors affect the seismicity. The seismic response with respect to the dependent variables is parametrised and the estimated decay times for each orebody, which are of particular interest here, are compared. An autoregressive model is proposed to capture the dynamic relationship between the induced seismic activity, the current production rate and the past seismic activity. Bayesian estimation of the parameters is considered and parameter constraints are incorporated in the prior distributions. The models for all orebodies are tied together and modelled hierarchically to capture the underlying joint structure of the problem, where the mine-wide parameters are learnt together with the individual orebody parameters from the observed data. Comparisons between the parameters from the hierarchical model and independent models are given. Group-level regressions reveal dependencies on size and mining depth. Model validation with posterior predictive checking using several discrepancy measures could not detect any model deficiencies or flaws. Posterior predictive intervals are evaluated and inference of model parameters are presented.
Predictors of 30-day mortality in orthogeriatric fracture patients aged 85 years or above admitted from the emergency department
Authors: Schuijt Henk Jan , Bos Jelle , Smeeing Diederik Pieter Johan , Geraghty Olivia , van der Velde Detlef 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
Orthogeriatric trauma patients are at risk for functional decline and mortality. It is important to identify high-risk patients in an early stage, to improve outcomes and make better informed treatment decisions. The aim of this study was to identify independent risk factors for 30-day mortality in patients aged 85 years or above admitted from the emergency department with a fracture.

Methods
All orthopaedic trauma patients 85 years or above admitted from the emergency department were included. After a 30-day follow-up, mortality was determined by consulting the patient records. Multivariable logistics regression analysis generated odd ratios for mortality risk factors. A subgroup analysis was performed for patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.

Results
The 30-day mortality in geriatric fracture patients admitted to the hospital was 12%. Risk factors for 30-day mortality were: increased age, male sex, decreased hemoglobin levels, living in an institutional care facility and a decreased BMI. For geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgery 30-day mortality was 11%. Independent risk factors for this group were: increased age, male sex, and a decreased BMI.

Conclusion
Orthopaedic trauma patients aged 85 years or above who are admitted to the hospital with a fracture are at high risk for mortality. This study identified older age, male sex, and decreased BMI as predictors of 30-day mortality in admitted geriatric fracture patients and in geriatric hip fracture patients undergoing surgery.
Women in radiology: gender diversity is not a metric—it is a tool for excellence
Authors: Kubik-Huch Rahel A. , Vilgrain Valérie , Krestin Gabriel P. , Reiser Maximilian F. , Attenberger Ulrike I. , Muellner Ada U. , Hess Christopher P. , Hricak Hedvig 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Women in Focus: Be Inspired was a unique programme held at the 2019 European Congress of Radiology that was structured to address a range of topics related to gender and healthcare, including leadership, mentoring and the generational progression of women in medicine. In most countries, women constitute substantially fewer than half of radiologists in academia or private practice despite frequently accounting for at least half of medical school enrolees. Furthermore, the proportion of women decreases at higher academic ranks and levels of leadership, a phenomenon which has been referred to as a “leaky pipeline”. Gender diversity in the radiologic workplace, including in academic and leadership positions, is important for the present and future success of the field. It is a tool for excellence that helps to optimize patient care and research; moreover, it is essential to overcome the current shortage of radiologists. This article reviews the current state of gender diversity in academic and leadership positions in radiology internationally and explores a wide range of potential reasons for gender disparities, including the lack of role models and mentorship, unconscious bias and generational changes in attitudes about the desirability of leadership positions. Strategies for both individuals and institutions to proactively increase the representation of women in academic and leadership positions are suggested.

Key Points
• Gender-diverse teams perform better. Thus, gender diversity throughout the radiologic workplace, including in leadership positions, is important for the current and future success of the field.
• Though women now make up roughly half of medical students, they remain underrepresented among radiology trainees, faculty and leaders.
• Factors leading to the gender gap in academia and leadership positions in Radiology include a lack of role models and mentors, unconscious biases, other societal barriers and generational changes.
Neutrality and relative acceptability in judgment aggregation
Authors: Terzopoulou Zoi , Endriss Ulle 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOne of the fundamental normative principles in social choice theory is that of neutrality. In the context of judgment aggregation, neutrality is encoded in the form of an axiom expressing that, when two possible judgments enjoy the same support amongst the individuals, then either both or neither of them should be accepted. This is a reasonable requirement in many scenarios. However, we argue that for scenarios in which individuals are asked to pass judgment on very diverse kinds of propositions, a notion of relative acceptability is better suited. We capture this notion by a new axiom that hinges on a binary “acceptability” relation Abetween propositions: if a given coalition accepting a proposition pentails the collective acceptance of p, then the same should be true for every other proposition qrelated to pviaA. Intuitively,pAqmeans thatpis at least as acceptable asq. Classical neutrality is then a special case where all propositions are equally acceptable. We show that our new axiom allows us to circumvent a classical impossibility theorem in judgment aggregation for certain scenarios of practical interest. Also, we offer a precise characterisation of all scenarios that aresafe, in the sense that any aggregation rule respecting the relative acceptability between propositions will always return logically consistent outcomes.
Resilience of beach grasses along a biogeomorphic successive gradient: resource availability vs. clonal integration
Authors: Reijers Valérie C. , Lammers Carlijn , de Rond Anne J. A. , Hoetjes Sean C. S. , Lamers Leon P. M. , van der Heide Tjisse 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCoastal ecosystems are often formed through two-way interactions between plants and their physical landscape. By expanding clonally, landscape-forming plants can colonize bare unmodified environments and stimulate vegetation–landform feedback interactions. Yet, to what degree these plants rely on clonal integration for overcoming physical stress during biogeomorphological succession remains unknown. Here, we investigated the importance of clonal integration and resource availability on the resilience of two European beach grasses (i.e.Elytrigia junceaandAmmophila arenaria) over a natural biogeomorphic dune gradient from beach (unmodified system) to foredune (biologically modified system). We found plant resilience, as measured by its ability to recover and expand following disturbance (i.e. plant clipping), to be independent on the presence of rhizomal connections between plant parts. Instead, resource availability over the gradient largely determined plant resilience. The pioneer species,Elytrigia,demonstrated a high resilience to physical stress, independent of its position on the biogeomorphic gradient (beach or embryonic dune). In contrast, the later successional species (Ammophila) proved to be highly resilient on the lower end of its distribution (embryonic dune), but it did not fully recover on the foredunes, most likely as a result of nutrient deprivation. We argue that in homogenously resource-poor environments as our beach system, overall resource availability, instead of translocation through a clonal network, determines the resilience of plant species. Hence, the formation of high coastal dunes may increase the resistance of beach grasses to the physical stresses of coastal flooding, but the reduced marine nutrient input may negatively affect the resilience of plants.
Multi-platform model assessment in the Western Mediterranean Sea: impact of downscaling on the surface circulation and mesoscale activity
Authors: Aguiar Eva , Mourre Baptiste , Juza Mélanie , Reyes Emma , Hernández-Lasheras Jaime , Cutolo Eugenio , Mason Evan , Tintoré Joaquín 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn numerical ocean modeling, dynamical downscaling is the approach consisting in generating high-resolution regional simulations exploiting the information from coarser resolution models for initial and boundary conditions. Here we evaluate the impacts of downscaling the 1/16o(~ 6–7 km) CMEMS Mediterranean reanalysis model solution into a high-resolution 2-km free-run simulation over the Western Mediterranean basin, focusing on the surface circulation and mesoscale activity. Multi-platform observations from satellite-borne altimeters, high-frequency radar, fixed moorings, and gliders are used for this evaluation, providing insights into the variability from basin to coastal scales. Results show that the downscaling leads to an improvement of the time-averaged surface circulation, especially in the topographically complex area of the Balearic Sea. In particular, the path of the Balearic current is improved in the high-resolution model, also positively affecting transports through the Ibiza Channel. While the high-resolution model produces a similar number of large eddies as CMEMS Med Rea and altimetry, it generates a much larger number of small-scale eddies. Looking into the variability, in the absence of data assimilation, the high-resolution model is not able to properly reproduce the observed phases of mesoscale structures, especially in the southern part of the domain. This negatively affects the representation of the variability of the surface currents interacting with these eddies, highlighting the importance of data assimilation in the high-resolution ocean model in this region to constrain the evolution of these mesoscale structures.
Assessing the impacts of the main river and anthropogenic use on the degree of metal contamination of oxbow lake sediments (Tisza River Valley, Hungary)
Authors: Babcsányi Izabella , Tamás Margit , Szatmári József , Hambek-Oláh Beáta , Farsang Andrea 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
Oxbow lakes, reaches that were cut off from a river during river straightening works, can accumulate during flooding metal-rich suspended sediments transported by a river from mining-impacted source areas and other anthropogenic sources. Additionally, the anthropogenic use of oxbow lakes may significantly impact the sediment-bound metal concentrations. The aim was to determine the dominating effect in the sediments’ enrichment in heavy metals.

Materials and methods
We collected surface sediments (< 10-cm depth) from seven oxbow lakes once connected to the Tisza River (a transboundary river in Central and Eastern Europe). Four of the oxbows were located on the active floodplain, while three oxbows were at the reclaimed side (i.e., outside the flood defense levee). The sediment samples were subjected to total metal analyses (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and sequential chemical extractions.

Results and discussion
Contamination indices (geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and pollution load index (PLI)) show a moderate but significant metal pollution of oxbow lakes situated on the active floodplain (Igeo (Pb) 0.95–1.25, PLI 2.1–2.8) and an overall unpolluted to slightly polluted status of those at the reclaimed side (Igeo (Pb) − 0.36–0.51, PLI 1.3–1.7). Additionally, the geochemical fractionation of the target metals showed that Cd and Zn were the most labile (Cd 29–48%, Zn 18–37% of non-residual proportions), indicating their environmental significance.

Conclusions
Canonical discriminant analysis of the sediment-bound metal concentrations revealed the prevalent role of the river connection over the anthropogenic use in controlling the metal enrichment of oxbow sediments.
On Heidegger’s Sofa: Some Remarks on Psychotherapy from Historical and Philosophical Points of View
Authors: Sampolahti Timo , Laitila Aarno 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOur starting point in this article is that the question of the essence of psychotherapy has to some extent been neglected. Its medical context has strengthened the tendency to interpret psychotherapy in general from a technical and overtly rationalistic standpoint. Instead, we would underline the importance of the philosophical and historical roots of all psychotherapies. In our view, it is imperative to acknowledge the antirationalistic underpinnings that have always informed the discipline. We show how speculative mysticism and the late philosophy of Martin Heidegger have proved to be indispensable tools in setting psychotherapies in their philosophical and historical context. Robert Stolorow has also recently emphasised that Heidegger’s philosophy in Time and Being can be used to both understand and develop thinking in psychotherapies. We find it surprising that Heidegger’s late philosophy has not previously been considered a promising standpoint for theoretical research and show how Heidegger’s concepts of twofold thinking and Gelassenheit are useful conceptual tools in understanding various dimensions of psychotherapies.
Correlation between the PROMIS Pediatric Mobility Instrument and the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS)
Authors: Adjei Joshua , Schachne Jonathan M. , Green Daniel W. , Fabricant Peter D. 
Published: December 2019

Background Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are an important resource for clinicians wishing to provide high-quality, patient-centered care. Finding PROMs to use in a pediatric clinical practice that are reliable, age appropriate, succinct, and not redundant is challenging. Questions/Purposes We sought to determine the degree of correlation between two pediatric PROMs, the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS) and the PROMIS Pediatric Mobility (PROMIS PM) instrument, when administered at patients’ initial visit. We hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation between the two questionnaires because of their focus on physical function. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional review of 294 pediatric patients (mean age, 13.7 years) with localized lower-extremity joint pathologies at our high-volume urban pediatric sports practice. The patients had been asked to complete both PROMs on a computerized platform. Results We found a positive and statistically significant—albeit modest—correlation between the scores obtained on the HSS Pedi-FABS and the PROMIS PM. Neither instrument significantly correlated with patient age, nor were floor and ceiling effects observed. Conclusion The study shows that although both PROM instruments provide valuable information about pediatric physical function, they are not redundant because they measure slightly different constructs. Future studies should further investigate the correlation between these questionnaires in specific subpopulations of pediatric patients with lower-extremity pathology.
Why do Ministers Ask for Policy Evaluation Studies? The Case of the Flemish Government
Authors: Pattyn Valérie , De Peuter Bart , Brans Marleen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPolicy evaluations can be set up for multiple purposes including accountability, policy learning and policy planning. The question is, however, how these purposes square with politics itself. To date, there is little knowledge on how government ministers present the rationale of evaluations. This article is the first to provide a diachronic study of discourse about evaluation purposes and encompass a wide range of policy fields. We present an analysis of evaluation announcements in so-called ministerial policy notes issued between 1999 and 2019 by the Flemish government in Belgium. The research fine-tunes available evidence on catalysts for conducting evaluations. The Flemish public sector turns out to be a strong case where New Public Management brought policy evaluation onto the agenda, but this has not resulted in a prominent focus on accountability-oriented evaluations. We further show that policy fields display different evaluation cultures, albeit more in terms of the volume of evaluation demand than in terms of preferences for particular evaluation purposes.