bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An appraisal of the drivers of Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus) recruitment
Authors: Garcia Théo , Planque Benjamin , Arneberg Per , Bogstad Bjarte , Skagseth Øystein , Tiedemann Maik 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNorwegian spring‐spawning herring (NSSH, Clupea harengus) is a key species in the food‐web and for fisheries in the north‐east Atlantic. NSSH has been the focus of many ecological and fisheries studies over decades and several hypotheses have been put forward to explain variations in its recruitment. We conducted an extensive literature review of the processes that have been hypothesized to control recruitment at age‐2 years. From this review, we constructed a conceptual model to represent how these processes are inter‐connected. We then evaluated several of these hypothesized processes using quantile regression modelling and the most recent available data series as input. Most of the hypotheses were not supported by our analyses. Only two hypotheses were supported: the top‐down control of herring larval stage by Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and the positive effect of temperature on recruitment. For the latter the interpretation of the results is nevertheless ambiguous when the latest years (1998–2018) of observations are included, as the correlation then changes from positive to negative. Furthermore, when retesting the hypotheses on age‐2 years estimates, we observe a benefitting effect of a consistent strong forcing of the Norwegian Coastal Current and a possible positive effect of the NSSH spawning stock on recruitment. How much these hypotheses can be used to make predictions about future recruitment of herring remains to be tested but based on our results, the relatively short time series available and the dispersion of the observations around the regression models, we can anticipate that such predictions would have limited use for the purpose of fisheries assessment and management.
Warming temperatures could expose more than 1.3 billion new people to Zika virus risk by 2050
Authors: Ryan Sadie J. , Carlson Colin J. , Tesla Blanka , Bonds Matthew H. , Ngonghala Calistus N. , Mordecai Erin A. , Johnson Leah R. , Murdock Courtney C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the aftermath of the 2015 pandemic of Zika virus (ZIKV), concerns over links between climate change and emerging arboviruses have become more pressing. Given the potential that much of the world might remain at risk from the virus, we used a previously established temperature‐dependent transmission model for ZIKV to project climate change impacts on transmission suitability risk by mid‐century (a generation into the future). Based on these model predictions, in the worst‐case scenario, over 1.3 billion new people could face suitable transmission temperatures for ZIKV by 2050. The next generation will face substantially increased ZIKV transmission temperature suitability in North America and Europe, where naïve populations might be particularly vulnerable. Mitigating climate change even to moderate emissions scenarios could significantly reduce global expansion of climates suitable for ZIKV transmission, potentially protecting around 200 million people. Given these suitability risk projections, we suggest an increased priority on research establishing the immune history of vulnerable populations, modeling when and where the next ZIKV outbreak might occur, evaluating the efficacy of conventional and novel intervention measures, and increasing surveillance efforts to prevent further expansion of ZIKV.
Large uncertainties in future biome changes in Africa call for flexible climate adaptation strategies
Authors: Martens Carola , Hickler Thomas , Davis‐Reddy Claire , Engelbrecht Francois , Higgins Steven I. , von Maltitz Graham P. , Midgley Guy F. , Pfeiffer Mirjam , Scheiter Simon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change is expected to impact ecosystem structure, biodiversity and ecosystem services in Africa profoundly. We used the adaptive Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (aDGVM), which was originally developed and tested for Africa, to quantify sources of uncertainties in simulated African potential natural vegetation towards the end of the 21st century. We forced the aDGVM with regionally downscaled high‐resolution climate scenarios based on an ensemble of six general circulation models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). Our study assessed the direct effects of climate change and elevated CO2 on vegetation change and its plant‐physiological drivers. Total increase in carbon in aboveground biomass in Africa until the end of the century was between 18% to 43% (RCP4.5) and 37% to 61% (RCP8.5) and was associated with woody encroachment into grasslands and increased woody cover in savannas. When direct effects of CO2 on plants were omitted, woody encroachment was muted and carbon in aboveground vegetation changed between –8 to 11% (RCP 4.5) and –22 to –6% (RCP8.5). Simulated biome changes lacked consistent large‐scale geographical patterns of change across scenarios. In Ethiopia and the Sahara/Sahel transition zone, the biome changes forecast by the aDGVM were consistent across GCMs and RCPs. Direct effects from elevated CO2 were associated with substantial increases in water use efficiency, primarily driven by photosynthesis enhancement, which may relieve soil moisture limitations to plant productivity. At the ecosystem level, interactions between fire and woody plant demography further promoted woody encroachment. We conclude that substantial future biome changes due to climate and CO2 changes are likely across Africa. Because of the large uncertainties in future projections, adaptation strategies must be highly flexible. Focused research on CO2 effects, and improved model representations of these effects will be necessary to reduce these uncertainties.
Ecologically adaptable Populus simonii is specific for recalcitrance‐reduced lignocellulose and largely enhanced enzymatic saccharification among woody plants
Authors: Lv Zhengyi , Liu Fei , Zhang Youbing , Tu Yuanyuan , Chen Peng , Peng Liangcai 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWoody plants provide enormous biomass resource convertible for biofuels and bioproducts, but they are of typical lignified secondary cell walls with strong recalcitrance against biomass degradation. It thus becomes critical to find out the desirable woody plant enabled for efficient biomass enzymatic saccharification. In this study, we collected totally seven biomass samples from three major hardwood species showing worldwide geographic distributions and diverse cell wall compositions. Under acid (H2SO4) and alkali (NaOH, CaO) pretreatments, all biomass samples showed remarkably enhanced enzymatic saccharification, but the Populus simonii species had the highest hexoses yields from all pretreatments performed. In particular, the mild and green‐like pretreatment (10% CaO, 50°C) could lead to more than 70% cellulose degradation into fermentable hexoses in the P. simonii species, but only 24%–38% cellulose digestions were examined in the other six samples. Importantly, the P. simonii species is of the lowest ratios of lignin S/G and hemicellulose Xyl/Ara among seven samples, being two major factors accountable for much improved lignocellulose recalcitrance. These consequently caused the most reduced cellulose DP in the pretreated P. simonii residues for enhanced biomass saccharification. Furthermore, this study performed a genome‐wide profiling of gene expression to confirm distinct wall polymer biosynthesis and biomass metabolism in the P. simonii species, consistent with its significantly improved lignocellulose recalcitrance. Therefore, this study has found out the desirable model of woody plants for efficient biomass enzymatic saccharification under cost‐effective and green‐like pretreatments, providing a powerful strategy for genetic lignocellulose modification in woody plants and beyond.
Characterization of hepatitis B virus DNA integration patterns in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Li Mengge , Du Min , Cong Hui , Gu Yuanyuan , Fang Yuan , Li Jin , Gan Yu , Tu Hong , Gu Jinyang , Xia Qiang 
Published: October 2020

AimHepatitis B virus (HBV) integration is one of the mechanisms contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. However, the status of HBV integration in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is poorly understood. This study aims to characterize the viral integration in HBV‐related ICC.MethodsThe presence of HBV S and C gene in ICCs and the paratumor tissue was determined by polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing. Hepatitis B virus integration was detected by a high‐throughput capture sequencing method. The expression analysis of the genes targeted by HBV in ICC was undertaken in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset.ResultsHepatitis B virus S and/or C gene fragments were detected in 71.43% (10/14) ICCs and 57.14% (8/14) paratumor tissues. Using the high‐throughput capture sequencing approach, 139 and 183 HBV integration breakpoints were identified from seven ICC and seven paired paratumor tissues, respectively. Seven genes (TERT, CEACAM20, SPATA18, TRERF1, ZNF23, LINC01449, and LINC00486) were recurrently targeted by HBV‐DNA in different ICC tissues or different cell populations of the same tissue. TERT, which is the most preferential HBV target gene in HCC, was found to be repeatedly interrupted by HBV‐DNA in three different ICC tissues. Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, TERT, as well as three other HBV recurrently targeted genes (SPATA18, TRERF1, and ZNF23), showed differential expression levels between ICC and para‐ICC tissues.ConclusionsTaken together, HBV integration is a common event in HBV‐related ICC. The HBV recurrent integration genes identified from this study, such as TERT, provide new clues for further research on the causative link between HBV infection and ICC.
Hepatocellular carcinoma after Fontan surgery: A systematic review
Authors: Rodriguez De Santiago Enrique , Téllez Luis , Guerrero Antonio , Albillos Agustín 
Published: October 2020

AimFontan surgery is often the procedure of choice for patients with congenital single effective ventricle. In the long term, elevated systemic venous pressure and chronic ischemia following this procedure could lead to advanced chronic liver disease and there is also a risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review systematically summarizes the characteristics and outcomes of this rare condition.MethodsPubMed and Embase databases were searched from inception to January 2020 for studies reporting on HCC after Fontan surgery. The factors analyzed were clinical presentation, histology, imaging findings, treatments, and survival. Our primary analysis was based on biopsy‐proven HCC.ResultsThe records selected were 26 observational studies (19 case reports/case series and seven cohort studies) including 65 biopsy‐proven HCC. Age at the time of HCC diagnosis ranged from 12 to 52 years, and 62% of the patients were female. Only one case occurred earlier than 10 years after Fontan surgery. Twenty patients had no imaging or histological evidence of liver cirrhosis and 78.3% had elevated α‐fetoprotein levels. Advanced stage was the most common at diagnosis. The most frequent treatments were transarterial chemoembolization (n = 18) and surgery (n = 12). One‐year survival was 50% and only four patients (6.2%) were under liver imaging surveillance. We also analyzed 17 patients with non‐biopsy‐proven HCC.ConclusionsAfter Fontan surgery, HCC usually occurs at least 10 years later and can develop in the absence of cirrhosis. Biopsy is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Patients were diagnosed at a late stage and survival outcomes were poor, highlighting a need for liver surveillance.
An exercise intervention for people with serious mental illness: Findings from a qualitative data analysis using participatory theme elicitation
Authors: Yap Jade , McCartan Claire , Davidson Gavin , White Chris , Bradley Liam , Webb Paul , Badham Jennifer , Breslin Gavin , Best Paul 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundPeople with severe mental illness (SMI) often have poorer physical health than the general population. A coproduced physical activity intervention to improve physical activity for people with SMI in Northern Ireland was evaluated by co‐researchers (researchers with lived experience of SMI) and academic researchers using a new approach to participatory data analysis called participatory theme elicitation (PTE).ObjectiveCo‐researchers and academic researchers analysed the data from the pilot study using PTE. This paper aimed to compare these analyses to validate the findings of the study and explore the validity of the PTE method in the context of the evaluation of a physical activity intervention for individuals with SMI.ResultsThere was alignment and congruence of some themes across groups. Important differences in the analyses across groups included the use of language, with the co‐researchers employing less academic and clinical language, and structure of themes generated, with the academic researchers including subthemes under some umbrella themes.ConclusionsThe comparison of analyses supports the validity of the PTE approach, which is a meaningful way of involving people with lived experience in research. PTE addresses the power imbalances that are often present in the analysis process and was found to be acceptable by co‐researchers and academic researchers alike.
Mesoporous magnesium carbonate for use in powder cosmetics
Authors: Bamford Erik , Grahn Alexander , Århammar Cecilia , Ajaxon Ingrid , Annerén Cecilia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn the present study, we describe the features and functional properties of a new powder cosmetic ingredient, an amorphous mesoporous magnesium carbonate (MMC, also named Upsalite®) with regard to physical characteristics as well as functional attributes.MethodsPhysical and functional characterization of MMC, as compared to other common powder cosmetic ingredients (silica, mica, kaolin, talc and starch), was assessed using nitrogen gas adsorption, powder X‐ray diffraction, particle size distribution by laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and oil and moisture uptake tests. The powder ingredients were also applied on human skin and analysed for short‐ and long‐term mattifying effect, and a new method was developed to measure flashback effect. MMC was tested for skin irritation using an in vitro cell model as well as in vivo, through the Human Repeated Insult Patch Test on 50 human volunteers.ResultsMesoporous magnesium carbonate has a high surface area and pore volume. It has an excellent absorption capacity and can take up both oil and water simultaneously. It provides instant and long‐lasting mattifying effect when applied on human skin without drying or irritating skin and exhibits no measured flashback effect.ConclusionMesoporous magnesium carbonate has good sensory and visual characteristics as well as excellent absorbing and mattifying properties, suggesting that it has great potential to replace other powder ingredients currently used as fillers and absorbers in powder cosmetics.
Production, iron analysis and consumer perception of functional Thai Sinlek iron rice (Oryza sativa) drink
Authors: Koonyosying Pimpisid , Flemming Ben , Kusirisin Winthana , Lerttrakarnnon Peerasak , Utama‐ang Niramon , Fucharoen Suthat , Srichairatanakool Somdet 
Published: October 2020

SummaryWe produced the iron rice (IR) drink, determined the relevant chemical composition and antioxidant activity and tested the consumers’ degree of satisfaction. IR grains were digested with α‐amylase and analysed chemical composition and antioxidant activity, while the hydrolysate (pH 4.0) and flavouring agents were added for final preparation of the IR drink. The IR hydrolysate contained a total iron content of 13.9 mg g−1, a total phenolic content of 1.33 ± 0.07 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 and γ‐oryzanol of 70.12 ± 2.7 mg kg−1 rice grain, all of which inhibited the generation of free radicals in a concentration‐dependent manner. The IR drink was composed of flavonoids and phenolic acids for which kaempferol was predominant. The members of all three groups of elderly subjects who consumed the low‐dose IR (1.47 mg iron/100 mL), high‐dose IR (2.74 mg iron/100 mL) and white rice (WR; 0.5 mg iron/100 mL) drinks expressed satisfaction and interest with the beverages at 91.2%, 100% and 88.9%, respectively. In terms of sensory evaluation, the low‐dose IR drink revealed a higher acceptance rating than high‐dose IR and WR (P < 0.05). Notably, the Sinlek rice drink was abundant with iron, anti‐oxidative phenolics and γ‐oryzanol, for which consumers expressed an overall degree of acceptance (8.1 ± 1.1).
Coated alginate–chitosan particles to improve the stability of probiotic yeast
Authors: Santos Matheus A. S. , Machado Mariana T. C. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryExternal ionic gelation is a technique with a great potential for the protection of probiotics for use in food and pharmaceutic products. In this study, particles containing Saccharomyces boulardii produced using sodium alginate and a chitosan coating were evaluated. The physical–chemical parameters (moisture/water activity/hygroscopicity) of the dried particles, stability during 120 days of storage and yeast resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions were analysed. During storage (30 °C), greater yeast protection in the alginate–chitosan particles was observed, with a reduction of 1.05 log. Although the free cells presented low resistance, the encapsulated yeast was resistant to the simulated gastrointestinal conditions. At the end of the gastrointestinal simulation, the concentration ranged around 9.15–8.01 and 9.25–8.82 logCFU g−1 in alginate and alginate–chitosan particles, respectively. The S. boulardii particles showed greater resistance to environmental factors, allowing the delivery of an ingredient that could be used to add value to food products.
Inactivation of pectin Methylesterase and Lactobacillus Plantarum by ohmic heating in pomelo juice
Authors: Doan Khue Nhu , Lai Dat Quoc , Kim Le Phung T. , Le Tam Nhat 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe use of ohmic heating (OH) to inactivate damaging elements in pomelo juice was evaluated. The work investigated the effect of frequencies (50–20 000 Hz) on pectin methylesterase (PME) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) in pomelo juice at 30 V cm−1 of electric field strength. The results show that frequency does not affect PME inactivation (P > 0.05) but affects bacterial reduction and has the most efficiency at 60 Hz, followed by 50 Hz, and in the frequency range at or higher than 500 Hz (P < 0.05). Additionally, the inactivation kinetics of PME and L. plantarum and the impact of nonthermal factors were given. The nonthermal element has contributed to the inactivation enhancement of L. plantarum and PME to reduce the necessary treatment temperature and time. The major spoilage bacteria and enzyme destruction in pomelo juice occurred faster under OH than under conventional heating (CH) suggesting that OH can be effectively used to pasteurise pomelo juice.
Fast‐acting γδ T‐cell subpopulation and protective immunity against infections
Authors: Shen Ling , Huang Dan , Qaqish Arwa , Frencher James , Yang Rui , Shen Hongbo , Chen Zheng W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnique Vγ2Vδ2 (Vγ9Vδ2) T cells existing only in human and non‐human primates, account for the majority of circulating γδ T cells in human adults. Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are the sole γδ T‐cell subpopulation capable of recognizing the microbial (E)‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐but‐2‐enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) produced by selected pathogens during infections. Recent seminal studies in non‐human primate models have demonstrated that the unique HMBPP‐specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are fast‐acting, multi‐functional, and protective during infections. This article reviews the recent seminal observations of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in protective mechanisms against tuberculosis and other infections.
Power‐controlled flash spark plasma sintering of gadolinia‐doped ceria
Authors: Tyrpekl Vaclav , Cologna Marco , Holzhäuser Michael , Svora Petr 
Published: October 2020

AbstractElectric field‐assisted sintering (FAST) is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering domain. In the present paper, we describe the process of flash sintering (FS) in a configuration of classical spark plasma sintering (SPS) (graphite punch and boron nitride (BN) die), also called flash spark plasma sintering (FSPS). The densification process of Gd0.1Ce0.9O2‐x powder is studied in detail with a focus on the transition from FAST to FS. We discuss the electrical, geometrical, and thermal evolution of the process and the characteristics of the final compacts. Low electrical fields are sufficient for the onset of FS. Ceria is a material difficult to sinter by FAST techniques due to its known mechanochemical transformations. We observed the disintegration of pellets after experiments with well‐pronounced flash event.
Systematic review: Effects of sustained nurse home visiting programs for disadvantaged mothers and children
Authors: Molloy Carly , Beatson Ruth , Harrop Christopher , Perini Nicholas , Goldfeld Sharon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsTo systematically evaluate published experimental studies of sustained nurse home visiting (SNHV) programs. This review summarizes the evidence and identifies gaps in the literature to inform practice, policy, and future research.DesignRestricted systematic review with narrative summary.Data SourcesDatabases searched were Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Year of publication was originally restricted from 2008 to the date of search (13 February 2018, with supplementary searches conducted to identify more recent publications (up to 2019). Several reputable evidence clearinghouses were also searched.Review MethodsStudies were included if they used a randomized or cluster‐randomized controlled trial to evaluate a home visiting program that: (a) targeted disadvantaged mothers; (b) commenced during pregnancy or prior to the child's first birthday; (c) had an intended duration of at least 12 months from the time of enrolment; and (d) was substantively delivered by nurses or midwives. Meta‐analyses and reviews of studies meeting these criteria were also included. A quality appraisal was conducted for all studies.ResultsOf 1,393 total articles, 30 met inclusion criteria. Seven specific SNHV programs were identified. Each demonstrated evidence of a positive statistical effect on at least one child or maternal outcome.ConclusionSustained nurse home visiting programs benefit disadvantaged families, though effects vary across outcomes and subgroups. Further research is needed to discern the critical components of effective programs.ImpactAs SNHV programs have gained policy appeal, the need to evaluate the evidence‐base supporting such interventions has become imperative. The findings of this review will assist policy‐makers and practitioners in high‐income countries to make evidence‐informed decisions about which programs are best suited to addressing specific maternal and child outcomes for disadvantaged families. This should in turn ameliorate some of the inequalities in child development that have significant social and economic costs.