bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of preoperative biopsy in radiological solid-dominant clinical stage I non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Huang Chien-Sheng , Chien Hung-Che , Chen Chun-Ku , Yeh Yi-Chen , Hsu Po-Kuei , Chen Hui-Shan , Hsieh Chih-Cheng , Hsu Han-Shui , Huang Biing-Shiun , Shih Chun-Che 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe present study aimed to clarify the association between preoperative biopsy and surgical outcomes in clinical stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with different proportions of ground-glass opacity (GGO).METHODSData on patients who underwent pulmonary resection for NSCLC from 2006 to 2016 were drawn from a prospective registered database and analysed retrospectively. Patient characteristics collected included tumour size, location and staging, surgical approach, consolidation–tumour ratio, histopathology and the presence or absence of preoperative biopsy to identify the independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival. A 1:1 propensity score matching was conducted between the preoperative biopsy and reference groups based on their baseline characteristics measured before the decision for preoperative biopsy.RESULTSA total of 1427 patients were collected to achieve an overall 5-year DFS as 84.5% (median follow-up: 67.3 months), stratified to be 99.5% in the GGO-dominant group (n = 430) and 78.2% in the solid-dominant group (n = 997). Only 2 patients (0.5%) in the GGO-dominant group experienced tumour recurrence. For solid-dominant tumours matched with propensity scores (279 in preoperative biopsy vs 279 in reference group), the independent predictors of DFS included preoperative biopsy, sublobar resection, pathological staging and angiolymphatic invasion. Preoperative biopsy was a predictor of cancer-specific survival in univariable analysis but was not in multivariable analysis. Significant differences were also found between matched groups in those with late-delay surgery, but not in patients receiving preoperative biopsy with early-delay surgery (≤21 days).CONCLUSIONPreoperative biopsy may worsen surgical outcomes in patients with clinical stage I, solid-dominant NSCLC.
Citrobacter freundii Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome via the Type VI Secretion System
Authors: Liu Liyun , Song Liqiong , Deng Rong , Lan Ruiting , Jin Wenjie , Tran Van Nhieu Guy , Cao Huifang , Liu Qin , Xiao Yuchun , Li Xianping , Meng Guangxun , Ren Zhihong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Citrobacter freundii is a significant cause of human infections, responsible for food poisoning, diarrhea, and urinary tract infections. We previously identified a highly cytotoxic and adhesive C. freundii strain CF74 expressing a type VI secretion system (T6SS). In this study, we showed that in mice-derived macrophages, C. freundii CF74 activated the Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain -Like Receptor Family, Pyrin Domain Containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasomes in a T6SS-dependent manner. The C. freundii T6SS activated the inflammasomes mainly through caspase 1 and mediated pyroptosis of macrophages by releasing the cleaved gasdermin-N domain. The CF74 T6SS was required for flagellin-induced interleukin 1β release by macrophages. We further show that the T6SS tail component and effector, hemolysin co-regulation protein-2 (Hcp-2), was necessary and sufficient to trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In vivo, the T6SS played a key role in mediating interleukin 1β secretion and the survival of mice during C. freundii infection in mice. These findings provide novel insights into the role of T6SS in the pathogenesis of C. freundii.
Role of electrophilic nitrated fatty acids during development and response to abiotic stress processes in plants
Authors: Begara-Morales Juan C , Mata-Pérez Capilla , Padilla Maria N , Chaki Mounira , Valderrama Raquel , Aranda-Caño Lorena , Barroso Juan B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids are generated from the interaction of unsaturated fatty acids and nitric oxide (NO)-derived molecules. The endogenous occurrence and modulation throughout plant development of nitro-linolenic acid (NO2-Ln) and nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) suggest a key role for these molecules in initial development stages. In addition, NO2-Ln content increases significantly in stress situations and induces the expression of genes mainly related to abiotic stress, such as genes encoding members of the heat shock response family and antioxidant enzymes. The promoter regions of NO2-Ln-induced genes are also involved mainly in stress responses. These findings confirm that NO2-Ln is involved in plant defense processes against abiotic stress conditions via induction of the chaperone network and antioxidant systems. NO2-Ln signaling capacity lies mainly in its electrophilic nature and allows it to mediate a reversible post-translational modification called nitroalkylation, which is capable of modulating protein function. NO2-Ln is a NO donor that may be involved in NO signaling events and is able to generate S-nitrosoglutathione, the major reservoir of NO in cells and a key player in NO-mediated abiotic stress responses. This review describes the current state of the art regarding the essential role of nitro-fatty acids as signaling mediators in development and abiotic stress processes.
Preamble
Authors: Correa Carlos Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the Preamble of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. As in other World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements and the WTO Agreement itself, the TRIPS Agreement contains a detailed Preamble where the negotiating parties expressed the objectives that they sought in adopting this component of the WTO system. While the provisions of the Preamble reflect, to some extent, the different positions that the negotiating parties brought to the negotiating table, they substantially respond to the protectionist paradigm advocated by the United States and other developed countries with regard to intellectual property. Indeed, some of developing countries’ concerns about the implications of stronger intellectual property rights (IPRs) for their economies and, in particular, for transfer of technology, received limited attention. Ultimately, the Preamble to the TRIPS Agreement contains a few elements that may be important for the interpretation of specific provisions in the Agreement.
Objectives and Principles
Authors: Correa Carlos Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the objectives and principles of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. The primary objective of the proponents of the Agreement was to secure the rights of intellectual property owners to exploit their protected assets in the jurisdiction of all parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). They emphasized the role of the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) as incentives for innovation, and were keen to leave issues relating to the exploitation of the rights to the discretion of title-holders. In contrast, developing countries feared that a strengthened IPR protection would give too much power to title-holders and limit access to, and transfer of, technology to those countries. Article 7 of the Agreement, based on a proposal submitted by developing countries, represents a compromise between these two positions. It states that IPRs should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology.
Geographical Indications
Authors: Correa Carlos Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how the adoption of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement represented an important step for the international recognition of geographical indications. Geographical indications have three basic functions. They provide information about the name of a product; the geographical origin of the product; and a given quality, reputation, or characteristics attributable to a geographical area. Although such indications were covered under some prior international conventions—such as the Paris Convention, the Madrid Agreement, and the Lisbon Agreement—the scope and membership of such conventions offered a protection considerably more limited than the one granted by the TRIPS Agreement. However, significant controversies still dominate the discussion of this issue at the World Trade Organization (WTO). In particular, disagreement exists about the modes of implementing the registration of geographical indications under Article 23.4 of the Agreement. Moreover, a number of developed and developing countries have proposed to expand to other products the special protection only available today for wines and spirits.
Patents
Authors: Correa Carlos Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the issue of patentability. Article 27.1 of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement stipulates that ‘patents shall be available for any inventions’. As with most patent laws in the world, the Agreement does not define what an invention is. The plain wording of Article 27.1 suggests that Members have been left room to define ‘invention’ within their legal systems, in good faith, subject only to the application of the method of interpretation set out by the Vienna Convention. However, the interpretation of the obligation to patent ‘any inventions’ raises many important policy issues, such as the extent to which Members are bound to confer patents over discoveries, particularly over substances found in nature such as genes. Although Members can adopt a more expansive concept at the national level, they are not obliged to grant patents to what is not ordinarily considered an ‘invention’. Thus, they are not obliged to grant patents over genes.
Undisclosed Information
Authors: Correa Carlos Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies Section 7, Part II, of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which contains specific provisions on ‘undisclosed information’. This is the first international regime on undisclosed information and, in this sense, it is one of the most significant innovations brought about by the TRIPS Agreement. Article 39.1 stipulates that ‘in the course of ensuring effective protection against unfair competition as provided in Article 10 bis of the Paris Convention’, parties shall protect undisclosed information and the ‘data submitted to governments or governmental agencies’ as a condition for approving the marketing of pharmaceutical and agrochemical products. Although Article 39.1 refers to ‘undisclosed information’ and to ‘undisclosed test’ or other ‘data submitted’ to governments as two separate issues, it seems clear that in the latter case, the data also need to be ‘undisclosed’ in order to be covered under the terms of the Agreement. According to Article 1.2 of the TRIPS Agreement, undisclosed information is a category of ‘intellectual property’, like patents, trademarks, and other modalities dealt with by the Agreement.
Non-signatories
Authors: Speradino Felipe Vollbrecht 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies situations under Brazilian law in which a non-signatory may be bound by an arbitration agreement to which it was not originally a party. It also discusses relevant principles in Brazilian Contract Law and Brazilian Arbitration Law, as well as the case law of the Brazilian Superior Tribunal of Justice (STJ). The STJ plays a vital role in the Brazilian legal system, as it (i) sets out the jurisprudence to guide the lower courts; and (ii) amends and harmonizes the decisions of the lower courts, where needed. The STJ also retains exclusive jurisdiction to recognize and enforce foreign awards in Brazil. When does Brazilian law become relevant to ascertain questions of binding a non-signatory to arbitration? The law applicable to the arbitration agreement is the relevant law for the purpose of deciding whether (and in which circumstances) a non-signatory can be bound to arbitration. In situations where the parties have agreed that the law applicable to the arbitration agreement is the law of Brazil, the issues of (i) whether a non-signatory can be compelled to arbitrate or (ii) whether a non-signatory can intervene in an arbitral procedure will, of course, be tested against this law.
The Brazilian Arbitration Institutions
Authors: Weber Ana Carolina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the most prominent Brazilian arbitration institutions. These include the Center of Arbitration and Mediation of the Chamber of Commerce Brazil-Canada (CAM-CCBC); the Chamber of Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CIESP/FIESP Chamber); the Chamber of Arbitration of the Market (CAM do Mercado); the Chamber of Mediation and Entrepreneurial Arbitration—Brazil (CAMARB); the Center of Arbitration and Mediation (AMCHAM Center); the Brazilian Center of Mediation and Arbitration (CBMA Center); and the FGV Chamber of Mediation and Arbitration (FGV Chamber). The chapter analyses the limitation of the chambers as well as the aspects that may help in the choice of one of them when executing the arbitration agreement. It also looks at the solutions that have been offered by these chambers for complex matters, such as (i) multiparty arbitration; (ii) connection between procedures; (iii) diversity in the formation of the arbitral tribunals; (iv) and disclosure of information regarding the procedure and the arbitral award. It must be mentioned that, in 2017, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), by means of its Court of Arbitration, opened an office in São Paulo to manage arbitration procedures that have minimum contact with parties or with the Brazilian headquarters.
Evidence Production and the Role of the Arbitrators
Authors: Gama Lauro 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at evidence production in arbitration from a Brazilian arbitrator's perspective. Evidence production in arbitration is based on two fundamental principles: actio incumbit probatio and fairness (due process) and party equality. According to the first, the burden of proof rests on the party who advances a proposition affirmatively, be that party the claimant or the respondent. While the claimant bears the burden of proving the facts which support their claim, the respondent bears the burden of proving the facts supporting their defences. The second set of principles relates to procedural fairness and due process. Accordingly, evidence production is governed by fairness (due process) and party equality. The idea of procedural equality requires that both parties be treated in a manner ensuring that they have an equal opportunity to present their case. The chapter then considers the production of documentary evidence, fact witnesses, expert reports and testimonies, and legal expert reports and testimonies in Brazilian arbitration practice.
Stock Corporation Arbitration
Authors: Sester Peter , Azevedo Luis André 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses stock corporate arbitration. Corporate arbitration has distinct features compared to other segments of Commercial Arbitration. This is particularly true if listed corporations provide mandatory shareholder arbitration in their bylaws. In order to serve as an effective dispute resolution mechanism, one capable of providing consistent decisions and legal certainty, corporate arbitration needs to fulfil two conditions: first, to produce, at least in some cases, an award with erga omnes or extra partes effect; and second, to exclude conflicting awards on identical disputes referring to the same company and identical facts. Developing an effective framework for stock corporation arbitration is one of the biggest challenges for Commercial Arbitration in Brazil today. According to the listing rules of Brazil's sole equity exchange (B3), corporations listed in the market segments Novo Mercado or Level II must adopt arbitration clauses in their corporate bylaws. Hence, over 150 Brazilian stock corporations impose mandatory shareholder arbitration on their shareholders. The Brazilian Corporation Law (BCL) explicitly permits these arbitration clauses. The chapter then explains why the core principles of Commercial Arbitration do not straightforwardly justify the erga omnes effect of arbitral awards, and discusses several proposals aiming to create collective shareholder arbitration in Brazil.
Post M&A Arbitration
Authors: Ferro Marcelo Roberto , de Souza Antonio Pedro Garcia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses post-mergers and acquisitions (M&A) arbitration. M&A transactions provide fertile ground for litigation. These complex transactions usually give rise to a significant level of information asymmetry between the parties regarding the target company. Buyer and seller harbour opposing interests concerning the sale value. Representations and warranties, as well as the allocation of risk among parties, although aimed at facilitating the closing of the transaction, also frequently create tension and give rise to dissonant expectations during the post-closing phase. Cross-border M&A transactions add even more layers of complexity given the different business cultures and legal regimes involved. Even though M&A deals have established standard global commercial practices, which follow the common law framework, they still raise a series of challenges for parties, stakeholders, and legal advisors, generating all types of post-closing disputes. Although there are several means of dispute resolution, M&A parties have reliably chosen arbitration as a method for resolving their disputes in Brazil. The chapter then looks at the issues that most frequently feature in the arbitration of international M&A disputes in Brazil.
Construction Contracts between Private Parties
Authors: Tolentino Augusto 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes arbitration involving construction contracts in Brazil. Construction contracts are known for being highly specialized in their form and use of terminology. Among the features of these contracts is the wide use of arbitration as a method of resolving disputes arising in connection with them, especially disputes requiring in-depth technical knowledge. The Brazilian Arbitration Law (BAL) provides that ‘all persons capable of entering into contracts can resort to arbitration to settle disputes referring to transferable property rights and claims. It can be affirmed that almost all construction contracts contemplate these types of rights and claims, which allow the use of arbitration to resolve any disputes arising in connection with those contracts. Moreover, the possibility of having a specialist who knows the subject matter in dispute sitting on the arbitral tribunal is perhaps the greatest advantage of arbitration. With respect to construction claims, this advantage becomes even more salient given the complexity of such claims. The chapter then studies each step of arbitral proceedings concerning construction contracts in Brazil, especially those conducted between private parties.
Oil and Gas Arbitration
Authors: da Fonseca Rodrigo Garcia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses oil and gas arbitration in Brazil. The oil and gas sector has undoubtedly played a big role in the evolution of arbitration in Brazil. It is a very international and sophisticated industry, and as such, a very frequent user of arbitration. Nowadays, it does not even make sense anymore to refer to arbitration as an alternative means of dispute resolution in certain areas. When it comes to international contracts, or to certain industries, such as oil and gas, arbitration has become the natural and sometimes almost the only means of dispute resolution. The possibility of having neutral and specialized arbitrators, neutral venues, and confidentiality, among other features of arbitration, make it very appealing for the players in industries like the oil and gas sector. The chapter then looks at some examples of the types of cases that have arisen within the industry of oil and gas. Many of these cases present cutting-edge legal issues that are shaping the evolution of Brazilian arbitration law and practice in general.
Young stellar population gradients in central cluster galaxies from NUV and optical spectroscopy
Authors: Salvador-Rusiñol N , Beasley M A , Vazdekis A , Barbera F La 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Central cluster galaxies are the largest and most massive galaxies in the Universe. Although they host very old stellar populations, several studies found the existence of blue cores in some BCGs indicating ongoing star formation. We analyse VLT/X-Shooter stacked spectra of 6 nearby massive central galaxies with high central velocity dispersions (σ &gt; 300 km s−1) at different galactocentric distances. We quantify the young stellar population out to 4 kpc by fitting near-UV and optical absorption line indices with predictions of composite stellar populations modelled by an old and a young stellar component. We also use IMF-sensitive indices since these galaxies have been found to host a bottom-heavy IMF in their central regions. We derive negative young stellar populations gradients, with mass fractions of stars younger than 1 Gyr decreasing with galactocentric distance, from 0.70 per cent within 0.8 kpc to zero beyond 2 kpc. We also measure the mass fraction in young stars for individual galaxies in the highest S/N central regions. All the galaxies have young components of less than one percent. Our results clearly suggest that the star formation in massive central cluster galaxies takes place in their galaxy cores (&lt;2 kpc), which, with deeper gravitational potential wells, are capable of retaining more gas. Among the possible sources for the gas required to form these young stars, our results are consistent with an in situ origin via stellar evolution, which is sufficient to produce the observed young stellar populations.
Effects of the stellar wind on the Ly α transit of close-in planets
Authors: Carolan S , Vidotto A A , Villarreal D’Angelo C , Hazra G 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We use 3D hydrodynamics simulations followed by synthetic line profile calculations to examine the effect increasing the strength of the stellar wind has on observed Ly α transits of a hot Jupiter (HJ) and a warm Neptune (WN). We find that increasing the stellar wind mass-loss rate from 0 (no wind) to 100 times the solar mass-loss rate value causes reduced atmospheric escape in both planets (a reduction of 65 per cent and 40 per cent for the HJ and WN, respectively, compared to the ‘no wind’ case). For weaker stellar winds (lower ram pressure), the reduction in planetary escape rate is very small. However, as the stellar wind becomes stronger, the interaction happens deeper in the planetary atmosphere, and, once this interaction occurs below the sonic surface of the planetary outflow, further reduction in evaporation rates is seen. We classify these regimes in terms of the geometry of the planetary sonic surface. ‘Closed’ refers to scenarios where the sonic surface is undisturbed, while ‘open’ refers to those where the surface is disrupted. We find that the change in stellar wind strength affects the Ly α transit in a non-linear way (note that here we do not include charge-exchange processes). Although little change is seen in planetary escape rates (≃ 5.5 × 1011 g s−1) in the closed to partially open regimes, the Ly α absorption (sum of the blue [−300, −40 km s−1] and red [40, 300 km s−1] wings) changes from 21 to 6 per cent as the stellar wind mass-loss rate is increased in the HJ set of simulations. For the WN simulations, escape rates of ≃ 6.5 × 1010 g s−1 can cause transit absorptions that vary from 8.8 to 3.7 per cent, depending on the stellar wind strength. We conclude that the same atmospheric escape rate can produce a range of absorptions depending on the stellar wind and that neglecting this in the interpretation of Ly α transits can lead to underestimation of planetary escape rates.