bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Defense Theory in an ant–plant mutualism: Extrafloral nectar as an induced defence is maximized in the most valuable plant structures
Authors: Calixto Eduardo Soares , Lange Denise , Bronstein Judith , Torezan‐Silingardi Helena Maura , Del‐Claro Kleber 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Plants allocate defences in order to decrease costs and maximize benefits against herbivores. The Optimal Defense Theory (ODT) predicts that continuously expressed (i.e. constitutive) defences are expected in structures of high value, whereas defences that are expressed or that increase their expression only after damage or upon risk of damage (i.e. induced defences) are expected in structures of low value. Although there are several studies evaluating ODT predictions, few studies have successfully tested them as a way of measuring ecological investment in extrafloral nectary (EFN)‐mediated ant–plant interactions.

Here we compared extrafloral nectar production and ant attractiveness to EFNs located on vegetative versus reproductive plant structures on Qualea multiflora plants subjected to different levels of simulated herbivory. We then addressed the following predictions emerging from the ODT: (a) extrafloral nectar produced in inflorescence EFNs will have higher volumes and calories and will attract more ants than extrafloral nectar produced in leaf EFNs; (b) extrafloral nectar production (volume and calories) and ant attendance will increase after simulated herbivory in leaf EFNs but not in inflorescence EFNs; (c) higher simulated leaf herbivory will induce higher extrafloral nectar production in EFNs on leaves and (d) more attractive extrafloral nectar (higher volume and calories) will attract more ants.

Extrafloral nectar volume and calorie content, as well as ant abundance, were higher in EFNs of inflorescences compared to EFNs of leaves both before and after simulated herbivory, consistent with one of our predictions. However, EFNs on both leaves and inflorescences, not on leaves only, were induced by simulated herbivory, a pattern opposite to our prediction. Plants subjected to higher levels of leaf damage produced more and higher calorie extrafloral nectar, but showed similar ant abundance. Finally, more attractive extrafloral nectar attracted more ants.

Synthesis. Our results show that extrafloral nectar production before and after simulated herbivory, as well as ant recruitment, varies according to the plant structure on which EFNs are located. Our study is the first to show that ant recruitment via extrafloral nectar follows predictions from Optimal Defense Theory, and that the ant foraging patterns may be shaped by the plant part attacked and the level of damage it receives.
Elevated levels of VCA0117 (VasH) in response to external signals activate the type VI secretion system of Vibrio choleraeO1 El Tor A1552
Authors: Seibt Henrik , Aung Kyaw Min , Ishikawa Takahiko , Sjöström Annika , Gullberg Martin , Atkinson Gemma Catherine , Wai Sun Nyunt , Shingler Victoria 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThe type VI nanomachine is critical for Vibrio cholerae to establish infections and to thrive in niches co‐occupied by competing bacteria. The genes for the type VI structural proteins are encoded in one large and two small auxiliary gene clusters. VCA0117 (VasH) – a σ54‐transcriptional activator – is strictly required for functionality of the type VI secretion system since it controls production of the structural protein Hcp. While some strains constitutively produce a functional system, others do not and require specific growth conditions of low temperature and high osmolarity for expression of the type VI machinery. Here, we trace integration of these regulatory signals to the promoter activity of the large gene cluster in which many components of the machinery and VCA0117 itself are encoded. Using in vivo and in vitro assays and variants of VCA0117, we show that activation of the σ54‐promoters of the auxiliary gene clusters by elevated VCA0117 levels are all that is required to overcome the need for specialized growth conditions. We propose a model in which signal integration via the large operon promoter directs otherwise restrictive levels of VCA0117 that ultimately dictates a sufficient supply of Hcp for completion of a functional type VI secretion system.
Deliberation, Citizen Science and Covid‐19
Authors: Pearse Harry 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRather than aiming to produce more ‘rational’ or more ‘other‐regarding’ citizen judgements (the outcome of which is uncertain), deliberative democratic exercises should be re‐designed to maximise democratic participation. To do this, they must involve citizens and experts, a novel arrangement that will benefit both cohorts. For the former, a more inclusive form of deliberation will offer an opportunity to contribute to political discussion and be listened to by people with political or policy‐based authority. For the latter, it will provide a venue through which expertise can be brought to bear on democratic decision making without risk of scapegoating or politicisation. More broadly, deliberation that prioritises dialogue (over, say, opinion change) affirms the principle that political decisions reflect value judgements rather than technically ‘right’ or technically ‘wrong’ answers—judgements that are legitimate if arrived at through discussion involving the people due to be affected by the resultant policy. This article sets out the advantages of this form of deliberation—which bears some similarity to certain types of citizen science—in the context of the UK government’s responses to Covid‐19; both the confused decision making evident to date, and the forthcoming re‐opening phases that will prioritise or advantage some constituencies over others.
Women's Public Lives: Navigating the East India Company, Parliament and Courts in Early Modern England
Authors: Laursen Brock Aske , Ewen Misha 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTThis article traces the strategies that women deployed, and the resources upon which they drew, in order to challenge the East India Company (EIC) and ultimately lay claim to property that they believed was rightfully theirs. It focuses on three women, Elizabeth Dale, Rebecka Duteil and Mary Goodal, who navigated the EIC, parliament and the courts in seventeenth‐century London to try to secure their inheritance from husbands and siblings. It offers a fresh perspective on early modern women's public lives by focusing on a wide array of agentic strategies that women employed in their encounters with various institutions. Using a range of sources, including company records, petitions, court depositions and wills, it argues that exploring women's interactions with the EIC, especially in their role as adversaries, enriches understandings of women's agency in early modern England. This article suggests that such a lens can further nuance how we understand the inherent tensions of early modern women's public lives: as inflected by global as well as local contexts and shaped by conflict as well as collaboration.
Added prognostic value of longitudinal changes of angiogenic factors in early‐onset severe pre‐eclampsia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Peguero A , Fernandez‐Blanco L , Mazarico E , Benitez L , Gonzalez A , Youssef L , Crispi F , Hernandez S , Figueras F 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo assess in women with early‐onset severe pre‐eclampsia whether longitudinal changes in angiogenic factors improve the prediction of adverse outcome.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingMaternity units in two Spanish hospitals.PopulationWomen with diagnosis of early‐onset severe pre‐eclampsia.MethodsLevels of placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase (sFlt‐) and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio were measured at admission and before delivery, and average daily change calculated. The association of longitudinal changes of angiogenic factors with the time interval to delivery and with complications was evaluated by logistic and Cox regression.Main outcome measuresInterval to delivery and composite of adverse outcomes.ResultsWe included 63 women, of which 26 (41.3%) had a complication. Longitudinal changes of sFlt‐1 were more pronounced in complicated pregnancies (median: 1047 versus 342 pg/ml/day; P = 0.04). On the multivariate analysis, the clinical risk score and sFlt‐1 at admission explained 6.2% of the uncertainty for complication; the addition of sFlt‐1 longitudinal changes improved this to 25.3% (P = 0.002). The median time from admission to delivery was 4 days (95% CI 1.6–6.04) in those in the highest quartile of sFlt‐1 longitudinal changes versus 16 days (95% CI 12.4–19.6) in the remaining women (Log‐rank test P < 0.001).ConclusionsLongitudinal changes in sFlt‐1 maternal levels from admission for confirmed early‐onset severe pre‐eclampsia add to baseline characteristics in the prediction of adverse outcome and interval to delivery.Tweetable abstractIn early‐onset severe pre‐eclampsia, longitudinal changes in sFlt‐1 levels improve the prediction of complications and interval to delivery.
COVID‐19 and Inequalities*
Authors: Blundell Richard , Costa Dias Monica , Joyce Robert , Xu Xiaowei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper brings together evidence from various data sources and the most recent studies to describe what we know so far about the impacts of the COVID‐19 crisis on inequalities across several key domains of life, including employment and ability to earn, family life and health. We show how these new fissures interact with existing inequalities along various key dimensions, including socio‐economic status, education, age, gender, ethnicity and geography. We find that the deep underlying inequalities and policy challenges that we already had are crucial in understanding the complex impacts of the pandemic itself and our response to it, and that the crisis does in itself have the potential to exacerbate some of these pre‐existing inequalities fairly directly. Moreover, it seems likely that the current crisis will leave legacies that will impact inequalities in the long term. These possibilities are not all disequalising, but many are.
No direct taxation without new elite representation: Industrialization and the domestic politics of taxation
Authors: EMMENEGGER PATRICK , LEEMANN LUCAS , WALTER ANDRÉ 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe nineteenth century marked the founding period of modern public finance. We examine the domestic and non‐war related determinants of direct taxation in this early democratic period and in a state building context. We argue that the reasons for the expansion of direct taxation can be found in the political competition between different elite groups in the context of industrialization. Systematically differentiating between economic and political arenas, we show that intra‐elite competition in industrializing economies leads to higher levels of direct taxation only if the new economic elites are able to translate their economic power into the political arena, either through the representative system or by extra‐parliamentary means. In addition, we demonstrate that these processes are directly linked to public investments in policy areas related to the interests of new economic elites such as public education. Our analysis is based on novel subnational data from the period 1850 to 1910, enabling us to concentrate on the domestic determinants of direct taxation.
Rendezvous technique to recanalize a stapled esophagus after esophageal exclusion for salvaging concomitant esophageal and bronchial rupture due to Sengstaken Blakemore tube misplacement: A novel application of an old technique
Authors: Yam Patricia Po‐chu , Fung James Kiu‐jing , Wong Kevin Ka‐fai , Leung Siu‐kee 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis is the first reported case on concomitant bronchial and esophageal rupture due to Sengstaken Blakemore tube misplacement. Patient was managed with emergency laparotomy and thoracotomy. Esophageal exclusion and esophagostomy diversion were performed. Spontaneous recanalization of the cervical esophagus was evident 1 month after operation. However, it did not occur at the distal esophagus. A combined antegrade–retrograde rendezvous technique was employed, with two endoscopes approaching from two sides of the oesophagogastric junction, under fluoroscopic guidance, the digestive tract was successfully restored without further operation. Such rendezvous technique to recanalize a stapled esophagus has never been reported. Safety issues of Sengstaken tube insertion were reviewed.
30‐day mortality following palliative radiotherapy
Authors: Kain Mollie , Bennett Hayley , Yi Ma , Robinson Bridget , James Melissa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionPatients dying a short time after receiving palliative radiation are unlikely to have received benefit and may experience harm. To monitor the potential for avoidable harm, 30‐day mortality following palliative radiation has been recommended for use as a quality indicator and the Royal College of Radiologist have recommended a rate of lower than 20%. At the Canterbury Regional Cancer and Haematology Service in Christchurch, New Zealand (CRCHS), we investigated 30‐day mortality and evaluated the prognostic value of the TEACHH model in our population.MethodsPalliative treatments from two, two‐year periods (2012/2013 and 2016/2017) were retrospectively reviewed. We analysed 30‐day mortality and several influencing variables. Patients were divided into three groups using the TEACHH model (type of cancer, performance status, age, prior palliative chemotherapy, prior hospitalizations and hepatic metastases).ResultsThere were 1744 patients; 30‐day mortality was 10% and was higher in patients with lung cancer (17% vs. 8% in non–lung cancer patients, P < 0.0001), patients having less than five fractions (13% vs. 9%, P: 0.0199) and patients in TEACHH group B/C (21% in C, 11% in B and 2% in group A, P < 0.0001). The majority of treatments (84%) used five fractions or less.ConclusionsThe mortality rate is within the suggested quality indicator, and the decreasing mortality with increasing fractionation demonstrates suitable selection of patients for longer treatment regimens. The TEACHH model can be used to increase precision in estimating prognosis, identifying patients who should not receive treatment and conversely identifying those for whom a prolonged fractionation schedule may be appropriate.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) incidence and trends vary by gender, geography, age, and subcategory based on population and hospital cancer registries in Hebei, China (2008–2017)
Authors: Li Daojuan , Xu Xiaoli , Liu Jianghui , Liang Di , Shi Jin , Li Shumei , Jin Jing , He Yutong 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundLung cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been determined to be the most lethal lung malignancy. Few studies have previously analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of SCLC in China. This study analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of SCLC aiming to provide a reference for the prevention of SCLC in Hebei Province.MethodsThe epidemiological characteristics of SCLC using lung cancer data based on population and hospital cancer registries in Hebei Province between 2008 and 2017 were analyzed.ResultsThe proportion of both population‐ and hospital‐based SCLC cases displayed a significant increasing trend. Moreover, the proportion of males was higher than that for female based on population‐ and hospital‐based cases. The proportion of hospital‐based SCLC cases in counties was higher than that in cities, whereas there were no significant regional differences between cities and counties based on population. The proportion of both population‐ and hospital‐based SCLC cases decreased consistently with increasing age. There was a difference between population‐ and hospital‐based distribution of subcategories of SCLC.ConclusionsSignificant increases in the proportion of both population‐ and hospital‐based SCLC cases over recent years, particularly in males and in patients aged over 55 years, were observed. Research on the pathogenesis of SCLC in these patients and prevention is urgently required.
Understanding decay in marine calcifiers: Micro‐CT analysis of skeletal structures provides insight into the impacts of a changing climate in marine ecosystems
Authors: Fordyce Alexander J. , Knuefing Lydia , Ainsworth Tracy D. , Beeching Levi , Turner Michael , Leggat William 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCalcifying organisms and their exoskeletons support some of the most diverse and economically important ecosystems in our oceans. Under a changing climate, we are beginning to see alterations to the structure and properties of these exoskeletons due to ocean acidification, warming and accelerated rates of bioerosion. Our understanding has grown as a result of using micro‐computed tomography (µCT) but its applications in marine biology have not taken full advantage of the technological development in this methodology. We present a significant advancement in the use of this method to studying decalcification in a marine calcifier.We present a detailed workflow on best practice for µCT image processing and analysis of marine calcifiers, designed using coral skeletons subjected to acute, short‐term microbial bioerosion. This includes estimating subresolution microporosity and describing pore space morphological characteristics of macroporosity, in perforate and imperforate exoskeletons. These metrics are compared between control and bieroded samples, and are correlated with skeletal hardness as measured by nanoindentation.Our results suggest that using subresolution microporosity analysis improves the spatiotemporal resolution of µCT data and can detect changes not seen in macroporosity, in both perforate and imperforate skeletons. In imperforate samples, the mean size and relative number of pores in the macroporous portion of the images changed significantly where total macroporosity did not. The increased number of pores and higher microporosity are both directly related to a physical weakening of the calcareous exoskeletons of imperforate corals only. In perforate corals, increased macroporosity was accompanied by an overall widening of pore spaces though this did not correlate with sample hardness.These novel techniques complement traditional approaches and in combination demonstrate the potential for using µCT scanning to sensitively track the process of decalcification from a structural and morphological perspective. Importantly, these approaches do not necessarily rely on ultra‐high resolution (i.e. single micron) scans and so maintain the accessibility of this technology. The continued optimization of these tools for a variety of marine calcifiers will advance our understanding of the effect of climate change on marine biogenic calcified structures.
Comparison between success rates for smokers re‐treated by a smokers’ clinic and success rates for smokers treated for the first time
Authors: Stepankova Lenka , Kralikova Eva , Zvolska Kamila , Pankova Alexandra , Adamcekova Zuzana , Kuhn Matyas , Noland Derek 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsTo compare success rates and characteristics of smokers treated a second time by a smokers’ clinic with success rates of their first treatment.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTobacco Dependence Treatment clinic in Prague, Czech Republic, between 2005 and 2017.ParticipantsA total of 5225 smokers treated either once (n = 5006, single treatment sample, SS) or also second time (n = 219, re‐treated sample, RS), on average 4.47 years after the first visit.InterventionSmokers received intensive treatment of tobacco dependence with pharmacotherapy options. Outcomes were evaluated after 1 year. In case of failure or relapse, participants could undergo re‐treatment in the same setting at least 1 year after the start of the first treatment.MeasurementsTwelve‐month self‐reported continuous abstinence; CO‐validated (≤ 6 parts per million); number of visits; type of pharmacotherapy; mental health history; Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence; time between first and second treatment.ResultsThe abstinence rate in the SS was 34.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 33.4%, 36.1%] and in the RS was 37% (95% CI = 30.6%, 43.8%) and 39.7% (95% CI = 33.2%, 45.5%) for their first and second treatments, respectively. The samples were comparable on smoking and socio‐demographic characteristics and pharmacotherapy used, but the RS in the second treatment had a higher prevalence of diagnosed mental health disorder at 39.3% (95% CI = 32.8%; 46.1%) compared with 23.7% (95% CI = 22.5%; 24.9%) in the SS. Participants who initiated their second quit attempt 1 to 2 years after the first one were less successful than those who initiated their second quit attempt later (25 versus 43%; P < 0.05). The results of the first treatment cycle were not found to be a reliable predictor for outcomes of the second cycle of treatment in univariate or multivariate logistic regression (odds ratio = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.70–2.63, P = 0.373).ConclusionIn Prague, Czech Republic, smokers re‐attending stop‐smoking treatment more than 2 years after their previous quit attempt appear to achieve similar success rates to those being treated for the first time.
The importance of trap type, trap colour and capture liquid for catching Dendrolimus pini and their impact on by‐catch of beneficial insects
Authors: Sukovata Lidia , Dziuk Aleksander , Parratt Matthew , Bystrowski Cezary , Dainton Katrina , Polaszek Andrew , Moore Roger 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Dendrolimus pini can be a serious defoliator of pine trees in some European countries. The monitoring of this insect is important, but no single standardized capture technique exists for monitoring purposes.
A range of insect trap types (delta sticky, G‐trap, Unitrap and cross‐vane Unitrap), colours (green, red and white delta traps and yellow and green cross‐vane Unitraps) and types of capture liquid (glycol and salt solutions) were tested to determine the most effective trap for D. pini monitoring. Trap colour (yellow and green) was also tested for beneficial Hymenoptera and Diptera.
The Unitraps and cross‐vane Unitraps were the most effective trap types, but the latter trap that contained glycol solution was less effective than a dry trap.
Trap colour did not have any effect on the catches of D. pini, but yellow Unitraps captured more Diptera (Phoridae and Tachinidae) and Hymenoptera (Pteromalidae, Ceraphronidae and Braconidae) than green traps. In contrast, the egg parasitoid Telenomus tetratomus preferred green traps. Overall catches of beneficial insects were relatively low, except Phoridae.
The Unitraps are recommended for the efficient monitoring of D. pini unless other factors such as trap cost or remote monitoring locations justify the use of other traps.
Translations of the Self: Moving between Objects, Memories, and Words: A Dialogue with Ruth Behar
Authors: Melian‐Zamora Rita Elena , Behar Ruth 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTWith a central interest in translation as an inherent condition of subjects in contexts of migration, this article encourages a dialogue between ethnographic forms of expression and studies on translation. My exploration of the links between anthropology and translation, as well as their visual and poetic contours, comes through a conversation with Ruth Behar, a writer‐anthropologist whose work is deeply rooted in several modes of translation, both through and beyond words, as she reflects upon diasporic identities. Through the critical reading of her observations, I hope to offer fresh insights into textual and visual possibilities of translation in anthropological writing, as well as provide an understanding of the complex relationship between translation, language, and the self‐other nexus. More broadly, these reflections will contribute to a wider multimodal and multidisciplinary engagement of anthropology with social studies of identity, literary studies, comparative literature, poetic anthropology, visual semiotics, multisemiotic literacy, paratranslation, and other sciences of language. [translation, ethnographic writing, language, multimodality, Ruth Behar]