bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Health and Well-Being and Adherence to Social Norms Across Adulthood
Authors: Ferguson Giselle , Sliwinski Martin , Scott Stacey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
When an individual deviates from social norms, others implement stressful social consequences to discourage deviance. Over a lifetime, this stress may accumulate, causing physiological wear-and-tear and poorer health and well-being. However, older adults may choose to surround themselves primarily with close, supportive others, so they may no longer be exposed to consequences for deviance, and would then be shielded from downstream effects. Alternatively, adults from older cohorts may value traditional norms more strongly, and would therefore experience greater effects of norm deviance. We expected that individuals who adhered to norms would report better health and well-being than individuals who deviated from norms, and that this effect would be either absent or intensified for older adults. We tested this prediction with a secondary data analysis of n=220 adults ages 25-65 (63.2% women). We operationalized individuals’ adherence to their respective gender norms and to general, non-gendered norms using demographic and questionnaire responses. Greater general norm adherence significantly predicted better health and well-being, independent of age. For masculine norms, work-primacy norm adherence predicted better well-being, but anger and self-reliance norm adherence predicted worse health and well-being in men. Age moderated this effect: with older age, the effect of anger was reversed such that greater anger predicted better health among men. For feminine norms, adherence did not predict better outcomes in women at any age. Although the relationship between gendered norm adherence and health and well-being may depend on cohort, the results suggest that general norm adherence does influence health and well-being.
The Effect of Cognitive Impairment on Loneliness in Older Adulthood: Evidence From HRS 2008-2018
Authors: Lee Ji Hyun , Luchetti Martina , Sutin Angelina , Terracciano Antonio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: People experience loneliness when there is a mismatch between desired and actual social interaction. Demographic and health factors have been implicated in loneliness; less is known about the unique association of cognitive impairment on loneliness in older adulthood. Purpose: This study examined the link between cognitive impairment status and level and change in loneliness over a 9-year period and whether it is independent of physical health, depression, and social isolation. We examine the associations for overall and the emotional and social loneliness sub-domains of loneliness. Methods: Data were from the Health and Retirement Study 2008-2018 waves (N = 8,269, age 50+). Cognitive impairment status was categorized using mTICS. Loneliness was measured with 11-item UCLA Loneliness scale. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the effects of cognitive status on loneliness, controlling for time-varying functional limitation, disease burden, social contact, and depression. Results: Cognitive impairment not dementia (CIND) was associated with higher loneliness (b = .04, p &lt; .001). CIND (b = .03, p = .036) and dementia (b = .09, p = .017) were linked to higher emotional loneliness but were not independent of social isolation and depression. Those with CIND had higher social loneliness (b = .04, p = .016), even after adjusting for covariates. The trajectory of loneliness did not vary by cognitive status. Conclusions: Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for loneliness among older adults. Those with mild cognitive impairment experienced heightened loneliness, especially for social belongingness. Cognitive function should be considered in designing interventions for loneliness.
The Effects of Pet Ownership on Psychological Well-Being Among Socially Isolated Older Adults
Authors: Ikeuchi Tomoko , Abe Takumi , Taniguchi Yu , Seino Satoshi , Tomine Yui , Shimada Chiho , Kitamura Akihiko , Shinkai Shoji 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that pet ownership associates with positive psychological outcomes (i.e., less loneliness, lower depression, etc.) in older adults. Yet, the role of pet ownership in psychological well-being (PWB) of socially isolated older adults is not fully explored. In this study, we hypothesized that pet (i.e., dog or cat) ownership would have positive effects on PWB among socially isolated older adults. The study used cross-sectional data of 9875 community-dwelling older adults collected in 2016 in a metropolitan area of Japan. Overall, 2841 (28.8%) participants were socially isolated (i.e., having social interactions with others less than once a week). Stratified by dog and cat ownership, 3143 (31.8%) were current or previous dog owners, and 1724 (17.5%) were current or previous cat owners. PWB was dichotomized using a score of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and 2730 (27.6%) were identified as low levels of PWB. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographic confounders, showed that social isolation was associated with lower PWB (OR: 2.39; 95% CI: 2.17, 2.64) and lower odds of having a dog (OR: 0.70; 0.63, 0.77). When social isolation and dog ownership were entered into a model simultaneously as independent variables, dog ownership was associated with greater PWB (OR: 0.90; 0.81, 0.99). There was a significant partial mediating effect of dog ownership found on the association between social isolation and PWB (Sobel test p=.034). No such associations were observed in cat ownership. Our results suggest that having a dog may be effective for increasing PWB for socially isolated older adults.
Gender Codes and Aging: Comparison of Features in Two Women's Magazines
Authors: O'Hanlon Ann , Mendez Therese , Morrissette Melissa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Magazines and other media promote beauty standards and gender roles in feature articles and advertising. Publications present idealized images of women often in contrast to the average reader’s appearance. Analyses of such images suggest gender roles are reinforced through subtle cues embedded in hand gestures, eye gaze, head posture, and body position (Goffman, 1976). This study analyzed a recurrent feature in two different magazine presenting an idealized standard of aging to mature women. The first magazine, MORE, featured mature women, typically between the ages of 40 and 60, with the banner of “This is what (woman’s age) looks like.” MORE magazine is no longer in press, but another magazine, Women’s Day, began a similar recurrent column featuring a women between 40 and 60 with the title “Own Your Age—Yes, I am (women’s age).” Both features included copy describing the woman’s perspective on life and aging and a listing of specific beauty products that she uses. These features were analyzed as advertisements, because they promote a message about being a woman of a certain age and the specific products used to achieve that look. Three researchers coded 43 images from MORE magazine and 30 images from Woman’s Day for physical characteristics of aging and evidence of Goffman’s gender codes. Most photos presented women who appeared younger than their stated age. Images showed the presence of Goffman’s gender codes including feminine touch, ritualization of subordination, licensed withdrawal, and infantilization and were more prevalent in the MORE feature than Woman’s Day column.
North American and International Students’ Perspectives on Older Adults
Authors: Shea Adam , Strong Jessica , Graham Kirsten 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Ageism is recognized around the world as detrimental to older adults’ health and well-being, and there are differences in how cultures view older adults. Infrequently are ageist attitudes among cultures compared within one study. Here, we sought to examine views on older adults across cultures in a sample of university students attending school in North America (n=31). As part of a larger survey of ageist attitudes, we conducted a thematic analysis on open-ended responses to the question “How are older adults viewed in your culture?” Half of the respondents were international students. Results found similarities and differences between groups. First, both groups saw older adults as individuals who are and should be respected. Second, however, North American students viewed older adults as “important” and “role models”, whereas international students viewed older adults as “leaders” of and at the “head of the family”. Third, North American students saw older adults as “needing extra help.” In contrast, international students reported that families “should provide care” as a duty or responsibility. Fourth, North American students believed older adults provide “wisdom,” “love,” and “support” but the international students felt older adults provided knowledge, experience, and opinions that are valued by the family and society that are important to decision making. Finally, North American students describe negative perceptions and experiences with older adults, which was completely absent from the international students responses. Results are discussed in a cultural context of personal and formal relationships with elders.
Black-White Differences in Hearing Problems Among Older Americans: Findings From Two Large Representative Surveys
Authors: Fuller-Thomson Esme , Deng ZhiDi (Judy) , Agbeyaka Senyo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate Black-White differences in hearing problems among older adults living in the United States. Secondary data analyses were conducted using the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) with a replication analysis in the 2016 ACS. The ACS is an annual nationally representative survey of Americans living in community settings and institutions. The sample size of older Americans (age 65+) in 2017 was 467,789 Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and 45,105 Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB). In the 2016 ACS, there were 459,692 NHW and 45,990 NHB respondents aged 65+. Measures of hearing problems, age, race/ethnicity, education level and household income were based on self-report. Data were weighted to adjust for non-response and differential selection probabilities. The prevalence of hearing problems was markedly higher among older NHW (15.4% in both waves) in comparison to NHB (9.0% in 2017; 9.4% in 2016; both p&lt;.001). In the 2017 ACS, the age-sex adjusted odds of hearing loss were 69% higher for NHW compared to NHB, which increased to 91% higher odds when household income and education level were taken into account (OR=1.91; 95% CI=1.85, 1.97). Further analyses by 10 year age cohorts indicated comparable findings (fully adjusted ORs range from 1.89 to 1.98). Findings from the 2016 ACS were very similar (e.g., 65+ fully adjusted OR=1.81). NHW have a much higher prevalence and almost double the odds of hearing loss compared NHB. Future research should investigate if melanin plays an otoprotective role through enhancing the antioxidant capability of cochlea.
Predictors of Seeking Health Information and Mental Health Support in U.S. Prisons: A Study Using 2014 PIAAC Data
Authors: Nwakasi Candidus , Esiaka Darlingtina , Subedi Janardan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Being in prison increases the vulnerability to poor health, especially mental illnesses. This is evident in the documented health disparities between prison inmates and the general population. For example, suicide rates among inmates are higher than in the general population. There is an urgent need to understand how inmates experience mental well-being. This is important as some inmates serve long/life sentences and some will need to successfully re-integrate into the society. Although they have a constitutional right to health care access through the Eight Amendment, little is known of the health information and mental health support seeking patterns among inmates. The current study examined factors associated with the amount of health information accessed, and participation in mental health support groups in US prisons. Data (N= 645) from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (2014) were analyzed using linear and logistic regressions. Sample weights were applied in the analyses. Results show statistically significant relationships between amount of health information acquired and age (66 years and above), race, health-status, readiness to learn, literacy skill, and numeracy skill. Social trust moderated the effect of education on the odds of participating in mental health support groups. Also, gender, work duration, attending substance abuse support and life skills groups were significant predictors. Our study may provide insight for stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, clinicians, social workers, and wardens, etc.) working in partnership to deliver a more tailored health interventions for inmates, by highlighting key contextual issues predicting mental health and well-being within prison settings.
Views on HIV Disclosure Among Older Adults Living With HIV Who Are Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors
Authors: Brown Monique , James Titilayo , Nkwonta Chigozie , Kaur Amandeep 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among people living with HIV are twice the CSA estimates among the general population. These statistics suggest that CSA prevalence may range from 16-22% among older adults living HIV (OALH). HIV disclosure continues to be a key consideration among people living with HIV. However, studies examining the views on HIV disclosure among OALH who are CSA survivors are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the views on HIV disclosure among OALH who are CSA survivors using a qualitative approach. Twenty-four adults aged 50-67 years, living with HIV and with a CSA history participated in the study. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and were analyzed using thematic analysis. The iterative analytic process included discussion of initial thoughts and key concepts, identification and reconciliation of codes, and naming of emergent themes. Three themes emerged: “You don’t have to tell the person if it’s just casual sex”, “Nothing ought to be hidden especially when you get ready to engage in sex”, and “As for me, I don’t disclose”. Views on HIV disclosure among OALH varied. Some participants stated that disclosure of HIV status should be dependent on the type of sexual relationship, while some OALH stated that participants should disclose regardless of type of relationship. Some participants were hesitant to disclose their HIV status due to anticipated HIV-related stigma. Understanding the perspectives on HIV disclosure among OALH with a CSA history may help to inform disclosure intervention programs for this vulnerable population.
An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Mortality Risks of Chinese Centenarians in the Era of Longevity
Authors: Lu Jiehua , Zhu Hui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With the rapid socioeconomic development and the increasing average life expectancy, China has shifted into an era of longevity. One significant feature of this era is the increasing size of Chinese centenarians and their health status are attracting increasing attention from academic communities. By using Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), this paper employs Cox model to pinpoint the key influencing factors of mortality risk of Chinese centenarians. Our findings turn out that compared with the other elderly population, the mortality-risk determinants among centenarians are unique. The most important risk of the latter comes from their objective health status. The worse the health situation, the higher mortality risk is. Meanwhile, this rate is less affected by social and economic conditions. However, gender and smoking habit all play parts in the mortality risk of centenarians. This study comprehensively understands the key factors of the mortality risk of Chinese centenarians, which is of great significance for reducing centenarians’ mortality risks and enhancing their health and well-beings.
Caregivers’ Beliefs and Stress Among Rural and Urban African American Chronically Ill Caregivers
Authors: Harvey Idethia Shevon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction: African American women bear a disproportionate burden of chronic disease and disability compared to non-Hispanic whites, particularly rural African American women. The number of African American women providing informal care is increasing, and constant stress among caregivers produces long-term effects among middle-aged and older individuals. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between stressors and attitudes of caregiving among chronically-ill African American rural and urban women. Methods: The sample included 519 rural and urban African American female caregivers (M = 53.8 years; SD = 15.05), with at least one chronic condition, participated in the Black Rural and Urban Caregivers Mental Health and Functioning Study. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed among rural women with chronic conditions (N=265) and urban women with chronic conditions (N=254). Results: The number of chronic diseases was the most significant predictors, explaining 16% of stress, followed by caregiver beliefs, socio-demographic factors, and caregiving related factors (F = 21.50, p &lt; 0.01). Discussion: The findings from this study can provide rural health care providers and rural health educators with a basis to assess potential support and disease management programs among chronically-ill caregivers.
Intergenerational Relationships in an Economically Vulnerable Community: Findings From the Flint Women’s Study
Authors: Sneed Rodlescia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Older women in economically disadvantaged communities often balance a range of relationships that present both benefits and challenges. The current study describes older women’s perceptions of the benefits and challenges of maintaining intergenerational relationships with younger women and children in their community. We used secondary data from the Flint Women’s Study, a qualitative interview project that included 60-90 minute structured interviews with 100 women who either lived or worked in the Flint, Michigan metropolitan area. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using the belongingness theory framework. Special populations (including older women) were coded in the dataset. The main benefits of intergenerational relationships included feeling valued, social connection, and giving back to future generations. In particular, intergenerational relationships allowed older women in this economically disadvantaged community to leave behind a meaningful social legacy in the absence of a meaningful economic legacy. Despite the perceived benefits, older women had difficulty effectively forming intergenerational relationships. Many reported being naturally isolated from those of younger generations. For those who were not isolated, many cited challenges related to grandparent caregiving, which was often connected to workforce conflicts, financial burden, caring for multiple generations well into adulthood, managing grandchildren’s traumas, and a lack of technological proficiency needed to meet grandchildren’s educational needs. Participants described the impact of these challenges on older women who lived in disadvantaged communities. Future programming should consider the needs of older women in disadvantaged communities and provide resources to maximize the benefits and minimize the challenges of intergenerational relationships in this population.
Machine-Learning Modeling to Predict Hospital Readmission Following Discharge to Post-Acute Care Settings
Authors: Howard Elizabeth , Morris John N , Schachter Erez 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Increased attention to post-acute care (PAC) settings and available services to meet patients’ needs following acute hospital discharge is needed as these settings are being utilized increasingly in models of care delivery. The primary purpose was to generate a model to identify the most predictive factors relevant to hospital readmission within 90 days following discharge to one of three types of PAC sites: home with home care services (HC), skilled nursing facility (SNF), in-patient rehabilitation facility (IRF). Specific aims were to (1) examine number and characteristics of older adults discharged to the 3 PAC sites; (2) compare 90 day hospital readmission rate across sites and acuity level; and (3) examine assessment items across population and subgroups to identify variables most predictive of hospital readmission. 2015 assessment data from 3,592,995 Medicare beneficiaries were analyzed representing 1,536,908 from SNFs, 306,878 from IRFs, and 1,749,209 receiving HC services. Total sample 90-day readmission was 25.8 % . Patients discharged to IRF had lowest readmission rate (23.34%), and those receiving HC services had highest readmission rate (29.34%). Creation of risk subgroups however, revealed alternative outcomes. Among all patients in the low, intermediate and high risk groups, the lowest readmission rates occurred among SNF patients. Factor analysis of assessment variables indicated bladder and bowel incontinence and functional limitations were the most distinguishing factors between the very low and very high risk subgroups.
Caregiver Depression, Change in the Severity of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, and Subsequent Caregiver Abuse
Authors: Fang Boye , Yan Elsie , Pei Yaolin , Chen Gengzhen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives: To examine whether caregiver (CG) depression predicts subsequent occurrence of elder abuse and whether change in the severity how care-recipient change in the severity of care recipient (CR) neuropsychiatric symptoms influence this association. Methods: Using two-year longitudinal data, we analyzed a consecutive sample of 800 Chinese family CGs and their CRs with dementia recruited from the geriatric and neurological departments of three Grade-A hospitals in People’s Republic of China (PRC). All the participatory dyads were assessed between September 2015 and February 2016 and followed for two years. Results: CG depression at baseline predicted the subsequent occurrence of physical and psychological abuse and CG neglect. However, change in the severity of CR neuropsychiatric symptoms altered these relationships. Specifically, while unchanged and increased CR neuropsychiatric symptoms heightened the positive effect of CG depression on subsequent abuse, decreased CR neuropsychiatric symptoms protected older adults from abuse by a depressed CG. Conclusion: This study showed the differential impact of CG depression on subsequent occurrence of elder abuse depending on the change in the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms related to the CRs. The present findings provide important insights to the design of a systematic and integrative intervention protocol for elder abuse that simultaneously focuses on treating CG depression and CR neuropsychiatric symptoms.