bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological treatments
Authors: Sharpe Michael , Wessely Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Psychological treatments, sometimes called psychotherapies or talking treatments, refer to the use of psychological, as opposed to pharmacological or surgical methods, to treat an illness or improve a person’s well-being. They may be regarded as general or specific in type. General psychological treatments, such as listening to the patient and providing reassurance, are a core aspect of general medical practice as all medical interactions will have a psychological impact on the patient, whether for good or ill. Specific psychological therapies, which are usually given by trained therapists, are important treatments for psychiatric illnesses such as depression and anxiety. Consequently, it is important that physicians both know how to make their consultations generally psychotherapeutic and about specific psychological treatments, so that they can refer patients appropriately for these.
Organic psychoses
Authors: McKnight Curtis , Caplan Jason 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A psychosis is a syndrome characterized by delusions and hallucinations. Organic psychoses refer to those psychoses attributed to identifiable brain diseases andare thereby distinguished from primary psychoses such as schizophrenia. Almost any condition that affects the brain can cause an organic psychosis. Delirium and dementia are the most common, although there are many other causes including other neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, multiple sclerosis, endocrinopathies, metabolic disorders, and infections. Making the diagnosis of an organic psychosis requires a high index of suspicion and appropriate investigation. The treatment is usually that of the primary disease when that is possible, while the symptoms of psychosis can be managed using antipsychotic drugs.
Bipolar disorder
Authors: Saunders Kate E.A. , Geddes John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable, lifelong, relapsing, and remitting chronic mental illness. While traditionally characterized as a disorder with distinct periods of elated and depressed mood, it is now clear that interepisode mood instability is common. Comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions are common. When occurring in medical settings mania can be both disruptive and hazardous, and may require active psychiatric management. Pharmacological approaches are the mainstay of treatment, although adjunctive psychotherapies are helpful in preventing relapse. Compulsory detention in hospital using mental health law may sometimes be required for both manic and depressive states.
Eating disorders
Authors: Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The eating disorders are a group of conditions, central to which is a disturbance of eating behaviour. The main diagnoses are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, in both of which there is an extreme concern with weight and shape. In anorexia nervosa, persistent dietary restriction leads to weight loss, which may be severe. In bulimia nervosa, the dietary restriction is interrupted by repeated episodes of binge eating (typically followed by self-induced vomiting) and weight is usually unremarkable. Both disorders may be accompanied by medical complications that present to physicians. Anorexia nervosa has the potential to be life-threatening because of the consequences of starvation. Patients may require medical attention for the correction of electrolyte disturbance and sometimes admission to a medical unit for refeeding. The main treatment of eating disorders is psychological. The prognosis of bulimia nervosa is generally good but is less positive for anorexia nervosa.
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Authors: Sharpe Michael 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Somatic symptom disorder is a diagnosis for patients who have marked concern about physical symptoms that appears to be disproportionate to the severity of any associated disease. In conversion disorder the patient’s symptom is loss of a function, such as movement of a limb. This does not mean that the symptoms are not real. Somatic symptom disorder incorporates the older diagnoses of somatoform disorder, somatization disorder, Briquet’s syndrome, and hypochondriasis. Somatic symptom disorder of mild severity is common in medical clinics; it usually responds to simple explanation and reassurance. More severe somatic symptom disorder with multiple symptoms and severe disability is less common, but important to diagnose because these patients are at substantial risk of iatrogenic harm from excessive investigation and speculative medical or surgical treatment. Severe somatic symptom disorder usually requires multidisciplinary care, including liaison psychiatry.
The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management
Authors: Shine Brian , Guha Nishan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Biochemistry, biochemical testing, and specialist biochemical practitioners have an important role in clinical practice in both diagnosis and management, as emphasized by the fact that some discussion of biochemical testing appears in almost every chapter of this book. Included in this chapter are (1) a listing of the reference intervals (formerly termed reference ranges) for the most widely used biochemical tests, with conversion factors included (where appropriate) to convert intervals from SI to conventional units, and their grouping into organ system profiles in common usage; (2) a description of the pitfalls and limitations of interpretation of reference intervals; and (3) some commonly used protocols for dynamic function tests.
Acute medical presentations
Authors: Coggle Sian , Jolly Elaine , Firth John D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides concise details of the clinical features, immediate management, key investigations, and further management of all of the common acute medical presentations. Other scales, charts, and reference tables are also provided where relevant. These emergency presentations are clearly organized in the following sections: cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, metabolic and endocrine, neurological, infectious diseases, psychiatric, and ‘other’ (disseminated intravascular coagulation, extremes of temperature, and sickle cell crises). Links throughout the chapter also point back into the detailed discussion of each relevant presentation that the Oxford Textbook of Medicine provides.
The better half – asymmetric star formation due to ram pressure in the EAGLE simulations
Authors: Troncoso-Iribarren P , Padilla N , Santander C , Lagos C D P , García-Lambas D , Rodríguez S , Contreras S 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We use the EAGLE simulations to study the effects of the intracluster medium on the spatially resolved star formation activity in galaxies. We study three cases of galaxy asymmetry dividing each galaxy into two halves using the plane (i) perpendicular to the velocity direction, differentiating the galaxy part approaching the cluster centre, hereafter dubbed the ‘leading half’, and the opposite ‘trailing half’; (ii) perpendicular to the radial position of the satellite to the centre of the cluster; and (iii) that maximizes the star formation rate ($\rm SFR$) difference between the two halves. For (i), we find an enhancement of the $\rm SFR$, star formation efficiency, and interstellar medium pressure in the leading half with respect to the trailing one and normal star-forming galaxies in the EAGLE simulation, and a clear overabundance of gas particles in their trailing. These results suggest that ram pressure is boosting the star formation by gas compression in the leading half, and transporting the gas to the trailing half. This effect is more pronounced in satellites of intermediate stellar masses $\rm 10^{9.5}\!-\!10^{10.5}\,M_{\odot }$, with gas masses above $\rm 10^{9} M_{\odot }$, and located within one virial radius or in the most massive clusters. In (iii), we find an alignment between the velocity and the vector perpendicular to the plane that maximizes the $\rm SFR$ difference between the two halves. It suggests that finding this plane in real galaxies can provide an insight into the velocity direction.
Footprints of Doppler and aberration effects in cosmic microwave background experiments: statistical and cosmological implications
Authors: Yasini Siavash , Pierpaoli Elena 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
In the frame of the Solar system, the Doppler and aberration effects cause distortions in the form of mode couplings in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization power spectra and, hence, impose biases on the statistics derived by the moving observer. We explore several aspects of such biases and pay close attention to their effects on CMB polarization, which, previously, have not been examined in detail. A potentially important bias that we introduce here is boost variance—an additional term in cosmic variance, induced by the observer’s motion. Although this additional term is negligible for whole-sky experiments, in partial-sky experiments it can reach 10 per cent (temperature) to 20 per cent (polarization) of the standard cosmic variance (σ). Furthermore, we investigate the significance of motion-induced power and parity asymmetries in TT, EE, and TE as well as potential biases induced in cosmological parameter estimation performed with whole-sky TTTEEE. Using Planck-like simulations, we find that our local motion induces $\sim 1\!-\!2 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ hemispherical asymmetry in a wide range of angular scales in the CMB temperature and polarization power spectra; however, it does not imply any significant amount of parity asymmetry or shift in cosmological parameters. Finally, we examine the prospects of measuring the velocity of the Solar system w.r.t. the CMB with future experiments via the mode coupling induced by the Doppler and aberration effects. Using the CMB TT, EE, and TE power spectra up to ℓ = 4000, the Simons Observatory and CMB-S4 can make a dipole-independent measurement of our local velocity, respectively, at 8.5σ and 20σ.
Molecular basis for t6A modification in human mitochondria
Authors: Zhou Jing-Bo , Wang Yong , Zeng Qi-Yu , Meng Shi-Xin , Wang En-Duo , Zhou Xiao-Long 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
N 6-Threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A) is a universal tRNA modification essential for translational accuracy and fidelity. In human mitochondria, YrdC synthesises an l-threonylcarbamoyl adenylate (TC-AMP) intermediate, and OSGEPL1 transfers the TC-moiety to five tRNAs, including human mitochondrial tRNAThr (hmtRNAThr). Mutation of hmtRNAs, YrdC and OSGEPL1, affecting efficient t6A modification, has been implicated in various human diseases. However, little is known about the tRNA recognition mechanism in t6A formation in human mitochondria. Herein, we showed that OSGEPL1 is a monomer and is unique in utilising C34 as an anti-determinant by studying the contributions of individual bases in the anticodon loop of hmtRNAThr to t6A modification. OSGEPL1 activity was greatly enhanced by introducing G38A in hmtRNAIle or the A28:U42 base pair in a chimeric tRNA containing the anticodon stem of hmtRNASer(AGY), suggesting that sequences of specific hmtRNAs are fine-tuned for different modification levels. Moreover, using purified OSGEPL1, we identified multiple acetylation sites, and OSGEPL1 activity was readily affected by acetylation via multiple mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, we systematically elucidated the nucleotide requirement in the anticodon loop of hmtRNAs, and revealed mechanisms involving tRNA sequence optimisation and post-translational protein modification that determine t6A modification levels.
Oplr16 serves as a novel chromatin factor to control stem cell fate by modulating pluripotency-specific chromosomal looping and TET2-mediated DNA demethylation
Authors: Jia Lin , Wang Yichen , Wang Cong , Du Zhonghua , Zhang Shilin , Wen Xue , Zhou Lei , Li Hui , Chen Huiling , Li Dan , Zhang Songling , Li Wei , Xu Wei , Hoffman Andrew R , Cui Jiuwei , Hu Ji-Fan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFormation of a pluripotency-specific chromatin network is a critical event in reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent status. To characterize the regulatory components in this process, we used ‘chromatin RNA in situ reverse transcription sequencing’ (CRIST-seq) to profile RNA components that interact with the pluripotency master gene Oct4. Using this approach, we identified a novel nuclear lncRNA Oplr16 that was closely involved in the initiation of reprogramming. Oplr16 not only interacted with the Oct4 promoter and regulated its activity, but it was also specifically activated during reprogramming to pluripotency. Active expression of Oplr16 was required for optimal maintenance of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Oplr16 was also able to enhance reprogramming of fibroblasts into pluripotent cells. RNA reverse transcription-associated trap sequencing (RAT-seq) indicated that Oplr16 interacted with multiple target genes related to stem cell self-renewal. Of note, Oplr16 utilized its 3′-fragment to recruit the chromatin factor SMC1 to orchestrate pluripotency-specific intrachromosomal looping. After binding to the Oct4 promoter, Oplr16 recruited TET2 to induce DNA demethylation and activate Oct4 in fibroblasts, leading to enhanced reprogramming. These data suggest that Oplr16 may act as a pivotal chromatin factor to control stem cell fate by modulating chromatin architecture and DNA demethylation.
Interhemispheric Craniotomy for Resection of Thalamic Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Hendricks Benjamin K , Spetzler Robert F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that occupy the deep brain structures are a formidable challenge during neurosurgical intervention. The heightened hemorrhage risk associated with these lesions necessitates intervention that often requires multimodal management. This patient presented following a large intraventricular hemorrhage and finding of a left thalamic AVM. The patient then underwent preoperative embolization and a frontal interhemispheric transcallosal approach for resection. The AVM was disconnected through standard sequential coagulation of feeding arteries and draining veins, followed by nidus excision. Postoperative angiography confirmed complete AVM resection, and the patient tolerated the procedure well. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Vaccinating for Whom? Distinguishing between Self-Protective, Paternalistic, Altruistic and Indirect Vaccination
Authors: Kraaijeveld Steven R 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPreventive vaccination can protect not just vaccinated individuals, but also others, which is often a central point in discussions about vaccination. To date, there has been no systematic study of self- and other-directed motives behind vaccination. This article has two major goals: first, to examine and distinguish between self- and other-directed motives behind vaccination, especially with regard to vaccinating for the sake of third parties, and second, to explore some ways in which this approach can help to clarify and guide vaccination debates and policy. I propose conceiving of vaccination in terms of three basic elements: the vaccination decision-maker, the vaccine recipient and the primary beneficiary. I develop a taxonomy based on the relations between these elements to distinguish four kinds of vaccination: self-protective, paternalistic, altruistic and indirect. I finally discuss the case of human papillomavirus vaccine regulation for men and women to show how each kind of vaccination is associated with and raises specific ethical questions.
Individuals with Persistent Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome Exhibit Impaired Pain Modulation, as well as Poorer Physical and Psychological Health, Compared with Pain-Free Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Plinsinga Melanie Louise , Coombes Brooke Kaye , Mellor Rebecca , Vicenzino Bill 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo compare physical, sensory, and psychosocial factors between individuals with greater trochanteric pain syndrome and controls and to explore factors associated with pain and disability.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingGeneral community.SubjectsPatients with persistent, clinically diagnosed greater trochanteric pain syndrome and healthy controls.MethodsParticipants completed tests of thermal and pressure pain threshold, conditioned pain modulation, temporal summation, muscle strength, physical function, physical activity, psychological factors, and health-related quality of life. Standardized mean differences between groups were calculated, and multiple linear regression identified factors associated with pain and disability.ResultsForty patients (95% female, average [SD] age = 51 [9] years) and 58 controls (95% female, average [SD] age = 53 [11] years) were included. Heat pain threshold, temporal summation, and pain catastrophizing were not different between groups. Compared with controls, patients displayed significantly poorer quality of life (standardized mean difference = –2.66), lower pressure pain threshold locally (–1.47, remotely = –0.57), poorer health status (–1.22), impaired physical function (range = 0.64–1.20), less conditioned pain modulation (–1.01), weaker hip abductor/extensor strength (–1.01 and –0.59), higher depression (0.72) and anxiety (0.61) levels, lower cold pain threshold locally (–0.47, remotely = –0.39), and less time spent in (vigorous) physical activity (range = –0.43 to –0.39). Twenty-six percent of pain and disability was explained by depression, hip abductor strength, and time to complete stairs.ConclusionsPatients with greater trochanteric pain syndrome exhibited poorer health-related quality of life, physical impairments, widespread hyperalgesia, and greater psychological distress than healthy controls. Physical and psychological factors were associated with pain and disability.
Derivatives Supply and Corporate Hedging: Evidence from the Safe Harbor Reform of 2005
Authors: Giambona Erasmo , Wang Ye 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This article analyzes the importance of supply-side fluctuations for corporate hedging. To establish a causal link, we exploit a regulatory change that allows derivatives counterparties to circumvent the Bankruptcy Code’s automatic stay: the Safe Harbor Reform of 2005. Following the reform-induced expansion in the availability of derivatives, fuel hedging by airlines nearing financial distress (those that benefited most from the reform) significantly increased in comparison with financially sound airlines. We find that the hedging propensity similarly increased in a general sample of nonfinancial firms. In line with theory, we also find that operating performance increased for the affected firms.
Biomarker panels may be superior over single molecules in prediction of renal flares in systemic lupus erythematosus: an exploratory study
Authors: Fasano Serena , Pierro Luciana , Borgia Alessia , Coscia Melania Alessia , Formica Ranieri , Bucci Laura , Riccardi Antonella , Ciccia Francesco 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective
Recent evidence suggests that some urinary biomarkers, namely Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1), Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalcin and Lipocalin-type Prostaglandin D-Synthetase (L-PGDS), might discriminate SLE patients with ongoing renal activity from those with stable disease. The objective of this study was to assess the role of these markers in predicting renal flares in comparison with conventional biomarkers and to derive a biomarker panel which may improve diagnostic accuracy.

Methods
Eligible participants were SLE patients prospectively followed at our clinic. Urinary biomarker levels were measured in urinary sample by ELISA assay and were compared by the unpaired Student’s t test or the Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to calculate the area under the curve. Cox regression was used to identify independent factors associated with disease flares.

Results
Urine was collected from 61 patients. During 8 months’ follow-up, eight patients experienced a renal flare. Urinary L-PGDS, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were significantly increased in the patients who subsequently experienced a renal flare with respect to the remaining 53. At Cox regression analysis, L-PGDS, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, hypocomplementemia and anti-dsDNA antibodies were factors associated with renal flares. Based on receiver operating characteristic analysis, a combination of novel and conventional biomarkers demonstrated an excellent ability for accurately identifying a flare.

Conclusion
This study might suggest the usefulness of a novel biomarker panel in predicting a renal flare in SLE.
URANIUM QUANTIFICATION IN GROUNDWATER AND HEALTH RISK FROM ITS INGESTION IN AND AROUND TIRUVANNAMALAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Authors: Ganesh Durai , Kumar G Senthil , Najam Laith Ahmed , Raja V , Neelakantan M A , Ravisankar R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the degree of contamination in drinking water sources around the holy mountain “Arunachala” in Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu. Drinking water samples from 20 different sites were collected, and their physio-chemical parameters, pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solvents were determined. An LED fluorimeter was used to determine the concentration of uranium in these samples. As consumption of contaminated drinking water involves both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, excess cancer risk; life-time average daily dose; hazard quotient and annual effective dose were calculated for the samples. On comparing these values with their respective maximum permissible limits, it is found that water from the aquifers around the mountain is safe to consume.
Waking to use technology at night, and associations with driving and work outcomes: a screenshot of Australian adults
Authors: Appleton Sarah L , Reynolds Amy C , Gill Tiffany K , Melaku Yohannes A , Adams Robert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe use of smartphones/electronic devices and their relationship with outcomes are understudied in adult populations. We determined daytime functional correlates of using technology during the night in a population sample of Australian adults. A cross-sectional, national online survey of sleep health was conducted in 2019 (n = 1984, 18–90 years). Nocturnal technology use was assessed with: “In the past seven days, how often did you wake or were woken to send or receive text messages, emails or other electronic communications?” Waking to use technology during all/most nights was reported by 4.9%, with 13.8% reporting two to three nights per week, and 12.7% reporting just one night per week. Technology users were more likely to be younger, employed, experience financial stress, and speak English as a second language. In adjusted analyses, compared to no use, technology use at least two to three nights per week was significantly associated with daytime problems (sleepiness, fatigue and impaired mood, motivation, and attention) and was more evident in participants not reporting/perceiving a sleep problem. Technology use was independently associated with at least one drowsy driving-related motor vehicle accidents/near miss per month (odds ratio [OR] = 6.4, 95% CI = 3.8 to 10.7) and with missing work (OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 3.2 to 7.2) and making errors at work (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.3) at least 1 day in the past 3 months due to sleepiness/sleep problem. These associations were not significantly modified by age. Public health implications of waking to engage with electronic devices at night may be significant in terms of safety, productivity, and well-being. Limiting sleep-disrupting technology use will require innovative language-diverse strategies targeted broadly across age groups.