bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Anal Pain in Gay and Bisexual Men: In Search of Explanatory Factors
Authors: Grabski Bartosz , Kasparek Krzysztof 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Sexual anal pain—or anodyspareunia—in gay and bisexual men is a scientifically and clinically neglected topic. More understanding of its origins and correlates is needed.

Aim
To search for correlates of painful anal intercourse with the inclusion of minority stress processes.

Methods
The analysis is based on data collected in an Internet study on the sexuality of Polish gay, bisexual, and straight men. Multiple ordinal regression analysis was used to search for the correlates of painful receptive anal intercourse in a group of 1,443 nonheterosexual men who declared practicing this type of intercourse within the last 12 months. The investigated correlates included demographics, sexual patterns and experiences, experiencing minority stress, sexual problems, and mental and physical health. To assess the level of minority stress, we used the Sexual Minority Stress Scale based on Ilan Meyer's Minority Stress Model, with its subscales relating to internalized homophobia, expectation of rejection, concealment, and sexual minority negative events. Sexual problems were measured with single-item questions adapted from the National Health and Social Life Survey. Data on the remaining correlates were obtained using a survey that we developed.

Main Outcome Measures
The intensity of pain during receptive anal sexual intercourse as rated on a 5-point Likert scale was a dependent variable.

Results
Age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.97; P &lt; .001), performance anxiety (OR: 1.94; P &lt; .001), and internalized homophobia (OR: 1.04; P &lt; .001) were the only statistically significant predictors of the intensity of pain during receptive anal sexual intercourse.

Clinical Implications
Clinicians addressing sexual anal pain should consider performance anxiety, internalized homophobia, and younger age as possible operating factors.

Strengths & Limitations
The major strengths of the study include the provision of additional data on this neglected topic derived from a large sample of participants from the little recognized Central European cultural context and the major limitations are the nonrepresentative sampling, retrospective data collection, cross-sectional design, Internet methodology, and lack of information on the clinical relevance of experienced pain, that is, distress or help-seeking, as well as its recurrent or persistent character.

Conclusion
Painful sexual anal activity requires further investigation.
Factors Associated with Patient-Reported Penile Length Loss After Radical Cystoprostatectomy in Male Patients with Bladder Cancer
Authors: Loh-Doyle Jeffrey C. , Han Jullet , Ghodoussipour Saum 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The perception of penile length loss is common in male patients undergoing radical prostatectomy; however, this has not been described after radical cystoprostatectomy (RC).

Aim
To evaluate perceptions of penile length loss in male patients after RC and contributing factors.

Methods
Patients completed an institutional review board–approved questionnaire comprised the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and supplemental questions including perceived changes in penile length after RC. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine associations between the perception of penile length loss and the amount of length lost with patient and surgery-specific factors.

Outcomes
The rate of patient-reported penile length loss and factors contributing to this perception was the outcome of this study.

Results
From October 2017 to January 2019, 151 patients completed the questionnaire. The median age at cystectomy was 66.1 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 59.4–73.3), and the median duration of follow-up was 28.3 months (IQR: 13–74.1). Preoperative IIEF-5 was available in 55 patients with a median score of 14 (IQR: 3–20). The median IIEF-5 score at time of survey completion was 3 (IQR: 1–18). The majority of patients (55.1%) reported a perceived loss of penile length, 20.4% reported no loss, and 24.5% were unsure. Of those who quantified their loss in penile length, 54.6% reported losses of an inch or more. Neurovascular preservation was not found to protect against penile length loss but did correlate with a reduction in the amount reported lost (P = .008). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified increasing IIEF-5 score at time of survey completion to protect against a perceived loss in penile length (odds ratio: 0.924, 95% confidence interval: 0.878–0.973, P = .0025), whereas increasing body mass index was associated with a loss in perceived penile length (odds ratio: 1.198, 95% confidence interval: 10.53–1.383, P = .0060).

Clinical Implications
The perception of penile length loss is a commonly held belief in patients after RC, and many patients will perceive losses that exceed 1 inch (2.54 cm).

Strengths and Limitations
This study is the first series to describe the perception of penile length loss after RC. It is strengthened by the study population's size, heterogeneity, and patient-reported results. It is limited by lack of objective measurements of stretched penile length.

Conclusions
RC can result in significant sexual dysfunction including the perceived loss of penile length.
Seasonal Evolution of Canopy Stomatal Conductance for a Prairie and Maize Field in the Midwestern United States from Continuous Carbonyl Sulfide Fluxes
Authors: Berkelhammer M. , Alsip B. , Matamala R. , Cook D. , Whelan M. E. , Joo E. , Bernacchi C. , Miller J. , Meyers T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere are inherent challenges in scaling stomatal conductance (g
) from leaf to canopy particularly over seasonal time scales when species distribution and canopy structure evolve. We address this gap using carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and CO
fluxes from a predominantly C3 prairie and C4 maize field in the midwestern United States. The g
derived from OCS fluxes captured a transition in the stomatal limitation on gross primary productivity (GPP) through the growing season as well as seasonally persistent g
dynamics such as temperature optimum and a positive response of nighttime g
to vapor pressure deficit. Near the termination of the prairie growing season, we observed a decrease in the relative OCS to CO
flux that we hypothesize emerged from a rising contribution of C4 plants to productivity. The results show how plot‐scale OCS and CO
fluxes can be used as a trace gas diagnostic for transitions in the limiting factors for community GPP.
Ground‐Based Auroral Hiss Recorded in Northern Finland with Reference to Magnetic Substorms
Authors: Manninen Jyrki , Kleimenova Natalia , Kozlovsky Alexander , Fedorenko Yury , Gromova Liudmila , Turunen Tauno 
Published: February 2020

AbstractVery low frequency (VLF) auroral hiss at Kannuslehto (KAN), Finland, was analyzed with reference to the progress of 98 isolated magnetic substorms measured during the winter months of 2015–2018. Of these, 91 were accompanied by auroral hiss during the substorm growth phase. No auroral hiss was recorded during the expansion and recovery phases. We found that auroral hiss was observed under rising polar cap (PC) index, showing an increased solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere during the substorm growth phase. We also found that in 58 of the 65 events studied, KAN was located in the vicinity of enhanced field‐aligned currents (FACs) during auroral hiss occurrence. For the first time, it was established that auroral VLF hiss generation in the equatorial part of the auroral oval is a typical signature of a substorm growth phase.
Chemical Differences Between PM1 and PM2.5 in Highly Polluted Environment and Implications in Air Pollution Studies
Authors: Sun Yele , He Yao , Kuang Ye , Xu Wanyun , Song Shaojie , Ma Nan , Tao Jiangchuan , Cheng Peng , Wu Cheng , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , Xie Conghui , Chen Chun , Lei Lu , Qiu Yanmei , Fu Pingqing , Croteau Philip , Worsnop Douglas R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSubmicron aerosol (PM1) species measured by aerosol mass spectrometers have been widely used to validate chemical transport models; however, the uncertainties due to chemical differences between PM1 and PM2.5 are poorly constrained. Here we characterized such differences in a highly polluted environment in north China in winter. Our results showed that the changes in PM1/PM2.5 ratios as a function of relative humidity (RH) were largely different for primary and secondary species. Secondary organic and inorganic aerosol (SOA and SIA) presented clear decreases in PM1/PM2.5 ratios at RH > 60% during periods with high SIA contributions (>50%), likely driven by the changes in aerosol hygroscopicity and phase states, while the traffic and coal combustion OA had limited dependence on RH. Thermodynamic modeling showed negligible impacts of PM differences on predictions of particle acidity, yet these impacts can cause a difference in aerosol water content by up to 50–70%.
Terrestrial Evaporation and Moisture Drainage in a Warmer Climate
Authors: Short Gianotti Daniel J. , Akbar Ruzbeh , Feldman Andrew F. , Salvucci Guido D. , Entekhabi Dara 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo determine hydrologic changes in a warmer climate, we impose precipitation and potential evaporation (Eo) perturbations on hydrologic response functions constructed from precipitation and satellite soil moisture observations across the United States. Despite nonlinearities in the evaporation (E) and drainage (D) responses and opposing‐sign perturbations, changes in individual fluxes are superposable. Empirical frameworks (Budyko) can misrepresent changes in E/D partitioning by neglecting shifts/trends in hydrologic regime and subseasonal precipitation dynamics. E/D both increase to balance mean precipitation (
) increases, and increased Eo reduces soil moisture. E and D are generally more elastic to changes in
than Eo. The results suggest that (1) the impacts of regional hydrologic perturbations may allow for simple superposition/scaling, (2) changes in timing/intensity of precipitation may have substantial impacts on mean moisture states and fluxes, and (3) changes to the distribution of surface moisture states are likely more relevant for E/D partitioning than common aridity indices.
A Possible Explanation of Interhemispheric Asymmetry of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles in Airglow Images
Authors: Hickey Dustin A. , Sau Sukanta , L. Narayanan V. , Gurubaran S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEquatorial plasma bubbles resulting from equatorial spread
are well known to be aligned along the Earth's geomagnetic fields. During the geomagnetic storm on 17 March 2015, all‐sky airglow observations from Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E, 1.7°N dip latitude) showed an apparent interhemispheric asymmetry in the tilt of the equatorial plasma bubbles. In this work we further investigate this case and provide a possible explanation for the asymmetry. We suggest that a variation in the altitude of the airglow layer across the image can cause the observed asymmetry. If the airglow layer is at a higher altitude in the northern portion of the image, then this would explain the observed asymmetry. This variation in the airglow layer can be caused by a variation in the height of the ionosphere. We show through modeling and ionosonde observations that it is likely that there is a variation in the airglow altitude within the field of view of the images on this night.
Detecting an Upward Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash from its Reverse Positron Beam
Authors: Ortberg John , Smith David M. , Li Joseph , Dwyer Joseph , Bowers Gregory 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn 2015, Bowers et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027771) detected a terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) in Hurricane Patricia from an aircraft flying at 2.6 km through what they argued to be a beam of downward gamma radiation produced by the positron component of the TGF. This paper uses the energy spectrum for gamma rays produced by the positrons of a relativistic runaway electron avalanche as simulated by the REAM code, propagated through a model of the Earth's atmosphere in Geant4, to examine the feasibility of detecting a typical upward TGF through its reverse positron beam at various altitudes on the ground. We find that, with patience, modest‐sized scintillators on mountains as low as 1 km should be able to observe the same TGFs seen from spacecraft.
Measurement and Modeling of LTE‐Railway Channels in High‐Speed Railway Environment
Authors: Wen Z. R. , He R. S. , Ai B. , Zhang B. , Yang M. , Wang W. , Zhong Z. D. , Zhang H. X. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHigh‐speed railway (HSR) is becoming one of the most effective and important transportation modes. To ensure the safety of HSR, a stable communication system is necessary. The understanding of propagation characteristics of radio channel is important for HSR communication system design. In this paper, a wideband measurement in suburban HSR scenarios at 460 MHz is presented. Some typical channel parameters such as the large‐scale fading, Ricean
factor, power‐delay profile, and root‐mean‐square delay spread are extracted from the measurement data. The different distributions of small‐scale fading are also compared. The relationships between the channel parameters and the distance of transmitter (base station) and receiver are also explored. The results could provide a reference for the design and evaluation of HSR communication network, especially for the Long‐Term‐Evolution (LTE)‐railway system.
Persistent EMIC Wave Activity Across the Nightside Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Blum L. W. , Remya B. , Denton M. H. , Schiller Q. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractElectromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can act as a loss process for both ring current ions and radiation belt electrons, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of these waves are important for quantifying their effects on energetic particles. Here we utilize observations from multiple spacecraft to constrain the azimuthal and radial dimensions as well as the duration of an EMIC wave event occurring on the nightside of the inner magnetosphere on 7 July 2013. These combined observations reveal waves limited to a narrow radial extent but persisting ~10+ hr and spanning ~12 hr in local time. The solar wind conditions, geomagnetic activity, and plasma environment are also examined to better understand the conditions under which persistent nightside EMIC waves can occur. Relativistic electron phase space density profiles during this event reveal local minima concurrent with the wave activity, consistent with EMIC‐driven scattering and loss of radiation belt electrons.
Atmospheric Aridity and Apparent Soil Moisture Drought in European Forest During Heat Waves
Authors: Lansu Eva M. , van Heerwaarden C. C. , Stegehuis Annemiek I. , Teuling Adriaan J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLand‐atmosphere feedbacks, in particular the response of land evaporation to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) or the dryness of the air, remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the VPD response by analysis of a large database of eddy covariance flux observations and simulations using a conceptual model of the atmospheric boundary layer. Data analysis reveals that under high VPD and corresponding high temperatures, forest in particular reduces evaporation and emits more sensible heat. In contrast, grass increases evaporation and emits less sensible heat. Simulations show that this VPD feedback can induce significant temperature increases over forest of up to 2 K during heat wave conditions. It is inferred from the simulations that the effect of the VPD feedback corresponds to an apparent soil moisture depletion of more than 50%. This suggests that previous studies may have incorrectly attributed the effects of atmospheric aridity on temperature to soil dryness.
Control of the East‐West Component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field on the Occurrence of Magnetic Substorms
Authors: Liou Kan , Sotirelis Thomas , Mitchell Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe study the effects of the east‐west (y) component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on the occurrence of substorms by analyzing 16,743 magnetic substorm events identified with the SuperMAG SML index from 1995 to 2016. It is found, surprisingly, that substorm occurrence rates depend highly on the sign of IMF By, with, on average, ~1/3 more substorms for IMF By > 0 than for IMF By < 0. We attribute this asymmetry to the enhanced convection (e.g., more energy in the tail) under IMF By > 0 conditions. A superposed epoch analysis of the IMF indicates that the average IMF By prior to onset is positive but becomes less positive ~15 min prior to the onset, indicating that the release of the stress associated with a clockwise twisted magnetotail may be an important onset trigger. We conjecture that an asymmetry in the dayside merging efficiency may be the cause.
Marshland Loss Warms Local Land Surface Temperature in China
Authors: Shen Xiangjin , Liu Binhui , Jiang Ming , Lu Xianguo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChina has the third largest area of marshland in the world. Due to the effects of human activities, marshland in China has been widely converted to built‐up land (BL) and cultivated land (CL) during the past decades. Using satellite measurements of land surface temperature (LST), this study investigated the biophysical effects of marshland loss on LST. The results showed that marshland conversion to BL could increase the LST during both the daytime and nighttime. Conversion from marshland to CL could increase the daytime LST in most months and nighttime LST in the nongrowing season but decrease the daytime LST from July to September and nighttime LST in the growing season. Conversion from marshland to paddy field and dry farmland had different effects on LST. These complex effects suggest that the biophysical effects of marshland conversions should be considered in evaluating the effects of marshland loss on climate change in China.
The role of ubiquitination in tumorigenesis and targeted drug discovery
Authors: Deng Lu , Meng Tong , Chen Lei , Wei Wenyi , Wang Ping 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUbiquitination, an important type of protein posttranslational modification (PTM), plays a crucial role in controlling substrate degradation and subsequently mediates the “quantity” and “quality” of various proteins, serving to ensure cell homeostasis and guarantee life activities. The regulation of ubiquitination is multifaceted and works not only at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels (phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, etc.) but also at the protein level (activators or repressors). When regulatory mechanisms are aberrant, the altered biological processes may subsequently induce serious human diseases, especially various types of cancer. In tumorigenesis, the altered biological processes involve tumor metabolism, the immunological tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer stem cell (CSC) stemness and so on. With regard to tumor metabolism, the ubiquitination of some key proteins such as RagA, mTOR, PTEN, AKT, c-Myc and P53 significantly regulates the activity of the mTORC1, AMPK and PTEN-AKT signaling pathways. In addition, ubiquitination in the TLR, RLR and STING-dependent signaling pathways also modulates the TME. Moreover, the ubiquitination of core stem cell regulator triplets (Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2) and members of the Wnt and Hippo-YAP signaling pathways participates in the maintenance of CSC stemness. Based on the altered components, including the proteasome, E3 ligases, E1, E2 and deubiquitinases (DUBs), many molecular targeted drugs have been developed to combat cancer. Among them, small molecule inhibitors targeting the proteasome, such as bortezomib, carfilzomib, oprozomib and ixazomib, have achieved tangible success. In addition, MLN7243 and MLN4924 (targeting the E1 enzyme), Leucettamol A and CC0651 (targeting the E2 enzyme), nutlin and MI‐219 (targeting the E3 enzyme), and compounds G5 and F6 (targeting DUB activity) have also shown potential in preclinical cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in understanding the substrates for ubiquitination and their special functions in tumor metabolism regulation, TME modulation and CSC stemness maintenance. Moreover, potential therapeutic targets for cancer are reviewed, as are the therapeutic effects of targeted drugs.
Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials
Authors:   on behalf of the PUFAH group, Hanson Sarah , Thorpe Gabrielle , Winstanley Lauren , Abdelhamid Asmaa S. , Hooper Lee 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
The relationship between long-chain omega-3 (LCn3), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes and cancer risk is unclear.

Methods
We searched Medline, Embase, CENTRAL and trials registries for RCTs comparing higher with lower LCn3, ALA, omega-6 and/or total PUFA, that assessed cancers over ≥12 months. Random-effects meta-analyses, sensitivity analyses, subgrouping, risk of bias and GRADE were used.

Results
We included 47 RCTs (108,194 participants). Increasing LCn3 has little or no effect on cancer diagnosis (RR1.02, 95% CI 0.98–1.07), cancer death (RR0.97, 95% CI 0.90–1.06) or breast cancer diagnosis (RR1.03, 95% CI 0.89–1.20); increasing ALA has little or no effect on cancer death (all high/moderate-quality evidence). Increasing LCn3 (NNTH 334, RR1.10, 95% CI 0.97–1.24) and ALA (NNTH 334, RR1.30, 95% CI 0.72–2.32) may slightly increase prostate cancer risk; increasing total PUFA may slightly increase risk of cancer diagnosis (NNTH 125, RR1.19, 95% CI 0.99–1.42) and cancer death (NNTH 500, RR1.10, 95% CI 0.48–2.49) but total PUFA doses were very high in some trials.

Conclusions
The most extensive systematic review to assess the effects of increasing PUFAs on cancer risk found increasing total PUFA may very slightly increase cancer risk, offset by small protective effects on cardiovascular diseases.
Pin‐efficient 9‐bit 8‐wire 4‐level synergetic‐equalisation coding scheme for 216 Gb/s PAM4 transceiver
Authors: Shi Linqi , Gai Weixin , He Yandong 
Published: February 2020

A synergetic‐equalisation coding scheme for pulse‐amplitude modulation 4‐level (PAM4) is proposed, based on which a 216 Gb/s 9‐bit 8‐wire 4‐level (9B8W4L) transceiver is designed. According to the scheme, eight channels are grouped into four pairs based on the states for encoding. The two channels in pair transmit the same symbol in this unit interval (UI), and transmit different symbols in different pairs in the next UI. When decoding, the symbols in different channels are subtracted from and added with the others, following the grouping in the prior UI. From this, the first post‐cursor inter‐symbol interference is eliminated. Based on the proposed coding scheme, the PAM4 transceiver transmits 9‐bit data by eight channels, giving a channel utilisation of 112.5%. The improvement of channel utilisation reduces the Nyquist frequency for the same data rate, which is of great significance for reducing channel loss and power consumption. The 216 Gb/s 9B8W4L transceiver with 1‐tap feed‐forward equaliser achieves a bit error rate <10−12 through −20 dB channel loss at the Nyquist frequency of 12 GHz.