bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keeping the shoot above water – submergence triggers antithetical growth responses in stems and petioles of watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
Authors: Müller Jana T. , van Veen Hans , Bartylla Malte M. , Akman Melis , Pedersen Ole , Sun Pulu , Schuurink Robert C. , Takeuchi Jun , Todoroki Yasushi , Weig Alfons R. , Sasidharan Rashmi , Mustroph Angelika 
Published: December 2019

Summary

The molecular mechanisms controlling underwater elongation are based extensively on studies on internode elongation in the monocot rice (Oryza sativa) and petiole elongation in Rumex rosette species. Here, we characterize underwater growth in the dicot Nasturtium officinale (watercress), a wild species of the Brassicaceae family, in which submergence enhances stem elongation and suppresses petiole growth.

We used a genome‐wide transcriptome analysis to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed antithetical growth responses. Though submergence caused a substantial reconfiguration of the petiole and stem transcriptome, only little qualitative differences were observed between both tissues. A core submergence response included hormonal regulation and metabolic readjustment for energy conservation, whereas tissue‐specific responses were associated with defense, photosynthesis, and cell wall polysaccharides.

Transcriptomic and physiological characterization suggested that the established ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), and GA growth regulatory module for underwater elongation could not fully explain underwater growth in watercress.

Petiole growth suppression is likely attributed to a cell cycle arrest. Underwater stem elongation is driven by an early decline in ABA and is not primarily mediated by ethylene or GA. An enhanced stem elongation observed in the night period was not linked to hypoxia and suggests an involvement of circadian regulation.
Complex patterns in tolerance and resistance to pests and diseases underpin the domestication of tomato
Authors: Ferrero Victoria , Baeten Lander , Blanco‐Sánchez Lidia , Planelló Rosario , Díaz‐Pendón Juan Antonio , Rodríguez‐Echeverría Susana , Haegeman Annelies , de la Peña Eduardo 
Published: December 2019

Summary

A frequent hypothesis explaining the high susceptibility of many crops to pests and diseases is that, in the process of domestication, crops have lost defensive genes and traits against pests and diseases. Ecological theory predicts trade‐offs whereby resistance and tolerance go at the cost of each other. We used wild relatives, early domesticated varieties, traditional local landraces and cultivars of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to test whether resistance and tolerance trade‐offs were phylogenetically structured or varied according to degree of domestication.

We exposed tomato genotypes to the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae, the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and two common insect‐transmitted plant viruses, and reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing.

We found differences in the performance and effect of pest and diseases but such differences were not related with domestication degree nor genetic relatedness, which probably underlie a complex genetic basis for resistance and indicate that resistance traits appeared at different stages and in unrelated genetic lineages. Still, wild and early domesticated accessions showed greater resistance to aphids and tolerance to caterpillars, nematodes and diseases than modern cultivars.

Our findings help to understand how domestication affects plant–pest interactions and underline the importance of tolerance in crop breeding.
The effects of cannabis use on oral health
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Qi Xia , Yang Dongru , Neely Anthony , Zhou Zheng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCannabis, also known as marijuana, is one of the most commonly used substances for medical and recreational purposes globally. With the trend of global legalization of medical use of cannabis and even the recreational use, the prevalence of recreational use of cannabis has increased markedly over the past few years. Correspondingly, the potential health concerns related to cannabis consumption have also increased. Therefore, it is necessary for oral healthcare providers to understand the effects of cannabis use on oral health. This review briefly summarizes the components of cannabis, biologic activities on tissues, and mechanisms of action in human cells and tissues. Oral tissue expression of cannabinoid receptors and the potential association of cannabis to oral diseases are also examined. The goals of this review are to (1) elaborate the basic biology and physiology of cannabis in human oral tissues, and (2) provide a better understanding the effects of its use and abuse on oral health. Due to insufficient information, more well‐designed studies should be conducted. It is urgent to include cannabis usage into dental patient health records.
Tensions in dementia care in China: An interpretative phenomenological study from Shandong province
Authors: Zhang Xiubin , Clarke Charlotte L. , Rhynas Sarah J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimsThe study aims to analyse the tensions and the challenges of dementia care that are experienced by people with dementia and their family caregivers in China.BackgroundChina has the largest dementia population in the world; however, dementia care services and related support services are still developing. Caring for a person with dementia is very challenging, as evidenced by many studies. As the majority of people with dementia are looked after by their family in their homes in China, it is very important to understand what people with dementia and their family caregivers are experiencing in the context of dementia care services that are in the process of developing.DesignInterpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used.MethodSemi‐structured individual interviews with 24 participants (10 people with dementia and 14 unrelated family caregivers) recruited from a mental health centre in Shandong Province.FindingsThree main themes emerged that highlighted unmet need: (a) Lack of support services, (b) Insufficient institutional care and (c) Social attitude and social stigma towards dementia.ConclusionsThese themes reveal the challenges that the participants face in the context of dementia care services that are in the process of development in China; and how their lived experiences have been affected by the constraints of social support, public services, healthcare access, long‐term care services and social stigma.Implications for practiceThis study highlights the tensions that are identified by people with dementia and family caregivers. The research recommends that more support services would be beneficial for this group and would also enhance family support dementia care in China. Looking after an older family member is a culturally, socially and legally embodied norm in Chinese society, so it is important to address education for dementia awareness and the sustainability of family support care services in China by providing dementia services and resources to support both people with dementia and family caregivers.
Factors affecting undergraduate nurse educators' knowledge, skills or attitudes about older persons and their care: An integrative review
Authors: Negrin Kelly A. , Slaughter Susan E. , Dahlke Sherry , Olson Joanne 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundNurses are increasingly expected to provide care for older persons; however, there are too few nurse educators with expertise in older person care to ensure students graduate with the requisite competencies.MethodsAn integrative review, using Whittemore and Knafl's framework, was undertaken to identify and synthesise evidence about factors affecting nurse educators' knowledge, skills or attitudes about older persons and their care.ResultsForty‐four articles met the inclusion criteria. All but three papers originated in the USA. Content analysis yielded three central themes: external‐level factors, employer‐level factors and individual‐level factors. Findings demonstrated that external funding from philanthropic organisations and government agencies supported many of the national, regional and site‐specific initiatives, which were, in many cases, underpinned by professional regulatory frameworks. Negative attitudes of administrators and reduced budgets of educational institutions impeded the availability of such initiatives. Negative attitudes of individual educators towards older person care and the specialty of gerontology constrained their pursuit of such learning, as did their lack of awareness of current gerontology resources.ConclusionsThe lack of educators with gerontology knowledge, skills and requisite attitudes requires a focused effort from external and professional bodies, and from educational institutions to ensure the resources are available to enhance educator expertise in gerontology. Rigorous study addressing the factors influencing educators' knowledge, skills or attitudes towards older persons and their care is required.Implications for PracticeAddressing the lack of nurse educator expertise in gerontology could help to ensure new nurses have the required competencies to provide quality older person care.
Scaffold protein GhMORG1 enhances the resistance of cotton to Fusarium oxysporum by facilitating the MKK6‐MPK4 cascade
Authors: Wang Chen , Guo Hongbin , He Xiaowen , Zhang Shuxin , Wang Jiayu , Wang Lijun , Guo Dezheng , Guo Xingqi 
Published: December 2019

SummaryIn eukaryotes, MAPK scaffold proteins are crucial for regulating the function of MAPK cascades. However, only a few MAPK scaffold proteins have been reported in plants, and the molecular mechanism through which scaffold proteins regulate the function of the MAPK cascade remains poorly understood. Here, we identified GhMORG1, a GhMKK6‐GhMPK4 cascade scaffold protein that positively regulates the resistance of cotton to Fusarium oxysporum. GhMORG1 interacted with GhMKK6 and GhMPK4, and the overexpression of GhMORG1 in cotton protoplasts dramatically increased the activity of the GhMKK6‐GhMPK4 cascade. Quantitative phosphoproteomics was used to clarify the mechanism of GhMORG1 in regulating disease resistance, and thirty‐two proteins were considered as the putative substrates of the GhMORG1‐dependent GhMKK6‐GhMPK4 cascade. These putative substrates were involved in multiple disease resistance processes, such as cellular amino acid metabolic processes, calcium ion binding and RNA binding. The kinase assays verified that most of the putative substrates were phosphorylated by the GhMKK6‐GhMPK4 cascade. For functional analysis, nine putative substrates were silenced in cotton, respectively. The resistance of cotton to F. oxysporum was decreased in the substrate‐silenced cottons. These results suggest that GhMORG1 regulates several different disease resistance processes by facilitating the phosphorylation of GhMKK6‐GhMPK4 cascade substrates. Taken together, these findings reveal a new plant MAPK scaffold protein and provide insights into the mechanism of plant resistance to pathogens.
Rapid response to treatment with thalidomide in an adolescent with generalized discoid lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tran Benjamin , Yazdani Abyaneh Mohammad‐Ali , Wu Julia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDiscoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is the most common variant of cutaneous chronic lupus erythematosus (CLE). Sun protection, topical corticosteroids, and antimalarials constitute the first‐line options for treatment. In refractory cases, alternative antimalarials, methotrexate, retinoids, and thalidomide have been utilized. We present a case of an adolescent patient with generalized DLE responding rapidly to thalidomide.
Preclinical Investigation of Methylene Blue‐mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Leishmania Parasites Using Real‐Time Bioluminescence
Authors: Cabral Fernanda V. , Sabino Caetano P. , Dimmer Jesica A. , Sauter Ismael P. , Cortez Mauro J. , Ribeiro Martha S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease that promotes destructive lesions. Difficulties in treatment are related to accessibility of drugs, resistance and toxicity. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been emerging as a promising treatment for CL. In this work, we evaluated methylene blue (MB)‐mediated APDT (MB‐APDT) on Leishmania amazonensis in vitro and in vivo by bioluminescence technique. In vitro, MB‐APDT was performed using a red LED (λ = 660 ± 11 nm, 100 mW cm−2) and MB (100 µm) at different light doses. In vivo, mice were infected and 4 weeks later, randomly divided into three groups: control, APDT 1 (single session) and APDT 2 (two sessions of MB‐APDT). MB was used at 100 µm and energy dose was established at 150 J cm−2. Parasite burden, lesion size and pain were evaluated weekly for 4 weeks. In vitro, lethal dose for 90% parasite inactivation was achieved at 48.8 J cm−2. In vivo, although APDT 1 and APDT 2 groups have showed similar parasite burden after 4 weeks, two sessions were clinically better, especially considering the inflammatory process associated to CL. Our findings reinforce MB‐APDT as a cost‐effective treatment to combat CL.
The Past in the Present—The Role of Analogical Reasoning in Epistemic Learning About How to Tackle Complex Policy Problems
Authors: Beach Derek , Schäfer David , Smeets Sandrino 
Published: December 2019

This article unpacks the role that analogical reasoning plays in epistemic learning, helping actors identify and evaluate what solutions can be used to fix complex, high‐stakes policy problems. Based on recent research in cognitive psychology, we develop a two‐stage analogical reasoning model of learning in which core causal lessons are transferred to the current target case, but where contextual differences are also discounted. The result is the restriction of the set of solutions considered in a policy debate to those that have positive source cases associated with them, and no compelling negative source cases. In the Banking Union case study assessed in this article, we provide evidence that analogical reasoning did play an important role in setting the parameters of the debates. The article concludes with a call for policy analysts to pay more attention to how comparisons with the past structure policy debates.
Public infrastructure and trade in a dynamic two‐country model
Authors: Yanase Akihiko , Tawada Makoto 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe develop a two‐country dynamic trade model with public infrastructure having an “unpaid‐factor”‐type positive externality on private sectors’ productivity. With welfare‐maximizing national governments making infrastructure investment, we show that a country with a smaller labor endowment, a lower depreciation rate of infrastructure, and/or a lower time preference rate will become an exporter of a good that is more dependent on infrastructure and will gain from trade, whereas its trading partner may lose from trade. We consider both the nonstrategic governments case and the case of strategic governments that recognize the effect on the terms of trade.
Regulatory T cells and co‐evolution of allele‐specific MHC recognition by the TCR
Authors: Steele Edward J. , Lindley Robyn A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhat is the evolutionary mechanism for the TCR‐MHC‐conserved interaction? We extend Dembic's model (Dembic Z. In, Scand J Immunol e12806, 2019) of thymus positive selection for high‐avidity anti–self‐MHC Tregs among double (CD4 + CD8+)‐positive (DP) developing thymocytes. This model is based on competition for self‐MHC (+ Pep) complexes presented on cortical epithelium. Such T cells exit as CD4 + CD25+FoxP3 + thymic‐derived Tregs (tTregs). The other positively selected DP T cells are then negatively selected on medulla epithelium removing high‐avidity anti–self‐MHC + Pep as T cells commit to CD4 + or CD8 + lineages. The process is likened to the competitive selection and affinity maturation in Germinal Centre for the somatic hypermutation (SHM) of rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region (V[D]Js) of centrocytes bearing antigen‐specific B cell receptors (BCR). We now argue that thesame directSHM processes for TCRs occur in post‐antigenic Germinal Centres, but now occurring in peripheral pTregs. This model provides a potential solution to a long‐standing problem previously recognized by Cohn and others (Cohn M, Anderson CC, Dembic Z. In, Scand J Immunol e12790, 2019) ofhowco‐evolution occurs of species‐specific MHC alleles with the repertoire of their germline TCR V counterparts. We suggest this is not by ‘blind’, slow, and random Darwinian natural selection events, but a rapid structured somatic selection vertical transmission process. The pTregs bearing somatic TCR V mutant genes then, on arrival in reproductive tissues, can donate their TCR V sequences via soma‐to‐germline feedback as discussed in this journal earlier. (Steele EJ, Lindley RA. In, Scand J Immunol e12670, 2018) The high‐avidity tTregs also participate in the same process to maintain a biased, high‐avidity anti–self‐MHC germline V repertoire.
Non‐tuberculous mycobacteria in lung transplant recipients: Prevalence, risk factors, and impact on survival and chronic lung allograft dysfunction
Authors: Friedman Daniel Z. P. , Cervera Carlos , Halloran Kieran , Tyrrell Gregory , Doucette Karen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundNon‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental organisms that colonize or infect lung transplant recipients. Because of differences in populations studied and geographical diversity of species, risk factors for infection and its impact on patient outcomes post transplant are conflicting in the literature.MethodsWe reviewed the charts of 375 lung transplant recipients at the University of Alberta Hospital (Edmonton, Canada) between 2005 and 2014 to assess NTM epidemiology and risk factors. NTM positivity was determined from a laboratory database. The impact of NTM on patient and graft survival was tested by multivariate Cox regression analysis.ResultsNon‐tuberculous mycobacteria were cultured from 26 patients before and 17 patients after transplant. The most commonly isolated species were Mycobacterium avium complex (55%) and Mycobacterium abscessus (20%). Five‐year mortality was significantly higher in those infected with NTM after transplant (P = .016), but there was no difference in chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) at 5 years (P = .999). Cystic fibrosis and lower body mass index were associated with pre‐transplant but not post‐transplant NTM.ConclusionsIsolation of NTM occurred in 7% of patients before and 4.5% of patients after transplant. In this cohort, NTM isolation was associated with increased risk of death but not CLAD onset at 5 years.
Design of Discretely Tunable Resonant Actuators Using Additive Inertial Units
Authors: Secord Thomas W. , Louwagie Troy R. , Kopas Robert J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Resonance is known to reduce the input energy requirements of various actuator systems. The favorable effects of resonance, however, are limited to a narrow frequency range. To overcome this limitation, we describe a general framework for using discrete units of inertia that can be activated in a binary sense to move a resonant frequency across a desired frequency range. We also enumerate the generalized physical cases in which actuators can energetically benefit from resonance. We develop closed-form optimal results for the idealized case of two binary additive inertial units and extend this to a general optimization scheme for higher numbers of units that introduce parasitic friction and added stiffness. We illustrate the concept of binary tuning with a representative linear translational system powered by a voice coil motor (VCM). The experimental results show good agreement with the intended theoretical design and show the general utility of the binary additive inertia approach.
Analysis of Concentrating Solar Thermal System to Support Thermochemical Energy Storage or Solar Fuel Generation Processes
Authors: Davenport Patrick , Martinek Janna , Ma Zhiwen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A Concentrating solar thermal (CST) system integrated with a high-performance solar receiver can provide high-temperature process heat to drive thermochemical energy storage (TCES) or thermochemical fuel production processes with improved equilibrium conversion and fast reaction rates. An advantage of integrating a CST system with a thermochemical process is the ability to store chemical energy in large quantities for continuous downstream operations. However, a challenge in the effective conversion of solar energy to power or fuels is that high-temperature thermochemical process operating conditions require a high solar concentration ratio for efficient operation which imposes design difficulties for solar energy collection. Integration of the solar collection system with a thermochemical process affects the system efficiency and final product cost due to the relatively high solar field cost. Thus, optimization of the collection system provides a significant opportunity to reduce cost of solar thermochemical power or fuel. In this paper, we present a solar field layout strategy and assess the feasibility of a novel planar-cavity receiver to drive thermochemical processes with reaction temperatures in the range of 500–900°C. The complete solar collection system performance is examined and importance of conducting coupled field/receiver analyses is demonstrated by illustrating how improved spillage control by a modified heliostat aiming strategy impacts system radiative losses downstream. The planar-cavity receiver shows improved performance with increasing concentration ratio and superior performance over a flat plate receiver operating under the same prescribed operating conditions.
Parametric Analysis of Particle CSP System Performance and Cost to Intrinsic Particle Properties and Operating Conditions
Authors: Albrecht Kevin J. , Bauer Matthew L. , Ho Clifford K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The use of solid particles as a heat-transfer fluid and thermal storage media for concentrating solar power is a promising candidate for meeting levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) targets for next-generation CSP concepts. Meeting these cost targets for a given system concept will require optimization of the particle heat-transfer fluid with simultaneous consideration of all system components and operating conditions. This paper explores the trade-offs in system operating conditions and particle thermophysical properties on the levelized cost of electricity through parametric analysis. A steady-state modeling methodology for design point simulations dispatched against typical meteorological year (TMY) data is presented, which includes computationally efficient submodels of a falling particle receiver, moving packed-bed heat exchanger, storage bin, particle lift, and recompression supercritical CO2 (sCO2) cycle. The components selected for the baseline system configuration presents the most near-term realization of a particle-based CSP system that has been developed to date. However, the methodology could be extended to consider alternative particle receiver and heat exchanger concepts. The detailed system-level model coupled to component cost models is capable of propagating component design and performance information directly into the plant performance and economics. The system-level model is used to investigate how the levelized cost of electricity varies with changes in particle absorptivity, hot storage bin temperature, heat exchanger approach temperature, and sCO2 cycle operating parameters. Trade-offs in system capital cost and solar-to-electric efficiency due to changes in the size of the heliostat field, storage bins, primary heat exchanger, and receiver efficiency are observed. Optimal system operating conditions are reported, which approach levelized costs of electricity of $0.06 kWe−1hr−1.