bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defined host factors support HBV infection in non‐hepatic 293T cells
Authors: Yang Xiaoqiang , Cai Weiwen , Sun Xiaoyue , Bi Yanwei , Zeng Chui , Zhao XiaoYu , Zhou Qi , Xu Tian , Xie Qingdong , Sun Pingnan , Zhou Xiaoling 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human hepatotropic virus. However, HBV infection also occurs at extrahepatic sites, but the relevant host factors required for HBV infection in non‐hepatic cells are only partially understood. In this article, a non‐hepatic cell culture model is constructed by exogenous expression of four host genes (NTCP, HNF4α, RXRα and PPARα) in human non‐hepatic 293T cells. This cell culture model supports HBV entry, transcription and replication, as evidenced by the detection of HBV pgRNA, HBV cccDNA, HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg and HBVDNA. Our results suggest that the above cellular factors may play a key role in HBV infection of non‐hepatic cells. This model will facilitate the identification of host genes that support extrahepatic HBV infection.
SIRT3, PP2A and TTP protein stability in the presence of TNF‐α on vincristine‐induced apoptosis of leukaemia cells
Authors: Wang Liang‐Jun , Chiou Jing‐Ting , Lee Yuan‐Chin , Huang Chia‐Hui , Shi Yi‐Jun , Chang Long‐Sen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe contribution of vincristine (VCR)‐induced microtubule destabilization to evoke apoptosis in cancer cells remains to be resolved. Thus, we investigated the cytotoxic mechanism of VCR on U937 and HL‐60 human leukaemia cell lines. We discovered that VCR treatment resulted in the up‐regulation of TNF‐α expression and activation of the death receptor pathway, which evoked apoptosis of U937 cells. Moreover, VCR induced microtubule destabilization and mitotic arrest. VCR treatment down‐regulated SIRT3, and such down‐regulation caused mitochondrial ROS to initiate phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. p38 MAPK suppressed MID1‐modulated degradation of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) catalytic subunit. The SIRT3‐ROS‐p38 MAPK‐PP2A axis inhibited tristetraprolin (TTP)‐controlled TNF‐α mRNA degradation, consequently, up‐regulating TNF‐α expression. Restoration of SIRT3 and TTP expression, or inhibition of the ROS‐p38 MAPK axis increased the survival of VCR‐treated cells and repressed TNF‐α up‐regulation. In contrast to suppression of the ROS‐p38 MAPK axis, overexpression of SIRT3 modestly inhibited the effect of VCR on microtubule destabilization and mitotic arrest in U937 cells. Apoptosis of HL‐60 cells, similarly, went through the same pathway. Collectively, our data indicate that the SIRT3‐ROS‐p38 MAPK‐PP2A‐TTP axis modulates TNF‐α expression, which triggers apoptosis of VCR‐treated U937 and HL‐60 cells. We also demonstrate that the apoptotic signalling is not affected by VCR‐elicited microtubule destabilization.
Materials in digital dentistry—A review
Authors: Sulaiman Taiseer A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo review materials available in computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), their various properties and accuracy are compared to conventional materials/methods when available.OverviewCAD/CAM in dentistry is constantly growing and becoming a user‐ and patient‐friendly technology and service using intraoral scanners and laboratory/chairside milling units to manufacture dental restorations and appliances from multiple materials including wax, metals, composite resins, and ceramics. Properties of these materials may vary when compared to restorations prepared from conventional and additive manufacturing methods. Understanding the differences in these properties is important for material and fabrication method selection. Additive manufacturing is becoming an alternative to subtractive manufacturing in many applications. However, chemical composition, mechanical and physical properties of these materials are still lacking. 3D printed materials require a considerable amount of research and time to prove their clinical efficacy.ConclusionThe current developments in, and possibilities of, CAD/CAM technology is exciting and is transforming restorative dentistry. With all this excitement, it is crucially important to ensure that proper testing and evaluation of the various materials are warranted before making definite claims and decisions to replace conventionally prepared materials.Clinical SignificanceCAD/CAM materials are versatile and emerging as the material of choice for many restorations and appliances. For recently introduced CAD/CAM materials, it is important to ensure that proper clinical‐ and research‐based evidence confirming the success and durability of these materials are available before recommending them in patient care.
The experiences of Dutch fathers on fathering children with disabilities: ‘Hey, that is a father and his daughter, that is it’
Authors: Schippers A. , Berkelaar M. , Bakker M. , Van Hove G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundDue to a predominant focus on mothers, fathers of children with disabilities are greatly overlooked in research. One could argue that there is a lack of research on the multifaceted nature of fatherhood altogether. Therefore, this study aims to gain insight into the perceived experiences of fathers of children with disabilities.MethodsThese perceptions were studied by analysing data generated through semi‐structured interviews, which were conducted with 12 Dutch fathers of children or young adults with disabilities.ResultsCategories found during our data analysis were similar to those illustrated in the ‘conceptual framework on responsible fathering’ by including role identification, commitment, employment characteristics, cultural expectations and social support.ConclusionsOverall, the fathers in this study reported similar experiences, but this study identified new life perspective as an additional category, which might be specific for fathers of children with disabilities. This new life perspective included a positive attitude, living in the moment, appreciation of the little things and transformation of expectations. Some fathers expressed that their child(ren) has enriched their lives, which positively influenced their fathering experience.
Relationships between quality of life and skin toxicities of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in cancer patients: A literature review
Authors: Hirayama Kengo , Su Ya , Chiba Megumi , Izutsu Miku , Yuki Michiko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are used as treatments for various cancers, but the associated skin toxicities affect quality of life (QoL). The aim of this review is to document the relationship between skin toxicity and QoL of cancer patients, and to identify implications for clinical practice and subjects for future studies.MethodsElectronic databases were searched systematically and all studies examining aspects of health‐related QoL in patients receiving EGFR inhibitor treatments for cancer.ResultsA total of 25 published studies met the criteria for inclusion. Some cancer patients maintained their health conditions by recognizing that skin toxicities are correlated with the efficacy of EGFR inhibitor therapy, yet QoL declined in all functional evaluations. In particular, QoL was low in patients above 81 years of age and in those under 50 years of age.ConclusionImproved understanding of the pain due to skin toxicity is required in all age groups, particularly in elderly and young cancer patients. In addition, further studies are required to define long‐term changes in QoL among patients receiving EGFR inhibitors for cancer. Healthcare professionals need to help patients to maintain subjective health conditions by understanding relationships between skin toxicity and therapeutic effects. To this end, assessments of patients who are prone to QoL decline due to skin toxicity are critical so that skin management can be started during early stages.
Combining tensile testing and microscopy to address a diverse range of questions
Authors: ROBINSON SARAH , DURAND‐SMET PAULINE 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBoth plants and animals sense and respond to mechanical stresses that arise internally or are externally imposed. In many cases, tissues respond by changing their gene expression or their mechanical properties, which has an impact on how they develop. Many tools have been developed to measure mechanical properties and to investigate responses to mechanical stress. Here we review the state of microscope‐coupled tensile testing at the single‐cell and tissue scale and give a view on future opportunities for extending the technology. Uniaxial tensile testing involves quantifying the deformation of a sample when a force is applied. By varying the amount of force, the speed at which the force is applied or the length of time that it is applied for, many characteristics of the mechanical properties of the sample can be calculated. Tensile testing has been used extensively to measure the mechanical properties of whole tissues or organs. The need for higher resolution data resulted in more researchers using indentation tests to measure mechanical properties instead. Indentation tests provide information at a different scale and are not suitable for answering the same type of questions as tensile testing. Here we discuss that by coupling tensile‐testing machinery with microscopes such as is the case for the Automated Confocal Micro‐Extensometer (ACME) it is possible to obtain tissue‐scale measurements of mechanical properties with cellular resolution. Moreover, to understand and identify the biological processes cells and tissues use to respond to mechanical stress, we need to be able to apply mechanical perturbations to plant samples while recording the induced biological changes with microscopy.Lay DescriptionPlants, like most living organisms, are sensitive to their environment. This includes mechanical stresses imposed upon them by gravity or wind. Mechanical stress can also arise from internal tissue tension, which can build up if different parts of a tissue grow at different rates. In many cases, the cells respond to mechanical stress by changing their mechanical properties, which can affect their growth and their final shape. There is thus a critical need to develop tools for measuring mechanical properties and the response to mechanical stress. Mechanical properties cannot be visualised directly but must be inferred by looking at how a tissue deforms when a force is applied or vice versa. This is more challenging when one wishes to achieve this at the cellular scale, as the forces and deformations are much smaller. There are a range of methods available that have advantages and disadvantages. Here we review some of these methods. In particular, we focus on methods that cause deformation in the main axis of the tissue. This type of test can be coupled with conventional and state‐of‐the‐art microscopes. Coupling with microscopes increases the resolution of the tests that can be performed and facilitates the simultaneous observation of responses to the mechanical stresses.
Endometrial stromal cells treated by tumor necrosis factor‐α stimulate macrophages polarized toward M2 via interleukin‐6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1
Authors: Li Min‐Zhen , Wu Ya‐Hong , Ali Maria , Wu Xian‐Qing , Nie Mei‐Fang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimThis study aimed to investigate the effects of endometrial stromal cells (ESC)‐derived interleukin (IL)‐6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 on macrophage polarization in endometriosis.MethodsMacrophage polarization was measured in eutopic endometrium of control participants (‘normal endometrium’), eutopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis (‘eutopic endometrium’) and ectopic endometrium of endometriosis patients (‘ectopic endometrium’) by immunohistochemical staining. Expression of IL‐6 and MCP‐1 were measured in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Expression of CD163 was measured in human acute monocytic leukemia (THP‐1) cell‐derived macrophages that were treated with conditional medium induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, TNF‐α + anti‐IL‐6 or TNF‐α + anti‐MCP‐1 via flow cytometry.ResultsThe ratio of CD163+/CD68+ macrophages in the normal endometrium was higher than that in the eutopic endometrium, while differences between the eutopic and ectopic endometrium were not statistically significant. IL‐6 and MCP‐1 exhibited enhanced expression in the ectopic endometrium group and decreased expression in the eutopic endometrium group. TNF‐α could promote the expression of ESC‐derived IL‐6 and MCP‐1. Intervention with TNF‐α‐induced conditioned medium resulted in the upregulation of CD163 in THP‐1 cells, while conditional medium induced with IL‐6 and MCP‐1 neutralizing antibodies decreased the proportion of CD163+ macrophages significantly.ConclusionIn endometriosis patients, the macrophages of the eutopic endometrium polarize toward M1 compared with the normal endometrium, and those of the ectopic endometrium were mainly M2‐polarized. Under the action of TNF‐α, ESC‐derived IL‐6 and MCP‐1 could stimulate peritoneal macrophages toward M2‐polarization, which could modulate endometriosis.
Cytolysin‐positive Enterococcus faecalis is not increased in patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Lang Sonja , Demir Münevver , Duan Yi , Martin Anna , Schnabl Bernd 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeveral studies show associations between gut bacterial dysbiosis and chronic liver diseases, but causative mechanisms are largely unclear. We recently identified cytolysin, a bacterial exotoxin expressed and secreted by Enterococcus faecalis to cause liver damage in the setting of alcohol‐related liver disease. Cytolysin was increased and highly correlated with liver disease severity and mortality in alcoholic hepatitis patients. In this study, we investigated if faecal cytolysin‐positivity can be linked to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, a highly prevalent disease where new biomarkers and treatment targets are urgently needed. In contrast to what we observed in alcoholic hepatitis, only seven out of 96 non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease patients were cytolysin‐positive, and these patients did not have increased liver disease activity compared with cytolysin‐negative patients. These results indicate that the association of cytolysin carriage with worse clinical outcome might be specific for alcoholic hepatitis.
The associations of economic growth and anaemia for school‐aged children in China
Authors: Luo Dongmei , Xu Rongbin , Ma Jun , Yan Xiaojin , Hu Peijin , Song Yi , Jan Catherine , Raat Hein , Patton George C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEconomic growth has brought improvements in many areas of child health, but its effects on anaemia among school‐aged children remain unknown. However, this is important because iron deficiency anaemia is common and is the main cause of disability‐adjusted life years for school‐aged children. In this study, we included 429,222 Chinese children aged 7–17 years from five consecutive national cross‐sectional surveys during 1995–2014. Using altitude‐adjusted haemoglobin concentration measured from capillary blood samples, we defined anaemia status according to World Health Organization's recommendation. We used logistic regressions weighted by provincial population to examine the association between provincial gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and anaemia, adjusting for sex, age, urban–rural location, regional socio‐economic status (SES), fixed effect of province, and clustering of schools. We used generalised additive mixed models to evaluate a potentially non‐linear relationship. For each 100% growth in GDP per capita, there was a 40% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI; 0.56, 0.65]) reduction in anaemia. However, the association was weaker for girls and in cities with a lower SES. The association was weaker across 2005–2014 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI [0.62, 0.90]) compared with 1995–2005 (OR = 0.52; 95% CI [0.44, 0.61]), reflecting a weaker association when GDP per capita reaches around $2,000. The results were similar for moderate‐to‐severe anaemia. We concluded that economic growth has been associated with reductions in anaemia among school‐aged children in China but with fewer benefits for girls and those in poorer settings. Further economic development in China is unlikely to bring similar reductions in anaemia, suggesting that additional population level and targeted interventions will be needed.
Professional and non‐professional sources of formula feeding advice for parents in the first six months
Authors: Appleton Jessica , Fowler Cathrine , Laws Rachel , Russell Catherine Georgina , Campbell Karen J. , Denney‐Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBreastfeeding is beneficial to both the mother and infant, yet many infants are either partially or fully fed with formula milk. Those parents feeding with formula receive less support from professional sources than those breastfeeding and may rely on more non‐professional sources for advice, and this contributes to negative emotional experiences such as guilt. This paper explores the sources of advice for formula feeding, factors associated with using professional or non‐professional sources and compares these sources with those used for breastfeeding advice. A secondary analysis of Australian survey data from 270 mothers was performed. Mothers of six‐month‐old infants participated in an online survey, providing information on advice they received or read about formula feeding and/or breastfeeding from professional and non‐professional sources. A fifth of mothers who were formula feeding did not receive any formula feeding advice from professional sources, and only a small fraction (4.5%) of mothers breastfeeding did not received any breastfeeding advice from professional sources. Compared with those mothers breastfeeding receiving breastfeeding advice, fewer mothers formula feeding receive formula feeding advice from both professional and non‐professional sources. The tin of formula was the most used source of formula advice. Mothers feeding with formula at six months were more likely to have received formula feeding advice from professional sources if they had been fully formula feeding before their infant was under the age of three months. Further research is needed to understand the specific barriers to accessing formula feeding advice and what other factors influence access to formula feeding advice.
Evolutionary signal in the gut microbiomes of 74 bird species from Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Capunitan Darien C. , Johnson Oscar , Terrill Ryan S. , Hird Sarah M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHow the microbiome interacts with hosts across evolutionary time is poorly understood. Data sets including many host species are required to conduct comparative analyses. Here, we analyzed 142 intestinal microbiome samples from 92 birds belonging to 74 species from Equatorial Guinea, using the 16S rRNA gene. Using four definitions for microbial taxonomic units (97%OTU, 99%OTU, 99%OTU with singletons removed, ASV), we conducted alpha and beta diversity analyses. We found that raw abundances and diversity varied between the data sets but relative patterns were largely consistent across data sets. Host taxonomy, diet and locality were significantly associated with microbiomes, at generally similar levels using three distance metrics. Phylogenetic comparative methods assessed the evolutionary relationship between the microbiome as a trait of a host species and the underlying bird phylogeny. Using multiple ways of defining “microbiome traits”, we found that a neutral Brownian motion model did not explain variation in microbiomes. Instead, we found a White Noise model (indicating little phylogenetic signal), was most likely. There was some support for the Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck model (that invokes selection), but the level of support was similar to that of a White Noise simulation, further supporting the White Noise model as the best explanation for the evolution of the microbiome as a trait of avian hosts. Our study demonstrated that both environment and evolution play a role in the gut microbiome and the relationship does not follow a neutral model; these biological results are qualitatively robust to analytical choices.
Mystagogy and Cyrillian Orthodoxy: Christology as Fidelity to a Carnal Presence
Authors: Riches Aaron 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHenry Chadwick’s contention that the “nerve‐center” of Cyril’s Christology is the Eucharist reconfigures the urgency of his polemic against Nestorius: it is not a question of abstract doctrine, but of the mystery encountered in the liturgy. This contention has been corroborated by patrologists, but its theological implication has not been fully drawn – viz. that mystagogy is the basis of Cyrillian orthodoxy. When this implication is grasped, it entails that the orthodox doctrine of the “unity of Christ” concerns not merely the unity of the historical Jesus with the Logos, but the unity of the encounter with Christ: “mystical union” is not an addendum to the doctrine of the “hypostatic unity,” it is basic to it.
A spatial ecology study in a high‐diversity host community to understand blood‐feeding behaviour in Phlebotomus sandfly vectors of Leishmania
Authors: Pérez‐Cutillas P. , Muñoz C. , Martínez‐De La Puente J. , Figuerola J. , Navarro R. , Ortuño M. , Bernal L. J. , Ortiz J. , Soriguer R. C. , Berriatua E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMolecular studies indicate that Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) blood feed on many vertebrate species, of which only a few are proven parasite reservoirs. Investigating sandfly vector feeding preferences is therefore important and requires taking into account the availability and accessibility of host species. In terms of the latter, it is necessary to consider the metabolic cost to the insect of reaching the host and moving on to a suitable breeding site. The present study used statistical modelling to compare the feeding patterns of Phlebotomus perniciosus (n = 150), Phlebotomus papatasi (n = 35) and Phlebotomus ariasi (n = 7) on each of an average of 30 host species in a wildlife park in Murcia, Spain. Sandfly feeding movement costs were estimated as a function of the distance and altitude gradients saved by the insect, assuming that they displayed ‘site fidelity’. Most (87%) engorged females were caught <100 m from the host on which they had fed. Although the percentage of bloodmeals was highest on fallow deer (Dama dama) (30%) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) (26%), the predicted feeding probability after considering movement cost was highest for red deer and common eland (Taurotragus oryx), and positively associated with host census. These results suggest that, under similar circumstances, sandflies prefer to feed on some host species more than on others.
Molecular mapping and identification of candidate gene conferring organophosphate‐sensitive reaction in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Kawahigashi Hiroyuki , Mizuno Hiroshi , Ando Tsuyu , Yonemaru Jun‐ichi , Kasuga Shigemitsu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSome sorghum cultivars are sensitive to organophosphate insecticides, which cause red to purple injury spots and, in severe cases, leaf death. Sensitivity to organophosphates is conditioned by a single locus on chromosome 5. We constructed a high‐density genetic map around the locus, termed osr, using DNA markers, and delimited osr to a 377‐kb region on the short arm of chromosome 5. Sequence analysis of this region predicted 19 gene candidates. Four of the candidates are homologous to a disease resistance NBS‐LRR gene. mRNA‐Seq analysis of gene expression and SNPs from two resistant cultivars (‘JN43’ and ‘Greenleaf’) and one sensitive cultivar (‘Nakei MS3B’) suggest that one or more members of this NBS‐LRR gene family are osr. Our results suggested that the recessive allele of osr results in sensitivity to OP insecticides.