bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Did 272 billion dollars from China help stabilize business cycle fluctuations in recipient countries?
Authors: Abdelwahed Loujaina , Karras Georgios 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhy are foreign official flows mostly procyclical when countercyclical flows would raise welfare in recipient countries without added costs to donors? The prevalent set of explanations relies on the behavior of donor countries, as they are the ones who decide the timing of their official flows. The present study tests this by considering Chinese official flows, which are known to be demand driven. We examine the business cycle characteristics of China's official financing in the form of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and less concessional Other Official Flows (OOF) to developing countries and compare it to the business cycle characteristics of bilateral and multilateral aid commitments from traditional donors. Using data on China's official finance commitments over the period 2000 to 2014, we find that both China's ODA and OOF commitments are mostly acyclical with respect to recipients' output fluctuations and procyclical with respect to their fiscal revenue. We conclude that official flows fail to be countercyclical even when recipient countries are in the driver's seat.
The Dark Side of Desire: Nietzsche, Transhumanism, and Personal Immortality
Authors: Buben Adam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNietzsche has become embroiled in two interesting twenty‐first century debates about advancing technology and its impact on human life, especially its meaning/value. The first focuses on Nietzsche himself and is concerned with the extent to which his views align with those of transhumanism. The second involves the not so blatantly Nietzsche‐centric question of whether or not immortality, or radical life‐extension, is desirable. Given that the desire for immortality, or at least some more feasible (but not so permanent) approximation of it, is strongly associated with transhumanism, it seems that these two debates have some fairly significant overlap. Establishing what Nietzsche ultimately believes about such a core transhumanist issue will go a long way toward determining how sympathetic he would be to the transhumanist cause in general. I argue that while his views do not commit him to an all‐encompassing disdain for immortality, his intolerance for immortality‐seekers means that he might only be open to some of the more fringe understandings of transhumanism.
Alterations of spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during decelerated sprinting
Authors: Nagahara Ryu , Girard Olivier 
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to elucidate changes in spatiotemporal and ground reaction force (GRF) variables during 90‐m overground decelerated sprinting and determinants of the decrease in running speed. In 14 sub‐elite male sprinters, a virtual 90‐m sprint was reconstructed during which spatiotemporal and GRF variables were averaged for four steps in maximal speed (45.8‐m mark) and deceleration (76.5‐m mark) phases. With decreases in running speed (3.5 ± 1.1%) from the maximal speed to deceleration phases, step frequency (SF) (3.5 ± 1.9%), net anteroposterior mean force (64.4 ± 15.9%), and propulsive and vertical mean forces during the propulsive phase (3.5 ± 3.8% and 5.3 ± 3.3%) decreased, and support (ST) (2.9 ± 2.5%) and flight times (FT) (4.3 ± 3.3%), braking mean force (7.3 ± 4.0%), and effective vertical impulse during the entire support (5.1 ± 3.4%) and braking phases (20.6 ± 11.2%) increased. In addition, the decrease in running speed was associated with changes in SF, ST, and net anteroposterior mean force (r = .667, −.713, and .524, respectively). The current results demonstrate that decreases in running speed during short‐distance overground sprinting are probably caused by decreases in SF through increases in ST and FT, as well as impairment of the ability to minimize braking force and maintaining propulsive force. A compromised ability to maintain the magnitude of applied force during the propulsive phase and the necessity for lengthening FT may cause greater braking force, which increases effective vertical impulse during the braking and entire support phases. The SF, ST, and net anteroposterior mean force are determinants of the magnitudes of decreases in running speed during short‐distance overground sprinting.
The structure of educational inequity: Adolescents’ access to parent education through friendship networks and its impact on academic outcomes
Authors: McDermott Elana R. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Schaefer David R. , Martinez‐Fuentes Stefanie , Co Leyna , Ison Ashley , Ryan Allison M. , Rivas‐Drake Deborah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractParents and friends are important influences on adolescents’ academic outcomes. We examine whether and how adolescents’ social networks compensate for or enhance the effects of their parents’ education on academic outcomes. Among a large ethnoracially diverse sample of high school students in the Southwestern (N = 2,136) and Midwestern (N = 1,055) United States, results from network autocorrelation models showed that higher levels of mother and father education were related to greater academic self‐efficacy and engagement and higher aspirations, expectations, and grade point averages at both schools. Friends’ parents’ education levels were positively associated with adolescents’ academic aspirations, expectations, and grade point averages across all of the models; higher levels of friends’ parents’ education were related to greater academic self‐efficacy across all models, except for mothers in the Southwest; and friends’ fathers’ education levels were positively related to adolescents’ academic engagement for students in the Midwestern school only. There were no significant interaction effects between parents’ and friends’ parents’ education levels in predicting academic outcomes. Differences in the distribution of parental education across ethnic‐racial groups shaped the implications of the model for adolescents’ academic adjustment. Findings highlight the impact of educational opportunity across generations in shaping academic inequities.
Experimental study of dry stone masonry walls using digital reflection photoelasticity
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Hariprasad M.P. , Menon Arun , Ramesh K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResponse of dry stack stone masonry walls under mechanical loading is complex and difficult to determine, mainly due to heterogeneous and discrete nature of the components of the stone wall. In this paper, reflection photoelasticity is used on scaled down models of stone masonry wall under uniaxial compression. Two walls are tested, and the methods to obtain near perfect dry stack masonry for reflection photoelastic studies are presented. Five‐step phase‐shifting methods are employed with TFP/RGB photoelasticity to quantitatively analyse the mechanical behaviour of the dry stack masonry walls. Isochromatics and isoclinic data are processed to obtain other whole field experimental stress data. Highly stressed zones are observed resulting in distinctive localised vertical failure in some of the stone units. In dry stack masonry construction, the failure mechanism is found to be dictated by the contact mechanics, which are governed by the non‐uniformity of block geometry even in very regular dry stack masonry.
Analysis of physical and chemical characteristics of Anthrosols—The case of former Bremen missionary’s settlement in Ghana
Authors: Asare Michael O. , Owusu Afriyie Jerry , Hejcman Michal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPast settlement sites often relate to the accumulation of elements in Anthrosols. The analyses of Anthrosols can resolve specific queries on the estimation of element enrichment factors and their potential suitability for arable fields. We studied Anthrosols in the sub‐Sahara developed on a mid‐19th century AD Bremen missionary settlement in the Volta Region, Ghana, aiming to compare the physicochemical properties with control soil unaffected by past settlement activities. The black colour of the Anthrosols contrasted with the brown Acrisols of the control on the same bedrock. The pH, contents of organic C, total (N, P, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Sr) and plant‐available Mehlich‐3 (P, Ca, K, S and Mg) elements substantially increased in the 0–85 cm depths of the Anthrosols compared with the control. The Anthrosols are thus suitable for arable land‐use. Total K, Cu, Mn, Zn, Sr, Ca, Mg and Fe well indicated past settlement activities according to their significant correlations with P. Total and plant‐available P and K content of each element significantly correlated and vice versa for Ca and Mg. However, in calculating the enrichment factors in the field for geoarchaeological purposes, we confirmed that total element contents are more suitable. The substantial enrichment by plant‐available elements implied that mineral fertilizer applications on arable fields on previous settlements should not be the same as fields without settlement activities. Past settlement sites represent a storehouse of nutrient‐rich Anthrosols in cultural landscapes traceable through detailed multi‐element analysis.
Playing with ambiguity: The making and unmaking of local power in postcolonial Timor‐Leste
Authors: Simião Daniel S. , Silva Kelly 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article discusses the ambivalent status of local authorities in postcolonial state building in Timor‐Leste. We deploy two sets of empirical data to analyse the role ambiguity plays in particular power dynamics: the East Timorese legislation on community authority, and ethnographic descriptions of a local form of conflict resolution at the village level. The ethnographic analysis points to the fact that local authorities see themselves and are seen by villagers as state representatives. However, the legal framework may be seen as an effort by the Timorese national authority to detach itself from local leaders, but it does so ambiguously. While the state positions local authorities as community representatives of the people it also assigns them an increasing number of functions over time, many of which would be elsewhere considered state responsibilities. We argue that this ambiguity plays a vital role in a long‐term strategy to legitimise the state by appropriating local elements of political culture. That being so, local governance complexes are used to transpose and internalise modern practices and projects of social organisation and subjectivation, although they tend to be considered by many as longstanding cultural institutions.
Negotiating Hip Hop persons: Authenticity, participation and Breaking in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Marie Lucas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article draws on ethnographic research conducted in 2015 with Hip Hop dancers in Perth, as well as my own personal engagement as a Breaking practitioner, to examine how membership within the local Perth Hip Hop dance scene is made and negotiated. The focus of this article is on the processual, embodied and locally particular aspects of personhood, alhough specifically my concern is with how Hip Hop dancers themselves make sense of, experience and authenticate persons within their own specific local and social context. My ethnographic observations and discussions of the Perth Hip Hop dance scene contribute to broader anthropological debates on personhood by drawing attention to the importance of being connected and actively involved in Hip Hop dancing practices and local Hip Hop dancing events. This research illustrates how personhood in Hip Hop is something that is continually being remade and renegotiated over time and across different spaces, in addition to the significance of one's body in the negotiation process (An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2017 Australian Anthropological Society (AAS) conference at the University of Adelaide.).
Experience with a six‐month regimen of Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis in 122 HIV‐positive kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Mejia Christina D. , Malat Gregory E. , Boyle Suzanne M. , Ranganna Karthik , Lee Dong Heun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAnti‐Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis is recommended for 3 to 6 months post‐transplant in HIV‐negative kidney transplant recipients. For HIV‐positive kidney transplant recipients, there is no definite duration of primary prophylaxis and is often prescribed life‐long. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of PCP in HIV‐positive recipients who received 6 months of prophylaxis with trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole or an alternative agent. One hundred and twenty‐two HIV‐positive recipients received a kidney transplant from 2001 to 2017 at Hahnemann University Hospital. Most patients received induction immunosuppression with an IL‐2 receptor antagonist, with or without intravenous immunoglobulin. Only one patient received anti‐thymocyte globulin. Maintenance immunosuppression included a calcineurin‐inhibitor (tacrolimus or cyclosporine), an antiproliferative agent (mycophenolate or sirolimus), and prednisone. Mean CD4 cell count was 461 ± 127 cells/uL prior to transplant and 463 ± 229 cells/μL at 6 to 12 months after transplant. None of the recipients developed PCP after a median follow‐up of 2.88 years (IQR 1.16‐4.87). Based on our observation, a 6‐month regimen of PCP prophylaxis may be sufficient among HIV‐positive recipients, similar to those without HIV infection.
Effectiveness of short vs long‐course perioperative antibiotics in lung transplant recipients with donor positive respiratory cultures
Authors: Groff Lindsey T. , Reed Erica E. , Coe Kelci E. , El Boghdadly Zeinab , Keller Brian C. , Whitson Bryan A. , Burcham Pamela K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLung transplant recipients are at increased risk for infection in the early postoperative phase, thus perioperative antibiotics are employed. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of short‐ vs long‐course perioperative antibiotics in lung transplant patients. Lung transplant patients with donor positive cultures between August 2013 and September 2019 were evaluated, excluding those with cystic fibrosis, death within 14 days and re‐transplants. The primary outcome was 30‐day freedom from donor‐derived respiratory infection. A total of 147 patients were included (57 short vs 90 long‐course). Median perioperative antibiotic duration was 6 days in the short‐course vs 14 days in the long‐course group (P < .0001). Thirty‐day freedom from donor‐derived respiratory infection was present in 56 (98%) patients in the short‐course vs 85 (94%) patients in the long‐course group (P = .41). There was no difference in development of Clostridioides difficile infections (P = .41), while cumulative ventilator time and time to post‐op extubation were longer in the long‐course group (P = .001 and .004, respectively). Among lung transplant recipients with positive donor respiratory cultures, short‐course perioperative antibiotics were as effective as long‐course antibiotics in preventing donor‐derived bacterial respiratory infections.
Very advanced maternal age
Authors: Howell Alice , Blott Margaret 
Published: November 2020

Key content

Increasing fertility options have led to increased birth rates among women over the age of 45 years.

Most women aged 45 years or older conceive via assisted reproductive technologies, which are associated with increased risks to both mother and fetus.

Multiple pregnancies are disproportionately common in this group of women as a result of multiple embryo transfer. The maternal and fetal risks are increased significantly in multiple pregnancies.

A maternal age of 45 years or more is associated with complications in early pregnancy and the antenatal period and with significant obstetric complications.

Fetal complications are increased in this group; in particular there is an increased risk of multiple births, increased rates of preterm birth and higher perinatal mortality rates.

Learning objectives

To understand the maternal implications, complications and risks of pregnancy in women of very advanced maternal age, to aid counselling this group of women prior to and during pregnancy.

To understand the fetal complications associated with pregnancy in women of very advanced maternal age, including stillbirth and preterm labour.

To establish an evidence‐based approach to the antenatal management and care of women of very advanced maternal age.
Maize SRO1e represses anthocyanin synthesis through regulating the MBW complex in response to abiotic stress
Authors: Qin Lumin , Sun Liu , Wei Lin , Yuan Jiarui , Kong Fangfang , Zhang Ying , Miao Xin , Xia Guangmin , Liu Shuwei 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYPlants experiencing abiotic stress react by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), compounds that, if allowed to accumulate to excess, repress plant growth and development. Anthocyanins induced by abiotic stress are strong antioxidants that neutralize ROS, whereas their over‐accumulation retards plant growth. Although the mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis has been revealed, how plants balance anthocyanin synthesis under abiotic stress to maintain ROS homeostasis is unknown. Here, ROS‐related proteins, SIMILAR TO RCD‐ONEs (SROs), were analysed in Zea mays (maize), and all six SRO1 genes were inducible by a variety of abiotic stress agents. The constitutive expression of one of these genes, ZmSRO1e, in maize as well as in Arabidopsis thaliana increased the sensitivity of the plant to abiotic stress, but repressed anthocyanin biosynthesis and ROS scavenging activity. Loss‐of‐function mutation of ZmSRO1e enhanced ROS tolerance and anthocyanin accumulation. We showed that ZmSRO1e competed with ZmR1 (a core basic helix‐loop‐helix subunit of the MYB–bHLH–WD40 transcriptional activation complex) for binding with ZmPL1 (a core MYB subunit of the complex). Thus, during the constitutive expression of ZmSRO1e, the formation of the complex was compromised, leading to the repression of genes, such as ZmA4 (encoding dihydroflavonol reductase), associated with anthocyanin synthesis. Overall, the results have revealed a mechanism that allows the products of maize SRO1e to participate in the abiotic stress response.
The emergence and evolution of intron‐poor and intronless genes in intron‐rich plant gene families
Authors: Liu Hui , Lyu Hai‐Meng , Zhu Kaikai , Van de Peer Yves , (Max) Cheng Zong‐Ming 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYEukaryotic genes can be classified into intronless (no introns), intron‐poor (three or fewer introns per gene) or intron‐rich. Early eukaryotic genes were mostly intron‐rich, and their alternative splicing into multiple transcripts, giving rise to different proteins, might have played pivotal roles in adaptation and evolution. Interestingly, extant plant genomes contain many gene families with one or sometimes few sub‐families with genes that are intron‐poor or intronless, and it remains unknown when and how these intron‐poor or intronless genes have originated and evolved, and what their possible functions are. In this study, we identified 33 such gene families that contained intronless and intron‐poor sub‐families. Intronless genes seemed to have first emerged in early land plant evolution, while intron‐poor sub‐families seemed first to have appeared in green algae. In contrast to intron‐rich genes, intronless genes in intron‐poor sub‐families occurred later, and were subject to stronger functional constraints. Based on RNA‐seq analyses in Arabidopsis and rice, intronless or intron‐poor genes in AP2, EF‐hand_7, bZIP, FAD_binding_4, STE_STE11, CAMK_CAMKL‐CHK1 and C2 gene families were more likely to play a role in response to drought and salt stress, compared with intron‐rich genes in the same gene families, whereas intronless genes in the B_lectin and S_locus_glycop gene family were more likely to participate in epigenetic processes and plant development. Understanding the origin and evolutionary trajectory, as well as the potential functions, of intronless and intron‐poor sub‐families provides further insight into plant genome evolution and the functional divergence of genes.
Impact of red blood cell alloimmunization on fetal and neonatal outcomes: A single center cohort study
Authors: Lieberman Lani , Callum Jeannie , Cohen Robert , Cserti‐Gazdewich Christine , Ladhani Noor Niyar N. , Buckstein Jonah , Pendergrast Jacob , Lin Yulia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlloimmunization can impact both the fetus and neonate. Study objectives: (a) calculate the incidence of clinically significant RBC isoimmunization during pregnancy, (b) review maternal management and neonatal outcomes, (c) assess the value of prenatal and postnatal serological testing in predicting neonatal outcomes.Study Design and MethodsA retrospective audit of consecutive alloimmunized pregnancies was conducted. Data collected included demographics, clinical outcomes, and laboratory results. Outcomes included: incidence of alloimmunization; outcomes for neonates with and without the cognate antigen; and sensitivity and specificity of antibody titration testing in predicting hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).ResultsOver 6 years, 128 pregnant women (0.4%) were alloimmunized with 162 alloantibodies; anti‐E was the most common alloantibody (51/162; 31%). Intrauterine transfusions (IUTs) were employed in 2 (3%) of 71 mothers of cognate antigen positive (CoAg+) neonates. Of 74 CoAg+ neonates, 58% required observation alone, 23% intensive phototherapy, 9% top up transfusion, and 3% exchange transfusion; no fetal or neonatal deaths occurred. HDFN was diagnosed in 28% (21/74) of neonates; anti‐D was the most common cause. The sensitivity and specificity of the critical gel titer >32 in predicting HDFN were 76% and 75%, respectively (negative predictive value 95%; positive predictive value 36%). The sensitivity and specificity of a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in predicting HDFN were 90% and 58%, respectively (NPV 97%; PPV 29%).ConclusionMorbidity and mortality related to HDFN was low; most alloimmunized pregnancies needed minimal intervention. Titers of >32 by gel warrant additional monitoring during pregnancy.