bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Refugee–Host Relationship in Nakivale Refugee Settlement: A Dialogue with the Oxford Refugee Studies Centre
Authors: Bjørkhaug Ingunn 
Published: September 2020

Executive Summary Uganda has long promoted refugee self-reliance as a sustainable livelihood strategy with progressive land-allocation and free-movement-for-work policies. Framed as a dialogue with related Oxford University Refugee Studies Centre (“the Centre”) research on refugee economies, this article explores sustainable solutions that benefit refugees as well as the host populations that receive them. It explores the self-reliance opportunities that depend on the transnational, national, and local markets in which refugees participate. It acknowledges the Centre’s substantial work and welcomes its focus on economic outcomes. For Nakivale Refugee Settlement in Uganda, however, the discussion of “refugee economies” may not be complete without problematizing the effects on the host populations living alongside the refugees. Based on qualitative data collected at Nakivale in 2013 (concurrent with the Centre’s fieldwork), the article discusses the Centre’s market-based approach to refugee economies by emphasizing four essential considerations: Land distribution in Nakivale is not sustainable. Corruption strongly influences the refugee and host populations living in Nakivale. The impact on the local host population is not homogeneous. Among refugees, the Somali–Congolese relationship is exploitative, not amicable. This article discusses how Uganda’s refugee policies create economic profit for some but poverty for others. As a result, its welcoming open door is on the verge of collapse. The recommendations address alternative refugee-protection approaches that aim to lower the pressure on land allocation, enable a self-sustainable approach that protects the host population, and provide refugees with some degree of self-reliance. This discussion does not discount the Centre’s finding that entrepreneurship is an important part of such solutions. Instead, it addresses the challenges of using entrepreneurship as a durable solution — as long as Uganda’s dominant policy is self-reliance based on distribution of food and land and the refugees’ limited cultivation of that land. To addresses some of the obstacles for durable solutions in a way that protects both the refugees and the host population, this article makes four recommendations for policy and practice. With assistance from the international community, the Ugandan government should: Prioritize the welfare of its citizens who live in Nakivale in the national land-allocation strategy. Enact clear and consistent legislation regarding autochthonous land ownership and use of eviction policies, and design economic reforms to eliminate systemic corruption. Include non-agricultural income-generating activities in the self-reliance policy, and finance entrepreneurs through governmental or international funding. Allow refugees to move away from the settlement without loss of refugee status or access to assistance.
Implementation researchers can improve the responses of services to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Øvretveit John 
Published: September 2020

This article describes a rapid implementation research project with the Stockholm health care system to assist the system to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. It uses this example to illustrate some ways in which implementation research and knowledge can contribute to improving service responses to the pandemic and its consequences as these evolve over the coming months. A sub-specialty of rapid implementation science is proposed to provide practical assistance and as one way to develop implementation research. Plain language abstract This article describes a rapid implementation research project with the Stockholm health care system to assist the system to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. It uses this example to illustrate some ways in which implementation research and knowledge can contribute to improving service responses to the pandemic and its consequences as these evolve over the coming months. A sub-specialty of rapid implementation science is proposed to provide practical assistance and as one way to develop implementation research.
Optimizing therapy in the modern age: differences in length of maintenance therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Teachey David T. , Hunger Stephen P. , Loh Mignon L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A majority of children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are cured with contemporary multiagent chemotherapy regimens. The high rate of survival is largely the result of 70 years of randomized clinical trials performed by international cooperative groups. Contemporary ALL therapy usually consists of cycles of multiagent chemotherapy administered over 2 to 3 years that includes central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis, primarily consisting of CNS-penetrating systemic agents and intrathecal therapy. Although the treatment backbones vary among cooperative groups, the same agents are used, and the outcomes are comparable. ALL therapy typically begins with 5 to 9 months of more-intensive chemotherapy followed by a prolonged low-intensity maintenance phase. Historically, a few cooperative groups treated boys with 1 more year of maintenance therapy than girls; however, most groups treated boys and girls with equal therapy lengths. This practice arose because of inferior survival in boys with older less-intensive regimens. The extra year of therapy added significant burden to patients and families and involved short- and long-term risks that were potentially life threatening and debilitating. The Children’s Oncology Group recently changed its approach as part of its current generation of trials in B-cell ALL and now treats boys and girls with the same duration of therapy. We discuss the rationale behind this change, review the data and differences in practice across cooperative groups, and provide our perspective regarding the length of maintenance therapy.
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, an enigma, and the ten enigmas of medial UKA
Authors: Mittal Anurag , Meshram Prashant , Kim Woo Hyun , Kim Tae Kyun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a bone- and ligament-sparing alternative to total knee arthroplasty in the patients with end-stage single-compartment degeneration of the knee. Despite being a successful procedure, the multiple advantages of UKA do not correlate with its usage, most likely due to the concerns regarding prosthesis survivability, patient selection, ideal bearing design, and judicious use of advanced technology among many others. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review and summarize the debated literature and discuss the controversies as “Ten Enigmas of UKA.”
A new ligament-compatible patient-specific 3D-printed implant and instrumentation for total ankle arthroplasty: from biomechanical studies to clinical cases
Authors: Faldini C. , Mazzotti A. , Belvedere C. , Durastanti G. , Panciera A. , Geraci G. , Leardini A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Computer navigation and patient-specific instrumentation for total ankle arthroplasty have still to demonstrate their theoretical ability to improve implant positioning and functional outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to present a new and complete total ankle arthroplasty customization process for severe posttraumatic ankle joint arthritis, consisting of patient-specific 3D-printed implant and instrumentation, starting from a ligament-compatible design.

Case presentation
The new customization process was proposed in a 57-year-old male patient and involved image analysis, joint modeling, prosthesis design, patient-specific implant and instrumentation development, relevant prototyping, manufacturing, and implantation. Images obtained from a CT scan were processed for a 3D model of the ankle, and the BOX ankle prosthesis (MatOrtho, UK) geometries were customized to best fit the model. Virtual in silico, i.e., at the computer, implantation was performed to optimize positioning of these components. Corresponding patient-specific cutting guides for bone preparation were designed. The obtained models were printed in ABS by additive manufacturing for a final check. Once the planning procedure was approved, the models were sent to final state-of-the-art additive manufacturing (the metal components using cobalt-chromium-molybdenum powders, and the guides using polyamide). The custom-made prosthesis was then implanted using the cutting guides. The design, manufacturing, and implantation procedures were completed successfully and consistently, and final dimensions and location for the implant corresponded with the preoperative plan. Immediate post-op X-rays showed good implant positioning and alignment. After 4 months, clinical scores and functional abilities were excellent. Gait analysis showed satisfactory joint moment at the ankle complex and muscle activation timing within normality.

Conclusions
The complete customization process for total ankle arthroplasty provided accurate and reliable implant positioning, with satisfactory short-term clinical outcomes. However, further studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of this complete customization process.

Level of evidence
5. Case report.
Reconciling evolution: evidence from a biology and theology course
Authors: Tolman Ethan R. , Ferguson Daniel G. , Mann Mark , Cordero April Maskiewicz , Jensen Jamie L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Many individuals reject evolutionary theory due to a perceived conflict with their religious beliefs. To bridge this gap, educators have attempted different approaches including approaching evolution rejection as a consequence of deficit thinking and teaching students the nature of science (including the scientific process and peer review process as well as questions that science can and cannot answer).Teaching the nature of science has shown promising gains in the acceptance of evolution, although acceptance rates remain low. We propose a further approach: the use of a reconciliatory model designed to help students accept evolution within the framework of their religious beliefs. We tested this approach in both biology and theology classrooms at a Nazarene-affiliated university. Both professors approached the subject in a reconciliatory fashion.

Results
This study found that by utilizing a reconciliatory approach, the students in both classrooms saw significant gains in evolution acceptance, with gains being greatest in the biology classroom. In addition, we saw no decrease in student religiosity.

Conclusions
Implications of this are discussed. The results of this study confirm the effectiveness of a reconciliatory model, which opens several avenues for further research.
Community-derived recommendations for healthcare systems and medical students to support people who are houseless in Portland, Oregon: a mixed-methods study
Authors: King Caroline , Fisher Cameron , Johnson Jacob , Chun Arum , Bangsberg David , Carder Paula 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
People who are houseless (also referred to as homeless) perceive high stigma in healthcare settings, and face disproportionate disparities in morbidity and mortality versus people who are housed. Medical students and the training institutions they are a part of play important roles in advocating for the needs of this community. The objective of this study was to understand perceptions of how medical students and institutions can meet needs of the self-identified needs of the houseless community.

Methods
Between February and May 2018, medical students conducted mixed-methods surveys with semi-structured qualitative interview guides at two community-based organizations that serve people who are houseless in Portland, Oregon. Medical students approach guests at both locations to ascertain interest in participating in the study. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis rooted in an inductive process.

Results
We enrolled 38 participants in this study. Most participants were male (73.7%), white (78.9%), and had been houseless for over a year at the time of interview (65.8%). Qualitative themes describe care experiences among people with mental health and substance use disorders, and roles for medical students and health-care institutions. Specifically, people who are houseless want medical students to 1) listen to and believe them, 2) work to destigmatize houselessness, 3) engage in diverse clinical experiences, and 4) advocate for change at the institutional level. Participants asked healthcare institutions to use their power to change laws that criminalize substance use and houselessness, and build healthcare systems that take better care of people with addiction and mental health conditions.

Conclusions
Medical students, and the institutions they are a part of, should seek to reduce stigma against people who are houseless in medical systems. Additionally, institutions should change their approaches to healthcare delivery and advocacy to better support the health of people who are houseless.
Revision surgery for instrumentation failure after total en bloc spondylectomy: a retrospective case series
Authors: Shinmura Kazuya , Kato Satoshi , Demura Satoru , Yokogawa Noriaki , Yonezawa Noritaka , Shimizu Takaki , Oku Norihiro , Kitagawa Ryo , Handa Makoto , Annen Ryohei , Murakami Hideki , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
There have been several reports of instrumentation failure after three-column resections such as total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) for spinal tumors; however, clinical outcomes of revision surgery for instrumentation failure after TES are seldom reported. Therefore, this study assessed the clinical outcomes of revision surgery for instrumentation failure after TES.

Methods
This study employed a retrospective case series in a single center and included 61 patients with spinal tumors who underwent TES between 2010 and 2015 and were followed up for > 2 years. Instrumentation failure rate, back pain, neurological deterioration, ambulatory status, operation time, blood loss, complications, bone fusion after revision surgery, and re-instrumentation failure were assessed. Data were collected on back pain, neurological deterioration, ambulatory status, and management for patients with instrumentation failure, and we documented radiological bone fusion and re-instrumentation failure in cases followed up for > 2 years after revision surgery.

Results
Of the 61 patients, 26 (42.6%) experienced instrumentation failure at an average of 32 (range, 11–92) months after TES. Of these, 23 underwent revision surgery. The average operation time and intraoperative blood loss were 204 min and 97 ml, respectively. Including the six patients who were unable to walk after instrumentation failure, all patients were able to walk after revision surgery. Perioperative complications of reoperation were surgical site infection (n = 2) and delayed wound healing (n = 1). At the final follow-up, bone fusion was observed in all patients. No re-instrumentation failure was recorded.

Conclusion
Bone fusion was achieved by revision surgery using the posterior approach alone.
Skin rash following Administration of Apalutamide in Japanese patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer: an integrated analysis of the phase 3 SPARTAN and TITAN studies and a phase 1 open-label study
Authors: Uemura Hiroji , Koroki Yosuke , Iwaki Yuki , Imanaka Keiichiro , Kambara Takeshi , Lopez-Gitlitz Angela , Smith Andressa , Uemura Hirotsugu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
A higher incidence of apalutamide-related skin rash has been observed in Japanese patients with prostate cancer (PC).

Methods
This integrated analysis of data of Japanese patients from 2 global Phase 3 studies, SPARTAN (NCT01946204; patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant PC [nmCRPC]) and TITAN (NCT02489318; patients with metastatic castration-sensitive PC [mCSPC]), and the Phase 1 study 56021927PCR1008 (NCT02162836; patients with metastatic CRPC [mCRPC]), assessed clinical risk factors of apalutamide-related skin rash as well as the potential correlation with plasma exposure to apalutamide. Kaplan-Meier method was used for time-to-event analyses. Clinical risk factors for skin rash were assessed using odds ratio.

Results
Data from 68 patients (SPARTAN: n = 34, TITAN: n = 28, 56021927PCR1008: n = 6) receiving apalutamide 240 mg orally once-daily were analyzed. Rash (13 [19.1%]) and maculo-papular rash (11 [16.2%]) were the most frequently reported skin rash. All Grade and Grade 3 skin rash occurred in 35 (51.5%) and 10 (14.7%) patients, respectively. Most (85.7%) skin rash occurred within 4 months of apalutamide initiation and resolved in a median time of 1 month following the use of antihistamines, topical or systemic corticosteroids, with/without apalutamide dose interruptions/reductions. Median time-to-remission of first incidence of rash and maximum grade incidence of rash were 1.0 month (IQR: 0.36–1.81) and 1.0 month (IQR: 0.30–2.43), respectively. No significant clinical risk factors for the incidence of skin rash were observed. Areas under the curve (0–24 h) (AUC0–24, ss) at steady-state of plasma apalutamide concentration were numerically slightly higher in patients with skin rash than those without.

Conclusions
No clinical risk factors for rash could be detected. There is a potential correlation between incidence of skin rash and plasma exposure to apalutamide. In general, apalutamide-related skin rash is easily managed, with appropriate treatment with or without dose adjustment.

Trial registration
Retrospective pooled analysis of NCT01946204, NCT02489318, and NCT02162836.
Modified nucleic acids: replication, evolution, and next-generation therapeutics
Authors: Duffy Karen , Arangundy-Franklin Sebastian , Holliger Philipp 
Published: September 2020

AbstractModified nucleic acids, also called xeno nucleic acids (XNAs), offer a variety of advantages for biotechnological applications and address some of the limitations of first-generation nucleic acid therapeutics. Indeed, several therapeutics based on modified nucleic acids have recently been approved and many more are under clinical evaluation. XNAs can provide increased biostability and furthermore are now increasingly amenable to in vitro evolution, accelerating lead discovery. Here, we review the most recent discoveries in this dynamic field with a focus on progress in the enzymatic replication and functional exploration of XNAs.
Characterization of a novel HDAC/RXR/HtrA1 signaling axis as a novel target to overcome cisplatin resistance in human non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wang Wenjing , Zhao Mengyue , Cui Lijuan , Ren Yong , Zhang Jingyuan , Chen Junli , Jia Lina , Zhang Jiayu , Yang Jingyu , Chen Guoliang , Ashby Charles R. , Wu Chunfu , Chen Zhe-Sheng , Wang Lihui 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Cisplatin is a first-line drug for the treatment of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the majority of patients will develop drug resistance after treatment. In order to overcome cisplatin resistance, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the resistance.

Methods
A gene microarray was used to screen for genes related to cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cell lines. Subsequently, the correlation between the HDAC, RXR and HtrA1 genes, in NSCLC, were verified using gene manipulation. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect HDAC, RXR and HtrA1 expression in NSCLC specimens. Proliferation, migration and invasion assays were performed in vitro and in vivo to determine the role of the HDAC/RXR/HtrA1 signaling axis in cisplatin resistance, and luciferase reporter analysis and ChIP assays were performed to ascertain the mechanisms by which HDAC and RXR regulate the expression of HtrA1. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted in NSCLC cisplatin-resistant NSCLC to elucidate the effect of the low molecular weight compound, DW22, which targets the NSCLC cisplatin resistance HDAC/RXR/HtrA1 signaling pathway.

Results
HtrA1 was identified as a cisplatin resistance-related gene in NSCLC cells. The regulation of HtrA1 by HDAC and RXR significantly decreased the efficacy of cisplatin in NSCLC cells resistant to cisplatin. Immunohistochemistry results showed a negative relationship between HDAC1 and HtrA1, and a positive relationship between RXRα and HtrA1 in NSCLC patients’ tissues. Notably, the expression of HDAC1 and HtrA1 can be considered as biomarkers for the efficacy of platinum-based drugs and prognosis in NSCLC patients. Mechanistically, the heterodimers of the nuclear receptor RXR, in combination with the enzyme, HDAC, regulate the transcription of HtrA1 in NSCLC cells. The rescue of HtrA1 expression by dual targeting of HDAC and RXR with the compound, DW22, significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells resistant to cisplatin, and induced NSCLC cell apoptosis.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that HtrA1, a cisplatin resistance-related gene, is synergistically regulated by HDAC and RXR in NSCLC. Targeting the HDAC/RXR/HtrA1 signaling axis can rescue HtrA1 expression and reverse cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.
Development of supraspinatus imaging guidance for primary care physicians with a focus on patient selection
Authors: Dalai Anurag , Langford Leanne , Beavis Cole , Obaid Haron 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Primary care physicians frequently encounter patients with supraspinatus pathology and face a difficult task of managing this subset of patients using limited imaging resources. The purpose of this study was to develop a guidance that could help primary care physicians choose appropriate imaging tests judiciously for patients with suspected supraspinatus pathology.

Methods
The imaging reports of one hundred patients who underwent ultrasound and MRI for suspected supraspinatus tendinopathy were retrospectively assessed. The supraspinatus tendon was recorded as intact, partial tear (articular or bursal), or full-thickness tear (focal or complete width). The agreement between imaging modalities was then evaluated using factors such as pathology type and age.

Results
There was agreement between modalities in 48/100 patients (Kappa statistic = 0.30). The consistency varied with type of pathology: intact tendons by ultrasound had 55.8% agreement with MRI, partial sided bursal tears 50%, partial sided articular tears 25%, and full-thickness focal tears 33.3%. Full-thickness complete-width tears had a much better agreement with MRI at 90.9%. Age was also significant, with increased disagreement between ultrasound and MRI in patients over 50 years old.

Conclusions
Our data showed that ultrasound findings correlated well with MRI in patients under 50 years of age and also in patients with full-thickness supraspinatus tears. We recommend that primary care physicians may consider using ultrasound as the initial test in younger patients and in patients with suspected full supraspinatus tears, based on clinical exam, with MRI as an option for further evaluation to quantify supraspinatus muscle atrophy. These patient selection recommendations will help promote mindful utilization of scarce resources.