bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Präferenzen zu unterschiedlichen Reformoptionen des Wahlsystems für Bundestagswahlen
Authors: Bytzek Evelyn 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Beitrag werden Präferenzen der BürgerInnen zu unterschiedlichen Reformoptionen des Wahlsystems für Bundestagswahlen untersucht. Präferenzen für eine Wahlsystemreform sind schwierig zu messen, da die Zielkonflikte zwischen unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an Wahlsysteme vielen BürgerInnen nicht bewusst sind. Daher wurde ein Online-Umfrageexperiment durchgeführt, in dem die Einstellungen zu den widersprüchlichen Anforderungen Konzentration vs. Repräsentation und Beteiligung vs. Einfachheit sowie die Rolle von parteilichen Hinweisen bei der Bewertung von Reformoptionen untersucht wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die BürgerInnen keine starken Präferenzen hinsichtlich Konzentration, Repräsentation, Partizipation und Einfachheit haben. Es gibt jedoch einen Effekt der Parteizugehörigkeit: UnterstützerInnen einer großen Partei befürworten konzentrierende Effekte von Wahlsystemen stärker als AnhängerInnen kleiner Parteien. Darüber hinaus unterstützen AnhängerInnen einer Partei die Reform stärker als NichtanhängerInnen, wenn die Reformoption von dieser Partei vorgeschlagen wird.
Electrolytic cell engineering and device optimization for electrosynthesis of e-biofuels via co-valorisation of bio-feedstocks and captured CO2
Authors: Montazersadgh Faraz , Zhang Hao , Alkayal Anas , Buckley Benjamin , Kolosz Ben W. , Xu Bing , Xuan Jin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUtilizing CO2in an electro-chemical process and synthesizing value-added chemicals are amongst the few viable and scalable pathways in carbon capture and utilization technologies. CO2electro-reduction is also counted as one of the main options entailing less fossil fuel consumption and as a future electrical energy storage strategy. The current study aims at developing a new electrochemical platform to produce low-carbon e-biofuel through multifunctional electrosynthesis and integrated co-valorisation of biomass feedstocks with captured CO2. In this approach, CO2is reduced at the cathode to produce drop-in fuels (e.g., methanol) while value-added chemicals (e.g., selective oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and amines/amides) are produced at the anode. In this work, a numerical model of a continuous-flow design considering various anodic and cathodic reactions was built to determine the most techno-economically feasible configurations from the aspects of energy efficiency, environment impact and economical values. The reactor design was then optimized via parametric analysis.
Effect of Age and Morphology on Live Birth Rate After Cleavage Stage Embryo Transfer
Authors: Awadalla Michael , Vestal Nicole , McGinnis Lynda , Ahmady Ali 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the live birth rate for cleavage stage embryos is essential to determine an appropriate number of embryos to transfer at once. Results from previous studies lack details needed for practical use. This is a mathematical analysis and model building study of day 3 cleavage stage embryo transfers. A total of 996 embryos were transferred in 274 fresh and 83 frozen embryo transfers. Embryo morphology was divided into 4 groups based on number of cells and fragmentation percentage. Each embryo transfer was modeled as an equation equating the sum of the live birth rates of the transferred embryos to the number of live births that resulted. The least squares solution to the system of embryo transfer equations was determined using linear algebra. This analysis was repeated for ages 35 to 42 years old at oocyte retrieval. The best fit live birth rates per embryo in the age group centered on 35 years old were 29%, 13%, 10%, and 9% for embryos in the 8-cell with ≤ 5% fragmentation, 8-cell with > 5% fragmentation, 9–12 cell, and 6–7 cell groups, respectively. Cleavage stage embryos with fewer than 6 cells on day 3 had very low best fit live birth rates close to 0% at age 39 years and were excluded from the primary analysis to prevent overfitting. These live birth rates can be used with a simple embryo transfer model to predict rates of single and multiple gestation prior to a planned cleavage stage embryo transfer.
Measurement of peer and friend relational and physical victimization among early adolescents
Authors: Kawabata Yoshito 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionPeer victimization has been widely examined among children and adolescents; however, the majority of studies in the area of research have been conducted in Western cultures. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the utility of measures that assess different forms of victimization (physical and relational victimization; a two‐factor model) against a global form of victimization (combined victimization; a one‐factor model) in the peer groups and friendships among Japanese adolescents. It was hypothesized that peer and friend relational victimization would be conceptually distinct from peer and friend physical victimization in Japan.MethodsThe participants were fourth and fifth graders (n = 222, 50% females, age 9–11) and their classroom teachers in Japanese elementary schools. The data were drawn from a short‐term longitudinal study.ResultsResults showed, as hypothesized, that peer and friend relational victimization was conceptually and empirically different from peer and friend physical victimization.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that children and teachers view peer and friend relational victimization and peer and friend physical victimization differently. Examining forms of victimization separately is promising for future peer relations research in Japan.
Success at scale: six suggestions from implementation and policy sciences
Authors: HO TECK-HUA , LEONG CHING , YEUNG CATHERINE 
Published: July 2020

AbstractVery often, significantly smaller benefits are observed in final policy outcomes than are indicated by initial research discoveries. Al-Ubaydli et al. have identified a poor understanding of the ‘science of scaling’ as the underlying cause of this discrepancy. They propose a framework to increase our understanding of the science of scaling. We build on this framework by making six specific suggestions capturing three key ideas. First, researchers need to move away from their preoccupation with general theoretical models and focus on subject-specific theories of intervention, leading to individualized treatments. Second, there should be greater collaboration between researchers and policymakers, as well as more transparency in reporting findings, to ensure that the research environment is more representative of the policy environment. Third, researchers should recognize that policymakers do not always maximize social welfare; policymakers may have their own short-term incentives. Therefore, researchers must consider policymakers’ short-term incentives in designing interventions in order to increase the chances of a research intervention becoming a policy.
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in Rhode Island, United States: a cohort study
Authors: Weng C-H. , Saal A. , Butt W. W-W. , Bica N. , Fisher J. Q. , Tao J. , Chan P. A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a global pandemic, and there is limited data on effective therapies. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, a live-attenuated strain derived from an isolate of Mycobacterium bovis and originally designed to prevent tuberculosis, has shown some efficacy against infection with unrelated pathogens. In this study, we reviewed 120 consecutive adult patients (≥18 years old) with COVID-19 at a major federally qualified health centre in Rhode Island, United States from 19 March to 29 April 2020. Median age was 39.5 years (interquartile range, 27.0–50.0), 30% were male and 87.5% were Latino/Hispanics. Eighty-two (68.3%) patients had BCG vaccination. Individuals with BCG vaccination were less likely to require hospital admission during the disease course (3.7% vs. 15.8%, P = 0.019). This association remained unchanged after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities (P = 0.017) using multivariate regression analysis. The finding from our study suggests the potential of BCG in preventing more severe COVID-19.
French subject island? Empirical studies ofdontandde qui
Authors: Abeillé Anne , Winckel Elodie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDonthas been claimed to be an exception to the ‘subject island’ constraint (Tellier, 1991; Sportiche and Bellier, 1989; Heck, 2009) and to contrast with true relative pronouns such asde qui. We provide corpus data from a literary corpus (Frantext), which show that relativizing out of the subject is possible withdontandde quiin French relative clauses, and is even the most frequent use of both relative clauses. We show that it is not a recent innovation by comparing subcorpora from the beginning of the twentieth century and from the beginning of the twenty-first century. We also show, with an acceptability judgement task, that extraction out of the subject withde quiis well accepted. Why has this possibility been overlooked? We suggest that it may be becausede quirelatives in general are less frequent thandontrelatives (about 60 times less in our corpus). Turning tode quiinterrogatives, we show that extraction out of the subject is not attested, and propose an explanation of the contrast with relative clauses. We conclude that in this respect, French does not seem to differ from other Romance languages.
Trajectory Estimation for Particles Observed in the Vicinity of (101955) Bennu
Authors: Chesley S. R. , French A. S. , Davis A. B. , Jacobson R. A. , Brozović M. , Farnocchia D. , Selznick S. , Liounis A. J. , Hergenrother C. W. , Moreau M. C. , Pelgrift J. , Lessac‐Chenen E. , Molaro J. L. , Park R. S. , Rozitis B. , Scheeres D. J. , Takahashi Y. , Vokrouhlický D. , Wolner C. W. V. , Adam C. , Bos B. J. , Christensen E. J. , Emery J. P. , Leonard J. M. , McMahon J. W. , Nolan M. C. , Shelly F. C. , Lauretta D. S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe analyze the trajectories of 313 particles seen in the near‐Bennu environment between December 2018 and September 2019. Of these, 65% follow suborbital trajectories, 20% undergo more than one orbital revolution around the asteroid, and 15% directly escape on hyperbolic trajectories. The median lifetime of these particles is ∼6 hr. The trajectories are sensitive to Bennu's gravitational field, which allows us to reliably estimate the spherical harmonic coefficients through degree 8 and to resolve nonuniform mass distribution through degree 3. The particles are perturbed by solar radiation pressure, enabling effective area‐to‐mass ratios to be estimated. By assuming that particles are oblate ellipsoids of revolution, and incorporating photometric measurements, we find a median axis ratio of 0.27 and diameters for equivalent‐volume spheres ranging from 0.22–6.1 cm, with median 0.74 cm. Our size distribution agrees well with that predicted for fragmentation due to diurnal thermal cycling. Detailed models of known accelerations do not produce a match to the observed trajectories, so we also estimate empirical accelerations. These accelerations appear to be related to mismodeling of radiation pressure, but we cannot rule out contributions from mass loss. Most ejections take place at local solar times in the afternoon and evening (12:00–24:00), although they occur at any time of day. We independently identify ten ejection events, some of which have previously been reported. We document a case where a particle ricocheted off the surface, revealing a coefficient of restitution 0.57±0.01 and demonstrating that some apparent ejections are not related to surface processes.
Normal Mode Perspective on the 2016 QBO Disruption: Evidence for a Basic State Regime Transition
Authors: Raphaldini Breno , Wakate Teruya Andre Seiji , Silva Dias Pedro Leite , Chavez Mayta Victor Raul , Takara Victor Junji 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA normal mode decomposition of the dynamical structure of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) is presented in this article. It was found that the QBO is predominantly described by Rossby modes as well as westward inertio‐gravity modes with a low meridional mode index. We show that the 2016 QBO disruption was accompanied by an extreme amplitude event of an asymmetric zonal Rossby mode (with meridional index 4) consisting of the largest amplitude in 40 years. This component of the zonal flow favors the convergence of eastward momentum in the equatorial region, controlling the perturbations to the QBO. The zonal winds associated with this mode are extremely intermittent with heavy tail distributions. Our statistical analysis indicates a regime transition in this zonal mode in the recent decades, favoring stronger perturbations to the QBO.
Mid‐Holocene Sahara‐Sahel Precipitation From the Vantage of Present‐Day Climate
Authors: Molnar Peter , Rajagopalan Balaji 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo account for the wet mid‐Holocene (ca. 6 ka) Sahara‐Sahel region, we exploit teleconnections from four large‐scale ocean‐atmosphere‐land forcings: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), hemispherical temperature difference, and net energy input at the equator; they offer theoretical bases for estimating effects of large‐scale forcing on mid‐Holocene Sahara‐Sahel rainfall. Together, these forcings explain 16–64% of historical rainfall variability, with the highest percentages in the Sahel region. With estimates for mid‐Holocene time, latitudes where rainfall today averages 1,000, 500, or 200 mm/year are reconstructed to have lain ~2.5° farther north. Calculated mid‐Holocene rainfall at 15°N, 17.5°N, and 20°N exceeds that today by ~250, 100, and 20 mm/year. These shifts account for more than half of paleoclimatic estimates of mid‐Holocene rainfall and are comparable with the General Circulation Model (GCM) runs that match paleorainfall estimates most closely. Mid‐Holocene radiation may have affected Sahel precipitation indirectly via teleconnections from oceanic regions.
Using Multiple Large Ensembles to Elucidate the Discrepancy Between the 1979–2019 Modeled and Observed Antarctic Sea Ice Trends
Authors: Chemke R. , Polvani L. M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn spite of the unabated emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, sea ice around Antarctica has increased over most of the satellite era. Such an increase is not captured by climate models, which simulate a melting over the same period. Over the last few years, moreover, the observed sea ice trends have drastically changed, and this might act to cancel the models‐observations discrepancy. Here we show that in spite of the very recent Antarctic sea ice trend changes, such discrepancy still exists. Analyzing multiple large ensembles of model simulations, we elucidate the origin of the models‐observations discrepancy. We show that internal variability cannot account for the discrepancy, which therefore is likely to stem from biases in the models' forced response to the external forcing. These biases, we show, reside in thermodynamic ocean‐atmosphere coupling, as models fail to simulate the trends in surface heat fluxes from reanalyses over the period 1979–2019.
Water Surface Elevation Constraints in a Data Assimilation Scheme to Infer Floodplain Topography: A Case Study in the Logone Floodplain
Authors: Shastry Apoorva , Durand Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccuracy of inundation extents from flood models are directly related to the quality of topographic information. Globally available digital elevation models (DEMs) are not accurate enough to support flood modeling. Satellite derived flood maps provide indirect information about ground elevations. Previous work proposed a data assimilation algorithm to leverage flood maps for improving topography but was tested only in context of a numerical experiment with synthetic data. Here we show for the first time that a data assimilation algorithm leveraging real remote sensing measurements to modify floodplain DEMs improves floodplain simulations. Over our study area, we observe a significant increase in inundation prediction capability using the updated DEM, with 9–19% average improvement in skill assessment characteristics. This algorithm is promising and fairly straightforward and can be used in data‐poor floodplains where high‐resolution DEMs do not exist.
The Interaction Between the Turbulence and Gravity Wave Observed in the Middle Stratosphere Based on the Round‐Trip Intelligent Sounding System
Authors: He Yang , Sheng Zheng , He Mingyuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBased on the round‐trip intelligent sounding system, the structure function and spectrum analysis method were carried out to analyze the scale interactions between the small‐scale gravity wave and turbulence in the middle stratosphere. The result showed that the generation of turbulence was closely related to the Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) billows. An upscale energy cascade occurred on the spatial scale of KH billows, while a downscale energy cascade occurred on a larger spatial scale (gravity wave scale), which resulted in the breaking of the gravity wave and generation of turbulence. From the multilevel signal measurement, the obvious interactions between turbulence and gravity can be found. The two‐dimensional turbulence that the inverse energy cascade in 2‐D exists simultaneously with a direct enstrophy cascade to the small scales was found, which is considered to be the first‐hand observation result of relevant height.
Thrombin is a therapeutic target for non-small-cell lung cancer to inhibit vasculogenic mimicry formation
Authors: Zhao Bing , Wu Mengfang , Hu Zhihuang , Ma Yixin , Qi Wang , Zhang Yanling , Li Yaran , Yu Min , Wang Huijie , Mo Wei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTumor cells transform into endothelial cells by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is characterized by vasculogenic mimicry (VM). VM not only accelerates tumor progression but also increases drug-induced resistance. However, very little is currently known about the molecular determinants that enable VM. Targeting VM might bring a new breakthrough in cancer treatment. Thrombin is the key enzyme of the blood coagulation system and could contribute to tumor progression. Nevertheless, the association between thrombin and VM formation remains largely unknown. We found that VM was associated with the overall survival of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and that thrombin expression was closely related to VM formation. This research revealed that thrombin induced VM formation via PAR-1-mediated NF-κB signaling cascades. The novel thrombin inhibitors r-hirudin and DTIP inhibited VM formation and spontaneous metastases in subcutaneous tumors. Clinical pathological analysis confirmed that NSCLC patients with thrombin-positive/PAR-1-high expression had the poorest prognosis and were the most likely to form VM. The promotional activity of thrombin in VM formation and tumor metastasis was abolished in PAR-1-deficient NSCLC cells. The EGFR inhibitor gefitinib had no effect on VM and increased VEGF expression in tumors. The combination therapy of DTIP and gefitinib achieved a better therapeutic effect than either agent alone. This study is the first to illustrate that thrombin substantially contributes, together with PAR-1, to VM formation and to illustrate that VM might be a target of r-hirudin and DTIP to suppress tumor progression. The anticoagulants r-hirudin and DTIP could be employed for antitumor therapy. Combination therapy with DTIP with an EGFR inhibitor might achieve superior therapeutic effects.
Meta-analytic approach for transcriptome profiling of herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Tombácz Dóra , Torma Gábor , Gulyás Gábor , Moldován Norbert , Snyder Michael , Boldogkői Zsolt 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this meta-analysis, we re-analysed and compared herpes simplex virus type 1 transcriptomic data generated by eight studies using various short- and long-read sequencing techniques and different library preparation methods. We identified a large number of novel mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and transcript isoforms, and validated many previously published transcripts. Here, we present the most complete HSV-1 transcriptome to date. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that various sequencing techniques, including both cDNA and direct RNA sequencing approaches, are error-prone, which can be circumvented by using integrated approaches. This work draws attention to the need for using multiple sequencing approaches and meta-analyses in transcriptome profiling studies to obtain reliable results.
Arabidopsis cryptochrome is responsive to Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields
Authors: Albaqami Maria , Hammad Merfat , Pooam Marootpong , Procopio Maria , Sameti Mahyar , Ritz Thorsten , Ahmad Margaret , Martino Carlos F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHow living systems respond to weak electromagnetic fields represents one of the major unsolved challenges in sensory biology. Recent evidence has implicated cryptochrome, an evolutionarily conserved flavoprotein receptor, in magnetic field responses of organisms ranging from plants to migratory birds. However, whether cryptochromes fulfill the criteria to function as biological magnetosensors remains to be established. Currently, theoretical predictions on the underlying mechanism of chemical magnetoreception have been supported by experimental observations that exposure to radiofrequency (RF) in the MHz range disrupt bird orientation and mammalian cellular respiration. Here we show that, in keeping with certain quantum physical hypotheses, a weak 7 MHz radiofrequency magnetic field significantly reduces the biological responsivity to blue light of the cryptochrome receptor cry1 in Arabidopsis seedlings. Using an in vivo phosphorylation assay that specifically detects activated cryptochrome, we demonstrate that RF exposure reduces conformational changes associated with biological activity. RF exposure furthermore alters cryptochrome-dependent plant growth responses and gene expression to a degree consistent with theoretical predictions. To our knowledge this represents the first demonstration of a biological receptor responding to RF exposure, providing important new implications for magnetosensing as well as possible future applications in biotechnology and medicine.