bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Learning Progression for Constructing and Interpreting Data Display
Authors: Kim Eun Mi , Nabors Oláh Leslie , Peters Stephanie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractK–12 students are expected to acquire competence in data display as part of developing statistical literacy. To support research, assessment design, and instruction, we developed a hypothesized learning progression (LP) using existing empirical literature in the fields of mathematics and statistics education. The data display LP posits a progression of student understanding and learning of data display in terms of two progress variables: constructing data displays and interpreting data displays. An initial data display LP was revised through expert review and then supported the design of a set of data display tasks to elicit evidence of student knowledge and skills in constructing and interpreting data display. The data display LP and tasks presented in this research report can inform assessment development as well as classroom instruction, and they can be used for further studies on potential interactions between the two progress variables in students' development of data display knowledge.
Hall and ion slip effects on MHD free convective rotating flow bounded by the semi‐infinite vertical porous surface
Authors: Veera Krishna M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThermodiffusion, thermal radiation, Hall and ion slip effects on heat and mass transport of free convective MHD micropolar fluid flow bounded by a semi‐infinite absorbent plate with rotation and suction have been investigated. The plate is assumed to oscillate in time with constant frequency so that the solutions of the boundary layer are the same oscillatory type. The solutions are found analytically with the perturbation technique. With the help of graphic representations, the impacts of many critical parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration within the boundary layer are discussed. In addition, local skin‐friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood numbers are determined and computationally analyzed.
Association Between Recurrent Fracture Risk and Implementation of Fracture Liaison Services in Four Swedish Hospitals: A Cohort Study
Authors: Axelsson Kristian F , Johansson Helena , Lundh Dan , Möller Michael , Lorentzon Mattias 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Structured secondary preventions programs, called fracture liaison services (FLSs), increase the rate of evaluation with bone densitometry and use of osteoporosis medication after fracture. However, the evidence regarding the effect on the risk of recurrent fracture is insufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate if implementation of FLS was associated with reduced risk of recurrent fractures. In this retrospective cohort study, electronic health records during 2012 to 2017 were used to identify a total of 21,083 patients from four hospitals in Western Sweden, two with FLS (n = 15,449) and two without (n = 5634). All patients aged 50 years or older (mean age 73.9 [SD 12.4] years, 76% women) with a major osteoporotic index fracture (hip, clinical spine, humerus, radius, and pelvis) were included. The primary outcome was recurrent major osteoporotic fracture. All patients with an index fracture during the FLS period (n = 13,946) were compared with all patients in the period before FLS implementation (n = 7137) in an intention-to-treat analysis. Time periods corresponding to the FLS hospitals were used for the non-FLS hospitals. In the hospitals with FLSs, there were 1247 recurrent fractures during a median follow-up time of 2.2 years (range 0–6 years). In an unadjusted Cox model, the risk of recurrent fracture was 18% lower in the FLS period compared with the control period (hazard ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73–0.92, p = .001), corresponding to a 3-year number needed to screen of 61, and did not change after adjustment for clinical risk factors. In the hospitals without FLSs, no change in recurrent fracture rate was observed. Treatment decisions were made according to the Swedish treatment guidelines. In conclusion, implementation of FLS was associated with a reduced risk of recurrent fracture, indicating that FLSs should be included routinely at hospitals treating fracture patients. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Maximizing Knowledge Extraction From Patient‐Reported Outcome Data Using Exposure‐Outcome Item Response Modeling Approach: Understanding Efavirenz‐Induced Central Nervous System Toxicity
Authors: Bisaso Karungi S. , Bisaso Kuteesa R. , Mukonzo Jackson K. , Ette Ene I. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis investigation was undertaken to maximally extract hidden knowledge from an efavirenz‐based trial data set using an item response theory‐based approach to exposure‐outcome analysis. The aim was to understand the influence of efavirenz exposure on the underlying neuropsychiatric impairment in HIV/AIDS patients. Data from 196 individuals with 4136 neuropsychiatric impairment symptom observations at baseline and 2 and 12 weeks of 600‐mg efavirenz‐based therapy was analyzed. The 7 symptoms were categorized as sleep disorders (3), hallucinations (3), and cognitive impairment (1). A longitudinal item response theory model incorporating 3 latent variables based on the symptom categories and a linear disease progression model with a symptomatic drug effect was developed in NONMEM 7.4.1. The model adequately characterized the observed symptoms and revealed the hidden knowledge on the informativeness of symptoms in characterizing the underlying neuropsychiatric impairment. Informativeness, which was affected by underlying impairment severity and efavirenz therapy duration, varied among symptoms. Sleep disorders were the most efavirenz‐sensitive symptom category. Vivid dreams and auditory hallucinations were most informative in their respective symptom categories. Mini‐Mental State Examination score cutoff levels used to classify the severity of cognitive impairment did not distinctively correspond with neuropsychiatric impairment severity. Efavirenz treatment effect on the severity of neuropsychiatric impairment was not more than 15%. Simulation of individual symptoms at the 400‐mg dose only reduced the prevalence of sleep disorder symptoms. Use of the exposure‐item response theory modeling approach maximally extracted hidden knowledge about efavirenz‐induced neuropsychiatric impairment and appropriately characterized the impact of dose reduction on specific neuropsychiatric impairment symptoms.
Creating topsoils and soil conditioners from biosolids and urban residuals
Authors: Batjiaka Ryan , Brown Sally 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA study was conducted to test the suitability of a range of organic and inorganic residuals mixed with municipal biosolids to create a soil amendment effective for a broad range of end uses. Biosolids suitable for unrestricted use were sourced from San Francisco, CA. Residuals including urban wood and yard waste, nut shells, biochar, and sawdust were sourced from nearby producers. Existing biosolids based soil products, peat, and a yard–food compost were used as controls. Experimental mixtures were tested for a range of soil properties, appearance, odor, germination, and growth response. Several mixtures performed as well as or better than the yard–food compost, and several performed comparably to the biosolids soil controls. Yard waste fines blended with biosolids in a 50:50 ratio by volume or yard waste fines blended with biosolids and 20% sand at 40:40:20 were highly effective across all measured indices. Mixed yard and recycled lumber fines blended with biosolids at these same ratios performed similarly well. Blends with a high percentage of char performed poorly in germination and growth response, likely as a result of elevated electrical conductivity. Certain blends such as gypsum and redwood shavings failed to mix well with biosolids to create a uniform looking material and were less visually appealing. In general, blends that met established quality control parameters for compost performed well on the measured indices. These results suggest that blending Class A biosolids with organic and inorganic feedstocks to meet quality criteria developed for compost will create marketable soil products.
Folate‐conjugated herpes simplex virus for retargeting to tumor cells
Authors: Ye Zhi‐Qiang , Zou Chang‐Lin , Chen Han‐Bin , Lv Qi‐Yuan , Wu Ruo‐Qi , Gu Dian‐Na 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1)‐mediated oncolytic therapy is a promising cancer treatment modality. However, viral tropism is considered to be one of the major stumbling blocks to the development of HSV‐1 as an anticancer agent.MethodsThe surface of oncolytic HSV‐1 G207 was covalently modified with folate‐poly (ethylene glycol) conjugate (FA‐PEG). The specificities and tumor targeting efficiencies of modified or unmodified G207 particles were analyzed by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction at the level of cell attachment and entry. Immune responses were assessed by an interleukin‐6 release assay from RAW264.7 macrophages. Biodistribution and in vivo antitumoral activity after intravenous delivery was evaluated in BALB/c nude mice bearing subcutaneous KB xenograft tumors.ResultsFA‐PEG‐HSV exhibited enhanced targeting specificity for folate receptor over‐expressing tumor cells and had lower immunogenicity than the unmodified HSV. In vivo, the FA‐PEG‐HSV group revealed an increased anti‐tumor efficiency and tumor targeting specificity compared to the naked HSV.ConclusionsThese results indicate that folate‐conjugated HSV G207 presents a folate receptor‐targeted oncolytic virus with a potential therapeutic value via retargeting to tumor cells.
Investigation of Interfacial Tension Reduction, Wettability Alteration, and Oil Recovery Using a New Non‐ionic Oil‐Based Surfactant from Gemini Surfactants Family Coupled with Low‐Salinity Water: Experimental Study on Oil‐Wet Carbonate Rock
Authors: Dabiri Abdolreza , Honarvar Bizhan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLow‐salinity surfactant (LSS) flooding is a combined enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique that increases oil recovery (OR) by altering the rock surface wettability and reducing oil–water interfacial tension (IFT). In this study, optimum concentrations of several types of salt in distilled water were obtained on the basis of IFT experiments for the preparation of low‐salinity water (LSW). Then, a new oil‐based natural surfactant (Gemini surfactant, GS) was combined with LSW to investigate their effects on IFT, wettability, and OR. Experimental results showed that LSW is capable of reducing IFT and contact angle, but the synergy of GS and the active ions Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42− in LSW was more effective on IFT reduction and wettability alteration. The combination of 1000 ppm MgSO4 and 3000 ppm GS led to a decrease in contact angle from 134.82° to 36.98° (oil‐wet to water‐wet). Based on core flooding tests, LSW injection can increase OR up to 71.46% (for LSW with 1000 ppm MgSO4), while the combination of GS and LSW, as LSS flooding, can improve OR up to 84.23% (for LSS with 1000 ppm MgSO4 and 3000 ppm GS). Therefore GS has great potential to be used as a surfactant for EOR.
The Association Between Smoking on Olfactory Dysfunction in 3,900 Patients With Olfactory Loss
Authors: Fjaeldstad Alexander W. , Ovesen Therese , Hummel Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Objectives/HypothesisThe association between smoking and olfactory loss remains a conundrum. Prior studies have found negative and positive effects of smoking on olfactory function in the general population. However, smoking cessation seems to improve both rated and measured olfactory function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the olfactory function and smoking habits in patients with olfactory loss caused by different etiologies to unveil underlying patterns related to smoking.Study DesignRetrospective observational study.MethodsPatients were included from two specialized taste and smell centers. Patients underwent olfactory testing, clinical examination including rhinoscopy, and the underlying etiology was identified. Patterns of olfactory test scores, demographics, and etiologies were analyzed.ResultsIn total, 3,900 patients with olfactory loss were included. Of these, 521 were current smokers, and 316 were former smokers. Patients with a history of smoking did not have significantly lower olfactory function. Current smokers were more often affected by posttraumatic olfactory loss, but not sinonasal, postviral, or idiopathic olfactory loss.ConclusionsCurrent smoking, but not former smoking, was associated with posttraumatic olfactory loss. In relation to measured olfactory function, a history of smoking was not associated to lower olfactory scores. Our findings suggest that the general recommendations of smoking cessation for patients with olfactory loss are especially relevant for patients with posttraumatic olfactory loss. The nature of this association between current smoking and posttraumatic olfactory loss has yet to be elucidated.Level of Evidence2b Laryngoscope, 131:E8–E13, 2021
Utilization of Computed Tomography in Temporal Bone Fractures at a Large Level I Trauma Center
Authors: Szczupak Mikhaylo , Kravietz Adam , Patel Jaimin , Grobman Ariel , Sidani Charif , Hoffer Michael E. 
Published: February 2020

Objectives/HypothesisTo identify which patients with temporal bone fractures who have already undergone trauma pan‐scan computed tomography (CT) do not require an additional dedicated temporal bone CT. To determine the added cost of dedicated temporal bone CT in a lower‐risk group of patients.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsA chart review was conducted of adult patients at a large level I trauma center with temporal bone fractures who underwent both trauma pan‐scan CT and dedicated temporal bone CT. Patients were risk stratified into lower‐ and higher‐risk groups based on imaging and physical exam findings. Imaging findings regarding five critical anatomic structures were compared between the two types of CT scans.ResultsThere were 180 patients who met inclusion criteria, with 120 patients stratified to the lower‐risk group. The negative predictive values of trauma pan‐scan CT within the lower‐risk group for fracture involvement with the five critical anatomic structures were as follows: otic capsule (1.000), carotid canal (0.960), facial nerve canal (1.000), ossicular chain (0.992), and tegmen (0.856). The annual out‐of‐pocket cost to patients for dedicated temporal bone CT imaging in the lower‐risk group was estimated to be approximately $34,000, for a total of $190,000 during the complete study period.ConclusionsTrauma pan‐scan CT may be sufficient in lower‐risk patients to identify temporal bone fracture involvement with critical anatomic structures of the temporal bone. Reductions in dedicated temporal bone imaging will decrease both radiation exposure to trauma patients and strain on radiology departments.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:E278–E282, 2021
Reconfiguration of Upper Airway Stimulation Devices Utilizing Awake Endoscopy
Authors: Meleca Joseph B. , Kominsky Alan H. 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivesDetermine the rates of, reasons for, and effectiveness of device reprogramming utilizing in‐office awake endoscopy (AE) in subjects who underwent upper airway stimulation (UAS) surgery.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsRetrospective chart review at a tertiary care center on patients implanted with UAS devices from November 2015 to July 2018.ResultsSixty patients were implanted with UAS devices. Average pre‐ and postsurgical total apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was 40.6 and 4.2 with a 36.4 total AHI reduction. Treatment success based on Sher criteria was observed in 88% of patients. Postoperative titration polysomnography revealed an average functional threshold (FT) and minimum therapeutic amplitude (MTA) of 1.6 and 2.1 V, respectively. A total of 24 AEs were performed in 19 (32%) patients. The most common complaints and reasons for AE were perceived stimulus discomfort (42%), frequent awakenings (32%), and persistent fatigue or non‐normalized AHI (21%). After first AE, there was a 0.87 (53%) and 0.93 (45%) V reduction in FT and MTA, respectively.ConclusionPatients with obstructive sleep apnea continue to succeed with UAS. Fewer than one‐third of patients had postsurgical complaints requiring device reconfiguration utilizing AE to assess the pharyngeal airway and optimize device settings. Reduction in the FT and MTA after AE may improve compliance by reducing discomfort and frequent awakenings. Periodic monitoring of patients with implanted UAS devices is necessary to optimize efficacy and maintain patient compliance.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 130:2494–2498, 2020
Determining the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient in 100Cr6
Authors: Kürten Dominik , Khader Iyas , Kailer Andreas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the present study, the diffusion constant for hydrogen in hardened 100Cr6 was measured in permeation tests. The tests were conducted on samples of different thicknesses. The diffusivity of hydrogen was also measured in prestrained samples to study the influence of plastic strain on the diffusion rate. A finite element‐based diffusion model was applied to confirm the experimental results by computing the concentrations of diffusible hydrogen and trapped hydrogen due to deformation‐induced defects. The results showed that the concentration of trapped hydrogen remained very low throughout the plastic strain regime under consideration. The average effective diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in 100Cr6 at 30°C was found to be Deff = 4.9 × 10−12 m2/s.
Investigation on the effectiveness of the repair method 8.3 “Corrosion protection by increasing the electrical resistivity” in chloride‐containing concrete Part 3: The influence on corrosion of chloride‐contaminated concretes under protective coatings
Authors: Becker Felix , Dauberschmidt Christoph 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWith the implementation of the repair method “increasing the electrical resistivity by coating” (MR 8.3), no direct repassivation of the reinforcing steel is initially intended. The success of the repair is rather linked to the change of the corrosion‐relevant parameters over time. These include an increase in the concrete resistivity due to dehydration and gradual decrease in corrosion currents and driving voltages on the reinforcing steel. Within the scope of a research project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), application limits for the repair principle W‐Cl could be defined. The chloride content present in the concrete at the rebar is the significant limiting factor for the application. While the corrosion activity even with moderately dehydrated specimens under diffusion‐retarding coatings at chloride contents of 1 wt% Cl−/c is in the range of the passive current density, this cannot be generally determined for chloride contents of 2 wt% Cl−/c. The type of coating has a decisive influence on the dehydration of the concrete. For example, less dense concretes under a permeable coating (acrylic dispersion/OS 4) can dry out to such an extent that the passive current density is reached. With semipermeable coatings and the presence of high chloride contents of 2 wt% Cl−/c, the repair principle W‐Cl does not lead to success according to the available test results.
Corrosion behavior of steel in pore solutions extracted from different blended cements
Authors: Hren Miha , Kosec Tadeja , Legat Andraž 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMortar specimens made from four different types of cement, CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, and CEM IV, were prepared and pore solutions extracted. Three different types of exposure were studied: noncarbonated without chlorides, noncarbonated with chlorides, and carbonated with chlorides. Various electrochemical methods (linear polarization, potentiodynamic polarization measurements) were implemented to characterize the processes of corrosion on steel in these solutions. The type and extent of corrosion products were evaluated by means of various spectroscopic techniques. Specific differences in the type and extent of corrosion damage were determined and compared for each of the extracted pore solutions from the different blended cements. An attempt was made to classify these differences in comparison with the reference cement (CEM I) and in relation to the different types of exposure.
Steam oxidation and mechanical performance of a ferritic–martensitic steel with slurry aluminide coating
Authors: Hou Xiaodong , Zhang Huixing , Seraffon Maud , Fry Antony T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA key route to advancing power plant efficiency is to enhance current steam operating parameters, namely, increase in steam temperature and pressure from the current levels of 540°C and 180 bar to the proposed 700°C (EU) and 300 bar. Conventional ferritic–martensitic steels, while having good mechanical properties and fatigue resistance, do not possess the high‐temperature corrosion resistance for long‐term use, with a temperature limit of ~620°C. Adding aluminide coatings to the surfaces of the steels can improve the oxidation resistance of this class of material through the growth of an Al2O3 scale. One of the major concerns in using coating is the potential deleterious effects on the mechanical properties of the substrate, either through the precipitation of brittle phases or through cracks in the coating. This study compares the microstructural features of slurry aluminide coatings applied to Grade 91 and the change in mechanical performance. The tensile, thermomechanical fatigue and creep test results showed that while the coated samples entered the tertiary creep zone earlier than the uncoated ones, cracking of the coating remained confined to the surface of the specimen. Nanoindentation mapping showed a hardness increase in the coating and within the aluminium diffusion zone, which is related to the exposure time.
Synthesis and Characterization of Solution Processable Poly(pyrazolines)
Authors: Jayalakshmi Arumugam , Keerthika Nagarajan , Ramkumar Santhanagopal 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSolution‐processable poly(dibenzalacetone) and poly(dibenzalcyclohexanone) are prepared by the condensation of 1,4‐dialkoxy‐bisbenzaldehyde and acetone/cyclohexanone using classic Claisen–Schmidt condensation. The prepared polymers are readily soluble in common organic solvents due to the presence of alkoxy chains present on the aromatic ring. The availability of α,β‐unsaturated ketone on the backbone is readily functionalized with hydrazine hydrate to obtain poly(pyrazoline acetate), a nonconjugated polymer on the backbone, which shows enhanced emission characteristics on comparison with the pristine polymer and small molecule analogues. The highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) of levels of poly(pyrazolines) has a band gap of 1.54 eV as calculated from cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis studies. Uniform thin film is obtained by spin casting as 1% solution on chlorobenzene and annealing under vacuum. Atomic force microscopy analysis shows fine morphology of the thin film. I–V characterization of the film shows low turn‐on voltage of 5.3 V. HOMO–LUMO is calculated by density functional theory and the result suggests that these molecules have great potential toward polymer organic light‐emitting diode applications.