bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measles Virus
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the origin and infectivity of the measles virus in the course of human history. How measles first came to infect humans is not clear. Definitive proof is hard to come by since measles virus infection was once nearly impossible to distinguish from smallpox virus infection. Consequently, both had been lumped together as a single entity. As early as the tenth century, the Arab physician Abu Becr first attempted to distinguish between the two. However, it was not until the seventeenth century that English physician Thomas Sydenham actually documented the clinical entity of measles infection. Once it was understood that infection with measles virus confers lifelong protection from the disease and that humans are the natural host, interest turned toward developing a preventive vaccine. The chapter then considers the purported evidence that measles virus vaccines may be harmful. Such misinformation is often propagated for personal reasons yet greatly affects public health and individual lives.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, the First Pandemic of the Twenty-First Century; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; and the 2019–2020 Outbreak of 2019-nCoV
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which represented the first new viral pandemic of the 21st century. Beginning mysteriously in Southern China during November of 2002, this plague was brought under control by 2004, but only after spreading to thirty-three countries on five continents and infecting over eight thousand humans, seven-hundred and seventy-four of whom died. How the disease spread exemplifies the speed and breadth of viral migration today. Then, as mysteriously as it came, SARS disappeared. However, a closely related viruses, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), first emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and COVID-19 emerged in China in 2019 with both spreading globally. SARS , MERS and CVID-19 are members of the coronavirus family. At present, distinct species of bats have been implicated as natural reservoir for SARS maintaining this viruses in the communities it occupies. Meanwhile, how MERS first infected humans and what the animal carrier is are not clear; the suspects are bats and camels. For COVET-19 bats and civets are the suspects
West Nile Virus: Deaths of Crows and Humans
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses West Nile virus, the cause of a formerly unknown disease whose path through America was a trail of dead birds and dead people. West Nile virus is currently the most common and severe form of mosquito-borne encephalitis in North America. At present, West Nile virus has been isolated from over 300 species of birds. The infected birds fall into two major groups: those that carry the virus and are asymptomatic and those that develop an often fatal neurologic disease. Crows, jays, magpies, and house finches, upon infection, develop high virus loads and rapidly infect the mosquitoes that prey on them. House sparrows are also reservoirs for high titers of West Nile virus and play a role in the virus’ transmission in city areas. Humans are incidental/accidental hosts in the natural mosquito–bird cycle of this viral infection. Most humans who become infected have received bites from mosquitoes carrying the West Nile virus. The viruses then replicate at the bite site and likely spread to specialized cells, dendritic cells, which act as processors of foreign antigens. Viruses may also travel directly from the bite site into and through the blood.
Zika Comes to the Western Hemisphere and Americas: How, When, Consequences
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the Zika virus. Viruses are usually messengers of bad news. The bad news emerging as a specialty of infection by Zika viruses and the harm they cause is the long-term disability of the most vulnerable populations: pregnant women and their babies. Zika virus is a member of the flavivirus group, whose fellow members are yellow fever and West Nile viruses; all three are transmitted by mosquitoes. Attacks by Zika virus and the disease it caused unexpectedly exploded in 2015–2016, mainly in Brazil and surrounding countries in Central and South America and the Caribbean. Zika was then transported to the United States. Zika infections recorded in the United States were linked primarily to airplane or ship travelers from the areas of Zika outbreaks. Adult males and females infected with Zika virus may develop an autoimmune disease termed Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). GBS describes persons whose own immune system attacks their nerves (polyneuropathy), leading to symmetrical weakness of the extremities requiring hospitalization.
Mad Cow Disease and Englishmen: Dementia of Humans—Prions: Folding Protein Transmissible Diseases
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies mad cow disease. In 1985–1986, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease, was first identified in cattle of southern England, and within two years, over 1,000 instances of infected cattle surfaced in more than 200 herds. Epidemiologic investigations indicated that the addition of meat and bone meal as a protein supplement to cattle feeds was the likely source of that infection. By 1993, cases of mad cow disease peaked at over 1,000 per week. In addition to controlling the BSE epidemic in cattle, procedures were established to gauge whether this disease was a human health problem and to safeguard the population from the potential risk of BSE transmission. As a defense measure, in 1990, a national Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) surveillance unit was established in the United Kingdom to monitor changes in the disease pattern of CJD that might indicate transmission of BSE to humans. Although CJD is the most common form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans, it is a rare disease with a uniform world incidence of about 1 case in 1 to 2 million persons per year.
Influenza Virus, the Plague That Will Continue to Return
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the influenza virus. Even though the casualties, both military and civilian, were massive during World War I, deaths from the epidemic of influenza virus in 1918–1919 surpassed the war’s toll: some 40 to 50 million people died of influenza in less than a year. Although respiratory infection was a common companion of influenza during the 1918–1919 pandemic, pneumonia in young adults has been rare before and since. Over 80% of current and past deaths related to influenza have occurred in people over the age of 70, who most often die from secondary bacterial infections. Yet the risk is almost as great for patients of any age who suffer from chronic heart, lung, kidney, or liver disease; children with congenital abnormalities; or anyone undergoing transplant surgery or afflicted with AIDS. The last influenza pandemic recorded, the “swine flu” pandemic of 2009–2010, provided a scorecard of how far people have come in surveillance, epidemiology, vaccination, and treatments since the 1918–1919 pandemic and the four pandemics that followed.
Apathy and Ignorance: False Prophets of Autism and the Anti-Vaccine Movement
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights the story of autism, the widespread acceptance of its incorrect cause, and the impact on use of vaccines, all stemming directly from deliberate, false reporting. The basic conflict is twofold. First, involvement of a scientific method that must be reproducible, be reliable, and possess substantial proof is in conflict with common/personal beliefs. Second, doctors, scientists, and public health workers, despite their mandate to listen to parents and patients concerning their opinions, must base medical conclusions on evidence that validates the outcome of each patient’s health issue. It is in this milieu that autism and the anti-vaccine groups still do battle. In 1998, Lancet, a usually respectable and reputable English journal, published Dr. Andrew Wakefield’s opinion that the measles, mumps, rubella (German measles) vaccine injected into the arms of children caused inflammation, leading to harmful chemicals entering the bloodstream through the gut (intestine). These factors, he said, traveled to the brain, where the harmful chemicals/toxins caused autism. In the face of this “fake news” about the source of autism and measles, the vaccination rate for measles dropped in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Team Members
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
If you’ve had the chance to work with great teammates, you’ve seen how they can elevate the people around them, without being “selfless.” It is possible to strive for personal excellence and be a great teammate. This chapter describes 10 recommended actions for anyone who is on a team and wants to be a great team member. The recommendations are derived from the science of teamwork and reflect insights from throughout the book. The tips can be used personally, to ensure you are being an effective team member. They can also be shared with others to help them be a more valuable member of their teams.
The Industrial-Organizational Master’s Degree Curriculum
Authors: Huelsman Timothy J. , Shanock Linda Rhoades 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Guidelines for Education and Training in Industrial-Organizational Psychology. The Guidelines take a competency-based approach to describing the content of graduate training in industrial-organizational psychology. The authors make recommendations on delivery options for master’s programs seeking to develop student competencies in the areas described in the Guidelines. These delivery options range from formal coursework to supervised internships to research activities. The authors address program characteristics, such as types of students (traditional versus nontraditional) and settings (urban versus rural), that may present unique opportunities and challenges in addressing the Guidelines.
Importance of Applied Experiences
Authors: Kottke Janet L. , Shultz Kenneth S. , Aamodt Michael G. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of opportunities for applied experiences that can be offered to students in industrial-organizational master’s programs. The authors discuss course projects (job analysis, training program development and delivery, structured interview development, and salary surveys), simulations (interview or performance coaching session as final exam), practica, and internships. Faculty preparation, community partnerships, and student readiness as factors in implementation are addressed. Throughout, examples and recommendations are presented on how best to incorporate these kinds of experiential assignments into industrial-organizational master’s programs. The chapter concludes with a summary of the data-based evidence for student learning that comes from these kinds of experiences.
The Thesis Process in Industrial-Organizational Master’s Programs
Authors: Schneider Kimberly T. , Mullins Morrie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers the thesis process in industrial-organizational master’s programs. A master’s thesis project can be a key learning opportunity for students. Whether or not they intend to pursue a PhD, or ever conduct formal research after completing their master’s degree, students gain valuable competencies from completing a thesis, including project management skills, research skills, written and oral communication skills, critical thinking, and ethical behavior. Thesis projects are not without challenges, however. This chapter offers advice and observations based both on the research literature and the authors’ 35+ years of combined experience mentoring master’s theses. Topics addressed include feasible and appropriate projects, collaborations with organizations, navigating the Institutional Review Board process, and on-time thesis completion.
Leveraging Partnerships Between Faculty and Staff to Transform Rape Culture on Campus
Authors: Rizzo Andrew J. , Klein L. B. , Ahmad-Kahloon Zachary , Seshadri Meera , Swan LaWanda , Cherry Lee Helmken 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ending gender-based violence (GBV) on campus requires sustained efforts to transform the rape culture that is embedded in college and university systems. While partnership with student activists is crucial, structural change necessitates partnerships among college and university employees, particularly between staff who direct campus survivor advocacy and GBV prevention programs and their faculty allies. This chapter draws on accounts of members of the Campus Advocacy and Prevention Professionals Association across the United States and Canada about their partnerships with faculty. Key themes emerged: navigating bureaucracy, negotiating roles and responsibilities, destabilizing power and privilege dynamics, confronting institutionalized oppressions, and going beyond programming to catalyze systems change through meaningful (and often uncomfortable) partnership and dialogue. Recommendations to transform rape culture through new and existing partnerships on program evaluation, curriculum infusion, survivor support, and campus-wide task forces are discussed.
Epicurus’ Dilemma
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes up Epicurus’ question: If death is nonexistence, how can being dead be bad for us? The answer, according to many philosophers, is that death deprives us of what would be more of a good life. Being nonexistent does not include any bad experiences, but it still deprives us. How can we reconcile this deprivation account of death’s badness with Epicurus’ observation? And can we simultaneously find a solace in death?
Passing Away
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that one way to reconcile Epicureanism with deprivationism is to say that death harms us not when we are nonexistent, but right when we pass away. This approach also answers the “timing question” of when death is bad for us. But it raises the further question of how we can be harmed by being deprived of a future good life prior to that future happening. The answer is that when we pass away, we lose the opportunity for that future.
Incomparable
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Lucretius asks, if we don’t worry about our nonexistence prior to our life, why should we be concerned about not existing after our life ends? This chapter takes up his question. One reason why is that creation includes the creation of valuable opportunities, while death extinguishes those opportunities. Another is that the relevant comparison is not between the states of being nonexistent before life and being nonexistent after life. Instead, the comparison is between the transitions of coming into existence and passing away.
The Impossible Thing
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Would an immortal life become so boring that it would eventually result in a debilitating boredom? This chapter examines that question. Others have pointed out that if repeatable activities are pursued, then that should allow us to stay engaged. And if memory and anticipation are limited so that we cannot remember everything, we will not be bored. A separate question is whether we might lose our human priorities if we were immortal. It is argued here that other limits besides death will preserve some structure in human choice.
The 8-Track and the Pen
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines different forms gratitude can take. One way gratitude manifests is holistically: when we are grateful for a whole we are also grateful for its parts, including the bad or useless parts of the whole. Arguably this is because the whole radiates goodness to its various parts. But when is gratitude supposed to be holistic, and when can it be fragmented, with each part getting its own distinctive evaluation? It is proposed that gratitude is holistic when the object in question is meaningful. Meaningful goods are those that figure in rightly valued life stories.
Existence
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Many are grateful for life. It is argued here that this gratitude reflects a specific value in life: not just that life is of high value, but that it has meaningful value in particular. “Meaning” in this sense is playing a role in our rightly valued life stories. Because life plays a role in all such stories, it has meaning for us. As such, the argument continues, holistic affirmation is a fitting way to value life. This is at least true of ongoing existence, even if creation cannot be good for us.
When Business Is Not “Businesslike”
Authors: Charnock Emily J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the initial resistance to the PAC concept within the business community and among conservatives more generally in the 1940s and 1950s. Though major business groups like the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) and United States Chamber of Commerce had not entirely ignored elections to this point, they concentrated their energies following World War II on lobbying and publicity campaigns promoting “free enterprise,” while criticizing labor and liberal PACs as coercive, collectivist, and antidemocratic. They also placed faith in the “conservative coalition” of Republicans and Southern Democrats to protect their interests, reflecting their strong belief that both parties should and could promote business aims. As fears grew that labor had successfully “infiltrated” the Democratic Party, however, conservative activists urged business groups to be “businesslike” and respond to labor electioneering in kind. Business leaders thus began to contemplate a partisan electoral counterstrategy centered on the Republican Party.
Consequences of the Commercial approach to rivers
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the adverse effects of the Commercial approach on river morphology, such as fragmentation of rivers, upstream sedimentation, and downstream disfigurations. It demonstrates the “More water, more thirst!” syndrome that this approach creates, leading to exhaustion of rivers and deleterious effects on deltas, estuaries, and the coastal environment. It reviews the broader effects of this approach on the ecology of river basins, including loss of seasonal pulses and emergence of new dangers of catastrophic flooding, waterlogging, salinity, deterioration of soil quality, and damages to the flora and fauna. The chapter also examines the unsuitability of the Commercial approach in the light of climate change, noting GHG emissions from dam reservoirs and increased risks from erratic and greater precipitation. It illustrates the unfair distribution of costs and benefits of the Commercial approach and shows that financial rates of return of projects under the Commercial approach are generally lower than claimed, and the economic rates of return are even lower, if not negative. The chapter also shows how the Commercial approach creates conflicts among co-riparian communities.
Spread of the Ecological approach across the world
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 reviews the progress of the Ecological approach across the world, in both developed and developing countries. In the United States, this progress can be seen in both dam removal and river restoration activities, including attempts to resuscitate the Colorado River Delta. In Europe, the progress of the Ecological approach has assumed a comprehensive character, as evidenced by the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) of 2000. The Ecological approach has made advances in developing countries too, many of which were practicing the pre-industrial variant of the Ecological approach until recently. The Narmada Bachao Andolon of India was a strong manifestation of the Ecological approach. Influenced, in part, by their pre-industrial ecological traditions, many developing countries have now taken such advanced steps as giving rivers and nature constitutional rights to exist and survive and not be disrupted by human interventions. These broader initiatives have provided further impetus for the Ecological approach to spread in developing countries.
Cordon approach to rivers
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 presents the Cordon approach, describing its methods, reviewing its spread across the world, and analyzing its consequences. It discusses the general relationship between river channels and their floodplains and explains the nurturing functions that regular river inundations perform. The chapter then outlines the instruments of the Cordon approach, such as embankments, floodwalls, channelization, and canalization. It goes on to explain the relationship between the Cordon and the Polder approaches and offers a classification of cordons into different types. The chapter reviews the consequences of the Cordon approach, distinguishing between those for river channels and for floodplains. It provides an overview of the experience of the Cordon approach in different parts of the world, focusing on the United States, Europe, and India. It also presents two case studies of the Cordon approach: the Mississippi levee system in the United States and the Huang He River embankments in China.
Joseph Lancaster, Monitorial Education, and Christianity without Sectarianism
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter focuses on “monitorial education,” schooling built on a pyramid system in which one master teaches several students, who teach several more. Two British teachers, Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell, each developed his own version of this pedagogical strategy at the end of the eighteenth century. In Britain, the question of whose system to use became heated: nonconforming evangelicals supported Lancaster, a Quaker layman; strict Anglicans supported Bell, a Church of England cleric. America picked up on the Lancasterian brand of monitorial instruction, dismissing Bell as tainted by antirepublican ecclesiasticism. In doing so, reformers across the religious spectrum supported monitorial education as a way to instruct America’s youth in a broad Christianity that was not sectarian. Lancasterianism thus introduced educational leaders to the idea of regimented schooling and offered a concrete example of religious schooling anchored in a broad evangelical consensus but not tied to any distinct denomination.
“The Educational Regeneration of New England”
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter narrates the Common School Awakening in Massachusetts, homing in on a pivotal figure whose role in the awakening has been underestimated: Charles Brooks, a Unitarian minister whose travels to Europe inspired him to begin a campaign to introduce Prussian reforms to American schools. The chapter follows Brooks from the beginning of his career to 1840, when he resigned from his clerical post after having helped introduce two key institutions into the Massachusetts educational bureaucracy, the board of education with its secretary and state-sponsored normal schools. The chapter focuses on the broad religious consensus that Brooks relied upon in his campaign.