bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV testing in the dental setting: A global perspective of feasibility and acceptability
Authors: Santella Anthony J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHIV is no longer a death sentence with early diagnosis and effective treatment contributing to a good prognosis. Surveillance data, however, suggest that one in four people globally living with HIV are unaware of their HIV infection and remains at risk of transmitting their infection if having unprotected sex. A wider array of testing opportunities and settings are thus needed to address this issue of public health significance. Evidence suggests there is a role for the dental team, particularly dentists, in offering chairside point‐of‐care HIV screening to patients during their dental appointments. Dentists, dental hygienists, and other members of the dental team may still have a role in helping to identify new cases of HIV with the goal of improving health outcomes, addressing health inequalities and improving the quality and quantity of life. This paper reviews the global epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, summarizes the point‐of‐care HIV testing process, highlights key findings of international studies (from high‐, middle‐, and low‐income countries) on the role of dental professionals in point‐of‐care HIV testing, and offers suggestions for what additional evidence is needed to make point‐of‐care HIV testing a routine part of dental care.
Oral health and HIV: What dental students need to know
Authors: Coulthard Paul , Tappuni Anwar R. , Ranauta Amitha 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionDentists have an important role in reducing new HIV infections by early diagnosis and need to know how to treat patients with HIV and understand universal cross‐infection control. In many parts of the world, healthcare professionals struggle to provide care because of barriers including stigma and cultural attitudes.AimTo investigate the effectiveness of a brief educational intervention in understanding/changing the views of dental school deans regarding the quality of the oral health and HIV/AIDS teaching and their willingness to undertake a curriculum review if appropriate.MethodsQuestionnaires before and after interactive presentation to the deans of 30 Indonesian dental schools and discussion.ResultsOnly six of 30 dental school deans believed that their HIV undergraduate dental student teaching was inadequate before the intervention, but 29 of 30 deans recognised the need to review their curriculum after the intervention. Whilst the majority (24/30) felt that their HIV teaching was adequate, good or excellent, the majority also thought that their students would find it difficult to treat patients with HIV.ConclusionThe brief educational intervention was effective in improving the understanding/changing the views of dental school deans regarding the quality of HIV/AIDS teaching and learning at their own institution and engaging a willingness to undertake curriculum review.
Innovations for prevention and care of oral candidiasis in HIV‐infected individuals: Are they available?—A workshop report
Authors: Ramírez‐Amador Velia , Patton Lauren L. , Naglik Julian R. , Nittayananta Wipawee 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOral candidiasis (OC) is the most prevalent HIV‐related oral lesion in patients on combined anti‐retroviral therapy (cART) or without cART. Management is challenged in some patients by development of resistance to azole drugs, such as fluconazole. Recent scientific knowledge about OC pathogenesis, the role of OC in the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), the relationship of OC with the microbiome, and novelties in OC treatment was discussed in an international workshop format. Literature searches were conducted to address five questions: (a) Considering the pathogenesis of Candida spp. infection, are there any potential therapeutic targets that could be considered, mainly in HIV‐infected individuals resistant to fluconazole? (b) Is oral candidiasis part of IRIS in HIV patients who receive cART? (c) Can management of the oral microbiome reduce occurrence of OC in patients with HIV infection? (d) What are the recent advances (since 2015) regarding plant‐based and alternative medicines in management of OC? and (e) Is there a role for photodynamic therapy in management of OC in HIV‐infected patients? A number of the key areas where further research is necessary were identified to allow a deeper insight into this oral condition that could help to understand its nature and recommend alternatives for care.
HIV testing: What, where and how?
Authors: Santella Anthony J. , Majam Mohammed , Van Ngo Huu , Luis Hendry 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGlobally, one in four people living with HIV are unaware of their status. Current HIV testing services’ strategies are falling short of reaching all, and thus, HIV testing should be offered in more decentralized and non‐traditional settings such as the dental and community settings. The workshop titled “HIV Testing: What, Where, and How?” provided an overview of concepts and advances in HIV point of care and self‐testing diagnostics and a discussion on the implementation of HIV self‐test interventions in different healthcare settings and its impact thereof. We also described how to build layperson capacity to deliver HIV testing in community settings. Additionally, we discussed what we have learned from expanding HIV testing beyond the specialist setting. We also noted considerations (i.e. provider willingness, test selection, training and preparing testing environment) dentists and other non‐specialist providers need to account for if they are planning to conduct HIV testing. Finally, we highlighted facilitators and barriers to implementing HIV testing in the dental setting on a global scale. These considerations are critical to meeting the UNAIDS 90–90–90 target to help end the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Dentists experience influences knowledge and attitudes toward HIV patients in West Jakarta, Indonesia, and validation of a new questionnaire
Authors: Gunardi Indrayadi , Salsabila Nurina Nadia , Marcia  , Amtha Rahmi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDentists’ knowledge and attitudes are two main components that may have a role in reducing and preventing the severity of HIV infection. No recent data on this are available in Jakarta.ObjectiveTo evaluate the dental profession's experience based on knowledge and attitude toward HIV patients in West Jakarta.Subjects and MethodA cross‐sectional study was conducted on 218 private dentists. The knowledge and attitude were assessed by validated questionnaire under informed consent. Data were analyzed by the Rasch model to assess reliability and multiple logistic regression.ResultRasch test found person reliability was poor (0.60; 1.23) and item reliability was excellent (0.97; 5.32). Good knowledge was shown in 58.3% of respondents, and a good attitude was practiced in 56.9%. Only the duration of dental practice (p < .005) <1 year served as an independent risk factor for good knowledge and attitude (p < .05; p < .05), respectively. Age, gender, having a social history of interacting with HIV patients, or a history of having treated HIV patients were not associated (p > .05). The results suggest that newly graduated dentists (<1 year) have retained the knowledge which could impact on their attitude toward HIV patients in dental practice.ConclusionNewly qualified dentists had the best knowledge and attitude toward treating HIV patients in West Jakarta.
Management of third molar surgery in HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Zam Syarifah Nova Amiza , Sylvyana Melita , Sjamsudin Endang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThird molar surgery is a common procedure performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. This kind of surgery is predictable, and complications are infrequent. Immune deficiency is one of the considerations for the prevention of complications. HIV patients may be immune deficient. Third molar surgical procedures are associated with bleeding and increased risk of infection. Improvement in oral hygiene must be encouraged, such as pre‐operative scaling. Prophylactic antibiotics and history of anti‐retroviral therapy should be considered.Case report7 cases of third molar surgery in HIV patients were handled at the oral and maxillofacial surgery department. Intraoral examination showed typical lesions of HIV patients such as oral candidiasis, hairy leucoplakia, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, oral ulcers and also pericoronitis of third molars. Radiological examination showed impacted teeth in the upper and lower the third molar region. Third molar treatment was carried out as elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Prophylactic antibiotics were given to the patients as standard of care.ConclusionTreatment planning for HIV‐positive patients follows the same sequence as with other patients, and the priorities are to remove local infection and prevent further dental disease. Third molar surgery in HIV‐positive patients can improve dental health which can affect the quality of life. Prophylactic antibiotic should be used to prevent infections. Bleeding control also needed to avoid complications.
The diagnostic accuracy of the HIV 1/2/subtype O Tri‐line rapid test compared with ELISA: A pilot study
Authors: Manenzhe Shumani Charlotte , Ngwenya Sizakele Pride , Shangase Sindisiwe Londiwe 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAccurate HIV diagnosis is essential for appropriate patient care. Rapid tests (RTs) are considered key to HIV screening and management. Some studies have found RTs to be comparable with the ELISA test whilst others have reported lower sensitivity.Aim and study designThe aim of this retrospective, descriptive study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the HIV 1/2/O Tri‐line rapid test (HIV‐TRT) device compared with ELISA.MethodThe study sample comprised 45 records of patients who tested for HIV using the HIV‐TRT device and ELISA.ResultsAs compared with ELISA as the 100% gold standard, the sensitivity of the HIV‐TRT was 80% (CI: 59%–93%) and specificity was 100% (CI: 83%–100%). ROC area of 0.9 at 95% CI was determined.ConclusionThe low sensitivity of HIV‐TRT is a concern, since HIV screening in South Africa makes use of RTs.
Detection of Epstein–Barr virus DNA in saliva of HIV‐1‐infected individuals with oral hairy leukoplakia
Authors: Farisyi Muhammad Al , Sufiawati Irna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present three cases of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) in whom the diagnosis was established by EBV DNA detection in whole saliva. Three HIV‐infected patients came to the Oral Medicine Clinic with similar chief complaints of asymptomatic white lesions on the tongue. All patients were diagnosed with suspected OHL and oral thrush also in the first patient. A multiplex PCR DNA microarray was performed to detect EBV DNA in saliva collected by spitting method. All saliva samples showed positive results for EBV DNA, and the definitive diagnosis of OHL was made. Resolution of lesions was found at 1‐ to 2‐month follow‐up after treatment with application of acyclovir 5% cream 5 times daily. Additionally, anti‐fungal treatment was given to the first patient and anti‐retroviral treatment to the first and second patients. EBV is mostly transmitted by asymptomatic shedding into saliva. Therefore, the detection of salivary EBV DNA is useful in establishing a definitive diagnosis of OHL allowing more effective treatment for both HIV‐infected patients receiving ART and treatment‐naïve patients at any CD4 + count.
HIV Teaching: A dental curriculum which fosters knowledge and attitude
Authors: Ranauta Amitha , Tappuni Anwar R. , Coulthard Paul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHIV TeachingA dental curriculum which fosters knowledge and attitude.ObjectivesA pilot study to explore dental students views of current HIV related teaching and to assess the impact of this teaching on the students’ self‐perceived confidence in delivering dental care to HIV patients.MethodsA short cross‐sectional survey was conducted to gather the views of students on both objectives. Data was collected using an online self‐administered questionnaire. Descriptive data analysis was conducted and used to present the data. Additionally, a one to one interview was performed with a past dental student for a thematic analysis.ResultsThe HIV teaching at this dental school uses different learning approaches involving didactic, reflective, and participatory methods to address the knowledge, attitudinal and skills objectives. A didactic and experiential problem‐based approach using role‐play with simulated patients with feedback, and discussion is utilised. Preliminary results show dental students perceive the course to be valuable and there is a general improvement in confidence in their knowledge and ability to communicate with HIV‐positive patients.ConclusionsThis evaluation suggests the course format and content are appropriate in providing education and training for dental students and supports the value of teaching HIV to undergraduate students.
Viruses and oral diseases in HIV‐infected individuals on long‐term antiretroviral therapy: What are the risks and what are the mechanisms?
Authors: Johnson Newell W. , Anaya‐Saavedra Gabriela , Webster‐Cyriaque Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs a result of the extension of life span produced by increasing access to combined antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) face new challenges from comorbidities. Although advances in medical care for HIV infection have dramatically reduced opportunistic infections and AIDS‐defining cancers, some non‐AIDS‐defining cancers (NADC) and specific oral diseases such as periodontitis and salivary gland disease are now more prevalent. Cancer prevention is, therefore, a priority issue in care of PLWH, stressing both restoration of immune function and reduction of non‐HIV cancer risk factors (tobacco in all its forms; areca nut; heavy alcohol consumption; diets lacking antioxidant vitamins and minerals; and oncogenic virus infections) through specific interventions, especially tobacco and areca nut cessation and alcohol moderation. Detection of oral high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HR‐HPV) and the universal preventive HPV vaccination among PLWH should be promoted to reduce the malignancy burden, along with routine oral examinations which remain the cheapest, most reliable, most reproducible, and non‐invasive tool to identify suspicious lesions. Also, considerations of oral inflammation and periodontal health are important to replication and gene expression of viruses in the mouth. Considering that a key risk factor for this scenario is the presence of oncogenic virus infection such as several members of the human herpesvirus and human papillomavirus families, here we analyze the variables involved in the seeming increase in comorbidities in PLWH.
Interplay between oral immunity in HIV and the microbiome
Authors: Fidel Paul L. , Moyes David , Samaranayake Lakshman , Hagensee Michael E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis Basic Science Workshop addressed the oral microbiome. At the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health & Disease in HIV/AIDS in India in 2014, some aspects of the human microbiome were discussed, and research questions formulated. Since that time, there have been major advances in technology, which have stimulated a number of publications on many aspects of the human microbiome, including the oral cavity. This workshop aimed to summarize current understanding of the “normal” microbiome of the oral cavity compared to that during HIV infection, and how oral immune factors and other clinical variables alter or control the oral microbiome. An important question is whether successful treatment with anti‐retroviral therapy, which leads to a significant drop in viral loads and immune reconstitution, is associated with any change or recovery of the oral microbiome. Additionally, the workshop addressed the issue of which parameters are most appropriate/correct to evaluate the oral microbiome and how clinically relevant are shifts/changes in the oral microbiome. The workshop evaluated current knowledge in five research areas related to five basic questions and identified further topics where further research is required.
Towards cost‐effective biofouling management in salmon aquaculture: a strategic outlook
Authors: Bloecher Nina , Floerl Oliver 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBiofouling is an ongoing challenge for marine salmon aquaculture, impacting farming operations, fish health and welfare. Current mitigation strategies employed in Norway and Scotland rely mainly on the use of antifouling coatings and reactive removal of biofouling. These approaches are not only costly and of limited efficacy, but also pose active risks and likely contribute to mortality of fish during grow‐out at sea. Given the inefficiencies of current biofouling management approaches and the industry’s objectives for growth and sustainability, a strategic assessment of future avenues for biofouling management is needed. We here present such an assessment and outline three novel biofouling management strategies that, once implemented, could facilitate improved fish health and welfare, reduced environmental impacts and benefits to the public perception of fish farming. These strategies are based on: (i) efficient antifouling coatings; (ii) antifouling combined with intermittent cleaning; and (iii) grooming of nets. We discuss the advantages, challenges and research and development needs associated with the realisation of these strategies. Drawing on experiences from agricultural systems and invasive species management, we show how the costs involved in the implementation of new strategies will over time be offset by the direct and indirect benefits arising from a reduction in environmental and fish health impacts and an increase in the industry’s social licence to operate.
Perceptions of the Fourth Agricultural Revolution: What’s In, What’s Out, and What Consequences are Anticipated?
Authors: Barrett Hannah , Rose David Christian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTechnological advancement is seen as one way of sustainably intensifying agriculture. Scholars argue that innovation needs to be responsible, but it is difficult to anticipate the consequences of the ‘fourth agricultural revolution’ without a clear sense of which technologies are included and excluded. The major aims of this article were to investigate which technologies are being associated with the fourth agricultural revolution, as well as to understand how this revolution is being perceived, whether positive or negative consequences are given equal attention, and what type of impacts are anticipated. To this end, we undertook a content analysis of UK media and policy documents alongside interviews of farmers and advisers. We found that the fourth agricultural revolution is associated with emergent, game‐changing technologies, at least in media and policy documents. In these sources, the benefits to productivity and the environment were prioritised with less attention to social consequences, but impacts were overwhelmingly presented positively. Farmers and advisers experienced many benefits of technologies and some predicted higher‐tech futures. It was clear, however, that technologies create a number of negative consequences. We reflect on these findings and provide advice to policy‐makers about how to interrogate the benefits, opportunities, and risks afforded by agricultural technologies.
Identification of a candidate gene associated with isoflavone content in soybean seeds using genome‐wide association and linkage mapping
Authors: Wu Depeng , Li Dongmei , Zhao Xue , Zhan Yuhang , Teng Weili , Qiu Lijuan , Zheng Hongkun , Li Wenbin , Han Yingpeng 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYIsoflavone, a secondary metabolite produced by Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean), is valuable for human and plant health. The genetic architecture of soybean isoflavone content remains unclear, however, despite several mapping studies. We generated genomic data for 200 soybean cultivars and 150 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) to localize putative loci associated with soybean seed isoflavone content. Using a genome‐wide association study (GWAS), we identified 87 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were significantly associated with isoflavone concentration. Using linkage mapping, we identified 37 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying the content of four isoflavones found in the RILs. A major locus on chromosome 8 (qISO8‐1) was co‐located by both the GWAS and linkage mapping. qISO8‐1 was fine mapped to a 99.5‐kb region, flanked by SSR_08_1651 and SSR_08_1656, in a BC2F5 population. GmMPK1, encoding a mitogen‐activated protein kinase, was identified as the causal gene in qISO8‐1, and two natural GmMPK1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with isoflavone content. Overexpression of GmMPK1 in soybean hairy roots resulted in increased isoflavone concentrations. Overexpressing GmMPK1 in transgenic soybeans had greater resistance to Phytophthora root rot, suggesting that GmMPK1 might increase soybean resistance to biotic stress by influencing isoflavone content. Our results not only increase our understanding of the genetic architecture of soybean seed isoflavone content, but also provide a framework for the future marker‐assisted breeding of high isoflavone content in soybean cultivars.
Corneal and scleral permeability of Desmoteplase in different species
Authors: Brütsch Deborah R. , Hunziker Peter , Pot Simon , Tappeiner Christoph , Voelter Katrin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveIntraocular fibrin clots caused by severe uveitis can be a sight‐threatening condition that needs to be resolved quickly and reliably. Intracameral injection of tissue‐plasminogen activator (tPA) is commonly used to resolve intraocular fibrin. However, the drug does not reach fibrinolytic concentrations after topical application. Desmoteplase (DSPA) is a structurally similar but smaller fibrinolytic agent with a higher fibrin selectivity, a longer half‐life, and better biocompatibility compared with tPA. This study was designed to evaluate the corneal and scleral permeability of DSPA in rabbits, pigs, dogs, horses, and humans ex vivo.ProceduresCorneal and scleral tissues (n = 5 per group) were inserted into Franz‐type diffusion chambers and exposed to 1.4 mg/mL DSPA for 30 minutes. Drug concentrations on the receiver side were determined by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsConcentrations of DSPA after corneal and scleral permeation through fresh tissues ranged from 0.0 to 16.3 µg/mL and 0.0 to 11.4 µg/mL (rabbits), 0.3 to 5.6 µg/mL and 3.1 to 9.2 µg/mL (dogs), 2.1 to 14.9 µg/mL and 4 to 8.7 µg/mL (horses), and 0.6 to 3 µg/mL and 2.9 to 18.1 µg/mL (pigs), respectively. A concentration of 0.07‐12.9 µg/mL DSPA was detectable after diffusion through tissue culture preserved human donor bank corneas (Table 1).ConclusionsDesmoteplase has the ability to permeate both cornea and sclera ex vivo in all species tested. Implications of the ex vivo permeability of DSPA suggest that in vivo permeability may be possible, and if so, it could lead to a novel topical application for lysing fibrin.