bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All Deterrence Is Local: The Utility and Application of Localised Deterrence in Counterinsurgency
Authors: Kitzen Martijn , van Kuijck Christina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe deterrence of non-state actors is a relatively understudied and not particularly well-understood aspect of deterrence studies. This chapter contributes to the emerging body of knowledge on this matter by coining the idea of localised deterrence. Based on a discussion of counterinsurgency theory it is argued that tailored measures can be effectively employed for deterring violent non-state actors by targeting their relations with the local populace. Subsequently, this chapter explores theoretical as well as practical aspects of localised deterrence in order to explain how this concept can be conceptualised and operationalised to effectively deter insurgents and their supporters amongst the local populace. Ultimately, this allows us to reflect upon the concept and set an agenda for embedding localised deterrence within the wider body of deterrence studies by identifying new avenues of research.
Understanding Deterrence
Authors: Mazarr Michael J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe challenge of deterrence—discouraging states from taking unwanted actions, especially military aggression—has again become a principal theme in U.S. defence policy. This chapter reviews the fundamentals of deterrence in theory and practice. It surveys basic definitions and types of deterrence, including central versus extended deterrence and techniques of deterring by denial or punishment. The chapter argues that it in inaccurate to equate deterrence strength with the local military balance, which is one important factor in deterrence success, but not the only one. It examines three essential conditions for deterrence success: The level of aggressor motivation, clarity about the object of deterrence and the actions the defender will take, and the defender’s capability and will to fulfil threats.
Deterrence Rediscovered: NATO and Russia
Authors: Rynning Sten 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is back in the business of deterring aggression on the part of Russia. This return to great power deterrence has brought widely acknowledged military challenges related to power projection, force modernization, and burden sharing but also and notably a political challenge of defining NATO’s collective political ambitions for a continental order in which Russia will not become like the West. Like during the Cold War, the most convincing posture for NATO has become one of deterrence by punishment, building on a fairly dynamic military ability to strike Russia at a point of choosing, as opposed to defending every entry point to Alliance territory. However, NATO, not sure of what political order it represents, struggles to read Russia’s political character and intent and size its military posture accordingly. NATO’s political deficit effectively robs it of a middle ground from where it can build its military posture and invest in its upkeep. In the 1960s, NATO forged such a middle ground as an essential platform for strategic adaptation; today, NATO’s full deterrence posture is suffering from the absence of such a middle ground. Thus, a comprehensive politico-military posture of deterrence vis-à-vis Russia will require NATO’s reengagement with its own political fundamentals.
Deterrence à la Ruse: Its Uniqueness, Sources and Implications
Authors: Adamsky Dmitry 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter traces the evolution of Russian thinking on deterrence and makes three arguments. First, the Russian approach to deterrence differs from the Western conceptualization of this term. Deterrence a la Ruse is much broader than the meaning that Western experts have in mind. It stands for the use of threats to maintain the status quo, to change it, to shape the strategic environment within which the interaction occurs, to prevent escalation and to de-escalate. The term is used to describe activities towards and during military conflict, and spans all phases of war. Second, the peculiar usage of the term deterrence in the Russian expert community reflects the imprint of Russian strategic culture, and of the Russian military transformation that has been ongoing since the Soviet collapse. Finally, the unique Russian conceptualization of deterrence has implications for both practitioners and theoreticians of international security policy.
Arthroskopische Versorgung einer suprakondylären Femurfraktur bei einliegender Knietotalendoprothese mittels retrogradem Femurnagel
Authors: Schitz Florian , Rilk Sebastian , Schabus Rudolf 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDurch das stetig zunehmende Alter der Bevölkerung, die vermehrten Implantationen von Knietotalendoprothesen (Knie-TEP) und die gesteigerte körperliche Aktivität der Menschen im Alter erhöht sich dementsprechend die absolute Anzahl periprothetischer Frakturen. Die Behandlung dieser Frakturen stellt eine Herausforderung dar und kann operativ durch den Einsatz einer LCP-Platte („locking compression plate“), eines Stems, eines Sleeves oder eines retrograden Marknagels versorgt werden. Ein entscheidender Faktor für die erfolgreiche Therapie ist die richtige Klassifikation der Fraktur.FallberichtEine 80-jährige Patientin stellte sich, nach Sturz in der Häuslichkeit, in der Klinik mit einer periprothetischen Fraktur vor. Die Röntgendiagnostik ergab im Bereich des linken distalen Oberschenkels eine suprakondyläre, schräg verlaufende Fraktur mit einer Dislokation des distalen Fragments nach lateral. Die periprothetische Fraktur wurde unter arthroskopischer Sicht mittels eines retrograden Marknagels versorgt.SchlussfolgerungDie Versorgung distaler periprothetischer Frakturen stellt weiterhin eine Herausforderung für den Operateur dar. Beide Operationsmethoden haben ihre Berechtigung in der Versorgung distaler periprothetischer Femurfrakturen.
OP7, a novel influenza A virus defective interfering particle: production, purification, and animal experiments demonstrating antiviral potential
Authors: Hein Marc D. , Kollmus Heike , Marichal-Gallardo Pavel , Püttker Sebastian , Benndorf Dirk , Genzel Yvonne , Schughart Klaus , Kupke Sascha Y. , Reichl Udo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The novel influenza A virus (IAV) defective interfering particle “OP7” inhibits IAV replication in a co-infection and was previously suggested as a promising antiviral agent. Here, we report a batch-mode cell culture-based production process for OP7. In the present study, a seed virus containing standard virus (STV) and OP7 was used. The yield of OP7 strongly depended on the production multiplicity of infection. To inactivate infectious STV in the OP7 material, which may cause harm in a potential application, UV irradiation was used. The efficacy of OP7 in this material was preserved, as shown by an in vitro interference assay. Next, steric exclusion chromatography was used to purify and to concentrate (~ 13-fold) the UV-treated material. Finally, administration of produced OP7 material in mice did not show any toxic effects. Furthermore, all mice infected with a lethal dose of IAV survived the infection upon OP7 co-treatment. Thus, the feasibility of a production workflow for OP7 and its potential for antiviral treatment was demonstrated.

Key points
• OP7 efficacy strongly depended on the multiplicity of infection used for production
• Purification by steric exclusion chromatography increased OP7 efficacy
• OP7-treated mice were protected against a lethal infection with IAV
BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma patients enables reprogramming of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
Authors: Peiffer Lukas , Farahpour Farnoush , Sriram Ashwin , Spassova Ivelina , Hoffmann Daniel , Kubat Linda , Stoitzner Patrizia , Gambichler Thilo , Sucker Antje , Ugurel Selma , Schadendorf Dirk , Becker Jürgen C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Combined inhibition of BRAF/MEK is an established therapy for melanoma. In addition to its canonical mode of action, effects of BRAF/MEK inhibitors on antitumor immune responses are emerging. Thus, we investigated the effect of these on adaptive immune responses.

Patients, methods and results
Sequential tumor biopsies obtained before and during BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment of four (n = 4) melanoma patients were analyzed. Multiplexed immunofluorescence staining of tumor tissue revealed an increased infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon therapy. Determination of the T-cell receptor repertoire usage demonstrated a therapy induced increase in T-cell clonotype richness and diversity. Application of the Grouping of Lymphocyte Interactions by Paratope Hotspots algorithm revealed a pre-existing immune response against melanoma differentiation and cancer testis antigens that expanded preferentially upon therapy. Indeed, most of the T-cell clonotypes found under BRAF/MEK inhibition were already present in lower numbers before therapy. This expansion appears to be facilitated by induction of T-bet and TCF7 in T cells, two transcription factors required for self-renewal and persistence of CD8+ memory T cells.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that BRAF/MEK inhibition in melanoma patients allows an increased expansion of pre-existing melanoma-specific T cells by induction of T-bet and TCF7 in these.
Quantification of myocardial strain assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking in healthy subjects—influence of segmentation and analysis software
Authors: Lim Carolin , Blaszczyk Edyta , Riazy Leili , Wiesemann Stephanie , Schüler Johannes , von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff Florian , Schulz-Menger Jeanette 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Quantification of myocardial deformation by feature tracking is of growing interest in cardiovascular magnetic resonance. It allows the assessment of regional myocardial function based on cine images. However, image acquisition, post-processing, and interpretation are not standardized. We aimed to assess the influence of segmentation procedure such as slice selection and different types of analysis software on values and quantification of myocardial strain in healthy adults.

Methods
Healthy volunteers were retrospectively analyzed. Post-processing was performed using CVI42 and TomTec. Longitudinal and radialLong axis (LAX) strain were quantified using 4-chamber-view, 3-chamber-view, and 2-chamber-view. Circumferential and radialShort axis (SAX) strain were assessed in basal, midventricular, and apical short-axis views and using full coverage. Global and segmental strain values were compared to each other regarding their post-processing approach and analysis software package.

Results
We screened healthy volunteers studied at 1.5 or 3.0 T and included 67 (age 44.3 ± 16.3 years, 31 females). Circumferential and radialSAX strain values were different between a full coverage approach vs. three short slices (− 17.6 ± 1.8% vs. − 19.2 ± 2.3% and 29.1 ± 4.8% vs. 34.6 ± 7.1%). Different analysis software calculated significantly different strain values. Within the same vendor, different field strengths (− 17.0 ± 2.1% at 1.5 T vs. − 17.0 ± 1.7% at 3 T, p = 0.845) did not influence the calculated global longitudinal strain (GLS), and were similar in gender (− 17.4 ± 2.0% in females vs. − 16.6 ± 1.8% in males, p = 0.098). Circumferential and radial strain were different in females and males (circumferential strain − 18.2 ± 1.7% vs. − 17.1 ± 1.8%, p = 0.029 and radial strain 30.7 ± 4.7% vs. 27.8 ± 4.6%, p = 0.047).

Conclusions
Myocardial deformation assessed by feature tracking depends on segmentation procedure and type of analysis software. CircumferentialSAX and radialSAX depend on the number of slices used for feature tracking analysis. As known from other imaging modalities, GLS seems to be the most stable parameter. During follow-up studies, standardized conditions should be warranted.
Trial registration Retrospectively registered

Key Points
• Myocardial deformation assessed by feature tracking depends on the segmentation procedure.
• Global myocardial strain values differ significantly among vendors.
• Standardization in post-processing using CMR feature tracking is essential.
MRI following scoliosis surgery? An analysis of implant heating, displacement, torque, and susceptibility artifacts
Authors: Heinrich Andreas , Reinhold Maximilian , Güttler Felix V. , Matziolis Georg , Teichgräber Ulf K.-M. , Zippelius Timo , Strube Patrick 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
The implant constructs used in scoliosis surgery are often long with a high screw density. Therefore, it is generally believed that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should not be carried out after scoliosis surgery, with the result that computed tomography is often preferred despite the ionizing radiation involved. The objective of this study was to evaluate the MRI compatibility of long pedicle-screw-rod constructs at 1.5 T and 3 T using standardized methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

Methods
Constructs between 130 and 430 mm long were systematically examined according to the ASTM standards F2182 (radio frequency–induced heating), F2119 (susceptibility artifacts), F2213 (magnetically induced torque), and F2052 (magnetically induced displacement force).

Results
The maximum heating in the magnetic field was 1.3 K. Heating was significantly influenced by magnetic field strength (p < 0.001), implant length (p = 0.048), and presence of cross-links (p = 0.001). The maximum artifact width for different lengths of the anatomically bent titanium rods with CoCr alloy ranged between 14.77 ± 2.93 mm (TSE) and 17.49 ± 1.82 mm (GRE) for 1.5 T and between 23.67 ± 2.39 mm (TSE) and 27.77 ± 2.37 mm (GRE) for 3 T. TiCP and TiAl showed the smallest and CoCr and CoCr Plus the largest artifact widths. The magnetically induced torque and displacement force were negligible.

Conclusions
MRI following scoliosis surgery with long implant constructs is safe with the patient in supine position. Although susceptibility artifacts can severely limit the diagnostic value, the examination of other regions is possible.

Key Points
• Large spinal implants are not necessarily a contraindication for MRI; MR conditional status can be examined according to the ASTM standards F2182, F2119, F2213, and F2052.
• A metallic pedicle-screw-rod system could be reliably and safely examined in all combinations of length (130 to 430 mm), configuration, and material in a B0at 1.5 T and 3 T.
• According to ASTM F2503, the examined pedicle-screw-rod system is MR conditional and especially the young patients can benefit from a non-ionizing radiation MRI examination.
Usefulness of dual-axis rotational coronary angiography in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Suwa Hideaki , Koyabu Yota , Adachi Taichi , Kawai Akira , Kotani Kazuhiko , Toyoda Shigeru , Inoue Teruo , Kato Toru 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that dual-axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) reduces contrast medium volume and radiation exposure compared to conventional coronary angiography (CCA). However, there are no studies comparing the safety and usefulness of DARCA in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DARCA on contrast medium volume, radiation exposure, time course of treatment, and adverse events in primary PCI for patients with STEMI. A total of 82 patients undergoing primary PCI were included in this study. Subjects were propensity matched to 41 patients in the CCA group and 41 in the DARCA group. Data were retrospectively collected from in-patient medical records and the contrast medium volume and radiation exposure (dose-area product, DAP) during the PCI procedure was compared between the two groups. Contrast medium volume [100.0 (82.5–115.0) vs 110 (102.5–127.5) ml, p = 0.018, r = 0.26] and DAP [113.4 (74.3–141.1) vs 138.1 (100.5–194.7) Gy cm2, p = 0.014, r = 0.27] were significantly lower in the DARCA group, compared with the CCA group. Door to device time (68.7 ± 26.1 vs 76.5 ± 44.2 min, p = 0.33) were comparable between the two groups. There were no adverse events requiring treatment reported in either groups. DARCA may reduce contrast medium volume and radiation exposure in primary PCI for patients with STEMI, and can be used safely, without delaying reperfusion of the infarct-related coronary artery.
PD-L1 immunohistochemistry in non-small-cell lung cancer: unraveling differences in staining concordance and interpretation
Authors: Keppens Cleo , Dequeker Elisabeth MC , Pauwels Patrick , Ryska Ales , ‘t Hart Nils , von der Thüsen Jan H 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProgrammed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is accepted as a predictive biomarker for the selection of immune checkpoint inhibitors. We evaluated the staining quality and estimation of the tumor proportion score (TPS) in non-small-cell lung cancer during two external quality assessment (EQA) schemes by the European Society of Pathology. Participants received two tissue micro-arrays with three (2017) and four (2018) cases for PD-L1 IHC and a positive tonsil control, for staining by their routine protocol. After the participants returned stained slides to the EQA coordination center, three pathologists assessed each slide and awarded an expert staining score from 1 to 5 points based on the staining concordance. Expert scores significantly (p < 0.01) improved between EQA schemes from 3.8 (n = 67) to 4.3 (n = 74) on 5 points. Participants used 32 different protocols: the majority applied the 22C3 (56.7%) (Dako), SP263 (19.1%) (Ventana), and E1L3N (Cell Signaling) (7.1%) clones. Staining artifacts consisted mainly of very weak or weak antigen demonstration (63.0%) or excessive background staining (19.8%). Participants using CE-IVD kits reached a higher score compared with those using laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) (p < 0.05), mainly attributed to a better concordance of SP263. The TPS was under- and over-estimated in 20/423 (4.7%) and 24/423 (5.7%) cases, respectively, correlating to a lower expert score. Additional research is needed on the concordance of less common protocols, and on reasons for lower LDT concordance. Laboratories should carefully validate all test methods and regularly verify their performance. EQA participation should focus on both staining concordance and interpretation of PD-L1 IHC.
Plasticity and modulation of olfactory circuits in insects
Authors: Anton Sylvia , Rössler Wolfgang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOlfactory circuits change structurally and physiologically during development and adult life. This allows insects to respond to olfactory cues in an appropriate and adaptive way according to their physiological and behavioral state, and to adapt to their specific abiotic and biotic natural environment. We highlight here findings on olfactory plasticity and modulation in various model and non-model insects with an emphasis on moths and social Hymenoptera. Different categories of plasticity occur in the olfactory systems of insects. One type relates to the reproductive or feeding state, as well as to adult age. Another type of plasticity is context-dependent and includes influences of the immediate sensory and abiotic environment, but also environmental conditions during postembryonic development, periods of adult behavioral maturation, and short- and long-term sensory experience. Finally, plasticity in olfactory circuits is linked to associative learning and memory formation. The vast majority of the available literature summarized here deals with plasticity in primary and secondary olfactory brain centers, but also peripheral modulation is treated. The described molecular, physiological, and structural neuronal changes occur under the influence of neuromodulators such as biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and hormones, but the mechanisms through which they act are only beginning to be analyzed.
Bladder/bowel dysfunction in pre-school children following febrile urinary tract infection in infancy
Authors: Sjöström Sofia , Sillén Ulla , Bachelard Marc , Johansson Ewa , Brandström Per , Hellström Anna-Lena , Abrahamsson Kate 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAn association between bladder-bowel dysfunction (BBD) and urinary tract infection (UTI) is well-known. However, a question less explored is whether children with UTI early in life also have increased prevalence of BBD after they are toilet-trained. In this study, consecutively selected children with pyelonephritis during their first year of life were assessed for BBD at pre-school age.MethodsNinety-two children (51 boys) hospitalized due to pyelonephritis during their first year of life were assessed for BBD at median age 5.4 years. A validated BBD questionnaire, along with urine flow and residual volume measurements, was used for diagnosing BBD. During follow-up, the group was well-characterized regarding renal status, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and recurrent UTI.ResultsBBD was diagnosed in 35/92 (38%), of which the majority was sub-diagnosed with dysfunctional voiding (DV). There was a strong association between BBD and recurrent UTI during follow-up (p < 0.0001), but only a slight association with VUR status at presentation. Nevertheless, in the group with both BBD and VUR, recurrent UTI was four times higher (12/13, 92%) than in children who had neither VUR nor BBD (23%), (p = 0.0008). BBD was also associated with kidney damage (p = 0.017).ConclusionIn children with pyelonephritis during the first year of life, 38% had BBD at pre-school age, regardless of whether they had VUR or not. The study shows an important association between BBD and recurrent UTI, so an assessment of BBD is therefore recommended for pre-school children with UTI, especially when they have history of pyelonephritis during infancy.
Effect of scaling on the invasion of oral microorganisms into dentinal tubules including the response of pulpal cells—an in vitro study
Authors: Stähli Alexandra , Schatt Alex S. J. , Stoffel Miro , Nietzsche Sandor , Sculean Anton , Gruber Reinhard , Cvikl Barbara , Eick Sigrun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate how scaling affects the penetration of microorganisms into dentinal tubules, how pulpal cells seeded into the pulp cavity respond to bacterial challenge, and how penetration and inflammatory response may depend on the bacterial composition.Materials and methodsRoot canals of 102 extracted human teeth underwent shaping and cleaning. Half of the teeth were subjected to scaling and root planing, the other half remained untreated. Teeth were exposed to eitherStreptococcus gordoniiandActinomyces orisorS. gordoniiandPorphyromonas gingivalisfor 10 weeks. Bacterial invasion was assessed in a depth of 1 mm to the root surface. Human pulpal cells were seeded into the cavities to assess the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay.ResultsThe percentage of teeth with bacteria detected in dentine was higher when teeth received scaling than when they were untreated: 66.6% versus 44.4% when exposed toA. oris/S. gordonii, and 50% versus 25% when exposed toP. gingivalis/S. gordonii(p= 0.043). Scaling had no impact on IL-8 and MMP-3 expression in pulpal cells.P. gingivalis/S. gordoniicaused higher levels of IL-8, MCP-1, and MMP-3 thanA. oris/S. gordonii(p= 0.003,p= 0.011,p= 0.037).ConclusionScaling supports the penetration of bacteria into the dentine of extracted human teeth.P. gingivalismay affect the immune response in pulpal cells.Clinical relevanceRoot surface debridement with hand instruments may facilitate bacterial penetration. Other kinds of mechanical instrumentation in this experimental setting should be investigated.