bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Where Were the Gods?’
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter analyzes Books 1–5, which are dominated by Augustine’s polemic against Roman polytheistic religion. Book 1 functions as an overture to central themes of the work, especially the contrast between the city of God, ‘an alien among the ungodly’, and the pride and desire for domination of the earthly city; it concentrates mainly on the moral and religious issues arising from Alaric’s sack of Rome in 410. The principal themes of these books are: pagan and Christian virtues; the moral deficiencies of Roman religion and the failure of the gods to protect Rome throughout its violent and disaster-prone history; God’s providential role in the success of empires, especially the Roman Empire; arguments against fate; Christian virtues and imperial rule.
Creation, the Fall, and the Regime of the Passions
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter discusses Augustine’s presentation in Books 11–14 of the origins of the two cities, heavenly and earthly. The focus is on the creation of the universe, the angels and the rebellion of some of them, and Adam, Eve, and the Fall. Specific themes include: Genesis exegesis; the elaboration of the history theme, with good and bad angels as ‘prologues’ to the two historical human cities; good and evil in the universe; angelic rebels and the nature of the will; death and resurrection; Platonist and Christian views on the body; Pauline flesh and spirit; emotions and passions; sexual desire in paradise and since the Fall; love of self and love of God, and the application of this contrast to the two cities.
Final Destinations
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the themes of Books 19–22, which focus on the ends of life (in the sense both of overriding values and of final states) in philosophy and in Christian biblically determined belief. The principal themes discussed are: the concept of hierarchical degrees of peace and order; the question of the realization of justice and virtue in earthly historical societies; the definition, in dialogue with Cicero, of the res publica (state); the appropriate behaviour of Christians in the Roman state; God’s last judgement, and the biblical evidence for the doctrines of afterlife rewards and punishments; the plausibility of eternal bodily punishment; bodily resurrection, and Platonist objections to it; the eternal bliss of those humans who are predestined to be saved; what ‘seeing God’ might mean.
The Place of the City of God in Augustine’s Writings
Authors: O'Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The City of God, like other major works of Augustine—such as the De Trinitate (begun in 399 and concluded in the years 422–6) and De Genesi ad Litteram (written between 401 and 414)—took shape over several years. In common with the other works just mentioned, it explores central themes of Augustine’s thought. This chapter briefly relates City to other writings of Augustine. Special attention is given to two earlier works, De Vera Religione (On True Religion), De Catechizandis Rudibus (First Catechetical Instruction), where themes of City are anticipated: true religion, Platonic influences, use of antitheses, biblical history and its use in catechesis, order, eschatology.
Mending Democracy
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn M. , Ercan Selen A. , Boswell John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book advances the idea of democratic mending in response to the growing problem of disconnections in contemporary democracies. Around the globe vital connections in our democratic systems are wearing thin, especially between citizens and their elected representatives, between citizens in polarized public spheres, and between citizens and their complex governance systems. The wide scale of disrepair in our democratic fabric cannot realistically be patched over through institutional redesign or one-off innovation. Instead this book calls for a more connective and systemic approach to repairing democracies. For reform inspiration the authors engage in a critical dialogue between systems thinking in deliberative democracy and contemporary practices of political participation. They present three rich empirical cases of how everyday actors — citizens, community groups, administrators, and elected officials—are seeking to create and strengthen democratic connections in unpromising or challenging circumstances. The cases uncover the practical and varied work of democratic mending; these are small-scale, incremental interventions aimed at repairing disconnects in different parts of democratic systems. The empirical insights revealed in this book push forward ideas on connectivity in democratic theory and practice. They demonstrate that even in moments of dysfunctional disconnection, considerable learning, adaptation, and improvisation for democratic renewal can emerge. Ultimately, this book pioneers an approach to analysing democratic politics which might spark a ‘connective turn’ in the way scholars and practitioners think about and seek to improve democracy at the large scale.
Hassidic Idealism: Responding to Problems
Authors: Lebens Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe previous chapter suggests that a radical idealism follows from the most basic tenets of Judaism. This chapter responds to various problems that arise from that idealism: does it allow for free will; does it rob us of ontological significance; does it exacerbate the problem of evil; and does it allow for true contradictions? All of these questions are answered with the use of various philosophical tools developed in the philosophy of fiction.
Hassidic Idealism: Some Hidden Benefits
Authors: Lebens Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHaving responded to various problems with Hassidic Idealism in chapter 4, this chapter charts some hidden benefits. The view helps to make sense of two central Jewish traditions that would otherwise collapse into heresy or nonsense, or both: the tradition that I call Jewish Nothing-Elsism; and the tradition of the sefirot (or mystical emanations or attributes of God). Hassidic idealism also recasts a central debate in the philosophy of religious language. Most importantly, this chapter ends by sketching some of the religious significance that can be found upon adopting Hassidic Idealism.
“De summa rerum”
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to a perplexing set of philosophical fragments today known as “De summa rerum”. Written by the young Leibniz in 1675–6, toward the end of his formative years in Paris, they deal with fundamental topics of philosophy including the first principles of philosophy, the nature of mind and perception, the nature and existence of God, the derivation of particular things from God, and modal philosophy. The “De summa rerum” fragments do not represent a unified philosophical attempt. Written at a time when Leibniz’s intellectual mindset had been both upset and profoundly stimulated by his encounter with the Parisian intellectual scene and his discovery of mathematics, they rather read like a set of philosophical test balloons flying in a great many directions. This chapter focuses on one particularly important strand of these reflections, informed by Spinoza and Spinozism via Leibniz’s exchanges with Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus.
The exception to the rule
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 offers a case study of the thirteenth-century scholar Roger Bacon, who contrasted the terms lingua and idioma in a way prefiguring the later language/dialect distinction. Bacon was able to do so because of his exceptionally broad intellectual and linguistic horizon; he was familiar with English, French, Latin, Greek, and other tongues, as well as the regional variation within some of them. His mastery of Greek in particular was unique in his times. His linguistic outlook was a central precondition and a triggering circumstance for his lingua / idioma distinction. Bacon was in good company, since the renowned philosopher Thomas Aquinas presupposed a similar metalinguistic contrast in his exegetical works; yet Thomas was much less explicit about it. Chapter 3 finishes with a brief exposé on biblical exegesis as an overlooked source for ancient and medieval ideas on regional variation.
Consolidation by elaboration
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 draws the balance of the way in which the conceptual pair became anchored in the metalinguistic apparatus of scholars. It does so, first and foremost, by surveying the seven major interpretations of the language / dialect distinction which originated roughly in the century between 1550 and 1650, and the ways in which they interacted with each other. These conceptions were, the chapter argues, shaped by three main related circumstances: Greek tradition, scholarly interests, and sociolinguistic realities. The chapter contends that in the period 1550–1650 the conceptual pair did not undergo only consolidation by elaboration but also an emancipation from the Greek heritage. This de-Hellenization resulted in the degradation of dialect as secondary to language on nearly all levels, even though a strictly political interpretation of the distinction was only marginally present in the early modern period.
Putting the conceptual pair on the scholarly agenda
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 13 illustrates how the eighteenth-century Dutch orientalist Albert Schultens repeatedly defined the term dialectus in a highly systematic fashion. Schultens analysed the conceptual pair principally in Aristotelian terms but tied it also to geographical factors and framed it in a language-historical scheme. He, moreover, contrasted the analogy of language to the anomaly of dialect. The Dutch orientalist extended the language,/,dialect distinction so as to include a third concept, that of degenerate offshoot, which, unlike a dialect, did not preserve the core of the language intact. He also insisted on the linguistic classes in which related dialects allegedly differed from one another. Schultens was a key figure, since he put the conceptualization of dialect on the scholarly agenda, albeit always as a matter of instrumental importance only, and triggered numerous follow-up discussions among his pupils and readers.
Between systematization and rationalization
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 16 discusses further evidence for the systematization and rationalization of the language / dialect distinction in the period 1650–1800, the age of rationalism and the Enlightenment. On the one hand, a kind of dialectological tradition emerged. The study of regional variation became a subfield of philology, albeit never an autonomous one; occasionally, it even now received the label of dialectologia, apparently introduced in 1650. For the first time, philologists presented dissertations on dialectal diversity that were no longer exclusively focused on the Greek dialects. On the other hand, scholars adopted more rational attitudes towards the conceptual pair. Some chose to supplement the binary contrast with new concepts. Others advocated distinguishing more clearly between different interpretations of the language / dialect distinction. Confusion persisted, however, throughout the early modern period. The first vocal sceptic of the conceptual pair was Friedrich Carl Fulda, who made it painfully clear how arbitrary and imprecise the distinction actually was.
Ethical Agency
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This three-year research project represents multidisciplinary research undertaken using a variety of social scientific methods. Together, the different methods used in the project help to develop understandings of Islam on campus. We also explored how emergent ethical concerns about marginalization, discrimination, stigma, consent, and an imperative to protect the vulnerable subject were negotiated through the research process. We challenged, and subjected to critical scrutiny, perspectives apparently driven by suspicion of Muslims as a singular group. We sought to conduct research to explore the possible existence of epistemic wrongs; which reveal the need to give voice to the unheard challenge about whether the campus is a safe place to explore controversial issues. To gain and keep trust of staff and students we developed a multilayered, ethical procedure to protect their identity in the current climate of suspicion.
Freedom of Speech
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Media and government accuse students of being libertarian (encouraging reckless free speech) or of too much no-platforming (banning external speakers). Both accusations are exaggerated but influential and make it difficult for students to develop face to face conversations about difficult and controversial topics. Government policies on securitization (Prevent) encourage risk averse behaviour, particularly but not exclusively among Muslims. Staff also feel constrained by these pressures and so staff and students self-censor. Analysis of free speech models available in a liberal democracy show two main types, each of which can become an extreme version of itself. The liberal model advocates legal free expression; however if exaggerated the liberal model becomes libertarian and can be offensive. The second approach is the guarded liberal model that seeks to protect minorities but if exaggerated it can turn into no platforming. Students and staff can learn to use combinations of all four approaches and increase face to face discussions.
Fundamentals of Multisensory Experiences
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Obrist Marianna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
What is an ‘experience’, and what role do the senses play in our experiences? Is it possible to design specific experiences with the senses in mind? These questions have fascinated generations of philosophers, scientists, artists, and, increasingly, technologists. This chapter describes the fundamentals of multisensory experiences and presents our own definition of this concept. In this chapter, a group of experts in different research fields and industries shares their understanding of experiences and the role of the senses in them. Finally, the chapter presents key concepts about the senses and how to consider them when shaping experiences.
Compulsory Portion in Hungary
Authors: Vékás Lajos 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Following the model of continental European law, Hungarian law introduced the compulsory portion in 1853, allowing in the closest blood-relatives to benefit from the estate of a deceased person against the testator’s wishes. In the course of the latest reform, the possible abolition (or at least limitation) of the compulsory portion was raised. However, at the time of the creation of the Civil Code of 2013 the legislator took the view that the compulsory portion had already taken root in the general legal awareness of the population and that its continuation could be justified. This view was strengthened by the fact that the majority of contemporary continental legal systems, in their quest for the protection of the family, tend to recognize a claim by the closest relatives to a compulsory portion. Traditionally in Hungarian law, the descendants and parents of the deceased were entitled to a compulsory portion in accordance with the order of intestate succession. Only since 1960 has the law also recognized the spouse as a person entitled to a compulsory portion. Previously the approach was that the spouse should be compensated through the rules of matrimonial property law and intestate succession. Since 2009 registered partners have been put in the same position as a spouse. Until 2014, the extent of the compulsory portion was one-half of the intestate share of the person entitled to a compulsory portion; today it is one-third.
Legal Rights in Scotland
Authors: Reid Kenneth G C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The rules of mandatory family protection in Scotland date from the late Middle Ages and were a close copy of the rules then (but no longer) in force in England. Originally they comprised two distinct ‘legal rights’ (as they came much later to be known). In the first place, the surviving spouse had a usufruct in the immovable property of the deceased, known as ‘terce’ (for widows) and ‘courtesy’ (for widowers). Courtesy extended to the whole immovable property, terce only to one-third. In the second place, the movable property of the deceased was divided into three equal parts. The surviving spouse had a claim (the ‘relict’s right’ or jus relictae) to one part, and the surviving children to another (‘legitim’). The final one-third (‘dead’s part’) was the testator’s to dispose of in his will. Terce and courtesy were abolished, rather unthinkingly, in 1964. Today, therefore, the surviving spouse and children are protected against disinheritance only in respect of movable property – a weak form of protection made weaker still by the absence of anti-avoidance measures that would prevent testators giving property away during their lifetimes. The law is widely acknowledged to be unsatisfactory, but there is less agreement as to how it should be changed. One view is that legal rights should be extended to immovable property. Another view is that legitim should be replaced by a maintenance claim for dependent children (only). In the face of these competing views, the Scottish Government has recently decided to leave the law unchanged.
Freedom of Testation and Family Claims in Canada
Authors: Popovici Alexandra , Smith Lionel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The province of Quebec has a civilian law of succession, while the common law governs in the other provinces and in the territories. At the dawn of the twentieth century, an unbridled freedom of testation prevailed in most of Canada. In the decades that followed, the law evolved to temper this principle in favour of protecting the family of a deceased person, so that obligations of support did not simply vanish upon death. The shape and structure of provision for the family is, however, diverse across the country. There is a great deal of variation even among the statutory regimes in the common law provinces, under which courts have the discretion to grant an allowance; some require a claimant to show need, an inter vivos obligation of support, or both, while others allow claims even by adult independent children. In relation to those members of First Nations to whom it applies, federal law grants a wide power to intervene in the distribution of an estate, in this case not to the courts but to the relevant minister. Quebec law, by contrast, aims to convert legal obligations of support that existed at the moment of death into claims against the estate, rejecting any wide discretion and preserving freedom of testation as much as possible. In a broadly comparative context, the unexpected conclusion is that in Canada, it is not the common law but the civil law of Quebec that offers the most freedom to a testator.
Necessary Portion in China
Authors: Pißler Knut Benjamin , Kleinwegener Timo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter deals with forced heirship and necessary portion in the laws of China from a historical perspective and through analysing not only statutory law but court decisions as well. The Chinese doctrine of necessary portion comprises two, allegedly socialist, principles. First, it encourages people to support themselves by their own efforts as long as they are able to work. Secondly, it aims to protect a person’s right to inherit and ensures a level of support for those who are unable to work and have no source of income. The application of the necessary-portion doctrine in court practice features certain particularities that mirror the Communists’ predisposition towards flexibility in inheritance law, but it can also be understood as a holistic view of the application of law.
Same Bed, Different Dreams
Authors: Chen Weitseng 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses legality in hybrid regimes in Asia, which refers to countries categorized by varying strands of literature as ‘semi-democracy’, ‘competitive authoritarianism’, or ‘electoral authoritarian regimes’. This type of hybrid regime is common in Asia and very much a product of the contemporary world where the functionalities of legality and constitutional law are recognized by not only democratic countries but also authoritarian states. This essay seeks to answer three questions: first, why would authoritarians accept the idea of legality and what exactly do they mean by legality? Second, what makes authoritarian legality functional and stable? Third, what are the factors that provide the conditions for the transition towards a more liberal and democratic system? The experience of East Asian hybrid regimes shows that authoritarian legality and constitutionalism is not only possible but actually exists in many Asian states associated with reputed prosperity. That being said, various limitations exist. It is also theoretically problematic and empirically wrong to assume a linear theory about the trajectory of legality development moving towards democracy.
National Development Finance in Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Griffith-Jones Stephany 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the roles of National Development Banks (NDBs) in emerging and developing economies. They finance investment in sectors key for dynamic and sustainable growth, both through their own lending, and by catalyzing private finance. For NDBs to contribute significantly to avoiding a middle-income trap, there are several conditions: they must be “good,” well-run development banks, their scale must be sufficiently large to help meet investment needs on a significant scale, and there must be a clear national development strategy, for NDBs to implement. This chapter stresses NDBs contribution to financing investment in innovative sectors and infrastructure. This is complementary to supporting provision of public goods, particularly investments that help combat climate change and financial inclusion. NDBs should provide counter-cyclical financing in the busts, when privately-financed investment tends to decline and NDB lending increases to help maintain crucial investment, and in booms, when lending by NDBs should slow down.