bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of pediatric periorificial dermatitis with topical calcineurin inhibitor and topical/oral metronidazole
Authors: Lee Hanjae , Kim Kyu Han 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPediatric periorificial dermatitis is a papulopustular eruption found around the facial orifices in children. Although the treatment of the disease has been largely anecdotal and experience‐based, studies have shown that topical calcineurin inhibitors, as well as other topical and oral antibiotics, such as metronidazole, can be effective treatment options. However, most of the studies with a sizable number of patients have been based on the Caucasian population. Herein, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors and topical/oral metronidazole in 24 Korean patients with pediatric periorificial dermatitis. The majority of the patients showed a complete response to treatment.
Association of e‐cigarette advertising with e‐cigarette and cigarette use among US adults
Authors: Ali Fatma Romeh M. , Dave Dhaval M. , Colman Gregory J. , Wang Xu , Saffer Henry , Marynak Kristy L. , Dench Daniel , Grossman Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsTo estimate the association of e‐cigarette advertisement exposure with e‐cigarette and cigarette use behavior among US adults.DesignData from the 2013–14 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS) were linked to Kantar Media and National Consumer Study data to construct measures of e‐cigarette advertisements on TV and in magazines. The relationship between advertisement measures and outcomes was estimated using logistic and Poisson regressions, controlling for socio‐demographics, state cigarette taxes and state and year fixed‐effects.SettingUnited States.Participants/casesA total of 98 746 adults aged ≥ 18 years who responded to the 2013–14 NATS.MeasurementsThe independent variables of interest were the number of e‐cigarette advertisements in magazines to which an adult was exposed in the past 6 months and the number of e‐cigarette advertisements on TV to which an adult was exposed in the past 6 months. Outcomes were awareness of e‐cigarettes, ever e‐cigarette use, current e‐cigarette use, current cigarette use and number of cigarettes smoked per month.FindingsExposure to one additional e‐cigarette advertisement on TV was associated with a 0.18, 0.13 and 0.03 percentage point increase, respectively, in awareness, ever use and current use of e‐cigarettes among all adults (P < 0.05). This exposure also was associated with a 0.11 percentage point increase in current cigarette use among all adults and an increase in cigarette consumption of 2.24 cigarettes per month among adults aged ≥ 45 (P < 0.05).ConclusionsExposure to e‐cigarette advertising appears to be positively associated with the use of e‐cigarettes and cigarettes among adults of all ages, and with increased cigarette consumption among older adults.
Sperm immunization and rat spermatogenesis: Dysfunctional blood‐testis barrier and perturbed Sertoli cell cytoskeleton
Authors: Noguchi Junko , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Ikeda Mitsumi , Kikuchi Kazuhiro , Dang‐Nguyen Thanh Quang , Furusawa Tadashi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundMale infertility may be due in part to autoimmune orchitis. Experimental models of autoimmune orchitis have yielded valuable information for understanding the underlying pathogenesis. However, previous rodent models show progressive inflammatory cell infiltration, thus differing from human cases.ObjectiveWe have established an immunization procedure that induces defective spermatogenesis in rats. Here, we examined the affected testes to clarify the pathogenetic mechanism responsible.Materials and methodsMale rats received two subcutaneous injections of spermatozoa in LPS‐supplemented oil‐based adjuvant. The testes were collected when atrophy was detected by palpation in order to explore the acute phase of the defect. The blood‐testis barrier (BTB) permeability was examined in a biotin tracer experiment. Testes were examined immunohistochemically using antibodies against TNFα+ and ED1 (a macrophage marker) to detect inflammatory cells. Antibodies against proteins related to tight and gap junctions, desmosomes, and the Sertoli cell cytoskeleton were also employed. The expression of junction‐related molecules and vimentin was also examined by Western blotting and RT‐PCR.ResultsImmunohistochemistry revealed TNFα+ and ED1+ cells scattered in the interstitium. TNFα+ cells, but not ED1+ macrophages, were associated with seminiferous tubules in the affected testis. The tracer experiment demonstrated dysfunction of the BTB. Immunohistochemistry revealed delocalization of claudin 11 and tight junction protein 1. Positive immunoreactivity for connexin 43 (a major gap junction protein) and desmoglein 2 (a major desmosome protein) was reduced, probably resulting in germ cell exfoliation. F‐actin and vimentin showed aberrant distribution in the seminiferous epithelium, and expression of vimentin was upregulated in the affected testis.ConclusionThe observed pathological characteristics demonstrate how inflammatory cells influence Sertoli cells, leading to impaired spermatogenesis, and suggest that this sperm immunization method provides a new rat model of autoimmune orchitis.
Forest structure and biomass in post‐agricultural forests: Lessons learned with new spatial tools
Authors: Brubaker Kristen , Cosentino Bradley 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuestions: With calls for afforestation to sequester carbon due to climate change, agricultural land will be converted to forests in the near future. Little is known about how the ecosystem services of reforested landscapes with an agricultural land‐use history will differ from reference forests. Our objectives were to (i) test the hypothesis that forests with a history of agricultural land use can provide the same carbon storage and biomass ecosystem services as adjacent reference forests, given some recovery time; (ii) explore whether there is a lag in the recovery of forest community composition due to prior agricultural land use; and (iii) demonstrate how remote‐sensing methods can improve our understanding of land‐use legacies at large spatial scales.Location: Finger Lakes National Forest, NY, USA.Methods: Using historic air photos, landscape‐scale lidar, and field surveys, we compared differences in biomass storage, forest structure, and vegetation communities between reference forests and post‐agricultural forests at different stages of regeneration in the Finger Lakes National Forest, New York, USA. We also used lidar to create a spatial model of biomass across the landscape to analyze the spatial distribution of biomass across our study area.Results: We found biomass and forest structure in post‐agricultural forests generally recovered to levels typical of reference forests within 50 years of abandonment. Conversely, we found the composition of woody and herbaceous communities still varied between reference and post‐agricultural forests after 50 years of abandonment.Conclusions: Collectively our results indicate afforestation efforts can be effective for carbon sequestration at early stages of forest succession. Our spatial model of biomass indicated that biomass levels can be low in forests with extensive edge. Further research is needed to understand how contemporary landscape structure interacts with legacy effects of agriculture to affect biomass and other ecosystem services.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy: Trends and determinants in the conception to community study
Authors: Ezegbe Chigozie , Neil Amanda L. , Magnussen Costan G. , Chappell Katherine , Judd Fiona , Wagg Fiona , Gall Seana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite earlier declines, maternal smoking during pregnancy continues to be a public health problem. We examined trends and factors associated with maternal smoking during and between pregnancy over six years.MethodsParticipants were 27 532 pregnant women in Tasmanian public hospitals whose smoking status was gathered by midwives during perinatal care between July 2008 and June 2014. Generalized linear modeling was used to examine the trends in prevalence of maternal smoking over time and factors associated with change in smoking status both within and between pregnancies.ResultsSmoking during pregnancy decreased from 25.9% in 2008 to 16.4% in 2014 (57.9% decline). Multivariable regression analysis suggested that maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, living in a highly socioeconomically disadvantaged area, and being an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander significantly increased the risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy. Being older, married, or in a de facto relationship, and intending to breastfeed were associated with reduced risk of smoking during pregnancy. Between index (first birth recorded in data set) and last pregnancy, 35.1% of smokers quit, but 5.1% of nonsmokers started smoking. Only 8.1% of mothers who smoked during the first half of pregnancy quit by the second half.ConclusionsMaternal smoking during pregnancy is decreasing. To sustain the decline, preventive efforts must address the role of social determinants of health (eg, mothers who drink alcohol, live in highly disadvantaged areas, are younger and single) among women who smoke during pregnancy.
From gains to losses: Age‐related differences in decisions under risk in a non‐monetary gambling task
Authors: Depping Miriam K. , Best Ryan , Freund Alexandra M. 
Published: December 2020

Lifespan theory suggests a shift from a primary orientation towards attaining gains in young adulthood to preventing losses in older adulthood. The current research tested if this motivational shift is reflected in behavioural and emotional responses to risks in non‐monetary gains and losses. Study 1 established in a sample of N = 168 younger (18–30 years) and older adults (65–79 years) that a non‐monetary gambling task was experienced similarly by the age groups with respect to arousal and valence of the task, and the willingness to continue playing. In Study 2 (N = 83), differences between young (18–30 years) and older (64–85 years) adults’ risk‐taking in this non‐monetary gambling task with mixed gambles were tested while assessing physiological responses (event‐related heart rate change) to gain and loss feedback. Behavioural – but not physiological – results confirm hypotheses derived from a lifespan motivational framework regarding age‐differential effects of gains and losses.
Percutaneous microwave ablation of renal masses in a UK cohort
Authors: John Joseph B. , Anderson Moira , Dutton Thomas , Stott Mark , Crundwell Malcolm , Llewelyn Rhys , Gemmell Andrew , Bufacchi Rory , Spiers Alexander , Campain Nicholas 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo report a tertiary referral centre’s experience of microwave ablation (MWA) for suspected renal cell carcinoma (RCC), describing complications and oncological outcomes.Patients and MethodsConsecutive MWA procedures (n = 113) for renal masses (October 2016 to September 2019) were maintained on a prospective database. Data describing patient, disease, procedure, complications, and oncological outcomes were analysed.ResultsThe median (range) age was 68 (33–85) years, 73% were male, and the median Charlson Comorbidity Index was 0. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) tumour diameter was 25 (20–32) mm. In all, 95% had renal mass biopsy, with histologically confirmed cancer in 75%. The median (IQR) R.E.N.A.L. (Radius, Exophytic/Endophytic, Nearness, Anterior/Posterior, Location) nephrometry score was 7 (6–8). The median ablation time was 6 min and length of stay was 1 day for 95% of the patients. Clavien–Dindo complication Grades I, II, IIIb and IV occurred in 18%, 1.8%, 0.9% and 0.9%, respectively. The median follow‐up was 12 months and the median (IQR) renal function change was −4 (−18 to 0)%. One patient (0.9%) had local recurrence, treated with re‐ablation; two developed metastatic progression; and two (1.8%) had indeterminate findings on follow‐up (one lung nodule and one possible local recurrence), managed with ongoing protocolised computed tomography surveillance. Post‐procedure complications were associated with total ablation time (odds ratio [OR] 1.152/min, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.040–1.277) and total ablation energy (OR 1.017/kJ, 95% CI 1.001–1.033).ConclusionsWe describe the largest UK series of MWA treatment for T1a/small T1b renal masses to date. MWA was well tolerated, with 95% discharged the following day and low complication/re‐admission rates. Current follow‐up demonstrates favourable disease control. MWA appears to be safe and effective and should be considered in future prospective comparisons of treatments for T1a/small T1b renal masses.
NeuroSAFE frozen section during robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy: peri‐operative and histopathological outcomes from the NeuroSAFE PROOF feasibility randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dinneen Eoin , Haider Aiman , Grierson Jack , Freeman Alex , Oxley Jon , Briggs Tim , Nathan Senthil , Williams Norman R. , Brew‐Graves Chris , Persad Raj , Aning Jon , Jameson Charles , Ratynska Marzena , Ben‐Salha Imen , Ball Rhys , Clow Rosie , Allen Clare , Heffernan‐Ho Daniel , Kelly John , Shaw Greg 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo report on the methods, peri‐operative outcomes and histopathological concordance between frozen and final section from the NeuroSAFE PROOF feasibility study (NCT03317990).Patients and MethodsBetween May 2018 and March 2019, 49 patients at two UK centres underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Twenty‐five patient were randomized to NeuroSAFE RARP (intervention arm) and 24 to standard RARP (control arm). Frozen section was compared to final paraffin section margin assessment in the 25 patients in the NeuroSAFE arm. Operation timings and complications were collected prospectively in both arms.ResultsFifty neurovascular bundles (NVBs) from 25 patients in the NeuroSAFE arm were analysed. When analysed by each pathological section (n= 250, average five per side), we noted a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 99.2%, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.994 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.985 to 1;P≤0.001). On an NVB basis (n= 50), sensitivity was 100%, specificity was 92.7%, and the AUC was 0.963 (95% CI 0.914 to 1;P≤0.001). NeuroSAFE RARP lasted a mean of 3 h 16 min (knife to skin to off table, 95% CI 3 h 2 min–3 h 30 min) compared to 2 h 4 min (95% CI 2 h 2 min–2 h 25 min;P≤0.001) for standard RARP. There was no morbidity associated with the additional length of operating time on in the NeuroSAFE arm.ConclusionThis feasibility study demonstrates the safety, reproducibility and excellent histopathological concordance of the NeuroSAFE technique in the NeuroSAFE PROOF trial. Although the technique increases the duration of RARP, this does not cause short‐term harm. Confirmation of feasibility has led to the opening of the fully powered NeuroSAFE PROOF randomized controlled trial, which is currently under way at four sites in the UK.
Perioperative outcomes and cost of robotic vs open simple prostatectomy in the modern robotic era: results from the National Inpatient Sample
Authors: Bhanvadia Raj , Ashbrook Caleb , Gahan Jeffery , Mauck Ryan , Bagrodia Aditya , Margulis Vitaly , Lotan Yair , Roehrborn Claus , Woldu Solomon 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo perform a comparative analysis of perioperative outcomes and hospitalisation cost between open (OSP) and robot‐assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) in the contemporary robotic era.Materials and MethodsThe NIS was queried for cases of OSP and RASP for the treatment of BPH between 2013 and 2016. Perioperative complications, unadjusted hospital cost and length of stay (LOS) were compared between RASP and OSP. Smoothed linear regression curves comparing hospitalisation cost by increasing LOS was stratified by surgical approach to identify point of cost equivalency between RASP and OSP. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to construct a hospitalisation cost model to examine the contribution of the robotic approach and LOS to hospitalisation cost.ResultsThe total analytical cohort included 2551 OSP and 704 RASP procedures. Patients undergoing RASP were younger, at a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 68 (63–73) vs 71 (65–77) years, and with less comorbidity (76.8% vs 86.5%, P < 0.01). RASP was associated with fewer total complications (11.1% vs 29.2%, P < 0.01) and a greater likelihood of routine discharge to home rather than another facility (88.9% vs 76.7%, P < 0.01). While LOS was shorter with RASP (median [IQR], 2 [1–3] vs 4 [3–6] days, P < 0.01), total unadjusted hospitalisation cost (in United States dollars) was greater (median [IQR], $10 855 [$7965–$15 675] vs $13 467 [$10 572–$17 722], P < 0.01). Presence of any complication increased both LOS and hospitalisation cost (P < 0.01). Linear regression modelling determined the point of cost equivalence between RASP staying a median of 2 days was an OSP case staying between 5 and 6 days. On multivariable regression analysis, the robotic approach contributed an additional $6175 (P < 0.01) to the cost model, whereas each additional day of hospitalisation contributed $1687 (P < 0.01), suggesting LOS would need to be 3–4 days shorter with RASP to offset surgical costs of the robot.ConclusionsWhile RASP appears to have significantly better perioperative complication rates with shorter LOS and likely discharge to home, total hospitalisation cost remained greater, likely related to upfront operative costs. While this retrospective study is limited by selection bias for patients undergoing RASP, the benefits of improved convalescence, discharge to home, and lower rate of perioperative complications appear to justify performance of RASP in an experienced pelvic robotic centre despite relatively greater hospitalisation cost if referral to an experienced holmium laser enucleation of the prostate centre is not feasible.
Functional and oncological outcomes of salvage cryosurgery for radiorecurrent prostate cancer
Authors: Exterkate Leonie , Peters Max , Somford Diederik M. , Vergunst Henk 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate the oncological and functional outcomes of salvage cryosurgery (SCS) for radiorecurrent prostate cancer (rrPCa).Patients and MethodsA total of 169 consecutive patients with biopsy confirmed rrPCa were retrospectively analysed. All patients underwent SCS in a single referral centre between 2006 and 2018. The primary outcome was biochemical recurrence‐free survival (BRFS) according to the Phoenix definition (prostate‐specific antigen [PSA] nadir +2 ng/mL). The secondary outcomes were overall survival, BRFS defined as a PSA level of >0.5 ng/mL, metastasis‐free survival, androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT)‐free survival, and functional outcomes. Complications were classified according to the Clavien–Dindo system. PSA was measured every 3–6 months postoperatively. Functional outcomes were scored as reported by patients at outpatient visits. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and uni‐ and multivariable Cox regression were performed.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) follow‐up was 36 (18–66) months. The BRFS after 5 and 8 years was 52% (95% confidence interval [CI] 43–62%) and 45% (95% CI 35–57%), respectively. At multivariable analysis PSA level at initial diagnosis, initial treatment, interval between primary treatment and SCS, age at SCS, and post‐SCS PSA nadir were significant factors for BRFS. The 5‐year ADT‐free survival was 70% (95% CI 62–79%). Clavien–Dindo Grade ≥III complications occurred in 1.2% (two/169) of patients. In all, 19% (29/156) of patients had new‐onset urinary incontinence defined as >1 pad/24 h and 92% (57/62) of patients had new‐onset erectile dysfunction. Persistent urinary fistula occurred in 6.5% (11/169) of patients.ConclusionsThe present study shows acceptable oncological outcomes of SCS considering the salvage character of the treatment. The occurrence of serious complications such as urinary incontinence and fistula should not be underestimated.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging facilitates reclassification during active surveillance for prostate cancer
Authors: Fujihara Atsuko , Iwata Tsuyoshi , Shakir Aliasger , Tafuri Alessandro , Cacciamani Giovanni E. , Gill Karanvir , Ashrafi Akbar , Ukimura Osamu , Desai Mihir , Duddalwar Vinay , Stern Mariana S. , Aron Manju , Palmer Suzanne L. , Gill Inderbir S. , Abreu Andre Luis 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the utility of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in the reassessment and monitoring of patients on active surveillance (AS) for Grade Group (GG) 1 prostate cancer (PCa).Patients and MethodsWe identified, from our prospectively maintained institutional review board‐approved database, 181 consecutive men enrolled on AS for GG 1 PCa who underwent at least one surveillance mpMRI followed by MRI/prostate biopsy (PBx). A subset analysis was performed among 68 patients who underwent serial (at least two) mpMRI/PBx during AS. Pathological progression (PP) was defined as upgrade to GG ≥2 on follow up biopsy.ResultsBaseline MRI was performed in 34 patients (19%). At a median follow‐up of 2.2 years for the overall cohort, the PP was 12% (6/49) for Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) 1–2 lesions and 37% (48/129) for the PI‐RADS ≥3 lesions. The 2‐year PP‐free survival rate was 84%. Surveillance prostate‐specific antigen density (P < 0.001) and surveillance PI‐RADS ≥3 (P = 0.002) were independent predictors of PP on reassessment MRI/PBx. In the serial MRI cohort, the 2‐year PP‐free survival was 95% for the No‐MRI‐progression group vs 85% for the MRI‐progression group (P = 0.02). MRI progression was significantly higher in the PP (62%) than in the No‐PP (31%) group (P = 0.04). If serial MRI were used for PCa surveillance and biopsy were triggered based only on MRI progression, 63% of PBx might be postponed at the cost of missing 12% of GG ≥2 PCa in those with stable MRI. Conversely, this strategy would miss 38% of those with upgrading to GG ≥2 PCa on biopsy. Stable serial mpMRI correlates with no reclassification to GG ≥3 PCa during AS.ConclusionOn surveillance mpMRI, PI‐RADS ≥3 was associated with increased risk of PCa reclassification. Surveillance biopsy based only on MRI progression may avoid a large number of biopsies at the cost of missing many PCa reclassifications.