bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupled numerical simulations of cooling potential due to evaporation in a street canyon and an urban public square
Authors: Kubilay Aytaç , Derome Dominique , Carmeliet Jan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The extent and duration of evaporative cooling, as a countermeasure to the urban heat island effect, depend on factors such as moisture availability and material liquid capacity and permeability. The present study investigates the evaporative-cooling potential of conventional urban materials and green surfaces using two case studies: an isolated street canyon and a historical public square in the city of Zurich with a particular focus on pedestrian thermal comfort. The numerical model couples computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of wind flow with the heat and moisture transport (HAM) in urban materials in order to resolve storage and transport in urban settings. This way, we aim to provide a framework for the development of sustainable and resilient solutions for local heat islands.
Tertiary building stock modeling: Area determination by fusion of different datasets
Authors: Tam Nguyen Huu , Decellas Fabrice , Duplessis Bruno , Rivière Philippe , Marchio Dominique 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The building stock accounts for 43% of the total French final energy consumption in 2017. The French building stock mainly includes residential and tertiary buildings, which have very different consumption patterns. Today, building stock models are largely used in many countries for energy demand forecast and decision making. In this context, good knowledge of the building stock is essential for modeling. However, this type of model is lacking for the tertiary sector, as it is difficult to categorize buildings that have a wide variety of area and energy uses, different systems and complex dynamic trends. Existing stock models are mostly based on an aggregated representation of the total heated floor area of the building stock. Such a representation limits explicit studies of the factors affecting the energy demand and fails at taking into account heterogeneity. This paper exposes and discusses new methods aiming at modeling the tertiary building stock at the city scale in France. While mainly relying on open source public data, methods are designed to be applicable at any scale (from small cities to large region or even national scale).
The use of thermography to highlight the relationship between air and surface temperatures in urban scenes
Authors: Garcia-Nevado Elena , Roura Helena Coch , Beckers Benoit 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The correlation between air and surface temperatures is recurrently used as a descriptor of the urban climate within built environments. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of time-lapse thermography to visualize this relationship in time and space. To this end, thermograms are colorized using a relative-to-air temperature scale, instead of the usual absolute one. This approach was tested for two deep urban canyons belonging to cities with different climates. Relative-to-air thermography has two main advantages: it facilitates comparisons between the thermal responses of urban scenes under different climates and makes convective energy exchanges more comprehensive.
Urban densification and housing typology for climate change mitigation
Authors: Felkner Juliana , Brown Julien D. , Vazquez-Canteli Jose R. , Nagy Zoltan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates different urban growth and densification scenarios and their energy performance under climate change conditions using urban energy simulation. We developed an abstract urban growth model based on the West Campus neighborhood in downtown Austin, Texas. Four different scenarios were applied to an abstract population growth model, which were then tested from the current year to 2100 under both climate change and control (TMY) conditions. Our results show that all urban growth models perform similarly in terms of operational energy but differ radically in terms of carrying capacity and embodied energy.
The impact of courtyard geometry on its mean radiant temperature
Authors: Al-Hafith Omar , Satish B.K. , Wilde Pieter De 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
For hot regions, studies have been advocating re-adopting the courtyard pattern for its thermal advantages. Aiming at developing thermally comfortable courtyards, studies have been exploring the impact of courtyards geometry on their shading and natural ventilation, which are the two environmental principles of courtyards. However, there is a lack of studies on the impact of manipulating courtyards geometry on the thermal sensation of occupants. This research investigates the impact of changing the courtyard geometry and the resulted shading on Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and Globe temperature (Tg). The latter represents the thermal perception of occupants and the former is the main effective factor on the thermal sensation of people in outdoor and semi-outdoor spaces. The research carried out simulation experiments to test 360 different courtyard configurations. The simulation experiments included using Envi-met and IES-VE simulation tools. The former was used to determine MRT and Tg, and the latter to determine shading levels. Baghdad was selected to represent an example of a hot city in which summer air temperature reaches around 50 °C. The results show that the difference in shading that results from changing the courtyard geometry can lead to a difference in MRT and Tg of up to 15°C.
Evaluation of thermal comfort in outdoor public space: Case of study: City of Annaba –Algeria-
Authors: Dafri Ibtissam , Alkama Djamel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Outdoor public spaces play an important role in the articulation of a city. The thermal comfort of these spaces has become a problem because of climate variations. Our work aims to study thermal comfort in outdoor public spaces in order to tackle the variability between microclimatic parameters which were taken from several field stations. Furthermore, it aims to identify the effect of the different factors and thermal conditions on both the microclimate and the external thermal comfort. A comparative study between three public spaces of the city of Annaba (course, square and garden) has been conducted. The method adopted for this research is based on the measurement of microclimatic parameters. The measurement took place during August 2016. It was performed by a thermal hygrometer to cover air temperature and relative humidity. Then, a thermal anemometer was used in order to estimate wind speed, every 2 hours from 06:00am until 08:00pm. The obtained results confirm the variability of the thermal environment in an urban environment and the impact of vegetation, urban morphology and water on outdoor thermal comfort.
Statistical modelling of the energy reference area based on the Swiss building stock
Authors: Schluck Thomas , Streicher Kai Nino , Mennel Stefan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The energy reference area ERA is one of the most important reference values for practitioners and scientists to quantify the energetic performance of a building. Its fast and easy prediction from generally available building characteristics is a regular need.
Here we present a comprehensive statistical model to predict the ERA based on a multiple regression approach and we motivate why the often chosen bivariate regression, i.e. simple regression should be disfavoured. Basis for the model development was a comprehensive data set of the Swiss buildings stock with about 30’000 buildings and 23 descriptive features. The final model only needs four building features to model the energy reference area. These features are the footprint, the living area, the number of floors and the buildings’ usages. The main key performance indicators during the model development were the coefficient of determination R
2 and the uncertainty given by the root-mean-square-error RMSE, which was determined on a test set (about 10% of the dataset). The here presented multiple model has an R
2 of 99.7% and gives low uncertainties for the predicted ERA ranging between 25% and 10% of the predicted value. Thus this work allows estimating the energy reference area and its level of uncertainty fast and easy. We are convinced that our efforts will support practitioners as well as scientists in their daily work by providing more accurate and less biased estimations of the ERA.
Applications of graph theory in district heat network analysis at national scale
Authors: Chambers Jonathan , Cozza Stefano , Patel Martin K. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
District heat networks can make a significant contribution to decarbonising domestic heat supply and have been successfully applied in a number of countries. Traditionally, district heat networks have been analysed at the local or city district scale. Performing this analysis at national scale presents new methodological challenges. Efficient techniques are required to work with large datasets and enable rapid iteration of results. As district heating fundamentally involves networks, graph theory is highly relevant for providing well established analysis methods that can scale to very large datasets. Two applications of graph theory are presented for this work. The first presents a method for estimating minimum pipe lengths needed to connect buildings, from which demand densities may be derived. The second presents a graph-based clustering method for connecting distributed supplies and demand regions. These methods have been applied as Swiss national scale.
A cloud-based operation optimization of building energy systems using a hierarchical multi-agent control
Authors: Kümpel Alexander , Storek Thomas , Baranski Marc , Schumacher Markus , Müller Dirk 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This work presents an agent-based control concept that we integrate into a cloud framework for controlling building energy systems. The agents are arranged in a hierarchical structure, where a coordinator agent sends optimized set point values to sub-agents. Each sub-agent controls a subsystem in order to reach the given set points and provides the coordinator agent with a cost function for the overall set point optimization. The multi-agent system and the building energy system exchange data via the cloud framework FIWARE. The components of the building energy system (e.g. boiler, air-handling unit) are connected to the cloud framework and send measurements (e.g. temperature values or volume flow) via a scalable IoT-Interface to the corresponding data object in the platform. The sub-agents of the agent control receive the measurements and send the calculated control action back to the corresponding components of the energy system. In a simulation study, we use the framework to control an air-handling unit. The aim of the agent control is to reach a given supply air temperature while reducing the total consumed energy. The implemented cloud-based control is capable of efficiently reaching the given temperature set points while communicating via the IoT interface.
Building energy flexibility: a sensitivity analysis and key performance indicator comparison
Authors: Johra Hicham , Marszal-Pomianowska Anna , Ellingsgaard John Ray , Liu Mingzhe 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBuildings are a key active element of the future Smart Grids with large shares of renewable energy, as they can provide flexible energy usage to help balancing power production intermittence. There is currently no consensus yet on how to quantify building energy flexibility. The various KPIs found in literature can be classified into 4 main categories: load shifting ability, power adjustment, energy efficiency and cost efficiency. Most of them use a reference scenario. Moreover, the envelope performance appears to be the most important parameter with regards to all aspects of building energy flexibility when using indoor temperature set point modulation.
Economic optimization of micro-grid operations by dynamic programming with real energy forecast
Authors: Ramahatana Faly , David Mathieu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Optimal management of micro-grids requires anticipating the supply-demand unbalance. This work aims at developing a method to integrate real day-ahead deterministic forecasts of photovoltaic (PV) production and of system loads in the management of an ESS integrated inside a micro-grid. Dynamic Programming (DP) has been chosen to optimize the cost of the micro-grid operation. To test the developed method, a real educational Net Zero Energy Building equipped with a PV roof is considered. Compared to a management that does not take advantage of forecasts, the developed method allows decreasing the operating cost of the system.
Model-predictive control for testing energy flexible heat pump operation within a Hardware-in-the-Loop setting
Authors: Frison Lilli , Kleinstück Martin , Engelmann Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Model-predictive control is a smart control technique that can unlock the potential of the building’s thermal production leading to improvements in energy efficiency or energy flexibility, which is obtained by a demand responsive operation based on external grid signals. This work explains the set-up of a Hardware-in-the-Loop experiment to test an energy flexible heat pump controller under realistic conditions. The developed simple, low-cost model-predictive control algorithm can easily be integrated with a traditional heat pump controller.
The Cold Tube: Membrane assisted radiant cooling for condensation-free outdoor comfort in the tropics
Authors: Teitelbaum Eric , Chen Kian Wee , Meggers Forrest , Pantelic Jovan , Aviv Dorit , Rysanek Adam 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Air conditioning demand is projected to increase rapidly over the next 50 years, particularly in already hot and humid climates. Radiant cooling can be an energy efficient strategy to mitigate comfort energy demand with high air temperatures, thereby reducing both sensible and latent loads in spaces. We have built an outdoor radiant cooling pavilion, the Cold Tube, which is able to produce a mean radiant temperature up to 10 °C below the air temperature in hot and humid Singapore. It avoids condensation and unwanted air cooling by separating cold surfaces from the outside air with a membrane transparent to the radiant cooling heat transfer. This strategy eliminated unwanted convective losses in the form of sensible (air conditioning) and latent (condensation) losses. Controlling the system to avoid condensation was a major feature of the research, and the results show that as cooling demand increases due to warmer air temperatures, the cooling capacity of the Cold Tube also increased to compensate, providing comfortable setpoints to all measured ambient conditions over the duration of the experiment. For ambient air conditions on site in Singapore of 31°C and 65 %RH, we were able to maintain a 22°C mean radiant temperature inside of the pavilion. The additional cooling increased heat flux from exposed human skin to 156 W m
−2 and was successful at avoiding condensation. While this study was conducted outdoors, this demonstration and evaluation will help inform subsequent applications of the technology, such as augmenting comfort in naturally ventilated indoor environments.
First solar hydrogen storage in a private building in western Switzerland : building energy analysis and schematic design
Authors: Couty Philippe 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Self-sufficiency of buildings with carbon emission reduction can be obtained thanks to the introduction of Photovoltaics systems coupled with Hydrogen seasonal storage. To be self-sufficient over the year, the electricity converted to hydrogen by electrolysis during the sunny season can be re-used with the help of fuel cells during the winter season. This article is dealing with the dimensioning methodology of a solar PV hydrogen-electrochemical system for self-sufficient buildings. We introduce the case study of the first private building in western Switzerland that will be equipped with solar hydrogen storage. Calculation results of the dimensioning of the PV system with storage will be presented. The life cycle assessment and the calculations of the environmental indicators GWP and CED will be introduced.
SmarSolar : PV production forecast used by the Swiss team, winner of the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon competition 2017 Denver, Colorado
Authors: Couty Philippe , Arn Christophe 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The article introduces the SmarSolar platform which merges customer management relations tools and Photovoltaic forecast services. We will present the modelling hypothesis as well as the validation of the model. The forecast service has been successfully used by the Swiss team in the Solar decathlon Competition US 2017 who won the competition. In a more general perspective, since all data and results are centralized in a database with cloud computing services, the platform can be used by installation owners to optimize their self-consumption as well as by electrical producers managing their park of PV installations and optimizing the grid load.
An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of Power-to-Hydrogen as a seasonal storage option in a district multi-energy system
Authors: Petkov Ivalin , Gabrielli Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Seasonal energy storage plays a key role in low-carbon multi-energy systems (MES) by storing renewable generation in times of excess supply in order to meet energy demands months in the future. Power-to-Hydrogen (PtH2) is being investigated as a promising long-term storage solution for integrated MES. In this preliminary work we investigate under which conditions does PtH2 become a seasonal storage option in district MES through an optimization framework including an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effect of technological and contextual uncertainty on PtH2 execution. PtH2 becomes vital in low-carbon, renewable-heavy, MES for meeting high thermal demands in winter.
A multi-objective optimization model for the operation of decentralized multi-energy systems
Authors: Adihou Yolaine , Mabrouk Mohamed Tahar , Haurant Pierrick , Lacarrièere Bruno 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A multi-energy system couples several carriers such as electricity and heat to meet mutual synergies, optimizing the global efficiency of the system.
In this study, a multi-objective optimization is developed to establish the optimal design of a
decentralized multi-energy system, by maximizing the renewable energy coverage rate and minimizing the operation costs at the same time. To retrace the typical demand profile that groups together the different uses of a neighbourhood, historical data are used in addition to simulation of buildings. On this basis, a set of energy production systems are modeled to form a multi-energy system providing energy to a neighbourhood in Nantes (France). An optimal sizing of the technologies is carried out using a genetic algorithm. Two objective functions are considered based on renewable energy coverage rate and operation/total cost. The study shows that renewable energy systems integration leads to higher total costs compared to a boiler only system, whereas when considering operation costs only, it is possible to reach a 12 % renewable energy system coverage rate and realize cost savings at the same time.
Characterization of heat-pump, PV and battery demonstrator technologies using a coherent energy assessment
Authors: Allan James , Georges Gil , Heer Philipp , Budiman Dylan , Croce Luca 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBattery, PV and heat-pump technologies were characterized using a Coherent Energy Demonstrator Assessment (CEDA) approach. In all cases the calibrated simulation models closely matched the measured data; however it is not possible to conclusively say that models, based on a single demonstrator, represent all existing and future cases of a technology. A possible solution would require additional operators to characterize and report the performance of a given technology, in a standardized way, and the resulting data could then contribute to an evolving set of representative CEDA archetypes to be used in studies of energy systems.
Energy sharing through shared storage in net zero energy communities
Authors: Vindel Elvin , Berges Mario , Akinci Burcu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Growth in the adoption of distributed energy resources is shaping a new energy ecosystem posing a perceptible threat to the grid by relying on it as a virtually inexpensive storage mechanism. This growth is compounded by new policy objectives that require pursuing net zero energy (NZE) goals for new buildings. One emerging framework that attempts to remediate this problem is energy sharing in a community microgrid. In this framework, through complementary demand profiles and shared energy storage, buildings use energy resources more efficiently with the objective of reducing grid interactions. In this paper, we create a year-long discrete-time simulation model of 40 residential and non-residential buildings to measure the reduction in grid interactions through energy sharing and shared storage for the case of a NZE community. Our results show that, when sharing is enabled, a 9.5% reduction in grid interactions can be obtained with buildings that have energy storage. Additionally, a month-by-month exploration revealed that annual patterns in generation drastically impact the benefits from sharing energy. The reduction in grid utilization ranged from 20% during periods of high energy surplus (i.e. summer) to 5% during low energy generation (i.e. winter).
Development and dissemination of deep-energy retrofit strategies through a mandatory municipal building tune-up ordinance in Seattle, Washington, USA
Authors: Meek Christopher , Gustin Andrew , Ballinger Nicole 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper describes initial implementation of a municipal-scale building-owner engagement and technical assistance process aimed at accelerating voluntary deep energy retrofits as part of a new mandatory building tune-up requirement. Leveraging building energy consumption disclosure data, a municipal ordinance mandating building tune-ups at five-year intervals, and a suite of freely-available energy simulation tools, the university-based research and deployment team seeks to develop a scalable pathway for creating custom technical and financial roadmaps for deep-energy retrofits that drive carbon-neutral operations in existing medium-sized buildings.
Impact of solar insulation film on the cooling load of an office building in Singapore - A simulation study
Authors: Pawar Priya , Boranian Aaron , Lang Werner 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study investigates the properties of a pre-existing high-performance Low-E Double Glazed Unit (DGU) commonly used for fenestration in buildings in Singapore through simulation. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory window series software Optics 6 and Window 7 were used to determine the thermal properties of the glazing systems. The window series software based calculations revealed that upon application of the film, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and the Thermal Transmittance (U-Value) were reduced by 13% and 1%, respectively. Trimble SketchUp Pro was used to develop the geometry of the medium-rise office building, and the OpenStudio interface for EnergyPlus was used to simulate each scenario. Five studies were undertaken to holistically understand the impact of solar insulation film including the reduction in the cooling load and energy usage. The energy study consists of simulating two scenarios so that ACMV component capacities and flow rates are automatically calculated by EnergyPlus. These simulations quantified that after applying the window film, the cooling load reduction on a design day was 8%, and the annual cooling energy savings was approximately 9%. Higher cooling load reduction and cooling energy savings occurred for the shallow floor plan. The numerical calculations of Envelope Thermal Transfer Value (ETTV) suggest a comparative improvement of 14% with the application of a window film.