bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing the inverse hoop conjecture for black holes
Authors: Hod Shahar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is conjectured that stationary black holes are characterized by the inverse hoop relation $${\mathcal {A}}\le {\mathcal {C}}^2/\pi $$

A
≤

C

2

/
π

, where $${\mathcal {A}}$$
A
and $${\mathcal {C}}$$
C
are respectively the black-hole surface area and the circumference length of the smallest ring that can engulf the black-hole horizon in every direction. We explicitly prove that generic Kerr–Newman–(anti)-de Sitter black holes conform to this conjectured area-circumference relation.
Russian Preference for Red Printed Cotton from Central Asia and Industrialization
Authors: Shiotani Masachika 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The industrialized countries had unfavorable natural circumstances in comparison with Asia. But, as Europe had a preference for Indian commodities, it tried to find ways to import-substitute them. As a result, Europe created science and technology, constructed the transatlantic trade system and import-substituted Indian printed cotton. As Russia also tried to import-substitute “red” printed cotton from Central Asian, it achieved its early industrialization. Thus, it can be concluded that when a certain national ongoing appreciation or preference persists for a long time (in this case, three centuries), even if circumstances are unfavorable, obstacles can eventually be overcome and the object in question obtained, even if indirectly. In the case of Russia, their preference for “red” printed cotton from Central Asia promoted the modern cotton industry.
Diversified Energy Use in Twentieth-Century Japanese Households
Authors: Shimanishi Tomoki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article examines the popularization process of rentan and mametan (cylindrical anthracite briquettes and anthracite briquette balls) in Japanese households. It points out that the scarcity of wood and charcoal and the supply of anthracite and molasses (used as an adhesive) from Asian countries encouraged the invention and implementation of such new types of fuels in the interwar period. They were widely accepted because they did not change conventional energy use habits. The study also shows that until the diffusion of imported fluid fossil fuels such as oil and gas in the 1960s, those kinds of briquettes had been supporting the energy consumption of family units as transitional energy. In other words, while Japan was experiencing a so-called “energy revolution” from coal to oil in the industrial sector, the use of diverse energy sources continued in the household sector. These two different paths of energy consumption played a role in mitigating overall energy constraints and concurrently sustaining a high economic growth.
Characterizing the Relationship between Temperature and Soil Moisture Extremes and Their Role in the Exacerbation of Heat Waves over the Contiguous United States
Authors: Benson David O. , Dirmeyer Paul A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIncreased heat-wave frequency across the United States has led to the need for improved predictability of heat-wave events. A detailed understanding of land–atmosphere interactions and the relationship between soil moisture and temperature extremes could provide useful information for prediction. This study identifies, for many locations, a threshold of soil moisture below which there is an increase in the sensitivity of atmospheric temperature to declining soil moisture. This shift to a hypersensitive regime causes the atmosphere to be more susceptible to atmospherically driven heat-wave conditions. The soil moisture breakpoint where the regime shift occurs is estimated using segmented regression applied to observations and reanalysis data. It is shown that as the soil gets drier, there is a concomitant change in the rate of decrease in latent heat flux and increase in sensible heat flux leading to a strong positive feedback of increased air temperature near the surface, which further dries out the soil. Central, southwestern, and southeastern parts of the United States seem to have regions of clear regime shifts, while the eastern part of the United States generally does not get dry enough to reveal significant breakpoints. Sensible heat flux is seen to be a primary driver of this increased temperature sensitivity aided by the drop in latent heat flux. An investigation of flux tower sites verifies the breakpoint–flux relationships found in reanalysis data. Accurate estimation of these breakpoints can contribute to improved heat-wave prediction.
Factors Influencing Implementation of a Workplace Tobacco Cessation Intervention in India: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Gupte Himanshu A. , D’Costa Marina , Ramanadhan Shoba , Viswanath Kasisomayajula 
Published: December 2020

Background: Tobacco use is projected to cause more than 8 million deaths annually worldwide by 2030 and is currently linked to 1 million annual deaths in India. Very few workplaces provide tobacco cessation as a part of occupational health in India. In this study, we examined promoters and barriers to implementing an evidence-based tobacco cessation program in a workplace setting in India. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with all facilitators (two program coordinators and four counselors) of a workplace tobacco cessation intervention covering implementation efforts in five organizations, including three manufacturing units and two corporate settings. Findings: The identified promoters for implementation of the program were as follows: (a) workplaces that provided access to many individuals, (b) high prevalence of tobacco use that made the intervention relevant, (c) core components (awareness sessions, face-to-face counseling and 6-months follow-up) that were adaptable, (d) engagement of the management in planning and execution of the intervention, (e) employees’ support to each other to quit tobacco, (f) training the medical unit within the workplace to provide limited advice, and (g) efforts to advocate tobacco-free policies within the setting. Barriers centered around (a) lack of ownership from the workplace management, (b) schedules of counselors not matching with employees, (c) nonavailability of employees because of workload, and (d) lack of privacy for counseling. Conclusion/Implications for Practice: This study provided practical insights into the aspects of planning, engaging, executing and the process of implementation of a tobacco cessation intervention in a workplace setting. It provided guidance for an intervention within occupational health units in similar settings.
Using occupational therapists in vocational clinics in primary care: a feasibility study
Authors: Drummond Avril , Coole Carolyn , Nouri Fiona , Ablewhite Jo , Smyth Genevieve 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundGPs are under considerable pressure providing routine care. However, they may not be the most appropriate professionals to manage getting patients back to work, and keeping them there.ObjectiveTo test the feasibility of delivering occupational therapy-led vocational clinics (OTVoc) to provide return to work advice and support for people with musculoskeletal conditions and mental health problems, in primary care.MethodsProspective mixed methods study in two primary care centres (eight GP surgeries). We collected anonymised service level data on all patients receiving OTVoc. Next, patient participants who met inclusion criteria and consented, undertook baseline and 3-month follow-up assessments. Interviews were also conducted to explore stakeholders’ views- GPs, Nurse Practitioners, Front Desk Staff, Occupational Therapists, patients and their employers about OTVoc- and included study eligibility, referral, experiences and attitudes to return to work. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.ResultsThe majority of standardized measures showed some improvement over the study period: the sickness absence rate dropped from 71 to 15% and use of GP ‘fit’ notes reduced from 76 to 6%. Interview data indicated positive attitudes to OTVoc, the use of the fit note and the Allied Health Professions Health and Work Reports (AHP H&WRs). GPs felt that OTVoc reduced their workload.ConclusionFurther research is feasible and warranted. OTVoc was positively received and stakeholders believed it was effective in getting patients back to work or preparing for their return. There was enthusiasm for extending service eligibility criteria, suggesting potential for further development and evaluation.
“We’ve got through hard times before” : acute mental distress and coping among disadvantaged groups during COVID-19 lockdown in North India - a qualitative study
Authors: Mathias Kaaren , Rawat Meenal , Philip Sharad , Grills Nathan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 crisis in India negatively impacted mental health due to both the disease and the harsh lockdown, yet there are almost no qualitative studies describing mental health impacts or the strategies of resilience used, and in particular, no reports from the most vulnerable groups. This study aimed to examine the acute mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis as well as coping strategies employed by disadvantaged community members in North India.

Methods
We used an intersectional lens for this qualitative study set in rural Tehri Garwhal and urban Dehradun districts of Uttarakhand, India. In-depth interviews were conducted in May 2020 during lockdown, by phone and in person using purposive selection, with people with disabilities, people living in slums with psychosocial disabilities and widows (total n = 24). We used the framework method for analysis following steps of transcription and translation, familiarisation, coding, developing and then applying a framework, charting and then interpreting data.

Findings
The participants with compounded disadvantage had almost no access to mobile phones, health messaging or health care and experienced extreme mental distress and despair, alongside hunger and loss of income. Under the realms of intrapersonal, interpersonal and social, six themes related to mental distress emerged: feeling overwhelmed and bewildered, feeling distressed and despairing, feeling socially isolated, increased events of othering and discrimination, and experiencing intersectional disadvantage. The six themes summarising coping strategies in the COVID-19 crisis were: finding sense and meaning, connecting with others, looking for positive ways forward, innovating with new practices, supporting others individually and collectively, and engaging with the natural world.

Conclusions
People intersectionally disadvantaged by their social identity experienced high levels of mental distress during the COVID-19 crisis, yet did not collapse, and instead described diverse and innovative strategies which enabled them to cope through the COVID-19 lockdown. This study illustrates that research using an intersectional lens is valuable to design equitable policy such as the need for access to digital resources, and that disaggregated data is needed to address social inequities at the intersection of poverty, disability, caste, religious discrimination and gender inherent in the COVID-19 pandemic in India.
Economic fluctuations and urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in the Baltic countries and Finland in 2000–2015: a register-based study
Authors: Leinsalu M. , Baburin A. , Jasilionis D. , Krumins J. , Martikainen P. , Stickley A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe examined urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Finland in the context of macroeconomic changes. Educational inequalities among 30–74 year olds were examined in 2000–2003, 2004–2007, 2008–2011 and 2012–2015 using census-linked longitudinal mortality data. We estimated age-standardized mortality rates and the relative and slope index of inequality. Overall mortality rates were larger in rural areas except among Finnish women. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were often larger in urban areas among men but in rural areas among women. Absolute inequalities were mostly larger in rural areas excepting Finnish men. Between 2000–2003 and 2012–2015 relative inequalities increased in most countries while absolute inequalities decreased except in Lithuania. In the Baltic countries the changes in both relative and absolute inequalities tended to be more favorable in urban areas; in Finland they were more favorable in rural areas. The overall pattern changed during the reccessionary period from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011 when relative inequalities often diminished or the increase slowed, while the decrease in absolute inequalities accelerated with larger improvements observed in urban areas. Despite substantial progress in reducing overall mortality rates in both urban and rural areas in all countries, low educated men and women in rural areas in the Baltic countries are becoming increasingly disadvantaged in terms of mortality reduction.
A numerical geotechnical model for computing soil slides at banks of water reservoirs
Authors: Olsen Nils Reidar B. , Haun Stefan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSoil slides can occur when the water level in a lake or a reservoir is lowered. This may take place in situations when a reservoir is flushed to remove sediments. The current study describes a three-dimensional numerical model used for the simulation of reservoir flushing that includes the slide movements. The geotechnical failure algorithms start with modelling the groundwater levels at the banks of the reservoir. A limit equilibrium approach is further used to find the location of the slides. The actual movement of the sediments is computed by assuming the soil to be a viscous liquid and by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. The resulting bed elevation changes from the slides are computed in adaptive grids that change as a function of water level, bed erosion and slide movements. The numerical model is tested on the Bodendorf reservoir in Austria, where field measurements are available of the bank elevations before and after a flushing operation. The results from the numerical simulations are compared with these observations. A parameter test shows that the results are very sensitive to the cohesion and less sensitive to the E and G modules of the soil.
Smart invasome synthesis, characterizations, pharmaceutical applications, and pharmacokinetic perspective: a review
Authors: Nangare Sopan , Dugam Shailesh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Scientists are constantly looking for the introduction of unique drug delivery systems for the existing drug molecule. Since the skin is one of the primary and essential organs of the human body, it needs successful research development for the delivery of the drug. While the skin is assumed a human body’s multifunctional organ, it has minimal permeability across the stratum corneum (SC). Since this is an influential barrier for the active agent, several carrier platforms to surmount this obstacle have been created. Invasomes are the liposomal vesicles, which incorporate small quantities of ethanol and terpenes or a mixture of terpenes, as potentials for improved penetration of the skin. The rate of penetration of invasomes through the skin is significantly greater than that of liposomes and ethosomes. Invasomes focus on providing a series of benefits namely enhanced drug effectiveness, increased conformity, and ease for patients.

Main body
The present article portrays insights of invasomes which include composition and preparation methods of invasomes. The article gives a brief review of the penetration mechanism, synthesis process, and characterizations of invasomes. The article gives a point by point audit about pharmaceutical applications, viz. anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-acne, vitamin analog, anticholinergic, antioxidant, etc. The pharmacokinetic properties of invasomes have also been described.

Conclusion
The key goal of an invasome-based delivery system is not only to strengthen the efficacy and safety of the drug but also to dramatically increase patient conformity and the therapeutic value to a significant extent. The delivery of drugs via the skin membrane in advanced drug delivery systems is a fascinating fact. Many pharmaceutical studies have shown that plentiful drug molecules are less soluble, have less bioavailability and stability, have less penetration, etc. Therefore, a new form of dosage with exceptional characteristics like invasomes can be created.

Graphical abstract
Changes in Cancer Management due to COVID-19 Illness in Patients with Cancer in Northern California
Authors: Wu Julie Tsu-Yu , Kwon Daniel H. , Glover Michael J. , Henry Solomon , Wood Douglas , Rubin Daniel L. , Koshkin Vadim S. , Schapira Lidia , Shah Sumit A. 
Published: December 2020

PURPOSE:The response to the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the management of patients with cancer. In this pooled retrospective analysis, we describe changes in management patterns for patients with cancer diagnosed with COVID-19 in two academic institutions in the San Francisco Bay Area.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Adult and pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with a current or historical diagnosis of malignancy were identified from the electronic medical record at the University of California, San Francisco, and Stanford University. The proportion of patients undergoing active cancer management whose care was affected was quantified and analyzed for significant differences with regard to management type, treatment intent, and the time of COVID-19 diagnosis. The duration and characteristics of such changes were compared across subgroups.RESULTS:A total of 131 patients were included, of whom 55 were undergoing active cancer management. Of these, 35 of 55 (64%) had significant changes in management that consisted primarily of delays. An additional three patients not undergoing active cancer management experienced a delay in management after being diagnosed with COVID-19. The decision to change management was correlated with the time of COVID-19 diagnosis, with more delays identified in patients treated with palliative intent earlier in the course of the pandemic (March/April 2020) compared with later (May/June 2020) (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.03 to 17.3; P = .0497). This difference was not seen among patients treated with curative intent during the same timeframe.CONCLUSION:We found significant changes in the management of cancer patients with COVID-19 treated with curative and palliative intent that evolved over time. Future studies are needed to determine the impact of changes in management and treatment on cancer outcomes for patients with cancer and COVID-19.
Depressive disorders among long-term care residents in the face of isolation due to COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Górski Michał , Garbicz Jagoda , Buczkowska Marta , Marsik Grzegorz , Grajek Mateusz , Całyniuk Beata , Polaniak Renata 
Published: December 2020

Cel pracyGłównym celem pracy była ocena wpływu izolacji społecznej i rodzinnej z powodu COVID19 na samopoczucie psychiczne pacjentów przebywających w zakładzie opiekuńczo-leczniczym oraz ocena skuteczności podjętych działań terapeutycznych.MetodaBadanie przeprowadzono wśród chorych przebywających w zakładzie opiekuńczo-leczniczym (58 chorych). Do oceny stopnia nasilenia zaburzeń depresyjnych zastosowano krótką formę Geriatrycznej Skali Oceny Depresji. Porównano również liczbę interwencji medycznych i psychologicznych w poszczególnych miesiącach izolacji.WynikiW lutym 2020 roku, kiedy nie było żadnej izolacji, 87,9% badanej grupy nie cierpiało na depresję w porównaniu z 72,4% w okresie pełnej izolacji. Po wprowadzeniu metod kontrolowanego kontaktu z najbliższymi, liczba osób bez objawów depresyjnych ponownie wzrosła. W okresie pełnej izolacji wykonano średnio 1,76 interwencji medycznych i 0,23 interwencji psychologicznych na jednego pacjenta.WnioskiLiczba interwencji medycznych i psychologicznych była większa w okresie pełnej izolacji w porównaniu z miesiącami, w których nie wprowadzono ograniczeń związanych z pandemią COVID19. Po wprowadzeniu pełnej izolacji wyniki w GDS były istotnie wyższe, co oznacza, że pacjenci byli w większym stopniu narażeni na zaburzenia depresyjne niż w miesiącach bez izolacji.
The functioning of families of teens with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder
Authors: Kaźmierczak-Mytkowska Anna , Butwicka Agnieszka , Lucci Kamil , Wolańczyk Tomasz , Bryńska Anita 
Published: December 2020

Cel pracyDokonanie porównań w zakresie funkcji rodzin nastolatków (13-16 lat) z rozpoznaniem ADHD lub ADHD i opozycyjno-buntowniczych zaburzeń zachowania (ODD).MetodaOcena przy użyciu Kwestionariusza do Oceny Rodziny w trzech grupach nastolatków, wychowujących się w rodzinach biologicznych: (1) grupie ADHD/ODD (n=40), (2) grupie ADHD (n=40) oraz (3) grupie K (kontrolnej) nastolatków (n=40), którzy nie korzystali obecnie lub w przeszłości z opieki psychologicznej lub psychiatrycznej.WynikiMatki, ojcowie i nastolatkowie z grupy ADHD/ODD istotnie gorzej ocenili wszystkie istotne aspekty funkcjonowania rodziny w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. W grupie ADHD stwierdzono mniej korzystnie w odniesieniu do grupy kontrolnej oceny matek i ojców dla wszystkich obszarów funkcjonowania rodziny oraz oceny nastolatków w wymiarze Pełnienia ról, Emocjonalności, Afektywnego nawiązywania relacji oraz Kontroli. Badani z grupy ADHD/ODD i ich rodzice gorzej ocenili funkcjonowanie rodziny w odniesieniu do grupy ADHD: matki-we wszystkich opisywanych obszarach, nastolatkowie-w większości z opisywanych obszarów poza wymiarem Kontroli, a ojcowie w większości z opisywanych obszarów poza wymiarem Emocjonalności.WnioskiFunkcjonowanie rodzin pacjentów z ADHD i opozycyjno- buntowniczymi zaburzeniami zachowania oraz rodzin pacjentów z ADHD istotnie negatywnie różni się we wszystkich lub większości badanych wymiarów w odniesieniu do rodzin osób bez diagnozy, przy czym funkcjonowanie rodzin pacjentów z ADHD i opozycyjno- buntowniczymi zaburzeniami zachowania można opisać jako bardziej nieprawidłowe niż rodzin pacjentów z ADHD.