bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro and In Vivo Interactions ofHaemophilusducreyiwith Host Phagocytes
Authors: Ahmed Hinda J. , Johansson Catharina , Svensson Liselott A. , Ahlman Karin , Verdrengh Margareta , Lagergård Teresa 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTWe investigated the phagocytosis ofHaemophilus ducreyiboth in vitro and in vivo. Human granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis of opsonized and nonopsonized, fluorescence-labeledH. ducreyiwas assessed by flow cytometry. BothEscherichia coliand noncapsulatedH. influenzaewere included as controls. The maximal percentage of granulocytes taken up byH. ducreyiwas 35% after 90 min. In contrast, 95% ofH. influenzaebacteria were phagocytosed by granulocytes after 30 min. These results indicated thatH. ducreyiphagocytosis was slow and inefficient. Bacterial opsonization by using specific antibodies increased the percentage of granulocytes phagocytosingH. ducreyifrom 24 to 49%. The nonphagocytosed bacteria were completely resistant to phagocytosis even when reexposed to granulocytes, indicating that theH. ducreyiculture comprised a mixture of phenotypes. The intracellular survival ofH. ducreyiin granulocytes, in monocytes/macrophages, and in a monocyte cell line (THP-1) was quantified after application of gentamicin treatment to kill extracellular bacteria.H. ducreyisurvival within phagocytes was poor; approximately 11 and <0.1% of the added bacteria survived intracellularly after 2 and 20 h of incubation, respectively, while no intracellularH. influenzaebacteria were recovered after 2 h of incubation with phagocytes. The role of phagocytes in the development of skin lesions due toH. ducreyiwas also studied in vivo. Mice that were depleted of granulocytes and/or monocytes and SCID mice, which lacked T and B cells, were injected intradermally with approximately 106CFU ofH. ducreyi. Within 4 days of inoculation, the granulocyte-depleted mice developed lesions that persisted throughout the experimental period. This result reinforces the importance of granulocytes in the early innate defense againstH. ducreyiinfection. In conclusion,H. ducreyiis insufficiently phagocytosed to achieve complete eradication of the bacteria. Indeed,H. ducreyihas the ability to survive intracellularly for short periods within phagocytic cells in vitro. Since granulocytes play a major role in the innate defense againstH. ducreyiinfection in vivo, bacterial resistance to phagocytosis probably plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chancroid.
Morphological change and recovery of corneal endothelial cells after rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor eye-drop (ripasudil 0.4%) instillation
Authors: Maruyama Yuko , Ikeda Yoko , Mori Kazuhiko , Yoshii Kengo , Ueno Morio , Yoshikawa Haruna , Sotozono Chie , Kinoshita Shigeru 
Published: April 2020

Background/AimsTo investigate the time-dependent change of corneal endothelial cell (CEC) morphology and density (CECD) in patients with glaucoma post instillation of rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor ripasudil (Rip) 0.4% eye drops.MethodsThis observational study involved 163 eyes of 163 patients with glaucoma in whom CEC morphological change was evaluated by CECD calculated via non-contact specular microscopy (NCSM) before and at 1 or 3 months post-Rip instillation. The change of CECD was plotted along with elapsed time from last instillation of Rip. The patients were divided into the following three groups based on the elapsed time post-Rip instillation: Early Group (<2 hours), Middle Group (≥2 hours, yet <6 hours) and Late Group (≥6 hours). The rate of CECD change was then analysed and compared among the three groups. An additional eight eyes of four patients with glaucoma were enrolled for a time-dependent study, with NCSM images evaluated before and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours post-Rip instillation.ResultsMorphological changes in the CECs appeared within 1 hour and recovered to normal within 6 hours post instillation. In the Early, Middle and Late Group, the median rate of CECD change as calculated by the NCSM automated software was −5.68%, −4.95% and −0.07%, respectively. The CEC images showed the same morphological changes with observational study in all four cases.ConclusionDue to transient morphological changes, the NCSM software produced misleading data for determining CECD within 1 hour post-Rip instillation, yet revealed that CEC morphology gradually recovered to normal within 6 hours.
Are anti-smoking social norms associated with tobacco control mass media campaigns, tax and policy changes? Findings from an Australian serial cross-sectional population study of smokers
Authors: Durkin Sarah J , Schoenaker Danielle , Brennan Emily , Bayly Megan , Wakefield Melanie A 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundAnti-smoking social norms are associated with subsequent quitting behaviours. We examined if exposure to tobacco control advertisements and policy changes predict subjective (perceived disapproval of smoking among close family and friends) and internalised injunctive norms (embarrassed about telling others you are a smoker).MethodsA serial cross-sectional population survey of Australian adult smokers (n=6649; 2012 to 2015). Logistic regression analyses examined associations of social norms with exposure to different types of tobacco control advertisements, tax increases and other tobacco control policies, adjusting for key demographic, smoking and media exposure covariates. Interaction analyses examined differences by age and socioeconomic status (SES).ResultsGreater past month exposure to predominantly fear-evoking advertisements was associated with increased odds of perceiving disapproval (per 1000 gross rating points: adjusted OR (AOR) 2.69, 95% CI: 1.34 to 5.39), while exposure to advertisements evoking multiple negative emotions (fear, guilt, sadness) reduced perceived disapproval (AOR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.87). Increased perceived disapproval was also associated with anticipation (AOR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.88), and implementation of a series of annual 12.5% tobacco tax rises (AOR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.94). Associations were consistent across age and SES. There were no associations nor subgroup interactions between advertisement exposure or policy changes and feeling embarrassed about telling others you are a smoker.ConclusionSmokers’ perceptions of family and friends’ disapproval of their smoking was more common after exposure to fear-evoking tobacco control campaigns and after large tobacco tax increases were announced and implemented.
Liquid Water Path Steady States in Stratocumulus: Insights from Process-Level Emulation and Mixed-Layer Theory
Authors: Hoffmann Fabian , Glassmeier Franziska , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStratocumulus clouds constitute one of the largest negative climate forcings in the global radiation budget. This forcing is determined, inter alia, by the cloud liquid water path (LWP), which we analyze using a combination of Gaussian process emulation and mixed-layer theory. For nocturnal, nonprecipitating stratocumuli, we show that LWP steady states constitute an equilibrium primarily between radiative cooling and entrainment warming and drying. These steady states are approached from lower LWPs due to reduced entrainment, while higher LWPs are depleted by stronger entrainment. An analytical solution for the LWP steady state reveals not only the environmental conditions in which a stratocumulus cloud can be maintained, but also distinct analytical properties of the entrainment velocity that are required for a stable LWP steady state that opposes perturbations. In particular, the results highlight the importance of an entrainment velocity that increases strictly monotonically with the LWP if stratocumuli are to attain a stable LWP steady state. This is demonstrated through analysis of two commonly used mixed-layer entrainment parameterizations.
Regional Event Tourism Funding Policies: A Strategic-Relational Critique of Current Practice
Authors: Ormerod Neil , Wood Emma H. 
Published: April 2020

Taking a strategic-relational approach we critique a range of event tourism funding policies and practices that seek to create regional and/or national event strategies. A multiple case study method combining document analysis and key informant interviews within selected regions provides insights into the political nature of event funding, the equity of its distribution, and the decision processes involved. Programs were found to operate in a sensitive and complex context due to intertwined power relationships between policy and agency embedded within governments. We conclude that to bring about broader benefits and legacies a paradigm shift is needed to rebalance economic and social outcomes within funder objectives and governance structures. This needs to include innovation in evaluation and wider more meaningful stakeholder engagement. The study shows that without fundamental change in policy, national and regional funding programs are likely to continue to operate within their existing narrow remit.
Rare missense variant p.Ala505Ser in the ZAK protein observed in a patient with split-hand/foot malformation from a non-consanguineous pedigree
Authors: Funk Christopher Ronald , Huey Elizabeth S. , May Melanie M. , Peng Yunhui , Michonova Ekaterina , Best Robert G. , Schwartz Charles E. , Blenda Anna V. 
Published: April 2020

Objective Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a rare, often debilitating, congenital limb malformation. A single nucleotide polymorphism within the leucine zipper containing kinase AZK ( ZAK) gene was recently associated with SHFM in two consanguineous Pakistani pedigrees. We hypothesized that additional unrelated patients with the phenotype may carry a pathogenic mutation in ZAK. Methods DNA samples were collected from 38 patients with SHFM and associated hearing loss for Sanger DNA sequencing and in silico analysis. Results Two missense mutations within ZAK were detected in 11 patients, but only one missense variant, p.Ala505Ser, occurred with a presumed rare allele frequency. In silico modeling of the ZAK protein with the p.Ala505Ser substitution indicated a negative binding free energy change (mean ΔΔG = −0.9), representing destabilization of the ZAK tertiary structure. Additional laboratory analysis demonstrated a chromosome region 7q21.3-q22.1 deletion. This locus contains the SHFM-1 causative genes SHFM1, DLX5, and DLX6 (distal-less homeobox-5 and -6). Conclusions We report a novel and rare missense variant, ZAK p.Ala505Ser, in one patient with SHFM from a non-consanguineous pedigree. This variant mildly destabilizes the ZAK tertiary structure. Although this mutation involved a deletion at the SHFM1 locus (7q21.3-q22.1), ZAK signaling destabilization may have contributed to the phenotype, which included hearing loss.
Single-Stage Autologous Chondrocyte-Based Treatment for the Repair of Knee Cartilage Lesions: Two-Year Follow-up of a Prospective Single-Arm Multicenter Study
Authors: Słynarski Konrad , de Jong Willem Cornelis , Snow Martyn , Hendriks Jeanine Anna Alphonse , Wilson Clayton Ellis , Verdonk Peter 
Published: April 2020

Background: There is an unmet need for a single-stage cartilage repair treatment that is cost-effective and chondrocyte-based. Purpose: To evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of autologous freshly isolated primary chondrocytes and bone marrow mononucleated cells (MNCs) seeded into a PolyActive scaffold in patients with symptomatic cartilage lesions of the knee. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 40 patients with symptomatic knee cartilage lesions were treated with freshly isolated autologous chondrocytes combined with bone marrow MNCs delivered in a biodegradable load-bearing scaffold. The treatment requires only 1 surgical intervention and is potentially a cost-effective alternative to autologous chondrocyte implantation. The primary chondrocytes and bone marrow MNCs were isolated, washed, counted, mixed, and seeded into a load-bearing scaffold in the operating room. Patients were followed up at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Primary endpoints were treatment-related adverse events up to 3 months, adverse implant effects between 3 and 24 months, and the implant success rate at 3 months as measured by lesion filling. Results: Successful lesion filling (≥67% on magnetic resonance imaging) was found in 40 patients at 3 months and in 32 of the 32 patients analyzed at 24 months. Significant improvement over baseline was found for visual analog scale for pain from 3 months onward; Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)-Pain and KOOS-Activities of Daily Living from 6 months onward; for KOOS-Symptoms and Stiffness, KOOS-Quality of Life and International Knee Documentation Committee from 12 months onward; and for KOOS-Sport and Recreation from 18 months onward. Hyaline-like repair tissue was found in 22 of 31 patients available for biopsy. Arthralgia and joint effusion were the most common adverse events. Scaffold delamination and adhesions led to removal of the implant in 2 patients. Conclusion: The treatment of knee cartilage lesions with autologous primary chondrocytes and bone marrow MNCs, both isolated and seeded into a load-bearing PolyActive scaffold within a single surgical intervention, is safe and clinically effective. Good lesion fill and sustained clinically important and statistically significant improvement in all patient-reported outcome scores were found throughout the 24-month study. Hyaline-like cartilage was observed on biopsy specimen in at least 22 of the 40 patients. Registration: NCT01041885 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)
Evaluation of biometric parameters in phacomorphic glaucoma and mature cataracts
Authors: Keleş Ali , Şen Emine , Elgin Ufuk 
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The aims of this study were to compare the biometric parameters and axial lengths of eyes with phacomorphic glaucoma and mature cataract and to identify differences that might predispose to development of phacomorphic glaucoma. Methods: Three hundred forty-two patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The eyes were divided into four groups—Group (G)1: phacomorphic glaucoma ( n = 29), G2: mature cataract ( n = 313), G3: contralateral phacomorphic glaucoma ( n = 29), and G4: contralateral mature cataract ( n = 313). Central corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth were assessed by optical low-coherence reflectometry (Lenstar LS 900®; Haag-Streit AG, Switzerland), while axial length was determined by A-scan ultrasound biometry. Results: The mean central corneal thickness of G1 was significantly higher than in other groups ( p < 0.001) and the mean anterior chamber depth of G1 was the lowest among the groups ( p < 0.001). Also, G2 had lower mean anterior chamber depth than G4 ( p < 0.001) and G3 had lower mean anterior chamber depth than G4 ( p = 0.007). Anterior chamber depth less than 3.27 mm had the higher odds ratio for distinguishing G3 versus G4 (odds ratio = 10.79, p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients aged ⩾68.9 years had the higher odds ratio for distinguishing G1 versus G2 (odds ratio = 2.82, p = 0.019). There was no significant difference in the presence of pseudoexfoliation material between G1 and G2 ( p = 0.057). There were no significant differences in axial length values among the four groups ( p = 0.097). Conclusion: Advanced age and shallow anterior chamber depth were found to be risk factors for developing phacomorphic glaucoma, but the presence of pseudoexfoliation material was not found to play a role as a risk factor in phacomorphic glaucoma development.
Balloon Catheter Dilation in Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Patel Vijay A. , O’Brien Daniel C. , Ramadan Jad , Carr Michele M. 
Published: April 2020

Background Paranasal sinus balloon catheter dilation (BCD) represents a tool that has been shown to be safe in the management of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis (pCRS); however, its efficacy compared to standard treatment regimens has not been well established. Objective The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the clinical utility of BCD in pCRS. Methods Articles reporting BCD for pCRS in patients under 18 years of age were identified via the following search terms: sinusitis OR rhinosinusitis AND balloon dilatation OR balloon dilation OR balloon sinuplasty OR sinuplasty AND adolescent OR children OR infant OR pediatric OR toddler. The primary outcome analyzed includes quality of life improvement as measured via Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life Survey (SN-5) or Sino-nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores. Results Eighty studies were abstracted; 10 studies were included for final qualitative analysis after dual investigator screening. Three studies described BCD with surgical controls, including adenoidectomy, saline irrigation, or maxillary antrostomy. Noninferiority was not demonstrated (ie, BCD is inferior) in 2 of 3 studies. Pooled analysis utilizing a random effects model revealed a decreased effect size yet no statistically significant difference between BCD and standard operative techniques as measured by quality of life measures ( g = −0.04, I2 = 41%). Conclusion This work highlights a lack of published evidence regarding the role of BCD in pCRS. Two of the 3 included studies demonstrated the inferiority of BCD when compared to other standard surgical interventions, whereas meta-analysis was unable to detect any statistically significant difference between standard treatment regimens. Future scientific investigations are necessary to assess the comparative effectiveness of BCD in pCRS.
Differences in the Exposure of the Lumbar Nerve Root Between Experts and Novices: Results From a Realistic Simulation Pilot Study With Force Sensors
Authors: Mehren Christoph , Korb Werner , Fenyöházi Esther , Iacovazzi Davide , Bernal Luis , Mayer Michael H. 
Published: April 2020

Study Design: Nonrandomized prospective trial. Objective: Several studies could demonstrate “learning curves” in almost every single surgical procedure for unexperienced surgeons. This is in sharp contrast to the rising quality requirements in public health care to provide surgical training at patients “expense.” The aim of this study was to visualize, measure, and set a baseline of the pressure load on the spinal nerve root during a simulated microdiscectomy on a standardized and validated model (RealSpine) under the influence of the level of surgical experience and individual skills. Methods: Five highly experienced spine surgeons and 5 trainees without considerable surgical experience were selected to perform a standardized microsurgical discectomy on a validated RealSpine simulator. Force-torque sensors were integrated in this simulator to measure the load on the nerve root. The forces were recorded every 125 ms. Results: We could identify cumulative for the total intervention as well as for defined single surgical steps of this procedure and as well in between the single subjects a significant higher tension and contusion forces on the nerve for the trainee group (Δp contusion 83-765 Nċs and Δp tension 159-1131 Nċs for the trainees. Δp contusion 16-171 Nċs and Δp tension 27-146 Nċs for the experts). Conclusion: We could measure a difference between unexperienced and experienced surgeons regarding the manipulations of the nerve root during a standardized simulated microdiscectomy. This possibility could be the starting point for a new and innovative surgical education to improve outcome without negative side effects of “learning curves.”
Excellent outcomes following hematopoietic cell transplantation for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: a PIDTC report
Authors: Burroughs Lauri M. , Petrovic Aleksandra , Brazauskas Ruta , Liu Xuerong , Griffith Linda M. , Ochs Hans D. , Bleesing Jack J. , Edwards Stephanie , Dvorak Christopher C. , Chaudhury Sonali , Prockop Susan E. , Quinones Ralph , Goldman Frederick D. , Quigg Troy C. , Chandrakasan Shanmuganathan , Smith Angela R. , Parikh Suhag , Dávila Saldaña Blachy J. , Thakar Monica S. , Phelan Rachel , Shenoy Shalini , Forbes Lisa R. , Martinez Caridad , Chellapandian Deepak , Shereck Evan , Miller Holly K. , Kapoor Neena , Barnum Jessie L. , Chong Hey , Shyr David C. , Chen Karin , Abu-Arja Rolla , Shah Ami J. , Weinacht Katja G. , Moore Theodore B. , Joshi Avni , DeSantes Kenneth B. , Gillio Alfred P. , Cuvelier Geoffrey D. E. , Keller Michael D. , Rozmus Jacob , Torgerson Troy , Pulsipher Michael A. , Haddad Elie , Sullivan Kathleen E. , Logan Brent R. , Kohn Donald B. , Puck Jennifer M. , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Pai Sung-Yun , Rawlings David J. , Cowan Morton J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked disease caused by mutations in the WAS gene, leading to thrombocytopenia, eczema, recurrent infections, autoimmune disease, and malignancy. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the primary curative approach, with the goal of correcting the underlying immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia. HCT outcomes have improved over time, particularly for patients with HLA-matched sibling and unrelated donors. We report the outcomes of 129 patients with WAS who underwent HCT at 29 Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium centers from 2005 through 2015. Median age at HCT was 1.2 years. Most patients (65%) received myeloablative busulfan-based conditioning. With a median follow-up of 4.5 years, the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 91%. Superior 5-year OS was observed in patients &lt;5 vs ≥5 years of age at the time of HCT (94% vs 66%; overall P = .0008). OS was excellent regardless of donor type, even in cord blood recipients (90%). Conditioning intensity did not affect OS, but was associated with donor T-cell and myeloid engraftment after HCT. Specifically, patients who received fludarabine/melphalan-based reduced-intensity regimens were more likely to have donor myeloid chimerism &lt;50% early after HCT. In addition, higher platelet counts were observed among recipients who achieved full (&gt;95%) vs low-level (5%-49%) donor myeloid engraftment. In summary, HCT outcomes for WAS have improved since 2005, compared with prior reports. HCT at a younger age continues to be associated with superior outcomes supporting the recommendation for early HCT. High-level donor myeloid engraftment is important for platelet reconstitution after either myeloablative or busulfan-containing reduced intensity conditioning. (This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02064933.)