bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Toxicity Test of Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.) Ethanol Leaves Extract to Histopatology of Liver Mice
Authors: Mutmainna Mutmainna , Purnamasari Yenti , Parawansah Parawansah 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBackground: Abelmoschus manihot L.are widely used as a daily dish of dishes and traditional medicine to treat various diseases. It contains alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids wich can be toxic agent at variable dose. Purpose: This study aimed determine the effect of ethanol extract of abelmoschus manihot L. on histopatologic image of mice liver tissue. Methods: This is quasi experimental study with post test only control group design. Fourty five mice (mus musculus) as the subject of this research, they divided into 5 groups, group I threated by 50 mg /kgBB extract, group II threated by 200 mg / kgBB extract, group III threated by 800 mg / kgBB extract, group IV threated by 3,200 mg / kgBB extract, and group V as negative control. Treatment was done for 14 days and terminated at next day for histopatology examination use them liver tissue. Result: Histopathological examination of liver cells within normal limits. In the treatment group of 50 mg liver tissue of mice who died during treatment on day 7 and day 10 showed liver tissue necrosis. In the treatment group of 200 mg and 800 mg of liver tissue showed the presence of liver cell necrosis, and cell boundaries appeared unclear. In the treatment group of 3200 mg liver tissue showed necrotic cells, lysi s cells, unclear cell boundaries and necrotic cells more widely.Conclusion: As a conclusion there an histopatologic changes of microscopic examination of mice liver cells in the form of necrosis and, there is not significant difference in ALT and AST between the control group.Keywords : Abelmoschus manihot L. extract, acute toxicity, liver histopathology
Hubungan Kebiasaan Merokok dan Kondisi Lingkungan dengan Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Guali Tahun 2016 (The Relationship Between Smoking Habits and Environmental Conditions with The Incidence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Work Area of Guali Public Health Center in 2016
Authors: Saida Saida , Syamsiar Syamsiar 
Published: May 2020

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Microbacterium Tuberculosis, bacteria aerobic rods and acid resistance can be a pathogenic organism or pathogen microbacterium saprofit there are several, but only bovine and human strains are pathogenic to humans. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between smoking habit and environmental conditions with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the work area of Guali public health Center in 2016. Method: The design of this research was analytic with cross sectional approach. The population in this study was 94 tuberculosis patients and the total sampling technique was used. Result: The statistical analysis between smoking and environmental conditions with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis has p value of 0.007 and 0.030 consecutively. Conclusion: There was a correlation between smoking habit and environmental condition with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis the work area of Guali public health Center in 2016. It is recommended to families especially family members who suffer from pulmonary TB to adhere to appropriate treatment, and to motivate other family members to check contacts to prevent transmission early.Keywords : environmental conditions, smoking habit, tuberculosis Latar belakang: Tuberkulosis merupakan penyakit infeksi menular yang disebabkan oleh Microbacterium tuberculosis, kuman bentuk batang, aerob dan tahan asam. Kuman ini merupakan organisme pathogen dan saprofit. Ada beberapa microbacterium pathogen, tetapi hanya strain bovin dan human yang patogenik terhadap manusia. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok, kondisi lingkungan dengan kejadian Tuberkulosis paru di wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Guali Tahun 2016. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional, yakni untuk mencari hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok, kondisi lingkungan dengan kejadian Tuberkulosis paru di wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Guali Tahun 2016. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 94 orang. Adapun tehnik penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tehnik total sampling yaitu berjumlah 94 orang. Hasil: Hasil analisis statistik antara kebiasaan merokok (p= 0,007) dan kondisi lingkungan (p=0,030) dengan kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru. Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kondisi lingkungan dengan kejadian Tuberkulosis paru di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Guali tahun 2016. Disarankan bagi keluarga yang mempunyai angota keluarga yang menderita penyakit Tuberkulosis Paru dianjurkan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan kontak untuk pencegahan secara dini.Kata Kunci : kebiasaan merokok, kondisi lingkungan, kejadian tuberkulosis paru
Perfil de resistência e ou sensibilidade antibacteriana de enterobactérias coletadas de P. expansa
Authors: Evangelista Sobrinho Rosildo Mendes , Malvásio Adriana , Bertolin Aparecido Osdimir 
Published: May 2020

A ordem Testudines conhecidos atualmente como quelônios, compreendem as tartarugas, jabutis e cágados, a família Podocnemidae possui o representante considerado como o maior quelônio de água doce, conhecido popularmente como tartaruga da Amazônia, gênero Podocnemis. Os Podocnemis expansa podem ser hospedeiros naturais e atuarem como reservatórios de vários microrganismos. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se identificar e traçar o perfil de resistência e ou sensibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias coletadas de P. expansa de ambiente natural e cativeiro comercial. Foram capturados aleatoriamente de cada ambiente, 50 exemplares de P. expansa, 15 machos com maturidade sexual, 15 fêmeas com maturidade sexual, 10 machos juvenis e 10 fêmeas juvenis. Após a captura dos animais procedeu se a coleta do material microbiológico. Um total de 5.355 cepas bacterianas foram avaliadas, sendo 2.725 provenientes de P. expansa de ambiente natural e 2.630 de P. expansa de cativeiro comercial. A distribuição de microrganismos nos dois ambientes não são iguais, apresentando prevalência nos dois ambientes de Shigella spp., Hafnia spp. e E. coli. Quanto ao perfil de resistência e ou sensibilidade Shigella spp. E. coli e Klebsiella spp. representam os microrganismos coletados mais difíceis de serem eliminadas com antibioticoterapia, apresentado multirresistência aos antimicrobianos em mais de 50% dos antibióticos utilizados, frente aos microrganismos de P. expansa de ambiente natural e de cativeiro comercial. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo ressaltam a importância de se conhecer o perfil de enterobactérias isoladas da comunidade e ter seu constante monitoramento, tendo em vista que tais bactérias são encontradas como integrantes da microbiota residente e transitória de Podocnemis expansa, tanto de ambiente natural quanto de cativeiro comercial, ressaltando ainda a importância dos cuidados de antessepsia que deverão ser realizados pelas pessoas que manuseiam Podocnemis expansa, seja para fins de pesquisa ou para abate.
Geração de microcampos de deterioração psico-socioambiental proveniente da deposição irregular de lixo em áreas residenciais
Authors: Alves João Batista 
Published: May 2020

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência dos resíduos depositados em vazadouros a céu aberto em áreas urbanas, verificando os impactos causados pela proliferação de vetores em residências e doenças em membros das famílias do entorno destes focos, na cidade de Fazenda Rio Grande/PR, Brasil. A escolha dos lotes deu-se a partir da visita in loco a todas ruas e bairros da cidade, observando-se a presença de deposição massiva de resíduos domésticos nestes locais, como um dos critérios de escolha. Além disso, os lotes deveriam estar circunscritos à área urbana, a uma distância mínima de 100 metros de áreas marginais, áreas florestadas, alagadas e margens de rios. Utilizou-se questionário estruturado e entrevistaram-se os residentes do entorno destes terrenos. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se o teste de correlação de postos de Spearman, que mede a associação entre duas variáveis no mínimo ordinais. Este teste é não paramétrico e não exige suposições sobre a distribuição dos dados. A medida chamada ‘rho’ é um valor que varia de -1 até 1, em que 1 indica correlação perfeita positiva (se a ordem de uma variável cresce, a outra tende a crescer também) e -1 indica correlação perfeita negativa, se a ordem de uma variável cresce, a outra tende a decrescer). Obteve-se uma correlação positiva para presença e frequência de ocorrência de vetores: moscas, baratas, ratos, animais de rua e para odores desagradáveis. Quanto às doenças, os resultados foram significativos para: infecções, diarreias, inflamações, problemas respiratórios, ansiedade e depressão. Tomando como pressupostos estes fatos e aportes teóricos da psicologia ambiental e geografia, propõe-se que os locais com as características descritas formam os microcampos de deterioração psico-socioambiental.
Control of Cognitive Processes
Authors: Monsell Stephen , Driver Jon 
Published: May 2020

The thirty-two contributions discuss evidence from psychological experiments with healthy and brain-damaged subjects, functional imaging, electrophysiology, and computational modeling.
One of the most challenging problems facing cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience is to explain how mental processes are voluntarily controlled, allowing the computational resources of the brain to be selected flexibly and deployed to achieve changing goals. The eighteenth of the celebrated international symposia on Attention and Performance focused on this problem, seeking to banish or at least deconstruct the "homunculus": that conveniently intelligent, but opaque, agent still lurking within many theories, under the guise of a central executive or supervisory attentional system assumed to direct processes that are not "automatic."
The thirty-two contributions discuss evidence from psychological experiments with healthy and brain-damaged subjects, functional imaging, electrophysiology, and computational modeling. Four sections focus on specific forms of control: of visual attention, of perception-action coupling, of task-switching and dual-task performance, and of multistep tasks. The other three sections extend the interdisciplinary approach, with chapters on the neural substrate of control, studies of control disorders, and computational simulations. The progress achieved in fractionating, localizing, and modeling control functions, and in understanding the interaction between stimulus-driven and voluntary control, takes research on control in the mind/brain to a new level of sophistication.
Bradford Books imprint
The Closed World
Authors: Edwards Paul N. 
Published: May 2020

The Closed World offers a radically new alternative to the canonical histories of computers and cognitive science. Arguing that we can make sense of computers as tools only when we simultaneously grasp their roles as metaphors and political icons, Paul Edwards shows how Cold War social and cultural contexts shaped emerging computer technology—and were transformed, in turn, by information machines.
The Closed World explores three apparently disparate histories—the history of American global power, the history of computing machines, and the history of subjectivity in science and culture—through the lens of the American political imagination. In the process, it reveals intimate links between the military projects of the Cold War, the evolution of digital computers, and the origins of cybernetics, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence.
Edwards begins by describing the emergence of a "closed-world discourse" of global surveillance and control through high-technology military power. The Cold War political goal of "containment" led to the SAGE continental air defense system, Rand Corporation studies of nuclear strategy, and the advanced technologies of the Vietnam War. These and other centralized, computerized military command and control projects—for containing world-scale conflicts—helped closed-world discourse dominate Cold War political decisions. Their apotheosis was the Reagan-era plan for a "Star Wars" space-based ballistic missile defense.
Edwards then shows how these military projects helped computers become axial metaphors in psychological theory. Analyzing the Macy Conferences on cybernetics, the Harvard Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, and the early history of artificial intelligence, he describes the formation of a "cyborg discourse." By constructing both human minds and artificial intelligences as information machines, cyborg discourse assisted in integrating people into the hyper-complex technological systems of the closed world.
Finally, Edwards explores the cyborg as political identity in science fiction—from the disembodied, panoptic AI of 2001: A Space Odyssey, to the mechanical robots of Star Wars and the engineered biological androids of Blade Runner—where Information Age culture and subjectivity were both reflected and constructed.
Inside Technology series
Developmental Psychobiology
Authors: Michel George F. , Moore Celia L. 
Published: May 2020

This text is the first to provide a coherent theoretical treatment of the flourishing new field of developmental psychobiology which has arisen in recent years on the crest of exciting advances in evolutionary biology, developmental neuroscience, and dynamic systems theory.
Michel and Moore, two of the field's key pioneers and researchers, integrate primary source information from research in both biological and psychological disciplines in a clear account of the frontier of biopsychological investigation and theorizing.
Explicitly conceptual and historical, the first three chapters set the stage for a clear understanding of the field and its research, with particular attention to the nature-nurture question. The next three chapters each provide information about a basic subfield in biology (genetics, evolution, embryology) that is particularly relevant for developmental studies of behavior. These are followed by extended treatments of three spheres of inquiry (behavioral embryology, cognitive neuroscience, animal behavior) in terms of how a successful interdisciplinary approach to behavioral development might look. A final chapter comments on some of the unique aspects of development study.
From this detailed and clearly organized text, students will achieve a firm grasp of some of science's most fertile questions about the relation between evolution and development, the relation between brain and cognitive development, the value of a natural history approach to animal behavior—and what it teaches us about humans—and much more. Each chapter contains material that questions the conventional wisdom held in many subdisciplines of biology and psychology. Throughout, the text challenges students to think creatively as it thoroughly grounds them in the field's approach to such topics as behavioral-genetic analysis, the concept of innateness, molecular genetics and development, neuroembryology, behavioral embryology, maturation, cognition, and ethology.
Bradford Books imprint
The Nature of Cognition
Authors: Allen Rhianon , Buchner Axel , Ceci Stephen , Cole Michael , Debruyn Eduardus H. , dunne Randall , Frensch Peter , Grigorenko Elena L. , Hunt Earl , Johnson-Laird Philip , Kahana Michael J. , Kihlstrom John F. , Loftus Geoffrey , Makin Valerie , McNamara Timothy , Nelson Thomas , Nickerson Raymond S. , Oransky Natalie , Phelps Elizabeth A. , Proffitt Dennis R. , Reber Arthur , Reber Paul J. , Robinson Daniel N. , Rosenblum Tina B. , Ross Brian , Sloman Steven A. , Carpenter Patricia 
Published: May 2020

Most cognitive psychology texts are organized around empirical findings on standard substantive topics such as perception, memory, vision, and language. This book is the first to introduce the study of cognition in terms of the major conceptual themes that underlie virtually all the substantive topics. Taking a dialectical approach, the chapters contrast alternative approaches to the underlying themes (e.g., domain-generality vs. domain-specificity), then show how a synthesis of the two approaches provides the best understanding. The book is organized into six sections: general issues in cognition, representation and process in cognition, methodology in cognition, kinds of cognition, group and individual differences in cognition, and a conclusion.
Contributors
Rhianon Allen, Axel Buchner, Patricia A. Carpenter, Stephen J. Ceci, Michael Cole, Eduardus DeBruyn, Randall W. Engle, Peter A. Frensch, Elena L. Grigorenko, Earl Hunt, P.N. Johnson-Laird, Marcel Adam Just, Michael Kahana, John F. Kihlstrom, Geoffrey Loftus, Valerie S. Makin, Timothy P. McNamara, Thomas O. Nelson, Raymond S. Nickerson, Natalie Oransky, Elizabeth A. Phelps, Dennis R. Proffitt, Arthur S. Reber, Paul J. Reber, Daniel N. Robinson, Tina B. Rosenblum, Brian H. Ross, Steven Sloman, Robert J. Sternberg
Bradford Books imprint
On the Origin of Objects
Authors: Smith Brian Cantwell 
Published: May 2020

On the Origin of Objects is the culmination of Brian Cantwell Smith's decade-long investigation into the philosophical and metaphysical foundations of computation, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. Based on a sustained critique of the formal tradition that underlies the reigning views, he presents an argument for an embedded, participatory, "irreductionist," metaphysical alternative. Smith seeks nothing less than to revise our understanding not only of the machines we build but also of the world with which they interact.
On the Origin of Objects is the culmination of Brian Cantwell Smith's decade-long investigation into the philosophical and metaphysical foundations of computation, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. Based on a sustained critique of the formal tradition that underlies the reigning views, he presents an argument for an embedded, participatory, "irreductionist," metaphysical alternative. Smith seeks nothing less than to revise our understanding not only of the machines we build but also of the world with which they interact.
Smith's ambitious project begins as a search for a comprehensive theory of computation, able to do empirical justice to practice and conceptual justice to the computational theory of mind. A rigorous commitment to these two criteria ultimately leads him to recommend a radical overhaul of our traditional conception of metaphysics.
Everything that exists—objects, properties, life, practice—lies Smith claims in the "middle distance," an intermediate realm of partial engagement with and partial separation from, the enveloping world. Patterns of separation and engagement are taken to underlie a single notion unifying representation and ontology: that of subjects' "registration" of the world around them.
Along the way, Smith offers many fascinating ideas: the distinction between particularity and individuality, the methodological notion of an "inscription error," an argument that there are no individuals within physics, various deconstructions of the type-instance distinction, an analysis of formality as overly disconnected ("discreteness run amok"), a conception of the boundaries of objects as properties of unruly interactions between objects and subjects, an argument for the theoretical centrality of reference preservation, and a theatrical, acrobatic metaphor for the contortions involved in the preservation of reference and resultant stabilization of objects. Sidebars and diagrams throughout the book help clarify and guide Smith's highly original and compelling argument.
Bradford Books imprint
Protocol Analysis
Authors: Ericsson K. Anders , Simon Herbert A. 
Published: May 2020

Since the publication of Ericsson and Simon's ground-breaking work in the early 1980s, verbal data has been used increasingly to study cognitive processes in many areas of psychology, and concurrent and retrospective verbal reports are now generally accepted as important sources of data on subjects' cognitive processes in specific tasks. In this revised edition of the book that first put protocol analysis on firm theoretical ground, the authors review major advances in verbal reports over the past decade, including new evidence on how giving verbal reports affects subjects' cognitive processes, and on the validity and completeness of such reports.
In a substantial new preface Ericsson and Simon summarize the central issues covered in the book and provide an updated version of their information-processing model, which explains verbalization and verbal reports. They describe new studies on the effects of verbalization, interpreting the results of these studies and showing how their theory can be extended to account for them. Next, they address the issue of completeness of verbally reported information, reviewing the new evidence in three particularly active task domains. They conclude by citing recent contributions to the techniques for encoding protocols, raising general issues, and proposing directions for future research.
All references and indexes have been updated.
Bradford Books imprint
Psychosocial and occupational factors associated with low back pain among nurses in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Jradi Hoda , Alanazi Hajjah , Mohammad Yousef 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Low back pain (LBP) is a major health problem with significant public health and economic burden. Few studies have clarified the role of psychosocial factors in LBP occurrence. In this study, we assessed psychosocial and occupational factors associated with LBP, within the last 12 months, among nurses in Saudi Arabia.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 16 hospitals across Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A sample of 427 nurses was surveyed. The anonymous questionnaire contained valid and reliable questions assessing LBP, as pain between the costal margins of the 12th rib and the gluteal folds, and questions related to psychosocial and work-related factors experienced by the nurses. Descriptive statistics were reported for all variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses assessed the likelihood of significant associations between study variables and LBP.

Results
The prevalence of reported LBP was 80%. Factors associated with LBP in univariate analysis were frequent lifting (OR = 2.32; 95%CI: 1.34-4.01), work-related stress (OR = 5.81; 95%CI: 3,37-9,62), lack of job satisfaction (OR = 2.08; 95%CI: 1.13-3.85), work-related problems (OR = 2.40; 95%CI: 1.44-4.02), and financial problems (OR = 2.08; 95%CI: 1.26-3.38), while factors that remained significantly associated with LBP in the final multivariate analyses were frequent lifting (OR = 2.04; 95%CI:1.09-3.81), work-related stress (OR = 4.22; 95%CI: 2.34-7.48), and lack of job satisfaction (OR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.24-3.58).

Conclusion
The prevalence of LBP is high in this sector of the health-care workforce. Ergonomic and psychosocial factors may be considered contributing factors for low back pain. Special attention to stress-reduction, counseling, and policies to improve job satisfaction are recommended in order reduce LBP and improve the health and safety of nurses in Saudi Arabia.