bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant removal and the lack of representation for parents
Authors: Harrison Celine , Bahemia Carol , Henderson Debbie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper throws a spotlight on the systemic disadvantage experienced by parents who have their children removed from their care. With data drawn from the annual reports of the Legal Aid of Western Australia, the child protection agency in Western Australia, and the Productivity Commission, the authors illustrate the disconnection between the agency’s policy to reunify children once removed from their birth parents; the resources made available to support families to overcome their difficulties; and how the gap is further widened when parents without financial means and who are disempowered face legal proceedings on their own. We profile the increasing numbers of infants who are removed, the decreasing numbers of these infants who are discharged from care, and the shortfall of grants of legal aid that are provided to parents when they go to court. For this group of parents, permanent loss of their children is a reality. The aim of the paper is to capture the extent to which there is a fundamental blemish on the principles of due process and fairness, and once statutory processes are triggered, the best interests of the child and the support of parents are contingent, with poverty being the key mediating factor.
The Aftermath of Human Rights Protections: Gender Identity, Gender Expression, and the Socio-Legal Regulation of School Boards
Authors: Kirkup Kyle , Airton Lee , McMillan Allison , DesRochers Jacob 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBetween 2002 and 2017, Canadian lawmakers sought to redress the pervasive levels of discrimination, harassment, and violence experienced by transgender and/or non-binary people by adding the terms “gender identity” and/or “gender expression” to federal, provincial, and territorial human rights instruments. This paper tracks the complex, iterative ways in which antidiscrimination protections are brought to life outside courts and tribunals. Using Ontario’s publicly-funded English language secular school boards as a case study, we examine how the introduction of explicit human rights protections on the basis of “gender identity” and “gender expression” in 2012 worked to produce a series of responses across the education sector. Given that “gender identity” and “gender expression” remain legally undefined terms in the OntarioHuman Rights Code, and only provisionally defined by Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC) policy, we argue that school boards constitute important actors engaged in constructing the meanings of these terms in policy and practice. In decentering courts and tribunals in our analysis, we aim to uncover the everyday practices of parallel norm-making taking place in the education context. These everyday practices shape how we collectively understand the meaning of “gender identity” and “gender expression.” By carefully tracking these post-legislative developments, which rarely make their way into reported decisions, we suggest that human rights law reforms might open up space for the emergence of norms that allow people to do gender in a variety of ways.
Effectiveness of Containment Measures to Control the Spread of COVID-19 in North Africa
Authors: Ouchetto Ouail , Drissi Bourhanbour Asmaa , Boumhamdi Mounir 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Since the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, identified in December 2019, in Wuhan in China, the number of cases rapidly increased into a pandemic. Governments worldwide have adopted different strategies and measures to interrupt the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The main objective was to report and evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted measures in North Africa countries.Methods:In these countries, the effective reproductive number R(t), the naïve case fatality rate, and the adjusted case fatality rate were estimated and compared on different dates.Results:The obtained results show that the early strict application of containment measures and confinement could help contain the spread of the epidemic and maintain the number of deaths low.Conclusions:These measures might be useful for other countries that are experiencing the start of local COVID-19 outbreaks. They could also serve to halt the spread of new epidemics or pandemics.
Risk stratification tool for all surgical site infections after coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Gatti Giuseppe , Fiore Antonio , Ceschia Alessandro , Ecarnot Fiona , Chaara Rim , Luzzati Roberto , Folliguet Thierry , Chocron Sidney , Pappalardo Aniello , Perrotti Andrea 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:To develop a risk score for surgical site infections (SSIs) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Design:Retrospective study.Setting:University hospital.Patients:A derivation sample of 7,090 consecutive isolated or combined CABG patients and 2 validation samples (2,660 total patients).Methods:Predictors of SSIs were identified by multivariable analyses from the derivation sample, and a risk stratification tool (additive and logistic) for all SSIs after CABG (acronym, ASSIST) was created. Accuracy of prediction was evaluated with C-statistic and compared 1:1 (using the Hanley-McNeil method) with most relevant risk scores for SSIs after CABG. Both internal (1,000 bootstrap replications) and external validation were performed.Results:SSIs occurred in 724 (10.2%) cases and 2 models of ASSIST were created, including either baseline patient characteristics alone or combined with other perioperative factors. Female gender, body mass index >29.3 kg/m2, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, extracardiac arteriopathy, angina at rest, and nonelective surgical priority were predictors of SSIs common to both models, which outperformed (P< .0001) 6 specific risk scores (10 models) for SSIs after CABG. Although ASSIST performed differently in the 2 validation samples, in both, as well as in the derivation data set, the combined model outweighed (albeit not always significantly) the preoperative-only model, both for additive and logistic ASSIST.Conclusions:In the derivation data set, ASSIST outperformed specific risk scores in predicting SSIs after CABG. The combined model had a higher accuracy of prediction than the preoperative-only model both in the derivation and validation samples. Additive and logistic ASSIST showed equivalent performance.
Tracing the institutional barriers to the integration of the social protection and fragile states agendas within the World Bank
Authors: Mackinder Sophie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe share of the extreme poor living in fragile and conflict-affected situations is projected to rise above 50 per cent by 2030. There is consequently an acute need for poverty-reduction mechanisms such as social protection within these contexts, which requires the integration of the discourse and policies on fragility with those on social protection. This paper traces the development of the two agendas in the World Bank, through documentary analysis and 43 interviews with Bank staff. It explores the extent to which social protection is considered within the fragility agenda (and vice versa), to establish whether the building of social protection systems is included within the broader ambition of “state-building” and considers the barriers to further integration of these agendas. The paper concludes that interaction between them has been limited to date and highlights the Bank’s own institutional architecture as a barrier to a more integrated approach.
Gradient and Harnack-type estimates for PageRank
Authors: Horn Paul , Nelsen Lauren M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPersonalized PageRank has found many uses in not only the ranking of webpages, but also algorithmic design, due to its ability to capture certain geometric properties of networks. In this paper, we study the diffusion of PageRank: how varying the jumping (or teleportation) constant affects PageRank values. To this end, we prove a gradient estimate for PageRank, akin to the Li–Yau inequality for positive solutions to the heat equation (for manifolds, with later versions adapted to graphs).
Cumulative semantic interference across unrelated responses in school-age children's picture naming
Authors: CHAREST Monique , BAIRD Tieghan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNaming semantically related images results in progressively slower responses as more images are named. There is considerable documentation in adults of this phenomenon, known as cumulative semantic interference. Few studies have focused on this phenomenon in children. The present research investigated cumulative semantic interference effects in school-aged children. In Study 1, children named a series of contiguous, semantically related pictures. The results revealed no cumulative interference effects. Study 2 utilized an approach more closely aligned with adult methods, incorporating intervening, unrelated items intermixed with semantically related items within a continuous list. Study 2 showed a linear increase in reaction time as a function of ordinal position within semantic sets. These findings demonstrate cumulative semantic interference effects in young, school-aged children that are consistent with experience-driven changes in the connections that underlie lexical access. They invite further investigation of how children's lexical representation and processing are shaped by speaking experiences.
Adherence to the MIND diet is associated with 12-year all-cause mortality in older adults
Authors: Corley Janie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:To prospectively evaluate the association of three dietary patterns: the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH diet intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet; a Mediterranean-type diet and a traditional diet, with all-cause mortality over a 12-year period in an older sample.Design:A longitudinal birth cohort study. We ascertained dietary patterns using FFQ data at baseline (2004–2007) and mortality using linkage data. Cox regression was used to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HR) with adjustment for confounders.Setting:The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) study in Edinburgh, Scotland.Participants:Dietary patterns were ascertained in 882 participants, mean age 69·5 (±0·8) years, at baseline. During the 12-year follow-up (to October 2019), 206 deaths occurred.Results:In the basic-adjusted model, all three dietary patterns were significantly associated with mortality, the MIND diet and Mediterranean-type diet with a lower risk and the traditional diet with a higher risk. In fully adjusted models, MIND diet score was inversely related to all-cause mortality (HR 0·88; 95 % CI 0·79, 0·97) such that the risk of death was reduced by 12 % per unit increase in MIND diet score. Participants in the top compared with the bottom third of MIND diet score had a 37 % lower risk of death (HR 0·63; 95 % CI 0·41, 0·96). No significant associations with the Mediterranean-type or traditional dietary patterns were observed in the final multivariate model.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that closer adherence to the MIND diet is associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality, over 12 years of follow-up, and may constitute a valid public health recommendation for prolonged survival.
Implementation of Groundwater Lateral Flow and Human Water Regulation in CAS‐FGOALS‐g3
Authors: Wang Longhuan , Xie Zhenghui , Xie Jinbo , Zeng Yujin , Liu Shuang , Jia Binghao , Qin Peihua , Li Lijuan , Wang Bin , Yu Yongqiang , Dong Li , Wang Yan , Li Ruichao , Liu Bin , Chen Si 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBoth groundwater lateral flow (GLF) and human water regulation (HWR) significantly impact hydrological processes, climate, and even socioeconomic sustainable development. Reasonably representing these processes in climate system models is vital for improving hydrological predication and climate modeling. In this study, schemes including GLF and HWR were implemented into the Flexible Global Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land System model grid‐point version 3 (CAS‐FGOALS‐g3) to investigate the hydroclimatic effects of GLF and HWR. Three groups of simulations using CAS‐FGOALS‐g3 were conducted for the period from 1976 to 2010. Comparisons between the simulations and the observations show their good performance in reproducing the hydrological processes. Results show that soil moisture and latent heat flux increased when GLF was included in the western United States, northern Australia, and northern South America, along with a shallower water table depth. The largest increases in latent flux are located in regions without water and energy limitations. Increased summer precipitation occurred in the western United States due to the wetting and cooling effects of GLF. Latent heat flux significantly increases in three key regions of the world (central United States, north China plain, and northern India), caused by wetting surface soil due to irrigation. The atmosphere also responded to HWR, with cooling at the 850 hPa level over northern India and Pakistan. Decreased precipitation occurred in India because the upward movement was weaker as a result of HWR. GLF can replenish the groundwater depression cone caused by overexploitation, especially in thick aquifers.
Groundwater‐Driven Methane Export Reduces Salt Marsh Blue Carbon Potential
Authors: Schutte C. A. , Moore W. S. , Wilson A. M. , Joye S. B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe burial of “blue carbon” in coastal marsh soils is partially offset by marsh‐atmosphere methane (CH4) fluxes, but this offset may be greater if other pathways of CH4 export exist. Here we report that salt marshes also export dissolved CH4 via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). The volumetric fluxes of salt marsh groundwater into adjacent tidal creeks were calculated from mass balances of the conservative tracer 226Ra at four study sites in coastal Georgia, USA. Over the 2‐year study period, volumetric groundwater fluxes across all sites ranged between 1,700 and 105,000 m3 day−1. Dissolved CH4 fluxes of 27–1,200 μmol CH4 m−2 day−1 were calculated by multiplying the volumetric groundwater flux by the groundwater CH4 concentration and normalizing to the intertidal salt marsh area estimated from satellite images. On a mass basis, the cross‐site range in CH4 fluxes was 1.3–5.5 g CH4 m−2 year−1 with a cross‐site mean of 2.8 g CH4 m−2 year−1. This is equivalent to 125 (56–245) g CO2 m−2 year−1 assuming that CH4 is 45 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas over a 100‐year time frame. This sustained‐flux global warming potential is similar to the 138 (1.1–260) g CO2 m−2 year−1 average calculated across other studies of the direct marsh soil to atmosphere CH4 flux. Therefore, SGD drives an effective doubling of salt marsh CH4 export that offsets a combined total of ~30% of the global cooling potential derived from soil carbon sequestration.
On the Increase of Climate Sensitivity and Cloud Feedback With Warming in the Community Atmosphere Models
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Poulsen Christopher J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractModeling and paleoclimate proxy‐based studies suggest that equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) depends on the background climate state, though the reason is not thoroughly understood. Here we study the state dependence of ECS over a large range of global mean surface temperature (GMST) in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Versions 4, 5, and 6 by varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We find a robust increase of ECS with GMST in all three models, albeit at different rates, which is primarily attributed to strengthening of the shortwave cloud feedback (λcld) at both high and low latitudes. Over high latitudes, increasing GMST leads to a reduction in the cloud ice fraction, weakening the (negative) cloud‐phase feedback due to the phase transition of cloud ice to liquid and thereby strengthening λcld. Over low‐latitude regions, increasing GMST strengthens λcld likely through the nonlinear increase in water vapor, which causes low‐cloud thinning through thermodynamic and radiative processes.
Resolving Inconsistencies in Extreme Precipitation‐Temperature Sensitivities
Authors: Visser J. B. , Wasko C. , Sharma A. , Nathan R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExtreme precipitation events are intensifying with increasing temperatures. However, observed extreme precipitation‐temperature sensitivities have been found to vary significantly across the globe. Here we show that negative sensitivities found in previous studies are the result of limited consideration of within‐day temperature variations due to precipitation. We find that short‐duration extreme precipitation can be better described by subdaily atmospheric conditions before the start of storm events, resulting in positive sensitivities with increased consistency with the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation across a wide range of climatic regions. Contrary to previous studies that advocate that dew point temperature drives precipitation, dry‐bulb temperature is found to be a sufficient descriptor of precipitation variability. We argue that analysis methods for estimating extreme precipitation‐temperature sensitivities should account for the strong and prolonged cooling effect of intense precipitation, as well as for the intermittent nature of precipitation.
Single-photon pulse induced giant response in N > 100 qubit system
Authors: Yang Li-Ping , Jacob Zubin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe temporal dynamics of large quantum systems perturbed weakly by a single excitation can give rise to unique phenomena at the quantum phase boundaries. Here, we develop a time-dependent model to study the temporal dynamics of a single photon interacting with a defect within a large system of interacting spin qubits (N > 100). Our model predicts a quantum resource, giant susceptibility, when the system of qubits is engineered to simulate a first-order quantum phase transition (QPT). We show that the absorption of a single-photon pulse by an engineered defect in the large qubit system can nucleate a single shot quantum measurement through spin noise read-out. This concept of a single-shot detection event (“click”) is different from parameter estimation, which requires repeated measurements. The crucial step of amplifying the weak quantum signal occurs by coupling the defect to a system of interacting qubits biased close to a QPT point. The macroscopic change in long-range order during the QPT generates amplified magnetic noise, which can be read out by a classical device. Our work paves the way for studying the temporal dynamics of large quantum systems interacting with a single-photon pulse.
Importance of old bulls: leaders and followers in collective movements of all-male groups in African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Allen Connie R. B. , Brent Lauren J. N. , Motsentwa Thatayaone , Weiss Michael N. , Croft Darren P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn long-lived social species, older individuals can provide fitness benefits to their groupmates through the imparting of ecological knowledge. Research in this area has largely focused on females in matrilineal societies where, for example, older female African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) are most effective at making decisions crucial to herd survival, and old post-reproductive female resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) lead collective movements in hunting grounds. In contrast, little is known about the role of older males as leaders in long-lived social species. By analysing leadership patterns of all-male African savannah elephant traveling groups along elephant pathways in Makgadikgadi Pans National Park, Botswana, we found that the oldest males were more likely to lead collective movements. Our results challenge the assumption that older male elephants are redundant in the population and raise concerns over the biased removal of old bulls that currently occurs in both legal trophy hunting and illegal poaching. Selective harvesting of older males could have detrimental effects on the wider elephant society through loss of leaders crucial to younger male navigation in unknown, risky environments.
Silver nanoparticles-decorated Preyssler functionalized cellulose biocomposite as a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyrans and spirochromenes
Authors: Saneinezhad Sara , Mohammadi Leila , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Bamoharram Fatemeh F. , Heravi Majid M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSilver nanoparticles-decorated Preyssler functionalized cellulose biocomposite (PC/AgNPs) was prepared and fully characterized by FTIR, UV–vis, SEM, and TEM techniques. The preparation of PC/AgNPs was studied systematically to optimize the processing parameters by Taguchi method using the amount of PC, reaction temperature, concentration of silver nitrate and pH of medium. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal (4 parameters, 4 level) was used for the experimental design. The SEM analysis confirmed the presence of the Preyssler as a white cloud as well as spherical AgNPs on the surface of cellulose. The formation of AgNPs on the surface was observed by changing of the color from yellow to deep brown and confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. The best yield of AgNPs forming was obtained in pH 12.5 at 80 ºC in 20 min. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs with a size of 50 nm, at the 1% wt. loading of Preyssler. This easily prepared PC/AgNPs was successfully employed as an efficient, green, and reusable catalyst in the synthesis of a wide range of 2-amino-4H-pyran and functionalized spirochromene derivatives via a one-pot, multicomponent reaction. The chief merits realized for this protocol were the utilization of commercially available or easily accessible starting materials, operational simplicity, facile work-up procedure, obtaining of high to excellent yields of the products and being done under green conditions. The catalyst could be easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused several times without observing any appreciable loss in its efficiency.
Objective homogeneity quantification of a periodic surface using the Gini coefficient
Authors: Lechthaler Björn , Pauly Christoph , Mücklich Frank 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe significance of periodic surface structuring methods, such as direct laser interference patterning, is growing steadily. Thus, the ability to objectively and consistently evaluate these surfaces is increasingly important. Standard parameters such as surface roughness or the arithmetic average height are meant to quantify the deviation of a real surface from an ideally flat one. Periodically patterned surfaces, however, are an intentional deviation from that ideal. Therefore, their surface profile has to be separated into a periodic and a non-periodic part. The latter can then be analyzed using the established surface parameters and the periodic nature allows a quantification of structure homogeneity, e.g. based on Gini coefficient. This work presents a new combination of established methods to reliably and objectively evaluate periodic surface quality. For this purpose, the periodicity of a given surface is extracted by Fourier analysis, and its homogeneity with respect to a particular property is determined for the repeating element via a Gini analysis. The proposed method provides an objective and reliable instrument for evaluating the surface quality for the selected attribute regardless of the user. Additionally, this technique can potentially be used to both identify a suitable surface structuring technique and determine the optimal process parameters.