bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping of Eastern North Atlantic Ocean seismicity from Po/So observations at a mid-aperture seismological broad-band deep sea array
Authors: Krüger Frank , Dahm Torsten , Hannemann Katrin 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYA mid-aperture broad-band test array (OBS array DOCTAR) was deployed from June 2011 to April 2012 about 100 km north of the Gloria fault in the Eastern North Atlantic in about 5000 m water depth. In addition arrays were installed on Madeira Island and in western Portugal mainland. For the first time in the Eastern North Atlantic, we recorded a large number of high frequency Po and So waves from local and regional small and moderate earthquakes (ML &lt; 4). An incoherent beamforming method was adapted to scan continuous data for such Po and So arrivals applying a sliding window waveform migration and frequency–wavenumber technique. We identify about 320 Po and 1550 So arrivals and compare the phase onsets with the ISC catalogue (ISC 2015) for the same time span. Up to a distance of 6° to the DOCTAR stations all events listed in the ISC catalogue could be associated to Po and So phases. Arrivals from events in more than 10° distance could be identified only in some cases. Only few Po and/or So arrivals were detected for earthquakes from the European and African continental area, the continental shelf regions and for earthquakes within or northwest of the Azores plateau. Unexpectedly, earthquake clusters are detected within the oceanic plates north and south of the Gloria fault and far from plate boundaries, indicating active intraplate structures. We also observe and locate numerous small magnitude earthquakes on the segment of the Gloria fault directly south of DOCTAR, which likely coincides with the rupture of the 25 November 1941 event. Local small magnitude earthquakes located beneath DOCTAR show hypocentres up to 30 km depth and strike-slip focal mechanisms. A comparison with detections at temporary mid-aperture arrays on Madeira and in western Portugal shows that the deep ocean array performs much better than the island and the continental array regarding the detection threshold for events in the oceanic plates.We conclude that sparsely distributed mid-aperture seismic arrays in the deep ocean could decrease the detection and location threshold for seismicity with ML &lt; 4 in the oceanic plate and might constitute a valuable tool to monitor oceanic plate seismicity.
The manifold roles of sialic acid for the biological functions of endothelial glycoproteins
Authors: D’Addio Marco , Frey Jasmin , Otto Vivianne I 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVascular endothelia are covered with a dense glycocalix that is heavily sialylated. Sialylation of vascular glycoconjugates is involved in the regulation of cell–cell interactions, be it among endothelial cells at cell junctions or between endothelial and blood-borne cells. It also plays important roles in modulating the binding of soluble ligands and the signaling by vascular receptors. Here, we provide an overview over the sialylation-function relationships of glycoproteins expressed in the blood and lymphatic vasculature. We first describe cellular interactions in which sialic acid contributes in a stereospecific manner to glycan epitopes recognized by glycan-binding proteins. Our major focus is however on the rarely discussed examples of vascular glycoproteins whose biological functions are modulated by sialylation through other mechanisms.
Seascape connectivity exerts differing effects for fish assemblages in distinct habitats of the surf zones of ocean beaches
Authors: Mosman Jesse D , Henderson Christopher J , Olds Andrew D , Gilby Ben L , Schlacher Thomas A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Animals move throughout coastal seascapes to disperse, feed, and spawn, including the surf zones of ocean beaches. Yet, the influences of seascape context on surf-zone fish are largely unquantified. We sampled surf-zone fish assemblages with baited remote underwater video deployments at 25 beaches across 50 km of coastline in eastern Australia to determine if variation in the spatial configuration of broader coastal seascapes shapes fish assemblages in different surf-zone habitats. We show that surf zones are not homogenous fish habitats, with offshore bars and nearshore troughs having distinct fish assemblages, shaped by different environmental variables. Fish assemblages of offshore bars were characterized by greater species richness and a higher abundance of indicator species (as identified by Dufrene–Legendre indicator species analysis) when close to rocky reefs and estuaries. In contrast, fish assemblages of nearshore troughs were characterized by greater species richness and a higher abundance of indicator species when far from estuaries, and off wider beaches. Our results highlight the importance of seascape connectivity in structuring surf-zone fish assemblages. Consequently, management approaches need to more thoroughly quantify the effects of seascape connectivity over smaller spatial scales and consider surf zones as key components of broader coastal habitat mosaics.
Religion in human rights law: A normative restatement
Authors: Khaitan Tarunabh , Norton Jane Calderwood 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In a companion article published in the preceding issue of this journal, “The Right to Freedom of Religion and the Right against Religious Discrimination: Theoretical Distinctions,” we focused on the theoretical differences between the right to freedom of religion and the right against religious discrimination. We explained that the right to freedom of religion is best understood as protecting our interest in religious adherence (and non-adherence), understood from the committed perspective of the (non)adherent. On the other hand, the right against religious discrimination is best understood as protecting our non-committal interest in the unsaddled membership of our religious group. This follow-up article builds upon these theoretical insights to show how key doctrinal implications follow from this distinction between our interest in religious (non)adherence and our interest in unsaddled membership of a religious group. Doctrinal implications arise for the respective scope of the two rights, whether they may be claimed against non-state actors, and their divergent tolerance levels for religious establishment. We explain that these theoretical distinctions imply that the scope of religious freedom is extremely broad, whereas that of religious antidiscrimination is relatively narrow. Moreover, religious freedom should be restricted as a claim solely against the state (or, possibly, other state-like bodies), whereas a claim of religious discrimination may be permitted against certain non-state actors as well. Third, we demonstrate that certain forms of religious establishment, and other non-zero-sum benefits to particular religious groups, breach the antidiscrimination guarantee but not (necessarily) the religious freedom guarantee. In the final section of this article, we map the areas of overlap between the two rights and identify cases where one of these rights might be engaged but not the other.
Rebel Group Attrition and Reversion to Violence: Micro-Level Evidence from Syria
Authors: Mironova Vera , Alhamad Karam , Whitt Sam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhy might former rebel combatants ever revert to fighting? The purpose of this research note is to inform the scholarly community on rebel incentives to remobilize for violence, a topic which has been underexplored in the literature, using evidence from an ongoing conflict: the case of volunteer ex-combatants in the Syrian civil war. In late 2014 to early 2015, we conducted surveys with 196 ex-fighters who served with different rebel group brigades linked to the Free Syrian Army as well as moderate Islamist and jihadist groups. Interviews were conducted in Gaziantep, Turkey, a common destination for combatants exiting the battlefield in rebel-held territory in northern Syria. We find that ex-fighters who are ideologically committed to the defeat of the Assad regime and/or the establishment of an Islamic state are most likely to want to return to combat. However, rebel group organizational deficiencies and strategies keep many highly motivated fighters away. Our results illustrate how rebel fighters might quickly remobilize when disciplined, well-organized rebel groups emerge on the scene, as evidenced by the rapid ascent of the Islamic State (ISIS).
Light Forge: A Microfluidic DNA Melting-based Tuberculosis Test
Authors: Mbano Ian M , Mandizvo Tawanda , Rogich Jerome , Kunota Tafara T R , Mackenzie Jared S , Pillay Manormoney , Balagaddé Frederick K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
There is a well-documented lack of rapid, low-cost tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance diagnostics in low-income settings across the globe. It is these areas that are plagued with a disproportionately high disease burden and in greatest need of these diagnostics.

Methods
In this study, we compared the performance of Light Forge, a microfluidic high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) prototype for rapid low-cost detection of TB drug resistance with a commercial HRMA device, a predictive “nearest-neighbor” thermodynamic model, DNA sequencing, and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST). The initial development and assessment of the Light Forge assay was performed with 7 phenotypically drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) that had their rpoB gene subsequently sequenced to confirm resistance to Rifampin. These isolates of M.tb were then compared against a drug-susceptible standard, H37Rv. Seven strains of M.tb were isolated from clinical specimens and individually analyzed to characterize the unique melting profile of each strain.

Results
Light Forge was able to detect drug-resistance linked mutations with 100% concordance to the sequencing, phenotypic DST and the “nearest neighbor” thermodynamic model. Researchers were then blinded to the resistance profile of the seven M.tb strains. In this experiment, Light Forge correctly classified 7 out of 9 strains as either drug resistant or drug susceptible.

Conclusions
Light Forge represents a promising prototype for a fast, low-cost diagnostic alternative for detection of drug resistant strains of TB in resource constrained settings.
Method Consolidation to Improve Scope and Efficiency in Postmortem Toxicology
Authors: Gevorkyan Jirair , Wong Megan , Pearring Sue , Rodda Luke N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Systematic toxicological approaches that employ both ideology changes and improvements in instrumentation and sample extraction allow for improved toxicology testing efficiency through lower sensitivities, higher specificity and minimized resource use. Historically, the San Francisco Office of the Chief Medical Examiner relied heavily on a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) testing regime, comprised of individual drug-class confirmation and quantitation assays. Traditional methods utilizing GC–MS typically require iterations of testing, exhausting sample volume, and hindering productivity and turnaround times, particularly for polypharmacy cases frequently seen in modern postmortem toxicology. The method described here consolidated the scope of seven legacy methods into a single liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for better sensitivity, higher throughput, minimal sample consumption for the quantitation of drugs of abuse and improved quality assurance with the incorporation of smart, automated processing. About 100 μL of blood or urine were rapidly extracted using a simple acetonitrile protein crash and subsequent in-vial filtration and injected on to an LC–MS-MS system. The developed method was fully validated to SWGTOX and international guidelines and incorporated 55 analytes along with a customized query that facilitates rapid and consistent application of acceptability criteria for data processing and review. Applicability was demonstrated with the analysis of 1,389 samples (858 blood and 531 urine) where at least 41% of positive results may have been missed due to their decreased sensitivity and 11% of results were not within the scope of the previous analytical methods estimated. On average, cases in this study would have previously required three distinct GC–MS assays, 3 mL of blood, and upwards of 30 h of active staff time. The described LC–MS-MS analytical approach has mitigated the need to perform multiple assays, utilized only 0.1 mL of sample, significantly reduced analyst work time, incorporated 10 additional analytes and allowed for a more comprehensive testing regime to better inform cause of death determinations.
A Retrospective of Prevalence of Drugs of Abuse by Hair Analysis in Shanghai using LC–MS-MS
Authors: Wang Xin , Cui Jingjing , Zhuo Yue , Shen Baohua , Zhang Sujing , Liu Wei , Shen Min , Xiang Ping 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study presents a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of drug abuse in Shanghai by hair analysis. Files and toxicology analysis results of a total of 5,610 cases requesting for hair analysis of abused drugs at the Academy of Forensic Science (AFS) in Shanghai over 12 months between August 2018 and July 2019 were reviewed. All cases of drug abuse identified by hair analysis were from the public security organs in Shanghai, China. Hair samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse and related metabolites, mainly including amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ketamine (K), norketamine (NK), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, flunitrazepam, and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). Among the 5,610 cases, 1,713 (30.5%) were positive for drugs of abuse, with amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) (57%), including amphetamines (AMP and MA) (48%), MDMA and MDA (9%), being the most frequently detected drugs, followed by THC (14%), COC (8%), 5-MeO-DIPT (8%), and K (7%). The majority (75%) of positive hair samples were from male subjects. Overall, 77% of abusers were younger than 44 years old. The proportion of female subjects (22.3%) under 24 years was larger than that of male subjects (7.8%). There were 132 cases (7.7%) in which more than one type of drug was detected among 1,713 drug-positive cases. The most common combination was MDMA and K. The present study characterizes the current toxicological profile of drug abuse cases and provides a scientific basis for drug abuse prevention. Moreover, the hair concentration distributions of the commonly abused drugs in positive cases have been reported.
Toxicokinetic Studies and Analytical Toxicology of the New Synthetic Opioids Cyclopentanoyl-Fentanyl and Tetrahydrofuranoyl-Fentanyl
Authors: Gampfer Tanja M , Wagmann Lea , Richter Matthias J , Fischmann Svenja , Westphal Folker , Meyer Markus R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The growing number of new synthetic opioids (NSO) on the new psychoactive substances (NPS) market bears new challenges in toxicology. As their toxicodynamics and particularly their toxicokinetics are usually unknown, impact on human health is not yet fully understood. Detection of the 2 NSO cyclopentanoyl-fentanyl (CP-F) and tetrahydrofuranoyl-fentanyl (THF-F) was first reported in 2016. Both were involved in several fatal intoxication cases, but no detailed information about their toxicological characteristics is available so far. The main purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the in vitro toxicokinetics and in vivo analytical toxicology of CP-F and THF-F by means of liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). These studies included metabolic stability, phase I and II metabolism, isozyme mapping, plasma protein binding and detectability in LC-HRMS/MS standard urine screening approaches (SUSA) using rat urine samples. In total, 12 phase I metabolites of CP-F and 13 of THF-F were identified, among them 9 metabolites described for the first time. Overall, N-dealkylations, hydroxylations and dihydroxylations were the main metabolic reactions. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes mainly involved were CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, leading to elevated drug levels and intoxications in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. CP-F showed a high plasma protein binding of 99%, which may increase the risk of toxicity by simultaneous intake of other highly bound drugs. Detectability studies showed that neither the parent compounds nor their metabolites were detectable in rat urine using LC-HRMS/MS SUSA. However, a more sophisticated analytical strategy was successfully applied and should be used for analytical confirmation of an intake of CP-F and/or THF-F.
Developing and Validating a Fast and Accurate Method to Quantify 18 Antidepressants in Oral Fluid Samples Using SPE and LC–MS-MS
Authors: Shin Sanghee Sarah , Borg Damon , Stripp Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Antidepressant drugs are one of the most widely used medicines for treating major depressive disorders for long time periods. Oral fluid (OF) testing offers an easy and non-invasive sample collection. Detection of antidepressants in OF is important in clinical and forensic settings, such as therapeutic drug monitoring and roadside testing for driving under influence. We developed and validated a comprehensive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for 18 antidepressants (amitriptyline, bupropion, citalopram, clomipramine, cyclobenzaprine, desipramine, desvenlafaxine, doxepin, duloxetine, fluoxetine, imipramine, mirtazapine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, sertraline, trazodone, trimipramine, venlafaxine) in oral fluid collected by Quantisal® oral collection devices. One-half milliliter of Quantisal® OF (125 μL of neat OF) was submitted to solid-phase extraction. The chromatographic separation was performed employing a biphenyl column in gradient mode with a total run time of 5 min. The MS detection was achieved by multiple-reaction monitoring with two transitions per compound. The range for linearity of all analytes was from 10 to 1,000 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 10 ng/mL. Intra and inter-day accuracy and precision (n = 15) were all within acceptable limits, ±20% error and ±15% relative standard deviation. Analyte recovery at 400 ng/mL concentration (n = 15) ranged from 91 to 129%. Matrix effect ranged from 73.7 to 157%. The internal proficiency test detected all antidepressants with accuracy ranging from 83.1 to 112.1%. The authentic patient sample showed a percentage difference compared to the previously calculated concentration of 86.3–111%. This method provides for the rapid detection of 18 antidepressants and metabolites in OF, which is readily applicable to a routine laboratory.
The safety and effectiveness of carbon nanoparticles suspension in tracking lymph node metastases of colorectal cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wang Renjie , Mo Shaobo , Liu Qi , Zhang Wenming , Zhang Zhaozhen , He Yiping , Cai Guoxiang , Li Xinxiang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective
This study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of carbon nanoparticles suspension in tracking lymph node metastases of colorectal cancer.

Methods
Eligible patients diagnosed with stages I–III colorectal cancer in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between 1 May 2017 and 31 May 2018 fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in this prospective randomized controlled study. All the patients were randomly allocated to two groups: the nanocarbon group and the control group. Patients’ clinicopathological characteristics were compared between the nanocarbon group and the control group. For continuous variables, data were presented as mean (±SD) and differences between the two groups were compared by the Mann–Whitney U test; for categorical variables, data was presented as frequency (%) and the Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to compare the differences between two groups.

Results
All the patients’ characteristics between two groups did not achieve statistical significance (P &gt; 0.05). Patients in nanocarbon group were more likely to be associated with more lymph nodes retrieved totally compared with control group (19.84 ± 6.428 vs. 17.41 ± 7.229, P &lt; 0.001). The number of lymph nodes retrieved in nanocarbon group were more likely to be ≥12 than that in the control group (P = 0.005).

Conclusions
Our study confirmed the safety of using carbon nanoparticles suspension as a tracer in colorectal cancer. More importantly, nanocarbon could significantly increase the detected number of lymph nodes in colorectal cancer, which can help improve the accuracy of lymph node staging and even improve patients’ survival.
Symbolic demarcation: the role of status symbols in preserving interprofessional boundaries
Authors: Siebert Sabina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInterprofessional demarcation is one of the key themes in the study of the professions. This study aims to understand the symbolic resources activated when an elite profession faces challenges to its task jurisdiction from a new, emerging profession. I attempt to answer the following question: ‘How are status symbols used to maintain jurisdictional boundaries between professions?’ I analyzed ethnographic material concerning one of the most elite and ancient professions: Scottish advocates—known as barristers outside Scotland. I found that when faced with competition from other professions, advocates engaged in differentiation through the use of status symbols such as professional dress in and out of court, ceremonies, and everyday rituals. I observed two concurrent processes of differentiation: the maintenance of stability of status symbols and the maintenance of mobility of status symbols, that is, the ongoing cycle of imitation and avoidance, which happens on the boundary of two competing professions. Building on the Simmel effect (1890), I argue that imitation and distinctiveness preserve professional differentiation, and that managing the stability of some symbols and the mobility of others allow elite professionals to maintain their superior status.
Telomere maintenance in interplay with DNA repair in pathogenesis and treatment of colorectal cancer
Authors: Tomasova Kristyna , Kroupa Michal , Forsti Asta , Vodicka Pavel , Vodickova Ludmila 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be one of the leading malignancies and causes of tumour-related deaths worldwide. Both impaired DNA repair mechanisms and disrupted telomere length homeostasis represent key culprits in CRC initiation, progression and prognosis. Mechanistically, altered DNA repair results in the accumulation of mutations in the genome and, ultimately, in genomic instability. DNA repair also determines the response to chemotherapeutics in CRC treatment, suggesting its utilisation in the prediction of therapy response and individual approach to patients. Telomere attrition resulting in replicative senescence, simultaneously by-passing cell cycle checkpoints, is a hallmark of malignant transformation of the cell. Telomerase is almost ubiquitous in advanced solid cancers, including CRC, and its expression is fundamental to cell immortalisation. Therefore, there is a persistent effort to develop therapeutics, which are telomerase-specific and gentle to non-malignant tissues. However, in practice, we are still at the level of clinical trials. The current state of knowledge and the route, which the research takes, gives us a positive perspective that the problem of molecular models of telomerase activation and telomere length stabilisation will finally be solved. We summarise the current literature herein, by pointing out the crosstalk between proteins involved in DNA repair and telomere length homeostasis in relation to CRC.