bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy
Authors: Tosco Mauro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that democracy has both theoretical and practical implications that negatively
affect the maintenance of language (and cultural) diversity. Attention is paid to the levelling effects of welfare
policies, which tend to depress the speakers’ interest in language preservation and transmission and which typically
negatively affect the quality of revitalisation programmes. The presentation discusses the practical and theoretical
problems posed by possible ways out such as a voluntary, self-imposed “boundary maintenance” policy (Fishman 1991) and “the creation of linguistic fortresses or ghettoes” (Laponce 1984) in order to protect a minority language. Further, it argues
that the democratic state – in itself just the last instalment of the nation-state – may have a special problem with
multilingualism, and that language diversity possibly fared better in past forms of government.
Mixing methods in linguistic classification
Authors: Brasca Lissander 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The scholarly literature unanimously describes Gallo-“Italic”1 as showing all the structural traits that distinguish Gallo-Romance from the other Romance varieties.
Nonetheless, while some scholars classify Gallo-“Italic” as Gallo-Romance, others classify it as Italo-Romance
(‘pro-Italo- scholars). These two labels (‘Gallo-Romance’ and ‘Italo-Romance’) are irreconcilable, as they are
normally used in the family tree model to name two cousin taxa: Gallo-Romance is a Western Romance daughter, while
Italo-Romance is an Eastern Romance daughter. In this chapter I argue that this problem can best be understood by
applying Kloss’s distinction of Abstand vs. Ausbau. I will show that, in their
proposed classifications, the pro-Italo- scholars mix the Abstand and the Ausbau
criteria and that this is inconsistent with the aims of classificatory science. In fact, following Kloss (1993), the status of Abstand language and that of
Ausbau language are defined on two dimensions – namely, according to two variables – that are
ontologically and conceptually independent (see also Tamburelli 2014).
Indeed, however a linguistic variety is classified along one of these two dimensions, it does not affect its
classification along the other dimension. Therefore, Abstand and Ausbau must be seen
as classificatory criteria for two independent classifications. I argue that, in science, classifications have an
informative function, and that by employing mixed criteria, pro-Italo- scholars have provided a
flawed “classification” that is informative neither of the Abstand nor of the Ausbau
status of the varieties being classified, hence it is not useful for scientific purposes and should therefore be
rejected. The final section sketches out how future research might consider how the acknowledgment of Gallo-“Italic”
as Gallo-Romance collides with assumptions of nationalism, possibly constituting a taboo, which
suggests that the unexpected classification of Gallo-“Italic” as Italo-Romance may be due to extra-linguistic reasons. In a preliminary analysis, I propose that contesting2 the Gallo-Romance genealogical-structural profile of Gallo-“Italic” varieties
could be a means of preventing (many of) their speakers from developing awareness of the fact that they speak
languages distinct from Italian3 (and not “Italian dialects”, as the
nationalist rhetoric assumes), and consequently, inhibiting or containing a possible movement claiming the right of
these languages to official public support.4
Teaching Piedmontese
Authors: Duberti Nicola , Tosco Mauro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Until 2015, Piedmontese, an endangered and contested language spoken in the homonymous region of
northwest Italy, had never before been taught in a university context, at least in Italy. After discussing the complex
(and still unsettled) juridical status of Piedmontese, the chapter traces the teaching history of this minority
language in both schools and universities, and focuses in particular on a still ongoing project at the University of
Turin. The chapter further addresses the special requirements of language courses for contested languages, and offers
a few suggestions on the basis of the project’s preliminary results.
Citizenship and nationality
Authors: Moseley Christopher 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The last native-born speaker of Livonian, the aboriginal Baltic-Finnic language of Latvia, died in
Canada in 2012. The last mother-tongue speaker on Latvian soil died some years before that. However, encouraged by
Latvia’s nationality policy since it regained independence from the USSR in 1991, people of Livonian heritage are
encouraged to identify themselves as Livonian even in their passports, and a new generation of heritage speakers is
taking classes in the language. This is a reversal of former Soviet policy, one of benign neglect, and a refusal by
the regime in the last years of the independent republic (1934–1940) to acknowledge or allow the use of the
language.
Becoming citizens of the new republic was simultaneous, for many people, with declaring their
nationality within the new state. This chapter traces the history of this small ethnic minority’s relationship with
the state – Tsarist Russian, then Latvian, then Soviet, then Latvian again – and the vicissitudes that the spoken,
written, and above all taught, Livonian language had to pass through to reach its present precarious status as a
marginal heritage language in a relatively newly independent state in Europe.
The chapter will be illustrated with documentary evidence of the Livonian language’s use in
writing and education in Latvia down to the present day.
Low-frequency source imaging in an acoustic waveguide
Authors: Garnier Josselin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Time-harmonic far-field source array imaging in a two-dimensional waveguide is analyzed. A low-frequency situation is considered in which the diameter of the waveguide is slightly larger than the wavelength, so that the waveguide supports a limited number of guided modes, and the diameter of the antenna array is smaller than the wavelength, so that the standard resolution formulas in open media predict very poor imaging resolution. A general framework to analyze the resolution and stability performances of such antenna arrays is introduced. It is shown that planar antenna arrays perform better (in terms of resolution and stability with respect to measurement noise) than linear (horizontal or vertical) arrays and that vertical linear arrays perform better than horizontal arrays, for a given diameter. However a fundamental limitation to imaging in waveguides is identified that is due to the form of the dispersion relation. It is intrinsic to scalar waves, whatever the complexity of the medium and the array geometry.
The role of interlayers in enlarging the flux of GO membranes
Authors: Zhang Xue , Li Fuzhi , Zhang Peilin , Zhu Chenyu , Zhao Xuan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A graphene oxide (GO) membrane can be easily made by filtering a GO solution onto a supporting layer, and such a membrane is effective at adsorbing ions. But low flux and a high work pressure become an obstacle for its application in wastewater treatment. In this study, a positively charged mixture of carbon nanotubes and chitosan (CNTS) served as an interlayer to improve the GO membrane’s flux. The three-layer membrane is known as MCG, while one without an interlayer is known as MG. For MCG and MG with the same GO load, the water flux of MCG reaches 2–8 times larger than that of MG. A better water permeability is consistently detected for MCG, with a contact angle descent speed of 3.3°/s, which is significantly faster than that of MG (0.5°/s). The ion rejections of MCG and MG are mostly attributed to GO adsorption, which stay at the same level. The flux varies with GO load, CNTS load and membrane dryness, while the ion rejection is correlated with the GO load. Optimized membrane fabrication conditions are suggested as being a CNTS load of 0.72 g m−2 and a GO load of 0.4 g m−2. A ‘gap’ mechanism is suggested to explain the interlayer effects. The rougher interlayer surface produces gaps between the GO and CNTS layers, which results in the faster water permeation and higher flux of MCG. These results demonstrate that it is possible to fabricate high flux GO membranes by adding a controlled-roughness interlayer.
Lateral force calibration for atomic force microscope cantilevers using a suspended nanowire
Authors: Zhang Guangjie , Li Peng , Wei Dawei , Hu Kui , Qiu Xiaohui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Friction measurement via atomic force microscope (AFM) relies on accurate calibration for the torsional spring constant of the AFM cantilever and its lateral deflection sensitivity. Here we describe a method that employs a suspended nanowire (SNW) as a reference beam to quantify the torsional spring constant of AFM cantilevers. Based on the fact that a uniform SNW with cylindrical symmetry has an identical spring constant when bent in any direction perpendicular to its axis, the spring constant of the SNW in a normal direction is determined by an AFM cantilever with a known normal spring constant, and is subsequently used as a force transfer standard to calibrate the torsional spring constant of the AFM cantilever. The lateral deflection sensitivity can be accurately measured by pushing the AFM tip laterally on the groove edge. The calibration result is compared to the well-known diamagnetic lateral force calibrator method and shows an uncertainty of 15% or better. The presented method is applicable for the lateral force calibration of AFM cantilevers in a wide range of instruments including inverted configurations and in an ultrahigh vacuum.
Proton dose calculation based on converting dual-energy CT data to stopping power ratio (DEEDZ-SPR): a beam-hardening assessment
Authors: Tanaka Sodai , Noto Yoshiyuki , Utsunomiya Satoru , Yoshimura Takaaki , Matsuura Taeko , Saito Masatoshi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo achieve an accurate stopping power ratio (SPR) prediction in particle therapy treatment planning, we previously proposed a simple conversion to the SPR from dual-energy (DE) computed tomography (CT) data via electron density and effective atomic number (Zeff) calibration (DEEDZ-SPR). This study was conducted to carry out an initial implementation of the DEEDZ-SPR conversion method with a clinical treatment planning system (TPS; VQA, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo) for proton beam therapy. Consequently, this paper presents a proton therapy plan for an anthropomorphic phantom to evaluate the stability of the dose calculations obtained by the DEEDZ-SPR conversion against the variation of the calibration phantom size. Dual-energy x-ray CT images were acquired using a dual-source CT (DSCT) scanner. A single-energy CT (SECT) scan using the same DSCT scanner was also performed to compare the DEEDZ-SPR conversion with the SECT-based SPR (SECT-SPR) conversion. The scanner-specific parameters necessary for the SPR calibration were obtained from the CT images of tissue substitutes in a calibration phantom. Two calibration phantoms with different sizes (a 33 cm diameter phantom and an 18 cm diameter phantom) were used for the SPR calibrations to investigate the beam-hardening effect on dosimetric uncertainties. Each set of calibrated SPR data was applied to the proton therapy plan designed using the VQA TPS with a pencil beam algorithm for the anthropomorphic phantom. The treatment plans with the SECT-SPR conversion exhibited discrepancies between the dose distributions and the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of the 33 cm and 18 cm phantom calibrations. In contrast, the corresponding dose distributions and the DVHs obtained using the DEEDZ-SPR conversion method coincided almost perfectly with each other. The DEEDZ-SPR conversion appears to be a promising method for providing proton dose plans that are stable against the size variations of the calibration phantom and the patient.
Investigation on thermal stability of Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer for gate-all-around MOSFETS
Authors: Cheng Xiaohong , Li Yongliang , Wang Guilei , Liu Haoyan , Zan Ying , Lin Hongxiao , Kong Zhenzhen , Zhong Zhaoyang , Li Yan , Wang Hanxiang , Xu Gaobo , Ma Xueli , Wang Xiaolei , Yang Hong , Luo Jun , Wang Wenwu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this study, the thermal stability of a Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer for gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETS is systematically investigated. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatments at temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1050 °C are performed on the Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer samples. Compared with the as-grown sample, the RTA-treated (800 °C–900 °C) Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer samples attain good crystal quality, a sharp interface between Si0.7Ge0.3 and Si, and minor diffusion of Ge. Furthermore, owing to the rapid diffusion of Ge, the thickness of Si0.7Ge0.3 increases by ∼6 nm and the Ge concentration of Si0.7Ge0.3 reduces by ∼3% as the annealing temperature increases to 950 °C. The interfaces of the Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer disappear and finally behave like a homogeneous SiGe alloy as the annealing temperature further increases to 1000 °C or 1050 °C. Therefore, for thermal stability, the highest tolerable temperature of 900 °C is proposed for the Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer for the fabrication of the GAA device.
Detecting composite orders in layered models via machine learning
Authors: Rządkowski W , Defenu N , Chiacchiera S , Trombettoni A , Bighin G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Determining the phase diagram of systems consisting of smaller subsystems ‘connected’ via a tunable coupling is a challenging task relevant for a variety of physical settings. A general question is whether new phases, not present in the uncoupled limit, may arise. We use machine learning and a suitable quasidistance between different points of the phase diagram to study layered spin models, in which the spin variables constituting each of the uncoupled systems (to which we refer as layers) are coupled to each other via an interlayer coupling. In such systems, in general, composite order parameters involving spins of different layers may emerge as a consequence of the interlayer coupling. We focus on the layered Ising and Ashkin–Teller models as a paradigmatic case study, determining their phase diagram via the application of a machine learning algorithm to the Monte Carlo data. Remarkably our technique is able to correctly characterize all the system phases also in the case of hidden order parameters, i.e. order parameters whose expression in terms of the microscopic configurations would require additional preprocessing of the data fed to the algorithm. We correctly retrieve the three known phases of the Ashkin–Teller model with ferromagnetic couplings, including the phase described by a composite order parameter. For the bilayer and trilayer Ising models the phases we find are only the ferromagnetic and the paramagnetic ones. Within the approach we introduce, owing to the construction of convolutional neural networks, naturally suitable for layered image-like data with arbitrary number of layers, no preprocessing of the Monte Carlo data is needed, also with regard to its spatial structure. The physical meaning of our results is discussed and compared with analytical data, where available. Yet, the method can be used without any a priori knowledge of the phases one seeks to find and can be applied to other models and structures.
The effect of spincoating speed on ZnONR microstructure and it’s potential of ZnONR/Aluminum foil electrodes symmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Luthfiyah I , Utomo J , Diantoro M , Mufti N , Suprayogi T , Yudyanto Y , Aripriharta A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many studies on symmetric capacitors have been extensively conducted. Not only the specific capacitance and energy density, but release rate energy are also necessary. Thus, continuous research is needed to improve capacitor performance by modifying ZnONP (nanoparticles) to ZnONR (nanorods) because the surface area of ZnONR is higher than ZnONP so that the interaction performance may increase. The spin coating speed needed to find out the appropriate ZnONR levels and morphology influencing supercapacitor performance. This research is focused on the influence of spin coating speed on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of ZnONR/Aluminum foil electrodes. The deposited content, microstructure, and morphology of ZnONR are strongly influenced by the coating process. ZnONP coating on the surface of the substrate was carried out at a spin coater speed of 1500, 2500, and 3000 rpm. As the spin-coating speed increases, the porosity also increases, while the size of the grain, crystallinity, and specific capacitance reduce. Therefore, the best performance is shown by the lowest speed of 1500 rpm with the condition show ZnONR more deposited, and porosity, the highest cycle stability, and the specific capacitance reach to 0.0086 F/g with energy density 0.00433 Wh/g.
Hot forgeability of SCr420 low-alloy steel for piston rod application
Authors: Anggraini L , Kartomi H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Microstructure development and mechanical property of SCr420 low-alloy steel (equivalent to AISI 5120) obtained by the forging process have been investigated. The relationship between the forgeability and mean grain sizes were examined. The type of forging was carried out by die-forging at a temperature of around 1150 - 1190°C using a machine tonnage of 1600 tons capacity with 2 times forging variation. The high aspect ratio can be maintained through the steel forming applied for piston rod by the hot forging process. Vicker’s hardness mechanical tests in initial and forged conditions were carried out at room temperature. The results demonstrate that the Vickers hardness of initial condition of 254.5 HV is much higher in comparison with the hot-forged material of 152.6 HV. The forged low-alloy steel processes the desired ferrite-pro eutectoid and pearlite microstructures, when followed by normalizing process, and deformation are achieved.
Identifying the optimum water flow and number of buckets in laboratory-scale Pelton turbine using Central Composite Design (CCD)
Authors: Permanasari A A , Puspitasari P , Sukarni S , Wulandari R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pelton turbines were a type of water turbines which, principally, turned the water kinetic energy into electrical energy. The working principle of Pelton turbines was to utilize water power to produce turbine power. This paper reported the optimization of design parameters for laboratory-scale Pelton turbine using the central composite design (CCD) as the response surface methodology (RSM). This research obtained the quadratic polynomial equations for the turbine power. The independent variables were water flow (0.11 m3/s; 0.13 m3/s; 0.15 m3/s) and number of buckets (13; 15; 17 pieces). The results, based on the RSM, showed that the most influential parameter on the turbine power was the number of buckets. The optimum turbine power was 24 kW on 0,16 m3/s water flow and 18 buckets of RSM.
Analysis of organic Rankine cycle based on thermal and exergy efficiency
Authors: Eryanto G , Pambudi N A , Wijayanto D S , Biddinika M K , Hijriawan M , Kuncoro I W , Wibowo K M , Ma’arif M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The binary power plant is a geothermal power generation system used at low to medium temperature levels and used indirect system. In this system, the heat generated from the reservoir is channelled to the secondary working fluid which has a lower boiling point than water using a heat exchanger. In this case, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a suitable system for use. This improves the performance and efficiency of the plants. However, in this system, the installation configuration of the ORC model is an important factor that can affect its performance. The selection of an improper ORC design reduces the thermal efficiency of the system. Therefore, it cannot utilize heat optimally. In this study, Engineering Equation Solution (EES) simulation program is used to run the system as in operation conditions. A comparative analysis is conducted using ORC, Regenerative ORC (RORC), and RORC with Internal Heat Exchanger (IHE). The results indicate that RORC with IHE has the greatest value for both energy (21.74%) and exergy efficiency (25.26%) while net power produced 5479 kW. This shows the addition of OFOH and IHE can increase these factors, improve performance and reduce energy degradation from the cycle.
Control of the load supply on hybrid generating system
Authors: Abdillah H , Afandi A N , A’yun A Q 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Solar Power Plants are strongly influenced by the intensity of solar radiation received by the system. For the availability of sustainable use of electrical energy from solar power, hybridization is needed with Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) sources if Black Out occurs, the combination of the two electrical energy sources is known as the Hybrid Generator. Power plant hybridization is combining two or more power plants with different energy sources, to obtain synergies that provide economic and technical benefits (reliability of the supply system). Hybrid plants will have maximum use if accompanied by load control. Load control aims to efficiently regulate the use of electrical energy so that the generated electrical energy is balanced with the use of the load released so that the Hybrid Generator will not occur Black Out. Based on tests that have been carried out the intensity of sunlight affects the power produced by solar cells. The highest sunlight intensity when testing is during the day at 567 Lux with a voltage value of 21.22 V and current of 0.30 A, while the lowest sunlight intensity is at 17.00 with the intensity of sunlight 56 Lux with a voltage value of 5.5 V and current 0.15 A.
Synthesis and structural characterization of iron chromite nanoparticles: A preliminary study
Authors: Amelia T , Saputro R E , Hidayat N , Taufiq A , Diantoro M , Sunaryono S , Mufti N , Hidayat A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this work, the synthesis of iron chromite nanoparticles was performed employing Indonesian iron sand through the coprecipitation route. The crystal and molecular structures of the prepared iron chromite nanoparticles were characterized by means of XRD and FTIR spectrophotometer. Meanwhile, the elemental mapping and morphology of the samples were evaluated using the SEM-EDX technique. The data analysis results showed that the iron chromite nanoparticles had a spinel cubic structure with the lattice parameters and crystallite size of 8.303 Å and 6.8 nm, respectively. The molecular structure analysis for the FTIR spectrum showed that the Fe and Cr ions placed the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The average particle size of the iron chromite nanoparticles was 30.4 nm and tended to agglomerate. Interestingly, the elemental mapping indicated that the Fe, Cr, and O atoms distributed homogenously.