bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential changes of nicotinic receptors in the ratbrain following ibotenic acid and 192‐IgG saporin lesionsof the nucleus basalis magnocellularis
Authors: Bednar Ivan , Zhang Xiao , Dastranj‐sedghi Ramez , Nordberg Agneta 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are implicated in the pathogenesis ofneurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been found to besignificantly afflicted in AD. To study the underlying mechanisms for dysfunction of the basalforebrain cholinergic neurons development of suitable animal models is warranted. In this studywe investigated the effects of bilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis on nAChRs inthe rat brain using the cholinergic system selective immunotoxin 192‐IgG saporin andnon‐selective excitotoxin ibotenic acid. Changes in nAChRs were measured by 3H‐cytisineand 3H‐epibatidine, two ligands with different selectivity for nAChRs subtypes. Inthe parietal cortex of ibotenic acid lesioned rates, the choline acetyltransferase activity (ChAT)was decreased by 24% while no changes were detected in the frontal cortex or hippocampus.Similarly, a 40% decrease was observed in the number of nAChRs labelled by 3H‐cytisine,but not by 3H‐epibatidine, in the parietal cortex, while no changes were found in thefrontal cortex or hippocampus. Although the 192‐IgG saporin induced lesions reduced the ChATactivity in the frontal cortex, parietal cortex and hippocampus by 77, 50 and 21%, respectively, nochanges were observed in the number of nAChRs as studied by 3H‐cytisine or 3H‐epibatidine. The results indicate a difference in vulnerability of the cortical nAChRsubtypes to experimental lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. The findings in this studysuggest that a major portion of the nAChRs might be located on non‐cholinergic neurons in thebrain.
Seasonal distribution of births in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and elderly depressive patients
Authors: Ptok U. , Papassotiropoulos A. , Maier W. , Heun R. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryWinter births have been associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other psychiatric disorders. In the present investigation, this putative association was examined in a sample of gerontopsychiatric patients. An analysis of the quarterly birth rates of 83 patients with AD, 78 elderly depressive patients with an early onset and 74 patients with a late onset of the depressive disorder, 48 patients with both AD and depression (co-morbid patients) and 107 healthy control subjects, revealed no particular seasonal distribution for any of the diagnostic groups. In AD and co-morbid patients, controlling for the ApoE genotype did not change this finding. Logistic regression analysis revealed the expected findings that increasing age and the presence of the ApoE4 allele were associated with a higher risk of dementia. Younger age and female gender were identified as risk factors for a depressive disorder. A winter birth (birth in the first three months of the year) was not associated with any of the diagnostic subgroups.We concluded that in our sample a seasonal distribution of births was not found to increase the risk for AD or geriatric depression.
Co-morbidity of personality disorders in individuals with substance use disorders
Authors: Verheul R. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis review summarizes the recent literature about personality disorders among substance abusers. First, it will be shown that personality disorders are highly prevalent co-morbid conditions among addicted individuals. Second, it is argued that this co-morbidity is likely to be accounted for by multiple complex etiological relationships. Finally, the clinical relevance of routine assessment of (maladaptive) personality traits in individuals admitting for substance abuse treatment will be discussed.
The effects of diazepam on self-informed arousal and sustained attention
Authors: Sierra JC , Buela-Casal G 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe use of benzodiazepines seems to be associated with a deficit in the levels of arousal and attention during vigil. A number of studies have found residual effects a few hours after the intake of these drugs. This paper assesses the effects of a single dose of 10 mg diazepam on self-informed arousal (as evaluated with the Stanford Sleepiness Scale) and sustained attention (as evaluated with the Toulouse Piéron test) the morning after oral intake (11 hours later). Potential differences in the residual effects of benzodiazepines on men and women were also examined. A sample of 42 healthy young university students (21 female, 21 male) was exposed to three counterbalanced experimental conditions (control, placebo, diazepam). Diazepam only caused a reduction in arousal in women, and this deficit was similar to that caused by the intake of a placebo.
Seasonality of births in affective disorder in an Irish population
Authors: Clarke M , Keogh F , Murphy PT , Morris M , Larkin C , Walsh D , O’Callaghan E 
Published: July 2002

SummarySeasonal variation in the births of patients with schizophrenia is a consistently replicated epidemiological finding. Few studies have investigated this phenomenon among patients with a diagnosis of affective disorder. The majority of season of birth studies have employed the chi square test for statistical analysis, a method that has been subject to some criticism. Using a Kolgomorov-Smirnov type statistic, the quarterly birth distribution of 6,646 patients with an ICD 9/10 diagnosis of affective disorder were compared to the general population. Only the births of those individuals with unipolar forms of affective disorder (n = 4,393) differed significantly from the general population, with significant excesses and deficits in the second quarter and fourth quarter respectively. These results were not altered by application of the displacement test. © 1998 Elsevier, Paris
Listing of put options: Is there any volatility effect?
Authors: Chaudhury Mohammed , Elfakhami Said 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of Canadian put option listings on the volatility of the underlying stocks. It also tests whether the “liquidity hypothesis” can explain the cross‐sectional effect, if any, of option listing. According to this hypothesis, option listing enhances the liquidity of the market for the underlying stock, and should lead to a lower variance for the optioned stock. Our results show that Canadian put options are not redundant when it comes to influencing the volatility of the underlying stocks. The evidence shows a decrease in the beta risk following the listing of put option. The evidence also shows a decrease in the variance following earlier put option listings. Cross‐sectionally, we find indirect support for increased liquidity leading to a variance‐ stabilization effect.
EVIDENCE‐BASED DIABETES SCREENING DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Carr Catherine A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe concept of gestational diabetes was described more than a half century ago and has been studied extensively for more than 30 years. Available data indicate that the prevalence is highly variable, probably reflecting underlying risk factors. In addition, gestational diabetes is not a specific disease, but rather an abnormal laboratory value. Criteria for diagnosis are variable, and there is little agreement about who should be screened, if screening should be selective or universal, or how screening should be performed. Moreover, the most commonly used criteria in the United States differ from the European and World Health Organization standard criteria. This article describes the background for diabetes testing, current evidence for testing and diagnosis in pregnant women, “risks” of diagnosis, and various screening procedures and protocols, using data‐based evidence when available. Midwifery practice recommendations are also made, including examination of risk factors as clinical decisions are made about guidelines.
Stimuli‐Responsive Dynamic Metaholographic Displays with Designer Liquid Crystal Modulators
Authors: Kim Inki , Ansari Muhammad Afnan , Mehmood Muhammad Qasim , Kim Won‐Sik , Jang Jaehyuck , Zubair Muhammad , Kim Young‐Ki , Rho Junsuk 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFlat optics, realized by the artificially created 2D material platform called optical metasurfaces, is currently undergoing a science‐to‐technology transition. However, “real‐time” active operations of such flat optical devices remain yet unresolved. Here, liquid crystals (LCs)‐integrated metaholograms for ultracompact dynamic holographic displays are proposed. The anisotropic nature of the LCs allows facile and repeatable manipulation of the polarization of light. Specifically designed (“designer”) LCs and efficient helicity‐encoded metaholograms are combined to realize stimuli‐responsive dynamic displays. The designer LC modulators are used as switches that enable a variety of external stimuli (e.g., electric field, heat, surface pressure) to operate holographic images in real‐time. Such a dynamic metaholographic platform will provide a path to external stimuli‐driven “smart” sensing and display applications such as hologram labels for temperature/pressure/touch monitoring and interactive holographic displays with haptic motion recognition.
Influence of Aqueous Matrices into Candelilla Wax Organogels Emulsions for Topical Applications
Authors: Botega Daniele Cristina Zulim , Nogueira Cecilia , de Moura Naine Martins , Martinez Renata Miliani , Rodrigues Cristiane , Barrera‐Arellano Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEmulgels and bigels are, respectively, partial and total gelified forms of emulsions that can increase stability and bring different permeation and diffusion properties for traditional oil and water mixtures. This work investigated the stability, rheological behavior, and microstructure of bigels and emulgels through a topical application perspective. Candelilla wax (CW)/sunflower oil (5/95) organogels or pure sunflower oil was used to obtain dilute (5% oily phase) and concentrated (40% oily phase) emulsions. It was used three different aqueous phases with each oily phase and oil load: water, sodium polyacrylate hydrogel, and modified starch hydrogel. Dilute emulsions showed better stability with sodium polyacrylate hydrogel forming oil‐in‐water bigels and emulgels while concentrated emulsions were stable only in water‐in‐oil emulgels. Thixotropy, network strength, and thermal stability were modulated by the oily phase and concentration used. Concentrated emulgels showed higher spreadability, but strong temperature‐dependency. Diluted emulgels and bigels showed high hydrogel influence on stability and rheological properties observed. The results showed the potential of CW organogels to stabilize and modify sensory attributes in bigels and emulgels for topical applications.
The effect of ownership on sustainable development and environmental policy in urban waste management: An explicatory empirical analysis of Italian municipal corporations
Authors: Esposito Paolo , Dicorato Spiridione Lucio , Doronzo Emanuele 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of ownership on sustainable development and environmental policy in Italian municipally owned corporations (MOCs) dealing with urban waste management, trying to understand if multiple ownership can generate better performance compared to single ownership and if the presence of private partners could be crucial in this. The research question is answered by analyzing 41 MOCs of the largest Italian cities operating in urban waste management. In this specific sector, public administrations have tried to improve their offer in terms of sustainable development, environmental policy, and efficiency. The paper covers the Italian case study, where urban waste production per capita is higher than the European average figure. The waste cycle management service is operated in Italy at local level through totally publicly owned companies (monoadministration or multiadministration), mixed (public–private) companies, or via a full externalization achieved by means of public tenders. Through a multinomial ordered probit panel, we show that MOCs with multiple owners perform better than those having a single owner and perform much better with the presence of a private partner, confirming those academic findings according to which collaborative arrangements can increase efficiency, do better than public sector bureaucracy, and lower the costs of service provision. The results of this paper can be used by academics, practitioners, and policy makers alike. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study that applies this perspective to the analysis of the current international waste management scenario with relation to MOCs having multiple ownerships.
Immobilization of Gold‐on‐Carbon Catalysts Onto Perfluorocarbon Emulsion Droplets to Promote Oxygen Delivery in Aqueous Phase D‐Glucose Oxidation
Authors: Perovic Milena , Zeininger Lukas , Oschatz Martin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on porous supports can be controlled by various factors, such as NPs size, shape, or dispersivity, as well as their interaction with the support or the properties of the support material itself. However, these intrinsic properties are not solely responsible for the catalytic behavior of the overall reaction system, as the local environment and surface coverage of the catalyst with reactants, products, intermediates and other invloved species often play a crucial role in catalytic processes as well. Their contribution can be particularly critical in liquid‐phase reactions with gaseous reactants that often suffer from low solubiltiy. One example is D‐glucose oxidation with molecular oxygen over gold nanoparticles supported on porous carbons. The possibility to promote oxygen delivery in such aqueous phase oxidation reactions via the immobilization of heterogenous catalysts onto the interface of perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets is reported here. Gold‐on‐carbon catalyst particles can stabilize perfluorocarbon droplets in the aqueous phase and the local concentration of the oxidant in the surroundings of the gold nanoparticles accelerates the rate‐limiting step of the reaction. Consequently, the reaction rate of a system with the optimal volume fraction of fluorocarbon is higher than a reference emulsion system without fluorocarbon, and the effect is observed even without additional oxygen supply.
Towards Economic and Sustainable Amination with Green and Renewable Feedstocks
Authors: Wang Hongli , Shi Feng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe synthesis of N‐substituted amines is one of the key transformations in synthetic chemistry and chemical industry, because amines are ubiquitous in the syntheses of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, flavorings, fragrances, and advanced materials. In order to realize the clean and economic synthesis of N‐substituted amines, several aspects should be concerned. 1) The application of alkyl halides as alkylation reagents should be replaced by alcohol and alkane; 2) the employment of amines as nitrogen sources can be replaced by nitrobenzene, nitrile and ammonia; 3) the application of environmentally benign and low‐cost starting materials, such as CO2, HCHO, biomass resources, for the nitrogen‐containing chemicals synthesis should be established; and 4) economic, green and efficient catalyst should be developed for the above transformations. In this account, we describe our results in the clean and economic synthesis of N‐substituted amines with amine, ammonia, nitrobenzene or nitrile as nitrogen sources and alcohol, alkane or CO2, HCHO, CO, and biomass resources as alkylation or carbonylation reagents.
What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group?Efficient and economic heterogeneous catalyst for catalytic amination.How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers?I got my introduction to fine chemical synthesis with heterogeneous catalyst during the post‐graduate and post‐doctor periods. Till now, the clean and economic synthesis of some fine chemicals still remains a big problem in China. Therefore, our group has been concentrating on catalyst design and preparation for amination since 11 years ago. Typically, we want to explore some novel catalyst systems to bridge the heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis.What is the most important personality for scientific research?I think the originality and creativity are very important for the scientific research.What are your hobbies? What's your favorite book(s)?Reading and walking. I like to read history books.How do you keep balance between research and family?Although it is difficult, I try to keep a balance between research and family.Who influences you mostly in your life?My Ph.D. supervisor, Prof. Youquan Deng, and postdoctoral collaborating advisor, Prof. Matthias Beller.
Acrylic Polymers Containing a Nickel Salphen Complex: An Approach to Supramolecular and Macromolecular Systems
Authors: Zelada‐Guillén Gustavo A. , Hernández‐Pacheco Paulina , Romero‐Ávila Margarita , Cañas‐Alonso Roberto Carlos , Flores‐Álamo Marcos , Escárcega‐Bobadilla Martha V. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInvited for this month's cover are Prof. Martha Escárcega‐Bobadilla and Prof. Gustavo Zelada‐Guillén, collaborators from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The cover picture shows the structure of a polymerizable Ni‐Salphen complex, determined by X‐ray crystallography, where the Ni center displays 1:1 and 1:2 host–guest stoichiometries toward anions, both coexisting in solution. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.202000471.
How does replacing natural forests with rubber and oil palm plantations affect soil respiration and methane fluxes?
Authors: Aini Fitri Khusyu , Hergoualc’h Kristell , Smith Jo U. , Verchot Louis , Martius Christopher 
Published: November 2020

AbstractReplacement of forest by agricultural systems is a major factor accelerating the emissions of greenhouse gases; however, related field studies in the tropics are very scarce. To evaluate the impact of forest transition to plantations on soil methane (CH4) and respiration (CO2) fluxes, we conducted measurements in an undisturbed forest, a disturbed forest, young and old rubber plantations, and an oil palm plantation on mineral soil in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Methane fluxes and their controlling variables were monitored monthly over fourteen months; soil respiration was measured less frequently. All of the plantations were managed by smallholders and had never been fertilized. To assess the effect of common management practices in oil palm plantations, we added urea at a rate of 33.3 kg N/ha and thereafter monitored intensively soil CH4 fluxes. The soil acted as a sink for CH4 (kg CH4‐C·ha−1·yr−1) in the undisturbed forest (−1.4 ± 1.0) and young rubber plantation (−1.7 ± 0.7). This was not the case in the other land‐use systems which had fluxes similar to fluxes in the undisturbed forest, with 0.4 ± 0.9, −0.2 ± 0.3, and 0.2 ± 0.7 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the disturbed forest, old rubber plantation, and oil palm plantation, respectively. In the oil palm plantation, there was no inhibitory effect of nitrogenous fertilizer on methanotrophy. Annual soil respiration (Mg CO2‐C·ha−1·yr−1) was higher in the oil palm plantation (17.1 ± 1.9) than in the undisturbed forest (13.9 ± 1.2) while other land‐use systems respired at a similar level to the undisturbed forest (13.1 ± 1.4, 15.9 ± 1.7, and 14.1 ± 1.0 in the disturbed forest, young, and old rubber plantations, respectively). Substrate (litterfall and soil) availability and quality exerted a strong control over annual fluxes of both gases along the land‐use gradient. Temporal variation in CH4 was extremely high and in respiration fluxes was moderate, but was not specifically linked to seasonal variation. Further comprehensive and long‐term research is critically needed to determine more thoroughly the direction and magnitude of changes in soil trace gas emissions as affected by forest‐to‐plantation conversion in the tropics.
Sixty‐five years of fire manipulation reveals climate and fire interact to determine growth rates of Quercus spp.
Authors: Refsland Tyler , Knapp Benjamin , Stephan Kirsten , Fraterrigo Jennifer 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMinimizing forest vulnerability to more frequent and severe droughts, as climate models predict, has emerged as a primary goal of forest management. One potential strategy to moderate drought‐induced stress is reducing basal area through the repeat application of prescribed fire. However, use of prescribed fire as a management tool to reduce drought vulnerability has been largely untested. Here, we report the long‐term effects of repeat fires on the climate‐growth response of adult oaks (Quercus spp.) in the Missouri Ozarks, USA. We measured the annual radial growth of trees that experienced either no fire, periodic (every 4 yr), or annual prescribed fires from 1950 to 2015. To assess whether increased fire frequency interacts with climate to determine long‐term forest productivity, we modeled annual growth as a function of potential evapotranspiration, fire treatment, and their interaction. We also quantified the effect of fire‐driven reductions in tree density on carbon and oxygen isotope composition of tree rings and drought resistance (growth during drought) and resilience (growth recovery after drought) during past drought events. Annual radial growth and isotopic composition data indicated trees experienced reduced growth due to moisture stress, but drought vulnerability did not vary between frequently burned forests and unburned controls. In contrast, periodic, but not annual, fires reduced annual growth by 9.6% during wet periods favorable to growth with the effect consistent over time. Fire had minimal effects on total and inorganic soil nitrogen after 65 yr of treatment, regardless of frequency, suggesting other underlying causes of the observed growth declines under periodic burning (e.g., crown, bole, or root injury). Our results suggest that long‐term, increased fire frequency can have negative effects on long‐term tree growth, but effects are contingent upon the fire return interval. These findings highlight important differences in how fire and thinning influence density‐dependent competition and the response of tree growth to climate. Although additional studies are needed from other forest ecosystems, this study provides early evidence that increased fire frequency will not alleviate drought stress and instead, may reduce long‐term, aboveground carbon storage in forests.