bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring transformative learning when developing medical students' non‐technical skills
Authors: Kerins Joanne , Smith Samantha Eve , Phillips Emma Claire , Clarke Benjamin , Hamilton Ailsa Lauren , Tallentire Victoria Ruth 
Published: January 2020

AbstractContextNon‐technical skills (NTS) training should be incorporated into medical students' education and simulation‐based approaches are often utilised to facilitate this. Such experiences have the potential to foster transformative learning by facilitating a reassessment of one's prior assumptions and a significant shift in one's outlook, referred to as the process of perspective transformation. The aim of this research was to explore how NTS training might facilitate transformative learning in final‐year medical students.MethodsFollowing ethical approval, medical student volunteers from four medical schools (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow) participated in simulation sessions, were debriefed with an emphasis on NTS using a behavioural marker system and then took part in focus groups. Focus group discussions were semi‐structured and questions were based on the phases of perspective transformation identified by Jack Mezirow. Focus group discussions were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, anonymised and analysed using template analysis.ResultsA total of 33 medical students took part in five focus groups. There was evidence of the following stages of perspective transformation: Phase 2 (self‐examination with emotional disturbance, including fear, anxiety, guilt, shame and frustration); Phase 3 (critical assessment of assumptions, including the undervaluing of NTS, recognising that technical skills alone are insufficient, and recognising that it is possible to improve one’s NTS); Phase 5 (exploring options for new roles, relationships and actions), and Phase 6 (planning a course of action for future simulations, as a medical student and as a doctor).ConclusionsThis study deepens our understanding of how exposure to NTS training in simulation‐based education influences the learning of medical students and shows that such exposure can result in the cognitive phases of transformative learning. It provides us with valuable insights into medical students' perspectives on their learning of NTS at a pivotal stage in training and represents an interesting way of assessing the educational impact of such sessions.
Changing epidemiology of candidaemia: Increase in fluconazole‐resistant Candida parapsilosis
Authors: Mesini Alessio , Mikulska Małgorzata , Giacobbe Daniele Roberto , Del Puente Filippo , Gandolfo Nemo , Codda Giulia , Orsi Andrea , Tassinari Federico , Beltramini Sabrina , Marchese Anna , Icardi Giancarlo , Del Bono Valerio , Viscoli Claudio 
Published: January 2020

SummaryAimDuring the last decade a continuous increase in non‐albicans species isolation has been observed with Candida parapsilosis being one of the leading species. Aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of candidemia, particularly of C parapsilosis, its predictors and clinical outcome.Materials and MethodsIncidences of candidemia was evaluated analyzing data from both a prospective collection (2012‐2016) and a retrospective one (2008‐2011). Predictors and outcome were based only on the prospective phase. C parapsilosis potential clusters were analysed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique.Results1240 episodes were identified. Incidences of candidemia increased from 1.97 episodes/10 000 patient‐days in 2008 to 4.59/10 000 patient‐days in 2016 (P < .001), mainly due to an increase of C parapsilosis (incidence rate ratio, IRR: 1.04, P < .001). 33.0% of C parapsilosis strains were resistant to fluconazole; no resistance to echinocandins was found. Independent predictors of C parapsilosis candidemia were time of infection (P = .007), previous use of echinocandins (P < .0001) and year in which the episode was registered (P < .0001). 30 days mortality was 32.4% for C parapsilosis, with a significant difference compared to C non‐parapsilosis. Potential clonal C parapsilosis strains were detected by genetic analyses, showing RAPD profile A as the most represented (72.6% of isolates).DiscussionC parapsilosis candidemia is an emerging issue in our center, possibly attributed to some extent to horizontal transmission of the pathogen, as confirmed by the analysis of isolates similarities. Further microbiological and epidemiological investigations are needed in order to identify the most effective measures to reduce the rate of this infection.
Neither xylem collapse, cavitation, or changing leaf conductance drive stomatal closure in wheat
Authors: Corso Déborah , Delzon Sylvain , Lamarque Laurent J. , Cochard Hervé , Torres‐Ruiz José M. , King Andrew , Brodribb Timothy 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIdentifying the drivers of stomatal closure and leaf damage during stress in grasses is a critical prerequisite for understanding crop resilience. Here, we investigated whether changes in stomatal conductance (gs) during dehydration were associated with changes in leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), xylem cavitation, xylem collapse, and leaf cell turgor in wheat (Triticum aestivum). During soil dehydration, the decline of gs was concomitant with declining Kleaf under mild water stress. This early decline of leaf hydraulic conductance was not driven by cavitation, as the first cavitation events in leaf and stem were detected well after Kleaf had declined. Xylem vessel deformation could only account for <5% of the observed decline in leaf hydraulic conductance during dehydration. Thus, we concluded that changes in the hydraulic conductance of tissues outside the xylem were responsible for the majority of Kleaf decline during leaf dehydration in wheat. However, the contribution of leaf resistance to whole plant resistance was less than other tissues (<35% of whole plant resistance), and this proportion remained constant as plants dehydrated, indicating that Kleaf decline during water stress was not a major driver of stomatal closure.
Effects of mindfulness on psychological and psychophysiological responses during self‐paced walking
Authors: Bigliassi Marcelo , Galano Bruno M. , Lima‐Silva Adriano E. , Bertuzzi Romulo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an audio‐guided mindfulness (MF) single session on psychological and psychophysiological responses during an outdoor walking task. Twenty‐four participants (12 females and 12 males; Mage = 23.6, SD = 3.9 years) were required to walk 200 m at a pace of their choosing. Two experimental conditions (mindfulness meditation and mindlessness [ML] meditation) and a control condition (CO) were administered. Electrical activity in the brain was measured by the use of a portable electroencephalography (EEG) system during walking. Fast Fourier Transform was used to decompose the EEG samples into theta (5–7 Hz), alpha (8–14 Hz), and beta (15–29 Hz) frequencies. Brain connectivity analysis between frontal and temporo‐parietal electrode sites was conducted to explore functional interactions through the use of spectral coherence. Affective and perceptual responses were measured by the use of single‐item scales and questionnaires. The present findings indicate that MF was sufficiently potent to reallocate attention toward task‐related thoughts, downregulate perceived activation, and enhance affective responses to a greater degree than the other two conditions. Conversely, ML was sufficient to increase the use of dissociative thoughts, make participants less aware of their physical sensations and emotions, induce a more negative affective state, and upregulate perceived activation to a greater extent than MF and CO. The brain mechanisms that underlie the effects of MF on exercise appear to be associated with the enhanced inter‐hemispheric connectivity of high‐frequency waves between right frontal and left temporo‐parietal areas of the cortex.
Effects of eccentricity on the attention‐related N2pc component of the event‐related potential waveform
Authors: Papaioannou Orestis , Luck Steven J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe N2pc ERP component has been widely used as a measure of lateralized visual attention. It is characterized by a negativity contralateral to the attended location or target, and it is thought to reflect contralaterally enhanced processing of attended information in intermediate to high levels of the ventral visual pathway. Given that the receptive fields in these areas often extend a few degrees into the ipsilateral hemifield, we might expect that near‐midline stimuli would be processed by both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres, resulting in a diminished N2pc. However, little is known about the effect of eccentricity on the N2pc component. To address this gap in knowledge, we recorded the EEG while participants performed a discrimination task with stimuli presented at one of five eccentricities (0°, 0.05°, 1°, 2°, 4° and 8° between the inner edge of the stimulus and the midline). We found that the N2pc amplitude remained relatively constant across eccentricities, including when the inner edge was at the midline, except that N2pc amplitude was reduced by more than 50% at the greatest eccentricity (8°). We also examined the contralateral positivity that often follows the N2pc. This positivity became progressively larger, and the transition from negative to positive occurred progressively later, as the eccentricity increased. These findings suggest that future experiments looking at the N2pc can use near‐midline stimuli without compromising the N2pc amplitude, but should avoid large eccentricities. Implications about the neural generators of the N2pc are also discussed.
Responsibilization through regulatory intermediaries in informal markets: Examining the governance of prostitution in India
Authors: Goyal Yugank 
Published: January 2020

Abstract“Independent” sex work outside red light areas in big cities in developing countries is an understudied phenomenon. Through a survey of independent sex workers in Delhi, India, this paper sheds light on the governance of independent prostitution. It shows that in the sex work industry, which is informal in nature and faces a complex legal architecture, regulatory intermediaries (RIs) drive both regulation and responsibilization strategies. On behalf of the state, the police act as regulatory intermediaries, implementing hierarchical regulation. In red light areas, sex workers' collectives and solidarity networks operate as RIs on behalf of workers. But in independent sex work, it is pimps who act as intermediaries for workers, driving their responsibilization strategies. Independent sex workers take up the services of pimps even though they charge hefty fees, in large part because pimps can negotiate their protection from the police. I examine several characteristics of the relationships between prostitutes, pimps, clients, and the police, and refine the RIT model of regulatory intermediaries (Abbott et al. 2017) in the context of prostitution in a developing country.
The sedimentology of an ephemeral fluvial–aeolian succession
Authors: Priddy Charlotte L. , Clarke Stuart M. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTEphemeral fluvial systems are commonly associated with arid to semi‐arid climates. Although their complex sedimentology and depositional settings have been described in much detail, depositional models depicting detailed lateral and vertical relationships, and interactions with coeval depositional environments, are lacking compared to well‐recognized meandering and braided fluvial systems. This study critically evaluates the applicability of current models for ephemeral fluvial systems to an ancient arid fluvial example of the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of the Colorado Plateau, USA. The study employs detailed sedimentary logging, palaeocurrent analysis and photogrammetric panels across the regional extent of the Kayenta. A generic model that accounts for the detailed sedimentology of a sandy arid ephemeral fluvial system (drawing upon both ancient and geomorphological studies) is developed, along with analysis of the spatial and temporal interactions with the aeolian setting. Results show that the ephemeral system is dominated by laterally and vertically amalgamated, poorly channelized to sheet‐like elements, with abundant upper flow regime flat beds and high sediment load structures formed between periods of lower flow regime conditions. Through interaction with a coeval aeolian system, most of the fluvial deposits are dominated by sand‐grade sediment, unlike many modern ephemeral fluvial systems that contain a high proportion of conglomeratic and/or finer grained mudstone and siltstone deposits. During dominantly fluvial deposition, high width to thickness ratios are observed for channelized and sheet‐like elements. However, with increasing aridity, the aeolian environment becomes dominant and fluvial deposition is restricted to interdune corridors, resulting in lower width to thickness ratio channels dominated by flash‐flood and debris‐flow facies. The data presented here, coupled with modern examples of ephemeral systems and flood regimes, suggest that ephemeral flow produces and preserves distinctive sedimentological traits that can not only be recognized in outcrops, but also within core.
Becoming Malay: The Politics of the Cham Migration to Malaysia
Authors: Nakamura Rie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper is about the Cham migration to Malaysia. The Cham people are descendants of Champa, which existed along the central coast of Vietnam between the second and nineteenth centuries. The Muslim Cham came to Malaysia as refugees from mainland Southeast Asia after the establishment of the communist regimes in Vietnam and Cambodia in the 1970s. This paper is one of the outcomes of a nine‐month study among the Cham that initially looked for stories of a hypothetical community called the ‘Zomia of the sea’. However, the research findings instead indicated that the Cham were especially selected by the Malaysian authorities and brought into that country for some political purpose. The paper discusses the political reasons behind the acceptance of the Cham people by the Malaysian nation as Melayu‐Champa and examines the process of the Cham refugees' integration into the Malay community. It concludes that the Cham refugees were able to rearticulate who they were by reinterpreting their lost polity of Champa as forming part of an ancient Malay civilization. This was made possible by their being included in the state discourse of the greater Malay world and Malay superiority.
Sikh Diaspora Nationalism in Canada
Authors: Shahed Kalam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA collective memory of the pre‐colonial, colonial and post‐colonial periods in India underpins Sikh identity and mobilization for peaceful protest as well as militant activity. Developing within a dominant Hindu socio‐political milieu, Sikh nationalism of the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries can be viewed as reactive as much as it remained primordial and ethno‐religious in nature. Sikh nationalism among the diaspora Sikh community in Canada, which portrays a distinctive Sikh ethnic and national identity, as well as the accompanying call by many activists for the creation of an independent Sikh state (Khalistan) in India, saw a marked increase from the 1980s. Sikh diaspora nationalism in Canada has also nurtured a remarkable political and social mobilization for greater community awareness and political participation. An examination of Sikh diaspora nationalism reveals that ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ nationalism have become intertwined, existing in parallel. Canadian multiculturalism helped both to sustain the movement and to tame the associated militancy, opening up space for debate and accommodation. Canadian Sikhs have demonstrated remarkable economic and political success in creating a vibrant community in Canada, which is often overlooked by the mainstream media.
The Intersectional Dynamics of Political Violence and Gender in the Kurdish Conflict
Authors: Orhan Mehmet 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhat is the relationship between social, historical, and political dynamics and gender in the use of violence? This research uses the Kurdish conflict to examine this question. On the basis of empirical examples about Kurdish women, it focuses on ethnic identity, patriarchy, social class, generation, and politicization within their historical and spatial variations. It argues that gender dynamics do not operate alone but intersect in many ways with these dynamics to influence political violence. It concludes that the way these dynamics engage with each other depends on the subjectivation process taking place within a historically contingent horizon.
How do vascular plants perform photosynthesis in extreme environments? An integrative ecophysiological and biochemical story
Authors: Fernández‐Marín Beatriz , Gulías Javier , Figueroa Carlos M. , Iñiguez Concepción , Clemente‐Moreno María J. , Nunes‐Nesi Adriano , Fernie Alisdair R. , Cavieres Lohengrin A. , Bravo León A. , García‐Plazaola José I. , Gago Jorge 
Published: January 2020

SummaryIn this work, we review the physiological and molecular mechanisms that allow vascular plants to perform photosynthesis in extreme environments, such as deserts, polar and alpine ecosystems. Specifically, we discuss the morpho/anatomical, photochemical and metabolic adaptive processes that enable a positive carbon balance in photosynthetic tissues under extreme temperatures and/or severe water‐limiting conditions in C3species. Nevertheless, only a few studies have described thein situfunctioning of photoprotection in plants from extreme environments, given the intrinsic difficulties of fieldwork in remote places. However, they cover a substantial geographical and functional range, which allowed us to describe some general trends. In general, photoprotection relies on the same mechanisms as those operating in the remaining plant species, ranging from enhanced morphological photoprotection to increased scavenging of oxidative products such as reactive oxygen species. Much less information is available about the main physiological and biochemical drivers of photosynthesis: stomatal conductance (gs), mesophyll conductance (gm) and carbon fixation, mostly driven by RuBisCO carboxylation. Extreme environments shape adaptations in structures, such as cell wall and membrane composition, the concentration and activation state of Calvin–Benson cycle enzymes, and RuBisCO evolution, optimizing kinetic traits to ensure functionality. Altogether, these species display a combination of rearrangements, from the whole‐plant level to the molecular scale, to sustain a positive carbon balance in some of the most hostile environments on Earth.
Key sectors in input–output production networks: An application to Brexit
Authors: Giammetti Raffaele , Russo Alberto , Gallegati Mauro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper presents the first detailed and holistic description of the European production network (EPN) and provides different rankings of the most "systemically important" industries involved in Brexit. Employing techniques of complex networks analysis and input–output traditional tools, the study identifies those industries that are key in the complex structure of the UK‐EU trade relationships. The method developed would help policymakers to better understand which tariff would have a more distortive impact, which export sector should be pushed, which imports should be safeguarded. Such information may have foremost importance in the negotiations between the UK and EU. Our findings suggest that Brexit would be not just a problem for the UK, as it is often portrayed, but any form of Brexit could propagate affecting the global production system.
Detrimental association between quadriceps strength and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in elderly adults
Authors: Chen Yuan-Yuei , Wang Chung-Ching , Kao Tung-Wei , Yang Hui-Fang , Sun Yu-Shan , Chen Wei-Liang 
Published: January 2020

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants primarily from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. Myriads of studies have reported the associations between PAH exposure with several adverse health outcomes. However, no previous study had explored the relationship between PAH exposure with muscle strength in the elderly population. In the present study, we included 473 elderly adults who were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2001–2006). PAH metabolites were measured in urine samples. Muscle strength was determined as the isokinetic strength of the quadriceps. Pertinent variables were analyzed by various standard measurements. The association between PAH exposure and muscle strength was examined using multivariable linear regression models. After fully adjusting for covariables, PAH metabolites had a negative relationship with muscle strength, especially 3-fluorene (β = –0.021, 95% CI: –0.042, 0.000) and 2-fluorene (β = –0.020, 95% CI: –0.034, –0.005). Notably, the relationship remained significant in males, but not in females. PAH exposure is associated with decreased muscle strength in the US elderly population. Further studies are needed to bring to light the underlying mechanisms for these findings. In addition, it is important to provide interventions and determine strategies for treating the adverse impact of PAH exposure on dynapenia.Novelty PAH exposure is associated with decreased muscle strength in elderly adults. The adverse impact remains in males.
Tailorable Hydrogel Improves Retention and Cardioprotection of Intramyocardial Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice
Authors: Chen Youhu , Li Congye , Li Chengxiang , Chen Jiangwei , Li Yan , Xie Huaning , Lin Chen , Fan Miaomiao , Guo Yongzhen , Gao Erhe , Yan Wenjun , Tao Ling 
Published: January 2020

Background

Poor engraftment of intramyocardial stem cells limits their therapeutic efficiency against myocardial infarction (
MI
)‐induced cardiac injury. Transglutaminase cross‐linked Gelatin (Col‐Tgel) is a tailorable collagen‐based hydrogel that is becoming an excellent biomaterial scaffold for cellular delivery in vivo. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Col‐Tgel increases retention of intramyocardially‐injected stem cells, and thereby reduces post‐
MI
cardiac injury.

Methods and Results

Adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (
ADSC
s) were co‐cultured with Col‐Tgel in a 3‐dimensional system in vitro, and Col‐Tgel encapsulated
ADSC
s were observed using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Vitality, proliferation, and migration of co‐cultured
ADSC
s were evaluated. In addition, mice were subjected to
MI
and were intramyocardially injected with
ADSC
s, Col‐Tgel, or a combination thereof.
ADSC
s engraftment, survival, cardiac function, and fibrosis were assessed. In vitro
MTT
and Cell Counting Kit‐8 assays demonstrated that
ADSC
s survive and proliferate up to 4 weeks in the Col‐Tgel. In addition,
MTT
and transwell assays showed that
ADSC
s migrate outside the edge of the Col‐Tgel sphere. Furthermore, when compared with
ADSC
s alone, Col‐Tgel‐encapsulated
ADSC
s significantly enhanced the long‐term retention and cardioprotective effect of
ADSC
s against
MI
‐induced cardiac injury.

Conclusions

In the current study, we successfully established a 3‐dimensional co‐culture system using
ADSC
s and Col‐Tgel. The Col‐Tgel creates a suitable microenvironment for long‐term retention of
ADSC
s in an ischemic area, and thereby enhances their cardioprotective effects. Taken together, this study may provide an alternative biomaterial for stem cell‐based therapy to treat ischemic heart diseases.