Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Authors: Haagsma Juanita A , James Spencer L , Castle Chris D , Dingels Zachary V , Fox Jack T , Hamilton Erin B , Liu Zichen , Lucchesi Lydia R , Roberts Nicholas L S , Sylte Dillon O , Adebayo Oladimeji M , Ahmadi Alireza , Ahmed Muktar Beshir , Aichour Miloud Taki Eddine , Alahdab Fares , Alghnam Suliman A , Aljunid Syed Mohamed , Al-Raddadi Rajaa M , Alsharif Ubai , Altirkawi Khalid , Anjomshoa Mina , Antonio Carl Abelardo T , Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw , Aremu Olatunde , Arora Amit , Asayesh Hamid , Assadi Reza , Awasthi Ashish , Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina , Balalla Shivanthi , Banstola Amrit , Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn , Bärnighausen Till Winfried , Bazargan-Hejazi Shahrzad , Bedi Neeraj , Behzadifar Masoud , Behzadifar Meysam , Benjet Corina , Bennett Derrick A , Bensenor Isabela M , Bhaumik Soumyadeep , Bhutta Zulfiqar A , Bijani Ali , Borges Guilherme , Borschmann Rohan , Bose Dipan , Boufous Soufiane , Brazinova Alexandra , Campuzano Rincon Julio Cesar , Cárdenas Rosario , Carrero Juan J , Carvalho Félix , Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A , Catalá-López Ferrán , Choi Jee-Young J , Christopher Devasahayam J , Crowe Christopher Stephen , Dalal Koustuv , Daryani Ahmad , Davitoiu Dragos Virgil , Degenhardt Louisa , De Leo Diego , De Neve Jan-Walter , Deribe Kebede , Dessie Getenet Ayalew , deVeber Gabrielle Aline , Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda , Doan Linh Phuong , Dolan Kate A , Driscoll Tim Robert , Dubey Manisha , El-Khatib Ziad , Ellingsen Christian Lycke , El Sayed Zaki Maysaa , Endries Aman Yesuf , Eskandarieh Sharareh , Faro Andre , Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad , Fernandes Eduarda , Filip Irina , Fischer Florian , Franklin Richard Charles , Fukumoto Takeshi , Gezae Kebede Embaye , Gill Tiffany K , Goulart Alessandra C , Grada Ayman , Guo Yuming , Gupta Rahul , Haghparast Bidgoli Hassan , Haj-Mirzaian Arvin , Haj-Mirzaian Arya , Hamadeh Randah R , Hamidi Samer , Haro Josep Maria , Hassankhani Hadi , Hassen Hamid Yimam , Havmoeller Rasmus , Hendrie Delia , Henok Andualem , Híjar Martha , Hole Michael K , Homaie Rad Enayatollah , Hossain Naznin , Hostiuc Sorin , Hu Guoqing , Igumbor Ehimario U , Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen , Irvani Seyed Sina Naghibi , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful , Ivers Rebecca Q , Jacobsen Kathryn H , Jahanmehr Nader , Jakovljevic Mihajlo , Jayatilleke Achala Upendra , Jha Ravi Prakash , Jonas Jost B , Jorjoran Shushtari Zahra , Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy , Jürisson Mikk , Kabir Ali , Kalani Rizwan , Kasaeian Amir , Kelbore Abraham Getachew , Kengne Andre Pascal , Khader Yousef Saleh , Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif , Khalid Nauman , Khan Ejaz Ahmad , Khoja Abdullah T , Kiadaliri Aliasghar A , Kim Young-Eun , Kim Daniel , Kisa Adnan , Koyanagi Ai , Kuate Defo Barthelemy , Kucuk Bicer Burcu , Kumar Manasi , Lalloo Ratilal , Lam Hilton , Lami Faris Hasan , Lansingh Van C , Leasher Janet L , Li Shanshan , Linn Shai , Lunevicius Raimundas , Machado Flavia R , Magdy Abd El Razek Hassan , Magdy Abd El Razek Muhammed , Mahotra Narayan Bahadur , Majdan Marek , Majeed Azeem , Malekzadeh Reza , Malik Manzoor Ahmad , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Manda Ana-Laura , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Massenburg Benjamin Ballard , Maulik Pallab K , Meheretu Hailemariam Abiy Alemu , Mehndiratta Man Mohan , Melese Addisu , Mendoza Walter , Mengesha Melkamu Merid , Meretoja Tuomo J , Meretoja Atte , Mestrovic Tomislav , Miazgowski Tomasz , Miller Ted R , Mini GK , Mirrakhimov Erkin M , Moazen Babak , Mohammad Gholi Mezerji Naser , Mohammadibakhsh Roghayeh , Mohammed Shafiu , Molokhia Mariam , Monasta Lorenzo , Mondello Stefania , Montero-Zamora Pablo A , Moodley Yoshan , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Moradi Ghobad , Moradi-Lakeh Maziar , Morawska Lidia , Velásquez Ilais Moreno , Morrison Shane Douglas , Moschos Marilita M , Mousavi Seyyed Meysam , Murthy Srinivas , Musa Kamarul Imran , Naik Gurudatta , Najafi Farid , Nangia Vinay , Nascimento Bruno Ramos , Ndwandwe Duduzile Edith , Negoi Ionut , Nguyen Trang Huyen , Nguyen Son Hoang , Nguyen Long Hoang , Nguyen Huong Lan Thi , Ningrum Dina Nur Anggraini , Nirayo Yirga Legesse , Ofori-Asenso Richard , Ogbo Felix Akpojene , Oh In-Hwan , Oladimeji Olanrewaju , Olagunju Andrew T , Olagunju Tinuke O , Olivares Pedro R , Orpana Heather M , Otstavnov Stanislav S , P A Mahesh , Pakhale Smita , Park Eun-Kee , Patton George C , Pesudovs Konrad , Phillips Michael R , Polinder Suzanne , Prakash Swayam , Radfar Amir , Rafay Anwar , Rafiei Alireza , Rahimi Siavash , Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa , Rahman Muhammad Aziz , Rai Rajesh Kumar , Ramezanzadeh Kiana , Rawaf Salman , Rawaf David Laith , Renzaho Andre M N , Resnikoff Serge , Rezaeian Shahab , Roever Leonardo , Ronfani Luca , Roshandel Gholamreza , Sabde Yogesh Damodar , Saddik Basema , Salamati Payman , Salimi Yahya , Salz Inbal , Samy Abdallah M , Sanabria Juan , Sanchez Riera Lidia , Santric Milicevic Milena M , Satpathy Maheswar , Sawhney Monika , Sawyer Susan M , Saxena Sonia , Saylan Mete , Schneider Ione J C , Schwebel David C , Seedat Soraya , Sepanlou Sadaf G , Shaikh Masood Ali , Shams-Beyranvand Mehran , Shamsizadeh Morteza , Sharif-Alhoseini Mahdi , Sheikh Aziz , Shen Jiabin , Shigematsu Mika , Shiri Rahman , Shiue Ivy , Silva João Pedro , Singh Jasvinder A , Sinha Dhirendra Narain , Soares Filho Adauto Martins , Soriano Joan B , Soshnikov Sergey , Soyiri Ireneous N , Starodubov Vladimir I , Stein Dan J , Stokes Mark A , Sufiyan Mu'awiyyah Babale , Sunshine Jacob E , Sykes Bryan L , Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael , Tabb Karen M , Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash , Tessema Gizachew Assefa , Thakur Jarnail Singh , Tran Khanh Bao , Tran Bach Xuan , Tudor Car Lorainne , Uthman Olalekan A , Uzochukwu Benjamin S Chudi , Valdez Pascual R , Varavikova Elena , Vasconcelos Ana Maria Nogales , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Violante Francesco S , Vlassov Vasily , Waheed Yasir , Wang Yuan-Pang , Wijeratne Tissa , Winkler Andrea Sylvia , Yadav Priyanka , Yano Yuichiro , Yenesew Muluken Azage , Yip Paul , Yisma Engida , Yonemoto Naohiro , Younis Mustafa Z , Yu Chuanhua , Zafar Shamsa , Zaidi Zoubida , Zaman Sojib Bin , Zamani Mohammad , Zhao Yong , Zodpey Sanjay , Hay Simon I , Lopez Alan D , Mokdad Ali H , Vos Theo 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundThe epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates.MethodsInjury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm—the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate.ResultsFor many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced.ConclusionsThe overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.