bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations between psychiatric disorders, COVID-19 testing probability and COVID-19 testing results: findings from a population-based study
Authors: van der Meer Dennis , Pinzón-Espinosa Justo , Lin Bochao D. , Tijdink Joeri K. , Vinkers Christiaan H. , Guloksuz Sinan , Luykx Jurjen J. 
Published: July 2020

Background
Many psychiatrists are worried their patients, at increased risk for COVID-19 complications, are precluded from receiving appropriate testing. There is a lack of epidemiological data on the associations between psychiatric disorders and COVID-19 testing rates and testing outcomes.

Aims
To compare COVID-19 testing probability and results among individuals with psychiatric disorders with those without such diagnoses, and to examine the associations between testing probability and results and psychiatric diagnoses.

Method
This is a population-based study to perform association analyses of psychiatric disorder diagnoses with COVID-19 testing probability and such test results, by using two-sided Fisher exact tests and logistic regression. The population were UK Biobank participants who had undergone COVID-19 testing. The main outcomes were COVID-19 testing probability and COVID-19 test results.

Results
Individuals with psychiatric disorders were overrepresented among the 1474 UK Biobank participants with test data: 23% of the COVID-19 test sample had a psychiatric diagnosis compared with 10% in the full cohort (P < 0.0001). This overrepresentation persisted for each of the specific psychiatric disorders tested. Furthermore, individuals with a psychiatric disorder (P = 0.01), particularly substance use disorder (P < 0.005), had negative test results significantly more often than individuals without psychiatric disorders. Sensitivity analyses confirmed our results.

Conclusions
In contrast with our hypotheses, UK Biobank participants with psychiatric disorders have been tested for COVID-19 more frequently than individuals without a psychiatric history. Among those tested, test outcomes were more frequently negative for registry participants with psychiatric disorders than in others, countering arguments that people with psychiatric disorders are particularly prone to contract the virus.
Economics of Pediatric Cancer in Four Eastern Mediterranean Countries: A Comparative Assessment
Authors: Gheorghe Adrian , Chalkidou Kalipso , Shamieh Omar , Kutluk Tezer , Fouad Fouad , Sultan Iyad , Sullivan Richard 
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE Cancer is a leading cause of death among children in the Eastern Mediterranean region, where conflict and economic downturn place additional burden on the health sector. In this context, using economic evidence to inform policy decisions is crucial for maximizing health outcomes from available resources. We summarized the available evidence on the economics of pediatric cancer in Jordan, Lebanon, the occupied Palestinian territory, and Turkey. METHODS A scoping review was performed of seven academic databases and gray literature pertaining to pediatric cancer in the four jurisdictions, published between January 1, 2010, and July 17, 2019. Information was extracted and organized using an analytical framework that synthesizes economic information on four dimensions: the context of the health system, the economics of health care inputs, the economics of service provision, and the economic consequences of disease. RESULTS Most of the economic evidence available across the four jurisdictions pertains to the availability of health care inputs (ie, drugs, human resources, cancer registration data, and treatment protocols) and individual-level outcomes (either clinical or health-related quality of life). We identified little evidence on the efficiency or quality of health care inputs and of pediatric cancer services. Moreover, we identified no studies examining the cost-effectiveness of any intervention, program, or treatment protocol. Evidence on the economic consequences of pediatric cancer on families and the society at large was predominantly qualitative. CONCLUSION The available economic evidence on pediatric cancer care in the four countries is limited to resource availability and, to an extent, patient outcomes, with a substantial gap in information on drug quality, service provision efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Links between researchers and policymakers must be strengthened if pediatric cancer spending decisions, and, ultimately, treatment outcomes, are to improve.
Photocatalytic Water Splitting Utilizing Electrospun Semiconductors for Solar Hydrogen Generation: Fabrication, Modification and Performance
Authors: Lang Xiaoling , Gopalan Saianand , Fu Wanlin , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Hydrogen energy is considered a competitive and environmentally friendly carrier owing to its high calorific value, abundant reserves, carbon-free emission, and renewability. Water splitting for sustainable production of hydrogen from water via sunlight or clean energy derived electricity has attracted paramount attention. Photocatalytic water splitting provides a clean solution to produce hydrogen by taking advantage of abundant solar power. Due to their unique physico-chemical properties, metal/metal oxide based composite electrospun semiconductor photocatalysts show great potential to supplant some of the non-oxide photocatalysts and other nanostructures in water splitting. The key issues to the commercialization and scale-up production remain on the fabrication, modification and performance of photocatalysts. In this review article, we showcase recent significant progress in the fabrication of semiconductor photocatalysts toward water splitting based on versatile electrospinning. The modification and performance improving strategies for a wide range of metal/metal oxide (single, mixed, metal/carbon cocatalysts) electrospun semiconductors including the structure and compositional engineering are presented. Furthermore, we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives of electrospinning toward the rational design and facile fabrication of photocatalysts.
Patient treatment pathways of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases in coastal South India: Road to a drug resistant tuberculosis center
Authors: Rathi Priya , Shringarpure Kalpita , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Pandey Abhinav , Nair Abhirami 
Published: July 2020

Background: Delays in initiating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) treatment adds risk to individual patients and the community due to disease progression, and on-going transmission. The Government of India offers free TB diagnosis and treatment, however many presumptive MDR TB patients wander within the Indian healthcare system and delay accessing the programme. To improve access to care, it is imperative to understand the treatment pathways taken by MDR TB patients. We aimed to describe the diagnostic and treatment pathway taken by presumptive MDR TB patients registered under Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant TB Program. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study amongst patients registered during August 2016 – April 2017 at one District Drug Resistance Tuberculosis centre of Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka, India. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the number, type (private and public sector), and dates of healthcare facilities (HCFs) visits prior to the initiation of MDR TB treatment. Delays in pathway were measured in days and summarised as median and interquartile range (IQR), from the date of onset of illness until the initiation of MDR TB treatment. Results: We found that patients preferred private HCFs; however, due to lack of treatment and unaffordability they shifted to public HCFs. Median delay to register under the program was more in private HCFs (180 days) in comparison with public HCFs (120 days). We also found that the detection rates were much higher in public HCFs (80%). Conclusion: The present study found that there was substantial patient delay and total delay in diagnosis and treatment of MDR TB patients. Private HCF was first point of contact for most of the patients; however those visited public HCF diagnosed earlier as compared to others. The government should involve private HCFs to provide standard diagnostics and treatment to the patients seeking a private facility.
Diagnostic test accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for tuberculous pericarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Andrianto Andrianto , Mertaniasih Ni Made , Gandi Parama , Al-Farabi Makhyan Jibril , Azmi Yusuf , Jonatan Michael , Silahooij Stevanus Immanuel 
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Xpert MTB/RIF is a rapid diagnostic instrument for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). However, studies reported varied accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pericardial effusion. Methods: We performed a systematic review of literature in PubMed, published up to February 1, 2020, according to PRISMA guidelines. We screened cross-sectional studies, observational cohort studies, and randomized control trials that evaluated the accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF in diagnosing TB pericarditis. Papers with noninterpretable results of sensitivity and specificity, non-English articles, and unpublished studies were excluded. The primary outcomes were the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF. We conducted a quality assessment using QUADAS-2 to evaluate the quality of the studies. A bivariate model pooled the overall sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratios (PLRs), and negative likelihood ratios (NLRs) of included studies. Results: In total, 581 subjects from nine studies were analyzed in this meta-analysis. Our pooled analysis showed that the overall sensitivity, specificity, PLRs and NLRs of included studies were 0.676 (95% CI: 0.580–0.759), 0.994 (95% CI: 0.919–1.000), 110.11 (95% CI: 7.65–1584.57) and 0.326 (95% CI: 0.246–0.433), respectively. Conclusions: Xpert MTB/RIF had a robust specificity but unsatisfactory sensitivity in diagnosing TB pericarditis. These findings indicated that although positive Xpert MTB/RIF test results might be valuable in swiftly distinguishing the diagnosis of TB pericarditis, negative test results might not be able to rule out TB pericarditis. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020167480 28/04/2020
Intensive care nurses' knowledge of enteral nutrition at public hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Ali Hussein Al-Qalah Talal , Alrubaiee Gamil Ghaleb 
Published: July 2020

Background: Nurses have a pivotal role in initiating and managing enteral nutrition (EN) and monitoring any potential complications. Yet, it is unclear whether Yemeni nurses have adequate knowledge to deliver and manage enteral nutrition safely. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the level of ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding the management of EN. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2019 to March 2019. A probability sampling method was used to recruit 174 nurses from four public hospitals in the capital city of Yemen. A self-administered 17-item questionnaire related to ICU nurses' knowledge regarding EN intervention was used to collect the data. Results: Out of the 174 respondents, 60.9% were females, 48.9% were aged between 20 and 25 years and 66.1% had a 3-year nursing diploma. Most respondents (79.3%) had one to five years of working experience as nurses, while almost two-thirds (70.7%) had one to five years of working experience as an ICU nurse. Above half (59.2%) of the respondents had never attended training courses on EN management and 65.5% specified that the college or institute of nursing was the source for their knowledge about EN management. Only 10.9% of the respondents had an adequate level of knowledge, while (43.1%) of them had a moderate level of knowledge and 46.0% of them had an inadequate level of knowledge regarding the EN management. Significant associations between the level of ICU nurses' knowledge of EN management and their level of education and the sources of knowledge were detected. Conclusions: The significant gap in ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding EN management identified implies the need to upgrade and refresh of the ICU nurses' knowledge by implementing a regular training program concerning EN management.
Mycobiome analysis in fungal infected formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues for identification of pathogenic fungi: a pilot study
Authors: Lee Taebum , Na Hee Young , Byeon Sun-ju , Kim Kyoung-Mee , Lee Hey Seung , Park Sung-Hye , Choe Ji-Young , Choi Kyoung Chan 
Published: July 2020

Background: Fungal organisms are frequently observed in surgical pathological diagnosis. In order to more accurately identify fungi in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, it is necessary to use genomic information. The purpose of our pilot study is to identify the factors to be considered for the identification of pathogenic fungi using mycobiome analysis in FFPE tissues. Methods: We selected 49 cases in five hospitals. In each case, FFPE tissue was cut into 50 µm and DNA was extracted. Multiplex PCR with four primers (ITS1, ITS2, ITS3 and ITS4) was performed. Multiplex sequencing was performed using a MinION device according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Sequences of each case were searched using BLASTN with an ITS database from NCBI RefSeq Targeted Loci Project with default parameters. Results: A total of 2,526 DNA sequences were sequenced. We were able to identify 342 fungal sequences in 24 (49.0%, 24/49) cases. The median number of detected fungal sequences per case was 3 (1Q: 1 and 3Q: 14.25). Of the fungal DNA sequences, 215 (62.87%) contained the entire region of ITS1 or ITS2. The remaining 127 fungal DNA sequences were identified as fungi using a partial sequence of ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S, LSU or SSU. Conclusion: In conclusion, we have identified the possibility of finding pathogenic fungi through mycobiome analysis in fungal infected FFPE tissues using nanopore sequencing. However, we have also found several limitations to be solved for further studies. If we develop a method to characterize pathogenic fungi in FFPE tissues in a follow-up study, we think it will help patients to use appropriate antifungal agents.
Diagnosis and management of chronic cough: similarities and differences between children and adults
Authors: Weinberger Miles , Hurvitz Manju 
Published: July 2020

Cough is a natural process that protects the airway. Cough can occur spontaneously or voluntarily. It is considered chronic when it is present for longer than 4 weeks in children or 8 weeks in adults. In both, chronic cough causes patient distress and increased healthcare utilization. Etiologies of pediatric chronic cough include asthma, protracted bacterial bronchitis, tracheomalacia, habit cough, and various systemic disorders. While some diagnoses are identifiable by careful history alone, others require testing guided by specific pointers. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy has been an important tool to identify etiologies of chronic cough that were not otherwise apparent. In adults, asthma and bronchitis are well-defined etiologies of chronic cough, but much chronic cough in adults is largely a conundrum.Reviews of adult chronic cough report that at least 40% of adults with chronic cough have no medical explanation. Gastroesophageal reflux and upper airway cough syndrome (a.k.a. post-nasal drip) have been common diagnoses of chronic cough, but those diagnoses have no support from controlled clinical trials and have been subjected to multiple published critiques. Cough hypersensitivity is considered to be an explanation for chronic cough in adults who have no other confirmed diagnosis. Gabapentin, a neuromodulator, has been associated with a modest effect in adults, as has speech pathology. While habit cough has not generally been a diagnosis in adults, there is evidence for a behavioral component in adults with chronic cough. Treatment for a specific diagnosis provides a better outcome than trials of cough suppression in the absence of a specific diagnosis. More data are needed for chronic cough in adults to examine the hypothesized cough hypersensitivity and behavioral management. This article reviews etiologies and the treatment of chronic cough in children and the conundrum of diagnosing and treating chronic cough in adults.
Risk factors for intimate partner violence and abuse among adolescents and young adults: findings from a UK population-based cohort
Authors: Herbert Annie , Heron Jon , Barter Christine , Szilassy Eszter , Barnes Maria , Howe Laura D. , Feder Gene , Fraser Abigail 
Published: July 2020

Background: Approximately one-third of young people in the UK have suffered intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) on reaching adulthood. We need interventions to prevent IPVA in this population, but there is a lack of evidence on who is at greatest risk. Methods: We analysed questionnaire data from 3,279 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population-based birth cohort. We estimated the prevalence of IPVA victimisation and perpetration by age 21, by sex, demographic, parenting, mental health, externalising behaviour (e.g. smoking), educational, employment, and adverse childhood factors. Results: Overall, 29% of males and 41% of females reported IPVA victimisation, with 20% and 25% reporting perpetration, respectively (16% and 22% both). The most common sub-type was emotional, followed by physical, then sexual. History of self-harm, anti-social behaviour, cannabis or illicit (non-cannabis) drug use among boys and girls was associated with a two-fold increase in likelihood of IPVA (victimisation or perpetration). Males reporting risky sexual behaviour, sexual abuse (not by an intimate partner), or witnessing domestic violence, and females reporting sexual minority status in adolescence were also twice as likely to experience IPVA. Extreme parental monitoring during adolescence was associated with a reduced risk of IPVA in males and females, as was not being in education, employment, or training for young adult men. Conclusions: A range of demographic, mental health, and behavioural factors were associated with increased prevalence of IPVA victimisation or perpetration. Further study of likely complex pathways from these factors to IPVA, to inform primary prevention, is needed.
The Modal Logic LEC for Changing Knowledge, Expressed in the Growing Language
Authors: Łyczak Marcin 
Published: July 2020

We present the propositional logic LEC for the two epistemic modalities of current and stable knowledge used by an agent who system-atically enriches his language. A change in the linguistic resources of an agent as a result of certain cognitive processes is something that commonly happens. Our system is based on the logic LC intended to formalize the idea that the occurrence of changes induces the passage of time. Here, the primitive operator C read as: it changes that, defines the temporal succession of states of the world. The notion of current knowledge concerns variable components of the world and it may change over time. We represent it by the primitive operator k read as: the agent currently knows that, and assume that it has S5 properties. The second type of knowledge, symbolized by the primitive operator K read as: the agent stably knows that, relates to constant components of the world and it does not change. As a result of the axiomatic entanglement of C, K and k we show that stable knowledge satisfies axioms of S4.3. K and k modalities are not mutually definable, stable knowledge implies the current one and if the latter never changes, then it comes to be stable. The combination of K and k with the idea of an expanding language allows questioning of the so-called perfect recall principle. It cannot be maintained for both types of knowledge just because of changes in the vocabulary of the agent and possibly the growing spectrum of possible states of the world. We interpret LEC in the semantics of histories of epistemic changes and show that it is complete. Finally, we compare our logic with selected epistemic logics based on the concept of linear discrete time.
Anxiety and depression on the liver transplant waiting list: a case for psychological prehabilitation?
Authors: Tavabie Oliver , McKie Paul , Webzell Ian , Beckford Racquel , Menon Krishna , O'Grady John , Aluvihare Varuna R 
Published: July 2020

Introduction:Anxiety and depression in patients awaiting liver transplantation are associated with worse clinical outcomes. However, optimising patient mental health is not routinely addressed in pre-transplant care.Aims:To understand the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients awaiting transplantation and their access to pharmacological and psychological therapies.Methods:Patients awaiting transplantation were offered screening for anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Screening (HADS) tool. Data pertaining to patient demographics and previous treatment for anxiety and depression were recorded and analysed.Findings:Over 50% of patients recorded abnormal scores for anxiety and depression. Of the 19 patients screened, 42% had received treatment for either disorder, and most found the intervention unhelpful due to lack of follow-up appointments and limited understanding of their underlying chronic liver disease. There was a significant association between female sex and screening positive for depression.Conclusion:Anxiety and depression are prevalent in patients awaiting liver transplantation. The integration of a psychologist into the transplantation multidisciplinary team may improve patient outcomes.
Hybrid structure based on no-core and graded-index multimode fibers as saturable absorber for a self-starting mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser
Authors: Thulasi S. , Sivabalan S. 
Published: July 2020

We demonstrate an all-fiber ytterbium (Yb)-doped mode-locked oscillator using a hybrid structure based on no-core fiber graded-index multimode fiber (NCF-GIMF) as the saturable absorber (SA). The proposed SA exhibits unique characteristics such as large-power tolerance, high modulation depth of 24.7%, and low saturation intensity of

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, which help to achieve a stable mode-locking operation. The all-normal and self-starting oscillator generates stable ultrafast pulses with a repetition rate of 21.35 MHz, pulse energy/average output power of 120 pJ/2.7 mW, and a pulse duration of 2.4 ps at a central wavelength of 1034.2 nm. The output pulses are then dechirped to 300 fs using an external grating compressor and possess high stability with a radio frequency spectrum of 58 dB. These results show that the NCF-GIMF-based SA can be used as an effective photonic device for high energy wave breaking free pulse generation.
Experimental study of different pulse delays on the phenomenon of double shock waves induced by a millisecond–nanosecond combined-pulse laser
Authors: Li Jing-Yi , Zhang Wei , Guo Lei-Ping , Zhang Xiao-Yun , Yuan Bo-Shi , Guo Ming , Jin Guang-Yong 
Published: July 2020

We study the motion morphology, distance, and velocity of plasma and laser-induced shock waves induced by a millisecond–nanosecond (ms-ns) combined-pulse laser with different pulse delays on silicon. The laser shadowgraph method is used, and the phenomenon of double laser-induced shock waves has been found while the pulse delay is 1.2–1.8 ms. The controlling variable method is used to study this phenomenon, and it is found that it is mainly related to the ignition of the laser-supported absorption wave induced by the ms laser. Moreover, the plasma expansion velocity increases with the increase of pulse delay, the axial propagation distance of laser-induced shock waves increases monotonically with pulse delay, and the velocity of laser-induced shock waves decreases with the increase of pulse delay.