bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive breast cancer and breast cancer mortality after ductal carcinoma in situ in women attending for breast screening in England, 1988-2014: population based observational cohort study
Authors: Mannu Gurdeep S , Wang Zhe , Broggio John , Charman Jackie , Cheung Shan , Kearins Olive , Dodwell David , Darby Sarah C 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the long term risks of invasive breast cancer and death from breast cancer after ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) diagnosed through breast screening.DesignPopulation based observational cohort study.SettingData from the NHS Breast Screening Programme and the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service.ParticipantsAll 35 024 women in England diagnosed as having DCIS by the NHS Breast Screening Programme from its start in 1988 until March 2014.Main outcome measuresIncident invasive breast cancer and death from breast cancer.ResultsBy December 2014, 13 606 women had been followed for up to five years, 10 998 for five to nine years, 6861 for 10-14 years, 2620 for 15-19 years, and 939 for at least 20 years. Among these women, 2076 developed invasive breast cancer, corresponding to an incidence rate of 8.82 (95% confidence interval 8.45 to 9.21) per 1000 women per year and more than double that expected from national cancer incidence rates (ratio of observed rate to expected rate 2.52, 95% confidence interval 2.41 to 2.63). The increase started in the second year after diagnosis of DCIS and continued until the end of follow-up. In the same group of women, 310 died from breast cancer, corresponding to a death rate of 1.26 (1.13 to 1.41) per 1000 women per year and 70% higher than that expected from national breast cancer mortality rates (observed:expected ratio 1.70, 1.52 to 1.90). During the first five years after diagnosis of DCIS, the breast cancer death rate was similar to that expected from national mortality rates (observed:expected ratio 0.87, 0.69 to 1.10), but it then increased, with values of 1.98 (1.65 to 2.37), 2.99 (2.41 to 3.70), and 2.77 (2.01 to 3.80) in years five to nine, 10-14, and 15 or more after DCIS diagnosis. Among 29 044 women with unilateral DCIS undergoing surgery, those who had more intensive treatment (mastectomy, radiotherapy for women who had breast conserving surgery, and endocrine treatment in oestrogen receptor positive disease) and those with larger final surgical margins had lower rates of invasive breast cancer.ConclusionsTo date, women with DCIS detected by screening have, on average, experienced higher long term risks of invasive breast cancer and death from breast cancer than women in the general population during a period of at least two decades after their diagnosis. More intensive treatment and larger final surgical margins were associated with lower risks of invasive breast cancer.
Cohort profile: the LHIV-Manitoba clinical cohort of people living with HIV in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: McClarty Leigh M , Cheuk Eve , Ireland Laurie , Kendall Claire , Bibeau Christine , Loeppky Carla , Kasper Ken , Keynan Yoav , Blanchard James , Becker Marissa 
Published: May 2020

PurposeThe LHIV-Manitoba cohort was developed as a way to provide a comprehensive source of HIV-related health information in the central Canadian Prairie province of Manitoba. The cohort will provide important information as we aim to better understand local HIV epidemiology and address key knowledge and practice gaps in HIV prevention, treatment and care programming in the province.ParticipantsIn total, 890 individuals, aged 18 or older and living or receiving HIV care in Manitoba are enrolled in the cohort. A complete clinical dataset exists for 725 participants, which includes variables on sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities and co-infections, self-reported HIV exposure categories and HIV clinical indicators. A limited clinical dataset exists for an additional 165 individuals who were enrolled posthumously. 97.5% of cohort participants’ clinical records are linked to provincial administrative health datasets.Findings to dateThe average age of cohort participants is 49.7 years. Approximately three-quarters of participants are male, 42% self-identified as white and 42% as Indigenous. The majority of participants (64%) reported condomless vaginal sex as a risk exposure for HIV. Nearly one-fifth (18%) of participants have an active hepatitis C virus infection and the cohort’s median CD4 count increased from 316 cells/mm3 to 518 cells/mm3 between time of entry into care and end of the first quarter in 2019.Future plansThe LHIV-Manitoba cohort is an open cohort, and as such, participant enrolment, data collection and analyses will be continually ongoing. Future analyses will focus on the impact of provincial drug plans on clinical outcomes, determinants of mortality among cohort participants and deriving estimates for a local HIV care cascade.
Public satisfaction with the healthcare system in China during 2013–2015: a cross-sectional survey of the associated factors
Authors: Zhang Jing Hua , Peng Xinxin , Liu Chengkun , Chen Yijun , Zhang Hongmin , Iwaloye Ojo Olukayode 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveWe explore how public satisfaction with the healthcare system in China varies with social and economic factors, especially regional variations and changes during 2013–2015.DesignPopulation-based, cross-sectional survey performed between July 2013 and July 2015.SettingGeneral population of China during 2013–2015.ParticipantsA total of 15 969 participants (women=49.4%, sample-weighted average age=51.9).Primary outcome measurePublic satisfaction with the healthcare system, defined as ‘being satisfied’ if a respondent’s satisfaction score is ≥70 points.ResultsThe 2-year mean of the satisfaction score of the sample is 68.5 out of 100 points and the score in 2015 is higher than 2013 by 3.5 points. Senior respondents (OR=1.19, p<0.001), rural respondents (OR=1.23, p=0.009) and those with higher socioeconomic status are more likely to report being satisfied. Internal migrants (OR=0.75, p<0.001) and those with a higher level of education are less likely to report being satisfied. Total health expenditure as percentage of gross domestic product and density of hospital beds have a significantly positive association with satisfaction (OR=1.13, p<0.001). Meanwhile, the government’s share in total healthcare expenditures has a moderately negative association with satisfaction (OR=0.97, p<0.001). In rural areas, the density of hospital beds has a positive association with satisfaction (OR=1.26, p=0.002). The Northeast region and Shanghai (OR=0.49, p<0.001; OR=0.71, p=0.034) are less likely to report being satisfied and this remained unchanged in 2015.ConclusionThere are considerable disparities in public satisfaction with the healthcare system in China, associated with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, regional locations, urban–rural environment, and regional health resource abundance. Actions are recommended to improve satisfaction with the public healthcare system, especially in the Northeast region of China.
Tracing frequent users of regional care services using emergency medical services data: a networked approach
Authors: Maruster Laura , van der Zee Durk-Jouke , Hatenboer Jaap , Buskens Erik 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesThis study shows how a networked approach relying on ‘real-world’ emergency medical services (EMS) records might contribute to tracing frequent users of care services on a regional scale. Their tracing is considered of importance for policy-makers and clinicians, since they represent a considerable workload and use of scarce resources. While existing approaches for data collection on frequent users tend to limit scope to individual or associated care providers, the proposed approach exploits the role of EMS as the network’s ‘ferryman’ overseeing and recording patient calls made to an entire network of care providers.DesignA retrospective study was performed analysing 2012–2017 EMS calls in the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands. Using EMS data, benefits of the networked approach versus existing approaches are assessed by quantifying the number of frequent users and their associated calls for various categories of care providers. Main categories considered are hospitals, nursing homes and EMS.SettingEMS in the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands, serving a population of 491 867.ParticipantsAnalyses are based on secondary patient data from EMS records, entailing 212 967 transports and 126 758 patients, over 6 years (2012–2017).ResultsUse of the networked approach for analysing calls made to hospitals in Drenthe resulted in a 20% average increase of frequent users traced. Extending the analysis by including hospitals outside Drenthe increased ascertainment by 28%. Extending to all categories of care providers, inside Drenthe, and subsequently, irrespective of their location, resulted in an average increase of 132% and 152% of frequent users identified, respectively.ConclusionsMany frequent users of care services are network users relying on multiple regional care providers, possibly representing inefficient use of scarce resources. Network users are effectively and efficiently traced by using EMS records offering high coverage of calls made to regional care providers.
The RECARDINA Study protocol: diagnostic utility of ultra-abbreviated echocardiographic protocol for handheld machines used by non-experts to detect rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Francis Joshua Reginald , Fairhurst Helen , Whalley Gillian , Kaethner Alex , Ralph Anna , Yan Jennifer , Cush James , Wade Vicki , Monteiro Andre , Remenyi Bo 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionRheumatic heart disease (RHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality in young people from disadvantaged populations. Early detection through echocardiography screening can facilitate early access to treatment. Large-scale implementation of screening could be feasible with the combination of inexpensive standalone ultrasound transducers and upskilling non-expert practitioners to perform abbreviated echocardiography.Methods and analysisA prospective cross-sectional study will evaluate an abbreviated echocardiography screening protocol for the detection of latent (asymptomatic) RHD in high-risk populations. The study will evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of health worker conducted single parasternal long axis view with a sweep using handheld devices (SPLASH) (Philips Lumify S4-1 phased array transducer). Each participant will have at least one reference test performed on the same day by an expert echocardiographer. Diagnosis of RHD will be determined by a panel of three experts, using 2012 World Heart Federation criteria. Sensitivity and specificity of the index test will be calculated with 95% CIs, to determine diagnostic accuracy of a screen-and-refer approach to echocardiography screening for RHD. Remote review of SPLASH images obtained by health workers will facilitate evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of an alternative approach, using external review of health worker obtained SPLASH images to decide onward referral.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Northern Territory Department of Health and Menzies School of Health Research, for the project to be carried out in Timor-Leste (HREC 2019-3399), and in Australia, following review by the Aboriginal Ethics subcommittee (HREC 2019-334). Ethical and technical approval was granted in Timor-Leste, by the Institute National of Health Research Ethics and Technical Committee (1073-MS-INS/GDE/VII/2019). Study results will be disseminated in the communities involved in the study, and through peer-reviewed publications and conference abstracts.Trial registration numberThe Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620000122954).
Reduced sensitivity forEGFRT790M mutations using the Idylla EGFR Mutation Test
Authors: Lee Eric , Jones Victoria , Topkas Eleni , Harraway James 
Published: May 2020

AimsOsimertinib is a third-generationEGFR(epidermal growth factor receptor) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is effective in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbouring theEGFRT790M mutation. The Idylla EGFR Mutation Test is a rapid cartridge-based method for detecting T790M and otherEGFRmutations. However, false negative T790M results have been reported, and the sensitivity of the assay for this mutation is uncertain.MethodsEighty NSCLC samples were tested by both Idylla and a next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay; 46 were from patients at disease progression, and 24 of these had known T790M mutations. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to confirm NGS findings in samples with the T790M mutation.ResultsOf 19 samples with T790M variant allele frequencies (VAF) higher than the stated 5% limit of detection, 14 were detected by Idylla (sensitivity 74%, 95% CI 49% to 90%). Where sufficient sample remained, ddPCR was consistent with NGS findings in all samples. False negative T790M results were associated with higherEGFRcontrol Cq values (median 22.8 vs 19.8), presence of theEGFRQ787Q polymorphism in cis (80% vs 44%) and presence of an invalid T790M amplification curve. AnEGFRexon 19 indel with VAF >5% was also not detected by the Idylla assay in two samples.ConclusionsThe Idylla EGFR Mutation Test has reduced sensitivity for the T790M mutation compared with NGS and ddPCR methods. The presence of an invalid T790M amplification curve may indicate a possible false negative result that warrants further testing by an orthogonal method.
Sphingolipid, fatty acid and phospholipid metabolites are associated with disease severity and mTOR inhibition in lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Authors: Bottolo Leonardo , Miller Suzanne , Johnson Simon R 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundLymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare multisystem disease almost exclusively affecting women which causes loss of lung function, lymphatic abnormalities and angiomyolipomas. LAM occurs sporadically and in people with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Loss ofTSCgene function leads to dysregulated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. As mTOR is a regulator of lipid and nucleotide synthesis, we hypothesised that the serum metabolome would be altered in LAM and related to disease severity and activity.MethodsUltrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy was used to examine the serum metabolome of 79 closely phenotyped women with LAM, including 29 receiving treatment with an mTOR inhibitor and 43 healthy control women.ResultsSphingolipid, fatty acid and phospholipid metabolites were associated with FEV1in women with LAM (eg, behenoyl sphingomyelin adjusted (adj.) p=8.10 × 10-3). Those with higher disease-burden scores had abnormalities in fatty acid, phospholipid and lysolipids. Rate of loss of FEV1was associated with differences in acyl-carnitine, acyl-glycines, acyl-glutamine, fatty acids, endocanbinoids and sphingolipids (eg, myristoleoylcarnitine adj. p=0.07). In TSC-LAM, rapamycin affected modules of interrelated metabolites which comprised linoleic acid, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, cysteine, methionine, arginine and proline metabolism. Metabolomic pathway analysis within modules reiterated the importance of glycerophospholipid metabolites (adj. p=0.047).ConclusionsWomen with LAM have altered lipid metabolism. The associations between these metabolites, multiple markers of disease activity and their potential biological roles in cell survival and signalling, suggest that lipid species may be both disease-relevant biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for LAM.
Particle depletion of diesel exhaust restores allergen-induced lung-protective surfactant protein D in human lungs
Authors: Ryu Min Hyung , Lau Kevin Soon-Keen , Wooding Denise Jill , Fan Shuyu , Sin Don D , Carlsten Christopher 
Published: May 2020

RationaleExposure to air pollution is linked with increased asthma morbidity and mortality. To understand pathological processes linking air pollution and allergen exposures to asthma pathophysiology, we investigated the effect of coexposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and aeroallergen on immune regulatory proteins in human airways.MethodsFourteen allergen-sensitised participants completed this randomised, double-blinded, cross-over, controlled exposure study. Each participant underwent four exposures (allergen-alone exposure, DE and allergen coexposure, particle-depleted DE (PDDE) and allergen coexposure, and sham exposure) on different order-randomised dates, each separated by a 4-week washout. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were assayed for pattern recognition molecules, cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory mediators.ResultsIn human airways, allergen-alone exposure led to accumulation of surfactant protein D (SPD; p=0.02). Coexposure to allergen and DE did not elicit the same increase of SPD as did allergen alone; diesel particulate reduction restored allergen-induced SPD accumulation. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products was higher with particle reduction than without it. In the systemic circulation, there was a transient increase in SPD and club cell protein 16 (CC16) 4 hours after allergen alone. CC16 was augmented by PDDE, but not DE. % eosinophils in BAL (p<0.005), eotaxin-3 (p<0.0001), interleukin 5 (IL-5; p<0.0001) and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (p=0.0001) were each increased in BAL by allergen. IL-5, SPD and % eosinophils in BAL were correlated with decreased FEV1.ConclusionShort-term coexposure to aeroallergen and DE alters immune regulatory proteins in lungs; surfactant levels are dependent on particle depletion.Trial registration numberNCT02017431.
Ultrasound‐guided epidural nerve block in a domestic dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) undergoing ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Medina Serra Roger , Dominguez Sheyla , Vilalta Laura , Palacios Carolina 
Published: May 2020

A healthy 2‐year‐old entire female domestic dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was referred for ovariohysterectomy. The premedication included subcutaneous 3 mg/kg ketamine, 1 mg/kg midazolam and 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine. A CT scan was performed under sedation to assess the lumbosacral region. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (total dose of 10 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane in a mixture of oxygen and medical air administered through a supraglottic airway device. Under anaesthesia and prior to the ovariohysterectomy, an ultrasound‐guided epidural was performed administering 0.1 mg/kg preservative free morphine and 0.35 per cent (2.4 mg/kg) bupivacaine as part of the multimodal analgesic approach. Haemodynamic stability with no signs of hypotension, bradycardia or hypoventilation were observed under anaesthesia. Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) were administered during the postoperative period. A smooth and uneventful anaesthesia, recovery and hospitalisation period were achieved. Ultrasound‐guided epidural administration of drugs could be applied in similar cases.
Molecular-frame (e, 2e) ionization dynamics of H2 at high impact-energy
Authors: Wang Enliang , Ali Esam , Li Xingyu , Ren Xueguang , Chen Xiangjun , Madison Don , Dorn Alexander 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study on the electron-impact ionization dynamics of H2 at an impact-energy of 520 eV. The molecular-frame fivefold-differential cross sections were measured for electron emission in the plane perpendicular to the incoming projectile beam. An (e, 2e + ion) triple coincidence method was used covering projectile scattering angles of 6.5°, 10.0° and 20.0° and ejected energies of 20 eV and 30 eV. The experimental cross sections are compared with results from the multi-center distorted-wave (MCDW) as well as the molecular three-body distorted wave (M3DW) approaches. M3DW is in overall better agreement with the measured data in the binary lobes than MCDW, while the intensity of recoil lobes are underestimated by both theories. Furthermore, we examine the presence of two-center interference patterns by comparing the experimental cross section ratios between mutually perpendicular alignment angles of the molecular axis with that predicated by the interference model. Agreement with the interference model is found only for Bethe ridge kinematics, i.e. in the binary peak region and with the ejected electron momentum being roughly equal to the momentum transfer. Finally, we suggest a modified interference formula for the recoil peak which takes into account the backscattering of the ejected electron in the ionic potential.

Graphical abstract
Charles Galton Darwin’s 1922 quantum theory of optical dispersion
Authors: Johnson Benjamin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The quantum theory of dispersion was an important conceptual advancement which led out of the crisis of the old quantum theory in the early 1920s and aided in the formulation of matrix mechanics in 1925. The theory of Charles Galton Darwin, often cited only for its reliance on the statistical conservation of energy, was a wave-based attempt to explain dispersion phenomena at a time between the theories of Ladenburg and Kramers. It contributed to future successes in quantum theory, such as the virtual oscillator, while revealing through its own shortcomings the limitations of the wave theory of light in the interaction of light and matter. After its publication, Darwin’s theory was widely discussed amongst his colleagues as the competing interpretation to Compton’s in X-ray scattering experiments. It also had a pronounced influence on John C. Slater, whose ideas formed the basis of the BKS theory.
The Sureste Basin of Mexico: its framework, future oil exploration opportunities and key challenges ahead
Authors: Shann Mark V. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Sureste Basin of Mexico is a story of split exploration maturity, with more than 139 discoveries in the onshore and shallow-water area of the Sureste in a series of stacked prolific plays, but less than 12 exploration wildcat wells on the Campeche slope, in water depths greater than 500 m. Over 50% of the basin area lies in this under-explored deep-water Campeche slope, with future oil potential shown by the presence of wide seabed oil seepage indicating a regionally mature world-class source rock to be present. With the 2014 opening of Mexico's oil industry, basin-wide 3D seismic imaging of this under-explored deep-water extension to the Sureste Basin is now in the hands of international oil companies that hold substantial exploration well commitments over the next few years. This paper discusses the hydrocarbon play potential of both the classic Tertiary slope clastic reservoir systems as well as the significant Mesozoic carbonate reservoir potential for which there are fewer analogues outside of Mexico.
Subsurface challenges originating from dry hole analysis relate to charge timing and deep charge focus, subsalt deep structural imaging, deep reservoir quality issues and uncertainty in column height prediction, given the high-relief nature of many undrilled salt related structures.