bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Spirit of the Constitution
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
McCulloch v. Maryland is widely regarded as the greatest constitutional decision ever issued by the United States Supreme Court. Written in 1819 by Chief Justice John Marshall, the ruling upheld Congress’s constitutional power to create the Second Bank of the United States, recognizing the “implied powers” of Congress and the supremacy of federal over state laws. Modern constitutional scholars believe that McCulloch established the constitutional foundation for the historic expansion of federal authority in the wake of the New Deal. But The Spirit of the Constitution argues that the nationalizing potential of McCulloch has not been fully realized. Rather than establishing broad federal legislative power, McCulloch was virtually ignored for its first fifty years. Even Marshall shrank from the full nationalist reach of his own decision. When the late-nineteenth-century Supreme Court finally recognized McCulloch as a “great case,” the Court cited it more frequently when exercising judicial review to limit the powers of Congress rather than to expand them, striking down federal laws in the name of states’ rights and reserved state powers under the Tenth Amendment. Only briefly in the mid-twentieth century did the Court nearly embrace the full extent of McCulloch’s vision of implied powers, as it upheld broad federal laws regulating the economy and promoting racial equality. McCulloch’s 200-year odyssey, from 1819 to the present day, helps us understand how the “spirit” of the Constitution, and its structure of federalism, have been reinterpreted again and again throughout the eras of U.S. constitutional history.
“The Question Perpetually Arising”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In antebellum America, the dispute over national versus state governmental powers—“federalism” questions—defined the major political line of division. While paying lip service to the axiom that the Constitution creates a national government of limited enumerated powers, nationalists like Alexander Hamilton and Henry Clay argued for liberal construction and implied federal powers, including implied commerce powers, to encompass national economic development and “internal improvements” (infrastructure) projects. Jeffersonian Republicans argued that these policy initiatives were unconstitutional, according to their strict construction of federal powers. They were concerned in part that federal powers would be deemed exclusive and preempt many state laws. Above all, they were concerned that broad interpretations of constitutional powers would disrupt state control over slavery. Chief Justice Marshall was undoubtedly aware of all this as he pondered his decision in McCulloch v. Maryland.
“The Baneful Influence of this Narrow Construction”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
McCulloch v. Maryland and its principles came under attack during the Jacksonian era, and the Supreme Court under John Marshall’s successor, Roger Taney, ignored McCulloch into oblivion and reversed its thrust. The Taney Court prioritized states’ rights over federal power, to protect the constitutional position of slavery. McCulloch and Gibbons v. Ogden had refrained from committing the Court to implied commerce powers, and Gibbons also invited the Taney Court to ignore McCulloch. To the Jacksonian justices of the Taney Court, preservation of slave-state sovereignty—not the power of Congress to act for the benefit of the whole people—was the bedrock principle of the Constitution. Reserved state powers under the Tenth Amendment were sufficient to block implied federal powers. Moreover, states could regulate matters expressly delegated to the United States when conducive to exercising their reserved powers.
The Radical's Journey
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Radical’s Journey draws from interviews with former right-wing extremists in Germany to present a compelling account of life as a political extremist. Insights are provided into four distinct phases of an extremist’s lifecycle: joining a radical organization, involvement in and engagement with a violent movement, leaving extremism behind, and coping with the repercussions of once being an extremist and deviant in society. Analyses are derived from an empirically supported framework that emphasizes the importance of psychological needs, exposure to ideological narratives, and embeddedness within a social network as critical to involvement in extreme violence. Instead of focusing on the details of life within an extreme movement, space is devoted to understanding the social psychological processes and factors that help the reader understand, for instance, why one would choose an extremist lifestyle or why one would remain committed to a violent organization. Throughout, insight is provided into which aspects of this journey are unique to the German context and which aspects appear to be universal, no matter one’s country of origin or ideological subscriptions. Space is also devoted to understanding the German right-wing space, both in terms of the evolution of extremism and the evolution of the counter-extremism industry that has developed to address this expanding threat. The issues covered within should resonate with practitioners and scholars working within counter-extremism fields.
Right-Wing Extremism in Germany
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides an overview of German right-wing extremism. A history of German right-wing extremism is first discussed, tracing the formation of right-wing political parties and militant groups in this country in the post–World War II period. Critical periods and events are highlighted, including, among others, the reunification of East and West Germany and the current “refugee crisis.” The chapter describes important groups and organizations that operate or have operated within the right-wing milieu over the last decades. These groups include political parties, subcultural groups, and organizations that have committed terrorist attacks. These latter groups are discussed in terms of their formation, terrorist actions, and consequences.
Deradicalization in Germany
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The purpose of Chapter 3 is to elucidate the deradicalization and counter-extremism approaches that have been used in Germany. Relative to other countries, Germany has had a sustained history of involvement in efforts to rehabilitate extremists (right wing and other) that could serve as models for similar efforts worldwide. These tactics are often referred to as countering violent extremism (CVE). The chapter is divided into sections discussing the history of CVE in Germany, constraints and difficulties encountered by the German CVE enterprise, assessment of the success of CVE efforts in Germany, and anticipated developments within the field.
Inside the Extreme Right
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 turns to the interviewees’ phase of membership within the movement. For the majority of the interviewees, membership satisfied their quest for significance, purpose and acceptance. Nonetheless, life on the fringes of society was not all pleasant. Analyses revealed a significant increase over time in hardships experienced by our research participants, specifically, hardships related to the experience of discrimination and physical harm. The chapter explores these experiences in some detail and examines their impact on members’ commitment to the extreme movement. Finally, we examined participation in violence, and whether belief in various ideological ploys of the right-wing narrative (i.e., those that justify violence on moral grounds or denigrate the opposition) augmented individuals’ tendency to participate in violence.
Hardships of Extremism
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 reports on circumstances and reasons that our interviewees disengaged from the right-wing movement. The chapter begins by combining our 3N approach with a commonly cited “push–pull” framework to understand the mechanisms through which disengagement may typically occur. Analyses revealed that it was unlikely for a singular event to cause disengagement; rather, circumstances pertinent to several radicalization factors (the three Ns) were likely to be present. Diverging from other accounts of disengagement, the most frequently cited reason for leaving pertained to disillusionment with the ideological narrative advanced within the right wing. Throughout, the authors highlight the commonalities of their findings with those of past research, revealing the universal process of radicalization and deradicalization that underlies seemingly disparate special cases. The chapter also discusses the components of disengagement from extremism that appear to be unique to the German context.
Right to Mourn
Authors: Choi Suhi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Right to Mourn illustrates how suppressed trauma is manifested at the transient interactions among bodies, objects, and rituals in the sites of Korean War memorials. In a highly politicized memory space, many bereaved families of the Korean War have long been deprived of their rights to mourn the loss of their loved ones. These suppressed mourners comprise mainly survivors and victims’ families of the atrocities committed by the US-allied South Korean forces before and during the Korean War. The book explores dialectic roles that memorial sites can play in communicating suppressed trauma: Can a memorial facilitate empathic mourning in which trauma possibly could be transmitted—as incomprehensible, incommunicable, and inaccessible as it is? To further explore such a query, the book critically introduces the specific sites of Korean War memorials in South Korea that were recently built to commemorate the atrocities of the US-allied South Korean forces: the Jeju April 3 Peace Park, the Memorial for the Gurye Victims of Yŏsun Killings, and the No Gun Ri Peace Park. Unpacking these nascent sites of the Korean War, the book provokes readers to look at the nearly seven-decade-old war in the most updated context of the acts of mourning.
Proscription of Mourning
Authors: Choi Suhi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The proscription of mourning is the most pertinent characteristic of the Korean War memories. It has been caused by battlefield realities of the war (many unaccounted deaths of civilians), an ideologically charged memory process, fear-riddled bodies under censorship, and the convention of testimonial practices that mimics perpetrators’ epistemology. Although South Korea has recently opened up many memorial sites for suppressed mourners, the proscription of mourning nonetheless has been persistent and thus has continued to create an impasse of remembering. As a breakthrough of such an impasse, this chapter calls for emphatic mourning that reenacts survivors’ reflexive acts of witnessing their incommunicable trauma. Likewise, a memorial is reframed as a potential theater of empathic mourning that carries out an intangible process of the symbolic world through unorthodox signifiers such as bodies, nonverbal gestures, oralities, and even evanescent occurrences.
Reluctant Cold Warriors
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The academic study of the Soviet economy in the US was created to help fight the Cold War, part of a broader mobilization of the social sciences for national security needs. The Soviet strategic challenge rested on the ability of its economy to produce large numbers of sophisticated weapons. The military sector was the dominant part of the economy, and the most successful one. However, a comprehensive survey of scholarship on the Soviet economy from 1948-1991 shows that it paid little attention to the military sector, compared to other less important parts of the economy. Soviet secrecy does not explain this pattern of neglect. Western scholars developed strained civilian interpretations for several aspects of the economy which the Soviets themselves acknowledged to have military significance. A close reading of the economic literature, combined with insights from other disciplines, suggest three complementary explanations for civilianization of the Soviet economy. Soviet studies was a peripheral field in economics, and its practitioners sought recognition by pursuing the agenda of the mainstream discipline, however ill-fitting their subject. The Soviet economy was supposed to be about socialism, and the military sector appeared to be unrelated to that. By stressing the militarization, one risked being viewed as a Cold War monger. The conflict identified in this book between the incentives of academia and the demands of policy makers (to say nothing of accurate analysis) has broad relevance for national security uses of social science.
The Secrecy Hypothesis
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Secrecy is commonly cited in the literature to explain gaps in the understanding of the Soviet economy during its lifetime. Yet secrecy surrounding the military sector was a mixed affair. Western governments used their intelligence means to pry some of the secrets, and make public parts of what they found out. The Soviets themselves revealed significant information about the part of their economy that they generally tried to hide. Emigres, defectors, underground writers, and returning foreigners supplemented these two streams of information. Sovietologists did not point to secrecy as a barrier to studying the military sector, and expressed no surprise at or appreciation for colleagues who managed to do such work. There was enough information to support such work, but it was done mostly by the political scientists, think tank employees, and British scholars. Sovietology neglected the military sector by choice, not out of necessity.
The Good Wife
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
CIL 6.41062, popularly known as the Laudatio Turiae, records the story of a woman faced with the murder of her father and an attempt to defraud his will. The inscription attests the lawlessness and turmoil that existed in Rome during the civil wars, and efforts to reconstruct Roman society in the aftermath of the younger Caesar’s victory. Since 1863 it has been used to investigate problems of Roman inheritance law and the Augustan marriage legislation. Analysis has focused on what the inscription reveals about compliance and resistance in the triumviral and Augustan ages. This chapter contemplates two legal problems surrounding the identity of the heirs in the laudatio, and illuminates the republican traditions from which Augustus’ laws on marriage, and the rhetoric resisting those laws, developed.
Saecular Discourse
Authors: Hay Paul 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Even during Augustus’ own lifetime, it was possible to speak of an “Age of Augustus.” This concept emerged from an earlier tradition of qualitative periodization, the applications of which already extended beyond political promotion. Beginning during Sulla’s ascendancy, and continuing throughout the first century bce, Roman intellectuals divided time into discrete units marked by characteristic qualities, a form of periodization that inherently narrativized history. The potential of this “saecular discourse” for sophisticated thought and description contributed to its growing importance throughout the century, linking disparate intellectual fields during this period of Roman cultural “revolution.” This chapter examines how the concept of the “Augustan saeculum” and the rhetoric of an Augustus-led return to the aurea saecula appeared alongside unrelated saecular discourse on medicine and literature, thus competing with (rather than dominating) these alternative saecular histories.
Maecenas and the Augustan Poets
Authors: Doze Philippe Le 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Attending to the historical and cultural background behind the desire to promote Latin literature allows us to interpret the partnership between Maecenas and the so-called Augustan poets without recourse to traditional notions of poets as instruments. This chapter argues that the poets’ activities, at once cultural and civic, were influenced by a philosophy of history of which Polybius, Cicero, and (in the Augustan age) Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus were exponents. The poets were also encouraged by a new idea, largely initiated by Cicero and supported by Athenodorus in the entourage of Augustus, that one could benefit one’s homeland not only through politics but also through writing. Maximum effectiveness, however, required the authority to be heard at the highest level of the state. In this context, Maecenas’ patronage was a weighty asset. His proximity to the princeps and his auctoritas allowed the poets a real freedom of speech.
The Ambivalent State
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Over the past few decades, debates about policing in poor urban areas have shifted from analyzing the state’s neglect and abandonment to documenting its harsh interventions and punishing presence. Most of this research has focused on the overt actions and inactions of the state. Yet we know very little about the covert world of state action that is hidden from public view. The Ambivalent State offers an unprecedented look into the clandestine relationships between police officers and drug dealers in Argentina. Drawing on a unique combination of ethnographic research and documentary evidence, including hundreds of pages of wiretapped phone conversations, sociologists Javier Auyero and Katherine Sobering analyze the inner workings of “police-criminal collusion” and its connections to drug markets and the depacification of daily life. Through rich descriptions of the actual clandestine interactions between drug dealers and police, they argue that an up-close examination of covert state action exposes the workings of an “ambivalent state”: one that enforces the rule of law while at the same time and in the same place functions as a partner to what it defines as criminal behavior. The Ambivalent State develops a political sociology of violence that focuses on not only what takes place in police stations, criminal courts, and poor neighborhoods, but also the clandestine actions and interactions of police agents, judges, and politicians that structure daily life at the urban margins. By way of empirical demonstration, the book makes an urgent call for scholars to incorporate clandestine action into understandings of the state.
The Adolescent
Authors: Sweet Bridget 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chapter considers adolescent development holistically, with voice change as one aspect of adolescence. Scrutiny, both self-imposed and societal, surrounds adolescents. Physical growth affects coordination and confidence, as students experience rapid and sporadic growth of all their body parts. Hormones play an essential part in adolescent development into adulthood, but they can create complications for students that are unknown to others. The adolescent brain rewires itself significantly in preparation for adulthood; all experiences are internalized in the brain and affect rewiring. Hearing development is not related only to mechanisms in the ear but is largely connected to the brain. Adolescence is also a time of experiencing new, complex emotions, and interpretation and embodiment of these emotions can be an intricate process.
Strength from Within
Authors: Sweet Bridget 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chapter describes how young singers, female and male, can be helped as they traverse times of great vocal challenge. If psychological and emotional needs are not met, it is likely that adolescents will not endure vocal difficulties and will stop singing. Until coordination of the vocal mechanism returns, students must be provided with something to keep them going, to keep them from quitting singing. This chapter focuses on ideas of resolve that are essential to the navigation of voice change; perseverance is explored under the designations of grit, vulnerability, and relentlessness. An additional section considers perseverance in practice and provides strategies for music students and educators to utilize during voice change challenges and beyond.
Adult Contemporary Bossa Nova
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter details the transition of the bossa nova from ubiquitous fad to music for an older demographic to explain how the music became associated with seduction and the easy listening format. It features an analysis on the use of bossa nova in three films that feature international espionage and travel, with a focus on the pairing of bossa nova with moments of seduction and the postwar crisis in masculinity. It also traces the legacy of Astrud Gilberto’s career in the United States following the breakout success of her appearance on the recording of “The Girl from Ipanema” with Stan Getz and João Gilberto, and her influence on the extended legacy of bossa nova after its peak in popularity.
Constructing a New Music Industry
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In place of a large-scale fad, boom, or trend, the Brazilian artists who have found Anglophone publics in the 2010s have done so through a more dispersed approach than the watershed moments that characterized Brazil’s breakthroughs of the past. Brazilian artists utilize new strategies of co-branding and marketing to break through to Anglophone publics, due in part to an explosion of musical diversity over the last few decades. As a result of new mediation and distribution paths, Brazilian artists have upended old expectations for how to find success abroad, resulting in the looser iteration of the country’s musical brand. Yet old stereotypes of what counts as Brazilian music have adapted to a new music marketplace, emphasizing Brazil’s links to a new iteration of Afro-diasporic music.
Infusing Islam in Connected Societies
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter uncovers the connectedness of Malay societies that made it conducive for Muslim traders and travelers who crossed the Indian Ocean to live alongside non-Muslim Malays, thereby introducing Islam in an incidental fashion. These traders and travelers were, later on, joined by rulers, Sufi missionaries, and Islamic scholars hailing from the Arab world, South Asia, China, and Southeast Asia who gained new converts through direct preaching. Even though many Malays embraced Islam during this phase, their conversion did not radically change the outlook and governance of Malay states. Hindu-Buddhist-animist frames of reference were generally maintained by the masses as the common people slowly internalized the tenets of Islam. Islamic and pre-Islamic codes of law and ethics were fused together by Malay elites in the management of their societies so as to not disrupt the age-old cultures that the common people held on to.