bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the utility of pre-operative airway assessment for intubation management in difficult airway patients
Authors: Narula S , Mann D S , Sadana N , Vasan N R 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess intubation management in difficult airway patients by performing a multidisciplinary pre-operative examination of the airway using a flexible fibre-optic laryngoscope.MethodsPatients with a known but stable difficult airway were evaluated prior to surgery in the pre-operative holding suite by both an ENT surgeon and an anaesthesiologist via a fibre-optic laryngeal examination.ResultsPerforming a pre-operative fibre-optic examination of the difficult airway led to a change in intubation strategy in 6 out of 12 cases. Intubation ‘first-pass’ success occurred in 9 out of 12 (75 per cent) of our patients.ConclusionBy performing a multidisciplinary airway examination immediately prior to surgery, a safe plan to intubate on the initial attempt was developed. This resulted in improved first-pass success at intubation compared to historical data.
Building a Catholic church in 1950s Ireland: architecture, rhetoric and
landscape in Dromore, Co. Cork, 1952–6
Authors: Butler Richard J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article explores the intellectual culture of Catholic architectural
production in 1950s Ireland through the study of a church-building project
in rural West Cork. It analyses the phenomenon of the Irish ‘church-building
priest’ in terms of their socio-economic background, fundraising abilities,
and position within rural communities – in the context of significant rural
emigration and economic stagnation. It also considers the role that the
Irish countryside played in conditioning clerical understandings of
architectural style and taste, and priests’ political readings of the rural
landscape. Furthermore, it explores the phenomenon of Marianism in church
design and ornamentation around the time of the international ‘Marian Year’
of 1954, and the political meanings of the rhetoric employed by clerics at
church consecration ceremonies. The article concludes with reflections on
social and economic aspects of Irish rural life and religious expression in
a decade primarily understood as one of cultural insularity and conservative
Catholicism.
Controlling contagion? Watercress, regulation and the Hackney typhoid
outbreak of 1903
Authors: Ford Rebecca 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The part played by the public health movement in controlling epidemics
in urban areas has received considerable attention from historians, as has
the regulation of the milk and meat industries that commenced in the late
nineteenth century. However, comparatively little work has been carried out
on health in a rural context – and the role played by the horticultural
sector in the spread of contagious diseases has barely been covered. Yet, as
this article shows, it was a sector that had the potential to produce potent
contaminants. By examining histories of the production of one horticultural
crop, watercress, it reveals how issues around the provision of a clean
urban water supply and idealised imaginings of the countryside as a pure
space, played a part in exacerbating the extent of outbreaks of typhoid in
the industrial city. It also shows that there was governmental reluctance to
regulate an industry that grew a staple product, even when growers
themselves were keen for guidance.
After-school nutrition education programme improves eating behaviour in economically disadvantaged adolescents
Authors: Shen Pei-Yi , Lo Yuan-Ting C , Chilinda Zizwani Brian , Huang Yi-Chen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To investigate whether an after-school nutrition education (ASNE) programme can improve the nutrition knowledge and healthy eating behaviour of adolescents from economically disadvantaged families.Design:One-group pretest and posttest design. Nutrition knowledge and dietary intake were collected using a questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were measured before and after the intervention. Nine components of healthy eating behaviour were assessed with reference to the Dietary Guideline of Taiwan. Pretest and posttest differences were analysed using generalised estimating equations.Setting:Three after-school programmes in central and southern Taiwan. The ASNE programme comprised three monthly 1-h sessions (20–30-min lecture and 30–40-min interaction).Participants:A total of 153 adolescents aged 10–15 years from economically disadvantaged families (seventy-eight elementary students and seventy-five junior high school students).Results:Elementary and junior high school students’ nutrition knowledge scores (range 0–6) increased by 0·28 (+ 5·7 %, P = 0·02) and 0·30 points (+ 6·18 %, P = 0·02), respectively, but their fruit intake decreased by 0·36 serving/d (–22·9 %, P = 0·02) and 0·29 serving/d (–18·9 %, P = 0·03), respectively. Junior high school students’ mean snacking frequency and fried food intake dropped to 0·75 d/week (–21·3 %, P = 0·008) and 0·10 serving/d (–28·8 %, P = 0·01), respectively.Conclusions:Short-term ASNE programmes can increase nutrition knowledge and reduce snacking frequency and fried food intake despite a decrease in fruit intake among adolescents from economically disadvantaged families.
Molecular characterization of QTL-allele system for drought tolerance at seedling stage and optimal genotype design using multi-locus multi-allele genome-wide association analysis in a half-sib population of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: Khan Mueen Alam , Tong Fei , Wang Wubin , He Jianbo , Zhao Tuanjie , Gai Junyi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCharacterizing the whole genetic architecture of drought tolerance (DT) is a persistent challenge for the breeders. Here we developed a half-sib population comprising of 404 lines of two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations with M8206 as the joint parent (M8206 × TongShan and ZhengYang × M8206) and tested for its DT under sand culture. The population was sequenced using restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing filtered with minor allele frequency ≥0.01; 55,936 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained and assembled into 6137 SNPLDBs (SNP linkage disequilibrium blocks). The restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide association analysis characterized with error and false-positive control identified 40 QTLs with 93 alleles on an average of 34.75% of the phenotypic variance (PV) collectively for relative root length (RRL) and relative shoot length (RSL) that served as potential DT indicators. Among these, eight loci corresponded to previously reported QTLs, whereas 32 loci were therefore novel. The identified QTLs with their corresponding alleles for RRL and RSL were organized into QTL-allele matrices, depicting the comprehensive DT genetic architecture of the three parents/half-sib population. From the matrices, we predicted the possible best/optimal genotype with weighted average value (WAV) 1.553 over two indicators, while for the top 10 single crosses among RILs with 95th percentile WAV was 1.218–1.257, transgressive over the parents (0.693–0.794) yet much less than 1.553. From the detected QTL-allele system, 65 potential candidate genes collectively for both indicators explaining on an average of 24.41% PV were annotated and χ2-tested as a DT candidate gene system involving nine biological processes.
Invented Religion, the Awakened Polis, and Sacred Disestablishment: The Case of Slovenia's “Zombie Church”
Authors: Wadsworth Nancy D. , Črnič Aleš 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Trans-Universal Zombie Church of the Blissful Ringing is a religion that emerged in the context of a period of political uprising in Slovenia in 2012–13 and later consolidated into a church that now claims 12,000 members. We use the lens of invented religion and interviews conducted with observers and participants in 2017 to demonstrate ways in which the Zombie Church has been an unusually effective actor in contemporary Slovenian political discourse and, indeed, has broken ground by spotlighting challenges in the young republic's negotiation of the legal and cultural relationships between church, state, and civil society. Part 1 explores the context that led to the mobilization of Zombie as a multivalent symbol for political critique. Part 2 looks at the church's tenets, its success in compelling changes in Slovenia's registration process, and the challenge is its advocates raise to Slovenian church-state structures and practices.
Twenty years on: International humanitarian law and the protection of civilians against the effects of cyber operations during armed conflicts
Authors: Gisel Laurent , Rodenhäuser Tilman , Dörmann Knut 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe use of cyber operations during armed conflicts and the question of how international humanitarian law (IHL) applies to such operations have developed significantly over the past two decades. In their different roles in the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the authors of this article have followed these developments closely and have engaged in governmental and non-governmental expert discussions on the subject. In this article, we analyze pertinent humanitarian, legal and policy questions. We first show that the use of cyber operations during armed conflict has become a reality of armed conflicts and is likely to be more prominent in the future. This development raises a number of concerns in today's increasingly cyber-reliant societies, in which malicious cyber operations risk causing significant disruption and harm to humans. Secondly, we present a brief overview of multilateral discussions on the legal and normative framework regulating cyber operations during armed conflicts, looking in particular at various arguments around the applicability of IHL to cyber operations during armed conflict and the relationship between IHL and the UN Charter. We emphasize that in our view, there is no question that cyber operations during armed conflicts, or cyber warfare, are regulated by IHL – just as is any weapon, means or methods of warfare used by a belligerent in a conflict, whether new or old. Thirdly, we focus the main part of this article on how IHL applies to cyber operations. Analyzing the most recent legal positions of States and experts, we revisit some of the most salient debates of the past decade, such as which cyber operations amount to an “attack” as defined in IHL and whether civilian data enjoys similar protection to “civilian objects”. We also explore the IHL rules applicable to cyber operations other than attacks and the special protection regimes for certain actors and infrastructure, such as medical facilities and humanitarian organizations.
Anthropogenic Decline of African Dust: Insights From the Holocene Records and Beyond
Authors: Yuan Tianle , Yu Hongbin , Chin Mian , Remer Lorraine A. , McGee David , Evan Amato 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAfrican dust exhibits strong variability on a range of time scales. Here we show that the interhemispheric contrast in Atlantic SST (ICAS) drives African dust variability at decadal to millennial timescales, and the strong anthropogenic increase of the ICAS in the future will decrease African dust loading to a level never seen during the Holocene. We provide a physical framework to understand the relationship between the ICAS and African dust activity: positive ICAS anomalies push the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) northward and decrease surface wind speed over African dust source regions, which reduces dust emission and transport. It provides a unified framework for and is consistent with relationships in the literature. We find strong observational and proxy‐record support for the ICAS‐ITCZ‐dust relationship during the past 160 and 17,000 years. Model‐projected anthropogenic increase of the ICAS will reduce African dust by as much as 60%, which has broad consequences.
The Longitudinal Profile of a Prograding River and Its Response to Sea Level Rise
Authors: Gao Weilun , Li Dongxue , Wang Zheng Bing , Nardin William , Shao Dongdong , Sun Tao , Miao Chiyuan , Cui Baoshan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRiver longitudinal profile, a key morphological characteristic of the river channel, is subject to river mouth progradation. Given the increasing influence of human activities and climate change on this critical downstream control, understanding its effects on the evolution of the longitudinal profile is imperative. A general theoretical framework is proposed to quantify the relevant effects, which is tested by numerical experiment and compared with field, numerical and laboratory data from the literature. The results suggest the existence of a critical ratio of accommodation space to sediment supply of approximately 0.5, above which the typical concave upward profile tends to form. Further analyses show that sea level rise tends to increase the concavity of the longitudinal profile of a river with a relatively low equilibrium bed slope and progradation rate.
Groundwater Withdrawal Prediction Using Integrated Multitemporal Remote Sensing Data Sets and Machine Learning
Authors: Majumdar S. , Smith R. , Butler J. J. , Lakshmi V. 
Published: October 2020

Key Points

Groundwater withdrawals are not actively monitored in most places of the world at a scale necessary to implement sustainable solutions
Various multitemporal remote sensing data are integrated into a machine learning framework to effectively predict groundwater withdrawals
The results over the High Plains Aquifer, Kansas, USA, show that this approach is applicable to similar regions having sparse in situ data
Defining data-driven subgroups of obsessive–compulsive disorder with different treatment responses based on resting-state functional connectivity
Authors: Kwak Seoyeon , Kim Minah , Kim Taekwan , Kwak Yoobin , Oh Sanghoon , Lho Silvia Kyungjin , Moon Sun-Young , Lee Tae Young , Kwon Jun Soo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCharacterization of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), like other psychiatric disorders, suffers from heterogeneities in its symptoms and therapeutic responses, and identification of more homogeneous subgroups may help to resolve the heterogeneity. We aimed to identify the OCD subgroups based on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and to explore their differences in treatment responses via a multivariate approach. From the resting-state functional MRI data of 107 medication-free OCD patients and 110 healthy controls (HCs), we selected rsFC features, which discriminated OCD patients from HCs via support vector machine (SVM) analyses. With the selected brain features, we subdivided OCD patients into subgroups using hierarchical clustering analyses. We identified 35 rsFC features that achieved a high sensitivity (82.74%) and specificity (76.29%) in SVM analyses. The OCD patients were subdivided into two subgroups, which did not show significant differences in their demographic and clinical backgrounds. However, one of the OCD subgroups demonstrated more impaired rsFC that was involved either within the default mode network (DMN) or between DMN brain regions and other network regions. This subgroup also showed both lower improvements in symptom severity in the 16-week follow-up visit and lower responder percentage than the other subgroup. Our results highlight that not only abnormalities within the DMN but also aberrant rsFC between the DMN and other networks may contribute to the treatment response and support the importance of these neurobiological alterations in OCD patients. We suggest that abnormalities in these connectivity may play predictive biomarkers of treatment response, and aid to build more optimal treatment strategies.
Decreased mitochondrial electron transport proteins and increased complement mediators in plasma neural-derived exosomes of early psychosis
Authors: Goetzl Edward J. , Srihari Vinod H. , Guloksuz Sinan , Ferrara Maria , Tek Cenk , Heninger George R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPotentially neurotoxic systems involved in traumatic and degenerative diseases of the brain were assessed in acute psychosis. Astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) and neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) were immunoprecipitated from plasma of ten untreated first-episode psychotics (FPs) and ten matched normal controls (Cs). Neural mitochondrial electron transport and complement proteins were extracted, quantified by ELISAs and normalized with levels of CD81 exosome marker. Levels of subunits 1 and 6 of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) and subunit 10 of cytochrome b-c1 oxidase (complex III), but not of subunit 1 of cytochrome C oxidase (complex IV) or superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) were significantly lower in ADEs and NDEs of FPs than Cs. This dysregulated pattern of electron transport proteins is associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species. ADE glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were significantly higher in FPs than Cs, indicating a higher percentage of inflammatory astrocytes in FPs. ADE levels of C3b opsonin were significantly higher and those of C5b-9 attack complex was marginally higher in FPs than Cs. A significantly lower ADE level of the C3 convertase inhibitor CD55 may explain the higher levels of C3 convertase-generated C3b. ADE levels of the neuroprotective protein leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were significantly lower in FPs than Cs, whereas levels of IL-6 were no different. Plasma neural exosome levels of electron transport and complement proteins may be useful in predicting FP and guiding therapy. SOD mimetics, C3 convertase inhibitors and LIF receptor agonists also may have therapeutic benefits in FP.
A multiresolution framework to characterize single-cell state landscapes
Authors: Mohammadi Shahin , Davila-Velderrain Jose , Kellis Manolis 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDissecting the cellular heterogeneity embedded in single-cell transcriptomic data is challenging. Although many methods and approaches exist, identifying cell states and their underlying topology is still a major challenge. Here, we introduce the concept of multiresolution cell-state decomposition as a practical approach to simultaneously capture both fine- and coarse-grain patterns of variability. We implement this concept in ACTIONet, a comprehensive framework that combines archetypal analysis and manifold learning to provide a ready-to-use analytical approach for multiresolution single-cell state characterization. ACTIONet provides a robust, reproducible, and highly interpretable single-cell analysis platform that couples dominant pattern discovery with a corresponding structural representation of the cell state landscape. Using multiple synthetic and real data sets, we demonstrate ACTIONet’s superior performance relative to existing alternatives. We use ACTIONet to integrate and annotate cells across three human cortex data sets. Through integrative comparative analysis, we define a consensus vocabulary and a consistent set of gene signatures discriminating against the transcriptomic cell types and subtypes of the human prefrontal cortex.
Differential reinforcement encoding along the hippocampal long axis helps resolve the explore–exploit dilemma
Authors: Dombrovski Alexandre Y. , Luna Beatriz , Hallquist Michael N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhen making decisions, should one exploit known good options or explore potentially better alternatives? Exploration of spatially unstructured options depends on the neocortex, striatum, and amygdala. In natural environments, however, better options often cluster together, forming structured value distributions. The hippocampus binds reward information into allocentric cognitive maps to support navigation and foraging in such spaces. Here we report that human posterior hippocampus (PH) invigorates exploration while anterior hippocampus (AH) supports the transition to exploitation on a reinforcement learning task with a spatially structured reward function. These dynamics depend on differential reinforcement representations in the PH and AH. Whereas local reward prediction error signals are early and phasic in the PH tail, global value maximum signals are delayed and sustained in the AH body. AH compresses reinforcement information across episodes, updating the location and prominence of the value maximum and displaying goal cell-like ramping activity when navigating toward it.
Two-tier supramolecular encapsulation of small molecules in a protein cage
Authors: Edwardson Thomas G. W. , Tetter Stephan , Hilvert Donald 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExpanding protein design to include other molecular building blocks has the potential to increase structural complexity and practical utility. Nature often employs hybrid systems, such as clathrin-coated vesicles, lipid droplets, and lipoproteins, which combine biopolymers and lipids to transport a broader range of cargo molecules. To recapitulate the structure and function of such composite compartments, we devised a supramolecular strategy that enables porous protein cages to encapsulate poorly water-soluble small molecule cargo through templated formation of a hydrophobic surfactant-based core. These lipoprotein-like complexes protect their cargo from sequestration by serum proteins and enhance the cellular uptake of fluorescent probes and cytotoxic drugs. This design concept could be applied to other protein cages, surfactant mixtures, and cargo molecules to generate unique hybrid architectures and functional capabilities.
E-cadherin focuses protrusion formation at the front of migrating cells by impeding actin flow
Authors: Grimaldi Cecilia , Schumacher Isabel , Boquet-Pujadas Aleix , Tarbashevich Katsiaryna , Vos Bart Eduard , Bandemer Jan , Schick Jan , Aalto Anne , Olivo-Marin Jean-Christophe , Betz Timo , Raz Erez 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe migration of many cell types relies on the formation of actomyosin-dependent protrusions called blebs, but the mechanisms responsible for focusing this kind of protrusive activity to the cell front are largely unknown. Here, we employ zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) as a model to study the role of cell-cell adhesion in bleb-driven single-cell migration in vivo. Utilizing a range of genetic, reverse genetic and mathematical tools, we define a previously unknown role for E-cadherin in confining bleb-type protrusions to the leading edge of the cell. We show that E-cadherin-mediated frictional forces impede the backwards flow of actomyosin-rich structures that define the domain where protrusions are preferentially generated. In this way, E-cadherin confines the bleb-forming region to a restricted area at the cell front and reinforces the front-rear axis of migrating cells. Accordingly, when E-cadherin activity is reduced, the bleb-forming area expands, thus compromising the directional persistence of the cells.