bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GORI, encoding the WD40 domain protein, is required for pollen tube germination and elongation in rice
Authors: Kim Yu‐Jin , Kim Myung‐Hee , Hong Woo‐Jong , Moon Sunok , Kim Eui‐Jung , Silva Jeniffer , Lee Jinwon , Lee Sangho , Kim Sun Tae , Park Soon Ki , Jung Ki‐Hong 
Published: December 2020

SummarySuccessful delivery of sperm cells to the embryo sac in higher plants is mediated by pollen tube growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying pollen germination and tube growth in crop plants remain rather unclear, although these mechanisms are crucial to plant reproduction and seed formation. By screening pollen‐specific gene mutants in rice (Oryza sativa), we identified a T‐DNA insertional mutant of Germinating modulator of rice pollen (GORI) that showed a one‐to‐one segregation ratio for wild type (WT) to heterozygous. GORI encodes a seven‐WD40‐motif protein that is homologous to JINGUBANG/REN4 in Arabidopsis. GORI is specifically expressed in rice pollen, and its protein is localized in the nucleus, cytosol and plasma membrane. Furthermore, a homozygous mutant, gori‐2, created through CRISPR‐Cas9 clearly exhibited male sterility with disruption of pollen tube germination and elongation. The germinated pollen tube of gori‐2 exhibited decreased actin filaments and altered pectin distribution. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 852 pollen‐specific genes were downregulated in gori‐2 compared with the WT, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that these genes are strongly associated with cell wall modification and clathrin coat assembly. Based on the molecular features of GORI, phenotypical observation of the gori mutant and its interaction with endocytic proteins and Rac GTPase, we propose that GORI plays key roles in forming endo‐/exocytosis complexes that could mediate pollen tube growth in rice.
Kinetic variation in grass phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases provides opportunity to enhance C4 photosynthetic efficiency
Authors: DiMario Robert J. , Kophs Ashley N. , Pathare Varsha S. , Schnable James C. , Cousins Asaph B. 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYThe high rates of photosynthesis and the carbon‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) in C4 plants are initiated by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (PEPC). The flow of inorganic carbon into the CCM of C4 plants is driven by PEPC’s affinity for bicarbonate (KHCO3), which can be rate limiting when atmospheric CO2 availability is restricted due to low stomatal conductance. We hypothesize that natural variation in KHCO3 across C4 plants is driven by specific amino acid substitutions to impact rates of C4 photosynthesis under environments such as drought that restrict stomatal conductance. To test this hypothesis, we measured KHCO3 from 20 C4 grasses to compare kinetic properties with specific amino acid substitutions. There was nearly a twofold range in KHCO3 across these C4 grasses (24.3 ± 1.5 to 46.3 ± 2.4 μm), which significantly impacts modeled rates of C4 photosynthesis. Additionally, molecular engineering of a low‐HCO3− affinity PEPC identified key domains that confer variation in KHCO3. This study advances our understanding of PEPC kinetics and builds the foundation for engineering increased‐HCO3− affinity and C4 photosynthetic efficiency in important C4 crops.
An ∼1100 yr record of human and seabird occupation in the High Arctic inferred from pond sediments
Authors: Cheng Wenhan , Kimpe Linda E. , Mallory Mark L. , Smol John P. , Blais Jules M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Seabirds in the Canadian Arctic congregate in large colonies, producing oases of biological productivity and diversity in coastal regions. Here, we examined sterols, stanols, and stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) in three 14C-dated pond sediment cores near a large seabird colony and archaeological site on Devon Island (Nunavut, Canada), showing historical occupation by the seabirds and an ancient human (Thule or Norse) settlement over an ∼1100 yr time period. Coprostanol in the sediment records captures the presence of humans at ca. 1150 CE, followed by their abandonment of the site by ca. 1300 CE. Increased seabird presence at this site after ca.1200 CE is indicated by increases in δ15N and cholesterol/sitosterol. Seabird population expansion is observed after ca. 1600 CE in δ15N and cholesterol/sitosterol profiles, coinciding with European whaling activities that expanded in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. Our study provides insights into human and seabird occupation in the High Arctic to inform archaeological and conservation efforts.
The global distribution of depositional rivers on early Mars
Authors: Dickson J.L. , Lamb M.P. , Williams R.M.E. , Hayden A.T. , Fischer W.W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSedimentary basins are the archives of ancient environmental conditions on planetary surfaces, and on Mars they may contain the best record of surface water and habitable conditions. While erosional valley networks have been mapped, the global distribution of fluvial sedimentary deposits on Mars has been unknown. Here we generated an eight-trillion-pixel global map of Mars using data from the NASA Context Camera (CTX), aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft, to perform the first systematic global survey of fluvial ridges—exhumed ancient deposits that have the planform shape of river channels or channel belts, but stand in positive relief due to preferential erosion of neighboring terrain. We used large fluvial ridges (&gt;70 m width) as a conservative proxy for the occurrence of depositional rivers or river-influenced depositional areas. Results showed that fluvial ridges are as much as 100 km long, common across the southern highlands, occur primarily in networks within intercrater plains, and are not confined to impact basins. Ridges were dominantly found in Noachian through Late Hesperian units, consistent with cessation of valley network activity, and occurred downstream from valley networks, indicating regional source-to-sink transport systems. These depositional areas mark a globally distributed class of sedimentary deposits that contain a rich archive of Mars history, including fluvial activity on early Mars.
Expression of interest for the CODEX-b detector
Authors: Aielli Giulio , Ben-Haim Eli , Cardarelli Roberto , Charles Matthew John , Cid Vidal Xabier , Coco Victor , Dey Biplab , Dumps Raphael , Evans Jared A. , Gibbons George , Dortz Olivier Le , Gligorov Vladimir V. , Ilten Philip , Knapen Simon , Lee Jongho , López Soliño Saul , Nachman Benjamin , Papucci Michele , Polci Francesco , Quessard Robin , Ramani Harikrishnan , Robinson Dean J. , Schindler Heinrich , Sokoloff Michael D. , Swallow Paul , Vari Riccardo , Watson Nigel , Williams Mike 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis document presents the physics case and ancillary studies for the proposed CODEX-b long-lived particle (LLP) detector, as well as for a smaller proof-of-concept demonstrator detector, CODEX-$$\beta $$
β
, to be operated during Run 3 of the LHC. Our development of the CODEX-b physics case synthesizes ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ theoretical approaches, providing a detailed survey of both minimal and complete models featuring LLPs. Several of these models have not been studied previously, and for some others we amend studies from previous literature: In particular, for gluon and fermion-coupled axion-like particles. We moreover present updated simulations of expected backgrounds in CODEX-b’s actively shielded environment, including the effects of shielding propagation uncertainties, high-energy tails and variation in the shielding design. Initial results are also included from a background measurement and calibration campaign. A design overview is presented for the CODEX-$$\beta $$
β
demonstrator detector, which will enable background calibration and detector design studies. Finally, we lay out brief studies of various design drivers of the CODEX-b experiment and potential extensions of the baseline design, including the physics case for a calorimeter element, precision timing, event tagging within LHCb, and precision low-momentum tracking.
Generalized absurdly benign traversable wormholes powered by Casimir energy
Authors: Garattini Remo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, we explore the connection between Casimir energy and an Absurdly Benign Traversable Wormhole, which in the literature has been considered only in the pioneering paper of Morris and Thorne. To have consistency with the Casimir source, we need to generalize the idea of an Absurdly Benign Traversable Wormhole into a Generalized Absurdly Benign Traversable Wormhole. With this generalization, we have found that the wormhole throat is not more Planckian, but huge. Three profiles have been studied: one of them is directly connected with the Casimir source, while the other two have been obtained approximating the first one close to the throat. In all profiles the wormhole throat size is predicted to be of the order of $$10^{17}~\text {m}$$

10
17

m

. This huge size can be fine tuned by modulating the original Casimir energy source size. We have also found that the traceless and divergenceless property of the original Casimir stress energy tensor is here partially reproduced.
Model-independent approach for incorporating interference effects in collider searches for new resonances
Authors: Frixione Stefano , Roos Lydia , Ting Edmund , Vryonidou Eleni , White Martin , Williams Anthony G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe presence of large-mass resonances in the data collected at the Large Hadron Collider would provide direct evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. A key challenge in current resonance searches at the LHC is the modelling of signal–background interference effects, which can severely distort the shape of the reconstructed invariant mass distribution relative to the case where there is no interference. Such effects are strongly dependent on the beyond the Standard Model theory that must be considered as unknown if one aims to minimise any theoretical bias on the search results. In this paper, we describe a procedure which employs a physically-motivated, model-independent template functional form that can be used to model interference effects, both for the characterisation of positive discoveries, and in the presentation of null results. We illustrate the approach with the example of a scalar resonance decaying into a pair of photons.
Precision protection through cosmic string in quantum metrology
Authors: Jin Yao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe dynamics of the quantum Fisher information of the parameters of the initial atomic state and atomic transition frequency is studied, in the framework of open quantum systems, for a static polarizable two-level atom coupled in the multipolar scheme to a bath of fluctuating vacuum electromagnetic fields in cosmic string space-time. Our results show that with the presence of cosmic string, the quantum Fisher information becomes position and atomic polarization dependent. It may be enhanced or depressed as compared to that in flat space-time case. Remarkably, when the atom is extremely close to the cosmic string and the polarization direction of the atom is perpendicular to the direction of the cosmic string, the quantum Fisher information has been totally protected from the fluctuating vacuum electromagnetic fields. So on the one hand, near a cosmic string, precision of estimation can be enhanced by ranging the radial distance between the probe atom and the cosmic string; on the other hand, the cosmic string can be sensed by studying the distribution of parameter induced state-separation.
Outcomes in Guideline‐Based Class I Indication Versus Earlier Referral for Surgical Myectomy in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Alashi Alaa , Smedira Nicholas G. , Hodges Kevin , Popovic Zoran B. , Thamilarasan Maran , Wierup Per , Lever Harry M. , Desai Milind Y. 
Published: December 2020

Background
In patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, surgical myectomy (SM) is indicated for severe symptoms. We sought to compare long‐term outcomes of patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where SM was based on guideline‐recommended Class I indication (Functional Class or FC ≥3 or angina/exertional syncope despite maximal medical therapy) versus earlier (FC 2 and/or impaired exercise capacity on exercise echocardiography with severe obstruction).

Methods and Results

We studied 2268 consecutive patients (excluding <18 years, ≥ moderate aortic stenosis and subaortic membrane, 56±14 years, 55% men), who underwent SM at our center between June 2002 and March 2018. Clinical data, including left ventricular outflow tract gradient, were recorded. Death and/or appropriate internal defibrillator discharge were primary composite end points. One thousand three hundred eighteen (58%) patients met Class I indication and 950 (42%) underwent earlier surgery; 222 (10%) had a history of obstructive coronary artery disease. Basal septal thickness, and resting and maximal left ventricular outflow tract gradient were 2.0±0.3 cm, 61±44 mm Hg, and 100±31 mm Hg, respectively. At 6.2±4 years after SM, 248 (11%) had composite events (13 [0.6%] in‐hospital deaths). Age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.61; 95% CI, 1.26–1.91), obstructive coronary artery disease (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06–1.91), and Class I versus earlier SM (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.14–2.12) were associated with higher primary composite events (all
P
<0.001). Earlier surgery had better longer‐term survival (similar to age‐sex‐matched normal population) versus surgery for Class I indication (76 [8%] versus 193 [15%],
P
<0.001).

Conclusions
In patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, earlier versus surgery for Class I indication had a better long‐term survival, similar to the age‐sex‐matched US population.
Fetal Cerebral Oxygenation Is Impaired in Congenital Heart Disease and Shows Variable Response to Maternal Hyperoxia
Authors: Peyvandi Shabnam , Xu Duan , Wang Yan , Hogan Whitnee , Moon‐Grady Anita , Barkovich A. James , Glenn Orit , McQuillen Patrick , Liu Jing 
Published: December 2020

Background
Impairments in fetal oxygen delivery have been implicated in brain dysmaturation seen in congenital heart disease (CHD), suggesting a role for in utero transplacental oxygen therapy. We applied a novel imaging tool to quantify fetal cerebral oxygenation by measuring T2* decay. We compared T2* in fetuses with CHD with controls with a focus on cardiovascular physiologies (transposition or left‐sided obstruction) and described the effect of brief administration of maternal hyperoxia on T2* decay.

Methods and Results

This is a prospective study performed on pregnant mothers with a prenatal diagnosis of CHD compared with controls in the third trimester. Participants underwent a fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging scan including a T2* sequence before and after maternal hyperoxia. Comparisons were made between control and CHD fetuses including subgroup analyses by cardiac physiology. Forty‐four mothers (CHD=24, control=20) participated. Fetuses with CHD had lower total brain volume (238.2 mm
3
, 95% CI, 224.6–251.9) compared with controls (262.4 mm
3
, 95% CI, 245.0–279.8,
P
=0.04). T2* decay time was faster in CHD compared with controls (beta=−14.4, 95% CI, −23.3 to −5.6,
P
=0.002). The magnitude of change in T2* with maternal hyperoxia was higher in fetuses with transposition compared with controls (increase of 8.4 ms, 95% CI, 0.5–14.3,
P
=0.01), though between‐subject variability was noted.

Conclusions
Cerebral tissue oxygenation is lower in fetuses with complex CHD. There was variability in the response to maternal hyperoxia by CHD subgroup that can be tested in future larger studies. Cardiovascular physiology is critical when designing neuroprotective clinical trials in the fetus with CHD.
Observations of Sweep–Ejection Dynamics for Heat and Momentum Fluxes during Wildland Fires in Forested and Grassland Environments
Authors: Heilman Warren E. , Banerjee Tirtha , Clements Craig B. , Clark Kenneth L. , Zhong Shiyuan , Bian Xindi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe vertical turbulent transfer of heat and momentum in the lower atmospheric boundary layer is accomplished through intermittent sweep, ejection, outward interaction, and inward interaction events associated with turbulent updrafts and downdrafts. These events, collectively referred to as sweep–ejection dynamics, have been studied extensively in forested and nonforested environments and reported in the literature. However, little is known about the sweep–ejection dynamics that occur in response to turbulence regimes induced by wildland fires in forested and nonforested environments. This study attempts to fill some of that knowledge gap through analyses of turbulence data previously collected during three wildland (prescribed) fires that occurred in grassland and forested environments in Texas and New Jersey. Tower-based high-frequency (10 or 20 Hz) three-dimensional wind-velocity and temperature measurements are used to examine frequencies of occurrence of sweep, ejection, outward interaction, and inward interaction events and their actual contributions to the mean vertical turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum before, during, and after the passage of fire fronts. The observational results suggest that wildland fires in these environments can substantially change the sweep–ejection dynamics for turbulent heat and momentum fluxes that typically occur when no fires are present, especially the relative contributions of sweeps versus ejections in determining overall heat and momentum fluxes.
Medical Management of Inoperable Malignant Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Huang Xiaoyan , Xue Jing , Gao Min , Qin Qiyuan , Ma Tenghui , Li Xiaoyan , Wang Hui 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To review medical management of inoperable malignant bowel obstruction. Data Sources: A literature review using PubMed and MEDLINE databases searching malignant bowel obstruction, etiology, types, pathophysiology, medical, antisecretory, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic drugs, analgesics, promotion of emptying, prevention of infection, anticholinergics, somatostatin analogs, gastric antisecretory drugs, prokinetic agents, glucocorticoid, opioid analgesics, antibiotics, enema, and adverse effects. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Randomized or observational studies, cohorts, case reports, or reviews written in English between 1983 and November 2020 were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) commonly occurs in patients with advanced or recurrent malignancies and severely affects the quality of life and survival of patients. Its management remains complex and variable. Medical management is the cornerstone of MBO treatment, with the goal of reducing distressing symptoms and optimizing quality of life. Until now, there has been neither a standard clinical approach nor registered medications to treat patients with inoperable MBO. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This review provides information on the etiology, type and pathophysiology, and medical treatment of MBO and related adverse reactions of the drugs commonly used, which can greatly assist clinicians in making clinical decisions when treating MBO. Conclusions: Published research shows that medical management of MBO mainly consists of antisecretory, anti-inflammatory strategies, controlling vomiting and pain, promoting emptying, preventing infection, and combination therapy. Being knowledgeable about the most current treatment options, the related adverse effects, and the evidence supporting different practices is critical for clinicians to provide individualized medical therapy for MBO patients.
Pragmatic randomized trial of a pre-visit intervention to improve the quality of telemedicine visits for vulnerable patients living with HIV
Authors: Hickey Matthew D , Sergi Francesco , Zhang Kevin , Spinelli Matthew A , Black Douglas , Sola Cyril , Blaz Vanessa , Nguyen Janet Q , Oskarsson Jon , Gandhi Monica , Havlir Diane V 
Published: December 2020

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has required a shift of many routine primary care visits to telemedicine, potentially widening disparities in care access among vulnerable populations. In a publicly-funded HIV clinic, we aimed to evaluate a pre-visit phone-based planning intervention to address anticipated barriers to telemedicine. Methods We conducted a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of patients scheduled for a phone-based HIV primary care visit at the Ward 86 HIV clinic in San Francisco from 15 April to 15 May 2020. Once reached by phone, patients were randomized to either have a structured pre-visit planning intervention to address barriers to an upcoming telemedicine visit versus a standard reminder call. The primary outcome was telemedicine visit attendance. Results Of 476 scheduled telemedicine visits, 280 patients were reached by a pre-visit call to offer enrollment. Patients were less likely to be reached if virally unsuppressed (odds ratio (OR) 0.11, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.03–0.48), CD4 < 200 (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07–0.85), or were homeless (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07–0.87). There was no difference between intervention and control in scheduled visit attendance (83% v. 78%, OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.67–2.81). Conclusions A structured phone-based planning call to address barriers to telemedicine in a public HIV clinic was less likely to reach patients with poorly-controlled HIV and patients experiencing homelessness, suggesting additional interventions may be needed in this population to ensure access to telemedicine-based care. Among patients reachable by phone, telemedicine visit attendance was high and not improved with a structured pre-visit intervention, suggesting that standard reminders may be adequate in this population.
Taking choice seriously: Emic understandings of decision-making about child marriage
Authors: Miedema Esther , Koster Winny , Pouw Nicky 
Published: December 2020

In recent years, the international community has increasingly directed its attention to reducing the prevalence of child marriage, which is defined as marriage before the age of 18. Child marriage has been shown to disproportionately affect young women in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, and to have a range of adverse health impacts, particularly for women. This special issue demonstrates empirically the complexity of drivers of child marriage, contributing to emic understandings of the circumstances in which families and young women consider an early marriage the most secure pathway. The special issue calls for moving beyond girls and families as sites of intervention, and beyond programmatic emphases on individual choice and ‘tradition.’ In this introductory article, we draw attention to the consequences of the exclusive focus on negative consequences of child marriage, arguing that this (a) obscures the complexity of the structural issues driving child marriage, (b) hinders developing understanding of (perceived) positive outcomes of a marriage before the age of 18, such as (short-term) physical and economic security, and (c) forms an impediment to efforts to identify alternatives to child marriage which can produce similarly positive—and more long-term—results. Rather than departing from the premise that certain choices are better than others, we call for research and interventions that seek to understand and respond to the broader context in which choices are made.