bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive end-expiratory pressure titration with electrical impedance tomography and pressure–volume curve: a randomized trial in moderate to severe ARDS
Authors: Hsu Hui-Ju , Chang Hou-Tai , Zhao Zhanqi , Wang Ping-Huai , Zhang Jia-Hao , Chen Yun-Sung , Frerichs Inéz , Möller Knut , Fu Feng , Hsu Han-Shui , Chuang Shin-Ping , Hsia Hai-Yen , Yen David Hung-Tsang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective. The aim of the study was to compare titration of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and with ventilator-embedded pressure–volume (PV) loop in moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Approach. Eighty-seven moderate to severe ARDS patients (arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ratio, PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mmHg) were randomized to either EIT group (n = 42) or PV group (n = 45). All patients received identical medical care using the same general support guidelines and protective mechanical ventilation. In the EIT group, the selected PEEP equaled the airway pressure at the intercept between cumulated collapse and overdistension percentages curves and in the PV group, at the pressure where maximal hysteresis was reached. Main results. Baseline characteristics and settings were comparable between the groups. After optimization, PEEP was significantly higher in the PV group (17.4 ± 1.7 versus 16.2 ± 2.6 cmH2O, PV versus EIT groups, p = 0.02). After 48 h, driving pressure was significantly higher in the PV group (12.4 ± 3.6 versus 10.9 ± 2.5 cmH2O, p = 0.04). Lung mechanics and oxygenation were better in the EIT group but did not statistically differ between the groups. The survival rate was lower in the PV group (44.4% versus 69.0%, p = 0.02; hazard ratio 2.1, confidence interval 1·1–3.9). None of the other pre-specified exploratory clinical endpoints were significantly different. Significance. In moderate to severe ARDS, PEEP titration guided with EIT, compared with PV curve, might be associated with improved driving pressure and survival rate.
Trial registration: NCT03112512, 13 April, 2017.
Imaging slow brain activity during neocortical and hippocampal epileptiform events with electrical impedance tomography
Authors: Hannan Sana , Aristovich Kirill , Faulkner Mayo , Avery James , Walker Matthew C , Holder David S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging technique that produces tomographic images of internal impedance changes within an object using surface electrodes. It can be used to image the slow increase in cerebral tissue impedance that occurs over seconds during epileptic seizures, which is attributed to cell swelling due to disturbances in ion homeostasis following hypersynchronous neuronal firing and its associated metabolic demands. In this study, we characterised and imaged this slow impedance response during neocortical and hippocampal epileptiform events in the rat brain and evaluated its relationship to the underlying neural activity. Approach. Neocortical or hippocampal seizures, comprising repeatable series of high-amplitude ictal spikes, were induced by electrically stimulating the sensorimotor cortex or perforant path of rats anaesthetised with fentanyl-isoflurane. Transfer impedances were measured during ≥30 consecutive seizures, by applying a sinusoidal current through independent electrode pairs on an epicortical array, and combined to generate an EIT image of slow activity. Main results. The slow impedance responses were consistently time-matched to the end of seizures and EIT images of this activity were reconstructed reproducibly in all animals (p < 0.03125, N = 5). These displayed foci of activity that were spatially confined to the facial somatosensory cortex and dentate gyrus for neocortical and hippocampal seizures, respectively, and encompassed a larger volume as the seizure progressed. Centre-of-mass analysis of reconstructions revealed that this activity corresponded to the true location of the epileptogenic zone, as determined by EEG recordings and fast neural EIT measurements which were obtained simultaneously. Significance. These findings suggest that the slow impedance response presents a reliable marker of hypersynchronous neuronal activity during epileptic seizures and can thus be utilised for investigating the mechanisms of epileptogenesis in vivo and for aiding localisation of the epileptogenic zone during presurgical evaluation of patients with refractory epilepsies.
Rheological features of non-Newtonian nanofluids flows induced by stretchable rotating disk
Authors: Shehzad S A , Mabood F , Rauf A , Izadi Mohsen , Abbasi F M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An incompressible flow of Casson-Maxwell fluids over stretchable disk rotating with constant angular speed is demonstrated in this research. Buongiorno theory of nanomaterials is utilized in the flow model to reveals the impacts of Brownian movement and thermophoresis. Cattaneo-Christov heat diffusion theory along with variable thermal conductivity is elaborated in the energy equation. The convective boundary condition for thermal analysis is imposed at the disk surface. The governing equations are normalized by means of similarity functions. Numerical approach is adopted to solve the complex non-linear system by Runge–Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF) procedure. The influence of dimensionless variables on velocity, thermal and concentration fields is illustrated through graphs, while the numerical values of thermal and concentration rates are explained in tabular way.
Ceramic packaging in neural implants
Authors: Shen Konlin , Maharbiz Michel M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The lifetime of neural implants is strongly dependent on packaging due to the aqueous and biochemically aggressive nature of the body. Over the last decade, there has been a drive towards neuromodulatory implants which are wireless and approaching millimeter-scales with increasing electrode count. A so-far unrealized goal for these new types of devices is an in-vivo lifetime comparable to a sizable fraction of a healthy patient’s lifetime (>10–20 years). Existing, approved medical implants commonly encapsulate components in metal enclosures (e.g. titanium) with brazed ceramic inserts for electrode feedthrough. It is unclear how amenable the traditional approach is to the simultaneous goals of miniaturization, increased channel count, and wireless communication. Ceramic materials have also played a significant role in traditional medical implants due to their dielectric properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and high strength, but are not as commonly used for housing materials due to their brittleness and the difficulty they present in creating complex housing geometries. However, thin-film technology has opened new opportunities for ceramics processing. Thin films derived largely from the semiconductor industry can be deposited and patterned in new ways, have conductivities which can be altered during manufacturing to provide conductors as well as insulators, and can be used to fabricate flexible substrates. In this review, we give an overview of packaging for neural implants, with an emphasis on how ceramic materials have been utilized in medical device packaging, as well as how ceramic thin-film micromachining and processing may be further developed to create truly reliable, miniaturized, neural implants.
Impact of shape on pedestal characteristics in the wide pedestal quiescent H-mode in the DIII-D tokamak
Authors: Wilks T.M. , Morton L.A. , Kriete D.M. , Knolker M. , Snyder P.B. , Barada K. , Paz-Soldan C. , Rhodes T. , Burrell K.H. , Chen X. , Hughes J.W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Experiments on the DIII-D tokamak have advanced the operational limits of wide pedestal quiescent H-mode plasmas towards increased ITER relevance by simultaneously demonstrating well-matched plasma shape and net zero injected torque. Wide pedestal QH-modes are a compelling candidate regime for a future power producing device because they maintain a stationary pedestal without ELMs via additional edge transport. The pedestal is wider than what would be predicted from kinetic ballooning mode physics due to enhanced edge transport generated by broadband turbulence, a limit cycle oscillation, or some combination thereof. Compared to the double null shape, the lower single null shape is observed to have a lower density, narrower pedestal width, larger density fluctuations over a broad range of wavenumber, and operates closer to the peeling-ballooning instability boundary calculated from the simple pedestal scaling,

Δ

ψ

N

, which is still observed to be wider than the EPED prediction.
Modeling the vapor shielding of a liquid lithium divertor target using SOLPS 4.3 code
Authors: Marenkov E.D. , Kukushkin A.S. , Pshenov A.A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this letter, we report the very first results of SOLPS4.3 simulations of a liquid lithium (Li) divertor, including vapor shielding effects. A peculiarity of Li as a target coating material is the strong dependence of the erosion rate on the target temperature. We have implemented a new erosion model in SOLPS, taking this dependence into account. Simulations of the T15-MD tokamak divertor with Li-coated divertor targets have been performed. Li erosion is determined by physical sputtering, evaporation, and thermal sputtering. The results of the simulations show that a shielding effect occurs, providing a reduction of the target heat flux to values below 8 MW m−2. At the same time, the upstream plasma dilution in the high-power regimes, where shielding is most efficient, is very strong, meaning that in practical terms, it may be difficult to rely on the shielding effect for heat flux control in the configuration considered.
Statistics of the first passage area functional for an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
Authors: Kearney Michael J , Martin Richard J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We consider the area functional defined by the integral of an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process which starts from a given value and ends at the time it first reaches zero (its equilibrium level). Exact results are presented for the mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of the underlying area probability distribution, together with the covariance and correlation between the area and the first passage time. Among other things, the analysis demonstrates that the area distribution is asymptotically normal in the weak noise limit, which stands in contrast to the first passage time distribution. Various applications are indicated.
The state and direction of development of forage production in the Novgorod region of the North-West of Russia
Authors: Bevz S Y , Toshkina E A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The data on the study of the condition of the forage reserve for the farms of the Novgorod region are given. The directions of improving meadow and field forage production, ways to increase the productivity of the forage hectare are proposed. It has been experimentally proved that in the soil and climatic conditions of the Novgorod region, through the use of field and meadow legume-grass agrocenosises, highly nutritious forages can be obtained: green mass – more than 22 tons, silage – more than 11 tons, haylage – more than 7 tons per 1 ha. An analysis of the energy parameters of the technologies for cultivation and use of field and meadow agrocenosises showed that the energy costs and their structure vary significantly and depend on the composition of cenosises, types and doses of fertilizers, type and amount of seeds of annual crops, their energy consumption. In order to save resources in forage production, it is advisable to cultivate legume-grass agrocenosises. The introduction of the legume component in field and meadow agrocenosises will lead not only to an increase in the nutritional value of the forage, but also to an increase in the agro-energy coefficient. The calculation of the energy efficiency coefficient confirmed the high energy saving in the cultivation of field and meadow legume-grass agrocenosises. The least costly is the use of meadow agrocenosises for green forage. The yield of exchange energy is 8.7 times higher than the energy expended for cultivating legume-grass meadow grass stands and preparing forage from them. Due to the low feed value of natural forage land, summer feeding of animals with more nutritious green forage prepared from legume-grass agrocenosises is recommended.
Environmental aspects of the use of sewage sludge as fertilizer materials
Authors: Elshaeva I V , Voropaeva E V , Pinaeva A S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The possibilities of using sewage sludge as fertilizer materials are determined by their chemical composition, sanitary-toxicological and physical condition. In each case, the use of these wastes must be preceded by studies proving not only their nutritional value, but also safety, and be accompanied by the development of an environmentally friendly technology for their disposal. The paper provides data on the analysis of industrial soil based on sewage sludge with the aim of using it for the restoration of disturbed and contaminated lands. In an experiment with the cultivation of cereal grasses, the limiting doses of introducing waste were determined. An increase in the amount of sewage sludge led to an increase in the gross content of heavy metals in the industrial soil, and the cadmium content exceeded the permissible standards for close to neutral and neutral soils. A clear correlation between the content of toxicants in the soil and their accumulation in plants was not observed.
Production vacuum-evaporation unit for increasing humic suspension concentration
Authors: Fominykh A V , Sergeew N S , Ezdin D P , Khaibrakhmanov R R , Artyukhova S I , Khlusov V N 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Humic preparations belong to natural growth regulators. Humic preparations eliminate the negative effects of factors unfavorable for the development of plants, normalize the processes of intracellular metabolism. Humic substances are adsorbed on the cell wall of the animal organism, increasing the elasticity of its membrane and increasing the surface of the cell, this leads to an increase in the amount of oxygen and metabolism entering it. With the introduction of humic substances in the diet of cattle, the average daily increase in live weight increases by 14.4%. When used as an additive in chickens feed, the average daily increase increases by 11.85%, the weight of the heart, liver, spleen, and gall bladder up to 20.7%. The average daily gain in sucking piglets is increased by 8.3%. A line with a vacuum evaporator was developed to increase the concentration of humic suspension. The installation consists of a heating chamber, a steam pipeline, a steam condenser, a condensate tank, a water-air ejector, a cooler, a water tank, a centrifugal pump, a hot water supply pipe to the heating jacket, a water drain pipe from the shirt, a working water pipe, a pressure gauge, vacuum gauges, a thermometer.
Ultrasonic treatment of the coffee extract
Authors: Gerasimov D V , Suchkova E P , Hussaineh R 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Coffee gives strength, stimulates brain activity and increases concentration. There are many biologically active substances in its composition. Instant coffee is an important coffee product that would benefit on an extended shelf life. The introduction of modern methods of treatment, as the ultrasonic treatment, may be used to increase the shelf life of this kind of products. Ultrasound is a modern method of treatment biological systems. It can help to intensify the extraction process of biologically active substances. Ultrasound can also be used as a method of sterilization. The object of this study was to investigate the improvement the production technology of natural instant coffee using ultrasonic treatment. The affect of ultrasound on the coffee extract was determined by measuring the water activity, caffeine and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furfural (HMF) content. Ground coffee dissolved in water was subjected to sonication from 1 to 3 minutes and with power varying from 2 to 8 W. Water activity was shown to be reduced with increasing duration and power of sonication. The caffeine content varied with time and processing power. When processing for 1 or 2 minutes, an increase in caffeine content was observed with increasing power. When processing for 3 minutes, there was an increase in caffeine content at a power of 2 to 4 W and a decrease in power from 4 to 8 W. According to this research the possibility of using sonication in coffee extract to improve its quality was concluded due to the achievement of lower water activities and higher caffeine content.
Development of the production technology for semi-finished meat products with addition of mushrooms
Authors: Gizatova N V , Chernyshenko Yu N , Zaitseva T N , Rybchenko T V , Kulikov D A , Mikolaychik I N 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The study aims to provide an analytical substantiation of a promising direction – development of specialized meat products enriched with macro- and micronutrients, dietary fiber and organic acids. To create conditions for a balanced diet and to improve the health of the population, we propose to use a technique that employs non-traditional resources of plant origin. Meat occupies one of the first places in nutrition, since it contains almost all nutrients needed for the human body. A product has been developed with addition of oyster mushrooms to increase its nutritive value. The formulation for pork cutlets was taken as a basis. The main raw materials used were pork and mushrooms, and auxiliary raw materials were bread, crackers, onions, melange, salt, pepper, and water. All raw materials were pre-processed, mixed and molded before use. As a result, an improved production technology of semi-finished meat products with mushrooms was proposed. The expediency of using mushrooms in production of semi-finished meat products was substantiated, studies of the effect of mushroom addition on properties of cutlets were conducted, and sensory assessment was performed. Introduction of mushrooms into the formulation improved the sensory properties of the finished product, improved the color and texture. In addition, the product exhibited tender texture, enhanced chewiness, and decreased stiffness. Calculation of the energy value of the control and experimental samples of the product showed that the use of the filler reduced the calorie content of the new product by 28.34 kcal. Thus, semi-finished products with inclusion of mushrooms can be recommended for both mass meals and diet food.
Effect of triticale grain in feeding of dairy cows on their milk production and physiological state
Authors: Gorelik O V , Gafner V D , Nesterenko A A , Dolmatova I A , Safronov S L , Aksel Ioan Odah Gi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Genetic potential of livestock can be revealed through organization of scientifically based feeding. Energy components of the ration, concentrates, are of special relevance. In recent years, triticale cereal crop has often been used as a concentrate for feeding cows. Triticale grain is virtually not used for feeding dairy cows, but its use in a mixture with other concentrates is of potential interest. The paper presents the results of the impact of triticale grain when it is introduced into a mixture of concentrates for feeding dairy cows in an amount of 2.7–3.7 kg on their milk production and physiological state. It was found that introduction of triticale grain into the diet of dairy cows did not have a significant effect on the physiological state of the experimental farm animals. In all experimental groups, the calcium content decreased, and in groups 1 and 2, the content of phosphorus decreased and that of triglycerides grew, which had a positive effect on fat synthesis increase. In the experimental groups, where triticale grain was used as concentrates, the amount of milk yield per lactation increased, and its quality characteristics improved. The cows from the experimental groups significantly surpassed their peers from the control group in milk yield per lactation by 21.3–37.3% at P≤0.01 and P≤0.001, respectively. The milk quality indicators were found to be better that increased amount of milk fat and milk protein. Despite the difference in milk yield, all cows were dairy animals and showed high milk yield rates ranging from 1,225 to 1,654.
Morphometric indicators of the axial skeleton and their relationship with breeding characters in minks of different genotypes
Authors: Khodusov A A , Ponomareva M E , Lukashik E E , Semenova Yu O , Kozlova M S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
American mink (Mustela vison / Neovison vison) is the main object of fur farming. Breeding work has a significant impact on animal morphology. Body size is a breeding trait, as it affects the cost of the final product through the area of the resulting skins. The study of the laws governing the formation of this feature is of practical importance in the rule of law. In the study of indicators: the mass of the carcass without skin and subcutaneous fat (CMWS), the total body length of the animal (BL), the length of the skull (SL) and the length of the spinal column: cervical (CL), thoracic (TL), lumbar (LL) and sacral (SL) and their interdependencies in minks of genotypes silver-blue (p/p), sapphire (a/a p/p), pearl (kk pp), palomino (kk), pastel (bb), albino pastel (cc bb), headlund (hh), scanblack (NN, Nn)), it was found that body weight mainly has significant differences. The total body length of the male genotypes is pearl (kk pp), headlund (hh) and scanblack (NN, Nn) significantly less than the animals of the remaining groups, and the longest males of the genotypes are silver-blue (p/p), pastel (bb) and albino pastel (cc bb). In females, the differences are not significant. The dependence of MCWS on BL is at a high level, while some parts of the axial skeleton have a significantly smaller effect on body weight, despite the fact that the thoracic region has a noticeable and high effect on the total length, which is apparently due to the large relative value of this department.
Sustainable development of dairy farming through the use of digital technologies
Authors: Kozina A M , Semkiv L P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Scientific research and practice of leading agricultural enterprises show that innovative technologies are the main condition and the key factor for sustainable development of dairy farming. In modern conditions, the use of digital technologies, active implementation and use of smart automated process control systems are a priority. The studies conducted have shown that competitive struggle for markets, and increased consumption of milk and dairy products accelerate advancement of digital technologies in the dairy industry and provide access to the trajectory of sustainable development. At the same time, implementation of these technologies makes actual the issues of increased efficiency of the agribusiness. In modern conditions, digitalization of the dairy industry helps farm managers to efficiently fulfill the current tasks faced by the personnel, and therefore to ensure food security in the country and in the world. Introduction of digital technology suggests high demands to the professional level of the personnel. Sustainable development of dairy farming is challenging, and it depends on a number of factors. It requires active use of digital technologies by agricultural enterprises, appropriate organizational support, and support from federal and regional authorities. The paper highlights that development of dairy farming in Novgorod region should be carried out as part of the priority regional project Development of Dairy Farming, which increases the efficiency of investment mobilization. Flexibility of the investment legislation in the region enables implemention of large-scale investment projects, which can increase milk production in the future. Implementation of digital technologies and system digital agro-solutions on digital farms will make a breakthrough in dairy farming in the region in the coming years.