bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Witchcraft Confessions as an Idiom of Distress in Sierra Leone; Results of a Rapid Qualitative Inquiry and Recommendations for Mental Health Interventions.
Authors: Yoder Heleen , de Jong Joop T.V.M. , Tol Wietse Anton , Duncan Joshua Abioseh , Bayoh Amjata , Reis Ria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundReports about child witchcraft are not uncommon in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study we approach child witchcraft as an idiom of distress. In an environment that may prohibit children from openly expressing distress, belief in witchcraft can provide a shared language to communicate about psychosocial suffering. We used an ecological approach to study how some children in distressing circumstances come to a witchcraft confession, with the aim to set out pathways for mental health interventions. MethodsWe employed rapid qualitative inquiry methodology, with an inductive and iterative approach, combining emic and etic perspectives. We conducted 37 interviews and 12 focus group discussions with a total of 127 respondents in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Inductive analysis was used to identify risk and protective factors related to witchcraft accusations and confessions. ResultsWe identified risk and protective factors related to the individual child, the family, peer relations, teachers and other professionals in a child’s life, traditional healers, pastors and the wider society. We found that in the context of a macrosystem that supports witchcraft, suspicions of witchcraft are formed at the mesosystem level, where actors from the microsystem interact with each other and the child. The involvement of a traditional healer or pastor often forms a tipping point that leads to a confession of witchcraft. ConclusionsChild witchcraft is an idiom of distress, not so much owned by the individual child as well as by the systems around the child. Mental health interventions should be systemic and multi-sectoral, to prevent accusations and confessions, and address the suffering of both the child and the systems surrounding the child. Interventions should be contextually relevant and service providers should be helped to address conscious and subconscious fears related to witchcraft. Beyond mental health interventions, advocacy, peacebuilding and legislation is needed to address the deeper systemic issues of poverty, conflict and abuse.
Identifying The Functions of Two Biomarkers in Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Development
Authors: zhou Haipeng , He Ying , Yang Yinxiang , Wang Zhaoyan , Wang Qian , Hu Caiyan , Wang Xiaohua , Lu Siliang , Li Ke , Luan Zuo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Myelin oligodendrocytes develop from migratory and proliferative human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), which express typical marker proteins and lipids. It is well known that NG2 and A2B5 are important biological markers of hOPCs. Yet, the differences in myelination ability between the two cell lineages have not been studied in depth. The sequence of expression of NG2 and A2B5 during the development of hOPCs is also controversial. Methods: Using cell sorting technology, we obtained a large number of sterile, high-purity NG2+/-, A2B5+/- cells with high viability. Further research was then conducted via in vitro cell proliferation and migration assays, single-cell sequencing, mRNA sequencing, and cell transplantation into shiverer mice. Results: The results showed that the ability of cell migration and proliferation of the four groups of cells from high to low was: A2B5->NG2->NG2+>A2B5+. The ability for oligodendrocyte differentiation from high to low was: NG2->A2B5->A2B5+>NG2+. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the migration ability of the cells was inversely proportional to their myelination ability. NG2 may be a marker of early oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and is conducive to cell migration and proliferation, while A2B5 may be a marker of slightly mature oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and is conducive to cell differentiation. The migration, proliferation, and myelination capacities of the negative cell population were stronger than those of the positive cell population. In summary, these results suggest that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the mid-stage may be most suitable for clinical cell transplantation to treat demyelinating diseases.
WITHDRAWN: Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Association with Fasting Blood Sugar Change Among Diabetic Patients in Resource Limited Setting in Case of Ethiopia: Bayesian Joint Modeling
Authors: Debele Gebiso Roba , Wolde Haileab Fekadu , Yenit Melaku Kindie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of most common microvascular complication of diabetes and become a major health burden worldwide. Despite the effect of fasting blood sugar on the rate of prevent diabetic kidney disease has a pivotal role on the prevention of the diseases, their association is not well investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess Incidence and predictors of chronic kidney disease and its association with longitudinal fasting blood sugar change among diabetic patients in Southwest Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective follow-up study was conducted among type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients (DM) at Jimma university medical center, Southwest Ethiopia. A total of 405 diabetes patients who newly enrolled in the DM chronic care from 2012 to 2015 were selected using the simple random sampling technique. Selected patients with complete information were followed until February 2020. Data was extracted from patients’ medical records. Cox proportional hazard with linear mixed effect model was jointly modeled using Bayesian approach, and 95% credible interval was used to select significant variables. Model adequacy was checked by residuals plot.Results: A total of 405 DM patients with complete information were followed for 27494.44 person-month (PM) observation. Overall, 63 patients developed chronic kidney disease with an incidence rate of 2.29 per1000 PM observation (95% CI: [1.79, 2.93]. Time dependent fasting blood sugar was significantly associated with risk of CKD (AHR=4.23, 95% CrI [2.53, 8.23]). Female sex (AHR= 0.51, 95%CrI: [0.27, 0.94]), positive proteinuria (AHR= 2.85, 95%CrI: [1.48, 5.55]), having hypertension (AHR= 2.31, 95%CrI: [1.03, 5.56]) and HDL <40 mg/dl (AHR=3.19, 95% CrI [1.73, 5.98]) were significant predictors of CKD. Conclusion: Chronic kidney disease among diabetes patients continue to be a significant public health problem in Ethiopia. Longitudinal fasting blood sugar change had significant associations with risk of CKD and high FBS can be used as a signal to screen DM patients for CKD. Female sex, positive proteinuria, hypertension and HDL-C <40mg/dl were significant predictors of chronic kidney disease.
A Rare Case Report: an Inextricable Shoulder Pain as the Exclusive Presentation of Lung Adenocarcinoma With Metastasis Over Contralateral Clavicle
Authors: Wu Karl , Wu Karl , Huang Yu-Hao , Huang Yu-Hao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundLung cancer is the fourth most common form of tumor spreading to the bone. Among all patientsof the lung carcinoma, the most common sites of bone metastasis are spine and ribs. Bycomparison, the clavicle is an extremely rare site of metastases in not only the population of lungcancer but among all type of tumors. Enlightened by this existing fact, we would like to share ourexperience of management of an uncommon clavicular metastasis and illuminate the obscuremechanism of its scarcity.Case presentationA 56-year-old female without any systemic disease had suffered from a sole intermittent rightshoulder pain without any other discomfort for 3 months. Physical examination at our OPD,tenderness over right distal third of clavicle with limited range-of-motion of right shoulder. EGFRmutatedlung adenocarcinoma with metastasis over right clavicle resulting in a pathologicalfracture was confirmed with a serial of radiology and pathology diagnoses. Concurrentchemoradiation therapy accompanied with target therapy was manipulated. Eighteen monthspostoperatively, the clavicle pain was found to be subsided with stationary bony lesion underappropriate medication and palliative radiotherapy during the subsequent follow-up.ConclusionsClavicle is an exceedingly unusual site with 2% of metastatic involvement of all type of tumors andonly 1% among the population of carcinoma of lung due to its scanty red marrow and sparsevascular supply. Despite unpleasant prognosis of clavicular metastasis from primary lungadenocarcinoma, promising quality of life is achievable under multidisciplinary management.
Comparative Analysis of the Transcriptomes of Three Varieties Provides Insights Into the Diversity of the Heat Response Mechanisms in Clematis Species
Authors: Zhang Hao , Jiang Changhua , Zhang Long , Gai RuoNan , Peng Siyuan , Zhang Yi , Mao Chanjuan , Lou Yuxia , Feng Shucheng , Ming Feng 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Clematis species are commonly grown in western and Japanese gardens. Heat stress can inhibit many physiological processes mediating plant growth and development. The mechanism regulating responses to heat has been well characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana and some crops, but not in horticultural plants, including Clematis species. Results: In this study, we identified a heat-sensitive Clematis variety (Clematis alpina ‘Stolwijk Gold’) and two heat-tolerant Clematis varieties (Clematis vitalba and Clematis viticella ‘Polish Spirit’) based on heat-related physiological indices. The leaf transcriptomes under normal and heat stress conditions were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Additionally, heat tolerance-related genes (HTGs) were identified and their expression levels were analyzed. Following heat treatments, 41.67% of the differentially expressed HTGs in Stolwijk Gold had down-regulated expression levels, whereas only 9.80% and 21.36% of the differentially expressed HTGs in C. vitalba and Polish Spirit, respectively, had the same trend. The HTGs’ co-expression and protein–protein interaction networks revealed that the hub genes regulating Clematis resistance to heat stress encode heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs). Moreover, the sensitivity of Stolwijk Gold to heat is mainly due to the heat-induced down-regulated expression of these genes. On the basis of phylogenetic and expression analyses, the differentially expressed HSF and HSP genes in the three examined varieties were divided into three and four clades, respectively, with similar expression profiles common among orthologous family members. Furthermore, we identified two HSF classes in C. vitalba that may have diverse functions influencing heat resistance. Conclusions: Our study provides insights into the diversity of the heat response mechanisms among Clematis species and may be useful for breeding new heat-resistant ornamental Clematis varieties.
Fitness Characteristics of the Malaria Vector, Anopheles Funestus, During an Attempted Laboratory Colonization
Authors: Ngowo Halfan S , Hape Emmanuel E , Matthiopoulos Jason , Ferguson Heather M , Okumu Fredros O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Introduction: The malaria vector Anopheles funestus is increasingly recognized as a dominant vector of residual transmission in many African settings. Efforts to better understand its biology and control are significantly impeded by the difficulties of colonizing it under laboratory conditions. To identify key bottlenecks in colonization, this study compared the development and fitness characteristics of wild An. funestus from Tanzania (FUTAZ) and their F1 offspring during colonization attempts. The demography and reproductive success of wild FUTAZ offspring were compared to that of individuals from one of the only An. funestus strains that has been successfully colonized (FUMOZ, from Mozambique) under similar laboratory conditions.Methods: Wild An. funestus (FUTAZ) were collected from three Tanzanian villages and maintained inside an insectary at 70-85% RH, 25-27oC and 12hr:12hr photoperiod. Eggs from these females were used to establish three replicate F1 laboratory generations. Larval development, survival, fecundity, mating success, percentage pupation and wing length were measured in the F1 FUTAZ offspring and compared with wild FUTAZ and FUMOZ mosquitoes.Results: Wild FUTAZ laid fewer eggs (64.1; 95%CI [63.2, 65.0]) than FUMOZ females (76.1; 95%CI [73.3, 79.1]). Survival of F1-FUTAZ larvae under laboratory conditions was low, with an egg-to-pupae conversion rate of only 5.9% compared to 27.4% in FUMOZ. The median lifespan of F1-FUTAZ females (32 days) and males (33 days) was lower than FUMOZ (52 and 49 for females and males respectively). The proportion of female F1-FUTAZ inseminated under laboratory conditions (9%) was considerably lower than either FUMOZ (72%) or wild-caught FUTAZ females (92%). This resulted in nearly zero viable F2-FUTAZ eggs produced. Wild FUTAZ wings appear to be larger compared to the lab reared F1-FUTAZ and FUMOZ. Conclusions: This study indicates that poor larval survival, mating success, low adult fecundity and shorter survival under laboratory conditions all contribute to difficulties in colonizing of An. funestus. Future studies should focus on enhancing these aspects of An. funestus fitness in the laboratory, with the biggest barrier likely to be poor mating.
SARS-CoV-2 infects brain astrocytes of COVID-19 patients and impairs neuronal viability
Authors: Crunfli Fernanda , Carregari Victor Corasolla , Veras Flavio Protásio , Vendramini Pedro Henrique , Valença Aline Gazzola Fragnani , Antunes André Saraiva Leão Marcelo , Brandão-Teles Caroline , Zuccoli Giuliana da Silva , Reis-de-Oliveira Guilherme , C.Silva-Costa Lícia , Saia-Cereda Verônica Monteiro , Codo Ana Campos , Parise Pierina Lorencini , Toledo-Teixeira Daniel A. , Souza Gabriela Fabiano de , Muraro Stéfanie Primon , Melo Bruno Marcel Silva , Almeida Glaucia M. , Firmino Egidi Mayara Silva , Paiva Isadora Marques , Silva Bruna Manuella Souza , Ludwig Raíssa Guimarães , Ruiz Gabriel Palermo , Knittel Thiago Leite , Davanzo Gustavo Gastão , Gerhardt Jaqueline Aline , Rodrigues Patrícia Brito , Forato Julia , Amorim Mariene Ribeiro , Silva Natália Brunetti , Martini Matheus Cavalheiro , Benatti Maíra Nilson , Batah Sabrina , Siyuan Li , João Rafael Batista , Silva Lucas Scardua , Nogueira Mateus Henrique , Aventurato Ítalo Karmann , Brito Mariana Rabelo de , Alvim Marina , Júnior José Roberto da Silva , Damião Lívia Liviane , Stefano Maria Ercilia de Paula Castilho , Sousa Iêda Maria Pereira de , Rocha Elessandra Dias da , Gonçalves Solange Maria , Silva Luiz Henrique Lopes da , Bettini Vanessa , Campos Brunno de , Ludwing Guilherme , Viana Rosa Maria Mendes , Martins Ronaldo , Vieira Andre Schwambach , Alves-Filho José Carlos , Arruda Eurico , Sebollela Adriano , Cendes Fernando , Cunha Fernando , Damásio André Ricardo de Lima , Vinolo Marco Aurélio Ramirez , Munhoz Carolina , Rehen Stevens K. , Mauad Thais , Duarte-Neto Amaro , Silva Luiz Fernando Ferraz da , Dolhnikoff Marisa , Saldiva Paulo , Fabro Alexandre , Farias Alessandro S. , Moraes-Vieira Pedro Manoel M. , Módena José Luiz Proença , Yasuda Clarissa , Mori Marcelo A. , Cunha Thiago Mattar , Souza Daniel Martins de 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
COVID-19 patients may exhibit neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. We found that anxiety and cognitive impairment are manifested by 28-56% of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with mild respiratory symptoms and are associated with altered cerebral cortical thickness. Using an independent cohort, we found histopathological signs of brain damage in 25% of individuals who died of COVID-19. All of the affected brain tissues exhibited foci of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, particularly in astrocytes. Infection of neural stem cell-derived astrocytes changed energy metabolism, altered key proteins and metabolites used to fuel neurons and for biogenesis of neurotransmitters, and elicited a secretory phenotype that reduces neuronal viability. Our data support the model where SARS-CoV-2 reaches the brain, infects astrocytes and triggers neuropathological changes that contribute to the structural and functional alterations in the brain of COVID-19 patients.
Birth Companionship in a Government Health System: A Pilot Study in Kigoma, Tanzania
Authors: Chaote Paul , Mwakatundu Nguke Richard , Dominico Sunday Alfred , Mputa Alex , Mbanza Agnes , Metta Magdalena , Lobis Samantha , Dynes Michelle , Mbuyita Seleman , McNab Shanon , Schmidt Karen , Serbanescu Florina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Having a companion of choice throughout childbirth is an important component of good quality and respectful maternity care and has become standard in many countries. However, there are only a few examples of birth companionship being implemented in government health systems in low-income countries. To learn if birth companionship was feasible, acceptable and led to improved quality of care in these settings, we implemented a pilot project using9intervention and 6 comparison sites (all government health facilities) in a rural region of Tanzania.Methods: The pilot was developed and implemented in Kigoma, Tanzania between July 2016 and December 2018.Women delivering at intervention sites were given the choice of having a birth companion with them during childbirth. We evaluated the pilot with: (a) project data; (b) focus group discussions; (c) structured and semi-structured interviews; and (d) service statistics. Results: Over 80% of women delivering at intervention sites had a birth companion who provided support during childbirth; including comforting women and staying by their side. Most women interviewed at intervention sites were very satisfied with having a companion during childbirth (96%–99%). Most women at the intervention sites also reported that the presence of a companion improved their labor, delivery and postpartum experience (82%–97%).Health providers also found companions very helpful because they assisted with their workload, alerted the provider about changes in the woman’s status, and provided emotional support. When comparing intervention and comparison sites, providers at intervention sites were significantly more likely to: respond to women who called for help (p=0.003), interact in a friendly way (p<0.001), greet women respectfully (p<0.001), and try to make them more comfortable (p=0.003). Higher proportions of women who gave birth at intervention sites reported being “very satisfied” with the care they received (p<0.001), and that the staff were “very kind” (p<0.001) and “very encouraging” (p<0.001). Conclusion: Birth companionship was feasible and well accepted by health providers, government officials and most importantly, women who delivered at intervention facilities. The introduction of birth companionship improved women’s experience of birth and the maternity ward environment overall.
How Do Specialist Surgeons Treat the Atrophic Tooth Gap? - A Vignette-based Study Among Maxillofacial and Oral Surgeons
Authors: Korsch Michael , Walther Winfried , Robra Bernt-Peter , Sahin Aynur , Hannig Matthias , Bartols Andreas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThere is little information available regarding the decision-making process of clinicians, especially in the choice of therapy for a severely atrophic tooth gap. The aim of this research was to use case vignettes to determine the influence of possible factors on the decision making of maxillofacial and oral surgeons.MethodsA total of 250 maxillofacial (MFS) and oral (OS) surgeons in southern Germany were surveyed for atrophic single- or multiple-tooth gap with the help of case vignettes. The influence of different determinants on the therapy decision was investigated. Two case vignettes were designed for this purpose: vignette 1 with determinants “patient age” and “endocarditis prophylaxis” and vignette 2 with determinants “anxiety” and “bisphosphonate therapy”. Furthermore, the specialist designation was assessed for both. The options available to achieve a sufficient implant site were "bone split", "bone block", "augmentation with bone substitute material" and "bone resection". Therapy was either recommended or rejected based on principle.ResultsA total of 117 participants returned the questionnaire: 68 (58%) were OS and 49 (42%) MFS. “Patient age” and “patient anxiety” were not significantly associated with any therapy decision. However, required “endocarditis prophylaxis” led to significantly higher refusal rates for "bone split", "bone block" and "bone replacement material" and to higher rates of general refusal of a therapy. “Bisphosphonate therapy” was significantly associated with general refusal of therapy, but with no significant correlation with different therapy options. In vignette 1, OS refused therapy significantly more often than MFS, though there was no association with the specialist designation for other therapy modalities. In vignette 2, specialty was not significantly associated with the therapy decision.Conclusion“Patient age” as well as “patient anxiety” appear to have no or little influence on the treatment decision for severely atrophic single- or multiple-tooth gap by specialist surgeons. Surgeons more often refuse treatment for patients with endocarditis prophylaxis and bisphosphonate therapy.
Factors Associated with Opioid Overdose During Medication-Assisted Treatment: How Can We Identify Individuals at Risk?
Authors: Au Vivian Yin On , Rosic Tea , Sanger Nitika , Hillmer Alannah , Chawar Caroul , Worster Andrew , Thabane Lehana , Samaan Zainab 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Due to the loss of tolerance to opioids during medication-assisted treatment (MAT), this period may represent a time of heightened risk for overdose. Identifying factors associated with increased risk of overdose during treatment is therefore paramount to improving outcomes. We aimed to determine the prevalence of opioid overdoses in patients receiving MAT. Additionally, we explored factors associated with opioid overdose during MAT and the association between length of time enrolled in MAT and overdose. Methods: Data were collected prospectively from 2,360 participants receiving outpatient MAT in Ontario, Canada. Participants were divided into three groups by overdose status: no history of overdose, any lifetime history of overdose, and emergency department visit for opioid overdose in the last year. We used a multivariate multinomial regression model to assess demographic and clinical factors associated with overdose status. Results: Twenty four percent of participants reported a lifetime history of overdose (n=562) and 8% reported an emergency department (ED) visit for opioid overdose in the last year (n=179). Individuals with a recent ED visit for opioid overdose were in treatment for shorter duration (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87, 0.97, p = 0.001). Individuals with a lifetime or recent history of overdose were more likely to be younger in age (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89, 0.98, p = 0.007 and OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.77, 0.92, p <0.001, respectively), report more physical symptoms (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.03, p =0.005 and OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.05, p = 0.005, respectively), and had higher rates of non-prescription benzodiazepine use (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.32, 2.66, p <0.001 and OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.43, 3.81, p = 0.001, respectively) compared to individuals with no history of overdose. Conclusions: A considerable number of patients enrolled in MAT have experienced overdose. Our study highlights that there are identifiable factors associated with a patient’s overdose status that may represent areas for intervention. In particular, longer duration in MAT is associated with a decreased risk of overdose.