bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the information needs of radiotherapy patients and their families
Authors: Durnin Rebecca , Shepherd Paul , Gilleece Terri 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the information needs of radiotherapy patients and their families. To explore influential factors regarding information-seeking behaviours. To identify the preferred formats of information and the optimum time for radiotherapy patients to receive information. To assess the implications for clinical practice in satisfying patient information needs.Method:A Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database search of literature was undertaken and publications screened for retrieval with 36 qualifying for inclusion in the evaluation.Results:There was inconclusive evidence exploring the impact that patient age, diagnosis, family background, and educational status had on the information-seeking behaviours and preferences of cancer patients. There is an agreement that there are positive and negative benefits of using different formats of information: verbal, written, virtual, and so on, and ultimately healthcare providers must utilise a combination of information formats to satisfy the information needs and preferences of individual patients. Inconsistent data were found on the optimum time to deliver cancer information to patients and professionals, and therapeutic radiographers should not assume that their information priorities are the same as those of their patients—every patient has unique and individually specific information needs.Conclusion:The information needs of patients and families are dependent on individual circumstances, and priorities have a tendency to change during the cancer management journey, presenting huge challenges for therapeutic radiographers who are required to regularly reassess and satisfy the varying needs and preferences. More research is needed within the area of information needs and preferences for cancer patients receiving radiotherapy.
Symposium—Islamism, Islamist Parties, and Economic Policy-Making in the Neo-Liberal Age
Authors: Cavatorta Francesco , Amghar Samir 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article introduces the symposium on the relationship between Islamist and Salafi parties and neo-liberal economics. Through a mix of analyses of the party manifestos and ethnographic work, this symposium unveils how Islamist and Salafi parties across the Arab world and abroad have thought about the economy, how they attempted to incorporate the Islamic economy into their discourses and practices and how they have ultimately dealt with the current economic doctrine of neo-liberalism whether in power or opposition.
The Survival of Mafic Magmatic Enclaves and the Timing of Magma Recharge
Authors: Ruprecht Philipp , Simon Adam C. , Fiege Adrian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany intermediate to felsic intrusive and extrusive rocks contain mafic magmatic enclaves that are evidence for magma recharge and mixing. Whether enclaves represent records of prolonged mixing or syn‐eruptive recharge depends on their preservation potential in their intermediate to felsic host magmas. We present a model for enclave consumption where an initial stage of diffusive equilibration loosens the crystal framework in the enclave followed by advective erosion and disaggregation of the loose crystal layer. Using experimental data to constrain the propagation rate of the loosening front leads to enclave “erosion” rates of 10−5–10−8 cm/s for subvolcanic magma systems. These rates suggest that under some circumstances, enclave records are restricted to syn‐eruptive processes, while in most cases, enclave populations represent the recharge history over centuries to millennia. On these timescales, mafic magmatic enclaves may be unique recorders that can be compared to societal and written records of volcano activity.
Quantifying the Central European Droughts in 2018 and 2019 With GRACE Follow‐On
Authors: Boergens Eva , Güntner Andreas , Dobslaw Henryk , Dahle Christoph 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe GRACE‐FO satellites launched in May 2018 are able to quantify the water mass deficit in Central Europe during the two consecutive summer droughts of 2018 and 2019. Relative to the long‐term climatology, the water mass deficits were −112 ± 10.5 Gt in 2018 and −145 ± 12 Gt in 2019. These deficits are 73% and 94% of the mean amplitude of seasonal water storage variations, which is so severe that a recovery cannot be expected within 1 year. The water deficits in 2018 and 2019 are the largest in the whole GRACE and GRACE‐FO time span. Globally, the data do not show an offset between the two missions, which proves the successful continuation of GRACE by GRACE‐FO and thus the reliability of the observed extreme events in Central Europe. This allows for a joint assessment of the four Central European droughts in 2003, 2015, 2018, and 2019 in terms of total water storage deficits.
Conceptual Model for the Removal of Cold‐Trapped H2O Ice on the Mars Northern Seasonal Springtime Polar Cap
Authors: Titus T. N. , Williams K. E. , Cushing G. E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe transport of H2O ice along the retreating north polar seasonal CO2ice cap has previously been modeled and observed. Spectral observations show that H2O ice forms on the interior of the seasonal cap, while thermal observations show these regions to be consistent with CO2ice. Prior to the sublimation of the seasonal CO2, the observed H2O ice deposits are diminished—and because H2O ice sublimation rates are extremely slow while in direct thermal contact with CO2ice, an alternate removal process must be operating. We propose a model where the process of removing these H2O deposits starts with insolation‐induced basal sublimation of the underlying CO2ice. This sublimed gas would “seep” upward and into the interface between the two ices, increasing pressure until the gas pressure fractures the cold‐trapped H2O ice. Small fragments would be suspended while larger fragments would be pushed aside, exposing the underlying CO2ice.
Enhanced North American ENSO Teleconnections During the Little Ice Age Revealed by Paleoclimate Data Assimilation
Authors: Dee Sylvia , Okumura Yuko , Stevenson Samantha , Di Nezio Pedro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTeleconnection rainfall over North America may be systematically altered by tropical Pacific mean state changes. Characterizing teleconnection changes to improve prediction requires many realizations of ENSO events, but twentieth century data are temporally limited. To extend twentieth century records, we evaluate ENSO events in a new last‐millennium paleoclimate data assimilation reconstruction to deduce how mean state changes affect the magnitude/extent of ENSO‐driven rainfall in the United States. Despite global cooling during the Little Ice Age, the central‐eastern tropical Pacific warms relative to the Medieval Climate Anomaly, shifting teleconnections eastward and increasing rainfall anomalies in the southwestern United States. Teleconnections strengthen independently of ENSO amplitude; we thus suggest caution in using paleoclimate reconstructions of teleconnection rainfall as a proxy for ENSO amplitude. We demonstrate teleconnection rainfall is sensitive to the pattern of tropical Pacific mean SST changes, underscoring the importance of reducing uncertainties in future warming patterns in the tropical Pacific.
Wildfire‐Initiated Talik Development Exceeds Current Thaw Projections: Observations and Models From Alaska's Continuous Permafrost Zone
Authors: Rey David M. , Walvoord Michelle A. , Minsley Burke J. , Ebel Brian A. , Voss Clifford I. , Singha Kamini 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAs the Arctic warms and wildfire occurrence increases, talik formation in permafrost regions is projected to expand and affect the cycling of water and carbon. Yet, few unified field and modeling studies have examined this process in detail, particularly in areas of continuous permafrost. We address this gap by presenting multimethod, multiseasonal geophysical measurements of permafrost and liquid‐water content that reveal substantial talik development in response to recent wildfire in continuous permafrost of boreal Alaska. Results from observation‐based cryohydrogeologic model simulations suggest that predisturbance subsurface conditions are key factors influencing thaw response to fire disturbance and air temperature warming. Our high‐resolution integrated study illustrates enhanced vulnerability of boreal continuous permafrost, with observed talik formation that exceeds coarse‐scale model projections by ~100 years even under the most extreme future emissions scenario. Results raise important scaling questions for representing extreme permafrost thaw phenomena of growing widespread importance in large‐scale predictive models.
Sinking Versus Suspended Particle Size Distributions in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Cael B. B. , White Angelicque E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental property that influences all aspects of phytoplankton ecology. In particular, the size (e.g., diameter d [μm]) and sinking speed w (m/day) of individual particles are inextricable, but much remains unknown about how d and w are related quantitatively for bulk particulate matter. There is significant interest in inferring sinking mass fluxes from PSDs, but doing so requires knowing how both mass and w scale with d. To this end, using both laser diffraction and imaging, we characterized for the first time both sinking and suspended PSDs in the oligotrophic North Pacific subtropical gyre. Comparing these PSDs via a power law parameterization indicates an approximately linear w‐to‐d scaling, suggesting particles are more fractal‐like than sphere‐like in this respect. This result is robust across multiple instruments, depths, and sediment trap deployments and is made comparatively precise by a high degree of replication.
Using Stable Isotopes to Disentangle Marine Sedimentary Signals in Reactive Silicon Pools
Authors: Pickering Rebecca A. , Cassarino Lucie , Hendry Katharine R. , Wang Xiangli L. , Maiti Kanchan , Krause Jeffrey W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany studies use sedimentary biogenic silica (bSiO2) stable isotopes (e.g., δ30Si) as paleoproxies but neglect signals from other sedimentary reactive SiO2 phases. We quantified δ30Si for multiple reactive Si pools in coastal river‐plume sediments, revealing up to −5‰ difference between acid‐leachable and alkaline‐digestible amorphous SiO2. Thus, previous studies have missed valuable information on early diagenetic products and, in cases where sediments were not cleaned, potentially biased bSiO2 δ30Si values. Acid‐leachable δ30Si, that is, from authigenic products, are the result of either multistep fractionation from a bSiO2 source or an ~2‰ fractionation (consistent with metal hydroxide formation) from slowly dissolving lithogenic SiO2. This analysis also suggests that sedimentary diatom bSiO2, which has increased regionally in the last half‐century, is the critical substrate of early authigenic Si precipitates. Regional eutrophication, which has stimulated sedimentary bSiO2 accumulation, may have facilitated additional sequestration of both sedimentary Si and cations from early diagenetic products.
Understanding Intermodel Diversity When Simulating the Time of Emergence in CMIP5 Climate Models
Authors: Hyun Seung‐Hwon , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Song Se‐Yong , Park Hyo‐Seok , Kirtman Ben P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUsing a statistical method, we examined the time of emergence (ToE), which was defined as the year when the global mean surface temperature (GMST) trend exceeds the trend explained by internal variability, using 33 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models for 1861–2100. We found that the GMST trend explained by internal variability showed minimal changes even though the GMST trend rapidly increased under the Representative Climate Pathway 8.5 scenario. However, there was large intermodel diversity for the ToEs in CMIP5 climate models. The intensity of Arctic amplification was closely associated with intermodel diversity of the ToEs. A significant difference in the amount of Arctic sea ice extent during the reference period (1861‐1910) played a role in determining whether there was slow or fast simulation of the ToE in CMIP5 climate models. We argue that a slow or fast ToE is influenced by how the climate models initially simulate the sea ice extent during the reference period.
Origin of Electron Boomerang Stripes: Localized ULF Wave‐Particle Interactions
Authors: Zhao X. X. , Hao Y. X. , Zong Q.‐G. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Yue Chao , Chen X. R. , Liu Y. , Blake J. B. , Claudepierre S. G. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUltralow frequency (ULF) wave‐particle interactions play a significant role in the radiation belt dynamic process, during which drift resonance can accelerate and transport energetic electrons in the outer radiation belt. Observations of wave‐electron drift resonance are characterized by quasiperiodic straight or “boomerang‐shaped” stripes in the pitch angle spectrogram. Here we present an ULF wave event on 1 December 2015, during which both kinds stripes were observed by Van Allen Probes A and B, respectively. Using the time‐of‐flight technique based on the pitch angle dependence of electron drift velocities, the “boomerang‐shaped” stripes are inferred to originate from straight stripes at the time and location covered by Probe B. Given that straight stripes were indeed observed by Probe B, our observations strongly support the charged particle interacting with azimuthally localized ULF waves. A new method is provided to identify the location of ULF wave‐particle interaction on the basis of remote observations of electron flux modulations.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Propagation of Summer Extreme Precipitation Events Over United States: A Complex Network Analysis
Authors: Mondal Somnath , Mishra Ashok Kumar , Leung L. Ruby 
Published: July 2020

AbstractComplex network (CN) is a graph theory‐based depiction of relation shared by various elements of a complex dynamical system such as the atmosphere. Here we apply the concept of CN to understand the directionality and topological structure of summer extreme precipitation events (SEPEs) over the conterminous United States (CONUS). The SEPEs are calculated based on the 95th percentile daily rainfall at 0.5° × 0.5° spatial resolution for CONUS to investigate the multidimensional characteristics of precipitation extremes. The derived CN coefficients (e.g., betweenness centrality, clustering coefficient, orientation, and network divergence) reveal important structural and dynamical information about the topology of the SEPEs and improve understanding of the dominant meteorological patterns. The initiation and propagation of SEPEs from the source zones to the sink zones are identified. The SEPEs are influenced by topography, dominant wind patterns, and moisture sources in terms of their topological structure and spatial dynamics.
A Unique Feature of the 2019 Extreme Positive Indian Ocean Dipole Event
Authors: Wang Guojian , Cai Wenju , Yang Kai , Santoso Agus , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDuring austral spring of 2019, an extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) event occurred, with cold sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) and warming in the west. Although the growth of the EEIO cold anomalies involves forcing by equatorial nonlinear advection, unique to the 2019 pIOD is an air‐sea heat flux that was a forcing to the EEIO cold anomalies, rather than a damping as in previous extreme events. This unique thermodynamic forcing is due to a large latent cooling, which is supported by an unusually strong wind speed contributed by a large southerly anomaly as part of a long‐term trend. The wind trend is underpinned by a mean state SST change featuring slower warming off Sumatra‐Java. Given that a similar SST trend pattern is projected under greenhouse warming, the likelihood of such thermodynamical forcing operating more frequently in the future needs to be considered.
Contributions of Greenland GPS Observed Deformation From Multisource Mass Loading Induced Seasonal and Transient Signals
Authors: Li Wenhao , Shum C. K. , Li Fei , Zhang Shengkai , Ming Feng , Chen Wei , Zhang Bao , Lei Jintao , Zhang Qingchuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGlobal Positioning System (GPS) provides critical geodetic constraints on Earth's elastic response induced by ice and other mass loadings in Greenland. Previous studies focused on long‐term ice mass changes, with relatively fewer studies on transient signals and had used fewer GPS stations. Here we reconstructed 44 Greenland‐wide coastal decadal GPS time series using multichannel singular spectral analysis and quantified the origins of spatiotemporal patterns of transient to seasonal signals. We used an exhaustive list of geophysical processes, including surface mass balance (SMB), atmospheric pressure, continental hydrology, nontidal ocean loading, bedrock thermal expansion, precipitation, runoff, and ice discharge, and identified that most of Greenland's GPS sites exhibit SMB‐induced transient signals during 2012–2015, with maximum displacement reaching 20.45 mm. Analyses of differenced time series between adjacent GPS stations near peripheral glaciers reveal that locally varying seasonal signals are primarily attributable to SMB, followed by atmosphere.
Surface Chlorophyll Enhancement in Mesoscale Eddies by Submesoscale Spiral Bands
Authors: Zhang Zhengguang , Qiu Bo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOceanic submesoscale processes (with scales ~1–10 km and approximately days) have been progressively recognized as an important upwelling mechanism to close the upper ocean nutrient budget and sustain the primary production in euphotic layer. Spiral band is one of the most typical submesoscale structures of mesoscale eddies, characterized with enhancement of surface chlorophyll concentration. By combining satellite ocean‐color, satellite‐altimetry, and surface drifter data, we find that the oceanic spiral chlorophyll bands emerge globally and share a series of structural and kinematic features with atmospheric spiral rain bands of tropical cyclones, which indicate that they are footprints of the vertical motions induced by vortex Rossby waves embedded in eddies. As vortex Rossby waves are closely related to eddy evolution under background deformation, further observational analysis indicates that an intense eddy energy variation and a strong background deformation field constitute the favorable conditions for the emergence of the spiral chlorophyll bands.
Efficient Vertical Transport of Black Carbon in the Planetary Boundary Layer
Authors: Liu Dantong , Hu Kang , Zhao Delong , Ding Shuo , Wu Yunfei , Zhou Chang , Yu Chenjie , Tian Ping , Liu Quan , Bi Kai , Wu Yangzhou , Hu Bo , Ji Dongsheng , Kong Shaofei , Ouyang Bin , He Hui , Huang Mengyu , Ding Deping 
Published: July 2020

AbstractVertical distribution of black carbon (BC) determines the layer where its heating impacts exert. This study presents continuous and simultaneous measurements at surface and on a mountain site above the wintertime planetary boundary layer influenced by uplifted surface anthropogenic emissions. BC was observed efficiently transported upwards by daytime convective mixing. However, this vertical transport was less for other particulate masses. An about twofold higher BC mass fraction was thus present at mountain than surface, hereby a lowered single‐scattering albedo (SSA) by 0.06. This may be caused by the evaporative loss of condensed semivolatile materials, prevailing the secondary particulate formation, in a cleaner environment containing less precursors. The elevated BC mass corresponded with the most intensive solar radiation at midday, wielding more heating impacts over the planetary boundary layer (PBL). This phenomenon may apply to other remote regions where a reduced SSA will introduce more positive radiative effects.
Continuous Isoprene Measurements in a UK Temperate Forest for a Whole Growing Season: Effects of Drought Stress During the 2018 Heatwave
Authors: Ferracci Valerio , Bolas Conor G. , Freshwater Ray A. , Staniaszek Zosia , King Thomas , Jaars Kerneels , Otu‐Larbi Frederick , Beale John , Malhi Yadvinder , Waine Toby William , Jones Roderic L. , Ashworth Kirsti , Harris Neil R. P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIsoprene concentrations were measured at four heights below, within, and above the forest canopy in Wytham Woods (United Kingdom) throughout the summer of 2018 using custom‐built gas chromatographs (the iDirac). These observations were complemented with selected ancillary variables, including air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, occasional leaf gas exchange measurements, and satellite retrievals of normalized difference vegetation and water indices. The campaign overlapped with a long and uninterrupted heatwave accompanied by moderate drought. Peak isoprene concentrations during the heatwave‐drought were up to a factor of 4 higher than those before or after. Higher temperatures during the heatwave could not account for all the observed isoprene; the enhanced abundances correlated with drought stress. Leaf‐level emissions confirmed this and also included compounds associated with ecosystem stress. This work highlights that a more in‐depth understanding of the effects of drought stress is required to better characterize isoprene emissions.
Assessment of InSight Landing Site Predictions
Authors: Golombek M. , Kass D. , Williams N. , Warner N. , Daubar I. , Piqueux S. , Charalambous C. , Pike W. T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractComprehensive analysis of remote sensing data used to select the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) landing site correctly predicted the atmospheric temperature and pressure profile during entry and descent, the safe landing surface, and the geologic setting of the site. The smooth plains upon which the InSight landing site is located were accurately predicted to be generally similar to the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit landing site with relatively low rock abundance, low slopes, and a moderately dusty surface with a 3–10 m impact fragmented regolith over Hesperian to Early Amazonian basaltic lava flows. The deceleration profile and surface pressure encountered by the spacecraft during entry, descent, and landing compared well (within 1σ) of the envelope of modeled temperature profiles and the expected surface pressure. Orbital estimates of thermal inertia are similar to surface radiometer measurements, and materials at the surface are dominated by poorly consolidated sand as expected. Thin coatings of bright atmospheric dust on the surface were as indicated by orbital albedo and dust cover index measurements. Orbital estimates of rock abundance from shadow measurements in high‐resolution images and thermal differencing indicated very low rock abundance and surface counts show 1–4% area covered by rocks. Slopes at 100 to 5 m length scale measured from orbital topographic and radar data correctly indicated a surface comparably smooth and flat as the two smoothest landing sites (Opportunity and Phoenix). Thermal inertia and radar data indicated the surface would be load bearing as found.