bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Speed Transient Flow in Manifolds
Authors: Findanis Nicholas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Flows in manifolds is a ubiquitous and important area to implement flow improvements. In almost all applications of industrial pipe flows, there is the requirement to distribute the flow of fluid. There is a deficiency of studies in the area of flow distribution in manifolds with high speed flows. The present work is aimed at providing a further understanding of transient high speed flow distribution in manifolds. The different manifold configurations were analysed computationally. A comparison was focused between through the different aspect ratio manifolds. The velocity field and the eddy viscosity parameters where compared between the simulated flow models to ascertain the key features in the distributed flow field and especially, to determine the areas that showed greater flow recirculation or flow eddies and the separated flow regions. The CFD study was conducted as a high speed flow/ compressible flow regime accounting for the ideal gas dynamic model being air as the working fluid. The study showed that the transient behaviour of flow field can significantly affect distribution of the flow depending on the aspect ratio and number of branches on the manifold. Efficiency gains can be achieved in high speed flows that can be of benefit in industrial and other engineered flow applications.
Measurement Wall Shear Stress Using MCF Rubber
Authors: Miyachi Shunya , Kubota Yoshihiro , Mochizuki Osamu , Shimada Kunio 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study is the development of an elastic sensor for the measurement of wall shear stress induced by flow. We used a flexible sensor by MCF rubber. The MCF is named of Magnetic Compound Fluid. This functional material can be measured the force by change of electric conductivity with a deformation. The experiments were carried out with the basis of rotational viscometer. The results with MCF sensor sense the decreasing of wall shear stress with the decelerating the flow gradually. The results suggest the good responsivities for the force measurement.
Prediction of Drag Reduction Effect of Pulsating Control in Turbulent Pipe Flow by Machine Learning
Authors: Kobayashi Wataru , Shimura Takaaki , Mitsuishi Akihiko , Iwamoto Kaoru , Murata Akira 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
It has been widely expected that the pulsating control can reduce friction drag in various fluid systems. In order to maximize its effect, a prediction tool of drag reduction using pulsating control is required. The present study aims at the prediction of the drag reduction rate by machine learning. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) was applied as the machine learning method. Water was used as the working fluid. First, an automatic measurement system was constructed and drag reduction effect was evaluated by an experiment with various pulsation waveforms. The flow pulsation was generated by giving periodical acceleration and deceleration by a centrifugal pump in a closed circulation system. The bulk Reynolds number Reb ranges between 3400 and 3800. Next, the experiments were performed with over 5000 kinds of waveforms to make training and validation data for MLP. Within the data, the maximum drag reduction rate of 38.6% was observed. The friction coefficient Cf decreased during the acceleration period and increased during deceleration period. Finally, the drag reduction rate was predicted in three cases with different input parameters of MLP. The relationship between pulsation waveforms and the drag reduction effect was successfully predicted.
Research on Temperature Rise of Wet Clutch Based on Multi-Field Coupling
Authors: Wu Bangzhi , Qin Datong , Hu Jianjun , Zhang Qing 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Wet clutch is widely used in vehicle power transmission, especially in dual clutch automatic transmission. However, due to the unclear understanding of clutch temperature distribution and its influencing factors, the clutch is prone to excessive temperature rise or even wear under severe working conditions or continuous starting conditions. In this paper, the finite element model of stress field distribution of friction pair is established by considering the non-uniform fixed constraint of clamping spring and the non-uniform contact of hydraulic cylinder. Based on the inclined groove structure of the friction plate, the numerical calculation model of the flow field in the groove is established by the finite volume method. On this basis, considering the time-varying characteristics of stress distribution and cooling flow field distribution of clutch friction pairs, a numerical calculation model of clutch temperature field is established, and a multi-field coupling calculation method of clutch is proposed. The distribution of temperature field under different working conditions during clutch engagement is obtained by numerical calculation. The results show that the temperature rise of clutch depends on the target speed of the clutch driving end and the load on the driven end. The research results can provide guidance for the design and control of the clutch.
Automating Parametric Redesign of Structural Thin-Walled Frames
Authors: Wang Lyang Suan , Haghighi Payam , Ramnath Satchit , Horner Kurtis , Detwiler Duane , Shah Jami J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Thin walled frames are prevalent in automotive body structures as they provide lower vehicle weight to meet strength and stiffness requirements for different type of loading cases. Reducing body weight improves fuel efficiency. The inner and outer styling surfaces drive the shape of the design space which constrains structural configurations and size of parts. Although automotive structural engineers have been using thin walled frames for years, they are keen on getting improvements through topology optimization. This paper focuses on development of a set of methods that automate the process of creating hollow cross-sections for body components inside the design space. Lofting these cross-sections along the load path of each component results in a surface model which can be used in FEA for verification and later in designing joints between different components. The starting point of this methodology is the curve skeleton, which is a 1D representation of the load paths within the design space. By analyzing the load paths, planes normal to the curve can be created to cut the design space to obtain the 2D wireframe of the boundaries. Predefined parameterized cross-sections created based on experiential knowledge that are stored in our cross-section tutor, can then be mapped to reside inside the design space boundaries at these different cutting locations. Several test cases are presented to discuss the capabilities and limitations of the tool. Future work on expanding the software to include more functions is also presented.
Customized PEEK Implants With Microporous and Surface Modification Using 3D Printing
Authors: Liao Chao-Yaug , Wu Po-Lun , Lee Chao-Yu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance, semi-crystalline thermal polymer with medical advantages such as biocompatibility and radiolucency. PEEK has an elastic modulus comparable to that of human cortical bone, so it can effectively reduce the stress shielding effect caused by the mismatch between the mechanical properties of an implant and human bone tissue. However, PEEK is biologically inert, and its use typically relies on a variety of surface modification methods, such as surface coatings of bio-ceramic materials, enhancing the surface bioactivity, and osseointegration. Compared to thermal spray or plasma spray technologies, the cold spray is carried out at relatively low temperatures, retaining the original properties of the material. This research establishes an open-source three-dimensional printer compatible with PEEK and also develops a powder-spray module based on the cold spray technology that can coat the surfaces of PEEK printings with hydroxyapatite (HA) to improve its bioactivity. This paper discusses the best parameter selection for PEEK printing, a thermal history analysis of the printing process, and the adhesion of HA powder coated on PEEK specimens with different porosities. Finally, the PEEK implant is printed to measure its performance under a vertical load.
Design Principle Cards: Toolset to Support Innovations With Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Lauff Carlye A. , Perez K. Blake , Camburn Bradley A. , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) continues to play an important role in product development, and many companies are searching for how to best integrate AM into their products, business models, and design processes. Often, AM is integrated into later stages of the design process for products during manufacturing and production. However, there is an opportunity to introduce AM in early-stage design, which could spark new business models and services in addition to re-thinking manufacturing for products. The central research question for this paper is what is an appropriate and useful tool to support innovations with AM early in the design process? Prior work has extracted and validated AM design principles. This paper describes the strategic development of AM Principle Cards from these design principles. The cards are a vehicle for codified AM design principles to be shared and understood in a way that inspires learning, creativity, and AM considerations during the early stages of the design process. They implement a number of best-known practices from an inductive principle-extraction study and literature related to the use of design stimuli, learning theory, design by analogy, and creativity. The AM cards were awarded a Singapore Good Design Award (SG Mark) for 2019. The AM Principle Cards were validated in two studies. In this paper, an ideation study is conducted with 85 designers to elicit feedback about the cards’ effectiveness to explain concepts related to AM and their ability to inspire creativity and new innovations. An additional ideation study was conducted with 61 participants that showed significant improvement in quality and novelty of ideas. The full deck of the final 27 AM Principle Cards is shared for design educators and practitioners to use.
Augmented Reality Interface: Guidelines for the Design of Contrast Ratios
Authors: Koreng Regina , Krömker Heidi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
As part of the quality assurance process in industrial production, employees make hundreds of decisions every day based on their experience and the given inspection specifications. The detection of quality deviations currently depends on the individual competence of the persons involved in the production process. With the automatic recognition of textured surfaces in camera images, valuable information can be given to support these persons in their decisions. For the design of augmented reality systems, the cognitive decision-making processes are first described in a model-based way and the requirements for design of the decision-making process are defined. The different lighting environments in the industrial process represent one of the important requirements of the augmented reality system, to function independently of the lighting. The good perceptibility of the information is the basic requirement for the recognition of contents. When implementing an augmented reality system, it is problematic to consider the different illuminance levels in a room. Depending on the task at hand, usually, the light at a machine is weaker and brighter in the quality control area. It is important that user-centered implementation is observed. Manual intervention by the end user in the augmented reality system is necessary to compensate for differences in brightness. This paper examines different lighting environments and the degree to which the user can clearly see content. An empirical evaluation is conducted to examine the clarity of content in AR. The aim is to find out how the difference in contrast at different lighting situations influences the differences in brightness of colors. The colors are chosen to display content but also to emphasize content. As a result, a usage recommendation can be made for grey values as well as for different color values. The consequence of this investigation is then used for the further development of sample solutions for the design of an augmented reality system. The focus lies on the user-centered development process and thus the integration of user requirements into the technical implementation should be ensured. The perceptibility of the information in an augmented reality system should not only play a role technically, but also physically. The perception of information is omnipresent, so one can perceive our environment. With the help of the study, a natural and easy perception of information should take place, which supports the recognition of important information in the everyday working environment.
Inverse Thermo-Mechanical Processing (ITMP) Design of a Steel Rod During Hot Rolling Process
Authors: Nellippallil Anand Balu , Mohan Pranav , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The production of steel products involves a series of manufacturing processes. The material Thermo-Mechanical Processing (TMP) history at each process affects the final properties and performances of the product. Experiments and plant trials to predict these properties and performance of steel products are expensive and time consuming. This has resulted in the need for computational design methods and tools that support a human designer in realizing such complex systems involving the material, product and manufacturing processes from a simulation-based design perspective.
In this paper, we present a Goal-oriented Inverse Design method to achieve the integrated design exploration of materials, products and manufacturing processes. The key functionality offered is the capability to carry out a microstructure-mediated design satisficing specific processing requirements and performance goals of the product. Given models to establish the information flow chain, a designer can use the method for the decision-based design exploration of material microstructure and processing paths to realize products in a manufacturing process chain. The efficacy of the method is tested using an industry-inspired hot rolling problem to inversely design the thermo-mechanical processing of a steel rod. The focus here is the method and associated design constructs which are generic and support the formulation and decision-based design of similar problems involving materials, products and associated manufacturing processes.
Applicability of an Oil Based Calculation Approach for Wear Risk and Wear Lifetime to Grease Lubricated Gear Pairings
Authors: Siewerin Benedikt J. , Dobler Andreas , Tobie Thomas , Stahl Karsten 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Gear pairings often run under very high loads. That can result in different kinds of failure modes limiting their lifetime. Many of the known gear failure modes are tribologically influenced. Especially for gear pairs running with lower circumferential speeds or with different surface hardness, (continuous or slow speed) wear is often the lifetime limiting factor. Slow speed wear appears continuously over a longer period of runtime. In many cases, such applications are lubricated with greases. Since the standardized calculation methods (e.g. ISO 6336) do not cover any determination of wear, one common way to predict the wear lifetime is the calculation method according to Plewe. In the associated Plewe diagram the worn off amount of material is correlated to the minimal lubricant film thickness in the tooth contact. The wear intensity decreases for higher film thicknesses. However, this method has certain limits for greases, because the film thickness of a grease, its bleed oil and the base oil is not necessarily the same. Additionally, the consistency and the flow properties have to be considered, because they influence the lubrication supply mechanism (circulating or channeling). Under certain circumstances channeling could be predominant. Although in theory a grease should build a thicker lubricating film than its base oil, experimental investigations have shown higher wear rates in comparison to oil lubrication.
Decomposing Incentives for Early Resilient Design: Method and Validation
Authors: Hulse Daniel , Hoyle Christopher , Tumer Irem Y. , Goebel Kai 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Due to the expansive, time-consuming nature of risk analyses, it is important to be able to assign the minimization of risk (and, in general, optimization of resilience) to responsible teams that can work in parallel. However, while methods exist for minimization of risk in conventional design processes, research has not yet shown how it should be performed in a model-based design context in early design phase, when the design representation is relatively high-level and there are uncertainties in parameter values. This paper presents a value-driven design approach to minimize risk by decomposing the design, operational, and expected failure costs to individual functions in a system failure model. This process is demonstrated in a case study considering the redundancy of components to fulfill overall functions in an electric power system, where it is shown to increase design value significantly. An uncertainty-based process is additionally provided to enable the designer to test the sensitivity of the chosen design solution to uncertain parameter values. In this limited case study it is shown that the sensitivity of the choice to parameter value uncertainty is low, provided the range of uncertainty for each parameter is within a reasonable range. In situations like this, presented expected cost metrics provide meaningful information to justify system-architectural design decisions made on the basis of resilience.
Decision-Making in the Prescription of Orthotics and Prosthetics for Partial-Foot Amputees
Authors: Saravanan Pratima , Hipple Charity , Wang Jingxin , McComb Christopher , Menold Jessica 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Prosthetists face a daunting number of decisions that directly affect an amputee’s ability to walk and indirectly affect the overall quality of life of that amputee. In addition, the lack of resources in low-income countries provides a barrier to receive care after an amputation, and approximately 80% of amputees in low-income countries lack appropriate prosthetic care. In this research, we are motivated to understand what factors affect the decision-making strategies of prosthetists and podiatrists when prescribing prosthetics and orthotics to partial foot amputees. This work establishes a decision-making framework as a step towards automated methods that may reduce the complexities and decision-making burden of prosthetic prescription, ultimately increasing the efficiency of prosthetic prescription in low-resourced areas. A decision-making model is proposed based on an extensive literature review of over 100 papers. The proposed model is compared to qualitative data regarding decision-making strategies during prosthetic or orthotic prescription collected from nine prosthetists, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals directly involved in amputee care. Changes to the proposed model are described and future work exploring the role of automated methods to support decision-making in the context of prosthetics is discussed.
Antecedents and Outcomes of Designer Empathy: A Retrospective Interview Study
Authors: Surma-aho Antti , Chen Claudia , Hölttä-Otto Katja , Yang Maria 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that to uncover key needs and create successful designs, designers must holistically and empathically understand end-users. However, despite the existence of empathy frameworks and guides in design, little empirical work has investigated what influences and results from empathy, i.e. its antecedents and outcomes, at the project level. Further, the distinct roles of affective and cognitive empathic processes are rarely recognized in design, even though they are commonly addressed in psychology research. To begin filling these research gaps, this paper presents a thematic analysis of 10 semi-structured interviews with product and service designers. The designers described a variety of techniques and situations that had enabled them to cognitively understand their users’ perspectives and that had caused affective reactions, ranging from consciously searching for analogous experiences in the designer’s own life to feeling concern for users after observing difficulties in their everyday lives. While cognitive empathy and the resulting accuracy of user understanding was perceived to motivate design changes and thus the creation of more beneficial designs, affective empathy was connected to increased acknowledgement of user problems and motivation to help users. The results describe empathy in a design context and highlight differences between distinct components of empathy.
Simulation-Based Process Optimization of Metallic Additive Manufacturing Under Uncertainty
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Liu Pengwei , Hu Zhen , Chen Lei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The presence of various uncertainty sources in metal-based additive manufacturing (AM) process prevents producing AM products with consistently high quality. Using electron beam melting (EBM) of Ti-6A1-4V as an example, this paper presents a data-driven framework for process parameters optimization using physics-informed computer simulation models. The goal is to identify a robust manufacturing condition that allows us to constantly obtain equiaxed materials microstructures under uncertainty. To overcome the computational challenge in the robust design optimization under uncertainty, a two-level data-driven surrogate model is constructed based on the simulation data of a validated high-fidelity multi-physics AM simulation model. The robust design result, indicating a combination of low preheating temperature, low beam power and intermediate scanning speed, was acquired enabling the repetitive production of equiaxed-structure products as demonstrated by physics-based simulations. Global sensitivity analysis at the optimal design point indicates that among the studied six noise factors, specific heat capacity and grain growth activation energy have largest impact on the microstructure variation.
Manufacturing Processes Re-Engineering for Cost Reduction: The Investment Casting Case Study
Authors: Mandolini Marco , Campi Federico , Favi Claudio , Germani Michele 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The production cost is one of the most important drivers for product competitiveness. For increasing profits, a manufacturing process re-engineering is mandatory. This practice passes through systematic procedures for process selection, cost estimation and results analysis.
This paper presents a method for evaluating different manufacturing alternatives for cost reduction. This method, composed of eight steps (most of them retrieved from the scientific literature), permits engineers to consider important aspects, such as the choice of cost estimation tools, the collection of data related to production processes, the impact related to the introduction of new production processes and the interpretation of results. Authors adopted such method for evaluating economic benefits of introducing a new manufacturing technology (i.e. investment casting) for three components of a food packaging machine.
The adoption of the proposed method leads to compare investment casting vs. machining. The paper presents a detailed discussion of the economic benefits (return on investment, cash flows and manufacturing cost breakdown) related to the introduction of the investment casting technology.