Abstract PO-62: Overcoming venetoclax resistance in B-cell malignancies by antagonism of stromal TGF-beta-mediated drug resistance
Authors: Park Eugene , Chen Jingyu , Moore Andrew , Mangolini Maurizio , Byod Joseph R. , Schjerven Hilde , Williamson James C. , Lehner Paul J. , Leitges Michael , Egle Alexander , Schmidt-Supprian Marc , Frietze Seth , Ringshausen Ingo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Novel targeted therapies have substantially improved the prognosis of patients with B-cell malignancies. However, a substantial fraction of patients relapse, even after initially achieving deep remissions. Many studies have characterized the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment as integral to leukemia/lymphoma homeostasis and for the provision of survival signals, also contributing to drug resistance (referred to as environment-mediated drug resistance [EMDR]). Therapeutic efforts to antagonize microenvironment-emanating survival cues have predominantly focused on perturbation of tumor cell adhesion enabling the physical displacement from protective niches. In an effort to address whether direct stromal targeting could more precisely mitigate EMDR, we antagonized stromal expressed PKC-beta, which we have previously shown to be a stroma-autonomous signaling pathway critical for the survival of malignant B cells (Lutzny et al., Cancer Cell 2013). The dependency on stroma PKC-b was uniformly found for acute (ALL) and chronic (CLL, MCL) B-cell malignancies. In particular, our data demonstrate that stroma PKC-b is of key importance for multidrug resistance of malignant B cells (Park et al., Science Trans Med 2020). Here we demonstrate novel mechanistic insights into stroma-mediated drug resistance in B-cell malignancies. We identified that stroma PKC-b drives a transcriptional program, activating TGF-b and BMP-signaling in tumor cells. Our data show that antagonizing stroma signals with TGF-b inhibitors abrogated upregulation of BCL-XL and overcomes stroma-dependent resistance to venetoclax. This activation operates in parallel to the activation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB) as a downstream target of PKC-b. Interference with these signaling pathways impairs plasma membrane integrity of MSCs by downregulation of numerous adhesion and signaling molecules (e.g., ADAM17), required for the reciprocal stabilization of BCL-XL in tumor cells. The significance of microenvironment PKC-b for drug resistance was demonstrated in vivo, using C57B/6 mice, diseased with EuTCL-1 driven B-cell tumors and treated with venetoclax in combination with or without enzastaurin (PKC-b inhibitor). Combined treatment significantly prolonged survival, based on PKC-b mediated impairment of lysosome biogenesis in vivo. Similarly, concurrent treatment of PKC-b inhibitors with chemotherapy also improved survival in an ALL-PDx model. Our data demonstrate that mitigating EMDR with small-molecule inhibitors of PKC-b or TGF-b signaling enhances the effectiveness of both targeted and nontargeted chemotherapies and, moreover, has the ability to overcome venetoclax resistance in B-cell malignancies in vivo. A clinical trial to test the dual inhibition of stroma and tumor cells in lymphoma patients is in preparation.
Citation Format: Eugene Park, Jingyu Chen, Andrew Moore, Maurizio Mangolini, Joseph R. Byod, Hilde Schjerven, James C. Williamson, Paul J. Lehner, Michael Leitges, Alexander Egle, Marc Schmidt-Supprian, Seth Frietze, Ingo Ringshausen. Overcoming venetoclax resistance in B-cell malignancies by antagonism of stromal TGF-beta-mediated drug resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: Advances in Malignant Lymphoma; 2020 Aug 17-19. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2020;1(3_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-62.