bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of carotid stenosis for primary and secondary prevention of stroke: state-of-the-art 2020: a critical review
Authors: Messas Emmanuel , Goudot Guillaume , Halliday Alison , Sitruk Jonas , Mirault Tristan , Khider Lina , Saldmann Frederic , Mazzolai Lucia , Aboyans Victor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCarotid atherosclerotic plaque is encountered frequently in patients at high cardiovascular risk, especially in the elderly. When plaque reaches 50% of carotid lumen, it induces haemodynamically significant carotid stenosis, for which management is currently at a turning point. Improved control of blood pressure, smoking ban campaigns, and the widespread use of statins have reduced the risk of cerebral infarction to &lt;1% per year. However, about 15% of strokes are still secondary to a carotid stenosis, which can potentially be detected by effective imaging techniques. For symptomatic carotid stenosis, current ESC guidelines put a threshold of 70% for formal indication for revascularization. A revascularization should be discussed for symptomatic stenosis over 50% and for asymptomatic carotid stenosis over 60%. This evaluation should be performed by ultrasound as a first-line examination. As a complement, computed tomography angiography (CTA) and/or magnetic resonance angiography are recommended for evaluating the extent and severity of extracranial carotid stenosis. In perspective, new high-risk markers are currently being developed using markers of plaque neovascularization, plaque inflammation, or plaque tissue stiffness. Medical management of patient with carotid stenosis is always warranted and applied to any patient with atheromatous lesions. Best medical therapy is based on cardiovascular risk factors correction, including lifestyle intervention and a pharmacological treatment. It is based on the tri-therapy strategy with antiplatelet, statins, and ACE inhibitors. The indications for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) are similar: for symptomatic patients (recent stroke or transient ischaemic attack ) if stenosis &gt;50%; for asymptomatic patients: tight stenosis (&gt;60%) and a perceived high long-term risk of stroke (determined mainly by imaging criteria). Choice of procedure may be influenced by anatomy (high stenosis, difficult CAS or CEA access, incomplete circle of Willis), prior illness or treatment (radiotherapy, other neck surgery), or patient risk (unable to lie flat, poor AHA assessment). In conclusion, neither systematic nor abandoned, the place of carotid revascularization must necessarily be limited to the plaques at highest risk, leaving a large place for optimized medical treatment as first line management. An evaluation of the value of performing endarterectomy on plaques considered to be at high risk is currently underway in the ACTRIS and CREST 2 studies. These studies, along with the next result of ACST-2 trial, will provide us a more precise strategy in case of carotid stenosis.
Atrial fibrillation: villain or bystander in vascular brain injury
Authors: Freedman Ben , Kamel Hooman , Van Gelder Isabelle C , Schnabel Renate B 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke are inextricably connected, with classical Virchow pathophysiology explaining thromboembolism through blood stasis in the fibrillating left atrium. This conceptualization has been reinforced by the remarkable efficacy of oral anticoagulant (OAC) for stroke prevention in AF. A number of observations showing that the presence of AF is neither necessary nor sufficient for stroke, cast doubt on the causal role of AF as a villain in vascular brain injury (VBI). The requirement for additional risk factors before AF increases stroke risk; temporal disconnect of AF from a stroke in patients with no AF for months before stroke during continuous ECG monitoring but manifesting AF only after stroke; and increasing recognition of the role of atrial cardiomyopathy and atrial substrate in AF-related stroke, and also stroke without AF, have led to rethinking the pathogenetic model of cardioembolic stroke. This is quite separate from recognition that in AF, shared cardiovascular risk factors can lead both to non-embolic stroke, or emboli from the aorta and carotid arteries. Meanwhile, VBI is now expanded to include dementia and cognitive decline: research is required to see if reduced by OAC. A changed conceptual model with less focus on the arrhythmia, and more on atrial substrate/cardiomyopathy causing VBI both in the presence or absence of AF, is required to allow us to better prevent AF-related VBI. It could direct focus towards prevention of the atrial cardiomyopathy though much work is required to better define this entity before the balance between AF as villain or bystander can be determined.
Infective endocarditis and neurologic events: indications and timing for surgical interventions
Authors: Bonaros Nikolaos , Czerny Martin , Pfausler Bettina , Müller Silvana , Bartel Thomas , Thielmann Matthias , Shehada Sharaf-Eldin , Folliguet Thierry , Obadia Jean-Francois , Holfeld Johannes , Lorusso Roberto , Parolari Alessandro , Müller Ludwig , Grimm Michael , Ruttmann-Ulmer Elfriede 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A therapeutic dilemma arises when infective endocarditis (IE) is complicated by a neurologic event. Postponement of surgery up to 4 weeks is recommended by the guidelines, however, this negatively impacts outcomes in many patients with an urgent indication for surgery due to uncontrolled infection, disease progression, or haemodynamic deterioration. The current literature is ambiguous regarding the safety of cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with recent neurologic injury. Nevertheless, most publications demonstrate a lower risk for secondary haemorrhagic conversion of uncomplicated ischaemic lesions than the risk for recurrent embolism under antibiotic treatment. Here, we discuss the current literature regarding neurologic stroke complicating IE with an indication for surgery.
Cardiovascular disease risk prediction for people with type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort and in electronic health record data
Authors: Szymonifka Jackie , Conderino Sarah , Cigolle Christine , Ha Jinkyung , Kabeto Mohammed , Yu Jaehong , Dodson John A , Thorpe Lorna , Blaum Caroline , Zhong Judy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Electronic health records (EHRs) have become a common data source for clinical risk prediction, offering large sample sizes and frequently sampled metrics. There may be notable differences between hospital-based EHR and traditional cohort samples: EHR data often are not population-representative random samples, even for particular diseases, as they tend to be sicker with higher healthcare utilization, while cohort studies often sample healthier subjects who typically are more likely to participate. We investigate heterogeneities between EHR- and cohort-based inferences including incidence rates, risk factor identifications/quantifications, and absolute risks.

Materials and methods
This is a retrospective cohort study of older patients with type 2 diabetes using EHR from New York University Langone Health ambulatory care (NYULH-EHR, years 2009–2017) and from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS, 1995–2014) to study subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. We used the same eligibility criteria, outcome definitions, and demographic covariates/biomarkers in both datasets. We compared subsequent CVD incidence rates, hazard ratios (HRs) of risk factors, and discrimination/calibration performances of CVD risk scores.

Results
The estimated subsequent total CVD incidence rate was 37.5 and 90.6 per 1000 person-years since T2DM onset in HRS and NYULH-EHR respectively. HR estimates were comparable between the datasets for most demographic covariates/biomarkers. Common CVD risk scores underestimated observed total CVD risks in NYULH-EHR.

Discussion and conclusion
EHR-estimated HRs of demographic and major clinical risk factors for CVD were mostly consistent with the estimates from a national cohort, despite high incidences and absolute risks of total CVD outcome in the EHR samples.
Machine learning identifies girls with central precocious puberty based on multisource data
Authors: Pan Liyan , Liu Guangjian , Mao Xiaojian , Liang Huiying 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
The study aimed to develop simplified diagnostic models for identifying girls with central precocious puberty (CPP), without the expensive and cumbersome gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test, which is the gold standard for CPP diagnosis.

Materials and methods
Female patients who had secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years old and had taken a GnRH analog (GnRHa) stimulation test at a medical center in Guangzhou, China were enrolled. Data from clinical visiting, laboratory tests, and medical image examinations were collected. We first extracted features from unstructured data such as clinical reports and medical images. Then, models based on each single-source data or multisource data were developed with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) classifier to classify patients as CPP or non-CPP.

Results
The best performance achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 and Youden index of 0.64 in the model based on multisource data. The performance of single-source models based on data from basal laboratory tests and the feature importance of each variable showed that the basal hormone test had the highest diagnostic value for a CPP diagnosis.

Conclusion
We developed three simplified models that use easily accessed clinical data before the GnRH stimulation test to identify girls who are at high risk of CPP. These models are tailored to the needs of patients in different clinical settings. Machine learning technologies and multisource data fusion can help to make a better diagnosis than traditional methods.
Impact of increasing levels of fumonisin on performance, liver toxicity, and tissue histopathology of finishing beef steers
Authors: Jennings Jenny S , Ensley Steve M , Smith Wyatt N , Husz Taylor C , Lawrence Ty E 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo address the gaps in current scientific knowledge, the objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of fumonisin exposure on feedlot cattle intake and performance. Fifty steers were received (day 0; 361 ± 6.4 kg), housed individually and fed once daily at 0800 hours. All steers were transitioned to a dry-rolled corn-based finishing diet from days 0 to 21 and then were fed the control finishing diet until day 50. Treatment diets were formulated to achieve ≤5 (CON), 15 (15PPM), 30 (30PPM), 60 (60PPM), or 90 ppm (90PPM) of total dietary fumonisin. Steers were fed the fumonisin treatment diets from day 50 until harvest on day 160; individual animal body weights (BW) were measured on days 0, 50, 100, 150, 159, and 160. Liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle tissue samples were collected at harvest for histopathological analyses, and liver samples were further analyzed for sphinganine (SA) and sphingosine (SO) concentration. Animal performance, carcass data, and liver enzyme concentration were analyzed using a mixed model; categorical data were analyzed via nonparametric models. Contrasts were used to test for linear and quadratic responses. Throughout the study, there was no effect of treatment (P &gt; 0.60), or a linear response (P &gt; 0.16) from increasing fumonisin levels, on BW or dry matter intake (DMI). However, CON tended to have a lower average daily gain (ADG) than the fumonisin treatments during the fumonisin treatment period (P = 0.10), and there was a positive linear response (P = 0.02) of ADG to fumonisin during the treatment period. There were no treatment differences in hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, marbling score, ribeye area, or yield grade. There were no effects of treatment on either liver abscesses (P = 0.95) or telangiectasis (P = 0.13). We observed a treatment difference for SA and SA:SO (P &lt; 0.01), as well as a quadratic response (P &lt; 0.02); both SA and SA:SO increased as dietary fumonisin increased. There were no observed differences between treatments for histopathology scores of kidney (P = 0.16), liver (P = 0.25), or skeletal muscle (P = 0.59) tissue. No adverse effects were observed in steers fed increasing dietary levels of fumonisin for 110 d prior to harvest. While elevated liver amino alcohol concentration did occur, negative effects on growth and carcass characters were not observed.
Hygiene management in newborn individually housed dairy calves focusing on housing and feeding practices
Authors: Heinemann Céline , Leubner Caroline D , Hayer Jason J , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn calf rearing, the first weeks of life are critical and associated with the highest mortality due to enteric and respiratory diseases. A well-implemented hygiene management can help to protect calves’ health preventively by reducing the load of pathogenic bacteria and interrupting infection chains. The aim of this study was to identify deficiencies in hygiene management of individually housed dairy calves by surveying current practice and examining feeding and housing equipment with different hygiene indicators. On 11 farms, different locations in 2 pens or hutches for individual calf rearing prepared for restocking and 2 feeding buckets per farm, including the inner and outer surfaces of artificial teats, were visually scored for cleanliness and sampled with swabs (housing equipment: n = 167; feeding equipment: n = 120). The sanitation of floors was tested with sock samples (n = 41). A total of 328 samples were analyzed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and protein residues, aerobic total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria (ESBL), and Salmonella spp. After evaluation of these results, the farmers were informed about the findings and trained on improvement in hygiene management personally. The sampling was repeated after 1 year to detect possible changes in hygiene management. The highest bacterial loads (TVC, TCC, and E. coli) were observed in feeding equipment, especially the inner teat of milk feeding buckets. Environmental samples, primarily the sidewalls and back walls of tested pens and hutches, exhibited the lowest bacterial counts and ATP and protein residues. All samples were negative for MRSA and Salmonella spp. In 10.5% of all samples, ESBL was detected, and in 6.8%, ESBL E. coli was detected, predominately in sock samples, followed by feeding equipment samples. Training in hygiene management showed only limited effects. In conclusion, there is still great potential to improve the implementation of hygiene measures in individual calf housing. In particular, more attention should be paid to the cleaning of feeding buckets and artificial teats, as this is a simple means of interrupting the possible spread of pathogens among calves.
Mating behavior of the Iranian fiddler crab Austruca iranica Pretzmann, 1971 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), with an emphasis on the mate choice of burrow-mating females
Authors: Ghaem-Maghami Alireza , Naderloo Reza 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fiddler crabs exhibit two modes of mating: burrow and surface mating. In burrow mating, males wave and attract mate-searching females for mating inside their burrows, whereas in surface mating males search for and mate with females on the surface. We studied the reproductive behavior of Austruca iranica (Pretzmann, 1971), an Indo-West Pacific species, specifically female-mate choice with regard to the size of both male individuals and their burrows. We also compared the size of male and female burrows in the population. Austruca iranica performed both surface and burrow mating despite the different size of the burrow of the two sexes, within the semi-lunar tide cycles at the study site. There was strong size-assortative mating in burrow mating. Burrow-mating females generally chose larger males and wider burrows and even though chosen and rejected males were not different in burrow length, females sampled males with longer than average burrows. Surface-mating females also possessed burrows that were longer than those of the females in the population and this may have enabled them to mate on the surface and breed alone. Regardless of its similarities to some species that only perform burrow mating; the ecology of A. iranica has made it possible for this species to mate on the surface as well as in male-defended burrows. The choice of large males by burrow mating females may provide benefits to females from both the large male itself (e.g., protection) and his wider burrow (e.g., better incubation temperature).
Behind the Scenes of an Exhibition: The Commissioning of Designs in the Records of the Festival Office
Authors: Chow-Thomas Ann 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The seventieth anniversary of the Festival of Britain occurs in May 2021, providing an opportunity to revisit various aspects of the Festival, not least the various archival collections. The Festival Office records at The National Archives U.K. comprises a range of materials with exciting research potential. This article introduces readers to the collection, highlighting the importance of these records as a unique design-research resource, intersecting with art and photography histories. It will examine the nature of the collection and provide research tips on how to negotiate it effectively. The vast administrative paperwork, some of it amassed through commissioning process, can provide other useful insights. One particular issue is gender in the design profession and how women fared within the Festival’s commissioning process. Previous studies have not only omitted the many lesser known contributions of female artists and designers, but also the nuanced reasons why women artists have not secured successful public commissions during the postwar era. By examining archived original designs by artists Prunella Clough and Hilda Chancellor-Pope, the article reflects on two very different women’s contributions to the Festival; and how decision-making in the commissioning process impacted on the overall look of designs as display.
Cervical spine multiple myeloma and isolated radiotherapy
Authors: Belo Diogo , Reis José Hipólito , Teixeira Joaquim Cruz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy frequently presenting with spinal lytic lesions. The authors report the case of a patient with an extensively destructive osteolytic MM lesion in the cervical spine treated exclusively with radiotherapy. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans showed an arrest of further progression of instability and resolution of the lytic lesion, showing signs of new bone formation. Whereas surgery should be considered for cases of spinal instability and potential neurological injury, this case demonstrates that isolated radiotherapy can be used in select cases to treat MM lesions and restore the structural integrity of the spinal elements.
Extensions to models of the galaxy–halo connection
Authors: Hadzhiyska Boryana , Bose Sownak , Eisenstein Daniel , Hernquist Lars 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We explore two widely used empirical models for the galaxy–halo connection, subhalo abundance matching (SHAM) and the halo occupation distribution (HOD), and compare them with the hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG (TNG) for multiple statistics quantifying the galaxy distribution at $n_{\rm gal}\approx 1.3\times 10^{-3}\, ({\rm Mpc}\,h^{-1})^{-3}$. We observe that in their most straightforward implementations, both models fail to reproduce the two-point clustering measured in TNG. We find that SHAM models that use the relaxation velocity, Vrelax, and the peak velocity, Vpeak, perform best, and match the clustering reasonably well, although neither captures adequately the one-halo clustering. Splitting the total sample into sub-populations, we discover that SHAM overpredicts the clustering of high-mass, blue, star-forming, and late-forming galaxies and underpredicts that of low-mass, red, quiescent, and early-forming galaxies. We also study various baryonic effects, finding that subhaloes in the dark-matter-only simulation have consistently higher values of their SHAM-proxy properties than their full-physics counterparts. We then consider a 2D implementation of the HOD model augmented with a secondary parameter (environment, velocity anisotropy, σ2Rhalf-mass, and total potential) tuned so as to match the two-point clustering of the IllustrisTNG galaxies on large scales. We analyse these galaxy populations adopting alternative statistical tools such as galaxy–galaxy lensing, void–galaxy cross-correlations, and cumulants of the density field, finding that the hydrodynamical galaxy distribution disfavours σ2Rhalf-mass and the total potential as secondary parameters, while the environment and velocity anisotropy samples are consistent with full physics across all statistical probes examined. Our results demonstrate the power of examining multiple statistics for determining the secondary parameters that are vital for understanding the galaxy–halo connection.
Operando surface science methodology reveals surface effect in charge storage electrodes
Authors: Wang Chao , Ning Yanxiao , Huang Haibo , Li Shiwen , Xiao Chuanhai , Chen Qi , Peng Li , Guo Shuainan , Li Yifan , Liu Conghui , Wu Zhong-Shuai , Li Xianfeng , Chen Liwei , Gao Chao , Wu Chuan , Fu Qiang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Surface and interface play critical roles in energy storage devices, calling for operando characterization techniques to probe the electrified surfaces/interfaces. In this work, surface science methodology, including electron spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, has been successfully applied to visualize electrochemical processes at operating electrode surfaces in an Al/graphite model battery. Intercalation of anions together with cations is directly observed in the surface region of a graphite electrode with tens of nanometers thickness, the concentration of which is one order higher than that in bulk. An intercalation pseudocapacitance mechanism and a double specific capacity in the electrode surface region are expected based on the super-dense intercalants and anion/cation co-intercalation, which are in sharp contrast to the battery-like mechanism in the electrode bulk. The distinct electrochemical mechanism at the electrode surface is verified by performance tests of real battery devices, showing that a surface-dominant, nanometer-thick graphite cathode outperforms a bulk-dominant, micrometer-thick graphite cathode. Our findings highlight the important surface effect of working electrodes in charge storage systems.