bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case for the Constitutionalisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ESCRs) in Botswana
Authors: Botlhale Emmanuel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper argues that there is no hierarchy in the importance attached to the different categories of human rights. Hence, Civil and Political Rights (CPRs) and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ESCRs) are both human rights and must be placed on the same pedestal. In a democracy, it is imperative that all rights be accorded equal treatment. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether Botswana accords equal treatment to the two categories of human rights. Using a case study approach, the paper concludes that while the Constitution of Botswana provides for CPRs, ESCRs are absent from this instrument. Consequently, the provision of economic, social, and cultural goods is policy-based. The paper argues that this raises accountability and justiciability challenges because the state cannot be sanctioned for failing to provide non-rights. It recommends the constitutionalisation of ESCRs to maximise the accountability and justiciability of ESCRs.
A Framework for Defining Scientific Concepts in Science Education
Authors: Wong Chee Leong , Chu Hye-Eun , Yap Kueh Chin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Studies have shown that inadequate definitions of scientific concepts could complicate the learning of science and could prevent students from understanding the definitions of scientific concepts. The article provides a framework for defining scientific concepts in primary, secondary, and university education by proposing teachers draw attention to five common features of a definition: object/system, nature/characteristics, cause/effect, mathematical expression/equation, and condition/ reference frame that can help students to consider four dimensions, including, ‘comprehensiveness,’ ‘precision,’ ‘consistency,’ and ‘circularity’ when learning science concepts. This framework can be used by science teachers to guide students to analyze and redefine scientific concepts in the classroom and may be especially beneficial for students in Asian countries where teachers and students often rely on rote memorization as a strategy for learning scientific concepts. We conclude by describing the need for future studies in educational contexts in Asian countries where pedagogical strategies have traditionally emphasized memorization of science concepts.
Efficacy of a Nasogastric Tube Educational Intervention for Nursing Staff
Authors: Kaltenmeier Christof , Littleton Elizabeth , Carozza Lisa , Kosko Risa , Althans Alison , Lawrence Barbara , Hamad Giselle 
Published: December 2020

Aim We performed a single-center teaching intervention with nursing providers on nasogastric tube (NG tube) clinical practice. The initial purpose of this study was the validation of whether the training was sufficient enough to be retained at a later time point. Methods We performed a prospective pre-post study examining participants’ knowledge before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after training in NG tube management. Training was delivered in face-to-face classroom sessions. Knowledge was assessed using a multiple-choice test (pretest, posttest #1and #2) Results A total of 137 nursing providers participated in the training intervention. Immediately after training (posttest #1) and again 4 weeks later (posttest #2), participants overwhelmingly recalled and retained the knowledge of NG tube management as compared to pretest results. Paired t-tests showed each participant increased their test score from pretest to posttest #1, t (134) = 12.64, P = .0001. Similarly, participants who took posttest #2 significantly improved their scores from the pretest to posttest #2, t (71) = 10.629, P < .0001. Secondary analysis showed that the NG tube management comfort level and age of provider were not significant in predicting test results. However, years of professional experience and frequency of NG tube care were significant predictors for higher test scores. Conclusion To minimize the risk of NG tubes for patients, it is critical to follow clinical guidelines. This study shows that teaching interventions for providers to increase knowledge on NG tubes are beneficial. In addition, the knowledge is retained at later time points.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia increases the pool of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells and skews differentiation
Authors: Santoro Antonella , Andrei Camelia , Bryant Clare , Calderbank Emily , Wray Alison , Baxter Joanna E. , Godfrey Anna , Laurenti Elisa , Ringshausen Ingo 
Published: December 2020

Key Points
CLL increases the pool of ST-HSCs in the peripheral blood. Differentiation of CLL-derived peripheral blood HSPCs is skewed toward the myeloid lineage.
Converting habits of antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections in German primary care (CHANGE-3) - process evaluation of a complex intervention
Authors: Poß-Doering R. , Kuehn L. , Kamradt M. , Glassen K. , Fleischhauer Th. , Kaufmann-Kolle P. , Koeppen M. , Wollny A. , Altiner A. , Wensing M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Antimicrobial resistance remains a global challenge. In Germany, the national health agenda supports measures that enhance the appropriate, guideline-oriented use of antibiotics. The study “Converting Habits of Antibiotic Use for Respiratory Tract Infections in German Primary Care (CHANGE-3)” aimed at a sustainable reduction of antimicrobial resistance through converting patterns of prescribing practice and use of antibiotics and an increase in health literacy in primary care patients, practice teams, and in the general public. Embedded in a cluster-randomized trial of a multifaceted implementation program, a process evaluation focused on the uptake of program components to assess the fidelity of the implementation program in the CHANGE-3 study and to understand utilization of its educational components.

Methods
A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with General Practitioners, Medical Assistants, patients treated for respiratory tract infection and outreach visitors who had carried out individual outreach visits. A two-wave written survey (T1: 5 months after start, T2: 16 months after start) was conducted in general practitioners and medical assistants. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic framework analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze survey data.

Results
Uptake of intervention components was heterogenous. Across all components, the uptake reported by General Practitioners varied from 20 to 88% at T1 and 31 to 63% at T2. Medical Assistants reported uptake from 22 to 70% at T1 and 6 to 69% at T2. Paper-based components could by and large be integrated in daily practice (64 to 90% in T1; 41 to 93% in T2), but uptake of digital components was low. A one-time outreach visit provided thematic information and feedback regarding actual prescribing, but due to time constraints were received with reluctance by practice teams. Patients were largely unaware of program components, but assumed that information and education could promote health literacy regarding antibiotics use.

Conclusions
The process evaluation contributed to understanding the applicability of the delivered educational components with regards to the appropriate use of antibiotics. Future research efforts need to identify the best mode of delivery to reach the targeted population.

Trial registration
ISRCTN, ISRCTN15061174. Registered 13 July 2018 – Retrospectively registered
Prevalence and correlates of fatigue and its association with quality of life among clinically stable older psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zou Siyun , Liu Zi-Han , Yan Xiaona , Wang Huan , Li Yulong , Xu Xiuying , Du Xiangdong , Zhang Lan , Zhang Qinge , Jackson Todd , Ungvari Gabor S. , Xiang Yu-Tao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
The pattern of fatigue in older psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 outbreak was unknown. This study examined the prevalence of fatigue and its association with overall quality of life (overall QOL) in clinically stable older patients with psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Methods
This was a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Fatigue, depressive symptoms, pain, insomnia symptoms, and overall QOL were assessed with standardized instruments.

Results
A total of 1063 patients were recruited. The prevalence of fatigue was 47.1% (95%CI: 44.1–50.1%). An analysis of covariance revealed that overall QOL was significantly lower in patients with fatigue compared to those without (P = 0.011). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that more severe depressive symptoms (OR = 1.15, P < 0.001), insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.08, P < 0.001) and pain (OR = 1.43, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with fatigue.

Conclusions
Fatigue is common among clinically stable older patients with psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering its negative impact on overall QOL, regular assessment of fatigue and appropriate treatment warrant attention in this subpopulation.
Wound Healing-related Functions of the p160 Steroid Receptor Coactivator Family
Authors: Mullany Lisa K , Lonard David M , O’Malley Bert W 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Multicellular organisms have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to recover and maintain original tissue functions following injury. Injury responses require a robust transcriptomic response associated with cellular reprogramming involving complex gene expression programs critical for effective tissue repair following injury. Steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) are master transcriptional regulators of cell–cell signaling that is integral for embryogenesis, reproduction, normal physiological function, and tissue repair following injury. Effective therapeutic approaches for facilitating improved tissue regeneration and repair will likely involve temporal and combinatorial manipulation of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors. Pleiotropic actions of SRCs that are critical for wound healing range from immune regulation and angiogenesis to maintenance of metabolic regulation in diverse organ systems. Recent evidence derived from studies of model organisms during different developmental stages indicates the importance of the interplay of immune cells and stromal cells to wound healing. With SRCs being the master regulators of cell–cell signaling integral to physiologic changes necessary for wound repair, it is becoming clear that therapeutic targeting of SRCs provides a unique opportunity for drug development in wound healing. This review will provide an overview of wound healing–related functions of SRCs with a special focus on cellular and molecular interactions important for limiting tissue damage after injury. Finally, we review recent findings showing stimulation of SRCs following cardiac injury with the SRC small molecule stimulator MCB-613 can promote cardiac protection and inhibit pathologic remodeling after myocardial infarction.
The Landmark Series: Minimally Invasive Pancreatic Resection
Authors: van Hilst Jony , de Graaf Nine , Abu Hilal Mohammad , Besselink Marc G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Pancreatic resections are among the most technically demanding procedures, including a high risk of potentially life-threatening complications and outcomes strongly correlated to hospital volume and individual surgeon experience. Minimally invasive pancreatic resections (MIPRs) have become a part of standard surgical practice worldwide over the last decade; however, in comparison with other surgical procedures, the implementation of minimally invasive approaches into clinical practice has been rather slow.

Objective
The aim of this study was to highlight and summarize the available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the role of minimally invasive approaches in pancreatic surgery.

Methods
A WHO trial registry and Pubmed database literature search was performed to identify all RCTs comparing MIPRs (robot-assisted and/or laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy [DP] or pancreatoduodenectomy [PD]) with open pancreatic resections (OPRs).

Results
Overall, five RCTs on MIPR versus OPR have been published and seven RCTs are currently recruiting. For DP, the results of two RCTs were in favor of minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy (MIDP) in terms of shorter hospital stay and less intraoperative blood loss, with comparable morbidity and mortality. Regarding PD, two RCTs showed similar advantages for MIPD. However, concerns were raised after the early termination of the third multicenter RCT on MIPD versus open PD due to higher complication-related mortality in the laparoscopic group and no clear other demonstrable advantages. No RCTs on robot-assisted pancreatic procedures are available as yet.

Conclusion
At the current level of evidence, MIDP is thought to be safe and feasible, although oncological safety should be further evaluated. Based on the results of the RCTs conducted for PD, MIPD cannot be proclaimed as the superior alternative to open PD, although promising outcomes have been demonstrated by experienced centers. Future studies should provide answers to the role of robotic approaches in pancreatic surgery and aim to identity the subgroups of patients or indications with the greatest benefit of MIPRs.
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess Safety and Tolerability of (Thetanix) Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in Adolescent Crohn's Disease
Authors: Hansen Richard , Sanderson Ian R. , Muhammed Rafeeq , Allen Stephen , Tzivinikos Christos , Henderson Paul , Gervais Lisa , Jeffery Ian B. , Mullins David P. , O'Herlihy Eileen A. , Weinberg John D. , Kitson Geoff , Russell Richard K. , Wilson David C. 
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Thetanix (gastroresistant capsules containing lyophilized Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) is a live biotherapeutic, under development for Crohn's disease, that antagonizes transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B, reducing proinflammatory cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor alpha. We aimed to assess safety and tolerability in adolescents with Crohn's disease in remission.

METHODS:
Subjects who were 16–18 years with Crohn's in remission (weighted pediatric Crohn's disease activity index <12.5) were recruited. Each active dose comprised ∼108.2±1.4 colony forming units of B. thetaiotaomicron (randomized 4:1 active:placebo). Part A was single dose. Part B involved 7.5 days twice daily dosing. Serial stools were analyzed for calprotectin, 16S rRNA sequencing, and B. thetaiotaomicron real-time polymerase chain reaction. Bloods were taken serially. Subjects reported adverse events and recorded temperature twice daily.

RESULTS:
Fifteen subjects were treated—8 in part A (75% men, median 17.1 years) and 10 in part B, including 3 from part A (80% men, median 17.1 years); all 18 completed. Seventy percent took concurrent immunosuppression. Reported compliance was >99% in part B. Two subjects reported adverse events deemed related—one in part A with eructation, flatulence, and reflux; one in part B with dizziness, abdominal pain, and headache. No serious adverse events were reported. There was no significant change in median calprotectin across part B (87.8 [4.4–447] to 50.5 [5.3–572], P = 0.44 by the Fisher exact test in the active group). No significant differences were found in microbiota profiles, but diversity seemed to increase in treated subjects.

DISCUSSION:
Thetanix, after single and multiple doses, was well tolerated. Although the numbers in this study were small, the safety profile seems good. Future studies should explore efficacy.
Translingualism in Three University Roles: Pedagogical Postures and Critical Cautions
Authors: Bennett Cole 
Published: December 2020

This essay offers and develops some useful parameters toward the ongoing conversations on multilingual and multi-dialectic writing students in Europe and the United States, two settings with oft-competing views of writers’ varied language backgrounds. I present a synchronic snapshot of writing pedagogy as it relates to translingualism at this temporal moment. Specifically, I seek to link three different university roles—classroom teachers, writing center directors, and WAC directors—to certain translingual postures and their consequential applications. By introducing and elaborating upon the labels “Traditionalist,” “Allied Enthusiast,” and “Active Advocate” as they attend each role, I wish to offer helpful ways to understand the consequences of embracing these postures. This charting of stakeholders and their characteristics can more readily facilitate concrete scholarly discussion concerning translingual writing instruction as it moves forward. I conclude with recommendations and cautions, bringing into question some of the settled assumptions remaining in our field.
Paradigma, ética y gestión (a propósito de la responsabilidad social)
Authors: Caravedo Baltazar 
Published: December 2020

La responsabilidad social es un nuevo paradigma que orienta el comportamiento de las organizaciones y la percepción de la población con relación a aquellas La responsabilidad social de la empresa se ha convertido en un tema y un proceso indispensables para la transformación social , todavía se requiere extenderlos a otras organizaciones de la sociedad además de adecuarse a las nuevas exigencias de la sociedad y del mercado.
Responsabilidad social y relaciones laborales en España
Authors: Calvo Gallego Francisco Javier 
Published: December 2020

El autor, analiza la evolución y las características de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, en España, su impacto económico y social con especial atención a los aspectos laborales dentro de ella, la opinión y las actitudes de los interlocutores sociales; toma importancia a los poderes públicos, estatales y autonómicos, del mismo modo analiza la relación de la RSE y la negociación colectiva en España
Los bancos y la responsabilidad social como medición del éxito
Authors: Haza Barrantes Antonio De la 
Published: December 2020

La responsabilidad social empresarial se convierte en una necesidad para la empresa bancaria y debe estar considerada dentro de su plan de negocios. Es necesario que la sociedad civil, representada en el cliente, se convenza de que tiene la posibilidad de premiar o de castigar a una empresa cuando observa que se aparta de los estándares mínimos de lo que se considera una buena práctica organizativa en lo que respecta a ser responsable socialmente. El castigo consistiríasimplemente en no consumir el producto que se le ofrece
Study on Yield Sustainability and Water Productivity of Groundnut on Farmers’ Fields through Improved Technology under Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Zone of Rajasthan
Authors: Reager M.L. , Kumar Upendra , Chaturvedi Deepak , Mitharwal B.S. , Dotaniya C.K. , Aher S.B. 
Published: December 2020

Background: Groundnut is an important kharif crop in Rajasthan and occupies important position among state crop list. However, a vast yield gap exists between potential yield and the actual yield obtained due to partial adoption of recommended package of practices by the farmers. The technology gap is a major concern in achieving optimum and sustained production. Considering the facts, present study aimed to study the effect of adaptation of improved technologies in groundnut production, water productivity and sustainability in arid zone of Rajasthan. Methods: Field experiment of groundnut was carried out during four consecutive years 2016 to 2019 on farmer’s field of Bikaner districts under cluster frontline demonstrations to assess the impact of improved technologies on yield sustainability, water productivity and economics of groundnut crop. The two treatments evaluated at 25 farmer’s field were a) improved technologies i.e. high yielding varieties, seed treatment, timely sowing, optimum plant population, recommended fertilizer management, plant protection measures and irrigation management and b) farmers practice. The groundnut yield, water productivity, sustainability indices, economic returns and benefit to cost ratio of both the systems was compared using appropriate standard statistical procedure. Result: The results of the present field experiment revealed that, the improved practices gave higher and sustainable yield of groundnut over years compared to farmers practice. The mean pod yield recorded (3371 kg ha-1) with improved practices was 24.39 percent higher than farmer’s practice (2710 kg ha-1). Similarly, improved practices had higher sustainability yield index (0.63), sustainability value index (0.47), higher water expense efficiency (74.92 kg ha-1 cm-1), gross water productivity (16.58 ₹ m-3), net water productivity (11.89 ₹ m-3) and incremental benefit cost ratio (30.1) over farmers practice.
“True” Cumulative Incidence of and Risk Factors for Hip Dislocation within 2 Years After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Due to Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hermansen Lars L. , Viberg Bjarke , Hansen Lars , Overgaard Soeren 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Hip dislocation is one of the leading indications for revision of total hip arthroplasty (THA) implants, and the extent of this complication is often measured by the number of revisions. The exact incidence of dislocation can be difficult to establish as closed reductions may not be captured in available registers. The purpose of this study was to identify the “true” cumulative incidence of hip dislocation (revisions and closed reductions) after primary THA, and the secondary aim was to identify risk factors for dislocation.

Methods:
From the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register, we identified 31,105 primary THAs indicated by primary osteoarthritis that had been performed from 2010 to 2014 and had 2 years of follow-up. Dislocations were identified through extraction from the Danish National Patient Register. Matching diagnosis and procedure codes were deemed correct while non-matching codes were reviewed through a comprehensive, nationwide review of patient files. Risk factors were analyzed with multiple logistic regression analysis and presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:
Our review of patient files identified 1,861 dislocations in 1,079 THAs, which corresponds to a 2-year cumulative incidence of 3.5% (CI = 3.3% to 3.7%). This was a 50% increase compared with the correctly coded dislocations captured by administrative register data only. Patients who were <65 years of age had a lower dislocation risk (OR = 0.70; CI = 0.59 to 0.83) and those who were >75 years of age had a higher risk (OR = 1.32; CI = 1.14 to 1.52) compared with those who were 65 to 75. Male sex (OR = 0.86; CI = 0.75 to 0.98), cemented fixation (OR = 0.71; CI = 0.58 to 0.87), and lateral approach (OR = 0.28; CI = 0.16 to 0.49) were all associated with a lower risk. A head size of 32 mm was associated with a higher risk of dislocation (OR = 1.27; CI = 1.10 to 1.46) than 36-mm heads, whereas dual-mobility cups had a reduced risk (OR = 0.13; CI = 0.05 to 0.36).

Conclusions:
We found the “true” cumulative incidence of dislocations within 2 years after primary THAs performed between 2010 and 2014 in Denmark to be 3.5%. Age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, head size and type, fixation method, and surgical approach were independent significant factors for dislocation. Comprehensive search algorithms are needed in order to identify all dislocations so that this complication can be accurately reported in national registers.