bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal Vascular Signs and Cerebrovascular Diseases
Authors: Rim Tyler Hyungtaek , Teo Alvin Wei Jun , Yang Henrik Hee Seung , Cheung Carol Y. , Wong Tien Yin 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD), including stroke, is a leading cause of death globally. The retina is an extension of the cerebrum, sharing embryological and vascular pathways. The association between different retinal signs and CeVD has been extensively evaluated. In this review, we summarize recent studies which have examined this association.

Evidence Acquisition:
We searched 6 databases through July 2019 for studies evaluating the link between retinal vascular signs and diseases with CeVD. CeVD was classified into 2 groups: clinical CeVD (including clinical stroke, silent cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and stroke mortality), and sub-clinical CeVD (including MRI-defined lacunar infarct and white matter lesions [WMLs]). Retinal vascular signs were classified into 3 groups: classic hypertensive retinopathy (including retinal microaneurysms, retinal microhemorrhage, focal/generalized arteriolar narrowing, cotton-wool spots, and arteriovenous nicking), clinical retinal diseases (including diabetic retinopathy [DR], age-related macular degeneration [AMD], retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion [RAO], and retinal emboli), and retinal vascular imaging measures (including retinal vessel diameter and geometry). We also examined emerging retinal vascular imaging measures and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) deep learning (DL) techniques.

Results:
Hypertensive retinopathy signs were consistently associated with clinical CeVD and subclinical CeVD subtypes including subclinical cerebral large artery infarction, lacunar infarction, and WMLs. Some clinical retinal diseases such as DR, retinal arterial and venous occlusion, and transient monocular vision loss are consistently associated with clinical CeVD. There is an increased risk of recurrent stroke immediately after RAO. Less consistent associations are seen with AMD. Retinal vascular imaging using computer assisted, semi-automated software to measure retinal vascular caliber and other parameters (tortuosity, fractal dimension, and branching angle) has shown strong associations to clinical and subclinical CeVD. Other new retinal vascular imaging techniques (dynamic retinal vessel analysis, adaptive optics, and optical coherence tomography angiography) are emerging technologies in this field. Application of AI-DL is expected to detect subclinical retinal changes and discrete retinal features in predicting systemic conditions including CeVD.

Conclusions:
There is extensive and increasing evidence that a range of retinal vascular signs and disease are closely linked to CeVD, including subclinical and clinical CeVD. New technology including AI-DL will allow further translation to clinical utilization.
Effects of metformin on lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice and its mechanisms
Authors: Yang Sheng , Chen Xiaohe , Xu Yuanyuan , Hao Yan , Meng Xianfang 
Published: January 2020

Metformin, an AMPK activator, is a widely used medicine for type II diabetes, which has been considered to exert the anti-inflammatory effects. It has been reported that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is often utilized to induce depressive-like behavior in mice with respect to recent studies. However, whether metformin alleviates the symptoms of depressive-like behaviors and its mechanisms remain unexplored. The present study investigates whether metformin alleviates LPS-induced depressive-like behavior in mice and aims to explore the mechanisms. We first treated adult mice with LPS (0.83  mg/kg, intraperitoneal) to induce depressive-like behavior model for 24  hours after treatment with or without metformin. Then, the effects of metformin on depressive-like behaviors were detected by tail suspension test and forced swim test. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of lipocalin 2 (Lcn-2) and inflammatory molecules including IL-1β, IL-6 and von Willebrand factor (vWF), which are concerned with inflammation and Lcn-2. It was shown that LPS-induced mouse depressive-like behaviors, as indicated by the increased time of immobility in tail suspension test and forced swim test, were reversed by metformin. It was also shown that LPS increased the mRNA expression levels of Lcn-2 and inflammation-related molecules such as IL-1β in the amygdala tissue, which could be alleviated by metformin. Taken together, metformin mitigates LPS-induced depressive-like behavior in mice by regulating the expression level of Lcn-2 and inflammation-related molecules, including IL-1β, IL-6 and vWF.
Video abstract: http://links.lww.com/WNR/A568
Accumulation of ammonium owing to the metabolic imbalance of carbon and nitrogen might inhibit the central metabolism inMethylomonassp. ZR1
Authors: Guo Wei , He Ronglin , Zhao Yujie , Li Demao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe metabolic intermediates of nitrogen source have been proved to have multiple functions on the metabolism of mehthanotrophs. In this study, accumulation and assimilation mechanism of the nitrate metabolic intermediate ammonium in the fast growingMethylomonassp. ZR1 was analyzed. Although, nitrate salt was the best nitrogen source supporting the growth of ZR1, its metabolic intermediate ammonium would accumulate and inhibit ZR1. Kinetic studies indicated that accumulation of NH4+was deduced from the imbalance of nitrogen and carbon metabolism. Compensation of carbon skeleton α-keto-glutaramate could effectively relieve the inhibition of NH4+to ZR1, which further approved the assumption. qPCR analysis indicated a third ammonium assimilation pathway Glycine synthesis system may function in ZR1 under high ammonium tension. In the presence of ammonium, ZR1 might employ two strategies to relieve the ammonium stress, one was assimilating the excess ammonium, and another one was cutting off the nitrogen reduction reactions. Investigation of the nitrogen metabolism and its influence to the carbon metabolism is meaningful to systematically understand and control the C1 feedstock bioconversion process in methanotrophs.ImportanceThe nitrogen metabolism in methanotrophs has long been concerned. However, there are lots of research problems yet to be solved. In this study, the accumulation and assimilation mechanism of the nitrogen metabolic intermediate ammonium in the fast growingMethylomonassp. ZR1 was analyzed. Owing to the imbalance metabolism of carbon and nitrogen source, ammonium would accumulate to high concentrations to inhibit cell growth. Compensation of carbon skeleton was an effective strategy to relieve the inhibition of NH4+. A third ammonium assimilation pathway related genes were proved actively expressing in ZR1 when it confronted with high ammonium tension. When confronted with ammonium tension, ZR1 might employ different strategies to relieve the ammonium stress according to the edible carbon source. Revealing the endogenous ammonium accumulation mechanism and its metabolic adjustment effect on the central metabolism of methanotrophs, was meaningful to reveal the complex coordination metabolic mechanism of nitrogen and carbon in methanotrophs.
Deforestation in Belize-What, Where and Why
Authors: Folkard-Tapp Hollie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe tropical forests of Belize are a dynamic environment influenced by much disturbance throughout their natural history. In recent times, logging and agriculture have once more become the dominant drivers of land use change, yet the Belizean forests remain some of the most complete swathes of forest in the region. However, it is largely unknown how the abundance of specific forest types has changed. This study aims to critically assess whether valuable habitat types have been disproportionately affected by deforestation between 1986 and 2018. ENVI Classic 5.5 was used to calculate the NDVI values of Landsat imagery, with values over 0.6 deemed to indicate primary forest. ArcMap 10.6 was used for detecting change in forest cover between 1986 and 2018, in addition to digitising colonial maps. Results show variation in the percentage of forest lost between habitat types, with a bias towards forests fragmented by or replaced by agriculture, particularly in the north and along the Guatemalan border. The protected area network was found overall to have little influence on deforestation, though this varies between reserves. Of the three forest types experiencing the highest percentage of forest loss, only Ensino-Pixoy occurs exclusively outside protected areas. Cohune Santa-Maria and Sapote-Mahogany are found at least partially within protected areas and experience loss within them. Analysis of IUCN ratings of forest species revealed data deficiency, particularly concerning taxa indigenous to Mesoamerica, against which this study recommends further vegetation studies. to allow recommendations for protection of particularly threatened forest types. A review of management strategies in protected areas, especially the Caracol Archaeological Reserve, is necessary to avert the worrying deforestation trends this study has identified. The country-wide deforestation data can be used to advise future forest policy as well as calculation of national carbon stocks or determining integrity of ecosystem services.
Signals of recent tropical radiations in Cunoniaceae, an iconic family for understanding Southern Hemisphere biogeography
Authors: Segovia Ricardo A. , Griffiths Andy R. , Arenas Diego , Dias A. A. Piyali , Dexter Kyle G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExtratropical angiosperm diversity is thought to have arisen from lineages that originated in the more diverse tropics, but studies of dispersal between tropical and extratropical environments and their consequences for diversification are rare. In order to understand the evolutionary effects of shifts between the tropics and extratropics, defined here as areas thatdoversusdo notregularly experience freezing temperatures, we studied the biogeographic history and associated diversification patterns of Cunoniaceae. We mapped the distribution of all species in the family and combined this with a newly constructed phylogeny for the family. The family shows a long evolutionary association with both tropical and extratropical environments, the tropics house considerably greater species richness of Cunoniaceae. Indeed, both tropical and extratropical environments appear to have had a similar number of lineages until 12 Ma, after which time the number of lineages in tropical areas increased at a faster rate. In addition, community phylogenetic approaches show that tropical regions have markedly less phylogenetic diversity than expected given their species richness, which is further suggestive of recent species radiations in tropical areas. The Cunoniaceae show an atypical pattern for angiosperms of frequent shifts between tropical and extratropical environments, but despite this, shows a more conventional pattern of higher, although recent, diversification rates in the tropics. Our results support the idea that high angiosperm species richness in the tropics may result from the tropics acting as a cradle of recent angiosperm diversification.
Establishment of a Human RNA Pol II Pausing System and the Identification of O-GlcNAc Cycling Regulating Pol II Pausing and Elongation
Authors: Lewis Brian A. , Levens David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPaused RNA polymerase II is the major regulated step of transcription in metazoans. We describe here a unique human cell-free transcription system that recapitulates RNA pol II pausing and assemble paused pol IIs on the human CMV IE, SV40, and heat shock promoters, all is the case in vivo. We then use the system to show that PARP-1 and CDK12/13 inhibitors directly affect pausing and elongation. We then show that O-GlcNAcylation is required for the establishment of a paused pol II: inhibition of OGT allowed pol II to bypass pausing and begin to elongate. Addback of rOGT or the pausing factor NELF re-established the pausing. In vivo nascent RNA measurements showed that OGA inhibition blocks elongation. These data show that cell-free systems can recapitulate RNA pol II pausing, that PARP-1 and CDK12/13 directly regulate RNA pol II elongation, and identify O-GlcNAc cycling regulating both pausing and pause release.
Temperature dependence of friction coefficient and transfer film formation in organic friction materials containing different abrasive components
Authors: Chung Jin Oh , Go Sang Ryul , Choi Hee Bum , Son Tae Kwan 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the temperature dependence of transfer film formation and friction coefficients in NAO friction materials with four different abrasive components, ZrO2, ZrSiO4, Al2O3 and Fe3O4.

Design/methodology/approach
8.5% SnS2 was added as a lubricating component to friction materials. Friction tests comprised 100 times of consecutive braking application for each friction material under constant temperature of 300°C, 400°C, 500°C and 600°C. After the friction tests, the friction surfaces of the counterpart disks were examined by scanning electron microscope to access the formation of transfer film.

Findings
Coefficients of friction depended on not only friction temperature but also friction history which is related to development of transfer film. The effect of the transfer film formation was to reduce the friction coefficients for most friction materials. Quantities of the transfer film formation varied with friction materials; at low temperature below 400° the transfer film formation was most active in the Fe3O4 materials, while at 600° it was the most active in the Al2O3 material. The effect of the lubricating component SnS2 was to suppress the formation of transfer film, thus enhancing friction coefficients.

Social implications
The enhancement of friction coefficients with addition of small amount of lubricating components such as SnS2 is expected to open a new approach in developing high performance-brake pads.

Originality/value
Temperature was the controlling parameter in the present test. Under these test modes, transfer film could be fully developed to access the role of the transfer film.

Peer review
The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-10-2019-0427/
Impacts of high-speed railway on the industrial pollution emissions in China
Authors: Fan Xiaomin , Xu Yingzhi , Nan Yongqing , Li Baoli , Cai Haiya 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of high-speed railway (HSR) on industrial pollution emissions using the data for 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2016.

Design/methodology/approach
The research method used in this paper is the multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model, which is an effective policy effect assessment method. To further address the issue of endogeneity, the DID integrated with the propensity score matching (PSM-DID) approach is employed to eliminate the potential self-selection bias.

Findings
The results show that the HSR has significantly reduced industrial pollution emissions, which is validated by several robustness tests. Compared with peripheral cities, HSR exerts a greater impact on industrial pollution emissions in central cities. In addition, the mechanism test reveals that the optimised allocation of inter-city industries is an important channel for HSR to mitigate industrial pollution emissions, and this is closely related to the location of HSR stations.

Originality/value
Previous studies have paid more attention to evaluating the economic effects of HSR, however, most of these studies overlook its environmental effects. Consequently, the impact of HSR on industrial pollution emissions is led by using multi-period DID models in this paper, in which the environmental effects are measured. The results of this paper can provide a reference for the pollution reduction policies and also the coordinated development of economic growth and environmental quality.
A typology of sources, manifestations, and implications of environmental degradation
Authors: Yeganeh Kia Hamid 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize and classify sources, manifestations and implications of environmental degradation.

Design/methodology/approach
First, the typological analysis is used to conceptualize environmental degradation and its components. Then, the concepts are disaggregated into some dimensions organized in row-and-column variables and a cross-tabulated matrix is constructed. Finally, different types of environmental degradation are identified, labeled and discussed.

Findings
The study distinguishes between two types of degradation as pollution and deterioration and accordingly identifies ten types (five pairs) of environmental degradation. Furthermore, the paper presents a conceptual framework and offers insights into the dynamic interchange between the causes and effects of environmental degradation.

Originality/value
The originality/value of this study resides in reducing the ambiguities associated with the concept of environmental degradation and offering a multidimensional framework that can be used in empirical research to organize propositions, test hypotheses, analyze data and construct indexes.
The failure reason of epoxy-phenolic coating on the internal surface of BG90S steel tubing under sour gas environment
Authors: Wu Guiyang , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Nange 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
Organic coatings are one of the most widely applied methods for corrosion protection of metallic materials such as the tubing used in sour gas field. However, such coatings usually encounter the risk of failure due to the harsh and complex environment. Therefore, the study of failure of the organic coating is highly significant.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the effects of Cl-concentration, HCl content, hydrogen sulfide/carbon dioxide (H2S/CO2), temperature and flow rate on the failure of epoxy-phenolic coating on the internal surface of BG90S steel tubing were investigated using adhesion force measurement, metallographic microscope, electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Findings
The results show that the Cl-concentration, HCl content and H2S/CO2 do not affect the failure process too much as the ion concentration increased. However, the flow rate at the high temperature is the most important factor affecting the corrosion resistance of the inner coating tubing. With the increase of the flow rate, the pore resistance of the coating shows a decreasing trend, and the rate of decrease in pore resistance is first rapid and then slow. It demonstrates that the penetration speed of the electrolyte solution into the coating varied from fast to slowly. A weakening influence of the flow rate on the penetration failure of the inner coating can be found as the increase of the flow rate. Once the HS-ions penetrate through the coating and reach at the coating/steel interface where H2 could be formed through the adsorption reaction, the coating failure occurs.

Originality/value
The failure of the coating depends on the penetration rate of water and ions, with the presence of exposed or punctured holes is accelerated and HS- was adsorpted by substrate Fe, and form H2 molecules between the coatings and substrate, that results failure of coatings.
New water-based copolymer nanoparticles and their use as eco-friendly binders for industry of flexographic ink, part I
Authors: Abd El-Wahab H. , El-Meligi G. , Hassaan M.G. , Kazlauciunas A. , Lin Long 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to prepare, characterise and evaluate nano-emulsions of copolymers of various compositions as eco-friendly binders for flexographic ink industry.

Design/methodology/approach
Various nano-emulsions of copolymers were prepared using styrene (St), butyl acrylate (BuAc), acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm) monomers by means of a conventional seeded emulsion polymerisation technique, using K2S2O8 as the initiator. The characterisation of the prepared emulsions was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A selection of copolymers was formulated with pigments and additional ingredients, as water-based flexographic inks. The inks were characterised for their viscosity, pH, degree of dispersion, water resistance and colour density.

Findings
It was found that the low viscosity of the prepared copolymers may reduce the film thickness of the flexographic inks and may also increase the spreading of the ink on the surface. As a result, stable modified polyacrylate-based latex with improved physico-mechanical properties were obtained. The prepared latexes were showed improving and enhancing in water resistance; gloss values, and the print density that ranged from 2.06 to 2.51 and the maximum gloss values (39 and 48) were also obtained. Also, these binders provide excellent adhesion properties for both the pigment particles and the base paper.

Practical implications
This study focuses on the preparation of new water-based copolymer nanoparticles and their use as eco-friendly binders for flexographic ink industry.

Social implications
The ink formulations developed could find use in industrial-scale printing.

Originality/value
Eco-friendly environment ink formulations for printing on paper substrates are novel.