bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Temperature Gradients on Elastic Wave Propagation in Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars
Authors: Walley Stephen M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIf it is desired to obtain high rate mechanical data of materials at non-ambient temperatures using the split Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar technique, it is necessary either to consider what effect a temperature gradient has on the propagation of elastic waves along a metallic rod or to design a mechanism that minimises the exposure of the Hopkinson bars to heating or cooling. Two main mechanical systems have been devised: the first where the bars are brought into contact with the specimen a short time (less than one second) before the specimen is dynamically loaded; the second where the specimen is moved into position just before it is dynamically loaded. As these mechanisms are complex to design and build, many researchers choose the simpler option of heating (or cooling) the ends of the bars as well as the specimen. This review summarises issues that should be considered if this option is taken.
Explanation or Modeling: a Reply to Kellen and Klauer
Authors: Ragni Marco , Johnson-Laird P. N. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn Wason’s “selection” task, individuals often overlook potential counterexamples in selecting evidence to test hypotheses. Our recent meta-analysis of 228 experiments corroborated the main predictions of the task’s original theory, which aimed to explain the testing of hypotheses. Our meta-analysis also eliminated all but 1 of the 15 later theories. The one survivor was the inference-guessing theory of Klauer et al., but it uses more free parameters to model the data. Kellen and Klauer (this issue) dissent. They defend the goal of a model of the frequencies of all 16 possible selections in Wason’s task, including “guesses” that occur less often than chance, such as not selecting any evidence. But an explanation of hypothesis testing is not much advanced by modeling such guesses with independent free parameters. The task’s original theory implies that individuals tend to choose items of evidence that are dependent on one another, and the inference-guessing theory concurs for those selections that are inferred. Kellen and Klauer argue against correlations as a way to assess dependencies. But our meta-analysis did not use them; it used Shannon’s measure of information to establish dependencies. Their modeling goal has led them to defend a “purposely vague” theory. Our explanatory goal has led us to defend a “purposely clear” algorithm and to retrieve long-standing evidence that refutes the inference-guessing theory. Individuals can be rational in testing a hypothesis: in repeated tests, they search for some examples of it, and then exhaustively for counterexamples.
Promoting Behavioral Change Using Text Messages: A Case Study of Blackberry Farmers in Ecuador
Authors: Carrión-Yaguana Vanessa D. , Alwang Jeffrey , Barrera Victor H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study measures the effect of text message receipt on behavioral change by Ecuadorean blackberry farmers. We examine whether text messages affect knowledge about specific technologies or serve as reminders to farmers to employ practices as part of their crop management strategy. Drawing from well-known theories of behavioral change, we identify pathways relevant to technology adoption. We then describe results from a randomized experiment and measure the impact of the intervention through these pathways. Results suggest that in the blackberry context, timely text messages remind farmers about recommended practices and increase adoption. Effects on knowledge enhancement are not significant.
Operational concept and validation of a new airport low-level wind information system
Authors: Iijima T. , Matayoshi N. , Ueda S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPilots are sometimes not provided with sufficient information to avoid go-arounds or other operational disruptions that result from low-level wind disturbances. We identified issues with existing windshear alerting systems and developed three types of airport low-level wind information systems to enhance pilot situational awareness of wind conditions by providing landing aircraft with quantitative and visualised wind information for ultimately mitigating air service disruptions due to low-level wind disturbances. The three systems, Airport Low-level Wind Information (ALWIN) and Low-level Turbulence Advisory System (LOTAS), both of which use Doppler radar/lidar, and Sodar-based Low-level Wind Information (SOLWIN), which uses Doppler SOnic Detection And Ranging (SODAR), have different costs and capabilities that allow the most cost-effective system to be selected for an airport according to its scale and local weather characteristics. This paper presents the operational concepts of our newly developed airport low-level wind information systems and describes their validation.
National Health Preparedness and Response Centers: Revisiting the Increasingly Critical Need to Expand Cooperative Emergency Response Capabilities in the United States
Authors: Donahue Donald A. , Burkle Frederick M. , Blanck Ronald R. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIn 1999, a robust National Health Preparedness and Response Center was conceptualized and piloted, but never fully operationalized. This study revisits the expansive, coordinated efforts invested in this concept, considered an overdue remedy for persistent shortfalls in medical Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High Yield Explosives training, proficiency, and preparation. The concept defined a robust mission for longstanding, proven programs for prepositioning equipment and associated training of personnel. This study explores the reasons that ended military and governmental support, attendant funding, and operations of the created Joint/Interagency Civil Support Center, which ceased on September 30, 2006. Unfortunately, the concept remains relevant. Major gaps in disaster medical response capabilities have been recognized for decades. Experts from the Institute of Medicine, United States Northern Command, and multiple academic centers and professional organizations have identified these shortcomings, but the national response posture remains disjointed, under-resourced, and based upon obsolete planning premises. Given increasing threats, the authors recommend revisiting the collaboration of military, civilian, academic, and governmental resources that once established the Joint/Interagency Civil Support Center as a multidisciplinary and trans-disciplinary model for a new National Health Preparedness and Response Center coordinated framework for enhanced resilience and operational response capabilities on a national level.
INTERPERSONAL TRUST AND CONFIDENCE IN LABOR UNIONS: THE CASE OF SOUTH KOREA
Authors: Son Byunghwan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHow do ordinary citizens view labor unions? The importance of public opinion about unions has rarely been highlighted in the contemporary literature on labor politics. Using five waves of the World Value Surveys on South Korea, this article suggests that public confidence in labor unions is significantly affected by individuals’ interpersonal trust, conditional on their perception of the political representation of labor. Unlike those with high levels of trust, low-trust individuals view unions as an agent seeking their exclusionary interests at the expense of the rest of the society. The difference between high- and low-trust individuals’ confidence in labor unions is more pronounced when a liberal, rather than a conservative, government is in power because of the public perception that labor interests are already well-represented by the liberal government and union functions are redundant in such a circumstances. The empirical findings are found robust to alternative theoretical arguments and empirical techniques.
Charged particle dynamics near an X-point of a non-symmetric magnetic field with closed field lines
Authors: Elbarmi Elena , Sengupta Wrick , Weitzner Harold 
Published: April 2020

Understanding particle drifts in a non-symmetric magnetic field is of primary interest in designing optimized stellarators in order to minimize the neoclassical radial loss of particles. Quasisymmetry and omnigeneity, two distinct properties proposed to ensure radial localization of collisionless trapped particles in stellarators, have been explored almost exclusively for magnetic fields with nested flux surfaces. In this work, we examine radial particle confinement when all field lines are closed. We then study charged particle dynamics in the special case of a non-symmetric vacuum magnetic field with closed field lines obtained recently by Weitzner & Sengupta (Phys. Plasmas, vol. 27, 2020, 022509). These magnetic fields can be used to construct magnetohydrodynamic equilibria for low pressure. Expanding in the amplitude of the non-symmetric fields, we explicitly evaluate the omnigeneity and quasisymmetry constraints. We show that the magnetic field is omnigeneous in the sense that the drift surfaces coincide with the pressure surfaces. However, it is not quasisymmetric according to the standard definitions.
Quantifying the prevalence and adaptiveness of behavioral rationalizations
Authors: Tierney Warren , Uhlmann Eric Luis 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCritical aspects of the “rationality of rationalizations” thesis are open empirical questions. These include the frequency with which past behavior determines attitudes (as opposed to attitudes causing future behaviors), the extent to which post hoc justifications take on a life of their own and shape future actions, and whether rationalizers experience benefits in well-being, social influence, performance, or other desirable outcomes.
Rationalization in the pejorative sense: Cushman's account overlooks the scope and costs of rationalization
Authors: Ellis Jonathan , Schwitzgebel Eric 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
According to Cushman, rationalization occurs when a person has performed an action and then concocts beliefs and desires that would have made it rational. We argue that this isn't the paradigmatic form of rationalization. Consequently, Cushman's explanation of the function and usefulness of rationalization is less broad-reaching than he intends. Cushman's account also obscures some of rationalization's pernicious consequences.
Cognitive dissonance processes serve an action-oriented adaptive function
Authors: Harmon-Jones Eddie , Harmon-Jones Cindy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe action-based model of cognitive dissonance proposes an adaptive function for rationalization that differs from the one offered by Cushman. The one proposed by Cushman is concerned more with the cold construction of cognitions, whereas the one proposed by the action-based model is a motivated protection of a strongly held cognition.
What kind of rationalization is system justification?
Authors: Laurin Kristin , Jettinghoff William M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Cushman uses rationalization to refer to people's explanations for their own actions. In system justification theory, scholars use the same term to refer to people's efforts to cast their current status quo in an exaggeratedly positive light. We try to reconcile these two meanings, positing that system justification could result from people trying to explain their own failure to take action to combat inequality. We highlight two novel and contested predictions emerging from this interpretation.
Heroes of our own story: Self-image and rationalizing in thought experiments
Authors: Ullman Tomer David 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Cushman's rationalization account can be extended to cover another part of his portrayal of representational exchange: thought experiments that lead to conclusions about the self. While Cushman's argument is compelling, a full account of rationalization as adaptive will need to account for the divergence in rationalizing one's actions compared to the actions of others.
Rationalization of emotion is also rational
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCushman seeks to explain rationalization in terms of fundamental mental processes, and he hypotheses a selected-for function: information exchange between “rational” and “non-rational” processes in the brain. While this is plausible, his account overlooks the importance – and information value – of rationalizing the emotions of ourselves and others. Incorporating such rationalization would help explain the effectiveness of rationalization and its connection with valuation, as well as raise a challenge to his way of bifurcating “rational” and “non-rational” processes.
Stories students tell about their lived experiences of spirituality in the Dalcroze class
Authors: Habron John , van der Merwe Liesl 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article is a narrative inquiry of the lived spiritual experiences of students participating in Dalcroze Eurhythmics training. Previous studies have located Jaques-Dalcroze’s own writings and thought within the context of spirituality and have explored the spiritual experiences of Dalcroze teachers, but students’ perspectives remain to be investigated. We interviewed seven students, broadly defined as anyone currently attending regular Dalcroze training or who have recently attended Dalcroze courses and still consider themselves Dalcroze students. Various strategies for narrative data analysis were synthesised into our own coding scheme. Themes emerged from the data analysis: situation, continuity, personal interaction, social interaction and significant moments. The themes helped us construct a fictive conversation between the participants, using direct quotations from the interviews. Implications for practice focus on what inhibits and promotes experiences of spirituality in the Dalcroze class. This research will be relevant to music educators, as it gives clear, evidence-based guidelines on how opportunities for spirituality can be created in the Dalcroze classroom. It also offers an original synthesis of existing coding schemes for other researchers undertaking narrative inquiries.
Influence of experience, interest, knowledge and learning source on children’s attitudes towards extensive grassland conservation
Authors: Špur Natalija , Škornik Sonja , Šorgo Andrej 
Published: April 2020

SummaryDecisions made by grassland owners are crucial for the conservation of extensive grasslands (EGs); however, the predispositions determining how adults decide to act in certain situations are developed during childhood. Children are future decision-makers and potential grassland owners; therefore, the factors that form and affect their attitudes towards EG conservation need to be examined. Positive attitudes could be developed during environmental education, and this study aimed to understand the influence of elementary school children’s interest in and knowledge of grasslands, sources of learning about grasslands and experience working with grasslands on their attitudes towards preserving EGs. Principal component analysis and structural equation modelling results showed that interest in grasslands directly influenced attitudes towards preserving EGs, while experience and learning also indirectly influenced these attitudes. Children’s interest should be stimulated through gathering experience with grasslands and education in order to resolve any potential misconceptions about EG management.
Utilizing End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide to Diagnose Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Prehospital Patients with Hyperglycemia
Authors: Hunter Christopher , Putman Monty , Foster Jermaine , Souers Amy , Rodriguez Alexa , Zuver Christian , Papa Linda 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground:Early identification of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) may improve clinical outcomes. Prior studies suggest exhaled end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) provides a non-invasive, real-time method to screen for DKA in the emergency department (ED).Methods:This a retrospective cohort study among patients who activated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) during a one-year period. Initial out-of-hospital vital signs documented by EMS personnel, including ETCO2 and first recorded blood glucose level (BGL), as well as in-hospital records, including laboratory values and diagnosis, were collected. The main outcome was the association between ETCO2 and the diagnosis of DKA.Results:Of the 118 patients transported with hyperglycemia (defined by BGL >200), six (5%) were diagnosed with DKA. The mean level of ETCO2 in those without DKA was 35mmHg (95% CI, 33-38mmHg) compared to mean levels of 15mmHg (95% CI, 8-21mmHg) in those with DKA (P <.001). The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve (AUC) for ETCO2 identifying DKA was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.92-1.00). The correlation coefficient between ETCO2 and serum bicarbonate (HCO3) was 0.436 (P <.001) and the correlation coefficient between ETCO2 and anion gap was -0.397 (P <.001).Conclusion:Among patients with hyperglycemia, prehospital levels of ETCO2 were significantly lower in patients with DKA compared to those without and were predictive of the diagnosis of DKA. Furthermore, out-of-hospital ETCO2 was significantly correlated with measures of metabolic acidosis.
Two-year outcomes of moderately hypofractionated 70 Gy in 28 fractions, intensity-modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy for localised prostate cancer
Authors: Ortiz Arce Cindy Sharon , Leon Solorio Cristian Salvador , Calderon Mendoza David , Ornelas Lopez Jose de Jesus , Nava Sierra Ana Luisa , Esqueda Guerrero Placido Domingo , Souto del Bosque Rosalia , Rodríguez Camacho Alejandro , Cruz Cruz Jose Alais , Reyes Nava Juan Antonio , Olmos Guzman Alejandro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Standard external beam radiotherapy is a treatment option for patients with localised prostate cancer and is used in patients with low-, intermediate- and high-risk disease with androgen deprivation according to the risk of the disease. In the last few years, hypofractionated radiotherapy has been demonstrated to be as safe as standard radiotherapy if given over a shorter time than standard radiotherapy with larger doses per fraction. External radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer typically delivers 37–42 fractions of 1·8–2·0 Gy per fraction given 5 days per week over 7·5–8·5 weeks. Hypofractionated radiotherapy delivers 20–28 fractions of 2·5–2·6 Gy per fraction given 5 days per week over 4–5·6 weeks.Methods:A retrospective analysis of assessment of 30 patients was undertaken from 2016 to 2018. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 2-year outcomes of 30 patients with prostate cancer treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy 70 Gy in 28 fractions.Results:Biochemical failure with hypofractionated radiotherapy was found in a total of 20% of patients. In the classification by risk groups, there were no biochemical failures in low-risk patients; in the low intermediate course, 3·3% of patients; in the high intermediate group, 3·3% patients; and in the high-risk group, the largest documented biochemical failure was in 13·3% of patients. For acute urinary toxicity, grade I was 56·6%; grade II, 6·6%. For acute rectal toxicity, grade I was 46·6%; grade II, 3·3%.Conclusion:This is one of the first studies of hypofractionated radiotherapy in prostate cancer in Latin America, and the results of this study demonstrated that the outcomes were similar to the standard regimen in all risk groups.
Jobs at risk? Task routineness, offshorability, and attitudes toward immigration
Authors: Kaihovaara Antti , Im Zhen Jie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we study the relationship between occupational vulnerability and attitudes toward immigration in Western Europe. We measure occupational vulnerability as the risk of unemployment due to routine-biased technological change and offshoring of jobs to other countries. Previous empirical studies in political economy have shown that individuals’ policy preferences echo their economic risks and prospects. Workers in low routine occupations are most worried about their job market prospects, most likely to demand social protection and least likely to support free trade. We find that attitudes toward immigration become considerably more negative as occupational task routineness increases. We do not find a similar association between occupational offshorability and immigration attitudes. Direct exposure to global competition is not associated with increased worries about immigration. However, offshorability seems to be associated with the polarization of attitudes toward immigration between routine and nonroutine workers.
Paleointensity.org: An Online, Open Source, Application for the Interpretation of Paleointensity Data
Authors: Béguin Annemarieke , Paterson Greig A. , Biggin Andrew J. , de Groot Lennart V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPaleointensity.org is an online, open source, application to analyze paleointensity data produced by the most common paleointensity techniques. Our application currently supports four different methods: thermal Thellier (all variations), microwave Thellier, pseudo‐Thellier, and the multispecimen protocol. Data can be imported using a variety of input file formats such as ThellierTool files, the generic PmagPy file format, and a number of lab‐specific formats. The data for the individual paleointensity methods are visualized by the relevant graphs and parameters, which are updated dynamically while interpreting the data. Beyond manual interpretation, Paleointensity.org features an autointerpreter for specimen level Thellier‐type data. Interpretations and data can be exported to csv and MagIC files. Moreover, it is possible to export the local storage containing all data, saved interpretations, and settings. This file can be shared among researchers or attached to a paper as supporting information. Because of its many features and ease of use, Paleointensity.org is a major step forward in enhancing an open paleomagnetic community in which data can be shared, checked, and reused in line with the findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data principles.
Similarity and Difference in Interannual Sea Level Variations Between the Mid‐Atlantic Bight and the Nova Scotia Coast
Authors: Chen Nan , Han Guoqi , Yan Xiao‐Hai 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPrevious studies have identified coherent interannual sea level variations along the northwestern Atlantic coasts from New York to Nova Scotia and speculated on possible large‐scale forcing factors such as variations in the Gulf Stream strength and alongshore winds. Here we combine in situ measurements, satellite observations, and oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data to examine interannual sea level variations during 1993–2012 along the Mid‐Atlantic Bight and the Nova Scotia coast and to provide quantitative analyses of individual factors contributing to the interannual sea level variations. The present study shows not only spatial correlation of the sea level variations but also similarity and difference in their contributing factors in the two areas. The interannual sea level variations along the Nova Scotia coast and the Mid‐Atlantic Bight are mainly (41% and 52%) from the steric effect associated with the temperature and salinity changes, and to a less extent (33% and 31%) from the inverse barometric effect. However, the coastal sea level anomalies are significantly correlated with the Gulf Stream strength along the Mid‐Atlantic Bight only, with correlation coefficient of 0.64, while the correlation with alongshore winds is significant along the Nova Scotia coast only.