bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invariability of Arctic Top‐of‐Atmosphere Radiative Response to Surface Temperature Changes
Authors: Hwang Jiwon , Choi Yong‐Sang , Su Hui , Jiang Jonathan H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecent studies have used satellite data to estimate the response of top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes to surface temperature changes in the Arctic. The satellite‐observed radiative response is indicative of Arctic climate sensitivity that determines future Arctic warming. However, it remains ambiguous whether the satellite‐observed radiative response is invariable because the time period covered by satellite data reflects a rapidly changing transient Arctic climate state with considerable sea ice loss. Using NASA's Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) observations from 2000 to 2018, this study evaluates the invariability of the radiative response by comparing the radiative response of the high sea ice concentration (SIC) period to that of the low SIC period. The results show that the net radiative response remains approximately unchanged regardless of the SIC (−0.19 ± 0.44 and 0.15 ± 0.16 W m−2 K−1 for high and low SIC periods, respectively). In addition, seven of the 11 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) demonstrated that the modeled radiative responses are stable. The ERA‐interim reanalysis estimates show that regionally confined changes in individual radiative feedbacks such as albedo, lapse rate, water vapor, and clouds do not vary considerably. Consequently, we infer that the radiative response in the Arctic may remain stable even under rapid Arctic climate change. Hence, the Arctic climate sensitivity can be quantified with present satellite observations.
Crustal Accretion in a Slow Spreading Back‐Arc Basin: Insights From the Mado Megamullion Oceanic Core Complex in the Shikoku Basin
Authors: Basch V. , Sanfilippo A. , Sani C. , Ohara Y. , Snow J. , Ishizuka O. , Harigane Y. , Michibayashi K. , Sen A. , Akizawa N. , Okino K. , Fujii M. , Yamashita H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOceanic core complexes (OCCs) represent tectonic windows into the oceanic lower crust and mantle; they are key structures in understanding the tectono‐magmatic processes shaping the oceanic lithosphere. We present a petrological and geochemical study of gabbros collected at the Mado Megamullion, a recently discovered OCC located in the extinct Shikoku back‐arc basin. Bathymetry of the Mado Megamullion reveals spreading‐parallel corrugations extending 25 km from the breakaway to the termination. Samples from several locations include peridotites, gabbros, dolerite, and rare pillow basalts. Gabbros range from granular to varitextured olivine gabbros and oxide gabbros. The emplacement of these gabbroic rocks within the oceanic lithosphere was followed by a multiphase tectono‐metamorphic evolution including (i) dynamic recrystallization within shear zones, developed under granulite‐ to upper‐amphibolite‐facies conditions, and (ii) intrusion of highly evolved melts forming felsic segregations. This tectono‐metamorphic evolution recalls that of the lower crust from other OCCs worldwide, demonstrating that this OCC exposes deep‐seated intrusions progressively exhumed by detachment faulting. Nonetheless, the Mado Megamullion lower crustal gabbros show an unusual crystal line of descent, different from what is reported from mid‐ocean ridge lower crustal rocks. We infer that the water‐bearing character of the primary melts in this back‐arc basin triggered the early precipitation of clinopyroxene, soon followed by amphibole and Fe‐Ti oxides. Such modifications in phase saturation are likely to be directly related to the back‐arc setting of the Mado Megamullion. If so, the phase assemblages of oceanic gabbros may be a diagnostic for the tectonic setting of lower crustal rocks in ophiolites.
Statistical Properties of Magnetic Structures and Energy Dissipation during Turbulent Reconnection in the Earth's Magnetotail
Authors: Bergstedt K. , Ji H. , Jara‐Almonte J. , Yoo J. , Ergun R. E. , Chen L.‐J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present the first statistical study of magnetic structures and associated energy dissipation observed during a single period of turbulent magnetic reconnection, by using the in situ measurements of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the Earth's magnetotail on 26 July 2017. The structures are selected by identifying a bipolar signature in the magnetic field and categorized as plasmoids or current sheets via an automated algorithm which examines current density and plasma flow. The size of the plasmoids forms a decaying exponential distribution ranging from subelectron up to ion scales. The presence of substantial number of current sheets is consistent with a physical picture of dynamic production and merging of plasmoids during turbulent reconnection. The magnetic structures are locations of significant energy dissipation via electric field parallel to the local magnetic field, while dissipation via perpendicular electric field dominates outside of the structures. Significant energy also returns from particles to fields.
Observation of TeleseismicSWave Microseisms Generated by Typhoons in the Western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Liu Qiaoxia , Ni Sidao , Qiu Yong , Zeng Xiangfang , Zhang Baolong , Wang Fuyun , Duan Yonghong , Xu Zhiping 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMicroseisms generated by storms primarily propagate as surface andPwaves. However, there has been only one report ofSwave microseisms excited by strong storms in the North Atlantic, not from typhoons in the Pacific. In this paper, we present the first observations forSwave microseisms caused by typhoons in Western Pacific, via analyzing ambient seismic waveform recorded by a large‐aperture seismic array in China. The results show that three super typhoons clearly generatedSwave microseisms at periods of 5–10 s. The strength ofSwave microseism is found to be correlated withPwave. The excitation mechanism forSwave microseism observed in regions with flat seafloor may be related to the interaction betweenPwaves and sub‐ocean sedimentary structure.
Particle Size Segregation in Granular Mass Flows With Different Ambient Fluids
Authors: Zhou Gordon G. D. , Cui Kahlil F. E. , Jing Lu , Zhao Tao , Song Dongri , Huang Yu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSize segregation, which is a robust feature of sheared granular mixtures and geophysical mass flow deposits, is found to diminish in the presence of a viscous fluid. We study this inhibitive effect through coupled fluid‐particle simulations of granular flows fully immersed in different ambient fluids. Granular‐fluid mixture flows are modeled according to three distinct flow regimes—free fall, fluid inertial, and viscous—at different angles of inclination. Each flow regime corresponds to distinct flow dynamics and segregation behaviors. We find that segregation is indeed weaker and slower in the presence of an ambient fluid, which is more so as the flow becomes more viscous. The ambient fluid affects segregation in two major ways. First, buoyancy reduces the contact pressure gradients which are needed to drive large particles up, while at the same time reduces the particles' apparent weight. On the other hand, the streamwise drag force substantially changes the flow rheology, specifically the shear rate profile, thereby modifying the segregation behavior in the normal direction. Surprisingly, the fluid drag in the normal direction is negligible regardless of the fluid viscosity and does not affect segregation in a direct manner.
Macrofracturing of Oceanic Lithosphere in Complex Large Earthquake Sequences
Authors: Lay Thorne , Ye Lingling , Wu Zhenbo , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMajor earthquakes in oceanic lithosphere seaward of the subduction zone outer trench slope are relatively uncommon, but several recent occurrences have involved very complex sequences rupturing multiple nonaligned faults and/or having high aftershock productivity with diffuse distribution. This includes the 21 December 2010 MW 7.4 Ogasawara (Bonin), 11 April 2012 MW 8.6 Indo‐Australia, 23 January 2018 MW 7.9 Off‐Kodiak Island, and 20 December 2018 MW 7.3 Nikol'skoye (northwest Pacific) earthquakes. Major oceanic intraplate event sequences farther from plate boundaries do not tend to be as complex in faulting or aftershocks. Outer trench slope extensional faulting can involve complex distributed sequences, particularly when activated by great megathrust ruptures such as 11 March 2011 MW 9.1 Tohoku and 15 November 2006 MW 8.3 Kuril Islands. Intense faulting sequences also occur near subduction zone corners, with many fault geometries being activated, including some in nearby oceanic lithosphere, as for the 29 September 2009 MW 8.1 Samoa, 6 February 2013 MW 8.0 Santa Cruz Islands, and 16 November 2000 MW 8.0 New Ireland earthquakes. The laterally varying plate boundary stresses from heterogeneous locking, recent earthquakes, or boundary geometry influence the specific faulting geometries activated in nearby major intraplate ruptures in oceanic lithosphere. Preexisting lithospheric structures and fabrics exert secondary influences on the faulting. Intraplate stress release in oceanic lithosphere near subduction zones favors distributed macrofracturing of near‐critical fault systems rather than localized, single‐fault failures, both under transient loading induced by plate boundary ruptures and under slow loading by tectonic motions and slab pull.
A Large Paleoearthquake in the Central Apennines, Italy, Recorded by the Collapse of a Cave Speleothem
Authors: Pace Bruno , Valentini Alessandro , Ferranti Luigi , Vasta Marcello , Vassallo Maurizio , Montagna Paolo , Colella Abner , Pons‐Branchu Edwige 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSpeleoseismological research carried out in the Central Apennines (Italy) contributed to understanding the behavior of active normal faults that are potentially able to generate Mw 6.5–7 earthquakes documented by paleoseismology and by historical and instrumental seismology. Radiometric (U‐Th, AMS‐14C, and bulk‐14C) dating of predeformation and postdeformation layers from collapsed speleothems found in Cola Cave indicates that at least three speleoseismic events occurred in the cave during the last ~12.5 ka and were ostensibly caused by seismic slip on one or more of the active faults located in the region surrounding the cave. We modeled the collapse of a tall (173 cm high) stalagmite to find a causative association of this event with one among the potential seismogenic sources. We defined the uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) for each seismogenic source at the site, and we used the calculated spectra in a deterministic approach to study the behavior of the speleothem, through a numerical finite element modeling (FEM). Although our analysis suggests the “Liri” fault as the most likely source responsible for the ground shaking recorded in the cave, the “Fucino” fault system, responsible for a Mw 7 earthquake in 1915, cannot be excluded as a potential source of speleoseismic damage. Results of this work provide new constraints on the seismotectonic history of this sector of Central Apennines and highlight the performance of integrated speleoseismological, seismic hazard, and numerical studies.
Modeling Hydrologic Controls on Particulate Organic Carbon Contributions to Beach Aquifer Biogeochemical Reactivity
Authors: Kim Kyra H. , Heiss James W. , Geng Xiaolong , Michael Holly A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe intertidal zone of beach aquifers hosts biogeochemical transformations of terrestrially derived nutrients that are mediated by reactive organic carbon from seawater infiltration. While dissolved organic carbon is often assumed the sole reactive organic carbon component, advected and entrapped particulate organic carbon (POC) is also capable of supporting chemical reactions. Retarded advection of POC relative to groundwater flow forms pools of reactive carbon within beach sediments that support biogeochemical reactions as dissolved solutes move across them due to transient groundwater flow. In this work, we simulate the contribution of POC to beach reactions and identify parameters that control its relative contribution using a groundwater flow model (SEAWAT) and reactive transport model (PHT3D). Results show transient contributions of POC to denitrification, as the spatial extent of the saline circulation cell varies over time due to changing hydrologic factors. A decrease in POC retardation and an increase in tidal amplitude during POC deposition resulted in POC expansion, which increased the relative contributions of POC to beach reactivity. Decreased hydraulic conductivity and increased tidal amplitude post‐deposition decreased the utilization of POC for denitrification by allowing the oxic, saline water to completely encompass the pool of POC. Results highlight that POC is an intermittently utilized source of carbon that displays complex spatial relationships with groundwater flow conditions and overall beach biogeochemistry. This work demonstrates that POC may be a periodically important but overlooked contributor to biogeochemical reactions in carbon‐poor beach aquifers.
The historical record of massive star formation in Cygnus
Authors: Comerón F. , Djupvik A. A. , Schneider N. , Pasquali A. 
Published: September 2020

Context. The Cygnus region, which dominates the local spiral arm of the Galaxy, is one of the nearest complexes of massive star formation, extending over several hundred parsecs. Its massive stellar content, regions of ongoing star formation, and molecular gas have been studied in detail at virtually all wavelengths. However, little is known of the history of the region beyond the past 10 Myr.
Aims. We use the correlations between age, mass and luminosity of red supergiants to explore the history of star formation in Cygnus previous to the formation of the present-day associations. The brightness and spectroscopic characteristics of red supergiants make it easy to identify them and build up a virtually complete sample of such stars at the distance of the Cygnus region, thus providing a record of massive star formation extending several tens of Myr into the past, a period inaccessible through the O and early B stars observable at present.
Methods. We have made a selection based on the 2MASS colors of a sample of bright, red stars in an area of 84 square degrees covering the whole present extension of the Cygnus association in the Local Arm. We have obtained spectroscopy in the red visible range allowing an accurate, homogeneous spectral classification as well as a reliable separation between supergiants and other cool stars. Our data are complemented with Gaia Data Release 2 astrometric data.
Results. We have identified 29 red supergiants in the area, 17 of which had not been previously classified as supergiants. Twenty-four of the 29 most likely belong to the Cygnus region and four of the remaining to the Perseus arm. We have used their derived luminosities and masses to infer the star formation history of the region. Intense massive star formation activity is found to have started approximately 15 Myr ago, and we find evidence for two other episodes, one taking place between 20 and 30 Myr ago and another one having ended approximately 40 Myr ago. There are small but significant differences between the kinematic properties of red supergiants younger or older then 20 Myr, hinting that stars of the older group were formed outside the precursor of the present Cygnus complex, possibly in the Sagittarius-Carina arm.
Running out of steam? A political incentive perspective of FDI inflows in China
Authors: Wang Danqing , Zhu Zhitao , Chen Shuo , Luo Xiaowei Rose 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDrawing on the sociological literature of state bureaucracy, we develop a political incentive perspective on FDI inflows. We argue that political term, as a core feature of career advancement in state bureaucracy, influences the incentives of newly appointed government officials and in turn their efforts toward achieving the state’s goal of attracting FDI. Due to the mandatory retirement age which limits the career advancement, officials in their first terms perceive that they have better chances of promotion and hence have stronger incentives to work toward advancement than those continuing to serve in the current position for the following term. We test this argument by examining Chinese city government leaders and FDI inflows in their cities from 2003 to 2010, using a difference-in-differences design. The results show that first-term leaders, who are newly appointed after political turnover, attract more FDI inflows than continuing leaders. The difference is smaller when the new leaders are close to retirement, but greater if they are appointed to cities with low prior GDP performance. This study offers a new perspective on intra-country FDI variations, and extends the literature on the role of political institutions by investigating the political incentives of government officials.
The empirical reality of bridging contexts
Authors: Larrivée Pierre , Kallel Amel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to provide quantitative substantiation for the role of bridging context in grammatical change. Bridging contexts are assumed to be environments compatible with the new function that an item is acquiring. The evolving item would therefore be predicted to occur in bridging contexts at significant rates just before the change. To test this prediction, the well-known evolution of Negative Polarity Items into an n-word is analysed, using the well-documented case of theaucunin the history of French. Charting its course in a monogeneric corpus of narrative legal material, we find that the item occurs in strong negative polarity environments at rates of over 50% before it is found in a majority of n-word uses. This supports the view that bridging contexts are instrumental to change, and that they involve quantitative conditions.
Discussion, dispute or controversy?
Authors: Ilie Cornelia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
As parliamentary debates increasingly display rising levels of political conflict, the polarized and aggressive polemical exchanges in Prime Minister’s Questions are impacting the current agenda-setting and consequently public perceptions and assessments. To get a deeper understanding of the discourse strategies and argumentation practices used in the conflict-driven interaction between opposition MPs (particularly the Leader of the Opposition) and the Prime Minister, the present investigation has been carried out at macro- and micro-levels in an interdisciplinary perspective integrating Dascal’s (1998, 2008) typology of polemical exchanges and Ilie’s (2015a, 2018) pragma-rhetorical approach. At the macro-level, the aim is to account for the context-specific functions of three main types of polemical exchanges, i.e. discussions (focused on establishing the truth), disputes (focused on winning the argument) and controversies (focused on persuading the adversary/audience). At the micro-level, the aim is to examine the interplay and the extent to which the three polemical exchanges crisscross, overlap and/or complement each other through the use of three recurring metadiscourse strategies, i.e. definitions, quotations and parentheticals.
Filler syllables as precursors of referring expressions
Authors: Yamaguchi Naomi , Salazar Orvig Anne , Le Mené Marine , Caët Stéphanie , Rialland Annie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine the properties of
filler syllables as transition forms in the development of referring
expressions. In particular, we hypothesize that fillers are
precursors of referring expressions. We focus on the distribution,
the phonological form and the referential function of fillers in
prenominal and/or preverbal positions, in comparison to others forms
in these positions. Results show that first, the substantial
presence of fillers does not lie in lexical factors, and that they
are used in combination with other prelexical forms. Second, their
variable realizations are not due to a phonological deficit, and
they also exhibit paradigmatic patterning with the use of specific
consonants. Fillers also share some of the functional
characteristics of grammatical units, since their distribution and
presence suggest that they play a role in the construction of the
verbal and nominal categories. Moreover, in the preverbal position,
children’s use of fillers varies according to the topic of the
utterance. In conclusion, filler syllables exhibit the formal and
functional characteristics of a transitional category and an
adult-like paradigm of referring expressions at the same time, and
should be studied as such.
The influence of dialogue in young children’s uses of referring
expressions
Authors: Marcos Haydée , Salazar Orvig Anne , da Silva-Genest Christine , Heurdier Julien 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Twenty-four dialogues between French-speaking
children aged 1;10 to 2;6 and their more competent interlocutors
were analyzed from the point of view of (1) the uses of referring
expressions by both children and their interlocutors, according to
the attentional and discursive status of the referent, (2) the
immediate effect of the interlocutor’s discourse on the choice of a
referring expression; and (3) the dialogical relations of referring
expressions. The main results confirmed the similarity of adults’
and children’s uses of third-person pronouns and showed that
maintaining continuity in dialogue overrode the influence of forms
in the interlocutor’s discourse. Finally, a qualitative analysis
highlighted the role of formats and more generally, patterns of
dialogue in the language developmental process.
The acquisition of referring expressions: From formal factors to communicative experience
Authors: Salazar Orvig Anne , de Weck Geneviève 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This last chapter undertakes a general
discussion of the results presented in Chapters 2 to 10.
After recalling the overall distribution of referring expressions in
the data of toddlers (age 1;7 to 2;6) and older children (age 3;6 to
7;5), we review the impact of formal factors (syntactic functions,
lexicon, constructions), discourse-pragmatic factors (the referent
type and its status in the discourse) and socio-discursive and
dialogical factors (activity, speech genre, social and interactional
setting and dialogue) on the use of referring expressions. More than
each factor taken separately, their interaction accounted for the
children’s and the adult’s uses of these expressions. Moreover, both
the child and adult uses were strongly determined by the
socio-discursive and dialogical context. These results thus appear
to offer a consistent set of arguments in favor of a dialogical
account of the process whereby children acquire and use referring
expressions, one that should not only consider forms and cognitive
development but also the way children experience forms in various
meaningful and dialogical contexts.