bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leveraging eDNA to expand the study of hybrid zones
Authors: Stewart Kathryn A. , Taylor Scott A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHybrid zones are important windows into ecological and evolutionary processes. Our understanding of the significance and prevalence of hybridization in nature has expanded with the generation and analysis of genome‐spanning data sets. That said, most hybridization research still has restricted temporal and spatial resolution, which limits our ability to draw broad conclusions about evolutionary and conservation related outcomes. Here, we argue that rapidly advancing environmental DNA (eDNA) methodology could be adopted for studies of hybrid zones to increase temporal sampling (contemporary and historical), refine and geographically expand sampling density, and collect data for taxa that are difficult to directly sample. Genomic data in the environment offer the potential for near real‐time biological tracking of hybrid zones, and eDNA provides broad, but as yet untapped, potential to address eco‐evolutionary questions.
A market‐financed and growth‐enhancing investment plan for the euro area
Authors: Della Posta Pompeo , Marelli Enrico , Signorelli Marcello 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the problem of public debt‐to‐GDP stability in the Eurozone. We suggest that a feasible solution might be the realization of a market‐financed, growth‐enhancing investment program, which would be particularly welcome because of the positive short‐ and long‐term repercussions it would have on GDP growth and the stabilizing effects on interest rates. Some simulations allow us to quantify these effects. The consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic further reinforce our policy implications in terms of public debt sustainability.
Drone scheduling for construction site surveillance
Authors: Yi Wen , Sutrisna Monty 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUsing drones to monitor construction site is a flexible approach with low manpower costs. We study a drone scheduling problem in which a drone flies on a fixed path over a construction site. The flying speed of the drone is optimized to ensure that the drone spends the most time monitoring areas of the construction site that deserve the most attention while ensuring that the drone completes the route within a certain time and without depleting its battery. We propose a nonlinear optimization model for the problem and develop a dynamic programming algorithm to solve the model. A case study is carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed drone scheduling model.
Tangled pasts, healthier futures: Nursing strategies to improve American Indian/Alaska Native health equity
Authors: Pool Natalie M. , Stauber Leah S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAmerican Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations in the United States continue to experience overall health inequity, despite significant improvement in health status for nearly all other racial‐ethnic groups over the past 30 years. Nurses comprise the bulk of healthcare providers in the U.S. and are in an optimal position to improve AI/AN health by transforming both nursing education and practice. This potential is dependent, however, on nurses’ ability to recognize the distinct historical and political conditions through which AI/AN health inequities have been produced and sustained. Nurse providers, educators, and leaders must in turn recognize how the sustained conditions of marginalization and expropriation that underpin current AI/AN health inequities continue to shape contemporary AI/AN health outcomes. This manuscript builds upon the extant literature of AI/AN historical health policy and utilizes decolonial theorizations of nursing and a cultural safety framework to propose a series of immediately actionable steps for nursing intervention into AI/AN health inequity. Ultimately, we suggest that it is crucial for nurses to collaborate with AI/AN individuals and communities across educational and clinical settings to further refine these approaches in alignment with the disciplinary obligation of promoting social justice within healthcare.
Independent evolutionary changes in fine‐root traits among main clades during the diversification of seed plants
Authors: Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar J. , Maherali Hafiz , Baraloto Christopher , Blackwood Christopher B. 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Changes in fine‐root morphology are typically associated with transitions from the ancestral arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) to the alternative ectomycorrhizal (ECM) or nonmycorrhizal (NM) associations. However, the modifications in root morphology may also coincide with new modifications in leaf hydraulics and growth habit during angiosperm diversification. These hypotheses have not been evaluated concurrently, and this limits our understanding of the causes of fine‐root evolution.

To explore the evolution of fine‐root systems, we assembled a 600+ species database to reconstruct historical changes in seed plants over time. We utilise ancestral reconstruction approaches together with phylogenetically informed comparative analyses to test whether changes in fine‐root traits were most strongly associated with mycorrhizal affiliation, leaf hydraulics or growth form.

Our findings showed significant shifts in root diameter, specific root length and root tissue density as angiosperms diversified, largely independent from leaf changes or mycorrhizal affiliation. Growth form was the only factor associated with fine‐root traits in statistical models including mycorrhizal association and leaf venation, suggesting substantial modifications in fine‐root morphology during transitions from woody to nonwoody habits.

Divergences in fine‐root systems were crucial in the evolution of seed plant lineages, with important implications for ecological processes in terrestrial ecosystems.
Different levels of energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration do not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses of Symbiodiniaceae to global warming
Authors: Pierangelini Mattia , Thiry Marc , Cardol Pierre 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Disentangling the metabolic functioning of corals' endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) is relevant to understanding the response of coral reefs to warming oceans. In this work, we first question whether there is an energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration in Symbiodiniaceae (Symbiodinium, Durusdinium and Effrenium), and second, how different levels of energetic coupling will affect their adaptive responses to global warming.

Coupling between photosynthesis and respiration was established by determining the variation of metabolic rates during thermal response curves, and how inhibition of respiration affects photosynthesis. Adaptive (irreversible) responses were studied by exposing two Symbiodinium species with different levels of photosynthesis–respiration interaction to high temperature conditions (32°C) for 1 yr.

We found that some Symbiodiniaceae have a high level of energetic coupling; that is, photosynthesis and respiration have the same temperature dependency, and photosynthesis is negatively affected when respiration is inhibited. Conversely, photosynthesis and respiration are not coupled in other species. In any case, prolonged exposure to high temperature caused adjustments in both photosynthesis and respiration, but these changes were fully reversible.

We conclude that energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration exhibits wide variation amongst Symbiodiniaceae and does not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses in Symbiodiniaceae to temperature increase.
Allelic differences of clustered terpene synthases contribute to correlated intraspecific variation of floral and herbivory‐induced volatiles in a wild tobacco
Authors: Xu Shuqing , Kreitzer Christoph , McGale Erica , Lackus Nathalie D. , Guo Han , Köllner Tobias G. , Schuman Meredith C. , Baldwin Ian T. , Zhou Wenwu 
Published: June 2020

SummaryPlant volatile emissions can recruit predators of herbivores for indirect defense and attract pollinators to aid in pollination. Although volatiles involved in defense and pollinator attraction are primarily emitted from leaves and flowers, respectively, they will co‐evolve if their underlying genetic basis is intrinsically linked, due either to pleiotropy or to genetic linkage. However, direct evidence of co‐evolving defense and floral traits is scarce.We characterized intraspecific variation of herbivory‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), the key components of indirect defense against herbivores, and floral volatiles in wild tobaccoNicotiana attenuata.We found that variation of (E)‐β‐ocimene and (E)‐α‐bergamotene contributed to the correlated changes in HIPVs and floral volatiles amongN. attenuatanatural accessions. Intraspecific variations of (E)‐β‐ocimene and (E)‐α‐bergamotene emissions resulted from allelic variation of two genetically co‐localized terpene synthase genes,NaTPS25andNaTPS38, respectively. Analyzing haplotypes ofNaTPS25andNaTPS38revealed that allelic variations ofNaTPS25andNaTPS38resulted in correlated changes of (E)‐β‐ocimene and (E)‐α‐bergamotene emission in HIPVs and floral volatiles inN. attenuata.Together, these results provide evidence that pleiotropy and genetic linkage result in correlated changes in defenses and floral signals in natural populations, and the evolution of plant volatiles is probably under diffuse selection.
Mitochondrial fatty acid β‐oxidation is required for storage‐lipid catabolism in a marine diatom
Authors: Jallet Denis , Xing Denghui , Hughes Alexander , Moosburner Mark , Simmons Mark P. , Allen Andrew E. , Peers Graham 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Photoautotrophic growth in nature requires the accumulation of energy‐containing molecules via photosynthesis during daylight to fuel nighttime catabolism. Many diatoms store photosynthate as the neutral lipid triacylglycerol (TAG). While the pathways of diatom fatty acid and TAG synthesis appear to be well conserved with plants, the pathways of TAG catabolism and downstream fatty acid β‐oxidation have not been characterised in diatoms.

We identified a putative mitochondria‐targeted, bacterial‐type acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (PtMACAD1) that is present in Stramenopile and Hacrobian eukaryotes, but not found in plants, animals or fungi. Gene knockout, protein‐YFP tags and physiological assays were used to determine PtMACAD1's role in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

PtMACAD1 is located in the mitochondria. Absence of PtMACAD1 led to no consumption of TAG at night and slower growth in light : dark cycles compared with wild‐type. Accumulation of transcripts encoding peroxisomal‐based β‐oxidation did not change in response to day : night cycles or to PtMACAD1 knockout. Mutants also hyperaccumulated TAG after the amelioration of N limitation.

We conclude that diatoms utilise mitochondrial β‐oxidation; this is in stark contrast to the peroxisomal‐based pathways observed in plants and green algae. We infer that this pattern is caused by retention of catabolic pathways from the host during plastid secondary endosymbiosis.
How to approach esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction?
Authors: Patcharatrakul Tanisa , Alkaddour Ahmad , Pitisuttithum Panyavee , Jangsirikul Sureeporn , Vega Kenneth J. , Clarke John O. , Gonlachanvit Sutep 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe diagnosis of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is currently based on high‐resolution esophageal manometry and is characterized by impaired EGJ relaxation with preserved esophageal peristalsis. This condition has been defined by the Chicago Classification as a major esophageal motility disorder, although its clinical significance is controversial since heterogeneous and irrelevant presentations have been reported. EGJOO commonly has a benign clinical course, with spontaneous resolution, but it can also be associated with opioid usage, early achalasia, and mechanical obstruction. A careful medical, surgical, and medication history coupled with a careful manometry interpretation focused on the factors that might affect the integrated relaxation pressure are the keys for an accurate diagnosis. The advance of esophageal physiological tests can evaluate the clearance of the esophageal contents across the EGJ. The manometry technique, including testing in an upright position and provocative tests, can also complement those tests and demonstrate the evidence of EGJ obstruction. After making a diagnosis, endoscopy should be an initial step to exclude anatomical causes if it has not yet been done. Imaging studies can identify infiltrative lesions, but the reported diagnostic yield is relatively low. Management of EGJOO depends on the underlying etiology. Functional EGJOO patients with persistent dysphagia associated with the presence of outflow obstruction may require EGJ disruption therapy.
Online health behavior: Antecedents and outcomes of employee participation in an organization's online health program
Authors: Nifadkar Sushil S. , Bhagavatula Suresh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWorking in organizations can result in health problems for employees, who may develop health conditions such as hypertension, cardiac problems, and obesity. To promote healthy behavior among employees, some companies use tailored online health platforms, which are customizable and accessible. Although these programs are available to all employees, they differ in terms of their participation, and we do not understand the reasons underlying variations in the use of these programs. We also have a limited understanding of the potential organizational outcomes of such participation. Thus, in this study, we develop a model of the antecedents and outcomes of employees’ participation in an organization's online health program. We propose that employees’ health beliefs, social influence to participate, and intention to participate influence their participation in an organization's online health program, which is associated with their health behavior within the organization. In turn, employees’ organizational health behavior influences organizationally relevant outcomes through mediation by availability of task‐ and family‐related support from coworkers. We tested our model through a four‐phase, multisource study by using data from 331 employees working in an Indian information technology company. Results generally supported our model. Our findings contribute to our knowledge of employees’ health behavior by examining why they may participate in online health programs and how their participation may promote health behavior and lead to organizationally relevant outcomes.
Continuous Flow Reactor for the Controlled Synthesis and Inline Photocatalysis of Antibacterial Ag2S Nanoparticles
Authors: Prakash Bhanu , Katoch Vibhav , Shah Asmita , Sharma Manju , Devi M. Manolata , Panda Jiban J , Sharma Jadab , Ganguli Ashok Kumar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present study is focused on the integration of microreactors to synthesize visible light active nanophotocatalysts for inline photocatalytic degradation of organic dye and antibacterial activity. A wire‐assisted and a rapid laser micromachining technique has been employed for the fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐based microreactors, respectively. By varying the design and chemical reagents involved, different sizes of visible light active Ag2S nanoparticles were prepared via a continuous microfluidics approach using fabricated microreactors. When polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was utilized as the capping agent during the reaction, smaller particles of the size of ~ 15 nm were observed. The photocatalytic performance of these nanoparticles has been evaluated inline by employing the single‐inlet planar microreactor as a function of flow rate and channel length. The photocatalyst durability test and a comparative photocatalytic efficiency study between the microreactor and the conventional beaker reactor have also been carried out. Under visible light, these nanoparticles exhibit a remarkable enhancement of ~ 94.5% in the inline microreactor‐based photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. The slower the flow rate and longer the channel length, gradual enhancement in the performance has been observed. Also, these nanoparticles express an antibacterial effect with very high efficacy even at very low (2 mg mL−1) concentration toward the inhibition of Escherichia Coli.
Testing the role of the timing and chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms in the associations with child behaviour and development
Authors: Moss Katrina M. , Dobson Annette J. , Mishra Gita D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is debate regarding whether the association between maternal depressive symptoms (MDS) and child outcomes is due to the timing or chronicity of symptoms.ObjectivesTo investigate whether critical periods, sensitive periods, or accumulation models provided the best explanation for the association between MDS and children's behaviour and development.MethodsData on mothers (N = 892) were collected from 1996 to 2015 as part of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, a prospective longitudinal epidemiological study. Data on children (N = 978, 2‐12 years) were collected in 2016/17 as part of the Mothers and their Children's Health study. Mothers were categorised according to whether they reported MDS (scored ≥ 10 on the CESD‐10) before pregnancy, during pregnancy, or in early childhood. Child outcomes were maternal‐rated behaviour problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ) and teacher‐rated development (Australian Early Development Census; AEDC). We used a structured life course approach to rigorously test critical period, sensitive period, and accumulation (ie chronicity) theories by comparing the fit of a series of models.ResultsMost mothers did not report MDS at any time (69.2%), 16.9% reported MDS before pregnancy, 13.2% during pregnancy, and 16.5% in early childhood. High/very high total behaviour problems were reported for 7.0% of children, and developmental vulnerability/risk was reported for 15.9% for social competence and 15.7% for emotional maturity. An accumulation model was the best fit, with each period of MDS associated with an increase of 1.71 points (95% CI 1.26, 2.17) on the SDQ and decreases of 0.31 (95% CI −0.50, −0.12) and 0.29 points (95% CI −0.49, −0.08) on AEDC social competence and emotional maturity, respectively.ConclusionsChronic MDS were associated with poorer child outcomes than MDS at any single time. Sensitive and critical period models were not supported. This suggests chronicity of symptoms may be more important than timing.
Simulating the effects of improving field drainage on environmental impacts of inorganic phosphorus pollution of waterbodies from livestock farming
Authors: McGechan Malcolm B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA simulation modelling study was carried out of the effects of poor field drainage on raising losses to the environment of inorganic phosphorus during livestock grazing and slurry spreading. The study used the weather‐driven colloid transport version of the MACRO model, as previously calibrated and tested using measurements of inorganic phosphorus in drainage water at experimental field sites. Results showed substantially higher losses with poor drainage compared to those with a properly functioning drainage system. Simulated mean losses from a single spread of slurry with poor drainage were typically at least double those with good drainage; for grazing in winter simulated mean losses were more than four times as high. These high losses arise because poor drainage raises the water table, leading to rapid movement of inorganic phosphorus attached to colloids through large water‐filled soil pores. In contrast, with good drainage leading to a lower water table, most water movements are through small soil pores where colloids with attached phosphorus become trapped. Although losses were higher in winter months (when grazing and slurry spreading would still need to be restricted even with good drainage), the benefits of improved drainage were demonstrated for all months of the year, for three soil types and at two contrasting weather sites.
Central and peripheral muscle fatigue following repeated‐sprint running in moderate and severe hypoxia
Authors: Townsend Nathan , Brocherie Franck , Millet Grégoire P. , Girard Olivier 
Published: June 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Increasing severity of arterial hypoxaemia induces a shift towards greater central, relative to peripheral, mechanisms of fatigue during exhaustive exercise. Does a similar pattern exist for ‘all‐out’ repeated‐sprint running?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Severe normobaric hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen () = 0.13] did not induce a greater contribution from central fatigue, but indices of muscle fatigue were elevated compared with normoxia ( = 0.21) and moderate hypoxia ( = 0.17). This suggests a different fatigue response to repeated‐sprint running versus other exercise modalities and, consequently, that task specificity might modulate the effect of hypoxia on the central versus peripheral contribution to fatigue.

AbstractWe examined the effects of increasing hypoxia severity on repeated‐sprint running performance and neuromuscular fatigue. Thirteen active males completed eight sprints of 5 s (recovery = 25 s) on a motorized sprint treadmill in normoxia (sea level, SL; = 0.21), in moderate hypoxia (MH; = 0.17) and in severe hypoxia (SH; = 0.13). After 6 min of passive recovery, in all conditions a second set of four sprints of 5 s was conducted in normoxia. Neuromuscular function of the knee extensors was assessed at baseline (Pre‐) and 1 min after set 1 (Post‐set 1) and set 2 (Post‐set 2). In set 1, the mean distance covered in SL (22.9 ± 1.2 m) was not different to MH (22.7 ± 1.3 m; P = 0.71) but was greater than in SH (22.3 ± 1.3 m; P = 0.04). No significant differences between conditions for mean distance occurred in set 2. There was a decrease in maximal voluntary contraction torque (Δ = −31.4 ± 18.0 N m, P < 0.001) and voluntary activation (%VA; Δ = −7.1 ± 5.1%, P = 0.001) from Pre‐ to Post‐set 1, but there was no effect of hypoxia. No further change from Post‐set 1 to Post‐set 2 occurred for either maximal voluntary contraction or %VA. The decrease in potentiated twitch torque in SL (Δ = −13.3 ± 5.2 N m) was not different to MH (Δ = −13.3 ± 6.3 N m) but was lower than in SH (Δ = −16.1 ± 4 N m) from Pre‐ to Post‐set 1 (interaction, P < 0.003). Increasing severity of normobaric hypoxia, up to an equivalent elevation of 3600 m, can increase indices of peripheral fatigue but does not impact central fatigue after ‘all‐out’ repeated‐sprint running.