bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Conditions Does Not Improve Press Ganey Patient Satisfaction Scores in the Emergency Department
Authors: Pulia Michael S , Hesse Steven , Schwei Rebecca J , Schulz Lucas T , Sethi Ajay , Hamedani Azita 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The literature has mixed results regarding the relationship between antibiotic prescribing and patient satisfaction in the emergency department (ED) for antibiotic-inappropriate respiratory diagnoses. The objective of the study was to determine if ED patients who receive nonindicated antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract conditions have increased Press Ganey patient satisfaction scores compared with those who do not receive antibiotics.

Methods
This was a retrospective observational study. Using an administrative electronic health record data set from 2 EDs in the Midwest, we identified 619 ED encounters resulting in discharge for antibiotic-inappropriate respiratory diagnoses with a corresponding Press Ganey patient satisfaction survey. We compared sociodemographics, encounter variables, and overall Press Ganey patient satisfaction scores between those who did and did not receive antibiotics. We analyzed Press Ganey scores by categorical score distribution and as a dichotomized scale of top box (5) vs other scores. A logistic regression estimated the odds of a top box Press Ganey patient satisfaction score based on antibiotic prescribing while controlling for other covariates.

Results
In the final sample, 158 (26%) encounters involving antibiotic-inappropriate respiratory diagnoses involved an antibiotic prescription. There were no differences in sociodemographic, encounter or categorical, or top box Press Ganey overall patient satisfaction scores between the groups that did and did not receive inappropriate antibiotics. In the fully adjusted regression model, antibiotic prescriptions were not associated with increased odds of top box Press Ganey patient satisfaction score (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.53–1.14).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that nonindicated antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract conditions is not a primary driver of overall Press Ganey scores in the ED.
Longitudinal Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Correlate With Treatment Outcome in Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis
Authors: Kloprogge Frank , Mwandumba Henry C , Banda Gertrude , Kamdolozi Mercy , Shani Doris , Corbett Elizabeth L , Kontogianni Nadia , Ward Steve , Khoo Saye H , Davies Geraint R , Sloan Derek J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
This study aims to explore relationships between baseline demographic covariates, plasma antibiotic exposure, sputum bacillary load, and clinical outcome data to help improve future tuberculosis (TB) treatment response predictions.

Methods
Data were available from a longitudinal cohort study in Malawian drug-sensitive TB patients on standard therapy, including steady-state plasma antibiotic exposure (154 patients), sputum bacillary load (102 patients), final outcome (95 patients), and clinical details. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models were developed in the software package NONMEM. Outcome data were analyzed using univariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models in R, a free software for statistical computing.

Results
Higher isoniazid exposure correlated with increased bacillary killing in sputum (P &lt; .01). Bacillary killing in sputum remained fast, with later progression to biphasic decline, in patients with higher rifampicin area under the curve (AUC)0-24 (P &lt; .01). Serial sputum colony counting negativity at month 2 (P &lt; .05), isoniazid CMAX (P &lt; .05), isoniazid CMAX/minimum inhibitory concentration ([MIC] P &lt; .01), and isoniazid AUC0-24/MIC (P &lt; .01) correlated with treatment success but not with remaining free of TB. Slower bacillary killing (P &lt; .05) and earlier progression to biphasic bacillary decline (P &lt; .01) both correlate with treatment failure. Posttreatment recurrence only correlated with slower bacillary killing (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
Patterns of early bacillary clearance matter. Static measurements such as month 2 sputum conversion and pharmacokinetic parameters such as CMAX/MIC and AUC0-24/MIC were predictive of treatment failure, but modeling of quantitative longitudinal data was required to assess the risk of recurrence. Pooled individual patient data analyses from larger datasets are needed to confirm these findings.
Countermeasures to Coronavirus Disease 2019: Are Immunomodulators Rational Treatment Options—A Critical Review of the Evidence
Authors: Chastain Daniel B , Stitt Tia M , Ly Phong T , Henao-Martínez Andrés F , Franco-Paredes Carlos , Osae Sharmon P 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with higher concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines that lead to lung damage, respiratory failure, and resultant increased mortality. Immunomodulatory therapy has the potential to inhibit cytokines and quell the immune dysregulation. Controversial data found improved oxygenation after treatment with tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 inhibitor, sparking a wave of interest and resultant clinical trials evaluating immunomodulatory therapies. The purpose of this article is to assess potential proinflammatory targets and review the safety and efficacy of immunomodulatory therapies in managing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019.
Factors Associated With Testing for Hepatitis C Infections Among a Commercially Insured Population of Persons With HIV, United States 2008–2016
Authors: King Hope , Bull–Otterson Lara , Hoover Karen W , Huang Huang Ya-Lin A , Zhu Weiming , Thompson William 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important public health problem among people with HIV. People with HIV who are coinfected with HCV infection are at increased risk for cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatitis C–related mortality; as such, national guidelines recommend that persons with HIV be tested for HCV infection.

Methods
Data from the 2003–2017 IBM Watson Health MarketScan database were used for this study. We used diagnostic, procedural, and drug codes to identify patients with ≥1 inpatient or outpatient medical claim of HIV diagnosis. Patients with prior HIV or hepatitis C diagnoses were excluded. We calculated hepatitis C testing rates among newly diagnosed HIV-infected persons within 12 months of the initial HIV diagnosis date (January 1, 2008–December 31, 2016). We used Poisson regression to identify the factors associated with hepatitis C testing. Lastly, we assessed hepatitis C testing trends using the Cochran-Armitage test.

Results
The prevalence of testing for hepatitis C in newly identified persons with HIV (n = 46 277) was 50% within 12 months of the index HIV diagnosis. From 2008 to 2017, the testing rate increased by 13%. Significant predictors of hepatitis C testing were age, sex, and urbanicity. Women with HIV were less likely to have been tested compared with men (relative risk, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.77–0.81). Only 40% of patients between 50 and 59 years of age were tested for hepatitis C within 12 months of the index HIV diagnosis, while 56% of persons with HIV aged 20–29 years were tested for hepatitis C.

Conclusions
Overall, 50% of newly diagnosed HIV patients were tested for hepatitis C within 12 months of HIV diagnosis. Although there were increases in hepatitis C testing rates over the study period, there were missed opportunities to detect HCV infection among people newly diagnosed with HIV.
Selective Posterior Callosotomy for Treatment of Epileptic Drop Attacks: Video Documentation of the Surgical Technique: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Marchiori Maurício , Palmini André , Martins William Alves , Paglioli Rafael Silva , Frigeri Thomas Moré , Paglioli Eliseu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This is a surgical technique video of selective posterior callosotomy (SPC), a novel surgical procedure to alleviate refractory epileptic drop attacks.
1
Departing from traditional approaches aiming the anterior half or the entire callosum, SPC sections the posterior half of the callosum sparing prefrontal connectivity.
1
Drop attacks are generalized epileptic seizures characterized by sudden falls.
1
These seizures are often seen in diffuse brain pathology associated with generalized or multifocal epilepsies, whose electroencephalogram (EEG) “fingerprint” is bilaterally synchronous epileptic discharges.
1
Sectioning the callosum to control drop attacks follows the rationale that the rapid synchronization of discharges between motor and premotor regions of both hemispheres is the basis.
1
The standard approach to callosotomies always contemplated the anterior fibers of the callosum.
2
Literature reports that anterior sections lead to unsatisfactory control of drop attacks, and results are improved when extended into a total callosotomy.
2,3
This evidence coupled with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings showing that motor and premotor fibers actually cross through posterior half of the callosum led us to hypothesize that selective section of the posterior half of the callosum would section all relevant motor fibers and control drop attacks to a similar extent to total callosotomies, with the advantage of sparing prefrontal interconnectivity
3
and no split-brain syndrome. Both our series, one retrospective, followed by a new prospective study have confirmed SPC to be a safe procedure, leading to complete or greater than 90% control of epileptic falls in 85% of patients.
1
The video presented here was recorded during a selective posterior callosotomy performed on a 13-yr-old girl who had hundreds of uncontrollable drop attacks per day. Falls were completely controlled with significant gains in psychomotor development and cognition, after 5 yr of follow-up. The patient provided signed consent to the surgical procedure, video acquisition, photo acquisition, and storage at operations, and the publication of this material.
Pseudoaneurysm of the Superficial Temporal Artery After Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Device Placement: Case Report of a Rare Complication
Authors: Pan James , Barros Guilherme , Greil Madeline E , Meyer R Michael , Ene Chibawanye I , Chesnut Randall M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Pseudoaneurysms involving the superficial temporal artery (STA), either iatrogenic or caused by direct trauma, are rare. The STA is prone to injury due to its long course throughout the scalp. Injuries can cause cosmetic defects and/or skin breakdown leading to further complications.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We report a case of delayed iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of the STA after placement of an intracranial pressure monitor in the setting of acute traumatic brain injury. The patient had a delayed development of a pulsatile mass over his right frontal region, with computed tomography angiography concerning for a pseudoaneurysm of the STA. This was managed with surgical resection with complete resolution of symptoms at follow-up.

CONCLUSION
We review the literature regarding the etiology, pathogenesis, and management of these lesions. While iatrogenic injuries to the STA have been previously reported, this is a curious case related to placement of an intracranial pressure monitor. We recommend direct surgical resection of the pseudoaneurysm for cosmetic effect and prevention of further wound breakdown.
Quad S2-Alar-Iliac Screw Fixation via Navigated Spinal Robotics With Software Planning: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Pham Martin H , Diaz-Aguilar Luis Daniel , King Bradley H , Osorio Joseph A , Lehman Ronald A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The use of robotic guidance for spinal instrumentation has become promising for its ability to offer the advantages of precision, accuracy, and reproducibility. However, utilization and adoption of robotic platforms for spine surgery remain limited especially in comparison to other surgical fields. We present here a case of a 71-yr-old man with a prior T4-pelvis long-segment fusion who presented with distal sacro-iliac instrumentation loosening with pseudarthrosis. He subsequently underwent construct revision with quad (bilateral dual) S2-alar-iliac screw fixation with navigated spinal robotic assistance (Mazor X Stealth Edition, Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Medtronic Inc, Dublin, Ireland). To our knowledge, this is the first video demonstrating the preoperative software planning and intraoperative workflow for placing quad S2-alar-iliac screws with navigated spinal robotic guidance using the Mazor X Stealth Edition.
There is no identifying information in this video. Patient consent was obtained for the surgical procedure and for publishing of the material included in the video.
Decrease in diatom dominance at lower Si:N ratios alters plankton food webs
Authors: Makareviciute-Fichtner Kriste , Matthiessen Birte , Lotze Heike K , Sommer Ulrich 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Many coastal oceans experience not only increased loads of nutrients but also changes in the stoichiometry of nutrient supply. Excess supply of nitrogen and stable or decreased supply of silicon lower silicon to nitrogen (Si:N) ratios, which may decrease diatom proportion in phytoplankton. To examine how Si:N ratios affect plankton community composition and food web structure, we performed a mesocosm experiment where we manipulated Si:N ratios and copepod abundance in a Baltic Sea plankton community. In high Si:N treatments, diatoms dominated. Some of them were likely spared from grazing unexpectedly resulting in higher diatom biomass under high copepod grazing. With declining Si:N ratios, dinoflagellates became more abundant under low and picoplankton under high copepod grazing. This altered plankton food web structure: under high Si:N ratios, edible diatoms were directly accessible food for copepods, while under low Si:N ratios, microzooplankton and phago-mixotrophs (mixoplankton) were a more important food source for mesograzers. The response of copepods to changes in the phytoplankton community was complex and copepod density-dependent. We suggest that declining Si:N ratios favor microzoo- and mixoplankton leading to increased complexity of planktonic food webs. Consequences on higher trophic levels will, however, likely be moderated by edibility, nutritional value or toxicity of dominant phytoplankton species.
(Debt) Overhang: Evidence from Resource Extraction
Authors: Wittry Michael D 
Published: June 2020

AbstractI study the empirical importance of debt overhang using a unique data set on resource extraction firms that provides ex ante measures of investment opportunities and important variation in terms of a firm’s obligations. In particular, unsecured reclamation liabilities create overhang that is costly to resolve and induces firms to forgo and postpone positive NPV investments. Traditional debt, in contrast, imposes few overhang-related investment distortions. These results show that (a) the overhang problem is potentially large and more broadly applies to firms’ nondebt liabilities and (b) overhang problems associated with traditional debt can be avoided through contracting and debt composition.
Black Girls and the Talk? Policing, Parenting, and the Politics of Protection
Authors: Malone Gonzalez Shannon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBlack girls are marginalized from mainstream discourses and familial discussions on policing, and little is known about how families conceptualize strategies for mitigating their risk of police sexual assault and harassment. Through 30 in-depth interviews with black mothers, this article explores how social class shapes protective care strategies for reducing girls’ risk of police contact and sexual violence. While the primary police talk emphasizes black boys’ vulnerability to lethal and physical violence, I identify two additional socialization practices, or “talks” for black girls: The respectability talk is a middle-class socialization strategy that avoids direct associations between black girls and police; this talk works to minimize risk through teaching black girls how to be “ladies” by embodying racialized gendered norms that constrain their behavior and autonomy. The predatory talk is a predominantly working-class socialization strategy which aims to equip black girls with an awareness of police sexual violence and the tools for avoiding sexual assault and harassment from officers when alone or at night. The article illustrates how protective care strategies for black girls are intertwined with social class and have divergent consequences for understanding agency and responsibility for police sexual violence.
Effect of anabolic hormone exposure during the backgrounding-phase in calf-fed steers of different mature sizes1
Authors: Gentry Wes W , Blom Ethan J , Pritchard Robbi H , Hales Kristin E 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The mature size (MS) of cows in the United States is diverse, which leads to diversity in the MS of feeder cattle and hot carcass weights (HCW) of fed cattle. Cattle feeders must manage this inherent variation. Given that implants alter MS, they may be an effective tool to manage variation in HCW across groups of cattle. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the interaction of MS and implant status in calf-fed steers. Steer calves from the same two sources were used in both experiments. Because breeding seasons were &lt;60 d, it was assumed that weaning weight (WW) to a large extent reflected differences in MS. Smaller MS (SMS) and larger MS (LMS) steers were identified from the tails of the WW distribution. Within each MS group, steers were implanted with 20 mg estradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone (SS) or 14 mg estradiol benzoate and 100 mg trenbolone acetate (CH) on d 1 (Exp. 1), and nonimplanted (NI) or implanted with SS on d 2 (Exp. 2). In both experiments, a common terminal implant was used and steers were fed for 161 (Exp. 1) and 168 d (Exp. 2). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure, with main effects of MS and implant. No MS × implant interactions were observed in either experiment (P ≥ 0.08). In both experiments LMS steers had heavier body weights (BW), HCW, and BW adjusted to 28% empty body fat (AFBW), greater average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), and lesser gain:feed (G:F) than SMS steers (P ≤ 0.02). No differences were evident in marbling score or Quality Grade distributions between SMS and LMS steers (P ≥ 0.13). In Exp. 1, no differences in growth performance, carcass traits, AFBW, or calculated frame size (FS) were observed for steers initially implanted with SS or CH (P ≥ 0.12). In Exp. 2, steers implanted initially with SS had heavier final BW, greater ADG and DMI (P ≤ 0.01), and similar G:F (P = 0.78) than NI steers. Steers initially implanted with SS had heavier HCW (P &lt; 0.01), but no other differences in carcass characteristics were observed (P ≥ 0.23). Additionally, steers implanted with SS tended to have heavier AFBW (P = 0.07) and greater calculated FS (P = 0.05) than NI steers. Steers of different MS responded similarly to implants. Previous exposure to implants did not alter the response to the terminal implant. Estradiol increases the FS of steers; however, when similar doses of estradiol are compared, trenbolone acetate did not further increase FS (Exp. 1).
A Positive Feedback Loop Between c-Myc Upregulation, Glycolytic Shift, and Histone Acetylation Enhances Cancer Stem Cell-like Property and Tumorigenicity of Cr(VI)-transformed Cells
Authors: Clementino Marco , Xie Jie , Yang Ping , Li Yunfei , Lin Hsuan-Pei , Fenske William K , Tao Hua , Kondo Kazuya , Yang Chengfeng , Wang Zhishan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chronic hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exposure causes lung cancer and other types of cancer; however, the mechanism of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis remains to be clearly defined. Our recent study showed that chronic Cr(VI) exposure upregulates the proto oncogene c-Myc expression, which contributes significantly to Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation, cancer stem cell (CSC)-like property and tumorigenesis. c-Myc is a master regulator of cancer cell abnormal metabolism and accumulating evidence suggests that metabolism dysregulation plays an important role in both cancer development and progression. However, little is known about the role of metabolism dysregulation in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis. This study was performed to investigate the potential role and mechanism of metabolism dysregulation in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis. It was found that Cr(VI)-transformed cells display glycolytic shift, which depends on the upregulation of c-Myc. The glycolytic shift in Cr(VI)-transformed cells led to increased production of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and elevation of histone acetylation. This, in turn, upregulated the expression of an acetyl-CoA producing key enzyme ATP citrate lyase and c-Myc, forming a positive feedback loop between the upregulation of c-Myc expression, glycolytic shift and increased histone acetylation. It was further determined that glucose depletion not only reverses the glycolytic shift in Cr(VI)-transformed cells, but also significantly reduces their growth, CSC-like property and tumorigenicity. These findings indicate that glycolytic shift plays an important role in maintaining malignant phenotypes of Cr(VI)-transformed cells, suggesting that metabolism dysregulation is critically involved in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis.
Development and Internal Validation of a Prediction Model for In-Hospital Mortality in Geriatric Patients With a Hip Fracture
Authors: Schuijt Henk Jan , Smeeing Diederik P. J. , Würdemann Franka S. , Hegeman J. Han , Geraghty Olivia C. , Houwert R. Marijn , Weaver Michael J. , van der Velde Detlef ,   on behalf of the Dutch Hip Fracture Audit Taskforce study group
Published: June 2020

Objective:
To develop and validate a prediction model for in-hospital mortality in patients with hip fracture 85 years of age or older undergoing surgery.

Design:
A multicenter prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Six Dutch trauma centers, level 2 and 3.

Participants:
Patients with hip fracture 85 years of age or older undergoing surgery.

Intervention:
Hip fracture surgery.

Main Outcome Measurements:
In-hospital mortality.

Results:
The development cohort consisted of 1014 patients. In-hospital mortality was 4%. Age, male sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, and hemoglobin levels at presentation were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. The bootstrap adjusted performance showed good discrimination with a c-statistic of 0.77.

Conclusion:
Age, male sex, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, and lower hemoglobin levels at presentation are robust independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with geriatric hip fracture and were incorporated in a simple prediction model with good accuracy and no lack of fit.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.