bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Effects of Donkey-Assisted Therapy on Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Using the ICF Framework
Authors: Colombo Eleonora , Manti Franco , Milani Luca , Bernardini Daniele 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of nine weekly sessions of Donkey-Assisted Therapy (DAT) on the functional status of 37 adults with an intellectual disability (ID) and to analyze the moderator role of the duration of sessions on the expected positive outcomes. A new tool based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) was employed to measure functional changes in subjects undergoing DAT. The tool was administered at three different times (T0, T1, T2) by health care professionals and instructors who rated participants’ performance during DAT. Findings showed a significant improvement in the psycho-social functioning of patients undergoing DAT, especially for participants provided with longer sessions. The results of this study provide further evidence that DAT may be considered as a suitable therapeutic option for people with ID.
Restructuring Privatisation Programmes in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Lessons from the Kuwait Stock Exchange
Authors: AlKandari Sarah Fayez 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Amid the eruption of a fiscal crisis from declining oil prices and the rise of economic diversification initiatives to foster private-sector development, members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have increasingly recognised the importance of privatisation as a reform measure for underperforming state-owned entities. This article reviews the surrounding objectives of privatisation and presents an optimal privatisation programme structure for GCC policymakers that caters to the requirements of the modern day. Lessons learnt from privatisations of developed countries may not be directly applicable; thus, the recent success case in the region embodied by the Kuwait Stock Exchange privatisation is incorporated to settle upon a recommended privatisation programme structure relevant to the GCC. Though the fiscal crisis for the GCC is only beginning, rushing towards privatisation without careful planning of the programme is inexcusable.
The Downfall of the Diorama
Authors: Scripps Sarah Michel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Over the course of the twentieth century, millions of American children conducted their first science experiments by participating in science fairs. In tracing the development of a new visual medium of the 20th century – the science fair display – this paper captures the unruliness of scientific representation from a child’s eye view. The essay traces this phenomenon against the backdrop of broader debates regarding the role scientifically inclined youth would play in shaping the nation’s future. Science fairs also raise important philosophical questions regarding the epistemology of children’s experimentation. Over the course of fifty years, three-dimensional dioramas of the Progressive era were supplanted by postwar argument-driven text panels, capturing a distinct rupture in scientific representation. The essay argues that science fair displays provide an entry point for understanding how adolescents conceived of science on visual, material, social, and epistemological terms.
Why Were Greek Mathematical Diagrams Schematic?
Authors: Netz Reviel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article presents the case for the claim that Greek mathematical diagrams were schematic. Following a deep dive into the practices and the process of transmission of those diagrams, the article situates Greek diagrammatic practices within the broader context of Greek scribal and readerly practices. The literary papyrus bookroll was produced and read as a tool for the projection of an imagined performance; so was the specialized type of bookroll containing mathematical proofs.
On Bad Faith and Authenticity
Authors: Burke Megan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article considers the ethical dimension of contemporary first-person avowals of genderless or agender subjectivity. Drawing on Talia Mae Bettcher’s transfeminist account of transgender first-person authority and Simone de Beauvoir’s existentialist notion of choice, the author argues that authentic first-person avowals of genderlessness are gestures that pursue ethical self–other relations. In doing so, this article reconciles Beauvoir’s claim that a woman who says she is “just human” is in bad faith with genderless trans subjectivities.
Moisture Transport during Large Snowfall Events in the New Zealand Southern Alps: The Role of Atmospheric Rivers
Authors: Porhemmat Rasool , Purdie Heather , Zawar-Reza Peyman , Zammit Christian , Kerr Tim 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSynoptic-scale moisture transport during large snowfall events in the New Zealand Southern Alps is largely unknown due to a lack of long-term snow observations. In this study, records from three recently developed automatic weather stations (Mahanga, Mueller Hut, and Mt Larkins) near the Main Divide of the Southern Alps were used to identify large snowfall events between 2010 and 2018. The large snowfall events are defined as those events with daily snow depth increase by greater than the 90th percentile at each site. ERA-Interim reanalysis data were used to characterize the hydrometeorological features of the selected events. Our findings show that large snowfall events in the Southern Alps generally coincide with strong fields of integrated vapor transport (IVT) within a northwesterly airflow and concomitant deepening low pressure systems. Considering the frequency of large snowfall events, approximately 61% of such events at Mahanga were associated with narrow corridors of strong water vapor flux, known as atmospheric rivers (ARs). The contributions of ARs to the large snowfall events at Mueller Hut and Mt Larkins were 70% and 71%, respectively. Analysis of the vertical profiles of moisture transport dynamics during the passage of a landfalling AR during 11–12 October 2016 revealed the key characteristics of a snow-generating AR in the Southern Alps. An enhanced presence of low- and midlevel moisture between 700 and 850 hPa and pronounced increases of wind velocities (more than 30 m s−1) with high values of the meridional component between 750 and 850 hPa were identified over the Southern Alps during the event.
Developmental exposure to diesel exhaust upregulates transcription factor expression, decreases hippocampal neurogenesis, and alters cortical lamina organization: relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Cole Toby B. , Chang Yu-Chi , Dao Khoi , Daza Ray , Hevner Robert , Costa Lucio G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) during development and/or in adulthood has been associated in many human studies with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Methods
In the present study, C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to environmentally relevant levels (250+/−50 μg/m3) of diesel exhaust (DE) or filtered air (FA) during development (E0 to PND21). The expression of several transcription factors relevant for CNS development was assessed on PND3. To address possible mechanistic underpinnings of previously observed behavioral effects of DE exposure, adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and laminar organization of neurons in the somatosensory cortex were analyzed on PND60. Results were analyzed separately for male and female mice.

Results
Developmental DE exposure caused a male-specific upregulation of Pax6, Tbr1, Tbr2, Sp1, and Creb1 on PND3. In contrast, in both males and females, Tbr2+ intermediate progenitor cells in the PND60 hippocampal dentate gyrus were decreased, as an indication of reduced adult neurogenesis. In the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex, laminar distribution of Trb1, calbindin, and parvalbumin (but not of Ctip2 or Cux1) was altered by developmental DE exposure.

Conclusions
These results provide additional evidence to previous findings indicating the ability of developmental DE exposure to cause biochemical/molecular and behavioral alterations that may be involved in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD.
Translational outcomes relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders following early life exposure of rats to chlorpyrifos
Authors: Berg Elizabeth L. , Ching Tianna M. , Bruun Donald A. , Rivera Josef K. , Careaga Milo , Ellegood Jacob , Lerch Jason P. , Wöhr Markus , Lein Pamela J. , Silverman Jill L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are pervasive, lifelong disorders for which pharmacological interventions are not readily available. Substantial increases in the prevalence of NDDs over a relatively short period may not be attributed solely to genetic factors and/or improved diagnostic criteria. There is now a consensus that multiple genetic loci combined with environmental risk factors during critical periods of neurodevelopment influence NDD susceptibility and symptom severity. Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides have been identified as potential environmental risk factors. Epidemiological studies suggest that children exposed prenatally to the OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) have significant mental and motor delays and strong positive associations for the development of a clinical diagnosis of intellectual delay or disability, ADHD, or ASD.

Methods
We tested the hypothesis that developmental CPF exposure impairs behavior relevant to NDD phenotypes (i.e., deficits in social communication and repetitive, restricted behavior). Male and female rat pups were exposed to CPF at 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg (s.c.) from postnatal days 1-4.

Results
These CPF doses did not significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood or brain but significantly impaired pup ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in both sexes. Social communication in juveniles via positive affiliative 50-kHz USV playback was absent in females exposed to CPF at 0.3 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg. In contrast, this CPF exposure paradigm had no significant effect on gross locomotor abilities or contextual and cued fear memory. Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging largely found no differences between the CPF-exposed rats and the corresponding vehicle controls using strict false discovery correction; however, there were interesting trends in females in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group.

Conclusions
This work generated and characterized a rat model of developmental CPF exposure that exhibits adverse behavioral phenotypes resulting from perinatal exposures at levels that did not significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain or blood. These data suggest that current regulations regarding safe levels of CPF need to be reconsidered.
Combining sequence and network information to enhance protein–protein interaction prediction
Authors: Liu Leilei , Zhu Xianglei , Ma Yi , Piao Haiyin , Yang Yaodong , Hao Xiaotian , Fu Yue , Wang Li , Peng Jiajie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are of great importance in cellular systems of organisms, since they are the basis of cellular structure and function and many essential cellular processes are related to that. Most proteins perform their functions by interacting with other proteins, so predicting PPIs accurately is crucial for understanding cell physiology.

Results
Recently, graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have been proposed to capture the graph structure information and generate representations for nodes in the graph. In our paper, we use GCNs to learn the position information of proteins in the PPIs networks graph, which can reflect the properties of proteins to some extent. Combining amino acid sequence information and position information makes a stronger representation for protein, which improves the accuracy of PPIs prediction.

Conclusion
In previous research methods, most of them only used protein amino acid sequence as input information to make predictions, without considering the structural information of PPIs networks graph. We first time combine amino acid sequence information and position information to make representations for proteins. The experimental results indicate that our method has strong competitiveness compared with several sequence-based methods.
Analysis of codon usage patterns in citrus based on coding sequence data
Authors: Shen Zenan , Gan Zhimeng , Zhang Fa , Yi Xinyao , Zhang Jinzhi , Wan Xiaohua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Codon usage is an important determinant of gene expression levels that can help us understand codon biology, evolution and mRNA translation of species. The majority of previous codon usage studies have focused on single species analysis, although few studies have focused on the species within the same genus. In this study, we proposed a multispecies codon usage analysis workflow to reveal the genetic features and correlation in citrus.

Results
Our codon usage analysis workflow was based on the GC content, GC plot, and relative synonymous codon usage value of each codon in 8 citrus species. This approach allows for the comparison of codon usage bias of different citrus species. Next, we performed cluster analysis and obtained an overview of the relationship in citrus. However, traditional methods cannot conduct quantitative analysis of the correlation. To further estimate the correlation among the citrus species, we used the frequency profile to construct feature vectors of each species. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to quantitatively analyze the distance among the citrus species. This result was consistent with the cluster analysis.

Conclusions
Our findings showed that the citrus species are conserved at the genetic level and demonstrated the existing genetic evolutionary relationship in citrus. This work provides new insights into codon biology and the evolution of citrus and other plant species.
Functional and genetic markers of niche partitioning among enigmatic members of the human oral microbiome
Authors: Shaiber Alon , Willis Amy D. , Delmont Tom O. , Roux Simon , Chen Lin-Xing , Schmid Abigail C. , Yousef Mahmoud , Watson Andrea R. , Lolans Karen , Esen Özcan C. , Lee Sonny T. M. , Downey Nora , Morrison Hilary G. , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Mark Welch Jessica L. , Eren A. Murat 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Microbial residents of the human oral cavity have long been a major focus of microbiology due to their influence on host health and intriguing patterns of site specificity amidst the lack of dispersal limitation. However, the determinants of niche partitioning in this habitat are yet to be fully understood, especially among taxa that belong to recently discovered branches of microbial life.

Results
Here, we assemble metagenomes from tongue and dental plaque samples from multiple individuals and reconstruct 790 non-redundant genomes, 43 of which resolve to TM7, a member of the Candidate Phyla Radiation, forming six monophyletic clades that distinctly associate with either plaque or tongue. Both pangenomic and phylogenomic analyses group tongue-specific clades with other host-associated TM7 genomes. In contrast, plaque-specific TM7 group with environmental TM7 genomes. Besides offering deeper insights into the ecology, evolution, and mobilome of cryptic members of the oral microbiome, our study reveals an intriguing resemblance between dental plaque and non-host environments indicated by the TM7 evolution, suggesting that plaque may have served as a stepping stone for environmental microbes to adapt to host environments for some clades of microbes. Additionally, we report that prophages are widespread among oral-associated TM7, while absent from environmental TM7, suggesting that prophages may have played a role in adaptation of TM7 to the host environment.

Conclusions
Our data illuminate niche partitioning of enigmatic members of the oral cavity, including TM7, SR1, and GN02, and provide genomes for poorly characterized yet prevalent members of this biome, such as uncultivated Flavobacteriaceae.
Laparoscopic management of persistent gastrocutaneous fistula after feeding gastrostomy appliance removal in children
Authors: Khirallah Mohammad Gharieb , Bustangi Nasir 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Feeding gastrostomy is widely used in children that have troubles of swallowing and need to stablish enteral feeding. There are several methods for creation of that stoma. After the children gain their normal ability of swallowing, this tube or appliance is removed. Failure of spontaneous closure of gastrostomy opening after removal of the tube was reported with an incidence of 0.5 to 3.9%. The purpose of authors was to study laparoscopic management of persistent gastrocutaneous fistula after failure of conservative measures.

Results
There were 19 patients, 12 males. Main cause for feeding gastrostomy was neurological. Most feeding gastrostomy tubes were inserted endoscopically. The mean operative time was 57 ± 10.2 min. The mean time of full oral intake was 24 ± 3.5 h. No wound infection had developed. There was no recurrence of fistula after management.

Conclusion
Laparoscopic management of persistent gastrocutaneous fistula is safe, feasible, and associated with no recurrence of fistula.
Impact of workplace discrimination and harassment among National Health Service staff working in London trusts: results from the TIDES study
Authors: Rhead Rebecca D. , Chui Zoe , Bakolis Ioannis , Gazard Billy , Harwood Hannah , MacCrimmon Shirlee , Woodhead Charlotte , Hatch Stephani L. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Harassment and discrimination in the National Health Service (NHS) has steadily increased over the past 5 years with London being the worst performing region. There is a lack of data and research on the impact this is having on staff health and job satisfaction. Such data are necessary to inform the development of effective workplace interventions to mitigate the effects these experiences have on staff.

Aims
Examine the impact of harassment and discrimination on NHS staff working in London trusts, utilising data from the 2019 TIDES cross-sectional survey.

Method
In total, 931 London-based healthcare practitioners participated in the TIDES survey. Regression analysis was used to examine associations between the sociodemographic characteristics of participants, exposure to discrimination and harassment, and how such exposures are associated with physical and mental health, job satisfaction and sickness absence.

Results
Women, Black ethnic minority staff, migrants, nurses and healthcare assistants were most at risk of discrimination and/or harassment. Experiencing either of the main exposures was associated with probable anxiety or depression. Experiencing harassment was also associated with moderate-to-severe somatic symptoms. Finally, both witnessing and experiencing the main exposures were associated with low job satisfaction and long periods of sickness absence.

Conclusions
NHS staff, particularly those working in London trusts, are exposed to unprecedented levels of discrimination and harassment from their colleagues. Within the context of an already stretched and under-resourced NHS, in order to combat poor job satisfaction and high turnover rates, the value of all healthcare practitioners must be visibly and continuously reinforced by all management and senior leaders.
Sky radiance and spectral gradient are orienting cues for the sandhopperTalitrus saltator(Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: Ciofini A. , Mercatelli L. , Hariyama T. , Ugolini A. 
Published: December 2020

The sandhopper Talitrus saltator relies on both the sun and the moon compasses to return to the belt of damp sand of the beach in which it lives buried during the day. In addition to the sun, the gradient of radiance and the spectral distribution across the sky could provide directional information that T. saltator can potentially use to orient itself during the day even when the sun is not visible (e.g. cloudy sky). The scope of this work was 1) to determine the intensity levels of sky radiance that the sandhoppers use in their zonal recovery and 2) to investigate whether this species relies on the celestial spectral gradient in its zonal recovery. Sandhoppers were tested in the laboratory under artificial radiance or spectral gradients.Our results show that under an artificial sky, simulating the natural radiance gradient on a cloudless day, sandhoppers orientated toward the correct seaward direction of their home beach, however, individuals lost their ability to use the intensity gradient as an orientation cue when the radiance was attenuated by at least 40%. Sandhoppers were also able to head in the correct seaward direction of their home beach at any time of the day by using the spectral gradient as their only source of visual orientation reference.
A Time and Motion Study for Evaluation of Apple Harvest Processes with Different Harvest Methods
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Lu Renfu , Igathinathane Cannayen 
Published: December 2020

HighlightsWorkers’ apple harvest processes with three harvest methods were evaluated and compared.All three harvest methods had low overall harvest efficiency.Harvest efficiency for the ladder-and-bucket method can be improved by reducing non-picking activities.Innovation for harvest platform systems should focus on improving fruit picking activities.Abstract. In recent years, harvest platforms are being increasingly used by apple growers in the U.S. and many other countries to replace the traditional ladder-and-bucket harvest method. However, the current harvest platforms still have low levels of automation, which limits their potential to achieve greater productivity improvement. This study was therefore aimed at analyzing the harvest process by fruit pickers with three distinct harvest methods and determining potential areas for efficiency improvement. Video recordings of workers with the traditional ladder-and-bucket method, DBR vacuum harvester, and Huron Fruit Systems harvest platform were collected at three commercial orchards during the 2018 harvest season. The videos were then analyzed, using the time and motion technique, and categorized into picking and non-picking activities. Results showed that the average picking time by workers for the ladder-and-bucket, DBR, and Huron harvest methods were 64%, 78%, and 83% of the total time, respectively. After further dividing the picking activity into approaching, detaching, and transporting actions, it was found that the detaching action, which is essential in fruit picking, accounted for only 30% to 32% of the total picking time for the three methods, with the remaining 2/3 of the time spent on the approaching and transporting actions. The ladder-and-bucket, DBR, and Huron harvest methods had a low overall apple detaching efficiency of 21%, 23%, and 26%, respectively, and an overall time index of 45%, 71%, and 80%, respectively (these two parameters were introduced for measuring harvest efficiency). Hence, significant opportunities exist for improving harvest efficiency for the three methods. For the ladder-and-bucket method, efforts should be made on improving non-picking activities, i.e., fruit unloading and minimizing the walking distance to the fruit unloading station or bin. For harvest platforms, efforts should be devoted to the development of innovative fruit catching or receiving and bin filling technologies to reduce fruit picking time (i.e., reducing the time needed to reach fruit on trees and transport picked fruit to conveyors) as well as alleviate the physical demand and occupational hazard for workers by eliminating the use of buckets. Keywords: Apple, Fruit picking, Harvest efficiency, Harvest platform, Horticulture crops, Vacuum harvest.