bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments
Authors: Beck Hylke E. , Pan Ming , Lin Peirong , Seibert Jan , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Wood Eric F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAll hydrological models need to be calibrated to obtain satisfactory streamflow simulations. Here we present a novel parameter regionalization approach that involves the optimization of transfer equations linking model parameters to climate and landscape characteristics. The optimization was performed in a fully spatially distributed fashion at high resolution (0.05°), instead of at lumped catchment scale, using an unprecedented database of daily observed streamflow from 4,229 headwater catchments (<5,000 km2) worldwide. The optimized equations were subsequently applied globally to produce parameter maps for the entire land surface including ungauged regions. The approach was evaluated using the Kling‐Gupta efficiency (KGE) and a gridded version of the hydrological model HBV. Tenfold cross validation was used to evaluate the generalizability of the approach and to obtain an ensemble of parameter maps. For the 4,229 independent validation catchments, the regionalized parameters yielded a median KGE of 0.46. The median KGE improvement (relative to uncalibrated parameters) was 0.29, and improvements were obtained for 88% of the independent validation catchments. These scores compare favorably to those from previous large catchment sample studies. The degree of performance improvement due to the regionalized parameters did not depend on climate or topography. Substantial improvements were obtained even for independent validation catchments located far from the catchments used for optimization, underscoring the value of the derived parameters for poorly gauged regions. The regionalized parameters—available via www.gloh2o.org/hbv—should be useful for hydrological applications requiring accurate streamflow simulations.
Transport Patterns, Size Distributions, and Depolarization Characteristics of Dust Particles in East Asia in Spring 2018
Authors: Tian Yu , Pan Xiaole , Wang Zhe , Wang Dawei , Ge Baozhu , Liu Xiaoyong , Zhang Yuting , Liu Hang , Lei Shandong , Yang Ting , Fu Pingqing , Sun Yele , Wang Zifa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe long‐range transport of Asian dust and its complex interaction with anthropogenic pollutants have a significant yet poorly quantified effect on the global climate. In this study, dust events were observed based on an optical particle counter with a polarization detection module at an urban site in North China. The temporal variations in the size distribution and morphological changes of dust particles were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the dust events were induced by a deep Siberian low‐pressure anomaly and/or Mongolian cyclone in the low troposphere. The morphology of dust particles, as indicated by the depolarization ratio (δ = s/(s + p), the ratio of the parallel signal to the total backscattering signal), varied significantly at different transport heights. A decreasing tendency was found when dust was trapped within the boundary layer over polluted areas, particularly when the atmospheric loading of pollutants and the relative humidity were high. During a typical polluted dust case, the δ value of mineral dust (Dp = 5 μm) decreased by 39%, as the conditions were stagnant in East China, consistent with the Cloud‐Aerosol LIDAR with Orthogonal Polarization results. The morphological variation was evaluated according to the aspect ratio, presuming that the dust particles were ellipsoidal. The interaction between dust particles and water vapor could lead to an increase of at least 6% in volume when the relative humidity increased up to 90%. An aerosol classification based on δ values and size information could be performed to estimate the contributions of different aerosol types to pollution days. The results should be helpful for evaluating satellite‐borne and ground‐based light detection and ranging data analyses.
Hydrometeor Budget of the Meiyu Frontal Rainstorms Associated With Two Different Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
Authors: Li Chao , Deng Yi , Cui Chunguang , Wang Xiaofang , Dong Xiquan , Jiang Xingwen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCharacteristics of hydrometeor budget and the microphysical processes responsible for heavy precipitation are studied based on the WRF model simulations of two representative Meiyu frontal rainstorms that are associated with two distinct atmospheric circulation patterns. Case 1 is characterized by the coupling of the Eastward Propagating Mesoscale Vortex (EPMV) and Meiyu front, while Case 2 is dominated by the interaction between the Low‐Level Wind Shear (LLWS) and Meiyu front. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the hydrometeor budget are validated against observations and assimilation products including those obtained during the 2018 Integrative Monsoon Frontal Rainfall Experiment (IMFRE) campaign and discussed in the context of contrasting the precipitation intensification and dissipation stage. Specifically, the ice‐dependent cloud processes, rather than the liquid‐dependent cloud processes, are predominantly responsible for the variation of precipitation. These terms include the deposition from water vapor to the ice phase hydrometeors, the accretion from cloud liquid water to the ice phase hydrometeors in the upper troposphere, and the melting of the ice phase hydrometeors into raindrops in the mid‐lower troposphere. Then three major ice cloud conversion pathways and two minor warm cloud conversion pathways for the formation of raindrops are extracted from the overall microphysical processes active in both Case 1 and Case 2. One of the key findings is that ice‐dependent cloud processes are significantly more active in the case characterized by the coupling of EPMV and Meiyu front, and this difference is at least partly explained by the differences in dynamical and thermodynamic conditions dominated by the circulation patterns.
Hydromechanical Rock Slope Damage During Late Pleistocene and Holocene Glacial Cycles in an Alpine Valley
Authors: Grämiger Lorenz M. , Moore Jeffrey R. , Gischig Valentin S. , Loew Simon , Funk Martin , Limpach Philippe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSubglacial water pressures influence groundwater conditions in proximal alpine valley rock slopes, varying with glacier advance and retreat in parallel with changing ice thickness. Fluctuating groundwater pressures in turn increase or reduce effective joint normal stresses, affecting the yield strength of discontinuities. Here we extend simplified assumptions of glacial debuttressing to investigate how glacier loading cycles together with changing groundwater pressures generate rock slope damage and prepare future slope instabilities. Using hydromechanical coupled numerical models closely based on the Aletsch Glacier valley in Switzerland, we simulate Late Pleistocene and Holocene glacier loading cycles including long‐term and annual groundwater fluctuations. Measurements of transient subglacial water pressures from ice boreholes in the Aletsch Glacier ablation area, as well as continuous monitoring of bedrock deformation from permanent Global Navigation Satellite Systems stations, help verify our model assumptions. While purely mechanical glacier loading cycles create only limited rock slope damage in our models, introducing a fluctuating groundwater table generates substantial new fracturing. Superposed annual groundwater cycles increase predicted damage. The cumulative effects are capable of destabilizing the eastern valley flank of our model in toppling‐mode failure, similar to field observations of active landslide geometry and kinematics. We find that hydromechanical fatigue is most effective acting in combination with long‐term loading and unloading of the slope during glacial cycles. Our results demonstrate that hydromechanical stresses associated with glacial cycles are capable of generating substantial rock slope damage and represent a key preparatory factor for paraglacial slope instabilities.
Premature Deaths in Brazil Associated With Long‐Term Exposure to PM2.5 From Amazon Fires Between 2016 and 2019
Authors: Nawaz M. O. , Henze D. K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAmazonian deforestation from slash‐and‐burn practices is a significant contributor to biomass burning within Brazil. Fires emit carbonaceous aerosols that negatively impact human health by increasing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure. These negative effects on health compound the already detrimental climatological and ecological impacts. Despite high biomass burning emissions in Brazil and the international attention drawn by the relaxation of Amazon protections in 2019, little is known about the health impacts from PM2.5 exposure attributable to these fires. We estimate PM2.5‐related premature deaths in Brazil associated with biomass burning, focusing on temporal, interannual, and spatial trends. We find that during the fire season of 2019, 4,966 (2,427, 8,340) premature deaths were attributable to fire emissions making up 10% (5, 17) of all PM2.5‐related premature deaths in Brazil. Between the 2019 and 2018 seasons, fire emissions increased by 1.37 Tg (1.00, 2.18) or 115% (60, 201), which was responsible for an increase in health impacts of 2,109 (965, 3,623) premature deaths or 74% (54, 98). Biomass burning emissions throughout Brazil contribute significantly to premature deaths, with the largest burning events occurring in northwestern Brazil. The impact of fires on PM2.5‐related premature deaths is highest in heavily populated regions despite their fires being 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the largest burning events. Results from this study characterize the extent to which elevated PM2.5 exposure levels owing to fires affect public health in Brazil and present an additional, public health‐focused, support for increased Amazon protections.
Seismic Velocity Changes Caused by Water Table Fluctuation in the New Madrid Seismic Zone and Mississippi Embayment
Authors: Liu Chunyu , Aslam Khurram , Daub Eric 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe use cross correlation of the ambient seismic field to estimate seasonal variations of seismic velocity in the Mississippi Embayment and to determine the underlying physical mechanisms. Our main observation is that the δt/t variations correlate primarily with the water table fluctuation, with the largest positive value from May to July and the largest negative value in September/October relative to the annual mean. The δv/v residuals after water level fluctuation correction correlate with air pressure in the short term and follow the trend of temperature in the long term. The δv/v residuals after water level fluctuation and air pressure correction correlate inversely with the wind speed. The correlation coefficients between water table fluctuation and δt/t are independent of the interstation distance and frequency, but high coefficients are observed more often between 0.3 and 1 Hz than between 1 and 2 Hz because high‐frequency coherent signals attenuate faster than low‐frequency ones. The δt/t variations lag behind the water table fluctuation by about 20 days, which suggests that the velocity changes can be attributed to the pore pressure diffusion effect. The seasonal variations of δt/t are azimuthally independent, and a large increase of noise amplitude only introduces a small increase to the δt/t variation. At close distances, the maximum δt/t holds a wide range of values, which is likely related to local structure. At larger distances, velocity variations sample a larger region so that it stabilizes to a more uniform value. We find that the observed changes in wave speed can be explained by a poroelastic model.
Three Years of the Lightning Imaging Sensor Onboard the International Space Station: Expanded Global Coverage and Enhanced Applications
Authors: Blakeslee Richard J. , Lang Timothy J. , Koshak William J. , Buechler Dennis , Gatlin Patrick , Mach Douglas M. , Stano Geoffrey T. , Virts Katrina S. , Walker Thomas Daniel , Cecil Daniel J. , Ellett Will , Goodman Steven J. , Harrison Sherry , Hawkins Donald L. , Heumesser Matthias , Lin Hong , Maskey Manil , Schultz Christopher J. , Stewart Michael , Bateman Monte , Chanrion Olivier , Christian Hugh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in February 2017, detecting optical signatures of lightning with storm‐scale horizontal resolution during both day and night. ISS LIS data are available beginning 1 March 2017. Millisecond timing allows detailed intercalibration and validation with other spaceborne and ground‐based lightning sensors. Initial comparisons with those other sensors suggest flash detection efficiency around 60% (diurnal variability of 51–75%), false alarm rate under 5%, timing accuracy better than 2 ms, and horizontal location accuracy around 3 km. The spatially uniform flash detection capability of ISS LIS from low‐Earth orbit allows assessment of spatially varying flash detection efficiency for other sensors and networks, particularly the Geostationary Lightning Mappers. ISS LIS provides research data suitable for investigations of lightning physics, climatology, thunderstorm processes, and atmospheric composition, as well as real‐time lightning data for operational forecasting and aviation weather interests. ISS LIS enables enrichment and extension of the long‐term global climatology of lightning from space and is the only recent platform that extends the global record to higher latitudes (±55°). The global spatial distribution of lightning from ISS LIS is broadly similar to previous data sets, with globally averaged seasonal/annual flash rates about 5–10% lower. This difference is likely due to reduced flash detection efficiency that will be mitigated in future ISS LIS data processing, as well as the shorter ISS LIS period of record. The expected land/ocean contrast in the diurnal variability of global lightning is also observed.
RNA editing contributes to epitranscriptome diversity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Gassner Franz J. , Zaborsky Nadja , Buchumenski Ilana , Levanon Erez Y. , Gatterbauer Matthias , Schubert Maria , Rauscher Stefanie , Hebenstreit Daniel , Nadeu Ferran , Campo Elias , Egle Alexander , Greil Richard , Geisberger Roland 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRNA editing—primarily conversion of adenosine to inosine (A > I)—is a widespread posttranscriptional mechanism, mediated by Adenosine Deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes to alter the RNA sequence of primary transcripts. Hence, in addition to somatic mutations and alternative RNA splicing, RNA editing can be a further source for recoding events. Although RNA editing has been detected in many solid cancers and normal tissue, RNA editing in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not been addressed so far. We determined global RNA editing and recurrent, recoding RNA editing events from matched RNA-sequencing and whole exome sequencing data in CLL samples from 45 untreated patients. RNA editing was verified in a validation cohort of 98 CLL patients and revealed substantially altered RNA editing profiles in CLL compared with normal B cells. We further found that RNA editing patterns were prognostically relevant. Finally, we showed that ADAR knockout decreased steady state viability of MEC1 cells and made them more susceptible to treatment with fludarabine and ibrutinib in vitro. We propose that RNA editing contributes to the pathophysiology of CLL and targeting the RNA editing machinery could be a future strategy to maximize treatment efficacy.
Safety and efficacy of BAY1436032 in IDH1-mutant AML: phase I study results
Authors: Heuser Michael , Palmisiano Neil , Mantzaris Ioannis , Mims Alice , DiNardo Courtney , Silverman Lewis R. , Wang Eunice S. , Fiedler Walter , Baldus Claudia , Schwind Sebastian , Pardee Timothy , Perl Alexander E. , Cai Charles , Kaulfuss Stefan , Lagkadinou Eleni , Rentzsch Christine , Wagner Markus , Wilkinson Gary , Wu Bingyan , Jeffers Michael , Genvresse Isabelle , Krämer Alwin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe mutant IDH1 (mIDH1) inhibitor BAY1436032 demonstrated robust activity in preclinical AML models, supporting clinical evaluation. In the current dose-escalation study, BAY1436032 was orally administered to 27 mIDH1 AML subjects across 4 doses ranging from 300 to 1500 mg twice-daily. BAY1436032 exhibited a relatively short half-life and apparent non-linear pharmacokinetics after continuous dosing. Most subjects experienced only partial target inhibition as indicated by plasma R-2HG levels. BAY1436032 was safe and a maximum tolerated dose was not identified. The median treatment duration for all subjects was 3.0 months (0.49–8.5). The overall response rate was 15% (4/27; 1 CRp, 1 PR, 2 MLFS), with responding subjects experiencing a median treatment duration of 6.0 months (3.9–8.5) and robust R-2HG decreases. Thirty percent (8/27) achieved SD, with a median treatment duration of 5.5 months (3.1–7.0). Degree of R-2HG inhibition and clinical benefit did not correlate with dose. Although BAY1436032 was safe and modestly effective as monotherapy, the low overall response rate and incomplete target inhibition achieved at even the highest dose tested do not support further clinical development of this investigational agent in AML.
Sex specific effects of “junk-food” diet on calcium permeable AMPA receptors and silent synapses in the nucleus accumbens core
Authors: Alonso-Caraballo Yanaira , Fetterly Tracy L. , Jorgensen Emily T. , Nieto Allison M. , Brown Travis E. , Ferrario Carrie R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCP-AMPARs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) mediate cue-triggered motivation for food and cocaine. In addition, increases in NAc CP-AMPAR expression and function can be induced by cocaine or sugary, fatty junk-foods. However, the precise nature of these alterations and the degree to which they rely on the same underlying mechanisms is not well understood. This has important implications for understanding adaptive vs. maladaptive plasticity that drives food- and drug-seeking behaviors. Furthermore, effects of junk-foods on glutamatergic plasticity in females are unknown. Here, we use a combination of protein biochemistry and whole-cell patch clamping to determine effects of diet manipulation on glutamatergic plasticity within the NAc of males and females. We found that junk-food consumption increases silent synapses and subsequently increases CP-AMPAR levels in males in the NAc of male rats. In addition, a brief period of junk-food deprivation is needed for the synaptic insertion of CP-AMPARs and the maturation of silent synapses in males. In contrast, junk-food did not induce AMPAR plasticity in females but may instead alter NMDAR-mediated transmission. Thus, these studies reveal sex differences in the effects of junk-food on NAc synaptic plasticity. In addition, they provide novel insights into how essential food rewards alter NAc function.
Psychiatric face of COVID-19
Authors: Steardo Luca , Steardo Luca , Verkhratsky Alexei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a severe multiorgan pathology which, besides cardio-respiratory manifestations, affects the function of the central nervous system (CNS). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similarly to other coronaviruses demonstrate neurotropism; the viral infection of the brain stem may complicate the course of the disease through damaging central cardio-respiratory control. The systemic inflammation as well as neuroinflammatory changes are associated with massive increase of the brain pro-inflammatory molecules, neuroglial reactivity, altered neurochemical landscape and pathological remodelling of neuronal networks. These organic changes, emerging in concert with environmental stress caused by experiences of intensive therapy wards, pandemic fears and social restrictions, promote neuropsychiatric pathologies including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (BD), various psychoses, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 represent serious clinical challenge that has to be considered for future complex therapies.
Acid-suppressive medications and risk of colorectal cancer: results from three large prospective cohort studies
Authors: Babic Ana , Zhang Xuehong , Morales-Oyarvide Vicente , Yuan Chen , Khalaf Natalia , Khalili Hamed , Lochhead Paul , Chan Andrew T. , Ogino Shuji , Wolpin Brian M. , Wu Kana , Fuchs Charles S. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Stampfer Meir J. , Ng Kimmie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Despite several plausible biological mechanisms linking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) with colorectal tumorigenesis, their association with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been adequately assessed in prospective epidemiological studies.

Methods
We evaluated the association of acid-suppressive medication use with CRC risk among 175,871 (PPI) and 208,831 (H2RA) participants from three large prospective cohort studies. Medication use was assessed at baseline and updated biennially. The association was evaluated using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results
There was no significant association between baseline PPI use (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.71–1.12) or PPI use after a lag of 8–10 years (HR = 1.12, 95% CI, 0.78–1.59) with CRC risk. We observed no significant association between H2RA use after a lag of 8–10 years and CRC risk (HR = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.81–1.28), while risk was lower for participants with baseline H2RA use (HR = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.60–0.95). Duration of PPI use or H2RA use was not associated with CRC risk (P-trend = 0.21 and 0.95, respectively).

Conclusions
Among participants from three large prospective cohorts, use of PPI or H2RA was not associated with higher risk of colorectal cancer.
Synaptic RTP801 contributes to motor-learning dysfunction in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Martín-Flores Núria , Pérez-Sisqués Leticia , Creus-Muncunill Jordi , Masana Mercè , Ginés Sílvia , Alberch Jordi , Pérez-Navarro Esther , Malagelada Cristina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRTP801/REDD1 is a stress-responsive protein that mediates mutant huntingtin (mhtt) toxicity in cellular models and is up regulated in Huntington’s disease (HD) patients’ putamen. Here, we investigated whether RTP801 is involved in motor impairment in HD by affecting striatal synaptic plasticity. To explore this hypothesis, ectopic mhtt was over expressed in cultured rat primary neurons. Moreover, the protein levels of RTP801 were assessed in homogenates and crude synaptic fractions from human postmortem HD brains and mouse models of HD. Finally, striatal RTP801 expression was knocked down with adeno-associated viral particles containing a shRNA in the R6/1 mouse model of HD and motor learning was then tested. Ectopic mhtt elevated RTP801 in synapses of cultured neurons. RTP801 was also up regulated in striatal synapses from HD patients and mouse models. Knocking down RTP801 in the R6/1 mouse striatum prevented motor-learning impairment. RTP801 silencing normalized the Ser473 Akt hyperphosphorylation by downregulating Rictor and it induced synaptic elevation of calcium permeable GluA1 subunit and TrkB receptor levels, suggesting an enhancement in synaptic plasticity. These results indicate that mhtt-induced RTP801 mediates motor dysfunction in a HD murine model, revealing a potential role in the human disease. These findings open a new therapeutic framework focused on the RTP801/Akt/mTOR axis.