bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Efficacy of a Sediment Remediation Program Using Benthic and Pelagic Copepod Bioassays
Authors: Charry Maria P. , Keesing Vaughan , Gaw Sally , Costello Mark J. , Champeau Olivier , Tremblay Louis A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Tributyltin is an organotin chemical that has been commonly used in ship antifouling paints. Despite the global total prohibition of tributyltin-based paint in 2008, tributyltin continues to be found at toxic levels in areas of high maritime traffic such as ports and harbors. A remediation program was conducted at a New Zealand port to reduce tributyltin and copper concentrations to acceptable values. The present study assessed the efficacy of the program using a combination of chemical analyses and copepod bioassays. Sediment and water samples were collected at 3 locations along a spatial gradient within the port, and concentrations of various organotin compounds and trace metal levels were measured pre- and postremediation. The toxicity of sediment and elutriate samples was estimated by benthic and pelagic copepod bioassays. Although acute toxicity in sediment samples was reduced following remediation, reproductive success was still affected for the benthic copepod. This approach combining chemical analysis and bioassays is promising for assessing the efficacy of remediation processes at contaminated marine sites. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:492–499. © 2019 SETAC
Abstract
The remediation of port sediment reduced tributyltin levels and toxicity, but the remediated sediment remained chronically toxic to a benthic copepod.
Do monetary policy transparency and central bank communication reduce interest rate disagreement?
Authors: Seelajaroen Ruttachai , Budsaratragoon Pornanong , Jitmaneeroj Boonlert 
Published: November 2019

AbstractYes. This study produces evidence that monetary policy transparency and communication policy of the Bank of England have information content in reducing disagreement about interest rate forecasts. Different from most extant studies employing the transparency index derived from official documents of the central banks, this study extends the literature by using a recently developed market‐based monetary transparency index. Moreover, this study analyzes forecast disagreement in a multivariate perspective based on survey data of short‐ and long‐term rates over short and long horizons. This study characterizes several patterns on forecast disagreement related to maturities of interest rates, forecast horizons, recessions, forward guidance, credibility, transparency, and communication policy. Interestingly, disagreement among the Monetary Policy Committee in policy rate decisions is associated with lower disagreement among professional forecasters on interest rate outlook, whereas neither announcement of changes in policy rates nor publication of inflation reports affects forecast disagreement. These results have important implications for monetary policymakers in managing market expectations of interest rates.
Pyrite and magnetite Re–Os isotope systematics at the Laoshankou Fe–Cu–Au deposit in the northern margin of the East Junggar terrane, NW Xinjiang, China: Constraints on the multistage mineralization and metal sources
Authors: Liang Pei , Chen Huayong , Wu Chao , Xie Yuling 
Published: November 2019

The northern margin of the East Junggar terrane is highly prospective for Fe–Cu–Au mineralization. However, due to the lack of precise mineralization ages, intensive debates regarding ore genesis existed. In this study, pyrite and magnetite Re–Os isotopes are first used to determine the metallogenic ages and possible genetic links with magmatism at the Laoshankou deposit, the most important Fe–Cu–Au deposit in the region.Magnetites from Fe mineralization stage yield an 187Re/188Os versus 187Os/188Os isochron age of 391 ± 55 Ma, which is in broad agreement with ages of the Beitashan Formation volcanic rocks (~390 Ma). The low initial 187Os/188Os ratio of −0.08–0.16, depleted γOs values of −161–27 and low Re/Os(common) indicated a mantle source composition, implying Fe metals are from the Beitashan Formation Fe‐rich basalts and basaltic breccias.Pyrites from sulfide mineralization stage yield a weighted average Re–Os model age of 390 ± 17 Ma with a matched 187Re versus 187Osr (radiogenic 187Os) isochron age of 391 ± 9 Ma, consistent with the symbiotic molybdenite Re–Os model age of 383.2 ± 4.5 Ma, indicating a timing of ~380 Ma for sulfide–Cu–Au mineralization. The high initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.53–3.6, large positive γOs values of 323–2,754 and higher Re/Os(common) indicated the increase of crustal materials, which is further limited to the Beitashan Formation S‐rich marine sedimentary rocks.In summary, based on the significant two‐stage mineralization, that is, Fe (~390 Ma) and sulfide–Cu–Au (~380 Ma), and the different nonmagmatic fluid and metal sources, we prefer considering the Laoshankou Fe–Cu–Au deposit as an IOCG‐type.
Microglia and sexual differentiation of the developing brain: A focus on extrinsic factors
Authors: VanRyzin Jonathan W. , Marquardt Ashley E. , Pickett Lindsay A. , McCarthy Margaret M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMicroglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, have recently been removed from the position of mere sentinels and promoted to the role of active sculptors of developing circuits and cells. Alongside their functions in normal brain development, microglia coordinate sexual differentiation of the brain, a set of processes which vary by region and endpoint like that of microglia function itself. In this review, we highlight the ways microglia are both targets and drivers of brain sexual differentiation. We examine the factors that may drive sex differences in microglia, with a special focus on how changing microenvironments in the developing brain dictate microglia phenotypes and discuss how their diverse functions sculpt lasting sex‐specific changes in the brain. Finally, we consider how sex‐specific early life environments contribute to epigenetic programming and lasting sex differences in microglia identity.
Altered brain morphology in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder
Authors: Vetter Nora C. , Backhausen Lea L. , Buse Judith , Roessner Veit , Smolka Michael N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAbout 50% of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients suffer from comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD). Most previous studies on structural morphology did not differentiate between pure (ADHD‐only) and comorbid ADHD (ADHD+ODD/CD). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the structural profile of ADHD‐only versus ADHD+ODD/CD spanning the indices subcortical and cortical volume, cortical thickness, and surface area. We predicted a reduced total gray matter, striatal, and cerebellar volume in both patient groups and a reduced amygdalar and hippocampal volume for ADHD+ODD/CD. We also explored alterations in prefrontal volume, thickness, and surface area. We acquired structural images from an adolescent sample ranging from 11 to 17 years, matched with regard to age, pubertal status, and IQ—including 36 boys with ADHD‐only, 26 boys with ADHD+ODD/CD, and 30 typically developing (TD) boys. We analyzed structural data with FreeSurfer. We found reductions in total gray matter and total surface area for both patient groups. Boys with ADHD+ODD/CD had a thicker cortex than the other groups in a right rostral middle frontal cluster, which was related to stronger ODD/CD symptoms, even when controlling for ADHD symptoms. No group differences in local cortical volume or surface area emerged. We demonstrate the necessity to carefully differentiate between ADHD and ADHD+ODD/CD. The increased rostral middle frontal thickness might hint at a delayed adolescent cortical thinning in ADHD+ODD/CD. Patients with the double burden ADHD and ODD or CD seem to be even more affected than patients with pure ADHD.
Linking brain structure and activation in anterior insula cortex to explain the trait empathy for pain
Authors: Li Yun , Zhang Tingting , Li Wenjuan , Zhang Junjun , Jin Zhenlan , Li Ling 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe ability to perceive, understand, and react to the feelings of others' pain is referred to as empathy for pain which is composed of two components, affective‐perceptual empathy and cognitive‐evaluative empathy. Recent reviews on the neural mechanisms of empathetic pain showed the anterior insula (AI) cortex as a core circuit for empathy. However, little is known about the modulation of brain anatomy and empathic responses by trait measures of empathy (trait empathy). Thus, we investigated whether individual variation in the personality trait of empathy is associated with individual variation in the structure of specific brain regions using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM). We further investigated the relationship between the trait empathy and the activity of the same regions using state measures of empathy for pain in a trial‐by‐trial fashion in the given situation. VBM analysis indicated a small but significant negative relationship between trait empathy and gray matter volume in the bilateral AI. Functional MRI study further demonstrated that experimentally induced activity of the bilateral AI during state empathy for pain was also correlated with trait empathy. An asymmetry exists between the right and left AI between the affective and cognitive empathy. The right AI was found to be involved in the affective‐perceptual form of empathy and the left AI was active in cognitive‐evaluative forms of empathy. The interindividual differences in trait empathy may be reflected both in the state empathy and more stable brain structure difference.
Increased fracture incidence in snow and ice conditions; a model for escalation
Authors: Al‐Azzani Waheeb , Kinghorn Alison , Williams Rhodri 
Published: November 2019

SummarySeveral studies have shown that the incidence of fractures during periods of snow and ice increases significantly and continues to persist despite preventative measures. The studies discussed in this article suggest that these predominantly consist of “walking wounded” with significant increase in demands in specific services such as the emergency department and the trauma and orthopaedic department. Traditionally, the only formal mechanism in place for most hospitals to react to extreme events is to declare a major incident. This is a binary, all or nothing response, and it is questionable whether an increase of snow and ice‐related fractures would be justified in triggering such an extreme response. On the other end is the “do nothing” approach, which relies heavily on the professionalism, adaptability, and resilience of the staff to deal with the additional demand. The authors present a graded surge plan model for escalation in key resources, such as staff, space, and supplies in order to achieve the most efficient response ensuring good clinical outcome for patients.
Thermal diffusion and diffusion thermo effects of Eyring‐Powell nanofluid flow with gyrotactic microorganisms through the boundary layer
Authors: Eldabe Nabil T. , Rizkalla Raafat R. , Abouzeid Mohamed Y. , Ayad Vivian M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this article, the effects of thermal diffusion and diffusion thermo on the motion of a non‐Newtonian Eyring Powell nanofluid with gyrotactic microorganisms in the boundary layer are investigated. The system is stressed with a uniform external magnetic field. The problem is modulated mathematically by a system of a nonlinear partial differential equation, which governs the equations of motion, temperature, the concentration of solute, nanoparticles, and microorganisms. This system is converted to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using suitable similarity transformations with the appropriate boundary conditions. These equations are solved numerically by using the Rung‐Kutta‐Merson method with a shooting technique. The velocity, temperature, concentration of solute, nanoparticles, and microorganisms are obtained as functions of the physical parameters of the problem. The effects of these parameters on these solutions are discussed numerically and illustrated graphically through figures. It is found that the velocity decreases with the increase in the non‐Newtonian parameter and the magnetic field, whereas, the velocity increases with a rise in thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Also, the temperature increases with an increase in the non‐Newtonian parameter, magnetic field, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion. These parameters play an important role and help in understanding the mechanics of complicated physiological flows.
Heat transfer inside a horizontal channel with an open trapezoidal enclosure subjected to a heat source of different lengths
Authors: Laouira Hanane , Mebarek‐Oudina Fateh , Hussein Ahmed K. , Kolsi Lioua , Merah Amine , Younis Obai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe heat transfer phenomena inside a horizontal channel with an open trapezoidal enclosure subjected to a heat source of different lengths was investigated numerically in the present work. The heat source is considered as a local heating element of varying length, which is embedded at the bottom wall of the enclosure and maintained at a constant temperature. The air flow enters the channel horizontally at a constant cold temperature and a fixed velocity. The other walls of the enclosure and the channel are kept thermally insulated. The flow is assumed laminar, incompressible, and two‐dimensional, whereas the fluid is considered Newtonian. The results are presented in the form of the contours of velocity, isotherms, and Nusselt numbers profiles for various values of the dimensionless heat source lengths (0.16 ≤ ε ≤ 1). while, both Prandtl and Reynolds numbers are kept constant at (Pr = 0.71) and (Re = 100), respectively. The results indicated that the distribution of the isotherms depends significantly on the length of the heat source. Also, it was noted that both the local and the average Nusselt numbers increase as the local heat source length increases. Moreover, the maximum temperature is located near the heat source location.
The use of amino acid‐based nutritional feeds is effective in the dietary management of pediatric eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Atwal Kiranjit , Hubbard Gary P. , Venter Carina , Stratton Rebecca J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionEosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is an immune‐mediated, chronic disease characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and esophageal dysfunction. Specific food allergens including cow's milk protein, are partially causative to disease progression, and dietary management forms three main options; the elemental diet (ED), the empirical elimination diet (EED), and the targeted elimination diet (TED). The dietary choice should be individualized, however, the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines recommend an ED for pediatric EoE with multiple food allergies, failure to thrive, unresponsive disease or unable to follow a highly restricted diet. The aim of this narrative review was to explore the effectiveness of the ED (using amino acid formula [AAF]), in the management of pediatric EoE.MethodsLiterature searches were performed to identify eligible studies that described outcomes including eosinophil count, clinical symptoms, growth, and medications.ResultsOverall, 10 eligible studies were found, with n = 462 patients assigned to receive AAF from a total of n = 748 (average age 6.7 years), for a duration of 4 to 8 weeks. The use of AAF reduced eosinophil levels and demonstrated remission (defined as ≤10 eosinophils per high power field) in 75%‐100% of children with improvements, if not resolution, in clinical symptoms. AAF was more clinically effective than the use of the EED or TED, where remission rates were 75%‐81% and 40%‐69%, respectively. Few studies collected growth outcomes, however where documented these were positive for those on AAF. The long‐term impacts of each diet were not thoroughly explored.ConclusionsThe use of AAF is a clinically effective management option for pediatric EoE, and further research is required to guide long‐term management.
Fetal outcomes after maternal exposure to oral antifungal agents during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Dan , Zhang Chuan , Wu Lin , Zhang Li , Zhang Lingli 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the risk of adverse fetal outcomes after exposure to oral antifungal agents during pregnancy.Search strategyPubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched up to October 2018.Selection criteriaCohort studies and case–control studies investigating fetal outcomes following maternal exposure to oral antifungal agents.Data collection and analysisTwo reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. Pooled estimates were calculated for the frequency of adverse fetal outcomes.Main resultsOverall, eight cohort studies and one case–control study were included. The oral antifungal agents used during pregnancy were fluconazole and itraconazole. The data indicated that oral fluconazole exposure during pregnancy might slightly increase the risk of congenital heart defects and limb defects relative to the general population; oral itraconazole during pregnancy might increase the risk of eye defects. No difference was found between oral fluconazole/itraconazole exposure and non‐exposure in the risk of other birth defects, spontaneous abortion, or stillbirth.ConclusionOral fluconazole or itraconazole may not increase the risk of birth defects. Nonetheless, the risk of congenital heart defects and limb defects after fluconazole exposure and eye defects after itraconazole exposure should be cautiously investigated.
Hybrid fully convolutional networks‐based skin lesion segmentation and melanoma detection using deep feature
Authors: Jayapriya Kalyanakumar , Jacob Israel Jeena 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFully convolutional networks (FCNs) take the input of arbitrary size and produce correspondingly sized output with efficient inference and learning. The automatic diagnosis of melanoma is very essential for reducing the mortality rate by identifying the disease in earlier stages. A two‐stage framework is used for implementing the melanoma detection, segmentation of skin lesion, and identification of melanoma lesions. Two FCNs based on VGG‐16 and GoogLeNet are incorporated for improving the segmentation accuracy. A hybrid framework is used for incorporating these two FCNs. The classification is done by extracting the feature from segmented lesion by using deep residual network and a hand‐crafted feature. Classification is done by support vector machine. The performance analysis of our framework gives a promising accuracy, that is, 0.8892 for classification in ISBI 2016 dataset and 0.853 for ISIC 2017 dataset.
The good and bad of therapeutic strategies that directly target α‐synuclein
Authors: Longhena Francesca , Faustini Gaia , Brembati Viviana , Pizzi Marina , Bellucci Arianna 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSynucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of either neuronal/axonal or glial insoluble proteinaceous aggregates mainly composed of α‐synuclein (α‐syn). Among them, the most common disorders are Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, and some forms of familial parkinsonism. Both α‐syn fibrils and oligomers have been found to exert toxic effects on neurons or oligodendroglial cells, can activate neuroinflammatory responses, and mediate the spreading of α‐syn pathology. This poses the question of which is the most toxic α‐syn species. What is worst, α‐syn appears as a very peculiar protein, exerting multiple physiological functions in neurons, especially at synapses, but without acquiring a stable tertiary structure. Its conformation is particularly plastic, and the protein can exist in a natively unfolded state (mainly in solution), partially α‐helical folded state (when it interacts with biological membranes), or oligomeric state (tetramers or dimers with debated functional profile). The extent of α‐syn expression impinges on the resilience of neuronal cells, as multiplications of its gene locus, or overexpression, can cause neurodegeneration and onset of motor phenotype. For these reasons, one of the main challenges in the field of synucleinopathies, which still nowadays can only be managed by symptomatic therapies, has been the development of strategies aimed at reducing α‐syn levels, oligomer formation, fibrillation, or cell‐to‐cell transmission. This review resumes the therapeutic approaches that have been proposed or are under development to counteract α‐syn pathology by direct targeting of this protein and discuss their pros and cons in relation to the current state‐of‐the‐art α‐syn biology.
Identification of essential knowledge for inpatient general medicine advanced pharmacy practice experiences
Authors: Moote Rebecca , Knutsen Shannon , Lalama Jeffrey , Henderson Meagan , Hegstrom Susan , Claiborne Michele R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveWith diversity in advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) preceptors, rotation options, and site characteristics, inpatient general medicine (IGM) APPEs provide varied experiences for students. There is a concern for continuity of essential knowledge standards across experiences. To identify essential knowledge for students to learn during an IGM APPE.MethodsExpert pharmacists in acute care and/or student precepting in an inpatient setting participated in a three‐round modified Delphi process to build consensus. Through three rounds of survey consensus building, experts designated 143 pharmacotherapy topics as essential or non‐essential for an IGM APPE. Topics that achieved 80% or more agreement met consensus as essential. Topics that achieved less than 80% agreement by the end of the surveys were considered non‐essential.ResultsTwenty‐eight experts reached consensus on 70 (49%) topics as essential, 40 (28%) topics as non‐essential, and 33 (23%) topics as indeterminate after round one. Three additional topics suggested by the experts were included with the 33 indeterminate topics for round two considerations. At the conclusion of round three, 73 total topics met consensus as essential for IGM APPE students. Essential topics aligned with the categories of renal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurologic disorders as well as infectious diseases. Non‐essential topic categories consisted of oncologic, dermatologic, and gynecological/obstetric disorders.ConclusionIdentified essential knowledge, as found in this study, may serve as a guide for preceptors and afford students the opportunity of consistent experiences across varying IGM APPEs. Validation with pharmacy curriculum and postgraduate competency recommendations support many of these consensus findings. More research is needed to identify the appropriate number of topics addressed during APPE rotations and how to assess that knowledge.