bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic properties evaluation of alkyl palmitate to be used as oil insulation
Authors: Rajab A , Ramadhani J S , Kurniawan R , Qibran K , Melda L , Hamid M I 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses the evaluation of alkyl palmitate to be used as the oil insulation in an oil-filled transformer. Three kinds of alkyl palmitates, namely, Methyl-, Ethyl-, and Isopropyl-palmitates, were prepared through the esterification of methyl-, ethyl-, and iso-propyl-alcohols, respectively, and palmitate acid. The resulted alkyl palmitates were then evaluated for their basic properties such as breakdown voltage, viscosity, density, acidity, and water content based on the ASTM D 6871 standard specification. The peroxide value of the alkyl palmitates was also examined to indicate their oxidation stability and compared the result with that of mineral oil. The results show that viscosity, water content, and density of all alkyl palmitates fulfill the values specified by the standard, whereas, the breakdown voltage and acidity do not. The peroxide value of all alkyl palmitates is still much higher than that of mineral oil.
Processing and indexing of electron backscatter patterns using open-source software
Authors: Ånes H W , Hjelen J , Sørensen B E , van Helvoort A T J , Marthinsen K 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A new method to increase the signal-to-noise ratio S/N of electron backscatter patterns (EBSPs) based upon principal component analysis (PCA) is presented. The PCA denoising method is applied to ten scans of EBSPs from the same region of interest of a recrystallised nickel sample acquired with a decreasing S/N, achieved by reducing the exposure time while increasing the camera gain accordingly. That PCA denoising increases S/N in EBSPs is demonstrated by comparing indexing success rates after both Hough and dictionary indexing (HI and DI) of the Ni patterns having undergone one of four processing routes: i) standard static and dynamic background corrections (standard corrections), ii) standard corrections and pattern averaging with the four closest neighbours, iii) standard corrections and PCA denoising, and iv) standard corrections and pattern averaging followed by PCA denoising. Both pattern averaging and PCA denoising increases the indexing success rates for both indexing approaches for the studied Ni scans, with the former processing route providing the better success rates. The best success rates are obtained after pattern averaging followed by PCA denoising. The potential of PCA denoising to reveal additional pattern details compared to standard corrections and pattern averaging is demonstrated in a pattern from an orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) grain in a geological sample. Software code, and the Ni data sets, are released alongside this article as part of KikuchiPy, an open-source software package dedicated to processing and analysis of EBSPs.
SI traceable characterisation of nanomaterials by X-ray spectrometry
Authors: Beckhoff B 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The development of new materials and the assessment of nanomaterials require the correlation of the materials’ functionality or toxicity with their chemical and physical properties. To probe these properties, analytical methods that are both sensitive and selective at the nano-and microscales are required. The reliability of most analytical methods is based on the availability of reference materials or calibration samples, the spatial elemental compositions of which have to be as similar as possible to the matrix of the specimens of interest. However, there is a drastic lack of reference materials in particular at the nanoscale. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) addresses this challenge by means of a bottom-up X-ray analytical method where all instrumental and experimental parameters are determined with known contributions to the uncertainty of the analytical results. This first-principle (FP) based approach does not require any reference materials but a complete characterisation of the analytical instruments’ characteristics and, in addition, knowledge on the X-ray fundamental parameters related to the elements composing the sample. In order to reveal more reliable FP data in line with recent FP roadmap recommendations, PTB has been developing and using calibrated instrumentation, both energy- and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometers, in conjunction with well-known synchrotron radiation (SR) of high spectral purity. Examples of recent PTB works on different FP determinations mostly of technologically relevant elements are given. SR based X-ray spectrometric methods allow for the variation of the analytical sensitivity, selectivity, and information depth needed to effectively reveal the spatial, elemental, and chemical specimen parameters of interest. Examples of particle characterisation, interfacial speciation, elemental depth profiling, as well as layer composition and thickness characterisations in advanced materials and nanostructures as well as for in-situ conditions are given.
Very low energy peak shifts in EDS spectra
Authors: Eggert F , Camus P P , Reinauer F 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The response function of energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS) has been a topic for investigation as long as EDS has been used. This work systematically investigates soft X-ray peaks with energies below 150 eV in regard to the detector energy calibration linearity. It was found that Si-L (92 eV) and Al-L (73 eV) lines are not shifted in energy position in comparison to higher energy K-lines of boron, carbon and nitrogen. The reason is simply the silicon detector material has a large absorption jump at 99 eV (Si-L2/Si-L3), which causes much higher detection depths of photons with energies below 99 eV. There is also less shift than assumed with older approaches in the energy region 100 to 149 eV (Si-L1). It is also expected that Li-K radiation will not be affected by an energy shift due to detector artefacts. The authors propose a modified shift-correction which corrects this detector artefact and linearizes the energy calibration of measured EDS spectrum below 600 eV. This energy shift effect of the measured X-ray lines is in principle with any silicon-based X-ray detector. But the shift value depends also on the front contact layer design and quality. The novelty with changed correction is that no shift is applied for X-ray peaks below 99 eV. Older applied correction procedures were found to produce a line energy misplacement in spectrum for this energy region.
The microanalysis of iron and sulphur oxidation states in silicate glass - Understanding the effects of beam damage
Authors: Hughes E C , Buse B , Kearns S L , Brooker R A , Di Genova D , Kilgour G , Mader H M , Blundy J D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Quantifying the oxidation state of multivalent elements in silicate melts (e.g., Fe2+ versus Fe3+ or S2- versus S6+) is fundamental for constraining oxygen fugacity. Oxygen fugacity is a key thermodynamic parameter in understanding melt chemical history from the Earth’s mantle through the crust to the surface. To make these measurements, analyses are typically performed on small (<100 µm diameter) regions of quenched volcanic melt (now silicate glass) forming the matrix between crystals or as trapped inclusions. Such small volumes require microanalysis, with multiple techniques often applied to the same area of glass to extract the full range of information that will shed light on volcanic and magmatic processes. This can be problematic as silicate glasses are often unstable under the electron and photon beams used for this range of analyses. It is therefore important to understand any compositional and structural changes induced within the silicate glass during analysis, not only to ensure accurate measurements (and interpretations), but also that subsequent analyses are not compromised. Here, we review techniques commonly used for measuring the Fe and S oxidation state in silicate glass and explain how silicate glass of different compositions responds to electron and photon beam irradiation.
Using complementary microanalytical techniques to analyse diamond anvil cell experiments
Authors: Jennings E S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Diamond anvil cell (DAC) experiments are being used with increasing frequency to examine deep planetary processes. A variety of analytical techniques are available to characterise the products of high-pressure, high-temperature DAC experiments. Recent developments in both sample preparation and analytical techniques allow in-situ measurements made during experiments (typically synchrotron-source X-ray techniques) to be supplemented and supported by ex-situ measurements made of the extracted experimental sample after the experiment. The combination of complementary microanalytical techniques facilitates the verification of analytical results and allows additional information to be obtained from these technically-challenging experiments. Techniques with differing spatial resolutions can also be effectively used together. This contribution describes some techniques used to analyse the products of DAC experiments, and discusses example case studies from the Earth and planetary sciences where the combination of several complementary techniques has resulted in important additional insight into the interpretation of DAC experimental results.
Recent features in EBSD, including new trapezoidal correction for multi-mapping
Authors: Sørensen B E , Hjelen J , Ånes H W , Breivik T 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) of geological samples can be a challenge due to the complex crystal structures of minerals and commonly 5 or more different minerals in the samples. This poses a big challenge as the EBSP (electron backscatter diffraction patterns) of the minerals like feldspar and quartz commonly are much noisier than metallurgical materials that have simpler structures. Therefore, the indexing of geological samples can commonly be quite difficult and to correct for this in the online procedure means that the data acquisition needs to be redone on the SEM. This is a costly procedure, also because the indexing can take longer than the pattern acquisition itself. We, therefore, suggest that offline techniques are better suited for geological materials because the patterns can be re-indexed using different settings and further can be processed using different software both for indexing and pattern improvement. EBSD commonly have geometric scan distortion which increases with decreasing magnification. This problem is solved by acquiring using a geometric online scan correction during data collection in the NORDIF software using calibration grid. This overcomes stitching problems and additionally removes hidden problems such as geometrically distorted grain boundary segments and grain shape distortions.
Advances in electron channelling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction for imaging and analysis of structural defects in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Trager-Cowan C , Alasmari A , Avis W , Bruckbauer J , Edwards P R , Hourahine B , Kraeusel S , Kusch G , Jablon B M , Johnston R , Martin R W , Mcdermott R , Naresh-Kumar G , Nouf-Allehiani M , Pascal E , Thomson D , Vespucci S , Mingard K , Parbrook P J , Smith M D , Enslin J , Mehnke F , Kneissl M , Kuhn C , Wernicke T , Knauer A , Hagedorn S , Walde S , Weyers M , Coulon P-M , Shields P A , Zhang Y , Jiu L , Gong Y , Smith R M , Wang T , Winkelmann A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this article we describe the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques of electron channelling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction. These techniques provide information on crystal structure, crystal misorientation, grain boundaries, strain and structural defects on length scales from tens of nanometres to tens of micrometres. Here we report on the imaging and analysis of dislocations and sub-grains in nitride semiconductor thin films (GaN and AlN) and tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) hard metals. Our aim is to illustrate the capability of these techniques for investigating structural defects in the SEM and the benefits of combining these diffraction-based imaging techniques.
Does the degree of tensile strain have an impact on the cracking behavior of vertical structural elements?
Authors: Chrysanidis T , Panoskaltsis V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Given the random nature of crack formation, research into reinforced concrete members in the context of cracking behavior proves difficult. Therefore, widely accepted methodologies for predicting crack characteristics, e.g. crack width and spacing and number of cracks, have not been developed yet. Furthermore, cracking for members strained to high degrees of elongation, as happens during earthquakes, has not been investigated before. This experimental work aims to look into the impact, primarily of tensile deformation’s mechanical factor, in terms of cracking behaviour. Four test specimens were strained under uniaxial tensile loading. The degrees of elongation used were equal to 10‰, 20‰, 30‰ and 50‰. Useful conclusions concerning cracking behaviour are derived.
Investment Cost Analysis with Structural Design of Concrete Duct Bank Power Cables
Authors: Charerndee K , Chatthaworn R , Khunkitti P , Kruesubthaworn A , Siritaratiwat A , Surawanitkun C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Capital investment in underground duct bank cables is very expensive. Therefore, the design and planning for underground power cables is important. It is often done with analysis of the power demands minimizing costs over the lifetime of the cables. This work presents an evaluation of underground power cable ampacity and the total costs during the anticipated operational life of the equipment. It was evaluated with variation of concrete duct bank dimensions. Analysis of ampacity depends on temperature. The thermal model of the current study uses a finite element method. The total costs evaluated by the economic model in terms of net present value analysis consist of the initial investment costs and the value of losses over the life of the cable. These were based on installation costs, load factors, annual load growth, the price of energy, the price of demand charges and the forecast discount rate. The results show that cable spacing parameters are a significant factor that influences ampacity. Ampacity can be improved while reducing the losses in power cables. This is because appropriate cable spacing can reduce the effect of Joule heating from neighboring cables. However, this leads to increased construction costs. The total costs of power cables over their lifetime can be reduced by decreasing the horizontal distance between the center of a casing pipe and the side edge of the concrete layer. This is because the contribution of reduced construction costs is more than that of the effect of increased losses. Therefore, the dimensions of the concrete duct bank significantly influence ampacity, the construction costs and the losses of power cables in an analysis of total costs over the lifetime of power cables.
Third-point flexural test on concrete-filled rectangular tubular flange girders
Authors: Rosales Jude Shahara , Tarranza Nathaniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe influence of shear stud connectors on the horizontal displacement brought about by the occurrence of shear stress at the interface between the rectangular steel tube and in-filled concrete on Concrete-filled Rectangular Tubular Flange Girders (CFRTFG) was investigated. As a composite structure, providing shear stud connectors allow stress transfer between steel and concrete which may result for the two (2) components to work as a single unit. Accordingly, a three-dimensional finite element software called SOLIDWORKS® was employed. Static linear analysis was performed using the finite element (FE) models to study the effect of shear stud connectors on the resulting stresses and slip on CFRTFGs. Results showed that the maximum slip occurred at CFRTFG without shear stud connectors while CFRTFG under full composite action had the least slip. Correspondingly, the maximum shear stress for both CFRTFG under full and partial composite action occurred at the shear stud connectors, while the maximum shear stress for CFRTFG without shear connectors occurred at the supports. Conducting finite element analysis using SOLIDWORKS® proved to be theoretically accurate as in the case of this study.
Effect of silica fume and limestone powder on mechanical properties of ultra-high performance concrete
Authors: Singniao P , Sappakittipakorn M , Sukontasukkul P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This research aimed to study the effect of Portland cement replacement with silica fume and limestone powder in Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC). Nine mix proportions were designed with a constant amount of binder at 1200 kg per cubic meter of concrete. In these mixes, the cement was replaced with silica fume at 10%, 15% and 20% and limestone powder at 15% and 30% by weight of binder. For all mixes, the ratio of water to binder (W/B) and the steel fiber volume fraction were 0.2 and 2% respectively. After the preparation of test specimens and stream curing for 3 days, compressive strength, flexural strength, and length change due to shrinkage of the UHPC mixes were examined. The results showed that the silica fume increases the compressive and flexural strength (at the first peak load) but the limestone decreases. Without the limestone, the 20% silica fume mix provides the maximum average residual strength. However, when either 15% or 30% limestone is admixed, the optimum residual strength occurs at the 15% silica fume. Moreover, it is worth noting that the reducing amount of cement by replacing either with silica fume or limestone powder effectively reduces the shrinkage.
Improved Rapid Assessment of Earthquake Hazard Safety of Structures via Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Harirchian Ehsan , Lahmer Tom 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The vulnerability of structures mainly depends on the structural resistance system of buildings to earthquake. It is unlikely that all existing buildings can be inspected in detail. Therefore, rapid methods for evaluating buildings have been developed over the last decades. This paper investigates the earthquake susceptibility through the combination of buildings’ geometrical attributes that affect the vulnerability of building and can be used to obtain an optimal prediction of the damage state of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this regard, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network has been trained and optimized using a database of 145 damaged buildings from the Haiti earthquake. The results demonstrate the practicability and effectiveness of the selected ANNs approach to classify actual structural damage that can be used as a preliminary assessment procedure to recognize vulnerable buildings.
Decision-making in the commercial space service design of transportation architecture
Authors: Shen Chia-Jung , Hsu Yen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Transportation architecture is common globally. The design of rest areas, which allow travelers to rest and refuel, is crucial in such architecture. The design focus of rest areas in Taiwan has shifted from function-oriented features to that meet travelers’ diverse needs. Space planning in such areas can be used to integrate highway information, dining services, and leisure activities for travelers; design spaces with local characteristics; and improve service design and innovative service models. This study analyzed the effect of evaluation criteria weights used in highway rest area design tendering in Taiwan on the selection of space designers. The modified Delphi method was used to conduct interviews with experts and select criteria for commercial service space design from a consensus. Subsequently, an analytic hierarchy process was adopted to determine the relative weight of each criterion, and a consistency analysis was conducted. These design criteria were deemed essential by the experts and are thus beneficial for future designers in understanding the aspects in the spatial planning for highway rest areas and acquiring transportation architecture tenders. The results of this study can facilitate identification of highway rest area design criteria, which can serve as a reference for space designers to make related decisions.
Efficient generation of bone morphogenetic protein 15-edited Yorkshire pigs using CRISPR/Cas9†
Authors: Shi Xuan , Tang Tao , Lin Qiyuan , Liu Hongbo , Qin Yufeng , Liang Xinyu , Cong Peiqing , Mo Delin , Liu Xiaohong , Chen Yaosheng , He Zuyong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, plays an essential role in ovarian follicular development in mono-ovulatory mammalian species. Studies using a biallelic knockout mouse model revealed that BMP15 potentially has just a minimal impact on female fertility and ovarian follicular development in polyovulatory species. In contrast, our previous study demonstrated that in vivo knockdown of BMP15 significantly affected porcine female fertility, as evidenced by the dysplastic ovaries containing significantly decreased numbers of follicles and an increased number of abnormal follicles. This finding implied that BMP15 plays an important role in the regulation of female fertility and ovarian follicular development in polyovulatory species. To further investigate the regulatory role of BMP15 in porcine ovarian and follicular development, here, we describe the efficient generation of BMP15-edited Yorkshire pigs using CRISPR/Cas9. Using artificial insemination experiments, we found that the biallelically edited gilts were all infertile, regardless of different genotypes. One monoallelically edited gilt #4 (Δ66 bp/WT) was fertile and could deliver offspring with a litter size comparable to that of wild-type gilts. Further analysis established that the infertility of biallelically edited gilts was caused by the arrest of follicular development at preantral stages, with formation of numerous structurally abnormal follicles, resulting in streaky ovaries and the absence of obvious estrous cycles. Our results strongly suggest that the role of BMP15 in nonrodent polyovulatory species may be as important as that in mono-ovulatory species.