bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation of nitrogen‐metabolizing enzymes across the tree of life tracks environmental transitions in Earth history
Authors: Parsons Chris , Stüeken Eva E. , Rosen Caleb J. , Mateos Katherine , Anderson Rika E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNitrogen is an essential element to life and exerts a strong control on global biological productivity. The rise and spread of nitrogen‐utilizing microbial metabolisms profoundly shaped the biosphere on the early Earth. Here, we reconciled gene and species trees to identify birth and horizontal gene transfer events for key nitrogen‐cycling genes, dated with a time‐calibrated tree of life, in order to examine the timing of the proliferation of these metabolisms across the tree of life. Our results provide new insights into the evolution of the early nitrogen cycle that expand on geochemical reconstructions. We observed widespread horizontal gene transfer of molybdenum‐based nitrogenase back to the Archean, minor horizontal transfer of genes for nitrate reduction in the Archean, and an increase in the proliferation of genes metabolizing nitrite around the time of the Mesoproterozoic (~1.5 Ga). The latter coincides with recent geochemical evidence for a mid‐Proterozoic rise in oxygen levels. Geochemical evidence of biological nitrate utilization in the Archean and early Proterozoic may reflect at least some contribution of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rather than pure denitrification to N2. Our results thus help unravel the relative dominance of two metabolic pathways that are not distinguishable with current geochemical tools. Overall, our findings thus provide novel constraints for understanding the evolution of the nitrogen cycle over time and provide insights into the bioavailability of various nitrogen sources in the early Earth with possible implications for the emergence of eukaryotic life.
Responses of ichthyoplankton assemblages to the recent marine heatwave and previous climate fluctuations in several Northeast Pacific marine ecosystems
Authors: Nielsen Jens M. , Rogers Lauren A. , Brodeur Richard D. , Thompson Andrew R. , Auth Toby D. , Deary Alison L. , Duffy‐Anderson Janet T. , Galbraith Moira , Koslow J. Anthony , Perry R. Ian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe effects of climate warming on ecosystem dynamics are widespread throughout the world's oceans. In the Northeast Pacific, large‐scale climate patterns such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and recently unprecedented warm ocean conditions from 2014 to 2016, referred to as a marine heatwave (MHW), resulted in large‐scale ecosystem changes. Larval fishes quickly respond to environmental variability and are sensitive indicators of ecosystem change. Categorizing ichthyoplankton dynamics across marine ecosystem in the Northeast Pacific can help elucidate the magnitude of assemblage shifts, and whether responses are synchronous or alternatively governed by local responses to regional oceanographic conditions. We analyzed time‐series data of ichthyoplankton abundances from four ecoregions in the Northeast Pacific ranging from subarctic to subtropical: the Gulf of Alaska (1981–2017), British Columbia (2001–2017), Oregon (1998–2017), and the southern California Current (1981–2017). We assessed the impact of the recent (2014–2016) MHW and how ichthyoplankton assemblages responded to past major climate perturbations since 1981 in these ecosystems. Our results indicate that the MHW caused widespread changes in the ichthyoplankton fauna along the coast of the Northeast Pacific Ocean, but impacts differed between marine ecosystems. For example, abundances for most dominant taxa were at all‐time lows since the beginning of sampling in the Gulf of Alaska and British Columbia, while in Oregon and the southern California Current species richness increased as did abundances of species associated with warmer waters. Lastly, species associated with cold waters also increased in abundances close to shore in southern California during the MHW, a pattern that was distinctly different from previous El Niño events. We also found several large‐scale, synchronized ichthyoplankton assemblage composition shifts during past major climate events. Current climate projections suggest that MHWs will become more intense and thus our findings can help project future changes in larval dynamics, allowing for improved ecosystem management decisions.
Comparison between the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition and theEuropean Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolismdefinitions for the prevalence of malnutrition in geriatric rehabilitation care
Authors: Shimizu Akio , Maeda Keisuke , Honda Toshiki , Ishida Yuria , Ueshima Junko , Nagami Shinsuke , Nagano Ayano , Inoue Tatsuro , Murotani Kenta , Kayashita Jun , Fujishima Ichiro , Mori Naoharu 
Published: October 2020

AimThe recently proposed Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria may accurately reflect the nutritional status of older adults because they use information such as reduced muscle mass and chronic and acute disease to diagnose malnutrition. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of malnutrition in older adults assessed by the GLIM and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) diagnostic criteria for malnutrition (DCM) in post‐acute geriatric care.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included older patients admitted to rehabilitation care units. Malnutrition was evaluated using GLIM‐DCM and ESPEN‐DCM using a two‐step process (initial screening and subsequent steps). The prevalence and differences observed between GLIM‐DCM and ESPEN‐DCM were reported, and the determinants of each criterion were identified.ResultsThis study included 335 older patients (mean ± SD, age 80.0 ± 7.5 years; 54.0% women). The prevalence of older patients diagnosed with GLIM‐DCM and ESPEN‐DCM was 66.9% and 59.1%, respectively, and the agreement between ESPEN‐DCM and GLIM‐DCM was 80.9%. The results of multivariate analyses showed that all items of the phenotypic and etiologic criteria were independent determinants for GLIM‐DCM, whereas disease burden/inflammation (P= 0.996), included in the etiologic criteria of GLIM‐DCM, were not determinants of ESPEN‐DCM.ConclusionThis study reported the prevalence of malnutrition according to GLIM‐DCM and the differences in the characteristics of patients diagnosed with malnutrition based on GLIM‐DCM and those diagnosed based on ESPEN‐DCM in geriatric rehabilitation care units. Further studies are required to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition in different care settings.Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1221–1227.
A Large‐Scale Survey on Trauma, Burnout, and Posttraumatic Growth among Nurses during the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Chen Ruey , Sun Chao , Chen Jian‐Jun , Jen Hsiu‐Ju , Kang Xiao Linda , Kao Ching‐Chiu , Chou Kuei‐Ru 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA large‐scale survey study was conducted to assess trauma, burnout, posttraumatic growth, and associated factors for nurses in the COVID‐19 pandemic. The Trauma Screening Questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory‐Short Form were utilized. Factors associated with trauma, burnout, and posttraumatic growth were analysed using logistic and multiple regressions. In total, 12 596 completed the survey, and 52.3% worked in COVID‐19 designated hospitals. At the survey’s conclusion in April, 13.3% reported trauma (Trauma ≥ 6), there were moderate degrees of emotional exhaustion, and 4,949 (39.3%) experienced posttraumatic growth. Traumatic response and emotional exhaustion were greater among (i) women (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48, 95% CI 1.12–1.97 P = 0.006; emotional exhaustion OR: 1.30, 95% CI 1.09–1.54, P = 0.003), (ii) critical care units (OR: 1.20, 95% CI 1.06–1.35, P = 0.004; emotional exhaustion OR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.12–1.33, P < 0.001) (iii) COVID‐19 designated hospital (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.11–1.38; P < 0.001; emotional exhaustion OR: 1.26, 95% CI 1.17–1.36; P < 0.001) and (iv) COVID‐19‐related departments (OR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.04–1.29, P = 0.006, emotional exhaustion only). To date, this is the first large‐scale study to report the rates of trauma and burnout for nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The study indicates that nurses who identified as women, working in ICUs, COVID‐19 designated hospitals, and departments involved with treating COVID‐19 patients had higher scores in mental health outcomes. Future research can focus on the factors the study has identified that could lead to more effective prevention and treatment strategies for adverse health outcomes and better use of resources to promote positive outcomes.
Social protection and revenue collection: How they can jointly contribute to strengthening social cohesion
Authors: Burchi Francesco , von Schiller Armin , Strupat Christoph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSocial protection and revenue collection are often regarded as potential drivers of social cohesion. The article joins this debate, providing three main contributions. First, we carefully discuss the concept of social cohesion and endorse one specific definition. Second, we propose using the concept of the “fiscal contract” as the key theoretical lens to understand the often neglected potential joint effects of social protection and revenue collection policies on social cohesion. Third, we illustrate three main mechanisms through which these policies can have positive or negative impacts on the different components of social cohesion and highlight the relevance of these for policy‐makers deliberations.
Niche‐based processes explaining the distributions of closely related subterranean spiders
Authors: Pavlek Martina , Mammola Stefano 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimTo disentangle the role of evolutionary history, competition and environmental filtering in driving the niche evolution of four closely related subterranean spiders, with the overarching goal of obtaining a mechanistic description of the factors that determine species' realized distribution in simplified ecological settings.LocationDinaric karst, Balkans, Europe.TaxonDysderidae spiders (Stalita taenaria, S. pretneri, S. hadzii and Parastalita stygia).MethodsWe resolved phylogenetic relationships among species and modelled each species' distribution using a set of climatic and habitat variables. We explored the climatic niche differentiation among species with n‐dimensional hypervolumes and shifts in their trophic niche using morphological traits related to feeding specialization.ResultsClimate was the primary abiotic factor explaining our species' distributions, while karstic and soil features were less important. Generally, there was a high niche overlap among species, reflecting their phylogenetic relatedness, but on a finer scale, niche shifts explained the realized distribution patterns. Trophic interaction was another important factor influencing species distributions – the non‐overlapping distributions of three morphologically indistinguishable Stalita species is seemingly the outcome of competitive exclusion dynamics. The distribution of the fourth species, Parastalita stygia, overlaps with that of the other species, with several instances of coexistence within caves. As inferred from the morphology of the mouthparts, the mechanism that minimizes interspecific competition is the shift in the trophic niche of P. stygia towards a more specialized diet.Main conclusionsWe showed that similarity in niches only partly correlated with the phylogenetic distance among species, and that overlaps in species distributions are possible only when a parallel shift in diet occurs. Our work emphasized how even simplified environments still maintain the potential for diversification via niche differentiation. Ultimately, we provide an ecological explanation for the diversification of life in an important hotspot of subterranean diversity.
Immune priming depends on age, sex and Wolbachia in the interaction between Armadillidium vulgare and Salmonella
Authors: Prigot‐Maurice Cybèle , de Cerqueira De Araujo Alexandra , Beltran‐Bech Sophie , Braquart‐Varnier Christine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe protection conferred by a first infection upon a second pathogenic exposure (i.e. immune priming) is an emergent research topic in the field of invertebrate immunity. Immune priming has been demonstrated in various species, but little is known about the intrinsic factors that may influence this immune process. In this study, we tested whether age, gender and the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia affect the protection resulting from immune priming in A. vulgare against S. enterica. We firstly primed young and old, symbiotic and asymbiotic males and females, either with a non‐lethal low dose of S. enterica, LB broth or without injection (control). Seven days post‐injection, we performed a LD50 injection of S. enterica in all individuals and we monitored their survival rates. We demonstrated that survival capacities depend on these three factors: young and old asymbiotic individuals (males and females) expressed immune priming (S. enterica‐primed individuals survived better than LB‐primed and non‐primed), with a general decline in the strength of protection in old females, but not in old males, compared to young. When Wolbachia is present, the immune priming protection was observed in old, but not in young symbiotic individuals, even if the Wolbachia load on entire individuals is equivalent regardless to age. Our overall results showed that the immune priming protection in A. vulgare depends on individuals’ states, highlighting the need to consider these factors both in mechanistical and evolutionary studies focusing on invertebrate's immunity.
Digital disruption of dietetics: are we ready?
Authors: Kelly J. T. , Collins P. F. , McCamley J. , Ball L. , Roberts S. , Campbell K. L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDigital health is transforming the delivery of health care around the world to meet the growing challenges presented by ageing populations with multiple chronic conditions. Digital health technologies can support the delivery of personalised nutrition care through the standardised Nutrition Care Process (NCP) by using personal data and technology‐supported delivery modalities. The digital disruption of traditional dietetic services is occurring worldwide, supporting responsive and high‐quality nutrition care. These disruptive technologies include integrated electronic and personal health records, mobile apps, wearables, artificial intelligence and machine learning, conversation agents, chatbots, and social robots. Here, we outline how digital health is disrupting the traditional model of nutrition care delivery and outline the potential for dietitians to not only embrace digital disruption, but also take ownership in shaping it, aiming to enhance patient care. An overview is provided of digital health concepts and disruptive technologies according to the four steps in the NCP: nutrition assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring and evaluation. It is imperative that dietitians stay abreast of these technological developments and be the leaders of the disruption, not simply subject to it. By doing so, dietitians now, as well as in the future, will maximise their impact and continue to champion evidence‐based nutrition practice.
Functional Morphology of the Feeding Apparatus of the Snaggletooth Shark, Hemipristis elongata (Carcharhiniformes: Hemigaleidae)
Authors: Chappell Anthony , Séret Bernard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the snaggletooth shark, Hemipristis elongata (Klunzinger, 1871) is illustrated in detail from the dissection of three heads. Two new muscles are described: the Adductor mandibularis internus and the Levator mandibularis. A subdivision of the Levator palatoquadrati is described and named the Pronator subdivision of the Levator palatoquadrati. Also, eight new anatomical features associated with the mandibular arch and with the chondrocranium (CR) are described. Three are cartilages: the suprapalatine cartilages, the craniopalatoquadrate cartilage and the calcified Meckelian dental fold. The remaining five features are processes: the Pronator process of the palatoquadrate (PQ), the Levator palatoquadrati alpha process, the proquadrate process, the ectorbital process (ECP) and the Meckelian Intermandibularis ridge. Some of them are not restricted to H.elongata. The function of these new muscles and anatomical features is discussed and a hypothesis about the functional morphology of the feeding apparatus of the snaggletooth shark is proposed. The extent and the assumptive importance of the pronation of the mandibular arch in the snaggletooth shark feeding behaviour is described and discussed. An alternative for the main function of the Levator palatoquadrati as hypothesized by Motta et al. (1997) and Wilga et al. (2001) is proposed for the families Hemigaleidae, Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae. We anticipate this muscle is more involved in the pronation rather than in the protrusion of the mandibular arch.
Transvaginal four‐dimensional hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography: Pain perception and factors influencing pain severity
Authors: Zhang Ning , Liu Yu , He Yanni , Shi Jiayao , Zhou Meijun , Liu Hongmei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimThe purpose is to investigate pain perception during transvaginal four‐dimensional hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography (TV 4D‐HyCoSy) and factors influencing pain severity.MethodsThis was a retrospective study included 340 women who underwent TV 4D‐HyCoSy examination from January 2016 to October 2017. The factors were recorded, including age, childbearing history, infertility type, history of pelvic inflammation, pelvic surgery, history of uterine manipulation, history of ectopic pregnancy, atropine delivery mode, uterine position, uterine malformation, uterine lesion, fibroid, intrauterine adhesion, polycystic ovary, endometrial implantation cyst, dysmenorrhea score, the degree of patency of fallopian tube and contrast agents dosage. Pain was evaluated during and after TV 4D‐HyCoSy. The time point of peak pain was evaluated and the influencing factors of moderate/severe pain were analyzed.ResultsThe highest pain occurred at contrast instillation. The independent influencing factors of moderate/severe pain were age (P = 0.021), dysmenorrhea score (P = 0.003) and tubal patency (P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that age affected the pain score when TV 4D‐HyCoSy started and the peak pain occurred. Dysmenorrhea score and tubal patency affect the pain score at most time points.ConclusionAge, dysmenorrhea score and tubal patency are factors influencing the severity of pain during TV 4D‐HyCoSy.
Antibiotic exposure among young infants suffering from diarrhoea in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md Ridwan , Nuzhat Sharika , Fahim Shah Mohammad , Palit Parag , Flannery Robin L , Kyle David J , Mahfuz Mustafa , Islam M Munirul , Sarker Shafiqul Alam , Ahmed Tahmeed 
Published: October 2020

AimsAppropriate rehydration has always been significant in treating diarrhoeal diseases in children. Irrational antibiotic use among diarrhoeal children has remained a major public health concern. Information regarding antibiotic use in young infants suffering from diarrhoea is very limited and a unique aspect of research. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic use in the community among 2–6 months infants with diarrhoeal illnesses and having different nutritional status.MethodsWe investigated a total of 5279 infants aged 2–6 months at Dhaka hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between September 2018 and June 2019. Among them, 257 infants were suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM). History of taking antibiotics was ascertained by direct observation of a prescription by a physician, the bottle of antibiotic or asking the caregiver about the name of antibiotic or its price that is very close to the usual market price of an antibiotic.ResultsOverall, 52% of infants received antibiotics before hospital admission. Non‐SAM infants had higher odds of receiving antibiotics (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.97, P value = 0.003) compared to infants with SAM and use of antibiotics increased with age (aOR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.17, P value<0.001). Commonly used antibiotics were azithromycin (13.3%), ciprofloxacin (7.7%), erythromycin (7.7%) and metronidazole (2.6%). The proportion of receiving ciprofloxacin was significantly lower in infants with SAM compared to their non‐SAM counterparts (2.7% vs. 7.97%, P value = 0.004).ConclusionsThe study underscores the excessive use of antibiotics among diarrhoeal infants, which is already a major public health concern in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Melatonin controversies, an update
Authors: Boutin Jean A. , Jockers Ralf 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMelatonin was discovered more than 60 years ago. Since then, several seminal discoveries have allowed us to define its function as a neuroendocrine hormone and its molecular targets in mammals and many other species. However, many fundamental issues have not yet been solved such as the subcellular localization of melatonin synthesis and the full spectrum of its molecular targets. In addition, a considerable number of controversies persist in the field, mainly concerning how many functions melatonin has. Altogether, this illustrates how “immature” the field still is. The intention of this opinion article is to note the controversies and limitations in the field, to initiate a discussion and to make proposals/guidelines to overcome them and move the field forward.
Extrinsic Rewards, Intrinsic Motivation, and New Product Development Performance
Authors: Malek Stacey L. , Sarin Shikhar , Haon Christophe 
Published: October 2020

Reward structures can have a significant impact on the performance of new product development (NPD) teams. However, there are several gaps in our understanding of how different types of extrinsic rewards influence the creative performance of NPD teams. Drawing on key theoretical objectives for advancing rewards‐creativity research in general, and NPD research in particular, this study incorporates a cognitive and behavioral view of rewards use. In so doing, we distinguish between three kinds of extrinsic rewards: financial, recognition, and social (based on their properties). We then draw upon self‐determination theory to hypothesize the differential effects of three types of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic task motivation, and subsequently the creative performance of NPD teams. The proposed framework is tested using two rounds of survey data from 238 members of 64 NPD teams in the high‐tech industry. Results of a multilevel structural equation modeling (MLSEM) analysis show that financial rewards have a negative relationship with intrinsic task motivation, while recognition and social rewards have a positive influence. Complexity of the product being developed not only helps to mitigate the negative effects of financial rewards on intrinsic task motivation, but it also reduces the positive effects of social rewards on intrinsic task motivation. Intrinsic task motivation is found to have a positive effect on NPD creative performance in terms of both the developed product’s degree of innovation and its quality. Theoretical and managerial implications are explored.