bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic threats to the Forest Giants of the Amazon: Habitat degradation effects on the socio‐economically important Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa)
Authors: Chiriboga‐Arroyo Fidel , Jansen Merel , Bardales‐Lozano Ricardo , Ismail Sascha A. , Thomas Evert , García Mishari , Corvera Gomringer Ronald , Kettle Chris J. 
Published: November 2020

Societal Impact StatementThe Brazil nut is a highly valuable non‐timber forest product from a wild, hyperdominant, emergent tree species that is increasingly vulnerable and exposed to habitat degradation. We provide evidence for how Brazil nut genetic resources are negatively affected by forest degradation and discuss the consequences of this for reproductive success. To avoid negative effects of genetic erosion and inbreeding, we discuss the need to cease large‐scale forest conversion and to promote landscape connectivity. This could support gene flow, maintain genetic diversity across individuals reproducing in clustered patterns and contribute to securing the long‐termed reproductive viability and resilience of this high socio‐economically and ecologically valuable species.Summary

Ecosystem degradation in the Amazon drives this biodiverse rainforest toward an ecological tipping point. Sustainable management and restoration of degraded rainforest therein are central to counteract this crisis. One hyperdominant, keystone species of high ecological and socio‐economic value, the Brazil nut tree, offers additional benefits as a major carbon sink and a nutritional source of the most prominent globally traded non‐timber forest product.

Despite Brazil nut trees being protected by conservation regulation, forest degradation threatens sufficient gene‐flow among Brazil nut tree populations. This has impacts on the reproductive success, genetic diversity, and consequently on the resilience of this species to environmental change.

We used 13 microsatellite loci to explore the consequences of forest degradation on the reduction in genetic diversity of Brazil nut populations. We examined the clustering of genetically related individuals as fine‐scale genetic structure (FSGS) and the variation in genetic diversity and inbreeding across adult trees and seedlings along a categorized forest‐degradation gradient ranging from conserved to degraded areas. In addition, we applied direct and indirect approaches to estimate contemporary pollen‐mediated gene flow.

We found significant levels of FSGS, comparable to other similar tropical tree species. Brazil nut seedlings had consistently lower genetic diversity and higher inbreeding than adults, significantly associated with the degree of forest degradation of their origin. We observed limited pollen dispersal, differential patterns in pollen heterogeneity, and disproportionate paternal‐assignment rates from few individuals shaping the effective population size in our dataset. We discuss how this evidence for reproduction vulnerability may affect the genetic resources and undermine the resilience of this ecological and socio‐economic system in Peru.
The ImageJ ecosystem: Open‐source software for image visualization, processing, and analysis
Authors: Schroeder Alexandra B. , Dobson Ellen T. A. , Rueden Curtis T. , Tomancak Pavel , Jug Florian , Eliceiri Kevin W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFor decades, biologists have relied on software to visualize and interpret imaging data. As techniques for acquiring images increase in complexity, resulting in larger multidimensional datasets, imaging software must adapt. ImageJ is an open‐source image analysis software platform that has aided researchers with a variety of image analysis applications, driven mainly by engaged and collaborative user and developer communities. The close collaboration between programmers and users has resulted in adaptations to accommodate new challenges in image analysis that address the needs of ImageJ's diverse user base. ImageJ consists of many components, some relevant primarily for developers and a vast collection of user‐centric plugins. It is available in many forms, including the widely used Fiji distribution. We refer to this entire ImageJ codebase and community as the ImageJ ecosystem. Here we review the core features of this ecosystem and highlight how ImageJ has responded to imaging technology advancements with new plugins and tools in recent years. These plugins and tools have been developed to address user needs in several areas such as visualization, segmentation, and tracking of biological entities in large, complex datasets. Moreover, new capabilities for deep learning are being added to ImageJ, reflecting a shift in the bioimage analysis community towards exploiting artificial intelligence. These new tools have been facilitated by profound architectural changes to the ImageJ core brought about by the ImageJ2 project. Therefore, we also discuss the contributions of ImageJ2 to enhancing multidimensional image processing and interoperability in the ImageJ ecosystem.
Terrain‐aided navigation for long‐range AUVs in dynamic under‐mapped environments
Authors: Salavasidis Georgios , Munafò Andrea , Fenucci Davide , Harris Catherine A. , Prampart Thomas , Templeton Robert , Smart Michael , Roper Daniel T. , Pebody Miles , Abrahamsen E. Povl , McPhail Stephen D. , Rogers Eric , Phillips Alexander B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDeploying long‐range autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) mid‐water column in the deep ocean is one of the most challenging applications for these submersibles. Without external support and speed over the ground measurements, dead‐reckoning (DR) navigation inevitably experiences an error proportional to the mission range and the speed of the water currents. In response to this problem, a computationally feasible and low‐power terrain‐aided navigation (TAN) system is developed. A Rao‐Blackwellized Particle Filter robust to estimation divergence is designed to estimate the vehicle's position and the speed of water currents. To evaluate performance, field data from multiday AUV deployments in the Southern Ocean are used. These form a unique test case for assessing the TAN performance under extremely challenging conditions. Despite the use of a small number of low‐power sensors and a Doppler velocity log to enable TAN, the algorithm limits the localisation error to within a few hundreds of metres, as opposed to a DR error of 40 km, given a 50 m resolution bathymetric map. To evaluate further the effectiveness of the system under a varying map quality, grids of 100, 200, and 400 m resolution are generated by subsampling the original 50 m resolution map. Despite the high complexity of the navigation problem, the filter exhibits robust and relatively accurate behaviour. Given the current aim of the oceanographic community to develop maps of similar resolution, the results of this study suggest that TAN can enable AUV operations of the order of months using global bathymetric models.
Coping with Antarctic demands: Psychological implications of isolation and confinement
Authors: Tortello Camila , Folgueira Agustín , Nicolas Michel , Cuiuli Juan Manuel , Cairoli Germán , Crippa Valeria , Barbarito Marta , Abulafia Carolina , Golombek Diego Andrés , Vigo Daniel Eduardo , Plano Santiago Andrés 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWorking in extreme environments requires a wide range of cognitive, psychological and social competences. Antarctica represents one of the most challenging habitats to work in due to its aridity, extremely cold weather, and isolated conditions. This study aimed to assess mood variations and coping strategies, as well as their possible modulation by group dynamics in a crew at the Belgrano II Argentine Antarctic Station throughout 1 year of confinement. Thirteen members of the Argentine Army completed emotional, coping and social dynamics questionnaires bimonthly in March, May, July, September and November. Results showed a significant decline in social dynamics scales, evidenced by decreases in perceived peer and hierarchical support. Additionally, coping strategies displayed a drop in mature defence throughout the expedition. A positive correlation was found between social support and recovery from stress. Our results highlight the importance of interpersonal relationships in psychological adjustment to isolation and extreme environments.
Magic‐Sized Stoichiometric II–VI Nanoclusters
Authors: Bootharaju Megalamane S. , Baek Woonhyuk , Lee Sanghwa , Chang Hogeun , Kim Junhee , Hyeon Taeghwan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMetal chalcogenide nanomaterials have gained widespread interest in the past two decades for their potential optoelectronic, energy, and catalytic applications. The colloidal growth of various forms of these materials, such as nanowires, platelets, and lamellar assemblies, proceeds through certain thermodynamically stable, ultrasmall (<2 nm) intermediates called magic‐sized nanoclusters (MSCs). Due to quantum confinement and its resultant intriguing properties, isolation or direct synthesis of MSCs and their structure characterization, which is very much challenging, are current topics of fundamental and applied scientific research. By comprehensive understanding of the structure–activity relationships in MSCs, the nucleation and growth processes can be manipulated, resulting in the synthesis of novel metal chalcogenide materials for various applications. This review focuses on recent advances in the chemical synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations of CdSe and its related II–VI nanoclusters. It highlights the studies of photophysical and magneto‐optical properties as well as heteroatom doping of MSCs followed by their chemical transformation to high‐dimensional nanostructures. At the end of the review, future directions and possible ways to overcome the challenges in the research of semiconductor MSCs are also presented.
Borneol protects against cerulein‐induced oxidative stress and inflammation in acute pancreatitis mice model
Authors: Bansod Sapana , Chilvery Shrilekha , Saifi Mohd Aslam , Das Tridip Jyoti , Tag Hui , Godugu Chandraiah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBorneol is a commonly used flavouring substance in traditional Chinese medicine, which possesses several pharmacological activities including analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of borneol on cerulein‐induced acute pancreatitis (AP) model. Swiss albino mice were pretreated with borneol (100 and 300 mg/kg) daily for 7 days, before six consecutive injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg/hr, intraperitoneally). The protective effect of borneol was studied by biochemical, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, histological, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. Oral administration of borneol significantly attenuated pancreatic damage by reducing amylase, lipase levels and histological changes. Borneol attenuated cerulein‐induced oxidative‐nitrosative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde, nitrite levels, and elevating reduced glutathione levels. Pancreatic inflammation was ameliorated by inhibiting myeloperoxidase activity and pro‐inflammatory cytokine (Interleukins and TNF‐α) levels. Furthermore, borneol administration significantly increased nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase (SOD1) expression and reduced phospho‐NF‐κB p65 expression. Treatment with borneol significantly inhibited TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cerulein‐induced AP mouse model. Together, these results indicate that borneol which is currently used as US‐FDA approved food adjuvant has the potential to attenuate cerulein‐induced AP possibly by reducing the oxidative damage and pancreatic inflammation by modulating Nrf2/NF‐κB pathway.
Monitoring schistosomiasis and sanitation interventions—The potential of environmental DNA
Authors: Champion Teteh S. , Connelly Stephanie , Smith Cindy J. , Lamberton Poppy H. L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTransmission of schistosomiasis, a human parasitic disease, is intrinsically linked to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities and/or their use. The mainstay of control is population‐based chemotherapy. Globally, each year, 240 million people are estimated to require this preventative treatment. However, for long‐term, sustainable control of this disease, supplementary WASH improvements are required to prevent (re)infection of humans (provision of safe water) and transmission from humans to the environment (improved sanitation). While there is established methodology for monitoring transmission in human populations, presently methods for monitoring the impact of WASH interventions, in particular sanitation, on environmental transmission are lacking. Development of such becomes paramount as integrated control programs combine drug treatments with enhanced WASH facilities and behavior change interventions, with uptake likely correlated to a reduction in fecal matter, and schistosome eggs, in the environment but any impact on infection levels in humans taking longer to become apparent. This article reports and critiques the methods currently used to monitor schistosomiasis in freshwater and soil environments and explores how environmental DNA could be used to better understand and monitor environmental contamination in relation to sanitation. Stronger evidence is required to understand how different sanitation interventions serve to limit the environmental transmission of the parasite and their relative effectiveness in preventing disease.This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Methods
Advancements in protein nanoparticle vaccine platforms to combat infectious disease
Authors: Butkovich Nina , Li Enya , Ramirez Aaron , Burkhardt Amanda M. , Wang Szu‐Wen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInfectious diseases are a major threat to global human health, yet prophylactic treatment options can be limited, as safe and efficacious vaccines exist only for a fraction of all diseases. Notably, devastating diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) currently do not have vaccine therapies. Conventional vaccine platforms, such as live attenuated vaccines and whole inactivated vaccines, can be difficult to manufacture, may cause severe side effects, and can potentially induce severe infection. Subunit vaccines carry far fewer safety concerns due to their inability to cause vaccine‐based infections. The applicability of protein nanoparticles (NPs) as vaccine scaffolds is promising to prevent infectious diseases, and they have been explored for a number of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases. Many types of protein NPs exist, including self‐assembling NPs, bacteriophage‐derived NPs, plant virus‐derived NPs, and human virus‐based vectors, and these particular categories will be covered in this review. These vaccines can elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses against specific pathogens, as well as provide protection against infection in a number of animal models. Furthermore, published clinical trials demonstrate the promise of applying these NP vaccine platforms, which include bacteriophage‐derived NPs, in addition to multiple viral vectors that are currently used in the clinic. The continued investigations of protein NP vaccine platforms are critical to generate safer alternatives to current vaccines, advance vaccines for diseases that currently lack effective prophylactic therapies, and prepare for the rapid development of new vaccines against emerging infectious diseases.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus‐Based Structures
Conclusions: Differing Contexts, Converging Experiences, Transnational Solidarity
Authors: Zschache Ulrike , Lahusen Christian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe concluding chapter shifts attention to the diverging socio-economic and political contexts of transnational solidarity organisations from eight European countries, ranging from a severe impact of the Eurozone and migration policy crisis to experiences less affected by recent crises but more vigorously shaped by policy-driven aggravations due to austerity measures, welfare retrenchments and immigration restrictions. The conclusions also underline the considerable number of similarities between solidarity activities and discourses since activists everywhere are concerned about increasing grievances and social problems nurtured by recent crises and/or long-standing public policy transformations. In particular, they highlight salient parallels between most of the countries with regard to politicisation and contentiousness, cooperation and transnationalism and social learning and innovation, while also raising awareness for field-specific differences and particularities.
Transnational Solidarity Organisations in Contemporary Greek Civil Society: Vibrant, Multifarious and Politicised
Authors: Kanellopoulos Kostas , Karakioulafi Christina , Alexandropoulou Pinelopi , Soros Giorgos 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBased on interviews conducted with groups working in the fields of migration, disabilities and unemployment, this chapter offers insights into Greek civil society as it has emerged and developed during the economic and refugee crises. The findings of these interviews also testify to a vibrant pre-crises Greek civil society, which has become even more multifarious and politicised. The newly imposed grievances as the backdrop of a deteriorating political framework led to the growth of the organisational field (more volunteers and new groups) and more voices in regard to issues and demands. It seems that active participation in solidarity activities beyond the provision of help to beneficiaries has become a means in itself for one part of Greek society in its efforts to overcome and recover from the dual economic and migration crisis.
Civil Society Activism in Italy Across Different Fields: A Multifaceted Picture of Solidarity in Hard Times
Authors: Maggini Nicola , Federico Veronica 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOver the last years, Italian civil society organisations have been working on a daily basis to mitigate the impact of both the global economic crisis and the refugee crisis, which have increased social vulnerabilities. Relying on the data gathered through 30 in-depth interviews with transnational solidarity organisations’ representatives, this chapter analyses solidarity practices in three fields of activity: disability, unemployment and migration. Results show that solidarity attitudes, practices and discourses are strongly influenced by the policy domain in which the organisations are active. Furthermore, the crisis led organisations to search for new strategies and approaches, even though it has been an ineffective vector of transnationalisation due to lack of resources, and the necessity to cope with pressing needs at national and local level/s.
The Danish Welfare State and Transnational Solidarity in Times of Crisis
Authors: Duru Deniz N. , Trenz Hans-Jörg , Sejersen Thomas Spejlborg 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates transnational solidarity action across the fields of unemployment, disability and immigration in Denmark. It discusses how solidarity is manifested and organised by civil society, focusing on 30 qualitative interviews conducted with the so-called transnational solidarity organisations (TSOs). The chapter explores solidarity challenges that Danish TSOs were facing in the context of the welfare retrenchment and the structural reform in 2007, as well as the 2008 financial crisis and the migration crisis of 2015. Our interviews confirm that the effects of the financial crisis, austerity measures and the migration crisis were not easy to separate from the welfare retrenchment in the Danish system. These recent changes to the welfare state have been experienced as dramatic as they have loosened the traditionally close ties between the Danish civil society and municipalities in providing welfare services. The voluntary sector has, in response, become more political, not only providing services to affected groups but also increasingly seeking to defend their social rights, as well as entering into conflict with the government.
Modular invariance in superstring theory from $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super-Yang-Mills
Authors: Chester Shai M. , Green Michael B. , Pufu Silviu S. , Wang Yifan , Wen Congkao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We study the four-point function of the lowest-lying half-BPS operators in the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SU(N) super-Yang-Mills theory and its relation to the flat-space four-graviton amplitude in type IIB superstring theory. We work in a large-N expansion in which the complexified Yang-Mills coupling τ is fixed. In this expansion, non-perturbative instanton contributions are present, and the SL(2, ℤ) duality invariance of correlation functions is manifest. Our results are based on a detailed analysis of the sphere partition function of the mass-deformed SYM theory, which was previously computed using supersymmetric localization. This partition function determines a certain integrated correlator in the undeformed $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM theory, which in turn constrains the four-point correlator at separated points. In a normalization where the two-point functions are proportional to N2− 1 and are independent of τ and $$ \overline{\tau} $$

τ
¯

, we find that the terms of order $$ \sqrt{N} $$

N

and $$ 1/\sqrt{N} $$
1
/

N

in the large N expansion of the four-point correlator are proportional to the non-holomorphic Eisenstein series $$ E\left(\frac{3}{2},\tau, \overline{\tau}\right) $$
E

3
2

τ

τ
¯

and $$ E\left(\frac{5}{2},\tau, \overline{\tau}\right) $$
E

5
2

τ

τ
¯

, respectively. In the flat space limit, these terms match the corresponding terms in the type IIB S-matrix arising from R4 and D4R4 contact inter-actions, which, for the R4 case, represents a check of AdS/CFT at finite string coupling. Furthermore, we present striking evidence that these results generalize so that, at order $$ {N}^{\frac{1}{2}-m} $$

N

1
2

−
m

with integer m ≥ 0, the expansion of the integrated correlator we study is a linear sum of non-holomorphic Eisenstein series with half-integer index, which are manifestly SL(2, ℤ) invariant.
Solidity without inhomogeneity: perfectly homogeneous, weakly coupled, UV-complete solids
Authors: Esposito Angelo , Krichevsky Rafael , Nicolis Alberto 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Solid-like behavior at low energies and long distances is usually associated with the spontaneous breaking of spatial translations at microscopic scales, as in the case of a lattice of atoms. We exhibit three quantum field theories that are renormalizable, Poincaré invariant, and weakly coupled, and that admit states that on the one hand are perfectly homogeneous down to arbitrarily short scales, and on the other hand have the same infrared dynamics as isotropic solids. All three examples presented here lead to the same peculiar solid at low energies, featuring very constrained interactions and transverse phonons that always propagate at the speed of light. In particular, they violate the well known $$ {c}_L^2>\frac{4}{3}{c}_T^2 $$

c
L
2

>

4
3

c
T
2

bound, thus showing that it is possible to have a healthy renormalizable theory that at low energies exhibits a negative bulk modulus (we discuss how the associated instabilities are absent in the presence of suitable boundary conditions). We do not know whether such peculiarities are unavoidable features of large scale solid-like behavior in the absence of short scale inhomogeneities, or whether they simply reflect the limits of our imagination.