bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lakes in the era of global change: moving beyond single‐lake thinking in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services
Authors: Heino Jani , Alahuhta Janne , Bini Luis Mauricio , Cai Yongjiu , Heiskanen Anna‐Stiina , Hellsten Seppo , Kortelainen Pirkko , Kotamäki Niina , Tolonen Kimmo T. , Vihervaara Petteri , Vilmi Annika , Angeler David G. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe Anthropocene presents formidable threats to freshwater ecosystems. Lakes are especially vulnerable and important at the same time. They cover only a small area worldwide but harbour high levels of biodiversity and contribute disproportionately to ecosystem services. Lakes differ with respect to their general type (e.g. land‐locked, drainage, floodplain and large lakes) and position in the landscape (e.g. highland versus lowland lakes), which contribute to the dynamics of these systems. Lakes should be generally viewed as ‘meta‐systems’, whereby biodiversity is strongly affected by species dispersal, and ecosystem dynamics are contributed by the flow of matter and substances among locations in a broader waterscape context. Lake connectivity in the waterscape and position in the landscape determine the degree to which a lake is prone to invasion by non‐native species and accumulation of harmful substances. Highly connected lakes low in the landscape accumulate nutrients and pollutants originating from ecosystems higher in the landscape. The monitoring and restoration of lake biodiversity and ecosystem services should consider the fact that a high degree of dynamism is present at local, regional and global scales. However, local and regional monitoring may be plagued by the unpredictability of ecological phenomena, hindering adaptive management of lakes. Although monitoring data are increasingly becoming available to study responses of lakes to global change, we still lack suitable integration of models for entire waterscapes. Research across disciplinary boundaries is needed to address the challenges that lakes face in the Anthropocene because they may play an increasingly important role in harbouring unique aquatic biota as well as providing ecosystem goods and services in the future.
Analysis of reflux as the aetiology of laryngeal dysplasia progression through a matched case‐control study
Authors: Gu Wei , Niu Yan‐Yan , Wang Wen‐Ze , Liang Zhi‐Yong , Jin Xiao‐Feng , Huo Hong , Wang Jian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesLaryngeal dysplasia (LD) is a precancerous lesion of the larynx. In this study, the laryngeal tissue of patients with laryngeal dysplasia was taken as the research object, and the aetiology of reflux was analysed.MethodPatients with laryngeal dysplasia after surgery were selected as our subjects. The levels of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin in laryngeal tissue samples of the two groups were detected by immunohistochemical method.ResultsThe OR values (95% CI) of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin were 0.67 (0.19‐2.36), 0.80 (0.22‐2.98) and 1.33 (0.30‐5.96), respectively, in the univariate analysis. Besides, in the multivariate analysis, the OR values (95% CI) of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin were 0.57 (0.14‐2.30), 0.73 (0.18‐2.92) and 1.40 (0.30‐6.53), respectively.ConclusionLarger sample size should be applied to prospective studies on whether reflux is a risk factor for laryngeal cancer.
Preoperative intravenous iron therapy and survival after colorectal cancer surgery: long‐term results from the IVICA randomised controlled trial
Authors: Dickson E. A. , Keeler B. D. , Ng O. , Kumar A. , Brookes M. J. , Acheson A. G. ,   the IVICA trial group
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimPreoperative iron is frequently used for the correction of anaemia in colorectal cancer surgery. However, enteral iron intake may promote tumour growth and progression which could influence cancer recurrence and patient survival. We explore the long‐term outcomes of patients receiving either oral or intravenous iron replacement therapy as part of a previous randomized controlled trial.MethodsThe IVICA trial randomized anaemic colorectal cancer patients to receive either oral (OI, control) or intravenous (IVI, treatment) iron prior to their elective operation. Follow‐up analysis of all patients recruited to this multicentre trial who underwent surgical resection with curative intent was performed. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare groups. A pooled group multivariable analysis comparing patients who achieved resolution of anaemia preoperatively to those who did not was also undertaken.ResultsIn all, 110 of the 116 patients previously enrolled were eligible for analysis (OI n = 56, IVI n = 54). Median overall follow‐up duration was 61 months (interquartile range 46–67). No significant difference in 5‐year overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) 1.22, 95% CI 0.65–2.28, P = 0.522) or disease‐free survival (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.61–1.92, P = 0.79) was observed between OI and IVI. A pooled analysis of treatment groups found that preoperative resolution of anaemia led to improved 5‐year overall survival on multivariable analysis (HR 3.38, 95% CI 1.07–11.56, P = 0.044).ConclusionWe recommend IVI for the preoperative correction of anaemia. Route of iron therapy did not significantly influence survival. Preoperative anaemia correction may lead to an overall survival advantage following elective colorectal cancer surgery.
Ethical medical repatriation of guest workers: Criteria and challenges
Authors: Voo Teck‐Chuan , Kaur Sharon , Rajaraman Natarajan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHealthcare facilities in receiving countries regularly encounter guest workers whose need for acute or subacute care triggers the prospect of termination of employment and repatriation. In these scenarios, country‐specific migration and employment policies and norms of medical professionalism and ethics offer some guidance, but also create tensions. It is not clear under what conditions such medical repatriation is ethically permissible.This paper analyses the application of a previously articulated criteria for the ethical medical repatriation of undocumented immigrants, to the situation of documented guest workers, with focus on the context of Singapore. We examine how these standards could be adapted and applied to the provision of care for guest workers, and argue that healthcare institutions and medical professionals have a duty to intervene in employers’ decisions to repatriate guest workers for medico‐economic reasons when repatriation essentially amounts to ‘patient dumping’. Barriers and challenges in implementing the criteria, and their possible solutions will be discussed.
Functioning, participation, and quality of life in children with intellectual disability: an observational study
Authors: Williams Katrina , Jacoby Peter , Whitehouse Andrew , Kim Rachel , Epstein Amy , Murphy Nada , Reid Sue , Leonard Helen , Reddihough Dinah , Downs Jenny 
Published: August 2020

AimsTo investigate associations between functioning, community participation, and quality of life (QoL) and identify whether participation mediates the effects of functioning on QoL.MethodThe caregivers of 435 children (211 females, 224 males; mean age 12y; SD 3y 11mo; age range 5–18y) with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, or Rett syndrome reported on their child’s functioning (dependence for managing personal needs, mobility, communication, eye contact when speaking), frequency of participation, and QoL. Linear regression and mediation analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between child functioning, participation, and QoL.ResultsChildren with greater dependency for managing personal needs and limited eye contact when speaking experienced poorer QoL. Less impaired functioning was associated with more frequent participation, which, in turn, was associated with a 3‐point gain in QoL for each additional point in frequency of participation (coefficient=2.67, 95% confidence interval 1.56–3.78). The effect of impaired functioning on QoL was partially mediated by participation in children with greater dependency in managing personal needs and those with mildly impaired communication.InterpretationGreater levels of impairments with poorer functioning, notably a high level of dependence, were associated with poorer QoL. Poorer QoL can be partly explained by less frequent community participation.
Management of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension During Pregnancy: A Case Series
Authors: Ferrante Enrico , Trimboli Michele , Petrecca Giuseppe , Allegrini Francesco , Ferrante Mirko Maria , Rubino Fabio 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundSpontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare condition resulting from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume depletion, nearly always from spontaneous CSF leaks. CSF pressure in SIH is usually normal; low CSF pressure is found in a substantial minority of patients. SIH is uncommonly described in pregnancy.Case SeriesFive women with SIH during pregnancy have been conservatively treated adopting bed rest and overhydration. After prolonged conservative treatment, only 1 patient showed complete symptoms resolution. A rare SIH complication as cerebral venous thrombosis has been reported in 1 case. All 4 remaining patients had lumbar epidural blood patch (EBP) with symptoms disappearance.ConclusionsEBP might be proposed to SIH patients also during pregnancy and after a brief period (~10 days) of ineffective conservative treatment, because it could allow faster symptoms improvement and complete recovery. Furthermore, EBP would avoid prolonged bed rest with the risk of SIH severe complications.
Identification of core/shell structure in Cd‐Zn‐Se QDs inside silicate glasses using 3D elemental distribution analysis
Authors: Lee Hojeong , Park Won Ji , Han Jong Chan , Park Chan‐Gyeong , Heo Jong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCore‐shell structure in Cd‐Zn‐Se quantum dots (QDs) precipitated in the silicate glass matrix by continuous wave laser (λ = 532 nm) were demonstrated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and local electrode atom probe (LEAP) tomography. TEM images of the QDs in glasses after 60 min of irradiation at 9 W/cm2 show two portions with different contrasts, and diameters of 5.97 and 22.49 nm, respectively; 3D elemental distribution in these glasses from LEAP tomography shows areas of high Zn concentration near the CdSe QDs. Iso‐concentration images obtained using visualization software show that Cd‐rich clusters were not completely covered by the Zn‐rich shells in the glass after 15 min irradiation that resulted emission due to the surface defects of CdSe QDs. As the irradiation time increased to 60 min, the Zn‐rich cluster gradually surrounded the Cd‐rich core to form shells that eliminated the surface defects. During laser irradiation, CdSe QDs precipitated first due to the high degree of supersaturation of Cd and Se followed by the sequential incorporation of Zn on the Cd‐rich QDs forming shells.
Sand corrosion, thermal expansion, and ablation of medium‐ and high‐entropy compositionally complex fluorite oxides
Authors: Wright Andrew J. , Huang Chuying , Walock Michael J. , Ghoshal Anindya , Murugan Muthuvel , Luo Jian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSand corrosion, thermal expansion, and ablation properties of a new class of medium‐ and high‐entropy compositionally complex fluorite oxides (CCFOs) are examined as potential protective coating materials. Five binary oxides were mixed and sintered into dense, single‐phase CCFOs of the general formula: [Hf(1‐2x)/3Zr(1‐2x)/3Ce(1‐2x)/3YxYbx]O2‐δ (x = 0.2, 0.074, and 0.029). These CCFOs exhibit decreased molten sand infiltration and interaction at intermediate temperatures (1200‐1300°C) in comparison with a cubic yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) reference; however, at higher temperatures, the trend is reversed due to the increased chemical reactivity. The equimolar high‐entropy (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ce0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)O2‐δ exhibits no grain boundary penetration by molten sand at all examined temperatures (1200°C‐1500°C), although reaction and precipitation are significant. Moreover, these CCFOs exhibit higher intrinsic thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) than the YSZ reference, thereby being more compatible with Ni‐based superalloys. The 8YSZ‐like (Hf0.284Zr0.284Ce0.284Y0.074Yb0.074)O2‐δ exhibits the highest CTE in this series of CCFOs due to oxygen clustering effects. Finally, these CCFOs also exhibit lower emissivities and form unique faceted microstructures in ablative environments.
Optimization of the surveillance strategy in patients with colorectal adenomas: A combination of clinical parameters and index colonoscopy findings
Authors: Park Chan Hyuk , Jung Yoon Suk , Kim Nam Hee , Park Jung Ho , Park Dong Il , Sohn Chong Il 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and AimIn addition to index colonoscopy findings, demographic parameters including age are associated with the risk of metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasia. Here, we aimed to develop a risk scoring model for predicting advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACRN) during surveillance using a combination of clinical factors and index colonoscopy findings.MethodsPatients who underwent the removal of one or more adenomas and surveillance colonoscopy were included. A risk scoring model for ACRN was developed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Surveillance interval was determined as a time point exceeding 4% of the cumulative ACRN incidence in each risk group.ResultsOf 9591 participants, 4725 and 4866 were randomly allocated to the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Age, abdominal obesity, advanced adenoma, and ≥ 3 adenomas at index colonoscopy were identified as risk factors for metachronous ACRN. Based on the regression coefficients, point scores were assigned as follows: age, 1 point (per 1 year); abdominal obesity, 10 points; advanced adenoma, 10 points; and ≥ 3 adenomas, 15 points. Patients were classified into high‐risk (≥ 80 points), moderate‐risk (50–79 points), and low‐risk (30–49 points) groups. In the validation cohort, the high‐risk and moderate‐risk groups showed a higher risk of ACRN than the low‐risk group (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 7.11 [4.10–12.32] and 1.58 [1.09–2.30], respectively). Two‐, 4‐, and 5‐year surveillance intervals were recommended for the high‐risk, moderate‐risk, and low‐risk groups, respectively.ConclusionsOur proposed model may facilitate effective risk stratification of ACRN during surveillance and the determination of appropriate surveillance intervals.
The Brighton Collaboration case definition: Comparison in a retrospective and prospective cohort of children with Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Korinthenberg Rudolf , Sejvar James J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGuillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune‐mediated polyradiculoneuropathy frequently preceded by an infection with Campylobacter jejuni or nonspecific infections, and rarely by a vaccination. Due to a lack of a pathognomonic finding or biomarker, its diagnosis is based on a typical constellation of clinical and paraclinical symptoms and findings. The Brighton Collaboration GBS Working Group published in 2011 GBS case definitions and guidelines for diagnosis to improve the registration of GBS cases occurring in conjunction with vaccination programs worldwide. We applied these criteria to two historical studies on GBS in children and adolescents performed retrospectively from 1989 to 1994 and prospectively from 1998 to 2002. The clinical criteria were met in 91% of the retrospective and all of the prospective cases. CSF investigations were conducted in all patients and revealed cytoalbuminologic dissociation in 80% of the retrospective and 75% of the prospective cohort. Nerve conduction studies were performed in 61% and 69% of the cohorts, respectively, and were pathological in 92% each. The Brighton criteria are well suited to capture GBS in retro‐ and prospective studies. However, because they are designed to diagnose classical symmetric and ascending GBS and Fisher syndrome, very rare topographical variants of GBS such as the pharyngo‐cervico‐brachial variant and others could be missed.
The Effect of Extracranial‐to‐Intracranial Bypass on Cerebral Vasoreactivity: A 4D Flow MRI Pilot Study
Authors: Callen Andrew L. , Caton Michael T. , Rutledge Caleb , Raper Daniel , Narvid Jared , Villanueva‐Meyer Javier E. , Abla Adib 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEExtracranial‐to‐intracranial (EC‐IC) surgical bypass improves cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular vasoreactivity (CVR) for patients with carotid occlusion. Bypass graft patency and contribution of the graft to the postoperative increase in CVR are challenging to assess.To assess the effectiveness of 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate bypass graft patency and flow augmentation through the superficial temporal artery (STA) before and after EC‐IC bypass.METHODSThree consecutive patients undergoing EC‐IC bypass for carotid occlusion were evaluated pre‐ and postoperatively using CVR testing with pre‐ and poststimulus 4D flow‐MRI for assessment of the bypass graft and intracranial vasculature.RESULTSPreoperatively, 2 patients (patients 1 and 3) did not augment flow through either native STA. The third, who had evidence of extensive native EC‐IC collateralization on digital subtraction angiography (DSA), did augment flow through the STA preoperatively (CVR = 1). Postoperatively, all patients demonstrated CVR > 1 on the side of bypass. The patient who had CVR > 1 preoperatively demonstrated the greatest increase in resting postoperative graft flow (from 40 to 130 mL/minute), but the smallest CVR, with a poststimulus graft flow of 160 mL/minute (CVR = 1.2). The 2 patients who did not demonstrate augmentation of graft flow preoperatively augmented postoperatively from 10 to 20 mL/minute (CVR = 2.0) and 10‐80 mL/minute (CVR = 8.0), respectively. Intracranial flow was simultaneously interrogated. Two patients demonstrated mild reductions in resting flow velocities in all interrogated vessels immediately following bypass. The patient who underwent CVR testing on postoperative day 48 demonstrated a stable or increased flow rate in most intracranial vessels.CONCLUSIONFour‐dimensional flow MRI allows for noninvasive, simultaneous interrogation of the intra‐ and extracranial arterial vasculature during CVR testing, and reveals unique paradigms in cerebrovascular physiology. Observing these flow patterns may aid in improved patient selection and more detailed postoperative evaluation for patients undergoing EC‐IC bypass.
Insights from birthing experiences of fistula survivors in North‐central Nigeria: Interplay of structural violence
Authors: Degge Hannah M. , Laurenson Mary. , Dumbili Emeka W. , Hayter Mark 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObstetric Fistula is an abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum resulting from prolonged and obstructed labour. Studies indicate that delays in accessing maternal care and home birth contribute to the development of fistula. Survivors are usually women of low socioeconomic status residing in rural locations. This study explores the birthing experiences of 15 fistula survivors through a narrative inquiry approach at a repair centre in North‐central Nigeria. Using structural violence as a lens, it describes the role of social, political and health systems in the inequitable access to care for women. For women opting for home births, preference for home delivery was mainly due to lack of finances, poor health systems and cultural practices. Rural location inhibited access as women seeking facility delivery faced transfer delays to referral centres when complications developed. Inequitable maternal health services in rural locations in Nigeria are inherently linked to access to health care, and these contribute to the increased incidence of fistulae. Structural intervention is a health policy priority to address poor health systems and achieve universal health coverage to address maternal health issues in Nigeria.
Champions of winter survival: cold acclimation and molecular regulation of cold hardiness in evergreen conifers
Authors: Chang Christine Yao‐Yun , Bräutigam Katharina , Hüner Norman P. A. , Ensminger Ingo 
Published: September 2020

SummaryEvergreen conifers are champions of winter survival, based on their remarkable ability to acclimate to cold and develop cold hardiness. Counterintuitively, autumn cold acclimation is triggered not only by exposure to low temperature, but also by a combination of decreasing temperature, decreasing photoperiod and changes in light quality. These environmental cues control a network of signaling pathways that coordinate cold acclimation and cold hardiness in overwintering conifers, leading to cessation of growth, bud dormancy, freezing tolerance and changes in energy metabolism. Advances in genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic tools for conifers have improved our understanding of how trees sense and respond to changes in temperature and light during cold acclimation and the development of cold hardiness, but there remain considerable gaps deserving further research in conifers. In the first section of this review, we focus on the physiological mechanisms used by evergreen conifers to adjust metabolism seasonally and to protect overwintering tissues against winter stresses. In the second section, we review how perception of low temperature and photoperiod regulate the induction of cold acclimation. Finally, we explore the evolutionary context of cold acclimation in conifers and evaluate challenges imposed on them by changing climate and discuss emerging areas of research in the field.
Nine years of online mentoring for secondary school girls in STEM: an empirical comparison of three mentoring formats
Authors: Stoeger Heidrun , Heilemann Michael , Debatin Tobias , Hopp Manuel D. S. , Schirner Sigrun , Ziegler Albert 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOnline mentoring can be useful for supporting girls in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Yet, little is known about the differential effects of various online mentoring formats. We examine the general and relative effectiveness of three online mentoring formats, one‐on‐one mentoring, many‐to‐many group mentoring, and a hybrid form of the two. All three formats were implemented in different years in the Germany‐wide online‐only mentoring program, CyberMentor, whose platform enables communication and networking between up to 800 girls (in grades 5–13) and 800 women (STEM professionals) each year. We combined longitudinal mentee data for all first‐year participants (N = 4017 girls, Mage = 14.15 years) from 9 consecutive mentoring years to evaluate and compare the three mentoring formats. Overall, all formats effected comparable increases in mentees’ STEM activities and certainty about career plans. However, mentees’ communication behavior and networking behavior on the mentoring platform differed between the three formats. Mentees in the hybrid mentoring format showed the most extensive STEM‐related communication and networking on the platform. We also analyzed the explanatory contributions of STEM‐related communication and networking on interindividual differences in the developmental trajectories of mentees’ STEM activities, elective intentions in STEM, and certainty about career plans, for each format separately.