bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Prevalence of Exercise-induced Laryngeal Obstruction in a Cohort of Elite Cross-country Skiers
Authors: IREWALL TOMMIE , BÄCKLUND CATHARINA , NORDANG LEIF , RYDING MARIE , STENFORS NIKOLAI 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is a differential diagnosis for asthma and prevalent in athletes referred for exercise-induced dyspnea. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of EILO in elite cross-country skiers, known for a high prevalence of asthma.

Method
Elite cross-country skiers were invited for screening of EILO. Screening consisted of clinical assessment, questionnaires, skin prick test, spirometry, eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test, and continuous laryngoscopy during exercise test. Current asthma was defined as physician-diagnosed asthma and use of asthma medication during the last 12 months. EILO was defined as ≥2 points at the supraglottic or glottic level during exercise at maximal effort, using a visual grade score system.

Result
A total of 89 (51% female) cross-country skiers completed the study. EILO was identified in 27% of the skiers, 83% of whom were female. All skiers with EILO had supraglottic EILO, and there was no glottic EILO. Current asthma was present in 34 (38%) of the skiers, 10 (29%) of whom had concomitant EILO. In the skiers with EILO, a higher proportion reported wheeze or shortness of breath after exercise, compared with skiers without EILO. In skiers with EILO and current asthma, compared with skiers with asthma only, a higher proportion reported wheeze or shortness of breath after exercise. Asthma medication usage did not differ between these groups.

Conclusion
EILO is common in elite cross-country skiers, especially females. Asthma and EILO may coexist, and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms is higher in skiers with both. Testing for EILO should be considered in cross-country skiers with respiratory symptoms.
Road traffic injuries in Nepal during COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Sedain Bhagabati , Pant Puspa Raj 
Published: December 2020

Background: As the world is busy addressing COVID-19, road traffic injuries, another major cause of deaths is continuously killing people on the roads. In Nepal, there were frequent media reports of occurrences of road crashes, injuries, and deaths despite nationwide lockdown. This paper aims to describe the situation of road traffic crashes and casualties during the period of complete lockdown. Methods: This study used secondary data from two sources: Nepal Police and media reports between 24 March and 14 June 2020 (because the government lifted the nationwide lockdown from 15 June 2020). Available details of crashes, deaths, and injuries for this period were extracted from media reports and the summary data that was obtained from the Police. We have included data from both sources in the results. Results: Nepal Police recorded 1,801 incidents of road crashes during the 82 days of the COVID-19 lockdown with 256 deaths (on average 3.1 deaths daily) and 1,824 injuries (on average 22.2 injuries daily). Motorcycles comprised over 21% of all vehicles involved in crashes. Ambulances and other vehicles for essential services were also found to be involved in crashes. Speeding itself was the cause for almost a quarter of the incidents during the lockdown. Conclusions: Even when the movement restrictions were imposed in Nepal, the number of road crashes was not substantially reduced. Media reports were mainly found to be reporting the crashes where deaths occurred, but police records also included nonfatal injuries. The incidence of crashes in this period shows that it is important to work for road safety to save lives from road traffic crashes in Nepal.
Resource allocation decision-making in dementia care with and without budget constraints: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Keogh Fiona , Pierse Tom , O'Shea Eamon , Fitzgerald Christine , Challis David 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Health systems in many different countries have increasingly been reorienting the delivery of dementia care to home and community care settings. This paper provides information on how health and social care professionals (HSCPs) in Ireland make decisions on resource allocation for people with dementia living at home and how resource constraints affect their decisions and choices.Methods:A balance of care approach was used to assess resource allocation across six dementia case types, from low to high needs. Workshops were held with 24 HSCPs from multiple disciplines. Participants allocated services in two scenarios: allocation with and without a budget constraint. Nominal group technique was used to structure discussions around resource allocation in both scenarios. Thematic analysis was applied to analyse the qualitative data using a general inductive approach.Results:The following themes influenced allocative deliberations: whose needs are being met; what needs are identified; decision making context; decision making process; and allocation outcomes. Participants were proficient in making decisions, using ‘decision rules’ or heuristics to help them make decisions under fixed budget rules and sticking to conventional provision when constraints were in place.Conclusions: Freedom from a budget constraint allowed HSCPs to consider a broader range of services and to take a more expansive view on what needs should be considered, with a particular emphasis on adopting a proactive, preventative approach to the allocation of resources. The effect of the budget constraint overall was to narrow all considerations, using heuristics to limit the type of needs addressed and the range of services and supports provided. The consequences were a largely reactive, less personalised system of care. The findings emphasise the need for an integrated and comprehensive assessment process that is more concerned with individualised responses rather than relying on existing models of care alone.
Kwestia migracji w kampanii referendalnej dotyczącej brytyjskiego członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Kułakowska Małgorzata 
Published: December 2020

The issue of migration in the EU referendum campaign in the United Kingdom
The aim of the paper is to analyse the significance of the issue of migration in the context of the Brexit referendum campaign. The analysis would focus on government documents and political parties’ campaign materials, referring also to the public debate. The statistical data concerning migration and its perception in the British society would also be presented. The article covers the institutional context of the decision to hold the referendum, the referendum campaign including the government documents and the campaign materials presented by the Vote Leave, and the data on social trends and public opinion polls referring to migration and the referendum.
Optical anisotropy of self-organized gold quasi-blazed nanostructures based on a broad ion beam
Authors: Chen Yuheng , Cai Maoqi , Zang Haofeng , Chen Huoyao , Kroker Stefanie , Lu Yonghua , Liu Ying , Frost Frank , Hong Yilin 
Published: December 2020

To circumvent elaborate conventional lithographic methods for realizing metallic nanostructures, it is necessary to develop self-organized nanofabrication methods for suitable template structures and their optical characterization. We demonstrate the potential of ion bombardment with impurity co-deposition to fabricate terraced or quasi-blazed nanostructure templates. Self-organized terraced nanostructures on fused silica were fabricated using

A
r

+

ion bombardment with iron impurity co-deposition and subsequent Au shadow deposition. The aspect ratios are enhanced threefold, and the range of nanostructure period variation is significantly increased with respect to that of conventional nanostructures realized by pure ion bombardment. We reveal the key features of the method via atomic force microscopy and optical characterization. Variable-profile quasiperiodic nanostructures with periods of 100–450 nm, heights of 25–180 nm, and blaze angles of 10°–25° were fabricated over an area of

20

×

40

m
m

2

, and these exhibited tunable and broadening optical anisotropy across the nanostructured area. Thus, the proposed method is a viable technique for rapid, cost-effective, and deterministic fabrication of variable nanostructure templates for potential optical applications.
On-chip tunable microdisk laser fabricated on Er3+-doped lithium niobate on insulator
Authors: Wang Zhe , Fang Zhiwei , Liu Zhaoxiang , Chu Wei , Zhou Yuan , Zhang Jianhao , Wu Rongbo , Wang Min , Lu Tao , Cheng Ya 
Published: December 2020

We demonstrate a C-band wavelength-tunable microlaser with an

E
r

3
+

-doped high quality (

∼

1.8

×

10

6

) lithium niobate microdisk
resonator. With a 976 nm continuous-wave pump laser, lasing action can
be observed at a pump power threshold lower than 400 µW at room
temperature. Furthermore, the microdisk laser wavelength can be tuned
by varying the pump laser power, showing a tuning efficiency of

∼

−

17.03

p
m

/

m
W

at low pump power below 13 mW, and
10.58 pm/mW at high pump power above 13 mW.
3D high precision laser printing of a flat nanofocalizer for subwavelength light spot array
Authors: Jiang Meiling , Song Shichao , Li Yijie , Zeng Xianzhi , Zhu Linwei , Zhang Mingsi , Wang Shuai , Li Xiangping , Cao Yaoyu 
Published: December 2020

Here, we demonstrate a flat nanofocalizer for converging light field into a uniform subwavelength light spot array based on the fractional Talbot effect by developing a direct laser writing technique with 3D fabrication precision. The fractional Talbot effect endows the device with the merits of high compression ratio and modular design capability for transforming a plane wave into arrayed light focal spots. By combining a synergistic laser printing technique, we introduce a buffer layer for improving the fabrication precision of structural height in favor of accurately manipulating the phase delay. For a given light wavelength at 750 nm, by precisely producing a nanofocalizer consisting of periodic unit elements with the dimensions of

300

(

w
i
d
t
h

)
×

600

(

l
e
n
g
t
h

)
×

585

(

h
e
i
g
h
t

)

n
m

, we have achieved

5

×

6

light spot array with modular design, while the full width at half-maximum of a single focused light spot can be reduced to

∼
0.82
λ

. Our research may pave the way for realizing subwavelength optical devices capable of being readily integrated to existing optical systems.
Impact of scaling up dolutegravir on antiretroviral resistance in South Africa: A modeling study
Authors: Hauser Anthony , Kusejko Katharina , Johnson Leigh F. , Günthard Huldrych F. , Riou Julien , Wandeler Gilles , Egger Matthias , Kouyos Roger D. 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundRising resistance of HIV-1 to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) threatens the success of the global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The switch to WHO-recommended dolutegravir (DTG)-based regimens could reduce this threat due to DTG’s high genetic barrier to resistance. We used mathematical modeling to predict the impact of the scale-up of DTG-based ART on NNRTI pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) in South Africa, 2020 to 2040.Methods and findingsWe adapted the Modeling Antiretroviral drug Resistance In South Africa (MARISA) model, an epidemiological model of the transmission of NNRTI resistance in South Africa. We modeled the introduction of DTG in 2020 under 2 scenarios: DTG as first-line regimen for ART initiators, or DTG for all patients, including patients on suppressive NNRTI-based ART. Given the safety concerns related to DTG during pregnancy, we assessed the impact of prescribing DTG to all men and in addition to (1) women beyond reproductive age; (2) women beyond reproductive age or using contraception; and (3) all women. The model projections show that, compared to the continuation of NNRTI-based ART, introducing DTG would lead to a reduction in NNRTI PDR in all scenarios if ART initiators are started on a DTG-based regimen, and those on NNRTI-based regimens are rapidly switched to DTG. NNRTI PDR would continue to increase if DTG-based ART was restricted to men. When given to all men and women, DTG-based ART could reduce the level of NNRTI PDR from 52.4% (without DTG) to 10.4% (with universal DTG) in 2040. If only men and women beyond reproductive age or on contraception are started on or switched to DTG-based ART, NNRTI PDR would reach 25.9% in 2040. Limitations include substantial uncertainty due to the long-term predictions and the current scarcity of knowledge about DTG efficacy in South Africa.ConclusionsOur model shows the potential benefit of scaling up DTG-based regimens for halting the rise of NNRTI resistance. Starting or switching all men and women to DTG would lead to a sustained decline in resistance levels, whereas using DTG-based ART in all men, or in men and women beyond childbearing age, would only slow down the increase in levels of NNRTI PDR.
Effect of repeated epilation for minor trachomatous trichiasis on lash burden, phenotype and surgical management willingness: A cohort study
Authors: Habtamu Esmael , Wondie Tariku , Gobezie Wubshet , Tadesse Zerihun , Gashaw Bizuayehu , Gebeyehu Abebaw , Roberts Chrissy h. , Callahan E. Kelly , Macleod David , Burton Matthew J. 
Published: December 2020

Background
WHO endorsed the use of epilation as an alternative treatment to surgery for the management of both minor unoperated TT (UTT) and postoperative TT (PTT). However, some trachoma control programmes hesitated to implement epilation citing concerns that it would hamper TT surgical acceptance and result in larger numbers of and stiffer trichiatic eyelashes than the original TT lashes. We investigated the burden and phenotypes of post-epilation trichiatic eyelashes, and willingness to accept surgical management separately in unoperated and postoperative TT cases.

Methodology/Principal findings
We recruited cases with minor (≤5 eyelashes from the upper eyelid touching the eye or evidence of epilation in <1/3rd of the upper eyelid) UTT (170) and PTT (169) from community-based screenings in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Participants eyes were examined and data on present and future willingness to accept surgical management collected at baseline and every month for 6-months. Eyelashes touching the eye were counted and their phenotypes documented. Participants were trained on how to epilate. Epilation was done by the participants at home and by the examiner during follow-ups when requested by the participant. Follow-up rates were ≥97%. There was evidence of a significant reduction in the burden of trichiatic eyelashes in unoperated (mean difference = -0.90 [-1.11– -0.69]; RR = 0.50 [95% CI, 0.40–0.62]; p<0.0001), and postoperative (mean difference = -1.16 [-1.36– -0.95]; RR = 0.38 [95% CI, 0.31–0.48]; p<0.0001) cases 6-month after frequent epilation. Post-epilation trichiatic eyelashes at 6-months had higher odds of being thin (40.2% vs 55.8%, OR = 1.88 [95% CI, 1.21–2.93]; p = 0.0048), weak (39.8% vs 70.8%, OR = 3.68 [95%CI,2.30–5.88]; p<0.0001), and half-length (30.9% vs 43.3%, OR = 1.71 [1.09–2.68]; p = 0.020) than the pre-epilation trichiatic eyelashes in unoperated cases. There was a significant increase in the proportion of weak trichiatic eyelashes (OR = 1.99 [95% CI, 1.03–3.83; p = 0.039) in postoperative cases. In all 6 follow-up time points, 120/164 (73.2%) of unoperated and 134/163 (82.2%) of postoperative cases indicated that they would accept surgery if their trichiasis progressed.

Conclusions/Significance
In this study setting, frequent epilation neither hampers surgical acceptance nor results in more damaging trichiatic eyelashes than the pre-epilation lashes; and can be used as an alternative to the programmatic management of minor unoperated and postoperative TT cases.
Lack of protective effect of chloroquine derivatives on COVID-19 disease in a Spanish sample of chronically treated patients
Authors: Laplana Marina , Yuguero Oriol , Fibla Joan 
Published: December 2020

Background
The search for a SARS-CoV-2 treatment has emerged as a worldwide priority. We evaluated the role of chloroquine and its derivatives in COVID-19 in Spanish individuals.

Methods
We performed a survey addressed to patients regularly taking chloroquine and its derivatives for the control of their autoimmune diseases. The survey was distributed with special attention to Spanish patient associations centred on autoimmune diseases and rheumatology and to the general population. A sample of untreated subjects was matched to the treated group according to sex, age range and incidence region. COVID-19 disease prevalence was compared between treated and untreated-matched control sample.

Results
A total of 319 surveys of patients regularly taking chloroquine and its derivatives were recovered for further analysis. The prevalence of declared COVID-19 status in the treated group was 5.3% and the mean prevalence among the untreated-matched groups was 3.4%. A community exposition to COVID-19 was associated with a greater prevalence of COVID-19 in both, treated (17.0% vs. 3.2%; p-value<0.001) and untreated groups (13.4% vs. 1.1%; p-value = 0.027).

Conclusion
We did not find differences of reported COVID-19 cases between treated and untreated groups, indicating a lack of protection by regular administration of chloroquine and its derivative drugs on COVID-19 infection. Of relevance, data indicates that patients that regularly take chloroquine derivatives are exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection and must take the same protection measures as the general population.
Genealogy and clinical course of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia caused by the ryanodine receptor type 2 P2328S mutation
Authors: Koponen Mikael , Marjamaa Annukka , Tuiskula Annukka M. , Viitasalo Matti , Nallinmaa-Luoto Terhi , Leinonen Jaakko T. , Widen Elisabeth , Toivonen Lauri , Kontula Kimmo , Swan Heikki 
Published: December 2020

Background
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a severe inherited arrhythmic disease associated with a risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death (SCD).

Aims
We aimed at identifying RYR2 P2328S founder mutation carriers and describing the clinical course associated with the mutation.

Methods
The study population was drawn from the Finnish Inherited Cardiac Disorder Research Registry, and from the present genealogical study. Kaplan-Meier graphs, log-rank test and Cox regression model were used to evaluate the clinical course.

Results
Genealogical study revealed a common ancestor couple living in the late 17th century. A total of 1837 living descendants were tested for RYR2 P2328S mutation unveiling 62 mutation carriers aged mean 39±23 years old. No arrhythmic deaths were documented among genotyped subjects, but 11 SCDs were detected in non-genotyped family members since 1970. Three genotyped patients (5%) suffered an aborted cardiac arrest (ACA), and 15 (25%) had a syncope triggered by exercise or stress. Rate of cardiac events was higher among patients who in exercise stress test showed a maximum rate of premature ventricular contractions >30/min (68% vs 17%, p<0.01; hazard ratio = 7.1, p = 0.02), in comparison to patients without the respective finding. A cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was implanted to 13 (22%) patients, with an appropriate ICD shock in four (31%) subjects. All ICD shocks, one ACA, and one syncope occurred during β-blocker medication.

Conclusions
Previously undiagnosed CPVT patients may be identified by well-conducted genealogical studies. The RYR2 P2328S mutation causes a potentially severe phenotype, but its expression is variable, thus calling for additional studies on modifying factors.
Anita Loos Rediscovered: Film Treatments and Fiction, Cari Beauchamp and Mary Anita Loos (eds) (2003)
Authors: Winkler Cierra 
Published: December 2020

Review of: Anita Loos Rediscovered: Film Treatments and Fiction, Cari Beauchamp and Mary Anita Loos (eds) (2003)
Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 322 pp.,
ISBN 978-05-20228-94-8, h/bk, $32.65
Modern Film Dramaturgy: An Introduction, Kristen Stutterheim (2019)
Authors: Wickwire Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Review of: Modern Film Dramaturgy: An Introduction, Kristen Stutterheim (2019)
Berlin: Peter Lang GmbH, 211 pp.,
ISBN 978-3-631-79650-4, p/bk, $50.95
E-ISBN 978-3-631-79874-4, E-PDF, $50.95
E-ISBN 978-3-631-79875-1, EPUB, $50.95
E-ISBN 978-3-631-79876-8, MOBI, $50.95
The Catastrophe to Come: Prefiguring Hurricane Katrina’s Public Memory through the Anxious Melancholic Rhetoric of “the Big One”
Authors: Grossman Jeremy R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe city of New Orleans has long narrated its own demise through reference to “the Big One,” a singular hurricane that would destroy the city for good. The “catastrophe to come” is a more or less permanent spectral presence for many of its residents, evidence of which can be traced as far back as the city’s founding in 1718. When it comes to memorialization of Katrina, the central question of this essay is: how does one analyze public memory of an event so thoroughly anticipated, indeed, whose historical anticipation is fundamental to the later memory of it? Rather than merely acting as the historical context within which public memory comes to be interpreted, this anticipation and the anxiety that marks its form figures directly into the reading of the later memory object itself. In this essay, I argue that the repeated narrativization of the Big One is an anxious rhetoric that prefigures post-Katrina memory objects through a process of melancholic rhetorical incorporation. I first engage the history of New Orleans and this anxiety, extrapolating my usage of anxiety and melancholy as rhetorical concepts along the way. Then, I tender a critical analysis that first reads two narratives of such destruction to describe memory’s prefiguration and then turns symmetrically to two post-Katrina memory objects to demonstrate the work of incorporation in the production of memory objects.
Reagan and Israel: Heroic Democracy in the Holy Land
Authors: Fowler Randall 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
While scholars have studied Ronald Reagan’s relationship with Israel from a diplomatic, strategic, or political lobbying perspective, few have examined this relationship rhetorically. I argue that despite Reagan’s private disagreements with Israel, his public rhetoric consistently depicted Israel within the mythic terms of the Cold War as a heroic democracy like the United States. Drawing on discourses of American exceptionalism, terrorism, and Holocaust remembrance, Reagan’s rhetoric constrained his diplomatic ability to deal with Israeli aggression and continues to shape American presidential discourse.