bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inorganic Electron Transport Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lin Liangyou , Jones Timothy W. , Yang Terry Chien‐Jen , Duffy Noel W. , Li Jinhua , Zhao Li , Chi Bo , Wang Xianbao , Wilson Gregory J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the past decade, the perovskite solar cell (PSC) has attracted tremendous attention thanks to the substantial efforts in improving the power conversion efficiency from 3.8% to 25.5% for single‐junction devices and even perovskite‐silicon tandems have reached 29.15%. This is a result of improvement in composition, solvent, interface, and dimensionality engineering. Furthermore, the long‐term stability of PSCs has also been significantly improved. Such rapid developments have made PSCs a competitive candidate for next‐generation photovoltaics. The electron transport layer (ETL) is one of the most important functional layers in PSCs, due to its crucial role in contributing to the overall performance of devices. This review provides an up‐to‐date summary of the developments in inorganic electron transport materials (ETMs) for PSCs. The three most prevalent inorganic ETMs (TiO2, SnO2, and ZnO) are examined with a focus on the effects of synthesis and preparation methods, as well as an introduction to their application in tandem devices. The emerging trends in inorganic ETMs used for PSC research are also reviewed. Finally, strategies to optimize the performance of ETL in PSCs, effects the ETL has on J–V hysteresis phenomenon and long‐term stability with an outlook on current challenges and further development are discussed.
Dynamic Oscillation via Negative Differential Resistance in Type III Junction Organic/Two‐Dimensional and Oxide/Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Diodes
Authors: Choi Wonjun , Hong Sungjae , Jeong Yeonsu , Cho Yongjae , Shin Hyung Gon , Park Ji Hoon , Yi Yeonjin , Im Seongil 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAmong many of 2D semiconductor‐based devices, type III PN junction diodes are given special attentions due to their unique function, negative differential resistance (NDR). However, it has been found uneasy to achieve well‐matched type III PN junctions from 2D–2D van der Waals heterojunctions. Here, the authors present other alternatives of type III heterojunctions, using 2D p‐MoTe2/organic n‐type dipyrazino[2,3‐f:2′,3′‐h]quinoxaline‐2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexacarbonitrile (HAT‐CN) and 2D p‐WSe2/n‐MoOx systems. Those junction diodes appear to well‐demonstrate static and dynamic NDR behavior via resonant tunneling and electron–hole recombination. Extended to an inverter circuit, p‐MoTe2/n‐HAT‐CN diode enables multilevel inverter characteristics as monolithically integrated with p‐MoTe2 channel field effect transistor. The same NDR diode shows dynamic LC oscillation behavior under a constant DC voltage, connected to an external inductor. From p‐WSe2/n‐MoOx oxide diode, similar NDR behavior to those of p‐MoTe2/n‐HAT‐CN is again observed along with LC oscillations. The authors attribute these visible oscillation results to high peak‐to‐valley current ratios of their organic or oxide/2D heterojunction diodes.
Reversible Crystal–Glass Transition in a Metal Halide Perovskite
Authors: Singh Akash , Jana Manoj K. , Mitzi David B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCrystalline metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have provided unprecedented advances in interdisciplinary fields of materials, electronics, and photonics. While crystallinity offers numerous advantages, the ability to access a glassy state with distinct properties provides unique opportunities to extend the associated structure–property relationship, as well as broaden the application space for MHPs. Amorphous analogs for MHPs have so far been restricted to high pressures, limiting detailed studies and applications. Here, a 2D MHP is structurally tailored using bulky chiral organic cations to exhibit an unusual confluence of exceptionally low melting temperature (175 °C) and inhibited crystallization. The chiral MHP can thus be melt‐quenched into a stable glassy state, otherwise inhibited in the analogous racemic MHP. Facile and reversible switching between glassy and crystalline states is demonstrated for the chiral MHP, each with distinct optoelectronic character, opening new opportunities for applications including, for example nonvolatile memory, optical communication, and neuromorphic computing.
Retracted: Nanozyme‐Initiated In Situ Cascade Reactions for Self‐Amplified Biocatalytic Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhao Yajie , Xiao Xiao , Zou Man , Ding Binbin , Xiao Hui , Wang Meifang , Jiang Fan , Cheng Ziyong , Ma Ping'an , Lin Jun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBiocatalytic nanomaterials have been verified to modulate the immunosuppressive state of an extensive range of solid tumors and directly induce antitumor immune response, which effectively combats the holdbacks in cancer immunotherapy. Herein, biomimetic cascade enzyme‐initiated toxic‐radical‐generating devices (GHZD NCs) are fabricated by enveloping glucose oxidase (GOx), artificial nanozyme hemin, and sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide derived dihydroartemisinin (DHA) into zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) for enhanced biocatalytic immunotherapy. The GHZD NCs exhibit amplified multienzyme‐mimic (glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase) cascade reactions in artificial nanoscale proximity. Concurrently, a glutathione (GSH)‐stimulated labile iron‐current amplifier boosts C‐centered free radicals, which endows the GHZD NCs with tumor‐specific and self‐circulating generation ability of vicious C‐centered free radicals. Irreversible free radicals (·C and ·OH) and sustainable H2O2 from sequential catalytic processes logically and selectively elevate the oxidative stress in the tumor, which further triggers an efficient immunogenic cell death (ICD) progress. In addition, the in situ nanozyme‐based immunotherapy employed for tumor suppression successfully elicits the long‐lasting immunological memory effect, which hinders the growth of distant tumors and lung metastasis.
Graphene K‐Tape Meshes for Densely Distributed Human Motion Monitoring
Authors: Lin Yun‐An , Zhao Yingjun , Wang Long , Park Yujin , Yeh Yi‐Jui , Chiang Wei‐Hung , Loh Kenneth J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWearable sensors that measure parameters associated with physical activity and bodily motions have been regarded as an indispensable tool for assessing personal wellness. Recent advances in nanocomposite strain sensors have been successfully used for monitoring skin strains and other strain‐derived physiological parameters. This study complements the existing body of work and presents a flexible, self‐adhering, fabric‐based wearable sensor for measuring skin strains and human motions. Graphene nanosheet thin films are directly spray‐coated onto kinesiology tape (K‐Tape) to obtain a self‐adhering strain sensor of high sensitivity and linearity. Their stable sensing performance and high repeatability are verified, while human subject tests confirm that they adequately capture muscle engagement during functional movements. In addition, densely distributed strain monitoring can be achieved using an electrical impedance tomography measurement approach and algorithm. Spatial strain sensing is successfully demonstrated using a single strip of piezoresistive K‐Tape, as well as when a K‐Tape network or mesh pattern is formed. The results show promise for using graphene K‐Tape meshes to measure how specific major muscle groups engage during different physical activities.
Reflective‐Emissive Representation by Combining Ru(II)‐Complex‐Based Electrochemiluminescence and Localized‐Surface‐Plasmon‐Resonance‐Based Electrochromism
Authors: Tsuneyasu Shota , Kawara Masashi , Enomoto Koshin , Nakamura Kazuki , Kobayashi Norihisa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper demonstrates a novel display device with four optical states: transparent, mirror, black coloration, and orange light emission. The device is constructed by sandwiching a gel electrolyte containing silver ions and a ruthenium (II) complex between a pair of indium tin oxide electrodes. The electrochemiluminescent orange emission from the ruthenium (II) complex is obtained by applying alternative current (AC) voltage. In contrast, the application of direct current (DC) voltage results in the mirror state due to silver electrodeposition. Moreover, the DC application of a higher voltage results in the device exhibiting the black state owing to the distribution of size and roughness of the silver nanoparticles (NPs) on the indium tin oxide electrode. Both the reflective states reverted to their initial transparent state, owing to the dissolution of silver deposits during the DC application of oxidative voltage of silver NPs.
4D Printing of Stretchable Supercapacitors via Hybrid Composite Materials
Authors: Zhou Yihao , Parker Charles B. , Joshi Pooran , Naskar Amit K. , Glass Jeffrey T. , Cao Changyong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStretchable supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted significant attention in developing power‐independent stretchable electronic systems due to their intrinsic energy storage function and unique mechanical properties. Most current SCs are generally limited by their low stretchability, complicated fabrication process, and insufficient performance and robustness. This study presents a facile method to fabricate arbitrary‐shaped stretchable electrodes via 4D printing of conductive composite from reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotube, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate. The electrode patterns of an arbitrary shape can be deposited onto prestretched substrates by aerosol‐jet printing, then self‐organized origami (ridge) patterns are generated after releasing the substrates from holding stretchers due to the mismatched strains. The stretchable electrodes demonstrate superior mechanical robustness and stretchability without sacrificing its outstanding electrochemical performance. The symmetric SC prototype possesses a gravimetric capacitance of ≈21.7 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and a capacitance retention of ≈85.8% from 0.5 to 5 A g−1. A SC array with arbitrary‐shaped electrodes is also fabricated and connected in series to power light‐emitting diode patterns for large‐scale applications. The proposed method paves avenues for scalable manufacturing of future energy‐storage devices with controlled extensibility and high electrochemical performance.
van der Waals Magnets: Material Family, Detection and Modulation of Magnetism, and Perspective in Spintronics
Authors: Yang Shengxue , Zhang Tianle , Jiang Chengbao 
Published: December 2020

Abstractvan der Waals (vdW) materials exhibit great potential in spintronics, arising from their excellent spin transportation, large spin–orbit coupling, and high‐quality interfaces. The recent discovery of intrinsic vdW antiferromagnets and ferromagnets has laid the foundation for the construction of all‐vdW spintronic devices, and enables the study of low‐dimensional magnetism, which is of both technical and scientific significance. In this review, several representative families of vdW magnets are introduced, followed by a comprehensive summary of the methods utilized in reading out the magnetic states of vdW magnets. Thereafter, it is shown that various electrical, mechanical, and chemical approaches are employed to modulate the magnetism of vdW magnets. Finally, the perspective of vdW magnets in spintronics is discussed and an outlook of future development direction in this field is also proposed.
Making meaning through connections for people with Alzheimer's or associated dementia and their care partners: Creating engagement
Authors: Abbott‐Anderson Kristen C , Chiou Hsinhuei Sheen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease or other associated dementias (AD/OAD) is associated with social isolation for both the individual living with the disease as well as their care partners. Addressing the impact of stigma and social isolation for these individuals is imperative. Few meaningful activity opportunities exist for mutual engagement. Music has been shown to benefit cognitive processing and quality of life for individuals living with AD/OAD (Cooke, Moyle, Shum, Harrison, & Murfield, 2010). This study explores experiences of individuals living with AD/OAD, their care partners, and choral volunteers, in a formal chorus program; aims include: 1. To explore the experience of individuals living with AD/OAD, their care partners, and volunteers participating in a formal chorus; 2. To explore perceived benefits of choral group participation during rehearsals as well as in life outside of rehearsal.MethodResearch participants included the individuals with AD/OAD (n=5); their care partners (n=5); and chorus volunteers (n=8) in a chorus program in a small community in the Midwest. The participants attended the chorus program consisting of 16‐week sessions including rehearsal, social interaction and concert performance. Survey questions include items about ability to participate in choral activities, social aspects of the chorus, participation in activities outside of choral activities, and perception of socialization since becoming a member in the chorus. Research data will be collected at two time points: 1. Day one of the chorus season and 2. The final day for each chorus season.ResultLongitudinal data will be analyzed by the research team using descriptive and correlational statistics as well as descriptive content analysis of qualitative data.ConclusionFindings will provide information about the ability of individuals living with AD/OAD to participate in this social and music‐related program as well as any benefits of participation in choral activities for both the individual living with AD/OAD and their care partner.
Development of novel blood‐based biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Dey Sharmistha 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlzhemier’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Due to increasing longevity and the lack of a therapy, AD has become not only a major health problem but also imposes substantial social and economic burden worldwide. Alzheimer’s disease are associated with molecular changes that manifest several years before the onset of clinical symptoms. At present, the gold standard for confirmation of neurodegeneration is the neuropathological screening however that is only possible via autopsy of a deceased patient. So, there is a demand for effective diagnostic marker for valid detection. The present studies exploited novel biological molecules having neuropathological role for the development of blood based molecular markers in AD.MethodWe have determined the level of sirtuins (SIRT), tau, p‐tau, sestrins (SESN) and 5‐LOX proteins for early diagnosis of AD by estimating their serum level in patients through Surface Plasmon Resonance. For developing therapeutics targeting specific proteins, we have used modulator both synthetic and plant product, which specifically modulates the target proteins.ResultThe serum level of SIRT1, SESN1 & SESN2 were found to be downregulated in AD compare to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and control elderly group. However, tau, p‐tau and 5‐LOX were found to be significantly upregulated in AD compare to MCI and control. The significant difference in all the proteins level also noticed between control and MCI. ROC result significantly differentiated AD, MCI and control group. The modulator of 5‐LOX, and SIRT1 have been successfully developed.ConclusionOur research will help establish these potential proteins as a plausible candidate for detection and open exciting avenues for therapeutic interventions.
Trajectories of subjective cognitive decline, and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Liew Tau Ming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn cognitively‐normal individuals, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been reported to predict MCI and dementia (MCI/dementia). However, prior studies mostly captured SCD at single time‐points without considering the longitudinal course of SCD. This study examined whether the trajectories of SCD provide any added information – beyond one‐time assessments of SCD – on the risk of MCI and dementia (MCI/dementia).MethodThis cohort study included 5,661 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Centers across USA, who were ≥50 years and had normal cognition in the first‐four annual visits (Year 1 to Year 4). The participants were evaluated for SCD in the first‐four annual visits (Year 1 to Year 4), and followed‐up almost annually (from Year 4 up to Year 14) for incident MCI/dementia. SCD trajectories – as identified from latent‐class‐growth‐curve‐analysis – were included in Cox‐regression to estimate their risks of MCI/dementia.ResultCompared to those without SCD (in the first‐four annual visits), the presence of Intermittent SCD (i.e. reported in 1–2 of the first‐four annual visits) predicted a higher risk (HR 1.4) while Persistent SCD (i.e. reported in 3–4 of the first‐four annual visits) predicted the highest risk (HR 2.2). A quarter of those with Persistent SCD developed MCI/dementia within 4.7 years; in contrast to 5.8 years among those with Intermittent SCD, and 8.0 years among those without SCD. The results remained significant even after adjusting for baseline SCD.ConclusionThe findings demonstrate the added utility of SCD trajectories – beyond cross‐sectional assessments of SCD – in identifying high‐risk populations for preventive interventions and trials. They also suggest a potential modification in the current SCD criteria, with the inclusion of ‘persistent SCD over several years’ as one of the key features within SCD plus.
Water exchange across blood‐brain barrier is associated with CSF amyloid‐42 level in healthy older adults
Authors: Gold Brian T , Shao Xingfeng , Wang Danny JJ 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to identify the association between a neuroimaging measure of brain water permeability and Alzheimer’s biomarkers in healthy older adults.MethodThirty‐nine older adults (20 female, age=72.7±5.3 yrs) without neurological disease underwent MRI on a Siemens 3T Prisma Fit system (Erlangen, Germany) using a 64‐channel head coil. The MR pulse sequence was a diffusion prepared 3D GRASE pCASL that has been detailed previously. The CSF samples were collected by lumbar draw within 6 months of MRI scan and quantification of CSF levels of A42, tau, and p‐tau was performed. Standard neuropsychological (NP) testing was performed on 37 of the participants to evaluate the cognitive performance. CBF/ATT/kw maps were normalized into the MNI space, and regional analysis was performed on the whole brain and in the frontal/temporal/parietal lobe, and subcortical regions including hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, anterior/posterior cingulate cortex (ACC/PCC), precuneus, caudate and putamen. Separate linear regression analyses were run with regional kw, CBF or ATT values as the independent variable and either CSF values or NP scores as the dependent variable and age and gender as covariates.ResultSignificant associations were found between A42 and kw in the whole brain (beta=0.43, t=3.2, p=0.012) and frontal lobe (beta=0.43, 2.7=, p=0.013), after controlling for age and sex. The associations between kw and A42 were also significant in the precuneus (beta=0.46, t=3.1, p= 0.004), parietal (beta=0.56, t=3.9, p < 0.001) and temporal lobe (beta=0.42, t=2.6, p = 0.015. No significant association was found between kw and CSF tau or p‐tau levels. A significant positive correlation was found between digit symbol substitution test (DSST) and kw in frontal lobe (beta=0.38, t=2.3, p=0.028).ConclusionThe significant associations between kw and CSF A42 level and digit symbol in healthy older adult brains suggests kw may serve as an early imaging marker of AD.
Hydrogen sulfide alleviates lipopolysaccharide‐induced memory impairment, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Swiss albino mice
Authors: Kshirsagar Viplav Vitthal , Thingore Chetan , Juvekar Archana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Aβ‐plaque deposition, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Although not the initiator of the disease, neuroinflammation has been known to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Neuroinflammation was induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which expresses a cascade of enzymes leading to tau hyperphosphorylation and deposition of β‐amyloid plaques, ultimately leading to cell apoptosis. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to have anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective activity, though the exact mechanism for its effect has not been explored. Thus, Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a known H2S donor, was used to determine the mechanism of its neuroprotective activity in LPS‐induced apoptosis and neuroinflammation in mice.MethodNaHS (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered to Swiss albino mice for 28 days. From 15th day, LPS (0.25mg/kg i.p.) was administered for 7 days along with NaHS. Memory impairment was evaluated by using Morris Water Maze (MWM) task and Y‐maze task. At the end of the experiment, animals were euthanized and brain tissue homogenates were used for evaluating biochemical parameters. Brain tissue homogenates were evaluated for anti‐apoptotic (c‐Jun and Caspase‐3), anti‐inflammatory (TNF‐α and IL‐6), antioxidant [Glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)], and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities.ResultLPS administration significantly increased neurodegeneration and caused cognitive impairment in mice. NaHS lead to improved basal memory retention in MWM and Y‐maze tasks. Treatment with NaHS attenuated LPO which was induced by LPS. NaHS normalized the decreased levels of GSH in LPS treated groups. However, NaHS administration failed to significantly prevent increase in AChE activity. The activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly increased in NaHS + LPS treated groups. LPS upregulated c‐Jun and Caspase‐3 levels and NaHS prevented it. Increase in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐6) were significantly alleviated by NaHS treatment.ConclusionH2S treatment significantly attenuates LPS‐induced oxidative stress, memory deficit, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. The results indicate that H2S is effective in providing protection against neurodegeneration and H2S containing hybrids can be explored further for their potential clinical use as prophylactic and symptomatic therapy in AD.