bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possibilities of applying model-based iterative reconstructions in computed tomography of the lungs
Authors: Silin A. Yu. , Gruzdev I. S. , Berkovich G. V. , Nikolaev A. E. , Morozov S. P. 
Published: October 2020

Aim: A literature review of the possibilities of applying model iterative reconstruction (MIR) in computed tomography to improve image quality, including in low-dose scanning protocols.Materials and methods. The analysis of publications devoted to the application of MIR to reduce the radiation dose and improve the quality of images in CT diagnostics of lung pathology with an emphasis on the value of the achieved radiation dose was carried out.Results. The use of MIR eliminates digital noise from medical images, improving their quality. This feature can significantly reduce radiation exposure with low-dose protocols without loss of diagnostic quality. On average, application of MIR allows to reduce the radiation dose by 70% compared to a standard protocol, without increasing the noise level of CT images and maintaining the contrast-to-noise ratio. Previous studies have shown positive experience with the use of MIR in lung cancer screening programs and monitoring of cancer patients.Conclusion. The introduction of MIR in clinical practice can optimize the radiation exposure on the population without reducing the quality of CT images, however, the threshold dose to achieve a satisfactory image quality remains unexplored.
Dynamics of pulmonary injury and extracorporeal methods of hemocorrection in patients with Sars-CoV-2
Authors: Revishvili A. Sh. , Kаrmаzаnovsky G. G. , Plotnikov G. P. , Zamyatina K. A. , Geise A. V. , Galstyan A. V. , Rubtsov M. S. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose. To assess changes in the degree of pulmonary injury in patients with Sars-CoV-2 after extracorporeal hemocorrection methods (ECHCM).Material and methods. 27 patients with Sars-CoV-2 underwent 48 ECHCM procedures - plasma separation, nonselective cytosorption hemoperfusion, dialysis-filtration techniques. After arriving in the hospital all patients underwent MSCT of the chest organs. The examination was conducted according to the standard protocol of MSCT of the chest organs and reconstruction of soft and high-resolution on a Philips Ingenuity CT 64 multi- detector computed tomograph. The following scanning parameters were used for the standard protocol: 64 × 0.625 collimation, 1 mm reconstruction, 0.5 mm increment. The patient was lying on his back with his arms thrown back behind his head during the procedure. A scan area including the chest was planned by the plan scan. Assessment of the scans was carried out in the Diсom-images viewing module of medical hardware- software complex “ArchiMed” (Med-Ray. Russia, 2004). The percentage of lung parenchyma lesions as well as the severity (CT-1–4) were evaluated according to the recommendations “Radiation diagnosis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): organization, methodology, interpretation of the results”. CT examinations were compared not earlier than 4 days before ECHCM and not later than 5 days after.Result. With isolated plasmaseparation, the “ground glass” zones passed into the consolidation zones, the total volume of the lesion decreased and the pneumatization increased. In isolated hemoperfusion the dynamics is multidirectional: there are more consolidation zones, less ground glass zones in general, the process is stabilized and the zones of lung tissue damage are reduced. With isolated hemodiafiltration, the consolidation zones decreased, the pneumatization of the lung tissue increased, and subsequently the volume of the lesion and the consolidation zones increased significantly. By combined procedures there are multidirectional dynamics.Conclusion. The effect of ECMGC use on the degree and volume of lung tissue damage in patients with Sars- CoV-2 was not revealed.
Shades of grey: how and why we make mistakes
Authors: Uchevatkin A. A. , Yudin A. L. , Afanas'yeva N. I. , Yumatova E. A. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose: to consider the epidemiology and classification of errors in radiologic diagnostics.Materials and methods. The analysis of articles devoted to elucidating the possible causes of diagnostic errors published before 2019 is carried out. A retrospective analysis of the research results revealed the most frequent cognitive biases affecting clinical decision making. Strategies have been developed to combat these distortions, which minimize the likelihood of errors.Discussion. Image analysis by doctors is a complex work based on a combination of psychophysiological and cognitive processes, which in itself is subject to a wide variety of errors, including perception errors (when pathological changes are simply skipped) and cognitive errors (those cases when pathological changes are detected visually but incorrectly interpreted). Although some of the changes in the radiation images may be skipped due to technical or physical limitations of the modality (resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, artifacts, etc.), most diagnostic discrepancies are associated with an incorrect interpretation of the findings by radiologists.Conclusions. Cognitive distortions can significantly affect the process of making diagnostic decisions, and lead to medical errors and negative consequences for patients. Various cognitive strategies and metacognitive practices can help minimize the impact of bias on decision making and reduce the frequency of diagnostic errors. Knowing one’s limitations and possibilities in interpreting radiation research, as well as understanding the role of the radiologist in the formation of the final diagnosis and, accordingly, in the fate of the patient, can lead to a more thoughtful analysis of images and clinical information and improve the quality of the diagnostic decision-making process.
COVID-19. Liver damage – visualization features and possible causes
Authors: Vinokurov A. S. , Nikiforova M. V. , Oganesyan A. A. , Vinokurova O. O. , Yudin A. L. , Yumatova E. A. 
Published: October 2020

Item. To evaluate the features of CT imaging of the liver and the possible causes of pathological changes in COVID-19.Materials and methods. An analysis of the literature and our own data on the features of CT imaging of the liver in combination with biochemical analyzes in patients with COVID-19 was performed. The main possible causes of changes in the liver, as well as symptoms with CT, are examined.Results. The main target of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is the respiratory system. But among patients with COVID-19, along with damage to the central nervous system, myocardium, and intestines, cases of liver damage or dysfunction have been reported. This is expressed in an increase in biochemical markers of liver damage, as well as in a diffuse decrease in its density during CT, which is usually observed in the acute stage of the disease.
Comparison of the СT patterns and pulmonary histology in patients with COVID-19
Authors: Pershina E. S. , Cherniaev A. L. , Samsonova M. V. , Varyasin V. V. , Omarova Z. R. , Pereshivailov S. O. , Berezhnaia E. E. , Parshin V. V. , Mikhailichenko K. Yu. , Shilova A. S. , Shchekochikhin D. Y. , Gilyarov M. Y. 
Published: October 2020

Aim. Compare radiological patterns of COVID-19 pneumonia with pulmonary histology in deceased patients.Materials and methods. The analysis of recent lifetime CT studies of deceased patients was performed with the identification of all existing and leading CT symptoms, including “ground glass”, “crazy paving”, consolidation, as well as the symptom complex (pattern) of organizing pneumonia. Based on the CT symptoms, we selected the target points for taking the specimens by 3-D reconstructions. At the autopsy the lungs were entirely fixed into the front and then marked on CT sections cut from 1 to 3 pieces that were placed in paraffin and processed according to the standard technique, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and fuchsin-facelina. The specimens were analyzed by identifying all available histology changes and selecting the leading one.Results. 45 targeted pieces of lung tissue were obtained from 14 deceased COVID-19 patients (7 men/ 7 women), with an average age of 77.1 ± 12.9 (49–90 years). In deceased patients with the presence of the "ground glass" symptom, in most cases (57.1%) revealed an increase in intra-alveolar cellularity, hyaline membranes, desquamation of the alveolar epithelium and infiltration of the interalveolar septum by lymphocytes, which corresponds to the exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage (DAP). Mosaic histological changes with alternation of filled alveoli (intraalveolar edema, clusters of red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes) and air alveoli were detected from the areas of “crazy paving” zones. Several cases demonstrated interstitial edema and lymphoid infiltration of interalveolar partitions of different severity without their thickening. Areas of consolidation were histologically represented by extensive intraalveolar hemorrhages and / or typical zones of hemorrhagic infarcts in 45.5% of cases. Perilobular consolidation, subpleural cords, symptoms of “halo” and “reverse halo”, which we considered as part of the symptom complex of organizing pneumonia in 43% of cases, morphologically corresponded to organizing pneumonia (the proliferative phase of DAP), as well as to distelectases.Conclusion. Comparison of CT patters and post-mortem pulmonary histology in COVID-19 deceased patients demonstrated that CT symptoms and patterns correspond to certain morphological changes of different phases of DAP.
The norm of the small bowel on computed tomography
Authors: Egorov A. A. , Koshelev E. G. , Belyaev G. Yu. , Chestnova S. S. , Sokolova O. V. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of the study. Determination of normal thickness and contrast of the wall of the small bowel (SB) depending on the phase of digestion on computed tomography (CT).Material and methods. We examined 358 patients aged 20 to 88 years. According to the results of the survey, patients are divided into two groups. The main group consisted of patients examined on an empty stomach (n = 329), and an additional group consisted of patients examined after eating (n = 29). A CT scan of the abdomen was performed with a cut-off thickness of not more than 2 mm and a bolus contrast enhancement (CE) with a nonionic contrast medium. The results of measurements of the wall thickness of the SB and the intensity of its contrast were subjected to grouping and statistical processing.Results and discussion. According to the results of our study, the average value of the wall thickness of the SB is normally 3.1 ± 1.2 mm, with a tendency to decrease this indicator in the distal direction. The regularities of changes in the thickness and intensity of contrasting of the wall of the SB in the norm depending on the age and the last meal were determined. With increasing age, diffuse thinning of the SB wall occurs. Normally, after eating, there is a thickening of the SB wall to 4.6 ± 1.8 mm and an increase in the intensity of contrast, mediated by an increase in blood supply, with a density gradient of + 10%. After CE, the proximal sections of the SB are contrasting brighter than the distal. The gradient of contrastion of the proximal and distal parts of the SB increases after meals, is maximum in young patients and decreases with age.Conclusion. In order to reliably differentiate the pathological thickening and change the contrasting of the SB wall from the physiological one, it is imperative to ascertain the time and nature of the last meal and to take into account the age of the patient. In "non-contact" patients, an indirect orientation is possible according to the degree of filling of the stomach and SB.
Ultrasonic differential diagnostics of cyst and cystic tumors of the spleen
Authors: Stepanova Yu. A. , Alimurzaeva M. Z. , Ionkin D. A. 
Published: October 2020

The incidence of focal lesions in the spleen is 3.2–4.2% per 100,000 population. Spleen cysts are rare (incidence 0.75 per 100,000). These are single or multiple, thin- and smooth-walled cavities filled with a transparent liquid. Distinguish between primary (or true) cysts, lined with epithelium, and secondary (or false), devoid of epithelial lining. Among the primary cysts, there are congenital cysts formed in the embryonic period due to the migration of peritoneal cells into the spleen tissue, dermoid and epidermoid cysts. A special group of primary cysts are parasitic cysts. Cystic tumors of the spleen include lymphangioma and lymphoma.The main difficulties in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cysts and cystic tumors of the spleen are associated with the rarity of this pathology and, as a consequence, a small number of works, including a significant number of the cases. However, in those works where a large number of the cases are described, most often this is one morphological form and an analysis of its various characteristics.Purpose. Based on the analysis of our own examination data of a significant number of patients with cysts and cystic tumors of the spleen, to assess the possibility of differential diagnosis of individual morphological forms according to ultrasound data.Materials and methods. 323 patients with cysts and cystic tumors of the spleen from 15 to 77 years old (men – 105 (32.5%); women – 218 (67.5%) were treated at A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery for the period from 1980 to 2020. All patients underwent ultrasound during examination. Surgical treatment was carried out in various ways – (85.1%), when making a preoperative diagnosis of an uncomplicated spleen cyst of small size, dynamic observation was carried out (verification by puncture biopsy data).Results. Morphological verification of cysts and cystic tumors of the spleen was presented as follows (taking into account possible difficulties in identifying the epithelial lining): true cyst – 182 (56.4%); dermoid cyst – 3 (0.9%) (malignant – in 1 case); pseudocyst – 16 (5.0%); pancreatogenic – 34 (10.5%); echinococcus – 52 (16.1%); lymphangioma – 24 (7.4%); lymphoma – 10 (3.1%); ovarian cancer metastasis – 2 (0.6%). The article describes the ultrasound signs of the above forms of the lesions with an emphasis on the complexity of diagnosis.Conclusions. Primary and parasitic spleen cysts are well differentiated according to ultrasound; false cysts of the spleen, depending on the cause of their occurrence, can create difficulties in their identification and differentiation (they require careful dynamic control); cystic tumors of the spleen should be differentiated from malignant tumors and metastases of a cystic structure, as a result of which such vigilance should always be present when they are detected.
Endoscopic reduction of gastric volvulus in a patient with hiatal hernia
Authors: Kharawala Amrin M. , McCain Josiah , Ruff Kevin 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Gastric volvulus, characterized by twisting of the stomach over its axis, is an under-recognized complication of hiatal hernia. It is difficult to pass an endoscope through a volvulus, and hence, surgery is considered as the most common treatment modality. However, in this report, we provide a stepwise approach with images to provide therapeutic treatment via endoscopy with its role in the diagnosis of this condition.

Case Presentation:
We present the case of a 78-year-old female who presented with an acute episode of nausea and vomiting, associated with severe upper abdominal and mid-chest pain radiating to her back. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed the presence of gastric volvulus in the sac of a large hiatal hernia, which was confirmed on computed tomography. We avoided the need for an emergency surgery by successfully reducing the gastric volvulus via endoscopy under monitored anesthesia care and endotracheal intubation.

Conclusion:
Endoscopic reduction can be an effective therapy for the treatment of gastric volvulus, especially in patients who are poor surgical candidates.
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПРИРОДНИХ ТА АБСОРБТИВНИХ СУБСТАНЦІЙ ДЛЯ ОЧИЩЕННЯ ПРИРОДНИХ ТА СТІЧНИХ ВОД
Authors: Matiiuk S. , Gribinko V. 
Published: October 2020

The article deals with the use of biological agents (microorganisms, plants and fish) in the systems of the natural and water treatment which can be organization formed as natural ecosystems as a bioplateau and managed as after composition and duration of functioning.
It is shown that quality and perspective material in the processes of cleaning of drinkable and sewer waters are natural mineral sorbents. Their value is determined by high porosity, largeness of and absorption properties, by possibility sorbents the substances of inorganic and organic origin, by a capacity for a regeneration. Charts of cleaning of drinkable and sewer waters, where the modified basaltic tuffs come forward in quality of filter sorbent, are expedient and economically advantageous, and simplicity of apparatus registration allows their introduction on water-purifying building.
POTENSI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SERABUT KELAPA (COCOFIBER) MENJADI POT SERABUT KELAPA (COCOPOT) (The Potential Utilization of Coconut Fiber Waste into Vase of Coconut Fiber (Cocopot))
Authors: Azzaki Dawud Abdullah , Iqbal Muhammad , Maulidia Vera , Arifin Arifin , Apriani Isna , Rahayu Jati Dian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract This study aims to examine the strength of cocopot, analyze cocopot as a seedling media, evaluate the potential utilization of coconut waste from making cocopot and analyze economic development from making cocopot to organic plant farmers. The study used a burlap karoni mold with dimensions of 30 cm x 15 cm. The study was carried out with variations in adhesives namely starch adhesives, wood glue and polybags as controls. Research on air falls and immersion in the air is done to fight cocopot's durability and adhesiveness. Research on the impact of using cocopot on plants was carried out with indicators of the height and number of leaves of cayenne. The results of the research on the strength of durability, the adhesiveness of cocopot and the impact of cocopot on plants prove that cocopot with starch adhesives is better than adhesives of wood glue and polybags. Keywords: Cocopot, cocofiber, organic pot. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kekuatan cocopot, menganalisa pengaruh cocopot sebagai media semai, mengevaluasi potensi pengurangan limbah serabut kelapa dari pembuatan cocopot dan menganalisa pengaruh ekonomi dari pembuatan cocopot terhadap petani tanaman organik. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat cetakan berlapis karung goni dengan dimensi 30 cm x 15 cm. Penelitian dilakukan dengan variasi perekat yaitu perekat kanji, lem kayu dan polybag sebagai kontrol. Penelitian terhadap jatuhan air dan perendaman dalam air dilakukan untuk menguji kekuatan daya tahan dan daya rekat cocopot. Penelitian dampak penggunaan cocopot terhadap tanaman dilakukan dengan indikator tinggi dan jumlah daun tanaman cabai rawit. Hasil penelitian kekuatan daya tahan, daya rekat cocopot dan dampak cocopot terhadap tanaman menunjukkan bahwa cocopot dengan perekat kanji lebih baik daripada perekat lem kayu dan polybag. Kata Kunci: Cocopot, cocofiber, pot organik.
Berita Bohong (Hoax) Perspektif Hukum Islam
Authors: Aksin Nur , Baedowi Sunan 
Published: October 2020

Dewasa kini, perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi bertumbuh sangat cepat. Layaknya jamur di musim hujan, informasi tentang segala macam hal sangatlah mudah dijumpai. Alur komunikasi yang lancar pada saat ini, sangatlah mendukung dalam penyebaran informasi. Hampir di seluruh aspek kehidupan, sangat bergantung pada penyebaran informasi. Hal tersebut bisa dikaitkan dalam berbagai macam bidang, seperti halnya bidang ekonomi, kesehatan, pendidikan hingga politik serta unsur kenegaraan. Seiring berkembangnya zaman, media informasi juga mengalami berbagai macam perkembangan. Tidak hanya melalui koran, televisi maupun radio, kini informasi juga dapat diperoleh melalui jaringan yang lebih luas. Berbagai macam artikel, jurnal, berita maupun bentuk-bentuk media informasi lainnya sangat mudah didapatkan dan juga sangat mudah untuk disebarkan. Selain itu, berbagai informasi tersebut juga dapat kita ubah, baik dari segi redaksi maupun ilustrasi pendukungnya. Sehingga jika kita telaah kembali, terdapat beberapa hal yang patut kita garisbawahi. Hal tersebut adalah, bahwasanya informasi yang ada pada saat ini tidak seluruhnya merupakan informasi yang bersifat aktual. Tidak dapat dipungkiri, informasi tersebut dapat mengandung berbagai hal yang tidak berdasarkan fakta yang ada dan tidak jarang pula berisi suatu hal yang berlebihan. informasi yang tidak berdasarkan fakta tersebut, kini kita kenal sebagai berita palsu (hoax). Hoax yang telah tersebar pada masyarakat dalam bentuk informasi, nantinya akan sangat mudah untuk dijadikan konsumsi umum serta bahan referensi. Isinya yang sangat tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan akan menimbulkan beberapa efek negatif. Negara sudah tentu memiliki beberapa kebijakan untuk menanggulangi serta menanggapi fenomena hoax tersebut, melalui peraturan perundang-undangan maupun kebijakan lainnya. Adapun perihal hoax dalam agama Islam, sudah tentu merupakan perbuatan yang dilarang. Ajaran di dalam Islam, selalu berlandaskan pada nilai-nilai kejujuran serta keadilan, membawa hal yang haq serta menghindarkan dari berbagai macam hal yang bathil. Islam juga telah memiliki beberapa aturan dan cara dalam bertukar informasi. Melalui media dakwah, umat Islam dapat memperoleh berbagai macam informasi dan ilmu. Selain itu, juga terdapat media musyawarah dimana di dalam kegiatan tersebut umat Islam dapat saling bertukar informasi. Seluruh kegiatan tersebut sudah tentu harus berlandaskan pada etika yang baik, sehingga hoax akan dapat dihindari. Senantiasa memilih serta mencermati sebuah ilmu maupun informasi yang diterima, juga merupakan bagian dari tata cara bertukar ilmu maupun informasi dalam Islam.
EVALUATION OF ATTITUDES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS (15-17 AGE GROUP) IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS
Authors: OZTURK M.E , YAZICI A.G , OGAN M , OZDEMİR K 
Published: October 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the behavior of highschool students who take Physical Education Lesson classes within the Erzurum city center. The population of the study consists of high school students affiliated with the Ministry of National Education, and the sample consists of high school students in Erzurum city center. In the study, random sampling method was used and 100 students participated. In order to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects, frequency and percentage analysis, independent t-test to determine differences between genders, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to determine differences between other characteristics was used.
As a result, if these differences are thought to be in adolescence, it can be said that their attitudes towards physical education lesson in this period are taking shape. In this respect, it is seen that secondary school students have a important period in the sense of attitude formation. Therefore, the direction and strength of the attitudes of secondary school students should be measured. The attitude of highschool students towards physical education and sport lessons according to their age, number of siblings, family members' sports status and family income levels were examined.