bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Nature of Coincidental Events
Authors: Melas Alessandra , Salis Pietro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt is a common opinion that chance events cannot be understood in causal terms. Conversely, according to a causal view of chance, intersections between independent causal chains originate accidental events, called “coincidences.” The present paper takes into proper consideration this causal conception of chance and tries to shed new light on it. More precisely, starting from Hart and Honoré’s view of coincidental events (Hart and Honoré in Causation in the Law. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959), this paper furnishes a more detailed account on the nature of coincidences, according to which coincidental events are hybrids constituted by ontic (physical) components, that is the intersections between independent causal chains, plus epistemic aspects; where by “epistemic” we mean what is related, in some sense, to knowledge: for example, access to information, but also expectations, relevance, significance, that is psychological aspects. In particular, this paper investigates the role of the epistemic aspects in our understanding of what coincidences are. In fact, although the independence between the causal lines involved plays a crucial role in understanding coincidental events, that condition results to be insufficient to give a satisfactory definition of coincidences. The main target of the present work is to show that the epistemic aspects of coincidences are, together with the independence between the intersecting causal chains, a constitutive part of coincidental phenomena. Many examples are offered throughout this paper to enforce this idea. This conception, despite—for example—Antoine Augustine Cournot and Jacques Monod’s view, entails that a pure objectivist view about coincidences is not tenable.
Myocardial involvement and deformation abnormalities in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy assessed by CMR feature tracking
Authors: Kersten Johannes , Güleroglu Ahmet Muhammed , Rosenbohm Angela , Buckert Dominik , Ludolph Albert Christian , Hackenbroch Carsten , Beer Meinrad , Bernhardt Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Cardiac involvement has been described in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), including non-specific ECG and echocardiographic findings. Aim of our study was to evaluate myocardial deformation parameters in IIM and to correlate them with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) findings using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR).

Methods

Forty-seven consecutive patients with histologically proven IIM were included into our study. Twenty-five healthy volunteers were used as a control group. All patients and controls underwent CMR examination using a 1.5 T scanner including functional cine and LGE imaging. After a mean follow-up of 234.7 ± 79.5 days a second CMR examination was performed in IIM patients.

Results
In comparison to healthy volunteers, IIM patients had lower left ventricular mass and left ventricular global radial, circumferential and longitudinal strain. There was no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction.
Patients with LGE (N = 28) had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.016), global right and left ventricular longitudinal strain (p = 0.014 and p = 0.005) and global left ventricular diastolic longitudinal strain rate (p = 0.001) compared to patients without LGE (N = 19).
In IIM patients, a significant decrease of left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass and all measured deformation parameters was observed between baseline and follow-up CMR.

Conclusion
Cardiac involvement in IIM is frequent. Impairment of systolic and diastolic deformation parameters and a worsening over time can be observed. CMR is a useful tool for cardiac diagnostic work-up of these patients.
Raspberry bushy dwarf virus in Slovenia - geographic distribution, genetic diversity and population structure
Authors: Mavrič Pleško Irena , Lamovšek Janja , Lešnik Andreja , Viršček Marn Mojca 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRaspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) is a long-known virus naturally infecting Rubus and grapevine. It is also one of the economically most important viruses of raspberries, but there are only a limited number of sequences covering a substantial part of the genome available in the databases. The aim of this study was: i) to study the geographic distribution of RBDV in Slovenia, and ii) to sequence RNA2 of several red raspberry and grapevine RBDV isolates and study their phylogeny and population structure. Geographic distribution studies were performed over a period of 13 years in three wine-growing regions of Slovenia (Primorska, Podravje and Posavje). The highest incidence of RBDV was found in Podravje (58.8%) and the lowest in Primorska (5.1%). Big differences were observed between Vipavska dolina (10.2%) and three other wine-growing districts of Primorska region (0.4–1.2%). Almost complete RNA2 sequences were obtained for four red raspberry isolates and seven grapevine isolates. Additionally, only coat protein sequences were obtained for three red raspberry isolates. Phylogenetic and population diversity analyses were performed on all available RBDV sequences. Phylogenetic analysis has shown clear differences in sequences from Rubus and grapevine that form two highly supported clades. In RNA2 analysis additional two sub-clades were found in grapevine clade. Two major subclades were identified also in the Rubus clade with further differentiation within these subclades. Purifying or stabilizing selection was found to be acting on both, CP and MP genes while few codons were found to be under positive selection.
The Teaching of Ethics and the Moral Competence of Medical and Nursing Students
Authors: Martins Vera Sílvia Meireles , Santos Cristina Maria Nogueira Costa , Bataglia Patrícia Unger Raphael , Duarte Ivone Maria Resende Figueiredo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn a time marked by the development of innovative treatments in healthcare and the need for health professionals to deal with resulting ethical dilemmas in clinical practice, this study was developed to determine the influence of the bioethics teaching on the moral competence of medical and nursing students. The authors conduct a longitudinal study using the Moral Competence Test extended version before and after attending the ethics curricular unit, in three nursing schools and three medical schools of Portugal. In this questionnaire the participant is confronted with three ethical dilemmas (related to theft, euthanasia and the torture of a terrorist) and asked to evaluate arguments for and against the attitude of the main character (Worker, doctor and judge). For both nursing and medical students, C-score was lower after the attendance of the ethics curricular units, with a statistically significant decrease in the total score (from 21 to 19.5 on average; p = 0.046) for nursing students and a decrease not statistically significant for medical students (from 23.2 to 22 on average; p = 0.358). A multivariate analysis did not find any association between this decrease and gender, course, or age. The phenomenon of moral segmentation was observed, with better performance in the worker and judge dilemma, than in the doctor dilemma. These results highlight the need to reflect on the curricular strategies that can be implemented for health professionals to better develop moral competence and decision-making, allowing for the provision of humanized health care.
Genetic Advances in Autism
Authors: Thapar Anita , Rutter Michael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the last 40 years, there has been a huge increase in autism genetics research and a rapidly growing number of discoveries. We now know autism is one of the most highly heritable disorders with negligible shared environmental contributions. Recent discoveries also show that rare variants of large effect size as well as small effect common gene variants all contribute to autism risk. These discoveries challenge traditional diagnostic boundaries and highlight huge heterogeneity in autism. In this review, we consider some of the key findings that are shaping current understanding of autism and what these discoveries mean for clinicians.
Synthesis of carbon-supported bimetallic palladium–iridium catalysts by microemulsion: characterization and electrocatalytic properties
Authors: Szumełda Tomasz , Drelinkiewicz Alicja , Kosydar Robert , Gurgul Jacek , Duraczyńska Dorota 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Carbon (Vulcan XC-72)-supported bimetallic Pd–Ir catalysts with different Pd/Ir proportions (5–50 mol% Ir, 2 wt% Pd) were prepared by “water-in-oil” microemulsion method (w/o) using solutions of low (0.02 M, L series) and high concentration (0.2 M, H series) of the metals precursors (PdCl2 and IrCl3). The bimetallic particles were examined in terms of nanoscale phase properties (extent of Pd–Ir alloying, phase separation), surface composition (Pd and Ir fractions) and electrocatalytic performance for the formic acid oxidation reaction. Structural characterization was performed using XRD, SEM and HRTEM techniques. Electrochemical characterization allowed estimating the PdH formation ability and the surface composition of Pd–Ir particles what was confirmed by XPS data. The Pd–Ir nanoparticles of similar average size (ca. 4 nm), close to that of Ir (3.8 nm) and below that of Pd (6.2 nm) were formed regardless of the Pd/Ir proportion and the concentration of the metals precursors in the w/o. In contrast to the largely alloyed PdIr nanoparticles with the Pd-rich surface formed at low concentration of the metals precursors (0.02 M), the particles of almost closed surface and bulk Pd/Ir ratios composed mostly of randomly distributed single-phase domains were formed at high concentration (0.2 M). At the lowest bulk Ir content, 5 mol%, the particles have Ir-rich surface regardless of the preparation method. The catalytic studies involving formic acid electrooxidation reaction showed the activity enhancement for the L series catalysts with respect to monometallic Pd/C (twofold TOF increase) and H series counterparts. The Pd85Ir15/C catalyst of the Pd–Ir alloyed and the surface composition expressed by the Pd/Ir atomic ratio near to 6 displayed the highest activity which was 2.9-times higher relative to that of Pd.

Graphic abstract
Functional impairment and disability among patients with migraine: evaluation of galcanezumab in a long-term, open-label study
Authors: Ford Janet H. , Stauffer Virginia L. , McAllister Peter , Akkala Sreelatha , Sexson Matthew , Ayer David W. , Wang Shufang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Migraine can negatively impact patient functioning and quality of life. Here, we report the effects of galcanezumab (GMB), a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to calcitonin gene-related peptide, on patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures in migraine.

Methods
CGAJ was a Phase III, randomized, open-label study (12-month open-label and 4-month post-treatment follow-up) in patients with episodic or chronic migraine. Patients aged 18–65 years with diagnosis of migraine (≥ 4 migraine headache days per month) as defined by International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)-3 beta guidelines were included in the study. Patients were randomized 1:1 with subcutaneous GMB 120 mg (with a loading dose of 240 mg) or GMB 240 mg given once monthly for 12 months. Changes from baseline in PRO measures such as Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire v2.1 (MSQ) and Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) were assessed.

Results
A total of 135 patients were randomized to each galcanezumab dose group. Mean (SD) baseline MSQ total scores were 53.85 (20.34) [GMB 120 mg] and 53.69 (18.79) [GMB 240 mg]. For MIDAS, mean (SD) total scores were 45.77 (42.06) [GMB 120 mg] and 53.96 (61.24) [GMB 240 mg]. Within-group mean improvement from baseline on MSQ and MIDAS total scores and all individual item/domain scores were statistically significant for both GMB dose groups, at all-time points during the treatment phase (p < 0.001). For MSQ domain scores, greatest improvement was observed in the Role function-restrictive (RF-R) domain (overall least squares (LS) mean change ± SE: 31.55 ± 1.20 [GMB 120 mg] and 33.40 ± 1.16 [GMB 240 mg]). For MIDAS, the overall LS mean change ± SE from baseline across the entire 12-month treatment phase in total scores were: −33.58 ± 2.11 (GMB 120 mg) and −32.67 ± 2.04 (GMB 240 mg).

Conclusion
Galcanezumab was associated with statistically significant changes from baseline in the PRO measures across the entire 12-month treatment period. These results indicate improved health-related quality of life and decreased disability among patients treated with galcanezumab.
Risk and Equity Release Mortgages in the UK
Authors: Sharma Tripti , French Declan , McKillop Donal 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAccessing elderly housing wealth through equity release mortgages (ERMs) continue to be the focus of policy debates about how to pay for social care and how to support retirement incomes in the UK. We demonstrate in this paper that the spatial concentration of this market in just a few regions is not due to demand but to the risks faced by suppliers. We show that by ignoring regional variations in No Negative Equity Guarantee risk in national pricing models providers cannot profitably supply these products outside areas of high house price growth. We also show that EU Solvency II capital requirements provide a further disincentive to supply ERMs in these areas. Government subsidies to product provision are also modelled and shown to be infeasibly high. We therefore conclude that the government policy focus on equity release as a means of tackling the challenges of an ageing population is misplaced.
Data identity and perspectivism
Authors: Jacoby Franklin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper uses several case studies to suggest that (1) two prominent definitions of data do not on their own capture how scientists use data and (2) a novel perspectival account of data is needed. It then outlines some key features of what this account could look like. Those prominent views, the relational and representational, do not fully capture what data are and how they function in science. The representational view is insensitive to the scientific context in which data are used. The relational account does not fully account for the empirical nature of data and how it is possible for data to be evidentially useful. The perspectival account surmounts these problems by accommodating a representational element to data. At the same time, data depend upon the epistemic context because they are the product of situated and informed judgements.
Understanding a communicated thought
Authors: Carter J. Adam , Gordon Emma C. , Grodniewicz J. P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe goal of this paper is twofold. First, we argue that the understanding one has of a proposition or a propositional content of a representational vehicle is a species of what contemporary epistemologists characterise as objectual understanding. Second, we demonstrate that even though this type of understanding differs from linguistic understanding, in many instances of successful communication, these two types of understanding jointly contribute to understanding a communicated thought.
Investigation and modeling of odors release from membrane holes on daily overlay in a landfill and its impact on landfill odor control
Authors: Jiang Jun , Li Jianhua , Rtimi Sami 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the present work, we studied the NH3 and H2S odor fluxes between the exposed working area and the HDPE covering film holes of the daily overlay in an actual landfill site with a daily operating area of 1600 m2 in Hangzhou, China. We showed that the odors were released from the membrane pores and the average concentrations of NH3 and H2S release reached 109.6 ± 56.6 and 86.0 ± 31.1 mg/m2/s, respectively. These concentrations are 43.8 and 57.3 times the exposed working surface. Furthermore, mathematical modeling based on the total amount of odor release revealed that there was a linear positive correlation between the total odor amount and the landfill operation area. However, the maximum number of film holes allowed on the covering layer has nothing to do with the working area and exposed working time, which is mainly determined by the HDPE film width in terms of ensuring the deodorizing effect of the covering operation. If the HDPE film with a width of more than 4 m is used, the number of film holes allowed within 100 m is more than 8. Therefore, in order to reduce the odor, the appropriate film width should be selected according to the actual operating conditions such as the mechanical operation level at the time of welding, the design of the landfill site, and the operational norms. This study explores the effect of film hole quantity of the daily cover in the landfill on the odor release from the landfill, which can provide an important reference for the design, operation, and decision-making of the daily cover operation of the sanitary landfill.
Risk stratification of young adult survivors of cancer to estimate hospital morbidity burden: applicability of a pediatric therapy-based approach
Authors: Clements Christopher , Cromie Kirsten J. , Smith Lesley , Feltbower Richard G. , Hughes Nicola , Glaser Adam W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Children and young adults (CYA) are at risk of late morbidity following cancer treatment, with risk varying by disease type and treatment received. Risk-stratified levels of aftercare which stratify morbidity burden to inform the intensity of long-term follow-up care, are well established for survivors of cancer under the age of 18 years, utilizing the National Cancer Survivor Initiative (NCSI) approach. We investigated the applicability of risk-stratified levels of aftercare in predicting long-term morbidity in young adults (YA), aged 18–29 years.

Methods
Long-term CYA survivors followed-up at a regional center in the North of England were risk-stratified by disease and treatments received into one of three levels. These data were linked with local cancer registry and administrative health data (Hospital Episode Statistics), where hospital activity was used as a marker of late morbidity burden.

Results
Poisson modelling with incident rate ratios (IRR) demonstrated similar trends in hospital activity for childhood (CH) and YA cancer survivors across NCSI risk levels. NCSI levels independently predicted long-term hospitalization risk in both CH and YA survivors. Risk of hospitalization was significantly reduced for levels 1 (CH IRR 0.32 (95% CI 0.26–0.41), YA IRR 0.06 (95% CI 0.01–0.43)) and 2; CH IRR 0.46 (95% CI 0.42-0.50), YA IRR 0.49 (95% CI 0.37-0.50)), compared with level 3.

Conclusions
The NCSI pediatric late-effects risk stratification system can be effectively and safely applied to cancer patients aged 18–29, independent of ethnicity or socioeconomic position.

Implications for Cancer Survivors
To enhance quality of care and resource utilization, long-term aftercare of survivors of YA cancer can and should be risk stratified through adoption of approaches such as the NCSI risk-stratification model.
Retrospective analysis of endocarditis patients to investigate the eligibility for oral antibiotic treatment in routine daily practice
Authors: Vroon J. C. , Liesdek O. C. D. , Boel C. H. E. , Arends J. E. , Niessen F. A. , van Heusden H. C. , Cramer M. J. , van der Spoel T. I. G. , Chamuleau S. A. J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
According to the current guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, patients with left-sided infective endocarditis are treated with intravenous antibiotics for 4–6 weeks, leading to extensive hospital stay and high costs. Recently, the Partial Oral Treatment of Endocarditis (POET) trial suggested that partial oral treatment is effective and safe in selected patients. Here, we investigated if such patients are seen in our daily clinical practice.

Methods
We enrolled 119 adult patients diagnosed with left-sided infective endocarditis in a retrospective, observational study. We identified those that would be eligible for switching to partial oral antibiotic treatment as defined in the POET trial (e.g. stable clinical condition without signs of infection). Secondary objectives were to provide insight into the time until each patient was eligible for partial oral treatment, and to determine parameters of longer hospital stay and/or need for extended intravenous antibiotic treatment.

Results
Applying the POET selection criteria, the condition of 38 patients (32%) was stable enough to switch them to partial oral treatment, of which 18 (47.3%), 8 (21.1%), 9 (23.7%) and 3 patients (7.9%) were eligible for switching after 10, 14, 21 days or 28 days of intravenous treatment, respectively.

Conclusion
One-third of patients who presented with left-sided endocarditis in routine clinical practice were possible candidates for switching to partial oral treatment. This could have major implications for both the patient’s quality of life and healthcare costs. These results offer an interesting perspective for implementation of such a strategy, which should be accompanied by a prospective cost-effectiveness analysis.
Evaluating the effects of sewage sludge compost applications on the microbial activity, the nutrient and heavy metal content of a Chernozem soil in a field survey
Authors: Farsang Andrea , Babcsányi Izabella , Ladányi Zsuzsanna , Perei Katalin , Bodor Attila , Csányi Katalin Tímea , Barta Károly 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSewage sludge contains organic matter and micro and macronutrients which are potentially useful for agricultural usage. However, it can be harmful when containing undesirable amounts of organic pollutants, heavy metals, or pathogens. Our study focused on examining the changes in the extractable nutrient, organic matter and heavy metal contents of a Chernozem soil and the alteration of the soil biological activity as a consequence of low-dose municipal sewage sludge compost applications (0.5 t/ha). Sampling campaigns were done in 2018 near Újkígyós (SE Hungary) during which composite soil samples (0–30 cm and 30–60 cm) and groundwater samples were collected for assessing changes in the nutrient and heavy metal concentrations as a result of compost amendments’ use. Additionally, upper soil (0–50 cm) and subsoil (50–80 cm) were sampled for assessing biological parameters, considered to be aerobic and anaerobic soil layers, respectively. Soil samples were analyzed for the basic pedological parameters (pH, organic matter, carbonates and texture), nutrients (K2O, P2O5, N-forms and organic matter) and heavy metal concentrations following standard extraction procedures. The microbial properties were characterized by colony-forming units (CFUs) and enzyme activity measurements. The results of the nutrient analyses show significantly increased soil-bound K2O, P2O5 and NO2− + NO3− contents linked to the sewage sludge treatments. However, neither the organic matter nor the heavy metal content varied significantly in the sludge-amended soil compared with a control site. The microbiological analyses revealed that the sewage sludge treatments tended to increase the aerobic CFUs, but not that of the anaerobic microbes. The average catalase enzyme activity in both the aerobic and anaerobic samples and the average dehydrogenase activity only in the aerobic layers showed a slight but not significant increase in the compost-amended soils. Overall, these results convincingly demonstrated that amending soils with low doses of municipal sewage sludge composts (lacking any industrial sources) can be a sustainable fertilizing practice taking advantage of their high N, P and K contents that are slowly converted to their bioavailable forms thus preventing their excessive leaching in the groundwater.