bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overpotential‐Dependent Volcano Plots to Assess Activity Trends in the Competing Chlorine and Oxygen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Exner Kai S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe selectivity problem of the competing chlorine evolution (CER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions at the anode in chlor−alkali electrolysis is a major challenge in the chemical industry. The development of electrode materials with enhanced stability and CER selectivity could result in a significant reduction of the overall process costs. In order to gain an atomic‐scale understanding of the CER versus OER selectivity, commonly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed that are analyzed by the construction of a volcano plot to comprehend trends. Herein, the binding energy of oxygen, ΔEO, has been established as a descriptor in such analyses. In the present article, it is demonstrated that ΔEOis not suitable to assess activity trends in the OER over transition‐metal oxides, such as RuO2(110) and IrO2(110). Quite in contrast, the free‐formation energy of oxygen with respect to hydroxide, ΔGO−OH, reproduces activity trends of RuO2(110) and IrO2(110) in the CER and OER correctly. Consequently, re‐investigation of the CER versus OER selectivity issue, using ΔGO−OHas a descriptor, is strongly suggested.
Improving taxonomic relation learning via incorporating relation descriptions into word embeddings
Authors: Huang Subin , Luo Xiangfeng , Huang Jing , Wang Hao , Gu Shengwei , Guo Yike 
Published: March 2020

SummaryTaxonomic relations play an important role in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks (eg, information extraction, question answering and knowledge inference). Existing approaches on embedding‐based taxonomic relation learning mainly rely on the word embeddings trained using co‐occurrence‐based similarity learning. However, the performance of these approaches is not quite satisfactory due to the lack of sufficient taxonomic semantic knowledge within word embeddings. To solve this problem, we propose an improved embedding‐based approach to learn taxonomic relations via incorporating relation descriptions into word embeddings. First, to capture additional taxonomic semantic knowledge, we train special word embeddings using not only co‐occurrence information of words but also relation descriptions (eg, taxonomic seed relations and their contextual triples). Then, using the trained word embeddings as features, we employ two learning models to identify and predict taxonomic relations, namely, offset‐based classification model and offset‐based similarity model. Experimental results on four real‐world domain datasets demonstrate that our proposed approach can capture additional taxonomic semantic knowledge and reduce dependence on the training dataset, outperforming the state‐of‐the‐art compared approaches on the taxonomic relation learning
task.
Hybrid model of generative adversarial network and Takagi‐Sugeno for multidimensional incomplete hydrological big data prediction
Authors: Li Xiaoli , Song Guomei , Du Zhenlong 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe processing of rainfall‐runoff transmission in the catchment area is a very complex phenomenon, such as temporal and spatial changes of the catchment characteristics and uncertainties of rainfall patterns. To handle this challenge, data‐driven hydrologic models emerge rapidly for the rainfall runoff prediction. However, the incomplete hydrological data constrain the development of digital hydrologic model. This article proposes a rainfall‐runoff prediction method of coupling generative adversarial network (GAN) and Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy model, in which the GAN is used to generate the data for completing the incomplete hydrological data, and the T‐S fuzzy model is utilized for forecasting the rainfall runoff. The presented method is examined by real data in Huaihe basin just considering the precipitation and streamflow. Experiments show that the model combined GAN and T‐S can achieve satisfactory prediction results.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission and Retention of Crystal Chiral Information of Tetraphenylethylene Incorporated by Polysaccharides in Water
Authors: Hino Shodai , Sugikawa Kouta , Kawasaki Riku , Funabashi Hisakage , Kuroda Akio , Ikeda Atsushi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPolysaccharides, such as pullulan and λ‐carrageenan, can incorporate tetraphenylethylene derivatives through self‐aggregation in water by a high‐speed vibration milling method, which cannot be done by sonication and heating methods. Aggregation‐induced emission is observed from the tetraphenylethylene‐polysaccharide complexes. Furthermore, the tetraphenylethylene self‐assembled into polysaccharides is able to preserve the initial helical chirality (M‐ or P‐helicity) of the crystals in water after ball milling. Intracellular uptake of the polysaccharide‐complexed tetraphenylethylene derivative with a phenol unit by HeLa cells is enhanced compared with that without the phenol unit.
Transmission Electron Microscopy‐Based Statistical Analysis of Commercially Available Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots
Authors: Guo Biyu , Zuo Ying , Shi Yuanyuan , Han Tingting , Lanza Mario 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThanks to their excellent thermal and optical properties, graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQD) have been extensively explored for several applications, such as composite material, optoelectronic devices, solar cells, and fluorescence materials, among others. Consequently, GOQDs are commercially available suspended in a solution. However, the density, size, and crystallinity of commercially available GOQDs can differ a lot from one manufacturer to another, which rarely provide exhaustive information about them. Furthermore, a recent report has questioned the quality of graphene‐based materials produced by liquid phase exfoliation. Here a statistical analysis of the quality of commercially available GOQDs, using transmission electron microscope (TEM), is presented. This technique enables to observe the internal structure, thickness, lattice structure, orientation, and local defects of the samples at atomic scale. High resolution TEM images reveal that the thickness of the GOQDs is not homogenous from center to edges within one single domain. The edges show hexagonal lattice (monolayer) while the central location shows to be rhomboidal structure (multilayer). This work provides clear statistical information about the quality of the commercially available GOQDs.
Modeling canopy senescence to calculate soybean maturity date using NDVI
Authors: Lindsey Alexander J. , Craft John C. , Barker David J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSoybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are the second largest crop in the United States, and cultivar development is important to improve productivity on existing farms. High‐throughput phenotyping can assist breeders in characterizing new lines particularly for phenotypic traits of interest such as crop canopy color, leaf distribution, and seed yield. However, current methods for characterizing the maturity date of soybeans needs to be improved to further leverage high‐throughput phenotyping platforms. The objective of this study was to examine if relative differences in leaf senescence patterns of soybean cultivars could be used to accurately calculate the observed maturity date. A field study was conducted in 2016–2017 at two locations in Ohio. Leaf canopy senescence was measured using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and observed maturity was measured for each cultivar. Senescence was modeled for each cultivar, and relative differences in senescence calculated from NDVI reductions were compared with the relative differences in observed maturity for each cultivar. The relative differences between cultivars in the date when NDVI was reduced by 85% during senescence (compared with NDVI at the R5 growth stage) were accurate to calculate maturity differences to within 1.5 d of the observed values for 21 of the 24 cultivar × site‐year combinations. This practice has potential to contribute additional data to enhance the high‐throughput phenotyping process using existing equipment (or data being collected) in many programs.
Systematic determination of the reproductive growth stage most sensitive to high night temperature stress in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Coast Onoriode , Šebela David , Quiñones Cherryl , Jagadish S.V. Krishna 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHigh night‐temperature (HNT) stress during the reproductive stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.) reduces spikelet fertility and yield by inhibiting important physiological processes. However, specifics such as the period of time that is most sensitive to HNT, is unknown. To investigate this, we conducted four controlled‐environment experiments with two rice cultivars, N22 (HNT tolerant) and WAB56–104 (HNT susceptible). These cultivars were exposed to varying durations and intensities of night temperatures (control, 24°C; HNT, 30 and 35°C) during the reproductive stage. The effect of HNT on spikelet fertility and grain weight varied with duration: spikelet fertility reduced by 47–77% when exposed to HNT for 15 nights, 6–29% when exposed for four nights, and 9–15% when exposed for 5.5 h (pre‐midnight, 1830–0000 h or post‐midnight, 0000–0530 h) for four nights. Spikelet fertility and grain weight were most sensitive to HNT during the first 4 d of anthesis, compared with 1–4, 5–8, and 9–12 d before anthesis. At anthesis, reduction in spikelet fertility did not differ significantly between pre‐ and post‐midnight high‐temperature treatments. Our results suggest that greatest sensitivity to HNT during the reproductive stage occurs during the first 4 d of anthesis, providing a reference for future studies involving HNT tolerance in rice.
Jitter and metastability analysis and modeling of multilevel bang‐bang phase detector
Authors: Salem Sanaz , Saneei Mohsen , Abbasi‐Moghadam Dariush 
Published: March 2020

SummaryBang‐bang phase detector (BBPD) is one of the essential blocks in the phase‐locked loop and clock and data recovery that are used in transceivers. But BBPD has the metastability problem as data change in timing window. It suffers from not only metastability failure but also quantization noise, which causes output jitter. In this paper, the novel model is presented to evaluate the effect of both metastability and jitter on ML‐BBPD, and also, it is shown that multilevel BBPD (ML‐BBPD) has the improved quantization noise in comparison with the Alexander BBPD. In this model, it is shown that by increasing the oversampling ratio, the quantization noise is decreased, and with the metastability effect and the increment of quantization steps, the characteristic curve of the ML‐BBPD becomes more smoothed. Also, the output jitter of ML‐BBPD, in which metastability failure is diminished, is modeled. The error function in the model is simulated at system level and compares with the results achieved from simulation at circuit level to prove the validity of the proposed model. The simulation is done in TSMC 65‐nm CMOS technology under 1‐V supply voltage to compare the characteristic of ML‐BBPD for various number of sampling clocks.
Three‐phase four‐wire shunt active power filter based on the SOGI filter and Lyapunov function for DC bus control
Authors: Dellahi Mostafa , Maker Hattab , Botella Guillermo , Alameda‐Hernandez Enrique , Mouhsen Azeddine 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe three‐phase four‐wire shunt active power filter (SAPF) was developed to suppress the harmonic currents generated by nonlinear loads, and for the compensation of unbalanced nonlinear load currents, reactive power, and the harmonic neutral current. In this work, we consider instantaneous reactive power theory (PQ theory) for reference current identification based on the following two algorithms: the classic low‐pass filter (LPF) and the second‐order generalized integrator (SOGI) filter. Furthermore, since an important process in SAPF control is the regulation of the DC bus voltage at the capacitor, a new controller based on the Lyapunov function is also proposed. A complete simulation of the resultant active filtering system confirms its validity, which uses the SOGI filter to extract the reference currents from the distorted line currents, compared with the traditional PQ theory based on LPF. In addition, the simulation performed also demonstrates the superiority of the proposed approach, for DC bus voltage control based on the Lyapunov function, compared with the traditional proportional‐integral (PI) controller. Both novel approaches contribute towards an improvement in the overall performance of the system, which consists of a small rise and settling time, a very low or nonexistent overshoot, and the minimization of the total harmonic distortion (THD).
Evolution of glial wrapping: A new hypothesis
Authors: Rey Simone , Zalc Bernard , Klämbt Christian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAnimals are able to move and react in numerous ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed and finally an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. In the last decades, a neurono‐centric view on nervous system function channeled most of the scientific interest toward the analysis of neurons and neuronal functions. Neurons appeared early in animal evolution and the main principles of neuronal function from synaptic transmission to propagation of action potentials are conserved during evolution. In contrast, not much is known on the evolution of glial cells that were initially considered merely as static support cells. Although it is now accepted that glial cells have an equally important contribution as their neuronal counterpart to nervous system function, their evolutionary origin is unknown. Did glial cells appear several times during evolution? What were the first roles glial cells had to fulfil in the nervous system? What triggered the formation of the amazing diversity of glial morphologies and functions? Is there a possible mechanism that might explain the appearance of complex structures such as myelin in vertebrates? Here, we postulate a common evolutionary origin of glia and depict a number of selective forces that might have paved the way from a simple supporting cell to a wrapping and myelin forming glial cell.
Dental and craniofacial defects in the Crtap−/− mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta type VII
Authors: Xu He , Lenhart Sydney A. , Chu Emily Y. , Chavez Michael B. , Wimer Helen F. , Dimori Milena , Somerman Martha J. , Morello Roy , Foster Brian L. , Hatch Nan E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundInactivating mutations in the gene for cartilage‐associated protein (CRTAP) cause osteogenesis imperfecta type VII in humans, with a phenotype that can include craniofacial defects. Dental and craniofacial manifestations have not been a focus of case reports to date. We analyzed the craniofacial and dental phenotype of Crtap−/− mice by skull measurements, micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), histology, and immunohistochemistry.ResultsCrtap−/− mice exhibited a brachycephalic skull shape with fusion of the nasofrontal suture and facial bones, resulting in mid‐face retrusion and a class III dental malocclusion. Loss of CRTAP also resulted in decreased dentin volume and decreased cellular cementum volume, though acellular cementum thickness was increased. Periodontal dysfunction was revealed by decreased alveolar bone volume and mineral density, increased periodontal ligament (PDL) space, ectopic calcification within the PDL, bone‐tooth ankylosis, altered immunostaining of extracellular matrix proteins in bone and PDL, increased pSMAD5, and more numerous osteoclasts on alveolar bone surfaces.ConclusionsCrtap−/− mice serve as a useful model of the dental and craniofacial abnormalities seen in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta type VII.
Contribution of males to brood care can compensate for their food consumption from a shared resource
Authors: Keppner Eva M. , Ayasse Manfred , Steiger Sandra 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe sharing of the same food source among parents and offspring can be a driver of the evolution of family life and parental care. However, if all family members desire the same meal, competitive situations can arise, especially if resource depletion is likely. When food is shared for reproduction and the raising of offspring, parents have to decide whether they should invest in self‐maintenance or in their offspring and it is not entirely clear how these two strategies are balanced. In the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, parents care for their offspring either bi‐ or uniparentally at a vertebrate carcass as the sole food source. The question of whether biparental care in this species offers the offspring a better environment for development compared with uniparental care has been the subject of some debate. We tested the hypothesis that male contribution to biparental brood care has a beneficial effect on offspring fitness but that this effect can be masked because the male also feeds from the shared resource. We show that a mouse carcass prepared by two Nicrophorus beetles is lighter compared with a carcass prepared by a single female beetle at the start of larval hatching and provisioning. This difference in carcass mass can influence offspring fitness when food availability is limited, supporting our hypothesis. Our results provide new insights into the possible evolutionary pathway of biparental care in this species of burying beetles.
Temperature and soil nutrients drive the spatial distributions of soil macroinvertebrates on the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yang Yulian , Wu Qinggui , Yang Wanqin , Wu Fuzhong , Zhang Li , Xu Zhenfeng , Liu Yang , Tan Bo , Li Han , Zhou Wei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractImproved knowledge of biological diversity patterns associated with elevation and their driving factors is indispensable for developing ecological theories. However, the results for the elevational distribution patterns of soil fauna are not consistent due to differing climates and vegetation. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of soil macroinvertebrate composition and structure among different forests at three elevations on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. A total of 16,559 individuals belonging to 24 orders and 100 families were collected, and the macroinvertebrate individual abundance, family richness, and diversity apparently increased with increasing elevation. Moreover, remarkable seasonal dynamics were observed for both the composition and functional structure of soil macroinvertebrates among forest types and were inconsistently affected by different environmental factors. The structural equation model suggested that elevation indirectly affected soil macroinvertebrate abundance by modulating climate (e.g., temperature) and soil quality (e.g., soil organic carbon and total nitrogen). Additionally, although vegetation had minor direct effects on soil macroinvertebrate abundance, it might indirectly influence soil macroinvertebrate abundance by regulating plant litter input. Our results indicate that temperature and soil nutrients are critical factors of soil macroinvertebrate elevational distributions and highlight the importance of plant litter input in determining the composition and structure of soil macroinvertebrates at different elevations.
Effect of time series length and resolution on abundance‐ and trait‐based early warning signals of population declines
Authors: Arkilanian A. A. , Clements C. F. , Ozgul A. , Baruah G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNatural populations are increasingly threatened with collapse at the hands of anthropogenic effects. Predicting population collapse with the help of generic early warning signals (EWS) may provide a prospective tool for identifying species or populations at highest risk. However, pattern‐to‐process methods such as EWS have a multitude of challenges to overcome to be useful, including the low signal‐to‐noise ratio of ecological systems and the need for high quality time series data. The inclusion of trait dynamics with EWS has been proposed as a more robust tool to predict population collapse. However, the length and resolution of available time series are highly variable from one system to another, especially when generation time is considered. As yet, it remains unknown how this variability with regards to generation time will alter the efficacy of EWS. Here we take both a simulation‐ and experimental‐based approach to assess the impacts of relative time series length and resolution on the forecasting ability of EWS. We show that EWS’ performance decreases with decreasing time‐series length. However, there was no evident decrease in EWS performance as resolution decreased. Our simulations suggest a relative time series length between 10 and five generations as a minimum requirement for accurate forecasting by abundance‐based EWS. However, when trait information is included alongside abundance‐based EWS, we find positive signals at lengths one‐half of what was required without them. We suggest that, in systems where specific traits are known to affect demography, trait data should be monitored and included alongside abundance data to improve forecasting reliability.
Identifying pain perceptual biases related to fear of pain and threat in a pain‐free sample
Authors: Yang Zhou , Bateer  
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe association between fear of pain (FOP) and pain intensity has remained unclear. This study aimed to examine whether highly pain‐fearful participants showed pain perceptual biases to general painful stimulus or to specific threatening painful stimulus.MethodsFifty‐nine undergraduates were recruited into low (n = 30) and high (n = 29) FOP groups and completed a threatening pain perception task with two tasks. Task 1 assessed pain perceptual biases by calculating the percentage of near‐threshold pain stimulus judged as painful and assessing the average pain intensity ratings to those painful stimuli. Task 2 assessed pain perceptual biases by measuring pain ratings to each single threshold (low intensity) and twice‐threshold (high intensity) pain stimulus.ResultsResults from task 1 indicated that higher FOP levels were associated with higher pain sensitivity when pain was appraised as a threat, reflected as high FOP group reporting higher pain intensity to those stimuli judged as painful in high threat condition than in low threat condition. Consistently, results from task 2 observed that when noxious stimulus intensity increased to threshold pain and twice threshold pain levels, high FOP group also generally reported higher pain intensity in high threat condition than in low threat condition. However, for both tasks, no such threat level differences were observed in low FOP group.ConclusionsThe current research emphasized that participants with higher FOP level showed pain perceptual biases to specific threatening painful stimulus. Threat appraisal of pain played a key role in the positive association between pain‐related fear and pain perceptual biases.SignificanceThe findings highlight the modulatory influence of threat appraisal of pain in the positive association between pain‐related fear and pain perceptual biases.