bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacy hydroxyurea education materials for patients with sickle cell disease: An environmental scan and assessment of accuracy
Authors: Cervi Andrea , Diamantouros Artemis , Azzam Mona , Lane Shannon J. , Sapru Hyra , Verhovsek Madeleine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundHydroxyurea (HU) remains a cornerstone of sickle cell disease (SCD) therapy; however, its use is limited by poor patient adherence owing to concerns about side effects. Pharmacies routinely provide patients with handouts about HU, which, we hypothesized, contain inaccuracies that may contribute to negative patient perceptions of HU.MethodsWe used a systematic approach to collect and review patient information handouts (PIHs) on HU from pharmacies in Ontario, Canada. PIHs were evaluated according to:
Number of inaccurate statements,
Percentage of essential statements based on comparison with a reference standard PIH developed by the Canadian Haemoglobinopathy Association (CanHaem), and
Reading level.
ResultsPIHs were collected from 98% of chain and community pharmacies registered in Ontario. All PIHs contained inaccurate statements, most frequently relating to the risk of developing cancer. Only 33% of PIHs identified SCD as an indication for HU use. Pharmacy PIHs contained 45% of the essential statements present within the CanHaem HU PIH, neglecting to mention use of HU for management of SCD and benefits of HU in preventing SCD complications. Moreover, the reading level across pharmacy PIHs was 1.8 grades higher than that advised for written patient education materials.ConclusionPatients who are prescribed HU are likely to be provided with PIHs that contain inaccuracies that are weighted toward the risks of HU therapy and run contrary to published literature. This study identifies a gap in the care of patients with SCD and an opportunity to improve the quality of HU PIHs to help patients make well‐informed decisions about their health.
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease—Challenges in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Patel Shivani , Uppuluri Ramya , Vellaichamy Swaminathan Venkateswaran , Ravichandran Nikila , Melarcode Ramanan Kesavan , Raj Revathi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe present our experience in the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in two children diagnosed with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases. The first child underwent a haploidentical HSCT with posttransplant cyclophosphamide using a reduced intensity conditioning following which he had primary graft failure. He was subsequently found to have interferon‐γ1 receptor deficiency. He had immune reconstitution and is on antitubercular therapy. The second child diagnosed with IL12RB1 gene mutation underwent matched sibling donor HSCT with myeloablative conditioning following pretransplant immunosuppression with fludarabine and dexamethasone. He is 13 months post‐HSCT with complete and remains disease free.
Social anhedonia and social functioning: Loneliness as a mediator
Authors: Tan Melody , Shallis Amy , Barkus Emma 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSocial anhedonia is associated with reduced social functioning and diminished reward from social interactions. Individuals expressing social anhedonia are likely to experience reduced social connectedness and feel lonely. Loneliness is also associated with reduced social functioning. Therefore, loneliness could account for the relationship between social anhedonia and social functioning. We aimed to determine whether loneliness mediates the relationship between social anhedonia and reduced social functioning. In total, 824 young adults (M age = 21.03, SD = 5.59; 72.3% female) completed the Revised‐Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale, and the Social Functioning Scale (SFS). Scores on thee SFS were summed into six subscales: Social Withdrawal, Relationships, Social Activities, Recreational Activities, Independence (Competence), and Independence (Performance). Negative affect (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales‐21 [DASS] total score) was included as a covariate. Both the RSAS and the UCLA Loneliness Scale were negatively correlated with overall and all social functioning subscales. The DASS‐21 positively correlated with all variables of interest. Mediation analyses revealed that loneliness partially mediated the relationship between social anhedonia and the social functioning subscales, with the exception of Recreational Activities. However, loneliness was a full mediator for the relationship between social anhedonia and overall social functioning. The study findings suggest that targeting loneliness in interventions may be important for improving various aspects of social functioning in those individuals who express social anhedonia.
Improving measurement of binary covariates in claims data: A simulation study
Authors: Connolly John G. , Glynn Robert J. , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Gagne Joshua J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeWhen investigators have two claims‐based definitions for a binary confounder, it is unclear whether to prefer the more sensitive or more specific definition. Our objective was to compare adjusting for the sensitive or specific definition alone vs two novel approaches combining both definitions: a “two‐algorithm indicator” and a “two‐algorithm restriction” approach.MethodsEach simulated patient had a binary exposure, outcome, and confounder. We created two nested, misclassified versions of the confounder using validated heart failure definitions. The sensitive definition had a sensitivity/specificity of 0.98/0.83, while the specific definition had a sensitivity/specificity of 0.77/0.99. Patients were classified into 3 groups: group 0 did not meet either definition, group 1 met the sensitive but not specific definition, and group 2 met both. The two‐algorithm indicator approach adjusted using indicators for groups 1 and 2, while the two‐algorithm restriction approach excluded patients in group 1 and adjusted using an indicator for group 2. Adjusted exposure odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for each approach using logistic regression.ResultsThe crude OR was 1.33 (95% CI, 1.07‐1.63). Adjusting for the specific or sensitive definitions resulted in ORs of 1.09 (95% CI, 0.87‐1.35) and 1.14 (95% CI, 0.91‐1.40). The two‐algorithm indicator method returned an OR of 1.07 (95% CI, 0.86‐1.33). The two‐algorithm restriction approach returned an OR of 1.02 (95% CI, 0.79‐1.29) but excluded 20% of the cohort.ConclusionsThe two‐algorithm indicator approach may improve adjustment for claims‐based confounders by returning a point estimate at least as unbiased as the better of the two component definitions.
Should observations be grouped for effective monitoring of multivariate process variability?
Authors: Ajadi Jimoh Olawale , Zwetsloot Inez Maria 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA multivariate dispersion control chart monitors changes in the process variability of multiple correlated quality characteristics. In this article, we investigate and compare the performance of charts designed to monitor variability on the basis of individual and grouped multivariate observations. We compare one of the most well‐known methods for monitoring individual observations—a multivariate exponentially weighted mean squared deviation (MEWMS) chart—with various charts based on grouped observations. In addition, we compare charts based on monitoring with overlapping and nonoverlapping subgroups. We recommend using charts based on overlapping subgroups when monitoring with subgroup data. The effect of subgroup size is also investigated. Steady‐state average time to signal is used as the performance measure. We show that monitoring methods based on individual observations are the quickest in detecting sustained shifts in the process variability. We use a simulation study to obtain our results and illustrated these with a case study.
Analytical solutions for multiple mode III cracks in a cylindrical bar with an orthotropic coating under dynamic loading
Authors: Karimi M. , Hassani A. R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study presents an analytical formulation for a cylindrical bar, with an orthotropic layer, containing multiple mode III cracks under time‐dependent torsion. The transient response to a dislocation cut with time‐dependent Burgers vector is obtained in the cross‐section of the cylindrical bar, with an orthotropic layer, with the help of the Fourier and Laplace transform. The dislocation solution is used to drive a group of singular integral equations for the study of circular domains with the orthotropic coating containing smooth radial cracks under transient torsional loading. The singular integral equations are evaluated numerically to calculate the torsional rigidity of the domain, and the dynamic stress intensity factors at the singular crack tips. Finally, there are several examples to illustrate the effect of the orthotropic coating on the dynamic stress intensity factors and torsional rigidity of the domain under consideration.
Malnutrition and its effects in severely injured trauma patients
Authors: Dijkink Suzan , Meier Karien , Krijnen Pieta , Yeh D. Dante , Velmahos George C. , Schipper Inger B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Purpose
In hospitalized patients, malnutrition is associated with adverse outcomes. However, the consequences of malnutrition in trauma patients are still poorly understood. This study aims to review the current knowledge about the pathophysiology, prevalence, and effects of malnutrition in severely injured patients.

Methods
A systematic literature review in PubMed and Embase was conducted according to PRISMA-guidelines.

Results
Nine review articles discussed the hypermetabolic state in severely injured patients in relation to malnutrition. In these patients, malnutrition negatively influenced the metabolic response, and vice versa, thereby rendering them susceptible to adverse outcomes and further deterioration of nutritional status. Thirteen cohort studies reported on prevalences of malnutrition in severely injured patients; ten reported clinical outcomes. In severely injured patients, the prevalence of malnutrition ranged from 7 to 76%, depending upon setting, population, and nutritional assessment tool used. In the geriatric trauma population, 7–62.5% were malnourished at admission and 35.6–60% were at risk for malnutrition. Malnutrition was an independent risk factor for complications, mortality, prolonged hospital length of stay, and declined quality of life.

Conclusions
Despite widespread belief about the importance of nutrition in severely injured patients, the quantity and quality of available evidence is surprisingly sparse, frequently of low-quality, and outdated. Based on the malnutrition-associated adverse outcomes, the nutritional status of trauma patients should be routinely and carefully monitored. Trials are required to better define the optimal nutritional treatment of trauma patients, but a standardized data dictionary and reasonable outcome measures are required for meaningful interpretation and application of results.
Experimental tail shortening affects feeding rate depending on original tail length in female barn swallows Hirundo rustica gutturalis
Authors: Hasegawa Masaru , Arai Emi , Nakamura Masahiko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLong tail feathers of the barn swallowHirundo rusticaare a classic example of an intersexually selected trait, but previous aerodynamic analyses indicate that the tail feather is only 10–12 mm longer than the aerodynamic optimum even in the nominate subspecies with long tails. Here, by experimentally shortening female tail length, we studied the feeding cost of long tail feathers in Japanese barn swallows,Hirundo rustica gutturalis, which have ca. 10 mm shorter tails than the nominate subspecies. Female feeding rate was explained by the interaction between treatment and original female tail length: feeding rate decreased with decreasing original female tail length in control, but not in tail-shortened females. Because the interaction term was far from significant in the analysis of female incubation investment, the observed pattern would be specific to feeding rate, which is greatly affected by the aerodynamic properties associated with tail length. Differential allocation of paternal feeding investment was not observed in the current data set. Long tails would be costly at least in short-tailed females, supporting differential costs of ornamentation as predicted by sexual selection theory. Female outermost tail feathers are costly ornamentation in short-tailed Japanese barn swallows.
Testing individual baroreflex responses to hypoxia-induced peripheral chemoreflex stimulation
Authors: Kronsbein Hendrik , Gerlach Darius A. , Heusser Karsten , Hoff Alex , Hoffmann Fabian , Diedrich André , Ehmke Heimo , Jordan Jens , Tank Jens 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Baroreflexes and peripheral chemoreflexes control efferent autonomic activity making these reflexes treatment targets for arterial hypertension. The literature on their interaction is controversial, with suggestions that their individual and collective influence on blood pressure and heart rate regulation is variable. Therefore, we applied a study design that allows the elucidation of individual baroreflex–chemoreflex interactions.

Methods
We studied nine healthy young men who breathed either normal air (normoxia) or an air–nitrogen–carbon dioxide mixture with decreased oxygen content (hypoxia) for 90 min, with randomization to condition, followed by a 30-min recovery period and then exposure to the other condition for 90 min. Multiple intravenous phenylephrine bolus doses were applied per condition to determine phenylephrine pressor sensitivity as an estimate of baroreflex blood pressure buffering and cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS).

Results
Hypoxia reduced arterial oxygen saturation from 98.1 ± 0.4 to 81.0 ± 0.4% (p < 0.001), raised heart rate from 62.9 ± 2.1 to 76.0 ± 3.6 bpm (p < 0.001), but did not change systolic blood pressure (p = 0.182). Of the nine subjects, six had significantly lower BRS in hypoxia (p < 0.05), two showed a significantly decreased pressor response, and three showed a significantly increased pressor response to phenylephrine in hypoxia, likely through reduced baroreflex buffering (p < 0.05). On average, hypoxia decreased BRS by 6.4 ± 0.9 ms/mmHg (19.9 ± 2.0 vs. 14.12 ± 1.6 ms/mmHg; p < 0.001) but did not change the phenylephrine pressor response (p = 0.878).

Conclusion
We applied an approach to assess individual baroreflex–chemoreflex interactions in human subjects. A subgroup exhibited significant impairments in baroreflex blood pressure buffering and BRS with peripheral chemoreflex activation. The methodology may have utility in elucidating individual pathophysiology and in targeting treatments modulating baroreflex or chemoreflex function.
Length-Change Patterns of the Collateral Ligaments During Functional Activities After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Hosseini Nasab S. H. , Smith C. R. , Schütz P. , Damm P. , Trepczynski A. , List R. , Taylor W. R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to quantify the elongation patterns of the collateral ligaments following TKA during functional activities of daily living. Using mobile video-fluoroscopy to capture radiographic images of the knee in a group of six patients, each with an ultra-congruent knee implant, tibiofemoral kinematics were reconstructed throughout complete cycles of level gait, downhill walking, stair descent, and squat activities. Kinematic data were then used to drive subject-specific multibody knee models to estimate length-change patterns of the LCL as well as three bundles of the MCL. In addition, a sensitivity analysis examined the role of the attachment site in the elongation patterns. Our data indicate a slackening of the LCL but non-uniform length-change patterns across the MCL bundles (ranging from lengthening of the anterior fibers to shortening of the posterior fibers) with increasing knee flexion angle. Near-isometric behavior of the intermediate fibers was observed throughout the entire cycle of the studied activities. These length-change patterns were found to be largely consistent across different activities. Importantly, length-change patterns were critically sensitive to the location of the femoral attachment points relative to the femoral component. Thus, in TKA with ultra-congruent implants, implantation of the femoral component may critically govern post-operative ligament function.
2D:4D Suggests a Role of Prenatal Testosterone in Gender Dysphoria
Authors: Sadr Mostafa , Khorashad Behzad S. , Talaei Ali , Fazeli Nasrin , Hönekopp Johannes 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGender dysphoria (GD) reflects distress caused by incongruence between one’s experienced gender identity and one’s natal (assigned) gender. Previous studies suggest that high levels of prenatal testosterone (T) in natal females and low levels in natal males might contribute to GD. Here, we investigated if the 2D:4D digit ratio, a biomarker of prenatal T effects, is related to GD. We first report results from a large Iranian sample, comparing 2D:4D in 104 transwomen and 89 transmen against controls of the same natal sex. We found significantly lower (less masculine) 2D:4D in transwomen compared to control men. We then conducted random-effects meta-analyses of relevant studies including our own (k = 6, N = 925 for transwomen and k = 6, N = 757 for transmen). In line with the hypothesized prenatal T effects, transwomen showed significantly feminized 2D:4D (d ≈ 0.24). Conversely, transmen showed masculinized 2D:4D (d ≈ − 0.28); however, large unaccounted heterogeneity across studies emerged, which makes this effect less meaningful. These findings support the idea that high levels of prenatal T in natal females and low levels in natal males play a part in the etiology of GD. As we discuss, this adds to the evidence demonstrating the convergent validity of 2D:4D as a marker of prenatal T effects.
Targeting the undruggable: exploiting neomorphic features of fusion oncoproteins in childhood sarcomas for innovative therapies
Authors: Knott Maximilian M. L. , Hölting Tilman L. B. , Ohmura Shunya , Kirchner Thomas , Cidre-Aranaz Florencia , Grünewald Thomas G. P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhile sarcomas account for approximately 1% of malignant tumors of adults, they are particularly more common in children and adolescents affected by cancer. In contrast to malignancies that occur in later stages of life, childhood tumors, including sarcoma, are characterized by a striking paucity of somatic mutations. However, entity-defining fusion oncogenes acting as the main oncogenic driver mutations are frequently found in pediatric bone and soft-tissue sarcomas such as Ewing sarcoma (EWSR1-FLI1), alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (PAX3/7-FOXO1), and synovial sarcoma (SS18-SSX1/2/4). Since strong oncogene-dependency has been demonstrated in these entities, direct pharmacological targeting of these fusion oncogenes has been excessively attempted, thus far, with limited success. Despite apparent challenges, our increasing understanding of the neomorphic features of these fusion oncogenes in conjunction with rapid technological advances will likely enable the development of new strategies to therapeutically exploit these neomorphic features and to ultimately turn the “undruggable” into first-line target structures. In this review, we provide a broad overview of the current literature on targeting neomorphic features of fusion oncogenes found in Ewing sarcoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma, and give a perspective for future developments.
Semi-automatic construction of word-formation networks
Authors: Lango Mateusz , Žabokrtský Zdeněk , Ševčíková Magda 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe article presents a semi-automatic method for the construction of word-formation networks focusing particularly on derivation. The proposed approach applies a sequential pattern mining technique to construct useful morphological features in an unsupervised manner. The features take the form of regular expressions and later they are used to feed a machine-learned ranking model. The network is constructed by applying the learned model to sort the lists of possible base words and selecting the most probable ones. This approach, besides relatively small training set and a lexicon, does not require any additional language resources such as a list of vowel and consonant alternations, part-of-speech tags etc. The proposed approach is evaluated on lexeme sets of four languages, namely Polish, Spanish, Czech, and French. The conducted experiments demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to construct linguistically adequate word-formation networks from small training sets. Furthermore, the performed feasibility study shows that the method can further benefit from the interaction with a human language expert within the active learning framework.
The ea22 gene of lambdoid phages: preserved prolysogenic function despite of high sequence diversity
Authors: Dydecka Aleksandra , Bloch Sylwia , Necel Agnieszka , Topka Gracja , Węgrzyn Alicja , Tong Jinge , Donaldson Logan W. , Węgrzyn Grzegorz , Nejman-Faleńczyk Bożena 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe exo-xis region of lambdoid phages contains open reading frames and genes that appear to be evolutionarily important. However, this region has received little attention up to now. In this study, we provided evidence that ea22, the largest gene of this region, favors the lysogenic pathway over the lytic pathway in contrast to other characterized exo-xis region genes including ea8.5, orf61, orf60a, and orf63. Our assays also suggest some functional analogies between Ea22 and the phage integrase protein (Int). While it is unsurprising that Ea22 operates similarly in both λ and Stx phages, we have observed some distinctions that may arise from considerable sequence dissimilarity at the carboxy termini of each protein.
Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS)
Authors: Soraci Paolo , Ferrari Ambra , Antonino Urso , Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to test the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS; Csibi et al., International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16, 393–403, 2018), a short and easy to use six-item tool for screening the risk of addiction to smartphone-based applications. A further goal was to explore the impact on smartphone addiction of several variables related to smartphone use habits, perceived quality of life, and sociability measures. The data were collected online from 205 Italian-speaking volunteers (128 males and 77 females aged 18 to 99 years). The psychometric instruments included in the study were the SABAS and the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). Psychometric testing showed that the six items included in the SABAS comprised a unidimensional factor with good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .890). Therefore, the SABAS appears to be a reliable instrument to assess the risk of addiction to smartphone apps. Moreover, longer daily time spent using the smartphone was found to be positively correlated with the total SABAS and NMP-Q scores, while perceived quality of life and self-reported sociability were found to be negatively correlated with such scores.