bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal Links Between Physical Health and Coping Among Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: D’Angelo Christina M , Mrug Sylvie , Grossoehme Daniel , Leon Kevin , Thomas Lacrecia , Troxler Bradley 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
Adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) often face a unique set of difficulties and challenges as they transition to adulthood and autonomy while also managing a progressive illness with a heavy treatment burden. Coping styles have been related to changes in physical health among youth with chronic illness more generally, but the directionality of these links has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate bidirectional links between coping styles and physical health indicators among adolescents with CF over time.

Methods
Adolescents (N = 79, 54% female) recruited from inpatient and outpatient CF clinics at two sites completed questionnaires assessing secular and religious/spiritual coping styles at two time points (18 months apart, on average). Health indicators including pulmonary functioning, nutritional status, and days hospitalized were obtained from medical records.

Results
More frequent hospitalizations predicted lower levels of adaptive secular coping over time. However, poorer pulmonary functioning predicted higher levels of positive religious/spiritual coping. The number of days hospitalized was related to adaptive secular coping and negative religious/spiritual coping.

Conclusions
Among youth with CF, physical health functioning is more consistent in predicting coping strategies than the reverse. Poorer pulmonary functioning appears to enhance adaptive coping over time, suggesting resilience of adolescents with CF, while more frequent hospitalizations may inhibit the use of adaptive coping strategies. Findings support the use of interventions aimed at promoting healthy coping among hospitalized adolescents with CF.
Who
Can Make Treaties? The European Union
Authors: Cremona Marise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the EU’s robust and complex treaty-making. The first section deals with the EU’s treaty-making capacity from the perspective of EU law, and then of international treaty practice. It examines the ways in which international treaty-making practice has accommodated EU participation in bilateral and in multilateral agreements. The second section discusses the legal effects of treaties concluded by the EU, first as regards the EU legal order, including their enforcement and interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the legal effects of mixed agreements. A discussion of the impact of EU treaty-making on the powers of the Member States follows: through the doctrines of exclusivity and pre-emption, the impact of EU law on treaties concluded by the Member States, and finally EU treaty-making from the perspective of international responsibility.
Reacting against Treaty Breaches
Authors: Simma Bruno , Tams Christian J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers whether international law provides means and methods to respond to alleged treaty breaches. It does so in four steps. First, it provides an overview of the international regime governing reactions against treaty breaches. The next two sections analyse the two most relevant generally available means of response under the law of treaties and the law of State responsibility, respectively. The final section offers some concluding observations. In addressing questions of treaty breaches and responses, the chapter focuses on rules of international law regulating inter-State behaviour. Notwithstanding this restriction, it seems clear that treaty breaches can be committed by and against different (non-State) subjects of international law, notably by and against international organizations. While these raise some special problems, they are in principle subject to the rules developed to govern inter-State relations.
Initial Decisions on Treaty-Making
Authors: Hollis Duncan B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a new set of sample clauses, building off the Treaty Maker’s Handbook framework with several modifications. First, based on current practice, it includes samples of clauses not found in Blix and Emerson’s earlier work (e.g. participation clauses for regional integration organizations, NGO participation clauses, clauses signalling an intent to conclude a political commitment). Second, this new treatment reorganizes the treatment of other topics Blix and Emerson did consider; for example, in lieu of simply reproducing Preambles, clauses that implicate a treaty’s object and purpose are presented instead. The current set of sample clauses focuses on illustrating variations and precedents in treaties themselves.
Detention in Armed Conflict
Authors: Pejic Jelena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights deprivation of liberty or detention, which is a regular occurrence in armed conflict. Along with the conduct of hostilities, it is one of the ways in which a belligerent attempts to weaken and ultimately defeat an adversary. Detention is regulated by a large number of provisions of international humanitarian law (IHL), the underlying and overarching purpose of which is to ensure the humane treatment of persons deprived of liberty. Apart from the relevant IHL treaty provisions, rules on various aspects of detention in armed conflict are also found in customary IHL, domestic law, and human rights law. The chapter then addresses some issues which concern the topic of detention: treatment and conditions of detention, procedural safeguards in internment, fair trial rights, and the transfer of detainees.
The effects of rotation on the lithium depletion of G- and K-dwarfs in Messier 35
Authors: Jeffries R D , Jackson R J , Sun Qinghui , Deliyannis Constantine P 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
New fibre spectroscopy and radial velocities from the WIYN telescope are used to measure photospheric lithium in 242 high-probability, zero-age main-sequence F- to K-type members of the rich cluster M35. Combining these with published rotation periods, the connection between lithium depletion and rotation is studied in unprecedented detail. At Teff &lt; 5500 K there is a strong relationship between faster rotation and less Li depletion, although with a dispersion larger than measurement uncertainties. Components of photometrically identified binary systems follow the same relationship. A correlation is also established between faster rotation rate (or smaller Rossby number), decreased Li depletion and larger stellar radius at a given Teff. These results support models where star-spots and interior magnetic fields lead to inflated radii and reduced Li depletion during the pre-main-sequence (PMS) phase for the fastest rotators. However, the data are also consistent with the idea that all stars suffered lower levels of Li depletion than predicted by standard PMS models, perhaps because of deficiencies in those models or because saturated levels of magnetic activity suppress Li depletion equally in PMS stars of similar Teff regardless of rotation rate, and that slower rotators subsequently experience more mixing and post-PMS Li depletion.
Magnetic field evolution time-scales in superconducting neutron stars
Authors: Gusakov M E , Kantor E M , Ofengeim D D 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The self-consistent approach to the magnetic field evolution in neutron star (NS) cores, developed recently, is generalized to the case of superfluid and superconducting NSs. Applying this approach to the cold matter of NS cores composed of neutrons, protons, electrons, and muons, we find that, similarly to the case of normal matter, an arbitrary configuration of the magnetic field may result in generation of macroscopic particle velocities, strongly exceeding their diffusive (relative) velocities. This effect substantially accelerates evolution of the magnetic field in the stellar core. An hierarchy of time-scales of such evolution at different stages of NS life is proposed and discussed. It is argued that the magnetic field in the core cannot be considered as frozen or vanishing and that its temporal evolution should affect the observational properties of NSs.
2′-O-Methylation can increase the abundance and lifetime of alternative RNA conformational states
Authors: Abou Assi Hala , Rangadurai Atul K , Shi Honglue , Liu Bei , Clay Mary C , Erharter Kevin , Kreutz Christoph , Holley Christopher L , Al-Hashimi Hashim M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
2′-O-Methyl (Nm) is a highly abundant post-transcriptional RNA modification that plays important biological roles through mechanisms that are not entirely understood. There is evidence that Nm can alter the biological activities of RNAs by biasing the ribose sugar pucker equilibrium toward the C3′-endo conformation formed in canonical duplexes. However, little is known about how Nm might more broadly alter the dynamic ensembles of flexible RNAs containing bulges and internal loops. Here, using NMR and the HIV-1 transactivation response (TAR) element as a model system, we show that Nm preferentially stabilizes alternative secondary structures in which the Nm-modified nucleotides are paired, increasing both the abundance and lifetime of low-populated short-lived excited states by up to 10-fold. The extent of stabilization increased with number of Nm modifications and was also dependent on Mg2+. Through phi-value analysis, the Nm modification also provided rare insights into the structure of the transition state for conformational exchange. Our results suggest that Nm could alter the biological activities of Nm-modified RNAs by modulating their secondary structural ensembles as well as establish the utility of Nm as a tool for the discovery and characterization of RNA excited state conformations.
Separable functions of Tof1/Timeless in intra-S-checkpoint signalling, replisome stability and DNA topological stress
Authors: Westhorpe Rose , Keszthelyi Andrea , Minchell Nicola E , Jones David , Baxter Jonathan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe highly conserved Tof1/Timeless proteins minimise replication stress and promote normal DNA replication. They are required to mediate the DNA replication checkpoint (DRC), the stable pausing of forks at protein fork blocks, the coupling of DNA helicase and polymerase functions during replication stress (RS) and the preferential resolution of DNA topological stress ahead of the fork. Here we demonstrate that the roles of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Timeless protein Tof1 in DRC signalling and resolution of DNA topological stress require distinct N and C terminal regions of the protein, whereas the other functions of Tof1 are closely linked to the stable interaction between Tof1 and its constitutive binding partner Csm3/Tipin. By separating the role of Tof1 in DRC from fork stabilisation and coupling, we show that Tof1 has distinct activities in checkpoint activation and replisome stability to ensure the viable completion of DNA replication following replication stress.
Gramene 2021: harnessing the power of comparative genomics and pathways for plant research
Authors: Tello-Ruiz Marcela K , Naithani Sushma , Gupta Parul , Olson Andrew , Wei Sharon , Preece Justin , Jiao Yinping , Wang Bo , Chougule Kapeel , Garg Priyanka , Elser Justin , Kumari Sunita , Kumar Vivek , Contreras-Moreira Bruno , Naamati Guy , George Nancy , Cook Justin , Bolser Daniel , D’Eustachio Peter , Stein Lincoln D , Gupta Amit , Xu Weijia , Regala Jennifer , Papatheodorou Irene , Kersey Paul J , Flicek Paul , Taylor Crispin , Jaiswal Pankaj , Ware Doreen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGramene (http://www.gramene.org), a knowledgebase founded on comparative functional analyses of genomic and pathway data for model plants and major crops, supports agricultural researchers worldwide. The resource is committed to open access and reproducible science based on the FAIR data principles. Since the last NAR update, we made nine releases; doubled the genome portal's content; expanded curated genes, pathways and expression sets; and implemented the Domain Informational Vocabulary Extraction (DIVE) algorithm for extracting gene function information from publications. The current release, #63 (October 2020), hosts 93 reference genomes—over 3.9 million genes in 122 947 families with orthologous and paralogous classifications. Plant Reactome portrays pathway networks using a combination of manual biocuration in rice (320 reference pathways) and orthology-based projections to 106 species. The Reactome platform facilitates comparison between reference and projected pathways, gene expression analyses and overlays of gene–gene interactions. Gramene integrates ontology-based protein structure–function annotation; information on genetic, epigenetic, expression, and phenotypic diversity; and gene functional annotations extracted from plant-focused journals using DIVE. We train plant researchers in biocuration of genes and pathways; host curated maize gene structures as tracks in the maize genome browser; and integrate curated rice genes and pathways in the Plant Reactome.
Loosely Relational Constitutional Rights
Authors: Kohavi Tom 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article attends to claims that the expansionist trend in modern constitutional practices resulted in the recognition of many norms that are not real rights: that fail to guide and constrain duty-bearers and empower and protect right-holders because they are too abstract and can be limited too regularly. It claims that many constitutional rights are, indeed, ‘loosely relational’: the correlation between them and duties is flexible and affected by considerations external to the direct relations between the right-holder and the duty-bearer. However, it adds that the assumption that rights must be ‘strictly relational’ for them to exhibit the robust normativity that gives rights their force and value is incorrect. This is important because loosely relational constitutional rights confer this robust normativity on consequentialist standards for the evaluation of legal norms and activities: a fundamental role constitutional rights play in modern liberal legal systems, reflecting a collective commitment to the realisation of social justice.
Concentrated Ownership, State-Owned Enterprises and Corporate Governance
Authors: Lim Ernest W K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Concentrated ownership companies are increasing worldwide, a significant percentage of which are state-owned enterprises (SOEs), whose controller is the government. Government owners are the world’s second largest type of shareholder. Despite extensive literature on SOEs, there is little analysis of how corporate governance can be undermined by the state as the controller of SOEs or how it can be deployed by the government to serve its own ends. This article critically examines how the conflict of interest between the government as the controller of SOEs on the one hand and the minority shareholders and stakeholders on the other, as well as the conflict of interest between the government as the controller on the one hand and the government as the regulator on the other, can affect three corporate governance regimes, namely, sustainability (environmental, social and governance) reporting; directors’ duty to act in the best interests of the company; and stewardship code.
Fluorescein Sodium-Guided Neuroendoscopic Resection of Deep-Seated Malignant Brain Tumors: Preliminary Results of 18 Patients
Authors: Kutlay Murat , Durmaz Ozan , Ozer İlker , Kırık Alpaslan , Yasar Soner , Kural Cahit , Temiz Çağlar , Tehli Özkan , Ezgu Mehmet Can , Daneyemez Mehmet , Izci Yusuf 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Deep-seated intracranial lesions are challenging to resect completely and safely. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) promotes the resection of malignant brain tumors (MBTs). Classically, FGS is performed using microscope equipped with a special filter. Fluorescence-guided neuroendoscopic resection of deep-seated brain tumors has not been reported yet.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of the fluorescence-guided neuroendoscopic surgery in deep-seated MBTs.

METHODS
A total of 18 patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) and metastatic tumor (MT) underwent fluorescein sodium (FS)-guided neuroendoscopic surgery. Tumor removal was carried out using bimanual microsurgical techniques under endoscopic view. The degree of fluorescence staining was classified as “helpful” and “unhelpful” based on surgical observation. Extent of resection was determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score was used for evaluation of general physical performances of patients.

RESULTS
A total of 11 patients had HGG, and 7 had MT. No technical difficulty was encountered regarding the use of endoscopic technique. “Helpful” fluorescence staining was observed in 16 patients and fluorescent tissue was completely removed. Postoperative MRI confirmed gross total resection (88.9%). In 2 patients, FS enhancement was not helpful enough for tumor demarcation and postoperative MRI revealed near total resection (11.1%). No complication, adverse events, or side effects were encountered regarding the use of FS. KPS score of patients was improved at 3-mo follow-up.

CONCLUSION
FS-guided endoscopic resection is a feasible technique for deep-seated MBTs. It is safe, effective, and allows for a high rate of resection. Future prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm these preliminary data.
Fiber Microdissection Technique for Demonstrating the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei and Cerebellar Peduncles
Authors: Pruthi Nupur , Kadri Paulo A S , Türe Uğur 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The cerebellum is one of the most primitive and complex parts of the human brain. The fiber microdissection technique can be extremely useful for neurosurgeons to understand the topographical organization of the cerebellum's important contents, such as the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar peduncles, and their relationship with the brain stem.

OBJECTIVE
To dissect the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar peduncles using the fiber microdissection technique.

METHODS
Under the operating microscope, 5 previously frozen, formalin-fixed human cerebellums and brain stems were dissected from the superior surface, and 5 were dissected from the inferior surface. Each stage of the process is described. The primary dissection tools were handmade, thin, wooden spatulas with tips of various sizes, toothpicks, and a fine regulated suction.

RESULTS
In 15 simplified dissection steps (6 for the superior surface and 9 for the inferior surface), the deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate, interpositus, and fastigial) and the cerebellar peduncles (inferior, middle, and superior) are delineated. Their anatomical relationships with each other and other neighboring structures are demonstrated.

CONCLUSION
The anatomy of the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar peduncles are clearly defined and understood through the use of the fiber microdissection technique. These stepwise dissections will guide the neurosurgeon in acquiring a topographical understanding of these complex and deep structures of the cerebellum. This knowledge, along with radiological information, can help in planning the most appropriate surgical strategy for various lesions of the cerebellum.
Must We Love Epistemic Goods?
Authors: Crerar Charlie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is widely held that for an agent to have any intellectual character virtues, they must be fundamentally motivated by a love of epistemic goods. In this paper, I challenge this ‘strong motivational requirement’ on virtue. First, I call into question three key reasons offered in its defence: that a love of epistemic goods is needed to explain the scope, the performance quality, or the value of virtue. Secondly, I highlight several costs and restrictions that we incur from its acceptance. In so doing, I show that my titular question is more than just a question about the nature of virtuous motivation or the structure of intellectual virtue. Ultimately, it is a question about the very function of virtue epistemology itself.
Prevalence and correlates of skin self-examination behaviors among melanoma survivors: a systematic review
Authors: Bhurosy Trishnee , Heckman Carolyn J , Riley Mary 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Melanoma is the most common cause of skin cancer deaths, and individuals who have had melanoma have an increased risk of developing new melanomas. Doing regular self-examinations of skin enables one to detect thinner melanomas earlier when the disease is more treatable. The aim of this systematic review is to characterize and evaluate the existing literature on the prevalence and correlates of skin self-examination (SSE) behaviors among adult melanoma survivors in the USA and Canada. A computerized literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The inclusion criteria for the studies were: (a) reported results for adult melanoma survivors in the USA or Canada, (b) papers described empirical research, (c) assessed SSE and related behaviors, and (d) papers were published in a peer-reviewed journal in the past 20 years. Key phrases such as “skin self-examination/SSE in melanoma survivors in the United States” and “correlates of skin self-examination/SSE” were used. Based on the inclusion criteria, 30 studies were included in the systematic review. SSE prevalence varied depending on how SSE was defined. Demographics and factors (gender, education level, patient characteristics, partner assistance, and physician support) associated with SSE were identified. Findings of this review show evidence for the need to have a consistent way to assess SSE and suggest different types of correlates on which to focus in order to promote SSE and reduce the risk of melanoma recurrence in survivors. This systematic review and its protocol have been registered in the international database of prospectively registered systematic reviews in health and social care (PROSPERO; ID: 148878)
A systematic review of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and substance use in adolescents and emerging adults
Authors: West Ashley B , Bittel Kelsey M , Russell Michael A , Evans M Blair , Mama Scherezade K , Conroy David E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The transition from adolescence into emerging adulthood is marked by changes in both physical activity and substance use. This systematic review characterized associations between movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behavior) and frequently used substances (alcohol, cannabis) among adolescents and emerging adults to inform lifestyle interventions that target multiple behavior change outcomes. This systematic review was guided by PRISMA. Electronic databases of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched from inception through June 25, 2019. The search was designed to identify empirical studies reporting an association between physical activity or sedentary behavior and alcohol or cannabis, with search criteria determining eligibility based on several sampling characteristics (e.g., participants under 25 years of age). After identifying and screening 5,610 studies, data were extracted from 97 studies. Physical activity was positively associated with alcohol use among emerging adults, but the literature was mixed among adolescents. Sedentary behavior was positively associated with alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents, but evidence was limited among emerging adults. Self-report measures were used in all but one study to assess these behaviors. Physical activity is linked to greater alcohol use among emerging adults. Whereas existing studies demonstrate that sedentary behavior might serve as a risk marker for alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents, additional primary research is needed to explore these associations in emerging adults. Future work should also use device-based measures to account for timing of and contextual features surrounding activity and substance use in these populations.