bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequality of childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh: A decomposition approach
Authors: Sarker Abdur Razzaque , Sultana Marufa , Sheikh Nurnabi , Akram Raisul , Ali Nausad , Mahumud Rashidul Alam , Alam Khorshed , Morton Alec 
Published: November 2019

SummaryBackgroundUndernutrition is one of the major public health concerns in Bangladesh. This study examined the trends and patterns of childhood undernutrition, inequality, and its socioeconomic contributors in Bangladesh.MethodsData were extracted from the last four rounds of the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS). A regression‐based decomposition method was applied to assess the socioeconomic contributors of inequality.ResultsAlthough the prevalence of childhood undernutrition has declined during the period 2004 to 2014, the rate of undernutrition is higher among the children of mothers who had lower education, live in rural areas, and are from the poorest wealth quintile. Socioeconomic status accounted for almost half of the total inequality in the prevalence of both stunting and underweight among children, whereas maternal education was ranked second among the contributors.ConclusionsFindings of the study indicate that undernutrition inequalities in terms of socioeconomic aspects appear to have widened over time. Improving economic activity and maternal education will improve the nutritional status of children and as a consequence reduce inequality. Therefore, investments in education, creation of working opportunities, and empowerment of vulnerable and disadvantaged people along with nutrition‐specific interventions will be important measures to eliminate this inequality at the population level.
Impacts of climate variability and landscape pattern change on evapotranspiration in a grassland landscape mosaic
Authors: Yu Deyong , Li Xiaoyuan , Cao Qian , Hao Ruifang , Qiao Jianmin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEvapotranspiration (ET), a key component of the hydrological cycle, affects the transport of water and energy in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system. Thus, quantifying the driving forces of ET dynamics is important to ensure rational water resource utilization. Based on meteorological and satellite data, spatiotemporal dynamics of ET were detected using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model, and effects of climate variability and landscape pattern change on ET dynamics in an arid to semiarid landscape mosaic during the growing season (April‐October) from 2001 to 2015 in Xilingol League, China were evaluated. The results indicated that (a) a significant increase (P < .05) in ET was found in the north‐eastern Xilingol League, and a significant decrease (P < .05) in ET was confined to the southwest and (b) climate variability had significant effects on ET dynamics. All climatic factors showed a positive correlation relationship with ET dynamics, and mean temperature (Ta) was the most influential climatic factor on ET dynamics followed by relative humidity (Rh), wind speed (Ws), and precipitation (Pr), respectively. The influence of landscape pattern change on ET dynamics was mainly reflected in the increase of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) promoting ET dynamics. Several other landscape pattern metrics also had important impacts on ET dynamics, which were mainly reflected in the positive effect of the aggregation index (AI) on ET dynamics and the negative effects of the largest patch index (LPI), edge density (ED), and percentage of landscape (PLAND) on ET dynamics. To promote effective water resource utilization, landscape managers should continue to moderately implement vegetation restoration projects such as the Grain for Green Project, orient with conversion of low‐quality cropland into grassland, and conserve large areas of grassland. Appropriate management measures for forests and cropland scattered in the landscape mosaic, based on local climate and soil properties, as well as socioeconomic goals, are also required.
Exosome loaded alginate hydrogel promotes tissue regeneration in full‐thickness skin wounds: An in vivo study
Authors: Shafei Shilan , Khanmohammadi Mehdi , Heidari Reza , Ghanbari Hossein , Taghdiri Nooshabadi Vajihe , Farzamfar Saeed , Akbariqomi Mostafa , Sanikhani Nafiseh S. , Absalan Moloud , Tavoosidana Gholamreza 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWound healing is known as one of the most complicated biological processes for injured skin caused by surgical, trauma, burns, or diabetic diseases, which causes a nonfunctioning mass of fibrotic tissue. Recent reports have suggested that exosomes (EXOs) secreted by this type of stem cells may contribute to their paracrine effect. In this study, the EXOs were isolated from the supernatant of cultured adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) via ultracentrifugation and filtration. The EXO loaded in the alginate‐based hydrogel was used as a bioactive scaffold to preserve the EXO in the wound site in the animal model. The physical and biochemical properties of EXO loaded Alg hydrogel were characterized and results proved that fabricated structure was biodegradable and biocompatible. This bioactive wound dressing technique has significantly improved wound closure, collagen synthesis, and vessel formation in the wound area. Results offer a new viewpoint and a cell‐free therapeutic strategy, for wound healing through the application of the composite structure of EXO encapsulated in alginate hydrogel.
CYP3A4 and microRNA‐122 are involved in the apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by ILs 1‐decyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide
Authors: Li Ai‐Ling , Gao Shan‐Shan , Guo Meng‐Long , Jing Chang‐Qin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) as green alternatives for volatile organic solvents are increasingly used in commercial applications. It is necessary to explore the cytotoxic mechanism of ILs to reduce the risk to human health. For this purpose, cell viability, apoptosis, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2), and microRNA‐122 (miR‐122) gene expression in HepG2 cells was evaluated after IL exposure. The results showed that ILs reduced the viability of HepG2 cells through apoptotic cell death. Moreover, ILs markedly upregulated the transcription and protein levels of CYP3A4, but did not affect the expression of GLUT2 in either messenger RNA level or protein level. Finally, ILs increased the expression of miR‐122 and inhibition of miR‐122 with miR‐122 inhibitor blocked ILs‐induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. This finding may contribute to an increased understanding of the in vitro molecular toxicity mechanism of ILs to further understand IL‐related human health risks.
Exosomes: New insights into cancer mechanisms
Authors: Sahebi Reza , Langari Hadis , Fathinezhad Zohre , Bahari Sani Zahra  , Avan Amir , Ghayour Mobarhan Majid  , Rezayi Majid 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExosomes are mobile extracellular vesicles with a diameter 40 to 150 nm. They play a critical role in several processes such as the development of cancers, intercellular signaling, drug resistance mechanisms, and cell‐to‐cell communication by fusion onto the cell membrane of recipient cells. These vesicles contain endogenous proteins and both noncoding and coding RNAs (microRNA and messenger RNAs) that can be delivered to various types of cells. Furthermore, exosomes exist in body fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Therefore, they could be used as a novel carrier to deliver therapeutic nucleic‐acid drugs for cancer therapy. It was recently documented that, hypoxia promotes exosomes secretion in different tumor types leading to the activation of vascular cells and angiogenesis. Cancer cell‐derived exosomes (CCEs) have been used as prognostic and diagnostic markers in many types of cancers because exosomes are stable at 4°C and −70°C. CCEs have many functional roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, this review presents the data about the therapeutic application of exosomes and the role of CCEs in cancer invasion, drug resistance, and metastasis.
Modularity as a universal emergent property of biological traits
Authors: West‐Eberhard Mary Jane 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn emergent property of an entity is one that results from the organization or interaction of its components. Here I argue that modularity (discreteness) is a universal emergent property of organismic traits that results from the universal bounded responsiveness, to inputs (e.g., genomic or environmental), of the phenotype at all levels of organization. While degree of modularity is variable and may be subject to change under selection, I argue that the consequences of modularity, such as the evolvability of modular traits (e.g., due to their somewhat independent expression and selection; and their potential for expression in new combinations) are not responsible for the existence of modularity itself. I discuss some other views of modularity in biology; and the related idea that increased complexity (e.g., increased numbers of kinds of modular traits) is a product of selection. I argue that emergent properties characterize innovative phenotypes at their origin. When emergent properties occur at more than one level of phenotypic organization, they sometimes lead to confusion due to confounding levels of organization with levels of selection, as has occurred in discussions of group selection in the evolution of sociality. Phenotypes, whose environmental sensitivity and (emergent) properties are emphasized here, seem likely to assume increasing importance as biology moves toward a better understanding of the genome as agent of both the transmission and the expression of traits.
Genetic counselors’ attitudes toward and practice related to psychiatric genetic counseling
Authors: Booke Stephanie , Austin Jehannine , Calderwood Laurel , Campion MaryAnn 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDespite the high demand for psychiatric genetic counseling among people with psychiatric conditions (>90%), surveys show that genetic counselors rarely receive primary referrals for psychiatric cases. The purpose of this study was to further investigate potential barriers to the provision of psychiatric genetic counseling services, focusing specifically on the prevalence and impact of psychiatric stigmatization among genetic counselors. Board‐certified, practicing genetic counselors were invited to participate in an anonymous survey via the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Survey measures included a validated psychiatric stigmatization scale (OMS‐HC) and questions assaying genetic counselors’ experiences with and opinions of psychiatric genetic counseling. Associations between psychiatric stigmatization and attitudes toward and practice related to psychiatric genetic counseling were computed using Pearson's correlation. The majority of respondents believed that psychiatric genetic counseling is of value to families (94%) and that it is indicated if there is a relevant personal or family history (90.3%), but only 44.6% reported providing this service. On average, respondents scored neutrally on psychiatric stigma scales; however, higher stigma levels were associated with less frequent psychiatric discussions (p = .05), less counselor comfort and perceived qualification (p = .003) and perceptions of having insufficient psychiatric genetic data (p < .02), resources (p < .02) and time (p < .03). This study suggests that the limits of psychiatric genetics research and unavailability of genetic testing lead many genetic counselors to doubt the utility of psychiatric genetic counseling. Should this mindset persist, without the intervention of psychiatric education and training, the field of genetic counseling risks continuing to inadequately serve a historically underserved population.
A variant of the Erdős‐Sós conjecture
Authors: Havet Frédéric , Reed Bruce , Stein Maya , Wood David R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA well‐known conjecture of Erdős and Sós states that every graph with average degree exceeding contains every tree with edges as a subgraph. We propose a variant of this conjecture, which states that every graph of maximum degree exceeding and minimum degree at least contains every tree with edges. As evidence for our conjecture we show (a) for every there is a such that the weakening of the conjecture obtained by replacing the first by holds, and (b) there is a such that the weakening of the conjecture obtained by replacing by holds.
Isometric copies of directed trees in orientations of graphs
Authors: Banakh Taras , Idzik Adam , Pikhurko Oleg , Protasov Igor , Pszczoła Krzysztof 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe isometric Ramsey number of a family of digraphs is the smallest number of vertices in a graph such that any orientation of the edges of contains every member of in the distance‐preserving way. We observe that the isometric Ramsey number of a finite family of finite acyclic digraphs is always finite, and present some bounds in special cases. For example, we show that the isometric Ramsey number of the family of all oriented trees with vertices is at most .
Cycle decompositions of pathwidth‐6 graphs
Authors: Fuchs Elke , Gellert Laura , Heinrich Irene 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHajós' conjecture asserts that a simple Eulerian graph on vertices can be decomposed into at most cycles. The conjecture is only proved for graph classes in which every element contains vertices of degree 2 or 4. We develop new techniques to construct cycle decompositions. They work on the common neighborhood of two degree‐6 vertices. With these techniques, we find structures that cannot occur in a minimal counterexample to Hajós' conjecture and verify the conjecture for Eulerian graphs of pathwidth at most 6. This implies that these graphs satisfy the small cycle double cover conjecture.
Toward Cereceda's conjecture for planar graphs
Authors: Eiben Eduard , Feghali Carl 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe reconfiguration graph of the ‐colorings of a graph has as vertex set the set of all possible ‐colorings of and two colorings are adjacent if they differ on the color of exactly one vertex. Cereceda conjectured 10 years ago that, for every ‐degenerate graph on vertices, has diameter . The conjecture is wide open, with a best known bound of , even for planar graphs. We improve this bound for planar graphs to . Our proof can be transformed into an algorithm that runs in time.
Reticular pattern around superior mesenteric artery in computed tomography imaging predicting poor prognosis of pancreatic head cancer
Authors: Kato Tomotaka , Ban Daisuke , Tateishi Ukihide , Ogura Toshiro , Ogawa Kosuke , Ono Hiroaki , Mitsunori Yusuke , Kudo Atsushi , Tanaka Shinji , Tanabe Minoru 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundSome patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) demonstrate a reticular pattern around the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in computed tomography scans. This study aimed to clarify the clinical significance of the reticular pattern in pancreatic head cancer.MethodsA total of 91 patients with pancreatic head cancer, who underwent upfront pancreaticoduodenectomy between 2004 and 2017, were included. Patients without reticular pattern (Non‐group, n = 39); with reticular pattern around SMA (Ret‐group, n = 39); and with soft tissue contact (Soft‐group, n = 13) were compared.ResultsMedian overall survival (OS) of patients in the Ret‐group was significantly worse than that in the Non‐group (21.3 vs. 57.0 months; P < 0.001) and equivalent to that in the Soft‐group. In the multivariate analysis, reticular pattern and high CA19‐9 levels were identified as independent predictors of OS. Microscopically, only fibrotic thickenings were identified corresponding to the reticular pattern areas, and no difference in the frequency of early local recurrence was noted between the Non and Ret‐groups. Lymphovascular invasion was significantly different between the two groups; furthermore, early distant recurrence was more frequent in the Ret‐group.ConclusionsThe reticular pattern around SMA is an important prognostic factor related to frequent distant recurrence in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Pharmacokinetics of 10‐hydroxycamptothecin–tetrandrine liposome complexes in rat by a simple and sensitive ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Shuang Ruonan , Wang Mengdi , Mao Juanling , Zou Jiamei , Ping Yuhui 
Published: November 2019

Abstract10‐Hydroxycamptothecin is a drug to cure various cancers. However, the 10‐hydroxycamptothecin cannot be widely applied in clinics due to fast elimination and resistance of various cancers to the drug. Nevertheless, co‐treatment with tetrandine is known to reverse the resistance of multi‐drug resistant cancers, and may present an effective strategy to improve the efficacy of 10‐hydroxycamptothecin. In order to improve the bioavailability and prolong the treatment time of the 10‐hydroxycamptothecin in vivo, we prepared 10‐hydroxycamptothecin‐tetrandrine liposome complexes with 10‐hydroxycamptothecin as the basic anticancer drug, tetrandrine and liposomes as carriers. In this article, an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 10‐hydroxycamptothecin and tetrandrine in plasma has been developed, validated, and utilized to compare the pharmacokinetics of both drugs in the original dosage form and administered as liposome complexes. According to the pharmacokinetic parameters of mean residence time, half‐life period and clearance rate, the 10‐hydroxycamptothecin‐tetrandrine liposome complexes prolongs the retention and circulation time of 10‐hydroxycamptothecin in vivo, achieving a good sustained release effect. To the best of our current knowledge, the pharmacokinetic properties of 10‐hydroxycamptothecin‐tetrandrine liposome complexes in rats have not been reported yet. Our study can provide a helpful reference for further related study.
Diarylbiindolinones as Substituent‐Tunable Mechanochromophores and Their Application in Mechanochromic Polymers
Authors: Kawasaki Kazuma , Aoki Daisuke , Otsuka Hideyuki 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of a series of diarylbiindolinone derivatives as substituent‐tunable mechanochromophores that generate pink carbon‐centered radicals in response to mechanical stimuli are reported. The changes in mechano‐responsiveness, which result from the introduction of various substituents on the diarylbiindolinone skeleton, are systematically studied and mechanochromic polymers that contain such diarylbiindolinone units are developed.
Importance of Sample Gear in the Identification of Trophic Guilds and Forage Species in a Large Lagoonal Estuary
Authors: Binion-Rock Samantha M. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Rock Jason E. , West Katy , Paramore Lee M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Food habits in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, are poorly described despite the estuary's large size and importance as nursery and fisheries habitat. We conducted the first multi-year, multispecies food habits study in Pamlico Sound, sampling the stomach contents of 16,913 predators representing 25 species. Predators were sampled from fisheries-independent trawl and gill-net surveys. We used multivariate analyses to compare diets between surveys, used agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyses and similarity profiles to identify significant trophic guilds, and identified forage fish using multiple approaches (qualitative classification criteria, connectance, and supportive role to fishery ecosystems [SURF]). The diets of predators sampled from the trawl survey were significantly different than predators sampled from the gill-net survey. Mysids and anchovies were more important for trawl-caught predators, with the majority of those predators belonging to nonpiscivorous guilds. Half of the gill-net survey predators were piscivorous and relied more heavily on Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus and sciaenids. Differences in the level of piscivory between the surveys are most likely a result of larger predators being sampled in gill nets relative to trawls. There was little agreement among approaches in forage species identification, and only anchovies in the trawl survey were identified as a forage species using all approaches. Quantitative metrics identified forage species (e.g., Spot Leiostomus xanthurus and invertebrates) that were not identified by qualitative classification criteria. Our work shows the effect of gear size selection on estimates of predator diets and the need to use a variety of gears that sample a wide range of predator sizes. Additionally, the identification of forage species requires an evaluation of criteria outside of life history characteristics and a greater emphasis on the contribution of a prey species to a predator's diet.
Perturbed spiral real‐time phase‐contrast MR with compressive sensing reconstruction for assessment of flow in children
Authors: Kowalik Grzegorz Tomasz , Knight Daniel , Steeden Jennifer Anne , Muthurangu Vivek 
Published: November 2019

Purposewe implemented a golden‐angle spiral phase contrast sequence. A commonly used uniform density spiral and a new ‘perturbed’ spiral that produces more incoherent aliases were assessed. The aim was to ascertain whether greater incoherence enabled more accurate Compressive Sensing reconstruction and superior measurement of flow and velocity.MethodsA range of ‘perturbed’ spiral trajectories based on a uniform spiral trajectory were formulated. The trajectory that produced the most noise‐like aliases was selected for further testing. For in‐silico and in‐vivo experiments, data was reconstructed using total Variation L1 regularisation in the spatial and temporal domains. In‐silico, the reconstruction accuracy of the ‘perturbed’ golden spiral was compared to uniform density golden‐angle spiral. For the in‐vivo experiment, stroke volume and peak mean velocity were measured in 20 children using ‘perturbed’ and uniform density golden‐angle spiral sequences. These were compared to a reference standard gated Cartesian sequence.ResultsIn‐silico, the perturbed spiral acquisition produced more accurate reconstructions with less temporal blurring (NRMSE ranging from 0.03 to 0.05) than the uniform density acquisition (NRMSE ranging from 0.06 to 0.12). This translated in more accurate results in‐vivo with no significant bias in the peak mean velocity (bias: −0.1, limits: −4.4 to 4.1 cm/s;P= 0.98) or stroke volume (bias: −1.8, limits: −9.4 to 5.8 ml,P= 0.19).ConclusionWe showed that a ‘perturbed’ golden‐angle spiral approach is better suited to Compressive Sensing reconstruction due to more incoherent aliases. This enabled accurate real‐time measurement of flow and peak velocity in children.