bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does reduced employment protection increase the employment disadvantage of workers with low education and poorer health?
Authors: Schuring Merel , Robroek Suzan J W , Carrino Ludovico , O’Prinsen Anouk C , Oude Hengel Karen M , Avendano Mauricio , Burdorf Alex 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundDeclines in employment protection may have disproportionate effects on employment opportunities of workers with low education and poorer health. This study investigates the impact of changes in employment protection levels on employment rates according to education and health in 23 European countries.MethodsData were taken from the 4-year rotating panel European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions study. Employed participants aged 29–59 years (n = 334 999) were followed for 1 year over an 11-year period, from 2003 up to 2014. A logistic regression model with country and period fixed effects was used to estimate the association between changes in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) employment protection index and labour market outcomes, incorporating interaction terms with education and health.Results15 of the 23 countries saw their level of employment protection decline between 2003 and 2014. Reduced employment protection of temporary workers increased odds of early retirement (OR 6.29, 95% CI 3.17 to 12.48) and unemployment (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.76). Reduced employment protection of permanent workers increased odds of early retirement more among workers in poor health (OR 4.46, 95% CI 2.26 to 8.78) than among workers in good health (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.30 to 5.10). The impact of reduced employment protection of temporary workers on unemployment was stronger among lower-educated workers (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.90) than among higher-educated workers (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.54).ConclusionReduced employment protection increased the odds of early exit from paid employment, especially among workers with lower education and poorer health. Employment protection laws may help reduce the employment disadvantage of workers with low education and poorer health.
Trauma and violent offending among adolescents: a birth cohort study
Authors: Peltonen Kirsi , Ellonen Noora , Pitkänen Joonas , Aaltonen Mikko , Martikainen Pekka 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundEarlier studies, based on data collected among juvenile court clients or prisoners, suggest that there is an association between trauma and adolescent-onset offending. However, there is a lack of large-scale data on juvenile violence and clinical mental health observations with unselected participants, and a risk-factor-oriented research combining multiple variables affecting violent behaviour.MethodsWe analyse the effect of trauma on violent offending using longitudinal register-linkage population data. The study is based on administrative data on all Finnish children born between 1986 and 2000, linked with their biological and adoptive parents (N=913 675). The data include annually updated demographic and socioeconomic information from Statistics Finland, hospital discharge and specialised outpatient service records as well as the data from all suspected criminal offences known to the police (1996–2017). We measured trauma diagnosis at age 12–14 and followed participants for subsequent violent criminality from age 15 to 17.ResultsThe population average estimates, taking into account observed substance abuse and other mental health diagnoses, shows that trauma-related disorders (adjustment problems, post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder) were associated with violent offending. The same was true in sibling fixed effect models, which take into account genetic and environmental confounding shared by siblings.DiscussionThese results suggest that severe stress related to traumatic or strong negative life changes in adolescence is a risk factor for violent behaviour.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum NfL and p-Tau181in frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Benussi Alberto , Karikari Thomas K , Ashton Nicholas , Gazzina Stefano , Premi Enrico , Benussi Luisa , Ghidoni Roberta , Rodriguez Juan Lantero , Emeršič Andreja , Simrén Joel , Binetti Giuliano , Fostinelli Silvia , Giunta Marcello , Gasparotti Roberto , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Borroni Barbara 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum neurofilament light (NfL) and serum phospho-Tau181(p-Tau181) in a large cohort of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).MethodsIn this retrospective study, performed on 417 participants, we analysed serum NfL and p-Tau181concentrations with an ultrasensitive single molecule array (Simoa) approach. We assessed the diagnostic values of serum biomarkers in the differential diagnosis between FTLD, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and healthy ageing; their role as markers of disease severity assessing the correlation with clinical variables, cross-sectional brain imaging and neurophysiological data; their role as prognostic markers, considering their ability to predict survival probability in FTLD.ResultsWe observed significantly higher levels of serum NfL in patients with FTLD syndromes, compared with healthy controls, and lower levels of p-Tau181compared with patients with AD. Serum NfL concentrations showed a high accuracy in discriminating between FTLD and healthy controls (area under the curve (AUC): 0.86, p<0.001), while serum p-Tau181showed high accuracy in differentiating FTLD from patients with AD (AUC: 0.93, p<0.001). In FTLD, serum NfL levels correlated with measures of cognitive function, disease severity and behavioural disturbances and were associated with frontotemporal atrophy and indirect measures of GABAergic deficit. Moreover, serum NfL concentrations were identified as the best predictors of survival probability.ConclusionsThe assessment of serum NfL and p-Tau181may provide a comprehensive view of FTLD, aiding in the differential diagnosis, in staging disease severity and in defining survival probability.
Temporal trends in the healthy soldier effect in a cohort of Royal Norwegian Navy servicemen followed for 67 years
Authors: Strand Leif Aage , Martinsen Jan Ivar , Fadum Elin Anita , Borud Einar Kristian 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo investigate temporal trends in the ‘healthy soldier effect’ (HSE) among 28 300 Royal Norwegian Navy servicemen who served during 1950–2004.MethodsStandardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes, diseases and external causes were calculated from national rates for the entire study period (1951–2017), and for seven successive follow-up periods after the first recorded day of Naval service, for the overall cohort and for two subgroups: land-based personnel and vessel crews. Poisson regression, expressed as rate ratios, was used to compare all-cause mortality between the subgroups.ResultsIn the overall cohort, SMRs for all-cause mortality increased steadily during the first six 10-year follow-up periods, from 0.52 to 0.94, which was still lower than national rates. After 60 years, the lower mortality compared with national rates was no longer statistically significant (SMR=0.93). Low non-neoplastic disease mortality contributed most to the longevity of the HSE. For neoplastic diseases, there was a mortality deficit only for the first and third 10-year follow-up periods. External-cause mortality rose to national rates after 40 years. An HSE was present among vessel crews, but their total mortality rate was 24% higher than that among land-based personnel, who also showed a longer-lasting HSE.ConclusionsThe HSE eroded gradually over time but was still present at 60 years of follow-up for all-cause mortality. The effect was strongest and most long-lived for non-neoplastic disease, lasted up to 40 years for external causes, and was relatively short for cancers. Land-based personnel showed stronger and longer-lasting HSE than vessel crews.
Analysis of spatial variability of soil water retention using the cumulative distribution function matching
Authors: Gummatov Nizami , Pachepsky Yakov A. 
Published: July 2020

The importance of modeling dependencies of spatial variability of soil water content on soil matric potential grows due to the proliferation of ensemble modeling, data assimilations, and other soil water modeling applications. The objective of this work was to investigate conversions between cumulative distribution functions of water contents at different matric potentials. In total, 80 samples were taken in the nodes of the grid to measure soil water retention using sand and sand–kaolin capillarimeters at absolute values of soil matric potential of 0.001, 0.003, 0.010, 0.020, and 0.050 MPa, and with the water vapor desorption method at 3, 21, 39, 82, and 142 MPa. The probabilities of distributions of both non-transformed and log-transformed soil water contents being normal appeared to be larger than 0.05 in most cases. Using the probit function to represent the observed variability allowed us to match cumulative probability distributions at different soil water potentials. Slopes of dependencies of probits on non-transformed and log-transformed water contents had one-parametric linear dependencies on the logarithms of the absolute value of soil matric potential in capillary and adsorptive potential ranges.
Not Black or White but Shades of Gray: Homologous Recombination Deficiency as a Continuous Variable Modulated by RNF168
Authors: Wang Lin , Wulf Gerburg M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Research, the study by Krais and colleagues underscores that DNA damage repair by homologous recombination (HR) is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon, but that HR competency comes on a spectrum, ranging from complete deficiency to proficiency. Residual low-level HR in BRCA1-mutant cancer cells turns out to be critically important for their survival and is afforded by low levels of Histone 2A (H2A) ubiquitination resulting from lowered RNF168 levels. The findings raise the possibility that, if ubiquitination of H2A could be enforced by inhibition of deubiquitinases, residual HR in BRCA1mt cells might be extinguished. Extinction of residual HR might improve the therapeutic efficacy of the emerging inhibitors of DNA damage repair. The development of methods to measure HR directly and quantitatively is crucial to develop this field.
See related article by Krais et al., p. 2848
Heterogeneity in Trust of Cancer Information among Hispanic Adults in the United States: An Analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey
Authors: Camacho-Rivera Marlene , Gonzalez Christopher J. , Morency Jason Amilcar , Blake Kelly D. , Calixte Rose 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background:
Hispanics are differentially burdened by inequities in cancer outcomes. Increasing knowledge about cancer and cancer services among Hispanics may aid in reducing inequities, but little is known about what information sources are considered most effective or most trusted by this diverse population. The goal of this study was to examine heterogeneity in trust of cancer information from various media sources among U.S. Hispanic adults.

Methods:
Using data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 4, Cycles 2 and 4 and HINTS 5, Cycle 2, we examined nine trust questions, divided into four domains of health communication sources [doctor, government health/charitable organizations, media (including Internet), and family/friends and religious organizations]. Independent variables examined were gender, Hispanic ethnic categories (Mexican American, Cuban/Puerto Rican, and other Hispanics), age, education, income, language, and nativity. We used multivariable logistic regression with survey weights to identify independent predictors of cancer information source use and trust.

Results:
Of the 1,512 respondents, trust in sources ranged from 27% for radio to 91% for doctors. In multivariable models, Cubans/Puerto Ricans were twice as likely to trust cancer information from print media compared with Mexican Americans. Hispanics 75 years and older were nearly three times as likely to trust cancer information from religious organizations compared with those ages 18 to 34. Hispanic women were 59% more likely to trust cancer information from the Internet compared with men.

Conclusions:
Subgroup variability in source use and trust may be masked by broad racial and ethnic categories.

Impact:
Among Hispanics, there is significant variation by ethnicity and other sociodemographics in trust of sources of cancer information across multiple constructs, with notable implications for disseminating cancer information.
The Association of MUC16 Mutation with Tumor Mutation Burden and Its Prognostic Implications in Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Yu Xiaoqing , Krauthammer Michael , Hugo Willy , Duan Chunzhe , Kanetsky Peter A. , Teer Jamie K. , Thompson Zachary J. , Kalos Denise , Tsai Kenneth Y. , Smalley Keiran S.M. , Sondak Vernon K. , Chen Y. Ann , Conejo-Garcia Jose R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background:
MUC16 is a mucin marker that is frequently mutated in melanoma, but whether MUC16 mutations could be useful as a surrogate biomarker for tumor mutation burden (TMB) remains unclear.

Methods:
This study rigorously evaluates the MUC16 mutation as a clinical biomarker in cutaneous melanoma by utilizing genomic and clinical data from patient samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and two independent validation cohorts. We further extended the analysis to studies with patients treated with immunotherapies.

Results:
Analysis results showed that samples with MUC16 mutations had a higher TMB than the samples of wild-type, with strong statistical significance (P &lt; 0.001) in all melanoma cohorts tested. Associations between MUC16 mutations and TMB remained statistically significant after adjusting for potential confounding factors in the TCGA cohort [OR, 9.28 (95% confidence interval (CI), 5.18–17.39); P &lt; 0.001], Moffitt cohort [OR, 31.95 (95% CI, 8.71–163.90); P &lt; 0.001], and Yale cohort [OR, 8.09 (95% CI, 3.12–23.79); P &lt; 0.01]. MUC16 mutations were also found to be associated with overall survival in the TCGA [HR, 0.62; (95% CI, 0.45–0.85); P &lt; 0.01] and Moffitt cohorts [HR, 0.49 (95% CI, 0.28–0.87); P = 0.014]. Strikingly, MUC16 is the only top frequently mutated gene for which prognostic significance was observed. MUC16 mutations were also found valuable in predicting anti–CTLA-4 and anti–PD-1 therapy responses.

Conclusions:
MUC16 mutation appears to be a useful predictive marker of global TMB and patient survival in melanoma.

Impact:
This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first systematic evaluation of MUC16 mutation as a clinical biomarker and a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy in melanoma.
Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Breast Cancer before Surgery: Results from a CANTO Cohort Subgroup
Authors: Lange Marie , Hardy-Léger Isabelle , Licaj Idlir , Pistilli Barbara , Rigal Olivier , Le Fel Johan , Lévy Christelle , Capel Aurélie , Coutant Charles , Meyer Jonathan , Lerebours Florence , Petrucci Jean , Vanlemmens Laurence , Brion Marine , Campone Mario , Soulié Patrick , Blain Maxime , Vaz-Luis Ines , Giffard Bénédicte , Martin Anne-Laure , Everhard Sibille , André Fabrice , Dauchy Sarah , Joly Florence 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground:Twenty to 30% of patients with breast cancer have cognitive impairment after surgery and before adjuvant treatment, but very few studies have focused on cognition before any treatment. This study used a subgroup of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer from the French cancer and toxicities (CANTO) cohort to describe cognition before any treatment in comparison with a group of healthy controls (HC).Methods:Cognitive assessment was performed before any breast cancer treatment (surgery or neoadjuvant treatment) on women with newly diagnosed invasive stage I–III breast cancer and HCs. Objective cognitive performance, cognitive complaints, anxiety, depression, and fatigue were assessed. Objective cognitive impairment was defined according to International Cognition and Cancer Task Force recommendations.Results:Of the 264 included patients with breast cancer (54 ± 11 years) and 132 age-matched HCs (53 ± 9 years), overall objective cognitive impairment was observed in 28% of patients with breast cancer and 8% of HCs (P &lt; 0.001). Cognitive complaints were reported by 24% of patients versus 12% of HCs (P &lt; 0.01). Patients reported significantly more anxiety and emotional and cognitive fatigue than HCs (P &lt; 0.01). After adjustment, significantly more patients with breast cancer had overall objective cognitive impairment than HCs [OR = 3.01; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–6.88] without significant difference between groups for cognitive complaints (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 0.65–2.92). Cognitive complaints were positively associated with fatigue (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02–1.05).Conclusions:In this prospective study, compared with HCs, patients with localized breast cancer had more objective cognitive impairment before any treatment. Cognitive complaints were mostly related to fatigue.Impact:Baseline assessment before treatment is important to assess the impact of each cancer treatment on cognition.
It Takes a Village to Overcome KRAS Dependence in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Carr Ryan M. , Fernandez-Zapico Martin E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Summary:
In this issue, Hou and colleagues present their exciting work demonstrating that, through remodeling of the local tumor microenvironment (TME), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma forms a tumor-supportive niche capable of liberating cancer cells from dependence on oncogenic KRAS signaling. Through extensive experimentation both in vitro and in vivo, the authors reveal that the HDAC5–CCL2 axis drives the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages to the TME to provide trophic signaling.
See related article by Hou et al., p. 1058.
Towards a Re-imagination of the New African Diaspora in Australia
Authors: Hiruy Kiros , Hutton Rebecca Anne 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ‘New African Diaspora’ (NAD) in Australia is a small yet diverse and interconnected community. African-born persons make up only 1.5 % of the Australian population, yet collectively represent all 54 independent African nation-states, and speak over 60 languages. Nonetheless, Australia embraces stereotypical and misleading understandings of the ‘African migrant’, and whilst these have been subject to academic scrutiny, there is a need to reconceptualise the NAD in both public and academic discourse. This article endeavours to challenge contemporary perceptions through an exploration of the history and demography of the NAD and the manifold ways it continues to shape Australia’s socio-cultural and economic landscapes. We draw upon our findings from a 2018 mapping project, which comprised analyses of publicly available migration data, an online survey, and a series of six in-depth interviews. Our analysis unveils the central role the NAD plays in brokering between multiple cultures and geographies.
Investors, States, and Arbitrators in the Crosshairs of International Investment Law and Environmental Protection
Authors: Baltag Crina , Dautaj Ylli 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The global environmental disruption caused by human activity is firmly entrenched as a scientific fact. The present paper looks at the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) system and inquires whether this is the most suitable transnational venue for resolving investment disputes that have an environmental component. This culminates essentially in whether arbitration is a legitimate forum and whether privately appointed arbitrators appropriately can resolve environmental-related disputes. These disputes are bound to increase in frequency because host-States are also partaking in global efforts to respond to environmental challenges.
This paper makes several points. First, ISDS is the best equipped venue for addressing investment disputes that have an environmental or natural resources component. Second, the “regulatory chill” and the alleged “investor bias” arguments are unsubstantiated whereas, a balance must be struck between backlash, legitimacy, and workability. Third, ISDS will eventually and inevitably facilitate green-investors, while holding States accountable for green-undertakings, and therefore continue to effectively enforce the rule of law globally. Fourth, arbitrators must adapt to their role of handling disputes at the intersection of international investment law and environmental law; this means that a thorough thick rule of law must effectively be implemented. Fifth, International Investment Agreements (IIA s) should be reconsidered or interpreted in order to accommodate for investors’ obligations, as well as widening the scope of States’ regulatory powers. Finally, ISDS will only remain the best alternative if it sticks to its fundamental elements, in particular by utilizing the regime’s flexibility to allow counterclaims from host States. Only such reform-proposals that preserve and enhance the fundamental elements of international arbitration should be seriously considered.
Dyskursywny obraz uchodźcy – studium przypadku samorządowej kampanii wyborczej w Polsce
Authors: Tymińska Ada 
Published: July 2020

A Discursive Image of the Refugee: A Case Study from the Municipal Election Campaign in PolandThis article presents a discursive image of the refugee which emerges from comments of Polish Facebook users. The author applies a detailed case study method to analyse several comments on an electoral campaign spot published by one of the candidates for the Mayor of Warsaw, Patryk Jaki. Specialised institutions and organisations considered it a case of xenophobic hate speech. Using analytical tools of Critical Discourse Analysis, the article deconstructs two positions emerging in the discussion: pro- and anti-refugee. A close examination of these two standpoints reveals not only differences but also similarities between them. It seems that one feature they share is the perception of refugees’ (lack of) agency. Dyskursywny obraz uchodźcy – studium przypadku samorządowej kampanii wyborczej w PolsceNiniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest badaniu dyskursywnego obrazu „uchodźcy”, jaki rysuje się na podstawie analizy komentarzy polskich użytkowników i użytkowniczek Facebooka. W badaniu zastosowano metodę bardzo szczegółowego case study wypowiedzi, jakie pojawiły się w związku ze spotem wyborczym jednego z kandydatów na prezydenta Warszawy, Patryka Jakiego, którego publikacja uznana została przez organizacje zajmujące się tematem za przejaw mowy nienawiści wobec uchodźców i uchodźczyń. Narzędziem analizy była Krytyczna Analiza Dyskursu. Celem artykułu jest w szczególności dekonstrukcja dwóch rysujących się w tej dyskusji stanowisk określonych pomocniczo mianem „pro-” i „antyuchodźczego” – przyjrzenie się temu, na czym polegają różnice pomiędzy nimi, oraz, co bardziej istotne, w jakich aspektach wykazują podobieństwa i zbieżności. Tych drugich doszukać się można między innymi w tym, w jaki sposób kształtuje się w analizowanych ramach dyskursywnych kwestia (braku) sprawczości uchodźców.