bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXO1 resection at G-quadruplex structures facilitates resolution and replication
Authors: Stroik Susanna , Kurtz Kevin , Lin Kevin , Karachenets Sergey , Myers Chad L , Bielinsky Anja-Katrin , Hendrickson Eric A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
G-quadruplexes represent unique roadblocks to DNA replication, which tends to stall at these secondary structures. Although G-quadruplexes can be found throughout the genome, telomeres, due to their G-richness, are particularly predisposed to forming these structures and thus represent difficult-to-replicate regions. Here, we demonstrate that exonuclease 1 (EXO1) plays a key role in the resolution of, and replication through, telomeric G-quadruplexes. When replication forks encounter G-quadruplexes, EXO1 resects the nascent DNA proximal to these structures to facilitate fork progression and faithful replication. In the absence of EXO1, forks accumulate at stabilized G-quadruplexes and ultimately collapse. These collapsed forks are preferentially repaired via error-prone end joining as depletion of EXO1 diverts repair away from error-free homology-dependent repair. Such aberrant repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is exacerbated at chromosome termini in the form of dysfunction and telomere loss.
An introduction and guide to becoming a social media savvy nephrologist
Authors: Dave Natasha N , Sparks Matthew A , Farouk Samira S 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe use of social media has increased over the last several decades, with ∼72% of the US adult population indicating the use of social networking platforms. Expansion of social media use beyond personal reasons now includes professional uses. This growth is especially true in medicine—and specifically nephrology. An enhanced online presence has the potential to make positive contributions to professional development, education and collaborations, potentially opening doors to academic opportunities. With a growing number of online platforms, resources and conversations, it is natural for one to feel overwhelmed and ultimately avoid social media. We discuss the benefits of social media engagement for nephrologists and provide a practical guide on how they can harness social media professionally and effectively. With an understanding of the basics, existing resources and avoidance of potential pitfalls, physicians can learn to use social media and join the global nephrology community.
C1 Transverse Process Resection for Management of Jugular Stenosis
Authors: Fritch Chanju , Voronovich Zoya , Carlson Andrew P 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, also known as pseudotumor cerebri, often presents with severe headache and associated vision loss. Venous outflow obstruction has been noted as a prominent etiologic factor in many cases, and previous anatomic studies have shown that the internal jugular (IJ) vein at the skull base can be prone to compression by the neighboring bony structures.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We present a case of 13-yr-old male with a multifactorial intracranial hypertension including compression of the IJ vein by the transverse process of C1. Computerized tomography angiographic imaging revealed bilateral stenosis of the IJ veins due to compression from the transverse processes of C1. Medical management and shunt were attempted without resolution of symptoms. A hemodynamically significant stenosis at the right IJ was confirmed with manometry and so the C1 transverse process was resected and a stent placed endovascularly with resolution of pressure gradient and clinical symptoms.

CONCLUSION
Contribution of C1 compression to this patient's intracranial hypertension suggests that evaluation for IJ compression below the skull base may be needed to identify the underlying cause of intracranial hypertension in certain patients. Furthermore, surgical decompression of the IJ vein may be required as part of the treatment strategy. If venous stenting is being considered, this decompressive step must be taken before stenting is performed. We offer this case as evidence that decompression of the IJ vein by C1 lateral mass resection can be an effective and novel technique in the repertoire of neurosurgical management of intracranial hypertension.
Genealogical Socialization
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed-Ali 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Genealogical socialization is the process by which the actor acquires an identity derived from appropriating a different heritage and which determines a concept of the world and of life that will provide an exclusive frame for thought and action. It is genealogical because the process inserts itself into a sacred temporality with which every believing Muslim identifies, being sincere and strong enough to live with whatever ruptures with his environment he needs to make while seeking to reproduce the habitus of Islam’s first believers. It is linked to the establishment of a symbolic lineage between the time when this religion appeared and modern times, when a minute portion of believers show themselves to be faithful to the demands of the true faith.
Communicating & Relating
Authors: Arundale Robert B. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCommunicating & Relating offers an account of how relating with one another emerges in communicating in everyday interacting. Prior work has indicated that human relationships arise in human communicating, and some studies have made arguments for why that is the case. Communicating & Relating moves beyond this work to offer an account of how both relating and face emerge in everyday talk and conduct: what comprises human communicating, what defines human social systems, how the social and the individual are linked in human life, and what comprises human relating and face. Part 1 develops the Conjoint Co-constituting Model of Communicating to address the question “How do participants constitute turns, actions, and meanings in everyday interacting?” Part 2 argues that the processes of constituting what is known cross-culturally as “face” are the processes of constituting relating, and develops Face Constituting Theory to address the question “How do participants constitute relating in everyday interacting?” The answers to both questions are grounded in evidence from everyday talk and conduct. Communicating & Relating is an invitation to engage its alternative account in research on communicating, relating, and face in language and social interaction. Like other volumes in the Foundations of Human Interaction series, Communicating & Relating offers new perspectives and new research on communicative interaction and on human relationships as key elements of human sociality.
The Dragons and the Snakes
Authors: Kilcullen David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This book applies concepts from evolutionary science and military innovation to explore how state and nonstate adversaries of the Western powers have learned to defeat (or render irrelevant) the model of high-tech, expensive, precision warfare pioneered by the United States in 1991 and globally dominant since. The book begins with a historical overview of the period since the Cold War, framed by CIA Director James Woolsey’s 1993 comment that “we have slain a large dragon” (the Soviet Union) “but now we find ourselves in a jungle filled with a bewildering variety of poisonous snakes, and in many ways the dragon was easier to keep track of.” The book describes the selective pressures acting on adversaries as a result of the evolutionary fitness landscape created by western military dominance. It then explores ideas from social and evolutionary science—including social learning, natural selection, artificial selection, predator effects, and the distinction between concept-led peacetime innovation and wartime coevolution —to explain how adversaries adapt. It presents a series of case studies on nonstate actors (including Al Qaeda, Hezbollah, and Islamic State), Russia, and China, as well as sections on North Korea and Iran. The book concludes by considering how western powers can respond to the increasing ineffectiveness of their military model and examines likely strategic futures.
Who’s the Bigot?
Authors: McClain Linda C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses two advice columns, fifty years apart, to introduce the argument that the increasing turn to the language of bigotry poses puzzles that demand attention. Despite evident agreement that bigotry in all its forms is wrong and contrary to national ideals, political battles in the United States over “calling out” bigotry are fraught and polarizing; people disagree over bigotry’s forms. Conflicts during the 2016 presidential election and the Trump presidency provide examples. The chapter introduces several puzzles about bigotry that later chapters will address by analyzing controversies over interfaith, interracial, and same-sex marriage; racial desegregation; and civil rights laws. That study reveals recurring patterns of argument. The chapter also contends that past examples of bigotry on which there is now consensus—such as anti-Semitism and racism—inform judgments about newer forms, as in the constitutional conflicts over same-sex marriage and conscience-based objections to civil rights laws.
Interfaith Marriage as a Protest Against Bigotry?
Authors: McClain Linda C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter revisits controversies in the 1950s and 1960s over interfaith marriage. Commentators debated whether objections to interfaith marriage stemmed from bigotry and intolerance or legitimate grounds, such as lower rates of marital success. The chapter reviews diagnoses of such marriages as resulting from assimilation and increasing social contact among Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. Some contended that young people intermarried to protest against bigotry. Cautions against interfaith marriage—particularly mixed marriage, where spouses retained their distinct religions—appealed to science to fortify religious arguments. Objectors warned of harms to spouses’ conscience and to children’s sense of identity. Comparing diagnoses of both interfaith and interracial marriage as problem marriages, the chapter discusses Albert I. Gordon’s Intermarriage (1964), which featured in Virginia’s defense of its anti-miscegenation law in Loving v. Virginia (1967). The chapter ends by considering early twenty-first-century analyses of interfaith marriage.
Sincere Believers, Bigots, or Superstitious Fools?
Authors: McClain Linda C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the Supreme Court’s evolving approach to the constitutional rights of LGBTQ persons and whether moral disapproval justifies discriminatory criminal or civil laws. It evaluates the bigotry versus morality dynamic in these cases. Justice Kennedy never referred to bigotry in his landmark opinions in Romer v. Evans, Lawrence v. Texas (overruling Bowers v. Hardwick), United States v. Windsor, and Obergefell v. Hodges, yet the dissenters claimed he branded traditional believers as bigots and their beliefs about sexuality and marriage as bigotry. The chapter considers the argument that animus, a term Kennedy used, is the same as bigotry. Kennedy’s Obergefell opinion nowhere mentions animus or bigotry, focusing on the harmful effects of laws barring same-sex couples from marriage. Although Kennedy referred to religious opponents of same-sex marriage as sincere, dissenters countered that his opinion invited treatment of believers as bigots, setting the stage for future threats to their religious liberty.
Conclusion
Authors: McClain Linda C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The chapter recaps the book’s basic claim that in the United States, there is both strong agreement over condemning bigotry as inconsistent with American values and sharp (often partisan) disagreement over bigotry’s forms, and who has the moral authority to call it out. Charges of bigotry are answered with charges of political correctness and countercharges of bigotry. It illustrates these claims with the example of a recent Congressional resolution condemning anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, racism, and other forms of bigotry. The book then offers some lessons about the rhetoric of bigotry and its puzzles based on prior chapters’ examination of controversies over marriage and civil rights law. It applies those lessons to ongoing conflicts over the legal rights of transgender persons. It then considers why the rhetoric of bigotry is not more common in discussing sexism and misogyny. Finally, it evaluates whether and when it is useful—even imperative—to call out bigotry.
Evidence from Motion
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPerceived motion is defined as the apparent speed and direction of objects that are translating and/or rotating in three-dimensional space. It has long been clear, however, that the perceived speeds and directions of moving objects disagree with physical measurements of motion. With respect to speed, the flash-lag effect has been a major focus; with respect to direction, the emphasis has been on the effects of apertures. These phenomena—and many others—raise the question of how we routinely succeed in the world despite blatant discrepancies between the motions we see and the physical speeds and directions of the objects we must deal with. Resolving this puzzle presents another body of evidence pertinent to whether empirical ranking is the way nervous systems link objective and subjective domains.
Structurationist Framework to Explore Organizational Deviance from Standards
Authors: Fried Andrea , Walgenbach Peter 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, based on structuration theory, Fried and Walgenbach develop a theoretical framework for exploring organizational deviance from standards empirically. They identify standards as modalities of action which trigger rules of interpretation, claim allocative and authoritative resources, and furthermore cause rules of sanctions in organizations. This overrides the view that failed standard enactment has something to do with either missing financial investments, or an inadequate ‘tone at the top’, or ineffective audits. It is rather, as the authors argue, its interplay that leads to an effective standard enactment or not. This interplay can yield different asymmetries and contradictions, which then lead to different types of organizational deviance.
Introduction
Authors: de Stefano Carlo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Introduction describes the role of international attribution rules and principles in connection with the meaning of ‘State’ under international law. It addresses how this study on attribution is innovative and helpful in relation to various issues. As to public international law, it deals with attribution of the acts or omissions of ‘independent’ State organs exercising functions of a regulatory or administrative nature (such as central banks and independent authorities), the definition of ‘governmental authority’ for the purposes of attribution of conduct of parastatal entities, and the determination of the thresholds of State ‘control’ either on de facto organs, on one side, or on ‘private’ individuals, on the other side. As to international investment law and arbitration, it is notably relevant to clarify the operation of the dialectics between lex generalis (customary international law) and lex specialis (international investment treaties) in relation to attribution issues. The Introduction also clarifies that the analysis that is found in this book is based on the practice of early arbitrations, the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Iran–US Claims Tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), investor–State arbitration, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system. This means that the practice of other international courts and tribunals that is relied on (as to the attribution of conduct to a State) by the International Law Commission (ILC) in its Commentaries to Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) is not dealt with in this book.
The Right to Stay as a Control Right
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter sides with those who believe that a right to stay should be counted among fundamental human rights. However, it also acknowledges that there are good reasons for objecting to the most popular justifications of the right to stay, which are based on the assumption that people have valuable ties to their community of residence and that people’s life plans are located where they live. In response to these qualms, this chapter argues that the best way to make sense of the right to stay is to conceive it as belonging to the category of “control rights”; these are the rights that protect people’s control over their own bodies and personal space, which is an essential condition for personhood and human dignity. This account of the right to stay can overcome the most pressing objections to its recognition as a fundamental human right.
Fictional Discourse
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This book defends a Radical Fictionalist Semantics for fictional discourse. Focusing on proper names as prototypical devices of reference, it argues that fictional names are only fictionally proper names, and that, as a result, fictional sentences do not encode propositions. According to Radical Fictionalism, the contentful outcomes achieved by fiction are derived from the outcomes of so-called impartation, that is, from the effects achieved by the use of language. As a result, Radical Fictionalism pays special attention to fictional telling and to related themes in narrative fiction. In particular, the book proposes a Radical Fictionalist approach to the distinction between homodiegetic and heterodiegetic fiction, and to the divide between storyworlds and narrative peripheries. These ideas are then applied to the discussion of classic themes in the philosophy of fiction, including narrative time, literary translation, storyworld importation, fictional languages, inconsistent fictions, nested narratives, and narrative closure. Particular attention is also given to the commitments of Radical Fictionalism when it comes to discourse about fiction, as in prefixed sentences of the form ‘according to fiction F, … ’. In its final two chapters, the book extends Radical Fictionalism to critical discourse. In Chapter 7 it introduces the ideas of critical and biased retelling, and in Chapter 8 it pauses on the relationships between Radical Fictionalism and talk about literary characters.
The benefit–risk balance for biological agents in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Cabrera Natalia , Avila-Pedretti Gabriela , Belot Alexandre , Larbre Jean-Paul , Mainbourg Sabine , Duquesne Agnès , Janiaud Perrine , Kassai Behrouz , Cucherat Michel , Lega Jean-Christophe 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objective
To assess the net benefit of biological agents (BA) used in JIA.

Methods
We systematically searched databases up to March 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCT) performed in JIA disease. Separate random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for efficacy (ACR paediatric score 30%, ACRpedi30) and serious adverse events for safety. In order to standardize the baseline risk, we performed a meta-analysis of baseline risk in the control group (for both efficacy and safety meta-analysis). The net benefit was determined as the risk difference of efficacy subtracted by the risk difference of safety.

Results
We included 19 trials: 11 parallel RCTs (754 patients) and 8 withdrawal RCTs (704 patients). The net benefit ranged from 2.4% (adalimumab) to 17.6% (etanercept), and from 2.4% (etanercept) to 36.7%, (abatacept) in parallel and withdrawal trials assessing non-systemic JIA, respectively. In the systemic JIA category, the net benefit ranged from 22.8% (rilonacept) to 70.3% (canakinumab), and from 32.3% (canakinumab) to 58.2% (tocilizumab) in parallel and withdrawal trials, respectively.

Conclusion
The results suggest that a greater number of patients experienced therapeutic success without serious adverse events in the systemic onset JIA category compared with the BAs for non-systemic JIA categories. Baseline risk, design of trial and JIA categories impact the measure of net benefit of BAs in JIA patients.
Syrian Refugee Migration, Transitions in Migrant Statuses and Future Scenarios of Syrian Mobility
Authors: Valenta Marko , Jakobsen Jo , Župarić-Iljić Drago , Halilovich Hariz 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article analyses the international migrations and statuses of people who left Syria after the outbreak of the civil war. In addition to exploring the dynamics of Syrian refugee migrations since 2011, we also discuss future prospects and possibilities of return. The ambition of the article is twofold. First, we aim to develop and nuance the typology of migrations of Syrians. Secondly, the article seeks to explore useful lessons from former large-scale refugee migrations; that is, knowledge which may hopefully contribute to preparing the relevant institutions and organisations for Syrian migrations in the eventual post-war period. Based on experiences from other post-conflict situations, several possible future scenarios of Syrian migrations are discussed. The proposed typologies of migrants and repatriation regimes may help us understand the nuances, the dynamic of status change and the complexity of the forced migrations. It is maintained that migration trends, reception, and repatriation conditions and policies are highly interconnected. Refugees’ responses to reception and repatriation regimes result in transitions in their legal statuses in receiving countries and changing motivations for migration and repatriation.
Re-examining Restructuring: Racialization, Religious Conservatism, and Political Leanings in Contemporary American Life
Authors: O’Brien John , Abdelhadi Eman 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper assesses the continued relevance of Robert Wuthnow’s seminal theory of “religious restructuring” for explaining the relationship between religious conservatism and political allegiances in the contemporary United States. Employing a comparative approach, we evaluate the link between doctrinal conservatism (or liberalism) and political conservatism across the seven largest US religious traditions, including Islam. We find that for most Christians and Jews, doctrinal conservatism continues to be tightly linked with conservative political attitudes, even after adjusting for demographic differences and religiosity. For Muslims, Black Protestants, and Latinx Catholics however, doctrinal conservatism is unlikely to be associated with political conservatism. In short, Wuthnow’s theory still holds, but only for religious traditions that are majority white. We speculate that being “racialized religious traditions” explains the lack of restructuring we observe among Muslims, Black Protestants, and Latinx Catholics. External social and political pressures have kept unifying racialized religious identities salient for each of these traditions, preventing the internal bifurcation still characteristic of other major American religions. Our findings and approaches contribute to the two growing trends within the sociological study of religion—the analytical integration of considerations of race and racial politics into scholarship on religious life (called “complex religion”) and a recognition of the importance of cultural “styles” of religion in shaping political and social behaviors.