bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultramafic Carbonated Melt‐ and Auto‐Metasomatism in Mantle Eclogites: Compositional Effects and Geophysical Consequences
Authors: Aulbach Sonja , Massuyeau Malcolm , Garber Joshua M. , Gerdes Axel , Heaman Larry M. , Viljoen K.S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe mineralogy, chemical composition, and physical properties of cratonic mantle eclogites with oceanic crustal protoliths can be modified by secondary processes involving interaction with fluids and melts, generated in various slab lithologies upon subduction (auto‐metasomatism) or mantle metasomatism after emplacement into the cratonic lithosphere. Here we combine new and published data to isolate these signatures and evaluate their effects on the chemical and physical properties of eclogite. Mantle metasomatism involving kimberlite‐like, ultramafic carbonated melts (UM carbonated melts) is ubiquitous though not pervasive, and affected between ~20% and 40% of the eclogite population at the various localities investigated here, predominantly at ~60–150 km depth, overlapping cratonic midlithospheric seismic discontinuities. Its hallmarks include lower jadeite component in clinopyroxene and grossular component in garnet, an increase in bulk‐rock MgO ± SiO2, and decrease in FeO and Al2O3 contents, and LREE‐enrichment accompanied by higher Sr, Pb, Th, U, and in part Zr and Nb, as well as lower Li, Cu ± Zn. This is mediated by addition of a high‐temperature pyroxene from a UM carbonated melt, followed by redistribution of this component into garnet and clinopyroxene. As clinopyroxene‐garnet trace‐element distribution coefficients increase with decreasing garnet grossular component, clinopyroxene is the main carrier of the metasomatic signatures. UM carbonated melt‐metasomatism at >130–150 km has destroyed the diamond inventory at some localities. These mineralogical and chemical changes contribute to low densities, with implications for eclogite gravitational stability, but negligible changes in shear‐wave velocities, and, if accompanied by H2O‐enrichment, will enhance electrical conductivities compared to unenriched eclogites.
Small‐Scale Scattering Heterogeneities in the Lowermost Mantle From a Global Analysis of PKP Precursors
Authors: Ma Xiaolong , Thomas Christine 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSmall‐scale heterogeneities contain important information on the composition of the Earth's interior and are vital in understanding the dynamics and evolution of the Earth. Here we explore a global data set of PKP waves in both array and network data and search for scattered waves arriving as precursors to PKPdf. We classify the observed precursors into incoherent and coherent types and find that scattering regions for these two types overlap at the base of the mantle. In addition, a global map of scattering strength displays strong regional variations with strong scattering mixed with weak scattering. The complex distribution of scattering strength indicates lateral variations of heterogeneities on short length scales in the lowermost mantle. A mixture model of localized strong scatterers embedded in a random medium could explain the observed precursors in this study.
Toward the Reconstruction of Substorm‐Related Dynamical Pattern of the Radiowave Auroral Absorption
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Shukhtina M. A. , Stepanov N. A. , Rogov D. D. , Nikolaev A. V. , Spanswick E. , Donovan E. , Raita T. , Kero A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn addition to existing empirical models describing the average distributions of energetic electron precipitation into the auroral ionosphere at different activity levels, we develop and test a semiempirical approach to construct dynamical models describing the recurrent features of spatiotemporal development of auroral absorption in the ionosphere during individual substorms. Its key ingredients are (a) usage of linear prediction filter technique to extract from riometer data the response function to the injection of unit magnitude and (b) characterization of injection parameters by midlatitude magnetic variations caused by the substorm current wedge. Using global riometer network we test the method performance for stations in the middle of auroral zone (at corrected geomagnetic latitudes of 65–67°) where generally the absorption amplitude is largest. In this paper we use the midlatitude positive bay index, recently developed by X. Chu and R. McPherron, to drive the model. We evaluate the model performance, discuss the dynamical properties of energetic electron precipitation as revealed by the linear prediction filter response function analyses, and finally, we discuss possible future improvements of this method intended for both science and applications.
Density Effects at a Concordant Bed Natural River Confluence
Authors: Horna‐Munoz Daniel , Constantinescu George , Rhoads Bruce , Lewis Quinn , Sukhodolov Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractConfluences are locations of complex hydrodynamic conditions within river systems. The effects on hydrodynamics and mixing of temperature‐induced density differences between incoming flows are investigated at a small‐size, concordant bed confluence. To evaluate density effects, results of eddy‐resolving simulations for a densimetric Froude number Fr = 4.9 (weak‐density‐effects cases) and Fr = 1.6 (strong‐density‐effects cases) are compared to results of simulations in which the densities of the incoming flows do not differ (no‐density‐effects cases). Flow patterns predicted for both weak‐ and strong‐density‐effects cases show that secondary flow develops with increasing distance from the confluence apex. The pattern of secondary flow is characterized by denser fluid on one side of the confluence moving near the bed toward the side of the downstream channel corresponding to the less dense fluid and the less dense fluid moving near the free surface in the opposite direction. This pattern of fluid motion is similar to a spatially evolving lock‐exchange cross flow. In the strong‐density‐effects simulations, a cross‐stream cell of secondary flow develops at the density interface between the flows, similar to interfacial billows generated in classical lock‐exchange flows. Density effects increase global mixing with respect to corresponding no‐density‐effects cases regardless of whether the high‐momentum stream contains the higher‐density fluid or the lower‐density fluid. When density effects are weak, the lock‐exchange mechanism either reinforces the pattern of mixing associated with secondary flow induced by inertial forces, particularly helical motion, or opposes this pattern of mixing, depending on which tributary contains the denser fluid. When density effects are strong, flow from the upstream channel with the denser fluid moves under the flow from the upstream channel with the less dense fluid.
Modulation of the antidepressant effects of ketamine by the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin
Authors: Abdallah Chadi G. , Averill Lynnette A. , Gueorguieva Ralitza , Goktas Selin , Purohit Prerana , Ranganathan Mohini , Sherif Mohamed , Ahn Kyung-Heup , D’Souza Deepak Cyril , Formica Richard , Southwick Steven M. , Duman Ronald S. , Sanacora Gerard , Krystal John H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTwenty-four hours after administration, ketamine exerts rapid and robust antidepressant effects that are thought to be mediated by activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). To test this hypothesis, depressed patients were pretreated with rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, prior to receiving ketamine. Twenty patients suffering a major depressive episode were randomized to pretreatment with oral rapamycin (6 mg) or placebo 2 h prior to the intravenous administration of ketamine 0.5 mg/kg in a double-blind cross-over design with treatment days separated by at least 2 weeks. Depression severity was assessed using Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Rapamycin pretreatment did not alter the antidepressant effects of ketamine at the 24-h timepoint. Over the subsequent 2-weeks, we found a significant treatment by time interaction (F(8,245) = 2.02, p = 0.04), suggesting a prolongation of the antidepressant effects of ketamine by rapamycin. Two weeks following ketamine administration, we found higher response (41%) and remission rates (29%) following rapamycin + ketamine compared to placebo + ketamine (13%, p = 0.04, and 7%, p = 0.003, respectively). In summary, single dose rapamycin pretreatment failed to block the antidepressant effects of ketamine, but it prolonged ketamine’s antidepressant effects. This observation raises questions about the role of systemic vs. local blockade of mTORC1 in the antidepressant effects of ketamine, provides preliminary evidence that rapamycin may extend the benefits of ketamine, and thereby potentially sheds light on mechanisms that contribute to depression relapse after ketamine administration.
Beyond the looking glass: recent advances in understanding the impact of environmental exposures on neuropsychiatric disease
Authors: Hollander Jonathan A. , Cory-Slechta Deborah A. , Jacka Felice N. , Szabo Steven T. , Guilarte Tomás R. , Bilbo Staci D. , Mattingly Carolyn J. , Moy Sheryl S. , Haroon Ebrahim , Hornig Mady , Levin Edward D. , Pletnikov Mikhail V. , Zehr Julia L. , McAllister Kimberly A. , Dzierlenga Anika L. , Garton Amanda E. , Lawler Cindy P. , Ladd-Acosta Christine 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe etiologic pathways leading to neuropsychiatric diseases remain poorly defined. As genomic technologies have advanced over the past several decades, considerable progress has been made linking neuropsychiatric disorders to genetic underpinnings. Interest and consideration of nongenetic risk factors (e.g., lead exposure and schizophrenia) have, in contrast, lagged behind heritable frameworks of explanation. Thus, the association of neuropsychiatric illness to environmental chemical exposure, and their potential interactions with genetic susceptibility, are largely unexplored. In this review, we describe emerging approaches for considering the impact of chemical risk factors acting alone and in concert with genetic risk, and point to the potential role of epigenetics in mediating exposure effects on transcription of genes implicated in mental disorders. We highlight recent examples of research in nongenetic risk factors in psychiatric disorders that point to potential shared biological mechanisms—synaptic dysfunction, immune alterations, and gut–brain interactions. We outline new tools and resources that can be harnessed for the study of environmental factors in psychiatric disorders. These tools, combined with emerging experimental evidence, suggest that there is a need to broadly incorporate environmental exposures in psychiatric research, with the ultimate goal of identifying modifiable risk factors and informing new treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric disease.
Population genomics and evolution of a fungal pathogen after releasing exotic strains to control insect pests for 20 years
Authors: Mei Lijuan , Chen Mingjun , Shang Yanfang , Tang Guirong , Tao Ye , Zeng Liang , Huang Bo , Li Zengzhi , Zhan Shuai , Wang Chengshu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are one of the key regulators of insect populations in nature. Some species such as Beauveria bassiana with a wide host range have been developed as promising alternatives to chemical insecticides for the biocontrol of insect pests. However, the long-term persistence of the released strains, the effect on non-target hosts and local fungal populations remains elusive, but they are considerable concerns with respect to environmental safety. Here we report the temporal features of the Beauveria population genomics and evolution over 20 years after releasing exotic strains to control pine caterpillar pests. We found that the isolates within the biocontrol site were mostly of clonal origins. The released strains could persist in the environment for a long time but with low recovery rates. Similar to the reoccurrence of host jumping by local isolates, the infection of non-target insects by the released strains was evident to endemically occur in association with host seasonality. No obvious dilution effect on local population structure was evident by the releases. However, the population was largely replaced by genetically divergent isolates once per decade but evolved with a pattern of balancing selection and towards expansion through adaptation, non-random outcrossing and isolate migration. This study not only unveils the real-time features of entomopathogenic fungal population genomics and evolution but also provides added values to alleviate the concerns of environmental safety regarding the biocontrol application of mycoinsecticides.
Pharmacological LRH-1/Nr5a2 inhibition limits pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and associated experimental hepatitis
Authors: Schwaderer Juliane , Phan Truong San , Glöckner Astrid , Delp Johannes , Leist Marcel , Brunner Thomas , Delgado M. Eugenia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLiver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, Nr5a2) is an orphan nuclear receptor mainly expressed in tissues of endodermal origin, where its physiological role has been extensively studied. LRH-1 has been implicated in liver cell differentiation and proliferation, as well as glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolism. In addition, increasing evidence highlights its role in immunoregulatory processes via glucocorticoid synthesis in the intestinal epithelium. Although the direct function of LRH-1 in immune cells is fairly elucidated, a role of LRH-1 in the regulation of macrophage differentiation has been recently reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of LRH-1 in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Our data demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition, along with LRH-1 knockdown, significantly reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the macrophage line RAW 264.7 cells, as well as in primary murine macrophages. This inhibitory effect was found to be independent of defects of LRH-1-regulated cell proliferation or toxic effects of the LRH-1 inhibitors. In contrast, LRH-1 inhibition reduced the mitochondrial ATP production and metabolism of macrophages through downregulation of the LRH-1 targets glucokinase and glutminase-2, and thus impairing the LPS-induced macrophage activation. Interestingly, in vivo pharmacological inhibition of LRH-1 also resulted in reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and associated decreased liver damage in a macrophage- and TNF-dependent mouse model of hepatitis. Noteworthy, despite hepatocytes expressing high levels of LRH-1, pharmacological inhibition of LRH-1 per se did not cause any obvious liver damage. Therefore, this study proposes LRH-1 as an emerging therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, especially where macrophages and cytokines critically decide the extent of inflammation.
Molecular trapping in two-dimensional chiral organic Kagomé nanoarchitectures composed of Baravelle spiral triangle enantiomers
Authors: Dong Meiqiu , Miao Xinrui , Brisse Romain , Deng Wenli , Jousselme Bruno , Silly Fabien 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe supramolecular self-assembly of a push-pull dye is investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the liquid–solid interface. The molecule has an indandione head, a bithiophene backbone and a triphenylamine–bithiophene moiety functionalized with two carboxylic acid groups as a tail. The STM images show that the molecules adopt an “L” shape on the surface and form chiral Baravelle spiral triangular trimers at low solution concentrations. The assembly of these triangular chiral trimers on the graphite surface results in the formation of two types of chiral Kagomé nanoarchitectures. The Kagomé-α structure is composed of only one trimer enantiomer, whereas the Kagomé-β structure results from the arrangement of two trimer enantiomers in a 1:1 ratio. These Kagomé lattices are stabilized by intermolecular O-H···O hydrogen bonds between carboxylic acid groups. These observations reveal that the complex structure of the push-pull dye molecule leads to the formation of sophisticated two-dimensional chiral Kagomé nanoarchitectures. The subsequent deposition of coronene molecules leads to the disappearance of the Kagomé-β structure, whereas the Kagomé-α structure acts as the host template to trap the coronene molecules.
Adverse caregiving in infancy blunts neural processing of the mother
Authors: Opendak Maya , Theisen Emma , Blomkvist Anna , Hollis Kaitlin , Lind Teresa , Sarro Emma , Lundström Johan N. , Tottenham Nim , Dozier Mary , Wilson Donald A. , Sullivan Regina M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe roots of psychopathology frequently take shape during infancy in the context of parent-infant interactions and adversity. Yet, neurobiological mechanisms linking these processes during infancy remain elusive. Here, using responses to attachment figures among infants who experienced adversity as a benchmark, we assessed rat pup cortical local field potentials (LFPs) and behaviors exposed to adversity in response to maternal rough and nurturing handling by examining its impact on pup separation-reunion with the mother. We show that during adversity, pup cortical LFP dynamic range decreased during nurturing maternal behaviors, but was minimally impacted by rough handling. During reunion, adversity-experiencing pups showed aberrant interactions with mother and blunted cortical LFP. Blocking pup stress hormone during either adversity or reunion restored typical behavior, LFP power, and cross-frequency coupling. This translational approach suggests adversity-rearing produces a stress-induced aberrant neurobehavioral processing of the mother, which can be used as an early biomarker of later-life pathology.
Haploid genetic screens identify SPRING/C12ORF49 as a determinant of SREBP signaling and cholesterol metabolism
Authors: Loregger Anke , Raaben Matthijs , Nieuwenhuis Joppe , Tan Josephine M. E. , Jae Lucas T. , van den Hengel Lisa G. , Hendrix Sebastian , van den Berg Marlene , Scheij Saskia , Song Ji-Ying , Huijbers Ivo J. , Kroese Lona J. , Ottenhoff Roelof , van Weeghel Michel , van de Sluis Bart , Brummelkamp Thijn , Zelcer Noam 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) are central transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism. Using haploid genetic screens we identify the SREBPRegulating Gene (SPRING/C12ORF49) as a determinant of the SREBP pathway. SPRING is a glycosylated Golgi-resident membrane protein and its ablation in Hap1 cells, Hepa1-6 hepatoma cells, and primary murine hepatocytes reduces SREBP signaling. In mice, Spring deletion is embryonic lethal yet silencing of hepatic Spring expression also attenuates the SREBP response. Mechanistically, attenuated SREBP signaling in SPRINGKO cells results from reduced SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and its mislocalization to the Golgi irrespective of the cellular sterol status. Consistent with limited functional SCAP in SPRINGKO cells, reintroducing SCAP restores SREBP-dependent signaling and function. Moreover, in line with the role of SREBP in tumor growth, a wide range of tumor cell lines display dependency on SPRING expression. In conclusion, we identify SPRING as a previously unrecognized modulator of SREBP signaling.
Melittin-lipid nanoparticles target to lymph nodes and elicit a systemic anti-tumor immune response
Authors: Yu Xiang , Dai Yanfeng , Zhao Yifan , Qi Shuhong , Liu Lei , Lu Lisen , Luo Qingming , Zhang Zhihong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTargeted delivery of a nanovaccine loaded with a tumor antigen and adjuvant to the lymph nodes (LNs) is an attractive approach for improving cancer immunotherapy outcomes. However, the application of this technique is restricted by the paucity of suitable tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and the sophisticated technology required to identify tumor neoantigens. Here, we demonstrate that a self-assembling melittin-lipid nanoparticle (α-melittin-NP) that is not loaded with extra tumor antigens promotes whole tumor antigen release in situ and results in the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in LNs. Compared with free melittin, α-melittin-NPs markedly enhance LN accumulation and activation of APCs, leading to a 3.6-fold increase in antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Furthermore, in a bilateral flank B16F10 tumor model, primary and distant tumor growth are significantly inhibited by α-melittin-NPs, with an inhibition rate of 95% and 92%, respectively. Thus, α-melittin-NPs induce a systemic anti-tumor response serving as an effective LN-targeted whole-cell nanovaccine.
Efficient homing of T cells via afferent lymphatics requires mechanical arrest and integrin-supported chemokine guidance
Authors: Martens Rieke , Permanyer Marc , Werth Kathrin , Yu Kai , Braun Asolina , Halle Olga , Halle Stephan , Patzer Gwendolyn E. , Bošnjak Berislav , Kiefer Friedemann , Janssen Anika , Friedrichsen Michaela , Poetzsch Jenny , Kohli Karan , Lueder Yvonne , Gutierrez Jauregui Rodrigo , Eckert Nadine , Worbs Tim , Galla Melanie , Förster Reinhold 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLittle is known regarding lymph node (LN)-homing of immune cells via afferent lymphatics. Here, we show, using a photo-convertible Dendra-2 reporter, that recently activated CD4 T cells enter downstream LNs via afferent lymphatics at high frequencies. Intra-lymphatic immune cell transfer and live imaging data further show that activated T cells come to an instantaneous arrest mediated passively by the mechanical 3D-sieve barrier of the LN subcapsular sinus (SCS). Arrested T cells subsequently migrate randomly on the sinus floor independent of both chemokines and integrins. However, chemokine receptors are imperative for guiding cells out of the SCS, and for their subsequent directional translocation towards the T cell zone. By contrast, integrins are dispensable for LN homing, yet still contribute by increasing the dwell time within the SCS and by potentially enhancing T cell sensing of chemokine gradients. Together, these findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms that control homing of lymph-derived immune cells.
Elliptical Bloch skyrmion chiral twins in an antiskyrmion system
Authors: Jena Jagannath , Göbel Börge , Ma Tianping , Kumar Vivek , Saha Rana , Mertig Ingrid , Felser Claudia , Parkin Stuart S. P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSkyrmions and antiskyrmions are distinct topological chiral spin textures that have been observed in various material systems depending on the symmetry of the crystal structure. Here we show, using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, that arrays of skyrmions can be stabilized in a tetragonal inverse Heusler with D2d symmetry whose Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) otherwise supports antiskyrmions. These skyrmions can be distinguished from those previously found in several B20 systems which have only one chirality and are circular in shape. We find Bloch-type elliptical skyrmions with opposite chiralities whose major axis is oriented along two specific crystal directions: [010] and [100]. These structures are metastable over a wide temperature range and we show that they are stabilized by long-range dipole-dipole interactions. The possibility of forming two distinct chiral spin textures with opposite topological charges of ±1 in one material makes the family of D2d materials exceptional.