bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The series of smooth muscle structures in the pelvic floors of men: Dynamic coordination of smooth and skeletal muscles
Authors: Muro Satoru , Tsukada Yuichiro , Ito Masaaki , Akita Keiichi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionRecent studies have revealed the extended nature of smooth muscle structures in the pelvic floor, revising the conventional understanding of the “perineal body.” Our aim was to clarify the three‐dimensional configuration and detailed histological properties of the smooth muscle structures in the region anterior to the rectum and anal canal in men.Materials and methodsFour male cadavers were subjected to macroscopic and immunohistological examinations. The pelvis was dissected from the perineal side, as in the viewing angle during transperineal surgeries. Serial transverse sections of the region anterior to the rectum and anal canal were stained with Masson's trichrome and immunohistological stains to identify connective tissue, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle.ResultsThere was a series of smooth muscle structures continuous with the longitudinal muscle of the rectum in the central region of the pelvic floor, and three representative elements were identified: the anterior bundle of the longitudinal muscle located between the external anal sphincter and bulbospongiosus; bilateral plate‐like structures with transversely‐oriented and dense smooth muscle fibers; and the rectourethral muscle located between the rectum and urethra. In addition, hypertrophic tissue with smooth muscle fibers extended from the longitudinal muscle in the anterolateral portion of the rectum and contacted the levator ani.ConclusionsThe series of smooth muscle structures had fiber orientations and densities that differed among locations. The widespread arrangement of the smooth muscle in the pelvic floor suggests a mechanism of dynamic coordination between the smooth and skeletal muscles.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Biological Evaluation and in Silico Studies on Novel (E)‐1‐(Substituted Benzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone Derivatives
Authors: Qi Fan , Qi Qianqian , Song Jirong , Huang Jie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA series of (E)‐1‐(substituted benzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR spectrum, elemental analysis, NMR spectrum, HR‐MS spectrum, and X‐ray single crystal diffraction technology. The crystal structures and packing of (E)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone and (E)‐1‐(3‐fluorobenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone were maintained through the intramolecular hydrogen bond (N3‐H6⋅⋅⋅N1) and intermolecular hydrogen bonds (N2‐H4⋅⋅⋅S1, C14‐H14⋅⋅⋅F1 and C7‐H7⋅⋅⋅S1). The results obtained by employing the DPPH free radicals scavenging assay indicated that (E)‐1‐(4‐methoxylbenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone had a more significant antioxidant activity compared with other compounds. The results measured by adopting the disc diffusion method elucidated that (E)‐1‐(4‐trifluoromethylbenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone possessed a more prominent antifungal activity than other compounds. Molecular docking showed that (E)‐1‐(4‐chlorobenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone had the highest affinity with receptor protein (1NMT). Moreover, the drug‐likeness characteristic, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic profiles, and bioactivity scores of all the compounds were predicted through in silico studies. The results illustrated that (E)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone had the drug‐likeness characteristic and all the compounds were considered as moderately biological active molecules.
How do childhood conduct problems, callousness and anxiety relate to later offending and adult mental disorder?
Authors: Bamvita Jean‐Marie , Larm Peter , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard , Côté Gilles , Hodgins Sheilagh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundVarious combinations of childhood conduct problems, callous traits and anxiety may confer increased risk of offending, psychopathic traits and mental disorders. Knowledge of these outcomes in adulthood is limited.AimsTo compare adult criminal convictions, psychopathy checklist scores and mental disorders between five groups of men, variously defined in childhood by: (1) callous traits, (2) conduct problems, (3) conduct problems and callous traits, (4) conduct problems and callous traits and anxiety or (5) developing typically.MethodTeachers rated conduct problems, callous traits and anxiety at ages 6, 10 and 12 years. Criminal convictions from age 12 to 24 were extracted from official records. The Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised (PCL‐R) and diagnostic interviews were completed at age 33.ResultsRelative to the typically developing group, the groups with conduct problems, with and without callous traits and anxiety, showed 5‐fold elevations in risks of violent convictions and 3 to 4‐fold elevations in risk for antisocial personality disorder, while the groups with conduct problems only and with conduct problems plus callous traits plus anxiety were at increased risk for borderline personality disorder. All risk groups obtained higher PCL‐R total scores than the typically developing childhood group.Conclusions and implicationsIt is widely accepted that childhood conduct problems in boys are associated with increased risks of criminal convictions and poorer mental health, but our findings suggest that teachers can identify different subgroups and these have different trajectories. As some subgroups were small, replication is recommended, but our findings offer preliminary support for trialling specific interventions for at risk boys.
An In‐Depth Theoretical Exploration of Influences of Non‐Metal‐Elements Doping on the ORR Performance of Co−gN4
Authors: Fu Cehuang , Luo Liuxuan , Yang Lijun , Shen Shuiyun , Yan Xiaohui , Yin Jiewei , Wei Guanghua , Zhang Junliang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSingle atom catalysts (SACs) show a great attraction towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) owing to its advantage in overcoming the cost issue of fuel cell because of its high utilization, low cost and great CO tolerance. However, theoretical investigation on the influences of different doping on the ORR catalytic activity of Co SACs has not been systematically performed. In this regard, the influences of non‐metal‐elements doping (B, N, Si, P, S) on the ORR catalytic activity of Co−gN4 is well explored based on density functional theory (DFT). The rate‐limiting step for the ORR on Co−gN4 is the formation of OOH. When the doping content of B increases, the adsorption on Co site becomes weaker which limits the occurrence of 4e− ORR process. N doping shows a weak promotion on the ORR process on Co site. The Si site next to N can be poisoned by OH. The P site next to N will be poisoned by O at high potential and OH at low potential. The S site next on N would be poisoned by O. It is revealed that the ORR process on Co site can be promoted when the carbon next to N is replaced by Si/P/S by promoting the rate‐limiting step.
Mechanistic Studies on the Photooxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Polyoxometalate Catalysts and Atmospheric Oxygen
Authors: Li Zheng , Zhang Mo , Xin Xing , Lv Hongjin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEfficient oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to corresponding furanic products represents an important research focus of biomass valorization, recent research on polyoxometalates (POMs)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of HMF usually requires high temperature and sometimes high O2/air pressure. In this work, we report a mild and green approach to photocatalytically transform HMF into various furanic products using atmospheric oxygen as oxidant and POMs as photocatalysts. The influence of different POMs, light sources, and additives were systematically investigated by various experimental and spectroscopic results. Under minimally optimized conditions, 88.0 % HMF can be efficiently photooxidized with as high as 70.2 % furanic yield by TBA‐W10 catalyst after 2 h irradiation of 365 nm UV light when coupling with TEMPO and Na2CO3 as additives. Finally, detailed mechanistic pathways of HMF photooxidation have been proposed to illustrate the transformation of HMF to various furanic products. This work provides some insightful guidelines for photooxidation of biomass‐derived platform chemicals to value‐added products under efficient, mild, and green conditions, exhibiting potential practical applications in the future.
A school‐based eating disorder prevention program (Me, You & Us) for young adolescents in Korea: A 3‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Kwag Kyung Hwa , Han Soo Wan , Cho Ji‐Yeoun , Ko Myeong , Park Eun Jin , Kim Youl‐Ri 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to examine the feasibility and long‐term effects of a school‐based eating disorder prevention program for young adolescents in Korea.MethodWe followed up the students (n = 133) who had participated in the prevention program at 3 years ago to evaluate changes in body esteem and self‐esteem between postintervention and 3‐year follow‐up, with investigating whether gender moderated the effect of time.ResultsBoys showed no decline in body esteem and self‐esteem from postintervention to 3‐year follow‐up, indicating that the prevention program alleviated decreases in body esteem and self‐esteem over time. Girls showed decreases in body esteem and self‐esteem from postintervention to 3‐years follow‐up.DiscussionThis study provides evidence supporting the feasibility of the school‐based eating disorder prevention program targeting mixed‐sex, young adolescents in Korea. Given the developmental trajectories of decrease in body esteem and self‐esteem during adolescence, the program may be efficient for boys over time. Boosters and/or complementary prevention approaches across gender are needed.
Swimming against the flow—Environmental DNA can detect bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) across a dynamic deltaic interface
Authors: Drymon James Marcus , Schweiss Katherine E. , Seubert Emily A. , Lehman Ryan N. , Daly‐Engel Toby S. , Pfleger Mariah , Phillips Nicole M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHuman activities in coastal areas are accelerating ecosystem changes at an unprecedented pace, resulting in habitat loss, hydrological modifications, and predatory species declines. Understanding how these changes potentially cascade across marine and freshwater ecosystems requires knowing how mobile euryhaline species link these seemingly disparate systems. As upper trophic level predators, bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) play a crucial role in marine and freshwater ecosystem health. Telemetry studies in Mobile Bay, Alabama, suggest that bull sharks extensively use the northern portions of the bay, an estuarine–freshwater interface known as the Mobile‐Tensaw Delta. To assess whether bull sharks use freshwater habitats in this region, environmental DNA surveys were conducted during the dry summer and wet winter seasons in 2018. In each season, 5 × 1 L water samples were collected at each of 21 sites: five sites in Mobile Bay, six sites in the Mobile‐Tensaw Delta, and ten sites throughout the Mobile‐Tombigbee and Tensaw‐Alabama Rivers. Water samples were vacuum‐filtered, DNA extractions were performed on the particulate, and DNA extracts were analyzed with Droplet Digital™ Polymerase Chain Reaction using species‐specific primers and an internal probe to amplify a 237‐base pair fragment of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene in bull sharks. One water sample collected during the summer in the Alabama River met the criteria for a positive detection, thereby confirming the presence of bull shark DNA. While preliminary, this finding suggests that bull sharks use less‐urbanized, riverine habitats up to 120 km upriver during Alabama's dry summer season.
Clinical significance of spleen stiffness in patients with acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Saito Yuki , Matsumoto Naoki , Aizawa Yoshihiro , Fukamachi Daisuke , Kitano Daisuke , Kazuto Toyama , Tamaki Takehiro , Fujito Hidesato , Sezai Akira , Okumura Yasuo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsCongestive splenomegaly is a classic sign of organ congestion in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Shear wave elastography (SWE) allows the measurement of spleen stiffness (SS). We hypothesized that SS could quantify the severity of splenic congestion and predict adverse events in ADHF.Methods and ResultsThis study included two cohorts: a haemodynamic cohort (62 HF patients) and an outcome cohort (115 ADHF patients). SS was measured by two‐dimensional SWE on the same day of right heart catheterization in the haemodynamic cohort. Right atrial pressure (RAP) independently correlated with SS (β = 0.32, P = 0.002). SS was measured in the outcome cohort before discharge. The 115 patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the tertile value of SS. The third tertile SS group had a higher prevalence of severe tricuspid regurgitation, higher N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT pro‐BNP), and larger right ventricular diastolic diameter, than had the first tertile group and the second tertile group. During a median follow‐up period of 105 (77–135) days, adverse events occurred in 25 patients (one death and 24 rehospitalizations for HF). The third tertile SS group had a significantly higher rate of adverse events (P < 0.001). A higher SS was independently associated with adverse events after adjusting for conventional validated risk score, liver function test, liver stiffness, and estimated RAP.ConclusionsThe degree of SS at discharge can be used as a marker of residual splenic congestion, which is predictive of adverse events in patients with ADHF.
Ferric carboxymaltose for the treatment of iron‐deficient heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Usman Muhammad Shariq , von Haehling Stephan , Doehner Wolfram , Stewart Coats Andrew J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsIntravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) has been shown to improve functional capacity and quality of life in iron deficient heart failure patients. However, FCM's effect on hospitalizations and mortality remains unclear as previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and their meta‐analyses have been underpowered to detect significant differences. We sought to conduct an updated meta‐analysis using recently published RCT data.Methods and resultsOnline databases were searched from inception until November 2020 for RCTs evaluating the effects of FCM on clinical outcomes in iron‐deficient heart failure patients. Outcomes of interest included heart failure hospitalizations, all‐cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. Meta‐analysis was performed using a fixed‐effect model and estimates were reported as odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios, or rate ratios (RRs) along with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 1947 patients (n = 1062 in the FCM group; n = 885 in the placebo group) were included. FCM, compared with placebo, significantly reduced the risk of the composite endpoint of time to first heart failure hospitalization or cardiovascular death (hazard ratio = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.63–0.90; I2 = 55%). FCM also significantly reduced the risk of recurrent heart failure hospitalizations (RR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.54–0.85; I2 = 71%) and recurrent cardiovascular hospitalizations (RR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.59–0.86; I2 = 56%). However, FCM had no significant effect on the risk of all‐cause (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.73–1.28; I2 = 0%) or cardiovascular mortality (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.69–1.27; I2 = 0%).ConclusionsFerric carboxymaltose reduces heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular hospitalizations with no beneficial effect on all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in iron‐deficient heart failure patients. These findings reinforce the role of FCM as a therapeutic option in heart failure patients.
Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Butler Javed , Usman Muhammad Shariq , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Greene Stephen J. , Friede Tim , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Filippatos Gerasimos , Coats Andrew J. Stewart , Anker Stefan D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsWe sought to conduct a meta‐analysis regarding the safety and efficacy of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients with heart failure (HF).Methods and resultsMEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from their inception to November 2020 for placebo‐controlled randomized controlled trials of SGLT2 inhibitors. Randomized controlled trials were selected if they reported at least one of the prespecified outcomes in patients with HF. Hazard ratios (HRs) or risk ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random‐effects model. A total of seven trials including 16 820 HF patients (N = 8884 in the SGLT2 inhibitor arms; N = 7936 in the placebo arms) were included. In the overall HF cohort, SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo significantly reduced the risk of the composite endpoint of first HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death [HR: 0.77 (0.72–0.83); P < 0.001; I2 = 0%], time to first HF hospitalization [HR: 0.71 (0.64–0.78); P < 0.001; I2 = 0], cardiovascular mortality [HR: 0.87 (0.79–0.96); P = 0.005; I2 = 0%], and all‐cause mortality [HR: 0.89 (0.82–0.96); P = 0.004; I2 = 0%]. Results remained consistent across HF‐specific trials and according to diabetes mellitus status. A trend towards benefit was observed in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction for the composite of HF hospitalization and cardiovascular death [HR: 0.80 (0.63–1.00); P = 0.05; I2 = 29%]. No increased risk of hypovolaemia, hyperkalaemia, and hypotension was seen with SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo.ConclusionsSGLT2 inhibitors significantly improve cardiovascular outcomes including cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality in patients with HF without an increased risk of serious adverse events. A trend towards benefit was observed in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction.
Binuclear Gadolinium(III) Pivalates with 4,7‐Diphenyl‐1,10‐Phenanthroline: Synthesis, Structure, Thermal Behavior, Magnetic and Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Fomina Irina G. , Dolgushin Fedor M. , Koroteev Pavel S. , Mantrova Yulia V. , Korshunov Vladislav M. , Taydakov Ilya V. , Bogomyakov Artem S. , Fedin Matvey V. , Zavorotny Yury S. , Eremenko Igor L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractComplexes [Gd2(piv)6(bath)2]⋅2EtOH (1a⋅2EtOH), [Gd2(piv)6(bath)2]⋅1.5EtOH⋅0.5H2O (1b⋅1.5EtOH⋅0.5H2O), and [Gd2(piv)6(bath)2]⋅H2O (1c⋅H2O), where piv is (CH3)3CCO2− and bath is 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, which have different molecular and crystal structures, were synthesized and studied by X‐ray diffraction. A unique feature of polymorphs 1a, 1b, and 1c is that they exhibit first‐order phase transitions, namely, structural phase transitions, or melting before thermal decomposition. Magneto‐structural data for binuclear gadolinium pivalates with bath (1), bpy (2), phen (3), and Hpiv (4) ligands and the polymeric complex [Gd(piv)3]n (5) are presented. The complexes were characterized by ESR spectroscopy. The energies of the excited singlet S1 and triplet T1 states of the bath ligand in carboxylates 1a⋅2EtOH, 1b⋅1.5EtOH⋅0.5H2O, and 1c⋅H2O were determined.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of (Hetero) Aryl Halides and Triflates Using Cobalt Carbonyl as CO Source
Authors: Dogga Bhushanarao , Kumar C. S. Ananda , Joseph Jayan T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn efficient protocol for the reductive carbonylation of (hetero) aryl halides and triflates under CO gas‐free conditions using Pd/Co2(CO)8 and triethylsilane has been developed. The mild reaction conditions, enhanced chemoselectivity and, easy access to heterocyclic and vinyl carboxaldehydes highlights its importance in organic synthesis.
Fungicide Precursor Racemization Kinetics for Deracemization in Complex Systems
Authors: Guillot Michael , de Meester Josephine , ter Horst Joop H. , Riant Olivier , Leyssens Tom 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the racemization area, the keto‐enol equilibrium is a major player when it comes to racemizing α‐chiral carbonyl compounds. The racemization kinetics in the co‐crystal induced deracemization of a fungicide precursor is complex as next to the racemization catalyst, which is a base, an acidic co‐former is used to ensure the crystallization of the co‐crystal. Here we show that understanding of the racemization kinetics of the target compound is of key importance for optimization of the co‐crystallization based deracemization process. The racemization rates in solution as a function of solvent and base concentration were determined by measuring the decreasing enrichment of the chiral ketone due to racemization over time, using a polarimeter set‐up with a continuous recycling loop through the polarimeter cell. The established racemization kinetics model aligns with the experimental data giving access to the intrinsic racemization rate constant. The proposed mechanism is first order with respect to the enantiomeric excess of the target compound and the base‐catalyst concentration. The solvent is shown to strongly affect the racemization constant, with protic solvents increasing this rate substantially due to hydrogen‐bond stabilization of the enolate. Finally, we observed the presence of the chiral acid co‐former to alter the reaction mechanism albeit remaining first order with respect to the enantiomeric excess. Though more complex, the mechanism still followed Arrhenius law, providing key information on the impact of temperature.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sulfonylureas
Authors: De Ventura Tiziano , Zanirato Vinicio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSulfonylureas are employed in a variety of applications including use as drugs to treat type II diabetes and as plant growth regulators or herbicides. Traditionally, the synthesis of sulfonylureas has been accomplished either by the treatment of sulfamides with isocyanates in the presence of a base or through sulfonamides conversion into N‐sulfonyl isocyanates or N‐sulfonyl carbamate derivatives which provide the corresponding sulfonylureas upon treatment with amines. Both approaches are severely limited by the weak nucleophilicity of sulfamides and by the difficulty in synthesizing and handling isocyanate species. Such a drawback could be mitigated by the emergence of protocols establishing the labile electrophilic functional groups in situ so that their coupling with nucleophilic partners takes place in one‐pot. Recently, the development of environmentally friendly methods to prepare sulfonylurea containing compounds without using harmful reagents has attracted considerable attention. The aim of the minireview is to explore the different protocols emerged in the literature to generate sulfonylureas giving importance to the reaction mechanisms of crucial synthetic steps.