bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical connectivity of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body dementias
Authors: Oswal Ashwini , Gratwicke James , Akram Harith , Jahanshahi Marjan , Zaborszky Laszlo , Brown Peter , Hariz Marwan , Zrinzo Ludvic , Foltynie Tom , Litvak Vladimir 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are related conditions that are associated with cholinergic system dysfunction. Dysfunction of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), a basal forebrain structure that provides the dominant source of cortical cholinergic innervation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both PDD and DLB. Here we leverage the temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography with the spatial resolution of MRI tractography to explore the intersection of functional and structural connectivity of the NBM in a unique cohort of PDD and DLB patients undergoing deep brain stimulation of this structure. We observe that NBM-cortical structural and functional connectivity correlate within spatially and spectrally segregated networks including: (i) a beta band network to supplementary motor area, where activity in this region was found to drive activity in the NBM; (ii) a delta/theta band network to medial temporal lobe structures encompassing the parahippocampal gyrus; and (iii) a delta/theta band network to visual areas including lingual gyrus. These findings reveal functional networks of the NBM that are likely to subserve important roles in motor control, memory and visual function, respectively. Furthermore, they motivate future studies aimed at disentangling network contribution to disease phenotype.
Psychosis in neurodegenerative disease: differential patterns of hallucination and delusion symptoms
Authors: Naasan Georges , Shdo Suzanne M , Rodriguez Estrella Morenas , Spina Salvatore , Grinberg Lea , Lopez Lucia , Karydas Anna , Seeley William W , Miller Bruce L , Rankin Katherine P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Although psychosis is a defining feature of Lewy body disease, psychotic symptoms occur in a subset of patients with every major neurodegenerative disease. Few studies, however, have compared disease-related rates of psychosis prevalence in a large autopsy-based cohort, and it remains unclear how diseases differ with respect to the nature or content of the psychosis. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 372 patients with autopsy-confirmed neurodegenerative pathology: 111 with Alzheimer’s disease, 59 with Lewy body disease and concomitant Alzheimer’s disease, 133 with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with tau inclusions (including progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration or Pick’s disease), and 69 with FTLD and TDP inclusions (FTLD-TDP, including types A–C). Psychosis content was classified by subtype, and the frequency of each subtype was compared among pathological diagnoses using logistic regression. A total of 111 of 372 patients had psychosis. Compared to other groups, patients with Lewy body disease/Alzheimer’s disease pathology were significantly more likely to have hallucinations and were more likely to have more than one subtype of hallucination. Patients with Braak Parkinson stage 5–6 Lewy body disease were significantly more likely than those with no Lewy body disease to have visual hallucinations of misperception, peripheral hallucinations, hallucinations that moved, hallucinations of people/animals/objects, as well as delusions regarding a place and delusions of misidentification. The feeling of a presence occurred significantly more frequently in patients with Lewy body disease/Alzheimer’s disease than all other pathologies. Patients with FTLD-TDP were significantly more likely to have delusions, and for the delusions to occur in the first 3 years of the disease, when compared to patients with Alzheimer’s disease and FTLD-tau, though rates were not significantly greater than patients with Lewy body disease/Alzheimer’s disease. Paranoia occurred more frequently in the FTLD-TDP and Lewy body disease/Alzheimer’s disease categories compared to patients with Alzheimer’s disease or FTLD-tau. Patients with FTLD-TDP pathology had delusions of misidentification as frequently as patients with Lewy body disease/Alzheimer’s disease, and were significantly more likely to have self-elevating delusions such as grandiosity and erotomania compared to patients with other pathologies including FTLD-tau. These data show that the nature and content of psychosis can provide meaningful information about the underlying neurodegenerative pathology, emphasizing the importance of characterizing patients’ psychoses for prediction of the neuropathological diagnosis, regardless of a patient’s clinical syndrome.
Genomic profiling of multifocal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma reveals intraindividual concordance of genetic alterations
Authors: Lee Sung Hwan , Simoneau Eve B , Karpinets Tatiana , Futreal P Andrew , Zhang Jianjun , Javle Milind , Zhang Jianhua , Vauthey Jean-Nicolas , Lee Ju-Seog , Estrella Jeannelyn S , Chun Yun Shin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In multifocal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC), intrahepatic metastases (IM) represent a contraindication to surgical resection, whereas satellite nodules (SN) do not. However, no consensus criteria exist to distinguish IM from SN. The purpose of this study was to determine genetic alterations and clonal relationships in surgically resected multifocal IHC. Next-generation sequencing of 34 spatially separated IHC tumors was performed using a targeted panel of 201 cancer-associated genes. Proposed definitions in the literature were applied of SN located in the same liver segment and ≤2 cm from the primary tumor; and IM located in a different liver segment and/or &gt;2 cm from the primary tumor. Somatic point mutations concordant across tumors from individual patients included BAP1, SMARCA4 and IDH1. Small insertions and deletions (indels) present at the same genome positions among all tumors from individuals included indels in DNA repair genes, CHEK1, ERCC5, ATR and MSH6. Copy number alterations were also similar between all tumors in each patient. In this cohort of multifocal IHC, genomic profiles were concordant across all tumors in each patient, suggesting a common progenitor cell origin, regardless of the location of tumors in the liver. The decision to perform surgery should not be based upon a perceived distinction between IM and SN.
Divergence in Photoperiod Responses of a Classical Biological Control Agent, Galerucella calmariensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Across a Climatic and Latitudinal Gradient
Authors: Wepprich Tyson , Grevstad Fritzi S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A key knowledge gap in classical biological control is to what extent insect agents evolve to novel environments. The introduction of biological control agents to new photoperiod regimes and climates may disrupt the coordination of diapause timing that evolved to the growing season length in the native range. We tested whether populations of Galerucella calmariensis L. have evolved in response to the potential mismatch of their diapause timing since their intentional introduction to the United States from Germany in the 1990s. Populations collected from 39.4° to 48.8° latitude in the western United States were reared in growth chambers to isolate the effects of photoperiod on diapause induction and development time. For all populations, shorter day lengths increased the proportion of beetles that entered diapause instead of reproducing. The critical photoperiods, or the day length at which half of a population diapauses, differed significantly among the sampled populations, generally decreasing at lower latitudes. The latitudinal trend reflects changes in growing season length, which determines the number of generations possible, and in local day lengths, at the time when beetles are sensitive to this cue. Development times were similar across populations, with one exception, and did not vary with photoperiod. These results show that there was sufficient genetic variation from the two German source populations to evolve different photoperiod responses across a range of environmental conditions. This study adds to the examples of rapid evolution of seasonal adaptations in introduced insects.
Politics and Diplomacy: Lessons from Donald Tusk’s Time as President of the European Council
Authors: Hagemann Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The 2020 COVID pandemic has posed an unprecedented challenge to Europe’s economies, societies and political institutions. Finding solutions for the immediate and longer-term impact of the pandemic requires collaboration between the European Union’s (EU) member states and leadership from their governments at both national and European levels. The President of the European Council is central to this process, as he leads and facilitates the collaboration between the heads of states and governments. Looking back at the lessons from Donald Tusk’s time as President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019, this article argues that Tusk made an immensely important political contribution to the EU as he set the tone for a liberal and progressive agenda at a time of significant threat from populist and pro-Russian voices in Europe. However, with the recent political and institutional developments in the EU, and based on the insights from Mr Tusk’s successes and challenges, the article also argues that the role of the European Council President today requires strong brokering skills and leadership behind the scenes more than an openly political and public figure.
Stability of maxillary anterior teeth after 2 years of retention in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial comparing two bonded and a vacuum-formed retainer
Authors: Naraghi Sasan , Ganzer Niels , Bondemark Lars , Sonesson Mikael 
Published: November 2020

Summary

Background
Retention of the maxillary anterior teeth is commonly recommended to maintain the teeth in their corrected positions. Both fixed and removable retention methods are used, but the certainty of evidence is low.

Objective
To evaluate post-treatment changes in irregularity of the maxillary six anterior teeth and single tooth contact point discrepancy (CPD) of three different retention methods.

Trial design
Three-arm parallel group single-centre randomized controlled trial.

Materials and methods
Ninety patients, 54 girls and 36 boys, were recruited to the study. The inclusion criteria were adolescent patients treated with fixed appliances at least in the maxilla. After gaining informed consent from the patient and their custodians, the patients were randomized to one of three groups: bonded retainer 13–23, bonded retainer 12–22, and removable vacuum-formed retainer (VFR) covering the maxillary teeth including the second molars. The randomization, prepared by an independent person, used blocks of 30. The primary outcomes were changes in single CPD and Little’s irregularity index (LII) measured on digitalized three-dimensional study casts before and after 2-year retention. The study casts were anonymized before assessment and the changes were blinded for the assessor. Data were evaluated on an intention-to-treat basis. Thus, all randomized patients were incorporated into the final analysis.

Results
The LII and CPDs increased slightly in all three groups without any statistically significant differences between the groups. The VFR group showed a small intercanine width increase and some more changes of canine rotations than in the other groups.

Harms
No harm was observed in any subjects and none of the patients needed retreatment.

Limitations
The trial was a single-centre study and short-term changes were evaluated.

Conclusions
All three retention methods showed equally effective retention capacity and all the changes found in the three groups were small and considered clinically insignificant. Thus, the null hypothesis was confirmed. All three methods can be recommended.

Trial registration
NCT04616755
Living Alone During COVID-19: Social Contact and Emotional Well-being Among Older Adults
Authors: Fingerman Karen L , Ng Yee To , Zhang Shiyang , Britt Katherine , Colera Gianna , Birditt Kira S , Charles Susan T 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe COVID-19 outbreak and associated physical distancing measures altered the social world for most older adults, but people who live alone may have been disproportionately affected. The current study examined how living alone was associated with daily social contact and emotional well-being among older adults during the pandemic.MethodAdults (N = 226) aged 69+ completed a brief survey assessing their living situation, social contact with different social partners (in person, by phone, electronically), and emotions during the morning, afternoon, and evening the prior day.ResultsOlder adults who live alone were less likely to see others in person or to receive or provide help. Living alone was associated with more positive emotions concurrent with in-person contact. In contrast, phone contact was associated with higher levels of negative affect among those living alone, but not among those who live with others. Older adults who live alone were more likely to have contact with friends (rather than family).DiscussionFindings suggest older adults who live alone may be more reactive to social contact during the COVID-19 outbreak than older adults who reside with others. In-person contact may confer distinct benefits not available via telephone contact, suggesting that possible interventions during the pandemic may work best with safe forms of in-person contact, possibly with nonfamily members.
Decreased turnover of the CNS myelin protein Opalin in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia 35
Authors: Hardt Robert , Jordans Silvia , Winter Dominic , Gieselmann Volkmar , Wang-Eckhardt Lihua , Eckhardt Matthias 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Spastic paraplegia 35 (SPG35) (OMIM: 612319) or fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration (FAHN) is caused by deficiency of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H). This enzyme synthesizes sphingolipids containing 2-hydroxylated fatty acids, which are particularly abundant in myelin. Fa2h-deficient (Fa2h−/−) mice develop symptoms reminiscent of the human disease and therefore serve as animal model of SPG35. In order to understand further the pathogenesis of SPG35, we compared the proteome of purified CNS myelin isolated from wild type and Fa2h−/− mice at different time points of disease progression using tandem mass tag labeling. Data analysis with a focus on myelin membrane proteins revealed a significant increase of the oligodendrocytic myelin paranodal and inner loop protein (Opalin) in Fa2h−/− mice, whereas the concentration of other major myelin proteins was not significantly changed. Western blot analysis revealed an almost 6-fold increase of Opalin in myelin of Fa2h−/− mice aged 21–23 months. A concurrent unaltered Opalin gene expression suggested a decreased turnover of the Opalin protein in Fa2h−/− mice. Supporting this hypothesis, Opalin protein half-life was reduced significantly when expressed in CHO cells synthesizing 2-hydroxylated sulfatide, compared to cells synthesizing only non-hydroxylated sulfatide. Degradation of Opalin was inhibited by inhibitors of lysosomal degradation but unaffected by proteasome inhibitors. Taken together, these results reveal a new function of 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids namely affecting the turnover of a myelin membrane protein. This may play a role in the pathogenesis of SPG35.
Consensus as a Basis for Dynamic Interpretation of the ECHR—A Critical Assessment
Authors: Łącki Paweł 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
This article attempts to analyse the argumentative model of European consensus as a ground for adopting or refusing to adopt a dynamic interpretation of the ECHR’s provisions. The consensus model promises an objective and verifiable method of dynamic interpretation. This aspiration is rooted in the positivistic character of the model—the evolutionary interpretation is thought to reflect the currently dominant societal axiological views, which are established through purely legal reasoning involving comparative legal analysis. Unfortunately, the theoretical promise of the consensus method remains unfulfilled. The professionalisation of the Court’s comparative research will not be able to rescue this method if there are no coherent criteria for evaluating the data resulting from the research. In addition, the majoritarian logic that lies behind the consensus model cannot satisfy the justificatory need invoked from the perspective of a respondent State.
The pandemic economic crisis, precautionary behavior, and mobility constraints: an application of the dynamic disequilibrium model with randomness
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Guzman Martin M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article analyzes the economic impact of the pandemic, providing insights into the consequences of alternative policies. Our framework focuses on three key features: (i) COVID-19 is a sectoral shock of unknown depth and duration affecting some sectors and technologies more than others; (ii) there are constraints in shifting resources across sectors; and (iii) there is a high level of uncertainty about the disease and its economic aftermath, inducing a high level of precautionary behavior by some agents and leading to others facing more severe credit constraints. Because of macroeconomic externalities, precautionary behavior exacerbates the downturn, and even sectors where COVID-19 does not directly affect consumption or production may face unemployment. Multipliers associated with different government expenditure programs differ markedly. The article describes policies that can mitigate precautionary behavior, leading to reduced unemployment. Greater wage flexibility may lead to increased unemployment. The precautionary behavior is the antithesis of equilibrium behavior, suggesting that standard equilibrium approaches may not provide the appropriate framework for analyzing the pandemic: individuals know that they don’t know the future, that existing and newly made contracts and plans may be broken, and that they need to be able to respond to these unknowable contingencies.
Public policies and the art of catching up: matching the historical evidence with a multicountry agent-based model
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Roventini Andrea , Russo Emanuele 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this article, we study the effects of industrial policies on international convergence using a multicountry agent-based model which builds upon Dosi et al. (2019b, J. Econ. Dyn. Control, 101, 101–129). The model features a group of microfounded economies, with evolving industries, populated by heterogeneous firms that compete in international markets. In each country, technological change is driven by firms’ activities of search and innovation, while aggregate demand formation and distribution follow Keynesian dynamics. Interactions among countries take place via trade flows and international technological imitation. We employ the model to assess the different strategies that laggard countries can adopt to catch up with leaders: market-friendly policies; industrial policies targeting the development of firms’ capabilities and R&D investments, as well as trade restrictions for infant industry protection; protectionist policies focusing on tariffs only. We find that markets cannot do the magic: in absence of government interventions, laggards will continue to fall behind. On the contrary, industrial policies can successfully drive international convergence among leaders and laggards, while protectionism alone is not sufficient to support catching up and countries get stuck in a sort of middle-income trap. Finally, in a global trade war, where developed economies impose retaliatory tariffs, both laggards and leaders are worse off and world productivity growth slows down.
Understanding economic and cultural underpinnings of anti-immigrant attitudes: multilevel evidence from the Asian Barometer Survey Wave IV (2014–2016)
Authors: Kim Harris Hyun-Soo , Kim Hyun Jin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA large body of research exists concerning determinants of public opinion on immigration and immigrants, primarily based on Western countries. Given that South–South migratory flows have increased dramatically in recent decades, we contribute to the literature by analyzing cross-national probability data in the Asian context. Using multilevel modeling, we derive and test economic and cultural hypotheses concerning natives’ support for restrictive immigration policy. Results show that at the individual level, along with xenophobic tendency, personal financial insecurity, unequal material distribution in society, and sociotropic economic concern all significantly predict the outcome. As a theoretical contribution, contextual effects are also reported: living in a subnational region with more national pride and with higher parochialism is positively associated with it.
‘No more routine outpatient appointments in the NHS’: it is time to shift to data-driven appointment
Authors: Chowdhury Tasnia , Nilforooshan Ramin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Currently, outpatient care in the UK is expensive and needs improvement, with traditional systems having been identified as no longer fit for purpose. Making sustainable changes to outpatient appointment systems is vital in order to meet increasing demands and cost. Shifting to data and technology-driven outpatient care may be one way to tackle these demands. As technology becomes more diverse and accessible, its implementation into healthcare systems can make services more efficient and help with transitioning from outdated practices to more effective protocols. Patient Recorded Outcome Measures (PROMs) and home-monitoring devices could be the key step in identifying which patients require input and help shift to more data-driven appointment scheduling based on clinical need, rather than at regular intervals of time. Virtual care and technology-driven service provision could also revolutionise outpatient systems, maintaining high quality care while improving accessibility to patients. Patient involvement and empowerment while making these changes will assist shared decision making surrounding their care and allow them to be champions of their own health, helping clinicians to provide a patient-centred service. Understanding how these may be implemented will help clinicians take an active role in the development of these practices.
Comprehensive Treatment of Single Finger Frostbite: A Case Study
Authors: Zhang Yonghu , Song Jintong , Huang Guobao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Third- and fourth-degree frostbites usually result in loss of skin and tissue requiring amputation, and scarring. The 3- to 6-week waiting period is often necessary to determine the severity of the lesion. This period is also a critical time for the rescue of frostbitten tissue. This patient was a 30-year-old man who developed frostbite of his right index finger. He presented to our hospital 4 hours after injury with loss of sensation on the whole index finger and early signs of necrosis. The patient received a series of comprehensive treatments, including fasciotomy, injection of papaverine hydrochloride, baking lamp irradiation, and negative pressure treatment. At the time of discharge, he had re-epithelialization of the index finger by 21 days after injury. The conclusion of this paper is that the comprehensive treatments combined with negative pressure wound treatment has certain clinical application value for the rescue of deep frostbite tissues.