bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep learning for automated detection of Drosophila suzukii: potential for UAV‐based monitoring
Authors: Roosjen Peter PJ , Kellenberger Benjamin , Kooistra Lammert , Green David R , Fahrentrapp Johannes 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe fruit fly Drosophila suzukii, or spotted wing drosophila (SWD), is a serious pest worldwide, attacking many soft‐skinned fruits. An efficient monitoring system that identifies and counts SWD in crops and their surroundings is therefore essential for integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Existing methods, such as catching flies in liquid bait traps and counting them manually, are costly, time‐consuming and labour‐intensive. To overcome these limitations, we studied insect trap monitoring using image‐based object detection with deep learning.RESULTSBased on an image database with 4753 annotated SWD flies, we trained a ResNet‐18‐based deep convolutional neural network to detect and count SWD, including sex prediction and discrimination. The results show that SWD can be detected with an area under the precision recall curve (AUC) of 0.506 (female) and 0.603 (male) in digital images taken from a static position. For images collected using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the algorithm detected SWD individuals with an AUC of 0.086 (female) and 0.284 (male). The lower AUC for the aerial imagery was due to lower image quality caused by stabilisation manoeuvres of the UAV during image collection.CONCLUSIONOur results indicate that it is possible to monitor SWD using deep learning and object detection. Moreover, the results demonstrate the potential of UAVs to monitor insect traps, which could be valuable in the development of autonomous insect monitoring systems and IPM. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Regularized Dawid–Sebastiani score for multivariate ensemble forecasts
Authors: Wilks Daniel S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Dawid–Sebastiani score (DSS) is a theoretically attractive tool for evaluating the accuracy of multivariate ensemble forecasts, wherein each ensemble member produces a vector of forecasts. It has been little used to date mostly because its computation requires calculation and inversion of the ensemble covariance matrix for each forecast occasion. These matrices are not invertible unless the ensemble size is larger than the dimension of the forecast vectors. Moreover, these matrices are poorly estimated unless the ensemble size is quite large relative to the dimension of the vectors. This article describes application to the inverse correlation matrix in the DSS of a relatively recently developed regularization procedure called the graphical lasso (“glasso”), which not only suppresses the sampling variability of the score for relatively small ensemble sizes but also allows its computation even when the ensemble size is smaller than the dimension of the forecast and observation vectors. Use of glasso regularization with the DSS, and its performance in comparison to the Energy Score and the Variogram Score, are illustrated using a novel statistical model for multivariate ensemble forecasts which allows separate manipulation of bias, univariate calibration, multivariate calibration, and multivariate correlation characteristics.
A feasible strategy based on high ultrasound frequency and mass spectrometry for discriminating individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia through ionomic profile
Authors: de Jesus Jemmyson Romário , Arruda Marco Aurélio Zezzi 
Published: April 2020

RationaleA viable and accurate method based on high‐power ultrasound‐assisted microextraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed to determine metals in human serum from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.MethodsA simple and rapid sample preparation method using a cup–horn sonoreactor was developed. The acid concentration of HNO3 (10, 20, and 40% v/v) and HCl (1, 5, 15, and 30% v/v) of the extraction solution, the sonication time (1, 3, 6, and 10 min), and the sonication amplitude (20, 40, 60, and 80%) were evaluated. Cd, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, and Zn were determined in serum samples from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and from healthy controls. Quantitative metal recoveries using the proposed method were compared under the same conditions using an ultrasonic bath, magnetic stirring, and microwave‐assisted digestion.ResultsOptimum extraction conditions were obtained using HNO3 (40% v/v) + HCl (30% v/v) as the extraction solution with 3 min sonication time and 60% sonication amplitude. Significant differences were observed among the methods compared. On application of the sample preparation method based on high‐power ultrasound‐assisted microextraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Pb and Cd in all the studied samples were below the limit of detection of our method. Compared with healthy controls, the concentration of Cu, Li, Fe, and Zn was found to be significantly higher for the bipolar disorder group, while these metals and Li were found at a lower level for the group diagnosed with schizophrenia.ConclusionsPrincipal component analysis showed a significant separation for the groups studied based on their ionomic profiles after the application of high‐power ultrasound‐assisted microextraction as a sample preparation strategy.
A machine learning method for selection of genetic variants to increase prediction accuracy of type 2 diabetes mellitus using sequencing data
Authors: Jung Luann C. , Wang Haiyan , Li Xukun , Wu Cen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects millions of people through its life‐altering complications. Worldwide, 3.4 million people die of diabetes annually. Studying the effect of genetic polymorphism on T2DM has been plagued by the available sample size. A 2016 Nature Reviews article summarized that the accuracy of predicting future type 2 diabetes from genetic polymorphism is very low at the population level. Innumerable associations between genes, environmental factors, and type 2 diabetes remain to be discovered. This research presents a method to identify subtle effects of genetic variants using whole genome sequencing data and improve prediction accuracy of T2DM at the population level. To achieve this, a new feature selection procedure and a classifier are proposed. The method involves (a) first applying sparse principal component analysis to genotype data to obtain orthogonal features; (b) building a new classifier using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐specific regularization parameters to reduce the false positive rate of feature selection; (c) verifying feature relevance through penalized logistic regression. After application to a dataset containing 625 597 SNPs and 23 environmental variables from each of 3326 humans, the method identified 271 genetic variants with subtle effects on T2DM prediction. These variants led to greatly improved prediction accuracy for new patients at the population level. The proposed method also has the advantage of computational efficiency, over 15 times faster than random forest and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) classifiers, and thus provides a promising tool for large‐scale genome‐wide association studies.
Green Light‐Based Photobiomodulation with an Implantable and Biodegradable Fiber for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Jiang Yuxi , Qi Wei , Zhang Qianyi , Liu Hao , Zhang Jianyun , Du Ning , Nazempour Roya , Su Yuanzhe , Fu Ruxing , Zhang Kaiyuan , Lyu Peijun , Dong Fan , Yin Lan , Sheng Xing , Wang Yuguang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPhotobiomodulation (PBM) has recently started to gain popularity in clinical therapeutics. Visible light, in particular, plays a critical role in osteogenesis modulation. However, the limited penetration depth of visible light in biological tissues has constrained the application of this technology in vivo. Herein a green light‐based PBM technique with implantable and biodegradable poly(L‐lactic acid) & poly(L‐actic‐co‐glycolic acid) optical fibers to achieve accelerated bone regeneration is explored. Facilitated with experimental characterizations as well as numerical simulations, optical and thermal behaviors of fibers operated in the biological environment are understood. The optical regulation of bone regeneration is systematically studied both in vitro and in vivo. Under green light irradiation, biochemical activities of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells and their expression of osteogenic‐related factors are significantly elevated. By introducing green light into defective bone structures via fibers in a rodent model, the process of bone regeneration and repair is accelerated. Furthermore, fibers exhibit ideal biocompatibility with both cultured cells and living tissues and undergo complete degradation in vivo after ≈1 month. Assisted with degradable optical materials and devices, such as photobiomodulation technique provides a promising solution to tissue regeneration in various biomedical applications.
New vortex‐lift and tangential‐force models for HAWT aerodynamic load prediction
Authors: Elgammi Moutaz , Schepers Gerard , Osta‐Omar Salem 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHorizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) experience three‐dimensional rotational and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena at the rotor blades sections. These highly unsteady three‐dimensional effects have a dramatic impact on the aerodynamic load distributions on the blades, in particular, when they occur at high angles of attack due to stall delay and dynamic stall. Unfortunately, there is no complete understanding of the flow physics yet at these unsteady 3D flow conditions, and hence, the existing published theoretical models are often incapable of modelling the impact on the turbine response realistically. The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight on the combined influence of the stall delay and dynamic stall on the blade load history of wind turbines in controlled and uncontrolled conditions. New dynamic stall vortex and nonlinear tangential force coefficient modules, which integrally take into account the three dimensional rotational effect, are also proposed in this paper. This module along with the unsteady influence of turbulent wind speed and tower shadow is implemented in a blade element momentum (BEM) model to estimate the aerodynamic loads on a rotating blade more accurately. This work presents an important step to help modelling the combined influence of the stall delay and dynamic stall on the load history of the rotating wind turbine blades which is vital to have lighter turbine blades and improved wind turbine design systems.
Emerging roles of infiltrating granulocytes and monocytes in homeostasis
Authors: Groeneweg Linda , Hidalgo Andres , A-Gonzalez Noelia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe infiltration of naïve tissues by myeloid cells has been long related to their clearance and the physiological cell turnover, however, increasing evidence shows that they can additionally fulfill specific, non-immune functions in different tissues. There is also growing evidence to support that infiltrated granulocytes and monocytes respond to different environments by modulating gene expression and cytokine production, which in turn contribute to the normal function of the host tissue. This review will address the roles of immigrated myeloid cells in different tissues and their crosstalk with the host tissue environments.
GAD-alum immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes expands bifunctional Th1/Th2 autoreactive CD4 T cells
Authors: Arif Sefina , Gomez-Tourino Iria , Kamra Yogesh , Pujol-Autonell Irma , Hanton Emily , Tree Timothy , Melandri Daisy , Hull Caroline , Wherrett Diane K. , Beam Craig , Roep Bart O. , Lorenc Anna , Peakman Mark 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAims/hypothesisAntigen-specific therapy aims to modify inflammatory T cell responses in type 1 diabetes and restore immune tolerance. One strategy employs GAD65 conjugated to aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) to take advantage of the T helper (Th)2-biasing adjuvant properties of alum and thereby regulate pathological Th1 autoimmunity. We explored the cellular and molecular mechanism of GAD-alum action in the setting of a previously reported randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted by Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet.MethodsIn the clinical trial conducted by Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet, participants were immunised with 20 μg GAD-alum (twice or three times) or alum alone and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were banked at baseline and post treatment. In the present study, GAD-specific T cell responses were measured in these samples and GAD-specific T cell lines and clones were generated, which were then further characterised.ResultsAt day 91 post immunisation, we detected GAD-specific IL-13+CD4 T cell responses significantly more frequently in participants immunised with GAD-alum (71% and 94% treated twice or three times, respectively) compared with those immunised with alum alone (38%;p = 0.003 andp = 0.0002, respectively) accompanied by high secreted levels of IL-13, IL-4 and IL-5, confirming a GAD-specific, GAD-alum-induced Th2 response. Of note, GAD-specific, IL-13+CD4 T cells observed after immunisation co-secreted IFN-γ, displaying a bifunctional Th1/Th2 phenotype. Single-cell transcriptome analysis identifiedIL13andIFNGexpression in concert with the canonical Th2 and Th1 transcription factor genesGATA3andTBX21, respectively. T cell receptor β-chain (TCRB) CDR3 regions of GAD-specific bifunctional T cells were identified in circulating naive and central memory CD4 T cell pools of non-immunised participants with new-onset type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals, suggesting the potential for bifunctional responses to be generated de novo by GAD-alum immunisation or via expansion from an existing public repertoire.Conclusions/interpretationGAD-alum immunisation activates and propagates GAD-specific CD4 T cells with a distinctive bifunctional phenotype, the functional analysis of which might be important in understanding therapeutic responses.
Incremental diagnostic value of [18F]tetrafluoroborate PET-CT compared to [131I]iodine scintigraphy in recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Dittmann Matthias , Gonzalez Carvalho José Manuel , Rahbar Kambiz , Schäfers Michael , Claesener Michael , Riemann Burkhard , Seifert Robert 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Efficient therapy of recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is dependent on precise molecular imaging techniques targeting the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS), which is a marker both of thyroid and DTC cells. Various iodine isotopes have been utilized for detecting DTC; however, these come with unfavorable radiation exposure and image quality ([131I]iodine) or limited availability ([124I]iodine). In contrast, [18F]tetrafluoroborate (TFB) is a novel radiolabeled PET substrate of hNIS, results in PET images with high-quality and low radiation doses, and should therefore be suited for imaging of DTC. The aim of the present study was to compare the diagnostic performance of [18F]TFB-PET to the clinical reference standard [131I]iodine scintigraphy in patients with recurrent DTC.

Methods
Twenty-five patients with recurrent DTC were included in this retrospective analysis. All patients underwent [18F]TFB-PET combined with either CT or MRI due to newly discovered elevated TG levels, antiTG levels, sonographically suspicious cervical lymph nodes, or combinations of these findings. Correlative [131I]iodine whole-body scintigraphy (dxWBS) including SPECT-CT was present for all patients; correlative [18F]FDG-PET-CT was present for 21 patients. Histological verification of [18F]TFB positive findings was available in 4 patients.

Results
[18F]TFB-PET detected local recurrence or metastases of DTC in significantly more patients than conventional [131I]iodine dxWBS and SPECT-CT (13/25 = 52% vs. 3/25 = 12%, p = 0.002). The diagnosis of 6 patients with cervical lymph node metastases that showed mildly increased FDG metabolism but negative [131I]iodine scintigraphy was changed: [18F]TFB-PET revealed hNIS expression in the metastases, which were therefore reclassified as only partly de-differentiated (histological confirmation present in two patients). Highest sensitivity for detecting recurrent DTC had the combination of [18F]TFB-PET-CT/MRI with [18F]FDG-PET-CT (64%).

Conclusion
In the present cohort, [18F]TFB-PET shows higher sensitivity and accuracy than [131I]iodine WBS and SPECT-CT in detecting recurrent DTC. The combination of [18F]TFB-PET with [18F]FDG-PET-CT seems a reasonable strategy to characterize DTC tumor manifestations with respect to their differentiation and thereby also individually plan and monitor treatment. Future prospective studies evaluating the potential of [18F]TFB-PET in recurrent DTC are warranted.
Mechanisms of enhanced ocean surface warming in the Kuroshio region for 1951–2010
Authors: Toda Masaki , Watanabe Masahiro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSince the early twentieth century, observations have shown that the ocean surface has warmed almost globally, but the rate of sea surface temperature (SST) rise in the Kuroshio region (KR) has been twice that of the global-mean. This study focuses on the mechanisms driving long-term changes in SST in the KR during the period 1951–2010 using observations, reanalysis data, and 10-member ensembles of historical simulations based on a global climate model (GCM) called MIROC 5.2. The observational data indicates that SST in the KR slightly decreased until around 1980, but rapidly increased afterwards. The MIROC5.2 historical experiment reproduced the observed multidecadal changes in the KR SST, and a signal-to-noise analysis showed that one third to half of the changes were attributable to a forced component, represented by the ensemble mean. Comparison of historical runs with another ensemble in which sulfate aerosols were fixed at preindustrial levels, highlighted that multidecadal SST changes in the KR were primarily driven by sulfate aerosols, contributing to the warming for 1981–2010 as much as greenhouse gases. Analyses of the MIROC5.2 ensemble mean revealed that the key factor for enhanced warming after the 1980s in the KR was a high-pressure trend over the North Pacific. This is because it advects warm air to the northwestern Pacific in the lower troposphere and causes a northward shift in the Kuroshio current. The presence of this mechanism was supported by a significant correlation between SST trends in the KR and high-pressure trends over the North Pacific based on historical simulations from 27 GCMs, and a large ensemble of historical simulations using MIROC6. These results demonstrate the importance of an externally forced atmospheric circulation response over the North Pacific as it relates to enhanced ocean surface warming in the KR.
A comparison of the satiating properties of medium-chain triglycerides and conjugated linoleic acid in participants with healthy weight and overweight or obesity
Authors: Maher Tyler , Deleuse Martina , Thondre Sangeetha , Shafat Amir , Clegg Miriam E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Inconsistent evidence exists for greater satiety after medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCT). Furthermore, the mechanisms are poorly understood and effects in people with a healthy weight and those with overweight/obesity have not been compared. This study aimed to compare appetite responses in these groups and examine the mechanisms behind any differences.

Methods
Fifteen participants with healthy weight (BMI: 22.7 ± 1.9 kg·m−2) and fourteen participants with overweight/obesity (BMI: 30.9 ± 3.9 kg·m−2) consumed a breakfast containing either 23.06 g vegetable oil (CON), 25.00 g MCT oil (MCT), or 6.25 g CLA and 16.80 g vegetable oil (CLA). Appetite, peptide YY (PYY), total ghrelin (TG), β-hydroxybutyrate, and gastric emptying (GE) were measured throughout. Energy intake was assessed at an ad libitum lunch and throughout the following ~ 36 h.

Results
Neither MCT nor CLA decreased ad libitum intake; however MCT decreased day 1 energy intake (P = 0.031) and the 48-h period (P = 0.005) compared to CON. MCT delayed GE (P ≤ 0.01) compared to CON, whereas CLA did not. PYY and TG concentrations were not different (P = 0.743 and P = 0.188, respectively), but MCT increased β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations compared to CON (P = 0.005) and CLA (P < 0.001). β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were higher in participants with overweight/obesity (P = 0.009).

Conclusion
Consumption of MCT reduces energy intake in the subsequent 48 h, whereas CLA does not. Delayed gastric emptying or increased β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations may mediate this.
Structural variations in a non-coding region at 1q32.1 are responsible for the NYS7 locus in two large families
Authors: Sun Wenmin , Li Shiqiang , Jia Xiaoyun , Wang Panfeng , Hejtmancik J. Fielding , Xiao Xueshan , Zhang Qingjiong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCongenital motor nystagmus (CMN) is characterized by early-onset bilateral ocular oscillations without other ocular deficits. To date, mutations in only one gene have been identified to be responsible for CMN, i.e., FRMD7 for X-linked CMN. Four loci for autosomal dominant CMN, including NYS7 (OMIM 614826), have been mapped but the causative genes have yet to be identified. NYS7 was mapped to 1q32.1 based on independent genome-wide linkage scan on two large families with CMN. In this study, mutations in all known protein-coding genes, both intronic sequence with predicted effect and coding sequence, in the linkage interval were excluded by whole-genome sequencing. Then, long-read genome sequencing based on the Nanopore platform was performed with a sample from each of the two families. Two deletions with an overlapping region of 775,699 bp, located in a region without any known protein-coding genes, were identified in the two families in the linkage region. The two deletions as well as their breakpoints were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and co-segregated with CMN in the two families. The 775,699 bp deleted region contains uncharacterized non-protein-coding expressed sequences and pseudogenes but no protein-coding genes. However, Hi-C data predicted that the deletions span two topologically associated domains and probably lead to a change in the 3D genomic architecture. These results provide novel evidence of a strong association between structural variations in non-coding genomic regions and human hereditary diseases like CMN with a potential mechanism involving changes in 3D genome architecture, which provides clues regarding the molecular pathogenicity of CMN.