bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Wavelet Transform
Authors: Lu Hanyu , Zhong Mingjing , Lan Haixiang , Hou Ruchong , Hu Zhengjiang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Aiming at the problem of small capacity and poor robustness of audio watermarking information, an adaptive digital audio blind watermarking algorithm based on wavelet transform is proposed. In this algorithm, each frame of the audio signal is converted into a discrete transform by using Haar wavelet, and the fine and approximate components are obtained, and the component masking threshold is calculated. Finally, the watermark embedding position is selected by the adaptive algorithm, quantized and modulated in the audio. The intermediate and low frequency coefficients of the signal. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has some resistance to common signal processing attacks and is robust to resampling and low-pass filtering attacks.
Research on Multi-UAV Networks in Disaster Emergency Communication
Authors: Zhou Jianguo , Yang Jintao , Lu Lu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are an emerging technology that can be used in military, public, and civilian applications. Military use of UAVs is more than 25 years old, mainly for border surveillance, reconnaissance and so on. UAVs can do the job more efficiently and cost-effectively than with a single UAV system. In disaster emergency communications system, UAVs system can be deployed rapidly and its coverage can be dynamically adjusted. It provides network support for disaster site rescue in a timely and efficient manner, and real-time information of disaster scene can be returned to the Rescue center to better rescue the affected people. This dissertation proposed SDN-based disaster emergency UAVs networks to realize the flexible deployment and management of high dynamic dis-aster area networks. Meanwhile, it has a significantly improvement in network lifetime and node switching time comparing with Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) and Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing protocol (AODV).
Cut-Node Tree and Loops of LDPCs
Authors: Zhang Huanming 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Bipartite graph is used to illustrate Low-density parity-check (LDPC) code by Tanner [1]. In this thesis, we introduce a new algorithm to depict LDPC codes. Cut-node tree(CNT), although appearing to be a tree defined in graph theory, can figure out all cycles of an LDPC. And this method can apply to decoding, help to prevent superfluous iteration in belief propagation (BP).
Design and Test of Anti-EMI for Rail Trains
Authors: Wu Tong , Mu Xiaotong , Huo Baichen , Song Jilei , Shang Baoying , Hu Liwen , Liu Kai 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
With the continuous improvement of the intelligence level of the rail transit system, the installation density of electrical and electronic equipment in rail trains becomes larger and larger, which causes the increasingly prominent electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem among any equipment, systems and subsystems. This paper proposes an anti-EMI design scheme for rail trains, which improves the anti-EMI capability of the entire train system from four aspects, i.e. equipment grounding, filtering, shielding and wiring. By taking Shanghai Metro Lines 4 and 6 as an example, we carried out the system implementation and testing. The test results show that the proposed scheme is verified to be effective and reliable to improve the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance.
Structural, optical and conductivity study of hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanorods
Authors: Kumar N Santhosh , Kumar S K Naveen , Yesappa L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
TiO2 nanorods are synthesized by hydrothermal method using the commercially available TiO2 nanopowder (P25) as a precursor. This work mainly focused on the study of the various properties and comparison among the P25, 20 mg TiO2 nanorods and 40 mg TiO2 nanorods by different characterizations. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out and the results confirmed the formation and presence of TiO2 nanorods by shifting peak positions from 1433 cm−1 to 1424cm−1 and 1420cm−1. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the crystallinity of TiO2 nanorods increased significantly and was confirmed by the variation in the diffraction peak intensity and the peak at 2θ = 25.23° is conformed the anatase phase. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images clearly show the formation and presence of TiO2 nanorods. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) reveal that increasing in thermal stability and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) evaluates the increase in melting temperature of TiO2 nanorods. The UV–vis absorption spectra show the absorption peak redshift towards higher wavelength and it leads to expansion of optical activities of TiO2 nanorods. The optical band gap energy was found to be decreased to 5.3, 5.2 and 4.9 eV for P25, 20 and 40 mg respectively. The dielectric constant has increased twice and the dielectric loss by almost ten times compared to dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the P25. The current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics show the linear curve which reveals the easy flow of current is more in TiO2 nanorods. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that TiO2 nanorods are suitable for potential applications.
Density functional theory calculations for electronic, optoelectronic and thermodynamic properties of dibenzothiophene metal complexes
Authors: Anu  , Srivastava Anurag , Khan Mohd Shahid 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The modelling and geometry optimisation of metal-organic complexes of dibenzothiophene have been done to analyse their electronic, optoelectronic, and thermodynamic properties in the gas phase and in solvent phase (Heptane, Chloroform, Dichloroethane, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Water). The Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to deduce the properties like polarizability (α), dipole moment (μ), first hyperpolarizability (β), second hyperpolarizability (γ), susceptibility (χ), dielectric constant (ϵ), refractive index (n), and thermodynamic properties, using the B3LYP functional and LANL2DZ basis function. The high values of n, χ, β, and α, and the small values of HOMO-LUMO energy gap, and ϵ affirm good optoelectronic and electronic applications for the studied molecules.
Tunneling devices based on graphene/black phosphorus van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Jiang Xiao-Qiang , Li Xiao-Kuan , Chen Shao-Nan , Su Bao-Wang , Huang Kai-Xuan , Liu Zhi-Bo , Tian Jian-Guo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Vertically stacked devices of two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) based on van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) have recently attracted considerable attention due to their good properties. A tunneling structure is presented in this paper that, unlike other tunneling structures, has no specific insulating two-dimensional materials, such as boron nitride. The tunneling structure is comprised of graphene and black phosphorus. Black phosphorus is chemically active, and can be easily oxidized in the air to form an insulating layer. A tunneling device was produced based on this characteristic of black phosphorus. The insulation layer was an oxide layer formed by the oxidation of black phosphorus. The structure takes advantage of the easy oxidation ability of black phosphorus. The presence of a black phosphorus oxide layer was determined by XPS analysis. The tunneling characteristics of the overlay structure were determined by measuring the current-voltage (Id-V) curve of the device. Simulation studies showed that the oxidation layer was responsible for the tunneling effect. Compared with other black phosphorus devices, the photoelectric properties of the proposed device were greatly improved.
Photoelectric properties of Bi2Se3 films grown by thermal evaporation method
Authors: Xiao Liu , Liu Qiya , Zhang Min , Liu Ligang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Bi2Se3 films were prepared by thermal evaporation on different substrates (FTO, ITO and Glass). The structure and morphology are characterized by XRD and SEM. The optical band gap (E
g) is 1.47 eV, 1.54 eV, and 1.59 eV, respectively. The I-V and C–V curves have been obtained by a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell system, and the results indicated the Bi2Se3 film is n-type semiconductor. The transient photocurrent response of Bi2Se3/FTO and Bi2Se3/ITO were measured to evaluate the application potential of Bi2Se3 films in solar cell. The above results indicated that the Bi2Se3 films have advantages in the application of solar cells.
Hemerythrins enhance aerobic respiration inMethylomicrobium alcaliphilum20ZR, a methane-consuming bacterium
Authors: Nariya Snehal , Kalyuzhnaya Marina G 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTNumerous hemerythrins, di-iron proteins, have been identified in prokaryote genomes, but in most cases their function remains elusive. Bacterial hemerythrin homologs (bacteriohemerythrins, Bhrs) may contribute to various cellular functions, including oxygen sensing, metal binding and antibiotic resistance. It has been proposed that methanotrophic Bhrs support methane oxidation by supplying oxygen to a core enzyme, particulate methane monooxygenase. In this study, the consequences of the overexpression or deletion of the Bhr gene (bhr) in Methylomicrobiam alcaliphillum 20ZR were investigated. We found that the bhrknockout (20ZRΔbhr) displays growth kinetics and methane consumption rates similar to wild type. However, the 20ZRΔbhr accumulates elevated concentrations of acetate at aerobic conditions, indicating slowed respiration. The methanotrophic strain overproducing Bhr shows increased oxygen consumption and reduced carbon-conversion efficiency, while its methane consumption rates remain unchanged. These results suggest that the methanotrophic Bhr proteins specifically contribute to oxygen-dependent respiration, while they have minimal, if any, input of oxygen for the methane oxidation machinery.
Transition from continental rift to back-arc basin in the southern Japan Sea deduced from seismic velocity structures
Authors: Sato Takeshi , No Tetsuo , Arai Ryuta , Miura Seiichi , Kodaira Shuichi 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARY
We obtain the crustal structure from active-source seismic surveys using ocean bottom seismographs and seismic shots to elucidate the evolutionary process from continental rifting to the backarc basin opening in the Yamato Basin and Oki Trough in the southern Japan Sea. Results show that the crust changes from approximately 14–15 km thick in the basin (the southern Yamato Basin) to 16.5–17 km in the margin of the basin (the southwestern edge of the Yamato Basin). The P-wave velocity distribution in the crust of the southern Yamato Basin is missing a typical continental upper crust with P-wave velocities of 5.4–6.0 km s–1, and is thought be a thicker oceanic crust formed by a backarc basin opening. By contrast, the crust of the southwestern edge of the Yamato Basin might have been formed by continental rifting because there is an unit with P-wave velocities of 5.4–6.0 km s–1 and with a gentle velocity gradients, corresponding to the continental upper crust in this area. This variation might reflect differences in mantle properties from continental rifting to backarc basin opening of the Yamato Basin. Because the Oki Trough has a crustal thickness of 17–19 km and having a unit with P-wave velocities of 5.4–6.0 km s–1, corresponding to the continental upper crust with a high-velocity lower crust, we infer that this trough was formed by continental rifting with magmatic intrusion or underplating. These crustal variations might reflect transitional stages from continental rifting to backarc basin opening in the southern Japan Sea.
Inelastic strain rate and stress fields in and around an aseismic zone of Kyushu Island, Japan, inferred from seismic and GNSS data
Authors: Yuasa Y , Matsumoto S , Nakao S , Matsushima T , Ohkura T 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYUnderstanding earthquake processes and crustal deformation requires knowledge of the stress concentration process in the crust. With the enhancement of observation networks, it has become possible to consider in detail the relationships between localized deformation and seismic activity in island arcs and the process of stress concentration. According to previous studies, inelastic deformation in localized weak zones in the crust is considered to play an important role in the stress concentration process. Kyushu, located in southwest Japan, has a 20–30 km band-like active seismic activity and an enclosed aseismic zone. In particular, a part of the seismic active region called the Beppu-Simahara Graben, which is dominated by north–south extensional deformation, is characterized by high seismic activity and a remarkable aseismic zone. We identified the relationship between inelastic deformation and stress concentration processes in this area by using analyses of geodetic and seismic data. The results inverted from both the strain rate field obtained by the geodetic observations and the deviatoric stress field estimated from focal mechanism data reveal a large inelastic deformation zone ($\sim {10^{ - 7}} \,\mathrm{ yr}^{-1}$) beneath the area of active seismicity. From comparison with previous works, the inelastic deformation zone in the lower crust may correspond to an area with high temperature and/or fluid. This may suggest that inelastic deformation is in progress in the area where the strength of lower crustal rocks has reduced due to the presence of geothermics and/or fluids. Furthermore, we confirmed that this inelastic deformation causes stress concentrations of up to $10\,\,{\rm{kPa}}\,\,{\rm{yr}}^{-1}$ in the upper crust. These results show that stress concentration occurs locally in the upper crust, above the inelastic deformation zone in the weakened lower crust, owing to the presence of geothermal and/or fluid; this stress concentration induces seismic activity and crustal deformation.
Adam Smith, the Competitive Process, and the Flawed Consumer Welfare Standard
Authors: Grimes Warren 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Scottish economist Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the collective buying and selling of individuals would result in the preferred allocation of society’s resources. That insight has endured and is the basis for the competition law goal of fostering and protecting the competitive process. That goal, with venerable roots on both sides of the Atlantic, has been sidetracked by emergence of the consumer welfare standard, which is now preeminent in competition law analysis. The narrow focus of the consumer welfare standard has led to confusion and misdirected decisions that do not adequately protect the competitive process. I point to confusion about who is the buyer and who is the seller in many transactions, and describe why that classification should, in any event, be irrelevant in applying competition law. When competition is distorted, the central goal of protecting the process and ensuring a preferred allocation of resources is undermined, regardless of the impact on the consumer.
The proper welfare standard is unconcerned with where the harm occurs. The standard focuses on anticompetitive conduct at any level of the distribution chain and regardless of whether the anticompetitive effects are directed upstream at sellers or downstream at buyers. The symmetric standard is rooted in competition law decisions on both sides of the Atlantic; it is sound in theory and, compared to the consumer welfare standard, is easier to explain and apply. It more comfortably honors the broader goals of competition, including promoting entry, innovation, and choices for both entrepreneurs and consumers. I assess how this symmetric welfare standard would apply to mergers and classic predatory or exclusionary conduct. The standard offers hope of simplifying analysis and better serving ancillary goals of competition. Fostering and preserving efficiency, enhancing output, and maintaining low consumer prices are among the highly valued benefits of the competitive process, but they are not determinative. The focus must remain on the central goal of preserving the competitive process.
The institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific: problems and prospects
Authors: He Kai , Feng Huiyun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Although the term ‘Indo-Pacific’ has become popular in the foreign policy discourse of some countries, we have yet to see any significant institution-building in the Indo-Pacific region. Borrowing insights from functional institutionalism and political leadership studies of international regimes, we introduce a ‘leadership–institution’ model to explore the problems and prospects of institutionalizing the Indo-Pacific. Through a comparative case study of the institutionalization of the Asia–Pacific vs the Indo-Pacific, we argue that two crucial factors contributed to the slow institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific as a regional system in world politics: the lack of ideational leadership from an epistemic community and the weak executive leadership from a powerful state. While ideational leaders can help states identify and expand common interests in cooperation, executive leadership will facilitate states to overcome operational obstacles in cooperation, such as the ‘collective action’ problem and the ‘relative gains’ concern. The future of institution-building in the Indo-Pacific will depend on whether and how these two leadership roles are played by scholars and states in the region. In the conclusion, we discuss the challenges of institutionalizing the Indo-Pacific and highlight China as a wild card in the future of Indo-Pacific regionalism.
Is Australia's Indo-Pacific strategy an illusion?
Authors: Taylor Brendan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Australia has been among the most prominent advocates of the increasingly popular Indo-Pacific concept. This article argues that Canberra's enthusiasm for the concept stems from its appeal to the two dominant traditions of Australian foreign policy—a ‘dependent ally’ tradition and a ‘middle power’ approach. While these two traditions are typically seen as being in tension, the Indo-Pacific concept provides a rare point of convergence between them. The article begins by outlining the appeal of the Indo-Pacific concept to each of these traditions. Using a case-study of recent Australian policy toward the South China Sea disputes, however, the article then demonstrates that Australia has in practice implemented its stated Indo-Pacific strategy far less consistently than its very vocal support would appear to suggest. This disjuncture is attributed to the growing influence of a third, generally understudied, ‘pragmatic’ Australian foreign policy tradition. Because Australia has been such a prominent champion of the Indo-Pacific concept, the article concludes that this divergence between the rhetoric and the reality of Australia's Indo-Pacific strategy threatens to have a negative impact on the concept's broader international appeal and sustainability, particularly among Australia's south-east Asian neighbours.
Developmental peace in east Asia and its implications for the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Wei Ling 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article adopts a constructive approach to examining the problem of the Indo-Pacific construct. Through reflection on the east Asian experience, it proposes an analytical framework of developmental peace as a constellation of international practices, which means that the more economic development is prioritized by states in regional processes, the more likely it is that a sustainable peace will be achieved. States participating in regional integration comprise a community of practice. On the basis of a shared understanding that development is of overriding importance and underpins security and state legitimacy, the community takes economic development as the anchoring practice; this practice embodies and enacts constitutive rules and fundamental norms for a broader set of practices in regional processes, such as peaceful coexistence and non-interference. The more economic development is prioritized on domestic and regional agendas, the more likely it is that conflicts in the security realm will be relaxed or even resolved to protect security interests. The author draws some useful implications from the developmental peace in east Asia for the Indo-Pacific construct, among which the most important include building shared understandings on the prioritization of economic development, taking advantage of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and using the code of conduct process as a vehicle and best practice to facilitate rule-making for the maritime order. Finally, the author briefly discusses the contributions of the study and limitations of the model.
The Belt and Road Initiative: geo-economics and Indo-Pacific security competition
Authors: Li Mingjiang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been regarded by international society as a major policy tool in China's geo-economic strategy. Under this policy platform, Beijing has pledged to invest billions of dollars in the infrastructure and industrial sectors across Eurasia and in the Indo-Pacific nations. It is widely believed that such huge amount of investment will inevitably generate significant geostrategic repercussions in these regions. In response to the BRI, the United States and other powers have come up with a ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ strategy. This article attempts to address the following question: what impact is the BRI likely to have on the security ties between China and the other major players in the Indo-Pacific? The author finds that the BRI may significantly transform China's international security policy and the expansion of Beijing's security influence may further intensify the security competition between China and other major powers in the Indo-Pacific region. The article also proposes a new analytical angle for the study of geo-economics that unpacks the role of economic activities and processes in generating geopolitical intentions and catalysing geopolitical competition.
When are International Institutions Effective? The Impact of Domestic Veto Players on Compliance with WTO Rulings
Authors: Peritz Lauren 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhen do international institutions promote economic cooperation among countries? The World Trade Organization (WTO) is central to the multilateral trade regime and a benchmark for international dispute resolution. Yet it remains unclear whether it has been effective in restoring trade cooperation. This article uses WTO disputes to examine the impact of domestic politics in the defendant country on compliance with adverse legal rulings. I build a novel data set on compliance. Using the method of synthetic case control, I estimate the effect of adverse rulings on trade flows between disputant countries using product-level time-series trade data. I infer the defendant complied if trade flows increased after the dispute, relative to estimated levels that would have occurred in the absence of the ruling. The results show domestic political divisions—measured by veto players—hinder compliance.