bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Service Sector Growth in Iran: Knowledge-based Economy or Premature Deindustrialization?
Authors: Momeni Farshad , Fattahi Soheil , Najafi Seyed Mohammad Sajjad , Moghadam Shahabodin Fuladi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In recent decades, most of the national economies have experienced a similar trend of growth in service sector. In economic literature service sector growth can be rooted in two distinct phenomena: knowledge-based economy or premature deindustrialization. This paper seeks to investigate the nature of service sector growth based on its effect on total factor productivity (TFP) in Iran. In particular, Kalman filter approach is used to estimate this effect. Service sector valued added and share of employment are used as the two separate proxies for service sector size in order to improve robustness of the results. Empirical results show that service sector growth did not increase overall productivity over the period of 1975-2015. Consequently, service sector growth in Iran did not root in knowledge-based economy and the whole progress could be considered as premature deindustrialization.
The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strain on apoptosis and necroptosis state of macrophages derived from active pulmonary tuberculosis patients
Authors: Yanti Budi , Mulyadi Mulyadi , Amin Muhammad , Harapan Harapan , Mertaniasih Ni Made , Soetjipto Soetjipto 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Objective The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strain in tuberculosis (TB) infection in human is still questioned. The aim of this study was to determine whether MTBC strain is associated with apoptosis and necroptosis by measuring the expression of specific signaling pathways components (Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3)), as well as the level of apoptosis.Results We recruited 24 TB patients infected with M. tuberculosis Beijing strain and six patients with M. bovis BCG strain. Data indicated that those who infected with M. tuberculosis were more frequent to have severe lung damage than M. bovis (odds ratio [OR]: 7.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-54.09). M. tuberculosis infection was also associated with lower expression of FADD and lower apoptosis level of macrophage cells compared to M. bovis . No significant different of RIP3 between strain groups. In conclusion, M. tuberculosis Beijing strain is associated with severe pulmonary damage, inhibits FADD expression and reduces apoptosis level in macrophages derived from TB. This suggests that MTBC strain potentially be used as determinant of progressivity of disease and tissue damage in TB cases.
The whole blood phagocytosis assay: a clinically relevant test of neutrophil function and dysfunction in community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Reiné Jesús , Rylance Jamie , Ferreira Daniela M. , Pennington Shaun H. , Welters Ingeborg Dorothea , Parker Robert , Morton Ben 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
OBJETIVE: To refine and validate a neutrophil function assay with clinical relevance for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Design: Two phase cross-sectional study to standardise and refine the assay in blood from healthy volunteers and test neutrophil phagocytic function in hospital patients with CAP. Participants: Phase one: Healthy adult volunteers (n=30). Phase two: Critical care patients with severe CAP (n=16), ward-level patients with moderate CAP (n=15) and respiratory outpatients (no acute disease, n=15).RESULTS: Our full standard operating procedure for the assay is provided. Patients with severe CAP had significantly decreased neutrophil function compared to moderate severity disease (median phagocytic index 2.8 vs. 18.0, p=0.014). Moderate severity pneumonia neutrophil function was significantly higher than control samples (median 18.0 vs. 1.6, p=0.015). There was no significant difference between critical care and control neutrophil function (median 2.8 vs. 1.6, p=0.752). Conclusions: Our whole blood neutrophil assay is simple, reproducible and clinically relevant. Changes in neutrophil function measured in this pneumonia cohort is in agreement with previous studies. The assay has potential to be used to identify individuals for clinical trials of immunomodulatory therapies, to risk-stratify patients with pneumonia, and to refine our understanding of ‘normal’ neutrophil function in infection.
Using three statistical methods to analyze the association between exposure to 13 compounds and obesity in children and adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010
Authors: Wu Bangsheng , Jiang Yi , Jin Xiaoqing , He Li 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Various risk factors influence obesity differently, and too much environmental endocrine disruption may increase the occurrence of obesity. However, most of the previous studies have considered only a unitary exposure or a set of similar exposures instead of mixed exposures, which entail complicated interactions. We utilized three statistical models to evaluate the interactions between mixed chemicals to analyze the association between 13 different chemical exposures and obesity in children and adolescents. Methods: We fitted the generalized linear regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to analyze the association between the mixed exposures and obesity in the participants aged 6-19 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010. Results: In the logistic regression model, 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP) (P = 0.001), monoethyl phthalate (MEP) (P = 0.005), and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) (P = 0.023) were found to be positively associated with obesity, while methylparaben (MeP) (P = 0.011) was negatively associated with obesity. In the multivariable linear regression, MEP was the only chemical found to be associated with the body mass index (BMI) z-score (P = 0.003). In the WQS regression model, the WQS index had a significant association (P = 0.001) with the outcome in the obesity model, in which 2,5-DCP (weighted 0.35), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) (weighted 0.16), MEP (weighted 0.14), and MiBP (weighted 0.12) all had relatively high weights. In the BKMR model, despite no statistically significant difference in the overall association between the chemical mixtures and the outcome (obesity or BMI z-score), there was nonetheless an increasing trend. 2,5-DCP, MEP, and MiBP were found to be positively associated with obesity, while fixing other chemicals at their median concentrations. Conclusion: Comparing the three statistical models, we found that 2,5-DCP, MEP, and MiBP may play an important role in the 13 exposures. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the three statistical models, our study confirms the necessity to combine different statistical models on obesity when dealing with mixed exposures.
Effects of Hydrothermal Conditions on the Net Primary Productivity in the Source Region of Yangtze River, China
Authors: Yuan Zhe , Wang Yongqiang , Xu Jijun , Yin Jun , Chen Shu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: The ecosystems and natural environment of the Source Region of Yangtze River (SRYR) is highly susceptible to the climate change. Quantifying the response of vegetation Net Primary Productivity (NPP) to the changes of hydrothermal conditions is an important way to identify and predict global ecosystem dynamics. Methods: Using MODIS/Terra Yearly NPP data at 1km×1km spatial resolution, the spatial-temporal variation of NPP was analyzed at first. Then, correlations between NPP and hydrothermal conditions were evaluated with soil water content and accumulated temperature. Finally, a response model was built to analyze the sensitivity of the NPP to precipitation and temperature changes. Result: (1) NPP is generally lower in the western SRYR and increases gradually toward the east, with an average value of 85.2 gC/m 2 . The total NPP had increased by 1.42TgC per year from 2000 to 2014. The fastest change rate of NPP is presented in the Downstream region, followed by the middle stream region and Dam River Basin; (2) the NPP of one specific year has obvious relationship with the accumulated temperature of the same year and the soil water deficit of the previous year. The temperature is the dominant climate factor impacting vegetation growth in the SRYR; (3) It is shown an increase of NPP by 0.194 TgC (nearly 30%) with a 1-°C increase in annual mean temperature. While a 10% increase in annual precipitation corresponds to an increase in NPP by 0.517 TgC (nearly 5%). Conclusion: A warming, wetting and greening SRYR was detected in recent decade. The NPP in SRYR is more sensitive to changes in temperature than changes in precipitation.
Pyruvate anaplerosis is a mechanism of resistance to pharmacological glutaminase inhibition in Triple-receptor Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Singleton Dean C , Dechaume Anne-Lise , Murray Pamela M , Katt William P , Baguley Bruce C , Leung Euphemia Y 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Glutamine serves as an important nutrient with many cancer types displaying glutamine dependence. Following cellular uptake glutamine is converted to glutamate in a reaction catalysed by mitochondrial glutaminase. This glutamate has many uses, including acting as an anaplerotic substrate ( via alpha-ketoglutarate) to replenish TCA cycle intermediates. CB-839 is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable glutaminase inhibitor that has activity in Triple receptor-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cell lines and evidence of efficacy in advanced TNBC patients. Methods A panel of eleven breast cancer cell lines was used to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of the glutaminase inhibitors CB-839 and BPTES in different types of culture medium, with or without additional pyruvate supplementation. The abundance of the TCA cycle intermediate fumarate was quantified as a measure if TCA cycle anaplerosis. Pyruvate secretion by TNBC cultures was then assessed with or without AZD3965, a monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) inhibitor. Finally, two dimensional (2D) monolayer and three dimensional (3D) spheroid assays were used to compare the effect of microenvironmental growth conditions on CB-839 activity. Results The anti-proliferative activity of CB-839 in a panel of breast cancer cell lines was similar to published reports, but with a major caveat; growth inhibition by CB-839 was strongly attenuated in culture medium containing pyruvate. This pyruvate-dependent attenuation was also observed with a related glutaminase inhibitor, BPTES. Studies demonstrated that exogenous pyruvate acted as an anaplerotic substrate preventing the decrease of fumarate in CB-839-treated conditions. Furthermore, endogenously produced pyruvate secreted by TNBC cell lines was able to act in a paracrine manner to significantly decrease the sensitivity of recipient cells to glutaminase inhibition. Suppression of pyruvate secretion using the MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965, antagonised this paracrine effect and increased CB-839 activity. Finally, CB-839 activity was significantly compromised in 3D compared with 2D TNBC culture models, suggesting that 3D microenvironmental features impair glutaminase inhibitor responsiveness. Conclusion This study highlights the potential influence that both circulating and tumour-derived pyruvate can have on glutaminase inhibitor efficacy. Furthermore, it highlights the benefits of 3D spheroid cultures to model the features of the tumour microenvironment and improve the in vitro investigation of cancer metabolism-targeted therapeutics.
Clonal architectures predict clinical outcome in gastric adenocarcinoma based genomic variation and tumor evolution and heterogeneity in gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ren Chenxia , Wu Cuiling , Wang Niuniu , Lian Changhong , Yang Changqing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Due to the lack of effective molecular markers and personalized treatment, the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer is still rather poor. This paper attempts to explore the genomic instability and intratumoral heterogeneity of gastric cancer through bioinformatics analysis. Methods: According to the RNA-Seq data, copy number variation data and clinical follow-up information data of TCGA, brunet algorithm in NMF was used to identify SNV signature. ABSOLUTE algorithm was used to screen and identify CNV signature. The relationship between clonal state and survival of genes was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier method. The Spearman method was used to evaluate the correlation between clonal/sub-clonal events and TMB and neoantigen. Results: Mutation analysis of SNV mutation and CNA data in the TCGA gastric cancer dataset divided mutation of TCGA gastric cancer samples into three signatures with significant differences. Furthermore, the clonal/sub-clonal events of SCNA and SNV were analyzed to identify the clonal/sub-clonal status of mutations in STAD samples. It was further found that the number of mutations in TP53, TTN and MUC16 genes was the highest (> 20%) among the samples. The number of CNV (Gain) in MIEN1, GRB7 and PNMT genes was the highest (> 10%) among the samples. A series of early gastric cancer genes, such as TP53, USH2A and GLI3 as well as advanced genes such as CTNNB1, LRP1B and ERBB4 were further identified. Ultimately, the clonal/sub-clonal status of 5 early genes, 12 intermediate genes and 8 advanced genes was significantly correlated with the overall survival rate of patients. In addition, there was a significant correlation between clonal/sub-clonal events and TMB/Neoantigens. Conclusion: In this paper, the relationship between intratumoral heterogeneity and genomic instability was evaluated based on developmental data of gastric cancer cloning system. A series of molecular features determined by screening can be used as a marker of potential gastric cancer heterogeneity, which is of great significance to the personalized treatment of gastric cancer.
The lack of selection criteria for surgery in patients with non-colorectal non-neuroendocrine liver metastases
Authors: Bohlok Ali , Lucidi Valerio , Bouazza Fikri , Daher Ali , Germanova Desislava , Laethem Jean luc Van , Hendlisz Alain , donckier Vincent 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background The benefit of surgery in patients with non-colorectal non-neuroendocrine liver metastases (NCRNNELM) remains controversial. At the population level, several statistical prognostic factors and scores have been proposed but inconsistently verified. At the patient level, no selection criteria have been demonstrated to guide individual therapeutic decision making. We aimed to evaluate potential individual selection criteria to predict the benefit of surgery in patients undergoing treatment for NCRNNELM. Methods Data for 114 patients undergoing surgery for NCRNNELM were reviewed. In this population, we identified an early relapse group (ER), defined as patients with unresectable recurrence <1 year postoperatively who did not benefit from surgery (N=28), and a long-term survival group (LTS), defined as patients who were recurrence-free ≥5-years postoperatively and benefited from surgery (N=20). Clinicopathologic parameters, the Association Française de Chirurgie ( AFC) score, and a modified 4-point Clinical Risk Score (mCRS) (excluding CEA level) were analyzed and compared between LTS and ER groups. Results The majority of patients were female and a majority had an ASA score ≤2 at the time of liver surgery. Median age was 55 years. Almost half of the patients (46%) presented with a single liver metastasis. Intermediate- and low-risk AFC scores represented 40% and 60% of the population, respectively. Five- and ten-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 56% and 27%, and 30% and 12%, respectively. Negative prognostic factors were size of liver metastases >50 mm and delay between primary and NCRNNELM <24 months for OS and DFS, respectively. AFC score was not prognostic while high-risk mCRS (score 3-4) was predictive for poorer OS. The clinicopathologic parameters were similar in the ER and LTS groups, except the presence of N+ primary tumor and the size of liver metastases were significantly higher in the ER group. Conclusion In patients with resectable NCRNNELM , no predictive factors or scores were found to accurately preoperatively differentiate individual cases in whom surgery would be futile from those in whom surgery could be associated with a significant oncological benefit.
The extended methylene blue reduction test and milk quality
Authors: Pérez-Lomas Mayra , Cuaran-Guerrero Milton J. , Yépez-Vásquez Lucía , Pineda-Flores Holger , Núñez-Pérez Jimmy , Espin-Valladares Rosario , Recalde-Posso Edmundo , Trujillo-Toledo Luis E. , Pais-Chanfrau José M. 
Published: February 2020

Introduction. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of milk produced by six cattlemen’s associations in small, isolated farming communities of Carchi, Ecuador. It involved a herd of 814 cows and lasted eight consecutive months. Another aim was to propose a suitable methodology for milk quality evaluation.
Study objects and methods. All milk samples were analyzed for total solids, protein, fat, acidity, density, total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC). Each sample was subjected to an extended qualitative methylene blue reduction test (MBRTe) for which 10 mL of milk, with 0.5 mL of methylene blue, was incubated at 37°C for 24 h.
Results and discussion. As a result, we obtained the following types of clots: MBRTe-I (homogeneous solid/liquid clot), MBRTe-II (lumpy clot), MBRTe-III (gaseous clot) and MBRTe-IV (lumpy + gaseous clot). The study showed significant differences in the quality of milk between different associations, suggesting that some of them did not comply with good practices of milking, handling and storage of fresh milk. The quality of milk was classified as good in one association, as regular in another association, and as low in four associations. The MBRTe classified 37% of the samples as MBRTe-I, 18% as MBRTe-II, 14% as MBRTe-III and 12% as MBRTe-IV. Of the MBRTe-I samples, 95% showed the TBC and SCC values of first quality milk. The MBRTe-II had the TBC values of first quality milk, but exceeded the SCC, while the MBRTe-III had good SCC values, but exceeded the TBC. Finally, the MBRTe-IV samples exceeded the permissible levels of both TBC and SCC.
Conclusion. It was proved that the MBRTe can help milk producers evaluate the quality of milk and alert them to the possible presence of mastitis in the herd. The MBRTe is a reliable and cheap method that is quick and easy to perform.
Biological value of semi-smoked sausages with cedar oil cake
Authors: Gurinovich Galina , Patrakova Irina , Seregin Sergey , Gargaeva Alesya , Alekseevnina Oksana , Myshalova Olga , Patshina Marina 
Published: February 2020

Introduction. Development of novel meat products with better quality and biological value remains one of priority objectives of modern food industry. New meat products correspond with the principles of healthy diet due to their improved fatty acid profile and lower sodium content. The present research featured semi-smoked sausages with 15% of cedar oilcake and a low-sodium curing mix. The cedar nut oilcake is as a source of highly unsaturated fatty acids and high-grade protein. In addition to the physiological effect, the low-sodium curing mix increases the resistance of the combined fat phase to deterioration during storage.
Study objects and methods. Sausages of control and experimental formulations were made in laboratory conditions. The control formulation included raw second-grade beef, semi-fat pork (30% of fat), and traditional curing ingredients, i.e. sodium chloride and nitrite curing mix. In the experimental formulation, 15% of the semi-fat pork was replaced by cedar oil cake, and 30% of sodium chloride – by magnesium chloride. The samples were tested for fatty and amino acid composition, biological value of the lipid and protein phase, chemical composition, as well as physical, chemical, and sensory properties. Other research data included water activity, as well as acid, peroxide, and thiobarbituric value during storage at a temperature of 4 ± 2°C for 15 days.
Results and discussion. The study of fatty acid composition showed significant differences in the ratio of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, P ˂ 0.05) in the samples. When 15% of pork was replaced by cedar oilcake, the amount of SFA decreased by 19.8%, while the content of MUFA and PUFA increased by 10.2% and 24.9%, respectively. These changes improved the indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity. The quality of the protein component also improved, as the utility coefficient of amino acids increased from 0.83 to 0.87, and the coefficient of comparable redundancy decreased from 7.2 g/100 g of protein to 5.35 g/100 g of protein. The sausages with cedar oil cake and low sodium chloride content received a high consumer evaluation. The hydrolysis of the lipid fraction was the same in both samples. The process of lipid oxidation was inhibited, which can partially be explained by a lower water activity.
Conclusion. The biological value, consumer quality, and storage stability of semi-smoked sausages could be improved by replacing fat-containing meat raw materials with cedar oil cake and reducing sodium chloride content. The new product demonstrated a better nutrition quality and can be recommended for mass production.
Curative Effects of Dhatryadi ghrita Bioactive Extracts on Ethanol Withdrawal Syndrome in Wistar Rats
Authors: Pal Rashmi S. , Mishra Amrita 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome leads to irritability, aggressiveness, body
posture and motor abnormalities, sensory hyper reactivity and changes in various enzyme levels.
Dhatryadi ghrita penetrates the blood-brain barrier to decrease the cravings for alcohol in this syndrome.

Objective:
To evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of Dhatryadi ghrita on alcohol withdrawal
syndrome in Wistar rats.

Material & Methods:
A liquid diet with 7.2%, v/v ethanol was administered to the Wistar rats for
21 days. Control group animals received saline and normal diet. After alcohol withdrawal, rats
were examined at 6th and 24th hour for anxiety and hyper locomotor activity as major withdrawal
signs. Anxiety due to ethanol withdrawal was tested with the help of elevated plus maze, light and
dark models. The hyper locomotor activity was assessed using Actophotometer. The hepatic enzymes
level was determined with the help of the Bio-chemical Analyzer. ghrita extracts (100,
200,300 mg/kg, oral) were administered to different groups and diazepam as standard (2 mg/kg,
i.p) was administered to the treatment group animals 30 minutes before alcohol withdrawal estimation.
Drug treatment was administered 30 minutes before the second observation at the 24th hour.

Results:
Findings from the present study revealed that Ghrita extract treatment at doses 100, 200
and 300 mg/kg, oral in ethanol-dependent rats had a significant protective effect on signs and symptoms
of ethanol withdrawal in alcohol-dependent rats.

Conclusion:
Dhatryadi extract acts effectively for the treatment of alcohol abstinence syndrome.
The extract treatment has beneficial effects on ethanol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in rats.