bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A combination of genetic and phenotypic characterization of spring- and autumn-spawning herring suggests gene flow between populations
Authors: Berg Florian , Østgaard Hedda D , Slotte Aril , Andersson Leif , Folkvord Arild 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) has complex population structure and dynamics including diverse life histories and spawning times with spring and autumn spawning as the most common modes. Originally, spawning herring were phenotypically identified based on their maturity development or otolith microstructure by determining seasonal specific larval growth patterns. Recently, genetic markers have revealed clear genetic differentiation between spring- and autumn-spawning populations. All three methods were applied to herring caught at the same locations during spring and autumn to determine the coherence of methods. In a selected subset, most herring (∼77%) had an otolith microstructure and genetic assignment coinciding with the phenotypically assigned spawning season. Non-spawning herring (&lt;5%) that were classified as belonging to the current spawning season using genotyping and otolith-typing were assigned as skipped spawners. For ∼8% of spawning herring, the genetic and otolith assignment contradicted the phenotypically assigned spawning season, characteristic of straying individuals. Otolith-typing contradicted the genetic and phenotypical assignment in ∼7% of the cases, potentially representing individuals reuniting back to the spawning season favoured by their genotype. Although the viability of offspring from these individuals remains undocumented, it is suggested that the observed switching of spawning season may contribute to gene flow between herring populations.
Sound absorption characteristics of KGM-based aerogel
Authors: Wang Yixin , Xiang Fei , Wang Wei , Wang Weiling , Su Yuehong , Jiang Fatang , Chen Sheng , Riffat Saffa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study presents the preparation and property characterization of biomass aerogels as sound absorption materials. Biomasses were chosen to prepare aerogels through the freeze-drying method. Results indicated that four components may have different effects on the aerogel pore structure, and the aerogel formula was thus optimized to reach the best sound absorption. Within the experimental range, biomass aerogel with the optimized formula had an average sound efficiency 0.352, density 0.047 g/cm3 and porosity 94.46 ± 0.04%. It shows better sound absorption performance than traditional sound absorption cotton. These results demonstrate the high sound absorption potential of biomass aerogels for building applications.
Heronian Friezes
Authors: Fomin Sergey , Setiabrata Linus 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Motivated by computational geometry of point configurations on the Euclidean plane, and by the theory of cluster algebras of type $A$, we introduce and study Heronian friezes, the Euclidean analogues of Coxeter’s frieze patterns. We prove that a generic Heronian frieze possesses the glide symmetry (hence is periodic) and establish the appropriate version of the Laurent phenomenon. For a closely related family of Cayley–Menger friezes, we identify an algebraic condition of coherence, which all friezes of geometric origin satisfy. This yields an unambiguous propagation rule for coherent Cayley–Menger friezes, as well as the corresponding periodicity results.
L
p
Estimates for Joint Quasimodes of Semiclassical Pseudodifferential Operators Whose Characteristic Sets Have kth Order Contact
Authors: Tacy Melissa 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper we develop $L^{p}$ estimates for functions $u$, which are joint quasimodes of semiclassical pseudodifferential operators $p_{1}(x,hD)$ and $p_{2}(x,hD)$ whose characteristic sets meet with $k$th order contact, $k\geq{}1$. As part of the technical development we use Fourier integral operators to adapt a flat wavelet analysis to the curved level sets of $p_{1}(x,\xi )$.
Communication Inefficiencies and Research Validity in International Studies
Authors: Walker Lee Demetrius 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this essay, I propose that a focus on research validity can improve communications among scholars of international studies who use a variety of methodological approaches because validity as a unifying standard allows for greater flexibility of methodological and empirical approaches to theoretical concepts. Social science disciplines have recently been more concerned with replication and transparency as the standards by which social science research is measured and valued. I apply transparency, replication, and validity to five identified inefficiencies in international studies communication and an examination of judicial independence/international studies research. This application indicates that validity is the more useful standard in that it addresses four of the five communication inefficiencies. Linking validity to advancing causal inference research, creating incentives for multimethod research teams, and improving social science communication to the lay public can also facilitate communication among international studies scholars.
12 Effective Treatment of Malnourished Pediatric Burn Patients
Authors: Hall Jennifer , Abbott Laura , Prelack Kathrina , Friedstat Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Pediatric burn patients are at high nutritional risk given disease burden and its impact on body reserves. As part of our global mission, we care for children who arrive late after their injury, often with malnutrition. In our experience, these patients have greater susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing, and longer lengths of stay. In accordance, we implemented strategies to improve outcomes in this population including a sustained period of nutritional optimization prior to surgery. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of malnutrition in our hospital and to compare clinical outcomes between malnourished (MN) and well-nourished patients (WN) using this approach.

Methods
An IRB approved retrospective review of pediatric burn patients at our institution from 2010–2018 who received nutritional support (enteral and/or parenteral nutrition) for at least five days was conducted. Data collection included general demographics, anthropometrics, nutritional intake, nutrition related labs, and clinical outcome variables such as length of stay (LOS), and days to wound closure. Using a case-control design, malnourished patients were matched (by age and burn size) to their well-nourished counterparts. Differences in nutritional status and clinical outcome were compared by student’s t test.

Results
A total of 174 patients, 7.02 ± 5.19 years of age with 39.18 ± 18.31% total body surface area (TBSA) burns were included in the study. Thirty percent of all patients classified as malnourished based upon body mass index (BMI) or weight/length z-scores, visual assessment and/or reported weight loss. On admission, malnourished patients had significantly lower BMI z scores (MN -2.5 vs. WN 0.8, p&lt; 0.0001). Despite significant differences in days post burn admission (MN 97.9 days, WN 17.7 days, p=0.028); there was no statistical difference in days to 95% wound closure (MN 39.4, WN 38.2 days, p=0.85) or LOS (MN 56.5, WN 52.5 days p=0.63) between the two groups. Average intake of malnourished patients over the first four weeks of admission ranged between 92–116% of calorie goal and 96–109% protein goal.Nutrition related lab value averages for MN patients improved over the four week time frame, Prealbumin (mg/dl) (week one 9.6, week four 17.75), C-reactive protein (mg/L) (week one 92.3, week four 71.91), and Albumin (g/dl) (week one 2.64, week four 3.32).

Conclusions
Despite arriving significantly malnourished, our pediatric burn patients had similar outcomes to their well-nourished counterparts in terms of LOS and 95% wound closure. This can be attributed to prompt identification of those patients at risk, and use of refeeding and nutritional rehabilitation protocols prior to surgical intervention.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Effective protocols for the management of malnourished pediatric burn patients can negate the impact of malnutrition on clinical outcomes.
31 Patients in Need: Are We Identifying and Helping Them?
Authors: Fassel Mikenzy , Galet Colette , Wibbenmeyer Lucy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Healing from a burn injury is a complex process that takes months to years. Survivors and families with basic needs or mental health issues may experience additional challenges during recovery. We previously showed a significant and positive correlation between adverse childhood events (ACEs) and number of needs (r = 0.5), housing insecurity (r = 0.23), food insecurity (r = 0.34), stress (r = 0.39), and symptoms of depression (r = 0.44). Herein, we assessed whether these needs were identified and addressed prior to discharge.

Methods
Medical charts of the 175 burn patients enrolled in our ACEs study were reviewed to assess if a social worker assessment (SWA) was done. SWA is primarily performed for discharge planning. We collected patient/family identified needs, resources provided, mental health consultation (adults only), and whether patients received additional information (burn bag) on support programs, burn/wound care guide, alternative dressings, post-traumatic stress disorder, and intimacy; the latter being only distributed to adult patients. Collected data were compared to the Family Strengths and Needs Assessment Survey (Strengths and Needs Survey) completed at the time of consent and analyzed using SPSS.

Results
SWA was completed on 50 inpatients (63.3%) and one outpatient. Based on the Strengths and Needs Survey, patients receiving SWA were more likely to rent (45.2% vs. 30%) or live in shared/temporary housing or be homeless (9.4% vs. 5.7%; p = 0.035) and report police interaction (15.1% vs. 4.1%; p = 0.023). Housing was addressed in only three SWA (5.7%). A higher number of patients with SWA reported food insecurity (22.6% vs. 12.3%; p = 0.082). Five SWA included food stamp status, with only one patient being provided information on food stamps. No difference was observed regarding stress and symptoms of depression between those who received a SWA and those who did not (45.3% vs. 39.3%; p = 0.36 and 39.6% vs 29.5%; p = 0.5, respectively). Psychosocial assessment need was noted in 46 SWA (90.6%). Only 12 adult inpatients (15%) were seen by mental health providers; 10 had a SWA. Burn bags were provided to 30 patients (58.8%), more often to adult than to pediatric patients (73.3% vs. 40%; p = 0.04).

Conclusions
Our study shows that many of our patients’ needs are not adequately assessed with the current social work and mental health capabilities. While SWA is performed on many of our patients with basic needs, many are not addressed, and individualized resources are often not provided. Moreover, only a third of our patients with identified psychosocial needs received consultation. Further study is warranted to develop a targeted approach to better meet the needs of our burn patients and their families.

Applicability of Research to Practice
By further assessing our patients’ needs, we will be able to better connect them with relevant resources to lighten the burden they face during their recovery.
41 Changes of Mitochondria-related Gene Expression Profile Associated with Burn-induced Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wen Jake J , Radhakrishnan Ravi S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Burn-related cardiac mitochondria dysfunction (BRMD) is associated with negative health outcomes and decreased health-related quality of life; however, few studies of the molecular-genetic mechanisms of BRMD exist.

Methods
60% of total body surface area (TBSA) burned rats was employed. O2K Respirometer system (Innsbruck, Austria) was utilized to measure cardiac mitochondrial function. OXPHOS complex activities were determined by using OXPHOS enzyme complex activity assays (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, Michigan). The Rat Mitochondria RT2 Profiler PCR Array was used to identify differential regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism function.

Results
Burn injury induced cardiac mit dysfunction by decreasingOXPHOS oxygen consumption at State 3 energized by malate/pyruvate and succinate and declining mit ETC activity in complex I, III, IV and V. 84 rat mit-related gene profiles were measured. The mitochondrial gene profile showed that 30/84 genes related to mitochondrial function and structure were differentially expressed. Of these 30 genes, 17 (ATP12a, ATP4a, ATP6v0a2, ATP6v1e2, ATP6v1g3, COX8c, LHPP, NDUFA5, SLC25a10, SLC25a15, UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, UQCRFS1, LDHA and RGDC) were more than 2 fold up-regulated, and 13 (ATP5c1, ATP5i, ATP5L, COX17, COX6c, COX7a2, NDUFA8, NDUFB3, NDUFB7, NDUFB9, NDUFS4, NDUFS8, and UQCRB) were greater than 2-fold down-regulated. Furthermore, 8 genes (AIFM2, BCL2, FIS1, IMMP2L, MSTO1, SLC25A23, SLC25A37, SLC25A4) that had significant differentially expression were associated with heart dysfunction.

Conclusions
This study provides preliminary evidence that 30 mitochondrial function genes were significantly associated with burn-induced heart dysfunction in 24 hpb rats.

Applicability of Research to Practice
These findings elucidate possible pathways and early biomarkers for targeting novel interventions for burn-induced heart dysfunction.
57 Cool Running Water First Aid Decreases Skin Grafting Requirements in Pediatric Burns: A Cohort Study of 2495 Children
Authors: Griffin Bronwyn R , Frear Cody , Oakley Ed , Kimble Roy M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
First-aid guidelines recommend the administration of cool running water in the early management of thermal injury. Our objective was to analyze the associations between first aid and skin grafting requirements in children with burns.

Methods
This cohort study utilized a prospectively collected registry of patients managed at a tertiary children’s hospital. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relation ship between first aid and the requirement for skin grafting. Secondary outcomes included time to re-epithelialization, wound depth, hospital admission and length of stay, and theater interventions. Adequate first aid was defined as 20 minutes of cool running water within three hours of injury.

Results
In our cohort of 2495 children, 2259 (90.6%) received first aid involving running water, but only 1780 (71.3%) were given the adequate duration. A total of 236 (9.5%) children required grafting. The odds of grafting were decreased in the adequate first aid group (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8). The provision of adequate running water was further associated with reductions in the full-thickness depth (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.6), hospital admission (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.9) and theater operations (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.9), but not hospital length of stay (HR=0.9, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.2, p=0.48).

Conclusions
Burn severity and clinical outcomes improved with the administration of cool running water. Adequate first aid must be prioritized by pre-hospital and emergency services in the preliminary management of pediatric burns.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Although children are at particularly high risk of burn injuries there was a paucity of literature addressing the relationship between burn first aid and clinical outcomes in pediatric populations. Due to differences in volume, surface area and skin thickness it was unknown whether benefits in adults applied to children. This study supports the prioritization of the administration of cool running water for 20 minutes to be adhered to immediately after a pediatric burn to decrease the severity and improve patient outcomes.
90 Efficacy of Topical Antimicrobial Agents Against Bacterial Isolates from Burn Wounds
Authors: Nethery William A , Warner Petra , Durkee Paula J , Zembrodt Jacquelyn , Dwyer Angela , Fowler Laura 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Topical antimicrobials are key to prevention of infection and mortality in the acute burn patient population. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of commercially available and in-house compounded topical preparations.

Methods
One hundred isolates from 15 different microorganisms were used to evaluate topical antimicrobial effectiveness. The isolates included 40 Gram-positive and 60 Gram-negative microorganisms. Sixteen multidrug-resistant organisms were included in the study. The study was conducted using the Nathan Topical Well Assay method to assess in-vitro activity. Twenty-two various irrigation solutions and ointments were tested. Since there are no standardized zones to determine susceptibility for topical antimicrobials, any zone of inhibition (&gt;8 mm) was considered to show effectiveness.

Results
The compounds 1:1:1 + DAB (1 part bacitracin: 1 part silver sulfadiazine: 100,000 units per gram nystatin + 5mg/gram neomycin sulfate + 500 units/gram polymyxin B) and 3:1 + DAB (3 part bacitracin: 1 part silver sulfadiazine + 5mg/gram neomycin sulfate + 500 units/gram polymyxin B) in both irrigation and ointment dosage form demonstrated 100% effectiveness against all isolates. Sodium hypochlorite 0.5% solution appeared to be very effective against gram-negative organisms, but moderately effective against gram-positive organisms. Double antibiotic solution was highly effective against all gram-negative bacteria. 3:1 ointment and 1:1:1 ointment were highly effective against gram-positive organisms and moderately effective against gram-negative organisms.
The data indicates that many of the topical antimicrobials target certain bacteria more readily than others. Besides 1:1:1 + DAB and 3:1 + DAB, it shows that more than one drug product is necessary to demonstrate adequate killing ability of a broad spectrum of organisms. Multidrug resistant organisms also indicate more resistance against topical antimicrobials. The only compounds that showed a high degree of effectiveness against MDROs were sodium hypochlorite 0.5% solution, 1:1:1 + DAB ointment and solution, and 3:1 + DAB ointment and solution.

Conclusions
The bacitracin and silver sulfadiazine component of 3:1 and 1:1:1 has a high degree of effectiveness against Gram-positive organisms. Double antibiotic ointment was moderately effective against Gram-negative organisms. However, when the two were combined into one ointment it created a synergistic effect, which killed all the organisms tested.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Antimicrobial effectiveness and adverse effects must be considered when selecting the appropriate topical agent to be used on wounds. Further research is needed to determine the production of resistant bacteria and topical antimicrobials and the clinical usefulness of topical antimicrobial susceptibilities.
103 Screening for Alcohol and Drugs: Are We Under-testing Older Patients?
Authors: Savetamal Alisa , Burton Timothy , Davis Brittany , Wenta Samantha 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Only a fraction of trauma patients are being tested for drugs of abuse, despite the evidence that abuse of these substances contributes to traumatic injuries. In the specific trauma patient population of burn victims, drug and alcohol intoxication at the time of the burn may alter prognosis for both morbidity and mortality. Younger populations tend to be thought of at higher risk for drug and alcohol intoxication, and this may bias testing in other age groups. This study examined drug and alcohol testing in burn patients presenting to an ABA-verified burn center to determine if testing biases existed based on age, sex, or burn severity, and what populations were high risk for abuse in order to optimize testing in the high risk populations.

Methods
The burn center’s inpatient database was queried for all admitted patients from January 2013 to December 2017. Patients whose charts lacked description of the burns or where no burn information could be found were excluded from the study. Age, sex, length of stay (LOS), and total body surface area (TBSA) burned were examined. Statistical analysis was then performed with t-tests and Fisher’s test.

Results
A total of 1032 patients were included in the study. 159 (15.4%) patients were tested for alcohol use and 146 (14.1%) were tested for drugs. Significant predictors of whether patients were tested or not were TBSA and LOS (P&lt; 0.001 for both). There were no significant differences between sexes in testing positive for drugs or alcohol, although there was a trend for more aggressive screening in males than females. The age group most likely to test positive for drugs and/or alcohol was 51–60 year olds. This age group accounted for 25% and 20% of all burn patients tested for alcohol and substances of abuse, respectively; yet this group accounted for 53% and 23% of all positive alcohol and drug tests. Perhaps surprisingly, individuals in age groups up to 90s tested positive for both alcohol and drugs.

Conclusions
As expected, age extremes were not tested for drugs or alcohol. Only 15% of patients were screened on arrival. Of these and contrary to expectations, 51–60 year olds were the most likely group of burn patients to test positive for drugs and/or alcohol, and patients up to their 90s were testing positive for substances of abuse. However, these populations are not as rigorously screened as younger populations and the use of these substances may be missed, thus affecting patient outcomes. Age bias may be limiting screening and affecting care in older burn patient populations.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Older patients (51–60 year olds) when tested are more likely to test positive particularly for alcohol upon presentation. More rigorous testing of older patients for alcohol and drugs of abuse may capture more patients who are using these substances and help to guide early care in these populations.