bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Unique Anuran Pelvic and Hind limb Skeleton in Relation to Microhabitat, Locomotor Mode, and Jump Performance
Authors: Buttimer Shannon M , Stepanova Natasha , Womack Molly C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Anurans (frogs and toads) have a unique pelvic and hind limb skeleton among tetrapods. Although their distinct body plan is primarily associated with saltation, anuran species vary in their primary locomotor mode (e.g., walkers, hoppers, jumpers, and swimmers) and are found in a wide array of microhabitats (e.g., burrowing, terrestrial, arboreal, and aquatic) with varying functional demands. Given their largely conserved body plan, morphological adaptation to these diverse niches likely results from more fine-scale morphological change. Our study determines how shape differences in Anura’s unique pelvic and hind limb skeletal structures vary with microhabitat, locomotor mode, and jumping ability. Using microCT scans of preserved specimens from museum collections, we added 3D landmarks to the pelvic and hind limb skeleton of 230 anuran species. In addition, we compiled microhabitat and locomotor data from the literature for these species that span 52 of the 55 families of frogs and ∼210 million years of anuran evolution. Using this robust dataset, we examine the relationship between pelvic and hind limb morphology and phylogenetic history, allometry, microhabitat, and locomotor mode. We find pelvic and hind limb changes associated with shifts in microhabitat (“ecomorphs”) and locomotor mode (“locomorphs”) and directly relate those morphological changes to the jumping ability of individual species. We also reveal how individual bones vary in evolutionary rate and their association with phylogeny, body size, microhabitat, and locomotor mode. Our findings uncover previously undocumented morphological variation related to anuran ecological and locomotor diversification and link that variation to differences in jumping ability among species.
Symmetric Quantum Sets and L-Algebras
Authors: Rump Wolfgang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Quantum analogues of sets are defined by two simple assumptions, allowing enumeration, reminiscent of the Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization process. It is shown that any symmetric quantum set is a classical set of irreducible components, and that each irreducible component of size $&gt;3$ is representable by an orthomodular space over a skew field with involution. For finite or sufficiently large irreducible components, invariance of quantum cardinality is proved. Topological quantum sets are introduced as quantum analogues of topological spaces; irreducible ones of size $&gt;3$ are shown to be representable by Hilbert spaces over ${\mathbb{R}}$, ${\mathbb{C}}$, or ${\mathbb{H}}$. Symmetric quantum sets are characterized as a class of $L$-algebras with an intrinsic geometry, and they are shown to be equivalent to Piron’s quantum formalism. Equivalences between symmetric quantum sets and several other structures are established. To any symmetric quantum set, a group with a right invariant lattice structure is associated as a complete invariant. A simple and self-contained proof of Solèr’s theorem is included, which is used to prove that sufficiently large irreducible symmetric quantum sets come from a classical Hilbert space.
Low Degree Points on Curves
Authors: Smith Geoffrey , Vogt Isabel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate an arithmetic analogue of the gonality of a smooth projective curve $C$ over a number field $k$: the minimal $e$ such that there are infinitely many points $P \in C(\bar{k})$ with $[k(P):k] \leqslant e$. Developing techniques that make use of an auxiliary smooth surface containing the curve, we show that this invariant can take any value subject to constraints imposed by the gonality. Building on work of Debarre–Klassen, we show that this invariant is equal to the gonality for all sufficiently ample curves on a surface $S$ with trivial irregularity.
Modified early warning score-based clinical decision support: cost impact and clinical outcomes in sepsis
Authors: Horton Devin J , Graves Kencee K , Kukhareva Polina V , Johnson Stacy A , Cedillo Maribel , Sanford Matthew , Dunson William A , White Michael , Roach Dave , Arego John J , Kawamoto Kensaku 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to assess the clinical and financial impact of a quality improvement project that utilized a modified Early Warning Score (mEWS)-based clinical decision support intervention targeting early recognition of sepsis decompensation.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a retrospective, interrupted time series study on all adult patients who received a diagnosis of sepsis and were exposed to an acute care floor with the intervention. Primary outcomes (total direct cost, length of stay [LOS], and mortality) were aggregated for each study month for the post-intervention period (March 1, 2016–February 28, 2017, n = 2118 visits) and compared to the pre-intervention period (November 1, 2014–October 31, 2015, n = 1546 visits).

Results
The intervention was associated with a decrease in median total direct cost and hospital LOS by 23% (P = .047) and .63 days (P = .059), respectively. There was no significant change in mortality.

Discussion
The implementation of an mEWS-based clinical decision support system in eight acute care floors at an academic medical center was associated with reduced total direct cost and LOS for patients hospitalized with sepsis. This was seen without an associated increase in intensive care unit utilization or broad-spectrum antibiotic use.

Conclusion
An automated sepsis decompensation detection system has the potential to improve clinical and financial outcomes such as LOS and total direct cost. Further evaluation is needed to validate generalizability and to understand the relative importance of individual elements of the intervention.
Facts, Evidence and the Burden of Proof in the World Bank Group Sanctions System
Authors: Åhman Joachim 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The large and growing number of international judicial and quasi-judicial bodies has made international procedural law an important part of public international law. This article examines how procedural rules of a certain type—provisions related to facts, evidence, and the burden of proof—have been designed in the World Bank Group Sanctions System. The main conclusion is that such rules play a central role, and that considerable efforts have been made during the last two decades to develop a well-functioning body of procedural provisions. However, the article also argues that certain parts of the system could be developed further, in order to make it as clear as possible what is expected from the different actors in the proceedings.
Organ Culture and Grafting of Choroid Plexus into the Ventricular CSF of Normal and Hydrocephalic HTx Rats
Authors: Johanson Conrad E , Vío Karin , Guerra Monserrat , Salazar Paula , Jara María Clara , Rodríguez Sara , Ortega Eduardo , Castañeyra-Ruiz Leandro , McAllister J Patrick , Rodríguez Esteban M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Choroid plexus (CP) may aid brain development and repair by secreting growth factors and neurotrophins for CSF streaming to ventricular and subventricular zones. Disrupted ventricular/subventricular zone progenitors and stem cells lead to CNS maldevelopment. Exploring models, we organ cultured the CP and transplanted fresh CP into a lateral ventricle of postnatal hydrocephalic (hyHTx) and nonhydrocephalic (nHTx) rats. After 60 days in vitro, the cultured choroid ependyma formed spherical rings with beating cilia. Cultured CP expressed endocytotic caveolin 1 and apical aquaporin 1 and absorbed horseradish peroxidase from medium. Transthyretin secretory protein was secreted by organ-cultured CP into medium throughout 60 days in vitro. Fresh CP, surviving at 1 week after lateral ventricle implantation of nHTx or hyHTx did not block CSF flow. Avascular 1-week transplants in vivo expressed caveolin 1, aquaporin 1, and transthyretin, indicating that grafted CP may secrete trophic proteins but not CSF. Our findings encourage further exploration on CP organ culture and grafting for translational strategies. Because transplanted CP, though not producing CSF, may secrete beneficial molecules for developing brain injured by hydrocephalus, we propose that upon CP removal in hydrocephalus surgery, the fractionated tissue could be transplanted back (ventricular autograft).
Aggressive Medulloblastoma-Derived Exosomal miRNAs Promote In Vitro Invasion and Migration of Tumor Cells Via Ras/MAPK Pathway
Authors: Zhu Liang-Yi , Wu Xiao-Yu , Liu Xiao-Dan , Zheng Dan-Feng , Li Hai-Shuang , Yang Bao , Zhang Jing , Chang Qing 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Medulloblastomas (MBs) are currently divided into 4 molecular subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Among them, Group 3 MB has the worst prognosis, and 40%–50% of Group 3 cases are already metastatic at the time of diagnosis. Emerging evidence indicates that exosomes drive tumor invasion, but very little is known about exosomes in MBs. In this study, we initially discovered that exosomes isolated from Group 3 MB cell lines altered in vitro behaviors of a less invasive SHH MB cell line and yielded a much more aggressive phenotype. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed 7 exosomal miRNAs with markedly different expression levels between the SHH and Group 3 MB cell lines. They were all predicted to be related to the Ras/MAPK pathway according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes data analysis. Increased expression of miR-181a-5p, miR-125b-5p, and let-7b-5p was further confirmed in Group 3 MB cells with real-time PCR and was shown to increase in vitro invasion and migratory abilities of tumor cells through the activation of ERK in Ras/MAPK pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that exosomal miRNAs have a critical role in MB progression in vitro and might serve as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Toward an Infrastructural Sublime: Narrating Interdependency in Karen Tei Yamashita’s Los Angeles
Authors: Kim Jina B 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article examines the vibrant city infrastructures of Karen Tei Yamashita's 1997 novel Tropic of Orange in order to highlight interdependency as political and aesthetic value. The novel's emphasis on urban support systems—the oft-unnoticed roads, pipes, wires, and labor networks that allow the city to function—positions infrastructure as itself a critical lens, one that can reassess the relationship of ethnic American literature and subjectivity to the values of self-ownership, protest, and independence. By amplifying the overlooked support networks that underpin fictions of self-sufficiency, Yamashita's Tropic of Orange diverges from the narrative of self-ownership as liberatory endpoint. Instead, it recuperates the much-maligned category of dependency, positioning dependency as a vital site of aesthetic and political possibility within anti-racist and anti-capitalist struggle. This recuperation proves particularly significant in light of pernicious and persistent dependency mythologies, such as the “illegal immigrant,” that frame racialized subjects as drains on the public. Infrastructure, as an often unseen entity nonetheless central to the operation of cities and the global distribution of resources, represents a key vehicle in Tropic of Orange for thinking about contemporary ecologies of assistance, power, and provision, and for mapping the global imbalances of power that render certain dependencies hypervisible while erasing others.
Color around the Globe: Langston Hughes and Black Internationalism in China
Authors: Lai-Henderson Selina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLangston Hughes was the first African American writer to set foot on Chinese soil. Having visited Mexico, Europe, and West Africa before he turned twenty-two, Hughes eventually also made his way to the Soviet Union, Japan, and China in 1933. At the age of thirty-one, he accomplished what none of his contemporaries or predecessors had been able to achieve—to rewrite the public image of African Americans in the Chinese cultural and intellectual imagination. Crucially, his visit to China pushed beyond the limits of black internationalism as he responded to American and European global hegemony through using China as an experimental ground. At a time when the Soviet Union held center stage in communist revolutionary thought, Hughes's Chinese encounters challenged the assumption within the American and African American communities that China was largely irrelevant in the discourse of proletarianism. The internationalist perspectives that he obtained from the sojourn offered him a powerful tool to communicate the struggles of black citizenship at home in a global context. It stimulated a racial consciousness that defied national, geographical, and political boundaries of the US color line.
“Voice Might Discover Him”: Representations and Failures of Voice in Frank J. Webb’s The Garies and Their Friends
Authors: Millan Diego 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article takes up the representation of voice in Frank J. Webb's 1857 novel The Garies and Their Friends to examine the relationship between Blackness, aurality, and text. Doing so requires an approach tuned to the novel's aural-linguistic dimensions that acknowledges that a character's speaking produces a diegetic sound and that the way characters interact with one another relies, in part, on how each perceives another's voice. It also means looking for how a text conveys a sense of sound both through techniques such as italics and capitalization and through instances of overt narration. Specifically, moments of mistaken identity pivot on the disruption of one character's accumulated presumptions concerning the sound of another character's voice and highlight how sound and listening reinforce processes of racialization, a dynamic Jennifer Lynn Stoever identifies through her work on the sonic color line. Instances of vocalization—moments when characters are depicted speaking and when the text itself performs vocality—defamiliarize social formations along the sonic color line long enough for the novel to scrutinize their underlying premises. Scenes in which characters' voices escape their assumed meaning trouble constructions of racial identity, particularly whiteness and its assumed control over speech. The Garies and Their Friends thus generates an alternative mode through which to critique the safeguarding of whiteness. Ultimately, the novel brings together overlapping meanings of voice, such as physiologically produced acoustic sounds and distinctive literary or authorial decisions, as a meditation on the interplay between voice and writing.
A Hero and His Newspaper: Unsettling Myths of Italian America
Authors: Salter Sarah H 
Published: May 2020

AbstractItalian American ethnic identity has long been constituted by struggles and inequalities endured by Italians in post-unification rural Italy and their subsequent racialized oppression in urban centers of the US North in the era of mass migration. Until now, the presumed stability of mass migration identity has created the general terms for understanding Italian America. In this essay, a New Orleans microhistory illuminated through the 1849 newspaper Il Monitore del Sud, the first Italian-language newspaper published in the United States, reshapes foundational understandings of Italian American identity. The newspaper's antebellum account of New Orleans Italian America includes nationalist aesthetic expressions and political affiliations that American political discourse has not yet found an adequate language to describe and that Italian American studies has not yet confronted. In bringing this prehistory to light, my work with antebellum Italian Americans complicates understandings of multi-ethnic collectivity by examining how intercultural myth-making underwrites communal historiography. Together, the ethnic perceptions memorialized in Il Monitore del Sud and the power operations revealed in concurrent civic records expose how collective conditions of white supremacy come to be naturalized and forgotten, becoming history's flotsam. The creation of Italian America's communal historiography, I argue, shows us something larger about the operations of US white supremacy: how its emotional logic depends simultaneously on the exploitation of vulnerable others and the enactment of vulnerability from within the exploiting group.
全谷物定义与健康声称全球概况
Authors: Mathews Rebecca , Chu YiFang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
增加全谷物摄入量的建议是世界各国膳食指南的一部分，为了帮 助消费者满足这个建议，一些国家及健康促进机构制定了用于食品标 签或健康声称的全谷物食品合格标准，其他国家尚未制定类似的指南。 本文综述了现有的全谷物定义及健康声称。虽然对全谷物定义的共识 似乎日益增强，但在产品不是100% 全谷物时定义全谷物食品存在明 显的差异。此外，虽然一些国家已经批准可以使用全谷物健康声称，但 其他国家认为此类声称尚未得到足够的证据证实。
评估膳食纤维、全谷物和健康关系证据图
Authors: McKeown Nicola M , Livingston Kara A , Sawicki Caleigh M , Miller Kevin B 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
证据图是一种非常实用的证据总结方法，通过证据图可以全面检 索所关注问题的相关研究，准确展示该领域科学文章存在的问题。利 用证据图，可实现文献的系统检索，提取研究关键信息，形成信息数 据库。塔夫茨大学和国际生命科学学会(ILSI)北美分会创建了膳食 纤维和人类健康证据数据库，并公开，每年都会定期更新。该数据库 汇编了膳食纤维干预研究，包括10 种预先设定的生理健康结局指标， 包括体重/肥胖、血压、肠道微生物群和骨骼健康。根据美国食品和药 品监督管理局(FDA)颁布的新版食品标签要求，只有在有足够证据 支持膳食纤维与某种生理健康益处相关时，才能在标签上标识“膳食 纤维”。因此，该数据库和证据图的应用潜力就显得特别重要。基于膳 食纤维数据库的成功案例，塔夫茨大学和通用磨坊贝尔健康与营养研 究所又合作开发了一个全谷物数据库和证据图。该项工作强调了所报
告的全谷物数据一致性的重要性，包括全谷物的消费量和类型以及干 预的依从性。
Ushering in Antifungal Stewardship: Perspectives of the Hematology Multidisciplinary Team Navigating Competing Demands, Constraints, and Uncertainty
Authors: Ananda-Rajah Michelle R , Fitchett Samuel , Ayton Darshini , Peleg Anton Y , Fleming Shaun , Watson Eliza , Cairns Kelly , Peel Trisha 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The social, contextual, and behavioral determinants that influence care in patients at risk for invasive fungal diseases (IFD) are poorly understood. This knowledge gap is a barrier to the implementation of emerging antifungal stewardship (AFS) programs. We aimed to understand the barriers and enablers to AFS, opportunities for improvement, and perspectives of AFS for hematology patients at a major medical center in Australia.

Methods
Semistructured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 35 clinicians from 6 specialties (hematology, infectious diseases, pharmacy, nursing, radiology, respiratory), followed by thematic analysis mapped to a behavioral change framework.

Results
Access to fungal diagnostics including bronchoscopy was identified as the key barrier to rational prescribing. Collective decision making was the norm, aided by an embedded stewardship model with on-demand access to infectious diseases expertise. Poor self-efficacy/knowledge among prescribers was actually an enabler of AFS, because clinicians willingly deferred to infectious diseases for advice. A growing outpatient population characterized by frequent care transitions was seen as an opportunity for AFS but neglected by an inpatient focused model, as was keeping pace with emerging fungal risks. Ad hoc surveillance, audit, and feedback practices frustrated population-level quality improvement for all actors. Antifungal stewardship was perceived as a specialized area that should be integrated within antimicrobial stewardship but aligned with the cultural expectations of hematologists.

Conclusions
Antifungal stewardship is multifaceted, with fungal diagnostics a critical gap and outpatients a neglected area. Formal surveillance, audit, and feedback mechanisms are essential for population-level quality improvement. Resourcing is the next challenge because complex immunocompromised patients require personalized attention and audit of clinical outcomes including IFD is difficult.
Variations in Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness due to Study Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Test-Negative Design Studies
Authors: Okoli George N , Racovitan Florentin , Righolt Christiaan H , Mahmud Salaheddin M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Study characteristics influence vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimation. We examined the influence of some of these on seasonal influenza VE estimates from test-negative design (TND) studies.

Methods
We systematically searched bibliographic databases and websites for full-text publications of TND studies on VE against laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza in outpatients after the 2009 pandemic influenza. We followed the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions guidelines. We examined influence of source of vaccination information, respiratory specimen swab time, and covariate adjustment on VE. We calculated pooled adjusted VE against H1N1 and H3N2 influenza subtypes, influenza B, and all influenza using an inverse-variance random-effects model.

Results
We included 70 full-text articles. Pooled VE against H1N1 and H3N2 influenza subtypes, influenza B, and all influenza was higher for studies that used self-reported vaccination than for those that used medical records. Pooled VE was higher with respiratory specimen collection within ≤7 days vs ≤4 days of symptom onset, but the opposite was observed for H1N1. Pooled VE was higher for studies that adjusted for age but not for medical conditions compared with those that adjusted for both. There was, however, a lack of statistical significance in almost all differences in pooled VE between compared groups.

Conclusions
The available evidence is not strong enough to conclude that influenza VE from TND studies varies by source of vaccination information, respiratory specimen swab time, or adjustment for age/medical conditions. The evidence is, however, indicative that these factors ought to be considered while designing or evaluating TND studies of influenza VE.
Mapping the Afterlife
Authors: Gee Emma 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book is a tour of afterlife landscapes from Homer to Dante. It argues that the topography of the afterlife in Greek and Roman tradition, and in Dante, reflects the state of “scientific” knowledge at the time of the various contexts in which we find it, and the landscape of the Other World is a way of exploring and assimilating the shape of this world. This book posits that there is a dominant spatial idiom in afterlife landscapes, which the author calls the “journey-vision paradigm.” By this she means the presence of two kinds of space in afterlife representations—the horizontal journey of the soul across the afterlife landscape, and a synoptic vision of the universe. This has, in studies of individual texts, often been characterized as an inconsistency or anomaly: many scholars have argued that the vision of the universe is out of place in the underworld landscape. However, when one looks across the entire tradition, one finds that afterlife landscapes, almost without exception, contain these two kinds of space in one form or another. The function of this double vision of space—the journey-vision paradigm—is an attempt to harmonize the underworld, as the landscape of the soul, with the “scientific” universe, and to understand humanity in terms of the cosmos, and vice versa.
Collective Victimhood as a Form of Adaptation
Authors: Bilewicz Michał , Liu James 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter posits that responses to collective victimization that are maladaptive at the intergroup level may be adaptive at the intragroup level. Specifically, the endorsement of conspiracy theories could be seen as an adaptive response in societies that were historically frequently victimized and at the receiving end of actual conspiracies. In such contexts, hypervigilance and mistrust may prevent future victimization. To test this role of history and macro influences more generally on collective victimhood and endorsement of conspiracy theories, the authors use data from nationally representative samples in countries that are at the center or periphery of the global world order (United Kingdom and Spain, Ukraine and Poland, respectively). In peripheral countries with a history of collective victimization, perceived collective victimhood was associated with endorsement of conspiracy theories and mistrust of the government. These relationships were not significant in central countries with a history of imperialism and domination.