bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoke based visualization of turbulent swirl jet flow
Authors: Balachander Aakash , Alase Akash , Adithya Menon K , Mahendra Perumal G , Kannan B T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present study deals with the visualization of turbulent jet flow from swirl nozzles. A low-cost turbulent jet facility developed was utilized for all the experiments. Two types of vanes are considered for the present study viz. flat vanes and airfoil-shaped vanes. All the vanes are fixed to a circular hollow hub at the center. The flow is visualized by seeding smoke from incense material as tracer particles. A solid-state laser with 405nm wavelength is used for the illumination via a glass rod thereby producing a laser sheet. Cross-sectional visualizations are made at various axial downstream locations. The effect of the vane angle has a greater influence on the production of jet flow vortices due to swirlers. The present study reveals that the increase in the vane angle increases the production of vortices.
Numerical study of sweeping jet actuators
Authors: Jethani Riya , Pranav Nandan Goud M , Bhawalkar Prayas , Bharadwaj K K 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A Sweeping Jet Actuator emits spatially oscillating jets without any moving parts which are self-induced and self-sustaining. These pulsating jets are used to control flow separation over the bodies such as aircraft wing which eventually reduces the overall drag on the wing and ultimately the efficiency of the flight is increased with no complexity since there are zero moving parts in the system. Here, we intend to characterise various fluidic oscillators (angled and curved) designs and to analyse the characteristics of the flow numerically using ANSYS (fluent) Software with the aim of finding an effective one for use in flow separation control. After analysing various parameters, it was concluded that the curved oscillator was found to be efficient in oscillating the flow.
Preliminary aero-acoustic measurements of free rotating rotor with predefined imbalance
Authors: Duseja Mahima , Kannan B T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Rotor noise is known to be highly annoying and intrusive. Therefore, rotor noise will be one of the major design parameters for next-generation quieter rotor-crafts or drones. This will only be possible with a better understanding of rotor aerodynamics and acoustics. The present study tries to use a simplistic rotor driven by an electric motor for the noise generation. A microphone is used to measure the acoustic signals and Fast Fourier Transform is used to find the dominant frequencies or the energy distribution. A differential manometer is used to measure the averaged velocity along the radial direction. The characterization of the flow field in terms of radial velocity variation and acoustic signal characterization provides preliminary information on the physics of aerodynamics and aero-acoustics of rotor systems. The results from the experiments suggest that the predefined imbalance imposed on the rotor increases the noise due to aerodynamics and also due to structural vibrations.
Numerical investigation of bubble diameter in branched microchannel
Authors: Balasekhar C S K , Tanish P , Mishra Ayush , Kushwaha Atul , Kumar Pankaj 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
With growing importance of microchannel in notable fields like medical, aerospace, food industry, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of pre-determining the mean droplet size to its maximum. We have analysed the various parameters that can influence the bubble size formed. Our main objective is to derive a relationship between diameter of microchannel, length of the junction, emulsion flow rate, and mean droplet diameter so that we would be able to determine the emulsion properties beforehand. It was found that bubble size increases as flowrate of continuous phase decreases.
Stress distribution in ceramic orthodontic bracket, tooth, bone and PDL contact assembly - A finite element study
Authors: Magesh V , Harikrishnan P 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMalocclusion (teeth irregularity) problems are increasing rapidly across the world in all age groups. Malocclusion is treated in orthodontics which is a specialty of dentistry. Orthodontic bracket is a component of fixed orthodontic appliance which is used to treat the malocclusion through archwire forces transferred to the tooth. In orthodontic treatment, the preadjusted orthodontic brackets are most widely used compared to the conventional brackets as there is an in-built torque by the angulated slot walls. This study aim to compare the stress distribution in the preadjusted ceramic brackets with and without Stainless steel (SS) metal slot insert along with tooth, alveolar bone and Periodontal Ligament (PDL) contact assembly using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). A preadjusted maxillary right central incisor ceramic orthodontic bracket (with and without metal insert in the slot) are modeled using CATIA software. The solid model of a maxillary right central incisor tooth is obtained from a Computer Tomography (CT) scan using image processing software. The PDL and alveolar bone are modelled using CATIA as per the dimensions. The assembled solid model consists of bracket with and without SS metal slot insert, adhesive layer, tooth, alveolar bone and PDL. The contact between the components and the mesh is created using hypermesh software. The archwire torque is applied as couple inside the bracket slot without using an archwire. The stress distribution in the assembly components are analysed for the applied couple (torque). The stresses induced in the assembly components are compared between ceramic bracket with and without metal slot insert. Thisin-silicostudy would help the clinicians to understand the behavior of commonly used ceramic bracket with and without metal slot insert and choose the appropriate bracket for successful treatment.
A biomechanical study on post-scoliotic deformity correction
Authors: Balamurugan S , Pandey Kunal , Iyer Shraddha R , Krishnan Appaji , Patil Shantanu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Scoliosis is the deformity of the growing human spinal column such that the vertebral alignment is distorted in a corkscrew fashion. A person with severely deformed spine may find it difficult to breathe as the ribcage may press against the internal organs compromising the functions of the lungs and the heart. Due to the altered load transfer, these patients also suffer from back pain and early arthritis. The scoliotic deformity is surgically corrected by using implants which are screwed into the vertebra. In severe cases, complete correction may not be achievable. As a result, the loads experienced by the implants may not be optimal, leading to their early failure. The objective of this work is to study the effect on the deformity correction in a scoliotic spine. A three-dimensional model of the surgically corrected spine was segmented from the computed tomography scan and converted into a surface model. This model was imported in to ANSYS for meshing and subjected to compression load to simulate weight bearing. The stress concentration and displacement across the entire spine, individual vertebrae and discs was analysed. The effect on the implants was separately analysed as well.
A biomechanical study of the scoliotic thoracolumbar spine
Authors: Raja D , Iyer Shraddha R , Pandey Kunal , Krishnan Appaji , Patil Shantanu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Scoliosis is a disease of the spine which leads to corkscrew curvature occurring due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The abnormal curve is generally observed during the growth spurt just before puberty. Scoliosis has been classified into three different forms namely idiopathic, congenital and neuromuscular. When no specific cause for spinal defect is identified, the deformity is called idiopathic scoliosis. The patient specific scan model falls in the category congenital scoliosis. Mild cases of scoliosis can be treated by physiological treatments. Severe cases of scoliosis may have vertebral twisting, vertebral fusion and semi developed vertebral deformation. Severe cases of scoliosis could lead to adjacent organ damage, especially the heart and lungs. Large number of patients experience various back problems rendering day to day activities and normal physiological motion difficult. In most of the cases, scoliosis needs multiple surgical corrections with various implant rods and screws attached to the vertebrae. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of upper body load on the scoliosis affected region located at the junction of thoracic and lumbar region of the spine before surgery. The CT scan of the model is segmented and meshed to conduct studies such as stress concentration analysis, strain analysis and deflection in the segments.
Effect of nozzle turbulent intensity in multiple round jets using openFOAM®
Authors: Kannan B T , Gaur Nikhil , Balakrishnan P 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present work is about the effects of turbulent intensity on the flow field of turbulent multiple jets. The simulations are carried out by using an open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics C++ code OpenFOAM®. The governing equations invoked are Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations by using simpleFoam solver. The standard two-equation turbulence model is used along with the mean flow equations to account for turbulence effects. The solved flow field shows a significant effect of turbulent intensity on the potential core of both single and multiple jets which is supported by reference literature. Downstream the potential core, the turbulence intensity does not affect the decay rate of turbulent jets considered in the study. The performance parameters show that the higher initial values of turbulent intensity is favorable only for the single jet simulations. In contrast, the lower initial values of turbulent intensity is favorable for multiple jet simulations.
Synthesis and characterization of cost effective and eco-friendly magneto rheological fluid for aerospace applications
Authors: Praveen Ankamreddi , Jagadeesha T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The magnetorheological fluid is field dependent fluid which changes its rheological characteristics under the influence of external magnetic field. Being one of the critically investigating smart material in the field of rheology, the fluid finds its application in wide range of mechanical engineering. In this study two samples were prepared using a carrier fluid as the blend of silicon oil and flex seed oil with a magnetic particles i.e. electrolytic iron powder with a weight of 25gms. The prepared samples and a commercially available MR fluid were characterised using magneto rheometer and also the fluids were subjected to experimental simulation and the performance of synthesized organic based MR fluid was recorded and compared to commercially available MR fluid (ARUS). It was observed that the samples so prepared gives a healthy competition to commercially available MR fluid, hence in order to enhance the performance the composition of magnetic particles can be increased. The variation of viscosity with respect to shear rate is observed at different current values like 0A, 0.5A, 1A, 1.5A and 2A and it is comparable with standard oil. The variation of shear stress with respect to shear rate is observed at different current values like 0A, 0.5A, 1A, 1.5A and 2A and is comparable with standard oil. Initial yield strength of 40 Pa is observed for the synthesised fluid.
Performance evaluation of unpreprocessed and pre-processed ultrasound images of carotid artery using CNN algorithm
Authors: Varma Shalini , Dhanalakshmi S , Latha S 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Detection of plaques is an important task especially those which are prone to rupture and may dislocate to some other body parts. Also early detection reduces the risk of cardiac and cerebrovascular anomalies. Due to its wide availability and low cost, ultrasound images of carotid artery has the ability and potential to gain the preference over other resources for plaque detection and analysis in medical practice. However, the difficulty caused in automated techniques to identify plaques is significantly due to image noise, plaque size and the complex appearance of tissues comprising a plaque. So, in this paper, we have addressed this problem by using deep learning techniques such as CNN algorithm. Here we will build a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) that will extract features from the dataset of images thereby giving detailed information which will help the clinicians to identify the abnormalities and constituents of different plaques in an image and report the image as “normal” or “abnormal”. In this paper we have used approximately 1000 images (JPG format) of 100 cases to process and has validated the proposed convolutional neural network (CNN). The process of cross-validation with the clinical assessment showed a correlation of about 0.75 for the detection of plaque. This results indicate the potential of deep learning techniques in medical fields, here, automatic detection of anomalies in carotid ultrasound images.
Limiting stiffness coefficients analysis of texture foil journal bearing
Authors: Arokya Agustin S , Shravankumar C , Rao T V V L N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the limiting stiffness coefficients of a foil journal bearing with the texture bump profile of top foil. The limiting stiffness coefficients are evaluated based on simplified compressible Reynolds equation for large bearing numbers with high speeds of foil journal bearing. A limiting pressure gradient solution for a texture bump of top foil bearing is analyzed. The analytical model accounts for the top foil texture bump profile and bottom foil bump compliance. Results of linearized nondimensional stiffness coefficients obtained using infinitesimal perturbation method are compared for various top foil texture bump profiles. The influence of top foil texture bump extent and height on the limiting stiffness coefficients of a foil journal bearing are investigated.
Design and analysis of multi fuel injector
Authors: Deepak K , Lakshmanan T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In accordance with strict emission norms, the depletion of fossil fuels requires a fuel injection system that is efficient, responsive, and adaptable to various locally available fuels. Hence, electronically controlled fuel injector technology is the best option for fulfilling this requirement. Commercially, there are various types of fuel injectors which are mainly used for specific fuels such as gasoline, diesel, CNG, LPG, etc. This research outlined in this paper is based on the design of a multi-fuel injectorwhich will be compatible to both gaseous and liquid fuels as a tremendous volume of research has been done in the usage of alternative fuels like hydrogen, JP-8, biogas, producer gas, acetylene, alcohol, and biodiesel. Since the government is primarily focused on green fuels and biogas fuels, the design of such a type of injector will become an excellent opportunity for the design of new products that will be compatible with automobile engines, gas-turbines, aerospace combustion furnaces, gas stoves, etc. An electronically controlled solenoid-operated multi-fuel injector was designed by utilizing the properties and parameters of liquid and gaseous fuel injectors. The designed Multi-fuel injector was modeled in Solid Works and simulated in ANSYS software. The simulated injector was tested with fuels, including gasoline, CNG, and acetylene. Due to a pressure limitation of 5 bar, the designed injector was tested only for low viscous fuels. The injector worked in the velocity range of 70 to 100 m/s. The usage of the Solenoid coil control enabled the injector to function with quick response, injected fuel quantity, and start of injection for various fuels.
Estimation of critical speeds of a rotor supported on ball bearings
Authors: Uday Pavuluri , Prabu J , Solairaju M , Shravankumar C , Jegadeesan K , Rao T V V L N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this work study of a rotor supported on ball bearings and containing a fatigue crack is carried out. The primary objective of the work is to obtain the load-distribution of the ball bearings from which the support stiffness in two transverse directions are obtained. The other objective is the rotor-dynamic analysis of a shaftsupported on these bearings. A mathematical model of a rigid rotorsupported on flexible bearings is considered for the purpose. Effects of bearing stiffness, damping and gyroscopic effects are included in the study. The governing equations of motion are obtained. The whirl frequencies of the rotor system are obtainedusing Eigen value formulation of the problem. A Campbell diagram is plotted which is used to obtain the critical speeds of the rotor system. These results are supported with the results from frequency response function plots.
Mathematical simulation of vibration signature of ball bearing defects in a rotor bearing system
Authors: Prabu J , Uday Pavuluri , Solairaju M , Shravankumar C , Jegadeesan K , Rao T V V L N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the analytical model of a ball bearing with localized defect in the outer race. The outer raceway defect is modelled based on the reduction in the contact force due to localised increase in the clearance. The contact forces are modelled based on Hertzian contact deformation theory. The geometry of the defect is considered as a half sinusoidal wave. The contact between the ball and the outer raceway is modelled using non-linear springs, acted upon rotor mass. The system governing equations of motion are obtained and represented in state space form. Numerical simulations are carried out using MATLAB environment to study the effect of outer race defect on vibration responses. Time and Frequency domain characteristics of the simulated vibration signals are obtained.
Bio-Mechanical behaviour of artificial intervertebral disc in lumbar spine
Authors: Ajith B , Daniel Glad Stephen J , Prakash M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Total Disc replacement has the higher success rate for reducing the lower back pain and increased mobility in intervertebral disc in lumbar spine region. An Artificial disc replacement, the method is designed to bring about pain relief by eliminating the painful disc, then the motion at that spinal section is kept with the use of a prosthetic implant. This creates a need for studies to be conducted to examine these failures. The main aim of this study is to develop and designing an artificial intervertebral lumbar disc based on literature and validates its function using finite element analysis. A finite element model of L4 to L5 section of lumbar spine model was created by using computer tomography scan images of a person. From that a surface model of the L4 to L5 lumbar section model was developed. From that, Different components were added to complete the intact L4-L5 lumbar section model and concerned properties were attributed to each of the component model. This intact spine model was then validated with reported literature. To analyse the range of motion variation and also compared to the validated intact spine analysis results with the reported literature. Thus, a biomechanical behavior study of the lumbar spine was conducted to analyse the range of motion where a semi-constrained artificial lumbar disc is designed and checked for the normal motion by comparing intact model spine and artificial disc implanted spine results using finite element analysis.
An experimental studies on strength properties of bacterial concrete
Authors: Jagannathan P , Satyanarayanan K S , Arunachalam Kantha Deivi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Cement concrete is a massively “used construction material throughout the world and in the process of manufacturing of one ton of cement 850 kg of CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere, In this research, bacterial concrete was produced by replacing part of cement in controlled concrete with equal volume of class F fly ash enriched with bacteria Bacillus sphaericus (B. sphaericus) such that the strength of 28 days of bacterial concrete is at par with controlled concrete. B. sphaericus precipitate Calcium Carbonate while producing bacterial culture which fills the minute pores in bacterial concrete and makes it to attain higher strength. Experiments were made by replacing cement from 0% to 50% with class F fly ash enriched with bacteria B. sphaericus and found that”bacterial concrete made with of 25% replacement (M2CFB25) is suitable in fresh state and in hardened state. In fresh concrete with water cement ratio of 0.4 the compaction factor of controlled concrete (M2CC) was 0.85, fly ash concrete with 25% replacement to cement (M2CF25) was 0.84 whereas for M2CFB25 it was 0.89 which is more advantageous for M2CFB25to get good compaction. Compressive strength of 28 days concrete M2CC, M2CF25 and M2CFB25 are 45.19 N/mm2, 41.23 N/mm2 and 48.11 N/mm2. Similarly 28 days concrete split tensile and flexural strength of M2CFB25 is higher than M2CC and M2CF25. Fly ash concrete M2CF25 has gained less compressive strength, split tensile and flexural strength than M2CC on 28 days of curing. X-Ray diffraction test results indicated M2CFB25 have more peaks than M2CC and M2CF25 and there by confirmed the presence of higher CaCO3 in bacterial concrete. The usage of bacterial concrete M2CFB25 in lieu of M2CC will reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere and reduce the depletion of natural resources.
Analysis of carbon fibre bone plate for “B1” type periprosthetic femoral fracture
Authors: Raja D , Roy Sandipan , Patil Shantanu , Datta Shubhabrata 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Peri-prosthetic Fractures after Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) are a dreaded complication which happen frequently due to aging and day to day normal activities of the patient. These fractures happen below the cemented/uncemented stem, either straight/oblique direction concerning the transverse plane. Treatment requires surgical stabilization using metal plates, screws, cables and/or clamps. However, stress shielding in bone due to metal plates can be reduced by designing implants with fibre reinforced polymer composites. The present study aims to study the stress distribution in a composite plate using carbon fibre for a B1 type periprosthetic femoral fracture fixation in immediate postoperative (IPO) condition and compared with metal plate by varying geometrical parameters, laminate stacking sequence and fibre orientation. To evaluate the axial stiffness and surface stress of composite plate fixation finite element (FE) analysis was done. Various parameters like axial movement, shear movement, strain and maximum stress are considered to measure the fracture stability and the healing process through FE method. The results showed that the proposed composite bone plate could be a potential candidate for replacement of metallic bone plates for periprosthetic fracture in the femur.