bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Access to Cultural Heritage in the Public Domain: EU and International Developments
Authors: Wallace Andrea , Euler Ellen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the past year, a number of legal developments have accelerated discussions around whether intellectual property rights can be claimed in materials generated during the reproduction of public domain works. This article analyses those developments, focusing on the 2018 German Federal Supreme Court decision Museumsfotos, Art. 14 of the 2019 Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market Directive, and relevant provisions of the 2019 Open Data and the Re-use of Public Sector Information Directive. It reveals that despite the growing consensus for protecting the public domain, there is a lack of practical guidance throughout the EU in legislation, jurisprudence, and literature on what reproduction media might attract new intellectual property rights, from scans to photography to 3D data. This leaves ample room for copyright to be claimed in reproduction materials produced by new technologies. Moreover, owners remain able to impose other restrictive measures around public domain works and data, like onsite photography bans, website terms and conditions, and exclusive arrangements with third parties. This article maps out these various legal gaps. It argues the pro-open culture spirit of the EU Directives should be embraced and provides guidance for Member States and heritage institutions around national implementation.
Depth-dependent artifacts resulting from ApRES signal clipping
Authors: Vaňková Irena , Nicholls Keith W. , Xie Surui , Parizek Byron R. , Voytenko Denis , Holland David M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSeveral autonomous phase-sensitive radio-echo sounders (ApRES) were deployed at Greenland glaciers to investigate ice deformation. Different attenuation settings were tested and it was observed that, in the presence of clipping of the deramped ApRES signal, each setting produced a different result. Specifically, higher levels of clipping associated with lower attenuation produced an apparent linear increase of diurnal vertical cumulative displacement with depth, and obscured the visibility of the basal reflector in the return amplitude. An example with a synthetic deramped signal confirmed that these types of artifacts result from the introduction of harmonics from square-wave-like features introduced by clipping. Apparent linear increase of vertical displacement with depth occurs when the vertical position of a near-surface internal reflector changes in time. Artifacts in the return amplitude may obscure returns from internal reflectors and the basal reflector, making it difficult to detect thickness evolution of the ice and to correctly estimate vertical velocities. Variations in surface melt during ApRES deployments can substantially modulate the received signal strength on short timescales, and we therefore recommend using higher attenuator settings for deployments in such locations.
First record of a shore bug (Insecta, Hemiptera, Saldidae) from Gondwana
Authors: Moura-Júnior Dionizio A. , Scheffler Sandro M. , Moreira Felipe F. F. , Nel André , Mejdalani Gabriel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA new Saldidae (MCT 6959-I) from the Crato Formation (Lower Cretaceous, late Aptian), Santana Group, Araripe Basin (northeastern Brazil) is described and illustrated.Olindasalda gondwanican. gen. n. sp. is the first fossil Saldidae recorded from the Gondwanan supercontinent. The new genus can be distinguished from other members of the subfamily Chiloxanthinae by its small (4.49 mm) and oval-elongated body, absence of spots on the corium of the hemelytron, long R vein, and much-reduced first cell of the membrane. Remarks on the geology of the type locality and a comparison of the new genus with other saldids are provided.UUID:http://zoobank.org/5ef8db72-3d7c-4de0-9a7c-e8fd80a9c8ba
Association of fibre degradation with ruminal dissolved hydrogen in growing beef bulls fed with two types of forages
Authors: Wang Rong , Wang Min , Lin Bo , Ma Zhi Yuan , Ungerfeld Emilio M. , Wu Ting Ting , Wen Jiang Nan , Zhang Xiu Min , Deng Jin Ping , Tan Zhi Liang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present study investigated the association between fibre degradation and the concentration of dissolved molecular hydrogen (H2) in the rumen. Napier grass (NG) silage and corn stover (CS) silage were compared as forages with contrasting structures and degradation patterns. In the first experiment, CS silage had greater 48-h DM, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and acid-detergent fibre degradation, and total gas and methane (CH4) volumes, and lower 48-h H2 volume than NG silage in 48-h in vitro incubations. In the second experiment, twenty-four growing beef bulls were fed diets including 55 % (DM basis) NG or CS silages. Bulls fed the CS diet had greater DM intake (DMI), average daily gain, total-tract digestibility of OM and NDF, ruminal dissolved methane (dCH4) concentration and gene copies of protozoa, methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens, and had lower ruminal dH2 concentration, and molar proportions of valerate and isovalerate, in comparison with those fed the NG diet. There was a negative correlation between dH2 concentration and NDF digestibility in bulls fed the CS diet, and a lack of relationship between dH2 concentration and NDF digestibility with the NG diet. In summary, the fibre of CS silage was more easily degraded by rumen microorganisms than that of NG silage. Increased dCH4 concentration with the CS diet presumably led to the decreased ruminal dH2 concentration, which may be helpful for fibre degradation and growth of fibrolytic micro-organisms in the rumen.
Detection of gluten in duplicate portions to determine gluten intake of coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet
Authors: van der Fels-Klerx H. J. , Smits N. G. E. , Bremer M. G. E. G. , Schultink J. M. , Nijkamp M. M. , Castenmiller J. J. M. , de Vries J. H. M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study determined the gluten content of foods and meals consumed by coeliac disease (CD) patients who adhere to a gluten-free diet, and to estimate the total daily intake of gluten of these patients. CD patients fulfilling defined inclusion criteria were preselected and approached for participation in the study. Duplicate portions (DP) of foods and mixed dishes were collected from the CD patients for evaluating complete daily food intake during two individual days. Also, for these days, written food records were completed by the participants. From each DP, a laboratory sample was prepared and analysed for its gluten concentration and total daily gluten intake was calculated. Each individual’s total daily intakes of energy and macronutrients were calculated using the Dutch food composition database. In total, twenty-seven CD patients participated, seven males and twenty females, aged between 21 and 64 years. In thirty-two (6 %) of 499 food samples collected in total, more than 3 mg/kg gluten was present. In four of these thirty-two samples, the gluten concentration was above the European legal limit of 20 mg/kg and three of the four samples had a gluten-free label. The maximal gluten intake was 3·3 mg gluten/d. The gluten tolerance for sensitive CD patients (>0·75 mg/d) was exceeded on at least six out of fifty-four study days. To also protect these sensitive CD patients, legal thresholds should be re-evaluated and the detection limit of analytical methods for gluten analysis lowered.
Effects of dietary methionine on growth performance, muscle nutritive deposition, muscle fibre growth and type I collagen synthesis of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Authors: Fang Chuang-Chuang , Feng Lin , Jiang Wei-Dan , Wu Pei , Liu Yang , Kuang Sheng-Yao , Tang Ling , Liu Xiang-An , Zhou Xiao-Qiu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the current research, a 60-d experiment was conducted with the purpose of exploring the impacts of methionine (Met) on growth performance, muscle nutritive deposition, muscle fibre growth and type I collagen synthesis as well as the related signalling pathway. Six diets (iso-nitrogenous) differing in Met concentrations (2·54, 4·85, 7·43, 10·12, 12·40 and 15·11 g/kg diets) were fed to 540 grass carp (178·47 (SD0·36) g). Results showed (P <0·05) that compared with Met deficiency, optimal level of dietary Met (1) increased feed intake, feed efficiency, specific growth rate and percentage weight gain (PWG); (2) increased fish muscle protein, lipid and free amino acid contents and improved fish muscle fatty acid profile as well as increased protein content in part associated with the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1)/S6K1 signalling pathway; (3) increased the frequency distribution of muscle fibre with >50 µm of diameter; (4) increased type I collagen synthesis partly related to the transforming growth factor-β1/Smads and CK2/TORC1 signalling pathways. In conclusion, dietary Met improved muscle growth, which might be due to the regulation of muscle nutritive deposition, muscle fibre growth and type I collagen synthesis-related signal molecules. Finally, according to PWG and muscle collagen content, the Met requirements for on-growing grass carp (178–626 g) were estimated to be 9·56 g/kg diet (33·26 g/kg protein of diet) and 9·28 g/kg diet (32·29 g/kg of dietary protein), respectively.
DISSIDENCE, DICTATORSHIP, AND DEMOCRACY: THE STRUGGLES OF MALIAN EXILES IN AFRICA AND BEYOND, 1968–91
Authors: Dedieu Jean-Philippe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn contrast with the imperial period, historians have overlooked African exile politics during the subsequent decades of one-party and military rule. Focusing on the Malian case, this article proceeds in three parts. The first section explores the creation in Africa, in particular in Ivory Coast and Senegal, of clandestine opposition movements to Moussa Traoré's regime. The second section focuses on Europe, particularly France, where dissidents benefitted from an unparalleled openness of the political system compared to that seen in African countries. The final section investigates the influence of these networks spanning Africa and Europe on the formation of pro-democracy organizations in Mali and the final overthrow of the Traoré regime in 1991. Theorizing exile as a process which enabled activists to operate in abeyance despite repression – before being able to emerge more openly – refines our understanding of political transitions which were driven by the juncture of internal and external dynamics.
Field burn versus fire-related cues: germination from the soil seed bank of a South American temperate grassland
Authors: Cuello Noelia , López-Mársico Luis , Rodríguez Claudia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFire and grazing are large-scale disturbances that shape the structure and function of open habitats. In temperate grasslands of southern South America, fire is used as a management tool to control tussock grasses and improve forage quality. In this study, we examined if fire and two of its components (heat and smoke) affect germination from the soil seed bank of a temperate grassland in Uruguay. Soil samples were extracted from a recently burned site and from an adjacent area that had not been burned for at least 4 years. The latter was subjected to four treatments: (1) heat shock, (2) smoke, (3) heat shock and smoke and (4) control. The samples were placed in a germination chamber and germination was recorded for 140 days. Field burn was the treatment that differed most from the control. This treatment produced a significant increase in density and richness of germinants and the germination peak preceded those of the remaining treatments. The three treatments involving fire-related cues did not affect the seedling richness and density, but the germination of some individual species was enhanced by some of them, mainly those in which the seeds were smoked. Our results show that fire and its components stimulate the germination of some species of the Río de la Plata grasslands, contrary to what had been observed previously in the region. We also suggest that, unlike Mediterranean-type systems, other fire cues, alone or in combination with heat and smoke, may promote germination after a fire event.
Social anxiety disorder in children: investigating the relative contribution of automatic thoughts, repetitive negative thinking and metacognitions
Authors: Esbjørn Barbara Hoff , Falch Anette , Walczak Monika Anna , Normann Nicoline , Breinholst Sonja 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground:Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is common in youths. However, our understanding of SAD in children is inferior to that of SAD in adolescents or adults, and it is unclear if known adult SAD maintenance mechanisms may also operate in children with SAD.Aim:The paper sets out to investigate the specificity of positive automatic thoughts, social threat negative automatic thoughts, repetitive negative thinking, positive and negative metacognitions in predicting SAD symptoms and diagnoses in clinically anxious children.Method:We enrolled 122 clinically anxious children aged 7–13 years; of these, 33 had an SAD diagnosis.Results:SAD symptoms correlated positively with social threat negative automatic thoughts, repetitive negative thinking, and negative metacognitions, and negatively with positive automatic thoughts. Linear regression indicated that, of these variables, only social threat negative automatic thoughts predicted social anxiety symptoms. Logistic regression indicated that social threat negative automatic thoughts, a higher number of diagnoses and negative metacognitive beliefs specifically predicted the presence of SAD diagnosis.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that content-specific social threat negative automatic thoughts was the only variable that specifically distinguished both higher levels of social anxiety symptoms and diagnoses.
Development of the Response to Fearful Situations Scale
Authors: McDermott Katherine A. , Fitch Kristin , Dillon Kirsten H. , Mueller Nora E. , Carlton Corinne N. , Schmidt Norman B. , Cougle Jesse R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground:Most measures of anxious avoidance are limited to disorder-specific mechanisms and ignore the measurement of courage/approach responding in confronting fearful situations.Aims:The purpose of the present study was to construct and validate a self-report assessment of the tendency towards avoidant or approach responding in fearful situations, the Response to Fearful Situations Scale (RFSS).Method and Results:In Study 1 (n = 241), exploratory factor analysis resulted in two factors, avoidance and approach. Study 2 (n = 423) replicated the two-factor structure and established test–re-test reliability. In Study 3 (n = 44), the RFSS demonstrated predictive validity on a behavioural avoidance task. In Studies 4 (n = 253) and 5 (n = 256), the RFSS was associated with clinical symptoms above existing measures of avoidance.Discussion:These results validate the use of the RFSS as a transdiagnostic measure of avoidance and approach.
Three Decades of Divergent Land Use and Plant Community Change Alters Soil C and N Content in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Connell R. Kent , Nippert Jesse B. , Blair John M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFrequent fire and grazing by megafauna are important determinants of tallgrass prairie plant community structure. However, fire suppression and removal of native grazers have altered these natural disturbance regimes and changed grassland plant communities with potential long‐term consequences for soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. We investigated multidecade changes in soil C and N pools in response to contrasting long‐term burning and grazing treatments. Fire suppression with or without grazers and exclusion of grazers in annually burned prairie increased soil C content and shifted the δ13C signature of soil C over time, concomitant with changes in plant community composition. Soil δ13C values indicated that increased soil C content was associated with an increased contribution from plants using a C3 photosynthetic pathway (i.e., woody shrubs) under fire suppression. Soil N content also increased when fire was suppressed, relative to frequently burned grassland, but the rate of increase was slower when grazers were present. Additionally, changes in δ15N values suggested that grazing increased the openness of the N cycle, presumably due to greater N losses. By coupling long‐term fire and grazing treatments with plant community data and soil samples archived over three decades, we demonstrate that human‐caused changes to natural disturbance regimes in a tallgrass prairie significantly alter soil C and N cycles through belowground changes associated with shifts in the plant community. Since natural disturbance regimes have been altered in grasslands across the world, our results are relevant for understanding the long‐term biogeochemical consequences of these ongoing land use changes.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fluxes From Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments in a High‐Altitude Tropical Catchment
Authors: Schneider Chloe L. , Herrera Maribel , Raisle Megan L. , Murray Andrew R. , Whitmore Keridwen M. , Encalada Andrea C. , Suárez Esteban , Riveros‐Iregui Diego A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHigh‐altitude tropical grasslands, known as “páramos,” are characterized by high solar radiation, high precipitation, and low temperature. They also exhibit some of the highest ecosystem carbon stocks per unit area on Earth. Recent observations have shown that páramos may be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere as a result of climate change; however, little is known about the source of this excess CO2 in these mountainous environments or which landscape components contribute the most CO2. We evaluated the spatial and temporal variability of surface CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere from adjacent terrestrial and aquatic environments in a high‐altitude catchment of Ecuador, based on a suite of field measurements performed during the wet season. Our findings revealed the importance of hydrologic dynamics in regulating the magnitude and likely fate of dissolved carbon in the stream. While headwater catchments are known to contribute disproportionately larger amounts of carbon to the atmosphere than their downstream counterparts, our study highlights the spatial heterogeneity of CO2 fluxes within and between aquatic and terrestrial landscape elements in headwater catchments of complex topography. Our findings revealed that CO2 evasion from stream surfaces was up to an order of magnitude greater than soil CO2 efflux from the adjacent terrestrial environment. Stream carbon flux to the atmosphere appeared to be transport limited (i.e., controlled by flow characteristics, turbulent flow, and water velocity) in the upper reaches of the stream, and source limited (i.e., controlled by CO2 and carbon availability) in the lower reaches of the stream. A 4‐m waterfall along the channel accounted for up to 35% of the total evasion observed along a 250‐m stream reach. These findings represent a first step in understanding ecosystem carbon cycling at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in high‐altitude, tropical, headwater catchments.
Willingness to participate in genome testing: a survey of public attitudes from Qatar
Authors: Abdul Rahim Hanan F. , Ismail Said I. , Hassan Amel , Fadl Tasnim , Khaled Salma M. , Shockley Bethany , Nasrallah Catherine , Qutteina Yara , Elmaghraby Engi , Yasin Heba , Darwish Dima , Fakhro Khalid A. , Badji Radja , Al-Muftah Wadha , Afifi Nahla , Althani Asmaa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGenomics has the potential to revolutionize medical approaches to disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, but it does not come without challenges. The success of a national population-based genome program, like the Qatar Genome Program (QGP), depends on the willingness of citizens to donate samples and take up genomic testing services. This study explores public attitudes of the Qatari population toward genetic testing and toward participating in the QGP. A representative sample of 837 adult Qataris was surveyed in May 2016. Approximately 71% of respondents surveyed reported that they were willing to participate in the activities of the QGP. Willingness to participate was significantly associated with basic literacy in genetics, a family history of genetic diseases, and previous experience with genetic testing through premarital screening. Respondents cited the desire to know more about their health status as the principle motivation for participating, while lack of time and information were reported as the most important barriers. With QGP plans to ramp up the scale of its national operation toward more integration into clinical care settings, it is critical to understand public attitudes and their determinants. The results demonstrate public support but also identify the need for more education and individual counseling that not only provide information on the process, challenges, and benefits of genomic testing, but that also address concerns about information security.
Dissociable mesolimbic dopamine circuits control responding triggered by alcohol-predictive discrete cues and contexts
Authors: Valyear Milan D. , Glovaci Iulia , Zaari Audrey , Lahlou Soraya , Trujillo-Pisanty Ivan , Andrew Chapman C. , Chaudhri Nadia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractContext can influence reactions to environmental cues and this elemental process has implications for substance use disorder. Using an animal model, we show that an alcohol-associated context elevates entry into a fluid port triggered by a conditioned stimulus (CS) that predicted alcohol (CS-triggered alcohol-seeking). This effect persists across multiple sessions and, after it diminishes in extinction, the alcohol context retains the capacity to augment reinstatement. Systemically administered eticlopride and chemogenetic inhibition of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons reduce CS-triggered alcohol-seeking. Chemogenetically silencing VTA dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core reduces CS-triggered alcohol-seeking, irrespective of context, whereas silencing VTA dopamine terminals in the NAc shell selectively reduces the elevation of CS-triggered alcohol-seeking in an alcohol context. This dissociation reveals new roles for divergent mesolimbic dopamine circuits in the control of responding to a discrete cue for alcohol and in the amplification of this behaviour in an alcohol context.
Assembly of a patchy protein into variable 2D lattices via tunable multiscale interactions
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Alberstein Robert G. , De Yoreo James J. , Tezcan F. Akif 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSelf-assembly of molecular building blocks into higher-order structures is exploited in living systems to create functional complexity and represents a powerful strategy for constructing new materials. As nanoscale building blocks, proteins offer unique advantages, including monodispersity and atomically tunable interactions. Yet, control of protein self-assembly has been limited compared to inorganic or polymeric nanoparticles, which lack such attributes. Here, we report modular self-assembly of an engineered protein into four physicochemically distinct, precisely patterned 2D crystals via control of four classes of interactions spanning Ångström to several-nanometer length scales. We relate the resulting structures to the underlying free-energy landscape by combining in-situ atomic force microscopy observations of assembly with thermodynamic analyses of protein-protein and -surface interactions. Our results demonstrate rich phase behavior obtainable from a single, highly patchy protein when interactions acting over multiple length scales are exploited and predict unusual bulk-scale properties for protein-based materials that ensue from such control.