bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forging Foreign Policy: Organizational Identity and Knowledge Production
Authors: Shepherd Hana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ideas and knowledge central to foreign policy are often produced within the context of organizations. How do organizations vet people and ideas for knowledge production? I use original data drawn from archives of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), an organization that brought together elites with an interest in foreign policy, to examine the production of post–World War II US foreign policy knowledge. Drawing on literature about how organizations evaluate people and ideas, I assess how the CFR staff selected different foreign policy topics for their Program on Studies from 1955 to 1972. Case studies and multinomial logistic regression provide two forms of evidence: The justifications used by the CFR Program on Studies staff to select ideas and the relationship between recommendations of proposers and idea selection. I compare the effect of positive recommendations from different sources to distinguish between prioritizing quality and prestige and organizational identity on the other. Staff used the identity of the organization as a group of elites with particular expertise as a basis for making everyday decisions regarding which foreign policy knowledge would be codified in the program. In this way, the organization occupied a central position in the production of knowledge. This suggests that scholars of evaluation should attend to organization-level features in addition to individual-level characteristics. I discuss the implications for organizations and intellectual production.
Response of glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-susceptible biotypes of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) to increased carbon dioxide and variable soil moisture
Authors: Mobli Ahmadreza , Florentine Singarayer K , Jha Prashant , Chauhan Bhagirath Singh 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe growth response of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceusL.) to anticipated future climate conditions is currently unknown, and thus two parallel studies were conducted dealing with glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotypes ofS. oleraceus. The glyphosate efficacy study was conducted using different doses of glyphosate (0 [control], 180, 360, 720 [recommended dose], and 1,440 g ae ha−1) at two different moisture levels (well-watered and water-stressed conditions). In the second study, the growth and seed production of these biotypes were studied under different atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations (450 and 750 ppm) and under well-watered (100% field capacity) and water-stressed (50% field capacity) conditions. Results showed that the GR biotype survived (>68%) at 1,440 g ha−1, but for the GS biotype, no plant survived, and both biotypes were slightly (<10%) affected by moisture regimes. In the elevated CO2condition, the GS biotype plants were >38% taller and produced >44%, >18%, and >21% more leaves, buds, and seeds, respectively, compared with the ambient CO2concentration under both moisture regimes. The biomass also increased by 27% in comparison with the ambient CO2concentration. For the GR biotype, plants at the elevated CO2level, while they also grew 38% taller in comparison with the ambient CO2concentration, the numbers of leaves, buds, and seeds and biomass were not affected by this increase in CO2. Results showed that there were minimal changes in response to glyphosate for GR and GS biotypes ofS. oleraceuswith or without moisture stress. Our study suggests that future climate change with elevated CO2levels can affect the response ofS. oleraceusto glyphosate, and such knowledge will be helpful for weed management in the future.
Southeastern Pacific Error Leads to Failed El Niño Forecasts
Authors: Hua Lijuan , Su Jingzhi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamical predictions, the ensemble members may show a large spread, leading to low prediction accuracy. The reasons for unreasonable forecast spreads in dynamical predictions are investigated based on hindcast/forecast results from the North American Multimodel Ensemble system. A category of failed‐forecasting members is defined if a negative Niño34 index in winter is forecasted by one member for the observed El Niño events. Compared with reasonable‐forecasting members, the failed‐forecasting members show significant cold sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the southeastern Pacific (SEP). Such cold SSTAs can be traced back to the initial cold error in the SEP region. The initial cold error can be enhanced by positive feedback near the SEP region and further hinder warm SSTAs in equatorial regions, leading to a failed prediction. This result highlights the essential role of the SEP region, providing possible contributions to enhance the ENSO forecast skill.
Linearity of Outgoing Longwave Radiation: From an Atmospheric Column to Global Climate Models
Authors: Zhang Yi , Jeevanjee Nadir , Fueglistaler Stephan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe linearity of global‐mean outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) with surface temperature is a basic assumption in climate dynamics. This linearity manifests in global climate models, which robustly produce a global‐mean longwave clear‐sky (LWCS) feedback of 1.9 W/m2/K, consistent with idealized single‐column models (Koll & Cronin, 2018, https//:doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809868115). However, there is considerable spatial variability in the LWCS feedback, including negative values over tropical oceans (known as the “super‐greenhouse effect”) which are compensated for by larger values in the subtropics/extratropics. Therefore, it is unclear how the idealized single‐column results are relevant for the global‐mean LWCS feedback in comprehensive climate models. Here we show with a simple analytical theory and model output that the compensation of this spatial variability to produce a robust global‐mean feedback can be explained by two facts: (1) When conditioned upon free‐tropospheric column relative humidity (RH), the LWCS feedback is independent of RH, and (2) the global histogram of free‐tropospheric column RH is largely invariant under warming.
Global River Discharge and Floods in the Warmer Climate of the Last Interglacial
Authors: Scussolini Paolo , Eilander Dirk , Sutanudjaja Edwin H. , Ikeuchi Hiroaki , Hoch Jannis M. , Ward Philip J. , Bakker Pepijn , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Guo Chuncheng , Stepanek Christian , Zhang Qiong , Braconnot Pascale , Guarino Maria‐Vittoria , Muis Sanne , Yamazaki Dai , Veldkamp Ted I. E. , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigate hydrology during a past climate slightly warmer than the present: the last interglacial (LIG). With daily output of preindustrial and LIG simulations from eight new climate models we force hydrological model PCR‐GLOBWB and in turn hydrodynamic model CaMa‐Flood. Compared to preindustrial, annual mean LIG runoff, discharge, and 100‐yr flood volume are considerably larger in the Northern Hemisphere, by 14%, 25%, and 82%, respectively. Anomalies are negative in the Southern Hemisphere. In some boreal regions, LIG runoff and discharge are lower despite higher precipitation, due to the higher temperatures and evaporation. LIG discharge is much higher for the Niger, Congo, Nile, Ganges, Irrawaddy, and Pearl and lower for the Mississippi, Saint Lawrence, Amazon, Paraná, Orange, Zambesi, Danube, and Ob. Discharge is seasonally postponed in tropical rivers affected by monsoon changes. Results agree with published proxies on the sign of discharge anomaly in 15 of 23 sites where comparison is possible.
Global Importance of Hydroxymethanesulfonate in Ambient Particulate Matter: Implications for Air Quality
Authors: Moch Jonathan M. , Dovrou Eleni , Mickley Loretta J. , Keutsch Frank N. , Liu Zirui , Wang Yuesi , Dombek Tracy L. , Kuwata Mikinori , Budisulistiorini Sri Hapsari , Yang Liudongqing , Decesari Stefano , Paglione Marco , Alexander Becky , Shao Jingyuan , Munger J. William , Jacob Daniel J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSulfur compounds are an important constituent of particulate matter, with impacts on climate and public health. While most sulfur observed in particulate matter has been assumed to be sulfate, laboratory experiments reveal that hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), an adduct formed by aqueous phase chemical reaction of dissolved HCHO and SO2, may be easily misinterpreted in measurements as sulfate. Here we present observational and modeling evidence for a ubiquitous global presence of HMS. We find that filter samples collected in Shijiazhuang, China, and examined with ion chromatography within 9 days show as much as 7.6 μg m−3 of HMS, while samples from Singapore examined 9–18 months after collection reveal ~0.6 μg m−3 of HMS. The Shijiazhuang samples show only minor traces of HMS 4 months later, suggesting that HMS had decomposed over time during sample storage. In contrast, the Singapore samples do not clearly show a decline in HMS concentration over 2 months of monitoring. Measurements from over 150 sites, primarily derived from the IMPROVE network across the United States, suggest the ubiquitous presence of HMS in at least trace amounts as much as 60 days after collection. The degree of possible HMS decomposition in the IMPROVE observations is unknown. Using the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model, we estimate that HMS may account for 10% of global particulate sulfur in continental surface air and over 25% in many polluted regions. Our results suggest that reducing emissions of HCHO and other volatile organic compounds may have a co‐benefit of decreasing particulate sulfur.
The Resilience of Habitable Climates Around Circumbinary Stars
Authors: Wolf Eric T. , Haqq‐Misra Jacob , Kopparapu Ravi , Fauchez Thomas J. , Welsh William F. , Kane Stephen R. , Kostov Veselin , Eggl Siegfried 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHere we use a 3‐D climate system model to study the habitability of Earth‐like planets orbiting in circumbinary systems. In the most extreme cases, Earth‐like planets in circumbinary systems could experience variations in the incident stellar flux of up to ~50% on ~100‐day timescales. However, we find that Earth‐like planets, having abundant surface liquid water, are generally effective at buffering against these time‐dependent changes in the stellar irradiation due to the high thermal inertia of oceans compared with the relatively short periods of circumbinary‐driven variations in the received stellar flux. Ocean surface temperatures exhibit little to no variation in time; however, land surfaces can experience modest changes in temperature, thus exhibiting an additional mode of climate variability driven by the circumbinary variations. Still, meaningful oscillations in surface temperatures are only found for circumbinary system architectures featuring the largest physically possible amplitudes in the stellar flux variation. In the most extreme cases, an Earth‐like planet could experience circumbinary‐driven variations in the global mean land surface temperature of up to ~5 K, and variations of local daytime maximum temperatures of up to ~12 K on seasonal timescales, while the global mean ocean temperatures vary by less than ~2 K. Such seasonal temperature swings over land areas could potentially pose adaptability challenges for extant life. Still, habitable planets in circumbinary systems appear to be remarkably resilient against circumbinary‐driven climate variations and can avoid any true climate catastrophes.
ASF1B promotes cervical cancer progression through stabilization of CDK9
Authors: Liu Xinjian , Song Jingwei , Zhang Yenan , Wang Huiquan , Sun Hongzhi , Feng Xiaomin , Hou Min , Chen Guo , Tang Qi , Ji Minjun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCervical cancer (CC) is one of the most deadly cancers in women, its current treatments still result in poor outcomes and developing the novel targets and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Recent studies have shown that anti-silencing function 1B (ASF1B) might be used as a new proliferation marker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the expression and function of ASF1B in cervical cancer remain unclear. Here, we induced ASF1B knockdown and overexpression in cervical cancer cell lines and detected the biological behavior changes in vitro. Furthermore, we established two murine models using stable ASF1B-shRNA HeLa cells or normal HeLa cells following AAV-shRNA-ASF1B administration to evaluate how suppression of ASF1B affects tumor growth. We showed that ASF1B functions as an oncogene in cervical cancer cells. Silence of ASF1B suppressed cervical cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, while, ASF1B overexpression accelerated cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, ASF1B deficiency induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found that ASF1B formed stable complexes with cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), and positively regulated CDK9 stabilization. Taken together, tumorigenic ASF1B could be targeted to suppress cervical cancer tumor growth by inducing apoptotic cell death.
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells promote corneal wound healing by accelerating the clearance of neutrophils in cornea
Authors: Shang Qianwen , Chu Yunpeng , Li Yanan , Han Yuyi , Yu Daojiang , Liu Rui , Zheng Zhiyuan , Song Lin , Fang Jiankai , Li Xiaolei , Cao Lijuan , Gong Zheng , Zhang Liying , Chen Yongjing , Wang Ying , Shao Changshun , Shi Yufang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The dome-shaped cornea is a transparent, non-vascularized, and epithelialized highly organized tissue. Physical and chemical injuries may trigger corneal wound healing (CWH) response and result in neovascularization that impairs the visual function. CWH involves not only migration, proliferation, and differentiation of the cells in different layers of cornea, but also the mobilization of immune cells. We demonstrated here that human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) could effectively inhibit neovascularization during ethanol-induced injury in mouse cornea. Importantly, we found that while neutrophils are essential for CWH, excessive and prolonged neutrophil retention during the granulation stage contributes to neovascularization. ADSCs were found to promote the clearance of neutrophils in the cornea during the granulation stage, likely via increasing the reverse transendothelial cell migration of CXCR4high neutrophils from cornea to the lung. Our results demonstrate that ADSCs are effective in treating CWH-induced neovascularization and modulation of neutrophil clearance could be novel strategies for better vision recovery after injury.
Tubeimoside I-induced lung cancer cell death and the underlying crosstalk between lysosomes and mitochondria
Authors: Wang Kun , Zhan Yujuan , Chen Bonan , Lu Yuhua , Yin Ting , Zhou Shikun , Zhang Weibin , Liu Xiaodong , Du Biaoyan , Wei Xianli , Xiao Jianyong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCancer cells have developed chemoresistance and have improved their survival through the upregulation of autophagic mechanisms that protect mitochondrial function. Here, we report that the traditional Chinese anticancer agent tubeimoside I (Tub), which is a potent inhibitor of autophagy, can promote mitochondria-associated apoptosis in lung cancer cells. We found that Tub disrupted both mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways. One of its mechanisms was the induction of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation. Another mechanism was the blocking of late-stage autophagic flux via impairment of lysosomal acidification through V-ATPase inhibition; this blocks the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria and results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Excessive ROS accumulation causes damage to lysosomal membranes and increases lysosomal membrane permeability, which leads to the leakage of cathepsin B. Finally, cathepsin B upregulates Bax-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeability and, subsequently, cytosolic cytochrome C-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis. Thus, the cancer cell killing effect of Tub is enhanced through the formation of a positive feedback loop. The killing effect of Tub on lung cancer cells was verified in xenografted mice. In summary, Tub exerts a dual anticancer effect that involves the disruption of mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways and their interaction and, thereby, has a specific and enhanced killing effect on lung cancer cells.
A spike-timing-dependent plasticity rule for dendritic spines
Authors: Tazerart Sabrina , Mitchell Diana E. , Miranda-Rottmann Soledad , Araya Roberto 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe structural organization of excitatory inputs supporting spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) remains unknown. We performed a spine STDP protocol using two-photon (2P) glutamate uncaging (pre) paired with postsynaptic spikes (post) in layer 5 pyramidal neurons from juvenile mice. Here we report that pre-post pairings that trigger timing-dependent LTP (t-LTP) produce shrinkage of the activated spine neck and increase in synaptic strength; and post-pre pairings that trigger timing-dependent LTD (t-LTD) decrease synaptic strength without affecting spine shape. Furthermore, the induction of t-LTP with 2P glutamate uncaging in clustered spines (<5 μm apart) enhances LTP through a NMDA receptor-mediated spine calcium accumulation and actin polymerization-dependent neck shrinkage, whereas t-LTD was dependent on NMDA receptors and disrupted by the activation of clustered spines but recovered when separated by >40 μm. These results indicate that synaptic cooperativity disrupts t-LTD and extends the temporal window for the induction of t-LTP, leading to STDP only encompassing LTP.
Enhancing intracellular accumulation and target engagement of PROTACs with reversible covalent chemistry
Authors: Guo Wen-Hao , Qi Xiaoli , Yu Xin , Liu Yang , Chung Chan-I , Bai Fang , Lin Xingcheng , Lu Dong , Wang Lingfei , Chen Jianwei , Su Lynn Hsiao , Nomie Krystle J. , Li Feng , Wang Meng C. , Shu Xiaokun , Onuchic José N. , Woyach Jennifer A. , Wang Michael L. , Wang Jin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCurrent efforts in the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) field mostly focus on choosing an appropriate E3 ligase for the target protein, improving the binding affinities towards the target protein and the E3 ligase, and optimizing the PROTAC linker. However, due to the large molecular weights of PROTACs, their cellular uptake remains an issue. Through comparing how different warhead chemistry, reversible noncovalent (RNC), reversible covalent (RC), and irreversible covalent (IRC) binders, affects the degradation of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), we serendipitously discover that cyano-acrylamide-based reversible covalent chemistry can significantly enhance the intracellular accumulation and target engagement of PROTACs and develop RC-1 as a reversible covalent BTK PROTAC with a high target occupancy as its corresponding kinase inhibitor and effectiveness as a dual functional inhibitor and degrader, a different mechanism-of-action for PROTACs. Importantly, this reversible covalent strategy is generalizable to improve other PROTACs, opening a path to enhance PROTAC efficacy.
Strange semimetal dynamics in SrIrO3
Authors: Sen K. , Fuchs D. , Heid R. , Kleindienst K. , Wolff K. , Schmalian J. , Le Tacon M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe interplay of electronic correlations, multi-orbital excitations, and spin-orbit coupling is a fertile ground for new states of matter in quantum materials. Here, we report on a polarized Raman scattering study of semimetallic SrIrO3. The momentum-space selectivity of Raman scattering allows to circumvent the challenge to resolve the dynamics of charges with very different mobilities. The Raman responses of both holes and electrons display an electronic continuum extending far beyond the energies allowed in a regular Fermi liquid. Analyzing this response within a memory function formalism, we extract their frequency dependent scattering rate and mass enhancement, from which we determine their DC-mobilities and electrical resistivities that agree well with transport measurement. We demonstrate that its charge dynamics is well described by a marginal Fermi liquid phenomenology, with a scattering rate close to the Planckian limit. This demonstrates the potential of this approach to investigate the charge dynamics in multi-band systems.
On demand shape memory polymer via light regulated topological defects in a dynamic covalent network
Authors: Miao Wusha , Zou Weike , Jin Binjie , Ni Chujun , Zheng Ning , Zhao Qian , Xie Tao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ability to undergo bond exchange in a dynamic covalent polymer network has brought many benefits not offered by classical thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. Despite the bond exchangeability, the overall network topologies for existing dynamic networks typically cannot be altered, limiting their potential expansion into unexplored territories. By harnessing topological defects inherent in any real polymer network, we show herein a general design that allows a dynamic network to undergo rearrangement to distinctive topologies. The use of a light triggered catalyst further allows spatio-temporal regulation of the network topology, leading to an unusual opportunity to program polymer properties. Applying this strategy to functional shape memory networks yields custom designable multi-shape and reversible shape memory characteristics. This molecular principle expands the design versatility for network polymers, with broad implications in many other areas including soft robotics, flexible electronics, and medical devices.
Links between central CB1-receptor availability and peripheral endocannabinoids in patients with first episode psychosis
Authors: Dickens Alex M. , Borgan Faith , Laurikainen Heikki , Lamichhane Santosh , Marques Tiago , Rönkkö Tuukka , Veronese Mattia , Lindeman Tuomas , Hyötyläinen Tuulia , Howes Oliver , Hietala Jarmo , Orešič Matej 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is an established, link between psychosis and metabolic abnormalities, such as altered glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia, which often precede the initiation of antipsychotic treatment. It is known that obesity-associated metabolic disorders are promoted by activation of specific cannabinoid targets (endocannabinoid system (ECS)). Our recent data suggest that there is a change in the circulating lipidome at the onset of first episode psychosis (FEP). With the aim of characterizing the involvement of the central and peripheral ECSs, and their mutual associations; here, we performed a combined neuroimaging and metabolomic study in patients with FEP and healthy controls (HC). Regional brain cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) availability was quantified in two, independent samples of patients with FEP (n = 20 and n = 8) and HC (n = 20 and n = 10), by applying three-dimensional positron emission tomography, using two radiotracers, [11C]MePPEP and [18F]FMPEP-d2. Ten endogenous cannabinoids or related metabolites were quantified in serum, drawn from these individuals during the same imaging session. Circulating levels of arachidonic acid and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were reduced in FEP individuals, but not in those who were predominantly medication free. In HC, there was an inverse association between levels of circulating arachidonoyl glycerol, anandamide, OEA, and palmitoyl ethanolamide, and CB1R availability in the posterior cingulate cortex. This phenomenon was, however, not observed in FEP patients. Our data thus provide evidence of cross talk, and dysregulation between peripheral endocannabinoids and central CB1R availability in FEP.