bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New island record and conservation status of Puerto Rican Bank endemic plant species, Ruehssia woodburyana (Acev.-Rodr.) Goyder, comb. nov., formally transferred from Marsdenia
Authors: Bárrios Sara , Sustache José , Goyder David , Hamilton Martin 
Published: January 2020

Thought to be endemic to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Ruehssia woodburyana (Apocynaceae) was recently discovered at a single location on Norman Island in the British Virgin Islands. Despite an increase in the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, this species meta-population is very limited with a total of 37 individuals known in the wild. The largest subpopulation, on Mona Island, has only 26 individuals. The species suitable habitat is experiencing a continuing decline due to urban development, grazing by feral ungulates and human-induced forest fires. Conservation action is urgently needed and should be directed towards establishing genetically representative ex situ collections, such as seed for long term storage and live material for propagation. This species is evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR), based on Criteria C2a(i)+D, according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (version 3.1) and guidelines (Subcommittee IUCN Standards and Petitions 2016).
Extensive and regular surveys to the region enable the discovery of new plant records for different countries and islands. In this paper, we record a new island record for Ruehssia woodburyana on Norman Island, in the British Virgin Islands and discuss the species conservation status. Marsdenia woodburyana is transferred to the genus Ruehssia to reflect the resurrection of that genus for species of Marsdenia native to the New World.
Les Gourmands du théâtre romantique : bouffons et poètes
Authors: Diassinous Nicolas 
Published: January 2020

Lorsqu’elle est présente dans le théâtre romantique, la gourmandise se loge dans des actions et des personnages secondaires qui portent la charge comique de la pièce. Destinée à déclencher le rire du spectateur ou du lecteur, elle apparaît dans des épisodes comiques ou plus comiques que l’intrigue principale. Le gourmand n’est pourtant pas qu’un simple personnage secondaire de bouffon. Bien souvent, l’analogie qu’il entretient avec le héros de la pièce en fait son double parodique, un double qui imite également les envolées lyriques que le théâtre romantique accorde à ses protagonistes. La présence de la gourmandise aurait alors une double fonction dans la dramaturgie romantique : elle serait à la fois vectrice du rire et de l’autodérision.
Les miroirs chinois de Marguerite. Réécritures, adaptations, hybridations, nouvelles interprétations. La Dame aux camélias en Chine dans la première moitié du XX e siècle
Authors: Guo Sijia 
Published: January 2020

Le célèbre roman d’Alexandre Dumas fils La Dame aux camélias (1848) et son adaptation pour la scène (1852), ont joué un rôle capital, bien qu’inattendu, dans la modernisation de la culture chinoise. Tout premier roman étranger traduit en chinois et publié en Chine à la fin du xix e siècle, il fut largement diffusé, lu et apprécié par le public chinois de l’époque, et grâce à lui, les romanciers chinois modifièrent leur conception de la narration. Parallèlement, la Chine adapta ce roman à la scène pour réécrire l’histoire de Marguerite, au point que l’œuvre en est venue à se fondre dans l’élan du Mouvement pour une nouvelle culture tout entier dédié à la quête d’idées neuves. La Dame aux camélias , qu’elle soit le fruit d’un travail sur le roman lui-même ou d’une adaptation pour le théâtre, a ainsi contribué à transformer et à faire évoluer le théâtre et l’opéra chinois entre la fin de la dynastie Qing et le début de la République de Chine.
Outcome of Surgical Membranectomy With a Vitrector via Limbal Approach for Posterior Capsular Opacity in Children
Authors: Mohan Amit , Kumar Amit , Sen Pradhnya , Shah Chintan , Jain Elesh , Sen Alok 
Published: January 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of surgical membranectomy with a vitrector via a limbal approach for posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in children.

Methods:
In this retrospective analytical interventional study, medical records of children younger than 17 years who underwent surgical membranectomy with anterior vitrectomy via a limbal approach were analyzed. Time lag for PCO formation after cataract surgery was assessed. Any adverse events during surgery, rate of successful completion of membranectomy, postoperative complications, improvement in visual acuity, and intraocular lens (IOL) centration were recorded.

Results:

A total of 60 eyes of 58 children were included: 26 had traumatic etiology and 34 had developmental cataract. Mean time duration for PCO formation was 27.83 ± 39.83 months for traumatic cases and 53.53 ± 52.20 months for developmental cataract (
P
= .04). A satisfactory opening in the center of the membrane was achieved in 47 cases (n = 47, 78.3%). The complications encountered were uveitis (5 eyes), corneal edema (3 eyes), pigment deposition over IOL (2 eyes), raised intraocular pressure (1 eye), IOL drop (1 eye), and broken haptic (1 eye). Membranectomy with posterior optic buttonholing of the IOL in 9 aphakic eyes resulted in good IOL centration, no anterior chamber reaction, and no iris optic capture in the postoperative period. Mean visual acuity improved from 1.16 ± 0.52 to 0.73 ± 0.55 logMAR (
P
< .001).

Conclusions:
Surgical membranectomy with a vitrector via a limbal approach is a safe and effective method for managing PCO in the pediatric population. Posterior optic buttonholing of the IOL during membranectomy or secondary IOL implantation results in good IOL centration and fewer complications.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2020;57(1):33–38.]
Accuracy of the Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Bag/Balloon Technique in Locating Horizontal Extraocular Muscle Insertions Before and After Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Mezad-Koursh Daphna , Rosenblatt Amir , Cohen Shai , Neudorfer Meira , Keynan Idit , Stolovitch Chaim , Zur Dinah 
Published: January 2020

Purpose:
To investigate the accuracy of high frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy using the bag/balloon technique to locate recti muscle insertions before and after strabismus surgery.

Methods:
This was a prospective masked study. The distance from the limbus to horizontal recti muscle insertions was measured by caliper intraoperatively and ultrasound biomicroscopy preoperatively and during follow-up. Accuracy was defined as the difference between ultrasound biomicroscopy and caliper measurements.

Results:

Thirty-nine muscles (19 medial rectus and 20 lateral rectus) of 22 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 34.7 ± 15.5 years (range: 18 to 78 years). Follow-up measurements were available for 25 muscles: 12 muscles were recessed and 13 were resected/advanced. Twelve of the included muscles underwent prior surgery. There was a strong correlation between preoperative mean ultrasound biomicroscopy and caliper measurements (
P
< .001, r
p
= 0.872) without significant difference between the accuracy of identification of medial rectus and lateral rectus muscles (
P
= .116 and .377, respectively). On average, postoperative ultrasound biomicroscopy measurements of recessed muscles were 1.15 mm greater than caliper measurements at the end of surgery (
P
= .003), whereas the mean difference in the resected muscles was not statistically significant (−0.07 mm,
P
> .999). Overall, in 16 of 25 muscles (64%), the differences between the postoperative measurements and the end of surgery measurements were less than 1 mm. There was no correlation between the accuracy and the time of ultrasound biomicroscopy after surgery (
P
= .516).

Conclusions:
The ultrasound biomicroscopy bag/balloon technique is an accurate and reliable method of locating recti muscle insertions before and after strabismus surgery. Ultrasound biomicroscopy may assist strabismologists in planning repeated operations.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2020;57(1):12–20.]
Shelter in a Time of Storm
Authors: Favors Jelani M. 
Published: January 2020

For generations, historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have been essential institutions for the African American community. Their nurturing environments not only provided educational advancement but also catalyzed the Black freedom struggle, forever altering the political destiny of the United States. In this book, Jelani M. Favors offers a history of HBCUs from the 1837 founding of Cheyney State University to the present, told through the lens of how they fostered student activism. Favors chronicles the development and significance of HBCUs through stories from institutions such as Cheyney State University, Tougaloo College, Bennett College, Alabama State University, Jackson State University, Southern University, and North Carolina A&T. He demonstrates how HBCUs became a refuge during the oppression of the Jim Crow era and illustrates the central role their campus communities played during the civil rights and Black Power movements. Throughout this definitive history of how HBCUs became a vital seedbed for politicians, community leaders, reformers, and activists, Favors emphasizes what he calls an unwritten "second curriculum" at HBCUs, one that offered students a grounding in idealism, racial consciousness, and cultural nationalism.
Integration Now
Authors: Hustwit William P. 
Published: January 2020

Recovering the history of an often-ignored landmark Supreme Court case, William P. Hustwit assesses the significant role that Alexander v. Holmes (1969) played in integrating the South’s public schools. Although Brown v. Board of Education has rightly received the lion’s share of historical analysis, its ambiguous language for implementation led to more than a decade of delays and resistance by local and state governments. Alexander v. Holmes required “integration now,” and less than a year later, thousands of children were attending integrated schools.

Hustwit traces the progression of the Alexander case to show how grassroots activists in Mississippi operated hand in glove with lawyers and judges involved in the litigation. By combining a narrative of the larger legal battle surrounding the case and the story of the local activists who pressed for change, Hustwit offers an innovative, well-researched account of a definitive legal decision that reaches from the cotton fields of Holmes County to the chambers of the Supreme Court in Washington.
Impact of exhaust emissions on chemical snowpack composition at Concordia Station, Antarctica
Authors: Helmig Detlev , Liptzin Daniel , Hueber Jacques , Savarino Joel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The chemistry of reactive gases inside the snowpack and in the lower
atmosphere was investigated at Concordia Station (Dome C), Antarctica, from
December 2012 to January 2014. Measured species included ozone, nitrogen
oxides, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), and formaldehyde, for study of
photochemical reactions, surface exchange, and the seasonal cycles and
atmospheric chemistry of these gases. The experiment was installed ≈1 km from the station main infrastructure inside the station clean air
sector and within the station electrical power grid boundary. Ambient air
was sampled continuously from inlets mounted above the surface on a 10 m
meteorological tower. In addition, snowpack air was collected at 30 cm
intervals to 1.2 m depth from two manifolds that had both above- and below-surface sampling inlets. Despite being in the clean air sector, over the
course of the 1.2-year study, we observed on the order of 50 occasions when
exhaust plumes from the camp, most notably from the power generation system,
were transported to the study site. Continuous monitoring of nitrogen oxides
(NOx) provided a measurement of a chemical tracer for exhaust plumes.
Highly elevated levels of NOx (up to 1000 × background) and lowered
ozone (down to ≈50 %), most likely from reaction of ozone with nitric
oxide, were measured in air from above and within the snowpack. Within 5–15 min from observing elevated pollutant levels above the snow, rapidly
increasing and long-lasting concentration enhancements were measured in
snowpack air. While pollution events typically lasted only a few minutes to
an hour above the snow surface, elevated NOx levels were observed in
the snowpack lasting from a few days to ≈ 1 week. GEM and
formaldehyde measurements were less sensitive and covered a shorter
measurement period; neither of these species' data showed noticeable
concentration changes during these events that were above the normal
variability seen in the data. Nonetheless, the clarity of the NOx and
ozone observations adds important new insight into the discussion of if and how
snow photochemical experiments within reach of the power grid of polar
research sites are possibly compromised by the snowpack being chemically
influenced (contaminated) by gaseous and particulate emissions from the
research camp activities. This question is critical for evaluating if
snowpack trace chemical measurements from within the camp boundaries are
representative for the vast polar ice sheets.
Re-formation in Action: Liberty in a Wesleyan Spirit and Praxis—The Tolpuddle Martyrs, Part I
Authors: Schuler Ulrike 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
This article (in two parts) focuses on Methodist agricultural labourers who founded one of the first British trade unions in 1833. Six of them—including three Methodist local preachers—were convicted of taking an unlawful oath on joining the union. In consequence, they were sentenced to seven years' transportation to Australia. The public outcry was immediate, and this led to a full pardon being granted to them three years later. The Wesleyan Methodist leadership was silent and the story has received minimal attention from Methodist historians. These men demonstrated a deep scriptural faithfulness, and their understanding of God's liberating grace motivated their actions.
The Missouri Ozarks and Beyond, 1894–1930
Authors: Campney Brent M. S. 
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses the use of racist violence by whites in the Missouri Ozarks between 1894 and 1930 to control and expel blacks, to establish and maintain sundown towns, and to satisfy and regulate the need for cheap black labor in the larger cities. Building on an extensive secondary literature, it expands this story in three ways. First, it addresses the often studied most violent years from 1894 to 1906 and the years of consolidation over the next quarter century. Second, the chapter places this story into a larger geographical context by addressing the impact of this violence in the border areas of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Finally, it considers the implications of its findings for the historiography of racist violence and border studies.
The Old Northwest, 1890s–1930s
Authors: Campney Brent M. S. 
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the development—particularly by the police—of white opposition to mob violence against blacks in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio from the 1890s to the 1930s. At the outset it details the methods deployed by local authorities to protect prisoners threatened with violence and the conditions required to trigger their appeals to state authorities for support, including the use of state militias (National Guard). Next it explores the responses of “ordinary” whites to these efforts. It then traces the efforts of state governments to curtail mob violence with legislation and of local authorities, especially the police, to offset their success in mitigating mob violence by appropriating mob tactics to control blacks themselves. Finally, it assesses the implications of its findings for the historiography of police violence (police brutality).
The Midwest in the Late Lynching Period
Authors: Campney Brent M. S. 
Published: January 2020

This chapter uses a lynching in South Point, Ohio, in 1932 as an example of the changing nature of this type of violence during its twilight in the Midwest, a change described as “underground lynching” in the late lynching period. It sketches the contours of the lynching, white motivations, the initial black campaign for justice, and the trial. It then explores the black political and legal struggles for justice, including the roles of local and national civil rights groups like the NAACP. Next, it addresses the characteristics of underground lynching, as exemplified by the Murray lynching and similar lynchings elsewhere. Last, it considers its substantive and historiographical implications for Midwestern mob violence and the black freedom struggle.
La rehabilitación de la condición de funcionario tras condena penal. Un análisis a la luz de los principios rectores de la potestad punitiva
Authors: Gili Pascual Antoni 
Published: January 2020

En relación con las penas de inhabilitación para el ejercicio de la función pública, a menudo la atención del penalista termina en el momento de su imposición. Sin embargo, la fase de ejecución e incluso la fase posterior al cumplimiento de su efecto temporal sigue planteando cuestiones de enorme relevancia, pues estas penas se ven afectadas por disposiciones legales y reglamentarias capaces de acabar perfilando, en el fondo, su propio contenido, como se estudia en este trabajo. Tal es el caso de la normativa que regula hoy la rehabilitación administrativa del funcionario, representada fundamentalmente por el R.D. 2669/1998, de 11 de diciembre. Teniendo en cuenta la unidad de la potestad punitiva del Estado y los principios fundamentales que deben limitarla, como la prohibición de bis in ídem, el presente artículo revisa los criterios actualmente establecidos en dicha regulación. Desentrañar en qué cabe legítimamente fundamentar —si es que cabe hacerlo— esta posibilidad excepcional de reincorporar al servicio público, por decisión administrativa, a quien fue condenado por sentencia penal firme a quedar excluido definitivamente de ella, constituye en este trabajo el paso previo para poder efectuar después, de forma razonada, dicha revisión crítica. El artículo evidencia que, al igual que ocurre con otras instituciones penales utilitarias de nuestro ordenamiento, como puede ser, salvando las distancias, el caso del indulto, también la rehabilitación de la condición de funcionario requiere una reinterpretación de su fundamento acorde con los principios constitucionales, conforme a la cual adaptar después su regulación y funcionamiento. With penalties involving disqualification from public office, legal experts’ attention comes to an end once the sentence has been imposed. However, the execution phase and even the phase following compliance with its temporary effects continue to raise issues of huge relevance, since these sentences are affected by legal provisions and regulations which can basically finally shape their actual content, as studied in this paper. This is the case of the legislation that today regulates civil servants’ re-admittance to the public administration, mainly represented by Spanish Royal Decree 2669/1998, of December 11th. Bearing in mind the unity of the State’s ius puniendi and the fundamental principles that must limit the said right, like the non bis in idem principle, this paper reviews the current criteria that regulate these limits. It strives to determine the legitimate grounds, if they do indeed exist, for that exceptional possibility in which someone who has been finally sentenced to perpetual disqualification should be re-admitted to public service under an administrative ruling. This is followed by a reasoned critical review of the situation.
The soundscape of Islamic populism
Authors: Basdurak Nil 
Published: January 2020

Focusing on the failed coup attempt organized by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces on July 15, 2016, this paper examines the soundscape of Islamic populism (Hadiz, 2016) as embraced by Turkey’s ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and its affective-auditory publics. Drawing on Althusser’s theories of ideology and interpellation concerning the Islamic call (Spadola, 2014), I explore AKP’s strategic use of Islamic sound as affect in governmentalizing urban space in order to understand the role that sound played in galvanizing support against the attempted coup. During the first twenty-four hours of the coup attempt, systematically regenerating discursive modes of Islamic rhetoric and sounds, utilizing the narratives of democracy, nationalism, and treachery to mobilize its publics, AKP re-cultivated the already existing polarized identity politics and recreated the sectarian spaces of belonging and otherness. I argue that AKP’s appropriation of sonic and aural qualities of Islam – particularly the public recitation of Sala (a form of Islamic call) – purposefully rechannelled the “ethical listening” (Hirschkind, 2006) of pious selves into a politically (re)functionalized listening in the populist reproduction of an Islamic soundscape. Such reproduction of the urban soundscape was responded to in a variety of ways by the mobilized auditory publics in service of the party while creating silenced private spaces of opposition.

NB: The article contains sound examples. In order to listen to embedded audio files, you must first download the pdf file and then open it with Adobe Acrobat.
When is Architecture Not Design?
Authors: Fisher Saul 
Published: January 2020

If there’s nothing more to architecture than design, and to its attendant thinking processes than design thinking, then core dimensions of the enterprise from production and use angles have no special character over and above their counterparts in general design. Yet that does not appear to be true by the lights of architects or design specialists or the public at large. So what is it, at the core or periphery of the discipline or its objects, that makes architecture not design? The ways in which architecture and design constitute artistic enterprises, drawing on and promoting aesthetic interest, differ such that architecture is not, or at least not only, a branch of or variation on design generally construed.
Arranjos produtivos regionais e consumo na região de Cachoeira do Sul-RS
Authors: Hettwer Henrique Rudolfo 
Published: January 2020

Os arranjos produtivos regionais contemporâneos de Cachoeira do Sul, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, demonstram a vulnerabilidade econômica e social da região na ascensão do neoliberalismo. Com base teórica no desenvolvimento do espaço geográfico e da região, analisamos indicadores sociais de desenvolvimento humano como empregabilidade, renda por pessoa, concentração da terra e divisão da geração de empregos por segmento econômico. Ao compararmos o desenvolvimento econômico e social de Cachoeira do Sul com outros municípios da Mesorregião Centro-Oriental Rio-grandense e Caxias do Sul, notamos contrastes consideráveis. Diante disso, questionamos os pressupostos das políticas econômicas do município e tamanhas disparidades. Mediante pesquisa realizada com 76 itens da Cesta Básica, em três redes de supermercados do município, pudemos demonstrar a desorganização produtiva local e a insignificância produtiva, no município, em itens de consumo básico da população, o que demonstra a vulnerabilidade social e o alto nível de dependência econômica externa do município.