bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dark diversity reveals importance of biotic resources and competition for plant diversity across habitats
Authors: Fløjgaard Camilla , Valdez Jose W. , Dalby Lars , Moeslund Jesper Erenskjold , Clausen Kevin K. , Ejrnæs Rasmus , Pärtel Meelis , Brunbjerg Ane Kirstine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSpecies richness is the most commonly used metric to quantify biodiversity. However, examining dark diversity, the group of missing species which can potentially inhabit a site, can provide a more thorough understanding of the processes influencing observed biodiversity and help evaluate the restoration potential of local habitats. So far, dark diversity has mainly been studied for specific habitats or large‐scale landscapes, while less attention has been given to variation across broad environmental gradients or as a result of local conditions and biotic interactions. In this study, we investigate the importance of local environmental conditions in determining dark diversity and observed richness in plant communities across broad environmental gradients. Using the ecospace concept, we investigate how these biodiversity measures relate to abiotic gradients (defined as position), availability of biotic resources (defined as expansion), spatiotemporal extent of habitats (defined as continuity), and species interactions through competition. Position variables were important for both observed diversity and dark diversity, some with quadratic relationships, for example, plant richness showing a unimodal response to soil fertility corresponding to the intermediate productivity hypothesis. Interspecific competition represented by community mean Grime C had a negative effect on plant species richness. Besides position‐related variables, organic carbon was the most important variable for dark diversity, indicating that in late‐succession habitats such as forests and shrubs, dark diversity is generally low. The importance of highly competitive species indicates that intermediate disturbance, such as grazing, may facilitate higher species richness and lower dark diversity.
Physicochemical Properties, Lipid Oxidation, and Fatty Acid Composition of Sausage Prepared with Meat of Young Nellore Bulls Fed a Diet with Lauric Acid
Authors: de Araújo Sergiane A. , Ribeiro Rebeca. D. X. , Lima Anny. G. V. O. , Nascimento Thiago V. C. , da Silva Júnior Jarbas M. , Barbosa Analivia M. , Pimentel Paulo R. S. , Santos Neiri J. A. , Bezerra Leilson. R. , Pereira Elzânia S. , Oliveira Ronaldo L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study evaluates the quality of sausage obtained from the meat of Nellore cattle fed diets containing different levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 g per kg total DM) of lauric acid (C12:0) from palm kernel cake. A linear reduction (p≤ 0.05) in lipid oxidation, as reflected by linear decreases in the lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), and saturation (C*) color parameters, is observed on days 7, 14, and 21 of maturation of sausage, and these decreases are accompanied by linear increases in the redness (a*) color and the linoleic (C18:2n–6) and linolenic (C18:3n–3) fatty acid contents. The inclusion of lauric acid in the diet induces linear reductions in the shear force and cooking loss and does not significantly affect various indices, including the centesimal composition, water activity, water holding capacity, composition of most fatty acids (FA), hypocholesterolemic‐to‐hypercholesterolemic FA ratio, atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and desirable fatty acids. The use of dietary lauric acid from palm kernel cake is recommended at doses up to 15 g per kg because its presence reduces lipid oxidation and improves color parameters, softness, and linoleic and linolenic FA without affecting the FA composition of sausage from Nellore bull's meat.Practical applications: Sausages are products manufactured from chopped or ground meats packaged into animal casings. This product appeared in Brazil through the adaptation of traditional recipes brought by German and Italian immigrant families to weather conditions and the national palate. However, due to its production characteristics, sausage can become a product with lipid characteristics that are undesirable for human consumption. The inclusion of lauric acid (C12:0) in the animal diet might change the biohydrogenation process in the rumen, improve the quality of the deposited FA and reduce lipid oxidation in sausage manufactured from meat. The FA composition and physicochemical properties of sausage predict its acceptance by the consumer market. An optimal advantage would be achieved if these products can be used as not only preservatives but also functional ingredients with antioxidant properties and products for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases through atherogenic action.
Competitive Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Carbon Nanotubes and the Impact on Bioavailability to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Linard Erica N. , Lee Cindy M. , Karanfil Tanju , van den Hurk Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Recent studies investigating the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the bioavailability of organic contaminants have mostly focused on single-solute systems; however, a more likely scenario in the natural environment is a multisolute system where chemical interactions at the surface of the CNT may alter the bioavailability of these chemicals. In the present study bisolute adsorption isotherms of pairs of chemically similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were established, in conjunction with quantifying the bioavailability of the 2 competing MWCNT-adsorbed PAHs to Pimephales promelas using bile analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The results showed that whereas adsorption and bioavailability of chemically similar PAHs (anthracene and phenanthrene, and fluoranthene and pyrene) were the same in a single-solute system, in bisolute systems, PAHs that could better align or flex with the MWCNT surface due to morphological characteristics would outcompete the more rigid or planar PAHs. The bioavailability of individual PAHs in bisolute solutions increased by as much as 50% compared with single-solute solutions. However, the relationship between adsorption (i.e., Kd) and concentration of PAH in the fish bile was similar in single and bisolute systems. This finding indicates that competitive interactions at the surface of MWCNTs influence bioavailability by way of altering adsorption affinity in a moderately predictable manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1702–1711. © 2020 SETAC
Improving the international prognostic index score using peripheral blood counts: Results of a large multicenter study involving 520 patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Marcheselli Raffaella , Bari Alessia , Tadmor Tamar , Marcheselli Luigi , Cox Maria Christina , Papotti Robel , Ferrari Angela , Baldini Luca , Gobbi Paolo , Levy Ilana , Pugliese Giuseppe , Federico Massimo , Polliack Aaron , Pozzi Samantha , Sacchi Stefano 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to assess whether it is possible to improve the prognostic impact of international prognostic index (IPI) score by combining it with peripheral blood counts. Thus, we evaluated the prognostic power of lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts in 520 patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma treated with R‐CHOP, confirming that these parameters have a strong impact on overall survival (OS). Using revised IPI (R‐IPI), 44% of patients were categorized as poor‐risk and showed an OS at 5 years of 46%. As OS at 5 years of the 520 patients is 67%, it is clearly evident that R‐IPI tends to overestimate the proportion of patients with poor prognosis. Accordingly, in an attempt to improve the discriminating power of R‐IPI, we evaluated and compared three different scores by combining the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and absolute monocyte count (AMC) with the following values: (a) IPI score 3‐5, (b) age > 60 years and performance status, (c) age  ≥ 65 years and LDH > ULN. The three indexes studied, had a similar 5 years OS for the high‐risk group (46%‐52%), but the proportion of patients classified as poor‐risk were 37%, 20%, and 32%, respectively, which are lower than 44% identified with R‐IPI. Thus, while R‐IPI overestimates the number of high‐risk patients, after applying our models, it is possible to recognize patients who are truly at high‐risk. Of the three scores, the most accurate appears to be that based on NLR, AMC, LDH > ULN and age ≥ 65 years, which identifies 32% of high‐risk patients, correlating well with what is seen in clinical practice.
Influences on the use of antidepressants in primary care: All England general practice‐level analysis of demographic, practice‐level and prescriber factors
Authors: Heald Adrian H. , Stedman Mike , Davies Mark , Farman Sanam , Upthegrove Rachel , Taylor David , Gadsby Roger 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionGeneral practice (GP) antidepressants (ADs) prescribing in England has almost doubled in the past decade: how does location, GP characteristics, and prescribing selection influence antidepressant prescribing rate (ADPR) and growth.MethodsStepwise multivariate regression analysis was applied to national public relevant data for each general practice to establish associations between these factors and ADPR. The regression coefficient was applied to the actual change in the number of different ADs and costs/dose to extrapolate the impact of these on growth.ResultsIn 2017–2018, 2.1 billion doses of antidepressant were prescribed into a population of 52 million people in 6,146 larger practices. In the model, location demographics accounted for 62% of the variation in ADPR: including practice size and health raised this to 71%, and local prescribing behaviour to 80%. Practices using more different drugs and lower‐cost/dose had higher ADPR. Extrapolation showed that 40% of growth in ADPR could be attributed to the historic changes in these factors.ConclusionsWhile practice location factors do impact on AD prescription rates, local long‐term physical health condition prevalence and prescribing behaviours are almost as important. We hope that our findings can provide insights that are helpful to local clinical behaviour and medicines management.
Crosslinking of gum‐based composite scaffolds for enhanced strength and stability: A comparative study between sodium trimetaphosphate and glutaraldehyde
Authors: Joglekar Mugdha Makrand , Ghosh Devlina , Anandan Dhivyaa , Yatham Puja , Jayant Rahul Dev , Nambiraj N. Arunai , Jaiswal Amit Kumar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTissue engineering is one of the potential fields in the domain of regenerative medicine. Engineered scaffolds are an excellent substitute for the conventional use of bone grafts as they are biocompatible, economic, and provide limitless supply with no risk of disease transmission. Gum‐based scaffolds present a good scope for studying tissue‐engineering models and analyzing controlled drug delivery. Uniform blending of the gums and the presence of the optimal concentration of appropriate crosslinkers are very crucial for biodegradability nature. Gum‐based scaffolds containing gellan gum, xanthan gum, polyvinyl alcohol, and hydroxyapatite, cross‐linked with either glutaraldehyde (GA) or sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) were fabricated to study the efficiency of crosslinkers and were characterized for degradation profile, swelling capacity, porosity, mechanical strength, morphology, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared, and in vitro biocompatibility. Scaffolds crosslinked with STMP exhibited higher degradation rate at Day 21 than scaffolds crosslinked with GA. However, higher compressive strength was obtained for scaffolds cross‐linked with STMP signifying that they have a better ability to resist compressive forces. Superior cell viability was observed in STMP‐crosslinked scaffolds. In conclusion, STMP serves as a better crosslinker in comparison to GA and can be used in the fabrication of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
FoxA2 inhibits the proliferation of hepatic progenitor cells by reducing PI3K/Akt/HK2‐mediated glycolysis
Authors: Wang Ping , Cong Min , Liu Tianhui , Li Yaqiong , Liu Lin , Sun Shujie , Sun Liying , Zhu Zhijun , Ma Hong , You Hong , Zhang Haiyan , Jia Jidong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFoxA2 is an essential transcription factor for liver organogenesis and homeostasis. Although reduced expression of FoxA2 has been associated with chronic liver diseases, hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) that are activated in these circumstances express FoxA2. However, the functional effects and underlying mechanism of FoxA2 in HPCs are still unknown. As revealed by immunostaining, HPCs expressed FoxA2 in human cirrhotic livers and in the livers of choline‐deficient diet supplemented with ethionine (CDE) rats. Knocking down FoxA2 in HPCs isolated from CDE rats significantly increased cell proliferation and aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, gene transcription, protein expression, and the enzyme activities of hexokinase 2 (HK2) were upregulated, and blocking HK2 activities via 2‐deoxyglucose markedly reduced cell proliferation and aerobic glycolysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that FoxA2 knockdown enhanced the transcription of genes involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and triggered downstream Akt phosphorylation. Blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway by Ly294002 inhibited HK2 activities, aerobic glycolysis, and cell proliferation in FoxA2‐knockdown cells. Therefore, FoxA2 plays an important role in the proliferation and inhibition of HPCs by suppressing PI3K/Akt/HK2‐regulated aerobic glycolysis.
Triptolide decreases tumor‐associated macrophages infiltration and M2 polarization to remodel colon cancer immune microenvironment via inhibiting tumor‐derived CXCL12
Authors: Jiang Xuan , Cao Gang , Gao Guangyi , Wang Wei , Zhao Jiasheng , Gao Chao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractColon cancer is a common and deadly human digestive tract malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Immunotherapy has elicited tremendous success as a treatment modality for multiple solid tumors. Triptolide is extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F which shows various pharmacological actions including antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifibrosis, and antirheumatic. However, the influence of triptolide treatment on remodeling tumor immune microenvironment is still unknown in colon cancer. This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of triptolide treatment on colon cancer and the impact on tumor immune microenvironment and its underlying mechanism. We used CT26 subcutaneous tumors to conduct in vivo experiments and HT29, CT16, and Raw264.7 cells to perform in vitro assays. Triptolide had a therapeutic effect against colon cancer in vivo. Triptolide treatment distinctly inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells and induced apoptosis in vitro. In colon cancer immune microenvironment, triptolide treatment decreased the infiltration of tumor‐associated macrophages through downregulating tumor‐derived CXCL12 expression via nuclear factor kappa B and extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 axis to remodel the immune microenvironment. Triptolide‐educated colon cancers retarded the macrophages polarize to anti‐inflammatory M2 status by decreasing the expression of Arg‐1, CD206, and interleukin‐10. Moreover, triptolide inhibited the migration of colon cancer cells via decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Our results identified the role of triptolide treatment in remodeling colon cancer immune microenvironment along with the distinct cytotoxicity function against colon cancer cells, which may provide the evidence for triptolide treatment in clinical.
Role of inflammasomes in innate host defense against Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Begum Sharmin , Gorman Hayley , Chadha Attinder , Chadee Kris 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Intestinal amebiasis is the disease caused by the extracellular protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) that induces a dynamic and heterogeneous interaction profile with the host immune system during disease pathogenesis. In 90% of asymptomatic infection, Eh resides with indigenous microbiota in the outer mucus layer of the colon without prompting an immune response. However, for reasons that remain unclear, in a minority of the Eh-infected individuals, this fine tolerated relationship is switched to a pathogenic phenotype and advanced to an increasingly complex host-parasite interaction. Eh disease susceptibility depends on parasite virulence factors and their interactions with indigenous bacteria, disruption of the mucus bilayers, and adherence to the epithelium provoking host immune cells to evoke a robust pro-inflammatory response mediated by inflammatory caspases and inflammasome activation. To understand Eh pathogenicity and innate host immune responses, this review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how Eh induces outside-in signaling via Mϕs to activate inflammatory caspases and inflammasome to regulate pro-inflammatory responses.
Influenza and COVID‐19 coinfection: Report of six cases and review of the literature
Authors: Ozaras Resat , Cirpin Rasim , Duran Arif , Duman Habibe , Arslan Ozgur , Bakcan Yasin , Kaya Metin , Mutlu Huseyin , Isayeva Leyla , Kebanlı Fatih , Deger Bekir A. , Bekeshev Eldar , Kaya Fatma , Bilir Suat 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused infection in a season when influenza is still prevalent. Both viruses have similar transmission characteristics and common clinical manifestations. Influenza has been described to cause respiratory infection with some other respiratory pathogens. However, the information of COVID‐19 and influenza coinfection is limited. In this study, we reported our coinfected cases and reviewed the literature. We included all COVID‐19 diagnosed patients. All patients with a presumed diagnosis of COVID‐19 were routinely screened for influenza. Their thorax radiology was reviewed for COVID‐19‐influenza differentiation. During the study period, 1103 patients have been diagnosed with COVID‐19. Among them, six patients (0.54%) were diagnosed coinfected with influenza. There have been 28 more coinfected patients reported. Laboratory‐based screening studies reported more patients. Thorax radiology findings were compatible with COVID‐19 in five and with influenza in one of our patients. Our cases were mild to moderate in severity. The reported cases in the literature included patients died (n = 2) and those living ventilator dependent or under mechanical ventilation. COVID‐19 and influenza coinfection is rare. Screening studies report more cases, suggesting that unless screening patients with COVID‐19, the coinfection remains undiagnosed and underestimated. Increasing experience in thoracic radiology may contribute to diagnose the responsible virus(es) from the clinical illness. Influenza vaccine for larger population groups can be recommended to simplify clinicians' work.
Increasing host cellular receptor—angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 expression by coronavirus may facilitate 2019‐nCoV (or SARS‐CoV‐2) infection
Authors: Zhuang Meng‐Wei , Cheng Yun , Zhang Jing , Jiang Xue‐Mei , Wang Li , Deng Jian , Wang Pei‐Hui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe ongoing outbreak of a new coronavirus (2019‐nCoV, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS‐CoV‐2]) has caused an epidemic of the acute respiratory syndrome known as coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in humans. SARS‐CoV‐2 rapidly spread to multiple regions of China and multiple other countries, posing a serious threat to public health. The spike (S) proteins of SARS‐CoV‐1 and SARS‐CoV‐2 may use the same host cellular receptor, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), for entering host cells. The affinity between ACE2 and the SARS‐CoV‐2 S protein is much higher than that of ACE2 binding to the SARS‐CoV S protein, explaining why SARS‐CoV‐2 seems to be more readily transmitted from human to human. Here, we report that ACE2 can be significantly upregulated after infection of various viruses, including SARS‐CoV‐1 and SARS‐CoV‐2, or by the stimulation with inflammatory cytokines such as interferons. We propose that SARS‐CoV‐2 may positively induce its cellular entry receptor, ACE2, to accelerate its replication and spread; high inflammatory cytokine levels increase ACE2 expression and act as high‐risk factors for developing COVID‐19, and the infection of other viruses may increase the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Therefore, drugs targeting ACE2 may be developed for the future emerging infectious diseases caused by this cluster of coronaviruses.
Alterted Adipogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Photobiomodulation Using 1064 nm Laser Light
Authors: McColloch Andrew , Liebman Caleb , Liu Hanli , Cho Michael 
Published: June 2020

Background and ObjectivesPhotobiomodulation (PBM) describes the influence of light irradiation on biological tissues. Laser light in the near‐infrared (NIR) spectrum has been shown to mitigate pain, reduce inflammation, and promote wound healing. The cellular mechanism that mediates PBM's effects is generally accepted to be at the site of the mitochondria, leading to an increased flux through the electron transport chain and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Moreover, PBM has been demonstrated to reduce oxidative stress through an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐sequestering enzymes. The aim of the study is to determine whether these PBM‐induced effects expedite or interfere with the intended stem cell differentiation to the adipogenic lineage.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTo determine the effects of 1064 nm laser irradiation (fluence of 8.8–26.4 J/cm2) on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) undergoing adipogenic differentiation, the ATP and ROS levels, and adipogenic markers were quantitatively measured.ResultsAt a low fluence (8.8 J/cm2) the ATP increase was essentially negligible, whereas a higher fluence induced a significant increase. In the laser‐stimulated cells, PBM over time decreased the ROS level compared with the non‐treated control group and significantly reduced the extent of adipogenesis. A reduction in the ROS level was correlated with a diminished lipid accumulation, reduced production of adipose‐specific genetic markers, and delayed the chemically intended adipogenesis.ConclusionWe characterized the use of NIR light exposure to modulate adipogenesis. Both the ATP and ROS levels in hMSCs responded to different energy densities. The current study is expected to contribute significantly to the growing field of PBM as well as stem cell tissue engineering by demonstrating the wavelength‐dependent responses of hMSC differentiation. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Preparation and corrosion resistance of short basalt fiber/7075 aluminum composite
Authors: Ma Yinlong , Xiong Hongwei , Chen Baoyi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAiming at the problem of poor corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy drill pipe materials in an alkaline environment, an innovative short basalt fiber/aluminum composite is prepared by vacuum hot‐press sintering technique. Also, the corrosion behavior of the composites is investigated by hydrogen evolution and electrochemical tests. The results show that the corrosion resistance of 7075 aluminum alloy is significantly improved after adding 1.0 wt% short basalt fiber. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the main component of basalt fiber, SiO2, reacts with the aluminum matrix to produce a large amount of Al2O3. Meanwhile, Si atoms diffuse into the metal melt. This reaction improves the strength and density of the oxide film of the composite material, thereby improving its corrosion resistance.