bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for disruptive behaviours: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of quasi-experimental evidence
Authors: Karwatowska Lucy , Russell Simon , Solmi Francesca , De Stavola Bianca Lucia , Jaffee Sara , Pingault Jean-Baptiste , Viding Essi 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionDisruptive behaviour disorders, including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, are a common set of diagnoses in childhood and adolescence, with global estimates of 5.7%, 3.6% and 2.1% for any disruptive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, respectively. There are high economic and social costs associated with disruptive behaviours and the prevalence of these disorders has increased in recent years. As such, disruptive behaviours represent an escalating major public health concern and it is important to understand what factors may influence the risk of these behaviours. Such research would inform interventions that aim to prevent the development of disruptive behaviours. The current review will identify the most stringent evidence of putative risk factors for disruptive behaviour from quasi-experimental studies, which enable stronger causal inference.Methods and analysisThe review will be carried out according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic search of references published between 1 January 1980 and 1 March 2020 will be conducted using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Initial abstract and title screening, full-text screening and data extraction will be completed independently by two reviewers using Evidence for Policy and Practice Information (EPPI)-Reviewer 4 software. Quasi-experimental studies in the English language examining the association between any putative risk factor and a clearly defined measure of disruptive behaviour (eg, a validated questionnaire measure) will be included. We will conduct meta-analyses if we can pool a minimum of three similar studies with the same or similar exposures and outcomes.Ethics and disseminationThe proposed review does not require ethical approval. The results will help to identify risk factors for which there is strong evidence of causal effects on disruptive behaviours and also highlight potential risk factors that require further research. The findings will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and through presentations at international meetings and conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020169313.
Inferred duration of infectious period of SARS-CoV-2: rapid scoping review and analysis of available evidence for asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 cases
Authors: Byrne Andrew William , McEvoy David , Collins Aine B , Hunt Kevin , Casey Miriam , Barber Ann , Butler Francis , Griffin John , Lane Elizabeth A , McAloon Conor , O'Brien Kirsty , Wall Patrick , Walsh Kieran A , More Simon J 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesOur objective was to review the literature on the inferred duration of the infectious period of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, and provide an overview of the variation depending on the methodological approach.DesignRapid scoping review. Literature review with fixed search terms, up to 1 April 2020. Central tendency and variation of the parameter estimates for infectious period in (A) asymptomatic and (B) symptomatic cases from (1) virological studies (repeated testing), (2) tracing studies and (3) modelling studies were gathered. Narrative review of viral dynamics.Information sourcesSearch strategies developed and the following searched: PubMed, Google Scholar, MedRxiv and BioRxiv. Additionally, the Health Information Quality Authority (Ireland) viral load synthesis was used, which screened literature from PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, NHS evidence, Cochrane, medRxiv and bioRxiv, and HRB open databases.ResultsThere was substantial variation in the estimates, and how infectious period was inferred. One study provided approximate median infectious period for asymptomatic cases of 6.5–9.5 days. Median presymptomatic infectious period across studies varied over <1–4 days. Estimated mean time from symptom onset to two negative RT-PCR tests was 13.4 days (95% CI 10.9 to 15.8) but was shorter when studies included children or less severe cases. Estimated mean duration from symptom onset to hospital discharge or death (potential maximal infectious period) was 18.1 days (95% CI 15.1 to 21.0); time to discharge was on average 4 days shorter than time to death. Viral dynamic data and model infectious parameters were often shorter than repeated diagnostic data.ConclusionsThere are limitations of inferring infectiousness from repeated diagnosis, viral loads and viral replication data alone and also potential patient recall bias relevant to estimating exposure and symptom onset times. Despite this, available data provide a preliminary evidence base to inform models of central tendency for key parameters and variation for exploring parameter space and sensitivity analysis.
Hypertension prevalence, associated factors, treatment and control in rural Cameroon: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Simo Larissa Pone , Agbor Valirie Ndip , Noubiap Jean Jacques N , Nana Orlin Pagnol , Nkosu Pride Swiri-Muya , Anouboweh Arnold Forlemu Asaah , Ndi Jude Nfor , Mbock Jacques Nguend , Bakari Noel Fils , Tambou Harold Giovani Guifo , Mbanya Dora 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionSub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a surge in the burden of hypertension, and rural communities are increasingly affected by the epidemic.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with hypertension in rural communities of the Baham Health District (BHD), Cameroon. In addition, we sought to assess awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension among community members.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study.SettingParticipants from five health areas in the BHD were recruited from August to October 2018.ParticipantsConsenting participants aged 18 years and above were included.ResultsWe included 526 participants in this study. The median age of the participants was 53.0 (IQR=35–65) years and 67.1% were female. The crude prevalence of hypertension was 40.9% (95% CI=36.7–45.1) with no gender disparity. The age-standardised prevalence of hypertension was 23.9% (95% CI=20.3–27.5). Five-year increase in age (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.34; 95% CI=1.23–1.44), family history of hypertension (AOR=2.22; 95% CI=1.37–3.60) and obesity (AOR=2.57; 95% CI=1.40–4.69) were associated with higher odds of hypertension after controlling for confounding. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were 37.2% (95% CI=31.0–43.9), 20.9% (95% CI=16.0–26.9) and 22.2% (95% CI=12.2– 37.0), respectively.ConclusionThe high prevalence of hypertension in these rural communities is associated with contrastingly low awareness, treatment and control rates. Age, family history of hypertension and obesity are the major drivers of hypertension in this community. Veracious policies are needed to improve awareness, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control of hypertension in these rural communities.
Personal hygiene risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis
Authors: Stellwagen Anna , MacGregor Cheryl , Kung Roger , Konstantopoulos Aristides , Hossain Parwez 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveMicrobial keratitis is a sight-threatening complication of contact lens wear, which affects thousands of patients and causes a significant burden on healthcare services. This study aims to identify compliance with contact lens care recommendations and identify personal hygiene risk factors in patients who develop contact lens-related microbial keratitis.Methods and analysisA case–control study was conducted at the University Hospital Southampton Eye Casualty from October to December 2015. Two participant groups were recruited: cases were contact lens wearers presenting with microbial keratitis and controls were contact lens wearers without infection. Participants underwent face-to-face interviews to identify lens wear practices, including lens type, hours of wear, personal hygiene and sleeping and showering in lenses. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to compare groups.Results37 cases and 41 controls were identified. Showering in contact lenses was identified as the greatest risk factor (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 8.5; p=0.03), with showering daily in lenses compared with never, increasing the risk of microbial keratitis by over seven times (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 2.1 to 24.6; p=0.002). Other risks included sleeping in lenses (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 8.6; p=0.026), and being aged 25–39 (OR, 6.38; 95% CI, 1.56 to 26.10; p=0.010) and 40–54 (OR, 4.00; 95% CI 0.96 to 16.61; p=0.056).ConclusionThe greatest personal hygiene risk factor for contact lens-related microbial keratitis was showering while wearing lenses, with an OR of 3.1, which increased to 7.1 if patients showered daily in lenses. The OR for sleeping in lenses was 3.1, and the most at-risk age group was 25–54.
Pragmatic posterior capsular stretch and its effects on shoulder joint range of motion
Authors: Keramat Keramat Ullah , Naveed Babur Muhammad 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the immediate effects of pragmatic posterior capsular stretch (PPCS) on shoulder joint range of motion (ROM).MethodA quasi-experimental design was used to recruit healthy subjects of age 21.43 (±1.960) years, height 165.8 (±2.1069) cm and weight 63.90 (±13.187) kg. Inclusion criteria were grade 1 and grade 2 of the shoulder mobility test of functional movement screening. Preintervention and postintervention measurement of flexion, abduction, internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), reaching up behind the back (RUBTB) and reaching down behind the neck (RDBTN) were compared. A therapist-administered PPCS was the only intervention applied.ResultsPaired t-test statistics showed improvement (mean°±SD) in shoulder flexion (13.5°±8.11), abduction (11°±8.35), IR (8.5°±10.27), ER (7.83°±7.15), RUBTB (17.34°±13.81) inches and RDBTN (2.93±1.52) inches. The changes in these ROM and functional movements were statistically significant (p<0.05).ConclusionPPCS can effectively improve the functional movement of RUBTB and shoulder ROM in healthy subjects. It is recommended for the trials on prevention and rehabilitation of shoulder pathologies.Trial registration numberNCT04242888.
Natural and anthropogenic sources of copper to organic soils: a global, geochemical perspective
Authors: Shotyk W. 
Published: September 2020

Copper (Cu) is essential for all organisms but is commonly deficient in organic soils or found locally in excess. Natural and anthropogenic inputs of Cu were examined using 32 peat cores from bogs in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Greenland, and Antarctica. The natural abundance of Cu in ombrotrophic (rainwater-fed) peat was studied using (1) samples from pre-industrial periods (representing background values), (2) bromine (Br) concentrations and the background Cu/Br ratio, and (3) cores from remote locations. Etang de la Gruère in Switzerland provides a record of 15 000 yr of peat accumulation. The lowest Cu concentrations (1.0 ± 0.20 mg·kg−1) are found in 18 peat layers dating from ca. 6000 to 9000 cal yr BP, when atmospheric deposition of soil-derived dust was at a minimum. Similar background values occur in peat bogs from other regions. Recent peat layers from bogs in developed areas reveal much greater concentrations. Using the Cu/Br ratio, “excess” Cu in peat profiles can be calculated and attributed either to anthropogenic inputs in recent peats or natural inputs from mineral–water interactions in deeper layers. Peat cores from remote regions of northern Alberta show little or no evidence of anthropogenic Cu.
Leaching loss of dissolved organic nitrogen from cropland ecosystems
Authors: Liang Hao , Gao Songjuan , Qi Zhiming , Hu Kelin , Xu Junzeng 
Published: September 2020

Although widely studied in grassland and forest ecosystems, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), an important form of nitrogen (N) lost through leaching, has received little attention in cropland ecosystem research. A global literature review and partial least squares path modeling (PLS–PM) were adopted to assess the quantity and composition of N leaching loss under different cropping systems, soil types, and management practices, as well as to identify the major factors controlling DON leaching. Annual total dissolved nitrogen (TDN, organic + inorganic N) leaching under different cropping systems ranged from 4.0 to 383.2 kg N ha−1. Vegetable and rice production systems showed the greatest and least TDN leaching, respectively. Across different cropping systems, DON accounted for 4.7%–34.9% of TDN in leachate. The NH4 +–N form of N leaching is negligible in most upland cropping systems (<2.3%), but not so in lowland rice systems. The largest ratio of DON leaching to TDN leaching was found in a rice–wheat rotation (34.9%). Catch crop slightly increased DON leaching; however, it greatly decreased TDN leaching. Cropping systems in which animal manure or plant compost was applied or lowland rice was included showed a relatively high DON leaching ratio. Accordingly, in investigating DON leaching, more attention should be focused on cropping systems with manure application or lowland rice systems. Compared with climatic conditions and soil properties, field management practices (irrigation, chemical N input, and manure amendments) proved to be the factors most strongly influencing DON leaching. This suggests that optimizing water and N management practices is the most effective way of reducing the risk of DON leaching and increasing N use efficiency, particularly for vegetable and rice production systems.
The Convergence of the Legendre–Galerkin Spectral Method for Constructing Atmospheric Acoustic Normal Modes
Authors: Evans Richard B. 
Published: September 2020

The asymptotic rate of convergence of the Legendre–Galerkin spectral approximation to an atmospheric acoustic eigenvalue problem is established, as the dimension of the approximating subspace approaches infinity. Convergence is in the [Formula: see text] Sobolev norm and is based on the existing theory [F. Chatelin, Spectral Approximations of Linear Operators (SIAM, 2011)]. The assumption is made that the eigenvalues are simple. Numerical results that help interpret the theory are presented. Eigenvalues corresponding to acoustic modes with smaller [Formula: see text] norms are especially accurately approximated, even with lower dimensioned basis sets of Legendre polynomials. The deficiencies in the potential applications of the theoretical results are noted in connection with the numerical examples.
EZH2 Regulates Pancreatic Cancer Subtype Identity and Tumor Progression via Transcriptional Repression of GATA6
Authors: Patil Shilpa , Steuber Benjamin , Kopp Waltraut , Kari Vijayalakshmi , Urbach Laura , Wang Xin , Küffer Stefan , Bohnenberger Hanibal , Spyropoulou Dimitra , Zhang Zhe , Versemann Lennart , Bösherz Mark Sebastian , Brunner Marius , Gaedcke Jochen , Ströbel Philipp , Zhang Jin-San , Neesse Albrecht , Ellenrieder Volker , Singh Shiv K. , Johnsen Steven A. , Hessmann Elisabeth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Recent studies have thoroughly described genome-wide expression patterns defining molecular subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), with different prognostic and predictive implications. Although the reversible nature of key regulatory transcription circuits defining the two extreme PDAC subtype lineages “classical” and “basal-like” suggests that subtype states are not permanently encoded but underlie a certain degree of plasticity, pharmacologically actionable drivers of PDAC subtype identity remain elusive. Here, we characterized the mechanistic and functional implications of the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in controlling PDAC plasticity, dedifferentiation, and molecular subtype identity. Utilization of transgenic PDAC models and human PDAC samples linked EZH2 activity to PDAC dedifferentiation and tumor progression. Combined RNA- and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing studies identified EZH2 as a pivotal suppressor of differentiation programs in PDAC and revealed EZH2-dependent transcriptional repression of the classical subtype defining transcription factor Gata6 as a mechanistic basis for EZH2-dependent PDAC progression. Importantly, genetic or pharmacologic depletion of EZH2 sufficiently increased GATA6 expression, thus inducing a gene signature shift in favor of a less aggressive and more therapy-susceptible, classical PDAC subtype state. Consistently, abrogation of GATA6 expression in EZH2-deficient PDAC cells counteracted the acquisition of classical gene signatures and rescued their invasive capacities, suggesting that GATA6 derepression is critical to overcome PDAC progression in the context of EZH2 inhibition. Together, our findings link the EZH2-GATA6 axis to PDAC subtype identity and uncover EZH2 inhibition as an appealing strategy to induce subtype-switching in favor of a less aggressive PDAC phenotype.

Significance:
This study highlights the role of EZH2 in PDAC progression and molecular subtype identity and suggests EZH2 inhibition as a strategy to recalibrate GATA6 expression in favor of a less aggressive disease.
Sebaceous Carcinoma Epidemiology and Genetics: Emerging Concepts and Clinical Implications for Screening, Prevention, and Treatment
Authors: Sargen Michael R. , Starrett Gabriel J. , Engels Eric A. , Cahoon Elizabeth K. , Tucker Margaret A. , Goldstein Alisa M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSebaceous carcinoma is an aggressive skin cancer with a 5-year overall survival rate of 78% for localized/regional disease and 50% for metastatic disease. The incidence of this cancer has been increasing in the United States for several decades, but the underlying reasons for this increase are unclear. In this article, we review the epidemiology and genetics of sebaceous carcinoma, including recent population data and tumor genomic analyses that provide new insights into underlying tumor biology. We further discuss emerging evidence of a possible viral etiology for this cancer. Finally, we review the clinical implications of recent advances in sebaceous carcinoma research for screening, prevention, and treatment.
Impact of Left Ventricular Function and Heart Failure Symptoms on Outcomes Post Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure
Authors: Sohns Christian , Zintl Konstantin , Zhao Yan , Dagher Lilas , Andresen Dietrich , Siebels Jürgen , Wegscheider Karl , Sehner Susanne , Boersma Lucas , Merkely Béla , Pokushalov Evgeny , Sanders Prashanthan , Schunkert Heribert , Bänsch Dietmar , Mahnkopf Christian , Brachmann Johannes , Marrouche Nassir F. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Recent data demonstrate promising effects on left ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement following ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure. We sought to study the relationship between LVEF, New York Heart Association class on presentation, and the end points of mortality and heart failure admissions in the CASTLE-AF study (Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation With Heart Failure) population. Furthermore, predictors for LVEF improvement were examined.

Methods:
The CASTLE-AF patients with coexisting heart failure and AF (n=363) were randomized in a multicenter prospective controlled fashion to ablation (n=179) versus pharmacological therapy (n=184). Left ventricular function and New York Heart Association class were assessed at baseline (after randomization) and at each follow-up visit.

Results:

In the ablation arm, a significantly higher number of patients experienced an improvement in their LVEF to >35% at the end of the study (odds ratio, 2.17;
P
<0.001). Compared with the pharmacological therapy arm, both ablation patient groups with severe (<20%) or moderate/severe (≥20% and <35%) baseline LVEF had a significantly lower number of composite end points (hazard ratio [HR], 0.60;
P
=0.006), all-cause mortality (HR, 0.54;
P
=0.019), and cardiovascular hospitalizations (HR, 0.66;
P
=0.017). In the ablation group, New York Heart Association I/II patients at the time of treatment had the strongest improvement in clinical outcomes (primary end point: HR, 0.43;
P
<0.001; mortality: HR, 0.30;
P
=0.001).

Conclusions:
Compared with pharmacological treatment, AF ablation was associated with a significant improvement in LVEF, independent from the severity of left ventricular dysfunction. AF ablation should be performed at early stages of the patient’s heart failure symptoms.
Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment and Classification of In-Hospital Mortality Risk Among Patients With Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Thayer Katherine L. , Zweck Elric , Ayouty Mohyee , Garan A. Reshad , Hernandez-Montfort Jaime , Mahr Claudius , Morine Kevin J. , Newman Sarah , Jorde Lena , Haywood Jillian L. , Harwani Neil M. , Esposito Michele L. , Davila Carlos D. , Wencker Detlef , Sinha Shashank S. , Vorovich Esther , Abraham Jacob , O’Neill William , Udelson James , Burkhoff Daniel , Kapur Navin K. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Risk stratifying patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) is a major unmet need. The recently proposed Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) stages as an approach to identify patients at risk for in-hospital mortality remains under investigation. We studied the utility of the SCAI stages and further explored the impact of hemodynamic congestion on clinical outcomes.

Methods:
The CS Working Group registry includes patients with CS from 8 medical centers enrolled between 2016 and 2019. Patients were classified by the maximum SCAI stage (B–E) reached during their hospital stay according to drug and device utilization. In-hospital mortality was evaluated for association with SCAI stages and hemodynamic congestion.

Results:

Of the 1414 patients with CS, the majority were due to decompensated heart failure (50%) or myocardial infarction (MI; 35%). In-hospital mortality was 31% for the total cohort, but higher among patients with MI (41% versus 26%, MI versus heart failure,
P
<0.0001). Risk for in-hospital mortality was associated with increasing SCAI stage (odds ratio [95% CI], 3.25 [2.63–4.02]) in both MI and heart failure cohorts. Hemodynamic data was available in 1116 (79%) patients. Elevated biventricular filling pressures were common among patients with CS, and right atrial pressure was associated with increased mortality and higher SCAI Stage.

Conclusions:
Our findings support an association between the proposed SCAI staging system and in-hospital mortality among patient with heart failure and MI. We further identify that venous congestion is common and identifies patients with CS at high risk for in-hospital mortality. These findings provide may inform future management protocols and clinical studies.