bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposing Minimum Requirements for Announcing Clinical Trial Results During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Siedner Mark J , Gandhi Rajesh T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, results from at least six major randomized clinical trials studying management of COVID-19 have been announced via press release. Given the unique nature of the pandemic, results of such trials often have immediate and worldwide relevance. Yet, while press releases serve the important purpose of disseminating top-level results quickly, they are inherently limited in scope, and rarely include sufficient data to inform practice. Herein, we propose a minimum set of trial characteristics and results to be released simultaneously with clinical trial announcements. This practice will ensure data related to the management of COVID-19 can be used to appropriately impact care, while responding to the needs of diverse stakeholders in the scientific and publishing communities, as well as the public at large.
Integrating Geospatial Data and Social Media in Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory Models to Capture Human Nature Interactions
Authors: Larkin Andrew , Hystad Perry 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Contact with nature has been linked to human health, but little information is available for how individuals utilize urban nature. We developed a bidirectional long short-term memory model for classifying whether tweets describe the proposed pathways through which nature influences health: exercise, aesthetic stimulation, stress reduction, safety, air pollution mediation, and/or social interaction. To adjust for regional variations in urban nature context, we integrated OpenStreetMap data on nature and non-nature features for each long-short term memory cell. Training (n = 63073), development (n = 5000), and test (n = 5000) sets consisted of labeled tweets from Portland, Oregon. Tweets from New York City (NYC) (n = 5000) were also labeled to test generalizability. The model was applied retrospectively to 20 million tweets from 2017 and continuously to Meetup posts for 7,708 cities in North America. F1Scores ranged from 0.54 to 0.82 in the NYC dataset, a 24% to 92% improvement over current methods. Precision ranged from 0.58 to 0.83, while recall ranged from 0.39 to 0.81. Adding OpenStreetMap features led to greater percent and absolute F1Scores in NYC compared to Portland. Average F1Scores were greater in models with a nature label in addition to human behavior labels (0.59 vs. 0.65), suggesting health behaviors are influenced by urban nature.
Imaging predictors of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: left ventricular work asymmetry by echocardiography and septal viability by cardiac magnetic resonance
Authors: Aalen John M , Donal Erwan , Larsen Camilla K , Duchenne Jürgen , Lederlin Mathieu , Cvijic Marta , Hubert Arnaud , Voros Gabor , Leclercq Christophe , Bogaert Jan , Hopp Einar , Fjeld Jan Gunnar , Penicka Martin , Linde Cecilia , Aalen Odd O , Kongsgård Erik , Galli Elena , Voigt Jens-Uwe , Smiseth Otto A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Aims
Left ventricular (LV) failure in left bundle branch block is caused by loss of septal function and compensatory hyperfunction of the LV lateral wall (LW) which stimulates adverse remodelling. This study investigates if septal and LW function measured as myocardial work, alone and combined with assessment of septal viability, identifies responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).

Methods and results
In a prospective multicentre study of 200 CRT recipients, myocardial work was measured by pressure-strain analysis and viability by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging (n = 125). CRT response was defined as ≥15% reduction in LV end-systolic volume after 6 months. Before CRT, septal work was markedly lower than LW work (P &lt; 0.0001), and the difference was largest in CRT responders (P &lt; 0.001). Work difference between septum and LW predicted CRT response with area under the curve (AUC) 0.77 (95% CI: 0.70–0.84) and was feasible in 98% of patients. In patients undergoing CMR, combining work difference and septal viability significantly increased AUC to 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81–0.95). This was superior to the predictive power of QRS morphology, QRS duration and the echocardiographic parameters septal flash, apical rocking, and systolic stretch index. Accuracy was similar for the subgroup of patients with QRS 120–150 ms as for the entire study group. Both work difference alone and work difference combined with septal viability predicted long-term survival without heart transplantation with hazard ratio 0.36 (95% CI: 0.18–0.74) and 0.21 (95% CI: 0.072–0.61), respectively.

Conclusion
Assessment of myocardial work and septal viability identified CRT responders with high accuracy.
Fusion-Independent Satellite Cell Communication to Muscle Fibers During Load-Induced Hypertrophy
Authors: Murach Kevin A , Vechetti Ivan J , Van Pelt Douglas W , Crow Samuel E , Dungan Cory M , Figueiredo Vandre C , Kosmac Kate , Fu Xu , Richards Christopher I , Fry Christopher S , McCarthy John J , Peterson Charlotte A 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe “canonical” function of Pax7+ muscle stem cells (satellite cells) during hypertrophic growth of adult muscle fibers is myonuclear donation via fusion to support increased transcriptional output. In recent years, however, emerging evidence suggests that satellite cells play an important secretory role in promoting load-mediated growth. Utilizing genetically modified mouse models of delayed satellite cell fusion and in vivo extracellular vesicle (EV) tracking, we provide evidence for satellite cell communication to muscle fibers during hypertrophy. Myogenic progenitor cell-EV-mediated communication to myotubes in vitro influences extracellular matrix (ECM)-related gene expression, which is congruent with in vivo overload experiments involving satellite cell depletion, as well as in silico analyses. Satellite cell-derived EVs can transfer a Cre-induced, cytoplasmic-localized fluorescent reporter to muscle cells as well as microRNAs that regulate ECM genes such as matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9), which may facilitate growth. Delayed satellite cell fusion did not limit long-term load-induced muscle hypertrophy indicating that early fusion-independent communication from satellite cells to muscle fibers is an underappreciated aspect of satellite cell biology. We cannot exclude the possibility that satellite cell-mediated myonuclear accretion is necessary to maintain prolonged growth, specifically in the later phases of adaptation, but these data collectively highlight how EV delivery from satellite cells can directly contribute to mechanical load-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy, independent of cell fusion to the fiber.
Is Sensory Loss an Understudied Risk Factor for Frailty? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Tan Benjamin Kye Jyn , Man Ryan Eyn Kidd , Gan Alfred Tau Liang , Fenwick Eva K , Varadaraj Varshini , Swenor Bonnielin K , Gupta Preeti , Wong Tien Yin , Trevisan Caterina , Lorenzo-López Laura , Maseda Ana , Millán-Calenti José Carlos , Schwanke Carla Helena Augustin , Liljas Ann , Al Snih Soham , Tokuda Yasuharu , Lamoureux Ecosse Luc 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAge-related sensory loss and frailty are common conditions among older adults, but epidemiologic research on their possible links has been inconclusive. Clarifying this relationship is important because sensory loss may be a clinically relevant risk factor for frailty.MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched 3 databases for observational studies investigating 4 sensory impairments—vision (VI), hearing (HI), smell (SI), and taste (TI)—and their relationships with frailty. We meta-analyzed the cross-sectional associations of VI/HI each with pre-frailty and frailty, investigated sources of heterogeneity using meta-regression and subgroup analyses, and assessed publication bias using Egger’s test.ResultsWe included 17 cross-sectional and 7 longitudinal studies in our review (N = 34,085) from 766 records. Our cross-sectional meta-analyses found that HI and VI were, respectively, associated with 1.5- to 2-fold greater odds of pre-frailty and 2.5- to 3-fold greater odds of frailty. Our results remained largely unchanged after subgroup analyses and meta-regression, though the association between HI and pre-frailty was no longer significant in 2 subgroups which lacked sufficient studies. We did not detect publication bias. Longitudinal studies largely found positive associations between VI/HI and frailty progression from baseline robustness, though they were inconclusive about frailty progression from baseline pre-frailty. Sparse literature and heterogenous methods precluded meta-analyses and conclusions on the SI/TI–frailty relationships.ConclusionsOur meta-analyses demonstrate significant cross-sectional associations between VI/HI with pre-frailty and frailty. Our review also highlights knowledge gaps on the directionality and modifiability of these relationships and the impact of SI/TI and multiple sensory impairments on frailty.
Social Integration, Daily Discrimination, and Biological Markers of Health in Mid- and Later Life: Does Self-Esteem Play an Intermediary Role?
Authors: Stokes Jeffrey E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
This cross-sectional study examines associations of social integration and daily discrimination with 4 biological markers of inflammation and cardiovascular health and tests whether self-esteem may mediate any of these effects.

Research Design and Methods
Data came from 746 participants of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher (2011–2014) and MIDUS Refresher Biomarker Project (2012–2016). Structural equation modeling estimated direct and indirect associations of social integration and daily discrimination with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6.

Results
Social integration and daily discrimination were both significantly associated with self-esteem, which was in turn associated with HbA1c, HDL, and interleukin-6 levels. Social integration was indirectly associated with HbA1c, HDL, and interleukin-6 via self-esteem. Daily discrimination was directly associated with HbA1c, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 and was indirectly associated with HDL and interleukin-6 via self-esteem.

Discussion and Implications
Findings identify social correlates of inflammation and cardiovascular risk and suggest that self-esteem may serve as a pathway for effects. Overall, results were somewhat mixed: Daily discrimination was directly associated with both self-esteem and 3 of the 4 biological markers of health; however, although social integration was strongly associated with self-esteem, it was only weakly and indirectly associated with biological health markers. Moreover, the indirect effects of daily discrimination on the biomarker outcomes—while significant—were notably smaller than its direct effects. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are discussed, including the need for further study of self-esteem and physical health across mid- and later life.
A Strategy to Prepare Primary Care Clinicians for Discussing Stopping Cancer Screening With Adults Older Than 75 Years
Authors: Schonberg Mara A , Karamourtopoulos Maria , Jacobson Alicia R , Aliberti Gianna M , Pinheiro Adlin , Smith Alexander K , Davis Roger B , Schuttner Linnaea C , Hamel Mary Beth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Adults older than 75 years are overscreened for cancer, especially those with less than 10-year life expectancy. This study aimed to learn the effects of providing primary care providers (PCPs) with scripts for discussing stopping mammography and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and with information on patient’s 10-year life expectancy on their patients’ intentions to be screened for these cancers.

Research Design and Methods
Patient participants, identified via PCP appointment logs, completed a questionnaire pre- and postvisit. Primary care providers were given scripts for discussing stopping screening and information on patient’s 10-year life expectancy before these visits. Primary care providers completed a questionnaire at the end of the study. Patients and PCPs were asked about discussing stopping cancer screening and patient life expectancy. Patient screening intentions (1–15 Likert scale; lower scores suggest lower intentions) were compared pre- and postvisit using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results
Ninety patients older than 75 years (47% of eligible patients reached by phone) from 45 PCPs participated. Patient mean age was 80.0 years (SD = 2.9), 43 (48%) were female, and mean life expectancy was 9.7 years (SD = 2.4). Thirty-seven PCPs (12 community-based) completed a questionnaire. Primary care providers found the scripts helpful (32 [89%]) and thought they would use them frequently (29 [81%]). Primary care providers also found patient life expectancy information helpful (35 [97%]). However, only 8 PCPs (22%) reported feeling comfortable discussing patient life expectancy. Patients’ intentions to undergo CRC screening (9.0 [SD = 5.3] to 6.5 [SD = 6.0], p &lt; .0001) and mammography screening (12.9 [SD = 3.0] to 11.7 [SD = 4.9], p = .08) decreased from pre- to postvisit (significantly for CRC). Sixty-three percent of patients (54/86) were interested in discussing life expectancy with their PCP previsit and 56% (47/84) postvisit.

Discussion and Implications
PCPs found scripts for discussing stopping cancer screening and information on patient life expectancy helpful. Possibly, as a result, their patients older than 75 years had lower intentions of being screened for CRC.

Clinical Trials Registration Number
NCT03480282
The Concept of Structural Human Rights in the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Leloup Mathieu 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
This article introduces the concept of structural human rights in the context of the European Convention on Human Rights. It starts from the observation that the current understanding of human rights obligations does not account for all the effects that the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights have in practice. To comply with their obligations under the Convention, States Parties may be required to modify their very institutional architecture. The article argues that this is a consequence of structural human rights. These are fundamental rights that, when enforced, may impose structural obligations, requiring changes to a State's governmental structure. The article offers a theoretical underpinning of the concept and indicates the benefits of understanding Convention rights also in a structural way. Furthermore, the notion is conceptualised further by way of an overview of several strands of case law, demonstrating the way in which Convention rights can develop their structural nature and what kind of structural effects they may have.
Assessing the effectiveness of vehicle emission regulations on improving perinatal health: a population-based accountability study
Authors: Willis Mary D , Hill Elaine L , Kile Molly L , Carozza Susan , Hystad Perry 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Since the 1990s, extensive regulations to reduce traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) have been implemented, yet the effectiveness of these regulations has not been assessed with respect to improving infant health. In this study, we evaluate how infant health risks associated with maternal residences near highways during pregnancy have changed over time.

Methods
We created a population-based retrospective birth cohort with geocoded residential addresses in Texan metropolitan areas from 1996 through 2009 (n = 2 259 411). We compared term birthweight (37–42 weeks of gestation) among maternal residences &lt;300 m from a highway (high TRAP exposure) (n = 394 346) and 500–3500 m from a highway (comparison group) (n = 1 865 065). We implemented linear regressions to evaluate interactions between high TRAP exposure and birth year, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status and neighbourhood context. In addition, we used propensity score matching to further reduce residual confounding.

Results
From 1996 to 2009, outdoor NO2 decreased by 51.3%, based on regulatory monitoring data in Texas. Among pregnant women who resided in the high TRAP zone during pregnancy, interaction terms between residential location and birth year show that birthweight increased by 1.1 g [95% confidence interval CI): 0.7, 1.5) in unadjusted models and 0.3 g (95% CI: 0.0, 0.6) in matched models. Time-stratified models also show decreasing impacts of living in high TRAP areas on birthweight when comparing infants born in 1996–97 with 2008–09. Sensitivity analyses with alternative exposure and control groups show consistent results.

Conclusions
Infant health risks associated with maternal residence near highways have reduced over time, paralleling regulatory measures to improve exhaust pipe emissions.
BCG Vaccine Protection Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection by Level of Exposure in The Gambia
Authors: Campbell Nicola , Verrall Ayesha J , Donkor Simon , Sutherland Jayne S , Hill Philip C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In Indonesia, BCG vaccine protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection decreased with increasing exposure to the pathogen. We aimed to validate these findings in Africa. Poisson regression was used to estimate BCG protection, stratified by pathogen exposure using an exposure score, against enzyme-linked immunospot assay conversion at 3 months in 220 Gambian case contacts. Although the interaction between BCG and exposure was not significant (P = .13), BCG protection was strongest in the lowest-exposure tertile (relative risk, 0.35 [95% confidence interval, .15–.82; P = .02] vs 0.50 [.30–.83; P = .008] and 0.71 (.45–1.13; P = .1] for the middle and highest-exposure tertiles, respectively. These results are consistent with those from Indonesia.
Hybrid volumetric-modulated arc therapy for postoperative breast cancer including regional lymph nodes: the advantage of dosimetric data and safety of toxicities
Authors: Doi Yoshiko , Nakao Minoru , Miura Hideharu , Ozawa Shuichi , Kenjo Masahiro , Nagata Yasushi 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
To improve the homogeneity and conformity of the irradiation dose for postoperative breast cancer including regional lymph nodes, we planned Hybrid volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), which combines conventional tangential field mainly for the chest area and VMAT mainly for the supraclavicular area and marginal zone. In this study, we compared the dosimetric impact between traditional 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and Hybrid VMAT and observed toxicities following Hybrid VMAT. A total of 70 patients indicated between October 2016 and December 2017 were included. The prescribed dose was 50 Gy/25 fractions. For the dosimetric impact, 3DCRT and Hybrid VMAT plans were compared in each patient with respect to the dosimetric parameters. Toxicities were followed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The median follow-up duration was 319 days. For the dosimetric impact, the homogeneity index (HI) and conformity index (CI) of PTV were significantly improved in the Hybrid VMAT plan compared with that in the 3DCRT plan (HI, 0.15 ± 0.07 in Hybrid VMAT vs 0.41 ± 0.19 in 3DCRT, P &lt; 0.001; CI, 1.61 ± 0.44 in Hybrid VMAT vs 2.10 ± 0.56 in 3DCRT, P &lt; 0.001). The mean irradiated ipsilateral lung dose was not significantly different in both plans (12.0 ± 2.4 Gy in Hybrid VMAT vs 11.8 ± 2.8 Gy in 3DCRT, P &lt; 0.533). Regarding toxicity, there were no patients who developed ≥grade 3 acute toxicity and ≥grade 2 pneumonitis during the follow-up. Hybrid VMAT for postoperative breast cancer including regional lymph nodes was a reasonable technique that improved the homogeneity and conformity of the irradiation dose to the planning target volume while keeping the irradiation dose to organs at risk to a minimum.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in commercial passenger aircraft and cruise ship wastewater: a surveillance tool for assessing the presence of COVID-19 infected travellers
Authors: Ahmed Warish , Bertsch Paul M , Angel Nicola , Bibby Kyle , Bivins Aaron , Dierens Leanne , Edson Janette , Ehret John , Gyawali Pradip , Hamilton Kerry A , Hosegood Ian , Hugenholtz Philip , Jiang Guangming , Kitajima Masaaki , Sichani Homa T , Shi Jiahua , Shimko Katja M , Simpson Stuart L , Smith Wendy J M , Symonds Erin M , Thomas Kevin V , Verhagen Rory , Zaugg Julian , Mueller Jochen F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be an important source of information for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) management during and after the pandemic. Currently, governments and transportation industries around the world are developing strategies to minimize SARS-CoV-2 transmission associated with resuming activity. This study investigated the possible use of SARS-CoV-2 RNA wastewater surveillance from airline and cruise ship sanitation systems and its potential use as a COVID-19 public health management tool.

Methods
Aircraft and cruise ship wastewater samples (n = 21) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using two virus concentration methods, adsorption–extraction by electronegative membrane (n = 13) and ultrafiltration by Amicon (n = 8), and five assays using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and RT-droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR). Representative qPCR amplicons from positive samples were sequenced to confirm assay specificity.

Results
SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in samples from both aircraft and cruise ship wastewater; however concentrations were near the assay limit of detection. The analysis of multiple replicate samples and use of multiple RT-qPCR and/or RT-ddPCR assays increased detection sensitivity and minimized false-negative results. Representative qPCR amplicons were confirmed for the correct PCR product by sequencing. However, differences in sensitivity were observed among molecular assays and concentration methods.

Conclusions
The study indicates that surveillance of wastewater from large transport vessels with their own sanitation systems has potential as a complementary data source to prioritize clinical testing and contact tracing among disembarking passengers. Importantly, sampling methods and molecular assays must be further optimized to maximize detection sensitivity. The potential for false negatives by both wastewater testing and clinical swab testing suggests that the two strategies could be employed together to maximize the probability of detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections amongst passengers.