bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of evapotranspiration by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Penman–Monteith temperature (PMT) and Hargreaves–Samani (HS) models under temporal and spatial criteria – a case study in Duero basin (Spain)
Authors: Moratiel Rubén , Bravo Raquel , Saa Antonio , Tarquis Ana M. , Almorox Javier 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The evapotranspiration-based scheduling method is the most common method for irrigation programming in agriculture. There is no doubt that
the estimation of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is a key factor in irrigated agriculture. However, the high cost and maintenance of agrometeorological stations and high number of sensors required to estimate it make it non-plausible, especially in rural areas. For this reason, the estimation of ETo using air temperature, in places where wind speed, solar radiation and air humidity data are not readily available, is particularly attractive. A daily data record of 49 stations distributed over Duero basin (Spain), for the period 2000–2018, was used for estimation of ETo based on seven models against Penman–Monteith (PM) FAO 56 (FAO – Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations) from a temporal (annual or seasonal) and spatial perspective. Two Hargreaves–Samani (HS) models, with and without calibration, and five Penman–Monteith temperature (PMT) models were used in this study. The results show that the models' performance changes considerably, depending on whether the scale is annual or seasonal. The performance of the seven models was acceptable from an annual perspective (R2>0.91, NSE > 0.88, MAE < 0.52 and RMSE < 0.69 mm d−1; NSE – Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency; MAE – mean absolute error; RMSE – root-mean-square error). For winter, no model showed good performance. In the rest of the seasons, the models with the best
performance were the following three models: PMTCUH (Penman–Monteith temperature with calibration of Hargreaves empirical coefficient – kRS, average monthly value of wind speed, and average monthly value of maximum and minimum relative humidity), HSC (Hargreaves–Samani with calibration of kRS) and PMTOUH (Penman–Monteith temperature without calibration of kRS, average monthly value of wind speed and average monthly value of maximum and minimum relative humidity). The HSC model presents a calibration of the Hargreaves empirical coefficient (kRS). In the PMTCUH model, kRS was calibrated and average monthly values were used for wind speed and maximum and minimum relative humidity. Finally, the PMTOUH model is like the PMTCUH model except that
kRS was not calibrated. These results are very useful for adopting
appropriate measures for efficient water management, especially in the
intensive agriculture in semi-arid zones, under the limitation of
agrometeorological data.
Europe's offshore winds assessed with synthetic aperture radar, ASCAT and WRF
Authors: Hasager Charlotte B. , Hahmann Andrea N. , Ahsbahs Tobias , Karagali Ioanna , Sile Tija , Badger Merete , Mann Jakob 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Europe's offshore wind resource mapping is part of the New
European Wind Atlas (NEWA) international consortium effort. This study
presents the results of analysis of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ocean
wind maps based on Envisat and Sentinel-1 with a brief description of the
wind retrieval process and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) ocean wind maps.
The wind statistics at 10 and 100 m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.) height
using an extrapolation procedure involving simulated long-term stability
over oceans are presented for both SAR and ASCAT. Furthermore, the Weather
Research and Forecasting (WRF) offshore wind atlas of NEWA is presented.
This has 3 km grid spacing with data every 30 min for 30 years from
1989 to 2018, while ASCAT has 12.5 km and SAR has 2 km grid spacing.
Offshore mean wind speed maps at 100 m a.m.s.l. height from ASCAT, SAR, WRF and
ERA5 at a European scale are compared. A case study on offshore winds near
Crete compares SAR and WRF for flow from the north, west and all directions. The paper highlights the ability of the WRF model to simulate the overall
European wind climatology and the near-coastal winds constrained by the
resolution of the coastal topography in the WRF model simulations.
Oncology and psychiatry intersect
Authors: Ruicci Kara Marie , Wang Dominic 
Published: March 2020

Ms. Patmore is a 51-year-old premenopausal female who presents to her family physician’s office with an ongoing episode of severe depression. She is accompanied by her daughter, who reports her mother’s inability to sleep, a lack of appetite, low energy and speech latency.1 Past medical history is significant for major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosed five years ago and managed effectively in the past three years with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (20 mg/d). Ms. Patmore’s daughter reports their family’s recent concerns that Ms. Patmore is becoming increasingly depressed, with similar characteristics as her initial depressive episodes five years previously.
Ms. Patmore has a recent (1 year) history of estrogen-receptor positive invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC; T1N1 disease) that was identified on routine mammogram. She underwent a unilateral mastectomy 10 months ago and surgical reconstruction is pending. Post-operatively, Ms. Patmore began adjuvant therapy with oral tamoxifen (20 mg/d) as her cancer was found to be estrogen receptor (ER) positive.2 Her daughter reports that at that time, fluoxetine was replaced with the SSRI escitalopram (20 mg/d), owing to the propensity for drug interactions between certain SSRIs (including fluoxetine) and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 enzyme, which metabolizes tamoxifen to its active metabolite, endoxifen.3 Over the past three months, Ms. Patmore’s depressive symptoms have returned and worsened.
Role of salicylic acid in regulating ethylene and physiological characteristics for alleviating salinity stress on germination, growth and yield of sweet pepper
Authors: Ahmed Wazir , Imran Muhammad , Yaseen Muhammad , Haq Tanveer ul , Jamshaid Muhammad Usman , Rukh Shah , Ikram Rao Muhammad , Ali Muqarrab , Ali Anser , Maqbool Mudassar , Arif Muhammad , Khan Mahmood Alam 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundDuring a preliminary study, effects of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mM NaCl salinity were assessed on germination rate in relation to electrolyte leakage (EL) in sweet pepper. Results explored significant rises in ethylene evolution from seeds having more EL. It was, therefore, hypothesized that excessive ethylene biosynthesis in plants due to salinity stress might be a root cause of low crop productivity. As salicylic acid is one of the potent ethylene inhibitors, thus SA was used to combat effects of ethylene produced under salinity stress of 60 mM NaCl on different physiological and morphological characteristics of sweet pepper.MethodologyThe effect of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 mM SA was evaluated on seed germination, growth and yield of sweet pepper cv. Yolo wonder at salinity stress on 60 mM NaCl. Seeds were primed with SA concentrations and incubated till 312 h in an incubator to study germination. Same SA concentrations were sprayed on foliage of plants grown in saline soil (60 mM NaCl).ResultsSeeds primed by 0.2 to 0.3 mM SA improved germination rate by 33% due to suppression of ethylene from 3.19 (control) to 2.23–2.70 mg plate−1. Electrolyte leakage reduced to 20.8–21.3% in seeds treated by 0.2–0.3 mM SA compared to 39.9% in untreated seeds. Results also explored that seed priming by 0.3 mM improved TSS, SOD and chlorophyll contents from 13.7 to 15.0 mg g−1FW, 4.64 to 5.38 activity h−1100 mg−1and 89 to 102 ug g−1compared to untreated seeds, respectively. Results also explore that SA up to 0.2 mM SA applied on plant foliage improved LAI (5–13%), photosynthesis (4–27%), WUE (11–57%), dry weight (5–20%), SOD activity (4–20%) and finally fruit yield (4–20%) compared to untreated plants by ameliorating effect of 60 mM NaCl. Foliar application of SA also caused significant increase in nutrient use efficiency due to significant variations in POD and SOD activities.ConclusionSalicylic acid suppressed ethylene evolution from germinating seeds up to 30% under stress of 60 mM NaCl due to elevated levels of TSS and SOD activity. Foliar application of SA upgraded SOD by lowering POD activity to improve NUE particularly K use efficiency at salinity stress of 60 mM NaCl. Application of 0.2 and 0.3 mM SA emerged as the most effective concentrations of SA for mitigating 60 mM NaCl stress on different physiological and morphological characteristics of sweet pepper.
Evaluation of δ15N analysis to trace the origin of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) to citrus orchard fertilization management
Authors: Gomez-Marco Francesc , Yoshimoto Andrew , Braswell W. Evan , Stouthamer Richard 
Published: March 2020

We investigated the variability of nitrogen stable isotope ratios 15N/14N (expressed as δ15N) on citrus orchards with different fertilization management practices (organic versus conventional) and its correlation with the δ15N values of the key citrus pest Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) feeding on such plant material. Tracing the origin of this pest in open field is crucial since the insect is a vector of the incurable and devastating citrus disease known as Huanglongbing. We hypothesized that the origin (natal tree) of the pest may be deduced by correlating the δ15N values obtained from the young citrus leaves and from adults of D. citri raised on them. First, laboratory experiments were performed to understand the acquisition and incorportation of the δ15N values by D. citri. Second, we confirmed the positive correlation between the δ15N values of the young citrus leaves and D. citri. Finally, field sampling was carried out in 21 citrus orchards from Southern California to study the variability on the δ15N values on organic and conventional commercial citrus orchards. Laboratory results suggest that the analyses of the δ15N values can be regarded as a useful method to trace the origin of the pest. However, the high variability in nitrogen resource used in both fertilization management practices (especially in organic orchards) by growers makes the application of this technique unfeasible to pinpoint the origin of D. citri in the citrus agroecosystem.
Dose-volumetric Predictors for Thyroid Dysfunction after 3D Conformal Radiotherapy: An Observational, Prospective Study
Authors: Al-Jamal M. , Elnaby A. Abd , El-Badrawy A. , Elkalla H. M. H. R. , Omar R. , Abdallah E. 
Published: March 2020

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the dose-volumetric threshold of radiation induced hypothyroidism (RIHT) in patients receiving radiotherapy (RT) to the neck.
Study Design: This is a prospective cohort observational study.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted at Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt, between April 2016 until March 2019.
Methods: We have completed 2 years of follow up to 50 patients with different malignancies who were treated by radiotherapy to the neck. Baseline assessment of the thyroid clinically and radiologically was done prior to the start of radiotherapy. Periodic testing of the cohort through the follow up period was done by clinical examination, measurement of TSH, fT4 and thyroid ultrasonography.
Results: the incidence of RIHT was 26%. No statistical significance for the clinical risk factors. The dose-volumetric risk factors were studied and showed positive results. A mean dose of 5185 cGy was found a significant risk factor. Also, V40 ≥ 89%, V45 ≥ 63.5%, V50 ≥ 22.5% were found to be the cutoff predictors for the threshold radiation dose to induce hypothyroidism. Also decreasing the size of the gland by ≥0.7 cm3, fT4 value by ≥ 3.5 pmol/L and TSH by ≥ 0.75 uIU/L after one year from the end of EBRT is the cutoff value for prediction of occurrence of RIHT within the 2nd year of follow up.
Conclusion: RIHT is a considerable late adverse effect for patients receiving RT to the neck. Mean dose, V40, V45 and V50 were found significantly related to RIHT. Mean dose of ≥ 5185 cGy, V40 ≥ 89%, V45 ≥ 63.5%, V50≥ 22.5% were proven to be the dose-volumetric threshold.
Molecular mechanisms and neural pathways mediating the influence of interleukin‐1 on the activity of neuroendocrine CRF motoneurons in the rat
Authors: Rivest Serge 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe action of immune‐system‐derived cytokines to stimulate the release of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus and the consequent elaboration of ACTH and release of corticosteroids has provided an especially useful model to investigate the nature of the intercommunication of neuroendocrine and immunological pathways. Substantial evidence exists to support the production of cytokines, such as interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) α and β, within the mammalian central nervous system. The mechanisms and neuronal circuitries involved in the effects of these cytokines of peripheral and central origin on the activity of neuroendocrine CRF motoneurons and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis are described. Also included is a discussion of the influence of IL‐1 on transduction signals controlling the release and the biosynthesis of CRF in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the relationship between these two distinct intracellular processes. The relebance of using immediate early genes as indices of neuronal activity in immune‐challenged rats and the possible roles of c‐fos and NGFI‐B within neuroendocrine CRF motoneurons are outlined. Finally, the effects of acute immune response on neuroendocrine functions and brain neuronal activation are presented.
Defining and characterising treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Marder S 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis paper argues for a broader definition of treatment refractoriness that would include patients with partial drug responses, a relatively recent onset, less dramatic symptoms and intolerance to conventional drugs. The drug trials that define their responsiveness should be carefully conducted over a prolonged period of time, but need not include high doses or supplemental medications. If the consensus conference can agree on a definition of responsiveness, it will provide important guidance to clinicians as well as researchers.
Biology of human trophoblast
Authors: Mochizuki M. , Maruo T. , Matsuo H. , Samoto T. , Ishihara N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn order to elucidate the regulation of placental growth, we have characterized the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), apoptotic DNA fragmentation and bc1‐2 protein in human placenta during pregnancy. PCNA and bc1‐2 protein expression were examined by immunohistochemical techniques, while the occurrence of apoptotic DNA fragmentation was assessed by in situ analysis of DNA 3′‐end labeling method. Both PCNA expression and apoptotic DNA fragmentation were found in cytotrophoblasts (C‐cells), being most abundant in early placenta, less abundant in midterm placenta and least abundant in term placenta. In contrast, bc1‐2 protein expression was found in syncytiotrophoblasts (S‐cells), being least abundant in early placenta, less abundant in midterm placenta and most abundant in term placenta. These data indicate that early placenta is characterized by the highly proliferative activity of C‐cells associated with the increased occurrence of apoptosis, whereas term placenta is characterized by the abundant expression of bc1‐2 protein in S‐cells.Furthermore, effects of EGF on the proliferative activity and differentiated function of trophoblasts were investigated using an organ culture system. Expiants of trophoblastic tissues were cultured with or without EGF, in the presence or absence of 10−8M triiodo‐L‐thyronine (T3) in a serum‐free condition. In 4—5 week placentas, EGF and EGF receptor were almost exclusively localized in C‐cells, and EGF augmented the proliferative activity of C‐cells without affecting the ability to secrete hCG and hPL. By contrast, in 6—12 week placentas, EGF and EGF receptor were predominantly localized in S‐cells, and EGF stimulated hCG and hPL secretion without affecting the proliferative activity of C‐cess. The addition of T3 (10−8M) resulted in an increased secretion of immunoreactive EGF by cultured placental explants. These findings suggest that EGF acts as a local factor in regulating early placental growth and function in synergy with thyroid hormone. On the other hand, progesterone selectively inhibited pleise hCG (α, β) mRNAs expression and decreased hCG secretion in normal placental tissues, whereas choriocarcinoma did not respond to progesterone. This suggests that inhibitory regulation of hCG synthesis in choriocarcinoma is different from normal placenta. It was also found that in molar trophoblasts and choriocarcinoma cells PCNA expression was high, but both bc1‐2 protein and apoptotic signal expression were low. Characterization of choriocarcinoma hCG revealed that there are striking differences in carbohydrate structures between normal hCG and choriocarcinoma hCG. Sialic acid content in choriocarcinoma hCG was extremely lower compared to that in normal hCG. The detection of the alteration in hCG sugar chains is useful for biochemical diagnosis of choriocarcinoma.
Monitoring and evaluation of PMM efforts: what have we learned?
Authors: McGinn T 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOne element of the operations research carried out by the Prevention of Maternal Mortality (PMM) teams in West Africa was a test of the indicators they used to monitor and evaluate their efforts. A small number of process indicators directly related to the PMM interventions in the health facilities and in the communities was selected and monitored. An examination of the teams' experiences in gathering and using these indicators shows: (i) that they are extremely useful for project design and management; (ii) that the necessary data are obtainable; (iii) that staff need training to gather, interpret and use the data; (iv) that monitoring and evaluation systems must be designed so that managers will use the information; and (v) that data on the costs of interventions can be tracked and are useful for evaluation and replication. © 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Morphologic and molecular evidence for gap junctions and connexin 43 and 45 expression in annulus fibrosus cells from the human intervertebral disc
Authors: Gruber Helen E. , Ma Defang , Hanley Edward N. , Ingram Jane , Yamaguchi Dean T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractData are presented which provide evidence for gap junction formation and connexin (Cx) 43 and 45 gene expression in human intervertebral disc cells in vivo and in vitro. These findings in cells from the annulus are important in conjunction with the well‐recognized loss of disc cells during aging and disc degeneration. As a result of this loss of cells, cell‐cell communication, which we propose is an important, but as yet poorly understood, mechanism which links and coordinates cellular function throughout the entire population of disc cells, is also disrupted. These studies provide additional information on the fundamental cell biology of the disc cell and provide an additional framework for understanding aging, degeneration and potential repair of the human disc. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Punlished by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Depression in a sample of Turkish type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: Sevincok L. , Guney E. , Uslu A. , Baklaci F. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryForty-one depressive and 57 nondepressive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2) were compared for demographic and clinical variables. The depressive patients were more likely to have a history of depression than non-depressive patients. The female patients were more likely to have depression than males. Results suggest that depression in NIDDM was only associated with female gender and previous depressive episodes.
Cannabis, mind, and mirth
Authors: Ames FR , Castle DJ 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn the context of the discovery of the cerebral ligand for the cannabis receptor, and the elucidation of its genetic sequence, we discuss the psychomimetic properties of Cannabis sativa, and explore the relationship between cannabis intoxication and mood. We suggest that renewed study of acute cannabis encephalopathy would be rewarding not only in deepening our understanding of consciousness in healthy adults, but also in helping us to understand the perceptual world of the child, the elderly, and some of our patients.
The dopamine D2 receptor gene TaqI A polymorphism is not associated with Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence in healthy subjects
Authors: de Brettes B , Berlin I , Laurent C , Lépine JP , Mallet J , Puech AJ 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAllele A1 of the TaqI A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the dopamine D2 receptor gene has been found to be associated with substance abuse and alcoholism. The personality trait of Novelty Seeking (NS) is also associated with substance abuse and dependence. We hypothesised, on the basis of involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in substance abuse, that the presence of allele A1 of the dopamine D2 receptor gene may represent a genetic predisposition for the NS personality trait. We investigated, therefore, whether the allele A1 of the TaqI A RFLP of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with the NS dimension of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) in healthy Caucasian subjects with no history of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence. We genotyped 204 subjects aged 18 to 30 years. There was no association between any of the alleles of the D2 receptor genes and any of the TPQ scores (NS, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence). We conclude that allele A1 of the TaqI A RFLP of the dopamine D2 receptor is not associated with NS personality trait in healthy Caucasian subjects.
The Cardiac Insufficiency Talinolol Study (CITAS) study design
Authors: Campeanu Alexandru 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBeta‐blockers without partial agonist activity are now considered to be strategic therapy for patients with chronic heart failure, but many issues remain to be clarified. The objective of the double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled cardiac insufficiency talinolol study (CITAS) is to assess efficacy and safety of talinolol — a selective beta‐1 adrenoreceptor blocker — in patients with ischemic and non‐ischemic heart failure. The primary end‐point refers to the influence of talinolol on exercise capacity, evaluated by 6‐min walking‐test. Secondary end‐points consist of left ventricular function, cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality, hospitalizations, quality of life, combined clinical end‐points and adverse events. There were enrolled 294 patients with stable heart failure in NYHA class II–IV, LVEF < 40%, receiving diuretics, ACE‐inhibitors and optionally nitrates and digoxin. Talinolol was titrated up to 100 mg/day (one arm) or to 150 mg/d (the other arm), starting with 12.5 mg daily. Enrollment began in November 1997 and the last visit will be in December 2000.