bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Diagnostics and Characterizations of Reactive Magnetron Sputtered Copper Nitride Thin Films
Authors: Khalaf Mohammed K. , Saud Nisaan , Muhammed Muhammed Sh. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The plasma diagnostics of dc magnetron reactive sputtered copper nitride thin films by Optical emission spectrometer (OES) is investigated and argon / nitrogen effect (Ar/N2) mixture ratio on plasma parameters and structural properties of sputtered Cu3N thin films are discussed. Cu3N thin films of 60.30 nm and 105 nm have been formed on glass substrates at room temperature using Ar(70)/N2(30) and Ar(50)/N2(50) working gas discharges respectively. The size of crystallites, grains and particles in the copper nitride thin films have been estimated from X-ray diffractions, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Field Emission Scanning microscope (FESEM) respectively. The properties of sputtered copper nitride thin films are related to the plasma parameter of electrons temperature and density.. An increase in optical transmittance and a decrease in absorbance over the wavelength range were found as the nitrogen percentage increased which result on decrease the film thicknesses. The energy of the optical band gap, Eg obtained in the range of 2.6 to 2.7 eV.
The effect of using Nano iron oxide in radiological shielding
Authors: Abdul sttar Muhammed Abdul Kadar , Mkhaiber Ahmed Fadhil , Majeed Aseel Mustafa Abdul 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, some attenuation parameters of gamma shields were studied. This shields consisting of composite materials of Unsaturated polyester as a base material and Nano iron oxide (Fe2O3) and, micro iron (Fe) as reinforcement materials at different percentages (1, 3,5,7and 9)wt%, and with different thickness (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5and 4) cm. The results showed that the use of nanoparticles is better than the microparticales in the field of radiation shielding. It has been shown that the values of attenuation parameters of gamma it bitter in the case of nanoparticles than case of the use of micro material.
Estimated of U, Rn and Po Concentrations in Smokers Blood Samples Collected from Babylon, Iraq
Authors: Obaed Haider K. , Aswood Murtadha Sh. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Because of the greats pressures on humans, there are resorted to smoking without knowing its effects on health. Such symptoms include adult lung cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory infections, kidney failure, congenital abnormalities and chronic bronchitis. Uranium and radon estimation has carried out in 100 smoker and Non-smoker blood samples from Babylon, Iraq, using solid state nuclear track detector (CR-39). The results have been shown the total uranium concentrations in blood smokers and non-smokers samples to be 1.02 ± 0.26 ppb and 0.86 ± 0.17 ppb respectively. On the other side, the total concentrations of radon in blood smokers and non-smokers samples 4.98 ± 0.79 Bqm−3 and 3.59 ± 0.28 Bqm−3 respectively. The total concentrations of uranium and radon in blood samples of smokers are greater than non- smokers blood samples. While, the total polonium (POW) and (POS) for smoker and non- smoker samples to be 0.527 KBqm−3 - 0.127 KBqm−3 and from 0.378 KBqm−3 to 0.091 KBqm–3 respectively. These studies conclude the smoking causes an increase in the concentration of uranium and radon and polonium in the blood of smokers.
Effect of annealing temperature on structure and optical properties of CdO nanocrystaline thin film prepare by chemical bath deposition method
Authors: Jassim Salah Abdul-Jabbar , Nassar Eman Mohammed Ali 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCdO thin film has been deposited by chemical bath deposition method (CBD) on the glass substrate. Effect of annealing temperature( 573,623 and 673 K) on the structural and optical properties of the films has been investigated. The crystal structure investigated by X-ray diffraction method. Annealed CdO films are polycrystalline in nature with cubic structure having a preferential orientation along (1 1 1) plane. Analysis of XRD indicates that the intensities of peaks of the crystalline phase have increased with the increasing of annealing temperature. The structural parameters for the CdO thin films as the grain size, strain, dislocation density, and texture coefficient were calculated. Particle size for the preferential orientation at different annealing temperature is (16.95, 18.24 nm) for annealing temperature 623 and 673 K respectively. Optical properties study of CdO thin films using UV-vis spectrophotometer shows blue shift in the energy band gap as an indication of quantum confinement. It is observed that the band gap energy decreases with increasing of annealing temperature. The direct and indirect band gap energy values were found to be (2.95 2.87) and (1.945,1.914) eV respectively.
Assessment CO2 Emission Intensity of Crude Oil Production in Iraq
Authors: Abd al rukabie Jamal S. , Hassan Ahmed S. , Kadhum Jasim H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity (CDEI) in Iraq correlated between carbon dioxide emission (kg CO2) and crude oil production (COP) (kg oil equivalent). This relationship is important for industry and energy sectors to the achievement of their economic and environmental goal, then to know a common pattern of emissions intensity. The sources of data set from Carbon Dioxide Information analysis center (CDIAC), contain: total CO2 emission, COP from Iraqi Ministry of oil and Iraqi crude oil production increased over time and about (more than 80%) from Basra city. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) was calculated.
CDEI was nonlinear behavior that high level in the 1970s then decreased to reach 1.707 kg co2 / kgoil equivalent in 1997, and CDEI was more sensitive to COP than total CO2 emissions. EKC maximum values present in early 1970s and in 2004 present highest value was (0.082 metric ton / current US$ person). COP was unstable level, fluctuation between (1-3) mb/d, till reach 4.29 mb/d as average in 2019.
FTIR- Spectrum of Zinc nanoparticle by Laser ablation technique in liquid
Authors: Ali Al-kifaie Abbas. M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this research zinc nanoparticles metal were prepared by laser ablation method using zinc novel metal. The Zn nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The optical properties of particles were studied an FTIR spectrum. FTIR spectra confirmed the adsorption of surfactant molecules at the surface of Zn nanoparticles and presence of Zn bonding. The result reported increase in wavenumber with energy supplied and reduce in transmittance.
Al- Doped Graphene as a Sensor for Toxic Gases Using The Density Functional Theory
Authors: Mohammed Hussam Shoab , Mohammed Hassan Abd-Ulzahra , Muhamad Qusay Bassim , Abojassim Ali Abid 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe electronic properties of the C35Al molecule grapheme sheet was meant to be examined by conducting the study in hand in addition to those accumulation of C35Al over other toxic gases molecules, namely CO and H2S, through the application of DFT, which is the Density Functional Theory. Going through a systematic study, both of the geometrical structure and the electronic characteristics possessed by the doped grapheme molecules were compared to the pristine grapheme C36 after being thoroughly examined. A number of functionalized and dodecahedral derivatives were studied at the B3LYP that is functional and basis 6-31G. After examining a number of functionalized and dodecahedral derivatives at the B3LYP that is considered functional as well as the basis set 6- 31G( d,p) level of the (DFT), which is the Density Functional Theory. After that, as the energies, relative and formative, of the compounds, occupancy, the greatest molecular orbit that is occupied (HOMO) as well as the smallest molecular orbit that is unoccupied LUMO), the gap between the energies ( LUMO - HOMO) was calculated. As the Co and the H2S possess adsorption characteristics that appears at the graphene sheet surface (C35Al), these characteristics were also studied by DFT. Furthermore, the apparent and possible chemical properties or the Fermi energy that the graphene sheet (C35Al) has as well as the molecules of the gas were also studied. It was found that the energy values that are considered those of the adsorption characteristics of the gas molecule are condensed. Therefore, the sensor is going to go through periods of recovery. The results that were discovered were indicative of the fact that greater numbers of EHOMO in relation to the CO adsorption of the C35Al graphene sheet, which was (-7.1507 eV), displaying that the molecule is less likely to donate electrons as ELUMO value is smaller to the H2S adsorption of the C35Al sheet of graphene, which is (- 5.3358 eV). What these values illustrate is that the molecule is more likely to receive electrons as well as lesser rates of the adsorption of Eads H2S on the C35Al sheet of graphene is (0.2721 eV). These values show that a propensity of the molecule used as a sensor.
Patients effective dose estimation during AP pelvis radiography in some hospitals of Al Najaf city, Iraq
Authors: Mraity Hussien Abid Ali , Harees Hayder Abbas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background: Monitoring patients radiation dose during anterior-posterior (AP) pelvis radiography is of paramount importance. This is due to the existence of the gonads within the pelvic region.

Objective: The purpose of this work is to estimate effective dose (ED) for adult patients who examined for AP pelvis radiography in the governmental hospitals of Al Najaf city-Iraq.

Materials and methods: The ED was estimated for 64 patients (male and female) who undertaking AP pelvis radiography using CALDOSE-X5 Monte Carlo software. The calculation of the ED was based on the measurements of X-ray tube output and the knowledge of exposure factors. The X- ray output was measured using Rad-Check ionization chamber for each X-ray tube. In total, seven X-ray tubes were enrolled to assess the patients’ ED. Exposure factors includes tube potential (kVp), tube loading (mAs) and X-ray source to image detector distance-SID (cm)); these were recorded for each patient together with their demographic data (weight(kg) and height(m)). Five major hospitals were considered in this work (i.e. Al Sadder, Al Hakeem, Al Furat, Al Manzrah and Middel Euphrates cancer center).

Results: The average value of the estimated ED was ranged from 0.156±0.041 mSv to 0.4068±0.049 mSv across all hospitals. The value of max/min of the ED was ranged from 1.25 to 2.58 across different hospitals. The corresponding average values of the kVp used for this examination was ranged from 75 to 113.75 kVp; mAs: ranged from 11.7 to 42.1 mAs and for the SID the range was between 100 and 140.6 cm.

Conclusion: The resulted data demonstrate there is a clear variability in patient dose and exposure factors set among the selected hospitals. The ED values were seen to be slightly lower than those reported by the UK (Survey-2010, 0.284 mSv) and were higher than those reported by certain countries (e.g. Canada, Ghana etc.). Overall, a periodic checking together with conducting a quality control testing is highly recommended.
Investigation effect of ZnO content on the structural and electrical properties of pulsed laser deposited (NiO)1-x (ZnO)x thin films
Authors: Fadle Ameer J. , Alhur Mohmmed Ebd , Hasan Bushra A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This research is devoted to the effect of investigation of the ZnO content on the structural and electrical properties of (NiO)1-x (ZnO)x films prepared by pulsed laser precipitation on the glass substrate at room temperature. Thin-film (NiO)1-x (ZnO)x sediments were deposited with different composition ratios where x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 with a thickness of n150nm. The diffraction pattern for X-ray analysis reveals that the structure of the prepared thin films is identical with the cubic phase and hexadecimal stage of x = 0 and 0.1, respectively while the structure is mixed with the remaining x value from both stages. It involves studying the conductivity versus temperature to estimate conduction mechanisms and the Hall effect for determining type and carrier concentration as well as movement values. The results showed that there are two connection mechanisms and thus activation energies. Hall Effect showed that most of the prepared thin films were converted from type p to n of type x at = 0.2 and 1.0. Concentration of the carrier increases twice the volume while the mobility decreases by two degrees of volume by increasing the ZnO content from 0.0 to 1.0. The results were explained in terms of variation in the size of the crystals by increasing the ZnO content in the prepared thin films.
External and Internal Hazard indices in fly ash samples from Al-Hartha thermal power station
Authors: Ahmed Israa kamil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the presented study, internal and external hazard indices for fly ash’s samples were measured from Al-Hartha thermal power station in the south part of Al-Basra province in Iraq. Eight samples were taken from different places inside the station. The samples were collected at year 2018 and compared with a previous study at 2014.
The range of total values (highest value and lowest value) related to the internal and external hazard indices was Hin = 1.374 - 0.612 and Hex = 1.003-0.529, respectively.
Therefore, it is noted that some Hin and Hex values are considered higher than the permissible limits set by international organizations, especially the S4 sample, taking into account that the values of radiation risk factors should be less than one (≤1) to be negligible. Therefore, the results of the measurements showed that the values of hazard indices related to some samples of fly ash that were taken from Al-Hartha thermal electric power station in Al- Basra are higher than the internationally permissible limits.
Measurement of the thermo-optic coefficient and Ring surface profile of sulfadiazine azo dye by using milli watts cw laser beams
Authors: Fakher Alfahed R. K. , Badran Hussain A. , Razzooqi Fouad Zuhair , Mohammad Kareem K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We report on the observation of thermal lens as well as multiple diffraction ring patterns due to the irradiation of the azo dye “1.8-Dihydroxy-naphthalin-3, 6 disulfonic acid [2-(4-Azo)]-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-benzene sulfonamide” at same time by three continuous wave, green (λ=532 nm), red (λ=635 nm) and blue (λ=473 nm), laser beams. This effect we observed at power input less than 10 mW for the pump 532 nm green laser and as low as 50 μW of beams from other two wavelengths. The number of rings for all three beams is totally controlled by the level of pump input power. The optical limiting of the azo dye solution using the 532 nm green laser beam is also demonstrated. The change in the material refractive index, Δn, the nonlinear refractive index, n
2, and the thermo-optical coefficient dn/dT are calculated based on thermal lens and diffraction ring techniques. The three quantities are found to be in the range of 10−4, 10−7
cm
2/W and 10−5
K
−1 respectively by both techniques.
Silver and Cadmium Mattel segment Doping by DC Sputtering
Authors: Jabbar Laith A. S. , Mohammed Asmaa Hadi , Hassan Ehssan S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This research deals with the process of deforming cadmium metal with silver metal directly by planting pieces of silver cylindrical shape on the surface of the target material of cadmium and by using the DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique deposit on a glass substrate. The flow rate of argon and oxygen gases fixed to (90 and 10) sccm and sputter time was 120 min per model (0, 1, 2 and 3) Ag chips, the current of sputtering and the voltage of sputtering were kept within the process of deposition at 18 mA and 1300 V, The temperature of substrate had been set at 150°C. The structural properties showed that all films prepared have a polycrystalline diffraction pattern with a predominant orientation of the plane (111) and an increase in the size of the crystal from 17.17 nm to 19.30 nm with the number increases of chips above the surface of target material, and the growing of spherical nanoparticles with a diameter ranges from (25- 40) nm
The Influence of Solar Radiation on Ozone Column Weight over Baghdad City
Authors: Nassif Wedyan G. , Al-Taai Osama T. , Abbood Zainab M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The ozone layer is part of the atmosphere surrounding Earth. This layer, like anything natural, depends on the balance in its quantitative components, but in front of human aspirations that reach the level of destruction. Make these chemicals a factor in destroying and destroying the ozone layer. Ozone is found naturally in the stratosphere due to a series of interactions between partial oxygenation and atoms. The methods used in the study depend on the monthly and yearly average Ozone (O3), Incident Solar Radiation (ISR) and Temperature (T) taken from the European Mediterranean Weather Forecast (ECMWF) during the period (2014-2018) for the Baghdad region. The largest ozone value was recorded in March and April, and the lowest in September and October. The highest value of Incident Solar Radiation was recorded during June and July and the lowest value in January and December, while the highest value of temperature was during July and August, and the lowest value in January and December. As for seasonal analysis, it was observed that ozone was high during spring and low during summer and Incident Solar Radiation (ISR) and T were observed high in summer and less in winter. In addition, the binding strength of ozone (O3) with ISR was positive and O3 with T inverse.
Estimation of Uranium Concentration in sediment Samples of the Part of the Shatt al-Arab passing in central and southern Basrah Governorate using ICP-MS Technique
Authors: Salman Thaer M. , Habeeb Ali F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work included measuring the concentrations of uranium element in 32 locations of sediments samples were collected from the bottom of the central and southern of shatt al- Arab in Basrah Governorate by using ICP-MS technology, which are found that the uranium concentrations ranged between 1ppm In front of Salhia River and 2ppm in Abu Flous Port located on the shores of Shatt Al-Arab. Measured samples of sediments taken from several locations in central and southern Shatt al-Arab indicate that the uranium concentration is less than 100 ppm, a concentration that characterizes the quality of waste and burdens, rather than mining reserves. This study reveals 32 samples containing uranium concentration within internationally permitted limits. The present results have shown that the uranium concentrations in the studied sediments samples are less than the allowed value (11.7 ppm) recommended by UNSCEAR, 1993.
Study the effect of thickness change on optical properties of Rhodamine B
Authors: Al-aaraji Hayder H. , Obeed H. H. , Mohammad Rajaa K. , Ridha Noor J. , Alosfur Firas K. Mohamad , Tahir Khawla J. , Madlol Rajaa , Jabar Basma Abbas , Jassim Alaa H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The optical properties of an organic laser dye, Rhodamine B in water is an important for modern applications, the linear optical properties of the absorption and fluorescence spectrum of the liquid dye were discussed, and the highest value of quantum yield was reached at 96% at a concentration of (10−7) Ml a high quantum yield allow numerous applications of used doped host in optoelectronics applications and after knowing the most appropriate concentrations, a thin film of polyvinyl alcohol was dye, Study of the effect of film thickness on optical properties, the film has optical properties, reflexivity, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary isolation constant, and the best thickness was at (4) μm. The energy gap was calculated and was inversely proportional to the thickness.
Assessment excess lifetime cancer risk of soils samples in Maysan neighborhood adjacent to the middle Euphrates cancer center in Najaf / Iraq
Authors: Adhab Hiba Ghmeedh , Kadhim alshebly Shaymaa Awad , Alsabari Emad Kareem 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, 30 samples of soils were taken from in Maysan neighborhood adjacent to the middle Euphrates cancer center in Najaf / Iraq, gamma-ray spectrometer system connected with the NaI detector was used to measure the specific activity of the (238U, 232Th, 40K) nuclei, the specific activity values were varied from(1.41±0.71Bq/kg) to (30.95±0.74 Bq/kg) with an average value(10.03± 1.04) for 226Ra, for 232Th from (0.71±0.27) to (15.44±0.30 Bq/kg) with an average value (4.96±0.37), The measurements of the specific activity of the 40K varied from 92.77±1.95 to 589.77±3.18 Bq/kg with an average value (198.43±3.13).
Radium equivalent activity, outdoor and indoor absorbed doses, the Outdoor, Indoor and total annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), external and internal hazard index (Hex, Hin) in the range of 32.415±1.817(Bq/kg), 16.104±0.827(nGy/h), 20.936±1.075(nGy/h), 0.019±0.001014(mSv/year),0.102±0.0052(mSv/year), 0.121±0.0061(mSv/year), 0.087±0.004, 0.114±0.007 respectively, Representative level index Iγr and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), Representative Alpha index (Iα) and annual gonadal dose rate (AGDE) were calculated with range, 0.248±0.012(Bq kg-1), 0.423*10−3, 0.052(Bq/Kg), 119.404( mSv/y) respectively. These results were compared with recommended values (370 Bq/kg) for Raeq, 59 nGy/h for Dout, 84 nGy/h for Din,0.07 mSv/year for Deffout, 0.41 mSv/year for Deffin,0.48 mSv/year for Defftot, ≤1 for Hex and Hin, <1 for Iγr, <1 for Iα, 300 μSv/y for AGDE by UNSCEAR International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and European Commission (EC), and Their values were less than the permissible limits except for one sample out of 30 samples have specific activity values of 40K, Annual Gonadal Equivalent Dose (AGED) in sample (S6)higher than the worldwide average value (412 Bq/kg)and( 300 μSv/y) recommended by the UNSCAER, besides, the value of ELCR was lower than the world permissible value of 1.45×10−3 (UNSCEAR,2000). As a result, health hazards originated by natural radiation from soil samples in this region is low and insignificant.
Uranium Concentrations in Urine of Maternal Samples in Baghdad Governorate
Authors: Adel Maryam M. , Tawfiq Nada F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The trace concentration of uranium in urine samples for pregnant women and non- pregnant women were determined using fission track technique with CR-39 track detector that is employed for registration of induced fission tracks. A total of 32 urine samples were collected from Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for Pregnant women and 5 urine samples were collected from Different regions of Baghdad governorate. The results show that the uranium concentration in urine of Pregnant women were ranged from 0.58 μg/l (30 years old, living in AL- Shurta AL khamisa region) to 1.58 μg/l (23 years old living in AL–Doura region) with average 0.92±0.2 μg/l. While for non-Pregnant women, uranium concentration ranged from 0.61 μg/l (24 years old, living in AL-Doura region) to 1.16μg/l (40 years old, living in AL-Ghazaliya region) with average 0.874±0.19μg/l. It was found that the average uranium concentrations in urine samples for pregnant women living in Hayi AL-maealif region higher than other regions in Baghdad governorate.