bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2017 Reversal of the Beaufort Gyre: Can Dynamic Thickening of a Seasonal Ice Cover During a Reversal Limit Summer Ice Melt in the Beaufort Sea?
Authors: Babb D. G. , Landy J. C. , Lukovich J. V. , Haas C. , Hendricks S. , Barber D. G. , Galley R. J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDuring winter 2017, the semipermanent Beaufort High collapsed and the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre reversed. The reversal drove eastward ice motion through the Western Arctic, causing sea ice to converge against Banks Island, and halted the circulation of multiyear sea ice via the gyre, preventing its replenishment in the Beaufort Sea. Prior to the reversal, an anomalously thin seasonal ice cover had formed in the Beaufort following ice‐free conditions during September 2016. With the onset of the reversal in January 2017, convergence drove uncharacteristic dynamic thickening during winter. By the end of March, despite seasonal ice comprising 97% of the ice cover, the reversal created the thickest, roughest, and most voluminous regional ice cover of the CryoSat‐2 record. Within the Beaufort Sea, previous work has shown that winter ice export can precondition the region for increased summer ice melt, but that a short reversal during April 2013 contributed to a reduction in summer ice loss. Hence, the deformed ice cover at the end of winter 2017 could be expected to limit summer melt. In spite of this, the Beaufort ice cover fell to its fourth lowest September area as the gyre re‐established during April and divergent ice drift broke up the pack, negating the reversal's earlier preconditioning. Our work highlights that dynamic winter thickening of a regional sea ice cover, for instance during a gyre reversal, offers the potential to limit summer ice loss, but that dynamic forcing during spring dictates whether this conditioning carries through to the melt season.
Impact of Remote Equatorial Winds and Local Mesoscale Eddies on the Existence of “River in the Sea” Along the East Coast of India Inferred From Satellite SMAP
Authors: Suneel V. , Alex M. J. , Antony Thomas P. , Gurumoorthi K. , Trinadha Rao V. , Harikrishnan S. , Gopalakrishna V. V. , Rama Rao E. P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Northern Bay of Bengal (NBOB) exhibits extreme salinity stratification caused by intense summer monsoon rainfall and associated river discharge. This accumulated fresh water plume in NBOB is believed to be transported along the East coast of India (ECI) by East India Coastal Current (EICC), known as River in the Sea (RIS). Though in situ sea Surface Salinity (SSS) measurements are sparse, the advancement of satellite monitoring system has provided a unique opportunity to unravel salient features of RIS. In the present study, in situ SSS at five selected regions around the Indian coast and open ocean are utilized to validate the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) (L3, v4.3) products. Further, this new SMAP data is used to examine year‐to‐year variability of RIS during 2015–2019 and the driving forces responsible for its existence. This SMAP SSS exhibited 1.52, 0.46, 0.38, 1.45 RMSD and 0.97, 0.82, 0.85, 0.86 correlation in NBOB1, NBOB2, Central BOB (CBOB) and Western BOB (WBOB), respectively with in situ measurements. This data also depicted the presence of “RIS” all along the ECI only during November in consistent with the magnitude of Kelvin wave induced EICC. The southward extension of RIS along the ECI is primarily based on the magnitude of remote equatorial wind induced forces. The mesoscale eddies in south‐western BOB (SWBOB) alters the shape of RIS and even inhibit its southward propagation completely.
Limits to the cellular control of sequestered cryptophyte prey in the marine ciliateMesodinium rubrum
Authors: Altenburger Andreas , Cai Huimin , Li Qiye , Drumm Kirstine , Kim Miran , Zhu Yuanzhen , Garcia-Cuetos Lydia , Zhan Xiaoyu , Hansen Per Juel , John Uwe , Li Shuaicheng , Lundholm Nina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe marine ciliate Mesodinium rubrum is famous for its ability to acquire and exploit chloroplasts and other cell organelles from some cryptophyte algal species. We sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of free-swimming Teleaulax amphioxeia, as well as well-fed and starved M. rubrum in order to understand cellular processes upon sequestration under different prey and light conditions. From its prey, the ciliate acquires the ability to photosynthesize as well as the potential to metabolize several essential compounds including lysine, glycan, and vitamins that elucidate its specific prey dependency. M. rubrum does not express photosynthesis-related genes itself, but elicits considerable transcriptional control of the acquired cryptophyte organelles. This control is limited as light-dependent transcriptional changes found in free-swimming T. amphioxeia got lost after sequestration. We found strong transcriptional rewiring of the cryptophyte nucleus upon sequestration, where 35% of the T. amphioxeia genes were significantly differentially expressed within well-fed M. rubrum. Qualitatively, 68% of all genes expressed within well-fed M. rubrum originated from T. amphioxeia. Quantitatively, these genes contributed up to 48% to the global transcriptome in well-fed M. rubrum and down to 11% in starved M. rubrum. This tertiary endosymbiosis system functions for several weeks, when deprived of prey. After this point in time, the ciliate dies if not supplied with fresh prey cells. M. rubrum represents one evolutionary way of acquiring photosystems from its algal prey, and might represent a step on the evolutionary way towards a permanent tertiary endosymbiosis.
Gastric organoids—an in vitro model system for the study of gastric development and road to personalized medicine
Authors: Seidlitz Therese , Koo Bon-Kyoung , Stange Daniel E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGastric cancer ranks as the fifth most common human malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths. Depending on tumor stage, endoscopic or surgical resection supported by perioperative chemotherapy is the only curative option for patients. Due to late clinical manifestation and missing reliable biomarkers, early detection is challenging and overall survival remains poor. Organoids are cell aggregates cultured in three-dimensions that grow with similar characteristics as their tissue-of-origin. Due to their self-renewal and proliferative capacity, organoids can be maintained long term in culture and expanded in many cases in an unlimited fashion. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) libraries function as living biobanks, allowing the in depth analysis of tissue specific function, development and disease. The recent successful establishment of gastric cancer PDOs opens up new perspectives for multiple translational clinical applications. Here, we review different adult stem cell derived gastric organoid model systems and focus on their establishment, phenotypic and genotypic characterizations as well as their use in predicting therapy response.
Pathogenic variants causing ABL1 malformation syndrome cluster in a myristoyl-binding pocket and increase tyrosine kinase activity
Authors: Blakes Alexander J. M. , Gaul Emily , Lam Wayne , Shannon Nora , Knapp Karen M. , Bicknell Louise S. , Jackson Meremaihi R. , Wade Emma M. , Robertson Stephen , White Susan M. , Heller Raoul , Chase Andrew , Baralle Diana , Douglas Andrew G. L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractABL1 is a proto-oncogene encoding a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, best known in the somatic BCR-ABL fusion gene associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Recently, germline missense variants in ABL1 have been found to cause an autosomal dominant developmental syndrome with congenital heart disease, skeletal malformations and characteristic facies. Here, we describe a series of six new unrelated individuals with heterozygous missense variants in ABL1 (including four novel variants) identified via whole exome sequencing. All the affected individuals in this series recapitulate the phenotype of the ABL1 developmental syndrome and additionally we affirm that hearing impairment is a common feature of the condition. Four of the variants cluster in the myristoyl-binding pocket of ABL1, a region critical for auto-inhibitory regulation of the kinase domain. Bio-informatic analysis of transcript-wide conservation and germline/somatic variation reveals that this pocket region is subject to high missense constraint and evolutionary conservation. Functional work to investigate ABL1 kinase activity in vitro by transient transfection of HEK293T cells with variant ABL1 plasmid constructs revealed increased phosphorylation of ABL1-specific substrates compared to wild-type. The increased tyrosine kinase activity was suppressed by imatinib treatment. This case series of six new patients with germline heterozygous ABL1 missense variants further delineates the phenotypic spectrum of this condition and recognises microcephaly as a common finding. Our analysis supports an ABL1 gain-of-function mechanism due to loss of auto-inhibition, and demonstrates the potential for pharmacological inhibition using imatinib.
Inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling decreases levels of O-GlcNAc transferase and increases serotonin release in the human placenta
Authors: Kelly Amy Catherine , Kramer Anita , Rosario Fredrick J. , Powell Theresa L. , Jansson Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Changes in placental function, in particular down-regulation of placental O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in response to maternal stress and increased placental secretion of serotonin into the fetal circulation following maternal infection, have been mechanistically linked to adverse neurodevelopment in mice. We hypothesized that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a key regulator of trophoblast serotonin synthesis and OGT protein expression and that serotonin is secreted by the human placenta into the fetal circulation. Placental homogenates (n=46) from elective terminations at 8–22 weeks of gestation and from healthy-term women were sexed and the protein levels of OGT and enzymes involved in serotonin synthesis was determined. Primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells were isolated from normal term placenta (n=27), cultured and transfected (n=8) with siRNA targeting a scramble sequence (control), raptor (inhibits mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1)), or rictor (inhibits mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2)). Subsequently, conditioned media and PHT cell lysates were collected. Free serotonin concentration was measured using ELISA in cell culture media and in platelet-depleted normal term umbilical vein and artery plasma (n=38). Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibition down-regulated OGT levels in PHT cells. The level of serotonin synthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH-1) was higher in early gestation female placentas and at term serotonin concentration was three-fold higher in the umbilical vein than in the umbilical artery. Inhibition of mTORC2, but not mTORC1, increased cultured PHT cell serotonin secretion. Our data are consistent with the model that mTOR signaling is a key regulator of trophoblast serotonin synthesis and OGT protein expression.
Social meaning and the obsolescence of traditional local structures
Authors: Jansen Sandra 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses the obsolescence of h-dropping as a local feature in Maryport, West Cumbria. Using sociolinguistic interview data, a quantitative approach and mixed-effects modelling is used to explain the linguistic changes in the community. Sociolinguistic accounts of h-dropping always state that the feature is and has been stigmatised in England since the 18th century. However, the oldest speakers in the sample do not change their level of h-dropping in more formal speech styles, which indicates that the standard language ideology of “proper” English might not be pervasive for them. However, for speakers born after 1960 the use of h-dropping is decreasing in apparent time. From the 1960s onwards, Maryport has seen social change as the strong neighbourhood ties broke up and from the 1980s experienced strong job losses. I argue that these social changes are correlated with the decline and eventual obsolescence of h-dropping in the community.
Extending automatic vowel formant extraction to New Englishes
Authors: Meer Philipp , Brato Thorsten , Matute Flores José Alejandro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhile different automated procedures for vowel formant prediction have recently been proposed, it is unclear how reliably these methods perform in the phonetic study of vowels in New Englishes and how such approaches could be applied to specific varieties. This paper compares different automatic methods for vowel formant prediction in New Englishes, using manual measurements of Trinidadian English as a baseline. The results show that all methods perform significantly better than default formant parameters often used in speech analysis packages, and that a Bayesian formant tracker calibrated with American (US-FAVE) and Trinidadian English (TRINI-FAVE) generally provides better results than an automatic procedure that optimizes formant ceilings on a vowel- and speaker-specific level. TRINI-FAVE measures vowels characteristic of Trinidadian English most accurately. Phonetic studies of vowels in New Englishes can benefit from these methods.
Black-Swan Type Catastrophes and Antifragility/Supra-resilience of Urban Socio-Technical Infrastructures
Authors: Timashev S A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper may be one of the first attempts dealing with the problem of creating, providing and maintaining antifragility of systems of interdependent urban critical infrastructures (CI) in the wake of black-swan type technological, ecological, economic or social catastrophes occurring in a municipality. A synonym is offered to describe antifragility from a positive psychology perspective, formulating the problem as the supraresilience problem. A brief description is given of the developed innovative approach for creating a supraresilient city/region using black-swan catastrophe and the antifragility concepts. Resilience metrics are formulated as well as methods of assessing damage, interdependence of infrastructures and convergent technologies and sciences needed for practical regional resilience and risk management of the system of systems (SoS) of interdependent urban critical infrastructures).
Macroeconomic aspects of maintenance optimization of critical infrastructures
Authors: Timashev S A , Bushinskaya A V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The main goal of maintenance is prevention, timely detection and elimination of failures and damage. From the point of view of critical infrastructures (CIs), the main purpose of their maintenance is to increase the safety of CIs and / or to ensure life safety. CIs should be optimal in terms of their purpose, cost, as a source of income and profit at all stages of their life cycle, and also acceptable in terms of possible loss of human lives or injuries. The paper considers the assessment of necessary optimal investments in the maintenance (time interval between subsequent maintenance), to increase the safety of life, the so-called life saving costs. The problem of limiting the threat to human life is as follows: “how much money is society ready and able to spend to reduce the likelihood of premature death”. A quantitative criterion of risk acceptance is used, in which the marginal cost of life saving is compared with social willingness to pay. This value is determined using the life quality index of population.
Investigation of thermal characteristics of multitubial thermosyphon heat-exchangers
Authors: Yakovlev L O , Klimova V A , Shcheklein S E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Prospects of application and advantages of heat-exchangers based on sealed two-phase thermosyphons are compared with analogies of alternative widespread designs. Theoretical limitations of heat transfer are considered. Experimental facility requirements were formulated. Heat transfer coefficients obtained by calculation, computer simulation and in experiments.
Evolution of the Safety of Fast Neutron Reactors
Authors: Oshkanov N N , Shcheklein S E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In its history, fast neutron reactors (BR) have gone through a long evolutionary period. However in general, BRs have gone the way of the evolutionary development. The function of retention radioactivity in case of an accident was performed by BRs safety vessels. For protection against external influences, new BR projects must be constructed containments. In the function of the reactor core cooling, changes have occurred related to the transition of the emergency cooling from the water circuit to the intermediate sodium circuit. Developments in emergency cooling systems are associated with the placement of an emergency heat exchanger inside the reactor, and the use of natural circulation in sodium and air. In the function on reactivity controlling due to the increase in core sizes, difficulties arise with the suppression of positive reactivity caused by sodium void reactivity effect. Therefore, in BR projects, the use of sodium plenum over the fuel part of the core and / or use of heterogeneous cores are needed. With an increase in the core sizes, the risk of jamming the long shifts of emergency rods increases. Therefore, it is advisable to transfer the safety rods to the hydraulic suspension in a sodium stream.
Heaving Pressure Occurring at Frost Penetration in the Clay Soil in Confined Space
Authors: Kim Vyacheslav , Kim Marina , Kim Michael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The article describes the results of laboratory studies of the frost heaving pressure development at the clay soil freezing in confined space. Intensive construction of industrial and civil buildings in the North and North-East of Russia determines the relevance of research on the topic. The conducted studies allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of frost heaving pressure development, depending on the temperature conditions and physical properties of the clay soil, as well as possible heave deformations. The paper gives dependence of frost heaving pressure development during one-sided and uniform frost penetration in confined space on the degree of its water saturation, temperature conditions and possible deformations. It was revealed that in sandy soils, the formation of frost heaving pressure is caused by the freezing of free (gravitational) water and can be determined by the Bridgman-Tammann formula. In clay soils, the development of frost heaving pressure is associated with the freezing of loosely-bound (film) water and can be determined by the method that we propose both in the absence and in the presence of heaving volumetric deformation. The experimental technique that we offer makes it possible to analyze the development of the frost heaving pressure of the clay soil when it freezes in confined space.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling Behaviour of Triangularly Tapered Corrugated Web Beam
Authors: Franco Andres Camilo Amaya , Kudryavtsev Sergey 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a study of the behaviour of Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB) that is one of the common failure modes of large span beams. LTB for non-prismatic I-beams still needs more investigations, due to its sophisticated formulation for cross-section properties. This paper presents the results of numerical (Finite Element Software ABAQUS) and theoretical analysis for LTB of a simply supported I-beam with triangularly tapered corrugated web under concentrated loads. The corrugation densities adopted in this study represent the most commonly used types for such structures in practice of construction. For numerical analysis, the formulas were adopted from the case of a trapezoidal corrugated web, which is successfully verified by different authors. Recommendations of this study are given for simply supported tapered triangularly corrugated web at lateral torsional buckling.
About actual contradiction in geotechnical design and optimal way of it resolution
Authors: Alekhin A N , Alekhin A A , Alekhin V N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper describes serious and fundamental contradiction in geotechnical design, which manifested itself to the greatest extent when designing the foundations of high-rise buildings in the third quarter of the 20th century has begun to form from the late of the 19th century to the 20th years of the 20th century. Prime cause of this contradiction is in complex physical structure of soils, complex nature of their formation and, therefore, in complex form of their deformation. The article also notes the high technical and economic efficiency of using realistic physically nonlinear soil models in the design of geotechnical parts of buildings and structures. In this case such a designing is most effective when using the parameters of nonlinear models determined from data of in-situ tests.
The Formation of a Comfortable Urban Environment
Authors: Kondrat’eva L N , Stepanova N R , Bochkov P V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concept of “smart city” and the need to follow this direction in the light of current trends, so as not to miss the chance to improve life in cities. The development and improvement of cities allows humanity to reach a new level in the quality of life and intellectual development. Hence, the population has more prospects to change the surrounding life and their personal. The article reflects the main ideas in the formation of a comfortable urban environment, their relationship and impact on a favorable social climate. The scenario algorithm of practical action for the active citizen on determination of the direction of improvement of comfort of the city environment, establishment of communications of objects of infrastructure of the city environment, Association of the used methods of changes in the concept is offered. The results of the project “;Formation of a comfortable urban environment” on the example of the Sverdlovsk region. The stages of organizational procedures are analyzed, the data of analysts are analyzed, conclusions are drawn about the need to involve citizens in the implementation of projects initiated by citizens.
Suitability of map data for processing of pedestrian analysis questionnaire in small towns
Authors: Kramářová Z 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
From a historical point of view, pedestrian movement is the oldest way one moves from place to place. It is a basic, most natural and environmentally friendly means of transport, which is unattractive for many individuals in terms of today’s trends. Walking is absolutely indispensable for the creation of cities, especially their public space, as it alone allows people to interact with their surroundings. Public space in cities is an essential element that ensures the existence of a settlement, its life and the life of its inhabitants. If we consider as a premise the fact that cities are created for people’s living, public space fulfills the functions of socializing, communicating, passing, etc. - that is, a function that supports the community of society. The analysis of the permeability of settlements, especially of small towns, is one of the most important documents for the creation and regeneration of the public space. A questionnaire survey is one of the methods for its quality processing, which is most easily done by plotting the map. Choosing a suitable map background that is sufficiently understandable to the general public is the first prerequisite to obtain quality data for this analysis.