bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Trends in the Development of Novel Catalysts for Asymmetric Michael Reaction
Authors: Kamal Shagufta , Zahoor Ameer Fawad , Ahmad Sajjad , Akhtar Rabia , Khaliq Iqra , Qurban Wajiha , Mehreen Attia 
Published: June 2020

:
Michael reaction is the nucleophilic addition of active methylene compounds to
conjugated olefins, resultantly affording a variety of biologically active scaffolds with high
enantiopurity. To improve the reaction yield, as well as enantioselectivity of the product, a
variety of catalysts (amine-based catalysts, bifunctional L-proline amides, bifunctional
squaramides, chiral ionic liquids, cinchona alkaloids, enzymes, indolinols, metal catalysts,
peptide derived catalytic system, phase transfer catalysts, pyrrolidine based organocatalysts)
have been investigated by a different era of chemists. Besides this, different methodologies
have been developed to improve reaction yield and enantioselectivity of the targeted products
with low catalyst loading.

:
This review article provides a concise overview of the catalysts applied recently by different
scientists in the Michael addition reaction. Moreover, current strategies and potential applications of this reaction
have also been illustrated in this review.
Synthesis, Anticancer Activity on Prostate Cancer Cell Lines and Molecular Modeling Studies of Flurbiprofen-Thioether Derivatives as Potential Target of MetAP (Type II)
Authors: Yılmaz Özgür , Bayer Burak , Bekçi Hatice , Uba Abdullahi I. , Cumaoğlu Ahmet , Yelekçi Kemal , Küçükgüzel Ş. Güniz 
Published: June 2020

Background::
Prostate cancer is still one of the serious causes of mortality and morbidity
in men. Despite recent advances in anticancer therapy, there is a still need of novel agents with
more efficacy and specificity in the treatment of prostate cancer. Because of its function on angiogenesis
and overexpression in the prostate cancer, methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) has
been a potential target for novel drug design recently.

Objective::
A novel series of Flurbiprofen derivatives N-(substituted)-2-(2-(2-fluoro-[1,1'-
biphenyl]-4-il)propanoyl)hydrazinocarbothioamide (3a-c), 4-substituted-3-(1-(2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-
4-yl)ethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione (4a-d), 3-(substitutedthio)-4-(substituted-phenyl)-
5-(1-(2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole (5a-y) were synthesized. The purpose
of the research was to evaluate these derivatives against MetAP-2 in vitro and in silico to obtain
novel specific and effective anticancer agents against prostate cancer.

Methods:
The chemical structures and purities of the compounds were defined by spectral methods
(1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HR-MS and FT-IR) and elemental analysis. Anticancer activities of the
compounds were evaluated in vitro by using MTS method against PC-3 and DU-143 (androgenindependent
human prostate cancer cell lines) and LNCaP (androgen-sensitive human prostate
adenocarcinoma) prostate cancer cell lines. Cisplatin was used as a positive sensitivity reference
standard.

Results::
Compounds 5b and 5u; 3c, 5b and 5y; 4d and 5o showed the most potent biological activity
against PC3 cancer cell line (IC50= 27.1 μM, and 5.12 μM, respectively), DU-145 cancer cell
line (IC50= 11.55 μM, 6.9 μM and 9.54 μM, respectively) and LNCaP cancer cell line (IC50= 11.45
μM and 26.91 μM, respectively). Some compounds were evaluated for their apoptotic caspases
protein expression (EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway) by Western blot analysis in androgen independent-
PC3 cells. BAX, caspase 9, caspsase 3 and anti-apoptotic BcL-2 mRNA levels of some compounds
were also investigated. In addition, molecular modeling studies of the compounds on
MetAP-2 enzyme active site were evaluated in order to get insight into binding mode and energy.

Conclusion::
A series of Flurbiprofen-thioether derivatives were synthesized. This study presented
that some of the synthesized compounds have remarkable anticancer and apoptotic activities
against prostate cancer cells. Also, molecular modeling studies exhibited that there is a correlation
between molecular modeling and anticancer activity results.
In Silico Docking of Vitamin E Isomers on Transport Proteins
Authors: Zulkiflee Nurul Syeefa , Awang Siti Amilia , Ming Woo Xian , Kamilan Muhammad Fauzan Wira’i , Mariappan M Yuveneshwari , Kit Tan Jen 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Vitamin E is comprised of α, β, γ and δ-tocopherols (Ts) and α, β, γ and δ-
tocotrienols (T3s). Vitamin E has neuroprotective antioxidant, anti-cancer, and cholesterol-lowering
effects. Intracellular trafficking of these isomers remains largely unknown, except for αT which is
selectively transported by αT transfer protein (αTTP).

Objective:
This study aimed to determine the binding of vitamin E isomers on transport proteins
using in silico docking.

Methods:
Transport proteins were selected using AmiGo Gene Ontology tool based on the same
molecular function annotation as αTTP. Protein structures were obtained from the Protein Data
Bank. Ligands structures were obtained from ZINC database. In silico docking was performed
using SwissDock.

Results and Discussion:
A total of 6 transport proteins were found: SEC14-like protein 2,
glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP), pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 8,
collagen type IV alpha-3-binding protein, ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein and afamin.
Compared with other transport proteins, αTTP had the highest affinities for all isomers except βT3.
Binding order of vitamin E isomers toward αTTP was γT > βT > αT > δT > αT3 > γT3 > δT3 > βT3.
GLTP had a higher affinity for tocotrienols than tocopherols. βT3 bound stronger to GLTP than αTTP.

Conclusion:
αTTP remained as the most preferred transport protein for most of the isomers. The
binding affinity of αT toward αTTP was not the highest than other isomers suggested that other
intracellular trafficking mechanisms of these isomers may exist. GLTP may mediate the intracellular
transport of tocotrienols, especially βT3. Improving the bioavailability of these isomers may enhance
their beneficial effects to human.
Photobiomodulation vs. Placebo on Post-Bleaching Sensitivity and Color Change: A Split-Mouth Clinical Study
Authors: C. de Silva Caroline , de M. Alencar Cristiane , de Paula Brennda L. F. , de A. Jassé Fernanda F. , Araújo Jesuína L. N. , Silva Cecy M. 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Photobiomodulation (PBM) with low-level LASER therapy compared to placebo in post-bleaching sensitivity and color change during a three-week office bleaching treatment.

Methods:
A split-mouth model was used to evaluate 21 subjects. The right and left hemi-archs were randomized to one of two groups: GP (placebo): simulated LASER application followed by tooth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide; and GL: treated with PBM followed by tooth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide. A four-degree modified Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to assess tooth sensitivity after the application of an evaporative stimulus (stimulated pain). In addition, a daily questionnaire was used to measure unstimulated pain. The color change was measured using a spectrophotometer. The Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze data sensitivity. Color results were statistically analyzed using Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post-hoc test.

Results:
There was no significant difference between GP and GL for stimulated pain evaluation (p> 0.05). However, there was a significant difference between the groups for unstimulated pain evaluation (p≤ 0.05). In addition, ΔE data did not reveal any significant difference in tooth color between groups at any time (p> 0.05).

Conclusion:
PBM prevented post-bleaching sensitivity compared to placebo, based on the daily pain assessment questionnaires. PBM did not compromise the quality of bleaching treatments.
Surface Bacterial Adhesion Study of Novel Ternary PVC/ Polyester/ Bentonite Clay Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Abbas Mohammed I. , Sountharapandiyan Nandha G. , Khudus Shabeer T. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
The spread of bacterial infections has become a growing concern
to human beings particularly in the medical and food packaging industry. Such infection
may also result due to the adhesion of microbes from the environment. Polyvinyl chloride
is a versatile polymer used in medical devices and food packaging materials, need to be
modified to enhance antibacterial activity.

Objective:
The main focus of the present work was to prepare polymer nanocomposite
based on polyvinylchloride to prevent bacterial infections.

Method:
Polyvinyl chloride/Polyester/bentonite clay composite films were prepared using
the solution casting method. The morphological properties of synthesized nanocomposite
films were studied using XRD, SEM, and AFM, whereas biological activity is evaluated by
bacterial adhesion study.

Results:
The results showed that intercalation of clay present in nanocomposite films and
SEM analysis showed agglomeration of clay material due to high filler loading. The antibacterial
adhesion study showed the antibacterial activity of polymer nanocomposite films,
which is further confirmed by surface roughness values by AFM study.

Conclusions:
Our result showed that such polymer nanocomposite films were useful in
medical and food packaging applications.
Understanding Drug Repurposing From the Perspective of Biomedical Entities and Their Evolution: Bibliographic Research Using Aspirin
Authors: Li Xin , Rousseau Justin F , Ding Ying , Song Min , Lu Wei 
Published: June 2020

Background
Drug development is still a costly and time-consuming process with a low rate of success. Drug repurposing (DR) has attracted significant attention because of its significant advantages over traditional approaches in terms of development time, cost, and safety. Entitymetrics, defined as bibliometric indicators based on biomedical entities (eg, diseases, drugs, and genes) studied in the biomedical literature, make it possible for researchers to measure knowledge evolution and the transfer of drug research.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to understand DR from the perspective of biomedical entities (diseases, drugs, and genes) and their evolution.

Methods
In the work reported in this paper, we extended the bibliometric indicators of biomedical entities mentioned in PubMed to detect potential patterns of biomedical entities in various phases of drug research and investigate the factors driving DR. We used aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) as the subject of the study since it can be repurposed for many applications. We propose 4 easy, transparent measures based on entitymetrics to investigate DR for aspirin: Popularity Index (P1), Promising Index (P2), Prestige Index (P3), and Collaboration Index (CI).

Results
We found that the maxima of P1, P3, and CI are closely associated with the different repurposing phases of aspirin. These metrics enabled us to observe the way in which biomedical entities interacted with the drug during the various phases of DR and to analyze the potential driving factors for DR at the entity level. P1 and CI were indicative of the dynamic trends of a specific biomedical entity over a long time period, while P2 was more sensitive to immediate changes. P3 reflected the early signs of the practical value of biomedical entities and could be valuable for tracking the research frontiers of a drug.

Conclusions
In-depth studies of side effects and mechanisms, fierce market competition, and advanced life science technologies are driving factors for DR. This study showcases the way in which researchers can examine the evolution of DR using entitymetrics, an approach that can be valuable for enhancing decision making in the field of drug discovery and development.
Tactics for Drawing Youth to Vaping: Content Analysis of Electronic Cigarette Advertisements
Authors: Struik Laura L , Dow-Fleisner Sarah , Belliveau Michelle , Thompson Desiree , Janke Robert 
Published: June 2020

Background
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), also known as vaping, has risen exponentially among North American youth in recent years and has become a critical public health concern. The marketing strategies used by e-cigarette companies have been associated with the uptick in use among youth, with video advertisements on television and other electronic platforms being the most pervasive strategy. It is unknown how these advertisements may be tapping into youth needs and preferences.

Objective
The aim of this 2-phase study was to examine the marketing strategies that underpin e-cigarette advertisements, specifically in the context of television.

Methods
In phase 1, a scoping review was conducted to identify various influences on e-cigarette uptake among youth. Results of this scoping review informed the development of a coding framework. In phase 2, this framework was used to analyze the content of e-cigarette advertisements as seen on 2 popular television channels (Discovery and AMC).

Results
In phase 1, a total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. The resultant framework consisted of 16 key influences on e-cigarette uptake among youth, which were categorized under 4 headings: personal, relational, environmental, and product-related. In phase 2, 38 e-cigarette advertisements were collected from iSpot.tv and represented 11 popular e-cigarette brands. All of the advertisements tapped into the cited influences of youth e-cigarette uptake, with the most commonly cited influences (product and relational) tapping into the most, at 97% (37/38) and 53% (20/38), respectively.

Conclusions
The findings highlight the multidimensional influences on youth uptake of e-cigarettes, which has important implications for developing effective antivaping messages, and assist public health professionals in providing more comprehensive prevention and cessation support as it relates to e-cigarette use. The findings also bring forward tangible strategies employed by e-cigarette companies to recruit youth into vaping. Understanding this is vital to the development of cohesive strategies that combat these provaping messages.
AUTONOMÍA DEL BANCO DE MÉXICO, CRECIMIENTO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO
Authors: Vázquez Muñoz Juan Alberto 
Published: June 2020

<p>En agosto 1993 se otorgó autonomía al Banco de México y se le confirió el objetivo de mantener una tasa de inflación (π) baja y estable. En el presente artículo se muestra que: <em>a</em>) la tasa de crecimiento (<em>g</em>) de la economía mexicana exhibe una relación no lineal, en forma de U invertida, con π, y que lo mismo sucede con las tasas de crecimiento del sector manufacturero (<em>m</em>) y del sector de servicios financieros y de seguros (<em>sf</em>); <em>b</em>) la π que optimiza <em>g</em>, <em>m</em> y <em>sf</em> es distinta para cada caso, siendo menor y cercana al objetivo de inflación para el caso de <em>sf</em>; <em>c</em>) la tasa de crecimiento de las remuneraciones nominales ha servido como ancla de la inflación y ha conllevado a una redistribución regresiva del ingreso, y <em>d</em>) la consecución de una π baja y estable se ha acompañado de tasas de interés reales altas, lo cual ha deprimido la inversión y la tasa de crecimiento de la productividad laboral.</p><p> </p><p align="center">BANCO DE MÉXICO’S INDEPENDENCE, GROWTH AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION<strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><strong></strong></p>On August 1993 the Banco de México was granted autonomy and charged with the objective of maintaining a low and stable inflation rate (π). This paper shows that: <em>a</em>) the growth rate (<em>g</em>) of the Mexican economy exhibits a non-linear relationship (an inverted U-shape) with π, and that the same is true of the growth rates of the manufacturing (<em>m</em>), the financial services and the insurance (<em>sf</em>) sectors; <em>b</em>) the π that optimizes <em>g</em>, <em>m</em> and <em>sf</em> is different for each case, being lower and close to the inflation target for the case of <em>sf</em>; <em>c</em>) the growth rate of the nominal remuneration has worked as an inflation anchor and has led to a regressive redistribution of income; and <em>d</em>) the achievement of a low and stable π has been accompanied by high real interest rates, which has depressed both investment and the growth rate of labor productivity.
AUTONOMÍA DEL BANCO DE MÉXICO Y ESTABILIDAD MACROECONÓMICA, 1994-2019
Authors: Loría Eduardo 
Published: June 2020

<p>Analizamos la política monetaria que ha instrumentado el Banco de México desde 1994 y mostramos que ha sido estabilizadora en términos del Nuevo Consenso Keynesiano. Probamos analítica y econométricamente que no es posible asociar los cambios estructurales que se han observado en el producto y en el desempleo ni en el lento crecimiento en los últimos 30 años a los grandes cambios de política monetaria, entre ellos el otorgamiento de la autonomía al Banco de México. Encontramos evidencia empírica para afirmar que estos cambios de política monetaria han reducido significativamente la volatilidad de las variables macroeconómicas más importantes.</p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center">BANCO DE MÉXICO’S AUTONOMY AND MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, 1994-2019</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p>In this paper the Banco de México’s monetary policy implemented since 1994 is analyzed. It is shown that the effect of such policy, inspired in the New Keynesian Consensus approach, has been stabilizing. Also, it is analytically and econometrically proven that neither the structural changes in both output and unemployment nor the slow growth observed in the last 30 years can be associated to the major changes monetary policy has experienced, including the granting of autonomy to the Banco de México. We found empirical evidence confirming that these changes in monetary policy have significantly reduced the volatility of the most important macroeconomic variables.
DÉFICIT FISCAL, CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO E INFLACIÓN, ¿UNA RELACIÓN EXÓGENA?
Authors: Novelo Urdanivia Federico , Muller Durán Nancy 
Published: June 2020

<p>En este artículo analizamos la relación entre el crecimiento económico, el déficit fiscal y la inflación en México, considerando el periodo en que ha estado vigente la autonomía del Banco de México respecto del gobierno. Estimamos dos modelos CVAR para demostrar que si el gasto de gobierno es endógeno al crecimiento económico, entonces el déficit fiscal no es necesariamente la única causa de la inflación. Nuestros resultados muestran que, aún sin causalidad en el sentido de Granger, existe una relación negativa de largo plazo entre el gasto de gobierno y la inflación. De manera conjunta, ambos modelos revelan que a mayor crecimiento económico, mayor gasto fiscal y menor inflación.</p><p> </p><p align="center">FISCAL DEFICIT, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INFLATION, AN EXOGENOUS RELATIONSHIP?</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><strong></strong></p><p>This paper deals with the relationship between output growth, fiscal deficit and the rate of inflation in Mexico for the period of the independence of Banco de México. A couple of CVAR models are estimated with the aim of testing whether the government expenditure is endogenous to economic growth, in which case the fiscal deficit will not necessarily be the sole source of inflation. According to our empirical results, it is shown that there is a long-run negative relationship between government spending and inflation, without involving a Granger causality. Both models jointly reveal that the higher the economic growth rate, the larger government expenditure and the lower the rate of inflation.</p>
LA ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA DE LA AUTONOMÍA DEL BANCO CENTRAL EUROPEO
Authors: Boundi Chraki Fahd 
Published: June 2020

<p>El propósito de este trabajo es indagar la lógica que subyace de la independencia del Banco Central Europeo (BCE) a la luz de las teorías del excedente, la producción y el dinero de la economía política. A partir de este enfoque, la hipótesis de investigación que se contrasta es la siguiente: los costos laborales unitarios reales (CLUR) y la tasa general de ganancia han sido los instrumentos fundamentales del BCE que coadyuvaron a alcanzar el crecimiento junto a la estabilidad de precios en la eurozona en el periodo 1999-2018. Se aplicó un modelo ARDL en panel de datos y la prueba causalidad de Granger, cuyos resultados sugieren el cumplimiento de la hipótesis antedicha.</p><p> </p><p align="center">THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE AUTONOMY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>Based on the classical political economy’s theories of surplus, production and money, the aim of the paper is to enquire the logic behind the independence of the European Central Bank (ECB). Along this line of reasoning, the following hypothesis is put forth and tested: The ECB has used both the real unit labour costs (RULC) and the general profit rate as fundamental instruments to achieve economic growth and price stability in the Eurozone during the period 1999-2018. A Panel ARDL model and Granger causality test were applied to empirically contrast the above hypothesis.<strong></strong></p>
COUNTRY-RISK PREMIUM IN THE PERIPHERY AND THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CYCLE 1999-2019
Authors: Aidar Gabriel , Braga Julia 
Published: June 2020

<p>In the context of the pull-push debate on the weight that external or internal factors have on the behavior of capital flows, this article aims to empirically assess the extent to which the push factors linked to global liquidity determine the changes in the risk premium of a set of countries of the periphery in the period 1999-2019. We also test for a structural change in the premium risk series in 2003. We find that push factors play a predominant role (compared to pull factors) in explaining country-risk spreads changes in our selected set of peripheral countries and that there was indeed a substantial general reduction in country-risk premia after 2003. The results are in agreement both with the view that cycles in peripheral economies are subordinated to global financial cycles and also that such global conditions substantially improved compared to the 1990s. </p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">PRIMA DE RIESGO PAÍS EN LA PERIFERIA Y EL CICLO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL 1999-2019</p><p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong><strong></strong></p><p>Considerando el debate <em>pull-push</em> sobre la influencia de los factores externos o internos en el comportamiento de los flujos de capital, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar empíricamente el grado en que los factores externos vinculados a la liquidez global afectan los cambios en la prima de riesgo de un conjunto de países de la periferia durante el periodo 1999-2019. También examinamos un cambio estructural en la serie de riesgo de primas en 2003. Así, encontramos que los factores externos desempeñan un papel predominante (en comparación con los factores específicos de cada país) en la explicación de los cambios de riesgo país en los países periféricos seleccionados y que, efectivamente, existió una reducción general sustancial en las primas de riesgo país después de 2003. Los resultados están en línea con la visión de que los ciclos en las economías periféricas están subordinados a los ciclos financieros mundiales y, además, que las condiciones externas han mejorado sustancialmente en comparación con la década de 1990.</p>