bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon revealed using CLARITY, three‐dimensional (3D) imaging, and a novel anti‐human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum
Authors: Yuan Pu‐Qing , Bellier Jean‐Pierre , Li Tao , Kwaan Mary R. , Kimura Hiroshi , Taché Yvette 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe previously reported the specificity of a novel anti‐human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum for immunostaining of cholinergic neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the human colon. In this study, we investigate 3D architecture of intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon and the relationship with nitrergic neurons in the enteric plexus.MethodsWe developed a modified CLARITY tissue technique applicable for clearing human sigmoid colon specimens and immunostaining with hpChAT antiserum and co‐labeling with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibody. The Z‐stack confocal images were processed for 3D reconstruction/segmentation/digital tracing and computational quantitation by Imaris 9.2 and 9.5.Key ResultsIn the mucosa, a local micro‐neuronal network formed of hpChAT‐ir fibers and a few neuronal cell bodies were digitally assembled. Three layers of submucosal plexuses were displayed in 3D structure that were interconnected by hpChAT‐ir fiber bundles and hpChAT‐ir neurons were rarely co‐labeled by nNOS. In the myenteric plexus, 30.1% of hpChAT‐ir somas including Dogiel type I and II were co‐labeled by nNOS and 3 classes of hpChAT‐ir nerve fiber strands were visualized in 3D images and videos. The density and intensity values of hpChAT‐ir fibers in 3D structure were significantly higher in the circular than in the longitudinal layer.Conclusions and InferencesThe intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon was demonstrated layer by layer for the first time in 3D microstructures. This may open a new venue to assess the structure‐function relationships and pathological alterations in colonic diseases.
Grandparental dietary provision, feeding practices and feeding styles when caring for preschool‐aged grandchildren: A systematic mixed methods review
Authors: Marr Colette , Reale Sophie , Breeze Penny , Caton Samantha J. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryGrandparents are frequently relied upon to care for their preschool‐aged grandchildren. These early years are a crucial age in the development of dietary habits and preferences. This review aims to determine grandparental dietary provision, feeding practices and feeding styles when caring for their preschool‐aged grandchildren. Medline, PsycInfo and Web of Science were searched in January 2020. A systematic mixed methods approach was used to synthesize the qualitative (n= 13) and quantitative (n= 7) articles describing grandparents' feeding styles (n= 9), feeding practices (n= 14) and dietary provision (n= 18). Grandparents are serving large portion sizes and encouraging their grandchildren to eat frequently. Results are mixed for the types of foods provided; grandparents provide discretionary foods high in sugar and fat, and some also choose more expensive core foods as treats (e.g., berries). Grandparents engage in feeding practices that promote healthy eating (e.g., creating a healthy feeding environment) and promote autonomy and independence (e.g., considering their grandchild's preferences). However, they also use some coercive feeding practices (e.g., using food as a reward) and may be using indulgent feeding styles, which can be conducive to obesogenic dietary intakes. Interventions targeting grandparents could be an effective way to improve dietary‐related health outcomes in young children.
Cloning and characterization of a putative orthologue of the wheat vernalization (VRN1) gene in perennial wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum)
Authors: Cabrera Adoración , Copete‐Parada Alejandro , Madrid Eva 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFlowering time is important in the adaptation of crop plants to different environments and impacts the economic value of agricultural crops. Wheatgrass is a perennial Triticeae species and one of the most important grasses for pasture and forage in temperate regions of the world. Late heading is of interest in forage crop breeding programmes. Increasing the time to heading by molecular means may be facilitated by the identification and characterization of floral genes. In addition, the characterization of orthologous genes in wheatgrass is useful for establishing genetic relationships between grasses. In this study, we characterized a wheatgrass orthologue of the hexaploid wheat VRN‐A1 gene involved in the vernalization response. High sequence similarity of this gene, designated VRN‐P1, to both VRN‐A1 and VRN‐H1 and its localization on the 5PL chromosome arm in Agropyron cristatum indicated that VRN‐P1 is orthologous to VRN1 from wheat and barley. VRN‐P1 retains the VRN1 exon/intron organization and encodes a MADS‐box transcription factor. Phylogenetic and amino acid analyses confirmed that the isolated sequence represents VRN1. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the deduced protein sequence revealed an intimate genetic relationship between VRN‐P1 and VRN1 from Triticeae species.
Congenital fibrous hamartoma of the tip of the tongue: A novel peculiar entity
Authors: Di Altobrando Ambra , Patrizi Annalisa , Misciali Cosimo , Virdi Annalucia , Tarsitano Achille , Vara Giulio , Baraldi Carlotta , Neri Iria 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCongenital fibrous hamartoma of the tip of the tongue, a peculiar and novel entity, consists of one or two asymptomatic pearly or yellowish nodules, not exceeding 0.5 cm in maximum diameter, at the tip of the tongue, ventrally or dorsally. Unlike other localizations, congenital fibrous hamartoma of the tip of the tongue is not associated with cleft lip or palate, or with feeding problems. Surgical excision should be avoided, reserved only for dubious cases, since the lesions are benign and stable over time.
Tracing sources of carbon and hydrogen to stored lipids in the migratory moth, Mythimna unipuncta using stable isotopes (δ2H, δ13C)
Authors: Anparasan Libesha , McNeil Jeremy N. , Hobson Keith A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStable isotope measurements of insect tissues can be used to determine origin and migratory patterns. The isotopic links between diet and stored lipids in laboratory reared true armyworm moths (Mythimna unipuncta, Haw.) were investigated using δ13C and δ2H measurements. Newly emerged moths were fed synthetic nectars, consisting of different carbohydrate and water sources that were isotopically distinct from those in the larval diet. After 4 days of feeding, insects were sacrificed, and fat‐body lipids were extracted for isotopic analysis. When held on a constant nectar source, adult diet contributed ∼87% of the C and 44% H of lipids. For H, 27% and ∼ 17% of lipid was derived from carbohydrates and water, respectively, with the remainder presumably from the larval stage. When the isotopic composition of the nectar source was switched there was rapid and exponential temporal change in lipid isotopic profiles. The relevance of our findings to tracing origins of stored lipids in migrant Lepidoptera is discussed.
Exogenous β‐cyclocitral treatment primes tomato plants against drought by inducing tolerance traits, independent of abscisic acid
Authors: Deshpande S. , Manoharan R. , Mitra S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Drought is the most devastating stress for crops. Intensity and duration of drought determine the magnitude of plant damage; similarly, plant ability to counteract drought determines its tolerance capacity. Recent studies revealed that exogenous apocarotenoid treatment confers abiotic stress tolerance to plants. However, much less is known about the role of β‐cyclocitral (βCC), the major apocarotenoid, in drought tolerance. Here, we demonstrate βCC’s role in improving plants' tolerance against drought stress.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were independently treated with water and βCC and grown under either water‐limited or irrigated conditions. The βCC‐treated drought‐exposed (BD) and βCC‐treated irrigated (BH) plants were analysed for the major drought tolerance associated traits; water‐treated drought‐exposed (CD) and water‐treated irrigated plants (CH) were used as controls.

On exposure to drought, unlike controls, βCC‐treated plants showed no wilting, higher RWC and stomatal conductance, unchanged ABA levels and stomatal closure. The BD plants had increased photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and enhanced root, but not shoot, growth. In addition, βCC treatment enhanced proline accumulation and activity of SOD in both drought‐exposed and well irrigated plants.

Taken together, βCC was identified as a potential candidate that improves tomato osmolyte accumulation and superoxide elimination, independent of ABA, and prepares the plant for upcoming drought stress. Our results suggest that βCC can be used to prime crops against drought stress.
Phosphorus supplementation modulates nitric oxide biosynthesis and stabilizes the defence system to improve arsenic stress tolerance in mustard
Authors: Khan M. I. R. , Khan N. A. , Jahan B. , Goyal V. , Hamid J. , Khan S. , Iqbal N. , Alamri S. , Siddiqui M. H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

The interaction of mineral nutrients with metals/metalloids and signalling molecules is well known. In the present study, we investigated the effect of phosphorus (P) in mitigation of arsenic (As) stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.).

The study was conducted to investigate potential of 30 mg P·kg−1 soil P supplement (diammonium phosphate) to cope up with the adverse effects of As stress (24 mg As·kg−1 soil) in mustard plants

Supplementation of P influenced nitric oxide (NO) generation, which up‐regulated proline metabolism, ascorbate–glutathione system and glyoxalase system and alleviated the effects of on photosynthesis and growth. Arsenic stress generated ROS and methylglyoxal content was scavenged through P‐mediated NO, and reduced As translocation from roots to leaves. The involvement of NO under P‐mediated alleviation of As stress was substantiated with the use of cPTIO (NO biosynthesis inhibitor) and SNP (NO inducer). The reversal of P effects on photosynthesis under As stress with the use of cPTIO emphasized the role of P‐mediated NO in mitigation of As stress and protection of photosynthesis

The results suggested that P reversed As‐induced oxidative stress by modulation of NO formation, which regulated antioxidant machinery. Thus, P‐induced regulatory interaction between NO and reversal of As‐induced oxidative stress for the protection of photosynthesis may be suggested for sustainable crops.
Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals distinct resistance response of cucumber leaves infected with powdery mildew
Authors: Zheng L. , Zhang M. , Zhuo Z. , Wang Y. , Gao X. , Li Y. , Liu W. , Zhang W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Powdery mildew is the main disease affecting cucumber cultivation and causes severe economic loss. So far, research on cucumber resistance to powdery mildew has not yielded feasible solutions.

This study selected two inbred cucumber lines, XY09‐118 (resistant) and Q10 (susceptible) and investigated their responses to powdery mildew infection (harvested 24 and 48 h after inoculation) using RNA sequencing.

More than 20,000 genes were detected in cucumber leaves both with and without powdery mildew infection at the above two time points. Among these, 5478 genes were identified as differently expressed genes (DEGs) between XY09‐118 and Q10. Based on the databases GO and KEGG, the functions of DEGs were analysed. Moreover, the complex regulatory network for powdery mildew resistance was assessed, which involves plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant–pathogen interaction and the MAPK signalling pathway. In particular, genes encoding WRKY, NAC and TCP were highlighted. In addition, genes involved in plant hormone biosynthesis, metabolism and signal transduction, pathogen resistance and abiotic stress response were analysed. Co‐expression analysis indicated that the transcription factors correlated with plant hormone signal pathway and metabolism, defence and abiotic response. The expression of several genes was validated by qRT‐PCR. The pathogen resistance regulatory network was identified by comparing resistant and susceptible inbred lines infected with powdery mildew.

The transcriptome data provide novel insights into cucumber response to powdery mildew infection and the identified pathogen resistance genes will be highly useful for breeding efforts to enhance the resistance of cucumber to powdery mildew.
Aberrant regulation of RNA methylation during spermatogenesis
Authors: Zhong Dandan , Chen Mengjie , Zhang Lei , Chen Hong , Shi Deshun , Liu Qingyou , Li Hui 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNatural modifications of cellular RNA include various chemical modifications, such as N6‐methyladenosine (m6A), which enable the orderly metabolism and function of RNA structural diversity, thereby affecting gene expression. Spermatogenesis is a complex differentiating developmental process, which includes the proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells, spermatocyte meiosis and sperm maturation. Emerging evidence has shown that RNA methylation can influence RNA splicing, exportation and translation, which are controlled in the male germline in order to ensure coordinated gene expression. In this review, we summarize the typical characteristics of different types of RNA methylation during the process of spermatogenesis. In particular, we emphasize the functions of the RNA methylation effectors during the male germ cell development.
Algorithmic governance: A modes of governance approach
Authors: Gritsenko Daria , Wood Matthew 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article examines how modes of governance are reconfigured as a result of using algorithms in the governance process. We argue that deploying algorithmic systems creates a shift toward a special form of design‐based governance, with power exercisedex antevia choice architectures defined through protocols, requiring lower levels of commitment from governing actors. We use governance of three policy problems – speeding, disinformation, and social sharing – to illustrate what happens when algorithms are deployed to enable coordination in modes of hierarchical governance, self‐governance, and co‐governance. Our analysis shows that algorithms increase efficiency while decreasing the space for governing actors' discretion. Furthermore, we compare the effects of algorithms in each of these cases and explore sources of convergence and divergence between the governance modes. We suggest design‐based governance modes that rely on algorithmic systems might be re‐conceptualized as algorithmic governance to account for the prevalence of algorithms and the significance of their effects.
Airport Exposure to Lightning Strike Hazard in the Contiguous United States
Authors: He Yiyi , Lindbergh Sarah , Graves Coolidge , Rakas Jasenka 
Published: November 2020

AbstractReliability of the air transportation system heavily depends on the performance of communication, navigation, and surveillance facilities in the National Airspace System (NAS). These facilities are prone to outages caused by convective weather, such as lightning. Current lightning safety standards and risk assessments focus solely on lightning occurrence and omit the effect of lightning intensity from hazard characterization. We propose methods that incorporate lightning intensity and occurrence parameters to better understand the impact of lightning strike on the NAS using the National Lightning Detection Network and Federal Aviation Administration NAS facilities and equipment outage databases. Spatial analysis and clustering reveal different exposure profiles for 436 U.S. airports. Kernel Density estimation and Hot Spot analysis show that regardless of lightning intensity, Southern state airports are the most exposed to lightning hazards.K‐means clustering reveal five different lightning exposure profiles that mimic the spatial patterns produced by the Kernel Density estimation and Hot Spot analysis. A scoring system ranks all airports according to their exposure profile taking into consideration lightning occurrence and intensity. It is complemented with a rising trend exposure analysis, which identifies airports whose exposure could be underestimated under the current standards, identifying airports with fewer lightning occurrences but higher intensities. Finally, a comparison between the exposure patterns and lightning‐induced outages provide insights into U.S. lightning impact patterns. Similar patterns between lightning exposure and outages indicate that the results of the proposed lightning hazard assessment provide useful information for prioritizing airport hardening investments at the national scale and reducing lightning risk.
Expanded understanding of student conceptions of engineers: Validation of the modified draw‐an‐engineer test (mDAET) scoring rubric
Authors: Thomas Julie , Hawley Leslie R. , DeVore‐Wedding Beverly 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWith this research, we sought to expand the pool of engineering education assessment instruments. We drew upon earlier efforts to define an expanded protocol for prompting children's drawings of engineers; and evaluate the reliability of a new scoring rubric for the modified Draw‐an‐Engineer Test (mDAET). An earlier paper introduced our ground theory approach in gathering theoretical propositions derived from children's drawings, explanations of engineers (n = 940) to develop the mDAET Scoring Rubric. Here we evaluate the reliability of the mDAET, a component of the larger mDAET rubric validation process. In the current study, eight participants scored twelve sets (including anchor sets) of drawings (n = 36) and, scores across drawings were evaluated by percentage match with the known‐score and interrater reliability. Kappa values for exact matches across eight raters met the threshold for “substantial” agreement and matches that were exact or adjacent indicated “almost perfect” agreement. Notably, 92% of the possible matches among common anchor items were either exact or adjacent matches. These results indicate adequate inter‐rater reliability evidence of the mDAET scoring rubric and demonstrate the feasibility of largescale administration that may no longer require individual child interviews.
Centralised–decentralisation: State program of poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Vietnam’s northern upland region
Authors: Lam Minh Chau 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBuilding on ethnographic fieldwork in Vietnam’s northern upland region, this article uses the case of state programs of poverty reduction for the country’s ethnic minorities to add insights to scholarly understandings of the composition and workings of socialist states in today’s Asia. Scholars have widely rejected the idea of Asian socialist states as monolithic, totalising entities in favour of seeing those states as internally divided. However, they have mostly examined how Asian socialist states are divided vertically into the central government and local authorities, which either manipulate central policies for local interests or side with villagers to defy central superiors. The approach leaves the central government relatively intact as a unified, coherent whole. This article argues that the Vietnamese state is equally divided at the central level by documenting ethnographically the striking lack of coordination and synchronisation amongst central agencies responsible for implementing poverty reduction programs. This dysfunction is caused by what I term ‘centralised–decentralisation’, meaning that each of those central agencies has remarkable autonomy to decide how to implement the programs assigned to them, even in ways in conflict with other central state organisations.
New Zealand teachers' generation problem misconceptions
Authors: Renelle Amy , Budgett Stephanie , Jones Rhys 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEveryone, including teachers, is prone to randomness misconceptions. In this article, we investigate the perceptions of randomness held by New Zealand secondary school teachers. The responses to a question asked in an online, anonymous questionnaire sent to New Zealand teachers will be explored. One question asked participants to create a sequence of 20 heads and tails such that it mimics a truly random process. From this, the number of heads, the longest run, and the number of runs in each sequence will be considered. Further, the mean for each of these sequence characteristics will then be compared to the findings from a previous study with Spanish pre‐service teachers. Overall, we recommend further research into the misconceptions relating to generation problems, including an exploration of professional development opportunities.
Experience of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in two kidney transplant recipients living with HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Chowdary Prashanth , Shetty Shraddha , Booth John , Khurram Muhammad Arslan , Yaqoob Magdi , Mohamed Ismail Heyder 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere is still no consensus on the optimal management of COVID‐19 within the general population due to the emerging evidence base. High‐risk groups, including kidney transplant recipients living with HIV present unique additional challenges. Here we discuss two kidney transplant recipients living with HIV with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and their clinical course, and review the existing literature for this subset of challenging patients.
A pilot study of immunosuppression resumption following BK viremia resolution
Authors: Alquadan Kawther F. , Santos Alfonso H. , Leghrouz Muhannad , Ozrazgat‐Baslanti Tezcan , Bozorgmehri Shahab , Gupta Gaurav , Womer Karl L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundImmunosuppression reduction for BK viremia is associated with de novo humoral responses, which are a risk factor for rejection and graft loss. In this pilot project, we tested a protocol of immunosuppression resumption to standard dose after viral clearance for optimal protection against humoral immunity in patients undergoing treatment for BK viremia.MethodsThirty‐six consecutive kidney transplant recipients who developed BK viremia from 7/1/2014 to 11/18/2016 underwent immunosuppression reduction. After 4 weeks of absent viremia, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was increased by 500mg/day every 2 weeks up to standard dosage, followed by increase of tacrolimus trough levels to 5‐7 ng/mL. If viremia recurred during the increase, immunosuppression was reduced in this same stepwise fashion, with stepwise increase again after 2 months of negative viremia.ResultsMean tacrolimus trough level (ng/mL) was 8.3 ± 2.7 at viremia onset, 5.3 ± 3.6 at resolution, and 5.6 ± 2.0 at study end date. Mean daily dose (mg) of MMF was 1574 ± 355 at onset, 910 ± 230 at resolution, and 1377 ± 451 at study end date. Only one patient developed low level viremia recurrence (peak 2875 copies/mL) during the period of immunosuppression resumption that ultimately resolved.ConclusionsThe results of our pilot project indicate that following BK viremia resolution, resumption of standard immunosuppression can be achieved safely without BK viremia recurrence. Larger trials with long‐term follow up are required to determine whether such an approach improves long‐term graft survival.