bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Transplanting on Shoot Water Potential of Bareroot Washington Hawthorn and Norway Maple Trees
Authors: Bates Rick M. , Niemiera Alexander X. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two-year-old Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum Med.) trees were cold-stored for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks and stem water potentials were measured prior to and five days after transplanting. In a second experiment, a wax coating was applied to hawthorn trees at transplanting and shoot water potential was measured at two-day intervals for twelve days after transplanting; percent bud break was measured eight weeks after transplanting. In a third experiment, maple and hawthorn trees were stored for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks with the following tree covering treatments: whole plant covered, shoots exposed, roots exposed, and whole plant exposed, and root hydraulic conductivity was measured for each storage duration. For each storage duration, maple stem water potentials after transplanting were the same as or higher than the pre-transplant potential value; hawthorn water potentials after transplanting were generally lower than pre-transplant values. Six to eight days after transplanting, hawthorn water potentials of wax covered stems were higher than unwaxed stems. Bud break percentages were higher for trees with waxed stems than for trees without wax. Root hydraulic conductivity was the same for both species and decreased with increased storage duration and for treatments exposing roots.
Isoxaben and Isoxaben Combinations for Weed Control in Container-Grown Herbaceous Flowering Perennials
Authors: Porter Wayne C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Gallery DF (isoxaben), Snapshot DF (isoxaben + oryzalin), and Snapshot TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) were applied to four species in 1991 and to nine species in 1992 of container-grown herbaceous flowering perennials to evaluate efficacy, phytotoxicity, and effect on plant growth. Surflan AS (oryzalin) and Treflan 5G (trifluralin) were used as standard herbicide checks. Gallery was applied at 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg ai/ha (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 lb ai/A). Snapshot DF and Snapshot TG were applied at 2.8, 4.2, and 5.6 kg ai/A (2.5, 3.75, and 5.0 lb ai/A). Coreopsis was not affected by any herbicide treatment either year. Painted daisy was injured by all treatments except Snapshot TG at 2.5 lb ai/A and Treflan. Gallery at 1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) and Snapshot DF at 5.6 kg ailha (5.0 lb ai/A), injured all species except coreopsis and hibiscus. Surflan injured gloriosa daisy (1991 only), chrysanthemumhollyhock, hibiscus, and painted daisy. Snapshot TG applied at 5.6 kg ai/A (5.0 lb ai/A) injured hollyhock. Height of coreopsis, shasta daisy, gloriosa daisy, and columbine was not affected or only slightly reduced by any treatment. Hollyhock, hibiscus, painted daisy, and chrysanthemum were generally shorter in containers treated with Snapshot DF at 4.2 kg/ha or higher rates.
Growth and Foliar Nutrient Concentrations of Crape Myrtle in Response to Disparate Climate and Fertilizer Placement in Large Nursery Containers
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was replicated in different climates [central Arizona (arid, Sonoran desert) and southwestern Georgia (humid, temperate)] to evaluate effects of controlled-release fertilizer placement in a bark-based container substrate on growth and foliar nutrient concentrations of Lagerstroemia indica L. × L. fauriei Koehne ‘Muskogee’ in large (#7) containers. Plants in Arizona were smaller with higher shoot-to-root ratios and higher levels of N, K, P, Fe, and Cu and lower levels ofCa and Zn in foliage compared with plants in Georgia. Differences in meteorological factors such as higher maximum and minimum temperatures and solar radiation, lower rainfall, and higher container root-zone temperatures, leachate electrical conductivity and nitrate concentrations were coincident with the smaller size and higher foliar nutrient concentration of Arizona plants. Fertilizer placed at the north exposure of container substrate increased plant size in Arizona. However, compared with growth of plants in Georgia, fertilizer placement at the north exposure in Arizona was not enough to entirely alleviate size inhibition caused by the arid Sonoran desert climate.
Identification and Control of Bacterial Contamination in Callus Cultures of Ulmus americana
Authors: Schreiber Lawrence R. , Domir Subhash C. , Gingas V.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bacillus macerans Schardinger appeared on culture media and forceps used in serial transfers of Ulmus americana callus tissue after several contamination-free transfers and may have originated as an endophyte in the leaf tissue used as an explant. Bacteria remained viable on forceps stored for several weeks in 95% ethanol whether or not the excess was burned off in a flame from an alcohol lamp. Bacteria were eliminated from forceps treated similarily with 85% ethanol. The bacterium on artificially contaminated forceps remained viable after immersion up to 4 hr in either 95%, 85%, 80%, or 70% ethanol with or without flaming. Artificial contamination was eliminated, either by autoclaving for 20 min at 121C (185.8F) or exposure to a bunsen burner flame for 6-8 sec. Bacillus macerans remained viable in both naturally and artificially contaminated ethanol at dilutions of 95%, 85%, 80%, and 70%. Thus, forceps may be contaminated by latent bacteria in callus or contaminated ethanol. Ethanol may become contaminated by storage of nonsterile forceps and airborne spores introduced during routine, septic procedures.
Production Method Affects Tree Establishment in the Landscape
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Beeson Richard C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Trunk growth rates one year after transplanting 5 cm (2 in) caliper laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia Michx.) from above-ground plastic containers, from in-ground fabric containers or from the field (B&B) matched or exceeded growth rates before transplanting. Growth rates for all three treatments were similar seven months after transplanting. Shoots on field-grown trees grew more in the first year after transplanting than those from fabric or plastic containers. Roots removed at the time of digging were completely replaced on field and fabric container trees six months after transplanting. One year after transplanting, roots occupied the same soil volume as just prior to transplanting. Trees from plastic containers regenerated roots slower than B&B trees or those from fabric containers. When irrigation frequency was reduced 14 weeks after transplanting (WAT), trees from plastic containers were water stressed more (had more negative xylem potential) than B&B or fabric container trees. Growth rates of East Palatka holly (Ilex × attenuata Ashe. ‘East Palatka’) responded similarly to laurel oak; however hollies took longer to establish roots into landscape soil and took longer for the trunk growth rate to match that on trees prior to transplanting.
Composted Yard Waste as a Component of Container Substrates
Authors: Beeson R.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet ‘Due du Rohan’ and Pittosporum tobira variegata Ait. were produced in 10.2 liter (#3) containers in substrates consisting of 20, 40, 60, and 80% (v/v) composted yard waste mixed with pine bark and coarse sand. Plant growth, substrate physical properties, and N and P leachate were compared with a control substrate of pine bark fines:sledge peat:sand (3:1:1 by vol). Shoot growth of plants in compost substrates was similar or better than control plants and greater with daily irrigation compared to alternate day irrigation. Root growth and percent air porosity declined as compost composition and waterholding capacity increased. Total porosity was generally consistent throughout the study. Irrigation regime had no effect on root growth nor substrate physical properties. Ammonium, NO3-N, and P concentrations in leachates varied with substrate and time following topdressing with controlled release fertilizer. Both species grew best in the 40% compost, 50% pine bark, and 10% sand substrate.
Temperature Distribution in Large, Pot-in-Pot Nursery Containers
Authors: Young Roy E. , Bachman Gary R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Container-grown landscape plants in the Mid-Atlantic and Southern states are exposed to wide, rapid fluctuations of temperatures, particularly during winter. Thermocouples were placed at three depths and four orientations in the soil mix of 2-year-old, Foster' hybrid holly (Ilex × attenuata ‘Fosteri’) to monitor temperature profiles of 57 liter (nominal 15 gal) containers. These containers were grown conventionally under three treatments: on a bare ground surface (control), inside plastic-film-covered hoop houses, and in the pot-in-pot (PIP) configuration below the ground surface. Temperatures were monitored during both the coldest and the warmest periods of the year in the Moncks Comer, SC, area. In the coldest period, soil temperatures averaged among depths and orientations were 3.6C (6.5F) warmer in the hoop houses than in the control, and 1.1C (2F) warmer in the PIP system than in the control. Although colder than the hoop houses, the average temperatures of the PIP container dropped below 0C (32F) only in the upper 7.6 cm (3 in). Below freezing averages were observed in the control containers, however, in all positions except the center. In the warmest period, the hoop houses were uncovered, becoming additional data points of the control treatments. The PIP system kept overall average soil temperatures 3.3C (6F) cooler than in control containers. Upon conclusion of the experiment, new (beyond transplanted root ball) root dry weights were significantly greater for PIP containers than for control containers.
Growth Response of Large, Established Shrubs to Cutless, Atrimmec, and Trim-cut
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Stefani Marcia A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Several species of large, established landscape shrubs were treated with different concentrations of Cutless (flurprimidol) or label concentrations of Atrimmec (dikegulac) or Trim-cut (mefluidide). Length of new shoots decreased with increasing rates of Cutless for ‘Convexa’ holly, ‘Hetzi’ juniper, Japanese cleyera, ‘Manhattan’ euonymus, thorny elaeagnus, and yaupon holly, but for most species the Cutless treatments were not as effective as Atrimmec. The 5000 ppm Cutless foliar spray was the most effective treatment for Manhattan euonymus but Atrimmec was more effective on thorny elaeagnus, ‘Convexa’ holly, yaupon holly, and Japanese cleyera. Trim-cut (1600 ppm) reduced growth of thorny elaeagnus and ‘Convexa’ holly, but not as much as Atrimmec (5000 ppm).
Styrene Lining and Container Size Affect Substrate Temperature
Authors: Brass Thomas J. , Keever Gary J. , Gilliam Charles H. , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The influence of container size and styrene lining on substrate temperature, and their relationship to ambient air temperature were evaluated. Maximum substrate temperatures adjacent to the west sidewall averaged 8C (14.4F) and 7C (12.6F) less in 2.7 liter (#1) and 10.3 liter (#3) containers with 2.6 mm (0.1 in) thick styrene, respectively, than in unlined containers during the summer. Maximum summer substrate temperatures in lined and unlined 10.3 liter (#3) containers were 4C (7.2F) and 5C (9F) lower, respectively, than in lined and unlined 2.7 liter (#1) containers. During diurnal periods of rapidly fluctuating winter temperatures, minimum substrate temperatures in 2.7 liter (#1) styrene-lined containers averaged 3C (5.4F) higher than in ones without styrene; styrene lining also reduced diurnal fluctuations in substrate temperatures in 2.7 liter (#1) and 10.3 liter (#3) containers by 11C (19.8F) and 7.5C (13.5), respectively, when compared to those in unlined containers. When ambient air temperature lacked wide fluctuations during winter diurnal cycles, extreme variations in substrate temperatures were not present. However, minimum substrate temperatures in styrene-lined 2.7 liter (#1) and 10.3 liter (#3) containers averaged over 2C (3.6F) and 3C (5.4F), respectively, higher than those in unlined containers.
Growth of Bedding Plants in Sphagnum Peat and Coir Dust-Based Substrates
Authors: Evans Michael R. , Stamps Robert H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Water-holding capacity of substrates increased as the proportion of sphagnum peat and coir increased, and coir-based substrates had greater water-holding capacities than comparable peat-based substrates. There were no significant differences between coir and peat-based substrates with respect to bulk density, percent pore space and percent solids. Air-filled pore space and water-filled pore space decreased and increased, respectively, as the proportion of peat and coir increased. ‘Pink Elite’ geranium plants grown in coir-based substrates had greater root fresh weights than those grown in sphagnum-peat based substrates. Greatest root fresh weight occurred in an 80% coir and 20% perlite substrate. Days to flower, height, shoot fresh weight and number of axillary shoots were not significantly different between substrates. ‘Janie Bright Yellow’ marigold and ‘Blue Lace Carpet’ petunia plants had increased heights and shoot fresh weights when grown in coir-based substrates as compared with sphagnum peat-based substrates. Greatest heights and shoot fresh weights of petunia and marigold occurred in an 80% coir and 20% perlite substrate. Days to flower were reduced for marigold plants grown in coir-based substrates.
Reduced Leaching Fractions Improve Irrigation Use Efficiency and Nutrient Efficacy
Authors: Tyler Helen H. , Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experiment with two leaching fractions (LF = volume of water leached ÷ volume of water applied) and two fertilizer rates was conducted to evaluate the effects of reduced irrigation volume in combination with reduced fertility on irrigation use efficiency, nutrient efficacy (retention), and plant growth. Rooted cuttings of Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate (8:1 by vol). Osmocote 24N-1.7P-5.8K (24-4-7) was topdressed at 3.5 g N or 1.75 g N per container at treatment initiation. The experiment, a RCBD with four replications was conducted for 100 days on a container-grown plant production area subdivided into 16 separate plots that allowed for the collection of all irrigation water leaving each plot. Twenty containers were placed in each plot. Irrigation water was applied daily to attain either a high LF of 0.4 to 0.6 or a low LF of 0.0 to 0.2. Irrigation water was applied in two cycles with a two hour rest interval between each application via pressure compensated spray stakes at a rate of 200 ml/min (0.28 in/min). Volume of effluent from each plot was measured daily and analyzed for NO3, NH4, and P. Low LF decreased irrigation volume and effluent volume by 44% and 63%, respectively, compared to high LF. Irrigation use efficiency [total plant dry weight (volume applied-volume leached)] by plants irrigated with low LF was 29% greater than high LF. Compared to high LF, low LF decreased cumulative NO3 and NH4 contents in effluent by 66% and 62%, respectively, for containers fertilized with 3.5 g N. Low LF also reduced cumulative P content in the effluent by 57% compared to high LF. Shoot and total plant dry weights produced with low LF were reduced 8% and 10%, respectively, compared to plants grown with high LF. Root dry weight was not effected by LF. Shoot, root, and total plant dry weights with 1.75 g N were reduced by 26%, 26%, and 28%, respectively compared to 3.5 g N. Nitrogen efficiency was higher when plants were fertilized with 3.5 g N regardless of LF. To maximize N absorption and minimize N losses requires a combination of maintaining an adequate N supply which is this study was 3.5 g N per 3.8 liter container in combination with a low LF.
Benefits of Community Gardening on Quality-of-Life Issues
Authors: Waliczek Tina M. , Mattson Richard H. , Zajicek Jayne M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A nationwide survey of community gardeners found differences in rankings of the importance of community gardens related to quality-of-life perceptions based on Maslow' hierarchy of human needs model. Race, gender, and city sizes affected perceptions. When comparisons were made among the four racial/ethnic divisions, responses to 18 of the 24 questions were found to be statistically different. Community gardens were especially important to African-American and Hispanic gardeners. Male and female gardeners rated quality-of-life benefits from gardens similarly in importance. However, women placed higher value on the importance of saving money and the beauty within the garden. Gardeners in small, medium, and large metropolitan cities had similar quality-of-life perceptions with only 4 of the 24 statement responses showing significant differences. Significant differences were found in 10 of the 24 statement responses between gardeners of the two large cities of Los Angeles and New York. In most cases, mean ratings were higher for gardeners in New York than those in Los Angeles.
Propagation of Quercus myrsinifolia and Quercus canbyi by Stem Cuttings
Authors: McGuigan Patrick J. , Blazich Frank A. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of two clones (clone 1 and 2) of Quercus myrsinifolia Bl. (Chinese evergreen oak), and one clone of Quercus canbyi Trel. (Canby's oak), of seedling origin and in the adult growth phase, were taken on various dates representing specific growth stages. Cuttings of clone 1 of Q. myrsinifolia were collected at the semi-hardwood, hardwood, or softwood stages in addition to a transitional stage between softwood and semi-hardwood. For clone 2, stem cuttings were taken only at the softwood and transitional softwood/semi-hardwood stages. Cuttings of Q. canbyi were collected at the semi-hardwood, hardwood, or softwood stages. Cuttings of both species were treated with 0, 1500 (0.15%), 3000 (0.3%), 6000 (0.6%), or 9000 ppm (0.9%) indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol. All cuttings were placed in a raised greenhouse bench and rooted under intermittent mist. Semi-hardwood or hardwood cuttings of Q. myrsinifolia or Q. canbyi did not root. Responses of stem cuttings of Q. myrsinifolia to IBA treatment varied by growth stage. For softwood cuttings response to IBA was quadratic with the greatest rooting noted for clones 1 (56%) and 2 (72%) when treated with 1500 and 3000 ppm IBA, respectively. Treatment with IBA had no effect on percent rooting of softwood/semi-hardwood cuttings of clone 1, with rooting ranging from 47% to 58%. However, a linear decrease in rooting in response to IBA was observed fordone 2 with the greatest rooting occurring for the nontreated cuttings (89%). Softwood cuttings of Q. canbyi responded quadratically to IBA treatment, with maximum rooting of 33% noted for cuttings treated with 1500 ppm IBA.
Consumer Perceptions and Expectations of Garden Center Product and Service Quality
Authors: Hudson Jay T. , Behe Bridget K. , Ponder Harry G. , Barricks William E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We compared consumers' product and service quality perceptions and expectations from five traditional garden centers (TGC) and three non-traditional garden center outlets (NTO) in Charlotte, NC. Customers from both outlets had similar expectations of service and product quality. However, TGCs better met customer expectations with higher perceptions scores and smaller gap scores. Service quality gaps were the difference between customer perceptions and expectations. Gaps were identified for both outlets on four of five service quality dimensions and for the single product quality dimension. TGC and NTO customers ranked assurance and responsiveness as the most important service quality dimensions. Empathy was more important than reliability to TGC customers but their importance was reversed for NTO customers. Both customer groups ranked tangibles as the least important service quality dimension and retailers did not have a gap on this dimension.
The Use of Electron Beam Analysis to Determine the Deposition of Chlorothalonil Smoke Particles in a Greenhouse
Authors: Tappan C. , Krause C.R. , Powell C.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Electron beam analysis (EBA) was used to measure chlorothalonil smoke particles on artificial target surfaces in greenhouses. Particles between 0.4 μm (0.000016 in) and 3.0 μm in diameter were found to vary significantly in number with location within a poinsettia canopy and with distance from the source of the smoke. Particles did not vary significantly in size either within the canopy or with distance from the source. No measurable residue was found when the greenhouse was not tightly sealed. EBA proved to be a viable method of investigating fungicide smoke deposition and can provide precise information about the environmental fate of pesticides related to application technology.
Evaluation of Biological and Chemical Applications for Control of Iris Borer
Authors: Gill Stanton A. , Raupp Michael J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and two synthetic chemicals, Dimetheoate and Imidachloprid, were evaluated for suppression of the iris borer, Macronoctua onusta, on bearded iris. Field trials were conducted in prepared planting beds of bearded iris established at the Central Maryland Research and Education Center in Ellicott City, MD. Examination of larval galleries in the rhizome and number of live larvae found were used to evaluate the effectiveness of each treatment. The applications of all rates of entomopathogenic nematodes and the systemic insecticide, Imidachloprid, gave control equal to that of Dimethoate. All treatments gave significant control of iris borer compared to the control. Imidachloprid reduced borer larvae by 87% reduction; S. carpocapsae (all rates and aerated and none aerated) provided 100% control; H. bacteriophora provided 87% control; as did Dimetheoate.
Using Tree Growth Rates to Evaluate Urban Tree Planting Specifications
Authors: Neal Barbara A. , Whitlow Thomas H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Annual growth was measured from increment cores extracted from 105 willow oaks (Quercus phellos L.) growing in seven locations in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area. Sample sites were selected to represent a range of planting specifications. In general, annual incremental growth was least in the transplant year, followed by 3–6 years of increasing growth rates that met or exceeded growth rates in the nursery. Five of the sites supported growth rates similar to open-grown trees, in a semi-natural, park-like setting, while trees growing in an irrigated, fertilized tree lawn had substantially higher growth rates. Our findings suggest that planting specifications can overcome many of the limitations to tree growth imposed by the urban environment, at least during the first 15 years following installation.