bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression Pattern of the Pneumocystis jirovecii Major Surface Glycoprotein Superfamily in Patients with Pneumonia
Authors: Schmid-Siegert Emanuel , Richard Sophie , Luraschi Amanda , Mühlethaler Konrad , Pagni Marco , Hauser Philippe M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The human pathogen Pneumocystis jirovecii harbors 6 families of major surface glycoproteins (MSGs) encoded by a single gene superfamily. MSGs are presumably responsible for antigenic variation and adhesion to host cells. The genomic organization suggests that a single member of family I is expressed at a given time per cell, whereas members of the other families are simultaneously expressed.

Methods
We analyzed RNA sequences expressed in several clinical samples, using specific weighted profiles for sorting of reads and calling of single-nucleotide variants to estimate the diversity of the expressed genes.

Results
A number of different isoforms of at least 4 MSG families were expressed simultaneously, including isoforms of family I, for which confirmation was obtained in the wet laboratory.

Conclusion
These observations suggest that every single P. jirovecii population is made of individual cells with distinct surface properties. Our results enhance our understanding of the unique antigenic variation system and cell surface structure of P. jirovecii.
COVID-19 pandemic: a time for collaboration and a unified global health front
Authors: Vervoort Dominique , Ma Xiya , Luc Jessica G Y 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 has, in the span of weeks, immobilized entire countries and mobilized leading institutions worldwide in a race towards treatments and preventions. Although several solutions such as telemedicine and online education platforms have been implemented to reduce human contact and further transmission, countries need to favour collectivism both within and beyond their borders. Inspired by experiences of previous outbreaks such as SARS in 2003 and Ebola in 2014–2015, global solidarity is a must in order to prevent further morbidity and mortality. Examples in leadership and collaborations ranging from research funds from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to mask donations by the Jack Ma Foundation should be celebrated as examples to follow. Open communication and transparency will be crucial in monitoring the evolution of the disease in the global effort of flattening the curve. This crisis will challenge the integrity and fuel innovation of health systems worldwide, whilst posing a new quality chasm that warrants increased recognition.
Do Walls Work? The Effectiveness of Border Barriers in Containing the Cross-Border Spread of Violent Militancy
Authors: Linebarger Christopher , Braithwaite Alex 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSince the end of the Cold War, walls, fences, and fortifications have been constructed on interstate borders at a rapid rate. It remains unclear, however, whether these fortifications provide effective security. We explore whether border fortifications provide security against the international spread of violent militancy. Although barriers can reduce the likelihood that militant activity diffuses across international borders, their effectiveness is conditional upon the roughness of the terrain on which they are built and the level of infrastructure development in their proximity. Barriers require intensive manpower to monitor and patrol, and so conditions like rough terrain and poor infrastructure render security activity more difficult. However, rebels and other militants prefer to operate in such difficult areas, ultimately reducing the effectiveness of barriers in containing the international spread of violent militancy. Analyses on newly collated data on interstate border fortifications within a global sample of contiguous-state directed-dyad-years show that border fortifications are only effective in limiting the diffusion of militancy in contexts in which states can plausibly monitor and police their borders. This paper has significant implications for the academic literatures on national security and intrastate conflict, and it also speaks to the broader policy debate over border walls and fences.
Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based Preconcentration of Selected Pesticides and Escitalopram Oxalate, Haloperidol, and Olanzapine from Wastewater Samples Prior to Determination by GC-MS
Authors: Dalgıç Bozyiğit Gamze , Fırat Ayyıldız Merve , Chormey Dotse Selali , Onkal Engin Güleda , Bakırdere Sezgin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Determination of emerging pollutants including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial chemicals and hormones in different environmental samples is very important for human health.

Objective
Experimental design enabled parameters to be evaluated for their effects onextraction output as well as their interactive effects.

Method
A multivariate experimental design was used to attain optimum conditions of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for preconcentration of pesticides and pharmaceuticals for determination by GC-MS.

Results
The optimum parameters suggested by the design model were 200 µL of chloroform, 1.96 mL of ethanol, and 40 s vortexing period. LOD and LOQ were calculated using linear calibration plots of the analytes developed in the standard concentration range of 2.0 μg/L–2.0 mg/L.

Conclusions
Enhancement in detection power of the analytes recorded by the optimized method with respect to direct GC-MS determination (based on LOD values) was in the range of 3.6 and 539 folds. Spiked recovery experiments for municipal, medical, and synthetic wastewater samples yielded low recovery results when calculated against aqueous standard solutions. Matrix matched calibration standards were used to mitigate interferences from the waste samples and the percent recoveries obtained were close to 100%. This established accuracy and applicability of the developed method.

Highlights
The detection limits were found between 0.50 ng/mL and 37 ng/mL. An accurate, simple and sensitive analytical method was developed for the analytes.
Empirical bolometric correction coefficients for nearby main-sequence stars in the Gaia era
Authors: Eker Z , Soydugan F , Bilir S , Bakış V , Aliçavuş F , Özer S , Aslan G , Alpsoy M , Köse Y 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Nearby detached double-lined eclipsing binaries with most accurate data were studied and 290 systems were found with at least one main-sequence component having a metallicity of 0.008 ≤ Z ≤ 0.040. Stellar parameters, light ratios, Gaia Data Release 2 trigonometric parallaxes, extinctions and/or reddening were investigated and only 206 systems were selected as eligible to calculate empirical bolometric corrections. NASA/IPAC Galactic dust maps were the main source of extinctions. Unreliable extinctions at low Galactic latitudes |b| ≤ 5° were replaced with individual determinations, if they exist in the literature, else associated systems were discarded. The main-sequence stars of te remaining systems were used to calculate the bolometric corrections (BCs) and to calibrate the BC–Teff relation, which is valid in the range 3100–36 000 K. De-reddened (B − V)0 colours, on the other hand, allowed us to calibrate two intrinsic colour–effective temperature relations; the linear one is valid for $T_{\rm eff}\gt 10\, 000$ K, while the quadratic relation is valid for $T_{\rm eff}\lt 10\, 000$ K; that is, both are valid in the same temperature range in which the BC–Teff relation is valid. New BCs computed from Teff and other astrophysical parameters are tabulated, as well.
IRAM 30-m-EMIR redshift search of z = 3–4 lensed dusty starbursts selected from the HerBS sample
Authors: Bakx T J L C , Dannerbauer H , Frayer D , Eales S A , Pérez-Fournon I , Cai Z-Y , Clements D L , De Zotti G , González-Nuevo J , Ivison R J , Lapi A , Michałowski M J , Negrello M , Serjeant S , Smith M W L , Temi P , Urquhart S , van der Werf P 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Using the Eight MIxer Receiver (EMIR) instrument on the Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30-m telescope, we conducted a spectroscopic redshift search of seven zphot ∼ 4 submillimetre bright galaxies selected from the Herschel Bright Sources sample with fluxes at 500 μm greater than 80 mJy. For four sources, we obtained spectroscopic redshifts between 3.4 &lt; z &lt; 4.1 through the detection of multiple CO-spectral lines with J ≥ 3. Later, we detected low-J transitions for two of these sources with the Green Bank Telescope including the CO(1–0) transition. For the remaining three sources, more data are needed to determine the spectroscopic redshift unambiguously. The measured CO luminosities and line widths suggest that all these sources are gravitationally lensed. These observations demonstrate that the 2 mm window is indispensable to confirm robust spectroscopic redshifts for z &lt; 4 sources. Finally, we present an efficient graphical method to correctly identify spectroscopic redshifts.
Turbulent mixing of r-process elements in the Milky Way
Authors: Beniamini Paz , Hotokezaka Kenta 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We study turbulent gas diffusion affects on r-process abundances in Milky Way stars, by a combination of an analytical approach and a Monte Carlo simulation. Higher r-process event rates and faster diffusion, lead to more efficient mixing corresponding to a reduced scatter of r-process abundances and causing r-process enriched stars to start appearing at lower metallicities. We use three independent observations to constrain the model parameters: (i) the scatter of radioactively stable r-process element abundances, (ii) the largest r-process enrichment values observed in any solar neighborhood stars, and (iii) the isotope abundance ratios of different radioactive r-process elements (244Pu/238U and 247Cm/238U) at the early Solar system as compared to their formation. Our results indicate that the Galactic r-process rate and the diffusion coefficient are respectively r &lt; 4 × 10−5 yr−1, D &gt; 0.1 kpc2 Gyr−1 (r &lt; 4 × 10−6 yr−1, D &gt; 0.5 kpc2 Gyr−1 for collapsars or similarly prolific r-process sources) with allowed values satisfying an approximate anticorrelation such that D ≈ r−2/3, implying that the time between two r-process events that enrich the same location in the Galaxy, is τmix ≈ 100−200 Myr. This suggests that a fraction of ∼0.8 (∼0.5) of the observed 247Cm (244Pu) abundance is dominated by one r-process event in the early Solar system. Radioactively stable element abundances are dominated by contributions from ∼10 different events in the early Solar system. For metal poor stars (with [Fe/H] ≲ −2), their r-process abundances are dominated by either a single or several events, depending on the star formation history.
Deciphering the properties of the central engine in GRB collapsars
Authors: Petropoulou M , Beniamini P , Vasilopoulos G , Giannios D , Barniol Duran R 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The central engine in long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is thought to be a compact object produced by the core collapse of massive stars, but its exact nature (black hole or millisecond magnetar) is still debatable. Although the central engine of GRB collapsars is hidden to direct observation, its properties may be imprinted on the accompanying electromagnetic signals. We aim to decipher the generic properties of central engines that are consistent with prompt observations of long GRBs detected by the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on board the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. Adopting a generic model for the central engine, in which the engine power and activity time-scale are independent of each other, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of long GRBs produced by jets that successfully breakout from the star. Our simulations consider the dependence of the jet breakout time-scale on the engine luminosity and the effects of the detector’s flux threshold. The two-dimensional (2D) distribution of simulated detectable bursts in the gamma-ray luminosity versus gamma-ray duration plane is consistent with the observed one for a range of parameter values describing the central engine. The intrinsic 2D distribution of simulated collapsar GRBs peaks at lower gamma-ray luminosities and longer durations than the observed one, a prediction that can be tested in the future with more sensitive detectors. Black hole accretors, whose power and activity time are set by the large-scale magnetic flux through the progenitor star and stellar structure, respectively, are compatible with the properties of the central engine inferred by our model.
No evidence for interstellar planetesimals trapped in the Solar system
Authors: Morbidelli A , Batygin K , Brasser R , Raymond S N 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
In two recent papers published in MNRAS, Namouni and Morais claimed evidence for the interstellar origin of some small Solar system bodies, including: (i) objects in retrograde co-orbital motion with the giant planets and (ii) the highly inclined Centaurs. Here, we discuss the flaws of those papers that invalidate the authors’ conclusions. Numerical simulations backwards in time are not representative of the past evolution of real bodies. Instead, these simulations are only useful as a means to quantify the short dynamical lifetime of the considered bodies and the fast decay of their population. In light of this fast decay, if the observed bodies were the survivors of populations of objects captured from interstellar space in the early Solar system, these populations should have been implausibly large (e.g. about 10 times the current main asteroid belt population for the retrograde co-orbital of Jupiter). More likely, the observed objects are just transient members of a population that is maintained in quasi-steady state by a continuous flux of objects from some parent reservoir in the distant Solar system. We identify in the Halley-type comets and the Oort cloud the most likely sources of retrograde co-orbitals and highly inclined Centaurs.
A Targeted Screening Program for Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients
Authors: Sosa-Moreno Andrea , Narita Masahiro , Spitters Christopher , Swetky Michelle , Podczervinski Sara , Lind Margaret L , Holmberg Leona , Liu Catherine , Edelstein Raleigh , Pergam Steven A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
US hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients have a low prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), but if latently infected they are at risk for progression to active tuberculosis. At our center, all HCT recipients underwent LTBI testing pretransplant by tuberculin skin testing (TST) until 2013 when we implemented a targeted screening program. Our objective was to assess the utility of our screening program that incorporated a pretransplant LTBI questionnaire to target TST and QuantiFERON TB Gold (QFT) testing.

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of HCT recipients undergoing first transplant from 2014 to 2016. Patients with positive, indeterminate, and a subset with negative QFT results underwent electronic medical record (EMR) review to assess TST results and risk factors for LTBI.

Results
Among 1290 eligible recipients, 457 (35%) had at least 1 risk factor for LTBI on the pretransplant questionnaire; nonwhites were more likely to undergo LTBI testing (P &lt; .0001). Overall, 16 of 1290 (1.2%) had at least 1 positive LTBI test. Of those screened by QFT, 14 of 457 (3%) were positive and 52 (11%) were indeterminate. Among those undergoing EMR review, 123 of 267 (46%) had TST records; 4 of 123 (3%) positive by both TST and QFT, and 2 (2%) by TST alone. Two or more risk factors were reported among the majority of LTBI-positive patients (15 of 16 [94%]). All patients with at least 1 positive test for LTBI (n = 16) were evaluated, and 11 of 16 (69%) were recommended to receive treatment.

Conclusions
Incorporating a pretransplant LTBI questionnaire allowed for an approximate 65% reduction in LTBI testing when compared with universal testing among this low prevalence population.
Le rôle des fibres alimentaires et des prébiotiques dans le régime en pédiatrie
Authors: Boctor Dana 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Les fibres alimentaires résistent à la digestion et à l’absorption. Les prébiotiques sont des fibres alimentaires fermentescibles (qui peuvent fermenter) qui sont bénéfiques pour la santé grâce à leurs effets sur la composition et l’activité du microbiome. La consommation de fibres alimentaires confère toute une série de bienfaits physiologiques. Les enfants encouragés à manger des aliments riches en fibres apprennent à adopter un régime à forte teneur en nutriments. L’introduction de sources variées de fibres alimentaires chez les jeunes enfants contribue à cristalliser leurs futurs choix alimentaires et à diversifier leur microbiote intestinal. Une faible consommation de fibres est reliée à une plus forte prévalence de constipation et d’obésité.
Anterior High-Intensity Zone in Lumbar Discs: Prevalence and Association with Low Back Pain
Authors: Wang Zi-Xuan , Hou Zeng-Tao , Hu You-Gu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the features of high-intensity zone (HIZ) in anterior annulus fibrosus and assess the association of anterior HIZ with low back pain (LBP).

Design, Setting, and Subjects
A retrospective study of 5,940 discs in 1,188 individuals was conducted.

Methods
Subjects’ information and LBP symptoms confirmed by an orthopedic surgeon were acquired from the medical record. Magnetic resonance (MR) image reading and analysis were performed by two experienced blinded radiologists.

Results
Two hundred eighty individuals exhibited 355 anterior HIZs in 355 discs. The prevalence was 23.57%; 88.45% were located in the inferior part of the annulus fibrosus. It frequently occurred in the middle and upper segments of lumbar spine, especially at L3/4 (45.63%). Of the 355 anterior HIZs, only 79 (22.25%) were consecutive-slides HIZ. Round type (63.38%) was the most common shape of anterior HIZs. The highest prevalence was found in individuals aged 60–69 years. LBP was confirmed in 141 anterior-HIZ individuals. The incidence of LBP in anterior-HIZ individuals was significantly higher than in non-HIZ subjects (50.36% vs 35.24%, χ2 = 18.314, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Anterior HIZ is a lower-prevalence, age-related sign on lumbar MR images. The spatial distribution of anterior HIZ can be distinguished from posterior HIZ. The number of consecutive anterior HIZ slides might suggest fewer Dallas grade 4 anterior annular disruptions in this sample. Anterior HIZ was correlated with LBP.
From Harrods to billionaires’ row: unexplained wealth orders after Hajiyeva and Baker
Authors: Fletcher Thomas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article considers the jurisdiction in England to grant unexplained wealth orders which are contained in the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. It particularly focuses on the implications of the recent judgments in Hajiyeva v National Crime Agency [2020] EWCA Civ 108 and Baker v National Crime Agency [2020] EWHC 822 (Admin) for trusts and trustees. It concludes by identifying and commenting on the key issues in this context which may well fall to be considered in future cases.
Disseminated Sporotrichosis: An Important Differential Diagnosis for Venous Ulcers
Authors: Alvarez-Rivero Valeria , Hernandez-Castro Rigoberto , Moreno-Coutiño Gabriela , Lozano-Platonoff Adriana 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The authors present the case of a 45-year-old immunosuppressed man with lower extremity ulcers. Initially treated as venous ulcers, the wounds were later correctly diagnosed as cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis. After appropriate treatment with systemic antifungals was initiated, the patient healed within 4 months.
Oxygen-Sensing Biomaterial Construct for Clinical Monitoring of Wound Healing
Authors: Tavakol Daniel Naveed , Schwager Samantha C. , Jeffries Lindsay A. , Bruce Anthony , Corliss Bruce A. , DeRosa Christopher A. , Fraser Cassandra L. , Peirce Shayn M. , Cottler Patrick S. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Oxygen is essential to wound healing; therefore, accurate monitoring can guide clinical decisions. Clinical wound assessment is often subjective, and tools to monitor wound oxygen are typically expensive, indirect, and highly variable. This study demonstrates the utility of a novel, low-cost oxygen-sensing thin film for serial assessment of wound oxygenation.

DESIGN
Dual-layer films were fabricated with boron oxygen-sensing nanoparticles (BNPs) impregnated into a chitosan-polycaprolactone layer for direct wound bed contact with a relatively oxygen impermeable calcium alginate surface layer. The BNPs are a dual-emissive difluoroboron β-diketonate dye incorporated into poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles. Under UV excitation, the BNPs emit fluorescence based on concentration and oxygen-sensitive phosphorescence. The fluorescence/phosphorescence ratio is directly proportional to oxygen concentration.

METHODS
A series of in vitro oxygen challenges and in vivo murine and porcine wound healing models were used to validate the utility of the film in sensing wound oxygenation.

MAIN RESULTS
In vitro testing demonstrated the oxygen-sensing capability of the BNP film and its ability to shield ambient oxygen to isolate wound oxygen. In vivo testing demonstrated the ability of the film to accurately monitor relative oxygen changes in a murine wound over time, measuring a 22% fluorescence/phosphorescence increase during acute healing.

CONCLUSIONS
This study presents a low-cost, noninvasive, direct, and serial oxygen mapping technology to detect spatial differences in wound oxygenation. Clinical use of the films has the potential to monitor wound healing trajectories and guide wound care decisions.
Terminology, communication, and information systems in nonoperating room anaesthesia in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Jelly Christina A. , Ende Holly B. , Freundlich Robert E. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
Nonoperating room anaesthesia (NORA) is a rapidly growing and important area of anaesthesia care. We would contend that anaesthesia informatics principles and innovations that have been widely applied in numerous diverse domains could be successfully applied in NORA environments, resulting in significant improvements in anaesthesia care delivery.

Recent findings
We highlight key recent studies from the perioperative and informatics literature, placing each in the context of how it has, or how it may conceivably be applied to, improved NORA care.

Summary
There is significant opportunity for anaesthesiologists and clinical informaticians to collaborate and apply major advances in the perioperative informatics field to NORA environments, particularly given rapid recent changes in the field during the COVID-19 epidemic. Given the complexity of NORA patients and care delivered in NORA environments, applied clinical informatics has the potential to drastically improve care delivered.