bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The response of climbing bean to fertilizer and organic manure in the Northern Province of Rwanda
Authors: Rurangwa Edouard , Vanlauwe Bernard , Giller Ken E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractClimbing beans play a central role in food security of rural households in the densely populated highlands of East and Central Africa. Soil fertility degradation and the lack of nutrient inputs are major limitations to yield of beans and other crops. We conducted field trials in Northern Rwanda in Kinoni and Muko villages to evaluate the effect of mineral N, P, and K fertilizers (both alone and in combination) and farmyard manure on nitrogen fixation and grain yields of climbing bean in smallholder farmers’ fields. The trials were laid down in a randomized complete block design with seven replicate blocks in each village. Manure and fertilizer application led to greater yields in all fields, and the largest yields were achieved when manure was combined with NPK. Large variability in yield between fields was observed. Application of fertilizer together with manure increased the grain yield from 1.5 to 3.9 t ha−1in Kinoni and from 2.6 to 5.4 t ha−1in Muko. Fertilizer and/or manure increased stover yield from 0.8 to 2.3 t ha−1in Kinoni and from 1.5 to 3.4 t ha−1in Muko. Application of 30 kg P ha−1and 5 t manure ha−1led to increased N and P uptake (from 49 to 106 kg N ha−1and from 6.1 to 12.4 kg P ha−1in Kinoni and from 46 to 128 kg N ha−1and from 5.3 to 17.9 kg P ha−1in Muko). There was no clear relationship between soil fertility characteristics and the response of climbing bean to applied inputs at Muko site. However, at Kinoni site, limited response to manure and NPK application was observed in plots where soil available P and soil exchangeable K were relatively low. Our results show the benefits of using manure along with mineral fertilizers for increased climbing bean yields and nutrient uptake in smallholder farming systems.
Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of buffalo milk used for dairy products in southern Brazil
Authors: Godinho Fernanda M. S. , Krug Melina , Figueiredo Renata Perin , Müller Alexandre , Jank Louise , Tomaszewski Caroline Andrade , Hillesheim Daniel Rodrigo , Kinast Éder J. , Frazzon Ana Paula G. , Motta Amanda S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn Brazil, the buffalo milk market has been growing. However, identity and quality standards have not been established for this raw material, nor have proper distinctions between buffalo milk and bovine milk been defined. Currently, the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) has only three producers that supply raw material for officially marketed derivatives. The aim of this study was to determine the identity and quality standards of raw buffalo milk in this region. Samples were obtained biweekly from three farm cooling tanks between June 2017 and August 2018, to reach a total of 69 samples. The averages for the results of the physicochemical parameters fat, protein, lactose, total solids, SNF (solids-not-fat), calcium, density, FP, acidity and SCC were 5.5 g/100 g, 4.06 g/100 g, 5.07 g/100 g, 15.5 g/100 g, 9.96 g/100 g, 0.161 g/100 g, 1.034 g/ml, −0.527°C, 16°D and 95 × 103 cells/ml, respectively. With reference to the microbiological parameters, the mean of the Standard Plate Count (SPC) and thermotolerant coliforms were 9,0 × 104 CFU/ml and 1.6 × 102 MPN/ml, respectively. Regarding coagulase-positive staphylococci, 36 samples tested positive (52% of total). Neither Salmonella spp. nor Listeria monocytogenes, nor antibiotic or antiparasitic residues were detected in any sample. In conclusion, the buffalo milk used as raw material for dairy products in southern Brazil demonstrated satisfactory physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, in accordance with recent scientific literature.
Seroprevalences of antibodies against ToRCH infectious pathogens in women of childbearing age residing in Brazil, Mexico, Germany, Poland, Turkey and China
Authors: Warnecke J. M. , Pollmann M. , Borchardt-Lohölter V. , Moreira-Soto A. , Kaya S. , Sener A. G. , Gómez-Guzmán E. , Figueroa-Hernández L. , Li W. , Li F. , Buska K. , Zakaszewska K. , Ziolkowska K. , Janz J. , Ott A. , Scheper T. , Meyer W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDetermination of antibodies against ToRCH antigens at the beginning of pregnancy allows assessment of both the maternal immune status and the risks to an adverse pregnancy outcome. Age-standardised seroprevalences were determined in sera from 1009 women of childbearing age residing in Mexico, Brazil, Germany, Poland, Turkey or China using a multiparametric immunoblot containing antigen substrates for antibodies againstToxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2),Bordetella pertussis,Chlamydia trachomatis, parvovirus B19,Treponema pallidumand varicella zoster virus (VZV). Seroprevalences for antibodies against HSV-1 were >90% in samples from Brazil and Turkey, whereas the other four countries showed lower mean age-adjusted seroprevalences (range: 62.5–87.9%). Samples from Brazilian women showed elevated seroprevalences of antibodies against HSV-2 (40.1%),C. trachomatis(46.8%) andB. pertussis(56.6%) compared to the other five countries. Seroprevalences of anti-T. gondiiantibodies (0.5%) and anti-parvovirus B19 antibodies (7.5%) were low in samples from Chinese women, compared to the other five countries. Samples from German women revealed a low age-standardised seroprevalence of anti-CMV antibodies (28.8%) compared to the other five countries. These global differences in immune status of women in childbearing age advocate country-specific prophylaxis strategies to avoid infection with ToRCH pathogens.
Increased Flood Exposure Due to Climate Change and Population Growth in the United States
Authors: Swain D. L. , Wing O. E. J. , Bates P. D. , Done J. M. , Johnson K. A. , Cameron D. R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrecipitation extremes are increasing globally due to anthropogenic climate change. However, there remains uncertainty regarding impacts upon flood occurrence and subsequent population exposure. Here, we quantify changes in population exposure to flood hazard across the contiguous United States. We combine simulations from a climate model large ensemble and a high‐resolution hydrodynamic flood model—allowing us to directly assess changes across a wide range of extreme precipitation magnitudes and accumulation timescales. We report a mean increase in the 100‐year precipitation event of ~20% (magnitude) and >200% (frequency) in a high warming scenario, yielding a ~30–127% increase in population exposure. We further find a nonlinear increase for the most intense precipitation events—suggesting accelerating societal impacts from historically rare or unprecedented precipitation events in the 21st century.
Physical Implication of Two Types of Reconnection Electron Diffusion Regions With and Without Ion‐Coupling in the Magnetotail Current Sheet
Authors: Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Lu San , Russell Christopher T. , Burch J. L. , Gershman Daniel J. , Gonzalez W. , Wang Shui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBy comparing an electron‐only reconnection event with a traditional reconnection event observed in the magnetotail, we illustrate the differences between and similarities of the two events. The electron behaviors are very similar in both events, but intensities of the electron flows and temperature in the traditional reconnection are much stronger than those in the electron‐only reconnection. The Hall electric field in the traditional reconnection occurs on the ion‐scale and is deflected from the normal direction by the significant magnetic field reconnected, while this field varies on the electron‐scale and points to the middle plane in the electron‐only reconnection. The comparison indicates that the electrons are undergoing the same process in both events, and the electron‐only reconnection was prior to the traditional reconnection. The Hall electric field could control the form of reconnection: producing either electron‐only reconnection or traditional reconnection.
Solar Cycle Dependence of Solar Wind Coupling With Giant Planet Magnetospheres
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , DiBraccio Gina A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the outer heliosphere, higher upstream Alfvénic Mach number (MA) values have been theorized to limit the solar wind forcing at all giant planet magnetospheres. To determine the true impact of MA on the ability for magnetopause reconnection to occur, we perform a comprehensive analysis using data collected throughout the heliosphere. We find that solar cycle variations in solar wind magnetic pressure lead to wide ranges of upstream MA in the outer heliosphere, where MA at solar maximum appears Earth‐like. These considerable MA variations combined with the significant magnetic dipole tilts at Uranus and Neptune suggest that magnetopause reconnection may yet play an important role at the ice giants, in particular at solar maximum.
Lunar Dust Fountain Observed Near Twilight Craters
Authors: Xie Lianghai , Zhang Xiaoping , Li Lei , Zhou Bin , Zhang Yiteng , Yan Qi , Feng Yongyong , Guo Dawei , Yu Shuoran 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLunar horizon glows observed by the Apollo missions suggested a dense dust exosphere near the lunar terminator. But later missions failed to see such a high‐density dust exosphere. Why the Apollo missions could observe so large number of dust grains remains a mystery. For the first time, we report five dust enhancement events observed by the Lunar Dust Experiment on board Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer mission, which happen near a twilight crater with dust densities comparable to the Apollo measurements. Moreover, the dust densities are larger on the downstream side of the crater and favor a higher solar wind temperature, consistent with an electrostatic dust lofting from the negatively charged crater floor. We also check the Apollo observations and find similar twilight craters, suggesting that the so‐called dust exosphere is not a global phenomenon but just a local electrified dust fountain near twilight craters.
The Respective Roles of Wind Speed and Green Vegetation in Controlling Sahelian Dust Emission During the Wet Season
Authors: Bergametti G. , Marticorena B. , Rajot J. L. , Siour G. , Féron A. , Gaimoz C. , Coman A. , Chatenet B. , Coulibaly M. , Maman A. , Koné I. , Zakou A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBased on 10 years of continuous measurements of wind speed, rainfall, and PM10 concentrations (i.e., concentrations of the particulate matter having a diameter lower than 10 μm) performed in two Sahelian stations, we examine how wind speed and vegetation interact during the wet season to control the dust concentration when it is due to local dust emissions. The results clearly show that the frequency of the high wind speeds is higher at the beginning of the wet season and is the main driver of the seasonal dust emission. During the second part of the wet season, the frequency of high wind speeds is much lower and, in addition, their efficiency for wind erosion and dust emission is strongly affected by the vegetation whose growth reduces progressively PM10 concentrations up to 80%.
Boreal Spring El Niño Convective State and Its Impact on Monsoon Onset
Authors: Neena J. M. , Suhas E. , Murtugudde R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA lesser known relationship between boreal spring El Niño state and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is explored, considering the differences in the evolution of sea surface temperature and convection over the Pacific. Rossby wave tracing analysis reveals that the boreal spring El Niño convective state permits two distinct eastward waveguides from the central Pacific to the ISM domain. The first waveguide reaches the northern Indian region roughly along the African‐Asian jet, and the second waveguide crosses over to the Southern Hemisphere over the eastern Pacific and extends up to the south Indian Ocean region. The net result is an altered free tropospheric temperature distribution over the ISM domain in the month of May leading to a delayed monsoon onset. The existence of the two waveguides and the modulation of monsoon onset makes the boreal spring El Niño state an important component to be accounted for in ISM prediction.
Sequential Fault Reactivation and Secondary Triggering in the March 2019 Red Deer Induced Earthquake Swarm
Authors: Wang Jingchuan , Li Tianyang , Gu Yu Jeffrey , Schultz Ryan , Yusifbayov Javad , Zhang Miao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUsing data from nodal geophones and broadband seismometers, this study investigates the seismicity near Red Deer, Alberta, a region with increasing cases of hydraulic fracturing (HF)‐induced earthquakes. A cluster of 417 events was detected, and their spatial distribution and focal mechanisms reveal a NE trending rupture area with two strike‐slip fault planes. Reactivation of preexisting faults by pore pressure diffusion is likely responsible for the occurrence of the earthquake sequence following the ML 4.18 mainshock. The temporal sequence of reactivated fault orientations suggests apparent changes in the local stress field following the mainshock, which is also responsible for a remotely triggered cluster observed 1 month after the mainshock. This secondary triggering process enhances our understanding of the trailing effect of HF‐induced seismicity.
Probing Venus Surface Iron Contents With Six‐Band Visible Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy From Orbit
Authors: Dyar M. D. , Helbert J. , Maturilli A. , Müller N. T. , Kappel D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMachine learning models enable interpretation of orbital spectral measurements of Venus using laboratory calibration data collected at Venus surface temperatures. Partial least squares models show that total iron content can be accurately predicted using data from the six bands (two in the 1.02 μm window). Prediction errors on total wt% FeO are ±0.50 for common subalkaline volcanic rocks. Accuracy is ±0.42 for wt% FeO in alkaline rocks, and ±2.47 for all 18 igneous samples studied to date. These robust capabilities will allow discrimination of basalt versus rhyolite/granite and elucidate the rock type of the enigmatic tessera terrain on Venus.
Globally Scattered 2011 Tohoku Tsunami Waves From a Seafloor Sensor Array in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kohler Monica D. , Bowden Daniel C. , Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Shi Jian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractModeling of tsunami wave propagation for forecasting focuses on the arrival time and amplitude of the earliest tsunami waves reaching coastlines. The complex later tsunami wavefield, in which scattering is predominant, poses additional hazards due to possible constructive interference of coherent packets of wave energy. However, almost no data sets exist to characterize the geographical sources and temporal evolution of the scattered waves. Here we show how recordings of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami by an array of pressure gauge sensors in the northeastern Pacific Ocean reveal coherent waves that are produced by scattering from distant coastlines including South America and Antarctica, as well as multiple seafloor fracture zones, ridges, and island chains. Multiple signal classification analysis and backward propagation ray tracing provide tight constraints on the origin of each scattered phase and resolve simultaneous wave arrivals from different scatterers. Incoming waves from constant back azimuths occur over time durations of several hours, revealing the time persistence of specific geographical scatterers. The results can advance numerical predictions of tsunami wave impact because they provide direct evidence for the necessity of incorporating both local and distant bathymetry over a range of length scales and for long time durations, to account for the azimuthal dependence of scatterer strength.
Propagation of Meteorological to Hydrological Droughts in India
Authors: Bhardwaj Kunal , Shah Deep , Aadhar Saran , Mishra Vimal 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDrought is among the costliest natural disasters that affect the economy, food and water security, and socioeconomic well‐being of about 1.4 billion people in India. Despite the profound implications of droughts, the propagation of meteorological to hydrological droughts in India is not examined. Here, we use observations and simulations from a well‐calibrated and evaluated Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model to estimate drought propagation in India. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI), and Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) were estimated for 223 catchments in India to represent meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts, respectively. We estimated drought propagation time for these catchments located in 18 major Indian subcontinental river basins. Internal propagation of hydrological drought was estimated using optimal hydrological Instantaneous Development Speed (IDS) and Instantaneous Recovery Speed (IRS) from onset to the termination. Indus, Sabarmati, and Godavari river basins have higher propagation time of meteorological to hydrological droughts. The high (low) development rate of hydrological drought is followed by the high (low) recovery rate for most of the locations. We find significant influence of Seasonality Index (SI) and Base Flow Index (BFI) on propagation time of meteorological to hydrological droughts in the Indian subcontinental river basins. Overall, understanding of drought propagation, development/recovery speed, and their deriving factors can assist in the management and planning of water resources in India.
The Effect of Fracture Roughness on the Onset of Nonlinear Flow
Authors: Cunningham D. , Auradou H. , Shojaei‐Zadeh S. , Drazer G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn fractures where surface fluctuations are large compared to their aperture (narrow fractures), the flow is forced to move in tortuous paths that produce additional viscous friction and are subject to inertia effects. We consider the relation between the magnitude of surface roughness and the onset of inertial effects in the pressure driving the flow through a single open fracture. We performed experiments systematically varying the average aperture of the open fracture and covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers. For each aperture, we analyze the data in terms of the Forchheimer equation and show that the critical Reynolds number, defined as the Reynolds number at which inertial effects contribute 10% of the total pressure losses, is highly correlated with the roughness of the surface. In particular, we show that significant inertial effects appear earlier as the relative importance of surface roughness increases. Finally, we present results showing that the magnitude of the deviations in the pressure field compared to a linear profile, taken at different points in the fracture along the flow direction, is directly related to the relative surface roughness of the fracture.
Beyond just a tight fortress: contribution of stroma to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Bulle Ashenafi , Lim Kian-Huat 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNovel effective treatment is direly needed for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Therapeutics that target the driver mutations, especially the KRAS oncoprotein and its effector cascades, have been ineffective. It is increasing clear that the extensive fibro-inflammatory stroma (or desmoplasia) of PDAC plays an active role in the progression and therapeutic resistance of PDAC. The desmoplastic stroma is composed of dense extracellular matrix (ECM) deposited mainly by the cancer-associated-fibroblasts (CAFs) and infiltrated with various types of immune cells. The dense ECM functions as a physical barrier that limits tumor vasculatures and distribution of therapeutics to PDAC cells. In addition, mounting evidence have demonstrated that both CAFs and ECM promote PDAC cells aggressiveness through multiple mechanisms, particularly engagement of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. Acquisition of a mesenchymal-like phenotype renders PDAC cells more invasive and resistant to therapy-induced apoptosis. Here, we critically review seminal and recent articles on the signaling mechanisms by which each stromal element promotes EMT in PDAC. We discussed the experimental models that are currently employed and best suited to study EMT in PDAC, which are instrumental in increasing the chance of successful clinical translation.
Comparison of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and next-generation flow (NGF) for minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment in multiple myeloma
Authors: Medina Alejandro , Puig Noemi , Flores-Montero Juan , Jimenez Cristina , Sarasquete M.-Eugenia , Garcia-Alvarez María , Prieto-Conde Isabel , Chillon Carmen , Alcoceba Miguel , Gutierrez Norma C. , Oriol Albert , Rosinol Laura , Bladè Joan , Gironella Mercedes , Hernandez Miguel T. , Gonzalez-Calle Veronica , Cedena Maria-Teresa , Paiva Bruno , San-Miguel Jesus F. , Lahuerta Juan-Jose , Mateos Maria-Victoria , Martinez-Lopez Joaquin , Orfao Alberto , Gonzalez Marcos , Garcia-Sanz Ramon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDetecting persistent minimal residual disease (MRD) allows the identification of patients with an increased risk of relapse and death. In this study, we have evaluated MRD 3 months after transplantation in 106 myeloma patients using a commercial next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategy (LymphoTrack®), and compared the results with next-generation flow (NGF, EuroFlow). The use of different marrow pulls and the need of concentrating samples for NGS biased the applicability for MRD evaluation and favored NGF. Despite that, correlation between NGS and NGF was high (R2 = 0.905). The 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates by NGS and NGF were longer for undetectable vs. positive patients (NGS: 88.7% vs. 56.6%; NGF: 91.4% vs. 50%; p < 0.001 for both comparisons), which resulted in a 3-year overall survival (OS) advantage (NGS: 96.2% vs. 77.3%; NGF: 96.6% vs. 74.9%, p < 0.01 for both comparisons). In the Cox regression model, NGS and NGF negativity had similar results but favoring the latter in PFS (HR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.09–0.45, p < 0.001) and OS (HR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.06–0.75, p = 0.02). All these results reinforce the role of MRD detection by different strategies in patient prognosis and highlight the use of MRD as an endpoint for multiple myeloma treatment.
Critical non-Hermitian skin effect
Authors: Li Linhu , Lee Ching Hua , Mu Sen , Gong Jiangbin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCritical systems represent physical boundaries between different phases of matter and have been intensely studied for their universality and rich physics. Yet, with the rise of non-Hermitian studies, fundamental concepts underpinning critical systems - like band gaps and locality - are increasingly called into question. This work uncovers a new class of criticality where eigenenergies and eigenstates of non-Hermitian lattice systems jump discontinuously across a critical point in the thermodynamic limit, unlike established critical scenarios with spectrum remaining continuous across a transition. Such critical behavior, dubbed the “critical non-Hermitian skin effect”, arises whenever subsystems with dissimilar non-reciprocal accumulations are coupled, however weakly. This indicates, as elaborated with the generalized Brillouin zone approach, that the thermodynamic and zero-coupling limits are not exchangeable, and that even a large system can be qualitatively different from its thermodynamic limit. Examples with anomalous scaling behavior are presented as manifestations of the critical non-Hermitian skin effect in finite-size systems. More spectacularly, topological in-gap modes can even be induced by changing the system size. We provide an explicit proposal for detecting the critical non-Hermitian skin effect in an RLC circuit setup, which also directly carries over to established setups in non-Hermitian optics and mechanics.