bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel behavioral paradigm reveals the nature of confidence computation in multi-alternative perceptual decision making
Authors: Xue Kai , Shekhar Medha , Rahnev Dobromir 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

A central goal of research in perceptual decision making is to determine the internal computations underlying choice and confidence in complex, multi-alternative tasks. However, revealing these computations requires knowledge of the internal representation upon which the computations operate. Unfortunately, it is unknown how traditional stimuli (e.g., Gabor patches and random dot motion) are represented internally, which calls into question the computations inferred when using such stimuli. Here we develop a new behavioral paradigm where subjects discriminate the dominant color in a cloud of differently colored dots. Critically, we show that the internal representation for these stimuli can be described with a simple, one-parameter equation and that a single free parameter can explain multi-alternative data for up to 12 different conditions. Further, we use this paradigm to test three popular theories: that confidence reflects (1) the probability of being correct, (2) only choice-congruent (i.e., positive) evidence, or (3) the evidence difference between the highest and the second-highest signal. The predictions of the first two theories were falsified in two experiments involving either six or 12 conditions with three choices each. We found that the data were best explained by a model where confidence is based on the difference of the two alternatives with the largest evidence. These results establish a new paradigm in which a single parameter can be used to determine the internal representation for an unlimited number of multi-alternative conditions and challenge two prominent theories of confidence computation.
Uncovering XSS Polyglot Payload Detection with Machine Learning: Advancing Web Security Against Complex Threats
Authors: Garg Dhananjay , Kaundal Rohit 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The XSS Polyglot (Cross-Site Scripting) payload remains a serious threat to application security, hence the need for innovative ways for detection and mitigation. XSS polyglot payloads are snippets of code with the ability to span many web contexts at the same time. They are hard to identify due to their intelligent syntax and encoding technique, which they can easily use to spoof conventional scanners with traditional pattern matching formats. Despite their notable threat, research on XSS polyglot payloads remains notably limited, highlighting the need for further investigation and the development of more advanced detection methods. This research paper delves into techniques for detecting XSS polyglot payloads through the lens of machine learning. Using an overarching database, which constitutes three types of datasets — XSS Polyglot payloads, Conventional XSS payloads, and benign data appended with textual content — to study the effectiveness of diverse machine learning models in determining malicious and non-malicious content. This study seeks to gather the results of different ML algorithms on malicious and non-malicious data detection. This paper addresses the challenges such as data imbalance and ethical considerations and follows responsible disclosure practices. Experimental results provide the significance of the proposed techniques and enhance the application security against evolving XSS threats. This research contributes to the web security community by providing knowledge and advanced strategies for XSS polyglot payload detection with the support of machine learning methodologies.
On the Makhanda Education Summit
Authors: Ntlabezo Sisesakhe , Westaway Ashley 
Published: December 2024

The Makhanda Education Summit, a convening of the basic sector in Makhanda, was called by Professor Sizwe Mabizela following more than a decade of deliberate, intentional and collaborative intervention in schools in Makhanda focused on improving learner performance. The Summit sought to be an inclusive space for members of the education sector in the city of Makhanda, and in doing prioritized ensuring that its delegates included representatives from early childhood development centres, primary schools, high schools and non-profit organisations that work in the education sector.In doing so, the Summit has been situated within the context of the city’s education sector as a crucial co-created reflection point by the community on the development of the education sector following its gradual upliftment through engaged partnership. In addition, it served as a strategic space to collectively identify key goals to shape the future of education in Makhanda and map out the shared pathway towards building a city of education excellence.Explored through the lens of Social Movement Theory, the presenters assess how the Summit’s hyper-local approach to bringing together school leaders and educators after impactful engagement over several years enabled the development of an organic community-driven social movement to emerge. The Summit demonstrated the necessity and endless potential of collaboration for common good, and the essential role of higher education institutions in driving community development. The paper will provide an overview of the decade's journey towards convening the Summit, reflect on the strategic approaches taken to mobilise buy-in and build a common purpose within the city’s stakeholder network, and share some of the key outputs that will undoubtedly inform the work of the invested stakeholders for the years to come.
Correlation Between Gestational Age by Last Menstrual Period (LMP) and Fetal Biometry Using Ultrasonography in the First Trimester in Ethnic Minangkabau
Authors: Yusrawati . , Serudji Joserizal , Utama Bobby Indra , Sari Puspita 
Published: December 2024

Introduction
Ultrasonography (USG) is a reliable method for measuring fetal biometry and estimating birth weight.

Methods
This cross-sectional study examines fetal growth biometry in the Minangkabau ethnic group, with data collected from pregnant women who attended prenatal check-ups at the Fetomaternal clinic of DR. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, in December 2020. A Pearson correlation test was used for bivariate analysis due to the normal distribution of the data (p value <0.05), followed by multivariate analysis using linear regression.

Results
Ultrasound examinations were conducted on 400 pregnant women in their first trimester (4-13 weeks) for prenatal assessments. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a strong relationship (r=0.94, p=0.0001) between crown-rump length (CRL) and gestational age (GA) as determined by the last menstrual period (LMP).

Conclusion
We have established a national standard for fetal growth assessment and first-trimester ultrasound pregnancy dating in Indonesia, specifically designed for the Minangkabau ethnic population.
Repair Effect of siRNA Double Silencing of the Novel Mechanically Sensitive Ion Channels Piezo1 and TRPV4 on an Osteoarthritis Rat Model
Authors: Jia Zhuqing , Wang Jibin , LI Xiaofei , Yang Qining , Han Jianguo 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
This study aimed to explore the repair effect of siRNA-mediated double silencing of the mechanically sensitive ion channels Piezo1 and TRPV4
proteins on a rat model of osteoarthritis.

Methods:
Piezo1 and TRPV4 interference plasmids were constructed using siRNA technology. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups: the
model group, siRNA-Piezo1, siRNA-TRPV4, and double gene silencing groups. Improved Mankin and OARSI scores were calculated based on
H&E staining and Safranin O-fast green staining. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine expression levels of aggrecan and
Collagen II proteins. Piezo1, TRPV4, Aggrecan, and Collagen II mRNA expression in knee joint cartilage tissue were assessed using qRT-PCR.

Results:
Lentivirus-mediated siRNA plasmids (siRNA-Piezo1, siRNA-TRPV4, and double-gene siRNA silencing plasmids) achieved > 90% transfection
efficiency in chondrocytes. RT-PCR results indicated that double-gene siRNA silencing plasmids silenced Piezo1 and TRPV4 mRNA expression
(P < 0.05). Modified Mankin and OARSI scores revealed that the repair effect in the double gene silencing group was significantly better than that
of the siRNA-Piezo1 and siRNA-TRPV4 groups (P < 0.05). Relative expression of aggrecan and collagen II mRNA in the double gene-silenced
group was significantly higher than in the siRNA-Piezo1 and siRNA-TRPV4 groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Double silencing Piezo1 and TRPV4 plays a key role in cartilage repair in an osteoarthritic rat model by promoting the expression of Aggrecan and
Collagen II.
A Review on the Role of Nicotine in Electronic Cigarettes and Their Impact on Oral Tumorigenesis and Metastasis
Authors: Balasamy Sesuraj , Sundramoorthy Ashok K. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract:
In this study, we have highlighted the examination of nicotine levels in both e-cigarettes
and traditional cigarettes, elucidating their impact on tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review
delves into the surging prevalence of e-cigarette usage, especially among young demographics,
alongside the conflicting findings regarding their health effects. The passage explores the varied toxicological
impacts of e-cigarettes, the intricate interplay between nicotine and cancer, and the comparative
toxicity vis-à-vis traditional cigarettes. We noted nicotine's influence on accelerating metastasis,
particularly focusing on its effects on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCCs). The clinical
implications underscore the importance of understanding nicotine delivery kinetics for tailored interventions.
Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots Using Basella alba L. Fruits: Characterization and Fluorescent-based Detection of Fe (III) Ions
Authors: Balaji Sai Vishnu , Magesh Vasanth , Jacob Subash , Hazra Subhenjit , Arya Sandeep , Sundramoorthy Ashok K. 
Published: December 2024

Background:
The synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from Basella alba L. fruit
using the hydrothermal method is investigated for heavy-metal detection. CQDs have gained significant
attention due to their unique properties, including high photoluminescence, biocompatibility,
and low toxicity. The utilization of natural sources such as Basella alba L. fruit for CQDs synthesis
offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach.

Method:
In this study, Basella alba L. fruit was chosen as a precursor for CQDs synthesis due to its
abundance and potential for heavy-metal adsorption. The hydrothermal method was employed as it
provides a simple and efficient route for CQDs synthesis. The process involves the hydrolysis and
carbonization of the fruit extract under controlled temperature and pressure conditions. The resulting
CQDs were categorised using various techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, FE-SEM, EDS,
E-mapping, DLS, Zeta potential, PL spectroscopy, and FTIR.

Results:
UV-Vis confirmed the presence of CQDs via the observation of a distinct absorption peak.
EDS spectrum revealed the formation of CQDs and other groups of elements present with it, which
contribute to their stability and interaction with heavy metals. FESEM images showed that the synthesized
CQDs possessed a uniform size distribution and exhibited a well-defined crystalline structure.
The synthesized CQDs were then evaluated for heavy-metal detection. In addition, due to their
unique surface properties and interaction with heavy metals, CQDs acted as an effective sensor. A
series of experiments were conducted to investigate the sensitivity and selectivity of the CQDs towards
various metal ions. The results demonstrated the superior performance of the synthesized
CQDs in detecting Fe3+ ions, exhibiting high sensitivity and selectivity by quenching fluorescence
when interacting with Fe3+ ions.

Conclusion:
The successful synthesis of CQDs from Basella alba L. fruit is reported. The characterization
results confirmed the formation of CQDs with desirable properties for Fe3+ ions detection.
The obtained CQDs demonstrated promising potential as efficient and eco-friendly sensors for Fe3+
ions detection in environmental and biomedical samples.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Particles: A Comparative Review on Lipid-Based Nanocarriers
Authors: Sharma Anjali , Sharma Devkant , Panda Pritish Kumar , Ghosh Niladry Shekhar 
Published: December 2024

Abstract:
Lipid-based nanocarriers have emerged as promising vehicles for the delivery of various
therapeutic agents, owing to their biocompatibility, stability, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic
and hydrophobic drugs. Among these lipid-based nanocarriers, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
(SLNs) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) have gained significant attention in the field of
drug delivery. This comparative review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of SLNs and
NLCs, focusing on their formulation, physicochemical properties, drug-loading capacity, stability,
and drug release profiles. The review highlights the differences in preparation techniques, particle
size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency, stability, drug delivery, cosmetic and personal
care, and food industry applications between SLN and NLC. Furthermore, the review discusses the
toxicity and safety profiles of these nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, acute toxicity,
and long-term toxicity. Finally, the review identifies the potential applications, limitations, and
future research directions of SLN and NLC.In summary, this comparative review provides valuable
insights into the formulation, physicochemical properties, drug-loading capacity, stability, and drug
release profiles of SLNs and NLCs. By understanding the similarities and differences between these
lipid-based nanocarriers, researchers and pharmaceutical scientists can make informed decisions regarding
the selection of the most suitable nanocarrier for specific therapeutic applications.
Green Synthesis of Curcumin-Loaded Bacterial Nanocellulose for Topical Application: Preparation and In vivo Study
Authors: Resmi Juniar Kalpika , Dewi Safira Prisya , Rachmawati Heni 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is typically produced through fermentation
using Hestrin Schramm (HS) médium. However, its high cost limits its use in industry. Moreover,
curcumin, as a model substance, is a potential bioactive compound but has low bioavailability. This
also limits its use for clinical application. Thus, a delivery system using more affordable production
of BNC was develop to improve the lack property of curcumin, focusing on topical route.

Objective:
This study aims to determine the best substrate component according to yield value and
evaluate the physical properties as well as the permeation capability of BNC as a delivery matrix
system for curcumin.

Methods:
The optimization of Gluconacetobacter xylinus culture media to produce BNC was conducted
using 6 variation substrates consisting of Palmyra sap (PS) and tofu pulp with certain concentrations.
Following a nine-day period, the yield of BNC was calculated. The selected BNCs were
then impregnated with curcumin-DMSO and curcumin in the form of nanoemulsion (curcumin-
NE). Subsequently, the BNCs containing these curcumin forms were characterized. In vitro testing
of curcumin reléased from BNC was conducted using Franz difusión cells. In addition, the penetration
ability of curcumin across the mice skin was observed using confocal microscopy. In vivo testing
was also conducted to ascertain the safety of BNC-loaded curcumin on mice skin.

Results:
PS-TP substrate (100:0, S-6) was the most appropriate substrate for BNC production, yielding
118.5±0.09 g/L. CR-DMSO and CR-NE were successfully impregnated into BNC. Confocal data
showed that both formulations were able to penétrate the dermis layer. There was no significant
difference was observed between the administration of BNC/CR-DMSO and BNC/CR-NE against
the control.

Conclusion:
BNC successfully produced using palmyra sap shows promising biomembrane for topical
delivery of curcumin. No evidence inflammation or neovascularization in BNC/CR-DMSO- and
BNC/CR-NE-treated mice confirms the safety use of this biomembrane.
Quercetin Nano-formulations as a Potential Approach for Skin Cancer
Authors: Kapare Harshad , Kanadje Sunil , Bhole Ritesh 
Published: December 2024

Abstract:
Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is well-proven for anticancer properties in a variety of
cancers. Quercetin's anticancer action is driven by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
It inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) and suppresses NF-κB and COX-2,
reducing tumor growth. Its antioxidant activity neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS), preventing
oxidative damage that can lead to cancer. However, quercetin faces challenges such as poor
solubility, bioavailability, instability, low skin penetration, rapid metabolism, and potential systemic
toxicity at high doses, which limit its therapeutic application. Nanocarrier systems such as liposomes,
polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA-based), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanoemulsions
have been developed to address these issues. These formulations enhance quercetin’s penetration,
stability, and bioavailability, improving its effectiveness against skin cancers by promoting
controlled release and targeted delivery. Nanocarriers offer a promising solution to overcome
these limitations and enhance its anticancer potential.
Formulation and Assessment of an Optimized Glimepiride Transdermal Therapeutic System Using 32 Full Factorial Design Approach
Authors: Mali Audumbar , Mali Sunayana 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Currently, a large number of populations are suffering from diabetes mellitus,
which significantly increases the burden on public health. Glimepiride is an antidiabetic drug
with a shorter half-life (approximately 5 hours), low bioavailability, and first-pass metabolism. Due
to these limitations, it is required to maintain a uniform therapeutic level, and it has been chosen as
a transdermal drug delivery approach.

Objectives:
The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate glimepiride-loaded transdermal
patches on the skin to treat diabetes mellitus. To overcome the issue of oral glimepiride and provide
a localized effect, a transdermal drug delivery approach was developed.

Methods:
The glimepiride transdermal drug delivery approach was developed by using the solvent
evaporation method. To examine the impact of altering amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (X1) and polyvinyl
pyrrolidone (X2) on tensile strength, % of glimepiride released in 12 hours (Q12), and % of
glimepiride released in 24 hours (Q24), as reliant on variables, a 32 complete factorial design was
employed. For dependent variables, regression estimation and estimation of variance were employed.
In-vitro release statistics were fixed to different models for various glimepiride release kinetics.
In-vitro glimepiride release was tested using the best formulation.

Results:
The formulation F4 with 1300.00 milligrams of polyvinyl alcohol and 600.00 milligrams
of polyvinyl pyrrolidone demonstrated a release of 96.17% for up to 24 hours and zero order release
kinetics consisting of r2=0.987, which was the best batch. The optimized formulation F4 showed a
controlled release of glimepiride and better permeation and deposition properties.

Conclusion:
The findings of this research work demonstrated the potential of the 32 full factorial
mathematical models created to anticipate formulations with additional desirable release and permeability
qualities for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Impact of Contract Research Organizations on Pharmaceutical Industries: A Review
Authors: Solanki Neeta , Verma Jaya , Kumar Satyender , Seema  , Mundlia Jyoti , Saini Rajesh , Saini Sapna 
Published: December 2024

Abstract:
Contract Research Organizations are bodies that offer research and development services
on a contract basis to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, and other industries.
These organizations offer a wide range of services to support the drug discovery, development,
and commercialization process. Initially, CROs begin with clinical trial management
facilities and assisting sponsors with clinical study design, whereas laboratory CROs provide
drug discovery, manufacturing, and bioanalytical services, including site feasibility. Their services
mainly cover pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry based work such as drug development,
pharmaceutical product development, clinical and preclinical trials, analytical method
developments, pharmacovigilance, medical writing, etc. India presents itself as a wonderful
platform for CROs attributing to its huge population, varied disease conditions, accessible human
resources, large number of hospitals and low treatment cost. In the clinical trial process,
CROs are engaged by the sponsor to accomplish a number of duties, taking into account various
administrative and technical responsibilities on behalf of the sponsor. The current manuscript
highlights the globalization of clinical trials, the concept of CRO, roles and responsibilities,
functions of CROs, regulatory infrastructure of CRO, criteria for selection of suitable CRO,
Indian CRO market and impact of Covid-19 pandemic on it.
Innovations in Medical Education in Gastrointestinal Surgery Using Interactive Anatomical Tables
Authors: Kashtanov A. D. , Stetsyk E. O. , Dydykin S. S. , Kytko O. V. , Trunin E. M. , Aleshkina O. Yu. , Lavrentieva A. N. , Andreeva A. N. , Alekseeva D. S. , Muratova A. A. , Kharina A. Yu. , Tatarkin V. V. , Sokolova A. S. , Filatov V. N. , Samodova I. L. , Makeeva E. A. , Pekeldina E. S. , Kapitonova M. Yu. , Bikbaeva T. S. , Polkovova I. A. , Volel B. A. , Litvinova T. M. , Dudnik E. N. , Kireeva N. V. , Ivashkin K. V. , Vasil’ev Yu. L. 
Published: December 2024

The introduction of digital technologies into the learning process for medical university students represents a new paradigm in medical education since high level of criteria for assessing the quality of learning of a medical student require the application of modern technologies in training fundamental disciplines and, in particular, anatomy. Thanks to virtual technologies, conditions are created for modeling and integrating the student into conditions close to real ones, which increases the interest and involvement of students in the educational process and, as a result, a subjective improvement in the process of assimilation of the material. Traditional education based on dissection materials cannot fully provide for the massive training of students, as biological materials cannot be restored or preserved and are quickly damaged. 3D models are devoid of these limitations.Aim: to evaluate the effectiveness of digital dissection in the educational trajectory of clinical anatomy using interactive anatomical tables and the need of students for the active use of these aids.Materials and methods. Four groups of students were formed: three groups were studying the material using various anatomical tables and one group used the traditional method. To control the effectiveness of the educational process, before the start of training, entrance testing was conducted in all groups. At the end of classes on individual topics, participants completed exit testing, as well as a questionnaire.Results. The analysis of learning outcomes shows a significantly higher level of absorption of the material among students in groups where 3D anatomical models were used during classes. This indicates that students’ subjective experience of the learning process has improved due to their increased involvement in the class and their interest in innovative teaching methods.Conclusion. We plan to study learning outcomes in more detail to identify any differences in the formation of general and professional competencies among students. This information will help us make informed decisions about the widespread use of anatomical models in educational practice.