bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Cajamarca
Authors: Covey R. Alan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the fallout from the capture of Atahuallpa in Cajamarca. The Spaniards held Atahuallpa prisoner while he assembled a ransom of gold and silver. They allowed him to reconstitute his royal court, command his armies, and to send and receive messages, which helped him to survive and reconstitute his power over the following months. After the Spaniards divided up the ransom, however, they killed Atahuallpa and replaced him with a half-brother who was loyal to them. Pizarro and his Inca allies then marched southward to Cuzco to drive Atahuallpa’s troops out of the city. After their Inca ally died suddenly, the Spaniards allied themselves with Manco Inca, who was crowned in Cuzco after the Inca-Spanish force retook the city. The chapter closes with a description of the destruction of Atahuallpa’s realm in Quito, and of the first Spanish publication of eyewitness accounts of the Pizarro expedition.
Overturning Andean Landscapes
Authors: Covey R. Alan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the viceroy Francisco de Toledo’s efforts to ensure the flow of silver and tax revenue to the Spanish Crown. Although mining served as the backbone of the colonial economy—and its demand for labor shaped the discussion of race and human rights in the Andes—the introduction of Old World crops and herd animals also helped to transform Andean economies that produced commodities and provided tax revenues and labor for Spanish ventures. Toledo ordered the resettlement of dispersed native populations as a way to undermine Inca-era beliefs, economic practices, and social hierarchies. He matched his attempts to reduce the Inca world to Spanish-style communities with an assault on the “savage” people living beyond the southern frontier. Despite Toledo’s overhaul of Andean life, Philip II continued to be interested in the Incas and their way of ruling the Andes, and he ordered the large-scale collection of new geographic reports describing the Inca world and its development under Spanish rule. A decade later, Philip claimed absolute ownership over lands across the Inca world.
Eyes in the Sky
Authors: Boyle Michael J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that drones accelerate the trend toward information-rich warfare and place enormous pressure on the military to learn ever more about the battlefields that it faces. Today, for the United States, war is increasingly a contest for information about any future battlespace. This has had an organizational effect as the ability for the United States to know more through drone imagery has turned into a necessity to know more. The US military is becoming so enamored of its ability to know more through drone surveillance that it is overlooking the operational and organizational costs of “collecting the whole haystack.” Using drones for a vast surveillance apparatus, as the United States and now other countries have been doing, has underappreciated implications for the workload, organizational structures, and culture of the military itself.
Terrorist Drones
Authors: Boyle Michael J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 argues that drones will allow non-state actors like rebel and terrorist groups to begin to level the playing field with powerful governments and to expand their goals as a result of being able to take to the skies. The low marginal cost of drones will be a boon to non-state actors who will use them to blunt the advantages that governments currently enjoy. In conflict zones, drones enable groups like Hezbollah and the Islamic State to watch the battlefield in a way that they never could before and to strike at their enemies in surprising ways. At home, drones will enable terrorist organizations to strike civilian targets and perhaps even assassinate world leaders.
The New Race
Authors: Boyle Michael J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 suggests that drones will amplify the competition for power and influence between states in conflict zones and produce new risks of deterrence breakdown and crisis escalation. It shows how states are already using drone technology to test the nerves and strategic commitments of their rivals, as well as to conduct surveillance that would otherwise been seen as too risky in crisis zones. This is because drones have changed risk calculations; what was once too dangerous with a manned aircraft is now possible with a drone. These strategic gambits are possible because of their low financial and human costs, as well as the illusion that drones can be used without the risk of escalation. As drones are now being used in more conflict zones around the world, they will begin to quietly reorder the risk calculations behind deterrence and coercion and produce greater chances of miscalculation, error, and accident.
Finding Truth in Fiction
Authors: Dill-Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Being a fan of a popular film, television, or book franchise is something most of us enjoy. But, we may not be familiar with the scientific study of fictional narrative or of fandom. In this book, two media psychologists reveal the sometimes-paradoxical idea that fiction helps us find truth in our real lives. Whether you consider yourself a fan or whether you find yourself thinking of a particular fictional scene for inspiration, you are not alone. Perfectly sane people regularly admit that their favorite stories are important to them. Although journalists sometimes assume that the interest in the fictional world is a sign of trouble, the authors enthusiastically disagree. Because story worlds are social simulations, people use them to work out their values, decide how to handle similar situations, and even decide what kind of person they want to be. Although films and shows are widely spoken of as diversions or as escapism, there are many ways that they aren’t trivial at all. In this book, the authors explore how to understand the identity of a favorite character and the actor who plays the character. Are they the same person? They also delve into the nitty gritty of mental models for story worlds and timeless story arcs such as the hero’s journey. The moments that strike people as important can change as they age and move through different life stages. The authors’ conclusion: fans are not crazy. What fans are is human.
Story and Life Stage
Authors: Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how favorite stories impact people and help them learn and grow throughout their lives. The chapter covers how people’s relationships with stories evolve as they grow older. It discusses how story comprehension develops in childhood and the important role parents can play in introducing children to media of all kinds. It also considers how people’s ability to distinguish fantasy from reality in childhood is a product of knowledge acquisition and whether children of different ages can learn from screen stories. Next, it explores how stories can impact tweens and teens and how this group looks to fictional characters as role models. Finally, the chapter explores how stories can help people cope with the trials and tribulations of adulthood, how people’s story preferences evolve as they age, and the way stories can serve as emotional anchors throughout people’s lives.
Friend or Foe? Men and Feminism Through the 1990s
Authors: Jolly Margaretta 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter considers gender and gender relationships, the WLM’s foundational touchstones. It highlights the politics of difference by drawing on memories of pro-feminist men, where hesitancy testifies to challenges of trust and reconciliation. It considers men’s violence and sexual abuse, sticking points for the deconstruction of gender but areas where traumatic memory is increasingly implicated. Looking at prominent and related WLM demands that became an arena for confrontative gender politics—the right to freedom from violence, and the right to define one’s own sexuality—the chapter looks at evolving ideas about gender from queer, transsexual (the 2015 Brighton Trans*Formed oral history presents new questions of negotiation) and black activists. It concludes with an edited interweaving of the oral histories of Catherine and Stuart Hall, luminaries of the WLM, New Left and black rights movements, which presents a captivating portrait of a relationship underpinned by political and personal struggles and growth. 150 words
Tornado God
Authors: Thuesen Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
One of the earliest sources of humanity’s religious impulse was severe weather, which ancient peoples attributed to the wrath of storm gods. Enlightenment thinkers derided such beliefs as superstition and predicted they would pass away as humans became more scientifically and theologically sophisticated. But in America, scientific and theological hubris came face to face with the tornado, nature’s most violent windstorm. Striking the United States more than any other nation, tornadoes have consistently defied scientists’ efforts to unlock their secrets. Meteorologists now acknowledge that even the most powerful computers will likely never be able to predict a tornado’s precise path. Similarly, tornadoes have repeatedly brought Americans to the outer limits of theology, drawing them into the vortex of such mysteries as how to reconcile suffering with a loving God and whether there is underlying purpose or randomness in the universe. In this groundbreaking history, Peter Thuesen captures the harrowing drama of tornadoes, as clergy, theologians, meteorologists, and ordinary citizens struggle to make sense of these death-dealing tempests. He argues that, in the tornado, Americans experience something that is at once culturally peculiar (the indigenous storm of the national imagination) and religiously primal (the sense of awe before an unpredictable and mysterious power). He also shows that, in an era of climate change, the weather raises the issue of society’s complicity in natural disasters. In the whirlwind, Americans confront the question of their own destiny—how much is self-determined and how much is beyond human understanding or control.
“Every Wind of Doctrine”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 shows how twentieth-century weather disasters helped force some of the nation’s leading theologians to question old assumptions about providence and natural events. Especially at mid-century, which is usually remembered for Cold War anxieties, the weather influenced reconsiderations of providence by such thinkers as Reinhold Niebuhr, Georgia Harkness, and William Pollard, who, in different ways, broached the idea of randomness or amorality in nature. Newspaper coverage of two catastrophic events—the Tri-State Tornado of 1925 and the Palm Sunday Tornadoes of 1965—likewise revealed rising religious ambivalence on the popular level. Thus, even as some Americans were defending the time-worn belief that all things happen according to a plan, others were contemplating a world of radical uncertainty and unpredictability.
The Art of Becoming
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
With a focus on music, this book outlines what improvisation is and why it is an important creative and social activity. Drawing on the emerging psychological literature in this area, as well as evidence from authors’ research with musicians, this text outlines innovative ideas on what defines improvisation and the psychological, creative, and social processes involved. It explores the role of specialist skills, the importance of musical identities and the nature of understanding in improvised interaction and between improvisers. It discusses how we develop as improvisers and the role of improvisation within therapeutic applications of music. Each chapter proceeds from discussion of an illustrative instance of musical improvisation. Providing fresh and provocative insights for anyone interested in playing, studying, teaching, or listening to improvised music, the authors offer suggestions for approaching this practice in new ways at any level, and identify potential developments in cross-disciplinary improvising. Asserting that everyone can and should improvise, the book provides a resource for courses teaching improvisation in contemporary practice, and has strong relevance for those applying musical improvisation in community and therapeutic contexts. The book deals with such questions as: What constitutes improvisation? Do all forms of improvisation represent the same thing? Faced with myriad possibilities, how do improvisers decide what to play? How does an improviser in a group know what the others will do? How might improvisation influence our well-being? In response to such questions, a definition of improvisation based on its unique behavioural features is set out as an exciting context for psychological investigation.
Stones, Clouds
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how improvisers decide what to play, the creative process of improvising together, and the relationships between performing, composing, and improvising. In particular, it discusses similarities, differences, and relationships between performing, composing, and improvising. It considers how agency is experienced and executed by an individual while they are improvising with other people. A model is presented for the process of choice that any individual undertakes when taking part in improvisation, with detailed examples provided to illustrate how the model functions. Drawing on empirical qualitative evidence from post-idiomatic free improvisers, this chapter identifies a comprehensive set of options across this spectrum that any individual improviser may take over the course of a piece to allow the group to generate music. This model also offers a less daunting challenge to the novice improviser, and a potential way round a “block” for creative practitioners.
Introduction to The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood
Authors: Vollhardt Johanna Ray 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the volume and gives a brief overview of its structure and the content of each chapter. The chapter describes the nature of social psychological research on collective victimhood to date, defines the concept, and provides an organizing framework for scholarship on collective victimhood. This framework emphasizes the interplay of structural and individual-level factors that need to be considered, as well as how the social psychology of collective victimhood is studied at the micro-, meso-, and macro level of analysis. In order to avoid a determinist and simplistic view of collective victimhood, it is crucial to consider the different ways in which people actively construe and make sense of collective victimization of their group(s). It is also important to consider the role of power, history, and other structural factors that together shape the diversity of experiences of collective victimization as well as the consequences of collective victimhood.
Experiencing Acknowledgment Versus Denial of the Ingroup’s Collective Victimization
Authors: Twali Michelle Sinayobye , Hameiri Boaz , Vollhardt Johanna Ray , Nadler Arie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the psychological dimensions and consequences of acknowledgment versus denial of the in-group’s collective victimization. Denial can entail different forms and be literal, interpretative, or implicatory. Likewise, acknowledgment can entail factual acknowledgment, empathic acknowledgment, or even the perpetrator group’s possession of a negative identity. The authors discuss why and how these different forms of acknowledgment and denial matter, the societal means through which acknowledgment versus denial can occur, whose acknowledgment (e.g., perpetrator group vs. third parties) is most relevant in which context, and which events are most important to acknowledge. The chapter reviews findings demonstrating that acknowledgment can improve psychological well-being and intergroup attitudes, while lack of acknowledgment has the opposite effect. The underlying psychological processes that have been studied so far include identity, processes related to the groups’ relationship (e.g., trust), concerns over justice, and affective processes.
Striking at the Core
Authors: Kachanoff Frank Jake , Wohl Michael J. A. , Taylor Donald M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an integrated model of psychological needs among victimized groups, building on self-determination theory. Extending the model of needs-based reconciliation and other work on needs among victim groups, the authors posit that collective victimization frustrates basic needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy. They review empirical findings showing that the frustration of these needs on the collective level frustrates related needs on the personal level as well, and in turn have a negative effect on psychological well-being and willingness for reconciliation. The chapter focuses in particular on collective autonomy, which is central to many experiences of collective victimization as well as reconciliation attempts. In order to increase victim group members’ willingness to reconcile, it is important to take into consideration all three needs identified in this model and present apologies and other steps toward reconciliation in a way that satisfies these needs.
Never Trump
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In early 2016, as it became increasingly apparent that Donald Trump might actually become the Republican nominee, a movement within conservatism formed to stop him: Never Trump. Comprising primarily Republican policy elites and conservative intellectuals, the Never Trumpers saw Trump’s stated views as a repudiation of long-standing Republican foreign and domestic policy goals. Just as importantly, they saw him as erratic, mendacious, and unfit—the sort of person the founders warned about, and someone who would bring everlasting shame to the Republican Party.
Introduction
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the emergence of the “#nevertrump” hashtag on Twitter. Like any meme, #nevertrump had a variety of meanings to those who deployed it. However, for the elite Republicans and conservatives who embraced it, #nevertrump signaled horror and incomprehension at the rise of Donald Trump and how it had turned their political world upside down. #Nevertrump was also a way of signaling that Trump represented something more sinister than normal quadrennial Republican and conservative movement primary politics. Once they recognized the threat, the strongest adherents to Never Trump relentlessly and desperately searched for ways to frustrate Trump's takeover of the Republican Party. Shocking even themselves, a number of these lifelong Republicans, who had spent their careers battling Democrats, ended up voting for someone other than their party's nominee, up to and including their former nemesis, Hillary Clinton. Even after his election, a remnant of these Never Trumpers have kept up rear guard efforts to expose the deceitfulness of the Trump administration and to call their former allies away from the siren song of Trumpian populism.
Guardians
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses how the John Hay Initiative, the Republican foreign policy establishment, became the purest strain of Never Trumpism. The John Hay Initiative was designed to create a firewall around the heresies of Rand Paul and to help the other Republican candidates competently defend their vision of conservative internationalism. However, no one around the project imagined that their party would be tempted by a figure like Donald Trump. Trump's candidacy threw them into a world of uncertainty, in which all of their experience and strategies were suddenly rendered unhelpful or even counterproductive. In sharp contrast to most of the rest of the groups discussed in this book, they responded to Trump with open, furious, and mostly unified opposition. There were two primary reasons that people within the Republican national security network offer for having gone Never Trump. First, many were mortified at Trump's statements on foreign policy issues. Even so, most Never Trumpers in the foreign policy network say that their objections ran deeper than policy disputes; it was Trump's fundamental and unredeemable character flaws that constituted the core problem.
Experts Gone Rogue
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how Republican foreign policy professionals found themselves in an outright rebellion against their own party's nominee by the spring and summer of 2016. They were not prepared for their party nominating a candidate they suspected of illicit relationships to America's adversaries. Their level of alarm not only far eclipsed that of other Trump skeptics, but their tight network structure and orientation toward collective action allowed them to act quickly, and in concert. They managed to put together two letters—one during the primary and the second after Donald Trump was nominated at the Republican Party convention in Cleveland—that denounced him in the strongest possible terms. These letters, signed by a wide swath of the most senior members of the Republican foreign policy establishment, were aimed with martial intent. The signatories hoped that a warning this grave would alarm Republican primary voters, and then the electorate in the fall, causing them to turn away from the serious risk they were taking with the nation's security by putting its arms in the hands of Donald Trump. Having shot at Trump and missed, they were declared persona non grata as the president staffed his administration.
Pack Animals
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the Republican Party’s band of political operatives navigated the rise of Donald Trump. Political operatives are the professional campaign consultants, pollsters, media experts, fundraisers, and staffers who make a living by providing key services to their party and its candidates. Unlike the GOP national security experts or the conservative movement’s intelligentsia, Republican operatives who were publicly Never Trump cut against the grain of their professional network. Despite near-universal, albeit largely silent, opposition to Trump initially, most operatives dutifully fell in line once he became the presumptive nominee. Yet the small minority within the political operative world that refused to make their peace with him emerged as one of the brightest constellations in the Never Trump universe.