bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reorganization of finger covariation patterns represented in the corticospinal system by learning of a novel movement irrelevant to common daily movements
Authors: Hirano Masato , Funase Kozo 
Published: October 2019

How dexterous finger movements are acquired by the nervous system is a fundamental question in the neuroscience field. Previous studies have demonstrated that finger movements can be decomposed into finger covariation patterns, and these patterns are represented in the corticospinal system. However, it remains unclear how such covariation patterns represented in the corticospinal system develop during the acquisition of novel finger movements. In this study, each subject learned to perform a novel finger movement, which was mapped to a region outside the movement subspace spanned by common finger movements seen in daily life, through a custom task. After subjects practiced the task, we detected changes in the finger covariation patterns derived from artificially (transcranial magnetic stimulation) evoked finger joint movements. The artificially evoked movement-derived patterns seen after the training period were associated with both the novel and common finger movements. Regarding the patterns extracted from the artificially evoked movements, the number required to explain most of the variance in the data was unchanged after the training period. Our results indicate that novel finger movements are acquired through the reorganization of preexisting finger covariation patterns represented in the corticospinal system rather than the development of new patterns. These findings might have implications for the basic mechanism responsible for the development of movement repertories in the nervous system. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Various types of finger movements involve common finger covariation patterns, and these patterns are represented in the corticospinal system. Here we examined how a novel finger covariation pattern is acquired in that system through training of a novel finger movement that is irrelevant to common finger movements. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we found that the preexisting patterns that contribute to finer control of finger movements are rapidly reorganized to encode the novel pattern through the training.
The sensorimotor effects of a lower limb proprioception training intervention in individuals with a spinal cord injury
Authors: Qaiser Taha , Eginyan Gevorg , Chan Franco , Lam Tania 
Published: October 2019

Proprioception is critical for movement control. After a spinal cord injury (SCI), individuals not only experience paralysis but may also experience proprioceptive deficits, further confounding motor recovery. The objective of this study was to test the effects of a robotic-based proprioception training protocol on lower limb proprioceptive sense in people with incomplete SCI. A secondary objective was to assess whether the effects of training transferred to a precision stepping task in people with motor-incomplete SCI. Participants with chronic incomplete SCI and able-bodied controls underwent a 2-day proprioceptive training protocol using the Lokomat robotic exoskeleton. The training involved positioning the test leg to various positions and participants were asked to report whether they felt their heel position (end-point position) was higher or lower compared with a reference position. Feedback was provided after each trial to help participants learn strategies that could help them discern different positions of their foot. Changes in end-point position as well as knee joint position sense were assessed pre- and posttraining. We also assessed the effects of proprioception training on the performance of a precision stepping task in people with motor-incomplete SCI. Following training, there were significant improvements in end-point and knee joint position sense in both groups. The magnitude of improvement was related to pretraining (baseline) proprioceptive sense, indicating that those who initially had better lower limb position sense showed greater changes. Participants also showed improvements in performance of a precision stepping task. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that it is possible to alter proprioceptive sense in people with incomplete SCI using a passive proprioception training protocol combined with feedback. Improvements in proprioceptive sense transferred from end-point to joint position sense and also to an untrained precision stepping task.
Comparison of Molecular Assays for HPV Testing in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Population-Based Study in Northern Ireland
Authors: Craig Stephanie G. , Anderson Lesley A. , Moran Michael , Graham Laura , Currie Keith , Rooney Keith , Robinson Max , Bingham Victoria , Cuschieri Kate S. , McQuaid Stephen , Schache Andrew G. , Jones Terry M. , McCance Dennis , Salto-Tellez Manuel , McDade Simon S. , James Jacqueline A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground:Determination of human papillomavirus (HPV) status has become clinically relevant for patient stratification under UICC TNM8 staging. Within the United Kingdom, a combination of p16 IHC and HPV DNA-ISH is recommended for classifying HPV status. This study will assess a series of clinically applicable second-line molecular tests to run in combination with p16 IHC to optimally determine HPV status.Methods:The ability of HPV RNA-ISH, HPV DNA-ISH, and HPV DNA-PCR to identify p16-positive/HPV-positive patients was investigated in a population-based oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) cohort of patients diagnosed in Northern Ireland from 2000 to 2011.Results:Only 41% of the Northern Irish OPSCC patient population was associated with HPV-driven carcinogenesis. Both ISH assays were more specific than the DNA-PCR assay (100% and 95% vs. 67%) and were less likely to be affected by preanalytic factors such as increasing block age. A pooled HPV genotype probe for RNA-ISH was found to be the most accurate molecular assay assessed (95% accuracy) when compared with p16 positivity.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates the advantage of tissue-based molecular assays when determining HPV status in retrospective samples. Specifically, we demonstrate the enhanced sensitivity and specificity of ISH techniques compared with PCR-based methodology when working with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, and found HPV RNA-ISH to be the most effective assay for determining HPV status.Impact:As p16 IHC is a relatively inexpensive, accessible, and sensitive test for stratifying patients by HPV status, this study finds that more patients would benefit from first-line p16 IHC followed by specific HPV testing using HPV RNA-ISH to confirm HPV status.
XCL1/Glypican-3 Fusion Gene Immunization Generates Potent Antitumor Cellular Immunity and Enhances Anti–PD-1 Efficacy
Authors: Chen Kun , Wu Zhiyuan , Zhao Hong , Wang Yanmei , Ge Yutong , Wang Dongmei , Li Zhengjiang , An Changming , Liu Yuying , Wang Feifei , Bi Xinyu , Wang Hongying , Cai Jianqiang , Ma Chunhong , Qu Chunfeng 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cancer vaccines can amplify existing antitumor responses or prime naïve T cells to elicit effector T-cell functions in patients through immunization. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are crucial for the rejection of established tumors. We constructed XCL1-GPC3 fusion molecules as a liver cancer vaccine by linking the XCL1 chemokine to glypican-3 (GPC3), which is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cells expressing XCL1-GPC3 chemoattracted murine XCR1+CD8α+ dendritic cells (DC) and human XCR1+CD141+ DCs in vitro and promoted their IL12 production. After subcutaneous mXcl1-GPC3 plasmid injection, mXCL1-GPC3 was mainly detected in CD8α+ DCs of mouse draining lymph nodes. XCL1-GPC3–targeted DCs enhanced antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation and induced the de novo generation of GPC3-specific CD8+ T cells, which abolished GPC3-expressing tumor cells in mouse and human systems. We immunized a murine autochthonous liver cancer model, with a hepatitis B background, with the mXcl1-GPC3 plasmid starting at 6 weeks, when malignant hepatocyte clusters formed, or at 14 weeks, when liver tumor nodules developed, after diethylnitrosamine administration. mXcl1-GPC3–immunized mice displayed significantly inhibited tumor formation and growth compared with GPC3-immunized mice. After mXcl1-GPC3 immunization, mouse livers showed elevated production of IFNγ, granzyme B, IL18, CCL5, CXCL19, and Xcl1 and increased infiltration of GPC3-specific CD8+ T cells, activated natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells. The antitumor effects of these immune cells were further enhanced by the administration of anti–PD-1. Anti-HCC effects induced by hXCL1-GPC3 were confirmed in an HCC-PDX model from 3 patients. Thus, XCL1-GPC3 might be a promising cancer vaccine to compensate for the deficiency of the checkpoint blockades in HCC immunotherapy.
Impact of Kidney Function on Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality: A Comparison of South Asian and European Cohorts
Authors: Eastwood Sophie V. , Chaturvedi Nishi , Sattar Naveed , Welsh Paul I. , Hughes Alun D. , Tillin Therese 
Published: October 2019

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Evidence is limited on ethnic differences in associations between kidney function markers and mortality or cardiovascular disease (CVD). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Baseline cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal follow-up study of a UK population-based cohort of 1,116 Europeans and 1,104 South Asians of predominantly Indian descent, age 52 ± 7 years at baseline (1988–1991). Kidney function was estimated using Cystatin C and creatinine-based chronic kidney disease (CKD) Epidemiology Collaboration estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations, and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). Mortality was captured at 27 years, and incident CVD at 22 years, from death certification, medical records and participant report. Longitudinal associations between eGFR/ACR and mortality/incident CVD were examined using Cox models. <b><i>Results:</i></b> eGFR<sub>cys</sub> was lower and ACR higher in South Asians than Europeans. eGFR<sub>cys</sub> and ­eGFR<sub>creat</sub> were more strongly associated with outcomes in Europeans than South Asians. Conversely, associations between ACR and outcomes were greater in South Asians than Europeans, for example, for CVD mortality: HRs (95% CI) adjusted for CVD risk factors and ACR/eGFR<sub>cys</sub> as appropriate, <i>p</i> for ethnicity interaction: eGFR<sub>cys</sub>: Europeans: 0.76 (0.62–0.92), South Asians: 0.92 (0.78–1.07), <i>p</i> = 0.05, eGFR<sub>creat</sub>: Europeans 0.81 (0.67–0.99), South Asians 1.18 (0.97–1.41), <i>p</i> = 0.002, ACR: ­Europeans: 1.24 (1.08–1.42), South Asians: 1.39 (1.25–1.57), <i>p</i>= 0.23. Addition of all CKD measures to a standard CVD risk factor model modestly improved prediction capability in ­Europeans; in South Asians only ACR contributed to improvement. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Strong associations between ACR and outcomes in South Asians of predominantly Indian origin, and null associations for eGFR<sub>cys</sub> and eGFR<sub>creat</sub>, suggest that ACR may have greater utility in CVD risk prediction in South Asians. Further work is needed to validate these ­findings.
Association of Total Reproductive Years With Incident Atrial Fibrillation, and Subsequent Ischemic Stroke in Women With Natural Menopause
Authors: Yang Seokhun , Kwak Soongu , Kwon Soonil , Lee Hyun-Jung , Lee Heesun , Park Jun-Bean , Lee Seung-Pyo , Kim Hoon , Han Kyungdo , Kim Yong-Jin , Kim Hyung-Kwan 
Published: October 2019

Background:
The association of lifetime exposure to endogenous sex hormone with incident atrial fibrillation (AF) and subsequent ischemic stroke has never been studied.

Methods:
This study involved 4 638 299 natural postmenopausal waomen aged ≥40 years without prior history of AF and with national breast cancer check-up between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014. The primary end point was incident AF, and the secondary end point was subsequent ischemic stroke once AF has developed. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of end points.

Results:

During the mean follow-up of 6.3 years, shorter total reproductive years (<30 years) were associated with 7% increased risk of AF after adjusting for confounding variables (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.07 [95% CI, 1.05–1.09]). Risk of AF declined progressively with every 5-yearly increment in total reproductive years (
P
-for-trend <0.001). However, the prolonged (≥2 years) use of hormone replacement therapy after menopause was paradoxically associated with a 3% increase in AF risk (aHR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01–1.05]). For the secondary end point analysis, the risk of ischemic stroke after AF development significantly decreased with each 5-yearly increment in total reproductive years (with <30 years as reference; aHR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88–0.99] for 30–34 years; aHR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.79–0.89] for 35–39 years; and aHR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.80–0.97] for ≥40 years,
P
-for-trend <0.001).

Conclusions:
In women with natural menopause, shorter lifetime exposure to endogenous sex hormone, that is, shorter total reproductive years, was significantly associated with a higher risk of AF and subsequent ischemic stroke. Paradoxically, prolonged exogenous hormone replacement therapy increased the risk of incident AF.
The Labor Market Effects of Offshoring by U.S. Multinational Firms
Authors: Kovak Brian K. , Oldenski Lindsay , Sly Nicholas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We use firm-level data on U.S. multinationals to show how offshoring affects domestic employment within and across firms. We introduce a new instrument for offshoring, bilateral tax treaties, which reduce the cost of offshore activities. We find substantial heterogeneity in effects. A 10% increase in affiliate employment drives a 1.3% increase in employment at the U.S. parent firm, with smaller effects at the industry and regional levels. In contrast, offshoring by vertical multinationals drives declining employment among nonmultinationals in the same industry, and firms opening new affiliates exhibit smaller domestic employment growth than those expanding existing affiliates.
Champa Citadels: An Archaeological and Historical Study
Authors: Đỗ Trường Giang , Suzuki Tomomi , Nguyễn Văn Quảng , Yamagata Mariko 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
From 2009 to 2012, a joint research team of Japanese and Vietnamese archaeologists led by the late Prof. Nishimura Masanari conducted surveys and excavations at fifteen sites around the Hoa Chau Citadel in Thua Thien Hue Province, built by the Champa people in the ninth century and used by the Viet people until the fifteenth century. This article introduces some findings from recent archaeological excavations undertaken at three Champa citadels: the Hoa Chau Citadel, the Tra Kieu Citadel in Quang Nam Province, and the Cha Ban Citadel in Binh Dinh Province. Combined with historical material and field surveys, the paper describes the scope and structure of the ancient citadels of Champa, and it explores the position, role, and function of these citadels in the context of their own nagaras (small kingdoms) and of mandala Champa as a whole. Through comparative analysis, an attempt is made to identify features characteristic of ancient Champa citadels in general.
Rehabilitating Botany in the Postwar Moment: National Promise and the Encyclopedism of Eduardo Quisumbing’s Medicinal Plants of the Philippines (1951)
Authors: Gutierrez Kathleen Cruz 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In 1951, plant taxonomist Eduardo Quisumbing published Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, a 1,234–page volume on the palliative and curative applications of Philippine flora. Considered the standard contemporary reference on medical botany, Quisumbing’s work has informed generations of human scientists, botanists, and chemists from the archipelago. This paper, however, poses the question: What did Quisumbing, a trained orchidist, have to do with such a wide-ranging postwar publication—one quite distant from his scientific specialization—that would be (mistakenly) remembered as his magnum opus? Through a close reading of the text informed by the work’s intertextuality and Quisumbing’s personal archive, I argue that Medicinal Plants of the Philippines captures a type of encyclopedism undertaken in order to recuperate Manila’s Bureau of Science following World War ii. This encyclopedism speaks to the book’s curious character: strictly speaking, it is neither a pharmacopoeia nor a flora. Instead, it is a compendium of principally invasive species and their medicinal uses around the world that draws from over 630 academic publications. Caught within the tangle of postwar national reconstruction efforts, Quisumbing’s book evidences a considerable investment in intellectual knowledge production to assert the country’s newfound independence while shoring up public support for Philippine botanic and scientific research.
People, Places, and Mobility: The Strange History of Prester John across the Indian Ocean
Authors: Mukherjee Rila 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The worlds of Central Asia and the Indian Ocean have been seen as discrete, seemingly unconnected except by way of the vertical silk roads descending through feeder routes into port cities situated along the Indian Ocean and its many seas, gulfs, and bays. Before Central Asia lost historical centrality and was regarded increasingly as a blank space on the map, it was a dynamic region. The Indian Ocean world with its spice, cotton, and silk routes was more known, having entered European geographical knowledge— and fantasy—from antiquity. The two worlds—terrestrial and oceanic—have been seen as diametrically opposed, with historiography privileging the latter. This essay links the two worlds by evoking people, places, and mobility through the legend of Prester John, a mysterious Christian monarch and putative ally against Muslims.
For Africans in World History: Extended Forms of Democratic Pluralism
Authors: Sène Jean-Jacques Ngor 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Few scholars have been successful at articulating with as much clarity as Patrick Manning does, the relevance and centrality of African history to world history. The historical experiences of the peoples of Africa, within, above, and beyond the Anthropocene, had not been synthetized with a view of globalizing certain Forms of the African Past as integral pieces of the mosaic of the Human Adventure. This essay presents the extent of Manning’s contributions to the debates regarding the general concept of Afrocentricity in practice, namely in relation to the construction of functional global institutions where learned citizens congregate to boost humanity’s intellectual capital. Pat Manning stands out for deconstructing in engaging arrangements—that is, in bravura and substance—the marginalization of Africa and Africans in the academic deliberations about the emergence of cosmopolitan Modernity over the past six or seven centuries at a global scale. Manning-Senseï reverberates in global academia the influences of Black peoples on “the Human System in Movement.” On the other hand, Manning arguably evades the moralization of the discourse that participates in the travails for the restoration of historical consciousness in Black Africa, inducing thereby the ubiquitous question of contemporary world historians’ political responsibility.
Environmental History and World History: Developments in Congruence
Authors: Dehner George 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Patrick Manning, in his book Navigating World History, suggests that world history “has the potential to become a scholarly nexus linking many fields of study” that will enable historians to escape the “national paradigm that continues to constrain most studies in humanities and social sciences.” This article will test Manning’s proposal in the developing field of environmental history by examining the topics of panels and papers selected for the annual conferences of the American Society of Environmental Historians in the years following the 2003 publication of Navigating World History. Environmental history has evolved to enlarge its lens of analysis to span both borders and time frames. Born with a strong interdisciplinary base and shaped by works that straddle world and environmental history, the field has had a natural affinity with world history. Increasingly, research topics have served to blur the line between environmental and world history.
Populist Attitudes among the French Yellow Vests
Authors: Guerra Tristan , Alexandre Chloé , Gonthier Frédéric 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
There has been much speculation as to how to interpret the Yellow Vest movement in France. Building on a survey of more than 5,000 Yellow Vests, this research report argues that producerism is key to make sense of the protesters’ populist attitudes and relationship to politics.
Detecting and Tracking Coastal Precipitation in the Tropics: Methods and Insights into Multiscale Variability of Tropical Precipitation
Authors: Coppin David , Bellon Gilles , Pletzer Alexander , Scott Chris 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe propose an algorithm to detect and track coastal precipitation systems and we apply it to 18 years of the high-resolution (8 km and 30 min) Climate Prediction Center CMORPH precipitation estimates in the tropics. Coastal precipitation in the Maritime Continent and Central America contributes to up to 80% of the total rainfall. It also contributes strongly to the diurnal cycle over land with the largest contribution from systems lasting between 6 and 12 h and contributions from longer-lived systems peaking later in the day. While the diurnal cycle of coastal precipitation is more intense over land in the summer hemisphere, its timing is independent of seasons over both land and ocean because the relative contributions from systems of different lifespans are insensitive to the seasonal cycle. We investigate the hypothesis that coastal precipitation is enhanced prior to the arrival of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) envelope over the Maritime Continent. Our results support this hypothesis and show that, when considering only coastal precipitation, the diurnal cycle appears reinforced even earlier over islands than previously reported. We discuss the respective roles of coastal and large-scale precipitation in the propagation of the MJO over the Maritime Continent. We also document a shift in diurnal cycle with the phases of the MJO, which results from changes in the relative contributions of short-lived versus long-lived coastal systems.