bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New technology of rails welding
Authors: Kozyrev N A , Shevchenko R A , Protopopov E V , Krat’ko S N , Khomicheva V E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Today, in the manufacture of long-length rail strings, the obligatory heat treatment is provided after the flash butt welding operation. The basis for this operation is the unsatisfactory mechanical properties of the rail joints immediately after welding. Welding heat cycles at pulsed reflow do not always allow a welded joint with a sufficient level of ductility to be obtained. In this case, the induction heat treatment used at rail welding enterprises in Russia increases the length of the heat-affected zone, which adversely affects the wear resistance of the rails during operation. This paper presents studies in industrial conditions that were previously conducted in laboratory conditions. Studies show the possibility of obtaining the necessary mechanical properties by controlling welding heat cycles without the use of induction heat treatment.
Technology for the reduction of iron oxides in the processing of metal slag scrap in the oxygen converter
Authors: Amelin A V , Protopopov E V , Kuznetsov S N , Kalinogorskiy A N 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The characteristic features of slag formation and oxidative metal refining in 160-tonne converters of EVRAZ ZSMK JSC using metal slag scrap in the solid metal charge are considered. Technological advantages of the process are established for the reduction of iron oxides from the slag component of the iron-containing product in the processing of waste slags.
Small-scale production of cast porous and composite materials
Authors: Knyazev S V , Usoltsev A A , Kutsenko A I , Kutsenko A A , Sokolov S B 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Modern foundry production should be equipped with advanced technologies, equipment and materials, have a significant reserve for its development in the future, which is unthinkable without a transition to digital production, which includes integrated automation of technological processes, digital control of technology parameters, materials and quality indicators of the finished products by the non-destructive control methods, as well as the use of new foundry materials obtained with the help of nanotechnologies.
Hardening of VK10KS hard alloy surface for solving tribological problems in machine-building
Authors: Oskolkova T N , Simachev A S , Glezer A M , Fastykovskii A R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hard alloy with a gradient structure consisting of a viscous core made of VK10KS alloy and a more wear-resistant surface made of VK6-OM alloy is obtained by electrodischarge hardening alloying. In this case, the base of the alloy is able to absorb shock loads, and the surface can play the role of wear-resistant cutting elements.
Study of the characteristics of iron-containing waste from steelmaking and rolling production
Authors: Anikin A E , Galevskiy G V , Rudneva V V , Nozdrin E V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study of the physicochemical characteristics of mill scale and dehydrated sludge from gas purification of oxygen-converter production was made. Their chemical, phase, particle size distribution and density are determined. It was established that the total iron content in the scale is 73.3%, in the sludge – 41.2%. The technological expediency of their use in metallization processes is determined. In this case, preliminary briquetting in a mixture with a carbon reducing agent is necessary.
Assessment of the required profitability of metallurgical companies based on a subject-oriented approach
Authors: Galevskiy S G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper a developed subject-oriented approach to determining the required return is presented. A subjective risk measure is proposed that takes into account the peculiarities of risk perception by the investor and its awareness. Based on the concept of matching risk and profitability, an equation was developed that reflects the relationship between the subjective measure of risk and the level of profitability. All this allows the determination of the required return to the full individually for each investor to be approached.
Algorithms and software for optimal management of raw materials, fuel and energy resources in blast furnace production
Authors: Spirin N A , Gurin I A , Lavrov V V , Shchipanov K A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The structure of optimization model of optimal management of raw materials, fuel and energy resources in the blast-furnace shop of iron and steel works is represented. The following blocks are taken as system basis: 1) calculation of the set of parameters that characterize the thermal, gas-dynamic, slag and blasting modes for every blast furnaces of the shop during the base period; 2) calculation of linearized model coefficients (constants of transferring via different exposure pathways) individually for every blast furnace as well as properties of iron ore raw materials, fluxing additions, blasting parameters, parameters of fuel-enriched blast influencing the technical-and-economic indices of separate furnaces performance, their thermal, gas-dynamic and slag operation modes in the course of blast-furnace melting according to UrFU-MMK blast-furnace production model within the base period; 3) solution of tasks that consider the optimal allocation of raw materials, fuel and energy resources for the project period of blast furnaces operation; 4) analysis of obtained results and providing of recommendations on the optimization of blast furnaces parameters. The developed functional model of optimal distribution of raw materials, fuel and energy resources for the engineering and technology personnel of blast-furnace shop is illustrated; the main functions and interconnections between the separate functional blocks are defined. The functions of created “Optimal management of raw materials, fuel and energy resources in the blast-furnace production” software that is realized in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 (C# programming language) programming environment in the form of web application are pointed out. The program product provides the engineering and technology personnel of blast furnace shop of iron and steel works with the opportunity to solve the tasks of optimal distribution of fuel and energy resources (natural gas and oxygen consumption) within the group of blast furnaces in the different technological situations.
Effect of carbon nanotubes on ballistic armour performance of ceramics from boron carbide
Authors: Nepochatov Yu , Kuznetsov V , Bogayev A , Bandin A , Abraamyan A , Kuchumova I 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The structure, phase composition and properties of hot-pressed mixtures based on boron carbide (B4C) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were studied. Used boron carbide powder was produced by LLC PIChT and CNTs were made in Russia and Korea. Sintering was carried out in vacuum at 2100 °C and under the pressure of 30 MPa. The samples of ceramics have been obtained with the ballistic armour performance, which is ∼ 26% higher than that of ceramic samples without additives.
Boron electroexplosive alloying of austenite steel
Authors: Ivanov Yu F , Petrikova E A , Teresov A D , Romanov D V , Ivanova O V , Gromov V E , Klopotov A A , Semin A P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies of phase and elemental composition, defect substructure of surface layer of Cr18Ni10Ti stainless high chromium steel subjected to alloying by electroexplosion method were performed by techniques of X-ray structural analysis, optical and electron microscopy. Titanium and boron were chosen as alloying elements. It has been stated that electroexplosion alloying of steel results in the formation of surface layer having a multiphase submicro-nanocrystallyne structure being characterized by the presence of micropores, microcracks and microcraters. Dependence of phase composition and microhardness of surface layer on relation of titanium and boron masses at electroexplosion alloying has been revealed. It has been found that microhardness of the modified layer is determined by relative masses of titanium borides’ fractions in the surface layer of steel and it may increase 18-fold that in the initial (prior to electroexplosion alloying) state.
Three waves of theoretical architecture and design
Authors: Shakirova Ilgina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The history of architecture and design as a complex discipline is no longer seen as a direct evolutionary structure. A more rational approach implies multilinearity, one of the lines of evolution is theoretical.
Alvin Toffler in 1970 developed the theory of three-wave development of society, and, as a result, this influenced the development of design as a whole. Therefore, we are interested in considering the very theory of the three waves of Alvin Toffler and understanding how this development can be considered in relation to architecture and design.
The purpose of the article is to consider the theory of three waves of Alvin Toffler, to compare the development of architecture and the theory of design and history with these waves, thereby identifying the processes that were the starting point for the emergence and development of each wave in these directions. To consider how certain processes that took place in the world have influenced not only the development of society, but also the development of architecture and design.
Problems of transferring penitentiary facilities in the context of sustainable urban development
Authors: Filimonova Larisa , Daubor Anna , Sbitnev Aleksandr 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The article examines the impact of the location of penitentiary institutions in the historical center of urbanized cities on the sustainable development of the urban environment. The purpose of the research is to analyze the foreign practice of solving the problem in relation to the peculiarities of the Russian legislation, the current norms and rules of the urban development regulations for the development of the territory. The result of this study should be recognized as a generalization of international experience in the field of transferring prison facilities outside of urban development with the re-profiling of penitentiary institutions to meet the needs of urban infrastructure, which allows minimizing the costs of the organization-project Builder, as well as reducing the labor costs of representatives of legislative and Executive authorities when involving departmental lands in economic and commercial turnover. The authors emphasized the importance of applying an integrated approach to solving the raised problem from the point of view of assessing all the risks and possibilities of applying foreign experience in domestic practice. The importance of involvement in the active circulation of problem areas has been proved, which allows you to create a comfortable urban environment that meets the concept of sustainable development of the city in urban planning, economic, social and cultural terms.
Regional architecture of Russia: Kazan - conflicts of the “old” and “new”
Authors: Aidarova Galina , Bashirova Elza 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The problems of preservation of the architectural heritage and development of the historical center of Kazan, a Russian city on the Volga with a thousand-year history, are considered in this paper.
The main approaches in the architectural practice of Kazan were revealed: 1) restoration of monuments of federal and international significance; 2) eclectic imitations, based on historical styles in the architecture of new objects built in the historical environment; 3) modern architectural and constructive solutions adequate to the current historical time. Signs of a conflict of the «old» and «new» were established: the new buildings imitate the historical examples in stylistic, constructive and functional solutions. The “old” is demolished and rebuilt in materials and structures that do not correspond to the time of its creation.
The ideas that the use of historical styles in modern architectural solutions is unacceptable, and that the need to identifying the authentic heritage of all the periods that the historical city went through were established. Unique architectural solutions should be applied in the construction of new facilities in the historical center.
Adaptation of the shoreline of urban development to special environment conditions
Authors: Kuzminikh Alexander , Korotkova Svetlana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article discusses the need for an in-depth approach to studying the adaptation of the coastline of urban development to special natural conditions. In particular, to periodic repeated flooding and floods in areas of contact with the terrain. As well as the types of technologies and materials that are used to form a protective buffer territory of coastal urban development. The importance vector of water management evolves and shifts from barrier structures against floods and underground pipeline drainage to the natural habitat. Retention pools, wetlands, rain gardens and filter trenches are forming within the city. This has a beneficial effect on the state of the coastline itself and on the attractiveness of this recreational park feature of the city for recreation. In studies based on a factor and comparative analysis of the studied projects in tabular form, it was revealed that in the floodplain relief there are carefully options for barrier fencing. The coastline of the urban development as a buffer zone of land and water should meet the safety and comfort requirements of all inhabitants and be attractive in appearance on both sides.
Reorganization of public courtyards by using the principles of greening space
Authors: Elena Denisenko , Stepan Novikov , Suembike Savelyeva , Aida Gataullina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
At present, the issue of the architectural space development from the point of view of ecology and green architecture seems to be relevant. Life in the city involves the active use of public spaces and the closest to man is a yard space. The yard is a space for rest, sports and communication between residents. The sustainable development of such spaces has a favourable impact on the entire city. The analysis of the interaction of green spaces on the urban environment shows the importance of the development of the nature in the city. This problem can be solved by greening yard spaces. The article presents the classification of typologies of yard spaces. The yard in the neighbourhood allows considering urban public space as a platform for favorable impact on the resident. The article also presents universal principles of greening public spaces based on analysis of world experience. The formation of yard spaces with the application of green principles is aimed at the development of a comfortable urban environment. Changing the ecology of the city through reorganization of yard spaces contributes to the development of a socially, environmentally, psychologically healthy person.
Risk of road-traffic accidents in the city of Kazan, Russia
Authors: Zagidullin Ramil , Gabdullin Talgat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
According to the records of the World Health Organization for the year 2018, mortality rate due to road traffic accidents (RTAs) in Russia is equal to 18 RTAs per 100,000 citizens. It ranks Russia the 72th among all the other countries in the world. Statistics of the road traffic accidents occurring between 2013 and 2019 was analyzed in order to reveal the major reasons thereof. The method of levelling of longstanding tendencies by analytical dependencies was used for the evaluation of dynamics and predictions of RTA number. As a result, predicted number of RTAs in 2020 in case of linear dependency was equal to 2118 cases and 1816 cases in case of tendency line. Common RTAs include collisions, hitting of pedestrians and falling of passengers. Most RTAs occur near apartment buildings with death toll rise by 23 % (27 deaths 2018/2017) and 218 % rise (2018/2017) in the number of RTAs near nonresidential buildings.
Seal the top layer of pavement
Authors: Gabdullin Talgat , Zagidullin Ramil 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the study is to improve the quality of the surface course compaction by optimizing the asphalt rollers utilization.
The proposed improvement is aimed at reducing the number of the asphalt roller passes when compacting the top dressing, depending on the types of compaction used, the thickness of the compacted layer and the type of the road topping.
The practicing of compaction methods proposed in this article in the road and construction industry is target-specific to enhance the quality of compaction of the top dressing of the stone mastic asphalt (SMA) and to optimize the number of passes of the compact equipment, depending on the types of compaction to be used.
The vibration compaction was proved to be the most effective method to compact all three grades of SMA.
For all three cases, six passes were proved to be adequate to ensure the standard values of Ky in the mode of vibration compaction.
The length of compaction process reduces as the number of passes is reduced down to six times. This results in saving of up to 20 % in depreciation costs when operating the rollers.
Asphalt concrete pavements of bridges under thermal stress
Authors: Grishm Ilya , Kayumov Rashit , Ivanov Gennady 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The goal of our research is to develop an optimal model of asphalt concrete pavements of bridges under thermal stress. The development of the model was stimulated by the demand to assess the effect of temperature stresses on the destruction of asphalt concrete pavement of bridges while keeping spending to the minimum, which led to the need to choose, if possible, the simplest model. The search was carried out according to the criterion of compliance with the results of numerical modeling in an elastic setting.
As a result of the study, we have made the following conclusions:
-maximum tensile stresses occur in the upper layers of asphalt concrete;
-the increase in stresses caused by the uneven distribution of temperature over the thickness of asphalt concrete does not exceed 7 % in the elastic setting, and taking into account stress relaxation this can be ignored;
-an increase in the rigidity of the base under the asphalt concrete layer by a factor of 1000 leads to an increase in stresses of not more than 10 % in the elastic setting, which gives reason to use the considered model for both metal and reinforced concrete bridges.
Elastic beam line with noticeable deflection
Authors: Krepkogorskiy Vsevolod 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two differential equations are considered in the article. They describe the elasticity line of a curved beam. The second is obtained from the first if the derivative of the deviation function of the beam axis from the straight line is negligible. The question of the proximity of both solutions is studied. The literature considers many options for deviations from ordinary conditions, such as composite beams, complex deformations, too much bending. In our case, the hypothesis of Kirchhoff is supposed to be fulfilled.
The following cases are considered: 1) a beam supported by two supports, and 2) a cantilever beam. The load is distributed evenly. Graphs of solutions are constructed for both equations at different load densities and beam stiffness. A parameter is found, knowing which, we can indicate from the table below how many percent these two solutions differ in. Our task is to find out the limits of application of conventional calculation methods for strong beam bending.
Computational Model of Rib-Reinforced Plate
Authors: Grishin Ilya , Kayumov Rashit , Ivanov Gennady , Petropavlovckikh Olga 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The article provides a methodology for constructing a calculation model that allows determining displacements in rectangular plates, reinforced by transverse and longitudinal stiffeners. The calculation model is based on the solution of the Sophie Germain’s equation by the Bubnov-Galerkin methods and successive approximations with the representation of the reactive action of the ribs on the plate in the form of a concentrated forces system. Based on the described computational model, the results of the corresponding algorithm implementation and estimation of its convergence are presented. The need to develop a calculation model is explained by the fact that the main cause of cracks in the asphalt concrete coatings of metal bridges with an orthotropic plate is the wheel load. It reaches its maximum values for short periods of time and does not allow the stresses arising in asphalt concrete to relax. At this stage of the development of the calculation model a single-layer plate is considered supported by longitudinal stiffeners. However, since the bridge bed is a multilayer structure, further development of the design model of the multilayer slab reinforced by longitudinal and transverse stiffeners will be necessary. It will help in the joint work of metal flooring and pavement. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the temperature stress factor.
Reinforced concrete beams strengthened with steel fiber concrete
Authors: Oleg Radaikin , Linar Sharafutdinov 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The aim of the study at exploring joint behavior under load of steel fiber concrete strengthening jackets (SFRC) and reinforced concrete beams at all loading stages. It is necessary for further development of calculation methodology for this strengthening method for members subjected to bending. Experimental results were obtained for assessment of strength, stiffness, crack resistance and failure behavior with a crack propagation pattern for the examined 4 samples (two with strengthening jackets and two reference non-strengthened samples). It has been found that the use of an SFRC jacket 45 mm in thickness with 2.5% fiber content (at the rate of 196 kg per cubic meter) increases the failure load by 20%, the stiffness – 3.4–11 times in the course of loading, and crack resistance – about 2.6 times. The results obtained were compared with the computer simulation in ANSYS PC: the discrepancy between the cracking load, failure load and deflection values for full scale samples and the computer model were found to be within 6.3 %.
Numerical and experimental investigation of prestressed steel-concrete composite beams
Authors: Zamaliev Farit , Bikkinin Emil , Fekir Kahina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Prestressing in building structures has been used for a long time. However, the prestressing of structures with a combined cross section, such as steel-concrete structures, has appeared recently. The report is devoted to the structural types of prestressed steel – concrete structures, the description of technical solutions and comparative analysis with known sources. A comparative analysis of the methods of prestressing steel – concrete beams with widespread methods of prestressing reinforced concrete and steel structures is carried out. The article is devoted to prestressed composite beams, the identification of both the stress – strain state of beams of a composite section from prestressing and from operational loads is analyzed. Analytical expressions are given for assessing the strength of prestressed steel – concrete bending elements for different methods of prestressing, and the results of numerical and full-scale tests. Comparisons of the results of numerical and field experiments in the form of graphs are given. In conclusion, satisfactory convergence of various methods for assessing the strength of prestressed beams with experimental studies is noted.