bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method for cryopreservation of Paramoeba perurans
Authors: Tröße Christiane , Kindt Mats , Blindheim Steffen , Andersen Linda , Nylund Are 
Published: November 2020

AbstractParamoeba perurans causes amoebic gill disease (AGD), which is a major problem in aquaculture worldwide. The parasite can be cultured in vitro, but to this date, no method for long‐term storage of the clones exists. In this study, we describe a method for cryopreservation of Paramoeba perurans. The method was successfully employed on four out the five clones we tested. The thawing success rate, that is the percentage of successfully thawed vials relative to the total number of vials that were thawed, differed for the clones and ranged from 25% to 100%. The age of the clones seemed to have a negative impact on the ability to survive cryopreservation.
The finger loop as an activation sensor in arrestin
Authors: Vishnivetskiy Sergey A. , Huh Elizabeth K. , Gurevich Eugenia V. , Gurevich Vsevolod V. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe finger loop in the central crest of the receptor‐binding site of arrestins engages the cavity between the transmembrane helices of activated G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Therefore, it was hypothesized to serve as the sensor that detects the activation state of the receptor. We performed comprehensive mutagenesis of the finger loop in bovine visual arrestin‐1, generated mutant radiolabeled proteins by cell‐free translation, and determined the effects of mutations on the in vitro binding of arrestin‐1 to purified phosphorylated light‐activated rhodopsin. This interaction is driven by two factors, rhodopsin activation and rhodopsin‐attached phosphates. Therefore, the binding of arrestin‐1 to light‐activated unphosphorylated rhodopsin is low. To evaluate the role of the finger loop specifically in the recognition of the active receptor conformation, we tested the effects of these mutations in the context of truncated arrestin‐1 that demonstrates much higher binding to unphosphorylated activated and phosphorylated inactive rhodopsin. The majority of finger loop residues proved important for arrestin‐1 binding to light‐activated rhodopsin, with six mutations affecting the binding exclusively to this form. Thus, the finger loop is the key element of arrestin‐1 activation sensor. The data also suggest that arrestin‐1 and its enhanced mutant bind various functional forms of rhodopsin differently.
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Insulin signalling in hypothalamic neurones
Authors: Belsham Denise D. , Dalvi Prasad S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSubsequent to the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in the Department of Physiology at the University of Toronto 100 years ago, the field of insulin signalling and action has grown at a remarkable pace. Yet, the recognition that insulin action in the brain is critical for whole body homeostasis has only recently been appreciated. The hypothalamus is a key region in the brain that responds to circulating insulin by engaging a complex signalling cascade resulting in the ultimate release of neuropeptides that control hunger and feeding. Disruption of this important feedback system can lead to a phenomenon called cellular insulin resistance, where the neurones cease to sense insulin. The factors contributing to insulin resistance, as well as the resulting detrimental effects, include the induction of neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations in the architecture of the blood‐brain barrier that allow transport of insulin into the brain. These manifestations usually change energy balance, causing weight gain, often resulting in obesity and its deadly comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, there is still hope because the signal transduction pathways can be targeted at a number of levels by neurone‐specific therapeutics. With the advent of unique cell models for investigating the mechanisms involved in these processes, the discovery of novel targets is increasingly possible. Although we are still looking for a cure for diabetes, Banting and Best would be impressed at how far their discovery has advanced and the contemporary knowledge that has been accumulated based on insulin action.
Does sensitive skin represent a skin condition or manifestations of other disorders?
Authors: Chen Lihong , Zheng Jie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSensitive skin or cutaneous sensory syndrome is defined as a skin condition that is hypersensitive to stimuli, presented with itching, irritant, erythema, and dryness. However, is it associated with more than impairment of epidermal functions, psychological stress and topical medication or products? We think that it can be a skin condition or manifestation of other cutaneous or extracutaneous disorders. In this paper, we brief relation of sensitive skin syndrome with cutaneous and extracutaneous disorders, clinically, and pathophysiologically.
Translation and cultural adaptation of the Pediatric Patient‐Reported Outcome Measurement Information System‐Emotional Distress item banks into Chinese
Authors: Gao Wenjun , Yuan Changrong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeTo develop the Chinese version of the Pediatric Patient‐Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS)‐Emotional Distress item bank version 2.0—both conceptually equivalent to the original and relevant in the Chinese culture.Design and MethodsThe Pediatric PROMIS‐Emotional Distress item bank was translated, following the standard Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation methodology, by a translation team. Eight children aged 8–17 years from the general population were cognitively interviewed.ResultsMost items were well understood by children, and some revisions were made after the cognitive interviewing based on the suggestions of the interviewees. The Chinese version of the Pediatric PROMIS‐Emotional Distress‐v2.0 item bank was conceptually and semantically equivalent to the original.Practice ImplicationsThe Chinese version of the Pediatric PROMIS‐Emotional Distress item bank is now available for further studies to develop computer adaptive tests (CATs). Future CAT version measures may become a new standard measure for children in the general population and those living with a chronic condition in China.
Increased population density depresses activity but does not influence emigration in the snailPomatias elegans
Authors: Dahirel M. , Menut L. , Ansart A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDispersal is a key trait linking ecological and evolutionary dynamics, allowing organisms to optimize fitness expectations in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. Some organisms can either actively disperse or reduce activity in response to challenging conditions, and both responses may be under a trade‐off. To understand how such organisms respond to changes in environmental conditions, we studied emigration (the first step of dispersal) and activity behaviour in the gonochoric land snailPomatias elegans, a litter decomposer that can reach very high local densities, over most of the range of ecologically relevant densities. We found that crowding had no detectable effect on emigration tendency in this species, contrary to previous results in many hermaphroditic snails.Pomatias elegansis nonetheless able to detect population density; we show they reduce activity rather than increase dispersal in response to crowding. We propose that limiting activity may be more advantageous than moving away in species with especially poor movement abilities, even by land mollusc standards, such asP. elegans. Interestingly, emigration and activity were positively correlated independently of density; this dispersal syndrome may reflect an underlying pace‐of‐life syndrome and is compatible with a dispersal‐dormancy trade‐off, which would require further investigation. Additionally, we found snails with heavier shells relative to their size tended to be less mobile, which may reflect physical and metabolic constraints on movement and/or survival during inactivity. We finally discuss how the absence of density‐dependent dispersal may explain whyP. elegansis often found at very high local densities, and the possible consequences of this behaviour for ecosystem functioning and litter decomposition.
Measurement of liver and spleen stiffness as complementary methods for assessment of liver fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Janik Maciej K. , Kruk Beata , Szczepankiewicz Benedykt , Kostrzewa Konrad , Raszeja‐Wyszomirska Joanna , Górnicka Barbara , Lammert Frank , Milkiewicz Piotr , Krawczyk Marcin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsLiver stiffness measurements (LSM), commonly performed by transient elastography (TE) or two‐dimensional shear wave elastography (2D‐SWE), are used to quantify liver fibrosis. Active hepatitis, a hallmark of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), could bias LSM. This bias might be overcome by measurement spleen 2D‐SWE. Here, we compare liver and spleen 2D‐SWE to TE and liver biopsy (LB) in prospectively recruited patients with AIH.MethodsWe analysed liver and spleen 2D‐SWE in relation to liver TE in 90 patients treated ≥ 6 months for AIH. Liver and spleen 2D‐SWE were also compared to LB in 63 individuals with AIH. Finally, we evaluated these tools in 220 patients with AIH and during 18 months follow‐up.ResultsLiver 2D‐SWE correlated with surrogate markers of active hepatitis (ALT and IgG, both P < .001) but there was no link between spleen 2D‐SWE and ALT. Liver 2D‐SWE, but not spleen 2D‐SWE, was associated with histopathological inflammatory score (P < .01). When compared to LB, the optimal cut‐offs for detecting cirrhosis by liver and spleen 2D‐SWE were 16.1 kPa (AUROC 0.93) and 29.8 kPa (AUROC 0.95), respectively. In patients with active hepatitis the combined diagnostic approach including liver and spleen 2D‐SWE had significantly better AUROC for detecting cirrhosis than liver 2D‐SWE alone.ConclusionsLiver and spleen 2D‐SWE are reliable complementary methods for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in AIH. Spleen 2D‐SWE seems to be less biased by inflammation and could facilitate fibrosis assessment in therapy‐naïve patients or in the presence of active hepatitis.
Surface cyclopoid copepod assemblages in relation to environmental conditions near undisturbed coral reefs of Minicoy, southeastern Arabian Sea, a part of the Indian Ocean
Authors: Radhakrishnan Radhika , Sunny Santu Kuzhikandathil , Sivasankaran Bijoy Nandan , Mahadevan Harikrishnan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe cruise conducted in the spring inter‐monsoon (pre‐monsoon) of April 2015 in the frame of a funded project epitomized an open ocean survey that allowed procuring a quasi‐synoptic picture of cyclopoid copepod community structure in 18 open ocean stations of the Minicoy Island, Lakshadweep archipelago, off the southwestern Indian coast, based on the analysis of standing stock and composition in the integrated 0–10 m water column. The main objective was to explore the community structure of cyclopoid copepods prevailing here and which environmental variable influences the same. It is witnessed that sea surface temperature (SST) (30.42 ± 0.19°C), sea surface salinity (SSS) (33.56 ± 1.15 psu), and dissolved oxygen (DO) (4.32 ± 0.06 ml/L) with SSS and DO are the best matching variables diversifying cyclopoid copepod species (av. abundance 700 ± 386 no. of individuals/100 m3). Average zooplankton biomass (0.03 ml/m3) and abundance (8,989 ± 3,866 no. of individuals/100 m3) were also observed. Fifty‐one cyclopoid copepod species belonging to four families and seven genera were identified, with the dominance of high saline species such as Sapphirina, Copilia, Farranula, and Oncaea. An abundance biomass curve (ABC) plot analysis indicated an undisturbed community with normal environmental conditions. TAXDTEST (taxonomic distinctness) depicted a diverse condition where all points clustered together within a 95% confidence level. Our results indicate that the cyclopoid copepod assemblage near Minicoy Island is a diverse, undisturbed community and hypothesize that the stable environmental conditions during pre‐monsoon (spring inter‐monsoon) preferred the diversification of cyclopoid copepods with the prevalence of high saline species. The data evolved could be used as a standard reference/benchmark to detect any deviation from an undisturbed/diverse community status of Minicoy Island in the looming scenario of climate change in and around the Indian Ocean.
Exploring mechanisms underlying learning from deliberate reflection: An experimental study
Authors: Ribeiro Ligia Maria Cayres , Mamede Silvia , de Brito Eliza Maria , Moura Alexandre Sampaio , de Faria Rosa Malena Delbone , Schmidt Henk G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionPrevious research suggests that, relative to generating a differential diagnosis, deliberate reflection during practice with clinical cases fosters learning from a subsequently studied scientific text and promotes interest in the subject matter. The present experiment aimed to replicate these findings and to examine whether motivational or cognitive mechanisms, or both, underlie the positive effects of reflection.MethodsA total of 101 5th‐year medical students participated in an experiment containing four phases: Students (a) diagnosed two clinical cases of jaundice‐related diseases either through deliberate reflection or differential diagnosis; (b) reported their situational interest and awareness of knowledge gaps; (c) studied a text about jaundice, either under free or restricted time; and (d) recalled the text. Outcome measures were text‐recall, situational interest and awareness of knowledge gaps.ResultsA main effect of diagnostic approach on recall of the text was found, with the reflection group recalling more studied material than the differential diagnosis group (means: 72.56 vs 58.80; P = .01). No interaction between diagnostic approach and study time (free or restricted) emerged, nor was there a main effect of the latter. Relative to the differential diagnosis group, students who reflected upon the cases scored significantly higher on both situational interest (means: 4.45 vs 3.99, P < .001) and awareness of knowledge gaps (means: 4.13 vs 3.85, P < .01).DiscussionRelative to generating differential diagnoses, reflection upon clinical cases increased learning outcomes on a subsequent study task, an effect that was independent of study time, suggesting that cognitive mechanisms underlie this effect, rather than increases in motivation to study. However, higher scores on situational interest and awareness of knowledge gaps and a tendency towards larger gains when time was free suggest that higher motivation may also contribute to learning from reflection.
Navigating the Challenges of L2 Reading: Self‐Efficacy, Self‐Regulatory Reading Strategies, and Learner Profiles
Authors: GRAHAM SUZANNE , WOORE ROBERT , PORTER ALISON , COURTNEY LOUISE , SAVORY CLARE 
Published: November 2020

AbstractReading in a foreign language has value for learners as a potentially rich source of input as well as enjoyment. It requires persistence, however. Within models of self‐regulated learning, persistence relates to learners’ self‐efficacy and use of strategies to aid task completion and regulation of engagement. Yet the relationship between self‐efficacy and self‐regulatory strategies is underexplored for second language (L2) reading, despite some intervention studies finding that instruction aimed at improving strategy use positively influences self‐efficacy. The current study investigated the relationship between what we call text engagement regulatory reading strategies (TERRS) and reading self‐efficacy among 529 beginner learners of French. It also explored whether different learner profiles exist with respect to that relationship, and how far learners of different profiles benefited in respect of reading self‐efficacy from 3 instructional approaches: phonics instruction plus the use of challenging texts; strategy‐based instruction using the same texts; and no explicit phonics or strategy instruction using the texts only. The use of TERRS was an important predictor of reading self‐efficacy and central to 3 distinct learner profile clusters. Increases in reading self‐efficacy were significantly greater for learners of certain profiles who received strategy‐based instruction, with implications for theories of self‐regulated language learning and classroom practice.
Routine critical care step‐down programmes: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tanner John , Cornish Jocelyn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatients discharged from critical care to general hospital wards are vulnerable to clinical deterioration, critical care readmission, and death. In response, routine critical care stepdown programmes (CCSDPs) have been widely developed, which involve the review of all patients on general wards following discharge from critical care by multidisciplinary Outreach teams with critical care skills.Aims and objectivesThis review aims to answer the question: do routine CCSDPs reduce readmission and/or mortality among patients discharged from critical care?DesignSystematic review of quantitative studies and meta‐analysis.MethodsSix databases were comprehensively searched from inception (CENTRAL, Cochrane Reviews, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and web of Science), alongside grey literature and trial registers. Studies investigating the effect of routine CCSDPs delivered by Outreach nurses on readmission and/or mortality following discharge from adult critical care to general hospital wards were included. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane ROBINS‐I tool.ResultsEight studies met the inclusion criteria, with data from 6 studies pooled in 3 meta‐analyses. Among patients exposed to routine CCSDPs, pooled data estimated a statistically nonsignificant reduction in the risk of readmission to critical care (risk ratio [RR] 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66‐1.09;P= .19), a statistically significant increase in the risk of readmission to critical care within 72 hours (RR 1.49; 95% CI 1.05‐2.12;P= .03), a statistically non‐significant reduction in risk of mortality following critical care discharge (RR 0.90; 95% CI 0.75‐1.07;P= .22), and no association with mortality within 14 days of discharge.ConclusionThis review is unable to definitively conclude whether routine CCSDPs reduce critical care readmission or mortality following critical care discharge.Relevance to clinical practiceWhile the synthesized evidence does not suggest a change in policy and practice are warranted, neither does it support routine CCSDPs in the absence of high‐quality evidence.
From pollen dispersal to plant diversification: genetic consequences of pollination mode
Authors: Wessinger Carolyn A. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryPollinators influence patterns of plant speciation, and one intuitive hypothesis is that pollinators affect rates of plant diversification through their effects on pollen dispersal. By specifying mating events and pollen flow across the landscape, distinct types of pollinators may cause different opportunities for allopatric speciation. This pollen dispersal‐dependent speciation hypothesis predicts that pollination mode has effects on the spatial context of mating events that scale up to impact population structure and rates of species formation. Here I consider recent comparative studies, including genetic analyses of plant mating events, population structure and comparative phylogenetic analyses, to examine evidence for this model. These studies suggest that highly mobile pollinators conduct greater gene flow within and among populations, compared to less mobile pollinators. These differences influence patterns of population structure across the landscape. However, the effects of pollination mode on speciation rates is less predictable. In some contexts, the predicted effects of pollen dispersal are outweighed by other factors that govern speciation rates. A multiscale approach to examine effects of pollination mode on plant mating system, population structure and rates of diversification is key to determining the role of pollen dispersal on plant speciation for model clades.
The Power of Political Déjà Vu: When Collective Action Becomes an Effort to Change the Future by Preventing the Return of the Past
Authors: Chayinska Maria , McGarty Craig 
Published: November 2020

This article examines the conditions under which political déjà vu (PDV), a perceived analogy between past and present societal‐level traumatic events, can mobilize people to support system‐changing collective action. We propose that individuals' perceptions of PDV can evolve both social identification with a group that sustains the victimized and disidentification with the perceived perpetrators. We further suggest that disidentification and identification can form two distinct psychological paths to collective action through the sequential effects of moral outrage and collective efficacy beliefs. We tested these ideas in a cross‐sectional field study (N = 272) in the context of antigovernment protests over a missing activist in Argentina, a country with a legacy of enforced disappearances. The findings demonstrated that perceiving two events from different times as similar simultaneously predicted identifying as a supporter of the victimized and disidentifying with the perceived wrongdoer. Disidentification was found to predict collective action intentions through the sequential effect of collective efficacy beliefs and moral outrage, whereas the indirect effect of social identification was nonsignificant. Results provide an intriguing example of the effects of perceived PDV in social mobilization and extend our understanding of disidentification as a powerful predictor of collective action.
Random Effects Dynamic Panel Models for Unequally Spaced Multivariate Categorical Repeated Measures: An Application to Child–Parent Exchanges of Support
Authors: Steele Fiona , Grundy Emily 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExchanges of practical or financial help between people living in different households are a major component of intergenerational exchanges within families and an increasingly important source of support for individuals in need. Using longitudinal data, bivariate dynamic panel models can be applied to study the effects of changes in individual circumstances on help given to and received from non-coresident parents and the reciprocity of exchanges. However, the use of a rotating module for collection of data on exchanges leads to data where the response measurements are unequally spaced and taken less frequently than for the time-varying covariates. Existing approaches to this problem focus on fixed effects linear models for univariate continuous responses. We propose a random effects estimator for a family of dynamic panel models that can handle continuous, binary or ordinal multivariate responses. The performance of the estimator is assessed in a simulation study. A bivariate probit dynamic panel model is then applied to estimate the effects of partnership and employment transitions in the previous year and the presence and age of children in the current year on an individual’s propensity to give or receive help. Annual data on respondents’ partnership, employment status and dependent children, and data on exchanges of help collected at 2- and 5-year intervals are used in this study.