bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel approach to neutron electric dipole moment search using weak measurement
Authors: Ueda Daiki , Kitahara Teppei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We propose a novel approach in a search for the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) by taking advantage of signal amplification in a weak measurement, known as weak value amplification. Considering an analogy to the weak measurement that can measure the spin magnetic moment interaction, we examine an experimental setup with a polarized neutron beam through an external electric field with spatial gradient, where the signal is sensitive to the EDM interaction. In particular, a dedicated analysis of effects from impurities in pre- and post-selections is performed. We show that the weak value amplification occurs where the signal is enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude, and demonstrate a potential sensitivity of the proposed setup to the neutron EDM.
Griffiths phase and spontaneous exchange bias in La1.5Sr0.5CoMn0.5Fe0.5O6
Authors: Silva A G , Salcedo Rodríguez K L , Contreras Medrano C P , Lourenço G S G , Boldrin M , Baggio-Saitovitch E , Bufaiçal L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
La1.5Sr0.5CoMn0.5Fe0.5O6 (LSCMFO) compound was prepared by solid state reaction and its structural, electronic and magnetic properties were investigated. The material forms in rhombohedral

R

3

̄

c

structure, and the presence of distinct magnetic interactions leads to the formation of a Griffiths phase above its FM transition temperature (150 K), possibly related to the nucleation of small short-ranged ferromagnetic clusters. At low temperatures, a spin glass-like phase emerges and the system exhibits both the conventional and the spontaneous exchange bias (EB) effects. These results resemble those reported for La1.5Sr0.5CoMnO6 but are discrepant to those found when Fe partially substitutes Co in La1.5Sr0.5(Co1−x
Fe
x
)MnO6, for which the EB effect is observed in a much broader temperature range. The unidirectional anisotropy observed for LSCMFO is discussed and compared with those of resembling double-perovskite compounds, being plausibly explained in terms of its structural and electronic properties.
Real-time in vivo magnetic induction tomography in rabbits: a feasibility study
Authors: Chen Qihui , Liu Runsheng , Wang Cong , Liu Ruigang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As a noncontact, noninvasive medical imaging technique, magnetic induction tomography (MIT) can measure the conductivity distribution inside the human body. Moreover, animal testing is crucial before performing clinical trials. An abdominal subcutaneous injection rabbit model was used to simulate two local conductivity perturbations, that is, (1) injecting a 0.9% NaCl solution and (2) injecting in vitro heparinized blood. Using an improved MIT data acquisition system to record the data, a series of time-difference reconstructed images were obtained for every 3 ml of injection. The target with an increased conductivity distribution can clearly be observed in the reconstructed images. The maximum target value in all the images increased with the injection dosage. The slopes of the regression line for the mean of the maximum target value in the two groups were statistically different. This preliminary rabbit test shows the feasibility of the in vivo application for MIT and will be the basis for further animal tests.
Density functional theory study of Cu-doped BNNT as highly sensitive and selective gas sensor for carbon monoxide
Authors: Fan Guohong , Wang Xiaohua , Tu Xianxian , Xu Hong , Wang Qi , Chu Xiangfeng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The adsorption of CO, CO2, CH4, H2, N2 and N2O on armchair (5,5) boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) with and without the doping of transition metals (TM), i.e. Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn, was investigated using the density functional theory calculation. The results indicate all the considered gases are physically adsorbed by weak interaction on the pure BNNT, revealing that pure BNNT has poor sensing performance for these gases. TM are then doped in the B or N vacancy of BNNT to improve the sensitivity and selectivity. As a result, it was found that the gas adsorption performance of BNNT is obviously enhanced due to the introduction of TM dopant atom. In particularly, according to the results of adsorption energy, Cu doped BNNT (Cu-BNNT) system shows a high selectivity toward CO molecule compared with other metal doped systems. This is further confirmed by the density of state, energy gap and charge transfer analyses. Furthermore, based on the sensor performance analysis, it was found that Cu-BNNT also has favorable desorption characteristics for CO. Therefore, this study concluded that Cu-BNNT can be used as a superior sensor material with high sensitivity, selectivity and favorable recycle time for CO gas.
Grassy ELM regime at low pedestal collisionality in high-power tokamak plasma
Authors: Wang Y.F. , Wang H.Q. , Xu G.S. , Jia G.Z. , Turco F. , Petty C.C. , Chen J.L. , Yan N. , Yang Q.Q. , Wang L. , Chen R. , Hu G.H. , Osborne T.H. , Snyder P.B. , Garofalo A.M. , Gong X.Z. , Qian J.P. , Li G.Q. , Guo H.Y. , Wan B.N. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Spontaneous mitigation of giant ELMs and appearance of grassy ELMs have been observed repeatedly at low pedestal collisionality (

ν

e
,
p
e
d

*

∼
0.15

) in the high-power (P
inj > 13 MW) hybrid scenario in DIII-D. Higher β
p and higher q
95 appear to be beneficial to achieving the grassy ELM regime. The grassy ELM H-mode plasma shows high energy confinement performance (H
98y2 up to over 1.5) under the conditions of high neutral beam torque and high core rotation. The pedestal width appears to exceed the EPED1.0 model prediction by more than 50%. Pedestal stability analysis performed with the ELITE code indicates that the stability against low-n kink/peeling modes is improved with increased auxiliary heating power and the operational point in the grassy ELM regime is located near the ballooning boundary. The pedestal stability characteristics during the grassy ELM crashes have been investigated in comparison with the giant ELM crashes based on plasma profiles experimentally measured with high resolution and accuracy. It has been found that the underlying mechanism for the observed small-amplitude ELM crashes is mainly the expansion of the ballooning stability boundary induced by an initial radially localized collapse in the pedestal, which helps to stop the growth of instabilities and further collapse of the pedestal. The effect of electron density pedestal on mitigating edge localized instabilities has been analyzed by numerical simulation, suggesting that the electron density pedestal characterized by high n
e,sep/n
e,ped and low density gradient helps to stabilize peeling-ballooning modes because of a low pressure pedestal gradient and to lower the ballooning boundary mainly because of a low ion diamagnetic frequency in the pedestal region, thus triggering ballooning instabilities and producing the intrinsic grassy ELMs. Numerical simulation of the Chinese fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) with the SOLPS code indicates that the separatrix density might be insensitive to the electron diffusivity in the pedestal region and increase with the power flowing from the core region to the edge region. Pedestal stability analysis suggests that the flat density pedestal with high separatrix density obtained in the high-power plasma in CFETR would make the operational point close to the ballooning boundary, which is considered to help destabilize ballooning instabilities and facilitate the access to the grassy ELM regime.
In the Eye of the BBHolder: A Look into Recent Trends in Blood Bank Hold Order Utilization
Authors: Hensley Marie , Pagano Monica , Mathias Patrick 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The transfusion service at a large academic institution provides transfusion support to the regional cancer center in inpatient and outpatient settings. This center has a large patient population many of whom require frequent blood count monitoring. To reduce the number of blood draws and port accesses, it is standard of care to collect a blood bank hold (BBHold) tube simultaneously with routine CBC samples. The BBHold tube is routed to the transfusion services lab and stored in case a type and crossmatch (TXM) is needed in preparation for transfusion; it is valid for 72 hours. While advantages to this system are eliminating the need for a secondary blood draw and ready access to a sample for transfusion testing, disadvantages include drawing an additional tube, increased cost and storage, and increased specimen mislabeling in the conversion of a BBHold to a TXM. Our objectives were to analyze trends in BBHold usage, make recommendations to reduce unnecessary utilization, and create an algorithm to predict which patients would need transfusion. We collected data from March 2016 to June 2019 including hemoglobin values, BBHold orders, and TXM orders, and used the statistical programming language R for data analysis. Approximately 1,000 BBHold samples were collected monthly, with 64.2% taking place in the outpatient setting. Our analysis focused on this outpatient population. A total of 31.1% of BBHold orders were unnecessary, as they were re-collected within the 72-hour window of sample viability. Of all the BBHold orders, including the previously mentioned unnecessary orders, only 32.7% were converted to a TXM, which was used as a surrogate marker for transfusion. Unexpectedly, 28.2% of the last hemoglobin values collected prior to a BBHold (either concurrently with the BBHold or up to 3 days prior) were ≥10 g/dL. Notably, only 44.6% of these hemoglobin orders occurred concurrently with a BBHold, indicating that over 55% of BBHold orders were placed after the hemoglobin order. Once a hemoglobin value is resulted, a BBHold has minimal use since the hemoglobin value would determine if a transfusion is indicated. If transfusion is indicated, a TXM order should be placed directly, rather than a BBHold. Next, the average hemoglobin values were compared between patients who did and did not receive a transfusion within 7 days, and these were 8.8 and 9.1 g/dL, respectively. In conclusion, the trends illustrated here indicate overutilization of BBHold orders and highlight potential areas for optimization. Hemoglobin values within 7 days of a BBHold may not be enough to design a robust algorithm to stratify patients based on need for transfusion. Recommendations moving forward may include improving the EHR interface to display the expiration date of the current BBHold sample or displaying the patient’s last hemoglobin if ≥10 g/dL.
P16 Immunostaining Can Eliminate Approximately 20% Inaccurate Diagnosis of Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL) in Cervical Biopsies
Authors: Afolayan-Oloye O I , Zhang P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
Differentiating low-grade SIL from reactive changes on light microscopy has remained controversial. P16 immunostaining is widely accepted in high-grade SIL unlike in low-grade SIL. We focused on the use of p16 immunostaining in eliminating inaccurate diagnosis of low-grade SIL on light microscopy.

Methods
A retrospective study on 60 cervical biopsies results over a 2 year-period was conducted using 35 suspicious cases for low-grade SIL (bi-nucleation and some nuclear atypia) and 25 low suspicion cases (enlarged nuclei but nuclear atypia cannot differentiate from reactive changes). All cases were stained for p16, significant nuclear expression of p16 was determined as low- grade SIL.

Results
After p16 immunostaining, 30/35 (85%) cervical biopsies from the suspicious group were found to be truly positive for low-grade SIL while 5/35 (15%) biopsies negative for p16 immunostaining were regarded as reactive changes. In the low suspicious group, 7/25 (28%) were found to be positive for low-grade SIL and 18/25 (72%) biopsies were negative, favoring reactive changes. The overall percentage of all 60 biopsies that showed a changed diagnosis based on p16 immunostaining was 20% (5 were truly negative in the suspicious group and 7 were truly positive in the low suspicious group). Using a 2 x 2 table with p16 as a gold standard for all biopsies, sensitivity and specificity of light microscopy for low-grade SIL were only 81% and 78% respectively.

Conclusion
Our study showed that p16 immunostaining can also be utilized to eliminate inaccurate diagnosis of low- grade SIL up to 20% in cervical biopsies.
Panniculitis at the Site of Injection: Infection or Foreign Body Reaction?
Authors: Williams G , Kwan E , Giraldo C N , Lincoln M , Lewin-Smith M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
A 63 year old diabetic female presented to the dermatology clinic with painful abdominal nodules. The nodules seemed to wax and wane every 1–2 weeks and appeared in different locations on the abdomen. The lesions were subcutaneous, tender, firm, and mobile with no discoloration. The patient had diabetes treated with injectable exenatide but no other significant medical or travel history.

Methods
The differential diagnoses included mycobacterial infection, mechanical insult from injectable diabetes medication, erythema nodosum, erythema induratum, and lupus panniculitis. Ultrasound was indicative of panniculitis. A biopsy of the active lesion was performed.

Results
The biopsy showed septal and lobular panniculitis with mixed inflammation and multinucleated giant cells. Small, circular, non-polarizable pink amphorous material was associated with the infiltrate. The amphorous material was strongly acid fast. The patient had a negative quantiferon-TB test. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis showed that the material contained more oxygen and less carbon than surrounding tissue, but no abnormal elements were identified. Infrared spectroscopy of the foreign material most closely matched poly(L- lactide-co-glycolide).

Conclusion
The diagnosis of exenatide induced granulomatous panniculitis was made. The patient had recently started using this injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, which has been associated with panniculitis. The injectable formulation is loaded onto microspheres composed of poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid), which is closely related to poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide). This material has been shown to stain strongly acid fast. This case of granulomatous panniculitis due to injectable diabetic medication highlights an important potential pitfall that pathologists should be aware of, especially in cases where mycobacterial infection is in the differential.
Large Solitary Luteinized Follicle Cyst of Pregnancy and Puerperium: a Rare Post-partum Clinical Presentation
Authors: Singh A , Yoxtheimer L , Bajestani S N , Harbert J L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
In literature, all large solitary luteinized follicular cysts of pregnancy and puerperium (LSLFCPP) recognized were removed before or during delivery. This would be the first case in literature describing the clinical behavior of the LSLFCPP in the post-partum period.

Methods
We herein report a rare case of 21-year-old G2P2 female who underwent a full-term uneventful spontaneous vaginal delivery (39w0d, APGARS 9,9) without removal of the undiagnosed LSLFCPP, which nearly doubled in size post-partum. Her past medical history was significant for treated syphilis and normal Pap Test of the cervix. Three months after delivery, the patient presented with LSLFCPP exhibiting mass effect (retroverted uterus, mild right-sided obstructive uropathy, compressed bladder and intermittent pain). The antepartum ultrasound showed 14 cm pelvic mass that had grown to 30 cm on CT scan, in largest dimension. Beta-hCG levels returned to pre- pregnancy levels. Treponema pallidum antibody, FTA-ABS and RPR were reactive. Alpha-fetoprotein, inhibin B, CA- 125, CEA, and CA 19-9 screen were unremarkable. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy cyst removal with right salpingo-oophorectomy.

Results
Grossly, the tumor weighed 22 lbs with a diameter of 28 cm; excrescences were not noted. Intraoperative consultation revealed a unilocular benign cyst. Histologically, the cyst was not only lined by luteinized cells but nests of luteinized cells infiltrated the fibrous wall. These cells were positive for Inhibin A and calretinin. A rare mitotic figure was noted. A diagnosis of LSLFCPP was rendered.

Conclusion
High levels of gonadotropin in pregnancy are implicated in the pathogenesis of LSLFCPP; however, in our case, the cyst doubled in size three months after delivery with undetectable beta-hCG levels. This indicates that the pathogenesis of this cyst relies on more than beta-hCG stimulation. LSLFCPP is important to recognize because it can mimic a malignant proliferation on frozen section and can potentially compromise fetal viability with mass effect.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Neoplasms with Lipomatous Stroma: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Toprak M , Kashi M , Villanueva J , Wrzolek M , Tong G , Hamele-Bena D , Hoffman R , Hiltzik D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
Tumors with mixed adipose tissue and epithelial components are rare in thyroid and parathyroid glands. Most of them are benign and referred to as adenolipoma (or lipoadenoma). A handful of malignant tumors of thyroid follicular cell origin have been reported with abundant adipose tissue known as thyroid carcinoma with lipomatous stroma (TCLS). Adenolipomas of thyroid or TCLS are usually manifested as large thyroid nodules and evaluated by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) which frequently yield low-cellularity samples due to abundant adipose tissue. On FNAB, the adipose tissue usually interpreted as contamination of subcutaneous or perithyroid origin. Similarly, adenolipomas of the parathyroid are not frequently identified because of presence of adipose tissue which is a feature associated with normal parathyroid glands. Therefore, these tumors are not often correctly diagnosed preoperatively. For that reason, pathologist should report additional cases about this rare entity to increase our understanding and to decrease preoperative diagnostic error.

Methods
We report three cases of thyroid and parathyroid tumors with abundant adipose tissue with sonographic, cytologic and histologic features along with literature review.

Results
Among the reported cases in the literature and our cases; 10 out of 17 cases of thyroid carcinoma with lipomatous stroma are papillary thyroid carcinomas (58.8%), 3 out of 17 cases are papillary microcarcinomas (17.6%), 2 out of 17 cases are noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) (11.7%), and 2 out of 17 cases are minimally invasive follicular carcinomas (11.7%). No cases of poorly differentiated or anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have been reported.

Conclusion
Lipomatous stroma in thyroid carcinoma appears to be associated with differentiated carcinomas since no reported cases of poorly differentiated or anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are present to our knowledge. Although the presence of fatty tissue does not appear to alter the prognosis of these lesions, the question of the histogenesis of the adipose component is intriguing. Awareness of this unusual feature and increased utilization of multimodal approaches in the evaluation of this entity may increase preoperative detection and the understanding of the histogenesis and its possible significance.
Malignant Phyllodes Tumor with Lipomatous Differentiation: A Unique Presentation
Authors: Johal P , Sebastiano C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Casestudy
Phyllodes tumors (PT) are uncommon biphasic fibroepithelial neoplasms that account for &lt;1% of all breast tumors. The distinction between benign and malignant PTs is made based on a number of histologic characteristics, including an infiltrative margin, stromal overgrowth, mitotic count, hypercellularity and atypia. 30% of cases show heterologous differentiation, which mostly occurs in stromal elements. This can result in a wide range of tumor histopathology including lipomatous areas.

Results
We present the case of a 46-year-old female with a 3.1 cm left breast palpated mass and no significant past medical history. Ultrasound guided needle biopsy revealed multiple foci of hypercellular spindle cells with marked atypia and mitoses (ki-67: 40–60%) surrounded by focal fat necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining was negative for CK 5/6, p63, CAM 5.2, SMA, desmin, AE1/3, CD163, nuclear beta-catenin and CD34. The patient subsequently underwent a wire localization excisional biopsy. Microscopic examination revealed a biphasic hypercellular lesion with both stromal and distorted glandular elements and extensive lipomatous differentiation. Although mostly well- circumscribed, some infiltration into the surrounding tissue was identified as well as nuclear atypia and an increased mitotic rate (10 mitoses/HPF). The diagnosis of malignant phyllodes tumor with lipomatous differentiation was made based on these findings. FISH was performed and was negative for MDM2, suggesting that the lipomatous component itself was not malignant (i.e. liposarcoma)

Conclusion
Malignant phyllodes tumors rarely show heterologous differentiation. A literature review revealed that most lipomatous differentiation was liposarcomatous with rare cases of pure lipomatous metaplasia. Although malignant phyllodes tumor have the highest rate of metastasis relative to their benign counterparts, complete excision has resulted in a mortality rate of approximately 12%. The clinical implications of lipomatous differentiation are currently unknown. However, in these cases ensuring the lack of malignant liposarcomatous tumor growth is imperative.
Multiple Pulmonary Pleomorphic Adenomas of Unknown Primary
Authors: Liu X , Miller W 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
The most common site of pleomorphic adenomas (PAs) is salivary glands, which behave as benign tumors and rarely metastasize. Primary PAs in lungs are exceedingly rare. We report a case of multiple PAs in lungs with an inconclusive origin.

Methods
A 65-year-old woman had a two-year history of numerous scattered bilateral well-circumscribed pulmonary nodules measuring up to 2.1 cm. She had no prior history of smoking, asbestos exposure and salivary gland diseases, and denied any symptoms. The latest chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed the two largest lower lobe nodules had mildly increased in size compared to two years before. The patient then underwent wedge resections.

Results
Grossly, the wedge resection specimens showed multiple well-circumscribed, pale tan, firm nodules. Microscopically, the nodules comprised cytologically bland nests of polygonal to plasmacytoid cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, variably set in a myxoid matrix. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrated that the cells were positive for AE-1/AE-3, S-100, bcl-2 and SOX-10, and negative for chromogranin, smooth muscle actin, p63, calponin, PAX-8, CD34, CD31, HMB-45, melan-A, HHF-35, GATA-3, GFAP and RCC marker; TTF-1 highlighted entrapped pulmonary epithelium but the tumor cells were negative. These findings might suggest metastatic low grade PA from salivary glands. However, the patient’s follow-up examination by an otolaryngologist was normal; the CT scan of her chest and abdomen did not show any remarkable findings other than her lung nodules.

Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of multiple pulmonary PAs without a preceding primary.
It has raised questions about the pathogenesis of multiple PAs in lungs. Could PA present as multiple primary nodules in lungs? Could one primary pulmonary PA generate multiple satellite nodules in lungs? Do multiple primary pulmonary PAs have a different IHC profile than that of a single primary pulmonary PA? More research is needed.