bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Nullification of Visual Distortion to Quantify Metamorphopsia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lifton Jacob A. , Moshfeghi Andrew A. 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate a novel digital method of metamorphopsia quantification in patients with symptomatic visual distortion as determined by M-CHARTS.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
In this institutional review board-approved, prospective, cross-sectional observational study, subjects were presented with an objectively straight dotted line that bisects a central fixation point. The subjects digitally altered the line's contour until it appeared straight. Calculation of the area between the original objectively straight line presented to the subject and their newly manipulated line was performed to determine the manipulated area under the curve (M-AUC).

RESULTS:

Sixty-two percent of test targets were fully or significantly straightened by affected subjects. M-AUC was significantly correlated with M-CHARTS scores in both the horizontal (
P
< .001) and vertical (
P
= .05) orientations.

CONCLUSIONS:
The deformation of an objectively straight line by a subject with metamorphopsia may be a viable way of both quantifying and spatially characterizing visual distortions.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2020;51:11–20.]
Requiem pour les grands espaces de l’Amérique indienne
Authors: Hubner Patrick 
Published: January 2020

Trois ans après le massacre de Wounded Knee en décembre 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner prononce sa fameuse conférence sur la Frontière dans l’histoire américaine. Ce mythe historique illustre l’avancée de la civilisation pionnière sur la nature et, au crépuscule du XIXe siècle, le terme d’une longue épopée guerrière et la fin des grands espaces amérindiens. Suit le temps du déni ou du moins l’idée largement partagée que c’est une affaire classée, comme si l’histoire ne se définissait pas dans l’épaisseur même de ce temps qui donne une dimension tragique au seul présent lucide. Pour dissimuler cet oubli volontaire, tout a été fait en sorte que l’histoire indienne relève de l’archéologie dans le devenir d’une nation récente cadastrant des réserves et inaugurant des musées comme un sanctuaire officiel du patrimoine culturel et de l’art indiens. Aussi s’agit-il ici d’accorder à l’Autre la place qui lui revient, bien au-delà de son statut de minorité, pour ne pas prolonger les effets du génocide programmé par une nouvelle forme de colonisation intellectuelle des grands espaces de l’Amérique du Nord.
Autores-leitores da tradição literária: a literatura digital como ação preservacionista
Authors: Gobira Pablo , Corrêa Fernanda 
Published: January 2020

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e analisar obras literárias digitais em que as noções de autor e leitor se aproximam em experiências narrativas e poéticas constituídas a partir de apropriações de textos da tradição literária. Essa abordagem se dá a partir da composição de obras literárias digitais, nas quais o ato de “ler”, nas relações entre literatura e tecnologia, pode significar também um modo de preservação da tradição, quando a reconstrói para avançá-la, repetindo - muitas vezes até por meio de interatividade do leitor - um modo de reviver o texto literário de modo diverso. Discutimos, no artigo, as obras digitais: MUPs (2013), de Jhave, iLibShakespeare (2014), de Scot Gresham-Lancaster e Tim Perkis; e o MyNovel (2006), de Alan Bigelow. Esses trabalhos foram selecionados do repositório digital Turbulence, o que permitirá que ilustremos o resgate da tradição através do desenvolvimento estético de obras, constituindo esse “autor-leitor” que age em conjunto para a composição da obra digital.
Photolysis and oxidation by OH radicals of two carbonyl nitrates: 4-nitrooxy-2-butanone and 5-nitrooxy-2-pentanone
Authors: Picquet-Varrault Bénédicte , Suarez-Bertoa Ricardo , Duncianu Marius , Cazaunau Mathieu , Pangui Edouard , David Marc , Doussin Jean-François 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Multifunctional organic nitrates, including carbonyl nitrates, are important
species formed in NOx-rich atmospheres by the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These
compounds have been shown to play a key role in the transport of reactive
nitrogen and, consequently, in the ozone budget; they are also known to be important
components of the total organic aerosol. However, very little is known about
their reactivity in both the gas and condensed phases. Following a previous
study that we published on the gas-phase reactivity of α-nitrooxy
ketones, the photolysis and reaction with OH radicals of
4-nitrooxy-2-butanone and 5-nitrooxy-2-pentanone (which are a β-nitrooxy ketone and γ-nitrooxy ketone, respectively) were investigated for the
first time in simulation chambers. The photolysis frequencies were directly
measured in the CESAM chamber, which is equipped with a very realistic
irradiation system. The jnitrate/jNO2 ratios were found to be (5.9±0.9)×10-3 for 4-nitrooxy-2-butanone and (3.2±0.9)×10-3 for 5-nitrooxy-2-pentanone under our experimental
conditions. From these results, it was estimated that ambient photolysis
frequencies calculated for typical tropospheric irradiation conditions
corresponding to the 1 July at noon at 40∘ N (overhead ozone column of 300 and albedo of 0.1) are (6.1±0.9)×10-5 s−1 and (3.3±0.9)×10-5 s−1 for 4-nitrooxy-2-butanone and 5-nitrooxy-2-pentanone, respectively.
These results demonstrate that photolysis is a very efficient sink for these
compounds with atmospheric lifetimes of few hours. They also suggest that,
similarly to α-nitrooxy ketones, β-nitrooxy ketones have
enhanced UV absorption cross sections and quantum yields equal to or close to
unity and that γ-nitrooxy ketones have a lower enhancement of cross
sections, which can easily be explained by the larger distance between the
two chromophore groups. Thanks to a product study, the branching ratio between
the two possible photodissociation pathways is also proposed. Rate
constants for the reaction with OH radicals were found to be (2.9±1.0)×10-12 and (3.3±0.9)×10-12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1,
respectively. These experimental data are in good agreement with rate
constants estimated by the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of Kwok and Atkinson (1995) when using the
parametrization proposed by Suarez-Bertoa et al. (2012) for carbonyl
nitrates. Comparison with photolysis rates suggests that the OH-initiated
oxidation of carbonyl nitrates is a less efficient sink than
photodissociation but is not negligible in polluted areas.
Improving sub-seasonal forecast skill of meteorological drought: a weather pattern approach
Authors: Richardson Doug , Fowler Hayley J. , Kilsby Christopher G. , Neal Robert , Dankers Rutger 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Dynamical model skill in forecasting extratropical precipitation is limited beyond the medium-range (around 15 d), but such models are often more skilful at predicting atmospheric variables. We explore the potential benefits of using weather pattern (WP) predictions as an intermediary step in forecasting UK precipitation and meteorological drought on sub-seasonal timescales. Mean sea-level pressure forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ensemble prediction system (ECMWF-EPS) are post-processed into probabilistic WP predictions. Then we derive precipitation estimates and dichotomous drought event probabilities by sampling from the conditional distributions of precipitation given the WPs. We compare this model to the direct precipitation and drought forecasts from the ECMWF-EPS and to a baseline
Markov chain WP method. A perfect-prognosis model is also tested to illustrate the potential of WPs in forecasting. Using a range of skill
diagnostics, we find that the Markov model is the least skilful, while the
dynamical WP model and direct precipitation forecasts have similar accuracy
independent of lead time and season. However, drought forecasts are more
reliable for the dynamical WP model. Forecast skill scores are generally
modest (rarely above 0.4), although those for the perfect-prognosis model
highlight the potential predictability of precipitation and drought using WPs, with certain situations yielding skill scores of almost 0.8 and
drought event hit and false alarm rates of 70 % and 30 %, respectively.
Modeling the evolution of the structural anisotropy of snow
Authors: Leinss Silvan , Löwe Henning , Proksch Martin , Kontu Anna 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The structural anisotropy of snow characterizes the spatially anisotropic distribution of the ice and air microstructure and is a key parameter for improving parameterizations of physical properties. To enable the use of the anisotropy in snowpack models as an internal variable, we propose a simple model based on a rate equation for the temporal evolution. The model is validated with a comprehensive set of anisotropy profiles and time series from X-ray microtomography (CT) and radar measurements. The model includes two effects, namely temperature gradient metamorphism and settling, and can be forced by any snowpack model that predicts temperature and density. First, we use CT time series from lab experiments to validate the proposed effect of temperature gradient metamorphism. Next, we use SNOWPACK simulations to calibrate the model with radar time series from the NoSREx campaigns in Sodankylä, Finland. Finally we compare the simulated anisotropy profiles against field-measured full-depth CT profiles. Our results confirm that the creation of vertical structures is mainly controlled by the vertical water vapor flux through the snow volume. Our results further indicate a yet undocumented effect of snow settling on the creation of horizontal structures. Overall the model is able to reproduce the characteristic anisotropy variations in radar time series of four different winter seasons with a very limited set of calibration parameters.
Validation of an Indicator Model (INCODIES) for Assessing Student Digital Competence in Basic Education
Authors: García-Valcárcel Muñoz-Repiso Ana , Casillas Martín Sonia , Basilotta Gómez-Pablos Verónica 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Digital competence is a basic skill for citizens and should be systematically assessed, taking into account characteristics such as knowledge, skills and attitudes. However, measuring and identifying the digital competence of students is still a major challenge. To this end, the indicator model (INCODIES) has been developed and validated following the structure of the DIGCOMP model, which can be used to create assessment tests that measure student digital competence when they have completed their compulsory education. This article presents the results of a process of content validation carried out by 77 experts, in both the school and the university context. The analysis of the experts’ assessments and the level of agreement among those rating them were carried out following an original method which consists of determining a quantitative index for the validity of content called the Content Validity Ratio (CVR). The results obtained allowed us to confirm that the competences included in the reference framework DIGCOMP are correctly represented in the items formulated for the INCODIES model, which obtained high content validity. The model can serve as a structure and basis for the designing of specific evaluation tests on this topic.
Reflection on the Dangers of ‘cultural racism’ in Intercultural Education
Authors: Bekerman Zvi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper assesses the dangers of the use of the concept ‘culture’ in present political and educational rhetoric. The first section offers a critique of the use of the term ‘culture’ in the so-called intercultural educational efforts. It asserts that ‘culture’ in its present use is a proxy for ‘race’ and supports views, which ignore diversity and suggest, purposely or not, an homogeneity which can easily spread into the sphere of biological resemblances and differences. The paper, then, identifies possible alternative understandings of culture through the examination of the contribution of anthropology to cultural research. In the last section of the paper suggestions are made to overcome current approaches to intercultural education through a call to diversify the understanding of diversity to include not only ethnic/cultural differences but also, physical, and cognitive ones. To achieve this goal a turn to the ontological and the training of teachers as ‘critical experts of design’ is suggested.
Copper‐Impregnated Magnesium‐Lanthanum Mixed Oxide: A Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Allylation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Pogula Jaya , Laha Soumi , Sreedhar B. , Likhar Pravin R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCopper‐impregnated magnesium‐lanthanum mixed oxide [Cu(II)/Mg−La] was used as catalyst in synthesis of homoallylic alcohols from aldehydes and ketones using allyltributylstannane as the allylating source. The present protocol provides a great application potential for the synthesis of corresponding allyl alcohols with excellent yields and selectivity. The catalyst exhibits broad functional group compatibility with a variety of substituted aldehydes and ketones to furnish the desired products in high yields under heterogeneous conditions. Importantly, the heterogeneous catalyst could be recovered from the reaction mixture by centrifugation and used up to three cycles.magnified image
Sulfoxide‐Promoted Chlorination of Indoles and Electron‐Rich Arenes with Chlorine as Nucleophile
Authors: Ji Yuan‐Zhao , Li Hui‐Jing , Wang Yi‐Ruo , Zhang Zheng‐Yan , Wu Yan‐Chao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAn efficient chlorination of indoles and electron‐rich arenes with chlorine anion as nucleophile is described. With the use of ethyl phenyl sulfoxide as the promoter, the reaction went smoothly under metal‐free and mild conditions. Various indoles and electron‐rich arenes are converted into the corresponding chlorinated compounds in moderate to excellent yields. A plausible interrupted Pummerer reaction mechanism was proposed without the oxidation of chloride anion. In addition, the byproduct thioether could be easily converted to the starting material sulfoxide just by a simple oxidation reaction.magnified image
Weed control and response of yellow and white popcorn hybrids to herbicides
Authors: Barnes Ethann R. , Lawrence Nevin C. , Knezevic Stevan Z. , Rodriguez Oscar , Irmak Suat , Jhala Amit J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPopcorn (Zea mays L. var. everta) is an important crop to Midwestern US producers. While there is considerable research on field corn and sweet corn sensitivity to herbicides, there is a lack of information on popcorn sensitivity to herbicides. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to evaluate herbicides labeled for yellow popcorn in commercially available popcorn hybrids for weed control and crop response in Nebraska. The experiments were arranged in a split‐plot design. The main plot treatments consisted of two white and six yellow popcorn hybrids. Ten sub‐plot treatments consisted of nontreated control, weed‐free control, and four pre‐emergence (PRE) followed by postemergence herbicide treatments applied at labeled rates (1X) and double the labeled rates (2X). Across hybrids, PRE herbicide treatments resulted in 4–8% injury. Across all PRE herbicide treatments, a yellow hybrid, R265, displayed the greatest average plant injury (11%). At labeled rates, broadleaf weed control in both years, and foxtail control in 2017, ranged from 95–99% with all treatments; however, foxtail control was limited (72–86%) for most treatments in 2018. Weed biomass reduction in all herbicide treatments ranged from 90–98% and 68–97% control in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Yield losses ranged from 0–7% in herbicide treatments, with a 42% yield loss in the untreated control. Although slight hybrid differences in herbicide sensitivity were detected, the differences were not linked to popcorn color. Information reported in this research are the first that determined popcorn sensitivity to herbicides.
Developing functional relationships between temperature and soybean yield and seed quality
Authors: Alsajri Firas Ahmed , Wijewardana Chathurika , Irby J. Trenton , Bellaloui Nacer , Krutz L. Jason , Golden Bobby , Gao Wei , Reddy K. Raja 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTemperatures that vary spatially and temporally over the soybean growing areas affect soybean seed yield and quality. Five day/night temperature, 21/13, 25/17, 29/21, 33/25, and 37/29°C, effects on total biomass, yield, and seed quality parameters were investigated on indeterminate (Asgrow AG5332, AG) and determinate (Progeny P5333RY, PR) soybean cultivars. The cultivar × temperature interaction was significant for total biomass, seed yield, protein, oil, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, raffinose, and stachyose. Quadratic functions best described the response of yield to temperature, where the optimum temperature for maximum yield was 26°C for AG, and 23°C for PR. Temperature affected all seed quality parameters in both cultivars. Seed protein concentration was slightly higher at the two lower and higher temperatures than at 29/21°C. Seed oil concentration increased with temperature up to 26°C for AG and 25°C for PR and declined at higher temperatures. Palmitic acids showed quadratic responses to temperature with a significant interaction between cultivars, while stearic acid showed a similar quadratic response in both cultivars. Oleic acid increased with increasing temperature while linolenic and linoleic acids declined linearly with temperature. Sucrose concentration declined with an increase in temperature in both the cultivars. Raffinose and stachyose concentrations in the two cultivars responded differently to temperature and declined with increasing temperature. The effects of temperature on yield and seed quality that are described in this research can be used to improve crop growth models and the management of soybean under climate change.
Nutritive value and yield of reduced‐lignin alfalfa cultivars in monoculture and in binary mixtures with perennial grass
Authors: Cherney Jerome H. , Smith S. Ray , Sheaffer Craig C. , Cherney Debbie J. R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractImprovements in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) forage nutritive value through reduction in lignin content have the potential to increase economic returns when it is fed to dairy cattle, either as a pure species or in mixture with perennial grasses. Our objective was to assess yield and nutritive value of reduced‐lignin alfalfa in monoculture and in binary mixtures with perennial grass. Studies were seeded in the spring of 2016 in Ithaca, NY, Lexington, KY, and Rosemount, MN, and harvested in 2016, 2017 and spring of 2018. WL 355.RR and Hx14376 reduced‐lignin alfalfa were seeded as pure stands and in mixture with festulolium [Festulolium loliaceum (Hudson) P.V. Fournier], meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.; syn. Festuca pratensis Huds.; syn. Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.], or orchardgrass (Dactlyis glomerata L.). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with a split plot arrangement of cutting management treatments in Ithaca and Lexington, harvesting at alfalfa first bud and first flower stages, and one harvest treatment in Rosemount at first flower. Samples were hand‐harvested for dry matter (DM) and nutritive value determinations. Reduced‐lignin alfalfa averaged between 11 and 18.5% less lignin over the 3 yr of the study, and averaged between 5.8 and 10.6% greater fiber digestibility, compared to a normal cultivar. Alfalfa response was relatively consistent across regions, but grass response was variable across regions for both grass proportion in mixtures and nutritive value. Perennial grasses grown with alfalfa must be evaluated on a regional basis to produce meaningful results.
Limited irrigation influence on rotation yield, water use, and wheat traits
Authors: Zhang Meng , Gao Yanmei , Zhang Zhen , Liu Yang , Han Meikun , Hu Naiyue , Wang Zhimin , Sun Zhencai , Zhang Yinghua 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSelecting more water‐efficient wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties that are suited to no seasonal irrigation is an important way to improve water use efficiency (WUE) in the North China Plain (NCP). The goal of this study was to assess the yield and WUE of wheat, maize (Zea mays L.), and rotation, and to determine the traits of high‐WUE wheat varieties and clarify the mechanism for increasing WUE. Experiments were conducted during the 2012–2016 seasons using 10 common winter wheat varieties under no seasonal irrigation (W0) or two irrigation events (W2, irrigation at jointing and anthesis). No seasonal irrigation treatment decreased wheat and rotation yield, and improved maize yield and WUE of maize and rotation. No seasonal irrigation treatment decreased 150‐mm irrigation amount, reduced soil water content in 0–2‐m soil depth at wheat maturity and 1–2‐m depth after maize harvest, and extended the maize grain filling stage. Compared with the wheat genotype with the lowest WUE (‘Nongda 211’), under W0 condition, the genotype with the highest WUE, ‘Nongda 5133,’ could improve rotation yield and WUE by 10.7 and 10.9%, respectively. The WUE of wheat had a strong positive association with yield across the genotypes. High‐WUE varieties had a higher leaf area index at anthesis and higher late‐season photosynthesis rate and/or delayed canopy senescence under W0. This study indicated that W0 in wheat growing season could improve maize yield, narrow the rotation yield gap with W2 treatment, and improve wheat and rotation WUE by combining with high‐WUE wheat varieties.
Light‐Controllable Ionic Conductivity in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid
Authors: Nie Hui , Schauser Nicole S. , Dolinski Neil D. , Hu Jerry , Hawker Craig J. , Segalman Rachel A. , Read de Alaniz Javier 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPolymeric ionic liquids (PILs) have attracted considerable attention as electrolytes with high stability and mechanical durability. Light‐responsive materials are enabling for a variety of future technologies owing to their remote and noninvasive manipulation, spatiotemporal control, and low environmental impact. To address this potential, responsive PIL materials based on diarylethene units were designed to undergo light‐mediated conductivity changes. Key to this modulation is tuning of the cationic character of the imidazolium bridging unit upon photoswitching. Irradiation of these materials with UV light triggers a circa 70 % drop in conductivity in the solid state that can be recovered upon subsequent irradiation with visible light. This light‐responsive ionic conductivity enables spatiotemporal and reversible patterning of PIL films using light. This modulation of ionic conductivity allows for the development of light‐controlled electrical circuits and wearable photodetectors.