bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the effects of external perturbations on coexistence and priority effects
Authors: Song Chuliang , Rohr Rudolf P. , Vasseur David , Saavedra Serguei 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

A major challenge in ecological research is to identify the tolerance of ecological communities to external perturbations. Modern coexistence theory (MCT) has been widely adopted as a framework to investigate the tolerance to perturbations in relative reductions of per capita growth rates, often using metrics that explicitly eliminate the independent role of intrinsic growth rates. More recently, the structural approach (SA) was introduced to investigate the tolerance of communities to perturbations in intrinsic growth rates as a function of the strength of intraspecific and interspecific competition. Because the external perturbations are likely to happen in both intrinsic growth rates and competition strengths, no framework alone can fully disentangle the effects of external perturbations.

Here we combine MCT and SA to disentangle the tolerance in coexistence and priority effects of a pair of competing species when subject to perturbations in intrinsic growth rates and competition strengths. Through this combination, we reveal the emergence of a key trade‐off: increasing the tolerance to perturbations in intrinsic growth rates typically decreases the tolerance in competition strengths, and vice versa. Furthermore, this trade‐off is stronger under coexistence than under priority effects.

We test this combined framework on competing pairs of 18 California annual plant species. For both coexistence and priority effects, we find that the tolerance to perturbations in intrinsic growth rates is maximized instead of that to perturbations in competition strengths in the studied annual plant communities.

Synthesis. Our combined framework of modern coexistence theory and structural approach illustrates that it is possible to disentangle the impact of different external perturbations on the persistence of species. Importantly, our findings show that species interactions may reveal whether communities are dominated either by changes in intrinsic growth rates or by competition strengths. Overall, this combined framework can open a new perspective to understand and predict the response of populations to changing environmental conditions.
The Inner Circle: What is Diplomatic History? (And Why We Should Study it): An Inaugural Lecture
Authors: OTTE T. G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe debate about the purpose (and uses) of studying diplomatic and international history are as old as the subject itself. This article traces the origins and development of diplomatic history as a specialized field within history as a wider discipline, before exploring more recent challenges to it. The article seeks to highlight both the scope for, and the opportunities to be found in, cross‐fertilization with ideas derived from cognate disciplines. At the same time, it also seeks to show the conceptual and methodological pitfalls of recent attempts at innovation in the field. It concludes by reasserting the essential importance of politics as the core of international history and by underlining its potential for guiding current policy as well as its limitations in that respect.
Crime Scene Behaviors and Characteristics of Offenders with Mental Illness: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Sea Jonghan , Beauregard Eric , Lee Sanggyung 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe current study aimed to identify distinct types of crime scene behaviors based on the criminal planning and motivation of offenders with mental illness in South Korea. Furthermore, our study examined the relationships between the identified types of crime scene behaviors in terms of the offenders’ sociodemographic characteristics, modus operandi, and types of mental illness. Utilizing latent class analysis, the associations between crime scene behavior types and offender characteristics such as demographic factors, crime scene actions, and criminal information were empirically investigated. In particular, based on a sample obtained from a national police database of offenses committed between 2006 and 2014, four offense groups were identified: (i) instrumental–planned, (ii) instrumental–unplanned, (iii) expressive–unplanned, and (iv) hybrid. Additionally, significant relationships were found between offense styles and offender characteristics as well as criminal backgrounds. The findings suggest that mental disorders influence the types of actions exhibited by offenders during the commission of their crime. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical utility to criminal investigation.
Application of a hemodialysis clearance prediction model using quantitative structure‐pharmacokinetic relationship analysis
Authors: Suzuki Daisuke , Aoyama Takahiko , Nakajima Junki , Miyamoto Aoi , Ako Yumina , Kikkawa Akiyoshi , Hiraki Kouichi , Matsumoto Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHemodialysis (HD) is a method used to remove biogenic substances or blood components that cause disease and some drugs used by patients to treat their diseases. Therefore, dosing schedule must be planned according to HD clearance (CLHD) when medical treatment is provided to patients receiving HD. We aimed to clarify the physical properties (eg, octanol‐water partition coefficient and molecular electronegativity) or pharmacokinetic parameters (eg, volume of distribution) of compounds affecting CLHD and to construct a mathematical model to predict CLHD. The analysis covered individual CLHD data for nine compounds from the literature. The molecular descriptors which are physical properties or pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the structural formula of each compound, and searched for factors related to CLHD among the calculated 148 molecular descriptors. Nonlinear mixed‐effects model analysis with CLHD as objective variable and molecular descriptors as explanatory variable was conducted to examine the factor affecting CLHD and develop a model for predicting CLHD. The logarithm of the brain/blood partition coefficient was detected as a factor affecting CLHD. The predictive accuracy of CLHD using the constructed mathematical model with the logarithm of the brain/blood partition coefficient as explanatory variable was adequate.
How do US investors perceive the risk of local political corruption? Evidence from acquisition announcement
Authors: Jiang Xuejun , Lu Louise 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study examines the impact of local political corruption on investors’ evaluation of firms’ mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in the US. Using the number of corruption convictions of government officials reported by the US Department of Justice, we find that acquirers in more corrupt court districts experience lower acquirer announcement returns, lower combined acquirer and target announcement returns, and are less likely to complete acquisitions. We further find that the relation between local political corruption and acquirer announcement returns is worsened when acquirers operate primarily in the headquarters state. Overall, the results suggest that local political corruption has an adverse impact on investors’ evaluation of a firm’s M&A profitability.
Accuracy of clinical suspicion of growth restriction at term despite a normal growth ultrasound: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Green Brittany , Hui Lisa , Hastie Roxanne , Tong Stephen , Brownfoot Fiona C. 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundSmall for gestational age (SGA) is a major determinant of poor perinatal outcome. Detecting SGA at term using ultrasound is challenging and we often plan birth based on clinical assessment.AimsTo determine the incidence of SGA infants with birthweight <10th centile among women undergoing planned birth at term for suspected SGA despite a normal estimated fetal weight (EFW) on ultrasound at 35–37 weeks.Materials and MethodsWe performed a retrospective study including all women with a fetal growth ultrasound at ≥35 weeks reporting an EFW ≥ 10th centile (appropriate for gestational age, AGA) who subsequently had an induction of labour or caesarean birth at ≥37 weeks due to ongoing clinical suspicion of SGA between 2012–2014. The primary outcome was the incidence of SGA newborns using customised centiles.ResultsThere were 532 women who had a planned birth for clinical suspicion of SGA during the study period. Of these, 205 (38.5%) had an AGA fetus on ultrasound ≥35 weeks but were subsequently delivered because of a persisting clinical suspicion of SGA on abdominal assessment. Sixty‐eight percent (n = 139/205) delivered an SGA infant. Furthermore, almost half of these SGA infants (47.5%) had a birthweight <3rd centile. Neonatal outcomes were worse for the SGA infants, with 15.1% (n = 21/205) requiring special care nursery compared to 1.5% (n = 1/205) of those AGA at birth.ConclusionsA reassuring ultrasound with EFW ≥10th centile in the late third trimester should not override clinical concerns of impaired fetal growth at term.
Ultrasound evaluation of pouch of Douglas obliteration and rectal deep endometriosis in women who have had previous combined colorectal and gynaecological laparoscopic surgery for rectal endometriosis: A pilot study
Authors: Alhayo Sam , Leonardi Mathew , Lu Chuan , Gosal Preet , Reid Shannon , Barto Walid , Condous George 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundUltrasound has been demonstrated to accurately diagnose rectal deep endometriosis (DE) and pouch of Douglas (POD) obliteration. The role of ultrasound in the assessment of patients who have undergone surgery for rectal DE and POD obliteration has not been evaluated.AimTo describe the transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) findings of patients who have undergone rectal surgery for DE.Materials and MethodsAn observational cross‐sectional study at a tertiary care centre in Sydney, Australia between January and April 2017. Patients previously treated for rectal DE (low anterior resection vs rectal shaving/disc excision) were recruited and asked to complete a questionnaire on their current symptoms. On TVS, POD state and rectal DE were assessed. Correlating recurrence of POD obliteration and/or rectal DE to surgery type and symptoms was done.ResultsFifty‐six patients were contacted; 22/56 (39.3%) attended for the study visit. Average interval of surgery to study visit was 52.8 ± 24.6 months. Surgery type breakdown was as follows: low anterior resection (56%) and rectal shaving/disc excision (44%). The prevalence of POD obliteration was 16/22 (72.7%) intraoperatively and 8/22 (36.4%) at study visit, as per the sliding sign. Nine patients (39.1%) had evidence on TVS of recurrent rectal DE. Recurrence of POD obliteration and rectal DE was not associated with surgery type or symptomatology.ConclusionDespite surgery for rectal DE, many patients have a negative sliding sign on TVS, representing POD obliteration, and rectal DE. Our numbers are too small to correlate with the surgery type or their current symptoms.
Alternative Splicing of the SLCO1B1 Gene: An Exploratory Analysis of Isoform Diversity in Pediatric Liver
Authors: van Groen Bianca D. , Bi Chengpeng , Gaedigk Roger , Staggs Vincent S. , Tibboel Dick , de Wildt Saskia N. , Leeder J. Steven 
Published: January 2020

The hepatic influx transporter OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1) plays an important role in the disposition of endogenous substrates and drugs prescribed to children. Alternative splicing increases the diversity of protein products from > 90% of human genes and may be triggered by developmental signals. As concentrations of several endogenous OATP1B1 substrates change during growth and development, with this exploratory study we investigated age‐dependent alternative splicing of SLCO1B1 mRNA in 97 postmortem livers (fetus‐adolescents). Twenty‐seven splice variants were detected; 10 were confirmed by additional bioinformatic analyses and verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and selected for detailed analysis based on relative abundance, association with age, and overlap with an adjacent gene. Two splice variants code for reference OATP1B1 protein, and eight code for truncated proteins. The expression of eight isoforms was associated with age. We conclude that alternative splicing of SLCO1B1 occurs frequently in children; although the functional consequences remain unknown, the data raise the possibility of a regulatory role for alternative splicing in mediating developmental changes in drug disposition.
Involvement of Rev1 in alkylating agent‐induced loss of heterozygosity in Oryzias latipes
Authors: Fujikawa Yoshihiro , Ishikawa‐Fujiwara Tomoko , Kuo Tony , Shinkai Norio , Shoji Tatsuma , Kawasaki Takashi , Kamei Yasuhiro , Sakuraba Yoshiyuki , Sato Ayuko , Kinoshita Masato , Gondo Yoichi , Yuba Shunsuke , Tsujimura Tohru , Sese Jun , Todo Takeshi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTranslesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases mediate DNA damage bypass during replication. The TLS polymerase Rev1 has two important functions in the TLS pathway, including dCMP transferase activity and acting as a scaffolding protein for other TLS polymerases at the C‐terminus. Because of the former activity, Rev1 bypasses apurinic/apyrimidinic sites by incorporating dCMP, whereas the latter activity mediates assembly of multipolymerase complexes at the DNA lesions. We generated rev1 mutants lacking each of these two activities in Oryzias latipes (medaka) fish and analyzed cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in response to the alkylating agent diethylnitrosamine (DENA). Mutant lacking the C‐terminus was highly sensitive to DENA cytotoxicity, whereas mutant with reduced dCMP transferase activity was slightly sensitive to DENA cytotoxicity, but exhibited a higher tumorigenic rate than wild‐type fish. There was no significant difference in the frequency of DENA‐induced mutations between mutant with reduced dCMP transferase activity and wild‐type cultured cell. However, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) occurred frequently in cells with reduced dCMP transferase activity. LOH is a common genetic event in many cancer types and plays an important role on carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify the involvement of the catalytic activity of Rev1 in suppression of LOH.
Engaging young African American women breast cancer survivors: A novel storytelling approach to identify patient‐centred research priorities
Authors: Yan Alice , Millon-Underwood Sandra , Walker Alonzo , Patten Caitlin , Nevels Debra , Dookeran Keith , Hennessy Rose , Knobloch Mary Jo , Egede Leonard , Stolley Melinda 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatient‐centredness is considered an essential aspiration of a high‐quality health‐care system, and patient engagement is a critical precursor to patient‐centred care.ObjectivesTo engage patients, health‐care providers and stakeholders in identifying recommendations to address research and practice gaps that impact young African American breast cancer survivors.MethodsThis paper reported an approach for research priority setting. This approach applies an engagement process (January‐September 2018) of using patient and stakeholder groups, patient storytelling workshops and a culminating storytelling conference in Wisconsin to generate relevant research topics and recommendations. Topics were prioritized using an iterative engagement process. Research priorities and recommendation were ranked over the conference by counting participants’ anonymous votes.ResultsOne hundred attendees (43 patients/family members, 20 providers/researchers and 37 community members) participated in the conference. Five topics were identified as priorities. The results showed that three priority areas received the most votes, specifically community outreach and education, providing affordable health care and engaging in complementary care practice. Stakeholders also agreed it is critical to ‘include youth in the conversation’ when planning for cancer support and educational programmes for caregivers, friends and family members.ConclusionStorytelling as a patient engagement approach can build trust in the patient‐research partnership, ensure that patients are meaningfully engaged throughout the process and capture the diversity of patient experiences and perspectives.
Prediction models for the viability of pulmonary metastatic lesions after chemotherapy in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
Authors: Tsunezuka Hiroaki , Nakamura Terukazu , Fujikawa Kei , Shimomura Masanori , Okada Satoru , Shimada Junichi , Teramukai Satoshi , Ukimura Osamu , Inoue Masayoshi 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesTo analyze predictors associated with viable cells in pulmonary residual lesions after chemotherapy for metastatic testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumors and to develop models to prioritize pulmonary resection.MethodsBetween 2008 and 2017, 40 patients underwent pulmonary metastasectomy after chemotherapy for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. We evaluated these patients, and 326 pulmonary residual lesions were confirmed using computed tomography and pathological evaluations. Relationships with outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Risk prediction models were developed, and predictive probabilities for the risk of viable cells were estimated.ResultsHistological examinations showed that 73 (22%) pulmonary residual lesions contained viable cells: teratomas, 46 (14%); and cancer cells, 37 (11%). Multivariate analyses showed that the predictors associated with cancer cells in the residual lesions were elevated tumor marker levels, multiregimen chemotherapy, increased tumor size 6 months before surgery and the histological composition of the primary lesion, including yolk sac tumors. Additional predictors associated with teratomas were aspect ratio and histological composition of the primary lesion, including teratomas.ConclusionsIntratumoral heterogeneity contributes to nonseminomatous germ cell tumor chemoresistance, and primary lesion site yolk sac tumors and teratomas are associated with greater risks of viable cells. Increased residual lesion size during chemotherapy could also be a predictor. Our simple model can predict the presence of viable cells in residual lesions after chemotherapy, and it might assist in decision‐making and prioritizing pulmonary residual lesion resection.
The emerging role of cellular senescence in renal diseases
Authors: Zhou Bingru , Wan Ying , Chen Rong , Zhang Chunmei , Li Xuesen , Meng Fanyin , Glaser Shannon , Wu Nan , Zhou Tianhao , Li Siwen , Francis Heather , Alpini Gianfranco , Zou Ping 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCellular senescence represents the state of irreversible cell cycle arrest during cell division. Cellular senescence not only plays a role in diverse biological events such as embryogenesis, tissue regeneration and repair, ageing and tumour occurrence prevention, but it is also involved in many cardiovascular, renal and liver diseases through the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular senescence and its possible effects on a variety of renal diseases. We will also discuss the therapeutic approaches based on the regulation of senescent and SASP blockade, which is considered as a promising strategy for the management of renal diseases.
The role of maternal anxiety disorder subtype, parenting and infant stable temperamental inhibition in child anxiety: a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Lawrence Peter J. , Creswell Cathy , Cooper Peter J. , Murray Lynne 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) aggregates in families. To elucidate intergenerational transmission of risk, we examined whether childhood SAD and symptoms of anxiety were prospectively predicted by stable infant temperamental inhibition, maternal SAD, maternal generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and maternal parenting behaviours.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal study beginning prenatally with follow‐up at 4, 10, 14 and 58 months postnatally. Mothers were assessed for anxiety disorders prenatally and assigned to one of three groups: SAD (n = 67), GAD (n = 56) and nonanxious controls (n = 94). We assessed infant temperamental inhibition at 4 and 14 months, maternal parenting behaviours at 10 and 58 months, and child anxiety disorders and symptoms at 58 months.ResultsChild SAD at 58 months was predicted by prenatal maternal SAD (OR = 23.76, 95% CI = 1.15–60.37), but not by prenatal maternal GAD (OR = 7.44, 95% CI = 0.32–124.49), stable temperamental inhibition or maternal behaviours. Child anxiety symptoms at 58 months were predicted specifically by maternal SAD (but not GAD), and also by concurrent maternal intrusiveness. Stable temperamental inhibition moderated the association between 10‐month maternal encouragement and 58‐month child anxiety symptoms.ConclusionsWe found evidence for specificity of risk for child SAD and anxiety symptoms from maternal SAD compared to maternal GAD. Childhood anxiety symptoms were also predicted by an interaction between a lack of maternal encouragement in infancy and stable temperamental inhibition, as well as concurrent maternal intrusiveness. The findings have clinical implications for targeted prevention of child anxiety.
Augmented decision‐making for acral lentiginous melanoma detection using deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Lee S. , Chu Y.S. , Yoo S.K. , Choi S. , Choe S.J. , Koh S.B. , Chung K.Y. , Xing L. , Oh B. , Yang S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have achieved high‐level performance of melanoma detection using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, few have described the extent to which the implementation ofCNNs improves the diagnostic performance of the physicians.ObjectiveThis study is aimed at developing aCNNfor detecting acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) and investigating whether its implementation can improve the initial decision forALMdetection made by the physicians.MethodsACNNwas trained using 1072 dermoscopic images of acral benign nevi,ALMand intermediate tumours. To investigate whether the implementation ofCNNcan improve the initial decision forALMdetection, 60 physicians completed a three‐stage survey. In Stage I, they were asked for their decisions solely on the basis of dermoscopic images provided to them. In StageII, they were also provided with clinical information. In StageIII, they were provided with the additional diagnosis and probability predicted by theCNN.ResultsThe accuracy ofALMdetection in the participants was 74.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72.6–76.8%) in Stage I and 79.0% (95%CI, 76.7–81.2%) in StageII. In StageIII, it was 86.9% (95%CI, 85.3–88.4%), which exceeds the accuracy delivered in Stage I by 12.2%p (95%CI, 10.1–14.3%p) and StageIIby 7.9%p (95%CI, 6.0–9.9%p). Moreover, the concordance between the participants considerably increased (Fleiss‐κ of 0.436 [95%CI, 0.437–0.573] in Stage I, 0.506 [95%CI, 0.621–0.749] in StageIIand 0.684 [95%CI, 0.621–0.749] in StageIII).ConclusionsAugmented decision‐making improved the performance of and concordance between the clinical decisions of a diverse group of experts. This study demonstrates the potential use ofCNNs as an adjoining, decision‐supporting system for physicians’ decisions.