bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint modeling of time-varying HIV exposure and infection for estimation of per-act efficacy in HIV prevention trials
Authors: Brown Elizabeth R. , Dominguez Islas Clara P. , Zhang Jingyang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives: Using the MTN-020/ASPIRE HIV prevention trial as a motivating example, our objective is to construct a joint model for the HIV exposure process through vaginal intercourse and the time to HIV infection in a population of sexually active women. By modeling participants’ HIV infection in terms of exposures, rather than time exposed, our aim is to obtain a valid estimate of the per-act efficacy of a preventive intervention.Methods: Within the context of HIV prevention trials, in which the frequency of sex acts is self-reported periodically by the participants, we model the exposure process of the trial participants with a non-homogeneous Poisson process. This approach allows for variability in the rate of sexual contacts between participants as well as variability in the rate of sexual contacts over time. The time to HIV infection for each participant is modeled as the time to the exposure that results in HIV infection, based on the modeled sexual contact rate. We propose an empirical Bayes approach for estimation. Results: We report the results of a simulation study where we evaluate the performance of our proposed approach and compare it to the traditional approach of estimating the overall reduction in HIV incidence using a Proportional Hazards Cox model. The proposed approach is also illustrated with data from the MTN-020/ASPIRE trial. Conclusions: The proposed joint modeling, along with the proposed empirical Bayes estimation approach, can provide valid estimation of the per-exposure efficacy of a preventive intervention.
Practical Considerations and Applications of Postactivation Performance Enhancement in Group Training: Delayed Performance Enhancing Triplexes
Authors: Lepkowski Mark , Leiting Keith A. , Koch Alexander J. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Athletes may increase power output through eliciting postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE). Muscle force and power may be increased during PAPE by coupling of 2 exercises, termed a “strength-power potentiating complex” (SPPC). Implementing SPPCs in the field is complicated by the need to use rest periods of several minutes in duration, which is impractical when training large numbers of athletes simultaneously within a short time. We propose delayed performance enhancing triplexes as a solution: which involve inserting an accessory exercise in between a heavy resistance exercise and a plyometric movement, which allows for training to continue to flow without interruption.
Electrophysiological Frequency Band Ratio Measures Conflate Periodic and Aperiodic Neural Activity
Authors: Donoghue Thomas , Dominguez Julio , Voytek Bradley 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBand ratio measures, computed as the ratio of power between two frequency bands, are a common analysis measure in neuroelectrophysiological recordings. Band ratio measures are typically interpreted as reflecting quantitative measures of periodic, or oscillatory, activity. This assumes that the measure reflects relative powers of distinct periodic components that are well captured by predefined frequency ranges. However, electrophysiological signals contain periodic components and a 1/f-like aperiodic component, the latter of which contributes power across all frequencies. Here, we investigate whether band ratio measures truly reflect oscillatory power differences, and/or to what extent ratios may instead reflect other periodic changes, such as in center frequency or bandwidth, and/or aperiodic activity. In simulation, we investigate how band ratio measures relate to changes in multiple spectral features, and show how multiple periodic and aperiodic features influence band ratio measures. We validate these findings in human electroencephalography (EEG) data, comparing band ratio measures to parameterizations of power spectral features and find that multiple disparate features influence ratio measures. For example, the commonly applied θ/β ratio is most reflective of differences in aperiodic activity, and not oscillatory θ or β power. Collectively, we show that periodic and aperiodic features can create the same observed changes in band ratio measures, and that this is inconsistent with their typical interpretations as measures of periodic power. We conclude that band ratio measures are a non-specific measure, conflating multiple possible underlying spectral changes, and recommend explicit parameterization of neural power spectra as a more specific approach.
Métodos para la enseñanza de idiomas: no hay nada nuevo bajo el sol, ¿O sí?
Authors: Zúñiga Vargas Juan Pablo 
Published: September 2020

This essay intends to problematize the possible direction that the field of language teaching will follow in the XXI century. For this purpose, nine methodological parameters for conceptualizing every language teaching method will be described, the impossibility of designating the best method will be considered, the concept of the post method condition and its ten macro strategies for language teaching will be discussed along with the challenges for its implementation, a minimalist proposal for language teaching will be referred to, and the current phenomenon of textbook-defined practice will be analyzed.
La relación existente entre la metodología utilizada por un profesor de ciencias y la motivación que presentan los estudiantes de un grupo de noveno año
Authors: Alvarado Arguedas Andrea , Salas Sánchez Ricardo 
Published: September 2020

In the education system, Science has always been considered a traditional lectures subject inside the curriculum institutions. This conception has provoked serious problems in the teaching process because students have not developed a proper interest and motivation that fulfill their learning needs provoking effects on the scientific and technological development of the country. In order to take note of the situation, a research was conducted at a private day institution in the 01 circuit of Heredia province. The information was gathered through different instruments: three six-lesson observations, a teacher interview, a students' questionnnaire about their opinion on Science class methodology and the use of teaching resources. Finally, amotivational scale was given to students to measure and determine their interest on the subject and their lived experiences as part of their learning process.
Aspectos sociales, políticos y filosóficos de la educación de niños talentosos
Authors: Segura Chanto Shirley 
Published: September 2020

Talent is a topic that most people think they know, stimulate and deal with, but the truth is that few people can identify real talent. In Cost Rica, there are talented children that are not noticed, sometimes by their own parents and even by teachers, with little help to identify it and a treatment that does not fulfill their basic needs. They have the same rights and deserve an education according to their needs, in which their talents can be stimulated without their being confused with gifted children. At school, children do not have enough tools because teachers do not have the knowledge or training to identify them and provide the stimulation for their talent for them not only to highlight but also to adjust the programs to their needs. This is unfortunate, and it will be described later that this is a constant situation in this country. In the following essay, three perspectives around this topic will be described, and the ideas mentioned before will be elaborated on.
El papel de la transmisión intergeneracional en el involucramiento de los jóvenes en la acción colectiva
Authors: Fernández Alatorre Ana Corina 
Published: September 2020

This paper displays some findings of an ongoing qualitative study conducted in Mexico since 2011 in order to approach the process of establishing the identity of young adults who voluntarily, became members of a new collective action generation (Melucci, 2002). These youngsters created organizations for the development of communitarian educational interventions as a means to rebuild everyday contexts of trust and meaning, Lechner (1998) for outcast youngsters through collective participation and organization empowerment. The methodological strategy used included life stories, focus groups, and participant observation in order to explore the meaningful life´s components of youth organization founders of “Acciones para el Desarrollo Comunitario, A.C.,” a non-governmental organization. Since this is a continuation of a previous research Fernández (2010), which explored identity processes of social actors of the 80s in Mexico, we examine in this new research the possibility that this new generation of social actors present similar features to those of their predecessors. The main findings here are linked to the role of family’s initial support, the formative, formal and not formal experiences, and the intergenerational transmission in the involvement of these young adults in collective participation and organization strengthening.
Evaluar competencias a partir de la autenticidad: implicaciones en la docencia universitaria
Authors: Sánchez Chacón Giovanni 
Published: September 2020

In this essay, the author argues about the relevance of the authentic assessment paradigm as an ideal platform for the assessment of professional competence in university teaching. To this end, the author briefly discusses the concept of competence and its possible contributions to higher education to further argue about the functionality of the authenticity paradigm in the professional competence assessment.
Una propuesta didáctica para el desarrollo de la destreza oral en inglés en estudiantes de décimo y undécimo año de colegios públicos
Authors: Moreira González Yamileth 
Published: September 2020

The main objective of this article is to provide teachers who teach English as a foreign language in public academic schools with a teaching approach to strengthen the oral production of English in tenth and eleventh graders by using the content of the syllabus of the Education Ministry (MEP). One specific objective of this is to encourage the use of participatory and transactional oral strategies to address daily life situations to interact and get a mutual understanding. The other one is to increase vocabulary and technical, formal and informal language to be used in workplaces and everyday situations. Linguistic structures are presented in every level and content included in the tenth and eleventh levels as well as sample situations that will lead English teacher to develop other situations based on the needs of the group and the creativity of the students.
Malestar/bienestar docente: el caso de tres escuelas interculturales bilingües de Arantepacua y Capacuaro Michoacán, México
Authors: León León Giselle , Vargas Garduño María de Lourdes , Serna González Patricia 
Published: September 2020

With the purpose of knowing the relationship between the teachers´ well-being and discontentment as an opposing pairing and the association to personal, institutional and social factors from an indigenous-intercultural perspective, a study was conducted in three bilingual intercultural primary education centers: two from Arantepacua and one from Capacuaro; both are P’urhépechas peoples from the Michoacán State. This was a qualitative phenomenological study using in-depth interviewing research and one survey. Among the results of this study, the prevalence of discontentment mainly in social factors, such as migration, discipline, changes in education policies and teacher training stand out. Another factor that demonstrates discontentment was the institutional one in relation to the teachers´ excessive workload. On the other hand, well-being was identified in individual factors because they are self-sufficient.
Redes sociales y comunicación universitaria: los desafíos de la Universidad Veracruzana en la época de internet
Authors: Martínez Gómez Raciel D. 
Published: September 2020

The use of the Internet and social media has transformed the world of communication. Citizen empowerment through these technologies has been very controversial, and public universities in Mexico are not an exception because this issue is of special political and social importance. Thus, the article “Social Networks and University Communication: The Challenges of the Universidad Veracruzana in the Era of Internet” is intended to reflect on the many facets of this epiphenomenon. On the one hand, the reconversion of their use must be located in the context of the sociological causes that determine these attitudes towards anything that is considered an authority. A second thought is conceptual in nature and is related to the economic and political situation that universities in Mexico live, specifically in the state of Veracruz. A third reflection is stated in epistemological terms because a traditionalist approach to communication still prevails, which is vital to transcend with a modern vision of what is happening on the stage of globalization. The challenge then is to overcome the demonization of this means for the Internet and social networks to be included in a policy of university communication with fair assertiveness to form better citizens, which, in the future agenda, will surely be one of the main challenges for higher education in Mexico, most likely in Latin America and perhaps in the world.
Uso de redes sociales digitales entre estudiantado universitario: Comunicación, socialización y colaboración
Authors: Marini Munguía Verónica , Jácome Ávila Nancy , López González Rocío 
Published: September 2020

This paper describes the use of digital social networks for communication, socialization and collaboration as part of an ongoing investigation whose purpose is to analyze the use that university students make of portable digital devices (PDD) –Laptop, tablet and smartphone. To collect the data, a questionnaire was designed under the project “Digital divide between students and professors of the Universidad Veracruzana: Cultural Capital; school trajectories and academic performance; and degree of technological appropriation”. The sample included 329 students of the open education system at the Universidad Veracruzana. It stresses that SMS text messages begin to be replaced by applications such as WhatsApp; social networks and email are frequently used to share and publish information; few are engaged in creation and collaboration with regularity and Facebook is the most used social network to communicate with teachers and peers. A certain relationship between gender and some of their activities in social networks, such as establishing relationships, using text messages and communicate with peers and teachers, was identified.
Control biológico de la pudrición de mazorca en genotipos de maíz con especies de Trichoderma
Authors: Castro del Ángel E. , Sánchez Arizpe A. , Galindo Cepeda M. E. , Vázquez Badillo M. E. 
Published: September 2020

Las enfermedades ocasionadas por hongos son responsables de la mayoría de las pérdidas que afectan a las plantas. El maíz está expuesto a un sin número de patógenos a lo largo de su ciclo fonológico, entre los que destacan Fusarium, Ustilago, Aspergillus, Penicillium, etc. Algunos de éstos géneros producen sustancias tóxicas denominadas micotoxinas, las cuales representan un elevado riesgo para la salud humana y la de los animales que las consumen. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de tres cepas de Trichoderma para el control de pudrición de mazorca en cuatro genotipos de maíz, el experimento se estableció bajo condiciones de temporal e infección natural de F. verticillioides, se sembraron cuatro genotipos de maíz inoculados y sin inocular con Trichoderma spp, se evaluaron tres tratamientos distintos como es el tratamiento a semilla, aplicación mediante aspersión y la aplicación de las dos evaluadas de manera conjunta. Para determinan el efecto de biocontrol se determinó la incidencia de pudrición de mazorca y la severidad de la enfermedad. La severidad de la enfermedad se comportó baja en los tres tratamientos, el tratamiento a semilla más aplicación mediante aspersión evaluadas juntas presentó la severidad más baja comparado con el testigo. Las tres especies de Trichoderma redujeron la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad en las tres técnicas utilizadas, T. harzianum fue la cepa que controló significativamente (P<0.0001) la enfermedad, además se obtuvo arriba de 70% de efectividad en todos los tratamientos.
Polisiye Romanlarda Ölüm Nedeni Olarak Zehir ve Yüksek Doz İlaç: Agatha Christie ve Ahmet Ümit Eserlerinin Karşılaştırılması
Authors: Tırmıkçıoğlu Zeynep 
Published: September 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the use of poison or high-dose drugs as the cause of death in western and Turkish literature.
Materials and Methods: The works of Agatha Christie and Ahmet Ümit were examined as examples of crime novels. The use of poison or high-dose drugs as the murder weapon and cause of death, the properties of these drugs and substances, and the findings of poisoning were given in the work were evaluated comparatively.
Results: In the Agatha Christie novels, various poisons and drugs are given by mixing them into the victim's food or drink. The victims ' causes of death are cyanide in “Ten Little Niggers (And Then They Were None)”, “Sparkling Cyanide” and “Mirror Crack’d from Side to Side”; and morphine in “Sad Cypress” and “Death Comes As The End”. In Agatha Christie's other novels, strychnine, taxine, thallium, phosphorus, arsenic, hemlock, aconitine, belladonna,physostigmine, nicotine and a drug containing barbituric acid have been used as the murder weapon.
In the novels of Ahmet Ümit, murder weapons such as knives and pistols appear instead of poisonous preparations that kill the victim. On the other hand, Ahmet Ümit's novel "İstanbul Hatırası" shows that the victims were neutralized with propofol, a short-acting anesthetic, before being killed, and mivacurium, a neuromuscular blocker, in “Kırlangıç Çığlığı”. The main theme in the novel "Sultanı Öldürmek" is that Fatih Sultan Mehmet may have been poisoned with opium or a similar substance, while in this novel the murder weapon is a...
Treatment of Mild Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency with a Z-Shaped Ulna Lengthening Osteotomy
Authors: Farr Sebastian , Schachinger Florian 
Published: September 2020

Case:
Two adolescent patients with therapy-refractory ulnocarpal wrist pain because of mild ulnar longitudinal deficiency (ULD; ulna hypoplasia type I according to Bayne) underwent surgical treatment with a Z-shaped ulna lengthening osteotomy and interposition of the iliac crest bone graft. Long-term ULD correction and pain-free motion were maintained in both patients.

Conclusion:
Pediatric patients with symptomatic mild ULD are often mistaken for ulnar negative variance with radioulnar impingement and may be successfully treated using this newly described technique. The ulnar malangulation is corrected at the apex of the deformity, and the clinical and radiographic outcomes have been successful.
Satisfaction and Functional Outcomes in Unicompartmental Compared with Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Jansen Kirsten , Beckert Mitchell , Deckard Evan R. , Ziemba-Davis Mary , Meneghini R. Michael 
Published: September 2020

Background:Unicompartmental and total knee arthroplasty (UKA and TKA) have demonstrated excellent mid- and long-term outcomes and have been compared in clinical series for decades; however, to our knowledge, no study has sufficiently matched UKA and TKA cohorts on preoperative osteoarthritis severity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient-reported outcomes of radiographically and demographically matched UKA and TKA cohorts.Methods:One hundred and thirty-five UKAs and 135 TKAs were matched by patient age, sex, body mass index, and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA-PS) classification as well as preoperative osteoarthritis severity in medial and lateral tibiofemoral and patellofemoral compartments (Kellgren-Lawrence grading system). Patient-reported outcome measures for pain, function, activity level, and satisfaction were evaluated at minimum 1-year follow-up via components of the modern Knee Society Score, the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity-level score, and a Likert satisfaction scale.Results:The patients in the UKA group reported significantly less pain, a higher activity level, and greater satisfaction while performing several functional activities and could walk for a longer amount of time before stopping due to knee discomfort compared with those in the TKA group (p ≤ 0.038). In addition, a greater proportion of patients in the UKA than in the TKA group were “satisfied or very satisfied” with their knee replacement surgery at minimum 1-year follow-up (90% versus 81%; p = 0.043).Conclusions:With minimum 1-year follow-up, patients who underwent UKA reported significantly higher function, less pain, and a greater level of patient satisfaction than a radiographically and demographically matched TKA cohort.Level of Evidence:TherapeuticLevel III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Ada-WHIPS: Explaining AdaBoost Classification with Applications in the Health Sciences
Authors: Hatwell Julian , Gaber Mohamed Medhat , Azad R.M. Atif 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background

Computer Aided Diagnostics (CAD) can support medical practitioners to make critical decisions about their patients' disease conditions. Practitioners require access to the chain of reasoning behind CAD to build trust in the CAD advice and to supplement their own expertise. Yet, CAD systems might be based on black box machine learning (ML) models and high dimensional data sources (electronic health records, MRI scans, cardiotocograms, etc). These foundations make interpretation and explanation of the CAD advice very challenging. This challenge is recognised throughout the machine learning research community. eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is emerging as one of the most important research areas of recent years because it addresses the interpretability and trust concerns of critical decision makers, including those in clinical and medical practice.
Methods

In this work, we focus on AdaBoost, a black box ML model that has been widely adopted in the CAD literature. We address the challenge -- to explain AdaBoost classification -- with a novel algorithm that extracts simple, logical rules from AdaBoost models. Our algorithm, Adaptive-Weighted High Importance Path Snippets (Ada-WHIPS), makes use of AdaBoost's adaptive classifier weights. Using a novel formulation, Ada-WHIPS uniquely redistributes the weights among individual decision nodes of the internal decision trees (DT) of the AdaBoost model. Then, a simple heuristic search of the weighted nodes finds a single rule that dominated the model's decision. We compare the explanations generated by our novel approach with the state of the art in an experimental study. We evaluate the derived explanations with simple statistical tests of well-known quality measures, precision and coverage, and a novel measure stability that is better suited to the XAI setting .