bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESKAPE Pathogens in Bloodstream Infections Are Associated With Higher Cost and Mortality but Can Be Predicted Using Diagnoses Upon Admission
Authors: Marturano Joseph E , Lowery Thomas J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
ESKAPE bacteria are thought to be especially resistant to antibiotics, and their resistance and prevalence in bloodstream infections are rising. Large studies are needed to better characterize the clinical impact of these bacteria and to develop algorithms that alert clinicians when patients are at high risk of an ESKAPE infection.

Methods
From a US data set of &gt;1.1 M patient encounters, we evaluated if ESKAPE pathogens produced worse outcomes than non-ESKAPE pathogens and if an ESKAPE infection could be predicted using simple word group algorithms built from decision trees.

Results
We found that ESKAPE pathogens represented 42.2% of species isolated from bloodstream infections and, compared with non-ESKAPE pathogens, were associated with a 3.3-day increase in length of stay, a $5500 increase in cost of care, and a 2.1% absolute increase in mortality (P &lt; 1e-99). ESKAPE pathogens were not universally more resistant to antibiotics, but only to select antibiotics (P &lt; 5e-6), particularly against common empiric therapies. In addition, simple word group algorithms predicted ESKAPE pathogens with a positive predictive value of 7.9% to 56.2%, exceeding 4.8% by random guessing (P &lt; 1e-99).

Conclusions
Taken together, these data highlight the pathogenicity of ESKAPE bacteria, potential mechanisms of their pathogenicity, and the potential to predict ESKAPE infections upon admission. Implementing word group algorithms could enable earlier and targeted therapies against ESKAPE bacteria and thus reduce their burden on the health care system.
The Introduction of Duty into English Law and the Development of the Legal Subject
Authors: Dent Chris 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
‘Duty’ is a term that is used in several areas of the law—notably the ‘duty of care’ and ‘fiduciary duty’. This article considers the introduction of the term ‘duty’ itself to the law, before it became part of the compound terms. In order to do so, the article surveys a range of sub-disciplines, including trusts, negligence law, defamation and employment law, to identify the earliest uses of the term. To explore the potential motivations for its incorporation, additional material, such as early modern legal and, later, political treatises, is considered. The conclusion is that the introduction of the term, while reactionary, may still be seen in terms of the development of the legal subject in the English common law.
Effect of autologous NK cell immunotherapy on advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations
Authors: Hong Guodai , Chen Xuemei , Sun Xizhuo , Zhou Meiling , Liu Bing , Li Zhu , Yu Zhendong , Gao Wenbin , Liu Tao 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study investigated the efficiency of natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapy on non-small cell lung cancer with and without EGFR mutations in order to evaluate the response rate (RR) and progression-free survival (PFS). Among the 48 patients recruited, 24 were clinically confirmed to be EGFR mutation positive. The study group was treated with autologous NK cell immunotherapy. Comparisons of the lymphocyte number, serum tumour-related biomarkers, circulating tumour cells (CTC), Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) and survival curves were carried out before and after NK cell immunotherapy. The safety and short-term effects were evaluated, followed by median PFS and RR assessments. The serum CEA and CA125 values were found lower in the NK cell therapy group than that of the non-NK treatment group (p &lt; 0.05). The χ2 test showed a 75% RR of the study group A, significantly higher than that of the control group B (16.7%; p &lt; 0.01). The RR of groups C (58.3%) and D (41.7%) were not statistically significant. The p values of the 4 groups were 0.012, 0.012, 0.166 and 1 from group A to group D, respectively. The median PFS was 9 months in EGFR mutation positive group undergoing NK cell infusion interference. By evaluating the changes in immune function, tumour biomarkers, CTC, KPS and PFS, we demonstrated that NK cell therapy had better clinical therapeutic effects on EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma.
Value-Based Care for Musculoskeletal Pain: Are Physical Therapists Ready to Deliver?
Authors: Lentz Trevor A , Goode Adam P , Thigpen Charles A , George Steven Z 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Early physical therapy models hold great promise for delivering high-value care for individuals with musculoskeletal pain. However, existing physical therapist practice and research standards are misaligned with value-based principles, which limits the potential for growth and sustainability of these models. This Perspective describes how the value proposition of early physical therapy can be improved by redefining harm, embracing a prognostic approach to clinical decision making, and advocating for system-wide guideline-adherent pain care. It also outlines the need to adopt a common language to describe these models and embrace new, rigorous study designs and analytical approaches to better understand where and how early physical therapy delivers value. The goal is to define a clear path forward to ensure physical therapists are aligned within health care systems to deliver on the American Physical Therapy Association’s vision of high-value care in a rapidly changing health care environment.
Development and validation of a deep-learning model for scoring of radiographic finger joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Hirano Toru , Nishide Masayuki , Nonaka Naoki , Seita Jun , Ebina Kosuke , Sakurada Kazuhiro , Kumanogoh Atsushi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this research was to develop a deep-learning model to assess radiographic finger joint destruction in RA.

Methods
The model comprises two steps: a joint-detection step and a joint-evaluation step. Among 216 radiographs of 108 patients with RA, 186 radiographs were assigned to the training/validation dataset and 30 to the test dataset. In the training/validation dataset, images of PIP joints, the IP joint of the thumb or MCP joints were manually clipped and scored for joint space narrowing (JSN) and bone erosion by clinicians, and then these images were augmented. As a result, 11 160 images were used to train and validate a deep convolutional neural network for joint evaluation. Three thousand seven hundred and twenty selected images were used to train machine learning for joint detection. These steps were combined as the assessment model for radiographic finger joint destruction. Performance of the model was examined using the test dataset, which was not included in the training/validation process, by comparing the scores assigned by the model and clinicians.

Results
The model detected PIP joints, the IP joint of the thumb and MCP joints with a sensitivity of 95.3% and assigned scores for JSN and erosion. Accuracy (percentage of exact agreement) reached 49.3–65.4% for JSN and 70.6–74.1% for erosion. The correlation coefficient between scores by the model and clinicians per image was 0.72–0.88 for JSN and 0.54–0.75 for erosion.

Conclusion
Image processing with the trained convolutional neural network model is promising to assess radiographs in RA.
Historical Returns of the Market Portfolio
Authors: Doeswijk Ronald , Lam Trevin , Swinkels Laurens 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe create an annual return index for the invested global multiasset market portfolio. We use a newly constructed unique data set covering the entire market of financial investors. We analyze returns and risk from 1960 to 2017, a period during which the market portfolio realized a compounded real return in U.S. dollars of 4.45%, with a standard deviation of annual returns of 11.2%. The compounded excess return was 3.39%. We publish these data on returns of the market portfolio, so they can be used for future asset pricing and corporate finance studies.Received March 4, 2019; editorial decision October 9, 2019 by Editor Jeffrey Pontiff. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
BMSCs-assisted injectable Col I hydrogel-regenerated cartilage defect by reconstructing superficial and calcified cartilage
Authors: Cai Hanxu , Wang Peilei , Xu Yang , Yao Ya , Liu Jia , Li Tao , Sun Yong , Liang Jie , Fan Yujiang , Zhang Xingdong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe self-healing capacity of cartilage was limited due to absence of vascular, nervous and lymphatic systems. Although many clinical treatments have been used in cartilage defect repair and shown a promising repair result in short term, however, regeneration of complete zonal structure with physiological function, reconstruction cartilage homeostasis and maintaining long-term repair was still an unbridgeable chasm. Cartilage has complex zonal structure and multiple physiological functions, especially, superficial and calcified cartilage played an important role in keeping homeostasis. To address this hurdle of regenerating superficial and calcified cartilage, injectable tissue-induced type I collagen (Col I) hydrogel-encapsulated BMSCs was chosen to repair cartilage damage. After 1 month implantation, the results demonstrated that Col I gel was able to induce BMSCs differentiation into chondrocytes, and formed hyaline-like cartilage and the superficial layer with lubrication function. After 3 months post-surgery, chondrocytes at the bottom of the cartilage layer would undergo hypertrophy and promote the regeneration of calcified cartilage. Six months later, a continuous anatomical tidemark and complete calcified interface were restored. The regeneration of neo-hyaline cartilage was similar with adjacent normal tissue on the thickness of the cartilage, matrix secretion, collagen type and arrangement. Complete multilayer zonal structure with physiological function remodeling indicated that BMSCs-assisted injectable Col I hydrogel could reconstruct cartilage homeostasis and maintain long-term therapeutic effect.
Lack of effect of tart cherry concentrate dose on serum urate in people with gout
Authors: Stamp Lisa K , Chapman Peter , Frampton Christopher , Duffull Stephen B , Drake Jill , Zhang Yuqing , Neogi Tuhina 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Cherry concentrate has been suggested to reduce serum urate (SU) and gout flares. The aims of this study were to determine the magnitude of the effect of tart cherry concentrate on SU in people with gout, the most effective dose of tart cherry concentrate for lowering SU, and adverse effects.

Methods
Fifty people with gout and SU &gt; 0.36 mmol/l were recruited. Half were on allopurinol and half were on no urate-lowering therapy. Participants were randomized to receive tart cherry juice concentrate: placebo, 7.5 ml, 15 ml, 22.5 ml or 30 ml twice daily for 28 days. Blood samples were taken at baseline, then at 1, 3 and 5 h post cherry and then on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The area under the curve for SU was calculated over the 28-day study period.

Results
Cherry concentrate dose had no significant effect on reduction in SU area under the curve, urine urate excretion, change in urinary anthocyanin between day 0 and day 28, or frequency of gout flares over the 28-day study period (P = 0.76). There were 24 reported adverse events, with only one (hyperglycaemia) considered possibly to be related to cherry concentrate. Allopurinol use did not modify the effect of cherry on SU or urine urate excretion.

Conclusion
Tart cherry concentrate had no effect on SU or urine urate excretion. If there is an effect of cherry concentrate on gout flares over a longer time period, it is not likely to be mediated by reduction in SU.

Trial registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=368887, ANZCTR 12615000741583).
Tax Burdens in Japan and South Korea: Measurement Using Average Effective Tax Rates
Authors: PARK Sung Ho 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough tax policies in Japan and South Korea have notably changed over recent decades, few studies have thoroughly examined the nature of these changes. Building on the average effective tax rates developed by Mendoza et al. (1994) and OECD researchers (Carey and Tchilinguirian 2000; Carey and Rabesona 2003) and extending and revising their original data, this study analyzes the structure of tax burdens in these two countries over 1995–2015. In particular, it examines the scholarly claim that taxation in these countries has become increasingly neoliberal over recent decades. The author finds insufficient evidence to support fiscal neoliberalism as race-to-the-bottom cuts in public taxation. Future studies may conduct in-depth comparative and case analyses to better understand the nature of the new tax structure emerging in these countries.
Evaluation of lipid matrix microencapsulation for intestinal delivery of thymol in weaned pigs
Authors: Choi Janghan , Wang Lucy , Ammeter Emily , Lahaye Ludovic , Liu Song , Nyachoti Martin , Yang Chengbo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEssential oils (EO) are defined as plant-derived natural bioactive compounds, which can have positive effects on animal growth and health due to their antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. However, EO are volatile, can evaporate quickly, and be rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Also, due to their labile nature, the stability of EO during feed processing is often questionable, leading to variations in the final concentration in feed. Encapsulation has become one of the most popular methods of stabilizing EO during feed processing, storage, and delivery into the lower gut. The objectives of the present study were to 1) evaluate the stability of thymol microencapsulated in combination with organic acids in commercially available lipid matrix microparticles during the feed pelleting process and storage; 2) validate and demonstrate the slow release of thymol from the lipid matrix microparticles in a simulated pig gastric fluid (SGF) and a simulated pig intestinal fluid (SIF); and 3) evaluate in vivo release of thymol from the lipid matrix microparticles along the pig gut. The results showed that thymol concentration was not significantly different in the mash and pelleted feeds (P &gt; 0.05). In the in vitro study, 26.04% thymol was released in SGF, and the rest of the thymol was progressively released in SIF until completion, which was achieved by 24 h. The in vivo study showed that 15.5% of thymol was released in the stomach, and 41.85% of thymol was delivered in the mid-jejunum section. Only 2.21% of thymol was recovered in feces. In conclusion, the lipid matrix microparticles were able to maintain the stability of thymol during a feed pelleting process and storage and allow a slow and progressive intestinal release of thymol in weaned pigs.
Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency in a chromaffin cell model retains metabolic fitness through the maintenance of mitochondrial NADH oxidoreductase function
Authors: Kľučková Katarína , Thakker Alpesh , Vettore Lisa , Escribano-Gonzalez Cristina , Hindshaw Rebecca L. , Tearle Jacqueline L. E. , Goncalves Judith , Kaul Baksho , Lavery Gareth G. , Favier Judith , Tennant Daniel A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMutations in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) lead to the development of tumors in a restricted subset of cell types, including chromaffin cells and paraganglia. The molecular basis for this specificity is currently unknown. We show that loss of SDH activity in a chromaffin cell model does not perturb complex I function, retaining the ability to oxidize NADH within the electron transport chain. This activity supports continued oxidation of substrates within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, due to the block in the TCA cycle at SDH, the high glutamine oxidation activity is only maintained through an efflux of succinate. We also show that although the mitochondria of SDH‐deficient cells are less active per se, their higher mass per cell results in an overall respiratory rate that is comparable with wild‐type cells. Finally, we observed that when their mitochondria are uncoupled, SDH‐deficient cells are unable to preserve their viability, suggesting that the mitochondrial metabolic network is unable to compensate when exposed to additional stress. We therefore show that in contrast to models of SDH deficiency based on epithelial cells, a chromaffin cell model retains aspects of metabolic “health,” which could form the basis of cell specificity of this rare tumor type.
An international multicenter examination of MOG antibody assays
Authors: Reindl Markus , Schanda Kathrin , Woodhall Mark , Tea Fiona , Ramanathan Sudarshini , Sagen Jessica , Fryer Jim , Mills John , Teegen Bianca , Mindorf Swantje , Ritter Nora , Krummrei Ulrike , Stöcker Winfried , Eggert Juliane , Flanagan Eoin P. , Ramberger Melanie , Hegen Harald , Rostasy Kevin , Berger Thomas , Leite Maria Isabel , Palace Jacqueline , Irani Sarosh R. , Dale Russell C. , Probst Christian , Probst Monika , Brilot Fabienne , Pittock Sean , Waters Patrick 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the reproducibility of 11 antibody assays for IgG and IgM myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG, MOG-IgM) from five international centers.MethodsThe following samples were analyzed: MOG-IgG clearly positive sera (n=39), MOG-IgG low positive sera (n=39), borderline negative sera (n=13), clearly negative sera (n=40), and healthy blood donors (n=30). As technical controls, 18 replicates (9 MOG-IgG positive and 9 negative) were included. All samples and controls were re-coded, aliquoted, and distributed to the five testing centers which performed the following antibody assays: five live and one fixed immunofluorescence cell-based assays (CBA-IF, five MOG-IgG, one MOG-IgM), three live flow cytometry cell-based assays (FACS-CBA, all MOG-IgG), and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA, both MOG-IgG).ResultsWe found excellent agreement (96%) between the live CBAs for MOG-IgG for samples previously identified as clearly positive or negative from four different national testing centers. The agreement was lower with fixed CBA-IF (90%) and the ELISA showed no concordance with CBAs for detection of human MOG-IgG. All CBAs showed excellent inter-assay reproducibility. The agreement of MOG-IgG CBAs for borderline negative (77%) and particularly low positive (33%) samples was less good. Finally, most samples from healthy blood donors (97%) were negative for MOG-IgG in all CBAs.ConclusionLive MOG-IgG CBAs showed excellent agreement for high positive and very good agreement for negative samples at four international testing centers. Low positive samples were more frequently discordant than in similar assays for other autoantigens. Further research is needed to improve international standardization for clinical care.
Differential asthma risk following respiratory infection in children from three minority populations
Authors: Wohlford Eric M. , Borrell Luisa N. , Elhawary Jennifer R. , Plotkin Brian , Oh Sam S. , Nuckton Thomas J. , Eng Celeste , Salazar Sandra , LeNoir Michael A. , Meade Kelley , Farber Harold J. , Serebrisky Denise , Brigino-Buenaventura Emerita , Rodriguez-Cintron William , Kumar Rajesh , Thyne Shannon , Seibold Max A. , Rodriguez-Santana José R. , Burchard Esteban G. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRationaleSevere early-life respiratory illnesses, particularly those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV), are strongly associated with the development of asthma in children. Puerto Rican children in particular have a strikingly high asthma burden, but prior studies of the potential associations between early-life respiratory illnesses and asthma in Puerto Rican and other minority populations have been limited.ObjectivesWe sought to determine whether early-life respiratory illness was associated with asthma in Puerto Rican children relative to other minority children.MethodsUsing a logistic regression analysis, we examined the association between early-life respiratory illnesses (report of upper respiratory infection (URI), pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis/RSV) within the first two years of life and physician-diagnosed asthma after the age of two in a large cohort of minority children.Measurements and Main ResultsEarly-life respiratory illnesses were associated with greater asthma risk in Puerto Ricans relative to other racial/ethnic minority populations. Specifically, in Puerto Ricans, the odds was 6.15 (95% CI: 4.21-9.05) if the child reported at least one of the following respiratory illness: URI, pneumonia, bronchitis or bronchiolitis. The odds were also higher in Puerto Ricans when considering these conditions separately.ConclusionsWe observe population-specific associations between early-life respiratory illnesses and asthma, which was especially significant in Puerto Ricans. Taken together with the known high burden of RSV in Puerto Rico, our results may help explain the high burden of asthma in Puerto Ricans.
Brain functional network integrity sustains cognitive function despite atrophy in presymptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Tsvetanov Kamen A. , Gazzina Stefano , Jones P. Simon , Swieten John van , Borroni Barbara , Sanchez-Valle Raquel , Moreno Fermin , Laforce Robert , Graff Caroline , Synofzik Matthis , Galimberti Daniela , Masellis Mario , Tartaglia Maria Carmela , Finger Elizabeth , Vandenberghe Rik , de Mendonça Alexandre , Tagliavini Fabrizio , Santana Isabel , Ducharme Simon , Butler Chris , Gerhard Alexander , Danek Adrian , Levin Johannes , Otto Markus , Frisoni Giovanni , Ghidoni Roberta , Sorbi Sandro , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Rowe James B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractINTRODUCTIONThe presymptomatic phase of neurodegenerative disease can last many years, with sustained cognitive function despite progressive atrophy. We investigate this phenomenon in familial Frontotemporal dementia (FTD).METHODSWe studied 121 presymptomatic FTD mutation carriers and 134 family members without mutations, using multivariate data-driven approach to link cognitive performance with both structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Atrophy and brain network connectivity were compared between groups, in relation to the time from expected symptom onset.RESULTSThere were group differences in brain structure and function, in the absence of differences in cognitive performance. Specifically, we identified behaviourally-relevant structural and functional network differences. Structure-function relationships were similar in both groups, but coupling between functional connectivity and cognition was stronger for carriers than for non-carriers, and increased with proximity to the expected onset of disease.DISCUSSIONOur findings suggest that maintenance of functional network connectivity enables carriers to maintain cognitive performance.