bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spotlight on Photoinduced Aryl Migration Reactions
Authors: Huynh Marie , De Abreu Maxime , Belmont Philippe , Brachet Etienne 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRearrangement reactions are certainly one of the most useful approaches towards complex structures in organic chemistry. With efficient conditions, it is indeed possible to convert simple substrates into highly functionalized products. Moreover, combining this approach with an attractive initiation process, such as visible‐light catalysis, makes these reactions particularly powerful. Recently, tremendous improvements have been made, owing to a better understanding of photoredox mechanisms. In this review, recent progress on visible‐light aryl migration reactions is discussed, focusing especially on Smiles rearrangement and related reactions.
Saccharide Recognition by a Three‐Arm‐Shaped Host Having Preorganized Three‐Dimensional Hydrogen‐Bonding Sites
Authors: Ohishi Yuki , Masuda Kentaro , Kudo Kazuki , Abe Hajime , Inouye Masahiko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGenerally, cage‐shaped hosts for saccharides can bind strongly to guest molecules because of the three‐dimensional preorganized hydrogen‐bonding sites. However, the preparation of cage molecules is often difficult because of the low yield of the macrocyclization step. Here, we report a three‐arm‐shaped molecule possessing pyridine‐acetylene‐phenol units as a new kind of host having a preorganized three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonding site. This three‐arm‐shaped host was readily prepared compared to a cage‐shaped analogue. This host associated with lipophilic glycosides to form chiral complexes, and the association constants were sufficiently high as to be comparable to those of the cage‐shaped analogue. Furthermore, this host extracted native monosaccharides into a lipophilic solvent.
Chiral Imidazoline Ligands and Their Applications in Metal‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis†
Authors: Li Jiajing , Yu Bing , Lu Zhan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs a structural analog of oxazoline, imidazoline (4,5‐dihydroimidazole) has received much attention in the rational design of chiral ligands. The additional N‐substituent provides broader space for fine‐tuning of electronic and steric effects, and it offers a good handle for immobilizing onto solid supports. In the past decades, imidazoline ring has emerged as a powerful candidate for the design of chiral nitrogen‐containing ligands, as well as a significant alternative for oxazoline ring. Various chiral imidazoline ligands have been designed and utilized in asymmetric organic reactions. These new catalysts can not only be applied in classical reactions, but also be employed to develop new organic reactions with high enantioselectivities. This review provides an overview of chiral imidazoline ligands. Their applications in asymmetric synthesis are also summarized.
Classification of Generalized Kähler‐Ricci Solitons on Complex Surfaces
Authors: Streets Jeffrey , Ustinovskiy Yury 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUsing toric geometry we give an explicit construction of the compact steady solitons for pluriclosed flow first constructed in by the first author in 2019. This construction also reveals that these solitons are generalized Kähler in two distinct ways, with vanishing and nonvanishing Poisson structure. This gives the first examples of generalized Kähler structures with nonvanishing Poisson structure on nonstandard Hopf surfaces, completing the existence question for such structures. Moreover, this gives a complete answer to the existence question for generalized Kähler‐Ricci solitons on compact complex surfaces. In the setting of generalized Kähler geometry with vanishing Poisson structure, we show that these solitons are unique. We show that these solitons are global attractors for the generalized Kähler‐Ricci flow among metrics with maximal symmetry. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
A Model Averaging/Selection Approach Improves the Predictive Performance of Model‐Informed Precision Dosing: Vancomycin as a Case Study
Authors: Uster David W. , Stocker Sophie L. , Carland Jane E. , Brett Jonathan , Marriott Deborah J.E. , Day Richard O. , Wicha Sebastian G. 
Published: September 2020

Many important drugs exhibit substantial variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics leading to a loss of the desired clinical outcomes or significant adverse effects. Forecasting drug exposures using pharmacometric models can improve individual target attainment when compared with conventional therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). However, selecting the “correct” model for this model‐informed precision dosing (MIPD) is challenging. We derived and evaluated a model selection algorithm (MSA) and a model averaging algorithm (MAA), which automates model selection and finds the best model or combination of models for each patient using vancomycin as a case study, and implemented both algorithms in the MIPD software “TDMx.” The predictive performance (based on accuracy and precision) of the two algorithms was assessed in (i) a simulation study of six distinct populations and (ii) a clinical dataset of 180 patients undergoing TDM during vancomycin treatment and compared with the performance obtained using a single model. Throughout the six virtual populations the MSA and MAA (imprecision: 9.9–24.2%, inaccuracy: less than ± 8.2%) displayed more accurate predictions than the single models (imprecision: 8.9–51.1%; inaccuracy: up to 28.9%). In the clinical dataset, the predictive performance of the single models applying at least one plasma concentration varied substantially (imprecision: 28–62%, inaccuracy: −16 to 25%), whereas the MSA or MAA utilizing these models simultaneously resulted in unbiased and precise predictions (imprecision: 29% and 30%, inaccuracy: −5% and 0%, respectively). MSA and MAA approaches implemented in TDMx might thereby lower the burden of fit‐for‐purpose validation of individual models and streamline MIPD.
Hydrostatic‐Pressure‐Controlled Molecular Recognition: A Steroid Sensing Case Using Modified Cyclodextrin
Authors: Miyagawa Akihisa , Yoneda Hiroshi , Mizuno Hiroaki , Numata Munenori , Okada Tetsuo , Fukuhara Gaku 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDansyl‐modified cyclodextrin (CD) demonstrates molecular recognition behavior under high pressure as revealed by means of hydrostatic‐pressure UV/Vis, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopies, as well as fluorescence lifetime measurements. The dansyl branch, originally included into the CD cavity, was gradually excluded with increasing pressure, and then reached to lie on the primary rim. The CD sector rule can be used to explain the pressure‐dependent pre‐equilibration of ‘naphthyl‐in’ and ‘naphthyl‐out’ complexes. These in‐out conformers play pivotal roles in guest binding under high pressure. The supramolecular complexation of cholic acid, i. e., ursodeoxycholic or chenodeoxycholic acid, with the modified CD was also suppressed upon hydrostatic pressurization due to both positive reaction volumes (ΔV>0). The present work provides a useful strategy for designing a pressure‐responsive chemical sensor based on modified CD.
Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode for Ciprofloxacin Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Square Wave Voltammetry
Authors: Alves Guilherme Figueira , Lisboa Thalles Pedrosa , de Faria Lucas Vinícius , de Farias Davi Marques , Matos Maria Auxiliadora Costa , Matos Renato Camargo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this work, a new electrochemical sensor based on pencil graphite with interesting features, such as low cost (US$ 0.01 per electrode), ease manufacture, and portability was developed. The sensor showed an adequate manufacturing reproducibility with RSD <5.3 %. Under this electrochemical platform, ciprofloxacin underwent an irreversible oxidation process at 1.03 V, characterized by the diffusion of electroactive species. A simple method by square wave voltammetry (SWV) has been optimized for the determination of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations using a pencil graphite electrode (PGE). The method showed satisfactory analytical performance, with a wide linear range (12 to 55 μmol L−1), low detection limit (5.6 μmol L−1), adequate precision (RSD <3.2 %), and accuracy with an average recovery of (102±15)%. Samples of pharmaceutical formulations were evaluated, obtaining levels of ciprofloxacin close to those established by the manufacturers. In addition, the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography and there was no significant difference between the methods at the 95 % confidence level. In this sense, the method developed proved to be reliable and promising for the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations.
Nutritional, Texture, and Sensory Properties of composite biscuits produced from breadfruit and wheat flours enriched with edible fish meal
Authors: Bakare Adegoke H. , Adeola Abiodun A. , Otesile Ibijoke , Obadina Adewale O. , Afolabi Wasiu A. , Adegunwa Mojisola O. , Akerele Rachael A. , Bamgbose Olaoluwa O. , Alamu Emmanuel O. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to develop biscuits with improved nutritional contents using edible fish meal from catfish as the source of macro‐ and micronutrient enrichment while trying to reduce the input of wheat flour in biscuit‐making process. The biscuit was produced using edible fish meal (EFM: 0%–40%) from catfish, improved quality breadfruit (IQBF: 0%–60%), and wheat flours (WF: 0%–40%). Macro (crude protein, fat, fiber, ash, and carbohydrate)‐ and micro (calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and iron)‐nutrient contents of the biscuit were determined. The color (lightness—L*, redness—a*, and yellowness—b*), texture (hardness, springiness, and adhesiveness), and sensory (taste, texture, and overall acceptability) attributes of the biscuits were assessed using standard methods. Model characteristics of the responses were profiled, and numerical optimization technique was used to predict combination/blends that produce biscuits with desired nutritional contents. Moisture, crude protein, fat, fiber, and ash values were in the range of 3.50%–5.57%, 3.06%–15.52%, 13.62%–26.00%, 0.31%–1.40%, and 1.98%–5.32%, respectively. The iron, calcium, and phosphorus contents of the biscuit ranged from 103.85 to 201.30 mg/100 g, 100 to 754 mg/100 g, and 8 mg/100 g to 304 mg/100 g, respectively. Interaction between the models for WF and EFM was significant and this significantly affected the L* (36.37–51.90) and adhesiveness (0.01–0.29) values for color and texture, respectively. Similar observations were also noticed for most of the nutrients. The quadratic models selected for the nutrients were all significant (p < .05) and the adjusted R2 ranged from 0.61 to 0.84 and 0.59 to 0.97 for the macro‐ and micronutrients, respectively. In conclusion, a biscuit from IQBF, WF, and EFM of 61.33, 0.07, and 38.60 with protein, fat, ash, iron, and calcium contents of 10.41%, 17.59%, 2.05%, 120.52 mg/100 g, and 500.00 mg/100 g, respectively, was produced.
Innovative approach to identify multigenomic and environmental interactions associated with birth defects in family‐based hybrid designs
Authors: Lou Xiang‐Yang , Hou Ting‐Ting , Liu Shou‐Ye , Xu Hai‐Ming , Lin Feng , Tang Xinyu , MacLeod Stewart L. , Cleves Mario A. , Hobbs Charlotte A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGenes, including those with transgenerational effects, work in concert with behavioral, environmental, and social factors via complex biological networks to determine human health. Understanding complex relationships between causal factors underlying human health is an essential step towards deciphering biological mechanisms. We propose a new analytical framework to investigate the interactions between maternal and offspring genetic variants or their surrogate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and environmental factors using family‐based hybrid study design. The proposed approach can analyze diverse genetic and environmental factors and accommodate samples from a variety of family units, including case/control–parental triads, and case/control–parental dyads, while minimizing potential bias introduced by population admixture. Comprehensive simulations demonstrated that our innovative approach outperformed the log‐linear approach, the best available method for case–control family data. The proposed approach had greater statistical power and was capable to unbiasedly estimate the maternal and child genetic effects and the effects of environmental factors, while controlling the Type I error rate against population stratification. Using our newly developed approach, we analyzed the associations between maternal and fetal SNPs and obstructive and conotruncal heart defects, with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors and dietary supplements. Fourteen and 11 fetal SNPs were associated with obstructive and conotruncal heart defects, respectively. Twenty‐seven and 17 maternal SNPs were associated with obstructive and conotruncal heart defects, respectively. In addition, maternal body mass index was a significant risk factor for obstructive defects. The proposed approach is a powerful tool for interrogating the etiological mechanism underlying complex traits.
The ‘Health Transformation Plan’ in Iran: A policy to achieve universal health coverage in slums and informal settlement areas
Authors: Behzadifar Masoud , Saran Maryam , Behzadifar Meysam , Martini Mariano , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUniversal health coverage (UHC) is one of the strategies that health decision‐ and policy‐makers worldwide are implementing to guarantee a good health status to everyone. Living in slums is characterized by several issues, including homelessness and malnutrition, environmental challenges, lack of sanitation and access to safe, healthy drinking water, waste disposal problems, widespread social disruptions, job insecurity, feelings of dissatisfaction and inadequacy. In Iran, the ‘Health Transformation Plan’ (HTP), despite its weaknesses, has had good effects on the health level of people living in slums, ensuring insurance coverage and reducing many economic, social and cultural problems, with a dramatic decline in out‐of‐pocket expenditures. Good governmental financial support and an adequate revision of the initial packages of health services and provisions have resulted in a higher access rate to healthcare. The HTP has been, indeed, a major step towards reaching UHC in Iran. If policy‐ and decision‐makers can further improve the present situation and provide more and better‐quality services to these people, it can be expected that health indicators in suburbs will be significantly improved. Researchers should monitor the impact of HTP and examine its effects on health indicators, specifically among particularly vulnerable groups such as children, women and the elderly.
Towards Systemic Handling of Requirements in the Oil and Gas Industry – a Case Study
Authors: Helle Kirsten , Engen Siv , Falk Kristin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper presents valuable insights on implementation of requirement management system in the oil and gas industry. The focus on cost reduction in this industry has led to an urgent need for a more systematic requirement handling.The paper presents a survey asking international oil and gas actors for status and needs with respect to requirement management. Furthermore, the paper presents experiences from implementing a Requirement Management System at a major supplier in the industry.The international survey confirms that the oil and gas industry is lagging behind other industries when it comes to implementation of systematic requirement handling. A second result is that the paper shows a clear positive effect when implementing a requirement management system at a single supplier. In conclusion, by implementing such a system, the industry will limit the number of requirement, save cost, and reduce the need for testing and validation. To achieve this, companies will need management support and collaboration across the supply chain. A cross‐industry implementation would result in a significant effect, both in terms of reduced cost and increased flexibility.
Towards Defining the Systems Habits of a ‘Primed’ Student Engineer
Authors: Browne Chris A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the philosophical underpinnings of a systems approach to engineering are described. These “habits of thought” capture fundamental ways of thinking that—when used together—distinguish systems engineers from traditional, discipline‐based engineers, with particular attention to a ‘pre‐awareness’ level of the Systems Thinking competency within the INCOSE competency framework. By discussing the philosophy for a systems‐level approach to engineering, the foundational aspects from systems engineering and the broader systems sciences important in an undergraduate program can be discussed. Through this paper, systems principles—or habits—are proposed, essential for creating modern engineers who can shape the engineering profession into the future.
General Modeling Language to Support Model‐based Systems Engineering Formalisms (Part 1)
Authors: Lu Jinzhi , Wang Guoxin , Ma Junda , Kiritsis Dimitris , Zhang Hang , Törngren Martin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractModel‐based systems engineering (MBSE) has been proposed for systems engineering (SE) whereby modeling approaches have been developed to support formalisms of system artifacts. By using traditional MBSE approaches, these formalisms are described by different languages; however, the use of different tools for such languages leads to gaps which result in integration difficulties for various system engineering product views, such as the requirements, architecture, and others. In this study, a textual modeling language is developed based on a graph, object, point, property, role, and relationship approach, known as “Karma,” to formalize models and meta‐models. Its main goal is to construct different MBSE languages and their models, and to formalize the model‐transformation and code‐generation processes during the entire lifecycle. Based on the Karma language, an MBSE tool is developed to formalize the entire SE approach of products with the use of models, and to support automated model transformation for architecture‐driven and code‐generation schemes (introduced in Part 2 of this paper series). Finally, we evaluate the feasibility of the Karma language with our developed tool MetaGraph with an example which is based on the use of an auto‐braking case in an autonomously driven system.
Experiments in Leading through Influence: Reflections from a Group of Emerging Technical Leaders
Authors: Browne Chris A. , Brown Jeffrey , Cadigan John , Davidz Heidi , Fadeley David , Feli Heather , Geist Karl C. , Gross Myra Parsons , Kusunoki Maz , Lee Clement , Meyer Al , Romana Louis‐Emmanuel , Spencer Brad , Stolzar Lauren , Stringhetti Luca , Tham Ming Wah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTechnical leadership is a skill defined in the INCOSE professional competencies. This paper presents reflections on a shared learning journey about technical leadership from the perspective of a group of emerging technical leaders. These reflections provide insights around building awareness, navigating power and influence, benchmarking personal performance, developing capacity for change and establishing critical friends. The final section provides lessons for working as a global team in technical leadership. This paper is of relevance to any technical leader looking to develop this capacity across technical sectors.
Systems Engineering Issues in Microgrids for Military Installations
Authors: Giachetti Ronald E. , Peterson Christopher J. , Van Bossuyt Douglas L. , Parker Gary W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the systems engineering issues involved in the design of microgrid systems for military installations. A review of how microgrids function including major system elements is provided from a systems engineering perspective for non‐microgrid experts. Specific issues that systems engineers are beginning to address and that remain to be addressed are highlighted. The activities of the INCOSE Critical Infrastructure Protection and Recovery (CIPR) Working Group demonstrate the growing importance of systems engineers to addressing microgrid issues. The increasing interest within the US Department of Defense in improving microgrids on installations shows the need to address issues that are specific to military microgrids.
Interface Management – the Neglected Orphan of Systems Engineering
Authors: Davies Paul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEvery Interface is an opportunity to lose information, time, control and / or money through contention between stakeholders at either end. There are many issues surrounding Interface management, which are relatively unexplored in the engineering literature. Interface management is perceived as a critical skill in the engineering of successful systems (INCOSE TP‐2018‐002‐01.0), but finding useful material on the subject proves elusive. It is not that there is a gap in the collective Body of Knowledge (BoK) – but there is definitely a gap in the documented BoK. This paper explores some of the characteristics of this gap, and outlines some of the key concepts in best practice. Along the way, the differences between best practice for interfaces and best perceived practice for architecting systems are noted, and recommendations for changes in approach are given.
An Interactive Tool for Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing of Customer Needs in the Conceptual Phase
Authors: Vanebo Roselie Beate , Kj⊘rstad Marianne 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper aims to research how the use of an interactive tool can facilitate collaboration, knowledge sharing and enhance the understanding of customer needs in conceptual phase at a global shipbuilding company. An effective conceptual phase depends on collaboration and mutual understanding of customer needs to capture customer requirements and transform them into a base of design‐document. Lack of early common understanding can result in increased project cost or in worst‐case loss of contract. We used action research as an approach for our study and developed and implemented an interactive tool in a case at the company. In‐depth interviews and root‐cause analysis were used to determine the pain‐points of the as‐is situation. A feedback survey was used to evaluate the performance and result of the interactive tool. The results indicate that the interactive tool contributes to a better overview of ongoing projects, increased knowledge sharing, and enhanced common understanding.
Systems Theory: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice for Systems Engineering
Authors: Keating Charles B. , Katina Polinpapilinho F. , Hodge Richard , Bradley Joseph M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper explores Systems Theory (ST) contributions to improve the Systems Engineering (SE) discipline and practice. Recently, INCOSE has recognized that ST can provide a valuable theoretical and conceptual foundation to better ground the evolving SE discipline. At a fundamental level ST can be described as a set of axioms (taken for granted truths about systems) and propositions (principles, concepts, and laws that explain system behavior, structure, and performance) with a basis in the underlying science of systems. Our purpose is to bridge the gap between Systems Science and SE by exploring the practical implications for ST to improve both the SE discipline and practice. Following a short introduction to ST in the context of the SE discipline challenges, two primary objectives are pursued: (1) overview and positioning of ST for contribution to SE development, and (2) examination of articulation of ST axioms and associated propositions and their implications for enhancing SE practice. The paper closes with suggestion of the reciprocal contributions for SE and ST as well as the enhancement of SE to deal more effectively with increasingly complex systems and their problems.