bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operational and Efficient Production Functions: Measuring Efficiency in Abyek Cement Factory
Authors: Bidabad Bijan , Sherafati Mahshid , Mohammadi Roohollah 
Published: April 2020

In this paper, Leontief linear production functions with one product, and one activity are used to derive the production function of Abyek Cement Factory. The mathematical closed form of production function and also, profit, cost, and demand functions for production factors are obtained for the cited factory.
We tried to calculate Operational Production Function of Abyek Cement Factory. It was realized that Leontief linear production function is applicable, and its mathematical form can properly express the economic structure of production in a cement factory.
The efficient production function for this factory is also derived in this research. This function exhibits the costs incurred due to the inefficient production of the factory during different years. According to the findings, it was concluded that if the Abyek Cement Factory produces efficiently through employing optimal amounts of factors of production, it can reduce costs by 21 to 52 percent without any change in production level. Calculations were done for both short-term and long-term periods.
JEL: D22, L11, L61
Internal, External, and Religiosity Determinant of Performance in Indonesian Navy Primary Cooperative(Primkopal)
Authors: Mulyono Lilik , . Miyasto , . Roikhan 
Published: April 2020

The background of this research is the desire to make Cooperative as the Indonesian Economy Piillar yet the goal has not been achieved. On the other hand the majority of Indonesian people are Islam who have the obligation to run the sharia completely and perfectly. In Islamic business which is guided by Tawheed and by applying the Islamic economic value that upholds the value of brotherhood, honesty, mutual trust, reject usury, and justice is the basic sharia that must be run for the ummah.Therefore, the board, supervisors, executors, and members of the cooperative are expected to implement the guidelines to create and increase the true welfare, namely happiness and peace of mind.The research by SEM-PLS method concluded that the test result to get empirical evidence with internal, external, and religiosity variables in cooperative management and performance at Headquarter of Navy Detachment Primary Cooperative, Jakarta give the positive impact for cooperative development on sharia concept.The recommendations that writer can disclose is the need for seriousness in managing cooperatives, whole in strategy, structure, system, commitment, and capital for the welfare of the members. Furthermore it can help the worship more beneficial by implementing concept of sharia which is blessed by Allah SWT.
Islamic Monetary Policy and Rastin Swap Bonds
Authors: Bidabad Bijan 
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This paper aims to examine monetary instruments in Islamic central banking framework. As a conclusion, to revive Islamic monetary policy, we should provide some public equity-based instrument as a necessary replacement for conventional bonds and treasury bills to activate non-usury open market operations.
Design: We define a type of new negotiable bond as: “Rastin Swap Bonds (RSBs)”, which is based on swapping money between two persons for two different periods.
Findings: RSB is a financial paper that observes the right for the lender to borrow an equal amount to his lending from the borrower. Four types of RSBs in domestic money and foreign currency are defined, and their Sharia allowances and monetary, fiscal, and financial effects are evaluated.
Research limitations: This bond is a novel design, and it is required to be more elaborated for further practical development and adjustment.
Practical implications: Islamic central banking is not different from conventional central banking as a whole, but the role of an Islamic central bank in conducting monetary policy is restricted to use interest-free monetary instruments in an environment that commercial banks are obliged to implement non-usury banking operations.
Social implications: Islamic financial instruments should be usury-free and efficient in applying monetary, fiscal, and financial policies at different levels of the central bank, government and commercial banks and non-banking money and financial institutions. Rastin Swap Bond will serve as an important instrument for resource mobilization and will be a primary vehicle for the development of the Islamic capital market and central banking operations.
Originality/value: Conventional interest-bearing bonds are not allowed in Islamic central banking. This restriction mostly distinguishes Islamic central banking from the conventional one in implementing monetary policy.
Article Type: Technical paper
JEL: G21, G28, H81
Rastin Swap Card (RSC): A Financial Instrument of Rastin Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan 
Published: April 2020

Rastin Swap Card is defined in Rastin Banking. This card is issued based on the Swap Contract in Rastin Banking or principle of sovereignty rights of contracts. In Rastin Swap Card there are two periods. In the first period card issuer lends money to the cardholder, and in the second period borrows money from card holder instead. At the first stage card issuer credits a certain amount of money for specific time duration to the card of cardholder and requests the cardholder to deposit the same amount for the same period at the end of the cited time duration (first maturity) in the issuer's deposit account. Card issuer and cardholder can agree for a combination of amount and duration for which the product of them (amount by the duration) be equal for both operations of lending money by the issuer and depositing by the cardholder.Rastin Swap Card (RSD) has no interest rate and is different from conventional debit and credit cards, but considering the ICT-based systems, RSD is being processed and managed through electronic banking systems. Rastin Swap Card can be issued in both local and foreign currencies. Bank receives a fee by offering Rastin Swap Card service.
JEL: E43, E44, E52, E58, E62, E63
Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP): A Complementary System of Rastin Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan , Allahyarifard Mahmoud 
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This paper aims to define a new protocol, whereby brings the required preparations for the bank to collect its claim or its customer’s claim through withdrawal from the debtor’s account in other banks and financial institutions that have signed the protocol.
Design: According to this protocol and under central bank supervision, the bank (as owner or attorney of the third party) as claimer of check, promissory note, bill, or a debt initiated by customer's commitment based on collaterals or guarantees, withdraws the claim from the debtor’s accounts in other banks and financial institutions that are members of the protocol through Automatic Clearing House (ACH).
Findings: Despite taking collaterals, guarantees, and binding of contracts, executive debt collection process through the legal proceedings is a major challenge that banks, financial institutions, and persons are facing. The legal and execution process of debt collection through collaterals and guarantees are complicated, lengthy, and costly. Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) solves the problem by proposing a protocol to be accepted by banks to permit withdrawal of the account of the debtor in other banks.
Practical implications: It is seen much that a person owes a lot to a person or bank, but s/he deposits her/his money at her/his accounts in other banks. The Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) is an agreement between banks which permits the bank to collect the debt through online-withdraw from the accounts of the debtor at other banks after depleting the account of the debtor at the agent bank.
Social implications: This protocol increases reliance and security upon commitments and provides fast settlement and debt collection without time-consuming judicial process. It also reduces judicial proceedings and execution of active files in courts and consequently related costs.
Originality/value: Complementary systems in Rastin Banking have been designed to solve the prevailing problems of banking and financial activities. IWP was designed to provide necessary arrangements for fast, clean debt collection and encashing check and collecting the bill.
JEL: L86, L87, G21, G24
Property Title, Formal Credit Access and Business Expansion
Authors: Okon Emmanuel O. 
Published: April 2020

The cardinal objective of this study is to examine the impact of Land Title Document on credit access and business growth. A case study was applied on Nasarawa state, Nigeria to better understand the phenomenon been researched. Information was gathered from the field through face-to-face interviews and through the administering of questionnaire among business operators in some selected towns. The research revealed that a large proportion of respondents do not have Land Title Document to their business premises and that they have never made a request for it from government agency before. 60.00% of respondents’ responded that the duration of the processing of the document takes months/years. 44.52% of respondents reported that never have banks made request for the document before granting loan facilities while 30.24% of respondents’ indicated ‘yes, often’. From the responses, 40.47% of respondents were of the view that possession of ‘C of O’ document will not enhance their capital based and business expansion. The views of the respondents suggest that delay is a major problem in the processing of Land Title Document. Among the reasons cited for the delays are problems with documentation and legal issues. A reasonable percentage of respondents (31.43%) were of the view that the cost of obtaining ‘C of C’ is high and difficult in the State. A suggested solution is that the government agency handling this document should be reorganize and the steps required to obtain this document should be reduced and made uniform within the State.
An Exploratory Analysis of Market Segmentation and Young Mobile Phone Consumers in Nigeria
Authors: Chinwendu Okonkwo Deborah 
Published: April 2020

Purpose - The subject of market segmentation with respect to the use of mobile phones is an area that offers promising insights to strategic marketing decisions. The principles of market segmentation as established and grounded in marketing theory contain a multi-dimensional task of segmenting, targeting and positioning. Since telecommunications has inevitably transformed the entire well – being of man, of whom the young people are an interesting category, there has been a rising interest on various patterns of mobile phone usages among young consumers. This study therefore focuses on identifying various segments inherent within the younger consumers’ category in order to aid the formulation and implementation of adequate strategic marketing decisions.
Design/methodology/approach - This study adopts the exploratory research approach as it attempts to get a general grasp of issues revolving around target market segmentation, as it relates to mobile phone usage patterns among young consumers. Secondary data was used and analysed vis-à-vis the outcome of a segmentation exercise previously conducted by a field expert.
Findings - This study has adapted the six very important segments inherent among young mobile phone users vis: ‘talk n texters’, ‘gaming youths’, ‘talkative trendies’, ‘aspiring to be accepted’, ‘sophisticated careerists’, and ‘international business users’ and practically related them to the Nigerian younger consumers context.
Practical Implications - The implication of this study for marketing practice is that organizational decisions are better guided as it becomes a lot easier to make target marketing decisions. Besides, the differing characteristics among the young mobile phone users category have been made more visible, necessitating the design of a more focused product offering suitable to each consumer category.
Originality/Value – This study is a unique effort directed at an area of concern in marketing with very little or no attention accorded to it within the Nigerian market. It captures an interesting segment of the Nigerian mobile technologies market and presents a framework that offers a good basis for much more complex research activities in the nearest future.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SCRAMBLE
Authors: Mustika Helma , Mariati  
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi dari hasil pengamatan di SMP Negeri 5 Batang Gansal ditemui hasil belajar siswa masih tergolong rendah, dan masih banyak siswa yang tidak mau bertanya dan malas menyelesaikan soal dengan alasan tidak paham, siswa beranggapan matematika sulit dan memusingkan, anggapan itu muncul karena siswa kesulitan mengerjakan soal matematika dan siswa merasa bosan dengan proses pembelajaran yang kurang menyenangkan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran Scramble di kelas VII SMP Negeri 5 Batang Gansal. Jenis Penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK), dengan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu tes, lembar observasi dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis pemahaman konsep matematika dengan kriteria ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) yaitu 75 dan analisis lembar observasi. Berdasarkan uji hipotesis penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan pada pra siklus, siklus I dan siklus II. Jumlah siswa yang tuntas pada prasiklus sebanyak 6 siswa atau (35,29%), pada siklus I sebanyak 13 siswa atau (76,47%), dan siklus II sebanyak 16 siswa atau (94,12%). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran Scramble dapat meningkatkan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 5 Batang Gansal.
Wiisaakodewininiwag ga-nanaakonaawaad: Jiibe- Giizhikwe, Racial Homeopathy, and “Eastern Métis” Identity Claims
Authors: O'Toole Darren 
Published: April 2020

While Justice Dallaire was of the opinion that it would be “easier to nail Jell-O to the wall” than draw any conclusions about the existence of a “Métis” community in Maniwaki, the Séguin affaire is nevertheless scheduled to go to trial in 2020. The lawyer for the accused in the Tremblay affaire has asked for a trial novo due to "new evidence" that has come forward. This "new evidence" is partly from Dr. Sébastien Malette's expert witness report and testimony in the Séguin affaire as well as from Guillaume Marcotte's M.A. thesis that was recently published as a monograph. Malette and Marcotte also published an article together in which they claim that a certain Marie-Louise Riel of the Gatineau region was Louis Riel's aunt and that she hid him from Canadian authorities. This article seeks to evaluate both of these claims, as well as to contextualize certain quotes from Louis Riel, Gabriel Dumont and Valéry Havard that they mobilize as further "evidence" of the existence of historical "Métis" communities in eastern Canada.
Post-transcriptional regulation of several biological processes involved in latex production in Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Leclercq Julie , Wu Shuangyang , Farinas Benoît , Pointet Stéphanie , Favreau Bénédicte , Vignes Hélène , Kuswanhadi Kuswanhadi , Ortega-Abboud Enrique , Dufayard Jean-François , Gao Shenghan , Droc Gaëtan , Hu Songnian , Tang Chaorong , Montoro Pascal 
Published: April 2020

Background
Small RNAs modulate plant gene expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, mostly through the induction of either targeted DNA methylation or transcript cleavage, respectively. Small RNA networks are involved in specific plant developmental processes, in signaling pathways triggered by various abiotic stresses and in interactions between the plant and viral and non-viral pathogens. They are also involved in silencing maintenance of transposable elements and endogenous viral elements. Alteration in small RNA production in response to various environmental stresses can affect all the above-mentioned processes. In rubber trees, changes observed in small RNA populations in response to trees affected by tapping panel dryness, in comparison to healthy ones, suggest a shift from a transcriptional to a post-transcriptional regulatory pathway. This is the first attempt to characterise small RNAs involved in post-transcriptional silencing and their target transcripts in Hevea.

Methods
Genes producing microRNAs (MIR genes) and loci producing trans-activated small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) were identified in the clone PB 260 re-sequenced genome. Degradome libraries were constructed with a pool of total RNA from six different Hevea tissues in stressed and non-stressed plants. The analysis of cleaved RNA data, associated with genomics and transcriptomics data, led to the identification of transcripts that are affected by 20–22 nt small RNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. A detailed analysis was carried out on gene families related to latex production and in response to growth regulators.

Results
Compared to other tissues, latex cells had a higher proportion of transcript cleavage activity mediated by miRNAs and ta-siRNAs. Post-transcriptional regulation was also observed at each step of the natural rubber biosynthesis pathway. Among the genes involved in the miRNA biogenesis pathway, our analyses showed that all of them are expressed in latex. Using phylogenetic analyses, we show that both the Argonaute and Dicer-like gene families recently underwent expansion. Overall, our study underlines the fact that important biological pathways, including hormonal signalling and rubber biosynthesis, are subject to post-transcriptional silencing in laticifers.
Discussion Addendum for: Convenient Preparation of 3‐Ethoxycarbonyl Benzofurans from Salicylaldehydes and Ethyl Diazoacetate
Authors: Rahaman Mizzanoor , Hossain* M. Mahmun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The benzofuran scaffold is an important heterocyclic core component found in several natural products and in polymers. Typically, 2,3‐disubstituted benzofurans are notable building blocks in many medicinal and biologically active compounds. In addition, 3‐substituted benzofurans act as anticancer agents, antitubercular agents, antimicrobial agents, antiviral agents, and anti‐inflammatory agents. This addendum discusses the preparation of 3‐ethoxycarbonyl benzofurans from salicylaldehydes and ethyl diazoacetate. It presents alternate methods to prepare 3‐alkoxycarbonyl benzofurans through four schemes: synthesis by a thallium catalyzed oxidation annulation, synthesis by a palladium‐catalyzed cyclization, synthesis by a palladium assisted CO insertion, and synthesis by a copper‐catalyzed cyclization. The addendum also provides information on the applications of the one‐pot synthetic method that has been used by the authors and by other groups in the preparation of several biologically active compounds in organic synthesis.
Preparation of (
R
)‐3‐(3,5‐Bistrifluoromethylphenyl)‐1,1′‐Bi‐2‐Naphthol
Authors: Kobayashi Yusuke , Matsuda Atsushi , Ushimaru Tomoya , Harada* Toshiro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article describes the procedure for synthesis of (R)‐3‐(3,5‐bistrifluoromethylphenyl)‐1,1’‐bi‐2‐naphthol. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. Chiral titanium catalysts derived from 1,1’‐bi‐2‐naphthol and its derivatives have been extensively used in the enantioselective carbonyl addition of organometallic reagents for the preparation enantioenriched chiral alcohols. The enhanced activity enabled to expand the scope of organometallic nucleophiles, including organozinc, ‐boron, ‐aluminum, ‐magnesium, and ‐lithium reagents, and reduce the amount the chiral ligands to a practical level while maintaining high enantioselectivity. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
(
R
)‐
N,N
'‐Dimethyl‐1,1'‐Binaphthyldiamine
Authors: Denmark* Scott E. , Ryabchuk Pavel G. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
1,1’‐Binaphthyl‐2,2’‐diamine (BINAM) based ligands represent a class of axially chiral, bidentate ligands used in asymmetric catalysis. This article describes the procedure for the synthesis of (R)‐N,N’‐dimethyl‐1,1’‐binaphthyldiamine. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. In addition to their utility as ligands, BINAM derivatives are often used as organocatalysts. The synthetic routes for BINAM derivatives typically rely on classical resolution of BINAM, followed by functionalization of the enantioenriched diamine. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Preparation of a Diisopropylselenophosphoramide Catalyst and its Use in Enantioselective Sulfenoetherification
Authors: Denmark* Scott E. , Ryabchuk Pavel , Chi Hyung Min , Matviitsuk Anastassia 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Introduction of thioethers via alkene sulfenofunctionalization is a very powerful transformation, which results in a simultaneous formation of vicinal stereocenters. Despite the attractiveness of this approach the stereocontrolled transfer of sulfur groups to alkenes remains underdeveloped and, for a long time, only two examples of direct enantioselective sulfenofunctionalization were known, both employing chiral reagents in stoichiometric quantities. This article describes the procedure for the preparation of a diisopropylselenophosphoramide catalyst and its use in enantioselective sulfenoetherification. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. The diastereo‐ and enantioselective intermolecular sulfenoetherification described employs a 1,1’‐binaphthyl‐2,2’‐diamine based selenophosphoramide catalyst developed in the laboratories. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Anti‐1,2,2,3,4,4‐Hexamethylphosphetane 1‐Oxide
Authors: Nykaza Trevor V. , Cooper Julian C. , Radosevich* Alexander T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article describes the procedure for synthesis of anti‐1,2,2,3,4,4‐hexamethylphosphetane 1‐oxide. The procedure detailed is a representative example of such a McBride synthesis that is adaptable with minor modification to a range of phosphetane targets. Using a substoichiometric amount of anti‐1,2,2,3,4,4‐hexamethylphosphetane 1‐oxide in the presence of phenylsilane represents a general O‐atom transfer system to drive the deoxygenative transformations of nitroarene substrates, including reductive cyclization and reductive C–N coupling. The optimized synthetic preparation of phosphetane provides access to decagram quantities of this useful compound. The article presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. It also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.