bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical Particle Monitors, Counters, and Spectrometers: Performance Characterization, Comparison, and Use
Authors: Knollenberg Robert , Veal Donald 
Published: November 2020

The sensitivity, resolution, and sample rate of optical particle monitors, counters and spectrometers are described. Important differences in conceptual design of each instrument class are detailed. Optical particle counters and spectrometers require uniform sample volume illumination and have been used in monitoring aerosol microcontamination for many years. Spectrometers have the highest resolution and the greatest number of size channels. Counters may have high intrinsic resolution but it is lost because of the fewer number of size channels provided.
Monitors are a relatively new class of instrument which do not provide uniform sample volume illumination. They are becoming widely used in liquid monitoring. Monitors are simpler, less expensive devices and are characterized as having poor resolution but providing the highest sample flow rates and delivering the largest database. When used on fluids with normal populations having an exponential size distribution, monitors show little size distribution distortion. When modal populations or deviations from exponential size distributions are encountered, counters or spectrometers are required. Filter penetration tests generally demand the highest resolution offered only by spectrometers.
Data are presented from field visits to 17 semiconductor plants having deionized (D.I.) water processing facilities where monitors and spectrometers were used simultaneously to characterize watcr quality. The data set provides an interesting comparison within the industry as well as an opportunity to compare the low-resolution monitors with high-resolution spectrometers under field conditions.
Evaluación de residuos de cáscaras de papa como sustrato para la producción de amilasas a partir de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens A16
Authors: Sánchez-Castelblanco Etna Milena , Heredia-Martín Juan Pablo 
Published: November 2020

Los residuos agroindustriales de bajo costo, fácil acceso y contenido considerable de almidón pueden aprovecharse como sustratos para la producción de amilasas. En el presente estudio se evaluó la producción de amilasas con la cepa Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (aislamiento A16) en medios de cultivo ajustados a diferentes pH y preparados a partir de cáscaras de papa con 1,30 % de partes por volumen (p/v) de almidón. Los medios fueron incubados durante 36 horas a 37 °C y se tomaron muestras cada 12 horas para cuantificar mediante espectrofotometría el almidón residual revelándolo con solución de Lugol para obtener extractos enzimáticos crudos en los que se determinó la actividad amilolítica. La actividad de las amilasas producidas en sustratos preparados con cáscaras de papa se compararon con las actividades amilolíticas producidas en caldo de almidón al 1 %, sustrato que sirvió de control positivo. La mayor actividad de las amilasas producidas en medios con cáscaras de papa fue de 44,2 U/mL a las 36 horas de fermentación a un pH de 5,0, en tanto que la actividad enzimática en caldo de almidón al 1 % fue de 64,8 U/mL.
Kilka uwag o genezie i roli Sądu Sesji w Królestwie Szkocji (1532–1707)
Authors: Szymura Mateusz 
Published: November 2020

Some remarks on the origins and role of the Court of Session in the Kingdom of Scotland (1532–1707)The purpose of this article is to illustrate the origins and evolution of the central court of the Kingdom of Scotland from its inception in 1532 until the end of the Kingdom as an independent entity of international law following its establishment in 1707 of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The analysis of the structure of the court is based on the laws of the old Scottish Parliament, and the main thesis of the study is the evolutionary nature of the provisions constituting the Court of Sessions which, on the one hand, were a continuation of the King’s previous jurisdictional powers and, on the other hand, were part of a wider trend towards separation of central courts from the royal councils in European monarchies.
Einige Bemerkungen zur Genese und Bedeutung von "Court of Session" im Königreich Schottland (1532–1707)Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist die Darstellung der Genese und der Evolution des zentralen Gerichtes im Königreich Schottland in der Zeit von seiner Entstehung im Jahre 1532 bis zum Ende des Königreiches als ein unabhängiges Subjekt des internationalen Rechtes, infolge der Entstehung im Jahre 1707 des Vereinigten Königreiches von Großbritannien. Grundlage der Analyse der Struktur des Gerichtes stellen die Gesetze des ehemaligen schottischen Parlamentes und die wichtigste These der Bearbeitung stellt der evolutionäre Charakter der Lösungen dar, die zur Gründung von Court of Session geführt haben. Diese stellten einerseits die Fortführung der früheren Befugnisse des Königs im Bereich Jurisdiktion, andererseits aber waren sie in den europäischen Monarchien ein Teil der umfassenderen Bewegung der Aussonderung der Zentralgerichte aus der Institution der königlichen Räte.
Prezydia wojewódzkich rad narodowych jako instancje odwoławcze od orzeczeń karno-administracyjnych w latach 1951–1958 na przykładzie Prezydium Wojewódzkiej Rady Narodowej w Zielonej Górze
Authors: Halczak Bohdan 
Published: November 2020

Bureau of provincial national councils as appeal instances against penal college in the years 1951–1957 on the example of the Presidium of the Provincial National Council in Zielona Góra
In 1951, the communist authorities introduced the institution of a penal college in Poland. This institution was modeled on the legislation in force in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Colleges were not courts but performed judicial functions. The fi nal instance of appeal against the rulings of the colleges was the Presidium of the Provincial National Council. The article showed that a large part of the rulings issued by colleges in the Zielona Góra region in the years 1951–1957 were annulled by the Presidium. College rulings were often in confl ict with applicable law.

Die Präsidien der Nationalräte der Woiwodschaften als Berufungsinstanzen gegen die verwaltungsstrafrechtliche Rechtsprechung in den Jahren 1951–1958 am Beispiel des Präsidiums des Nationalrates der Woiwodschaft Grünberg [Zielona Góra]
Im Jahre 1951 haben die kommunistischen Behörden in Polen die Institution eines Kollegiums für Ordnungswidrigkeiten eingeführt. Diese Institution wurde nach der in der Sowjetunion geltenden Gesetzgebung organisiert. Die Kollegien waren keine Gerichte, sie übten jedoch richterliche Funktionen aus. Die letzte Berufungsinstanz gegen die Beschlüsse der Kollegien war das Präsidium des Nationalrates der Woiwodschaft [Prezydium Wojewódzkiej Rady Narodowej]. In dem Beitrag wurde gezeigt, dass das Präsidium eine große Zahl der Entscheidungen der Kollegien, die in den Jahren 1951–1958 in der Woiwodschaft Grünberg ergangen, aufgehoben hatte. Die Entscheidungen der Kollegien standen oft im Widerspruch mit dem geltenden Recht.
Bringing the Heat: Aramco Field Tests High-Temperature Chemistry To Slash Tight-Gas Completion Costs
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: November 2020

By turning up the temperatures downhole, you need less of every-thing up on the surface.
This is what is hoped to be proven soon with an experimental chemical technology that is seeing some of its first field tests in Saudi Arabia’s emerging tight-gas formations this year.
The innovation centers around reactive chemicals known as thermochemicals that researchers at Saudi Aramco and King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) in Dhahran spent most of the past decade developing.
When it comes to unconventional applications, the world’s largest upstream company has two big ambitions. First, it is introducing a new hydraulic fracturing fluid that shaves millions of dollars off the cost of horizontal wells by more than halving the amount of equipment and water typically needed to stimulate the wells. Second, it aims to reduce the number of unproductive fracture stages and the required number of stages by improving stage productivity.
“It’s like a hybridization of pulse fracturing and hydraulic fracturing,” explained Ayman Al-Nakhli, a chemist and petroleum scientist at Saudi Aramco’s EXPEC Advanced Research Center. “The thermochemical will create a pressure pulse downhole to break down the rock - then we can propagate the fracture with hydraulic fluids.”
Al-Nakhli recently shared new details about the technology at the virtual 2020 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC) while presenting a technical paper (URTeC 2439) that he authored with colleagues and university collaborators. The paper outlines laboratory tests in which samples of shale rock from the US and elsewhere were fractured using traditional slickwater fluids alongside the thermochemical approach - or what Al-Nakhli calls the “ExoFrac.”
While validation awaits, the years-long research and development project is a reminder that as Saudi Aramco seeks to develop the Kingdom’s tight-gas resources it is not relying solely on the North American experience or its suite of established technologies.
The tests highlighted during the conference showed that when pumped into core and other rock samples at the initiation of small-scale hydraulic fracturing treatments, the chemical agents undergo an exothermic reaction that creates a pressure pulse strong enough to induce a fracture in the rock. Meanwhile, as the chemicals reach temperatures that may exceed 270°F, nitrogen gas is rapidly generated inside the fracture which increases its in-situ pressure.
As it is drawn up for a real-world application, pumping the thermochemicals downhole would take roughly 5 minutes. Once the reaction is activated, the pressure pulse lasts only milliseconds. The high-temperature reaction continues for no more than 10 minutes before all the heat is absorbed into the surrounding formation.
Increasing system-wide implementation of opioid prescribing guidelines in primary care: findings from a non-randomized stepped-wedge quality improvement project.
Authors: Zgierska Aleksandra E , Robinson James M , Lennon Robert P , Smith Paul D , Nisbet Kate , Ales Mary W , Boss Deanne , Tuan Wen-Jan , Vidaver Regina M , Hahn David L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Clinician utilization of practice guidelines can reduce inappropriate opioid prescribing and harm in chronic non-cancer pain; yet, implementation of “opioid guidelines” is subpar. We hypothesized that a multi-component quality improvement (QI) augmentation of “routine” system-level implementation efforts would increase clinician adherence to the opioid guideline-driven policy recommendations.Methods: Opioid policy was implemented system-wide in 26 primary care clinics. A convenience sample of 9 clinics received the QI augmentation (one-hour academic detailing; 2 online educational modules; 4-6 monthly one-hour practice facilitation sessions) in this non-randomized stepped-wedge QI project. The QI participants were volunteer clinic staff. The target patient population was adults with chronic non-cancer pain treated with long-term opioids. The outcomes included the clinic-level percentage of target patients with a current treatment agreement (primary outcome), rates of opioid-benzodiazepine co-prescribing, urine drug testing, depression and opioid misuse screening, and prescription drug monitoring database check; additional measures included daily morphine-equivalent dose (MED), and the percentages of all target patients and patients prescribed ≥90mg/day MED. T-test, mixed-regression and stepped-wedge-based analyses evaluated the QI impact, with significance and effect size assessed with two-tailed p<0.05, 95% confidence intervals and/or Cohen’s d.Results: Two-hundred-fifteen QI participants, a subset of clinical staff, received at least one QI component; 1,255 patients in the QI and 1,632 patients in the 17 comparison clinics were prescribed long-term opioids. At baseline, more QI than comparison clinic patients were screened for depression (8.1% vs 1.1%, p=0.019) and prescribed ≥90mg/day MED (23.0% vs 15.5%, p=0.038). The stepped-wedge analysis did not show statistically significant changes in outcomes in the QI clinics, when accounting for the comparison clinics’ trends. The Cohen’s d values favored the QI clinics in all outcomes except opioid-benzodiazepine co-prescribing. Subgroup analysis showed that patients prescribed ≥90mg/day MED in the QI compared to comparison clinics improved urine drug screening rates (38.8% vs 19.1%, p=0.02), but not other outcomes (p³0.05).Conclusions: Augmenting routine policy implementation with targeted QI intervention, delivered to volunteer clinic staff, did not additionally improve clinic-level, opioid guideline-concordant care metrics. However, the observed effect sizes suggested this approach may be effective, especially in higher-risk patients, if broadly implemented.Trial Registration – Not applicable
An effective frequency-domain feature of atrial fibrillation based on time-frequency analysis
Authors: Hu Yusong , Zhao Yantao , Liu Jihong , Pang Jin , Zhang Chen , Li Peizhe 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Atrial fibrillation is a type of persistent arrhythmia that can lead to serious complications. Therefore, accurate and quick detection of atrial fibrillation by surface electrocardiogram has great importance on further treatment. The practical electrocardiogram signals contain various interferences in different frequencies, such as myoelectricity interference, power interference and so on. Detection speed and accuracy largely depend on the atrial fibrillation signal features extracted by the algorithm. But some of the discovered atrial fibrillation features are not well distinguishable, resulting in poor classification effect. Methods: This paper proposed a high distinguishable frequency feature - the frequency corresponding to the maximum amplitude in the frequency spectrum. We used the R-R interval detection method optimized with the mathematical morphology method and combined with the wavelet transform method for analysis. According to the two features - the maximum amplitude in the frequency spectrum and R-R interval irregular, we could recognize atrial fibrillation signals in electrocardiogram signals by decision tree classification algorithm. Results: The data used in the experiment come from the MIT-BIH database, which is publicly accessible via the web and with ethical approval and consent. Based on the input of time-domain and frequency-domain features, we classified sinus rhythm signals and AF signals using the decision tree generated by classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm. From the confusion matrix, we got the accuracy was 98.9%, sensitivity was 97.93% and specificity was 99.63%. Conclusions: The experimental results can prove the validity of the maximum amplitude in the frequency spectrum and the practicability and accuracy of the detection method, which applied this frequency-domain feature. Through the detection method, we obtained good accuracy of classifying sinus rhythm signals and atrial fibrillation signals. And the sensitivity and specificity of our method were pretty good by comparison with other studies.
Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation for high-normal blood pressure: study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Wang Yu , Shi Guang-Xia , Tian Zhong-Xue , Liu Jun-Hong , Qi You-Sheng , Tu Jian-Feng , Yang Jing-Wen , Wang Li-Qiong , Liu Cun-Zhi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: High-normal blood pressure (BP) is associated with increased all-cause, cardiovascular mortality and frequently progresses to hypertension. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) might be a non-pharmaceutical therapy option to control BP. This trial aims to determine the effectiveness and safety of TEAS combined with lifestyle modification for high-normal BP. Methods/design: This prospective, randomized and parallel clinical trial will be conducted in a community service center in China. Sixty participants with high-normal BP will be randomly allocated to receive TEAS plus lifestyle modification (intervention group) or lifestyle modification alone (control group) in a 1:1 ratio. In addition to lifestyle modification, the intervention group will receive TEAS at four acupoints for 30 minutes, 4 times weekly for 12 weeks for a total of 48 sessions at home. The control group will receive same lifestyle modification but no TEAS. The primary outcome will be the change in mean systolic blood pressure at 12-week from the baseline measurement. Secondary outcomes include the change of mean diastolic blood pressure, proportion of subjects with progression to hypertension, quality of life, physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference. Adverse events during the trial will be monitored.Discussion: This trial will explore the feasibility and provide potential evidence for the effectiveness and safety of TEAS plus lifestyle modification for high-normal BP. Furthermore, this pilot trial is being undertaken to determine the feasibility of a full scale definitive randomized controlled trial. The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR 1900024982. Registered on August 6, 2019.
An Artificial Neutral Network Chip Based on Two-Dimensional Semiconductor
Authors: Ma Shunli , Wu Tianxiang , Chen Xinyu , Wang Yin , Tang Hongwei , Yao Yuting , Wang Yan , Deng Jianan , Wan Jing , Sun Zhengzong , Xu Zihan , Riaud Antoine , Wu Chenjian , Chai Yang , Zhou Peng , Ren Junyan , Bao Wenzhong , Zhang Wei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional semiconductors can be used to build integrated circuits for running artificial neural networks (ANN) with higher energy efficiency. The implementation of an ANN with 2D semiconductors has been held back by the large-scale and high-quality transistors required for running machine learning algorithms. Here we demonstrate the first functional MoS2 analog ANN integrated circuit, including memory, multiply-and-accumulate (MAC), activation function, and weight update circuits. The ANN integrated circuit is realized through 818 field effect transistors (FETs) with wafer-scale and high-homogeneity MoS2 film. The large current on/off ratio and output linearity of these MoS2 FETs allow the realization of convolutional and activation function circuits with a few number of transistors. This ANN can be used for recognizing tactile digit, showing the recognition rate exceeding 97%. Our work demonstrates wafer-scale processing of a 2D semiconductor for building integrated circuits with the functions of AI computation.
Non-invasive super-resolution imaging through dynamic scattering media
Authors: Wang Dong , Sahoo Sujit , Zhu Xiangwen , Adamo Giorgio , Dang Cuong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Super-resolution imaging has been revolutionizing technical analysis in various fields from biological to physical sciences. However, many objects are hidden by strongly scattering media such as biological tissues that scramble light paths, create speckle patterns and hinder object’s visualization, let alone super-resolution imaging. Here, we demonstrate non-invasive super-resolution imaging through scattering media based on a stochastic optical scattering localization imaging (SOSLI) technique. After capturing multiple speckle patterns of photo-switchable emitters, our stochastic approach utilizes the speckle correlation property of scattering media to retrieve an image with 100-nm resolution, eight-fold enhancement compared to the diffraction limit. More importantly, we demonstrate our SOSLI to do non-invasive super-resolution imaging through not only static scattering media, but also dynamic scattering media with strong decorrelation such as biological tissues. Our approach paves the way to non-invasively visualize various samples behind scattering media at unprecedented levels of detail.
Anticipatory Postural Adjustments in the Frail Older Adults When Postural Stability is Manipulated
Authors: Callegari Bianca , Kubicki Alexandre , Saunier Ghislain , Duarte Manuela Brito , Almeida Gizele Cristina da Silva , Alves Bruno Mazziotti Oliveira , Amorim César Ferreira , Garcez Daniela Rosa , Souza Givago da Silva , Mourey France 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs) are importantly affected by age and may represent restrictions for functional independence. Previous studies have already highlighted some delayed APAs during self-generated rapid arm movements in aged adults, as well as in cases of non-optimal aging, such as in frail older adults. In young (Y) adults, it was also previously demonstrated that changing the postural stability (i.e. seated vs. upright posture) affects the motor planning and APAs. Considering the clinical relevance of these balance tasks in the functional independence in frail older adults (FOA), and the lack of literature about this task, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of these different conditions of postural stability on APAs in FOA. Methods: In this paper, participants executed an arm-pointing task to reach a diode immediately after it turned on, under different conditions of stability (seated with and without feet support and in upright posture). Results: The main finding of this study is that the adopted posture and body stabilization in FOA did not reflect differences in APAs or kinematic features. In addition, they did not present an optimal APA, since postural muscles are recruited simultaneously with the deltoid. Conclusion: Thus, FOA seem to use a single non-optimal motor plan to assist the task performance and counterbalance perturbation forces, in which they present similar APAs and do not modify their kinematics features according to the body stabilization (i.e. less challenging task present greater finger velocity).
Nocturnal Blood Pressure Rise as A Predictor of Cognitive Impairment Among the Elderly：A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Xing Yunli , Sun Ying , Wang Shan , Feng Feng , Zhang Deqiang , Li Hongwei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: This study investigated the relationship between ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), cognitive function and cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) among elderly patients to assess effective hypertension management for preventing the progression of cognitive impairment. Methods: Participants comprised 305 elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years, who were divided into the cognitive impairment group (CI, n=130), and the non-cognitive impairment group (NCI, n=175), according to MMSE score. All participants underwent ABPM for the evaluation of possible hypertensive disorder and cerebral MRI for the evaluation of cerebral small vessel disease. Follow-up was performed by telephone or medical records. Results: Of the 305 participants, 130 (42.6%) were identified with cognitive impairment (CI), with the average systolic blood pressure (BP) of 127 mmHg and diastolic BP of 66 mmHg. According to ABPM, only 13.1% had dipper pattern, 45.6% had nocturnal BP rise, while 41.3% had non-dipper pattern. Compared with NCI patients, the CI group had significantly higher night-time systolic BP (130.0±18.2 vs. 123.9±15.1, p=0.011), and more participants had nocturnal BP rise (52.3% vs. 40.6%, p=0.042). Nocturnal BP rise was associated with greater white matter hyperintensities (WMH) (p=0.013). After 2.03 years of follow-up, there were 35 all-cause deaths, and 33 cases of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). CI was independently associated with all-cause mortality during long-term observation (p<0.01). Nocturnal BP rise had no significant predictive ability for all-cause mortality in the elderly patients (p =0.178).Conclusions: Nocturnal BP rise contributed to greater WMH volumes and cognitive impairment in the elderly patients. To prevent the progression of cognitive dysfunction, it is critical to control BP based on ABPM.