bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M145. ALTERED SUBCORTICAL EMOTIONAL SALIENCE PROCESSING AND A ‘JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS’ BIAS IN PARKINSON’S PATIENTS WITH PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
Authors: Knolle Franziska , Garofalo Sara , Viviani Roberto , Ermakova Anna , Murray Graham 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Current research does not provide a clear explanation for why some patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) develop psychotic symptoms. In schizophrenia research the ‘aberrant salience hypothesis’ of psychosis has been influential in explaining the development of psychotic symptoms. The theory proposes that dopaminergic dysregulation leads to inappropriate attribution of salience to otherwise irrelevant or non-informative stimuli, facilitating the formation of hallucinations and delusions, by providing irrational explanations. However, this theory has received very limited attention in the context of PD-psychosis.

Methods
In the study, we investigated salience processing in 14 PD-patients with psychotic symptoms, 23 PD-patients without psychotic symptoms and 19 healthy controls. All patients received dopaminergic medication. There was no difference in the medication dose between the two patient groups. We examined emotional salience using a visual oddball fMRI paradigm that has been used to investigate early stages of schizophrenia spectrum psychosis, controlling for resting cerebral blood flow (arterial spin labelling fMRI). Furthermore, a subgroup of the two patient groups complete a behavioural ‘jumping to conclusions’ task.

Results
We found significant differences in brain responses to emotional salience between the two patient groups. PD-patients with psychotic symptoms revealed enhanced brain responses in the striatum, the hippocampus and the amygdala compared to patients without psychotic symptoms. PD-patients with psychotic symptoms showed significant correlations between the levels of dopaminergic drugs they were taking and BOLD signalling, as well as psychotic symptom scores. Furthermore, our data provide first indications for dysfunctional top-down processes, measured in a ‘jumping to conclusions’ bias.

Discussion
Our study suggests that enhanced signalling in the striatum, hippocampus and amygdala together with deficient top-down cognitive regulations is associated with the development of psychotic symptoms in PD, similarly to that proposed in the ‘aberrant salience hypothesis’ of psychosis in schizophrenia.
M147. ABERRANT TIMING AND ODDBALL DETECTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: FINDINGS FROM A TIME DISCRIMINATION / ODDBALL FMRI STUDY
Authors: Goena Javier , Sol Garcés María , Alústiza Irene , Fernández-Martínez Miguel , Fernández-Seara María , García-Eulate Reyes , Ortuño Felipe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with deficits in both temporal and salience processing. The underlying neurological dysfunctions in both processes, which are interrelated and share neuroanatomical bases, remain poorly understood. Our main objective is to examine the hypothesis that the dysfunction of the brain circuits involved in time and salience processing underlies the cognitive deficit of schizophrenia and, to a lesser extent, in bipolar disorder (BD).

Methods
10 schizophrenia patients, 7 bipolar depression patients and 10 healthy volunteers carried out an original experimental test of TD/OD during fMRI brain scanning. All participants performed the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery to assess their cognitive profile.

Results
We found that SZ patients showed hypoactivation in cortical and subcortical areas related both with time processing and Salience Network. The dysfunction observed during timing tasks partially coincided with deficiencies in Oddball tasks.

Discussion
A dysfunctional timing/salience detection network underlies the cognitive impairment observed in SZ but not in BD patients.
M175. BRAIN STRUCTURAL CORRELATES OF FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Alkan Erkan , Davies Geoff , Evans Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Impaired functional capacity is a core feature of schizophrenia and present even in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Impairments in daily functioning tend to persist despite antipsychotic therapy but their neural basis is not clear. Previous studies suggest that volume loss in frontal cortex might be an important contributor but findings are inconsistent. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the brain structural correlates of functional capacity in first episode psychosis using MRI and a reliable objective measure of functioning (University of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA))

Methods
In FEP and a well-matched control group, we measured cortical thickness, gray matter volume, and white matter tract integrity (fractional anisotropy, FA) in specific regions implicated by previous work. Between-group differences in these parameters were assessed first. We then examined correlations between MRI measures and UPSA scores in the FEP group while controlling for negative symptomology and medication use.

Results
The FEP group had thinner cortex in various frontal regions, fusiform, and insula, and reduced FA in inferior longitudinal fasciculus. In FEP, poorer functioning (UPSA) correlated with reduced superior frontal volume and lower FA in inferior longitudinal fasciculus.

Discussion
In accordance with previous findings, FEP exhibited widespread brain structural differences compared to controls. Importantly, frontal brain volumes and integrity of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus were identified as the structural correlates of functional capacity in FEP, after controlling for other relevant factors. These findings enhance mechanistic understanding of functional capacity deficits in schizophrenia by specifying the underlying neural correlates. In future, this could help inform intervention strategies.
M183. SINGLE-SESSION DANCE/MOVEMENT THERAPY FOR THOUGHT AND BEHAVIORAL DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE SCHIZOPHRENIA: A MIXED METHODS FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Biondo Jacelyn 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Dance/movement therapy (DMT) interventions have been used to support people with schizophrenia; however, these typically include lengthier interventions. Current inpatient hospitalization lengths of stay do not offer the time needed to implement such interventions. The current treatment protocol for people in acute phases of schizophrenia is psychopharmacological; however, high rates of medication nonadherence and limited effects on negative symptomatology suggest the need for complementary psychosocial treatment options. The purpose of this study was to determine: feasibility of protocol completion, feasibility of measurement sensitivity, and the effects of a single-session DMT intervention compared to a single-session verbal treatment as usual (TAU) intervention.

Methods
This mixed methods feasibility study utilized a convergent mixed methods feasibility design. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously in a single phase from the experimental and control groups. In this study, the quantitative strand was prioritized and constituted most of the data collection. A qualitative strand was added to enhance the understanding of participants’ experiences of the intervention and control conditions.
Thirty-two participants were randomized to a 45-minute DMT session or a 45-minute verbal TAU session. Quantitative data were collected using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and qualitative data through semi-structured interviews.

Results
indicated that participants in the DMT intervention group had statistically significant symptom reduction versus those in the TAU group in overall BPRS scores (p &lt; 0.001), Psychological Discomfort (p &lt; 0.001), Negative Symptoms (p = 0.007), and Positive Symptoms (p = 0.003). No statistical significance was shown for Resistance. Qualitative findings substantiate the quantitative findings, however, show divergence regarding Resistance. Participants in the DMT group expressed feeling more in control, less angry, and motivated for continued treatment.

Discussion
These findings suggest that a single-session DMT intervention can alleviate symptoms associated with acute schizophrenia including affective regulation, and positive and negative symptomatology such as isolation, spontaneity, interpersonal skills, paranoia, and auditory hallucinations. Psychosocial interventions may be used in tandem with psychopharmacological interventions to support increased stabilization for patients experiencing acute phases of schizophrenia.
M199. COPY NUMBER VARIANCE (CNV) ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE OPTIMAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DOSAGE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Adanty Christopher , Wang Kevin , Dada Oluwagbenga , Wun Janice , Bani-Fatemi Ali , De Luca Vincenzo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The relationship between genetic polymorphisms of antipsychotic drug-metabolizing agents and drug response has been thoroughly investigated and analyzed. However, from a pharmacokinetic standpoint, few studies have explored the relationship between Copy number variants (CNV) and antipsychotic dosage. The aim of the present study is to test the association between antipsychotic dosage and CNV in schizophrenia (SCZ) patients.

Methods
The current dosage of antipsychotic medications was collected from 263 schizophrenia patients. The dosage was standardized using three different methods: chlorpromazine equivalent(CPZe), defined daily dose (DDD), and percentage of maximum dose (PM %). The patients were then genotyped using the Illumina HumanOmni2.5–8 BeadChip Kit.

Results
The CNV analysis did not show that CNVs are associated with dosage variation for CPZe, PM %, and DDD.

Discussion
In this pilot sample, we investigated for the first time CNVs and standardized antipsychotic dosage. The relationship between CNV and optimal antipsychotic dosage has far reaching clinical implications. Further analysis is required that utilitze large prescription databases to build on the results presented in this pilot study.
S87. IDEAL CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IN RACIALLY AND ETHNICALLY DIVERSE PEOPLE WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS
Authors: Hawes Mark , Roth Kimberly , Wang Xiaoyan , Stefancic Ana , Weatherly Christopher , Cabassa Leopoldo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a primary contributor to premature death among people with serious mental illness (SMI). This study examined the prevalence and correlates of the American Heart Association (AHA) metric of ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) in racially and ethnically diverse people with serious mental illness living in supportive housing.

Methods
Our study used baseline data from an NIMH-funded trial testing the effectiveness of a peer-led healthy lifestyle intervention, for overweight/obese participants with SMI in three supportive housing agencies. A total of 314 participants were enrolled in the trial and included in these analyses. Five ICVH metrics (BMI, smoking, diet, physical activity, and blood pressure [BP]) were measured and summed to create a composite ICVH score. Correlates were informed by findings from systematic literature reviews examining ICVH in the general population and studies examining correlates of CVD in people with SMI. Hierarchal regression analysis was used to examine the associations of sample correlates with the composite ICVH score.

Results
The mean age of participants was 48.7 and 57.3% were male. The most common lifetime mental health diagnoses were depression (75.2%), schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (56.7%), and bipolar disorder (46.5%). Approximately 38.5% of participants reported lifetime substance abuse/dependence. The majority (62.7%) were taking an antipsychotic medication. Lifetime physical health diagnoses were high cholesterol (36.3%), diabetes (32.5%), cardiovascular disease (17.2%), and cancer (4.5%). Participants walked on average 318.4 meters during the six-minute walking test (6MWT), a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The prevalence of smoking (64.7%) and obesity (64%) were high, while the prevalence of ideal physical activity (37.6%), healthy diet status (2.2%), and ideal BP (23.6%) were low. The mean ICVH composite score was 3.15 (range 0 – 8). After controlling for all covariates, women, racial/ethnic minorities, use of antipsychotic medications, lifetime cancer diagnosis, and poor CRF were significantly (p &lt; .05) related to low ICVH scores.

Discussion
In our racially/ethnically diverse sample of people with SMI in supportive housing, the prevalence of ICVH was low. Our findings suggest that there are specific subgroups that may benefit from targeted screening and interventions to improve cardiovascular health. The association between CRF and ICVH scores highlights the importance of increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior. The AHA ICVH metric can be a useful tool for tracking and improving the cardiovascular health of people with SMI.
S122. TEN-YEAR FOLLOW-UP AFTER FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: FOCUSED ON LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC MAINTENANCE AND FUNCTIONING
Authors: Liu Chen-Chung , Liu Chih-Min , Chien Yi-Ling , Lin Yi-Ting , Hsieh Ming H , Hwang Tzung-Jeng , Hwu Hai-Gwo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients’ long-term phenomenology and outcomes after first episode psychosis are of great interest to patients, their caregivers and care providers. Contradictory messages regarding the necessity of long-term antipsychotic treatment and the factors affecting outcomes warrant careful examination.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective observational study by reviewing medical records at the study hospital of a cohort of patients since their participation in an early psychosis study starting from 2006, with special focus on patients maintaining very low dose antipsychotics and their functioning.

Results
Of the 81 patients with first episode psychosis, 55 patients (67.9%) had follow-up information for longer than 5 years. The majority (n=46, 83.6%) had non-affective psychosis, 20 patients (36.4%) had full-time employment/education by the time of their latest visit and 10 patients (18.2%) received very low dose antipsychotics (chlorpromazine equivalent [CPZE] dose &lt; 50 mg/d) during maintenance, which was significantly correlated to good functioning. Being male, having a history of hospitalization and being on clozapine therapy were correlated to poorer functioning. Fifteen of the 20 good-functioning patients received dosage of antipsychotics no more than the reported minimum effective dose (CPZE 200 mg/d). Antipsychotic-free status was achieved only in two non-psychotic patients.

Discussion
A substantial proportion of patients could achieve good functioning under low-dose antipsychotic maintenance after first episode psychosis, even if they cannot successfully discontinue antipsychotic treatment in the long run. Optimizing the balance between preventing relapse and preserving functioning by fine-tuning antipsychotic dosage during maintenance is a challenge warranting more clinical attention.
S141. REWARD PROCESSING IN CHILDREN WITH PSYCHOTIC-LIKE EXPERIENCES
Authors: Harju-Seppänen Jasmine , Mason Liam , Bramon Elvira , Bell Vaughan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Individuals with psychosis display an attenuated response to reward. However, it has not yet been established whether individuals with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) also exhibit alterations in reward anticipation.

Methods
The present study examined whether non-distressing and distressing PLEs were associated with functional activity in the nucleus accumbens during reward anticipation. The sample consisted of 10313 children from the ABCD study aged 9–10 who had participated in the Monetary Incentive Delay task. PLEs were measured using the Prodromal Questionnaire Brief Child version and functional activity was measured using regional fMRI summary statistics for reward anticipation activation (data release 2.0, contrast of expected large reward versus neutral expectation). Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the relationship between reward anticipation and PLEs (distressing and non-distressing), whilst controlling for gender, household income, ethnicity, BMI and affective symptoms. The analyses were weighted by the average standard error of the mean activation in the accumbens. Separate linear mixed-effects models were conducted for the right and left hemisphere.

Results
6169 (59.8%) of the children did not report any PLEs, compared to 2270 (22.0%) with non-distressing PLEs and 1874 (18.2%) with distressing PLEs. We ran a regression to examine the association between reward anticipation and PLEs (distressing or non-distressing) and found that non-distressing PLEs were related to reduced reward anticipation in the right nucleus accumbens (P = 0.009). However, there was no significant association between reward anticipation and PLEs when adjusting for potential confounders.

Discussion
In the present study of 9–10 year olds, reward anticipation was not associated with PLEs. As previous research has found reductions in reward anticipation in individuals with schizophrenia, further follow-up studies of the ABCD cohort are needed to explore whether these associations emerge during adolescence.
S158. URBANICITY INDEX AND CORTICAL GYRIFICATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Korann Vittal , Thonse Umesh , Jacob Arpitha , Patil Vaishnavi A , Shiri Sahana , Devi Priyanka , Nagendra Bhargavi , Kunte Mugdha , Shukla Ayushi , Padmanabha Anantha , Vijay Kumar K G , Varambally Shivaram , Venkatasubramanian Ganesan , Rao Naren P 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Urban birth and upbringing are considered to be risk factors for schizophrenia, but recent studies do not support the same. While several hypotheses are suggested, the pathogenic mechanisms are not known. Notably, no study has examined brain changes, if any, associated with an urban upbringing in schizophrenia. Hence, in this study, we examined the effect of urban upbringing on the cortical gyrification in schizophrenic patients.

Methods
We recruited 108 persons with DSM-IV schizophrenia and 74 healthy volunteers. Study participants underwent clinical assessments using Positive and negative syndrome scale, Calgary depression scale to measure severity of clinical symptoms. All participants were scanned using 3T MRI scanner and a high resolution T1 structural scan was obtained. Cortical gyrification measurements were conducted on these images using Freesurfer software. Statistical maps were generated in Query, design, Estimate, Contrast (QDEC) interface. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was run for FWE correction with the threshold 1.3 (p&lt;0.05) in QDEC. Participants upbringing place was noted with respect to the place where they lived for the first 15 years of life. Based on Census India of 2011, the places were categorized into 1) rural 2) statutory town and 3) census town. These 3 groups and assigned values 1,2 and 3, respectively, which were then rated for each year of life (1–15) and urbanicity index was calculated using a previously used method (range from 15 to 45). A regression analysis was implemented in QDEC with age, sex, education and demean ICV as covariates to examine the relation between Urban upbringing and cortical gyrification index.

Results
In the overall population, HV had higher gyrification index in the left superior parietal cortex (p&lt;0.008) than SCZ. There was a significant negative correlations between gyrification index and urbanicity index in left postcentral (p&lt;0.0001), left insula (p&lt;0.0001), left fusiform (p&lt;0.0005), left rostral middle frontal (p&lt;0.01), right supramarginal (p&lt;0.0001), right fusiform (p&lt;0.0001), and right superior temporal (p&lt;0.005) cortices.

Discussion
The results indicate a significant effect of urbanicity on cortical gyrification in patients with SCZ as well as HV. The presence of deficits in frontal areas indicate the likely effect of urban upbringing on growth and maturation of the frontal cortex. Interestingly, the presence of difference in areas implicated in schizophrenia provides support to the possible increased risk of urban upbringing on schizophrenia. The preliminary evidence from this analysis provides the necessary rationale to further examine the impact of urban upbringing on brain structure/ function and the risk of developing schizophrenia.
S186. THE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ON HIPPOCAMPAL VOLUME IN FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: DOES CORTISOL PLAY A ROLE?
Authors: Ciufolini Simone , Kempton Matthew , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Taylor Heather , Reis Marques Tiago , Fisher Helen , Di Forti Marta , Murray Robin , Zunszain Patricia , Morgan Craig , Pariante Carmine , Mondelli Valeria , Dazzan Paola 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Childhood trauma is one of the most important risk factors in psychosis. Mounting evidence is associating early trauma exposure with alterations in stress sensitive areas, like the hippocampus, and abnormal concentrations of the main stress hormone, cortisol. As hippocampus is a pivotal brain region in the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation of cortisol, better understanding the relationship between childhood trauma, hippocampus structure and cortisol concentration would help clarify how childhood trauma exposure can increase the risk of developing psychosis later on in life.

Methods
Brain structure was evaluated with a 3T MRI scan in 86 first episode psychosis patients (FEP) (49 of which positive for severe childhood trauma) (mean age: 27.8 SD ± 9.1 years). Hippocampal volume and the segmentation of the hippocampal subfields was obtained using FreeSurfer 6. Salivary cortisol samples were collected to measure cortisol levels at awakening (CAR). Initially two separate linear regression models were ran: 1) to predict hippocampal volume changes with childhood trauma as the independent variable and 2) to predict hippocampal volume changes with CAR as independent variable. Finally, we introduced CAR as moderator in the linear model 1 to explore whether it changed the relationship between childhood abuse and hippocampal volume.

Results
Individuals with psychosis and severe childhood abuse presented smaller volume of the right hippocampal head (β = -108.9, p = 0.027), particularly in subfields CA1, CA3, CA4 and in the right GC-ML-DG head (all significant at p &lt; 0.05 with βs between – 110 and -90) (linear model 1). CAR did not predict changes in hippocampal volumes (linear model 2). However, when CAR was introduced the relationship between childhood abuse and hippocampal volume (linear model 1) it showed a moderator role. Indeed low levels of CAR were associated with an even further reduction in hippocampal volume in the right hippocampal head and particularly in subfields CA1, CA3 and CA4 (all significant at p &lt; 0.05 and βs between – 150 and -180).

Discussion
These results suggest that exposure to childhood trauma has a long-term effect on the adult brain particularly in hippocampal areas related to the encoding and retrieval of memories. Importantly, low levels of CAR are associated with even smaller hippocampal head in patients who childhood trauma This is particularly important, because an abnormal hippocampal structure could alter the hippocampal feedback on the HPA axis leading to dysfunctional (lower) cortisol production, which in turn would amplify the impact on brain stress sensitive regions of further stress exposure.