bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Container Kindergarten Project as a Social Responsibility Project
Authors: Kan-Kilic Didem 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
“ACT FOR”, a social responsibility project unit is a sustainable solidarity platform that was established at the design faculty for the aim of creating collective act between designers and people in need. The main aim of this project is to enhance design students’ critical perspectives on how to prepare a social responsibility project for their local environment and work collaboratively with other disciplines. The design students are expected to understand the importance of social responsibility activities and its’ role for the universities and the community. They are also expected to learn how their attitudes translate into behaviour and action while they are questioning what just and unjust is in their local environment. This study reports on Container Kindergarten Project as a social responsibility project. Believing that the success of social responsibility projects should be in harmony with the needs of the community, “ACT FOR” designers firstly analysed the needs of their local environment. Later, we developed the project for a chosen primary school where 25 children were trained in a space that could not meet the ventilation, heating and spatial organization requirements and continued to provide education as an unhealthy living space for children. After the conceptual phase, we prepared the necessary drawings and found sponsorships for the implementation. With this project, the design students learned how to solve problems and make design management to finalize the project. They learned how to work as a team with different disciplines to ensure homogeneous distribution of tasks. At the end, the design students discovered the healing aspect of the design. With all difficulties and contributions, it taught the multi-dimensional education method that they never experienced before. As a result, the community-university relationship is one of the most important points in determining and meeting the needs of a community. Therefore, universities play a major role in raising awareness in this subject.
Public Buildings of North Chile’s Desert Architecture
Authors: Butelski Kazimierz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article discusses public buildings located in northern Chile. The Atacama Desert provides many examples of relationships between architecture and the natural and cultural landscape. From Antofagasta to San Pedro di Atacama, we can encounter many examples of such buildings, such as museums, astronomical observatories and hotels, as well as buildings housing tourist-oriented services. We can also experience large-scale changes to the landscape associated with open-cast copper mining. One example of such a landscape is that of the Sierra Gorda mine jointly owned by Polish and Japanese companies. This paper explores the emergence of new architectural forms built in the desert and using desert materials.
Investigation of the Effect of the Mortar Thickness in Masonry Minarets by Using Anisotropic Model
Authors: Kimence Bahattin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As is known, the masonry structures, together with the main structural materials, such as stone or brick, consist of mortar material which serves as the adhesive between these materials. In general, the mechanical properties of brick, stone and mortar materials are different. However, they have been used throughout history and have been the unchanging materials used in masonry structures. The structural walls are formed by the heterogeneous joining of two materials with different mechanical properties. However, these heterogeneous structural elements are generally considered homogeneous for ease of calculation. In this study, the effects of different joint thicknesses on masonry structures on minarets structure were investigated. Changes in structure behaviour were investigated by using different material properties to a masonry minaret structure. By examining these differences, the effect of isotropic or anisotropic modelling on the result, the effect of mortar thickness on the result was compared and the results were interpreted.
Research of Influence of Bed Joints Reinforcement On Strength of Masonry Shear Walls with Openings Made of Calcium Silicate Masonry Units
Authors: Jasiński Radosław 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article describes results from testing reinforced and unreinforced walls made of calcium silicate units and having openings of different shapes. Conducted tests mainly focused on determining the effect of used reinforcement on the cracking morphology and values of cracking and failure forces. Every wall was made of calcium silicate units with vertical hollows (group I acc. to PN–EN 1996-1-1:2013). Tests covered 12 walls with the following external dimensions l = 4.45 m, h = 2.45 m, t = 180 mm, which varied in shape and dimensions of openings. Steel trusses of EFZ 140 / Z 140 type (Z1 type) and plastic meshes (Z2 type) were used as reinforcement. Models were divided into six series with a difference in the opening shape and the reinforcement type. Openings in walls were marked with letters A. B, and C. The opening of A type was a single window opening with a length of 1.50 m and a height of 1.12 m. That series included two models with truss type reinforcement (HA-Z1 (Z1 type of reinforcement) and two models with plastic mesh reinforcement (HA-Z2 (Z2 type of reinforcement). The opening of B type was also a window opening of 1.12 m in height, but longer - 2.50 m. That series included two models with truss type reinforcement (HB-Z1 (Z1 type of reinforcement) and two models with plastic mesh reinforcement (HB-Z2 (Z2 type of reinforcement). The opening of C type combined the window opening of 1.50 m in length and 1.12 in height and a door opening of 1.0 m in width and 1.90 in height. As in case of series of A and B type openings, tests were also performed on HC-Z1 series (Z1 type of reinforcement) and HC-Z2 series (Z2 type of reinforcement). The results were compared with test results for unreinforced walls with openings, tested under the same initial conditions. Reinforcement ratio in all reinforced models was ρ=0.07 (>ρmin=0.05). Walls were tested at different values of precompression stress σc = 0.1; 1.5 or 0.75 N/mm2. A mechanism of cracking and destruction, and values of cracking and failure stresses were analysed.
Modelling of Storm-water Drainage Systems in Residential Areas
Authors: Cotoarba Liliana , Florescu Constantin , Badaluta-Minda Codruta , Visescu Mircea 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
All the processes that take place in an urban water system are parts of the hydrological cycle of water. Any urban development will have a negative impact on the environment, but through an optimal approach and management of rainwater, storm water drainage and pollution leakage, we prevent the degradation of these natural resources. This paper presents aspects regarding the management of the storm-water on the surfaces related to the developed residential areas within the localities, which do not have a centralized system of meteoric sewage. In most of the localities, the storm water is not collected centrally. It is being evacuated through the slopes of the lands to the gutter, where it exists and to the areas with the lowest levels of the localities. In recent years, the climate change and poor management of the storm-water in these localities led to a major risk of flooding. The paper analyses the potential flood risks of the drainage system designed for the residential area in the analysed river basin.
Fragility Curves for Assessing the Seismic Vulnerability of Multi-Drum Ancient Columns
Authors: Trapani Fabio Di , Sarhosis Vasilis , Tomaselli Giovanni , Bertagnoli Gabriele 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe paper deals with an assessment of the seismic fragility of multi-drum ancient columns in the probabilistic assessment framework of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The dynamic response of multi-drum ancient is governed by the motion of stone-drums which can rock and slide individually or in group, individuating different possible collapse mechanisms, which are also depending on ground motion intensity. In this research, two different in geometry columns i.e. different height and number of drums analysed. The columns were modelled using the UDEC software based on the discrete element method (DEM). IDA was carried out for 10 ground motion records with and without considering the vertical component of earthquake excitation, in order to assess also its influence on the resulting fragility. Results are provided in terms of fragility curves and allow evaluating the influence of the geometrical assembly of the columns and vertical component of the ground motions.
Cracking analysis of plane stress reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Busso Francesco , Anerdi Costanza , Bertagnoli Gabriele 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article presents the numerical analysis’ results of reinforced concrete elements subjected to plane stress in early cracking stage. The elements are modelled by a concrete two-dimensional matrix, discrete reinforcement bars and bond-slip elements. The aim of this study is to investigate the behaviour of RC structures before and after the formation of the first cracks to understand the influence on the crack spacing and width of bar orientation with respect to the crack direction, bar spacing and diameter and presence of shear stresses on the crack. Discrete crack non-linear analysis of elements with reinforcement both orthogonal and skew to the crack directions are performed. The interaction between concrete and steel is ensured by a non-linear bond slip law at the interfaces between the two materials. The crack spacing obtained numerically are compared with the ones calculated using different design codes. The analysis of models with different reinforcement geometries allows individuating and discussing the main factors governing two-dimensional plane stress concrete cracking behaviour.
Classroom Design for Children with an Autism Spectrum
Authors: Uherek-Bradecka Barbara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In modern societies, the group of people with dysfunctions related to the spectrum of autism is becoming increasingly numerous. A specialized approach to space design for this group of people is becoming a necessity. Particular attention should be paid to the rooms where children with autism spectrum disorders spend a lot of time - to classrooms. The arrangement of space can strongly influence their behavior. Special attention must be paid to the size and proportions of the room, the sense of order in space, proper sunshine, shading and ventilation, as well as to the reduction of detail, the excess of which leads to aggression and lack of concentration in this group of people. Another important element is the proper furnishing of the room, clearly informing about its purpose, or creation of clear zones.However, we are not always able (for procedural and financial reasons) to build complex daycare centers or schools for autistic people, and adaptations of existing rooms impose many limitations. However, despite this, at Tadeusz Kościuszko Primary School No. 11 with Integration Classes in Katowice, an original attempt was made to implement the above assumptions. It includes space zoning, floor differentiation, appropriate lighting, adequate equipment with the elements that are not typical for regular classrooms, as well as color markings and pictograms on the walls, which will be presented in more detail below. All this will undoubtedly lead to better comfort of use.
Relevance of the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test for Strength Assessment of High Strength Concretes
Authors: Fodil Narmane , Chemrouk Mohamed 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present paper addresses the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) as a non-destructive testing device for assessing the compressive strength of high strength concrete using a UPV-strength correlation model. UPV-strength correlation models are developed and used for normal strength concrete assessment; however, questions are raised as to the sensitivity of the ultrasonic pulse velocity test when applied for the strength assessment of denser, higher strength concretes. This study is an appraisal of the relevance of this non-destructive testing device for the high performances concrete strength assessment, aiming for a better knowledge of the applicability of this method as a way to improve the on-site non-destructive strength assessment of the high strength concrete. In the study, a high strength concrete within a specified strength range was targeted. Cylindrical concrete specimens were fabricated, left to harden then subjected to UPV and compressive tests so that a correlation model could be built. The developed model was then used to estimate the strength of a second high strength concrete made with the same type of aggregates. The estimated strength was compared to the real strength of this second HPC in order to assess the reliability of the developed model and hence of the ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. At a second stage, the proposed model was compared to the existing models for high strength concrete assessment, as a procedure to consolidate or negate the observations made in the first part. The results highlight the lack of sensitivity of the UPV method used for the assessment of high strength concrete. Indeed, each high strength concrete considered in this study, including those taken from the literature, varies within a particular strength range while the UPV measurements for all the high strength concretes considered vary narrowly within approximately the same range. This reveals that the UPV non-destructive testing method may not be fully reliable in estimating correctly the strength of a high strength concrete within a range different from that on which the model was built.
Problems associated with the rehabilitation of the bottom outlets of the Poiana Uzului Dam in Romania
Authors: Abdulamit Altan , Asman Iulian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
After some 30-40 years of uninterrupted operation, important hydraulic works are in serious need for rehab or retrofit interventions. Works of this type can be made difficult or even prevented by various unforeseen situations, unknown to the specialists because they were not previously accompanied by events that affected neither the operation of the hydraulic systems nor the safety of the constructions and installations. The paper presents the experience of a group of specialists and the way in which the aforementioned unforeseen problems were solved during the rehabilitation works of the bottom outlets of a large dam in Romania. Poiana Uzului dam is the highest buttress dam in Romania (80 m max. height, commissioned in 1972), creating a multipurpose storage reservoir of circa 88 hm3 used for water supply for population and industry, hydroelectricity and flood protection. According to the national dam safety norms, the dam is ranked into the 1st class of importance, which corresponds to a design discharge value of Q0.1% (maximum discharge value with an annual exceedance probability of 0.1%). According to the Romanian design standard STAS 4273-83, for the 1st class of importance, the dam discharge capacity has to be also verified for a much higher value, Q0.01%. The dam was provided with 3 bottom outlets, each equipped with trash racks and 2 “butterfly” valves. The advanced wear of the bottom outlets equipment determined malfunctions of the service valves, as well as deterioration of the thrash racks, metal fragments posing serious threat upon the safe operation of the valves and of the outlets. Rehabilitation of the bottom outlets equipment was not possible with the complete emptying of the reservoir since it represents the only source of water for a number of circa 150,000 inhabitants in about 7 localities in the neighbouring areas. However, the intervention was possible with partial emptying of the reservoir, using professional divers to perform repair works in very difficult conditions. The lower limit to which the reservoir was emptied was conditioned by a program of monitoring the water quality parameters, allowing the uninterrupted supply of water for population consumption.
Spatial Analysis of Commercial Services in Poland
Authors: Gibas Piotr , Twardzik Małgorzata 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Trade is the subject of interest in many areas of science, such as geography, economics, marketing, sociology or urban planning. In many countries in Europe and the USA, studies of trade usually focus on the location of commercial outlets in urban space, accessibility (time, cost) of the trade for customer, selection of assortment offers and innovations in trade. A recent decade of spatial studies on trade in Poland concerns mainly new large-selling area formats and the importance of trade in the development of the suburbanization process and appropriation of public space by new trade formats. The aim of the article is to identify the mains rightness of the locations of commercial and service buildings in Polish towns and rural areas and to determine the percentage of the population living in areas with difficult access to the trade. Conducted statistical and spatial analysis with the use of information obtained from Database of Topographic Objects is a method of diagnosis of accessibility that has not been applied before for its entire area of Poland and constitutes the introduction for further in-depth studies in this sphere. Trade is one of the most important sectors of the national economy in Poland and an essential market component both on regional and local scale. It is also a vital element of the expanded distribution system and thus it affects the quality of people’s lives while satisfying their consumer needs in the sphere of buying goods in convenient time, place and conditions guaranteeing a high quality of provided services. The city remains a natural environment of commercial activity as the development processes constantly proceed there, new consumer needs occur and new trade forms (e.g. large selling area super and hypermarkets as well as shopping malls) emerge there. Commercial activity depends on other city functions, including communication as well as social and economic functions, thus it directly affects the shaping of the majority of functional elements in the city and conditions of its competitiveness as the center of the settlement system. Distribution of commercial outlets in a given area determines the availability of goods and creates conditions for efficient provision of services for residents. The paper is a statistical and spatial analysis of commercial services in Poland.
Planning and Implementation Problems on Izmit Coastline
Authors: Koca Güler , Erdogan Edanur 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Throughout the history, being located on a coastal strip has made an immense contribution to a city’s creation of its unique identity. However, the rapid urbanization around the world has also had an impact on the coastal cities, causing some changes in their identities. As in some other coastal cities, various coastline structural readjustments in the city of Izmit have brought out many problems, especially on the city morphology and skyline. Izmit’s central location with easy access to railway, seaway and highway connections has played a key role in the rapid growth of its industry. Nevertheless, while being transformed into an industrial city, many different coastline readjustments introduced in Izmit have gradually made it lose its traditional coastal city identity. In view of this loss, the city residents’ changing use of and their satisfaction with the waterfront of the city were analyzed. In this study, a survey was conducted with 100 people living in Izmit. The participants were asked questions about accessibility to the city center, street facilities, green areas and parking areas, public transportation, pedestrian roads and the adequacy of the bicycle roads available. The results are then analyzed and discussed.
Modification of the Levenberg – Marquardt Algorithm for Solving Complex Computational Construction Problems
Authors: Kuzina Valentina , Koshev Alexander 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Systems of nonlinear algebraic equations have a special place in solving modeling and calculation problems in various areas of construction Sciences. These are tasks for calculating building structures, calculating distributed loads, mass and heat transfer tasks, calculating engineering networks, and many other computational and optimization tasks related to the construction industry. As is known, there are a sufficient number of fundamentally different methods for solving systems of nonlinear algebraic equations, which is related to the specifics of the systems, their degree of nonlinearity and conditionality. Non-linear ill-conditioned systems are particularly difficult; an erroneous choice of the method for solving such a system can lead to significantly distorted or simply incorrect results, which is absolutely unacceptable when performing the calculated stages of solving construction problems. In this paper, we propose to use a modification of the well – known Levenberg – Marquardt method developed by the authors, based on the regularization of the Jacobi matrix used in the classical Newton method, to solve complex, ill-conditioned systems of nonlinear equations. The modified method allows solving poorly defined systems and can significantly reduce the amount of calculations needed to ensure the required accuracy by reducing the number of iterative procedures. The paper presents a detailed description of the algorithm, given the solution of the model problem and, as an example the task of modeling and optimization of the port berthing facilities – mooring wall of massive masonry with various add-ons. When composing mathematical equations, the method of limit States was used, which is generally accepted for calculating such port hydraulic structures. The choice of the optimum scheme was carried out by minimizing the cost of structure during limit conditions the reliability of structures when using existing construction materials. The most significant geometric dimensions of the structure were selected using independent parameters to be optimized.
Energy Performance of Two 18th Century Blocks in Lisbon Pombaline Quarter
Authors: Duarte Carlos , Morais António 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The 1758 Lisbon Pombaline quarter Reconstruction Plan consists of a homogeneous urban fabric, structured by rectangular shaped residential blocks, built with a system that matches heavy mass construction elements with a light timber structure, called “Gaiola”. Although Pombaline architecture and construction generate consensus among authors about its importance as a historical fact and exceptional construction quality, this kind of buildings experienced several modifications over time with severe consequences to their built fabric properties and architectural elements. However, if we take into consideration both constructive and architectural inherent features of the 18th century Pombaline block, it has the potential to hold and achieve high-energy performances if considered as a “single” unit. In this way, this paper intends to analyse and compare the energy performance of two block units replicating the “original” 18th century Pombaline design and constructive features. The method involves the conception of a Building Energy Model of two case studies with different volumes, form and orientation, loaded with energy parameters related to Pombaline construction, and subsequently simulated with the EnergyPlus dynamic analysis software. In order to calculate the energy demands for heating and cooling, we set the indoor temperature value between 18°C and 25°C. The results show that due to its architectural features, Block T presents a better overall performance compared with Block H, demanding 8% less energy and displaying less time in thermal discomfort. Finally, the blocks east side and the highest story registered the worst energy performance in both case studies.