bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic Ketoconazole Shampoo for Tinea Capitis in a High-Risk Pediatric Population
Authors: Bookstaver P. Brandon , Watson Holly J. , Winters Shauna D. , Carlson Adrian L. , Schulz Richard M. 
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVESAlthough topical agents for the treatment of tinea capitis decrease viable fungal elements and reduce shedding, their use as a prophylactic agent has not been investigated. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a prophylactic ketoconazole shampoo (Nizoral 2%) protocol to reduce the number of clinically evident tinea capitis infections in a high-risk African American, urban population.METHODSWe conducted a retrospective analysis of a ketoconazole prophylaxis protocol that was implemented at an urban pediatric clinic for medically fragile children. Patients at high risk for tinea capitis received twice-weekly ketoconazole shampoo. The primary outcome of the study was a reduction in the number of documented tinea capitis infections between the 12-month preprotocol and 12-month postprotocol periods. A secondary outcome included the evaluation of predisposing risk factors for acquiring tinea infections.RESULTSNinety-seven patients, with a mean age of 8.06 years, were included. Most patients (78%) were African American. There were a total of 13 tinea capitis infections during the 12-month preprotocol period. During the 12-month postprotocol period, 41 infections were documented: 37 (90.2%) in the prophylaxis group and 4 (9.8%) in the nonprophylaxis group. The average numbers of per-patient infections in the postprotocol period were 0.79 and 0.08 in the prophylaxis and nonprophylaxis groups, respectively. Initiation of prophylaxis did not reduce tinea capitis infections (p=NS). Previous history of infection and a high level of care were significant predictors of infections (p&lt;0.05).CONCLUSIONSImproved hygiene, adherence to prescribed treatment regimens, and prevention of recurrent environmental exposure to surviving fomites should be stressed in high-risk patients and supersede the need for an antifungal (ketoconazole shampoo) prophylaxis protocol.
Common Sense Model of Illness in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes or Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Huston Sally A. , Houk Christopher P. 
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVES
To qualitatively explore differences in Leventhal's common sense model (CSM) constructs between youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and sickle cell disease (SCD) and between different age groups and level of disease control.

METHODS
Two structured individual interviews were conducted in 24 youth with T1D (n=12) or SCD (n=12). Patients were between 8 and 21 years of age, had either good or poor disease control, and were seen at an outpatient children's hospital medical clinic.

RESULTS
Youth conceptualize their chronic disease in terms of identity, cause, timeline, control, and consequences: both cognitive and emotional dimensions are apparent. There was considerable contrast between discussions of youth with well- and poorly controlled T1D but little contrast between youth with well- and poorly controlled SCD. Surprisingly, youth with well-controlled T1D mentioned emotions most frequently. No youth with poorly controlled T1D described disease acceptance, but the majority of youth with well-controlled T1D did. Adolescents and young adults with good T1D control appear to understand disease cause, have better illness coherence, and habitually link discussion of symptoms and negative emotions with solutions. Youth with poorly controlled T1D appeared more likely to connect symptoms with negative consequences. Consequences included 1) disease symptoms, 2) the need to perform self-care activities, 3) physical outcomes, 4) health-system activities, 5) emotions, and 6) life impact. Interestingly, sickling crisis was mentioned more frequently by youth with good SCD control than by those with poor SCD control. Youth with SCD are distressed by others' judgmental perceptions and by feeling different from others.

CONCLUSIONS
In contrast to previous CSM work, youth with well-controlled T1D in this study discussed emotions more frequently than did those with poor control. Disease perceptions were similar between youth with well- and poorly controlled SCD. Results indicate there are noteworthy cognitive and emotional differences between youth with different types of disease and levels of disease control.
Development and Validation of Weight, Height and Age Bands to Guide the Prescription of Fixed-Dose Dispersible Tablet Formulations
Authors: Larson Charles P. , Sauvé Laura , Senkungu Jude Kimbowa , Arifeen Shams El , Brant Rollin 
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVES: Conversion of pediatric essential drugs from syrup to dispersible tablet formulations would require fixed dose options guided by the weight band in which a child falls or a proxy for weight, such as height or age. The purpose of this study was to determine whether weight, height, or age bands can be created that would lead to greater than 95% of children receiving a therapeutic dose of 6 commonly prescribed essential drugs, including paracetamol, iron sulfate, amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole (i.e., trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), ciprofloxacin, and co-artemether (i.e., artemether/lumefantrine).
METHODS: Using World Health Organization growth standards, we created 4 weight bands and then matched them to height and age 50th percentile growth curves. The resulting weight, height, and age bands were then applied to Ugandan and Bangladeshi anthropometric data sets, and the percentage of children who would have received a correct therapeutic dose based upon weight, height, or age was determined. This percentage was interpreted as acceptable if &gt;95%, marginal if 90% to 95% and unacceptable if &lt;90%.
RESULTS: Applying the 4 weight bands to the 6 selected drugs, greater than 95% of children would have received an acceptable therapeutic dose across the 4 weight bands for each of the 6 drugs tested. None of the drugs tested would deliver an acceptable therapeutic dose across all bands based upon height or age among Ugandan children, and only co-trimoxazole would have been delivered at acceptable therapeutic levels based upon these bands in Bangladeshi children.
CONCLUSIONS: For the 6 drugs tested, dispersible tablets prescribed on the basis of a 4-dose regimen determined by weight bands would deliver an acceptable therapeutic dose greater than 95% of the time. Substituting weight for age or height bands would result in unacceptable levels of under- or overdosing.
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Bacteria From Urine Isolates in Children
Authors: Degnan Lisa A. , Milstone Aaron M. , Diener-West Marie , Lee Carlton K. K. 
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms, are a growing problem. The primary objective of this study was to describe the proportion of children with ESBL-producing urinary isolates at a tertiary medical center as well as these organisms' susceptibility patterns. The secondary objective was to identify the risk factors for acquiring ESBL urinary pathogens.
METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated a cohort of children with ESBL urinary isolates, admitted to a tertiary children's hospital during a 6-year period. The proportion of patients with an ESBL-producing urinary isolate among all patients who grew a Gram-negative isolate is described together with the organism's susceptibility pattern. Patients with non-ESBL Gram-negative urinary organisms were used as a control group for identifying patient risk factors for ESBL.
RESULTS: A total of 7.8% (29 of 370) of patients in our cohort grew Gram-negative urinary isolates with an ESBL strain. Most of the ESBL organisms isolated were sensitive to carbapenems (100% of ESBL organisms susceptible to ertapenem and 93.8% susceptible to meropenem) and amikacin (92.3% of ESBL organisms susceptible). Patients with longer hospitalization, recent antibiotic use, and recent intensive care unit admission were found to be at increased risk for ESBL organisms in the urine.
CONCLUSIONS: When selecting empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected urinary tract infection in children, it may be prudent to consider the risk factors identified for acquiring an ESBL urinary pathogen.
Temaredaktørens forord: Danske grænser
Authors: Frandsen Steen Bo 
Published: October 2020

Temanummeret fokuserer på danske grænser i anledning af hundredeåret for fastlæggelsen af den dansk-tyske landegrænse i Slesvig. Det forsøger at fremkalde billedet af grænsers mangfoldighed og foranderlighed og at understrege deres proceskarakter frem for det dominerende indtryk af noget fast og varigt. Et vigtigt udgangspunkt ligger i forskningen ved Center for Grænseregionsforskning, som siden 1976 har forsket i grænser, først nationalt, men siden stedse mere internationalt og komparativt. Temanummeret rækker med bidrag fra forskere fra andre discipliner og institutioner fra grænsernes historiske udvikling over de særlige omstændigheder i det arktiske område, på de sig gennem praksis forandrendegrænser mod Tyskland og Sverige samt de indre grænser i den offentlige debat.
Redaktionelt forord
Authors: Marcussen Martin 
Published: October 2020

Center for Cybersecurity, der er placeret hos Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste, lægger i deres årlige trusselvurdering ikke fingrene imellem: “Truslen fra cyberkriminalitet er MEGET HØJ”, slås fast med versaler i fed skrift. Cyberkriminalitet er en samlebetegnelse for handlinger, hvor hackere bruger cyberangreb til at begå kriminalitet, der er motiveret af et ønske om økonomisk berigelse. Også truslen fra cyberspionage er MEGET HØJ, konkluderer centeret. Det betyder konkret, at det er meget sandsynligt, at danske myndigheder og virksomheder vil blive udsat for forsøg på cyberspionage inden for de næste to år.
Novel targets for engineering Physostegia chlorotic mottle and tomato brown rugose fruit virus-resistant tomatoes: in silico prediction of tomato microRNA targets
Authors: Gaafar Yahya Zakaria Abdou , Ziebell Heiko 
Published: October 2020

Background
Physostegia chlorotic mottle virus (PhCMoV; genus: Alphanucleorhabdovirus, family: Rhabdoviridae) and tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV; genus: Tobamovirus, family: Virgaviridae) are newly emerging plant viruses that have a dramatic effect on tomato production. Among various known virus-control strategies, RNAi-mediated defence has shown the potential to protect plants against various pathogens including viral infections. Micro(mi)RNAs play a major role in RNAi-mediated defence.

Methods
Using in silico analyses, we investigated the possibility of tomato-encoded miRNAs (TomiRNA) to target PhCMoV and ToBRFV genomes using five different algorithms, i.e., miRanda, RNAhybrid, RNA22, Tapirhybrid and psRNATarget.

Results
The results revealed that 14 loci on PhCMoV and 10 loci on ToBRFV can be targeted by the TomiRNAs based on the prediction of at least three algorithms. Interestingly, one TomiRNA, miR6026, can target open reading frames from both viruses, i.e., the phosphoprotein encoding gene of PhCMoV, and the two replicase components of ToBRFV. There are currently no commercially available PhCMoV- or ToBRFV-resistant tomato varieties, therefore the predicted data provide useful information for the development of PhCMoV- and ToBFRV-resistant tomato plants.
The Bacteria Genome Pipeline (BAGEP): an automated, scalable workflow for bacteria genomes with Snakemake
Authors: Olawoye Idowu B. , Frost Simon D.W. , Happi Christian T. 
Published: October 2020

Next generation sequencing technologies are becoming more accessible and affordable over the years, with entire genome sequences of several pathogens being deciphered in few hours. However, there is the need to analyze multiple genomes within a short time, in order to provide critical information about a pathogen of interest such as drug resistance, mutations and genetic relationship of isolates in an outbreak setting. Many pipelines that currently do this are stand-alone workflows and require huge computational requirements to analyze multiple genomes. We present an automated and scalable pipeline called BAGEP for monomorphic bacteria that performs quality control on FASTQ paired end files, scan reads for contaminants using a taxonomic classifier, maps reads to a reference genome of choice for variant detection, detects antimicrobial resistant (AMR) genes, constructs a phylogenetic tree from core genome alignments and provide interactive short nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) visualization across core genomes in the data set. The objective of our research was to create an easy-to-use pipeline from existing bioinformatics tools that can be deployed on a personal computer. The pipeline was built on the Snakemake framework and utilizes existing tools for each processing step: fastp for quality trimming, snippy for variant calling, Centrifuge for taxonomic classification, Abricate for AMR gene detection, snippy-core for generating whole and core genome alignments, IQ-TREE for phylogenetic tree construction and vcfR for an interactive heatmap visualization which shows SNPs at specific locations across the genomes. BAGEP was successfully tested and validated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 20) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (n = 20) genomes which are about 4.4 million and 4.8 million base pairs, respectively. Running these test data on a 8 GB RAM, 2.5 GHz quad core laptop took 122 and 61 minutes on respective data sets to complete the analysis. BAGEP is a fast, calls accurate SNPs and an easy to run pipeline that can be executed on a mid-range laptop; it is freely available on: https://github.com/idolawoye/BAGEP.
An improved modified early warning score that incorporates the abdomen score for identifying multiple traumatic injury severity
Authors: Jiang Xiaobin 
Published: October 2020

Background
Rapid identification of trauma severity is essential for the timely triage of multiple trauma patients. Tools such as the modified early warning score (MEWS) are used for determining injury severity. Although the conventional MEWS is a good predictor of mortality, its performance assessing injury severity is moderate. This study hypothesized that adding an injury site severity-related score (e.g., abdomen score) may enhance the capability of the MEWS for identifying severe trauma.

Method
To validate the hypothesis, we propose an improved modified early warning score called MEWS-A, which incorporates an injury site-specific severity-related abdomen score to MEWS. The utility of MEWS and MEWS-A were retrospectively evaluated and compared for identifying trauma severity in adult multiple trauma patients admitted to the emergency department.

Results
We included 1,230 eligible multiple trauma patients and divided them into minor and severe trauma groups based on the injury severity score. Results of logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses showed that the MEWS-A had a higher area under the ROC curve (AUC: 0.81 95% CI [0.78–0.83]) than did the MEWS (AUC: 0.77 95% CI [0.74–0.79]), indicating that the MEWS-A is superior to the MEWS in identifying severe trauma. The optimal MEWS-A cut-off score is 4, with a specificity of 0.93 and a sensitivity of 0.54. MEWS-A ≥ 4 can be used as a protocol for decision-making in the emergency department.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that while the conventional MEWS is sufficient for predicting mortality risk, adding an injury site-specific score (e.g., abdomen score) can enhance its performance in determining injury severity in multiple trauma patients.
Cytokine regulation of astrocyte function: in‐vitro studies using cells from the human brain
Authors: Aloisi Francesca , Borsellino Giobanna , Caré Alessandra , Testa Ugo , Gallo Paolo , Russo Giobanni , Peschle Cesare , Levi Giulio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractParticipation of astrocytes in central nervous system pathophysiology is likely to involve cytokines, both as stimulators and mediators of astrocyte function. We have used highly enriched human astrocyte cultures as an experimental tool to investigate the influence of cytokines on adhesion molecule expression and synthesis of mediators that are probably important in immune and inflammatory reactions involving the nervous system and in cerebral tissue repair. The response of astrocytes to interferon‐γ mainly resulted in increased expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens and co‐stimulatory molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, LFA‐1α) which mediate astrocyte‐T‐cell interactions. Another co‐stimulatory molecule, B7, was neither expressed nor inducible by IFN‐γ and other cytokines. TNF‐α and IL‐1β were more efficient in stimulating synthesis of immunoregulatory and proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐8 and colony‐stimulating factors), cytokine antagonists (TNF‐α soluble receptors), or cytokines with a possible neuroprotective role (leukemia inhibitory factor); they also increased expression of some co‐stimulatory molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1). Transforming growth factor‐β1 was a strong inducer of leukemia inhibitory factor, but did not affect either major histocompatibility complex/co‐stimulatory molecule expression or cytokine synthesis. Thus, different cytokines activate distinct functional programs in astrocytes, which may play a specific role in different brain diseases or at different stages of the same disease. It was additionally observed that the response of human astrocytes to cytokines (in particular the inducible synthesis of certain cytokines) varied greatly depending on the presence or absence of neurons in the culture system. This finding suggests that neuronal‐glial interactions may be implicated in determining the activation threshold of astrocytes to inflammatory cytokines.
MIGRATING FETAL ASTROCYTES DO NOT INTRAVASATE SINCE THEY ARE EXCLUDED FROM BLOOD VESSELS BY VITAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE
Authors: Bernstein Jerald J. , Karp Sean M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAstrocytes appear to be excluded from blood vessels. In order to test this observation, pial blood vessels were seeded upon cultures of purified E14 fetal astrocytes. One to seven days later co‐cultures were immunohistochemically stained for laminin and fibronectin. Confocal microscopy revealed that laminin‐positive cultured astrocytes migrated from the coverslip to and on to the surface of the blood vessels. The fetal astrocytes migrated along the basement membrane but did not enter the blood vessel. Viable (live) basement membrane is a barrier to astrocyte intravasation and is a pathway for astrocyte migration.
The World Health Organization somatoform disorders schedule. A preliminary report on design and reliability
Authors: Janca A , Burke JD , Isaac M , Burke KC , Costa JA , Silva E , Acuda SW , Altamura AC , Chandrashekar CR , Miranda CT , Tacchini G 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe World Health Organization (WHO) Somatoform Disorders Schedule (SDS) is a highly standardized instrument for the assessment of somatoform disorders according to the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV). The SDS was produced in the framework of the WHO International Study of Somatoform Disorders and tested for its reliability in Brazil, India, Italy, the USA and Zimbabwe. A sample of 180 patients from general psychiatry, primary care and general medical settings were interviewed with the SDS within a three-day interval by nonclinician and clinician interviewers. The agreement between the two interviews was tested using the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and kappa statistic. The test-retest reliability of the SDS was found to be very good (the ICC for all the centres was 0.76; overall kappa value for SDS questions was 0.58; one-third of SDS questions had a kappa value of 0.60 or higher). The field test results of the SDS indicated that the instrument may be administered in larger studies by non-clinician interviewers without compromising the ability to document the prevalence of somatoform disorders in different cultures.
Neonatal outcome following maternal opiate use in late pregnancy
Authors: Sinha C. , Ohadike P. , Carrick P. , Pairaudeau P. , Armstrong D. , Lindow S.W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To determine the neonatal outcome in the form of use of morphine and triclofos to treat the neonatal abstinence syndrome following maternal opiate use in late pregnancy. Methods: Retrospective case study of 51 pregnancies associated with maternal opiate use between January 1992 and December 1997. Results: There were 51 pregnancies which resulted in 51 live births. In the third trimester 22 women took methadone only, 19 women used heroin and 10 women stopped opiate use during pregnancy. Babies of methadone using mothers were less likely to be treated with morphine or triclofos than heroin using women. Morphine, triclofos use was more common in high dose methadone users compared with low users. Conclusions: Successful methadone substitution compared with continued heroin use results in reduced morphine and triclofos use in the babies exposed.
Reversible contraception: issues faced by emerging countries
Authors: Garza‐Flores J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere is no doubt that fertility regulation represents an important contribution to reproductive health. The role of fertility regulation in decreasing maternal mortality has been well documented. Thus, the use of contraceptives in developing countries has been projected to increase from 51% (1990) to 59% in the year 2000. Accordingly, 151 million surgical procedures for female and male sterilization, 8.7 billion cycles of oral contraceptives (OCs), 663 million doses of injectables, 310 million intrauterine devices (IUDs), and 44 billion condoms will be required in developing countries during the 1990s. Contraceptives are currently being manufactured in at least 27 developing countries. Subsidiaries of multinational companies are often involved in the local production of OCs and condoms, whereas most domestic IUD manufacturing ventures have been undertaken by local private companies. External assistance agencies have been active in supporting the local production of contraceptives.
IAMANEH and the new concept of reproductive health
Authors: Pinotti J.A , Drezzet J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractProf. Hubbert De Watteville, first Secretary General and founder of the International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO), created the International Association for Maternal and Neonatal Health (IAMANEH) in 1977, after realizing that the improvements in maternal and neonatal health observed in developed countries were not benefiting the so‐called Third World. The purpose of IAMANEH was to stimulate local associations to take initiatives to improve the health of the women and their children. Lack of attention to women's own health has been characteristic of the emphasis on antenatal care to protect the newborn or family planning to reduce demographic growth, with little attention to the needs of women themselves. The evolution to the more comprehensive concepts of reproductive health has been slow and moved by a few visionaries in the Obstetrics and Gynecology establishment and by the women's rights movement. Currently, the concept has been accepted at world conferences, such as those of Cairo (1994) and Beijing (1995). Brazil officially incorporated an even wider concept of Comprehensive Women's Health Care, originated at the State University of Campinas and formally adopted by the Federal Government in 1984. It was placed in practice in the state of São Paulo between 1987 and 1990, showing important improvements in the quantity and quality of services provided to women.