bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the inherent left‐right flow balancing of rotary total artificial hearts by means of a resistance box
Authors: Nestler Frank , Timms Daniel L. , Stevens Michael , Bradley Andrew P. , Wilson Stephen J. , Kleinheyer Matthias , Lovell Nigel , Frazier O. H. , Cohn William E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWith the incidence of end‐stage heart failure steadily increasing, the need for a practical total artificial heart (TAH) has never been greater. Continuous flow TAHs (CFTAH) are being developed using rotary blood pumps (RBPs), leveraging their small size, mechanical simplicity, and excellent durability. To completely replace the heart with currently available RBPs, two are required; one for providing pulmonary flow and one for providing systemic flow. To prevent hazardous states, it is essential to maintain balance between the pulmonary and systemic circulation at a wide variety of physiologic states. In this study, we investigated factors determining a CFTAH’s inherent ability to balance systemic and pulmonary flow passively, without active management of pump rotational speed. Four different RBPs (ReliantHeart HA5, Thoratec HMII, HeartWare HVAD, and Ventracor VentrAssist) were used in various combinations to construct CFTAHs. Each CFTAH’s ability to autonomously maintain pressures and flows within defined ranges was evaluated in a hybrid mock loop as systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were changed. The resistance box, a method to quantify the range of vascular resistances that can be safely supported by a CFTAH, was used to compare different CFTAH configurations in an efficient and predictive way. To reduce the need for future in vitro tests and to aid in their analysis, a novel analytical evaluation to predict the resistance box of various CFTAH configurations was also performed. None of the investigated CFTAH configurations fully satisfied the predefined benchmarks for inherent flow balancing, with the VentrAssist (left) and HeartAssist 5 (right) offering the best combination. The extent to which each CFTAH was able to autonomously maintain balance was determined by the pressure sensitivity of each RPB: the sensitivity of outflow to changes in the pressure head. The analytical model showed that by matching left and right pressure sensitivity the inherent balancing performance can be improved. These findings may ultimately lead to a reduced need for manual speed changes or active control systems.
Development and evolution of the tetrapod skull–neck boundary
Authors: Maddin Hillary C. , Piekarski Nadine , Reisz Robert R. , Hanken James 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTThe origin and evolution of the vertebrate skull have been topics of intense study for more than two centuries. Whereas early theories of skull origin, such as the influential vertebral theory, have been largely refuted with respect to the anterior (pre‐otic) region of the skull, the posterior (post‐otic) region is known to be derived from the anteriormost paraxial segments, i.e. the somites. Here we review the morphology and development of the occiput in both living and extinct tetrapods, taking into account revised knowledge of skull development by augmenting historical accounts with recent data. When occipital composition is evaluated relative to its position along the neural axis, and specifically to the hypoglossal nerve complex, much of the apparent interspecific variation in the location of the skull–neck boundary stabilizes in a phylogenetically informative way. Based on this criterion, three distinct conditions are identified in (i) frogs, (ii) salamanders and caecilians, and (iii) amniotes. The position of the posteriormost occipital segment relative to the hypoglossal nerve is key to understanding the evolution of the posterior limit of the skull. By using cranial foramina as osteological proxies of the hypoglossal nerve, a survey of fossil taxa reveals the amniote condition to be present at the base of Tetrapoda. This result challenges traditional theories of cranial evolution, which posit translocation of the occiput to a more posterior location in amniotes relative to lissamphibians (frogs, salamanders, caecilians), and instead supports the largely overlooked hypothesis that the reduced occiput in lissamphibians is secondarily derived. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of axial patterning and its regulation in amniotes support the hypothesis that the lissamphibian occipital form may have arisen as the product of a homeotic shift in segment fate from an amniote‐like condition.
Maternal asthma is associated with persistent changes in allergic offspring antibody glycosylation
Authors: Sodemann Elisa B. , Dähling Sabrina , Klopfleisch Robert , Boiarina Ekaterina , Cataldo Didier , Alhasan Moumen M. , Yildirim Ali Ö. , Witzenrath Martin , Tabeling Christoph , Conrad Melanie L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundMaternal asthma during pregnancy is considered an environmental risk factor for asthma development in children. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that are transferred from the mother to the fetus are known to act in a pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory manner depending on their glycosylation status.ObjectiveUsing a mouse model, we examined how maternal allergic airway inflammation during pregnancy influenced offspring experimental asthma severity, as well as maternal and offspring serum IgG antibody glycosylation patterns. Additionally, the effects of maternal and offspring exposure to the same or different allergens were investigated.MethodsFemale mice were either sham sensitized or sensitized to casein (CAS) or ovalbumin (OVA) before mating. Subsequently, allergic lung inflammation was induced in pregnant dams via aerosol allergen challenge (sham, CAS or OVA). After weaning, pups were subjected to an experimental asthma protocol using OVA. Asn‐297 IgG glycosylation was analysed in maternal and offspring serum.ResultsWhen mothers and offspring were sensitized to the same allergen (OVA‐OVA), offspring had more severe experimental asthma. This was evidenced by altered antibody concentrations, increased bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cell influx and decreased lung tissue and lung draining lymph node regulatory T cell percentages. When mothers and offspring were sensitized to different allergens (CAS‐OVA), this phenotype was no longer observed. Additionally, maternal serum from allergic mothers had significantly higher levels of pro‐inflammatory IgG1, shown by decreased galactosylation and sialylation at the Asn‐297 glycosylation site. Similar glycosylation patterns were observed in the serum of adult allergic offspring from allergic mothers.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceWe observed a strong association between maternal experimental asthma during pregnancy, increased offspring airway inflammation and pro‐inflammatory IgG glycosylation patterns in mothers and offspring. IgG glycosylation is not a standard measurement in the clinical setting, and we argue that it may be an important parameter to include in future clinical studies.
A supervised learning approach for heading detection
Authors: Budhiraja Sahib Singh , Mago Vijay 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAs the popularity of the portable document format (PDF) file format increases, research that facilitates PDF text analysis or extraction is necessary. Heading detection is a crucial component of PDF‐based text classification processes. This research involves training a supervised learning model to detect headings by systematically testing and selecting classifier features using recursive feature elimination. Results indicate that decision tree is the best classifier with an accuracy of 95.83%, sensitivity of 0.981, and a specificity of 0.946. This research into heading detection contributes to the field of PDF‐based text extraction and can be applied to the automation of large scale PDF text analysis in a variety of professional and policy‐based contexts.
Reliability analysis of fish traits reveals discrepancies among databases
Authors: Cano‐Barbacil Carlos , Radinger Johannes , García‐Berthou Emili 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Trait‐based approaches are commonly used in ecology to understand the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, environmental filtering or biotic responses to anthropogenic perturbations. However, little is known about the reliability of assigned traits and the consistency of trait information among different databases currently in use.

Using 99 native and alien Iberian inland fish species, we investigated a total of 27 biological and ecological traits for their consistency among 19 different databases and identified less reliable traits, that is, traits with high disagreement among databases. Specifically, we used generalised linear models and inter‐rater reliability statistics (Krippendorff's α) to test for differences in trait values among databases. We also identified well‐studied versus data‐deficient traits and species.

Our results show notable discrepancies and low reliability for several biological and ecological traits such as microhabitat preference, omnivory, invertivory, rheophily, and limnophily. Least reliable traits were mainly categorical (rather than continuous) and established by expert judgment and without a clear definition or a common methodology. Interestingly, categorical traits such as rheophily or limnophily, which showed significantly lower reliability, concurrently showed higher data availability and use than continuously scaled traits.

Such uncertainties in trait assignments could affect bioassessment and other ecological analyses. Species with smaller distributional ranges and those that have been described more recently, presented lower coverage and data availability in trait databases.

We encourage further standardisation of fish trait measurement protocols to help improve the robust application of bioassessment indices and trait‐based approaches.
Relationship between serum vitamin D level and sarcopenia in chronic liver disease
Authors: Okubo Tomomi , Atsukawa Masanori , Tsubota Akihito , Yoshida Yuji , Arai Taeang , Iwashita Ai‐Nakagawa , Itokawa Norio , Kondo Chisa , Iwakiri Katsuhiko 
Published: January 2020

AimAlthough the association of vitamin D with primary sarcopenia has been extensively investigated, its relationship with secondary sarcopenia in patients with liver disease remains unclear. This study aimed to identify factors associated with sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease with a focus on serum vitamin D levels.MethodsThe study included 204 patients with chronic liver disease. Independent factors significantly associated with sarcopenia were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The sarcopenia diagnosis was based on the sarcopenia criteria proposed by the Japan Society of Hepatology. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) levels to represent serum vitamin D levels were measured using double‐antibody radioimmunoassay, and vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D3 level of ≤20 ng/mL.ResultsThe prevalence of sarcopenia in the cirrhotic patients (28/76, 36.8%) was significantly higher than that in the non‐cirrhotic patients (18/128, 14.1%; P = 2.48 × 10−4). Sarcopenia was diagnosed in 44 (27.5%) of the 160 patients with vitamin D deficiency, and two (4.5%) of the 44 patients without vitamin D deficiency (P = 4.90 × 10−3). On multivariate analysis, advanced age (odds ratio 1.11; P = 2.10 × 10−4), low body mass index (odds ratio 1.42; p = 2.08 × 10−5), and low serum 25(OH)D3 level (odds ratio 1.13; p = 1.20 × 10−2) were significant, independent factors associated with sarcopenia. Serum 25(OH)D3 was positively correlated with grip strength and skeletal muscle mass index.ConclusionSarcopenia complicated by chronic liver disease was associated with advanced age, low body mass index, and low serum 25(OH)D3 level.
Explanatory accounts in international and comparative higher education research
Authors: Cantwell Brendan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDeveloping plausible explanations rooted in theory and supported by evidence is a challenge for comparative higher education studies. The purpose of this article is to consider how comparative studies in higher education might develop accounts that allow the research community to enhance explanatory power. Higher education studies can advance explanations about what is happening and why, as well as interpret the meaning of occurrences by drawing broadly on realist scholarly traditions. Rather than prioritising a methodology, the field should prioritise essential questions and address them with all appropriate empirical tools. Avenues for explanatory research include bounded case studies, multi‐method investigations into specific phenomena, mechanism‐based approaches and macro‐social analysis.
Lean mass accretion in children born very low birth weight is significantly associated with estimated changes from sedentary time to light physical activity
Authors: McGee Meghan , Unger Sharon , Hamilton Jill , Birken Catherine S. , Pausova Zdenka , Vanderloo Leigh M. , Bando Nicole , O'Connor Deborah L. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBackgroundFew studies have investigated how lifestyle is associated with body composition in children born very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g), a population at increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life.ObjectivesDetermine how time spent in physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep are associated with body composition in children born VLBW.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study of 5.5‐year‐old children born VLBW, height, weight, body composition (skinfolds, air displacement plethysmography), and 7 days of movement data (logbooks and accelerometers) were collected.ResultsOf 158 participants, 53% were male, and mean (SD) birth weight was 1013 (264) g. Only 52% achieved 60 minutes/day of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity, but 96% achieved sleep recommendations. Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time to light physical activity (LPA) was associated with 0.20 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.37) greater fat‐free mass index. An equivalent inverse association was found when reallocating LPA to sedentary time. No associations were found for other movement behaviours.ConclusionsPromoting LPA and reducing sedentary time may be an important strategy in reducing the elevated risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome amongst those born VLBW by supporting lean mass accretion. Funded by CIHR (FHG 129919) and SickKids Restracomp.
Australian pharmacists: ready for increased non-prescription medicines reclassification
Authors: Hope Denise L , Woods Phillip , Mey Amary , Kelly Fiona S , Townshend James , Baumann-Birkbeck Lyndsee M , King Michelle A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Reclassification of medicines from prescription to non-prescription increases timely access to treatment, promotes self-management of minor ailments and relieves healthcare system burden. Previous research identified that Australia lagged behind the United Kingdom and New Zealand in medicines reclassification. This study aimed to identify Australian pharmacists’ opinions on the current state of medicines reclassification; the prescription medicines consumers requested without prescription; the medicines pharmacists believed should and should not be considered for reclassification; and perceived barriers to reclassification.

Methods
A 2016 national online survey that sought pharmacists’ opinions on the state of reclassification, perceived barriers to reclassification and readiness of the profession for further reclassification. Pharmacists’ comments were invited through open-ended questions.

Key findings
Two hundred and thirty-five valid surveys were completed. Respondents practised in community, hospital, consultant and academic contexts, and the majority were female (58.7%, n = 138). More than two thirds (70.66%, n = 166) of pharmacists reported receiving daily or weekly requests for non-prescription access to prescription medicines. The majority of pharmacists (71.7%) agreed that the Australian pharmacy profession is ready for further medicines reclassification, guided by patient safety, harm minimisation and medication continuance. The most prominent barrier to further reclassification was opposition from other healthcare professionals.

Conclusions
Australian pharmacists believe that their profession has the capacity to safely and effectively manage a wider range of non-prescription medicines through increased reclassification in the contexts of patient safety and risk mitigation. This study has contributed to the global conversation on non-prescription medicines access, providing momentum for practice and policy change.
Evaluation of potential risk of transmission of avian influenza A viruses at live bird markets in response to unusual crow die‐offs in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Mahbubur , Mangtani Punam , Uyeki Timothy M. , Cardwell Jacqueline M. , Torremorell Montserrat , Islam Ariful , Samad Mohammed A. , Muraduzzaman A. K. M. , Giasuddin Md , Sarkar Sudipta , Alamgir A. S. M. , Salimuzzaman M. , Flora Meerjady S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn response to unusual crow die‐offs from avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection during January‐February 2017 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a One Health team assessed potential infection risks in live bird markets (LBMs). Evidence of aerosolized avian influenza A viruses was detected in LBMs and in the respiratory tracts of market workers, indicating exposure and potential for infection. This study highlighted the importance of surveillance platforms with a coordinated One Health strategy to investigate and mitigate zoonotic risk.
Combining social media affordances for organising collective action
Authors: Sæbø Øystein , Federici Tommaso , Braccini Alessio M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSocial media provide new opportunities for supporting the dynamics of collective action (CA), allowing for the mobilisation of people into debates and involving them in new forms of collective decision making. Although current studies focus on opportunities offered by social media for collective action, there is still a need to deepen the understanding of how social media support the organisation of CA and to study the effects of individual actions performed on social media in complex organisational settings. We here explore how social media are used to manage CA by the Italian political movement Movimento Cinque Stelle, using the concept of affordances as the conceptual framing. Based on the qualitative case analyses, our study contributes to the knowledge base by identifying a typology of nine affordances supporting CA and exploring how the combined actualisations of some affordances of the typology create antecedents of the fundamental processes of CA. On the basis of the study analysis, we suggest a model to describe how social media support CA through affordances, their combinations, and the creation of antecedents and then formulate implications for research and practice.
Climate and food resources shape species richness and trophic interactions of cavity‐nesting Hymenoptera
Authors: Mayr Antonia V. , Peters Marcell K. , Eardley Connal D. , Renner Marion E. , Röder Juliane , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTemperature, food resources and top‐down regulation by antagonists are considered as major drivers of insect diversity, but their relative importance is poorly understood. Here, we used cavity‐nesting communities of bees, wasps and their antagonists to reveal the role of temperature, food resources, parasitism rate and land use as drivers of species richness at different trophic levels along a broad elevational gradient.LocationMt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.TaxonCavity‐nesting Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Colletidae, Megachilidae, Crabronidae, Sphecidae, Pompilidae, Vespidae).MethodsWe established trap nests on 25 study sites that were distributed over similar large distances in terms of elevation along an elevational gradient from 866 to 1788 m a.s.l., including both natural and disturbed habitats. We quantified species richness and abundance of bees, wasps and antagonists, parasitism rates and flower or arthropod food resources. Data were analysed with generalized linear models within a multi‐model inference framework.ResultsElevational species richness patterns changed with trophic level from monotonically declining richness of bees to increasingly humped‐shaped patterns for caterpillar‐hunting wasps, spider‐hunting wasps and antagonists. Parasitism rates generally declined with elevation but were higher for wasps than for bees. Temperature was the most important predictor of both bee and wasp host richness patterns. Antagonist richness patterns were also well predicted by temperature, but in contrast to host richness patterns, additionally by resource abundance and diversity. The conversion of natural habitats through anthropogenic land use, which included biomass removal, agricultural inputs, vegetation structure and percentage of surrounding agricultural habitats, had no significant effects on bee and wasp communities.Main conclusionsOur study underpins the importance of temperature as a main driver of diversity gradients in ectothermic organisms and reveals the increasingly important role of food resources at higher trophic levels. Higher parasitism rates at higher trophic levels and at higher temperatures indicated that the relative importance of bottom‐up and top‐down drivers of species richness change across trophic levels and may respond differently to future climate change.
Injectable platelet‐rich fibrin and microneedling for gingival augmentation in thin periodontal phenotype: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Ozsagir Zeliha Betul , Saglam Ebru , Sen Yilmaz Berza , Choukroun Joseph , Tunali Mustafa 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimThe aim of this present study was to evaluate the effect of gingival thickness (GT) and keratinized tissue width (KTW) using injectable platelet‐rich fibrin (i‐PRF) alone and with microneedling (MN) in individuals with thin periodontal phenotypes.Materials and MethodsIn this split‐mouth study, 33 systemically healthy patients with thin periodontal phenotypes were randomly treated with MN + i‐PRF and i‐PRF. I‐PRF was injected on one side, and MN + i‐PRF was performed on the other side of the same patient at 4 sessions with 10‐day intervals. Clinical periodontal measurements, GT and KTW were assessed before the treatment and every month for six months after the final injection.ResultsAfter the evaluation of GT between the groups, a statistically significant difference was found in MN + i‐PRF group at the sixth month. In the intra‐group comparisons, a statistically significant increase in GT was observed within both i‐PRF [from 0.43 mm ± 0.14 to 0.62 mm ± 0.11 (p < .001)] and MN + i‐PRF [from 0.4 mm ± 0.14 to 0.66 mm ± 0.12 (p < .001)] groups at the sixth month.ConclusionsIn individuals with thin periodontal phenotypes, standalone i‐PRF and i‐PRF with MN may have an influence in increasing GT. The results suggest that application of i‐PRF and MN may be a first step of non‐surgical method for increasing gingival thickness.