bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using 2D digital image correlation to investigate the flexural behavior of continuous composite beams
Authors: Abeer S Z , Dawood M B , Ghalib M H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper aims at studying the flexural behavior of continuous composite beams casting from normal concrete and Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON) by using DIC (Digital Image Correlation) technique. The DIC results are compared with the standard methods measurement. DIC is a new non-contacting and non-destructive optical technique based on digital photographs for the tested area to compare them at different stages of loading. Tests were performed on three full-scale T-section continuous beam specimens subjected to two-point loads. In this paper, the effect of using SIFCON at compression or tension parts of plastic hinge locations on the flexural capacity, moment redistribution and crack width are investigated experimentally. The results indicate that the DIC technique gives very good correspondence comparing with the results recorded by standard methods measurement. In addition, it was found that the enhancement in moment redistribution ratio for the beam with SIFCON at compression parts of plastic hinge zones was significantly higher by about 38% comparing with the beam with SIFCON at tension parts of plastic hinge zones.
Assessment of road infrastructures in Iraq according to safe system requirements: case study Old Baquba-Baghdad rural road sections
Authors: Jameel Abeer , Al-Nuaimi Atheer 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSafe system is a new vision recommended by global organisation interested in achieving safer road system in the world. Methodologies have been developed to consider this approach in assessing the safety level of new and existing road infrastructures in most of the world countries. In Iraq, most of the conducted studies investigated the road safety level at aggregated national scale. However, there are no studies consider the safe system approach in assessing the road safety situation. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the road safety level at road section scale according to the safe system approach. For this, international methodologies were reviewed to select the most appropriate one. The international road assessment programme (iRAP) was selected as it has been recommended by the UN and WHO. The old Baquba-Baghdad rural road which is a two way-two lane road was selected for this study. The necessary data was collected from a previous study and from field observations, and then was processed using the iRAP programme to quantify the risk scores and the star rating of head-on overtaking crashes for vehicle occupants as this is the most common crashes recorded at the selected sections. The results showed that the star rating of the study road is one to two which reflects the dangerous situation. Therefore, four countermeasures were suggested to improve the level of safety, three of them has been already implemented which are upgrading some sections to four lane road with separated physical median and improving the skid resistance of the road surface. The results of assessment after improvement showed that the implemented improvements may reduce the fatalities rate by about 60% and upgrade the star rating to 3 in some sections and less in others. Therefore, it is recommended to upgrade the two lanes sections to four lanes and extend the physical separation median to all these sections which will eliminate the risk of the head-on overtaking crashes as the results of the assessment produced.
Forecasting of Dissolved Oxygen in Shatt Al-Arab River Based on parameters of water quality Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Khudhur Z A , Dawood A S , Arab S A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The quality of water is considered as a vital quality factor that affects the life quality in different areas. Thus, its assessment and forecasting became an essential subject matter for several researches. Analytically, the common adopted feed forward error back propagation neural network technique is used to developed two types of ANN models. The first model is applied having experimental data that gotten from the Department of Environment, Basrah-Iraq, during year 2009-2014 and the data set for the current year (2019), while the second model is applied according to the data for the current year (2019) only. The parameters of input of the neural network are pH value (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), nitrate nitrogen (NO3), phosphorous (PO4
−3) and Sulfate (SO4
−2), the output parameter of the neural network is dissolved oxygen (DO). Through comparing the outcomes of ANN models depending on high value of regressions coefficient (R2) and lower value of mean square error (MSE). For the first model R = 0.96143 and MSE=0.00125 for testing. The second model is R=0.99225 and MSE=0.00532. The results show the proposed ANN prediction model has a great potential significance for the assessment and forecasting the dissolved oxygen.
Prediction of the contamination track in Al-Najaf city soil using numerical modelling
Authors: Alsamia Shaymaa M. , Mahmood Mohammed S. , Akhtarpour Ali 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Leachate generated from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) may drain into groundwater aquifers as a consequence of rainfall, transmitted to the conterminous river system through groundwater flow and contaminate the environment. Iraq, because of the lack of accurate data and the high cost of measurement, accurate assessment of leachate generation levels has often been considered a problem. The production of leachate connects into many factors, such as the data of meteorological, levels of waste production, and requirements of design landfill, the large differences in these factors indicate that leachate modelling processes are complicated. The purpose of this paper is to predict the movement of various contaminants in landfill soil in Al Najaf city to predict the behaviour and distribution of landfill pollution in order to properly understand the distribution of contamination in these soil, to control it and to prevent groundwater contamination to predict the depth of leachate from landfill using numerical model by SEEP/W, and CTRAN/W packages from GeoStudio 2012 Software.
Analysis of abrasion rates in concrete surfaces of hydraulic structures
Authors: Ayoob Nadheer S. , Abid Sallal R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Abrasion of water-exposed surfaces in hydraulic structures can impose devastating defects in these surfaces leading to larger costs of rehabilitation and maintenance. One of the possible solutions is the improvement of concrete quality. Generally, several factors govern the abrasion resistance of hydraulic concrete. In the present study, previous experimental works, which carried out depending on the ASTM C 1138 test method, were collected, studied and analyzed precisely in order to estimate the effect of several factors that related with concrete quality on the abrasion rate of concrete. The results showed that the selection of cement type, inclusion of fibers, addition of silica fume and the election of the proper concrete type have the most effective influence among the remaining studied factors on the abrasion rate reduction.
Modified geopolymer paste adhesive bond material for near surface mounted strengthening technique
Authors: Hadi Noor S. , Oleiwi Safie Mahdi , Salman Wissam D. , Ibrahim Amer M. , Mansor Ahmed Abdullah 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Near surface mounted (NSM) is a promising strengthening technique for improving the flexural, shear and torsional strength of structures. Epoxy is the adhesive material used in this technique, but, the rapid failure happened in the mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix at high temperature, and the dangerous effects of epoxy fumes on the workers made the need of replacing epoxy with a new sustainable adhesive. Geopolymer Paste Adhesive and Modified Geopolymer Paste Adhesive were used in this study as adhesive materials in NSM strengthening technique to be an alternative to epoxy, where the geopolymer is a sustainable, environmentally friendly and less expensive material than epoxy. More importantly, it can better work at high temperatures. The test results showed that the modified geopolymer paste adhesive beat the epoxy adhesive by (4.1)% when adding (1)% micro steel fiber and (9.6)% when adding (0.6)% carbon fiber, while the bond strength reaches to (93)% of epoxy adhesive when adding (0.6)% polypropylene fiber.
Studying The Effect of Internal Sulfates on Normal and Lightweight Concrete
Authors: Naser Maryam H. , Zainab J.K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The current research includes study the effect of internal sulfate (Calcium sulfate) on mechanical properties of normal and light weight concrete. The mechanical properties included compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength. The experimental work consists of casting and testing 216 cubes (150×150×150) mm, 216 cylinders (200×100) mm, and 144 prisms (400×100×100) mm having different condition including: ratio of the sulfate, the age test, type of concrete, and type of cement. This research consists of two part normal and light weight concrete, each part divided to three groups according to type of cement (type I cement, type V cement, and type I cement with 15% silica fume replacing from weight of cement). Each group consisting of four set with different ratio of sulfate (0.28% (reference SO3), 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) by weight of fine aggregate where these ratios approximate the actual reality of the sulfates present in internal concrete components such as sand, each set having nine cubes tested in a different age (28, 60, and 90) days. The experimental results show that the harmful effect of internal sulfate in concrete on mechanical properties was decreased by using type I cement with 15% silica fume replacement whether normal and light weight concrete. Using of silica fume concrete is more effective to enhance the concrete resistance to internal sulfate attack.
Investigation of the behavior of shallow machine foundation resting on a saturated layered sandy soil subjected to a dynamic load
Authors: Karim H H , Samueel Z W , Hussein M A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In liquefying soils, Shallow foundations may experience an increase in settlement and displacement due to dynamic loading. Therefore, the machine footing may settle and tilt excessively. In this paper, the settlement of shallow foundation and inner displacement on liquefiable of unreinforced and reinforced saturated multi-layered sandy soils (medium-dense sand MD) will be studied. The relative density of the first and second layers is 50% and 85% corresponding to medium sand soil and dense sand soil respectively. The tests have been carried out on 20 models. The amplitudes of the applied harmonic load are 0.25, 1 and 2 tons with frequencies of 0.5, 1 and 2 Hz. The used foundation was with dimension 200*200*20 mm and the geogrid was used as reinforcement material. For each amplitude and frequency of load, the sand models were tested without and with reinforcement in various configurations (0.5B, 1B using single reinforcement layer and 0.5B, 1B using double reinforcement layers) where B is the square footing width. The results showed the high susceptibility for liquefaction and its potential which increased with increasing amplitude load and amplitude frequency. Also, the surface settlement and displacement were increased in the first layer and reduced with increasing relative density. The results also showed the high effect of reinforcement material and its configuration and number of layers by maintaining the little settlement values when fixing other parameters.
Rural traffic characteristics using field data and the developed simulation model
Authors: Al-Jameel Hamid Athab , Kadhim Ali Jihad 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study has mainly focused on studying the characteristics of selected rural roads in Iraq using the developed simulation model and S-Paramics in order to enrich the area of developing such traffic simulation model calibrated with field data. Thus, several sites, such as Baghdad-Hilla, Baghdad-Mahmudiyah, Baghdad-Kut, Baghdad-Diyala and Najaf-Kerbala, have been investigated such as two and three-lane sections. This paper has three objectives; first, to investigate driver behavior mostly according to collected data of lane changing, lane utilization, flow and time headway. The second objective is to develop simulation model starting from car-flowing and ending with the process of calibrating it graphically and statistically with field data. The third objective is to calibrate the well-known S-Paramics model with field data and comparing it with the developed model. More than 80hrs have been collected using video cameras placed on footbridges as vantage points. The graphical and statistical analyses demonstrate more accurate for the developed model with field data than S-Paramics model. This model may be considered as the first step towards modeling driver behavior in Iraqi rural roads and enhance this model to represent different behaviors according to the collected data.
Civil construction wastes and influence of recycling on their properties: a review
Authors: Odaa Sief Aldeen , Mohd Noor Azline , Derea Abeer T 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Failures in the management and planning processes for waste disposal have caused serious urban and environmental problems leading to costly and inadequate management in cities. The lack of areas for waste deposition resulting from the occupation and valorisations of urban areas, the high social costs in waste management, troubles of public sanitation and environmental contamination are some of these problems. With technology suitable for the joint use of recycled construction waste as coarse aggregate, it is intended to reduce the extraction of sand and gravel, and also to reduce the volume of waste landfills. In this manuscript, a review of the bibliography on construction waste and its potential for application in the construction industry is presented.
Effect of using stepped gabions on the distance of the hydraulic jump
Authors: Al-Fawzy Ali M , Al-Merib Faiz H , Al-Mohammed Fadhil M , Hummadi Ali H , Al-Zubaidy Riyadh Z 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe present study investigates the effect of using stepped gabion weir in a laboratory channel on the distance of the hydraulic jump. A set of 25 laboratory experiments and 175 operation tests were conducted using a laboratory flume with dimensions 10 m long by 0.3 m wide, and 0.5 m high. The tested gabion weir had different five possible lengths 0.88 m, 0.96 m, 1.04m, 1.12 m, and 1.20 m, and the filling material used was natural quarry mono graded gravel in five different sample sizes of average equivalent diameter 11.75 mm, 16.50 mm, 22.00 mm, 31.25 mm, and 43.75 mm. Operation discharge values ranged between 0.7 to 15.0 l/s. The data set was subject to dimensional analysis to generate dimensionless groups, and correlated using the Buckingham Pi-Theorem. The results of this study showed that in case of direct representation between the parameters, the distance of hydraulic jump has a direct relationship with discharge but both the gravel sample used and the overall length of the weir give an undular behaviour with its increment. While using of dimensional representation shows that both the gravel sample and weir length have an inverse relationship with the distance of the hydraulic jump. Many trials have been made to formulate the best equation which combine the studied parameters with good agreement.
Strengthening the clayey gravel and sand soils for Subbase course highway using different waste materials
Authors: Kadhum Raghda Kamil , Aljumaili Mohammed Abbas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The stabilization of clayey gravel and sand soil used in construction of subbase course pavement highway is one of the engineering solutions in order to increase structural capacity of underneath pavement layers. There are many sorts of soil stabilization which are classified into mechanical and chemical methods. Recently, there has been an increasing social concern about the issue of waste management, by production industrial waste and waste disposal. This project presents the study of the influence of waste ceramic dust (WCD) on strength of clayey gravel and sand materials used in construction of subbase course. The subbase collected locally was mixed with waste ceramic dust from (0 to 25%) by weight of dry soil. The target of this study is to clear that waste is often used as filling and reinforcement and for this reason California Bearing Ratio test (CBR) was conducted to research the strength of waste ceramic and plastic strip of subbase material. The application of plastic waste in various forms is one among the emerging areas of ground improvement technique and there are economic and eco-friendly advantages. A detailed analysis of their results depicts that it is often utilized in the fields effectively and economically as reinforcing materiel. Plastic strips with dimensions (12 mm × 6 mm) are mixed with soil containing the optimum proportion of ceramic dust and California bearing tests are conducted. The effect of waste plastic strip (WPS) content is 0.5% to2% (by weight of sub base material) on the CBR of strip reinforced subbase was studied. The ratio is decided by changing its length and width. From the CBR on soil with and without plastic reinforcements, it had been found that after reinforcement the soil gained its strength appreciably. The best percent of waste ceramic dust was (20%) with waste plastic strip is (1%) which gave higher percent of CBR.
Ultrasonic-electrochemical treatment for effluents of concrete plants
Authors: Alnaimi Hassan , Idan Intidhar Jabir , Al-Janabi Abuduljaleel , Hashim Khalid S. , Gkantou Michaela , Zubaidi Salah L. , Kot Patryk , Muradov Magomed 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHuge quantities of water are consumed by the construction industry, and consequently huge amount of polluted wastewater is discharged from this industry to the surrounding environment. For example, it was reported that a single 8000 L capacity concrete mixer requires 1,500 litters of water per each shift for washing process and 1,600 litters for concrete preparation. This huge consumption of water results in substantial production of wastewater, which is generally highly contaminated with various contaminates and high pH (≥ 11). Consequently, it exerts serious influence on quality of freshwater and marine lives. Therefore, this research was devoted to examine the efficiency of a new method of wastewater treatment, which combines and applies electrocoagulation and ultra-sonication systems (UL-EC) for remediation of concrete plants’ effluents from chemical oxygen demand (COD) from. The electrocoagulation cell was based on four aluminum electrodes, while ultrasonic treatment was applied using ultrasonic bath. The effect of other major parameters, including initial pH of wastewater (IPHW) (4, 7 and 10), current densities (CDS) (1, 3 and 5 mAcm−2), and electrodes spacing (ES) (5, 10 and 15 mm) on the efficiency of UL-EC were optimized using Box–Behnken Design (B-BD). The results of the present experiments confirmed that 68.14% COD removal was gotten by the electrocoagulation unit, while, the UL-EC removed 87.8% of COD. The optimum removal of COD was achieved at IPHW of 7, CDS of 5 mA.cm−2and ES of 5mm.
Turbidity removal using natural coagulants derived from the seeds of strychnos potatorum: statistical and experimental approach
Authors: Alenazi Majed , Hashim Khalid S. , Hassan Afrah Abood , Muradov Magomed , Kot Patryk , Abdulhadi Bareq 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Providing sufficient quantity of drinking water to the inhabitants of poor countries and rural areas is one of the difficult challenges for water treatment authorities, where it was reported, by the World Health Organisation (WHO), that nowadays there are more than 800 million people in the poor countries and rural areas do not have sufficient quantity of drinking water, which subjected those people for outbreaks of different water-related diseases. Water companies therefore seek to provide affordable and reliable methods of treatment in order to solve this life-threatening issue. In this vein, the goal of the current study is to develop and analyse the effectiveness of affordable eco-friendly coagulants that derived from the seed of Strychnos potatorum. The applicability of this new type of coagulants for water treatment has been validated by treating turbid water sample, which was synthesized using kaolinites. The experimental work was also focused on optimising the effects of coagulants dosage; retention period and pH of water on turbidity removal by applying the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The final results demonstrated that the new eco-friendly coagulants are suitable for water treatment as they removed about 93% of kaolinite turbidity when the unit was operated at natural pH (7) for 70.0 min with a dosage of the new coagulants of 40.0 mg.L−1.
Analysis of rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves of Baghdad city
Authors: Mahdi Esraa S. , Mohamedmeki Mohammed Z. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn appropriate formula of rainfall data is the Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationship. The rainfall IDF relationship is one of the tools used considerably in water resources engineering, either in planning, designing and operating projects of water resources, or in flood control projects. The purpose of this paper is to update rainfall IDF curves of Baghdad city developed in previously. The frequency analysis of available rainfall data is perform by three statistical methods, namely, the Gumbel Distribution Theory, the Log Pearson Type III and Log Normal Distribution to attain rainfall intensities for various short durations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24) in hours and return periods (2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100) in years. IDF equation was derived based on Bernard equation and the results of three distributions were compared using Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test with help of the Easy fit software 5.6. The results of three methods were close and accepted at 10% significant level. The maximum rainfall intensity of 118.052mm/hr was happened at the duration 0.25hr of the return period 100yr, whereas the minimum rainfall intensity of 1.257mm/hr was happened at the duration 24hr of the return period 2yr.
Behaviour of steel beams with circular web openings under impact loading
Authors: Al-Husainy Alaa S. , Al-Rifaie Ali , Ogaidi Wael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a 3D nonlinear finite element analysis on simply supported steel beams subjected to impact load. The modelling was developed to simulate the beams and the models developed were validated against the corresponding experimental results with good correlation. Parametric studies were achieved to study the steel beam with web openings and to investigate the effect of several parameters such as the number of openings, impact energy and impact location on the impact response of the steel beams. The numerical predictions show that the opening presence reduced the impact force and increased the displacement. In contrast, increase the number of openings has insignificant effect on the impact behaviour within the conditions of this study. Also, higher impact energy induces the beams to exhibit higher impact force and displacement.