bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling and parametrization of the convective flow over leads in sea ice and comparison with airborne observations
Authors: Michaelis Janosch , Lüpkes Christof , Schmitt Amelie U. , Hartmann Jörg 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA non‐eddy‐resolving microscale model is applied to simulate convection over three different leads (elongated channels in sea ice), which were observed by aircraft over the Arctic Marginal Ice Zone in 2013. The study aims to evaluate the quality of a local and a non‐local turbulence parametrization. The latter represents a lead‐width‐dependent approach for the turbulent fluxes designed for idealised conditions of a lead‐perpendicular, near‐neutral inflow in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) capped by a strong inversion at around 250 to 350 m height. The observed cases considered here are also characterised by an almost lead‐perpendicular flow but, in comparison to the idealised conditions, our analysis covers effects in stable inflow conditions and a much shallower ABL. The model simulations are initialised with observed surface parameters and upwind profiles, and the results are compared with measurements obtained above and downwind of the leads. The basic observed features related to the lead‐generated convection can be reproduced with both closures, but the observed plume inclination and vertical entrainment near the inversion layer by the penetrating plume are underestimated. The advantage of the non‐local closure becomes obvious by the more realistic representation of regions with observed vertical entrainment or where the observations hint at counter‐gradient transport. It is shown by comparison with the observations that results obtained with the non‐local closure can be further improved by including the determination of a fetch‐dependent inversion height and by specifying a parameter determining the plume inclination as a function of the upwind ABL stratification. Both effects improve the representation of fluxes, boundary‐layer warming, and vertical entrainment. The model is also able to reproduce the observed vanishing of a weak low‐level jet over the lead, but its downwind regeneration and related momentum transport are not always well captured, irrespective of the closure used.
Methylenecyclopropylglycine and hypoglycin A intoxication in three Pére David's Deers (Elaphurus davidianus) with atypical myopathy
Authors: Bochnia Mandy , Ziemssen Eva , Sander Johannes , Stief Birgit , Zeyner Annette 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundHypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG) from seeds/seedlings of Sycamore maple (SM, Acer pseudoplatanus) causes atypical myopathy (AM) in horses. AM was not known to occur in wild ruminants until several fatalities in milus (Elaphurus davidianus) following the ingestion of HGA in SM seeds. However, a role for MCPrG has not previously been evaluated.ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that MCPrG is also a major factor in AM in milus, three milus (M1, M2, M3) from the Zoo Dresden (aged 7–11 years, 2 females and 1 male, in good nutritional condition) that developed AM were studied.MethodsSerum, urine and methanol extracts from the liver, kidney, rumen digesta and faeces were analysed by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry for HGA, MCPrG and for conjugates of carnitine (C) and glycine (G): Methylenecyclopropylacetyl (MCPA)‐G, MCPA‐C, Methylenecyclopropylformyl (MCPF)‐G, MCPF‐C, butyryl‐C and isobutyryl‐C.ResultsHGA in serum was high (M2 480 nmol/L; M3 460 nmol/L), but MCPrG was not. HGA and MCPrG were found in rumen and faeces extracts, and MCPrG was also identified in the liver. Metabolites of HGA and MCPrG were high in serum, urine and liver, but not in the rumen or faeces.ConclusionsThis study shows that MCPrG is involved in the pathophysiology of AM in milus. The metabolism of MCPrG is considered to be faster because, after ingestion, the specific metabolites appear highly concentrated in the serum. The high toxin concentration in the liver suggests that a possible transfer into products for human consumption may pose a risk.
Transportation is critical to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the United States
Authors: Bleviss Deborah L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the last 4 years, the transportation sector has overtaken the power sector as the major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and it is expected to continue to be the dominant sector for emissions into the future. In contrast to the power sector, transportation faces substantially more challenges to reducing GHG emissions. This article will examine those barriers and then review three major strategies to reduce emissions in this sector. They include: (a) substantially improve the fuel economy of the passenger light vehicle fleet; (b) advance the usage of emerging alternatively‐fueled light vehicles, particularly electric vehicles, while reducing their GHG emissions; and (c) invest in and modernize public transportation to increase its use substantially.This article is categorized under:
Energy and Transport > Economics and Policy
Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment
Energy Policy and Planning > Climate and Environment
Teaching Sexual History Taking in Health Care Using Online Technology: A PLISSIT-Plus Zoom Approach During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Shutdown
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Newstrom Nicholas , Coleman Eli 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Aim
Cancellation of university classes during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic challenges teaching inperson sexual history–taking skills to medical, physician assistant, and nursing students. We used commercial online electronic services for medical students to learn sexual history–taking skills.

Methods
A total of 174 medical students viewed a lecture on sexual history taking and the PLISSIT model (Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestion, Intensive Therapy) and were then randomized into dyads. They arranged a time to meet online on Zoom with their partner, chose a simple sexual history case-history (male or female) from a small selection, and recorded the 5- to 6-minute sexual history within a 1-week time frame. Each student played a “provider” or “patient” and then switched roles with a new case. One of the course tutors, all sexual health practitioners, downloaded 10 videos randomly assigned to them asynchronously and viewed and commented on the interaction of each “provider” along with comments on what to improve in the sexual history. 2 weeks later after the remainder of the lectures in the course, a second, more complex set of 8 cases were provided, so students could move at their comfort pace and choose 1.

Main Outcome Measure
Students were required to make 1 online post and 1 comment on another student's post for each case, on the experience, and associated issues arising, positive or negative. All comments were downloaded and analyzed by theme.

Results
Major themes included developing comfort in using sexual language, using simpler sexual terms suitable for patients, feeling confidence and mastery, excitement using technology developing clinical skills, surprise watching their performances and body language, observation of how they appeared to the “patient,” organizing sexual histories and incorporating PLISSIT model, ability to ask about context and relationships, and seeing the exercise as building on existing clinical skills training. Some expressed anxiety and nervousness, which by the second case had largely or completely dissipated.

Conclusion
A readily replicable, secure, cheap cloud-based model to integrate sexual history training asynchronously was provided, with tutors’ comments, and student skills development, and performance evaluated.
Adding Supra-Aortic Trunk Surgical Reconstruction to Carotid Endarterectomy: Implications on Risk of Stroke and Death
Authors: Goudreau Bernadette J. , Wang Linda J. , Latz Christopher A. , Conrad Mark F. , Williams Carlin A. , Tracci Margaret C. , Kern John A. , Clouse Darrin W 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND:
Additive risks of combining supra-aortic trunk surgical reconstruction (SAT) with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for associated carotid bifurcation and great vessel disease management are not well defined. This study sought to define risk of combining SAT with CEA.

STUDY DESIGN:
Isolated CEA (ICEA) and CEA+SAT (from 2005 to 2015) were identified from NSQIP, excluding nonocclusive indications. CEA+SAT were compared with ICEA as well as a propensity-matched ICEA cohort. Primary outcomes included 30-day stroke, death, and composite (SD). Outcomes were then weighted by symptomatic status. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS:
Patients included 79,477 ICEA and 270 CEA+SAT. SAT reconstructions included 19 (7%) aorto-carotid bypasses, 21 (8%) carotid-subclavian transpositions, 85 (31%) carotid-carotid bypasses, and 145 (54%) carotid-subclavian bypasses. There was no difference in 30-day mortality (vs CEA+SAT 1.5% vs ICEA 0.7% p = 0.12). CEA+SAT had higher rates of stroke (3.7% vs 1.6%, p = 0.005) and stroke and death (SD) (4.8% vs 2.1%, p = 0.001). Predictors of SD included CEA+SAT (odds ratio [OR] 5.2, 95% CI 1.03–26.3, p = 0.046) and symptomatic status (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.2, p = 0.02). After propensity matching, CEA+SAT continued to have higher rates of stroke (3.4% vs 0.4%, p = 0.01) and SD (4.5% vs 1.5%, p = 0.04), with similar mortality (1.5% vs 1.1%, p = 0.70). No differences were noted in primary endpoints in asymptomatic patients. In symptomatic patients, CEA+SAT carried significantly higher stroke (5.6% vs 2.1%, p = 0.04) and SD risk (7.0% vs 2.8%, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS:
CEA+SAT confers increased risk of stroke and SD over ICEA. Symptomatic status and concomitant procedure contribute to this risk. Management should be considered within the context of lesion characteristics, patient longevity, and individual operative risk profile.
The Alaska Convergent Margin Backstop Splay Fault Zone, a Potential Large Tsunami Generator Between the Frontal Prism and Continental Framework
Authors: von Huene Roland , Miller John J. , Krabbenhoeft Anne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe giant tsunami that swept the Pacific from Alaska to Antarctica in 1946 was generated along one of three Alaska Trench instrumentally recorded aftershock areas following great and giant earthquakes. Aftershock areas were investigated during the past decade with multibeam bathymetry, ocean bottom seismograph wide‐angle seismic, reprocessed legacy, and new seismic reflection images. Summarized and updated here are previous papers and additional data. Tectonic structures collocated with aftershock area boundaries indicate possible lengths of rupture in future great earthquakes. NE aftershock area boundaries relate to subducted lower plate structures whereas the SW zone upper plate retains Beringian structural relicts. The lower to middle slope transition separating a stronger continental framework rock from a weaker accreted prism occurs along splay fault zones previously interpreted as backstops in seismic images. Damage zones along splay faults are generally 1‐km‐wide dipping typically 21°. Splays form slip paths from the plate interface to the seafloor much shorter than the 3–4° dipping plate interface beneath the frontal prism. Associated seafloor vent structures indicate overpressured fluids at depth. Splay fault dip and its rigid hanging wall impart greater seafloor uplift than the accreted prism per unit of slip making them effective tsunami generators. Backstop splay fault zones (BSFZs) run along the entire Alaska Trench. Beneath the frontal prism, active bend faults add rugosity to the plate interface and km high relief is commonly imaged in reprocessed legacy and new seismic data. The 1946 Unimak great (M8.6) earthquake epicenter is located near the BSFZ.
Phytoplankton “Missing” Absorption in Marine Waters: A Novel Pigment Compensation Model for the Packaging Effect
Authors: Huan Yu , Sun Deyong , Wang Shengqiang , Bilal Muhammad , Zhang Hailong , Qiu Zhongfeng , He Yijun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe packaging effect (Qa*) of phytoplankton pigments can account for over half of the variability in the phytoplankton absorption coefficient (aph) in oceanic waters. Given the significance of aph in many marine biogeochemical and environmental processes, exploring the packaging effect on absorption properties is a crucial task. In the present study, two pigment compensation models for quantifying the packaging effect are developed for Case I and Case II waters using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) derived pigments and aph data. The Case I model is based on data from the NOMAD data set from the Atlantic Ocean, and the Case II model is based on data taken in the marginal seas of China. Phytoplankton “missing” absorption is derived by subtracting the reconstructed aph without the packaging effect from the measured aph. Our proposed models use the established relationships between “missing” absorption and specific absorption coefficients of pigment groups without the packaging effect to quantify pigment group concentrations. Validation using independent in situ data sets demonstrates that significant improvements are achieved to quantify the packaging effect, especially for waters under abnormal packaging effect conditions (Qa* > 1), where the mean ratio of normal Qa* increasing largest from 40% to 90% in 455 nm in Case I water and from 70% to 100% in 520 nm in Case II water. Applying the proposed models to satellite data displays the spatial distributions of the packaging effect in the Atlantic Ocean and the marginal seas of China, as delegates of Case I and II waters, respectively. The Qa* intensity negatively covaries with the chlorophyll‐a distribution. This study shows the spatial variability of the packaging effect from satellite observations for the first time.
Interannual‐to‐Decadal Variations of Particulate Organic Carbon and the Contribution of Phytoplankton in the Tropical Pacific During 1981–2016: A Model Study
Authors: Yu Jun , Wang Xiujun , Murtugudde Raghu , Tian Feng , Zhang Rong‐Hua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe tropical Pacific plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, little is known on the large‐scale variability of particulate organic carbon (POC) and the contribution of phytoplankton carbon (PhyC) in this region. Here, we used a basin‐scale model to study the spatio‐temporal variability of POC and PhyC contribution over 1981–2016 in the tropical Pacific. The model reproduces the spatial and temporal variability of the observed POC in this region. Both satellite and modeled POC show a clear west‐to‐east increase (from 40 to 60 mg m−3) in the equatorial Pacific. The contribution of PhyC to POC is greater in the iron‐limited eastern region (∼30%) than in the nitrogen‐limited western region (∼20%). There are strong interannual variabilities in both POC and the contribution of PhyC to POC, which are largely associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. POC stock and downward flux show significant increases (10%–20%) in the frontal region (near the dateline) but smaller changes in the eastern equatorial Pacific post‐1998, due to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) regime shift. There were significant increases (∼5–10% to the west and ∼5% to the east) in the transfer efficiency of POC across the basin during 1999–2014 due to the PDO regime shift. This study highlights the impacts of iron and nitrogen co‐limitations on phytoplankton dynamics and physical forcing on the carbon cycle of the tropical Pacific, with implications for the global carbon cycle.
Observations and Modeling of Ocean Circulation in the Seychelles Plateau Region
Authors: Castillo‐Trujillo Alma Carolina , Arzeno‐Soltero Isabella B. , Giddings Sarah N. , Pawlak Geno , McClean Julie , Rainville Luc 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe ocean circulation around and over the Seychelles Plateau (SP) is characterized using 35 months of temperature and velocity measurements along with a numerical model. The results here provide the first documented description of the ocean circulation atop the SP. The SP is an unusually broad (∼200 km), shallow (∼50 m) plateau, dropping off steeply to the abyss. It is situated in a dynamic location (3.5–5.5°S, 54‐57°E) in the south‐western tropical Indian Ocean where northwesterly winds are present during austral summer and become southeasterly in austral winter, following the reversal of the western Indian ocean monsoon winds. Measurements around the Inner Islands, on the SP, have been carried out since 2015. Velocity measurements show that most of the depth‐averaged current variance on the SP arises from near‐inertial oscillations and lower‐frequency variability. Lower‐frequency variability encompasses seasonal and intraseasonal variability, the latter of which includes the effects of mixed Rossby‐gravity waves and mesoscale eddies. A global 0.1° numerical ocean simulation is used in conjunction with these observations to describe the regional circulation around the SP. Atop the SP, circulation is dominated by ageostrophic processes consistent with Ekman dynamics, while around the SP, both geostrophic and ageostrophic processes are important and vary seasonally. Stratification responds to the sea surface height semiannual signal which is due to Ekman pumping‐driven upwelling (related to the Seychelles‐Chagos Thermocline Ridge) and the arrival of an annual downwelling Rossby wave.
Global Ocean Wind‐Wave Model Hindcasts Forced by Different Reanalyzes: A Comparative Assessment
Authors: Sharmar V. D. , Markina M. Yu. , Gulev S. K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFour global wind wave hindcasts based on the third‐generation spectral wave model WAVEWATCH III forced by ERA5, ERA‐Interim, National Centers of Environmental Prediction and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and MERRA2 reanalyzes for 1980–2019 are presented. Absolute magnitudes of both 10‐m wind speeds and significant wave heights are the largest in the CFSR and CFSR‐based hindcast respectively, particularly in the extratropical regions. The differences in annual extremes between CFSR and ERA5 (and corresponding hindcasts) amount to 2.4 ms−1 for wind speeds and 1.2 m for wave heights. CFSR and CFSR‐based hindcast also stand out with respect to remaining datasets, showing mostly negative trends in both mean and extreme characteristics. ERA5‐, ERA‐Interim‐, and MERRA2‐based hindcasts show annual positive trends in wave heights in 1980–2019, in particular in the Southern Ocean (up to 0.15 m decade‐1 for extreme wave heights in MERRA2‐based hindcast) as well as in the central Pacific, equatorial and tropical Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. All four hindcasts agree on the positive linear trends in the North Atlantic midlatitudes and subtropics, western South Atlantic midlatitudes and the tropical South Pacific, and the negative trends in the eastern North Pacific midlatitudes. Areas with significant linear trends in wave heights generally coincide with those for wind speeds, however, they have larger spatial coverage. The interannual variability in significant wave heights is the most consistent across different hindcasts in the eastern midlatitudes of both hemispheres. The performed hindcasts provide a useful background for studies on both present and future wave climates.
Simulation of the Present and Future Projection of Permafrost on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau with Statistical and Machine Learning Models
Authors: Ni Jie , Wu Tonghua , Zhu Xiaofan , Hu Guojie , Zou Defu , Wu Xiaodong , Li Ren , Xie Changwei , Qiao Yongping , Pang Qiangqiang , Hao Junming , Yang Cheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe comprehensive understanding of the occurred changes of permafrost, including the changes of mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) and active layer thickness (ALT), on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) is critical to project permafrost changes due to climate change. Here, we use statistical and machine learning (ML) modeling approaches to simulate the present and future changes of MAGT and ALT in the permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that the combination of statistical and ML method is reliable to simulate the MAGT and ALT, with the root‐mean‐square error of 0.53°C and 0.69 m for the MAGT and ALT, respectively. The results show that the present (2000–2015) permafrost area on the QTP is 1.04 × 106 km2 (0.80–1.28 × 106 km2), and the average MAGT and ALT are −1.35 ± 0.42°C and 2.3 ± 0.60 m, respectively. According to the classification system of permafrost stability, 37.3% of the QTP permafrost is suffering from the risk of disappearance. In the future (2061–2080), the near‐surface permafrost area will shrink significantly under different Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCPs). It is predicted that the permafrost area will be reduced to 42% of the present area under RCP8.5. Overall, the future changes of MAGT and ALT are pronounced and region‐specific. As a result, the combined statistical method with ML requires less parameters and input variables for simulation permafrost thermal regimes and could present an efficient way to figure out the response of permafrost to climatic changes on the QTP.
Validation of SAGE III/ISS Solar Water Vapor Data With Correlative Satellite and Balloon‐Borne Measurements
Authors: Davis S. M. , Damadeo R. , Flittner D. , Rosenlof K. H. , Park M. , Randel W. J. , Hall E. G. , Huber D. , Hurst D. F. , Jordan A. F. , Kizer S. , Millan L. F. , Selkirk H. , Taha G. , Walker K. A. , Vömel H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSince June 2017, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III instrument on the International Space Station (SAGE III/ISS) has been providing vertical profiles of upper tropospheric to stratospheric water vapor (SWV) retrieved from solar occultation transmission measurements. The goal of this study is to evaluate the publicly released SAGE III/ISS beta version 5.1 WV retrieval through intercomparison with independent satellite‐ and balloon‐based measurements, and to present recommendations for SAGE III/ISS data quality screening criteria. Overall, we find that SAGE III/ISS provides high quality water vapor measurements. Low quality profiles are predominately due to retrieval instabilities in the upper stratosphere that cause step‐like changes in the profile, and aerosol/cloud‐related interferences (below ∼20 km). Above 35 km, the retrieved uncertainty and noise in the data rapidly grow with increasing altitude due to relatively low extinction signal from water vapor. Below the tropopause, retrieved uncertainty increases with decreasing altitude due to enhanced molecular scattering and aerosol extinction. After screening low‐quality data using the procedures described herein, SAGE III/ISS WV is shown to be in good agreement with independent satellite and balloon‐based measurements. From 20 to 40 km, SAGE III/ISS WV v5.1 data exhibit a bias of 0.0 to −0.5 ppmv (∼10%) relative to the independent data, depending on the instrument and altitude. Despite its status as a beta version, the level of SAGE III/ISS WV agreement with independent data is similar to previous SAGE instruments, and therefore the data are suitable for scientific studies of SWV.