bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative Design of a Ventilated Modern Greenhouse Powered by PV/T Solar System
Authors: Jadallah Abdullateef A. , Alsaadi Mohammed K. , Hafidh Zayn A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a modern design is proposed for ventilating and conditioning of greenhouse integrated thermal solar system in summer season in (33.3°N, 44.4 °E) Baghdad, Iraq with respect to East-West orientation. The proposed system involves photovoltaic panels and counter flow double pass (with fins). The photovoltaic solar thermal system is fixed on the roof of single span greenhouse. Experimental work was carried out during summer season. The results show the ventilation process changes the air inside temperature of the greenhouse to make it equal to the temperature required by the plants. The calculated root mean square error is 2.04 and correlation factor is 0.993 for the inside air temperature and 4.98, 0.98 respectively for the ground temperature.
MPPT Control for Grid Connected Wind Energy Conversion System Based Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and Five-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converter
Authors: Errami Youssef , Obbadi Abdellatif , Sahnoun Smail 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper presents nonlinear control of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and Five-Level Neutral Point Clamped Voltage Source Converter (5L-NPC-VSC). For WECS, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a very important requirement in order to maximize the effectiveness. Therfore, MPPT approach and grid-connected control methods are discussed. On the other hand, the proposed control techniques are based on Sliding Mode Approach (SMA) and Vector Control (VC) to achieve the MPPT, to keep the dc link voltage constant and to the control active and reactive powers. The stability of the regulators is obtained using Lyapunov analysis. An extensive simulation study, using MATLAB/Simulink, is conducted on a 4-MW wind farm composed of two 2 MW PMSG based wind turbines.
Modeling and Investigation Performance of Small-Scale PMSG based HAWT with FOC
Authors: Farge Talib Z. , Numan Ali H. , Tahir Zaineb 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper focused on modeling and simulation of small-scale horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) based on permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) with filed oriented control (FOC) circuit connected to 3-phase full bridge rectifier by MATLAB software. FOC system developed for generator side converter to regulate mechanical speed and electromagnetic torque at variable wind speed. Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) had been implanted in FOC system to turn on six-IGBT switches and validate pure and steady-state of output voltage. Results showed optimum performance coefficient was 0.48 and tip speed ratio 8.1 at zero pitch angle, also when pitch angle increase by 5°coefficient performance decreased to 0.35. The simulated waveforms of the mechanical speed, and electromagnetic torque were contained two case, before and after applied FOC. With FOC, the results shown faster and smooth response to the faster change in wind speed.
An Experimental Investigation of Performance of Hybrid PV/T-PCM System with Control System
Authors: Hussein Hashim A. , Numan Ali H. , Aqeel Zahraa 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper we investigated experimental performance of designed hybrid PV/T with phase change material (PCM) of paraffin wax type based thermal storage material. Paraffin wax embedded with aluminum matrix foam to enhancement the physical properties. Designed hybrid system consists of three main parts, glass to glass PV module, thermal collector and, control system. Thermal results indicated the optimum layer thickness of PCM was 3cm because discharge time of thermal energy storage was longer of 6 hours. Also, optimum temperature of difference air, absorber plate, glass to glass PV module and, paraffin wax were 8.6°C, 80°C, 44°C and, 55°C at air speed of 0.8m/s, respectively.
Improving the Performance of the Pump Station in Pipe Line Transportation System Using PLC Controller and Remote Monitoring
Authors: Hussein Hashim A. , Aleeby Abdzahraa J. , Mahdi Zahraa M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In industries, analysis and control of pressure and flow rate control is very difficult, this leads to factory closings and heavy maintenance through PLC and SCADA implementation. Automatic control plays an important role in the continuous operation of the system. In this project, the actual pump performance is tested in terms of pressure, efficiency, and flow rate of the pump for the operating system using a pipeline by crossing pressure in the pipeline with a length of 2 m by connecting pressure sensing equipment. The global control unit SIMATIC S7-1214 as the main decision-making unit that uses this data to make the required decisions. Thus the operation and stopping of the pump as it asks the details related to all other correct information to SCADA to monitor and control the parameters in the pipeline system of the oil pumping station. Then it performs continuous supervision of oil pump station pipeline in order to allow solving any problem and thereby regulating the control system in the structure consists of three layers. These include the first layer of field devices second remote terminal units, and third domain controllers. The signals are sent from the devices via the transmitters to the dedicated PLC boards in the second layer. The central level of SCADA contains a high-speed computer to supervise or operate the station remotely in order to display information through the LABVIEW screens that was showed the final results of pressure and flow rate by operating the system with a voltage rated by Plus With Modulation at a value of 2.73 V for both light and heavy crude oil. It was showed that the pressure value is 0.22bar and the value of the flow rate is 0.25 L/M for heavy oil. While the light is 0.23bar for pressure and the flow rate is 0.652L/M. In addition, to conducting several experiments that show that an increase in the value of the voltage obtained using heavy oil by a value of 3.77 V the pressure value becomes 0.35 bar the flow rate is at 4.78L/M, while light oil has shown the results are that the rated voltage value is 3.77 V, the pressure value is 0.33bar, and the flow rate value through the tube becomes 5.17 L/M. Thus, the greatest value of the voltage 3.77 V, The result when the flow rate through the pipeline increases rapidly, and the pressure decreases, the pipeline passes through the pipeline faster
Influence of Cryogenic Temperature (CT) on Tensile Properties and Fatigue Behavior of 2024-Al2O3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Abdulridah M N , Assi A D , Al-Alkawi H J 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe stir casting process used to manufacture the AL/Al2O3. AA2024 with matrix material alumina Al2O3at different weight percentage ratio 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9%. Were fabricated by using cryogenic temperature (CT). It was observed that the maximum enhancement is occurred at nanocomposite containing 0.9% Al2O3which shows improvement percentage of 9.9%, 14.63% and 14.28% for ultimate strength, yield stress and Brinell hardness respectively and the ductility is reduced by 34.57% compared to 0% by weight AA2024. It clearly shows that all the mechanical properties are improved by increasing weight percentage of Al2O3but the best properties are obtained at 0.9% Al2O3nanocomposite. The fatigue S-N curve tests were done for all the specimens having average of roughness between 0.2 to 0.5Mm.The fatigue endurance limit of the 0.9% wt. Al2O3composite into two cases without (CT) and with (CT) is taken at 107 cycles. The fatigue limit at 107cycles increases from 83 MPa for without (CT) to 89.6 MPa with (CT) resulted in 7.95% fatigue limit improvement.
Characterization of Ni-Ti-Ag Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Salman Khansaa D. , Saud Laith J. , Shihab Suad A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper, specimens of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy incorporating different percentages of Ag nanoparticles are constructed and three of its properties are studied which are density, porosity, and electrical conductivity. The specimens are constructed using powder technology. The construction process involved three main steps; mixing, compacting, and sintering. Before conducting the tests necessary to reveal the alloy properties mentioned above which represent the focus of this work, the constructed ternary Ni-Ti-Ag alloy specimens were first tested to check some of its characteristics and prove that the constructed alloy is a shape memory alloy. These tests included the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) test, the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test, the Scanning Electro-Microscopy (SEM) test, and the Shape Memory Effect (SME) test. The results of these tests reflected the homogeneous distribution of the Ag nanoparticles in the Ni-Ti matrix and indicated the formation of the austenite (Ti2Ni) and martensitie (Ti 002) phases, and that the alloy has a very good SME (89.9% for the 10 wt.% percentage of Ag nanoparticles). Next to this step, porosity test and electrical resistance test were carried out. The results and related calculations for these tests showed that increasing the weight percentage of Ag nanoparticles decreases the porosity and increases the density as well as the electrical conductivity.
Experimental study to increase the strength of the adhesive bond by increasing the surface area arrangement
Authors: Ameen K. A. , Al-Dulaimi M J , Abdulaziz Abrahem Hussain , Hasan H A 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis research represents an experimental and numerical tensile study to investigate the effect of adding epoxy and both sides of two specimens on the shear stress at which the failure of the bond occurs. Also, the effect of the of epoxy bond arrangements on the toughness and the area of contact were investigated. Fifteen specimens in three arrangement s are used for the tensile test. In the first arrangement (case 1) the epoxy bond is placed in between the steel specimens. In the second arrangement (case 2), the epoxy bond is placed between the steel specimens and it extended 5 cm outward from both sides. In the third arrangement, the epoxy bond is placed between the steel specimens and it extended 10 cm outward from both sides. These arrangements used to increase the contact area of the bond. The single Lap – Simple bond type is used for this study. The experimental and numerical results show a god agreement. The arrangement of the epoxy bond is found to have a strong impact on the mechanical behavior. The shear stress increase by 500 % in case of arrangement 3.
Evaluation the Sensitivity of Bone Natural Frequency as a Diagnosis Tool to Identify Bones Integrity
Authors: Hassan Shaker S , Al Juboori Ameen M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study explain the reason behind the low sensitivity of the natural frequency for the changes in bone health. The mechanical properties of the bone were reduced by placing the bone in boiling water for 2 hours and the mass of the bone was reduced by placing the bone in diluted acidic medium for 24 hours. The natural frequency of the bone samples (10 samples) was calculated in three cases (fresh, after boiling, and after acidic treatment). The natural frequency was calculated theoretically by using finite element analysis based upon CT-Scan DICOME images and experimentally by using impulse test. The difference between the results in the two methods was less than 15%. The boiling process caused a reduction in the natural frequency while the acidic treatment caused an increase in the natural frequency compared with the natural frequency of the fresh condition. The mutual influence of these two component cannot be separated. This mutual influence will reduce the sensitivity of the natural frequency as diagnosis factor for the changes in the health condition of the bone.
Compression strength, dielectric and magnetic properties of new aluminium matrix hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Aljawad Hussain A. , Alalkawi H. J. M. , Adel Aziz Ghada 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Nanocomposites are materials fabricated from two or more materials with different mechanical and electrical properties. Combining these materials produces a new designed material with new and better properties compared to the individual components. In recent years nanocomposites have been developed and employed almost in all industries. The current study deals with fabricating a hybrid nanocomposite ( when there are a minimum of three materials, the composite is called as hybrid composite). Pure aluminium as the base matrix. Iron oxide Fe2O3 (alpha) and aluminium oxide Al2O3 (alpha alumina). Fe2O3 weight percentage (wt.%) is varied (1.5, 2.5 and 5 % by weight) and the wt % of Al2O3 is held constant (2 wt.%). The new designed nanocomposite was produced using Powder Metallurgy (P/M) method. This method has been widely used for fabricating aluminium matrix nanocomposites (AMNCs), due to it is low costs and gives high accuracy as well as the ease of using. The matrix used was aluminium powder with an average particle size of (60µm) with 99.6% purity and Fe2O3 (99% purity and 30 nm particle size) and Al2O3 with (99.5% purity and 14-20 nm particle size ). The experimental results revealed that the microstructure images of composites showed uniformly distributed of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in aluminium matrix. The maximum compressive strength is 152 MPa in nanocomposite containing (1.5 Fe2O3 + 2 Al2O3) wt.%. The improvement percentage was recorded to be 30% for CS. The real and imaginary components of relative permittivity decrease with increase of frequency. The hysteresis curve of nanocomposites showed that the magnetic properties were improved for all the nanocomposites but the better response of magnetic properties was found with the nanocomposite of (1.5% Fe2O3 + 2% Al2O3) content.
Thin-plate stress analysis solved by combining FEM functions and approximations of class C0
Authors: Abdulaziz Abrahem Hussain , Obeid Hassoun Enaam , Salman Hind D. , Serazutdinov M. N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The method for constructing functions with finite support is used, which combines the properties of FEM functions and approximations in the form of series with unknown coefficients. To illustrate the properties of the approximating function constructed, we present the results of the solution of the 2D theory of elasticity for a thin plate, shown on figure 1,b. The thickness of the plate is h. One facet of the plate (at x = −a) is fixed and the other one (at x = − a) unfixed; the remaining two are under shear stresses τ and an evenly distributed load θ. The solution of the problem of determining the stress and strain in the plate can be obtained from the steady-state condition of the Lagrange functional by using the functions of class C0 of the high-degree approximation for scientific calculations. The calculations show that the obtained solution has high accuracy, even in cases when the length of the rectangular domain is considerably greater than its width.
The effect of crack length on the fracture parameters of an edge crack parallel to the material variation in a rectangular FGM plate
Authors: Khazal Mehbes Haider , Ibraheem Khalaf Hassanein , Ahmed Nasser Ameen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this study, the extended element free Galerkin method (XEFG) is used for crack analysis an edge crack parallel to the material variation in a rectangular functionally graded material (FGM) plate under traction loading. For the first time, the effective parameters of XEFGM are employed such as the sub-triangulation term for numerical integration, suitable influence domain, and enrichment functions for discontinues locations in the fracture analysis of different crack positions of an edge cracked FGM plate. In addition, the incompatible formulation is adopted to extract the stress intensity factors (SIFs). Good data and results are observed about the relationship between the crack lengths and SIFs with good verification during changing XEFG parameters. There is good agreement and stability in the results of SIFs through the sizes of J-integral rJ equal to 0.4 -0.8. In addition, the acceptance results for the size of the support domain are bound between dmax=1.52 to 2.
Simulation of the analytical solution of lasing output power for Yb
3+: YAG thin disk laser regime in a fundamental mode operation
Authors: Mahdi Salih Raed , Shihab Ahmed Mudhir 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A theoretical model is established to derivation equation of output Laser power for multi-pass pumping for a quasi-three level thin-disk laser, A numerical solution of this equation for Yb3+:YAG thin-disk laser, which pumped at wavelength (940 nm) and lasing emission at wavelength (1030 nm), regime in fundamental transverse mode (M2=0.95) at room temperature were performed by calculated the variation of (Nt),(d),(Mp),(R2),(T) and (Pp) on the output Laser power and find the typical value of these parameters are used to obtain high output Laser power.
Characterization the wear behavior of Al-Ti alloy having different Ti ratios prepared by powder metallurgy
Authors: Ghadhanfer Hikmat Nadia , Mohammed Mahdi Sahib , Yaseen Taha Dalmn 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this study, the Al-Ti alloy was fabricated by powder metallurgy method using three different Ti ratios (10wt%; 15wt%; and 20wt%Ti); and the wear behavior of these three alloys was investigated. The mixtures of powders were compacted at 146 MPa and sintered for 5 hours at 550- ˚C under vacuumed atmosphere. The samples were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction test (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope test (SEM), microhardness and density tests. The tests of wear were achieved by employing a pin on disk machine under constant normal load 15N for four different sliding times 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. The results illustrate that the density and microhardness of Al-Ti alloy were increased as the Ti content increased. Also, it was observed that Al-Ti alloy with 20wt%Ti had the highest wear resistance and lowest weight loss.
Stability Control Investigation of a Self-Balancing Platform on the Robot Smart Car Using Navigation Parameters
Authors: Adel Aziz Ghada 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A self-balancing platform is constructed on a robot smart car, and its navigation parameters are investigated by running the car outdoors on a straight surface with structured bumps of 3and 5 mm in height. A ball-and-socket joint are supported at the centre of the platform, which is to be freely rotated with the lateral and longitudinal movement of the platform and in each axis, is controlled by three servomotors. Which move according to the recorded data movements from a gyro-accelerometer sensor which controlled by an Arduino UNO. The SimMechanics Matlab simulation helps to give the initial values of all parameters and the additional unexpected signals due to the influence of bumps on the vibration signals, with the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, used to control the relationship of the rapid simulation of the robot smart car and mathematical model between platform and car shock absorber system with respect to the servomotor’s rotation angle. These bump is more effective on the pitch and roll angle values when compared to other parameters, with more than 815 degrees and error up to 35 degrees due to vibration signals, and the time required for stabilization increases due to the bump height and the navigation parameters, roll angle from 2 to 6 in mean change value 2, yaw angle from 43 to 59 in mean change value 8 and pitch angle from 1 to 2 in mean change value 0.5, which indicates that yaw, roll and pitch angle have variation changing in Mission Planner software
Effect of Y/Zn ratio on microstructure and properties of as-extruded Mg-Y-Zn alloys
Authors: Liu Baosheng , Yang Jiaao , Wang Zehui , Fang Daqing 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this work, four Mg-Y-Zn alloys with specific Y/Zn (wt%) ratio have been prepared. The effects of Y/Zn (wt%) on the microstructure of extruded Mg-Y-Zn alloy were investigated by SEM and TEM. The mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of extruded Mg-Y-Zn alloy were also studied by tensile test, electrochemical and immersion measurements. The corrosion mechanism was studied by SEM observation of the surface morphology of the samples after immersion corrosion. The result indicates that the as-extruded Mg-6Y-3Zn alloy consists of α-Mg, W phase and long-period stacking ordered structure (LPSO) phases. Two types of LPSO structure (18 R and 14 H) appear in the as-extruded alloys. The volume fraction of LSPO increases with the increase of Y and Zn atoms witht the same Y/Zn mass ratio. Mg-9Y-3Zn alloy has the best comprehensive mechanical properties. Its yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation are 230 MPa, 327mpa and 23% respectively, because the volume fraction of LSPO phase in the alloy is the highest. In addition, the higher volume fraction of LPSO is beneficial to enhance the corrosion resistance of Mg-9Y-3Zn alloy.
Law as a Branch of Morality: The Unity of Practice and Principle
Authors: Allan T R S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract:
The article explores Dworkin’s suggestion that law and morality comprise a unified normative domain, considering similar suggestions by Greenberg and Hershovitz. It defends an interpretative approach to law, akin to Dworkin’s, against the view that the law’s content is determined by direct appeal to political morality at large, subject only to the effect of action by law-making institutions. Legal practice and political principle are in important ways interdependent, each capable of illuminating and clarifying the other. As an approximation of justice, grounded in practice, the law consists fundamentally in the moral principles that, in the final analysis, constitute the political community. The law’s content is an interpretative question, dependent on a grasp of practice that gives determinate shape to abstract concepts of equality and justice.
Cryolipolysis: Clinical Best Practices and Other Nonclinical Considerations
Authors: Few Julius , Saltz Renato , Beaty Mark , Kelly Michael , Movassaghi Kiya , Marcus Keith A , Sieber David , Burns A Jay , Sangha Sara 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Cryolipolysis is a nonsurgical body contouring procedure that involves cooling of fat cells to induce lipolysis while sparing surrounding structures. Plastic surgery practices are increasingly incorporating noninvasive aesthetic procedures (eg, cryolipolysis, fillers, radiofrequency, ultrasound) to offer their patients a wider range of aesthetic treatment options. Here, we report insights from 8 plastic surgeons with regard to cryolipolysis best practices from a clinical perspective and the impact of integrating this noninvasive body contouring procedure into a plastic surgery practice. The authors prefer cryolipolysis over liposuction for patients who are not amenable to surgery or those who desire to avoid downtime, also taking into consideration body mass index, skin laxity, comorbidities, and risk of contour irregularities. Patient counseling is critical for setting realistic expectations regarding outcomes and should focus on the efficacy of cryolipolysis, individual variability in results, potential side effects, time course of treatment response, and the need for multiple treatment cycles. Strategies for reaching new patients and expanding services among current cryolipolysis patients are discussed.