bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Sub-carinal Angle on the Normal Chest Radiograph of Adult at BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal
Authors: Jha RK , Gupta M K , Pant AR , Pandey NK 
Published: February 2020

Background: The sub-carinal angle is an angle formed between the main right bronchus and leftbronchus clearly seen in adequately exposed chest radiograph, normally at the level of 5th thoracicvertebrae.
Objective: To measure sub-carinal angle in relationship to different age, sex and body mass index inthe adult.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Radio diagnosis and Imaging at BPKIHS, Dharan from 27th April to 6th August 2017. Sub-carinal angle was measured on the normal chest radiograph in 392 adult patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 11.5 and descriptive statistics percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation were calculated. For inferential statistics, Independent ‘t’ test and Pearson’s correlation were applied.
Results: The sub-carinal angle ranged from 39°- 81.1° with mean value 60.17°+7.81°. The mean subcarinalangle for the male was 59.17°+8.19° and for female was 60.62°+7.49°. The mean sub-carinalangle was wider in female than male in our study; however, the difference in sub-carinal angle between male and female was statistically not significant (p> 0.05). There was negative correlationbetween sub-carinal angle and age (r= -0.168, p <0.01). The sub-carinal angle was positivelycorrelated with BMI (r= 0.100, p< 0.05).
Conclusion: In our study, the mean sub-carinal angle was 60.17° ± 7.81°. The mean sub-carinal angle difference between male and female was statistically non-significant. There was negative correlation of sub-carinal angle with age and positive correlation with BMI. The reference value obtained from this study will be helpful to diagnose abnormal sub-carinal angle due to various pathologies.
Assessing Profile and Treatment Outcome in Patients of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN)
Authors: Shrestha Eliya , Banstola Laxman , Maharjan Indra Man , Gurung Babita , Gurung Harimaya , Adhikari Hari Bikram , Karmacharya Isha 
Published: February 2020

Purpose: This study has attempted to assess the profile and treatment outcome of patients with OSSN and report the recurrence rate following treatment of primary OSSN.
Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, non-comparative hospital based observational study. The case files of OSSN patients from Jan 2010 to Dec 2017were assessed. The study site was Himalaya Eye Hospital, Gharipatan, Pokhara. This hospital is the only eye hospital in province 4, Nepal. All the files of suspicious cases of conjunctival mass or OSSN were reviewed. Data regarding demographic characteristics, vision acuity, involved eye, clinical features, conjunctival lesion type, duration of symptoms, preoperative clinical diagnosis, history, other eye disease, associated systemic diseases, occupation as well as treatment modalities of the patients and its outcome were taken.
Results: Out of 40 cases, females were 21(52.5%) vesus 19(47.5%) male. Amongthem, 19 patients had keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, 17 had conjunctiva intraepithelial squamous neoplasia and 4 had invasive squalors cell carcinoma. Predominance age group was 15-59 age (25/40, 62.5%), among which 12 had keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, 11 conjunctival intraepithelial squamousneoplasia and 2 had invasive squamous cell carcinoma conjunctival lesion. The mean duration of symptoms was about nine months (S.D. = 5.972). The mean size of lesion mass was 3.28 mm (SD=1.569). More than half of the cases (55%, 22/40) had the mass located at nasal limbus. 95% (38/40) cases underwent lesion total excision and direct closure and 5% (2/40) underwent lesion excision followed by Amniotic Membrane grafting. Only 5% (2/40) cases, those who had undergone lesion excision, the lesion recurrence was observed during follow up period of 31 months.
Conclusion: The outcome of the OSSN following the treatment was found to be satisfactory. Further studies with prolonged follow-up are recommended to evaluate the risk of recurrence and other adverse effects.
Extraocular Myoplasty: Surgical Remedy For Intraocular Implant Exposure
Authors: Singh Anupam , Vathulya M , Agrawal Ajai , Verma Rupal , Mittal S. K. , Kumar Barun , Aggarwal Kirti 
Published: February 2020

Background: Evisceration and nucleation are commonly performed ophthalmic surgeries for painful blind eye, disfiguring blind eye, endophthalmitis etc. After both these surgeries it is important to replace the lost volume in the orbit with implant. Implant is associated with many complications such as major discharge, exposure with discharge and implant exposure. The main surgical management of implant exposures basically primary revision or patch grafting with or without removal of the implant.
Case: A 60 years old man presented to ophthalmic OPD with complaint of foreign body sensation and irritation in left eye. There was history of evisceration with silicon ball implant in left eye done one month back for painful blind eye at another hospital. On ophthalmic examination, there was a 3 × 4 mm of implant exposure most probably dueto tight closure. As per records the size of implant was 22mm. The patient was planned for extra-ocular myoplasty with buccal mucosal graft under general anesthesia.
Observation: After sterile prepping and draping, 360˚ degrees peritomy was performed and care was taken to dissect between tenons and orbital implant. Medialand lateral recti were isolated and dissected upto 10-12mm from insertion site. Both the recti were secured with 6-0 vicryl suture and were detached from their respective insertions, advanced and approximated over the site of implant exposure. Thus the exposed implant was covered with a vascularized base which was reinforced with amucosal graft harvested from the buccal mucosa and secured with absorbable sutures. After 1 year of follow up patient was asymptomatic.
Conclusion: Extraocular myoplasty with buccal mucosal graft is a good surgical remedy for orbital implant exposure implant.
DESTRUCTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS (BRICK, CONCRETE, GRANITE) UNDER HIGH-TEMPERATURE EVAPORATION OF HETEROGENEOUS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
Authors: Nemova T. N. , Rekunov V. S. , Tsvetkov N. A. 
Published: February 2020

The paper presents the research results of the building material destruction due to hightemperature evaporation of heterogeneous solid-fuel combustion products. The aim of this work is to determine basic laws of destruction of non-metallic constructional materials (brick, concrete, granite) under the influence of high-temperature evaporation of heterogeneous solidfuel combustion products and develop a physical model of the process. A gas-dynamic setup is used to conduct the experiments, which allows to vary the stagnation pressure. The destruction rate of the material and the depth of resulting craters are chosen as characterization parameters. The dependence of the destruction rate and the crater depth on the stagnation pressure is compared with the similar data for steel. The stress values are obtained for the surface layer of the material. The proposed physical model of the destruction process of non-metallic constructional materials is based on excess of stresses of the material strength limit arising in its subsurface layer. The obtained results can be used to ensure the safety of special-purpose buildings at extreme thermal effects on the structural elements.
دراسة تأثير بعض العوامل على عدد ساعات تجهيز الكهرباء اليومي في مدينة بغداد باستعمال تحليل المسار
Authors: هدّو عادل أحمد , صالح عويد صالح رزاق 
Published: February 2020

دُرِست العوامل المؤثرة في عدد ساعات تجهيز الكهرباء في مدينة بغداد، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (365) مشاهدة يومية لعام 2018، وتمثلت بستة متغيرات استعملت في الدراسة. كان الهدف الرئيس هو دراسة العلاقة بين هذه المتغيرات، وتقدير تأثيرات المتغيرات التنبؤية في المتغير التابع (عدد ساعات تجهيز الكهرباء في مدينة بغداد). ولتحقيق ذلك استعملت نمذجة المعادلات الهيكلية/ تحليل المسار وبرنامج AMOS، وتحليل انموذج الانحدار الخطي المتعدد باستعمال برنامج SPSS، واتضح من خلال الأخير أن هناك علاقات ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متغيرات الدراسة، وإن هناك تأثير معنوي للمتغيرات التنبؤية مجتمعة في المتغير التابع (). وكذلك إستعمل برنامج.EViews واتضح من خلال استعمال نمذجة المعادلات الهيكلية ان أكثر المتغيرات التنبؤية تفسيراً لتباين المتغير التابع هو المتغير () إذ فسر 35.64% من التباين الكلي، بينما المتغيرات الأخرى (،، ، ) فـسرت (5.47 % ، 0.88 % ، 0.59 % ، 0.14 %) على الترتيب من التباين.
ووفقاً لمؤشرات تقييم الملائمة تبين أن الأنموذج الهيكلي المقترح لم يحقق ملائمة مقبولة لبيانات الدراسة، وعزى بعض المختصين ذلك إلى جودة البيانات الإحصائية الرسمية التي حصل عليها الباحث إذ إنها لاتمثل انعكاساً للواقع.
Mechanisms of the Pharmacological Modulation of Obsessive-Compulsive and Cognitive Disorders in Cats Recognized by the Method of Normalizing FFT-Convertible Functions of Electrograms of the Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus
Authors: Karkischenko N. N. , Karkischenko V. N. , Fokin Yu. V. 
Published: February 2020

The pharmacological modulation and analysis of psychopathological processes in animals is a research method providing a possibility to study similar processes in humans. Methods and approaches based on the principles of the pharmacological modulation of systemic behaviour and normalization of FFT-transformed functions of the brain electrograms allow identiﬁcation of the quantitative parameters of intracentral relations, cognitive functions and fundamental mechanisms for evaluating the effects of neuropsychoactive drugs in the whole brainin vivo.The work was carried out on cats with stereotactically implanted electrodes in the brain. Subtherapeutic doses of ketamine, amphetamine and nakom were used to model obsessive-compulsive disorders and cognitive changes. The pharmacological modulation of the animals’ behaviour was evaluated by the effect on the frontal brain and hippocampus. The activation of γ-rhythms (from 35 to 60 Hz) was considered as an improvement in cognitive functions. Ketamine exhibited a more pronounced depressing effect on the proreal gyrus, with its activating effects being close to amphetamine across the frequency ranges of 11–15 and 32–35 Hz. Ketamine had a pronounced activating effect on the gyrus suprasilvium anterior and the hippocampus. Ketamin and nakom demonstrated similar effects in the area of the proreal gyrus, most clearly manifested at frequencies of about 9–15 and 35–36 Hz. The action of nakom was characterized by the episodes of activation in a higher frequency range of 40–55 Hz as well. In the area of the gyrus suprasilvium anterior, the effects of nakom were similar to those of ketamine; however, these substances exhibited different effects in the range of 9–11 Hz. Compared to amphetamine, nakom showed no depressing episodes over the high-frequency range of 55–65 Hz. In the hippocampus, nakom demonstrated an activating effect exceeding that of ketamine by 100–150%. It was shown that neuroimaging of the normalized functions of electrograms during the pharmacological modulation of obsessive-compulsive and cognitive disorders reﬂects the most striking transformations in high-frequency brain rhythms, primarily related to the γ-range.Comparison of the results of pharmacomodulation with the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs when modelling psychopathologies in animals helps researchers in their search for approaches to modifying animal behaviour and extrapolating them to humans.
Improving the Technology of Extraction, Preparation and Conservation of Musk Deer Extract for the Standardization and Production of Pharmaceutical Substances
Authors: Lyublinskiy S. L. , Lyublinskaya I. N. , Galochkina V. P. , Koloskova E. M. , Karkischenko V. N. , Nesterov M. S. , Berzin I. A. , Ageldinov R. A. , Churyukin R. S. 
Published: February 2020

The development of new methods for the conservation of biological raw materials, which can be used in the production of active pharmaceutical substances, is increasingly attracting research attention. This article presents the results of comparative studies into the effectiveness of biological conservation using cryopreservation, electron beam treatment and the lactoperoxidase system. Electron beam technologies demonstrated a pronounced antimicrobial effect in the treatment of musk deer extract and other biologically active substances. A recommendation was formulated to treat musk extract with electron-beam radiation at an absorbed dose of 6 kGy (9.5 MeV) following cryopreservation at –25°C over the period of 1 year. The data obtained using the method of accelerated testing allows an extended shelf life of up to 48 months to be predicted.For the ﬁrst time, the main indicators of the quality and safety of musk deer extract as a potential raw material for the production of active pharmaceutical substances and medicinal animal raw materials were determined. A standard for the quality of musk deer extract as a raw material, as well as an experimental-industrial regulation for its preparation and preservation, were developed.
ADSORCIÓN DE AZUL DE METILENO EN MEDIO ACUOSO EMPLEANDO CARBONES ACTIVADOS Y CARBONES ACTIVADOS MODIFICADOS CON NANOPARTÍCULAS DE ZnO
Authors: Navarro Santos Diego , Cruz Cerro Gerardo , Rimaycuna Ramírez John , Solís José L. , Keiski Riitta , Gómez Mónica M. 
Published: February 2020

Carbones activados y carbones activados modificados con nanopartículas de ZnO fueron preparados mezclando residuos agroindustriales como coronta de maíz o pepa de ciruela con ZnCl2, como agente químico activador en una proporción en peso 1:1, o con ZnCl2, y acetato de zinc, en una proporción en peso 1:1:0,5 en medio acuoso, respectivamente. Con la masa pastosa resultante se hicieron pellets, los cuales fueron secados para luego ser carbonizados. El material resultante fue lavado varias veces con una solución HCl 0,5 M y abundante agua destilada para luego ser secado a 100°C durante 12 h. Finalmente, los pellets fueron molidos y tamizados dejando pasar tamaños menores a 0,25 mm.
Microscopía electrónica de barrido de emisión de campo fue utilizada para la caracterización de las diferentes morfologías de las nanopartículas de ZnO en la superficie del carbón activado modificado que dependió de la materia prima empleada para la obtención del carbón activado, sin embargo en ambas se determinó la presencia del ZnO por difracción de rayos X. Los estudios cinéticos de adsorción con azul de metileno mostraron que el carbón activado modificado con ZnO procedente de la coronta de maíz mejora su proceso cinético con la presencia de la radiación UV. Sin embargo los carbones activados tienen mejores propiedades de adsorción que los modificados con ZnO debido a que las nanopartículas de ZnO cubrirían los sitios activos del carbón activado.
MODIFICACIÓN DE POLIURETANOS QUÍMICAMENTE ACTIVOS MEDIANTE POLI(VINILBENCIL-N-METIL-DGLUCAMINA) PARA LA RETENCIÓN DE BORO
Authors: Palencia Manuel , Combatt Enrique , Arrieta Álvaro 
Published: February 2020

El boro es un micronutriente esencial en el desarrollo, fortalecimiento y crecimiento de las plantas; sin embargo, este elemento posee un estrecho rango de esencialidad conllevando a que la determinación de los contenidos de boro en los suelos sea de vital importancia con el fin de garantizar que su fitodisponibilidad permanezca en un rango óptimo de concentraciones. En la actualidad, el desarrollo de materiales poliméricos basados en poliuretanos (PUs) con capacidad controlada de carga y descarga, alta resistencia a la intemperie, y que permitan la dosificación controlada y extracción de boro de las aguas de riego son de gran interés para aplicaciones en agricultura. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar polímeros de injerto basados en N-metil-D-glucamina (NMDG) a partir de matrices de PU químicamente activas con capacidad de retención de boro. Para esto, se sintetizó el vinilbencil-N-metil-Dglucamina (VbNMDG) a partir del cloruro de vinilbencilo y NMDG.
Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo la uretanización del VbNMDG con metilen difenil diisocianato (MDI); el PU resultante al poseer grupos lábiles, capaces de reaccionar en una segunda etapa vía radicales libres, fue polimerizado para llevar a cabo la formación de polímeros de injerto con cadenas de NMDG. Finalmente, la capacidad de retención de boro se determinó por el método de la azometina-H. Los resultados muestran que estos materiales poseen la capacidad de retener boro y pueden emplearse potencialmente en la fertilización agrícola de este micronutriente.
Introducing the Sociology of Food & Eating
Authors: Murcott Anne 
Published: February 2020

This textbook equips students with the ability to analyse and think critically about contemporary food topics. A thorough introduction to the sociology of food and eating, the book also acts as a primer to the discipline of sociology more generally.
Chapters start with a ‘common sense’ assumption about food which students frequently encounter in their own lives or in the mass media. Topics include family meals, ethnic cuisines, cooking skills and convenience foods, eating out, food waste and ‘overpackaging’. Anne Murcott shows how systematic academic research approaches can allow students to move beyond ‘conventional wisdoms’ to examine sociological perspectives on food and eating. Key sociological concerns such as class, gender, age, ethnicity, power and identity are also introduced, accompanied by a wide range of examples from around the globe. By the end, readers will be able to think more critically and to apply sociological approaches to questions about food and society.
Introducing the Sociology of Food and Eating is an essential introductory textbook for students in sociology and food studies. It provides readers with a solid basis for success in their studies - and with a new understanding of their own attitudes to food and eating.
African biomes are most sensitive to changes in CO2 under recent and near-future CO2 conditions
Authors: Scheiter Simon , Moncrieff Glenn R. , Pfeiffer Mirjam , Higgins Steven I. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Current rates of climate and atmospheric change are likely higher than during the last millions of years. Even higher rates of change are projected in CMIP5 climate model ensemble runs for some Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The speed of ecological processes such as leaf physiology, demography or migration can differ from the speed of changes in environmental conditions. Such mismatches imply lags between the actual vegetation state and the vegetation state expected under prevailing environmental conditions. Here, we used a dynamic vegetation model, the adaptive Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (aDGVM), to study lags between actual and expected vegetation in Africa under a changing atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio. We hypothesized that lag size increases with a more rapidly changing CO2 mixing ratio as opposed to slower changes in CO2 and that disturbance by fire further increases lag size. Our model results confirm these hypotheses, revealing lags between vegetation state and environmental conditions and enhanced lags in fire-driven systems. Biome states, carbon stored in vegetation and tree cover in Africa are most sensitive to changes in CO2 under recent and near-future levels. When averaged across all biomes and simulations with and without fire, times to reach an equilibrium vegetation state increase from approximately 242 years for 200 ppm to 898 years for 1000 ppm. These results have important implications for vegetation modellers and for policy making. Lag effects imply that vegetation will undergo substantial changes in distribution patterns, structure and carbon sequestration even if emissions of fossils fuels and other greenhouse gasses are reduced and the climate system stabilizes. We conclude that modelers need to account for lag effects in models and in data used for model testing. Policy makers need to consider lagged responses and committed changes in the biosphere when developing adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Investigation of zeranol in beef of Ukrainian production and its reduction with various technological processing
Authors: Kukhtyn Mykola , Salata Volodymyr , Pelenyo Ruslan , Selskyi Volodymyr , Horiuk Yulia , Boltyk Nataliia , Ulko Larisa , Dobrovolsky Volodymyr 
Published: February 2020

Synthetic growth stimulants are widely used to get high productivity of animals. These preparations can accumulate in the meat and their residual quantities will adversely affect the health of consumers. The purpose of the work was to monitor the content of zeranol, growth stimulant of ruminants in beef which goes to meat processing enterprises of the Western region of Ukraine and to determine the effect of heat treatment on its quantity. It was found out that 29.8% of beef samples taken at meat processing enterprises contained a stimulant for the growth of ruminant zeranol. It was found that during the storage of beef samples frozen at a temperature of -18 °C with different content of zeranol there is a decrease in its number. The most intense process of destruction of zeranol occurred during the first month of storage, during this period of time the amount of zeranol is reduced by an average of 20%, regardless of the initial content. Within two months of storage of frozen beef, the content of zeranol decreases by 28.2 ±0.17%, and at the end of the sixth month its quantity decreases to 33.2 ±0.58%. It was also found that the dynamics of zeranol reducing in beef samples with large quantities (22.5 μg.kg-1) and small (2.3 μg.kg-1) were the same. It was set up that during 30 min of meat cooking there was a decrease in the content of zeranol 24.7 ±0.23% and 32.0 ±0.35% for 60 min, compared to its content in fresh meat. At the same time, when stored in the frozen state and subsequent cooking, the reduction of zeranol content in meat was 39.3 ±0.3%. Therefore, it is proposed to revise and amendments into the regulatory documents of Ukraine regarding the control and supervision of the presence of hormone (zeranol) residues in meat and meat products in order to prevent their sale and consumption by humans.
Belofte maakt schuld
Authors: Bax Manon , de Waardt Mijke 
Published: February 2020

A promise is a promise – Dutch Railways and compensation for survivors of WWII transports
The authors discuss reparations, with particular attention to programs launched to do justice to the victims of the Holocaust. While focusing on the compensation scheme of the Dutch Railways to the victims of the transports during the Second World War, they examine in which respects the suffering and victimization of some victim groups are not or insufficiently recognized. They compare the establishment of the compensation scheme and the procedure for repayment with findings from victimological research into the recognition of victimization and reparation, including the symbolic value of compensation, recognition of suffering, inclusion and exclusion of stakeholders, and victim participation. The analysis concludes with a few considerations about how secondary victimization could have been prevented.