bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF BIOENHANCERS ON THE RELEASE PATTERN OF NIOSOMES CONTAINING METHOTREXATE
Authors: R. Narayana Charyulu , B. Gandhi Kinjal , Jose Jobin , Priya Sneh , S. Shastry C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aim of present study was to prepare sustained release formulations of niosomes of methotrexate (MTX) alone (N1 to N10) and along withbioenhancers (NB1 to NB9) by thin film hydration technique using span 60 as surfactant,cholesterol as membrane stabilizing agent, curcumin and piperine as bioenhancers and dicetyl phosphate (DCP) as charge inducing agent. All the formulations of niosomeswere characterized on the basis of physical appearance and entrapment efficiency. The invitro releasestudies of optimized formulation of niosomes of MTX alone and along with bioenhancers were performed and compared with pure drug released. The entrapment efficiency of MTX in optimized formulation of niosomes containing MTX along with bioenhancers was found to 56.9% and entrapment efficiency of bioenhancerscurcumin and piperinewas found to be 40.30% and 69.1%respectively. In vitro drug release of optimized formulationsof niosomes of MTX without and with bioenhancers (F3) was found to be 98.89% and 60.97% at the end of 12 h respectively. Results concluded that Niosomes of MTX containing bioenhancers followed sustain release pattern.
PROSTHODONTIC REHABILITATION OF A PATIENT WITH HOLLOW BULB OBTURATOR : A CASE REPORT
Authors: Alva Harshitha , D. Krishna Prasad , D. Anupama Prasad 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA prosthesis used to close a palatal defect in dentulous or partially edentulous mouth is correctly referred to as an obturator. An obturator serves to restore speech, mastication, deglutition and esthetics. A light weight hollow obturator optimises retention and stability as well as patient comfort.This case report describes the fabrication of an hollow bulb obturator for a completely edentulous patient who has undergone wide excision and partial alveolar resection squeal of management of pleomorphic adenoma of the palate.
Polysemic chains, body parts and embodiment
Authors: Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk Barbara 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The paper focuses on the phenomenon of embodiment via the perspective of meaning approximation, and re-conceptualization in terms of body-part polysemic chains of conceptualization via dynamically constructed categories. In the first part the analysis focuses primarily on the processes in which body part conceptualizations act as special reference points at relevant mental elaboration sites for broader meaning phenomena. The interpretation is further elaborated on with reference to culturally rich image schemas, emerging as a consequence of their dynamic repeatedness. In the second part the concept of embodiment is taken up, the discussion leading to a thesis which assumes the status of lexical meanings as stimulators and instructions to build mental models of objects and events. The framework adopted for the analysis presents examples of body parts from English, Polish and occasionally from other languages and combines interdisciplinary methodological instruments: Cognitive Linguistic construal and conceptualizations, cultural schemas and models, and relevant corpus linguistic tools (monolingual and parallel).
Body-part terms as a linguistic topic and the relevance of body-parts as tools
Authors: Pasch Helma 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The metaphoric function of body-part terms to denote entire things in other domains is a frequent phenomenon. Body-part terms, are, however, also used to refer to specific parts of inanimate items, a phenomenon which is more frequent in African than in European languages. The names of certain body-part terms are also used within the body domain as modifiers in compound denotations of other, smaller body-parts. There are only few examples where names of animal body-parts, parts of plants or of persons have this function. More frequently the names of artefacts, in particular tools, are used metaphorically as modifiers in compound body-part terms. Compound terms which contain names of part of plants constitute the nucleus. They are likewise rare and have not been found in African languages.
The study is based on data in German, English, French, Dutch, Sango and Zande, but there are also examples from other languages.
Towards a semantic lexicon of body part terms
Authors: Kraska-Szlenk Iwona 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on recurring patterns of semantic extension of body part terms taking into account two major factors which lie at the heart of the phenomenon, one being the so-called embodied cognition, the other – shared culture. While these two factors lead to considerable resemblance among unrelated languages, they encounter the counterbalance of language-specific features resulting from non-shared culture and different language usage practices. The question posed is whether a systematic research program can examine polysemy of body part terms from a cross-linguistic perspective and what kinds of difficulties this kind of research would have to overcome.
On the grammatical uses of the ‘head’ in Wolof
Authors: Robert Stéphane 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In Wolof (Atlantic, Niger-Congo), the grammatical uses of the word for head (bopp) with a possessive modifier range from direct and indirect reflexive pronoun to adnominal intensifier through an intermediary genitival reflexive. This study analyzes the semantic continuity between those different uses, and the various ways they are conditioned by their contexts. With direct and indirect (or oblique) reflexives, the reflexive anaphora has scope over two different semantic roles (agent vs. patient or beneficiary) of the same referent. Being restrictively used for typically other-directed processes, those reflexive constructions imply that alternative (more expected) agents are discarded, producing an emphasis on self-affectedness or self-benefit. This ‘centering’ effect on the actual participant is even clearer with the genitive reflexive and the adnominal intensifier due to their adnominal function. In those constructions, the reflexive anaphora creates a re-identification of the referent in the same role, producing an intensive effect by centering on the identity of the referent, discarding again alternative participants. Altogether, the various reflexive constructions in Wolof, emphasizing the agentivity, responsibility or identity of the referent, point to a metonymical use of the head for the person or individual, which is in accordance with its various lexical uses.
Multifaceted body parts in Murui
Authors: Wojtylak Katarzyna I. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Based on the firsthand data from Murui, a Witotoan language spoken in the Northwest Amazon, the study demonstrates how the body part terms ‘back’, ‘face’, ‘mouth, and ‘body’ grammaticalized into the domains covering spatial orientation, time, comparison, counting, and the reflexive. Murui body part nouns did not grammaticalize in isolation; to become grammatical markers, they were obligatorily followed by case marking. This allowed those nouns to preserve the original semantics of the case suffixes, and then to extend their semantics into other domains. For instance, the noun ‘back, spine’, followed by the locative, became a postposition meaning ‘above, on top’, and later also ‘over’, a marker used in comparative constructions and counting. In the contexts in which this process took place, ‘back’ lost its semantic content and many of its original morphosyntactic characteristics.
Craft beer and linguistic lifestyle emblematization
Authors: Heyd Theresa , Eckert Marius 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Craft beer is currently a highly popular form of
conspicuous consumption in many Western societies, including
Germany. As such, the craft beer movement is a prime example of
‘lifestyle emblematization’: to partake in it is to be involved in
the performance of exclusive and informed identities, a prerequisite
for claims to social distinction. This study is grounded in
ethnographic data from Berlin’s craft beer bars and complimentary
data from the Upper Franconia region, which constitutes a peripheral
space in terms of social geography yet doubles as a widely acclaimed
center of German brewing traditions. By drawing on comparative data
from these two differing sites, we can gain insight on discursive
processes of lifestyle emblematization, and the specific role of
Anglophone resources therein.
A rich sauce of comedy
Authors: Chiaro Delia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Food has been a traditional source of humour since the
beginning of time but nowadays it would appear that the way we joke
about food has changed as comedians have begun to target food fads
and dietary choices in new online formats such as YouTube videos and
memes. In this chapter, I explore traditional food jokes, that now occur online in multimodal formats such as memes
and gifs, that target Italians. I also discuss how Italians themselves use humour to
defend traditional dishes that they believe are corrupted by people
outside Italy who manipulate and localize original recipes.
Providing examples from Twitter and online newspaper fora, I will
argue that Italians adopt humour to make serious points.
台灣閩南語分類詞之檢驗
Authors: Chen Meng-Ying , Hsieh Miao-Ling , Her One-Soon 
Published: March 2020

抽象
近年來台灣閩南語（以下簡稱台語）的研究逐漸受到重視，量詞相關的研究不少，然而專門針對台語分類詞的研究相對稀少，主要的原因可能在於分類詞的定義不清，導致各家看法不一，甚或略而不談，連帶影響分類詞的教學。本文以Her & Hsieh (2010)和Her
(2012)對於漢語分類詞與量詞所提出語意和語法測試作為基礎，界定台語分類詞範疇，並重新檢驗歷年文獻所提出的台語分類詞或量詞語料，建立83 個分類詞清單，其中65 個為分類詞，18 個為分類詞與量詞兼具，此清單可以與台灣華語的分類詞清單做比較（如：Her & Lai (2012)），作為台語分類詞研究與教學之參考。
漢語疑問副詞原位與前置的非移位製圖範本闡釋
Authors: Yuan Ye 
Published: March 2020

抽象特指問句中疑問詞的移位和原位現象複雜多樣，幾十年來一直是句法領域的熱門議題。本文在評介以往及最新相關研究的基礎上，並且在製圖理論思想啟發下，尤其針對漢語提出非移位製圖範本框架(NMCT)，把常規句法移位看做一個成分在範本上兩個或多個可能出現的功能投射位置之一進行顯性實現，從而對問句中疑問詞移位及原位現象，高、低位疑問副詞差異，A’移位以及優勢效應等句法現象都給出了一個較為統一且簡潔的闡釋。同時，由於否定了高位疑問副詞移位說，我們就可以避免Stepanov & Tsai (2008)關於疑問副詞「低位為變數高位為運算元」的二分說，認為高位WH副詞也可以看做變數，這樣也進一步貫徹和深化了Stepanov & Tsai (2008)推崇的一個理念，即擴充無擇約束的解釋範圍。
Task-based language teaching for beginner-level young learners
Authors: Ellis Rod 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss how task-based language teaching (TBLT) can work with beginner-level
learners by using input-based tasks. It begins by dismissing a common critique of TBLT, namely that learners need to be taught
some language before they can perform tasks, by arguing that input-based tasks make TBLT possible with beginner-level learners and
that such an approach is entirely compatible with what research has shown about the early stages of L2 acquisition. A review of
the research that has investigated input-based tasks follows and serves to identify key features in the design and implementation
of tasks. Designing input-based tasks involves considering the choice of topic, the non-verbal devices that are central to the
tasks, the pre-selection of target language, the verbal input for the task, and the task outcomes. Implementation options include
task preparation, use of the learners’ first language, input modification and elaboration, focus-on-form and feedback, and task
repetition.
How teachers promote young language learners’ engagement
Authors: Oga-Baldwin W. L. Quint , Nakata Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Teachers of young learners often seek guidance on how best to engage and motivate their students. In this study,
we aimed to document engaging teacher practices in the context of foreign language classes in Japanese elementary schools. We
surveyed 16 public elementary school foreign language classes in western Japan using quantitative (questionnaire; external rating)
and qualitative (naturalistic observation) tools grounded in self-determination theory. Classes were sorted into three groups of
high, middle, and low teacher support based on student surveys, and observed for practices that influenced student engagement in
each tercile. Results indicate that students are most responsive in classrooms involving teacher warmth and strictness, homeroom
teacher involvement, appropriate pacing, instructional clarity, and a balance of activities. We offer descriptions of how these
practices were employed, with implications for classroom practice and teacher training.
Consciousness-raising and written error correction for young learners
Authors: Ito Lesley 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Most experts in teaching children state that teaching grammar in the traditional way is inappropriate for children
under the age of ten. However, very little research has been done on the effectiveness of consciousness-raising (C-R) with young
learners. An action research (AR) project was conducted in a private language school for children, to investigate if a
consciousness-raising project would be an effective way to help children notice and correct the ten most commonly made errors they
made in their writing of weekly book reports. It was concluded that this consciousness-raising project was effective and a
positive experience for children over the age of ten, but sometimes frustrating and less effective for younger learners. The
conclusions reached through this action research project led to changes in school policy on error correction, as well as greater
efforts to educate the parents of the students.
Exploring the boundary between narrative research and narrative intervention
Authors: Abkhezr Peyman , McMahon Mary , Campbell Marilyn , Glasheen Kevin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Researchers need to be cautious and reflective about the boundaries between narrative research and narrative
intervention. Pursuing the ethics of care and the responsive and responsible practice of narrative inquiry obliges qualitative
researchers to remain sensitive about the implications of engaging participants in narrative inquiry. This is accentuated with
narrative inquiry into the life experiences of marginalised or disempowered populations. This study explored the implications of
engaging recently resettled young African participants in narrative inquiry interviews. Thematic analysis uncovered four themes
and 11 subthemes from the interviews. The Future Career Autobiography (FCA; Rehfuss,
2009, 2015) was used to understand these participants’ narrative themes and
explore the possibility of narrative change as a result of participating in narrative inquiry interviews. The findings illustrate
the transformative function of narrative inquiry as uncovered by the FCA, and how narrative inquiry could potentially cross a
boundary with narrative interventions such as narrative career counselling.
Self-presentation strategies and narrative identity
Authors: Dunlop William L. , McCoy Tara P. , Morse Patrick J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Narrative identity is most often assessed via prompts for key autobiographical scenes (e.g., turning points).
Here, self-presentation strategies were examined in relation to the content and structure of key scenes. Participants
(N = 396) provided narratives of life high points, low points, and turning points from within one of four
assessment contexts and completed measures of self-deception positivity (SD) and impression management (IM). Narratives were coded
for a series of linguistic (e.g., causation words) and conceptual (e.g., redemption) dimensions. Individual differences in IM
corresponded with the linguistic and conceptual content of participants’ low points. This effect was particularly evident among
females (as compared to males) and the conceptual content of key scenes in conditions in which participants provided written (as
compared to spoken) narrative accounts. These results carry implications for the assessment and analysis of narrative
identity.
Grammatical uniformity of tense and aspect
Authors: Chandekar Amruta 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the pragmatic effects of Tense Shift in an Urdu narrative. A linguistic analysis of the semantic and pragmatic effects of Tense Shift is proposed. A key claim of this analysis is that the mechanisms of Tense Shift exist in sentence-level grammar in Urdu. The analysis seeks to provide an explanation for some of the properties of Tense Shift that have been pointed out in previous studies of Tense Shift in other languages. The paper discusses as well the extent to which this analysis is expected to apply to narratives in languages other than Urdu.
Horizontality and gender in contemporary social movements
Authors: Orton Naomi , de Andrade Biar Liana 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe notion of horizontal, “structureless” organisation continues to hold resounding appeal for those seeking to create more egalitarian societies. Given horizontality’s comfortable status as the golden child of contemporary social movements, in this article we ask to what extent symmetrical relations may materialize discursively within an ostensibly horizontal group. To do so, we analyse two narratives of resistance which emerge during a meeting of bicycle advocates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Uniting insider and outsider perspectives, our analysis suggests that gendered asymmetries are simultaneously contested and reified during the activists’ narrative and interactional practice. As such, this study highlights the need to take a critical stance towards discursive practice in order to further understand the construction of horizontality. In so doing, it may then be possible to build communities which foster minority groups’ active participation and the very transformative practice sought out by those who engage in social movements.
Setting Modern Hebrew in space, time, and culture
Authors: Grossman Eitan , Reshef Yael 
Published: March 2020

This introductory chapter presents general information about Modern Hebrew (MH), as the topic of the present
volume. It delineates major features of MH in order to contextualize the language in space – in terms of its community
of speakers; in time – in relation to its diachronic background and its status as a Semitic language; and in culture –
as reflected in various strands of research and the different labels assigned to the language at issue here. To this
end, the chapter starts with a short survey of the evolution and current use of MH as reviewed in the other chapters
of this introductory part of the book, followed by a brief survey of prescriptive and descriptive research on Modern Hebrew.
The interplay of internal and external factors in varieties of
English
Authors: Hickey Raymond 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The validity of a division of factors for
language change into internal and external forms the focus of the
present study. A distinction is made between speaker-internal and
speaker-external on the one hand and community-internal and
community-external on the other. A central concern is whether such
distinctions are merely artefacts of linguistic analysis or whether
they reflect the reality of speakers’ linguistic behaviour. Data is
considered from varieties of English to show that instances of
change are frequently combinations of factors and that the
disruption caused by socially-triggered change can be minimised by
speakers applying considerations of system symmetry and regularity
to a change and thus provide a clear trajectory which can be
transmitted across generations.
The myth of American English gotten as a
historical retention
Authors: Anderwald Lieselotte 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this article, I investigate where and when the
myth of American English as a conservative variety originates, and
how it has become linked to the verb form gotten in
particular. Drawing on corpus materials, prescriptive grammar
writers of the time, publications on Americanisms, and
nineteenth-century newspaper articles, this article shows that
gotten is not a historical retention, but was
revived in the nineteenth century in American English. However, this
revival was not linked (yet) to the idea of it being a specific
American form. Once this indexical link was established, however, it
seems to have fuelled the rise of gotten further.
The concept of gotten as indexing AmE linguistic
conservativism is thus indeed a myth (if a powerful one).
Diffusion of do
Authors: Hirota Tomoharu 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper gives a diachronic perspective on
do-support of the semi-modal have
to under negation. Corpus evidence demonstrates that
do negation was regulated with have
to around the 1870s in American English and around the
1930s in British English. To elucidate the development of
have to towards do negation,
Krug (2000) invokes
two usage-based factors (analogical leveling and chunking); this
paper argues, however, that they do not adequately account for the
present findings. The current study instead provides the
constructionist approach in which language users are hypothesized to
have a form-driven abstraction over have to and the
main verb have, and proposes that the abstraction
played a key role in the change in question.
Women writers in the 18th century
Authors: Calvo Cortés Nuria 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The present study analyses perfect auxiliaries
combined with a set of verbs that semantically encode an idea of
motion, either physical or metaphorical (arrived, become,
come, departed, entered, fallen, gone, got, grown, passed,
returned and run) in a corpus of eight
novels written by four women in the 18th century, Burney, Inchbald,
Radcliffe and Wollstonecraft. The focus is on whether the semantics
of the components of motion situations conditioned their choice of
auxiliary, and on whether there are differences within the texts
depending on where the perfect structures appear, in the narration
or in the dialogue. The conclusion indicates that the semantics of
motion situations, particularly the different types of
figure and ground, may have conditioned their
choices.
What it means to describe speech
Authors: Grund Peter J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article explores the form, frequency, and
function of “speech descriptors” (such as softly in
“It matters little,” she said, softly;
CLMET3.0, A Christmas Carol, Period 2: 1839) in
Late Modern English. Drawing on the narrative fiction category in
the CLMET3.0 corpus, I show the rise of speech descriptors across
the period, their linguistic characteristics, and their various
pragmatic functions. Most descriptors are evaluative in that they
indicate the narrator’s or author’s assessment of how the speech was
delivered. Often, the usage is connected with characterization,
demonstrating the evaluation of the original speaker in addition to
the speech. I also stress the importance of approaching speech
descriptors using variationist principles rather than word
normalization.
Case markers as subordinators in South American indigenous languages
Authors: van Gijn Rik 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Nominalization (in different forms and guises) is one of the most common subordination strategies in South American indigenous languages. A frequently used nominalization strategy is to use case markers to indicate the semantic or structural relationship of the nominalized clause to the proposition expressed in the main clause. This paper aims to establish the extent to which these extensions of case markers to subordinate clauses are non-random, and to separate the role of language contact, genealogical retention, and universal preferences in explaining the distribution of case markers as subordinators in South American indigenous languages.