bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma neurofilament light relate to abnormal cognition
Authors: Osborn Katie E. , Khan Omair A. , Kresge Hailey A. , Bown Corey W. , Liu Dandan , Moore Elizabeth E. , Gifford Katherine A. , Acosta Lealani Mae Y. , Bell Susan P. , Hohman Timothy J. , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Jefferson Angela L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionNeuroaxonal damage may contribute to cognitive changes preceding clinical dementia. Accessible biomarkers are critical for detecting such damage.MethodsPlasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light (NFL) were related to neuropsychological performance among Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project participants (plasma n = 333, 73 ± 7 years; CSF n = 149, 72 ± 6 years) ranging from normal cognition (NC) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, apolipoprotein E ε4 carriership, and Framingham Stroke Risk Profile.ResultsPlasma NFL was related to all domains (P values ≤ .008) except processing speed (P values ≥ .09). CSF NFL was related to memory and language (P values ≤ .04). Interactions with cognitive diagnosis revealed widespread plasma associations, particularly in MCI participants, which were further supported in head‐to‐head comparison models.DiscussionPlasma and CSF NFL (reflecting neuroaxonal injury) relate to cognition among non‐demented older adults albeit with small to medium effects. Plasma NFL shows particular promise as an accessible biomarker with relevance to cognition in MCI.
Documenting Archaeological Sites on Mountains and Slopes with Drones
Authors: Castillo Luis Jaime , Serván Fabrizio , Patroni Karla 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe addition of drones to the archaeologist's toolbox has brought about exciting new possibilities, particularly for field research and the conservation and protection of our built heritage. As drones become more widely available and effective, the challenge of precision becomes more important. Better georeferencing and higher-resolution outputs are the current thresholds. In order to achieve the second objective with our current equipment, drones have to fly closer to the ground and, ideally, follow the elevation of the surface. This task can be extremely complicated along the steep surfaces and mountains typical to the Andean region where we work. In this article, we present a recording (flying and photographing) methodology that achieves a higher ground resolution by dividing up the sites into several altitudinal sections, which are flown independently yet processed photogrammetrically as a single set. We have named this methodology “Flying Slopes in Multiple Stepped Polygons.”
Low-boom low-drag solutions through the evaluation of different supersonic business jet concepts
Authors: Sun Y. , Smith H. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper evaluates six supersonic business jet (SSBJ) concepts in a multidisciplinary design analysis optimisation (MDAO) environment in terms of their aerodynamics and sonic boom intensities. The aerodynamic analysis and sonic boom prediction are investigated by a number of conceptual-level numerical approaches. The panel method PANAIR is integrated to perform automated aerodynamic analysis. The drag coefficient is corrected by the Harris wave drag formula and form factor method. For sonic boom prediction, the near-field pressure is predicted through the Whitham F-function method. The F-function is decomposed to the F-function due to volume and the F-function due to lift to investigate the separate effect on sonic boom. The propagation method for the near-field signature in a stratified windy atmosphere is the waveform parameter method. In this research, using the methods described and publically available data on the concepts, the supersonic drag elements and sonic boom signature due to volume distribution and lift distribution are analysed. Based on the analysis, low-boom and low-drag design principles are identified.
Pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera through aerators of hand-washing machines at a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation center
Authors: Nakamura Shingen , Azuma Momoyo , Sato Masami , Fujiwara Noriko , Nishino Saori , Wada Takayuki , Yoshida Shiomi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe identified a waterborne pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera in our stem cell transplantation center, which likely resulted from biofilm on the aerators of the handwashing machines in each patient’s room. Regular replacement of faucet parts can prevent biofilm formation and pseudo-outbreaks of M. chimaera through aerators.
Prey fractionation in the Archaeocyatha and its implication for the ecology of the first animal reef systems
Authors: Antcliffe Jonathan B. , Jessop William , Daley Allison C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractArchaeocyaths are the most abundant sponges from the Cambrian period, having formed the first animal reef communities more than 500 million years ago. The Archaeocyatha are index fossils for correlating rocks of similar ages globally because of their abundance, extensive geographic distribution, detailed anatomy, and well-established taxonomy. Their ecological significance remains incompletely explored, yet they are known to have strongly competitively interacted, unlike modern sponges. This study examines the feeding ecology of the fossil remains of Siberian archaeocyath assemblages. As suspension feeders, archaeocyaths filtered plankton from the water column through pores in their outer wall. Here we outline a new method to estimate the limit on the upper size of plankton that could be consumed by an archaeocyath during life. The archaeocyaths examined were predominantly feeding on nanoplankton and microplankton such as phytoplankton and protozooplankton. Size-frequency distributions of pore sizes from six different Siberian archaeocyath assemblages, ranging from Tommotian to Botoman in age, reveal significantly different upper limits to the prey consumed at each locality. Some of the assemblages contain specimens that could have fed on larger organisms extending into the mesoplankton, including micro-invertebrates as a possible food resource. These results show that during the establishment of the first animal reef systems, prey partitioning was established as a way of reducing competition. This method has applicability for understanding the construction and the functioning of the first reef systems, as well as helping to understand modern reef systems and their development though time and space.
Variation in ovineKRTAP8-1is associated with variation in wool fibre staple strength and curvature
Authors: Gong H. , Zhou H. , Li W. , Wang J. , Li S. , Luo Y. , Hickford J. G. H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractKRTAP8-1was the initial high-glycine-tyrosine keratin-associated protein gene recognized in sheep, but little is known about the functional influence of this gene. The current study used polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformational polymorphism analysis to genotypeKRTAP8-1in 391 Southdown × Merino-cross sheep from six sire-lines. Five previously described variants (namedAtoE) ofKRTAP8-1were identified with frequencies of 67.0, 14.2, 7.0, 10.7 and 1.0%, respectively. Of the four variants (A,B,CandD) that occurred at a frequency greater than 5%, the presence ofCwas found to be associated with a reduction in mean fibre curvature (MFC) and the presence ofDwas associated with an increase in mean staple strength (MSS), whereas the presence ofAhad a trend of association with reduced MSS. Associations were not identified with other wool traits. These results suggest that variation inKRTAP8-1affects MSS and MFC, and thatKRTAP8-1has the potential to be used as a genetic marker for improving these traits.
Punishing the violators? Arms embargoes and economic sanctions as tools of norm enforcement
Authors: Erickson Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe persistence and strength of international norms are thought to depend partly on the willingness of actors to punish their violation, but norm enforcement is often inconsistent. This article investigates states’ use of economic sanctions in order to gain insight into the role of metanorms (norms about enforcing norms) in international politics and explain this inconsistency. The quantitative analyses examine patterns of economic sanctions and arms embargo practices across different security norms and reveal two central findings. First, international metanorms may accommodate important interstate relationships. Although severe human rights abuse, conflict, nuclear weapons development, and support for terrorist organisations tend to attract sanctions, they are infrequent in comparison with norm violations. Valued relationships between senders and targets seem to be an accepted limit to the pursuit of costly norm enforcement. Second, norm violations nevertheless remain rare, suggesting that factors other than the prospect of material punishment may encourage compliance. Indeed, by preserving interstate relationships, international metanorms may facilitate the engagement needed for socialisation and social pressures as alternative compliance mechanisms.
Direct electron acceleration with a linearly polarized laser beam in a two-dimensional magnetized plasma channel
Authors: Ghorbanalilu Mohammad , Nozarnejad Nasim 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe examine the electron acceleration induced by an ultra-relativistic intensity laser–plasma interaction in a two-dimensional plasma channel in the presence of a self-generated transverse magnetic field. We find that the electron dynamics is strongly affected by the laser pulse polarization angle, plasma density, and magnetic field strength. We investigate in detail, the dependencies of the electron acceleration in terms of different parameters and find excellent agreement with non-magnetized plasma in the absence of the magnetic field. The numerical results show that the self-generated magnetic field plays a constructive role in the electron acceleration process. It is shown that electron acceleration is more affected by self-generated magnetic field for the laser radiations with large polarization angles. The numerical results show the maximum enhancement for electron acceleration for a laser radiation with polarization angle θ = π/2.
Rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy for non-responsive chronic depression: an uncontrolled group study
Authors: Moeller Stine Bjerrum , Austin Stephen F. , Hvenegaard Morten , Kistrup Morten , Gran Stine , Watkins Ed 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground:One-third of patients with depression do not respond satisfactorily to treatment, and approximately 20% of all patients treated for depression develop a chronic depression. One approach to more effective treatment of chronic and treatment-resistant depression is to target rumination – an underlying mechanism implicated in the development and maintenance of depression.Aim:The purpose of this uncontrolled group study was to investigate the feasibility of individual rumination-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (RfCBT) for patients with chronic and treatment-resistant depression.Method:A total of 10 patients with chronic and treatment-resistant depression were offered 12–16 individual sessions of RfCBT. The primary outcome was depressive symptoms as measured by Hamilton Depression Scale at pre-, post- and 3-month follow-up. Secondary symptoms measured included self-reported rumination and worry.Results:There was a significant reduction in depressive symptoms (p < 0.05), rumination (p < 0.01) and worry (p < 0.5) from pre- to post-treatment. Half of the participants (n = 5) showed significant reliable change on levels of depressive symptoms post-treatment. The reduction in depressive symptoms, rumination and worry were maintained at follow-up.Conclusions:RfCBT was associated with significant reductions in depressive symptoms in a small sample with chronic and treatment-resistant depression. Despite limitations of being a small uncontrolled study with limited follow-up, these results are promising in a difficult to treat population. RfCBT warrants further systematic evaluation.
An ERA5‐Based Model for Estimating Tropospheric Delay and Weighted Mean Temperature Over China With Improved Spatiotemporal Resolutions
Authors: Sun Zhangyu , Zhang Bao , Yao Yibin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTropospheric delay is an important error source in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and can also be used in water vapor monitoring. Many models have been built to correct tropospheric delays or to convert zenith wet delays to precipitable water vapor. However, these models suffer from limited resolutions (spatial resolution lower than 1° and temporal resolution lower than 6 hr), which affects their performance. The release of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ReAnalysis 5 (ERA5) provides the opportunity to lift this limit. In this study, we use the ERA5 hourly 0.5° × 0.5° data to build a new model over China, which integrates tropospheric delay correction for GNSS positioning and weighted mean temperature calculation for GNSS meteorology. By modeling the diurnal variations of zenith hydrostatic delay, zenith wet delay, and weighted mean temperature and the seasonal variations in their lapse rates, this model has the state‐of‐the‐art spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and temporal resolution of 1 hr. We validate this new model by the ERA5 data, the radiosonde data, and the GNSS data in comparison with the canonical GPT2w model. The results show that the new model has better accuracies in terms of root‐mean‐square than the GPT2w model in all parameters. Especially, the new model well captures the diurnal variations in tropospheric delay and weighted mean temperature. This new model provides accurate tropospheric delays and weighted mean temperature simultaneously, which enables GNSS receivers to measure precipitable water vapor directly and also benefits GNSS positioning.
Seismic Evidence for Plume‐Slab Interaction by High‐Resolution Imaging of the 410‐km Discontinuity Under Tonga
Authors: Li Luchen , Chen Yi‐Wei , Zheng Yingcai , Hu Hao , Wu Jonny 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Tonga‐Samoa system provides a unique tectonic context to study how a cold subducting slab interacts with a hot rising mantle plume. Here we present a 3‐D high‐resolution image of the 410‐km mantle discontinuity (the 410) using seismic signals excited by deep‐focus earthquakes. The 410 is found to be ~30 km shallower inside the Tonga slab relative to the ambient mantle and ~20 km deeper further to the northwest under Fiji Islands. The downward deflection of the 410 under Fiji supports the hypothesis of a plume migration around the northern edge of the Tonga slab from Samoan hot spot to under Fiji due to fast trench rollback. The 50‐km topography difference in the 410 between the plume and the slab corresponds to a temperature difference of ~500 ± 100 K. The Samoan plume is inferred to be 200 ± 50 K hotter than the ambient mantle and supports a thermal origin for the plume.
Variations of Velocity and Attenuation Anisotropy Structures in the Uppermost Inner Core Beneath the Central Pacific Region
Authors: Qin Jialing , Sun Xinlei , Fan An 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsing PKIKP and PKiKP travel times and amplitude ratios, we examine the velocity and attenuation anisotropy structures in the uppermost 100 km of the inner core beneath the central Pacific region. Our results indicate a clear change from approximately 180°E to 190°E longitude. Below the western Pacific, velocity anisotropy is weak and attenuation is high (Qp ~200), whereas below the eastern Pacific, velocity anisotropy is strong (3.3%) and attenuation is low (Qp ranges from 400 to 150). Furthermore, the velocity and attenuation anisotropies are correlated with each other. Our results indicate that the growth of the inner core may be coupled with core mantle boundary thermal heterogeneities. The heterogeneities may affect directional heat flow or deformational processes in the uppermost inner core, cause different iron crystal alignments, and result in lateral variations in anisotropy structures.
Structural and Compositional Changes in the Upper Atmosphere Related to the PEDE‐2018 Dust Event on Mars as Observed by MAVEN NGIMS
Authors: Elrod M. K. , Bougher S. W. , Roeten K. , Sharrar R. , Murphy J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe onset of the planet encircling dust event (PEDE‐2018) started around 1 June 2018 as observed by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/Mars Color Imager, peaking around 7–10 July and persisting through mid‐October 2018. After the onset of the event, the upper atmosphere underwent significant changes in density and thermal structures. Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution‐Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (MAVEN NGIMS) had a good opportunity to observe these changes from the first detection in the upper atmosphere and throughout the duration of the PEDE. The compositional changes included increased density at a constant altitude for CO2 and Ar, while the O decreased from the peak throughout the decay of the bulk of the PEDE.
Radium Tracing Cross‐Shelf Fluxes of Nutrients in the Northwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Cho Hyung‐Mi , Kim Guebuem , Kwon Eun Young , Han Yongjin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNutrients in surface waters of the northwest Pacific Ocean are known to be influenced significantly by anthropogenic inputs via the atmosphere. In this study, we evaluated the relative contribution of cross‐shelf fluxes in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The shelf fluxes were estimated by multiplying the 228Ra flux based on inverse modeling by the measured ratios of nutrients to 228Ra. The ratios were obtained from field observations of nutrients and 228Ra in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in February 2017 when the water column was fully mixed vertically. The cross‐shelf fluxes are estimated to be approximately 40% of the atmospheric depositional flux of nitrogen and 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of phosphorus. These results suggest that the cross‐shelf fluxes of nutrients are an important, yet previously underappreciated, pathway of nutrients to the North Pacific Ocean, controlling carbon sequestration and biological production.
Assessing the Accuracy of Paleodischarge Estimates for Rivers on Mars
Authors: Morgan Alexander M. , Craddock Robert A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEstimates of river paleodischarges have been used to constrain the former climate of Mars. Paleodischarge has been calculated using mechanistic approximations of the channel bed‐shear stress at the threshold of particle motion or correlative width‐discharge relations derived from empirical terrestrial hydraulic geometry data. We apply both these methods to a study set of gaged terrestrial rivers with field‐measured bankfull properties to assess the reliability of discharge estimates given similar uncertainties as ancient martian rivers. We find that the threshold method yields conservative values, provided a reasonable grain size is used. However, we find that digital elevation models of a similar resolution to those constructed from Context Camera (CTX) data may not be of sufficient resolution to be useful for estimating paleohydrologic conditions. Results from our analysis demonstrate the inherent uncertainties when approximating paleodischarges on Mars and stress the need to consider realistic boundary conditions when determining such values.
Long‐Lasting Penetration Electric Fields during Geomagnetic Storms: Observations and Mechanisms
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPenetration electric fields originating from the solar wind/magnetosphere, shielding electric fields produced by the Region 2 field‐aligned currents, and disturbance dynamo electric fields produced by disturbance neutral winds are the major disturbance electric fields in the middle‐ and low‐latitude ionosphere during geomagnetic storms. Understanding the interplay of electric fields from different sources is critical for understanding storm time ionospheric electrodynamics. In this study, we analyze ionospheric data measured by five Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites in the dusk‐evening sector during a magnetic storm. A peculiar feature in this case is that the vertical ion drift was enhanced in the upward direction by up to 180 m/s, corresponding to the occurrence of an eastward penetration electric field in the equatorial ionosphere, for 14 hr, including 3 hr of the storm main phase and the first 11 hr of the recovery phase. The variations of other ionospheric parameters (the ion density, ion composition, electron temperature, and zonal drift) were well correlated with the variation of the vertical ion drifts, providing further evidence of prolonged penetration electric fields. Observations of short‐lived penetration electric fields are also presented, and the causes for short‐lived penetration electric fields are discussed. Important issues on the shielding effects are addressed. Scenarios for occurrence of long‐lasting penetration electric fields are proposed. Some outstanding problems associated with penetration electric fields are listed for future studies.
Electrostatic Spacecraft Potential Structure and Wake Formation Effects for Characterization of Cold Ion Beams in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Toledo‐Redondo S. , Lavraud B. , Fuselier S. A. , André M. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Nakamura R. , Escoubet C. P. , Li W. Y. , Torkar K. , Cipriani F. , Barrie A. C. , Giles B. , Moore T. E. , Gershman D. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Ergun R. E. , Russell C. T. , Burch J. L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCold plasma (up to few tens of electron volts) of ionospheric origin is present most of the time, in most of the regions of the Earth's magnetosphere. However, characterizing it using in situ measurements is difficult, owing to spacecraft electrostatic charging, as often this charging is at levels comparable to or even higher than the equivalent energy of the cold plasma. To overcome this difficulty, active potential control devices are usually placed on spacecraft that artificially reduce spacecraft charging. The electrostatic potential structure around the spacecraft is often assumed to be spherically symmetric, and corrections are applied to the measured particle distribution functions. In this work, we show that large deviations from the spherical model are present, owing to the presence of long electric field booms. We show examples using Magnetospheric MultiScale spacecraft measurements of the electrostatic potential structure and its effect on the measurement of cold ion beams. Overall, we find that particle detectors underestimate the cold ion density under certain conditions, even when their bulk kinetic energy exceeds the equivalent spacecraft potential energy and the ion beam reaches the spacecraft. Active potential control helps in reducing this unwanted effect, but we show one event with large cold ion density (∼10 cm−3) where particle detectors provide density estimates a factor of 3–5 below the density estimated from the plasma frequency. Understanding these wake effects indirectly constrains some properties of the magnetospheric cold ion component, such as their drift energy, direction, and temperature.