bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrete finger sequences are widely represented in human striatum
Authors: Andersen Kasper Winther , Madsen Kristoffer H. , Siebner Hartwig Roman 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch in primates and rodents ascribes the striatum a critical role in integrating elementary movements into unitary action sequences through reinforcement-based learning. Yet it remains to be shown whether the human striatum represents action sequence-specific information. Young right-handed volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed four discrete finger sequences with their right hand, consisting of five button presses. Specific finger sequences could be discriminated based on the distributed activity patterns in left and right striatum, but not by average differences in single-voxel activity. Multiple bilateral clusters in putamen and caudate nucleus belonging to motor, associative, parietal and limbic territories contributed to classification sensitivity. The results show that individual finger movement sequences are widely represented in human striatum, supporting functional integration rather than segregation. The findings are compatible with the idea that the basal ganglia simultaneously integrate motor, associative and limbic aspects in the control of complex overlearned behaviour.
Large-scale spontaneous self-organization and maturation of skeletal muscle tissues on ultra-compliant gelatin hydrogel substrates
Authors: Jensen Joen H. , Cakal Selgin D. , Li Jingwen , Pless Christian J. , Radeke Carmen , Jepsen Morten Leth , Jensen Thomas E. , Dufva Martin , Lind Johan U. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCellular self-organization is the fundamental driving force behind the complex architectures of native tissue. Yet, attempts at replicating native tissue architectures in vitro often involve complex micro-fabrication methods and materials. While impressive progress has been made within engineered models of striated muscle, the wide adaptation of these models is held back by the need for specific tools and knowhow. In this report, we show that C2C12 myoblasts spontaneously organize into highly aligned myotube tissues on the mm to cm scale, when cultured on sufficiently soft yet fully isotropic gelatin hydrogel substrates. Interestingly, we only observed this phenomenon for hydrogels with Young’s modulus of 6 kPa and below. For slightly more rigid compositions, only local micrometer-scale myotube organization was observed, similar to that seen in conventional polystyrene dishes. The hydrogel-supported myotubes could be cultured for multiple weeks and matured into highly contractile phenotypes with notable upregulation of myosin heavy chain, as compared to myotubes developed in conventional petri dishes. The procedure for casting the ultra-soft gelatin hydrogels is straight forward and compatible with standardized laboratory tools. It may thus serve as a simple, yet versatile, approach to generating skeletal muscle tissue of improved physiological relevance for applied and basic research.
Insight into the dual function of lipid phosphate phosphatase PgpB involved in two essential cell-envelope metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli
Authors: Tian Xudong , Auger Rodolphe , Manat Guillaume , Kerff Frédéric , Mengin-Lecreulx Dominique , Touzé Thierry 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUbiquitous PAP2 lipid phosphatases are involved in a wide array of central physiological functions. PgpB from Escherichia coli constitutes the archetype of this subfamily of membrane proteins. It displays a dual function by catalyzing the biosynthesis of two essential lipids, the phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and the undecaprenyl phosphate (C55-P). C55-P constitutes a lipid carrier allowing the translocation of peptidoglycan subunits across the plasma membrane. PG and C55-P are synthesized in a redundant manner by PgpB and other PAP2 and/or unrelated membrane phosphatases. Here, we show that PgpB is the sole, among these multiple phosphatases, displaying this dual activity. The inactivation of PgpB does not confer any apparent growth defect, but its inactivation together with another PAP2 alters the cell envelope integrity increasing the susceptibility to small hydrophobic compounds. Evidence is also provided of an interplay between PAP2s and the peptidoglycan polymerase PBP1A. In contrast to PGP hydrolysis, which relies on a His/Asp/His catalytic triad of PgpB, the mechanism of C55-PP hydrolysis appeared as only requiring the His/Asp diad, which led us to hypothesize distinct processes. Moreover, thermal stability analyses highlighted a substantial structural change upon phosphate binding by PgpB, supporting an induced-fit model of action.
Suppression of self-absorption in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using a double pulse orthogonal configuration to create vacuum-like conditions in atmospheric air pressure
Authors: Karnadi Indra , Pardede Marincan , Tanra Ivan , Hedwig Rinda , Marpaung Alion Mangasi , Lie Zener Sukra , Jobiliong Eric , Kwaria Dennis , Suliyanti Maria Margaretha , Ramli Muliadi , Lahna Kurnia , Lie Tjung Jie , Suyanto Hery , Kurniawan Koo Hendrik , Kagawa Kiichiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSelf-absorption, which is known to severely disturb identification of the emission peak intensity in emission-based spectroscopy, was first studied using ordinary single pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). It was found that severe self-absorption, with an evident self-reversal, occurs in the resonance emission lines of high concentration Na, K, and Al, and thus it is impossible to obtain the linear calibration curve required for quantitative analysis. To overcome this problem, we introduce a double pulse orthogonal technique in which the first laser is fired in a parallel orientation at a varied distance of 2–6 mm from the sample surface. It is well known that the strong shock wave generated by this laser irradiation temporarily creates a vacuum-like condition immediately in front of the sample surface. This action is followed by a second laser irradiation oriented perpendicular to the sample surface. The sample ablated by the second laser irradiation expands following the shockwave excitation process in the vacuum-like air atmosphere created by the first laser. The obtained spectra of the resonance emission lines of high concentration Na, K, and Al are free from the self-reversal and weakly affected by the self-absorption effect. A linear calibration curve that intercepts near zero point for K element over a wide concentration range is also demonstrated in this study. This simple modification is considered notably helpful in overcoming the self-absorption that occurs in ordinary single pulse atmospheric pressure LIBS.
Adolescent sleep characteristics and body-mass index in the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study
Authors: Schneider Aaron C. , Zhang Dong , Xiao Qian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSleep may play a role in overweight and obesity in adolescents. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between sleep duration and timing and overweight and obesity status in adolescents, with a special emphasis on weekday–weekend difference in sleep characteristics as well as sex-specific relationships. We examined 1,254 U.S. adolescents (12–17 years) self-reported sleep duration, timing, weekday–weekend differences in duration and timing in relation to overweight and obesity. We found an inverse association between sleep duration and overweight and obesity. Compared to 8–9 h of sleep, short sleep (< 7 h) on weekdays was associated with higher odds of overweight and obesity [Odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.73 (1.00, 2.97)] in the overall population, while long sleep (10+ h) on weekends was associated with lower odds, but only in males [0.56 (0.34, 0.92)]. We also found that a larger weekday–weekend difference in sleep duration was associated with overweight and obesity in females, but not in males. Specifically, the odds of overweight and obesity were significantly higher among females reporting longer sleep on weekends than weekdays by ≥ 2 h [2.31 (1.15, 4.63)] when compared to those reporting little weekday–weekend differences. Sleep timing, or weekday–weekend differences in sleep timing, were not associated with overweight and obesity in the overall population, although we found suggestive evidence linking later weekend sleep with overweight and obesity in females. Our findings support a role of sleep in adolescent obesity and suggest sex-differences in this relationship that warrant future studies.
Beneficial effects of manually assisted chiropractic adjusting instrument in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Conesa-Buendía F. M. , Mediero A. , Fujikawa R. , Esbrit P. , Mulero F. , Mahillo-Fernández I. , Mues Arantxa Ortega-De 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by injury of all joint tissues. Our previous study showed that in experimental osteoporosis, chiropractic manipulation (CM) exerts protective effects on bone. We here assessed whether CM might ameliorate OA by improving subchondral bone sclerosis, cartilage integrity and synovitis. Male New-Zealand rabbits underwent knee surgery to induce OA by anterior cruciate ligament injury. CM was performed using the chiropractic instrument ActivatorV 3 times/week for 8 weeks as follows: force 2 setting was applied to the tibial tubercle of the rabbit right hind limb (TM-OA), whereas the corresponding left hind limb received a false manipulation (FM-OA) consisting of ActivatorV firing in the air and slightly touching the tibial tubercle. After sacrifice, subchondral bone integrity was assessed in the tibiae by microCT and histology. Cartilage damage and synovitis were estimated by Mankin’s and Krenn’s scores, respectively, and histological techniques. Bone mineral density and content in both cortical and trabecular compartments of subchondral bone decreased in OA rabbits compared to controls, but partially reversed in the TM-OA group. Trabecular bone parameters in the latter group also showed a significant improvement compared to FM-OA group. Moreover RANKL, OPG, ALP and TRAP protein expression in subchondral bone significantly decreased in TM-OA rabbits with respect to FM-OA group. CM was associated with lower Mankin’s and Krenn’s scores and macrophage infiltrate together with a decreased protein expression of pro-inflammatory, fibrotic and angiogenic factors, in TM-OA rabbits with respect to FM-OA. Our results suggest that CM may mitigate OA progression by improving subchondral bone as well as cartilage and synovial membrane status.
Understanding memes on Chinese social media
Authors: Ying Lu , Blommaert Jan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Memes as online graphic semiotic resources have developed into a globalized genre and a cultural form. The
vernacularization of this global cultural form on Chinese social media is Biaoqing (literally, ‘facial
expression’). Biaoqing is a phenomenon and a genre engendered by the development of information technology and growing
accessibility to the internet. The most prominent features of Biaoqing on Chinese social media (cute, mischievous, decadent,
dirty, violent) are spawned by and therefore reflect the structure of society. The ludic nature of Biaoqing enables them to serve
as resources for new forms of communication, potential of reshaping existing social norms, the landscape of online culture, and
culture and society at large. The results of this contribution constitute an invitation for a reimagination of the role of graphic
semiotic signs and digital infrastructures in society, and a rethinking of theories for sociolinguistic research in a digital
era.
Redistribution of short-dated emergency medications as a cost avoidance and drug shortage management strategy
Authors: Uba Richie Onwuchekwa , Priftanji Dorela , Hill John D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Purpose
This study aimed to develop a process to reduce waste through redistribution of short-dated medications in emergency drug boxes and assess associated cost avoidance.

Methods
Short-dated medication items (defined as those expiring within 4 months) from more than 200 emergency drug boxes located throughout a large academic medical center were collected, sorted, and counted during two 3-month time periods. Medications expiring within 2 weeks were discarded. Remaining short-dated medications were redistributed to satellite pharmacies and the emergency department based on historical utilization patterns. The counts and costs of redistributed medications were collected and totaled. Results were compared between study periods to assess differences in numbers of drugs redistributed and the associated cost avoidance.

Results
A total of 4,415 short-dated medication items were collected during the study periods. The medication items associated with the highest cost avoidance were epinephrine 1 mg/mL, 30-mL vial (cost avoidance of $25,764), phenylephrine 10 mg/mL, 1-mL vial (cost avoidance of $8,626), and naloxone 0.4 mg/mL, 1-mL vial (cost avoidance of $5,382). The estimated total annualized cost avoidance was $104,357 for the first period and $144,674 for the second period. Of the 16 unique medications stocked in emergency drug boxes, 12 were in short supply at the institution at the time of the project, and about 67% of the redistributed items were subject to national drug shortages.

Conclusion
A process that facilitates appropriate redistribution of short-dated emergency drug box medications can reduce medication waste and lead to substantial cost avoidance.
Phylogeographical analysis of character displacement in feeding phenotypes of snail-feedingAcoptolabrusground beetles
Authors: Akiyama Kazutoshi , Jang Tae Woong , Park Yong Hwan , Shinohara Tadashi , Konuma Junji , Liang Hongbin , Kubota Kohei , Sota Teiji , Ishikawa Ryosuke , Kim Jung Lark , Kim Jong Kuk , Takami Yasuoki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEcological character displacement predicts that interspecific resource competition results in greater trait divergence between species in sympatry than in allopatry. However, other processes, such as ecological sorting, result in the same pattern of trait variation. In this study, we characterize character displacement in eight species of snail-feeding Acoptolabrus ground beetles in the Far East. Acoptolabrus exhibit divergent feeding phenotypes, including species with a slender forebody that is able to intrude into large shells and species with stout heads and mandibles for crushing small shells. The pattern of character displacement in feeding phenotypes was confirmed by multivariate analysis of body dimensions. Molecular phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimation and biogeographical analysis revealed that sympatry and phenotypic divergence occurred repeatedly during the Pleistocene and almost simultaneously within each geographical area. Comparative analysis revealed that the evolution of feeding phenotypes best fitted a selective model with three adaptive optima, corresponding to the three cases of sympatry with a congener. Repeated coincidences of sympatry and adaptive differentiation in feeding phenotypes suggested causal relationships, although the precise order of events was difficult to discriminate. This study provides insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of interspecific interactions and adaptive phenotypic diversification.
The intersectional genetics landscape for humans
Authors: Macedo Andre , Gontijo Alisson M 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
The human body is made up of hundreds—perhaps thousands—of cell types and states, most of which are currently inaccessible genetically. Intersectional genetic approaches can increase the number of genetically accessible cells, but the scope and safety of these approaches have not been systematically assessed. A typical intersectional method acts like an “AND" logic gate by converting the input of 2 or more active, yet unspecific, regulatory elements (REs) into a single cell type specific synthetic output.

Results
Here, we systematically assessed the intersectional genetics landscape of the human genome using a subset of cells from a large RE usage atlas (Functional ANnoTation Of the Mammalian genome 5 consortium, FANTOM5) obtained by cap analysis of gene expression sequencing (CAGE-seq). We developed the heuristics and algorithms to retrieve and quality-rank “AND" gate intersections. Of the 154 primary cell types surveyed, &gt;90% can be distinguished from each other with as few as 3 to 4 active REs, with quantifiable safety and robustness. We call these minimal intersections of active REs with cell-type diagnostic potential “versatile entry codes" (VEnCodes). Each of the 158 cancer cell types surveyed could also be distinguished from the healthy primary cell types with small VEnCodes, most of which were robust to intra- and interindividual variation. Methods for the cross-validation of CAGE-seq–derived VEnCodes and for the extraction of VEnCodes from pooled single-cell sequencing data are also presented.

Conclusions
Our work provides a systematic view of the intersectional genetics landscape in humans and demonstrates the potential of these approaches for future gene delivery technologies.
Loss to follow-up: initial non-responders do not differ from responders in terms of 2-year outcome in a hip arthroscopy registry
Authors: Lindman Ida , Olsson Harald , Öhlin Axel , Hamrin Senorski Eric , Stålman Anders , Ayeni Olufemi R , Sansone Mikael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Loss to follow-up in registry studies is a problem due to potential selection bias. There is no consensus on the effect of response rate. The aim of this study was to compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between responders and initial non-responders (INR) in a hip arthroscopy registry and to examine whether demographics affect the response rate. Data from hip arthroscopies performed at two centres in Gothenburg were collected and the patients were followed up with PROMs. The follow-up was a minimum of 2 years after surgery. All 536 patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopies during 2015 and 2016 and had recorded pre-operative PROMs were included. A total of 396 patients completed the follow-up and were labelled ‘Responders’ (R) and 107 patients responded after reminders were sent and labelled ‘Initial non-responders’ (INR). The mean time of follow-up was 24.7 ± 2.9 and 42.5 ± 7.0 months for the R- and INR-group, respectively. There were no differences between the two groups at the follow-up for the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score, European Quality of life 5 dimensions questionnaire, EQ-VAS, International Hip Outcome Tool or a visual analogue scale for hip function. A larger proportion of R was satisfied after hip arthroscopy compared with INR (86% versus 70%, P = 0.0003). INR were younger than responders (31.5 ± 12.5 versus 35.6 ± 12.7 years of age). The conclusion of the study was that there were no differences between R and INR at the follow-up across the PROMs except patient satisfaction, where responders were more satisfied.
Introduction
Authors: Albert Richard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to the Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Constitutions. This introduction summarizes the content of the volume, identifies and probes common themes that appear across chapters, and situates the importance of the region in the burgeoning field of comparative constitutional studies. The chapter challenges scholars in the field to look beyond the conventional list of jurisdictions used as comparators in the study of constitutionalism around the world, and specifically to learn about the many different constitutions and constitutionalisms in the Caribbean. The chapter makes the case that this new resource leaves scholars with no good reason why Caribbean constitutions should not be featured prominently in comparative studies on such questions as constitutional reform, regional integration, and supranational court design, among many others. The chapter explains that this volume therefore seeks both to inform scholars about an as-yet undiscovered region of the world and to invite them to discover the great richness of constitutional history and experience located in the Caribbean.
Constitutionalism and Colonial Legacies in the Caribbean
Authors: Stirton Lindsay , Lodge Martin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers constitutionalism as colonial legacies across the British, Dutch, and French Caribbean. The Caribbean represents a fascinating area for the study of constitutionalism in view of contests over legal power and colonial legal inheritances following colonial conquest. The main argument of this chapter is that colonial legacies in terms of constitutionalism did and still do matter, but these distinct legacies are characterized by certain commonalities, in terms of the plurality of constitutional interpretations about colonial government within each colonial legacy, and by the broad similarity of the social and economic context of colonial rule in the Caribbean. On their own and comparatively, colonial legacies appear rather flexible, given functional pressures and generic tensions and contradictions. A conclusion highlighting internal varieties and comparative similarities also reflects the varied state of different colonial legacies in the contemporary Caribbean.
Constitutional Design in the Commonwealth Caribbean
Authors: Ghany Hamid 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Commonwealth Caribbean consisted of Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and, Trinidad and Tobago. In the intervening years between 1962, when Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago attained their independence, and 1983, when St. Kitts-Nevis attained its independence, it is to be noted that all the constitutions of these countries bore a resemblance to each other. This similarity between countries and the similarity of constitutional design has been referred to as the Westminster–Whitehall model in the Commonwealth Caribbean. This chapter explores the main tenets of the Westminster–Whitehall model as well as providing some context as to why there is a desire to hold on to it.
Constitutional Principles
Authors: Wheatle Se-shauna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter situates constitutional principles within the construction of Caribbean constitutional identity and interrogates their role in shaping the relationship between Caribbean constitutionalism and constitutional law in related jurisdictions. The second section of the chapter outlines initial efforts at developing a Caribbean constitutional identity through constitutional drafting as well as judicial discovery and use of constitutional principles in early constitutional interpretation in the region. The third section analyses the friction between recourse to unwritten norms and a new constitutional direction built on codified constitutions, by examining the extent to which constitutional principles function as vessels for incorporation of foreign law. The fourth section charts a path forward, advocating a ‘creolized’ Caribbean constitutionalism that blends the varying local and global influences on Caribbean law and society.