bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Information
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we show how the theory we’ve given can shed light on the question of how to value gaining new moral information. We explain how we should assess the expected utility of new empirical information, and how we could use an analogous framework to work out the expected choice worthiness of new moral information. We apply this framework to two examples: the choice of how a large foundation should spend its resources, and the choice of career for an individual. Finally, we consider to what extent the lessons from this framework change when we consider ‘imperfect’ information.
Competition Law and Antitrust
Authors: Gerber David J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The more than 100 competition/antitrust laws around the world play major roles both at home and in other countries. They influence each other in ways that affect decisions everywhere. The book is a new kind of guide that makes this world accessible to anyone, anywhere. It provides a new set of tools to organize the vast amount of data about competition laws in ways that reveal what is happening and what is driving decisions. Using a global perspective, it defines competition law in a way that is applicable to all competition law systems and then examines competition law goals, methods, and institutions and the forces that drive them. It devotes an entire chapter each to US antitrust law and European competition law as well as sections for East Asian, Latin American, and developing country competition law patterns. It shows how competition law regimes relate to each other as parts of a global system with its own patterns and dynamics. Transnational public and private institutions, including law firms, management and economic consultancy firms, accounting firms, and others are part of this system. By combining clear analysis of the elements of individual regimes with the transborder forces that influence them, it gives lawyers, students, officials, and scholars the tools they need to understand and operate in this complex and often misunderstood world.
Work and Technological Change
Authors: Barley Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The four chapters of this book summarize the results of thirty-five years dedicated to studying how technologies change work and organizations. The first chapter places current developments in artificial intelligence into the historical context of previous technological revolutions by drawing on William Faunce’s argument that the history of technology is one of progressive automation of the four components of any production system: energy, transformation, and transfer and control technologies. The second chapter lays out a role-based theory of how technologies occasion changes in organizations. The third chapter tackles the issue of how to conceptualize a more thorough approach to assessing how intelligent technologies, such as artificial intelligence, can shape work and employment. The fourth chapter discusses what has been learned over the years about the fears that arise when one sets out to study technical work and technical workers and methods for controlling those fears.
Institutional Configurations and Linkage Formation
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the party, party system, and voter behaviour components of party competition combine with each other and with the federal institutional structure to lead to integrated or independent politics. It uses configurational analysis using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methods to identify various pathways to linkage. It then draws on case studies of Spain, Canada, and Germany in order to probe the causal mechanisms and relationships between elements of linkage. Germany and Canada represent cases that institutionally are most likely and least likely to support the development of integrated politics, while Spain offers an asymmetric multi-level system.
Towards a Theory of Political Development in Multi-Level Systems
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Integrated and independent politics are useful concepts for understanding the forms of competitive linkages among subnational jurisdictions and between the subnational and federal levels. The forms of linkage that generate integrated politics are varied, with some forms of linkage rooted in the structures of party systems or the organizational structures of parties. Other forms are more fluid, and reflected in attitudes and behaviours of parties and voters or shifts in electoral support. The stronger role for federal institutional influences in these more fluid linkage outcomes helps us to develop a more nuanced theory that can refine the impact of federal institutions. While social cleavages and the electoral system are strong drivers of party system structures and nationalization, federal institutions shape the more fluid aspects of integration. Fiscal centralization, while important, is not a necessary condition of integrated politics. Administrative interdependence can generate integrated politics even alongside decentralization.
Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean
Authors: Thompson John D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for conservation brings together a diverse literature on the Mediterranean flora in a detailed but synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central themes of ecological dynamics and evolutionary differentiation are developed at two spatial scales: habitat variation across the landscape and biogeographic processes across the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is at the heart of this account and is described within a triptych that links geological and climatic history to the advent and history of human activities. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is a mosaic of ecological conditions, often with variation over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in this mosaic landscape. With an ever-growing human footprint on the Mediterranean region, this book addresses a third major theme concerning the vulnerability and conservation of the flora. Alongside a traditional approach to rare species and protected area management, the book argues for the integration of the loss of evolutionary potential as a priority in conservation policy and practice. This accessible text is aimed at students and researchers in plant evolution, ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. It will be of interest to scientists and natural history societies worldwide.
The Risk-Based Approach to Data Protection
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The main goal of this book is to provide an understanding of what is commonly referred to as “the risk-based approach to data protection”. An expression that came to the fore during the overhaul process of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)—even though it can also be found in other statutes under different acceptations. At its core it consists in endowing the regulated organisation that process personal data with increased responsibility for complying with data protection mandates. Such increased compliance duties are performed through risk management tools. It addresses this topic from various perspectives. In framing the risk-based approach as the latest model of a series of regulation models, the book provides an analysis of data protection law from the perspective of regulation theory as well as risk and risk management literatures, and their mutual interlinkages. Further, it provides an overview of the policy developments that led to the adoption of such an approach, which it discusses in the light of regulation theory. It also includes various discussions pertaining to the risk-based approach’s scope and meaning, to the way it has been uptaken in statutes including key provisions such as accountability and data protection impact assessments, or to its potential and limitations. Finally, it analyses how the risk-based approach can be implemented in practice by providing technical analyses of various data protection risk management methodologies.
Paris, America, and PhD
Authors: Grimm Dieter 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter treats Dieter Grimm’s postgraduate study in Paris and Harvard, the special impact of Harvard University and his teachers there, the differences between German and American legal education, his work in an American law firm after graduation and his dissertation in Frankfurt, his practical training (Referendariat) with various legal institutions like courts, agencies of public administration, law offices, etc. and his examination after the traineeship (which qualifies for any legal profession).
Fundamental Rights Doctrine and the Culture of Deliberation
Authors: Grimm Dieter 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter treats some doctrinal questions, especially the principle of proportionality, the way it is applied by the Court, its advantages and risks, furthermore the role of facts and precedents in comparison between German and Anglo-Saxon legal traditions, the role of doctrine in constitutional adjudication and the internal proceedings of the Court, especially the style of deliberation.
Human Perfection in Byzantine Theology
Authors: Torrance Alexis 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Christian theology has from its inception posited a powerful vision of humanity’s ultimate and eternal fulfilment through the person and work of Jesus Christ. That said, how precisely to understand and approach the human perfection to which the Christian is summoned is a question that has vexed the minds of many and diverse theologians. Orthodox Christian theology is notable for its consistent interest in this question, and over the last century has offered to the West a wealth of theological insight on the matter, drawn from both the resources of its Byzantine theological heritage as well as its living interaction with Western theological and philosophical currents. In this regard, the important themes of personhood, deification, epektasis, apophaticism, and divine energies have been elaborated with much success by Orthodox theologians; but not without controversy. This work addresses the question of human perfection in Orthodox theology via a retrieval of the sources, examining in turn the thought of leading representatives of the Byzantine theological tradition: St Maximus the Confessor, St Theodore the Studite, St Symeon the New Theologian, and St Gregory Palamas. The overarching argument of this study is that in order to present an Orthodox Christian understanding of human perfection which remains true to its Byzantine inheritance, supreme emphasis must be placed on the doctrine of Christ, especially on the significance and import of Christ’s humanity. The intention of this work is thus to keep the creative approach to human destiny in Orthodox theology firmly moored to its theological past.
The energy of deification and the person of Jesus Christ in St Gregory Palamas
Authors: Torrance Alexis 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Gregory Palamas’s defence of human perfection and deification through the dogmatic distinction between divine essence and divine energy sparked a theological controversy that continues into the present day. One of the charges laid against Palamas is that he introduces divine energies as another mediator between humanity and God, effectively replacing the mediation of Christ in the process. This chapter argues that such a charge is fundamentally flawed and reflects a deep misunderstanding of Palamas’s theology. Through a close reading of his seminal Triads and other texts, it is shown that Palamas’s approach to human knowledge and experience of God (which culminates in deification), far from sidelining the person of Christ, places him at its heart; without the Incarnate Christ, no access to human perfection is conceivable for Palamas.
Parts of Pictures
Authors: Kulvicki John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Along with the semantic frame presented in Chapter 2, this chapter offers an account of pictures’ meaningful parts. Pictures have many features, and each is responsible for playing a different semantic role in pictorial interpretation. For this reason, it makes sense to identify picture parts with aspects of pictures, or features that they have, which are nevertheless not the most determinate features they have. Collectively, all of these features determine a picture’s content, but taken by themselves they can also be understood as representing some sub-part of the scene that the whole represents. This helps with understanding some communicative uses of pictures. In fact, all of the semantic operations discussed in other chapters can apply to parts of pictures, while other parts are treated differently. This greatly expands the range of meanings pictures can communicate.
Direct Reference in Pictures and Maps
Authors: Kulvicki John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Maps are not pictures, but they are closely related kinds of representation, which can teach us something about the uses of pictures. Maps say, of locations, that they are thus and so. They do this, according to most theories, by connecting their locations with locations at some other place. So, bare locations, which are parts of pictures and maps in the sense described in Chapter 3, can act like directly referring terms. In maps, this is standard, but it also happens in many pictures, like photographs, security camera footage, and the like. These pictures say, of a place, that it is thus and so. And they do this because different parts—their locations and the features at those locations—play different semantic roles. As a result, such pictures can be said to express propositions.
Distinguishing Kinds by Parts
Authors: Kulvicki John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 claims that pictures have syntactic parts in a manner distinct from how linguistic expressions have them. Chapter 7 shows that maps and related representations have parts in much the same way. This chapter closes the book by suggesting that the most fundamental distinction between kinds of representation is found in how they have parts. Pictures and maps have inseparable syntactic parts, while linguistic representations only have separable syntactic parts. This provides a new understanding of how compositionality is relevant to pictures and maps, and it also offers a new perspective on what makes pictures non-propositional representations, even though they can be used to express propositions.
Marketing English Books, 1476-1550
Authors: da Costa Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book sets out to show how new markets were cultivated by printers in the period 1476–1550. It argues that while print and manuscript reading continued alongside each other, developments in the marketing of printed texts began to change what readers read, the ways they read and the place of reading in their lives on a larger scale and at a faster pace than had occurred before. Rather than attempting to offer a superficial survey of how the marketing of every kind of book developed, it focuses on three broad (but not wholly discreet) categories: religious reading, secular reading, and practical reading. Within those categories, the chapters focus in detail on the development of types of book that either emerged for the first time during this period (evangelical books, news pamphlets) or underwent considerable changes in presentation (devotional texts, romances, travel guides, household works). The chapters examine the presentation of early printed editions, paying particular attention to paratexts, with the aim of illuminating the range of techniques that printers used to convince potential buyers to part with their money. The printers of these works were predominantly based in London, but this book places their efforts within a wider European context. It demonstrates that, just as English manuscripts were moulded by foreign influences, English printers responded to their European counterparts’ experiments in the marketing of books.
Sweet Consolation
Authors: da Costa Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 considers how printers persuaded readers to buy religious books other than primers, which might well have seemed non-essential. Focusing on the period up to 1525, it considers the sale of books that supported the laity in understanding the most basic aspects of their faith and those that guided them beyond the rote prayers of the Pater noster and Ave Maria into deeper practices of meditation and contemplation. It argues that de Worde recognized the spiritual ambitions of his contemporaries and the desire for a deeper knowledge of God amongst the laity. While the 1520s would see that channelled into demand for scriptural translation, in the first quarter of the century de Worde offered readers a richer relationship with God through contemplative practices.
A Taste for Trifles
Authors: da Costa Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on how printers began to develop readers’ taste for cheap, entertaining pamphlets that frequently featured scurrilous humour or sensational episodes of a violent or sexual nature. It begins with Caxton’s prose romances and the way in which Caxton justified their reading by underlining their exemplarity. It then goes on to consider how, after Caxton’s death, the intervention of a Dutch printer, Gheraert Leeu, resulted in an increasing emphasis on the recreational pleasure to be had from reading romances rather than their moral function. It explores how de Worde built on this by first printing verse romances and then gests, but suggests it was another Antwerp printer, Jan van Doesborch, who exploited readers’ interest in the sensational to the utmost. The chapter ends by considering why a flourishing market in romances, jests, and bawdy fiction—for what were sometimes termed ‘nouelles’ and ‘tryfellys’—disappeared in the mid-1530s.
A Hunger for News
Authors: da Costa Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores how English printers developed a domestic market for a different kind of novel material: news itself, ranging from accounts of natural marvels through to polemical exchanges about current events. In doing so, they followed the example of their continental counterparts. Accounts of state affairs emulated Parisian publications, while news about calamitous events was frequently translated from best-selling European pamphlets. The chapter argues that printers persuaded readers to pay for what had traditionally been received free, by word of mouth, by emphasizing the reliability and veracity of the news they published rather than—as is often assumed—appealing to a taste for sensation or moralization. Concluding the chapter with a discussion of the news pamphlets and broadsides surrounding the Western Rebellion in 1549, it suggests that by the mid-sixteenth century printed news had gained sufficient status that its circulation could influence events, giving printers a potential power and responsibility they had not anticipated.
Gender Inequalities in Japan
Authors: Honjo Kaori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Striking gender inequalities in Japanese society are rooted in beliefs about gender division of labour. Gender-based social norms have driven employment and working practices such as long working hours. The male breadwinner model has only recently started to give way to more diverse role identities. Despite persistent gender inequalities, Japanese women have the longest life expectancy in the world. This paradoxical relationship can be explained by 1) overall women’s positive health behaviours, 2) Japan’s post-war social security programmes, protecting the vast majority of full-time homemakers, and 3) women’s roles in the household and the relation with their psychological wellbeing. The rigidity in current social programmes has failed to meet the needs of increasingly diverse Japanese society, which has contributed to rising female poverty and associated health problems.
Dementia and Healthy Ageing in Older People
Authors: Kondo Katsunori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As a front runner of population ageing, Japan faces a future that the human species has never experienced. While we rejoice in longevity, it can bring financial and social challenges resulting from loss of independence. Frailty and dementia are important in this context. To meet those challenges, the Japanese government has been making efforts to reform public health and social care systems, and to develop a trans-sectoral social policy programme for dementia. Culturally, the Japanese value seniority and family traditions of caregiving. Drastic demographic change, and the subsequent decrease in household capacity for informal caregiving, requires a cultural and normative reform in society. An ongoing dialogue between social determinants of health and policy responses in Japan can provide valuable lessons for other countries with a growing ageing population, including the UK.
Conclusion
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out contemporary and past conceptions of the political way. It shows how the political way conveys both positive and negative value. The negative evaluation of politics has generated projects to displace it, and to replace it with benevolent dictatorship, or with violent authority, or with economic freedom of exchange. But these and other projects can never be free of strategy, of questions about authority, or of the claims of publicity and accountability; so politics always returns. The chapter considers the analogies between theatre and politics, and the difficulty of equating political power with sovereignty.
Mechanisms of Symbolic Support for Deliberation
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces the concept of ritual deliberation: discursive interactions that procedurally resemble genuine democratic deliberation while substantively failing to be. Participants in genuine democratic deliberation are open-minded and exhibit deliberative states of mind (a sincere intention and reasonable expectation to persuade and be persuaded by others), while participants in ritual deliberations either lack a sincere intention or a reasonable expectation to do so. Ritual deliberations can be found in various arenas, from legislatures to international organizations. While they are not genuinely deliberative in themselves, those ritual deliberations serve a latent deliberative function in supporting genuine democratic deliberation elsewhere.
Conclusion
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book defends a naturalized conception of deliberative democracy that has informal networked deliberation at its core. Some think that the only way in which citizens can properly deliberate is through carefully engineered group deliberations. This chapter concludes by defending informal networked deliberation as the main platform of a real existing deliberative democracy. It warns that the challenges democratic deliberation faces today have less to do with informal networked deliberation’s structural limitations or citizens’ poor deliberative skills, and more to do with the weaknesses of political institutions, politicians’ extreme partisanship, and misinformation campaigns supported by an increasingly partisan press. Those problems are external to networked deliberation and must be tackled separately.