bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-Level Political Leadership: Dynamics and Conditions
Authors: Sørensen Eva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the age of governance, political leadership is a multi-level activity. Multi-level governance research shows that policy-making at national, transnational, and subnational levels of governance is increasingly tangled, interconnected, and overlapping. Political leadership research has mainly focused on how politicians perform political leadership at a single level of governance, however. Chapter 8 develops a concept of multi-level political leadership, which aims to capture how political leadership involves efforts to affect decisions made by politicians appointed at other levels of governance. The conditions and opportunities for performing multi-level political leadership vary between politicians authorized at transnational, national, and subnational levels of governance. Community sentiments are not equally strong among all citizens; politicians at different levels do not have the same type and amount of NATO resources; public attention varies; and the impact and influence that national, transnational and sub-national politicians are expected to have differ. In light of these differences, expectations are that transnational and subnational politicians are more likely to embrace a multi-level leadership approach than national politicians will.
Institutionalizing Interactive Political Leadership
Authors: Sørensen Eva 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA key factor that conditions the political leadership of elected politicians is the institutional structure of representative democracy. Political institutions constrain as well as enable political leadership. They regulate what politicians can do, and grant them the authority and legitimacy needed to act in the name of the members of the political community. Then, how do the institutions of representative democracy condition the performance of interactive political leadership? Chapter 10 shows that although the formal structure of representative democracy tends to encourage political competition, the non-formal political institutions promote political bargaining, negotiation and collaboration between political elites. Although neither the formal nor the non-formal institutions promote interaction between politicians and citizens, it takes relatively small-scale reforms to enable politicians to perform interactive political leadership. Political leaders are not only institution-takers but also institution-makers and it is their prerogative to improve the institutional conditions for performing interactive political leadership in representative democracies. A review of recent institutional reforms testifies to a growing interest among politicians in promoting dialogue between politicians and citizens around agenda-setting, policy innovation, and policy application.
Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
If ‘prevention is better than cure’, why isn’t policy more preventive? Policymakers only have the ability to pay attention to, and influence, a tiny proportion of their responsibilities, and they engage in a policymaking environment of which they have limited understanding and even less control. This simple insight helps explain the gap between stated policymaker expectations and actual policy outcomes. We use these insights to produce new empirical studies of ‘wicked’ problems with practical lessons. We find that both the UK and Scottish governments use a simple idiom—prevention is better than cure—to sell a package of profound changes to policy and policymaking. Taken at face value, this focus on ‘prevention’ policy seems like an idea ‘whose time has come’. Yet, ‘prevention’ is too ambiguous until governments give it meaning. No government has found a way to turn this vague aim into a set of detailed, consistent, and defendable policies. We examine what happens when governments make commitments without knowing how to deliver them. We compare their policymaking contexts, roles, and responsibilities, policy styles, language, commitments, and outcomes in several cross-cutting policy areas (including health, families, justice, and employability) to make sense of their respective experiences. We use multiple insights from policy theory to help research and analyse the results. The results help policymakers reflect on how to avoid a cycle of optimism and despair when trying to solve problems that their predecessors did not.
Prevention and Mental Health Policy
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In health and public health policy in general, the conditions to support prevention policy are not yet apparent. Attention is low or fleeting, ambiguity is high, and debates on the meaning and application of prevention policies are wide. A supportive policymaking environment, producing regular windows of opportunity for specific policy changes, is difficult to identify. Such problems are accentuated when prevention and public health meet mental health. Recently, there have been meaningful calls for greater attention and resources to mental health policy, to pursue ‘parity’ between mental and physical health, and to stress the need for ‘public mental health’ to play a larger part in the public health agenda. However, this agenda remains in its infancy following decades of relative neglect, low public and policymaker attention, and uncertainty about what public mental health means (beyond the vague aim to promote mental well-being and prevent mental illness). At the same time, other policy agendas may undermine these fragile developments, such as when employment policy reforms affect the ability of people with mental ill health to receive social security benefits. In that context, we show that a firm and sincere commitment to public health and mental health is not enough to guarantee the success of preventive mental health initiatives.
Conceptual Engineering
Authors: Cappelen Herman 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops and defends the Master Argument for Conceptual Engineering: (1) If W is a word that has a meaning M, then there are many similar meanings, M1,M2,...,Mn, W could have. (2) We have no good reason to think that the meaning that W ended up with is the best meaning W could have: there will typically be indefinitely many alternative meanings that would be better meanings for W. (3) When we speak, think, and theorize it’s important to make sure our words have as good meanings as possible. (4) As a corollary: when doing philosophy, we should try to find good meanings for core philosophical terms and they will typically not be the meanings those words as a matter of fact have. (5) So no matter what topic a philosopher is concerned with, she should assess and ameliorate the meanings of central terms. I respond to seven objections to this argument.
The Theory–Theory Approach to Ethics
Authors: Jackson Frank 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
One way to approach the theory of reference for proper names is by asking what proper names are good for in the sense of the valuable purposes they serve. Suppose we approach ethical terms and concepts in the same spirit, asking questions like: What purposes do they serve? How could we do something similar but do it better? This chapter explores the implications of this way of thinking about ethical terms and concepts, and explains why a theory–theory or moral functionalist account of them is so attractive when we approach matters from this perspective. The discussion is set inside an avowedly cognitivist, naturalist framework, and touches on the implications of this framework for how to adjudicate debates between rival views in ethics, and the relevance of evolutionary considerations.
The A-project and the B-project
Authors: Richard Mark 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ameliorative philosophical analysis elucidates a concept by looking at the purposes it has for its users. It evaluates them, and gives an analysis on the basis of the purposes the analyst thinks ought to control the concept’s use. As such it can look wildly revisionary, an attempt not to tell us what we mean but to change the subject. This chapter sketches a view of meaning on which ameliorative analysis can be understood as not at all subject changing: a word’s meaning is the evolving collection of presuppositions its users make, and expect to be recognized as made, when the word is used. Focusing on Sally Haslanger’s ameliorative accounts of race and gender, this chapter argues that ameliorative analysis is best understood not as a project that is successful only if it results in the concept’s reference reflecting the ameliorative analysis. Conceptual amelioration and engineering are attempts to foster a kind of evolution within a population, a change in the presuppositions that (it is common knowledge) accompany the concept’s use. This can be achieved and have worthwhile effects even while no shift in reference occurs.
Evolutionary Public Health: How Interventions may Benefit from Insights Generated by Life History Theory
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Public health efforts were evident in the ancient world, but first acquired a scientific basis in the nineteenth century. The potential for evolutionary theory to improve public health interventions has only been recognized very recently. Evolutionary life history theory provides a unique theoretical framework, through its focus on competing functions subject to trade-offs over the allocation of energy. Originally these functions were considered to be “maintenance,” “growth,” and “reproduction,” however “defense” may be considered a fourth competing function as it reduces energy allocation to each of the three others. Recent research in humans provides experimental support for life history trade-offs in adults, with hormonal signaling implicated as a key regulatory mechanism. Observational studies have additionally identified diverse trade-offs during development, helping provide an evolutionary basis to the developmental origins of adult health and disease. Natural selection favors adaptive responses to environmental stimuli and stresses that maximize reproductive fitness rather than health.
An Evolutionary View of Homeostasis
Authors: Perlman Robert 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Physiologists and evolutionary biologists have traditionally investigated different but complementary aspects of biological phenomena. Homeostasis, the maintenance of approximately constant conditions in bodily fluids, has been the purview of physiology. Evolutionary insights can, however, deepen our knowledge of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms. Bioenergetics has been of central concern to both physiology and evolution. Physiologists have been interested in the energetic content of foods, in the metabolic transformations of the energy derived from foods, and in the energetic costs of physiological processes, while evolutionary life history theory addresses the ways that organisms have evolved to acquire and allocate metabolic energy throughout their life course. Engineering control theory highlights the limitations as well as the benefits of different regulatory mechanisms and so helps to explain why we have evolved multiple integrated and cooperative homeostatic mechanisms. The physiological responses to pregnancy illustrate the ways in which an evolutionary perspective enriches our understanding of homeostasis.
The Role of the Immune System from an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Schradin Carsten , Straub Rainer H. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
“Nothing in Biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution.” This famous citation of Theodosius Dobzhansky also underlies the integrative field of evolutionary medicine, which faces the challenge to combine (patho-)physiological mechanisms with evolutionary function. Here we introduce a concept from the study of animal behavior, which are the four questions of Tinbergen that consider: 1. the ontogeny of an individual describing its development, 2. its physiological machinery, which 3. has fitness consequences influencing 4. the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of future generations. It is shown how this concept can be applied to infectious disease and to chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. Evolutionary medicine takes lifetime reproductive success into account. The hypothesis to be tested is that mechanisms underlying a disease in old age might have higher fitness benefits in the pre-reproductive and/or reproductive life history stage, leading to an overall increased lifetime fitness.
The UK and Multi-level Financial Regulation
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The book examines the role of the United Kingdom (UK) in shaping post-crisis financial regulatory reform, and assesses the implications of the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU). It develops a domestic political economy approach to examine how the interaction of three domestic groups—elected officials, financial regulators, and the financial industry—shaped UK preferences, strategy, and influence in international and EU-level regulatory negotiations. The framework is applied to five case studies: bank capital and liquidity requirements; bank recovery and resolution rules; bank structural reforms; hedge fund regulation; and the regulation of over-the-counter derivatives. We conclude by reflecting on the future of UK financial regulation after Brexit. The book argues that UK regulators pursued more stringent regulation when they had strong political support to resist financial industry lobbying. UK regulators promoted international harmonization of rules when this protected the competitiveness of industry or enabled cross-border externalities to be managed more effectively, but were often more resistant to new EU rules when these threatened UK interests. Consequently, the UK was more successful at shaping international standards by leveraging its market power, regulatory capacity, and alliance-building (with the US). But it often met with greater political resistance at the EU level, forcing it to use legal challenges to block reform or secure exemptions. The book concludes that political and regulatory pressure was pivotal in defining the UK’s ‘hard’ Brexit position, and so the future UK–EU relationship in finance will most likely be based on a framework of regulatory equivalence.
State of the Art and Research Design
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the main bodies of literature in international/comparative political economy and public policy, elucidating why existing work has insufficient explanatory power. Second, it then outlines the theoretical framework of the book, its research design, methodology and operationalization, and case-study selection. The analysis employs a two-step approach. The first explains the UK’s financial regulatory preferences (supporting or resisting more stringent rules, i.e. ‘trading up’) as the outcome of the interaction of key domestic actors: elected officials, financial regulators, and the financial industry. In the second step, we explain the UK’s regulatory strategy in international/EU negotiations (as ‘pace setting’, ‘foot dragging’, or ‘fence sitting’) and its influence over regulatory outcomes. By analysing financial regulatory reform as a ‘three-level game’, the domestic political economy approach captures the interdependency of different negotiating arenas over time. The book draws on over sixty in-depth interviews conducted between 2012 and 2019.
Setting the Multi-Level Context
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides the context for the rest of the book. It first outlines the configuration of the financial system in the UK, and the structural and instrumental power of the financial industry. It then discusses the distinctive institutional structures centered around the City–Bank–Treasury ‘nexus’ prior to the crisis and evaluates how the role and influence of the financial industry has been challenged by institutional reforms following the financial crisis, and more recently by Brexit. The second part of the chapter outlines the international and EU institutional context through which non-binding international standards, and ‘hard’ EU legislation, is developed. Following the crisis, the UK played a leading role in shaping the post-crisis financial regulatory response at both levels. However, the strategies of UK negotiators at the international and EU levels were often differentiated, and the ability of UK negotiators to influence the final outcome was mixed.
In Search of Stability: Bank Capital and Liquidity Requirements
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Following the financial crisis, UK preferences shifted decisively in favour of trading up bank capital and liquidity requirements. To reassure voters, elected officials intervened in the regulatory process by strengthening the domestic institutional architecture for banking regulation. Financial regulators leveraged this political support to overcome resistance from the financial industry, but also pushed for international/EU harmonization of capital requirements to avoid damaging the UK’s competitiveness. Internationally, UK regulators therefore acted as pace-setters and exerted significant influence over the design of the Basel III Accord. However, at the EU level, the UK was forced to act as a foot-dragger by prolonging negotiations over the Capital Requirements Directive IV (CRD IV) in an attempt to resist Franco-German efforts to water down the rules. But UK negotiators were more successful in leveraging domestic constraints to oppose the Commission’s attempt to impose the ‘maximum’ harmonization of bank capital.
How Do Beliefs Simplify Reasoning?
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 examines how the proposed theory of epistemic rationality can accommodate outright beliefs, and what role such outright beliefs play in our epistemic conduct. It is argued that people need outright beliefs in addition to credences to simplify their reasoning. Outright beliefs do this by allowing thinkers to ignore small error probabilities. What is outright believed can change between contexts. When our beliefs change, we have to ask how related other beliefs, including beliefs representing uncertainties, change in light of this. It has been claimed that our beliefs change via an updating procedure resembling conditionalization. However, conditionalization is notoriously complicated. This claim is thus in tension with the explanation that the function of beliefs is to simplify our reasoning. We can resolve this puzzle by endorsing a different hypothesis about how beliefs change across contexts that better accounts for the simplifying role of beliefs.
Selling the Illusion of Access
Authors: McCarthy Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that Aemilia Lanyer’s publisher Richard Bonian published the extensive dedicatory material in Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum to appeal to an emerging female reading public. The volume’s permeable boundary between text and paratext also anticipates the replacement of dedicatory poems with commendatory verses in the coming decades. The chapter therefore closes by considering two additional books with an unusual investment in dedicatory and commendatory verse: Coryats Crudities (1611), which inspired a competing book that only reproduced its preliminary verses, and Mary Fage’s Fames Roule (1637), a collection of anagrams and acrostics on court figures. Together, these books reveal authors and their publishers navigating poetry’s uneasy transition from a pursuit driven by patronage to one oriented toward the commercial book trade. In the process, the books also give the reader new insight into the privileged social networks of their authors and addressees.
Edward Pococke in Aleppo
Authors: Mills Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 details the career of the chaplain Edward Pococke during the six years he spent in Aleppo in the 1630s. It asks how Pococke built a library of Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac manuscripts in the face of fierce competition from rival European collectors. The chapter explores Pococke’s personal links with local scholars and booksellers: the Sufi Aḥmad al-Gulshanī, the Christian scribe Thalja Karma, and unnamed Aleppine Jews. It illustrates throughout how these friendships and transactions were intertwined with the English commercial presence in the city. The final part of the chapter assesses the value of Pococke’s collection, pointing both to his achievements in assembling a library of books which he would put to use during a lifetime devoted to scholarship, and to the tasks he had left undone.
The Road to Jerusalem
Authors: Mills Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes the English chaplains’ experiences of the journey to Jerusalem in the seventeenth century. It argues, contrary to a long-held view, that the Jerusalem pilgrimage did not become entirely irrelevant for Protestants. William Biddulph, sometimes seen as an ‘anti-pilgrim’, can be understood rather as a characteristic type of early modern traveller. When the traditional role of the pilgrim was combined with that of the ‘eyewitness’ the holy sites could be compared with Scripture to produce testimonies of service to the biblical scholar. The chapter then argues that ‘devotion and curiosity’ continued to motivate the Jerusalem pilgrimages of both a series of chaplains and many English merchants. The final part of the chapter analyses the report of one such pilgrim, the chaplain William Hallifax, who made the journey to Jerusalem in 1691, leaving in manuscript an account of his time in the city and the antiquities he discovered en route.
The English Reformation in an Eastern Key
Authors: Mills Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the attempts of a series of chaplains and merchants to foster links with the Arabic-speaking Christian churches in the Ottoman Empire. It begins with the Arabic translations of liturgical, catechetical, and apologetic literature by Pococke, setting Pococke’s work alongside the more substantial Roman Catholic missions in Ottoman Syria, and documenting Robert Huntington’s attempts to distribute books in Aleppo and beyond. The chapter then traces the chaplains’ initiatives in charitable work among the Eastern Christians, drawing on reports in Robert Frampton’s letters to two English archbishops. The second part of the chapter reconstructs the more ambitious project of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge to produce and to distribute Arabic translations of the Psalms and the New Testament. It uncovers the essential contribution of two travelling Syrians: Solomon Negri and Theocharis Dadichi. Yet the most influential figure behind the SPCK’s work in Aleppo was a merchant called Rowland Sherman, whose activities as a translator and friendship with two Melkite patriarchs of Antioch – Athanasius III Dabbās and Sylvester of Antioch – the final part of the chapter illuminates.