bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Очищення відпрацьованих мінеральних моторних олив кристалічним карбамідом
Authors: Корчак Б. О. , Гринишин О. Б. , Червінський Т. І. , Витрикуш Н. М. , Нагурський А. О. , Іващенко Р. В. 
Published: May 2020

Під час експлуатації автотранспортного засобу мінеральна моторна олива у двигуні внутрішнього згорання (ДВЗ) піддається безперервному впливу високої температури, окиснення, термічного розкладу, зовнішніх забруднювачів, каталізаторів (продуктів зношення металевих поверхонь) тощо. Внаслідок цього в ній накопичуються продукти зношення деталей ДВЗ та розкладу присадок, продукти окиснення вуглеводневої частини, асфальто-смолисті речовини тощо, що спричиняє незворотні зміни її якісного хімічного складу. Для видалення з відпрацьованих олив оксигеновмісних продуктів старіння та зниження їхнього кислотного числа доцільно використовувати метод коагуляції. Одним з легкодоступних та перспективних коагулянтів для очищення відпрацьованих мінеральних моторних олив може слугувати кристалічний карбамід. Його додавали до відпрацьованих олив і перемішували за підвищеної температури. Контроль ефективності процесу очищення карбамідом здійснено за кислотним числом оливи. Використаний карбамід разом із виокремленими компонентами оливи відділяли фільтруванням. Встановлено оптимальні умови процесу, а саме: кількість карбаміду – 5 % мас. на сировину; температура – 140 оС; тривалість перемішування – 80 хв. Для вивчення зміни експлуатаційних властивостей очищених мінеральних моторних олив здійснено дослідження за стандартизованими методиками та за допомогою рентгенофлуоресцентного та ІЧ-спектрального методів аналізів. Встановлено, що внаслідок очищення відпрацьованих олив карбамідом їхнє кислотне число істотно зменшується, що підтверджується ІЧ-спектральним аналізом. Відбувається також незначне підвищення індексу в'язкості олив, а також зниження вмісту механічних домішок, води. Зольність олив також зменшується. Це підтверджено також результатами рентгенофлуоресцентного аналізу. Використання кристалічного карбаміду для очищення ВММО дає змогу зменшити вміст оксигеновмісних продуктів старіння, водночас, в очищеній оливі залишаються небажані поліциклічні ароматичні вуглеводні, асфальто-смолисті речовини, продукти розкладу присадок та механічні домішки, для видалення яких необхідно використовувати додаткові стадії очищення.
Мотивация к дистанционному изучению иностранных языков как вызов современности и слагаемое успеха
Authors: Leshutina I.A. 
Published: May 2020

Статья актуализирует проблему мотивации, которая остается главным вектором для любого человека в достижении поставленных целей, в том числе и образовательных. Дистанционный формат обучения иностранным языкам также заостряет проблему поддержания мотивации и вовлеченности в образовательный процесс как учащихся, так и преподавателей. Все это показывает, что необходимо рассматривать и анализировать плюсы и минусы дистанционного обучения иностранным языкам, определять его значимую направленность на развитие инновационных технологий, выявлять и классифицировать трудности, видеть причины возникновения возможных рисков, связанных со снижением мотивации. Решение проблемы видится в особой системе мер воздействия на мотивацию в виртуальной образовательной среде, что отвечает вызовам сегодняшнего дня.The article actualizes the problem of motivation, which has always been and remains the main vector in achieving the goals, including educational ones, for any person. The distance format for teaching foreign languages also raises the problem of maintaining the motivation and involvement of both students and teachers in the educational process. All this plunges into the need to consider and analyze the pros and cons of distance learning foreign languages, to determine its significant focus on the development of innovative technologies, to identify and classify difficulties, to see the causes of possible risks associated with a decrease in motivation. The solution to the problem is seen in a special system of measures to influence motivation in the virtual educational environment, which meets the challenges of today.
Дистанционное тестирование по русскому языку детей-билингвов
Authors: Kalenkova O.N. 
Published: May 2020

В статье описана дистанционная система тестирования детей-билингвов по русскому языку на уровни В1 и В2, включающая 6субтестов на каждом уровне. Даны краткие комментарии к заданиям испособам их оформления. Изложены принципы составления тестовых заданий, ориентированных на дистанционную форму иопределенный возраст тестируемых.A remote testing system for bilingual children in the Russian language is presented. It comprises 6 subtests for levels B1 and B2 in each. Brief comments are given on assignments and means of their presentation. The principles of test items formation focused on the remote form and a certain age of the tested are described.
Оптимизация процесса обучения на русском языке: интерактивно-коммуникативный подход
Authors: Teremova R.M. 
Published: May 2020

В представленных учебных материалах предлагается методическая модель обучения иностранных учащихся речевому общению на русском языке по теме Возраст , базирующаяся на интерактивно-коммуникативных принципах обучения инофонов русскому языку. Предлагаемая система обучения способствует развитию коммуникативных навыков обучаемых, приобщению их кнормам и традициям коммуникативного поведения с представителями российского социума. Учебные материалы рассчитаны на учащихся, владеющих русским языком как иностранным вобъеме второго сертификационного уровня.The provided materials include methodical model of teaching verbal communication in Russian to foreigners on the topic The Age . The methodical model is based on the interactive and communicative principals of teaching Russian language to foreign students. The training system promotes the development of communicative skills of the learners, introduces them to norms and traditions of Russian communicative behavior. The training system is aimed at learners with Russian competence at B2 level.
Modelling Public and Private Enforcement
Authors: Barker Kit 
Published: May 2020

Achieving a workable, hybrid model of competition law enforcement that is sensitive to both instrumental and non-instrumental ends and which commands broad, cross-jurisdictional support always struck me as a tall order. For one thing, it required a keen understanding of the nature of competition law wrongs, which sit awkwardly at the turnstile between public and private law. The enforcement processes of competition law have also evolved in very different social and historical contexts, the United States being an environment in which regulatory agencies have historically been regarded with scepticism (if not downright distrust) and Europe being a centralised bureaucracy in which they have tended to be regarded as the paradigm. Most challengingly of all, the project required a theory of ‘holism’ capable of explaining how it is possible to reconcile complex moral, economic and social objectives within a singular enforcement system, or (more accurately) within a linked network of distinct law enforcement systems.
Chemistry of Temperate Super-Earth and Mini-Neptune Atmospheric Hazes from Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Moran Sarah E. , Hörst Sarah M. , Vuitton Véronique , He Chao , Lewis Nikole K. , Flandinet Laurène , Moses Julianne I. , North Nicole , Orthous-Daunay François-Régis , Sebree Joshua , Wolters Cédric , Kempton Eliza M.-R. , Marley Mark S. , Morley Caroline V. , Valenti Jeff A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Very little experimental work has been done to explore the properties of photochemical hazes formed in atmospheres with very different compositions or temperatures than those of the outer solar system or of early Earth. With extrasolar planet discoveries now numbering thousands, this untapped phase space merits exploration. This study presents measured chemical properties of haze particles produced in laboratory analogs of exoplanet atmospheres. We used very high-resolution mass spectrometry to measure the chemical components of solid particles produced in atmospheric chamber experiments. Many complex molecular species with general chemical formulas C
w
H
x
N
y
O
z
were detected. We detect molecular formulas of prebiotic interest in the data, including those for the monosaccharide glyceraldehyde, a variety of amino acids and nucleotide bases, and several sugar derivatives. Additionally, the experimental exoplanetary haze analogs exhibit diverse solubility characteristics, which provide insight into the possibility of further chemical or physical alteration of photochemical hazes in super-Earth and mini-Neptune atmospheres. These exoplanet analog particles can help us better understand chemical atmospheric processes and suggest a possible source of in situ atmospheric prebiotic chemistry on distant worlds.
United Kingdom&rsquo;s contribution to European research output in biomedical sciences: 2008&ndash;2017
Authors: Tan Raoul , Sijbrands Eric 
Published: May 2020

Background: On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom (UK) formally left the European Union (EU). Only a short transition period, until 31 December 2020, is available to negotiate collaborations for research in biomedical sciences and health care. Within the European scientific community, two opinions are common: 1) Brexit is an opportunity to obtain more funding at the expense of the departing British; and 2) UK colleagues should continue to collaborate in EU scientific efforts, including Horizon Europe and Erasmus+. To provide evidence for more informed negotiations, we sought to determine the contribution of the UK to EU&rsquo;s research in biomedical sciences.
Methods: We performed a macro level scientometric analysis to estimate the contribution of the UK and EU member states, including those associated with EU-funding (EU+) namely Albania, Armenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Faroe Islands, Georgia, Iceland, Israel, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, and Ukraine, to preclinical, clinical and health sciences. We searched the Web of Science database to count the total number of scientific publications and the top 1% most cited publications in the world between 2008 and 2017, calculated the performance efficiency by dividing the top 1% by the total number, and calculated the odds ratios to create a ranking of performance efficiency. We then compared the contribution of the UK to all the EU+ -based publications and the top 1% to the contributions of the ten EU member states with the largest biomedical research output and also compared the respective contributions to EU+ publications that resulted from collaborations with other regions in the world.
Results: We found 2,991,016 biomedical publications from EU+ during 2008&ndash;2017, of which 19,019 (0.64%) were in the world&rsquo;s top 1% of the most cited publications. The UK produced 665,467 (22.3%) of these publications and had over two and a half times more top 1% most cited publications than the EU+ (odds ratio 2.79, 95% CI 2.71&ndash;2.88, p< 0.001). The UK&rsquo;s share in the EU+ co-publications with regions outside Europe ranged between 23.0% for the Arab League and 50.6% for Australia and New Zealand and its share of the top 1% ranged between 48.6% for the USA and Canada and 70.7% for the African Union.
Conclusions: The UK contributed far more highly cited publications than the rest of the EU+ states and strongly contributed to European collaborations with the rest of the world during 2008&ndash;2017. This suggests that if the UK ceases to participate in EU scientific collaborations as a result of Brexit, the quantity and quality of EU&rsquo;s research in biomedical sciences will be adversely affected.
Écarts de fécondité en fonction du niveau d’instruction : le rôle de la religion en Grande-Bretagne et en France
Authors: Peri-Rotem Nitzan 
Published: May 2020

La fécondité baisse et l’infécondité augmente généralement avec le niveau d’instruction des femmes. On ne sait pas vraiment si un niveau d’études supérieures implique un comportement reproductif identique chez les femmes selon les confessions et les pratiques religieuses. Cette étude utilise des données issues de l’Enquête par panel auprès des ménages britanniques (BHPS) et du volet français de l’enquête Generations and Gender (GGS) ou Erfi, afin d’explorer les interactions entre la religion (mesurée par la pratique, l’appartenance à la religion catholique en France, au protestantisme et au catholicisme en Grande-Bretagne), le niveau d’instruction et la fécondité des femmes nées entre les années 1920 et 1960. En Grande-Bretagne, un niveau d’études élevé diminue plus souvent les probabilités de maternité chez les femmes appartenant à une religion que les autres, qu’elles soient ou non pratiquantes (cet effet d’interaction n’est pas retrouvé en France). Mais dans les deux pays, la religiosité atténue la relation négative entre le niveau d’instruction et la taille des familles. Alors que, pour les femmes sans appartenance religieuse, la relation est globalement négative, on constate une relation en U chez les catholiques pratiquantes. Les disparités de descendance finale selon l’appartenance et la pratique religieuses sont plus prononcées chez les femmes les plus instruites, certainement à cause de perceptions différentes de la valeur et du coût des enfants.
Antecedents That Influence the Intention to Use the Uber Mobile Application: Customer Perspectives in South Africa
Authors: Maziriri Eugine Tafadzwa , Mapuranga Miston , Mushwana Justice , Madinga Nkosivile Welcome 
Published: May 2020

<p class="0abstract">In today’s postmodern era, there is phenomenal growth in the use of smartphones, GPS as well as Internet. This has given a rise to a revolution in the business world and the revolution is focused on conducting business on the move usually by mobile commerce applications. The study sought to determine the impact of perceived convenience, facilitation conditions, social influence and price value on the intention to the use an Uber application. A quantitative methodology was utilised and the research concentrated specifically on consumers, located in the Johannesburg area and using of a non-probability convenience sample. A self-administered questionnaire was designed based on the scales used in previous studies. The statistical data analysis procedures utilised for the quantitative study were descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, structural equation modelling approach by means of the partial least squares structural equation modelling approach. The hypotheses testing results revealed that the intention to use an Uber application was influenced significantly and positively by perceived convenience, facilitation conditions, social influence and price value. The study authenticates those factors such as perceived convenience, facilitating conditions, social influence and price value are instrumental in stimulating the intention to use the Uber application. Lastly, based on the findings of this study, limitations were discussed along with the recommendations and concluding remarks.</p>
Nursing Workload Associated With Fever in the General Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kiekkas Panagiotis , Sakellaropoulos George C. , Brokalaki Hero , Manolis Evangelos , Samios Adamantios , Skartsani Chrisula , Baltopoulos George I. 
Published: May 2020

Background Fever in a patient in the intensive care unit necessitates several nursing tasks. Moreover, factors associated with increased patient care needs may be associated with fever.Objective To identify relationships between fever and characteristics of fever and nursing workload at the patient level.Methods A prospective study was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit. The sample consisted of 361 patients consecutively admitted from October 2005 to August 2006. Each patient’s body temperature was measured by using a tympanic membrane or an axillary thermometer. The Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 was used to measure nursing workload.Results A total of 188 patients (52.1%) had fever. Mean daily scores on the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System and on 5 of its 7 categories were significantly higher for febrile patients than for nonfebrile patients. Fever was an independent predictor of the mean daily scores for all patients (P &lt; .001). Peak body temperature but not duration of fever also was an independent predictor of mean daily scores for febrile patients (P &lt; .001).Conclusion In a general intensive care unit, fever in patients should be taken into consideration for the proper allocation of nursing personnel.
Thermal Burn Injury Generates Bioactive Microvesicles: Evidence for a Novel Transport Mechanism for the Lipid Mediator Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) That Involves Subcellular Particles and the PAF Receptor
Authors: Liu Langni , Fahy Katherine E. , Awoyemi Azeezat A. , Thapa Pariksha , Kelly Lisa E. , Chen Jay , Bihl Ji C. , Cool David R. , Chen Yanfang , Rapp Christine M. , Johnson R. Michael , Travers Jeffrey B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Thermal burn injuries are an important environmental stressor that can result in considerable morbidity and mortality. The exact mechanism by which an environmental stimulus to skin results in local and systemic effects is an area of active research. One potential mechanism to allow skin keratinocytes to disperse bioactive substances is via microvesicle particles, which are subcellular bodies released directly from cellular membranes. Our previous studies have indicated that thermal burn injury of the skin keratinocyte in vitro results in the production of the lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF). The present studies demonstrate that thermal burn injury to keratinocytes in vitro and human skin explants ex vivo, and mice in vivo generate microvesicle particles. Use of pharmacologic and genetic tools indicates that the optimal release of microvesicles is dependent upon the PAF receptor. Of note, burn injury-stimulated microvesicle particles do not carry appreciable protein cytokines yet contain high levels of PAF. These studies describe a novel mechanism involving microvesicle particles by which a metabolically labile bioactive lipid can travel from cells in response to environmental stimuli.
Therapeutic CMP-Nonulosonates against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Gulati Sunita , Schoenhofen Ian C. , Lindhout-Djukic Theresa , Schur Melissa J. , Landig Corinna S. , Saha Sudeshna , Deng Lingquan , Lewis Lisa A. , Zheng Bo , Varki Ajit , Ram Sanjay 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae deploys a unique immune evasion strategy wherein the lacto-N-neotetraose termini of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) are “capped” by a surface LOS sialyltransferase (Lst), using extracellular host-derived CMP-sialic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac in humans). LOS sialylation enhances complement resistance by recruiting factor H (FH; alternative complement pathway inhibitor) and also by limiting classical pathway activation. Sialylated LOS also engages inhibitory Siglecs on host leukocytes, dampening innate immunity. Previously, we showed that analogues of CMP-sialic acids (CMP-nonulosonates [CMP-NulOs]), such as CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 and CMP-Neu5Ac9N3, are also substrates for Lst. Incorporation of Leg5,7Ac2 and Neu5Ac9N3 into LOS results in N. gonorrhoeae being fully serum sensitive. Importantly, intravaginal administration of CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 attenuated N. gonorrhoeae colonization of mouse vaginas. In this study, we characterize and develop additional candidate therapeutic CMP-NulOs. CMP-ketodeoxynonulosonate (CMP-Kdn) and CMP-Kdn7N3, but not CMP-Neu4,5Ac2, were substrates for Lst, further elucidating gonococcal Lst specificity. Lacto-N-neotetraose LOS capped with Kdn and Kdn7N3 bound FH to levels ∼60% of that seen with Neu5Ac and enabled gonococci to resist low (3.3%) but not higher (10%) concentrations of human complement. CMP-Kdn, CMP-Neu5Ac9N3, and CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 administered intravaginally (10 μg/d) to N. gonorrhoeae–colonized mice were equally efficacious. Of the three CMP-NulOs above, CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 was the most pH and temperature stable. In addition, Leg5,7Ac2-fed human cells did not display this NulO on their surface. Moreover, CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 was efficacious against several multidrug-resistant gonococci in mice with a humanized sialome (Cmah−/− mice) or humanized complement system (FH/C4b-binding protein transgenic mice). CMP-Leg5,7Ac2 and CMP-Kdn remain viable leads as topical preventive/therapeutic agents against the global threat of multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.
Opsonization-Enhanced Antigen Presentation by MR1 Activates Rapid Polyfunctional MAIT Cell Responses Acting as an Effector Arm of Humoral Antibacterial Immunity
Authors: Boulouis Caroline , Gorin Jean-Baptiste , Dias Joana , Bergman Peter , Leeansyah Edwin , Sandberg Johan K. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like antimicrobial T cells recognizing a breadth of important pathogens via presentation of microbial riboflavin metabolite Ags by MHC class Ib–related (MR1) molecules. However, the interaction of human MAIT cells with adaptive immune responses and the role they may play in settings of vaccinology remain relatively little explored. In this study we investigated the interplay between MAIT cell–mediated antibacterial effector functions and the humoral immune response. IgG opsonization of the model microbe Escherichia coli with pooled human sera markedly enhanced the capacity of monocytic APC to stimulate MAIT cells. This effect included greater sensitivity of recognition and faster response kinetics, as well as a markedly higher polyfunctionality and magnitude of MAIT cell responses involving a range of effector functions. The boost of MAIT cell responses was dependent on strongly enhanced MR1-mediated Ag presentation via increased FcγR-mediated uptake and signaling primarily mediated by FcγRI. To investigate possible translation of this effect to a vaccine setting, sera from human subjects before and after vaccination with the 13-valent–conjugated Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine were assessed in a MAIT cell activation assay. Interestingly, vaccine-induced Abs enhanced Ag presentation to MAIT cells, resulting in more potent effector responses. These findings indicate that enhancement of Ag presentation by IgG opsonization allows innate-like MAIT cells to mount a faster, stronger, and qualitatively more complex response and to function as an effector arm of vaccine-induced humoral adaptive antibacterial immunity.
2. Formación del docente de educación especial y la educación inclusiva como política del estado venezolano
Authors: Carmona de Sada (UPEL-IPB) Debbiee Solangel , Rodríguez Polanco (UPEL-IPB) María Rosalía 
Published: May 2020

La educación inclusiva necesita que la Modalidad de Educación Especial cuente con un docente capaz de diversificar su rol orientador con miras a promover la participación efectiva de todos los actores sociales del hecho educativo, en y para el fomento de valores inclusivos que favorezcan la atención educativa del estudiantado, sin discriminación. El objetivo de esta investigación documental fue analizar la formación del docente de Educación Especial en consonancia con los desafíos de la Educación Inclusiva como Política del Estado venezolano. Se analizaron fuentes bibliográficas y electrónicas sobre educación inclusiva y su fundamentación legal internacional y nacional. Esto posibilitó la reflexión para la construcción de un marco conceptual que permita vislumbrar la formación del docente de Educación Especial. Se concluyó en la necesidad de que este docente gestione un trabajo mancomunado familia-escuela-comunidad como parte sustantiva del proceso educativo inclusivo y promueva los cambios concienciales requeridos en la comunidad escolar