bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Should We Require from an Account of Explanation in Historiography?
Authors: Virmajoki Veli 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, I explicate desiderata for accounts of explanation in historiography. I argue that a fully developed account of explanation in historiography must explicate many explanation-related notions in order to be satisfactory. In particular, it is not enough that an account defines the basic structure of explanation. In addition, the account of explanation must be able to explicate notions such as minimal explanation, complete explanation, historiographical explanation, explanatory depth, explanatory competition, and explanatory goal. Moreover, the account should also tell how explananda can be chosen in a motivated way. Furthermore, the account should be able to clarify notions that are closely connected with explanation such as historical contingency. Finally, it is important that the account is able to recognize when explanation-related notions and issues are so closely intertwined that we are in danger of not seeing the differences between them. In other words, I argue that a satisfactory account of explanation in historiography must have the power to explicate central explanation-related notions and to clarify discussions where the differences between the notions are obscure. In order to explicate these desiderata, I formulate a (version of the) counterfactual account of explanation and show how that account is able to explicate explanation-related notions and clarify issues that are connected with historiographical explanations. The success of the counterfactual account suggests that historiographical explanations do not differ fundamentally from explanations in many other fields.
Finding Fossil Footprints in the Archival Record: Case Studies from the Archaeological Site of Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia)
Authors: Altamura Flavio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper I discuss the potential of archival research (i.e. the reassessment of pictures and drawings) for the identification of hitherto overlooked fossil footprints. All of the most important sites of the Pleistocene sequence of Melka Kunture (Upper Awash Valley, Ethiopia) showed evidence of biogenic structures that had escaped attention during the archaeological investigations which started in the 1960s. The case studies described here show that fossil footprints at Melka Kunture occur more frequently than expected. This could encourage archaeologists to be more aware of the possible presence of bioturbated layers in other archaeological contexts and plan specific research accordingly, using Melka Kunture as a reference.
The Catholic Church and the covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Widyawati Fransiska , Lon Yohanes S. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper explores the connection between the activity of Catholic Church and the covid-19 pandemic through the case of a bishop ordination held in Ruteng, Indonesia. The ordination Mass took place on March 19, 2020, against the background rising numbers of covid-19 cases globally and in Indonesia. The Mass, which was attended by four thousand participants, led to criticisms of the Catholic Church in Ruteng. The Church was accused of jeopardizing the health of the community and failing to adhere to government advisories. It was labeled as selfish and stubborn. This paper discusses the urgency of both the covid-19 situation in Indonesia and of the bishop ordination in Ruteng. Ordination of a new bishop symbolizes a climax in the journey of the Catholic Church in Ruteng. It is a resolution of past conflicts and controversies in the history of the Church in the region. The Church needed ordination as a way of gaining power and legitimacy.
Broadening Impact of Field Campaigns: Integrating Meteorological and Chemical Observations
Authors: Mullendore Gretchen L. , Barth Mary C. , Klein Petra M. , Crawford James H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHistorically, atmospheric field campaigns typically focused on either meteorology or chemistry with very limited complementary observations from the other discipline. In contrast, a growing number of researchers are working across subdisciplines to include meteorological and chemical measurements when planning field campaigns to increase the value of the collected datasets for subsequent analyses. Including select trace gas measurements should be intrinsic to certain dynamics campaigns, as they can add insights into dynamical processes. This paper highlights the mutual benefits of joint dynamics–chemistry campaigns by reporting on a small sample of examples across a broad range of meteorological scales to demonstrate the value of this strategy, with focus on the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) campaign as a recent example. General recommendations are presented as well as specific recommendations of chemical species appropriate for a range of meteorological temporal and spatial scales.
Autoimmune thyroid diseases, autoimmune hepatitis, celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from the CARRA Legacy Registry
Authors: AlAhmed Ohoud , Sivaraman Vidya , Moore-Clingenpeel Melissa , Ardoin Stacy P , Bout-Tabaku Sharon ,   for the CARRA registry investigators
Published: October 2020

Objective Polyautoimmunity (PA) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is reported as a poor prognostic factor, but little is known about its effect in childhood-onset SLE (cSLE). We describe PA in cSLE within the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Legacy Registry and evaluate its association to lupus disease outcomes. Methods CARRA Legacy Registry is the largest pediatric rheumatology registry that collected data at enrollment and every 6 months thereafter. We describe the co-occurrence of selected autoimmune disorders (autoimmune thyroid diseases, autoimmune hepatitis, celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus) in cSLE. To assess outcomes, we studied measures of lupus disease activity, complications, and patient’s quality of life (QoL). Comparisons by PA status were made using chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, two-sample t-tests, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and mixed effects models as appropriate. Results 1285 patients met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE. Of those, 388 (30%) had data on comorbidity. The prevalence of PA was 8.8%. Patients with PA reported more hospitalizations and aggressive immunotherapy use. SLEDAI and PGA scores improved over time, but did not differ by PA status. No significant differences were found in QoL measures or their trajectory over time by PA status. Conclusion In cSLE, PA is associated with more hospitalizations and aggressive immunotherapy use. Although lupus disease activity improved over time, patients' QoL neither improved over time nor differed by having other autoimmune disease. Prospective, case-control, long-term follow-up studies on cSLE are needed to validate our results. MeSH Key Indexing Terms Pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus; Autoimmune diseases; Outcome assessment
Sustained Virologic Response of Patients Hospitalized Compared With Those Not Hospitalized During Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus With Direct-Acting Antivirals
Authors: Gentene Anthony J. , Bell Allison M. , Pence Alicia , Thomas Kelly , Jakubecz Collin , Stacy Elizabeth , Woolf Brittany , Guido Maria Rose , Mueller Eric W. , Sherman Kenneth E. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have resulted in great success through high attainment of sustained virologic response (SVR). Risk factors for DAA treatment failure are important to identify because of worsened outcomes with failure and high treatment cost. Objective: We sought to identify whether hospitalization during treatment affects SVR. The primary outcome was the difference in SVR at 12 weeks after treatment Methods: This multicenter, single health system retrospective cohort review compared achievement of SVR between patients hospitalized during DAA treatment for HCV with those not hospitalized during treatment. Results: Patients in the hospitalized cohort (n = 94) had more severe disease at baseline than nonhospitalized patients (n = 167) as indicated through higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores, Fibrosis-4 scores, and imaging-suggested or biopsy-confirmed cirrhosis. Patients hospitalized during treatment had lower SVR rates compared with those not hospitalized (87.2% vs 95.2%; P = 0.043) but failed to reach significance when inpatient mortality was excluded on secondary analysis (91.1% vs 95.2%; P = 0.195). Patients who were hospitalized and did not achieve SVR had higher MELD scores, were more likely to have intensive care unit stay, and had longer hospital stay compared with those who achieved SVR. Of 94 patients, 93 provided home supply of DAAs during hospitalization. Conclusion and Relevance: Patients hospitalized during DAA treatment for HCV had reduced rates of SVR. This reduced SVR rate may be driven by inpatient mortality and severity of liver disease. Patient education to bring home supply of medication for use during admission is an effective intervention.
Three-Year Outcomes From the LIBERTY 360 Study of Endovascular Interventions for Peripheral Artery Disease Stratified by Rutherford Category
Authors: Giannopoulos Stefanos , Mustapha Jihad , Gray William A. , Ansel Gary , Adams George , Secemsky Eric A. , Armstrong Ehrin J. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose: To report the 3-year results of the LIBERTY 360 study, which investigated outcomes of endovascular treatment of symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD). Materials and Methods: The LIBERTY trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01855412) was a prospective, observational, core laboratory–assessed, multicenter study of endovascular interventions enrolling >1200 participants treated at 51 sites. Data from 1189 patients were stratified according to Rutherford category (RC) and analyzed [RC 2-3 (n=500), RC 4-5 (n=589), and RC 6 (n=100)]. The primary outcomes were major amputation of the target limb and all-cause death; secondary outcomes were target vessel revascularization (TVR) or target lesion revascularization (TLR); major adverse events (MAEs; death within 30 days, TVR or TLR, and major amputation); death or major amputation combined; and change in self-reported quality of life (QoL) measures (VascuQol-25). The Kaplan-Meier (KM) method was employed to estimate the outcomes; estimates are presented with the 95% confidence intervals (CI). Predictors of 3-year MAE, death, TVR, and major amputation were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression modeling. Results: The 36-month KM survival rates were 86.0% in RC 2-3, 79.8% in RC 4-5, and 62.0% in RC 6 groups. The KM estimates of freedom from major amputation at 36 months were 98.5% in RC 2-3, 94.0% in RC 4-5, and 79.9% in RC 6. The 36-month KM estimates for freedom from TVR/TLR were 71.1% in RC 2-3, 64.2% in RC 4-5 and 61.9% in RC 6 groups. Patients with claudication at baseline were at lower risk for MAEs compared with RC 4-5 and RC 6 patients during the 36-month follow-up. Vascular QoL improved from baseline and persisted up to 36 months in all patients. Conclusion: Endovascular therapy is a viable treatment option for patients with symptomatic PAD, with sustained improved quality of life in both claudicants and patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia. These results provide important point estimates for midterm outcomes after modern endovascular interventions for PAD.
A survey of the feasibility of developing osteoporosis clinical trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Survey of the opinion of young people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, families and clinicians
Authors: Choong Wong Sze , Joseph Shuko , Capaldi Nadia , Marco Marina Di , Dunne Jennifer , Guglieri Michela , Horrocks Iain , Straub Volker , Faisal Ahmed S ,   the UK NorthStar Clinical Network
Published: October 2020

Background/aims Given the extent of osteoporosis in people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy treated with glucocorticoids and the limited evidence of bone-protective therapies, clinical trials are needed. We conducted surveys to obtain the opinion of young people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, parents/guardians and neuromuscular clinicians on the feasibility of osteoporosis clinical trials in this population. Methods Online surveys were sent to three groups: (a) people with a confirmed diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (≥14 years), (b) parents and guardians and (c) neuromuscular clinicians in the UK NorthStar Clinical Network. Surveys (a) and (b) were distributed via the UK Duchenne muscular dystrophy Registry. Results Survey respondents included 52 people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy with a median age of 17 years (range: 14, 40) and 183 parents/guardians. Fourteen out of 23 (61%) NorthStar centres responded. Of the 52 people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 13 (25%) were very concerned about their bone health and 21 (40%) were slightly concerned. Of the 183 parents/guardians, 75 (41%) were very concerned about their son’s bone health and 90 (49%) were slightly concerned. Fractures and quality of life were the top two main outcome measures identified by people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Fractures and bone density were the top two main outcome measures identified by parents/guardians and neuromuscular clinicians. Thirty percent of people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and 40% of parents/guardians would not take part if an osteoporosis trial involved a placebo that was administered parenterally. Only 2 of the 14 NorthStar centres (14%) would enrol people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy if a parenteral placebo was used in an osteoporosis trial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Conclusion There is great awareness of bone health and the need for bone-protective trials among people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and their carers. However, a proportion of people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and parents are reluctant to participate in a placebo-controlled osteoporosis trial that included a parenteral therapy. A larger proportion of health care experts are unwilling to enrol their patients in such a trial. Our finding is relevant for the design of bone-protective studies in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
American Society of Hematology 2020 Guidelines for Management of Venous Thromboembolism: Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Ortel Thomas L. , Neumann Ignacio , Ageno Walter , Beyth Rebecca , Clark Nathan P. , Cuker Adam , Hutten Barbara A. , Jaff Michael R. , Manja Veena , Schulman Sam , Thurston Caitlin , Vedantham Suresh , Verhamme Peter , Witt Daniel M. , D. Florez Ivan , Izcovich Ariel , Nieuwlaat Robby , Ross Stephanie , J. Schünemann Holger , Wiercioch Wojtek , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Yuqing 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In August 2022, these guidelines were reviewed by an expert work group convened by ASH. Review included limited searches for new evidence and discussion of the search results. Following this review, the ASH Committee on Quality agreed to continue monitoring the supporting evidence rather than revise or retire these guidelines at this time. Limited searches and expert review will be repeated annually going forward until these guidelines are revised or retired.
Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), occurs in ∼1 to 2 individuals per 1000 each year, corresponding to ∼300 000 to 600 000 events in the United States annually.
Objective: These evidence-based guidelines from the American Society of Hematology (ASH) intend to support patients, clinicians, and others in decisions about treatment of VTE.
Methods: ASH formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel balanced to minimize potential bias from conflicts of interest. The McMaster University GRADE Centre supported the guideline development process, including updating or performing systematic evidence reviews. The panel prioritized clinical questions and outcomes according to their importance for clinicians and adult patients. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess evidence and make recommendations, which were subject to public comment.
Results: The panel agreed on 28 recommendations for the initial management of VTE, primary treatment, secondary prevention, and treatment of recurrent VTE events.
Conclusions: Strong recommendations include the use of thrombolytic therapy for patients with PE and hemodynamic compromise, use of an international normalized ratio (INR) range of 2.0 to 3.0 over a lower INR range for patients with VTE who use a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) for secondary prevention, and use of indefinite anticoagulation for patients with recurrent unprovoked VTE. Conditional recommendations include the preference for home treatment over hospital-based treatment for uncomplicated DVT and PE at low risk for complications and a preference for direct oral anticoagulants over VKA for primary treatment of VTE.
Mercury in the terrestrial environment: a review
Authors: Gworek Barbara , Dmuchowski Wojciech , Baczewska-Dąbrowska Aneta H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Environmental contamination by mercury is and will continue to be a serious risk for human health. Pollution of the terrestrial environment is particularly important as it is a place of human life and food production. This publication presents a review of the literature on issues related to mercury pollution of the terrestrial environment: soil and plants and their transformations.

Results
Different forms of atmospheric Hg may be deposited on surfaces by way of wet and dry processes. These forms may be sequestered within terrestrial compartments or emitted back into the atmosphere, and the relative importance of these processes is dependent on the form of Hg, the surface chemistry, and the environmental conditions. On the land surface, Hg deposition mainly occurs in the oxidized form (Hg2+), and its transformations are associated primarily with the oxidation–reduction potential of the environment and the biological and chemical processes of methylation. The deposition of Hg pollutants on the ground with low vegetation is as 3–5 times lower than that in forests. The estimation of Hg emissions from soil and plants, which occur mainly in the Hg0 form, is very difficult. Generally, the largest amounts of Hg are emitted from tropical regions, followed by the temperate zone, and the lowest levels are from the polar regions. Areas with vegetation can be ranked according to the size of the emissions as follows: forests > other areas (tundra, savannas, and chaparral) > agricultural areas > grassland ecosystems; areas of land devoid of vegetation emit more Hg than those with plants. In areas with high pollution, such as areas near Hg mines, the Hg content in soil and plants is much higher than in other areas.

Conclusions
Mercury is recognized as a toxic, persistent, and mobile contaminant; it does not degrade in the environment and becomes mobile because of the volatility of the element and several of its compounds. Atmospheric contamination by mercury continues to be one of the most important environmental problems in the modern world. The general conclusions were drawn from a review of the literature and presented in this paper.
Incidence and risk factors of inguinal hernia occurred after radical prostatectomy-comparisons of different approaches
Authors: Liu Lijia , Xu Haoxiang , Qi Feng , Wang Shangqian , Shadhu Kamleshsingh , Ramlagun-Mungur Dadhija , Wang Shui 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
To observe cumulative morbidity of postoperative inguinal hernia (PIH) and identify risk factors associated with its development in patients who underwent retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), laparoscopic prostatectomy (LRP) or robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) operation.

Methods
From June 2009 to September 2016, 756 patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer who had undergone RRP, LRP or RALP in our center were included in this study. Patients with PIH were retrospectively investigated in such factors as age, BMI, previous abdominal operations, diabetes mellitus history, hypertension history, prostate volume, previous hernia, operative methods, operative approach, preoperative Gleason, clinical T-stage, PLND situation, operative time, and estimated blood loss. Univariate and multivariate cox hazard regressions analysis were utilized to identify risk factors predisposing to PIH.

Results
A total of 53 of 751(7.1%) patients developed PIH at a median follow-up period of 43 months. PIH rate in RRP was significantly higher compared to LRP and RALP group (RRP: 15.3%, LRP: 6.7%, RALP:1.9%, P = 0.038). Right side (69.8%) and indirect (88.8%) PIH were dominant type in hernia group. Univariate and multivariate cox hazard regressions analysis indicated that age and RRP approach were identified to be implicated to PIH [adjusted hazard ratio7.39(1.18–46.39), 2.93(95% CI 1.47–5.84)].

Conclusions
RRP technique and older age, especially patients over 80 years, are associated with higher incidence for PIH development. Appropriate prophylaxis during the operation should be evaluated for those in high-risk.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac surgery in Israel
Authors: Keizman Eitan , Ram Eilon , Kachel Erez , Sternik Leonid , Raanani Ehud 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Ever since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic, worldwide efforts are being made to “flatten the curve”. Israel was amongst the first countries to impose significant restrictions. As a result, cardiac surgeons have been required to scale down their routine practice, resulting in a significant reduction in the number of cardiac surgeries. The aim of this study is to characterize the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac surgery in Israel.

Methods
This is a retrospective observational study performed in two cardiac surgery departments in Israel and includes all patients who underwent cardiac surgery in March and April during the years 2019 and 2020. The patient cohort was divided into two groups based on the year of operation. Analysis of the patients’ baseline characteristics, operative data, and postoperative outcome, was performed.

Results
The 2019 group (n = 173), and the 2020 group (n = 108) were similar regarding their baseline characteristics, previous medical history, and rates of previous revascularization interventions. However, compared to the 2019 group, patients in the 2020 group were found to be more symptomatic (NYHA class IV; 2.4% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.007). While all patients underwent similar procedures, patients in the 2020 group had significantly longer procedural time (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality rate was found to be significantly higher in group 2020 (13% vs. 5.2%, p = 0.037).

Conclusions
While the number of patients undergoing cardiac surgery declined during the outbreak period, the rate of surgical mortality increased. One explanation for this might be delayed hospital arrival.