bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensation seeking, alcoholism and dopamine activity
Authors: Wiesbeck GA , Wodarz N , Mauerer C , Thome J , Jakob F , Boening J 
Published: July 2002

SummarySensation seeking scale (SSS) scores were determined in 15 alcohol dependent men with a positive family history for alcoholism (FHP), in 15 alcohol dependent men with a negative family history for alcoholism (FHN) and in 15 well-matched healthy male controls (CONTR). Both FHPs and FHNs suffered from longlasting alcohol dependence meeting ICD-10 and DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. Dopamine activity was neuroendocrinologically assessed by measuring the amount of growth hormone released after stimulation with the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine. Planned comparisons within a one-way ANOVA yielded significantly elevated levels of boredom susceptibility (BOS) in both FHPs and FHNs against CONTRs. SSS total scores, while approaching statistical significance, were elevated in FHPs only. Partial correlations (controlling for age, body weight, alcohol intake and duration of dependence) were calculated to examine the relationship between SSS and dopamine activity. Among the SSS subtraits, BOS revealed the highest correlation in each group. However, only in CONTRs did the relationship between BOS and dopamine activity reach statistical significance.
Laminaria, induced fetal demise and misoprostol in late abortion
Authors: Hern W.M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: To analyze and determine the safety and effectiveness of induced fetal demise as an adjunctive method in outpatient abortion for patients with advanced pregnancies and to evaluate the independent effect of intrauterine misoprostol administered after amniotomy in late abortion. Methods: During a 9‐year period, 1677 abortions were performed for patients whose pregnancies ranged from 18 through 34 menstrual weeks in an outpatient facility. Of these, 832 were performed by one physician. Techniques for performing all the abortions included induction of fetal demise by intrauterine fetal injection of digoxin and/or hyperosmolar urea, serial multiple laminaria treatment of the cervix, amniotomy, oxytocin induction of labor, and assisted delivery or surgical evacuation of the fetus and placenta. In the last 411 of the 832 patients whose abortions were performed by one physician, misoprostol was placed in the lower uterine segment following amniotomy in order to enhance labor induction, cervical ripening, and fetal expulsion. Results: Of the entire group of 1677 cases, the median gestational age was 22 menstrual weeks. The median procedure time for all cases was 10 min. Measured median blood loss was 125 ml. Blood loss and procedure time increased with length of gestation, but these were not affected by misoprostol. There were three major complications (0.2%) in the overall series. Among patients seen by one physician (N=832), amniotomy‐to‐procedure time was shorter by 26 min for patients receiving misoprostol, and there was 27% more variability in amniotomy‐to‐procedure time among patients not receiving misoprostol. Complication rates for patients receiving misoprostol were the same as for those not receiving misoprostol. There were no major complications in the 832 patients seen by one physician, no uterine rupture or perforations, and no cervical lacerations. Conclusions: Outpatient abortion may be performed safely from 18 through 34 menstrual weeks using combined surgical and medical procedures. Use of intrauterine post‐amniotomy misoprostol was associated with reduced amniotomy‐to‐procedure time and reduced variability in the amniotomy‐to‐procedure time.
Treatment outcomes for squamous intraepithelial lesions
Authors: Nuovo J. , Melnikow J. , Willan A.R. , Chan B.K.S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To assess the effectiveness of cone biopsy, cryotherapy, laser ablation and the loop electrosurgical procedure in the treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesions. Method: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials in subjects who underwent treatment of low‐ and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with these modalities. Main outcome measures included the following: percent resolution and persistence of a lesion and notable complications for each procedure. Result: Pooled rates of resolution for low‐grade, high‐grade, or combined squamous intraepithelial lesions were similar across the different treatment modalities (range 85.2–94.7%), with substantial overlap among the 95% confidence intervals. Significant hemorrhage occurred most frequently in subjects who received cone biopsy (4.6%) (95% CI: 2.15, 6.99), followed by laser ablation (1.75%) (95% CI: 0.70, 2.81), and LEEP (1.35%) (95% CI: 0.24, 2.47). No hemorrhages were reported among subjects who received cryotherapy. Study sample sizes were relatively small. There were no reported cases of progression to invasive cancer, but duration of follow‐up (median follow‐up time for all eligible studies=12 months) was not sufficient to evaluate long‐term outcomes. Conclusions: There were no substantive differences in outcomes regarding persistence and resolution in the treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesions for subjects receiving cone biopsy, cryotherapy, laser ablation, or LEEP.
Quantifying the bullwhip effect in supply chains
Authors: Metters Richard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractConsider multiple companies operating as a serial supply chain. Within this environment, end users form the demand for the last company in the supply chain, but the demand for upstream companies is formed by the companies in the immediate downstream supply chain link. It has been shown that demand seasonality and forecast error can increase as we proceed up the supply chain. These demand distortions, called the “bullwhip” effect, create inefficiencies for upstream firms. This work seeks to identify the magnitude of the problem by establishing an empirical lower bound on the profitability impact of the bullwhip effect. Results indicate that the importance of the bullwhip effect to a firm differs greatly depending on the specific business environment. Given appropriate conditions, however, eliminating the bullwhip effect can increase product profitability by 10–30%.
Endothelin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in sensory and sympathetic neurones following selective denervation
Authors: Milner P. , Loesch A. , Burnstock G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe localization of endothelin (ET) in perivascular nerve varicosities supports pharmacological evidence that ET is a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. To examine the potential source of ET previously localized in cerebrovascular nerves, ganglia which send projections to these vessels were immunolabelled for ET and examined at the ultrastructural level. The trigeminal (TG) and superior cervical ganglia (SCG) were examined in control rats and following either sensory denervation or sympathectomy. In control TG, ET immunolabelling was detected throughout the cytoplasm of a subpopulation of neurones whereas in the SCG only the occasional ET‐positive neurone was seen. Following sensory denervation with capsaicin, very few ET‐immunoreactive nerve cell bodies or nerve fibres were detected in the TG compared with control ganglia, suggesting that ET is predominantly localized in primary afferent neurones, although some remaining myelinated nerve fibres stained positively. ET labelling of neurones in the SCG was unaffected by sensory denervation. Following selective damage to sympathetic nerves with 6‐hydroxydopamine, there was a marked increase in intensity of ET‐labelling of nerve fibres in the TG, probably due to increased availability of nerve growth factor for sensory nerves. There was no effect on ET immunoreactivity in the nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres within the SCG. However, in situ hybridization techniques demonstrated that 6‐hydroxydopamine sympathectomy resulted in a marked increase in ET‐1 mRNA expression in the SCG neurones. In conclusion, sensory nerves projecting from the TG are a more likely source of ET‐positive perivascular nerves in cerebral arteries than sympathetic nerves from the SCG. Damaged sympathetic neurones markedly increase ET mRNA expression. In view of the neuroprotective properties of ET, this may represent a compensatory mechanism to promote repair.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor gene expression in zebrafish embryo and larva
Authors: Lum Tom , Huynh Gigi , Heinrich Gerhard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe genes that encode the neurotrophin family of secreted polypeptides and the Trk family of high affinity neurotrophin transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase receptors are induced at the time of neurogenesis in mammals and are known to play critical roles in nervous system development. We show here that in contrast to mammals, the genes encoding the neurotrophin brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the neurotrophin receptor TrkB are expressed throughout embryonic development in the zebrafish. At the embryonic stages preceding transcription of endogenous genes all cells contain BDNF transcripts and immunoreactive BDNF and the trkB transcripts lack the region that encodes a kinase domain. As development proceeds, progressively fewer cells contain BDNF transcripts and by the time of neurogenesis the trkB transcripts encode a kinase‐domain. In the 4‐day‐old larva, a small subset of specialized sensory cells on the surface and cells in deeper structures including the gill arches, fin, and cloaca express the BDNF gene at high levels in a promoter‐specific fashion. This progressive restriction of BDNF gene expression must involve an extinction of BDNF gene transcription in some and induction of high levels of transcription in a promoter‐specific fashion in other cells.
Long‐term behavioural and neuroendocrine changes in roman HIGH‐(RHA/Verh) and LOW‐(RLA‐Verh) avoidance rats following neonatal handling
Authors: Steimer T. , Escorihuela R.M. , Fernández‐teruel A. , Driscoll P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRoman high‐(RHA/Verh) and low‐(RLA/Verh) avoidance rats, originally selected and bred for rapid vs poor acquisition of a two‐way active avoidance response, differ in emotional reactivity and coping style. These differences are associated with particular neuroendocrine and neurochemical characteristics. New data are presented here to show that the behavioural changes specifically induced by neonatal handling, i.e. decreased emotional reactivity, are associated with marked changes in the neuroendocrine responses of (hyperemotional) RLA/Verh rats to a novel environment. Eight months after neonatal handling, self‐grooming behaviour, a reliable marker of emotional reactivity in this line of rats, was significantly decreased in RLA/Verh rats. Defecation scores were also significantly reduced in both lines. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in prolactin and corticosterone release following exposure to a novel environment in neonatally‐handled RLA/Verh rats as compared to control, non‐handled rats. No effects on prolactin and corticosterone release were observed in RHA/Verh rats. There was also no apparent effect of neonatal handling on coping style i.e. RLA/Verh rats did not increase their spontaneous exploration of novel environments. Thus, the phenotypic expression of basic traits of (high) neuroendocrine/emotional reactivity was specifically modulated by neonatal handling in RLA/Verh rats, whereas both the (hypoemotional) RHA/Verh rats as well as coping style in both lines remained unaffected. Changes in emotional reactivity were still apparent at 12 months of age when rats from the same groups were tested for hyponeophagia. These results suggest that psychogenetically selected lines such as RHA/RLA rats are suitable animal models to investigate interactions between genes and the environment in determining individual sensitivity to stress and coping styles, as well as potential vulnerability (or resistance) to the development of maladaptive syndromes similar to anxiety and mood disorders in humans.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene expression in the human left ventricle: effect of ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and left ventricular function
Authors: Davis Gershan K. , Millner Russell W.J. , Roberts David H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAims:We investigated the effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism and left ventricular (LV) function on ACE gene expression in tru‐cut LV myocardial biopsies from 50 consecutive patients (II: 18, ID: 18, DD: 14; 40 males) with ischaemic heart disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Methods:The polymerase chain reaction was used for ACE genotyping. LV function [normal (n = 22) or impaired] was determined by left ventriculography at cardiac catheterisation prior to bypass surgery. ACE expression was determined (n = 46) by a competitive quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay using 5×105, 12.5×105 and 20×105 copies of a mutant DNA internal standard (IS). PCR products were analysed by negative film photography and laser densitometry to determine the number of ACE transcripts present.Results:Mean age was similar (II: 59.1±10.4, ID: 57.0±10.6, DD: 61.4±6.2; P = NS) with no differences between groups in sex (P = 0.25); hypertension, P = 0.31; previous myocardial infarction, P = 0.44; LV function, P = 0.23; and ACE inhibitor therapy, P = 0.06. ACE expression per 100 ng of total RNA varied with genotype [< 5×105 copies in II: 6, 5–12.5×105 copies in II: 6, ID: 16, DD: 4; and >12.5×105 (II: 4, ID: 2, DD: 8), Kendall's tau‐b coefficient (τb) = 0.43, P = 0.003]. Impaired LV function also correlated with higher levels of ACE expression, Kendall's τb = 0.40, P = 0.001.Conclusion:ACE gene expression in the left ventricle varied with ACE genotype and LV function in IHD patients undergoing CABG.
Baseline demographics of the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial
Authors: Cohn Jay N. , Tognoni Gianni , Glazer Robert , Spormann Dirk ,   Val‐HeFT Investigators
Published: July 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val‐HeFT) is the first large‐scale randomized, multinational clinical study to assess the efficacy and safety of valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, added to conventional therapy, including angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, in heart failure patients. A total of 5010 patients with an ejection fraction <40% have been randomized to either valsartan titrated to 160 mg b.i.d. or to placebo.AimsBaseline characteristics of patients in Val‐HeFT are presented and compared with other major clinical trials in heart failure.MethodsBaseline data were collected and summary statistics calculated.ResultsThe study population has a mean age of 62.7 years and is 80% male, 90.3% white, 6.9% black, and 2.8% Asian. Antecedent coronary heart disease is reported in 57.2% of patients. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors are prescribed for 92.7% of patients, diuretics for 85.8%, digoxin for 67.3%, and β‐blockers for 35.6%. Subgroup comparisons by age, sex, race and ejection fraction quartile show small differences in baseline characteristics.ConclusionOverall the Val‐HeFT population is generally representative of the population of patients with mild to moderate heart failure in industrialized countries.
Incidence of serious adverse drug reactions in general practice: A prospective study
Authors: Lacoste‐Roussillon Caroline , Pouyanne Pierre , Haramburu Françoise , Miremont Ghada , Bégaud Bernard 
Published: July 2002

BackgroundMany studies have been conducted to estimate the incidence and economic impact of adverse drug reactions. Most of these studies used historical data or were based on single hospital units. Little is known, however, about the frequency of serious adverse drug reactions in general practice.ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of serious adverse drug reactions in the community.MethodsA prospective study during 5 consecutive working days between March 1 and April 30, 1998, was conducted among a random representative sample of 254 general practitioners in Aquitaine, France. The main outcome measure was the number of serious adverse drug reactions (ie, resulting in death, life‐threatening condition, hospitalization, incapacity, or sequel) observed by each general practitioner during the study period and validated by an expert panel.ResultsThirteen validated serious adverse drug reactions, 2 of which were fatal (1 subarachnoidal hemorrhage with oral anticoagulant and 1 aplastic anemia with antineoplastics), were observed, resulting in an incidence density of 10.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4 to 17.5) per 1000 days of practice. Eleven case subjects (84.6%) were hospitalized. This represents an average of 2.6 cases per general practitioner per year, and 123,000 adverse drug reaction cases (95% CI, 65,400 to 210,000) for the 60,000 general practitioners in France. Antineoplastics and anticoagulants were the drugs most frequently involved, and blood dyscrasia and bleeding were the most frequent adverse drug reactions.ConclusionThis study, which is one of the few available that has prospectively measured the incidence of serious adverse drug reactions in general practice settings, confirms that serious adverse drug reactions are a major public health concern.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 69, 458–462; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116145
Einsatz eines Online‐Methanol‐Messsystems zur Regelung von Zulaufsatzkultur‐Fermentationen
Authors: Schumbera Eric , Schmüser Malte , Hinderer Daniel , Schlegel Konstantin , Kampeis Percy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractZur Optimierung von Zulaufsatzkultur‐Fermentationen von methylotrophen Organismen wird eine Online‐Messmethode vorgestellt, mit der die Methanol‐Konzentration im Medium während einer Fermentation durch ein Spülgaspervaporations‐Prinzip bestimmt werden kann. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Analysemethoden bietet die Messmethode die Möglichkeit, die Substratkonzentration bei Prozessen mit Methanol als zentralem Substrat über eine Regelung auf einem definierten Wert zu halten. Es werden Schwierigkeiten, aber auch deren Überwindung bei der Adaption der Messmethode auf Fermentationsprozesse dargestellt.
Guanidiniocarbonyl‐Pyrroles (GCP) – 20 Years of the Schmuck Binding Motif
Authors: Giese Michael , Niemeyer Jochen , Voskuhl Jens 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this Minireview, an overview about the past 20 years of the guanidiniocarbonyl‐pyrrole (GCP) binding motif, which was designed, investigated and applied by Prof. Dr. Carsten Schmuck, is presented. Here we highlight the first steps from design and discovery, initial binding studies, applications in material science to advanced biomedical use in protein modulation and delivery of genetic material.
Mixed Oil–Based Lipid Emulsions vs Soybean Oil–Based Lipid Emulsions on Incidence and Severity of Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ferguson Chelsea L. , Perry Courtney , Subramanian Mary , Gillette Chris , Ayers Kathleen , Welch Cherrie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeonates requiring long‐term parenteral nutrition (PN) are at risk for developing intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD). The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence and severity of IFALD in a highly surgical neonatal population receiving mixed oil–based lipid emulsions (MOLEs) vs soybean oil–based lipid emulsions (SOLEs) for long‐term PN.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study evaluated patients admitted to a neonatal intensive care nursery that received PN for ≥14 days. Patients were separated into 2 cohorts; those who received SOLE and those who received MOLE. The primary outcome of this study was the occurrence of IFALD. Secondary outcomes included time to IFALD, peak bilirubin level during therapy, incidence of hypertriglyceridemia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and retinopathy of prematurity.ResultsA total of 107 patients were included in the study, IFALD occurred in 44.8% of patients receiving SOLE compared with 30% of patients receiving MOLE (relative risk, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.39–1.15). In the multivariable analysis, adjusting for the known confounders (prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, presence of ostomy, and duration of PN and lipids), the type of lipids was not a significant predictor for development of IFALD. Duration of PN and duration of lipids were determined to be significant risk factors for IFALD, regardless of type of lipid emulsion (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05).ConclusionsUse of MOLE resulted in no significant difference in the outcomes studied when compared with SOLE. Duration of PN and duration of lipids were significant risk factors for development of IFALD.
Synthesis of well‐defined norbornenyl‐terminated poly(alkyl methacrylate)s by group transfer polymerization and their grafting‐through ring‐opening metathesis polymerization
Authors: Lee Gue Seon , Kim Jeung Gon 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHighly efficient syntheses of poly(alkyl methacrylate)‐based brush polymers were accomplished via a facile group transfer polymerization (GTP) and a consecutive grafting‐through ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. The GTP system, composed of the norbornenyl‐methyl trimethylsilyl ketene acetal initiator and the N‐(trimethylsilyl) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide catalyst, rapidly and quantitatively generates norbornenyl‐terminated poly(alkyl methacrylate) macromonomers with very narrow polydispersities (Mw/Mn < 1.10). The ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of methacrylate macromonomers using Grubbs third generation catalyst successfully generated a group of methacrylate‐based brush polymers, which assured the high quality of the macromonomers obtained from GTP.
Climate change in the Chinese mind: An overview of public perceptions at macro and micro levels
Authors: Wang Binbin , Zhou Qinnan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper summarizes the current literature on public responses to climate change in China. The paper first provides a “macro view” by reviewing what we know about public climate change knowledge, risk perceptions, policy preferences, and behaviors based on large‐scale survey research. The paper also examines what sociodemographic, psychological, and cultural variables – such as age, gender, rural/urban status, and income – can best predict public understanding and responses to climate change. Second, it provides a “micro view” by presenting findings from place‐based and contextualized research projects in China. The review concludes by suggesting next steps to advance the understanding of public engagement with climate change in China.This article is categorized under:
Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change
Highly efficient surface-emitting semiconductor lasers exploiting quasi-crystalline distributed feedback photonic patterns
Authors: Biasco Simone , Ciavatti Andrea , Li Lianhe , Giles Davies A. , Linfield Edmund H. , Beere Harvey , Ritchie David , Vitiello Miriam S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractQuasi-crystal distributed feedback lasers do not require any form of mirror cavity to amplify and extract radiation. Once implemented on the top surface of a semiconductor laser, a quasi-crystal pattern can be used to tune both the radiation feedback and the extraction of highly radiative and high-quality-factor optical modes that do not have a defined symmetric or anti-symmetric nature. Therefore, this methodology offers the possibility to achieve efficient emission, combined with tailored spectra and controlled beam divergence. Here, we apply this concept to a one-dimensional quantum cascade wire laser. By lithographically patterning a series of air slits with different widths, following the Octonacci sequence, on the top metal layer of a double-metal quantum cascade laser operating at THz frequencies, we can vary the emission from single-frequency-mode to multimode over a 530-GHz bandwidth, achieving a maximum peak optical power of 240 mW (190 mW) in multimode (single-frequency-mode) lasers, with record slope efficiencies for multimode surface-emitting disordered THz lasers up to ≈570 mW/A at 78 K and ≈720 mW/A at 20 K and wall-plug efficiencies of η ≈ 1%.