bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemic logic: All knowledge is based on our experience, and epistemic logic is the cognitive representation of our experiential confrontation in reality
Authors: Nesher Dan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Epistemic Logic is our basic universal science, the method of our cognitive confrontation in reality to prove the truth of our basic cognitions and theories. Hence, by proving their true representation of reality we can self-control ourselves in it, and thus refuting the Berkeleyian solipsism and Kantian a priorism. The conception of epistemic logic is that only by proving our true representation of reality we achieve our knowledge of it, and thus we can prove our cognitions to be either true or rather false, and otherwise they are doubtful. Therefore, truth cannot be separated from being proved and we cannot hold anymore the principle of excluded middle, as it is with formal semantics of metaphysical realism. In distinction, the intuitionistic logic is based on subjective intellectual feeling of correctness in constructing proofs, and thus it is epistemologically encapsulated in the metaphysical subject. However, epistemic logic is our basic science which enable us to prove the truth of our cognitions, including the epistemic logic itself.
Die unerwartete Kristallstruktur des Cäsium-Dodekahydro-Monocarba-closo-Dodekaborats Cs[CB11H12]
Authors: Bareiß Kevin U. , Friedly Alexandra , Schleid Thomas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The cesium dodecahydro-monocarba-closo-dodecaborate Cs[CB11H12] crystallizes with an unexpected trigonal crystal structure having the lattice parameters a = 2094.73(3) and c = 1324.56(2) pm (c/a = 0.632) for Z = 18. The non-centrosymmetric space group R3 allows an ordering of the unsymmetric [CB11H12]– anions in a way that the least electronegative vertices of the pseudo-icosahedral cages avoid close proximity to the Cs+ cations. Hence there are channels at [0 0 z], [1/3
2/3
z] and [2/3
1/3
z], into which the C–H bonds of the [CB11H12]– units are pointing. There are two crystallographically independent Cs+ cations and [CB11H12]– anions present with unsurprising interatomic distances (d(C–B) = 166–181 pm, d(B–B) = 170–183 pm, d(B–H) = d(C–H) ≈ 110 pm) for the latter. Both Cs+ cations have contact to 18 hydrogen atoms (d(Cs–H) = 296–427 pm) stemming from six unevenly face-grafting [CB11H12]– anions, where only B–H bonds are involved. This fact is nicely reflected by IR and Raman spectroscopy. According to a 6/6 motif of the ions with highly distorted mutual octahedral coordination spheres of their centres of gravity, the crystal structure of Cs[CB11H12] follows roughly a rock salt-like arrangement. This becomes even more evident, when order-disorder transitions starting at T = 60 °C lead to more highly symmetrical structures with orientationally disordered [CB11H12]– anions.
Uppermost Mantle Velocity beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Transform Faults in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean
Authors: de Melo Guilherme W. S. , Parnell-Turner Ross , Dziak Robert P. , Smith Deborah K. , Maia Marcia , do Nascimento Aderson F. , Royer Jean-Yves 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Seismic rays traveling just below the Moho provide insights into the thermal and compositional properties of the upper mantle and can be detected as Pn phases from regional earthquakes. Such phases are routinely identified in the continents, but in the oceans, detection of Pn phases is limited by a lack of long-term instrument deployments. We present estimates of upper-mantle velocity in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean from Pn arrivals beneath, and flanking, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and across several transform faults. We analyzed waveforms from 50 earthquakes with magnitude Mw&gt;3.5, recorded over 12 months in 2012–2013 by five autonomous hydrophones and a broadband seismograph located on the St. Peter and St. Paul archipelago. The resulting catalog of 152 ray paths allows us to resolve spatial variations in upper-mantle velocities, which are consistent with estimates from nearby wide-angle seismic experiments. We find relatively high velocities near the St. Paul transform system (∼8.4  km s−1), compared with lower ridge-parallel velocities (∼7.7  km s−1). Hence, this method is able to resolve ridge-transform scale velocity variations. Ray paths in the lithosphere younger than 10 Ma have mean velocities of 7.9±0.5  km s−1, which is slightly lower than those sampled in the lithosphere older than 20 Ma (8.1  km±0.3  s−1). There is no apparent systematic relationship between velocity and ray azimuth, which could be due to a thickened lithosphere or complex mantle upwelling, although uncertainties in our velocity estimates may obscure such patterns. We also do not find any correlation between Pn velocity and shear-wave speeds from the global SL2013sv model at depths &lt;150  km. Our results demonstrate that data from long-term deployments of autonomous hydrophones can be used to obtain rare and insightful estimates of uppermost mantle velocities over hundreds of kilometers in otherwise inaccessible parts of the deep oceans.
The Relationship Between Personality Types and Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Hosseini Fatemeh , Beygi Zahra , Yazdanpanahi Zahra , Akbarzadeh Marzieh 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Sexual function is affected by various physiological and psychological factors. Individual
differences and various personality types are effective in response to sexual function.

Objective:
The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between sexual function and personality types among the
women referred to healthcare centers in Shiraz in 2014-2015.

Methods:
This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 514 women referred to healthcare centers in
Shiraz. The study data were collected using a demographic information form, Female Sexual Function Index, and NEO
Personality Inventory. Written informed consent forms were also obtained from the participants. After all, the data were
analysed through the SPSS software, version 19, using t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test.

Results:
The results showed that sexual desire disorder in 39% of the participants, sexual arousal disorder in 38.6%,
orgasm disorder in 25.5%, and sexual pain in 33%. The results also indicated that sexual desire, arousal, and pain were
significantly associated with extroversion and reversely related to neuroticism.

Conclusions:
The score of extroversion was higher in the individuals without sexual dysfunction, while the score of
neuroticism was higher among those with sexual dysfunction. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the women’s
personality types as a technique for assessment of sexual dysfunction.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,4,6-substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives as BACE-1 Inhibitor: Plausible Lead for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Jain Priti , Wadhwa Pankaj K. , Jadhav Hemant R. 
Published: December 2020

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorder afflicting a
large mass of population. BACE-1 (β-secretase) is an aspartyl protease of the amyloidogenic pathway
considered responsible for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since it catalyzes the rate-limiting step of
Aβ-42 production from amyloid precursor protein (APP), its inhibition is considered a viable therapeutic
strategy. We have reported the design of small molecular weight compounds supposed to be
blood brain permeable as BACE-1 inhibitors. The clue for the design of this series is drawn from the
previously designed series from our research group.

Objective:
Design and synthesis of 2,4,6-substituted pyrimidine derivatives has been reported. In
vitro FRET-based screening of synthesized derivatives was performed to evaluate the BACE-1 inhibition
profile.

Methods:
Based on the docking simulation studies, a library of derivatives was designed, synthesized
and evaluated for BACE-1 inhibition in-vitro. The docking studies were performed on Glide
(Schrodinger suite) and Molegro virtual docker. Theoretical toxicity was predicted using Osiris
Property Explorer. The synthesized compounds were tested for BACE-1 inhibition using in vitro
assay based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer technique. The percent inhibition was calculated
as a measure of activity.

Results:
The designed compounds revealed strong interactions with the desired amino acids of
BACE-1 active sites. The aromatic rings placed at the fourth and sixth position of the pyrimidine ring
occupied S1 and S3 substrate-binding clefts while the amino group formed hydrogen bonding interactions
with Asp32 and Asp228. In silico data ensured that the compounds were orally bioavailable
and brain permeable. The in vitro testing showed that the compounds inhibited BACE-1 at 10μM
concentration.

Conclusion:
Compounds substituted with m-benzyloxy on one aromatic ring and o,p-di-chloro on
another aromatic ring displayed maximum BACE-1 inhibition. Compound 2.13A displayed high
docking score and was found to be most potent with IC50 of 6.92μM. The series displayed a good
correlation between the docking score and BACE-1 inhibition profile.
Therapeutic and Protective Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Pharmaceutical
Agents and Current Vaccines Against COVID-19
Authors: Rasouli Mehdi , Vakilian Fatemeh , Ranjbari Javad 
Published: December 2020

:
It has been almost 18 months since the first outbreak of COVID-19 disease was reported
in Wuhan, China. This unexpected devastating phenomenon, raised a great deal of concerns and
anxiety among people around the world and imposed a huge economic burden on the nations’
health care systems. Accordingly, clinical scientists, pharmacologists and physicians worldwide
felt an urgent demand for a safe, effective therapeutic agent, treatment strategy or vaccine in order
to prevent or cure the recently-emerged disease. Initially, due to the lack of specific pharmacological
agents and approved vaccines to combat the COVID-19, the disease control in the confirmed
cases was limited to supportive care. Accordingly, repositioning or repurposing current drugs and
examining their possible therapeutic efficacy received a great deal of attention. Despite revealing
promising results in some clinical trials, the overall results are conflicting. For this reason, there is
an urgent need to seek and investigate other potential therapeutics. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC),
representing immunomodulatory and regenerative capacity to treat both curable and intractable
diseases, have been investigated in COVID-19 clinical trials carried out in different parts
of the world. Nevertheless, up to now, none of the MSC-based approaches has been approved in
controlling COVID-19 infection. Thanks to the fact that the final solution for defeating the pandemic
is developing a safe, effective vaccine, enormous efforts and clinical research have been carried
out.
In this review, we will concisely discuss the safety and efficacy of the most relevant pharmacological
agents, MSC-based approaches and candidate vaccines for treating and preventing COVID-19
infection.
Chlorella vulgaris microalgae in Ruminant Nutrition: a Review of the Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value
Authors: Kholif Ahmed E. , Olafadehan Olurotimi A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recently, microalgae, natural marine resources, have gained increasing interests as a feed for animals. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae are single-cell microorganisms that have been used to provide nutrition to humans and animals for centuries. In the present review, we unveil the composition and nutritive value of C. vulgaris microalgae as a feed for ruminants. Research has shown that inclusion of C. vulgaris microalgae in diets improved feed utilization, milk production and quality, growth performance, and meat quality in ruminants, as a result of improved diet nutritive value. Very low doses of C. vulgaris in feed enhance growth and lactational performance of ruminants. Additionally, C. vulgaris showed very promising results as an alternative to corn and soybean meal; however, it is an expensive protein feed. Therefore, the main constraint to use of C. vulgaris as a feedstuff is its high cost of production, making improvement of cultivation technology to reduce the production costs a critical issue in the near future.
Prevalence of Phonological Articulation Disorders in Preschool Children in the City of Skopje
Authors: Grigorova Evgenija , Ristovska Gordana , Jordanova Nada Pop 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Introduction: Speech communication is a complex process based on the function of the central nervous system, and also on the speech mechanisms conditioned and controlled by auditory perception, verbal memory, intellectual activity and peripheral speech apparatus.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the most common phonological articulation disorders in preschool children, from 4-6 years old.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2018, on a representative sample of 550 preschool children aged 4 - 6 years, who attend preschool institutions-kindergartens in the city of Skopje. The study used standardized articulation tests: The Global Articulation Test (GAT) and the Triple Test (vocals, plasia, affricative, fricative, nasal, and lateral), and a questionnaire filled out by a social worker at the kindergarten about the socioeconomic status and the child’s health condition.

Results: Using GAT, we found that 260 (47.3%) children didn’t manifest any phonological articulation disorders, but 290 (52.7%) had disorders. The analysis of gender-based data showed a higher percentage of speech disorders in 57% of boys and 46.9% of girls. The highest percentage of speech disorder is sigmatism with 24.5% in boys and 20.4% in girls, rhotacismus was found in 17.8% in boys and 16.5% in girls. Lambdacism with 8.3% was found in boys and 4.2% in girls. A mixed form (sigmatism, rotacism, and lambdacism) was also found in 2.4% of boys and 3.5% of girls.

Conclusions: The calculated prevalence of phonological articulation disorders in preschool children aged 4-6 years is 52.7%, (57.9% in boys and 46.9% in girls), or every second child in kindergarten has some form of speech disorder. These findings indicate that the treatment of speech disorders should begin in the appropriate services as soon as possible, because the early detection and treatment of speech disorders enable child’s normal intellectual development. The treatment should be started in the preschool period, to allow the start of the educational process without any speech problems.
Please spare my teeth! Dental procedures and trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Tripathi Manjul , Sadashiva Nishanth , Gupta Anand , Jani Parth , Pulickal Sachin Jose , Deora Harsh , Kaur Rupinder , Kaur Parwinder , Batish Aman , Mohindra Sandeep , Kumar Narendra 
Published: December 2020

Background:
The correct diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is still a far cry and the patients suffer from unnecessary dental procedures before getting the definite treatment. In this study, we evaluated, if the patients have undergone dental procedures for their misdiagnosed TN before receiving definite treatment for the same.

Methods:
A total of 187 patients received GKRS for their TN (excluding secondary TN) in two institutes from 2010 to 2019. We did a retrospective analysis of these patients’ primary complaints on a standard questionnaire.

Results:
One hundred and seventeen of the 187 patients responded. About 55.5% of patients had a toothache and 65.8% did visit a dentist for the pain. About 41.8% of patients underwent one dental procedure; 18.8% suffered from worsening of the pain while 8.5% received some partial improvement. About 19.6% also underwent root canal treatment while 6.8% had a nerve block. Mean of 1.6 teeth was extracted per person. About 71% of patients were satisfied with their Gamma Knife radiosurgery for TN at a median follow-up of 49 months.

Conclusion:
There is a need for a better understanding of the disease among the dentists and the patients for the timely and correct treatment, without losing their teeth. The onus lies on neurosurgeons/neurologists disseminate knowledge regarding proper diagnosis and treatment modalities.
Modeling IC Defects Using Circuit Simulation Software
Authors: Cassels J.J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Often in the course of performing root cause failure analysis and fault localization, it can be helpful to have supporting information in the way of a defect model. This is particularly true when physical identification of a defect is unsuccessful. By modeling suspected, theorized, or documented defects in microchip circuitry, the analyst can more clearly show a direct link between defect and circuit failure in support of analysis conclusions.
Case Study: Unique Stress Induced Gate Oxide Defects in a CMOS Analog/Digital Device Revealed by Backside Silicon Removal
Authors: Matthews M.M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Stress induced pinholes, cracks, and 'craters' have been found in the gate oxide of a double level metal, single level poly CMOS device containing both analog and digital circuits. These defects have been found randomly across the die in active gate regions, and were found in a line parallel to the gate width. These defects were hidden beneath the polysilicon, and were virtually undetectable electrically. The only electrical indication was a slight shift in the threshold voltage, still within specification limits. The polysilicon had a compressive layer of tungsten silicide (WSix) as a cap to lower the polysilicon resistivity and increase circuit speed. It was believed that polysilicon grains or WSix spikes were migrating into the gate oxide during the WSix annealing process. The defects were found in unstressed, untested parts, and in parts that passed all tests and stresses. Backside silicon removal showed defects in the gate oxide layer, and subsequent FIB sectioning revealed a WSix spike. Several techniques were employed to verify the gate oxide defects. Electrical and destructive physical analysis techniques will be presented in the paper.
Forensic Microscopy in the Failure Analysis Laboratory
Authors: Vanderlinde William E. , Stoney David A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Optical microscopy techniques used by forensic analysts are shown to have application to failure analysis problems. Proper set up of the optical microscope is reviewed, including the correct use of the field diaphragm and the aperture diaphragm. Polarized light microscopy, bright and dark field methods, refractive index liquids, and a particle reference atlas are used to identify contamination found on semiconductor products.
Optimized Probing Flow for High Speed Fault Localization
Authors: Martin D. , Haller G. , Desplats R. , Nouet P. , Azaïs F. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The continually increasing complexity of integrated circuits has made fault localization progressively more difficult. Despite significant imp rovements in test and diagnosis tools, probing is still required for acquiring new information and for confirming test results. For this reason, we have developed an optimized diagnosis -to-probing flow which significantly reduces the number of nodes to be probed and which dramatically cuts the cost of fault localization. With this approach, probing can be integrated in test and diagnosis operations to reach nodes which are known to be untestable.
Intermittent Failures in High Pin Count Packaging
Authors: Varma Ramesh , Brooks Richard , Twist Ronald , Arnold James , Messick Cleston 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In a prequalification effort to evaluate the assembly process for the industrial grade high pin count devices for use in a high reliability application, one device exhibited characteristics that, without corrective actions and/or extensive screening, may lead to intermittent system failures and unacceptable reliability. Five methodologies confirmed this conclusion: (1) low post-decapsulation wire pull results; (2) bond shape analysis showed process variation; (3) Failure Analysis (FA) using state of the art equipment determined the root causes and verified the low wire pull results; (4) temperature cycling parts while monitoring, showed intermittent failures, and (5) parts tested from other vendors using the same techniques passed all limits.
Application of FIB Circuit Edit in Analysis of Memory Failure of SOI Devices
Authors: Song Z. G. , Loh S. K. , Zheng X. H. , Neo S.P. , Oh C. K. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article presents two cases to demonstrate the application of focused ion beam (FIB) circuit edit in analysis of memory failure of silicon on insulator (SOI) devices using XTEM and EDX analyses. The first case was a single bit failure of SRAM units manufactured with 90 nm technology in SOI wafer. The second case was the whole column failure with a single bit pass for a SRAM unit. From the results, it was concluded that FIB circuit edit and electrical characterization is a good methodology for further narrowing down the defective location of memory failure, especially for SOI technology, where contact-level passive voltage contrast is not suitable.
Secondary Electron Potential Contrast for Dopant Profiling of Silicon Carbide Devices
Authors: Buzzo Marco , Ciappa Mauro , Fichtner Wolfgang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Secondary electrons potential contrast (SEPC) by scanning electron microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for two-dimensional quantitative dopant imaging. The main component of the SEPC signal arises from the difference in the built-in potential between differently doped regions; which is very high in wide-band-gap semiconductors and particularly intense in SiC. This paper, after discussing the physical principles leading to the dopant contrast and the proper experimental setup, investigates the impact of relevant factors such as experimental conditions, surface effects, and sample preparation on image quality. The quantitative capabilities of this technique are demonstrated by the analysis of different test structures and prototypes of power devices such as MOSFET and JFET. The application to completely process devices demonstrates that SEPC represents an unequalled characterization technique, which provides accurate imaging and dopant profiling capabilities for silicon carbide devices.
Alternating Plane-View and Cross-Section Scanning Capacitance Microscope Technique to Reveal Various Implant Issue
Authors: Chuang Tsan-Chang , Shen Cha-Ming , Lin Shi-Chen , Huang Chen-May , Chou Jin-Hong , Lee Jon C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) is a 2-D carrier and/or dopant concentration profiling technique under development that utilizes the excellent spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy. However, PV-SCM has limited capability to achieve the goal due to inherent "plane" trait. On top of that, deeper concentration profile just like deep N-well is also one of restrictions to use. For representing above contents more clearly, this paper presents a few cases that demonstrate the alternated and optimized application of PV-SCM and X-SCM. The case studies concern Joint Test Action Group failure and stand-by failure. These cases illustrate that the correct selection from either plane-view or cross-sectional SCM analysis according to the surrounding of defect could help to exactly and rapidly diagnose the failure mechanism. Alternating and optimizing PV-SCM and X-SCM techniques to navigate various implant issue could provide corrective actions that suit local circumstance of defects and identify the root cause.