bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of on-Site Applicable Immunosensor Combined with Light Microscopic Imaging System for the Detection of Salmonella in Poultry
Authors: Oh Jun-Hyun , Park Mi-Kyung 
Published: February 2020

The common sources of Salmonella outbreak are poultry and poultry products, meat and meat products, and eggs. Despite extensive efforts to reduce Salmonella outbreaks, it is almost impossible to eliminate all the possible chances of Salmonella contamination. Thus, the best prevention strategy is to monitor and detect Salmonella using rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple detection methods. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of the on-site applicable immunosensor combined with a light microscopic imaging system (LMIS) for the detection of Salmonella in chicken.
Since the selection of antibodies as a bio-recognition element is the most critical factor for the performance of the biosensor, the anti-Salmonella polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were produced and purified. The reactivity and specificity of purified anti-Salmonella pAbs were compared with those of commercial anti-Salmonella pAbs using an indirect ELISA. The gold sensor platforms were modified with dithiobis-succinimidyl propionate (DSP) to enhance the immobilization of antibodies. The schematic diagram for general preparation of immune sensor combined with LMIS is presented in Figure 1. After the optimum concentration of antibody was determined, the immobilization of the antibody was confirmed using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The detection limit of the developed immunosensor was determined by applying the sensor to detect Salmonella in chicken skin.
Our results showed that there was no significant difference in the reactivity between the purified anti-Salmonella pAbs and commercial anti-Salmonella pAbs over the entire range of concentrations used. The purified anti-Salmonella pAbs exhibited not only excellent specificity against 11 non-Salmonella strains but also excellent reactivity towards 20 other non-Salmonella serovars. The optimal concentration of antibody for immobilization on the sensor was determined to be 100 μg/mL. The AFM images confirmed the binding of the antibody on the sensor by providing irregular and globular surface features. The detected number of Salmonella on the immunosensor was proportional to the concentrations of inoculated Salmonella numbers when the sensor was applied to chicken. The number of detected Salmonella significantly increased throughout the inoculated concentration ranges of 104–108 cfu/chicken with a 100% positive rate (p < 0.05). The detection limit and time of the detection method were determined to be 103 cfu/sensor and within 1 h, respectively. With the advantage of direct observation and enumeration of Salmonella on the immunosensor, the developed immunosensor combined with LMIS could be used to detect Salmonella in chicken as a specific, sensitive, simple, and practical detection method.

Figure 1
Novel Magnetostrictive Fe-Co-B Thin Film Sensors for Food Safety Detection
Authors: Sheng Zhizhi , Cheng Z.-Y. 
Published: February 2020

As a soft magnetic material with amorphous or nanocrystalline structure, magnetostrictive Fe-Co-B alloy has been considered a potential candidate for high-frequency sensor application. For sensor behavior, high sensitivity and low limit of detection are favored. The smaller the sensor is, the higher the sensitivity it has and the higher the frequency it can achieve. To obtain higher sensitivity, micro scale Fe-Co-B sensors are fabricated with electrochemical deposition and microfabrication. Free-standing Fe-Co-B sensors with a sandwich structure of Au(410 nm)/Fe55Co28B17/Au(130 nm) and an area of 500 μm×100 μm are synthesized. The thickness of the sensors are around 2~10 μm. The magnetostrictive particles show good resonance behavior. The resonance frequency is about 3 MHz and Q value can be up to 200 in air. The influence of the current density and deposition time on the resonance behavior are investigated. Au/Fe55Co28B17/Au sensor is used to detect Salmonella Typhimurium in dynamic bacteria suspensions. For a 500 μm×100 μm× 7 μm sensor, a limit of detection of 5×102 cfu/ml is achieved with a total peak shift of 103 kHz which are comparable to reported commercial materials. It is very promising to dig out the important role of Fe-Co-B alloy in high-frequency sensors or other micro electronics.
Microelectrochemical Property of Precipitates in Al-Mg Alloy
Authors: Sakaizawa Yuto , Muto Izumi , Oya Yoshiyuki , Koyama Takahiro , Sugawara Yu , Hara Nobuyoshi 
Published: February 2020

Al-Mg alloys are widely used for many applications, such as marine and land vehicles, construction industry, and chemical plants. Mg is added to Al to strengthen via solid solution hardening and to improve corrosion resistance. However, β phases (Al3Mg2) precipitates along grain boundaries after heat-treatment at elevated temperatures from 323 K to 573 K, and several kind of precipitates also exist in Al-Mg alloys. Localized corrosion is thought to be caused by local cell between the matrix and the precipitates. It is important to analyze the microelectrochemical property of precipitates and the matrix. And also, corrosion initiation mechanism is still unclear. In this research, microelectrochemical measurements were carried out to observe initiation site and growth of pitting.
Specimen was AA5182 alloy. The chemical composition was shown in Table 1. No heat treatment was performed in this study. At first, the characterization of the precipitates on the specimen was conducted. Precipitates were classified into two types (Types A and B) by optical microscopic observation of the polished surface using Ar+ ion milling. The colors of Types A and B were blue and gray, respectively. From the result of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), Types A and B were determined to be Mg2Si and Fe-rich intermetallic. To ascertain the existence of β phase, the specimens were immersed in 40 mass% H3PO4for 180 s. No selective dissolution along grain boundaries was observed. It was considered that β phase did not precipitated in as-received conditions (mill-annealed).
Microscopic potentiodynamic polarization was performed in a naturally aerated 0.1 M NaCl solution at 298 K to observe initiation site and growth of pitting. The sample was mechanically ground with SiC paper through a 4000 grit, and then polished down to 1 µm using diamond paste. Electrode area was about 0.1 mm2. Fig.1 (a) shows the microscopic polarization curve. Several current spikes were generated during the polarization, and these were thought to be related to pit initiation. Fig. 1 (b) exhibits an image of the electrode area by scanning electron microscope (SEM). As shown in Fig. 2 (a) and (b), initiation site of stable pit was related to the precipitate. Other dissolution sites were also observed: Mg2Si became Si-oxide by selective dissolution of Mg, and the matrix around Fe-rich intermetallic dissolved since the intermetallic became cathodic site.

Figure 1
Fabrication By Electrodeposition of a New Tin Anode Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Matsunaga Kouki , Arai Susumu 
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Lithium ion batteries using graphite as the anode active material have higher energy densities than conventional rechargeable batteries, but obtaining higher capacity will require use of an alternative anode material. Tin has a higher capacity than graphite (991 mAh g-1 vs. 372 mAh g-1) and was used in the current research as an active material. However, tin slips down from the current collector during charging and discharging due to a large volume change, and the cycling characteristics deteriorate. Anchoring the tin layer to the underlying copper layer with a fibrous material should improve adhesion. We previously demonstrated the excellent charge/discharge characteristics of a new tin anode comprising an electroless tin plating film deposited on a Cu/CNT (carbon nanotube) composite plating film.1)

In this study, we created a new negative electrode structure incorporating CNTs by electrodeposition and explored the correlation between the structure and charge/discharge characteristics of the electrode.

Experimental

A Cu/CNT composite plating bath (0.85 M CuSO4・5H2O + 0.55 M H2SO4 + CNTs + polyacrylic acid) and a tin plating bath (1 M K4P2O7 + 0.25 M Sn2P2O7 + additive) were prepared. Cu/CNT composite plating film was plated on a pure copper plate, then tin was electrodeposited on the Cu/CNT composite plating film, generating a new CNT-reinforced tin anode structure. For comparison, tin was electrodeposited directly on a pure copper plate. Electroplating was carried out under galvanostatic conditions at 25°C. The Cu/CNT composite plating film on a pure copper plate and a platinum plate were used as the cathode and anode, respectively, for tin plating.
The microstructure of the new tin anode was examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The phase structures of the deposits were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Electrochemical studies of the tin-based anodes were carried out using coin cells assembled in an Ar-filled glove box. Each coin cell consisted of lithium foil as the counter and reference electrodes and the tin-based anode as the working electrode. The electrolyte was 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1 vol%). Cycling tests were performed in the range 0.02 - 1.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) at a constant temperature of 25°C.

Results and Discussion

Fig. 1 shows a surface SEM image of the new tin anode and demonstrates that tin particles had deposited on the CNTs. Fig. 2 shows a cross-sectional SEM image of the new tin anode; CNTs are clearly seen between the tin and copper layers, and no defects are observed.
The charge/discharge characteristics of the new tin anode will be discussed at the meeting.

References

1) R. Fukuoka, S. Arai, Abstract of the 44th Annual Meeting of Union of Chemistry-Related Societies in Chubu Area of Japan, 133(2013)

Figure 1
In Situ Observation of Electrodeposition of Li on Pt and Ni Substrates in Organic Electrolyte
Authors: Munemura Naoaki , Muto Izumi , Sugawara Yu , Hara Nobuyoshi 
Published: February 2020

Li metal has attracted attention as a material of negative electrodes for rechargeable batteries, but has the problem of reversibility due to Li dendrite formation during charge-discharge cycles. The suppression of Li dendrite formation is essential for developing Li metal rechargeable batteries. The morphology of electrodeposited Li and the growth of Li dendrite have been studied extensively; however, the relationship between the growth of Li dendrite and the change of electrochemical signal is still unclear. To clarify this relationship, it is necessary to conduct in situ optical microscopic observation.
To investigate the effect of current density on Li deposition morphology, potentiodynamic and galvanostatic polarization measurements were conducted. Pt and Ni substrates were mechanically polished with SiC paper through 1500 grit, and then polished down to 1 µm using diamond paste. The counter electrode was a Pt wire. The reference electrode was Li. 1 M LiPF6 EC:DMC(1:1 vol%) was used as the electrolyte. The electrode surface area was around 95mm2. The current density for the galvanostatic experiment was varied from 0.1 to 2.0 mA/cm2, and the electrochemical deposition of Li was performed at constant charge (3.6 C/cm2). Surface observations were conducted by an optical microscope and a laser microscope. All electrochemical measurements were carried out in a glove box filled with argon.
Figure 1 shows the cathodic polarization curves of Pt and Ni substrate. The increases in cathodic current densities were observed at around 0 V(vs.Li/Li+), indicating that the electrodeposition of Li proceeded at the potential range less than 0 V. Figure 2 shows the laser microscope images of the electrode surfaces after the galvanostatic polarization measurements. The surface of Li deposited on Ni was smooth compared with that on Pt. In particular, non-uniform deposition was observed at 0.1 and 2.0 mA/cm2 on the Pt substrate. In the case of the Ni substrate, a more uniform deposition was observed at lower current density.

Figure 1
Bipolar Membrane Fabrication for Fuel Cells
Authors: Ahlfield John M. , Liu Lisha , Kohl Paul A 
Published: February 2020

Bipolar membranes fuel cells utilizing both anion and cation conductive materials have several advantages compared to their purely acidic or alkaline counterparts due to improved water management and electrode kinetics. Material transport properties play an important role in determining viability of membrane and ionomer materials. Additionally, the material at the cation/anion junction is critical to device performance, as it must conduct ions to the interface in addition to mechanically binding the membranes. A series of devices using different interfacial materials has been fabricated for use in direct methanol and hydrogen fuel cells. These fuel cells were characterized by performance metrics and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to determine specific areas for improvement in the bipolar devices. In this manner, the effect of the cation/anion junction location can be determined and used for further improvement of bipolar membrane fuel cells.
Financial support from US Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Defense Exports and Cooperation (DASA-DE&C) is gratefully acknowledged.
Carbon Dioxide Absorption Behavior and Carbonate Ion Transport of Lithium Orthosilicate / Potassium Carbonate Coexistence System Prepared By Ball Milling
Authors: Kanki Kyohei , Maki Hideshi , Mizuhata Minoru 
Published: February 2020

Lithium Orthosilicate (Li4SiO4), a type of ceramic CO2 absorbent has a large absorptive capacity (36.7 wt. %) and also has heat resistance. This material has some useful application as a separator in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell and as a direct CO2 absorbent in large-scale emission sources, for example, thermal power stations; because the following equilibrium reaction at the temperature around 993 K; Li4SiO4 + CO2 ⇄ Li2CO3 + Li2SiO3. In this study, we focused on the absorption behaviors of CO2 at lower temperature into Li4SiO4 in combination of these two methods and evaluated the physiochemical dependence of surface properties of CO2 absorption reaction.
Li4SiO4 was prepared from solid state reaction. SiO2 powder and Li2CO3 powder were mixed at the molar ratio Li/Si = 4.0. The mixture was calcined at 973 K for 20 h in air. The resulting powder (Li4SiO4) kept in an Argon atmosphere glove box and in order to confirm the effect of carbonate, was mixed with a given amount of K2CO3. Each mixture (2.5 g) was put in the grinding bowl with the grinding balls, it sealed up under the Ar atmosphere, and the grinding processing was done for 0-300 minutes in revolution speed 250 rpm using planetary ball mill. Also, the grinding process was done under the condition of one cycle for 15 minutes of the grinding processing and two minutes of rest time to prevent the samples temperature from rising. Samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2-isotherm, SEM, SEM-EDX, TG-DTA and Electro spin resonance (ESR).
It was found that samples whose surface was modified with ball milling method under Ar gas flow showed a tendency to increase the surface area estimated by BET method measured by N2-isotherm and increase of Si dangling bond measured by ESR. Also, it was found that there are two different absorption processes, one is a chemisorption at the surface (T<773 K) the other is a bulk diffusion (T>773 K) by the result of TG-DTA. As seen in isothermal analysis (Fig. 1), the CO2 absorb reaction rate improved by the coexistence of K2CO3 infiltrated in Li4SiO4 being promoted by not only the surface area was increased and activated by the ball milling but also absorbing CO2 of coexisting K2CO3. Furthermore, it was found that ΔG‡
decreased from the result of the isothermal analysis at 873 K. We would like to consider controlling transportation of carbonate ion electrochemically according to the CO2 absorption reaction as a separator in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell.

Figure 1
Studies of Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces
Authors: Parr Daniel , Chrestenson Jacob , Malik Kasim , Haverhals Luke M. 
Published: February 2020

The utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) for future electrochemical applications shows great promise. Recently ILs have been investigated for many electrochemical systems however, further characterization and development of ILs remains to be accomplished before they are applied to devices such as batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. For example, data that yield understanding of the interfacial structure and dynamics of ILs at electrode surfaces are vital since these interactions ultimately allude to electrochemical device efficiency. We will present data from time resolved (TRS) FTIR spectroscopy coupled with cyclic voltammetry as a means to characterize interfaces between IL-based electrolytes and metal electrode surfaces.
A New Class of Stable Electrolytes Based on "Hindered Glymes" to Prevent Graphite Exfoliation in Lithium Secondary Batteries
Authors: Shanmukaraj Devaraj , Grugeon Sylvie , Laruelle Stephane , Armand Michel 
Published: February 2020

Safety of lithium batteries is one of the major hurdle for their further development in all the fields of electrical energy storage, especially electric transportation. Commercial lithium batteries use as electrolytes, mixtures of at least one cyclic carbonate, the most common of which is ethylene carbonate (EC) to which various proportions of propylene carbonate (PC) can be optionally added. They are necessary to dissociate the lithium salt used as solute, as they are highly polar (ε > 60). Since such cyclic carbonates are either solid (EC) at room temperature, or highly viscous (PC), co-solvents or thinners are usually added, the most common of which are dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethyl-methylcarbonate (EMC). The solutes containing in the electrolyte compositions are usually selected from lithium salts with low lattice energy like LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, Li[CF3SO2)2N], LiPF6. In practice, LiPF6 is almost exclusively used because of its high conductivity and beside does not corrodes aluminum, the current collector, at potentials up to 4.5 V vs Li+:Li°.The linear components (DMC, DEC, EMC) acting mainly as a diluent of high-melting EC, are however the least stable component and have low flash points that are serious handicaps for lifetime and safety. It thus makes it a critical requisite to reconsider the choice of the electrolyte, especially trying to get rid of the alkyl carbonate, fragile to reduction (RO-, RCO2
•) [1], and with low flash points (dimethyl carbonate, DMC, Fp = 17 °C). On the other hand, poly ethers are a good alternative, Moreover ethers [2, 3] are also easily biodegradable solvents that are very stable to reduction and anodically withstand up to 3.9 V, suitable for the LiFePO4 electrode but all formerly known representatives solvates Li+ strongly enough to co-intercalate in the graphite negative electrode and exfoliate it.
We have put forward a new electrolyte composition comprising a polyether to which a bulky Tert-butyl group is appended (“hindered glyme”), totally preventing co-intercalation while keeping good conductivity. This alkyl carbonate-free electrolyte shows remarkable cycle efficiency of the graphite electrode, not only at RT, but also at 50 and 70°C with lithium bis(fluorosulfonimide) salt. The two-ethylene bridge “hindered glyme” has higher boiling point and a flash point of 80°C, a considerable advantage for safety.
Reference:
1. D. Aurbach, B. Markovsky, I. Weissman, E. Levi, Y. Ein-Eli, Electrochim. Acta 1999, 45(1-2), 67-86.
2. D. Aurbach, E. Granot, Electrochim. Acta 1997, 42(4), 697-718.
3. S. Tobishima, H. Morimoto, M. Aoki, Y. Saito, T. Inose, T. Fukumoto, T. Kuryu, Electrochim.
Acta 2004, 49(6), 979-978.

Figure 1
In-Situ Visualization of Solid-Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Liwei 
Published: February 2020

Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a layer of in-situ formed thin film at the electrolyte-electrode interface in lithium ion batteries. Stable SEI films help to pretect the electrolyte and the electrode, and thus are critically important for the cycle life, stability, and safety of batteries. Ideal SEI shall be electronically insolating, ionic permeable, and mechanically elastic and robust. However, the investigation of SEI strcuture-property relationship has been difficult because of the in-situ formation characteristic of SEI films.
This presentation talks about the investigation of SEI morephology, structure and mechanical properties, as well as the control of SEI using SEI-forming additives, by using scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy. On a MnO thin-film electrode as the model system, in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to visualize the formation of SEI, and force spectroscopy was used to probe the structure and the mechanical modulus of the SEI. Highly inhomogeneous SEI film was found to form on the first cycle, and the SEI was shown to be unstable upon charging. SEI forming additives such as vinyl carbonate and LiBOB lead to SEI films with different properties and a mixture of the two additives was found to give the best SEI with cycle stability as well as good mechanical stability.
Cathodic SEI was also investigated on high-voltage LiCoO2. The formation of filamentous SEI was found the be highly dependent of the crystalline plane as well as the exposure of Co ions to the electrolyte.
These study establish a new method in the investigation of SEI structure-property relationship. Future developments on SPM based approach on the electronic and ionic conductivity will further enable mapping of SEI characteristics at a nanometer scaled spatial resolution.
References:
1. Jie Zhang, Xiaocheng Yang, Rui Wang, Weiling Dong, Wei Lu*, Xiaodong Wu, Xiaoping Wang, Hong Li and Liwei Chen*,”Inﬂuences of Additives on the Formation of a Solid Electrolyte Interphase on MnO Electrode Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy and Force Spectroscopy”,
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
, 118, 20756-20762 (2014)

2. Jie Zhang, Rui Wang, Xiaocheng Yang, Wei Lu, Xiaodong Wu, Xiaoping Wang, Hong Li and Liwei Chen*, “Direct observation of inhomogeneous solid electrolyte interphase on MnO anode with atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy”
Nano Lett.
,12, 2153-2157, (2012)