bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Sphere Loaded Ni–N4 Single‐Atom: Support Structure Study for CO2 Electrocatalytic Reduction Catalyst
Authors: Xiong Wanfeng , Li Hongfang , Wang Huimin , Yi Jundong , You Hanhui , Zhang Suyuan , Hou Ying , Cao Minna , Zhang Teng , Cao Rong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts have become a hot spot because of the high atom utilization efficiency and excellent activity. However, the effect of the support structure in the single‐atom catalyst is often unnoticed in the catalytic process. Herein, a series of carbon spheres supported Ni–N4 single‐atom catalysts with different support structures are successfully synthesized by the fine adjustment of synthetic conditions. The hollow mesoporous carbon spheres supported Ni–N4 catalyst (Ni/HMCS‐3‐800) exhibits superior catalytic activity toward the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The Faradaic efficiency toward CO is high to 95% at the potential range from −0.7 to −1.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and the turnover frequency value is high up to 15 608 h−1. More importantly, the effect of the geometrical structures of carbon support on the CO2RR performance is studied intensively. The shell thickness and compactness of carbon spheres regulate the chemical environment of the doped‐N species in the carbon skeleton effectively and promote CO2 molecule activation. Additionally, the optimized mesopore size is beneficial to improve diffusion and overflow of the substance, which enhances the CO2 adsorption capacity greatly. This work provides a new consideration for promoting the catalytic performance of single‐atom catalysts.
Albumin displacement at the air–water interface by Tween (Polysorbate) surfactants
Authors: Rabe Martin , Kerth Andreas , Blume Alfred , Garidel Patrick 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTween (polysorbate) 20 and 80 are surfactants used for the development of parenteral protein drugs, due to their beneficial safety profile and stabilisation properties. To elucidate the mechanism by which Tween 20 and 80 stabilise proteins in aqueous solutions, either by a “direct” protein to surfactant interaction and/or by an interaction with the protein film at the air–water interface, we used spectroscopic (Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy, IRRAS) and microscopic techniques (Brewster Angle Microscopy, BAM) in combination with surface pressure measurements. To this end, the impact of both types of Tweens with regard to the displacement of the protein from the air–water interface was studied. As a model protein, human serum albumin (HSA) was used. The results for the displacement of the adsorbed HSA films by Tweens 20 and 80 can partially be understood on the basis of an orogenic displacement mechanism, which depends on the critical surface pressure of the adsorbed protein film. With increasing concentration of Tween in the sub-phase, BAM images showed the formation of different domain morphologies. IRRA-spectra supported the finding that at high protein concentration in the sub-phase, the protein film could not be completely displaced by the surfactants. Comparing the impact of both surfactants, we found that Tween 20 adsorbed faster to the protein film than Tween 80. The adsorption kinetics of both Tweens and the speed of protein displacement increased with rising surfactant concentration. Tween 80 reached significant lower surface pressures than Tween 20, which led to an incomplete displacement of the observed HSA film.
Molecular detection of Gram-positive bacteria in the human lung through an optical fiber–based endoscope
Authors: Mills Bethany , Megia-Fernandez Alicia , Norberg Dominic , Duncan Sheelagh , Marshall Adam , Akram Ahsan R. , Quinn Thomas , Young Irene , Bruce Annya M. , Scholefield Emma , Williams Gareth O. S. , Krstajić Nikola , Choudhary Tushar R. , Parker Helen E. , Tanner Michael G. , Harrington Kerrianne , Wood Harry A. C. , Birks Timothy A. , Knight Jonathan C. , Haslett Christopher , Dhaliwal Kevin , Bradley Mark , Ucuncu Muhammed , Stone James M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The relentless rise in antimicrobial resistance is a major societal challenge and requires, as part of its solution, a better understanding of bacterial colonization and infection. To facilitate this, we developed a highly efficient no-wash red optical molecular imaging agent that enables the rapid, selective, and specific visualization of Gram-positive bacteria through a bespoke optical fiber–based delivery/imaging endoscopic device.

Methods
We rationally designed a no-wash, red, Gram-positive-specific molecular imaging agent (Merocy-Van) based on vancomycin and an environmental merocyanine dye. We demonstrated the specificity and utility of the imaging agent in escalating in vitro and ex vivo whole human lung models (n = 3), utilizing a bespoke fiber–based delivery and imaging device, coupled to a wide-field, two-color endomicroscopy system.

Results
The imaging agent (Merocy-Van) was specific to Gram-positive bacteria and enabled no-wash imaging of S. aureus within the alveolar space of whole ex vivo human lungs within 60 s of delivery into the field-of-view, using the novel imaging/delivery endomicroscopy device.

Conclusion
This platform enables the rapid and specific detection of Gram-positive bacteria in the human lung.
Long-term outcomes of pelvic organ prolapse repair using a mesh-capturing device when comparing single- versus multicenter use
Authors: Falconer Christian , Altman Daniel , Poutakidis Georgios , Rahkola-Soisalo Päivi , Mikkola Tomi , Morcos Edward 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to compare long-term effects of high-volume surgery at a single-center to multicenter use when using a mesh-capturing device for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair.

Methods
Five years after surgery 101 (88%) at the single center were compared with 164 (81.2%) in the multicenter trial. Outcome measurements included clinical examination, prolapse-specific symptom questionnaires [Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory 20 (PFDI-20), Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire—short form (PFIQ-7), Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12)] and pain estimation by VAS (0–10).

Results
Optimal apical segment outcome was 95% in the single- compared to 83.3% in the multicenter study (p < 0.001). POP recurrence in the anterior and posterior walls (POP-Q, Ba and Bp ≥ 0) was more common at the multicenter as compared to the single center [(19.8% vs 5.4%) and (26% vs 2.7%), (p < 0.001)]. Reoperations for POP and mesh-related complications were more frequent in the multicenter study [31/202 (15.3%) vs 7/116 (6.1%), p < 0.001]. Total PFDI-20, PFIQ-7 and PISQ-12 scores were comparable between the cohorts. There were no significant differences in overall pain scores in-between the cohorts during follow-up. At the single center, 1/81 patients (1.2%) had VAS 7/10, i.e. severe pain, as compared to 3/131 (2.3%) in the multicenter study (p = 0.277).

Conclusions
Despite the high objective and subjective long-term effectiveness of the procedure in both regular use, and at a high-volume center, centralizing the use of a standardized capturing-device guided transvaginal mesh for POP repair reduced secondary interventions by more than half.
Zebrafish as a model to study autophagy and its role in skeletal development and disease
Authors: Moss Joanna J. , Hammond Chrissy L. , Lane Jon D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the last twenty years, research using zebrafish as a model organism has increased immensely. With the many advantages that zebrafish offer such as high fecundity, optical transparency, ex vivo development, and genetic tractability, they are well suited to studying developmental processes and the effect of genetic mutations. More recently, zebrafish models have been used to study autophagy. This important protein degradation pathway is needed for cell and tissue homeostasis in a variety of contexts. Correspondingly, its dysregulation has been implicated in multiple diseases including skeletal disorders. In this review, we explore how zebrafish are being used to study autophagy in the context of skeletal development and disease, and the ways these areas are intersecting to help identify potential therapeutic targets for skeletal disorders.
Impact of ERAS compliance on the delay between surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies
Authors: St-Amour Pénélope , St-Amour Pascal , Joliat Gaëtan-Romain , Eckert Aude , Labgaa Ismail , Roulin Didier , Demartines Nicolas , Melloul Emmanuel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Multidisciplinary approach with adjuvant chemotherapy is the key element to provide optimal outcomes in pancreas and liver malignancies. However, post-operative complications may increase the interval between surgery and chemotherapy with negative oncologic effects.

Hypothesis and study aim
The aim of the study was to analyse whether compliance to Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathway was associated with decreased interval to adjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of all consecutive ERAS patients with surgery for hepatobiliary or pancreatic malignancies at the University Hospital of Lausanne between 2012 and 2016. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the impact of ERAS compliance on time to chemotherapy.

Results
A total of 133 patients with adjuvant chemotherapy were included (n = 44 liver and n = 89 pancreatic cancer). Median compliance to ERAS was 61% (IQR 55–67) for the study population, and median delay to chemotherapy was 49 days (IQR 39-61). Overall, compliance ≥ 67% to ERAS induced a significant reduction in the interval between surgery and chemotherapy for young patients (< 65 years old) with or without severe comorbidities (reduction of 22 and 10 days, respectively). High compliance in young ASA3 patients with liver colorectal metastases was associated with an increase of 481 days of DFS.

Conclusions
ERAS compliance ≥ 67% tends to be associated with a reduction in the delay to adjuvant chemotherapy for young patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies. More prospective studies with strict adhesion to the ERAS protocol are needed to confirm these results.
Ricci flow of warped Berger metrics on $${\mathbb {R}}^{4}$$
Authors: Di Giovanni Francesco 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe study the Ricci flow on$${\mathbb {R}}^{4}$$R4starting at an SU(2)-cohomogeneity 1 metric$$g_{0}$$g0whose restriction to any hypersphere is a Berger metric. We prove that if$$g_{0}$$g0has no necks and is bounded by a cylinder, then the solution develops a global Type-II singularity and converges to the Bryant soliton when suitably dilated at the origin. This is the first example in dimension$$n > 3$$n>3of a non-rotationally symmetric Type-II flow converging to a rotationally symmetric singularity model. Next, we show that if instead$$g_{0}$$g0has no necks, its curvature decays and the Hopf fibres are not collapsed, then the solution is immortal. Finally, we prove that if the flow is Type-I, then there exist minimal 3-spheres for times close to the maximal time.
Differentiation of subglacial conditions on soft and hard bed settings and implications for ice sheet dynamics: a case study from north-central Poland
Authors: Sokołowski Robert J. , Wysota Wojciech 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe reconstruct patterns of subglacial processes on a hard bedrock and a soft bed under the southern sector of Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) occurring in the basal till of the Late Saalian Glaciation at the Wapienno, Barcin and Młodocin sites (north-central Poland). Based on detailed sedimentological studies, two phases of SIS transgression were recognised. In the initial phase of the transgression, the SIS advanced onto a frozen substrate (continuous permafrost). The low permeability of the substratum led to a high subglacial water pressure (SWP) and increased basal sliding. The local increase of SWP led to the development of different types of structures and sediments. On a hard bedrock, with low SWP, abrasion predominated and linear structures were developing, while in the case of high SWP, the ice was decoupled from the hard substrate, pressurised liquefied sediment flowed, and structures of the p-form and s-form type developed. On a soft bed, the ice-bed contact was of a mosaic type and the ice movement had an ice-stream character. The ice-stream developed towards the east in the marginal zone of the SIS and used a W-E oriented valley filled by the Wapienno Formation fluvial complex. During a later phase, the ice movement was slower and did not have a stream character. Its direction changed to SE. The deposition of the main part of the diamicton occurred mainly as a result of the lodgement process.
Perceptual Weighting of Binaural Lateralization Cues across Frequency Bands
Authors: Ahrens Axel , Joshi Suyash Narendra , Epp Bastian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe auditory system uses interaural time and level differences (ITD and ILD) as cues to localize and lateralize sounds. The availability of ITDs and ILDs in the auditory system is limited by neural phase-locking and by the head size, respectively. Although the frequency-specific limitations are well known, the relative contribution of ITDs and ILDs in individual frequency bands in broadband stimuli is unknown. To determine these relative contributions, or spectral weights, listeners were asked to lateralize stimuli consisting of eleven simultaneously presented 1-ERB-wide noise bands centered between 442 and 5544 Hz and separated by 1-ERB-wide gaps. Either ITDs or ILDs were varied independently across each noise band, while fixing the other interaural disparity to either 0 dB or 0 μs. The weights were obtained using a multiple linear regression analysis. In a second experiment, the effect of auditory enhancement on the spectral weights was investigated. The enhancement of single noise bands was realized by presenting ten of the noise bands as preceding and following sounds (pre- and post-cursors, respectively). Listeners were asked to lateralize the stimuli as in the first experiment. Results show that in the absence of pre- and post-cursors, only the lowest or highest frequency band received highest weight for ITD and ILD, respectively. Auditory enhancement led to significantly enhanced weights given to the band without the pre- and post-cursor. The weight enhancement could only be observed at low frequencies, when determined with ITD cues and for low and high frequencies for ILDs. Hence, the auditory system seems to be able to change the spectral weighting of binaural information depending on the information content.
Numerical simulations of patient-specific models with multiple plaques in human peripheral artery: a fluid-structure interaction analysis
Authors: Wang Danyang , Serracino-Inglott Ferdinand , Feng Jiling 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAtherosclerotic plaque in the femoral is the leading cause of peripheral artery disease (PAD), the worse consequence of which may lead to ulceration and gangrene of the feet. Numerical studies on fluid-structure interactions (FSI) of atherosclerotic femoral arteries enable quantitative analysis of biomechanical features in arteries. This study aims to investigate the hemodynamic performance and its interaction with femoral arterial wall based on the patient-specific model with multiple plaques (calcified and lipid plaques). Three types of models, calcification-only, lipid-only and calcification-lipid models, are established. Hyperelastic material coefficients of the human femoral arteries obtained from experimental studies are employed for all simulations. Oscillation of WSS is observed in the healthy downstream region in the lipid-only model. The pressure around the plaques in the two-plaque model is lower than that in the corresponding one-plaque models due to the reduction of blood flow domain, which consequently diminishes the loading forces on both plaques. Therefore, we found that stress acting on the plaques in the two-plaque model is lower than that in the corresponding one-plaque models. This finding implies that the lipid plaque, accompanied by the calcified plaque around, might reduce its risk of rupture due to the reduced the stress acting on it.
A first observation of spermatogenesis in mature male scalloped hammerheads (Sphyrna lewini) from Zinkwazi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Coetzee Helené J. , Naidoo Kristina , Wagenaar Ina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSharks are not only threatened, but also have a low fecundity as they are being overfished. The shark family, Sphyrnidae, consists of nine species of which three are found in South African oceans. One of the three Sphyrnidae species, the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) are the most common, but their biology and mode of reproduction are not extensively studied in terms of their reproductive biology. The aim of this study was to describe the germ cell development in the testes of sexually mature male scalloped hammerheads. Three individual male S. lewini were caught at Zinkwazi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The sharks and their reproductive organs were weighed and measured to collect the biometric data for the condition factor and the gonado-somatic index. Following standard necropsy, the testes were fixed in Bouin’s solution and processed for histological assessment. The histological assessment revealed that the testes of S. lewini consist of seminiferous tubules which form part of a larger lobular structure with germ cells in different stages of development, from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa. Seven stages of development were identified during the process of spermatogenesis, similar to what has been described for elasmobranchs. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the testes of S. lewini are diametrical and polyspermatocystic and conforms to the testes structure of elasmobranch males.
Evolution of individual preferences and persistence of family rules
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Gioffré Alessandro , Luporini Annalisa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHow does the distribution of individual preferences evolve as a result of marriage between individuals with different preferences? Could a family rule be self-enforcing given individual preferences, and remain such for several generations despite preference evolution? We show that it is in a couple’s common interest to obey a rule requiring them to give specified amounts of attention to their elderly parents if the couple’s preferences satisfy a certain condition, and the same condition is rationally expected to hold also where their children and respective spouses are concerned. Given uncertainty about who their children will marry, a couple’s expectations will reflect the probability distribution of preferences in the next generation. We show that, in any given generation, some couples may obey the rule in question and some may not. It is also possible that a couple will obey the rule, but their descendants will not for a number of generations, and then obey it again. In the long run, if matching is entirely random, either everybody obeys the same rule, or nobody obeys any. If matching is restricted to particular subpopulations identifiable by some visible trait, such as religion or color of the skin, different subpopulations may obey different rules. The policy implications are briefly discussed.
Safety procedures for exercise testing in the scenario of COVID-19: a position statement of the Società Italiana Scienze Motorie e Sportive
Authors: Venturelli Massimo , Cè Emiliano , Paneroni Mara , Guazzi Marco , Lippi Giuseppe , Paoli Antonio , Baldari Carlo , Schena Federico , Esposito Fabio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecent data on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic showed that the virus is mostly conveyed by respiratory droplets that are produced at high intensity especially when an infected subject coughs or sneezes. Therefore, elevated volume ventilations, usually reached during physical efforts and exercise, are a potential source of contamination. On the other hand, the lockdown period which has lasted for nearly 2 months and is actually involving several countries worldwide, obliged a large part of human population to sedentary behaviors, drastically reducing their physical activity level, and reducing their cardiopulmonary fitness. Therefore, cardiopulmonary exercise testing could be beneficial, so that a safe and well-weighted return to pre-lockdown active lifestyle can be efficiently planned. However, specific guidelines on exercise testing safety procedures in the era of COVID-19 are unavailable so far. This article is aimed to provide an overview of safety procedures for exercise testing during and after COVID-19 worldwide pandemic.
UK COVID-19 lockdown: 100 days of air pollution reduction?
Authors: Higham J.E. , Ramírez C. Acosta , Green M.A. , Morse A. P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOn the 23 March 2020, a country-wide COVID-19 lockdown was imposed on the UK. The following 100 days saw anthropogenic movements quickly halt, before slowly easing back to a “new” normality. In this short communication, we use data from official UK air-quality sensors (DEFRA AURN) and the UK Met Office stations to show how lockdown measures affected air quality in the UK. We compare the 100 days post-lockdown (23 March to 30 June 2020) with the same period from the previous 7 years. We find, as shown in numerous studies of other countries, the nitrogen oxides levels across the country dropped substantially (∼ 50%). However, we also find the ozone levels increased (∼ 10%), and the levels of sulphur dioxide more than doubled across the country. These changes, driven by a complex balance in the air chemistry near the surface, may reflect the influence of low humidity as suggested by Met Office data, and potentially, the reduction of nitrogen oxides and their interactions with multiple pollutants.
Age determination of the adult blow fly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) through quantitative pteridine fluorescence analysis
Authors: Estévez Dimitrov Ronja , Amendt Jens , Rothweiler Florian , Zehner Richard 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDetermination of a minimal postmortem interval via age estimation of necrophagous diptera has been restricted to the juvenile stages and the time until emergence of the adult fly, i.e. up until 2–6 weeks depending on species and temperature. Age estimation of adult flies could extend this period by adding the age of the fly to the time needed for complete development. In this context pteridines are promising metabolites, as they accumulate in the eyes of flies with increasing age. We studied adults of the blow flyLucilia sericataat constant temperatures of 16 °C and 25 °C up to an age of 25 days and estimated their pteridine levels by fluorescence spectroscopy. Age was given in accumulated degree days (ADD) across temperatures. Additionally, a mock case was set up to test the applicability of the method. Pteridine increases logarithmically with increasing ADD, but after 70–80 ADD the increase slows down and the curve approaches a maximum. Sex had a significant impact (p < 4.09 × 10−6) on pteridine fluorescence level, while body-size and head-width did not. The mock case demonstrated that a slight overestimation of the real age (in ADD) only occurred in two out of 30 samples. Age determination ofL. sericataon the basis of pteridine levels seems to be limited to an age of about 70 ADD, but depending on the ambient temperature this could cover an extra amount of time of about 5–7 days after completion of the metamorphosis.
Unter ungleichen Voraussetzungen
Authors: Alisch Monika , May Michael 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungFür die gesellschaftlichen Gestaltungsaufgaben Sozialer Arbeit ist forschungsbasiertes theoretisches und methodisches Wissen wesentlich. Solche Forschung erfordert Kompetenzen, die nach dem Master durch aktives Erproben in der eigenen Promotionsforschung erlangt werden. Dafür werden derzeit Strukturen an den Hochschulen geschaffen, die es zu stärken gilt, wie am Beispiel des hessischen Promotionszentrums Soziale Arbeit gezeigt werden kann.