bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Temperance
Authors: Wood W. Jay 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
From antiquity, temperance has been viewed as the virtue that moderates our appetites for food, drink, and sex. Recent work on the virtues has revived the medieval view that our intellectual appetites also stand in need of moderation. Augustine’s and Aquinas’s work on studiositas and curiositas reveals how our pursuit of knowledge can be virtuous or vicious insofar as it conforms to or deviates from right reason and wise concerns. Their distinctively Christian accounts of temperance also differ from Aristotle’s in denying that one can ever be perfected in temperance. Temptation, and our susceptibility thereto, remains an inescapable feature of this life. In analyzing intellectual temperance both Augustine and Aquinas illustrate how vicious desires for knowledge and experiential acquaintance harm others and ourselves. Further harm arises depending on how the knowledge we acquire is applied.
Understanding Adaptation
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines why military adaptation is so difficult. All organizations resist change, but militaries resist change even more because of the inherent uncertainty of the battlefield, strategic interaction with the adversary, the radical difference between peacetime and wartime, and the existential costs of failure. The authors argue that existing explanations of military adaptation do not provide a sufficient understanding of how adaptation occurs after a war or conflict begins. They then identify the three key elements of their analytic framework—doctrine, technology, and leadership—and explain how they use that framework throughout the rest of the book.
The Role of Doctrine
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of doctrine in military adaptation and how it prepares commanders and soldiers for the fog and friction of the battlefield. It argues that doctrine must remain flexible and open to change through a constant iterative process of improvement. Effective adaptation of doctrine also requires input from all levels of the chain of command and the ability to rapidly disseminate changes throughout the force. The chapter illustrates successful and failed adaptability of military doctrine using case studies of the French and German armies in World War II and the Egyptian and Israeli armies during the Yom Kippur War in 1973.
The Religion Clauses
Authors: Chemerinsky Erwin , Gillman Howard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The relationship between the government and religion is deeply divisive. With the recent changes in the composition of the Supreme Court, the First Amendment law concerning religion is likely to change dramatically in the years ahead. The Court can be expected to reject the idea of a wall separating church and state and permit much more religious involvement in government and government support for religion. The Court is also likely to expand the rights of religious people to ignore legal obligations that others have to follow, such laws that require the provision of health care benefits to employees and prohibit businesses from discriminating against people because of their sexual orientation. This book argues for the opposite and the need for separating church and state. After carefully explaining all the major approaches to the meaning of the Constitution’s Religion Clauses, the book argues that the best approaches are for the government to be strictly secular and for there to be no special exemptions for religious people from neutral and general laws that others must obey. The book argues that this separationist approach is most consistent with the concerns of the Founders who drafted the Constitution and with the needs of a religiously pluralistic society in the 21st century.
The Competing Perspectives of the Religion Clauses
Authors: Gillman Howard , Chemerinsky Erwin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the recent Supreme Court cases dealing with the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, while also previewing the issues likely to arise in the future. It identifies how for both of these provisions there are two competing philosophies, which are titled “accommodation” and “separation.” “Accommodationists” see little as violating the Establishment Clause but want the Free Exercise Clause to be aggressively used to create an exception to general laws based on religious beliefs. “Separationists” see the Establishment Clause as creating a secular government and reject special exceptions for religion. At this point in American history, there is a political divide: conservatives tend to favor the accommodation approach, while liberals favor the separationist view.
The Concerns of the Founders
Authors: Gillman Howard , Chemerinsky Erwin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the century after the founding of the British colonies in North America, the traditional governing model of establishment (of an official religion) plus conformity (to government-approved religious doctrine and practice) was replaced by a view that the government should be secular and tolerant of religious diversity. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights constructed a government that claimed no relationship to any particular religion, insisted on no test for religious office, vested in the law-making body no authority to legislate on matters of religion, and specifically prohibited the passage of any law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Even with these historic changes, the Constitution left unresolved some basic questions about the meaning of the Religion Clauses.
The Establishment Clause
Authors: Gillman Howard , Chemerinsky Erwin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Over the last few decades, there have been three competing views of the meaning of the Establishment Clause held by members of the Supreme Court. One, favored by the liberal justices, is that the Establishment Clause should be understood as creating a wall separating church and state. An alternative view, favored by the conservative justices, is that there should be “accommodation” between religion and government. Under this view, the government violates the Establishment Clause only if it creates a church, coerces religious participation, or discriminates among religions in giving financial benefits. A third position is that the government acts unconstitutionally if it endorses religion or a specific religion. The chapter argues that separation is the best view of the Establishment Clause and applies this to prayers at government activities, religious symbols on government property, and government aid to religious institutions.
The Free Exercise of Religion
Authors: Gillman Howard , Chemerinsky Erwin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There have been three competing approaches to the interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause. One is that the Free Exercise Clause should protect religious belief but not religious conduct. Another is that any law that directly or indirectly burdens religious liberty should be subjected to “strict scrutiny” by judges and rarely upheld. A final approach says that the Constitution should prohibit laws that are motivated by animus toward religion or that interfere with core questions of religious doctrine, worship, or membership, but that otherwise religious individuals must follow neutral laws of general applicability. The chapter outlines arguments in favor of this latter approach and then applies this approach to cases involving religious business owners who wish to be exempted from laws requiring the provision of health benefits to employees and laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in public accommodations.
Conclusion
Authors: Gillman Howard , Chemerinsky Erwin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A common critique of a “separationist” position on matters of government and religion is that it represents inappropriate hostility toward religious people and practices. This chapter reviews and rebuts this critique. Most of the time, this critique is premised on the assumption that the government should be allowed to align itself with Christian or Judeo-Christian practices and symbols because they are part of our “heritage” and “traditions.” This chapter rejects this assumption as inconsistent with the Constitution’s expectation that government not formally align itself with particular religions. The separationist position ends the inherent hostility that such practices demonstrated toward historically excluded or disfavored religious traditions and consequently is more supportive of the great diversity of religious traditions and practices that characterizes 21st-century America. It also ensures that the government will not be embroiled in impossible decisions about which religious individuals deserve special accommodation from laws that bind everyone else.
Introduction: A Quick History of the Present
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a background of anti-system politics. The term “anti-system” was coined by political scientist Giovanni Sartori in the 1960s to describe political parties that articulated opposition to the liberal democratic political order in Western democracies. The reasons for the rise in anti-system politics are structural, and have been a long time brewing. The success of anti-system parties forces us to ask fundamental questions about the nature of the political and economic system, and the way in which the twenty-first-century market economy affects people’s lives. Rather than dismissing anti-system politics as “populism,” driven by racial hatred, nebulous foreign conspiracies, or an irrational belief in “fake news,” people need to start by understanding what has gone wrong in the rich democracies to alienate so many citizens from those who govern them.
Parties against Markets: The Rise and Fall of Democratic Capitalism
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the long-run evolution of the relationship between the market economy and political institutions in the West over the last century, showing how capitalism and democracy have a fundamentally unstable relationship that produces regular political upheavals. The history of capitalism is marked by the battle between economic forces pushing for the primacy of profit and political forces demanding its regulation in the social interest. As a result, attempts to impose the logic of the market on democratic societies are fraught with difficulty, because citizens mobilize to respond to threats to their economic and social well-being. The chapter also considers how the shape of political institutions—particularly the organization, interaction, and ideological identities of political parties—conditions the impact of markets on society, and how the dominance of liberal market ideas in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries weakened democratic participation and paved the way for a reemergence of political conflict through anti-system forces.
Taking Back Control: Britain Turns against the Market
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the response to inequality and financial collapse in the United Kingdom, with the anti-system Right represented by the Brexit campaign, and the Left by Jeremy Corbyn’s takeover of the Labour Party. Like Trump’s election in the United States, which it preceded by less than six months, the Brexit vote was an anti-system vote, a vote of rejection of the existing political establishment and the economic policies it had implemented since the 1980s. Just as Trump’s victory mobilized entrenched racial divides in the United States, Brexit reflected a long-standing skepticism about European integration in British society. The chapter then argues that Brexit formed part of a wider anti-system revolt in Britain, which replaced the centrist politics of the 1990s and 2000s with a deeply polarized politics pitting half the country against the other.
The New North-South Divide: Bailout Politics and the Return of the Left in Southern Europe
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Eurozone debt crisis as a conflict between creditor and debtor countries, pitting northern member states against the southern periphery, before looking at the distributional politics of austerity in the smaller southern Eurozone states of Greece and Portugal. The Eurozone crisis placed the European Union under extraordinary strain, as markets panicked, leaving the weaker and more indebted member states struggling to avoid financial collapse. The bailouts of Greece, Ireland, and Portugal may have saved them from crashing out of the single currency, but the price was harsh austerity for their citizens and an accumulation of debt comparable to wartime. Meanwhile, the political costs of the euro crisis can be seen in the destabilization of European party systems. Not only did Greece embrace anti-system politics, electing a government opposed to the bailout regime, but the northern European countries that had put up much of the money for the rescues also saw their own political backlash.
Case Studies–Advertising
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The second genre investigated is advertising, which has the very strong convention that it makes positive claims for a product, a service, or an idea. To begin with, it is claimed that to the extent that an advertisement conveys part of its message visually, even someone not familiar with the language used in an ad will understand at least part of the information conveyed—thanks to fonts, font sizes, colors, and knowledge about elements that conventionally appear in an advertisement or billboard. To demonstrate this, a Chinese advertisement is examined, initially without paying attention to the semantics of the written text. Several advertisements of different types are analyzed in light of how their place of occurrence helps guide the envisaged audience to derive relevance.
Controversial Communication
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Although neutral about ethics and ideologies, RT acknowledges that while claiming to be optimally relevant to their envisaged audiences, communicators may not be entirely truthful—or may shamelessly lie through their teeth—by accommodating the issue of trust in its model. More specifically, RT distinguishes between addressees believing (1) that a communicator is both competent and benevolent; (2) that the communicator is benevolent but not necessarily competent; or (3) that the communicator may be less than benevolent. This chapter examines a number of misleading mass-communicative visual and multimodal messages and shows how their contentious nature can be accounted for in RT terms. It further argues that the RT concept of “echoic mention,” developed to theorize irony, can be extended to other types of transformative use of original messages, and thereby is a cognate of what in other paradigms is called “intertextuality.”
Goethe as Philosopher
Authors: Förster Eckart , Eldridge Sarah , Speight Allen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the only apparent contradiction between Goethe’s profession of a lack of talent for philosophy and the significant reciprocal intellectual influence that existed between Goethe and leading philosophers of his time, including Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling. The essay traces the development of Goethe’s interest in philosophy in the years preceding the publication of Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship as he pursues the possibility of some form of “intuitive” (nondiscursive) understanding. This path appears to have grown especially at the start from Goethe’s interest in botany and in Spinoza’s notion of a scientia intuitiva. The full shape of Goethe’s reflections on this issue ultimately involve his engagement with Kant’s Critique of the Power of Judgment as well as with a set of reflections on how one might be able to construe a “complete series” of developmental transitions.
Narrative Direction
Authors: Eldridge Sarah Vandegrift 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This essay approaches Goethe’s novel from the perspective of historical shifts and new poetic models in the late eighteenth century, which took the form of a feeling of increased contingency or randomness in an individual’s life. It argues that Goethe uses narrative techniques to create a balance between the episodic and the developmental, the parts of the novel and its trajectory as a whole. Wilhelm’s character development and these formal characteristics combine to solicit imaginative engagement on the part of readers of the novel, who, in thinking about these things, may come to a better understanding of the contingency in their own lives. The essay argues that Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship offers not only a detailed depiction of contingency in human life but also a suggestion that aesthetic experience might hold out the possibility of acknowledging and managing that contingency to create a sense of purpose and meaning.
Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister
Authors: Millán Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter details Goethe’s influence on the development of early German Romantic philosophy. It explores some of the reasons why Goethe became a leading literary influence on early German Romantic philosophy. The unique literary style of the early German Romantics is presented; in particular, their fusion of literary and philosophical approaches to central philosophical issues is explored. The modern spirit that unified Goethe and Schlegel is presented as the motivation for Schlegel’s turn to Goethe’s work. Finally, Schlegel’s analysis of Wilhelm Meister is presented as a Romantic ideal of art.
To Err Is Male
Authors: Krimmer Elisabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The article resituates Wilhelm Meister in the context of contemporary educational philosophy. It defines Bildung in contradistinction to the more narrowly conceived notion of education and argues that Bildung in Goethe’s novel is designed specifically to deal with the fallout of the failure of parental and institutional education. Wilhelm Meister shows not only that the unbounded autonomy that is often associated with Bildung cannot result from educational processes that are characterized by heteronomy, but also emphasizes the importance of interconnectedness and interdependency. Furthermore, the article posits that Wilhelm Meister portrays women and Bildung as incompatible. This incompatibility is rooted in the concept of Bildung itself: Bildung unfolds in ever-widening circles, from which women tend to be barred qua gender, and is accepting of the concept of error, whereas female respectability does not allow for any missteps. However, while women are excluded from Bildung, Goethe allows for some measure of female agency in the arena of education.
Agency and Embodiment in Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Lee Charlotte 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of agency in Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, paying particular attention to the role of physicality and movement. It explores the ways in which characters’ embodied interactions with the world and with one another might express, or represent an attempt to express, agency. The novel is full of striking depictions of bodies in motion, and the chapter analyzes the idiosyncratic physical behaviors of the key characters—in particular, but not exclusively, of the female characters. In each case, conclusions can be drawn, on the basis of their gestures and movements, about the degree of agency which they are able to command. Yet the balance is always shifting, for power and freedom must be continually negotiated and renegotiated. The novel tracks this, too, and reveals a constant give and take between the characters and the world against which their lives take shape.
Mexico, Spain, and Their Deep Histories of Place
Authors: Carballo David M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book presents a novel perspective on the momentous encounter of five hundred years ago between Europeans and Native peoples of the Americas by framing what has traditionally been called the Spanish conquest of Mexico in deep time, on both sides of the Atlantic, and with an emphasis on material culture. The introductory chapter establishes the broad contours of this approach by defining the concept of “deep history” and the layers of human occupation that archaeologists and specialists of cognate fields study as sites, artifacts, and art. It provides an entry into this approach by discussing the towns of Medellín, Spain, and Cholula, Mexico—two places with millennia of human occupation that encapsulate much of the major chronological phases of early Iberia and Mesoamerica, as well as their entanglement when Medellín’s most famous son, the conquistador Hernando Cortés, invaded Cholula and massacred thousands of its unarmed inhabitants.
Mexico and Spain on the Eve of Encounter
Authors: Carballo David M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Themes from the previous two chapters are interwoven for a trans-Atlantic, comparative perspective on the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries in Mexico and Spain on the eve of encounter. The emphasis is primarily on their most consequential kingdoms: the Aztec Triple Alliance and the Crown of Castile-León. Major themes of comparison include ethnic affiliation and national mythos, patterns of urbanism and political and economic organization, military and transportation technologies, and worldview framed through religion and philosophy. Previous comparative histories of the two culture areas have emphasized technological differences, particularly with regard to naval and military capabilities. These differences certainly existed, but such accounts often ignore the role of cultural and ideological variables, such as the role of micro-patriotism within Mesoamerican polities of the region and differences in battlefield ethos and the religious framing of warfare between Aztecs and Spaniards. These were critical to how the Spanish-led invasion of Mesoamerica unfolded. Likewise, similarities in certain cultural variables between the two regions enabled the post-conquest creation of New Spain to be a negotiated process that saw the birth of hybrid and syncretic beliefs and material culture.
Invasion of the Mesoamerican Coast
Authors: Carballo David M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Spain’s initial colonial encounters in the Caribbean and Mesoamerica are covered in this chapter, culminating in Cortés’ invasion along the coast of the Yucatan peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico. It examines the development of institutions and strategies for Spain’s colonization of what Columbus branded “the Indies,” and examines major disagreements among Spaniards over issues of slavery, land and labor, and continued conquests, with opinion often split along the lines of the conquistadors and clergy. Initial expeditions to Mesoamerica encountered Maya cities that were unlike those that Spaniards knew from colonizing the Caribbean. These urban centers were more similar in their large populations and architectural elaboration to what the Spaniards were familiar with from the contemporaneous Islamic world and from Mediterranean antiquity, prompting the Spaniards to draw frequent comparisons with these civilizations. After seeing the potential riches of Mesoamerica, Cortés and others in his expedition opted for invasion rather than the exploration and trading they were authorized to do. This included a major battle at the Maya city of Putunchan and the establishment of the first permanent European settlements in Mesoamerica in Veracruz, where Totonacs from the city of Cempoala became Cortés’ first Native allies. Another key figure to join the expedition was Malinche, who became an indispensable translator and concubine to Cortés.