bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Stroke Patients Have Higher Mortality: An Improvement Opportunity for Rural Emergency Medical Services Systems
Authors: Georgakakos Peter K. , Swanson Morgan B. , Ahmed Azeemuddin , Mohr Nicholas M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeEarly recognition and prompt prehospital care is a cornerstone of acute stroke treatment. Residents of rural areas have worse access to stroke services than urban residents. The purpose of this study was to (1) describe US trends in rural‐urban stroke mortality and (2) identify possible factors associated with rural‐urban stroke case‐fatality disparities.MethodsThis study was a nationwide retrospective cohort study of stroke admissions. The primary exposure was rurality of patient's residence. The primary outcome was death during hospital encounter. The secondary outcome was discharge to a care facility or home healthcare. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions estimated the odds of mortality by subject rurality among stroke subjects.FindingsRural stroke subjects had higher mortality than nonrural counterparts (18.6% rural vs 16.9% nonrural). After adjustment for patient and hospital factors, patient rurality was associated with increased odds of mortality (aOR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.06‐1.15; P < .001). For the secondary outcome of discharge to home, rural stroke subjects were less likely to be discharged to a care facility than nonrural stroke visits (aOR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91‐0.97; P < .001). Results were similar after adjusting for thrombolytics administration and transfer status.ConclusionsRural stroke patients have higher mortality than their urban counterparts likely due to their increased burden of chronic disease, lower health literacy, and reduced access to prompt prehospital care. There may be an opportunity for emergency medical services systems to assist in increasing stroke awareness for both patients and clinicians and to establish response patterns to expedite emergency care.
Fine‐scale genetic structure of Tujia and central Han Chinese revealing massive genetic admixture under language borrowing
Authors: He Guang‐Lin , Li Ying‐Xiang , Wang Meng‐Ge , Zou Xing , Yeh Hui‐Yuan , Yang Xiao‐Min , Wang Zheng , Tang Ren‐Kuan , Zhu Su‐Min , Guo Jian‐Xin , Luo Ting , Zhao Jing , Sun Jin , Xia Zi‐Yang , Fan Hao‐Liang , Hu Rong , Wei Lan‐Hai , Chen Gang , Hou Yi‐Ping , Wang Chuan‐Chao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArchaeological, genetic, and linguistic evidence has supported the idea that northern China is the original center of modern Sino‐Tibetan‐speaking populations. However, the demographic history of subsequent southward migration and genetic admixture of Han Chinese with surrounding indigenous populations remain uncharacterized, and the language shifts and assimilations accompanied by movement of people, or just an adaptation of cultural ideas among populations in central China is still unclear, especially for Tibeto‐Burman‐speaking Tujia and central Han Chinese populations. To resolve this, we genotyped over 60K genome‐wide markers in 505 unrelated individuals from 63 indigenous populations. Our results showed both studied Han and Tujia were at the intermediate position in the modern East Asian North–South genetic cline and there was a correlation between the genetic composition and the latitude. We observed the strong genetic assimilation between Tujia people and central Han Chinese, which suggested massive population movements and genetic admixture under language borrowing. Tujia and central Han Chinese could be modeled as a two‐way admixture deriving primary ancestry from a northern ancestral population closely related to the ancient DevilsCave and present‐day Tibetans and a southern ancestral population closely related to the present‐day Tai‐Kadai and Austronesian‐speaking groups. The ancestral northern population we suspect to be related to the Neolithic millet farming groups in the Yellow River Basin or central China. We showed that the newly genotyped populations in Hubei Province had a higher proportion of DevilsCave or modern Tungusic/Mongolic‐related northern ancestries, while the Hunan populations harbored a higher proportion of Austronesian/Tai‐Kadai‐related southern ancestries.
Does the combination of embryonic diapause and superfoetation occur in the stoat Mustela erminea? A reinterpretation of existing data
Authors: Dean Rebecca , Yamaguchi Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSuperfoetation is when ovulation and fertilisation occur during pregnancy. Coupled with embryonic diapause, superfoetation presents an intriguing female reproductive advantage in terms of cryptic choice of males. Unfortunately, few studies have identified species possessing both superfoetation and embryonic diapause. We aim to reinterpret existing data on reproductive physiology in the stoat Mustela erminea and suggest it may be a previously overlooked species that possesses this combination. By increasing our knowledge of such reproductive systems, we can further our understanding of a cryptic sexually selected function and better explain the evolutionary gain and loss of embryonic diapause in mammals.
Causal explanations of depression on perceptions of and likelihood to choose cognitive behavioural therapy and antidepressant medications as depression treatments
Authors: Watson Lisa M. , Beshai Shadi 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesThis research examined whether people’s causal explanations of depression were associated with acceptability and efficacy‐related treatment perceptions and likelihood to choose cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and antidepressant medication (ADM) as depression treatments.DesignA cross‐sectional internet‐based design was used.MethodsA general population sample was used over a clinical sample to study those who had not yet chosen to enter treatment. A total of 422 individuals were recruited through a crowdsourcing platform to complete an online survey. Measures included perceived causes of depression, perceived acceptability, efficacy and choice likelihood for ADM and CBT, and demographics.ResultsThose with biological causal explanations of depression were more favourable towards ADM on all three perceptual measures of acceptability, efficacy and likelihood to choose ADM as a treatment for depression. Personality/character‐related causal explanations of depression were positively related to perceived efficacy and likelihood to choose CBT as a depression treatment. Those endorsing environmental stress causes of depression were more likely to choose CBT as a treatment for depression.ConclusionsResults indicated that people’s beliefs about the causes of depression were related to their perceptions of and likelihoods to choose ADM and CBT as depression treatments.Practitioner Points

Provides evidence of how different causal explanations of depression influence sufferers’ likelihoods to choose ADM and CBT as possible treatments for their depression.

Provides support for exploring potential patients’ causal explanations about depression prior to recommending a treatment regimen.
Cellular scars and local crosstalk in relapsing psoriasis: an example of a skin sticking disease
Authors: Gallais Sérézal Irène , Cheuk Stanley , Martini Elisa , Eidsmo Liv 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPsoriasis is an inflammatory disease that arises in genetically predisposed individuals. Chronic skin lesions that contain activated immune cells can persist for years. Systemic inhibition of TNF, IL‐17 and IL‐23 cytokines has revolutionized psoriasis care during the recent decades. Unfortunately, local relapse of disease is common at previously inflamed sites after cessation of treatment. This highlights that fundamental pathologic alterations of the affected tissues are not completely resolved during clinical remission. Here, we present arguments for a local disease memory located in both dermis and epidermis in psoriasis skin. We decipher different cellular components and intercellular crosstalk that sustain local disease memory and amplify disease relapse in human psoriasis. Decrypting the mechanisms underlying the establishment and persistence of pathogenic memory cells in resolved psoriasis may provide new therapeutic perspectives aimed at long‐term remission of psoriasis.
Theorizing race and settler colonialism within U.S. sociology
Authors: McKay Dwanna L. , Vinyeta Kirsten , Norgaard Kari Marie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSettler colonialism expands race and racism beyond ideological perspectives and reveals the links between historical and contemporary racialized social relations and practices–the racial structure–of American society. In this article, we define settler colonialism, highlight sociological scholarship that uses settler colonial theoretical frameworks, and explore ways in which this work enriches, intersects with, complicates, and contradicts key assumptions within the sociology of race.
Experimental Investigations About the Power Loss Transition Between Churning and Windage for Spur Gears
Authors: Quiban Romain , Changenet Christophe , Marchesse Yann , Ville Fabrice 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Oil sump lubrication is commonly used in gearboxes. When considering consistent speeds, oil immersion is usually set to low level in order to reduce associated power losses. This configuration is already used in some parts of helicopter mechanical transmissions, and it is under consideration as a lubrication solution for future electric powertrain where gearbox input speeds may be very high. The gear drag power losses are generally evaluated from either a churning power loss model for classic oil sump lubrication or a windage power loss model for oil jet lubrication. One may thus wonder how to estimate drag losses when considering a gear that only a small part is immersed. In this study, the authors investigate the transition between churning and windage phenomena for a spur gear. A series of torque measurements on a single spur gear rotating in an oil bath at numerous oil immersion levels have been carried out. Based on these results, a criterion to indicate which power loss model to use is proposed.
Modeling and Performance Analysis of a Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Ighodaro Osarobo , Akhihiero David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Wind energy is increasingly becoming a major discussion amongst renewable energy sources due to its sustainability, reduced impact on the environment, and being significantly cheaper than conventional fossil fuels. Researchers have been particularly concerned with studying improved design and optimization using computational technique and experimentation. This research aims at designing blades for a small horizontal axis wind turbine for low Reynolds number using blade element momentum theory and using computational fluid dynamics (cfd) and experiment to analyze its performance. Two airfoils (SG6050 and SG6043) were selected for different regions of the blade span. Four turbulent models were used in predicting its performance. The performance was analyzed for wind speeds between 2 m/s and 7 m/s. Studies showed that the blade is capable of generating power up to 241 W with a power coefficient of 34.3% at a speed of 6 m/s. The computed power coefficient is in good agreement with experimental results of 33.7%.
Supercritical Water Choking Flow Experiments Through a Convergent-Divergent Test Section
Authors: Teyssedou A. , Muftuoglu A. , Hidouche A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The heat transport system of Gen-IV supercritical water-cooled reactors (SCWRs) will operate at pressures close to 25 MPa and outlet temperatures of up to 625 °C. The design and safety analyses of this type of reactors still necessitate among others, experimental information and validation of critical (choked) flows models of water above the thermodynamic critical state. Up to now, choked flow data were collected at atmospheric discharge pressure conditions, without changing the discharge pressure to verify the occurrence of choking flow; in most of the cases, using fluids different from water. This paper presents experimental supercritical water choking flow data collected by using a convergent-divergent test section by changing the discharge pressure to verify the occurrence of choked flow. The critical mass flux is presented as a function of the temperature difference between a pseudo-critical temperature and the bulk fluid temperature. This representation allows us to assess similar experiments performed by using different test sections. Hence, a comparison of actual data with those previously obtained using 1.0 mm and 1.4 mm diameter sharp-edged orifices, shows peculiar differences. The actual experiments were limited by very low values of choking mass flow rates. Furthermore, in some cases, it was observed the presence of an increase in the discharge pressure that seems to indicate the existence of shock-wave structures. We are also able to estimate a pseudo-critical temperature difference below which choking flow systematically occurs.
Social work education: Reflections during Covid-19 lockdown
Authors: Glubb-Smith Kelly J. , Roberts Tania 
Published: August 2020

Teaching social work students in Aotearoa New Zealand during the Covid-19 crisis produced an acute awareness of the impact of lockdown levels 3 and 4 on student wellbeing. Students were required to rapidly adapt to study in a fully online environment without the face-to-face support of university campus life. Normal social and academic pressures were immediately intensified, with no immediate relief in sight. Student resilience was tested further due to multiple factors such as: suddenly reduced incomes, parenting during lockdown, caring for whānau both within and external to their “bubble”, and being unable to come together with loved ones to celebrate life events or mourn those who had passed.
Physicians’ and nurses’ work time allocation and workflow interruptions in emergency departments: a comparative time-motion study across two countries
Authors: Schneider Anna , Williams Deborah J , Kalynych Colleen , Wehler Markus , Weigl Matthias 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundGlobally, emergency department (ED) work is fast-paced and subject to interruptions, placing high coordination and communication demands on staff. Our study aimed to compare ED staffs’ work time allocation and interruption rates across professional roles and two national settings.MethodsWe conducted a time-motion study with standardised expert observations of ED physicians and nurses in Germany and the USA. Observers coded ED staffs’ activities and workflow interruptions. General and generalised linear models were used to examine differences in activities and interruption rates between countries and ED professions.Results28 observations were conducted in the USA and 30 in Germany. Overall, the largest portion of time spent by ED staff in both settings was in documentation (22.0%). Physicians spent more time in verbal interaction with patients (9.9% vs 5.2% in nurses; p=0.006), in documentation (29.4% vs 15.6%; p<0.001) and other professional activities (13.0% vs 4.8%; p=0.002). Nurses allocated significantly more time to therapeutic (22.3% vs 6.0% in physicians; p<0.001) and organisational activities (20.4% vs 9.5%; p<0.001). Overall mean interruption rate per hour was 10.16 (US ED: 8.15, German ED: 12.04; p<0.001). American physicians and German nurses were most often disrupted by colleagues of the same profession (country: B=-.27, p=0.027; profession: B=0.35, p=0.006). German ED staff were interrupted more often by patients (B=-.78, p=0.001) and other sources (B=-.76, p<0.001) than American ED staff.DiscussionOur findings corroborate that professional roles largely determine time allocation to specific activities. However, interruption rates indicate differences between countries, suggesting the need for context-specific solutions to work stressors.
Knowledge towards COVID-19 among healthcare students in the central region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Mohsin Syed Fareed , Agwan Muhammad Atif , Alsuwaydani Ziyad Ahmad 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTStudy PurposeCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious illness of high public concern. Healthcare students are directly or indirectly exposed to this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of healthcare students in the central region of Saudi Arabia.Study DesignA cross-sectional survey was planned to collect information from healthcare students living in the central region of Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was formulated to evaluate the healthcare student’s knowledge towards COVID-19 pandemic. The collected data were analysed by using frequencies of correct knowledge answers.ResultsA total of 612 students were analysed for the study. The overall knowledge score of healthcare students was 65.7%. The regression analysis showed a significant association between academic year and knowledge score p&lt;0.001.ConclusionsOur analysis demonstrates satisfactory student’s knowledge but lacks awareness about background and mode of transmission of this disease; therefore, there is a strong need for further education and training programmes.
Residential Mobility and Geospatial Disparities in Colon Cancer Survival
Authors: Wiese Daniel , Stroup Antoinette M. , Maiti Aniruddha , Harris Gerald , Lynch Shannon M. , Vucetic Slobodan , Henry Kevin A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground:Identifying geospatial cancer survival disparities is critical to focus interventions and prioritize efforts with limited resources. Incorporating residential mobility into spatial models may result in different geographic patterns of survival compared with the standard approach using a single location based on the patient's residence at the time of diagnosis.Methods:Data on 3,949 regional-stage colon cancer cases diagnosed from 2006 to 2011 and followed until December 31, 2016, were obtained from the New Jersey State Cancer Registry. Geographic disparity based on the spatial variance and effect sizes from a Bayesian spatial model using residence at diagnosis was compared with a time-varying spatial model using residential histories [adjusted for sex, gender, substage, race/ethnicity, and census tract (CT) poverty]. Geographic estimates of risk of colon cancer death were mapped.Results:Most patients (65%) remained at the same residence, 22% changed CT, and 12% moved out of state. The time-varying model produced a wider range of adjusted risk of colon cancer death (0.85–1.20 vs. 0.94–1.11) and resulted in greater geographic disparity statewide after adjustment (25.5% vs. 14.2%) compared with the model with only the residence at diagnosis.Conclusions:Including residential mobility may allow for more precise estimates of spatial risk of death. Results based on the traditional approach using only residence at diagnosis were not substantially different for regional stage colon cancer in New Jersey.Impact:Including residential histories opens up new avenues of inquiry to better understand the complex relationships between people and places, and the effect of residential mobility on cancer outcomes.See related commentary by Williams, p. 2107
Characteristics of Breast Ducts in Normal-Risk and High-risk Women and Their Relationship to Ductal Cytologic Atypia
Authors: Danforth David N. , Filie Armando C. , Warner Andrew C. , Wright George W. , Sun Zhonghe , Ried Thomas , McGowan Christine T. , Prindiville Sheila A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBreast ductal cytologic atypia is an important risk factor for sporadic breast cancer. Characterization of the associated normal breast tissue is needed to develop additional methods of risk assessment and new targets for breast cancer prevention. We conducted a prospective clinical trial evaluating women at normal-risk or at high-risk for sporadic breast cancer. Breast ductal cells were collected and studied cytologically and by gene expression profiling, and breast ductal architectural changes were studied by breast ductal endoscopy (BDE) and breast MRI. One hundred and forty subjects were studied, 70 at high risk (RR, 2.0–4.6) and 70 at normal risk. Cytologic atypia was present in 22.9% of high-risk and 25.7% of normal-risk subjects. Ductal endoscopy was performed in 89 subjects and revealed benign intraductal abnormalities, primarily intraductal fibrous webbing suggesting chronic inflammation, in 40.4% of high-risk and 5.4% of normal-risk subjects, respectively (P2 = 0.0002). Two high-risk subjects with atypia and no normal-risk subjects with atypia developed invasive breast cancer. Gene expression profiling of ductal cells showed comparable gene expression profiles without enriched expression of previously defined oncogenic signatures in subjects with cellular atypia compared with those without atypia, and in high-risk subjects compared with normal-risk subjects (FDR &gt; 0.5). Cytologic ductal atypia in normal-risk subjects does not appear to be of clinical significance. Atypia in women at high risk may be associated with benign and malignant breast ductal abnormalities; these characteristics of high-risk ductal cells may not be reflected in gene expression profiles.
Lens-sparing vitrectomy for stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity in infants with aggressive-posterior ROP: Anatomic and functional results
Authors: Macor Sara , Pignatto Silvia , Capone Jr Antonio , Piermarocchi Stefano , Lanzetta Paolo 
Published: August 2020

Aim: To assess long-term anatomic and functional outcomes of early lens-sparing vitrectomy (LSV) for stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants with aggressive-posterior ROP (AP-ROP) which progressed to retinal detachment despite laser treatment. Methods: Chart review of infants who underwent early 25-gage LSV for stage 4A ROP. Outcomes were anatomic success, mean visual acuity (VA), development of postoperative complications, and refractive changes. Follow-up examinations were performed at 1, 3, 6, 12, and then every 6 months. Results: Ten eyes of seven preterm infants who underwent LSV were included. Mean follow-up was 36 ± 13.4 months and mean postmenstrual age (PMA) at last follow-up was 37 ± 13.7 months. Mean gestational age (GA) and weight at birth was 26 ± 1.4 weeks and 639 ± 180 g. Two eyes had vitreous hemorrhage 4 and 14 days after surgery, respectively. At last follow-up anatomic success was 100%, mean VA was 20/80 and eight eyes (80%) had high myopic refractive correction (mean spherical equivalent –11.25 D). Conclusion: Early LSV for stage 4A ROP with AP-ROP and progression to retinal detachment is efficacious in terms of anatomic and functional outcomes. Anatomic success is associated with visual improvement despite possible myopic refraction changes during follow-up.
Selecting Chief Justices by Peer Vote
Authors: Fife Madelyn , Goelzhauser Greg , Loertscher Stephen T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhat characteristics do state supreme court justices prioritize when choosing leaders? At the federal level, collegial court leaders are appointed or rotated by seniority. A plurality of states permit peer-vote selection, but the consequences of employing this mechanism are not well known. We develop a theory of chief justice selection emphasizing experience, bias, and politics. Leveraging within-contest variation and more than a half century’s worth of original contest data, we find that chief justice peer votes often default to seniority rotation. Ideological divergence from the court median, governor, and legislature is largely unassociated with selection. Justices who dissent more than their peers are, however, disadvantaged. We find no evidence of discrimination against women or people of color. The results have implications for policy debates about political leader selection.