bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel instrumented insole algorithm accurately approximates plantar flexor loading
Authors: Hullfish Todd J. , Baxter Josh R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPlantar flexor loading is critical for ambulatory function but there are few wearable solutions to monitor loading. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method to quantify plantar flexor loading using a commercially-available instrumented insole. Seven healthy young adults completed a battery of functional activities to characterize a range of plantar flexor loading which included single leg heel raise, step down, and drop jump as well as walking and running at comfortable speeds. Lower extremity trajectories were captured using motion capture and ground reaction forces were recorded with embedded force plates as well as the instrumented insole. Measurements of plantar flexor loading quantified by the instrumented insole were compared to ‘gold standard’ inverse dynamics. We found that the insole loading calculation of plantar flexor moment was accurate to within 4.2% on average compared to inverse dynamics across all activities. Additionally, the calculated wave forms were strongly correlated with inverse dynamics (Rxy> 0.928). Our findings demonstrate the utility and fidelity of a new method for measuring plantar flexor loading using a commercially available instrumented insole. By leveraging this new methodology, it is now feasible to prospectively track and eventually prescribe plantar flexor loading outside of the clinic to improve patient outcomes.
broadcontrols leg imaginal disc morphogenesis in Drosophila via regulation of cell shape changes and remodeling of extracellular matrix
Authors: Rice Clinton , Macdonald Stuart , Wang Xiaochen , Ward Robert E 
Published: December 2019

AbstractImaginal disc morphogenesis during metamorphosis inDrosophila melanogasterprovides an excellent model to uncover molecular mechanisms by which hormonal signals effect physical changes during development. Thebroad(br)Z2isoform encodes a transcription factor required for disc morphogenesis in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone, yet how it accomplishes this remains largely unknown. Here, we show that amorphicbr5mutant discs fail to remodel their basal extracellular matrix (ECM) after puparium formation and do not undergo necessary cell shape changes. RNA sequencing of wild type and mutant leg discs identified 717 genes differentially regulated bybr; functional studies reveal that several are required for adult leg formation, particularly those involved in remodeling the ECM. Additionally,br Z2expression is abruptly shut down at the onset of metamorphosis, and expressing it beyond this time results in failure of leg development during the late prepupal and pupal stages. Taken together, our results suggest thatbr Z2is required to drive ECM remodeling, change cell shape, and maintain metabolic activity through the mid prepupal stage, but must be switched off to allow expression of pupation genes.Summary StatementTheDrosophila melanogasterecdysone-responding transcription factorbroadcontrols morphogenetic processes in leg imaginal discs during metamorphosis through regulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, metabolism, and cell shape changes and rearrangements.
Population Responses Represent Vocalization Identity, Intensity, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Ni Ruiye , Bender David A. , Barbour Dennis L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe ability to process speech signals under challenging listening environments is critical for speech perception. Great efforts have been made to reveal the underlying single unit encoding mechanism. However, big variability is usually discovered in single-unit responses, and the population coding mechanism is yet to be revealed. In this study, we are aimed to study how a population of neurons encodes behaviorally relevant signals subjective to change in intensity and signal-noise-ratio (SNR). We recorded single-unit activity from the primary auditory cortex of awake common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) while delivering conspecific vocalizations degraded by two different background noises: broadband white noise (WGN) and vocalization babble (Babble). By pooling all single units together, the pseudo-population analysis showed the population neural responses track intra- and inter-trajectory angle evolutions track vocalization identity and intensity/SNR, respectively. The ability of the trajectory to track the vocalizations attribute was degraded to a different degree by different noises. Discrimination of neural populations evaluated by neural response classifiers revealed that a finer optimal temporal resolution and longer time scale of temporal dynamics were needed for vocalizations in noise than vocalizations at multiple different intensities. The ability of population responses to discriminate between different vocalizations were mostly retained above the detection threshold.Significance StatementHow our brain excels in the challenge of precise acoustic signal encoding against noisy environment is of great interest for scientists. Relatively few studies have strived to tackle this mystery from the perspective of neural population responses. Population analysis reveals the underlying neural encoding mechanism of complex acoustic stimuli based upon a pool of single units via vector coding. We suggest the spatial population response vectors as one important way for neurons to integrate multiple attributes of natural acoustic signals, specifically, marmots’ vocalizations.
Natural Zeitgebers cannot compensate for the loss of a functional circadian clock in timing of a vital behaviour inDrosophila
Authors: Ruf Franziska , Mitesser Oliver , Mungwa Simon Tii , Horn Melanie , Rieger Dirk , Hovestadt Thomas , Wegener Christian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe adaptive significance of adjusting behavioural activities to the right time of the day is intuitive. Laboratory studies have implicated an important role of circadian clocks in behavioural timing and rhythmicity. Yet, recent studies on clock-mutant animals questioned this importance under more naturalistic settings, as various clock mutants showed nearly normal diel activity rhythms under semi-natural Zeitgeber conditions.We here report evidence that proper timing of eclosion, a vital behaviour of the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster, requires a functional molecular clock even under quasi-natural conditions. In contrast to wildtype flies,period01mutants with a defective molecular clock eclose mostly arrhythmically in a temperate environment even in the presence of a full complement of abiotic Zeitgebers. Moreover,period01mutants eclose during a much larger portion of the day, and peak eclosion time becomes more susceptible to variable day-to-day changes of light and temperature. Under the same conditions, flies with impaired peptidergic inter-clock signalling (pdf01andhan5304mutants) stayed largely rhythmic with normal gate sizes. Our results suggest that the presence of natural Zeitgebers can mitigate a loss of peptide-mediated phasing between central clock neuron groups, but cannot substitute for the lack of a functional molecular clock under natural temperate conditions.
Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c is an Exercise-Induced Regulator of Aging Metabolic Homeostasis and Physical Capacity
Authors: Reynolds Joseph C. , Lai Rochelle W. , Woodhead Jonathan S.T. , Joly James H. , Mitchell Cameron J. , Cameron-Smith David , Lu Ryan , Cohen Pinchas , Graham Nicholas A. , Benayoun Bérénice A. , Merry Troy L. , Lee Changhan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHealthy aging can be promoted by enhancing metabolic fitness and physical capacity (1, 2). Mitochondria are chief metabolic organelles with strong implications in aging (3–8). In addition to their prominent role in bioenergetics, mitochondria also coordinate broad physiological functions by communicating to other cellular compartments or distal cells using multiple factors (9, 10), including peptides that are encoded within their own independent genome (11, 12). However, it is unknown if aging is actively regulated by factors encoded in the mitochondrial genome. MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-encoded peptide that regulates metabolic homeostasis (13, 14), in part, by translocating to the nucleus to regulate adaptive nuclear gene expression in response to cellular stress (15–17). Here, we report that MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded peptide that significantly enhanced physical performance when administered to young (2 mo.), middle-aged (12 mo.), and old (22 mo.) mice. In humans, we found that endogenous MOTS-c levels significantly increased in response to exercise in skeletal muscle (11.9-fold) and in circulation (1.5-fold). Systemic MOTS-c treatment in mice significantly enhanced the performance on a treadmill of all age groups (~2-fold). MOTS-c regulated (i) nuclear genes, including those related to metabolism and protein homeostasis, (ii) glucose and amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle, and (iii) myoblast adaptation to metabolic stress. Late-life (23.5 mo.) initiated intermittent MOTS-c treatment (3x/week) improved physical capacity and trended towards increasing lifespan. Our data indicate that aging is regulated by genes that are encoded not only in the nuclear genome (18, 19), but also in the mitochondrial genome. Considering that aging is the major risk factor for multiple chronic diseases (20, 21), our study provides new grounds for further investigation into mitochondrial-encoded regulators of healthy lifespan.
Aerobic heterotrophy and RuBisCO-mediated CO2metabolism in marineThaumarchaeota
Authors: Reji Linta , Francis Christopher A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThaumarchaeotaconstitute an abundant and ubiquitous phylum of Archaea that play critical roles in the global nitrogen and carbon cycles. Most well-characterized members of the phylum are chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), which comprise up to 5 and 20 % of the total single-celled life in soil and marine systems, respectively. Using two high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), here we describe a divergent marine thaumarchaeal clade that is devoid of the ammonia-oxidation machinery and the AOA-specific carbon-fixation pathway. Phylogenomic analyses placed these genomes within the uncultivated and largely understudied marine pSL12-like thaumarchaeal clade. The predominant mode of nutrient acquisition appears to be aerobic heterotrophy, evidenced by the presence of respiratory complexes and various organic carbon degradation pathways. Unexpectedly, both genomes encoded a form III RuBisCO. Genomic composition of the MAGs is consistent with the role of RuBisCO in nucleotide salvage, as has been proposed previously for archaea harboring the form III variant. Metabolic reconstructions revealed a complete nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and gluconeogenesis, which can cyclize the RuBisCO-mediated carbon metabolic pathway. We conclude that these genomes represent a hitherto unrecognized evolutionary link between predominantly anaerobic basal thaumarchaeal lineages and mesophilic marine AOA, with important implications for diversification within the phylumThaumarchaeota.
Innovation in solitary bees is driven by exploration, shyness and activity levels
Authors: Collado Miguel Á. , Menzel Randolf , Sol Daniel , Bartomeus Ignasi 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTBehavioural innovation is widely considered an important mechanism by which animals respond to novel environmental challenges, including those induced by human activities. Despite its functional and ecological relevance, much of our current understanding of the innovation process comes from studies in vertebrates. Understanding innovation processes in insects has lagged behind partly because they are not perceived to have the cognitive machinery required to innovate. This perception is however challenged by recent evidence demonstrating sophisticated cognitive capabilities in insects despite their small brains. Here, we study the innovation capacity of a solitary bee (Osmia cornuta) in the laboratory by exposing naïve individuals to an obstacle removal task. We also studied the underlying cognitive and non-cognitive mechanisms through a battery of experimental tests designed to measure learning, exploration, shyness and activity levels. We found that solitary bees can innovate, with 11 of 29 individuals (38%) being able to solve a new task consisting in lifting a lid to reach a reward. The propensity to innovate was uncorrelated with learning capacities, but increased with exploration, boldness and activity. These results provide solid evidence that non-social insects can innovate, and highlight the importance of interpreting innovation in the light of non-cognitive processes.
Fronto-temporal coupling dynamics during spontaneous activity and auditory processing
Authors: García-Rosales Francisco , Lopez-Jury Luciana , Gonzalez-Palomares Eugenia , Cabral-Calderín Yuranny , Hechavarría Julio C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMost mammals rely on the extraction of acoustic information from the environment in order to survive. However, the mechanisms that support sound representation in auditory neural networks involving sensory and association brain areas remain underexplored. In this study, we address the functional connectivity between an auditory region in frontal cortex (the frontal auditory field, FAF) and the auditory cortex (AC) in the batCarollia perspicillata. The AC is a classic sensory area central for the processing of acoustic information. On the other hand, the FAF belongs to the frontal lobe, a brain region involved in the integration of sensory inputs, modulation of cognitive states, and in the coordination of behavioural outputs. The FAF-AC network was examined in terms of oscillatory coherence (local-field potentials, LFPs), and within an information theoretical framework linking FAF and AC spiking activity. We show that in the absence of acoustic stimulation, simultaneously recorded LFPs from FAF and AC are coherent in low frequencies (1-12 Hz). This “default” coupling was strongest in deep AC layers and was unaltered by acoustic stimulation. However, presenting auditory stimuli did trigger the emergence of coherent auditory-evoked gamma-band activity (>25 Hz) between the FAF and AC. In terms of spiking, our results suggest that FAF and AC engage in distinct coding strategies for representing artificial and natural sounds. Taken together, our findings shed light onto the neuronal coding strategies and functional coupling mechanisms that enable sound representation at the network level in the mammalian brain.
Measuring energy-dependent photoelectron escape in microcrystals
Authors: Storm Selina L. S. , Crawshaw Adam D. , Devenish Nicholas E. , Bolton Rachel , Hall David R. , Tews Ivo , Evans Gwyndaf 
Published: December 2019

With the increasing trend of using microcrystals and intense microbeams at synchrotron X-ray beamlines, radiation damage becomes a more pressing problem. Theoretical calculations show that the photoelectrons that primarily cause damage can escape microcrystals. This effect would become more pronounced with decreasing crystal size as well as at higher energies. To prove this effect, data from cryocooled lysozyme crystals of dimensions 5 × 3 × 3 and 20 × 8 × 8 µm mounted on cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) grids were collected at 13.5 and 20.1 keV using a PILATUS CdTe 2M detector, which has a similar quantum efficiency at both energies. Accurate absorbed doses were calculated through the direct measurement of individual crystal sizes using scanning electron microscopy after the experiment and characterization of the X-ray microbeam. The crystal lifetime was then quantified based on the D
1/2 metric. In this first systematic study, a longer crystal lifetime for smaller crystals was observed and crystal lifetime increased at higher X-ray energies, supporting the theoretical predictions of photoelectron escape. The use of detector technologies specifically optimized for data collection at energies above 20 keV allows the theoretically predicted photoelectron escape to be quantified and exploited, guiding future beamline-design choices.
Characterization and functionality of fibre-rich pomaces from the tropical fruit pulp industry
Authors: Medeiros Igor Ucella Dantas de , Aquino Jailane de Souza , Cavalcanti Natália Sufiatti de Holanda , Campos Ana Regina Nascimento , Cordeiro Angela Maria Tribuzy de Magalhães , Damasceno Karla Suzanne Florentino da Silva Chaves , Hoskin Roberta Targino 
Published: December 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the chemical and functional composition of acerola, guava and cashew freeze-dried pomaces.Design/methodology/approachFruit pomaces were obtained from the pulp juice industrial sector and submitted to freeze-drying. Samples were analysed for composition (macronutrients, micronutrients, moisture and ash), technological attributes (morphological, hygroscopicity, retention of oil and water and solubility), bioactive compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanins, anthocyanins, carotenoids and ascorbic acid), antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Total phenolics, brown pigments and antioxidant activity of thermally treated samples were evaluated. Results were presented as mean and standard deviation, and submitted to Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and ANOVA statistical significance follows by Tukey’s post hoc test (p<0.05). Also, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the relationship between selected parameters.FindingsGuava pomace had the highest insoluble fibre (40.6 per cent), protein (13.8 per cent) and lipid (9.3 per cent) contents and acerola higher soluble fibre (14.2 per cent) and water and oil holding capacity (12 and 5.4 g/g, respectively). Cashew pomace had higher solubility (45.3 per cent) and hygroscopicity (11.2 per cent). Acerola pomace had the highest phenolic content (5,331.7 mg AGE/100 g), DPPH and oxygen radical absorbance capacity antioxidant activity (63.3 and 756.6 µmol TE/g). Despite of that none of extracts showed antibacterial activity. All pomaces presented good antioxidant activity retention after thermal treatments (> 70 per cent), which might be correlated to thermally induced brown pigments.Originality/valueThis investigation was motivated by the large amounts of pomaces produced by the fruit pulp and juice processing industries, which represents a waste of residual phytochemicals and cause potential environmental problems. Overall, it was demonstrated that freeze-dried acerola, guava and cashew pomaces are promising ingredients for multiple food applications.
Upgrading at work: employee disposition and cynicism about organizational changes
Authors: Fauzan Rizky 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine potential predictors and moderating relationships involving one type of organizational cynicism – cynicism about organizational transformation (CAOC).

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 137 subjects participated in this study. The participants had been in their current positions at work for an average of 4.77 years and had been with their current organization an average of 7.28 years. CAOC was measured using the 12-item scale (α = 0.86) from Wanous et al.’s (2000) study. The response scale had five points ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.”

Findings
CAOC and negative affectivity were positively correlated, thus supporting H1. H2 was not supported, i.e. subjective change was not related to CAOC, and objective change was actually correlated negatively with CAOC. H3 was not supported, i.e. individuals with a higher organizational commitment will not have a less positive relationship between CAOC and organizational transformation (subjective and objective) than individuals with lower organizational commitment. H4 was not supported, i.e. individuals who perceive a higher degree of petty tyranny will not have a stronger relationship between CAOC and organizational transformation (subjective and objective) than individuals who perceive a lower degree of petty tyranny. H5 was not supported, i.e. individuals who perceive a higher degree of perceived organizational support (POS) will not have a weaker relationship between CAOC and organizational transformation (subjective and objective) than individuals who perceive a lower degree of POS.

Originality/value
The intent of the present study is to examine potential causes of CAOC and potential moderators of the relationships between those antecedents and CAOC. In particular, two variables are proposed as antecedents (negative affectivity with past organizational transformations) and three as moderators (organizational commitment, petty tyranny by supervisors and POS).
Stress and work motivation of primary and secondary school teachers
Authors: Kongcharoen Jinda , Onmek Nutthajit , Jandang Panaya , Wangyisen Sukanya 
Published: December 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the levels of stress and work motivation of primary and secondary school teachers, investigate factors affecting stress of teachers and validate the consistency of the model and empirical data.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consisted of 400 teachers of primary and secondary schools. Questionnaire was implemented as the instrument and the data were analyzed byt-test, ANOVA and confirmatory factor analysis.FindingsThe results indicated that teachers of secondary schools have higher overall stress than teachers of primary schools for many reasons, such as financial issues and work obligations. Stress was found to be significantly positively associated with work motivation in secondary school teachers. The study revealed that demographic and work motivation factors influence teacher stress. The validation of a goodness of fitted model demonstrated an acceptable model fit with empirical data (χ2test/df = 1.913, GFI = 0.934, CFI = 0.965, NFI = 0.930, AGFI = 0.893).Originality/valueTeachers under stress could negatively influence their students’ academic performance and might be more vulnerable to occupational diseases. Therefore, the teachers should find favorite activities that reduce stress and thereby contribute to effective teaching. This study would be beneficial for anyone who works to support teachers and wants to reduce turnover among teachers.
Combination therapy of apremilast and biologics in patients with psoriasis showing biologic fatigue
Authors: Takamura Saori , Sugai Sora , Taguchi Ryokichi , Teraki Yuichi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBiologics have been shown to constitute a highly effective treatment for patients with psoriasis. However, a significant number of patients treated with biologics will discontinue them due to loss of efficacy over time, a phenomenon known as biologic fatigue or secondary failure. Combination therapy of biologics with other agents can be considered as a treatment option in such cases. Information regarding the efficacy and safety of adding apremilast to biologic therapy in patients with psoriasis is limited. In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of apremilast combined with biologics in 14 patients with psoriasis showing biologic fatigue at a single hospital. Before the addition of apremilast, the mean Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score was 3.2 ± 0.4. At week 24 following the addition of apremilast, the mean PASI score decreased to 1.6 ± 0.3, and four (29%) and seven (50%) patients had achieved 75% and 50% reduction in PASI score, respectively. During the 24 weeks of treatment, diarrhea was observed in four patients, and diarrhea and nausea were observed in one patient. Weight loss of more than 5% bodyweight was observed in two patients. None of the patients discontinued therapy because of these side‐effects. These results suggest that the combination therapy of apremilast and biologics could be a safe, effective option for the management of patients with psoriasis showing biologic fatigue.