Electrochemical Behavior of Ti in Molten Fluoride-Oxide System
Authors: Yamanaka Yuka , Morishige Taiki , Takenaka Toshihide 
Published: February 2020

INTRODUCTION
An innovative process of Ti metal production is earnestly required to supply Ti metal sufficiently at a moderate price. Some new production processes have been proposed. Our group has been studying the direct electrolytic production of liquid Ti metal by using a direct-current electro-slag remelting (DC-ESR) unit in a CaF2-CaO-TiO2 melt, and showed that Ti metal in liquid were obtained. In the previous researches, the electro-deposition of Ti by this process was strongly influenced by the electrolytic bath composition.
In this study, the cathodic reaction of Ti in a similar fluoride-oxide melt containing TiO2 was studied to clarify the influence of the bath composition. Cyclic voltammetry was applied in the bath of various compositions, and potentio-static electrolysis was performed to analyze the electrodeposit at the specific potential.
EXPERIMENTAL
The apparatus is schematically illustrated in Fig.1. A eutectic mixture of CaF2-MgF2 (55:45 in mole) was used as an electrolytic bath. CaO and TiO2 were added to control the molar ratio of CaO to TiO2, RCaO/TiO2
, between 0~2. The mixture was fused under a pure Ar atmosphere, and kept at 1273~1373K. Some kinds of crucible material, such as graphite, Mo and BN, were used because there was a possibility that the crucible reacted with the bath.
The cathodic reaction was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). A Mo wire (f1mm) was used as a working electrode, and immersed in the bath at a depth of 5~10mm. A graphite rod (f5mm) was used as a counter electrode. Since no stable reference electrode was reported in this bath, another Mo wire was used as a quasi-reference electrode. The potential of the quasi-reference electrode was calibrated by the zero-current potential determined by Mg deposition and dissolution in the CV. All the potentials are represented versus this potential. Since the current density and the electrode potential should be contained inaccuracy, the CV shape is discussed qualitatively.
Based on the results of the CV measurement, potentio-static electrolysis was performed using a Mo plate electrode, and the electrodeposit was analyzed by XRD.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Fig. 2 shows the change in the CV with RCaO/TiO2
. Reduction current increased below 0.4V in all the baths. The cathodic current in this potential region increased with TiO2 addition, so it was thought to correspond to the reduction of Ti ion. In the bath of RCaO/TiO2
= 1.0, a cathodic current hump was seen around 0.65V. A small hump still appeared around 0.75V in the bath of RCaO/TiO2
= 1.5, while it disappeared in the bath of RCaO/TiO2
= 2.0. Although residual current seems un-negligible in this potential region, the change in the CV shape suggests that the reduction sequence of a Ti ion strongly depends on RCaO/TiO2
.
No remarkable change in the CV shape with the crucible materials was observed at 1373K. The reaction of the crucible materials with TiO2 in the bath seems negligible at this temperature.
The Mo plate electrode was covered with grey deposit after potentio-static electrolysis at 0.4V in the bath of RCaO/TiO
= 1.5. Fig.3 shows a typical XRD pattern of the deposit after rinse with water. Ti metal was detected in the deposit though the ingredients of the bath were contained. This result shows that the reduction to Ti metal occurs below 0.5V.
The results of this study clearly indicate that Ti metal can be electrodeposited in the CaF2-MgF2-CaO-TiO2 bath, and that the reduction mechanism is influenced by the bath composition, that is the molar ratio of CaO to TiO2.