bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flourishing Students: The Efficacy of an Extensive Positive Education Program on Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Affect
Authors: Laakso Mari , Fagerlund Åse , Pesonen Anu-Katriina , Lahti-Nuuttila Pekka , Figueiredo Rejane A. O. , Karlsson Cecilia , Eriksson Johan G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study examined the efficacy of a classroom-based positive education program, Flourishing Students, on early adolescents’ positive and negative affect using a cluster randomized control trial (RCT) design. In total, 140 students (aged 10–12) participated in the study: 72 students participated in 32 well-being lessons during one school year, and 68 students followed the standard curriculum. Positive and negative affect (PANAS questionnaire), and daily positive and negative affect (experience sampling method, ESM) were gathered at baseline and post-intervention. PANAS data was also gathered at a follow-up 5 months after the intervention. Student questionnaire and ESM data indicated that the intervention had a beneficial impact on students’ positive affect and daily negative affect from baseline to post-intervention. No effect was seen in parental reports. Both qualitative data from focus group interviews with students and questionnaires for teachers supported the view that the students benefited from the program. Overall, these results demonstrate a positive effect of the positive education program on increasing positive affect and well-being among early adolescents.
Impact of selected genetic factors on clopidogrel inactive metabolite level and antiplatelet response in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Adamiak-Giera Urszula , Czerkawska Anna , Olędzki Szymon , Kurzawski Mateusz , Safranow Krzysztof , Jastrzębska Maria , Gawrońska-Szklarz Barbara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background and objective
Clopidogrel is frequently used as part of optimal dual antiplatelet therapy in high-bleeding risk patients with the acute coronary syndrome. The concentration of the inactive carboxylic acid metabolite of clopidogrel might be useful to evaluate the response to clopidogrel therapy. Therefore, we sought to correlate the inhibition of platelet aggregation with the plasma level of the inactive metabolite of clopidogrel in patients after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and their associations with the most frequently studied genetic polymorphisms. For this purpose, the fast and simple HPLC method for determining the concentration of the inactive metabolite was developed.

Methods
The effect of CYP2C19, CYP3A4/5, ABCB1 and PON1 genes on the plasma inactive metabolite concentration of clopidogrel and the platelet aggregation was investigated in 155 patients before and after PCI.

Results
The concentration of the inactive metabolite of clopidogrel was not significantly different in the intermediate metabolizers (IM) of CYP2C19 compared with extensive metabolizers (EM) both before and after PCI, while inhibition of platelet aggregation was found to be significantly better in EM than in IM. The presence of the A allele at position 2677 in the ABCB1 gene was associated with a significantly lower concentration of inactive metabolite of clopidogrel before PCI.

Conclusion
The CYP2C19*2 allele was associated with decreased platelet reactivity during clopidogrel therapy before and after PCI. Simultaneous determination of platelet aggregation and concentration of the inactive clopidogrel metabolite may be useful in clinical practice to find the cause of adverse effects or insufficient treatment effect in patients chronically treated with clopidogrel.
Gödel, Tarski and the Lure of Natural Language
Authors: Kennedy Juliette 
Published: December 2020

Is mathematics 'entangled' with its various formalisations? Or are the central concepts of mathematics largely insensitive to formalisation, or 'formalism free'? What is the semantic point of view and how is it implemented in foundational practice? Does a given semantic framework always have an implicit syntax? Inspired by what she calls the 'natural language moves' of Gödel and Tarski, Juliette Kennedy considers what roles the concepts of 'entanglement' and 'formalism freeness' play in a range of logical settings, from computability and set theory to model theory and second order logic, to logicality, developing an entirely original philosophy of mathematics along the way. The treatment is historically, logically and set-theoretically rich, and topics such as naturalism and foundations receive their due, but now with a new twist.
Characterization of the conditional stationary distribution in Markov chains via systems of linear inequalities
Authors: Kimura Masatoshi , Takine Tetsuya 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper considers ergodic, continuous-time Markov chains
$\{X(t)\}_{t \in (\!-\infty,\infty)}$
on
$\mathbb{Z}^+=\{0,1,\ldots\}$
. For an arbitrarily fixed
$N \in \mathbb{Z}^+$
, we study the conditional stationary distribution
$\boldsymbol{\pi}(N)$
given the Markov chain being in
$\{0,1,\ldots,N\}$
. We first characterize
$\boldsymbol{\pi}(N)$
via systems of linear inequalities and identify simplices that contain
$\boldsymbol{\pi}(N)$
, by examining the
$(N+1) \times (N+1)$
northwest corner block of the infinitesimal generator
$\textbf{\textit{Q}}$
and the subset of the first
$N+1$
states whose members are directly reachable from at least one state in
$\{N+1,N+2,\ldots\}$
. These results are closely related to the augmented truncation approximation (ATA), and we provide some practical implications for the ATA. Next we consider an extension of the above results, using the
$(K+1) \times (K+1)$
(
$K > N$
) northwest corner block of
$\textbf{\textit{Q}}$
and the subset of the first
$K+1$
states whose members are directly reachable from at least one state in
$\{K+1,K+2,\ldots\}$
. Furthermore, we introduce new state transition structures called (K, N)-skip-free sets, using which we obtain the minimum convex polytope that contains
$\boldsymbol{\pi}(N)$
.
Limit theorems for assortativity and clustering in null models for scale-free networks
Authors: van der Hofstad Remco , van der Hoorn Pim , Litvak Nelly , Stegehuis Clara 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn important problem in modeling networks is how to generate a randomly sampled graph with given degrees. A popular model is the configuration model, a network with assigned degrees and random connections. The erased configuration model is obtained when self-loops and multiple edges in the configuration model are removed. We prove an upper bound for the number of such erased edges for regularly-varying degree distributions with infinite variance, and use this result to prove central limit theorems for Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the clustering coefficient in the erased configuration model. Our results explain the structural correlations in the erased configuration model and show that removing edges leads to different scaling of the clustering coefficient. We prove that for the rank-1 inhomogeneous random graph, another null model that creates scale-free simple networks, the results for Pearson’s correlation coefficient as well as for the clustering coefficient are similar to the results for the erased configuration model.
Does Class Shape Legislators’ Approach to Inequality and Economic Policy? A Comparative View
Authors: Hemingway Alexander 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDo the class backgrounds of legislators shape their views and actions relating to inequality and economic policy? Building on findings about ‘white-collar government’ in the US, this article examines the relationship between legislators’ class and their attitudes and self-reported behaviour in advanced democracies, drawing on survey data from 15 countries including 73 national and subnational parliaments in Europe and Israel. I find that legislators from business backgrounds are more likely to support income inequality and small government, as well as less likely to consult with labour groups, than those from working-class and other backgrounds. These results are buttressed by analysis of an additional cross-national survey of European legislative candidates’ attitudes, which replicates key findings. Given the skewed class makeup of legislatures in advanced democracies, these findings may be relevant to our understanding of widespread economic and political inequalities that are increasingly salient in many countries.
Seasonally stable temperature gradients through supraglacial debris in the Everest region of Nepal, Central Himalaya
Authors: Rowan Ann V. , Nicholson Lindsey I. , Quincey Duncan J. , Gibson Morgan J. , Irvine-Fynn Tristram D.L. , Watson C. Scott , Wagnon Patrick , Rounce David R. , Thompson Sarah S. , Porter Philip R. , Glasser Neil F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRock debris covers ~30% of glacier ablation areas in the Central Himalaya and modifies the impact of atmospheric conditions on mass balance. The thermal properties of supraglacial debris are diurnally variable but remain poorly constrained for monsoon-influenced glaciers over the timescale of the ablation season. We measured vertical debris profile temperatures at 12 sites on four glaciers in the Everest region with debris thickness ranging from 0.08 to 2.8 m. Typically, the length of the ice ablation season beneath supraglacial debris was 160 days (15 May to 22 October)—a month longer than the monsoon season. Debris temperature gradients were approximately linear (r2 > 0.83), measured as −40°C m–1 where debris was up to 0.1 m thick, −20°C m–1 for debris 0.1–0.5 m thick, and −4°C m–1 for debris greater than 0.5 m thick. Our results demonstrate that the influence of supraglacial debris on the temperature of the underlying ice surface, and therefore melt, is stable at a seasonal timescale and can be estimated from near-surface temperature. These results have the potential to greatly improve the representation of ablation in calculations of debris-covered glacier mass balance and projections of their response to climate change.
New Thylacocephala (Crustacea) assemblage from the Spathian (Lower Triassic) of Majiashan (Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China)
Authors: Ji Cheng , Tintori Andrea , Jiang Dayong , Motani Ryosuke , Confortini Federico 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHere we report and describe a new assemblage of Thylacocephala (Crustacea) from the late Spathian (Early Triassic) of Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China. The assemblage consists of at least three species from different genera: the small-sized Microcaris rectilineatus n. sp. appears the most abundant, while the large-sized Ankitokazocaris sp. and Diplacanthocaris chaohuensis n. gen. n. sp. are rare. A morphometric analysis of the carapace outline separates Diplacanthocaris chaohuensis n. gen. n. sp. from other genera. Along with Ankitokazocaris chaohuensis Ji et al., 2017 and Kitakamicaris sp. from the horizon 28 m above this assemblage, four different genera of Thylacocephala occur in the Chaohu Fauna. With additional materials reported from Japan and North America, the Early Triassic is now known as the period when Thylacocephala reached their highest diversity and widest geographical distribution. Thylacocephala quickly diversified shortly after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction, probably because of their ability to survive in a relatively low-oxygen environment. Thylacocephalan fossils from Chaohu are found in dense concentrations, suggesting they might have constituted a food source for the fishes and marine reptiles in the Chaohu Fauna.UUID: http://zoobank.org/b24e82a7-ea9a-49dc-9c6c-8ad8262db276
RECONSIDERING POOR LAW INSTITUTIONS BY VIRTUALLY RECONSTRUCTING AND RE-VIEWING AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY WORKHOUSE
Authors: OTTAWAY SUSANNAH , MASON AUSTIN 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThere is a fine timber moulded cornice in a front room of the building that was once the House of Industry at Gressenhall, Norfolk, while along the eastern wing of the building one can still see the architectural features of an elegant open arcade. Why were such features included on a structure built to keep the poor at work, where residents spent their days making sacks, spinning, and working in the farm fields that surrounded the institution? Creating a digital 3D model of the 1777 House of Industry has allowed us to peel back the historical residue of the post-1834 Poor Law Union workhouse and re-engage the building's architectural features in their original context. The resulting building's peculiarly elegant characteristics reflect the emerging ambitions and defensiveness characteristic of the newly constituted ‘guardians of the poor’ who constructed it, while its permeable walls indicate considerably lower barriers between the workhouse and the outside world than is generally thought. By applying an innovative, digital humanities methodology to a significant social history topic, this article argues that virtual modelling and traditional archival research can together shape a new approach to the history of the Old Poor Law's institutions for the poor.
Biodiversity conservation in a post-COVID-19 economy
Authors: Sandbrook Chris , Gómez-Baggethun Erik , Adams William M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic extend to global biodiversity and its conservation. Although short-term beneficial or adverse impacts on biodiversity have been widely discussed, there is less attention to the likely political and economic responses to the crisis and their implications for conservation. Here we describe four possible alternative future policy responses: (1) restoration of the previous economy, (2) removal of obstacles to economic growth, (3) green recovery and (4) transformative economic reconstruction. Each alternative offers opportunities and risks for conservation. They differ in the agents they emphasize to mobilize change (e.g. markets or states) and in the extent to which they prioritize or downplay the protection of nature. We analyse the advantages and disadvantages of these four options from a conservation perspective. We argue that the choice of post-COVID-19 recovery strategy has huge significance for the future of biodiversity, and that conservationists of all persuasions must not shrink from engagement in the debates to come.
Affect and iconicity in phonological variation
Authors: D'Onofrio Annette , Eckert Penelope 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe study of iconic properties of language has been marginalized in linguistics, with the assumption that iconicity, linked with expressivity, is external to the grammar. Yet iconicity plays an essential role in sociolinguistic variation. At a basic level, repetition and phonetic intensification can intensify the indexicality of variables. Iconicity plays a further role in variation in the form of sound symbolism, linking properties of sounds with attributes or objects. Production studies have shown some phonological variables exhibiting sound symbolism, particularly in the expression of affect. In some cases, the observation of sound symbolism has been largely interpretive. But in others, stylistic variability as a function of speaker affect has provided empirical evidence of iconicity. This article examines the role of iconicity and performativity in transcending the limits of reference, reviews iconicity in production studies, and provides experimental evidence that sound symbolism influences how listeners attribute affect to linguistic variation. (Variation, iconicity, affect)
Survival rates and reproductive ecology of a reintroduced population of the Asian Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon in Shaanxi Qianhu National Wetland Park, China
Authors: LI MIN , YE XINPING , DONG RONG , ZHANG XUEJING , ZHANG HU , YU XIAOPING 
Published: December 2020

SummaryReintroductions aim to re-establish a viable population within the indigenous range of living organisms, especially of threatened species. The population of the Asian Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon, a well-known ‘Endangered’ bird species, has increased over 100 times since wild populations were rediscovered in 1981, and several reintroduction projects were subsequently carried out in its former range. An experimental release of the Asian Crested Ibis was conducted in Qianhu National Wetland Park located in the southern part of the Loess Plateau, China. It is vitally important to monitor released birds (at least their survival and breeding), to inform subsequent releases in other suitable sites. During extensive post-release monitoring, data on capture-recapture and reproductive status were obtained using banding, radiotelemetry, and field observations. Using the Cormack-Jolly-Seber (C-J-S) model, the average annual survival rates were estimated to be 0.569 (95% CI: 0.353–0.762) for released individuals and 0.643 (95% CI: 0.038–0.987) for all individuals. From 2014 to 2018, a total of 14 breeding pairs produced 28 eggs and 10 fledglings with successful reproduction of the second generation. The mean clutch size was 2.07 ± 0.25 (n = 29), and the breeding success was 34.5%. Predation and poor habitat quality have been shown to be the main factors affecting the reintroduced population at establishment stage. Some management suggestions at the metapopulation and ecosystem levels, including further release, predator control and habitat improvement, have been proposed.
Seed germination ecology of meadow knapweed (Centaurea × moncktonii) populations in New York State, USA
Authors: DiTommaso Antonio , Milbrath Lindsey R. , Marschner Caroline A. , Morris Scott H. , Westbrook Anna S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe introduced meadow knapweed (Centaurea × moncktonii C.E. Britton), a hybrid of black (Centaurea nigra L.) and brown (Centaurea jacea L.) knapweeds, is increasingly common in pastures, meadows, and waste areas across many U.S. states, including New York. We evaluated the effects of temperature, light, seed stratification, scarification, and population on percent germination in four experiments over 2 yr. Percent germination ranged from 3% to 100% across treatment combinations. Higher temperatures (30:20, 25:15, and sometimes 20:10 C day:night regimes compared with 15:5 C) promoted germination, especially when combined with the stimulatory effect of light (14:10 h L:D compared with continuous darkness). Under the three lowest temperature treatments, light increased percent germination by 15% to 86%. Cold-wet seed stratification also increased germination rates, especially at lower germination temperatures, but was not a prerequisite for germination. Scarification did not increase percent germination. Differences between C. × moncktonii populations were generally less significant than differences between temperature, light, and stratification treatments. Taken together, these results indicate that C. × moncktonii is capable of germinating under a broad range of environments, which may have facilitated this species’ range expansion in recent decades. However, C. × moncktonii also shows evidence of germination polymorphism: some seeds will germinate under suboptimal conditions, while others may remain dormant until the abiotic environment improves. Subtle differences in dormancy mechanisms and their relative frequencies may affect phenological traits like the timing of seedling emergence and ultimately shape the sizes and ranges of C. × moncktonii populations.
Theoretical Constraints on Fe Reduction Rates in Upland Soils as a Function of Hydroclimatic Conditions
Authors: Calabrese Salvatore , Barcellos Diego , Thompson Aaron , Porporato Amilcare 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPeriods of high soil wetness promote anaerobic processes such as iron (Fe) reduction within soil microsites, with implications for organic matter decomposition, the fate of pollutants, and nutrient cycling. Here we discuss potential Fe reduction rates emerging from an interplay between the timescales of the internal reactions (Fe oxidation and reduction) and external forcings (length of oxic vs. anoxic conditions), and under no organic substrate and microbial population limitations. We compute the upper bound on Fe reduction and the theoretical maximum reduction rate, which would be reached under “resonant conditions,” whereby the timescales of external forcings match the internal timescales of the redox reactions. The variability of soil oxygen is then linked to rainfall frequency and intensity through soil moisture dynamics, allowing us to determine the hydroclimatic conditions that generate oxic/anoxic cycles that most favor Fe reduction. These predictions are applied to an aseasonal tropical (Luquillo, Puerto Rico, USA) and a seasonal subtropical (Calhoun, SC, USA) humid forests. We show that the tropical site maintains a high potential for Fe reduction throughout the year, due to rapid and frequent transitions between predicted oxic and anoxic microsite conditions, with a potential to reduce up to 1,800 mmol kg−1 soil of Fe per year, while a less humid and seasonal climate in the subtropical site limits maximum reduction rates to 60 mmol kg−1 year−1. This analysis paves the way for a global identification of hot spots of potential Fe reduction using readily available hydroclimatic observations.
Evolutionary and structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 specific evasion of host immunity
Authors: Hussain Irfan , Pervaiz Nashaiman , Khan Abbas , Saleem Shoaib , Shireen Huma , Wei Dong-Qing , Labrie Viviane , Bao Yiming , Abbasi Amir Ali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading fast worldwide. There is a pressing need to understand how the virus counteracts host innate immune responses. Deleterious clinical manifestations of coronaviruses have been associated with virus-induced direct dysregulation of innate immune responses occurring via viral macrodomains located within nonstructural protein-3 (Nsp3). However, no substantial information is available concerning the relationship of macrodomains to the unusually high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show that structural evolution of macrodomains may impart a critical role to the unique pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Using sequence, structural, and phylogenetic analysis, we identify a specific set of historical substitutions that recapitulate the evolution of the macrodomains that counteract host immune response. These evolutionary substitutions may alter and reposition the secondary structural elements to create new intra-protein contacts and, thereby, may enhance the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit host immunity. Further, we find that the unusual virulence of this virus is potentially the consequence of Darwinian selection‐driven epistasis in protein evolution. Our findings warrant further characterization of macrodomain-specific evolutionary substitutions in in vitro and in vivo models to determine their inhibitory effects on the host immune system.