bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jack-of-all-trades paradigm meets long-term data: generalist herbivores are more widespread and locally less abundant
Authors: Sudta Chanchanok , Salcido Danielle M. , Forister Matthew L. , Walla Thomas R. , Villamarín-Cortez Santiago , Dyer Lee A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEcological specialization is one of the most interesting and perplexing attributes of biological systems. While certain macroecological patterns, such as an increase in specialization at lower latitudes, have long been subjects of investigation, there is much yet to be learned about inter-specific variation in specialization within diverse communities. High levels of specialization have been documented for some dominant ecological interactions, such as parasitism and herbivory, but much less is known about the relative abundance of specialists and generalists within those broad functional groups. We examine untested assumptions about the positive association between local abundance and dietary specialization using a 17-year dataset of caterpillar-plant interactions in Ecuador. Our long-term data consist of experimental verification of caterpillar-plant associations and include standardized plot-based samples as well as general, regional collections of caterpillars, allowing for investigations across spatial scales and using different indices of abundance for 1,917 morphospecies of Lepidoptera (“caterpillars”) from 33 families. We find that more specialized caterpillars are locally more abundant than generalists, consistent with a key component of the “jack of all trades, master of none” hypothesis, which has otherwise received poor to mixed support from previous studies that have mostly involved fewer species and shorter time series. At larger scales, generalists achieve greater prevalence across the landscape, and we find some evidence for geographic variation in the abundance-diet breadth relationship, in particular among elevational bands. Interspecific variation in abundance had a negative relationship with diet breadth, with specialists having more variable abundances across species. The interesting result that more specialized species can be both rare and common highlights the ecological complexity of specialization.Statement of authorshipCS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. DMS, MLF and LAD contributed substantially to consequent drafts and revisions. LAD, TRW, SV and DMS collected field data. CS, MLF and LAD generated research questions and designed statistical analyses. CS, DMS, LAD and MLF conducted statistical analyses.Data statementData supporting the results and conclusions can be found on a website caterpillars.org. Statistical analyses supporting the results are available upon request.
Continuouscis-regulatory changes in an advantageous gene are linked with adaptive radiation in cichlid fishes
Authors: Gu Langyu , Li Chenzheng , Mao Xiaobing , Wei Zongfang , Huang Youkui , He Ximin , Zhou Wenjun , Li Li , Wang Deshou 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDeciphering why some lineages produce spectacular radiations while others do not provides important insights into biodiversity, but the molecular basis underlying this process remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a lineage-restricted gene, which we namedlg. Combined omics analyses showed thatlgis under positive selection in the most species-rich lineage of cichlid fishes, the modern haplochromine (MH) lineage, indicating its evolutionary advantage. Using transgenic zebrafish, we functionally showed that a cichlid fish-specific upstream insertion oflgcan drive new and strong eGFP expression in tissues noted for adaptation in the MH lineage, but not in other lineages. Furthermore, the deletion of three MH-specific SNPs within this region can reconstitute weak and limited expression patterns similar to those in non-MH lineages. We thus demonstrated that a series ofcis-regulatory changes in an advantageous gene are linked with a gain of expression that is related to an astonishingly adaptive radiative lineage.
Detection the Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus among Iraqi People
Authors: Khudhair Hasan Abd Ali , Albakaa Ali A. H. , Hussein Khwam R. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide and remains a vital cause of chronic hepatitis. This study was aimed to detect the prevalence of HCV infection among Iraqi people. Four subjects of hemodialysis (HD) patients, thalassemia patients, blood donors and medical staff were enrolled in this study and evaluated for their serum anti-HCV-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-antibodies (Abs). The total frequency % of IgG anti-HCV Abs positivity was 3.2%, in which the highest frequency % was recorded among thalassemia patients followed by HD patients and then medical staff subjects, whereas the lowest frequency rate was reported within blood donors group. The frequencies of IgG anti-HCV Abs positivity were significantly elevated in males compared to females. For age groups, the results revealed higher infection rate of HCV among age group of 1-20 year followed by the age group of 21-40 year and then age group of 41-60 year, whereas the lowest rate of infection was recorded in age group >60 year. In conclusions, the prevalence rate of HCV infection among Iraqi people is similar to those in most of Asian and non-Asian studied populations and the infection rate was higher in males and inversely correlated with age of the patients. Blood transfusion, renal dialysis and health care workers (HCWs) were major sources of HCV infection. Thus, we recommend continuing surveillance of blood donors, HCWs and patients, in addition to HCV markers screening by molecular technique for the diagnosis of HCV during the window period in order to decrease the prevalence of HCV infection.
A highly contiguous genome assembly of a major forest pest, the Eurasian spruce bark beetleIps typographus
Authors: Powell Daniel , Groβe-Wilde Ewald , Krokene Paal , Roy Amit , Chakraborty Amrita , Löfstedt Christer , Vogel Heiko , Andersson Martin N , Schlyter Fredrik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus[L.]), is a major killer of spruce forests across the Palearctic. During epidemics, it can destroy over 100 million cubic meters of spruce trees in a single year. Here we report a 236 Mb, highly contiguousI. typographusgenome assembly using PacBio long-read sequencing. The final phased assembly had a contig N50of 6.65 Mb in 272 contigs and was predicted to contain 23,923 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analysis revealed expanded gene families associated with plant cell wall degradation, including pectinases, aspartyl proteases, and glycosyl hydrolases. In today’s forests, increasingly stressed by global warming, this resource can assist in mitigating bark beetle outbreaks by developing novel pest control strategies. Further, this first whole-genome sequence from the genusIpsprovides timely resources to address important questions about the evolutionary biology and ecology of Curculionidae, the true weevils, one of the largest animal families.
Correcting MEG artifacts caused by overt speech
Authors: Abbasi Omid , Steingräber Nadine , Gross Joachim 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecording brain activity during speech production using magnetoencephalography (MEG) can help us to understand the dynamics of speech production. However, these measurements are challenging due to the induced artifacts coming from several sources such as facial muscle activity, lower jaw and head movements. Here, we aimed to characterise speech-related artifacts and subsequently present an approach to remove these artifacts from MEG data. We recorded MEG from 11 healthy participants while they pronounced various syllables in different loudness. Head positions/orientations were extracted during speech production to investigate its role in MEG distortions. Finally, we present an artifact rejection approach using the combination of regression analysis and signal space projection (SSP) in order to correct the induced artifact from MEG data. Our results show that louder speech leads to stronger head movements and stronger MEG distortions. Our proposed artifact rejection approach could successfully remove the speech-related artifact and retrieve the underlying neurophysiological signals. As the presented artifact rejection approach was shown to remove artifacts induced by overt speech in the MEG, it will facilitate research addressing the neural basis of speech production with MEG.
De novoactivated transcription of inserted foreign coding sequences is inheritable in the plant genome
Authors: Hata Takayuki , Takada Naoto , Hayakawa Chihiro , Kazama Mei , Uchikoba Tomohiro , Tachikawa Makoto , Matsuo Mitsuhiro , Satoh Soichirou , Obokata Junichi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe manner in which inserted foreign coding sequences become transcriptionally activated and fixed in the plant genome is poorly understood. To examine such processes of gene evolution, we performed an artificial evolutionary experiment inArabidopsis thaliana. As a model of gene-birth events, we introduced a promoterless coding sequence of the firefly luciferase (LUC) gene and established 386 T2-generation transgenic lines. Among them, we determined the individualLUCinsertion loci in 76 lines and found that one-third of them were transcribedde novoeven in the intergenic or inherently unexpressed regions. In the transcribed lines, transcription-related chromatin marks were detected across the newly activated transcribed regions. These results agreed with our previous findings inA. thalianacultured cells under a similar experimental scheme. A comparison of the results of the T2-plant and cultured cell experiments revealed that thede novo-activated transcription concomitant with local chromatin remodelling was inheritable. During one-generation inheritance, it seems likely that the transcription activities of theLUCinserts trapped by the endogenous genes/transcripts became stronger, while those ofde novotranscription in the intergenic/untranscribed regions became weaker. These findings may offer a clue for the elucidation of the mechanism by which inserted foreign coding sequences become transcriptionally activated and fixed in the plant genome.
β-catenin signaling via astrocyte-encoded TCF7L2 regulates neuronal excitability and social behavior
Authors: Mateusz Szewczyk Lukasz , Andrzej Lipiec Marcin , Ewa Liszewska , Joanna Urban-Ciecko , Ludwika Kondrakiewicz , Puscian Alicja , Ewelina Knapska , Hiromi Inoue , Jan Nowakowski Tomasz , Victoria Molofsky Anna , Marta Barbara Wiśniewska 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAstrocytes play essential roles in supporting neuronal activity and synapse formation; however, mechanisms by which these functions are regulated are unclear. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in brain development and is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We sought to investigate if some impacts of Wnt signaling are mediated via astrocytes. Here we show that the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is active in postnatal cortical astrocytes and that its effector, the transcription factor TCF7L2 –is expressed in astrocyte lineage cells during embryonic and postnatal development in both mouse and human. Astrocyte-specific deletion ofTcf7l2in the early postnatal period led to alterations in astrocyte morphology, membrane depolarization and decreased cortical neuron excitability. Mice with the conditional knockout exhibited increased sociability and social preference in a naturalistic setting. Taken together, these data reveal a key role of astrocytic Wnt signaling in shaping postnatal neuronal development and adult social behavior.
Histone H1 protects telomeric repeats from H3K27me3 invasion inArabidopsis
Authors: Teano Gianluca , Concia Lorenzo , Wolff Léa , Carron Léopold , Biocanin Ivona , Adamusová Kateřina , Fojtová Miloslava , Bourge Michael , Kramdi Amira , Colot Vincent , Grossniklaus Ueli , Bowler Chris , Baroux Célia , Carbone Alessandra , Probst Aline V. , Procházková Schrumpfová Petra , Fajkus Jiří , Amiard Simon , Grob Stefan , Bourbousse Clara , Barneche Fredy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhile the pivotal role of linker histone H1 in shaping nucleosome organization is well established, its functional interplays with chromatin factors along the epigenome are just starting to emerge. Here we first report that inArabidopsis, as in mammals, H1 occupies Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) target genes where it favors chromatin condensation and H3K27me3 deposition. We further show that, contrasting with its conserved function in PRC2 activation at genes, H1 selectively prevents H3K27me3 accumulation at telomeres and large pericentromeric interstitial telomeric repeat (ITR) domains by restricting DNA accessibility to Telomere Repeat Binding (TRB) proteins, a group of H1-related Myb factors mediating PRC2cisrecruitment. This study unveils a mechanistic framework by which H1 avoids the formation of gigantic H3K27me3-rich domains at telomeric sequences and contributes to safeguard nucleus architecture.Abstract FigureTeano et al. report that that linker histone H1 and a group of H1-related telomeric proteins interplay to selectively influence thePolycombrepressive landscape at genes and telomeric repeats inArabidopsis. These findings provide a mechanistic framework by which H1 influences the epigenome and nuclear organization in a sequence-specific manner.HighlightsH1 promotes PRC2 activity and limits accessibility at a majority of genesH1 prevents PRC2 activity at telomeric DNA sequencesPRC2 repression is achieved by restricting accessibility to TRB proteinsH1 orchestrates the spatial organization of telomeres and interstitial telomeres (ITRs)
A novel direct resolution method for coupled systems in finite element analysis
Authors: Boutora Youcef , Takorabet Noureddine 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to propose a novel direct method for indefinite algebraic linear systems. It is well adapted for sparse linear systems, such as those of two-dimensional (2-D) finite elements problems, especially for coupled systems.

Design/methodology/approach
The proposed method is developed on an example of an indefinite symmetric matrix. The algorithm of the method is given next, and a comparison between the numbers of operations required by the method and the Cholesky method is also given. Finally, an application on a magnetostatic problem for classical methods (Gauss and Cholesky) shows the relative efficiency of the proposed method.

Findings
The proposed method can be used advantageously for 2-D finite elements in stepping methods without using a block decomposition of matrices.

Research limitations/implications
This method is advantageous for direct linear solving for 2-D problems, but it is not recommended at this time for three-dimensional problems.

Originality/value
The proposed method is the first direct solver for algebraic linear systems proposed since more than a half century. It is not limited for symmetric positive systems such as many of direct and iterative methods.
Use of current sheet coupled to an analytical tool to analyze by FEM the harmonic content of armature winding ditribution
Authors: Marault Jérôme , Tounzi Abdelmounaïm , Gillon Frédéric , Hecquet Michel 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
For a given rotor, the study of the impact of stator MMF from different winding distributions is usually carried out using analytical model under some simplifying hypotheses to limit time computation. To get more accurate results, finite element model is thus more suitable. However, testing different combinations of stator windings with the same rotor can be tedious when considering the stator slots. Indeed, this introduces mesh constraint, reluctance variation of the air gap and possibly taking into account of the connection between stator coils. To avoid this, a current sheet supplied such to represent the stator MMF and spread all around the inner slotless stator surface can be used. In addition, such an approach can be very useful to didactically assess the effect of each winding space harmonic on machine performance separately. The purpose of this paper is to use a current sheet coupled to an external analytical tool in order to easily test different windings or to quantify the effect of a given spatial harmonic of the winding.

Design/methodology/approach
In the proposed approach, the current sheet supply is obtained from an analytical tool that allows determining the spatiotemporal stator MMF of any winding considered. Moreover, stator teeth height is not modelled, and only the thickness of the stator yoke is considered along with the same air gap thickness. Results with the proposed approach are compared to the real stator modelling for two different winding configurations. Last, linear and non-linear magnetic material behaviours are investigated to validate the proposed approach in term of magnetic distribution.

Findings
For both studied cases, results in term of local and global physical quantities show good agreement between the real stator modelling and the proposed approach.

Originality/value
Current sheet is used with finite element model to study the inherent effect of different winding configurations on local and global physical quantities of an AC electrical machine. The proposed approach avoids the constraints in terms of stator slot geometry and electrical circuit definition. This is very useful to quickly test different winding configurations or to isolate a specific winding space harmonic to quantify its effect on the electrical performances. This cannot be performed using classical modelling as all space harmonics are taken into account.
Pitfalls of a fledgling venture, Fetakart: in search of a viable business model
Authors: Singh Abhinava S. , Shah Mayur , Pathak Priyanka 
Published: November 2020

Learning outcomes
The learning outcomes include to identify and discuss important personality characteristics of an entrepreneur, to explore the business planning pitfalls that torment many new ventures and to understand key concepts of business model thinking.

Case overview/synopsis
The case is about Fetakart, a one-year old venture, which offered custom designed and printed t-shirts in Gujarat, India. The venture was launched by Himanshu Dhadnekar in 2018. Himanshu was a young first-generation entrepreneur who displayed entrepreneurial characteristics since his school days. Later, he was involved with a few failed startups, worked as an employee in different companies and curated new ventures. Fetakart was born out of another venture, MotivPrints, which sold a large variety of custom designed and high-quality printed products such as visiting cards, office essentials, apparels, packaging and marketing material. At MotivPrints, Himanshu discovered the market for customized t-shirts in India but with very little knowledge of the business model or capabilities of leading players such as Bewakoof.com. The venture started struggling and faced several problems including high cost demands by manufacturers and lack of funding. Where did Fetakart go wrong? Was Fetakart born out of impulse? Did Himanshu have a viable business model for Fetakart?

Complexity academic level
The case can be discussed in the class of entrepreneurship at master’s level. It can also be used in entrepreneurship specialization course and strategic management elective(s) in the second year of post-graduation. The case can be particularly useful for young entrepreneurs associated as incubatees with a business incubator and for an executive development program related to new ventures.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
Safeguarding children under Covid-19: What are we learning?
Authors: Pearce Jenny , Miller Chris 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify and share learning about safeguarding children under Covid-19 drawn from a series of webinars held by the Association of Safeguarding Partners (www.theASP.org.uk). The learning is relevant for health, police, local authority and other relevant safeguarding agencies and includes sharing information about both the challenges and opportunities presented during the Covid-19 pandemic. By creating a webinar lead community of learning, lessons can be drawn that will help safeguard children during the remaining of the pandemic and during the release of lockdown as it emerges.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper summarises themes from discussions within three webinars run by The Association of Safeguarding Partners (TASP) (www.theASP.org.uk). Each webinar was attended by between 60 and 80 participants, sessions involving presentations and discussions on topics such as “managing safeguarding reviews at a distance”, “the impact on early years’ provision” and “how work with families and children has changed with remote working methods”. With the participants’ consent, webinars were recorded, and these can be viewed on www.theasp.co.uk. Webinars were supported by an on-line programme: “meeting sphere” capturing comments in a “chat” facility and providing capacity for participants to collectively code comments into themes.

Findings
Findings from the webinars note concerns about continuing and undetected abuse of children within and outside of the home; about the changing nature of criminal exploitation; and about the strains created by social distancing on children in families experiencing problems with poor mental health, drug and alcohol misuse and domestic abuse. Findings include some important lessons, including the discovery of innovative ways of working, the rapid collation of data across partnerships and about different methods of engaging with children, young people and families. Findings include suggestions about the impact of changes on the future safeguarding of children.

Originality/value
There is little published discussion of the implications of Covid-19 on practitioners working on safeguarding children. While some research is emerging, there have been few opportunities for practitioners to listen to emerging practice ideas under Covid-19 or to discuss in an informal context how to address the new and emerging problems in safeguarding children. This think piece contains original material from webinars held with safeguarding children practitioners and is valuable for those working to safeguard children during and post Covid-19.