bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How the apple escaped cultivation in North America
Authors: Gross Briana L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDomesticated plants have been transported around the globe through their association with humans and have undergone changes in response to their new environments. In many regions, farmers and, later, plant breeders have developed local landraces to deal with the new conditions or to satisfy the culinary needs of consumers, showing the versatility of these plants and the ingenuity of plant breeders, both ancient and modern. However, in some cases, plants leave behind their human associations and become feral in either the crop fields or natural landscape of the new region. The evolution of ferality has been studied in some crop systems, with many advances made in our understanding of annual crop ferality (e.g., Burger, Lee, & Ellstrand, 2006; Hegde et al., 2006). In contrast, very little is known about the genetics of feral perennial crops, and the study by Cronin, Kron, and Husband (2020) in this issue of Molecular Ecology sheds new light on this type of evolution, revealing the remarkable ability of domesticated apple (Malus domestica) to thrive and reproduce in North America without genetic input from local species.
COVID‐19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Koehler Philipp , Cornely Oliver A. , Böttiger Bernd W. , Dusse Fabian , Eichenauer Dennis A. , Fuchs Frieder , Hallek Michael , Jung Norma , Klein Florian , Persigehl Thorsten , Rybniker Jan , Kochanek Matthias , Böll Boris , Shimabukuro‐Vornhagen Alexander 
Published: April 2020

SummaryObjectivesPatients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to viral infection are at risk for secondary complications like invasive aspergillosis. Our study evaluates coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) associated invasive aspergillosis at a single centre in Cologne, Germany.MethodsA retrospective chart review of all patients with COVID‐19 associated ARDS admitted to the medical or surgical intensive care unit at the University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.ResultsCOVID‐19 associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was found in five of 19 consecutive critically ill patients with moderate to severe ARDS.ConclusionClinicians caring for patients with ARDS due to COVID‐19 should consider invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and subject respiratory samples to comprehensive analysis to detect co‐infection.
Association between maximum tongue pressure and swallowing safety and efficacy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Pizzorni Nicole , Ginocchio Daniela , Bianchi Federica , Feroldi Sarah , Vedrodyova Miriam , Mora Gabriele , Schindler Antonio 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundOropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is common in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), leading to a reduction of swallowing safety and efficacy. The tongue has an important role in swallowing function for oral processing and bolus propulsion through the pharynx. The study aims to analyze the association between instrumental findings of OD and tongue pressure.MethodsPatients with ALS referred for fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) were recruited. FEES was conducted to test swallowing function with liquid (5, 10, and 20 ml), semisolid (5, 10, and 20 ml), and solid. FEES recordings were assessed for swallowing safety, using the penetration‐aspiration scale (PAS), and for swallowing efficacy, using the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale (YPRSRS). PAS scores >2 were suggestive of penetration, PAS scores >5 of aspiration, and YPRSRS scores >2 of residue. Maximum tongue pressure (MTP) and tongue endurance were measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Tongue pressure measurements were compared between patients with and without penetration, aspiration, or residue.Key resultsFifty‐five patients with ALS were included. Mean MTP was 29.7 kPa, and median tongue endurance was 10 seconds. Patients with residue in the pyriform sinus had a significantly lower MTP than patients without residue in the pyriform sinus with semisolids 10 ml (P = .011) and 20 ml (P = .032). Patients with a tongue endurance <10 seconds exhibited higher frequency of penetration with liquids 5 ml (P = .046), liquids 10 ml (P = .015), and solids (P = .22).Conclusion and inferencesIn patients with ALS, MTP is significantly associated with an impairment of swallowing efficacy and tongue endurance was significantly associated with an impairment of swallowing safety.
Machine learning predicts large scale declines in native plant phylogenetic diversity
Authors: Park Daniel S. , Willis Charles G. , Xi Zhenxiang , Kartesz John T. , Davis Charles C. , Worthington Steven 
Published: April 2020

Summary

Though substantial effort has gone into predicting how global climate change will impact biodiversity patterns, the scarcity of taxon‐specific information has hampered the efficacy of these endeavors. Further, most studies analyzing spatiotemporal patterns of biodiversity focus narrowly on species richness.

We apply machine learning approaches to a comprehensive vascular plant database for the United States and generate predictive models of regional plant taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in response to a wide range of environmental variables.

We demonstrate differences in predicted patterns and potential drivers of native vs nonnative biodiversity. In particular, native phylogenetic diversity is likely to decrease over the next half century despite increases in species richness. We also identify that patterns of taxonomic diversity can be incongruent with those of phylogenetic diversity.

The combination of macro‐environmental factors that determine diversity likely varies at continental scales; thus, as climate change alters the combinations of these factors across the landscape, the collective effect on regional diversity will also vary. Our study represents one of the most comprehensive examinations of plant diversity patterns to date and demonstrates that our ability to predict future diversity may benefit tremendously from the application of machine learning.
Effect of clear aligners on oral health‐related quality of life: A systematic review
Authors: Zhang Bo , Huang Xinqi , Huo Sibei , Zhang Chenghao , Zhao Sen , Cen Xiao , Zhao Zhihe 
Published: April 2020

AbstractClear aligners have been frequently applied in orthodontic clinic practice. However, its effect on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) compared with fixed appliance treatment (FAT) remains inconclusive. This systematic review aimed to compare the impacts of clear aligner treatment (CAT) with FAT on patients’ OHRQoL. Electronic searches of databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Medline, two Chinese databases and six grey literature databases) were conducted up to July 2019. Randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, cohort studies and cross‐sectional studies comparing the impact of CAT and FAT on OHRQoL with validated instruments were included. Extraction of data and assessment of the risk of bias were conducted using ROBINS‐I‐tool, Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale and ROB 2.0 based on study design. Of the 1112 records initially identified, 2 studies were included in this review. One study evaluated OHRQoL at the last debonding appointment, while the other made evaluation at the early stage of treatment. In the aspect of functional dimensions, both studies reported less eating disturbance in CAT patients than FAT ones. Based on currently limited information, the effect of CAT on the overall OHRQoL compared to FTA was still inconclusive. In individual dimensions, however, weak evidence supported that CAT might cause less eating disturbance than FAT. More high‐quality clinical trials using validated OHRQoL instruments are needed to draw more reliable conclusions in the effect of CAT and FAT on OHRQoL.
Presidential Rhetoric and Populism
Authors: Çinar Ipek , Stokes Susan , Uribe Andres 
Published: April 2020

AbstractScholars and the general public have been struck by the norm‐shattering rhetoric of President Donald J. Trump. His “rhetorical signature” is heavy with Manichean good‐versus‐evil messages, vilification of his opponents, and disdain for institutions and for evidence. But many politicians vilify their opponents and style themselves as uniquely able to solve their society's problems. In fact, Trump's Manichean discourse is typical of populist leaders, in the United States and around the world. Using text‐as‐data analysis of campaign rhetoric, we study the content and mood of presidential campaign speeches by a range of U.S. politicians, which allows a broader perspective not only on the uniqueness of Trump's rhetoric, but also its continuities with the rhetoric of others. This analysis allows us to define Trump as a right‐wing populist. Right‐wing populists, like left‐leaning ones, are anti‐elitist and Manichean in words and outlook. However, the two versions of populism differ in the nature of the anti‐elitism, with right‐wing populists targeting political elites and left‐wing ones targeting economic elites. Right‐wing populists also define the “other” as ethnic out‐groups, who threaten the ethnically pure “people.”
On the relation between conceptual engineering and conceptual ethics
Authors: Burgess Alexis , Plunkett David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn recent years, there has been growing discussion amongst philosophers about “conceptual engineering”. Put roughly, conceptual engineering concerns the assessment and improvement of concepts, or of other devices we use in thought and talk (e.g., words). This often involves attempts to modify our existing concepts (or other representational devices), and/or our practices of using them. This paper explores the relation between conceptual engineering and conceptual ethics, where conceptual ethics is taken to encompass normative and evaluative questions about concepts, words, and other broadly “representational” and/or “inferential” devices we use in thought and talk. We take some of the central questions in conceptual ethics to concern which concepts we should use and what words should mean, and why. We put forward a view of conceptual engineering in terms of the following three activities: conceptual ethics, conceptual innovation, and conceptual implementation. On our view, conceptual engineering can be defined in terms of these three activities, but not in a straightforward, Boolean way. Conceptual engineering, we argue, is made up of mereologically complex activities whose parts fall into the categories associated with each of these three different activities.
Big Data and Predictive Analytics in Fire Risk Using Weather Data
Authors: Agarwal Puneet , Tang Junlin , Narayanan Adithya Narayanan Lakshmi , Zhuang Jun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe objective of this article is to study the impact of weather on the damage caused by fire incidents across the United States. The article uses two sets of big data—‐fire incidents data from the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) and weather data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)—to obtain a single comprehensive data set for prediction and analysis of fire risk. In the article, the loss is referred to as “Total Percent Loss,” a metric that is calculated based on the content and property loss incurred by an owner over the total value of content and property. Gradient boosting tree (GBT), a machine learning algorithm, is implemented on the processed data to predict the losses due to fire incidents. An R2 value of 0.933 and mean squared error (MSE) of 124.641 out of 10,000 signify the extent of high predictive accuracy obtained by implementing the GBT model. In addition to this, an excellent predictive performance demonstrated by the GBT model is further validated by a strong fitting between the predicted loss and the actual loss for the test data set, with an R2 value of 0.97. While analyzing the influence of each input variable on the output, it is observed that the state in which a fire incident takes place plays a major role in determining fire risk. This article provides useful insights to fire managers and researchers in the form of a detailed framework of big data and predictive analytics for effective management of fire risk.
The influence of basin setting and turbidity current properties on the dimensions of submarine lobe elements
Authors: Spychala Yvonne T. , Eggenhuisen Joris T. , Tilston Mike , Pohl Florian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSubmarine lobes have been identified within various deep‐water settings, including the basin‐floor, the base of slope and the continental slope. Their dimensions and geometries are postulated to be controlled by the topographic configuration of the seabed, sediment supply system and slope gradient. Ten experiments were conducted in a three‐dimensional‐flume to study the depositional characteristics of submarine lobes associated with: (i) different basin floor gradients (0 to 4°); (ii) different sediment concentrations of the parent turbidity current (11 to 19% vol); and (iii) varying discharge (25 to 40 m3 h−1). Most runs produced lobate deposits that onlapped onto the lower slope. Deposit length was proportional to basin‐floor angle and sediment volume concentration. A higher amount of bypass is observed in the proximal area as the basin‐floor angles get steeper and sediment concentrations higher. Deposits of runs with lower discharge could be traced higher upslope while runs with higher discharge produced an area of low deposition behind the channel mouth, i.e. discharge controlled whether lobe deposits were attached or detached from their channel‐levée systems. A particle‐advection‐length scale analysis suggests that this approach can be used as a first order estimation of lobe element length. However, the estimations strongly depend on the average grain size used for calculations (for example, silt is still actively transported after all sand has been deposited) and the method cannot be used to locate the main depocentre. Furthermore, attempted reconstructions of turbidity current velocities from natural systems suggest that the method is not appropriate for use in inversions from more complex composite bodies such as lobes.
Segmental duplications are hot spots of copy number variants affecting barley gene content
Authors: Bretani Gianluca , Rossini Laura , Ferrandi Chiara , Russell Joanne , Waugh Robbie , Kilian Benjamin , Bagnaresi Paolo , Cattivelli Luigi , Fricano Agostino 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYCopy number variants (CNVs) are pervasive in several animal and plant genomes and contribute to shaping genetic diversity. In barley, there is evidence that changes in gene copy number underlie important agronomic traits. The recently released reference sequence of barley represents a valuable genomic resource for unveiling the incidence of CNVs that affect gene content and for identifying sequence features associated with CNV formation. Using exome sequencing and read count data, we detected 16 605 deletions and duplications that affect barley gene content by surveying a diverse panel of 172 cultivars, 171 landraces, 22 wild relatives and other 32 uncategorized domesticated accessions. The quest for segmental duplications (SDs) in the reference sequence revealed many low‐copy repeats, most of which overlap predicted coding sequences. Statistical analyses revealed that the incidence of CNVs increases significantly in SD‐rich regions, indicating that these sequence elements act as hot spots for the formation of CNVs. The present study delivers a comprehensive genome‐wide study of CNVs affecting barley gene content and implicates SDs in the molecular mechanisms that lead to the formation of this class of CNVs.
Pooling, room temperature, and extended storage time increase the release of adult‐specific biologic response modifiers in platelet concentrates: a hidden transfusion risk for neonates?
Authors: Waubert de Puiseau Miriam , Sciesielski Lina K. , Meyer Oliver , Liu Zhi‐Jian , Badur Chiara‐Aiyleen , Schönfeld Helge , Tauber Rudolf , Pruß Axel , Sola‐Visner Martha C. , Dame Christof 
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUNDAdult donor platelets (PLTs) are frequently transfused to prevent or stop bleeding in neonates with thrombocytopenia. There is evidence for PLT transfusion–related morbidity and mortality, leading to the hypothesis on immunomodulatory effects of transfusing adult PLTs into neonates. Candidate factors are biologic response modifiers (BRMs) that are expressed at higher rates in adult than in neonatal PLTs. This study investigated whether storage conditions or preparation methods impact on the release of those differentially expressed BRMs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPooled PLT concentrates (PCs) and apheresis PCs (APCs) were stored under agitation for up to 7 days at room temperature (RT) or at 2 to 8°C. The BRMs CCL5/RANTES, TGFβ1, TSP1, and DKK1 were measured in PCsʼ supernatant, lysate, and corresponding plasma. PLT function was assessed by light transmission aggregometry.RESULTSConcerning the preparation method, higher concentrations of DKK1 were found in pooled PCs compared to APCs. In supernatants, the concentrations of CCL5, TGFβ1, TSP1, and DKK1 significantly increased, both over standard (≤4 days) and over extended storage times (7 days). Each of the four BRMs showed an up to twofold increase in concentration after storage at RT compared to cold storage (CS). There was no difference in the aggregation capacity.CONCLUSIONThis analysis shows that the release of adult‐specific BRMs during storage is lowest in short‐ and CS APCs. Our study points to strategies for reducing the exposure of sick neonates to BRMs that can be specifically associated to PLT transfusion–related morbidity.
Characterization of Limit State for Seismic Fragility Assessment of T-Joints in Piping System
Authors: Dubey Ankit R. , Gupta Abhinav , Cho Sung Gook 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Fragility assessment requires characterization of a component or system's performance through a performance function/limit-state equation. The exceedance of limit-state is representative of failure or damage state. For the purposes of evaluating piping fragility, characterizing the behavior of T-joints through an appropriate performance function is critical, as failures in piping are generally localized at the location of T-joints, elbows, and nozzles. Past studies have utilized a monotonic rotation-based performance function. However, the existing criteria does not account for the effect of cyclic behavior. As observed during prior experimental studies, the T-joint behavior under cyclic loading is different from that under monotonic loading, and therefore, it is important to include the effects of cyclic behavior while characterizing a performance function. Moreover, the monotonic rotation-based performance function could not replicate all the leakage locations observed during experimental studies on a full-scale two-story piping system. Therefore, it is important to develop a new limit-state for accurate piping fragility assessment. This paper presents the development of a new limit state which considers the cyclic behavior of a T-joint and quantifies the number of cycles to failure.
Heat Transfer and Hydraulic Resistance in Turbulent Flow in Vertical Round Tubes at Supercritical Pressures—Part 1: Results From Numerical Simulations Using Algebraic Turbulent Viscosity Models
Authors: Yankov Georgy G. , Kurganov Vladimir A. , Zeigarnik Yury A. , Maslakova Irina V. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The review of numerical studies on supercritical pressure (SCP) coolants heat transfer and hydraulic resistance in turbulent flow in vertical round tubes based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and different models for turbulent viscosity is presented. The paper is the first part of the general analysis, the works based on using algebraic turbulence models of different complexity are considered in it. The main attention is paid to Petukhov–Medvetskaya and Popov et al. models. They were developed especially for simulating heat transfer in tubes of the coolants with significantly variable properties (droplet liquids, gases, and SCP fluids) under heating and cooling conditions. These predictions were verified on the entire reliable experimental database known at that time (the data for SCP H2O, CO2, N2, He, etc.). It is shown that in the case of turbulent flow in vertical round tubes, these models make it possible predicting heat transfer and hydraulic resistance characteristics of SCP flows that agree well with the existed reliable experimental data on normal and certain modes of deteriorated heat transfer, if significant influence of buoyancy and radical flow restructuring are absent. In addition, due to their relative simplicity and clearness, these methods made it possible recognizing certain important physical effects, which are useful for constructing advanced models of SCP-liquid thermohydraulics. For the more complicated cases than a flow in round vertical tubes, as well as for the case of rather strong buoyancy effect, more sophisticated prediction techniques must be applied.
“Don’t Be Stupid, Stupid!” Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques to Reduce Irrational Beliefs and Enhance Focus in a Youth Tennis Player
Authors: Sille Richard A. , Turner Martin J. , Eubank Martin R. 
Published: April 2020

This case reports the intervention approach the first author adopted while working with a youth tennis player. The athlete held irrational beliefs and was struggling to maintain emotional control. The neophyte sport psychology practitioner adopted a cognitive-behavioral approach to practice. The intervention focused on (a) using rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) to replace unhelpful beliefs about unforced errors with a new rational philosophy and (b) using a distraction-control plan to restructure the player’s thoughts and beliefs in relation to opponents’ perceived gamesmanship. Intervention effectiveness was evaluated through qualitative data from the athlete and his parents and the reflections of the practitioner. Feedback suggests that REBT and distraction-control plans can be effective in helping youth athletes manage their thought patterns and improve emotional control during competition. This case also demonstrates the importance of practitioners’ having a flexible and adaptable approach to practice—one that meets individual client needs.