bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of polymer matrix blends on thermal and mechanical properties of boron nitride composites
Authors: Zhou Tony , Smith Matthew K. , Berenguer Joao Paulo , Quill Tyler J. , Cola Baratunde A. , Kalaitzidou Kyriaki , Bougher Thomas L. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTTo improve mechanical and thermal properties of a hexagonal boron nitride platelet filled polymer composites, maleic anhydride was studied as a coupling agent and compatibilizer. Injection molded blends of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), and maleic anhydride with boron nitride filler were tested for thermal conductivity and impact strength to determine whether adding maleic anhydride improved interfacial interactions between matrix and filler and between the polymers. Adding both HDPE and maleic anhydride to ABS as the matrix of the composite resulted in a 40% improvement in impact strength without a decrease in thermal conductivity when compared to an ABS matrix. The best combination of thermal conductivity and impact strength was using pure HDPE as the matrix material. The effective medium theory model is used to help explain how strong filler alignment helps achieve high thermal conductivity, greater than 5 W/m K for 60 wt % boron nitride. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48661.
Cranial Musculature in Herbivorous Dinosaurs: A Survey of Reconstructed Anatomical Diversity and Feeding Mechanisms
Authors: Nabavizadeh Ali 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTHerbivorous dinosaurs exhibited diverse cranial feeding mechanisms. Although osteological, microwear, and biomechanical research has revealed some of this diversity, the evolutionary reorientation of cranial musculature throughout nonavian herbivorous Dinosauria and its influence on feeding mechanisms requires more study. Here, cranial muscle reconstructions in herbivorous dinosaurs are reviewed and informative anatomical characters are compared across 142 dinosaur genera (84 ornithischians, 36 sauropodomorphs, and 22 herbivorous nonavian theropods), both through examination of specimens and literature. Traits include those relating to the temporal region, adductor chamber, palate, and mandibular attachments, such as the coronoid elevation and retroarticular process. Findings reveal many combinations of anatomical traits influencing a diversity of feeding mechanisms. Some primarily more orthal feeders, including herbivorous theropods, nonsauropod sauropodomorphs, basal ornithischians, and derived stegosaurs (which also show varying degrees of coinciding slight palinal motion and long‐axis hemimandibular rotation), possess traits indicative of more prominent temporal musculature and moderately sized palatal musculature. However, orthal feeding sauropods and pachycephalosaurs possess traits indicative of greatly reduced, low‐angled temporal musculature, and enhanced palatal musculature producing a primarily vertical, orthal feeding vector. Among ankylosaurs, hadrosaurids, and neoceratopsians, a rostrolabial temporal muscle expansion is present (with a tall coronoid elevation in hadrosaurids and ceratopsids) for greater temporal muscle support and mechanical advantage for complex palinal feeding motions. This also aids in long‐axis hemimandibular rotation against the predentary in hadrosaurs and ankylosaurs. This diversity in cranial muscle architecture provides an informative spectrum of numerous adaptations acquired given the evolution of various anatomical constraints in the skull. Anat Rec, 303:1104–1145, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Role of alternative splicing signatures in the prognosis of glioblastoma
Authors: Xie Zu‐cheng , Wu Hua‐yu , Dang Yi‐wu , Chen Gang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing evidence has validated the crucial role of alternative splicing (AS) in tumors. However, comprehensive investigations on the entirety of AS and their clinical value in glioblastoma (GBM) are lacking.MethodsThe AS profiles and clinical survival data related to GBM were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify survival‐associated AS events. A risk score was calculated, and prognostic signatures were constructed using seven different types of independent prognostic AS events, respectively. The Kaplan‐Meier estimator was used to display the survival of GBM patients. The receiver operating characteristic curve was applied to compare the predictive efficacy of each prognostic signature. Enrichment analysis and protein interactive networks were conducted using the gene symbols of the AS events to investigate important processes in GBM. A splicing network between splicing factors and AS events was constructed to display the potential regulatory mechanism in GBM.ResultsA total of 2355 survival‐associated AS events were identified. The splicing prognostic model revealed that patients in the high‐risk group have worse survival rates than those in the low‐risk group. The predictive efficacy of each prognostic model showed satisfactory performance; among these, the Alternate Terminator (AT) model showed the best performance at an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.906. Enrichment analysis uncovered that autophagy was the most enriched process of prognostic AS gene symbols in GBM. The protein network revealed that UBC, VHL, KCTD7, FBXL19, RNF7, and UBE2N were the core genes in GBM. The splicing network showed complex regulatory correlations, among which ELAVL2 and SYNE1_AT_78181 were the most correlated (r = −.506).ConclusionsApplying the prognostic signatures constructed by independent AS events shows promise for predicting the survival of GBM patients. A splicing regulatory network might be the potential splicing mechanism in GBM.
Single‐Benzene‐Based Solvatochromic Chromophores: Color‐Tunable and Bright Fluorescence in the Solid and Solution States
Authors: Liu Huijing , Yan Sisi , Huang Rongrong , Gao Zhipeng , Wang Gang , Ding Liping , Fang Yu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe search for structurally simple chromophores with superior fluorescence brightness and a wide range of solvent compatibility is highly desirable. Herein, a new type of single‐benzene‐based solvatochromic chromophore with a symmetric bifunctional structure, in which azetidine and ethoxycarbonyl moieties serve as the electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing groups, respectively, is reported. This chromophore exhibits an extraordinary wide range of solvent compatibility and preserves excellent fluorescence quantum yields from nonpolar n‐hexane to polar methanol and even in water. Unusually, the symmetric structure of the chromophore shows a distinct color change from bright green to red with increasing solvent polarity and possesses large Stokes shifts (λ=132–207 nm) in the tested solvents. Moreover, this single‐benzene‐based chromophore displays good photochemical stability in both solution and solid states, and even exhibits reversible mechanochromic luminescence.
An Unsymmetrical Squaraine‐Based Activatable Probe for Imaging Lymphatic Metastasis by Responding to Tumor Hypoxia with MSOT and Aggregation‐Enhanced Fluorescent Imaging
Authors: Lin Yi , Sun Lihe , Zeng Fang , Wu Shuizhu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOptoacoustic imaging has great potential for preclinical research and clinical practice, and designing robust activatable optoacoustic probes for specific diseases is beneficial for its further development. Herein, an activatable probe has been developed for tumor hypoxia imaging. For this probe, indole and quinoline were linked on each side of an oxocyclobutenolate core to form an unsymmetrical squaraine. A triarylamine group was incorporated to endow the molecule with the aggregation enhanced emission (AEE) properties. In aqueous media, the squaraine chromophore aggregates into the nanoprobe, which specifically responds to nitroreductase and produces strong optoacoustic signals due to its high extinction coefficient, as well as prominent fluorescence emission as a result of its AEE feature. The nanoprobe was used to image tumor metastasis via the lymphatic system both optoacoustically and fluorescently. Moreover, both the fluorescence signals and three‐dimensional multispectral optoacoustic tomography signals from the activated nanoprobe allow us to locate the tumor site and to map the metastatic route.
Numerical methods for smoothest reflectance reconstruction
Authors: Burns Scott A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThree numerical methods are presented for finding the smoothest reflectance curve associated with a given triplet of tristimulus values. The methods differ in how “smooth” is defined, and also differ in the domain of colors over which they are applicable. The first method is very quick and applies to any tristimulus values, but sometimes can yield reflectance curves with portions that fall outside the range 0 to 1. The second method applies to colors within the spectral locus (real colors) and guarantees that the reflectances produced are positive. The third method applies to colors within the object color solid (object colors) and guarantees that the reflectances fall within the range 0 to 1. The methods are shown to create reflectances that closely resemble those of real colors (natural and synthetic). Focus is given to implementing the numerical methods in very short MATLAB/Octave functions and to understanding the numerical behavior of the methods near the limits of their respective domains of applicability in terms of matrix conditioning and discretization artifacts.
Medical image DENOISING scheme using discrete wavelet transform and optimization with different noises
Authors: Aravindan T.E. , Seshasayanan R. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryIn Medical Image Processing (MIP), the images are influenced by various types of noises. Hence, reducing such noises becomes a crucial issue. The main objective is to denoise the noisy images effectively with reduced computational cost. This paper proposes a denoising technique using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Social Spider Optimization (SSO) algorithm. Initially, DWT is applied over various noises over the input medical images. Then, the wavelet coefficients are optimized by applying the SSO algorithm. Finally, the inverse of DWT (IDWT) is applied over the optimized coefficients. The denoised image is obtained, and then, the PSNR evaluation is utilized for finding the superior performance. Experimental results using MATLAB show that the proposed algorithm has better performance when compared with the existing approaches.
Inhibitory Effects of Probenecid on Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Emtricitabine for On‐Demand HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Liu Stephanie N. , Gufford Brandon T. , Lu Jessica Bo Li , Bushman Lane R. , Anderson Peter L. , Bergstrom Richard F. , Desta Zeruesenay , Gupta Samir K. 
Published: November 2019

In a randomized, crossover pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers (N = 14), a single dose of 2 g probenecid (PRO)‐boosted 600 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/400 mg emtricitabine (FTC) (test (T) +PRO) was compared with the current on‐demand HIV preexposure prophylaxis from the IPERGAY study (a 600 mg TDF/400 mg FTC on day 1 and 300 mg TDF/200 mg FTC on days 2 and 3) (control, C IPERGAY). PRO increased mean single‐dose area under the plasma concentration‐time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0–∞,SD) of tenofovir (TFV) and FTC by 61% and 68%, respectively. The TFV‐diphosphate (TFV‐DP) concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were higher (~30%) at 24 hours in T +PRO but then fell significantly lower (~40%) at 72 hours compared with C IPERGAY. The interaction between FTC and PRO was unexpected and novel. Further study is needed to determine if this PRO‐boosted TDF/FTC regimen would be clinically effective.
Can wildland fire management alter 21st‐century subalpine fire and forests in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA?
Authors: Hansen Winslow D. , Abendroth Diane , Rammer Werner , Seidl Rupert , Turner Monica G. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn subalpine forests of the western United States that historically experienced infrequent, high‐severity fire, whether fire management can shape 21st‐century fire regimes and forest dynamics to meet natural resource objectives is not known. Managed wildfire use (i.e., allowing lightning‐ignited fires to burn when risk is low instead of suppressing them) is one approach for maintaining natural fire regimes and fostering mosaics of forest structure, stand age, and tree‐species composition, while protecting people and property. However, little guidance exists for where and when this strategy may be effective with climate change. We simulated most of the contiguous forest in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA to ask: (1) how would subalpine fires and forest structure be different if fires had not been suppressed during the last three decades? And (2) what is the relative influence of climate change vs. fire management strategy on future fire and forests? We contrasted fire and forests from 1989 to 2098 under two fire management scenarios (managed wildfire use and fire suppression), two general circulation models (CNRM‐CM5 and GFDL‐ESM2M), and two representative concentration pathways (8.5 and 4.5). We found little difference between management scenarios in the number, size, or severity of fires during the last three decades. With 21st‐century warming, fire activity increased rapidly, particularly after 2050, and followed nearly identical trajectories in both management scenarios. Area burned per year between 2018 and 2099 was 1,700% greater than in the last three decades (1989–2017). Large areas of forest were abruptly lost; only 65% of the original 40,178 ha of forest remained by 2098. However, forests stayed connected and fuels were abundant enough to support profound increases in burning through this century. Our results indicate that strategies emphasizing managed wildfire use, rather than suppression, will not alter climate‐induced changes to fire and forests in subalpine landscapes of western North America. This suggests that managers may continue to have flexibility to strategically suppress subalpine fires without concern for long‐term consequences, in distinct contrast with dry conifer forests of the Rocky Mountains and mixed conifer forest of California where maintaining low fuel loads is essential for sustaining frequent, low‐severity surface fire regimes.
Fate of N additions in a multiple resource‐limited Mediterranean oak savanna
Authors: Morris Kendalynn A. , Nair Richard K. F. , Moreno Gerardo , Schrumpf Marion , Migliavacca Mirco 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMediterranean oak savannas, such as Spanish dehesas, are multiple resource‐limited ecosystems found in semiarid regions which are key contributors to interannual variability of the global carbon (C) budget. Interactions between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles are expected to play a major role in overall ecosystem function as anthropogenic N deposition shifts ecosystems from N to P limitation, leaving unknown how increased N availability might influence C uptake. Therefore, the fate of N additions in dehesas is important for understanding global C cycling. Using a 15N tracer experiment within fertilized (N or N + P) plots of a Holm oak dehesa, we tested the effects of ecosystem spatial heterogeneity (habitat), P addition, and time on the fate of added N. We expected that open pasture areas would retain more of the added N in biological components due to greater N limitation, that the addition of P would enhance N retention in biological components relative to N alone, and that added N would shift from being within the microbial biomass immediately after addition to being predominantly within plants at the beginning of the following growing season. We found that open pasture plots with N only had the greatest label recovery seven months after the start of the experiment, supporting the idea that open pasture was more N‐limited than under‐canopy areas. However, soil was the largest sink for added N, regardless of habitat, treatment, or time. Our results suggest that abiotic fixation of N may play an important role in modifying the effects of N deposition in dehesas.
Isolation of enriched small RNA from cell‐lysate using on‐chip isotachophoresis
Authors: Khnouf Ruba , Han Crystal M. , Munro Sarah A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn spite of the growing interest in the roles and applications of small RNAs (sRNAs), sRNA isolation methods are inconsistent, tedious, and dependent on the starting number of cells. In this work, we employ ITP to isolate sRNAs from the cell‐lysate of K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia) cells in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mesofluidic device. Our method specifically purifies sRNA of <60 nucleotides from lysate of a wide range of cell number spanning from 100 to 1 000 000 cells. We measured the amount of sRNA using the Agilent Bioanalyzer and further verified the extraction efficiency by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Our method was shown to be more efficient in sRNA extraction than commercial sRNA isolation kits, especially when using smaller numbers of starting cells. Our assay presents a simple and rapid sRNA extraction method with 20 min assay time and no intermediate transfer steps.
Site formation processes and urban transformations during Late Antiquity from a high‐resolution geoarchaeological perspective:Baelo Claudia, Spain
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez Mario , Brassous Laurent , Rodríguez Gutiérrez Oliva , Martín Peinado Francisco José , Orfila Margarita , Goldberg Paul 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTo understand abandonment processes and secondary uses of public buildings is a key‐challenge to recognize the scope of the urban transformations in Roman cities during Late Antiquity. In this sense, administrative and religious public spaces such as theforaunderwent a great variety of transformations resulting in the genesis of a complex stratigraphy of anthropogenic and natural deposits.Baelo Claudiais a well‐known Roman city located in the Atlantic coast of southern Spain. Recent excavations in theforumhave provided new data that elucidate Late Roman urban transformations. In this study, we use archaeological soil micromorphology, physico‐chemical analyses and geochemistry to investigate site formation processes and to document nontraditional forms of occupation not visible in the macroscopic archaeological record. This methodology allowed for the distinction of several anthropogenic activities such as glass recycling, reflooring practices, plundering of ornamental marbles, middening of organic and penning residues, together with the progressive decay of earth‐based constructions. The complex superposition of site formation processes seen atBaelo Claudiaunderlines the role of micromorphology in the identification of behavioral signatures and its relevance in deciphering urban transformation in Late Antiquity.
Characterization of hippocampal subfields using ex vivo MRI and histology data: Lessons for in vivo segmentation
Authors: de Flores Robin , Berron David , Ding Song‐Lin , Ittyerah Ranjit , Pluta John B. , Xie Long , Adler Daniel H. , Robinson John L. , Schuck Theresa , Trojanowski John Q. , Grossman Murray , Liu Weixia , Pickup Stephen , Das Sandhitsu R. , Wolk David A. , Yushkevich Paul A. , Wisse Laura E. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHippocampal subfield segmentation on in vivo MRI is of great interest for cognition, aging, and disease research. Extant subfield segmentation protocols have been based on neuroanatomical references, but these references often give limited information on anatomical variability. Moreover, there is generally a mismatch between the orientation of the histological sections and the often anisotropic coronal sections on in vivo MRI. To address these issues, we provide a detailed description of hippocampal anatomy using a postmortem dataset containing nine specimens of subjects with and without dementia, which underwent a 9.4 T MRI and histological processing. Postmortem MRI matched the typical orientation of in vivo images and segmentations were generated in MRI space, based on the registered annotated histological sections. We focus on the following topics: the order of appearance of subfields, the location of subfields relative to macroanatomical features, the location of subfields in the uncus and tail and the composition of the dark band, a hypointense layer visible in T2‐weighted MRI. Our main findings are that: (a) there is a consistent order of appearance of subfields in the hippocampal head, (b) the composition of subfields is not consistent in the anterior uncus, but more consistent in the posterior uncus, (c) the dark band consists only of the CA‐stratum lacunosum moleculare, not the strata moleculare of the dentate gyrus, (d) the subiculum/CA1 border is located at the middle of the width of the hippocampus in the body in coronal plane, but moves in a medial direction from anterior to posterior, and (e) the variable location and composition of subfields in the hippocampal tail can be brought back to a body‐like appearance when reslicing the MRI scan following the curvature of the tail. Our findings and this publicly available dataset will hopefully improve anatomical accuracy of future hippocampal subfield segmentation protocols.
Exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Su Jia , Li Jiyi , Yu Qinglin , Wang Jingqiao , Li Xiaojing , Yang Jin , Xu Jin , Liu Yahui , Xu Zhifeng , Ji Lindan , Yin Fengying , Chen Xiaomin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractmicroRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, few reports have focused on the value of exosomal miRNAs in the mechanism of the pathophysiological process from stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) to AMI. Exosomes were isolated via ultracentrifugation after serum samples were collected. The exosomes were then identified by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The differential expression of miRNAs in exosomes from six AMI and six matching SCAD patients was screened using the Agilent Human miRNA Microarray Kit. Target genes of the candidate miRNAs were predicted via an online miRNA database, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. Further validation was conducted through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction with 60 exosome samples. The expression of 13 miRNAs was significantly downregulated in the AMI samples compared with the SCAD samples. In addition, we identified various target genes that are mainly involved in the pathways of cardiac rehabilitation and remodelling. Validation of the expression of candidate miRNAs indicated that exosomal miR‐1915‐3p, miR‐4,507, and miR‐3,656 were significantly less expressed in AMI samples than in SCAD samples, and area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristic curve (AUC) analysis showed that the expression of these miRNAs resulted in good predictive accuracy [miR‐1915‐3p (AUC: 0.772); miR‐4,507 (AUC: 0.684); and miR‐3,656 (AUC: 0.771)], suggesting that these serum exosomal miRNAs might be predictive for AMI at an early stage. Hence, exosomal miRNAs might play an important role in the pathophysiology of AMI and could serve as diagnostic biomarkers.