bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Estimates of Potential Synaptic Connections in Local Circuits of the Rodent Hippocampal Formation by Axonal-Dendritic Overlap
Authors: Tecuatl Carolina , Wheeler Diek W. , Sutton Nate , Ascoli Giorgio A. 
Published: December 2020

A quantitative description of the hippocampal formation synaptic architecture is essential for understanding the neural mechanisms of episodic memory. Yet the existing knowledge of connectivity statistics between different neuron types in the rodent hippocampus only captures a mere 5% of this circuitry. We present a systematic pipeline to produce first-approximation estimates for most of the missing information. Leveraging thewww.Hippocampome.orgknowledge base, we derive local connection parameters between distinct pairs of morphologically identified neuron types based on their axonal-dendritic overlap within every layer and subregion of the hippocampal formation. Specifically, we adapt modern image analysis technology to determine the parcel-specific neurite lengths of every neuron type from representative morphologic reconstructions obtained from either sex. We then compute the average number of synapses per neuron pair using relevant anatomic volumes from the mouse brain atlas and ultrastructurally established interaction distances. Hence, we estimate connection probabilities and number of contacts for >1900 neuron type pairs, increasing the available quantitative assessments more than 11-fold. Connectivity statistics thus remain unknown for only a minority of potential synapses in the hippocampal formation, including those involving long-range (23%) or perisomatic (6%) connections and neuron types without morphologic tracings (7%). The described approach also yields approximate measurements of synaptic distances from the soma along the dendritic and axonal paths, which may affect signal attenuation and delay. Overall, this dataset fills a substantial gap in quantitatively describing hippocampal circuits and provides useful model specifications for biologically realistic neural network simulations, until further direct experimental data become available.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe hippocampal formation is a crucial functional substrate for episodic memory and spatial representation. Characterizing the complex neuron type circuit of this brain region is thus important to understand the cellular mechanisms of learning and navigation. Here we present the first numerical estimates of connection probabilities, numbers of contacts per connected pair, and synaptic distances from the soma along the axonal and dendritic paths, for more than 1900 distinct neuron type pairs throughout the dentate gyrus, CA3, CA2, CA1, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex. This comprehensive dataset, publicly released online atwww.Hippocampome.org, constitutes an unprecedented quantification of the majority of the local synaptic circuit for a prominent mammalian neural system and provides an essential foundation for data-driven, anatomically realistic neural network models.
Spatial and Temporal Arrangement of Recurrent Inhibition in the Primate Upper Limb
Authors: Edgley Steve A. , Williams Elizabeth R. , Baker Stuart N. 
Published: December 2020

Renshaw cells mediate recurrent inhibition between motoneurons within the spinal cord. The function of this circuit is not clear; we previously suggested based on computational modeling that it may cancel oscillations in muscle activity around 10 Hz, thereby reducing physiological tremor. Such tremor is especially problematic for dexterous hand movements, yet knowledge of recurrent inhibitory function is sparse for the control of the primate upper limb, where no direct measurements have been made to date. In this study, we made intracellular penetrations into 89 motoneurons in the cervical enlargement of four terminally anesthetized female macaque monkeys, and recorded recurrent IPSPs in response to antidromic stimulation of motor axons. Recurrent inhibition was strongest to motoneurons innervating shoulder muscles and elbow extensors, weak to wrist and digit extensors, and almost absent to the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Recurrent inhibitory connections often spanned joints, for example from motoneurons innervating wrist and digit muscles to those controlling the shoulder and elbow. Wrist and digit flexor motoneurons sometimes inhibited the corresponding extensors, and vice versa. This complex connectivity presumably reflects the flexible usage of the primate upper limb. Using trains of stimuli to motor nerves timed as a Poisson process and coherence analysis, we also examined the temporal properties of recurrent inhibition. The recurrent feedback loop effectively carried frequencies up to 100 Hz, with a coherence peak around 20 Hz. The coherence phase validated predictions from our previous computational model, supporting the idea that recurrent inhibition may function to reduce tremor.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe present the first direct measurements of recurrent inhibition in primate upper limb motoneurons, revealing that it is more flexibly organized than previous observations in cat. Recurrent inhibitory connections were relatively common between motoneurons controlling muscles that act at different joints, and between flexors and extensors. As in the cat, connections were minimal for motoneurons innervating the most distal intrinsic hand muscles. Empirical data are consistent with previous modeling: temporal properties of the recurrent inhibitory feedback loop are compatible with a role in reducing physiological tremor by suppressing oscillations around 10 Hz.
Sensor-Based Electronic Monitoring for Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gupta Ruchi S. , Fierstein Jamie L. , Boon Kathy L. , Kanaley Madeleine K. , Bozen Alexandria , Kan Kristin , Vojta Deneen , Warren Christopher M. 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND:
Although sensor-based monitoring of daily inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and short-acting β-agonist medications may improve asthma outcomes, the effectiveness of these interventions in diverse pediatric populations remains unclear.

METHODS:
Caregiver and child dyads were randomly assigned to receive inhaler sensors that allowed for caregiver and clinician electronic monitoring of medications. End points included Asthma Control Test scores (&gt;19 indicated asthma control) and asthma health care use. Caregiver quality of life (QoL) and child ICS adherence were also assessed. Multilevel models were used to estimate adjusted changes from baseline.

RESULTS:
Dyads were assigned to the control (n = 127) or intervention (n = 125) arms. At the end line, the mean Asthma Control Test score increased from 19.1 (SE = 0.3) to 21.8 (SE = 0.4) among the intervention and from 19.4 (SE = 0.3) to 19.9 (SE = 0.4) among the control (Δintervention-control = 2.2; SE = 0.6; P &lt; .01). Adjusted rates of emergency department visits and hospitalizations among the intervention were significantly greater (incidence rate ratioemergency department = 2.2; SE = 0.5; P &lt; .01; incidence rate ratiohospital = 3.4; SE = 1.4; P &lt; .01) at endline than the control. Caregiver QoL was greater among the intervention at the endline (Δintervention-control = 0.3; SE = 0.2; P = .1) than the control.

CONCLUSIONS:
Findings suggest that sensor-based inhaler monitoring with clinical feedback may improve asthma control and caregiver QoL within diverse populations. Higher health care use was observed among the intervention participants relative to the control, indicating further refinement is warranted.
A reappraisal of Neotropical Vanilla. With a note on taxonomic inflation and the importance of alpha taxonomy in biological studies
Authors: Karremans Adam P. , Chinchilla Isler F. , Rojas-Alvarado Gustavo , Cedeño-Fonseca Marco , Damián Alexander , Léotard Guillaume 
Published: December 2020

Despite the long-standing cultural importance and botanical interest in Vanilla, many taxa belonging to the genus remain poorly understood. Vanilla species generally have broad geographical and ecological distributions. Most species are found in multiple countries, while local endemics are rare. Many names proposed in the eighteen and nineteenth centuries remain cryptic and unused despite having priority over more recently proposed names. Relatively few Vanilla species have been well-documented, both locally and across their entire distribution range, while a significant portion of novelties have been proposed on the basis of very few specimens that are compared only with local floras. After a careful inspection of the type materials, living plants, botanical illustrations, photographs and hundreds of additional herbarium specimens of Vanilla we tentatively recognize 62 species for the Neotropics. The taxonomy of Vanilla columbiana, V. hartii, V. inodora, V. karenchristianae, V. marowynensis, V. mexicana, V. odorata, V. phaeantha, V. planifolia, and V. pompona is revised. An updated typification, description, photographs, illustrations, list of studied specimens, distribution map, extent of occurrence and discussion is provided for each of the ten species. Taxonomic proposals include 28 new synonyms, 14 lectotypifications, and one neotypification. We stress on the importance of alpha-taxonomy for biological studies, emphasizing on the detrimental effects of taxonomic inflation and incorrect species determination on the inference of speciation rates, the understanding of biogeographical patterns, the correct estimation of ecological niches, seed dispersal studies, phylogenetic and genomic studies, and the assessments of conservation priorities, among others. Finally, the recently proposed genus Miguelia is placed under the synonymy of Vanilla.
Key Words: Conservation, distribution, Miguelia, typification, Vanilla columbiana, V. hartii, V. inodora, V. karen-christianae, V. marowynensis, V. mexicana, V. odorata, V. phaeantha, V. planifolia, V. pompona
Racial Differences in AKI Incidence Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Lunyera Joseph , Clare Robert M. , Chiswell Karen , Scialla Julia J. , Pun Patrick H. , Thomas Kevin L. , Starks Monique A. , Diamantidis Clarissa J. 
Published: December 2020

Significance Statement
Percutaneous coronary intervention is linked with greater risk of AKI incidence; however, differences in this link by race remain less clear. This study quantified the association of race (White, Black, or other) with odds for AKI incidence within 7 days after percutaneous coronary intervention. After adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, medications, and procedural characteristics, the study found that, compared with Whites, odds for AKI incidence were substantially greater among Black but not other patients. Racial difference in odds for AKI incidence after percutaneous coronary intervention did not differ by baseline kidney function. These findings highlight the need to investigate factors that predispose Black individuals to greater risk for AKI after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background
Undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a risk factor for AKI development, but few studies have quantified racial differences in AKI incidence after this procedure.

Methods
We examined the association of self-reported race (Black, White, or other) and baseline eGFR with AKI incidence among patients who underwent PCI at Duke University Medical Center between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2013. We defined AKI as a 0.3 mg/dl absolute increase in serum creatinine within 48 hours, or ≥1.5-fold relative elevation within 7 days post-PCI from the reference value ascertained within 30 days before PCI.

Results
Of 9422 patients in the analytic cohort (median age 63 years; 33% female; 75% White, 20% Black, 5% other race), 9% developed AKI overall (14% of Black, 8% of White, 10% of others). After adjustment for demographics, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, predisposing medications, PCI indication, periprocedural AKI prophylaxis, and PCI procedural characteristics, Black race was associated with increased odds for incident AKI compared with White race (odds ratio [OR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.48 to 2.15). Compared with Whites, odds for incident AKI were not significantly higher in other patients (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.83). Low baseline eGFR was associated with graded, higher odds of AKI incidence (P value for trend <0.001); however, there was no interaction between race and baseline eGFR on odds for incident AKI (P value for interaction = 0.75).

Conclusions
Black patients had greater odds of developing AKI after PCI compared with White patients. Future investigations should identify factors, including multiple domains of social determinants, that predispose Black individuals to disparate AKI risk after PCI.
Avaliação sensorial do equilíbrio e estimativa do risco de queda de idosas praticantes do Pilates mate
Authors: Nascimento Marcelo De Maio , Silva Paloma Sthefane Teles 
Published: December 2020

Introdução: Déficits dos sistemas visual, vestibular e somatossensonrial de idosos afetam o controle postural, elevando o risco de queda. Objetivos: Avaliar a diferença do equilíbrio entre idosas caidoras e não, praticantes do método Pilates Mat nas diferentes situações de entradas sensoriais, verificar a correlação . Método: Estudo transversal quantitativo e analítico realizado na cidade de Petrolina-PE, entre os anos de 2017 e 2018, com 94 mulheres (67,90 ± 5,19 anos), divididas em caidoras (n=29) e sem histórico de quedas (n=65), cálculo definido “a posteriori”. Dados sociodemográficos, medicamentos e frequência de quedas foram coletados por meio de um questionário. O equilíbrio foi avaliado utilizando teste clinical test of sensory interaction and balance (CTSIB) e o teste de equilíbrio corporal (TEC). Resultados: A taxa de queda observada foi de 29% e o tempo médio de prática do Pilates de 27 meses. A análise de regressão logística indicou resultados negativos, revelando como fator protetor de quedas o bom desempenho no teste EDRI, CTSIB 1 e CTSIB 5, com diminuição da chance de queda de 64, 78 e 75%, respectivamente. Associação positiva com queda foi mostrada pelo CTSIB 2 (OR=0,286; 95% CI [-0,119 – 0,063]), indicando aumento da chance de cair em até 71%. Conclusão: Embora, o grupo de mulheres idosas fossem praticante regular de exercícios físicos, verificou-se que o risco de cair independe do histórico de quedas anteriores e o déficit da regulação sensorial do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico é comum ao avanço da idade.
Dos fundamentos à metodologia do depoimento especial de crianças e adolescentes
Authors: Tricano Valéria , Salles Denise Lopes , Salles Sergio De Souza 
Published: December 2020

A Lei Federal n° 13.431/2017, ao instituir o depoimento especial de crianças e adolescentes vítimas e testemunhas de violência, vem coroar um conjunto de práticas legislativas, jurídicas e políticas no Brasil no sentido da valorização da palavra da criança, seu direito de se expressar e ser ouvida, e do reconhecimento da sua condição de titular de direitos, mudança de extrema relevância no paradigma anterior de tratamento da infância advinda da consolidação no plano internacional dos Direitos Humanos e, mais especificamente, dos princípios defendidos na Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança. O reconhecimento da criança e do adolescente como sujeito de direitos fundamentais e humanos está na base dos modelos de depoimento especial atualmente vigentes, os quais conservam em seus elementos comuns uma metodologia adequada à proteção jurídica da criança e adolescente visando a redução da revitimização e maximização da fidedignidade do testemunho prestado.
Nonoperative Treatment of Anterior Glenoid Rim Fractures After First-Time Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
Authors: Wieser Karl , Waltenspül Manuel , Ernstbrunner Lukas , Ammann Elias , Nieuwland Arend , Eid Karim , Gerber Christian 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations can be associated with displaced anterior glenoid rim fractures. Nonoperative treatment of such fractures has been shown to have excellent results in a small cohort of patients; as such, we have been treating these fractures nonoperatively, regardless of fragment size and degree of displacement, provided that post-reduction computed tomography scans revealed an anteroposteriorly centered humeral head. The aim of this study was to analyze the medium- to long-term results of nonoperative treatment of displaced anterior glenoid rim fractures, assessing in particular the residual instability and development of osteoarthritis.

Methods:
In a 2-center study, 30 patients with a mean age of 48 years (range, 29 to 67 years) were evaluated clinically with use of the Subjective Shoulder Value, Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability index, as well as radiographically with use of radiographs and computed tomography scans at a mean follow-up of 9 years (range, 5 to 14 years).

Results:
Fracture-healing was documented in all patients. Seven patients (23%) had post-fracture onset of osteoarthritis (5 with Samilson grade I and 2 with Samilson grade IV). Of these, 1 patient had recurrent instability that was successfully treated with hemiarthroplasty 9 years after the index injury (relative Constant score, 101%), and was excluded from further analysis. No other patient had a recurrent redislocation, subluxation, or positive apprehension. The other 6 patients with new-onset radiographic osteoarthritis were pain-free (mean Constant score pain scale, 15 points) with good shoulder function (relative Constant score, 84% to 108%). A total of 26 patients (90%) rated their functional outcome as good or very good, and 3 patients (10%) rated it as fair. The mean relative Constant score was 97% (range, 61% to 108%), the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 92 points (range, 56 to 100 points), and the mean Western Ontario Shoulder Instability index score was 126 points (range, 0 to 660 points). All patients returned to full-time work.

Conclusions:
Nonoperative treatment of anterior glenoid rim fractures following primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation results in excellent clinical outcomes with a very low rate of residual instability and, thus, treatment failure. Asymptomatic radiographic osteoarthritis occurred in roughly 1 of 4 patients.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Vertebrobasilar Artery Geometry and Bisilar Artery Plaques: A High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stydy
Authors: Zheng Jinmei , Sun Bin , Lin Ruolan , Teng Yongqi , Zhao Xihai , Xue Yunjing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Atherosclerotic plaques are often present in regions with complicated flow patterns. Vascular morphology plays a role in hemodynamics. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the geometry of the vertebrobasilar artery system and the basilar artery (BA) plaque prevalence.Methods We enrolled 290 patients with posterior circulation ischemic stroke. We distinguished four configurations of the vertebrobasilar artery: Walking, Tuning Fork, Lambda, and No Confluence. The diameter of the vertebral artery (VA) and the number of bends in the intracranial VA segment was assessed using three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. We differentiated between multi-bending (≥ 3 bends) and oligo-bending (< 3 bends) VAs. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate BA plaques. Logistic regression models examined the relationship between the geometry type and BA plaque prevalence.Results After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index ≥ 28, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, the Walking, Lambda, and No Confluence geometries were associated with the presence of BA plaque. Patients with multi-bending VAs in both the Walking (71.43%, P = 0.003) and Lambda group (40.43%, P = 0.018) had more plaques compared to patients with oligo-bending VAs in these groups. In the Lambda group, the diameter difference between the VAs was larger in patients with BA plaques than that in patients without BA plaques (1.4 mm vs. 0.9 mm, P < 0.001).Conclusions The Walking, Lambda, and No Confluence geometry, ≥ 3 bends in the VAs, and a large diameter difference between the VAs were associated with the presence of BA plaque.
A contact tracing prospective cohort retrieving epidemiological facts on SARS-CoV-2 transmission aspects; a serological analysis
Authors: Vazirinejad Reza , Khalili Parvin , Jafarzadeh Abdollah , Shabani Ziba , Jamalizadeh Ahmad , Rezaei Batool , Ahmadnia Hassan , Rezayati Mohammad-taghi , Ebrahimian Mohammad , Mehralinasab Gholamreza , Bagherizadeh Azam , Bazaz Shima , Vazirinejad Erfan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction Novel coronavirus spread seems mysterious enough for convincing us to double check the indices being used to predict its transmission. Serological analysis was applied for assessing some metric epidemiological aspects of the infection and its transmissibility among people who were in contact with SARA-CoV-2 patients. Methods In this contact tracing prospective cohort study, 453 contact cases of forty COVID 19 patients were followed for three months. SARS-CoV-2 patients were diagnosed by real time polymerase chain reaction testing of nasopharyngeal samples. The history of infectiousness was detected by serological testing of IgG and IgM. Trained expert team completed two questionnaires and blood samples were taken by experts in laboratory. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Ver.21) and R software. Some important epidemiological characteristics of the infection were calculated. Results Mean age of SARS-CoV-2 patients and contact cases were 53.0±18.2 and 30.8±19.3 years, respectively. Overall R0 of the infection was 2.56. Household and non-household secondary attack rates (SAR) were 20% (95%CI; 12.7 – 27.3) and 11.3% (95%CI; 6.1-16.5), respectively. Transmission probability in each contact was 0.0205 and the serial interval was 6.4±4.6 (95% CI; 5.2–7.6) days. SAR among contact cases who exposed asymptomatic primary cases (28%, 95%CI; 10-46%) was higher than that (13.8%, 95%CI;9.4-18.2) among contact cases exposing to symptomatic patients. Conclusions We concluded a herd immunity between 60 and 65% is needed in human communities. Findings demonstrated how much reduction in infection R0 is predicted based on both clinical and public health interventions.