bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
288 Se deficiency aggravates AFB1-induced immunotoxicity in chick spleen via regulating six selenoprotein and redox/inflammation/apoptotic signaling
Authors: Zhao Ling , Feng Yue , Deng Jiang , Zhang Ni-Ya , Sun Lv-hui 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was designed to reveal the underlying mechanism of Se-mediated protection against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced splenic injury in broilers. Four groups of day-old Cobb male broilers (n = 5 cages/diet, 6 chicks/cage) were arranged in a 3-wk 2×2 factorial design trial that fed a Se-deficient, corn and soy–based diet (BD, 36 μg Se/kg) or the BD + 1.0 mg AFB1/kg, 0.3 mg Se/kg, or 1.0 mg AFB1/kg with 0.3 mg Se/kg (as 2-hydroxy-4-methylselenobutanoic acid). Serum and spleen were collected at wk 3 to assay for histology, cytokines, redox status, and selected inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes and proteins, and selenogenome. Dietary AFB1 induced the growth retardation and spleen injury, decreasing (P &lt; 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, and serum interleukin-1β, increasing (P &lt; 0.05) spleen index and serum interleukin-6, and reduced the splenic lymphocyte number and white pulp region and histiocyte proliferation in Se adequate groups. However, Se deficiency aggravated (P &lt; 0.05) these AFB1-induced changes. Moreover, Se deficiency decreased (P &lt; 0.05) splenic glutathione peroxidases (GPX) activities and glutathione concentration in AFB1 exposed groups. Furthermore, Se deficiency also upregulated (P &lt; 0.05) the antimicrobial (beta defensin 1 and 2) and apoptotic (Caspase 3 and Caspase 9) genes but downregulated (P &lt; 0.05) antiapoptotic (B-cell lymphoma 2) and inflammatory (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B) genes at mRNA and(or) protein levels in AFB1 supplementation groups. Additionally, Se deficiency downregulated (P &lt; 0.05) GPX3, thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD 1), GPX4 and selenoprotein (SELENO) S and upregulated (P &lt; 0.05) SELENOT and SELENOU in spleen in AFB1 administered groups. In conclusions, dietary Se deficiency aggravated AFB1-induced spleen injury in chicks, partially through the regulation of the oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic signaling and six selenoproteins (Supported in part by Chinese Natural Science Foundation Projects 31772636 and 31501987).
359 Occurrence of mycotoxins in 2018 us corn-based feed ingredients
Authors: Gott Paige N , Hendel Erika G , Curry Shelby M , Hofstetter Ursula , Murugesan G Raj 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites that are detrimental to animal health and productivity. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in the 2018 US corn harvest including corn grain, corn silage and corn by-product feed ingredients (distillers dried grains, gluten feed, etc.). Corn and corn silage samples marked as 2018 harvest from feed mills, livestock producers, and integrators and corn DDGS and other by-products from mid-August 2018 through January 2019 were screened via the LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin. Parameters of the main toxins found were compared to the two prior harvest years using the Kruskal-Wallis Test (Prism7, GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) and are presented in Table 1. Mean toxin count per sample in corn grain increased in 2018 versus 2017, returning to over two toxins per sample as in 2016. Mean B-Trich level (ppb) is elevated in 2018 from 2017. Although ZEN contamination does not differ from prior years, prevalence increased to 45% from 25% in 2017. Co-contamination in corn by-product feeds is steady, averaging nearly three toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich is higher than the 2017 crop, while FUM contamination is similar to 2017. ZEN levels in 2018 by-products are the highest seen in the past three years. Corn silage has increased in mean toxin count per sample and contamination levels of B-Trich and ZEN in 2018 versus 2017. Prevalence of B-trich has remained constant from year to year, while both ZEN and FUM prevalence have increased from 2017 to 2018. Preliminary results of the 2018 corn-based feed ingredients survey suggest mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are approaching those observed in the challenging 2016 crop with continued concerns for co-contamination.
356 Meal feeding compared with continuous feeding enhances insulin and amino acid signaling to translation initiation in skeletal muscle of pigs
Authors: Davis Teresa A , El-Kadi Samer , Suryawan Agus , Fiorotto Marta 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objectives: Meal feeding enhances skeletal muscle protein synthesis and lean growth more than continuous feeding in piglets. This enhanced muscle protein synthesis with meal feeding is associated with increased activation of mTORC1-dependent translation initiation. The mechanism underlying this response is unknown. We aimed to identify insulin and amino acid signaling components involved in the enhanced lean growth that results from meal feeding vs. continuous feeding in term-born pigs. Methods: Newborn piglets were fed for 21 d an equal amount of sow milk replacer (12.8 g protein and 155 kcal/(kg BW.d)) by gastrostomy tube either as intermittent bolus meals every 4 h (MEAL) or by continuous infusion (CON). After 21 d, gastrocnemius muscle was collected from CON, and before (MEAL-0) or 60 min after a meal (MEAL-60). Components of the insulin and amino acid signaling pathways up- and downstream of mTORC1 that regulate protein translation were measured. Results: Phosphorylation of AKT and TCS2 was greater in MEAL-60 than in MEAL-0 and CON (P &lt; 0.05). The association of Sestrin2 with GATOR2 was similar in CON and MEAL-0 but was lower in MEAL-60 (P &lt; 0.05). The abundances of RagA-mTOR, RagC-mTOR, and Rheb-mTOR, but not CASTOR1-GATOR2, complexes were higher in MEAL-60 than in CON and MEAL-0 (P &lt; 0.05). The phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4EBP1 was higher in MEAL-60 than CON and MEAL-0 (P &lt; 0.05). The abundances of Sestrin2, GATOR2, CASTOR1, RagA, RagC, and Rheb and the phosphorylation of eIF2alpha, eEF2, ERK1/2 and AMPK were unaffected by treatments. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the enhanced rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and lean growth with meal feeding compared with continuous feeding are due to the enhanced activation of both insulin and amino acid signaling pathways that result in the greater stimulation of translation initiation. Support: NIH HD085573, USDA CRIS 6250-51000-055, NIH HD072891, USDA NIFA 2013-67015-20438.
361 Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of heat pretreated corn whole stillage
Authors: Bogota Kevin S Jerez , Woyengo Tofuko A , Gibbons William 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Pre-treatment of whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) with heat can improve digestibility of the resulting DDGS by pigs. A study was conducted to identify optimal conditions (time and temperature) for heat pre-treatment of corn WS. Six samples of WS from different sources were divided into 13 sub-samples to give a total of 78 sub-samples. Thirteen treatments were applied to 13 sub-samples from each source (1 sub-sample/treatment). The treatments were untreated WS, and WS that was pre-treated (70 psi) for 10, 20, or 30 minutes and at 100, 120, 140, or 160 °C in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. Sub-samples were subjected to in vitro digestion with porcine pepsin and pancreatin, followed by in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in fermented solutions was also measured. Pre-treatment time and temperature did not interact on in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM), and total gas and VFA production. Pre-treatment time did not affect total gas and VFA production. The IVDDM for untreated WS was 73.4%. An increase in pre-treatment temperature from 100 to 160 °C resulted in linear and quadratic increase in IVDDM by 11%. Response surface analysis indicated that maximum IVDDM resulted from relatively long pre-treatment times (20–30 mins) and highest pre-treatment temperature. An increase in pre-treatment temperature from 100 to 160 °C resulted in linear increase in total gas production by 13%; maximum total gas production resulted from relatively short pre-treatment times (10–20 mins) and highest pre-treatment temperature. Total VFA production was unaffected by pre-treatment time. In conclusion, in vitro digestibility and fermentability of WS was improved by heat pre-treatment. Optimal conditions for pre-treatment of WS for combined improved digestibility and fermentability were 160 °C and 20 mins.
366 Efficacy of mycotoxin deactivators on health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of deoxynivalenol
Authors: Holanda D M , Kim S W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The efficacy of mycotoxin deactivators on health and growth performance of newly weaned pigs (27 d-old) fed diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol was investigated. Sixty pigs were housed individually and assigned to 5 treatments for 34 d subdivided into 3 phases: NC (no added deoxynivalenol); PC (deoxynivalenol at 2 mg/kg); CYC (PC + clay/yeast culture based product, 0.2%); CYE (PC + clay/yeast cell wall/plant extracts/antioxidants based product, 0.2%); and CYB (PC + clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants based product, 0.2%). Blood was taken at d 14 and 34. Intestinal mucosa was taken at d 34. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pre-planned contrasts. Deoxynivalenol reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG in P3. Pigs fed CYC had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG during overall period, ADFI during P3, and gain/feed during P2 than PC. At d 14, deoxynivalenol reduced (P &lt; 0.05) BUN/creatinine and tended to reduce (P = 0.088) BUN. Pigs fed CYB tended to have greater (P = 0.059) AST than PC. At d 34, pigs fed CYC (P = 0.083) and CYB (P = 0.068) tended to have lower serum CPK than PC. Pigs fed CYE had lower (P &lt; 0.05) BUN/creatinine than PC. Deoxynivalenol tended to increase (P = 0.068) malondialdehydes and decrease (P = 0.072) glutathione in jejunal mucosa. Pigs fed CYE and CYB had lower (P &lt; 0.05) malondialdehydes, whereas pigs fed CYB had greater (P &lt; 0.05) glutathione and tended to have lower (P = 0.079) jejunal IgA than PC. Pigs fed CYC (P = 0.066) and CYE (P = 0.099) tended to have lower jejunal IL8 than PC. In conclusion, deoxynivalenol compromised growth performance and intestinal health. The mycotoxin deactivators could enhance intestinal health of pigs fed diets with deoxynivalenol without affecting liver function.
139 Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics: Nutrient-gene interactions in humans and animals
Authors: Simopoulos Artemis P 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in the omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids to which their genes were programmed to respond. Studies on gene-nutrient interactions using methods from molecular biology and genetics have clearly shown that there are genetic differences in the population, as well as differences in the frequency of genetic variations that interact with diet and influence the growth and development of humans and animals, as well as overall health and chronic disease. Nutrigenetics refers to studies on the role of genetic variants and their response to diet. For example, persons with genetic variants in the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids have different levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) based on the type of genetic variant in the Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1) and Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2). At the same level of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) a person with a genetic variant that increases the activity of the FADS1 will have a higher AA in the red cell membrane phospholipids and a higher risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease. Nutrigenomics refers to how nutrients (diets) influence the expression of genes. For example, diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA decrease the expression of inflammatory genes and as a result decrease the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Thus, through studies on Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics nutritional science stands at its “golden threshold” where personalized nutrition is the future, to improve an individual’s health.
297 Awardee Talk - Metabolites in stem cell differentiation and fetal development
Authors: Du Min 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Fetal programming, also called developmental programming, describes the impacts of maternal nutrition and other physiological stresses on fetal development, which alters the trajectory of development with persistent effects on offspring productivity and health. During fetal development, stem and progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate into muscle cells, adipocytes and other cell types, which are regulated by epigenetic changes in key developmental genes regulating cell lineage commitments. Key metabolites including a-ketoglutarate (aKG), acetyl-CoA, and S-adenosylmethionine, are cofactors or donors needed for catalyzing epigenetic modifications, regulating stem cell differentiation. Both aKG and acetyl-CoA are metabolites in Kreb’s cycle, and we found that aKG is critically required for stem cell differentiation through promoting ten-eleven translocation dioxygenase (TET)-dependent DNA demethylation and histone demethylations. Besides, aKG is a cofactor for hydroxylation of proline residues of proteins, including the hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which destabilizes HIF and inhibits HIF signaling and angiogenesis. Furthermore, aKG is required for proline hydroxylation of collagen to regulate crosslinking and fibrogenesis. As a result, aKG availability has profound impacts of stem cell differentiation and fetal development. Through glutaminolysis, glutamine is converted to aKG, while AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of cellular metabolism, regulates mitochondriogenesis and aKG production via the Kreb’s cycle. Consistently, mitochondriogenesis and oxidative metabolic transition is indispensable for stem cell differentiation. In summary, maternal nutrition and physiological conditions affect metabolites available for stem cell differentiation during fetal development, which has long-term effects on the performance of offspring.
298 Effects of parity on late gestational uterine blood flow and hemodynamics in beef cattle
Authors: Meyer Allison M , Duncan Natalie B , Stoecklein Katy S , Stephenson Emma L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To determine parity effects on late gestational uteroplacental blood flow, uterine artery hemodynamics were measured in 13 primiparous and 11 multiparous (parity 3 and 4) non-lactating, fall-calving crossbred females beginning 109 d prepartum. Females were nutritionally managed as one group to meet or exceed nutrient requirements. Transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography of the both uterine arteries was conducted 3 to 6 times per female across late gestation, ending at approximately 20 d prepartum. Data were analyzed with parity (primiparous vs. multiparous), day prior to calving, and their interaction in the model; day was a repeated effect. Dam BW was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for multiparous than primiparous females, and increased (P = 0.004) as gestation progressed. Calf birth weight was unaffected (P = 0.87) by parity. The parity x day interaction tended to affect (P = 0.06) ipsilateral uterine artery blood flow (L/min), where multiparous cows had a greater increase per day. Total and contralateral uterine artery blood flow were unaffected (P ≥ 0.11) by parity, but increased (P &lt; 0.001) with day of gestation. When expressed relative to dam BW, total and contralateral blood flow were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in primiparous than multiparous females; ipsilateral blood flow was unaffected (P ≥ 0.13) by parity, however. Ipsilateral pulsatility index and both resistance indices were unaffected (P ≥ 0.28) by parity and day, but day tended to affect (P = 0.07) contralateral pulsatility index. Parity did not affect (P ≥ 0.11) cross-sectional area, mean velocity, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity of either uterine artery, but all increased (P &lt; 0.001) as gestation progressed. Heart rate was greater (P = 0.03) in primiparous than multiparous females. Data suggest that uterine artery blood flow and heart rate may be altered in primiparous females, even when birth weight is unaffected by parity.
383 Effect of trace mineral source on heifer reproductive performance
Authors: Perry George A , Perkins Stephanie , Northrop Emmalee , Rich Jerica , Epperson Kaitlin , Mayes Sarah , Wright Cody , Russell Jason 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Trace minerals are known to play important roles in early embryo development. The study objective was to determine effects of trace mineral source on heifer reproductive performance. Over two years, beef heifers (n = 130) were randomly assigned to two pens and two treatments, within each pen, based on breed, age, and BW. From weaning through the breeding season, all heifers were individually fed a basal diet of grass hay, corn silage, and a supplement pellet (soybean hulls, dried distiller’s grains plus solubles, minerals, vitamins and monensin). Cobalt, Cu, Mn, and Zn were supplemented with either complexed sources (Availa-4) or inorganic sources (Cu, Mn, and Zn hydroxychlorides; Intellibond C, M, and Z) and Co as CoSO4. Blood samples were collected bi-weekly, and a reproductive tract score (RTS) was collected 30 d prior to breeding to determine pubertal status. All animals were synchronized and artificially inseminated (AI). Pregnancy status was determined by lymphocyte gene expression on d 17, 19, and 21; by circulating concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) on d 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28; and by transrectal ultrasonography on d 30 and 60 after AI. Embryonic loss was defined as when a previously pregnant animal was subsequently diagnosed not pregnant. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Puberty (P = 0.44), pelvic area (P = 0.74), RTS (P = 0.49), and estrus expression (P = 0.82) were not influenced by treatment. There was no effect of treatment (P = 0.37) or treatment by time (P = 0.19) on pregnancy, but there was a weak tendency (P = 0.13) for decreased embryonic loss among heifers supplemented with complexed trace minerals (27±6%) compared to inorganic minerals (38±6%). In summary, source of trace mineral did not affect puberty, RTS, pelvic area, or overall pregnancy success, but feeding complexed trace minerals tended to increase embryo survival from d 17 to 60.
152 Effects of mineral supplementation on performance and serum mineral status in beef steers grazing annual ryegrass
Authors: Rivera J D , Vann Rhonda C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Thirty six crossbred (predominantly English with some Bos indicus influence) beef steers (initial BW 264.8 + 35.8 kg) were blocked by BW and used in a completely random design to examine the effects of mineral supplementation on performance and serum mineral status in beef cattle grazing annual ryegrass pastures for 84 d. All cattle were withheld from mineral for approximately 60 d prior to the initiation of the study and were allowed to graze dormant bahiagrass pastures (Paspalum notatum), and also had access to bahiagrass hay. On d -1, cattle were weighed and stratified by BW into Light (n = 6 pastures) and Heavy (n = 4 pastures) blocks and returned to their dormant warm season pasture. On d 0, cattle were weighed, a 10 mL blood sample was collected for serum mineral status and cattle were moved to their respective 1.2 ha annual ryegrass treatment pastures. Treatments were randomly assigned to pasture and consisted of CON (no complete mineral supplementation), or MIN (free choice access to a complete beef mineral.) Cattle grazed annual ryegrass for 84 d, after which a final BW was collected as well as a second 10 mL blood sample. Data were analyzed as a mixed model with weight block a random effect and treatment a fixed effect and pasture was the experimental unit. Supplementing MIN tended (P = 0.06) to increase total weight gain at d 84 and increased (P = 0.01) ADG (1.61 vs. 1.67 kg/d for CON and MIN, respectively). Additionally, feeding MIN resulted in increased serum Co, Zn, and Se (P = 0.01) but resulted in no differences in serum Fe and Cu (P &gt; 0.10). Feeding MIN resulted in greater performance and increased some serum mineral levels, however the lack of response in serum Cu to MIN bears further examination.
158 Comparison of different presynch-based synchronization protocols in postpartum dairy cattle
Authors: SHAHZAD Abid Hussain , Abbas Shaista , Khan Iahtisham , safdar raafia , Abbas Ali , Murtaza Ali 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate three timed AI presynch-based synchronization protocols in lactating Holstein-Frisian cattle. Lactating cows (n = 207) were randomly divided into one of the three treatments: 1)PG-PG-Ovsynch (n = 71), cows were subjected to PG(PGF2α;i.m) at 11-d apart. On 11d post 2nd PG shot, standard Ovsynch (GnRH PG–GnRH) was introduced, 2) G7G-Ovsynch(n = 59), PGF2α-2d-GnRH-7d-Ovsynch, 3) Ovsynch-Ovsynch(n = 67), Ovsynch-7d-Ovsynch. Progesterone profile was measured on d30 and d60 post TAI. For monitoring of ovarian status ultrasonography was done at 1st GnRH, PG and 2nd GnRH of the breeding protocol. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d30, 60 and 90 post TAI and pregnancy loss was also on d60 and 90 post TAI. Pregnancy data was analyzed using Chi-square test and plasma P4 profile by ANOVA in SAS. Ovulatory follicle diameter (mean± SD) was 15.02±1.05 in PG-PG-Ovsynch, 15.41±1.28 in G7G-Ovsynch and 15.23±1.23 in Ovsynch-Ovsynch, respectively (P = 0.167). Plasma P4 profile (ng/mL;Mean±SD) on d30 post TAI was 6.46±1.54,7.07±1.19 and in 6.65±1.40 PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G-Ovsynch and Ovsynch-Ovsynch groups, respectively (P = 0.08). On d60 post TAI, P4 profile was recorded to be 7.35±1.16,8.06±1.27 and 7.81±0.91 in PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G Ovsynch and Ovsynch Ovsynch, respectively (P = 0.005). Pregnancy rate on day 30 was 50.70(36/71), 58.20(39/67) and 52.50(31/59) in PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G-Ovsynch and Ovsynch-Ovsynch, respectively (P = 0.88). Similarly,PR on d60 and d90 post TAI was 46.50(33/71):43.70(31/71), 55.20(37/67): 53.70(36/67) and 50.80(30/59):47.50(28/59) in PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G-Ovsynch and Ovsynch-Ovsynch groups (P = 0.84:0.78), respectively. Pregnancy loss on d60 post TAI was 8.30,5.0 and 3.20% in PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G-Ovsynch and Ovsynch-Ovsynch, respectively (P = 0.69). Although statistically non-significant (P = 0.73), overall pregnancy loss on d90 post TAI was also numerically higher in PG-PG-Ovsynch(14.0%) protocol as compared to G7G-Ovsynch (8.30%) and Ovsynch-Ovsynch (9.70%). We concluded that G7G-Ovsynch protocol has resulted in increased PR, P4 profile in comparison with PG-PG-Ovsynch and Ovsynch Ovsynch. Similarly, reduced pregnancy loss,ease and economics makes G7G-Ovsynch as a protocol of choice for improved reproductive management in postpartum dairy cows.