bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Potential Epidemiological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Epidemic and the Cost-effectiveness of Linked, Opt-out HIV Testing: A Modeling Study in 6 US Cities
Authors: Zang Xiao , Krebs Emanuel , Chen Siyuan , Piske Micah , Armstrong Wendy S , Behrends Czarina N , Del Rio Carlos , Feaster Daniel J , Marshall Brandon D L , Mehta Shruti H , Mermin Jonathan , Metsch Lisa R , Schackman Bruce R , Strathdee Steffanie A , Nosyk Bohdan ,   Localized HIV Modeling Study, Dombrowski Julia C , Gebo Kelly A , Kirk Gregory , Montaner Julio , Pandya Ankur , Shoptaw Steven 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Widespread viral and serological testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may present a unique opportunity to also test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We estimated the potential impact of adding linked, opt-out HIV testing alongside SARS-CoV-2 testing on the HIV incidence and the cost-effectiveness of this strategy in 6 US cities.

Methods
Using a previously calibrated dynamic HIV transmission model, we constructed 3 sets of scenarios for each city: (1) sustained current levels of HIV-related treatment and prevention services (status quo); (2) temporary disruptions in health services and changes in sexual and injection risk behaviors at discrete levels between 0%–50%; and (3) linked HIV and SARS-CoV-2 testing offered to 10%–90% of the adult population in addition to Scenario 2. We estimated the cumulative number of HIV infections between 2020–2025 and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of linked HIV testing over 20 years.

Results
In the absence of linked, opt-out HIV testing, we estimated a total of a 16.5% decrease in HIV infections between 2020–2025 in the best-case scenario (50% reduction in risk behaviors and no service disruptions), and a 9.0% increase in the worst-case scenario (no behavioral change and 50% reduction in service access). We estimated that HIV testing (offered at 10%–90% levels) could avert a total of 576–7225 (1.6%–17.2%) new infections. The intervention would require an initial investment of $20.6M–$220.7M across cities; however, the intervention would ultimately result in savings in health-care costs in each city.

Conclusions
A campaign in which HIV testing is linked with SARS-CoV-2 testing could substantially reduce the HIV incidence and reduce direct and indirect health care costs attributable to HIV.
Influenza-like Illness Exacerbates Pneumococcal Carriage in Older Adults
Authors: Miellet Willem R , van Veldhuizen Janieke , Nicolaie Mioara A , Mariman Rob , Bootsma Hester J , Bosch Thijs , Rots Nynke Y , Sanders Elisabeth A M , van Beek Josine , Trzciński Krzysztof 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In older adults, pneumococcal disease is strongly associated with respiratory viral infections, but the impact of viruses on Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage prevalence and load remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of influenza-like illness (ILI) on pneumococcal carriage in community-dwelling older adults.

Methods
We investigated the presence of pneumococcal DNA in saliva samples collected in the 2014/2015 influenza season from 232 individuals aged ≥60 years at ILI onset, followed by sampling 2–3 weeks and 7–9 weeks after the first sample. We also sampled 194 age-matched controls twice 2–3 weeks apart. Pneumococcal DNA was detected with quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the piaB and lytA genes in raw and in culture-enriched saliva. Bacterial and pneumococcal abundances were determined in raw saliva with 16S and piaB quantification.

Results
The prevalence of pneumococcus-positive samples was highest at onset of ILI (42/232 [18%]) and lowest among controls (26/194 [13%] and 22/194 [11%] at the first and second samplings, respectively), though these differences were not significant. Pneumococcal carriage was associated with exposure to young children (odds ratio [OR], 2.71 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.51–5.02]; P &lt; .001), and among asymptomatic controls with presence of rhinovirus infection (OR, 4.23 [95% CI, 1.16–14.22]; P &lt; .05). When compared with carriers among controls, pneumococcal absolute abundances were significantly higher at onset of ILI (P &lt; .01), and remained elevated beyond recovery from ILI (P &lt; .05). Finally, pneumococcal abundances were highest in carriage events newly detected after ILI onset (estimated geometric mean, 1.21 × 10−5 [95% CI, 2.48 × 10−7 to 2.41 × 10−5], compared with preexisting carriage).

Conclusions
ILI exacerbates pneumococcal colonization of the airways in older adults, and this effect persists beyond recovery from ILI.
Social Capital, Loneliness, and Peer Relationships of Adolescents who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Duncan Jill , Colyvas Kim , Punch Renee 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There are many documented benefits of social capital to adolescents in general, and for young people who are deaf or hard of hearing social capital can potentially have a buffering effect against adverse life outcomes. Using the Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Questionnaire ( Asher et al., 1984; Cassidy & Asher, 1992) and the Looman Social Capital Scale ( Looman, 2006), this research investigated changes in levels of social capital and loneliness and peer relationships of deaf or hard of hearing adolescents before attending a residential camp and then three, six- and 12-months post-camp. The camp was specifically for DHH adolescents whose primary communication mode was spoken language. The study also investigated associations between social capital and adolescents’ perceptions of loneliness and peer relationships. Results indicated no statistically significant change in social capital and loneliness and peer relations over the four-time points. There was a significant association between one social capital scale, common good, and loneliness. Implications of these findings are discussed, and recommendations are made for enhancing social capital development within a residential camp experience.
Resource Compensation or Multiplication? The Interplay between Cognitive Ability and Social Origin in Explaining Educational Attainment
Authors: Stienstra Kim , Maas Ineke , Knigge Antonie , Schulz Wiebke 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile previous research has conclusively established that children with higher cognitive ability and those originating from advantaged socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds have better educational outcomes, the interplay between the influences of cognitive ability and social origin has been largely overlooked. The influence of cognitive ability might be weaker in high-SES families as a result of resource compensation, and stronger in high-SES families owing to resource multiplication. We investigate these mechanisms while taking into account the possibility that the association between cognitive ability and educational attainment might be partly spurious due to unobserved genetic and environmental influences. We do so by analysing a large sample of twins from the German TwinLife study (Npairs = 2,190). Our results show that the association between cognitive ability and educational attainment is to a large extent confounded by genetic and shared environmental factors. If this is not considered, and this is the case in most previous studies, high-SES parents seem to compensate for the lower cognitive ability of their children. However, when we consider the genetic and shared environmental confounding, the resource compensation effect becomes non-significant.
Assessment and pathophysiology of microvascular disease: recent progress and clinical implications
Authors: Masi Stefano , Rizzoni Damiano , Taddei Stefano , Widmer Robert Jay , Montezano Augusto C , Lüscher Thomas F , Schiffrin Ernesto L , Touyz Rhian M , Paneni Francesco , Lerman Amir , Lanza Gaetano A , Virdis Agostino 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The development of novel, non-invasive techniques and standardization of protocols to assess microvascular dysfunction have elucidated the key role of microvascular changes in the evolution of cardiovascular (CV) damage, and their capacity to predict an increased risk of adverse events. These technical advances parallel with the development of novel biological assays that enabled the ex vivo identification of pathways promoting microvascular dysfunction, providing novel potential treatment targets for preventing cerebral-CV disease. In this article, we provide an update of diagnostic testing strategies to detect and characterize microvascular dysfunction and suggestions on how to standardize and maximize the information obtained from each microvascular assay. We examine emerging data highlighting the significance of microvascular dysfunction in the development CV disease manifestations. Finally, we summarize the pathophysiology of microvascular dysfunction emphasizing the role of oxidative stress and its regulation by epigenetic mechanisms, which might represent potential targets for novel interventions beyond conventional approaches, representing a new frontier in CV disease reduction.
Digitalization of immunization programmes in Europe: results from the EUVIS project
Authors: Odone A , Gianfredi V , Frascella B , Balzarini F , Oradini Alacreu A , Signorelli C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The second and final phase of the EUVIS (EUrope Vaccines ICT Strategies) project, coordinated by the School of Public Health of the University Vita-Salute San Raffaele in Milan (Italy), aims at collecting best practices on the use and impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and digital tools to increase vaccine uptake and ultimately vaccination coverage in Europe. The field of ICT has flourished in recent years revolutionizing the processes of gathering, spreading and utilizing health information among healthcare providers, citizens and mass media. In particular, we are interested in any digital technology that can improve vaccine uptake supporting actions aimed at both increasing the demand of vaccines (i.e provide access to information through telecommunications, networks, the Internet, wireless, mobile devices), and the supply of effective and efficient life-course immunization services (i.e ICT-based interventions to support immunization programmes delivery and their monitoring). Within EUVIS we have previously conducted a series of systematic reviews to pool available evidence from experimental studies on the impact of selected ICT-based intervention (i.e. e-mail reminders, personal health records, among others) to improve vaccine uptake and other associated outcomes. In the current study, second and final phase of the EUVIS project, we are conducting a survey at the European level to gather original data on the use and impact of ICT and digital tools within immunization programmes in selected countries. The survey tool was developed on the basis of findings from EUVIS phase one and experts' consultation; it consisted on a 55-item questionnaire, distributed to public health professionals working in health agencies, institutions and the academia to build “ICT and immunization” countries' profile, as well as to gather, pool and critically appraise data on perceived potential and challenges of immunization programmes' digitalization in Europe.
Understanding the multiple health system and contextual barriers to hypertension control: Towards a new framework and its application to the Philippines
Authors: Seguin M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Reducing the burden of CVD is critically important, especially among poor individuals in in LMICs, where the treatment gap is widest. In order to address this inequity, evidence is needed on the experiences of economically marginalised individuals in LMICs diagnosed with CVDs. At present, there is little focus on the experiences of such individuals as they make sequential decisions regarding their care over time. Moreover, the evidence base is hampered by the lack of a clear framework encapsulating both individual agency and societal structures in conceptualising this chronology of behaviour. We aim to address this gap by capturing patient pathways of individuals diagnosed with hypertension in Malaysia and the Philippines drawing on a framework informed by strong structuration theory (SST). This lens allows examination of the social, economic and environmental forces that influence accessibility and quality of health services available to low-income residents in LMICs.
Norwegian-Russian cooperation in public health education in the Euro-Arctic Barents region
Authors: Grjibovski A M , Postoev V A , Usynina A A , Kharkova O A , Odland J&Oslash; 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A Norwegian-Russian cooperation in public health education in the Euro-Arctic Barents region started in the 1980s. In the 1990s it has been mostly limited to research- and student exchanges.
In September 2006 seven universities including Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk (Russia), University of Tromsø (Norway), Nordic School of Public Health (Sweden), Umeå University (Sweden), Mid-Sweden University (Sundsvall, Sweden), Tampere University (Finland) and the National Institute of Public Health (Oslo, Norway), came together to found the International school of public health in Arkhangelsk, Russia (ISPHA). The mission of the ISPHA was to increase the level of knowledge in methods of research and practice in the field of public health, and to promote the implementation of this knowledge in Northwest Russia. Since 2007, ISPHA is providing public health education based on a 2-year MPH training. In 2007, ISPHA became the first full member of ASPHER. Forty-eight specialists got MPH degrees at ISPHA as a part of the program.
In 2013 a PhD programme between NSMU and the University of Tromsø was established. In 2013-19, 6 PhD theses were defended, and totally 28 full-text papers were published in peer-reviewed journals. In 2017 two new PhD programs in public health between Norway and Russia were initiated. The programme in environmental health and registry epidemiology in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Russia is run in collaboration between two Russian and two Norwegian universities while the second programme on cardiovascular epidemiology is run by NSMU and the University of Tromsø. Both programmes have already recruited PhD students and teachers from both countries. Achievements, challenges, sustainability and future perspectives will be discussed.
In spite of political perturbations, cooperation in public health education and research between Norway and Russia is contributing to better understanding of each other and strengthening public health workforce in Arctic Russia.

Key messages
Norwegian Russian cooperation evolved from exchanges to PhD programs. Most of the graduates strengthen public health capacity in their regions.
Education and the ethics of refugee health
Authors: Worthington R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
While meeting the health needs of refugees is defensible as a human right, asserting this right is insufficient to ensure that health care needs of refugees are actually met. In addition to political will and social commitment, a well-trained workforce is needed. Problems faced by refugees mean taking a range of public health and other measures, requiring a mix of skills to help health care professionals [HCPs] meet the needs of this vulnerable population.

Objectives
In taking an overview of global health problems associated with the health care needs of refugees, ethics and human rights are assessed to see what practical steps can be taken by public health leaders to better enable HPCs address unmet needs.

Results
Given the scale of the problem and the moral implications, there is a case for making refugee health a core topic in global health education. Ethical analysis is used to devise learning outcomes that could be included in programmes for continuing education and professional development. Twelve indicative learning objectives are offered, including to ‘demonstrate leadership when trying to affect change and address health problems faced by refugees' and to ‘demonstrate sensitivity to social customs without necessarily acceding to unlawful or unethical practices'.

Conclusions
When focusing on the health needs of refugees, practical and ethical considerations should be taken into account in support of efforts at finding educational solutions. Making refugee health a core topic in postgraduate global health education could help HCPs acquire new skills.

Key messages
The right to health is insufficient to ensure that refugees receive the care they need. There is an ethical case for building refugee health into education programmes for global (public) health.
The challenge of tackling weight stigma through the legal system in Germany
Authors: Schorb F 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Weight stigma is a growing public health problem that has not yet received the attention it deserves. The UN and the WHO both identified discrimination as a crucial obstacle in solving health inequalities. The Lancet recently acknowledged the central role of discrimination in health inequality and specifically called to address weight stigma. Weight stigma is responsible for a vast array of health problems including but not limited to high cortisol, high blood pressure, mood and anxiety disorders, and depression. Weight stigma is correlated with eating disorders, the avoidance of exercise, and further weight gain. Weight stigma in healthcare affects the quality of services and leads to the avoidance of health consultations. Anti-discrimination laws are one way of dealing with the harmful effects of stigma. They have proven to be effective in rising awareness for discrimination, thereby directly and indirectly helping those most affected by unequal treatment.
Germany introduced the General Equal Treatment Act in 2006. More than ten years later the effects of the law were evaluated. With regard to weight stigma important obstacles were found. Since weight is not a protected characteristic in the law, people who experience weight stigma can only make their claims by referring to disability-related discrimination, leaving many who suffer from weight stigma but aren't classified or do not perceive themselves as disabled at the side lines.
If public health wants to successfully challenge the obesogenic environment without harming people of size meaningful measures to avoid discrimination have to be established. But in order to successfully implement laws tackling weight discrimination it is necessary to cover weight stigma explicitly. There is already a high level of support for these kinds of measures in a variety of countries, and there are examples of successfully implemented anti-discrimination laws that include weight as a protected characteristic.

Key messages
It is impossible to successfully tackle the obesity epidemic without confronting the parallel epidemic of weight stigma, thereby removing the burden of change from those experiencing mistreatments. Weight stigma is a crucial public health problem that can be tackled by anti-discrimination laws. In order to be efficient these laws have to explicitly include weight as a protected characteristic.
Population trends and burden of disease profile in Somalia from 1990 to 2017
Authors: Mehl T , Senkubuge F , Cronje T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In Somalia, general health indicators and information on the health trends are lacking. Somalia and countries globally aim to attain the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for health. This study aims to describe the trends in population health and disease burden in Somalia in the past 27 years and show the pattern of health transition across the country from 1990 to 2017.

Methods
This cross-sectional study retrieved secondary data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) system. All health-related data were cleaned, captured, and descriptively analysed through SAS 9.4. We analysed Mortality rates, Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), Years of Life Lost because of premature death (YLLs), Years lived with disability (YLDs), Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE), and Age-Standardised Death Rate (ASD). Causes and risks of mortality and morbidity were categorised in communicable diseases (CMNN), non-communicable diseases (NCD) and injuries.

Results
Life expectancy has improved from 52.5 to 60.7 years old for females and 48.0 to 56.6 years old for males. The total causes of DALYs declined by 52% (from 120 860,71 to 58 321,04); YLD declined by 8% (from 9 957,15 to 9 152,86); and the YLLs declined by 54% (110 903,56 to 49 168,18) for both sexes. The maternal mortality rate declined by 34% (522,99 to 343,86) and under 5 mortality rate by 64% (5 176,54 to 1 899,17). CMNNs was the main cause of DALYs, NCDs for YLDs and CMNNs for YLLs in 2017. HALE saw a steady increase. CMNNs was the main cause of ASD in 1990 then declined and NCDs became the main cause of ASD in 2017.

Conclusions
Somalia's health status has improved between 1990 and 2017, although certain geographically and societal factors still play an important role in rates not changing. Strengthened policies to address health and developmental challenges within Somalia is vital in achieving the SDG health goals.

Key messages
An analysis of the health system in Somalia was used to make recommendations and improvements in and for health outcomes. Information on health systems is an important topic and due to the challenges and changes in population demographics and patterns of disease, improving health care in a country like Somalia is vital.
Childhood bereavement and adult mortality: A 65-year follow-up of the Stockholm birth cohort
Authors: Hiyoshi A , Berg L , Grotta A , Almquist Y , Rostila M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
About 3% of children in Sweden, 4-5% in the UK, and 5% in the US experience the death of a parent during childhood. The event is highly unexpected and stressful and could have long-term social and health consequences across the life course. To alleviate grief, bereaved children may engage in health-damaging behaviours such as smoking, alcohol or drug abuse, violence, delinquency and risky sexual behaviour. Few studies have been able to study health consequences by childhood parental loss and mechanisms explaining associations across the life course. Using the Stockholm Birth Cohort Study (SBC), including all children born in 1953 in the metropolitan Stockholm area, we examined whether childhood bereavement is associated with all-cause mortality until age 63 and whether various pathways (e.g. economic, behavioral and social circumstances) account for the association. 15,117 individuals were followed between 1953 and 2018 using survey data and national registry data. We used Cox proportional hazard regression and mediation analysis for survival analysis to decompose direct and indirect effects. The death of a parent was associated with 40 to 50% elevated risk of mortality in offspring, and the association was mediated through delinquent behaviour in adolescence and income in adulthood especially for male offspring. Our findings suggest that parental loss has a life long impact on the mortality risk of bereaved children and that interventions targeting delinquency and socio-economic circumstances in bereaved children could be successful in reducing their excess mortality risk.

Key messages
Bereavement in childhood has a life-long impact on health. Interventions targeting delinquency and socio-economic circumstances could be successful in reducing the excess mortality risk.