bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the Synergistic Effect between Graphitic Carbon Nitride and Cu2O toward CO2Electroreduction to C2H4
Authors: Zhang Jiguang , Guo Yuting , Shang Bin , Fan Tingting , Lian Xinyi , Huang Pingping , Dong Yunyun , Chen Zhou , Yi Xiaodong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectrochemically reducing carbon dioxide (CO2RR) to ethylene is one of the most promising strategies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and simultaneously produce high value‐added chemicals. However, the lack of catalysts with excellent activity and stability limits the large‐scale application of this technology. In this work, a graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)‐supported Cu2O composite was fabricated, which exhibited a 32.2 % faradaic efficiency of C2H4with a partial current density of −4.3 mA cm−2at −1.1 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 mKHCO3electrolyte. The introduction of g‐C3N4support not only enhanced the uniform dispersion of Cu2O nanocubes, but also stabilized the important *CO intermediates. Moreover, the g‐C3N4itself had a good activity of reducing CO2to form *CO, which enriched the key intermediates of C−C coupling around cuprous oxide. The findings highlight the importance of the g‐C3N4support, a unique two‐dimensional material, including not only the strong CO2adsorption and activation capacity but also its synergistic effect with the cuprous oxide in CO2RR selectivity.
Ketamine and Norketamine: Enantioresolution and Enantioselective Aquatic Ecotoxicity Studies
Authors: Pérez-Pereira Ariana , Ribeiro Cláudia , Teles Filomena , Gonçalves Ricardo , M.F. Gonçalves Virgínia , Pereira José Augusto , Carrola João Soares , Pires Carlos , Tiritan Maria Elizabeth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Ketamine is a chiral drug used for various clinical purposes but often misused. It is metabolized to norketamine, an active chiral metabolite. Both substances have been detected in environmental matrices, but studies about their enantioselective toxic effects are scarce. In the present study, the enantiomers of ketamine and norketamine were separated by a semipreparative enantioselective liquid chromatography method, and their toxicity was investigated in different aquatic organisms. The enantioseparation was achieved using a homemade semipreparative chiral column. Optimized conditions allowed the recovery of compounds with enantiomeric purity higher than 99%, except for (R)-ketamine (97%). The absolute configuration of the enantiomers was achieved by experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The ecotoxicity assays were performed with the microcrustacean Daphnia magna and the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila using Toxkit MicroBioTests. Different concentrations were tested (0.1–10 000 µg/L) to include environmental levels (~0.5–~100 µg/L), for racemates (R,S) and the isolated enantiomers (R or S) of ketamine and norketamine. No toxicity was observed in either organism at environmental levels. However, at greater concentrations, (R,S)-ketamine presented higher mortality for D. magna compared with its metabolite (R,S)-norketamine (85 and 20%, respectively), and the (S)-ketamine enantiomer showed higher toxicity than the (R)-ketamine enantiomer. In addition, (S)-ketamine also presented higher growth inhibition than (R)-ketamine for T. thermophila at the highest concentrations (5000 and 10 000 µg/L). Contrary to D. magna, growth inhibition was observed for both enantiomers of norketamine and in the same magnitude order of the (S)-ketamine enantiomer. The results showed that the 2 organisms had different susceptibilities to norketamine and that the toxicity of ketamine at high concentrations is enantioselective for both organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:569–579. © 2020 SETAC
Short-Term Aging of Pod-Derived Biochar Reduces Soil Cadmium Mobility and Ameliorates Cadmium Toxicity to Soil Enzymes and Tomato
Authors: Ogunkunle Clement Oluseye , Falade Fayoke Oluwaseun , Oyedeji Bosede Jumoke , Akande Funmi Ojuolape , Vishwakarma Vinita , Alagarsamy Karthik , Ramachandran D. , Fatoba Paul Ojo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Contamination of agricultural soil with cadmium (Cd) has become a global concern because of its adverse effects on ecohealth and food safety. Soil amendment with biochar has become one of the phytotechnologies to reduce soil metal phyto-availability and its potential risks along the food chain. Biochar, derived from cocoa pod, was evaluated in soil Cd fractions (exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) by modified Commission of the European Communities Bureau of Reference sequential extraction and its efficacy to ameliorate Cd toxicity to soil enzymes and leaf bioactive compounds. A pot experiment was conducted using Cd-spiked soil at 10 mg/kg with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at a biochar application rate of 1 and 3% (w/w) for 6 wk. The addition of biochar significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) the exchangeable, reducible, and residual fractions by at least approximately 23%, with a consequential decrease in Cd root uptake and transport within tomato tissues. The activity of soil enzymes (catalase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease) was affected by Cd toxicity. However, with the exception of dehydrogenase, biochar application significantly enhanced the activity of these enzymes, especially at the 3% (w/w) rate. As for the secondary metabolites we studied, Cd toxicity was observed for glutathione, terpenoids, and total phenols. However, the biochar application rate of 1% (w/w) significantly ameliorated the effects of toxicity on the secondary metabolites. In conclusion, biochar demonstrated the potential to act as a soil amendment for Cd immobilization and thereby reduce the bioavailability of Cd in soil, mitigating food security risks. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3306–3316. © 2020 SETAC
White matter integrity and structural brain network topology in cerebral small vessel disease: The Hamburg city health study
Authors: Frey Benedikt M. , Petersen Marvin , Schlemm Eckhard , Mayer Carola , Hanning Uta , Engelke Kristin , Fiehler Jens , Borof Katrin , Jagodzinski Annika , Gerloff Christian , Thomalla Götz , Cheng Bastian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCerebral small vessel disease is a common finding in the elderly and associated with various clinical sequelae. Previous studies suggest disturbances in the integration capabilities of structural brain networks as a mediating link between imaging and clinical presentations. To what extent cerebral small vessel disease might interfere with other measures of global network topology is not well understood. Connectomes were reconstructed via diffusion weighted imaging in a sample of 930 participants from a population based epidemiologic study. Linear models were fitted testing for an association of graph‐theoretical measures reflecting integration and segregation with both the Peak width of Skeletonized Mean Diffusivity (PSMD) and the load of white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin (WMH). The latter were subdivided in periventricular and deep for an analysis of localisation‐dependent correlations of cerebral small vessel disease. The median WMH volume was 0.6 mL (1.4) and the median PSMD 2.18 mm2/s x 10−4 (0.5). The connectomes showed a median density of 0.880 (0.030), the median values for normalised global efficiency, normalised clustering coefficient, modularity Q and small‐world propensity were 0.780 (0.045), 1.182 (0.034), 0.593 (0.026) and 0.876 (0.040) respectively. An increasing burden of cerebral small vessel disease was significantly associated with a decreased integration and increased segregation and thus decreased small‐worldness of structural brain networks. Even in rather healthy subjects increased cerebral small vessel disease burden is accompanied by topological brain network disturbances. Segregation parameters and small‐worldness might as well contribute to the understanding of the known clinical sequelae of cerebral small vessel disease.
Cost‐effectiveness of endoscopic endonasal vs transcranial approaches for olfactory groove meningioma
Authors: Fu Terence S. , Yao Christopher M. K. L. , Ziai Hedyeh , Monteiro Eric , Almeida Joao Paulo , Zadeh Gelareh , Gentili Fred , de Almeida John R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundEndoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) have been adopted as an alternative to standard transcranial approaches for olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs). However, the relative cost‐effectiveness remains controversial.MethodsCost‐utility analysis from a societal perspective comparing EEA vs transcranial approaches for OGM was used in this study. Surgical treatment was modeled using decision analysis, and a Markov model was adopted over a 20‐year horizon. Parameters were obtained from literature review. Costs were expressed in 2017 Canadian dollars.ResultsIn the base case, EEA was cost‐effective compared with transcranial surgery with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $33 523 ($30 475 USD)/QALY. There was a 55% likelihood that EEA was cost‐effective at a willingness‐to‐pay of $50 000/QALY. EEA remained cost‐effective at a cerebrospinal fluid leak rate below 60%, gross total resection rate above 25%, and base cost less than $66 174 ($60 158 USD).ConclusionEEA may be a cost‐effective alternative to transcranial approaches for selected OGM.
The effectiveness of radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck mucosal melanoma: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Grant‐Freemantle Marc C. , Lane O'Neill Billy , Clover Anthony James P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionMucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare condition with a poor prognosis. Surgery is the corner stone of treatment, however, radiotherapy has been commonly employed as a treatment strategy and recent studies suggesting that survival outcomes may be improving are emerging.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis comparing risk ratios of radiotherapy and surgery and radiotherapy (SRT) with surgery for 5‐year overall survival, local recurrence and distant metastasis in head and neck mucosal melanoma (HNMM).ResultsSRT has a lower risk of death compared to surgery [RR 0.93 [95% CI = 0.87, 0.98] (P = .01)] and a reduced risk of local recurrence [RR 0.63 [95% CI = 0.48, 0.82] (P = .005)]. SRT has no effect on distant metastasis. Radiotherapy has worse survival when compared to surgery [RR 1.2 [95% CI = 1.03, 1.33] (P = .0006)].ConclusionsSRT confers a moderate survival advantage in HNMM compared to surgery. This is most likely secondary to reduced local recurrence.
Clinical features and therapeutic responses to proton pump inhibitor in patients with severe reflux esophagitis: A multicenter prospective observational study
Authors: Isshi Kimio , Matsuhashi Nobuyuki , Joh Takashi , Higuchi Kazuhide , Iwakiri Katsuhiko , Kamiya Takeshi , Manabe Noriaki , Nakada Tatsuya , Ogawa Maiko , Arihiro Seiji , Haruma Ken , Nakada Koji 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and AimIn patients with severe erosive reflux disease (ERD; Los Angeles classification grade C/D) who do not undergo endoscopic examination, insufficient strength and duration of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy may lead to complications such as esophageal bleeding and stenosis. Therefore, to provide a safe and effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), we investigated the clinical features of patients with severe ERD and their responses to PPI therapy.MethodsPatients with GERD symptoms received PPI therapy for 4 weeks after endoscopic examination. The patients completed the Gastroesophageal reflux and dyspepsia therapeutic efficacy and satisfaction test questionnaire before and 2 or 4 weeks after PPI treatment. Patient characteristics, presence/absence of coexisting atrophic gastritis (AG) and hiatus hernia (HH), and responses to PPI therapy were compared in patients with GERD among three groups (nonerosive reflux disease, mild ERD [grade A/B], and severe ERD).ResultsThe severe ERD group had a significantly higher proportion of males, higher body mass index, and longer duration of GERD morbidity. Furthermore, the severe ERD group also had a significantly lower incidence of coexisting AG and higher incidence of HH. There was no difference in the severity of GERD before PPI treatment among the three groups. Unexpectedly, the response to PPI therapy was the best in the severe ERD group.ConclusionSufficient strength and period of PPI therapy are required, even if the symptoms show early improvement, when treating GERD patients without performing endoscopy, considering the possibility of severe ERD.
External auditory canal reconstruction with inferior pedicled square screw flap from the preauricular area after resection of external auditory canal cancer
Authors: Anazawa Utaro , Omura Kazuhiro , Nishijima Yoshikata , Aoki Kensuke , Kojima Hiromi , Tanaka Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe postoperative reconstruction of ear canal cancer with a local flap such as the snail flap technique has been reported for cases with few tissue defects. The snail flap technique requires a large skin incision and is at risk of facial neuropathy. We have devised a new flap that addresses these problems.MethodsAn 80‐year‐old woman underwent total right ear canal resection for cancer of the right ear canal, and the defect of the ear canal was reconstructed using a local flap. The local flap was used by making a rectangular incision in front of the auricle and rolling it into a cylindrical shape. We named this flap a square screw flap.ResultsThe patient was discharged 1 week after surgery without complications.ConclusionsThis method is considered to be useful for reconstruction of the ear canal with a small defect.
Pexidartinib Long-Term Hepatic Safety Profile in Patients with Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors
Authors: Lewis James H. , Gelderblom Hans , Sande Michiel , Stacchiotti Silvia , Healey John H. , Tap William D. , Wagner Andrew J. , Pousa Antonio Lopez , Druta Mihaela , Lin Chia-Chi , Baba Hideo A. , Choi Youngsook , Wang Qiang , Shuster Dale E. , Bauer Sebastian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Pexidartinib is approved in the U.S. for tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs). Herein, we assessed the hepatic safety profile of pexidartinib across patients with TGCTs receiving pexidartinib.

Materials, and Methods
Hepatic adverse reactions (ARs) were assessed by type and magnitude of liver test abnormalities, classified as (a) isolated aminotransferase elevations (alanine [ALT] or aspartate [AST], without significant alkaline phosphatase [ALP] or bilirubin elevations), or (b) mixed or cholestatic hepatotoxicity (increase in ALP with or without ALT/AST and bilirubin elevations, based on adjudication). Median follow-up from initial pexidartinib treatment was 39 months (range, 32–82) in 140 patients with TGCTs across clinical studies NCT01004861, NCT02371369, NCT02734433, and NCT03291288.

Results
In total, 95% of patients with TGCTs (133/140) treated with pexidartinib (median duration of exposure, 19 months [range, 1–76]), experienced a hepatic AR. A total of 128 patients (91%) had reversible, low-grade dose-dependent isolated AST/ALT elevations without significant ALP elevations. Five patients (4%) experienced serious mixed or cholestatic injury. No case met Hy's law criteria. Onset of hepatic ARs was predominantly in the first 2 months. All five serious hepatic AR cases recovered 1–7 months following pexidartinib discontinuation. Five patients from the non-TGCT population (N = 658) experienced serious hepatic ARs, two irreversible cases.

Conclusion
This pooled analysis provides information to help form the basis for the treating physician's risk assessment for patients with TCGTs, a locally aggressive but typically nonmetastatic tumor. In particular, long-term treatment with pexidartinib has a predictable effect on hepatic aminotransferases and unpredictable risk of serious cholestatic or mixed liver injury.

Implications for Practice
This is the first long-term pooled analysis to report on the long-term hepatic safety of pexidartinib in patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumors associated with severe morbidity or functional limitations and not amenable to improvement with surgery. These findings extend beyond what has been previously published, describing the observed instances of hepatic toxicity following pexidartinib treatment across the clinical development program. This information is highly relevant for medical oncologists and orthopedic oncologists and provides guidance for its proper use for appropriate patients within the Pexidartinib Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Safety program.
Single Si‐doped fullerene as a catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction: A quantum chemical insight
Authors: Vashchenko Alexander V. , Kuzmin Anton V. , Shainyan Bagrat A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe ability of the Si‐doped fullerene C59Si to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic and alkaline media has been studied by density functional theory calculations. The active sites for oxygen adsorption were determined from the distribution of the charge density difference analysis. The Si‐doped fullerene C59Si has the global minimum at the structure HO*O*C59Si generated by only one hydrogen transfer [H+ + e−] at the equilibrium potential, but shifts to the structure HO*C59Si at overpotentials higher 0.8 V or below 0 V in acidic or alkaline media, respectively. The comparison of the free energy plots for the 2e and 4e pathways of ORR showed the preference of the latter over the former due to the formation of stable intermediates suffering the OO bond breaking.
Dual Defect‐Passivation Using Phthalocyanine for Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Hu Qikun , Rezaee Ehsan , Xu Wangping , Ramachandran Rajendran , Chen Qian , Xu Hu , EL‐Assaad Tarek , McGrath Dominic V. , Xu Zong‐Xiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSemiconducting molecules have been employed to passivate traps extant in the perovskite film for enhancement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) efficiency and stability. A molecular design strategy to passivate the defects both on the surface and interior of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer, using two phthalocyanine (Pc) molecules (NP‐SC6‐ZnPc and NP‐SC6‐TiOPc) is demonstrated. The presence of lone electron pairs on S, N, and O atoms of the Pc molecular structures provides the opportunity for Lewis acid–base interactions with under‐coordinated Pb2+ sites, leading to efficient defect passivation of the perovskite layer. The tendency of both NP‐SC6‐ZnPc and NP‐SC6‐TiOPc to relax on the PbI2 terminated surface of the perovskite layer is also studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The morphology of the perovskite layer is improved due to employing the Pc passivation strategy, resulting in high‐quality thin films with a dense and compact structure and lower surface roughness. Using NP‐SC6‐ZnPc and NP‐SC6‐TiOPc as passivating agents, it is observed considerably enhanced power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), from 17.67% for the PSCs based on the pristine perovskite film to 19.39% for NP‐SC6‐TiOPc passivated devices. Moreover, PSCs fabricated based on the Pc passivation method present a remarkable stability under conditions of high moisture and temperature levels.
Adhesives used in herbaria: Current practice with regard to what we know from written sources on mounting herbarium specimens and conservation
Authors: Grenda‐Kurmanow Magdalena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHerbaria are important sources of information concerning biodiversity, climate change and ecology, migration and evolution of plants, and extinct or invasive species. The development of genetic sampling enables retrieval of genetic material even from historical records, extending potential uses of herbarium collections. However, the use of adhesives might be detrimental to dried plant specimens, contributing to their degradation on many levels. The use of the appropriate adhesive has always been the subject of discussion and one of the important issues concerning herbarium making. This paper discusses current practices of the use of adhesives in herbaria collections, regarding their long‐term quality in terms of aging behaviour and appropriateness for the use with herbarium material. Health and safety of herbarium staff are also addressed. Results of a survey consisting of open‐ended questions are presented, showing various approaches to the mounting of specimens and differences in assessing particular adhesives. The goal of the enquiry was to gather information about the most popular current practices of herbarium conservators. A list of adhesives extracted from an extensive review of herbarium‐related literature is also provided, including conservation treatment reports.
113 in 1928? Validation of Delina Filkins as the First “Second-Century Teenager”
Authors: Young Robert Douglas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDelina Filkins was born May 4, 1815 in Stark, Herkimer County, New York, a small village of less than 2000 persons in the Hudson River Valley, Upstate New York. Her father, William Ecker, and mother, Susanna Herwick, were descended from Dutch and German settlers that came to the Mohawk Valley, New York, in the 1700s. Living her entire life in the same area within a ten-mile radius, her life spanned over 113 years. With the exception of her great age and her generally good health, Delina’s life was rather ordinary: she lived most of it on the family farm, helping with family tasks such as spinning yarn and making clothes. Delina married John Filkins, a local farmer, at age 18 and they had six (possibly seven) children together, two of whom outlived her. Delina was noted for her age in very late life, with local coverage from about 1916, then reaching national attention in the 1920s. With the understanding that Delina’s age was generally considered to be reliable by the press at the time, her case is a candidate for the earliest validated person to reach age 113+. This chapter takes a closer look at the case and the documents available and concludes that the amount and consistency of the available documentation suggest that Delina Filkins did indeed reach age 113 in 1928.
Mortality of Supercentenarians: Estimates from the Updated IDL
Authors: Gampe Jutta 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMortality after age 110 has been estimated to be flat at a level corresponding to an annual probability of death of 50% (Gampe, Supercentenarians. Springer, Berlin, 2010). Since the publication of these results, the IDL has been substantially updated, and the number of supercentenarians in the database has roughly doubled. Here we report the results obtained from the updated database (N = 1219 supercentenarians). The broad conclusions regarding human mortality at the highest ages still hold.