bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in rivers and estuaries of northwestern Borneo
Authors: Bange Hermann W. , Sim Chun Hock , Bastian Daniel , Kallert Jennifer , Kock Annette , Mujahid Aazani , Müller Moritz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are atmospheric trace gases
which play important roles in the climate and atmospheric chemistry of the
Earth. However, little is known about their emissions from rivers and
estuaries, which seem to contribute significantly to the atmospheric budget
of both gases. To this end concentrations of N2O and CH4 were
measured in the Rajang, Maludam, Sebuyau and Simunjan rivers draining
peatland in northwestern (NW) Borneo during two campaigns in March and
September 2017. The Rajang River was additionally sampled in August 2016 and
the Samunsam and Sematan rivers were additionally sampled in March 2017. The
Maludam, Sebuyau, and Simunjan rivers are typical “blackwater” rivers with
very low pH (3.7–7.8), very high dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
concentrations (235–4387 mmol L−1) and very low O2
concentrations (31–246 µmol L−1; i.e. 13 %–116 % O2
saturation). The spatial and temporal variability of N2O and CH4
concentrations (saturations) in the six rivers or estuaries was large and
ranged from 2.0 nmol L−1 (28 %) to 41.4 nmol L−1 (570 %) and
from 2.5 nmol L−1 (106 %) to 1372 nmol L−1 (57 459 %),
respectively. We found no overall trends of N2O with O2 or
NO3-, NO2- or NH4+, and there were no trends of
CH4 with O2 or dissolved nutrients or DOC. N2O concentrations
showed a positive linear correlation with rainfall. We conclude, therefore,
that rainfall is the main factor determining the riverine N2O
concentrations since N2O production or consumption in the blackwater rivers themselves seems to be low because of the low pH. CH4
concentrations were highest at salinity = 0 and most probably result from
methanogenesis as part of the decomposition of organic matter under anoxic
conditions. CH4 in the concentrations in the blackwater rivers showed
an inverse relationship with rainfall. We suggest that CH4 oxidation in
combination with an enhanced river flow after the rainfall events might be
responsible for the decrease in the CH4 concentrations. The rivers and
estuaries studied here were an overall net source of N2O and CH4
to the atmosphere. The total annual N2O and CH4 emissions were
1.09 Gg N2O yr−1 (0.7 Gg N yr−1) and 23.8 Gg CH4 yr−1, respectively. This represents about 0.3 %–0.7 % of the global
annual riverine and estuarine N2O emissions and about 0.1 %–1 % of
the global riverine and estuarine CH4 emissions. Therefore, we conclude
that rivers and estuaries in NW Borneo – despite the fact their water area
covers only 0.05 % of the global river/estuarine area – contribute
significantly to global riverine and estuarine emissions of N2O and
CH4.
Modelling the marine ecosystem of Iberia–Biscay–Ireland (IBI) European waters for CMEMS operational applications
Authors: Gutknecht Elodie , Reffray Guillaume , Mignot Alexandre , Dabrowski Tomasz , Sotillo Marcos G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract. As part of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service
(CMEMS), a physical–biogeochemical coupled model system has been developed
to monitor and forecast the ocean dynamics and marine ecosystem of the
European waters and more specifically on the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland (IBI)
area. The CMEMS IBI coupled model covers the north-east Atlantic Ocean from
the Canary Islands to Iceland, including the North Sea and the western
Mediterranean, with a NEMO-PISCES 1∕36∘ model application. The
coupled system has been providing 7 d weekly ocean forecasts for CMEMS since
April 2018. Prior to its operational launch, a pre-operational qualification
simulation (2010–2016) has allowed assessing the model's capacity to
reproduce the main biogeochemical and ecosystem features of the IBI area.
The objective of this paper is then to describe the consistency and skill
assessment of the PISCES biogeochemical model using this 7-year
qualification simulation. The model results are compared with available
satellite estimates as well as in situ observations (ICES, EMODnet and BGC-Argo). The simulation successfully reproduces the spatial distribution and seasonal
cycles of oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll a and net primary production, and
confirms that PISCES is suitable at such a resolution and can be used for
operational analysis and forecast applications. This model system can be a
useful tool to better understand the current state and changes in the marine
biogeochemistry of European waters and can also provide key variables for
developing indicators to monitor the health of marine ecosystems. These
indicators may be of interest to scientists, policy makers, environmental
agencies and the general public.
Expressing Selves: A Comparative Study of the Memoirs of Tāj al-Salṭana and Bībī Maryam Bakhtiyārī
Authors: Sadeghian Saghar 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Born and raised in Nāṣirī Qajar Iran, both Sardār (commander) Maryam Bakhtiyārī (1874–1937), daughter of Ḥusayn Qulī Khan, the Īlkhānī (chief of the tribes) of the Bakhtiyārīs, an influential nomadic tribe, and Zahrā Khānum Tāj al-Salṭana (1884–1936), daughter of Nāṣir al-Dīn Shah, wrote memoirs. Both of these texts are incomplete, and only one - Tāj’s autobiography - has been translated into English. The two memoirs present the female narrative of Iranian society through two different lenses: from inside the royal harem and from the landscape of nomadic life. This article argues that despite their different lifestyles, both women were the subject of Foucault’s “docile body,” the “body as object and target of power,” which “may be subjected, used, transformed, and improved”1 in the misogynic institutions that controlled and employed them. As Saud Joseph argues, a “predominant patriarchal family system”2 designated guardians for these women through the male relatives. This system also allowed men to act with impunity so long as they fulfilled their procreation duty inside their family institution. Women, on the other hand, were the instruments of reproduction. This article also provides an overview of the ways these women reacted to the conditions constraining them. Their reactions distinguish Tāj’s and Maryam’s lives as role models who went beyond the social framework and pushed the boundaries.
Nietzsche's Attack on Belief: Doxastic Skepticism in The Antichrist
Authors: Berry Jessica N. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the last numbered section of The Antichrist, Nietzsche pronounces his “eternal indictment” of Christianity. If we focus on his condemnation of the moral emotion of compassion (Mitleid) and on the mendacity and vengefulness he attributes to priests and theologians, we are likely to conclude that his indictment is a moral one. But Nietzsche himself clearly and decisively resists this conclusion, twice characterizing his analysis as “moraline-free [moralinfrei].” In this article, I argue that we must take this caveat seriously, and that if we do, we will discover that the real target of this treatise is a sickness, “a pathos that calls itself belief [Glaube],” of which the tradition of Pauline Christianity, in which only “faith [Glaube] makes blessed,” has been only the most virulent strain. I demonstrate that this diagnosis aligns Nietzsche with a long tradition of doxastic (as opposed to epistemic) varieties of skepticism, which treat “belief” in similarly pathological terms.
Evaluación del estado actual de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de las comunidades en pobreza severa de los municipios: Masatepe, Nandasmo, Niquinohomo, Catarina y San Juan de Oriente en el departamento de Masaya durante el año 2016.
Authors: López García Henrry Luis 
Published: November 2019

Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el porcentaje de la población en pobreza general y extrema, así como estimar los niveles de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de las familias residentes en las zonas vulnerables, e este caso, de los municipios: Masatepe, Nandasmo, Niquinohomo, Catarina y San Juan de Oriente en el departamento de Masaya durante el año 2016, según el indicador de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI) medido por el CENSO del año 2005. El método usado es el estudio descriptivo, correlacional y analítico, utilizando la técnica por encuesta y el instrumento del formulario de la “Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria” (ELCSA); la cual fue aplicada a una muestra de n=175 de una población de N= 1,245 jefes de hogares. La muestra fue tomada con un nivel de confianza del 95 % y un error máximo permisible de B=0.3223. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que la ELCSA mostro una alta consistencia interna (Cronbach 99.3 %). En los hogares estudiados el 62 % de los jefes de hogares fueron del sexo femenino, el restante (38 %) fueron del sexo masculino. Referente al nivel de escolaridad, el 33.7 % tenían una escolaridad secundaria y el 35.4 % tenían un nivel académico de primaria. Referente a la incidencia de la pobreza, el 90.3 % de las familias son pobres extremos y el 9.7 % se encontraron en pobreza general. Las mujeres tienen mayor probabilidad (57.7 %) de ser pobres extremas que los hombres (57%). Se concluye que las familias encuestadas se encontraron en pobreza severa, a esto se la agrega el alto porcentajes de la prevalencia en la inseguridad alimentaria, en esta población, las mujeres son más propensas a ser pobres y tienen mayor probabilidad de ser inseguras alimentariamente.
The State of Platinum in Pyrite Studied by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Synthetic Crystals
Authors: Filimonova Olga N. , Nickolsky Maximilian S. , Trigub Alexander L. , Chareev Dmitriy A. , Kvashnina Kristina O. , Kovalchuk Elena V. , Vikentyev Ilya V. , Tagirov Boris R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pyrite (FeS2) is a typical container of Pt in ores of magmatic and hydrothermal origin and in some carbonrich ores of sedimentary-diagenetic origin. Knowledge of the state of Pt disseminated in the matrix of pyrite, including local atomic environment (type of atoms in the nearest and distant coordination shells, coordination numbers, interatomic distances) and oxidation state, is necessary for physical-chemical modeling of platinum group element mineralization and for the improvement of Pt ore extraction and processing technologies. Here we report results of an investigation of local atomic structure of synthetic Pt-bearing pyrites by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Synthesis experiments, performed at 580° and 590°C in a Pt-saturated system by means of salt-flux method, yielded crystals of pyrite with concentrations of Pt up to 4 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) showed that the distribution of Pt within the pyrite grains is of zonal character, but within the distinct zones Pt is distributed homogeneously. Negative correlation between the concentrations of Pt and Fe was observed in the synthesized pyrite grains. The slope of the correlation line corresponds to the formation of the solid solution in the Pt-Fe-S system and/or to the formation of PtS2. The XAS experiments revealed the existence of two forms of Pt in pyrite. The main form is the solid solution Pt(IV), which isomorphically substitutes for Fe. The Pt-S distance in pyrite is ~0.1 Å longer than that of Fe-S in pure pyrite. The distortion of the pyrite crystal structure disappears at R >2.5 Å. The second Pt-rich form was identified by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) as nanosized inclusions of PtS2. Heating experiments with in situ registration of X-ray absorption spectra resulted in partial decomposition (dissolution) of PtS2 nanosized inclusions with the formation of the solid solution (Fe1–xPtx)S2. Therefore, the PtS2 nanosized particles can be considered as a quench product. Our data demonstrate that both Pt solid solution and PtS2 nanosized inclusions (at high Pt content) can exist in natural Pt-bearing pyrites.
The Genesis of the Salt Diapir-Related Mississippi Valley-Type Ba-Pb-(± Zn) Ore of the Slata District, Tunisia: The Role of Halokinesis, Hydrocarbon Migration, and Alpine Orogenesis
Authors: Rddad Larbi , Jemmali Nejib , Sośnicka Marta , Cousens Brian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe juxtaposition of a Triassic evaporite diapir with the organic matter-rich Fahdene Formation (Albian-Vra-conian) along major faults in the Slata ore district raises the question of the roles played by halokinesis, hydrocarbons, and tectonics in mineralization. The Slata mining district, located in the Tunisian salt diapiric zone, contains Ba-Pb-(± Zn) ore hosted in the Aptian carbonates. The mineralogical paragenetic sequence consists of barite (Ba-1)–galena ± sphalerite ± calcite (Ca-1)–barite (Ba-2) and finally, late calcites (Ca-2 and Ca-3). Fluid inclusions from early barite reveal that it was precipitated from a warm (134°–157°C), H2O-NaCl-KCl-CaCl2, moderately saline (13.3–24.6 wt % NaCl equiv) basinal brine. This fluid is thought to have resulted from the mixing of a deep-seated, hot, metal-bearing fluid with a cooler, dilute SO42−-rich fluid. Early calcite and cogenetic sulfides (galena and sphalerite) precipitated from fluids of similar salinities and temperatures as the barite-forming fluids, but with the additional involvement of hydrocarbons. Sulfur isotope data suggest that thermochemical sulfate reduction of Triassic gypsum was the main source of reduced sulfur for sulfides. Late barite precipitated as a result of the mixing between a Ba-rich, hot, ascending fluid with a cooler, dilute Triassic sulfate-rich fluid in the absence of hydrocarbons. The homogeneous Pb isotope compositions of galena along with the Sr isotope compositions of barite point to a Paleozoic reservoir as the main source of metals with a contribution from the Triassic-Cretaceous rocks. The emplacement of the ore occurred during the Eocene-Miocene Alpine compressional tectonic activity that triggered the circulation of Paleozoic-derived metal-bearing fluids.
The Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp in Italy: Surveys on its Native and Exotic Parasitoids as Well as on Chestnut Cultivar Susceptibility
Authors: Bracalini M. , Croci F. , Turchi A. , Giordani E. , Tiberi R. , Panzavolta T. 
Published: November 2019

In the context of biological control against the Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Italy, the aim of this study was to survey its native parasitoids as well as the exotic Torymus sinensis Kamijo which had been introduced and released as a biological control agent. Furthermore, both parasitism and pest susceptibility of local chestnut trees were investigated. Surveys were carried out in 2014 in the Municipality of Sambuca Pistoiese (Pistoia), in a chestnut forest which included three cultivars: Nerattino, Carpinese, and Pastinese. On a total of 35 trees, selected among the three cultivars, 24 current-year shoots were randomly collected and examined in the laboratory. After the damage by the cynipid had been assessed, leaf samples were used for molecular analyses. Galls were also collected on the 35 selected trees both for dissection and to rear parasitoid specimens in the laboratory. The three cultivars were confirmed by genetic tests. The Carpinese cultivar resulted to be the most damaged, with highest percentage of attacked shoots (84.38%). Moreover it was also the cultivar with the lower parasitism rate (about 16%). From reared galls seven parasitoid species emerged, all belonging to the superfamily of Chalcidoidea. Exception made for the non-native T. sinensis, the other six were native species associated to oak gall wasps. Native parasitoids were more scarcely present, while the exotic T. sinensis amounted for the 84.27% of all emerged parasitoids. Our results confirm how chestnut susceptibility to D. kuriphilus varies depending on the cultivar. Overall, the Nerattino cultivar resulted as the best among the three examined: it was subject to a less intense attack than the other cultivars, and the resulting smaller galls were more effectively exploited by parasitoids.
Disaster Communication in 4.0 Era: Review of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Lombok West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: . Kholil , Setyawan Aris , Ariani Nafiah , Ramli Dan Soehatman 
Published: November 2019

Effect of Lombok earthquake on July 29, 2018 was very extensive, 50-60% of infrastuctures (dam, road, market) destroyed, 132.000 houses damaged and 564 people died. Total of economic losses reach IDR 10.1 trillion. The most serious problem is communication, between government, local community and other institutions. Actually the earthquake news makes people panic and confused what to do.
The purpose of this study is to design an appropriate disaster communication model in digital era and to identify the most important aspects during disaster. Method used was SAST (Strategic Assumption and Surfacing Testing) and ECM (Exponential Comparation Method). SAST method selected to identify the most strategic assumption (important and certainty) which must be considered in economic recovery; while ECM is used to select the most appropriate strategy of community economic recovery post earthquake.
Study results showed that the most efective communication during a disaster is establishing a disaster information center involving the BMKG (Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency) and BPBD (Local Disaster Agency) and local government.
Children with Narcolepsy type 1 have increased T‐cell responses to orexins
Authors: Cogswell Andrew C. , Maski Kiran , Scammell Thomas E. , Tucker Dominique , Orban Zachary S. , Koralnik Igor J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNarcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is caused by severe loss of the orexin neurons, and is highly associated with HLA DQB1*06:02. Using intracellular cytokine staining, we observed a higher frequency of IFN‐γ‐ and TNF‐α‐producing CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells in response to orexins in 27 children with NT1 compared to 15 healthy control children. Conversely, no such difference was observed between 14 NT1 and 16 HC adults. In addition, priming with flu peptides amplified the T‐cell response to orexins in children with NT1. Our data suggests that NT1 may be caused by an autoimmune T‐cell response to orexins, possibly triggered by flu antigens.
Tracking control for nonlinear time‐delay multiagent systems with input saturation
Authors: Duan Zhiyu , Zhang Xianfu , Kong Lingyu , Wang Zi‐Ming 
Published: November 2019

SummaryIn this paper, the tracking control problem for a class of nonlinear time‐delay multiagent systems with input saturation is considered. The nonlinear dynamics are dominated by strict‐feedback form and satisfy Lipschitz conditions with constant gains. First, it indicated that the tracking control problem is equivalent to a general bound problem of high‐dimensional multivariable systems. Second, an ingenious state transformation is utilized to change the bound problem into the parameter design problem. Third, by the static gain control technique and the hyperbolic tangent function, both state feedback and output feedback controllers are built such that all signals of the closed‐loop systems are globally bounded, and the tracking errors between the followers and the leader can converge to a small neighborhood around the origin by appropriately selecting parameters. Finally, an example is shown to verify the feasibility of our results.
Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Promoted Rapid Cascade Reaction of Quinoxalinones with Unactivated Alkenes and TMSN3
Authors: Shen Jiabin , Xu Jun , Huang Lin , Zhu Qing , Zhang Pengfei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe first example of rapidly three‐component cascade reaction of quinoxalinones with unactivated alkenes and TMSN3 under mild condition has been described. This approach provides a practical solution for the rapid modification of quinoxalinones and enables new planning strategies for the synthesis of bioactive organoazides. A radical mechanism is responsible for this three‐component transformation.magnified image
Modeling of Intrinsic Electron and Hole Trapping in Crystalline and Amorphous ZnO
Authors: Mora‐Fonz David , Shluger Alexander L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecent advances in ultrafast liquid quenching and deposition of thin films on cold substrates make growing amorphous (a)‐ZnO films increasingly feasible. The electronic structure and electron and hole trapping properties of amorphous ZnO are predicted using density functional theory (DFT) simulations with a hybrid density functional (h‐DFT). An ensemble of fifty 324‐atom structures is employed to obtain the distribution of structural and electronic properties of a‐ZnO. The results demonstrate that electrons do not localize in a‐ZnO, but holes form deep localized states with average trapping energy of about 0.9 eV. It is also shown that dispersion at the conduction band minimum (CBM) is not affected upon amorphization, suggesting that high electron mobility should be retained. An average value of a‐ZnO band gap of 3.36 eV is calculated with no states splitting into the band gap, which accounts for no substantial detrimental effect on the optical transparency upon amorphization. These findings may have important implications for future applications of a‐ZnO as a transparent conductor and photocatalyst.
Gender Disparities in Academic Emergency Medicine: Strategies for the Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion of Women
Authors: Agrawal Pooja , Madsen Tracy E. , Lall Michelle , Zeidan Amy 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough women comprise half of all medical students, the number of female academic emergency medicine (EM) physicians remains at approximately 27%. In addition, despite having equivalent credentials, female EM faculty remain underrecognized and undercompensated when compared to their male counterparts. Recent studies have shown superior outcomes among patients treated by EM physicians who are women; however, disparities in advancement persist. This white paper, prepared on behalf of the Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine, describes recent evidence demonstrating gender disparities in the EM workforce including content presented at the 2019 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Scientific Meeting. The authors describe strategies to address the identified problems. Specific recommendations include individual as well as institutional/systems‐level approaches to creating directed programming and initiatives to recruit, support, and promote women at all aspects of the career continuum.
Cooperatives as competitive yardstick in the hog industry?—Evidence from China
Authors: Liang Qiao , Wang Xinxin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe competitive yardstick role of marketing cooperatives refers to the fact that the presence of cooperatives drives the market towards competitiveness. We conduct an empirical study based on panel data from the hog industry in China to examine the existence of competitive yardstick effect of cooperatives. Data including information regarding hog producer cooperatives, farm gate prices of hogs, and other relevant factors in China's 21 provinces in the years 2009–2012 are used. Various methods, including ordinary least squares regression, random‐effect model, and fixed‐effect model, are adopted to predict the effect of cooperatives development on farm gate prices. The results confirm the role of hog producer cooperatives as the competitive yardstick of markets, that is, a positive effect of strength of cooperatives on the farm gate prices received by hog producers with various production sizes. [EconLit classifications: Q13, L16]