bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ancestralC. eleganscuticle suppressesrol-1
Authors: Noble Luke M. , Miah Asif , Kaur Taniya , Rockman Matthew V. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTGenetic background commonly modifies the effects of mutations. We discovered that worms mutant for the canonicalrol-1gene, identified by Brenner in 1974, do not roll in the genetic background of the wild strain CB4856. Using linkage mapping, association analysis and gene editing, we determined that N2 carries an insertion in the collagen genecol-182that acts as a recessive enhancer ofrol-1rolling. From population and comparative genomics, we infer the insertion is derived in N2 and related laboratory lines, likely arising during the domestication ofCaenorhabditis elegans, and breaking a conserved protein. The ancestral version ofcol-182also modifies the phenotypes of four other classical cuticle mutant alleles, and the effects of natural genetic variation on worm shape and locomotion. These results underscore the importance of genetic background and the serendipity of Brenner’s choice of strain.
Climate predicts geographic and temporal variation in mosquito-borne disease dynamics on two continents
Authors: Caldwell Jamie M. , LaBeaud A. Desiree , Lambin Eric F. , Stewart-Ibarra Anna M. , Ndenga Bryson A. , Mutuku Francis M. , Krystosik Amy R. , Ayala Efraín Beltrán , Anyamba Assaf , Borbor-Cordova Mercy J. , Damoah Richard , Grossi-Soyster Elysse N. , Heras Froilán Heras , Ngugi Harun N. , Ryan Sadie J. , Shah Melisa M. , Sippy Rachel , Mordecai Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractClimate drives population dynamics through multiple mechanisms, which can lead to seemingly context-dependent effects of climate on natural populations. For climate-sensitive diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, climate appears to have opposing effects in different contexts. Here we show that a model, parameterized with laboratory measured climate-driven mosquito physiology, captures three key epidemic characteristics across ecologically and culturally distinct settings in Ecuador and Kenya: the number, timing, and duration of outbreaks. The model generates a range of disease dynamics consistent with observedAedes aegyptiabundances and laboratory-confirmed arboviral incidence with variable accuracy (28 – 85% for vectors, 44 – 88% for incidence). The model predicted vector dynamics better in sites with a smaller proportion of young children in the population, lower mean temperature, and homes with piped water and made of cement. Models with limited calibration that robustly capture climate-virus relationships can help guide intervention efforts and climate change disease projections.
The impacts of bioenergy pine plantation management practices on bee communities
Authors: Loy Xingwen , Gruenewald David , Gottlieb Isabel G. W. , Dobbs Emily K. , Miljanic Andriana S. , Botsch Jamieson , Lawley Brice , Ober Holly K. , Smith Lora , Fletcher Robert J. , Brosi Berry J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCultivation of bioenergy feedstocks is a growing land‐use world‐wide, yet we have a poor understanding of how bioenergy crop management practices affect biodiversity. This knowledge gap is particularly acute for candidate cellulosic bioenergy feedstocks, such as tree plantations, and for organisms that provide important ecosystem services, such as pollinators.We examined bee communities in 83 sites across three states in the southeastern United States—Alabama, Florida and Georgia. We compared bee abundance and diversity in 66 pine plantation sites that reflect management with and without potential bioenergy feedstock production. At least three bioenergy feedstock production methods have been proposed for this region: (a) converting conventional timber stands to short‐rotation bioenergy plantations; (b) harvesting feedstock by thinning conventional plantations; and (c) harvesting of woody debris residues after plantations have been clear‐cut.We found that bioenergy‐associated management practices including younger plantations (relative to older) and woody debris removal (relative to debris unremoved) in clear‐cut plantations were associated with reduced bee diversity. Removing ground debris in clear‐cut plantations also drastically increased bee abundance, though this effect was largely driven by strong dominance of just two bee species. Clear‐cut plantations had lower beta diversity than standing plantations.Synthesis and applications. Management practices associated with bioenergy feedstock production can have negative effects on bee community diversity. In particular, harvesting of debris in clear‐cut plantations dramatically reduces bee diversity. Large‐scale bioenergy feedstock production that increases the prevalence of young and clear‐cut stands may cause landscape‐level beta diversity to decline. Nevertheless, bioenergy pine plantations likely support higher bee diversity than corn fields, an alternative bioenergy feedstock.
STRAWB2 (Stress and Wellbeing After Childbirth): a randomised controlled trial of targeted self‐help materials to prevent post‐traumatic stress disorder following childbirth
Authors: Slade P , West H , Thomson G , Lane S , Spiby H , Edwards RT , Charles JM , Garrett C , Flanagan B , Treadwell M , Hayden E , Weeks A 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivesTo test whether providing psychological self‐help materials would significantly lower the incidence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 6–12 weeks postnatally.DesignOpen‐label randomised controlled trial, with blinded outcome assessment.SettingCommunity midwifery services in two National Health Service (NHS) trusts in the North West.SampleA cohort of 2419 women receiving normal NHS postnatal care.MethodsMidwives screened women for traumatic birth experience; 678 women who screened positively (28.1%) were randomly allocated to self‐help with usual care (n = 336) or to usual care alone (n = 342). The self‐help materials were a leaflet and online film designed to prevent the development of PTSD after trauma exposure through explaining how to manage early psychological responses.Main outcome measureThe primary outcome was a composite of diagnostic and subdiagnostic PTSD at 6–12 weeks postnatally using the gold‐standard Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS‐5) interview.ResultsOf the 678 women correctly randomised plus the nine women randomised in error, 478 (70.5%) were followed up. Diagnostic or subdiagnostic PTSD rates at follow‐up did not differ between groups who received self‐help (26.7%, 65/243) or usual care alone (26.2%, 64/244) (intention‐to‐treat analysis: RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.68–1.53). Findings remained consistent in the per‐protocol analysis (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.85–1.27). Women viewed the materials very positively. There were no adverse effects. Health economic micro‐costing indicated implementation would be very low cost.ConclusionsMany women experience a traumatic birth and risk developing PTSD, but self‐help strategies without professional support are insufficient and should not be routinely introduced.Tweetable abstractSelf‐help information alone does not reduce the number of women developing PTSD after a traumatic childbirth.
Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy—baseline omega‐3 status and early preterm birth: exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Simmonds LA , Sullivan TR , Skubisz M , Middleton PF , Best KP , Yelland LN , Quinlivan J , Zhou SJ , Liu G , McPhee AJ , Gibson RA , Makrides M 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveTo identify a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biomarker able to detect which women with singleton pregnancies are most likely to benefit from omega‐3 supplementation to reduce their risk of early preterm birth.DesignExploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial.SettingSix Australian hospitals.PopulationWomen with a singleton pregnancy enrolled in the ORIP trial.MethodsUsing maternal capillary whole blood collected ~14 weeks’ gestation, the fatty acids in total blood lipids were quantified using gas chromatography. Interaction tests examined whether baseline PUFA status modified the effect of omega‐3 supplementation on birth outcomes.Main outcome measureEarly preterm birth (<34 weeks’ gestation).ResultsA low total omega‐3 PUFA status in early pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of early preterm birth. Among women with a total omega‐3 status ≤4.1% of total fatty acids, omega‐3 supplementation substantially reduced the risk of early preterm birth compared with control (0.73 versus 3.16%; relative risk = 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07–0.79). Conversely, women with higher total omega‐3 status in early pregnancy were at lower risk of early preterm birth. Supplementing women with a baseline status above 4.9% increased early preterm birth (2.20 versus 0.97%; relative risk = 2.27, 95% CI 1.13–4.58).ConclusionsWomen with singleton pregnancies and low total omega‐3 PUFA status early in pregnancy have an increased risk of early preterm birth and are most likely to benefit from omega‐3 supplementation to reduce this risk. Women with higher total omega‐3 status are at lower risk and additional omega‐3 supplementation may increase their risk.Tweetable abstractLow total omega‐3 fat status helps identify which women benefit from extra omega‐3 to reduce early prematurity.
Improved genome assembly provides new insights into genome evolution in a desert poplar (Populus euphratica)
Authors: Zhang Zhiyang , Chen Yang , Zhang Junlin , Ma Xinzhi , Li Yiling , Li Mengmeng , Wang Deyan , Kang Minghui , Wu Haolin , Yang Yongzhi , Olson Matthew S. , DiFazio Stephen P. , Wan Dongshi , Liu Jianquan , Ma Tao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPopulus euphratica is well adapted to extreme desert environments and is an important model species for elucidating the mechanisms of abiotic stress resistance in trees. The current assembly of P. euphratica genome is highly fragmented with many gaps and errors, thereby impeding downstream applications. Here, we report an improved chromosome‐level reference genome of P. euphratica (v2.0) using single‐molecule sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) technologies. Relative to the previous reference genome, our assembly represents a nearly 60‐fold improvement in contiguity, with a scaffold N50 size of 28.59 Mb. Using this genome, we have found that extensive expansion of Gypsy elements in P. euphratica led to its rapid increase in genome size compared to any other Salicaceae species studied to date, and potentially contributed to adaptive divergence driven by insertions near genes involved in stress tolerance. We also detected a wide range of unique structural rearrangements in P. euphratica, including 2,549 translocations, 454 inversions, 121 tandem and 14 segmental duplications. Several key genes likely to be involved in tolerance to abiotic stress were identified within these regions. This high‐quality genome represents a valuable resource for poplar breeding and genetic improvement in the future, as well as comparative genomic analysis with other Salicaceae species.
Maintaining competence in airway management
Authors: Bessmann Ebbe L. , Rasmussen Lars S. , Konge Lars , Kristensen Michael S. , Rewers Mikael , Østergaard Doris ,   Airway Management Education Study Group
Published: February 2020

BackgroundAirway management is a defining skill for anaesthesiologists. Anaesthesiologists must maintain and update these crucial skills throughout their career, but how this is best achieved remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify anaesthesiologists’ procedural volume, confidence in airway management and their current and preferred future educational strategies.MethodsA questionnaire was developed consisting of 28 items exploring essential skills in airway management. All anaesthesiologists in the Capital Region of Denmark were invited to participate.ResultsThe response rate was 84% (240/285). Most anaesthesiologists felt competent to a high or very high degree in basic airway management. Anaesthesiologists from anaesthesia felt confident to a significantly higher degree than those working in the intensive care unit (ICU) regarding the practical aspects of airway management in both the anticipated difficult airway (93% vs 73%, P < .001) and the unanticipated difficult airway (81% vs 61%, P = .002). Both groups performed most of the key advanced techniques ≤4 times yearly, whereas anaesthesiologists from the ICU had a lower and less diverse procedural volume than those working in anaesthesia. The anaesthesiologists preferred training through their daily clinical work, hands‐on workshops, and scenario‐based simulation training. However, a large discrepancy was identified between the current and the desired level of training.ConclusionThe anaesthesiologists felt competent to a high or very high degree in basic airway management but the current procedural volume in advanced airway management causes concern for skill maintenance. Furthermore, we found a gap between the current and the desired level of supplemental training.
Preimplantation genetic testing practices in the Nordic countries
Authors: Hreinsson Julius , Iwarsson Erik , Hanson Charles , Grøndahl Marie Louise , Løssl Kristine , Hydén‐Granskog Christel , Ingerslev Hans Jakob ,   PGT study group
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionPreimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is growing in importance and volume internationally. International societies such as the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology compile international results and these data are published in scientific journals. We present the first compilation of practices, quality measuress and outcome data from Nordic clinics performing PGT.Material and methodsWe conducted a structured online survey of PGT practices in the Nordic countries to compare clinical and laboratory techniques, outcomes and quality measures applied in Nordic clinics. The survey was designed by the authors and answered by the authors and members of the study group. The outcome data represents results from 2018. Results and details were clarified through iteration with responding clinics while maintaining anonymity. Response rate in the study was 80%, with 8 of 10 clinics performing PGT responding.ResultsMost of the PGT cycles in the Nordic countries are funded through the public healthcare system with University Hospitals performing the majority of treatments, 716/848, or 84.4%, of oocyte retrievals in this dataset. The genetic analyses are in five cases performed by the affiliated local genetic laboratory, and the remaining three consult with large international private enterprise laboratories. Genetic counseling is widely used. Results in the Nordic clinics compare well with international data. Systematic quality control procedures are in place and the larger clinics and laboratories utilize ISO certification or accreditation in the quality management. Automatic witnessing with detailed electronic documentation of laboratory processes is not utilized in the responding clinics, although a majority uses manual witnessing procedures in the laboratory. The outcome after PGT in terms of clinical pregnancy per transfer is around 40% per embryo transfer and compares well with international data.ConclusionsPreimplantation genetic testing is organized in rather few clinics in the Nordic countries and most of them use local laboratories for genetic analyses of the biopsies. Laboratory procedures are largely in accordance with international guidelines and the outcome after PGT in terms of clinical pregnancy per transfer is comparable to results in international reports.
Adjusting the dose in paediatric care by dispersing fragments of four different aspirin tablets
Authors: Brustugun Jørgen , Notaker Nikolai , Paetz Lasse Holtan , Tho Ingunn , Bjerknes Kathrin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimTablets can be manipulated in several ways to obtain a fraction as the dose—a practice frequently seen in paediatric care due to lack of suitable formulations. Splitting tablets prior to fragment dispersion in a small volume of liquid is one such method. The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy and precision of this method.MethodsFour different types of aspirin tablets (two dispersible, one conventional and one chewing) were split with a tablet splitter into half and quarter fragments. The fragments were dispersed in a medicine measure or an oral syringe. The amount recovered was determined by UHPLC analysis.ResultsThe largest quarter fragments ranged from 26.7% to 31.5% of the full tablet weight. Dispersing the fragment in an oral syringe, the amount recovered was greater than 90.8% of the fragment manipulated for all four tablet types, when rinsing was performed. Dispersing the fragment in a medicine measure, the amounts recovered spanned from 32.9% for the conventional tablets to 98.7% for one of the dispersible tablets.ConclusionDispersion of half or quarter tablets directly in an oral syringe, but not a medicine measure, could give satisfactory recovery from fragments of all the investigated aspirin tablets.
The thermal maturity of sedimentary basins as revealed by magnetic mineralogy
Authors: Abdelmalak Mansour M. , Polteau Stéphane 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe thermal evolution of sedimentary basins is usually constrained by maturity data, which is interpreted from Rock‐Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance analytical results on field or boreholes samples. However, some thermal evolution models may be inaccurate due to the use of elevated maturities measured in samples collected within an undetected metamorphic contact aureole surrounding a magmatic intrusion. In this context, we investigate the maturity and magnetic mineralogy of 16 claystone samples from Disko‐Svartenhuk Basin, part of the SE Baffin Bay volcanic margin. Samples were collected within thermal contact metamorphic aureoles near magma intrusions, as well as equivalent reference samples not affected by intrusions. Rock‐Eval pyrolysis (Tmax), and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) analysis were performed to assess the thermal maturity, which lies in the oil window when 435°C ≤ Tmax ≤ 470°C and 0.6%–0.7% ≤ Ro ≤ 1.3%. In addition, we performed low‐ (<300K) and high‐temperature (>300K) investigations of isothermal remanent magnetization to assess the magnetic mineralogy of the selected samples. The maturity results (0.37% ≤ Ro ≤ 2%, 22°C ≤ Tmax ≤ 604°C) show a predominance of immature to early mature Type III organic matter, but do not reliably identify the contact aureole when compared to the reference samples. The magnetic assemblage of the immature samples consists of iron sulphide (greigite), goethite and oxidized or non‐stoichiometric magnetite. The magnetic assemblage of the early mature to mature samples consists of stoichiometric magnetite and fine‐grained pyrrhotite (<1 μm). These results document the disappearance of the iron sulphide (greigite) and increase in content of magnetite during normal burial. On the other hand, magnetite is interpreted to be the dominant magnetic mineral inside the contact aureole surrounding dyke/sill intrusions where palaeotemperatures indicate mature to over‐mature state. Interestingly, the iron sulphide (greigite) is still detected in the contact aureole where palaeotemperatures exceeded 130°C. Therefore, the magnetic mineralogy is a sensitive method that can characterize normal burial history, as well as identify hidden metamorphic contact aureoles where the iron sulphide greigite is present at temperatures beyond its stability field.
Insect responses to heat: physiological mechanisms, evolution and ecological implications in a warming world
Authors: González‐Tokman Daniel , Córdoba‐Aguilar Alex , Dáttilo Wesley , Lira‐Noriega Andrés , Sánchez‐Guillén Rosa A. , Villalobos Fabricio 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTSurviving changing climate conditions is particularly difficult for organisms such as insects that depend on environmental temperature to regulate their physiological functions. Insects are extremely threatened by global warming, since many do not have enough physiological tolerance even to survive continuous exposure to the current maximum temperatures experienced in their habitats. Here, we review literature on the physiological mechanisms that regulate responses to heat and provide heat tolerance in insects: (i) neuronal mechanisms to detect and respond to heat; (ii) metabolic responses to heat; (iii) thermoregulation; (iv) stress responses to tolerate heat; and (v) hormones that coordinate developmental and behavioural responses at warm temperatures. Our review shows that, apart from the stress response mediated by heat shock proteins, the physiological mechanisms of heat tolerance in insects remain poorly studied. Based on life‐history theory, we discuss the costs of heat tolerance and the potential evolutionary mechanisms driving insect adaptations to high temperatures. Some insects may deal with ongoing global warming by the joint action of phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation. Plastic responses are limited and may not be by themselves enough to withstand ongoing warming trends. Although the evidence is still scarce and deserves further research in different insect taxa, genetic adaptation to high temperatures may result from rapid evolution. Finally, we emphasize the importance of incorporating physiological information for modelling species distributions and ecological interactions under global warming scenarios. This review identifies several open questions to improve our understanding of how insects respond physiologically to heat and the evolutionary and ecological consequences of those responses. Further lines of research are suggested at the species, order and class levels, with experimental and analytical approaches such as artificial selection, quantitative genetics and comparative analyses.
miR‐137 and its target T‐type CaV3.1 channel modulate dedifferentiation and proliferation of cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells in simulated microgravity rats by regulating calcineurin/NFAT pathway
Authors: Zhang Bin , Chen Li , Bai Yun‐Gang , Song Ji‐Bo , Cheng Jiu‐Hua , Ma Hong‐Zhe , Ma Jin , Xie Man‐Jiang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesPostflight orthostatic intolerance has been regarded as a major adverse effect after microgravity exposure, in which cerebrovascular adaptation plays a critical role. Our previous finding suggested that dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) might be one of the key contributors to cerebrovascular adaptation under simulated microgravity. This study was aimed to confirm this concept and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Materials and MethodsSprague Dawley rats were subjected to 28‐day hindlimb‐unloading to simulate microgravity exposure. VSMC dedifferentiation was evaluated by ultrastructural analysis and contractile/synthetic maker detection. The role of T‐type CaV3.1 channel was revealed by assessing its blocking effects. MiR‐137 was identified as the upstream of CaV3.1 channel by luciferase assay and investigated by gain/loss‐of‐function approaches. Calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes (NFAT) pathway, the downstream of CaV3.1 channel, was investigated by detecting calcineurin activity and NFAT nuclear translocation.ResultsSimulated microgravity induced the dedifferentiation and proliferation in rat cerebral VSMCs. T‐type CaV3.1 channel promoted the dedifferentiation and proliferation of VSMC. MiR‐137 and calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway were the upstream and downstream signalling of T‐type CaV3.1 channel in modulating the dedifferentiation and proliferation of VSMCs, respectively.ConclusionsThe present work demonstrated that miR‐137 and its target T‐type CaV3.1 channel modulate the dedifferentiation and proliferation of rat cerebral VSMCs under simulated microgravity by regulating calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway.