bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elliptic Multizetas and the Elliptic Double Shuffle Relations
Authors: Lochak Pierre , Matthes Nils , Schneps Leila 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We define an elliptic generating series whose coefficients, the elliptic multizetas, are related to the elliptic analogues of multiple zeta values introduced by Enriquez as the coefficients of his elliptic associator; both sets of coefficients lie in $\mathcal{O}({{\mathfrak{H}}})$, the ring of functions on the Poincaré upper half-plane ${{\mathfrak{H}}}$. The elliptic multizetas generate a ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$-algebra ${{\mathcal{E}}}$, which is an elliptic analogue of the algebra of multiple zeta values. Working modulo $2\pi i$, we show that the algebra ${{\mathcal{E}}}$ decomposes into a geometric and an arithmetic part and study the precise relationship between the elliptic generating series and the elliptic associator defined by Enriquez. We show that the elliptic multizetas satisfy a double shuffle type family of algebraic relations similar to the double shuffle relations satisfied by multiple zeta values. We prove that these elliptic double shuffle relations give all algebraic relations among elliptic multizetas if (1) the classical double shuffle relations give all algebraic relations among multiple zeta values and (2) the elliptic double shuffle Lie algebra has a certain natural semi-direct product structure analogous to that established by Enriquez for the elliptic Grothendieck–Teichmüller Lie algebra.
Exporting Murder: US Deportations and the Spread of Violence
Authors: Ambrosius Christian , Leblang David A 
Published: March 2020

AbstractExisting literature on cross-national variation in violence has paid little attention to the transnational transmission of crime. One such channel is the forced return of migrants with a penal record in their country of temporary residence. Responding to this research gap, we study the effect of US deportations of convicts on levels of violent crime in deportees’ country of origin for a cross-country panel of up to 123 countries covering the years 2003 to 2014. We find a strong and robust effect of the deportation of convicts on homicide rates in countries of origin, which is to a large degree driven by deportations to Latin America and the Caribbean. An additional inflow of ten deportees with a prior criminal history per 100,000 increases expected homicide rates by roughly two. In addition to controlling for country-specific fixed effects, we provide evidence on a causal effect using an instrumental variable approach, which exploits spatial and time variation in migrant populations’ exposure to state-level immigration policies in the United States.
Unmasking Islamophobia: Anti-Muslim Hostility and/as White Supremacy
Authors: Goodwin Megan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article considers the twenty-first century enforcement of Georgia’s Anti-Masking Act as a site of confluence for American white supremacy and American anti-Muslim hostility. Extending Judith Weisenfeld’s theory of religio-raciality, I argue that contemporary American white supremacy might best be understood as a religio-racial force, evidenced in part through anastrophic law enforcement. As seen in the application of Georgia’s Anti-Masking Act, laws initially instituted to deter religio-racial terror in the public square now also work to publicly discipline non-white, non-Christian bodies as well as any who would overtly challenge the supremacy of American whiteness. This case study demonstrates the importance of understanding anti-Muslim hostility as informed but not exhausted by racism.
Postmortem Analysis of Benzodiazepines in Human Bone by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mancini Rosanna , Fernadez-Lopez Lucia , Falcon Maria , Pellegrini Manuela , Luna Aurelio , Rotolo Maria 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA procedure based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was developed for the analysis of benzodiazepines (nordiazepam, oxazepam, lormetazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, bromazepam and alprazolam) in postmortem human ribs. Powdered bone samples, including marrow remains inside, with the internal standard diazepam-d5 were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with 100 μL of β-glucoronidase and were incubated in sodium hydroxide for 1 h in a 70°C oven. Samples underwent liquid phase extraction and ethyl acetate was used as eluent. Chromatography was performed on a fused silica capillary column and the selected-ion-monitoring mode was used for analytes determination. The method was validated in the range 0.1–0.5 ng/mg (depending on the benzodiazepine) to 100 ng/mg with average values of recovery, matrix effect and process efficiency ranged from 83.2 to 94.3%, from 97.3 to 102.1% and from 80.5 to 91.2%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day accuracy was &lt;15%. The procedure was tested in rib specimens obtained during routine autopsies from 20 cases where these benzodiazepines were found in blood. Benzodiazepines were detected in the combined bone and marrow samples in 60% of cases. Lorazepam was detected in bone in the range of 0.3–0.7 ng/mg, nordiazepam at 1.3–4.2 ng/mg and oxazepam at 1.1–1.2 ng/mg. To our knowledge, this protocol for the simultaneous analysis of these benzodiazepines is the first performed and validated using human ribs.
85 Safety and Efficacy of Early Fresh Frozen Plasma Administration in Burn Resuscitation
Authors: Wiktor Arek J , Carmichael Heather , Weber Elizabeth B , Duffy Patrick , Wagner Anne L Lambert 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Controversy exists over the use of colloid required for burn resuscitation. Data show that fresh frozen plasma (FFP) may have benefits beyond volume sparing alone, however, there are inherent risks including transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion reactions (TR). The aims of this project were: (1) determine the effectiveness of early FFP during burn resuscitation, and (2) to document any potential side effects of FFP administration.

Methods
A retrospective review was performed on all burn patients aged &gt;18 years old with &gt;20% total body surface area (TBSA) burns who underwent resuscitation using our nursing guided resuscitation protocol (NGRP) from November 2016- June 2019 at our ABA- verified burn center. Excluded were those with electrical injury, delayed resuscitation, polytrauma, renal replacement therapy and or death within 24 hours (hrs) of injury. Pursuant to the NGRP all patients with &gt;30% TBSA burns received FFP at 6–8 hrs post injury. Data recorded included: demographics, % TBSA burned, total crystalloid/FFP, and urine output (UO). An hourly resuscitation ratio (I/O ratio) of fluid given (ml/kg/%TBSA/hr) to UO (ml/kg/hr) was calculated. FFP initiation was standardized to time zero. Major complications such as abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), TRALI and TR were documented. Univariate statistical analysis was performed.

Results
Over the study period 71 patients required NGRP resuscitation, 56 met inclusion criteria. Baseline demographics included: 47 male (84%), median age 34 years [IQR 27–53], median TBSA 30% [range 20–95%]. 40 patients were resuscitated with FFP versus 16 patients resuscitated with crystalloid alone. Median time to FFP administration was 7 hours [IQR 6–8] with an average of 1866 ml infused [779–4484]. Those who received FFP had larger % TBSA burns median 41% [29–57] vs no FFP 22% [20–24], p&lt; 0.001. Median I/O ratio at FFP initiation improved from 1.0 [IQR 0.4–3.7] to 0.4 [IQR 0.2–1.5, p=0.01] at 2 hrs post FFP, see Graph. Median UOP improved from 0.18 cc/kg/hr the 2 hrs prior to FFP administration, to 0.44 cc/kg/hr at 2 hrs post FFP (p=0.01). Total 24 hour fluids given (cc/kg/% TBSA) were similar in both groups: FFP 3.94 [3.49–5.36] vs no FFP 3.92 [3.54–4.53], p=0.77. There were no reported incidents of ACS, ARDS, TRALI, or TR.

Conclusions
The use of FFP in burn resuscitation significantly improves UOP and normalizes I/O ratios. FFP administration did not cause any serious complications.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Future research efforts should focus on comparing albumin vs FFP in acute burn resuscitation.
536 Road Rash: Understanding a Challenging Form of Burn Injury
Authors: Collier Zachary J , Choi Katherine J , Pham Christopher H , Yenikomshian Haig A , Gillenwater Justin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Road rash is a unique burn injury due to imbedded foreign debris and deeply seeded bacteria. Literature on this injury fails to address its unique mechanism and ways to reduce scarring and infection. Given the paucity of data, a retrospective review was performed at a single level 1 trauma center to study friction burn characteristics and outcomes from these injuries

Methods
We performed a systematic literature search with PubMed, Scopus, and OvidSP Medline databases using the following keywords: friction burn, traumatic tattoo, and road rash. Subsequently, we analyzed all patients treated by our ABA verified burn center for friction related injuries from January 1, 2015 to September 15, 2019 and evaluated demographics, interventions, and outcomes.

Results
Twenty-four pertinent articles were identified. Seven articles were included after full-text analysis. Analysis of 225 patients from these studies identified an average age of 23±7 years with 66% male. Most occurred from motor accidents (74%) with industrial (11%) and blast (10%) mechanisms accounting for the majority of the remaining cases. None of the studies recorded TBSA, but 49% were full thickness and 36% had associated injuries. Most patients (58%) required surgery. At our institution, 44 patients met inclusion criteria and the majority were young (25±18 years), men (75%), involved in motor accidents (75%), and low TBSA burns (6.3±5.6%). Over half (57%) had full thickness burns and 72% required surgery. Length of stay was 12±11 days. Of the 27% of patients with traumatic tattooing on admission, 92% successfully had all foreign debris removed by discharge. Eight (18%) patients had wound infections. Importantly, 75% of patients with wound infections had delayed evaluation by a burn practitioner; elucidating a strong and significant correlation (p&lt; 10–5, Cramer’s V 0.84).

Conclusions
While road rash injuries are often small TBSA, the majority tend to be full thickness, often involve underlying critical structures and frequently require operative intervention. Significantly, patients who developed wound infections were often not evaluated by a burn provider.

Applicability of Research to Practice
The unique trauma of road rash causes a high degree of superficial and deep tissue injury with high risk for contamination, infection, and scarring such that rapid debridement is critical for optimal care. Burn surgeons should be consulted early as these patients have a high risk of wound infection when not consulted by wound experts.
716 Increased Mortality in Burn Center Admissions with Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia
Authors: Pogson Kaylyn , Nurczyk Kamil , Sljivic Sanja , Jones Samuel W , Cairns Bruce , Nizamani Rabia , Chrisco Lori , Williams Felicia N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM) is a non-fermenting, gram-negative bacterium that is a challenge to treat in immunocompromised hosts. It is difficult to eradicate due to its natural resistance to multiple antibiotics and omni-presence. Our objective was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of burn patients diagnosed with SM infection in our Burn Unit.

Methods
A single-site, retrospective review using an institutional Burn Center registry and infection control data. All patients diagnosed with SM infection within our Burn Unit between June 1, 2012 and June 1, 2019 were included in this retrospective review. Demographics, burn characteristics, length of stay and mortality were evaluated. Patients were then compared to all admitted patients who were ventilated for greater than 4 days during the same time period. Significance was accepted at p&lt; 0.05.

Results
Forty-seven patients were diagnosed with SM infection between 2012 to 2019. Among these patients 64% were male and 36% were female. Mean patient age was 51 years old +/- 16 years. The most common reason for admission was flame burns (64%), followed by Stevens Johnson/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN) (17%). The average total body surface area (TBSA) involved was 29% +/- 18%. Mean time from admission to a positive SM culture was 34.5 days. One-hundred percent of the patients were intubated. Positive cultures for SM were obtained from bronchial alveolar lavage in 96% of positive cultures for SM. Mean length of stay in this group was 108 days +/- 86 days, ranging from 5 to 362 days. The mortality rate for patients diagnosed with a SM infection was 40%, compared to 27% in all patients admitted during this time who were ventilated for greater than 4 days.

Conclusions
SM is a highly virulent bacteria associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients admitted to our burn unit. The patients with positive cultures were older, male, flame injured, mechanically ventilated, had large TBSA involvement, and had prolonged hospital courses.

Applicability of Research to Practice
This study demonstrates the virulence of SM in a high-volume burn center. Cultures positive for SM require aggressive source control and burn centers need to be hypervigilant in controlling environmental factors to mitigate risk.
754 Social Determinants Associated with Paediatric Burn Injury: A Population Based, Case-control Study
Authors: Padalko Adam A , Gawaziuk Justin , Logsetty Sarvesh 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Children are disproportionately represented as victims of burn injury compared to adults. Life-long sequelae post-burn manifest as increased rates of mental and physical illness, substance abuse, and suicide. Social determinants of health (SDoH) influence risk of injury, however the extent and influence of SDoH on burn injury is less clear. To determine which social determinants influence burn injury in children, a retrospective case-control study was conducted.

Methods
Children (&lt; 17 years of age) admitted to a regional burn centre between January 1 1999 and March 30 2017 were matched based on age, sex and geographic location 1:5 with an uninjured cohort. Population level administrative data describing the SDoH, at the regional administrative multifaceted data repository were compared between the cohorts. Thirteen SDoH were chosen based on a systematic review conducted by the research team.

Results
No significant differences existed in descriptive statistics between the burn and control cohorts. Mean age at burn injury = 5.46 (± 5.23), average TBSA (%) = 10.5 (± 13.4). The most common mechanism of burn injury was scald (42.03%)
Upon multivariable logistic regression, children: from a low-income household (O.R. 1.97 (1.46, 2.65)); in foster care (O.R. 1.57 (1.11, 2.21)); from a family that received income assistance (O.R. 1.71 (1.33, 2.19)); or born to a teen mother (O.R. 1.43 (1.13, 1.81)) were associated with an increased risk of burn injury.

Conclusions
This study identified SDoH associated with an increased risk of burn injury. This case-control study supports the finding that children from a low-income household, children in care, from a family that received income assistance, and children born to a teen mother are at an elevated risk of burn injury.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Identifying children at increased potential risk provides an opportunity to prevent burn injuries, bypassing the associated long-term physical disfigurement, life-long mental health consequences and mortality. This study also has merit in maximizing the efficiency of a burn prevention budget through targeted burn safety and risk reduction programs.
775 The Spiritual and Religious Beliefs and Needs of Burn Reconstruction Patients
Authors: Wood Laurel , Hultman C Scott 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Acutely injured burn patients demonstrate a range of spiritual and religious needs, but little is known about the variability of their beliefs over time, as well as the impact of reconstruction on these spiritual and religious beliefs. We examined the faith needs of burn reconstruction patients over the course of their reconstruction.

Methods
After obtaining consent, we assessed the spiritual and religious beliefs of 34 burn patients who were referred to Plastic Surgery for reconstruction, using the validated Belief into Action Scale (BIAC), which measures strength of beliefs on a scale from 10 to 100. A Likert scale from 1 to 10 was used to evaluate spiritual needs. Patients were reassessed 2 years later by telephone interview, after the majority of had completed their reconstruction. We compared before and after BIAC scores, including subscales, using paired Student’s T tests, with p&lt; 0.05 assigned statistical significance.

Results
BIAC scores increased from 43.6 to 45.6 (p&lt; 0.05) in burn reconstruction patients, over a period of two years. The only subscale that was statistically different was “conforming your life to the teaching of your faith,” which increased from 5.8 to 6.8 (p&lt; 0.05). Burn reconstruction patients reported the importance of their spirituality as a 7.6, the importance of spirituality in reconstruction as a 6.0, and meeting their spiritual needs as 8.6. Regarding demographics of these patients, mean age was 48.3 years, mean time from injury to reconstruction was 1.9 years, gender ratio was 17:17, mean TBSA was 12.4%, and 14/34 had significant neuro-psychiatric illness. 21/34 patients underwent some form of surgical reconstruction, with laser resurfacing of hypertrophic scars the most common procedure (n=16).

Conclusions
The spiritual and religious beliefs of burn reconstruction patients appear to strengthen over time, despite significant challenges that these patients encounter, either from their initial injury or concurrent neuro-psychiatric morbidity. Meeting these needs in the outpatient setting, through pastoral care and/or the local church community, may further enhance recovery.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Identifying the spiritual and religious needs of burn patients may enhance recovery from injury.
Initial Experience With Autologous Skin Cell Suspension for Treatment of Deep Partial-Thickness Facial Burns
Authors: Molnar Joseph A , Walker Nicholas , Steele Thomas N , Craig Christopher , Williams Jeffrey , Carter Jeffrey E , Holmes James H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Facial burns present a challenge in burn care, as hypertrophic scarring and dyspigmentation can interfere with patients’ personal identities, ocular and oral functional outcomes, and have long-term deleterious effects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate our initial experience with non-cultured, autologous skin cell suspension (ASCS) for the treatment of deep partial-thickness (DPT) facial burns. Patients were enrolled at a single burn center during a multicenter, prospective, single-arm, observational study involving the compassionate use of ASCS for the treatment of large total BSA (TBSA) burns. Treatment decisions concerning facial burns were made by the senior author. Facial burns were initially excised and treated with allograft. The timing of ASCS application was influenced by an individual’s clinical status; however, all patients were treated within 30 days of injury. Outcomes included subjective cosmetic parameters and the number of reoperations within 3 months. Five patients (4 males, 1 female) were treated with ASCS for DPT facial burns. Age ranged from 2.1 to 40.7 years (mean 18.2 ± 17.3 years). Average follow-up was 231.2 ± 173.1 days (range 63–424 days). Two patients required reoperation for partial graft loss within 3 months in areas of full-thickness injury. There were no major complications and one superficial hematoma. Healing and cosmetic outcomes were equivalent to, and sometimes substantially better than, outcomes typical of split-thickness autografting. Non-cultured, ASCS was successfully used to treat DPT facial burns containing confluent dermis with remarkable cosmetic outcomes. Treatment of DPT burns with ASCS may be an alternative to current treatments, particularly in patients prone to dyspigmentation, scarring sequelae, and with limited donor sites.
The final phyllosoma, nisto, and first juvenile stages of the slipper lobster Petrarctus brevicornis (Holthuis, 1946) (Decapoda: Achelata: Scyllaridae)
Authors: Wakabayashi Kaori , Yang Chien-Hui , Chan Tin-Yam , Phillips Bruce F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An unidentified final-stage scyllarine phyllosoma larva possessing a unique red-spotted pattern of chromatophores was found in sublittoral waters off Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. The phyllosoma was reared in the laboratory, metamorphosed into a nisto, and then first juvenile stage. DNA barcoding analysis using 16S rRNA gene identified these stages as the scyllarid (slipper) lobster Petrarctus brevicornis (Holthuis, 1946). As these stages were previously unknown, the morphology of the final-stage phyllosoma, nisto, and first stage juvenile are described and illustrated.
Missing in Action
Authors: Sellers Patricia Viseur , Kestenbaum Jocelyn Getgen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The slave trade prohibition is among the first recognized and least prosecuted international crimes. Deftly codified in, inter alia, the 1926 Slavery Convention, the 1956 Supplementary Convention, Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (AP II), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the norm against the slave trade — the precursor to slavery — stands as a peremptory norm, a crime under customary international law, a humanitarian law prohibition and a non-derogable human right. Acts of the slave trade remain prevalent in armed conflicts, including those committed under the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām (ISIS) Caliphate. Despite the slave trade’s continued perpetration and the prohibition’s peremptory status, the crime of the slave trade has fallen into desuetude as an international crime. Precursory conduct to slavery crimes tends to elude legal characterization; therefore, the slave trade fails to be prosecuted and punished as such. Several other factors, including the omission from statutes of modern international judicial mechanisms, may contribute to the slave trade crime’s underutilization. Also, the denomination of human trafficking and sexual slavery as ‘modern slavery’ has lessened its visibility. This article examines potential factual evidence of slave trading and analyses the suggested legal framework that prohibits the slave trade as an international crime. The authors offer that the crime of the slave trade fills an impunity gap, especially in light of recent ISIS-perpetrated harms against the Yazidi in Iraq. Therefore, its revitalization might ensure greater enforcement of one of the oldest core international crimes.