bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Forward Masking on Frequency Following Response as a Function of Age
Authors: Griz Silvana Maria Sobral , Menezes Denise Costa , Angelo Venâncio Leonardo Gleygson , Holanda da Fonsêca Nathália , do Nascimento Thaís Ohanny , de Araújo Anne Karoline Lima , Andrade Kelly Cristina Lira de , Menezes Pedro de Lemos 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background Forward masking occurs when noise is presented before the target signal, making the latter difficult to be perceived. It is related to temporal auditory processing and consequently to speech recognition in noisy environments, which may decline with age. Interest in forward masking has grown in the last years. Studies investigate psychoacoustic and electrophysiological recordings in different age- groups.
Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of forward masking on frequency following response (FFR) as a function of age.
Research Design Cross-sectional analytical observational study.
Study Sample We assessed 69 normal-hearing participants of both genders assigned to three groups: 40 young individuals (aged 18-25 years, mean age = 22 years 8 months), 21 middle-age individuals (aged 25-55 years, mean age = 37 years 2 months), and 8 seniors (aged <55 years, mean age = 65 years 3 months).
Intervention FFRs were recorded using the /da/ syllable with and without noise.
Data Collection and Analysis The /da/ syllable and speech-shaped noise were monaurally presented to the participants' right ears through ER-3a insert earphones. Electrodes were placed in M1 and M2 (-), Fz (+), and Fpz (ground). Acquisition occurred under two conditions: (1) the/da/ syllable presented without the noise and (2) the /da/ syllable presented 4 msec after the noise.
Results Data show that (1) considering the mean values of all participants, there was a significant latency delay of all waves (PV, A, PW, PX, PY, PZ, and O) when the /da/ syllable was presented 4 msec after the masking noise as compared with the condition without noise, that is, forward masking occurred in all components of the FFR responses, and (2) for the youngest group and the middle-age group, forward masking was seen for all waves, except PX in the latter one; for the senior group, an irregular pattern was observed (presence of forward masking in PA, PY, PZ, and O). This pattern may be due to an aging effect on FFR responses even without noise presence, which makes it more difficult to identify forward masking effect in this population. Although it is well documented in the literature that forward masking increases with age, this is less evident on FFR recordings in the senior population.
Conclusions An aging effect was identified in FFR responses. Forward masking was identified in FFR responses of all groups but less evident in senior population.
JUSTIÇA CIDADÃ: UMA PROPOSTA COMO FORMA DE CELERIDADE PROCESSUAL E EFICÁCIA NAS DECISÕES PROFERIDAS PELO SUPERIOR TRIBUNAL DE JUSTIÇA NAS MATÉRIAS ENVOLVENDO O SANEAMENTO BÁSICO E SUSTENTABILIDADE DAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DO MEIO AMBIENTE
Authors: Palau Flores dos Santos Diogo , Antunes Rodrigues Hugo 
Published: July 2020

Este artigo, apresentado durante o I Concurso de Artigos Científicos do Superior Tribunal de Justiça em 2019, tem como objetivo azer um breve percurso sobre a história do Tribunal da Cidadania, bem como fazer uma análise ao Princípio do Mínimo Existencial gregada à sustentabilidade das políticas públicas, com ênfase no saneamento básico e aplicabilidade prática na respectiva Corte, tema de atual elevância no cenário mundial e cerne da Agenda 2030 da ONU (Organização das Nações Unidas) em seu objetivo de n. 06.
Hunting Distant BL Lacertae Objects with the Photometric Technique Using Swift and SARA
Authors: Rajagopal M. , Kaur A. , Ajello M. , Rau A. , Domínguez A. , Cenko B. , Greiner J. , Hartmann D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
BL Lacertae objects represent a large fraction (22%) of γ-ray sources in the Third Fermi Large Area Telescope catalog (3FGL). Nearly half of the BL Lac object population remains without a redshift because of their featureless optical spectra. We aim to increase the number of BL Lac objects with a redshift measurement by using the photometric technique. For this work, we have used six Swift-UVOT filters and SDSS g′, r′, i′, and z′ optical filters mounted on the 0.65 m SARA–CTIO located in Chile and the 1.0 m SARA–ORM in the Canary Islands. A sample of 45 sources was selected from the 3FGL catalog for which photometry was performed in 10 optical and UV filters to obtain redshift measurements. We found three sources with z > 1.3, while reliable upper limits have been provided for 17 sources. The results presented here bring the total number of high-z (z > 1.3) BL Lac objects to 29.
Detection of the Diffuse H i Emission in the Circumgalactic Medium of NGC 891 and NGC 4565
Authors: Das Sanskriti , Sardone Amy , Leroy Adam K. , Mathur Smita , Gallagher Molly , Pingel Nickolas M. , Pisano D. J. , Heald George 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We present detections of 21 cm emission from neutral hydrogen (H i) in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of the local edge-on galaxies NGC 891 and NGC 4565 using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT). With our 5σ sensitivity of

cm−2 calculated over a 20 km s−1 channel, we achieve

detections out to

along the minor axes. The velocity width of the CGM emission is as large as that of the disk

km s−1, indicating the existence of a diffuse component permeating the halo. We compare our GBT measurements with interferometric data from the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). The WSRT maps the H i emission from the disk at high signal-to-noise ratio but has limited surface brightness sensitivity at the angular scales probed with the GBT. After convolving the WSRT data to the spatial resolution of the GBT (FWHM = 9.′1), we find that the emission detected by the WSRT accounts for

% (

%) of the total flux recovered by the GBT from the CGM of NGC 891 (NGC 4565). The existence of significant GBT-only flux suggests the presence of a large amount of diffuse, low column density H i emission in the CGM. For reasonable assumptions, the extended diffuse H i could account for 5.2 ± 0.9% and 2.0 ± 0.8% of the total H i emission of NGC 891 and NGC 4565.
Spectral Diversities of Gamma-Ray Bursts in High-energy Bands: Hints from Turbulent Cascade
Authors: Mao Jirong , Li Liande , Wang Jiancheng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We statistically examine the gamma-ray burst (GRB) photon indices obtained by the Fermi-GBM and Fermi-LAT observations and compare the LAT GRB photon indices to the GBM GRB photon indices. We apply the jitter radiation to explain the GRB spectral diversities in the high-energy bands. In our model, the jitter radiative spectral index is determined by the spectral index of the turbulence. We classify GRBs into three classes depending on the shape of the GRB high-energy spectrum when we compare the GBM and LAT detections: the GRB spectrum is concave (GRBs turn out to be softer and are labeled as S-GRBs), the GRB spectrum is convex (GRBs turn out to be harder and are labeled as H-GRBs), and the GRBs have no strong spectral changes (labeled as N-GRBs). A universal Kolmogorov index 7/3 in the turbulent cascade is consistent with the photon index of the N-GRBs. The S-GRB spectra can be explained by the turbulent cascade due to the kinetic magnetic reconnection with the spectral index range of the turbulence from 8/3 to 3.0. The H-GRB spectra originate from the inverse turbulent cascade with the spectral index range of the turbulence from 2.0 to 3.5 that occurred during the large lengthscale magnetic reconnection. Thus, the GRB radiative spectra are diversified because the turbulent cascade modifies the turbulent energy spectrum. More observational samples are expected in the future to further identify our suggestions.
Impact of Ordered and Disordered Magnetic Fields on Multiwavelength Emission of Blazars
Authors: Joshi Manasvita , Marscher Alan P. , Böttcher Markus 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We present a detailed analysis of the effects of magnetic field topology on the spectral energy distribution (SED) and spectral variability patterns (SVPs) of blazars. In order to study these effects, we have extended our time-dependent leptonic jet model (in the internal shock scenario) to include the dependence of the synchrotron emissivity on the angle between the photon direction and the magnetic field in the plasma frame. We have explored the effects of different magnetic field geometries, such as parallel, perpendicular, oblique, toroidal, and helical, on the simulated SEDs and SVPs of a generic blazar for both purely ordered and disordered components of fields. These considerations provide either upper or lower limits to the impact on blazar emission, depending on the fraction of a disordered component present and the viewing angle. The results of our work point out some of the signatures that the orientations can leave on the SEDs and SVPs of a blazar. For example, in the case of a purely oblique field, if the magnetic field is aligned along the line of sight (in the plasma frame), it results in an annulment of the synchrotron component while keeping the flux level of the high-energy component intact. On the other hand, in the presence of a disordered component, the impact of an oblique field is reduced, and the same effect is not observed.
Hybrid Very Long Baseline Interferometry Imaging and Modeling with themis
Authors: Broderick Avery E. , Pesce Dominic W. , Tiede Paul , Pu Hung-Yi , Gold Roman 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Generating images from very long baseline interferometric observations poses a difficult, and generally not unique, inversion problem. This problem is simplified by the introduction of constraints, some generic (e.g., positivity of the intensity) and others motivated by physical considerations (e.g., smoothness, instrument resolution). It is further complicated by the need to simultaneously address instrumental systematic uncertainties and sparse coverage in the u–v plane. We report a new Bayesian image reconstruction technique in the parameter estimation framework Themis that has been developed for the Event Horizon Telescope. This has two key features: first, the full Bayesian treatment of the image reconstruction makes it possible to generate a full posterior for the images, permitting a rigorous and quantitative investigation into the statistical significance of image features. Second, it is possible to seamlessly incorporate directly modeled features simultaneously with image reconstruction. We demonstrate this second capability by incorporating a narrow, slashed ring in reconstructions of simulated M87 data in an attempt to detect and characterize the photon ring. We show that it is possible to obtain high-fidelity photon ring sizes, enabling mass measurements with accuracies of 2%–5% that are essentially insensitive to astrophysical uncertainties, and creating opportunities for precision tests of general relativity.
The Axisymmetric Streaming Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Pan Liubin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We reexamine the streaming instability in protoplanetary disks under the axisymmetric geometry. We identify the roles of all the relevant physical processes and clarify the clustering mechanism of dust, offering a new physical interpretation. Through back-reaction, the dust density fluctuations in combination with the mean relative drift velocity provide a source for the gas velocity, which in turn drives the velocity and divergence of the dust flow. In the limit where the dust-to-gas ratio

, the action of the Coriolis force on the radial gradient of the azimuthal dust velocity generates the divergence of the dust. In the opposite limit

, the vertical gradient of the vertical dust velocity makes the main contribution to the dust divergence. The different dust clustering mechanisms at

and

are referred to as Mode I and Mode II, respectively. In both cases, the dust divergence further enhances the dust density fluctuations, resulting in a positive feedback loop. In Mode I (or Mode II), the growth rate is contributed by the mean azimuthal (or radial) drag force in the gas equation of motion, while the mean radial (or azimuthal) drag tends to reduce it. The instability makes a transition from Mode I to Mode II when the coupling between the perturbed gas and dust velocities is stronger than the Coriolis force in the gas equations, which occurs at

and

for Stokes numbers St < 1 and St > 1, respectively.
Feasibility of Ion-cyclotron Resonant Heating in the Solar Wind
Authors: Navarro Roberto E. , Muñoz Víctor , Valdivia Juan A. , Moya Pablo S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Wave–particle interactions are believed to be one of the most important kinetic processes regulating the heating and acceleration of solar wind plasma. One possible explanation for the observed preferential heating of alpha (He+2) ions relies on a process similar to a second-order Fermi acceleration mechanism. In this model, heavy ions are able to resonate with multiple counter-propagating ion-cyclotron waves, while protons can encounter only single resonances, resulting in the subsequent preferential energization of minor ions. In this work, we address and test this idea by calculating the number of plasma particles that are resonating with ion-cyclotron waves propagating parallel and antiparallel to an ambient magnetic field

in a proton/alpha plasma with cold electrons. Resonances are calculated through the proper kinetic multispecies dispersion relation of Alfvén waves. We show that 100% of the alpha population can resonate with counter-propagating waves below a threshold

in the differential streaming between protons and He+2 ions, where U
0 = −0.532, a = 1.211, β
0 = 0.0275, and b =0.348 for isotropic ions. This threshold seems to match with constraints of the observed ΔU

αp
in the solar wind for low values of the plasma beta (β

p
). Finally, it is also shown that this process is limited by the growth of plasma kinetic instabilities, a constraint that could explain alpha-to-proton temperature ratio observations in the solar wind at 1 au.
Predicted Masses of Galactic Cepheids in the Gaia Data Release 2
Authors: Marconi Marcella , Somma Giulia De , Ripepi Vincenzo , Molinaro Roberto , Musella Ilaria , Leccia Silvio , Moretti Maria Ida 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
On the basis of recently computed nonlinear convective pulsation models of Galactic Cepheids, spanning wide ranges of input stellar parameters, we derive theoretical mass-dependent Period–Wesenheit relations in the Gaia bands, namely, G, G
BP, and G
BR, that are found to be almost independent of the assumed efficiency of superadiabatic convection. The application to a selected subsample of the Gaia Data Release 2 Galactic Cepheids database allows us to derive mass-dependent estimates of their individual distances. By imposing their match with the astrometric values inferred from Gaia, we are able to evaluate the individual mass of each pulsator. The inferred mass distribution is peaked around 5.6M
⊙ and 5.4M
⊙ for the F and FO pulsators, respectively. If the estimated Gaia parallax offset

mas is applied to Gaia parallaxes before imposing their coincidence with the theoretical ones, the inferred mass distribution is found to shift toward lower masses, namely, ∼5.2M
⊙ and 5.1M
⊙ for the F and FO pulsators, respectively. The comparison with independent evaluations of the stellar masses, for a subset of binary Cepheids in our sample, seems to support the predictive capability of the current theoretical scenario. By forcing the coincidence of our mass determinations with these literature values we derive an independent estimate of the mean offset to be applied to Gaia DR2 parallaxes,

mas, slightly higher but in agreement within the errors with the Riess et al. value.
Tourner la page de l’apartheid ? Les enjeux du salaire minimum national en Afrique du Sud
Authors: Pons-Vignon Nicolas , Isaacs Gilad 
Published: July 2020

En janvier 2019, un salaire minimum national fixé à 20 rands par heure est entré en vigueur en Afrique du Sud ; environ un tiers des salariés formels gagnait moins de ce montant. Si la démocratisation s’est accompagnée de réformes du marché du travail, la structure des salaires n’avait pas changé. Les salaires minimaux, fixés par secteur, n’avaient pas réduit l’inégalité salariale. Lors des négociations tripartites, les syndicats ont convaincu les décideurs qu’augmenter le revenu des travailleurs pauvres aurait un impact positif sur le niveau de vie tout en stimulant la demande. Le salaire minimum reste confronté à des défis comme la faiblesse combinée de l’administration du travail et de la mobilisation des salariés précaires. Classification JEL : J08, J21, J31, J38, J41, K31, I32
Les rôles et fonctions réglementaires dans la réglementation basée sur l’information : analyse systématique
Authors: Bowen Frances , Panagiotopoulos Panos 
Published: July 2020

On parle de réglementation basée sur l’information (IBR, pour « Information-based regulation ») lorsque les régulateurs utilisent l’information pour susciter des changements de comportement en vue d’atteindre des objectifs de politique publique. L’IBR est apparue comme une autre façon de réglementer les entreprises, par rapport aux instruments stratégiques plus traditionnels de commandement et de conduite des opérations directs et de marché dans l’État régulateur contemporain. Malgré un intérêt international croissant, des difficultés subsistent pour comprendre les rôles des régulateurs dans l’IBR, les fonctions des régulateurs dans la formation et l’exploitation des flux d’information, et les capacités administratives nécessaires pour les assumer. Dans le présent article, nous nous basons sur une méthodologie d’examen systématique pour synthétiser les conclusions de 130 articles évalués par un comité de lecture dans les domaines de la politique environnementale, énergétique et alimentaire. Nous développons une typologie des fonctions que peuvent assumer les régulateurs et décrivons les nouvelles capacités administratives requises dans l’État régulateur contemporain, notamment en matière de normalisation, d’assurance et d’intermédiation, ainsi que de gestion intelligente des données. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens La réglementation par l’information devient pratique courante dans de nombreuses régions du monde, dépassant ses frontières initiales aux États-Unis et dans d’autres pays développés. La conception et la mise en œuvre de ces systèmes créent de nouveaux défis pour les régulateurs. Notre étude intègre les recherches pertinentes dans trois domaines politiques (environnement, alimentation, énergie) et développe une nouvelle typologie des fonctions exercées par les régulateurs. Notre article est le premier à examiner la manière dont les rôles et les fonctions des régulateurs doivent changer dans l’environnement contemporain de l’information et de la réglementation. Il souligne également le fait qu’il est important que les régulateurs participent à l’IBR, une pratique traditionnellement considérée comme une approche en faveur de la déréglementation.
Défense faubourienne et nouvelle marque territoriale : les fausses-portes et les maisons-fortes à Liège à la fin du Moyen Âge
Authors: Mora-Dieu Guillaume 
Published: July 2020

Comme dans de nombreuses autres villes d’Europe, les xiii e et xiv e siècles à Liège sont le théâtre de luttes sociales et économiques, parfois extrêmement féroces. Dans la capitale principautaire, une puissante reconfiguration « aristocratique » est alors en cours, remodelant les divers corps sociaux et leur rapport de force. Dans le même temps, deux phénomènes (dont l’apparentement semble avoir été peu, voire jamais, étudié) commencent à se manifester dans le paysage urbain. Il s’agit de l’éclosion simultanée des fausses-portes fortifiées, barrant les accès des faubourgs, et de la multiplication, dans la périphérie de la cité, des maisons-fortes familiales. Cet essai tente de mettre en lumière, à travers tout le spectre urbain, les mécanismes principaux qui ont présidé à la création de ces petites fortifications collectives. La contribution, évidemment, n’a rien de définitif, ni d’exhaustif. L’enjeu est bien de proposer un autre angle d’attaque, une autre approche, d’un phénomène qui frappa beaucoup de grandes villes médiévales.
Quand enseigner l’éthique devient un geste politique. Peut-il en être autrement ?
Authors: Quintin Jacques 
Published: July 2020

Le professionnel de la santé ne peut pas soigner le mal-être sans développer un sentiment de révolte contre les injustices que subissent les personnes malades et rendues vulnérables. Dans ce contexte, l’enseignement de l’éthique, pour un étudiant, c’est beaucoup plus que d’apprendre à se conformer aux bonnes pratiques, aux normes légales et déontologiques en vigueur. Pour le professeur, cela implique un questionnement éthique : est-il permis d’induire chez les étudiants une prise de conscience qui peut générer son lot de souffrances ? Nous proposons alors une éthique faible qui met en conflit différentes interprétations possibles et qui montre le caractère contingent des valeurs.
Bounding Selmer Groups for the Rankin–Selberg Convolution of Coleman Families
Authors: Graham Andrew , Gulotta Daniel R. , Xu Yujie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLet f and g be two cuspidal modular forms and let
${\mathcal {F}}$
be a Coleman family passing through f, defined over an open affinoid subdomain V of weight space
$\mathcal {W}$
. Using ideas of Pottharst, under certain hypotheses on f and
$g,$
we construct a coherent sheaf over
$V \times \mathcal {W}$
that interpolates the Bloch–Kato Selmer group of the Rankin–Selberg convolution of two modular forms in the critical range (i.e, the range where the p-adic L-function
$L_p$
interpolates critical values of the global L-function). We show that the support of this sheaf is contained in the vanishing locus of
$L_p$
.
Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penilaian Kinerja Guru Menggunakan Metode Simple Additive Weighting
Authors: Mustofa Ali Faul , Majaruni Maryo Indra 
Published: July 2020

Penilaian kinerja guru merupakan proses analisis untuk menghasilkan pengajaran yang lebih baik. Proses penilaian terhadap kinerja guru kelas di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kampung Dalem 3, Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kampung Dalem 4 dan Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kampung Dalem 5 Kediri masih manual dan belum begitu detail (terperinci). Dengan penilaian yang tidak terperinci tersebut, dikhawatirkan akan adanya penilaian yang bersifat subjektif (berdasarkan kepentingan pribadi), dapat menimbulkan kecemburuan sosial bagi guru yang belum menerima rekomendasi. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut maka dirancang sebuah sistem pendukung keputusan menggunakan Metode Simple Additive Weighting. Adapun dalam penelitian ini menggunakan 14 kriteria. Dalam penelitian ini aplikasi menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP, sedangkan basisdata nya menggunakan MySQL. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa sistem pendukung keputusan dengan metode SAW mampu mengatasi permasalahan dalam melakukan penilaian kinerja guru kelas. Kata Kunci - MySQL, Penilaian Kinerja Guru Kelas, PHP, SAW.