bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-benefit analysis of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services: a contingent valuation study of patients’ preferences from clinical pharmacists’ perspective
Authors: Isah Abdulmuminu , Adibe Maxwell Ogochukwu , Ukwe Chinwe Victoria , Okonta Mathew Jegbefume , Ubaka Chukwuemeka Michael , Aluh Deborah Oyine , Isah Abdulrouf , Ma’aji Hadiza Usman 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Cost-benefit analysis is the least reported economic analysis of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services. In cost-benefit analysis, consumers’ wellbeing is considered from their own perspective. This study determined the benefit-cost ratios of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional survey using willingness-to-pay. The study was conducted among patients at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital and the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital. Potential benefit was measured as patients’ willingness-to-pay while cost was measured from pharmacists’ perspective. The benefit-cost ratio for each service was obtained as the average after 1000 iterations of Monte Carlo simulation in a probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

Key findings
A total of 219 patients responded to the questionnaires. Most of the patients were married, 149 (68.0%). Primary prevention of HIV had the highest ‘yes’ willingness-to-pay response of 152 (69.4%). It also had the highest mean willingness-to-pay amount of N7987.42 ± 4542.00, with willingness-to-pay minimum (maximum) amounts of N100 (N500 000). Primary prevention of HIV had the highest return-on-investment for 15 min of hospital pharmacists’ salary: benefit-cost ratio 19.286 ± 0.170 (95% CI: 18.954 – 19.618).

Conclusion
Primary Prevention of HIV had the highest benefit-cost ratio among the six prevention of mother-to-child transmission services. This suggests that healthcare systems will have the highest return-on-investment if they asked patients to pay for the service.
Applying medicines reconciliation indicators in two UK hospitals: a feasibility study
Authors: Aljamal Mohammed S , Abdel-Qader Derar H , Al Meslamani Ahmad Z 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to apply the Medicines reconciliation (MR) indicators and to assess their feasibility for use with patients on admission.MethodsThis is a mixed-methods study conducted in two large teaching hospitals in the north-west of England. There were two phases: (1) a prospective direct non-participant observational study was conducted on a small sample of five pharmacists in each hospital, who were observed while they conducted the MR process without interference by the investigator and (2) pharmacy staff conducting MR were asked to complete the MR data collection form, comprising various clinical information during the working hours of a selected weekday for all MRs conducted for patients admitted to hospital during that day. SPSS V20 was used for data analysis.Key findingsIn the first phase, five MR indicators were found not to be feasible and three not adequately assessed, while 33 indicators were considered feasible to be used in a hospital setting. In the second phase, 33 indicators were considered feasible to assess MR on admission to the hospital, 14 indicators were found feasible to assess main aspects of the MR process, and 18 indicators were found feasible to assess detailed aspects of the MR process. The majority of admissions were unplanned. Roughly half 45.4% of the patients admitted to hospital A were reconciled, while in hospital B 52% were reconciled.ConclusionThe use of different methods to collect data was effective in providing valuable information as well as overcoming the potential limitation of each method.
Pooled procurement program in the quality improvement of medicines of the National Catholic Health Service in Ghana: using the Donabedian model
Authors: Domfeh Kofi Ameyaw 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study evaluates structures that determine the quality of medicines procured through the pooled procurement program (PPP) in the National Catholic Health Service (NCHS) using the Donabedian model. The challenges faced in the PPP are also revealed.MethodA qualitative multiple case study was used to collect information from twenty top- and middle-level administrators in the NCHS through in-depth interviews. After the data transcription, it was then analysed using the thematic content analysis approach.Key findingsThe study found that the structures for quality of services in the health facilities are moderately satisfactory. The structures of the NCHS included experienced healthcare workers, adequate physical infrastructures, functional Drug and Therapeutic Committees (DTCs) and a rapid-testing laboratory facility to ensure that medicines procured were of high-quality. This paper established that suppliers of medicines to the health facilities in the NCHS had to register with the NCHS subject to annual renewal. Suppliers are also required to have the Pharmacy Council (PC) and the Food and Drug Authority (FDA), certification to supply medicines to health facilities. However, the predominant challenges that confronted the health facilities were delays in health insurance claims processing and payments, and lack of management commitment in implementing the PPP.ConclusionThe study contributes to the pharmaceutical health services literature in the context of the pooled procurement approach in the sourcing of medical goods in the health sector. Significant implications for research and management are also presented.
Risk of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke events among adult patients with hypertension: basic Markov model inputs for evaluating cost-effectiveness of hypertension treatment: systematic review of cohort studies
Authors: Sorato Mende Mensa , Davari Majid , Kebriaeezadeh Abbas , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Shibru Tamiru , Fatemi Behzad 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Hypertension is a risk factor for a number of vascular and cardiac complications. A Markov like simulation based on cardiovascular disease (CVD) policy model is being used for evaluating cost-effectiveness of hypertension treatment. Stroke, angina, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac arrest and all-cause mortality were only included CVD outcome variables in the model. Therefore this systematic review was conducted to evaluate completeness of CVD policy model for evaluation of cost-effectiveness across different regions.

Key findings
Fourteen cohort studies involving a total of 1 674 773 hypertensive adult population and 499 226 adults with treatment resistant hypertension were included in this systematic review. Hypertension is clearly associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke mortality, unstable angina, stable angina, MI, heart failure (HF), sudden cardiac death, transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA). Lifetime risk of developing HF is higher among hypertensives across all ages, with slight variation among regions. Treatment resistant hypertension is associated with higher relative risk of developing major CVD events and mortality when compared with the non-resistant hypertension.

Summary
The CVD policy model can be used in most of the regions for evaluation of cost-effectiveness of hypertension treatment. However, hypertension is highly associated with HF in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is important to consider HF in CVD policy model for evaluating cost-effectiveness of hypertension treatment in these regions. We do not suggest the inclusion of PAD and AAA in CVD policy model for evaluating cost-effectiveness of hypertension treatment due to lack of sufficient evidence. Researchers should consider the effect of treatment resistant hypertension either through including in the basic model or during setting the model assumptions.
Evaluation of the impact of anaemia on quality of life among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Malaysia
Authors: Muthanna Fares Mohammed Saeed , Hassan Bassam Abdul Rasool , Karuppannan Mahmathi , Mohammed Ali Haider 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of anaemia on the quality of life (QOL) among breast cancer patients.

Methods
A total of 120 anaemic (haemoglobin &lt; 12 g/dL) breast cancer patients were identified through chart review. Patients were followed-up for three cycles of chemotherapy filled in a QOL questionnaire Functional Assessment Chronic Therapy –Anaemia at each follow-up session. Data such as haemoglobin Hb levels and chemotherapy regimens were also recorded on each follow-up. Data were analysed using SPSS.

Key findings
The Hb level and QOL mean scores of all follow-ups were 10.34 ± 0.73 g/dL and 96.37 ± 16.15 g/dL, respectively. QOL was adversely affected by anaemia severity, and the curves declined significantly from the first follow-up to the third follow-up (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
It is crucial to consider developing a guideline for the treatment of anaemia, which is not available currently, and improve the QOL for the wellbeing of cancer patients.
Mitracarpus frigidus (Rubiaceae) inhibits inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators in Salmonella sp. mouse infection
Authors: Fabri Rodrigo Luiz , Campos Lara Melo , Florêncio Jônatas Rodrigues , Oliveira Luiz Gustavo , Aragão Danielle Maria de Oliveira , Ferreira Adriana Lúcia Pires , de Aguiar Jair Adriano Kopke , Apolônio Ana Carolina Morais , Alves Maria Silvana , Scio Elita 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Evaluation of the in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of Mitracarpus frigidus (MFM) in the infection caused by two Salmonella strains and its chemical fingerprint by UFLC-quadrupole time of flight-MS.

Methods
The efficacy of MFM was investigated in a classical in-vivo Salmonella infection mouse model. A Salmonella reference strain (ATCC 13311) and a clinical isolate were used to infect mice and then MFM was orally administered during 14 days. At the end of the treatment with MFM, the infection and inflammatory levels were assayed.

Key findings
MFM treatment showed a significant reduction in mice mortality by Salmonella infection and, also, did not cause alterations in the liver function. Inhibitions of inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators [malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, and metalloproteinase] were possibly involved in the observed effects. Chlorogenic acid, clarinoside, quercetin-pentosylhexoside, rutin, kaempferol-3O-rutinoside, kaempferol-rhamnosylhexoside and 2-azaanthraquinone were identified in MFM.

Conclusions
MFM was effective in some inflammatory parameters, in the experimental conditions that were used in the study. The results presented in this study and the previous in-vitro anti-Salmonella activity reported by our research group reinforce the importance of MFM studies to considerer it as an alternative treatment for salmonellosis.
Protective effects of duloxetine against chronic immobilisation stress-induced anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in mice
Authors: Meejuru Glory Florence , Somavarapu Anushri , Danduga Ravi Chandra Sekhara Reddy , Nissankara Roa Lakshmi Sudeepthi , Kola Phani Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of duloxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg) against chronic immobilisation stress (CIS)-induced anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in mice.

Methods
CIS, 2 h/10 days (11:00 AM–1:00 PM) was applied after 30 min of pretreatment with saline, duloxetine 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg to the respective groups of animals, except the control group. Animals were examined for physiological (body weight, locomotion and grip strength), psychological (memory impairment, anxiety and depression), neurochemical (GABA and glutamate), biochemical (MDA, catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase) and histopathological changes.

Key findings
CIS exposure revealed anxiety-like behaviour, depression-like behaviour, motor in-coordination and learning and memory impairment in mice. Besides, CIS induction decreased the antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD and catalase), GABA and the viable neuronal cell count, whereas CIS exposure significantly elevated the MDA, AChE activity and glutamate content in the cortex and hippocampus. Pretreatment with duloxetine10 and 20 mg/kg showed dose-dependent ameliorated effect against the CIS-induced alterations in mice.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated the protective effect of duloxetine against neuropsychiatric symptoms, memory impairment caused by CIS-induction through inhibition of oxidative stress, AChE activity and glutamate release.
Chronotoxicity of Semen Strychni is associated with circadian metabolism and transport in mice
Authors: Gao Lu , Lin Yanke , Wang Shuai , Lin Luomin , Lu Danyi , Zhao Yue , Xing Huijie , Wu Baojian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to determine the circadian responses of mice to Semen Strychni and to investigate the role of pharmacokinetics in generating chronotoxicity.

Methods
Total extract of Semen Strychni was administered by oral gavage to wild-type (WT) and Bmal1−/− (a circadian clock-deficient model) mice at different circadian time points for toxicity (including survival) and pharmacokinetic characterization. Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity were evaluated by measuring plasma creatinine and creatine kinase BB (CK-BB), respectively. Drug metabolism and transport assays were performed using liver/intestine microsomes and everted gut sacs, respectively.

Key findings
Semen Strychni nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity as well as animal survival displayed significant circadian rhythms (the highest level of toxicity was observed at ZT18 and the lowest level at ZT2 to ZT6). According to pharmacokinetic experiments, herb dosing at ZT18 generated higher plasma concentrations (and systemic exposure) of strychnine and brucine (two toxic constituents) compared with ZT6 dosing. This was accompanied by reduced formation of both dihydroxystrychnine and strychnine glucuronide (two strychnine metabolites) at ZT18. Bmal1 ablation sensitized mice to Semen Strychni-induced toxicity (with increased levels of plasma creatinine and CK-BB) and abolished the time dependency of toxicity. Metabolism of Semen Strychni (strychnine and brucine) in the liver and intestine microsomes of WT mice was more extensive at ZT6 than at ZT18. These time differences in hepatic and intestinal metabolism were lost in Bmal1−/− mice. Additionally, the intestinal efflux transport of Semen Strychni (strychnine and brucine) was more extensive at ZT6 than ZT18 in WT mice. However, the time-varying transport difference was abolished in Bmal1−/− mice.

Conclusions
Circadian responses of mice to Semen Strychni are associated with time-varying efflux transport and metabolism regulated by the circadian clock (Bmal1). Our findings may have implications for optimizing phytotherapy with Semen Strychni via timed delivery.
Possible roles of intestinal P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A on the limited oral absorption of irinotecan
Authors: Yamasaki Keishi , Hidaka Muneaki , Kawano Yohei , Furuya Yumiko , Ono Hiroshige , Arimori Kazuhiko 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Irinotecan is a widely intravenously used drug for the treatment of certain types of solid tumours. The oral administration of irinotecan has recently been recognized as being a more effective method for the treatment than intravenous administration. However, the limited oral bioavailability of irinotecan poses a problem for its oral delivery. In this study, we report on an investigation of the mechanism responsible for the limited oral absorption of irinotecan using rats as models.

Methods
The intestinal absorption of irinotecan in the absence and presence of several compounds was examined using intestinal loop method. The pharmacokinetics of irinotecan was investigated when verapamil, an inhibitor of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) was pre-administered.

Key findings
The intestinal absorption of irinotecan was enhanced in the presence of verapamil, indicating that efflux by intestinal P-gp contributes to its limited oral absorption. Indeed, the oral bioavailability of irinotecan was increased when verapamil was orally pre-administered. This increased oral bioavailability was accompanied by a slight but significant decrease in the formation of a metabolite produced by the action of CYP3A.

Conclusion
The findings presented herein suggest that intestinal efflux by P-gp is mainly and intestinal metabolism by CYP3A is partially responsible for the limited oral absorption of irinotecan.
Combining 1H-NMR-based metabonomics and network pharmacology to dissect the mechanism of antidepression effect of Milletia speciosa Champ on mouse with chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression
Authors: Su Zhiheng , Ruan Junxiang , Liu Xi , Zheng Hua , Ruan Jingzhou , Lu Yuying , Cheng Bang , Wu Fang , Wu Jinxia , Liu Xuwen , Song Fangming , Chen Zhaoni , Song Hui , Liang Yonghong , Guo Hongwei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Milletia speciosa Champ (MS), a traditional Chinese medicine, has the abilities of antistress, antifatigue, anti-oxidation and so on. In our previous study, MS was found to antidepression while the underlying mechanism of which needs further elucidation.

Methods
Here, a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based metabonomics combined network pharmacology research approach was performed to investigate the antidepressive mechanism of MS act on mouse with chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression.

Key findings
Results showed that MS could alleviate the ethology of depression (including sucrose preference degree, crossing lattice numbers and stand-up times) and disordered biochemical parameters (5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Metabonomics study and network pharmacology analysis showed that MS might improve depression through synergistically regulating five targets including Maoa, Maob, Ache, Ido1 and Comt, and three metabolic pathways such as tryptophan metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitter and phospholipid metabolism.

Conclusions
This study for the first time preliminary clarified the potential antidepressive mechanism of MS and provided theoretical basis for developing MS into novel effective antidepressant.
Advantages of introducing an effective crystalline inhibitor in curcumin amorphous solid dispersions formulated by Eudragit E100
Authors: Fan Na , Li Jingyang , Li Jing 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This paper was to elucidate the advantages of using an effective crystalline inhibitor, which was hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E5 (HPMC), in inhibiting crystallisation for curcumin amorphous solid dispersion (Cur ASDs) formulated by Eudragit E100 (E100).

Methods
Physical characterisation such as differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction revealed the solid state during the formation of dispersion and clarified the compatibility between Cur and excipient.

Key findings
The liquidity of excipient and the change of Tg in Cur ASDs demonstrated that the addition of HPMC can reduce molecule motion of the whole system, improve Tg of Cur ASDs and inhibit crystallisation of Cur ASDs. The water uptake experiment and molecular dynamic modelling further confirmed the effective solution and matrix crystallisation inhibition role of HPMC.

Conclusions
The elucidation of HPMC as auxiliary excipient on inhibiting crystallisation for Cur ASDs will bring huge value in designing Cur ASDs in the future.
A simple and effective method for the preparation of high-purity shikimic acid from chromatography wash effluent of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract by macroporous resin considering the effect of varying feed solution compositions
Authors: Zhang Sijie , Gong Xingchu , Qu Haibin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The present study investigated the feasibility of preparing high-purity shikimic acid (SA) from the chromatography wash effluent of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract by macroporous resin.

Methods
First, static/dynamic adsorption and desorption were conducted to screen out the optimal resin. Second, the key parameters of the chromatographic process were optimised with face-centred central composite design (CCD). Third, wash effluent indices were measured, different batches of wash effluent were used to prepare SA under the optimised parameters, and the effect of varying feed solution compositions on final products was investigated.

Key findings
It was found that the final purity and recovery rate of SA prepared with ADS-21 resin were not lower than 70 and 60%, respectively, when the purity of SA in the wash effluent was higher than 21.4%. The quality of the final product can be predicted based on the properties of wash effluent.

Conclusions
The proposed method could not only provide a simple, green and promising approach for the large-scale purification of SA from wash effluent but also be used to develop process intermediate quality standards for other natural products.
Pinus roxburghii alleviates bone porosity and loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis by regulating estrogen, calcium homeostasis and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB, osteoprotegerin, cathepsin bone markers
Authors: Sharma Aditi , Sharma Lalit , Saini Reena V , Kumar Ashwani , Goyal Rohit 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The study was aimed to evaluate the potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Pinus roxburghii (PRE) stem bark in post-menopausal osteoporosis and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods
In silico docking of the markers was done using AutoDock version 4.2. for molecular targets: receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Cathepsin. Female Wistar rats of bodyweight 200–250 g were employed and surgical ovariectomy (OVX) was performed. PRE was administered at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg whereas standard drug, raloxifene given at 1 mg/kg orally for eight weeks.

Key findings
PRE (20 and 40 µg/mL) significantly increased the cellular proliferation in osteoblastic UMR cell lines 11.58 and 15.09% respectively. Eight weeks after surgical removal of ovaries, a significant bone porosity was confirmed by modulation in bone breaking strength of tibia, lumber, and femur; bone mineral density (BMD), calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline levels in OVX group. Treatment with PRE 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly restored the bone loss. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of molecular markers RANK, OPG and cathepsin and histology also confirmed the attenuation of bone loss. The quantification of quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, tannic acid and ascorbic acid was done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high performance thin layer chromatography.

Conclusions
P. roxburghii produced anti-osteoporotic effect possibly due to estrogenic modulation, and improved bone remodeling.