bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Islands to Archipelagos
Authors: Riquet Johannes 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The texts examined in Chapter 4 explore islands in geo(morpho)logical space-time. The chapter begins by discussing how the relational poetics of Darwin’s and Wallace’s writings ask readers to reimagine planetary space as a discontinuous multiplicity of shifting islands. The notion of a geopoetic resonance between the material energies of the physical world and the poetic energies of language guides the analyses of three literary responses to Darwin, Wallace, and their successors. H. G. Wells’s The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896) and ‘Aepyornis Island’ (1894) figure islands as beleaguered territories haunted by the spectre of human extinction. However, their geopoetic descriptions of volcanism and coral suspend these evolutionary narratives. A century later, Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide explores the radical poetic implications of Darwin and Wallace’s archipelagic thinking. In the novel, the human element intersects with other living forms, physical geography, and textual spaces to form a mutable landscape shaped by conflicts.
Economists at Armistice
Authors: Bollard Alan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
1946 brought the Armistice and a new economic task: the focus of the economists had to move from the problems of wartime rationing and finance to a new world of economic reconstruction, post-war stabilization, economic growth, and debt reduction. In addition the Cold War brought a new tactic: strategic deterrence. In this year Japan commemorated the anniversary of the death of Takashi Korekiyo, H. H. Kung gathered his wealth and prepared to flee the Chinese Communist forces, Maynard Keynes helped establish the International Monetary Fund, only to die exhausted, and Hjalmar Schacht defended himself from accusations of Nazism and regained his freedom.
Agriculture in India
Authors: Dev S. Mahendra , Mishra Srijit , Pandey Vijay Laxmi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Mahendra Dev, Srijit Mishra, and Vijaylaxmi Pandey contextualize Indian agriculture by an evaluation of its performance, with a focus on the roles, challenges and opportunities for small holders. They observe a turn-around over 2004/5–2010/1 compared to the immediate post-reforms period, which had witnessed stagnation in comparison to the pre-reforms period. Public policy initiatives on investment, research, extension and credit and a set of good monsoons were among the reasons for improvement. But livelihood sustainability of smallholder farmers is a matter of concern. Even so, there are opportunities to reduce costs and risks and use low external input sustainable agriculture without compromising on production. There were sharp peaks in agricultural prices that contributed to inflation. But after prices moderated with export prices, there was severe small farmer distress. The supply response has to keep up with demand growth without excessive inflation even as the population dependent on agriculture shrinks.
New Sources of Dynamism in the Industry
Authors: Prasad Bandi Ram 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Bandi Ram Prasad places the canvas of Indian industry in relation to the financial sector. Reforms gave much needed impetus to industries with opportunities to pursue growth, diversification and global expansion even as policy support, changing dynamics of global manufacturing, and financial reforms emerged as new sources of dynamism. The rapid expansion of India’s financial sector in terms of reach of institutions, products, domestic and foreign financial flows have had significant impact on financing of the Indian industry- from the corporate sector in the conventional economy to the new infrastructure projects to the start-ups, though concerns continue to exist in terms of inadequate financial flows to small businesses and SMEs that have greater potential for employment generation in the context of bank NPAs. The focus on finance raises interesting issues such as risks from volatilities arising from global geopolitics and the scope for domestic policy to evolve alternatives to ensure sustained financial flows to industry.
The Financial Sector in India
Authors: Chakrabarti Rajesh 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Rajesh Chakrabarti gives an overview of the financial sector in India. For him a financial system is akin to the circulatory system in the human body, tapping and transporting savings throughout the economy, with markets and banks being the two competing and complementary arteries. The Indian financial system ranks slightly below the median in World Economic Forum rankings but has virtually re-booted since the still ongoing liberalization started in 1991. The four pillars of a financial system—laws, technology, creditors’ rights and corporate governance—have all undergone and are still undergoing major transformations. Financial access and inclusion remain key challenges despite serious efforts and experimentation. The banking system is stable, public-sector dominated, fragmented and heavily regulated. Financial markets have witnessed a sea-change but still have limited liquidity. The corporate bond market—key for much-needed infrastructure financing—remains seriously underdeveloped. The regulatory system is fragmented, rule-based and generally speaking quite conservative. Globalization of the financial system has been steadily increasing with time and while not the most innovation-friendly in the world, it has succeeded in providing stability and averting crises in an increasingly turbulent global financial environment. Aadhaar and big-data based fintech has the potential for inclusive innovations. The chapter’s focus on the institutional and legal base brings out the deep seated transformational changes taking place that perhaps need more time to fructify in increasing domestic savings, allocating them better while reducing the cost of credit, improving its availability and encouraging entrepreneurship.
Does India Negotiate?
Authors: Nachiappan Karthik 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
As a key state in the international system, India’s positions and contributions on issues like climate change, global health, humanitarian crises, and nuclear disarmament significantly affect how these issues are addressed. Scholarly work mapping India’s multilateral behaviour has extended from covering the United Nations to a wide range of fora where India is seeking to shape issues that affect its security and development. Yet, the literature on Indian multilateralism lags, focusing disproportionately on India’s ostensibly obstructionist tendencies without adequately contextualizing why India behaves this way. There has been no serious exploration of how India concretely negotiates multilateral issues. In this book, Karthik Nachiappan investigates how India negotiates international rules covering issues like climate change, nuclear disarmament, tobacco control and international trade. By unpacking these negotiations, he shows that India’s multilateral persona is more nuanced than is generally understood. When interests converge, Indian negotiators are willing to shape and ratify international agreements, conceding when necessary to cut deals and make compromises.
The benefit stance: responsible ownership in the twenty-first century
Authors: Alexander Frederick H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Ownership in the global equities markets is dominated by large institutions that manage the savings of beneficiaries with long investment horizons. These asset managers rely on incomplete investment models that betray the interests of their beneficiaries and threaten their collective future. The models encourage individual companies to compete without regard for health of the critical social and environmental systems that support the long-term value of those beneficiaries’ diversified portfolios and lived experience. These naïve models ignore the growing cost of profit-driven negative externalities. This article examines the latest models of benefit corporation law, a new form of governance that overturns the rule of shareholder primacy, and argues that their principles should be expanded to cover the entire chain of investing, from savers to funds to asset managers and finally to the real economy.
Common variant of CNTNAP2 gene modulate the social performances and functional connectivity of posterior right temporoparietal junction
Authors: Bai Tongjian , Zhang Long , Xie Xiaohui , Xiao Guixian , Huang Wanling , Li Dandan , Zu Meidan , Wei Lin , Zuo Xianbo , J I Gong-Jun , Hu Panpan , Zhu Chunyan , Qiu Bensheng , Tian Yanghua , Wang Kai 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Social deficits are features of autism and highly heritable traits. A common variant in autism-related CNTNAP2 gene, rs2710102, has been linked with social performance, but the neural substrates are largely unknown. We investigated variations in social performance and functional connectivity (static and dynamic) in the subregions of right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), a key node of brain social network, using resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (n = 399) by genotype at rs2710102 in healthy volunteers. Social performance was evaluated using the social domain of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-social; n = 641) and fixation time on eye areas during an eye-tracking task (n = 32). According to previous evidence that the A-allele is the risk allele for social dysfunction, we classified participants into GG and A-allele carriers (AA/AG) groups. The A-allele carriers showed poor social performance (high AQ-social and short fixation time on eye areas) compared with the GG carriers. In the A-allele carriers, decreased stationary functional connectivity between the orbitofrontal cortex and posterior RTPJ (pRTPJ), and decreased dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and pRTPJ were observed. The fixation time at eye areas positively were correlated with the pRTPJ-mPFC dFC. These findings provided insight for genetic effect on social behavior and its potential neural substrate.
Reduced Auditory Mismatch Negativity Reflects Impaired Deviance Detection in Schizophrenia
Authors: Koshiyama Daisuke , Kirihara Kenji , Tada Mariko , Nagai Tatsuya , Fujioka Mao , Usui Kaori , Araki Tsuyoshi , Kasai Kiyoto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is a translatable electroencephalographic biomarker automatically evoked in response to unattended sounds that is robustly associated with cognitive and psychosocial disability in patients with schizophrenia. Although recent animal studies have tried to clarify the neural substrates of the MMN, the nature of schizophrenia-related deficits is unknown. In this study, we applied a novel paradigm developed from translational animal model studies to carefully deconstruct the constituent neurophysiological processes underlying MMN generation. Patients with schizophrenia (N = 25) and healthy comparison subjects (HCS; N = 27) underwent MMN testing using both a conventional auditory oddball paradigm and a “many-standards paradigm” that was specifically developed to deconstruct the subcomponent adaptation and deviance detection processes that are presumed to underlie the MMN. Using a conventional oddball paradigm, patients with schizophrenia exhibited large effect size deficits of both duration and frequency MMN, consistent with many previous studies. Furthermore, patients with schizophrenia showed selective impairments in deviance detection but no impairment in adaptation to repeated tones. These findings support the use of the many-standards paradigm for deconstructing the constituent processes underlying the MMN, with implications for the use of these translational measures to accelerate the development of new treatments that target perceptual and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and related disorders.
Alterations in sleep electroencephalography synchrony in combat-exposed veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Laxminarayan Srinivas , Wang Chao , Ramakrishnan Sridhar , Oyama Tatsuya , Cashmere J David , Germain Anne , Reifman Jaques 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
We assessed whether the synchrony between brain regions, analyzed using electroencephalography (EEG) signals recorded during sleep, is altered in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and whether the results are reproducible across consecutive nights and subpopulations of the study.

Methods
A total of 78 combat-exposed veteran men with (n = 31) and without (n = 47) PTSD completed two consecutive laboratory nights of high-density EEG recordings. We computed a measure of synchrony for each EEG channel-pair across three sleep stages (rapid eye movement [REM] and non-REM stages 2 and 3) and six frequency bands. We examined the median synchrony in 9 region-of-interest (ROI) pairs consisting of 6 bilateral brain regions (left and right frontal, central, and parietal regions) for 10 frequency-band and sleep-stage combinations. To assess reproducibility, we used the first 47 consecutive subjects (18 with PTSD) for initial discovery and the remaining 31 subjects (13 with PTSD) for replication.

Results
In the discovery analysis, five alpha-band synchrony pairs during non-REM sleep were consistently larger in PTSD subjects compared with controls (effect sizes ranging from 0.52 to 1.44) across consecutive nights: two between the left-frontal and left-parietal ROIs, one between the left-central and left-parietal ROIs, and two across central and parietal bilateral ROIs. These trends were preserved in the replication set.

Conclusion
PTSD subjects showed increased alpha-band synchrony during non-REM sleep in the left frontoparietal, left centro-parietal, and inter-parietal brain regions. Importantly, these trends were reproducible across consecutive nights and subpopulations. Thus, these alterations in alpha synchrony may be discriminatory of PTSD.
Maintenance energy requirements and forage intake of purebred vs. crossbred beef cows1
Authors: Andresen Claire E , Wiseman Aksel W , McGee Adam , Goad Carla , Foote Andrew P , Reuter Ryan , Lalman David L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cow breed type and age on maintenance requirements, feed energy utilization, and voluntary forage intake. The main effect of breed type included Angus (ANG; n = 32) and Hereford × Angus (HA; n = 27) lactating cows. The main effect of age included 2- and 3-yr-old (YOUNG; n = 29) and 4- to 8-yr-old (MATURE; n = 30) cows. Within breed type and age class, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 pens for a total of 8 pens, each housing 7 to 9 cow/calf pairs. To determine maintenance energy requirements, cows and calves were limit-fed for 105 d to body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) stasis. There were no differences between breeds in cow hip height, BW, average milk yield (P &gt; 0.31), diet digestibility, or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Crossbred cows had greater BCS (P &lt; 0.05) throughout the experiment. Efficiency of calf growth was not different between breeds when expressed as feed intake of the cow/calf pair nor as energy intake of the pair per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). Young cows produced less milk per day and per unit of BW0.75 (P &lt; 0.01); however, there was no effect of cow age on maintenance energy requirement, diet digestibility, or efficiency of calf growth (P &gt; 0.10). Subsequently, a 45-d experiment was conducted to determine voluntary low-quality forage intake. Cows were housed in dry-lot pens equipped with shade, windbreaks, and feed bunks with free-choice access to clean water and a chopped hay ration was provided ad libitum to determine forage intake. Daily forage intake was lower (P = 0.05) for HA compared with ANG (123 vs. 132 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) although there was no difference in BW. However, HA cows sustained greater BCS (P &lt; 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.60) in forage intake per unit of BW0.75 due to cow age. Results indicate similar calf growth efficiency among breed types although crossbred cows maintained greater body energy stores and consumed less low-quality forage during the voluntary intake experiment. These differences could not be attributed to lower maintenance energy requirements. Neither maintenance energy requirement nor calf growth efficiency was different between young and mature cows.
Effect of corn processing on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and metabolite concentrations in feedlot cattle1
Authors: Freitas Tiago B , Felix Tara L , Shriver Wayne , Fluharty Francis L , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the association between corn processing, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentration, and intramuscular (IM) fat deposition. We hypothesized that steers fed whole shelled corn (WSC) would have a greater IM fat deposition than steers fed cracked corn (CC) due to an increase in plasma GIP concentration. Backgrounded, Angus-cross cattle (initial body weight [BW] = 279 ± 9.8 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design in a feedlot setting for an average of 230 d. Cattle were allotted in 12 pens (6 pens per treatment with 8 animals per pen). There were three blocks: heifers (n = 32, initial BW = 265 ± 1.3 kg), small steers (n = 32, initial BW = 262 ± 1.3 kg), and large steers (n = 32, initial BW = 310 ± 1.4 kg). Two pens within each block were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) CC or 2) WSC. Animal growth performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, including the fixed effects of treatment, or treatment, time, and their interaction. Pen and block were included as random effects. Carcass yield and quality grade distributions were compared using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. including the fixed effects of treatment and time with pen and block as random effects. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association of plasma GIP concentration and IM fat content. Average daily gain (P = 0.57) and final BW (P = 0.34) were similar, regardless of treatment. Cattle fed CC had reduced (P &lt; 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI) when compared with those fed WSC. This lesser DMI resulted in improved gain:feed ratio (P &lt; 0.01) for cattle fed CC compared with cattle fed WSC. There was no effect (P ≤ 0.33) of corn processing on plasma glucose, plasma GIP concentrations, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, or marbling score. There was a positive linear relationship (P = 0.03) between IM fat concentration and plasma GIP concentration. In conclusion, feeding CC increased gain:feed ratio compared with WSC, but there was no difference in plasma GIP concentration, whereas plasma GIP concentration appears to be related to IM fat deposition.
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans on Tattooed Skin: A Case Report
Authors: De Antoni Eleonora , Brambullo Tito , Pescarini Elena , Salmaso Roberto , Bassetto Franco , Vindigni Vincenzo 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is an uncommon indolent fibroblastic skin tumor with a tendency for local recurrence. Its etiology is unknown, but there may be a link with vaccination sites, burn scars, and previous skin traumas. This report describes a curious case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans occurring secondary to a 16-year-old tattoo.
The Ears of a Hippopotamus: Quality of Venous Leg Ulcer Care in Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Bruwer Febe A. , Botma Yvonne , Mulder Magda 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To describe venous ulcer care and wound care practices in Gauteng, a province of South Africa, according to the Donabedian structure-process-outcome quality improvement model.

METHODS
Forty-eight facilities were selected randomly from public and private wound care practices in Gauteng. Structured interviews were conducted with care providers via questionnaire to assess the structural aspects of the Donabedian model. Within these facilities, investigators randomly selected 160 patient files and extracted data using a checklist to assess processes implemented and outcomes reached for patients who had previously presented with lower-leg venous ulcers.

RESULTS
Facilities lack the necessary equipment to perform vital assessments. Handheld Dopplers were available in 66% (n = 48) of the facilities. Sixty-one percent (n = 48) of the personnel at the facilities indicated that they had no formal wound care training. Although the majority of files (92%, n = 147) indicated that an assessment tool was used, many elements were not evaluated comprehensively according to the best available evidence. Aspects such as smoking, body mass index, and anemia were assessed in fewer than 30% of the patients. Distinguishing between superficial and deep infection and the accompanying overuse of antimicrobials and antibiotics were among the challenges identified. Further, 71% of patients received compression therapy, although the ankle-brachial pressure index of only 30% of patients was known. In 27 cases (17%), the outcome was amputation.

CONCLUSIONS
From this survey, it is evident that not all clinicians providing wound care in Gauteng are adequately trained or fully implementing best practice guidelines, and the consequences are detrimental to patients, particularly in terms of amputation. This article highlights the need for improved legislation and regulation for practitioners who deliver wound care services.
A Novel Point-of-Care Solution to Streamline Local Wound Formulary Development and Promote Cost-effective Wound Care
Authors: Song Elaine H. , Milne Catherine , Hamm Tiffany , Mize Jeffrey , Harris Kimberly , Kuplicki Samantha , Smith Amy , Ferreira Lydia Masako , Wong Alex 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To develop and implement a point-of-care digital solution to streamline the creation and maintenance of wound care product formularies and promote cost-effective wound management.

METHODS
Researchers used Design Thinking methodology to develop the Formulary Module, a point-of-care digital solution within a clinical and reimbursement decision support web application for wound care and hyperbaric clinicians. The module was implemented in a US hospital-based outpatient wound clinic as follows: A baseline list of products was established, with brands automatically grouped by product category. Brands within each dressing category were compared, and redundancy eliminated. Study authors assessed the financial impact of formulary implementation in the wound clinic by comparing inventory expenditure before and after implementation.

RESULTS
Implementation of the digital Formulary Module resulted in a 36% decrease in products (67 to 43 across 22 types), 38.73% decrease in the monthly average dollar spent on chargeable products, 29.56% decrease in the average dollar amount spent on chargeable products per patient visit, and increased staff efficiency.

CONCLUSIONS
The Formulary Module has the potential to increase the adoption of cost-effective practices in wound care significantly.