bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The composition differences between small black beans and big black beans from different habitats and its effects on the processing of Polygonum multiflorum
Authors: Chen Wanning , Wang Piao , Chen Hongxi , Xing Yanchao , Liu Caixiang , Pan Guixiang , Dou Zhiying , Han Lifeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe roots of Polygonum multiflorum (PM) serve as a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has multiple biological activities. However, many cases of hepatotoxicity in PM have been reported in recent years. Processing PM with black beans decoction is one of the typical processing methods to reduce the hepatotoxicity of PM since ancient times.ObjectivesTo find potential effective constituents, as well as the optimal variety and origin of black beans for the processing of PM.MethodsBased on ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography Q‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐MS) analysis, we measured the contents of the two potential toxic compounds (emodin‐8‐O‐glucoside and torachrysone‐O‐hexose) in raw PM (R‐PM), PM processed with big black beans (B‐PM) and PM processed with small black beans (S‐PM). The flow cytometry method analysed the effects of different processed products of PM on apoptosis of L02 cells in different drug concentration. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and UHPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐MS together with multivariate statistical analysis were used to systematically analyse the different components between small black beans (Small‐BB) and big black beans (Big‐BB) from 30 different habitats.ResultsThe toxicity was ranked from small to large: S‐PM < B‐PM < R‐PM. Processing PM with black beans could significantly decrease the apoptosis rate of L02 cells, especially when the drug concentration is 80 μg/mL. Besides, we find five differential compounds (α‐arabinose, α‐galactose, proline, isomer of daidzein and isomer of genistein) may be potential active ingredients. In terms of the black beans collected from 30 producing areas, we find that Small‐BB from Weifang in Shandong province was optimum to processing PM, followed by Shangqiu in Henan province, Jilin and Liaoning province.ConclusionThe ingredients that affect the processing of PM may be attributed to α‐arabinose, α‐galactose, proline, isomer of daidzein and isomer of genistein in black beans. When the drug concentration is higher, the effect of reducing the hepatotoxicity of PM is better. Besides, Small‐BB was more effective than Big‐BB for reducing the toxicity of PM, especially Small‐BB from Weifang in Shandong, Shangqiu in Henan province and northeast China.
Image‐based deep learning in diagnosing the etiology of pneumonia on pediatric chest X‐rays
Authors: E Longjiang , Zhao Baisong , Liu Hongsheng , Zheng Changmeng , Song Xingrong , Cai Yi , Liang Huiying 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeComparing the efficacy of a deep‐learning model in classifying the etiology of pneumonia on pediatric chest X‐rays (CXRs) with that of human readers.MethodsWe built a clinical‐pediatric CXR set containing 4035 patients to exploit a deep‐learning model called Resnet‐50 for differentiating viral from bacterial pneumonia. The dataset was split into training (80%) and validation (20%). Model performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC) on the first test set of 400 CXRs collected from different studies. For the second test set composed of 100 independent examinations obtained from the daily clinical practice at our institution, the kappa coefficient was selected to measure the interrater agreement in a pairwise fashion for the reference standard, all reviewers, and the model. Gradient‐weighted class activation mapping was used to visualize the significant areas contributing to the model prediction.ResultsOn the first test set, the best‐performing classifier achieved an AUC of 0.919 (p < .001), with a sensitivity of 79.0% and specificity of 88.9%. On the second test set, the classifier achieved performance similar to that of human experts, which resulted in a sensitivity of 74.3% and specificity of 90.8%, positive and negative likelihood ratios of 8.1 and 0.3, respectively. Contingence tables and kappa values further revealed that expert reviewers and model reached substantial agreements on differentiating the etiology of pediatric pneumonia.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the model performed similarly as human reviewers and recognized the regions of pathology on CXRs.
Association of vitamin D status at birth with pulmonary disease morbidity in very preterm infants
Authors: Zhang Xuefei , Luo Kaiju , He Xiaori , Chen Pingyang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to assess whether serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels at birth are associated with pulmonary disease morbidities in very preterm infants.MethodsThis prospective cohort analysis included 93 infants born before 32 weeks of gestation in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between March 2016 and February 2017. Participants were classified into three groups according to their 25(OH)D levels at birth. The groups were compared in terms of demographic variables and pulmonary disease morbidities.ResultsThe mean serum 25(OH)D level at birth was 35.7 ± 19.1 nmol/L, and 38 (40.9%), 31 (33.3%), and 24 (25.8%) infants had 25(OH)D levels of less than 25 nmol/L, 25–50 nmol/L, and more than or equal to 50 nmol/L, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) rates among the three groups (43.6% vs. 35.9% vs. 20.5%, p = .029). The rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, apnea, respiratory failure, persistent pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary hemorrhage did not differ significantly among the groups. Logistic analysis, adjusted for gestational age and birth weight, showed that a low serum 25(OH)D level (<50 nmol/L) was a risk factor for RDS (odds ratio, 0.195; p = .017).ConclusionThere was a high prevalence of low 25(OH)D levels (<50 nmol/L) and an association between vitamin D status and RDS in very preterm infants. However, more research on this association is required.
Research on Regenerating Activated Carbon in 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Explosives Manufacturing Industry by Microwave Radiation and Ionized Nitrogen
Authors: Nhi Bui Dinh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCurrently, 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive plants often apply activated carbon to treat aromatic nitrogen compounds in wastewater, so finding optimal measures to regenerate activated carbon is essential. The method of using microwave radiation in combination with the ionized current of nitrogen was studied. The results showed that the application of the above method helped the regeneration efficiency of activated carbon reach 95.26 % after 60 minutes of treatment. The optimum conditions were given with an microwave power of 500 W, a nitrogen pressure of 0.015 MPa. The above method has a high environmental significance when the effluent after regeneration has a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 130 mg/l, allowing it to be discharged into the environment. The method also makes economic sense when activated carbon can be regenerated many times.
Oxygen‐Rich Non‐Graphitic Carbon Derived from Citrus sinensis for High‐Energy Density Pseudocapacitive Charge Storage
Authors: Tiwari Bhumika , Joshi Akanksha , Mohan Priyank , Kishore Sharma Raj , Singh Gurmeet 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNon‐graphitic carbon is a potential supercapacitor electrode material attributed to the combination of dense porous structure and high surface area. However, production cost limits its high usage. Herein, inexpensive and sustainable flavonoids rich precursor Citrus sinensis is utilized for synthesis of non‐graphitic carbon and is characterised using XRD, Raman, XPS & BET. For controlled porosity, KOH activation at two different temperatures (750 °C & 900 °C) is carried out that result in controlled meso/macro porous carbon with 900 °C activation (AC‐900). The edges of pores with dangling oxygen functionalities (37 %) contributes to pseudocapacitive charge (385.91 F g−1) whereas meso/macro pore size distribution facilitates fast diffusion (0.78
10−9 cm2 s−1) in symmetric cell (AC‐900||AC‐900). Furthermore, an impressively high energy density (51.1 Wh kg−1 @ 0.75 A g−1) is obtained owing to this blend of controlled porous structure and oxygen functionalities. In future, this study will pave a path for designing of low cost non‐graphitic controlled porous structure carbon.
Toward Molecular Cybernetics – the Art of Communicating Chemical Systems
Authors: Schmittel Michael , Howlader Prodip 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe emerging field of molecular cybernetics has the potential to widely broaden our perception of chemistry. Chemistry will develop beyond its current focus that is mainly concerned with single transformations, pure compounds, and/or defined mixtures. On this way, chemistry will become autonomous, networked and smart through communicating molecules each of which serves a control engineering purpose, like the set of wheels in the machinery of life. The present personal account describes our latest developments in this field.
Triazolization of Enolizable Ketones with Primary Amines: A General Strategy toward Multifunctional 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Prakash Rashmi , Opsomer Tomas , Dehaen Wim 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe development of metal‐free syntheses toward 1,2,3‐triazoles has been a burgeoning research area throughout the past decade. Despite the numerous advances, the scarceness of methods for the preparation of 1,5‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles from readily available substrates remained a challenge that was addressed by our group in 2016. A metal‐free three‐component reaction, which we have dubbed the triazolization reaction, was established for the rapid synthesis of 1,5‐disubstituted, fully functionalized and NH‐1,2,3‐triazoles. This novel approach stands out because it utilizes widely available starting materials, namely primary amines and enolizable ketones. Furthermore, the broad substrate scope is a major advantage, and was further expanded by the number of modified protocols that have been reported. Triazolization products have successfully found utility as intermediates in various synthetic transformations, and were the subject of a few interesting biological activity studies.
Occurrence and determinants of parental psychosocial stress and mental health disorders in parents and their children in early childhood: rationale, objectives, and design of the population-based SKKIPPI cohort study
Authors: Fricke J. , Bolster M. , Ludwig-Körner C. , Kuchinke L. , Schlensog-Schuster F. , Vienhues P. , Reinhold T. , Berghöfer A. , Roll S. , Keil T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The postnatal period is a vulnerable time for parents and children but epidemiological and health care utilisation data for Germany on parental mental health during early childhood is scarce. This protocol describes the rationale, aim and study design of a population-based cohort study to assess the occurrence and determinants of psychosocial stress and mental health disorders, as well as the use and cost of health care and social services in early childhood.

Methods
As part of the collaborative SKKIPPI project, we will contact a random sample of 30,000 infants listed in the residents’ registration offices of three German towns and we expect to include 6,000 mother–child pairs. Both parents are invited to fill out an online screening questionnaire. Mothers with indications of psychosocial stress will be interviewed to assess mental health disorders, regulatory problems of their children, as well as health care and social services utilisation, with a follow-up assessment after 6 months.

Results
After description of sociodemographic and health data, we will analyse occurrences, patterns, and potential determinants (maternal age, social status, household factors, migration status etc.) of psychosocial stress and mental health disorders in the mothers and their children in early childhood.

Conclusions
Our study will identify potential risk and protective factors for postnatal mental health and health care utilization of psychosocially burdened families. This will help to improve prevention and treatment strategies to strengthen the parent–child relationship, to reduce persisting vulnerability of children, and to improve health care and social services.

Trial registration
The study has been registered in the German Clinical Trial Registry on February 8th 2019 (DRKS-ID: DRKS00016653).
Variability in nitrogen-derived trophic levels of Arctic marine biota
Authors: Hoondert Renske P. J. , van den Brink Nico W. , van den Heuvel-Greve Martine J. , Ragas Ad M. J. , Hendriks A. Jan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStable isotopes are often used to provide an indication of the trophic level (TL) of species. TLs may be derived by using food-web-specific enrichment factors in combination with a representative baseline species. It is challenging to sample stable isotopes for all species, regions and seasons in Arctic ecosystems, e.g. because of practical constraints. Species-specific TLs derived from a single region may be used as a proxy for TLs for the Arctic as a whole. However, its suitability is hampered by incomplete knowledge on the variation in TLs. We quantified variation in TLs of Arctic species by collating data on stable isotopes across the Arctic, including corresponding fractionation factors and baseline species. These were used to generate TL distributions for species in both pelagic and benthic food webs for four Arctic areas, which were then used to determine intra-sample, intra-study, intra-region and inter-region variation in TLs. Considerable variation in TLs of species between areas was observed. This is likely due to differences in parameter choice in estimating TLs (e.g. choice of baseline species) and seasonal, temporal and spatial influences. TLs between regions were higher than the variance observed within regions, studies or samples. This implies that TLs derived within one region may not be suitable as a proxy for the Arctic as a whole. The TL distributions derived in this study may be useful in bioaccumulation and climate change studies, as these provide insight in the variability of trophic levels of Arctic species.
The Microscopic Derivation and Well-Posedness of the Stochastic Keller–Segel Equation
Authors: Huang Hui , Qiu Jinniao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we propose and study a stochastic aggregation–diffusion equation of the Keller–Segel (KS) type for modeling the chemotaxis in dimensions $$d=2,3$$

d
=
2
,
3

. Unlike the classical deterministic KS system, which only allows for idiosyncratic noises, the stochastic KS equation is derived from an interacting particle system subject to both idiosyncratic and common noises. Both the unique existence of solutions to the stochastic KS equation and the mean-field limit result are addressed.
An observation-based scaling model for climate sensitivity estimates and global projections to 2100
Authors: Hébert Raphaël , Lovejoy Shaun , Tremblay Bruno 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe directly exploit the stochasticity of the internal variability, and the linearity of the forced response to make global temperature projections based on historical data and a Green’s function, or Climate Response Function (CRF). To make the problem tractable, we take advantage of the temporal scaling symmetry to define a scaling CRF characterized by the scaling exponent H, which controls the long-range memory of the climate, i.e. how fast the system tends toward a steady-state, and an inner scale $$\tau \approx 2$$

τ
≈
2

years below which the higher-frequency response is smoothed out. An aerosol scaling factor and a non-linear volcanic damping exponent were introduced to account for the large uncertainty in these forcings. We estimate the model and forcing parameters by Bayesian inference which allows us to analytically calculate the transient climate response and the equilibrium climate sensitivity as: $$1.7^{+0.3} _{-0.2}$$

1
.

7

-
0.2

+
0.3

K and $$2.4^{+1.3} _{-0.6}$$

2
.

4

-
0.6

+
1.3

K respectively (likely range). Projections to 2100 according to the RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios yield warmings with respect to 1880–1910 of: $$1.5^{+0.4}_{-0.2}K$$

1
.

5

-
0.2

+
0.4

K

, $$2.3^{+0.7}_{-0.5}$$

2
.

3

-
0.5

+
0.7

K and $$4.2^{+1.3}_{-0.9}$$

4
.

2

-
0.9

+
1.3

K. These projection estimates are lower than the ones based on a Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 multi-model ensemble; more importantly, their uncertainties are smaller and only depend on historical temperature and forcing series. The key uncertainty is due to aerosol forcings; we find a modern (2005) forcing value of $$[-1.0, -0.3]\, \,\,\mathrm{Wm} ^{-2}$$

[
-
1.0
,
-
0.3
]

Wm

-
2

(90 % confidence interval) with median at $$-0.7 \,\,\mathrm{Wm} ^{-2}$$

-
0.7

Wm

-
2

. Projecting to 2100, we find that to keep the warming below 1.5 K, future emissions must undergo cuts similar to RCP 2.6 for which the probability to remain under 1.5 K is 48 %. RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5-like futures overshoot with very high probability.
Practical applicability of the STAMCO and ChOLE classification in cholesteatoma care
Authors: ten Tije Fleur A. , Merkus Paul , Buwalda Joeri , Blom Henk M. , Kramer Sophia E. , Pauw Robert Jan ,   DCD Consortium, Nyst Heike J. , van der Putten Lisa , Graveland Annemarie P. , Kingma Gerben G. , van Lange Jeroen W. L. , de Kuyper Guido T. M. , Schmidt Johan M. , Venker Jantine , Warmerdam Dick J. , Bruintjes Tjasse D. , Hemler Raphael J. B. , Langenhuijsen Kees J. , Winters Stephanie M. , Mud Jeroen , Holm Adriaan F. , Peek Ferdinand A. W. , Koopman Jan Pieter , Bom Steven J. H. , Tjong-Ayong Henri-Jacques , de Mönnink Jan Pieter , van Cruijsen Nynke Boelstra , de Boer Jurjan R. , Meinesz Sietske F. , Kruyt Josephina M. , Colnot David R. , Quak Jasper J. , Borggreven Pepijn A. , van de Langenberg Rick , Wedler-Peeters Adriana J. G. E. , Snel-Bongers Jorien , Kummer Eelco E. , ter Schiphorst Annette J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
To compare cholesteatoma care internationally and to evaluate outcomes, ear surgeons must use the same terminology. However, a clear universal definition on how to describe the extension, destruction and accompanying morbidity caused by the cholesteatoma is lacking. The practical applicability by means of interrater agreement is assessed for the STAMCO and the ChOLE classification.

Methods
A total of 134 adult patients derived from the nationwide multicentre study in the Netherlands, entitled Dutch Cholesteatoma Data (DCD) were included. Retrospective analysis of 134 surgical reports according to the STAMCO and ChOLE classification for localisation/extension of the cholesteatoma, complication status and ossicular chain status. Both the percentage agreement and the interrater agreement were determined for each item of the classifications and interrater agreement was compared between the classifications as a whole.

Results
Differences in interrater agreement were found for both the localisation/extension of the cholesteatoma and ossicular chain status. STAMCO classification derived from the surgical report scored better on the localisation/extension of the cholesteatoma, whereas the ChOLE classification derived from the surgical report scored better on the status of the ossicular chain. In both classifications, complication status had a low agreement level but was also poorly registered in the surgical reports.

Conclusion
Both STAMCO and ChOLE will be beneficial in uniform registration of cholesteatoma pathology in practice. Modifications proposed for both classifications may make them even more practical applicable in the future. A common denominator obtained from these two classifications may be incorporated in a standardised surgical report to facilitate evaluation which make outcomes transferable towards both classifications.
Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence—current insights in diagnostics, management, and follow-up
Authors: Claahsen - van der Grinten Hedi , Verhaak Chris , Steensma Thomas , Middelberg Tim , Roeffen Joep , Klink Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGender incongruence (GI) is defined as a condition in which the gender identity of a person does not align with the gender assigned at birth. Awareness and more social acceptance have paved the way for early medical intervention about two decades ago and are now part of good clinical practice although much robust data is lacking. Medical and mental treatment in adolescents with GI is complex and is recommended to take place within a team of mental health professionals, psychiatrists, endocrinologists, and other healthcare providers. The somatic treatment generally consists of the use of GnRH analogues to prevent the progression of biological puberty and subsequently gender-affirming hormonal treatment to develop sex characteristics of the self-identified gender and surgical procedures. However to optimize treatment regimens, long-term follow-up and additional studies are still needed.

What is known• The prevalence of gender dysphoria increased significantly in the past years and can lead to significant complaints and burdens especially during puberty.• Pubertal suppression and gender-affirmed treatment can be effectively used in adolescence with gender dysphoria.What is new• Transgender mental and medical healthcare is a long-lasting process during which not only the child/adolescent with GI but also their parents/family have to be counseled in making choices about their social, medical, and legal transitions.• There are an increasing number of transgender persons defining as nonbinary. Therefore, an individualized approach by an experienced team is necessary.
Mapping regularities in the solar irradiance data using complementary complexity measures
Authors: Mihailović Dragutin T. , Aksentijevic Aleksandar , Mihailović Anja 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSolar irradiance represents one of the principal phenomena of interest in geophysics and recent research, especially which concerned with renewable energy, suggests that the complexity of solar irradiance time series offers important insights into the dynamics of different geophysical systems. We examined the complexity of the daily cumulative global horizontal irradiance (kWh/m2; dGHI in further text) recorded by satellite for 32 stations on the island of La Réunion over a 35-month period (2004–2006) using Kolmogorov complexity (KC) and a recently introduced measure—Aksentijevic–Gibson complexity (AG) which is capable of quantifying the complexity of both long and short strings. Previous examinations of physical data suggest that AG could represent a useful addition to the geophysical analysis toolkit. Our results demonstrate for the first time that running KC is capable of capturing periodic patterns in data and that AG is sensitive to both global/long-scale spatial and temporal structure and local/short-range complexity fluctuations. Importantly, we report a putative weekly periodicity which might be related to environmental factors and human activity. In conclusion, we suggest that AG could represent a useful tool in the study of solar irradiation time series but also with other types of geophysical data.