bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Atenolol in a Rectangular Staircase Photocatalytic Reactor with Immobilized ZnO
Authors: Farid Madjene , Mirvet Assassi , Nacera Yeddou-Mezenner 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAtenolol (ATL) was removed with a rectangular staircase photocatalytic reactor (RSPR) using immobilized ZnO under solar irradiation. The effects of operational parameters such as flow rate, pH, and initial ATL concentration were examined. The highest degradation was obtained after 240 min photocatalytic reaction. The effects of different scavengers proved that the ATL degradation was mainly due to the direct oxidization with OH• radicals, whereas, the h+ and O2•− radicals played a minor role in the degradation process. Five repetitive operations of RSPR allowed for reaching 77 ± 3 % degradation of ATL for each cycle. Kinetic data indicated that the photocatalytic kinetics followed the global matter balance model.
Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Temperature programmed surface reaction spectroscopy—TPSR
Authors: Jehng Jih‐Mirn , Wachs Israel E. , Patience Gregory S. , Dai Yong‐Ming 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTemperature programmed surface reaction spectroscopy (TPSR) is a powerful technique to determine the surface chemistry of bulk metal, supported metal, bulk metal oxide, supported metal oxide, zeolite, and molecular sieve catalysts. It can provide both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the surface active sites present on the catalyst surface, the reaction mechanisms, and kinetics occurring on the catalyst surface by using chemical probe molecules such as alcohols, carboxylates, and specific acidic‐basic reacting gases. In this tutorial review, the highly informativeCH3OHchemical probe molecule was used to highlight the information that can be obtained fromCH3OH‐TPSR experiments. TheCH3OHmolecule readily interacts with the catalyst surface to form surfaceCH3O·andHCOO·intermediates that react to produce HCHO/HCOOCH3/(CH3O)2CH2,CH3OCH3, andCO/CO2products related to the surface redox, acid and basic nature, respectively. Integration of theCH3OH‐TPSR spectra peaks provide the number of surface active sites. The surface kinetic information provided byCH3OH‐TPSR allows to discriminate between different reaction mechanisms (first‐order, second‐order, Langmuir‐Hinshelwood, and Mars‐van Krevelen). We discuss the uncertainty inherent inCH3OH‐TPSR experiments and address source of errors and detection limits. Web of Science indexed over 800 articles citing TPSR since 1990. A bibliometric analysis identified four clusters of reactions and catalysts: the dominant catalysts for partial oxidation and water gas shift were Ni, Ru, and Pt;CeO2, Co, Cu, Rh, Pd, and perovskites were the main catalysts for combustion and hydrogenation; Ag and zeolites were grouped with reduction; and,Al2O3,ZrO2,SiO2, andV2O5were applied for dehydrogenation.
Additivity of Higher Rho Invariants and Nonrigidity of Topological Manifolds
Authors: Weinberger Shmuel , Xie Zhizhang , Yu Guoliang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLet X be a closed oriented connected topological manifold of dimension n ≥ 5. The structure group is the abelian group of equivalence classes of all pairs (f, M) such that M is a closed oriented manifold and f : M → X is an orientation‐preserving homotopy equivalence. The main purpose of this article is to prove that a higher rho invariant map defines a group homomorphism from the topological structure group of X to the analytic structure group of X. Here X is the universal cover of X, Γ = π1X is the fundamental group of X, and is a certain C*‐algebra. In fact, we introduce a higher rho invariant map on the homology manifold structure group of a closed oriented connected topological manifold, and prove its additivity. This higher rho invariant map restricts to the higher rho invariant map on the topological structure group. More generally, the same techniques developed in this paper can be applied to define a higher rho invariant map on the homology manifold structure group of a closed oriented connected homology manifold. As an application, we use the additivity of the higher rho invariant map to study nonrigidity of topological manifolds. More precisely, we give a lower bound for the free rank of the algebraically reduced structure group of X by the number of torsion elements in π1X. Here the algebraically reduced structure group of X is the quotient of modulo a certain action of self‐homotopy equivalences of X. We also introduce a notion of homological higher rho invariant, which can be used to detect many elements in the structure group of a closed oriented topological manifold, even when the fundamental group of the manifold is torsion free. In particular, we apply this homological higher rho invariant to show that the structure group is not finitely generated for a class of manifolds. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Bio‐Based Cycloalkanes: The Missing Link to High‐Performance Sustainable Jet Fuels
Authors: Muldoon Jake A. , Harvey Benjamin G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover is the group of Ben Harvey at the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake. The image shows several examples of bio‐based cycloalkanes that have been developed as next‐generation sustainable jet fuels. The Review itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202001641.
Nonadaptive host‐use specificity in tropical armored scale insects
Authors: Peterson Daniel A. , Hardy Nate B. , Morse Geoffrey E. , Itioka Takao , Wei Jiufeng , Normark Benjamin B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMost herbivorous insects are diet specialists in spite of the apparent advantages of being a generalist. This conundrum might be explained by fitness trade‐offs on alternative host plants, yet the evidence of such trade‐offs has been elusive. Another hypothesis is that specialization is nonadaptive, evolving through neutral population‐genetic processes and within the bounds of historical constraints. Here, we report on a striking lack of evidence for the adaptiveness of specificity in tropical canopy communities of armored scale insects. We find evidence of pervasive diet specialization, and find that host use is phylogenetically conservative, but also find that more‐specialized species occur on fewer of their potential hosts than do less‐specialized species, and are no more abundant where they do occur. Of course local communities might not reflect regional diversity patterns. But based on our samples, comprising hundreds of species of hosts and armored scale insects at two widely separated sites, more‐specialized species do not appear to outperform more generalist species.
Diet composition and preferences of Bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca ) in the compound of Alage College, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia
Authors: Derebe Yonas , Girma Zerihun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNumerous indices have been developed to compare use and availability of foods in field diets of wild ungulates. However, little attention has been given to laboratory analysis for comparing food preferences. To this end, a study aimed at investigating the diet composition and preference of Bohor reedbuck was conducted in the compound of Alage Agricultural College, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia from 2017 to 2018 encompassing both dry and wet seasons. Bohor reedbuck is a medium sized horned antelope species endemic to Africa. Continuous focal animal observation was used to collect the data on plant species included in the diet of Bohor reedbuck. Focal individuals’ observation was carried out for 30 min in 10 min sampling interval during their active feeding period (early morning and late afternoon) over four different habitat types. The nutrient composition of plants consumed was determined using wet chemistry laboratory analysis. Bohor reedbucks consumed 15 species of plants; herbs comprised 94.3% of the foods they consumed. Digitaria abyssinica was the most preferred plant species with highest crude protein (23.75%) and less fiber (61.8% nitrogen detergent fiber and 27.8% acid detergent fiber). These findings suggest that food preference of Bohor reedbuck is determined by the nutritional content of the plant it consumed, since the area is more or less natural habitat in terms of plant species composition. For sustainable conservation of the species, there is a need to actively promote management of the plant species most preferred by the reedbuck to feed on.
A Comparison of Edge‐plane and Basal‐plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes towards Sensitive Determination of the Fungicide Mandipropamid
Authors: Festinger Natalia , Lemiesz Adrianna , Skowron Ewelina , Smarzewska Sylwia , Ciesielski Witold 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA sensitive square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) method based on basal‐plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (BPPGE) and edge‐plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (EPPGE) was developed to determine the concentration of the pesticide mandipropamid (MAN) in spiked river water and grape juice samples. Under optimal experimental conditions, the SWV response of EPPGE and BPPGE was linear over the concentration ranges of 0.7 to 9.0 μmol L−1 and 0.5 to 10.0 μmol L−1, respectively. The method was successfully used to determine MAN in spiked samples with good recovery. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was conducted to understand the mechanism underlying the electrode process of MAN.
Lignocellulosic Fibers from Renewable Resources Using Green Chemistry for a Circular Economy
Authors: Salem Khandoker S. , Naithani Ved , Jameel Hasan , Lucia Lucian , Pal Lokendra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe sustainable development of lignocellulose fibers exhibits significant potential to supplant synthetic polymer feedstocks and offers a global platform for generating sustainable packaging, bioplastics, sanitary towels, wipes, and related products. The current research explores the dynamics of fiber production from wood, non‐wood, and agro‐residues using carbonate hydrolysis and a mild kraft process without bleaching agents. With respect to carbonate hydrolysis, high yield, and good coarseness fibers are attained using a simple, low‐cost, and ecofriendly process. Fibers produced using a mild kraft process have lower Klason lignin, carboxyl content, surface charges, and higher fiber length, and crystallinity. Eucalyptus fibers show the highest crystallinity while softwood carbonate fibers show the lowest crystallinity. Hemp hurd fibers contain the highest concentration of hard‐to‐remove water, and thus, suffer maximum flattening visualized by the microscopic images. The relatively high yield sustainable fibers with versatile properties can provide a significant economic benefit since fiber is the dominant cost for producing various bioproducts to meet society's current and future needs.
Measuring the Structure of a Technology System for Directing Technological Transition
Authors: Wu Shuanglei , Wei Yongping , Head Brian , Hanna Scott 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTechnological advancements have generated a “techno‐sphere” within which all humans live. However, the capacity to direct technology development lags far behind technology development itself. This study deciphers the structural characteristics of a technology system using three pairs of features: systemicity and complexity (scalar), centrality and diversity (structural), and adaptability and inertia (structural); and at micro‐, meso‐, and macrolevels. By applying this approach in Chinese agricultural and water technology systems in the Yellow River Region and the Yangtze River Region from the beginning of agriculture in ≈8000 BC to the end of preindustrial agriculture in 1911, it is found that there exist trade‐off relationships between the centrality and diversity of a technology system, there exist alternative dominations of adaptivity and inertia in development of a technology system, and there exist time‐lag phenomena of change in a technology system between mesolevel and macrolevel. It is also identified that a larger‐scale, more diverse and adaptive technology system is observed in the Yellow River Region whereas the technology system in the Yangtze River Region is more rapidly expanding in scale and mainly dominated by inertia. These discoveries will assist increasing the capacity of managing and directing technological transition in future.
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) plus top hat for HIV‐infected women with endocervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Kenya
Authors: Chung Michael H. , De Vuyst Hugo , Greene Sharon A. , Topazian Hillary M. , Sayed Shahin , Moloo Zahir , Cagle Anthony , Nyongesa‐Malava Evans , Luchters Stanley , Temmerman Marleen , Sakr Samah R. , Mugo Nelly R. , McGrath Christine J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the utility of detecting endocervical cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ with endocervical curettage (ECC) and treating with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) plus top hat (+TH) among women with HIV.MethodsCytology was followed by coloscopy‐directed biopsy if participants had HSIL or ASC‐H and biopsy plus ECC if there were glandular cells present. CIN2/3 on ECC and/or inadequate colposcopy (ENL) was treated with LEEP+TH, while CIN2/3 on ectocervix (ECL) received LEEP alone. Recurrent CIN2+ were compared over a 2‐year follow‐up.ResultsOf 5330 participants, 160 underwent ECC, 98 were CIN2/3 on ECC, and 77 received LEEP+TH. ECC detected 15 (9%) more women with CIN2/3 than biopsy alone. Women were more likely to have ENL if they were older (≥45 vs <35 years) (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 2.14; P = 0.009) and on antiretroviral treatment longer (≥2 vs <2 years) (aRR 3.97; P < 0.001). Over the 2‐year follow‐up, 35 (29%) ENL had recurrent CIN2+ after TH compared to 19 (24%) ECL after LEEP (hazard ratio 1.32; 95% confidence interval 0.75–2.31; P = 0.338).ConclusionAmong HIV‐infected women, adding ECC did not increase detection of pre‐cancerous disease significantly and treatment with LEEP+TH for ENL was comparable to treatment with LEEP for ECL.
Inside Cover
Authors: Fadhel Muhannad N , Baskoy Sila Appak , Wang Yanjie , Hysi Eno , Kolios Michael C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVascular disrupting agents (VDAs) can be used to damage the tumour vasculature, suppressing oxygen and nutrition supply to the tumour tissue. Photoacoustic imaging was used to assess the structural and functional changes of the tumour vasculature and evaluate the efficacy of the VDAs. Tissues are irradiated with short laser pulses and the photoacoustic waves are analyzed to extract vessel size and hemoglobin composition to evaluate the VDA, hours after administration.Further details can be found in the article by Muhannad N Fadhel, Sila Appak Baskoy, Yanjie Wang, Eno Hysi, and Michael C. Kolios (e202000209).
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Osteoblasts/Osteocytes sirtuin6 Is Vital to Preventing Ischemic Osteonecrosis Through Targeting VDR-RANKL Signaling
Authors: Zhang Zhongkai , Song Yiping , Wang Sung Il , Ha Sang Hoon , Jang Kyu Yun , Park Byung-Hyun , Moon Young Jae , Kim Jung Ryul 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Ischemic osteonecrosis (ION) can produce permanent deformity and osteoarthritis in the femoral head and other joints. No biologic treatment has been established, and the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ION have not been elucidated. In this work, we found that treatment with sirtuin6 (Sirt6) suppressed inflammatory cytokines, bone resorption, progression of osteoarthritis, and reduced bone deformity in an ION mouse model. We used a deacetylase mutant adenovirus to confirm that those effects were caused by the deacetylase function of Sirt6. Among the osteoclastogenic factors of osteoblasts, only the receptor activator of NF-κb ligand (RANKL) level changed in response to Sirt6 knockout in primary osteoblasts. In particular, the vitamin D receptor physically interacted with Sirt6 and induced recruitment of Sirt6 around RANKL promoters. Finally, Tg mice overexpressing Sirt6 resisted osteocyte death, bone resorption, and progression of osteoarthritis after ischemic surgery, whereas osteoblast/osteocyte-specific Sirt6 knockout mice showed aggravated bone loss and severe deformity. Our findings demonstrate that administration of Sirt6 prevents bone loss and osteoarthritis in ischemic conditions. Activation of Sirt6 in osteoblasts/osteocytes could be a new therapeutic approach to treating ION of the femoral head and other bone regions. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Assessing the impact of urban geometry on surface urban heat island using complete and nadir temperatures
Authors: Yang Jinxin , Menenti Massimo , Wu Zhifeng , Wong Man Sing , Abbas Sawaid , Xu Yong , Shi Qian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) when using nadir‐viewing radiometric and complete surface temperature (TrandTc) was evaluated. The urban areas of the Kowloon peninsula and Hong Kong Island were selected and four daytime Landsat TM images and two nighttime ASTER images were collected to retrieveTrand then modelTcbased on a semi‐empirical model. SUHIIs were estimated using both the retrievedTrand modelledTc. High spatial resolution (HR) airborne thermal images (0.2 m) observed at 12:10 noon on Oct 24, 2017 were used to retrieveTcdirectly. Results based on HR data and satellite data were consistent and indicated that the geometry of the built‐up space had a larger impact on SUHII when usingTc(SUHIIc) thanTr(SUHIIr). During daytime SUHIIc decreased while SUHIIr showed a very slight increase with building density. Both SUHIIc and SUHIIr decreased with higher building height but the rate of decrease of SUHIIc was higher than SUHIIr. Both SUHIIc and SUHIIr decreased with increasing building height variance and increased with increasing sky view factor (SVF). The rate of decrease with building height variance for SUHIIc was larger than SUHIIr. The rate of increase of SUHIIc with SVF was higher than SUHIIr. During nighttime, geometry effects on SUHIIc and SUHIIr were different from daytime. Both SUHIIc and SUHIIr increased with building density, while the rate of increase of SUHIIc with building density, as well as with building height, was much higher than SUHIIr. Both SUHIIc and SUHIIr decreased with SVF, but the rate of decrease of SUHIIc was higher than SUHIIr. Both SUHIIc and SUHIIr initially increased with building height variance and then remained approximately constant. We also evaluated the UHI intensity: SUHIIc was much closer to UHII than SUHIIr. Overall, building geometry had larger impact on SUHIIc than on SUHIIr, that is, SUHIIc is more representative of urban climate than SUHIIr.
Pullbacks of universal Brill–Noether classes via Abel–Jacobi morphisms
Authors: Pagani Nicola , Ricolfi Andrea T. , van Zelm Jason 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFollowing Mumford and Chiodo, we compute the Chern character of the derived pushforward , for an arbitrary element of the Picard group of the universal curve over the moduli stack of stable marked curves. This allows us to express the pullback of universal Brill–Noether classes via Abel–Jacobi sections to the compactified universal Jacobians, for all compactifications such that the section is a well‐defined morphism.
Deep learning with noise‐to‐noise training for denoising in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging
Authors: Liu Junchi , Yang Yongyi , Wernick Miles N. , Pretorius P. Hendrik , King Michael A. 
Published: November 2020

PurposePost‐reconstruction filtering is often applied for noise suppression due to limited data counts in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We study a deep learning (DL) approach for denoising in conventional SPECT‐MPI acquisitions, and investigate whether it can be more effective for improving the detectability of perfusion defects compared to traditional postfiltering.MethodsOwing to the lack of ground truth in clinical studies, we adopt a noise‐to‐noise (N2N) training approach for denoising in SPECT‐MPI images. We consider a coupled U‐Net (CU‐Net) structure which is designed to improve learning efficiency through feature map reuse. For network training we employ a bootstrap procedure to generate multiple noise realizations from list‐mode clinical acquisitions. In the experiments we demonstrated the proposed approach on a set of 895 clinical studies, where the iterative OSEM algorithm with three‐dimensional (3D) Gaussian postfiltering was used to reconstruct the images. We investigated the detection performance of perfusion defects in the reconstructed images using the non‐prewhitening matched filter (NPWMF), evaluated the uniformity of left ventricular (LV) wall in terms of image intensity, and quantified the effect of smoothing on the spatial resolution of the reconstructed LV wall by using its full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM).ResultsCompared to OSEM with Gaussian postfiltering, the DL denoised images with CU‐Net significantly improved the detection performance of perfusion defects at all contrast levels (65%, 50%, 35%, and 20%). The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNRD) in the NPWMF output was increased on average by 8% over optimal Gaussian smoothing (P < 10−4, paired t‐test), while the inter‐subject variability was greatly reduced. The CU‐Net also outperformed a 3D nonlocal means (NLM) filter and a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) denoising network in terms of SNRD. In addition, the FWHM of the LV wall in the reconstructed images was varied by less than 1%. Furthermore, CU‐Net also improved the detection performance when the images were processed with less post‐reconstruction smoothing (a trade‐off of increased noise for better LV resolution), with SNRD improved on average by 23%.ConclusionsThe proposed DL with N2N training approach can yield additional noise suppression in SPECT‐MPI images over conventional postfiltering. For perfusion defect detection, DL with CU‐Net could outperform conventional 3D Gaussian filtering with optimal setting as well as NLM and CAE.
Clinical exome sequencing in the diagnosis of pediatric neuromuscular disease
Authors: Herman Isabella , Lopez Michael A. , Marafi Dana , Pehlivan Davut , Calame Daniel G. , Abid Farida , Lotze Timothy E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe diagnosis of uncommon pediatric neuromuscular disease (NMD) is challenging due to genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, yet is important to guide treatment, prognosis, and recurrence risk. Patients with diagnostically challenging presentations typically undergo extensive testing with variable molecular diagnostic yield. Given the advancement in next generation sequencing (NGS), we investigated the value of clinical whole exome sequencing (ES) in uncommon pediatric NMD.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 106 pediatric NMD patients with a combination of ES, chromosomal microarray (CMA), and candidate gene testing was completed at a large tertiary referral center.ResultsA molecular diagnosis was achieved in 37/79 (46%) patients with ES, 4/44 (9%) patients with CMA, and 15/74 (20%) patients with candidate gene testing. In 2/79 (3%) patients, a dual molecular diagnosis explaining the neuromuscular disease process was identified. A total of 42 patients (53%) who received ES remained without a molecular diagnosis at the conclusion of the study.ConclusionsDue to NGS, molecular diagnostic yield of rare neurological diseases is at an all‐time high. We show that ES has a higher diagnostic rate compared to other genetic tests in a complex pediatric neuromuscular disease cohort and should be considered early in the diagnostic journey for select NMD patients with challenging presentations in which a clinical diagnosis is not evident.