bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Earthquakes over Time on the Geogrid-Pile Foundation System in Loose Sand
Authors: Al Ghanim Athraa A. , Mohammed Shafiqu Qassun S. , Ibraheem Asma Thamir 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Researchers and engineers have developed several means to enhance the dynamic lateral stability of civil engineering structures, such as geosynthetic reinforced earth retaining structures to resist excessive earthquake shaking. There is, however, as yet little information about using geogrids with pile foundations under earthquake loadings. This study thus linked a single embedded pile in loose sandy soil with a geogrid, with the system then subjected to two different seismic waves.
The laboratory tests were carried out on single pile with a length to diameter ratio of 25 in poorly graded soil (SP) with a relative density of 30%. The geogrid used in the research was Nelton CE121 geogrid (700×700 mm), which was connected with the pile at a depth of 1/8 of the pile length. The model was then subjected to replications of both the Ali Al Gharbi and Halabjah earthquakes, which hit Iraq in 2014 and 2017, respectively.
It was found that using geogrid with pile foundation reduced the settlement in the pile by about 50% and 90% for the Halabjah and Ali Al Gharbi earthquake forces, respectively. The maximum bending moment was also reduced, with the bending moment ratio at the pile surface for the Halabjah and Ali Al Gharbi earthquakes being 70% and 50% respectively. The settlement ratio increases as magnitude of earthquake decreases.
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Nano Self-Compacting Concrete with Micro and Nano Silica
Authors: Hameed Mohammed H. , Abbas Zena K. , Ali Al-Ahmed Ali Hussein 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) has undergone a remarkable evolution recently based on the results from several studies that have indicated the chain of benefits SCC provides. Micro and nano materials used as mineral additives in SCC offer several high-performance properties, and this research studies the effects of micro silica (MS) (10%, used as a reference) and colloidal nano-silica (CNS) (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) on the fresh and hardened properties of SCC. All mixtures were estimated using flow, L-box, and V-funnel tests to examine workability and compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and tensile strength as hardened properties. The use of CNS increased the overall compressive strength compared to the reference mixture, with the average increase for 28 days being 41%. The discoveries of this work offer insight into the creation of volitional mineral admixtures for improving the toughness attributes of SCC, increasing enforcement, and offering a more maintainable and practical material.
Scour Depth at Single Cylindrical Bridge Piers with Debris Jam: An Experimental Comparative Study.
Authors: Al-Awadi Aysar Tuama , Al-Khafaji Mahmoud Saleh 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRivers may carry a considerable amount of debris during floods, and the accumulation of this debris around bridge piers can change the hydraulic behaviour of flow fields and influence scour depth development. In this study, the effect of debris jam on scour depth at cylindrical bridge piers was investigated and a comparison carried out for the main existing empirical formulas. A series of 27 tests of rectangular geometry in three different groups according to width, length, submerged depth, and blocked area were studied. The results showed that the accumulation of debris increased scour depth from 10.3% to 62.1%, 22.4% to 103.4%, and 20.7% to 139.7% as the percentage blocked area of debris increased from 2.07% to 6.2%, 5.52% to 16.55%, and 8.96% to 26.89% for groups (1), (2), and (3) respectively. The comparison of the experimental results with the most commonly used empirical formulas revealed general overestimation of scour depth with debris accumulation. The Richardson and Davis (1995) and Lagasse et al. (2009) formulas were the most acceptable methods for scour prediction under debris jams, though further study is recommended for bridge pier scour depth estimation in the presence of debris.
Investigating the effectiveness of geometric and human factors on the severity of urban crashes
Authors: Ayazi Ehsan , Khorsand Ramin , Sheikholeslami Abdolreza 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Traffic safety is a major priority for multiple relevant organisations seeking to reduce accidents and traffic fatalities; considering the importance of this issue, it is necessary to provide solutions to reduce both the frequency and severity of such problems. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate the factors affecting the severity of urban crashes. To this end, accidents in the city of Zanjan were analysed using a Pearson’s chi-square test with a confidence level of 95%. The dependent variable was accident severity as judged by injury and property damage, and the independent variables were type of collision, general cause of accident, road type, road surface conditions, road geometry, lighting conditions, engine power of the at-fault vehicle, and gender of the at-fault vehicle’s driver. The results showed that side-to-side collisions have the lowest probability of injury or property damage. The highest probability of injury or property damage is caused by speeding. Furthermore, increase in engine power of the at-fault vehicle caused the probability of property damage to increase, and male drivers were found to experience more severe crashes in urban roads than female drivers. Appropriate recommendations were thus provided.
Temperature Effects on the Fatigue Life and Tensile Strength of Structural Adhesives
Authors: Al-Mosawe A , Al-Mahaidi R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In recent decades, structural adhesives have become widely used in the field of construction for the purpose of retrofitting existing structures using composite materials such as fibre reinforced polymers (FRP). The available standards for strengthening structures utilise the adhesive properties as listed in manufacturer’s technical sheets. However, members with adhesively bonded CFRPs are sometimes exposed to loadings or conditions that may differ to the scenarios used to measure these material properties. Steel and concrete bridges are usually exposed to cyclic loading associated with elevated temperatures, for example, while the manufacturer’s technical sheets provide material properties under quasi static loading and ambient temperatures. There is thus a lack of understanding of the properties of adhesives under more difficult conditions that may lead to issues in predicting the design strength of composite elements. This paper presents a series of experimental tests to investigate the adhesive properties under both medium temperature (25 and 40°C) and cyclic loading, with adhesives cured under two curing temperatures. All specimens and tests were developed according to ASTM-D638. The results showed significant effects of temperature on the tensile strength and fatigue life of adhesives, as measured by monitoring the number of cycles until failure; the number of cycles was increased by 8 times for two types of structural adhesives cured under high temperature and tested under normal temperatures of 25°C.
Influence of anchorage systems on externally-bonded CFRP sheets used for flexural strengthening
Authors: Al-Atta B , Kalfat R , Al-Mahaidi R , Al-Mosawe A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Strengthening with carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) has become one of the most significant methods of enhancing the flexural strength of reinforced concrete members. Extensive research has shown that externally-bonded CFRP sheets tend to debond from the soffit of the concrete members at much lower strains, compared with CFRP rupture strain. Different types of anchorage system have been developed to prevent or delay the debonding type failure, which leads to a higher utilisation of the CFRP sheets before failure occurs. This paper summarises some of the most efficient types of anchorage systems that have shown significant enhancement in terms of increasing the flexural bending capacity and the ductility of CFRP strengthened members. The study also presents a newly-developed type of anchor, known as a patch anchor, which has shown great effectiveness when used for shear applications. The influence of patch anchor on flexurally-strengthened slabs is investigated, where this anchorage type is trialed, and its effectiveness is discussed.
Experimental investigation of the structural behaviours of self-compacted reinforced concrete hollow beams with in-place circular openings
Authors: Hassan Saif A , Hemzah Sadjad A , Alyhya Wajde S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper aimed to experimentally investigate the structural conduct of self-compacted concrete hollow beams with various in-place openings. For this purpose, ten reinforced concrete hollow beams were tested under two concentrated and symmetrical loadings. The primary parameter in this study was the location of the openings, and specimens were divided into two groups in addition to the control beam: group one included six beams with openings in front or front and rear of the web, while the second group contained three beams with an opening in the bottom flange of the beam. The results showed that all reinforced concrete specimens suffered from higher deflection and stiffness reductions. The load-carrying capacity was decreased in ranges between 5.2% and 16 % for group one and 5.5 % to 9 % for group two compared to the control beam. A reduction was also observed in the ductility index values, ranging from 2.8 to 1.5 compared to the control beam.
Laboratory Study of Lateral Load Capacity and Behaviour of Short Piles in Clayey Soil.
Authors: Aljanabi Hijran Aboud , Bazaz Jafar Bolouri 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This research is an experimental study investigating the lateral loading capacity of piles in clayey soil. Important factors considered in this study included pile diameter, embedded length of pile, effective unit weight, and degree of saturation of soil, which were studied for their effects on the lateral loading capacity of short driven piles. The experimental study involved testing six specimens in the laboratory, each made of galvanized iron of 21.7 and 27 mm diameter and L/d (embedded length/diameter) ratios of 10, 14, and 18. The specimens were subjected to lateral loadings while embedded in clayey soil with effective unit weights of 13, 15, and 15.6 kN/m3 and degrees of saturation of 30, 41 and 97%, to simulate true pile behaviour. The obtained pile responses were then plotted as force-displacement diagrams. The varying parameters were thus diameter and embedded depth of pile, effective unit weight, and degree of soil saturation. The results of this experimental study on the behaviours of the piles under the influence of lateral loading in the clay were also compared with the predicted lateral capacity of the piles based on work by other researchers. Moisture content and degree of saturation were found to have the greatest effects on pile behaviour. This study thus aids understanding of the behaviours of short piles embedded in clayey soil under lateral loading to allow designers to take practical steps and choose an appropriate method when designing a pile.
Temperature Susceptibility of Modified Asphalt Binders
Authors: Abed Yasameen Hadi , Abedali Al-Haddad Adabdulhaqh H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Temperature is considered here as an important measurement affecting the behaviour of asphalt cement. The relationships between temperature and viscosity for ten pure and modified asphalt cements were thus assessed using traditional methods (including penetration, and (R&B) softening point) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and rotational viscometer (RV) tests. The temperature used for testing were (25˚C), (120 to 195 ˚C), and (4 to 70 ˚C) for traditional, RV, and DSR tests, respectively.
The effects of test type, asphalt cement type, modifier type, and content, on temperature-susceptibility were investigated. The results showed that using activation energy (Ea
) for flow allowed discernment of asphalt cement’s susceptibility to temperature variation, and that the addition of modifiers (SBS, BR, and BG) to asphalt cement increased the Ea
indices. Higher increment rates in Ea (23.57%) were caused by the addition of BR, while reduced VTS was seen with the addition 9% BR, and 5% and 7% SBS, with reduction rate of 44.138%, 15.994% and 15.241%, respectively, due to reductions in viscosity changes with variation in temperatures, while the addition of 0.075% BG Plus increased VTS by 2.496% compared with base asphalt binder.
Field investigation on the lateral resistance of railway tracks with frictional sleepers
Authors: Zakeri Jabbar Ali , Mirfattahi Behrooz 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Tie type is one of the most effective parameters for changing the lateral resistance of ballasted track. In this study, the lateral resistance of an existing curve-to-lateral movement is investigated in the field in two conditions: with simple mono-block concrete ties (B70) and with friction concrete ties (B70F). After that, lateral resistance is measured through the panel displacement method. The results show that the lateral resistance of the railway track increases by approximately 67% with the use of friction concrete ties (B70F) instead of standard mono-block concrete ties (B70).
Architectural Mimetism Between Heritage and Technological Advancement
Authors: Alawsey Waleed S. , Al-Dulaimi Hiba A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The rapid technological progress, media and marketing of urban development has affected the features of contemporary Arab architecture in general and Iraq in particular, in terms of designing either regarding to the local identity or regardless to it, so this research tends to study and analyze a group of architects who constantly work on local projects in Iraq to mimic those who do it in harmony with the local identity, and those who work on globalized basis preparing their designs of modern technological references without taking into account the local identity, neglecting the spirit of heritage and the possibility of making an mimetism between heritage and modernism, to produce high-tech designs, performance forms and attributes that bear the spirit of heritage and mimics the identity of humans making it the highest value in design as humans are the user of this new urban environment.
This research focuses on the certain definition of the term mimetism and the mechanism used to apply it in terms of architectural design thoroughly then drawn conclusions from the practical study to illustrate what have been learned through carrying out the study and analysis of those projects along with general conclusions for the research as a whole.
Application of a Solar Chimney Power Plant to Electrical Generation in Covered Agricultural Fields
Authors: Abdul Wahhab Hasanain A. , Kattea Al-Maliki Wisam Abed 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Greenhouses are an ideal plant production environment, providing high quality products in all seasons of the year and removed from climatic influences such as wind, frost and rain. However, this type of farming involves costly construction, and it is necessary to consider using it in other aspects, in addition to agriculture. The purpose of the current work is to study the possibility of using a solar chimney power plant (SCPP) in the generation of electric power, thereby meeting the need for energy in agriculture, including lighting, pumps, drip irrigation and other applications. This paper describes an analytical study of solar chimney power plant in a greenhouse environment. The investigation was based on experimental calculations to identify out power from varying the air flow intensity inside the farm, depending on its conditions. The modelling was carried out in an ANSYS environment and the simulation of solar plant used a FLUENT k-ε Module for solving and post-processing the problem. Results showed that a solar chimney power plant, in which the chimney height and diameter were 20 m and 0.3 m, respectively, and the dimensions of the green farm collector 70 m × 50 m, could produce a monthly average of 1.31~2.42 kW electric power throughout the year.
Simulation and Modeling of Tower Diesel Power Station in Samawah Using Finite Element Method with MATLAB and COMSOL Programs
Authors: Azziz Haider Nadhom , Rashid Farhan Lafta , Hussein Hasan Qahtan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper we present work that explores governing equations for heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and we describe and discuss different forms for such equations, that can be applied to formulations of the discontinuous finite element. In general, heat transfer and fluid dynamics problems are categorized as boundary value problems. Thus, the desired initial and final boundary conditions for solving these equations are given in a simulation of a modeling tower for a diesel power plant in Samawah, Iraq, via the finite element method using MATLAB and COMSOL programs. As vertical expansion is limited by the frictional repression of the benthos, an effective vertical force is generated in the tower. If the effective vertical force overtakes the buckle initiation force, the tower will undergo Euler buckling to qualify the resulting high vertical forces in the tower wall. We present numerical results for a mesh in Multiphysics of the lower and upper parts for the tower; an analytical model was built of the upper portion of the tower.
Analytical Assessment of the Effects of Blade Cone Angle on the Aerodynamic Performance of the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Hachim Ghanim M. , Mahdi Jaafar A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this research, the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) is investigated, considering the cone angle effects. In a HAWT with an ordinary pattern, all blades are located in one plate and the cone angle of the plate is zero. In the design of HAWTs, to prevent contact between the blades and the turbine’s tower and considering the aero elasticity effects, the blades are installed on the shaft of the rotor using a cone angle, which has effects on the turbine’s performance. We investigated the aerodynamic performance of the HAWT according to cone angle deviations, numerically. With a change in the blade’s plate pattern, a cone-shaped volume is created. In this condition, the projected blade’s length gets smaller and the blade’s sections (vertical to the wind) become larger. The geometry of these sections was obtained with AutoCAD software. The performance of the turbine was analysed with Qblade software, and the results compared with each other. The output results of Qblade for the situation, in which the cone angle is considered, equal to the projected blade’s length and the new sections for the projected airfoils within the zero cone angle investigated and compared. This research was carried out for two conditions: a blade with a constant chord and a blade with different chords through the length of the blade. The creation of the cone angle may be suggested as one approach for controlling the wind turbine.
Effect of Process Parameters on the Surface Quality of Machined Aluminum and Steel Products
Authors: Salman Zaman W. , Ugla Adnan A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In a turning process, surface roughness depends on machining process parameters. The aim in this work is to improve the quality of the machined surface of the by controlling the main input parameters of the turning process for aluminum and steel materials. The effect of the machining parameters on surface roughness was studied using the orthogonal L9 Taguchi method. Four process parameters chosen were the length of the specimen (L), diameter of the specimen (D), feed rate (F), and depth of cut (T). The optimization method was performed using the signal to calculate noise ratio (S / N) for the changing response of all experiments. The results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The main conclusion of this work is that F and T are the most important factors and can influence the machined surface quality in terms of surface roughness, whereas the other factors are insignificant. The minimum surface roughness for aluminum is 1.03 μm and 5.02 μm for steel specimens, which were obtained using a more suitable set of parameters with values of T 0.5 mm, F 0.5 RPM., L1000 mm, and D 40 mm.
The Effect of Heat Treatment Conditions on the Mechanical Behavior of Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Al-Helli Ali H. , Abed Abdulrahman N. , Abdullah Asmaa M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (SMA), and its alloys have been widely used for medical, mechanical and electrical applications. In this study, a (Nitinol) Ni-Ti alloy medical plate was prepared and cut using a wire cut machine. Eight samples were heat treated at 800°C and used for heating samples for 30 min and 60 min at this temperature, then cooled in four media: furnace, water, air, and ice bath. Micro-hardness and microstructure measurements were taken, as characterization techniques, to investigate the effect of cooling rate on mechanical properties. Micro-hardness results showed the HV is 316.36 HV at ice cooling rate for 800 °C and 60 min heating time, and 275.5 HV for 800 °C heating for 30 min and ice cooling media. The results show the correlation between cooling rate and properties of the alloy.
Effects of Pt Content on Room-Temperature Hydrogen Sensing Characteristics of Pt-SnO2 Nano-Composite Ceramics
Authors: Wang Caochuang , Li Pengcheng , Hu Yongming , Xu Liqun , Zhou Zhen , Chen Wanping 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A series of Pt-SnO2 nano-mixtures with 0, 0.25, 1 and 2.5 wt% Pt separately were prepared using SnO2 nanoparticles and H2PtCl6. Through pressing and sintering, Pt-SnO2 nano-composite ceramics with Pt nanoparticles well dispersed have been successfully prepared from the nano-mixtures. Their resistance is found to increase monotonously and greatly with increasing Pt content, which is increased by three orders of magnitude when Pt is increased from 0 to 2.5 wt%. All those samples with a Pt content show distinct responses to hydrogen at room temperature, while their hydrogen sensitivity and their recovery time both decease dramatically with increasing Pt content. These results strongly suggest that Pt as a catalyst promotes oxygen chemisorption on SnO2 and the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen at room temperature. Pt thus has catalytic effects on both hydrogen and oxygen, which leads to quite complicated effects of Pt content on the room-temperature hydrogen sensing behaviors of semiconducting metal oxides.