bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrater agreement of classification of photoparoxysmal electroencephalographic response
Authors: Beniczky Sándor , Aurlien Harald , Franceschetti Silvana , Martins da Silva Antonio , Bisulli Francesca , Bentes Carla , Canafoglia Laura , Ferri Lorenzo , Krýsl David , Rita Peralta Ana , Rácz Attila , Cross J. Helen , Arzimanoglou Alexis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOur goal was to assess the interrater agreement (IRA) of photoparoxysmal response (PPR) using the classification proposed by a task force of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), and a simplified classification system proposed by our group. In addition, we evaluated IRA of epileptiform discharges (EDs) and the diagnostic significance of the electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities. We used EEG recordings from the European Reference Network (EpiCARE) and Standardized Computer‐based Organized Reporting of EEG (SCORE). Six raters independently scored EEG recordings from 30 patients. We calculated the agreement coefficient (AC) for each feature. IRA of PPR using the classification proposed by the ILAE task force was only fair (AC = 0.38). This improved to a moderate agreement by using the simplified classification (AC = 0.56; P = .004). IRA of EDs was almost perfect (AC = 0.98), and IRA of scoring the diagnostic significance was moderate (AC = 0.51). Our results suggest that the simplified classification of the PPR is suitable for implementation in clinical practice.
Value of 7T MRI and post‐processing in patients with nonlesional 3T MRI undergoing epilepsy presurgical evaluation
Authors: Wang Irene , Oh Sehong , Blümcke Ingmar , Coras Roland , Krishnan Balu , Kim Sanghoon , McBride Aaron , Grinenko Olesya , Lin Yicong , Overmyer Margit , Aung Tin Tun , Lowe Mark , Larvie Mykol , Alexopoulos Andreas V. , Bingaman William , Gonzalez‐Martinez Jorge A. , Najm Imad , Jones Stephen E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveUltra‐high‐field 7‐Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers increased signal‐to‐noise and contrast‐to‐noise ratios, which may improve visualization of cortical malformations. We aim to assess the clinical value of in vivo structural 7T MRI and its post‐processing for the noninvasive identification of epileptic brain lesions in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and nonlesional 3T MRI who are undergoing presurgical evaluation.MethodsSixty‐seven patients were included who had nonlesional 3T MRI by official radiology report. Epilepsy protocols were used for the 3T and 7T acquisitions. Post‐processing of the 7T T1‐weighted magnetization‐prepared two rapid acquisition gradient echoes sequence was performed using the morphometric analysis program (MAP) with comparison to a normal database consisting of 50 healthy controls. Review of 7T was performed by an experienced board‐certified neuroradiologist and at the multimodal patient management conference. The clinical significance of 7T findings was assessed based on intracranial electroencephalography (ICEEG) ictal onset, surgery, postoperative seizure outcomes, and histopathology.ResultsUnaided visual review of 7T detected previously unappreciated subtle lesions in 22% (15/67). When aided by 7T MAP, the total yield increased to 43% (29/67). The location of the 7T‐identified lesion was identical to or contained within the ICEEG ictal onset in 13 of 16 (81%). Complete resection of the 7T‐identified lesion was associated with seizure freedom (P = .03). Histopathology of the 7T‐identified lesions encountered mainly focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). 7T MAP yielded 25% more lesions (6/24) than 3T MAP, and showed improved conspicuity in 46% (11/24).SignificanceOur data suggest a major benefit of 7T with post‐processing for detecting subtle FCD lesions for patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and nonlesional 3T MRI.
Intraspecific variation in responses to aposematic prey in a jumping spider (Phidippus regius)
Authors: Powell Erin C. , Taylor Lisa A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAposematic signals often allow chemically defended prey to avoid attack from generalist predators, including jumping spiders. However, not all individual predators in a population behave in the same way. Here, in laboratory trials, we document that most individual Phidippus regius jumping spiders attack and reject chemically defended milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatus), immediately releasing them unharmed. However, a small number of individuals within the population kill and completely consume these presumably toxic prey items. This phenomenon was infrequent with only 14% of our sample (17/122) consuming the milkweed bugs over the course of the study. Individuals that killed and consumed bugs often did so repeatedly; specifically, individuals that consumed a bug in their first test were more likely to kill a bug in their second test and also tended to consume them again. We explored what might drive some (but not all) individuals to consume these bugs and found that neither sex, sexual maturity, body size, laboratory housing type, nor being wild‐caught or being laboratory‐reared, predicted milkweed bug consumption. Consuming bugs had no negative effects on spider mass or body condition; contrary to expectations, individuals that consumed milkweed bugs actually gained more body mass and increased in body condition. We discuss potential behavioural and physiological variation between individuals that may drive these rare behaviours and the implications for the evolution of prey defences.
Recent and rapid anthropogenic habitat fragmentation increases extinction risk for freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Brauer Chris J. , Beheregaray Luciano B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAnthropogenic habitat fragmentation is often implicated as driving the current global extinction crisis, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. The genetic signal of recent population isolation can be confounded by the complex spatial arrangement of dendritic river systems. Consequently, many populations may presently be managed separately based on an incorrect assumption that they have evolved in isolation. Integrating landscape genomics data with models of connectivity that account for landscape structure, we show that the cumulative effects of multiple in‐stream barriers have contributed to the recent decline of a freshwater fish from the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. In addition, individual‐based eco‐evolutionary simulations further demonstrate that contemporary inferences about population isolation are consistent with the 160‐year time frame since construction of in‐stream barriers began in the region. Our findings suggest that the impact of very recent fragmentation may be often underestimated for freshwater biodiversity. We argue that proactive conservation measures to reconnect many riverine populations are urgently needed.
Freehand magnetic needle guidance technology for intra‐articular cervical injection in horses
Authors: Crecente P. , Argüelles D. , Cifuentes M. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThe use of ultrasound‐guided injections is a widely known and well‐established procedure in equine medicine not only for intra‐articular procedures but also for treating injuries affecting soft tissues. The aim of this study was to compare the conventional ultrasound‐guided technique (CUGT) with a modified ultrasound‐guided magnetic navigation technique (MUGT) in the articular process joints spaces of the cervical vertebrae. The aforementioned techniques were compared by measuring the degree of difficulty, the time employed and the success of the procedure (injecting blue methylene into the articular process joints spaces of cadavers to allow us to know whether the procedure was successful). Neck specimens from 11 cadavers were used to conduct this study. To compare the two different techniques, the articular process joints spaces of 11 specimens were injected bilaterally using ultrasound guidance, using one technique on each side. One millilitre of methylene blue was injected into the C2‐C3, C3‐C4, C4‐C5 and C5‐C6 articular process joints; then, these joints were dissected to verify the success rate of the injections. The results were similar regarding the success rate of the procedure; however, there were differences in the time employed (25.0 s median runtime for MUGT vs. 32.1 s median runtime for CUGT) and the degree of difficulty (1.3 attempts on average for MUGT vs. 2.4 attempts on average for CUGT). According to the results of this study, MUGT involved less difficulty and slightly less time employed to inject the cervical articular processes joints than CUGT; however, further studies in live horses are needed to assess the efficiency of this method, and studies in other joints or soft tissues are needed to validate the method. This new technique could also improve other equine ultrasound‐guided procedures, such as nerve blocks, ultrasound‐guided tendon/joints treatments or other articular injections.
When large marine predators feed on fisheries catches: Global patterns of the depredation conflict and directions for coexistence
Authors: Tixier Paul , Lea Mary‐Anne , Hindell Mark A. , Welsford Dirk , Mazé Camille , Gourguet Sophie , Arnould John P. Y. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe sustainable mitigation of human–wildlife conflicts has become a major societal and environmental challenge globally. Among these conflicts, large marine predators feeding on fisheries catches, a behaviour termed “depredation,” has emerged concomitantly with the expansion of the world’s fisheries. Depredation poses threats to both the socio‐economic viability of fisheries and species conservation, stressing the need for mitigation. This review synthesizes the extent and socio‐ecological impacts of depredation by sharks and marine mammals across the world, and the various approaches used to minimize it. Depredation was reported in 214 fisheries between 1979 and 2019 (70% post‐2000) and affected fleets from 44 countries, in all sectors (commercial, artisanal and recreational), and in all major fishing techniques (nets, traps and hook‐and‐lines). A total of 68 predator species were involved in depredation (20 odontocetes, 21 pinnipeds and 27 sharks), and most (73%) were subject to either by‐catch and/or retaliatory killing from fishers when interacting with gear. Impacts on fishers were primarily associated with catch losses and gear damage but often lacked assessments. Deterrence was a major mitigation approach but also the least effective. Gear modifications or behavioural adaptation by fishers were more promising. This review highlights the need for improved monitoring, and interdisciplinary and integrated research to quantify the determinants and impacts of depredation in the socio‐ecological dimension. More importantly, as the conflict is likely to escalate, efforts directed towards changing perceptions and integrating knowledge through adaptive co‐management are raised as key directions towards coexistence between fisheries and large marine predators.
Interparental Relationship Adjustment, Parenting, and Offspring’s Cigarette Smoking at the 10‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Prandstetter Katharina , Jansen Elena , Hahlweg Kurt , Schulz Wolfgang , Foran Heather M. 
Published: September 2020

Familial influences on children’s cigarette smoking have been established, yet little is known about whether these influences in childhood relate to offspring’s smoking behavior in adolescence. Drawing on prior work showing that children’s emotional and behavioral problems (i.e., internalizing and externalizing behavior problems) are influenced by both interparental and parent–child relationships, we examined whether children’s emotional and behavioral problems would further predict their smoking behavior in adolescence. Two hundred and twenty‐one families were followed from early childhood (Mage = 4.05 years) to the 10‐year follow‐up. Interparental relationship adjustment and disagreement, dysfunctional parenting, and children’s emotional and behavioral problems were reported by both mothers and fathers. Adolescents’ self‐reported cigarette smoking status was assessed along with other demographic variables. Using structural equation modeling, the hypothesis was only supported based on mothers’ reports, suggesting that early couple relationship adjustment and parenting relate to children’s emotional and behavioral problems, which associate with smoking behavior in adolescence. When the hypothesized model was tested with emotional and behavioral problems separately, only behavioral problems were related to adolescent smoking for both parents. Findings from this study support models of family environment and children’s behavioral problems, providing evidence of the long‐term links with adolescent cigarette smoking behaviors. Further family‐focused research and preventive work, for instance, testing the combination of partner support and parent training, are needed.
“I have turned into a foreman here at home”: Families and work–life balance in times of COVID‐19 in a gender equality paradise
Authors: Hjálmsdóttir Andrea , Bjarnadóttir Valgerður S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article explores the gendered realities of work–life balance in Iceland during the COVID‐19 pandemic, in particular how these societal changes reflect and affect the gendered division of unpaid labor, such as childcare and household chores. The study draws on open‐ended real‐time diary entries, collected for 2 weeks during the peak of the pandemic in Iceland. The entries represent the voices of 37 mothers in heteronormative relationships. The findings imply that, during the pandemic, the mothers took on greater mental work than before. They also described intense emotional labor, as they tried to keep everyone calm and safe. The division of tasks at home lay on their shoulders, causing them stress and frustration. The findings suggest that, even in a country that has been at the top of the Gender Gap Index for several years, an unprecedented situation like COVID‐19 can reveal and exaggerate strong gender norms and expectations toward mothers.
Understanding, ownership, or resistance: Explaining persistent gender inequality in public services
Authors: Colley Linda , Williamson Sue , Foley Meraiah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGender inequality persists in the public services in many Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries, despite decades of policy and strategic initiatives designed to promote greater equality. Resistance to gender equality, characterized by opposition to change or support for the status quo, has emerged as one potential explanation for the disconnection between policies and outcomes. This article explores whether concepts of resistance assist to explain slow progress towards gender equality in our study of four Australian public sector jurisdictions, where we asked middle managers about their understanding of, and action towards, gender equality. We found that managers were committed to gender equality and held a general understanding of their jurisdiction's gender equality policies, but lacked a deeper understanding of how organizations and human resource practice are gendered, which impeded translating commitment into action. This resulted in various levels of resistance and an unwillingness or inability to operationalize policies and strategies. This indicates that public services have progressed from identifying the problem to not knowing how to operationalize solutions. Our research contributes to the resistance literature, showing the existence of the various forms of gender equality resistance, which can impede action. A further contribution is that our research did not find differences between the approaches of male and female managers in gender‐balanced organizations, with both equally aware of the policies but demonstrating similar levels and types of resistance.
Multicenter study on the consciousness‐regaining effect of a newly developed artificial liver support system in acute liver failure: An on‐line continuous hemodiafiltration system
Authors: Takikawa Yasuhiro , Kakisaka Keisuke , Suzuki Yuji , Ido Akio , Shimamura Tsuyoshi , Nishida Osamu , Oda Shigeto , Shimosegawa Tooru 
Published: September 2020

AimAcute liver failure (ALF) patients with coma need to be revived not only for spontaneous recovery but also as a bridge to liver transplantation. We developed a new high‐volume plasma purification system using an on‐line continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) system, and evaluated its safety and efficacy in a multicenter study.MethodsA single arm interventional study using the new apparatus was undertaken in the six major liver centers in Japan. The primary end‐point was the proportion of patients who regained consciousness within 10 days, which was compared with a historical control (47%). Nine ALF patients were enrolled and treated with the new machine. One patient was excluded because of the need for artificial respiration support according to the established protocol.ResultsSeven of eight (87.5%) patients regained consciousness during the on‐line CHDF session, with five of those seven waking within 4 days. After waking, one patient spontaneously recovered, three received liver transplantation, two died of liver failure, and one died of another disease. The plasma ammonia levels significantly decreased after the start of on‐line CHDF from 182.5 ± 64.8 μg/dL (mean ± SD) on day 0 to 87.0 ± 38.9 μg/dL on the last day of the session (P < 0.001). Similarly, the plasma glutamine level also significantly decreased from 2069 ± 1234 μmol/L to 628 ± 193 μmol/L. Although seven severe adverse events occurred during on‐line‐CHDF, no causal relationship with liver support was recognized.ConclusionsThe newly developed on‐line CHDF system showed high efficacy for regain of consciousness and excellent therapeutic safety for managing ALF.
The effect of heat treatment on tensile properties of 2D C/SiC composites
Authors: Mei Hui , Lu Mingyang , Zhou Shixiang , Cheng Laifei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites with different initial strength were prepared by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). After tensile property testing, results exhibited that as the heat‐treatment temperature (HTT) increases to 1900°C, the tensile strength and toughness of the low strength specimen (LSS) increased by 110% and 530%, while the high strength specimen (HSS) increased by 5.4% and 550%, respectively. As observed from morphologies, the heat treatment increases the graphitization of the amorphous PyC interphase, which leads to the weakening of interfacial bonding strength (IBS). Meanwhile, the defects arising from heat treatment cause thermal residual stress relaxation. Therefore, the tensile strength and toughness of LSS with relatively high initial IBS increase significantly as HTT increases. For HSS with moderate initial IBS, the heat treatment slightly improves the tensile strength, but significantly improves the toughness. Consequently, the post‐heat‐treatment tensile properties of 2D C/SiC composites can be regulated by varying HTTs and different initial strength.
Effect of Al contained in polymer‐derived SiC crystals on creating stable crystal grain boundaries
Authors: Usukawa Ryutaro , Ishikawa Toshihiro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSi‐Al‐C‐O materials are well‐known as a good precursor material for obtaining a dense, excellent heat‐resistant SiC polycrystalline materials. Although it has been found that the aluminum contained in Si‐Al‐C‐O materials plays an important role in obtaining dense SiC materials, its actual behavior during heat‐treatment processes has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the behavior of aluminum contained in the SiC crystals, during the densification of SiC crystals produced from the Si‐Al‐C‐O material. A part of the aluminum contained in the SiC crystals plays an important role in creating a thermodynamically stable grain boundary by the diffusional transportation of aluminum to the SiC grain boundaries at temperatures above 1700°C. Subsequently, most of the aluminum disappeared during the heat treatment at higher temperatures (~1900°C); as a consequence, a dense SiC solid solution with uniformly distributed residual aluminum (0.15wt%) was formed without a secondary phase at the grain boundary.
Viscosity and crystallization of bioactive glasses from 45S5 to 13‐93
Authors: Coon Erin , Whittier Alana M. , Abel Brett M. , Stapleton Erika L. , Miller Ryan , Fu Qiang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere has been increasing interest in the use of bioactive glasses for soft and hard tissue regeneration due to their excellent ability in supporting angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Silicate 45S5 glass, discovered by Hench in 1969, remains as the “Gold Standard” in this material family. However, the ability to form 45S5 into complex 3D shapes is challenging due to its tendency to crystallize upon sintering. Another silicate 13‐93 glass shows better processing characteristics through viscous flow sintering. Our work attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the viscosity and crystallization kinetics on these two glasses and two intermediates between them (designated as 48S1T and 50S2T). Viscosity analysis reveals a low liquidus viscosity and a high fragility index for all four compositions, making it necessary to use a traditional sintering process to produce structures of desired, complex shape. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics study using differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the two intermediates show better thermal stability than the 45S5 glass and approach that of 13‐93 glass. A gradual change in physical properties, thermal stability, and phase assemblage was noticed with the composition transitioning from 45S5 to 13‐93. Results from this work suggest the promising attributes in both intermediates 48S1T and 50S2T compositions, making them attractive candidates for further studies for wide biomedical applications.
High yield of glucose from cassava starch hydrolysis by poly(4‐vinylpyridine) hydrochloride
Authors: Ramanandraibe Voahangy , Rakotondramanga Maonja Finaritra , Alson Hervé Fidèle , Andriamirijatsimanadinosoa Jean Vareine , Andrianjafy Tovo Mbolatiana , Metay Estelle , Lemaire Marc 
Published: September 2020

SummaryCassava is an abundant and cheap source of starch which is largely used to produce sugar and dextrin. In this work, Hydrolysis of cassava starch using some active catalysts: poly(4‐vinylpyridine) hydrochloride (PVP, HCl), green clay activated with HCl, Amberlyst 36, Montmorillonite KSF, zeolite and HCl were investigated. Temperature, reaction time, concentration of starch and catalyst amount were the parameters considered during each experience. The catalyst precursor (PVP, HCl) showed to be an efficient, selective, recyclable and gave a high yield of glucose syrup (82%) with 95% of total reducing sugar without pretreatment process. Reactions were carried out at 95 °C with various concentrations of starch, up to 600 g L−1. The consumable glucose syrup obtained with this process was similar to the commercial reference. A small quantity (2%–3%) of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was the only by‐product and it could be extracted with ethyl acetate. Bio‐fermentation of the non‐treated hydrolysate gave a good yield of ethanol (93%) after only 12 h.