bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ectomycorrhizal fungi induce systemic resistance against insects on a nonmycorrhizal plant in a CERK1‐dependent manner
Authors: Vishwanathan Kishore , Zienkiewicz Krzysztof , Liu Yang , Janz Dennis , Feussner Ivo , Polle Andrea , Haney Cara H. 
Published: May 2020

Summary

Below‐ground microbes can induce systemic resistance against foliar pests and pathogens on diverse plant hosts. The prevalence of induced systemic resistance (ISR) among plant‐microbe‐pest systems raises the question of host specificity in microbial induction of ISR.

To test whether ISR is limited by plant host range, we tested the ISR‐inducing ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor on the nonmycorrhizal plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We used the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni and bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) as readouts for ISR on Arabidopsis.

We found that root inoculation with L. bicolor triggered ISR against T. ni and induced systemic susceptibility (ISS) against the bacterial pathogen Pto. We found that L. bicolor‐triggered ISR against T. ni was dependent on jasmonic acid signaling and salicylic acid biosynthesis and signaling. Heat‐killed L. bicolor and chitin were sufficient to trigger ISR against T. ni and ISS against Pto. The chitin receptor CERK1 was necessary for L. bicolor‐mediated effects on systemic immunity.

Collectively our findings suggest that some ISR responses might not require intimate symbiotic association, but rather might be the result of root perception of conserved microbial signals.
Alternatives to amyloid for Alzheimer's disease therapies—a symposium report
Authors: Cable Jennifer , Holtzman David M. , Hyman Bradley T. , Tansey Malú Gámez , Colonna Marco , Kellis Manolis , Brinton Roberta D. , Albert Marilyn , Wellington Cheryl L. , Sisodia Sangram S. , Tanzi Rudolph E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFor decades, Alzheimer's disease research has focused on amyloid as the primary pathogenic agent. This focus has driven the development of numerous amyloid‐targeting therapies; however, with one possible exception, none of these therapies have been effective in preventing or delaying cognitive decline in patients, and there are no approved disease‐modifying agents. It is becoming more apparent that alternative drug targets are needed to address this complex disease. An increased understanding of Alzheimer's disease pathology has highlighted the need to target the appropriate disease pathology at the appropriate time in the disease course. Preclinical and early clinical studies have focused on targets, including inflammation, tau, vascular health, and the microbiome. This report summarizes the presentations from a New York Academy of Sciences' one‐day symposium entitled “Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics: Alternatives to Amyloid,” held on November 20, 2019.
Association between 24‐hour movement guidelines and physical fitness in children
Authors: Tanaka Chiaki , Tremblay Mark S. , Okuda Masayuki , Tanaka Shigeho 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundPhysical fitness levels in Japanese children are lower than those in the 1980s. Twenty‐four hour movement guidelines were recently developed to improve both present and future health of children. This study examined whether meeting the 24 h movement guidelines was associated with physical fitness measures in primary school children.MethodsParticipants were 243 Japanese children (9.4 ± 1.7 years). Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was evaluated using accelerometry. Sleep duration and screen time were reported. Physical fitness was assessed by grip strength, sit‐ups, sitting trunk flexion, and 20 m shuttle run test. Meeting the 24 h movement guidelines was defined as: 9–11 h / night of sleep, ≤2 h/day of screen time, and at least 60 min/day of MVPA. The associations between physical fitness and the recommendations were analyzed using analysis of covariance.ResultsChildren meeting the MVPA recommendation alone performed better on the 20 m shuttle run and sit‐up test compared to those not meeting the recommendation (number of laps: 41 vs 36, P = 0.009 and number of repetitions: 16.3 vs 14.7, P = 0.021). Children meeting the combination of MVPA and sleep recommendation scored significantly higher on the sit‐up test compared to those not meeting the recommendations (number of repetitions: 16.5 vs 15.0, P = 0.038) but the effect was similar to that of the MVPA reference only. Meeting all three 24 h movement guidelines was not associated with measures of fitness in this sample. Meeting the MVPA recommendation was associated with greater aerobic fitness and muscle endurance.ConclusionsIn order to enhance children’s physical fitness, public health recommendations should primarily target MVPA.
Does renal transplant in children with LUTD improve their bladder function?
Authors: Aboulela Waseem , Fawzy Ahmed M. , Abdelmawla Mohamed A. , Salah Doaa M. , Eldin Mohamed Salah , Mohamed Anwar Ahmed Zaki , El Ghoneimy Mohamed , Shouman Ahmed M. , Shoukry Ahmed I. , Bazaraa Hafez , Tawfiek Ehab R. , Fadel Fatina , Badawy H. , Morsi Hani A. , Ghoneima Waleed 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMuch is still unknown about LUT function after receiving renal graft. Graft function was the main focus of different studies discussing the same issue. However, these studies ignored the effects of the graft on lower tract function and more demand for bladder cycling and growth of the child. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the LUT function after RT into patients with LUTD. We enrolled a retrospective cohort of 83 live renal transplant children with LUTD. The 44 patients in Group (A) had a defunctionalized bladder, and the 39 patients in Group (B) had underlying LUT pathology. All patients had clinical and urodynamic evaluation of LUT functions at least 1 year after RT. We found that the improvement in patients with impaired bladder compliance was 73% in Group (A) and 60% in Group (B), with no statistically significant difference between the study groups. In Group (B), there was statistically significant worsening of MFP (8.4%) and mean PVR (79.9%) after RT. In Group (A), mild but stable significant improvement of all clinical and urodynamic parameters was observed. Serum creatinine was significantly worse in patients with pathological LUTD compared with those with defunctionalized bladder but without significant effect on graft survival. All LUT variables seemed to have no adverse effect on graft survival except for use of CIC and augmented bladder. Incident UTI independent of LUT variables accounted for 20% of graft creatinine change.
A Photoprotective Effect by Cation‐π‐Interaction? Quenching of Singlet Oxygen by an Indole Cation‐π Model System
Authors: Arevalo Gary E. , Cagan David A. , Monsour Charlotte G. , Garcia Arman C. , McCurdy Alison , Selke Matthias 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe investigated the effect of the cation‐π interaction on the susceptibility of a tryptophan model system toward interaction with singlet oxygen, that is, type II photooxidation. The model system consists of two indole units linked to a lariat crown ether to measure the total rate of removal of singlet oxygen by the indole units in the presence of sodium cations (i.e. indole units subject to a cation‐π interaction) and in the absence of this interaction. We found that the cation‐π interaction significantly decreases the total rate of removal of singlet oxygen (kT) for the model system, that is, (kT = 2.4 ± 0.2) × 108 m−1 s−1 without sodium cation vs (kT = 6.9 ± 0.9) × 107 m−1 s−1 upon complexation of sodium cation to the crown ether. Furthermore, we found that the indole moieties undergo type I photooxidation processes with triplet excited methylene blue; this effect is also inhibited by the cation‐π interaction. The chemical rate of reaction of the indole groups with singlet oxygen is also slower upon complexation of sodium cation in our model system, although we were unable to obtain an exact ratio due to differences of the chemical reaction rates of the two indole moieties.
Evaluating the preventive and curative effects of Toxocara canis larva in Freund's complete adjuvant‐induced arthritis
Authors: Shayesteh Zahra , Hosseini Hamid , Nasiri Vahid , Haddadi Zeinab , Moradi Najmeh , Beikzadeh Leila , Sezavar Monireh , Heidari Aliehsan , Zibaei Mohammad 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHelminthic infection and the parallel host immune reactions are the results of a protracted dynamic co‐interaction between the host and worms. An assessment of the effect of Toxocara canis infection on arthritis in rats stimulated by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was the main purpose of the investigation. An arthritis model was established by the administration of 0.1 mL FCA in the palmar surface. Cytokine assessment, evaluating oedema and the use of a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) score provided evidence of the protective effects of T canis against adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA). The cytokines TGF‐β, IFN‐ɣ, IL‐10 and IL‐17 were measured to assess the anti‐inflammatory effect of T canis infection. Besides, arthritis swelling findings were evaluated in rat paws. The data showed that T canis infection significantly modulated the immune response by alleviating inflammatory cytokines and increasing TGF‐β as an anti‐inflammatory cytokine. Evaluations of arthritis swelling showed low severity and faster recuperation. These findings suggest that the products derived from T canis eggs might be a potential therapeutic candidate to treat autoimmune diseases like the arthritis.
A review on Spirulina: alternative media for cultivation and nutritive value as an aquafeed
Authors: Ragaza Janice Alano , Hossain Md. Sakhawat , Meiler Kristen A. , Velasquez Stephanie F. , Kumar Vikas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe nutritional value of spirulina in aquafeeds has been studied extensively as a fishmeal replacer or as a functional feed additive to increase growth and health performance of fish in the last decade. Despite increased interest in spirulina research in aquaculture, its increased production cost still limits its use in commercial rations. Zarrouk’s medium is the standard substrate used for growing spirulina. Although this medium offers optimal biomass production, it incurs higher costs due to the expensive components needed for concocting the medium. In this regard, development of cost‐effective alternative culture medium or techniques is necessary for the industrial‐scale production of these microalgae. This paper reviews research on different alternative media for spirulina cultivation and its nutritive value as an aquafeed. Numerous alterations in the composition of Zarrouk’s medium with cheaper chemical ingredients have been explored as a potential substitute for cost‐effective microalgae cultivation. Industrial and processing wastes and by‐products with appropriate nutrient profiles for growing spirulina are also being considered as alternative culture media. The use of rice bran or other cheaper agricultural by‐products, as a cost‐effective growth medium for commercial‐scale spirulina production has yet to be explored extensively in agriculture‐based countries, especially in rice‐producing Asian countries.
Cryopreservation of Ghagus chicken semen: Effect of cryoprotectants, diluents and thawing temperature
Authors: Murugesan Shanmugam , Mahapatra Ramkrishna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe present study evaluated the effects of cryoprotectants, semen diluents and thawing temperature during Ghagus chicken semen cryopreservation. Four different experiments were conducted; Experiment 1—semen was cryopreserved using 6% dimethylacetamide (DMA) and 2% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in Sasaki diluent (SD) and Lake and Ravie diluent (LR), Experiment 2 and 3—semen was cryopreserved using 8% ethylene glycol (EG) in SD, LRD and Red Fowl Extender (RFE), Experiment 4—semen was cryopreserved using 6% dimethylformamide (DMF) in SD, LR and Beltsville poultry semen extender (BPSE). Semen was cryopreserved in 0.5 ml French straws. Thawing was done at 5°C for 100 s in ice water in Experiments 1, 2 and 4, whereas in Experiment 3 thawing was done at 37°C for 30 s. The post‐thaw sperm motility, viable sperm and acrosome‐intact sperm were significantly (p < .05) lower in cryopreserved samples in all the experiments. No fertile eggs were obtained from cryopreserved samples in Experiments 1 and 2, except for 8% EG RFE treatment where the fertility was 0.83%. In Experiments 3 and 4, highest fertility was obtained in LR treatment 48.12 and 30.89%, respectively. In conclusion, using cryoprotectant EG (8%) and thawing at 37°C for 30 s, and DMF(6%) resulted in acceptable level of fertility in Ghagus chicken. Though the diluents influenced post‐thaw in vitro semen parameters, the fertility was not affected. In addition, results indicated that thawing temperature may be a critical stage in the cryopreservation protocol.
Overview of anti‐BCMA CAR‐T immunotherapy for multiple myeloma and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Feng Deming , Sun Jian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological malignancy caused by malignant proliferation of plasma cells in bone marrow. In recent years, MM patients are commonly treated with chemotherapy, autologous stem cell transplantation, protease inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs and monoclonal antibodies, however most patients eventually relapse. Therefore, more effective therapies are highly needed. Anti‐BCMA CAR‐T therapy, a novel and efficacious method for treating MM and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), has been designed and applied in clinics. The CAR‐T can specifically recognize the targeted molecule B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and kill MM cells expressing BCMA and several clinical trials have revealed high response rates in the therapy. Herein, we summarize the developments, the current design and clinical trials, the side effects of anti‐BCMA CAR‐T therapy and comparison of it with other CAR‐T therapies.
Multiple GYPB gene deletions associated with the U− phenotype in those of African ancestry
Authors: Lane William J. , Gleadall Nicholas S. , Aeschlimann Judith , Vege Sunitha , Sanchis‐Juan Alba , Stephens Jonathan , Cone Sullivan Jensyn , Mah Helen H. , Aguad Maria , Smeland‐Wagman Robin , Lebo Matthew S. , Vijay Kumar Prathik K. , Kaufman Richard M. , Green Robert C. , Ouwehand Willem H. , Westhoff Connie M. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe MNS blood group system is defined by three homologous genes: GYPA, GYPB, and GYPE. GYPB encodes for glycophorin B (GPB) carrying S/s and the “universal” antigen U. RBCs of approximately 1% of individuals of African ancestry are U− due to absence of GPB. The U− phenotype has long been attributed to a deletion encompassing GYPB exons 2 to 5 and GYPE exon 1 (GYPB*01N).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSSamples from two U‐individuals underwent Illumina short read whole genome sequencing (WGS) and Nanopore long read WGS. In addition, two existing WGS datasets, MedSeq (n = 110) and 1000 Genomes (1000G, n = 2535), were analyzed for GYPB deletions. Deletions were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Twenty known U− donor samples were tested by a PCR assay to determine the specific deletion alleles present in African Americans.RESULTSTwo large GYPB deletions in U− samples of African ancestry were identified: a 110 kb deletion extending left of GYPB (DEL_B_LEFT) and a 103 kb deletion extending right (DEL_B_RIGHT). DEL_B_LEFT and DEL_B_RIGHT were the most common GYPB deletions in the 1000 Genomes Project 669 African genomes (allele frequencies 0.04 and 0.02). Seven additional deletions involving GYPB were seen in African, Admixed American, and South Asian samples. No samples analyzed had GYPB*01N.CONCLUSIONSThe U− phenotype in those of African ancestry is primarily associated with two different complete deletions of GYPB (with intact GYPE). Seven additional less common GYPB deletion backgrounds were found. GYPB*01N, long assumed to be the allele commonly encoding U− phenotypes, appears to be rare.
Virtual water flows, water footprint and water savings from the trade of crop and livestock products of Germany
Authors: Brindha Karthikeyan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractComprehensive assessment of the virtual water trade of Germany with the world is performed and the national water footprint through the trade of crop and livestock products from 1991 to 2016 is assessed. Virtual water flows based on 328 products with more than 200 countries indicate Germany as a net virtual water importer. Average virtual water import was 100.5 Bm3/y, virtual water export was 60.2 Bm3/y and net virtual water import was 40.3 Bm3/y. Trade patterns of virtual water transfer differ for the various commodity types. Trade between Germany and the world implies a global water loss of 5.9 Bm3/y. This study portrays that trade between countries is not only related to the economics but interlinked with the agricultural water use and management practices of the respective nations. Sustainable management of the resources will require a collective consideration of the agricultural, water and economic sectors while developing strategies.
Magnetic hydrogel composites based on cross‐linked poly (acrylic acid) used as a recyclable adsorbent system for nitrates
Authors: Ispas George‐Marian , Porav Sebastian , Gligor Delia , Turcu Rodica , Crăciunescu Izabella 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe propose an innovative magnetic separation technique to separate a very important toxic inorganic pollutant (nitrate) from wastewater, using a recyclable magnetic adsorbent system. Our recyclable adsorbent system is a novel magnetic hydrogel composite, based on cross‐linked polyacrylic acid (MNP‐pAAc). The as‐synthesized magnetic hydrogel composite has very well controlled properties related to the thicknesses (each particle is individually covered with a thin layer of cross linked poly acrylic acid shell) which offer a relatively high surface area and a high level of saturation magnetization. The maximum separation efficiency was relatively high, between 80 and 90% while the magnetization value, around 60 emu/g, was considered high for polymeric composite material. This characteristic makes the as‐synthesized material a potential material for future water purification device but which is more important is that the material can be recycled, washed and reused which is not reported in the literature for similar kinds of materials. The recyclability was demonstrated in five subsequent adsorption–desorption cycles and maintenance of adsorption capacity over altogether 5 adsorption/desorption cycles to so high levels represents an important advantage and a novel idea over single‐use materials. Using this kind of recycling material for effective depollution of nitrate by water we offer a new solution to avoid secondary pollution.
South China Sea Conflicts Classification Using Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Part-of-Speech (POS) Tagging
Authors: Sulaiman Nur Rafeeqkha , Md Siraj Maheyzah 
Published: June 2020

Internet connects everyone to everything globally. The existence of Internet eases people in completing daily tasks. Thanks to Internet, information is being digitalized and spread openly to the public. Online news articles not only provide us with useful and reliable information and reports, it also eases information extraction and gathering for research purposes especially in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML). The topics regarding the South China Sea have been popular lately due to the rise of conflicts between several countries claim on the islands in the sea. Gathering data through Internet and online sources proves to be easy, but to process a huge amount data and to identify only useful information manually takes a longer time to complete. Extracting important features from a text document can be done by using one or a combination of feature extraction methods. Relevant information and the classification of news articles in relation to the conflicts in South China Sea need to be done. In this paper, a model is proposed to use Named Entity Recognition (NER) that search for and classifies important information regarding to the conflicts. In order to do that, a combination of Part-of-Speech (POS) and NER are needed to extract type of conflicts from the news. This study also claims to classify news by using Conditional Random Field (CRF) algorithm and Multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB) as classification methods by training and testing the data.
Short‐term high‐intensity interval training exercise does not affect gut bacterial community diversity or composition of lean and overweight men
Authors: Rettedal Elizabeth A. , Cree Julia M. E. , Adams Shannon E. , MacRae Caitlin , Skidmore Paula M. L. , Cameron‐Smith David , Gant Nicholas , Blenkiron Cherie , Merry Troy L. 
Published: June 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does short‐term high‐intensity interval training alter the composition of the microbiome and is this associated with exercise‐induced improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Although high‐intensity interval training increased insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular fitness, it did not alter the composition of the microbiome. This suggests that changes in the composition of the microbiome that occur with prolonged exercise training might be in response to changes in metabolic health rather than driving exercise training‐induced adaptations.
AbstractRegular exercise reduces the risk of metabolic diseases, and the composition of the gut microbiome has been associated with metabolic function. We investigated whether short‐term high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) altered the diversity and composition of the bacterial community and whether there were associations with markers of insulin sensitivity or aerobic fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness () and body composition (dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan) were assessed and faecal and fasted blood samples collected from 14 lean (fat mass 21 ± 2%, aged 29 ± 2 years) and 15 overweight (fat mass 33 ± 2%, aged 31 ± 2 years) men before and after 3 weeks of HIIT training (8–12 × 60 s cycle ergometer bouts at power output interspersed by 75 s rest, three times per week). Gut microbiome composition was analysed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The HIIT significantly increased the aerobic fitness of both groups (P < 0.001) and improved markers of insulin sensitivity (lowered fasted insulin and HOMA‐IR; P < 0.001) in the overweight group. Despite differences in the abundance of several bacterial taxa being evident between the lean and overweight group, HIIT did not affect the overall bacterial diversity or community structure (α‐diversity or β‐diversity). No associations were found between the top 50 most abundant bacterial genera and cardiorespiratory fitness markers; however, significant associations (P < 0.05) were observed between the abundance of the bacterial species Coprococcus_3, Blautia, Lachnospiraceae_ge and Dorea and insulin sensitivity markers in the overweight group. Our results suggest that short‐term HIIT does not greatly impact the overall composition of the gut microbiome, but that certain microbiome genera are associated with insulin sensitivity markers that were improved by HIIT in overweight participants.