bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stochastic and Quasi-adiabatic Electron Heating in Quasi-parallel Shocks
Authors: Stasiewicz Krzysztof , Eliasson Bengt 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Using Magnetospheric Multiscale observations at the Earth’s quasi-parallel bow shock we demonstrate that electrons are heated by two different mechanisms: a quasi-adiabatic heating process during magnetic field compression, characterized by the isotropic temperature relation

T

/

B
=

(

T

0

/

B

0

)
(

B

0

/

B
)

α

with α = 2/3 when the electron heating function

∣

χ

e

∣
<
1

, and a stochastic heating process when

∣

χ

e

∣
>
1

. Both processes are controlled by the value of the stochastic heating function

χ

j

=

m

j

q

j

−
1

B

−
2

div
(

E

⊥

)

for particles with mass m

j
and charge q

j
in the electric and magnetic fields

E

and

B

. Test-particle simulations are used to show that the stochastic electron heating and acceleration in the studied shock are accomplished by waves at frequencies (0.4–5) f

ce
(electron gyrofrequency) for bulk heating, and waves

f
>
5

f

ce

for acceleration of the tail of the distribution function. Stochastic heating can give rise to flat-top electron distribution functions, frequently observed near shocks. It is also shown that obliquely polarized electric fields of electron cyclotron drift and ion acoustic instabilities scatter the electrons into the parallel direction and keep the isotropy of the electron distribution. The results reported in this paper may be relevant to electron heating and acceleration at interplanetary shocks and other astrophysical shocks.
Blind Prediction of the Returning Image of Supernova Refsdal from a New Lens Model of the Galaxy Cluster MACS J1149.5+2223
Authors: Chen Wenlei , Kelly Patrick L. , Williams Liliya L. R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present a preliminary gravitational lensing model for the galaxy-cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 constructed using a new, lensing-potential curving modeling method under development. Multiple images identified before 2015 are used to constrain the model, and we aim to provide a prediction of the relative time delay of the reappearance SN Refsdal before its final measurement is unblinded to us. The predicted time delay of S2-S4 and SX images of SN Refsdal relative to S1 are 9.13 ± 2.63 days, 5.58 ± 3.78 days, 18.98 ± 2.55 days and −332.35 ± 9.32 days, assuming H
0 = 70 km s−1 Mpc−1. Our calculation of the uncertainties is currently under development, and those given above are expected to be underestimated, since they are derived from only a single, best-fitting model.
KAJIAN KONSEP KESELAMATAN DALAM KITAB YUNUS
Authors: Marbun Tolop 
Published: December 2020

Abstract: This article examines about the concept of salvation based the book of Jonah. Jonah is one of the book which speaks salvation for the Gentiles. The book of Jonah will give insightful idea to answer some of the topics in salvation. The method is narrative method which is focused on contextualiztion. As the result salvation which is the sailaors experience are physical and spiritual salvation, Johan experienced salvation from the death and Niniwe experience complete salvation.
Keyword: Salvation, physical, spiritual
Abrstrak: Atikel ini membahas tentang konsep keselamatan dalam kitab Yunus. Kitab Yunus adalah salah satu kita yang berbicara keselamatan bagi bangsa-bangsa asing. Kitab Yunus akan menjawab beberapa topik dalam keselamatan. Metode yang digunakan metode narasi dengan fokus kontekstualisasi. Hasilnya adalah keselamatan yang dialami oleh para pelayar adalah keselamatan secara fisik dan spiritual, Yunus selamat dari kematian, dan orang Niniwe mengalami keselamatan yang seutuhnya.
STUDI PERBANDINGAN TENTANG KESELAMATAN DALAM KEPERCAYAAN MARAPU DENGAN IMAN KRISTEN
Authors: Selan Yunus , Kadiwano Marlince 
Published: December 2020

Abstract: This research is a study to find out the concept of safety in Marapu customs. Then compare it with the concept of salvation in Christianity based on the teachings of the Bible. By using qualitative research, several different and irreconcilable concepts were found. Marapu believes that the salvation that is obtained after death is the unity of life with the ancestors and families who have died. Safety in Marapu belief will be obtained when a person in his lifetime always obeys all the rules set by the ancestors. This is contrary to the teachings of the Bible. Since real salvation is found only in Christ Jesus, the apostle Peter confirmed it in Acts 4:12; "And salvation is not in anyone but in Him, for under heaven there is no other name given to man by which we can be saved".
Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan studi untuk mencari tahu konsep keselamatan dalam adat istiadat Marapu. Kemudian membandingkannya dengan konsep keselamatan dalam kekristenan berdasarkan ajaran Alkitab. Dengan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif maka ditemukan beberapa konsep yang berbeda dan tidak dapat diharmoniskan. Marapu percaya bahwa, keselamatan yang diperoleh setelah kematian merupakan persatuan kehidupan bersama para leluhur serta keluarga yang telah meninggal. Keselamatan dalam kepercayaan Marapu akan diperoleh ketika seseorang dalam masa hidupnya selalu mentaati semua peraturan yang telah ditetapkan oleh leluhur. Hal ini bertolak belakang dengan ajaran Alkitab. Karena keselamatan yang sesungguhnya hanya diperoleh dalam Kristus Yesus, rasul Petrus menegaskan dalam Kisah Para Rasul 4:12; “Dan keselamatan tidak ada di dalam siapa pun juga selain di dalam Dia, sebab di bawah kolong langit ini tidak ada nama lain yang diberikan kepada manusia yang olehnya kita dapat diselamatkan.”
PENINGKATAN KINERJA GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN DI ERA DISRUPSI DAN PANDEMI
Authors: Tefbana Abraham , Kia A. Dan 
Published: December 2020

Abstrak
Era disrupsi tidak hanya sebagai gangguan terhadap kestabilan, kemapanan, dan kenyamanan, tapi harus dimaknai, dipandang dan dimanfaatkan sebagai sebuah peluang untuk berinovasi dalam meningkatkan kompetensi dan kinerja untuk berevolusi dalam revolusi. Sedangkan pandemic covid -19 merupakan wabah yang menyebar diberbagai negara termasuk Indonesia, sehingga tidak hanya mengganggu tetapi melumpuhkan semua sendi pergerakan manusia di segala bidang termasuk pelaksanaan pendidikan. Dari penjelasan ini dapat dipahami bahwa era disrupsi dan pandemic covid -19 merupakan dua peristiwa yang berbeda, namun sama-sama mengganggu, membatasi dan bahkan melumpuhkan ruang gerak manusia dalam segala sendi kehidupan. Era disrupsi dan pandemic ini menjadi tantangan tapi juga peluang, sebab pada satu sisi mengganggu, sedangkan pada sisi yang lain lagi memaksa manusia untuk berpikir kreatif dan inovatif untuk dapat mengembangkan kompetensi diri bahkan meningkatkan kinerja agar menjadikan era disrupsi dan pandemic sebagai kesempatan dalam meraih keberhasilan. Peningkatan dan pengembangan kinerja guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen di era disrupsi dan pandemic sangat menentukan keberhasilan pelaksanaan Pendidikan Kristen. Tulisan ini mengkaji upaya peningkatan kinerja guru PAK di era disrupsi dan pandemic, melalui seminar, pelatihan, kursus dan bahkan studi lanjut sebagai upaya peningkatan sumber daya manusia.
Measurement report: Important contributions of oxygenated compounds to emissions and chemistry of volatile organic compounds in urban air
Authors: Wu Caihong , Wang Chaomin , Wang Sihang , Wang Wenjie , Yuan Bin , Qi Jipeng , Wang Baolin , Wang Hongli , Wang Chen , Song Wei , Wang Xinming , Hu Weiwei , Lou Shengrong , Ye Chenshuo , Peng Yuwen , Wang Zelong , Huangfu Yibo , Xie Yan , Zhu Manni , Zheng Junyu , Wang Xuemei , Jiang Bin , Zhang Zhanyi , Shao Min 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in the tropospheric
atmosphere. In this study, VOCs were measured at an urban site in Guangzhou, one of the megacities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), using a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer/flame ionization detection (GC–MS/FID) and a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). Diurnal profile analyses show that stronger chemical removal by OH radicals for more reactive hydrocarbons occurs during the daytime, which is used to estimate the daytime average OH radical concentration. In comparison, diurnal profiles of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) indicate evidence of contributions from secondary formation. Detailed source analyses of OVOCs, using a photochemical age-based parameterization method, suggest important contributions from both primary emissions and secondary formation for measured OVOCs. During the campaign, around 1700 ions were detected in PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra, among which there were 462 ions with noticeable concentrations. VOC signals from these ions are quantified based on the sensitivities of available VOC species. OVOC-related ions dominated PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra, with an average contribution of 73 % ± 9 %. Combining measurements from PTR-ToF-MS and GC–MS/FID, OVOCs contribute 57 % ± 10 % to the total concentration of VOCs. Using concurrent measurements of OH reactivity, OVOCs measured by PTR-ToF-MS contribute greatly to the OH reactivity (19 % ± 10 %). In comparison, hydrocarbons account for 21 % ± 11 % of OH reactivity. Adding up the contributions from inorganic gases (48 % ± 15 %), ∼ 11 % (range of 0 %–19 %) of the OH reactivity remains `missing”, which is well within the combined uncertainties between the measured and calculated OH reactivity. Our results demonstrate the important roles of OVOCs in the emission and evolution budget of VOCs in the urban atmosphere.
The most similar predictor – on selecting measurement locations for wind resource assessment
Authors: Bechmann Andreas , Leon Juan Pablo M. , Olsen Bjarke T. , Hristov Yavor V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We present the “most similar” method for selecting optimal measurement positions for wind resource assessment. Wind resource assessment is generally done by extrapolating a measured and long-term corrected wind climate at one location to a prediction location using a micro-scale flow model. If several measurement locations are available, standard industry practice is to make a weighted average of all the possible predictions using inverse-distance weighting. The most similar method challenges this practice. Instead of weighting several predictions, the method only selects the single measurement location evaluated to be most similar. We validate the new approach by comparing against measurements from 185 met masts from 40 wind farm sites and show improvements compared to inverse-distance weighting. Compared to using the closest measurement location, the error of power density predictions is reduced by 13 % using inverse-distance weighting and 34 % using the most similar method.
Polarity Principle, Creative Indifference, and the Revolution of Egoism: Salomo Friedlaender's Impact on the Theory of Gestalt Therapy
Authors: Höll Kathleen 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTIn this article, the author attempts to answer the following questions: What did Frederick Perls adopt from Salomo Friedlaender's work, and what does that mean for Gestalt therapy? What can Friedlaender's concepts of “polarity principle,” “creative indifference,” and “revolution of egoism” tell us today? Together with Kant's “a priori ego,” which was described by Friedlaender in his second major work, The Magical “I” (2015), those concepts yield important impulses for the complex theory of Gestalt therapy and its practice. In this context, the draft of an overall representation of human existence is presented, which could serve as a holistic background for Gestalt therapy. Finally, Kant's philosophy in combination with Gestalt psychology offers a solid base for understanding human reason. The conclusion includes a review of postmodern varieties of Gestalt therapy.
Bokmeldinger
Authors: Langkaas Randi , Thomassen Einar 
Published: December 2020

Josef Forsling, Caroline Gustavsson og Fredrik Wenell (red): «Man skal vara sig själv» – en bok om ungdommer, tro og delaktighet (2019). Tro & liv skriftserie, Marcus Förlag
Bjørn Are Davidsen. Lurt av læreboken? Feil og forvirring om kristen tro i læremidlene. Oslo: Veritas Forlag 2019.
Nonchemical Weed Control in Winter Oilseed Rape Crop in the Organic Farming System
Authors: Marcinkevičienė Aušra , Keidan Marina , Pupalienė Rita , Velička Rimantas , Kriaučiūnienė Zita , Marija Butkevičienė Lina , Kosteckas Robertas 
Published: December 2020

A field experiment was conducted during the 2014–2017 period at Aleksandras Stulginskis University (now—Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy) on a Endocalcaric Endogleyic Luvisol (LV-can.gln) according to the WRB 2014. The three nonchemical weed control methods were explored: (1) thermal (using wet water steam), (2) mechanical (interrow loosening), and (3) self-regulation (smothering). In the thermal and mechanical weed control treatments, winter oilseed rape was grown with an interrow spacing of 48.0 cm and in weed smothering (self-regulation) treatment with an interrow spacing of 12.0 cm. Winter oilseed rape was grown in the soil with a regular humus layer (23–25 cm) and with a thickened humus layer (45–50 cm). Annual weeds predominated in the winter oilseed rape crop. In the soil with both humus layers, regular and thickened, the most efficient weed control method was mechanical weed management both during the autumn (efficacy 26.7–75.1%) and spring (efficacy 37.1–76.7%) growing seasons. Thermal and mechanical weed control in combination with the bio-preparations in droughty years significantly reduced the number of weed seedlings. Dry matter mass of weeds most markedly decreased through the application of the mechanical weed management method.
«Deprender el ofiçio...» el acceso y el aprendizaje en los talleres gallegos durante los siglos XVI-XVII: las ciudades de Santiago y Ourense como destino = Learning Artisan Crafts in Santiago and Ourense… The Access to and Learning Process in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Galician Artisan Workshops
Authors: Seijas Montero María , Rodicio Pereira Laura 
Published: December 2020

En la Edad Moderna los maestros de oficios avezaban a los muchachos que querían aprender la misma profesión mecánica. Celebraban con los padres o tutores escritura pública y establecían las condiciones de los contratos. Partiendo de esta premisa trataremos de localizar y analizar las escrituras relacionadas con los contratos de aprendizaje en la Galicia de los siglos XVI y XVII. Pondremos la atención en las ciudades de Santiago y Ourense como destino. El objetivo es aportar algunos datos sobre los jóvenes que fueron llevados de sus casas a otros lugares para adquirir formación durante un período de tiempo. Protagonizaron una movilidad que les alejaba de sus familias. A través de los protocolos notariales, estudiaremos diferentes aspectos: condiciones laborales, evolución de los contratos, procedencia geográfica de los muchachos, oficios artesanales o duración de las estancias.AbstractIn the modern era, master craftsmen took on apprentices who wanted to learn their craft. They signed the public deed with the parents or legal guardians and set contract terms. Taking this premise as a starting point, we will try to locate and analyze the writings related to the apprenticeship contracts in Galicia during the 16th and 17th centuries. Attention will be focused on the cities of Santiago and Ourense as destination points. The aim is to provide information about youths who leave their homes to acquire training over a period of time. They carried out a mobility that took them away from their families. By means of notarial protocols, different aspects will be studied: working conditions, evolution of contracts, geographical origin of the boys, artisan crafts or duration of their stays.
Cuantificación del Valor Emocional. El caso de Unión de Cooperativas Agrarias de Navarra (UCAN)
Authors: Ruiz-Roqueñi Maite 
Published: December 2020

El presente trabajo se enmarca en un proyecto de mayor dimensión, que tiene por objetivo monetizar el Valor Social que generan, o destruyen, las diversas organizaciones y que cuenta desarrolladas a día de hoy con tres propuestas complementarias: Un modelo de contabilidad social del valor integral denominado, Modelo Poliédrico; una metodología procesual, basada en el mencionado modelo poliédrico, denominada SPOLY y la existencia de cierta estandarificación devariables de valor social, así como de los proxys que permiten la monetización de los outputs con ellas vinculados (Retolaza et al., 2014, 2015 y 2016).En línea con dicho modelo de Contabilidad Social, se aborda una nueva dimensión o ecosistema del valor, el valor emocional, y se propone un instrumento para su medición de manera cuantitativa. La propuesta realizada viene determinada por la identificación de un índice, que funcionaría como un factor corrector, permitiendo ajustar al alza o a la baja, el valor social integral. Una adaptación del modelo servqual (Parasuraman, et al., 1988), permitirá la objetivación del factor corrector y la amplitud del rango de corrección, a aplicar al Valor Social Integrado. La aplicación práctica al caso concreto de la Unión de Cooperativas Agrarias de Navarra (UCAN) permitirá cuantificar el valor emocional generado por la entidad, posibilitando su integración con el valor económico y social.
Incrementando la eficiencia de las licitaciones públicas con la contabilidad social
Authors: Bernal  Uribarrena Ramón 
Published: December 2020

Con la aprobación de la Ley 9/2017, de Contratos del Sector Público, se presenta en el Estado Español una oportunidad para incorporar la valoración de otros resultados en los procesos de contratación pública, ampliando la perspectiva más allá de los económicos, tenidos en cuenta de manera habitual hasta la fecha. La contratación pública supone casi el 20% del PIB en España, de ahí el interés de este trabajo, centrado en facilitar una herramienta que incorpore una perspectiva más amplia en los procesos de valoración, permitiendo una contratación pública más eficiente socialmente. Las teorías tienden a la inclusión de los aspectos sociales y medioambientales en la actualidad, pero hasta el momento no existen trabajos que aborden explícitamente los aspectos sociales.En un estudio previo, en el que han participado 71 expertos españoles (Bernal, San-Jose & Retolaza, 2019), la objetivación de los procesos de licitación pública se ha identificado como una de las principales propuestas de mejora para los mismos. Este trabajo, utilizando el modelo de Contabilidad Social, desarrollado por Retolaza, San-Jose y Ruiz-Roqueñi, identifica el valor social que generaría cada una las propuestas presentadas por las empresas a un proceso delicitación concreto, permitiendo su incorporación al proceso de valoración con similares criterios que los conceptos cuantificables que el proceso ya recogía. El resultado muestra que el modelo de Contabilidad Social facilita la objetivación en la incorporación del valor social a las licitaciones públicas, favoreciendo el avance hacia una perspectiva más amplia de los mismos.
Stakeholder Accounting: hacia un modelo ampliado de contabilidad
Authors: Freeman Edward , Retolaza José Luis , San José Leire 
Published: December 2020

Desde ya hace un tiempo, la narrativa de los stakeholders se ha incorporado de forma decidida en un amplio elenco de organizaciones, contribuyendo al ideario de las principales empresas del mundo. Sin embargo, para un adecuado desarrollo de la misma no es suficiente incorporarla al propósito, es también necesario incorporar dicha perspectiva en los resultados. La transferencia de valor mediante mecanismos no monetarios o incluso emocionales, y la distribución de valor a múltiples stakeholders requiere un sistema más completo del que ofrece la contabilidad financiera. Un instrumento pensado principalmente para identificar el valor monetario residual, es decir, el beneficio; donde el valor distribuido a otros stakeholders, como por ejemplo los trabajadores y proveedores, aparece como un gasto con signo negativo; es decir, como una merma de valor. Para hacer frente a este problema y a la necesidad de una información más completa, tal y como está demandando la teoría de stakeholders, se necesita ampliar el actual sistema de información contable. En el presente artículo se propone una ampliación del concepto de valor, incorporando además de las transacciones basadas en precios, las transferencias realizadas en un entorno de no mercado (sin contraprestación de precio) y aquellas de carácter emocional; así mismo, se propone una ampliación desde una perspectiva unidimensional, centrada en los accionistas a una multidimensional que incorpore a la totalidad de los stakeholders de la organización. En el resto del artículo se reflexiona sobre las experiencias y las implicaciones de este modelo decontabilidad para los stakeholders que, sin duda, tiene un excelente encaje en la Economía Social.
Clean Energy Access and Productive Use by Bottom of Pyramid Clients in Ethnic & Tribal Areas of Odisha: An Appraisal
Authors: Das Shiv Sankar , Behera Debashree Debadatta , Mishra Siba Prasad , Pradhan Gautam 
Published: December 2020

Ending poverty and ensuring sustainability are the defining challenges of the recent times. Energy has the answer to both [1]. Surged right of entry to the modern energy uses is perilous but a positive support to human and their economic expansion through uninterrupted delivery of energy amenities for elementary needs to support both prolific uses and generating employments. Access to modern energy Services like electricity, natural fossil and coal gases, cooking hydrocarbons and wood fuel, etc. are essential for value-added health and agrarian yield [2]. This paper discus on actionable research undertaken for improving the quality of life of countryside individuals (mainly scheduled tribe areas) in some districts of southern zones Odisha by using clean energy systems.