bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypothyroidism, Sex, and Age Predict Future Thromboembolic Events Among Younger People
Authors: Martinez Jay A , Qeadan Fares , Burge Mark R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Purpose
Aberrant thyroid function causes dysregulated metabolic homeostasis. Literature has demonstrated hypercoagulability in hypothyroidism, suggesting a risk for thromboembolic events (TEE). We hypothesize that individuals with hypothyroidism will experience more clinically-diagnosed TEE than euthyroid individuals.

Methods
De-identified patient data from the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center were retrieved using thyrotropin (TSH; thyroid-stimulating hormone) for case-finding from 2005 to 2007 and ICD billing codes to identify TEE during the follow-up period of 10 to 12 years. Diagnoses affecting coagulation were excluded and 12 109 unique enrollees were categorized according to TSH concentration as Hyperthyroid (n = 510), Euthyroid (n = 9867), Subclinical Hypothyroid (n = 1405), or Overtly Hypothyroid (n = 327). Analysis with multiple logistic regression provided the odds of TEE while adjusting for covariates.

Results
There were 228 TEEs in the cohort over 5.1 ± 4.3 years of follow-up. Risk of TEE varied significantly across study groups while adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, levothyroxine, oral contraceptive therapy, and visit status (outpatient vs non-outpatient), and this risk was modified by age. Overt Hypothyroidism conferred a significantly higher risk of TEE than Euthyroidism below age 35, and Hyperthyroidism conferred an increased risk for TEE at age 20. Analysis also demonstrated a higher age-controlled risk for a subsequent TEE in men compared with women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.81). Subanalysis of smoking status (n = 5068, 86 TEE) demonstrated that smokers have 2.21-fold higher odds of TEE relative to nonsmokers (95% CI, 1.41–3.45).

Conclusions
In this retrospective cohort study, Overt Hypothyroidism conferred increased risk of TEE over the next decade for individuals younger than 35 years of age, as compared with Euthyroidism.
Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 is Altered in Growth Discordant Dichorionic, but not in Monochorionic Twins
Authors: Schrey-Petersen Susanne , Bäumer Saskia , Lössner Ulrike , Stepan Holger 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Context
The fetal period has a critical and long-lasting impact on the regulation of metabolic processes and a life-long predisposition for obesity and metabolic syndrome. The exact mechanisms are unknown, but epigenetic regulation likely plays a major role. Twins represent an excellent model to study these mechanisms, as they share the same intrauterine environment and similar or even the same genetic information. We examined cord blood levels of adipocyte fatty-acid binding protein 4 (A-FABP or FABP4), a novel adipokine correlated with obesity and metabolic disease in children and adults.

Objective
To examine A-FABP levels in the cord blood of twins with concordant and discordant growth and in singletons with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

Design
Cohort study of 36 twin pairs (25 growth concordant and 11 growth discordant), and 42 singleton pregnancies (28 IUGR and 13 normally grown controls, 1 HELLP).

Outcome Measures
Cord blood A-FABP levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results
A-FABP levels were higher in the smaller of growth discordant dichorionic (DC) twins versus their co-twins (109.46 ± 62.80 ng/mL vs. 72.93 ± 36.66 ng/mL, P = 0.028). A-FABP was negatively correlated with birth weight and gestational age (P &lt; 0.001), but not with birth weight z-score (P = 0.37).

Conclusions
Increased A-FABP levels might be associated with an increased metabolic risk in growth-restricted (twins) and prematurely born infants.
DA NOVA MALHA URBANA AO TECIDO CONSOLIDADO: A EXPANSÃO URBANA ATRAVÉS DA PRODUÇÃO IMOBILIÁRIA EM JOÃO PESSOA – PB
Authors: Martins Paula Dieb , Maia Doralice Sátyro 
Published: December 2019

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar mudanças recentes na configuração do espaço intraurbano de uma cidade por meio da análise da atuação do setor imobiliário, de modo a caracterizar o processo de expansão urbana em seu território no início do século XXI. O objeto empírico da pesquisa é João Pessoa, cidade do Nordeste brasileiro que apresentou célere e intenso aumento da produção imobiliária na última década. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica, acerca dos referenciais teóricos e conceituais, e pesquisa documental, que levantou legislações urbanas referentes à expansão do perímetro urbano de João Pessoa, dados econômicos das Relações Anuais de Informações Sociais e informações da “Pesquisa de Mercado do Setor de Lançamentos Imobiliários” contratada pelo Sindicato da Construção Civil de João Pessoa, no período compreendido entre os anos 2006 e 2015. As informações coletadas foram sistematizadas em mapas, gráficos e tabelas que embasaram as análises acerca da expansão urbana em João Pessoa, cuja dinâmica apresentou mudanças e permanências, ao passo que a atuação do setor imobiliário expandiu o tecido urbano para áreas caracteristicamente rurais e, ao mesmo tempo, atuou em espaços consolidados da cidade, intensificando a ocupação do solo e diferenciando seus usos.
Investigating the Development of Pre-Service Teachers’ Problem-Solving Strategies via Problem-Solving Mathematics Classes
Authors: Barham Areej Isam 
Published: December 2019

<p style="text-align:justify">This study investigated the development of problem-solving strategies demonstrated by 42 elementary pre-service mathematics teachers in problem-solving mathematics classes. The study used a mixed methods approach of quantitative and qualitative research by analyzing the collected data.. The quantitative portion calculates the frequencies and percentage of the participants’ responses to the problems posed in three different phases of the intervention: before, during, and after receiving the mathematics lessons. The qualitative approach was used for in-depth investigation to describe various mathematical problem-solving strategies demonstrated by participants across the three different research phases. Findings of the study indicated a limited number of problem-solving strategies present during the first phase of research such as “use arithmetic operation strategy,” and “make a drawing strategy,”. During the implementation of the problem-solving lessons and classroom discussion, the participants began to develop more strategies such as “use logical reasoning,” “solve a simpler problem,” “guess and check,” “organize data in a table or a list,” “look for a pattern,” “work backwards,” and “solve an equation,”. However, the research findings nonetheless revealed participants’ weakness in applying the variety of skills required for success in problem solving, such as interpreting information, mathematical working, and logical thinking. Results also demonstrated a limited and incorrect use of mathematical terminology, as well as a lack of problem comprehension. The discussion of the study addresses different features and issues related to mathematical problem-solving strategies. In light of its findings, this study presents recommendations and suggestions for the future development of pre-service teachers’ problem-solving strategies.</p>
Il miglioramento dell'efficienza del settore pubblico attraverso il controllo microeconomico dell'offerta pubblica
Authors: Seldon Arthur 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Much of the public services of the Western industrial nations have developed for reasons that have little or nothing to do with the technical necessity of financing them by taxation. They mostly do not create joint benefits. They may confer external benefits for which third parties cannot be compensated, but this is not a sufficient ground for tax financing, since taxes also create detriments.
Public services can be financed by pricing, both technically and economically.
This article shows the unreality of measuring public preferences without introducing pricing, and reports an attempt to create an embryo hypothetical demand curve for public supply in education and medical care. Besides, some reasons are outlined for the superiority of micro over macro-controls on public supply. An argument is also indicated for using micro-controls to ease the use of macro-controls where they are indispensable.
Constitutional Constraints on the Monetary Powers of Government
Authors: Leijonhufvud Axel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Gli effetti degli interventi di politica monetaria dipendono dalle aspettative del pubblico. Ne discende che le conseguenze dello stesso provvedimento monetario potranno essere diverse a seconda del contesto in cui si opera.
Ciò provoca gravi danni all'economia, in considerazione del fatto che, da un lato, gli operatori economici devono basare le loro decisioni su congetture improbabili circa l'andamento delle variabili monetarie, mentre, dall'altro lato, gli stessi responsabili della politica monetaria, dovendosi basare a loro volta sulle aspettative degli operatori, rischiano di commettere errori.
Un regime « costituzionale » è un sistema in cui il potere discrezionale delle autorità responsabili delle decisioni è vincolato, almeno in breve periodo, in modo da far sì che il modello di comportamento delle autorità sia più semplice e, quindi, più facilmente comprensibile agli operatori.
A. Tasgian, L'imposta e il deposito previo sugli acquisti di valuta e la crisi della lira del 1976
Authors: Fausto Domenicantonio 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A. TASGIAN, L'imposta e il deposito previo sugli acquisti di valuta e la crisi della lira del 1976, Milano, Franco Angeli, 1983, pp. 139, L. 10.000.
L'equità nelle scelte collettive: filosofia ed economia in una prospettiva rawlsiana
Authors: Maffettone Sebastiano 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Since Adam Smith's and David Hume's days there has never been so much interaction between philosophy and economics. A theory of distributive justice, from J.S. Mill to John Rawls, concerns the rationale of public decisions. Economists see distributive justice as a branch of welfare economics; philosophers, after Rawls and Nozick, pay attention to the definition of ethical constraints within the range of collective decision-making. What comes out is a normative political theory, based on the intersection between «utility» and «rights».
Philosophers and social scientists often discussed this matter as an ordering (a function) of social alternatives. Before Rawls, there were two main research programs in this area, Harsanyi's and Arrow's. This paper considers just the second one, Arrow's, that concerns the construction of a social welfare function from a set of individual orderings (or utilities) to a unique social ordering (or social utility index). One refers to Arrow's program as «collective choice*, and one makes an attempt to show how Rawlsian argument can interfer with the main result of collective choice theory, that is as well-known an impossibility theorem.
The discussion is based on the following assumptions:
(i) Arrow's impossibility theorem captures fundamental features of a liberaldemocratic position;
(ii) at least from the justification point of view, the Arrovian impossibility represents a difficulty for liberal-democracy;
(iii) a Rawlsian argument is shown to be able to overcome Arrovian impossibility;
(iv) it follows that Rawls’ principles of justice imply a radical shift in our conception of liberal-democracy.
«Identità personale” e «scambio politico» nel processo di decisione sociale
Authors: Martelli Paolo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Individual choices and the method to aggregate them in such a way to make public decisions are the basic elements of public decision-making models.
Aggregation rules can be derived either from the "Welfare*, or from the "Contractarian" models. The basic problem is the one to put forward an integrated and consistent model describing the working of collective organizations.
The "Constitutional Perspective* presented by the Public Choice School is a serious attempt to analyse the political system by armonizing both the "Contractarian* and the "Utilitarian* approaches.
Public choice scientists have provided an interpretation of the shift from the «Non-cooperative” to the «Cooperative* version of the prisoner's dilemma.
Una lettera italiana di J.A. Schumpeter
Authors: da Empoli Domenico 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article refers to a letter written in 1931 by J. A. Schumpeter to an Italian professor, Celestino Arena, on the subject of the Italian edition of the Theory of Economic Growth.
1931 was the last year spent by Schumpeter in Europe. The year after, he moved from Germany to the United States, where the New Deal environment would have profoundly changed his views about the role of the entrepreneur in modern society and, by consequence, about the future of capitalism.
A New View of Economics: Comparative Analysis of Institutions*
Authors: Frey Bruno S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Negli ultimi anni è emersa nell'ambito della teoria economica una nuova impostazione talmente diversa da quella tradizionale da far parlare di un « nuovo paradigma ». Caratteristica essenziale di questo nuovo orientamento è quella di consentire un awicinamento della teoria economica alia realtà.
Sono tre le componenti principali di quest'impostazione: l'aspetto istituzionale (meccanismi decisionali, organizzazioni - economiche, politiche e amministrative - leggi e norme), quello analitico (basato sul modello di comportamento individualistico dell'homo oeconomicus, ma modificato in modo da mettere in evidenza la base motivazionale delle preferenze individuali ed introducendo aspetti morali, come I'altruismo) e quello comparativo (basato sul confronto tra istituzioni diverse, nell'ipotesi che non soltanto l'organizzazione privata, ma anche quella pubblica, possa presentare inadeguatezze).
Elasticity and Public Consumption Growth: the Case of the U.K. ana Italy
Authors: Fossati Amedeo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
L'idea generale sottostante alia c.d. «legge di Wagner» è piuttosto semplice: il settore pubblico si sviluppa più rapidamente del settore privato.
Le misurazioni empiriche di questo fenomeno basate sul calcolo dell'elasticità della spesa pubblica rispetto al reddito non sono, però, soddisfacenti, sia perché i prezzi relativi della spesa pubblica e del reddito nazionale si modificano nel tempo, sia perché nell'ambito della spesa pubblica è necessario distinguere tra
quella per trasferimenti e quella per consumi pubblici, che presenta un saggio d'incremento molto più elevato della prima.
La presente indagine, limitata alia spesa per consumi pubblici, fornisce un metodo per valutare 1'elasticità rispetto al reddito della produzione pubblica quando i prezzi siano mantenuti costanti.
L'applicazione di questa metodologia al Regno Unito ed all'Italia per il periodo dal 1960 al 1981, dimostra che i consumi pubblici, nel Regno Unito, presentano una maggiore sensibilità alle variazioni del prodotto interno lordo rispetto ai consumi pubblici italiani, sia in termini di valore che di quantità. In ambedue i paesi, il rapporto tra consumi pubblici e prodotto interno lordo in termini reali è diminuito.
Schumpeter as Precursor to Non-Constitutional Public Choice
Authors: Buchanan James M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Nella sua analisi positiva dei sistemi democratici contenuta in Capitalismo, Socialismo e Democrazia, J. A. Schumpeter ha delineato molti dei concetti che sono successivamente divenuti parte fondamentale della teoria positiva della Public Choice.
Peraltro, l'influenza direttamente esercitata dal pensiero schumpeteriano sugli sviluppi moderni della Public Choice appare molto modesta. La ragione di ciò dev'essere rinvenuta nel fatto che l'analisi schumpeteriana era essenzialmente priva di contenuto normativo e, quindi, di qualsiasi proposta costruttiva per il miglioramento del funzionamento del sistema democratico.
In contrapposizione a Schumpeter, il vero «padre» della moderna Public Choice dovrebbe essere considerato Knut Wicksell, la cui analisi del sistema democratico non si è limitata agli aspetti positivi, ma ha anche condotto a suggerimenti diretti ad accrescere l'efficienza del sistema istituzionale, nel senso di renderlo in grado di soddisfare i bisogni dei membri della collettività.
Federalismo fiscale e finanza locale
Authors: Stefani Giorgio 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The «fiscal crisis» cannot be solved on the simple basis of principles of economic rationality, without taking account of the institutional mechanisms. Politicians, bureaucrats, voters, do have a role in public decision-making and their behavior cannot be ignored.
According to a generally shared view, local finance looks as an interesting field of research for Public Choice scientists since at local level the voter’s ability to control the institutions is higher than at national level.
This is true, however, only if we limit our attention to the relationship between local administrators and citizens. When the analysis includes the competition for funds among local governments, we have to deal with national problems, requiring the inclusion of variables whose behaviour is uneasy to predict.
La giustizia sociale nello Stato liberale
Authors: Barone Francesco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The main purpose of B.A. Ackerman’s book on social justice in a Liberal State is the one to propose a model of State able to overcome both the capitalistic and the marxian models, on the basis of a truly rational and scientific approach to Liberalism.
The new model certainly deserves attention, though Mr. Ackerman’s views seem sometimes to suffer from a scientist illusion.
Tax Policy for Economic Progress*
Authors: Harriss C. Lowell 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Una delle principali fonti di entrate per le finanze pubbliche dovrebbe essere costituita da prelievi sul reddito personale, rappresentati sia da imposte sul reddito personale, sia da imposte sul reddito e la ricchezza consumati.
L’imposizione sul reddito dovrebbe, tuttavia, essere riesaminata al fine di ridurre gli oneri sulle attività economiche non in forma societaria.
Per quanto riguarda l’imposizione dei consumi, le imposte generali sulle vendite sembrano preferibili ai prelievi selettivi. Un’imposta sul valore aggiunto, tuttavia, sarebbe la soluzione migliore.
Per il finanziamento degli enti locali, il valore del suolo sembra la base imponibile più indicata, specie se si tiene conto del fatto che I’espansione urbana, mentre genera costi di congestione che richiedono crescenti spese locali, fa anche aumentare il valore dei suoli. Non si deve dimenticare che l’offerta di suolo è fissa e che l’imposta sui terreni è l’unica che, per quanto elevata, non riduce l’entità del bene tassato.
A proposito di «Moneta pontificia»*: due concezioni della storia monetaria
Authors: Martino Antonio 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Economists make use of monetary history to evaluate the effects of monetary policies, with the aim to establish «rules» of monetary conduct and to identify institutions able to enforce such rules, in a world without any objective standards and, by consequence, without any external constraints. In comparison with the actual arbitrary powers of the policy-maker, during the past, whatever the arrogance of the authorities, the monetary systems had always constraints such to limit arbitrary behavior by the policy-maker. Historians, in principle, investigate the past system. Economists, by contrary, have to study the actual one.
Cesare Cosciani
Authors: da Empoli Domenico 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Cesare Cosciani, the leading Italian public finance scientist recently passed over, is the author of numerous publications (about two hundred, among books and articles) covering many subjects. This paper refers to some contributions given by him to the theory of public finance, as well as to the fiscal reform in Italy. Finally, Cosciani’s remarkable activity as a professor is mentioned with reference to both his successful textbook and the influence exercised by him on his students.
L’economia dell’equilibrio
Authors: Beltratti Andrea 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The new classical macroeconomists have widely criticized Keynesian economics during the last fifteen years; most of all, on the basis of a lack of microfoundations to Keynesian models and theories.
The rational expectations hypothesis is necessary but not sufficient, by itself, to deny the policy effectiveness results advocated by Keynesian theorists; the most important hypothesis, and the most characteristic feature, of the new classical school is continuous market-clearing on each market. Rational expectations can be used also in disequilibrium models, and can even strengthen policy effectiveness results.
This paper considers some interesting points made by the equilibrium theorists, such as the Lucas critique and the equilibrium business cycles, and also tries to show some limits of the models.
The debate between Keynesians and New Classical Economists is very useful; both schools are able to benefit from the valuable insights of the last few years, which allow theorists to hope in a substantial improvement of macroeconomics as a science and as a tool to understand the working of today’s economic systems.
Teoria neo-keynesiana e aspettative razionali in economia aperta
Authors: Colombatto Enrico 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The introductory paragraph is devoted to the outline of the role of the rational expectations (r.e.) element within the Keynesian, the Monetarist and the New-Classical-Economics framework; in all such cases the closed-economy version only is taken into account.
The second part of the article, on the other hand, is devoted to the analysis of an open-economy framework, where the consequences of the r.e. hypothesis are analysed in greater depth. In short, two groups of aspects are stressed: on the one hand, considerable attention is given to the importance and the analysis of the velocity of anticipation and of adjustment, both on the goods market and on the capital market; on the other, the dimensions and the frequence of the eventual distortions which arise in the neo-Keynesian and in the Monetarist cases are examined. The results yielded by the analysis carried out within both groups of aspects are then compared with the results obtained from a New-Classical viewpoint. The role of the alternative classes of expectations - apart from the r. e. case - is taken into account as well.
Where Are We in the Economic Theory of Constitutions?*
Authors: Blankart Charles B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Sebbene gli economisti siano generalmente d’accordo sulla definizione di « costituzione », i loro punti di vista al riguardo sono divergenti: secondo i sostenitori delle teorie contrattualistiche, le decisioni di carattere costituzionale sono effettuate in modo discontinuo, mentre secondo coloro che condividono l’indirizzo evoluzionista tutto il sistema giuridico è il risultato di un lungo processo storico svoltosi senza soluzione di continuità.
Queste due impostazioni, peraltro, malgrado la loro diversità, non si escludono reciprocamente. La visione contrattualistica è utile per fornire criteri di valutazione delle scelte politiche. Il concetto di contratto, d’altra parte, è spesso presente, anche se non in modo esplicito, nell’indirizzo evoluzionista.