bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Acetabular Cup Insertion Forces in Cancellous Bone Proxy for Validation of an Invasive Sensing Model and Development of Automatic Intelligent Prosthesis Installation Device
Authors: Behzadi Kambiz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Total hip replacement is a widespread medical procedure, with over 300,000 surgeries performed each year in the US alone. The vast majority of total hip replacements utilize press fit fixation, where the implant cup is physically impacted into the patient’s acetabular cavity. Successful seating of the implant requires a delicate balance between inserting the implant deep enough to obtain sufficient primary stability, while avoiding fracture of bone, which causes pain, complications during recovery, and revision surgery. To improve patient outcomes, this surgical field needs assistive technologies that can measure the forces applied during press fit fixation, and provide real-time feedback to guide how much force to apply, and when to stop applying additional forces. The development of such technology, however, requires a greater understanding of the forces experienced at the implant-acetabular cup interface, and the resulting cup insertion and implant stability. Here, we present a preliminary study of acetabular cup insertion into bone proxy samples. We find that as the magnitude of force on the acetabular cup increases, the cup displacement and axial extraction force increase linearly and then plateau. For repeated impacts of a given force, cup insertion and force experienced in bone increase correspondingly and reach a plateaued value over certain number of impacts, which represents rate of insertion. These finding suggest the plausibility of a feedback mechanism that utilizes measured force patterns in bone, implant/bone interface, and impaction tool in relation to rate of insertion to infer optimal primary implant stability in arthroplasty.
Access Point Placement Optimization for a CBTC System Wireless Data Communication Network
Authors: Aziminejad Arash , He Yan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Radio-based Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC) systems are widely utilized in major urban centers around the world to improve capacity, performance, and safety of public rail transportation systems. The system primary functionalities are performed based on the wireless mobile communication media, through which wayside-onboard communication data links are established.
The focus of the presented research is to improve the performance of the CBTC wireless network by providing an efficient framework for placement optimization of the wayside transceivers aiming to maximize the radio coverage. The QoS-oriented convex optimization cost function is based on a heuristic model of radio wave propagation in the tunnel environment. The optimization engine uses the robust, efficient, and well-behaved Nelder-Mead algorithm. Furthermore, to provide reliable means for verification, numerical results are compared with measured data produced through an empirical site survey process performed for an actual CBTC system deployment.
American Railroad Freight Cars: 100 Years of Progress, 1920-2020
Authors: Richmond Shaun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper was written to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the ASME Rail Transportation Division, which was founded in 1920 and held its first meeting in St. Louis. It attempts to paint a picture of the U. S. railroad freight car and the engineering processes involved in its design and construction in 1920 and compare this with today’s designs and practices.
Progress in freight car design has been evolutionary rather than revolutionary. The steel freight car had largely replaced its wooden predecessor by 1920 and the basic design of many cars was already in place. Exceptions being the Spine Car and the Well Car, which were entirely unknown in 1920. The Box Car has diminished greatly in importance and more specialized cars are now common. One important difference is that welding is now used extensively in freight car construction whereas in 1920 riveting was almost universal.
An important change is the availability of electronic instrumentation to measure, record and analyze the load environment of cars. This has allowed the development of performance-based specifications and these have largely replaced the prescriptive standards used in 1920. CAD and FE analysis have revolutionized the way in which cars are designed, allowing much more refined analysis which has led to far lighter car designs. In 1920 virtually all Engineers were white men — this too is changing.
Improving Fidelity of Energy Management Software Testing Through Hierarchical Clustering of Train Consist Data
Authors: Aiken Bradford , Wait Keith W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Energy management systems, such as New York Air Brake’s LEADER [1], are real-time control technologies that optimize train performance as Level 2 Autonomy systems under the SAE’s “Levels of Driving Automation” classification system [2], and are now commonly used by many railroads. Such systems require extensive testing due to varying requirements of speed and fuel efficiency, compatibility with the wide variation in consists actually marshalled in the field, as well as the potential for the systems to cause break-in-twos or other undesirable situations. Devising accurate test cases that translate well to real-world usage is a common obstacle in the software development process. Using empirical data gathered from sampling field observations and an unsupervised machine learning model, we have created a simple but effective software system capable of performing automated statistical analysis on train consists and recommending a small number of consists which best capture the variation observed on-track. The data produced by such a system is demonstrably useful in developing truly representative test cases for train control systems/energy management software.
In this investigation, we first applied such an algorithm to a population of train consists from some arbitrary segment of North American track to identify the most representative sample. We then evaluated the performance of the LEADER driving strategy for the sample set of consists with one of two consists that had previously been used for ad-hoc development testing of the software. Our findings from these simulations indicate that the consists identified by the clustering algorithm display greater variation in LEADER-controlled performance across several features than the ad-hoc testing consists do. Such metrics are transit time, fuel consumption, speed limit adherence, and air brake usage. Application of the algorithm is therefore beneficial in that it allows for more efficient and more thorough testing and characterization of energy management software.
Aerodynamic Coefficients of a High-Speed Train in Presence of Windbreaks With Different Gap Configurations
Authors: Brambilla Elia , Tomasini Gisella , Giappino Stefano 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the present paper the force aerodynamic coefficients measured, according the European Standard Specifications, by means of wind tunnel tests carried out on a 1:15 scaled model of ETR1000 train in presence of different windbreaks configurations, are presented. In particular, 3m high band barriers (40% of porosity) have been tested with different gaps (from 0,5m to 30m, full scale) in the windbreaks and considering different positions of the train with respect to the gaps. The results shown in this paper allow to evaluate the effect of different windbreak parameters (gap amplitude, train position) on the train overturning risk and they represent a complete database for validation of CFD analyses.
A Computationally Efficient Algorithm for Simulating the Dynamic Train-Track Interaction
Authors: Datta Arya , Rizos Dimitris , Qian Yu , Mullen Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A new method to determine the dynamic interaction between the train and track has been presented. The train and the track are considered as different subsystems. The subsystems are solved independently assuming no contact force exists, and the overall solution of the system is obtained enforcing displacement compatibility and dynamic force equilibrium equations. The proposed method solves the interface contact forces and the displacements of the contact points explicitly. The method proposed avoids iterative methods to enforce compatibility and equilibrium conditions as devised by other authors. The proposed method is also computationally efficient to the methods devised by different authors when the system is solved as one system since smaller systems are solved at a time and there is no need to update structural matrices at every time step. The numerical examples presented show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Verification of a Numerical Model for Simulating Intervertebral Disc Pathophysiology
Authors: Gao Xin , Gu Weiyong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration may cause low back pain which has a tremendous impact on the society and economy in the United States. It is important to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate its pathophysiology in order to diagnose and treat disc degeneration. Recently, we have developed a multiphasic computational model for investigating cell mediated disc degeneration as well as exploring new strategies for disc therapies. The objective of this study was to verify this new computational model according to the guidelines of ASME V&V40. The model was discretized with finite element method and implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. Several benchmark problems and method of manufactured solutions (MMS) were used to verify the numerical implementation. For all the benchmark problems tested, the numerical results were in excellent agreement with those analytical solutions or other numerical solutions. In addition, the observed convergence rates of primary unknowns obtained with MMS were in excellent agreement with theoretical convergence rates. This study showed that our model has been verified and found no evidence of coding errors.
Limiting Machine Learning Overfitting Uncertainties Through Persistent Homology
Authors: Haas Kyle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Machine learning techniques are powerful predictive tools that continue to gain prominence with increasingly available computational power. Engineering design professionals often view machine learning tools through a skeptical lens due to their perceived detachment from the underlying physics. Machine learning tools, such as artificial neural networks and regression models, are fueled by training data, obtained either analytically or through physical collection, the use of such surrogate models introduces an additional source of uncertainty. Sources of uncertainty associated with machine learning models can originate from the collected data or from the training process itself. Validation and verification methods are especially important for machine learning applications due to their perceived disconnect from underlying physics, sensitivity to data accumulation uncertainties, and potential for under or over training the model itself. Despite all of these potential pitfalls, sufficient testing of machine learning models against segregated testing data and use of regularization tools to diagnose overfitting is not always employed by industry practioners. This paper will illustrate the use of topological data analysis (TDA), specifically persistent homology, a subset of algebraic topology, as an alternative means to achieve generalization of a predictive manifold produced through a machine learning model. Persistent homology will be used to seek out and identify the most meaningful and connected components within the data that forms the predicted manifold, with less connected components treated as noise to be disregarded. Therefore, the uncertainties associated with overfitting can be limited. The proposed method will be demonstrated through its application to a simple single-degree-of-freedom structural system to demonstrate its effectiveness in generalizing the resulting manifold and limiting the associated uncertainty.
A Verification and Validation Study of the Cyclops I PBX 9502 Experiment
Authors: Grove John W. , Coleman Adam C. , Johnson Carl E. , Menikoff Ralph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A computational verification and validation study of the Cyclops I experiment [1–7] was conducted using the Los Alamos Eulerian Applications code xRage [8]. The purpose of this study was to validate the Scaled Unified Reactive Front (SURF) plus (SURFplus) model for insensitive high explosives [9–12]. Diagnostics from the experiment included photon doppler velocimetry measurements of the encasing shell for the device and proton radiography photographs of the explosions. This data was compared to the xRage computed data and a convergence study of burn front evolution was conducted. We conclude that the SURFplus high explosive model does an excellent job at predicting the high explosive burn front velocity and shape with results that converge to the experimental data at rates near to or better than first order in most cases. Some companion verification metrics for the solution convergence are also described. These metrics show that the xRage computed solution for the high explosive burn front converges to first order or better, as consistent with the treatment of shock fronts in a higher order Godunov hydrodynamic solver as used in xRage.
Association between early essential newborn care and breastfeeding outcomes in eight countries in Asia and the Pacific: a cross-sectional observational -study
Authors: Li Zhao , Mannava Priya , Murray John Charles Scott , Sobel Howard Lawrence , Jatobatu Annie , Calibo Anthony , Tsevelmaa Baldan , Saysanasongkham Bounnack , Ogaoga Divinal , Waramin Edward Joseph , Mason Elizabeth Mary , Obara Hiromi , Tran Hoang Thi , Tuan Hoang Anh , Kitong Jacqueline , Yaipupu Jessica Mara , Cheang Kannitha , Silvestre Maria Asuncion , Kounnavongsa Outhevanh , Putney Pamela , Nga Pham Thi Quynh , Tung Rathavy , Phal Sano , Kubota Shogo , Krang Sidonn , Burggraaf Simon , Rattana Sommana , Xu Tao , Zhang Tuohong , Enkhmaa Ulziikhutag , Delgermaa Vanya , Chhour Y Meng 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo explore the association between early essential newborn care (EENC) policy, practice and environmental interventions and breastfeeding outcomes.DesignCross-sectional observational study.Setting150 national, provincial and district hospitals implementing EENC in eight countries in East Asia and the Pacific.Participants1383 maternal interviews, chart reviews and environmental assessments during 2016 and 2017.Main outcome measuresExclusive breastfeeding (EBF), that is, feeding only breastmilk without other food or fluids since birth and before discharge, and, early breastfeeding initiation, that is, during skin-to-skin contact (SSC) with the mother without separation.ResultsFifty-nine per cent of newborns initiated breastfeeding early and 83.5% were EBF. Duration of SSC showed a strong dose–response relationship with early breastfeeding initiation. SSC of at least 90 min was associated with 368.81 (95% CI 88.76 to 1532.38, p<0.001) times higher early breastfeeding. EBF was significantly associated with SSC duration of 30–59 min (OR 3.54, 95% CI 1.88 to 6.66, p<0.001), 60–89 min (OR 5.61, 95% CI 2.51 to 12.58, p<0.001) and at least 90 min (OR 3.78, 95% CI 2.12 to 6.74, p<0.001) regardless of delivery mode. Non-supine position (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.90 to 4.11, p<0.001), rooming-in (OR 5.85, 95% CI 3.46 to 9.88, p<0.001), hospital breastfeeding policies (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.97 to 4.02, p<0.001), quality improvement mechanisms (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.49, p=0.02) and no formula products (OR 17.50, 95% CI 5.92 to 51.74, p<0.001) were associated with EBF.ConclusionEENC policy, practice and environmental interventions were associated with breastfeeding outcomes. To maximise the likelihood of early and EBF, newborns, regardless of delivery mode, should receive immediate and uninterrupted SSC for at least 90 min.
Prognostic indicators of short‐term outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome
Authors: Seneviratne Maheeka , Kaye Benjamin Marcus , Ter Haar Gert 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundThe aims of this study were to assess the impact of epidemiological variables, severity of presurgical respiratory signs, diagnostic findings from pharyngeal and laryngeal examination using a new grading scheme and CT scan images, on postsurgical outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstruction airway syndrome (BOAS).MethodsAn owner‐based questionnaire was used to grade dogs based on their respiratory signs before surgery and at least six weeks after surgery. Epidemiological data and results from presurgical pharyngeal and laryngeal examination and CT scan findings for 75 dogs undergoing airway surgery were collected from the medical records.Results70.7 per cent of dogs showed an improvement in respiratory signs following rhinoplasty and palatoplasty. This improvement was associated with the severity of inspiratory efforts and the Poncet score on presentation, but not with any other clinical sign or anatomical abnormality found during BOAS assessment, nor by the degree of craniofacial shortening as determined by CT‐scan. Presurgical snoring was positively associated with the degree of narrowing of pharyngeal dimensions.ConclusionsDogs presenting with clinical signs of BOAS benefit from rhinoplasty and palatoplasty alone. The degree of narrowing of pharyngeal dimensions appears to be associated with severity of snoring while soft palate length alone was not.
Contrasting practices and opinions of UK‐based veterinary surgeons around neutering cats at four months old
Authors: McDonald Jenni , Clements Jane 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundMany cats in the UK are not neutered before reaching potential breeding age. The purpose of this investigation was to understand the prevalence of veterinarians’ behaviours around neutering cats at four months of age and to identify any needs of the veterinary profession on this.MethodsA sample of 483 veterinarians that completed a cross‐sectional online questionnaire were included in quantitative and qualitative analyses.ResultsAlmost 70 per cent of veterinarians indicated they were comfortable carrying out neutering on cats of four months of age, and approximately half of veterinarians indicated they would recommend neutering client‐owned cats at four months of age if practice policy permitted. There was no association found between these practices and geographic risk factors. Instead, neutering at four months was associated with the gender of the veterinarian, their practice policy and whether they routinely neuter unowned cats. Veterinarians have contrasting beliefs on similar themes, depending on whether they neuter kittens at four months or not, including differing opinions on general anaesthetic, surgery risks, owner compliance and their perceptions of neutering practices within the wider profession.ConclusionFamiliarity and experience with the procedure, alongside perceived norms, are central to beliefs. We also highlight informational and learning barriers.
Rehabilitated into a Critic
Authors: Crain Samantha 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In Cain Byron demonstrates his interest in using the Bible to critique itself. He sticks close to the letter of his biblical source while engaging directly with traditional scriptural readings including the commonplace combination of the Devil with the serpent who tempts Eve—which Byron’s Lucifer rebuts himself. Byron engages more subtly with the typological equivalence frequently drawn between Abel and Christ, allowing the equivalence to stand but refusing to employ it to legitimize Christianity at the expense of Judaism. Byron thus seeks to rehabilitate two of Genesis’ most reviled characters as part of his search for a credible deliverer of his critique. Cain is juxtaposed with Lucifer and then with his sister Adah and brother Abel. These doublings within the play ultimately demonstrate that Cain is the figure most worthy of conveying Byron’s culminating critique of Christian hypocrisy at the play’s close.
George Berkeley’s Tar-water Medicine
Authors: Hošman Mirek Tobiáš 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In his last major book, Siris (1744), the philosopher George Berkeley proposed tar-water as a universal medicine, suggesting that he had found a panacea. Shortly after its publication, Siris became immensely popular and tar-water spread all around Europe and even reached America. The aim of this article is to present Berkeley’s ideas about tar-water as a medicine with a particular focus on the origins of tar-water in Berkeley’s thinking and its alleged medical effects. Berkeley conceived of tar-water as at one end of a chain, with God at the other end. I reconstruct this chain, excluding from the examination the last parts, related to metaphysics and theology. Furthermore, relying on eighteenth-century letters, books and pamphlets, I briefly introduce the conditions leading Berkeley to start experimenting with tar-water as well as the context and the so called “pamphlet war” following the publication of Siris.
Is There a Need for Legislative Recognition of Rehabilitative Maintenance in South Africa? Lessons from Specified States of the United States of America
Authors: Marumoagae Motseotsile Clement 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper traces the development of rehabilitative maintenance in South Africa. It illustrates that while there is no statutory provision dealing with rehabilitative maintenance in the country, courts are nonetheless, willing to make maintenance orders for limited periods. This paper shows that the criteria that courts use to grant this type of maintenance is not clear, making it difficult for legal practitioners to predict their clients’ cases. Courts have wide discretion when adjudicating rehabilitative maintenance disputes. They can order specific amount of maintenance to be paid to the maintenance seeking spouse for a particular period without outlining the basis for their decisions. While rehabilitative maintenance is relatively new in South Africa, it is nonetheless, well established and legislated in some of the States within the United States of America. This paper argues that rehabilitative maintenance should be legislated in South Africa in order to provide adequate guidance to the courts. Further, that failure to legislate rehabilitative maintenance would lead to inconsistent approaches being developed by the courts. In particular, it recommends the amendments of the Divorce Act in order to make provision for rehabilitative maintenance.