bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of contrasted cropping systems on yield and N balance of upland rainfed rice in Madagascar: Inputs from the DSSAT model
Authors: Dusserre Julie , Autfray Patrice , Rakotoarivelo Miora , Rakotoson Tatiana , Raboin Louis-Marie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn response to the extensive development of upland rice on the hillsides of the Malagasy highlands, alternative cropping systems have been designed based on conservation agriculture (CA). As the promotion of CA in smallholder farming systems is still the subject of debate, its potential benefits for smallholder farmers require further assessment. In the context of resource-poor farmers and low-input production systems, nitrogen (N) is a major limiting nutrient. The effects of contrasted cropping systems have been studied on upland rice yield and N uptake in rainfed conditions: conventional tillage (CT) and CA with a mulch of maize or a legume (Stylosanthes or velvet bean). Decision Support Systems for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop growth model was used to quantify the soil N balance according to the season and the cropping system. The lowest yields were obtained in CA with a mulch of maize and were also associated with the lowest crop N uptake. Upland rice yields were higher or equivalent under CA with a legume mulch than under CT cropping systems. The supply of N was considerably higher in CA with a legume mulch than in CT, but due to higher leaching and immobilization in CA, the final contribution of N from the mulch to the crop was reduced although not negligible. DSSAT has been shown to be sufficiently robust and flexible to simulate the soil N balance in contrasting cropping systems. The challenge is now to evaluate the model in less contrasted experimental conditions in order to validate its use for N uptake and yield prediction in support to the optimization and design of new cropping systems.
Different roughage:concentrate ratios and water supplies to feedlot lambs: carcass characteristics and meat chemical composition
Authors: Silva Moura C. M. , Araújo G. G. L. , Oliveira B. Y. S. , Azevêdo J. A. G. , Pimenta Filho E. C. , Azevedo P. S. , Santos E. M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe current study evaluated the effects of dietary roughage:concentrate (R:C) ratios and water supply on the carcass characteristics and yield of lambs. Forty Santa Inês crossbred lambs with an average body weight (BW) of 19 ± 2.8 kg were evaluated in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two proportions of roughage and concentrate (30:70 and 70:30) and two levels of water supply (ad libitumand restricted to 0.5). The animals were slaughtered at an average weight of 28 ± 31 kg. Centesimal composition, colour parameters(L*, a* and b*), shear force, cooking losses and pH were determined on theLongissimus lumborummuscle. There was no interaction effect between the R:C ratio and water supply on the evaluated variables. Total BW gain, average daily gain and final BW were affected by water restriction and R:C ratio. Water restriction reduced total BW gain, average daily gain and final BW. No effect of water restriction was detected on slaughter weight, centesimal composition, colour variations, shear force, pH, weight or yield of carcass. No effect of water restriction and diets was observed on the cuts, except for neck weight. Carcass weight and yield were affected by the R:C ratios. Restricting the water supply to 0.5 does not affect the carcass weight or yield of Santa Inês crossbred lambs or their meat quality characteristics (centesimal composition, colour, shear force and pH measurements). A higher proportion of concentrate in the diet results in heavier hot and cold carcass weights.
Supplementing conjugated and non-conjugated L-methionine and acetate alters expression patterns ofCSN2, proteins and metabolites related to protein synthesis in bovine mammary cells
Authors: Jeon Seung-Woo , Conejos Jay Ronel , Kim Jungeun , Kim Min-Jeong , Lee Jeong-Eun , Lee Baek-Seok , Park Jin-Seung , Moon Jun-Ok , Lee Jae-Sung , Lee Hong-Gu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe experiments reported in this research paper aimed to determine the effect of supplementing different forms of L-methionine (L-Met) and acetate on protein synthesis in immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T cells). Treatments were Control, L-Met, conjugated L-Met and acetate (CMA), and non-conjugated L-Met and Acetate (NMA). Protein synthesis mechanism was determined by omics method. NMA group had the highest protein content in the media and CSN2 mRNA expression levels (P< 0.05). The number of upregulated and downregulated proteins observed were 39 and 77 in L-Met group, 62 and 80 in CMA group and 50 and 81 in NMA group from 448 proteins, respectively (P< 0.05). L-Met, NMA and CMA treatments stimulated pathways related to protein and energy metabolism (P< 0.05). Metabolomic analysis also revealed that L-Met, CMA and NMA treatments resulted in increases of several metabolites (P< 0.05). In conclusion, NMA treatment increased protein concentration and expression level ofCSN2mRNA in MAC-T cells compared to control as well as L-Met and CMA treatments through increased expression of milk protein synthesis-related genes and production of the proteins and metabolites involved in energy and protein synthesis pathways.
Reduced frontostriatal response to expected value and reward prediction error in remitted monozygotic twins with mood disorders and their unaffected high-risk co-twins
Authors: Macoveanu Julian , Meluken Iselin , Chase Henry W. , Phillips Mary L. , Kessing Lars Vedel , Siebner Hartwig Roman , Vinberg Maj , Miskowiak Kamilla W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundDepressive episodes experienced in unipolar (UD) and bipolar (BD) disorders are characterized by anhedonia and have been associated with abnormalities in reward processes related to reward valuation and error prediction. It remains however unclear whether these deficits are associated with familial vulnerability to mood disorders.MethodsIn a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we evaluated differences in the expected value (EV) and reward prediction error (RPE) signals in ventral striatum (VS) and prefrontal cortex between three groups of monozygotic twins: affected twins in remission for either UD or BD (n = 53), their high-risk unaffected co-twins (n = 34), and low-risk twins with no family history of mood disorders (n = 25).ResultsCompared to low-risk twins, affected twins showed lower EV signal bilaterally in the frontal poles and lower RPE signal bilaterally in the VS, left frontal pole and superior frontal gyrus. The high-risk group did not show a significant change in the EV or RPE signals in frontostriatal regions, yet both reward signals were consistently lower compared with low-risk twins in all regions where the affected twins showed significant reductions.ConclusionOur findings strengthen the notion that reduced valuation of expected rewards and reduced error-dependent reward learning may underpin core symptom of depression such as loss of interest in rewarding activities. The trend reduction in reward-related signals in unaffected co-twins warrants further investigation of this effect in larger samples and prospective follow-up to confirm possible association with increased familial vulnerability to mood disorders.
Does the nervous system depend on kinesthetic information to control natural limb movements?
Authors: Gandevia S. C. , Burke David 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis target article draws together two groups of experimental studies on the control of human movement through peripheral feedback and centrally generated signals of motor commands. First, during natural movement, feedback from muscle, joint, and cutaneous afferents changes; in human subjects these changes have reflex and kinesthetic consequences. Recent psychophysical and microneurographic evidence suggests that joint and even cutaneous afferents may have a proprioceptive role. Second, the role of centrally generated motor commands in the control of normal movements and movements following acute and chronic deafferentation is reviewed. There is increasing evidence that subjects can perceive their motor commands under various conditions, but that this is inadequate for normal movement; deficits in motor performance arise when the reliance on proprioceptive feedback is abolished either experimentally or because of pathology. During natural movement, the CNS appears to have access to functionally useful input from a range of peripheral receptors as well as from internally generated command signals. The unanswered questions that remain suggest a number of avenues for further research.
Inequality in policy implementation: caste and electrification in rural India
Authors: Aklin Michaël , Cheng Chao-Yo , Urpelainen Johannes 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe examine unequal outcomes in the implementation of India’s national rural electrification program in Uttar Pradesh. We ask two questions: (1) to what extent did Dalits, the lowest group in India’s caste hierarchy, receive less attention when the state electrified rural communities? (2) Was BSP, the state’s Dalit party, able to reduce this inequality? Using data from a hundred thousand villages, we provide robust evidence for unequal outcomes. Villages inhabited solely by Dalits were 20 percentage points less likely to be covered by the program than villages without any Dalits. Moreover, a regression discontinuity analysis shows that the electoral success of BSP failed to reduce such differences. These results highlight the magnitude and persistence of caste inequality in the implementation of democratic public policy, despite political representation.
On the theopolitics of sovereignty: Carl Schmitt and the theopolitics of global orders
Authors: Moore Thomas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article considers how we can develop a reflexive reading of the theological contours of global politics through Carl Schmitt's account of sovereignty. In doing this it seeks to generate a critical architecture to understand the pluralistic registers of sovereignty within world politics. This article examines the theological dimensions of sovereignty, calling for a closer reading of the theopolitical discourses of legality and legitimacy at work within the largely secular discipline of International Relations. Tracing the pluralistic dimensions of sovereignty – juristic, popular, and theopolitical – allows us to see how sovereignty is operationalised through a range of distinct political registers. When the study of sovereignty is confused with questions of preference for modes of governing (whether secular, religious, democratic, and/or juristic) the complex historical sociology of sovereignty is overlooked. Contemporary scholarship in International Relations can benefit from closer engagement with the multiple, overlapping registers of sovereignty in global politics. We may disagree with Schmitt's reading of sovereignty as ‘theopolitics’ but there is real methodological value in engaging secular scholarship in thinking about religion as a constitutive domain for global order – alongside a rich range of critical approaches.
The increasing challenge of the possible impact of ethnicity on psychopharmacology
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Mucci Federico , Avella Maria T. , Palagini Laura , Simoncini Marly , Dell’Osso Liliana 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEthnic differences may significantly influence the outcome of psychopharmacological treatment, in terms of prescription, adherence, clinical response, emergence of side effects, as well as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The purpose of this review was to explore the available literature in order to provide general suggestions to help clinicians in choosing the best therapeutic option for patients, taking into account ethnicity. Although findings are sometimes controversial, the overall published studies suggest that ethnicities other than Caucasians tend to show a lower response to antidepressants and a reduced compliance. Africans tend to be more prescribed with antipsychotics, probably due to cultural stereotypes, except with clozapine, probably for their chronic benign neutropenia. Asians usually require less antipsychotic dosages than Caucasians. The differential response and side effect profile of antidepressants and antipsychotics have been related to individual intrinsic factors, to genetic make-up, but also to cultural and contextual variables. Interestingly, albeit limited data suggest ethnic-related genetic heterogeneity at the level of the serotonin transporters, the cytochromes and some neuroreceptors. Taken together, no conclusive findings are available about the role and impact of ethnicity in psychopharmacology. One of the main problems is that the majority of the studies in psychopharmacology have been conducted on Caucasians, so that there is an urgent need to have data in other populations. Furthermore, in the era of precision medicine, the role of ethnicity may be also supported by genetic analysis.
Enhancement of the Temporal Resolution of Fluorescent Signals Acquired by the Confocal Microscope
Authors: Arkhipov Arsenii Y. , Khaziev Eduard F. , Skorinkin Andrey I. , Bukharaeva Ellya A. , Samigullin Dmitry V. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHere, we describe a method of acquisition of fast fluorescent signals with the help of the laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). Our method permits an increase in the temporal resolution of acquired signals. The method is based on LSCM recordings of fast fluorescent signals with the shortest achievable time sweep, which are performed with the help of a proprietary algorithm. A series of recordings is made in multiple steps; at each step, the fluorescent signal is incremented by a time interval smaller than the time sweep of the frame of LSCM. The size of the increment determines the achievable time resolution. The convolution of the recorded images results in a signal with the temporal resolution determined by the chosen time increment. This method was applied to register the change in fluorescence (calcium transient) of calcium dye preloaded into peripheral nerve endings by electrical stimulation of the motor nerve. Calculated parameters of the calcium transient were identical to the parameters obtained earlier with the help of a high-speed camera and photodiode. We conclude that the method described here can be applied for the registration of fast fluorescent signals by LSCM with a high spatial and temporal resolution.
Metastable Olivine Wedge Beneath the Japan Sea Imaged by Seismic Interferometry
Authors: Shen Zhichao , Zhan Zhongwen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe metastable olivine wedge (MOW) within subducted slabs has long been hypothesized to host deep‐focus earthquakes (>300 km). Its presence would also rule out hydrous slabs being subducted into the mantle transition zone. However, the existence and dimensions of MOW remain debatable. Here, we apply inter‐source interferometry, which converts deep earthquakes into virtual seismometers, to detect the seismic signature of MOW without influence from shallow heterogeneities. With data from the Hi‐net, we confirm the existence of MOW beneath the Japan Sea and constrain its geometry to be ~30 km thick at 410‐km depth and gradually thinning to a depth of 580 km at least. Our result supports transformational faulting of metastable olivine as the initiation mechanism of deep earthquakes, although large events (M7.0+) probably rupture beyond the wedge. Furthermore, the slab core must be dehydrated at shallower depth and only transports negligible amount of water into the transition zone.
Elevated Seismic Hazard in Kansas Due to High‐Volume Injections in Oklahoma
Authors: Zhai Guang , Shirzaei Manoochehr , Manga Michael 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInduced seismicity has expanded into south‐central Kansas, an area with rare damaging natural earthquakes, leading to the second‐highest seismicity rate in the central United States after Oklahoma. Here we assess the mechanical effects of large‐scale injection in the combined area of western Oklahoma and southern Kansas during 2010–2018 and its link to the observed seismicity using physics‐based hydromechanical and seismicity rate models. Such models link injection operations to seismic hazards and allow solving for the spatially variable distribution of background seismic productivity that yields an acceptable match between the observed and modeled seismicity. We show that injection in Oklahoma amplifies the total Coulomb stress change and seismicity rate by 1.5‐fold and threefold, respectively, in south‐central Kansas. This cross‐border interaction modulates the annual earthquake probability in Kansas. We conclude that the issue of induced seismicity is not a local problem due to the far‐reaching effects of fluid diffusion.
Anthropogenic Aerosols Significantly Reduce Mesoscale Convective System Occurrences and Precipitation Over Southern China in April
Authors: Zhang Lijuan , Fu Tzung‐May , Tian Heng , Ma Yaping , Chen Jen‐Ping , Tsai Tzu‐Chin , Tsai I‐Chun , Meng Zhiyong , Yang Xin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrecipitation over Southern China in April, largely associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), has declined significantly in recent decades. It is unclear how this decline in precipitation may be related to the concurrent increase of anthropogenic aerosols over this region. Here, using observation analyses and model simulations, we showed that increased levels of anthropogenic aerosols can significantly reduce MCS occurrences by 21% to 32% over Southern China in April, leading to less rainfall. Half of this MCS occurrence reduction was due to the direct radiative scattering of aerosols and the indirect enhancement of non‐MCS liquid cloud reflectance by aerosols, which stabilized the regional atmosphere. The other half of the MCS occurrence reduction was due to the microphysical and dynamical responses of the MCS to aerosols. Our results demonstrated the complex effects of aerosols on MCSs via impacts on both the convective systems and on the regional atmosphere.
Multiscale Variability of Meiyu and Its Prediction: A New Review
Authors: Ding Yihui , Liang Ping , Liu Yanju , Zhang Yaocun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFollowing the description of the basic climatic characteristics of Meiyu in East Asia, we present a comprehensive review of multi–time scale variabilities of the Meiyu together with the long‐term change of extreme precipitation during the Meiyu in this paper. The dynamic prediction skills of the Meiyu on subseasonal to seasonal time scales are further described and illustrated by using present numerical prediction models. For the multi–time scale variabilities of the East Asian Meiyu, they are closely related with the impacts of both quasi‐biweekly and 30–60 day oscillation from both the tropics and the middle and high latitudes on intraseasonal time scale, the influences of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation on interannual time scale, the variations of East Asian summer monsoon on decadal time scale, and the continued impacts of global warming, Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on interdecadal scale and long‐term trend. Under the background of the global warming and the influences of urbanization and aerosol effects, the Meiyu shows some specific characteristics including significantly weakened continuous rain, uneven spatial distribution of precipitation, and increased (decreased) number of strong (weak) precipitation days. Improvements of prediction on rain belt location, total precipitation amount, persistent heavy precipitation events, and low‐frequency variability oscillation during Meiyu season have been achieved with the improved dynamic models of the Beijing Climate Center since 2010.
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis at Regional and National Scales: State of the Art and Future Challenges
Authors: Gerstenberger M. C. , Marzocchi W. , Allen T. , Pagani M. , Adams J. , Danciu L. , Field E. H. , Fujiwara H. , Luco N. , Ma K.‐F. , Meletti C. , Petersen M. D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSeismic hazard modeling is a multidisciplinary science that aims to forecast earthquake occurrence and its resultant ground shaking. Such models consist of a probabilistic framework that quantifies uncertainty across a complex system; typically, this includes at least two model components developed from Earth science: seismic source and ground motion models. Although there is no scientific prescription for the forecast length, the most common probabilistic seismic hazard analyses consider forecasting windows of 30 to 50 years, which are typically an engineering demand for building code purposes. These types of analyses are the topic of this review paper. Although the core methods and assumptions of seismic hazard modeling have largely remained unchanged for more than 50 years, we review the most recent initiatives, which face the difficult task of meeting both the increasingly sophisticated demands of society and keeping pace with advances in scientific understanding. A need for more accurate and spatially precise hazard forecasting must be balanced with increased quantification of uncertainty and new challenges such as moving from time‐independent hazard to forecasts that are time dependent and specific to the time period of interest. Meeting these challenges requires the development of science‐driven models, which integrate all information available, the adoption of proper mathematical frameworks to quantify the different types of uncertainties in the hazard model, and the development of a proper testing phase of the model to quantify its consistency and skill. We review the state of the art of the National Seismic Hazard Modeling and how the most innovative approaches try to address future challenges.
New Lidar Observations of Ca+ in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Over Arecibo
Authors: Raizada Shikha , Smith J. A. , Lautenbach J. , Aponte N. , Perillat P. , Sulzer M. , Mathews J. D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper presents the first high‐resolution resonance lidar measurements of calcium ion (Ca+) layers in the F region valley (140–180 km) over Arecibo. Unique, simultaneous Ca+, neutral sodium (Na), and potassium (K) lidar observations, along with incoherent scatter radar electron concentration (Ne) covering 80‐ to 180‐km altitudes for three consecutive nights, are reported here. At E region altitudes, the Ca+ distribution follows sporadic E activity on these nights. Thin Ca+ layers (widths < 150 m) imply wind reversals to be occurring over this short height range. Ca+ above 140 km do not always correspond to Ne layers but are detected only during presunrise hours. The average Ca+ column abundance below 120 km is highly variable but during high‐altitude Ca+ event decreases by a factor of 2 above 120 km. Both Ne and Ca+ display similar descent rates of ~7 m/s at altitudes >150 km during these events.