bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How (and why) to determine NMR spectrometer’s noise figure?
Authors: Kolar Petar , Blažok Lovro , Bojanjac Dario 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the last decade or two, it seems that the trend of technological advance in NMR spectroscopy cannot follow the trend of desire to measure NMR samples with gradually lower response signals. Recently, an accurate noise model, based on the concept of noise figure, of the most sensitive part of the NMR spectroscopy system from the aspect of noise, which is its probe-to-spectrometer receiving chain, was introduced. The main purpose of this model is to optimize the used NMR spectroscopy system and, ultimately, enable measuring NMR samples with even lower response signals than the ones measured today. All the parameters of the NMR spectroscopy system, used in the introduced model, can be easily measured using vector network analyzers and noise figure meters, or can be found in the datasheets of the respective elements, except the spectrometer’s receiving chain noise figure. In this contribution, the process of spectrometer’s receiving chain noise figure measurement, performed using the Twice Power Method, is described. A block diagram representation of the spectrometer’s receiving chain is presented here, as well as its approximative model. The respective noise figure measurement results, which are also presented, explain the general tendency of using the mid-range of the spectrometer’s gain control level when performing the actual NMR measurements.
The role of biotin metabolism in the COVID-19 infection
Authors: Aydemir Duygu , Ulusu Nuriye Nuray 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has become the major health problem in 2020 worldwide and no treatment or cure has been developed until now, however medical doctors use approved anti-viral drugs alone or in combination to treat patients infected by COVID-19. Thus, the outcome and the information of the applied treatments are changing daily basis. One of the changes in the COVID-19 patients has been depilation of the eyebrow and eyelashes. Biotin is a vital cofactor for biotin-dependent enzymes for fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose metabolism. It is known that, biotin deficiency may cause loss of hair, eyebrows and eyelashes. However, either COVID-19 infection or treatment against to cure this infection cause impairment in the biotin metabolism that should be further investigated to better understand possible mechanisms behind the COVID-19 infection and outcomes of the treatment approach to treat it.
Das reformierte Transparenzregister nach der 5. Geldwäscherichtlinie
Authors: Omlor Sebastian , Meier Johannes 
Published: August 2020

Am 9. Juli 2018 ist mit zahlreichen Neuerungen die Änderungsrichtlinie zur 4. Geldwäscherichtlinie – konsolidiert die sog. 5. Geldwäscherichtlinie – in Kraft getreten. Diese bringt Änderungen im Bereich der virtuellen Währungen mit sich und schreibt die 4. Geldwäscherichtlinie im Bereich des Transparenzregisters fort. Der Richtliniengeber will eine möglichst lückenlose Erfassung von gesellschaftsrechtlich geprägten Rechtsvereinbarungen erreichen, um Geldwäsche effektiv, aber auch flächendeckend und einheitlich in der ganzen Europäischen Union einzudämmen. Durch das Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Änderungsrichtlinie zur Vierten EU-Geldwäscherichtlinie vom 12.12.2019BGBl. 2019 I, S. 2602. setzte der deutsche Gesetzgeber die 5. Geldwäscherichtlinie um. Probleme bereiten weiterhin die Einordnung der melde- und registerpflichtigen „wirtschaftlichen Eigentümer“ sowie insbesondere die Einordnung von Trusts und vergleichbaren Gebilden. Der Beitrag geht zudem auf das Zusammenspiel mit der Gesellschafterlistenverordnung von 2018 ein.
A study on the limit of application of kinematical theory of X-ray diffraction
Authors: Dias Diego Felix , Sasaki José Marcos 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this work, the limit of application of the kinematical theory of X-ray diffraction was calculate integrated intensities was evaluated as a function of perfect crystal thickness, when compared with the Ewald–Laue dynamical theory. The percentual difference between the dynamical and kinematical integrated intensities was calculated as a function of unit cell volume, Bragg angle, wavelength, module, and phase of structure factor and linear absorption coefficient. A critical thickness was defined to be the value for which the intensities differ 5%. We show that this critical thickness is 13.7% of the extinction length, which a specific combination of the parameters mentioned before. Also, we find a general expression, for any percentage of the difference between both theories, to determine the validity of the application of the kinematical theory. Finally, we also showed that the linear absorption decreases this critical thickness.
Effect of pH on xylitol production by Candida species from a prairie cordgrass hydrolysate
Authors: Rudrangi Samatha S. R. , West Thomas P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using hydrolysates of the North American prairie grass prairie cordgrass buffered at pH 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 or 6.0, xylitol production, xylitol yield, cell biomass production and productivity were investigated for three strains of yeast Candida. Of the three strains, the highest xylitol concentration of 20.19 g xylitol (g xylose consumed)−1 and yield of 0.89 g xylitol (g xylose consumed)−1 were produced by Candida mogi ATCC 18364 when grown for 120 h at 30° C on the pH 5.5-buffered hydrolysate-containing medium. The highest biomass level being 7.7 g cells (kg biomass)−1 was observed to be synthesized by Candida guilliermondii ATCC 201935 after 120 h of growth at 30° C on a pH 5.5-buffered hydrolysate-containing medium. The highest xylitol specific productivity of 0.73 g xylitol (g cells h)−1 was determined for C. guilliermondii ATCC 20216 after 120 h of growth at 30°C on a pH 5.0-buffered hydrolysate-containing medium. Xylitol production and yield by the three Candida strains was higher on prairie cordgrass than what was previously observed for the same strains after 120 h at 30° C when another North American prairie grass big bluestem served as the plant biomass hydrolysate indicating that prairie cordgrass may be a superior plant biomass substrate.
Die deutschsprachige Rechtswissenschaft seit 1800 und der Rechtspluralismus
Authors: Seinecke Ralf 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

German-Language Jurisprudence since 1800 and Legal Pluralism. This paper examines the history of legal pluralism in German-speaking jurisprudence since 1800 using the topoi of law without the state, alternative law, interlegality and nomos. It shows the continuous presence of these topics in the classical debates of German jurisprudence until the concept of legal pluralism was invented in the second half of the 20th century. The end of the Old Reich in 1806, the foundation of the German Reich in 1871 and the BGB from 1900 are important caesuras in this story. They indicate the assumption of a “delayed sattelzeit” in German legal theory during this period.
Zum Phänomen der Rechtsrezeption in der Antike
Authors: Schanbacher Dietmar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Law Reception in Antiquity. According to ancient records Rome sent to Athens and elsewhere to collect material for the Twelve Tables. Certain specific provisions of the Twelve Tables are said to be derived from Solon’s laws. All this is doubted today, but without sufficient reasons. Tab. V 3 Uti legassit etc. derives, as it seems, from Solon’s law on testamentary dispositions.
Die Bedeutung des antiken jüdischen Rechts für das römische Recht und die antike Rechtsgeschichte am Beispiel der rabbinischen Rezeption und Modifikation der griechisch-hellenistischen diathēkē als dîjathîqî und der donatio mortis causa
Authors: Armgardt Matthias 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Reuven Yaron (1924–2014) in memoriam

The importance of Ancient Jewish Law for Roman Law and Ancient Legal History – the example of the Rabbinic reception and modification of the Greco-Hellenistic diathēkē as dîjathîqî and the donatio mortis causa. This paper aims to show that ancient Jewish law is of greatest importance for interpreting Roman law and understanding ancient legal history. After exemplifying the close relation of the Pentateuch and the cuneiform law, we focus on the reception and modification of the Greco-Hellenistic diathēkē (testament), which came into Jewish law during tannaitic times as dîjathîqî and was reinterpreted by the rabbis as donation. Finally, we compare the rabbinic dîjathîqî and the Roman donatio mortis causa.
Überlegungen zur Litiskreszenz bei der actio ex testamento
Authors: Isola Lisa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

On litiscrescence in the actio ex testamento. The phenomenon of litiscrescence is allegedly already known to the Twelve Tables. In particular Max Kaser has convincingly attributed it to the ancient executive proceedings involving a vindex. While studies on the peculiarities of litiscrescence in the actio iudicati and the actio depensi as well as the actio legis Aquiliae (the only action which has retained this kind of ,penalty‘ in Justinian’s age) are available, an indepth study on the actio ex testamento in this context is missing. There are various specialities to consider, not only because of the different persons involved (testator, heir, legatee) but also because of the different possible objects of bequests and because there is not only o ne actio ex testamento but several. Whether general conclusions on litiscrescence can be drawn from these constellations will have to be considered.
Die actio quasi Publiciana im byzantinischen Recht
Authors: de Jong Hylkje 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Die actio quasi Publiciana im byzantinischen Recht. In literature, D. 17,1,57 has been extensively discussed. In this fragment the former owner could reclaim his property by using the actio Publiciana, notwithstanding that the defendants had in good faith acquired ownership by acquisitive prescription (usucapio). The actio Publiciana in D. 17,1,57 should be interpreted as a special form of the actio Publiciana, which was normally given to a possessor in good faith. From Basilica-scholia it can be deduced that this special action, mentioned as actio quasi Publiciana, also applies in other cases. In Justinianic and Byzantine law the judge had to evaluate whether it was right that the defendant could raise an exceptio iusti dominii against this special form of the actio Publiciana.
Zur Textkonstitution und Editionsgeschichte von D. 27,1,6,14 (Mod. 2 excus.)
Authors: Kaiser Wolfgang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Reconstruction and Editorial History of D. 27,1,6,14 (Mod. 2 excus.). The Codex Florentinus, sole witness of the complete Graeca Modestini, is partially illegible at D. 27,1,6,14. This paper argues that the damaged part read ἔθνους ἱερωσύνη, against Mommsen’s rendering (ἔθνους ἱεραρχία). It then reviews the paragraph’s editorial history.
Zum Text der epistula in D. 34,4,30,1 (Scaev. 20 dig.)
Authors: Kaiser Wolfgang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

On the text of the epistula in D. 34,4,30,1 (Scaev. 20 dig.). The paper proposes to structure the epistula in D. 34,4,30,1 into a salutation, an affirmation of the following disposition, and the disposition. Over the course of the text’s tradition, parts of the disposition probably went lost, which led to a corruption.
Emendationen zu D. 29,1,2, D. 40,5,20 sowie C. 1,27,2,8
Authors: Kaiser Wolfgang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Emendations to D. 29,1,2, D. 40,5,20 and C. 1,27,2,8. Mommsen’s and Krüger’s respective editions of D. 29,1,2, D. 40,5,20 and C. 1,27,2,8 have observo in stand with the accusative. It is argued that it should stand with the ablative.
The Zadar Fragment of the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum (or Lex Dei)
Authors: Frakes Robert M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A fragment from the anonymous text known as the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum (The Collation of the Laws of Moses and of the Romans) or the Lex Dei (the Law of God) has recently been identified in the State Archives in Zadar, Croatia. The Collatio is a late antique collection of Old Testament strictures and passages from Roman jurists and Roman law which continues to be the subject of scholarly debate. Close examination of this new fragment in the context of the manuscript tradition of the work can give insight into the nature of the lost codex from which it came as well as shed light on the transmission of the Collatio in the Middle Ages.
Household Food Security and Infant Adiposity
Authors: Benjamin-Neelon Sara E. , Allen Carter , Neelon Brian 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVES:
Food insecurity has been associated with obesity, but previous studies are inconsistent and few included infants. We examined associations between household food security and infant adiposity and assessed the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) as effect modifiers. We hypothesized that infants from food-insecure households would have greater adiposity, with attenuation by WIC and SNAP.

METHODS:
We repeatedly measured 666 infants from the southeastern United States in 2013–2017. We categorized households as high, marginal, low, or very low using the US Household Food Security Survey Module. Outcomes were BMI z score, subscapular and triceps skinfold-for-age z score, the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds, the ratio of subscapular and triceps skinfolds, and BMI z score ≥1 (at risk for overweight). We used covariate-adjusted repeated-measures linear and logistic regressions.

RESULTS:
Of infants, 68.6% were Black and 60.5% had household incomes &lt;$20 000. Interactions between food security and WIC and/or SNAP were not significant. Compared with infants from high food security households, infants from very low food security households had higher BMI z scores (0.18 U; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01 to 0.35), higher subscapular skinfold-for-age z scores (0.31 U; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.59), a higher sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds (0.53 mm; 95% CI 0.002 to 1.07), and greater odds of being at risk for overweight (odds ratio 1.55; 95% CI 1.14 to 2.10). Infants from low food security households had greater odds of being at risk for overweight (odds ratio 1.72; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.10).

CONCLUSIONS:
In larger and longer studies, researchers should examine food security and adiposity in young children.
ВПЛИВ ФІНАНСОВОЇ КРИЗИ В УКРАЇНІ 2014—2015 РОКІВ НА РІВЕНЬ ФІНАНСОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ БАНКІВ
Authors: V. G. Alkema  , A. S. Zaverbnyj  , N. M. Grabar  , Yu. O. Lisitsyna  , M.-M. R. Barylіuk  
Published: August 2020

Визначено, що комерційні банки функціонують у складному операційному середовищі, а це зумовлено впливом низки факторів політичних, соціальних, економічних, що здебільшого є малопрогнозованими і деструктивними. Обґрунтовано зовнішні ключові параметри, через які опосередковується вплив на процес забезпечення фінансової безпеки банків. Досліджено взаємозв’язок між розміром ставки нормативів обов’язкового резервування і рівнем фінансової безпеки банку. Проаналізовано стан активів, зобов’язань і власного капіталу за групами банків упродовж 2012—2016 рр.. Визначено роль центрального банку в регулюванні діяльності банків щодо забезпечення їхньої фінансової безпеки. Обґрунтовано доцільність запровадження НБУ санкцій на проведення будь-яких фінансових операцій банків із російським капіталом на користь материнських структур. Визначено ключові проблеми, які стримують процес забезпечення фінансової безпеки банків у розрізі і функціональних складових (капітало-ресурсної безпеки, кредитно-інвестиційної, валютної та безпечного рівня доходів і витрат. Запропоновано методичний підхід до рейтингової оцінки банків за рівнем їхньої фінансової безпеки на основі аналізу показників-стимуляторів / дестимуляторів аналізованих банків. Обґрунтовано проведення рейтингової оцінки банку за рівнем його фінансової безпеки на основі порівняння j-го КБ з «еталоном» — банком, який має найкращі результати щодо кожного показника — максимальні значення для стимуляторів і мінімальні — для дестимуляторів. Рейтинг визначено як середнє арифметичне стандартизованих показників, зведених у матрицю ключових показників. Доведено необхідність групування аналізованих банків за рівнем їхньої фінансової безпеки. Обґрунтовано використання методу групування об’єктів дослідження як інструменту упорядкування аналізованих банків. Визначено емпіричним шляхом з обліком якісних, неформалізованих характеристик чотири групи банків за рівнем їхньої фінансової безпеки (з високим рівнем фінансової безпеки, достатнім, низьким і критичним).
MONITORING OF EXCHANGE RISK OF BANKS BASED ON THE CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET INDEX
Authors: L. V. Kuznetsova  , A. N. Kuznietsov  , Ju. B. Derkach  
Published: August 2020

The paper deals with basic approaches to monitoring of the currency risk. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the complex application of risk assessment methods to prevent the adoption of its excessive level, as well as instruments for monitoring the profitability of operations in the foreign exchange market, based on the calculation of the consolidated balanced index.
It was determined that in the context of the volatility of the national currency the exposure of banks to currency risk increases significantly, it means that is, the magnitude of the consequences of its manifestation for most financial intermediaries increases. The authors of the paper consider the system of currency risk management as a set of goals, principles, functions, methods, tools and specific techniques of purposeful, continuous influence of the management system on the managed one for timely estimation and monitoring of currency risk in order to minimize it and achieve specified parameters of currency yields.
In according to current management standards, implemented by leading financial institutions and international regulators, currency risk monitoring mechanisms must not only timely and effectively identify deviations from key risk targets, but also provide for the ability to identify unforeseen situations.
It was proved that that the monitoring tools, policies and procedures have to meet a number of criteria, which are taken into account at the achievement of the main goals of the bank and increase its resistance to external shocks on the foreign exchange market. Taking into account the fact that the value of currency risk by the ES metric is included in the calculation of the consolidated balanced index, the change in the regulatory regimes is made on the basis of the projected deviations of the CEI from the target corridor, recorded at the initial stage in determining the level of risk exposure of the bank. Thus, the proposed balanced approach to forecasting involves the use, on the one hand, of statistically reliable quantitative analysis tools and, on the other hand, qualitative environmental change signals that aggregate the benefits of structural methods, while providing the flexibility and timeliness of managerial decision-making.
The specification of currency risk management regimes should be tailored to the specific features of a particular bank and have a combinatorial nature that involves the integration of individual impulses by analysis tools, forecasting, time horizons and levels of management, as well as in terms of components of the CEI consolidated balance sheet and risk level of activity in the foreign exchange market. This approach allows for the flexibility of management systems and their adaptability to the external conditions of the bank, and the use of quality monitoring signals increases the speed of decision-making and elimination of deficiencies that can be inherent in econometric assessment tools.
PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONING OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES CONSIDERING PROBABILITY OF TERMINATION OF THEIR ACTIVITY
Authors: S. V. Hushko  , O. A. Temchenko  , I. I. Kryshtopa  
Published: August 2020

This article highlights theoretical and practical aspects of financial stability of modern domestic and foreign industrial companies with full cycle of extraction and processing of minerals.
It was detected that nowadays there is no clearly developed system of quantitative and target indicators of management of sustainable and efficient development of modern domestic and foreign industrial companies in conditions of uncertainty, economic instability and aggressive business environment.
Basing on the usage of world’s experience of usage of key models of multiple discriminatory analysis of assessment of probability of bankruptcy, we have developed relevant recommendations that disclose influence of negative trends on peculiarities of functioning of modern industrial leading companies and probability of termination of their activity in the nearest future.
Received scientific results and relevant financial and economic calculations must be used in context of making justified management decisions in modern industrial companies concerning provision of their successful functioning and increasing of the efficiency of their business activity with the possibility of strengthening of competitor positions on the external market of iron ore raw materials by means of implementation of programs of financial rehabilitation and anti-crisis measures in order to solve the priority tasks of updating energy-intensive and physically-worn technological complexes.
Basing on system research, the authors proposed scientific and methodical approach to substantiation of influence of key aspects of functioning of modern industrial domestic and foreign companies on the efficiency of their activity considering implementation of financial strategies of support and further effective usage of mineral deposits in difficult economic conditions.
FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON EMPLOYMENT IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESS IN UKRAINE
Authors: I. V. Zhurakovska  , R. V. Sydorenko  , T. O. Shmatkovska  , I. I. Brodska  
Published: August 2020

In small and medium-sized businesses, the vast majority of the entire officially employed able-bodied population of the country is employed.
The number of employed people, small and medium enterprises, external factors have a significant influence, which depend on measures implemented by state authorities to stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the country.
In the scientific literature of different countries there are works based on the study of similar problems by conducting a survey among representatives of small and medium enterprises.
The imperfection of existing state supportive programs and the development of small and medium-sized businesses necessitates an urgent need to analyze their compliance with modern market conditions.
The study includes an analysis of the impact of various external factors on the number of employees in the small and medium-sized business.
A significant number of negative factors of influence on small and medium-sized businesses indicated in the state support and development programs do not really have a significant impact on the efficiency of the activities of such entities.The views of representatives of small and medium-sized businesses and state bodies do not coincide with the main problems of activity.
In order to increase the number of employed in small and medium-sized businesses, it is proposed to shift the emphasis of state support and development programs to the established key factors of influence.