bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Labels Increase Category Coherence, But Only When People Have the Goal to Coordinate
Authors: Suffill Ellise , Branigan Holly , Pickering Martin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFrom infancy, we recognize that labels denote category membership and help us to identify the critical features that objects within a category share. Labels not only reflect how we categorize, but also allow us to communicate and share categories with others. Given the special status of labels as markers of category membership, do novel labels (i.e., non‐words) affect the way in which adults select dimensions for categorization in unsupervised settings? Additionally, is the purpose of this effect primarily coordinative (i.e., do labels promote shared understanding of how we categorize objects)? To address this, we conducted two experiments in which participants individually categorized images of mountains with or without novel labels, and with or without a goal of coordination, within a non‐communicative paradigm. People who sorted items with novel labels had more similar categories than people who sorted without labels only when they were told that their categories should make sense to other people, and not otherwise. We argue that sorters' goals determine whether novel labels promote the development of socially coherent categories.
Aconitine induces cardiomyocyte damage by mitigating BNIP3‐dependent mitophagy and the TNFα‐NLRP3 signalling axis
Authors: Peng Fu , Zhang Nan , Wang Chunting , Wang Xiaoyun , Huang Wei , Peng Cheng , He Gu , Han Bo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesAconitine, the natural product extracted from Aconitum species, is widely used for the treatment of various diseases, including rheumatism, arthritis, bruises, fractures and pains. However, many studies have reported cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity caused by aconitine, but the detailed mechanism underlying aconitine's effect on these processes remains unclear.Materials and methodsThe effects of aconitine on the inflammation, apoptosis and viability of H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry, Western blot, RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.ResultsAconitine suppressed cardiomyocyte proliferation and induced inflammation and apoptosis in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. These inflammatory damages could be reversed by a TNFα inhibitor and BNIP3‐mediated mitophagy. Consistent with the in vitro results, overexpression of BNIP3 in heart tissue partially suppressed the cardiotoxicity of aconitine by inhibiting apoptosis and the NLRP3 inflammasome.ConclusionsOur findings lay a foundation for the application of a TNFα inhibitor and BNIP3 to aconitine‐induced cardiac toxicity prevention and therapy, thereby demonstrating potential for further investigation.
Association between referral source and duration of untreated psychosis in pathways to care among first episode psychosis patients in Northern Malawi
Authors: Kaminga Atipatsa C. , Myaba Japhet , Dai Wenjie , Liu Aizhong , Chilale Harris K. , Kubwalo Paul F. , Madula Precious , Banda Richard , Pan Xiongfeng , Wen Shi W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine the association between referral source and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and explore determinants of referral source; when adjusting for pathways to care, positive and negative symptoms, diagnosis and socio‐demographic characteristics.MethodsA total of 140 subjects with first episode psychosis (FEP) were enrolled from a pilot early intervention service for psychosis in Northern Malawi between June 2009 and September 2012. Logistic regression analyses were used to quantify the associations between variables of interest.ResultsAge ranged between 18 and 65 at assessment, with median, 33. Median DUP was 12.5 months. First contact did not independently determine DUP. Long DUP (>6 months) was associated with referral from community based volunteer (CBV) or traditional healer (TH), a unit increase in severity of negative symptoms and having schizophrenia, which was also associated with referral from CBV or TH. Additionally, being unemployed was associated with referral from CBV or TH. However, a unit increase in the number of times religious advice (RA) was sought, GP was contacted and severity of positive symptoms was associated with referral by GP.ConclusionsMental health awareness is justified for this population and collaboration with THs in identifying and treating patients with psychosis may help reduce treatment delays. Access to mental health services ought to improve, particularly for the unemployed group. Future studies should consider adjusting for referral source when ascertaining first contact source as a predictor of DUP.
Metabolomic analysis of synovial fluid from Thoroughbred racehorses diagnosed with palmar osteochondral disease using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Graham R. J. T. Y. , Anderson J. R. , Phelan M. M. , Cillan‐Garcia E. , Bladon B. M. , Taylor S. E. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryBackgroundPalmar osteochondral disease (POD) is a common cause of lameness in competition horses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive diagnostic modality currently available, however it may not be financially or logistically practical for routine screening of POD. There is increasing interest in the use of metabolomics for diagnosis prior to progression to irreversible damage.ObjectivesTo determine metabolite levels in synovial fluid (SF) of horses with a clinical diagnosis of POD based on diagnostic analgesia and MRI, with the hypothesis that metabolomic profiles differ between diseased and healthy joints.Study designProspective clinical study.MethodsSynovial fluid was collected from metacarpo/tarsophalangeal joints (MC/TPJ) of 29 horses (n = 51 joints), including 14 controls (n = 26) and 15 cases (n = 25), the latter with lameness localised to the MC/TPJ and MR changes consistent with POD (n = 23). Spectra were produced using 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and analysed.ResultsTwenty‐five metabolites were recognised associated with various biosynthetic and degradation pathways. The metabolite abundances within the controls demonstrated increased variability compared with the clinical group. The low level of variance between the spectra of the two groups was explained by five principal components. Cross‐validation of the cohort demonstrated modest separation of predictive power (R2 = 0.67; Q2 = 0.34). Although statistical significance was not achieved, the most influential metabolites were glucose and lactate.Main limitationsThe modest sample size and variation in signalment, background and presenting condition of the controls may have impacted the discriminative power of the constructed models. The lack of matched controls, differences in time of fluid collection and freezing times may have also reduced accuracy when representing metabolite profiles.ConclusionsThis study identified and quantified metabolites present in MC/TPJ SF of clinical cases with POD.
Evaluation of off‐target effects of gapmer antisense oligonucleotides using human cells
Authors: Yoshida Tokuyuki , Naito Yuki , Yasuhara Hidenori , Sasaki Kiyomi , Kawaji Hideya , Kawai Jun , Naito Mikihiko , Okuda Haruhiro , Obika Satoshi , Inoue Takao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAntisense oligonucleotide (ASO) has the potential to induce off‐target effects due to complementary binding between the ASO and unintended RNA with a sequence similar to the target RNA. Conventional animal studies cannot be used to assess toxicity induced by off‐target effects because of differences in the genome sequence between humans and other animals. Consequently, the assessment of off‐target effects with in silico analysis using a human RNA database and/or in vitro expression analysis using human cells has been proposed.Our previous study showed that the number of complementary regions of ASOs with mismatches in the human RNA sequences increases dramatically as the number of tolerated mismatches increases. However, to what extent the expression of genes with mismatches is affected by off‐target effects at the cellular level is not clear. In this study, we evaluated off‐target effects of gapmer ASOs, which cleave the target RNA in an RNase H‐dependent manner, by introducing the ASO into human cells and performing microarray analysis. Our data indicate that gapmer ASOs induce off‐target effects depending on the degree of complementarity between the ASO and off‐target candidate genes. Based on our results, we also propose a scheme for the assessment of off‐target effects of gapmer ASOs.
Human leucocyte antigen diversity: A biological gift to escape infections, no longer a barrier for haploidentical Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Andreani Marco , Gaspari Stefania , Locatelli Franco 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSince the beginning of life, every multicellular organism appeared to have a complex innate immune system although the adaptive immune system, centred on lymphocytes bearing antigen receptors generated by somatic recombination, arose in jawed fish approximately 500 million years ago. The major histocompatibility complex MHC, named the Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system in humans, represents a vital function structure in the organism by presenting pathogen‐derived peptides to T cells as the main initial step of the adaptive immune response. The huge level of polymorphism observed in HLA genes definitely reflects selection, favouring heterozygosity at the individual or population level, in a pathogen‐rich environment, although many are located in introns or in exons that do not code for the antigen‐biding site of the HLA. Over the past three decades, the extent of allelic diversity at HLA loci has been well characterized using high‐resolution HLA‐DNA typing and the number of new HLA alleles, produced through next‐generation sequencing methods, is even more rapidly increasing. The level of the HLA system polymorphism represents an obstacle to the search of potential compatible donors for patients affected by haematological disease proposed for a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Data reported in literature clearly show that antigenic and/or allelic mismatches between related or unrelated donors and patients influences the successful HSCT outcome. However, the recent development of the new transplant strategy based on the choice of haploidentical donors for HSCT is questioning the role of HLA compatibility, since the great HLA disparities present do not worsen the overall clinical outcome. Nowadays, NGS has contributed to define at allelic levels the HLA polymorphism and solve potential ambiguities. However, HLA functions and tissue typing probably need to be further investigated in the next future, to understand the reasons why in haploidentical transplants the presence of a whole mismatch haplotype between donors and recipients, both the survival rate and the incidence of acute GvHD or graft rejection are similar to those reported for unrelated HSCTs.
Factors influencing medication‐taking behaviour with adjuvant endocrine therapy in women with breast cancer: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Xu Hui , Zhang Xiu‐jie , Wang Da‐qiu , Xu Lei , Wang Ai-ping 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsTo explore the experience and feelings associated with the endocrine therapy treatment trajectory in women with breast cancer and what affects medication taking behaviour.DesignQualitative systematic review.Data sourcesQualitative studies were extracted from PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO from inception of each database until February 2019.Review methodsThe systematic search method SPIDER (sample, phenomenon of interest, design, evaluation, research type) was used. Thematic synthesis of the qualitative data was used.ResultsA total of 478 were identified in the initial search. Only 17 articles met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Five analytical themes and 17 descriptive subthemes were identified.ConclusionsThe systematic review highlights knowledge, balancing the scales, self‐efficacy and support influence medication taking behaviour to women with breast cancer.ImpactThe medication taking behaviour of breast cancer women can be classified into four types: acceptance/persistence, bearing/suffering, hesitation/adjustment, refusing/abandoning. The four types can switch from one to another. Medication taking behaviour is affected by knowledge, balancing the scales, self‐efficacy, and support. The medical institutions, communities, and families can gain knowledge of the treatment experiences of women to better understand medication taking behaviour and those at risk for non‐adherence. Women wanted different types and amounts of information. Healthcare providers should be aware of patient preferences and take targeted interventions to help them receive treatment.
Glycyrrhizin mitigates radiation‐induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4 signalling pathway
Authors: Zheng Lei , Zhu Qian , Xu Cheng , Li Min , Li Huan , Yi Pei‐Qiang , Xu Fei‐Fei , Cao Lu , Chen Jia‐Yi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRadiation‐induced lung injury (RILI) is the major complication of thoracic radiation therapy, and no effective treatment is available. This study explored the role of high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in acute RILI and the therapeutic effect of glycyrrhizin, an inhibitor of HMGB1, on RILI. C57BL/6 mice received a 20 Gy dose of X‐ray radiation to the whole thorax with or without administration of glycyrrhizin. Severe lung inflammation was present 12 weeks after irradiation, although only a mild change was noted at 2 weeks and could be alleviated by administration of glycyrrhizin. Glycyrrhizin decreased the plasma concentrations of HMGB1 and sRAGE as well as TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The expression of RAGE was decreased while that of TLR4 was significantly increased at 12 weeks, but not 2 weeks, after irradiation in mouse lung tissue. In vitro, the expression of TLR4 increased in RAW 264.7 cells after conditioning with the supernatant from the irradiated MLE‐12 cells containing HMGB1 but showed no change when conditioned medium without HMGB1 was used. However, conditioned culture had no effect on RAGE expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Glycyrrhizin also inhibited the related downstream transcription factors of HMGB/TLR4, such as NF‐κB, JNK and ERK1/2, in lung tissue and RAW 264.7 cells when TLR4 was activated. In conclusion, the HMGB1/TLR4 pathway mediates RILI and can be mitigated by glycyrrhizin.
Occurrence and molecular characterization of betanodaviruses in fish and invertebrates of the Greek territorial waters
Authors: Bitchava Konstantina , Chassalevris Taxiarchis , Lampou Eirini , Athanassopoulou Fotini , Economou Vangelis , Dovas Chrysostomos I. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBetanodaviruses are small ssRNA viruses that cause viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, a severe neuropathological infectious disease in marine fish species worldwide. In the present study, the occurrence of betanodaviruses was investigated in wild and cultured populations of fishes and invertebrates of the Greek territorial waters. Betanodaviruses were detected in 35 species belonging to 21 families and 12 orders. To our knowledge, 23 of those are reported for the first time in Greek waters, while 11 of them are reported for the first time globally. The positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial segments of RNA1 and RNA2 genes. Almost all the viruses circulating in Greece fell within RGNNV genotype, while reassortant viruses were detected in three samples, namely two inter‐RGNNV and one RGNNV/SJNNV. A novel unclassified Betanodavirus sequence was also identified. Most of the Greek sequence types have a restricted geographic distribution except for two RNA1 and one RNA2 sequence types that are widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin. The results of this study indicate the range of reservoirs/hosts of betanodaviruses and also their wide spread in the Greek territorial waters and reinforce the hypothesis that wild fish species transmit the virus to cultured ones and vice versa.
Electromagnetic fields assisted blanching—Effect on the dielectric and physicochemical properties of cabbage
Authors: Xu Jingjing , Wang Bo , Wang Yuchuan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBlanching is an important step in commercial processing of vegetables. The application of innovative thermal technologies (such as electromagnetic fields) in the blanching process is gradually becoming the mainstream. The dielectric materials (e.g., high‐moisture foods) can be heated by the electromagnetic fields and its heating mechanism are closely related to dielectric properties. In this study, the mechanism on dielectric properties of cabbage by electromagnetic fields assisted blanching, including radio frequency (27.12 MHz) blanching (RFB), low frequency (915 MHz) microwave (LFMB), and high frequency (2,450 MHz) microwave (HFMB) was studied and their effects on physicochemical characteristics were also investigated. Compared to hot water blanching, electromagnetic fields assisted blanching significantly improved the dielectric properties and increased nutrient retention of blanched cabbage. Higher ε′ (174.38, 74.69) and ε″ (434.82, 16.50) values of blanched cabbage were obtained through RFB at 27.12 MHz and 915 MHz. The ε′ and ε″ values of blanched cabbage at 2,450 MHz were similar by using electromagnetic fields assisted blanching. Richer volatile compounds, better flavor, higher chlorophyll content (422.77 mg/100 g dry solid) and ascorbic acid content (19.32 mg/g dry solid) were also observed in the RFB blanched cabbage. RFB could be a promising and efficient method for cabbage blanching.Practical ApplicationsElectromagnetic field‐assisted blanching is superior to conventional hot water blanching in dielectric properties and products physicochemical characteristic, which can be developed into a new and highly efficient alternative pretreatment method. This study provides a theoretical basis for the electromagnetic field‐assisted blanching and quality control of cabbage.
The role of oxytocin in regulation of appetitive behaviour, body weight and glucose homeostasis
Authors: Lawson Elizabeth A. , Olszewski Pawel K. , Weller Aron , Blevins James E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObesity and its associated complications have reached epidemic proportions in the USA and also worldwide, highlighting the need for new and more effective treatments. Although the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) is well recognised for its peripheral effects on reproductive behaviour, the release of OXT from somatodendrites and axonal terminals within the central nervous system (CNS) is also implicated in the control of energy balance. In this review, we summarise historical data highlighting the effects of exogenous OXT as a short‐term regulator of food intake in a context‐specific manner and the receptor populations that may mediate these effects. We also describe what is known about the physiological role of endogenous OXT in the control of energy balance and whether serum and brain levels of OXT relate to obesity on a consistent basis across animal models and humans with obesity. We describe recent data on the effectiveness of chronic CNS administration of OXT to decrease food intake and weight gain or to elicit weight loss in diet‐induced obese (DIO) and genetically obese mice and rats. Of clinical importance is the finding that chronic central and peripheral OXT treatments both evoke weight loss in obese animal models with impaired leptin signalling at doses that are not associated with visceral illness, tachyphylaxis or adverse cardiovascular effects. Moreover, these results have been largely recapitulated following chronic s.c. or intranasal treatment in DIO non‐human primates (rhesus monkeys) and obese humans, respectively. We also identify plausible mechanisms that contribute to the effects of OXT on body weight and glucose homeostasis in rodents, non‐human primates and humans. We conclude by describing the ongoing challenges that remain before OXT‐based therapeutics can be used as a long‐term strategy to treat obesity in humans.
Ift88 is involved in mandibular development
Authors: Kitamura Atsushi , Kawasaki Maiko , Kawasaki Katsushige , Meguro Fumiya , Yamada Akane , Nagai Takahiro , Kodama Yasumitsu , Trakanant Supaluk , Sharpe Paul T. , Maeda Takeyasu , Takagi Ritsuo , Ohazama Atsushi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe mandible is a crucial organ in both clinical and biological fields due to the high frequency of congenital anomalies and the significant morphological changes during evolution. Primary cilia play a critical role in many biological processes, including the determination of left/right axis patterning, the regulation of signaling pathways, and the formation of bone and cartilage. Perturbations in the function of primary cilia are known to cause a wide spectrum of human diseases: the ciliopathies. Craniofacial dysmorphologies, including mandibular deformity, are often seen in patients with ciliopathies. Mandibular development is characterized by chondrogenesis and osteogenesis; however, the role of primary cilia in mandibular development is not fully understood. To address this question, we generated mice with mesenchymal deletions of the ciliary protein, Ift88 (Ift88fl/fl;Wnt1Cre). Ift88fl/fl;Wnt1Cre mice showed ectopic mandibular bone formation, whereas Ift88 mutant mandible was slightly shortened. Meckel's cartilage was modestly expanded in Ift88fl/fl;Wnt1Cre mice. The downregulation of Hh signaling was found in most of the mesenchyme of Ift88 mutant mandible. However, mice with a mesenchymal deletion of an essential molecule for Hh signaling activity, Smo (Smofl/fl;Wnt1Cre), showed only ectopic mandibular formation, whereas Smo mutant mandible was significantly shortened. Ift88 is thus involved in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development, partially through regulating Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling.