bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open‐Mindedness in a “Post‐Truth” Era
Authors: Richardson Troy 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn discussing open‐mindedness, virtue epistemologists emphasize revising one's cognitive standpoint by taking seriously the views of others, where this process is seen to be a reliable way of identifying one's biases and forming true beliefs. Yet in defending open‐mindedness, virtue epistemologists tend to give little attention to two areas of scholarship. First, they tend to overlook the psychoanalytic challenges of evasion and disavowal that so often operate in the enactment of and attempts at open‐mindedness. Second, they undervalue scholarship that notes the longer arc of a relation between post‐truth conditions and settler colonial structures. In other words, there appears to be an evasion of those views that associate the United States with dispossession, settler colonialism, and projects of decolonization according to postcontinental philosophies. This essay by Troy Richardson clarifies some of the critical vocabulary needed to bridge virtue epistemology committed to open‐mindedness and scholarship that has shifted the terms of analysis toward active projects for decolonization based on postcontinental philosophies.
Colony‐level chemical profiles do not provide reliable information about colony size in the honey bee
Authors: Smith Michael L. , Kingwell Callum J. , Böröczky Katalin , Kessler André 
Published: January 2020

1. Chemical communication facilitates colony function across social insects, providing workers with information about individual and colony state. Although workers use chemical cues to detect developmental transitions in individuals, it is unknown whether workers can also use colony‐level chemical profiles to detect the developmental state of their colony. Indeed, it is largely unknown how colony‐level chemical profiles change as colonies grow and develop.2. Reproductive onset is a major developmental transition and, in the honey bee,Apis mellifera, colonies must surpass a threshold colony size before workers will invest in reproduction. Given the ubiquity of chemical communication, the present study investigated whether colony‐level chemical profiles change with colony size.3. Chemical compounds deposited by workers of three colony sizes (5000, 10 000, 15 000 workers) collected over a 4‐day time‐series (0, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h), as well as worker cuticular lipids, were sampled.4. In total, 26 compounds deposited on nest surfaces and 20 compounds in worker cuticular lipids were identified; it took up to 24 h for sampled nest surfaces to reach saturation in the number and amount of deposited compounds.5. Among these compounds, no qualitative or quantitative indicators of colony size were found, suggesting that deposited chemical compounds are not semiochemicals in this context. Volatile pheromones have also been shown previously to not play a role in signaling colony size. Therefore, honey bee workers are unlikely to use deposited chemical cues to detect colony size, and must rely instead on other modalities, such as physical cues of worker density.
Functional diversification of two bilin reductases for light perception and harvesting in unique cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina MBIC 11017
Authors: Miyake Keita , Fushimi Keiji , Kashimoto Tomonori , Maeda Kaisei , Ni‐Ni‐Win  , Kimura Hiroyuki , Sugishima Masakazu , Ikeuchi Masahiko , Narikawa Rei 
Published: January 2020

Bilin pigments play important roles for both light perception and harvesting in cyanobacteria by binding to cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) and phycobilisomes (PBS), respectively. Among various cyanobacteria, Acaryochloris marina MBIC 11017 (A. marina 11017) exceptionally uses chlorophyll d as the main photosynthetic pigment absorbing longer wavelength light than the canonical pigment, chlorophyll a, indicating existence of a system to sense longer wavelength light than others. On the other hand, A. marina 11017 has the PBS apparatus to harvest short‐wavelength orange light, similar to most cyanobacteria. Thus, A. marina 11017 might sense longer wavelength light and harvest shorter wavelength light by using bilin pigments. Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is the main bilin pigment of both systems. Phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA) catalyzes PCB synthesis from biliverdin via the intermediate 181,182‐dihydrobiliverdin (181,182‐DHBV), resulting in the stepwise shortening of the absorbing wavelengths. In this study, we found that A. marina 11017 exceptionally encodes two PcyA homologs, AmPcyAc and AmPcyAp. AmPcyAc is encoded on the main chromosome with most photoreceptor genes, whereas AmPcyAp is encoded on a plasmid with PBS‐related genes. High accumulation of 181,182‐DHBV for extended periods was observed during the reaction catalyzed by AmPcyAc, whereas 181,182‐DHBV was transiently accumulated for a short period during the reaction catalyzed by AmPcyAp. CBCRs could sense longer wavelength far‐red light through 181,182‐DHBV incorporation, whereas PBS could only harvest orange light through PCB incorporation, suggesting functional diversification of PcyA as AmPcyAc and AmPcyAp to provide 181,182‐DHBV and PCB to the light perception and harvesting systems, respectively.
Digital pathology for primary diagnosis of screen‐detected breast lesions – experimental data, validation and experience from four centres
Authors: Williams Bethany , Hanby Andrew , Millican‐Slater Rebecca , Verghese Eldo , Nijhawan Anju , Wilson Imogen , Besusparis Justinas , Clark David , Snead David , Rakha Emad , Treanor Darren 
Published: January 2020

AimThe rate of deployment of digital pathology (DP) systems for primary diagnosis in the UK is accelerating. The flexibility and resilience of digital versus standard glass slides could be of great benefit in the NHS breast screening programme (NHSBSP). This study aims to document the safety and benefits of DP for preoperative tissue diagnosis of screen‐detected breast lesions.Methods and resultsConcordance data for glass and digital slides of the same cases from four sites were subjected to detailed concordance–discordance analysis. A literature review of DP in the primary diagnosis of breast lesions is presented, making this the most comprehensive synthesis of digital breast cancer histopathological diagnostic data to date. Detailed concordance analysis of experimental data from two histopathology departments reveals clinical concordance rates for breast biopsies of 96% (216 of 225) and 99.6% (249 of 250). Data from direct comparison validation studies in two histopathology departments, utilising the protocol recommended by the Royal College of Pathologists, found concordance rates for breast histology cases of 99.4% (180 of 181) and 99.0% (887 of 896). An intraobserver variation study for glass versus digital slides for difficult cases from the NHSBSP yielded a kappa statistic of 0.80, indicating excellent agreement. Discordances encountered in the studies most frequently concerned discrepancies in grading attributable to mitotic count‐scoring and identification of weddelite.ConclusionsThe experience of four histopathology laboratories and our review of pre‐existing literature suggests that DP is safe for the primary diagnosis of NHSBSP breast histology specimens, and does not increase the risk of misclassification.
Recurrent RET gene fusions in paediatric spindle mesenchymal neoplasms*
Authors: Davis Jessica L , Vargas Sara O , Rudzinski Erin R , López Marti Jessica M , Janeway Katherine , Forrest Suzanne , Winsnes Katrina , Pinto Navin , Yang Sung E , VanSandt Mandy , Boyd Theonia K , Corless Christopher L , Liu Yajuan J , Surrey Lea F , Harris Marian H , Church Alanna , Al‐Ibraheemi Alyaa 
Published: January 2020

AimsThe classification of paediatric spindle mesenchymal tumours is evolving, and the spectrum of so‐called ‘infantile fibrosarcoma’ has expanded to include tumours with NTRK, BRAF and MET gene fusions. RET‐rearranged paediatric spindle cell neoplasms are an emerging group; there is sparse literature on their clinical, pathological and genetic features, and their nosological place in the canon of soft tissue tumours is uncertain. In this study, we report five RET‐rearranged paediatric spindle cell tumours with fusion partners MYH10, KIAA1217 and CLIP2.Methods and resultsThe tumours occurred in the pelvic region, paraspinal region, kidney and subcutaneous tissue of hand and abdomen. The patients’ ages ranged from 6 months to 13 years (median 1 year). The tumours were composed of monomorphic spindle cells arranged in a fascicular pattern. Lesional cells had minimally atypical ovoid or tapered nuclei and pale cytoplasm with indistinct borders. Necrosis was not identified. Mitoses numbered three to 12 per 10 high‐power field. Cases showed inconsistent and variable expression of S100, CD34 and SMA. Clinical behaviour ranged from small lesions potentially cured by simple resection to large lesions exhibiting metastasis, but responsive to kinase inhibitor therapy.ConclusionsOur findings help to define RET‐rearranged spindle cell tumours. Although it is likely that these tumours comprise part of the morphological and clinical spectrum of infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS), identification of RET gene alteration is important for its unique therapeutic implications.
Extended preservation of raw beef and pork meat by hyperbaric storage at room temperature
Authors: Santos Mauro D. , Delgadillo Ivonne , Saraiva Jorge A. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryHyperbaric storage (HS) was evaluated as a new food preservation methodology at room temperature (RT) for beef and pork meat, both minced and in pieces, and compared to refrigeration (RF) storage. The meat samples were stored at 50, 75 and 100 MPa and variable RT up to 60 days. HS at 75 and 100 MPa could not only inhibit microbial growth but also inactivate microorganisms. Regarding physicochemical analyses, an overall equal to better pH maintenance in HS samples was achieved, and similar colour differences between HS and RF were observed. Generally, similarities in moisture content and drip loss between HS (mostly 75 and 100 MPa) and RF were detected (tendency for lower values in the former and higher values in the latter for the higher pressure level). Protein solubility revealed a decrease of sarcoplasmic protein values during storage with a pressure level dependency in some samples.
Commentary: A Citizenship without Social Rights? EU Freedom of Movement and Changing Access to Welfare Rights
Authors: Barbulescu Roxana , Favell Adrian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite not being grounded in the classic nation‐building dynamic of citizenship identified by T.H.Marshall, EU citizenship offers social rights and welfare protection to non‐nationals on a principle of non‐discrimination. We narrate a creeping process of retrenchment by which European member states have used policy strategies to undermine this principle, by transforming the unique idea of free movement of persons in the EU to just another form of “immigration” which can be subject to selectivity and exclusion. As Europe’s multiple recent crises have unfolded, political resources were found to effect this transformation tangibly via reshaping access to welfare for EU citizens. Focusing on the cases of the UK and Germany, we discuss how, despite their distinctive welfare regimes and labour market systems, these two countries have led the way toward a dismantling of non‐discrimination for EU citizens and effectively the end of the anomalous ‘post‐national’ dimension of European citizenship.
Special Issue Introduction: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Intra‐EU Mobility in an Era of Complex Economic and Political Change
Authors: King Russell , Pratsinakis Manolis 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper introduces the special issue on ‘Intra‐EU mobilities in times of crisis'. Intra‐EU mobility has emerged as an ambivalent phenomenon. On the one hand, EU‐wide opinion polls still depict freedom of movement as the most positive aspect of European integration. On the other hand, with nationalism and xenophobia on the rise, migration and mobility are increasingly problematized and challenged. Shifting attention from the master narratives about intra‐EU mobility, the aim of the special issue is to bring to the fore the lived experiences of the key actors as recounted in a period of multiple European crises which, in turn, represent the visible and mediatized manifestations of more complex and deep‐seated processes of political and economic change. Here we provide a chronological periodization of intra‐EU mobility trends over recent decades and how they intersect with major geopolitical events, aiming to contextualise the special issue articles which are then presented.
Structural Variations of Agriculture in the Pacific
Authors: Yamauchi Hiroshi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAgricultural shares of output and employment in thirteen Pacific basin countries are analyzed with reference to a global baseline for 1980. Per‐capita output parity ratios are lower in the ASEAN, ANICs, and Japan as compared to their trading partners in North America and Oceania. Wide differences in land‐labor ratios influence the directions of technological change, economies of scale, and dynamic comparative advantage. Differential changes in the partial productivities of land and labor between the high and middle income economies suggest that there has been a narrowing of the gap in land productivities and a widening of the gap in labor productivities across the Pacific. The implication is that there has been a regressive international impact on wages for farm labor. Further, since agriculture's share of land resources does not tend to fall as fast as its share of output and labor, increasing structural imbalance in terms of differential land rents to agriculture vis‐à‐vis non‐agriculture results in greater adjustment pressures on the property and derived institutional systems that control natural resource allocation decisions. The results are consistent with the heavy adjustment burdens that agriculture and developing economies have been bearing as a result of expanding trade and capital flows, and the need to focus more attention on the structure, functioning, and performance of the different institutional systems that control resource allocation decisions in these countries.
On Why Agriculture Declines with Economic Growth
Authors: Anderson Kym 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhen economic growth is characterised by a slow rise in the demand for food and rapid growth in farm relative to non‐farm productivity, it is understandable that agriculture in a closed economy declines in relative terms as that economy develops. But why should agriculture decline in virtually all open growing economies as well, including those able to retain a comparative advantage in agricultural products? A key part of the answer is that the demand for non‐tradable goods tends to be income elastic, so resources are diverted to their production even in open economies.
A Risk Responsive Acreage Response Function for Millet in Niger
Authors: Adesina Akinwumi A. , Brorsen B. Wade 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this paper the impact of price risk on millet production in Niger is investigated. The hypothesis that farmers respond to output price risk is tested. The results indicate that millet acreage planted decreased when millet price risk increased or when price risk of the competing crop decreased and therefore farmers do respond to changes in risk.
Effects of the Energy Crisis on French Agriculture between 1974 and 1984
Authors: Bonny Sylvie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe effects that the energy crisis has had on the relatively energy‐intensive French agriculture are discussed in this paper for the period 1974–1984. The economic significance of energy in agriculture and the economic effects of higher energy prices are examined. An analysis is made of developments in the use of different sources of energy in the agricultural sector: savings in petroleum products used for heat production, diversification of fuel sources for heating, growing consumption of wood for space heating, and increased use of electricity. The effects of the energy crisis on France's agricultural economy, particularly with regard to farm income, the choice of sites for agricultural production, and trade in agro‐food products are discussed. Finally, a detailed breakdown is given of the changes in the use of production factors, caused by the increase in energy prices. Agriculture appears to have become more economical or more efficient.
Income and Employment Generation from Agricultural Processing and Marketing: The Case of Soybean in Indonesia
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Kawagoe Toshihiko , Morooka Yoshinori , Siregar Musdjidin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study aims to illustrate the potential of agricultural processing and marketing activities in generating local income and employment in developing economies, using soybean in Indonesia as a case. The results show that those activities add to rural income and employment at a scale equal or even larger than those generated from farm production itself, indicating their role in alleviating poverty and inequality in the rural sector.
Some Lessons from the Modelling of the Spanish Rice Market
Authors: Wesley E. , Peterson F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSpanish accession to the European Comminity (EC) will lead to many changes in Spain's agricultural sector. Predicting the nature of these changes is difficult because the new policy regime differs significantly from historic Spanish policies. In this paper, conventional econometric models of the Spanish rice sector are constrated with a model designed specifically to reflect the pervasive impact of Spanish rice policies. This policy model predicts the historical evolution of production, consumption and trade more accurately than the conventional models. However, the policy model cannot be used to predict the impact of the radical policy changes in Spain resulting from the introduction of the EC rice regime because the historical relationships no longer hold. It is argued that alternative approaches relying more on institutional analysis and expert opinion need to be developed to understand the future of the Spanish rice sector.
Simplified Risk Analysis in Agricultural Extension
Authors: Cruz Elmar Rodrigues da , Porto Vitor Hugo da Fonseca 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAttention is given to the major methods of assessing risk in order to make choices. The literature frequently reports studies on mean‐variance (E‐V) analysis and stochastic dominance rules. Both of these methods are compared, in an agricultural application, with the approach outlined by Hanoch and Levy. The empirical results suggests that Hanoch and Levy's criterion appear to reduce the size of the risk‐efficient set, and that the sets of recommendations from the methods under comparison were consistent. The two recommendations generated by Hanoch and Levy's rule were found to be reasonable for this particular decision process.
Grain Production and Food Security in Arab Countries
Authors: Adamowicz Mieczystaw 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGrains are the most important group of products in the food security programs of the Arab countries. These countries suffer from a shortage of food in general and in particular a shortage of grains. This results from a rapidly growing population and growing disposable incomes.This paper describes the grain sector in the economy of the Arab countries with special attention to its role in the national and regional food security programs. First, output and consumption of grains between 1973 and 1984 are analysed in all Arab countries, with special attention to wheat. Second, the concept of food security is discussed. Food security is defined as continuity of food supply to the whole population and unhampered access to food by all groups of the population. Food security is considered principally as a problem of short‐term variability of food production and instability of imports. Food insecurity is thus measured by the size of production and consumption variability in relation to the long‐term levels of consumption and production. The standard deviation and the coefficient of variation are used as indicators of the variability.Last, strategies and policies for achievement of food security are discussed. The growing food supply gap in the Arab countries implies the need to increase grain production as an element of major importance in the development of food‐security programs. Proper grain policies must foresee increases of yields, reduction of post‐harvest losses, and increased capacity to handle and store grain reserves. The establishment of national and regional Arab strategic grain stocks equal to the average magnitude of harvest shortfalls is recommended as one measure of short‐term strategy. The long‐term strategy, in turn, focuses on development of domestic agricultural production and greater cooperation among the Arab countries.
Cereal Technology Interventions for the West African Semi‐Arid Tropics
Authors: Nagy J.G. , Sanders J.H. , Ohm H.W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOne of the regions of most concern in Sub‐Saharan Africa is the geographical area of the West African semi‐arid tropics (WASAT) where there has been little impact from the green revolution and most of the region suffers from inadequate and irregular rainfall and low fertility soils. Decreasing per‐capita food production trends and 2‐3% per‐year population growth trends have convinced some to adopt a Malthusian perspective about the future of the WASAT. This paper evaluates the prospects of agricultural technologies and farm management practices that are currently proposed for the WASAT cereal farming system. The technologies are assessed with respect to their agronomic and economic feasibility, risk and their fit within the farming systems. They are ranked as to their feasibility of adoption by farmers in the short, intermediate and long run. The findings suggest that several agricultural technologies are feasible for use in the short run provided that they are used as a package. The complexity and initial high financial and human capital requirements, however, often prohibit farmers from adopting the total package simultaneously. A stepwise approach to adoption is difficult since separate adoption results in lower profitability and higher risk levels. Government policy intervention may be necessary to enable farmers to adopt single technologies en route to total package adoption.
Soil and Moisture Management in Mali: A Case Study Analysis for West Africa
Authors: Day John C. , Aillery Marcel P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn order for farmers to accept improved soil and water management practices, new technologies must be appropriate to the specific site conditions found in the farm setting and be consistent with farmers' objectives and available resources. A whole‐farm modeling analysis of this problem is described. Preliminary estimates of the benefits of increased soil moisture conservation for representative low‐resource farmers in Mali are presented. If farmers could improve rainfall infiltration from currently low rates of about 40% up to 60%, and use small amounts of chemical fertilizers, disposable income could increase two to four times depending on rainfall. Income could be increased another 50% if the infiltration rate was raised to 80%. Food grain production could increase 60 to 90% with improved moisture conservation and fertilizer use.