bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of protoplanet-induced three-dimensional gas flow on pebble accretion
Authors: Kuwahara Ayumu , Kurokawa Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2019

Context.The pebble accretion model has the potential to explain the formation of various types of planets. The main difference between this and the planetesimal accretion model is that pebbles not only experience the gravitational interaction with the growing planet but also a gas drag force from the surrounding protoplanetary disk gas.Aims.A growing planet embedded in a disk induces three-dimensional (3D) gas flow, which may influence pebble accretion. However, so far the conventional pebble accretion model has only been discussed in the unperturbed (sub-)Keplerian shear flow. In this study, we investigate the influence of 3D planet-induced gas flow on pebble accretion.Methods.Assuming a nonisothermal, inviscid gas disk, we perform 3D hydrodynamical simulations on the spherical polar grid, which has a planet located at its center. We then numerically integrate the equation of motion of pebbles in 3D using hydrodynamical simulation data.Results.We find that the trajectories of pebbles in the planet-induced gas flow differ significantly from those in the unperturbed shear flow for a wide range of investigated pebble sizes (St = 10−3–100, where St is the Stokes number). The horseshoe flow and outflow of the gas alter the motion of the pebbles, which leads to a reduction of the width of the accretion window,wacc, and the accretion cross section,Aacc. On the other hand, the changes in trajectories also cause an increase in the relative velocity of pebbles to the planet, which offsets the reduction ofwaccandAacc. As a consequence, in the Stokes regime, the accretion probability of pebbles,Pacc, in the planet-induced gas flow is comparable to that in the unperturbed shear flow except when the Stokes number is small, St ~ 10−3, in 2D accretion, or when the thermal mass of the planet is small,m= 0.03, in 3D accretion. In contrast, in the Epstein regime,Paccin the planet-induced gas flow becomes smaller than that in the shear flow in the Stokes regime in both 2D and 3D accretion, regardless of assumed St andm.Conclusions.Our results combined with the spacial variety of turbulence strength and pebble size in a disk, suggest that the 3D planet-induced gas flow may be helpful to explain the distribution of exoplanets and the architecture of the Solar System.
Peering into the formation history of β Pictoris b with VLTI/GRAVITY long-baseline interferometry
Authors:   GRAVITY Collaboration, Nowak M. , Lacour S. , Mollière P. , Wang J. , Charnay B. , van Dishoeck E. F. , Abuter R. , Amorim A. , Berger J. P. , Beust H. , Bonnefoy M. , Bonnet H. , Brandner W. , Buron A. , Cantalloube F. , Collin C. , Chapron F. , Clénet Y. , Coudé du Foresto V. , de Zeeuw P. T. , Dembet R. , Dexter J. , Duvert G. , Eckart A. , Eisenhauer F. , Förster Schreiber N. M. , Fédou P. , Garcia Lopez R. , Gao F. , Gendron E. , Genzel R. , Gillessen S. , Haußmann F. , Henning T. , Hippler S. , Hubert Z. , Jocou L. , Kervella P. , Lagrange A.-M. , Lapeyrère V. , Le Bouquin J.-B. , Léna P. , Maire A.-L. , Ott T. , Paumard T. , Paladini C. , Perraut K. , Perrin G. , Pueyo L. , Pfuhl O. , Rabien S. , Rau C. , Rodríguez-Coira G. , Rousset G. , Scheithauer S. , Shangguan J. , Straub O. , Straubmeier C. , Sturm E. , Tacconi L. J. , Vincent F. , Widmann F. , Wieprecht E. , Wiezorrek E. , Woillez J. , Yazici S. , Ziegler D. 
Published: December 2019

Context. β Pictoris is arguably one of the most studied stellar systems outside of our own. Some 30 yr of observations have revealed a highly-structured circumstellar disk, with rings, belts, and a giant planet: β Pictoris b. However very little is known about how this system came into being.
Aims. Our objective is to estimate the C/O ratio in the atmosphere of β Pictoris b and obtain an estimate of the dynamical mass of the planet, as well as to refine its orbital parameters using high-precision astrometry.
Methods. We used the GRAVITY instrument with the four 8.2 m telescopes of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer to obtain K-band spectro-interferometric data on β Pic b. We extracted a medium resolution (R = 500) K-band spectrum of the planet and a high-precision astrometric position. We estimated the planetary C/O ratio using two different approaches (forward modeling and free retrieval) from two different codes (ExoREM and petitRADTRANS, respectively). Finally, we used a simplified model of two formation scenarios (gravitational collapse and core-accretion) to determine which can best explain the measured C/O ratio.
Results. Our new astrometry disfavors a circular orbit for β Pic b (e = 0.15−0.04+0.05). Combined with previous results and with HIPPARCOS/Gaia measurements, this astrometry points to a planet mass of M = 12.7 ± 2.2 MJup. This value is compatible with the mass derived with the free-retrieval code petitRADTRANS using spectral data only. The forward modeling and free-retrieval approches yield very similar results regarding the atmosphere of β Pic b. In particular, the C/O ratios derived with the two codes are identical (0.43 ± 0.05 vs. 0.43−0.03+0.04). We argue that if the stellar C/O in β Pic is Solar, then this combination of a very high mass and a low C/O ratio for the planet suggests a formation through core-accretion, with strong planetesimal enrichment.
Percutaneous Full Endoscopic Management of Lumbar Posterior Edge Separation in Adolescents
Authors: Peng Chen , Zhou Chuanli , Zhu Kai , Zhang Hao , Tu Qihao , Ma Xuexiao , Liu Lei 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose Lumbar posterior edge separation is a common disorder with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) in adolescents. Over the years, there has been a lack of an acknowledged assessment and plan. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the feasibility of all sufferers who have received percutaneous full endoscopic treatment for lumbar posterior edge separation in adolescents.
Methods Case series of sufferers with lumbar posterior edge separation who underwent surgery in the Affiliated Hospital Qingdao University between February 2017 and December 2018 were reviewed, including 15 males and 9 females. Preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and the Korean Version of the Oswestry disability index (K-ODI) scores were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes.
Results All sufferers were followed up for 6 to 12 months, with an average time of 10.7 months. The postoperative VAS scores of low back pain and leg pain and ODIs were significantly different from the preoperative scores (p < 0.05). According to the modified Mac Nab criteria, the results were excellent in 17 cases and good in 7 cases.
Conclusions Percutaneous full endoscopic treatment can effectively achieve neurological functional recovery in sufferers with favorable efficacy and safety.
Fixação do enxerto do ligamento cruzado anterior no polo tibial: Análise biomecânica de três métodos
Authors: Weiss Fernando Pessoa , Possoli Felipe Augusto de Aguiar , Costa Isabel Ziesemer , Borges Paulo César , Stieven Filho Edmar , Kubrusly Luiz Fernando 
Published: December 2019

Resumo
Objetivo Análise biomecânica comparativa da resistência da fixação tibial para reconstrução ligamentar com parafuso de interferência, comparada com parafuso do tipo poste com arruela, e com fixação associada entre os métodos (fixação híbrida).
Métodos Foram utilizados 54 corpos de prova (tíbia suína e tendão digital bovino), que foram divididos em 3 grupos com tipos de fixação semelhantes àqueles utilizados na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior: 1) fixação com parafuso de interferência; 2) fixação com parafuso do tipo poste com arruela dentada sobre nó e fios de sutura; e 3) fixação com parafuso do tipo poste com arruela combinada com parafuso de interferência (fixação híbrida). Os testes foram realizados por meio de ensaios biomecânicos de tração tipo pull-out para determinação da rigidez e carga para falha (yield load) do sistema.
Resultados O grupo com fixação híbrida apresentou maior rigidez final (59,10 ± 3,45 N/mm) do que os demais grupos (p < 0,05), e carga superior para falha (581,34 ± 33,48 N) em relação ao grupo com parafuso de interferência (p < 0,05).
Conclusão A fixação híbrida apresentou vantagens biomecânicas com relação ao sistema de fixação do enxerto de flexor digital bovino em tíbia suína durante os ensaios de tração.
Lesões musculoesqueléticas por armas de fogo em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros
Authors: Beraldo Renato Fedatto , Forlin Edilson 
Published: December 2019

Resumo
Objetivo Avaliar e descrever lesões musculoesqueléticas por armas de fogo em crianças e adolescentes atendidas em um pronto-socorro de grande porte.
Métodos Estudo retrospectivo avaliando os prontuários de pacientes, vítimas de armas de fogo e menores de 18 anos de idade que deram entrada ao pronto socorro do nosso hospital, de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2016. Um total de 51 pacientes foi excluído por não apresentar lesões musculoesqueléticas ou outras razões, enquanto 126 foram incluídos. Os dados colhidos foram: sexo; idade; via de entrada; tipo de lesão; balas alojadas e removidas; local do corpo atingido; fraturas; complicações e sequelas; lesões associadas; tempo de internamento e de UTI; cirurgias; e óbitos.
Resultados Dos 177 pacientes menores de 18 anos que deram entrada no pronto socorro por ferimento por armas de fogo, 126 pacientes (71,2%) atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Foram excluídos 51 (43 por não apresentaram lesões musculoesqueléticas). Cento e sete (84,9%) eram do sexo masculino e 19 (15,1%) do feminino. A média de idade foi 15,5 anos (limites, 2 anos + 8 meses a 17 anos + 11 meses). Setenta pacientes foram internados por tempo médio de 9,6 dias, e 21 pacientes foram hospitalizados na unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI) por 14,7 dias em média. Um total de 37 pacientes (29,4%) foi submetido a cirurgias ortopédicas. Houve um total de 6 óbitos (4,8%). A coxa foi a principal região atingida, em um total de 43 vezes (24,7%). Seis pacientes tiveram lesões da medula espinhal, e oito pacientes tiveram lesões de nervos periféricos. Um total de 58 pacientes (46%) teve 71 fraturas, e o fêmur foi o principal osso fraturado (11 pacientes; 15,5%). Um total de 52 pacientes (41,3%) tiveram lesões associadas. Das 71 fraturas, o tratamento foi conservador em 45 (63,4%) e cirúrgico em 23 (32,4%). Três evoluíram para óbito (4,2%).
Conclusão Os adolescentes e o sexo masculino são grupo de risco para lesões de armas de fogo, e as lesões são principalmente em membros inferiores. Menos da metade dos pacientes apresentaram fraturas, mas muitos apresentaram lesões complexas com potencial de graves sequelas.
Platelet Transfusion in Perioperative Medicine
Authors: Thiele Thomas , Greinacher Andreas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPlatelet transfusions aim to improve primary hemostasis and to prevent or treat bleeding in patients with reduced platelet numbers and/or platelet function. In this review, the authors address the role of platelet transfusions with a focus on perioperative medicine. They summarize different causes of thrombocytopenia in perioperative patients, describe general characteristics and potential adverse effects of different platelet concentrates, describe principles of perioperative platelet transfusion strategies, and highlight specific perioperative scenarios, for example, in patients undergoing antiplatelet therapy. The evidence for any transfusion threshold in perioperative patients based on platelet numbers is low. The evidence supporting prophylactic platelet transfusions in the perioperative setting is very low, and all recommended thresholds for preintervention platelet transfusions are based on weak evidence or expert opinion. Besides the platelet count, platelet function, additional risk factors for bleeding, and the pharmacokinetic properties of concomitant antiplatelet drugs are important criteria for the decision to transfuse or not to transfuse platelets. The few available prospective trials give at least a signal that a liberal platelet transfusion strategy might be associated with poorer outcomes compared with a restrictive platelet transfusion strategy in critically ill patients. Given the unknown risks for adverse outcomes, a therapeutic transfusion strategy during surgery (eventually guided by point of care testing in cardiac surgery, major liver surgery, and major trauma) may be most appropriate for interventions, in which intraoperative bleeding can be controlled until platelets are available, and during the postsurgery period.
Immune Thrombocytopenia in Adults: Modern Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Al-Samkari Hanny , Kuter David J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder affecting approximately 1 in 20,000 people. Patients typically present with clinically benign mucocutaneous bleeding, but morbid internal bleeding can occur. Diagnosis remains clinical, possible only after ruling out other causes of thrombocytopenia through history and laboratory testing. Many adult patients do not require treatment. For those requiring intervention, initial treatment of adult ITP is with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, or intravenous anti-RhD immune globulin. These agents are rapid-acting but do not result in durable remissions in most patients. No corticosteroid has demonstrated superiority to others for ITP treatment. Subsequent treatment of adult ITP is typically with thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs; romiplostim or eltrombopag), rituximab, or splenectomy. TPO-RAs are newer agents that offer an excellent response rate but may require prolonged treatment. The choice between subsequent treatments involves consideration of operative risk, risk of asplenia, drug side-effects, quality-of-life issues, and financial costs. Given the efficacy of medical therapies and the rate of spontaneous remission in the first year after diagnosis, splenectomy is frequently deferred in modern ITP treatment algorithms. Fostamatinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) and several older immunosuppressive agents (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, danazol, dapsone, mycophenolate mofetil, and the Vinca alkaloids) may be useful in patients with disease unresponsive to standard therapies or in specific clinical circumstances. This comprehensive review explores diagnostic considerations and surveys new and old treatment options for adults with ITP.
Multicomponent Short-Term Training of ASHAs for Stroke Risk Factor Management in Rural India
Authors: Jain Maneeta , Pandian Jeyaraj , Samuel Clarence , Singh Shavinder , Kamra Deepshikha , Kate Mahesh 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years and may be the leading cause of death in rural regions in India. We aim to train the ASHAs (Accredited Social Health activist) for nonpharmacological management of risk factors for secondary stroke prevention in rural India. We tested the hypothesis that focused, multicomponent, short-term training on secondary prevention of stroke enhances the knowledge of ASHAs about risk factor management.

Objectives To test the hypothesis that focused, multicomponent, short-term training on secondary prevention of stroke enhances the knowledge of ASHAs about risk factor management.

Materials and Methods This study is part of the ASSIST trial (Training ASHA to Assist in Secondary Stroke Prevention in Rural Population). The study design is quasi-experimental (pretest and posttest). Culturally appropriate and pragmatic training material was developed by the study team. Three focused group training sessions were conducted in Sidhwan Bet and Pakhowal blocks of Ludhiana district, Punjab.

Results A total of 274 ASHAs from 164 villages with mean ± SD age of 39.5 ± 7.6 years participated in the three training sessions. The perceived knowledge of stroke risk factors and blood pressure assessment was 67.5 ± 18.3% and 84.4 ± 16.7%, respectively. The objective baseline knowledge about stroke prevention and management among ASHAs was lower 58.7 ± 19.7% compared with perceived knowledge (p = 0.04). This increased to 82.5 ± 16.36% (p < 0.001) after the mop-up training after a mean of 191 days. More than 30% increment was seen in knowledge about the stroke symptoms (35.9%, p < 0.001), avoiding opium after stroke for treatment (39.5%, p < 0.001), causes of stroke (53.3%, p < 0.001), modifiable risk factors for stroke (45.4%, p < 0.001), and lifestyle modifications for stroke prevention (42.1%, p < 0.001).

Conclusions Focused group training can help enhance the knowledge of ASHAs about stroke prevention and management. ASHAs are also able to retain this complex multicomponent knowledge over a 6-month period. ASHA may be able to partake in reducing the secondary stroke burden in rural India.
A model for cognitively-based compassion training: theoretical underpinnings and proposed mechanisms
Authors: Ash Marcia , Harrison Timothy , Pinto Melissa , DiClemente Ralph , Negi Lobsang Tenzin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAcross cultures and belief systems, compassion is widely considered to be beneficial for the development of personal and social wellbeing. Research indicates that compassion-training programs have broad health benefits, but how and why compassion-training programs are effective is still relatively unknown. This paper describes the theoretical underpinnings of a specific compassion-training program, CBCT®(Cognitively-Based Compassion Training), and proposes an integrative model that draws on existing health behavior constructs to identify CBCT’s core components and hypothesizes their directionality and interaction. The model includes two primary categories of skill development: (1) intrapersonal skills leading to greater resiliency, and (2) interpersonal skills leading to greater compassion. It is hypothesized that these two pathways are mutually reinforcing and both contribute to greater wellbeing. This model provides a foundation for theory-driven research on the underlying mechanisms in CBCT training. An understanding of CBCT’s mechanisms is a critical step towards optimizing and personalizing the intervention to meet the needs of specific populations.
Biological control in Argentina.
Authors: Greco N. M. , Walsh G. C. , Luna M. G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Biological control in Argentina has a longstanding tradition with records of natural enemy introductions since the beginning of the 20th century, mainly between 1900 and 1940. Eight predators, 70 parasitoids and seven pathogens have been introduced for arthropod control, plus eight weed biocontrol agents. Argentina has also provided 22 arthropod species to Africa, Australia, Canada and the USA for arthropod pest biocontrol. At least 26 agents from Argentina have been released against 24 weeds of South American origin around the world, notably for freshwater invaders. Fruit production and pine plantations still have the largest areas under some degree of classical biocontrol, yet the current impact of the agents is not well known. Citrus fruit flies are under experimental augmentative biocontrol with one parasitoid species and 1 million hectares under an IPM regime that includes cultural control, trapping and SIT technology. As for private initiatives, a small fraction of greenhouse tomatoes and peppers are under augmentative biocontrol. Augmentative releases are also made in sugarcane plantations and citrus groves. Finally, an extensive part of the Argentine territory is affected by thistles and skeleton weed, and several artificial and natural water bodies invaded by native aquatics are subject to classical biocontrol, although they are still important weeds in many areas. Despite the government's explicit endorsement, resources are scarce and applied biocontrol in all its forms is still sorely undeveloped in Argentina.
Biological control in Bolivia.
Authors: Franco J. P. , Crespo L. V. , Colmenarez Y. C. , Lenteren J. C. van 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

A number of introductions of parasitoids and predators were carried out in the 1950s for classical biological control of olive scale, woolly apple aphid, white peach scale, Mediterranean fruit fly and Anastrepha fruit fly, with control of cottony cushion scale by the coccinellid Rodolia being a particular success. In 1963, dipteran natural enemies were introduced for the control of sugarcane borers, Diatraea spp. Since 1963 native hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids have been field collected and re-released for control of the borers. In 1969 an IPM programme of sugarcane borers was started, and biocontrol in sugarcane in the period 1970-2000 mainly consisted of augmentative releases of hymenopteran and tachinid parasitoids. Another successful IPM programme dealt with control of potato moth species with a product - now commercially available - that contains a native strain of the granulosis virus Baculovirus phthorimaea and a native strain of Bacillus thuringiensis. Coffee berry borer was brought under biocontrol in the 1990s by releasing a hymenopteran parasitoid and application of an entomopathogenic fungus. An increased demand for organic products since 2000 has stimulated work on isolation, characterization, mass production, formulation and certification of a number of microbial control agents. These are used in many crops and examples are microbial control of pest in potato and quinoa. Many of the quinoa pests are kept under natural control by predators and parasitoids, which has been well documented during the past 10 years. Currently most pests in sugarcane and soybean are under a combination of natural, augmentative and classical biocontrol.
Biological control in Colombia.
Authors: Kondo T. , Manzano M. R. , Cotes A. M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

The history of biological control of agricultural pests in Colombia dates back to 1880. The first documented cases include both classical biocontrol and the use of biopesticides against insect pests. The need to protect four national production systems of great economic importance (oil palm, sugarcane, coffee and greenhouse flowers and vegetables crops) from arthropod pests by reducing insecticide use has stimulated the development of research centres that support, together with local universities, the research and implementation of augmentative biocontrol programmes. Conservation biocontrol is a recent activity in Colombia. Although there are more than 52 officially registered companies in the country that produce microbial control agents (entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, baculoviruses and antagonistic microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria), predators and parasitoids, it is necessary to implement more rigorous quality control programmes in the production phase. Additionally, there is only a small amount of officially registered biocontrol agents, which is a limiting factor in their commercialization. Despite the quantity and diversity of agents released in Colombia, there are only partial records of the area under biocontrol, which is estimated at approximately 550,000 ha. It is necessary to implement post-release monitoring studies to determine the effectiveness of the biocontrol agent used. As an obstacle in Colombia and several other countries, the application of the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is highlighted, which has made it very difficult or impossible to collect and export natural enemies which are essential for biocontrol programmes.