bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where are we? Using Scopus to map the literature at the intersection between artificial intelligence and research on crime
Authors: Campedelli Gian Maria 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch on artificial intelligence (AI) applications has spread over many scientific disciplines. Scientists have tested the power of intelligent algorithms developed to predict (or learn from) natural, physical and social phenomena. This also applies to crime-related research problems. Nonetheless, studies that map the current state of the art at the intersection between AI and crime are lacking. What are the current research trends in terms of topics in this area? What is the structure of scientific collaboration when considering works investigating criminal issues using machine learning, deep learning, and AI in general? What are the most active countries in this specific scientific sphere? Using data retrieved from the Scopus database, this work quantitatively analyzes 692 published works at the intersection between AI and crime employing network science to respond to these questions. Results show that researchers are mainly focusing on cyber-related criminal topics and that relevant themes such as algorithmic discrimination, fairness, and ethics are considerably overlooked. Furthermore, data highlight the extremely disconnected structure of co-authorship networks. Such disconnectedness may represent a substantial obstacle to a more solid community of scientists interested in these topics. Additionally, the graph of scientific collaboration indicates that countries that are more prone to engage in international partnerships are generally less central in the network. This means that scholars working in highly productive countries (e.g. the United States, China) tend to mostly collaborate domestically. Finally, current issues and future developments within this scientific area are also discussed.
A novel reusable anti-COVID-19 transparent face respirator with optimized airflow
Authors: Alenezi Hussain , Cam Muhammet Emin , Edirisinghe Mohan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis novel face mask is designed to be a reusable respirator with a small and highly efficient disposable fabric filter. Respirator material requirements are reduced by 75% compared to traditional designs and allow repeated cleaning or sterilization. The probability of virus particle inhalation is reduced using novel air filtration pathways, through square-waveform design to increase filter airflow. Air enters the mask from right and left side filters, while the area in front of the mouth is isolated. Clear epoxy is used for a transparent frame, allowing lip-reading, and mask edges contain a silicone seal preventing bypass of the filters. The mask is manufactured using silicone molds, eliminating electricity requirements making it economical and viable in developing countries. Computational fluid dynamics numerical studies and Fluent ANSYS software were used to simulate airflow through the filter to optimize filter air path geometry and validate mask design with realistic human requirements. The breathing cycle was represented as a transient function, and N95 filter specifications were selected as a porous medium. The novel design achieved 1.2 × 10−3kg s−1, 20% higher than human requirements, with air streamlines velocity indicating local high speed, forcing and trapping virus particles against filter walls through centrifugal forces.
The Brachiopod δ11B Record Across the Carboniferous‐Permian Climate Transition
Authors: Legett S. A. , Rasbury E. T. , Grossman E. L. , Hemming N. G. , Penman D. E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present the δ11B of well‐preserved brachiopod fossils coupled with geochemical modeling to examine how seawater boron responded to abrupt and dynamic climate changes in the Late Paleozoic. The Late Carboniferous, a time of major coal formation and glacioeustatic sea level changes, is characterized by relatively stable brachiopod δ11B of 15–17‰, similar to values seen in modern brachiopods. Brachiopod δ11B dropped by ~5‰ in the early Permian and then restabilized at a new value of 10‰ within a few million years. Mass balance models of seawater δ11B reproduced the overall trends in our brachiopod data but failed to capture the large drop in δ11B in the early Permian. Published seawater 87Sr/86Sr and δ44/40Ca data based on brachiopod shells also shift to lower values in the early Permian, suggesting a common control on all three seawater isotope systems. The Permian terrestrial record of evaporites and eolian deposits suggests a prolonged reduced delivery of dissolved weathering products to the ocean, accounting for the change in seawater 87Sr/86Sr. This reduced weathering, in turn, led to increased atmospheric CO2 and lowered seawater pH, which may have significantly decreased major removal mechanisms for seawater calcium and boron leading to declines in both isotope systems. We propose that boron removal via coprecipitation in carbonates and adsorption onto clay minerals was significantly diminished due to a reduction in the availability of the borate aqueous species caused by lowered seawater pH.
Graphical Interpretation of Wet Surface Evaporation Equations
Authors: Qualls Russell J. , Crago Richard D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPotential (wet surface) evaporation is the basis for many methods to estimate actual evaporation. Penman's (1948, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1948.0037) combination of energy budget with mass and energy transfer equations can be depicted on temperature‐vapor pressure graphs. Key to this depiction is two straight lines on the graph representing constant enthalpy of the air at measurement height and at the surface skin, with the gap between the lines representing a combination of aerodynamic resistance variables and available energy. The equations on which Penman based his formula are easily solved numerically (without need for Penman's famous assumption) for T0w, the temperature the surface would have if it was saturated, keeping all other variables constant. Wet surface evaporation is proportional to the vapor pressure difference between the measurement height and the surface skin. Equilibrium evaporation, based on the slope of the vapor pressure curve at T0w, is also easily represented in the graph. The difference between the correct wet surface evaporation rate and Penman's approximation is immediately visible on the graphs. The different wet surface evaporation rates are compared using data from a tropical savanna in Australia. Implications for the classic two‐component interpretation of Penman's equation are discussed.
Mantle and Crustal Sources of Magmatic Activity of Klyuchevskoy and Surrounding Volcanoes in Kamchatka Inferred From Earthquake Tomography
Authors: Koulakov Ivan , Shapiro Nikolay M. , Sens‐Schönfelder Christoph , Luehr Birger G. , Gordeev Evgeny I. , Jakovlev Andrey , Abkadyrov Ilyas , Chebrov Danila V. , Bushenkova Natalia , Droznina Svetlana Y. , Senyukov Sergey L. , Novgorodova Angelika , Stupina Tatyana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractKlyuchevskoy and surrounding volcanoes in central Kamchatka form the Northern Group of Volcanoes (NGV), which is an area of particularly diverse and intensive Pleistocene‐Holocene volcanism. In this study, we present a new seismic tomographic model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath NGV based on local earthquake data recorded by several permanent and temporary seismic networks including a large‐scale experiment that was conducted in 2015–2016 by an international scientific consortium. Having an unprecedented resolution for this part of Kamchatka, the new model reveals many features associated with the present and past volcanic activity within the NGV. In the upper crust, we found several prominent high‐velocity anomalies interpreted as traces of large basaltic shield volcanoes, which were hidden by more recent volcanic structures and sediments. We interpret the mantle structure to reflect asthenospheric flow up through a slab window below the Kamchatka‐Aleutian junction that feeds the entire NGV. The interaction of the hot asthenospheric material with fluids released from the slab determines the particular volcanic activity within the NGV. We argue that the eastern branch of the Central Kamchatka Depression, which is associated with a prominent low‐velocity anomaly in the uppermost mantle, was formed as a recent rift zone separating the NGV from the Kamchatka Eastern Ranges.
Increasing Resolution and Resolving Convection Improve the Simulation of Cloud‐Radiative Effects Over the North Atlantic
Authors: Senf Fabian , Voigt Aiko , Clerbaux Nicolas , Hünerbein Anja , Deneke Hartwig 
Published: September 2020

AbstractClouds interact with atmospheric radiation and substantially modify the Earth's energy budget. Cloud formation processes occur over a vast range of spatial and temporal scales, which make their thorough numerical representation challenging. Therefore, the impact of parameter choices for simulations of cloud‐radiative effects is assessed in the current study. Numerical experiments are carried out using the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model with varying grid spacings between 2.5 and 80 km and with different subgrid‐scale parameterization approaches. Simulations are performed over the North Atlantic with either one‐moment or two‐moment microphysics and with convection being parameterized or explicitly resolved by grid‐scale dynamics. Simulated cloud‐radiative effects are compared to products derived from Meteosat measurements. Furthermore, a sophisticated cloud classification algorithm is applied to understand the differences and dependencies of simulated and observed cloud‐radiative effects. The cloud classification algorithm developed for the satellite observations is also applied to the simulation output based on synthetic infrared brightness temperatures, a novel approach that is not impacted by changing insolation and guarantees a consistent and fair comparison. It is found that flux biases originate equally from clear‐sky and cloudy parts of the radiation field. Simulated cloud amounts and cloud‐radiative effects are dominated by marine, shallow clouds, and their behavior is highly resolution dependent. Bias compensation between shortwave and longwave flux biases, seen in the coarser simulations, is significantly diminished for higher resolutions. Based on the analysis results, it is argued that cloud‐microphysical and cloud‐radiative properties have to be adjusted to further improve agreement with observed cloud‐radiative effects.
Effects of River Partial Penetration on the Occurrence of Riparian Freshwater Lenses: Theoretical Development
Authors: Jazayeri Amir , Werner Adrian D. , Wu Huiqiang , Lu Chunhui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPrevious studies of freshwater lenses in saline aquifers adjoining gaining rivers (“riparian lenses”) have so far considered only rivers that fully penetrate the aquifer, whereas in most cases, rivers are only partially penetrating. This paper presents a new methodology for obtaining the saltwater discharge and the shape of a steady‐state, non‐dispersive riparian lens, where the river is partially penetrating, combining two previous analytical solutions. The resulting analytical solution is compared to numerical modeling results to assess assumptions and the methodology adopted to approximate the “turning effect”, which is the change in groundwater flow direction (horizontal to vertical) near the partially penetrating river. Model parameters were taken from previous studies, representing simplified conditions in the River Murray floodplains (Australia). Consistency between analytical and numerical results and field observations highlights the capability of the proposed analytical solution to predict the riparian lens geometry and saltwater discharge into partially penetrating rivers. Sensitivity analysis indicates that larger riparian lenses are produced adjacent to the deeper and wider rivers, as expected. The change in width or depth of the river has more influence on the saltwater discharge and the horizontal extent of the riparian lens (and less effect on the vertical extent of the lens adjacent to the river) for shallower and narrower rivers. This research highlights the utility of the new method and demonstrates that the assumption of a fully penetrating river likely leads to significant overestimation of the saltwater discharge to the river and the riparian lens horizontal extent and vertical depth.
Shaking Water Out of Sands: An Experimental Study
Authors: Breen Stephen J. , Zhang Zifan , Wang Chi‐Yuen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStrong earthquakes can cause different kinds of hydrological responses, and several mechanisms have been suggested to explain them. Verification of these mechanisms, however, is often lacking. Here we test some hypotheses with a laboratory experiment, in particular the hypothesis that dynamic strain mobilizes trapped water in the unsaturated zone. We construct a sand chamber, partially saturated with water, and subject it to “seismic” shaking of controlled energy. Pore pressure in the saturated and unsaturated zones is monitored before and after shaking. We identify three distinct mechanisms: consolidation of sediments in the saturated zone, release of capillary water from the capillary fringe, and mobilization of isolated pore water in the unsaturated zone. Each mechanism may cause pore pressure in the saturated zone to suddenly increase with shaking, and each may offer new insights to understand the source of the extra water and other shallow hydrological responses that appear after earthquakes.
Polarimetric parity-time symmetry in a photonic system
Authors: Li Lingzhi , Cao Yuan , Zhi Yanyan , Zhang Jiejun , Zou Yuting , Feng Xinhuan , Guan Bai-Ou , Yao Jianping 
Published: September 2020

AbstractParity-time (PT) symmetry has attracted intensive research interest in recent years. PT symmetry is conventionally implemented between two spatially distributed subspaces with identical localized eigenfrequencies and complementary gain and loss coefficients. The implementation is complicated. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate that PT symmetry can be implemented between two subspaces in a single spatial unit based on optical polarimetric diversity. By controlling the polarization states of light in the single spatial unit, the localized eigenfrequencies, gain, loss, and coupling coefficients of two polarimetric loops can be tuned, leading to PT symmetry breaking. As a demonstration, a fiber ring laser based on this concept supporting stable and single-mode lasing without using an ultranarrow bandpass filter is implemented.
Clitic position in Old Occitan affirmative verb-first declaratives coordinated bye
Authors: Donaldson Bryan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper offers a variationist analysis of object and adverbial clitic position in coordinated affirmative verb-first main declaratives introduced bye(t)“and” in Old Occitan. In this context, clitics occur in either preverbal (e·l vestit“and clothed him”) or postverbal position (e perdonet li“and pardoned him”). Following recent work on Medieval Romance coordination, I posit that proclitic and enclitic examples reflect different coordination structures at the underlying syntactic level. Data from complete analyses of five major 13th- and 14th-century texts, analyzed in a variationist approach using logistic regression, reveal that the choice between coordination structures – and hence, between proclisis and enclisis – is principled rather than random and depends on the degree of continuity or rupture/discontinuity between the conjuncts.
Productivity, richness, and diversity of light verb constructions in the history of American English
Authors: Sundquist John D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study provides an empirical analysis of productivity in Light Verb Constructions (LVCs) in the history of American English. LVCs contain a semantically light verb likemakeortakethat may be paired with an abstract nominal object, as inmake an assumptionortake charge. Using a 406-million word corpus of texts written between 1810 and 2009, we track the frequency of LVCs and analyze the range of light verb + nominal object pairings. Using statistical measurements of biodiversity from the field of ecology, we evaluate the hypothesis that “the rich get richer” among light verbs: the most frequent verbs become more frequent and more diverse, occurring with an ever-growing variety of different NP complements. The results contribute to ongoing discussions in cross-linguistic, diachronic research on reasons for the growth of LVCs, the gradient nature of linguistic productivity, and the role of exemplars in the interaction between type and token frequencies during periods of linguistic change.
Stress in real time
Authors: Hofmann Klaus 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This contribution reviews a series of studies by Kelly (and Bock), suggesting that stress preferences of English nouns and verbs for left-hand and right-hand stress patterns are partly a result of alternating rhythm in real utterances. This claim is tested on diachronic corpus data to verify its historical implications. By using verse evidence to calibrate stress values for historical word classes, the quantitative analysis confirms that distributional asymmetries regarding strong and weak syllables in the contexts of nouns and verbs have existed at least since Late Middle English. In addition, the claim that stem-final segments predict the likelihood of right-hand stress is not only confirmed but the effect is found to be independent of etymological origin.
Revisiting the Intelligibility and Nativeness Principles
Authors: Levis John 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Levis (2005) named two conflicting approaches to pronunciation teaching, the Nativeness
Principle and the Intelligibility Principle. This paper revisits those two principles to argue for the superiority of the
Intelligibility Principle in regard to where pronunciation fits within the wider field of language teaching, in how it effectively
addresses teaching goals, in how it best addresses all contexts of L2 pronunciation learning, and in how it recognizes the reality
of social consequences of pronunciation differences. In contrast, the Nativeness Principle, despite its long pedigree and
many defenders, falls short by advocating native pronunciation for L2 learners, which is both unlikely to be achieved and
unnecessary for effective communication in the L2.
Young children’s uses of referring expressions
Authors: da Silva-Genest Christine , Marcos Haydée , Salazar Orvig Anne , Caët Stéphanie , Heurdier Julien 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the repertoire and the
uses of referring expressions in natural dialogues of 28
French-speaking children, aged between 1;7 and 2;6 years old. We
focus on three strong forms (nouns, strong demonstrative pronouns
and strong personal pronouns) and three weak forms (clitic personal
pronouns, null forms and fillers). Their uses are analyzed for the
following factors: the linguistic development, the type of referent
(participants vs. entities), the syntactic function, and the
attentional and discursive status of the referent. The results
reveal contrasted uses of referring expressions. Nouns are mainly
used for new or reintroduced referents, generally in syntactic
functions other than subject, whereas clitic personal pronouns (as
well as the other weak forms) are mainly used for given referents
and always as subjects. The type of referent (entities vs.
participants) also influences the use of referring expressions. The
discussion addresses the issue of the intertwining of morphological,
syntactic and pragmatic development.
Referring in dialogical narratives
Authors: Rezzonico Stefano , Vinel Elise , de Weck Geneviève , Hassan Rouba , Salagnac Nathalie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In a recent overview of the literature on
spontaneous and experimentally-produced speech, Allen, Hughes, and Skarabela
(2015) identified many discourse-pragmatic factors that
affect the use of referring expressions. In this chapter, we first
assess the individual effects and the relative importance of four
factors (i.e., position of the referring expression in the
referential chain and its syntactic function, the referent’s
characteristics – primacy and/or animacy – and the chronological
age) in a narrative dialogue between a mother and her child. Second,
we describe the joint impact of these factors on the use of nouns
and third-person pronouns. A total of 30 typically-developing
French-speaking children aged 4 to 7 years participated with their
mother in a joint storytelling. Our results corroborate those found
in the literature on the factors affecting young children’s use of
referring expressions. Furthermore, they show a complex network of
relations between the factors, that interestingly, was not the same
for nouns and third-person pronouns.
Referring expressions and developmental language
disorders
Authors: Rezzonico Stefano , Bernasconi Mélanie , de Weck Geneviève , da Silva-Genest Christine , Jullien Stéphane 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the relation between
morphosyntactic and discourse-pragmatic features in the production
of referential expressions by French-speaking children with
developmental language disorders (DLD) as compared to their
typically developing peers (TD). Fifteen TD children and 15 children
with DLD, age 4;6 to 7;5 were asked to tell a picture-book story
with their mother. The type of referring expression, the position in
the referential chain, and the syntactic function were coded. Both
groups of children were sensitive to discourse and syntax. Children
with DLD differed from their peers in the use of object clitic
pronouns in subsequent mentions, the proportion of nouns produced
without a determiner, and null subjects. Null subjects only appeared
in a particular discursive and pragmatic context.
Variations in adult use of referring expressions during
storytelling in different interactional settings
Authors: Hassan Rouba , de Weck Geneviève , Rezzonico Stefano , Salazar Orvig Anne , Vinel Elise 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
During the language acquisition process children
experience language in different interactional settings. In terms of
child-directed speech, we argue that children are exposed to
different models that vary according to different factors. This
chapter aims at grasping some aspects of these models, with a focus
on referring expressions. Data consists of narratives in three
interactional settings: mother-child interactions (Mother-to-Child
context), kindergarten sessions (School context), and adults telling
a story to an experimenter (Adult-to-Experimenter context). Children
were aged from 3 to 7. We compared the participants’ uses of
referring expressions in these three contexts and, in the
Mother-to-Child context, mothers interacting with a language
impaired child or not. Results show that adults’ uses of nouns and
clitic pronouns vary according to the interactional setting, and
that the uses of mothers and teachers when interacting with children
at home or in school do not correspond to those of adults in an
experimental setting.