bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excitatory–Inhibitory Synaptic Coupling in Avian Nucleus Magnocellularis
Authors: Al-Yaari Mohammed , Yamada Rei , Kuba Hiroshi 
Published: November 2019

The activity of neurons is determined by the balance between their excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Neurons in the avian nucleus magnocellularis (NM) integrate monosynaptic excitatory and polysynaptic inhibitory inputs from the auditory nerve, and transmit phase-locked output to higher auditory centers. The excitatory input is graded tonotopically, such that neurons tuned to higher frequency receive fewer, but larger, axon terminals. However, it remains unknown how the balance between excitatory and inhibitory inputs is determined in NM. We here examined synaptic and spike responses of NM neurons during stimulation of the auditory nerve in thick brain slices of chicken of both sexes, and found that the excitatory–inhibitory balance varied according to tonotopic region, ensuring reliable spike output across frequencies. Auditory nerve stimulation elicited IPSCs in NM neurons regardless of tonotopic region, but the dependence of IPSCs on intensity varied in a systematic way. In neurons tuned to low frequency, IPSCs appeared and increased in parallel with EPSCs with elevation of intensity, which expanded dynamic range by preventing saturation of spike generation. On the other hand, in neurons tuned to higher frequency, IPSCs were smaller than EPSCs and had higher thresholds for activation, thus facilitating high-fidelity transmission. Computer simulation confirmed that these differences in inhibitory input were optimally matched to the patterns of excitatory input, and enabled appropriate level of neuronal output for wide intensity and frequency ranges of sound in the auditory system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeurons in nucleus magnocellularis encode timing information of sound across wide intensity ranges by integrating excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from the auditory nerve, but underlying synaptic mechanisms of this integration are not fully understood. We here show that the excitatory–inhibitory relationship was expressed differentially at each tonotopic region; the relationship was linear in neurons tuned to low-frequency, expanding dynamic range by preventing saturation of spike generation; by contrast inhibitory input remained much smaller than excitatory input in neurons tuned to higher frequency, thus ensuring high-fidelity transmission. The tonotopic regulation of excitatory and inhibitory input optimized the output across frequencies and intensities, playing a fundamental role in the timing coding pathway in the auditory system.
Local and Physiological Control of Germline Stem Cell Lineages in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Drummond-Barbosa Daniela 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The long-term survival of any multicellular species depends on the success of its germline in producing high-quality gametes and maximizing survival of the offspring. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have led our growing understanding of how germline stem cell (GSC) lineages maintain their function and adjust their behavior according to varying environmental and/or physiological conditions. This review compares and contrasts the local regulation of GSCs by their specialized microenvironments, or niches; discusses how diet and diet-dependent factors, mating, and microorganisms modulate GSCs and their developing progeny; and briefly describes the tie between physiology and development during the larval phase of the germline cycle. Finally, it concludes with broad comparisons with other organisms and some future directions for further investigation.
Males, Outcrossing, and Sexual Selection in Caenorhabditis Nematodes
Authors: Cutter Asher D , Morran Levi T , Phillips Patrick C 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Males of Caenorhabditis elegans provide a crucial practical tool in the laboratory, but, as the rarer and more finicky sex, have not enjoyed the same depth of research attention as hermaphrodites. Males, however, have attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists who are exploiting the C. elegans system to test longstanding hypotheses about sexual selection, sexual conflict, transitions in reproductive mode, and genome evolution, as well as to make new discoveries about Caenorhabditis organismal biology. Here, we review the evolutionary concepts and data informed by study of males of C. elegans and other Caenorhabditis. We give special attention to the important role of sperm cells as a mediator of inter-male competition and male–female conflict that has led to drastic trait divergence across species, despite exceptional phenotypic conservation in many other morphological features. We discuss the evolutionary forces important in the origins of reproductive mode transitions from males being common (gonochorism: females and males) to rare (androdioecy: hermaphrodites and males) and the factors that modulate male frequency in extant androdioecious populations, including the potential influence of selective interference, host–pathogen coevolution, and mutation accumulation. Further, we summarize the consequences of males being common vs rare for adaptation and for trait divergence, trait degradation, and trait dimorphism between the sexes, as well as for molecular evolution of the genome, at both micro-evolutionary and macro-evolutionary timescales. We conclude that C. elegans male biology remains underexploited and that future studies leveraging its extensive experimental resources are poised to discover novel biology and to inform profound questions about animal function and evolution.
Physicochemical Conditions of Formation of Gold and Silver Parageneses at the Valunistoe Deposit (Chukchi Peninsula)
Authors: Zhuravkova T.V. , Palyanova G.A. , Kalinin Yu.A. , Goryachev N.A. , Zinina V.Yu. , Zhitova L.M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
—The mineral composition of ores from the Gornyi occurrence of the Valunistoe epithermal Au–Ag deposit (Chukchi Peninsula) has been studied. It has been found that, in addition to native gold, the Au–Ag mineralization comprises chalcogenides (uytenbogaardtite, petrovskaite, acanthite, naumannite, and cervelleite) and minerals of the pearceite–polybasite series, which occur as microinclusions in fine-grained pyrite. The physicochemical conditions of formation of productive mineral assemblages have been estimated based on the chemical composition of Au and Ag minerals and their relationships with other minerals. It is shown that ores were deposited from weakly acid solutions at the late stages, on the background of a temperature decrease from 350 to 100 °C, a decrease in the fugacities of sulfur (logfS2, from −2 to −23), tellurium (logfTe2, from –5 to –27), and selenium (logfSe2, from −16.5 to −28), and changes in the redox conditions (logfO2, from −23 to −48).
Establishing New Norms for Developmental Milestones
Authors: Sheldrick R. Christopher , Schlichting Lauren E. , Berger Blythe , Clyne Ailis , Ni Pensheng , Perrin Ellen C. , Vivier Patrick M. 
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Pediatric surveillance of young children depends on providers’ assessment of developmental milestones, yet normative data are sparse. Our objectives were to develop new norms for common milestones to aid in clinical interpretation of milestone attainment.METHODS:We analyzed responses to the developmental screening form of the Survey of Well-being of Young Children from 41 465 screens across 3 states. Associations between developmental status and a range of child characteristics were analyzed, and norms for individual questions were compared to guidelines regarding attainment of critical milestones from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).RESULTS:A contemporary resource of normative data for developmental milestone attainment was established. Lower developmental status was associated with child age in the presence of positive behavioral screening scores (P &lt; .01), social determinants of health (P &lt; .01), Medicaid (P &lt; .01), male sex (P &lt; .01), and child race (P &lt; .01). Comparisons between Survey of Well-being of Young Children developmental questions and CDC guidelines reveal that a high percentage of children are reported to pass milestones by the age at which the CDC states that “most children pass” and that an even higher percentage of children are reported to pass milestones by the age at which the CDC states that parents should “act early.” An interactive data visualization tool that can assist clinicians in real-time developmental screening and surveillance interpretation is also provided.CONCLUSIONS:Detailed normative data on individual developmental milestones can help clinicians guide caregivers’ expectations for milestone attainment, thereby offering greater specificity to CDC guidelines.
Earthquakes Felt in the Juan Fernandez Islands: Where Are They Coming from?
Authors: Carrasco Sebastián , Ruiz Sergio , Sáez Miguel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Juan Fernandez Islands (JFI) are located in the Pacific Ocean 675 km west of the Chilean coast. This archipelago has historically been affected by large tsunamis. Robinson Crusoe Island (RCI), the main island of the JFI, was first inhabited in 1749. Since then, several tsunamis have destroyed RCI port structures and sometimes caused deaths. Ground shaking perceived by the inhabitants has preceded some tsunami arrivals. Seismological instrumentation was temporarily deployed on RCI in 1999, and a permanent station has been operating since 2014. Here, we use these data to characterize the seismic waves that arrive at the JFI and to determine whether shaking perception could be used as a tsunami early warning system. We compute peak ground accelerations (PGAs) from P, S, and T waves generated by Peruvian and Chilean earthquakes and find that the largest ground shakings are mostly related to T‐wave arrivals, which correlate with macroseismic modified Mercalli intensities lower than III. From the analysis of PGAs and macroseismic intensities, we conclude that shaking perception can be associated with large megathrust earthquakes, subduction events generated in the deep zone of seismogenic contact, and local seismicity. Unfortunately, potential tsunami earthquakes that occur on the Chilean coast will not be felt on RCI. Consequently, ground shaking in the JFI would not be a good proxy for tsunami warning, and a robust tsunami early warning system is necessary for RCI.
EVALUASI PROGRAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN JASMANI OLAHRAGA DAN KESEHATAN MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS SWOT KELAS X DI SMA NEGERI 1 KESAMBEN
Authors: Sebtika Astrid Nanda , Winarno M. E. , Sugiyanto Sugiyanto 
Published: November 2019

Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kekuatan, kelemahan, ancaman, dan peluang program Pembelajaran PJOK di SMA Negeri 1 Kesamben. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian evaluasi. Sumber data waka kurikulum, guru PJOK kelas X, dan siswa. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data SWOT. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data yang telah dilakukan peneliti diketahui hasil evaluasi dengan analisis SWOT program pembelajaran PJOK di SMA Negeri 1 Kesamben tergolong baik, sehingga program pembelajaran yang telah ada dapat dilanjutkan dengan catatan bahwa perlu adanya perbaikan lebih lanjut mengenai sarana prasarana, pelaksanaan dan proses penilaian pembelajaran khususnya mata pelajaran PJOK guna untuk menghadapi lembaga sekolah lain yang lebih unggul. Kata Kunci: Evaluasi, Program Pembelajaran, Analisis SWOT
PENGARUH METODE DRILL DAN METODE BARRIER HOPS TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SHOOTING
Authors: Pamungkas Tegar Satrya , Hariyoko Hariyoko 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT: This research aims to knowing the effect difference of method to shooting learning result of School Fottball Unibraw 82 in Malang. This reseach method used an experiment conducted to School Football Unibraw 82 in Malang. Based on the result of thie reseach, (1) the learning with drill method treatment had an effect on the shooting learning result of the School Football Unibraw 82 participants (Fcount = 10,101 > Ftable = 4,26), (2) the learning of the barrier hops method gave effect to the shooting learning result of School Football Unibraw 82 (Fcount = 12,303 > Ftable = 4,26), (3) there is no significant difference between learning with drill and hops method on shooting result of School Football Unibraw 82 participants (Fcount = 0,567 < Ftable = 4,26). Keywords: method drill, method barrier hops, football shooting learning result. ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode pembelajaran shooting sepakbola terhadap hasil belajar shooting dan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh metode terhadap hasil belajar shooting SSB Unibraw 82 di Malang. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah eksperimen yang dilakukan kepada peserta SSB Unibraw 82 Kota Malang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa (1) pembelajaran dengan perlakuan metode drill memberikan pengaruh terhadap hasil belajar shooting peserta SSB Unibraw 82 (Fhitung = 10,101 > Ftabel = 4,26), (2) pembelajaran perlakuan metode barrier hops memberikan pengaruh terhadap hasil belajar shooting peserta SSB Unibraw 82 (Fhitung = 12,303 > Ftabel = 4,26), (3) tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara pembelajaran dengan metode drill dan metode barrier hops terhadap hasil belajar shooting peserta SSB Unibraw 82 (Fhitung = 0,567 < Ftabel = 4,26).Kata kunci: metode drill, metode barrier hops, hasil belajar shooting sepakbola.
THE LINKAGES BETWEEN FINANCIAL LITERACY AND ITS APPLICATION IN FINANCIAL DECISION-MAKING AMONG ACADEMICIANS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Danila Nevi , Shahwan Yousef , Ali Zaiton , Djalaluddin Ahmad 
Published: November 2019

Purpose of the study: Financial literacy has become one of the important policies of the Indonesia government. The improvement of financial literacy is crucial for a more stable financial system and reduces financial fragility. Our research is to examine levels of financial literacy, to identify determinants of financial literacy and to investigate whether knowledge is followed by financial practices.
Methodology: This study employs the survey method, which includes questionnaires sent to academicians in Indonesia. Multiple regression analysis (MRA)is used to empirically analyze the relationship between financial literacy and its application in financial decision-making.
Main findings: The respondents are financially literate with the same level of financial literacy. Socio-demographic characteristics influence significantly the financial literacy and the capability in cash flow management of the respondents. Further, there is a linkage between the knowledge of financial products (financial literacy) and its application in financial decision-making.
Application: It implies that the knowledge about the financial product is very important for creating a high financial literacy society. The Indonesia government needs to run more seriously one of the pillars in the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion through the Ministry of Education.
Novelty: Most of the previous studies focused on conventional products, while this study includes both conventional and Islamic financial products. Further, we also consider the application of Islamic (shari’ah) financial practices. We investigate the impact of financial literacy with socio-demographic characteristics on its application in financial decision-making.
Indústria do Couro na "Roliúde Nordestina"
Authors: Castanha Ana Amélia Albuquerque de Oliveira 
Published: November 2019

Este artigo tem como objeto de estudo, o patrimônio industrial do couro e o acervo de Design Vernacular do artesanato local da cidade de Cabaceiras, mais conhecida como “Roliúde Nordestina”, localizada na microrregião do cariri oriental paraibano, situada a 420 m de altitude na Serra da Borborema, à 183 km da capital do estado, João Pessoa e com um clima desértico. A cidade possui um rico acervo de sobrados preservados do século XIX, onde funcionam vários museus. É reconhecida por seu rico artesanato em couro caprino e curtimento do couro, sendo este mais um atrativo turístico e cultural. Através de investigações realizadas pelo grupo de pesquisa Arquitetura e Lugar, vinculado ao curso de graduação em arquitetura e urbanismo da UFCG e cadastrado no CNPq, o objetivo do artigo é resgatar o acervo industrial do couro, observando-se o que colaborou na construção dessa tradição centenária, assim como a relação que existe entre a fabricação da matéria-prima (industrial), com a produção do artesanato em couro e consequentemente com a cidade, revelando sua identidade cultural. Justifica-se a apresentação deste trabalho pelo ineditismo do tema tradado sobre o patrimônio industrial de Cabaceiras, podendo-se encaixar numa discussão categórica de paisagem cultural.
Diaper Need Met Among Low-Income US Children Younger Than 4 Years in 2016
Authors: Massengale Kelley E. C. , Comer Lynn H. , Austin Anna E. , Goldblum Joanne S. 
Published: November 2019

Objectives. To document the collective effort of diaper banks in the United States and to estimate the percentage of low-income children whose diaper need is met through these efforts. Methods. For each state, we compared the number of children younger than 4 years in families living at or below 200% of the federal poverty level with the number of children served by diaper banks in each state. We collected data reporting all 2016 activities from diaper banks (n = 262) via survey from January to March 2017. Results. In each state, the percentage of children experiencing diaper need that received assistance from a diaper bank ranged from 0% to 16% per month. Conclusions. The findings from this study highlight that a small proportion of low-income families accessed diapers through the existing community-based safety net provided by a national network of nonprofit diaper banks. Public Health Implications. Policies at the federal, state, and municipal level are needed to alleviate this consequence of poverty for children and their families.
Prevalence of Injecting Drug Use and Coverage of Interventions to Prevent HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in Canada
Authors: Jacka Brendan , Larney Sarah , Degenhardt Louisa , Janjua Naveed , Høj Stine , Krajden Mel , Grebely Jason , Bruneau Julie 
Published: November 2019

Objectives. To determine the number of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Canada and the annual coverage of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) and needle-and-syringe provision for PWID. Methods. We estimated the number of PWID in 11 of 13 Canadian provinces and territories in 2011 by using indirect multiplier methods based on provincial and territorial methadone recipient totals and proportion of surveyed PWID receiving methadone. We modeled annual increases for 2011 to 2016 on Quebec and British Columbia longitudinal data. We calculated needle-and-syringe coverage (World Health Organization [WHO] recommendation: ≥ 200 per PWID) and OAT coverage (WHO recommendation: ≥ 40 per 100 PWID) per province and territory annually. Results. An estimated 130 000 individuals in Canada (0.55%) injected drugs in 2011, increasing to 171 900 individuals (0.70%) in 2016. Needle-and-syringe coverage increased from 193 to 291 per PWID, and OAT coverage increased from 55 to 66 per 100 PWID over the study period. Conclusions. While the number of PWID increased between 2011 and 2016, OAT coverage remained high, and needle-and-syringe coverage generally improved over time. Public Health Implications. These data will inform public health surveillance, service planning, and resource allocation, and assist monitoring of treatment and harm-reduction coverage outcomes.
The Time Is Now to End the HIV Epidemic
Authors: Giroir Brett P. 
Published: November 2019

In his State of the Union Address on February 5, 2019, President Donald J. Trump announced his administration’s goal to end the domestic HIV epidemic. Following the announcement of the Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America initiative, the president proposed $291 million in new funding for the fiscal year 2020 Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) budget to implement a new initiative to reduce the number of new HIV infections by 75% in the next five years (2025) and by 90% in the next 10 years (2030). This is in addition to the $20 billion the US government already spends each year, domestically, for HIV prevention and care. With this initiative, HHS recognizes that the time to end the HIV epidemic is now: we have the right data, the right biomedical and behavioral tools, and the right leadership. With the new resources, the goal is achievable. This article outlines how this initiative will be accomplished through the implementation of four fundamental strategies that will be tailored by local communities on the basis of their own needs and strengths.
Effect of Obesity on Pain and Functional Recovery Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Collins Jamie E. , Donnell-Fink Laurel A. , Yang Heidi Y. , Usiskin Ilana M. , Lape Emma C. , Wright John , Katz Jeffrey N. , Losina Elena 
Published: November 2019

Background:
While obesity may be a risk factor for complications following total knee arthroplasty, data remain sparse on the impact of the degree of obesity on patient-reported outcomes following this procedure. Our objective was to determine the extent to which obesity level affects the trajectory of recovery as well as patient-reported pain, function, and satisfaction with surgery following total knee arthroplasty.

Methods:
We followed a cohort of patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty at 1 of 4 medical centers. Patients were ≥40 years of age with a primary diagnosis of osteoarthritis. We stratified patients into 5 groups according to the World Health Organization classification of body mass index (BMI). We assessed the association between BMI group and pain and function over the time intervals of 0 to 3, 3 to 6, and 6 to 24 months using a piecewise linear model. We also assessed the association between BMI group and patient-reported outcomes at 24 months. Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, race, diabetes, musculoskeletal functional limitations index, pain medication use, and study site.

Results:
Of the 633 participants included in our analysis, 19% were normal weight (BMI of <25 kg/m2), 32% were overweight (BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2), 27% were class-I obese (BMI of 30 to 34.9 kg/m2), 12% were class-II obese (BMI of 35 to 39.9 kg/m2), and 9% were class-III obese (BMI of ≥40 kg/m2). Study participants with a higher BMI had worse preoperative WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) pain and function scores and had greater improvement from baseline to 3 months. The mean change in pain and function from 3 to 6 and from 6 to 24 months was similar across all BMI groups. At 24 months, participants in all BMI groups had similar levels of pain, function, and satisfaction.

Conclusions:
Because of the differential trajectory of recovery in the first 3 months following total knee arthroplasty, the participants in the higher BMI groups were able to attain absolute pain and function scores similar to those in the nonobese and class-I obese groups. These data can help surgeons discuss expectations of pain relief and functional improvement with total knee arthroplasty candidates with higher BMI.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.