bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of subsoil tillage during pipeline construction activities on near‐term soil physical properties and crop yields in the right‐of‐way
Authors: Tekeste Mehari Z. , Ebrahimi Elnaz , Hanna Mark H. , Neideigh Erica R. , Horton Robert 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPersistence of subsoil compaction in construction right‐of‐way (ROW) areas is a major cropland concern following installation of underground pipelines. Soil physical disturbance and remediation practices including removal of topsoil, subsoil tillage and replacement of topsoil were investigated in a soybean–corn rotation field, which was located within a pipeline ROW. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effectiveness of subsoil tillage (300 and 450 mm) applied shortly after the pipeline installation used to help restore soil physical properties and to recover crop yields. Soil bulk density, soil cone index and crop yields (soybean and corn) from three ROW trafficked zones (Z1, Z2 and Z3) and adjacent unaffected zones were compared at one year and two years after pipeline installation. Compared to 300 mm of subsoil tillage in the ROW zones, 450 mm of subsoil tillage did not significantly improve the soil bulk density and crop (soybean and corn) yields. Compared to 300 mm of subsoil tillage, 450 mm of subsoil tillage created significantly lower soil cone index values within the treated soil layer. Compared to yield data from the adjacent unaffected zones, the ROW zones (Z1, Z2 and Z3) had statistically significant (p < .05) crop yield declines of 25% in soybean (2017) and 15% in corn (2018). The near‐term soil physical properties and crop yield have been improved from the subsoil tillage applied in the affected zones; however, their recovery to normal conditions as in the unaffected areas has not been achieved within the 2‐year period.
Perivascular adipose tissue: An immune cell metropolis
Authors: Saxton S. N. , Heagerty A. M. , Withers S. B. 
Published: July 2020

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
The review discusses how eosinophils can contribute to the function of perivascular adipose tissue and explores the mechanisms involved.
What advances does it highlight?
Understanding the communication between the cell populations that constitute perivascular adipose tissue function is important for exploring therapeutic options in the treatment of obesity‐related cardiovascular complications. This article highlights that eosinophils are able to contribute directly to healthy perivascular adipose tissue function. These immune cells contribute to adrenergic signalling and nitric oxide‐ and adiponectin‐dependent mechanisms in perivascular adipose tissue.
AbstractPerivascular adipose tissue is a heterogeneous tissue that surrounds most blood vessels in the body. This review focuses on the contribution of eosinophils located within the adipose tissue to vascular contractility. A high‐fat diet reduces the number of these immune cells within perivascular adipose tissue, and this loss is linked to an increase in vascular contractility and hypertension. We explored the mechanisms by which eosinophils contribute to this function using genetically modified mice, ex vivo assessment of contractility and pharmacological tools. We found that eosinophils contribute to adrenergic signalling and nitric oxide‐ and adiponectin‐dependent mechanisms in perivascular adipose tissue. It is now important to explore whether manipulation of these pathways in obesity can alleviate cardiovascular complications, in order to determine whether eosinophils are a valid target for obesity‐related disease.
Simulation-Aided Development of Prechamber Ignition System for a Lean-Burn Gasoline Direct Injection Motor-Sport Engine
Authors: Palakunnummal Muhammed Fayaz , Sahu Priyadarshi , Ellis Mark , Nazha Marouan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Due to recent regulation changes to restricted fuel usage in various motor-sport events, motor-sport engine manufacturers have started to focus on improving the thermal efficiency and often claim thermal efficiency figures well above equivalent road car engines. With limited fuel allowance, motor-sport engines are operated with a lean air–fuel mixture to benefit from higher cycle efficiency, requiring an ignition system that is suitable for the lean mixture. Prechamber ignition is identified as a promising method to improve lean limit and has the potential to reduce end gas auto-ignition. This paper analyses the full-load performance of a motor-sport lean-burn gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine and a passive prechamber is developed with the aid of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. The finalized prechamber design benefited in a significant reduction in burn duration, reduced cyclic variation, knock limit extension, and higher performance.
Late Pleistocene glaciers and climate in the High Atlas, North Africa
Authors: Hughes Philip D. , Fink David , Fletcher William J. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Extensive glaciers covered the High Atlas mountains in Morocco during the late Pleistocene. On the northern escarpments of the Marrakech High Atlas, a series of cirques perched at ~3000–3500 m above sea level (asl) fed their valley glaciers that, in some cases, extended to as low as 2000 m asl. Cosmogenic exposure dating with 10Be and 36Cl has shown that at least three phases of glaciation are preserved in glacial deposits over the last glacial cycle at 50, 22, and 12 ka, which appear to correlate with marine isotope stage (MIS) 3, the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and the Younger Dryas chronozone. This geochronological framework is sufficiently robust to allow for time-constrained glacier-climate reconstructions. The glaciers associated with these three phases of advance had equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) of 2761 m asl (ca. 50 ka), 2919 m asl (ca. 22 ka), and 3213 m asl (ca. 12 ka). Glacier-climate modeling suggests that all of these phases were driven by both colder temperatures and wetter conditions than today. The dominant moisture supply to these glaciers in all phases would have been sourced from Atlantic depressions. The influence of an extended and enhanced West African monsoon on glacier development during African Humid Periods is unlikely to have been a significant influence on glacier dynamics. The climate conditions associated with the three glacier phases indicate sustained moisture supply to the highest mountain areas when records from other areas, such as the Middle Atlas lakes and marine sediment cores offshore, indicate marked aridity.
What's new in equine recurrent uveitis?
Authors: Malalana Fernando 
Published: July 2020

Background:Equine recurrent uveitis is a spontaneous disease characterised by repeated episodes of intraocular inflammation and pain. Uveitis can have very serious impacts on vision and it is the most common cause of blindness in horses. While an inciting cause is not always clear, microbial factors and genetic predisposition may play a significant role in a large number of cases.Aim of the article:This article provides an overview of recent advances in the knowledge of this disease.
A Path-Based Equivalence Checking Method Between System Level and RTL Descriptions Using Machine Learning
Authors: Hu Jian , Hu Yongyang , Lv Qi , Wang Wentao , Wang Guanwu , Chen Guilin , Wang Kang , Kang Yun , Yang Haitao 
Published: July 2020

The growing complexity of modern digital design makes designers shift toward starting design exploration using high-level languages, and generating register transfer level (RTL) design from system level modeling (SLM) using high-level synthesis tools or manual transformation. Unfortunately, this translation process is very complex and error prone. The most important verification task is to check whether the RTL implementation is indeed equivalent to the system-level model. Equivalence checking is critical to ensure that the synthesized RTL conforms to its SLM specification. In this paper, we propose a novel path-based sequential equivalence checking method to validate the transformed RTL description against its corresponding SLM description. We represent the original SLM and the transformed RTL descriptions using Finite state machines with datapath (FSMD) and compare the path-pairs of the FSMD to obtain the equivalence of the designs. Then we recognize the corresponding path-pairs from all the generated paths of FSMD with Machine learning (ML) technique, and compare the recognized path-pairs by symbolic simulation and a satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solver. Our method can handle designs without mapping information and improve the efficiency of the state-of-the-art path-based equivalence checking methods. The promising experiments on representative benchmarks indicate the efficiency and effectiveness of our method.
Risk and Secondary Prevention of Stroke Recurrence
Authors: Flach Clare , Muruet Walter , Wolfe Charles D.A. , Bhalla Ajay , Douiri Abdel 
Published: July 2020

Background and Purpose:
With recent advances in secondary prevention management, stroke recurrence rates may have changed substantially. We aim to estimate risks and trends of stroke recurrence over the past 2 decades in a population-based cohort of patients with stroke.

Methods:
Patients with a first-ever stroke between 1995 and 2018 in South London, United Kingdom (n=6052) were collected and analyzed. Rates of recurrent stroke with 95% CIs were stratified by 5-year period of index stroke and etiologic TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) subtype. Cumulative incidences were estimated and multivariate Cox models applied to examine associations of recurrence and recurrence-free survival.

Results:
The rate of stroke recurrence at 5 years reduced from 18% (95% CI, 15%–21%) in those who had their stroke in 1995 to 1999 to 12% (10%–15%) in 2000 to 2005, and no improvement since. Recurrence-free survival has improved (35%, 1995–1999; 67%, 2010–2015). Risk of recurrence or death is lowest for small-vessel occlusion strokes and other ischemic causes (36% and 27% at 5 years, respectively). For cardioembolic and hemorrhagic index strokes around half of first recurrences are of the same type (54% and 51%, respectively). Over the whole study period a 54% increased risk of recurrence was observed among those who had atrial fibrillation before the index stroke (hazard ratio, 1.54 [1.09–2.17]).

Conclusions:
The rate of recurrence reduced until mid-2000s but has not changed over the last decade. The majority of cardioembolic or hemorrhagic strokes that have a recurrence are stroke of the same type indicating that the implementation of effective preventive strategies is still suboptimal in these stroke subtypes.
Sustained and Transient Processes in Event-based Prospective Memory in Adolescence and Adulthood
Authors: Magis-Weinberg Lucía , Custers Ruud , Dumontheil Iroise 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to the cognitive processes associated with remembering to perform an intended action after a delay. Varying the salience of PM cues while keeping the intended response constant, we investigated the extent to which participants relied on strategic monitoring, through sustained, top–down control, or on spontaneous retrieval via transient bottom–up processes. There is mixed evidence regarding developmental improvements in event-based PM performance after the age of 13 years. We compared PM performance and associated sustained and transient neural correlates in 28 typically developing adolescents (12–17 years old) and 19 adults (23–30 years old). Lower PM cue salience associated with slower ongoing task (OT) RTs, reflected by increased μ ex-Gaussian parameter, and sustained increases in frontoparietal activation during OT blocks, both thought to reflect greater proactive control supporting cue monitoring. Behavioral and neural correlates of PM trials were not specifically modulated by cue salience, revealing little difference in reactive control between conditions. The effect of cue salience was similar across age groups, suggesting that adolescents are able to adapt proactive control engagement to PM task demands. Exploratory analyses showed that younger, but not older, adolescents were less accurate and slower in PM trials relative to OT trials than adults and showed greater transient activation in PM trials in an occipito-temporal cluster. These results provide evidence of both mature and still maturing aspects of cognitive processes associated with implementation of an intention after a delay during early adolescence.
How Much Does the Upward Advection of the Supergradient Component of Boundary Layer Wind Contribute to Tropical Cyclone Intensification and Maximum Intensity?
Authors: Li Yuanlong , Wang Yuqing , Lin Yanluan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although the development of supergradient winds is well understood, the importance of supergradient winds in tropical cyclone (TC) intensification is still under debate. One view is that the spinup of the eyewall occurs by the upward advection of high tangential momentum associated with supergradient winds from the boundary layer. The other view argues that the upward advection of supergradient winds by eyewall updrafts results in an outward agradient force, leading to the formation of a shallow outflow layer immediately above the inflow boundary layer. As a result, the spinup of tangential wind in the eyewall by the upward advection of supergradient wind from the boundary layer is largely offset by the spindown of tangential wind due to the outflow resulting from the agradient force. In this study, the net contribution by the upward advection of the supergradient wind component from the boundary layer to the intensification rate and final intensity of a TC are quantified through ensemble sensitivity numerical experiments using an axisymmetric TC model. Results show that consistent with the second view above, the positive upward advection of the supergradient wind component from the boundary layer by eyewall updrafts is largely offset by the negative radial advection due to the outflow resulting from the outward agradient force. As a result, the upward advection of the supergradient wind component contributes little (often less than 4%) to the intensification rate and but it contributes about 10%–15% to the final intensity of the simulated TC due to the enhanced inner-core air–sea thermodynamic disequilibrium.
Blood pressure control in patients with a previous stroke/transient ischaemic attack in primary care in Ireland: a cross sectional study
Authors: Doogue Róisín , McCann David , Fitzgerald Noirin , Murphy Andrew W. , Glynn Liam G. , Hayes Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) is an important modifiable risk factor for recurrent stroke. Secondary prevention measures when implemented can reduce stroke re-occurrence by 80%. However, hypertension control rates remain sub-optimal, and little data is available from primary care where most management occurs.
The aim of this study was to describe BP control in primary care-based patients with a previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) in Ireland, and to concurrently examine antihypertensive medication-dosing.

Methods
Study participants most recent office-based BP reading was compared with the NICE (NG136) and European Society of Hypertension/ European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC 2013) goal of BP < 140/90 mmHg. Optimal anti-hypertensive medication dosing was determined by benchmarking prescribed doses for each drug with the World Health Organisation-Defined Daily Dosing (WHO-DDD) recommendations.

Results
We identified 328 patients with a previous stroke or TIA in 10 practices. Blood pressure was controlled in almost two thirds of patients when measured against the ESH/ESC and NICE guidelines (63.1%, n = 207). Of those with BP ≥140/90 (n = 116), just under half (n = 44, 47.3%) were adequately dosed in all anti-hypertensive medications when compared with the WHO-DDD recommendations.

Conclusion
Blood pressure control in patients post stroke/TIA appears sub-optimal in over one third of patients. A comparison of drug doses with WHO-DDD recommendations suggests that 47% of patients may benefit from drug-dose improvements. Further work is required to assess how best to manage blood pressure in patients with a previous stroke or TIA in Primary Care, as most consultations for hypertension take place in this setting.
Frequently abnormal serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity is associated with future development of fatty liver: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fujii Hideki , Doi Haruna , Ko Tetsuhisa , Fukuma Taito , Kadono Toru , Asaeda Kohei , Kobayashi Reo , Nakano Takahiro , Doi Toshifumi , Nakatsugawa Yoshikazu , Yamada Shinya , Nishimura Takeshi , Tomatsuri Naoya , Sato Hideki , Okuyama Yusuke , Kimura Hiroyuki , Kishimoto Etsuko , Nakabe Nami , Shima Takatomo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by excessive hepatic fat accumulation. Some individuals frequently present elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels without fatty liver ultrasound images and other abnormal liver enzymes levels. However, whether these individuals are at an elevated risk for developing fatty liver is unclear. We compared fatty liver change rates and risk factors between individuals with frequently elevated GGT levels and those with normal levels.

Methods
We designed a retrospective cohort study on the basis of complete medical checkup records. One group of individuals had presented normal serum GGT levels during the observation period (Normal-GGT group, n = 2713). Another group had had abnormal elevated serum GGT levels frequently (Abnormal-GGT group, n = 264). We determined the fatty liver change incident rates before and after propensity score matching. We explored confounding factors affecting fatty changes in each group using univariate and multivariate Cox models.

Results
The change incidence rates were 5.80/1000 and 10.02/1000 person-years in the Normal-GGT and Abnormal-GGT groups, respectively. After propensity score matching, the incidence rates were 3.08/1000 and 10.18/1000 person-years in the Normal-GGT and Abnormal-GGT groups, respectively (p = 0.026). The factors associated with fatty liver changes in the Normal-GGT group included body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar, and high-density lipoprotein levels. Those in the Abnormal-GGT group were platelet counts and TG. In our multivariable analysis, BMI, ALT, albumin, and TG levels were independent predictors of fatty changes in the Normal-GGT group, and high TG level was the only independent predictor in the Abnormal-GGT group.

Conclusions
The incidence rate of fatty liver change in the Abnormal-GGT group was higher than that in the Normal-GGT group. Consecutive elevated GGT levels increase the risk for fatty liver, and high TG levels in those individuals further independently increase the risk.
Protocol for understanding acute sarcopenia: a cohort study to characterise changes in muscle quantity and physical function in older adults following hospitalisation
Authors: Welch Carly , Greig Carolyn A. , Masud Tahir , Pinkney Thomas , Jackson Thomas A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundOlder adults are vulnerable to the effects of acute sarcopenia (acute muscle insufficiency) following hospitalisation. However, this condition remains poorly characterised to date. It is hypothesised that acute sarcopenia arises due to a combination of bed rest and inflammatory surge. This study aims to characterise changes in muscle quantity and function, determining which factors (clinical and biological) are most predictive, and how these relate to change in physical function at 13 weeks.MethodsThis study will include three groups of patients aged 70 years and older; patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery, patients admitted for emergency abdominal surgery, and patients admitted under general medicine with acute bacterial infections. Changes in muscle quantity (Bilateral Anterior Thigh Thickness with ultrasound and bioelectrical impedance analysis) and muscle function (muscle strength, physical performance) within 1 week of hospitalisation or surgery will be characterised, with follow-up of patients at 13 weeks. Physical function will be measured using the Patient Reported Outcome Measures Information System, and the Short Physical Performance Battery (or gait speed alone within 1 week of surgery).DiscussionThis study will fully characterise changes in muscle quantity and function in hospitalised older adults and enable risk stratification towards targeted interventions in clinical practice. The results of this study will inform further research involving interventions to ameliorate changes.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT03858192; Prospectively registered 28th February 2019.
Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to urolithiasis: a meta-regression and meta-analysis
Authors: Imani Danyal , Razi Bahman , Khosrojerdi Arezou , Lorian Kaivan , Motallebnezhad Morteza , Rezaei Ramazan , Aslani Saeed 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The currently available data with respect to the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism and risk to urolithiasis are inconclusive and inconsistent. Hence, an exhaustive meta-analysis can solve the discrepancies and provide a hint for upcoming investigations. Herein, a meta-analysis was carried out to attain a conclusive estimate of the association between VDR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and urolithiasis risk.

Methods
The major databases, including ISI Web of science, Scopus, and PubMed/MEDLINE were searched systematically from until June 2020 to retrieve all relevant studies. Association between VDR gene polymorphisms, including FokI (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236), BsmI (rs1544410), and ApaI (rs7975232), and urolithiasis risk was evaluated using pooled odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Additionally, to seek for the potential source of heterogeneity, meta-regression analyses were exerted.

Results
Literature search led to finally finding of 33 studies evaluating the VDR gene SNPs and urolithiasis risk. It was observed that none of the four SNPs were significantly associated with urolithiasis predisposition. However, subgroup analysis confirmed higher risk of urolithiasis in East-Asian and Caucasian population with ApaI and TaqI gene polymorphism. The analyses of sensitivity acknowledged the results stability.

Conclusion
Although this meta-analysis did not support the association of FokI, TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI in the overall polled analysis, it suggests that ApaI and TaqI SNPs is associated with increased risk of urolithiasis in East-Asian and Caucasians populations.