bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio predicts in‐hospital complications in Takotsubo syndrome. Results from a prospective multi‐center registry
Authors: Santoro Francesco , Guastafierro Francesca , Zimotti Tecla , Mallardi Adriana , Leopizzi Alessandra , Cannone Michele , Di Biase Matteo , Brunetti Natale Daniele 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundSeveral hematological indices including subtypes of leukocytes populations have been associated with cardiovascular outcome. Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a form of acute heart failure syndrome featured by several in‐hospital complications (IHCs).HypothesisHematological indices at admission may predict IHCs in TTS patients.MethodsOne hundred and sixty consecutive patients with TTS were enrolled in a multicenter prospective registry. Clinical data, admission hemogram, and IHCs were recorded.ResultsIncidence of IHCs was 37%, including pulmonary edema 9%, cardiogenic shock 9%, need of invasive ventilation 10%, death 8%, stroke 2.5%, and left ventricular thrombi 6%.Patients with IHCs were older, more frequently male, with physical stressor‐induced TTS, lower left ventricular ejection fraction at admission. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLr) (12 ± 12 vs 7 ± 8, P = .002) and white blood cells/mean platelet volume ratio (1.2 ± 0.5 vs 1.0 ± 0.5, P = .03) at admission were significantly higher in patients with IHCs.NLr values were predictor of IHCs (Odds ratios [OR] 1.07, 95% CI 1.03‐1.11, P < .01). When stratified according to NLr into tertiles, the rate of IHCs was from first to third tertile was, respectively, 22%, 31%, and 58%. NLr values in the higher tertile were independent predictors of IHCs even at multivariate analysis (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.5‐9.4, P < .01).NLr values higher than 5 were able to predict IHCs with a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 58%; negative predictive power was 84% (area under the ROC curve 0.73).ConclusionsNLr is an independent predictor of IHCs in patients admitted with TTS. Admission hemogram may represent a potential tool for prediction of IHCs in TTS.
Cationic Amphiphilic Peptides: Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents Inspired by Nature
Authors: Kundu Rajen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides are ubiquitous in multicellular organisms and have served as defense mechanisms for their successful evolution and throughout their life cycle. These peptides are short cationic amphiphilic polypeptides of fewer than 50 amino acids containing either a few disulfide‐linked cysteine residues with a characteristic β‐sheet‐rich structure or linear α‐helical conformations with hydrophilic side chains at one side of the helix and hydrophobic side chains on the other side. Antimicrobial peptides cause bacterial cell lysis either by direct cell‐surface damage via electrostatic interactions between the cationic side chains of the peptide and the negatively charged cell surface, or by indirect modulation of the host defense systems. Electrostatic interactions lead to bacterial cell membrane disruption followed by leakage of cellular components and finally bacterial cell death. Because of their unusual mechanism of cell damage, antimicrobial peptides are effective against drug‐resistant bacteria and may therefore prove more effective than classical antibiotics in certain cases. Currently, around 3000 natural antimicrobial peptides from six kingdoms (bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and animals) have been isolated and sequenced. However, only a few of them are under clinical trials and/or in the commercial development stage for the treatment of bacterial infections caused by antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. Moreover, high structural complexity, poor pharmacokinetic properties, and low antibacterial activity of natural antimicrobial peptides hinder their progress in drug development. To overcome these hurdles, researchers have become increasingly interested in modification and nature‐inspired synthetic antimicrobial peptides. This review discusses some of the recent studies reported on antimicrobial peptides.
Emerging cancer incidence trends in Canada: The growing burden of young adult cancers
Authors: Heer Emily V. , Harper Andrew S. , Sung Hyuna , Jemal Ahmedin , Fidler‐Benaoudia Miranda M. 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundRecent studies have identified increases in cancer incidence among younger adults for some cancers. This study examined incidence trends for 28 cancers in Canada by age and birth cohort from 1983 to 2012.MethodsCanadian incidence data for 20 to 84 year‐olds were obtained from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus database. Age‐period‐cohort modeling was used to estimate the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for 10‐year birth cohorts (reference cohort, 1943) for 28 cancer types.ResultsIncidence increased for 13 cancer sites among adults younger than 50 years (1983‐2012), with the largest increase occurring for rectal cancer (AAPC20‐24, 5.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.77‐7.51) and colon cancer (AAPC20‐24, 4.08; 95% CI, 2.89‐5.29). Compared with the 1943 birth cohort, persons born circa 1988 had approximately 5‐ and 2‐fold greater risks of rectal cancer (IRR, 4.98; 95% CI, 2.87‐8.63) and colon cancer (IRR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.62‐3.30), respectively. Incidence decreased among younger adults for 9 sites (1983‐2012), with the largest decreases observed for lung cancer (AAPC25‐29,−2.29; 95% CI, −3.57 to −0.98), cervical cancer (AAPC25‐29, −1.29; 95% CI, −1.67 to −0.90), and melanoma (AAPC25‐29, −0.61; 95% CI, −0.97 to −0.24). Decreased risks in recent birth cohorts were observed for all sites with decreasing trends in younger adults. For example, the risk of lung cancer was 60% lower in the 1988 birth cohort than the 1943 birth cohort (IRR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23‐0.78).ConclusionsIncidence among young adults is increasing for some cancers associated with obesity but decreasing for many cancers associated with infections or smoking. Although further studies are needed to replicate these findings and understand the etiology of early‐onset cancers, measures to promote healthy behaviors in young adults warranted.
Choice of local therapy for young women with early‐stage breast cancer who have young‐aged children
Authors: Pan I‐Wen , Yen Tina W. F. , Huo Jinhai , Chen Cheng , Smith Benjamin D. , Shih Ya‐Chen Tina 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundDecision making regarding the initial treatment of women with breast cancer is complicated. In the current study, the authors examined the relationship between treatment choices and their children's ages among young women with early‐stage breast cancer.MethodsUsing the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database, the authors identified women aged 20 to 50 years who underwent lumpectomy or mastectomy for early‐stage breast cancer between 2008 and 2014. Predictors of compliance with radiotherapy after undergoing lumpectomy and of undergoing mastectomy were determined using multinomial logistic regression. The authors conducted sensitivity analyses to explore the impact of the number of young‐aged children and a reduction in the sample size in 2014 due to the attrition of health plans contributing to MarketScan.ResultsA total of 21,052 women were included in the current analysis. Among women with at least 1 child aged <7 years, the adjusted rate of lumpectomy was 59.9%; approximately 22% of these women did not receive radiotherapy. Compared with women undergoing lumpectomy plus radiotherapy, women with at least 1 child aged <7 years or aged 7 to 12 years were 25% and 16%, respectively, more likely to undergo lumpectomy alone compared with women with no children aged <18 years (P = .002 andP = .012, respectively) and 64% and 37%, respectively, more likely to undergo mastectomy (P < .001).ConclusionsAmong privately insured women with breast cancer, having young children was found to be strongly associated with the omission of postlumpectomy radiotherapy or undergoing mastectomy. Having >1 young‐aged child further amplified these associations. The findings of the current study suggested that caring for young children may present unique challenges to young women with breast cancer.
Mammographic breast density, its changes, and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women
Authors: Kim Eun Young , Chang Yoosoo , Ahn Jiin , Yun Ji‐Sup , Park Yong Lai , Park Chan Heun , Shin Hocheol , Ryu Seungho 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundThe risk of breast cancer related to changes in breast density over time, including its regression and persistence, remains controversial. The authors investigated the relationship between breast density and its changes over time with the development of breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.MethodsThe current cohort study included 74,249 middle‐aged Korean women (aged ≥35 years) who were free of breast cancer at baseline and who underwent repeated screening mammograms. Mammographic breast density was categorized according to the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS). A dense breast was defined as heterogeneously dense or extremely dense, and changes in dense breasts between baseline and subsequent follow‐up were classified as none, developed, regressed, or persistent dense breast.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 6.1 years (interquartile range, 4.1‐8.8 years), a total of 803 incident breast cancers were identified. Baseline breast density was found to be positively associated with incident breast cancer in a dose‐response manner, and this association did not significantly differ by menopausal status. The multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer comparing “heterogeneously dense” and “extremely dense” categories with the nondense category were 1.96 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.40‐2.75) and 2.86 (95% CI, 2.04‐4.01), respectively. With respect to changes in dense breasts over time, multivariable‐adjusted HRs for breast cancer comparing persistent dense breast with none were 2.37 (95% CI, 1.34‐4.21) in premenopausal women and 3.61 (95% CI, 1.78‐7.30) in postmenopausal women.ConclusionsBoth baseline dense breasts and their persistence over time were found to be strongly associated with an increased risk of incident breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.Lay Summary

Both baseline breast density and its changes over time were found to be independently associated with the risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

The risk of incident breast cancer increased in women with persistent dense breasts, whereas the breast cancer risk decreased as dense breasts regressed.

The findings of the current study support that both dense breasts at baseline and their persistence over time are independent risk factors for developing breast cancer.
Nanolithographic Top‐Down Patterning of Polyoxovanadate‐Based Nanostructures with Switchable Electrical Resistivity
Authors: Rösner Benedikt , Fallica Roberto , Johnson Manuel , Späth Andreas , Fink Rainer , Ekinci Yasin , David Christian , Anjass Montaha H. , Streb Carsten 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe top‐down lithographic fabrication of functional metal oxide nanostructures enables technologically important applications such as catalysis and electronics. Here, we report the use of molecular vanadium oxides, polyoxovanadates, as molecular precursors for electron beam lithography to obtain functional vanadium oxide nanostructures. The new resist class described gives access to nanostructures with minimum dimensions close to 10 nm. The lithographically prepared structures exhibit temperature‐dependent switching behaviour of their electrical resistivity. The work could lay the foundation for accessing functional vanadium oxide nanostructures in the sub‐10‐nm domain using industrially established nanolithographic methods.
Dioxygen Binding to all 3d, 4d, and 5d Transition Metals from Coupled‐Cluster Theory
Authors: Moltved Klaus A. , Kepp Kasper P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how transition metals bind and activate dioxygen (O2) is limited by experimental and theoretical uncertainties, making accurate quantum mechanical descriptors of interest. Here we report coupled‐cluster CCSD(T) energies with large basis sets and vibrational and relativistic corrections for 160 3d, 4d, and 5d metal‐O2 systems. We define four reaction energies (120 in total for the 30 metals) that quantify O−O activation and reveal linear relationships between metal‐oxygen and O−O binding energies. The CCSD(T) data can be combined with thermochemical cycles to estimate chemisorption and physisorption energies for each metal from metal oxide embedding energies, in good correlation with atomization enthalpies (R2=0.75). Spin‐geometry variations can break the linearities, of interest to circumventing the Sabatier principle. Pt, Pd, Co, and Fe form a distinct group with the weakest O2 binding. R2 up to 0.84 between surface adsorption energies and our energies for MO2 systems indicate relevance also to real catalytic systems.
Reactions of Criegee Intermediates are Enhanced by Hydrogen‐Atom Relay Through Molecular Design
Authors: Kuo Mei‐Tsan , Takahashi Kaito , Lin Jim Jr‐Min 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe report a type of highly efficient double hydrogen atom transfer (DHAT) reaction. The reactivities of 3‐aminopropanol and 2‐aminoethanol towards Criegee intermediates (syn‐ and anti‐CH3CHOO) were found to be much higher than those of n‐propanol and propylamine. Quantum chemistry calculation has confirmed that the main mechanism of these very rapid reactions is DHAT, in which the nucleophilic attack of the NH2 group is catalyzed by the OH group which acts as a bridge of HAT. Typical gas‐phase DHAT reactions are termolecular reactions involving two hydrogen bonding molecules; these reactions are typically slow due to the substantial entropy reduction of bringing three molecules together. Putting the reactive and catalytic groups in one molecule circumvents the problem of entropy reduction and allows us to observe the DHAT reactions even at low reactant concentrations. This idea can be applied to improve theoretical predictions for atmospherically relevant DHAT reactions.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland metastasizing to the pericardium and diaphragm: Report of a rare case
Authors: Nasir Nadia , Monroe Cara E. , Hagerty Brendan L. , Quezado Martha M. , Roth Mark J. , Schrump David S. , Filie Armando C. , Agrawal Tanupriya 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is an uncommon malignancy of the salivary gland characterized by slow growth, increased risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. The annual incidence in the United States is approximately 1200 cases per year and rarely involves the body cavities.Case presentationWe present a case of a 48‐year‐old male diagnosed with AdCC of the left submandibular gland. He received his last chemotherapy in 2006 and presented with pleural metastasis. After undergoing pleurectomy and decortication procedure, pericardial fluid and biopsies from the chest wall, sixth rib, diaphragm, pleural cavity and pericardium were sent for pathologic evaluation. A diagnosis of metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma was confirmed, including in the pericardium, pericardial fluid and diaphragm.ConclusionAdCC of the submandibular gland is a malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. It is very rare for AdCC to metastasize to the pericardium and diaphragm. Metastasis to uncommon sites such as seen in our case with metastases to the pericardium and diaphragm shows the aggressive and unpredictable nature of this tumor, requiring close follow up, and indicating the need for molecular profile analysis and biomarker‐stratified clinical trials.
Visual perception of light organ patterns in deep‐sea shrimps and implications for conspecific recognition
Authors: Schweikert Lorian E. , Davis Alexander L. , Johnsen Sönke , Bracken‐Grissom Heather D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDarkness and low biomass make it challenging for animals to find and identify one another in the deep sea. While spatiotemporal variation in bioluminescence is thought to underlie mate recognition for some species, its role in conspecific recognition remains unclear. The deep‐sea shrimp genus, Sergestes sensu lato (s.l.), is one group that is characterized by species‐specific variation in light organ arrangement, providing us the opportunity to test whether organ variation permits recognition to the species level. To test this, we analyzed the visual capabilities of three species of Sergestes s.l. in order to (a) test for sexual dimorphism in eye‐to‐body size scaling relationships, (b) model the visual ranges (i.e., sighting distances) over which these shrimps can detect intraspecific bioluminescence, and (c) assess the maximum possible spatial resolution of the eyes of these shrimps to estimate their capacity to distinguish the light organs of each species. Our results showed that relative eye size scaled negatively with body length across species and without sexual dimorphism. Though the three species appear capable of detecting one another's bioluminescence over distances ranging from < 1 to ~6 m, their limited spatial resolution suggests they cannot resolve light organ variation for the purpose of conspecific recognition. Our findings point to factors other than conspecific recognition (e.g., neutral drift, phenotypic constraint) that have led to the extensive diversification of light organs in Sergestes s.l and impart caution about interpreting ecological significance of visual characters based on the resolution of human vision. This work provides new insight into deep‐sea animal interaction, supporting the idea that—at least for these mesopelagic shrimps—nonvisual signals may be required for conspecific recognition.
Long‐term persistence of wildlife populations in a pastoral area
Authors: Kiffner Christian , Kioko John , Baylis Jack , Beckwith Camille , Brunner Craig , Burns Christine , Chavez‐Molina Vasco , Cotton Sara , Glazik Laura , Loftis Ellen , Moran Megan , O'Neill Caitlin , Theisinger Ole , Kissui Bernard 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFacilitating coexistence between people and wildlife is a major conservation challenge in East Africa. Some conservation models aim to balance the needs of people and wildlife, but the effectiveness of these models is rarely assessed. Using a case‐study approach, we assessed the ecological performance of a pastoral area in northern Tanzania (Manyara Ranch) and established a long‐term wildlife population monitoring program (carried out intermittently from 2003 to 2008 and regularly from 2011 to 2019) embedded in a distance sampling framework. By comparing density estimates of the road transect‐based long‐term monitoring to estimates derived from systematically distributed transects, we found that the bias associated with nonrandom placement of transects was nonsignificant. Overall, cattle and sheep and goat reached the greatest densities and several wildlife species occurred at densities similar (zebra, wildebeest, waterbuck, Kirk's dik‐dik) or possibly even greater (giraffe, eland, lesser kudu, Grant's gazelle, Thomson's gazelle) than in adjacent national parks in the same ecosystem. Generalized linear mixed models suggested that most wildlife species (8 out of 14) reached greatest densities during the dry season, that wildlife population densities either remained constant or increased over the 17‐year period, and that herbivorous livestock species remained constant, while domestic dog population decreased over time. Cross‐species correlations did not provide evidence for interference competition between grazing or mixed livestock species and wildlife species but indicate possible negative relationships between domestic dog and warthog populations. Overall, wildlife and livestock populations in Manyara Ranch appear to coexist over the 17‐year span. Most likely, this is facilitated by existing connectivity to adjacent protected areas, effective anti‐poaching efforts, spatio‐temporal grazing restrictions, favorable environmental conditions of the ranch, and spatial heterogeneity of surface water and habitats. This long‐term case study illustrates the potential of rangelands to simultaneously support wildlife conservation and human livelihood goals if livestock grazing is restricted in space, time, and numbers.
Effect of 12‐week continuous positive airway pressure therapy on glucose levels assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoea; a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Banghøj Anne Margareta , Krogager Christoffer , Kristensen Peter Lommer , Hansen Klavs Würgler , Laugesen Esben , Fleischer Jesper , Lebech Cichosz Simon , Poulsen Per Løgstrup , Glymer Kirkegaard Martin , Thorsteinsson Birger , Tarnow Lise 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is frequent in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim was to investigate the effect of a 12‐week treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on glycaemic control assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), HbA1c and fasting blood glucose in patients with T2D and newly detected OSA.MethodsIn a randomized controlled multicentre study, 72 participants with T2D and moderate to severe OSA (78% male, age 62 ± 7, AHI 35 ± 15) were recruited from outpatient clinics in three Danish hospitals and were randomized to CPAP intervention or control. The main outcome was glycaemic control assessed by 6 days CGM at baseline and after 12‐week therapy, as well as by HbA1c and fasting blood glucose.ResultsNo significant changes were found in average glucose levels, time in glucose range, time with hypoglycaemia, time with hyperglycaemia or coefficient of variability. HbA1c decreased 0.7 mmol/mol (0.07%; P = .8) in the CPAP group and increased 0.8 mmol/mol (0.08%; P = .6) in the control group (intergroup difference, P = .6). Fasting blood glucose increased by 0.2 mmol/L (P = .02) in the CPAP group and by 0.4 mmol/L (P = .01) in the control group (intergroup difference, P = .7). In a prespecified subgroup analysis comparing participants with high adherence (minimum usage of four hours/night for 70% of all nights) to CPAP to the control group, no significant changes were observed either, although these participants had a tendency towards better glycaemic indices.ConclusionsCPAP treatment for 12 weeks does not significantly change glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and OSA.