bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining Water Use and Crop Coefficients of Five Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Niu G. , Rodriguez D.S. , Cabrera R. , McKenney C. , Mackay W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The water use and crop coefficient of five woody landscape species were determined by growing the shrubs both in 56-liter (15 gal) drainage lysimeters and in above-ground 10-liter containers (#3). Water use per plant, crop coefficient and overall growth parameters differed by species and culture system. Of the five species tested, Buddleia davidii ‘Burgundy’ and Nerium oleander ‘Hardy Pink’ had higher water use per plant in the lysimeters than in the containers. Water use per plant for Abelia grandiflora ‘Edward Goucher’, Euonymus japonica and Ilex vomitoria ‘Pride of Houston’ was the same for the two culture systems. Crop coefficient and growth index of A. grandiflora, E. japonica, and I. vomitoria was similar between the two systems. The growth index of B. davidii and N. oleander was much higher in the lysimeters than in the containers. Abelia grandiflora and E. japonica had more growth in the containers than in the lysimeters while I. vomitoria had slightly larger leaf area in the lysimeters than in the containers. The culture system did not affect the water use per unit leaf area of all species. Therefore, our results indicated that by quantifying the leaf area, the plant water use in the two culture systems is exchangeable.
Growth Response of Crapemyrtle to Production Light Level and Supplemental Fertilizer
Authors: Brooks K.M. , Keever G.J. , Sibley J.L. , Altland J.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of production light level on growth of crapemyrtle were evaluated as a means of accelerating the development of tree-form crapemyrtles (Lagerstroemia spp.). By the end of the first growing season, plant height and shoot length of ‘Fantasy’ and ‘Tuscarora’ were greater when grown under 50 or 80% shade than when grown in full sun. By the end of the second growing season, height and shoot length of all three cultivars grown under one or both shade levels were greater than those of plants grown in full sun. In a second experiment, ‘Carolina Beauty’ and ‘Tuscarora’, but not Dynamite™, were taller at the end of the first growing season when grown under 50 or 80% shade than when grown in full sun. Flowering of all cultivars grown under shade was suppressed or delayed. Caliper of Dynamite™ and ‘Tuscarora’ at the end of the first growing season was greatest when grown in full sun, while production light level had no effect on caliper of ‘Carolina Beauty’. At the end of the second season, during which all plants were grown in full sun, there were no height, caliper, or flowering differences of any cultivar due to previous production light level, except for less caliper growth of ‘Tuscarora’ previously under 80% shade compared to plants grown in full sun.
Comparison of Gardening Activities and Purchases of Homeowners and Renters
Authors: Behe Bridget K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In September 2004, an Internet survey was conducted among 1507 American homeowners and renters to compare their gardening participation and purchases. Because income level and homeownership were related, the sample was stratified to create four groups using the respondent's 2003 household income: (a) &lt; $25,000, (b) $25,000 to $49,999, (c) $50,000 to $74,999, and (d) ≥ $75,000. Within each income group, the percentages of respondents who participated in 14 gardening-related activities and made 12 gardening-related purchases were compared. Across all income groups, a higher percentage of homeowners than renters participated in gardening-related activities and made gardening-related purchases, however as income level rose the number of differences between homeowners and renters generally declined. At the income category $25,000 to $49,999, there were 20 of 26 possible differences between homeowners and renters. At the highest income category (≥ $75,000), homeowners and renters differed in only 5 of 14 gardening-related activities and none of 12 gardening-related purchases. Given the moderate extent to which they already participate and make gardening-related purchases, greater effort should be made to increase participation and purchases among this underserved target market.
Pre-germination Seed Treatments and Stratification Affect Germination of Montezuma Cypress
Authors: Denny Geoffrey C. , Arnold Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard var. mexicanum Gordon (syn. T. mucronatum), Montezuma cypress, is a valuable ornamental tree species tolerant of a wide range of cultural conditions. However, little is know about the propagation requirements of this species. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effect of previously recommended seed treatments for baldcypress (T. distichum (L.) Richard var. distichum) or pondcypress (T. distichum (L.) Richard var. imbricarium (Nutt.) Croom; syn. T. ascendens, T.d. var. nutans) on Montezuma cypress seeds, and 2) to determine the effects of stratification in combination with pre-germination treatments on germination of Montezuma cypress seeds. Open pollinated seeds were collected from a single tree in Southmost, TX (25° 52.576’ N, 97° 27 .083’ W, elevation 4.5 m, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9b). Seven pre-germination treatments and three stratification periods were applied to the seeds. If immediate germination of ripe seed is desired, then the best treatments are the citric acid soak and the hot water baths, however, if seeds can be stratified, then no pre-germination seed treatment is needed. Citric acid scarification and hot water baths produced the best germination. Stratification hastened germination rates and cumulative mean germination percentages. Stratification for 45 d appears to be sufficient, although for the best pre-germination treatments stratification requirements were less pronounced.
Differences in Growth, and Nitrogen Uptake and Storage Between Two Container-Grown Cultivars of Rhododendron
Authors: Bi G. , Scagel C.F. , Fuchigami L.H. , Regan R.P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One-year-old liners of an evergreen rhododendron (Rhododendron L. ‘H-1 P.J.M’) and a deciduous azalea (Rhododendron L. ‘Cannon's Double’) were used to determine nitrogen (N) uptake, remobilization, and storage in relation to plant growth from May to September. Plants were grown in a substrate of equal parts (by vol) vermiculite, pumice, and sandy loam soil and received liquid fertilization with or without N. Rate of N uptake was correlated with the rate of plant growth and maximum uptake occurred during July [azalea, &gt;4 mg/day (1.4E – 04 oz/day)] and August [rhododendron, &gt;2 mg/day (7.1E – 05 oz/day)]. Compared to the rhododendron used in this study, the azalea cultivar grew faster and had a greater rate of N uptake and uptake efficiency (azalea, 12 to 33%; rhododendron, 8 to 16%). The old leaves of the rhododendron remobilized N for new growth. New azalea leaves exported approx. 40% of their N by September when the stems and roots were actively accumulating biomass. The roots, stems and new leaves of the rhododendrons were still accumulating biomass by September. Our results suggest that transplanted 1-year-old liners of rhododendron and azalea contained sufficient N reserves in both the plant and substrate to support initial plant growth and that increasing availability of N in the substrate during the period of rapid growth can significantly increase N uptake while improving vegetative growth and the N status of both rhododendron and azalea.
Benzyladenine (BA) Promotes Ramet Formation in Hemerocallis
Authors: Amling J.W. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Eakes D.J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In 2000 and 2004, cultivars of Hemerocallis were treated with foliar applications of 2500 or 5000 ppm benzyladenine (BA) for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 consecutive weeks. In both years, BA increased ramet production of all cultivars although treatment response was cultivar dependent. In 2000, an increasing number of BA applications resulted in ‘Lavinia Love’ and ‘Beguine’ forming 1.6 to 3.2 and 0.7 to 1.1 more ramets, respectively, than control plants at 9 weeks after initial treatment (WAT), regardless of concentration. Increasing BA concentration increased ramet formation by up to one ramet in ‘Beguine’ and up to 3 ramets in ‘Lavinia Love’ at 9 WAT, regardless of the number of applications. At 9 WAT in 2004, increasing weekly applications of BA increased ramet formation in ‘Dainty Deb’ from a mean of 1.3 ramets with one application to a mean of 3.0 ramets with five applications, and in ‘Sarah Sikes hybrid’ from 0.5 ramets with one application to 2.1 ramets with five applications, regardless of concentration. Compared to control plants, ‘Dainty Deb’ increased ramet production by 1.9 ramets and 2.3 ramets at 9 WAT in 2004 when treated with 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm BA, respectively, regardless of the number of applications. Compared to untreated controls, ‘Sarah Sikes hybrid’ formed 1.1 and 1.3 more ramets when treated with 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm BA, respectively.
Effects of Container Spacing Practice and Fertilizer Placement on Runoff from Overhead-Irrigated Sweet Viburnum
Authors: Million Jeff , Yeager Tom , Albano Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Information on how management practices affect runoff volume and nutrient content is needed to improve irrigation and fertilizer efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. Runoff (leachate plus unintercepted irrigation and rain) was collected weekly for 20 weeks during production of sweet viburnum (Viburnum odoratissimum (L.) Ker-Gawl.) in trade #1 (2.7 liter) containers fertilized with 15 g (0.53 oz) of a resin-coated, controlled-release fertilizer Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12), 8–9 month 21C (70F)] and overhead-irrigated with water at 1 cm/day (0.39 in). Treatments were a factorial arrangement of two container spacing practices [spaced at planting (SP) or spaced midseason (SM)] and two fertilizer placement methods [incorporated (INC) or surface-applied (SURF)]. Cumulative runoff volume averaged 1590 liters/m2 (3900 gal/100 ft2) or 66% of irrigation plus rain and was 9% higher for SP than SM. A 37% reduction in shoot dry weight of SP versus SM plants was attributed to heat stress in SP containers. SURF decreased N, P, and K leaching losses (mg/container) 42, 42, and 25%, respectively, at SP and 16, 25, and 4%, respectively, at SM. Nutrient leaching losses as a percent of applied were 11–18% for N, 7–13% for P, and 19–28% for K. Total nutrient loads in runoff were 4.6–11.1 g/m2 for N, 0.48–1.25 g/m2 for P, and 5.8–10.1 g/m2 for K with peak nutrient loss occurring during the first two weeks after planting.
Plug Characteristics and Post-transplanting Container Size affect Growth of Little Bluestem and Lanceleaf Coreopsis
Authors: Watkinson Jonathan I. , Pill Wallace G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of several factors on growth of containerized lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.) and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash.). In the first study, seeds were sown in 22 cm3 (1.3 in3) plug cells and then transplanted, with or without root disturbance (manually teasing roots from the root ball and directing them radially from the plant axis) into 3.78 liter (1 gal) containers at 35 days (young) or 49 days (old) after planting. By 35 days after transplanting, old transplants of both species had greater shoot dry weight than young ones even though the latter had greater shoot relative growth rate and shoot net assimilation rate between 0 and 35 days after transplanting (DAT). By 107 DAT, old Schizachyrium transplants had more shoot dry weight than young ones, but Coreopsis shoot dry weight was unaffected by transplant age. Root disturbance, irrespective of transplant age and species, decreased shoot dry weight at 35 DAT and decreased shoot relative growth rate between 0 and 35, but had no effect on these variables by 107 DAT. In the second study, transplants were raised in small (22 cm3, 1.4 in3) or large (84 cm3, 5.1 in3) cells, then transplanted at 62 or 76 days after planting, respectively, (to assure similar shoot size to plug cell volume ratio and to avoid root restriction) into small (15 cm, 6 in) or large (20 cm, 8 in) diameter standard pots. Shoot dry weights of both species were greater from large plug cell transplants by 35 DAT, but only of Coreopsis by 107 DAT. Large post-transplanting containers further contributed to the growth advantage of transplanting plants from large plug cells, responses that could be attributed to greater supplies of water nutrients in larger plug cells and post-transplanting containers.
Sodium Cellulose Glycolate as a Thickening Agent for Liquid Auxin Formulations can Enhance Rooting of Stem Cuttings
Authors: Blythe Eugene K. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Abelia ‘Edward Goucher’, Buxus sinica var. insularis ‘Wintergreen’, Hedera helix, Hibiscus syriacus ‘Collie Mullens’, Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’, Juniperus conferta ‘Blue Pacific’, and Rosa ‘Red Cascade’ received a basal quick-dip in solutions of Dip ‘N Grow at concentrations of 0 + 0, 50 + 25, 250 + 125, 500 + 250, 750 + 375, and 1000 + 500 ppm IBA + NAA prepared with and without 13.5 g/liter sodium cellulose glycolate (SCG) as a thickening agent. Cuttings of Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’ exhibited increased rooting with increasing auxin concentration with inclusion of SCG. The other six taxa exhibited similar rooting percentages among all treatments, but exhibited an increase in root number and/or total root length with inclusion of SCG. Initial shoot growth on rooted cuttings of Abelia ‘Edward Goucher’ showed some reduction with increasing auxin concentration with inclusion of SCG, suggesting cuttings absorbed more auxin from solutions containing SCG owing to their extended period of exposure to the auxin. Otherwise, there were no negative responses to solutions containing SCG. The greater viscosity of solutions prepared with SCG can help reduce the possibility of spillage and evaporation of alcohol during use of the auxin solutions.
Evaluation for Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Cornus Species and Hybrids Using a Leaf Disk Assay
Authors: Li Y.H. , Windham M.T. , Trigiano R.N. , Fare D.C. , Spiers J.M. , Copes W.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using a leaf disk assay, eight cultivars or/and breeding lines in Cornus florida L., C. kousa (Buerger ex Miq.) Hance, five cultivars in C. kousa × C. florida, one cultivar in C. kousa × C. nuttallii Aud. and one cultivar in (C. kousa × C. nuttallii) × C. kousa were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew [Erysiphe pulchra (Cooke and Peck) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu (syn. Microsphaera pulchra Cooke and Peck)]. Flowering dogwoods (C. florida) cultivars were more susceptible than the other species and hybrids with the exception of the C. florida × C. kousa hybrid ‘Ruth Ellen’. Resistance in kousa dogwoods and hybrids was manifested as restriction of hyphal growth and inhibition of sporulation. Although mildew colonies and sporulation were detected on leaves of all flowering dogwood cultivars, ‘Karen's Appalachian Blush’ and ‘Worlds Fair’ were more resistant than other cultivars. These dogwoods had significantly lower values of percent geminated conidia with branched hyphae, infection efficiency, sporulation and delayed latent period. The leaf disk assay provides a laboratory procedure to screen new cultivars and lines of dogwoods for resistance to powdery mildew.
Multiple Cyclanilide Applications Promote Branching of Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Holland A.S. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Dane F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Multiple weekly or biweekly applications of 0, 100, 200 or 300 ppm cyclanilide (CYC), a bioregulator effective in stimulating branching of apple and cherry trees and select woody ornamental shrubs, were applied foliarly to eight species or cultivars of woody landscape shrubs, five of which showed increased branching in response to treatment. Shoot number increases were concentration and species dependent, and compared to untreated controls, branching at 60 days after first treatment (DAFT) with three weekly applications of 100 to 300 ppm CYC in 2005 increased from 1400 to 1900% in ‘Brandy's Temper’ sasanqua camellia, 114 to 175% in ‘Sky Pencil’ holly, 385 to 458% in ‘Foster’ holly, 166 to 335% in Eleanor Taber™ Indian hawthorn, and 1885 to 2230% in ‘Olivia’™ Indian hawthorn. In 2006, branching 60 DAFT with three biweekly applications of 100 to 300 ppm CYC increased 34 to 73% in ‘Foster’ holly, 268 to 413% in Eleanor Taber™ Indian hawthorn, and 2540 to 4440% in Olivia™ Indian hawthorn. Plant size often decreased with increasing CYC concentration, but not in all species or cultivars. Injury to new foliage of ‘Brandy's Temper’ camellia and ‘Sky Pencil’ and ‘Foster’ holly occurred in 2005, and to new foliage of Eleanor Taber™ and Olivia™ Indian hawthorn in both 2005 and 2006, however symptoms were transient and no longer evident by 120 DAFT. Quality of treated responsive plants at 120 DAFT was usually higher than that of untreated plants, and CYC-induced treatment effects generally persisted until the end of the growing season.
IBA Formulation, Concentration, and Stock Plant Growth Stage Affect Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Viburnum rufidulum
Authors: Griffin Jason J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Viburnum rufidulum Raf. (southern or rusty blackhaw) has potential to be a popular landscape plant as it is an attractive large shrub tolerant of many common landscape stresses. However, propagation difficulties have thus far limited wide scale use. Therefore, the influence of IBA formulation and concentration on adventitious rooting of stem cuttings of southern blackhaw taken at different stock plant growth stages throughout the year were investigated. Liquid formulations of the potassium salt (K-salt) of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA) at 0, 3000, 6000, or 9000 ppm (0, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9%) as well as talc formulations of IBA at 1000, 3000, or 8000 ppm (0.1, 0.3 or 0.8%) were utilized. Talc formulations failed to stimulate rooting regardless of concentration or growth stage. A quick-dip of K-IBA increased rooting percentage at all growth stages. Softwood and hardwood cuttings had the highest rooting percentages. Hardwood cuttings treated with 6000 ppm (0.6%) or 9000 ppm (0.9%) rooted 90 and 100%, respectively. Softwood cuttings treated with 6000 ppm (0.6%) rooted 87%. K-IBA improved root number per rooted cutting for softwood cuttings, whereas root length was unaffected by K-IBA at any growth stage.
Utilization of Mixed Municipal Solid Waste Compost as a Soilless Potting Component in Greenhouse Production of Four Floricultural Crops
Authors: Lu Wenliang , Yang Xiaomei , Sibley Jeff L. , Gilliam Charles H. , Bannon James S. , Zhang Yaoqi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mixed municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) was evaluated as a soilless potting mix component for greenhouse production using four floricultural crops: dusty miller (Senecio cineraria), hybrid petunia (Petunia × hybrida), Japanese holly fern (Cyrtomium falcatum), and begonia (Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum). Dusty miller and petunia plugs were transplanted into 36-cell trays filled with MSWC based substrates and grown for two months. Petunia only grew well in the blend with the lowest MSWC ratio (33%), while dusty miller grew well in all MSWC blends. Japanese holly fern and begonia liners were transplanted into 15 cm (6 in) azalea pots and grown for 12 weeks in five substrates: 100% pine bark (PB), 3: 1 PB: MSWC, 1: 1 PB: MSWC, 1: 3 PB: MSWC, and commercially available Fafard 3B Mix. In addition to substrate, a controlled-release fertilizer was applied at two rates to form a two-way factorial completely randomized design. Replacement of PB with MSWC resulted at least equal plant quality and growth of begonia in the aspects of growth index, leaf greenness (SPAD value), flower number, visual rating, and shoot fresh and dry weight. For Japanese holly fern, replacement of PB with MSWC resulted in a lower visual rating, but without other negative responses in plant. For the four greenhouse crops tested, plant growth and quality were seldom negatively affected at low ratios of MSWC (25 to 33%o). However, our studies indicate the impact of blending traditional pine bark with higher than 50% MSWC is species specific.
Nitrogen Nutrition of Southern Seaoats (Uniola paniculata) Grown in the Float System
Authors: Norden Daniel S. , Warren Stuart L. , Blazich Frank A. , Nash David L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of southern seaoats (Uniola paniculata L.) were removed from storage in July 2004, surface disinfested with 2.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 min, and sown in styrofoam tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) float trays (flats) filled with a vermiculite-based hydroponic substrate. Trays were floated in plastic tubs (one tray per tub) containing a complete nutrient solution with nitrogen (N) at 10, 60, 120, 180, or 240 mg·L−1 (ppm) from a 2N–3.5P–1K ratio (8N–32P2O5–5K2O) liquid slow-release fertilizer. After 10 weeks the study was terminated and data recorded. Total plant, top, leaf, stem, and root dry weights increased quadratically with increasing nitrogen application rate (NAR) with maximum dry weights calculated to occur with N at 140 to 150 mg-L−1, respectively. Other growth indexes of leaf area, root length, root area, plant height, crown growth index, tiller number, and leaf number also increased quadratically with increasing NAR similar to dry weight data. Leaf area, root length, and root area were maximized with N at 157, 140, and 140 mg-L−1, respectively. Root to top ratio and specific leaf area were both unaffected by NAR. Leaf mineral nutrient concentrations of N and phosphorus responded quadratically with increasing NAR whereas, foliar mineral nutrient concentrations of potassium, calcium, sulfur, sodium (Na), manganese, zinc, and copper responded linearly to increasing NARs. With the exception of Na and iron, foliar nutrient content for all analyzed nutrients increased quadratically with increasing NAR. Calculated leaf N concentration at maximum top dry weight was 31 mg·g−1. Southern seaoats can be grown successfully using the float system with optimum N rates of 140 to 150 mg·L−1 provided by a fertilizer having a 2N–3.5P–1K ratio.
Amending a Gravel Based Growing Medium with Calcined Clay Improves Physical Properties and Seedling Growth
Authors: Bohnert Catherine A. , Starbuck Christopher , Anderson Stephen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Missouri Gravel Bed (MGB) is a system that uses pea gravel with 10% sand (v/v) as a root growth medium, allowing plants to be removed from the gravel and planted, bare root, during the growing season. However, the low water holding capacity of the medium necessitates frequent irrigation. This study was conducted to determine the effects of amending pea gravel with calcined clay (Terra-Green®) on the physical properties of the medium and on growth of Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch seedlings. Adding 10% sand (v/v) increased water holding capacity of the medium slightly at water tensions above 1 kPa. Gravel amended with 40% calcined clay had 16% air-filled porosity and had 3.5 times more plant available water than gravel with sand only. Dry weights of seedlings grown in gravel amended with 40% calcined clay and no sand were over twice as great as those of seedlings grown in the standard MGB medium.