bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population genetic structure and predominance of cyclical parthenogenesis in the bird cherry‐oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi in England
Authors: Morales‐Hojas Ramiro , Gonzalez‐Uriarte Asier , Alvira Iraizoz Fernando , Jenkins Todd , Alderson Lynda , Kruger Tracey , Hall Mike J. , Greenslade Alex , Shortall Chris R. , Bell James R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGenetic diversity is the determinant for pest species’ success and vector competence. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that determine the genetic diversity is fundamental to help identify the spatial scale at which pest populations are best managed. In the present study, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic diversity and evolution of Rhopalosiphum padi, a major pest of cereals and a main vector of the barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), in England. We have used a genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach to study whether (a) there is any underlying population genetic structure at a national and regional scale in this pest that can disperse long distances; (b) the populations evolve as a response to environmental change and selective pressures; and (c) the populations comprise anholocyclic lineages. Individual R. padi were collected using the Rothamsted Insect Survey's suction‐trap network at several sites across England between 2004 and 2016 as part of the RIS long‐term nationwide surveillance. Results identified two genetic clusters in England that mostly corresponded to a North–South division, although gene flow is ongoing between the two subpopulations. These genetic clusters do not correspond to different life cycle types, and cyclical parthenogenesis is predominant in England. Results also show that there is dispersal with gene flow across England, although there is a reduction between the northern and southern sites with the south‐western population being the most genetically differentiated. There is no evidence for isolation by distance and other factors such as primary host distribution, uncommon in the south and absent in the south‐west, could influence the dispersal patterns. Finally, results also show no evidence for the evolution of the R. padi population, and it is demographically stable despite the ongoing environmental change. These results are discussed in view of their relevance to pest management and the transmission of BYDV.
Fine‐scale barriers to connectivity across a fragmented South‐East Asian landscape in six songbird species
Authors: Cros Emilie , Ng Elize Y. X. , Oh Rachel R. Y. , Tang Qian , Benedick Suzan , Edwards David P. , Tomassi Suzanne , Irestedt Martin , Ericson Per G. P. , Rheindt Frank E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHabitat fragmentation is a major extinction driver. Despite dramatically increasing fragmentation across the globe, its specific impacts on population connectivity across species with differing life histories remain difficult to characterize, let alone quantify. Here, we investigate patterns of population connectivity in six songbird species from Singapore, a highly fragmented tropical rainforest island. Using massive panels of genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms across dozens of samples per species, we examined population genetic diversity, inbreeding, gene flow and connectivity among species along a spectrum of ecological specificities. We found a higher resilience to habitat fragmentation in edge‐tolerant and forest‐canopy species as compared to forest‐dependent understorey insectivores. The latter exhibited levels of genetic diversity up to three times lower in Singapore than in populations from contiguous forest elsewhere. Using dense genomic and geographic sampling, we identified individual barriers such as reservoirs that effectively minimize gene flow in sensitive understorey birds, revealing that terrestrial forest species may exhibit levels of sensitivity to fragmentation far greater than previously expected. This study provides a blueprint for conservation genomics at small scales with a view to identifying preferred locations for habitat corridors, flagging candidate populations for restocking with translocated individuals and improving the design of future reserves.
Comparison of immunofluorescence and chemiluminescence assays for measuring ACTH in equine plasma
Authors: McGilvray Tegan A. , Knowles Edward J. , Harris Pat A. , Menzies‐Gow Nicola J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe chemiluminescence (CL) and immunofluorescence (IF) assays yield different results for basal adrenocorticotropin hormone concentrations [ACTH] in pony plasma. It is unclear whether this difference also occurs in basal samples from horses or samples from ponies following thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation.ObjectivesTo compare the results of [ACTH] analysis by CL and IF methods in basal samples from horses and pony samples following TRH stimulation.Study designMethod comparison.MethodsPlasma [ACTH] was measured concurrently using CL and IF methods in 12 ponies (basal and post‐TRH stimulation) in November and basal samples from horses (n = 45; November and May).ResultsCL and IF methods yielded different results (P < .01). The median difference (CL‐IF) (95% CI) for ponies was 5.9 (0.1‐7.5) pg/mL at baseline and 227.9 (61‐1001) pg/mL post TRH; and horses 1.9 (1.1‐5.4) pg/mL in November and 9.4 (8.2‐11.5) pg/mL in May, at baseline. Correlation was good in ponies at baseline (R = 0.80, P = .003) but not post‐TRH, and good in horses in November and May (R = 0.68 and 0.71, P < .001). Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated moderate bias and wide 95% limits of agreement (95% LOA) in ponies at baseline (bias 5.5 pg/mL; 95% LOA −9.9 to 20.9 pg/mL) and horses in May (bias 10.6 pg/mL; 95% LOA −9 to 30.3 pg/mL) and very large bias and wide 95% LOA in ponies post‐TRH (bias 477 pg/mL; 95% LOA −633 to 1587 pg/mL). Using CL cut‐offs of >29 and >110 pg/mL, agreement was moderate (ƙ = 0.67) and very good (ƙ = 0.82) for binary classification of PPID in ponies at baseline and post‐TRH; and good (ƙ = 0.73) for horses in November, but poor (ƙ = 0.40) in May.Main limitationsLimited numbers of horses with [ACTH] above threshold values.ConclusionsThe assays yielded different absolute values, particularly in post‐TRH samples from ponies, suggesting TRH stimulates secretion of cross‐reacting peptides other than ACTH. Agreement for binary classification for PPID was moderate to good, except in basal samples from horses in May.
Paradise lost: End‐of‐century warming and acidification under business‐as‐usual emissions have severe consequences for symbiotic corals
Authors: van der Zande Rene M. , Achlatis Michelle , Bender‐Champ Dorothea , Kubicek Andreas , Dove Sophie , Hoegh‐Guldberg Ove 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite recent efforts to curtail greenhouse gas emissions, current global emission trajectories are still following the business‐as‐usual representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 emission pathway. The resulting ocean warming and acidification have transformative impacts on coral reef ecosystems, detrimentally affecting coral physiology and health, and these impacts are predicted to worsen in the near future. In this study, we kept fragments of the symbiotic corals Acropora intermedia (thermally sensitive) and Porites lobata (thermally tolerant) for 7 weeks under an orthogonal design of predicted end‐of‐century RCP8.5 conditions for temperature and pCO2 (3.5°C and 570 ppm above present‐day, respectively) to unravel how temperature and acidification, individually or interactively, influence metabolic and physiological performance. Our results pinpoint thermal stress as the dominant driver of deteriorating health in both species because of its propensity to destabilize coral–dinoflagellate symbiosis (bleaching). Acidification had no influence on metabolism but had a significant negative effect on skeleton growth, particularly when photosynthesis was absent such as in bleached corals or under dark conditions. Total loss of photosynthesis after bleaching caused an exhaustion of protein and lipid stores and collapse of calcification that ultimately led to A. intermedia mortality. Despite complete loss of symbionts from its tissue, P. lobata maintained small amounts of photosynthesis and experienced a weaker decline in lipid and protein reserves that presumably contributed to higher survival of this species. Our results indicate that ocean warming and acidification under business‐as‐usual CO2 emission scenarios will likely extirpate thermally sensitive coral species before the end of the century, while slowing the recovery of more thermally tolerant species from increasingly severe mass coral bleaching and mortality. This could ultimately lead to the gradual disappearance of tropical coral reefs globally, and a shift on surviving reefs to only the most resilient coral species.
Stronger regional biosecurity is essential to prevent hundreds of harmful biological invasions
Authors: Faulkner Katelyn T. , Robertson Mark P. , Wilson John R. U. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBiological invasions often transcend political boundaries, but the capacity of countries to prevent invasions varies. How this variation in biosecurity affects the invasion risks posed to the countries involved is unclear. We aimed to improve the understanding of how the biosecurity of a country influences that of its neighbours. We developed six scenarios that describe biological invasions in regions with contiguous countries. Using data from alien species databases, socio‐economic and biodiversity data and species distribution models, we determined where 86 of 100 of the world's worst invasive species are likely to invade and have a negative impact in the future. Information on the capacity of countries to prevent invasions was used to determine whether such invasions could be avoided. For the selected species, we predicted 2,523 discrete invasions, most of which would have significant negative impacts and are unlikely to be prevented. Of these invasions, approximately a third were predicted to spread from the country in which the species first establishes to neighbouring countries where they would cause significant negative impacts. Most of these invasions are unlikely to be prevented as the country of first establishment has a low capacity to prevent invasions or has little incentive to do so as there will be no impact in that country. Regional biosecurity is therefore essential to prevent future harmful biological invasions. In consequence, we propose that the need for increased regional co‐operation to combat biological invasions be incorporated in global biodiversity targets.
MLH1‐mediated recruitment of FAN1 to chromatin for the induction of apoptosis triggered by O6‐methylguanine
Authors: Rikitake Mihoko , Fujikane Ryosuke , Obayashi Yuko , Oka Kyoko , Ozaki Masao , Hidaka Masumi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractO6‐Methylguanines (O6‐meG), which are produced in DNA by the action of alkylating agents, are mutagenic and cytotoxic, and induce apoptosis in a mismatch repair (MMR) protein‐dependent manner. To understand the molecular mechanism of O6‐meG‐induced apoptosis, we performed functional analyses of FANCD2 and FANCI‐associated nuclease 1 (FAN1), which was identified as an interacting partner of MLH1. Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1‐MMR complex. In comparison with control cells, FAN1‐knockdown cells were more resistant to MNU, and the appearances of a sub‐G1 population and caspase‐9 activation were suppressed. FAN1 formed nuclear foci in an MLH1‐dependent manner after MNU treatment, and some were colocalized with both MLH1 foci and single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) created at damaged sites. Under the same condition, FANCD2 also formed nuclear foci, although it was dispensable for the formation of FAN1 foci and ssDNA. MNU‐induced formation of ssDNA was dramatically suppressed in FAN1‐knockdown cells. We therefore propose that FAN1 is loaded on chromatin through the interaction with MLH1 and produces ssDNA by its exonuclease activity, which contributes to the activation of the DNA damage response followed by the induction of apoptosis triggered by O6‐meG.
New insights into calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON): a 20‐year radiological–pathological study of 37 cases
Authors: Ho Mai‐Lan , Eschbacher Kathryn L , Paolini Michael A , Raghunathan Aditya 
Published: January 2020

AimsCalcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON) is a rare entity that can occur anywhere within the central nervous system. Histologically, CAPNON has been characterised as a benign, calcified, fibro‐osseous lesion with a characteristic chondromyxoid fibrillary matrix with dense calcification and varying degrees of spindle, epithelioid, fibrous, meningothelial and giant cells. The underlying aetiology of CAPNON is controversial and incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive radiological and histological review to further characterise this entity.Methods and resultsIn this article, we review our institutional 20‐year experience including 37 cases of CAPNON with detailed pathological analysis, evaluation of concurrent lesions, correlation with radiological imaging, and critical review of the literature. The classic histological finding of chondromyxoid matrix was present in one‐third of cases. Underlying or dual pathologies were frequent, and included diverse underlying conditions. Radiologically, dense calcification and dural attachment were the most common features. Enhancement was often low, but was more prominent in the setting of inflammatory changes, aggressive growth, and dual pathology.ConclusionOur results suggest that CAPNON represents a spectrum of reactive processes that can arise in association with diverse underlying pathologies, including inflammatory, degenerative, vascular and neoplastic lesions.
Effects of transforming growth factor‐β1 on plasminogen activation in stem cells from the apical papilla: role of activating receptor‐like kinase 5/Smad2 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signalling
Authors: Chang M. C. , Chang H. H. , Hsieh W. C. , Huang W. L. , Lian Y. C. , Jeng P. Y. , Wang Y. L. , Yeung S. Y. , Jeng J. H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo study the effects of TGF‐β1 on the plasminogen activation (PA) system of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) and its signalling.MethodologySCAP cells were isolated from the apical papilla of immature permanent teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. They were exposed to various concentration of TGF‐β1 with/without pretreatment and coincubation by SB431542 (ALK/Smad2/3 inhibitor), or U0126 (MEK/ERK inhibitor). MTT assay, Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect their effects on cell viability, and the protein expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR) and their secretion. The paired Student’s t‐test was used for statistical analysis.ResultsTGF‐β1 significantly stimulated PAI‐1 and soluble uPAR (suPAR) secretion of SCAP cells (P < 0.05), whereas uPA secretion was inhibited. Accordingly, TGF‐β1 induced both PAI‐1 and uPAR protein expression of SCAP cells. SB431542 (an ALK5/Smad2/3 inhibitor) pretreatment and coincubation prevented the TGF‐β1‐induced PAI‐1 and uPAR of SCAP. U0126 attenuated the TGF‐β1‐induced expression/secretion of uPAR, but not PAI‐1 in SCAP. SB431542 reversed the TGF‐β1‐induced decline of uPA.ConclusionsTGF‐β1 may affect the repair/regeneration activities of SCAP via differential increase or decrease of PAI‐1, uPA and uPAR. These effects induced by TGF‐β1 are associated with ALK5/Smad2/3 and MEK/ERK activation. Elucidation the signalling pathways and effects of TGF‐β1 is useful for treatment of immature teeth with open apex by revascularization/revitalization procedures and tissue repair/regeneration.
Physico‐chemical investigation of endodontic sealers exposed to simulated intracanal heat application: epoxy resins and zinc oxide–eugenols
Authors: Donnermeyer D. , Urban K. , Bürklein S. , Schäfer E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo gain information in a laboratory setting about the effect of thermal treatment of epoxy resin‐based and zinc oxide–eugenol‐based sealers.MethodologyAH Plus and Pulp Canal Sealer (PCS) were exposed to thermal treatment at 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87 and 97 °C for 30 s. According to clinically relevant considerations, intracanal sealer temperature is likely not to exceed 60 °C during warm vertical root canal filling. Heat application is recommended for less than 30 s during continuous wave technique, but might exceed this threshold in complex cases. Furthermore, heat treatment at 97 °C was performed for 60 and 180 s to simulate inappropriate implementation of warm vertical filling techniques. Specimens were heated inside 2‐mL plastic tubes in a thermo‐controlled water bath until the temperatures were reached and kept at this temperature for the determined period of time. Afterwards, specimens were cooled to body temperature and physical properties (setting time, flow, film thickness according to ISO 6876) were assessed. Chemical properties (Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy) were assessed after complete setting of the specimens in an incubator at 37 °C and 100% humidity. Statistical analysis of physical properties was performed using Kruskal–Wallis test (P = 0.05).ResultsThe setting time of AH Plus and PCS decreased when temperature and duration of heat application increased. Whilst the setting time of AH Plus decreased from 622 min at 20 °C (for 30 s) to 381 min at 97 °C (for 180 s; P < 0.05), heat treatment of PCS at 97 °C for 180 s led to an immediate setting of the material. From 20 °C (for 30 s) to 97 °C (for 30 s), the setting time of PCS decreased from 80.1 to 41.0 h (P < 0.05). Film thickness and flow were not relevantly influenced by thermal treatment except for PCS at 97 °C for 180 s. FT‐IR spectroscopy did not reveal any chemical changes of either sealer after thermal treatment.ConclusionsThermal treatment simulating clinically relevant temperature levels and heating times did not lead to any substantial physical or chemical changes at all temperature levels when heating did not exceed 60 s. AH Plus and Pulp Canal Sealer can be considered suitable for warm root filling techniques.
Real‐time chemical analysis of root filling materials with heating: guidelines for safe temperature levels
Authors: Atmeh A. R. , Hadis M. , Camilleri J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo investigate the chemical changes affecting different types of gutta‐percha and endodontic sealers during heating, and correlate changes with the heating capacity of different heat carriers.MethodologyThe heating capacity of three endodontic heat carriers was evaluated using thermocouples to produce heat profiles. The devices were activated at different temperature set‐ups, in continuous or cut‐out modes. Chemical changes of six brands of gutta‐percha and four types of sealers were assessed in real time during heating using micro‐Raman spectroscopy equipped with a heating stage. Raman spectra of each tested material were averaged and compared at different temperature levels. The sealers were further assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy.ResultsNone of the tested heat carriers achieved the temperature levels that were set by the devices and recommended by the manufacturer. The use of continuous heating mode resulted in higher rises in temperature than the 4 s cut‐out mode that reached 110 °C. The various brands of gutta‐percha exhibited different chemical changes in response to heat. Some changes even occurred below temperature levels generated by the heating devices. All sealers revealed changes in their chemical composition upon heating. Changes in epoxy resin‐ and zinc oxide–eugenol‐based sealers were detectable at 100 °C, with structural alterations beyond that temperature and irreversible changes after cooling. Water loss was irreversible in BioRoot, but its chemical structure was stable as well as for the TotalFill.ConclusionsThe heating capacity of endodontic heat carriers needs to be standardized, so that the temperatures delivered by the tips are the same as that set on the dial. Practitioners should be aware of the actual temperatures generated by these devices, and the suitability of sealers to be used at the temperature levels achieved.
The effect of Dy3+ doping on the thermoluminescence properties of Ba2SiO4
Authors: Kafadar Vural E. , Yeşilkaynak Tuncay , Demirdogen Ruken Esra , Othman Awara A. , Emen Fatih Mehmet , Erat Selma 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe thermoluminescence (TL) properties of barium silicate phosphor, Ba2SiO4:%3Dy3+ synthesized by using hydrothermal method were investigated and presented in detail. The crystallographic structure of Ba2SiO4:%3Dy3+ was determined by conventional x‐ray diffraction technique and the results showed that the sample was grown in orthorhombic phase with Pmcn (62) space group (PDF: 01‐077‐0150). The excitation spectra of Ba2SiO4:Dy3+ were measured in the wavelength range of 220‐400 nm and the spectra showed that there were several excitation bands in the sample. The CIE chromaticity coordinates were also calculated from emission spectra for Dy3+‐doped Ba2SiO4. In order to calculate the kinetic parameters of the sample the additive dose, peak shape and computerized glow curve deconvolution methods were used. It was found that Ba2SiO4:Dy3+ was composed of five general order TL glow peaks. The fading characteristics of the sample were also studied over a period time. At the end of the planned storage times, the normalized TL peak area of Ba2SiO4:Dy3+ reduced 60% of its original value.
Noodle processing, storage time and cooking affect the antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds content of Qingke barley noodles
Authors: Tuersuntuoheti Tuohetisayipu , Wang Zhenhua , Duan Mengjie , Asimi Sailimuhan , Ren Xin , Wang Ziyuan , Zheng Yanyan , Wu Yan , Liang Shan , Zhang Min 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe impact of noodle processing, storage and cooking on the total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was assessed. Total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of mixed flour were 77.50 and 39.56 mg per 100 g, respectively, and it decreased to 71.80 and 36.30 mg per 100 g after noodle processing. For the fresh Qingke barley noodles (FQBNs), stored at 25 °C, both TPC and TFC decreased significantly during storage. After cooking the fresh noodles, the TPC of the noodles stored for 0 and 4 h increased, while it decreased for the noodles stored for 8, 16 and 24 h; the TFC of all cooked Qingke barley noodles (CQBNs) decreased. Compared with the flour, the DPPH•, ABTS•+, HO• and scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after noodle processing. For FQBN, increased storage time led to a reduction in antioxidant ability. After cooking, the DPPH• and HO• scavenging ability and FRAP of noodles stored at 25 °C for 0 and 4 h, and the ABTS•+ and scavenging ability of noodles stored at 25 °C for 0, 4 and 8 h increased. Overall, noodle processing, storage and cooking will affect the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activities of barley noodles. Although the shelf life of FQBN is 17 h at 25 °C, from the perspective of nutrition, it is not suitable for long‐term storage, and it is best choice to consume it within the first 4 h.