bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boosting output performance of sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator by charge space-accumulation effect
Authors: He Wencong , Liu Wenlin , Chen Jie , Wang Zhao , Liu Yike , Pu Xianjie , Yang Hongmei , Tang Qian , Yang Huake , Guo Hengyu , Hu Chenguo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG) is an effective technology for in-plane low-frequency mechanical energy harvesting. However, as surface modification of tribo-materials and charge excitation strategies are not well applicable for this mode, output performance promotion of S-TENG has no breakthrough recently. Herein, we propose a new strategy by designing shielding layer and alternative blank-tribo-area enabled charge space-accumulation (CSA) for enormously improving the charge density of S-TENG. It is found that the shielding layer prevents the air breakdown on the interface of tribo-layers effectively and the blank-tribo-area with charge dissipation on its surface of tribo-material promotes charge accumulation. The charge space-accumulation mechanism is analyzed theoretically and verified by experiments. The charge density of CSA-S-TENG achieves a 2.3 fold enhancement (1.63 mC m−2) of normal S-TENG in ambient conditions. This work provides a deep understanding of the working mechanism of S-TENG and an effective strategy for promoting its output performance.
Committee machines—a universal method to deal with non-idealities in memristor-based neural networks
Authors: Joksas D. , Freitas P. , Chai Z. , Ng W. H. , Buckwell M. , Li C. , Zhang W. D. , Xia Q. , Kenyon A. J. , Mehonic A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArtificial neural networks are notoriously power- and time-consuming when implemented on conventional von Neumann computing systems. Consequently, recent years have seen an emergence of research in machine learning hardware that strives to bring memory and computing closer together. A popular approach is to realise artificial neural networks in hardware by implementing their synaptic weights using memristive devices. However, various device- and system-level non-idealities usually prevent these physical implementations from achieving high inference accuracy. We suggest applying a well-known concept in computer science—committee machines—in the context of memristor-based neural networks. Using simulations and experimental data from three different types of memristive devices, we show that committee machines employing ensemble averaging can successfully increase inference accuracy in physically implemented neural networks that suffer from faulty devices, device-to-device variability, random telegraph noise and line resistance. Importantly, we demonstrate that the accuracy can be improved even without increasing the total number of memristors.
Rational design of Al2O3/2D perovskite heterostructure dielectric for high performance MoS2 phototransistors
Authors: Jiang Jiayang , Zou Xuming , Lv Yawei , Liu Yuan , Xu Weiting , Tao Quanyang , Chai Yang , Liao Lei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites are currently drawing significant attention as highly-stable photoactive materials for optoelectronic applications. However, the insulating nature of organic ammonium layers in 2D perovskites results in poor charge transport and limited performance. Here, we demonstrate that Al2O3/2D perovskite heterostructure can be utilized as photoactive dielectric for high-performance MoS2 phototransistors. The type-II band alignment in 2D perovskites facilitates effective spatial separation of photo-generated carriers, thus achieving ultrahigh photoresponsivity of >108 A/W at 457 nm and >106 A/W at 1064 nm. Meanwhile, the hysteresis loops induced by ionic migration in perovskite and charge trapping in Al2O3 can neutralize with each other, leading to low-voltage phototransistors with negligible hysteresis and improved bias stress stability. More importantly, the recombination of photo-generated carriers in 2D perovskites depends on the external biasing field. With an appropriate gate bias, the devices exhibit wavelength-dependent constant photoresponsivity of 103–108 A/W regardless of incident light intensity.
Quantum thermodynamics in adiabatic open systems and its trapped-ion experimental realization
Authors: Hu Chang-Kang , Santos Alan C. , Cui Jin-Ming , Huang Yun-Feng , Soares-Pinto Diogo O. , Sarandy Marcelo S. , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can 
Published: August 2020

AbstractQuantum thermodynamics aims at investigating both the emergence and the limits of the laws of thermodynamics from a quantum mechanical microscopic approach. In this scenario, thermodynamic processes with no heat exchange, namely, adiabatic transformations, can be implemented through quantum evolutions in closed systems, even though the notion of a closed system is always an idealization and approximation. Here, we begin by theoretically discussing thermodynamic adiabatic processes in open quantum systems, which evolve non-unitarily under decoherence due to its interaction with its surrounding environment. From a general approach for adiabatic non-unitary evolution, we establish heat and work in terms of the underlying Liouville superoperator governing the quantum dynamics. As a consequence, we derive the conditions that an adiabatic open-system quantum dynamics implies in the absence of heat exchange, providing a connection between quantum and thermal adiabaticity. Moreover, we determine families of decohering systems exhibiting the same maximal heat exchange, which imply in classes of thermodynamic adiabaticity in open systems. We then approach the problem experimentally using a hyperfine energy-level quantum bit of an Ytterbium 171Yb+ trapped ion, which provides a work substance for thermodynamic processes, allowing for the analysis of heat and internal energy throughout a controllable engineered dynamics.
Machine learning as an improved estimator for magnetization curve and spin gap
Authors: Nakamura Tota 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe magnetization process is a very important probe to study magnetic materials, particularly in search of spin-liquid states in quantum spin systems. Regrettably, however, progress of the theoretical analysis has been unsatisfactory, mostly because it is hard to obtain sufficient numerical data to support the theory. Here we propose a machine-learning algorithm that produces the magnetization curve and the spin gap well out of poor numerical data. The plateau magnetization, its critical field and the critical exponent are estimated accurately. One of the hyperparameters identifies by its score whether the spin gap in the thermodynamic limit is zero or finite. After checking the validity for exactly solvable one-dimensional models we apply our algorithm to the kagome antiferromagnet. The magnetization curve that we obtain from the exact-diagonalization data with 36 spins is consistent with the DMRG results with 132 spins. We estimate the spin gap in the thermodynamic limit at a very small but finite value.
Perceptual correlates of successful body–prosthesis interaction in lower limb amputees: psychometric characterisation and development of the Prosthesis Embodiment Scale
Authors: Bekrater-Bodmann Robin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProstheses are used to at least partly restore the body after limb amputation. Making the user accepting the prosthetic device as part of his or her body, i.e., inducing prosthesis embodiment, has been identified as major aim of prosthetic treatment. However, up to now, there is no consensus about the psychometric nature of prosthesis embodiment in limb amputees. In the present study, 118 unilateral lower limb amputees using a prosthesis were asked to complete an online questionnaire targeting prosthesis embodiment. Principal axis factoring revealed the factor structure of prosthesis embodiment, i.e., Ownership/Integrity, Agency, and Anatomical Plausibility, which resembles the embodiment structure previously identified for normally-limbed participants. The majority of amputees achieved prosthesis embodiment as assessed with the final version of the newly developed Prosthesis Embodiment Scale. Internal consistency was excellent, and test–retest reliability was satisfying, while the instrument was also sensitive for new prosthetic equipment. Validation on the basis of relationships to prosthesis satisfaction and adjustment to prosthesis use was performed. The Prosthesis Embodiment Scale could be a valuable tool for the assessment of perceptual correlates of successful body–prosthesis interaction in rehabilitative and research contexts, the latter which might further benefit from the comparability of psychometrically evaluated data.
Optical percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver: a pilot animal and clinical study
Authors: Dremin Viktor , Potapova Elena , Zherebtsov Evgeny , Kandurova Ksenia , Shupletsov Valery , Alekseyev Alexander , Mamoshin Andrian , Dunaev Andrey 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper presents the results of the experiments which were performed using the optical biopsy system specially developed for in vivo tissue classification during the percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB) of the liver. The proposed system includes an optical probe of small diameter acceptable for use in the PNB of the liver. The results of the feasibility studies and actual tests on laboratory mice with inoculated hepatocellular carcinoma and in clinical conditions on patients with liver tumors are presented and discussed. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to assess the diagnostic volume and to trace the sensing depth. Fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements were used to monitor metabolic and morphological changes in tissues. The tissue oxygen saturation was evaluated using a recently developed approach to neural network fitting of diffuse reflectance spectra. The Support Vector Machine Classification was applied to identify intact liver and tumor tissues. Analysis of the obtained results shows the high sensitivity and specificity of the proposed multimodal method. This approach allows to obtain information before the tissue sample is taken, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of false-negative biopsies.
Kinetochore–microtubule coupling mechanisms mediated by the Ska1 complex and Cdt1
Authors: Rahi Amit , Chakraborty Manas , Vosberg Kristen , Varma Dileep 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The faithful segregation of duplicated sister chromatids rely on the remarkable ability of kinetochores to sustain stable load bearing attachments with the dynamic plus ends of kinetochore–microtubules (kMTs). The outer layer of the kinetochore recruits several motor and non-motor microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that help the kinetochores establish and maintain a load bearing dynamic attachment with kMTs. The primary kMT-binding protein, the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c), which is highly conserved among diverse organisms from yeast to humans, performs this essential function with assistance from other MAPs. These MAPs are not an integral part of the kinetochore, but they localize to the kinetochore periodically throughout mitosis and regulate the strength of the kinetochore microtubule attachments. Here, we attempt to summarize the recent advances that have been made toward furthering our understanding of this co-operation between the Ndc80c and these MAPs, focusing on the spindle and kinetochore-associated 1 (Ska1) complex (Ska1c) and Cdc10-dependent transcript 1 (Cdt1) in humans.
Role of High-Resolution CT and MRI in Predicting the Degree of Difficulty in Patients undergoing Cochlear Implant Surgery: An Institutional Experience
Authors: Tiwari Preeti , Kumar Sheo , Mishra Prabhaker , Jain Rajat , Mohindra Namita , Gupta Archana , Keshri Amit 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Introduction Preoperative imaging is a standard practice for cochlear implant candidacy. We are discussing association between surgical feasibility and various anatomical details of middle and inner ear by both high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and are used as a guide during surgery as well as foresee complications in cochlear implantation.
Materials and Methods A total of 56 patients of aged 1 to 5 years (prelingual) and > 1 years (postlingual or perilingual) having bilateral SNHL were included in the study. HRCT temporal bone and MRI head was done in all candidates. Based on the imaging findings of CT and MRI, patients were divided into two categories (normal and abnormal). Demographic and clinical values were compared between two groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of the outcome variable (surgical difficulty).
Results Out of 56 patients, 55 underwent cochlear implantation by Veria technique, one patient having Michel’s deformity was denied surgery and was advised brain stem implant. Note that 69.1% patients had no radiological abnormality, while 30.9% patients showed abnormality including acquired disease and malformation. Out of the total study patients, 18% (n = 10) showed various type of congenital inner ear malformation. Large size of the external auditory canal (EAC), high basal turn angle (BTA), and increased distance between tympanic segment of facial canal to EAC (midpoint between level of I-S joint corresponding to EAC and exit of chordae tympanic at level of EAC), all these factors showed inverse relationship with difficulty in surgery, which were found to be statistically significant.
Conclusion The imaging in cochlear implant patients is an essential tool for preoperative assessment of candidacy, surgical planning, and avoid intra- and postoperative complications. BTA and distance between tympanic segment of facial nerve and EAC (midpoint between level of I-S joint corresponding to EAC and exit of chordae tympanic at level of EAC) are important predictors for evaluating intra- and postoperative complications.
The African hero in Mozambican history: on assassinations and executions – Part II
Authors: Saul John S. 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARY
Part I of ‘The African hero in Mozambican history’, published in issue 163, launched a discussion of the possible role of the individual in African history … both in general terms and in terms of understanding more precisely the implications of the assassination of Eduardo Mondlane for the further development of Mozambique. Now, in Part II, this essay similarly considers (in subsection 3) the assassination of Mondlane’s successor as leader of Frelimo (and the man who would later become the first president of a liberated Mozambique), Samora Machel. It remains focused on the broad theme of death and its impact on the history of Mozambique in subsection 4 that follows. But it now does so by reflecting upon the possible import of ‘execution as a mode of governance’, and specifically by re-examining Frelimo’s secret executions, sometime in the first decade of Mozambican independence, of Uriah Simango, his wife and a number of his colleagues, a group that had come to form the movement’s internal opposition when in exile in Tanzania in the 1960s. It suggests that these extremely secretive executions can best be seen as negative outcomes of the self-righteous vanguardism that has come to haunt Frelimo in power up to the present. Part II then concludes (in subsection 5) by examining a further series of deaths: the wave of mafia-style killings that, in this century (and beginning with the assassination of crusading journalist Carlos Cardoso in 2000), has come to be called ‘Mozambique’s quiet assassination epidemic’. How best, finally, to interpret such an unsavoury recent phenomenon as this grisly ‘epidemic’?
An inner–outer iterative method for edge preservation in image restoration and reconstruction
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Authors: Gazzola Silvia , Kilmer Misha E , Nagy James G , Semerci Oguz , Miller Eric L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We present a new inner–outer iterative algorithm for edge enhancement in imaging problems. At each outer iteration, we formulate a Tikhonov-regularized problem where the penalization is expressed in the two-norm and involves a regularization operator designed to improve edge resolution as the outer iterations progress, through an adaptive process. An efficient hybrid regularization method is used to project the Tikhonov-regularized problem onto approximation subspaces of increasing dimensions (inner iterations), while conveniently choosing the regularization parameter (by applying well-known techniques, such as the discrepancy principle or the

L

-curve criterion, to the projected problem). This procedure results in an automated algorithm for edge recovery that does not involve regularization parameter tuning by the user, nor repeated calls to sophisticated optimization algorithms, and is therefore particularly attractive from a computational point of view. A key to the success of the new algorithm is the design of the regularization operator through the use of an adaptive diagonal weighting matrix that effectively enforces smoothness only where needed. We demonstrate the value of our approach on applications in x-ray CT image reconstruction and in image deblurring, and show that it can be computationally much more attractive than other well-known strategies for edge preservation, while providing solutions of greater or equal quality.
Negative density-dependence of the structural relaxation time of liquid silica: insights from a comparative molecular dynamics study
Authors: Furukawa Akira 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In many tetrahedral network-forming liquids, structural relaxation is anomalously accelerated by compression over relatively low pressure ranges. Here, for silica, we study this problem through comparative molecular dynamics simulations using two different models. Under compression, the network structures are compacted by slight tuning of the intertetrahedral bond angles while nearly preserving the unit tetrahedral structure. The consequent structural changes are remarkable for length scales larger than the nearest neighbor ion-pair distances. Accompanying with such structural changes, the interactions of the nearest Si–O pairs remain almost unchanged, whereas those of other ion pairs are, on average, strengthened by the degree of compression. In particular, the enhancement of the net Si–O interactions at the next nearest neighbor distance, which assist an ion in escaping from the potential well, reduces the activation energy, leading to a significant acceleration of structural relaxation. The results of our comparative molecular dynamics simulations are compatible with the scenario proposed by Angell, and further indicate that the structural relaxation dynamics cannot be uniquely determined by the configurations but strongly depends on the details of the coupling between the structure and the interaction.
Features of coating crystallization during reaction synthesis of a three-layer Ti–Ni–Ti nanolaminate
Authors: Marchenko E S , Baigonakova G A , Gunther S V , Dubovikov K M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the results of study of the structure, phase composition and morphology of a nanocrystalline coating produced by reaction synthesis of a three-layer Ti–Ni–Ti nanolaminate. A characteristic feature of the coating is its full crystallinity, gradient structure and the absence of non-metallic inclusions. TEM and XRD analyses showed that reaction synthesis results in formation of a two-layer coating with a thickness of 0.9 – 1.0 μm. The thickness of the outer TiO + TiO2 and inner Ti4Ni2O layers is equal. There are no breaks between the synthesized coating and the substrate. The results of AFM and wetting showed that the surface of the synthesized coating is rougher than that of the deposited Ti–Ni–Ti nanolaminate. It exhibits an island relief and demonstrates hydrophilic properties.
Destruction of Oil-Water Emulsions in an Ultrasonic Field
Authors: Volkova G I , Yudina N V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Effect of impact of acoustic conditions on the breakdown of a stable oil-water emulsion is studied. The emulsion contains 80, 10 and 10 wt% of a solution of petroleum paraffin in 6 wt% of kerosene, distilled water, and highly resinous oil, respectively. Samples are treated in an ultrasonic field for 1-15 min at a frequency of 22 kHz, intensities 2, 6, 18 W/cm2, and temperatures 0 and 20 °C. It is shown that under optimal conditions of treatment (temperature 20 °C, 10 min, field intensity 18 W/cm2) ultrasound causes the breakdown of the model emulsion. After demulsification, water, paraffins, and asphaltenes are concentrated in the lower layer. Ultrasonic treatment can be successfully used to treat watercut oils for transport.
The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the properties of oil systems
Authors: Volkova G I , Morozova A V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this work, we summarize experimental data on the influence of ultrasonic treatment alone and sonication with subsequent introduction of oil with high resin content, on the structural and rheological parameters of highly paraffinic oil. Our results clearly indicate that Ultrasonic treatment of oil stimulates the crystallization of paraffin. This leads to an increase in viscosity, pour point and the amount of paraffin deposited. The introduction of highly resinous oil into the sonicated highly paraffinic oil improves the viscosity-temperature characteristics, reduces the specific energy of degradation of the supramolecular structure, and positively affects the mass and the structure of sediments. Significant inhibition of the process of sedimentation and improvement of the viscosity-temperature properties is observed only when 10 wt.% of resinous oil is added to sonicated paraffinic oil. The results of our work indicate that mixing oils with various compositions in combination with ultrasonic treatment could be used for the transportation of highly paraffinic feedstocks through pipelines at low temperatures.
Combined effect of magnesium isotopes and antibiotics on morphology of E. coli
Authors: Letuta U G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the morphology of Escherichia coli bacteria grown in the presence of magnesium isotopes (magnetic 25Mg, non-magnetic 24,26Mg and natural Mg), and antibiotics of various groups were studied. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used as the main method. When the bacteria were cultured in the presence of different groups of antibiotics, the following morphological changes were detected: filamentation, cell lysis, cell adhesion, cell wall damage, and the formation of “depressions” or pores. For E. coli bacteria cultured on a medium with tobramycin and lincomycin, a magnetic magnesium isotope effect 25Mg in bacteria morphology was detected, which was manifested as a change in the roughness of bacterial cells. Both of these antibacterial drugs act on the same intracellular system – protein synthesis. It has also been observed that the elongation of bacterial cells, when exposed to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, depends on the type of magnesium isotope in the nutrient medium. The combined action of the 25Mg magnetic isotope and quinolones on bacteria makes it possible to obtain the process followed by significant elongation of cells, thereby indicating improved antibiotic effect, as compared with the nonmagnetic 24,26Mg isotopes.