bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Railway crew scheduling with semi-flexible timetables
Authors: Rählmann Christian , Thonemann Ulrich W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe investigate the impact of coordinating the timetable and the crew schedule in an operational freight railway system. Usually, those problems are solved sequentially—resulting in suboptimal schedules for train drivers due to large idle times between two train rides. We seek to coordinate the timetable and the crew schedule on the operational level by adding flexibility to the timetable. We introduce small time windows that allow to shift entire trains forwards and backwards by discrete time periods. We present a mathematical model and solve it with a column generation heuristic. We test our model on three real datasets of a major European Freight Railway Operator and show that significant reduction in idle time and cost can be achieved.
Surviving marginalized reefs: assessing the implications of the microbiome on coral physiology and survivorship
Authors: Roitman Sofia , López-Londoño Tomás , Joseph Pollock F. , Ritchie Kim B. , Galindo-Martínez Claudia T. , Gómez-Campo Kelly , González-Guerrero Luis A. , Pizarro Valeria , López-Victoria Mateo , Iglesias-Prieto Roberto , Medina Mónica 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCoral reefs are undergoing degradation due to overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Management and restoration efforts require that we gain a better understanding of the complex interactions between corals, their microbiomes, and their environment. For this purpose, Varadero Reef near Cartagena, Colombia, serves as an informative study system located at the entrance of the Bay of Cartagena adjacent to the Canal del Dique, which carries turbid and polluted water into the bay. Varadero’s survival under poor environmental conditions makes it a great study site for investigating the relationship between the microbiome and coral resistance to environmental stressors. To determine whether the microbiomes of Varadero corals differ from those in less impacted sites, we conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment by relocating coral fragments from Varadero as well as a geographically proximate reef that is less affected by plume dynamics (Rosario) across a gradient of turbidity (low, medium, and high). After 6 months of acclimatization, transplanted corals developed site-specific microbiomes that differed significantly from pre-transplant microbiomes, and corals transplanted to the highly impacted site from both Varadero and Rosario site saw higher mortality and an increase in overall microbial diversity. In combination with physiology and survivorship outcomes pointing to a limit in the corals’ photoacclimative capacity, our results indicate that, rather than surviving, Varadero Reef is experiencing a slow decline, and its corals are likely on the brink of dysbiosis. With continued anthropogenic interference in marine environments, sites such as Varadero will become increasingly common, and it is imperative that we understand how corals and their microbial symbionts are changing in response to these new environmental conditions.
The Relationship Between Cough Reflex Sensitivity and Exacerbation Frequency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Cho Peter S. P. , Fletcher Hannah V. , Turner Richard D. , Patel Irem S. , Jolley Caroline J. , Birring Surinder S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Cough is predictive of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Little is known about cough reflex sensitivity during exacerbation of COPD and whether it is associated with exacerbation frequency. This pilot study aimed to investigate cough reflex sensitivity during and following recovery from exacerbation of COPD, and its association with the frequency of future exacerbations. In addition, the repeatability of cough reflex sensitivity in stable COPD was investigated.

Methods
Twenty participants hospitalised with exacerbation of COPD underwent inhaled capsaicin challenge during exacerbation and after 6 weeks of recovery. The frequency of future exacerbations was monitored for 12 months. The repeatability of cough reflex sensitivity was assessed in separate participants with stable COPD, who underwent 2 capsaicin challenge tests, 6 weeks apart.

Results
Cough reflex sensitivity was heightened during exacerbation of COPD. Geometric mean (SD) capsaicin concentration thresholds to elicit 5 coughs (C5) during exacerbation and after 6 weeks of recovery were 1.76 (3.73) vs. 8.09 (6.25) μmol L−1, respectively (p < 0.001). The change in C5 from exacerbation to 6-week recovery was associated with the frequency of future exacerbations (ρ = − 0.687, p = 0.003). C5 was highly repeatable over 6 weeks in stable COPD, and intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.85.

Conclusion
Cough reflex sensitivity is heightened during exacerbation of COPD and reduces after recovery. The persistence of cough reflex hypersensitivity at recovery was associated with the frequency of future exacerbations.
Vaccination coverage rates of military personnel worldwide: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Arnold Jana Nele , Gundlach Nils , Böckelmann Irina , Sammito Stefan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Due to the professionally specific risk of infection in the armed forces, recommendations for vaccination are usually adapted for soldiers and are subject to special regulations. Little data is available on scientifically measured vaccination coverage of soldiers.

Methods
A systematic literature research was carried out in the PubMed database using the search terms “army” or “military” or “Bundeswehr” and “vaccination” or “vaccine”. Studies covering the period from 1990 to 2018 that contain statements on vaccination coverage rates of soldiers were identified. Twenty-two out of the initially found 1801 results were used.

Results
The studies found were conducted in nine different countries with eight out of the 22 studies originating from the USA. The size of study was between 180 and 32,502 subjects. On average, the vaccination rates determined in the studies were between 26.8 and 94.7%. Hepatitis A coverage was lowest (a minimum of 11.3%) and tetanus vaccination coverage was highest (with a maximum of 94.7%). Vaccination rates decreased with increasing age and coverage tended to be lower for men than for women. The term of service did not have a significant effect on vaccination rates.

Conclusions
On the whole, most studies referred to recruits. They showed high vaccination rates for standard vaccinations and lower vaccination rates for indication and seasonal vaccinations. However, there were also vaccination gaps of temporary-career volunteers. This leads to a considerable effort at the armed forces to complete vaccine protection in case of a short-term operational commitment.
Greed is Good for Deterministic Scale-Free Networks
Authors: Chauhan Ankit , Friedrich Tobias , Rothenberger Ralf 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLarge real-world networks typically follow a power-law degree distribution. To study such networks, numerous random graph models have been proposed. However, real-world networks are not drawn at random. Therefore, Brach et al. (27th symposium on discrete algorithms (SODA), pp 1306–1325, 2016) introduced two natural deterministic conditions: (1) a power-law upper bound on the degree distribution (PLB-U) and (2) power-law neighborhoods, that is, the degree distribution of neighbors of each vertex is also upper bounded by a power law (PLB-N). They showed that many real-world networks satisfy both properties and exploit them to design faster algorithms for a number of classical graph problems. We complement their work by showing that some well-studied random graph models exhibit both of the mentioned PLB properties. PLB-U and PLB-N hold with high probability for Chung–Lu Random Graphs and Geometric Inhomogeneous Random Graphs and almost surely for Hyperbolic Random Graphs. As a consequence, all results of Brach et al. also hold with high probability or almost surely for those random graph classes. In the second part we study three classical $$\textsf {NP}$$
NP
-hard optimization problems on PLB networks. It is known that on general graphs with maximum degree $$\Delta$$
Δ
, a greedy algorithm, which chooses nodes in the order of their degree, only achieves a $$\Omega (\ln \Delta )$$

Ω
(
ln
Δ
)

-approximation for Minimum Vertex Cover and Minimum Dominating Set, and a $$\Omega (\Delta )$$

Ω
(
Δ
)

-approximation for Maximum Independent Set. We prove that the PLB-U property with $$\beta >2$$

β
>
2

suffices for the greedy approach to achieve a constant-factor approximation for all three problems. We also show that these problems are -hard even if PLB-U, PLB-N, and an additional power-law lower bound on the degree distribution hold. Hence, a PTAS cannot be expected unless = . Furthermore, we prove that all three problems are in if the PLB-U property holds.
E-mail classification with machine learning and word embeddings for improved customer support
Authors: Borg Anton , Boldt Martin , Rosander Oliver , Ahlstrand Jim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractClassifying e-mails into distinct labels can have a great impact on customer support. By using machine learning to label e-mails, the system can set up queues containing e-mails of a specific category. This enables support personnel to handle request quicker and more easily by selecting a queue that match their expertise. This study aims to improve a manually defined rule-based algorithm, currently implemented at a large telecom company, by using machine learning. The proposed model should have higher$$F_1$$F1-score and classification rate. Integrating or migrating from a manually defined rule-based model to a machine learning model should also reduce the administrative and maintenance work. It should also make the model more flexible. By using the frameworks, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn and Gensim, the authors conduct a number of experiments to test the performance of several common machine learning algorithms, text-representations, word embeddings to investigate how they work together. A long short-term memory network showed best classification performance with an$$F_1$$F1-score of 0.91. The authors conclude that long short-term memory networks outperform other non-sequential models such as support vector machines and AdaBoost when predicting labels for e-mails. Further, the study also presents a Web-based interface that were implemented around the LSTM network, which can classify e-mails into 33 different labels.
Active rock glaciers as shallow groundwater reservoirs, Austrian Alps
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Brodacz Alexander , Krainer Karl , Winkler Gerfried 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRock glaciers are the most prominent landforms of alpine permafrost and comprise complex shallow aquifer systems in (high) alpine catchments. Recession analyses of groundwater discharge of four active rock glaciers that contain permafrost ground ice show that they have a base flow component of the order of a few liters per second, similar to that of a relict rock glacier in which permafrost ground ice is absent. This is related to an unfrozen (fine-grained) base layer with a thickness of about 10 m. Based on a threshold analysis of precipitation events and event water discharge, depressions atop the bedrock or the permafrost table seem to play only a minor role in storing groundwater. This important finding has rarely been documented, but is highly relevant for optimal groundwater resources management in sensitive (high) alpine catchments and ecosystems. All the rock glaciers analyzed here are located in the Austrian Alps and represent the nationwide sites where suitable discharge data are available. The analysis highlights the hydrogeological importance of these discrete permafrost-derived debris accumulations as complex shallow groundwater bodies with important—but limited—storage and buffer capabilities.
A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab
Authors: Cai Shaozhe , Sun Wei , Li Ming , Dong Lingli 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecurrences of COVID-19 were observed in a patient with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, and glucocorticoids due to her 30-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tocilizumab was applied and intended to target both COVID-19 and RA. However, disease of this patient aggravated after usage of tocilizumab. After the discussion of a multiple disciplinary team (MDT) including rheumatologists, antimicrobial treatments were applied to target the potential opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus), which were authenticated several days later via high throughput sequencing. As an important cytokine in immune responses, IL-6 can be a double-edged sword: interference in the IL-6-IL-6 receptor signaling may save patients from cytokine release storm (CRS), but can also weaken the anti-infectious immunity, particularly in rheumatic patients, who may have received a long-term treatment with immunosuppressive/modulatory agents. Thus, we suggest careful considerations before and close monitoring in the administration of tocilizumab in rheumatic patients with COVID-19. Besides tocilizumab, several disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can also be applied in the treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, we also reviewed and discussed the application of these DMARDs in COVID-19 condition.
Thermal properties of selected II–VI semiconductors determined by photopyroelectric calorimetry technique
Authors: Strzałkowski K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe review presents the results of the investigations of the thermal properties of selected II–VI binary, ternary, and quaternary semiconductors. All tested crystals were grown from the melt using the high-pressure vertical Bridgman–Stockbarger method with different composition The main objective of the work was systematic examination of the thermal properties of the crystals using contact (PPE photopyroelectric) and non-contact (active thermography) measurement techniques. As a result of the studies, the values of the thermal diffusivity and the effusivity of all tested samples were obtained. For the selected series of crystals, their heat capacity was also determined. The thermal conductivity was calculated using simple relationships that combine all the thermal parameters. In this way, a complete thermal characterization of the crystals was carried out. For several ternary mixed crystals diagrams of the thermal conductivity versus composition were analyzed applying model for mixed semiconducting crystals given by Sadao Adachi. Thanks to that a contribution of the thermal resistivity arising from the lattice disorder to the total resistivity of the crystal has been determined. Although the PPE method itself is fairly simple, each material class requires a different approach. For samples with strongly different conductivity or thickness, different frequency ranges and a suitable detector should be used. This is not a simple task for the samples with unknown thermal properties. It is to mention that the PPE technique is a contact method and its main disadvantage in case of solid samples is to provide good thermal contact between the sample and the detector. In practice, it is realized by gluing a sample to the detector with a small amount of different types of liquids. It has been shown that the influence of the coupling layer can be minimized by appropriate modification of the experimental system and proper selection of the coupling fluid. In this way, the photopyroelectric method has been satisfactorily adapted for the thermal characterization of II–VI crystals.
Sim2Win: How simulation can help data centers to benefit from controlling their power profile
Authors: Klingert Sonja , Wilken Nils , Becker Christian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo support the grid and integrate renewables, demand response schemes reward the power flexibility of energy consumers. Data centers can profit from this by using power management techniques on all levels of data center architecture: infrastructure, hardware, workload, applications. Even though lately, demand response with data centers has been well researched, most works focus on just one or two techniques and one or two valorization options. This leaves data centers stranded that are not represented by the specific combinations of assumptions and techniques presented in research, and thus a huge potential remains barely touched. To address this challenge, the goal of the presented work is to provide data centers with a framework that can be flexibly instantiated by each data center to assess its individual demand response potential. To achieve this goal, this work presents Sim2Win, a data center simulation framework that can replay any set of different power management strategies in the face of any set of markets for power flexibility. A part of the framework is then instantiated and applied to the workload of a real high-performance data center. It uses workload shifting and frequency scaling in order to market their flexibility on the EPEX spot market and the secondary reserve market in Germany. The results show that by using the inherent flexibility of their power profile on the EPEX spot market the considered data center in 2014 could have earned savings of 7.3% of their power bill.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators at the end of life: future perspectives on clinical practice
Authors: Stoevelaar R. , Brinkman-Stoppelenburg A. , van Bruchem-Visser R. L. , van Driel A. G. , Bhagwandien R. E. , Theuns D. A. M. J. , Rietjens J. A. C. , van der Heide A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is effective in terminating life-threatening arrhythmias. However, in the last phase of life, ICD shocks may no longer be appropriate. Guidelines recommend timely discussion with the patient regarding deactivation of the shock function of the ICD. However, research shows that such conversations are scarce, and some patients experience avoidable and distressful shocks in the final days of life. Barriers such as physicians’ lack of time, difficulties in finding the right time to discuss ICD deactivation, patients’ reluctance to discuss the topic, and the fragmentation of care, which obscures responsibilities, prevent healthcare professionals from discussing this topic with the patient. In this point-of-view article, we argue that healthcare professionals who are involved in the care for ICD patients should be better educated on how to communicate with patients about ICD deactivation and the end of life. Optimal communication is needed to reduce the number of patients experiencing inappropriate and painful shocks in the terminal stage of their lives.
Development of an erosion model for Langat River Basin, Malaysia, adapting GIS and RS in RUSLE
Authors: Islam Md. Rabiul , Jaafar Wan Zurina Wan , Hin Lai Sai , Osman Normaniza , Karim Md. Razaul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study is aimed to predict potential soil erosion in the Langat River Basin, Malaysia by integrating Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. In RUSLE model, parameters such as rainfall erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), slope length and steepness factor (LS), vegetation cover and management factor (C) and support practice factor (P) are determined based on the input data followed by the spatial analysis process in the GIS platform. Rainfall data from 2008-2015 are collected from the 29 rain gauge stations located within the study area. From the analysis, the magnitude of RUSLE model obtained corresponding to the parameter R, K, LS, C and P factors is varied between 800 to 3000 MJ mm ha− 1 h− 1 yr− 1, 0.035–0.5 Mg h MJ− 1 mm− 1, 0–73.00, 0.075–0.77 and 0.2–1.00, respectively. Findings of this study indicates that based on the calculated RUSLE parameter values, about 95% of the Langat River Basin area have been classified as a very low to a low erosion vulnerability. Findings of this study would greatly benefits a decision maker in proposing a suitable soil management and conservation practices for the river basin.
Conventional and electrical EOR review: the development trend of ultrasonic application in EOR
Authors: Shafiai Siti Habibah , Gohari Adel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA small portion of oil can be extracted during primary and secondary stages of oil production, and significant quantities of oil remain in reservoirs. Enhanced oil recovery methods are used to extract the trapped oil with high viscosity in reservoirs and improve the efficiency of the production wells. Ultrasonic-based enhanced oil recovery method has become of considerable interest to researchers in recent years. This paper mainly presents the in-depth literature review of ultrasonic wave to investigate its application development trend in enhanced oil recovery. Besides, it also presents an overview of conventional enhanced oil recovery techniques such as chemical, gas, and thermal methods and nonconventional techniques such as electromagnetic and microwave heating. The results exhibit an increasing implementation of the ultrasonic waves for oil recovery since it is an inexpensive and ecologically sound method, can be applied in any type of reservoir, protects the well against damage, prevents heat loss, and enables stimulation freely.
ArgumenText: Argument Classification and Clustering in a Generalized Search Scenario
Authors: Daxenberger Johannes , Schiller Benjamin , Stahlhut Chris , Kaiser Erik , Gurevych Iryna 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe ArgumenText project creates argument mining technology for big and heterogeneous data and aims to evaluate its use in real-world applications. The technology mines and clusters arguments from a variety of textual sources for a large range of topics and in multiple languages. Its main strength is its generalization to very different textual sources including web crawls, news data, or customer reviews. We validated the technology with a focus on supporting decisions in innovation management as well as customer feedback analysis. Along with its public argument search engine and API, ArgumenText has released multiple datasets for argument classification and clustering. This contribution outlines the major technology-related challenges and proposed solutions for the tasks of argument extraction from heterogeneous sources and argument clustering. It also lays out exemplary industry applications and remaining challenges.
Changes of selected biochemical parameters of the honeybee under the influence of an electric field at 50 Hz and variable intensities
Authors: Migdał Paweł , Roman Adam , Strachecka Aneta , Murawska Agnieszka , Bieńkowski Paweł 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTwo-day-old honeybee workers (± 6 h) were placed in cages and supplied with sucrose solution (1 mol/dm3) ad libitum. Subsequently, the cages with bees were placed in an electric field (E-field) exposure system with field intensities of 5.0 kV/m, 11.5 kV/m, 23 kV/m, and 34.5 kV/m. The duration of exposure was 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h. The biochemical parameters SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), and also acidic, neutral, and alkaline proteases in the worker bee hemolymph were analyzed. The E-field increased activities of antioxidant systems, especially SOD, and also the proteolytic systems. In the groups: 11.5 kV/m–time 6 h, 23.0 kV/m–time 1 h, and 34.5 kV/m–time 1 h, FRAP levels were decreased in comparison with the control samples. These findings are discussed in context with possible consequences for honeybee health in urban and rural environments.