bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment and characterization of fantail goldfish fin (FtGF) cell line from goldfish,Carassius auratusfor in vitro propagation of Cyprinid herpes virus-2 (CyHV-2)
Authors: Dharmaratnam Arathi , Kumar Raj , Valaparambil Basheer Saidmuhammed , Sood Neeraj , Pradhan Pravata Kumar , Das Sweta , Swaminathan T. Raja 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundHerpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2), is responsible for massive mortalities in the aquaculture of goldfish,Carassius auratus. Permissive cell lines for the isolation and propagation of CyHV-2 have been established from various goldfish tissues by sacrificing the fish. Here, we report the development of a cell line, FtGF (Fantail Goldfish Fin), from caudal fin of goldfish using non-lethal sampling. We also describe a simple protocol for successful establishment and characterization of a permissive cell line through explant method and continuous propagation of CyHV-2 with high viral titer using this cell line.MethodsCaudal fin tissue samples were collected from goldfish without killing the fish. Cell culture of goldfish caudal fin cells was carried out using Leibovitz’s L-15 (L-15) medium containing 20% FBS and 1X concentration of antibiotic antimycotic solution, incubated at 28 °C. Cells were characterized and origin of the cells was confirmed by sequencing fragments of the 16S rRNA and COI genes. CyHV-2 was grown in the FtGF cells and passaged continuously 20 times. The infectivity of the CyHV-2 isolated using FtGF cells was confirmed by experimental infection of naïve goldfish.ResultsThe cell line has been passaged up to 56 times in L-15 with 10% FBS. Karyotyping of FtGF cells at 30th,40thand 56thpassage indicated that modal chromosome number was 2n = 104. Species authentication of FtGF was performed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA and COI genes. The cell line was used for continuous propagation of CyHV-2 over 20 passages with high viral titer of 107.8±0.26TCID50/mL. Following inoculation of CyHV-2 positive tissue homogenate, FtGF cells showed cytopathic effect by 2ndday post-inoculation (dpi) and complete destruction of cells was observed by the 10thdpi. An experimental infection of naïve goldfish using supernatant from infected FtGF cells caused 100% mortality and CyHV-2 infection in the challenged fish was confirmed by the amplification of DNA polymerase gene, histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. These findings provide confirmation that the FtGF cell line is highly permissive to the propagation of CyHV-2.
Efficiency of Three Extracts of Carica papaya as Molluscicidal and Anti-schistosomal Agents against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Schistosoma mansoni by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Aly Ibrahim , Gouida Mona S. , Sayed Hoda E. L. , Attiyah Sama M. N. , Shaker Shaimaa , Elleboudy Noha A. , Ghoname Samah I. 
Published: July 2020

Schistosomias is a prevalent parasitic disease in tropical and sub-tropical areas, which comes in the second place in terms of socioeconomic and public health burden. Around 600 million people in 74 countries are infected yearly, predominantly in the developing world. The aim of this work was to assess the efficiency of three extracts from Carica papaya (methanol, ethanol and butanol extracts) for their molluscicidal and anti-schistosomal activities. The LC50 of methanol, ethanol and butanol extracts of Carica papaya against B. alexandrinea were 180, 499.3 and 509.1 mg/L while the respective LC90 values were 220.3, 700.6, 769.6 mg/L respectively. The effect of these extracts on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and larval stages of Schistosma mansoni, for miracidia the LC50 of methanol, ethanol and butanol extracts of Carica papaya against miracidia were 3.4, 15.4 and 8.1 mg/L, respectively, while the respective LC90 values were 8.4, 38.2, 11.2 mg/L, and for cercariae the LC50 of methanol, ethanol and butanol extracts of Carica papaya were 2, 20 and 4 mg/L, while the respective LC90 values were 13.5, 80.5, 18.5 mg/L respectively was evaluated, in addition to flowcytometric analysis of CD4, CD25, FOXP3 and TGF-β levels during S. mansoni infection in mice. The in-vivo results showed that the three extracts have variable potential against snails and miracidia and cercariae of S. mansoni. The mortality rate in B. alexandrina snails for methanol, ethanol and butanol extracts of Carcia papay were 86%, 45% and 64%, respectively. While it was 83%, 35% and 66%, respectively in miracidia and 92%, 40% and 70%, respectively in cercariae. The results indicated that methanol extract from Carica papaya recorded higher activity against snails, miracidia and cercariae. The levels of CD4, CD25, FOXP3 regulatory T (Treg) cells were decreased significantly (p<0.001) in infected mice compared to healthy controls. However, there was a significant (p<0.001) increase in levels of TGF-β. A significant increase in the levels of CD4, CD25, and FOXP3 Treg in Carica papaya treated group compared to infected control group, with a significant (p<0.001) decrease in TGF-β level than infected group. In conclusion, methanol extract was more effective at concentration of LC50 180 and LC90 220.3 than ethanol and butanol extracts of Carica papaya therefore controlling B. alexandrina snails by methanol extract is a promising way as it is an eco-friendly strategy in rural areas of developing countries, where schistosomiasis is endemic. Moreover, the increased immune defense mechanism in treated group with the same extracts is a promising target for new immune modulatory strategies against schistosomiasis.
Thermally Controlled, Active Imperceptible Artificial Skin in Visible‐to‐Infrared Range
Authors: Lee Jinwoo , Sul Heayoun , Jung Yeongju , Kim Hyeonseok , Han Seonggeun , Choi Joonhwa , Shin Jaeho , Kim Dongkwan , Jung Jinwook , Hong Sukjoon , Ko Seung Hwan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCephalopods’ extraordinary ability to hide into any background has inspired researchers to reproduce the intriguing ability to readily camouflage in the infrared (IR) and visible spectrum but this still remains as a conundrum. In this study, a multispectral imperceptible skin that enables human skin to actively blend into the background both in the IR‐visible integrated spectrum only by simple temperature control with a flexible bi‐functional device (active cooling and heating) is developed. The thermochromic layer on the outer surface of the device, which produces various colors based on device surface temperature, expands the cloaking range to the visible spectrum (thus visible‐to‐IR) and ultimately completes day‐and‐night stealth platform simply by controlling device temperature. In addition, the scalable pixelization of the device allows localized control of each autonomous pixel, enabling the artificial skin surface to adapt to the background of the sophisticated pattern with higher resolution and eventually heightening the level of imperceptibility. As this proof‐of‐concept can be directly worn and conceals the human skin in multispectral ranges, the work is expected to contribute to the development of next‐generation soft covert military wearables and perhaps a multispectral cloak that belongs to cephalopods or futuristic camouflage gadgets in the movies.
NHC‐Ni(0) Catalyzed Diastereodivergent Hydroacylative Enyne Cyclization: Synthesis of Heterocycles bearing γ‐Enone
Authors: Yong Xuefeng , Ng Elvis Wang Hei , Zhen Zibo , Lin Xiulian , Gao Weiwei , Ho Chun‐Yu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNHC‐Nickel(0) catalyzed 1,3‐ and 1,4‐diastereodivergent hydroacylative heteroenyne cyclization with aldehydes was achieved (Syn‐:Anti‐, switchable from up to 1:99 to 98:2). Both sets of heterocyclic diastereomers are accessible via this route, with a high γ‐:α‐enone structure ratio. Preliminary DFT investigations indicated that the manipulation of the N‐substituent exerts a direct influence on the diastereoselectivity of NHC‐nickelacyclopentene formation. The energy differences associated with the endocyclic bond angle (C−Z−C) changes noted in the calculations, might possibly account for the broad scope and high diastereodivergent selectivity observed.magnified image
Local Foods Go Downstream: Exploring the Spatial Factors Driving U.S. Food Manufacturing
Authors: Low Sarah A. , Bass Martha , Thilmany Dawn , Castillo Marcelo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractManufacturing, specifically food and beverage production, is a key employer in rural areas and has linkages to the agricultural sector. Using data drawn from the National Establishment Time‐Series for 2013–15, we explore what entrepreneurship, farm marketing channel innovations, and more traditional spatial factors influence the location decisions of food and beverage manufacturing establishment start‐ups in the U.S. We find that traditional spatial decision factors still matter but, in addition, proxies for farm adoption of downstream innovations are also related to start‐ups. We conclude by discussing implications of our findings for food market dynamics and rural economic development policy.
Cephalopelvic disproportion as primary diagnosis for cesarean section: Role of neonatal birthweight in relation to maternal height at a Hospital in Merida, Mexico
Authors: Mendez‐Dominguez Nina , Vazquez‐Vazquez Gumersindo Gaspar , Laviada‐Molina Hugo Antonio , de Jesus Inurreta‐Diaz Martin , Fajardo‐Ruiz Lizbeth Sabrina , Azcorra Hugo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the association between newborn and maternal characteristics and the risk for cesarean section (CS) due to cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) and non‐CPD causes compared to vaginal deliveries (VD) in a sample of infants and mothers from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.MethodsThe final sample consisted of 3453 single, live, and term infants born between January 2016 and May 2017 at the Maternal‐Infant Hospital in Merida and their mothers (aged ≥19 years). The mode of delivery was established as the dependent variables: (a) VD, (b) CS due to CPD, and (c) non‐CPD CS. Independent variables were maternal height and weight, the number of previous VD, newborn weight, and neonatal birthweight (BW) index/maternal height index. A multinomial regression model was used to analyze the association between newborn and maternal characteristics and outcome variable.ResultsBy mode of delivery, 2124 (62%) births corresponded to VD, 1042 (30%) to non‐CPDCS, and 287 (8%) to CS due to CPD. Mothers who had CS due to CPD weighed more at the end of their pregnancy and were shorter. Maternal age and weight increased the risk for having CS due to CPD compared to VD and maternal height, and the number of previous VD reduces the risk for experiencing CS due to CPD compared to vaginal births. The relative risk ratio for higher neonatal BW/maternal height index was significant for CS due to CPD and non‐CPD CS.ConclusionAccording to our results from a public hospital in Merida, Mexico, CPD is a result of the interrelation of maternal and fetal size, rather than an independent result of maternal height or BW.
Is 2020 the year when primatologists should cancel fieldwork? A reply
Authors: Trivedy Chet 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe aim of this article is to explore the impact of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic on primate‐related conservation work. The withdrawal of primatologists and conservation staff from field research can lead to a number of detrimental effects not just on conservation but also on local communities in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Inequalities in access to health and financial insecurities may be drivers for the illegal wildlife trade and the lack of tourism and research activity may allow poachers to work with greater ease. The paper also looks at how conservation organizations and research bodies should modify their field protocols by developing robust occupational health policies that will not only make field work safer but also support local staff as they are likely to face the greatest threats to their physical health, psychological health, and economic loss from COVID‐19. By adopting a One Health approach that considers the complex interactions between human and primate health, researchers will be able to find new ways of working not only to protect primates but understand how they adapt to the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Assessing tissue transcription biomarkers of chronic rhinosinusitis: a comparison of sampling methodologies
Authors: Hoggard Michael , Douglas Richard G. , Taylor Michael W. , Biswas Kristi 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a spectrum of complex inflammatory conditions of the sinonasal mucosa. Identification of biomarkers that enable classification and improved delineation among CRS endotypes is of increasing interest. However, the extent to which less invasive sampling methods identify genuine tissue inflammatory patterns is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate mucosal swab and cytobrush sampling as less invasive proxies for tissue transcription levels of putative biomarkers of CRS.MethodsExpression levels of 21 biomarkers of interest were assessed via custom TaqMan array cards from mucosal biopsy, cytobrush, and swab samples, in 32 patients with CRS. Reported expression levels were compared between each of the 3 sample types within each patient.ResultsReported transcription levels from swab samples for IL33, MUC5AC, IL1RN, CXCL8 (IL‐8), TNF, IFNG, IL5, OSM, IL1A, and IL17C, and cytobrush levels for IL33, MUC5AC, IL5RA, IL1RN, CXCL8 (IL‐8), and IL5 were significantly different to tissue levels from matched biopsy samples.ConclusionReported expression via swab and cytobrush sampling differed from patterns observed in matched tissue for 10 of 21 and 6 of 21 markers, respectively. Non–biopsy‐based studies for these particular markers may therefore not adequately represent tissue inflammatory processes and should be interpreted with caution. Cytobrush samples largely tracked tissue patterns for the remaining target biomarkers. In these cases, cytobrush sampling appears to adequately reflect tissue patterns for several putative biomarkers of CRS, supporting their use in clinical and research settings as a less‐invasive proxy for the assessment of mucosal tissue inflammatory transcription patterns.
Photoinduzierte Rutheniumkatalysierte C‐H‐Arylierungen bei Umgebungstemperatur
Authors: Korvorapun Korkit , Struwe Julia , Kuniyil Rositha , Zangarelli Agnese , Casnati Anna , Waeterschoot Marjo , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRutheniumkatalysierte C‐H‐Arylierungen wurden bei Umgebungstemperatur durch sichtbares Licht ohne zusätzlichen Photokatalysator ermöglicht. Die Robustheit dieser rutheniumkatalysierten C‐H‐Funktionalisierung wurde in einer breiten Auswahl von sensitiven funktionellen Gruppen und synthetisch nützlichen Pyrazolen, Triazolen und empfindlichen Nucleosiden und Nucleotiden sowie durch mehrfache C‐H‐Funktionalisierungen verdeutlicht. Biscyclometallierte Rutheniumkomplexe wurden als Schlüsselintermeditate in der Photoredox‐Rutheniumkatalyse durch detaillierte rechnerische und experimentelle mechanistische Studien identifiziert. Berechnungen deuten darauf hin, dass eine in situ gebildete, photoaktive Rutheniumspezies vorzugsweise einen Inner‐Sphere‐Elektronentransfer durchläuft.
Aggregations‐induzierte Emission (AIE): Eine historische Betrachtung
Authors: Würthner Frank 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDie durch Aggregation induzierte Emission (AIE, aggregation‐induced emission) hat in den letzten zwanzig Jahren große Beachtung erfahren. Im Gegensatz zu den zahlreichen Übersichtsartikeln, welche AIE als sehr spezifisches Phänomen beschreiben, vermittelt dieser Essay eine breitere Sichtweise und hebt frühere Beobachtungen im Zusammenhang mit AIE hervor, die lange vor der Einführung dieses Begriffs gemacht wurden. Hierzu werden anschauliche Beispiele aus dem 20. Jahrhundert gezeigt, in denen die Fluoreszenzverstärkung von Farbstoffen infolge einer Versteifung in viskosen oder festen Umgebungen oder durch die Bildung von J‐Aggregaten studiert wurde. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich bereits unter diesen Beispielen typische AIE‐Luminogene wie Tetraphenylethylen (TPE), Stilbene sowie Oligo‐ und Polyphenylenvinylene und ‐ethinylene finden, welche in den 1990er Jahren wichtige Festkörperfluoreszenzmaterialien in der OLED‐Forschung wurden. Weitere Beispiele sind Cyanin‐Farbstoffe wie Thioazol Orange (TO) oder dessen Dimere (TOTOs), welche breite Anwendung als molekulare Sonden fanden. Die bis zu 10 000‐fache Fluoreszenzverstärkung solcher Farbstoffe bei ihrer Einlagerung in doppelsträngige DNA kann auf das Konzept der eingeschränkten intramolekularen Bewegung (RIM, restricted intramolecular motion) zurückgeführt werden. Darauf basieren zahlreiche kommerzielle Produkte für die Bildgebung von biologischem Material und die Fluoreszenzsensorik aus den frühen 1990er Jahren.
Impact of inhibitor loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles on waterborne coating performance in various corrosive environments
Authors: Židov Bruno , Lin Zhifeng , Stojanović Ivan , Xu Likun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article is a contribution to the development of the smart, self‐healing solutions in the context of corrosion protection of metallic materials based on nanotechnology. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and loaded with two different corrosion inhibitors, 1‐hydroxybenzotriazole and 8‐hydroxyquinoline. Loaded particles were embedded in different concentrations in waterborne epoxy coating, and as such applied to low carbon steel substrates. A continuous immersion test in 3.5% NaCl solution, humidity chamber exposure, and salt spray exposure were performed. Successful synthesis of silica nanoparticles has been demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy characterization techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the loading of inhibitors, while the quantity of loaded inhibitors was determined by thermogravimetric method. Anticorrosive performance of intact composite coatings was determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and open‐circuit potential measurements. Adhesive properties were determined using the pull‐off test (ISO 4624). Significant improvement in corrosion protection performance has been demonstrated for coatings containing inhibitor‐loaded nanoparticles.
Tailoring the thermal and mechanical properties of injection‐molded poly (lactic acid) parts through annealing
Authors: Li Guili , Yang Beijing , Han Wenjuan , Li Haimei , Kang Zhan , Lin Jun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe effect of cold‐crystallization on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) injection‐molded parts was systemically investigated at different annealing temperatures (80/100/120°C) and annealing times (0.5/1/1.5/2 hr). The relative crystallinity (Xc) and crystal form (α' and α) of samples was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide X‐ray angle diffraction (WAXD). The dependence of the thermal and mechanical performance on relative crystallinity and crystal form/morphology was discussed in detail. A linear relationship between the increment of heat distortion temperature (HDT) and that of Xc was found. The tensile strength, tensile modulus and storage modulus all increased with annealing time and annealing temperature, while the tensile toughness presented a different behavior. The elongation at break for specimens reached a maximum value of 16.9% after annealing at 80°C for 2 hr, which is a threefold improvement compared to PLA samples prepared without annealing. This work suggests that annealing is an effective method for tailoring the physical properties of PLA products.
Characterization of glutathione proteome in CHO cells and its relationship with productivity and cholesterol synthesis
Authors: Chevallier Valentine , Schoof Erwin M. , Malphettes Laetitia , Andersen Mikael R. , Workman Christopher T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGlutathione (GSH) plays a central role in the redox balance maintenance in mammalian cells. Previous studies of industrial Chinese hamster ovary cell lines have demonstrated a relationship between GSH metabolism and clone productivity. However, a thorough investigation is required to understand this relationship and potentially highlight new targets for cell engineering. In this study, we have modulated the GSH intracellular content of an industrial cell line under bioprocess conditions to further elucidate the role of the GSH synthesis pathway. Two strategies were used: the variation of cystine supply and the direct inhibition of the GSH synthesis using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). Over time of the bioprocess, a correlation between intracellular GSH and product titer has been observed. Analysis of metabolites uptake/secretion rates and proteome comparison between BSO‐treated cells and nontreated cells has highlighted a slowdown of the tricarboxylic acid cycle leading to a secretion of lactate and alanine in the extracellular environment. Moreover, an adaptation of the GSH‐related proteome has been observed with an upregulation of the regulatory subunit of glutamate–cysteine ligase and a downregulation of a specific GSH transferase subgroup, the Mu family. Surprisingly, the main impact of BSO treatment was observed on a global downregulation of the cholesterol synthesis pathways. As cholesterol is required for protein secretion, it could be the missing piece of the puzzle to finally elucidate the link between GSH synthesis and productivity.
Lessons from the unexpected adoption of online teaching for an undergraduate genetics course with lab classes
Authors: Zhou Chun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the spring semester of 2020, colleges and universities adopted online teaching as the primary modality due to campus closure for social distancing. While lectures could be more readily converted to online classes, biology labs were challenging to handle since students could not physically conduct experiments in lab classrooms. In the present report, various online teaching materials, including educational and research videos, simulation labs, and real research data, were utilized to achieve the learning objectives of the originally in‐person lab classes of an upper‐level undergraduate genetics course. Furthermore, certain advantages of online teaching, such as detailed and high‐quality annotation of lecture slides using the Apple Pencil and iPad, were observed. While online teaching has its unique strengths, it could not provide students with hands‐on experience in performing real biology experiments to master technical skills; the latter are essential for students to develop a career in conducting research in an academic or industrial laboratory setting. Hence, a well‐designed hybrid modality of using online teaching to complement conventional face‐to‐face instruction may allow for better teaching in undergraduate biology courses.