bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum PccS1 infected in calla plants in vivo highlights a spatiotemporal expression pattern of genes related to virulence, adaptation, and host response
Authors: Fan Jiaqin , Ma Lin , Zhao Chendi , Yan Jingyuan , Che Shu , Zhou Zhaowei , Wang Huan , Yang Liuke , Hu Baishi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBacterial pathogens from the genus Pectobacterium cause soft rot in various plants, and result in important economic losses worldwide. We understand much about how these pathogens digest their hosts and protect themselves against plant defences, as well as some regulatory networks in these processes. However, the spatiotemporal expression of genome‐wide infection of Pectobacterium remains unclear, although researchers analysed this in some phytopathogens. In the present work, comparing the transcriptome profiles from cellular infection with growth in minimal and rich media, RNA‐Seq analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes (log2‐fold ratio ≥ 1.0) in the cells of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum PccS1 recovered at a series of time points after inoculation in the host in vivo covered approximately 50% of genes in the genome. Based on the dynamic expression changes in infection, the significantly differentially expressed genes (log2‐fold ratio ≥ 2.0) were classified into five types, and the main expression pattern of the genes for carbohydrate metabolism underlying the processes of infection was identified. The results are helpful to our understanding of the inducement of host plant and environmental adaption of Pectobacterium. In addition, our results demonstrate that maceration caused by PccS1 is due to the depression of callose deposition in the plant for resistance by the pathogenesis‐related genes and the superlytic ability of pectinolytic enzymes produced in PccS1, rather than the promotion of plant cell death elicited by the T3SS of bacteria as described in previous work.
Mindfulness‐based stress reduction improves irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms via specific aspects of mindfulness
Authors: Naliboff Bruce D. , Smith Suzanne R. , Serpa John G. , Laird Kelsey T. , Stains Jean , Connolly Lynn S. , Labus Jennifer S. , Tillisch Kirsten 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and often debilitating chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Pharmacological treatments are often ineffective, leading to the development of a variety of behavioral interventions. Mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) is one such program that has shown efficacy in reducing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and improving quality of life (QOL). This single‐arm intervention study examines the association of clinical outcomes with changes in specific aspects of mindfulness.MethodsAdults with IBS (53 women, 15 men) participated in an 8‐week MBSR class. Primary outcomes of GI symptom severity, quality of life, and GI‐specific anxiety, as well as specific aspects of mindfulness using the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), were assessed at baseline, post‐treatment, and 6‐month follow‐up.Key ResultsGastrointestinal symptom responder rate was 71%, and there was a significant pre‐post treatment change for three of the five FFMQ scales. Regression analysis indicated that change in the Act with Awareness (P = .02) facet of mindfulness was the strongest predictor of GI symptom and QOL improvement.Conclusions & InferencesMindfulness‐based stress reduction training was associated with robust improvements in GI symptoms and associated problems in participants with IBS. Although significant increases in 3 of the 5 measured facets of mindfulness were found, regression analyses suggest that increases in the ability to retain present moment focus and act with awareness may be particularly important for improving outcomes in individuals with IBS. These results may inform the refinement of mindfulness‐based protocols specifically for treatment of IBS.
Should We Defend the Administrative State?
Authors: Roberts Alasdair 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTroubled by actions of the Donald Trump administration, some academics have defended the administrative state. This may be a mistake. The scholarly definition of the administrative state has shifted over decades, and today scholarly usage of the term often diverges substantially from popular usage. When academics invoke the concept, they may unwittingly trigger negative associations in the minds of nonacademics and defeat their own cause. This mistake is easily avoided, because academics often do not need to talk about the administrative state at all. Research would be improved by using different terms to describe three distinct ideas: the state, administrative systems within the state, and the administrative state, which is best understood as a type of state that emerged at a specific moment in American history. If academics want to defend the public service in the realm of politics, it would be better to do so in those terms, rather than using a phrase that often triggers fears about big and irresponsible government.
Policy, Demography, and Market Income Volatility: What Shaped Income Distribution and Inequality in Australia Between 2002 and 2016?
Authors: Li Jinjing , La Hai Anh , Sologon Denisa M. 
Published: April 2020

Isolating the impact of policy, demographic shifts, and market volatility on changes in income inequality is of great interest to policymakers. However, such estimation can be difficult due to the complex interactions and evolutions in the social and economic environment. Through an extended decomposition framework, this paper estimates the effect of four main components (policy, demography, market income and other factors) on the year‐over‐year changes in income inequality in Australia between 2002 and 2016. This was a period marked by substantial policy, population, and economic shifts due to factors such as the mining boom, the global financial crisis and increasing immigration. The framework also incorporates a flexible non‐parametric market income model which captures demand‐side shock better than a standard parametric model. Our results suggest that market income was the primary driver of income inequality for all segments of the income distribution in Australia over the past 15 years. Policy factors, moreover, have had the largest net impact on reducing inequality overall, especially for lower income earners.
Controls on carbonate platform architecture and reef recovery across the Palaeozoic to Mesozoic transition: A high‐resolution analysis of the Great Bank of Guizhou
Authors: Kelley Brian M. , Lehrmann Daniel J. , Yu Meiyi , Jost Adam B. , Meyer Katja M. , Lau Kimberly V. , Altiner Demir , Li Xiaowei , Minzoni Marcello , Schaal Ellen K. , Payne Jonathan L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCarbonate platforms spanning intervals of global change provide an opportunity to identify causal links between the evolution of marine environment and depositional architecture. This study investigates the controls on platform geometry across the Palaeozoic to Mesozoic transition and yields new stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental constraints on the Great Bank of Guizhou, a latest Permian to earliest Late Triassic isolated carbonate platform in the Nanpanjiang Basin of south China. Reconstruction of platform architecture was achieved by integrating field mapping, petrography, biostratigraphy, satellite imagery analysis andδ13C chemostratigraphy. In contrast to previous interpretations, this study indicates that: (i) the Great Bank of Guizhou transitioned during Early Triassic time from a low‐relief bank to a platform with high relief above the basin floor (up to 600 m) and steep slope angles (preserved up to 50°); and (ii) the oldest‐known platform‐margin reef of the Mesozoic Era grew along steep, prograding clinoforms in an outer‐margin to lower‐slope environment. Increasing platform relief during Early Triassic time was caused by limited sediment delivery to the basin margin and a high rate of accommodation creation driven by Indosinian convergence. The steep upper Olenekian (upper Lower Triassic) slope is dominated by well‐cemented grainstone, suggesting that high carbonate saturation states led to syndepositional or rapid post‐depositional sediment stabilization. Latest Spathian reef initiation coincided with global cooling following Early Triassic global warmth. The first Triassic framework‐building metazoans on the Great Bank of Guizhou were small calcareous sponges restricted to deeper water settings, but early Mesozoic reef builders were volumetrically dominated byTubiphytes, a fossil genus of uncertain taxonomic affinity. In aggregate, the stratigraphic architecture of the Great Bank of Guizhou records sedimentary response to long‐term environmental and biological recovery from the end‐Permian mass extinction, highlighting the close connections among marine chemistry, marine ecosystems and carbonate depositional systems.
Systemic and muscular responses to effort‐matched short intervals and long intervals in elite cyclists
Authors: Almquist Nicki W. , Nygaard Håvard , Vegge Geir , Hammarström Daniel , Ellefsen Stian , Rønnestad Bent R. 
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of time‐ and effort‐matched high‐intensity intervals on physiological, endocrine, and skeletal muscle molecular variables in elite cyclists. Eight elite cyclists performed short intervals (SI: 30‐seconds) and long intervals (LI: 5‐minutes) with work:recovery ratio 2:1, using a randomized crossover design. SI was associated with 14% ± 3% higher mean power output (SI; 421 ± 27 vs LI; 371 ± 22 W), and longer working time above 90% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, 54% ± 76%) and 90% peak heart rate (HRpeak, 153% ± 148%) than LI (all P < .05), despite similar degrees of perceived exertion, blood lactate levels and muscle activation measured using EMG root mean square (EMG rms). In blood, SI was associated with more pronounced increases in testosterone and testosterone‐to‐sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) ratios, as well as prolonged cortisol responses (P < .05). In skeletal muscle (m. Vastus lateralis), SI and LI led to similar changes in mRNA abundance for a range of transcripts, with the exception of NHE1 mRNA, which decreased after SI (P < .05). Overall, SI was associated with more pronounced physiological and endocrine responses than LI in elite cyclists, suggesting that such training might lead to superior adaptations in elite cyclists.
Inner Flow-Induced Buckling of Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Catenary Risers
Authors: Pavlou Dimitrios G. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Production and deep-sea mining risers should have sufficient flexibility to avoid severe loading due to vessel motions. Free hanging catenary is the simplest and cheapest configuration because of the ease of installation and the minimal requirements for subsea infrastructure. The interaction of the inner flow with the moving riser dominates the dynamic stability of the system. In the present work, the motion equation for a long, multilayered, fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) flexible riser is formulated, and a numerical method for critical inner flow velocities causing buckling in risers is proposed. Taking into account the motion equation, the physics of the inner flow-induced buckling phenomena is analyzed and a detailed interpretation of the terms of the motion equation is carried out. With the aid of transfer matrices and finite elements, the dynamic buckling modes and the natural frequencies are determined. It is proved that the dynamic stability of the riser is affected by the balance of the elastic flexural restoring force, the centrifugal force of the fluid flow in the curved portions, the Coriolis force of the fluid, the inertial force of the fluid and pipe mass, and the damping due to the effect of the surrounding water.
Acoustic Performance of a Periodically Voided Viscoelastic Medium With Uncertainty in Design Parameters
Authors: Sharma Gyani Shankar , Faverjon Beatrice , Dureisseix David , Skvortsov Alex , MacGillivray Ian , Audoly Christian , Kessissoglou Nicole 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The effect of uncertainties in material and geometric parameters on the acoustic performance of a viscoelastic coating is investigated. The model of the coating comprises a structure conventionally used in underwater applications, namely a soft elastic matrix embedded with periodic arrangements of voids. To investigate the effect of uncertainties on the acoustic performance of the coating, stochastic models based on the non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) method and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are developed. The same analytical formulation of the acoustic coating is employed in both stochastic models. In the PCE method, the analytical model is transformed into a computationally efficient surrogate model using stochastic collocation. The effect of uncertainty in an individual geometric or material parameter on the acoustic performance of the coating is investigated by examining the mean, envelopes, and probability distribution of the monopole resonance frequency and sound transmission through the coating. The effect of variation in combinations of geometric and material parameters is then examined. Uncertainty in the geometric parameters is observed to have greater impact on the resonance frequency of the voids and sound transmission through the coating compared to uncertainty in the material properties.
Role of Endogenous Interleukin-18 in Resolving Wild-Type and AttenuatedSalmonella typhimuriumInfections
Authors: Dybing Jody K. , Walters Nancy , Pascual David W. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThe stimulation of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has been shown to be essential in resolving infections by intracellular pathogens. As such, several different cytokines including, interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18, can induce IFN-γ. To resolveSalmonellainfections, the stimulation of IL-12 and IFN-γ are important for mediating its clearance. In this present study, the relevance of IL-18 in protection against oral challenge withSalmonella typhimuriumwas investigated to determine the role of this IFN-γ-promoting cytokine. Rabbit anti-murine IL-18 antisera was generated and administered prior to the oral challenge of BALB/c and IL-12p40-deficient knockout (IL-12KO) mice with a wild-typeS. typhimuriumstrain. The median survival time was reduced by 2 days for the anti-IL-18-treated BALB/c mice, while no significant reduction in survival rate for the anti-IL-18-treated IL-12KO mice was observed compared to vehicle-treated mice. To investigate the contribution of IL-18 to resolvingSalmonellainfections, an attenuatedaro-negative mutant (H647) was orally administered to BALB/c mice. ThisSalmonellainfection induced both IL-12 and IFN-γ in both the Peyer's patches and the spleens. In vehicle-treated mice, Peyer's patch IL-12 peaked by 24 h, while IL-18 levels peaked at 3 days, suggesting sequential support by these cytokines for IFN-γ. Anti-IL-18 treatment exerted its greatest effect upon the mucosal compartment, limiting early IFN-γ production. However, anti-IL-18 treatment had little effect upon splenic IFN-γ levels until late in the response. Infection of IL-12KO mice with H647 strain induced IFN-γ, but it was not supported by IL-18, although IL-18 levels were reduced by this treatment. These results suggest that IL-18 does contribute to the clearance ofS. typhimuriumand that endogenously induced IL-18 could not substitute for IL-12.
Mutants ofEscherichia coliHeat-Labile Toxin Act as Effective Mucosal Adjuvants for Nasal Delivery of an Acellular Pertussis Vaccine: Differential Effects of the Nontoxic AB Complex and Enzyme Activity on Th1 and Th2 Cells
Authors: Ryan Elizabeth J. , McNeela Edel , Murphy Geraldine A. , Stewart Helen , O'hagan Derek , Pizza Mariagrazia , Rappuoli Rino , Mills Kingston H. G. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTMucosal delivery of vaccines is dependent on the identification of safe and effective adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of protein antigens administered by nasal or oral routes. In this study we demonstrate that two mutants ofEscherichia coliheat-labile toxin (LT), LTK63, which lacks ADP-ribosylating activity, and LTR72, which has partial enzyme activity, act as potent mucosal adjuvants for the nasal delivery of an acellular pertussis (Pa) vaccine. Both LTK63 and LTR72 enhanced antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), secretory IgA, and local and systemic T-cell responses. Furthermore, using the murine respiratory challenge model for infection withBordetella pertussis, we demonstrated that a nasally delivered diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTPa) combination vaccine formulated with LTK63 as an adjuvant conferred a high level of protection, equivalent to that generated with a parenterally delivered DTPa vaccine formulated with alum. This study also provides significant new information on the roles of the binding and enzyme components of LT in the modulation of Th1 and Th2 responses. LTK63, which lacks enzyme activity, promoted T-cell responses with a mixed Th1–Th2 profile, but LTR72, which retains partial enzyme activity, and the wild-type toxin, especially at low dose, induced a more polarized Th2-type response and very high IgA and IgG antibody titers. Our findings suggest that the nontoxic AB complex has broad adjuvant activity for T-cell responses and that the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the A subunit also appears to modulate cytokine production, but its effect on T-cell subtypes, as well as enhancing, may be selectively suppressive.
Activity of Monosaccharide Lipid A Analogues in Human Monocytic Cells as Agonists or Antagonists of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Matsuura Motohiro , Kiso Makoto , Hasegawa Akira 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThe lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a central role in the production of endotoxic mediators. Different responses between human and murine macrophages to lipid A-like structures have been indicated. We investigated a series of structurally related monosaccharide lipid A analogues for their potency to activate human macrophage U937 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells for production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 compared with their potency to activate murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Two of the analogues were found to have sufficient potency to activate the human cells as well as the murine cells. These analogues comprised-glucosamine, phosphoryl groups, and acyl groups of defined carbon chain lengths (C14and C12) in a ratio of 1:1:3. This ratio of molecular constituents is proportional to that of the complete disaccharide structure of lipid A (2:2:6). Other analogues with two or four C14acyl groups and with three acyl groups but including a C10or a C16acyl group, which are active to murine cells, showed no LPS-agonistic activity, but did show LPS-antagonistic activity, to human cells. An LPS-antagonistic analogue in the murine cells also showed antagonistic activity in human cells. These results reveal that lipid A analogues recognized as being LPS agonists by human macrophages have common structural features in monosaccharide and disaccharide structures which are more strict than those required for recognition by murine macrophages and that broad lipid A-like structures are recognized as being LPS antagonists by human cells but are recognized by murine cells as being either LPS agonists or antagonists.
Induction of Cytokines and Chemokines in Human Monocytes byMycoplasma fermentans-Derived Lipoprotein MALP-2
Authors: Kaufmann A. , Mühlradt P. F. , Gemsa D. , Sprenger H. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTBacterial infections are characterized by strong inflammatory reactions. The responsible mediators are often bacterially derived cell wall molecules, such as lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acids, which typically stimulate monocytes and macrophages to release a wide variety of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Mycoplasmas, which lack a cell wall, may also stimulate monocytes very efficiently. This study was performed to identify mycoplasma-induced mediators. We investigated the induction of cytokines and chemokines in human monocytes exposed to theMycoplasma fermentans-derived membrane component MALP-2 (macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2) by dose response and kinetic analysis. We found a rapid and strong MALP-2-inducible chemokine and cytokine gene expression which was followed by the release of chemokines and cytokines with peak levels after 12 to 20 h. MALP-2 induced the neutrophil-attracting CXC chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and GRO-α as well as the mononuclear leukocyte-attracting CC chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β. Production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-6 started at the same time as chemokine release but required 10- to 100-fold-higher MALP-2 doses. The data show that the mycoplasma-derived lipopeptide MALP-2 represents a potent inducer of chemokines and cytokines which may, by the attraction and activation of neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes, significantly contribute to the inflammatory response during mycoplasma infection.
Misexpression of the Opaque-Phase-Specific Gene
PEP1
(
SAP1
) in the White Phase of
Candida albicans
Confers Increased Virulence in a Mouse Model of Cutaneous Infection
Authors: Kvaal Christopher , Lachke Salil A. , Srikantha Thyagarajan , Daniels Karla , McCoy James , Soll David R. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
WO-1 switches reversibly and at high frequency between a white and an opaque colony-forming phenotype that includes dramatic changes in cell morphology and physiology. A misexpression strategy has been used to investigate the role of the opaque-phase-specific gene
PEP1
(
SAP1
), which encodes a secreted aspartyl proteinase, in the expression of the unique opaque-phase phenotype and phase-specific virulence in two animal models. The
PEP1
(
SAP1
) open reading frame was inserted downstream of the promoter of the white-phase-specific gene
WH11
in the transforming vector pCPW7, and the resulting transformants were demonstrated to misexpress
PEP1
(
SAP1
) in the white phase. Misexpression did not confer any of the unique morphological characteristics of the opaque phase to cells in the white phase and had no effect on the switching process. However, misexpression conferred upon white-phase cells the increased capacity of opaque-phase cells to grow in medium in which protein was the sole nitrogen source. Misexpression of
PEP1
(
SAP1
) had no effect on the virulence of white-phase cells in a systemic mouse model, in which white-phase cells were already more virulent than opaque-phase cells. Misexpression did, however, confer upon white-phase cells the dramatic increase in colonization of skin in a cutaneous mouse model that was exhibited by opaque-phase cells. Misexpression of
PEP1
(
SAP1
) conferred upon white-phase cells two dissociable opaque-phase characteristics: increased adhesion and the capacity to cavitate skin. The addition of pepstatin A to the cutaneous model inhibited the latter, but not the former, suggesting that the latter is effected by released enzyme, while the former is effected by cell-associated enzyme.