bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge mobilisation in orthopaedic surgery in England: why hierarchies of knowledge bear little relation to the hierarchy of evidence in professionally socialised groups
Authors: Grove Amy , Clarke Aileen , Currie Graeme 
Published: November 2020

Background:Healthcare policy encourages the use of scientific evidence in the delivery of healthcare services. However, the complexity of practice restricts the use of codified knowledge in clinical guidelines despite continued effort from policymakers to ensure their use in practice. This study adopts a knowledge mobilisation perspective to explore the multiple levels through which scientific evidence is enacted to generate variation in practice.
Aim:To explore how professionalised groups of clinicians mobilised knowledge in the highly-professionalised and organisationally-regulated context of orthopaedic surgery.
Methods:Three contrasting NHS hospitals in England were examined using case study methods from 2014–15. Data included 64 interviews with surgeons and NHS staff, nine months of observation of day-to-day practice, and collection of 121 supplementary documents. A multilevel thematic analysis and cross-case comparison explored how individual surgeons, groups of professionals and hospital organisations mobilised knowledge.
Findings:The findings described three themes to illustrate how variation in orthopaedic practice emerged: 1) professional identities; 2) knowledge acquisition; and 3) the contextual contingencies of practice. The professional groups which surgeons identified with had significant influence on how knowledge was mobilised within the organisations.
Conclusions:Knowledge owned by professionally socialised surgical groups was central to explaining variation observed in the delivery of healthcare services. Hierarchies of knowledge in the practice of orthopaedic surgery bore little relation to the hierarchy of evidence which is foundational to the production of clinical guidance and guidelines. Knowledge defined and privileged within professional surgeon groups carried significant weight in practice, and generated contingent knowledge mobilisation.
The role of carbon nanoparticle in lymph node detection and parathyroid gland protection during thyroidectomy for non-anaplastic thyroid carcinoma- a meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Shaowei , Li Zhifeng , Xu Manbin , Peng Hanwei 
Published: November 2020

Objective
To assess the efficiency of the carbon nanoparticles (CNs) in lymph node identification and parathyroid gland (PG) protection during thyroidectomy for non-anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (N-ATC).

Methods
A systematic literature search for relevant literatures published up to December 2018 in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library was performed. Both English and Chinese literatures were retrieved and analyzed. Randomized controlled trials or nonrandomized controlled trials comparing the use of CNs with the use of methylene blue or a blank control in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for N-ATC were enrolled in this study. The primary outcomes included the number of lymph nodes harvested, the rate of lymph nodes involved, and the rates of accidental parathyroidectomy, hypoparathyroidism, and hypocalcemia. Weighted mean differences (WMDs), odds ratios (ORs) and risk differences (RDs) were calculated for the dichotomous outcome variables. Between study heterogeneity was tested using the Q tests and the I2 statistics. All analyses were performed using Review Manager (version 5.3.5).

Results
25 studies comprising 3266 patients were included in this analysis. The total number of lymph nodes harvested in the CNs groups was significantly higher than that in the control groups (WMD, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.40 to 3.32; P <0.01). Administrating CNs was associated with a lower incidence of accidental PG removal (OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.37, P<0.01) and lower rates of both postoperative transient hypoparathyroidism (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.64, P <0.01) and transient hypocalcemia (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.65, P <0.01). No significant difference was found concerning lymph node metastatic rates between CNs group and control group. Subgroup analysis indicated that the application of CNs in reoperation thyroidectomy reduced both the rate of transient hypoparathyroidism (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.75, P = 0.02) and the possibility of accidental PGs removal (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.62, P = 0.004, P<0.05).

Conclusions
The application of CNs in thyroidectomy for N-ATC results in higher number of lymph node harvested and better PG protection during both initial and reoperation thyroidectomy.
National-level effectiveness of ART to prevent early mother to child transmission of HIV in Namibia
Authors: Agabu Andrew , Baughman Andrew L. , Fischer-Walker Christa , de Klerk Michael , Mutenda Nicholus , Rusberg Francina , Diergaardt Dorothea , Pentikainen Ndumbu , Sawadogo Souleymane , Agolory Simon , Dinh Thu-Ha 
Published: November 2020

Background
Namibia introduced the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (MTCT) program in 2002 and lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant women (option B-plus) in 2013. We sought to quantify MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery.

Methods
During Aug 2014-Feb 2015, we recruited a nationally representative sample of 1040 pairs of mother and infant aged 4–12 weeks at routine immunizations in 60 public health clinics using two stage sampling approach. Of these, 864 HIV exposed infants had DNA-PCR HIV test results available. We defined an HIV exposed infant if born to an HIV-positive mother with documented status or diagnosed at enrollment using rapid HIV tests. Dried Blood Spots samples from HIV exposed infants were tested for HIV. Interview data and laboratory results were collected on smartphones and uploaded to a central database. We measured MTCT prevalence at 4–12 weeks post-delivery and evaluated associations between infant HIV infection and maternal and infant characteristics including maternal treatment and infant prophylaxis. All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design.

Results
Based on the 864 HIV exposed infants with test results available, nationally weighted early MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery was 1.74% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00%-3.01%). Overall, 62% of mothers started ART pre-conception, 33.6% during pregnancy, 1.2% post-delivery and 3.2% never received ART. Mothers who started ART before pregnancy and during pregnancy had low MTCT prevalence, 0.78% (95% CI: 0.31%-1.96%) and 0.98% (95% CI: 0.33%-2.91%), respectively. MTCT rose to 4.13% (95% CI: 0.54%-25.68%) when the mother started ART after delivery and to 11.62% (95% CI: 4.07%-28.96%) when she never received ART. The lowest MTCT of 0.76% (95% CI: 0.36% - 1.61%) was achieved when mother received ART and ARV prophylaxis within 72hrs for infant and highest 22.32% (95%CI: 2.78% -74.25%) when neither mother nor infant received ARVs. After adjusting for mother’s age, maternal ART (Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03–0.29) and infant ARV prophylaxis (PR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10–0.998) remained strong predictors of HIV transmission.

Conclusion
As of 2015, Namibia achieved MTCT of 1.74%, measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Women already on ART pre-conception had the lowest prevalence of MTCT emphasizing the importance of early HIV diagnosis and treatment initiation before pregnancy. Studies are needed to measure MTCT and maternal HIV seroconversion during breastfeeding.
Identification of microvascular and morphological alterations in eyes with central retinal non-perfusion
Authors: Hajdu Dorottya , Told Reinhard , Angeli Orsolya , Weigert Guenther , Pollreisz Andreas , Schmidt-Erfurth Ursula , Sacu Stefan 
Published: November 2020

PurposeTo evaluate the characteristics and morphological alterations in central retinal ischemia caused by diabetic retinopathy (DR) or retinal vein occlusion (RVO) as seen in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and their relationship to visual acuity.MethodsSwept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) and OCTA (Topcon, Triton) data of patients with central involving retinal ischemia were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. The following parameters were evaluated: vessel parameters, foveal avascular zone (FAZ), intraretinal cysts (IRC), microaneurysms (MA), vascular collaterals in the superficial (SCP) and deep plexuses (DCP), hyperreflective foci (HRF), epiretinal membrane (ERM), external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, as well as the disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), age, gender, disease duration and ocular history were also recorded.Results44 eyes of 44 patients (22 with RVO, 22 with DR) were analyzed. The mean age was 60.55 ± 11.38 years and mean BCVA 0.86 ± 0.36 (Snellen, 6m). No significant difference was found between DR subgroups (non proliferative vs. proliferative). Between RVO subgroups (CRVO vs. BRVO) a significant difference was found in term of collateral vessel of the DCP (p = 0.014). A pooled DR and RVO group were created and compared. Significantly more MAs (p = 0.007) and ERM (p = 0.007) were found in the DR group. Statistically significant negative correlation was demonstrated between FAZ and BCVA (p = 0.45) when analyzing all patients with retinal ischemia.ConclusionThis study has shown that the best predictor of visual outcome in center involved ischemic diseases is the size of FAZ. Besides the presence of MAs and ERM, all other OCT and OCTA parameters were present in a similar extent in DR and RVO group despite the completely different disease origins. Our results suggest that as soon as retinal ischemia in the macular region is present, it has a similar appearance and visual outcome independently of the underlying disease.
Estimated number of eligible Part B beneficiaries for the medicare diabetes prevention program at the county level and by urban–rural classification
Authors: Ng Boon Peng , Cheng Yiling J. , Rutledge Stephanie , Cannon Michael J. , Zhang Ping , Smith Bryce D. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
Diabetes imposes large health and financial burdens on Medicare beneficiaries. Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed through lifestyle modification programs. In 2018, Medicare began to offer the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program (MDPP), a lifestyle intervention, to eligible beneficiaries nationwide. The number of MDPP-eligible beneficiaries is not known, but this information is essential in efforts to expand the program and increase enrollment. This study aimed to estimate the number and spatial variation of MDPP-eligible Part B beneficiaries at the county level and by urban–rural classification.

Methods
Data from 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and a survey-weighted logistic regression model were used to estimate proportions of prediabetes in the United States by sex, age, and race/ethnicity based on the MDPP eligibility criteria. The results from the predictive model were applied to 2015 Medicare Part B beneficiaries to estimate the number of MDPP-eligible beneficiaries. The National Center for Health Statistics’ Urban–Rural Classification Scheme for Counties from 2013 were used to define urban and rural categories.

Results
An estimated 5.2 million (95% CI = 3.5–7.0 million) Part B beneficiaries were eligible for the MDPP. By state, estimates ranged from 13,000 (95% CI = 8,500–18,000) in Alaska to 469,000 (95% CI = 296,000–641,000) in California. There were 2,149 counties with ≤1,000 eligible beneficiaries and 11 with >25,000. Consistent with demographic patterns, urban counties had more eligible beneficiaries than rural counties.

Conclusions
These estimates could be used to plan locations for new MDPPs and reach eligible Part B beneficiaries for enrollment.
Establishing a predicted model to evaluate prognosis for initially diagnosed metastatic Her2-positive breast cancer patients and exploring the benefit from local surgery
Authors: Lin Hong , Wu Yanxuan , Liang Guoxi , Chen Liming 
Published: November 2020

Background
For patients initially diagnosed with metastatic Her2-positive breast cancer (MHBC), we intended to construct a nomogram with risk stratification to predict prognosis and to explore the role of local surgery.

Methods
We retrieved data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Kaplan–Meier (KM) method and log-rank test were used for the selection of significant variables. Cox regression analysis and Fine-Gray test were utilized to confirm independent prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). A nomogram predicting 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS was developed and validated. Patients were stratified based on the optimal cut-off values of total personal score. KM method and log-rank test were used to estimate OS prognosis and benefit from local surgery and chemotherapy.

Results
There were 1680 and 717 patients in the training and validation cohort. Age, race, marriage, T stage, estrogen receptor (ER) status, visceral metastasis (bone, brain, liver and lung) were identified as independent prognostic factors for OS and BCSS, while histology was also corelated with OS. C-indexes in the training and validation cohort were 0.70 and 0.68, respectively. Calibration plots indicated precise predictive ability. The total population was divided into low- (<141 points), intermediate- (142–208 points), and high-risk (>208 points) prognostic groups. Local surgery and chemotherapy brought various degrees of survival benefit for patients with diverse-risk prognosis.

Conclusions
We constructed a model with accurate prediction and discrimination. It would provide a reference for clinicians' decision-making. Surgery on the primary lesion was recommended for patients with good physical performance status, while further study on optimal surgical opportunity was needed.
Marketing of Library Resources and Services: A Structured Literature Review
Authors: Bhardwaj Raj Kumar , Jain P.K. 
Published: November 2020

This conceptual paper reviews literature on marketing of This conceptual paper reviews literature on marketing of library products and services, and discusses various ways and means for the same. Several marketing techniques to promote the usage of library resources and services have been highlighted in the literature. It is seen that majority of libraries do not have a marketing culture. It is recognised that libraries need to formulate marketing plan along with financial budget on a yearly basis so that library resources can be utilised optimally. Libraries in developing countries have been struggling to conduct outreach programmes to market their resources and services. Latest technologies such as, Web 2.0 and mobile services have opened up new avenues to do marketing in efficient and cost effective ways. Therefore, libraries should not leave any stone unturned to apply the latest technologies in promotion of resources and services amongst the stakeholders. The funding agencies must formulate guidelines for marketing the library resources and services so that the library resources can be utilised optimally.DOI: 10.14429/djlit.36.3.10027
Does the learning space matter? An evaluation of active learning in a purpose-built technology-rich collaboration studio
Authors: Donkin Rebecca , Kynn Mary 
Published: November 2020

Studies in technology-rich learning environments have reported positive outcomes of active learning when compared to the traditional didactic classroom; others have found no benefits or have found interruption to learning due to the distraction of the technology. Evidence is required to support effective technology spaces that promote professional preparation, engagement and learning transfer. The impact of a technology-enabled collaboration studio on facilitating team-based learning for professional preparation through a case study in biomedical sciences was explored using a mixed method approach. Explicit assessment items as objective measures of student learning outcomes and implicit subjective, self-reported feelings of engagement and readiness for clinical practice is reported. Quantitative results showed an average 11.8% (p < 0.001; 95% CI 6.6-17.0) improvement in the final examination score for those students who had content delivered in the collaborative environment compared to a standard classroom. Qualitative results also support the notion that engagement and learning was enhanced. Investment towards a technology-enabled collaboration studio has shown a contributory effect that improves final grade outcomes through increased engagement, communication, motivation and professionalism for the learner. This research informs guidelines for best practice in active learning environments, particularly in purpose-built high technology learning spaces.
Implications for practice or policy:

Learning outcomes can be improved by investing in technology-enabled collaboration studios.
Engagement and a sense of professional practice are enhanced by active learning in a technology-rich learning environment.
Institutions should invest in technology-enabled active learning spaces.
Accountability in educational dialogue on attrition rates: Understanding external attrition factors and isolation in online law school
Authors: George Amanda-Jane , McEwan Alexandra , Tarr Julie-Anne 
Published: November 2020

Australian higher education institutions have focused on attrition rates with increased vigour in light of the introduction of a new student success metric tied to attrition rates. Online programs have been of particular concern given persistently high attrition rates, being roughly double that of programs delivered either face-to-face or in blended online/face-to-face mode. This study considers attrition theory as it has evolved for the online environment with particular reference to the role of external risk factors such as employment, and internal factors, such as social integration. The study presents data from a 2018 survey of students enrolled in a fully online law school program at an Australian university (n = 203). The data reveals a cohort with an array of external attrition risk factors, who are not only time poor but experience a strong sense of isolation. The study contributes to the attrition literature by providing insights into effective educational design and delivery aimed at student retention.
Implications for practice or policy

Online program convenors ought to consider the attrition risk factors at issue in their cohort before designing comprehensive retention initiatives and plans.
Instructors ought to consider external attrition factors, such as family and employment demands, when selecting and designing student assessments.
Instructors ought to realistically appraise retention initiatives, such as social media initiatives, to address internal risk factors of perceived isolation and institutional commitment.
Assessment of Water Retention Test by Continuous Pressurization Method
Authors: Kim Byeong-Su , Hatakeyama Masanori , Park Seong-Wan , Park Hyun-Su , Takeshita Yuji , Kato Shoji 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The water retention test involving the stepwise pressurization method (SPM) and a pressure plate extractor has been mainly used to obtain the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) of soils. The disadvantage of this test is that the measurement of the drying and wetting paths of the SWCC is time consuming. Thus, a water retention test involving a continuous pressurization method (CPM) in this paper was proposed, and the experiments for three kinds of soil samples were performed. Unlike the SPM, the pore air pressure in the CPM is continuously given to the specimen at a constant pressurization rate. In particular, for the measurement of the transient pore water pressure inside specimen according to the applied pore air pressure, a microtensiometer (height: 25 mm, diameter: 3 mm) was placed vertically at the center of the specimen. The suction for the specimen was defined as the difference between the applied pore air pressure and the measured pore water pressure. It was confirmed that the testing time for the drying and wetting paths of the SWCC in the test involving the CPM was remarkably shortened. The results of the CPM for its verification were compared with those of the SPM under the same initial condition of the specimen. The two test results showed good agreement regardless of the soil samples. Furthermore, the effect of the pressurization rate of the pore air pressure for the CPM was examined. Finally, the proposed water retention test involving the CPM was found to be highly efficient and accurately measure the drying and wetting paths of the SWCC in a short time.
FGF13 Is Required for Histamine-Induced Itch Sensation by Interaction with NaV1.7
Authors: Dong Fei , Shi Haixiang , Yang Liu , Xue Huaqing , Wei Manyi , Zhong Yan-Qing , Bao Lan , Zhang Xu 
Published: November 2020

Itch can be induced by activation of small-diameter DRG neurons, which express abundant intracellular fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13). Although FGF13 is revealed to be essential for heat nociception, its role in mediating itch remains to be investigated. Here, we reported that loss of FGF13 in mouse DRG neurons impaired the histamine-induced scratching behavior. Calcium imaging showed that the percentage of histamine-responsive DRG neurons was largely decreased in FGF13-deficient mice; and consistently, electrophysiological recording exhibited that histamine failed to evoke action potential firing in most DRG neurons from these mice. Given that the reduced histamine-evoked neuronal response was caused by knockdown of FGF13 but not by FGF13A deficiency, FGF13B was supposed to mediate this process. Furthermore, overexpression of histamine Type 1 receptor H1R, but not H2R, H3R, nor H4R, increased the percentage of histamine-responsive DRG neurons, and the scratching behavior in FGF13-deficient mice was highly reduced by selective activation of H1R, suggesting that H1R is mainly required for FGF13-mediated neuronal response and scratching behavior induced by histamine. However, overexpression of H1R failed to rescue the histamine-evoked neuronal response in FGF13-deficient mice. Histamine enhanced the FGF13 interaction with NaV1.7. Disruption of this interaction by a membrane-permeable competitive peptide, GST-Flag-NaV1.7CT-TAT, reduced the percentage of histamine-responsive DRG neurons, and impaired the histamine-induced scratching, indicating that the FGF13/NaV1.7 interaction is a key molecular determinant in the histamine-induced itch sensation. Therefore, our study reveals a novel role of FGF13 in mediating itch sensation via the interaction of NaV1.7 in the peripheral nervous system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTScratching induced by itch brings serious tissue damage in chronic itchy diseases, and targeting itch-sensing molecules is crucial for its therapeutic intervention. Here, we reveal that FGF13 is required for the neuronal excitation and scratching behavior induced by histamine. We further provide the evidence that the histamine-evoked neuronal response is mainly mediated by histamine Type 1 receptor H1R, and is largely attenuated in FGF13-deficent mice. Importantly, we identify that histamine enhances the FGF13/NaV1.7 interaction, and disruption of this interaction reduces histamine-evoked neuronal excitation and highly impairs histamine-induced scratching behavior. Additionally, we also find that FGF13 is involved in 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced scratching behavior and hapten 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced chronic itch.