bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The absorption Ångstrom exponent of black carbon with brown coatings: effects of aerosol microphysics and parameterization
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Mao Mao , Yin Yan , Tang Shihao 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The aerosol absorption Ångstrom exponent (AAE) is a crucial optical parameter for apportionment and characterization. Due to considerable inconsistences associated with observations, numerical research is a powerful means to give a better understanding of the AAE of aged black carbon (BC) aerosols. Numerical studies of the AAE of polydisperse BC
aggregates with brown coatings using the exact multiple-sphere T-matrix
method (MSTM) are performed. The objective of the study is to thoroughly
assess the AAE of coated BC influenced by their observation-based detailed
microphysics and then provide a new AAE parameterization for application. At odds with our expectations, more large-sized BC particles coated by thin
brown carbon can have an AAE smaller than 1.0, indicating that BC aerosols
internally mixing with brown carbon can even show lower AAE than pure BC
particles. The AAE of BC with brown coatings is highly sensitive to
the absorbing volume fraction of the coating, coated volume fraction of BC,
shell ∕ core ratio, and particle size distribution with a wide variation, whereas the impacts of BC geometry and BC position within the coating are negligible. The AAE of BC with brown coatings can be larger than 3.0 if there are plenty of small-sized coated BC particles, heavy coating, or a large amount of brown carbon. However, the AAE of BC with non-absorbing coating appears to be weakly sensitive to particle microphysics with values around 1.0 (i.e., 0.7–1.4), suggesting the substantial role of the absorbing volume fraction of the coating in AAE determination. With more realistic BC geometries, our study also indicates that the occurrence of brown carbon may not be confidently determined unless AAE > 1.4. The currently popular core–shell Mie model reasonably approximates the AAE of fully coated BC by brown carbon, whereas it underestimates the AAE of partially coated or externally attached BC and underestimates more for a lower coated volume fraction of BC. In addition, we present a parameterization of the AAE of coated BC with a size distribution on the basis of numerical results, which can act as a guide for the AAE response to the absorbing volume fraction of the coating, coated volume fraction of BC, and shell ∕ core ratio. The proposed parameterization of coated BC AAE generates a decent prediction for moderate BC microphysics, whereas caution should be taken in applying it for extreme cases, such as externally attached coated BC morphology. Our findings could improve the understanding and application of the AAE of BC with brown coatings.
Bipolar volcanic synchronization of abrupt climate change in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores during the last glacial period
Authors: Svensson Anders , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe , Steffensen Jørgen Peder , Blunier Thomas , Rasmussen Sune O. , Vinther Bo M. , Vallelonga Paul , Capron Emilie , Gkinis Vasileios , Cook Eliza , Kjær Helle Astrid , Muscheler Raimund , Kipfstuhl Sepp , Wilhelms Frank , Stocker Thomas F. , Fischer Hubertus , Adolphi Florian , Erhardt Tobias , Sigl Michael , Landais Amaelle , Parrenin Frédéric , Buizert Christo , McConnell Joseph R. , Severi Mirko , Mulvaney Robert , Bigler Matthias 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The last glacial period is characterized by a number of millennial climate
events that have been identified in both Greenland and Antarctic ice cores
and that are abrupt in Greenland climate records. The mechanisms governing
this climate variability remain a puzzle that requires a precise
synchronization of ice cores from the two hemispheres to be resolved.
Previously, Greenland and Antarctic ice cores have been synchronized
primarily via their common records of gas concentrations or isotopes from
the trapped air and via cosmogenic isotopes measured on the ice. In this
work, we apply ice core volcanic proxies and annual layer counting to
identify large volcanic eruptions that have left a signature in both
Greenland and Antarctica. Generally, no tephra is associated with those
eruptions in the ice cores, so the source of the eruptions cannot be
identified. Instead, we identify and match sequences of volcanic eruptions
with bipolar distribution of sulfate, i.e. unique patterns of volcanic
events separated by the same number of years at the two poles. Using this
approach, we pinpoint 82 large bipolar volcanic eruptions throughout the
second half of the last glacial period (12–60 ka). This
improved ice core synchronization is applied to determine the bipolar
phasing of abrupt climate change events at decadal-scale precision. In
response to Greenland abrupt climatic transitions, we find a response in the
Antarctic water isotope signals (δ18O and deuterium excess)
that is both more immediate and more abrupt than that found with previous
gas-based interpolar synchronizations, providing additional support for our
volcanic framework. On average, the Antarctic bipolar seesaw climate
response lags the midpoint of Greenland abrupt δ18O transitions
by 122±24 years. The time difference between Antarctic signals in
deuterium excess and δ18O, which likewise informs the time
needed to propagate the signal as described by the theory of the bipolar
seesaw but is less sensitive to synchronization errors, suggests an
Antarctic δ18O lag behind Greenland of 152±37 years.
These estimates are shorter than the 200 years suggested by earlier
gas-based synchronizations. As before, we find variations in the timing and
duration between the response at different sites and for different events
suggesting an interaction of oceanic and atmospheric teleconnection patterns
as well as internal climate variability.
“Are we talking just a bit of water out of bank? Or is it Armageddon?” Front line perspectives on transitioning to probabilistic fluvial flood forecasts in England
Authors: Arnal Louise , Anspoks Liz , Manson Susan , Neumann Jessica , Norton Tim , Stephens Elisabeth , Wolfenden Louise , Cloke Hannah Louise 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. By showing the uncertainty surrounding a prediction,
probabilistic forecasts can give an earlier indication of potential upcoming
floods, increasing the amount of time available to prepare. However, making
a decision based on probabilistic information is challenging. As part of the
UK-wide policy's move towards forecast-based flood risk management, the
Environment Agency (EA), responsible for managing risks of flooding in
England, is transitioning towards the use of probabilistic fluvial forecasts
for flood early warning. While science and decision-making are both
individually progressing, there is still a lack of an ideal framework for the incorporation of new and probabilistic science into decision-making practices,
and, respectively, the uptake of decision-makers' perspectives in the design
of scientific practice. To address this, interviews were carried out with EA
decision-makers (i.e. Duty Officers), key players in the EA's flood warning
decision-making process, to understand how they perceive this transition
might impact on their decision-making. The interviews highlight the complex
landscape in which EA Duty Officers operate and the breadth of factors that
inform their decisions, in addition to the forecast. Although EA Duty Officers already account for uncertainty and communicate their confidence in
the forecast they currently use, the interviews revealed a decision-making
process which is still very binary and linear to an extent, which appears at
odds with probabilistic forecasting. Based on the interview results, we make
recommendations to support a successful transition to probabilistic
forecasting for flood early warning in England. These recommendations include the new system's co-design together with Duty Officers, the preparation of clear guidelines on how probabilistic forecast should be
used for decision-making in practice, EA communication with all players in the decision-making chain (internal and external) that this transition
will become operational practice and the documentation of this transition to
help other institutes yet to face a similar challenge. We believe that this paper is of wide interest for a range of sectors at the
intersection between geoscience and society. A glossary of technical terms
is highlighted by asterisks in the text and included in Appendix A.
Why did it not work? Reflections on regulating Airbnb and the complexity and agency of platform capitalism
Authors: Smigiel Christian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This article deals with one of the most controversial topics in urban
studies related to mobile capital and mobile people. At first glance this
seems to be contradictory since numbers of short-term rentals have decreased
dramatically due to the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. However, this
paper is not about numbers and statistics. Instead it discusses structural
issues regarding governance and power relations which remain important
topics (especially) in times of crisis. It provides insights regarding the
following issues: firstly, it deconstructs different “myths” that still
surround short-term rentals and Airbnb and secondly, it delineates the
structural power of Airbnb as a new urban institution. This helps us to
understand some of the conflicts over Airbnb and the pitfalls with current
forms of regulation on the one side as well as showing the complexity and
agency of short-term rentals on the other.
Supply Chain Integration Barriers to Port-Centric Logistics—An Emerging Economy Perspective
Authors: Venkatesh V.G. , Zhang Abraham , Deakins Eric , Mani Venkatesh , Shi Yangyan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Despite the growing interest in supply chain integration and port performance in the maritime literature, there is a lack of detailed studies into the barriers to integration in port-centric logistics. This study explores the barriers to port-centric supply chain integration from an emerging economy and multistakeholder perspective by using the DEMATEL (Decision Making-Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) analysis technique. The findings indicate that institutional requirements, lack of awareness by stakeholders, and port-centric supply chain integration all significantly impact supply chain projects that have been designed to offer maximum value to customers at a low cost. Other crucial barriers include the absence of benchmarking standards and lack of an innovation culture. The policy and managerial implications are explained.
Robust Optimization Model of Feeder Lines Routing Based on the Hub Port
Authors: Huang Xiaoling , Chen Huanping , Liu Lufeng , Chen Jihong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article determines one reasonable feeder-line routing for a containership fleet performing pickup and deliveries between the hub ports and spoke ports. It first analyzes the relationship between the hub port and feeder lines and then investigates how to design robust feeder lines routing. A robust optimization model with pickup, deliveries, and time deadlines is built. Improved genetic algorithms are used to solve the model. Results show that the robust optimization model can improve the robustness of the feeder lines routing and reduce the investment risk caused by the uncertainty in the feeder network design.
De veranderende taak van bestuurders in het tijdperk van AI
Authors: van de Ven S.W. 
Published: August 2020

De veranderende taak van bestuurders in het tijdperk van AI
Het gebruik van artificial intelligence (AI) door vennootschappen zal de komende jaren een vlucht nemen, met ingrijpende veranderingen voor de bestuurstaak tot gevolg. Dit artikel bespreekt de noodzaak voor bestuurders tot het voeren van deugdelijk AI-risicobeheer alsmede de manier waarop deze vorm van risicobeheer de maatstaf voor bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid dient in te kleuren.
Rechtsmaatregelen tegen misbruik van abstracte bankgaranties (I)
Authors: Russcher P.C. 
Published: August 2020

Rechtsmaatregelen tegen misbruik van abstracte bankgaranties (I)
Het gebeurt regelmatig dat de opdrachtgever van een bankgarantie probeert uitbetaling door de bank te beletten, maar deze pogingen zijn zelden succesvol. Naar aanleiding van een aantal recente uitspraken, waarin de opdrachtgever wél succes had, wordt in deze – in twee delen te verschijnen – bijdrage aan de hand van een systematische behandeling van rechtspraak en literatuur ingegaan op rechtsmaatregelen die de opdrachtgever kan nemen.
The Effectiveness of Discovery and Expository Methods in the Teaching of Fourth-Grade Mathematics
Authors: Olander Herbert T. , Robertson Howard C. 
Published: August 2020

The experiment involved fourth-grade pupils studying mathematics with emphasis upon principles and relationships. 1 group of 190 pupils was taught for 31 weeks through a Discovery Approach while another 184 pupils used an Expository Approach.The 13 teachers were rated on a scale measuring the degree to which each succeeded in using the method to which she had been assigned. Pupils were tested on intelligence, attitudes toward mathematics, and performance in mathematics involving computation, concepts, applications, and principles and relationships.Analysis of the data through multiple analysis of covariance showed Expository pupils were significantly better in computation, and Discovery pupils were significantly better in retention of ability to apply mathematics (p<.05p<.05).When interaction effects were studied through the use of regression slopes, pupils scoring lower on the pretest on computation and applications improved more under the Expository Approach; those scoring lower on concepts gained more under the Discovery Approach. On principles and relationships, the Discovery pupils gained at a greater ratio throughout the study.
Algorithms
Authors: Louridas Panos 
Published: August 2020

An accessible introduction to algorithms, explaining not just what they are but how they work, with examples from a wide range of application areas.
Digital technology runs on algorithms, sets of instructions that describe how to do something efficiently. Application areas range from search engines to tournament scheduling, DNA sequencing, and machine learning. Arguing that every educated person today needs to have some understanding of algorithms and what they do, in this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Panos Louridas offers an introduction to algorithms that is accessible to the nonspecialist reader. Louridas explains not just what algorithms are but also how they work, offering a wide range of examples and keeping mathematics to a minimum.
After discussing what an algorithm does and how its effectiveness can be measured, Louridas covers three of the most fundamental applications areas: graphs, which describe networks, from eighteenth-century problems to today's social networks; searching, and how to find the fastest way to search; and sorting, and the importance of choosing the best algorithm for particular tasks. He then presents larger-scale applications: PageRank, Google's founding algorithm; and neural networks and deep learning. Finally, Louridas describes how all algorithms are nothing more than simple moves with pen and paper, and how from such a humble foundation rise all their spectacular achievements.
Education Crossing Borders
Authors: Fisher Dara R. 
Published: August 2020

The chronicle of a ten-year partnership between MIT and Singapore's Education Ministry that shows cross-border collaboration in higher education in action.
In this book, Dara Fisher chronicles the decade-long collaboration between MIT and Singapore's Education Ministry to establish the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD). Fisher shows how what began as an effort by MIT to export its vision and practices to Singapore became an exercise in adaptation by actors on the ground. As cross-border higher education partnerships become more widespread, Fisher's account of one such collaboration in theory and practice is especially timely.
Despite the prevalence of cross-border higher education initiatives, there is little understanding of how these partnerships work. This book fills the gap, offering an in-depth ethnographic case study that draws on organizational behavior literature for theoretical support. Fisher describes the sometimes divergent priorities of the Singapore government and MIT as planning began in 2007; chronicles how the founding faculty, staff, and students sought to shape the new university; shows that MIT left decision making to local actors on matters it regarded as low priority (only to discover later that some of these decisions did not align with MIT values); and examines SUTD's efforts to build an independent identity as Singapore's fourth major public university within the Singaporean higher education ecosystem. Finally, Fisher develops a framework for understanding how MIT's identity and practices were communicated to and then localized by Singaporeans, examining this in terms of politics, culture, institutions, and individuals.
Play like a Feminist.
Authors: Chess Shira 
Published: August 2020

Why video games need feminism and feminism needs video games.
“You play like a girl”: it's meant to be an insult, accusing a player of subpar, un-fun playing. If you're a girl, and you grow up, do you “play like a woman”—whatever that means? In this provocative and enlightening book, Shira Chess urges us to play like feminists. Furthermore, she urges us to play video games like feminists. Playing like a feminist is empowering and disruptive; it exceeds the boundaries of gender yet still advocates for gender equality. Playing like a feminist offers a new way to think about how humans play —and also a new way to think about how feminists do their feministing. Chess argues that feminism needs video games as much as video games need feminism.
Video games, Chess tells us, are primed for change. Roughly half of all players identify as female, and Gamergate galvanized many of gaming's disenfranchised voices. Games themselves are in need of a creative platform-expanding, metaphysical explosion; feminism can make games better. Chess reflects on the importance of play, and playful protest, and how feminist video games can help us rethink the ways that we tell stories. She proposes “Women's Gaming Circles”—which would function like book clubs for gaming—as a way for feminists to take back play. (An appendix offers a blueprint for organizing a gaming circle.) Play and games can be powerful. Chess's goal is for all of us—regardless of gender orientation, ethnicity, ability, social class, or stance toward feminism—to spend more time playing as a tool of radical disruption.
How to Grow a Robot
Authors: Lee Mark H. 
Published: August 2020

How to develop robots that will be more like humans and less like computers, more social than machine-like, and more playful and less programmed.
Most robots are not very friendly. They vacuum the rug, mow the lawn, dispose of bombs, even perform surgery—but they aren't good conversationalists. It's difficult to make eye contact. If the future promises more human-robot collaboration in both work and play, wouldn't it be better if the robots were less mechanical and more social? In How to Grow a Robot, Mark Lee explores how robots can be more human-like, friendly, and engaging.
Developments in artificial intelligence—notably Deep Learning—are widely seen as the foundation on which our robot future will be built. These advances have already brought us self-driving cars and chess match–winning algorithms. But, Lee writes, we need robots that are perceptive, animated, and responsive—more like humans and less like computers, more social than machine-like, and more playful and less programmed. The way to achieve this, he argues, is to “grow” a robot so that it learns from experience—just as infants do.
After describing “what's wrong with artificial intelligence” (one key shortcoming: it's not embodied), Lee presents a different approach to building human-like robots: developmental robotics, inspired by developmental psychology and its accounts of early infant behavior. He describes his own experiments with the iCub humanoid robot and its development from newborn helplessness to ability levels equal to a nine-month-old, explaining how the iCub learns from its own experiences. AI robots are designed to know humans as objects; developmental robots will learn empathy. Developmental robots, with an internal model of “self,” will be better interactive partners with humans. That is the kind of future technology we should work toward.
The Safety and Efficacy of Total Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy With Delta-Shaped Anastomosis Compared With Laparoscopic-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy
Authors: Gao Y. B. , Jin W. D. , Cao J. , Zhang Z. Y. , Cai X. , Fu T. , Ma L. T. 
Published: August 2020

Aim:
To evaluate the safety and short-time benefits of enhanced recovery after surgery on hospital stay, recovery of gastrointestinal function and complications after total laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) with delta-shaped anastomosis, comparing with laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG).

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was performed in 134 patients with gastric cancer who were treated at Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Area Command from November 2013 to August 2015. A total of 70 patients underwent TLDG, and 64 patients underwent LADG. All patients were performed elective standard D2 total gastrectomy by 1 group of experienced surgeons. The short-term therapeutic benefits, including duration of flatus and defecation, postoperative pain, duration of postoperative stay, and complications between the 2 groups were analyzed.

Results:
Compared with LADG, TLDG had shorter time to the first flatus (74.09 ± 11.08 h versus 84.11 ± 12.18 h, P &lt; 0.001), earlier postoperative liquid diet intake (98.83 ± 10.63 h versus 108.58 ± 13.08 h, P &lt; 0.001), less dosage of pain killers (2.01 ± 0.85 versus 2.41 ± 0.85, P = 0.009), faster recovery with a shorter postoperative hospital stay (8.14 ± 0.3.43 d versus 9.97 ± 4.53 d, P = 0.009), There were no significant difference in operation time, blood loss, the number of lymph nodes retrieved, or the incidence of postoperative complications (anastomotic bleeding or leakage, wound infection, digestive tract dysfunction, thrombosis, or death; P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusions:
TLDG with delta-shaped anastomosis is a safe and effective fast-tract surgical approach for earlier gastric cancer, which would probably achieve the short-term curative effect. Further studies based on larger volumes and long-term effects are required to confirm these findings.
Preoperative sonography in detecting small benign cystic teratomas
Authors: Caspi B. , Elchalal U. , Dgani R. , Appelman Z. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIdentification of small ovarian benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts) is difficult and sometimes impossible by clinical findings alone. They may be missed even on direct inspection during laparotomy or laparoscopy. There are several typical ovarian sonographic signs which are known to occur frequently in women with benign ovarian cystic teratomas. High‐resolution sonography can identify the cysts based on their typical sonographic signs. Since these very small dermoid cysts are sometimes undetected by the naked eye during the operation, ultrasonography with particular attention to the signs is very important. We present three case reports that illustrate the problem and stress the contribution of preoperative sonography in the diagnosis and treatment of such cases.