bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marketing Opioids to Veterans and Older Adults:&nbsp;A Content Analysis of Internal Industry Documents&nbsp;
Authors: Yakubi Hanna , Gac Brian , Apollonio Dorie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: From 1999 to 2020, the opioid epidemic claimed over 400,000 lives in the United States. Military veteran and geriatric adults, two populations with considerable overlap, were uniquely devastated by opioid addiction. Veterans’ death attributed to opioid use increased by 65% from 2010 to 2016 while opioid prescriptions for older adults increased by a factor of nine between 1995 to 2010. Methods: “Documents-related” research is a growing field of qualitative study that involves the interpretation of documents in order to elicit meaning. In January 2020, documents used in State of Oklahoma v Purdue Pharma, L.P. et al were released to the Drug Industry Document Archive (DIDA) at the University of California, San Francisco for storage in perpetuity. Two authors (HY and BG) completed an initial screen of all 503 internal documents, totaling 62,703 pages, in the Oklahoma collection based on document numbering as labeled by DIDA. Documents were organized into a master file that identified key concepts related to the opioid industry’s targeting of high-risk populations for increased opioid sales. The master file and supporting documents were then reviewed by the entire team until a final consensus was reached regarding interpretation. This study includes 225 relevant documents from the Oklahoma Collection, all of which specifically referred to efforts to sell opioids to military veterans and older adults. These documents detailed the opinions of executives, corporate goals, and plans to increase opioid consumption in these specific populations, and were comprised of internal emails, sales pitches, and PowerPoint presentations.Results: We identified opioid manufacturer targeted marketing to military veterans and older adults. Efforts to market opioids to veterans used the trauma of war as a selling strategy. Strategies to target older adults focused on funding patient outreach programs that exploited the worries of the elderly community, specifically loss of functionality and quality of life. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical companies preyed on the fears of military veterans and older adults to market opioids, claiming that opioid use would improve quality of life and lead to self-fulfillment. These campaigns masqueraded as public health initiatives and disease awareness campaigns.
The Modulatory Effects of Alfalfa Polysaccharide on Intestinal Microbiota and Systemic health of Salmonella-challenged broilers
Authors: Li Zemin , zhang chongyu , Li Bo , Zhang Shimin , Haj Fawaz G , Zhang Guiguo , Lee Yunkyoung 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Salmonella infection in broilers is a main foodborne illness that substantially threatens food security. This study aimed to examine the effects of a novel polysaccharide isolated from alfalfa (APS) on the intestinal microbiome and systemic health of Salmonella-infected broilers. The results indicated that broilers receiving the APS-supplemented diet had the improved (P < 0.05) growth performance and gut health than those fed no APS-supplemented diet. Dietary APS supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05) the abundance of Bacteroidetes and reduced (P < 0.05) the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidete. Supplementation with APS enhanced (P < 0.05) the richness of gut beneficial microbes such as Bacteroidetes, Barnesiella, Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, and Prevotellaceae, while decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of facultative anaerobic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Burkholderiaceae in the Salmonella-infected broilers. The Bacteroides and Odoribacter were identified as the two core microbes across all treatments and combined with their syntrophic microbes formed the hub in co-occurrence networks linking microbiome structure to performance of broilers. Taken together, dietary APS supplementation improved the systemic health of broilers by reshaping the intestinal microbiome regardless of whether Salmonella infection was present. Therefore, APS can be employed as a potential functional additives to inhibit the Salmonella and enhance the food safety in poultry farming.
Training Load Responses Modelling in Elite Sports: How to Deal with Generalisation?
Authors: Imbach Frank , Perrey Stephane , Chailan Romain , Meline Thibaut , Candau Robin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study aims to provide a transferable methodology in the context of sport performance modelling, with a special focus to the generalisation of models. Data were collected from seven elite Short track speed skaters over a three months training period. In order to account for training load accumulation over sessions, cumulative responses to training were modelled by impulse, serial and bi-exponential responses functions. The variable dose-response (DR) model was compared to elastic net (ENET), principal component regression (PCR) and random forest (RF) models, while using cross-validation within a time-series framework. ENET, PCR and RF models were fitted either individually (MI) or on the whole group of athletes (MG). Root mean square error criterion was used to assess performances of models. ENET and PCR models provided a significant greater generalisation ability than the DR model (p = 0.012, p < 0.001, p = 0.005 and p < 0.001 for ENETI, ENETG, PCRI and PCRG, respectively). Only ENETI, ENETG and RFI were significantly more accurate in prediction than DR (p = 0.020, p < 0.001 and p = 0.043, respectively). In conclusion, ENET achieved greater generalisation and predictive accuracy performances. Thus, building and evaluating models within a generalisation enhancing procedure is a prerequisite for any predictive modelling.
Discordance of the Repeat GeneXpert MTB/RIF test for Rifampicin Resistance Detection among Patients Initiating MDR-TB Treatment in Uganda
Authors: Ssengooba Willy , Iragena Jean , Komakech Kevin , Okello Iginitius , Nalunjogi Joanitah , Katagira Winceslaus , Kimuli Ivan , Adakun Susan , Joloba Moses , Torrea Gabriela , Kirenga Bruce 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We recruited all patients with Xpert Rifampicin-Resistant (RR)-TB detected, referred to the MDR-TB ward at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda for MDR-TB treatment initiation between September 2017 and October 2019. Using baseline samples collected for patients screened for STREAM 2 trial, smear microscopy, repeat Xpert test and first-line MTBDRplus assay were done. Culture-based drug-susceptibility testing was done on discordant samples. We analysed for factors associated with discordant results and false RR as determined as no RR detected by at least two of the methods used (reference standard). Of 126/130 patients who had results of repeat Xpert, 97 (77.0%) had M. tuberculosis detected of which 81 (83.5%) had RR-detected, 1 (1.0%) indeterminate. A total of 10/96 (10.4%) patients were rifampicin susceptible by at least two of the methods. Having false Xpert RR was associated with low bacillary load measured by high cycle threshold (Ct) value i.e. low (Ct 22–28) and very low (Ct > 28) of the initial Xpert test 0.09 (0.05; 0.01–1.08) and 0.02 (0.01; 0.01–0.35) respectively. Our results show that a repeat Xpert test on another sputum sample for patients with initial low M. tuberculosis detected RR-detected, would exclude 10% of the TB patients from unnecessary MDR-TB treatment initiation.
Evaluation of Atopic Dermatitis and Infectious Disorders Using Sequential Pattern Mining
Authors: Han Ju Hee , Yoon Jae Woong , Bang Chul Hwan , Chun Jae Hun , Lee Jun Young , Park Young Min , Lee Suk Jun , Lee Ji Hyun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease related with abnormal immune response and epidermal barrier function impairment. The aim of our study was to estimate the association between AD and infectious disorders in real world. We analyzed population-based data from 2010 to 2013 using National Health Insurance Service. Sequential pattern mining (SPM) was used to identify comorbid infectious diseases and onset duration of the comorbidities. Patients with AD were at higher risk for molluscum contagiosum (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) 5.273), impetigo (aOR 2.852), chicken pox (aOR 2.251) and otitis media (aOR 1.748), eczema herpeticum (aOR 1.292), viral wart (aOR 1.105). Our study suggests that AD is associated with increased risk of infectious disorders. In particular, care should be taken for early diagnosis of comorbidity and appropriate management.
Functioning in Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Older Adults: A Comparative Study
Authors: Lopes Manuel , Pinho Lara , Fonseca César , Goes Margarida , Oliveira Henrique , Garcia-Alonso José 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundIt is important to characterize the functioning of elderly adults in different care contexts and evaluate their suitability to the condition of the elderly population. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the functional profiles of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized older adults; to evaluate the effect of biological and sociodemographic factors on the determination of functional profiles and to evaluate the probability of an older adults obtaining a certain overall functional profile based on his/her age.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study that included 476 participants over 65 years old who were divided into two groups: noninstitutionalized elderly living in their homes and attending day care centers (100) and institutionalized elderly living in nursing homes (376). The data were collected using the semi-structured interview method and it was applied the Elderly Nursing Core Set. ResultsThe Elderly Nursing Core Set model tested consisted of 22 items in five domains: “Self-Care - Activities of daily living (a)”; “Self-Care - Activities of daily living (b)”; “Mental Functions”; “Communication” and “Support and Relationships”. Women, older participants, illiterate elderly and institutionalized participants had worse functional profile results.ConclusionsAge, female sex, lack of education, and institutionalization are negatively related to the functional profile. Given the association between education level and functioning, it is necessary to promote the training of elderly individuals throughout life. The implementation of social and health responses should allow elderly individuals to remain in their homes, given the influence of functioning on self-care and quality of life.
Complete TURBT Before Radical Cystectomy Did Not Improve Oncological Outcome for Organ-Confined Bladder Cancer
Authors: Liang Hai-tao , Xu Zhan-ping , Lin Zhi-jun , Qin Zi-ke , Ye Yun-lin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background To investigate the role of complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) before radical cystectomy for organ-confined bladder cancer.Patients and Methods Patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) in our center from January 2008 to December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Those with disease >T2N0M0 or positive surgical margin and those who were administrated neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy were excluded. Complete TURBT was defined as no visible lesion under endoscopic examination after TURBT or specimen of RC. Kaplan–Meier and log-rank tests assessed disease-free survival. Logistic and Cox regression analysis were performed to identify potential predictors.Results In total, 236 patients were included, and 207 patients were male. The median age was 61 years old. The median number and size were 1 and 3cm respectively, and maximal pathological T stage was T2 in 94 patients. Complete TURBT was related to tumor size (p=0.041), histological variants (p=0.026) and downstaging (p<0.001). Tumor size, grade and histological variants were independent predictors of complete TURBT. With a median follow-up of 42.7 months, 30 patients experienced recurrence. Age and histological variantswere independent predictors of disease-free survival (p=0.022 and 0.032, respectively), and complete TURBT was not an independent predictor of disease-free survival (p=0.156). Downstaging was not associated with survival outcome.Conclusions Complete TURBT is related to an increased rate of downstaging before radical cystectomy, and it was not associated with better oncological outcomes for patients with organ-confined bladder cancer.
INCB24360 Suppresses M1-like Macrophage Formation and NLRP3 Expression Whereas Increases IL-1β Secretion in RAW264.7 and BV-2
Authors: Ji Rong , Ma Lixiang , Chen Xinyu , Sun Renqiang , Zhang Li , Saiyin Hexige , Wei Wenshi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Macrophages switch between different functional phenotypes under the different physiological or path-physiological stimuli in tissue. Macrophage functional phenotype heavily affects disease progression, including inflammation, injury, neurodegenerative disease, and cancers. IDO-1, a druggable target, is an immunosuppressive enzyme expressed in tissue macrophages and induced by Interferon-γ (IFN-γ). How IDO-1 inhibitors affect the functional switches of macrophage are unknown. Methods: IFN-γ were used to increase IDO-1 expression and 1-Methyl-D-tryptophan (1-MT) and INCB24360 (Epacadostat) were used to inhibit IDO-1 activity in RAW264.7 and BV-2. Western blotting, immunostaining and ELISA were used to evaluate protein expressions or secretion. RT-PCR were used to assess to transcription. TMR-Dextran and Latex beads were used to test endocytic, macropinocytic and phagocytic ability of macrophage and Fiji image and IMARIS were used to analyze images.Results: Our results showed that INCB24360 preferentially suppresses the cellular size and filopodia growth and reduces fluid uptake, macropinocytosis, and phagocytic ability of IFN-γ induced or non-induced RAW264.7 and BV-2 in vitro. 1-MT and INCB24360 suppress IFN-γ induced or endogenous NLRP3 expression levels but not caspase-1 in RAW264.7 and BV-2. NLRP3 reduction induced by 1-MT and INCB24360 parallel with the decrease of NLRP3 gene transcription and an increase of IL-1β secretion. Conclusions: Our data collectively showed that inhibiting IDO-1 with its inhibitors, especially INCB24360, preferentially suppresses cellular size and filopodia growth, NLRP3 expression, the endocytic, macropinocytic, and phagocytic capacity whereas increases IL-1β secretion in macrophage. Our findings do not rule out the roles of IDO-1 in the formation of M1-like macrophages, but they cast doubt on the robust anti-inflammatory effects of IDO inhibitors in the macrophage-mediated immune response.
Nasogastric Tube Syndrome; Severe Complication Associated with Nasointestinal ileus Tube: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Taira Kenkichiro , Fujiwara Kazunori , Takahiro Fukuhara , Koyama Satoshi , Morisaki Tsuyoshi , Donishi Ryohei , Takeuchi Hiromi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundNasogastric tube syndrome induced by nasointestinal ileus tube is uncommon complication and potentially life-threatening complication. The early detection and proper treatment for NGTS is necessary.Case presentaionWe describe a case of a 78-year-old patient with this syndrome induced by nasointestinal ileus tube. The symptom of this syndrome was improved by immediate proper management. Immediate removal of tube and early recognition of symptom are the first step in treatment for this syndrome, in addition to initiation of steroids, proton pomp inhibitor and antibiotic therapy. The cause of NGTS is supposed to be a continuous pressure on hypopharynx and cervical esophagus.ConclusionsNasogastric tube syndrome should be considered in patients not only with nasogastric tube but also nasointestinal ileus tube. Early diagnosis and proper management for NGTS are important
Pretransplant Malnutrition Risk Score: A Simple and Useful Tool for Predicting Kidney Transplant Outcomes
Authors: Santos Marina , Nascimento Evaldo , Lasmar Marcus , Fabreti-Oliveira Raquel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The prevalence of malnourished patients before transplantation and the influence of malnutrition on graft and patient outcomes remain underestimated, despite being associated with higher postoperative morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to develop an easy nutritional screening tool and evaluate the impact of the nutritional status on clinical outcome, graft survival and mortality risk in kidney transplant (KT) patients.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study including 451 KT patients, we developed a score by using anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory measures performed in the pretransplant evaluation. The sum of all its components ranged from 0 to 12 points. The patients were stratified into 3 groups: G1 (0 or 1 point)=low risk, G2 (2 to 4 points)=moderate risk, and G3 (>5 points)=high risk of malnutrition. Results: Stratifying the patients, G1, G2, and G3 were composed of 90, 292, and 69 patients, respectively. Patients from G1 maintained the lowest serum creatinine levels at hospital discharge when compared with others (p=0.012). The incidence of infection in the patients from G3 had was higher than patients from G1 and G2 (p=0.030). G3 recipients showed worse GS than G1 patients (p=0.044). G3 patients showed almost threefold higher risk for graft loss (HR 2.94, 95% CI 1.084-7.996). Conclusions: KT patients with higher malnutrition risk score was associated with worse outcomes and graft survival. The nutritional screening tool is easy to be used in clinical practice to evaluate the patient in preparation for KT.
Theoretical Investigation of the Electrocaloric Properties of Lead-free Ferroelectric Ceramic
Authors: Kacem Hend , Dhahri Ahmad , GDAIEM Mohamed Amara , SASSI Z. , SEVEYRAT L. , LEBRUN L. , PERRIN V. , DHAHRI J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BaTi0.91Sn0.09O3 (BST) sample was prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The structural, morphological and electrocaloric properties were studied. The sample crystallized in the tetragonal structure with P4mm space group. Based on mapping image, the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the different elements in our sample were improved. According to the variation of polarization as function of temperature, our sample had a paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition, around room temperature. The electrocaloric properties of our sample were investigated using theoretical approaches. The important parameters such as maximum entropy change, relative cooling power and full width at half maximum were explained qualitatively. These results make our sample promising candidate for refrigeration domain.
Agronomic and molecular evaluation of rice lines in a breeding program
Authors: Marqués Luis , Barceló Susana , Osca José María 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Obtaining new and improved varieties of rice requires long and complex plant breeding programs. The early detection of desirable characteristics is a complex process, especially when seeking to improve yield, as the interaction between the environment and plants may hinder selection in early generations considerably. Techniques that facilitate the selection of plants with desirable characteristics in early generations are highly valuable to plant breeders. An indirect selection method in early generations of rice was examined by principal component analysis of performance supported by field tests with a honeycomb design. This study used double haploid lines of rice obtained by crossing two rice varieties, namely ‘Benisants’ and ‘Gigante Vercelli’. This method was compared to indirect selection using genomic tools such as high-throughput molecular marker analysis. The main factors that can be used in indirect selection have been selected by principal component analysis. The model resulting from the phenological evaluation and principal component analysis with six selected variables explained 98.73% of the total variability of yield. The variable that contributes the most to the model is the Harvest Index. The best selected lines provided 32% and 43% higher yield values than the parentals and match the results from indirect selection with molecular markers.
Phenylalanine Response in Rice Kernel Under Chitosan Nanoparticles Spraying
Authors: Ghalamboran Mohammad Reza , Kohnavard Azar , Hassani Seyedeh Batool 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Since phenylketonuria patients have a metabolic defect, should use specific foods that have low phenylalanine levels. These foods are usually produced by hydrolysis processes. The most important problems of the foods are unpleasant to taste and expensive. The main objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of reducing the amount of phenylalanine in rice kernel under spraying of chitosan nanoparticles. Treatments were different concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles spraying (0,500,1000,1500 µlL-1). The treatments effects were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental variables were phenylalanine, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and total grain protein. Results: The results showed that the total protein and phenylalanine level in rice kernel decreased under all concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles compared to the control, while the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was higher than that of the control. In this experiment, 1000 µlL-1 of chitosan nanoparticles was found as the optimum concentration, since minimum phenylalanine level and maximum phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity were affected by this concentration. Conclusion: Our results indicated that chitosan nanoparticles spraying during the grain growth was able to reduce phenylalanine level in rice kernel.
Multiple Myeloma and Physical Activity
Authors: Lecat Catherine Shin Yee , Fisher Abigail , McCourt Orla , Land Joanne , Yong Kwee 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective:

With improved survival in multiple myeloma, survivors face the challenge of maintaining their premorbid levels of physical and psychosocial wellbeing. Physical activity (PA) has been shown to improve quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients with some evidence in MM. Due to the high incidence of bone destruction, PA may be perceived as introducing risk of injury. This service evaluation study aimed to determine MM patients’ exercise levels, their perception of PA, and to explore correlations with QoL.
Results:

MM outpatients were given a questionnaire to complete. Of the 65 respondents, 75% would like to increase PA level. Weakness, fatigue and pain were the most commonly perceived barriers to PA. 59% would like to receive PA advice. Only 25% were deemed active based on the Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire score, with 39% deemed insufficiently active. Our respondents had lower mean FACT-G and FACIT-F scores compared to scores from general population, suggesting a lower QoL. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between the GLTEQ score and the FACT-G score (p < 0.001). Results highlight an unmet exercise need in MM patients. Current practice should be reviewed to develop a more holistic care model that incorporates tailored exercise advice or programme.