bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological drivers of risk‐reducing behaviors to limit human–wildlife conflict
Authors: Lischka Stacy A. , Teel Tara L. , Johnson Heather E. , Larson Courtney , Breck Stewart , Crooks Kevin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConflicts between people and wild animals are increasing globally, often with serious consequences for both. Local regulations or ordinances are frequently used to promote human behaviors that minimize these conflicts (risk‐reducing behaviors), but compliance with ordinances can be highly variable. While efforts to increase compliance could be improved through applications of conservation psychology, little is known about the relative influence of different factors motivating compliance. Using concepts from psychology and risk theory, we conducted a longitudinal study pairing data from mail surveys with direct observations of compliance with a wildlife ordinance requiring residents to secure residential garbage from black bears (Ursus americanus). We assessed the relative influence of beliefs and attitudes toward bears and bear proofing, perceived behavioral control, perceived risks and benefits assigned to bears, norms, trust in management, previous experience with conflicts, and demographics on compliance behavior (i.e., bear proofing). Data on previous experience were obtained through direct observation and survey reports. We found that higher compliance rates were associated with more observed conflicts on a respondent's block. Counter to expectations, however, residents were less compliant when they were more trusting of the management agency and perceived more benefits from bears. We suggest that messages have the potential to increase compliance when they empower residents by linking successful management of conflicts to individual actions and emphasize how reducing conflicts could maintain benefits provided by wildlife. Modifying existing educational materials to account for these psychological considerations and evaluating their impact on compliance behavior over time are important next steps in changing human behaviors relevant to the globally important problem of human‐wildlife conflict.
Effect of decision rules in choice experiments on hunting and bushmeat trade
Authors: Nielsen Martin Reinhardt , Jacobsen Jette Bredahl 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProviding insight on decisions to hunt and trade bushmeat can facilitate improved management interventions that typically include enforcement, alternative employment, and donation of livestock. Conservation interventions to regulate bushmeat hunting and trade have hitherto been based on assumptions of utility‐ (i.e., personal benefits) maximizing behavior, which influences the types of incentives designed. However, if individuals instead strive to minimize regret, interventions may be misguided. We tested support for 3 hypotheses regarding decision rules through a choice experiment in Tanzania. We estimated models based on the assumptions of random utility maximization (RUM) and pure random regret maximization (P‐RRM) and combinations thereof. One of these models had an attribute‐specific decision rule and another had a class‐specific decision rule. The RUM model outperformed the P‐RRM model, but the attribute‐specific model performed better. Allowing respondents with different decision rules and preference heterogeneity within each decision rule in a class‐specific model performed best, revealing that 55% of the sample used a P‐RRM decision rule. Individuals using a P‐RRM decision rule responded less to enforcement, salary, and livestock donation than did individuals using the RUM decision rule. Hence, 3 common strategies, enforcement, alternative income‐generating activities, and providing livestock as a substitute protein, are likely less effective in changing the behavior of more than half of respondents. Only salary elicited a large (i.e. elastic) response, and only for one RUM class. Policies to regulate the bushmeat trade based solely on the assumption of individuals maximizing utility, may fail for a significant proportion of the sample. Despite the superior performance of models that allow both RUM and P‐RRM decision rules there are drawbacks that must be considered before use in the Global South, where very little is known about the social–psychology of decision making.
An agenda for research and action toward diverse and just futures for life on Earth
Authors: Wyborn C. , Montana J. , Kalas N. , Clement S. , Davila F. , Knowles N. , Louder E. , Balan M. , Chambers J. , Christel L. , Forsyth T. , Henderson G. , Izquierdo Tort S. , Lim M. , Martinez‐Harms M. J. , Merçon J. , Nuesiri E. , Pereira L. , Pilbeam V. , Turnhout E. , Wood S. , Ryan M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDecades of research and policy interventions on biodiversity have insufficiently addressed the dual issues of biodiversity degradation and social justice. New approaches are therefore needed. We devised a research and action agenda that calls for a collective task of revisiting biodiversity toward the goal of sustaining diverse and just futures for life on Earth. Revisiting biodiversity involves critically reflecting on past and present research, policy, and practice concerning biodiversity to inspire creative thinking about the future. The agenda was developed through a 2‐year dialogue process that involved close to 300 experts from diverse disciplines and locations. This process was informed by social science insights that show biodiversity research and action is underpinned by choices about how problems are conceptualized. Recognizing knowledge, action, and ethics as inseparable, we synthesized a set of principles that help navigate the task of revisiting biodiversity. The agenda articulates 4 thematic areas for future research. First, researchers need to revisit biodiversity narratives by challenging conceptualizations that exclude diversity and entrench the separation of humans, cultures, economies, and societies from nature. Second, researchers should focus on the relationships between the Anthropocene, biodiversity, and culture by considering humanity and biodiversity as tied together in specific contexts. Third, researchers should focus on nature and economies by better accounting for the interacting structures of economic and financial systems as core drivers of biodiversity loss. Finally, researchers should enable transformative biodiversity research and action by reconfiguring relationships between human and nonhuman communities in and through science, policy, and practice. Revisiting biodiversity necessitates a renewed focus on dialogue among biodiversity communities and beyond that critically reflects on the past to channel research and action toward fostering just and diverse futures for human and nonhuman life on Earth.
MicroRNA‐223 in gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review and diagnostic meta‐analysis
Authors: Aalami Amir Hossein , Abdeahad Hossein , Mesgari Mohammad , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have been conducted on the diagnostic role of miR‐223 in cancers related to the digestive system. However, the diagnostic role of this microRNA in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers has not been fully elucidated. This meta‐analysis aimed to accurately assess the diagnostic role of circulating miR‐223 in GI cancers.MethodsA literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase and Scopus, up to 1st May 2020 databases. Twelve studies were eligible and included in the analysis. Meta‐Disc software was used to calculate the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, area under the curve (AUC) and the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) based on true positive, true negative, false negative and false positive for each gastrointestinal cancer separately and in total.ResultsTwelve case‐control studies were included with 1859 participants (1080 cases and 779 controls). Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.74‐0.79), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.72‐0.78), 3.04 (95% CI: 2.20‐4.18), 0.31 (95% CI: 0.22‐0.42) and 10.77 (95% CI: 5.96‐19.47), respectively. AUC was 0.83, suggesting a high‐grade diagnostic precision of miR‐223 in gastrointestinal cancers. Besides, subgroup analyses were performed to assess the diagnostic power of miR‐223 based on the type of gastrointestinal cancer, sample type and country via calculating pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio.ConclusionOur meta‐analysis showed the value of circulating miR‐223 levels in the early diagnosis of diverse digestive system carcinomas.
Horizontal and vertical dispersal capacity and effects of fluorescent marking on Lycorma delicatula nymphs and adults
Authors: Nixon Laura J. , Ludwick Dalton C. , Leskey Tracy C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is a destructive phloem feeder with a broad host range that appears to narrow as they reach the adult stage. Little is known about how this invasive insect disperses among host plants or how far they may move to reach them. Here, we measured vertical climbing and horizontal jumping capacity and evaluated the effect of fluorescent marking powders on mobility and survivorship of L. delicatula nymphs and adults. All nymphal instars climbed significantly longer vertical distances compared with adults, whereas early adults (pre‐oviposition period) jumped longer horizontal distances compared with nymphs or late adults (oviposition period) based on single jump measurements. Marking nymphs and adults with fluorescent powder had no significant effect on vertical or horizontal movement and did not affect the survivorship of nymphs or adults. Our results indicate that L. delicatula nymphs can easily move among host plants, and that marking L. delicatula nymphs and adults with florescent powder serves as an acceptable means to measure their dispersal in the environment.
Schizotypy and help‐seeking for anxiety
Authors: Blanch Sheree , Barkus Emma 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundDelays in help‐seeking for anxiety are common; however, earlier interventions improve long‐term outcomes. This holds importance for high schizotypes since anxiety relates to psychotic symptom development. The study investigated whether schizotypal traits and anxiety itself influence help‐seeking behaviour.MethodsA non‐clinical student sample (N = 800) completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale and General Help‐Seeking Questionnaire, vignette version online.ResultsRecognizing another's help need was associated with lower anxiety scores. A trend was observed between lower schizotypy scores and better recognition of self‐need for help. Actual help‐seekers (N = 163) had significantly higher schizotypy and anxiety scores than non‐help‐seekers.ConclusionSchizotypal traits independently contribute to delays in help‐seeking for anxiety. Approaching informal help sources whom also have anxiety symptoms can delay formal help‐seeking, unless they have sought help themselves.
Better law‐making and the interinstitutional (dis)agreements: Some comments
Authors: Martínez Iglesias María José 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis work argues that there is no univocal interpretation of what regulatory policy is and pursues. Taking the strategy of the European Commission as a starting point only, it addresses more specifically the Union legislature's perspective, which, in a democratic decision‐making process, cannot compromise its autonomy. In the unique constitutional universe of the European Union, the “Better Law‐Making” agenda pursues an important additional objective: facilitating the very process of adopting legislation by means of interinstitutional conflict prevention mechanisms and through a common approach to interpretation and implementation of primary law. That is the main purpose of the Interinstitutional Agreements on the quality of legislation, which place them in the position of a sort of soft constitutional law.
Harvest is associated with the disruption of social and fine‐scale genetic structure among matrilines of a solitary large carnivore
Authors: Frank Shane C. , Pelletier Fanie , Kopatz Alexander , Bourret Audrey , Garant Dany , Swenson Jon E. , Eiken Hans Geir , Hagen Snorre B. , Zedrosser Andreas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHarvest can disrupt wildlife populations by removing adults with naturally high survival. This can reshape sociospatial structure, genetic composition, fitness, and potentially affect evolution. Genetic tools can detect changes in local, fine‐scale genetic structure (FGS) and assess the interplay between harvest‐caused social and FGS in populations. We used data on 1614 brown bears, Ursus arctos, genotyped with 16 microsatellites, to investigate whether harvest intensity (mean low: 0.13 from 1990 to 2005, mean high: 0.28 from 2006 to 2011) caused changes in FGS among matrilines (8 matrilines; 109 females ≥4 years of age), sex‐specific survival and putative dispersal distances, female spatial genetic autocorrelation, matriline persistence, and male mating patterns. Increased harvest decreased FGS of matrilines. Female dispersal distances decreased, and male reproductive success was redistributed more evenly. Adult males had lower survival during high harvest, suggesting that higher male turnover caused this redistribution and helped explain decreased structure among matrilines, despite shorter female dispersal distances. Adult female survival and survival probability of both mother and daughter were lower during high harvest, indicating that matriline persistence was also lower. Our findings indicate a crucial role of regulated harvest in shaping populations, decreasing differences among “groups,” even for solitary‐living species, and potentially altering the evolutionary trajectory of wild populations.
Membrane insertion mechanism and molecular assembly of the bacteriophage lysis toxin ΦX174‐E
Authors: Mezhyrova Julija , Martin Janosch , Peetz Oliver , Dötsch Volker , Morgner Nina , Ma Yi , Bernhard Frank 
Published: November 2020

The bacteriophage ΦX174 causes large pore formation in Escherichia coli and related bacteria. Lysis is mediated by the small membrane‐bound toxin ΦX174‐E, which is composed of a transmembrane domain and a soluble domain. The toxin requires activation by the bacterial chaperone SlyD and inhibits the cell wall precursor forming enzyme MraY. Bacterial cell wall biosynthesis is an important target for antibiotics; therefore, knowledge of molecular details in the ΦX174‐E lysis pathway could help to identify new mechanisms and sites of action. In this study, cell‐free expression and nanoparticle technology were combined to avoid toxic effects upon ΦX174‐E synthesis, resulting in the efficient production of a functional full‐length toxin and engineered derivatives. Pre‐assembled nanodiscs were used to study ΦX174‐E function in defined lipid environments and to analyze its membrane insertion mechanisms. The conformation of the soluble domain of ΦX174‐E was identified as a central trigger for membrane insertion, as well as for the oligomeric assembly of the toxin. Stable complex formation of the soluble domain with SlyD is essential to keep nascent ΦX174‐E in a conformation competent for membrane insertion. Once inserted into the membrane, ΦX174‐E assembles into high‐order complexes via its transmembrane domain and oligomerization depends on the presence of an essential proline residue at position 21. The data presented here support a model where an initial contact of the nascent ΦX174‐E transmembrane domain with the peptidyl‐prolyl isomerase domain of SlyD is essential to allow a subsequent stable interaction of SlyD with the ΦX174‐E soluble domain for the generation of a membrane insertion competent toxin.
Specimen type effect on measured low‐temperature fracture toughness of asphalt concrete
Authors: Shahryari N. , Keymanesh M.R. , Aliha M.R.M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMode I fracture resistance of two asphalt mixtures (control and modified with low‐density polyethylene [LDPE] as binder additive) was studied experimentally and theoretically. The fracture toughness experiments were conducted on edge notch disc bend, edge notch disc compression and semi‐circular bend configurations under two loading rates and two low temperatures. The fracture resistance was increased by increasing the loading rate, reducing the test temperature and adding the LDPE additive. A discrepancy due to the influence of specimen geometry and its loading type was also observed on the measured critical stress intensity factors, demonstrating the effect of specimen type on mode I fracture behaviour. By considering the maximum normal strain value as constant material property and taking into account the effect ofT‐stress, the fracture toughness value for any of the investigated mode I samples was estimated in terms of the fracture results of the other specimens.
Women and the weight of a pandemic: A survey of four Western US states early in the Coronavirus outbreak
Authors: Raile Amber N. W. , Raile Eric D. , Parker David C. W. , Shanahan Elizabeth A. , Haines Pavielle 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the initial months of the COVID‐19 outbreak in the United States, people struggled to adjust to the new normal. The burden of managing changes to home and work life seemed to fall disproportionately to women due to the nature of women's employment and gendered societal pressures. We surveyed residents of four western states in the first months of the outbreak to compare the experiences of women and men during this time. We found that women were disproportionately vulnerable to workplace disruptions, negative impacts on daily life, and increased mental load. Women with children and women who lost their jobs were particularly impacted. These results contribute to the growing body of findings about the disproportionate impacts of crises on women and should inform organizational and government policies to help mitigate these impacts and to enhance societal resilience in future emergencies.
Rheological and equilibrium properties of milk proteins and tara gum mixtures
Authors: Huamaní‐Meléndez Víctor J. , Barragán‐Condori Melquiades , Mauro Maria Aparecida , Darros‐Barbosa Roger 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe stability of aqueous purified tara gum (TG) mixtures with sodium caseinate (NaCas) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) was investigated. Phase diagram of TG–milk proteins mixtures was obtained by measuring the sedimented fraction or the rheological parameters. The rheological behaviour was also evaluated as function of NaCas and WPC concentration, considering the zero‐shear rate viscosity and the relaxation time as response variables. The rheological parameters were determined by rotational rheometry. The studied solutions presented a meta‐stable condition provided by the increase in viscosity, while mixtures with NaCas at low TG concentrations sedimentation by volume exclusion occurred. The rheological behaviour of NaCas and WPC aqueous solutions approached the Newtonian and shear‐thickening model, respectively. The mixtures with TG showed a pseudoplastic behaviour, approaching the Cross model. The results indicated interaction between TG and the studied proteins, expressed by an increase of zero‐shear viscosity and the relaxation time at higher gum concentration.
Shelf life of cashew nut kernels packed in banana starch‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Tibolla Heloisa , Feltre Gabriela , Sartori Tanara , Czaikoski Aline , Pelissari Franciele M. , Menegalli Florencia C. , Cunha Rosiane L. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryStarch‐based films incorporated with cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) were tested as packaging to improve the stability of cashew nut kernels (CNKs). CNKs were conditioned in four packings: commercial polyethylene film (PEF), starch film (CF), nanocomposite CHF (starch + CNFs from chemical hydrolysis) and nanocomposite EHF (starch + CNFs from enzymatic hydrolysis). Effect of the packaging methods on peroxides value (POV), acidity value (AV), weight gain (WG), water activity (Aw), hardness and colour properties of the CNKs was investigated. CNKs packed with CHF and EHF showed lower POV (0.91 and 0.92 meqperoxide/kgsample, respectively) after 21 days of storage than other packed (1.07–1.13 meqperoxide/kgsample) and unpacked samples (1.32 meqperoxide/kgsample). CNKs packaged with nanocomposites presented similar WG to samples packaged with PEF and lower values than unpackaged CNKs. Biodegradable nanocomposites films showed potential to be used as packaging for food product, being an effective material for extending oilseeds shelf life.
Prospective evaluation of two specific IgG immunoassays (HemosIL® AcuStar HIT‐IgG and HAT45G®) for the diagnosis of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: A Bayesian approach
Authors: Jousselme Emilie , Guéry Eve‐Anne , Nougier Christophe , Sobas Frédéric , Rollin Jérôme , Gruel Yves , Vayne Caroline , Pouplard Claire 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe accurate diagnosis of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is essential to ensure adequate treatment and prevent complications. First step diagnosis test are immunoassays including enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and rapid immunoassays.MethodsUsing a Bayesian approach, we prospectively evaluated the performance of the IgG PF4/polyvinylsulfonate ELISA and a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), which are specific for IgG and use the same antigenic target to detect HIT antibodies.ResultsOne hundred and eighty‐four 184 consecutive patients with an intermediate (n = 159) or high (n = 25) clinical pretest probability of HIT based on the 4Ts score or platelet pattern were included. Both immunoassays (IAs) were performed on all 184 samples, and definite HIT was confirmed with a positive serotonin release assay in 29 patients (12.7%). The sensitivity (Ss) and negative predictive value (NPV) of ELISA were excellent (100%) allowing HIT to be excluded with good confidence when the test was negative. In addition, the Ss and NPV of the CLIA equalled 93.1% and 98.6%, respectively, as it was negative in two definite HIT. When the CLIA was negative, the post‐test probability of HIT was 0.7% in case of intermediate risk. Although there was excellent agreement between CLIA and ELISA results, the quantitative values provided by the two IAs were not correlated.ConclusionAcuStar HIT® detects more than 90% of HIT, as do all rapid IAs, and appears to be a good tool for excluding HIT when the pretest probability is intermediate. A chemiluminescent signal higher than 10 IU/mL is highly predictive of definite HIT with a PPV of 100%.
Forgiveness and Reconciliation in the Life and Work of Desmond Tutu
Authors: Maluleke Tinyiko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article explores how mission, forgiveness, and reconciliation have shaped the ministry and work of Desmond Tutu. As much as space permits, it tries to glean the ways in which Tutu has lived out his understanding of mission, forgiveness, and reconciliation in his various roles as lecturer of theology, as Africa director of the Theological Education Fund of the World Council of Churches, as the general secretary of the South African Council of Churches, as president of the All Africa Conference of Churches, as archbishop of Cape Town, and more recently as chairperson of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Through a close reading of seminal publications, the article will attempt to draw as complete a picture as possible of his views on forgiveness and reconciliation. To conclude, the essay shall refer to the work of Emmanuel Katongole and Chris Rice.