bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AUB‐HAS2 Cardiovascular Risk Index: Performance in Surgical Subpopulations and Comparison to the Revised Cardiac Risk Index
Authors: Dakik Habib A. , Sbaity Eman , Msheik Ahmad , Kaspar Chris , Eldirani Mahmoud , Chehab Omar , Abou Hassan Ossama , Mailhac Aurelie , Makki Maha , Tamim Hani 
Published: May 2020

Background

The American University of Beirut (
AUB
)‐
HAS
2 Cardiovascular Risk Index is a newly derived index for preoperative cardiovascular evaluation. It is based on 6 data elements: history of heart disease; symptoms of angina or dyspnea; age ≥75 years; hemoglobin <12 mg/
dL
; vascular surgery; and emergency surgery. In this study we analyze the performance of this new index and compare it with that of the Revised Cardiac Risk Index in a broad spectrum of surgical subpopulations.

Methods and Results

The study population consisted of 1 167 278 noncardiac surgeries registered in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Each patient was given an
AUB
‐
HAS
2 score of 0, 1, 2, 3, or >3, depending on the number of data elements present. The performance of the
AUB
‐
HAS
2 index was studied in 9 surgical specialty groups and in 8 commonly performed site‐specific surgeries. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for the
AUB
‐
HAS
2 and Revised Cardiac Risk Index measures, and the areas under the curve were compared. The outcome measure was death, myocardial infarction, or stroke at 30 days after surgery. The
AUB
‐
HAS
2 score was able to stratify risk in all surgical subgroups (
P
<0.001). In the majority of surgeries, patients with an
AUB
‐
HAS
2 score of 0 had an event rate of <0.5%. The performance of the
AUB
‐
HAS
2 index was superior to that of the Revised Cardiac Risk Index in all surgical subgroups (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

This study extends the validation of the
AUB
‐
HAS
2 index to a broad spectrum of surgical subpopulations and demonstrates its superior discriminatory power compared with the commonly utilized Revised Cardiac Risk Index.
Plato on Recognition of Political Leaders: the Importance of Mirrored Character Traits
Authors: Catana Leo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article argues for two inter-related theses keyed to Plato’s Gorgias. (I) Callicles does not represent a constitutional form, but political participation itself, characterised by ambition, competition among political candidates, and the psychological and ethical mechanisms entailed in the process of gaining political recognition. (II) According to Socrates’s understanding, the political leader’s mirroring and internalisation of dominant character traits, held amongst those individuals transferring power, is decisive to the approval bestowed upon the political leader in question. This reading supplements that of Ober, who has claimed that the would-be political leader’s conformity with the demos’ ideology is decisive. This article argues that Socrates’ point is that a would-be political leader needs to mirror the character traits of those exercising power in specific civic institutions, implying a more pluralistic and context-determined approach. Moreover, this reading connects Socrates’ notion of recognition with that of moral psychology.
Severe pneumonia in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Peng Lingli , Wang Yaling , Zhao Lin , Chen Ting , Huang Anbin 
Published: May 2020

Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with severe pneumonia in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients from China. Method We performed a retrospective study in 112 hospitalized SLE patients who had had pneumonia for 8 years. The primary outcome was severe pneumonia, followed by descriptive analysis, group comparison and bivariate analysis. Results A total of 28 SLE patients were diagnosed with severe pneumonia, with a ratio of 5:23 between men and women. The mean age at diagnosis was 44.36 ± 12.389 years. The median disease duration was 72 months, and the median SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI 2K) score was 8. The haematological system was the most affected, with an incidence of anaemia in 85.7% of cases and thrombocytopenia in 75% of cases, followed by lupus nephritis in 50% of cases and central nervous system involvement in 10.71% of cases. Cultured sputum specimens were positive in 17 (68%) SLE patients with severe pneumonia, of whom nine (36%) were cases of fungal infection, five (20%) were cases of bacterial infection and three (12%) were cases of mixed infection. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we concluded that a daily dosage of prednisone (>10 mg; odds ratio (OR) = 3.193, p = 0.005), a low percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes (OR = 0.909, p = 0.000), a high SLEDAI 2K score (OR = 1.182, p = 0.001) and anaemia (OR = 1.182, p = 0.001) were all independent risk factors for pneumonia in SLE patients, while a low percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes (OR = 0.908, p = 0.033), a daily dose of prednisone of >10 mg (OR = 35.67, p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for severe pneumonia in SLE patients. Conclusion Severe pneumonia is not rare in lupus, and is associated with high mortality and poor prognosis. Monitoring CD4+ T-cell counts and giving a small dose of glucocorticoids can reduce the occurrence of severe pneumonia and improve the prognosis of patients with lupus.
Monetary Surprises and Global Financial Flows: A Case Study of Latin America
Authors: Fischer Eric 
Published: May 2020

This article examines the effect of Federal Reserve announcements on global financial flows to Latin America since the Global Financial Crisis. The Federal Reserve announcements are classified using daily measures of expectations from a shadow rate term structure model as easing (unexpected), tightening (unexpected), easing (expected), and tightening (expected). This classification is then used for an event study on daily global financial flows classified by asset class (debt, equity), currency (all currencies, hard currency, local currency), and region (Latin America, Brazil, and Mexico). The results suggest easing (unexpected) and tightening (unexpected) announcements cause debt outflows but have no effect on equity flows to Latin America. Local currency debt flows to Latin America are more sensitive than the hard currency debt flows and Brazil is the country in Latin America that responds most to these announcements. JEL Classification: F32, G14, G15, N26
An Industry Survey With Focus on Cardiovascular Safety Pharmacology Study Design and Data Interpretation
Authors: Authier Simon , Abernathy Matthew M. , Correll Krystle , Chui Ray W. , Dalton Jill , Foley C. Michael , Friedrichs Gregory S. , Koerner John E. , Kallman Mary-Jeanne , Pannirselvam Malar , Redfern William S. , Urmaliya Vijay , Valentin Jean-Pierre , Wisialowski Todd , Zabka Tanja S. , Pugsley Michael K. 
Published: May 2020

Introduction: The Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) conducted a membership survey to examine industry practices related mainly to cardiovascular (CV) safety pharmacology (SP). Methods: Questions addressed nonclinical study design, data analysis methods, drug-induced effects, and conventional and novel CV assays. Results: The most frequent therapeutic area targeted by drugs developed by the companies/institutions that employ survey responders was oncology. The most frequently observed drug-mediated effects included an increased heart rate, increased arterial blood pressure, hERG (IKr) block, decreased arterial blood pressure, decreased heart rate, QTc prolongation, and changes in body temperature. Broadly implemented study practices included Latin square crossover study design with n = 4 for nonrodent CV studies, statistical analysis of data (eg, analysis of variance), use of arrhythmia detection software, and the inclusion of data from all study animals when integrating SP studies into toxicology studies. Most responders frequently used individual animal housing conditions. Responders commonly evaluated drug effects on multiple ion channels, but in silico modeling methods were used much less frequently. Most responders rarely measured the J-Tpeak interval in CV studies. Uncertainties relative to Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data applications for data derived from CV SP studies were common. Although available, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes remains rare. The respiratory SP study was rarely involved with identifying drug-induced functional issues. Responders indicated that the study-derived no observed effect level was more frequently determined than the no observed adverse effect level in CV SP studies; however, a large proportion of survey responders used neither.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Oral Health and Oral Care Among Nursing Staff at a Mental Health Hospital in Taif, Saudi Arabia: A Questionnaire-based Study
Authors: Ashour Amal Adnan 
Published: May 2020

Background and Aim: Nurses are the principal oral healthcare providers for hospitalized patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nurses at a mental health hospital in Saudi Arabia regarding oral health care of the hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used in which 247 nursing staff completed a questionnaire that collected sociodemographic information, knowledge, and practices regarding oral health maintenance of patients and their attitudes toward oral health care of psychiatric patients. The chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to examine group differences. Results: A total of 247 (136 males and 111 females) nursing staff were involved in the survey with the mean age of 26 ± 32 years. Results showed significant gender differences in knowledge and practices, but no gender differences in attitudes. Male nurses were more likely to look at teeth and gums for signs of a healthy mouth (male = 97.8%, female = 95.5%, P = .04), used toothpaste to clean the patient’s teeth (male = 52.9%, female = 50.5%, P = .03), and believed that HIV/AIDS patients are at risk of developing oral health problems (male = 50.7%, female = 43.2%, P = .04). Nurses had more knowledge than nurse technicians regarding gum disease and dental abscesses ( P = .0001). Nursing staff with over five years of experience were more likely to agree about the need for the oral health care of hospitalized patients. Conclusion: The results emphasize the need for training of healthcare workers about the importance of oral health and considering oral health care as a patient’s rights rather than privilege.
Dentists’ Decision to Conduct CRA in Adult Patients in Turkey: A Questionnaire-based Survey
Authors: Akgül Sinem , Yıkılgan İhsan , Ömürlü Hüma 
Published: May 2020

Aim: The concept of minimal intervention in dentistry is one of the most important stages of the preventive dentistry, and caries risk assessment (CRA) is an application that needs to be primarily evaluated in order to perform minimal intervention approaches. This study was aimed to evaluate the awareness of CRA and whether CRA is included in daily practice by dentists in Turkey. Materials and Methods: This study used a questionnaire survey. A survey was prepared and sent to the dentists who were registered with the Turkish Dental Association via e-mail. A total of 790 dentists returned and 95 respondents were excluded. All the registered dentists filled and returned their survey. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed (n = 695). Results: A total of 86.9 percent dentists who took the survey said that they performed CRA in daily practice. “Lack of time” was specified as the most important factor by the respondents who did not perform CRA in daily practice (61.5%). Current oral hygiene status (96.4%) and the presence of one or more active caries lesions (74.5%) were considered the most important risk factors for not performing CRA. Results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that clinical experience, number of patients treated per day, and type of practice were mostly associated with whether or not performing CRA ( P = .012, .018, and .035, respectively). Conclusions: It can be concluded that most of the dentists are aware of the importance of conducting CRA and, with differences in the factors considered, CRA is required in their daily practice in Turkey. The concept of minimal intervention in dentistry is one of the most important stages of preventive dentistry, and CRA is an application that needs to be primarily evaluated in order to perform minimal intervention approaches.
Salivary sIgA and PRAP-1 Protein in Relation to Dental Caries: A Comparative Study
Authors: Al-ani Aseel , MacDonald Douglas A. , Ahmad Maha 
Published: May 2020

Aim: Certain individuals are more prone to dental caries than others are. Caries risk may be related in the secretion of certain defensive salivary proteins including secretory IgA (sIgA) and proline-rich acidic protein (PRAP-1). In this study, we investigated the relationship between PRAP-1 and sIgA leading to the susceptibility of development of dental caries in adults and explored the differences in the levels of sIgA and PRAP-1 between men and women. Materials and Methods: Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 28 patients with high caries risk and 32 control subjects with low caries risk according to caries management by risk assessment guidelines. sIgA and PRAP-1 levels in clarified saliva samples were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: According to our results, sIgA and PRAP-1 levels did not demonstrate statistically significant differences as a function of caries risk or gender, even when potential confounding variables such as age and numbers of teeth were taken into consideration. Estimates of effect size, however, revealed small- to medium-sized effects and suggest that significant results may have been found if larger sample sizes were used. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that caries risk and salivary levels of sIgA and PRAP-1 do not appear to be significantly associated. Statistically significant findings could emerge if the sample size was larger.
Intron and gene size expansion during nervous system evolution
Authors: McCoy Matthew J. , Fire Andrew Z. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
The evolutionary radiation of animals was accompanied by extensive expansion of gene and genome sizes, increased isoform diversity, and complexity of regulation.

Results
Here we show that the longest genes are enriched for expression in neuronal tissues of diverse vertebrates and of invertebrates. Additionally, we show that neuronal gene size expansion occurred predominantly through net gains in intron size, with a positional bias toward the 5′ end of each gene.

Conclusions
We find that intron and gene size expansion is a feature of many genes whose expression is enriched in nervous systems. We speculate that unique attributes of neurons may subject neuronal genes to evolutionary forces favoring net size expansion. This process could be associated with tissue-specific constraints on gene function and/or the evolution of increasingly complex gene regulation in nervous systems.
Similar responses to EQ-5D-3L by two elicitation methods: visual analogue scale and time trade-off
Authors: Wang Xiuying , Zhuo Lin , Ma Yifei , Cai Ting , Must Aviva , Xu Ling , Zhuo Lang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundHealth-related quality of life (HRQoL) is often measured using EQ-5D-3L by the elicitation methods of visual analogue scale (VAS) and time trade-off (TTO). Although many countries have constructed both national VAS and TTO value sets, the fact that VAS and TTO value sets produces different values bewilders researchers and policymakers. The aim of this study is to explore certain conditions which could yield similar value sets using VAS and TTO.MethodsA homogeneous sample of medical school students was selected to value 18 hypothetical health states using VAS and TTO methods. The 18 hypothetical health states were produced by orthogonal design (L18, 2*3^7). The range of rescaled values was transformed into − 1 ~ 0 ~ 1. The investigations via different methods were carried out by computer-assisted personal interviewing with a wash-time interval of 72 h. Value sets for VAS and TTO were constructed using general least square regression models. Independent variables were composed of 10 dummy variables from 5 dimensions and including or omitting both constant and N3 terms.ResultsThree hundred thirteen medical students participated. The mean age was 21.03 ± 0.44 years and 56.2% were female. The four regression models (for each method with and without constant and N3 terms) were all statistically significant (P < 0.05) with high goodness-of-fit (Adj.R2 > 0.94 and MAE < 0.033). Differences between the coefficients of the 10 dummy variables corresponding to each model were all less than 0.059. Pearson correlation coefficients between observed means and predicted values exceeded 0.981. Fitted curves of VAS and TTO largely coincided.ConclusionsVAS and TTO can generate similar responses under certain conditions, suggesting that the two valuation methods could be equivalent intrinsically. The VAS method appears a more valid approach for valuation in the general population due to its greater simplicity and feasibility.
It takes two to tango: carers’ reflections on their participation and the participation of people with dementia in the James Lind Alliance process
Authors: Nygaard Agnete , Halvorsrud Liv , Bye Asta , Bergland Astrid 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Worldwide, patient and public involvement (PPI) in health research has grown steadily in recent decades. The James Lind Alliance (JLA) is one approach to PPI that brings patients, carers and clinicians together to identify priorities for future research in a Priority Setting Partnership (PSP). Our study aim was to describe the reflections of informal carers of people with dementia on the possibility of participating in the JLA’s PSP process, for both themselves and the recipients of their care. In addition, we wanted to explore barriers to and facilitators of their participation.

Methods
We conducted four focus groups with 36 carers of people with dementia. Thematic analysis was applied to analyse the data.

Results
An overarching theme emerged from the participants’ reflections: “Creating empowering teams where all voices are heard”. The overarching theme incorporates the participants’ suggestions about the importance of equivalence in power, mutual agreement with and understanding of the goals, adequate support, openness about each partner’s tasks and the bonds needed between the partners to sustain the enterprise, and expectations of positive outcomes. From the overarching theme, two main themes emerged: “Interaction of human factors, the PSP process and the environment” and “The power of position and knowledge”. The overall results indicated that carers are willing to participate in PSP processes and that they thought it important for people with dementia to participate in PSP processes as well, even if some might need extra support to do so. The carers also identified the need for research topics that influence their everyday lives, policy development and healthcare services.

Conclusions
Both carers and the people with dementia for whom they care are able to contribute to the PSP process when given sufficient support. The involvement of these groups is important for setting healthcare research agendas, developing research projects that increase awareness and knowledge about their circumstances and improving health professionals’, researchers’ and policymakers’ understanding of and insight into their unique situations.
Acute kidney injury after nephrectomy: a new nomogram to predict postoperative renal function
Authors: Xu Lingyu , Li Chenyu , Zhao Long , Zhou Bin , Luo Congjuan , Man Xiaofei , Luan Hong , Che Lin , Wang Yanfei , Xu Yan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
We aimed to develop a nomogram based on preprocedural features for early prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI) and to assess the prognosis in patients after radical and partial nephrectomy.

Methods
The study included a development cohort of 1111 patients who were treated between June 2012 and June 2017 and an additional validation cohort of 356 patients who were treated between July 2017 and June 2018. Stepwise regression and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between predictors and AKI. Incorporating all independent predictors, a nomogram for postoperative AKI was developed and externally validated. Patients were followed up for 5 years to assess renal function, acute kidney disease (AKD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), hospital readmission and mortality were key prognosis we focused on.

Results
After multivariate logistic regression, radical nephrectomy (odds ratio (OR) = 3.57, p < 0.001), aspirin (OR = 1.79, p = 0.008), systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.41, p = 0.004), triglyceride (OR = 1.26, p = 0.024), and alkaline phosphatase (OR = 1.75, p = 0.034) were independent risk factors for postoperative AKI, while albumin (OR = 0.72, p = 0.031) was a protective factor for postoperative AKI. Patients with a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (60–90 ml/min/1.73 m2, OR = 0.41, p = 0.004; ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2, OR = 0.37, p < 0.001) were less prone to AKI than those with a lower eGFR (< 15 ml/min/1.73 m2). These predictors were all included in the final nomogram. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the model were 0.77 (p < 0.001) in the development cohort and 0.72 (p < 0.001) in the validation cohort. The incidence of AKD and CKD were 27.12 and 18.64% in AKI group, which were much higher than those in no AKI group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The nomogram had excellent predictive ability and might have significant clinical implications for the early detection of AKI in patients undergoing nephrectomy.