bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of α(Mz) from an hyperasymptotic approximation to the energy of a static quark-antiquark pair
Authors: Ayala Cesar , Lobregat Xabier , Pineda Antonio 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We give the hyperasymptotic expansion of the energy of a static quark-antiquark pair with a precision that includes the effects of the subleading renormalon. The terminants associated to the first and second renormalon are incorporated in the analysis when necessary. In particular, we determine the normalization of the leading renormalon of the force and, consequently, of the subleading renormalon of the static potential. We obtain $$ {Z}_3^F $$

Z
3
F

(nf = 3) = $$ 2{Z}_3^V $$
2

Z
3
V

(nf = 3) = 0.37(17). The precision we reach in strict perturbation theory is next-to-next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic resummed order both for the static potential and for the force. We find that the resummation of large logarithms and the inclusion of the leading terminants associated to the renormalons are compulsory to get accurate determinations of $$ {\Lambda}_{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}} $$

Λ

MS
¯

when fitting to short-distance lattice data of the static energy. We obtain $$ {\Lambda}_{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}^{\left({n}_f=3\right)} $$

Λ

MS
¯

n
f

=
3

= 338(12) MeV and α(Mz) = 0.1181(9). We have also MS found strong consistency checks that the ultrasoft correction to the static energy can be computed at weak coupling in the energy range we have studied.
Psychosocial determinants of sexual norms and their impact on sexual debut in Polish adolescents
Authors: Izdebski Zbigniew , Wąż Krzysztof , Kowalewska Anna , Mazur Joanna 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
In an attempt to describe composite scales relating to sexual norms, we present their structure, psychosocial determinants, and the association with adolescent sexual initiation.

Methods
A representative sample of Polish students was surveyed in 2015 (n = 1024, mean age 17.8 ± 0.31). Three scales of sexual norms were identified using principal component analysis. Logistic regression and path models were applied.

Results
The scales concerning stereotype gender norms, as well as restrictive and permissive sexual norms, were developed. Restrictive norms lead to later sexual initiation and were more frequent in combination with love for the first partner. The variability of all the indices was significantly correlated with the peer environment. A number of direct and indirect paths were found among the above indices, family relationships (support, communication), and socio-emotional strengths, such as the meaning of life, coherence, and self-esteem.

Conclusions
The norms of sexual morality should be included in the analysis of the determinants of adolescent sexual behaviours along with an investigation of complex causal models. The results may contribute to improvement in sexual health promotion.
Effect of the caries-protective self-assembling peptide P11-4 on shear bond strength of metal brackets
Authors: Knaup Thomas , Korbmacher-Steiner Heike , Jablonski-Momeni Anahita 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
During orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, demineralization around brackets often occurs. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of the caries-protective self-assembling peptide P11‑4 (SAP P11-4) on the shear bond strength of metal brackets.

Methods
In all, 45 extracted human wisdom teeth were available for the study. The teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups (each n = 15) and pretreated as follows: test group 1: application of SAP P11‑4 (Curodont Repair, Windisch, Switzerland) and storage for 24 h in artificial saliva; test group 2: application of SAP P11‑4; control group: no pretreatment with SAP P11‑4. A conventional metal maxillary incisor bracket (Discovery, Dentaurum, Ispringen) was adhesively bonded to each buccal surface. The shear bond strength was tested according to DIN 13990. After shearing, the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was determined microscopically (10 × magnification). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the groups for significant differences (α = 0.05). The distribution of the ARI scores was determined with the χ 2 test.

Results
There was no significant difference in shear forces between the groups (p = 0.121): test group 1 = 17.0 ± 4.51 MPa, test group 2 = 14.01 ± 2.51 MPa, control group 15.54 ± 4.34 MPa. The distribution of the ARI scores between the groups did not vary (p-values = 0.052–0.819).

Conclusion
The application of the caries protective SAP P11‑4 before bonding of brackets did not affect the shear bond strength. Therefore, pretreatment of the enamel surface with SAP P11‑4 shortly before bracket insertion can be considered.
Einschätzungen zur Prävalenz mikrovaskulärer Folgeerkrankungen bei Diabetes mellitus in Deutschland. Analyse von Versichertendaten aller gesetzlichen Krankenkassen für die Jahre 2012 und 2013
Authors: Reitzle Lukas , Schmidt Christian , Du Yong , Icks Andrea , Hagen Bernd , Ziese Thomas , Scheidt-Nave Christa 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Datengrundlagen für systematische, fortlaufende Analysen zur Häufigkeit mikrovaskulärer Komplikationen von Diabetes mellitus in Deutschland sind bislang nur begrenzt vorhanden. Erstmals wurde geprüft, ob Versichertendaten aller gesetzlichen Krankenversicherungen (GKV) nach Datentransparenzverordnung hierfür geeignet sind.

Methode
Analysiert wurden die GKV-Versichertendaten der Berichtsjahre 2012 und 2013. Die Bezugspopulation wurde identifiziert: Versicherte mit Diabetes, definiert als Dokumentation mindestens zweier ambulanter oder einer stationären Diabetesdiagnose gemäß der Internationalen Klassifikation der Krankheiten (ICD-Codes E10–E14). Komplikationen wurden anhand folgender ICD-Codes definiert: Nephropathie (N08.3), Retinopathie (H36.0), Polyneuropathie (G63.2), diabetisches Fußsyndrom (DFS; E10-14.74, E10-14.75), chronische Niereninsuffizienz (N18.-) und Dialysebehandlung (Z49.1, Z49.2, Z99.2). Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Prävalenzschätzungen aus Routine- und Registerdaten in Deutschland und im Ausland verglichen.

Ergebnisse
Im Jahr 2013 wurde für 6,6 Mio. GKV-Versicherte ein Diabetes dokumentiert (2012: 6,5 Mio.). Die chronische Niereninsuffizienz stellte die häufigste Komplikation im Jahr 2013 dar (15,0 %), gefolgt von diabetischer Polyneuropathie (13,5 %), Nephropathie (7,6 %), Retinopathie (7,0 %), DFS (6,1 %) und Dialysebehandlung (0,56 %). Während Ergebnisse zu diabetischer Retinopathie, Nephropathie und Polyneuropathie im Vergleich zu anderen Prävalenzschätzungen für Personen mit Typ-2-Diabetes niedriger ausfielen, sind diese zu Niereninsuffizienz, Dialysebehandlung und DFS vergleichbar.

Schlussfolgerung
Verstetigte Analysen der GKV-Daten sind von hohem Wert für die Diabetes-Surveillance, erfordern jedoch vertiefende Analysen zur Überprüfung und Vereinheitlichung von Falldefinitionen und Dokumentationsverhalten.
Vitamin-B12-Mangel im Neugeborenen- und Säuglingsalter – Ursachen, Früherkennung, Diagnostik und Vorstellung eines primär oralen Behandlungsschemas
Authors: Gramer Gwendolyn , Hoffmann Georg F. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Ein Vitamin‑B12-Mangel ist bei Neugeborenen meist bedingt durch einen mütterlichen Vitamin‑B12-Mangel. Beim Kind führt ein schwerer, unerkannter Vitamin‑B12-Mangel zu irreversiblen neurologischen Schädigungen und einer dauerhaften Entwicklungsstörung, die meist erst im zweiten Lebenshalbjahr klinisch erkannt wird. Eine Früherkennung durch das Neugeborenenscreening wird derzeit in Pilotprojekten evaluiert.

Fragestellung
Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über mögliche Ursachen eines Vitamin‑B12-Mangels und präsentiert erfolgreiche Ansätze zur Früherkennung durch das Neugeborenenscreening sowie Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik bei Mutter und Kind. Für die Behandlung des Vitamin‑B12-Mangels im Neugeborenen- und Säuglingsalter wird bislang häufig zunächst eine intramuskuläre Applikation von Vitamin B12 verwendet. Als Alternative wird von den Autoren ein ausschließlich orales Supplementationsschema mit Vitamin B12 vorgestellt.

Ergebnisse
Im Rahmen des Pilotprojektes „Neugeborenenscreening 2020“ am Screeningzentrum Heidelberg wurde für die Behandlung von Kindern mit Vitamin‑B12-Mangel nach Detektion über das Neugeborenenscreening ein standardisiertes ausschließlich orales Supplementationsschema mit Vitamin B12 entwickelt und erfolgreich angewendet. Dieses besteht in der Verabreichung von Vitamin B12 0,5 mg/Tag p.o. über 3 Tage in Form eines Flüssigpräparates, gefolgt von 0,1 mg/Tag p.o. Über die erste Woche erfolgt zusätzlich die Gabe von 0,4 mg Folsäure pro Tag p.o. Nach Normalisierung aller Parameter des Vitamin‑B12-Haushaltes (einschließlich der funktionellen Marker Homozystein und Methylmalonsäure) erfolgt während der Stillzeit eine Vitamin‑B12-Supplementation in Erhaltungsdosis von 5 µg/Tag p.o. bis zur sicheren Einführung fleischhaltiger Beikost bzw. von Vitamin‑B12-haltiger Nahrung.

Schlussfolgerung
Das hier dargestellte rein orale Behandlungsschema für den Vitamin‑B12-Mangel stellt eine effektive, kostengünstige, schmerzlose und damit besonders kinderfreundliche Behandlung dar.
Impact of storage on sensory quality of blackcurrant juices prepared with or without enzymatic treatment at industrial scale
Authors: Laaksonen Oskar , Mäkilä Leenamaija , Jokinen Mika , Metz Tapio , Kallio Heikki , Yang Baoru 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBlackcurrant juices prepared with or without enzyme treatment at industrial scale were stored at room temperature or + 4 °C for 1 year, and their sensory profiles, chemical composition and rheological properties were investigated. The juice without enzyme treatment had less intense colour and it was perceived and measured as more viscose than the juice produced with enzyme assistance. Content of monomeric anthocyanins decreased significantly during storage in both juice types under both storing conditions. However, changes in colour intensity were observed only in the non-enzymatic juices. In the discrimination tests based on the appearance, the stored samples were detected as significantly different. Storage resulted in significant changes in contents of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols, but this did not have an impact on the bitterness or astringency of the juices. Moreover, sugar and acid contents were mainly unchanged during storage. Storage resulted in a decrease in dynamic viscosity and greater differences in viscoelastic properties for the juice with enzymatic assistance. This study provides important information about the stability of juices typically stored at room temperature for a long time.
Effect of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Enobosarm on Bone Healing in a Rat Model for Aged Male Osteoporosis
Authors: Komrakova Marina , Nagel Janek , Hoffmann Daniel Bernd , Lehmann Wolfgang , Schilling Arndt Friedrich , Sehmisch Stephan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEnobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, or GTx-024) is a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator. This study evaluated the effect of various regimens of enobosarm (EN) on bone healing in an orchiectomized rat model for aged male osteoporosis and compared it to testosterone (T) treatment. Ninety eight-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats were either orchiectomized (Orx) or left intact (Non-Orx) and divided into groups (n = 15/group): (1) Non-Orx; (2) Orx; (3) Orx+T-th; (4) Orx+EN-th; (5) Orx+T-pr; and (6) Orx+EN-pr. Prophylaxis (Pr) treatments were applied immediately after Orx for up to 18 weeks. Therapy (Th) treatments were applied 12 weeks after Orx for up to 6 weeks. Bilateral tibia osteotomy with plate osteosynthesis was performed 12 weeks after Orx in all groups. EN and T were mixed with the diet; the daily dosage was 0.35 ± 0.06 and 41 ± 8 mg/kg BW, respectively. Both T treatments improved bone healing by increasing callus volume and area, bone volume and density, and cortical width; they had no effect on prostate or levator ani weight. EN-pr increased the callus area and callus density and decreased cortical density, but increased prostate weight. The effect of T-pr and T-th on bone was stronger than EN-pr. EN-th affected bone healing negatively by reducing callus density and area and delaying osteotomy bridging. Levator ani weight was increased in both EN groups. EN treatment after fracture is not advisable in aged males. EN-pr treatment as a therapy for bone healing in men could be further investigated; endocrinological side effects must be closely monitored.
The Cardiovascular Stress Response as Early Life Marker of Cardiovascular Health: Applications in Population-Based Pediatric Studies—A Narrative Review
Authors: Bongers-Karmaoui Meddy N. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Roest Arno A. W. , Gaillard Romy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStress inducement by physical exercise requires major cardiovascular adaptations in both adults and children to maintain an adequate perfusion of the body. As physical exercise causes a stress situation for the cardiovascular system, cardiovascular exercise stress tests are widely used in clinical practice to reveal subtle cardiovascular pathology in adult and childhood populations with cardiac and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, evidence from small studies suggests that the cardiovascular stress response can also be used within research settings to provide novel insights on subtle differences in cardiovascular health in non-diseased adults and children, as even among healthy populations an abnormal response to physical exercise is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. This narrative review is specifically focused on the possibilities of using the cardiovascular stress response to exercise combined with advanced imaging techniques in pediatric population-based studies focused on the early origins of cardiovascular diseases. We discuss the physiology of the cardiovascular stress response to exercise, the type of physical exercise used to induce the cardiovascular stress response in combination with advanced imaging techniques, the obtained measurements with advanced imaging techniques during the cardiovascular exercise stress test and their associations with cardiovascular health outcomes. Finally, we discuss the potential for cardiovascular exercise stress tests to use in pediatric population-based studies focused on the early origins of cardiovascular diseases.
Classification of negative and positive 18F-florbetapir brain PET studies in subjective cognitive decline patients using a convolutional neural network
Authors: de Vries Bart Marius , Golla Sandeep S. V. , Ebenau Jarith , Verfaillie Sander C. J. , Timmers Tessa , Heeman Fiona , Cysouw Matthijs C. F. , van Berckel Bart N. M. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Yaqub Maqsood , Boellaard Ronald ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Visual reading of 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) scans is used in the diagnostic process of patients with cognitive disorders for assessment of amyloid-ß (Aß) depositions. However, this can be time-consuming, and difficult in case of borderline amyloid pathology. Computer-aided pattern recognition can be helpful in this process but needs to be validated. The aim of this work was to develop, train, validate and test a convolutional neural network (CNN) for discriminating between Aß negative and positive 18F-florbetapir PET scans in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD).

Methods
18F-florbetapir PET images were acquired and visually assessed. The SCD cohort consisted of 133 patients from the SCIENCe cohort and 22 patients from the ADNI database. From the SCIENCe cohort, standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) images were computed. From the ADNI database, SUVR images were extracted. 2D CNNs (axial, coronal and sagittal) were built to capture features of the scans. The SCIENCe scans were randomly divided into training and validation set (5-fold cross-validation), and the ADNI scans were used as test set. Performance was evaluated based on average accuracy, sensitivity and specificity from the cross-validation. Next, the best performing CNN was evaluated on the test set.

Results
The sagittal 2D-CNN classified the SCIENCe scans with the highest average accuracy of 99% ± 2 (SD), sensitivity of 97% ± 7 and specificity of 100%. The ADNI scans were classified with a 95% accuracy, 100% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity.

Conclusion
The 2D-CNN algorithm can classify Aß negative and positive 18F-florbetapir PET scans with high performance in SCD patients.
Klinische Stadienmodelle in der Früherkennung und -behandlung der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
Authors: Seiffert Nora , Cavelti Marialuisa , Kaess Michael 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPS) ist eine schwere psychische Störung, die typischerweise erstmals in der Adoleszenz auftritt und mit einem hohen Leidensdruck, schweren psychosozialen Defiziten bei Betroffenen sowie hohen Kosten für die Gesellschaft verbunden ist. Die Früherkennung und -intervention der BPS haben zum Ziel, die negativen Auswirkungen der Störung frühzeitig zu reduzieren oder zu verhindern und dadurch die Lebensläufe der betroffenen Jugendlichen positiv zu beeinflussen. Klinische Stadienmodelle bieten Orientierung bei der Auswahl einer geeigneten Intervention entsprechend dem aktuellen Krankheitsstadium.

Ziel der Arbeit
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Rationale klinischer Stadienmodelle erläutert. Bestehende Stadienmodelle der BPS werden vorgestellt und diskutiert.

Material und Methoden
Kritische Reflexion vorhandener Forschungsliteratur.

Ergebnisse
Bisher wurden 2 Stadienmodelle der BPS vorgeschlagen, das erste Modell aus dem Jahr 2016 gemeinsam für die BPS und die affektiven Störungen, das neuere, darauf aufbauende Modell aus dem Jahr 2019 mit höherer Spezifität und Fokus auf die Entwicklung von Persönlichkeitsstörungen und sich daraus ergebenden Schwierigkeiten.

Diskussion
Die vorgestellten klinischen Stadienmodelle der BPS bieten Orientierung bei der Beschreibung des typischen Krankheitsverlaufs sowie der Auswahl einer geeigneten Intervention, insbesondere in frühen Krankheitsstadien, da sie dabei helfen können, frühe, unspezifische Anzeichen einer sich entwickelnden Störung wahrzunehmen und eine geeignete Behandlung einzuleiten. Mit weiteren Erkenntnissen über die Entwicklung der BPS und effektive Interventionen können Stadienmodelle in der Zukunft weiter verbessert werden.
Das modifizierte Treat-and-Extend-Schema mit Injektionsblöcken in der IVOM-Therapie
Authors: Take Patricia , Dittmann Carolin Alisa , Mackerodt Laura , Callizo Josep , Striebe Nina-Antonia , Hoerauf Hans , Feltgen Nicolas , Bemme Sebastian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Hintergrund
Die regelmäßige Therapie mittels intravitrealer operativer Medikamentenapplikation (IVOM) und die damit verbundenen Kontrolluntersuchungen stellen für viele Patienten eine große Herausforderung dar, die bis zum Behandlungsabbruch führen kann. Das modifizierte blockweise Treat-and-Extend(TAE)-Schema verfolgt das Ziel, mit möglichst wenigen Kontrollvisiten stabile Netzhaut- und Visusbefunde zu erreichen und dadurch die Belastung der Patienten zu minimieren.

Methoden
Diese monozentrische retrospektive Studie untersuchte Behandlungsverläufe von insgesamt 387 Patienten mit neovaskulärer altersbedingter Makuladegeneration (AMD), diabetischem Makulaödem (DMÖ), Venenastverschluss (VAV) und Zentralvenenverschluss (ZVV), bei denen das TAE-Regime jeweils in 3er-Blöcken angewendet wurde. Primärer Endpunkt war das Erreichen eines Injektionsintervalls von 12 Wochen.

Ergebnisse
Durch die blockweise applizierte IVOM konnte die Netzhautdicke signifikant reduziert und der Visus verbessert werden. Über die verschiedenen Indikationen konnte im Mittel ein Behandlungsintervall von 2 Monaten erreicht werden.

Schlussfolgerung
Ein in 3er-Blöcken angepasstes TAE-Schema im Rahmen der IVOM kann bei reduzierter Patientenbelastung zu stabilen Netzhaut- und Visusbefunden führen.
Experimental investigations on the sharp leading-edge separation over a flat plate at zero incidence using particle image velocimetry
Authors: Fujiwara K. , Sriram R. , Kontis K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLeading-edge separated flow field over a sharp flat plate is experimentally investigated in Reynolds numbers ranging from 6.2 × 103 to 4.1 × 104, using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and its statistics. It was observed that the average reattachment length is nearly independent of Reynolds number and the small secondary bubble observed near the leading edge was found to shrink with increasing Reynolds number. The wall-normal profiles of the statistical values of kinematic quantities such as the velocity components and their fluctuations scaled well with average reattachment length lR and freestream velocity U∞. Their magnitudes compare well with previous investigations even though the current triangular shaped sharp leading edge is different from previous flat-faced or semi-circular ones. The shear layer was observed to exhibit 2 different linear growth rates over 2 distinct regions. Instantaneous PIV realizations demonstrate unsteady nature of the separation bubble, whose origins in the upstream portion of the bubble are analysed. Bimodal nature of the probability density function (PDF) of fluctuating streamwise velocity at around x/lR = 0.08–0.15 indicates successive generation and passage of vortices in the region, which subsequently interact and evolve into multiscale turbulent field exhibiting nearly Gaussian PDF. Shedding of vortices with wide range of scales are apparent in most of the instantaneous realizations. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of the velocity fluctuation magnitude field revealed that the flow structures of the dominant modes and their relative energies are independent of Reynolds number. In each of the dominant modes (first 3 modes), the length scales corresponding to the large scale structures and their spacing are the same for all Reynolds numbers, suggesting that their Strouhal number (observed to be ~ 0.09–0.2 at Reynolds number of 6.2 × 103) of unsteadiness should also be independent of Reynolds number. A single large structure- comparable in size to lR—was apparent well before reattachment in a few instantaneous realizations, as compared to multiple small-scale structures visible in most realizations; at Reynolds number of 6.2 × 103, realizations with such large-scale structures occurred approximately after every 20–30 realizations, corresponding to non-dimensional frequency of 0.4–0.6, which is identified to be the “regular shedding”. It was possible to reconstruct the large-scale structure during the instances from just the first 3 POD modes, indicating that the Strouhal number of regular shedding too is independent of Reynolds number.
Graphic abstract