bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastrografin can be detected in ex vivo biological specimens by dual‐energy CT scanning
Authors: Clark David A , Yeoh Edward , Edmundson Aleksandra , Pratap Jit , Snow Tom , Solomon Michael , Coucher John 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundDual‐energy CT is able to distinguish between materials based on differences in X‐ray absorption at different X‐ray beam energies. The strong k‐edge photoelectric effect of materials with a high atomic number makes this modality ideal for identifying iodine‐containing compounds. We aim to evaluate dual‐energy CT for the detection of Gastrografin (GG) (diatrizoate, Bayer PLC, Reading, UK) enteric contrast medium and validate the conditions for the measurement in ex vivo samples.MethodsDual‐energy CT acquisitions were performed to detect Gastrografin in serial dilutions of water, saline and body fluids. We also evaluated the stability of Gastrografin solutions over time at room temperature. Stool specimens were examined to validate the proposed study protocol for clinical applications.ResultsConcentrations as low as 0.2% of Gastrografin were reproducibly detected in vitro and ex vivo samples by DECT, with linear readings ranging from 0.2% to 25% Gastrografin. Gastrografin was shown to be stable in ex vivo biological samples, and there was no difference in detection over time. Gastrografin was detected in stool specimens when administered orally. The detection curves followed the expected saturation effect at high concentrations of iodine.ConclusionsDual‐energy CT offers a convenient, quick, reliable and reproducible method for detecting and quantifying the presence of Gastrografin in ex vivo clinical specimens. Biological solutions containing Gastrografin are stable over time. A minimum dilution level of 25% is suggested to avoid beam saturation and inaccurate results.
Long‐term outcomes of patients with conserved breast cancer treated with adjuvant hypofractionated prone breast intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Gortman Aron M , Aherne Noel J , Amalaseelan Julan , Last Andrew , Westhuyzen Justin , Chamberlain Lauren , Shakespeare Thomas P 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionNew techniques for adjuvant radiation therapy after breast conservation include prone positioning, hypofractionation and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Long‐term evaluations of this combination are lacking, and we report our own experience.MethodsPatients with invasive breast cancer followed for a minimum 36 months post‐IMRT were eligible. Dose used was 40 Gray in 15 fractions over 3 weeks to the whole breast via forward‐planned prone, whole breast IMRT. A 10 Gy in 5 fraction supine boost was offered.ResultsBetween January 2012 and January 2020, 2199 patients had breast conservation and adjuvant radiation: 489 received hypofractionated prone breast IMRT, with 155 eligible for our evaluation. Median follow‐up was 52 months. Median age was 62 (range 36–80), 78.7% were T1, 20.6% were T2, and 12.3% were node‐positive. Grade was 1 in 26.5%, 2 in 43.9% and 3 in 29.7%; 87.1% were oestrogen receptor positive, 3.2% were HER2 positive, and 11.0% were triple negative. 58.6% received a boost, 74.8% endocrine therapy and 32.3% chemotherapy. No patient developed local recurrence. One regional recurrence was successfully salvaged. Six patients (3.9%) developed metastases, and 1.9% died. Five‐year actuarial local recurrence‐free, regional recurrence‐free and breast cancer‐specific survival rates were 100.0%, 98.2% and 94.8%. Late grade 1 and 2 breast pain occurred in 20.0% and 1.3% of patients. Only 11.0% had new pain compared to pre‐radiation. No patient developed radiation‐induced pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, rib fracture or cardiac toxicity. All patients scored cosmesis as ‘good’ or better.ConclusionAdjuvant hypofractionated prone breast IMRT has excellent locoregional control and minimal toxicity.
A clinician’s guide to self‐poisoning with paracetamol in youth: The what, when and why?
Authors: Hayden John C. , Kelly Louisa , McNicholas Fiona 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimDeliberate self‐poisoning or overdose is a common presentation to the paediatric emergency departments (ED) due to a lack of emergency access to child and adolescent mental health services. We overview medical and psychiatric assessment of overdoses in youth with the most commonly implicated drug, paracetamol, as a case study.MethodsA what, when and why framework is adopted to guide clinicians on what information should be ascertained, when overdose treatment should be initiated and how to explore why the overdose occurred.ResultsPresentations are often asymptomatic while gastrointestinal symptoms offer an alarm signal for severe hepatotoxicity. A worst‐case exposure amount and time elapsed since ingestion should be calculated to determine whether N‐acetylcysteine treatment is indicated. Establishing reasons why the young person took the overdose, along with assessing the degree of remorse or regret, is crucial for discharge planning.ConclusionGiven the importance of timely assessment and treatment, paediatric emergency staff need to be familiar with the protocol for care. Attention needs to be focused on both the medical and psychological risk, and staff need to consider the reasons behind the overdose and following a biopsychosocial assessment, ensure that the young person and family are adequately signposted for future mental health care if needed.
Selecting participants fairly for controlled human infection studies
Authors: MacKay Douglas , Jecker Nancy S. , Pitisuttithum Punnee , Saylor Katherine W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractControlled human infection (CHI) studies involve the deliberate exposure of healthy research participants to infectious agents to study early disease processes and evaluate interventions under controlled conditions with high efficiency. Although CHI studies expose participants to the risk of infection, they are designed to offer investigators unique advantages for studying the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and testing potential vaccines or treatments in humans. One of the central challenges facing investigators involves the fair selection of research subjects to participate in CHI studies. While there is widespread agreement that investigators have a duty to select research participants fairly, this principle also yields conflicting ethical imperatives, for example requiring investigators to both exclude potential participants with co‐morbidities since they face increased risks, but also to include them in order to ensure generalizability. In this paper we defend an account of fair subject selection that is tailored to the context of CHI studies. We identify the considerations of fairness that bear directly on selecting participants for CHI studies and provide investigators and members of IRBs and RECs with a principled way to navigate the conflicting imperatives to which these considerations give rise.
Sociodemographic factors associated with routine outcome monitoring: a historical cohort study of 28,382 young people accessing child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Morris Anna C. , Macdonald Alastair , Moghraby Omer , Stringaris Argyris , Hayes Richard D. , Simonoff Emily , Ford Tamsin , Downs Johnny M. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundPatient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are important tools to inform patients, clinicians and policy‐makers about clinical need and the effectiveness of any given treatment. Consistent PROM use can promote early symptom detection, help identify unexpected treatment responses and improve therapeutic engagement. Very few studies have examined associations between patient characteristics and PROM data collection.MethodsWe used the electronic mental health records for 28,382 children and young people (aged 4–17 years) accessing Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) across four South London boroughs between the 1st of January 2008 to the 1st of October 2017. We examined the completion rates of the caregiver Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a ubiquitous PROM for CAMHS at baseline and 6‐month follow‐up.Results and ConclusionsSDQs were present for approximately 40% (n = 11,212) of the sample at baseline, and from these, only 8% (n = 928) had a follow‐up SDQ. Patterns of unequal PROM collection by sociodemographic factors were identified: males were more likely (aOR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.13), whilst older age (aOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.87–0.88), Black (aOR 0.79 95% CI 0.74–0.84) and Asian ethnicity (aOR 0.75 95% CI 0.66–0.86) relative to White ethnicity, and residence within the most deprived neighbourhood (aOR 0.87 95% CI 0.80–0.94) were less likely to have a record of baseline SDQ. Similar results were found in the sub‐group (n = 11,212) with follow‐up SDQ collection. Our findings indicate systematic differences in the currently available PROMS data and highlights which groups require increased focus if we are to gain equitable PROM collection. We need to ensure representative PROM collection for all individuals accessing treatment, regardless of ethnic or socioeconomic background; biased data have adverse ramifications for policy and service level decision‐making.
Design and development of novel thiazolidin‐4‐one‐1,3,5‐triazine derivatives as neuro‐protective agent against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in mice via attenuation of NF‐ĸB
Authors: Lu Min , Qi Yujun , Han Yu , Yi Qiong , Xu Lei , Sun Wenlin , Ni Guihua , Ni Xiaoyu , Xu Changsong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present study enumerates the discovery and development of novel thiazolidin‐4‐one‐1,3,5‐triazine as neuro‐protective agent against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in mice. These compounds showed significant inhibition of NF‐ĸB transcriptional activity in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells, displaying compound 8k as most potent inhibitor among the tested derivative. The compound 8k was further studied in in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice model for neuro‐protective action. Results suggest that compound 8k causes attenuation of inflammation (TNF‐α, IL‐β, and IL‐6), oxidative stress (SOD, GSH, and MDA), and apoptosis (Bcl‐2, Bax, and cleaved caspase‐3) in MCAO mice in concentration‐dependent manner. Collectively, our results documented that compound 8k pre‐treatment protects cerebral I/R. This novel lead scaffold may be helpful for investigation of new neuro‐protective agent by inactivation of NF‐ĸB.
N4‐benzyl‐N2‐phenylquinazoline‐2,4‐diamine compound presents antibacterial and antibiofilm effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Reis Sharon Vieira dos , Ribeiro Nicole Sartori , Rocha Débora Assumpção , Fortes Isadora Serraglio , Trentin Danielle da Silva , Andrade Saulo Fernandes de , Macedo Alexandre José 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the main agents involved with implant‐related infections. Their ability to adhere to medical devices with subsequent biofilm formation is crucial to the development of these infections. Herein, we described the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of a quinazoline‐based compound, N4‐benzyl‐N2‐phenylquinazoline‐2,4‐diamine, against both biofilm‐forming pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined as 25 µM for S. aureus and 15 µM for S. epidermidis. At sub‐MIC concentrations (20 µM for S. aureus and 10 µM for S. epidermidis), the compound was able to inhibit biofilm formation without interfere with bacterial growth, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, surfaces coated with the quinazoline‐based compound were able to prevent bacterial adherence. In addition, this compound presented no toxicity to human red blood cells at highest MIC 25 µM and in vivo toxicity assay using Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in 82% survival with a high dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. These features evidence quinazoline‐based compound as interesting entities to promising applications in biomedical fields, such as antimicrobial and in anti‐infective approaches.
Current status of colon capsule endoscopy
Authors: Hosoe Naoki , Limpias Kamiya Kenji J. L. , Hayashi Yukie , Sujino Tomohisa , Ogata Haruhiko , Kanai Takanori 
Published: June 2020

While both the annual incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer are slowly but steadily decreasing in the United States, the incidence of such malignancy is increasing in Japan. Thus, controlling colorectal cancer in Japan is a major concern. In 2006, colon capsule endoscopy was first introduced by Eliakim et al. First‐generation colon capsule endoscopy had a moderate sensitivity for detecting polyps of more than 6 mm. Thus, second‐generation colon capsule endoscopy was developed to achieve higher sensitivity. Colonoscopy is the gold standard tool for colorectal cancer surveillance. With an improvement in the imaging function, the performance of second‐generation colon capsule endoscopy is almost as satisfactory as that of colonoscopy. Certain situations, such as incomplete colonoscopy and contraindication for use of sedation, can benefit from colon capsule endoscopy. Colon capsule endoscopy requires a more extensive bowel preparation than colonoscopy and computed tomography colonography because it requires laxatives not only for bowel cleansing but also for promoting the excretion of the capsule. Another problem with colon capsule endoscopy includes the burden of reading and interpretation and overlook of the lesions. Currently, the development of automatic diagnosis of colon capsule endoscopy using artificial intelligence is still under progress. Although the available guidelines do not support the use of colon capsule endoscopy for inflammatory bowel disease, the possible application of colon capsule endoscopy is ulcerative colitis. This review article summarizes and focuses on the current status of colon capsule endoscopy for colorectal cancer screening and the possibility for its applicability on inflammatory bowel disease.
Effect of short‐acting exenatide administered three times daily on markers of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Johansen Nicklas J. , Dejgaard Thomas F. , Lund Asger , Schlüntz Camilla , Larsen Emil L. , Poulsen Henrik E. , Goetze Jens P. , Møller Holger J. , Vilsbøll Tina , Andersen Henrik U. , Knop Filip K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effect of adding the short‐acting glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) exenatide to insulin treatment on markers of cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes.Materials and methodsIn a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group trial, 108 individuals with type 1 diabetes aged ≥18 years on multiple daily injection therapy with a body mass index >22.0 kg/m2 and glycated haemoglobin concentration of 59 to 88 mmol/mol (7.5%−10.0%) were randomized (1:1) to preprandial subcutaneous injection of 10 μg exenatide (Byetta®) or placebo three times daily over 26 weeks as add‐on treatment to existing insulin therapy. Reported markers of cardiovascular risk were secondary endpoints and were analyzed in a baseline‐adjusted linear mixed model in the intention‐to‐treat population. The primary results of this study, the MAG1C (Meal‐time Administration of exenatide for Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes Cases) trial, were previously reported.ResultsExenatide changed total fat mass by −2.6 kg (95% confidence interval [CI] −3.6; −1.6; P < 0.0001) and lean body mass by −1.1 kg (95% CI −1.9; −0.4; P = 0.01) compared with placebo, as assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Fat mass reductions were similar for central and peripheral fat mass. Exenatide did not change levels of interleukin‐2 or ‐6; tumour necrosis factor‐α; C‐reactive protein; N‐terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; or 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanosine (RNA oxidation marker) and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (DNA oxidation marker).ConclusionsExenatide added to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes for 26 weeks resulted in body weight loss primarily from fat mass reduction, but had no effect on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk.
Risking Ourselves in Education: Qualification, Socialization, and Subjectification Revisited
Authors: Biesta Gert 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn previous publications, Gert Biesta has suggested that education should be oriented toward three domains of purpose that he calls qualification, socialization, and subjectification. Many educators, policymakers, and scholars have found this suggestion helpful. Nonetheless, the discussion about the exact nature of each domain and about their relationships to each other has been ongoing, particularly with regard to the domain of subjectification. In this article, Biesta revisits the three domains and tries to provide further clarification with regard to the idea of subjectification. He highlights that subjectification has to do with the existence of the child or student as subject of her or his own life, not as object of educational interventions. Subjectification thus has to do with the question of freedom. Biesta explains that this is not the freedom to do what one wants to do, but the freedom to act in and with the world in a “grown‐up”
way.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) as biomarkers for detection of Ceratocystis platani
Authors: Brilli Federico , Luchi Nicola , Michelozzi Marco , Calamai Luca , Cencetti Gabriele , Pecori Francesco , Nigrone Emanuele , Santini Alberto 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCeratocystis platani causes canker stain of plane trees, and it represents a serious disease of Platanus spp. both in the United States and Europe. Current chemical or biological controls do not effectively manage C. platani, so new preventive methods need to be developed in order to limit this pathogen spreading. In this work, we have characterized the main volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted in vitro from pure cultures of C. platani and other common pathogenic fungal species of hosts plants growing in the same ecosystems as plane trees. We found that C. platani emitted a similar blend of VOC compared with phylogenetically similar species C. populicola. In particular, C. platani was characterized by emission of isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate while C. populicola by ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate, which were not released by any of the other out‐group fungal species grown on the same medium. Moreover, following a targeted approach based on the main VOC found in vitro, we have successfully validated in vivo that VOC uniquely emitted by C. platani (i.e. isobutyl acetate along with isoamyl alcohol) were released from the bark of plane trees following C. platani inoculation. Our results highlight the possibility to exploit VOC emitted specifically by C. platani as biomarkers to recognize Platanus x acerifolia plants infected by this pathogen.
Understanding human individuation of unfamiliar faces with oddball fast periodic visual stimulation and electroencephalography
Authors: Rossion Bruno , Retter Talia L. , Liu‐Shuang Joan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo investigate face individuation (FI), a critical brain function in the human species, an oddball fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) approach was recently introduced (Liu‐Shuang et al.,Neuropsychologia, 2014, 52, 57). In this paradigm, an image of an unfamiliar “base” facial identity is repeated at a rapid rateF(e.g., 6 Hz) and different unfamiliar “oddball” facial identities are inserted everynth item, at aF/nrate (e.g., every 5th item, 1.2 Hz). This stimulation elicits FI responses atF/nand its harmonics (2F/n, 3F/n, etc.), reflecting neural discrimination between oddball versus base facial identities, which is quantified in the frequency domain of the electroencephalogram (EEG). This paradigm, used in 20 published studies, demonstrates substantial advantages for measuring FI in terms of validity, objectivity, reliability, and sensitivity. Human intracerebral recordings suggest that this FI response originates from neural populations in the lateral inferior occipital and fusiform gyri, with a right hemispheric dominance consistent with the localization of brain lesions specifically affecting facial identity recognition (prosopagnosia). Here, we summarize the contributions of the oddball FPVS framework toward understanding FI, including its (a)typical development, with early studies supporting the application of this technique to clinical testing (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). This review also includes an in‐depth analysis of the paradigm's methodology, with guidelines for designing future studies. A large‐scale group analysis compiling data across 130 observers provides insights into the oddball FPVS FI response properties. Overall, we recommend the oddball FPVS paradigm as an alternative approach to behavioral or traditional event‐related potential EEG measures of face individuation.
Flush early and avoid the rush? It may depend on where you stand
Authors: Chen Xing‐Min , Xie Wan‐Ting , Shuai Ling‐Ying 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOptimal escape theory predicts that animals should flee at an optimal distance from the approaching predator (flight initiation distance, FID). However, FID usually increases with increasing alert distance (AD) or starting distance (SD). As an explanation for this pattern, the “flush early and avoid the rush” (FEAR) hypothesis states that prey should escape soon after detecting an approaching predator due to the cost of continuously monitoring risk. However, the positive relationship observed may also result from a mathematical artefact. Meanwhile, it is unknown whether animals would consistently follow this rule in different environmental contexts. We explored escape behaviours in light‐vented bulbuls (Pycnonotus sinensis) perched at different heights. FID generally increased with increasing AD and decreasing perch height. The positive relationships between AD and FID were outside the 95% confidence levels of simulated slopes from Monte Carlo simulations, suggesting that the relationships observed reflect biological effects rather than merely a mathematical artefact. Increasing perch height was also associated with longer buffer distance (defined as FID minus AD or SD), suggesting that the birds tend to delay their flush after detecting an approaching predator when perched high. The effects of environmental contexts (and the associated predation risk) on the AD‐FID relationship should be considered when performing inter‐specific comparisons or meta‐analyses.
Scaling and fractality in fatigue resistance: Specimen‐size effects on Wöhler's curve and fatigue limit
Authors: Carpinteri Alberto , Montagnoli Francesco , Invernizzi Stefano 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present contribution investigates size effects on Wöhler's curve in accordance with dimensional analysis and intermediate asymptotics theory. These approaches provide a generalised equation able to interpret the specimen‐size effects on Wöhler's curve. Subsequently, using a different approach based on lacunar fractality concepts, analogous scaling laws are found for the coordinates of the limit‐points of Wöhler's curve, so that a theoretical explanation is provided to the decrement in fatigue resistance by increasing the specimen size. Eventually, the proposed models are compared with experimental data available in the Literature, which seem to confirm the advantage of applying fractal geometry to the problem.