bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directed Reflective Equilibrium: Thought Experiments and How to Use Them
Authors: Slavny Adam , Spiekermann Kai , Lawford-Smith Holly , Axelsen David V. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper we develop a new methodology for normative theorising, which we call Directed Reflective Equilibrium. Directed Reflective Equilibrium is based on a taxonomy that distinguishes between a number of different functions of hypothetical cases, including two dimensions that we call representation and elicitation. Like its predecessor, Directed Reflective Equilibrium accepts that neither intuitions nor basic principles are immune to revision and that our commitments on various levels of philosophical enquiry should be brought into equilibrium. However, it also offers guidance about how different types of cases ought to be sequenced to achieve this result. We argue that this ‘directional’ approach improves, in various ways, upon the non-directional approach of traditional Reflective Equilibrium.
Interactions between Air Pollution and Terrestrial Ecosystems: Perspectives on Challenges and Future Directions
Authors: He Cenlin , Clifton Olivia , Felker-Quinn Emmi , Fulgham S. Ryan , Juncosa Calahorrano Julieta F. , Lombardozzi Danica , Purser Gemma , Riches Mj , Schwantes Rebecca , Tang Wenfu , Poulter Benjamin , Steiner Allison L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInteractions between air pollution and terrestrial ecosystems play an important role in the Earth system. However, process-based knowledge of air pollution–terrestrial ecosystem interactions is limited, hindering accurate quantification of how changes in tropospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycling, and climate affect air quality and its impact on humans and ecosystems. Here we summarize current challenges and future directions for advancing the understanding of air pollution–ecosystem interactions by synthesizing discussions from a multidisciplinary group of scientists at a recent Integrated Land Ecosystem–Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS) early-career workshop. Specifically, we discuss the important elements of air pollution–terrestrial ecosystem interactions, including vegetation and soil uptake and emissions of air pollutants and precursors, in-canopy chemistry, and the roles of human activities, fires, and meteorology. We highlight the need for a coordinated network of measurements of long-term chemical fluxes and related meteorological and ecological quantities with expanded geographic and ecosystem representation, data standardization and curation to reduce uncertainty and enhance observational syntheses, integrated multiscale observational and modeling capabilities, collaboration across scientific disciplines and geographic regions, and active involvement by stakeholders and policymakers. Such an enhanced network will continue to facilitate the process-level understanding and thus predictive ability of interactions between air pollution and terrestrial ecosystems and impacts on local-to-global climate and human health.
The Andes and the Southeast Pacific Cold Tongue Simulation
Authors: Xu Weixuan , Lee Jung-Eun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCurrent climate models significantly overestimate precipitation and temperature over the southeast Pacific. Previous studies show that the Andes influence the southeast Pacific climate, but because they are a narrow mountain range, these effects are not well represented with the smoothing in low-resolution climate models. We hypothesize that the elevation of the Andes in low-resolution climate models is too low, allowing too much airflow across the mountains. Using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1.2.2 with a slab-ocean setting, we blocked the low-level airflow across the mountains by adjusting the height of the Andes. Our results show that using higher Andes in the model enhances the anticyclonic motion and increases the subsidence of air in the southeast Pacific. The evaporative cooling from the strengthened surface wind and the radiative cooling from the formation of low-level clouds lower the sea surface temperature (SST) in the southeast Pacific. The enhanced descent over the southeast Pacific inhibits precipitation. We also performed a sensitivity test, varying the elevation of the Andes from 0 to 6 km, and analyzed the resulting energy budget and climate in both hemispheres. An increase of the elevation of the Andes causes the energy flux equator (EKE) to shift northward, as a result of the decrease of the energy absorption in the Southern Hemisphere. Our research suggests that the Andes act as a barrier in maintaining the climate over the southeast Pacific Ocean, and this effect is not well represented in low-resolution climate models.
Improving Afternoon Thunderstorm Prediction over Taiwan through 3DVar-Based Radar and Surface Data Assimilation
Authors: Chen I-Han , Hong Jing-Shan , Tsai Ya-Ting , Fong Chin-Tzu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecently, the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan developed a WRF- and WRF data assimilation (WRFDA)-based convective-scale data assimilation system to increase model predictability toward high-impact weather. In this study, we focus on afternoon thunderstorm (AT) prediction and investigate the following questions: 1) Is the designation of a rapid update cycle strategy with a blending scheme effective? 2) Can surface data assimilation contribute positively to AT prediction under the complex geography of Taiwan island? 3) What is the relative importance between radar and surface observation to AT prediction? 4) Can we increase the AT forecast lead time in the morning through data assimilation? Consecutive ATs from 30 June to 8 July 2017 are investigated. Five experiments, each having 240 continuous cycles, are designed. Results show that employing continuous cycles with a blending scheme mitigates model spinup compared with downscaled forecasts. Although there are few radar echoes before AT initiation, assimilating radar observations is still crucial since it largely corrects model errors in cycles. However, assimilating surface observations is more important compared with radar in terms of extending forecast lead time in the morning. Either radar or surface observations contribute positively, and assimilating both has the highest QPF score. Assimilating surface observations systematically improves surface wind and temperature predictions based on 240 cases. A case study demonstrates that the model can capture the AT initiation and development by assimilating surface and radar observations. Its cold pool and outflow boundary prediction are also improved. In this case, the assimilation of surface wind and water vapor in the morning contributes more compared with temperature and pressure.
Segmentation of Temporal Bone Anatomy for Patient-Specific Virtual Reality Simulation
Authors: Andersen Steven Arild Wuyts , Bergman Maxwell , Keith Jason P. , Powell Kimerly A. , Hittle Brad , Malhotra Prashant , Wiet Gregory J. 
Published: November 2020

Objectives: Virtual reality (VR) simulation for patient-specific pre-surgical planning and rehearsal requires accurate segmentation of key surgical landmark structures such as the facial nerve, ossicles, and cochlea. The aim of this study was to explore different approaches to segmentation of temporal bone surgical anatomy for patient-specific VR simulation. Methods: De-identified, clinical computed tomography imaging of 9 pediatric patients aged 3 months to 12 years were obtained retrospectively. The patients represented normal anatomy and key structures were manually segmented using open source software. The OTOPLAN (CAScination AG, Bern, Switzerland) otological planning software was used for guided segmentation. An atlas-based algorithm was used for computerized, automated segmentation. Experience with the different approaches as well as time and resulting models were compared. Results: Manual segmentation was time consuming but also the most flexible. The OTOPLAN software is not designed specifically for our purpose and therefore the number of structures that can be segmented is limited, there was some user-to-user variation as well as volume differences compared with manual segmentation. The atlas-based automated segmentation potentially allows a full range of structures to be segmented and produces segmentations comparable to those of manual segmentation with a processing time that is acceptable because of the minimal user interaction. Conclusion: Segmentation is fundamental for patient-specific VR simulation for pre-surgical planning and rehearsal in temporal bone surgery. The automated segmentation algorithm currently offers the most flexible and feasible approach and should be implemented. Further research is needed in relation to cases of abnormal anatomy. Level of evidence: 4
Biomaterials in the Reconstruction of Nasal Septum Perforation
Authors: Rajzer Izabella , Stręk Pawel , Wiatr Maciej , Skladzien Jacek , Kurowska Anna , Kopeć Jerzy , Swiezy Katarzyna , Wiatr Agnieszka 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Septal perforations are among the most common craniofacial defects. The causes of septal perforations are varied. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to develop a septal cartilage implant biomaterial for use in the reconstruction of nasal septal perforations and prepare personalized implants for each patient individually using 3D printing technology. Methods: Fragments of septal nasal cartilage from 16 patients undergoing surgery for a deviated nasal septum were analyzed to establish microfeatures in individual samples. A scanning electron microscope was used to estimate the microstructure of the removed septal cartilage. 3D models of porous scaffolds were prepared, and a biomaterial was fabricated in the shape of the collected tissue using a 3D printer. Results: Of the various materials used in the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology of 3D printing, PLLA was indicated as the most useful to achieve the expected implant features. The implant was designed using the indicated pre-designed shape of the scaffold, and appropriate topography, geometry and pore size were included in the design. Conclusions: The implant’s structure allows the use of this device as a framework to carry nanoparticles (antibiotics or bacteriophages). It is possible to create a porous scaffold with an appropriately matched shape and a pre-designed geometry and pore size to close nasal septal perforations even in cases of large septal cartilage defects.
When to initiate antipsychotic treatment for psychotic symptoms: At the premorbid phase or first episode of psychosis?
Authors: Zhang TianHong , Xu LiHua , Wei YanYan , Tang XiaoChen , Hu YeGang , Cui HuiRu , Tang YingYing , Xie Bin , Li ChunBo , Wang JiJun 
Published: November 2020

Objective: Antipsychotic drugs are widely used for treating patients with first episode of psychosis, targeting threshold psychotic symptoms. The clinical high risk of psychosis is characterized as subthreshold psychotic symptoms and it is unclear whether they can also benefit from antipsychotic drugs treatment. This study attempted to determine whether initiating antipsychotic drugs treatment in the clinical high risk of psychosis phase was superior to initiating antipsychotic drugs treatment in the first episode of psychosis phase, after the 2-year symptomatic and functional outcomes. Method: Drawing on 517 individuals with clinical high risk of psychosis from the ShangHai At Risk for Psychosis program, we identified 105 patients who converted to first episode of psychosis within the following 2 years. Patients who initiated antipsychotic drugs while at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR_AP; n = 70) were compared with those who initiated antipsychotic drugs during a first episode of psychosis (FEP_AP; n = 35). Summary scores on positive symptoms and the global function scores at baseline and at 2 months, 1 year and 2 years of follow-up were analyzed to evaluate outcomes. Results: The CHR_AP and FEP_AP groups were not different in the severity of positive symptoms and functioning at baseline. However, the CHR_AP group exhibited significantly more serious negative symptoms and total symptoms than the FEP_AP group. Both groups exhibited a significant reduction in positive symptoms and function ( p < 0.001). Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed group by time interaction for symptomatic ( F = 3.196, df = 3, p = 0.024) and functional scores ( F = 7.306, df = 3, p < 0.001). The FEP_AP group showed higher remission rates than the CHR_AP group (χ2 = 22.270, p < 0.001). Compared to initiating antipsychotic drug treatments in the clinical high risk of psychosis state, initiating antipsychotic drugs treatments in the first episode of psychosis state predicted remission in a regression model for FEP_AP (odds ratio = 5.567, 95% confidence interval = [1.783, 17.383], p = 0.003). Conclusion: For clinical high risk of psychosis, antipsychotic drugs might be not the first choice in terms of long-term remission, which is more reasonable to use at the first episode of psychosis phase.
Auditor Market Power and Audit Quality Revisited: Effects of Market Concentration, Market Share Distance, and Leadership
Authors: Willekens Marleen , Dekeyser Simon , Bruynseels Liesbeth , Numan Wieteke 
Published: November 2020

This study examines whether auditor market power is associated with audit quality. Regulators around the world have repeatedly expressed concerns about the high levels of supplier concentration, the limited number of audit suppliers in the audit market, and the potential adverse consequences of their (alleged) market power. Using U.S. data from 2009 to 2017, we examine the effect on audit quality of two competing measures of auditor market power: (a) a “traditional” market concentration measure (Herfindahl index) and (b) a competing measure derived from spatial competition theory (i.e., market share distance from the closest competitor). Following Aobdia, we infer audit quality from two measures of financial reporting quality: (a) the level of absolute abnormal accruals, and (b) the incidence of financial statement restatements. Our results indicate that industry market share distance is positively associated with audit quality, but we do not find an association between market concentration and audit quality. In addition, we find that the positive association between market share distance and audit quality only holds when the incumbent auditor is a market leader, although industry leadership itself is not significantly associated with audit quality. These findings suggest that audit quality is positively affected by a market leader’s industry market share dominance over its competitors rather than by industry specialization per se. JEL Classification: M4; L0
Interactive Effects of Workplace Spirituality and Psychological Capital on Employee Negativity
Authors: Shrestha Arjun Kumar , Jena Lalatendu Kesari 
Published: November 2020

This article examined the direct influence of workplace spirituality on employee negativity—organizational cynicism, counterproductive work behaviour and turnover intentions. The proposed framework also examined how psychological capital buffers the relationship between workplace spirituality and employee negativity. The sample of the study included 138 employees, working in different private and public sector organizations in Nepal. Linear regression analyses were employed to test the hypothesized direct relationships and moderated multiple regression analyses were used to test the buffering effect of psychological capital on these relationships. The analysis of data revealed that workplace spirituality negatively influences employees’ cynicism and intent to turnover. Workplace spirituality did not influence counterproductive work behaviour, while psychological capital was found to have buffering effect on the relationship between workplace spirituality and intent to turnover. The negative influence of workplace spirituality on organizational cynicism and intent to turnover suggests that organizations need to create such an environment in the workplace, where employees have feeling of higher level of workplace spirituality, in order to retain their workforce and reduce the feeling of organizational cynicism among employees. Suggestions are offered on generating spirituality and psychological capital in workplace environments. JEL Codes: M12, M53
Transcriptional regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after a single administration of psilocybin
Authors: Jefsen Oskar Hougaard , Elfving Betina , Wegener Gregers , Müller Heidi Kaastrup 
Published: November 2020

Background: Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic found in “magic mushrooms” with a putative therapeutic potential for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and addiction. In rodents, psilocybin acutely induces plasticity-related immediate early genes in cortical tissue; however, studies into the effects on subcortical regions, of different doses, and the subsequent translation of corresponding proteins are lacking. Methods: We examined the acute effects of a single administration of psilocybin (0.5–20 mg/kg) on the expression of selected genes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In total, 46 target genes and eight reference genes were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Corresponding protein levels of the three most commonly regulated genes were assessed using Western blotting. Results: In the prefrontal cortex, psilocybin increased the expression of Cebpb, c-Fos, Dups1, Fosb, Junb, Iκβ-α, Nr4a1, P11, Psd95, and Sgk1, and decreased the expression of Clk1. In the hippocampus, psilocybin strongly increased the expression of Arrdc2, Dusp1, Iκβ-α, and Sgk1 in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased the expression of Arc, Clk1, Egr2, and Ptgs2. Protein levels of Sgk1, Dusp1, and Iκβ-α showed only partial agreement with transcriptional patterns, stressing the importance of assessing downstream translation when investigating rapid gene responses. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that psilocybin rapidly induces gene expression related to neuroplasticity, biased towards the prefrontal cortex, compared to the hippocampus. Our findings provide further evidence for the rapid plasticity-promoting effects of psilocybin.
Does anxiety moderate the effectiveness of mirtazapine in patients with treatment-resistant depression? A secondary analysis of the MIR trial
Authors: Rifkin-Zybutz Raphael , MacNeill Stephanie , Davies Simon JC , Dickens Christopher , Campbell John , Anderson Ian M , Chew-Graham Carolyn A , Peters Tim J , Lewis Glyn , Wiles Nicola , Kessler David 
Published: November 2020

Background: There is a lack of evidence to guide treatment of comorbid depression and anxiety. Preliminary evidence suggests mirtazapine may be effective in treating patients with both depression and anxiety symptoms. Methods: We undertook a secondary analysis of mirtazapine (MIR): a placebo-controlled trial of the addition of mirtazapine to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in primary care. We subdivided participants into three groups by baseline generalized anxiety disorder score (GAD-7): severe (GAD-7 ⩾ 16), moderate (GAD-7 = 11–15), no/mild (GAD-7 ⩽ 10). We used linear regression including likelihood-ratio testing of interaction terms to assess how baseline anxiety altered the response of participants to mirtazapine as measured by 12-week GAD-7 and Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) scores. Results: Baseline generalized anxiety moderated mirtazapine’s effect as measured by GAD-7 ( p = 0.041) and BDI-II ( p = 0.088) at 12 weeks. Participants with severe generalized anxiety receiving mirtazapine had lower 12-week GAD-7 score (adjusted difference between means (ADM) −2.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.69 to −4.95) and larger decreases in BDI-II score (ADM −6.36, 95% CI −1.60 to −10.84) than placebo. Conversely, there was no anxiolytic benefit (ADM 0.28, 95% CI −1.05 to 1.60) or antidepressant benefit (ADM −0.17, 95% CI −3.02 to 2.68) compared with placebo in those with no/mild generalized anxiety. Conclusions: These findings extend the evidence for the effectiveness of mirtazapine to reduce generalized anxiety in TRD in primary care. These results may inform targeted prescribing in depression based on concurrent anxiety symptoms, although these conclusions are constrained by the post-hoc nature of this analysis.
Identification of prognostic immune genes in laryngeal cancer
Authors: Xiao Huan , Su Qi-sheng , Li Chao-qian 
Published: November 2020

Objective In this study, we aimed to identify prognostic immune-related genes and establish a prognostic model for laryngeal cancer based on these genes. Methods Transcriptome profiles and clinical data of patients with laryngeal cancer were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Integrated bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify genes associated with prognosis. Results Thirty prognostic immune-related genes for laryngeal cancer were identified. We constructed a regulatory network of prognosis comprising transcription factors and immune-related genes. Multivariate Cox regression analyses identified 15 immune-related genes in the network that were used to establish the prognostic model. The model exhibited excellent prognostic prediction ability with a high area under the curve value (0.916). The calculated risk score based on expression of the 15 immune-related genes was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for laryngeal cancer. Conclusion We identified prognostic immune-related genes and established a prognostic model for laryngeal cancer, which might help identify novel predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets of laryngeal cancer.
The effects of age at cochlear implantation on balance in children: A pilot study
Authors: Mujdeci Banu , Önder Sevginar , Alluşoğlu Serpil , Boynuegri Süleyman , Kum Oguzhan , Atan Dogan 
Published: November 2020

Aim: The evaluation of the effects of age at cochlear implantation on balance in children. Research design: Cross-sectional study. Study sample: Twenty children who received their cochlear implants (CI) before the chronologic age of 48 months (Early CI Group), and 20 children who received their CI at 48 months chronologic age or later (Late CI Group). Intervention: All children underwent Tandem Romberg (TR) test, Single-Leg stance (SLS) test, Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (P-CTSIB), Pediatric Balance scale (PBS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Data collection and analysis: The scores of TR, SLS and P-CTSIB and TUG tests and PBS were recorded. Mann Whitney U test and Independent-samples t-test were used to compare data between groups. Results: TR (eyes opened-EO), SLS (EO), PBS, and TUG scores and incidence in dizziness symptoms did not show significant differences between the groups ( p > 0.05). Duration of TR and SLS tests (eyes closed-EC), P-CTSIB-positions 5, and 6 were significantly longer in the Early CI Group than the Late implanted group( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although the age of cochlear implantation did not affect functional balance for children, it has been found to cause impaired balance performance in difficult static conditions and increased frequency of dizziness.