bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of anthelmintic drugs against egg development of rumen flukes recovered from cattle raised in the humid tropics of Mexico
Authors: González-Garduño R. , Ortiz-Pérez D.O. , Alegría-Jiménez L. , Torres-Chable O.M. , Cruz-Tamayo A.A. , Zaragoza-Vera C.V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractParamphistomosis is a parasitic disease endemic in ruminants nearly worldwide. In the present study, anin vitroscreening of the main anthelmintics used in Mexico was carried out to determine the mean lethal dose for rumen fluke eggs from cattle in a humid, warm region. Rumen flukes were obtained from cattle slaughtered in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas in Mexico. Eggs were collected using a 37-μm sieve and quantified. Then, anin vitroincubation study was performed: 100 eggs were placed into the wells of polystyrene microtiter plates. Anthelmintic products were tested on the eggs at concentrations ranging from 0.0015 to 3.0 mg/ml for rafoxanide, 0.0025 to 10.20 mg/ml for nitroxinil and 0.0015 to 3 mg/ml for closantel to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) and maximum lethal dose (LD99). A control group (water) was included in each plate. Three different species of rumen flukes (Calicophoron brothriophoron,Calicophoron clavulaandParamphistomum cervi) belonging to five isolates were identified. Nitroxinil had the highest efficacy against rumen fluke eggs, with an LD50of 0.11 to 65 μg/ml, whereas rafoxanide showed the lowest efficacy with an LD50ranging from 500 to 1713 μg/ml. Closantel showed high variability in the LD50among the different analysed isolates (17 to 122 μg/ml). The evaluated flukicidal drugs presented differential efficacy against the development of rumen fluke eggs. The efficacy of the drugs will vary depending on the geographical area of origin of the animals.
Can differences between continental and insular habitats influence the parasites communities associated with the endemic frog Haddadus binotatus?
Authors: Aguiar A. , Morais D.H. , Yamada F.H. , dos Anjos L.A. , da Silva L.A.F. , da Silva R.J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Habitats characterized by geographic isolation such as islands have been studied using different organisms as models for understanding the dynamic and insular patterns of biodiversity. Determinants of parasite richness in insular host populations have been conducted mainly with mammals and birds, showing that parasite richness decreases in insular areas. In the present study, we predicted that the type of environment (insular or continental) can influence the richness, diversity and abundance of parasites associated with the endemic frog Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824). We sampled frogs in two insular and two mainland fragments to survey their helminth parasites. The total richness was composed of 15 taxa of Nematoda and two of Acanthocephala, and the community composition of the two islands had more similarities between them than the two mainland localities. The insular effect was positive for richness and abundance of helminths, and no significant effect was observed on helminth diversity – even the mean diversity presented high numbers for the islands. We presumed that insular hosts could have lost some parasites in the colonization process when these continental islands were separated from the mainland, approximately 11,000 years ago. However, the high richness and abundance on islands can be explained by an epidemiological argument, which considers high population density due to insularity and other features of the host as factors that increase parasite transmission success among individuals.
Use of a sternocleidomastoid rotational and cervical-fascial advancement flap for closure of a persistent mastoid cutaneous fistula
Authors: Tsitsiou Y , Mantelakis A , Joshi A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundPost-auricular mastoid fistula is a rare occurrence. It typically appears following repeated soft tissue injury, and is commonly caused by chronic suppurative otitis media and repeated surgical treatments. Management is challenging, with few reported successful surgical techniques, which often have limited applicability.Case reportThis paper presents the case of a 58-year-old male with a persistent right-sided post-auricular cutaneous mastoid fistula resulting from two previous mastoidectomies. Although the patient underwent two simple primary closures, the fistula recurred. This was successfully treated with a new technique utilising a sternocleidomastoid rotational and cervical-fascial advancement flap, which was completely healed at the one-year follow up without a recurrence of the fistula.ConclusionThis novel technique provided definitive obliteration of a persistent cutaneous mastoid fistula. Utilising a double-layered flap and a facelift incision results in excellent functional and cosmetic outcomes.
A comparative evaluation of northern and southernIxodes scapularisquesting height and hiding behaviour in the USA
Authors: Tietjen Mackenzie , Esteve-Gasent Maria D. , Li Andrew Y. , Medina Raul F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTicks display a distinct type of host-seeking behaviour called questing. It has been proposed that the questing behaviour ofIxodes scapularisexplains the geographic variation in Lyme disease (LD) risk in the eastern USA because the northern population has been shown to quest more often than the southern population. The height at which questing occurs is variable and this study aimed to characterize questing height forI. scapularis. Ticks were collected from a northern and southern state (i.e. Maryland and Texas) and bioassays were conducted. We report that nymphs from Texas quested at lower heights compared to nymphs from Maryland. In addition, only Texas nymphs exhibited a behaviour we call ‘hiding behaviour’. These results may reflect the different composition of hosts between these two areas as the south has a higher abundance of lizards. In contrast, there was no significant difference in questing height between Maryland adults and Texas adults which was to be expected since adults are feeding on white-tailed deer in both locations. If all southernI. scapularisnymphs are questing at lower heights, this might make them less likely to come into contact with humans and this may be contributing to the geographical difference in LD prevalence.
Psychiatric beds and prison populations in 17 Latin American countries between 1991 and 2017: rates, trends and an inverse relationship between the two indicators
Authors: Siebenförcher Mathias , Fritz Francesco D. , Irarrázaval Matías , Benavides Salcedo Andrés , Dedik Corinne , Fresán Orellana Ana , Herrera Ramos Alejandro , Martínez-López J. Nicolás Ivan , Molina Carla , Rivas Gomez Fany Alejandra , Rivera Guillermo , Sandia Saldivia Ignacio , Torales Julio , Trujillo Orrego Natalia , Heinz Andreas , Mundt Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn 1990, Latin American countries committed to psychiatric reforms including psychiatric bed removals. Aim of the study was to quantify changes in psychiatric bed numbers and prison population rates after the initiation of psychiatric reforms in Latin America.MethodsWe searched primary sources to collect numbers of psychiatric beds and prison population rates across Latin America between the years 1991 and 2017. Changes of psychiatric bed numbers were compared against trends of incarceration rates and tested for associations using fixed-effects regression of panel data. Economic variables were used as covariates. Reliable data were obtained from 17 Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay and Venezuela.ResultsThe number of psychiatric beds decreased in 15 out of 17 Latin American countries (median −35%) since 1991. Our findings indicate the total removal of 69 415 psychiatric beds. The prison population increased in all countries (median +181%). Panel data regression analyses showed a significant inverse relationship −2.70 (95% CI −4.28 to −1.11; p = 0.002) indicating that prison populations increased more when and where more psychiatric beds were removed. This relationship held up when introducing per capita income and income inequality as covariates −2.37 (95% CI −3.95 to −0.8; p = 0.006).ConclusionsImportant numbers of psychiatric beds have been removed in Latin America. Removals of psychiatric beds were related to increasing incarceration rates. Minimum numbers of psychiatric beds need to be defined and addressed in national policies.
What matters emotionally: The importance of pride for cumulative culture
Authors: Tracy Jessica L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Osiurak and Reynaud highlight a major omission of models of cumulative technological culture. I propose an additional problematic omission: pride. By taking this emotion into account, we can address the question of why humans seek to learn, teach, and innovate – three processes essential to cumulative technological culture (CTC). By fostering achievement, prestige, and social learning, pride provides a pivotal piece of the puzzle.
Putting social cognitive mechanisms back into cumulative technological culture: Social interactions serve as a mechanism for children's early knowledge acquisition
Authors: Haber Amanda S. , Corriveau Kathleen H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Osiurak and Reynaud offer a unified cognitive approach to cumulative technological culture, arguing that it begins with non-social cognitive skills that allow humans to learn and develop new technical information. Drawing on research focusing on how children acquire knowledge through interactions others, we argue that social learning is essential for humans to acquire technical information.
The blind men and the elephant: What is missing cognitively in the study of cumulative technological evolution
Authors: Crespi Bernard J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
I describe and explain (1) evidence regarding a key role for autism spectrum cognition in human technology; (2) tradeoffs of autistic cognition with social skills; and (3) a model of how cumulative technological culture evolves. This model involves positive feedback whereby increased technical complexity selects for enhanced social learning of mechanistic concepts and skills, leading to further advances in technology.
Development of prepubertal goat oocytes after theirin vitromaturation and chemical activation
Authors: Hong Seungbum , Vettical Binoy S. , Wani Nisar Ahmad 
Published: August 2020

SummaryExperiments were conducted to studyin vitromaturation of prepubertal goat oocytes and their developmental potential after chemical activation. In Experiment 1, cumulus–oocytes complexes collected from the ovaries of prepubertal goats slaughtered at a local abattoir were maturedin vitroin TCM-199-based medium supplemented with 10 µg/ml luteinizing hormone (LH) (treatment 1) or 10 µg/ml LH + 0.1 mMl-cysteine (treatment 2). In Experiment 2, mature oocytes were activated with either 5 µM ionomycin or 7% ethanol. After 18 h, some oocytes were randomly fixed and stained to evaluate their chromatin status, while others were cultured in embryo culture medium to study their further development. In Experiment 3, oocytes activated with 5 µM ionomycin were cultured for 7 days in one of the four different culture media [Charles Rosenkrans medium (CR-1), TCM-199, potassium simplex optimization medium (KSOM) and synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF)] to study their developmental potential. The maturation rate in control, treatment 1, and treatment 2 media did not differ from each other (P> 0.05). However, the lowest degeneration of oocytes was observed in treatment 3 (P< 0.05) when compared with the other two groups. The proportion of activated oocytes was higher, while non-activated oocytes were lower in ionomycin group when compared with the group activated with ethanol (P< 0.05). The proportions of oocytes cleaved were 65.7, 56.8, 61.0 and 54.4% in CR-1, TCM-199, KSOM and SOF medium, respectively, with no significant difference. However, further development of cleaved oocytes was better in KSOM followed by SOF.
Effect of vortioxetine in subjects with major depressive and alcohol use disorders: a 6-month retrospective analysis
Authors: Di Nicola Marco , Pepe Maria , Panaccione Isabella , Moccia Lorenzo , Dattoli Luigi , Molinaro Marzia , Sani Gabriele , Janiri Luigi , McIntyre Roger S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are highly comorbid, with greater clinical complexity and psychosocial impairment. Several antidepressants have been used in this population, with mixed results. This preliminary study aims to investigate the effects of the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine in MDD + AUD subjects.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 57 MDD + AUD and 56 MDD outpatients, matched for baseline characteristics. Patients were assessed after 1, 3, and 6 months treatment with vortioxetine (10-20 mg/d, flexibly dosed) in combination with continuous psychosocial support. The primary outcome was improvement in depressive symptoms measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. We also investigated changes in anxiety, anhedonia, cognition, functioning, quality of life, and clinical global severity using the following instruments: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression, Functioning Assessment Short Test, Quality of Life Index, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale.ResultsVortioxetine significantly improved mood in MDD + AUD patients (P < .001), with no differences when compared to MDD (P = .36). A substantial rate (45.6%) of comorbid subjects obtained clinical remission at endpoint (P = .36 vs MDD). We additionally observed baseline to endpoint improvements on all secondary outcomes (P < .001), with no significant difference between groups. Overall, vortioxetine was safe and well tolerated.ConclusionsGiven its effectiveness on mood, cognition, and functioning, its good safety and tolerability profile, and low potential for abuse, vortioxetine could represent a valid pharmacological intervention in MDD + AUD patients as part of an integrated therapeutic-rehabilitation program.
Integrating Three Characteristics of Executive Function in Non-Demented Aging: Trajectories, Classification, and Biomarker Predictors
Authors: Caballero H. Sebastian , McFall G. Peggy , Wiebe Sandra A. , Dixon Roger A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:With longitudinal executive function (EF) data from the Victoria Longitudinal Study, we investigated three research goals pertaining to key characteristics of EF in non-demented aging: (a) examining variability in EF longitudinal trajectories, (b) establishing trajectory classes, and (c) identifying biomarker predictors discriminating these classes.Method:We used a trajectory analyses sample (n = 781; M age = 71.42) for the first and second goals and a prediction analyses sample (n = 570; M age = 70.10) for the third goal. Eight neuropsychological EF measures were used as indicators of three EF dimensions: inhibition, updating, and shifting. Data-driven classification analyses were applied to the full trajectory distribution. Machine learning prediction analyses tested 15 predictors from genetic, functional, lifestyle, mobility, and demographic risk domains.Results:First, we observed: (a) significant variability in EF trajectories over a 40-year band of aging and (b) significantly variable patterns of EF decline. Second, a four-class EF trajectory model was observed, characterized with classes differentiated by an algorithm of level and slope information. Third, the highest group class was discriminated from lowest by several prediction factors: more education, more novel cognitive activity, lower pulse pressure, younger age, faster gait, lower body mass index, and better balance.Conclusion:First, with longitudinal variability in EF aging, the data-driven approach showed that long-term trajectories can be differentiated into separable classes. Second, prediction analyses discriminated class membership by a combination of multiple biomarkers from demographic, lifestyle, functional, and mobility domains of risk for brain and cognitive aging decline.
Loss of Consciousness is Associated with Elevated Cognitive Intra-Individual Variability Following Sports-Related Concussion
Authors: Merritt Victoria C. , Greenberg Liora S. , Meyer Jessica E. , Arnett Peter A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether loss of consciousness (LOC), retrograde amnesia (RA), and anterograde amnesia (AA) independently influence a particular aspect of post-concussion cognitive functioning—across-test intra-individual variability (IIV), or cognitive dispersion.Method:Concussed athletes (N= 111) were evaluated, on average, 6.04 days post-injury (SD= 5.90;Mdn= 4 days;Range= 1–26 days) via clinical interview and neuropsychological assessment. Primary outcomes of interest included two measures of IIV—an intra-individual standard deviation (ISD) score and a maximum discrepancy (MD) score—computed from 18 norm-referenced variables.Results:Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) adjusting for time since injury and sex revealed a significant effect of LOC on the ISD (p = .018,ηp2 = .051) and MD (p = .034,ηp2 = .041) scores, such that athletes with LOC displayed significantly greater IIV than athletes without LOC. In contrast, measures of IIV did not significantly differ between athletes who did and did not experience RA or AA (allp > .05).Conclusions:LOC, but not RA or AA, was associated with greater variability, or inconsistencies, in cognitive performance acutely following concussion. Though future studies are needed to verify the clinical significance of these findings, our results suggest that LOC may contribute to post-concussion cognitive dysfunction and may be a risk factor for less efficient cognitive functioning.
Is the Weigl Colour-Form Sorting Test Specific to Frontal Lobe Damage?
Authors: Mole Joseph , Dore Charlotte , Xu Tianbo , Shallice Tim , Chan Edgar , Cipolotti Lisa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:The Weigl Colour-Form Sorting Test is a brief, widely used test of executive function. So far, it is unknown whether this test is specific to frontal lobe damage. Our aim was to investigate Weigl performance in patients with focal, unilateral, left or right, frontal, or non-frontal lesions.Method:We retrospectively analysed data from patients with focal, unilateral, left or right, frontal (n = 37), or non-frontal (n = 46) lesions who had completed the Weigl. Pass/failure (two correct solutions/less than two correct solutions) and errors were analysed.Results:A greater proportion of frontal patients failed the Weigl than non-frontal patients, which was highly significant (p < 0.001). In patients who failed the test, a significantly greater proportion of frontal patients provided the same solution twice. No significant differences in Weigl performance were found between patients with left versus right hemisphere lesions or left versus right frontal lesions. There was no significant correlation between performance on the Weigl and tests tapping fluid intelligence.Conclusions:The Weigl is specific to frontal lobe lesions and not underpinned by fluid intelligence. Both pass/failure on this test and error types are informative. Hence, the Weigl is suitable for assessing frontal lobe dysfunction.
Genotype−Environment Correlation and Its Relation to Personality — A Twin and Family Study
Authors: Persson Bertil 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the Family and School Psychosocial Environment (FSPE) questionnaire in relation to a possible genotype–environment correlation and genetic mediation between the FSPE variables and personality variables, assessed by the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. A sample of 506 Swedish children aged 10–20 years from 253 families were recruited via the Swedish state population and address register and SchoolList.Eu. The children were divided into 253 pairs: 46 monozygotic twin pairs, 42 dizygotic twin pairs, 140 pairs of full siblings and 25 pairs of half-siblings. The behavioral genetic analysis showed that both FSPE factors, Warmth and Conflicts, may be partly influenced by genetic factors (suggesting genotype–environment correlation) and that nonadditive genetic factors may mediate the relationship between FSPE factors and psychoticism/antisocial personality (P). An indication of a special shared monozygotic twin environment was found for P and Lie/social desirability, but based on prior research findings this factor may have a minor influence on P and L. P and L were negatively correlated, and the relationship seems to be partly mediated by nonadditive genetic factors. Nonshared environment and measurement errors seem to be the most influential mediating factors, but none of the cross-twin cross-dimension correlations suggest a common shared environmental mediating factor.
Common Genetic Influences on Age at Pubertal Voice Change and BMI in Male Twins
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe present study aimed to explore secular trends in age at voice change (AVC), estimate heritability of AVC and investigate to what extent common genes influence the association between AVC and body mass index (BMI) in South Korean males. The sample of 955 male twins consisted of 241 pairs and 118 co-twin missing monozygotic (MZ) twins, 82 pairs and 50 co-twin missing dizygotic (DZ) twins and 141 male members of opposite-sex DZ twins who participated in telephone surveys in the South Korean Twin Registry. AVC was asked of twins during the surveys. The mean (SD) age of the sample was 18.92 (2.42) years (range: 16.00–29.25 years). The birth years of the twins were divided into two groups (1988–1993, 1994–2001). Kaplan–Meyer survival analyses were conducted to compute the mean age of AVC in the total sample as well as to test mean differences between the two birth cohorts. Maximum likelihood twin correlations and univariate and bivariate model-fitting analyses were performed. The mean AVC in the total sample was 14.19 (95% CI [14.09, 14.29]) years. The mean AVC significantly declined from 14.38 to 14.02 years from 1988 to 2001, confirming downward trends in AVC in recent years. Heritability for AVC was .59 (95% CI [.50, .67]), which was within the range reported in most Western twin studies. Although the phenotypic correlation between AVC and BMI was modest (r = −.14; 95% CI [−.07, −.21]), it was entirely mediated by common genes, similar to what has been found in females in prior twin studies. In conclusion, the present twin study underscores the importance of genetic influences on pubertal timing and its association with BMI in South Korean males.