bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixing Tandem Cryo-Hrsem and Cryo-Stem Images of Cells and Macromolecular Assembles
Authors: Apkarian RP 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Creating contrast of unstained frozen hydrated cells and isolated macromolecules in order to provide high fidelity recordings present several difficulties and therefor require attempts to maximize image information for characterization purposes. Adobe Photoshop 5.0 was employed to overlay (“layer“) topographic high resolution secondary electron (SE-I) images (HRSEM) onto STEM images with and without polarity reversal employed during digital image acquisition. Cells and molecular samples precipitated from an aqueous droplet or aerosol and supported on carbon and holey carbon coated grids were plunge frozen and Chromium (Cr) coated. Since Cr-coated cryosamples on carbon-grid supports have very low mass density and because signal to noise is low in HRSEM recordings, especially in regions which overhang holey carbon expanses, then the combined contrasts obtained in a composite image containing STEM and HRSEM contrasts result in greater detail recognition.
Tandem cryo-imaging, using an in-lens field emission (FE) SEM (DS-130F) operated at 25kV and fitted with above-lens secondary electron detector and below-lens scanning transmission detector, provided digital images of frozen cells and macromolecular complexes.
Ultrastructural Analyses of Living Animal Organs Prepared by “in vivo Cryotechnique” for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ohno S , Takayama I , Terada N , Fujii Y , Ueda H , Baba T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is well known that hemodynamic factors, such as blood pressure and flow, exert an important influence on native morphology of various animal organs. However, information about the significance of ultrastructures which are revealed by conventional preparation methods has been limited, because routine chemical fixation of cells and tissues takes considerable time, during which their morphology could easily change. Therefore, morphological studies with routine immersion or perfusion fixation have not revealed real ultrastructures of functioning animal organs with normal blood circulation.2 The ultimate goal of morphological study is that all features to be examined should reflect the physiological meaning under investigation. For that purpose, the preservation of cells and tissues in functioning organs is necessary for studies to define their ultrastructures. Most cryotechniques have been based on the use of prior excised tissues. Such small specimens are commonly frozen within several seconds following the excision of the tissues.
New Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopic (ESEM) Observations of Bacteria on Simulated Soil Substrates
Authors: Holden P , Pierce D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Conventional scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) of the rhizosphere (soil around plant roots) has been used to describe the spatial organization of biotic (microorganisms including bacteria and fungi) and abiotic (organomineral complexes and clay platelets) constituents in soil.1 However, soil is deeper than plant rootS2 and the spatial distribution of microbes, the morphology of the microbial growth habit, and the spatial association of microbes with mineral substrates in the deeper vadose zone are little known. That subsurface terrestrial microbes catalyze most major nutrient-cycling reactions in the terrestrial biosphere3 punctuates the need to observe the true morphology of bacteria in association with mineral surfaces and microbemicrobe associations. Here, we present our use of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to image bacteria on unsaturated sand, a simple surrogate for heterogeneous soil. ESEM is a choice tool for high resolution imaging of combined soft and hard matter, where delicate hydrated expolymer matrices bind microbes to each other and to soil particles as biofilm.4
3d Image Reconstruction of Frog Virus 3 At 2.6nm
Authors: Yan X , Bowman V , Murti G , Goorha R , Hyatt A , Baker T S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Frog virus 3 (FV3), a member of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae), was isolated from the leopard frog Rana pipiens. Members of this genus are recognized pathogens of amphibians, reptiles and fish and have been associated with declines of amphibians in the United Kingdom and the USA. Neutron-scattering studies showed that FV3 virions are composed of four concentric layers: an outer lipid envelope containing protein VP58; an icosahedral capsid shell with major capsid protein VP48; an inner lipid membrane with VP63 and 44; and a central core of dsDNA (∼170 kbps) and associated proteins. The FV3 genome has a terminally-redundant and circularly-permuted sequence. Naked virions (i.e. without the envelope lipid) contain more than 20 different proteins and about 9% lipid, which is required for infectivity. to date, structural information about FV3 has primarily been obtained in electron microscopy studies by means of thin-sectioning and negative staining techniques.
Effects of Electron-ion Recombination on Contrast in ESEM Images
Authors: Toth M , Thiel B L , Donald A M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We present experimental evidence for the effects of electron-ion recombination on contrast formation in secondary electron (SE) images obtained using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Inclusion of the effects of SE-ion recombination in the theory of ESEM image formation accounts for contrast reversal observed, under appropriate conditions, in SE images of conductors (ie, in the absence of localized specimen charging) and of insulators that exhibit localized charging. Previously unexplained dynamic contrast caused by temporal charging can be understood if both conventional models of the effects of charging on SE emission, and the proposed role of SEion recombination in ESEM image formation are accounted for.
In an ESEM, the extent of charging exhibited by insulating specimens can be controlled by varying the type and pressure (P) of the imaging gas, and operating parameters that determine the extent to which the gas is ionized (eg, detector bias, VGSED, and working distance, WD).
Tele-Tutoring - from Learning to Earning; Part III: the Fun Begins
Authors: Lang J , Staun C , Casuccio G , Kennedy S , Kritikos D , Schlaegle S , Lentz H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The West Greene School District (WGSD) in partnership with RJ Lee Group (RJLG) is developing innovative programs as part of the Schoolhouse Project to provide exceptional educational and business opportunities to its students. The objectives of the educational/business partnership are multiple including motivating students to pursue advanced education, especially in mathematics, computer sciences, engineering, and the basic sciences; enriching the educational experience beyond that commonly available to students in rural communities; and improving the general attractiveness of the region for business growth. Access to remote analytical instrumentation is a key component of the Schoolhouse Project. to this end, RJLG has developed Web-based technologies (WEBSEM™) which enable control and operation of a scanning electron microscope (Personal SEM® or PSEM) over the Internet. A key component of the project will be the establishment of an incubator laboratory extension of RJLG at the WGSD. This laboratory will function as a learning laboratory during the school day and as a business during the evenings and weekends.
Image Processing Methodology for Determining SI Precipitate Size and Density in Oxide Layers from Conical Dark Field TEM Micrographs
Authors: Domenicucci A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Image processing techniques have been used for decades in many branches of science. with the advent of low cost, highresolution CCD cameras and the advances in personal computing, techniques previously used in other disciplines are increasingly being applied by transmission electron microscopists. The present paper gives an example of using image processing techniques for characterizing the number and size of second phase precipitates in an oxide matrix.
Si inclusions in the form of Si precipitates can occur in silicon dioxide films. The inclusions are contained within the films and effectively reduce the local thickness of the oxide. This thinning results in a reduction in the voltage necessary to cause oxide breakdown; the larger is the precipitate, the lower the breakdown voltage. Knowledge of the precipitate size and density is therefore important when assessing the dielectric integrity of these films. The Si precipitates are crystalline and more or less randomly oriented within the matrix.
Quantitative Microscopy for Analysis of Hydrogel Pore Structure
Authors: Marshall Andrew J , Ratner Buddy D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction Applications for porous biomaterials include scaffolds for tissue engineering and spatial control of wound healing. Porous hydrogels are of particular interest due to their hydrophilic nature, elasticity, and mechanical compatibility with soft tissues. We present an optical technique for quantitatively analyzing the pore structure of porous hydrogel materials. The technique presented here is especially useful for analyzing a new class of porous hydrogels with spherical pore shape. Many important properties of the three-dimensional pore structure of these materials can be quantitatively described by analyzing a twodimensional slice (thin section) of material.
Materials and Methods
Porous cross-linked hydrogels were prepared using a previously described method. Briefly, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (polyHEMA) was polymerized around a pore template of close-packed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres (Sekisui Plastics, grade MB-8C or MB-20C). The microspheres were then leached out with 90% v/v acetone.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained using an FEI 2020 Environmental SEM with a gun voltage of 15 kV and a chamber pressure of 5 torr.
Color Management System
Authors: Male Philippe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Perception of color. in 1917, Alfred Munsell created a “notation of colors” based on the human perception of colors (Fig 1). The “tri stimuli” sensitivity of red, green and blue of the eye cones allows humans to live in an additive color space. Munsell showed that any color is defined by three components: 1-Hue, similar to different visible wavelengths. 2-Chromaticity or saturation, similar to concentration of dyes. 3-Value or brightness, representing black and white.
Color Space and Gamut. Three conditions must be met to know the existence of an object, they are 1- An Illuminant (5000°K for photography), 2- An Object (Reflective, Transmissive or Emitting), 3- An Observer (Viewer, monitor, camera, detector). in 1931 La Compagnie Internationale de l’Eclairage, or CIE, met to develop a standard. This resulted in the CIE Color Space defined as a 3D volume of gamut of colors (Fig 2). Different vector notations can be used to define colors: Hue Saturation Lightness or Value (HSL or HSV), RGB (Red Green Blue), Lab (Lightness and two coordinates), and CMYK (Cyan Magenta Yellow Black).
From Digital Imaging to the Publisher: Navigating the Digital Journey
Authors: Sedgewick J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
With the increased frequency of digital presentation of research on laptops at meetings, on the web and to journals, the need arises for a unified set of computer programs. The best of all worlds would be to create text, graphs, images and HTML in one program only, but the reality is that several need to be used without much duplication of effort. The ideal situation is one in which the computer applications are open-ended, so that one application saves in a format that is readable by another application across Macintosh® and PC platforms. At the same time, the applications should be straightforward to use.
Taking only the above conditions into account, even the most cursory examination would reveal that Microsoft® products are, in fact, closed systems at best and dead end at worst. PowerPoint® is a good example of a program that can only do one thing—make slides or on--screen presentations--but dead ends because high resolution image files cannot be saved from the program, nor can files export to HTML or to a file usable by a publisher.
Telemicroscopy in Pathology Diagnosis
Authors: Howell D N , LeFurgey A , Tuszynski A , Shelburne J D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Telepathology, derived from the Greek words tele, or “far off,” and pathologia, literally, “study of the emotions,” is a branch of telemedicine in which information about tissue or body fluid samples obtained at one location is transmitted to a distant site for analysis. in its broadest sense, telepathology can be thought of as encompassing any form of remote information transfer about specimens harboring potential disease processes, including verbal communication via telephone. in a majority of cases, however, the term is used to describe interactions involving transmission of microscopic images, or telemicroscopy. Such transmission can occur through a wide variety of media; sharing of printed images is one venerable mechanism that persists in robust form to this day, facilitated and expedited by efficient express-mail systems. Increasingly, however, the terms telepathology and telemicroscopy have acquired the connotation of rapid electronic transmission of digitized images. Facsimile transmission of micrographs is a rudimentary version of this process, but most modern systems employ some form of digital camera attached to a microscope.
Solvent Isotope Effects in Atomic Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Forbes Jeffrey G , Santos John P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The utility of the atomic force microscope (AFM) for measuring forces is now well established. The AFM is capable of measuring forces from tens of piconewtons to tens of nanonewtons. Systems ranging from the adhesion of clean or functionalized tips interacting with different surface, to singlemolecule measurements of the force required to rupture protein-ligand interactions, to the forced unfolding of single protein molecules have been studied. The adhesion of a clean silicon nitride tip to a clean glass surface is one of the simplest systems to study and was the first system to demonstrate quantized adhesion. AFM cantilevers will adhere to glass surfaces in the presence of water and the force required to separate the surfaces is on the order of 1-6 nN at low pH. The adhesion mechanism is believed to be due to hydrogen bonds formed between the silanol groups present on both the glass and AFM tip. Deuterium oxide (D2O) has physical properties significantly different from that of H2O; the density, melting temperature and heat capacity are all greater than that of water. These and the differences between H2O and D2O can be attributed to the lower vibrational frequency of the OD bond and the fact that O-D…O bonds are about lkJ/mol stronger than O-H…O bonds.
Quantifying Molecular Forces: Sensitivities and Spring Constants Without Touching a Surface
Authors: Proksch Roger , Cleveland Jason 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the ability to measure forces between and within single molecules using cantilever-based instruments. Force measurements on molecules can provide structural and dynamic information not available with other techniques. Figure 1 shows an example force-distance curve made of lambda digest DNA being stretched by a cantilever, showing the characteristic plateau at 65 pN as the DNA goes through the B-S transition. Implicit in these measurements is a need for carefully quantifying the forces the cantilever is exerting on the single molecule. This requires a low noise system that provides accurate measurements of the cantilever spring constant, cantilever bending, and the relative cantilever-sample separation. We have developed an instrument with several improvements that allows these measurements to be made quantitatively. One component is an improved optical lever that provides an extremely sensitive measurement of the cantilever deflection. A separate sensor measures the position of the moving base of the cantilever and allows thermal drift, piezo scanner hysteresis, and creep effects to be corrected.
In force measurements with micro-machined cantilevers the application of Hooke's law (F = −kx) requires two quantities: x, the distance the flexing cantilever moves and the “spring constant” k. The optical lever is the most commonly used method for measuring the deflection of a cantilever.
A New High Resolution Field Emission SEM with Variable Pressure Capabilities
Authors: Gnauck Peter , Drexel Volker , Greiser J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To examine non conductive samples in their natural state (i.e. without significant sample preparation) at high resolution in the SEM the technique of low voltage field emission scanning electron microscopy (LVFESEM) is used. Due to the limitation in accelerating voltage (U&lt;1kV) this technique is limited in respect of chemical analysis. Furthermore it is not possible to examine humid and outgassing samples in high vacuum. in recent years the application of variable pressure scanning electron microscopes (VPSEM) became an important technique in materials science as well as in life science. Due to the capability of maintaining a high chamber pressure humid, outgassing and non-conductive samples, can be examined in their natural state without significant sample modification or preparation. Especially compound materials with different electron yields can be imaged without any charging effects (Fig. 2), [2]. This paper describes a high resolution field emission electron microscope, that combines low voltage and variable pressure capabilities.
The high pressure capabilities of the instrument are realized by eliminating the high vacuum requirements of SEM in the microscope chamber. This is done by separating the vacuum environment in the chamber from the ultra high vacuum environment in the gun area.
NanoSIMS 50: Recent Results and Intrumental Development in Submicron Isotopic and Elemental Analysis
Authors: Horreard Francois , Hillion Francois , Cecile Fournier Dr 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) has unique features that makes this technique a very attractive candidate for sub-micron analysis: high elemental sensitivity (ppm or better) if reactive primary ions are used ; isotopic analysis capability ; possible insulator analysis ; no sample preparation needed ; small probed depth (a few run) and small interaction volume (cascade collision dia. &lt; 10 nm).
Similar to a SEM microscope, a beam of Cs+ or O− primary ions is focused and rastered on the surface of the sample. The ions sputtered by this primary beam are collected, and this secondary ion beam is shaped in order to be mass filtered by a magnetic sector mass analyzer. Five mass selected images can be simultaneously recorded, originating from the exact same sputtered volume, ensuring reliable isotopic ratio and perfect image registration.
Based on Pr. Slodzian and al. [1, 2] original design, the commercial version of the NANOSIMS 50 ion microprobe incorporates several new developments in order to improve performances:
High-Resolution Imaging with an Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Micrscope
Authors: Lentzen M , Jahnen B , Jia CL , Urban K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In electron microscopy high-resolution imaging of finest object structures is generally hampered by the influence of aberrations of the lens system, especially the high spherical aberration of the objective lens. The delocalization of contrast details induced by aberrations is especially strong for microscopes equipped with a field emission gun providing a high spatial coherence. in recent years a prototype of an aberration correction system has been constructed by Haider et al., following a suggestion by Rose, consisting of two hexapole elements and four additional round lenses. The correction system was adapted to a Philips CM 200 FEG ST microscope with an information limit of 0.13 nm. The alignment is carried out using aberration measurements deduced from Zemlin tableaus. By appropriately exciting the hexapole elements it is possible to reduce or even fully compensate the spherical aberration of the objective lens.
With the freedom of a variable spherical aberration Cs new operation modes can be accessed that are not available in standard microscopes. with Cs = 0 and defocus Z = 0 pure amplitude contrast occurs, together with a vanishing contrast delocalization; phase contrast with a single, narrow pass-band up to the information limit can still be achieved by Z = ±7 nm, which introduces a delocalization of R = 0.13 nm. with Cs = 97 μm and Z = −18 nm the broad Scherzer pass-band for phase contrast can be extended to the information limit, with R = 0.35 nm. For the CM 200 Cs = 43 fim and Z = −12 nm still produces a high level of phase contrast, comparable with the extended Scherzer pass-band, but with R = 0.08 nm only. in the latter mode Scherzer’s defocus equals Lichte's defocus of least confusion.
Grain Boundary Segregation in NI-Base Alloys: an Integrated Approach using FIB, TEM and SIMS
Authors: McMahon G , Phaneuf M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Segregation of elements to the grain boundaries in Ni-base alloys can have a large effect on the mechanical and corrosion properties of these materials. The extent of segregation, whether it is equilibrium or non-equilibrium segregation, is dependent upon the thermo-mechanical treatments applied to the alloy. in order to determine if a particular thermo-mechanical process delivers the desired microstructure, a complete microstructural analysis including an examination of grain boundary segregation must be performed.
In the past, TEM has been used to identify the various phases and precipitates in these materials through the use of bright- and dark-field imaging, electron diffraction, and EDS. However, one of the elements that can play a large role in determining the properties of these alloys is boron. in this group of alloys, boron is generally present in bulk analyses in only a few tens of ppm, and as a result it is difficult to detect using the aforementioned techniques. More commonly, boron segregation to the grain boundaries is usually studied by means of Auger analysis, whereby the sample is charged with hydrogen in order to promote brittle intergranular fracture in-situ in the Auger microprobe. Boron can then be detected at the surface of the clean grain boundary fracture surfaces.
TEM Sample Preparation of Polymer Based Nanocomposites using Focused Ion Beam Technique
Authors: Miyagawa H , Chiou W-A , Daniel IM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, several studies have been conducted to investigate the behavior of polymer based composites reinforced with clay particles, which can remarkably improve the properties of the polymers. Studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are necessary to understand the role of clay minerals/particles in the reinforcing effect in the polymer based materials. TEM sample preparation of polymer/clay nanocomposites using conventional techniques has been difficult and tedious. Nevertheless, the focused ion beam (FIB) technique for preparing metal and ceramic samples provides another method for preparing polymer nanocomposite samples. This paper presents a new approach for preparing TEM specimens of the polymer nanocomposites using the FIB technique.
Two types of epoxy (Dow Chemical Company, DER 331) nanocomposite samples were investigated: one containing 7.5 wt.% organomontmorillonite clay (Southern Clay Products Inc., Cloisite 30B) and the other (carbon fiber reinforced plastics; CFRP) containing carbon fibers (Hexel Fibers, AS4) in addition to 5 wt. % clay. Details of preparing the epoxy based clay nanocomposites will be published elsewhere. Procedures for preparing TEM thin sections using FIB were based on techniques developed by Ramirez de Arellano et al.