bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revolution and Non-Violence in Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela
Authors: Coovadia Imraan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The dangers of political violence and the possibilities of non-violence were the central themes of three lives which changed the twentieth century—Leo Tolstoy, writer and aristocrat who turned against his class; Mohandas Gandhi, who corresponded with Tolstoy and considered him the most important person of the time; and Nelson Mandela, prisoner and statesman, who read War and Peace on Robben Island and who, despite having led a campaign of sabotage, saw himself as a successor to Gandhi. Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela tried to create transformed societies to replace the dying forms of colony and empire. They found the inequalities of Russia, India, and South Africa intolerable, yet they questioned the wisdom of seizing the power of the state, creating new kinds of political organization and imagination to replace the old promises of revolution. Their views, along with their ways of leading others, are closely connected, from their insistence on working with their own hands and reforming their individual selves to their acceptance of death. On three continents, in a century of mass mobilization and conflict, they promoted strains of nationalism devoid of antagonism, prepared to take part in a general peace. Looking at Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela in sequence, taking into account their letters and conversations, as well as the institutions they created or subverted, placing at the centre their treatment of the primal fantasy of political violence, reveals a vital radical tradition which stands outside the conventional categories of twentieth-century history and politics.
Solving the Caesar Problem—with Metaphysics
Authors: Rosen Gideon , Yablo Stephen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
According to neo-Fregean Platonism, abstraction principles—such as the principle that the direction of line a is identical to the direction of line b iff a and b are parallel—may in some cases be regarded as introducing new singular terms (e.g., “the direction of line a”) and as fixing the truth-conditions of genuine identity statements featuring them. If neo-Fregeanism is to vindicate Frege’s idea that a plausible philosophy of arithmetic can and should treat the natural numbers as a species of object, it must address the so-called “Caesar Problem”: the problem of explaining in general terms which objects given in other terms they are to be distinguished from. This chapter pilots a novel solution to the Caesar Problem via the notion of a real definition: a definition whose purpose is not to explain a meaning, but to characterize the essential nature of the thing introduced.
Replies to Part II Intuitionism and the Sorites
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides a reply to the chapters in Part II of this book. It looks at the philosophical challenges presented by vagueness. Philosophers of language from Frege on had been for the most part content to theorize in ways that ignored vagueness, or to focus on idealized languages in which there was none. And no one writing before 1970 seemed fully to have taken the measure of the awkwardness of the Sorites paradox, or the depth of its roots in our intuitive thinking about what kind of ability mastery of a language is. The chapter concludes that the intuitionistic approach, with its integral repudiation of any idea of vagueness as constituted in semantic facts that somehow underlie and explain the distinctive patterns of use of vague expressions, and its consequent commitment to liberalism about verdicts in the borderline region, does exactly that.
Sentence First, Arguments Afterward
Authors: Gleitman Lila 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book collects the most significant papers written by Lila R. Gleitman, spanning 50 years of research on language and its acquisition. The book traces the roots of developmental psycholinguistics while presenting empirically driven arguments in favor of a rationalist theory of language acquisition. Gleitman’s work simultaneously shows how learners acquire knowledge richer than what can be found in the environment and how they use their input to acquire a specific language. The book also includes a foreword by Noam Chomsky and an introductory chapter by Jeffrey Lidz contextualizing Gleitman’s work in the transition from structuralism to mentalist architectures in linguistics.
Quality of Early Parent Input Predicts Child Vocabulary 3 Years Later
Authors: Cartmill Erica A. , Armstrong Benjamin F. , Gleitman Lila R. , Goldin-Meadow Susan , Medina Tamara Nicol , Trueswell John C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Children greatly vary in the number of words they know when they enter school, a major factor influencing subsequent school and workplace success. This variability is partially explained by the differential quantity of parental speech to preschoolers. However, the contexts in which young learners hear new words are also likely to vary in referential transparency; that is, in how clearly word meaning can be inferred from the immediate extralinguistic contexts, an aspect of input quality. To examine this aspect, we asked 218 adult participants to guess 50 parents’ words from (muted) videos of their interactions with 14- to 18-mo-old children. We found systematic differences in how easily individual parents’ words could by identified purely from this socio-visual context. Differences in this kind of input quality correlated with the size of the children's vocabulary 3 years later, even after controlling for input quantity. Although input quantity differed as a function of socio-economic status, input quality (as here measured) did not, suggesting that the quality of nonverbal cues to word meaning that parents offer to their children is an individual matter, widely distributed across the population of parents.
Effectiveness and safety of interventions to manage childhood overweight and obesity: An Overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Authors: Gates Allison , Elliott Sarah A , Shulhan-Kilroy Jocelyn , Ball Geoff D C , Hartling Lisa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundChildhood overweight and obesity are associated with adverse physical, social, and psychological outcomes.ObjectivesWe conducted an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews on the effectiveness and risks of interventions to treat overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.MethodsIn June 2019, we searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for eligible reviews. The primary outcomes were change in adiposity (body mass and body mass index [BMI] z-score) and adverse events. Two reviewers screened studies and one reviewer extracted and another verified data. Two reviewers assessed methodological quality and reached consensus. Data were synthesized narratively.ResultsWe included seven Cochrane reviews published between 2011 and 2017 containing evidence from 167 randomized controlled trials with 21,050 participants. Lifestyle and behavioural interventions more effectively reduced weight compared with no intervention, usual care, or another behavioural treatment (three reviews, low-to-moderate certainty). Parent–child lifestyle and behavioural interventions more effectively reduced BMI z-score compared with no intervention (one review, low certainty). Decision support tools for healthcare providers more effectively limited increases in BMI z-score compared with usual care (one review, moderate certainty). Pharmacologic treatments combined with behavioural modification more effectively reduced adiposity compared with placebo or usual care (one review, low certainty), but the risk of adverse events was greater than non-pharmacologic therapy. Surgical interventions (e.g., LAP-BAND) combined with behavioural modification more effectively reduced adiposity compared with behavioural modification alone (one review, low certainty). Those who underwent surgery reported a higher number of adverse events compared with those treated with lifestyle modification.ConclusionsThere is low-certainty evidence that lifestyle and behavioural interventions, pharmacologic interventions, and surgical interventions are effective in weight management for children with overweight and obesity. Safety data remain lacking across all intervention modalities. Future research should focus on implementation strategies. Further, a focus on overall well-being may be more beneficial than weight management specifically.
Fo and Ni Relations in Olivine Differentiate between Crystallization and Diffusion Trends
Authors: Gordeychik Boris , Churikova Tatiana , Shea Thomas , Kronz Andreas , Simakin Alexander , Wörner Gerhard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nickel is a strongly compatible element in olivine, and thus fractional crystallization of olivine typically results in a concave-up trend on a Fo–Ni diagram. ‘Ni-enriched’ olivine compositions are considered those that fall above such a crystallization trend. To explain Ni-enriched olivine crystals, we develop a set of theoretical and computational models to describe how primitive olivine phenocrysts from a parent (high-Mg, high-Ni) basalt re-equilibrate with an evolved (low-Mg, low-Ni) melt through diffusion. These models describe the progressive loss of Fo and Ni in olivine cores during protracted diffusion for various crystal shapes and different relative diffusivities for Ni and Fe–Mg. In the case when the diffusivity of Ni is lower than that for Fe–Mg interdiffusion, then olivine phenocrysts affected by protracted diffusion form a concave-down trend that contrasts with the concave-up crystallization trend. Models for different simple geometries show that the concavity of the diffusion trend does not depend on the size of the crystals and only weakly depends on their shape. We also find that the effect of diffusion anisotropy on trend concavity is of the same magnitude as the effect of crystal shape. Thus, both diffusion anisotropy and crystal shape do not significantly change the concave-down diffusion trend. Three-dimensional numerical diffusion models using a range of more complex, realistic olivine morphologies with anisotropy corroborate this conclusion. Thus, the curvature of the concave-down diffusion trend is mainly determined by the ratio of Ni and Fe–Mg diffusion coefficients. The initial and final points of the diffusion trend are in turn determined by the compositional contrast between mafic and more evolved melts that have mixed to cause disequilibrium between olivine cores and surrounding melt. We present several examples of measurements on olivine from arc basalts from Kamchatka, and published olivine datasets from mafic magmas from non-subduction settings (lamproites and kimberlites) that are consistent with diffusion-controlled Fo–Ni behaviour. In each case the ratio of Ni and Fe–Mg diffusion coefficients is indicated to be &lt;1. These examples show that crystallization and diffusion can be distinguished by concave-up and concave-down trends in Fo–Ni diagrams.
Simultaneous determination of the cosmic birefringence and miscalibrated polarization angles II: Including cross-frequency spectra
Authors: Minami Yuto , Komatsu Eiichiro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We develop a strategy to determine the cosmic birefringence and miscalibrated polarization angles simultaneously using the observed $EB$ polarization power spectra of the cosmic microwave background and the Galactic foreground emission. We extend the methodology of Y. Minami et al. (Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2019, 083E02, 2019), which was developed for auto-frequency power spectra, by including cross-frequency spectra. By fitting one global birefringence angle and independent miscalibration angles at different frequency bands, we determine both angles with significantly smaller uncertainties (by more than a factor of two) compared to the auto spectra.
Changing evidence over time: updated meta-analysis regarding anti-TNF efficacy in childhood chronic uveitis
Authors: Maccora Ilaria , Fusco Eleonora , Marrani Edoardo , Ramanan Athimalaipet V , Simonini Gabriele 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
To summarize evidence regarding efficacy of anti-TNFα in childhood chronic uveitis, refractory to common DMARDs.

Methods
An updated systematic search was conducted between November 2012 and January 2020. Studies investigating the efficacy of anti-TNFα therapy, in children of ages &lt;16 years, as the first biologic treatment for childhood chronic uveitis, refractory to topical and/or systemic steroid and at least one DMARD were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome measure was the improvement of intraocular inflammation according to Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Working Group criteria. A combined estimate of the proportion of children responding to etanercept (ETA), infliximab (INF), and adalimumab (ADA) was determined.

Results
We identified 1677 articles of which 37 articles were eligible. Three were randomized controlled trials, one on ETA and two on ADA, and were excluded from pooled analysis. From the observational studies, a total of 487 children were identified: 226 received ADA, 213 INF and 48 ETA. The proportion of responding children was 86% (95% CI: 76%, 95%) for ADA, 68% (95% CI: 50%, 85%) for INF and 36% (95% CI: 9%, 67%) for ETA. Pooled analysis showed clear differences (χ2 = 32.2, P &lt; 0.0001): ADA and INF were both significantly superior to ETA (χ2 = 26.8, P &lt; 0.0001, and χ2 = 7.41, P &lt; 0.006, respectively), ADA significantly superior to INF (χ2 = 13.4, P &lt; 0.0002).

Conclusion
This meta-analysis, consistent with recent randomized controlled trial data, suggests the efficacy of ADA and INF in childhood chronic uveitis treatment. However, ADA results were superior to those of INF in this clinical setting.
Mendelian randomization provides evidence for a causal effect of higher serum IGF-1 concentration on risk of hip and knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Hartley April , Sanderson Eleanor , Paternoster Lavinia , Teumer Alexander , Kaplan Robert C , Tobias Jon H , Gregson Celia L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
How insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is related to OA is not well understood. We determined relationships between IGF-1 and hospital-diagnosed hand, hip and knee OA in UK Biobank, using Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine causality.

Methods
Serum IGF-1 was assessed by chemiluminescent immunoassay. OA was determined using Hospital Episode Statistics. One-sample MR (1SMR) was performed using two-stage least-squares regression, with an unweighted IGF-1 genetic risk score as an instrument. Multivariable MR included BMI as an additional exposure (instrumented by BMI genetic risk score). MR analyses were adjusted for sex, genotyping chip and principal components. We then performed two-sample MR (2SMR) using summary statistics from Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genetic Epidemiology (CHARGE) (IGF-1, N = 30 884) and the recent genome-wide association study meta-analysis (N = 455 221) of UK Biobank and Arthritis Research UK OA Genetics (arcOGEN).

Results
A total of 332 092 adults in UK Biobank had complete data. Their mean (s.d.) age was 56.5 (8.0) years and 54% were female. IGF-1 was observationally related to a reduced odds of hand OA [odds ratio per doubling = 0.87 (95% CI 0.82, 0.93)], and an increased odds of hip OA [1.04 (1.01, 1.07)], but was unrelated to knee OA [0.99 (0.96, 1.01)]. Using 1SMR, we found strong evidence for an increased risk of hip [odds ratio per s.d. increase = 1.57 (1.21, 2.01)] and knee [1.30 (1.07, 1.58)] OA with increasing IGF-1 concentration. By contrast, we found no evidence for a causal effect of IGF-1 concentration on hand OA [0.98 (0.57, 1.70)]. Results were consistent when estimated using 2SMR and in multivariable MR analyses accounting for BMI.

Conclusion
We have found evidence that increased serum IGF-1 is causally related to higher risk of hip and knee OA.
Life prognosis and renal relapse after induction therapy in Japanese patients with proliferative and pure membranous lupus nephritis
Authors: Okamoto Momoko , Kitamura Mineaki , Sato Shuntaro , Fujikawa Keita , Horai Yoshiro , Matsuoka Naoki , Tsuboi Masahiko , Nonaka Fumiaki , Shimizu Toshimasa , Koga Tomohiro , Kawashiri Shin-ya , Iwamoto Naoki , Tamai Mami , Nakamura Hideki , Origuchi Tomoki , Nishino Tomoya , Kawakami Atsushi , Ichinose Kunihiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to compare life prognosis and renal relapse after induction therapy in proliferative (PLN) and pure membranous LN (MLN).MethodsWe retrospectively analysed the cases of 140 of 172 patients with LN who underwent a renal biopsy at our hospital or community hospitals from 1993 to 2016. We determined the complete response (CR) rate at 12 months after the patients had started induction therapy, and we evaluated the predictive factors for CR, life prognosis and renal relapse in PLN and pure MLN. We defined PLN as International Society of Neurology and the Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) Class III or IV and MLN as ISN/RPS Class V.ResultsThe renal pathology of 99 (70.7%) patients was classified as PLN, and that of the other 41 (29.3%) patients as MLN. Fifty patients (50.5%) with PLN and 22 patients (53.7%) with MLN achieved a CR at 12 months. A multivariate analysis showed that a lower index of chronicity in PLN and a higher total haemolytic complement (CH50) level in MLN were predictive factors for achieving a CR at 12 months. A Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the life prognosis (P = 0.93) and renal relapse (P = 0.52) were not significantly different between PLN and MLN.ConclusionsThe predictive factors for a CR at 12 months post-induction therapy were index of chronicity in PLN and CH50 level in MLN. There were no significant differences in life prognosis or renal relapse between PLN and MLN in the achievement of a CR at 12 months post-induction therapy.
The impact of COVID-19 on rheumatology practice across Africa
Authors: Akintayo Richard O , Akpabio Akpabio A , Kalla Asgar A , Dey Dzifa , Migowa Angela N , Olaosebikan Hakeem , Bahiri Rachid , El Miedany Yasser , Hadef Djohra , Hamdi Wafa , Oyoo Omondi , Slimani Samy , Yerima Abubakar , Taha Yassmin , Adebajo Adewale O , Adelowo Olufemi O , Tikly Mohammed , Ghozlani Imad , Ben Abdelghani Kawther , Fouad Nermeen A , Mosad Doaa , El Mikkawy Dalia , Abu-Zaid Mohamed Hassan , Abdel-Magied Rasha A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the changes in rheumatology service delivery across the five regions of Africa from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThe COVID-19 African Rheumatology Study Group created an online survey consisting of 40 questions relating to the current practices and experiences of rheumatologists across Africa. The CHERRIES checklist for reporting results of internet e-surveys was adhered to.ResultsA total of 554 completed responses were received from 20 countries, which include six in Northern Africa, six in West Africa, four in Southern Africa, three in East Africa and one in Central Africa. Consultant grade rheumatologists constituted 436 (78.7%) of respondents with a mean of 14.5 ± 10.3 years of experience. A total of 77 (13.9%) rheumatologists avoided starting a new biologic. Face-to-face clinics with the use of some personal protective equipment continued to be held in only 293 (52.9%) rheumatologists’ practices. Teleconsultation modalities found usage as follows: telephone in 335 (60.5%), WhatsApp in 241 (43.5%), emails in 90 (16.3%) and video calls in 53 (9.6%). Physical examinations were mostly reduced in 295 (53.3%) or done with personal protective equipment in 128 (23.1%) practices. Only 316 (57.0%) reported that the national rheumatology society in their country had produced any recommendation around COVID-19 while only 73 (13.2%) confirmed the availability of a national rheumatology COVID-19 registry in their country.ConclusionCOVID-19 has shifted daily rheumatology practices across Africa to more virtual consultations and regional disparities are more apparent in the availability of local protocols and registries.
State–merchant relations and economic thought: the Dutch Republic and England, 1580–1720
Authors: Erikson Emily 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The commercially and financially dynamic early modern Dutch Republic experienced a broad expansion of the public sphere and print industry. One topic was largely absent from this boom: trade, commerce and finance. This absence is particularly notable given that the Dutch Republic was widely considered to be the most accomplished site of expertise in those matters. Instead, a discourse attempting to understand the causes and consequences of market processes emerged in England. A comparison between the two emerging nations suggests that the tight integration between the commercial and political worlds in the Netherlands discouraged the development of a public discourse on economic matters. High levels of merchant representation in the offices of state depressed the need for the type of public debate that stimulated advances in the English context. The results suggest that there is an important relational component to the formation and development of economic thought.
Right Lateralized Brain Reserve Offsets Age-Related Deficits in Ignoring Distraction
Authors: Shalev Nir , Brosnan Méadhbh B , Chechlacz Magdalena 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAge-related deterioration of attention decreases the ability to stay focused on the task at hand due to less efficient selection of relevant information and increased distractibility in the face of irrelevant, but salient stimuli. While older (compared with younger) adults may have difficulty suppressing salient distractors, the extent of these challenges differs vastly across individuals. Cognitive reserve measured by proxies of cognitively enriching life experiences, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, is thought to mitigate the effects of the aging process and account for variability in trajectories of cognitive decline. Based on combined behavioral and neuroimaging (voxel-based morphometry) analyses of demographic, cognitive, and neural markers of aging and cognitive reserve proxy measures, we examine here predictors of variability in the age-related changes in attention function, indexed by ability to suppress salient distraction. Our findings indicate that in healthy (neurotypical), aging gray matter volume within several right lateralized fronto-parietal brain regions varies according to both levels of cognitive reserve (education) and the capacity to effectively select visual stimuli amid salient distraction. Thus, we provide here novel experimental evidence supporting Robertson’s theory of a right lateralized neural basis for cognitive reserve.
Sharp Wave-Ripples in Human Amygdala and Their Coordination with Hippocampus during NREM Sleep
Authors: Cox Roy , Rüber Theodor , Staresina Bernhard P , Fell Juergen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cooperative interactions between the amygdala and hippocampus are widely regarded as critical for overnight emotional processing of waking experiences, but direct support from the human brain for such a dialog is absent. Using overnight intracranial recordings in 4 presurgical epilepsy patients (3 female), we discovered ripples within human amygdala during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, a brain state known to contribute to affective processing. Like hippocampal ripples, amygdala ripples are associated with sharp waves, linked to sleep spindles, and tend to co-occur with their hippocampal counterparts. Moreover, sharp waves and ripples are temporally linked across the 2 brain structures, with amygdala ripples occurring during hippocampal sharp waves and vice versa. Combined with further evidence of interregional sharp-wave and spindle synchronization, these findings offer a potential physiological substrate for the NREM-sleep-dependent consolidation and regulation of emotional experiences.