НАСЕЛЕНИЕ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ
Authors: Зубова О.Г. 
Published: December 2024

В работе определены институциональные и социально‑демографические факторы, приведшие к постепенному опустению сельских территорий и к активизации процесса урбанизации в России. Бурный характер данного процесса пришелся на XX в. и привел к сверхконцентрации населения на городских территориях, что характерно для развивающихся стран. Проведена оценка факторов, влияющих на изменение численности сельского населения и демографический баланс сельских территорий, таких как естественное и механическое движение населения. Определено, что возрастная структура сельского населения России от- носится к убывающему (стареющему) типу, характерному для большинства развитых европейских государств, с преобладанием доли пожилых людей относительно молодого (растущего) населения. Исследована ожидаемая продолжительность жизни и среднего возраста сельских жителей, которые в динамике показали возрастающий тренд. Проанализирован уровень общей и зарегистрированной безработиц, которые в значительной степени относятся к долгосрочной (застойной) безработице. Высокий уровень безработицы среди сельского населения обусловлен спецификой рынка труда в сельской местности, связанной с высокой трудоемкостью, низкой доходностью производства, низкой оплатой труда и квалификацией работников относительно городского населения. Все это привело к вовлечению экономически активного населения в процесс пролонгированной урбанизации и, как следствие, к социально‑экономическому застою и депопуляции сельских территорий. Проанализирован коэффициент демографической нагрузки на производительную часть сельского населения и экономику сельских поселений со стороны зависимой части населения, который должен стать определенным ориентиром для органов местного самоуправления при планировании финансовых расходов на социальную политику сельских поселений.
The paper identifies the institutional and socio‑demographic factors that led to the gradual decline of the rural areas and to intensification of the urbanization process in Russia. The turbulent nature of this process took place in the twentieth century and led to the over‑concentration of population in the urban areas, which is typical for developing countries. The estimation of the factors affecting the change in the rural population and the demographic balance of the rural areas, such as natural and mechanical movement of the population was conducted. It is determined that the age structure of the ru‑ ral population of Russia belongs to the decreasing (aging) type characteristic of the most developed European countries, with a predominance of the proportion of older people relatively to the young (growing) population. The life expectancy and average age of the rural residents, which in dynamics showed an increasing trend, are investigated. The level of the general and registered unemployment, which largely relate to the long‑term unemployment, is analyzed. The high level of unemployment among the rural population is due to the specifics of the labor market in rural areas associated with high labor intensity, low profitability of production, low wages and qualifications of workers relative to the urban population. All this has led to the involvement of the economically active population in the process of prolonged urbanization and as a consequence to the socio‑economic stagnation and depopulation of rural areas. The coefficient of demographic load on the productive part of the rural population and the economy of rural settlements on the part of the dependent part of the population, which should become a certain reference point for local governments in the planning of financial expenditures on the social policy of rural settlements
The paper identifies the institutional and socio‑demographic factors that led to the gradual decline of the rural areas and to intensification of the urbanization process in Russia. The turbulent nature of this process took place in the twentieth century and led to the over‑concentration of population in the urban areas, which is typical for developing countries. The estimation of the factors affecting the change in the rural population and the demographic balance of the rural areas, such as natural and mechanical movement of the population was conducted. It is determined that the age structure of the ru‑ ral population of Russia belongs to the decreasing (aging) type characteristic of the most developed European countries, with a predominance of the proportion of older people relatively to the young (growing) population. The life expectancy and average age of the rural residents, which in dynamics showed an increasing trend, are investigated. The level of the general and registered unemployment, which largely relate to the long‑term unemployment, is analyzed. The high level of unemployment among the rural population is due to the specifics of the labor market in rural areas associated with high labor intensity, low profitability of production, low wages and qualifications of workers relative to the urban population. All this has led to the involvement of the economically active population in the process of prolonged urbanization and as a consequence to the socio‑economic stagnation and depopulation of rural areas. The coefficient of demographic load on the productive part of the rural population and the economy of rural settlements on the part of the dependent part of the population, which should become a certain reference point for local governments in the planning of financial expenditures on the social policy of rural settlements