bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel application of small area estimation in loblolly pine forest inventory
Authors: Green P Corey , Burkhart Harold E , Coulston John W , Radtke Philip J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is one of the most widely planted tree species globally. As the reliability of estimating forest characteristics such as volume, biomass and carbon becomes more important, the necessary resources available for assessment are often insufficient to meet desired confidence levels. Small area estimation (SAE) methods were investigated for their potential to improve the precision of volume estimates in loblolly pine plantations aged 9–43. Area-level SAE models that included lidar height percentiles and stand thinning status as auxiliary information were developed to test whether precision gains could be achieved. Models that utilized both forms of auxiliary data provided larger gains in precision compared to using lidar alone. Unit-level SAE models were found to offer additional gains compared with area-level models in some cases; however, area-level models that incorporated both lidar and thinning status performed nearly as well or better. Despite their potential gains in precision, unit-level models are more difficult to apply in practice due to the need for highly accurate, spatially defined sample units and the inability to incorporate certain area-level covariates. The results of this study are of interest to those looking to reduce the uncertainty of stand parameter estimates. With improved estimate precision, managers, stakeholders and policy makers can have more confidence in resource assessments for informed decisions.
Emergence and Evolution of ERM Proteins and Merlin in Metazoans
Authors: Shabardina Victoria , Kashima Yukie , Suzuki Yutaka , Makalowski Wojciech 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEzrin, radixin, moesin, and merlin are cytoskeletal proteins, whose functions are specific to metazoans. They participate in cell cortex rearrangement, including cell–cell contact formation, and play an important role in cancer progression. Here, we have performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the proteins spanning 87 species. The results describe a possible mechanism for the protein family origin in the root of Metazoa, paralogs diversification in vertebrates, and acquisition of novel functions, including tumor suppression. In addition, a merlin paralog, present in most vertebrates but lost in mammals, has been described here for the first time. We have also highlighted a set of amino acid variations within the conserved motifs as the candidates for determining physiological differences between ERM paralogs.
Examining the ecological role of jellyfish in the Eastern Bering Sea
Authors: Ruzicka James , Brodeur Richard D , Cieciel Kristin , Decker Mary Beth 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWithin the Eastern Bering Sea, the jellyfish Chrysaora melanaster has fluctuated widely over recent decades. We examined the role of C. melanaster as an ecosystem-structuring agent via application of ecosystem models representing inner-, mid-, and outer-shelf regions of comparable areal coverage. Chrysaora melanaster utilize 1% of total mid-shelf consumer production, or 1/4th the energy required by forage fish (capelin Mallotus villosus, Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, age-0 Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, age-0 walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus). Model simulations show the impacts of C. melanaster are broadly distributed across consumer groups with increasingly negative impacts with higher jellyfish biomass. Age-0 pollock represent the greater part of the forage fish biomass, and observed pollock biomass during low jellyfish years (2004–2007) was significantly greater than during high jellyfish years (2009–2014). However, sensitivity among consumer groups to observed jellyfish variability is small, within 5% of baseline (2004–2015) conditions. Estimates using similar models for the Coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGoA) and Northern California Current (NCC) suggest large differences in the role of scyphozoans among northern Pacific shelf ecosystems. Only 0.1% of total summer consumer production is required to support CGoA Chrysaora, while the coastal NCC population uses 19%.
The influence of a lipid reservoir on the tear film formation
Authors: Maki Kara L , Braun Richard J , Barron Gregory A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We present a mathematical model to study the influence of a lipid reservoir, seen experimentally, at the lid margin on the formation and relaxation of the tear film during a partial blink. Applying the lubrication limit, we derive two coupled non-linear partial differential equations characterizing the evolution of the aqueous tear fluid and the covering insoluble lipid concentration. Departing from prior works, we explore a new set of boundary conditions (BCs) enforcing hypothesized lipid concentration dynamics at the lid margins. Using both numerical and analytical approaches, we find that the lipid-focused BCs strongly impact tear film formation and thinning rates. Specifically, during the upstroke of the eyelid, we find specifying the lipid concentration at the lid margin accelerates thinning. Parameter regimes that cause tear film formation success or failure are identified. More importantly, this work expands our understanding of the consequences of lipid dynamics near the lid margins for tear film formation.
Freedom of Religious Association: Towards a Purposive Interpretation of the Employment Equality Exceptions
Authors: Cannon Catriona 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The exceptions to the principle of equality in employment for employers in Britain with a religious or belief ethos (or who employ personnel for the purposes of organised religion) are ambiguous in scope and lack any clear foundational principle to guide judicial interpretation. In view of the consequent risk of inconsistency in decision-making, this article addresses the question of how best to understand and interpret the exceptions. While the exceptions should be regarded as limited derogations from the equality principle, it is nonetheless important that recognition is afforded to their underlying rationale which, I argue, derives from the fundamental human rights of religious association. Though the concept of associative rights and related ideas have not featured heavily in appellate judgments on the exceptions to date, I argue that such a purposive approach to interpretation of the exceptions could assist the judiciary to reach fair, balanced and consistent decisions in this highly contested area of the law by inviting consideration of the relationships among an employer’s ethos, its employees and the religious group it serves, and by encouraging engagement with the discriminatory impacts which an exercise of these rights may entail.
Post-Doc Interviews in the Life Sciences: An Often-Overlooked Process that Is Susceptible to Bias
Authors: Burnett N P , Combes S A 
Published: December 2019

Synopsis
Post-doctoral training is a critical career stage for researchers in the life sciences, yet interviewing for a post-doctoral position is largely an unregulated process. Without regulation, interviews are susceptible to unconscious biases that may lead to discrimination against certain demographic groups (e.g., women and minorities). Using data from an online survey of post-docs, we show that interview procedures for post-doctoral positions in the life sciences are correlated with several factors (e.g., candidate demographics) in ways that may bias the outcome of interviews. We discuss key components of interviews and suggest that conducting standardized, well-planned interviews that are less susceptible to unconscious biases may help increase the retention of women and under-represented minorities in the life sciences.
Systemist International Relations
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSystemist international relations (SIR) is put forward as a potential solution to short- and long-term problems faced by the discipline of international relations (IR). SIR responds to the immediate difficulties that stem from an impasse between advocates of analytic eclecticism and skeptics who prefer paradigmatic research. The more sustained challenges posed by the size and complexity of IR also can be met through implementation of SIR, which entails a graphic turn. Along those lines, the Visual International Relations Project (VIRP) is creating an archive of one-page graphic summaries for cause and effect as conveyed in respective publications. The VIRP aims toward an improved state of communication in the field based on such visual representations.
Phase-feeding strategies based on lysine specifications for grow-finish pigs1
Authors: Menegat Mariana B , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Four experiments were conducted using 1,100 to 1,188 pigs each (PIC 359 × 1,050) from ~27 to 127 kg BW to evaluate phase-feeding strategies based on Lys specifications and number of dietary phases for grow-finish pigs. Different phase-feeding strategies were used in each experiment with treatments consisting of a combination of 3 Lys specifications at 96%, 98%, or 100% of estimated requirement for growth rate and 4 phase-feeding strategies with 1, 2, 3, or 4 dietary phases. A single-phase-feeding strategy reduced (P &lt; 0.05) overall growth performance, live BW, and HCW whether Lys specifications were at 98% or 100% of estimated requirements compared with multi-phase-feeding strategies. Lysine specifications at 96% of estimated requirements in a 4-phase-feeding strategy reduced (P &lt; 0.05) overall growth performance compared with feeding strategies with Lys at 100% of estimated requirements, unless Lys specifications were increased to 100% of estimated requirements in the late finishing phase. Lysine specifications at 98% or 100% of estimated requirements in a 2-, 3- or 4-phase feeding strategy led to similar (P &lt; 0.05) overall growth rate, live BW, and HCW of grow-finish pigs. Pigs fed 1, 2, or 3-phase feeding strategies or feeding strategies with Lys below the requirements in early grow finish had improved growth performance driven by improved feed efficiency in the period following low Lys levels, indicating the occurrence of compensatory growth. For carcass characteristics, there was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for differences in carcass yield, back fat, loin depth, or lean percentage across feeding strategies in any of the experiments. In conclusion, phase-feeding strategies provide performance advantages over feeding a single dietary phase throughout the grow-finish period. Simplification of feeding strategies from 4 to 3 or 2 dietary phases with Lys specifications at 98% to 100% of estimated requirements for growth rate does not compromise overall growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs from 27 to 127 kg BW. Although, using feeding programs with fewer dietary phases and Lys set slightly below the requirements can compromise growth performance if initial BW and feed intake in the grow-finish period are lower than expected.
Vectorial Transmission of Malaria in Major Districts of Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Assouho Konan F , Adja Akré M , Guindo-Coulibaly Négnorogo , Tia Emmanuel , Kouadio Affoué M N , Zoh Dounin D , Koné Moussa , Kessé Nestor , Koffi Bernard , Sagna André B , Poinsignon Anne , Yapi Ahoua 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To better understand the influence of periodic mass distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) on malaria transmission, a 1-yr entomological survey was conducted in three major districts of Côte d’Ivoire. Mosquitoes were sampled by Human Landing Catches (HLC) in urban and rural areas of San Pedro and Abidjan (coastal), and in Yamoussoukro (central). Mosquitoes were identified morphologically and by molecular methods. The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CSP) indices were measured by ELISA, and the Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) were calculated for each species and area. Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles nili Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) were identified in coastal districts, while An. gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) were reported in the central district. In urban areas, malaria vectors showed a low aggressiveness (&lt;10 bites per person per night), except in Yamoussoukro, where up to 18.9 b/p/n were recorded. The annual EIR was higher in the central urban area (138.7 infected bites per person per year) than in coastal ones (10–62 ib/p/n). In rural areas, malaria vectors were highly aggressive with an average 13 b/p/n for An. gambiae s.l, 21.2 b/p/n for An. nili and 12 b/p/n for An. funestus. The annual EIR ranged between 94.9 and 193.4 infected bites per person per year. This work indicates that, despite repeated mass distribution of LLINs, malaria transmission remains high and heterogeneous across Côte d’Ivoire. Malaria transmission was lower in coastal urban areas than in the central one, and remains high rural areas where two additional Anopheles vectors are involved in malaria transmission.
Biodiversity of Medically Important Calyptratae Flies (Diptera: Schizophora) in Hospitals in the Northern Coastline of the Persian Gulf, Iran
Authors: Sanei-Dehkordi Alireza , Soleimani-Ahmadi Moussa , Cheshmposhan Abdolrahim , Akbarzadeh Kamran 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDomestic filth flies play a significant role in the transmission of nosocomial infections and cause nosocomial myiasis in hospitals worldwide. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in five hospitals of the Hormozgan province, of southern Iran. Adult flies were collected by bottle fly traps. Specimens were pinned and morphologically identified using the relevant keys. Species biodiversity indices including Menhinick (M), Shannon–Wiener (H’), Pielou’s Evenness (E), and Simpson’s diversity (D) were calculated. Totally 2,298 individuals of 18 species of flies belonging to nine genera and four families were collected. Chrysomya megacephala was the most frequent species (37.3%), followed by Chrysoma albiceps (24.8%), Fannia canicularis (5.1%), Musca domestica (4.8%), Sarcophaga aegyptica (3.7%), and 15 other species (24.4%). Our results show a high diversity and abundance of domestic filth flies in the studied hospitals. Relatively similar data derived from various hospitals in this study can show the uniformity in sanitary conditions of hospitals. On the other hand, estimation of diversity indices alarmed for potential of dominant species in fly communities in hospital environments.
Spatiotemporal variation in leaf size and shape in response to climate
Authors: Li Yaoqi , Zou Dongting , Shrestha Nawal , Xu Xiaoting , Wang Qinggang , Jia Wen , Wang Zhiheng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Aims
Morphological variation of leaves is a key indicator of plant response to climatic change. Leaf size and shape are associated with carbon, water and energy exchange of plants with their environment. However, whether and how leaf size and shape responded to climate change over the past decades remains poorly studied. Moreover, many studies have only explored inter- but not intraspecific variation in leaf size and shape across space and time.

Methods
We collected &gt;6000 herbarium specimens spanning 98 years (1910–2008) in China for seven representative dicot species and measured their leaf length and width. We explored geographical patterns and temporal trends in leaf size (i.e. leaf length, leaf width and length × width product) and shape (i.e. length/width ratio), and investigated the effects of changes in precipitation and temperature over time and space on the variation in leaf size and shape.

Important Findings
After accounting for the effects of sampling time, leaf size decreased with latitude for all species combined, but the relationship varied among species. Leaf size and shape were positively correlated with temperature and precipitation across space. After accounting for the effects of sampling locations, leaf size of all species combined increased with time. Leaf size changes over time were mostly positively correlated with precipitation, whereas leaf shape changes were mostly correlated with temperature. Overall, our results indicate significant spatial and temporal intraspecific variation in leaf size and shape in response to climate. Our study also demonstrates that herbarium specimens collected over a considerable period of time provide a good resource to study the impacts of climate change on plant morphological traits.
ABA perception is modulated by membrane receptor-like kinases
Authors: Konopka-Postupolska Dorota , Dobrowolska Grazyna 
Published: December 2019

This article comments on:
Shang Y, Yang D, Ha Y, Shin H-Y, Nam KH. 2020. RPK1 and BAK1 sequentially form complexes with OST1 to regulate ABA-induced stomatal closure. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 1491–1502.
Toward Personalized Medicine Implementation: Survey of Military Medicine Providers in the Area of Pharmacogenomics
Authors: DeLuca Jesse , Selig Daniel , Poon Lucas , Livezey Jeffrey , Oliver Thomas , Barrett John , Turner Clesson , Hellwig Lydia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Personalized medicine is the right treatment, to the right patient, at the right dose. Knowledge of genetic predisposition to variable metabolism and distribution of drugs within the body is currently available as pharmacogenomic testing and is one of the pillars of personalized medicine. Pharmacogenomic testing is growing. It has become part of guidelines for dosing on FDA labels and has been used by health care organizations to improve outcomes and reduce adverse events. Additionally, it has been FDA approved for direct-to-consumer purchase and has been cause of concern of patient self-dosing and medication changes. Presumably in the near future, pharmacogenomics will be impressed upon the military health system (MHS) provider from either a top-down, command requested, or from a bottom-up, patient requested, approach. To date, widespread implementation of pharmacogenomic testing does not seem to be established within the MHS. This survey sheds light on the knowledge, exposure, use, comfort, and interest among family medicine providers in the MHS. It compares similar results in other national and international surveys and compares results among a small subset of residents to staff.

Materials and Methods
The questions were part of a larger survey conducted by the Clinical Investigations Committee of the Uniformed Services Academy of Family Physicians (USAFP) at the USAFP 2019 annual meeting. The study received approval from the Uniformed Services University Institutional Review Board. Submitted questions were written using multiple choice, fill-in, five-point Likert scale, and best answer. Direct results are reported as well as chi-square statistics for categorical data with statistical significance to attain a P-value of &lt; 0.05.

Results
Among the 532 USAFP-registered conference attendees eligible to complete the survey, 387 attendees responded to the survey, for a response rate of 72.7%. Some results included were a knowledge question in which 37% of respondents answered correctly. Less than half of respondents agreed that they could define pharmacogenomics, and resident respondents were more likely to have received teaching in graduate medical education. Additionally, 12% of providers responded to being exposed to direct-to-consumer results, and 28% of those exposed were influenced to change medications, while 14% were influenced to change medications on multiple occasions. Chi-square comparisons resulted in statistically significant direct relationships to exposure to direct to consumer testing, previous training, and confidence of those that answered the knowledge question correctly.

Conclusions
This survey establishes a baseline for the possible needs associated with implementation of a pharmacogenomic program, and it argues an actionable level for the use of pharmacogenomics among the patient population within the MHS.
How cold gas continuously entrains mass and momentum from a hot wind
Authors: Gronke Max , Oh S Peng 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
The existence of fast moving, cold gas ubiquitously observed in galactic winds is theoretically puzzling, since the destruction time of cold gas is much smaller than its acceleration time. In previous work, we showed that cold gas can accelerate to wind speeds and grow in mass if the radiative cooling time of mixed gas is shorter than the cloud destruction time. Here, we study this process in much more detail, and find remarkably robust cloud acceleration and growth in a wide variety of scenarios. Radiative cooling, rather than the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, enables self-sustaining entrainment of hot gas on to the cloud via cooling-induced pressure gradients. Indeed, growth peaks when the cloud is almost co-moving. The entrainment velocity is of order the cold gas sound speed, and growth is accompanied by cloud pulsations. Growth is also robust to the background wind and initial cloud geometry. In an adiabatic Chevalier-Clegg type wind, for instance, the mass growth rate is constant. Although growth rates are similar with magnetic fields, cloud morphology changes dramatically, with low density, magnetically supported filaments, which have a small mass fraction but dominate by volume. This could bias absorption line observations. Cloud growth from entraining and cooling hot gas can potentially account for the cold gas content of the circumgalactic medium (CGM). It can also fuel star formation in the disc as cold gas recycled in a galactic fountain accretes and cools halo gas. We speculate that galaxy-scale simulations should converge in cold gas mass once cloud column densities of N ∼ 1018 cm−2 are resolved.
O(3P) + CO2 scattering cross-sections at superthermal collision energies for planetary aeronomy
Authors: Gacesa Marko , Lillis R J , Zahnle K J 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
We report new elastic and inelastic cross-sections for O(3P) + CO2 scattering at collision energies from 0.03 to 5 eV, of major importance to O escape from Mars, Venus, and CO2-rich atmospheres. The cross-sections were calculated from first principles using three newly constructed ab initio potential energy surfaces correlating to the lowest energy asymptote of the complex. The surfaces were restricted to a planar geometry with the CO2 molecule assumed to be in linear configuration fixed at equilibrium. Quantum-mechanical coupled-channel formalism with a large basis set was used to compute state-to-state integral and differential cross-sections for elastic and inelastic O(3P) + CO2 scattering between all pairs of rotational states of CO2 molecule. The elastic cross-sections are 35 per cent lower at 0.5 eV and more than 50 per cent lower at 4 + eV than values commonly used in studies of processes in upper and middle planetary atmospheres of Mars, Earth, Venus, and CO2-rich planets. Momentum transfer cross-sections, of interest for energy transport, were found to be proportionally lower than predicted by mass scaling.