bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ structural studies during denaturation of natural and synthetically crosslinked collagen using synchrotron SAXS
Authors: Zhang Yi , Buchanan Jenna , Naffa Rafea , Mansel Bradley , Maidment Catherine , Holmes Geoff , Prabakar Sujay 
Published: August 2020

Collagen is an important biomacromolecule, making up the majority of the extracellular matrix in animal tissues. Naturally occurring crosslinks in collagen stabilize its intermolecular structure in vivo, whereas chemical treatments for introducing synthetic crosslinks are often carried out ex vivo to improve the physical properties or heat stability of the collagen fibres for applications in biomaterials or leather production. Effective protection of intrinsic natural crosslinks as well as allowing them to contribute to collagen stability together with synthetic crosslinks can reduce the need for chemical treatments. However, the contribution of these natural crosslinks to the heat stability of collagen fibres, especially in the presence of synthetic crosslinks, is as yet unknown. Using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering, the in situ role of natural and synthetic crosslinks on the stabilization of the intermolecular structure of collagen in skins was studied. The results showed that, although natural crosslinks affected the denaturation temperature of collagen, they were largely weakened when crosslinked using chromium sulfate. The development of synergistic crosslinking chemistries could help retain the intrinsic chemical and physical properties of collagen-based biological materials.
Immigrants' entrepreneurial motivation in Europe: liabilities and assets
Authors: García-Cabrera Antonia Mercedes , Lucía-Casademunt Ana Maria , Padilla-Angulo Laura 
Published: August 2020

PurposeThis paper examines how the institutional distance between immigrants' country of residence and country of origin, as well as the regulative and normative aspects of institutions in immigrants' country of residence, social context variables and individual psycho-behavioural factors, condition immigrants' entrepreneurial motivation (i.e. mainly by necessity, by a combination of necessity and opportunity, or mainly by opportunity), which is in contrast to the previous literature on immigrant entrepreneurship that mainly focuses on micro-level factors.Design/methodology/approachBy using hierarchical linear regression models to test our hypotheses, the authors analyse 468 first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs settled in 31 European countries using data from the European Working Conditions Survey (6th EWCS; Eurofound, 2015 database) combined with other datasets to derive the macro-level variables (i.e. the Doing Business Project; Hofstede et al., 2010).FindingsThe authors find that distance in the normative aspects of institutions harms entrepreneurial opportunity motivation. At the same time, however, opportunity motivation is likely to benefit from both the normative aspects of institutions that reduce locals' opportunity motivation and the distance in the regulative aspects of institutions.Originality/valueThis article analyses immigrant entrepreneurship in Europe, which has been under-examined in the extant literature, and takes into account the micro-, meso- and macro-level factors affecting the entrepreneurial motivation of immigrants in Europe. This analysis responds to the need already highlighted by previous research to include not only micro-level factors but also meso- and macro-level factors in the analysis of immigrant entrepreneurship (Aliaga-Isla and Rialp, 2013).
The impact of board and audit committee characteristics on corporate social responsibility: evidence from the Iranian stock exchange
Authors: Mohammadi Shaban , Saeidi Hadi , Naghshbandi Nader 
Published: August 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of board and audit committee characteristics on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Iranian companies listed in stock exchanges.Design/methodology/approachThis is a descriptive-correlational and an applied research. The statistical population of this research is all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and the research period is from 2012 to 2018. Using screening method a sample of 150 companies was selected. Multivariate regression and the software Eviews 10 were used for data analysis and hypothesis testing.FindingsThe results indicated that board size had a significant effect on CSR; board independence had a significant effect on CSR; managerial ownership did not have a significant effect on CSR; CEO duality did not have a significant effect on CSR; audit committee size had a significant effect on CSR; audit committee independence had a significant effect on CSR; and financial expertise of audit committee members had a significant effect on CSR.Originality/valueThe present study is the first research performed on the effect of board and audit committee characteristics on CSR in Iran. The results of this study contribute to the literature on the effect of board and audit committee characteristics on CSR and provide suggestions for capital market participants. CSR helps reduce asymmetric distribution of information among the internal and external organizational entities and reduce agency problems and conflicts among different groups. Based on the results, an effective audit committee as an effective mechanism enhances the credibility of financial and non-financial reporting such as social responsibility, which means that an effective audit committee can improve the level of voluntary disclosure of information through effective oversight of the reporting process. It is also suggested that companies focus on audit committee characteristics to increase the level of CSR.
Exploring barriers to sexual transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV testing among young black sub-Sahara African (BSSA) communities in diaspora, UK
Authors: Nyashanu Shinga Nicole , Nyashanu Mathew , Ekpenyong Mandu Stephene 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
Sexual transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with high stigma leading to poor sexual health-seeking behaviour and mental health problems. Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention has generally been successful in many communities across the world, statistics for young people have remained relatively low, especially among most affected communities such as the black sub-Sahara African (BSSA) communities. This paper aims to explore the barriers to STIs and HIV testing among young BSSA communities living in the UK.

Design/methodology/approach
The research study used an explorative qualitative approach. The study included 6 focus groups comprising 10 people each (N = 60), and 12 one-to-one follow-up interviews were held with the research participants. Two one-to-one follow-up interviews were held from each focus group (N = 12).

Findings
The study found that perceived risk taking, perceived HIV test embarrassment, sexual health professionals’ attitudes, perceived HIV as death sentence, limited educational awareness and general HIV stigma prevented research participants from testing and impacted on their mental health well-being.

Originality/value
There is a need to increase sexual health and mental health education awareness among young BSSA communities. More importantly culturally sensitive interventions to reduce the impact of HIV stigma need to be rolled out in different diverse communities. This study is the first of its kind to look at the barriers affecting young BSSA communities in accessing sexual health testing services in the UK.
A decision support system to assure high-performance maintenance service
Authors: Aiello Giuseppe , Benítez Julio , Carpitella Silvia , Certa Antonella , Enea Mario , Izquierdo Joaquín , La Cascia Marco 
Published: August 2020

PurposeThis study aims to propose a decision support system (DSS) for maintenance management of a service system, namely, a street cleaning service vehicle. Referring to the information flow management, the blockchain technology is integrated in the proposed DSS to assure data transparency and security.Design/methodology/approachThe DSS is designed to efficiently handle the data acquired by the network of sensors installed on selected system components and to support the maintenance management. The DSS supports the decision makers to select a subset of indicators (KPIs) by means of the DEcision-MAaking Trial and Evaluation Laboratory method and to monitor the efficiency of performed preventive maintenance actions by using the mathematical model.FindingsThe proposed maintenance model allows real-time decisions on interventions on each component based on the number of alerts given by sensors and taking into account the annual cost budget constraint.Research limitations/implicationsThe present paper aims to highlight the implications of the blockchain technology in the maintenance field, in particular to manage maintenance actions’ data related to service systems.Practical implicationsThe proposed approach represents a support in planning, executing and monitoring interventions by assuring the security of the managed data through a blockchain database. The implications regard the monitoring of the efficiency of preventive maintenance actions on the analysed components.Originality/valueA combined approach based on a multi-criteria decision method and a novel mathematical programming model is herein proposed to provide a DSS supporting the management of predictive maintenance policy.
Researching with the Sturm und Drang of COVID-19: telling tales of teachers' teaching
Authors: Pelosi Ligia , Vicars Mark 
Published: August 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reflect on the effects of COVID-19 on teachers' pedagogical approaches, and how this has consequences for student learning.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explores the impact of COVID-19 through teachers' experiences, perceptions from a critical cultural perspective. The paper draws on preservice and graduate teachers' narrative reflections as articulated through Instagram posts.FindingsThis paper articulates a comparison between the concept of Sturm und Drang and the contemporary landscape of teaching and learning remotely as a result of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions and limitations.Research limitations/implicationsThe data upon which this paper is based were limited to five participants' accounts taken from the teacherwhispers Instagram site. They indicate relevant themes but are not representative of the overall phenomenon that COVID-19 has generated.Practical implicationsThis paper is representative of the particular elements encountered when drawing upon an online-based methodological approach. It suggests the productive affordances of technology for narrating lived experience in a professional context.Social implicationsRetelling embodied narratives can be a fraught affair. This paper brings together associative experiences of COVID-19 to draw together individual stories to narrate a collective experience.Originality/valueThis paper addresses a dynamically evolving phenomenon. As such, it is highly original and explores dilemmas, situations and implications that have not previously been addressed.
Seed size and weight of 129 tree species in Japan
Authors: Kimura Megumi K. , Mizuki Inoue , Kawamura Ryoma , Koike Misato , Furumoto Ryo , Kusumoto Buntarou , Fuji Akinori , Kubota Yasuhiro , Enoki Tsutomu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInformation on seed morphology and fruiting phenology related to fitness and reproductive strategy is important for plant ecology and evolution. Although seed morphology is highly variable across years, regions and mother trees even within the same species, seed mass and size are often reported as averages or ranges for each species in existing databases or picture books. Unfortunately, freely available seed trait data for individual seeds are limited. This paper reports data on morphology (seed length, width and height) and dry weight of individual seeds from 129 tree species in Japan. It includes data from 79 genera in 44 families collected from various forests located in cool temperate to subtropical regions in Japan, including species not reported in previous databases. We mainly used seeds from the collections of the Forest Tree Gene Bank Program, but new seeds were also collected. If possible, multiple seeds were collected from multiple mother trees of the same species. This paper also reports data of the sampling month and date, which indicates the fruiting season of trees at the sampling site. By comparing these data to past or future data, we hope that it will aid in understanding the effects of climate change on fruiting phenology.The complete data set for this abstract published in the Data Paper section of the journal is available in electronic format in MetaCat in JaLTER at http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/JaLTER/metacat/metacat/ERDP-2020-14.1/jalter-en.
Shape Memory Alloy Bimorph Microactuators by Lift-Off Process
Authors: Sun Hao , Luo Jianjun , Ren Zhongjing , Lu Ming , Nykypanchuk Dmytro , Mangla Sundeep , Shi Yong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study aims to develop a new fabrication process to create high-precision patterned shape memory alloy (SMA) bimorph micro-actuators by the e-beam evaporation technique. To examine the effect of the annealing process on nitinol (NiTi) thin film characteristics, the as-deposited and annealed NiTi thin films are, respectively, investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate the crystallization of NiTi thin films after annealing at 600 °C. The transformation behaviors of NiTi thin films during heating and cooling are studied using the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate that SMA bimorph micro-actuators with high-precision features can be fabricated by the lift-off process, without any wet or dry etching procedures, and their thermomechanical behaviors are experimentally verified by comparing them with that of finite element analysis simulation results.
On the Effects of Injection Strategy, Exhaust Gas Recirculation, and Intake Boost on TSCI With Wet Ethanol
Authors: Gainey Brian , Yan Ziming , Rahimi-Boldaji Mozhgan , Lawler Benjamin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using a split injection of wet ethanol, where a portion of the fuel is injected during the compression stroke, has been shown to be an effective way to enable thermally stratified compression ignition (TSCI), an advanced combustion mode that aims to control the heat release process by enhancing thermal stratification, thereby extending the load range of low temperature combustion (LTC). Wet ethanol is the ideal fuel candidate to enable TSCI because it has a high latent heat of vaporization and low equivalence ratio sensitivity. Previous work has shown “early” compression stroke injections (−150 to −100 deg aTDC) have the potential to control the start of combustion (SOC) while “mid” compression stroke injections (−90 to −30 deg aTDC) have the potential to control in-cylinder thermal stratification, thereby controlling the heat release rate. In this work, a mixture of 80% ethanol and 20% water by mass is used to further study the injection strategy of TSCI combustion. Additionally, the impact of external, cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and intake boost on the effectiveness of a TSCI with wet ethanol to control the heat release process are investigated. It was found that neither external, cooled EGR, nor intake boost level has any impact on the effectiveness of the compression stroke injection(s) at controlling the burn rate of TSCI. External, cooled EGR has the potential to increase the overall tailpipe combustion efficiency, while intake boost has the potential to decrease NOx emissions at the expense of combustion efficiency by lowering the global equivalence ratio.
Is volcanic ash responsible for the enrichment of organic carbon in shales? Quantitative characterization of organic-rich shale at the Ordovician-Silurian transition
Authors: Zhao Ke , Du Xuebin , Lu Yongchao , Hao Fang , Liu Zhanhong , Jia Jixin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Subaerial volcanism and atmospheric volcanic ash deposition have been recognized as factors that can greatly affect the nutrient content of the surface ocean and the redox conditions of the water column. Black siliceous, organic-rich mudstone and shale containing numerous volcanic ash layers were deposited in the South China Block during the Ordovician-Silurian transition. Although this association has been observed in other regions, whether there is a relationship between volcanic ash and the organic carbon contents and the effect of volcanic ash remains unclear. Based on analysis of the concentrations of major elements, trace elements, and total organic carbon in the volcanic ash and shale, we found that anoxic and high-productivity environments existed during the Ordovician-Silurian transition and that organic matter was preferentially preserved under these conditions. For the volcanic ash, we quantitatively estimated the depletion of the nutrient elements Fe, Si, and P (in percentages). The calculated results show that leaching removed 25–75% of the Fe, Si, and P in most of the ash samples in the study area, potentially leading to high marine primary productivity in the surface water. Redox conditions also played a major role in the preservation of organic matter. The trace element analysis results show that although productivity was high during the Ordovician-Silurian transition, organic matter was preferentially preserved in the Lower Silurian strata. Therefore, high organic matter flux and good preservation conditions both contributed to the formation of the organic-rich shale, and volcanic ash was the dominant source of nutrients for primary productivity.
Geothermal energy and ore-forming potential of 600 °C mid-ocean-ridge hydrothermal fluids
Authors: Bali Enikő , Aradi László E. , Zierenberg Robert , Diamond Larryn W. , Pettke Thomas , Szabó Ábel , Guðfinnsson Guðmundur H. , Friðleifsson Guðmundur Ó. , Szabó Csaba 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The ∼4500-m-deep Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) borehole IDDP-2 in Iceland penetrated the root of an active seawater-recharged hydrothermal system below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As direct sampling of pristine free fluid was impossible, we used fluid inclusions to constrain the in situ conditions and fluid composition at the bottom of the hydrothermal convection cell. The fluid temperature is ∼600 °C, and its pressure is near-hydrostatic (∼45 MPa). The fluid exists as two separate phases: an H2O-rich vapor (with an enthalpy of ∼59.4 kJ/mol) and an Fe-K–rich brine containing 2000 µg/g Cu, 3.5 µg/g Ag, 1.4 µg/g U, and 0.14 µg/g Au. Occasionally, the fluid inclusions coexist with rhyolite melt inclusions. These findings indicate that the borehole intersected high-energy steam, which is valuable for energy production, and discovered a potentially ore-forming brine. We suggest that similar fluids circulate deep beneath mid-ocean ridges worldwide and form volcanogenic massive sulfide Cu-Zn-Au-Ag ore deposits.
P52 A baseline review of the activity of the PICU pharmacists using electronically captured data
Authors: Semple Diarmaid , Brereton Erika , Dawkins Ian 
Published: August 2020

AimTo date there are no metrics for the clinical pharmacist service to PICU. It is accepted that use of a Clinical Information Management System (CIMS) has a role in medication safety,1 however there are few studies that review the information potential of a CIMS for collecting pharmacist activity.2MethodAdditional fields and custom reports were configured in the CIMS to enable PICU pharmacists to record their activity in the following areas:Medicines reconciliation within 72 hours of admission to PICUDischarge kardex reviewAnalgesia and sedation (A&S) reviewClinical pharmacy reviewOther interventions & medication error reporting continued as per normal practice. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel®.ResultsComplete data was available from July 2017 to end of 2018.There were 1274 medicines reconciliations by a pharmacist within 72 hours of admission (78% admissions). 14% of discharge kardexes had been reviewed prior to discharge to the ward. There was an average of 190 pharmacy reviews per 100 bed days. A total of 780 Pharmacist A&S Plans were documented by the clinical pharmacists – an average of 2 per working day, and 48% of admissions.Comparisons between each six month period showed a significant increase in the number of pharmacists medicines reconciliations (p<0.001). No other differences were found.ConclusionThis study has shown that electronic tracking of pharmacist ward activity is possible. It has the potential to demonstrate compliance with external or internal standards and audits. This data continues to be collected, and therefore these results will be used as a baseline to compare future activity. The findings of this study may encourage other units to replicate, providing data that can be used for comparison. Further configuration of the CIMS to capture other metrics such as TDM, and document discrepancies in medicines reconciliation is planned.ReferencesForni A, Chu H, Fanikos J. Technology Utilization to Prevent Medication Errors. Current Drug Safety. 2010;5:13–18.Nelson S, Poikonen J, Reese T, El Halta D, Weir C. The pharmacist and the EHR. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 2016;24:193–197.Health and Information Quality Authority. Guidance for health and social care providers; Principles of good practice in medication reconciliation. Dublin: HIQA; 2014