bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How many more young Australians say that they would use cannabis if it were legal?
Authors: Leung Janni , Chiu Vivian , Chung Jack Yiu Chak , Hall Wayne D. , Chan Gary C. K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe potential for increased cannabis use by young people after legalisation remains a key concern of opponents of legalisation. This study used survey data to estimate how many young Australians may be prepared to use cannabis if it became legally available.Design and MethodsThe study included 3052 youths (adolescents aged 12–17 and young adults aged 18–25 years) in Australia who participated in the 2016 National Drug Strategy Household Survey. Incident cases were estimated by multiplying the prevalence and estimated population sizes from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.ResultsIt was estimated that 17% of adolescents would try (13%) or use (4%), and 32% of young adults would try (15%) or use (17%) cannabis if it were legal. Among those who reported an intention to try it, 85% of adolescents and 59% of young adults had never used cannabis. These translate to 199 000 and 238 000 potential initiators, respectively. Among those with an intention to use cannabis, 21% of adolescents and 3% of young adults had never used cannabis. These translate to 14 000 adolescents and 12 000 young adults who intended to use cannabis if it were legal.Discussion and ConclusionsA substantial minority of young Australians say that they would use cannabis for the first time if it were legalised. A proportion of young people who have used cannabis also expressed an interest in increasing their use. Both would warrant special attention if cannabis were legalised.
Comparative research on shadow education: Achievements, challenges, and the agenda ahead
Authors: Zhang Wei , Bray Mark 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews research on private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, during the initial decades of the present century. It takes as its starting point the first global study of the phenomenon, published in 1999, though notes some scattered national and subnational literature prior to that date. During the initial two decades, great expansion of the research on shadow education brought more depth and stronger awareness of commonalities and differences in different cultures. From initial mapping and identification of factors shaping demand came work on ecosystems with deeper sociological and economic analyses, together with greater attention to research methods. The agenda ahead will need to keep up with changing times, e.g., through the impact of technology, and develop stronger interdisciplinarity to explore additional domains. It will also need continued attention to definitions and methods.
Detection of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum in drain water based on concentration, enrichment and the use of a duplex TaqMan PCR test
Authors: Sedighian N. , Mendes O. , Poleij L. , Bonants P. , van der Wolf J. 
Published: July 2020

The Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) can cause bacterial wilt in a wide variety of plant species, including a number of ornamental glasshouse crops. Recently in Europe, ornamental rose plants for the production of cut flowers and propagation materials have been strongly affected by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, phylotype I, biovar 3. To test for the presence of the pathogen in the glasshouse, sampling of water from a drainage gutter or well may be an efficient strategy since it is known that RSSC can be released from infected root systems in the water. A protocol was developed to detect low densities of R. pseudosolanacearum in drain water collected from rose growers. Drain water was filtered through a bacterial filter, the filtrate was collected and target bacteria enriched for 48 h in Semi‐selective Medium South Africa (SMSA) broth supplemented with sterilized tomato plant extracts. DNA extracted from the enrichment broth was analysed using a TaqMan test in a duplex format, based on specific egl sequences of RSSC and the use of an extraction and amplification control. The optimized protocol had a detection level of ≤1–10 colony forming units of R. pseudosolanacearum in drain water.
Incorporating genetic selection into individual‐based models of malaria and other infectious diseases
Authors: Hastings Ian M. , Hardy Diggory , Kay Katherine , Sharma Raman 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionControl strategies for human infections are often investigated using individual‐based models (IBMs) to quantify their impact in terms of mortality, morbidity and impact on transmission. Genetic selection can be incorporated into the IBMs to track the spread of mutations whose origin and spread are driven by the intervention and which subsequently undermine the control strategy; typical examples are mutations which encode drug resistance or diagnosis‐ or vaccine‐escape phenotypes.Methods and resultsWe simulated the spread of malaria drug resistance using the IBM OpenMalaria to investigate how the finite sizes of IBMs require strategies to optimally incorporate genetic selection. We make four recommendations. Firstly, calculate and report the selection coefficients, s, of the advantageous allele as the key genetic parameter. Secondly, use these values of “s” to calculate the wait time until a mutation successfully establishes itself in the pathogen population. Thirdly, identify the inherent limits of the IBM to robustly estimate small selection coefficients. Fourthly, optimize computational efficacy: when “s” is small, fewer replicates of larger IBMs may be more efficient than a larger number of replicates of smaller size.DiscussionThe OpenMalaria IBM of malaria was an exemplar and the same principles apply to IBMs of other diseases.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes, parasite control practices and anthelmintic resistance patterns in a working horse population in Egypt
Authors: Salem Shebl E. , Abd El‐Ghany Amany M. , Hamad Mohamed H. , Abdelaal Ahmed M. , Elsheikh Hussein A. , Hamid Alaa A. , Saud Mohamed A. , Daniels Simon P. , Ras Refaat 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnthelmintic resistance is commonly reported in horse populations in developed countries, but evidence in some working horse populations is either lacking or inconclusive.ObjectivesTo estimate prevalence of GI nematode infections in working horses in Egypt and to evaluate strongyle resistance to ivermectin, doramectin and fenbendazole.Study designCross‐sectional study.MethodsFaecal egg count was performed on 644 working horses from 2 provinces in Egypt. A short questionnaire about horse signalment and worming history was completed for each horse. Horses identified with ≥50 strongyle type egg/g (n = 146) underwent faecal egg count reduction testing (FECRT) following treatment with ivermectin (n = 33), doramectin (n = 33) or fenbendazole (n = 30). Risk factors for strongyle (≥200 egg/g) and Parascaris equorum (>0 egg/g) infection were investigated using multivariable logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe prevalence of low (0‐199 epg), medium (200‐500 epg) and high (>500 epg) strongyle infection was 88.4%, 5.9% and 5.8%, respectively. P. equorum eggs were detected in 5.1% (n = 33) of horses. Strongyle FECR was 100%, 99.97% and 100% following treatment with ivermectin, doramectin and fenbendazole respectively. Anthelmintic treatment in the 12 months preceding examination was associated with reduced likelihood of strongyle infection (odds ratio [OR] = 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.14, 0.47, P < .001). The likelihood of P. equorum infection was significantly associated with horses’ age (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.90; P < .001). Male horses were more likely to have P. equorum infection (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.37, 5.93, P = .005).Main limitationsNonrandomised selection of study areas and larval cultures was unsuccessful for some samples.ConclusionsThere were low prevalence of strongyle and P. equorum infection and no evidence of macrocyclic lactones or benzimidazole resistance in strongyles in the studied working horse population.
The effect of neonatal dysphagia on subsequent racing performance in Standardbred horses
Authors: Delvescovo Barbara , Mullen Kathleen R. , Eicker Steven W. , Ivanek Renata , Ainsworth Dorothy M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundPreviously we described a clustering of dysphagic foal cases on a Pennsylvania (PA) Standardbred farm which was associated with exposure of pregnant mares to high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the well water. The effect of dysphagia on future athleticism was uncertain.ObjectivesTo determine if, as adults, dysphagic foals were less likely to race and if athleticism (age of first race, Speed Index and Earnings Per Start Index) differed from that of healthy foals that raced as adults.Study designProspective cohort study.MethodsAll foals born during the study period (2014‐2017) on the affected PA or an unaffected New York (NY) farm with the same proprietor were eligible for inclusion in the study. Foals with dysphagia attributed to causes other than PAH environmental exposure were excluded. The proportion of foals from both farms that raced, their age of first race, Earnings Per Start Index and Speed Index were compared between the dysphagic and normal foals using Chi‐Square and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests. Significance level was P < .05.ResultsA total of 116 foals met the inclusion criteria. No significant difference was found in the percentages of foals that raced from each farm: On the PA farm, 54% of healthy and 72% of dysphagic foals raced; 70% of healthy NY farm foals raced. Median (interquartile range) age of first race, Earnings Per Start Index or Speed Index for dysphagic foals (2 years (2, 2); 57 (49, 60); 60 (45, 66) was not different from those of healthy foals from both farms (2 years (2, 3); 55 (39, 78)) or the PA farm (2 years (2, 2); 61(24, 73); 68 (57, 85)). All P > .05.Main limitationsSmall sample size and unique type of dysphagia.ConclusionsThe athleticism of formerly dysphagic foals does not appear to be negatively impacted compared with normal foals as measured by age of first race, Earnings Per Start Index and Speed Index.
Relationship between subjective memory complaints and social and leisure activities in community‐dwelling older people: Toyoake Integrated Care Study
Authors: Takechi Hajime , Tsuzuki Akira , Matsumoto Komaki , Matsunaga Shinji , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Ogawa Masatoshi , Kanada Yoshikiyo 
Published: July 2020

AimSubjective memory complaints (SMC) have attracted attention in recent years in relation to the early stages of dementia. However, it is not clear whether SMC are related to social and leisure activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate SMC in relation to activities in community‐dwelling older adults.MethodsA questionnaire inquiring about SMC and social and leisure activities was sent to 14 850 people aged ≥65 years residing in Toyoake City, as part of the Toyoake Integrated Care Study. After a preliminary analysis, we targeted respondents aged ≥70 years. Therefore, 6685 people were included in the analysis. Three question items were used detecting SMC: the feeling of a memory problem (SMC‐1), memory loss pointed out by others (SMC‐2) and difficulty in recalling today’s date (SMC‐3). Logistic regression was carried out to determine the relationship between SMC and activities.ResultsIn response to SMC‐1, 2 and 3, 45.3%, 13.3% and 23.5% participants, respectively, agreed with the statement. Social and leisure activities were negatively associated with SMC‐2 and SMC‐3, after controlling for confounding factors (SMC‐2: odds ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.89; SMC‐3: odds ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.70–0.90). However, a significant increase in participation in social and leisure activities was associated with a positive response to SMC‐1 (SMC‐1: odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.12–1.38).ConclusionA relationship was observed between SMC and social and leisure activities in community‐dwelling older people, although differences in the impact of SMC were seen depending on the question asked. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 867–872.
Materialism and life satisfaction: The moderating roles of alexithymia and product retention tendency
Authors: Vredeveld Anna J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis research examines how alexithymia and product retention tendency affect the relationship between materialism and life satisfaction. Extant research has established that materialism has a negative effect on personal well‐being and that consumer culture and marketing facilitates this effect by encouraging consumers to focus on material pursuits to satisfy extrinsic goals. However, previous research has not explored how emotional personality traits and lifestyle values influence this “dark side” of materialism. Alexithymia is an emotional personality trait that inhibits an individual's ability to identify, describe and regulate emotions. Results from survey data show that alexithymia moderates the effect of materialism on life satisfaction, such that the effect is negative for individuals without alexithymia, but positive for individuals with alexithymia. Moreover, product retention tendency attenuates the negative effect of materialism for individuals without alexithymia, but strengthens the positive effect of materialism for individuals with alexithymia. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
The effectiveness of minimum income benefits in poverty reduction in Spain
Authors: Ayala Luis , Arranz José María , García‐Serrano Carlos , Martínez‐Virto Lucía 
Published: July 2020

One of the greatest peculiarities of the Spanish system of minimum income benefits is its complex organisation. There is a wide variety of specific means‐tested benefits whose management and financing depend on the central government. They are designed to protect different contingencies, providing very different levels of protection. On the other hand, the general risk of poverty is covered by regional governments without any coordination and financing from the central government. In this article, we provide a picture of the possibilities and limits of the current set of welfare benefits, focusing especially on its effectiveness in terms of reducing poverty. Our findings show that most benefits are clearly insufficient to cover the risk of poverty in terms of both incidence and intensity. The results show the need for the redesign of the system to better articulate existing benefits in order to prevent new forms of poverty and to respond to emergency situations.Key Practitioner Message: • The Spanish system of minimum income benefits consists of a varied mosaic of benefits that provide very different levels of protection for individuals or households with similar needs; • The contribution of these benefits to the reduction in poverty in Spain is very modest and significantly lower than that of contributory pensions; • The protection provided by MIBS is also unequal by population categories.
Muslim religious accommodations in Western Europe: Do multicultural policies impact religiosity levels among Muslims, Catholics and Protestants?
Authors: Kwon Ronald , McCaffree Kevin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHow do religious accommodations for Muslim minorities shape religiosity levels among Muslims minorities? Answering this question is critical in the contemporary period, as Western European countries have experienced greater diversity in religious affiliations due to immigration. In this article, we address this question by analysing individual data across multiple waves of the European Social Survey (ESS). Our analysis improves on existing studies in that it (1) incorporates a greater number of countries than prior studies, (2) covers a historically novel period of religious accommodations for Muslim minorities and (3) more effectively controls for unmeasured country and time‐invariant processes than previous research. We find that in countries that have instituted greater religious accommodations, Muslim respondents generally report higher levels of religiosity. Interestingly, we also find that the greater institutionalization of religious accommodations for Muslims also impacts the subjective religiosity levels of Protestant majorities. We find no effect for Catholic respondents.
Ba‐based complex perovskite ceramics with superior energy storage characteristics
Authors: Shi Rui Da , Ma Xiao , Ma Pian Pian , Zhu Xiao Li , Fu Mao Sen , Chen Xiang Ming 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLinear dielectrics are widely used to create high power capacitors, where it is a big challenge to achieve high energy storage density in such dielectrics. Here, Ba‐based complex perovskite ceramics with high dielectric strength, medium dielectric constant, and ultra‐low dielectric loss are proposed as the candidates for high energy storage density dielectric materials, and the significant effects of 1:2 B‐site ordering and ordering domain structure are systematically investigated. In Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics, high dielectric strength of 1452 kV cm−1 combined with high energy storage density of 3.31 J cm−3 are achieved in the samples after post‐densification annealing, and they are 28% and 57%, respectively, higher than those in the as‐sintered samples. The significant enhancement of energy storage performance could be attributed to the increased B‐site ordering degree, and the uniform ordering domain structure. Furthermore, amorphous alumina thin films are introduced as the charge blocking layers, which significantly enhance the energy storage density to 5.09 J cm−3. The present work provides a new approach to develop the dielectric ceramics with high energy storage density.
Synthesis and characterization of a pyrochlore solid solution in the Na2O‐Bi2O3‐TiO2 system
Authors: Pradal‐Velázquez Emilio , Yang Fan , Sinclair Derek C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe compositional limits of a previously reported (J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 61, 5‐8. (1978)) but relatively unstudied sodium‐bismuth titanate pyrochlore solid solution are revised and their electrical properties presented. The pyrochlore solid solution we report forms via a different mechanism to that originally reported and occurs in a different location within the Na2O‐Bi2O3‐TiO2 ternary system. In both cases, relatively large amounts of vacancies are required on the A‐sites and on the oxygen sites, similar to that reported for undoped ‘Bi2Ti2O7’ pyrochlore. In contrast to ‘Bi2Ti2O7’, this ternary pyrochlore solid solution can be prepared and ceramics sintered using conventional solid‐state methods; however, the processing requires several challenges to be overcome to obtain dense ceramics. This cubic pyrochlore series has low electrical conductivity (and does not exhibit any evidence of oxide‐ion conduction) and exhibits relaxor ferroelectric behavior with a broad permittivity maximum of ~100 near room temperature. Variable temperature neutron diffraction data do not provide any conclusive evidence for a phase transition in the pyrochlore solid solution between ~4 and 873 K.
Curcumin inhibits the growth of triple‐negative breast cancer cells by silencing EZH2 and restoring DLC1 expression
Authors: Zhou Xueliang , Jiao Dechao , Dou Mengmeng , Zhang Weijie , Lv Liying , Chen Jianjian , Li Lifeng , Wang Liuxing , Han Xinwei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEnhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), an oncogene, is a commonly up‐regulated epigenetic factor in human cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma deletion gene 1 (DLC1) is an antioncogene that is either expressed at low levels or not expressed in many malignant tumours. Curcumin is a promising anticancer drug that has antitumour effects in many tumours, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Our research demonstrated that EZH2 was up‐regulated in breast cancer (BC) tissues and cells, whereas DLC1 was down‐regulated, and the expression of EZH2 and DLC1 was negatively correlated in BC. By analysing the characteristics of clinical cases, we found that positive expression of EZH2 and negative expression of DLC1 may be predictors of poor prognosis in patients with triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). Moreover, knockdown of EZH2 expression restored the expression of DLC1 and inhibited the migration, invasion and proliferation, promoted the apoptosis, and blocked the cell cycle of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Furthermore, we found that curcumin restored the expression of DLC1 by inhibiting EZH2; it also inhibited the migration, invasion and proliferation of MDA‐MB‐231 cells, promoted their apoptosis and blocked the cell cycle. Finally, xenograft tumour models were used to demonstrate that curcumin restored DLC1 expression by inhibiting EZH2 and also inhibited the growth and promoted the apoptosis of TNBC cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that curcumin can inhibit the migration, invasion and proliferation, promote the apoptosis, block the cycle of TNBC cells and restore the expression of DLC1 by inhibiting the expression of EZH2.
Hydrothermal conversion of ice‐cream wastewater
Authors: Enteshari Maryam , Martínez‐Monteagudo Sergio I. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIce‐cream wastewater (WW) was subjected to a hydrothermal process (230°C, 40 bar, and 240 min) to reduce the organic load and to produce functional hydrolysates of protein as value‐added components. Samples of WW from six different production days were collected after a typical clean‐in‐place protocol. Untreated WW contained high values of total protein (12–22% on dry basis), biological oxygen demand (BOD, 8–38 g L−1), and chemical oxygen demand (COD, 7–30 g L−1). The hydrothermal process reduced 87–97 and 25–70% of the BOD and COD, respectively. Moreover, the hydrothermal process hydrolyzed between 38 and 56% of the protein fraction, and the resulting hydrolysates showed antioxidant activity (14–19% of the DPPH) and antihypertension (angiotensin I‐converting enzyme) activity (60–97%). Additionally, the hydrolysates showed a high ratio of glutamic acid (20–26%) and proline (10–15%), which confirmed the relevant functional properties of hydrolysates.Practical ApplicationsVirtually all ice‐cream manufacturers experience the common challenge of managing WW from production and cleaning operations. In this study, we converted ice‐cream WW into valued‐added hydrolysates through hydrothermal process. Produced hydrolysates exhibited relevant functional properties. More importantly, the outcomes of this investigation help to address the environmental concerns associated with millions of tons of WW generated from manufacturing activities.