bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXI-31 Program Chair Poster Pick: Determination of the threonine requirement in adult and senior Labrador Retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique
Authors: Weil Jordan T , Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Although nutrient profiles for canines have been developed in the past, the need to update amino acid (AA) requirements has gained importance as genetic selection changes the recommended nutrients. Correctly feeding AA to canines can have enormous effects, considering a deficiency or excess of such nutrient can lead to weight loss, disease, or in some cases, death. Amino acid requirements can be determined through the nitrogen balance or indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) methods. In this experiment, the IAAO technique was used to determine the threonine (Thr) requirement in Labrador retrievers. A total of six dogs (6 adult and 6 senior) were subjected to six diets with varying levels of Thr, ranging from deficient to excess. Diets were formulated to 1.6x NRC values for all indispensable amino acids. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer AA was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the subject’s body weight was first supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every thirty minutes, spanning a four hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every thirty minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a piecewise model of best fit (JMP® Pro 15). The segmented line regression showed that the Thr mean and population requirements were determined to be 1.21 ± 0.24 and 0.92 ± 0.17 g/1000kcal (mean ± 2SD) for adult and senior dogs, respectively. As the pet food industry becomes more specialized in diets relating to aging, and diseased canines, updating the amino acid requirements related to such animals is increasingly important.
PSIX-24 Comparison of serial real-time A-mode vs. B-mode ultrasound fat depth measures on prediction of final carcass value endpoints
Authors: Dockray Chandler A , Perkins Tommy L , Riberio Flavio , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Wesley Kaitlyn R , Pillmore Sierra L , Cooper Kimberly B , Garrison Max D , Tennant Travis , Nichols Wade , Hutcheson John , Lawrence Ty 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Charolais x Angus steers (n = 80) were evaluated across a 378-day feeding period in response to administration of a growth promoting implant containing trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol (E2) using A-mode and B-mode ultrasound. Steers were scanned at 42-d intervals (0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336) during 10 separate ultrasound scanning sessions 24-h prior to harvest. Ultrasound B-mode rump fat images (BRFU) were obtained by a certified Ultrasound Guidelines Council (UGC) technician using an ALOKA 500V console equipped with a 17.2 cm carcass probe. Ultrasound A-mode images (ARFU) were obtained by a non-UGC certified technician using a RENCO Lean Meater. Images of BRFU were analyzed by the CUP lab whereas ARFU image results were determined chute side by the scanning technician. Carcasses were dissected into total lean, fat and bone post-harvest. Rump fat thickness ultrasound measurements were compared to carcass traits used to determine carcass value. Carcass endpoints included 12th–rib fat thickness (FTC), 12th rib-eye area (REAC), marbling score (MARB), and total percentage of carcass fat (PCF). The correlation between BRFU and ARFU was 0.70 (P &lt; 0.01). Positive correlations (P &lt; 0.01) between ultrasound rump fat measures taken the day before harvest and carcass measurements indicated moderate relationships between BRFU and FTC (r=0.80); BRFU and REAC (r=0.66); BRFU and MARB (r=0.68); BRFU and PCF (r=0.75); ARFU and FTC (r=0.69); ARFU and REAC (r=0.76); ARFU and MARB (r=0.79); and ARFU and PCF (r=0.80). These results indicate A- and B-mode ultrasound measures of rump fat may be adequate measures for estimation of total percent carcass fat.
PSIX-29 JAK2-STAT3 Pathway Mediated Satellite Cell Apoptosis to Govern Skeletal Muscle Growth with Lysine
Authors: Song Zhi-wen , Jin Cheng-long , Ye Mao , Gao Chun-qi , Yan Hui-chao , Wang Xiu-qi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Apoptosis is programmed cell death that can be stimulated by external stress or nutrition restrictions. Lysine (Lys) is an essential amino acid for pig growth, and the relationship between Lys deficiency caused apoptosis and inhibition of skeletal muscle growth remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate whether apoptosis could be regulated by Lys supplementation and the potential mechanism. In current work, 30 male Duroc × Landrace × Large weaned piglets were divided randomly into 3 groups: control group (Lys 1.30%), Lys deficiency group (Lys 0.86%), and Lys rescue group (Lys 0.86%, 0-14d; 1.30%,15–28 d). The experiment lasted for 28 days, and on the morning of 29 d, piglets were slaughtered to collect samples. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomics analysis of the longissimus dorsi muscle showed that Janus family tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway was involved in Lys deficiency-induced apoptosis and inhibited skeletal muscle growth. Meanwhile, western blotting results of the longissimus dorsi muscle demonstrated that Lys deficiency caused apoptosis (P &lt; 0.05) with the JAK2-STAT3 pathway inhibition (P &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, apoptosis was suppressed (P &lt; 0.05), and the JAK2-STAT3 pathway was reactivated (P &lt; 0.05) after Lys re-supplementation in longissimus dorsi muscle. In addition, results of satellite cells (SCs) isolated from the longissimus dorsi muscle of 5-day-old Landrace piglets showed that Lys deficiency-induced apoptosis (P &lt; 0.05) was mediated by the JAK2-STAT3 pathway inhibition (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the JAK2-STAT3 pathway was reactivated (P &lt; 0.05) by Lys re-supplementation and suppressed apoptosis in SCs (P &lt; 0.05), and this effect was blocked (P &lt; 0.05) after SCs treated with AG-490 (a specific inhibitor of JAK2). Collectively, Lys inhibited apoptosis in SCs to govern skeletal muscle growth via the JAK2-STAT3 pathway.
PSVIII-35 Late-Breaking Abstract: Administration of an appeasing substance at castration improves performance of pre-conditioned beef crossbred steers
Authors: Schubach Kelsey , Cappellozza Bruno I , Burim Marcos Renato , Velasco André , Sagrado Fernando , Bastos João Paulo , Cooke Reinaldo F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Alternatives that alleviate stress-related responses and improve performance of the beef cattle herd are imperative and deserve further investigation. In previous trials, administration of the bovine appeasing substance (BAS) has improved performance of newly-weaned and feedlot received beef animals, as well as reduced the risk of dark, firm, and dry (DFD) cuts in carcass obtained from Bos indicus cattle. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of BAS administration at castration on pre-conditioning performance of crossbred beef animals. On day 0, 390 crossbred Angus × Nellore animals were ranked by initial shrunk BW (255 ± 21.1 kg) and assigned to receive or not (CON) 5 mL/head of BAS (SecureCattle; Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil) immediately before castration. From d 0 to 30, animals within treatments were maintained in 2 feedot pens with a minimum distance (300 m) to avoid contact between treatment groups and received a grass hay-based diet (70:30 roughage:concentrate ratio) ad libitum. On day 30, animals were individually weighed following 16 hours of feed and water restriction. Hence, a descriptive analysis was performed to evaluate pen dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficiency (FE). Animal was considered the experimental unit and all data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Bovine appeasing substance administration at castration improved ADG and BW change (P &lt; 0.0001) compared with CON cohorts (0.983 vs. 1.155 kg/d and 29.5 vs. 34.6 kg for ADG and BW change, respectively). Total DMI was similar among treatments when reported as kg/d (6.70 vs. 6.75 kg) or % of BW (2.48 vs. 2.48%), whereas FE was dramatically improved in BAS-administered animals (146 vs. 172 g/kg for CON and BAS, respectively). In summary, BAS administration improved performance of crossbred beef animals for 30 days post-castration.
PSX-32 Late-Breaking Abstract: Production of a Gene Knock-In Bull Calf by Embryo-Mediated Genome Editing
Authors: Owen Joseph R , Henning Sadie L , McNabb Bret R , Lin Jason C , Young Amy E , Murray James D , Ross Pablo J , Van Eenennaam Alison L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Genome editing offers an opportunity to introduce targeted gene insertions into livestock breeding programs. Molecular geneticists have typically employed a donor repair template and the homologous recombination (HR) pathway in somatic cells to introduce gene knock-ins into livestock genomes, followed by cloning. Editing embryos directly to achieve targeted gene knock-ins is inefficient, especially for introducing large DNA sequences. Here we report using a one-step method to produce a gene knock-in bull calf by cytoplasmic microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 reagents into a bovine embryo. In vitro fertilized one-cell bovine zygotes were injected with a gRNA/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex and homology mediated end joining donor template containing the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene, the green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter gene driven by the SV40 promoter, and one kilobase homology arms targeting the H11 safe harbor locus on bovine chromosome 17. Seven-day blastocysts were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy, and nine green fluorescent embryos were transferred to synchronized recipients. Ultrasound evaluation at 35 days revealed one pregnancy. In April 2020, a healthy 50 kg male calf was born. DNA was extracted from placenta, blood and a fibroblast line derived from the calf and analyzed for SRY-GFP knock-in, as well as genotypic sex. PCR and Sanger sequencing revealed the biallelic edit of the target location on chromosome 17, with the insertion of three or seven copies of the SRY-GFP construct in addition to donor plasmid backbone, or a 26 base pair insertion, and an XY genotype. Future analysis of the XX offspring inheriting the SRY gene on chromosome 17 from this knock-in bull will reveal whether inheritance of the bovine SRY gene is sufficient to trigger the male developmental pathway in cattle.
PSV-33 Studies of heterocyclic aromatic amines accumulation in meat products, depending on the raw materials type and the heat treatment duration
Authors: Utyanov Dmitry A , Kulikovskii Andrey V , Knyazeva Alexandra S , Kuznecova Oxana A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Steaks weighing 150.0±1.0 g and 2.5 cm thick were formed from chicken, pork and beef. After steaks formation they were fried using electric grill in temperature 230°C. First set of steaks were fried during 5 mins on each side, second one – during 7.5 mins, and the third set were fried during 10 mins on each side. After frying, steaks were tested for 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP) content. Analysis of HAAs was performed by HPLC system (Agilent 1200) with QQQ MC/MC detector (Agilent 6410B). The studies did not show a large difference in the total concentration of HAAs formed during frying of pork and beef, but the amount of HAAs in chicken is 1.5–2 times less than in pork or beef. This may be caused by the lowest fat content in poultry meat relative to other types of meat. At the same time, an increase in the duration of heat treatment by 2.5 minutes on each side increases the amount of HAA formed in the product almost by 1.5 times. Total amount of HAAs detected in fried chicken: 22.45, 35.76 and 54.36 ng/g for 10, 15 and 20 minutes of heat treatment duration. Total amount of HAAs detected in fried pork: 47.09, 73.68 and 112.39 ng/g for 10, 15 and 20 minutes of heat treatment duration. Total amount of HAAs detected in fried beef: 42.56, 61.91 and 92.21 ng/g for 10, 15 and 20 minutes of heat treatment duration. The results of HAAs content are shown in table 1. Research conducted as part of the state assignment of Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences 0585-2019-0007.
PSIII-34 Standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements for 7- to 15-kg weanling pigs with high-lean genetics fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet
Authors: Lee Jinyoung , González-Vega Caroline , Htoo John K , Nyachoti Charles Martin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Continued genetic improvement necessitates the verification of nutrient requirements for newly developed pig genotypes. Therefore, the objective was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirements for 7- to 15-kg high-lean piglets (TN Tempo × TN70) fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. A total of 144 piglets (6.51 ± 0.56 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 6 diets in a randomized complete block design based on BW to give 8 replicate pens each with 3 pigs over a 21-d period. Sex was balanced as 4 replicates for each male and female. Diets contained 1.00, 1.16, 1.32, 1.48, 1.64, or 1.80% SID lysine, achieved by adding crystalline L-Lysine·HCl at the expense of cornstarch. Other indispensable AA were provided to meet the requirements. Individual BW and feed disappearance were recorded weekly and blood was sampled on d 1, 14, and 21. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS including the SID lysine concentration as the fixed effect and the block as the random effect. Sex effect was not significant, thus was excluded from the model. The SID Lys requirements were estimated for linear and quadratic broken-line using NLIN procedure of SAS. Lysine content did not affect ADG and ADFI during wk 1, but quadratically increased (P &lt; 0.05) G:F. From d 14 to 21, ADG and G:F increased (P &lt; 0.05) quadratically by increasing dietary lysine content. Overall, increasing dietary lysine content quadratically increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F; whereas, plasma urea nitrogen quadratically decreased (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the SID lysine requirements for optimal growth performance of 7- to 15-kg piglets fed corn-soybean meal-based diets based on linear and quadratic broken-line models were 1.27 and 1.38% for ADG and 1.36 and 1.46% for G:F, respectively, thus giving an overall average value of 1.37%.
PSII-32 In vitro effect of growth hormone on progesterone production by large preovulatory follicles depends on the hen age and follicular layers interaction
Authors: Smekalova Araksiya , Montvila Elena K , Konovalova Olga , Mityashova Olga , Lebedeva Irina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is an endocrine and paracrine/autocrine regulator of the hen ovarian function, with the GH receptor concentration in the granulosa layer (GL) being maximum in the largest preovulatory follicle (Lebedeva et al. 2004, Biol.Reprod. 71:1174–1181). In the present study, GH effects on in vitro production of progesterone by GL from the two largest yellow follicles (F1 and F2) were investigated due to the hen age and the presence of the theca layer (TL). Young hens with long clutch (YLC, 32–33 week-old, &gt;10 eggs per clutch) and old hens with short clutch (OSC, 74–76 week-old, 3–6 eggs per clutch) were used. After isolation, GL from F1 and F2 follicles (n = 8–9) was cultured separately or jointly with the respective TL for 18 h in the presence or absence of chicken GH (25 ng/ml). Concentrations of progesterone in culture media were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. When GL from F1 follicle cultured alone, GH did not affect progesterone production in YLC hens and decreased it from 30,5±3,4 to 20,5±2,9 ng/mg tissue (P &lt; 0.01) in OSC hens. Conversely, when tested GL from F2 follicle, GH increased progesterone output from 15,8±2,4 to 20,4±2,5 ng/mg tissue (P &lt; 0.05) in YLC birds and had no effect on the output in OSC birds. During co-culture of GL and TL, GH raised 1.4–1.5 times the production of progesterone in the case of F1 follicle and did not change it in the case of F2 follicle in hens of both ages. The findings indicate that the steroidogenic response of GL from the two largest preovulatory follicles to GH differs in young and old hens. However, the interaction with TL modifies the GL response and makes it similar in birds regardless the age and reproductive status. The study was supported by RFBR (19-016-00216).
PSXI-3 Applicability of a non-invasive method to predict body weight of growing-finishing pigs based on the support of the front legs
Authors: López-Vergé Sergi , Aymerich Pau , Soldevila Carme , Bonet Jordi , Gasa Josep , Coma Jaume , Castillejos Lorena 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of the current study was to verify the applicability of an automatic weighting method based on the support of the front legs of the pigs compared to a traditional scale. A total of 1,320 males and females crossbreed pigs [Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)] from 110 sows were studied. Feed was offered ad libitum. All pigs were allotted to growing-fattening pens (13 pigs/pen) and individually identified by electronic ear tags. A scale with a platform to put the front legs (FLS), also equipped with an antenna to read the ear tags, was placed in each pen assembled with the feeder, weighing the pig automatically each time approached for feed. All pigs were also manually weighed with a regular scale (RS) on d 64 (entry to the fattening unit), d 90, d 111, d 140 and d 159, respectively, to compare both weighting methods. The relationship between the BW obtained by FLS and RS was analyzed by using the CORR procedure of SAS. Thereafter, a simple linear model was adjusted by using the REG procedure of SAS to predict the BW of the animals from the FLS method. The results showed a high correlation (r = 0.99; P &lt; .0001) between the two weighting methods. Moreover, the linear model fitted (RS = -1.6799 + 1.7413 x FLS; P &lt; .0001) presented a high R2 (0.99), low CV (4.29%) and low RMSE (2.641). Results suggest that the FLS is a good method to weight individually and automatically all the pigs of a growing-fattening unit allowing farmers to monitor the growth of their animals and to implement feeding strategies for pigs that are growing below the average (e.g. precision feeding). The benefits of animal welfare by reducing the stress associated to the over manipulation of pigs should also be considered.
PSII-12 Effect of aspirin to intentionally induce leaky gut on performance, blood markers of stress, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle
Authors: Briggs Nathan , Schoonmaker Jon P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The negative impacts of stress on gastrointestinal (GIT) barrier function can result in compromised animal health. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is known to cause mucosal injury leading to increased gut permeability and tight junction damage. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term impact of leaky gut on animal physiology. In this experiment, 96 Simmental x Angus steers (355 ± 14.8 kg) were allotted by body weight and breed into two treatments: control (no aspirin) or aspirin fed at 50 mg/kg/d for 159 d. Steers were housed in 16 pens (8 pens/treatment) with 6 steers in each pen. Weight was recorded monthly and serum was collected on d 159 to be analyzed for lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Average daily gain (ADG) tended to decrease in cattle fed aspirin (P= 0.10). Aspirin decreased hot carcass weight (P= 0.05) and rib-eye area (P= 0.01)and increased fat thickness (P= 0.02), marbling score (P = 0.003), and yield grade (P = 0.01). Percent KPH tended to increase (P= 0.10) for steers fed aspirin. Aspirin had no effect on body weight, dry matter intake, gain:feed, days on feed, dressing percentage, liver abscess score, or percent liver abscesses. Aspirin tended to increase serum LBP (P= 0.07), but had no effect on serum concentrations of IL-6, haptoglobin, SAA, and AST (P≥ 0.30). This study indicates that leaky gut induced by long-term administration of aspirin has negative impacts on feedlot performance and carcass leanness. The negative impact of aspirin induced leaky gut on animal performance suggests that leaky gut caused by other factors (subacute acidosis, stress) may be a significant problem for the feedlot industry.
PSII-22 Effects of Clinoptilolite inclusion on Ruminant Invitro Digestibility
Authors: Lente Leeroy A , Murray Roderick A Gonzalez , Archibeque Shawn L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Zeolite (ZE, clinoptilolite) inclusion on in vitro rumen fermentation. A modified procedure from Tilley and Terry (1963) was used to determine alfalfa in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in the presence or absence of ZE. Test tubes (n = 96) were placed in a 39 °C bath and were blocked based on hours 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48. Substrate consisted of dried alfalfa grinded through a 1mm screen using a Wily Mill. Treatments consisted of, Control (no ZE inclusion), and 0.05g ZE, for each 1 gram of alfalfa. After incubation, IVDMD was calculated 24 hours after drying period. Data was analyzed using a randomized block design. The IVDMD was found to be similar across all treatments (P &gt; 0.8464). The IVDMD was significantly different when incubated for the varying lengths of time (P &lt; 0.001). There was an IVDMD of 20.18 ± 2.89 % for the control and 18.07 ± 5.49 % for the ZE at the zero hour. The IVDMD for Control and ZE for 48 hours were 54.30 ± 1.58 % and 53. 48 ± 1.04 % respectively. To predict the IVDMD of the effects of ZE treatment on digestibility over time, the corresponding regression f(x) = 20.60 + 0.421X1 + 0.730X2 with R2 = 0.8464. In conclusion these data demonstrate that inclusion of ZE, does not influence the in vitro digestibility of alfalfa. These findings are important as previous data would indicate that inclusion of ZE may reduce cost of gain and/or influence liver abscess rates, it was uncertain if that would come at the cost of reduced digestibility of feed. These data indicate that there is likely very little to no impact on feed digestibility when ZE is included in the ration.