bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Throughput Measurements of Intra‐Cellular and Secreted Cytokine from Single Spheroids Using Anchored Microfluidic Droplets
Authors: Saint‐Sardos Adrien , Sart Sébastien , Lippera Kevin , Brient‐Litzler Elodie , Michelin Sébastien , Amselem Gabriel , Baroud Charles N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhile many single‐cell approaches have been developed to measure secretions from anchorage‐independent cells, these protocols cannot be applied to adherent cells, especially when these cells require to be cultured in 3D formats. Here, a platform to measure secretions from individual spheroids of human mesenchymal stem cells, cultured within microfluidic droplets is introduced. The platform allows to quantify the secretions from hundreds of individual spheroids in each device, by using a secondary droplet to bring functionalized micro‐beads in proximity to each spheroid. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF‐A) is measured on and a broad distribution of secretion levels within the population of spheroids is observed. The intra‐cellular level of VEGF‐A on each spheroid, measured through immuno‐staining, correlates well with the extra‐cellular measurement, indicating that the heterogeneities observed at the spheroid level result from variations at the intra‐cellular level. Further, the molecular accumulation within the droplets is modeled and it is found that physical confinement is crucial for measurements of protein secretions. The model predicts that the time to achieve a measurement scales with droplet volume. These first measurements of secretions from individual spheroids provide several new biological and technological insights.
Cocrystals of Atomically Precise Noble Metal Nanoclusters
Authors: Bodiuzzaman Mohammad , Dar Wakeel Ahmed , Pradeep Thalappil 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCocrystallization is a phenomenon involving the assembly of two or more different chemical entities in a lattice, occurring typically through supramolecular interactions. In this concept, recent advancements in the cocrystallization of atomically precise noble metal clusters and their potential future directions are presented. Different strategies to create coassemblies of thiolate‐protected noble metal nanoclusters are presented first. An approach is the simultaneous synthesis, and cocrystallization of two clusters having similar structures. A unique pair of clusters found recently, namely Ag40 and Ag46 with same core but different shell are taken to illustrate this. In another category, the case of the same core is presented, namely Ag116 with different shells, as in a mixture of Ag210 and Ag211. Next, an intercluster reaction is presented to create cocrystals through selective crystallization of the reaction products. The coexistence of competing effects, magic sizes, and magic electron shells in a coassembly of alloy nanoclusters is discussed next. Finally, an assembly strategy for nanoclusters using electrostatic interactions is described. This concept is concluded with a future perspective on the emerging possibilities of such solids. Advancements in this field will certainly help the development of novel materials with exciting properties.
Prototype Atomically Dispersed Supported Metal Catalysts: Iridium and Platinum
Authors: Chen Yizhen , Sun Hanlei , Gates Bruce C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhen metal nanoparticles on supports are made smaller and smaller—to the limit of atomic dispersion—they become cationic and take on new catalytic properties that are only recently being discovered. The synthesis of these materials is reviewed, including their structure characterization—especially by atomic‐resolution electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption and infrared spectroscopies—and relationships between structure and catalyst performance, for reactions including hydrogenations, oxidations, and the water gas shift. Structure determination is challenging because of the intrinsic nonuniformity of the support surfaces—and therefore the structures on them—but fundamental understanding has advanced rapidly, benefiting from nearly uniform catalysts consisting of metals on well‐defined—crystalline—supports and their characterization by spectroscopy and microscopy. Recent advances in atomic‐resolution electron microscopy have spurred the field, providing stunning images and deep insights into structure. The iridium catalysts have typically been made from organoiridium precursors, opening the way to understanding and control of the metal–support bonding and ligands on the metal, including catalytic reaction intermediates. Platinum catalysts are usually made with less precision, from salt precursors, but they catalyze a wider array of reactions than the iridium, typically being stable at higher temperatures and seemingly offering rich prospect for discovery of new catalysts.
New insights into the affinities, autoecology, and habit of the Mesozoic fernWeichselia reticulatabased on the revision of stems from Bernissart (Mons Basin, Belgium)
Authors: Blanco‐Moreno Candela , Decombeix Anne‐Laure , Prestianni Cyrille 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Mesozoic is a key period in fern evolution, with the rise of most modern families.Weichselia reticulatais a widely distributed Jurassic–Cretaceous fern that has been suggested to belong to the Matoniaceae or possibly the Marattiaceae. The most accepted classic whole‐plant reconstruction for this species is based on stem and foliage material from the Barremian–Aptian locality of Négresse (Bernissart, Mons Basin, Belgium). In this work, two of these stems are revised and analysed using computed tomography, providing new information on their internal anatomy and external morphology.Weichselia reticulatahas a unique anatomy, distinct from all other extant or fossil ferns. Stem external morphology suggests adaptations to stressful environments, due to the scale insertions, and a thick cortex. Especially noteworthy is the presence of structures interpreted as aerophores or nectaries at the base of putative roots and petioles that could suggest a need for extra ventilation of the frond or interactions with animals. Although these new results do not settle the question of the systematic affinities ofWeichselia, they provide new information about its autoecology and allow us to test the validity of previous whole‐plant reconstructions.
Building Livelihoods Resilience in the Face of Climate Change: Case Study of Small-Holder Farmers in Tanzania
Authors: Mwasha Saumu Ibrahim , Robinson Zoe 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe impacts of climate change are already being felt on human and environmental systems, with the brunt of the impacts being felt by communities in the Global South, particularly small-holder farmers due to their poverty levels and greater direct dependency on natural resources for their livelihoods. Hence, there is a need to understand how to build small-holder farmers’ resilience to climate change. Climate change adaptation strategies need to build livelihood resilience in the face of climate change as well as address the factors that contribute to farmers’ vulnerability. This chapter draws from a mixed-method study conducted in three villages each in a different agro-ecological zone in the Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania, to explore how to build farmers’ livelihood resilience through addressing factors that increase livelihood vulnerability to climate change. These farmers’ livelihoods are vulnerable because of both the impacts of climate variability on the farmers’ livelihood assets and certain social and environmental structures and characteristics. Building small-holder farmers’ livelihood resilience that can ensure the desired levels of livelihood outcomes in the face of climate variability and change, requires integration of strategies across household resource management as well as farm-based livelihood assets, and a holistic rather than piecemeal approach to small-holder farmers’ livelihoods.
A General Model for the Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities Between Europe and Latin America
Authors: López-Roldán Pedro , Fachelli Sandra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe chapter is an introduction to the book that places the research perspective for the comparative analysis of social inequalities between Europe and Latin America in a theoretical and methodological framework. Particularly, we present the INCASI project, the objectives, and discuss the concept of social inequalities in Latin American countries in comparison with European countries in order to create a dialogue that fills the knowledge gap between these two different traditions. To do so, we propose an Analytical Model on Social Inequalities and Trajectories (AMOSIT). Finally, the structure and general contents of the book are presented.
Social Times, Reproduction and Social Inequality at Work: Contrasts and Comparative Perspectives Between Countries
Authors: Domínguez-Amorós Màrius , Muñiz Leticia , Rubilar Gabriela 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIf the focus is placed specifically on the problem of work and family, the daily life of people and their use of time are a main problem. This time is expressed in both freely available time, which is related to activities, and time of the productive and reproductive sphere. This chapter considers work in a broad sense and takes into account the sexual division of labour.Specifically, this chapter will explore transformations in time use and social inequality in unpaid work. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of time-use surveys will be used, analysing the time spent, and the time dedicated to household chores in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Spain. From an analytical viewpoint, the analysis will place social reproduction at the centre of the socio-economic system, showing that the economic crisis has affected women and men differently, and that in both Europe and Latin America the family pattern is being replaced by a dominant family model of a male provider and a double presence of women. The large-scale incorporation of women into the labour market has emphasised the role that women assume in the domestic sphere perpetuating gender segregation in employment and in domestic and care work.
Social Models for Dealing with Inequalities
Authors: Martín-Artiles Antonio , Chávez-Molina Eduardo , Semenza Renata 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter compares social models in Europe and Latin America. The goal is to study the interaction between two institutions: on the one hand, pre-distributive (ex ante) institutions, such as the structure and coverage of collective bargaining and, on the other hand, post-distributive (ex post) institutions, such as unemployment protection and social policy. Pre-distributive institutions are important for correcting inequalities in the labour market, because they introduce guidelines for egalitarian wage structures. Post-distributive institutions help to mitigate inequalities generated in the labour market.The methodology is based on statistical analysis of a series of indicators related to pre and post-distributive policies. The results present three types of model: (1) coordinated economies, typical of neo-corporatist Scandinavian countries; (2) mixed economies, typical of Mediterranean systems, and (3) uncoordinated economies, which equate to liberalism and the Latin American ‘structural heterogeneity’ model. It is neo-corporatist coordinated economies that generate the most pre and post-distributive equality. In turn, uncoordinated economies, and Latin American ones in particular, generate more inequalities due to highly informal employment and the weakness of their post-distributive institutions.
The Measurement of Social Stratification: Comparative Perspectives Between Europe and Latin America
Authors: Barozet Emmanuelle , Boado Marcelo , Marqués-Perales Ildefonso 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyses compared social stratification in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) and four European countries (Finland, France, Spain, Great Britain). We focus on both external and internal borders of social classes, as well as on the challenges posed by their analysis for sociology. We compare social classes using EGP6 in relation to a variety of social indicators, to examine how social classes vary among countries. We include debates on production models and welfare state policies to understand the specific configurations and compare the conditions of some of the INCASI countries regarding social stratification. Lastly, we apply a latent class analysis to validate the number of social classes and to recognise class boundaries.
Social Mobility from a Comparative Perspective Between Europe and Latin America
Authors: Fachelli Sandra , Marqués-Perales Ildefonso , Boado Marcelo , Solís Patricio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a review of the analysis of social mobility in the international sphere (Europe and Latin America), with a particular focus on the partner countries of the INCASI network. To date, few studies have linked nations whose economic and social aspects are so dissimilar.As is usual in the specialized literature, the relationship between social origin and class destination is addressed. This is done by noting the comparisons made across the geographical areas. We review the analyses that have been made of the evolution of social fluidity as well as the distance between social classes within each country and the comparisons made between them.We compare the main theories that have inspired the study of social mobility to date: modernization theory, which predicts an increase in relative mobility rates, and invariance theory, which postulates the constancy of social fluidity. Special attention is devoted to the role played by the family, the state and the market in late industrialized countries.We study the difficulties for social change, i.e. upward mobility from one class to another, as well as the likelihood of reproduction in comparative terms. To do so, we link these mechanisms with the AMOSIT model. The advances in methodology, techniques, theory and data processing are highlighted.
Corporate Digital Entrepreneurship: Leveraging Industrial Internet of Things and Emerging Technologies
Authors: Ghosh Swapan , Hughes Mathew , Hughes Paul , Hodgkinson Ian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIndustrial firms are under severe pressure to innovate by leveraging the industrial Internet of things (IIoT) and emerging digital technologies. Digital entrepreneurship for existing organizations (corporate digital entrepreneurship) is a key differentiating factor in a highly competitive and disruptive environment. However, there is limited guidance for corporate digital entrepreneurship and industrial managers do not have a conceptual framework to navigate their organizations for new product and process innovation. This paper discusses the importance of emerging digital technologies for digital entrepreneurship and presents a conceptual framework of corporate digital entrepreneurship highlighting three elements—business model transformation, operating model transformation, and cultural transformation—which is necessary for fostering digital entrepreneurship in organizations. The chapter presents three case studies and discusses practical implications for the future.
New Sources of Entrepreneurial Finance
Authors: Lynn Theo , Rosati Pierangelo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDigital technologies are transforming entrepreneurial finance. Near-ubiquitous access to the Internet, platformisation, and advances in cloud computing, machine learning and artificial intelligence, and blockchain are changing the sources, basis, and quantum of funding in ways that were unimaginable at the turn of the century. This chapter outlines the changes to the market for entrepreneurial finance from the perspective of structure and participants. The key sources and characteristics of alternative sources of finance available to entrepreneurs, including start-ups, are presented. Two online alternative finance sources, crowdfunding and token offerings, are discussed in greater detail. These are illustrated with case studies. This chapter concludes with recommendations and a discussion of practical implications.
Pursuing International Opportunities in a Digitally Enabled World
Authors: Song Di , Wu Aiqi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDigitalization has tremendously challenged how international opportunities are created and captured. Inspired by researches in the field of both entrepreneurship and international business, this study provides a comprehensive framework toward the impact of digital technologies (DTs) on opportunity pursuit in foreign markets. We identify two perspectives of DTs, i.e., DTs as ‘driving force’ and DTs as ‘disrupting force,’ which characterize DTs as a catalyst of experiential knowledge acquisition, and as a factor altering the relative significance of experiential knowledge to opportunity pursuit, respectively. By bridging these two perspectives with the notion of market-specific knowledge and general knowledge within internationalization process theory, some arguments with regard to what specific influences DTs play on international opportunity pursuit are further introduced. We hope this study can potentially offer some nuances to both practitioners as well as the research in the interaction of digitalization and international opportunity.
Challenges and Opportunities for Digital Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries
Authors: Samara Georges , Terzian Jessica 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the obstacles and opportunities that digital entrepreneurs encounter when they operate in developing countries. Drawing on the varieties of institutional systems framework and on three interviews (two digital entrepreneurs and one consultant), this chapter chalks out the idiosyncratic challenges and opportunities for digital entrepreneurs operating in a developing context. Our findings indicate that digital entrepreneurs face a weak institutional infrastructure and an environment characterized by corruption that obstructs their operations. These weak infrastructures result in the inaccessibility to necessary start-up funds, the lack of policies and regulations that protect and support e-commerce, a weak digital infrastructure, and to a deficiency in digitally competent and experienced labor capital. At the same time, our findings indicate some opportunities stemming from the unique institutional setting in which digital entrepreneurs operate. The opportunities translate into the use of family wealth as a source of start-up financial capital, the use of personal connections as a source of social and human capital, and the rising education on digital entrepreneurship and its benefits. We conclude with some suggestions to improve the current institutional infrastructure for digital entrepreneurs in developing countries.
Unleashing the Creativity of Entrepreneurs with Digital Technologies
Authors: Hisrich Robert D. , Soltanifar Mariusz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFor decades, creativity has been used to generate ideas among entrepreneurs and their teams. Although extensive research has been conducted on creativity, the majority of studies have focused on traditional ways of stimulating creativity, such as focus groups, the collective notebook method, brainstorming, brainwriting, reverse brainstorming and problem inventory analysis. However, the digital age appears to challenge much of this existing work on the nature of creativity. It is clear that online creativity and audiences are affecting the meaning, expression and impact of creativity. The traditional techniques of stimulating creativity have been replaced and aided by technology-driven innovations, such as artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR) and the Internet of things (IoT). This chapter explores ways to activate the creativity of entrepreneurs and their teams through the use of digital technologies. We believe that this chapter provides a rich source of examples on how technology is currently being used to support creativity by encouraging entrepreneurs and their teams to make connections, develop ideas, create meaning, collaborate and communicate. We present, in detail, three case studies and discuss practical implications for the future.
Development and Validation of Platform Businesses in Digital Entrepreneurship
Authors: Göcke Lutz , Meier Philip 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlatform business models grow in relevance in nearly every industry by an optimization of transaction costs or a significant increase in innovativeness. Many entrepreneurs choose platform business models to create and capture value. Although the benefits of platform business models demonstrably have immense growth potential, these business models are also accompanied by unique challenges for startups in their early stages of development. In this chapter, we aim to discuss the specific challenges that digital entrepreneurs face when validating their platform business model concept. We also develop a processual model, based on the venture pyramid (discussed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-53914-6_4 of this book) to validate the critical assumptions of platform business models. Based on three case studies of early-stage startups, we shed light on the dynamics of testing platform business models and discuss different approaches to develop a minimum viable platform.
Blockchain as an Approach for Secure Data Storage on Digital Consulting Platforms
Authors: Gerth Sebastian , Heim Lars 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the concept of data security in a society increasingly shaped by digital technologies. We show how secure data storage can be optimised regarding digital documentation in the implementation of health-related service offers based on established procedures. Security and privacy of data are therefore particularly important in this subject area since highly sensitive data is stored and processed during health-related online consultations. The advent of blockchain technology provides a valuable opportunity to create trust in digital platforms. After relevant concepts and terms have been clarified, the functionality of the blockchain in general, as well as the different types, will be discussed. From this, options for the use of online consulting are developed and illustrated on the basis of three use cases.
The Role of an Entrepreneurial Mindset in Digital Transformation-Case Study of the Estonian Business School
Authors: Kooskora Mari 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on entrepreneurial mindset in digital transformation and presents a short case study about leading the digital transformation in one Estonian private business school, where the ongoing digital process has changed the organisation itself and also the ways how students are taught and trained for coping and leading in the digital world. In order to better understand the context and environment, a brief introduction to the digitalisation topic and slightly more detailed overview of digitalising in higher education sector is provided first.