bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Parameters and Target Optimization of Splitter Blades for Blood Pumps Using CFD and Neural Networks
Authors: Yu Zheqin , Tan Jianping , Wang Shuai 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: The splitter blade is an improved structure effective in traditional pumps. However, applying splitter blades to blood pumps is a complex optimization problem with multiple parameters and objectives, because structural parameters, blood circulation dynamics, and blood damage need to be considered simultaneously. This study aims to obtain the performance impact of the splitter blade and make it well used in blood pumps through CFD and neural networks.Results: This study combines CFD and neural networks. And hydraulic experiments and PIV technology were used. In the optimization study, the number of blades, axial length, and circumferential offset are optimization parameters, and hydraulic performance and hemolytic prediction index are optimization targets. The study analyzes the influence of each parameter on performance and completes the optimization of the parameters. In the results, the optimal parameters of the number of blades, axial length ratio, and circumferential offset are 2, 6 °, and 0.41, respectively. Under optimized parameters, hydraulic performance can be significantly improved. And the results of hemolysis prediction and micro PIV experiments reflect that there is no increase in the risk of hemolytic damage.Conclusion: This study provides a method and ideas for improving the structure of the blood pump. The established optimization method can be effectively applied to the design and research of blood pumps with complex, high precision, and multiple parameters and targets.
Structural basis for receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan
Authors: Shang Jian , Ye Gang , Shi Ke , Wan Yushun , Luo Chuming , Aihara Hideki , Geng Qibin , Auerbach Ashley , Li Fang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A novel SARS-like coronavirus (2019-nCoV) recently emerged from Wuhan, China and is quickly spreading in humans. A key to tackling this epidemic is to understand the virus’s receptor recognition mechanism, which regulates its infection, pathogenesis, and host range. 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV recognize the same host receptor ACE2. Here we determined the crystal structure of 2019-nCoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) (engineered to facilitate crystallization) in complex of human ACE2.Compared with SARS-CoV, an ACE2-binding ridge in 2019-nCoV RBD takes more compact conformations, causing structural changes at the RBD/ACE2 interface. Adaptive to these structural changes, several mutations in 2019-nCoV RBD enhance ACE2- binding affinity, contributing to the high infectivity of 2019-CoV. These mutations also reveal the molecular mechanisms of the animal-to-human transmission of 2019-nCoV. Alarmingly, a single N439R mutation in 2019-nCoV RBD further enhances its ACE2- binding affinity, indicating possible future evolution of 2019-nCoV in humans. This study sheds light on the epidemiology and evolution of 2019-nCoV, and provides guidance for intervention strategies targeting receptor recognition by 2019-nCoV.
Diffusely Adhering Escherichia Coli
Authors: Turniak Michał , Sobieszczańska Beata 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Diffusely adhering E. coli strains (DAEC) is one of the seven pathovars of pathogenic E. coli causing intestinal infections in humans. DAEC is a diverse group of strains producing fimbrial or afimbrial adhesins that are responsible for their pathogenicity specific diffuse adherence pattern for epithelial cells. DAEC isolates are detected not only in humans, but also in various groups of animals (dogs, calves, cattle, poultry, pigs). A large variation in the genes that encode the adhesins contributes to the omission of DAEC in the routine diagnosis of gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections.
1. Introduction. 2. The Afa/Dr family of adhesins. 3. The division of DAEC strains. 4. Other virulence factors of DAEC. 5. The pathogenicity of DAEC. 5.1. Urinary tract infections. 5.2. Gastrointestinal tract infections. 6. Immunological response in DAEC infections. 7. The pathomechanism of infections caused by DAEC. 7.1. The internalization of DAEC. 8. The epidemiology of DAEC. 9. Diagnosis. 10. Summary
Quality Assurance In The Medical Microbiology Laboratory
Authors: Młodzińska Ewa , Hryniewicz Waleria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In each laboratory, a quality assurance program should be developed in order to obtain reliable results and to fulfil the requirements of quality standards in the field of microbiological laboratory tests. Microbiological diagnostics makes it possible to determine the etiological agent of infection and allow the selection of an appropriate therapy. The quality of test results are affected by pre-laboratory, laboratory and post-laboratory steps, which should be checked regularly. Constant internal quality control of performance in the laboratory and participation in external quality control programmes may ensure the quality of results. Internal quality control of the tests at all stages of routine microbiological diagnostics in the laboratory facilitates constant monitoring of the quality of results. Participation in interlaboratory external quality control programmes permits the quality of performance of tests routinely used in a laboratory to be assessed.
1. Introduction. 2. Quality assurance programme. 2.1. Factors affecting quality. 3. Internal quality control. 3.1. Quality control of identification tests. 3.2. Internal quality control of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detecting resistance mechanisms. 3.3. Internal quality control of automated systems for identification and susceptibility testing. 4. External quality control. 4.1. External quality assurance programme participation rules. 5. Summary
The Role Of The Stringent Components In The Regulation Of Virulence
Authors: Krause Klaudyna , Milewska Klaudia , Szalewska-Pałasz Agnieszka 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The aim of the existence of every organism is to survive and replicate its genetic material. The pathogen, after infection of the host, has to overcome the host’s defensive barrier. For this, bacterial pathogens use virulence-related factors, such as cell and tissue invasion, adhesion to the surface and toxin production. Numerous pathogenic microorganisms combine their virulence pathways with general mechanisms that allow their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. For this purpose, many bacteria use the global mechanisms of reaction to a stress condition, the stringent response. Here we discuss how the components of stringent response influence the virulence of pathogenic bacteria.
1. Introduction. 2. Metabolism of (p)ppGpp. 2.1. Regulatory targets of (p)ppGpp. 3. Virulence and adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. 4. The role of stringent response in the virulence of Gram-negative bacteria 4.1. Escherichia coli EHEC. 4.2. Escherichia coli UPEC. 4.3. Shigella flexneri. 4.4. Vibrio cholerae. 4.5. Salmonella enterica. 4.6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 4.7. Francisella tularensis. 4.8. Bordetella pertussis. 5. The role of stringent response in the virulence of Gram-positive bacteria. 5.1. Enterococcus faecalis. 5.2. Bacillus anthracis. 5.3. Staphylococcus aureus. 5.4. Streptococcus pyogenes. 5.5. Listeria monocytogenes. 6. The effect of the stringent response on the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 7. Summary
Antibiotic Resistance Of Bacteria A Growing Threat For Animals And Public Health
Authors: Binek Marian , Kizerwetter-Świda Magdalena , Rzewuska Magdalena , Chrobak-Chmiel Dorota , Sałamaszyńska-Guz Agnieszka 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The major aspect of the consequences of antibiotic resistance usually concerns people. The animals are often seen as a source of pathogens or resistance genes implying a potential risk of their transmission to humans and thereby a potential hazard on public health. Despite the fact that transmission of resistant pathogens from animals to humans is possible we must also recognize that the animals for veterinarians are patients, which suffer from different bacterial infections, and require antibiotic treatment. Similarly to human infections, loss of effective therapy causes suffering for the affected animals, negative emotional and social effects on their owners, economic losses, and subsequently contributes to social costs. Infections in humans and animals with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), as well as with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria have rapidly emerged worldwide. Most of these bacteria, usually in a high density, inhabit the respective body compartments of animal and human hosts and are in close contact with each other. In such conditions genetic material can be transmitted between different bacteria, often belonging to phylogenetically distant taxons. Staphylococci harbor a wide variety of resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations. Many of them are located on the same plasmid or SCCmec cassette. MRSP originates from animal reservoirs. It is a major cause of infections in dogs, also posing a zoonotic risk to humans. However, the transmission of this species is limited. The population of MRSP is highly diverse and include several clonal complexes (CCs) usually exhibiting specific antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative rods is also a grooving issue in veterinary medicine. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a common problem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp. and many others. ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli strains are found both in companion and food-producing animals as well as in food of animal origin. Reports of carbapenemase-producing bacteria in companion animals include E. coli Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. In a single case, the carbapenemase VIM-1 producing strains of Salmonella Infantis and E. coli were recovered from diseased piglet and fattening pigs, respectively.
1. Introduction. 2. Problems of antibiotic therapy in animals. 3. Antibiotic resistance of staphylococci. 4. Antibiotic resistance of selected Gram-negative rods. 5. Data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 6. Concluding remarks
Parechoviruses – Underestimated Risk
Authors: Krzysztoszek Arleta , Wieczorek Magdalena 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Parechoviruses are small, non-enveloped, icosahedral-shaped capsid viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family. They are characterized by a single-positive-strand genomic RNA and as others RNA viruses have a great potential for genetic variation, the rapid evolution and adaptation. Genus Parechovirus has been established in the 90s and currently, 19 types of human parechoviruses (HPeV) are discovered. They usually cause mild respiratory or gastrointestinal illness, mainly in young children, but also can cause severe diseases such as encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid paralysis and sepsis. Severe HPeV infections in infants are also associated with a risk of long-term complications. Although it is known that HPeV plays a significant role in severe pediatric diseases, routine diagnostics are not performed in clinical practice. No antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of HPeV infections, and only symptomatic treatment is available. Increased detection of human parechovirus infection in infants and connection of serious clinical complication with parechovirus infection was the reason why surveillance was established in some countries, while the worldwide extensive surveillance needs to be performed in order to monitor prevalence, genetic diversity, and clinical significance of HPeV. Although the first HPeV strains were discovered 6 decades ago, recognition of HPeV biology, epidemiology, evolution and pathogenicity still requires more research to appreciate the risk for public health that these small viruses can be.
1. Introduction. 2. Classification, structure and replication. 3. Cellular receptors and HPeV variability. 4. Course of infection 5. HPeV types in the world 6. Diagnosis 7. Pathogenesis 8. Summary
Edaphic Factors And Their Influence On The Microbiological Biodiversity Of The Soil Environment
Authors: Furtak Karolina , Gałązka Anna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The edaphic factors are the soil properties that affect the diversity of organisms living in the soil environment. These include soil structure, temperature, pH, and salinity. Some of them are influenced by man, but most are independent of human activity. These factors influence the species composition of soil microbial communities, but also their activity and functionality. The correlations between different abiotic factors and microbial groups described in this manuscript indicate both the complexity of the soil environment and its sensitivity to various stimuli.
1. Introduction. 2. Soil type and structure. 3. Soil pH and salinity. 4. Soil temperature. 5. Soil moisture. 6. Organic carbon and nitrogen content. 7. Heavy metals content. 8. Conclusions
Advancements In Developing Anti-Campylobacter Vaccine For Poultry
Authors: Wyszyńska Agnieszka , Kobierecka Patrycja , Jagusztyn-Krynicka Katarzyna Elżbieta 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Campylobacter jejuni/coli is the leading bacterial cause of diarrhoea in humans in both developing and developed countries. Epidemiological studies show that most cases of campylobacteriosis are the result of the consumption of undercooked, contaminated poultry meat. Although campylobacteriosis is largely a self-limiting disease with low mortality, a specific treatment is required for patients infected with strains resistant to clinically important antibiotics and for patients who develop neurological symptoms or bacteremia in course of infection. Despite intensive efforts to improve an on-farm biosecurity practice over the past decade, about 70% of EU broiler chicken flocks remain Campylobacter-positive at slaughter. Control of spreading the Campylobacter infection in flocks of chickens by biosecurity actions turned out rather ineffective. The most efficient strategy to decrease the number of human Campylobacter infections may be to implement an immunoprophylactic method, namely, the protective vaccination of chickens. The publication presents the current state of knowledge on anti-Campylobacter immunoprophylaxis in poultry.
1. Campylobacteriosis – epidemiological data, disease symptoms. 2. Campylobacteriosis – source of infection. 3. Campylobacteriosis – prophylaxis. 4. Immunization of chicken. 4.1. Passive immunization. 4.2, Campylobacter Whole-cell Vaccines. 4.3. Subunit vaccines. 5. Strategies for developing modern subunit vaccines. 5.1 Searching for antigen. 5.2. The choice of a carrier. 6. Modulation of immune response. 7. The route of antigen administration. 8. Summary
Recombinant Antigens In Serological Diagnosis Of Lyme Borreliosis
Authors: Grąźlewska Weronika , Holec-Gąsior Lucyna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Lyme borreliosis, an infectious disease caused by tick-borne spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, is regarded as the most commonly reported vector-borne infection in the Northern Hemisphere. Currently, the basis for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease is a two-step serological examination. The first is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). If the test result is positive or questionable, a Western blot is used as the second phase test. In both methods, the total cell lysates of B. burgdorferi s.l. are used as the main source of antigens. However, the huge diversity of genospecies within B. burgdorferi s.l. and the low degree of preservation of the sequence of their proteins means that using the cell lysates of one of the species is not sufficient to correctly diagnose Lyme disease. Numerous literature reports show that the use of B. burgdorferi s.l. recombinant or chimeric antigens may be a potential solution to problems occurring in Lyme disease immunodiagnosis. However, for diagnostic tests based on recombinant proteins to be as effective as possible, carefully selected antigens or fragments should be used. With this approach, a test can be developed with a sensitivity that remains independent of the B. burgdorferi s.l. species which caused the disease. In addition, the exclusive use of protein fragments may definitely reduce the frequency of cross-reactions.
1. Introduction. 2. Characterization of selected B. burgdorferi s.l. antigens. 3. Diagnosis of Lyme disease. 4. Problems in Lyme disease serodiagnosis. 5. Use of recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. 6. Summary
Mechanisms Of Functioning And Control Of Heme Uptake In Gram-Negative Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Jaworska Karolina , Raczkowska Adrianna , Frindt Julia , Wachowicz Joanna , Brzostek Katarzyna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Iron is one of the most important micronutrients used by bacteria, essential for their basic metabolism. Over 70% of bioavailable iron in mammals is in the heme molecule. Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria during colonization and infection of the host organism use heme as the main source of iron. Bacteria have developed two types of outer membrane receptors/transporters involved in the heme uptake. The first one focuses on the receptors recognizing heme or hemoproteins and transporting the ligand through the outer membrane. The second type of receptor recognizes and takes up heme in a complex with a hemophore, a small protein released from a bacterial cell. Microorganisms have developed appropriate transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms that control the iron/ heme uptake, protecting against their toxic excess. One of the most important regulatory systems is based on the functioning of the Fur protein, a repressor of gene transcription. More and more is known about the role of non-coding RNAs in post-transcriptional regulation of Fur regulon gene expression.
1. Introduction. 2. Hem and heme compounds in the host organism. 3. Binding and transport of heme through bacterial wall and membranes. 3.1. Active transport of heme through the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. 3.2. ATP-dependent transport across the cytoplasmic membrane. 4. Regulation of gene expression of heme uptake. 4.1. Characteristics of Fur protein. 4.2. Fur-DNA interaction. 4.3. Regulation of fur gene expression in E. coli. 4.4. Fur as a global regulator of gene expression in E. coli. 4.5. Other mechanisms for controlling the expression of heme uptake genes. 5. Summary
Occurrence Of The Co-Selection Phenomenon In Non-Clinical Environments
Authors: Goryluk-Salmonowicz Agata , Popowska Magdalena 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Multi-resistant bacterial strains currently present the main health problem worldwide. Numerous public health organizations call for the prevention, and control the spread, of antibiotic resistance from any sources. From the literature data, it is well known that agricultural areas are a source of antibiotic resistance because of the use of antibiotics and heavy metals to promote plant and animal growth. Moreover, natural water reservoirs and soil not used for agriculture are also sources of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In recent years bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals have been isolated from heavy-metal contaminated soils and from metallophytes. Therefore, it seems that heavy metals, an environmental pollutant, may also be a selection factor that promotes the spread of antibiotic resistance. The co-selection phenomenon of resistant genes is most often connected with the lack of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and heavy metals. Co-selection occurs when different resistant genes that enable resistance to different stress conditions are located on the same mobile genetic elements, or when the same genes determine resistance to different stress conditions. This article presents the current state of knowledge about the co-selection phenomenon observed in bacteria isolated from nonclinical environments.
1. Introduction. 2. Co-selection mechanisms. 2.1. Cross-resistance. 2.2. Co-resistance. 2.3. Co-regulation. 3. Factors promoting spread of co-selection. 4. Occurrence of co-selection in non-clinical environments. 4.1. Areas used for agriculture. 4.2. Areas not used agriculturally. 4.3. Natural water reservoirs. 4.4. Plant endosphere. 5. Co-occurence of resistant genes in different environmental genomes. 6. Summary
Viruses Of Extreme Environments
Authors: Wołącewicz Mikołaj , Bębnowska Dominika , Hrynkiewicz Rafał , Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej Paulina 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Extremophilic viruses inhabit even the most extreme environments, such as underwater and terrestrial hydrothermal vents, deserts, subpolar areas, deep subsurface sediments, hypersaline environments, and alkaline lakes. These are mainly viruses that infect bacteria (belonging to the Myoviridae and Siphoviridae families) and archaea (classified to the families Lipothrixviridae, Rudiviridae, Yueviridae, Ampullaviridae, Globuloviridae, Sphaerolipoviridae, Bicaudaviridae, Fuselloviridae, Guttaviridae, Clavaviridae, and Turriviridae), some of which have not been fully classified. Extremoviruses have genetic material mainly in the form of dsDNA, both circular and linear, whose average length varies between 14 and 80kbp and is optimal because it is not degraded by high or low temperature, salt solutions or elevated pressure, and encodes all features necessary to function in extreme conditions. This also confirms the much higher resistance of DNA to external factors compared to delicate RNA. Further studies on extremophilic viruses can lead to full sequencing of their genomes, recognition of genes determining resistance traits to unfavorable environmental conditions, and a closer understanding of the full history of the evolution of organisms on Earth.
1. Introduction. 2. Viruses of extremely high temperatures. 2.1. Viruses of hot terrestrial springs. 2.2. Viruses of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 3. Viruses of deserts. 4. Viruses of subpolar areas. 5. Viruses of subsurface sediments. 6. Viruses of hypersaline areas. 6.1. Viruses of freshwater lakes. 6.2 Viruses of alkaline lakes. 7. Conclusions
„Świat naturalny” jako źródłowa struktura i otwarty horyzont „egzystencjalnych ruchów” ludzkiego życia
Authors: Gara Jarosław 
Published: February 2020

Recenzja: Patočka J., „Świat naturalny” w medytacjach autora po trzydziestu trzech latach, seria „Educatio”, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, Warszawa, 115 s.
Assessment and Management of Volume Overload Among Patients on Chronic Dialysis
Authors: Covic Adrian , Siriopol Dimitrie 
Published: February 2020

Volume overload is the most common complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, being directly related to numerous complications including resistant hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure or arterial stiffness, among others. Therefore, volume overload is now considered an important risk factor for hard outcomes, like all-cause or cardiovascular mortality.Relying solely on clinical examination for assessing volume overload in ESRD patients lacks sensitivity and specificity. Numerous efforts have been made to identify new methods that could objectively assess volume status; however, each of them has important limitations. This review aims to discuss the most frequently used methods (biomarkers, inferior vena cava assessment, lung ultrasonography, bioimpedance analysis and blood volume monitoring) and to compare the advantage of each method vs. the overall/ clinical strategy.