bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The treatment of atypical depression
Authors: Klein DF 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAtypical depression differs from typical (endogenomorphic) depression not only in terms of the primary determinant, mood reactivity, but also by the presence of at least one of four atypical symptoms, hyperphagia, hypersomnia, rejection sensitivity and leaden paralysis. In addition to the differential therapeutic response reported by various authors, these two types of depression can be differentiated by various biological measures including the dexamethasone suppression test, tyramine excretion following loading, REM latency, etc. A series of studies comparing phenelzine with imipramine and placebo in subgroups of atypical depressives showed better results with the tricyclic than with placebo; however phenelzine consistently gave the best results in this type of depression. The hypothesis is advanced that the difference between typical and atypical classes of depression could be accounted for by the loss of the ability to experience both “anticipatory” or “consummatory” pleasure in typical depression, but only anticipatory pleasure in atypical depression.
The clinical profile of dysthymia in a group of Latin American women
Authors: León CA , León A 
Published: April 2020

SummaryMore than half of all patients consulting at public health facilities in Cali, Colombia have been shown to present mental disorders, the majority of which were non-psychotic; there is a high female preponderance amongst the affective disorders. As in other developing countries, in Colombia depressive disorders tend to present as somatic complaints, rather than as mood disturbances. The nomenclature used to describe these disorders is poorly codified, with most patients classed as “neurotic” or “depressed”; the diagnosis of “dysthymia” is very seldom encountered. Mental disorders are frequently misdiagnosed in primary care settings; when identified, treatment of depression by GPs generally involves TCAs or MAOIs, sometimes in conjunction with anxiolytics or neuroleptics. Only very severe cases are referred to psychiatrists, and many patients purchase drugs upon the recommendation of a pharmacist. Diagnostic trends and treatment results of a comparative study of amisulpride and viloxazine carried out in 80 patients assessed by DSM III-R criteria are reported.
The DSM IV field trials: moving towards an empirically derived classification
Authors: Frances A , Wakefield Davis W , Kline M , Pincus H , First M , Widiger T 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe authors present an overview of the process for developing DSM IV which has been characterized by extensive international communication and collaboration and which includes three stages of empirical review: systematic literature reviews, analysis of unpublished data and field trials. Next, they describe in detail recently initiated DSM IV field trials. The field trials will study eleven diagnostic categories which continue to be the focus of much discussion. They include antisocial personality disorder, autism, disruptive disorders, dysthymia, insomnia, mixed anxiety and depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, somatoform disorder and substance use disorders. Each field trial compares the DSM III, the DSM III-R, ICD 10 and proposed DSM IV criteria for the disorder in question.
Loss of automatic processes and blunted-affect in depression: a P3 study
Authors: Partiot A , Pierson A , Le Houezec J , Dodin V , Renault B , Jouvent R 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe P3 components (P3a and P3b) of the event-related potentials have been analysed in sixteen in-patients with a major depressive episode (DSM III-R) according to their subtype - anxious-agitated and impulsiveversusretarded and blunted-affect - assuming that these two opposite dimensions of the depressive mood would rely on different physiopathological mechanisms. The P3a component, which indexes automatic cognitive processes, was dramatically decreased in the retarded and blunted-affect group. This suggests that this special type of cognitive dysfunction in depression is rather related to negative symptoms than to depression itself.
Research during psychiatric training as a predictor of future academic research career: the Maudsley experience
Authors: Castle DJ , Refault S , Murray RM 
Published: April 2020

SummaryJunior doctors who trained in psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital between 1965 to 1975 were followed up at a mean of 17 years to ascertain whether pre-psychiatric experience or performance during training could predict future career paths. The most consistent predictor of a career in academic psychiatry was involvement in research during training.
Reconstruction of MADRS in Benin: a contribution to the study of its cross-cultural validity
Authors: Bertschy G , Viel JF , Vandel S , Ahyi RG 
Published: April 2020

SummaryIn order to evaluate the validity of the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in a Black African context, the MADRS construction study was replicated in Benin (West Africa) following the same initial procedure. Ninety-two Beninese French-speaking, major depressed out-patients were rated with the French version of the CPRS and were administered 75 mg/day clomipramine for 4 weeks. Forty-nine patients were rated at the end of the period. A list of items with a frequency higher than 70% was pre-selected from this data in strict accordance with the Montgomery and Asberg procedure; the ten items most sensitive to change Were then extracted from this list. The new scale shared eight of the ten MADRS items. Only pessimistic and suicidal thoughts, perhaps culture-bound, were absent and replaced in the new list by reported muscular tension and reduced sexual interest. None of the classic African symptoms involving somatic complaints or persecution ideas were selected by the procedure. The interest of using a shortened version of the MADRS, limited to the common eight items, is discussed.
Ten years after – the post-treatment course of alcoholism
Authors: Längle G , Mann K , Mundle G , Schied HW 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe natural history of alcoholism is still a matter of debate. Very few studies have addressed the issue of the post-treatment course longitudinally. We present the results of a long-term follow-up study in ninety-six alcohol dependent patients who were treated in a combined in-patient and out-patient treatment programme. Two, five and ten years after the initial treatment in 1976, they were re-investigated. Ninety-four percent of the patients could be located ten years after treatment. Fifty-one percent were abstinent, 22% were deceased, 14% of the patients’ drinking was unchanged and 7% had improved. This outcome is discussed and compared with the results of other long-term studies.
Dynamically rigid EEG and subtyping of depressive syndromes
Authors: Ulrich G , Brand K 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe contribution of EEG to theory as well as to psychiatric practice of depression is negligible. The prevailing view is that no ‘abnormal’ characteristic can be demonstrated in affective disorders. Since ‘abnormal’ is generally taken in a neurological sense, all those EEG characteristics are faded out which cannot be regarded as neurologically abnormal but which nevertheless may be useful for psychiatric concerns. Thus, early observations concerning the spatio-temporal aspect of the EEG have essentially gone unnoticed, thereby evading systematic scrutiny. It has been maintained that periodically melancholic patients more often exhibited a dynamically rigid EEG than patients with neurotic forms. Our retrospective study involved 314 inpatients with depressive disorders who were subdivided into an ‘endogenous’ and a ‘non-endogenous’ subgroup using both IC'D 9 diagnoses as well as RDC criteria. The EEGs were designated to one of the three categories, rigid, labile, or physiomorphic. Forty-two percent of the patients in the ‘endogenous’ subgroup exhibited a dynamically rigid EEG (DR) compared to 20% of those from the ‘non-endogenous’ subgroup. Symptoms of psychomotor retardation positively correlated with DR, whereas ‘anxiety’ positively correlated with non-DR (labile or physiomorphic EEG dynamics). In addition, there was a positive correlation between DR and both the number of manifestations of depressive disorders and the number of previous hospitalizations. We interpret DR as a personality-bound characteristic which, far from being pathognomonic of a certain syndrome or even diagnosis, instead indicates a higher degree of vulnerability towards manifestation of melancholic syndromes with psychomotor retardation. This does not exclude the possibility of a state-dependent intensification of DR.
Effects of tianeptine on sleep-wakefulness cycles in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Balzamo E , Lagarde D , Milhaud C , Mocaer E , Poignant JC 
Published: April 2020

SummaryRepeated administrations of tianeptine (10 mg·kg-1 im, twice daily, for 15 days) did not globally influence sleep-wakefulness cycles and cortical EEG activity overnight in rhesus monkeys. This antidepressant agent neither inhibited paradoxical sleep nor increased slow wave sleep. However, tianeptine induced a slight, but significant increase in wakefulness during the first hour following its administration, and had no sedative effects. The influence of tianeptine on sleep patterns in the monkey could be related to other arousal or sleep modifications observed in rats and cats, and to certain electrophysiological data reported in rat studies.
In vivo exploration of brain phosphorus 31 metabolism in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type
Authors: Mecheri G , Bissuel Y , Dalery J , Terra JL , Balvay G , Roussel B , Marie-Cardine M 
Published: April 2020

SummaryIn vivo NMR 31p spectroscopy is a non invasive, non ionizing method of exploration of energy and phospholipid metabolism in the brain. This study consisted of comparing 31p spectra in five patients with Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) with those of four controls of similar ages. Abnormal phosphonionocsters (PME) concentrations, either high or low, were found in the patients, but statistical analysis did not elicit any significant difference relative to controls.
Rate and significance of hypomanic switches in unipolar melancholic depression
Authors: Menchon JM , Gasto C , Vallejo J , Catalan R , Otero A , Vieta E 
Published: April 2020

SummaryOne hundred and sixteen patients with RDC unipolar recurrent depressive disorder, melancholic subtype, were treated with imipramine or phenelzine and followed-up for six months. None of the patients had a first-degree relative with bipolar I disorder. Twenty-six patients (22.4%) presented an hypomanic episode (‘hypomanic group’). This group of patients, when depressed, had a significantly lower age of onset of the disorder and higher response to antidepressant therapy than patients who did not present an hypomanic episode. Significantly more patients (88%) of the ‘hypomanic group’ had at least one first-degree relative with a history of major depressive disorder. These patients displayed some of the typical features of bipolar II disorder. Overall results support the continuum in clinical phenomena between unipolar and bipolar disorders.
Serum beta2-microglobulin as a possible early indicator of glomerular filtration impairment in subjects receiving long-term lithium treatment
Authors: Rutigliano G , Vadruccio F 
Published: April 2020

SummarySerumβ2-microglobulin (β2m) levels were increased in ten out of 52 patients on chronic lithium treatment, while creatinine levels were within the normal range in all of them and creatinine clearance was below the normality in only five. We propose serumβ2m assessment as a possible precocious indicator of glomerular filtration impairment, and recommend its frequent determination in patients chronically treated with lithium to prevent the occurrence of renal insufficiency.
Depressive cognition in panic disorder: assessment of negative automatic thoughts
Authors: Hautekeete M , Servant D , Carton S , Lamirand C , Allard CH , Parquet PJ 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAlthough panic disorder has been ranked as an ‘anxiety disorder', its close relationship to depression has been suggested in pharmacological and clinical studies. Validation of this hypothesis of similarity between panic and depression requires that their common psychological characteristics be clearly evidenced, especially from the cognitive/emotional standpoint. We assessed 13 depressive themes from Beck's Cognition Checklist, to explore negative automatic thoughts in three groups of patients defined, according to DSM III-R criteria, as: major depression (n = 16), panic disorder (n = 19), social phobia (n = 11). We found a strong similarity in the ordering and regrouping of the depressive themes, between depressive and panic disorder patients, and no similarity with social phobics. These results suggest that panic disorder cognitions may be closer to depressive cognition than social phobia cognition.
Electrodermal orienting response during episodes of schizophrenic illness and remissions: a case study
Authors: Öhlund LS 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe aim of the present case study was to examine electrodermal orienting response during periods of acute illness and during remission in a male schizophrenic patient. He was exposed five times to a series of moderately intense tones in a standard orienting habituation paradigm, while skin conductance was recorded. He failed to respond to any of the first two tones and was considered a nonresponder both times when he was acutely symptomatically ill. In contrast, he responded to some of the first tones when he was under treatment and both times when he was tested in remission.
Depression and monocyte dysfunction: a follow-up study
Authors: Cervera-Enguix S , Rodriguez-Rosado A 
Published: April 2020

SummarySeveral studies have reported immune cellular and humoral dysfunction during depression. We specifically focused on the study of the monocyte as it has a key role in the activation of the immune response. To examine the association between severity of depressive symptoms and values of monocyte parameters (HLA-DR, CD35, phagocytic activity and vimentin filaments), we used a longitudinal design and assessed monocyte markers at intake and at follow-up 12 weeks after discharge from the hospital in 49 depressed patients. Seventy percent of patients showed pretreatment a marked monocyte dysfunction (82.5% had at least one parameter altered). After treatment, alterations in immunological variables were significantly associated (P< 0.05) with depression scores higher than 15. The findings indicate that the monocyte dysfunction is temporally associated with the state of depression. Before and after treatment the immunoreactive vimentin filaments significantly increased (P< 0.01) after incubation of monocytes with naloxone, suggesting that an increased opioid activity might account for the monocyte dysfunction.
The GHQ-28 questionnaire in French: a validation survey in a panel of 158 general psychiatric patients
Authors: Pariente PD , Challita H , Mesbah M , Guelfi JD 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAs a pre-test validity study, a French version of the 28-item general health questionnaire was carried out on 158 general psychiatric patients, without any selection on diagnosis. These patients were concomitantly assessed by psychiatrists with a list of DSM III-R criteria for affective and anxiety disorders. Internal consistency of the questionnaire proved to be excellent. Principal component analysis provided a 4-factor solution, including a ‘depressive’ factor, close to that originally proposed by Goldberg and Hilllier (1979), but with some differences in the loading of insomnia. Although there were some differences in case distribution between the centres, this study confirms internal validity of the GHQ-28 as a screening instrument for psychiatric research.
Kraepelin: an expert system for the diagnosis of Obsessive - Compulsive Disorders
Authors: Roca-Bennasar M , Garcia-Mas A , Llaneras N , Blat J , Roca P 
Published: April 2020

SummaryWe present the construction of an expert system (ES) for the diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCD). It concerns an artificial intelligence tool, in Lisp language compatible with any personal computer (PC) with a hard disk. The ES asks the user 50 questions in natural language, on the patient or on a clinical history. It is provided with 115 rules of reasoning. Using single or multivaluate variables, the ES reaches the diagnosis of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders or the recommendations of differential diagnosis with related patterns or involucred with obsessive pathology: phobic, affective, schizophrenic and Gilles de la Tourette disorders. Finally, the perspectives for the utilisation of the ES in psychopathology are disscussed, in conjunction with the 2 serious problems created, design difficulty and user acceptance.
Epidemiology of childhood anxiety disorders
Authors: Jalenques I , Coudert AJ 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThis review studies the epidemiology of anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence, including prevalence rates, comorbidity patterns, risk factors and course. Comorbidity is very important: most children with anxiety disorders also have one or several other anomalies, usually anxiety or mood disorders. The authors point out the main evidence suggesting that a number of risk factors are associated with childhood anxiety disorders: age, sex, low socioeconomic setting; child's personality, and lastly, familial risk factors which have a very strong influence: children of parents with current or past anxiety disorders are more at risk of having anxiety disorders. Concerning the course of disorders, we have tentatively defined subsets of children or adolescents with anxiety disorders, and tried to clarify the recovery rate of these subsets. Future directions for research are suggested.
Incidence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders from a well-defined catchment area in Denmark
Authors: Mors O , Vedel S∅rensen L 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe incidences of major psychiatric syndromes (DSM III-R, axis I) in the age group 18–49 years were investigated. Incidence was defined as first ever admission rates during a period of 1 year.. The study base was a well-defined catchment area of 217,649 persons. Selection bias was analyzed by the use of a population-based psychiatric case register. Information bias was minimized by the use of a semi-structured interview, the Present State Examination, 10th edition. Comorbidity defined as significant cooccurrence of Axis I disorders was analyzed by multivariate statistics. One hundred and sixty-six patients were interviewed. PSE-10, now published by WHO, proved to be as reliable as its predecessors, and appropriate for the severely ill psychiatric patient. Incidences of schizophrenia, other psychoses stratified for the presence of psychoactive substance use disorders, and mood disorders stratified for anxiety disorders were reported. The sample was biased towards younger individuals with more severe psychopathology.
The contribution of epidemiology to the study of diagnosis
Authors: Häfner H , Maurer K 
Published: April 2020

SummaryPsychiatric diagnoses provide short labels for diseases or discrete symptom clusters. They should designate the same throughout the world, give information about course, outcome and indications for therapy as well as provide an heuristic basis for etiological research. Hence, the core question is how to attain an optimal representation of real morbidity in diagnosis, sets of diagnostic criteria and diagnostic classifications. Clinical observation can be improved considerably by multi-centre field trials, as applied in the preparation of ICD-10 and DSM-IV. But the approach has considerable limitations due to a lack of external measures in many psychiatric disorders and a highly limited representation of many diagnostic groups in clinical populations. Therefore, epidemiological methods are required in validating diagnosis and diagnostic criteria. The simplest way is to supplement clinical multicentre diagnostic studies by general-practice studies, but these, also, cannot fully replace population studies. Operational diagnosis and case criteria can be defined either categorically or dimensionally. Most of the categorical diagnoses in ICD-10 or DSM III also include dimensional characteristics. The impact of various diagnostic criteria, particularly cut-offs of dimensional characteristics, on the assignment of a diagnosis and, thus, on the morbidity figures of a diagnostic category is demonstrated by data from a large representative sample of first-admitted schizophrenics. Attempts at etiological validation by methods of genetic epidemiology provide limited support for Kraepelin's dichotomous model of functional psychoses. Validation by epidemiological course studies has shown that the stability of diagnosis in functional psychoses differs according to the sets of diagnostic criteria of different classification systems.
Treatment of panic disorder with alprazolam and imipramine: clinical relevance of DSM III dysthymia
Authors: Rosenberg R , Nøhr Jensen P 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe presence of affective symptoms in panic disorder has often been reported. Data from The Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study (second phase) were analysed to address the role of dysthymia in panic disorder with respect to previous illness, current psychopathology and the outcome during an 8-week study of alprazolam and imipramine. A group of dysthymic patients without current or past major depressive episode was studied. The prevalences of dysthymia varied markedly across participating sites: 2–13%. Only a few clinical characteristics of dysthymic panic disorder patients were found. They had suffered from panic disorder for a few years more than patients without affective disorder and they were slightly older. The outcome after the 8-week drug trial was not significantly different from that of patients without affective disorder. Hence, dysthymia was not suggested to be of major clinical relevance for the phenomenology of panic disorder or for the outcome of drug treatment.
Antibodies against serotonin and gangliosides in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder
Authors: Schott K , Batra A , Klein R , Bartels M , Koch W , Berg PA 
Published: April 2020

SummarySerum-antibodies against an organ specific CNS antigen as well as against serotonin and gangliosides (Gm 1) were analysed by ELISA in 34 patients with schizophrenia, ten patients with schizoaffective psychosis and 13 patients with major depressive disorder. Sixty-two patients with various rheumatic disorders and 32 blood donors were included in the study as controls. Sixty-two percent of the 13 patients with major depressive disorder had antibodies to serotonin and 69% to gangliosides, whereas antibody positive sera was only found in 38% of the 34 patients with schizophrenia. The same antibodies were found in only 6% (antibodies to serotonin) and 13% (antibodies to gangliosides) of the 32 blood donors and in a similar frequency in patients with schizoaffective psychosis. Organ specific antibodies to CNS-antigen could not be detected in the psychiatric patient group at any significant level. It is speculated that auto-immune reactions towards a serotonin receptor may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of major depressive disorder.
Attempted suicide by jumping
Authors: Vieta E , Nieto E , Gastó C , Cirera E 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 62 patients, who were consecutively admitted to medical or surgical departments in a general hospital in Barcelona, as a result of attempting suicide by jumping from buildings were investigated. All patients met DSM III criteria for at least one psychiatric diagnosis. The most frequent diagnosis was schizophrenia (40%), followed by depression (24%). The attempts made by depressed patients tended to be more lethal. Most of the schizophrenics presented active psychotic symptoms at the time of attempting suicide.